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Northern Ireland Football League Cup

The Northern Ireland Football League Cup (known as the BetMcLean Cup for sponsorship purposes, and commonly known as the Irish League Cup) is a national football knock-out cup competition in Northern Ireland open to all member clubs of the Northern Ireland Football League. It is the third-most prestigious competition in domestic Northern Irish football after the NIFL Premiership and Irish Cup. It should not be confused with the Irish League Floodlit Cup which ran from 1987–88 to 1997–98. Unlike the Irish Cup, the League Cup does not have a berth for UEFA Europa Conference League qualification. The cup has been operated by the Northern Ireland Football League since the 2013–14 season when it took over the administration from the Irish Football Association (IFA), after which the cup was renamed to the Northern Ireland Football League (NIFL) Cup.

Since the 2017–18 season, the Cup has been sponsored by McLean Bookmakers. The competition's previous sponsors are JBE (2015–16), WASP Solutions (2013–14 and 2014–15), Irn Bru (2011–12 and 2012–13), Co-operative Insurance (2001–02 to 2010–11), Coca-Cola (1998–99 to 2000–01), Wilkinson Sword (1991–92 to 1997–98), and Roadferry Freight (1986–87 to 1990–91).

Linfield are the current holders, after they defeated Portadown 3–1 in the 2024 final to win the competition for the second successive season and a record-extending 12th time overall. Portadown finished as runners-up after their first appearance in the final since 2011.

Format
Unlike the Irish Cup, the League Cup is restricted to the 38 Northern Ireland Football League clubs competing in the NIFL Premiership, NIFL Championship, and NIFL Premier Intermediate League. All rounds of the competition use a knock-out system consisting of one-legged ties. In the event that the scores are level after 90 minutes, extra time is played, and if the teams are still level after 120 minutes there is a penalty shoot-out.

The 14 NIFL Premier Intermediate League clubs enter the preliminary round draw, with 12 of them being drawn to face each other in six ties and the remaining two clubs receiving byes. The six preliminary round winners and the two clubs that received byes then join the 24 NIFL Premiership and Championship clubs in the first round. The 16 highest-ranked clubs from the previous season's league system are then seeded in the first round to avoid drawing each other. The first round is the only round of the competition in which seeding is used. From there on the competition uses an open draw with a standard knock-out format, consisting of the second round, quarter-finals, semi-finals and the final.

History
The competition began with 32 clubs in a straight knock-out format in February 1987, and included teams from the Irish League B Division until 1997–98. From 1998–99 until 2007–08, only senior (Irish League and Irish Premier League) teams competed, but the competition was opened up to the 17 Championship clubs in 2008–09, and again in 2010–11 to include clubs from Championship 2, after the Championship 2 League Cup was abolished. From 2001–02 until 2007–08, a group stage followed by a knock-out system was used instead of the straight knock-out system, and for two seasons (2008–09 and 2009–10) two-legged home and away aggregate ties were used up until the quarter-finals, instead of single matches.

When it was first introduced in the 1986–87 season, it was one of a number of senior cup competitions run by the Irish League, originally to compensate for the relatively few league fixtures (traditionally 22 or 26), but also as vehicles for sponsorship revenue. The League Cup would have been considered less prestigious than the long-standing Gold Cup and Ulster Cup. Over time however, these other cup competitions were phased out as the number of Irish League fixtures increased and the public appetite for additional competitions reduced, leaving the League Cup as the only cup competition run by the Northern Ireland Football League and now established as the third most prestigious competition in Northern Ireland after the national top-flight and national cup. The actual trophy presented to the winners is the old City Cup, which was another senior Irish League competition that was discontinued in 1975.

The first final took place on 9 May 1987 at Glentoran's ground, the Oval, and was contested by Linfield and Crusaders. Linfield became the inaugural winners of the cup, defeating Crusaders 2–1. Since then, Linfield have been the most successful club in the competition, winning the Cup a record 12 times overall in a record 15 final appearances - their three final defeats all coming against Big Two rivals Glentoran. The most common final has indeed been the Big Two derby, which has occurred seven times - the last of which came in 2005–06. The 1988–89 final, played between the two sides at the Oval on 11 November 1988 was won courtesy of a goal by Glentoran goalkeeper Alan Patterson, via a kick from his own penalty area. This was the first time that a goalkeeper had ever scored in a British football final.

Cliftonville hold the record for the most consecutive wins, having won four successive finals between 2013 and 2016. Fifteen different clubs have reached the final, but only twelve clubs have gone on to win the cup - and only six of those have won the cup more than once. Carrick Rangers (once), along with Larne and Newry City (twice each) are the only three clubs to have played in the final but never won the Cup. Conversely, three clubs have a 100% record in the final, lifting the cup in their sole final appearance to date: Bangor in 1992–93, Lisburn Distillery in 2010–11, and Dungannon Swifts in 2017–18. In 2008–09, Championship side Portadown became the first intermediate club and the first club from outside the top flight to reach the final, and subsequently to win the cup, after defeating Premiership side Newry City 1–0. That was also the first final to be played outside Belfast, with Mourneview Park, Lurgan hosting the match. It was attended by UEFA President Michel Platini and Northern Ireland manager Nigel Worthington who was in Northern Ireland for the FIFA meeting held in Newcastle.

The biggest winning margin ever recorded in a final is 4–0, which has occurred twice: in 1999–2000 when Linfield defeated Coleraine, and in 2012–13 when Cliftonville defeated Crusaders. On four occasions, the same two clubs have met in consecutive finals. Linfield and Glentoran have done so three times: 1997–98 & 1998–99, 2001–02 & 2002–03 and 2004–05 & 2005–06, while Cliftonville and Crusaders repeated the feat in 2012–13 and 2013–14. Both clubs agreed to toss a coin for home advantage in the 2013–14 final, with Cliftonville winning the toss. As a result, Solitude was chosen as the final venue for the first time in the competition's history.

In the 2015–16 competition, Cliftonville became the first club ever to reach four consecutive League Cup finals, and subsequently to win four consecutive Cups, after they defeated Ards 3–0 in the final. Ards were appearing in the final for the third time overall, and became only the second club from outside the top flight ever to reach the League Cup final, emulating Portadown in 2008–09. Ards' previous final appearance had also been against Cliftonville, when they won the Cup 2–0 on penalties after a 0–0 draw in 1994–95. Ards also set a record for the longest gap between final appearances of 21 years between 1994–95 and 2015–16. This broke the previous record of 19 years between Newry City's appearances in 1989–90 and 2008–09.

Following a one-year hiatus in which the cup was not played during the 2020–21 season as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland, the competition returned for the 2021–22 season, which saw the final being played on a Sunday for the first time in the competition's history. This attracted a League Cup final record crowd of 11,103 at Windsor Park, where Cliftonville won the cup for the sixth time after a 4–3 win over defending champions Coleraine in extra time. This also became the highest scoring final in the cup's history.

Media coverage
The final was initially broadcast as highlights on UTV throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. Live coverage of the final first began on the BBC in 2005, and continued until Sky acquired the rights to show the 2013 and 2014 finals on Sky Sports as part of a deal to cover Northern Ireland international matches. Following the 2014 final, it returned to the BBC in 2015 after Sky ceased their coverage of Irish League football. Dungannon Swifts' win in the 2018 final was broadcast live on Sky Sports enabling the entire town of Dungannon to enjoy the historical result, Dungannon winning a major trophy for the first time in their history .

Records

 * Most final wins: 12, Linfield
 * Most consecutive final wins: 4, Cliftonville (2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15 & 2015–16)
 * Most final appearances: 15, Linfield
 * Most consecutive final appearances: 4, Cliftonville (2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15 & 2015–16)
 * Most final defeats: 7, Coleraine (1992–93, 1993–94, 1999–00, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2021–22 & 2022–23)
 * Most consecutive final defeats: 3, Glentoran (1996–97, 1997–98 & 1998–99)
 * Highest scoring final: 7 goals, Cliftonville 4–3 Coleraine (2021–22)
 * Biggest final winning margin: 4 goals, joint record:
 * Linfield 4–0 Coleraine (1999–2000)
 * Cliftonville 4–0 Crusaders (2012–13)
 * Longest gap between final wins:, Coleraine (1987–88 & 2019–20)
 * Longest gap between final appearances:, Ards (1994–95 & 2015–16)
 * Most final appearances without winning: 2, joint record:
 * Larne (1991–92 & 2003–04)
 * Newry City (1989–90 & 2008–09)
 * Most common final: Glentoran v Linfield, 7 times (1988–89, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05 & 2005–06)
 * Record win: Ards 12–0 UUJ (first round, 1989–90)

Final venues
There have been 37 League Cup finals contested during the competition's history so far, played at six different grounds. Windsor Park has been the most common venue, having hosted 26 finals.

title: Northern Ireland Football League Cup


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File:The Butthole Surfers Electriclarryland.jpg

Summary
The cover of the Butthole Surfers album Electriclarryland.

Fair use for Butthole Surfers and Electriclarryland
This image, Electriclarryland.jpg, is being linked here; though the picture is subject to copyright I (Thehaikumaster) feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) it is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover;
 * 2) it does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way;
 * 3) copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD;
 * 4) the image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist, Butthole Surfers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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277 Elvira

Elvira (minor planet designation: 277 Elvira) is a typical main belt asteroid and is a member of the Koronis asteroid family. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 3 May 1888 in Nice. (277) Elvira is possibly named for a character in Alphonse de Lamartine's Méditations poétiques (1820) and Harmonies poétiques et religieuses (1830).

A group of astronomers, including Lucy D’Escoffier Crespo da Silva and Richard P. Binzel, used observations made between 1998 through 2000 to determine the spin-vector alignment of the Koronis family of asteroids, including 277 Elvira. The collaborative work resulted in the creation of 61 new individual rotation lightcurves to augment previous published observations.

Measurements of the thermal inertia of 277 Elvira give a value of around 190 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2, compared to 50 for lunar regolith and 400 for coarse sand in an atmosphere.

title: 277 Elvira


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Electriclarryland

Electriclarryland is the seventh studio album by the American rock band Butthole Surfers, released on May 6, 1996, by Capitol Records. This album brought Butthole Surfers their first Top 40 hit with "Pepper". The album was certified gold by the RIAA on August 20, 1996. The title of this album is a parody of Jimi Hendrix's third studio album entitled Electric Ladyland. This is the second time the band has used a parody title for one of their releases. The first was Hairway to Steven, which references the song "Stairway to Heaven" by Led Zeppelin. The album's original title was going to be Oklahoma!, but fearing lawsuits, Capitol forced the band to change the name.

Although the album has no Parental Advisory label, it was also released in a "clean" version with profanities removed, an alternate album cover, and the band being credited as "B***H*** Surfers".

The song "The Lord Is a Monkey" was featured in two 1996 films, an alternate "Rock Version" in the Beavis and Butt-head Do America soundtrack and the original in Black Sheep. Additionally, the band performed "Ulcer Breakout" on an episode of The Larry Sanders Show.

The basic recordings were made at Paul Leary's house in Austin, Texas, at Arlyn Studios, also in Austin, and Bearsville Studios in Woodstock, New York. Mixing and mastering was done at Ocean Way Recording in Los Angeles, California.

Album cover
The album cover depicts a man's eardrum being impaled by a pencil. The original album artwork was inspired by the 1974 Hi-Fi murders. It was then replaced by a cover depicting a prairie dog due to the graphic image.

Track listing
All songs written by the Butthole Surfers.

Butthole Surfers

 * Gibby Haynes – vocals, keyboards
 * Paul Leary – producer, guitar, mixing, bass
 * King Coffey – drums

Additional personnel

 * Andrew Weiss – bass (tracks 4, 6, 7, 9, 10)
 * Bill Carter – bass (tracks 2 and 12)
 * John Hagen – cello (track 2)
 * Fooch – pedal steel guitar (track 7)
 * Mark Eddinger – keyboards (track 3)
 * Danno Saratak – drum programming (tracks 3 and 10)
 * Steve Thompson – producer
 * Christopher Shaw – engineer, mixing
 * Stuart Sullivan – engineer, mixing
 * Paul Mavrides – illustrations, cover design, cover art
 * Will Van Overbeek – photography
 * Tommy Steele – art direction
 * Wendy Dougan – art direction, design

title: Electriclarryland


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278 Paulina

Paulina (minor planet designation: 278 Paulina) is a typical Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 16 May 1888 in Vienna.

title: 278 Paulina


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Cluster (physics)

In physics, the term clusters denotes small, polyatomic particles. As a rule of thumb, any particle made of between 3×100 and 3×107 atoms is considered a cluster.

The term can also refer to the organization of protons and neutrons within an atomic nucleus, e.g. the alpha particle (also known as "α-cluster" ), consisting of two protons and two neutrons (as in a helium nucleus).

Overview
Although first reports of cluster species date back to the 1940s, cluster science emerged as a separate direction of research in the 1980s, One purpose of the research was to study the gradual development of collective phenomena which characterize a bulk solid. For example, these are the color of a body, its electrical conductivity, its ability to absorb or reflect light, and magnetic phenomena such as ferro-, ferri-, or antiferromagnetism. These are typical collective phenomena which only develop in an aggregate of a large number of atoms.

It was found that collective phenomena break down for very small cluster sizes. It turned out, for example, that small clusters of a ferromagnetic material are super-paramagnetic rather than ferromagnetic. Paramagnetism is not a collective phenomenon, which means that the ferromagnetism of the macrostate was not conserved by going into the nanostate. The question then was asked for example, “How many atoms do we need in order to obtain the collective metallic or magnetic properties of a solid?” Soon after the first cluster sources had been developed in 1980, an ever larger community of cluster scientists was involved in such studies.

This development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1986 and carbon nanotubes a few years later.

In science, a lot is known about properties of the gas phase; however, comparatively little is known about the condensed phases (the liquid phase and solid phase.) The study of clusters attempts to bridge this gap of knowledge by clustering atoms together and studying their characteristics. If enough atoms were clustered together, eventually one would obtain a liquid or solid.

The study of atomic and molecular clusters also benefits the developing field of nanotechnology. If new materials are to be made out of nanoscale particles, such as nanocatalysts and quantum computers, the properties of the nanoscale particles (the clusters) must first be understood.

title: Cluster (physics)


text: Category:Butthole Surfers albums

title: Category:Butthole Surfers albums


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Talk:Electriclarryland

This Album Is The Best Butthole Surfers Album Ever

title: Talk:Electriclarryland


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Baby Got Back

"Baby Got Back" is a song written, co-produced and recorded by American rapper and songwriter Sir Mix-a-Lot. Released in May 1992 by Def American and Reprise as the second single from his third album, Mack Daddy, the song samples the 1986 Detroit techno single "Technicolor" by Channel One. At the time of its original release, the song caused controversy because of its outspoken and blatantly sexual lyrics objectifying women, as well as specific references to the buttocks, which some people found objectionable. The song's accompanying music video was briefly banned by MTV. Mix-a-Lot defended the song as being empowering to curvaceous women who were being shown skinny models as an ideal for beauty.

"Baby Got Back" topped the US Billboard Hot 100, and spent five weeks atop the chart. It was the second best-selling song in the US in 1992. The song was ranked number 17 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop" in 2008. In October 2023, Billboard ranked it among the "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time".

Synopsis
In the song's prelude there is a conversation between two (presumably) thin, white Valley girls, similar to girl talk in Frank Zappa's "Valley Girl". One girl (dubbed Linda by Amylia Dorsey) remarks to her friend, "Oh, my, God Becky, look at her butt! It is so big... She's just so black!", at which point Sir Mix-a-Lot begins rapping.

The first verse begins with "I like big butts and I cannot lie" and most of the song is about the rapper's attraction to women with large buttocks. The second and third verse challenge mainstream norms of beauty: "I ain't talkin' 'bout Playboy. Cause silicone parts are made for toys." and "So Cosmo says you're fat. Well I ain't down with that!"

The song came from a meeting between Sir Mix-a-Lot and Amylia Dorsey, who saw little representation of full-figured women in media. The idea came from a 1980s-era Budweiser commercial featuring very thin, Valley girl-esque models with different skin colors. They decided to dedicate a song to the opposite, featuring curvy women of color. Mix and Dorsey sought to "broaden the definition of beauty."

Sir Mix-a-Lot commented in a 1992 interview: "The song doesn't just say I like large butts, you know? The song is talking about women who damn near kill themselves to try to look like these beanpole models that you see in Vogue magazine." He explains that most women respond positively to the song's message, especially black women: "They all say, 'About time.

The dialogue of actress Papillon Soo Soo saying "Me so horny" is sampled from the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket to complete Sir Mix-a-Lot's lyric, "That butt you got makes..."

In 2014, according to TMZ, Sir Mix-a-Lot says it was Jennifer Lopez's moves as a Fly Girl on the 90s show In Living Color that first inspired him to write "Baby Got Back".

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "First offering from rapper's major-label debut, Mack Daddy, cheekily rhapsodizes about the joys of women with prominent backsides. Cute rhymes and slammin' beats add up to a potential smash at several formats."

J.D. Considine from The Baltimore Sun commented, "In some cases, what's said can be as simple as Sir Mix-a-Lot's assertion 'I like big butts!' in the single 'Baby Got Back'. On the surface, it may seem that all he's doing is expressing an opinion, but there's more to it than Mix-a-Lot's personal preferences. At root, 'Baby Got Back' challenges the dominant standard for physical beauty in our culture, a standard that stresses long legs, slim hips, small buttocks and has no room for women with wide hips or protuberant posteriors. And the fact that 'Baby Got Back' spent five weeks at No. 1 suggests that there are millions who agree with his assessment."

James Bernard from Entertainment Weekly remarked that the song "alternates deftly between a critique of the Cosmo/Playboy narrow-minded – and narrow-hipped – standard of female beauty and a bawdy appreciation of, er, generous rear ends."

In Melody Maker review of the album, "Baby Got Back" was named "worst of all" and "a hip hop 'Fatty Bum Bum' and – Warning! Warning! – could be a novelty hit."

Mark Coleman from Rolling Stone said the song "celebrates a section of the anatomy long revered by rappers ("beggin' for a piece of that bubble" is a new twist)."

In 2020, Cleveland.com ranked "Baby Got Back" number 24 in their list of the best Billboard  Hot 100 No. 1 song of the 1990s. They described it as "the novelty song that never went away", adding, "You could put this on at a wedding today and women will recite the opening word for word before the rap breaks in and everyone (and I mean everyone) joins in. Sir Mix-a-Lot was never shy about playing up the song's "playful" nature, rapping on top of a giant butt in the video."

The song has been cited in demonstrating the limitations of the Bechdel test. It has been described as passing the test because it begins with a valley girl saying to another "Oh my god, Becky, look at her butt!".

Chart performance and awards
"Baby Got Back" reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks in the summer of 1992, and won a 1993 Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance. In the years following the song's release on the album Mack Daddy, it has continued to appear in many movies, television shows, and commercials, as detailed below. It was ranked number six on VH1's "Greatest Songs of the '90s", and number one on VH1's "Greatest One Hit Wonders of the '90s". In October 2023, Billboard magazine ranked it number 327 in their "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time".

In popular culture
In 2019, former governor of Alaska and Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin performed the song on Fox's The Masked Singer while dressed as a bear. The song was featured briefly in the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street.

Jonathan Coulton/Glee cover
Jonathan Coulton released a cover of "Baby Got Back" during his Thing a Week project in October 2005, with the song being released as part of the first Thing A Week compilation album the next year. Coulton performs the song on acoustic guitar with a gentle and tender melody at odds with the lascivious nature of the lyrics.

Coulton's arrangement of the song was used in a 2013 episode of the musical television series Glee without Coulton's knowledge or permission. Coulton publicly lambasted the show's producers, and alleged that they had even lifted elements from his recording, but claimed that Fox responded that "they're within their legal rights to do this, and that [Coulton] should be happy for the exposure", though Coulton pointed out that he was not credited within the episode. Coulton released his cover of "Baby Got Back" to iTunes, labelling it "a cover of Glee's cover of my cover of Sir Mix-a-Lot's song", with proceeds going to charity. Coulton pursued legal charges against the show's producers, but ultimately dropped them, deciding a seeming victory in the court of public opinion was "a good enough win." The controversy was referenced in a season 5 episode of The Good Wife entitled "Goliath and David".

Related songs
In a 2000 interview, Sir Mix-a-Lot reflected, "There's always butt songs. Hell, I got the idea sitting up here listening to old Parliament records: Motor Booty Affair. Black men like butts. That's the bottom line." The song is part of a tradition of 1970s–90s African-American music celebrating the female posterior, including "Da Butt", "Rump Shaker", and "Shake Your Groove Thing".

In 2014, Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj sampled "Baby Got Back", including some of its verses, for her hit "Anaconda", from the album The Pinkprint. The song has been viewed by some as a diss track, in answer to "Baby Got Back". Whereas Sir Mix-a-Lot focuses on a woman's body and the pleasure it gives him, Minaj raps from the perspective of the unnamed woman, and shows how she uses her callipygian physique to profit and empower herself.

title: Baby Got Back


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Hanoi Hannah

Trịnh Thị Ngọ (1931 – 30 September 2016), also known as Thu Hương and Hanoi Hannah, was a Vietnamese radio personality best known for her work during the Vietnam War, when she made English-language broadcasts for North Vietnam directed at United States troops.

Early life
Ngọ was born in Hanoi in 1931. Her father, Trịnh Định Kính, was a successful businessman who owned the largest glass factory in French Indochina. She later stated that she grew eager to learn English because of her desire to watch her favorite films such as Gone with the Wind without subtitles. Her family provided her with private lessons in English. In 1955, when she was 24 years old, she joined the Voice of Vietnam radio station and was chosen to read the English language newscast aimed at listeners in Asia's English-speaking countries. One of her tutors and mentors at the station was Australian journalist Wilfred Burchett. At this time, she adopted the alias Thu Hương, meaning "autumn fragrance", as it was easier and shorter for her non-Vietnamese listeners.

Career
During the Vietnam War, Ngọ became famous among US soldiers for her propaganda broadcasts on Radio Hanoi. Her scripts were written by the North Vietnamese Army and were intended to frighten and shame the soldiers into leaving their posts. She made three broadcasts a day, reading a list of newly killed or imprisoned Americans, and playing popular US anti-war songs in an effort to incite feelings of nostalgia and homesickness, attempting to persuade US GIs that the US involvement in the Vietnam War was unjust and immoral. US Navy ships and personnel were also targeted in her broadcasts, with Ngọ reading out the names of crew members and saying that they were all going to die. She also received and played recorded messages from Americans who were against the war, saying later that she thought these messages were the most effective of all as "Americans will believe their own people rather than the adversary".

A January 1966 Newspaper Enterprise Association article by Tom Tiede described the program:

"Hannah's shows are invariably the same. After the news is an editorial denouncing U.S. escalation of the war. Then a recording by an Asian soprano who sounds as if she's having her ears pierced. Then, Mailbag Time ('write us for the truth, friends')."

One of her typical broadcasts began as follows:

"How are you, GI Joe? It seems to me that most of you are poorly informed about the going of the war, to say nothing about a correct explanation of your presence over here. Nothing is more confused than to be ordered into a war to die or to be maimed for life without the faintest idea of what's going on."

Few if any desertions are thought to have happened because of her propaganda work and the soldiers "hooted at her scare tactics". They were sometimes impressed, however, when she mentioned the correct location of their unit (when they would "give a toast to her and throw beer cans at the radio"), named US casualties and welcomed Navy ships into port with their correct arrival details and crew members' names. There were exaggerated legends of her omniscience, with rumors that she would give clues about everything from specific future North Vietnamese attacks to soldiers' girlfriends cheating on them at home. In reality, most of her information came from publications such as the US military newspaper, Stars and Stripes.

It has been claimed that US forces in Vietnam distrusted the U.S. Armed Forces Radio bulletins, and listened to Ngọ's bulletins for information from the U.S. According to war correspondent Don North:

"By zapping the truth through an ostrich-like policy of censorship, deletions, and exaggerations U.S. Armed Forces Radio lost the trust of many GIs when they were most isolated and vulnerable to enemy propaganda. It wasn't that Hanoi Hannah always told the truth - she didn't. But she was most effective when she did tell the truth and US Armed Forces Radio was fudging it."

Ngọ's broadcasts ran for a total of eight years, with her final broadcasts airing in 1973, when most of the American forces were leaving. In interviews in later years, she consistently stated that she agreed with the purpose of the scripts and never deviated from them; she believed that the United States should not have sent troops to Vietnam and should have allowed the country to resolve its situation itself.

Later years
In 1975, after the war, Ngọ moved to Ho Chi Minh City with her husband. She was offered a job on HCMC Television, but she chose to stay at home and take care of her husband, who had suffered a stroke. She died in Ho Chi Minh City on 30 September 2016 at the age of 85.

title: Hanoi Hannah


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279 Thule

Thule, minor planet designation: 279 Thule, is a large asteroid from the outer asteroid belt. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably composed of organic-rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates. Thule was the first asteroid discovered with a semi-major axis greater than 4 AU. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 25 October 1888 in Vienna and was named after the ultimate northern land of Thule.

Thule asteroids
Thule was the first discovered member of the Thule dynamical group, which as of 2008 is known to consist of three objects: 279 Thule,, and. The orbits of these bodies are unusual. They orbit in the outermost edge of the asteroid belt in a 4:3 orbital resonance with Jupiter, the result of the periodic force Jupiter exerts on a body with Thule's orbital period, in the same way (though with the reverse effect) as the Kirkwood gaps in the more inner parts of the asteroid belt.

title: 279 Thule


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User talk:Wild ride

Hey any questions or quesries post em here and ill try to get back to ya! --Wild ride 17:55, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Denver 2008/Religious Left
Hey, how's it goin'? I'm gathering support from Wikipedian Democrats to help bring the 2008 DNC to my hometown of Denver. If your interested, just post on your page. Also, you may be interested in another template I created; User:UBX/rl, for those of us on the Religious Left. Anyhow, have a good one. Editor19841 23:34, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * How's it goin'? Thanks for backing Denver in the bid for the 2008 DNC! Your support will greatly help to further the Mile-High City's bid for the convention. If you can, please help to promote the of the campaign; Wikipedians for Denver 2008; and it's template; . We need all the support we can get. Anyhow, thanks again! Editor19841 21:48, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Hellloooo
Hello fellow wikipedian, join us on the Scouting Portal and help improve the terrible scouting pages! Or the marvellous UCC Philosophical Society!--Stevecull 21:45, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Denver 2008 - the latest
Hey, Wild ride. I'm dropping by the talk pages of Wikipedians for Denver 2008 today with an update on the bidding process and where Denver's bid is currently at.

First off, Denver has a new, unofficial bid homepage up today: http://www.denverdnc2008.com/, which you may want to check out for more info on the bid to bring the DNC to the Mile High City in '08.

Second, today the site-selection committee is expected to announce the final two cities in the bid for 2008. It's expected by most pundits and bloggers that Denver and St. Paul will likely be the two finalists, but many think that dark horse New York may edge out a seat in the final days of the bidding process.

Third, we're expecting an official site for Denver's bid to emerge within days from the mind of Colorado Democratic Party V.C. Dan Slater (founder and operator of the popular Colorado blog Demonotes).

Well, that's the basics of the day-after-Labor Day DNC update, from a dem from Denver (that'd be me). If your looking for more info on the process that this is all about, check out the premier blog for doing so, http://demconwatch.blogspot.com (a link is on my page: links section for both this blog, Demnotes, and Denver 2008). If you’re looking for more info on the Democratic Party straight from the donkey's mouth check out http://www.democrats.org the official site of the Democratic National Committee.

Anyhow, have a good one. Editor19841 (talk) 23:43, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Update
Well, we did it! Denver has won the 2008 Democratic National Convention!!! I wanted to drop by and personally thank you for all of your support as I have everyone here at Wikipedia. Together, we helped our party gain a fresh begining in the 2006 mid-terms and via a new venue in which Democrats can call home in my hometown. Thank you again, and if you've got any further inquiries, drop by my talk page anytime. Editor19841 (talk) 19:42, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:User Idolatry
Template:User Idolatry has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. --Keitei (talk) 21:54, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject LGBT studies
Hello! I noticed that your userpage mentions that you are interested in LGBT issues. Would you be interested in joining WikiProject LGBT studies? The WikiProject's been a bit inactive recently and some of us are trying to get it going again. We'd love to have you on board! Dev920 (Have a nice day!) 20:57, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Project European Union
Hello, you are member of the project European Union. I try to create a new project page for the project. You can see it at here Because this should be the project page for all it´s members, please tell me, what you think about it. Please leave your comments on the talkpage of the project.--Thw1309 11:10, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wild ride


text:
280 Philia

Philia (minor planet designation: 280 Philia) is a fairly large Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 29 October 1888 at the Vienna Observatory.

Sparse data collected during a 1987 study indicated this asteroid has a rotation period of approximately 64 hours, which is much longer than can be continually observed from one site. During 2010−2011, an international collaboration to study the asteroid collected 9,037 photometric data points over 38 sessions. The resulting light curve analysis displays a rotation period of $45.69 km$ with a brightness variation of $0.044$ in magnitude.

title: 280 Philia


text:
281 Lucretia

Lucretia (minor planet designation: 281 Lucretia) is an asteroid belonging to the Flora family in the Main Belt. It was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on 31 October 1888 in Vienna, and is named after the middle name of Caroline Herschel, one of the first female astronomers. Light curves of this asteroid show a synodic rotation period of $11.76 km$ with an amplitude of 0.3–0.4 magnitude. The spin axis appears nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic.

title: 281 Lucretia


text: User talk:80.2.111.137

title: User talk:80.2.111.137


text:
282 Clorinde

Clorinde (minor planet designation: 282 Clorinde) is a typical Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 28 January 1889 in Nice. It was named after Clorinda, the heroine of Torquato Tasso's poem Jerusalem Delivered.

Photometric measurements during 2020–2021 was used to produce a light curve, which shows a rotation period of $39.03 km$ with a brightness variation of 0.26 in magnitude. This differs substantially from previous studies.

title: 282 Clorinde


text: Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan sidebar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arthur Roberts

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:45, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Arthur Roberts
This looks like vanity to me, although a lot of time has gone into it by the look of it. Guy went to college, was in a band... Rje 18:33, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * If one does not live in northern Hampshire or Plymouth, one is unlikely to know of this person. This person is locally well known. Understandably, questions should be raised about this article, yet because of its entertainment value it surely deserves a chance for improvement.
 * The above remark by 141.163.84.17
 * If he's known only in Plymouth, I don't think he qualifies as notable enough for WikiPedia. Delete. Radiant! 19:34, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 01:33, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Not notable'? So much for the 'accumulation of knowledge'... unsigned comment by User:80.235.142.76 (contribs) at 03:46, 20 Feb 2005)
 * Delete. Vanity page.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:17, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete I agree with 80.235.142.76, but it is a vanity page.Howabout1 03:54, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Berossus

Untitled
I have just written an entry Berossos for TheoWiki. If it's possible, I can submit it here as well. Original at my website. --Joel Ng
 * Yeah, it would be a great assest on wikipedia as well. Great article too, nice job. Christopher 23:03, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Ok, I've copied and pasted it in, but then this page uses the Berossus transliteration, while I used Berossos.  If it switches to Latin, then my "Babyloniaka" should also switch to "Babyloniaca"  I don't know if that matters, but that's a lot of occurrences to change.  Personally, I would prefer to use "Berossos" and redirect "Berossus".  Also, there may be far more links within wiki entries here that would be relevant than at TheoWiki.  I think quite a lot of work needs to be done there. --Joel Ng 06:48, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Astrologer
Berossus also was a famous astrologer considered as the founder of hellenistic astrology. I am busy in the German WP and therefore not going to edit this article at the moment. But perhaps someone will like to consult e.g. the History of Western Astrology by Jim Tester where Berossus is mentioned several times. 92.202.124.137 (talk) 21:44, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

Berosos as Greek version of Beros or Verosh?
It is clear that Greeks added "oc" (os) to his full name - Verosh or Berosh (betatism) as a priest of Baal. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.182.124.5 (talk) 08:55, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

 * How is that "clear" without a source ever having pointed that out?  It seems more like your original research. Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 12:30, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

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Please to all scholars. Clear the origin of the name Berossus and stop calling it wrongly greek. In the time of Babylonia and Assyria there were no greek language and there were no nation called greek. All scholars must be very carefully with the terms used in Wikipedia because you might tell wrongly world history and this is not forgiven for a scholar. Please clarify the origin of term Berossus because the real origin of this word is albanian and is linked to "bari" for shepherd. And also word "ber" in albanian language means flock of sheep and flock of pigs who need a shepherd to take care of. Here is from where comes the shpehperd origin of the world Berossus. Clarify the origin please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.106.161.173 (talk) 16:54, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

Why not mention the Arab dynasty of babylon mentioned by Berossus?
Why not mention the Arab dynasty of babylon mentioned by Berossus? Ibnismail2222 (talk) 10:38, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Because it’s not pertinent. It’s a minor detail. CielProfond (talk) 02:43, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Berossus


text:
Talk:Michael Zaslow

Date of Birth?
IMDb and MemoryAlpha list the year of birth as 1942. Schmiteye 05:19, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
 * That is correct. California birth certificate says 1942. Mad Jack O'Lantern 08:00, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Musicianship of Actor?
In many scenes where an character is seen playing the piano, the shot will be composed in such a way that it's pretty clear the actor is not actually playing. However, I remember Zaslow's stint from OLTL in the 1980s and it is clear that in most scenes, this actor was actually playing on-camera. Does anyone have any details as to his musical training? Also, I wonder if there were musician's union issues with having an actor play on-camera? MccullarsJ (talk) 17:47, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Zaslow


text:
Doxiadis

Doxiadis (Δοξιάδης) is a Greek surname, and may refer to:

 * Apostolos Doxiadis (born 1953), Greek writer
 * Aristos Doxiadis (born 1951), Greek economist
 * Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis (1913–1975), Greek architect

title: Doxiadis


text:
283 Emma

283 Emma is a large asteroid of the asteroid belt and the namesake of the Emma family. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 8 February 1889, in Nice, France. The reason for its name is unknown.

Measurements made with the IRAS observatory give a diameter of 145.70 ± 5.89 km and a geometric albedo of 0.03 ± 0.01. By comparison, the MIPS photometer on the Spitzer Space Telescope gives a diameter of 145.44 ± 7.72 km and a geometric albedo of 0.03 ± 0.01. When the asteroid was observed occulting a star, the results showed a diameter of 148.00 ± 16.26 km.

Satellite
A companion for 283 Emma was detected on 14 July 2003 by W. J. Merline et al. using the Keck II telescope and is designated S/2003 (283) 1. The announcement is contained in the International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) 8165. The satellite orbits at a semi-major axis of about 581 km with an eccentricity of 0.12. Emma has a Hill sphere with a radius of about 28,000 km.

title: 283 Emma


text:
284 Amalia

Amalia (minor planet designation: 284 Amalia) is a large main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 29 May 1889 in Nice. This is classified as a Ch-type asteroid in the Bus taxonomy and CX in the Tholen system. It has been observed occulting stars on five occasions as of 2018, which provide a diameter estimate of $52.95 km$ via a fitted ellipse plot.

title: 284 Amalia


text:
285 Regina

Regina (minor planet designation: 285 Regina) is a typical, although fairly large, Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 3 August 1889 in Nice, France. The asteroid is a suspected interloper in the Eucharis asteroid family.

Analysis of the asteroid light curve generated from photometric data collected during 2008 show a rotation period of $45.13 km$ with a brightness variation of $0.055$ in magnitude.

title: 285 Regina


text:
286 Iclea

Iclea is a large main belt asteroid with the minor planet designation, 286 Iclea. It was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on 3 August 1889 in Vienna, and named for the heroine of Camille Flammarion's astronomical romance Uranie. This object is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $94.3 km$ with a period of 2085.8 days and an orbital eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.029. The orbital plane is tilted at an angle of 17.9° to the plane of the ecliptic.

This asteroid has a classification of CX in the Tholen taxonomy, indicating a generally carbonaceous composition. Infrared measurements indicate a cross-sectional diameter of approximately 94.3 km. Photometric observations of this asteroid in 2001 provided a light curve that was used to derive a synodic rotation period of 15.365$0.051$ hours with an amplitude of 0.15 magnitude.

title: 286 Iclea


text:
287 Nephthys

Nephthys (minor planet designation: 287 Nephthys) is a large Main belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on August 25, 1889, in Clinton, New York and named after the goddess, Nephthys in Egyptian mythology. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.

title: 287 Nephthys


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lucilla Borio

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE (CSD rule R2). jni 17:33, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Lucilla Borio
This was created by User:Lucilla Borio. As it was clearly autobiographical, I moved it to her empty userpage in the absence of any very obvious notability. Perhaps somebody else could say whether the woman deserves an article after all. In that case, a replacement article could perhaps be rewritten. Otherwise the remaining redirect should be deleted. / u p p l a n d 18:42, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * We need somebody in the ecovillage community to tell if she's of any notability. --Preisler 20:48, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete case R2. If she is notable enough to deserve an article, it is important that someone else write it.  No autobiographies is a principle worth defending.  Rossami (talk) 08:34, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This belongs on Redirects for deletion, not here.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:18, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Thingwall Hall

Thingwall Hall is a former stately home situated in the Knotty Ash district of Liverpool, England. The grade II listed building was built early in the 19th century and was originally set in 60 acre of grounds. It can upon occasion be mistaken for the nearby Thingwall House.

History
According to Stephen Harding's Viking Mersey, Thingwall Hall is on the site of a Thing which, like Thingwall on the Wirral and the Tynwald on the Isle of Man (and Dingwall and Tingwall in Scotland), was one of the local Scandinavian parliaments in the Norse-occupied areas of the British Isles.

A Liverpool merchant Thomas Crowther lived there in 1824 and at this time the hall was known as Summerhill. Thomas Case of the prominent Case family and also Mayor of Liverpool in 1817 lived there for a time. In 1845 the property was purchased from the executors of Thomas Case by Samuel Thompson. It eventually descended through the important Thompson family, to his son and grandson, Samuel Henry Thompson and Henry Yates Thompson before being sold by Annie Thompson to Sir David Radcliffe at the beginning of 1899, who in turn sold the property to a land company in 1903.

The mansion house and 10 acre of the surrounding estate were subsequently purchased by a Belgian religious institute, the Brothers of Charity and it became known as St. Edward's Home, a poor law school and eventually a residential care home and sheltered accommodation for vulnerable adults. Beyond the hall there is a small "village" of housing for the residents, along with a garden centre which provides some employment and activity for many of them.

In most recent years the land was purchased by a housing developer with the intent to construct up to 550 homes upon the site.

title: Thingwall Hall


text:
Bonnymuir

Bonnymuir was a moorland ("bonny muir" effectively means "pretty moorland" in Scots) area near the town of Bonnybridge in Scotland. Today, it has mostly become either housing or farmland.

It was a significant location in the Radical War of 1820. The effects of the industrial revolution in the early 19th century, combined with an economic downturn following the Napoleonic War, encouraged political unrest (see Peterloo, Chartism). In 1820, several agitators were arrested on suspicion of plotting an insurrection. A large memorial stone to mark the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Bonnymuir was unveiled in 2021. A strike of some 60,000 workers followed in April 1820, mainly in the west of Scotland, and a "provisional government" was declared in Glasgow. The Carron Ironworks was besieged by 40 militants with the intention of obtaining armaments; they were subsequently joined by reinforcements from Stirling. They were overcome by Scottish troops of the Stirlingshire Yeomanry at Bonnymuir and 47 were arraigned for treason. The ringleaders, Andrew Hardie, James Wilson and John Baird were executed. Thomas McCulloch, John Barr, William Smith, Benjamin Moir, Allan Murchie, Alexander Latimer, Alexander Johnson, Andrew White, David Thomson, James Wright, William Clackson, Thomas Pike, Robert Gray, James Clelland, Alexander Hart, Thomas McFarlane, John Anderson and William Crawford were sentenced to penal transportation. Two were found not guilty and the rest were never tried.

title: Bonnymuir


text:
Talk:Achy Obejas

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 13 January 2020 and 3 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Elephant2016.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:20, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled comments
I don't understand why this page is here. I also don't understand why it's the only faculty member linked to off of the University of Chicago Wiki page.

Maybe Achy is a dignified person and I don't know it... but it really just seems like she is trying to push her own status via a Wiki page and the UC link.

 * you don't think authors are notable people?

 * i think that's a particularly harsh question to ask. have i questioned any author besides this one? I don't question Walter Miller Jr.'s page, even though you could say he's written only one novel. the question is... where do you think the line should be drawn as far as "importance" goes in literature? Should Wikipedia have a page for every author that has ever written? For every graduate student who has published a dissertation?

 * harsh question, perhaps, but if you don't think an author who has worked at two prestigious institutions and written a few well received books isn't notable, than who is? where should the line be drawn? i don't know, but that really is a different discussion.

I would just really like to know how to pronounce her name. I have seen her byline in the Chicago Tribune.

I would like to say that I have read all of Achy's books, met her on several occasions have read some of her columns. Isn't the purpose of Wikipedia to make information available about as much as possible to as many as possible? Obejas's entry is more than valid!

 * I agree that it is more than valid. I am interested in expanding it a little. I have added a bit to Awards/Honors and Biography. More to come!

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Marshpillow (talk • contribs) 22:22, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Agreed. This page often reeks of subject self-editing. Whoever keeps using Obejas' own Web site and "official" bio as resources needs to stop. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.171.28.23 (talk) 02:05, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

 * And agreed from me too. This is a thoroughly self-absorbed subject. I reckon the lede-section alone would suffice. Valetude (talk) 23:26, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 14:20, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Achy Obejas


text:
Pelican Island (Barbados)

Pelican Island was a small uninhabited island that once existed off the west coast of Bridgetown and Fontabelle, in St. Michael, Barbados.

History
According to historical record, the island received its name from brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) that would nest there. To get there, one could have used one of the pair of nearby boat jetties along the Barbados shoreline, or during low tide it was believed to have been possible to wade out to the island as well.

The island held a quarantine facility specifically for sick crew and passengers from ships, in order to prevent spread of infectious diseases to the mainland. There were housing facilities for patients, a morgue, a caretaker's quarters and a laundry area equipped with a cauldron for boiling clothes for sterilisation.

Over the five years of 1956 to 1961, a southwest section of the Atlantic Ocean between the island and Barbados was reclaimed and filled in during the building of the Bridgetown Port, and now Pelican Island has become incorporated into the mainland in the Bridgetown Deep Water Harbour complex.

Tourist attraction
There is now a tourist attraction called The Pelican Village ("Pelican Crafts Centre") in the area, at the port, as a tribute to the separate island that once existed there.

title: Pelican Island (Barbados)


text:
User talk:Jasonstairs

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --JYolkowski 18:44, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Jasonstairs


text:
FTB

FTB may refer to:

Banks

 * Finance Trust Bank, in Uganda

Entertainment

 * Flower Travellin' Band, a Japanese rock band
 * From the Bench Digital Entertainment, a Spanish video game developer
 * Fukui Television Broadcasting, a Japanese TV station

Other uses

 * California Franchise Tax Board, collects income tax
 * Canon FTb, a camera
 * Fédération des travailleurs de Burundi, a trade union
 * First time buyer of residential property
 * FT Braunschweig, a German football club
 * FTB, a Brazilian research rocket made by Fogtrein

title: FTB


text:
THE multiprogramming system

The THE multiprogramming system or THE OS was a computer operating system designed by a team led by Edsger W. Dijkstra, described in monographs in 1965-66 and published in 1968. Dijkstra never named the system; "THE" is simply the abbreviation of "Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven", then the name (in Dutch) of the Eindhoven University of Technology of the Netherlands. The THE system was primarily a batch system that supported multitasking; it was not designed as a multi-user operating system. It was much like the SDS 940, but "the set of processes in the THE system was static".

The THE system apparently introduced the first forms of software-based paged virtual memory (the Electrologica X8 did not support hardware-based memory management), freeing programs from being forced to use physical locations on the drum memory. It did this by using a modified ALGOL compiler (the only programming language supported by Dijkstra's system) to "automatically generate calls to system routines, which made sure the requested information was in memory, swapping if necessary". Paged virtual memory was also used for buffering input/output (I/O) device data, and for a significant portion of the operating system code, and nearly all the ALGOL 60 compiler. In this system, semaphores were used as a programming construct for the first time.

Design
The design of the THE multiprogramming system is significant for its use of a layered structure, in which "higher" layers depend on "lower" layers only:
 * Layer 0 was responsible for the multiprogramming aspects of the operating system. It decided which process was allocated to the central processing unit (CPU), and accounted for processes that were blocked on semaphores. It dealt with interrupts and performed the context switches when a process change was needed. This is the lowest level. In modern terms, this was the scheduler.
 * Layer 1 was concerned with allocating memory to processes. In modern terms, this was the pager.
 * Layer 2 dealt with communication between the operating system and the system console.
 * Layer 3 managed all I/O between the devices attached to the computer. This included buffering information from the various devices.
 * Layer 4 consisted of user programs. There were 5 processes: in total, they handled the compiling, executing, and printing of user programs. When finished, they passed control back to the schedule queue, which was priority-based, favoring recently started processes and ones that blocked because of I/O.
 * Layer 5 was the user; as Dijkstra notes, "not implemented by us".

The constraint that higher layers can only depend on lower layers was imposed by the designers in order to make reasoning about the system (using quasi-formal methods) more tractable, and also to facilitate building and testing the system incrementally. The layers were implemented in order, layer 0 first, with thorough testing of the abstractions provided by each layer in turn. This division of the kernel into layers was similar in some ways to Multics' later ring-segmentation model. Several subsequent operating systems have used layering to some extent, including Windows NT and macOS, although usually with fewer layers.

The code of the system was written in assembly language for the Dutch Electrologica X8 computer. This computer had a word size of 27 bits, 48 kilowords of core memory, 512 kilowords of drum memory providing backing store for the LRU cache algorithm, paper tape readers, paper tape punches, plotters, and printers.

title: THE multiprogramming system


text:
File:Cargahmakam.jpg

Cargah Makam

Source
Yılmaz, Zeki. Türk Mûsıkîsi Dersleri. (2001). ISBN 975-95729-1-5.

Links to
Maqam

title: File:Cargahmakam.jpg


text:
289 Nenetta

Nenetta (minor planet designation: 289 Nenetta) is an A-type asteroid with a diameter of $37.586 km$. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 10 March 1890 in Nice, France. The asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $0.244$ with an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.204 and an orbital period of 1779.4 days. The orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 6.7° to the plane of the ecliptic.

Photometric observations taken in 2018 provided a light curve showing a synodic rotation period of $38 km$ for the asteroid with an amplitude of $2.87 AU$ in magnitude. This result is mostly consistent with previous measurements.

The spectrum of 289 Nenetta reveals the strong presence of the mineral olivine, a relative rarity in the asteroid belt.

title: 289 Nenetta


text:
290 Bruna

Bruna (minor planet designation: 290 Bruna) is a main belt asteroid that was discovered on 20 March 1890 by Johann Palisa, an Austrian astronomer at the Vienna Observatory.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, during 2008 gave a light curve with a period of 13.807 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.54 ± 0.04 in magnitude. Changes in the brightness of the minimum with phase angle is attributed to changes in the shadows across surface features.

It was named by Hofrath August Bielsa for Brünn, now Brno, Czech Republic, Bielsa's home town.

title: 290 Bruna


text:
Hashim (poet)

Hashim Shah (Punjabi (Shahmukhi), ਹਾਸ਼ਿਮ ਸ਼ਾਹ (Gurmukhi); b. 1735 d. 1843) was a Punjabi writer and Sufi poet, best known for his story Sassi Punnun (or Sassi Panhu). His family migrated from Holy city Madina to Punjab, India, where they began living at Jagdev Kalan, the biggest village in Ajnala tehsil, Amritsar district. Hashim Shah was born in Jagdev Kalan in 1735 or 1752 and lived in that village his entire life. He wrote three stories "Kissa Kaw" named Sassi Punnu, Sohni Mahiwal, and Shirin Farhad.

Hashim, besides following the family tradition of hikmat (physician), copunselling and Piri-Muridi, also worked as a carpenter for sustenance. He left the profession of carpentry when Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his courtiers extended their patronage to Hashim. Thereafter, he devoted his entire life to spiritual attainments and composing Sufistic (mystic) poetry.

Hashim Shah's poetry is unique in its own right. Credited as one of the best poets of his era many books have been written about him by his followers. His poetry has a certain style reverberating with description and sometimes sadness. The way he has narrated Sassi Punnu speaks for the depth in his words and the immense aptitude he had.

Sufism ran in Hashim's family. He, his father and grandfather practised piri-muridi. He took Sufism as an established belief. His Punjabi poetry reverberates with mysticism of high order and can be allegorically interpreted for Love Divine.

Hashim died in Ajnala, 1843 or 1823 and was buried in Tharpal village in Narowal District where every year Urs was held on or about 21st of Jeth (end May – early June).

In his poetic compositions his prosody is Punjabi though his vocabulary abounds in Hindi, Persian and Arabic words He has written the following books:

 * Qissa Shirin Farhad
 * Qissa Sohni Mahiwal
 * Qissa Sassi Punnun
 * Gyan Prakash
 * Dohre

title: Hashim (poet)


text:
291 Alice

Alice (minor planet designation: 291 Alice) is a stony background asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 25 April 1890 at the Vienna Observatory.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Leura Observatory in Leura, Australia during 2006 gave a rotation period of 4.313 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.20 ± 0.02 in magnitude. This result is in agreement with previous studies. Lightcurve analysis indicates that Alice's pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (55°, 65°) or (β, λ) = (55°, 245°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of about 35° in both cases.

title: 291 Alice


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Blessington

Blessington, historically known as Ballycomeen (, from the Irish surname Ó Coimín), is a town on the River Liffey in County Wicklow, Ireland, near the border with County Kildare. It is around 25 km south-west of Dublin, and is situated on the N81 road, which connects Dublin to Tullow.

Etymology
The current name 'Blessington' was first recorded in 1667. It may be based on a false etymology that confused the surname Coimín with the Irish word comaoin, which means blessing.

Ancient and medieval history
Evidence of Bronze Age activity in the area is demonstrated by the spectacular Blessington gold lunula, now in the British Museum. The nearby Rath Turtle Moat was occupied from the 12th century onward by Norse Gaels and Normans.

Blessington was previously called Munfine, and in the Medieval period was part of the lordship of Threecastles; Threecastles Castle is a three-storey tower house situated 5 km from Blessington, which was most likely built by Gerald Fitzgerald, Lord Deputy of Ireland, or his son Sir James Fitzgerald.

The abandoned medieval village of Burgage More is just south of Blessington town. It was an ecclesiastical settlement and is the site of a ruined tower house and church. A granite high cross named St. Mark's Cross was erected there in the 12th century beside a holy well. The cross was moved from Burgage More to Burgage Cemetery in the 20th century due to the construction of the Poulaphouca Reservoir and rising water levels.

Early modern history
In 1667, Michael Boyle, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, bought the lordship, previously the property of the Cheevers, for £1,000. Archbishop Boyle received a royal charter to establish the town of Blessington, in the townland of Munfine, as a borough.

Construction of Blessington House was begun in 1673 and afterwards St Mary's Church in Blessington, which was completed in 1683. On Archbishop Boyle's death in December 1702, his son, The 1st Viscount Blesington, inherited the Blessington Estate. Lord Blessington's son, Charles, 2nd Viscount Blesington, died in June 1732 without an heir, and the estate was inherited by his sister Anne, then her son, The 1st Earl of Blessington and Baron Stewart. The earl died in August 1769 without an heir and the estate passed to Charles Dunbar, a great-grandson of The 1st Viscount Blessington, who also died heirless in 1778, when the estate passed to The 1st Earl of Hillsborough, whose seat was Hillsborough Castle in Hillsborough, County Down, a great-great-grandson of Archbishop Boyle. Lord Hillsborough was created as the 1st Marquess of Downshire in August 1789. The Hills held the estate until 1908.

The main road of the town is an example of a planned improvement of towns and villages associated with estates in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Arthur Hill, the 3rd Marquess of Downshire commissioned a house to be built for his agent c. 1820. The building later operated as the Downshire Hotel, until its closure in 2005. The Marquess was also responsible for the construction of several prominent buildings in the town such as the Market House (c. 1820), Downshire Lodge (c. 1830), and the Parish schoolhouse (c. 1830).

Russborough House, situated 5 km south of Blessington, was built by the Leeson family, Earls of Milltown, and became the home of philanthropist Sir Alfred Beit (1903–1994), before becoming a museum.

20th-century history
During the Irish Civil War, Blessington became a place of strategic importance for the Anti-Treaty forces who regrouped in the town after defeat in Dublin. It was envisioned that they could use the town as a base from which to link up with other Anti-Treaty fighters to launch a new attack on Dublin in July 1922. However, the plan was hampered by lack of coordination and provisions. The Anti-Treaty forces were quickly dispersed following a skirmish with Free State troops.

Above the nearby village of Lacken in the early hours of 18 April 1941, an RAF Handley Page Hampden aircraft (Registration AD730) got lost in bad weather and crashed on Black Hill (Kilbeg) killing its entire crew of four. The airmen were brought to Blessington and buried with full military funerals on 22 April 1941 at St. Mary's Church by order of the Irish Government. The Irish Times the day after reported that “During the funeral all shops in Blessington were closed and blinds drawn on windows.” A memorial stone was unveiled at the crash site on 18 April 1991.

Modern development
Since the turn of the 21st century, Blessington's population has increased substantially, more than doubling from 2,509 at the 2002 census, to 5,010 by the time of the 2011 census. Population reached 5,611 in 2022. The majority of housing estates were constructed on the western side of the town, off the R410, which is the road to Naas. A new inner bypass has also been opened that alleviates traffic on Main Street to some degree.

Infrastructure improvements since 2005 include a playground, fire station, a central retail development, including a Dunnes Stores outlet and a public library (opened in 2006) above it, expansion of a SuperValu supermarket, and addition of an ALDI supermarket.

Pubs
The town has a number of pubs, including Hennessy's, Miley's, Murphy's and the West Wicklow House.

St Mary's Church
St Mary's Church is situated in Market Square, in the middle of the town. It was built around 1683, having been financed by Archbishop Boyle. While most of the church was rebuilt in the 19th century, the tower of this old church remains at the west end.

The church is well known in the bell-ringing community for housing the oldest complete set of bells in Ireland. The six bells date to 1682 and were cast by James Bartlet, who was the master founder of Whitechapel at that time. The money for these was also given by Archbishop Boyle. They are still rung twice a week, for Sunday morning service and on Saturday nights, for ringing practice.

While it holds the oldest peal of change-ringing bells in Ireland, the oldest bells hung for change-ringing in Ireland are found in St Audoen's Church in Dublin city centre. Three of the bells (the 3, 4, and 5 of the 6 bell-peal) date to 1453, and were cast in York.

Poulaphouca Reservoir
Also known locally as the Blessington Lakes, the reservoir was created when the waterfall at Poulaphouca on the River Liffey (which flows from the Wicklow Mountains to Dublin) was dammed by the ESB for a hydroelectric plant which is still in use today. The valley was flooded and the resulting lakes extend over approximately 5000 acres. A small village called Ballinahown was submerged by the damming of the waterfall, and the remains of roads can still be seen leading down into the lake.

In addition to electricity, the lakes also provide water for the locality and the Dublin region as well as provide a leisure resource. There is now a lakeside luxury hotel complex in the Blessington area, with its own helipad, and lakeside facilities which have helped to develop tourism in the area. The lake is also extensively used by boatmen and fishermen, and is a training location for the Irish Air Corps HQ divisions from Baldonnel, 15 km north of Blessington, and also Local Civil Defence Water rescue teams.

Blessington Greenway
The Blessington Greenway is a 6.5 km walking trail that links Blessington with Russborough House. The trail starts in Blessington and leads south to The Avon activity centre at the southern edge of the town where it then follows along the lake shore, crossing a medieval ringfort, and uses the footpath along part of the N81 road before turning back into the forest at Burgage Moyle lane. It then crosses the Valleymount Road (R758) and makes its way to Russellstown Bay adjacent to Russborough House. A second phase for the greenway, laid out in a planning submission by Wicklow County Council in early 2022, is proposed to expand the trail to include a 33 km loop surrounding the lake, taking in the villages of Lacken, Valleymount and Ballyknockan.

Transport
In 1888, the Dublin and Blessington Steam Tramway service commenced from Terenure to Blessington via Tallaght, linking with the horse trams from the city. This service ended at the end of December 1932 and was replaced with a conventional bus service, Dublin Bus route 65. Lacking a train station in the town, this service continues to operate as the main public transport connection between Blessington and Dublin city.

Blessington is on the N81 national secondary road, and is connected via the R410 regional road with Naas. The latter starts in the south end of the town heading west and proceeds through a natural gap in the hills of Glending Forest and Eadestown. The route is treacherous during heavy winter snowfalls, and is sometimes closed in severe conditions.

Since August 2021, Blessington has been served by route 884, a Mon-Fri public bus service operated by TFI Local Link Kildare South Dublin, which connects the town with Naas and Sallins railway station. The arrivals at the railway station are scheduled to link in with departures to, and arrivals from, Heuston railway station in Dublin.

Dublin Bus route 65, starting at Poolbeg Street in Dublin City Centre, takes approximately 1 hour 15 minutes and passes through Rathmines, Terenure, Templeogue, Tallaght, and Brittas on its way to Blessington. A limited number of daily services on route 65 are also extended to Ballyknockan and Ballymore Eustace. The Ballymore service routes via the N81, as does the Ballyknockan service.

Bus Éireann route 132 (Dublin-Bunclody) routes via Tallaght Hospital, Blessington, Baltinglass and Rathvilly en route to Bunclody. One journey is extended weekly to Wexford and Rosslare Europort.

Education
The town and its hinterlands are served by several primary schools and one secondary school.

The local primary schools include St Mary's National School, a Roman Catholic national school, which comprises St Mary's Junior National School (infants to 2nd class) and St Mary's Senior National School (3rd to 6th class). As of 2019, the combined coeducational school(s) had over 600 pupils enrolled. The local Church of Ireland national school is known as Blessington Number 1 National School, and had approximately 200 pupils enrolled in 2018.

Gaelscoil na Lochanna (School of the Lakes) is a gaelscoil which was founded in 2006 to cater for those in the area who wished to educate their children primarily through the Irish language. As of 2022, it had 169 pupils enrolled. A nearby Educate Together national school was founded in 2006 on the site of a long-standing school and has a large sports field.

The only secondary school in Blessington, Blessington Community College, is on the Naas Road and had an enrolment (in 2022) of 584.

Notable people
Former or current residents of the town have included:
 * Sir Alfred Lane Beit (1903–1994), British Conservative Party politician, art collector, philanthropist, honorary Irish citizen, and owner of Russborough House.
 * Gerald Boland (1885–1973), Irish Fianna Fáil politician who briefly commanded the 3rd South Dublin Brigade in Blessington.
 * Jack Boothman (1935–2016), 31st president of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) between 1994 and 1997.
 * Elizabeth Grant (1797–1885), Scottish diarist and lady of the manor of Baltyboys House.
 * Josh Gray (born 1997), former member of disbanded six-piece Irish boy band HomeTown (2014–2016) managed by Louis Walsh.
 * John Lackey, Irish road racing cyclist, cycle sport administrator and Tour of Ireland race director.
 * Frank McCann, Blessington publican convicted of the murder of his wife Esther and eighteen-month-old foster-daughter Jessica in September 1992.
 * Lorenzo Moore (1808–1894), noted Anglican clergyman in New Zealand, who was born in Blessington.
 * Kevin McClory (1924–2006), Irish screenwriter, film producer, and film director who produced the James Bond film Thunderball.
 * Dr. Patrick Purcell, owner of car which was linked to the killing of Lizzie O'Neill in June 1925.
 * Louise Quinn (born 1990), Republic of Ireland national football team player.
 * Isaac Sharp (1681–1735), early New Jersey settler, politician and judge who settled in Salem County, New Jersey and originally named the area Blessingtown after his home town.
 * Dame Ninette de Valois (née Edris Stannus) (1898–2001), Irish-born British dancer, choreographer, and director of classical ballet who spent her childhood at Baltiboys near Blessington.
 * Brian Warfield (born 1946), vocalist, banjo, harp, and bodhrán player and lead songwriter with Irish band The Wolfe Tones.

title: Blessington


text:
292 Ludovica

Ludovica (minor planet designation: 292 Ludovica) is a main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 25 April 1890 in Vienna.

title: 292 Ludovica


text:
293 Brasilia

Brasilia (minor planet designation: 293 Brasilia) is a large Main belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 20 May 1890 in Nice. It is the namesake of the Brasilia family, a smaller asteroid family of X-type asteroids in the outer main-belt. However, Brasilia is a suspected interloper in its own family.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Leura Observatory in Leura, Australia during 2006 gave a light curve with a period of 8.173 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.20 ± 0.03 in magnitude.

title: 293 Brasilia


text:
Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge

Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge is an African-themed deluxe resort at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida. It opened on April 16, 2001. The resort is owned and operated by Disney Parks, Experiences and Products.

Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge is located in the Animal Kingdom Resort Area, adjacent to Disney's Animal Kingdom. It gives guests the opportunity to view grazing wildlife outside their rooms and public areas in the resort within proximity of the animals, conveying the feeling of being in an African savanna.

History
This hotel was designed by Denver architect Peter Dominick of Urban Design Group (now 4240 Architecture), who also designed Disney's Wilderness Lodge and Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa.

On October 11, 2006, Disney announced to local media that Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge would become home to the newest Disney Vacation Club property, Disney's Animal Kingdom Villas. On February 18, 2008, Disney announced the first phase of this expansion was complete and included 109 rooms.

A separate building named Kidani Village was built to the west of the lodge and houses more than 300 villas. The Sunset Savanna was extended to the new structure and more species of animals were introduced. A new pool was built and features water slides and an aquatic playground. Kidani Village opened 65% of its rooms on May 1, 2009. At that time, the main lodge building was renamed Jambo House. The remainder of Kidani Village was completed in September 2009.

Rooms

 * Most rooms are available with either two queen-size beds, or one queen-size bed and twin-size bunk beds. Rooms with a king bed are available but are fewer in count than the others.
 * Rooms are available with accommodations for guests with disabilities, including rooms with roll-in showers and accommodations for hearing impairments.
 * Amenities including room service, irons, ironing boards, hairdryers, and make-up mirrors are available for each room. In-room coffee makers and mini-fridges are also available.
 * All Walt Disney World resorts are entirely non-smoking, made effective June 1, 2012.

Dining

 * Jiko—The Cooking Place: This Signature Dining restaurant is located in Jambo House and features African-style cooking with influences from the Mediterranean coast, India and Europe. Jiko also features South African vintage wines. The restaurant was designed by designer Jeffrey Beers and emulates an African lodge with a color palette in earth tones. The dining room surrounds an open kitchen which includes twin wood-burning stoves. The private Cape Town Wine Room seats up to forty guests and showcases a collection of wine-based sculptures. Jiko means "a cooking place" in Swahili, thus the restaurant's subtitle "The Cooking Place".

 * Cape Town Lounge and Wine Bar: Located near Jiko, this quaint lounge features a wide variety of specialty African wines, along with hand-crafted cocktails, imported beer, and other specialty drinks.

 * Boma—Flavors of Africa: This restaurant is also located in Jambo House and features African-style cooking in a buffet setting. The buffet itself features items from fifty different African countries. The restaurant was designed to resemble an open African marketplace. Food is prepared in view of diners in open cooking areas which allows for interaction between chefs, cooks, and guests. Boma is a word in Swahili and several other African languages, meaning an enclosure, such as a fort or a livestock pen.

 * Victoria Falls Lounge: Perched above Boma, this lounge offers a variety of African wines, beers, specialty cocktails and other drinks. In addition, the lounge also features a small menu of African-inspired bar fare.

 * The Mara: Located in Jambo House, The Mara is the resort’s quick service restaurant, serving American with African influences. In addition, The Mara features a grab-&-go section with pre-made items including salads, sandwiches & pastries, among others.

 * Uzima Springs Pool Bar: This watering hole-inspired pool bar is located on within Jambo House. Located right beside the Uzima Springs pool guests can indulge in various cocktails and African beers and wines. Food is also available from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. offering multiple selections from the quick service with the convenience of dining poolside. The Disney Dining Plan is also accepted at this location.
 * Sanaa: Located in Kidani Village and overlooking the savanna, this restaurant draws its inspiration from the cuisines along the historical spice route of Africa, India, China, and Europe. Serving foods from tandoor ovens as well as slow-cooked specialties, the selections here are filled with flavorful spices of Africa. There is also a lounge area inside Sanaa with a more limited menu.
 * Maji Pool Bar: Similarly to Uzima Springs, Samawati Springs (the main pool of Kidani Village) contains a pool bar, featuring a variety of cocktails, African beers and wines. Along with this, the bar also features various food options from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. “Maji” translates to water in Swahili.

Recreation & Amenities

 * Pools: The resort features two main pools: Uzima Springs (Located in Jambo House) & Samawati Springs (Located in Kidani Village). Both pools feature zero-depth entries & waterslides along with a lush African-inspired setting within the resort's savanna. Resort guests have access to both pools. In addition, Samawati Springs contains Uwanja Camp, a water playground containing three distinct areas (Observation Station, Departure Zone & Base Camp) and featuring various water cannons, play structures, interactive water features and a tipping bucket.

 * Playground: Jambo House also contains a playground for children, Hakuna Matata Playground, featuring various slides and other play structures. The playground itself overlooks the flamingo area and surrounding savanna.
 * Arcades: There are two arcades that service the main buildings of the resort: Jambo House has Pumbaa's Fun and Games Arcade, while Kidani Village has Safari So Good Arcade. Both arcades contain a mix of classic and modern arcade games.
 * Fitness Centres: The resort features two fitness centres featuring a large collection of workout equipment, ranging from weights to treadmills and other cardio equipment: Survival of the Fittest services Kidani Village, while Zahanati is located in Jambo House.

 * Spa: In addition to a fitness centre, Zahanati also features a full-service spa, offering a variety of massages and facials.
 * Sports: Kidani Village has two different courts for guests to use, a half-court for basketball, and two tennis courts. Both courts are accessible to guests at Jambo House as well.
 * Shops: The resort features two gift shops: Zawadi Marketplace in Jambo House & Johari Treasures in Kidani Village. Both shops features traditional gift shop items, along with both resort-specific and Animal Kingdom merchandise.
 * Other Activities: Like many of the other resorts on property, Animal Kingdom Lodge features other activities for guests to enjoy, including "Movies Under the Stars", pool events, painting, a community hall containing various tabletop games, and campfires (located in both areas of the resort), to name a few.

Savannas
Around the lodge, there are three total 11-acre savannas (Sunset Savanna, Arusha Savanna, Uzima Savanna) housing a variety of African mammals and birds including addax, Ankole cattle, bongo, blesbok, eland, gemsbok, Grant's zebra, greater kudu, impala, okapi, red river hog, reticulated giraffe, Thomson's gazelle, waterbuck, white-bearded wildebeest, Abyssinian ground hornbill, blue crane, East African crowned crane, greater flamingo, Marabou stork, ostrich, pink-backed pelican, and Rüppell's griffon vulture.

title: Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge


text:
Parietal-temporal-occipital

The parietal-temporal-occipital (PTO) association area, also referred to as the temporo-parieto-occipital (TPO) junction, is an area within the cerebral cortex where the parietal, temporal and occipital lobes meet. High level of interpreting meaningful signals in the surrounding sensory area. They have functional subareas:

 * Analysis of the spatial coordinates of the body
 * Posterior occipital cortex
 * Anterior parietal cortex

This association area—one of three in the cortex—is responsible for the assembly of auditory, visual, and somatosensory system information. Meaning is assigned to stimuli in the PTO, which outputs to numerous other areas of the brain, notably the limbic and prefrontal association areas, which are involved in memory.

Analysis of spatial coordinates of the body
This is an area beginning with the posterior parietal cortex and extending to the superior occipital cortex. A function of the Perietal-Temporal-Occipital is the analysis the spatial coordination of body parts. This area receives visual sensory information from the periphery occipital cortex and somatic sensory information from the anterior parietal cortex. From this, the information coordinates and computes the visual auditory information from the body surroundings.

In the left hemisphere, the PTO is involved in language recognition (reading, listening, and braille), but is not entirely responsible for these tasks. Language in all its modalities is covered using many different parts of the brain including Heschl's gyrus in the left hemisphere. In the right, the PTO identifiescgg

title: Parietal-temporal-occipital


text:
294 Felicia

Felicia (minor planet designation: 294 Felicia) is a sizeable Main belt asteroid. It is approximately 35 km in diameter and has an orbital period of 5.5 years. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 15 July 1890 in Nice.

title: 294 Felicia


text:
295 Theresia

Theresia (minor planet designation: 295 Theresia) is a typical Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 17 August 1890 in Vienna.

title: 295 Theresia


text:
José Antonio Remón Cantera

Colonel José Antonio Remón Cantera (11 April 1908 – 2 January 1955) was the 29th President of Panama, holding office from 1 October 1952 until his death on January 2, 1955. He was Panama's first military strongman and ruled the country behind the scenes in the late 1940s. He belonged to the National Patriotic Coalition (CNP), and was its candidate for president in May 1952.

He joined the National Police in 1931, becoming its chief in 1947. In this position, he was responsible for the coup against acting president Daniel Chanis Pinzón.

Beginning in 1953, his administration began to negotiate amendments to the Panama Canal treaty with the U.S. administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. These negotiations led to an agreement, ratified in 1955, that substantially raised the annual annuity paid to Panama (from $430,000 to $1.9 million) and resulted in the handover of approximately $20 million in property from the Panama Canal Company to Panama.

General José Remón was the strong man behind the scenes during the 1940s. He engineered several coups that ousted Dr. Arnulfo Arias and two other presidents from power. "Neither millions nor alms – we want justice" was Remón's most memorable statement of principles. In 1952 Remón went on to be "elected" President of Panama in a very questionable election replete with many clear examples of fraud and police interference in Remon's favor.

He was Panama's first military strong man, deposing and appointing presidents as he desired. After eschewing political positions, he turned around and ran for president in 1952. The opposition was bullied and persecuted during the campaign and on election day. He was declared the winner in May 1952. On 2 January 1955, Remón was ambushed at a race track and fired upon by three assailants armed with sub-machine guns. The incident took place at 7:30 pm; Remón died in hospital two hours later. Two other men were killed in the attack, including one of Remón's bodyguards.

Murder investigation
The circumstances concerning Remón's death were mysterious. During the initial investigation, an American, Martin Irving Lipstein, was arrested, but later released when Rubén O. Miró, an attorney, confessed to the crime on 12 January 1955. Lipstein also had an alibi, with several witnesses having seen him in places far away from the racetrack at which Remón was killed (the Hipódromo Juan Franco), at about the same time.

In his confession, Miró claimed that he had been acting on orders from José Ramón Guizado, who had succeeded Remón as president. Guizado was removed from his post and arrested on 15 January, and convicted of complicity on 29 March.

He denied any complicity but after a highly emotional trial, he was sentenced to six years and eight months in jail but was released in December 1957, after Miró and six other suspected perpetrators were acquitted. The murder was never solved. Guizado moved to Spain and claimed his complete innocence all his life. Miró, the son of a Supreme Court judge, was abducted in broad daylight as he exited a bank in downtown Panama City. He was never seen again.

title: José Antonio Remón Cantera


text:
Métis National Council

The Métis National Council (Ralliement national des Métis) is the representative body of the Métis people of northwestern Canada. The MNC represents the Métis Nation both nationally and internationally, receiving direction from the elected leadership of the Métis Nation's provincial-level governments. The goal of the MNC is to "secure a healthy space for the Métis Nation's on-going existence within the Canadian federation".

History
The National Council was formed in 1983 to support the recognition of the Métis as a distinct ethnicity who identify separately from other aboriginal groups, share Métis Nation ancestry (e.g. the Northwest and Red River, Manitoba settlements) and form recognized communities. This Council was formed to advocate at the federal level in Canada, which became particularly important with Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. It is a recognized voice of the Métis people in five Canadian provinces to the Government of Canada, and represents these Métis people on the international stage. The National Council is governed by a Board of Governors made up of the presidents of the provincial Métis organizations and the national president. A former national president of the Council is Yvon Dumont, who went on to become the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba. The current president of the Métis National Council is Cassidy Caron.

Indigenous Affairs Canada, the relevant federal ministry, deals with the MNC; on April 13, 2017 the two parties signed the Canada-Metis Nation Accord, with the goal of working with the Metis Nation, as represented by the Metis National Council on a Nation to Nation basis.

Metis re-organization of 2020s
Six Métis communities in Northern Alberta broke away from the Metis Nation of Alberta (MNA) in early 2020, just as the same that the MNA was in a dispute with the Metis National Council (MNC). The confluence of the two conflicts created a major restructuring of Metis organizations in Western Canada.

At issue are such fundamentals as who is Metis and which organizations should have the democratic mandate to speak for the Metis to the federal and provincial governments.

Definitions of who is Metis
One source of tension in the dispute between provincial organizations is a disagreement over who is considered Métis.

The Manitoba Metis Federation (MMF)’s official position adopted in 2019, is that membership in Metis organizations must only be open to people with ancestors within the Metis "homeland"': consisting of the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, as well as parts of north-eastern British Columbia, the southern Northwest Territories, and northern halves of the U.S. States of Montana, and North Dakota, and a small part of Minnesota.

In September 2021 the MMF left the Métis National Council (MNC) over membership issues involving the Métis Nation of Ontario (MNO). "We view this not as MMF leaving MNC," wrote MMF President David Chartrand, "rather it is the MNC that has abandoned the MMF and the true Métis Nation." Chartrand further stated the MMF had passed a resolution that the MMF should withdraw from the MNC "should MNO continue to be allowed a seat at the governance table while they – by their own admission – have nearly 80 per cent non-Métis Nation Citizens in their registry." The Métis National Council has stated that they reject the idea of new Ontario Métis communities.

The National Council suspended the membership of the Métis Nation of Ontario (MNO) in 2020, due to concerns that 90% of the purported Métis who have registered with the Ontario group did not fulfill the requirements of citizenship put in place by the National Council in 2002, notably the requirement for an ancestral link to the Métis homelands and the Red River area specifically. The Ontario group granted memberships to people from four disputed communities: Mattawa, Georgian Bay, Killarney, and Temiskaming, claiming these groups consist of Métis people, and not simply regions inhabited by First Nations individuals and some settlers, but without cultural ties to the recognized Métis communities.

Agreements between the federal government and provincial organizations
The Metis Nation of Alberta, Metis Nation – Saskatchewan, and Metis Nation of Ontario signed self-government agreements with the government of Canada in 2017 or 2018, whereas the Manitoba Metis Federation and Métis Nation British Columbia did not. The three provincial organizations formed a "tri-council" and asked that the federal government deal directly with them and not with the MNC and met with Indigenous Relations Minister Carolyn Bennet in January 2020.

Interim president and lack of board meetings
In November 2019 MNC’s president, Clément Chartier, announced he would reduce his duties and allow MMF president David Chartrand to become the "national spokesperson" for MNC until a new president could be elected in April. However, Chartrand was never officially made interim president, and no board meeting was convened to sanction the change. Ultimately, the general assembly scheduled for April was cancelled due to COVID-19, so the situation was not resolved.

Fort McKay Metis and the creation of the Alberta Métis Federation
In 2019 the Fort McKay Metis Community Association (whose membership was largely the same as the region's Metis Nation of Alberta "local") voted to secede from the Metis Nation of Alberta. This prompted other community associations in Alberta to likewise secede. The separatist bodies then united in 2021 under a loose umbrella group called the Alberta Metis Federation. This group was recognized by the Manitoba Metis Federation despite protests from the Metis Nation of Alberta.

Current structure
The MNC is composed of several provincial Métis organizations, the number of which has varied over time. They are:
 * Métis Nation British Columbia
 * Métis Nation of Alberta
 * Métis Nation - Saskatchewan
 * Métis Nation of Ontario

Note that the Manitoba Metis Federation (MMF) withdrew from the MNC in September 2021.

Within each provincial organization are regional councils.

Presidents

 * Yvon Dumont (1988–1993)
 * Gerald Morin (1993–2003)
 * Audrey Poitras (January 12, 2003 interim President and National spokesperson),
 * Clément Chartier (2003–2021)
 * Cassidy Caron (2021-)

title: Métis National Council


text:
296 Phaëtusa

Phaëtusa (minor planet designation: 296 Phaëtusa) is a small Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 19 August 1890 in Nice.

title: 296 Phaëtusa


text:
297 Caecilia

Caecilia (minor planet designation: 297 Caecilia) is a typical main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 9 September 1890 in Nice.

Photometric observations during 2003 showed a rotation period of 6.163 ± 0.004 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 in magnitude.

title: 297 Caecilia


text:
299 Thora

Thora (minor planet designation: 299 Thora) is a 17 km Main belt asteroid with a potentially long 274-hour rotation period. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 6 October 1890 in Vienna.

This object has a very low rate of spin, requiring 272.9 ± to complete a full rotation.

title: 299 Thora


text:
300 Geraldina

Geraldina (minor planet designation: 300 Geraldina) is a large Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on October 3, 1890, in Nice. The origin of the name is unknown. It is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $80.18 km$ with a period of 2096.3 days and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.057. The orbital plane is tilted at an angle of 0.73° to the plane of the ecliptic.

Light curve analysis based on photometric observations of this asteroid made during 2005 show a rotation period of $0.04$ with a brightness variation of 0.18 in magnitude.

title: 300 Geraldina