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Daniel Cabrera

Daniel Alberto Cabrera Cruz (born May 28, 1981) is a Dominican former professional baseball right-handed starting pitcher. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Washington Nationals and Arizona Diamondbacks and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chunichi Dragons. He is a tall pitcher, standing at 6' 7" and 225 lb.

Minor league career
Cabrera was signed by the Baltimore Orioles as an amateur free agent in 1999. He did not become a player in the Orioles minor league system until 2000, at the age of 19. For his first two seasons as a minor leaguer, Cabrera played in the rookie leagues; first with the Gulf Coast League Orioles, then with the Bluefield Orioles of the Appalachian League. In his first minor league season with GCL, Cabrera went 2–3 with a 5.49 ERA in 12 games (seven starts). With Bluefield, he posted a 5–2 record and a 3.28 ERA in 12 starts. When he was 22, Cabrera became a part of the Single-A Delmarva Shorebirds, where he finished 5–9 with a 4.24 ERA in 26 starts. By the end of his third season in the minors, Cabrera was racking up the numbers one would expect from a power pitcher. He recorded 105 strikeouts over 101 innings of work in the rookie leagues between 2001 and 2002, and added 120 strikeouts over 125.1 innings in Single-A Delmarva the following season. He was promoted to the Double-A Bowie Baysox before the 2004 season. While at Bowie, Cabrera began dominating; through five starts, he posted a 2.63 ERA and averaged over 11 strikeouts per nine innings.

Baltimore Orioles
On May 11,, Cabrera was called up to make his major league debut against the Chicago White Sox. He did not disappoint, tossing six shutout innings while walking three and striking out three in Baltimore's 1–0 win on May 13. In June, he had a 2.83 ERA and held opponents to a mere .204 batting average. Though utterly dominating for the first few months, Cabrera's control slowly left him; by the end of the season, he was walking far too many batters to be effective, and finished the season with an even 5.00 ERA and a 12–8 record in 28 games (27 starts). After the season, he finished third in AL Rookie of the Year voting. At the start of the 2005 season, Cabrera was listed as the Orioles #2 starter, thanks to a dominating Grapefruit League performance. His performance was extremely up-and-down, however. Though he had many utterly dominating performances, he had an equal number of disastrous outings. Cabrera finished the 2005 season with a 10–13 record and a 4.52 ERA in 29 starts. During 2005, Cabrera's name surfaced in trade rumors involving A. J. Burnett of the Florida Marlins. These trade rumors never reached fruition, however, and Burnett and Cabrera both remained with their respective teams for the duration of the season. Cabrera once again demonstrated his potential in 2006 with some dominating performances against major-league caliber rosters while pitching in the WBC. Many baseball experts, including ESPN analysts Rob Neyer and Peter Gammons, predicted a breakout season for Cabrera in. However, on July 14, 2006, Cabrera, after showing inconsistency at the major league level (leading the majors in both walks (75) and wild pitches (13), was optioned to Triple-A Ottawa. To take his place in the starting rotation, left-hander Adam Loewen was recalled from Ottawa. Cabrera was recalled on August 7, 2006, and pitched a complete game shutout against the Toronto Blue Jays on August 19, 2006, allowing only five hits while striking out 10 batters. On September 28, 2006, Cabrera took a no-hitter into the ninth inning against the New York Yankees before surrendering a line drive single to Robinson Canó. He completed the game, only giving up that one hit. Cabrera was the losing pitcher for the Orioles on August 22, . That day, the Orioles suffered the worst beating in baseball since, blowing a three-run lead and losing to the Texas Rangers 30–3. During his start on September 7, Cabrera was ejected in the fourth inning for throwing a beanball at the head of Boston Red Sox second baseman Dustin Pedroia after a third base balk. MLB commentators have cited this as being another instance of Cabrera being a man of massive potential with poor major league career execution. On September 13, 2007, he was suspended six games by Major League Baseball for the incident. In 2007, he had the lowest range factor of all major league pitchers, 0.75. In, Cabrera was 5–1 with a 3.48 ERA through 10 starts, but fell off after that. He finished the year leading the majors in hit batters (18) and had the majors' worst strikeout:walk ratio (1.06), and led the American League in wild pitches (15), and finished second in the AL with 90 walks. Overall, he finished the season 8–10 with a 5.25 ERA in 30 starts. On December 12, the Orioles declined to tender Cabrera a contract, making him a free agent.

Washington Nationals
On December 29, 2008, Cabrera signed a one-year deal with the Washington Nationals. On April 19, 2009, Cabrera reached base safely for the first time in his career with a four pitch walk issued by Hayden Penn. He struck out 18 times in a row beforehand. On May 26, 2009, Cabrera was designated for assignment, and once clearing waivers the Nationals announced that he would be released.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On August 3, 2009, the Arizona Diamondbacks signed Cabrera to a minor league contract. On November 4, 2009, Cabrera filed for free agency.

Chicago White Sox
On January 14, 2010, Cabrera signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox with an invitation to spring training. He was released on March 17, midway through spring training.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
On June 9, 2010, Cabrera signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He became a free agent following the season on November 6. He did not play in 2011 while recovering from Tommy John surgery.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On February 13, 2012, Cabrera signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Arizona Diamondbacks (second stint)
On August 15, 2012, Cabrera was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks. He became a free agent following the season on November 2.

Chunichi Dragons
On December 11, 2013, Cabrera signed with the Chunichi Dragons of Nippon Professional Baseball. He became a free agent following the 2014 season.

Cincinnati Reds
On February 18, 2015, Cabrera signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds. He was released on May 6.

Tigres de Quintana Roo
On May 27, 2015, Cabrera signed with the Tigres de Quintana Roo of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on March 28, 2016. He made 13 starts throwing 72 innings going 6-2 with a 3.63 ERA and 47 strikeouts.

Pitching style
Cabrera throws three pitches: a fastball, a curveball, and a changeup. His fastball is his strongest pitch—he is able to throw it consistently in the upper 90s, with significant sinking and tailing action. He throws two different curveballs. One is a sharp-breaking, hard curve that behaves like a slurve and tops out in the mid-upper 80s. He also throws a looping, 12–6 curveball that tops out in the high 70s. Cabrera's changeup is improving, though in it was extremely inconsistent. He featured this pitch with more effectiveness while representing the Dominican Republic in the inaugural World Baseball Classic.

Cabrera's mix of velocity and pitch movement have enabled him to rack up impressive strikeout numbers, as evidenced by his excellent K rate in 2005 (8.8 K/9). However, he has had difficulties with control, as is often the case with a power pitcher of his size and level of experience. His career walk rate is an extremely high 5.1 BB/9; his career high for walks in a single game is 9, most recently in a bizarre outing where in addition to his walks, which loaded the bases in three of his five innings, fanned 10 batters and allowed only one run to cross the plate, on a wild pitch.

Though displaying tremendous potential for success, Cabrera is sometimes chastised for his perceived lack of mental toughness and overall inconsistency.

title: Daniel Cabrera


text:
Bamidbar

Bamidbar (בַּמִּדְבָּר) is a Hebrew word, which is the fifth word of the Book of Numbers, the fourth book of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanakh, or Hebrew Bible). It means "In the wilderness", ba midbar.

When used as a noun, Bamidbar might refer to:

 * The Hebrew title of the biblical Book of Numbers
 * Bemidbar (parsha), the 34th weekly parsha in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah readings

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bamidbar


text:
Converb

In theoretical linguistics, a converb (abbreviated ) is a nonfinite verb form that serves to express adverbial subordination: notions like 'when', 'because', 'after' and 'while'. Other terms that have been used to refer to converbs include adverbial participle, conjunctive participle, gerund, gerundive and verbal adverb (Ylikoski 2003).

Converbs are differentiated from coverbs, verbs in complex predicates in languages that have the serial verb construction.

Converbs can be observed in most Turkic languages, Mongolic languages, as well as in all language families of Siberia such as Tungusic.

Etymology
The term was coined for Khalkha Mongolian by Ramstedt (1902) and until recently, it was used mostly by specialists of Mongolic and Turkic languages to describe non-finite verbs that could be used for both coordination and subordination. Nedjalkov & Nedjalkov (1987) first adopted the term for general typological use, followed by Haspelmath & König (1995).

Description
A converb depends syntactically on another verb form, but is not its argument. It can be an adjunct, an adverbial, but it cannot be the only predicate of a simple sentence or clausal argument. It cannot depend on predicates such as 'order' (Nedjalkov 1995: 97).

Examples

 * On being elected president, he moved with his family to the capital.
 * He walks the streets eating cakes.

Khalkha Mongolian
The converb -megc denotes that as soon as the first action has been begun/completed, the second action begins. Thus, the subordinate sentence can be understood as a temporal adverbial. There is no context in which the argument structure of another verb or construction would require -megc to appear, and there is no way (possibly except for afterthought) in which a -megc-clause could come sentence-final. Thus, -megc qualifies as a converb in the general linguistic sense.

However, from the viewpoint of Mongolian philology (and quite in agreement with Nedjalkov 1995 and Johanson 1995), there is a second converb in this sentence: -ž. At its first occurrence, it is modified by the coverb ehel- ‘to begin’ and this coverb determines that the modified verb has to take the suffix. Yet, the same verbal suffix is used after the verb ‘to beat’ which ends an independent non-finite clause that temporally precedes the following clause but without modifying it in any way that would be fit for an adverbial. It would be possible for -ž to mark an adverbial:

Such "polyfunctionality" is common. Japanese and Korean could provide similar examples, and the definition of subordination poses further problems. There are linguists who suggest that a reduction of the domain of the term converb to adverbials does not fit language reality (e.g. Slater 2003: 229).

Standard Uzbek
Mostly, Uzbek converbs can be translated into English as gerunds, but the context is important as the translation has to be changed as per the former. For example, below are the two sentences including the converb turib from the verb stem tur- stand:

Buni turib yozgan esangizlar.

If you wrote it standing.

Alternatively, turib may denote the meaning of “then” i.e. consecutiveness, so the sentence in this case can be translated as “If you stood up (and) then wrote it”. But in the second example below the same converb turib can in no way be translated either with gerunditive or consecutive meaning:

Uydan chiqmasimizdan turib ketib bo’lishibdi.

They have gone out before we left (our) home.

title: Converb


text: Template:CHE

title: Template:CHE


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Talk:Therac-25

"Beam flattener"
What language does the phrase "beam flattener" come from? The English term for the object which converts an electron beam to X-Rays is "target".

Atlant 01:01, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * the "beam flattener" would probably be the "flattening filter", which is required to produce a 'flat' beam profile at a depth of 10cm (usually). it is a component in the chain after the target.  the target dose not produce a uniform beam profile, hence the reason for the flattening filter.... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 205.211.160.1 (talk • contribs).

 * Thanks!

 * Atlant 18:26, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I read the accident report, and it's fascinating! When used in high-power mode, the beam is supposed to pass through a metal plate which spreads the X-rays out over a large area.  This plate absorbs most of the energy hitting it, so they have to crank up the voltage to compensate.  Since the plate wasn't in position, not only did the patient receive a lethal 25,000 MEV blast, but it was concentrated into a tight beam.  OWWW!   Techno Faye Kane  01:39, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Rads
The article mentions that victims received tens of thousands of rads, but makes no mention of what amounts of rads are deemed dangerous (such as a maximal treshold permitted by health authorities). —Preceding unsigned comment added by ToohrVyk (talk • contribs) Pjacobi 00:00, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right. The information is hidden at Sievert and the reader is rquired to do the unit conversion and the application of the Q-factor. I'll put this on my to-do-list. --Pjacobi 00:00, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * In the case study written by Nancy Leveson (Univ of Washington) and Clark S. Turner (Univ of Cal, Irvine), the following information is given: "Typical single therapeutic doses are in the 200-rad range.  Doses of 1,000 rads can be fatal if delivered to the whole body; in fact the accepted figure for whole body radiation that will cause death in 50 percent of the cases is 500 rads." [bweable]

 * So why no discussion about what happened to the company? Were they sued?  Who are the victims?  What was the quality of life like for those who survived? I'm too lazy to login, but I am ClintJCL. [clintjcl]

 * They make nuclear reactors now. They were sued and all of them were settled out of court. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.111.54.158 (talk) 05:29, 21 August 2019 (UTC)

3 or 5 deaths?
The (summary) reference lists 3 radiation-induced deaths (out of 6 accidents), while the article says 5 (of 6). I won't change it myself because the reference may be dated but in that case this should perhaps be remarked upon@?

Now the article says 2 out of 6 in the introductory section and 3 in the end of the "Problem Description" section. Which one's correct? --CloudShaker (talk) 15:12, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Google clearly states 6 deaths... Leonardo Da Vinci (talk) 10:40, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

Assembly Language?
How does Assembly Language have anything to do with this? It's just a language, debugging isn't the point. The point is that it didn't have any hardware implementations as a fail-safe.

- Klasanov —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.110.74.133 (talk) 17:48, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

possible incorrectly stated energies for the 2 modes of operation?
"The failure only occurred when a particular nonstandard sequence of keystrokes was entered on the VT-100 terminal which controlled the PDP-11 computer: an "X" to (erroneously) select 25,000 EV mode followed by "cursor up", "E" to (correctly) select 200 EV mode, then "Enter". This sequence of keystrokes was improbable, and so the problem did not occur very often and went unnoticed for a long time.[1]"

Shouldn't those energies be 25,000,000 eV and 5,000,000 eV, as opposed 25,000 EV and 200 EV, respectively? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.154.36.251 (talk) 15:50, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Aftermath of the Incident
Were there any lawsuits involved, and how have the survivors gone on to live – any major ailments from the radiation? Also, does anyone know where there are photos of the patient injuries or the Therac-25 machine itself? I feel these would add greatly to the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.170.90.3 (talk) 02:44, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * According to Nancy Leveson's comprehensive analysis of the entire Therac-25 incident (see the External Links section), there were a number of lawsuits filed against AECL, all settled out of court.

Nat Hillary 16:58, 24 March 2010 (UTC) - Updated Nancy Leveson's name in reference so that it points to her Wikipedia article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nat hillary (talk • contribs)

== Well, found this on Google: In 1986, Ray Cox went into the clinic for his usual radiation treatment in his shoulder. The technician mistakenly typed "x" into the computer, which signified x-ray beam, then immediately realizing the error, changed the "x" into an "e" for electron beam, and hit "enter", showing the machine that they were ready to start treatment. This sequence occurred in less than 8 seconds.(This particular sequence, in this time frame, was never tried in the original testing of the machine.) The computer gave the signal of "beam ready", and the technician pressed "b" to deliver the beam to the patient. But then the computer responded with an error message. Usually this message meant that the treatment had not been delivered. So the technician repeated the process and delivered another beam to the patient. And yet again, an error message occurred. Meanwhile,Ray felt sharp stabbing pains in his back, which was much different than his usual treatments, and removed himself after three shocking attempts. Because the commands were changed in such a short period of time, the computer did not respond properly. The metal plate moved away showing the technician that it was in low energy electron beam mode. But the beam that actually came from the machine was a blast of 25 000 rads with 25 million electron volts, the maximum setting, which is more than 125 times the regular dose. Ray’s health quickly became worse, and he died 4 months later from complications of major radiation burns. == —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.242.171.111 (talk) 03:38, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Not a "race condition."
It's stated at the end of the "Problem Description" section that this is a race condition.

This does not appear to be the case.

A race condition is when the potential timing of preceding conditions is not correctly accounted for in software (or hardware) and cause an unexpected or undefined state to occur.

Timing was not relevant to this sitution. That is, the particular situation resulted because certain predicate conditions were not specified as required or were not verified to be in the required state*. Specifically "don't use the high power beam unless the target is in place."

It was not because they were specified but occurred in an unaccounted for sequence. ______
 * The malfunction alert and the trivial override indicate that, perhaps, the situation WAS detected but was simply bypassed. If so, then it's even more clearly not a race condition.

Wjl2 (talk) 15:26, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Did you deduce that just by reading the article or did you get that from an external source? The Wikipedia description doesn't explain the issue in sufficient detail to tell what exactly was the underlying software flaw.
 * This link claims that "Race conditions resulting from this implementation of multitasking played an important part in the accidents." and explains in limited detail the disregard for issues arising from concurrent programming.
 * That document is part of An Investigation of the Therac-25 Accidents, published in IEEE Computer, Vol. 26, No. 7, July 1993, pp. 18-41. This is a quite often-cited paper and is used as an example in many university CS courses. According to Google Scholar, this paper has 551 known citations -- intgr [talk] 12:45, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Would it not make more sense to write it as "The software flaw was the result of a race condition bug in the safety subsystem."? Something to make it more clear that the selection of beam mode isn't a race condition. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.236.162.167 (talk) 18:32, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Why the hell are they using concurrent programming in a procedural device. There's no reason why input flow in such a device should be allowed at the same time the device is in a mechanical transition. Input all variables ahead of time and then operate, only allowing concurrency for an emergency cancel, which would kill the laser... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.180.38.20 (talk) 13:23, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

_____

The IEEE paper explains the flaw in great detail. The "not a race condition" commenter proposes that the cause of the accident was that the software failed to verify that the machine's components were in the required state, but this is an effect, not a cause, of the underlying problem. The IEEE paper describes that the Therac-25 had removed the hardware interlocks that were present on previous models, depending instead on software interlocks for safety. The software interlock failed due to a race condition. The defect was as follows: a one-byte counter in a testing routine frequently overflowed; if an operator provided manual input to the machine at the precise moment that this counter overflowed, the interlock would fail. This is a classic race condition. For reference, see the section titled "The Yakima software problem" in the IEEE paper. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.16.76.175 (talk) 20:57, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I've (finally) updated the article accordingly. Jpatokal (talk) 01:08, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

Scanning
What does scanning mean when talking about radiotherapy? I had an idea that scanning meant sending some pulses/particles/something onto/through an object and getting some knowledge about the shape/content/material/constitution by looking at what is reflected or what gets through.

But it must mean something else here. The wiki article only talks of "scanner magnets" but the article by Leveson and Turner for example says something about that the machine could turn on the beam without scanning.

Velle (talk) 19:11, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

Kinda like the scanning motion of a CRT's electron beam, scanning in this context refers to moving the therapeutic beam over the treatment area rather than simply leaving it focussed in one place. You'd do this for much the same reason as in a CRT: you want to treat a (relatively) large area with an even dose rather than zapping a tiny area specifically.

Pewterfish (talk) 14:06, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

Not as far I can see, so I'll have to add [citation needed] to your answer.

Electron beam therapy is used in the treatment of superficial tumors like cancer of skin regions, or total skin (e.g. mycosis fungoides), diseases of the limbs (e.g. melanoma and lymphoma), nodal irradiation, and it may also be used to boost the radiation dose to the surgical bed after mastectomy or lumpectomy. For deeper regions intraoperative electron radiation therapy might be applied.

https://onlineethics.org/cases/therac-25/therac-25-case-narrative

Patients can be treated directly with the resulting electron beam, as long as the beam is spread out by scanning magnets to produce a safe level of radiation. The medical linear accelerator spreads and directs the beam at the [Schematic diagram of a typical medical accelerator used in cancer radiotherapy.] appropriate place for treatment. The picture below shows a typical medical linear accelerator in operation.

But a difficulty with the electron beam is that it diffuses rapidly in tissue and cannot reach deeper tissue for treatment. The picture below is a simulation (produced by the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) of an electron beam traveling through air and entering human tissue. You can see the beam quickly diffuses and therefore does not penetrate deeply.

To solve this problem, Therac-25 and many other machines can switch to a mode in which X-ray photons are used for treatment. These penetrate much more deeply without harming intervening tissue. To do this, the electron beam is greatly increased in intensity and a metal foil followed by a beam "flattener" is placed in the path of the electron beam. This transforms the electron beam into an X-ray (called photons in some literature). This process is inefficient and requires a high intensity electron beam to produce enough X-ray intensity for treatment. Therac-25 used a 25 MeV electron beam to produce an X-ray for treatment. 25 MeV is 25 million electron volts (eV -- an eV is the energy needed to move one electron through a potential of one volt).

Image A simulated cross section view of radiation dispersing upon entering the body [A simulated cross section view of radiation dispersing upon entering the body.]

Therac-25 was what was called a dual-mode machine. It could produce the low energy electron beams for surface treatment and it could also produce a very high intensity electron beam that would be transformed into an X-ray by placing the metal foil in the path of the beam. The serious danger in a dual mode machine is that the high-energy beam might directly strike the patient if the foil and flattener were not placed in its way.

TL;dr magnets spread the beam, not focus it, used in treating the surface of the body, rather than a focused strong penetrating beam. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.183.158.187 (talk) 01:03, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

Operators
While it's true that a software issue was at the root of the problem, I read elsewhere that operators walked away from the machine in operation. This contributed to the disbelief of there being a problem. Dlamblin (talk) 21:43, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Can someone add a pronunciation guide? Is "Therac" spoken with French inflection? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.56.19.161 (talk) 09:06, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

The software interlock could fail due to a race condition
Such incidents would not have been an issue in a single-use machine and unlike previous models, the Therac-25 relied on software rather than hardware safety interlocks. What happened was the operator using a keypad would select a particular mode. The machine would then start a programmed cycle and move plates into position. This normally could take up to a minute. Meanwhile, the operator then realizing his mistake would re-enter the correct mode. The machine continued to run the old cycle and ignored inputs from the keypad, but the display showed the new settings. The operator, not realizing this then switched on the machine and gave the patent the wrong dose of radiation.

"lack of synchronization between Datent, Ptime, and Magnet subroutines caused a change in data entry to remain undetected to the device" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Codeusirae (talk • contribs) 23:30, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

When was the machine Made?
The article is missing the date the machine actually went into operation50.5.90.226 (talk) 14:29, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
 * According to the Nancy Levenson source, a prototype was made in 1976 and a commercial version was available in late 1982, so I am using the latter date. I have added the information. Opencooper (talk) 00:04, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

Thousands vs. 100
The lede says "thousands of times greater than normal", the body says "approximately 100 times the intended dose of radiation" - which is accurate? 195.50.95.82 (talk) 19:26, 2 January 2016 (UTC)
 * According to page 23 of this source by Nancy Leveson, typical radiation doses are in the 200-rad range, while a patient at Kennestone (Katie Yarborough) received dosage in the range of 15,000 to 20,000 rad. Additionally, this source says that Ray Cox was supposed to receive 180 rads, but got 15,000 to 16,000 rads. That is a factor of 100 so I am changing the lead to match the body. Opencooper (talk) 23:54, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

half the issue was need for operator in a boring simple task
There is plenty study in eg. Military air operations that pilots use stimulants when there's nothing happening.

The error here was that the operation consisted of selecting a mode and starting the machine then leaving the room. A cow would have been a better operator than human for such task, especially given the lack of requirement for any ancilliary functions such as measuring the device functions as intended before patient uses it.

I've been to ultrasound three times now and each operator of the ultrasound used significant force in pressuring the probe such that I had discomfort for several days. And each time nothing was found while the issue was definitely real and in the area probed. After looking at some ultrasound images i have to conclude ultrasound should not be human operated but only use through 3d scanner tomography that is possible to be operated by the patient. The way this would function is like the ipad fingerprint scanner. The computer informs the patient-operator when there is no longer new information arriving and asking patient to move the probe. Since it is a tomography, the results can also be interpreted without doctor assistance by computerized correlation to healthy reference data. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.155.19.195 (talk) 00:55, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:04, 9 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Therac-25.jpg

Two potential sources for the Levison safeware paper
There are two potential sites hosting the Levison paper Safeware. IEEE MIT is significant, prominent, but the version of the paper there isn't searchable, at least not in current Chrome browser. The other hosting site is not prominent, but the search works on the .pdf, and perhaps the formatting is better. If there were an "Alternate source" part to the Cite then that could be used on the 'safeware' cite. Or we plump for one and forget the other. Or we have both. Opinions? . Chumpih  t 22:33, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

 * You are correct. I downloaded both PDF files, and the PDF from MIT was again not searchable in Adobe Reader. I also parsed both PDF files through Beyond Compare, and you could see significant differences at a binary level.  I think the best option is to change the "safeware" citation to use the URL for the searchable PDF file. KD5TVI (talk) 23:40, 21 January 2022 (UTC)
 * A reasonable compromise. Cool. Chumpih  t 06:48, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

Verb tense
Regarding my edit of a couple of days ago, I'm not entirely sure whether this article should be in the past or present tense, per WP:WAS and its PDP-10 example, although I think some care should be taken to maintain consistency about it. I doubt anyone has a functioning PDP-10 anymore, or at least that anyone would try to use it in order to get their daily work done. Even the Enigma machine article uses present tense, although it has not been used since 1945 for any purpose other than as a historical curiosity. On the other hand, ENIAC, UNIVAC and Z4 (computer) are in the past tense, and even if someone had an operational Therac-25, it would probably be criminal to attempt to use it for its original intended purpose. (Ping @Chumpih, who is taking an interest in copyediting here.) — BarrelProof (talk) 16:02, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

 * (weak) Past tense seems most appropriate, as the article is currently written. As  suggests, it's no longer a viable product.  That said, per WP:WAS, present tense should be preferred, so if there is a strong desire from others to bring this into the present, and consensus, that too would be fine.  Chumpih  t 22:26, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

Removed April Fool's image

This image cites a source of "Software compiled from source code available at http://mit.edu/6.033/2007/wwwdocs/assignments/handson-therac.html".

That page, however, is an April Fool's joke. It is linked from 6.033: Computer Systems Engineering Spring 2007 with a date of Apr 1, 2007. Additionally, the source links to another page purporting to be a liability release form that specifically mentions "Failure to understand April Fool's jokes".

Finally (and this is just my opinion) the alleged source code is far too short and does not seem to have any real functionality whatsoever; I would guess it was written explicitly for the purposes of the April Fools joke.

The fact that this image was on the article for so long is embarrassing. Mike Richardson (talk) 00:39, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I'm not seeing the issue here, and would suggest its reinstatement. The image chimes well with the representation of page 6 of Leveson.  The evidence for a joke isn't strong, and even if it were, the quality and content is, to me, acceptable.  Agree that the source is just for a simple simulator, and not for the actual Therac-25, but again that doesn't preclude use of the image.  Chumpih  t 02:45, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Then we should use the representation of page 6 of Leveson directly in the entry (instead of an image made years later, from fake source code). However I do not know what the copyright implications would be for using a screenshot from a article in such a way. Mike Richardson (talk) 02:47, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the image is OK, despite the 'fake source code'. I know of many images all over wikipedia, some of  which have source code is available - of varying quality and authenticity - and some without source code at all.  I don't think the quality of the source that yields an image has a significant bearing on the acceptability of the image.  Indeed, an image could be reduced to a bitmap, or (re)produced using paint or similar.
 * Agree there could be potential copyright issues lifting the image from Leveson, even when the words on the screen are not copyrighted. Chumpih  t 03:03, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

East Texas Cancer Center operator
The operators in both ETCC cases were supposedly the same person, but the pronouns don't match ('she' in the first one, 'he' in the second one). 2001:14BA:9C49:9C00:39D9:C53B:83FC:3AE4 (talk) 09:47, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

Terminal DEC VT-100.
Why is there a picture of this terminal here. I see no reference to it or what it relates to? Perhaps it needs a paragraph somewhere to explain it's relevance? Volatileacid (talk) 23:54, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

 * There's a reference to VT-100 under the Therac-25 section (controlling PDP), so the image is OK to be on the page. As for positioning, well that's a matter of taste and relevance, and it could arguably be improved ... by all means go ahead if you like.  Chumpih  t 07:09, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Therac-25


text:
Bertha Kalich

Bertha Kalich (also spelled Kalish, born Beylke Kalakh; 17 May 1874 – 18 April 1939) was a Jewish-American actress. Though she was well-established as an entertainer in Eastern Europe, she is best remembered as one of the several "larger-than-life" figures that dominated New York stages during the "Golden Age" of American Yiddish Theatre during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Historians estimate that, during her career, Kalich performed more than 125 different roles in seven different languages.

Early life
Kalich was born Beylke Kalakh in Lemberg, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (today Lviv, Ukraine), the only child of Solomon Kalakh, a poor brush manufacturer and amateur violinist. Her mother was Babette Halber Kalakh, a seamstress who often made costumes for local theaters. Babette was an active opera fan and her devotion inspired a love for the stage in her daughter. They often attended performances together and when young Bertha came of age, her parents scraped together their meager funds to send her to private music and drama schools. At age thirteen, she joined the chorus of the local Polish theater and later attended the prestigious Lemberg Conservatory.

While still barely a teen, Kalich sang in the chorus for La Traviata in the Lviv Polish Theatre Opera. A fellow actor, Max Gimpel, then offered her a job at his pioneering Yiddish-language theater group, Yankev Ber Gimpel. During this period of her life, Kalich had been performing in Polish, Russian, and German. When Gimpel's leading lady left for America, Kalich became his prima donna, winning the title role in Avrom Goldfaden's operetta Shulamis.

After a series of performances in Budapest, Goldfaden offered her a permanent position with his company, and Kalich left later that year for Romania. She was able to pick up Romanian in a matter of months, and was subsequently able to appear in major roles there with the state theater. According to historian Daniel Soyer, "she was such a success that anti-Semitic theatergoers, who had come with the intention of pelting her with onions, threw flowers instead."

Kalich married Leopold Spachner in 1890 at the age of 16. They had two children, a son Arthur (who died young) and a daughter Lilian.

Coming to America
Even at that age, Kalich already had a major career in at least three countries and four languages. Her success prompted jealousies, however and in 1894 there was rumored to be an assassination plot in the works by some of her rivals. Joseph Rumshinsky, whom she had met during her the Shulamis tour, introduced her to Joseph Edelstein of the People's Theatre, who offered to sponsor her to New York.

His newly founded Thalia Theater was looking for fresh talent, and there Kalich appeared in Di Vilde Kenigin (The wild queen) and a Yiddish production of La Belle Hélène (Beautiful Helen). She reprised former roles of Shulamis, Juliette, and Desdemona in a number of Yiddish-language productions.

In her new home, Kalich set out to emphasize her dramatic skills over her musical talents, working hard as a proponent of the Yiddish theater movement, hoping to help the theatres gain credibility in addition to notoriety. Anti-semitism in America had initially led audiences to believe that Jewish immigrants were incapable of producing anything more than low-brow, minstrel entertainment, but the Thalia had made a name for itself with its revolutionary Yiddish-language translations of Shakespeare. Kalich played a number of roles in these landmark works, even beating out the other male stars for a chance to play the coveted role of Hamlet.

According to Yiddish theatre scholar Joel Berkowitz, Shakespeare's plays served "as both sources and symbols" in helping Jewish immigrants "cross the bridge from Yiddish to American culture." It didn't hurt that fans compared Kalich to another famous female Hamlet of the era, Sarah Bernhardt, and in fact many newspapers would go on to call her the "Jewish Berhardt" in the years to come.

In addition to her work with Shakespeare, Kalich's performance in Leon Kobrin's The East Side Ghetto won enormous critical praise and increased Kalich's fanbase outside of the Jewish community. This production in combination with her performances in playwright Jacob Gordin's didactic plays brought unprecedented attention to the Yiddish stage. In 1900, she starred as Freydenyu in the premiere of Gordin's God, Man and the Devil, and that prompted Gordin to write the role of Etty in The Kreutzer Sonata and the title role in his Sappho and Phaon especially for Kalich. These productions made it out of the Yiddish playhouses, going all the way to Broadway, and establishing Kalich as a household name.

Along with her male counterpart Boris Thomashefksy (1868–1939), Kalich became a darling of the press, admired by her fans and critics alike. According to theatre historian Henry Bial, minorities in American had not yet seen such accolades:

"[They] were celebrated in the Yiddish press and idolized by Jewish audiences. They were the royalty of American Jewry, embodying the immigrant success story and enjoying a celebrity attained by few Jewish artists before or since. Thanks to the exalted status of its stars, the Yiddish theatre itself has come to play a central role in the narrative of Jewish inmmigration to the United States."

Her roles tended to be "women of the world", such as the title characters she played in Pierre Berton and Charles Simon's play Zaza, Victorien Sardou's Fédora (1905), Sappho and Phaon, and Magda in Hermann Sudermann's Heimat. Under the tutelage of Harrison Grey Fiske, she gained in reputation, eventually going on to star in plays such as Maeterlinck's Monna Vanna.

She picked up English easily; however, her accent was slow to fade. She worked with Minnie Maddern Fiske for months to correct her speech, but was never completely successful. Kalich acted in a number of plays for Fiske, both original works and adaptations of roles that she had created in Yiddish.

On the decline
By 1910, though, "she was having trouble finding suitable roles in the light American theater for her more emotional and tragic style." Although she would go on to work with heavy hitters such as producers Lee Shubert and Arthur Hopkins, her Broadway career had already begun to fade.

She left New York for Hollywood in 1914, where she appeared in a few notable films, including a reprise of her hit Broadway role in Marta of the Lowlands. Success was short-lived, however, and by 1915, Kalich was frequently returning to Yiddish roles to supplement her income. Her mainstream success in the American theatrical world enhanced her prestige there, and she began to receive top billing at the Second Avenue Theatre alongside stars like David Kessler.

Later years
By the late 1920s, Kalich's eyesight was failing, and she gradually became blind. Though she officially retired in 1931, she continued to appear onstage occasionally, especially at evenings mounted in her honor that served to elevate her legacy in the Yiddish theatre community. Late in her life, she recorded scenes from Goldfaden's historical plays for "The Forward Hour" on radio station WEVD, but her poor health meant that she needed to rehearse long, grueling hours even for short parts. Her last public appearance came on February 23, 1939, at a benefit for her at the Jolson Theater, where she recited the final scene of Louis Untermeyer's poem Heine's Death.

Death
Bertha Kalich died on 18 April 1939, aged 64, from undisclosed causes. Her remains were interred at Mount Hebron Cemetery in Flushing, Queens, New York.

Fifteen hundred people attended her funeral, considered a disappointing turnout, considering her status in the Jewish community. She had come to be seen as "a relic of the theatrical past, with a manner too romantic and grand even for the Yiddish stage", Soyer notes. "But, nevertheless, in the prime of her career at the beginning of the twentieth century, Kalich played an important role in efforts to improve the artistic standards of the Yiddish theater, whose status she also helped to raise with her success with English-speaking audiences."

Theatre

 * Fedora [Revival] by Victorien Sardou. Prod. George Fawcett. American Theatre, New York. 22 May 1905 - May 1905.
 * Monna Vanna by Maurice Maeterlinck, Trans. John Severance. Prod. Harrison Grey Fiske. Manhattan Theatre, New York. 23 October 1905 - December 1905. [Giovanna]
 * The Kreutzer Sonata [Revival] adapted from the Yiddish play written by Jacob Gordin by Langdon Mitchell, based on a story by Leo Tolstoy. Dir. Harrison Grey Fiske. Lyric Theatre, New York. 10 September 1906 - September 1906. [Miriam Friedlander]
 * Sappho and Phaon by Percy MacKaye, music by A. A. Stanley. Des. Frank E. Gates, E. A. Morange, and Percy Anderson. Prod. Harrison Grey Fiske. Lyric Theatre, New York. 21 October 1907 - October 1907.
 * Marta of the Lowlands by Àngel Guimerà. Des. Frank E. Gates and E. A. Morange. Prod. Harrison Grey Fiske. Garden Theatre, New York. 24 March 1908 - April 1908.
 * The Witc' by Hans Wiers-Jenssen, book adapted by Hermann Hagedorn. Prod. Lee Shubert and J.J. Shubert. New Theatre, New York. 14 February 1910
 * Rachel by Carina Jordan. Prod. F. C. Whitney. Knickerbocker Theatre, New York. 1 December 1913 - December 1913.
 * The Riddle: Woman by Charlotte E. Wells and Dorothy Donnelly. Prod. George Mooser. Harris Theatre, New York. 23 October 1918 - March 1919
 * Jitta's Atonement by George Bernard Shaw, adapted from the play by Siegfried Trebitsch. Dir. Lester Lonergan. Prod. Lee Shubert. Comedy Theatre, New York. 17 January 1923 - February 1923. [Jitta Lenkheim]
 * The Kreutzer Sonata [Revival] adapted from the Yiddish play Jacob Gordin by Langdon Mitchell, based on a story by Leo Tolstoy. Prod. Lee Shubert. Frazee Theatre, New York. 14 May 1924 - June 1924. [Miriam Friedlander]
 * Magda [Revival] by Hermann Sudermann, Trans. Charles Edward Amory Winslow. Dir. Edgar J. MacGregor. 49th Street Theatre, New York. 26 January 1926 - February 1926. [Magda]

Film

 * The Bomb Boy by Bertram Millhauser. Dir. George Fitzmaurice. Manhattan Film Company, 1914.
 * Marta of the Lowlands based on the play by Àngel Guimerà. Dir. J. Searle Dawley. USA, 1914. [Marta]
 * Slander, by Will S. Davis. Dir. Will S. Davis. with Eugene Ormonde and Mayme Kelso. Fox Film Corp, 1916. [Helene Ayers]
 * Ambition by Mary Murillo. Dir. James Vincent. Fox Film Corp, 1916. [Marian Powers]
 * Love and Hate by Mary Murillo, based on a story by James R. Garey. Dir. James Vincent. Fox Film Corp, 1916. [Helen Sterling]

title: Bertha Kalich


text: User talk:63.225.174.87

title: User talk:63.225.174.87


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title: Template:RUS


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Bruce Chen

Bruce Kastulo Chen (born June 19, 1977) is a Panamanian former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Montreal Expos, Cincinnati Reds, Houston Astros, Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles, Texas Rangers, Kansas City Royals, and Cleveland Indians, from 1998 to 2015.

Background
Chen was born in Panama to José and Luisa Chen. He is of Chinese descent. His paternal grandfather, Kuen Chin Chan Lee, joined his brothers and other relatives in Panama at age nine during the Chinese Civil War. Chen's maternal grandmother, Kuen Yin Liu de Laffo, was born in Panama, but her family had to return to China after fire destroyed their home. After years of hard labor, she returned to Panama at age 24. Both of Chen's grandparents have died. In a 2006 article in The Washington Post, Chen said that he would like to visit China to better understand his roots.

Chen has a brother, Kastulo, and a sister, Karla. Chen attended Panamerican Institute in Panama City.

Braves
Chen signed with the Atlanta Braves as an amateur free agent on July 1, 1993. He made the South Atlantic League All-Star team in 1997 when he went 12–7 with a 3.51 ERA in 28 starts for the Macon Braves. In 1998 he made 23 starts for the Greenville Braves and was 13–7 with a 3.29 ERA. He was selected by the Southern League as an All-Star and the Most Outstanding Pitcher. He was also a Double-A All-Star, Baseball America minor league All-Star and the Braves minor league pitcher of the year.

He made his MLB debut with the Braves on September 7, 1998, against the New York Mets. He started the game but only lasted three innings while allowing 4 runs on 6 hits. He picked up his first win, when he went seven innings on September 12 against the Florida Marlins. He remained with the Braves through mid-2000, pitching in 42 games (starting 11) and was 8–2 with a 4.28 ERA.

Phillies
He was traded by the Braves to the Philadelphia Phillies on July 12, 2000 (with Jimmy Osting) for Andy Ashby. He was a full-time starter with the Phillies, starting 31 games with a 7–9 record and 4.28 ERA. While playing for the Phillies, Chen had a loyal group of fans known as "The Chen Pen".

Middle career
The Phillies traded him to the New York Mets on July 27, 2001, for Dennis Cook and Turk Wendell. He made 11 starts (and 1 relief appearance) for the Mets and was 3–2 with a 4.61 ERA, and started the first game played by the Mets after the September 11 attacks versus the Braves at Shea Stadium on September 21. Chen was traded again on April 5, 2002, to the Montreal Expos (with Luis Figueroa, Saul Rivera and Dicky Gonzalez) for Phil Seibel, Scott Strickland and Matt Watson. He made 15 appearances (4 starts) for the Expos and was 2–3 with a 6.99 ERA.

He was traded for the fourth time, on June 14, 2002, to the Cincinnati Reds for Jim Brower. He only made 1 start for the Reds and appeared in relief 39 times, with a 4.31 ERA. Released by the Reds, he was signed as a free agent by the Houston Astros on March 14, 2003. He appeared in only 11 games and had an ERA of 6.00 with the Astros. The Boston Red Sox selected him off waivers from the Astros on May 7, 2003. He appeared in 5 games for the Red Sox, with 2 starts and had a 5.11 ERA.

He signed as a free agent with the Toronto Blue Jays on November 26, 2003. He made 3 starts in AAA with the Syracuse SkyChiefs. He was sent to the Baltimore Orioles on May 1, 2004. He added a changeup to his repertoire of pitches, which includes an 87–90 mph fastball, and a slow 12–6 curveball.

Chen played for the Panamanian team at the 2006 World Baseball Classic. He threw five innings, giving up four hits, two runs (both earned), and a walk, with three strikeouts, against a powerful Cuba team in the opening round of the tournament at San Juan, Puerto Rico.

During the 2006 regular season, he went 0–7 with a 6.93 earned run average (ERA), starting 12 games, but appearing in 28 others coming out of the bullpen. The Orioles declined to re–sign Chen, and he filed for free agency on November 1,.

Chen signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers on February 6,, with an invitation to spring training. Chen made the Rangers' opening day roster, taking a spot in the bullpen. He was reported to have reworked his contract to accept an outright assignment to Triple-A Oklahoma if room was needed on the roster.

Royals
Chen pitched for Panama again at the 2009 World Baseball Classic. On March 1,, Chen signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals. He made his debut with the Royals on June 27, 2009. He allowed 4 runs in 7$1⁄3$ innings. Chen's second start was much better, as he only gave up two runs on five hits with one walk and five strikeouts. On August 6, 2009, Chen won his first major league game since October 2, 2005.

Chen re-signed a minor league contract with the Royals on December 11, 2009. On April 26, 2010, he earned his first MLB save, in a 3–1 Royals victory over the Seattle Mariners. He threw seven perfect innings before allowing a hit on July 3, 2010, against the Los Angeles Angels. On October 1, 2010, in his last start of the season, Chen threw a two-hit shutout against the Tampa Bay Rays, striking out seven and only walking two. It was the first shutout he threw in his Major League career. He finished the season with a 12–7 record, and an ERA of 4.17.

Bruce had a productive 2011 season, posting a 12–8 record with a 3.77 ERA. On November 23, 2011, Chen agreed to a two-year deal to return to the Royals. In 2012, Chen finished with an 11–14 record and posted an ERA of 5.07. Despite the regression, Chen threw 191.2 innings (2nd highest career total) and had a career high 140 strikeouts. Even though Panama did not qualify for the 2013 World Baseball Classic, Chen was contacted by Team China about the possibility of playing for them in the Classic.

He returned to the Royals for the 2014 season, agreeing to a one-year contract. On July 22, he tied Mariano Rivera for most wins earned by a Panamanian-born player with 82. He was designated for assignment on August 29, 2014, and released on September 5.

Indians
On February 16, 2015, he agreed to a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians. The Indians purchased his contract and added him to the active roster on May 9. After earning a 12.79 ERA in innings, Chen was designated for assignment on May 16. He announced his retirement from baseball two days later.

Chen came out of retirement to pitch for Team China in the 2017 World Baseball Classic.

Post-playing career
Following his retirement, Chen worked as a Cultural Development Adviser for the Cleveland Indians organization. As of November 25, 2017, he was no longer with the Indians, and had moved to the Los Angeles Dodgers organization to serve as their Latin America Field Coordinator.

Personal
Chen and his wife Mary have three daughters. Chen is the only alumnus of the Panamerican Institute to make the major leagues. He has studied civil engineering during the baseball off-season at Georgia Tech.

title: Bruce Chen


text:
Potterspury

Potterspury is a populous village and civil parish in West Northamptonshire, England. The nearest main town is Milton Keynes, the centre of which is about 7 miles south-east. At the time of the 2011 census, the parish's population (including Furtho) was 1,453 people.

The village's name is a concatenation. It was originally cognate with Perry and sometimes written as such, implying pear tree or orchard. Several places are named such regionally. The helpful (disambiguatory) prefix 'Potters', seen by the 15th century, is a nod to the very old, important potteries here. An alternative is "Estpury", seen in 1452.

Geography
Potterspury is on the A5 road, formerly the Roman road of Watling Street between Towcester six miles to the north and Stony Stratford a mile to the south. The village sits at the edge of Whittlewood Forest, a relatively large ancient woodland to the west that was part of the original estate of the Duke of Grafton. Much of this is an SSSI, recognising its biodiversity and providing strong protection against built environment encroachment. Parts are open to the public in the Spring but most footpaths and bridleways adjoin the area, some linking into the Chiltern Hills (Chilterns).

Stony Stratford and Towcester have nearby substantial shopping areas.

Nearby villages comprise Wicken, Deanshanger, Grafton Regis, Alderton and Yardley Gobion.

Landmarks
The parish church, with medieval elements, is dedicated to Saint Nicholas. Its foundations date to at least 1087 when it (implying its rectory, its main church lands) was granted by Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby to Bernard the Scribe. The Queen's Oak which stood nearby until 1997 was reputed to be the site of the first meeting between Edward IV and his queen Elizabeth Woodville.

Facilities
The high street has is a small grocery/stationery shop with post office and a village hall.

The village pubs The Talbot on the A5 and The Cock on the High Street. There is a sports and social club at Meadow View, the ground of Potterspury Football Club.

A spa is, quite centrally placed, on Poundfield Road, named Cloud 9, adjoining Potterspury House Restaurant.

Education
Educational provision in the village includes the specialist education needs school Potterspury Lodge School, which helps children with learning difficulties, and John Hellins Primary School. Most leavers go on to Elizabeth Woodville School, formerly Kingsbrook School, in Deanshanger, as their secondary school. John Hellins was a mathematician and astronomer who, as parish priest at Potterspury, founded and taught in the village school.

title: Potterspury


text:
Guerrero metro station

Guerrero is a metro station on the Mexico City Metro. It is located in the Colonia Guerrero neighborhood of Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City, on the intersection of Zarco street and Eje 1 Norte Mosqueta Avenue. It is a transfer station for both Lines 3 and B.

General information
The station logo depicts the bust of Vicente Guerrero (1782–1831), a national hero who participated in the Mexican War of Independence. The name of this station refers to the neighbourhood which it serves. The station was opened on 20 November 1970 with service along Line 3. Service along Line B started on 15 December 1999.

Guerrero has facilities for the handicapped and a cultural display.

Line 3

 * East: Zarco street and Eje 1 Norte Mosqueta, Colonia Guerrero
 * West: Zarco street and Eje 1 Norte Mosqueta, Colonia Guerrero

Line B

 * Northeast: Eje 1 Norte Mosqueta and Héroes street, Colonia Guerrero
 * Southeast: Eje 1 Norte Mosqueta and Héroes street, Colonia Guerrero
 * Northwest: Eje 1 Norte Mosqueta and Guerrero street, Colonia Guerrero
 * Southwest: Eje 1 Norte Mosqueta and Guerrero street, Colonia Guerrero

title: Guerrero metro station


text:
Onion dome

An onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an onion. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the tholobate (drum) upon which they sit, and their height usually exceeds their width. They taper smoothly upwards to a point.

It is a typical feature of churches belonging to the Russian Orthodox church. There are similar buildings in other Eastern European countries, and occasionally in Western Europe: Bavaria (Germany), Austria, and northeastern Italy. Buildings with onion domes are also found in the Oriental regions of Central and South Asia, and the Middle East. However, old buildings outside Russia usually lack the construction typical of the Russian onion design.

Other types of Eastern Orthodox cupolas include helmet domes (for example, those of the Dormition Cathedral in Vladimir), Ukrainian pear domes (St Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv), and Baroque bud domes (St Andrew's Church in Kyiv) or an onion-helmet mixture like the St Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.

History
According to Wolfgang Born, the onion dome has its origin in Syria, where some Umayyad Caliphate-era mosaics show buildings with bulbous domes. An early prototype of onion dome also appeared in Chehel Dokhter, a mid-11th century Seljuk architecture in Damghan region of Iran.

In Russian architecture
It is not completely clear when and why onion domes became a typical feature of Russian architecture. The curved onion style appeared in Russian architecture as early as the 13th century. But still several theories exist that the Russian onion shape was influenced by countries from the Orient, like India and Persia, with whom Russia has had lengthy cultural exchange. Byzantine churches and architecture of Kievan Rus were characterized by broader, flatter domes without a special framework erected above the drum. In contrast to this ancient form, each drum of a Russian church is surmounted by a special structure of metal or timber, which is lined with sheet iron or tiles, while the onion architecture is mostly very curved. Russian architecture used the dome shape not only for churches but also for other buildings.

By the end of the nineteenth century, most Russian churches from before the Petrine period had bulbous domes. The largest onion domes were erected in the seventeenth century in the area around Yaroslavl. A number of these had more complicated bud-shaped domes, whose form derived from Baroque models of the late seventeenth century. Pear-shaped domes are usually associated with Ukrainian Baroque, while cone-shaped domes are typical for Orthodox churches of Transcaucasia.

Oriental origin hypothesis
Supposedly, Russian icons painted before the Mongol invasion of Rus' of 1237-1242 do not feature churches with onion domes. Two highly venerated pre-Mongol churches that have been rebuilt—the Assumption Cathedral and the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius, both in Vladimir—display golden helmet domes. Restoration work on several other ancient churches has revealed some fragments of former helmet-like domes below newer onion cupolas. It has been posited that onion domes first appeared in Russia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible ((r. 1533 – 1584)). The domes of Saint Basil's Cathedral have not been altered since the reign of Ivan's son Fyodor I ((r. 1584 – 1598)), indicating the presence of onion domes in sixteenth-century Russia.

Some scholars postulate that the Russians adopted onion domes from Muslim countries, possibly from the Khanate of Kazan, whose conquest in 1552 Ivan the Terrible commemorated by erecting St. Basil's Cathedral. Some scholars believe that onion domes first appeared in Russian wooden architecture above tent-like churches. According to this theory, they were strictly utilitarian, as they prevented snow from piling on the roof.

Indigenous Russian origin hypothesis
In 1946, historian Boris Rybakov, while analysing miniatures of ancient Russian chronicles, pointed out that most of them, from the thirteenth century onward, display churches with onion domes rather than helmet domes. Nikolay Voronin, who studied pre-Mongol Russian architecture, seconded his opinion that onion domes existed in Russia as early as the thirteenth century. These findings demonstrated that Russian onion domes could not be imported from the Orient, where onion domes did not replace spherical domes until the fifteenth century.

Modern art historian Sergey Zagraevsky surveyed hundreds of Russian icons and miniatures, from the eleventh century onward. He concluded that most icons painted after the Mongol invasion of Rus display only onion domes. The first onion domes appeared on some pictures from the twelfth century. He found only one icon from the late fifteenth century displaying a dome resembling the helmet instead of an onion. His findings led him to dismiss fragments of helmet domes discovered by restorators beneath modern onion domes as post-Petrine stylisations intended to reproduce the familiar forms of Byzantine cupolas. Zagraevsky also indicated that the oldest depictions of the two Vladimir cathedrals represent them as having onion domes, prior to their replacement by classicizing helmet domes. He explains the ubiquitous appearance of onion domes in the late thirteenth century by the general emphasis on verticality characteristic of Russian church architecture from the late twelfth to early fifteenth centuries. At that time, porches, pilasters, vaults and drums were arranged to create a vertical thrust, to make the church seem taller than it was. Another consideration proposed by Zagraevsky links the onion-shaped form of Russian domes with the weight of traditional Russian crosses, which are much larger and more elaborate than those used in Byzantium and Kievan Rus. Such ponderous crosses would have been easily toppled, if they had not been fixed to sizeable stones traditionally placed inside the elongated domes of Russian churches. It is impossible to place such a stone inside the flat dome of the Byzantine type.

Symbolism
Prior to the eighteenth century, the Russian Orthodox Church did not assign any particular symbolism to the exterior shape of a church. Nevertheless, onion domes are popularly believed to symbolise burning candles. In 1917, religious philosopher Prince Evgenii Troubetzkoy argued that the onion shape of Russian church domes may not be explained rationally. According to Trubetskoy, drums crowned by tapering domes were deliberately scored to resemble candles, thus manifesting a certain aesthetic and religious attitude.

"The Byzantine cupola above the church represents the vault of heaven above the earth. On the other hand, the Gothic spire expresses unbridled vertical thrust, which rises huge masses of stone to the sky. In contrast to these, our native onion dome may be likened to a tongue of fire, crowned by a cross and tapering towards a cross. When we look at the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, we seem to see a gigantic candle burning above Moscow. The Kremlin cathedrals and churches, with their multiple domes, look like huge chandeliers. The onion shape results from the idea of prayer as a soul burning towards heaven, which connects the earthly world with the treasures of the afterlife. Every attempt to explain the onion shape of our church domes by utilitarian considerations (for instance, the need to preclude snow from piling on the roof) fails to account for the most essential point, that of aesthetic significance of onion domes for our religion. Indeed, there are numerous other ways to achieve the same utilitarian result, e.g., spires, steeples, cones. Why, of all these shapes, ancient Russian architecture settled upon the onion dome? Because the aesthetic impression produced by the onion dome matched a certain religious attitude. The meaning of this religious and aesthetic feeling is finely expressed by a folk saying - 'glowing with fervour' - when they speak about church domes."

Another explanation has it that the onion dome was originally regarded as a form reminiscent of the aedicula (cubiculum) in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.

Onion domes often appear in groups of three, representing the Holy Trinity, or five, representing Jesus Christ and the Four Evangelists. Domes standing alone represent Jesus. Vasily Tatischev, the first to record this interpretation, disapproved of it emphatically. He believed that the five-domed design of churches was propagated by Patriarch Nikon, who liked to compare the central and highest dome with himself and four lateral domes with four other patriarchs of the Orthodox world. There is no other evidence that Nikon ever held such a view.

The domes are often brightly painted: their colors may informally symbolise different aspects of religion. Green, blue, and gold domes are sometimes held to represent the Holy Trinity, the Holy Spirit, and Jesus, respectively. Black ball-shaped domes were once popular in the snowy north of Russia.

South Asia
The onion dome was also used extensively in Mughal architecture, which later went on to influence Indo-Saracenic architecture. It is also a common feature in Sikh architecture, particularly in Gurudwaras, and sometimes seen in Rajput architecture as well.

Elsewhere in Asia
Outside the Indian subcontinent, it is also used in Iran and other places in the Middle East and Central Asia. At the end of the 19th century, the Dutch-built Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Aceh, Indonesia, which incorporated onion shaped dome. The shape of the dome has been used in numerous mosques in Indonesia since then.

Western and Central countries
Baroque domes in the shape of an onion (or other vegetables or flower-buds) were common in the Holy Roman Empire as well. The first one was built in 1576 by the architect Johannes Holl (1512–1594) on the church of the Convent of the Franciscan Sisters of Maria Stern in Augsburg. Usually made of copper sheet, onion domes appear on Catholic churches all over southern Germany, Czech lands, Austria and Sardinia and Northeast Italy. Onion domes were also a favourite of 20th-century Austrian architectural designer Friedensreich Hundertwasser.

The Americas
The World's Only Corn Palace, a tourist attraction and basketball arena in Mitchell, South Dakota, also features onion domes on the roof of the structure.

title: Onion dome


text:
Talk:Hunter S. Thompson/Archive 1

Gonzo Shmonzo - Thompson was the father of Modern Media bias
http://www.bluebus.org/archives/000477.php
 * Except he always announced right up front, on his sleeve as it were, that he didn't write facts.. He didn't claim to write factual, he claimed to write truthfully with an announced element of fiction.  -Ozzyslovechild 03:15, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ok, I just think that Gonzo journalism is wrong because Fiction has no place in journalistic pieces as a primary. So, it's insincere to present yourself as a journalist in this way. I just think he was a serviceable journalist who got carried away with the media which really led to him fueling allot of Liberal Media bias.

 * I think maybe you fail to understand that he isnt that kind of journalist, and that thats precisely the point. He mainly writes essays and opinion pieces, he isnt to be held responsible on the level youre suggesting because he isnt necessarily in a position of trust. Those types are more often called "reporters" and are presented as such. That said, he's is a phenomenally honest man and I believe he would be the last to deliberately mislead. Furthermore, its exactly this subjectivity and honesty that made him so notable. He came out at a time when virtually all journalists where subscribing to the myth of objectivity and he immersed himself into the scene, got closer to his subjects, and subsequently wrote about other truths, different truths, truths the media was missing in its blind hunt for objective fact. This kind of journalism may seem common place today and, love it or hate it, you have Hunter to thank for that in part.

 * It would also be nice if you had some vestige of respect, even for someone you dont like, let alone someone I'm personally skeptical you even know beyond an essay or two. --Clngre 15:03, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

I have been respectfel in my debate in this discussion forum. Your perceprion of the truth as fabrication is false. He fabricated the truth and got away with it. Anyway, I don't enjoy his style it is generic rambling to me so I don't care to read more then that.

 * "fabricated the truth and got away with it" So did Preznit Poopypants. What's your point? If you want to sputter about fake journalism, go sputter about Jayson Blair, Armstrong Williams, James Guckert, Maggie Gallagher, Judith Miller, Michael McManus and the rest of Poopypants' payrolled presstitutes. (And don't figure me as some HST lover; I'd never heard of the man before this.) Kwantus 16:55, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)

 * Actually, if you're really keen on smearing Hunter, try substantiating the stuff going around that Paul Bonacci testified "Hunter Thompson" was camerman for a Bohemian Grove snuff film (with sidelines into whether HST was in the process of linking Gannon/Guckert with the boy-prostitute ring found "touring" the earlier Bush Whitehouse (see Larry King and Craig Spence) and the possibility Gannon/Guckert is actually Johnny Gosch).
 * Good luck. (At the least, fill in the Johnny Gosch requested article.) Kwantus 00:23, 2005 Feb 28 (UTC)

Friendly reminder: This discussion doesn't have much to do with the article. We try to keep it on topic here - this talk page isn't here for you to denounce (or praise) Thompson, or have a political argument. Rhobite 21:50, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

I know that we're putting this off-topic and vitriolic discussion to rest, but I vote that we delete the above "Gonzo Shmonzo" rant. Any time I see someone assure me that they're "respectfel in [their]... perceprion", and refer to a "liberal media bias", that's enough to convince me that their position is without merit and dosen't belong here. --Anonymous 9:18,  Feb 25, 2005.

title: Talk:Hunter S. Thompson/Archive 1


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Eric DuBose

Eric DuBose (born May 15, 1976) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He bats and throws left-handed and attended Mississippi State University. Currently, Dubose serves as a Director for East Coast Sox Baseball Organization, an elite nationally known showcase organization based out of the southeast. After tossing just 6 innings in 4 games in, his first official year, DuBose looked to be a career minor leaguer for good. However, when the Baltimore Orioles needed a spot starter for a game against the Royals in May, they recalled DuBose from Triple-A Ottawa and he did not disappoint, tossing 6 innings of 3-hit, 2-run ball. DuBose spent most of 2003 in the bullpen, though he was made a full-time starter in September. DuBose finished '03 with a 3–6 record and 3.79 ERA in 17 games.

Unfortunately for the Orioles' organization, DuBose took a step back as a full-time starter in, compiling a 6.39 ERA in 14 games while allowing 12 home runs. In the struggles continued – DuBose was ineffective in 15 games, walking more batters than he struck out. After signing a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies before the start of the 2007 season, DuBose was released on May 15, 2007.

DuBose signed with the Cleveland Indians in late May 2007, spending the season with the Buffalo Bisons of the International League. For the 2008 season, he played for the independent Bridgeport Bluefish of the Atlantic League before his contract was purchased by the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 3, 2008; he was assigned to Double-A Jacksonville. On August 27, he was promoted to Triple-A Las Vegas and became a free agent at the end of the season.

title: Eric DuBose


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Bishop's ring

Bishop's ring may refer to:
 * An episcopal ring, worn by a bishop or archbishop
 * Bishop's Ring, a diffuse brown or bluish halo observed around the sun in the presence of large amounts of dust in the stratosphere

title: Bishop's ring


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Jason Grimsley

Jason Alan Grimsley (born August 7, 1967) is an American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played for seven teams during a 15-year career. He was a member of both the 1999 and 2000 World Series champion New York Yankees.

Major League career
Jason attended Tarkington High School in Cleveland, Texas. He was selected 10th round (252nd overall) by the Philadelphia Phillies of the 1985 June amateur Baseball draft. Like many relief pitchers, Grimsley began his career as a starting pitcher. But he became a full-time reliever while a member of the Yankees.

Philadelphia Phillies (1989–1991)
Grimsley began his career in 1989 and surrendered 13 runs in 18$1⁄3$ innings. The following year, he went 3–2 and made 11 starts. In 1991, Grimsley went 1–7 with a 4.87 ERA in 12 starts. Following the 1991 season, he was traded to the Houston Astros for Curt Schilling.

Out of the league and Cleveland Indians (1992–1995)
Grimsley spent the entire 1992 season in the minors and on March 30, 1993, was released by Houston and signed with the Cleveland Indians. In his first season with Cleveland, he went 3–4 over 10 games, and in 1994, went 5–2 with a 4.57 ERA in 14 games. Grimsley is known for his leading role in the 1994 Bat Burglary involving Albert Belle and an allegedly corked bat that was taken away by umpires for examination by the league. Grimsley was the player who crawled through a Comiskey Park air conditioning duct to reach the room where the confiscated bat had been secured. He took the corked bat and replaced it with a clean bat. Not accounted for in this plan, however, was the fact that Belle's bat had his name on it, and the replacement had teammate Paul Sorrento's name on it instead, leading to the heist being caught before the end of the day. The incident made ESPN.com's "Biggest Cheaters in Baseball" list at number 4. The next season, Grimsley was used mostly as a reliever, making only two starts. Following the season, on February 14, 1996, he was traded to the Angels.

California Angels (1996)
Grimsley went 5–7 with a 6.84 ERA in 1996 while making a career-high 20 starts. On October 8, he was granted free agency.

Out of the league again (1997–1998)
Grimsley signed with the Tigers on January 17, 1997, but was released following spring training. On April 3, he signed with the Brewers and on July 29, was traded to the Royals for Jamie Brewington. Grimsley was granted free agency on October 15. On January 8, 1998, he signed with the Cleveland Indians. Grimsley did not appear in a major league game that year and was granted free agency on October 15.

New York Yankees (1999–2000)
Grimsley signed with the Yankees on January 26, 1999. With the Yankees, he rebounded, going 7–2 with a 3.60 ERA in 55 relief outings. Grimsley did not pitch in the 1999 American League Division Series or the 1999 American League Championship Series, but pitched $2 1/3$ innings of two-hit, two-walk ball in Game 3 of the 1999 World Series. In 2000, he was 3–2 with a 5.04 ERA. In the 2000 ALCS, he pitched one scoreless inning and earned his second World Series ring when the Yankees defeated the Mets in five games despite not pitching in the World Series. On November 20, he was released by the Yankees.

Kansas City Royals (2001–2004)
Grimsley signed with the Royals on January 19, 2001. In his first season in Kansas City, he was 1–5. In three and a half years in Kansas City, Grimsley never posted a record better than .500 (he was 3–3 in 2004). He was 1–5 in 2001, 4–7 in 2002, and 2–6 in 2003. Grimsley also gave up the home run to Scott Hatteberg that gave the Oakland Athletics their 20th straight win in 2002, as depicted in the film Moneyball. On October 29, 2003, he was granted free agency, but re-signed on December 7. In 2004, Grimsley went 3–3 with a 3.38 ERA before being traded on June 21 to the Orioles for Denny Bautista.

Baltimore Orioles (2004–2005)
Grimsley went 2–4 in 2004 with Baltimore. In 2005, he posted a 1–3 record with a 5.73 ERA, and was granted free agency on October 27.

Arizona Diamondbacks (2006)
In 2006, Grmisley finished 1–2 with a 4.88 ERA in 19 games before being released on June 7 after his use of performance-enhancing drugs came to light. He subsequently retired.

Illicit drug use
On June 6, 2006, it was reported that Federal officials had raided Grimsley's home looking for evidence that he was distributing human growth hormone (HGH) and other performance-enhancing drugs.

The Arizona Diamondbacks released him at his request, shortly after it became public in June that he had admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs. The Diamondbacks announced they would not pay the rest of his 2006 salary, an estimated US$875,000. Grimsley's agent Joe Bick stated that Grimsley would contest the decision. Michael Weiner, general counsel to the players union stated that the union would file a grievance on his behalf.

On June 12, 2006, Grimsley was suspended for 50 games for violating Major League Baseball's Joint Drug Prevention and Treatment Program. This penalty would take effect if Grimsley ever signed a contract with a major league team and was placed on a 40-man roster. He was the fourteenth Major League Baseball player to be suspended for use of performance-enhancing drugs.

ESPN reported that court documents showed that Grimsley had failed an MLB-administered drug test in 2003; he subsequently confessed to the use of human growth hormones, amphetamines and steroids.

His drug use began in 1998 while in Buffalo, New York. After a nine-year MLB career, he was in the minors trying to get back to the majors after a shoulder injury. Among the drugs he has used are Deca-Durabolin, amphetamines, human growth hormone and Clenbuterol. Prior to the use of performance-enhancing drugs he had earned a total of $1 million; subsequently he earned $9 million. His ERA dropped by a run.

On September 30, 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that Grimsley told federal agents investigating steroids in baseball that Houston Astros pitchers Roger Clemens and Andy Pettitte were users of performance-enhancing drugs and that Baltimore Orioles's Miguel Tejada, Jay Gibbons, and Brian Roberts were users of "anabolic steroids."

On October 3, 2006, The Washington Post reported that San Francisco United States attorney Kevin Ryan said that the Los Angeles Times report contained "significant inaccuracies." All five players named (Clemens, Pettitte, Tejada, Gibbons, and Roberts) denounced the story, with Clemens calling it "dangerous and malicious and reckless". Gibbons was later implicated in the steroid scandal by Sports Illustrated, who uncovered receipts issued by a Florida steroid mail order company in his name.

On December 13, 2007, he was cited in the Mitchell Report, an investigation into the use of anabolic steroids and HGH in Major League Baseball.

On December 20, 2007, the report was unsealed by a U.S. magistrate, who harshly criticized the L.A. Times for what he called "irresponsible reporting"...or "manufacturing of facts." Neither, Roberts, Clemens nor Pettitte's names were mentioned by Grimsley in any context whatsoever. The Times announced that it would publish a correction and apology for their misrepresentation of the facts. Grimsley had told investigators that he got amphetamines, anabolic steroids and human growth hormone from someone recommended to him by former Yankees trainer Brian McNamee. The fact that McNamee was a personal strength coach for Clemens and Pettitte apparently prompted the Times to leap to the erroneous conclusion that Grimsley had implicated them in his statement.

Personal life
Grimsley is married to his wife Dana, and they have three children, two sons, Hunter and John-John, and a daughter Rayne.

On January 21, 2005, a small plane crashed into the back of Grimsley's house in Overland Park, Kansas. Grimsley was not home at the time, but his wife, daughter, and nanny were; they escaped unharmed. The pilot and four passengers were killed.

title: Jason Grimsley


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USS Eaton

USS Eaton (DD-510) was a Fletcher-class destroyer in the service of the United States Navy from 1942 to 1946. She was recommissioned from 1951 to 1969 and sunk as a target in 1970.

World War II
The Eaton was launched 20 September 1942 by Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine; sponsored by Mrs. Mary Eaton Phillips, great-great-granddaughter of General Eaton; and commissioned 4 December 1942. It was named after William Eaton (1764–1811), an American soldier involved in the First Barbary War.

1943
Eaton departed Casco Bay, Maine, 6 February 1943 for duty in the Pacific. Arriving at Efate, New Hebrides, 7 March, she patrolled with Cruiser Division 12 between Efate and the Solomons. She also escorted convoys from Espiritu Santo and Nouméa to Guadalcanal. After 10 August, from a new base at Port Purvis, Florida Island, she supported landings at Rendova, Vella Lavella, and Baracoma. In September, she rejoined Cruiser Division 12 for sweeps against Japanese shipping in "The Slot", sinking many barges. The I-20 Type-C Japanese submarine was sunk on the surface at Vella Lavella on 01-10-1943.

After a dash to Auckland, Eaton embarked Rear Admiral G. H. Fort and staff on 26 October and served as flagship for the landings on Treasury Island the following day. Prior to the landings at Empress Augusta Bay, she led fast minelayers USS Tracy (DM-19) and Pruitt (DM-22) through Bougainville Straits to seal off the eastern approach, on the night of 1/2 November.

She continued to patrol from Port Purvis to Bougainville. On 13 November she rushed to help screen the crippled Denver (CL-58), damaged in the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay. Relieved by Dyson (DD-572) the following day, she continued to escort resupply convoys to Bougainville, Treasury, and Vella Lavella, as well as to bombard coast batteries and hunt Japanese ships.

1944
She took part in the landings on Green Island on 15 February 1944 and on Emirau Island on 20 March. Eaton sailed 4 May 1944 for the Marshalls, arriving at Majuro on the 7th. Between 29 May and 2 June, she joined Greiner (DE-37) and Sanders (DE-40) in reconnaissance and bombardment of Kusaie Island in the eastern Carolines. On 11 June, she left Kwajalein for the invasion of Saipan, which began four days later. Eaton provided fire support, including harassing and illumination fire, against Saipan and Tinian and captured three Japanese aviators from a raft. On 12 August she sailed from Saipan for overhaul at Mare Island.

Eaton joined the covering force for the Leyte operation at Leyte Gulf, 25 November 1944. She sank an enemy freighter on 1 December and bombarded Ormoc Bay as she headed to cover the Mindoro landings in December.

1945
Returning to Manus two days before Christmas, she was up in Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, on 9 January 1945 for screen and patrol duty. During the assault, the following night her crew destroyed an enemy suicide boat only 25 yards from the ship. The explosion killed 1 and wounded 14 of Eaton's men. She escorted transports in ballast from Lingayen to Leyte in January, bombarded Corregidor in February, and returned to Leyte Gulf on 1 March.

Through May she continued in the liberation of the Philippines, in the landings at Mangarin Bay, Mindoro; on Panay, and on Mindanao. Sailing from Subic Bay 7 June 1945, Eaton covered the landings at Brunei Bay, Borneo, on 10 June, supporting minesweeping operations, and providing fire support for the invading Australians and underwater demolition teams. Next came invaluable aid to the assault on the great oil entrepot of Balikpapan, on 1 and 2 July. She returned to San Pedro Bay, 5 July, and her base for operations until the end of hostilities.

Eaton went north, 28 August 1945, to support minesweeping operations in the Yellow Sea off Jinsen (Inchon) in preparation for landings the following month. From 6 September to the end of October, she directed sweeping the Yangtze River approaches and acted as harbor entrance control vessel at Shanghai for the Yangtze River Patrol Force.

On 9 September, five Japanese vessels attempting to leave that port were intercepted and boarded by a party from Eaton; a prize crew remained on board Medium Landing Ship No. 5 for nearly a month. Joining the South China Force, Eaton was based at Hong Kong and visited ports on the 2,000-mile sweep of Chinese coast, all the way from Haiphong, Indochina, to Hulutao, Manchuria, until 29 December 1945, also participating in the French Indochina convoy that took the 6th Chinese Army to Manchuria on merchant marine ships.

Other targets engaged by the Eaton during the war were eight enemy planes shot down.

She arrived at New York 8 February 1946 and the following month sailed to Charleston, South Carolina, where she was placed out of commission in reserve, 21 June 1946.

Post World War II
Reclassified DDE-510, 2 January 1951, Eaton was recommissioned 11 December 1951 at the Boston Naval Shipyard, and joined Escort Division 22 at Norfolk, Virginia, 29 May 1952. She operated as far as the Caribbean and made two midshipman cruises in the summer of 1953: the first to England, France and Italy, the second to Halifax, Nova Scotia. She sailed 28 April 1954 for NATO exercises off Derry, followed by a good will tour of ports in Germany, Belgium, Denmark, England, and France before joining the 6th Fleet for exercises in the Mediterranean, including a mock "defense" of Turkey during which she 'sank' the same 'enemy' Turkish submarine twice. After rescuing four survivors from SS Mormackite on her return passage, Eaton arrived at Norfolk on 10 October.

In the early 1950s the Eaton collided with a surfacing submarine, but the following destroyer averted a worse collision owing to quick action of the captain. The collision resulted in damage to the submarine's periscopes and conning tower. In early 1956 during ASW exercises Eaton was involved in a collision with the destroyer USS Power (DD-839).

On 6 May 1956, off the Virginia Capes, the battleship USS Wisconsin (BB-64) collided with the Eaton in thick fog while daylight steaming at high speed (20 knots). The collision caused serious damage to both ships, with the Eaton contacting the battleship's bow on the starboard side forward of the bridge, which crushed to port side and broke the keel. The CPO mess area and mess deck were smashed. The ship's 1st LT saved her by securing bow to stern with anchor chain, and closing the watertight door beside his room. Only one sailor (a cook) was struck unconscious. Commander Richard Varley of the Eaton was later court-martialed and found negligent.

In another accident, the NOTS RUR-4 Weapon Alpha rocket-boosted depth charge projector misfired, with one warhead falling back onto the 01 deck and killing a seaman below.

An African cruise between 18 March and 26 July 1957 took Eaton by way of the Azores to Freetown, Simonstown, Mombasa, Aden, and Massawa. She operated through the blistering Red Sea between Aden and Massawa much of May, then on through the Suez Canal to Mediterranean ports and Norfolk. A visit to British waters in the fall of 1957 and two to Canada varied Eaton's Atlantic and Caribbean duty through 1960, participating during the Bay of Pigs Invasion events. Later Eaton towed a disabled US Navy surveillance vessel from the Havana harbour.

During the early 1960s the Eaton was assigned as flagship of Destroyer Squadron 28, serving in Destroyer Division 282 with USS Bache, Murray, and Beale. In 1967–68 she served in Vietnam along the gunline providing naval fire support up and down the Vietnamese coast.

On Memorial Day of 1969, Eaton was decommissioned, and then later towed away, and sunk as a target during gunnery practice in the Atlantic Ocean 90 nautical miles (167 km) off Norfolk, Virginia.

Honors
Eaton received 11 battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Eaton


text:
Cornell University College of Engineering

The College of Engineering is a division of Cornell University that was founded in 1870 as the Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanic Arts. It is one of four private undergraduate colleges at Cornell that are not statutory colleges.

It currently grants bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees in a variety of engineering and applied science fields, and is the third largest undergraduate college at Cornell by student enrollment. The college offers over 450 engineering courses, and has an annual research budget exceeding US$112 million.

History
The College of Engineering was founded in 1870 as the Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanic Arts. The program was originally housed in Sibley Hall on what has since become the Arts Quad, both of which are named for Hiram Sibley, the original benefactor whose contributions were used to establish the program. The college took its current name in 1919 when the Sibley College merged with the College of Civil Engineering. It was housed in Sibley, Lincoln, Franklin, Rand, and Morse Halls.

The college is known for a number of firsts.

Kate Gleason, Cornell's first female mechanical engineering student, matriculated in 1884, and later became the first woman elected to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

In 1889, the college took over electrical engineering from the Department of Physics, establishing the first department in the United States in this field. The college awarded the nation's first doctorates in both electrical engineering and industrial engineering. The Department of Computer Science, established in 1965 jointly under the College of Engineering and the College of Arts and Sciences, is also one of the oldest in the country.

In the 1950s the college moved to the southern end of Cornell's campus to form The Engineering Quadrangle.

For many years, the college offered a five-year undergraduate degree program. However, in the 1960s, the course was shortened to four years for a B.S. degree with an optional fifth year leading to a master of engineering degree. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Cornell offered a Master of Nuclear Engineering program, with graduates gaining employment in the nuclear industry. However, after the 1979 accident at Three Mile Island, employment opportunities in that field dimmed and the program was dropped. Cornell continued to operate its on-campus nuclear reactor as a research facility following the close of the program. For most of Cornell's history, Geology was taught in the College of Arts and Sciences. However, in the 1970s, the department was shifted to the engineering college and Snee Hall was built to house the program. After World War II, the Graduate School of Aerospace Engineering was founded as a separate academic unit, but later merged into the engineering college.

Cornell Engineering is home to many teams that compete in student design competitions and other engineering competitions. Presently, there are teams that compete in the Baja SAE, Automotive X-Prize (see Cornell 100+ MPG Team ), UNP Satellite Program, DARPA Grand Challenge, AUVSI Unmanned Aerial Systems and Underwater Vehicle Competition, Formula SAE, RoboCup, Solar Decathlon, Genetically Engineered Machines, and others.

Reputation
Cornell's College of Engineering is currently ranked 12th nationally by U.S. News & World Report, making it ranked 1st among engineering schools/programs in the Ivy League. The engineering physics program at Cornell was ranked as being No. 1 by U.S. News & World Report in 2008. Cornell's operations research and industrial engineering program ranked fourth in nation, along with the master's program in financial engineering. Cornell's computer science program ranks among the top five in the world, and it ranks fourth in the quality of graduate education.

The college is a leader in nanotechnology. In a survey done by a nanotechnology magazine Cornell University was ranked as being the best at nanotechnology commercialization, 2nd best in terms of nanotechnology facilities, the 4th best at nanotechnology research and the 10th best at nanotechnology industrial outreach.

Departments and schools
With about 3,000 undergraduates and 1,300 graduate students, the college is the third-largest undergraduate college at Cornell by student enrollment. It is divided into twelve departments and schools:

 * School of Applied and Engineering Physics
 * Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering
 * Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering
 * Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
 * School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
 * Department of Computer Science
 * Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences
 * School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
 * Department of Materials Science and Engineering
 * Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
 * School of Operations Research and Information Engineering
 * Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
 * Department of Systems Engineering

The Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (then known as the Sibley College of the Mechanic Arts, and located in East Sibley Hall) awarded its first four-year Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree in 1874. The school celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2024.

The Engineering Quadrangle
The Engineering Quad was designed in the 1940s and 1950s on a site previously occupied by the Old Armory and faculty housing, using a master plan developed by the Perkins and Will firm. It has undergone major changes in recent years, particularly with the completion of Duffield Hall. In 2004, relandscaping with a design inspired by Cascadilla Gorge was completed and its landmark sundial was restored to its rightful place on the quad (after having been stored in Upson Hall during the construction period). In 2017, a $74.5 million renovation was completed for Upson Hall, completely revamping the building with work-friendly floors and a modern lounge. Also, modern and open collaborative working spaces were introduced with the construction of a large atrium connecting Duffield, which houses research and teaching facilities for nanoscale science and engineering, with Phillips and Upson (1956) Halls. Connected to Upson Hall, away from the quad, are Grumman Hall (1957) and Frank H. T. Rhodes Hall (1990), which currently houses the Cornell Theory Center. On the southern end of the Quad, next to Upson Hall and near Cascadilla Creek, are Kimball Hall, Thurston Hall and Bard Hall(1963) Hall, all part of a single brick and concrete structure. Thurston is the home to the Theoretical and Applied Mechanics department, and Bard Hall the home of the Material Sciences department. Between Upson and Kimball stands Ward Hall (1963), the soon to be closed down and former building for nuclear sciences. Next to Bard, and across the street from the Cornell Law School, stand Snee Hall (1984) and Hollister Hall (1957). Carpenter Hall (1956), containing the Engineering Library, stands next to Hollister on the northwestern corner. It is one of the smallest buildings on campus and the site of a protracted anti-war building occupation in 1972. The edge of northern face of the quad, mostly open space, is lined with trees along Campus Road. Across Campus Road is Franklin W. Olin Jr. Hall (1942), home of the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. The most recently constructed engineering building is Bill and Melinda Gates Hall which opened in 2014. The building, funded in part by a $25 million gift from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, is located across Campus Road from Barton Hall and east of Phillips Hall, across Hoy Road, on the site of a parking lot for Hoy Field and Grumman Squash Courts. The building is home to the Department of Computer Science, previously located in Upson Hall, and the Department of Information Science, formerly located off campus. The 100,000 square foot building was designed by Pritzker Prize winning architect Thom Mayne. The budgeted cost of the building was $60 million and was funded entirely from outside sources without the need for any additional debt. Gates Hall is expected to earn at least silver LEED certification. Occupancy of the building began in early 2014 and the building will be dedicated in October 2014.

Future developments
The College of Engineering has developed a facilities master plan that calls for replacements and renovations of buildings on the Engineering Quad as well as addressing programs housed elsewhere on the campus. Weill Hall, which opened in 2008, houses the Department of Biomedical Engineering. A new physical sciences building between Rockefeller Hall and Baker Laboratory was completed in late 2010 and houses the School of Applied and Engineering Physics as well as space for the Departments of Physics and Chemistry.

Design has also been initiated for a new building that will replace Carpenter Hall and the north portion of Hollister Hall, providing new space for the Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and for the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering.

Degrees
The College of Engineering offers 14 undergraduate majors, 20 undergraduate minors, 16 MS/PhD fields, and 15 Master of Engineering fields. The College of Engineering grants degrees in the following programs of study.