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List of sports terms named after people

This is a list of eponyms in sports, i.e. sports terms named after people.

American football

 * Cleveland Browns: The Cleveland Browns were named after their first coach, Paul Brown. Brown would later become the first coach of the Cincinnati Bengals, which shared the same color scheme as the Browns in part due to Brown.
 * Rooney Rule: a National Football League policy that requires league teams to interview ethnic-minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operation jobs. Named after Dan Rooney, the former owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers and chairman of the NFL's diversity committee when the policy was created in 2003.

Artistic gymnastics

 * Amanar (vault) – Yurchenko family vault, roundoff on and 2$1/2$ twists off, after Simona Amânar (Romania)
 * Araújo (balance beam (dismount)) – salto forward stretched with 2 twist, after Heine Araújo (Brazil)
 * Belyavskiy (parallel bars) – double front salto dismount in piked position, after David Belyavskiy (Russia)
 * Blanik (vault) – handspring forward on – double piked salto forward off, after Polish artistic gymnast Leszek Blanik (Poland)
 * Borden (balance beam) – straddled piked jump from a side position or split jump done on balance beam with $1/2$ or $3/4$ turn, after Amanda Borden (US)
 * Bhardwaj (uneven bars) – a backward flip (Pak salto) on the high bar with full-twist and then catches the low bar, after Mohini Bhardwaj (US)
 * Bhavsar (parallel bars) – Swing forward, straddle cut backward, and regrasp with straight body at horizontal, after Raj Bhavsar (US)
 * Bi turn (uneven bars) – after Bi Wenjing (China)
 * Biles (floor exercise) – double layout with $1/2$ turn, after Simone Biles (US)
 * Biles 2 (floor exercise) – triple-twisting double back tucked somersault, after Simone Biles (US)
 * Biles (vault) — Yurchenko $1/2$ on into laid-out salto with 2/1 twists off, after Simone Biles (US)
 * Biles (balance beam (dismount)) – double-twisting double back tucked somersault, after Simone Biles (US)
 * Biles 2 (vault) — Yurchenko on into double piked somersault off, originated at the 2021 U.S. Classic and successfully done at the 2023 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships in Antwerp, Belgium, after Simone Biles (US)
 * Brause (uneven bars) – done from low bar facing away from high bar with a cast to front salto forward and catching bar, after Doris Fuchs-Brause (US)
 * Bretschneider (horizontal bar) – release with double-twisting double back tucked over bar before regrasp, after Andreas Bretschneider (Germany)
 * Bryan (pommel horse) – scissors with $1/2$ turn to handstand, $1/2$ pirouette and straddle back down, after Casey Bryan (US)
 * Bulimar (floor exercise) – a Johnson leap (switch leap with $1/4$ turn to side position) with additional full turn, after Diana Bulimar (Romania)
 * Cassina (horizontal bar) – full-twisting double layout or straight Kolman somersault over bar, after Igor Cassina (Italy)
 * Cheng (vault) – Yurchenko $1/2$ on into 1$1/2$ twists off, after Cheng Fei (China)
 * Chusovitina (floor exercise) – full-twisting double layout salto, after Oksana Chusovitina (USSR, Germany, Uzbekistan)
 * Chusovitina (vault) – handspring forward on – piked salto with full twist off, after Oksana Chusovitina (USSR, Germany, Uzbekistan)
 * Chusovitina 2 (vault) - handspring forward on - laid out salto with 1 1/2 twist off, after Oksana Chusovitina (USSR, Germany, Uzbekistan)
 * Chow–Khorkina or Khorkina–Chow (uneven bars) – Stalder 1$1/2$ pirouette, after Amy Chow [US, also first performed by Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)]
 * Chow 2 (uneven bars) – Stalder to Shaposhnikova, after Amy Chow (US)
 * Comaneci salto (uneven bars) – front support on high bar, cast with salto forward straddle to hang on high bar, after Nadia Comăneci (Romania)
 * Daggett (pommel horse) – scissor backward with $1/2$ counterturn, after Tim Daggett (US)
 * Dalton (parallel bars) – roll backward with $1/2$ turn tuck or Harada to hang, after Jacob Dalton (US)
 * Dawes (uneven bars) – back giant with 1$1/2$ turn in handstand, after Dominique Dawes (US)
 * Derwael–Fenton (uneven bars) – backward stalder with counter straddle reverse hecht over the high bar with half (180-degree) turn to hang in mixed L-grip, after Nina Derwael (BE) and Georgia-Mae Fenton (UK)
 * Diomidov (parallel bars) – swing forward with a full turn on one arm to handstand, after Sergei Diomidov (USSR)
 * Dos Santos (floor exercise) – Arabian double pike ($1/2$ turn to double front somersault in piked position), after Daiane dos Santos (Brazil)
 * Dos Santos 2 (floor exercise) – Arabian double layout ($1/2$ turn to double front somersault laid out position), after Daiane dos Santos (Brazil)
 * Dowell (floor exercise) - front double piked salto Brenna Dowell (US)
 * Downie (Uneven bars) - stalder backward on high bar with counter pike – reverse hecht over high bar to hang, after Rebecca Downie (Great Britain)
 * Drăgulescu (vault) – handspring double front tucked somersault with $1/2$ turn, after Marian Drăgulescu (Romania)
 * Drăgulescu piked (vault) – officially named the Ri Se Gwang 2 originated by Ri Se Gwang of North Korea; use of Drăgulescu piked when referring to this skill is often preferred in practice because of how well-known the regular Drăgulescu is; one of only five vaults with top official D-score of 6.0; variant of the Drăgulescu where only difference is saltos done in piked position, after Marian Drăgulescu (România) and Ri Se Gwang of North Korea
 * Erceg (balance beam (mount)) – round off Arabian front tuck onto the end of the beam, after Tina Erceg (Croatia)
 * Fan (uneven bars (dismount)) - from L-grip swing backwards, $1/2$ (180 degree) turn to double salto Fan Yilin (China)
 * Ferrari (floor exercise) – a ring tour jete with $1/2$ turn and a landing on both feet, after Vanessa Ferrari (Italy)
 * Fontaine (uneven bars dismount) – double somersaulting dismount is a back tuck with $1/2$ twist into a front tuck, after Larissa Fontaine (US)
 * Galante (balance beam) – 1$1/2$ turns with leg held in split position, after Paola Galante (Italy)
 * Garrison (floor exercise) – cat leap forward with bent legs and 1$1/2$ turn, after Kelly Garrison (US)
 * Garrison (balance beam) – free shoulder roll forward to stand or tuck stand without hand support, after Kelly Garrison (US)
 * Garrison 2 (balance beam) – from an extended tuck sit, Valdez swing over backward through horizontal with one-arm support, after Kelly Garrison (US)
 * Garrison 3 (balance beam) – round-off, tucked full mount, after Kelly Garrison (US)
 * Gatson (parallel bars) – a swing backward with full turn hop to handstand, after Jason Gatson (US)
 * Gatson 2 (parallel bars) – Gatson 1 with ¼ turn to handstand on 1 rail and ¼ turn handstand on 2 rails, after Jason Gatson (US)
 * Gaylord (horizontal bar) – Salto forward, tuck, pike or straddled over the bar and regrasp, after Mitch Gaylord (US)
 * Gaylord 2 (horizontal bar) – Gienger (back flip with half turn) over the bar and regrasp, after Mitch Gaylord (US)
 * Gebeshian (uneven bars) – 360° turn from low to high bar known as a full twisting jump Hecht mount (uneven bars), after Houry Gebeshian (Armenia)
 * Gienger salto (horizontal bar) – after Eberhard Gienger (Germany)
 * Gienger salto (uneven bars) – after Eberhard Gienger (Germany)
 * Gómez (floor exercise) – quadruple spin, after Elena Gómez (Spain)
 * Grigoraş (balance beam) – after Cristina Elena Grigoraş (Romania)
 * Hayden (horizontal bar) – Double salto backward, stretched, with full twist over the bar, after Dan Hayden (US)
 * Henrich (balance beam) – a stag-split, split-leap or jump forward with $1/2$ turn, landing on both feet or in a one-two step-out or a split jump in side position with bending of rear leg backward upward that starts from a cross stand, after Christy Henrich (US)
 * Hindorff (uneven bars) – clear hip circle to immediate Tkatchev release, after Sylvia Hindorff (East Germany)
 * Huang (uneven bars) – a stalder forward in L-grip with full turn to handstand, initiated on one arm before handstand, after Huang Qiushuang (China)
 * Humphrey (floor exercise) – switch split leap forward with a $1/4$ turn to side split leap or straddle pike position, after Terin Humphrey (US)
 * Humphrey (balance beam/floor exercise) – 2$1/2$ turn (900°) on one leg, in tuck stand, with free leg optional, after Terin Humphrey (US)
 * Hypolito (floor exercise) – Arabian double pike with a full twist, after Diego Hypólito (Brazil)
 * Jäger salto (horizontal bar, uneven bars) – swing backwards and salto forwards to catch high bar again, after Bernd Jäger (East Germany)
 * Janz salto (uneven bars) – after Karin Janz (East Germany)
 * Johnson (floor exercise) – a switch-split leap forward with leg change and $1/4$ turn to side split leap or straddle pike position, after Brandy Johnson (US)
 * Jones (floor exercise) - a triple turn with leg held at horizontal, after Shilese Jones
 * Kasamatsu (vault) – after Shigero Kasamatsu (Japan)
 * Kim (floor exercise) – double tucked back salto, after Nellie Kim (USSR)
 * Kim-Shirai or Shirai-Kim (vault) – round-off—back-handspring (Yurchenko) triple full layout, after Kim Hee Hoon (South Korea) and Kenzo Shirai (Japan)
 * Khorkina (uneven bars) – back uprise and straddle flight over high bar with $1/2$ turn to hang, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
 * Khorkina 2 (uneven bars) – low bar inner front support, clear hip circle to handstand $1/2$ turn in flight to high bar hang, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
 * Khorkina (balance beam) – gainer back-handspring with full twist before hand support, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
 * Khorkina 2 (balance beam (dismount)) – gainer 2$1/2$-twisting back layout dismount to side or at the end of beam, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
 * Khorkina 3 (balance beam (dismount)) – gainer triple-twisting back layout dismount to side or at the end of beam, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
 * Khorkina-Chow or Chow-Khorkina (uneven bars) – Stalder 1$1/2$ pirouette, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia, also first performed by Amy Chow (US))
 * Khorkina (floor exercise) – hop with 1$1/2$ turns to front lying support, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
 * Khorkina (vault) – round-off, back-handspring with $1/2$ turn on, $1/2$ turn into back pike off, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
 * Khorkina 2 (vault) – round-off, back-handspring with $1/2$ turn on, 1$1/2$-twisting front tuck off, after Svetlana Khorkina (Russia)
 * Kolman (horizontal bar) – a full-twisting Kovacs with two back somersaults and one full twist over the bar, after Alojz Kolman (Slovenia)
 * Komova (uneven bars) – clear pike circle backward through handstand with flight and $1/2$ turn (180°) to hang on high bar, after Viktoria Komova (Russia)
 * Komova 2 (uneven bars) – clear pike circle backwards through handstand with flight to hang on high bar, after Viktoria Komova (Russia)
 * Kononenko (uneven bars) – counter straddle hecht with $1/2$ turn to hang on high bar in mixed L-grip, after Natalia Kononenko (Ukraine)
 * Kotchetkova (balance beam) – full-twisting back-handspring, after Dina Kotchetkova (Russia)
 * Korbut flip (balance beam) – standing back somersault to swing down on beam, after Olga Korbut (USSR)
 * Korbut flip (uneven bars) – standing on the high bar, does back flip, then catches the bar, after Olga Korbut (USSR)
 * Kovacs (horizontal bar) – double back somersault over bar, after Péter Kovács (Hungary)
 * Liukin (floor exercise) – one of only 2 skills with D-score of H (0.8) (with the Shirai 3) on men's floor; triple back tucked salto, after Valeri Liukin (USSR)
 * Liukin (horizontal bar) – Tkatchev with full-twisting layout, after Valeri Liukin (USSR)
 * Liukin (balance beam) – salto front pike, take off from one leg to one foot landing to scale, hold for two seconds, after Nastia Liukin (US)
 * Li Li German Giant (uneven bars) – after Li Li (China)
 * Li Li (balance beam) – 1$1/4$ turns on back (balance beam), after Li Li (China)
 * Li Ya salto (uneven bars) – straddled Jaeger caught in a mixed grip, after Li Ya (China)
 * Li Ya (uneven bars (dismount)) – backward giant into an Arabian double front pike, after Li Ya (China)
 * Liu Xuan salto (uneven bars) – giant circle backward to handstand on one arm, after Liu Xuan (China)
 * López (vault) – round-off, $1/2$ twist on, front straight somersault with $1/2$ turn off, after Denisse López (Mexico)
 * Lynch (horizontal bar) – Tkatchev with a half turn prior to the catch to a mixed el-grip and swing back up to handstand, after Jair Lynch (US)
 * Magyar traverse (pommel horse) – after Zoltán Magyar (Hungary)
 * Magyar spindle (pommel horse) – after Zoltán Magyar (Hungary)
 * Malone (parallel bars) – shoot up to handstand and fall back to support with ¼ turn, after Brody Malone (US)
 * Maloney (uneven bars) – a piked sole circle backward to handstand full turn after handstand phase to mixed-L or L-grip, after Kristin Maloney (US)
 * Maloney (uneven bars) – begins from low bar inner front support and consists of piked sole circle backward through handstand with flight to high bar hang, after Kristin Maloney (US)
 * Ma dismount (uneven bars) – a hecht-front-salto-full, after Ma Yanhong (China)
 * McCool (balance beam) – beam mount approaches toward the end of the beam and is a flyspring forward with flight before and after the hand support on the beam and lands on both feet – approach at end of beam, after Courtney McCool (US)
 * McNamara (uneven bars (mount)) – a jump to hang on high bar into free hip circle to handstand with $1/2$ turn, after Julianne McNamara (US)
 * Melissanidis (vault) – a round off entry onto vault table followed by a 2$1/2$-twisting back tucked or piked somersault, after Ioannis Melissanidis (Greece)
 * Memmel (floor exercise) – double turn with leg held in split position (double Y-turn), after Chellsie Memmel (US)
 * Memmel (balance beam) – front flip with $1/2$ turn (Barani) in piked position, after Chellsie Memmel (US)
 * Mikulak (pommel horse) – Double scissor forward sideways from one end to the other, after Sam Mikulak
 * Miller (uneven bars) – cast to handstand with 1$1/2$ turn after handstand to mixed-L grip, after Shannon Miller (US)
 * Mitchell (floor exercise, balance beam) – triple turn (1080°) in tuck stand on one leg - free leg optional, after Lauren Mitchell (Australia)
 * Miyachi (horizontal bar) – officially the only skill with highest D-score of I in men's gymnastics; a variant of the Bretschneider where the skill is done in a layout position; the straight Bretschneider, double-twisting Cassina or straight double-twisting Kovac, after Hidetaka Miyachi (Japan)
 * Mo salto (uneven bars) – Gaylord 2, front tuck over high bar, starting and ending in a mixed grip, after Mo Huilan (China)
 * Moors (uneven bars) – from underswing, with feet on bar, salto forward stretched with $1/2$ turn, after Victoria Moors (Canada)
 * Moors (floor exercise) – only skill with highest D-score of I in women's gymnastics, double-twisting double back layout, after Victoria Moors (Canada)
 * Mostepanova (floor exercise) – front handspring with full twist before hand support, after Olga Mostepanova (USSR)
 * Mukhina salto (floor exercise) – double salto backwards tucked or piked, with full 360 twist – after Elena Mukhina (USSR)
 * Mukhina (uneven bars) – Korbut flip with full twist – after Elena Mukhina (USSR)
 * Mustafina (uneven bars (dismount)) – 1$1/2$-twisting double back tuck dismount, after Aliya Mustafina (Russia)
 * Mustafina 2 (uneven bars) – full-twisting Maloney (or Seitz) caught in a mixed grip, after Aliya Mustafina (Russia)
 * Mustafina (floor) – triple Y-turn, after Aliya Mustafina (Russia)
 * Mustafina (vault) – round-off, $1/2$ turn on, full twisting front off (laid out), after Aliya Mustafina (Russia)
 * Nabieva (uneven bars) – toe-on reverse Hecht (Tkatchev) in the layout position, named after Tatiana Nabieva (Russia)
 * Nguyen (parallel bars) – a free hip circle mount from the side of the bars with $3/4$ turn to handstand position, after Marcel Nguyen (Germany)
 * Nagornyy (floor) – Triple back pike, after Nikita Nagornyy (Russia)
 * Okino (uneven bars (dismount)) – a free hip underswing with $1/2$ twist to layout back salto, after Betty Okino (US)
 * Okino (balance beam) – triple pirouette or triple turn, after Betty Okino (US)
 * Omelianchik (balance beam) – back handspring with $3/4$ turn dive to handstand, after Oksana Omelianchik (USSR)
 * Omelianchik (vault) – round-off, $3/4$ on, front pike off, after Oksana Omelianchik (USSR)
 * O'Neill (still rings) – piked or straight double salto backwards to hang, after Paul O'Neill (US)
 * Onodi (balance beam) – back handspring with $1/2$ turn, after Henrietta Ónodi (Hungary)
 * Pak salto (uneven bars) – does a backward flip on the high bar and then catches the low bar, after Pak Gyong-sil (North Korea)
 * Patterson (balance beam (dismount)) – an Arabian double front dismount, after Carly Patterson (US)
 * Pegan (horizontal bar) – double front salto with $1/2$ turn – 180°, after Aljaž Pegan (Slovenia)
 * Phelps (vault) – $1/2$ turn onto the vault (Tsukahara) to a layout backflip with $1/2$ turn, after Jaycie Phelps (US)
 * Phillps (balance beam) – a handstand straddle split, with a 90° backbend, originally performed on the balance beam and press to side handstand, front walkover to side stand on both legs, after Kristie Phillips (US)
 * Preziosa (balance beam) – full turn with free leg held backwards with both hands, after Elisabetta Preziosa (Italy)
 * Podkopayeva (vault) – round-off, $3/4$ twist on, front piked somersault with $1/2$ turn off, after Lilia Podkopayeva (Ukraine)
 * Podkopayeva (floor) – double front somersault with a $1/2$ twist, after Lilia Podkopayeva (Ukraine)
 * Popa (floor exercise) – straddle pike jump with full turn (360°), after Celestina Popa (Romania)
 * Produnova (vault) – one of only 2 skills with highest D-score of 6.4 in women's vault (other is the Biles or "half on—double full off"; first of only five women to have landed this in competition; front handspring on into double front somersault off, after Elena Produnova (Russia)
 * Ray (uneven bars) – a Stalder backwards with release and counter movement forward to catch the high bar, after Elise Ray (US)
 * Ray 2 (uneven bars) – a handstand on the high bar to a pike sole circle backward into a backward counter straddle-reverse hecht over the high bar and a rematch, after Elise Ray (US)
 * Ray 3 (uneven bars (dismount)) – double-twisting double layout bars dismount, after Elise Ray (US)
 * The Retton Flip (uneven bars) – a transition (front flip) from low to highbar, resulting in the gymnast perched or "sitting" on top of the high bar, after Mary Lou Retton (US)
 * Ri Se Gwang (vault) – currently one of only five vaults with top official D-score of 6.0; full-twisting double Tsukahara, after Ri Se Gwang (North Korea)
 * Ri Se Gwang 2 (vault) – currently one of only five vaults with highest official D-score of 6.0; front handspring double piked with $1/2$ twist, or Drăgulescu piked in practice, after Ri Se Gwang (North Korea)
 * Roth (pommel horse) – from cross support, rearways, reverse Stockli, wendeswing forward to reverse Stockli to cross support forward on other end, not touch pommel, after Bill Roth (US)
 * Semenova (floor exercise) – a double spin with the leg in back attitude, after Ksenia Semenova (Russia)
 * Semenova (balance beam) – full spin with leg in back attitude, after Ksenia Semenova (Russia)
 * Seitz (uneven bars) – on low bar, pike sole circle through handstand full twist in flight with phase to hang on high bar, after Elisabeth Seitz (Germany)
 * Shaham (horizontal bar) – 1$1/2$-twisting double back somersault over bar, after Noam Shaham (Israel)
 * Shaposhnikova (uneven bars) – on the low bar, free hip circle with flight to hang on high bar, after Natalia Shaposhnikova (USSR)
 * Shewfelt (vault) – aka Amanar for women, Yurchenko stretched with 2$1/2$ twists, after Kyle Shewfelt (Canada)
 * Shirai or Shirai-Nguyen (floor exercise) – quadruple-twisting layout backwards, after Kenzo Shirai (Japan) and Nguyen Tuan Dat (Vietnam)
 * Shirai 2 (floor exercise) – triple-twisting layout forwards, after Kenzo Shirai (Japan)
 * Shirai 3 (floor exercise) – triple-twisting double layout backwards; one of only two skills with highest official D-score of H (0.8) (other is the Liukin) currently in men's floor, after Kenzo Shirai (Japan)
 * Shirai or Shirai-Kim (vault) – round-off, back-handspring into layout triple full, after Kenzo Shirai (Japan) and Kim Hee Hoon (South Korea)
 * Shirai 2 (vault) – round-off, back-handspring (Yurchenko) with 3$1/2$-twisting layout; one of only 5 vaults with highest official D-score of 6.0, after Kenzo Shirai (Japan, 1st time successfully completed in competition – 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro)
 * Shirai 3 (vault) – round-off, full-twisting back-handspring (aka Scherbo) on into double twist off, after Kenzo Shirai (Japan)
 * Shushunova (floor exercise) – straddle jump to lay on front support, after Yelena Shushunova (Russia)
 * Shushunova (uneven bars) – full-twisting Tkachev, after Yelena Shushunova (Russia)
 * Silivaş (balance beam (mount)) – after Daniela Silivaş (Romania)
 * Silivaş (floor) – double twisting double back tucked, after Daniela Silivaş (Romania)
 * Stalder (horizontal bar) – free circle backwards in straddle or legs together through handstand Josef Stalder (Switzerland)
 * Steingruber (balance beam) - Gainer layout salto with full twist from end of beam, after Giulia Steingruber (Switzerland)
 * Stroescu (floor exercise) – stretched forward salto with 2$1/2$ twists, (mistakenly named) after Silvia Stroescu (Romania)
 * Strong (uneven bars) – shoot over to low bar with 1$1/2$ twists, after Lori Strong (Canada)
 * Strong (Lori) hop (balance beam) – after Lori Strong (Canada)
 * Strug (floor exercise) – a tour jete with additional $1/2$ turn and landing on both feet, after Kerri Strug (US)
 * Sugihara (balance beam) – double turn with the leg held in split position Aiko Sugihara (Japan)
 * Talavera (balance beam) – pommel horse-like move with the circle done like a flair, after Tracee Talavera (US)
 * Teza (balance beam) – Yurchenko loop is performed with a full-twisting handspring, after Elvire Teza (France)
 * Thomas flair (pommel horse, floor exercise) – after Kurt Thomas (US)
 * Thomas salto (floor exercise) – salto backwards in a tucked or piked position with 1$1/2$ twists, after Kurt Thomas (US)
 * Thomas salto (floor exercise) – salto backwards in a layout (straight) position with 1$1/2$ twists, after Kurt Thomas (US)
 * Tkachev (uneven bars) – reverse hecht; can be performed in straddled, piked, tucked or laid out, after Aleksandr Tkachyov (USSR)
 * Tsukahara (vault) – involving a $1/4$ or $1/2$ turn onto the vault and back salto off, after Mitsuo Tsukahara (Japan)
 * Tweddle (uneven bars) – sole circle backward to counter straddle hecht $1/2$ turn to hang on high bar in mixed L-grip, after Beth Tweddle (Great Britain)
 * Urzică (parallel bars) – salto forwards to full turn to upper arm hang rated, after Marius Urzică (Romania)
 * van Leeuwen (uneven bars) – in the low bar, piked sole circle through handstand with flight to hang on high bar with $1/2$ twist during flight phase, after Laura van Leeuwen (Netherlands)
 * Wang Huiying (vault) – front handspring layout Barani, after Wang Huiying (China)
 * Wells (parallel bars) – a giant swing backwards with in-locate forwards, after Trent Wells (US)
 * Wevers turn (balance beam) – a double turn on beam with leg held horizontally, after Sanne Wevers (Netherlands)
 * White (uneven bars) – a front Stalder into an L-grip to handstand with $1/2$ turn in handstand, after Morgan White (US)
 * Wong (balance beam) – salto forward tucked with $1/2$ turn mount, after Hiu Ying Angel Wong (China – Hong Kong)
 * Yang Hak Seon (vault) – currently one of only five vaults with top official D-score of 6.0; front handspring triple twist, after Yang Hak-Seon (South Korea)
 * Yang Hak Seon 2 (vault) – currently one of only five vaults with highest official D-score of 6.0; Tsukahara with 3$1/2$ twists or Kasamatsu with 2$1/2$ twists, after Yang Hak-Seon (South Korea)
 * Yang Bo (balance beam) – from cross stand, jump to over split with body arched and head dropped backward, after Yang Bo (China)
 * Yurchenko (vault) – round-off, back-handspring onto the vaulting table, after Natalia Yurchenko (USSR)
 * Yurchenko loop (balance beam) – on side position, back-handspring to backward hip circle, after Natalia Yurchenko (USSR)
 * Zamolodchikova (vault) – Tsukahara stretched with double turn (720°) off, after Elena Zamolodchikova (Russia)
 * Zamolodchikova (balance beam) – flic-flac or back-handspring with full twist to hip circle backwards, after Elena Zamolodchikova (Russia)
 * Yarotska (uneven bars) – Stalder hecht from low bar to high bar, after Irina Yarotska (Ukraine)
 * Zanetti (still rings) – from hanging scale rearways press to planche, after Arthur Zanetti (Brazil)
 * Zonderland (parallel bars) – 1$1/4$ Diamadov to one bar immediate $3/4$ Healy to both bars, after Epke Zonderland (Netherlands)

Association football

 * Panenka penalty kick – after Antonín Panenka (Czech Republic)
 * Zidane Spin/The Roulette (alternative name for 360-spin) – after Zinedine Zidane (France)
 * Cuauteminha/Blanco Hop – after Cuauhtémoc Blanco (Mexico)
 * Bosman ruling – after Jean-Marc Bosman (Belgium)
 * Cruijff Turn – after Johan Cruijff (Netherlands)
 * Makelele role - After Claude Makelele
 * Jomo Cosmos named after Jomo Sono (South Africa)

Athletics

 * Fosbury Flop – a high jump style, named after Dick Fosbury (US)
 * Volzing – a now illegal pole vault technique, named after Dave Volz (US)

Baseball

 * Maddux (statistic) - named after Greg Maddux (US)
 * Mendoza Line – named after Mario Mendoza (US)
 * Pesky's pole – named after Johnny Pesky (US)
 * Tal's Hill – named after Tal Smith (US)
 * Tommy John surgery – named after Tommy John (US)
 * Ruthian – a term for a longer home run, named after Babe Ruth (US)
 * Steve Blass Disease – a term applied to talented players who seem to inexplicably lose their ability to accurately throw a baseball

Basketball

 * Dream Shake – the signature post move of Hakeem Olajuwon, nicknamed "The Dream", considered one of the most unguardable moves in NBA history.
 * Elam Ending – a method for ending games once a specified target score is reached; currently used in The Basketball Tournament, the NBA All-Star Game, and the Canadian Elite Basketball League. Named for its creator, Ball State University professor Nick Elam.
 * Ewing Theory – an idea popularized by basketball analyst Bill Simmons, referring to the phenomena in which teams perform better when their star player is not playing or is no longer with the team. The term was named after New York Knicks legend Patrick Ewing's Achilles tendon injury kept him sidelined for a majority of the Knicks' 1999 NBA Finals run, including all but one game of the Eastern Conference Finals and the Finals themselves.
 * Hack-a-Shaq – the strategy of committing intentional fouls (originally a clock management strategy) to the purpose of lowering opponents' scoring. Named after Dallas Mavericks coach Don Nelson's use of the tactic against Shaquille O'Neal, although the strategy was originally used against Dennis Rodman.
 * The Shammgod – a style of crossover popularized by former NBA player God Shammgod, widely considered one of the greatest ball-handlers of all time.

Brazilian jiu-jitsu

 * D'Arce choke
 * De la Riva Guard
 * Ezequiel choke
 * Kimura Lock

Boxing

 * Ali shuffle – named after Muhammad Ali (US)
 * Queensberry rules – after John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry (Great Britain)

Cricket

 * Bosie (alternative name for a googly) – after Bernard Bosanquet (England)
 * Kolpak – a Slovak team handball player whose victory in the European Court of Justice opened the door to numerous non-English players in English county cricket, term also used in both codes of rugby, after Maroš Kolpak (Slovakia)
 * Mankading – after Vinoo Mankad (India)
 * Marillier shot – after Dougie Marillier (Zimbabwe)
 * Dilscoop – after Tillekaratne Dilshan (Sri Lanka), A cricket batting stroke, also known as a "ramp shot", developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England.
 * Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method – is generally accepted to be the most accurate method of setting a target score in a limited overs cricket match interrupted by weather or other circumstances. Originally the Duckworth–Lewis method, after Frank Duckworth (England) and Tony Lewis (Wales); after the two retired, Steven Stern (Australia) became the custodian of the calculation, and his name was added to the title in 2014.
 * Nat-meg - after Natalie Sciver. It is an inventive shot against yorkers.

Croquet

 * Duffer tice – a tice positioned, usually a yard or so North, and a touch East, of Hoop 6, laid on the second turn of the game, named after the Irish croquet player Duff Mathews (Ireland)
 * Peel – to send a ball other than the striker's ball through its target hoop, named after Walter Peel (England)
 * Solomon grip – the grip used by and named after John Solomon (England)

Disc Golf

 * Hyzer – Disc angle when the disc edge away from a player's hand is closer to the ground than the edge in a player's hand. Named after H.R. Hyzer.

Figure skating

 * Axel jump – after Axel Paulsen (Norway)
 * Besti squat – after Natalia Bestemianova (Russia)
 * Biellmann spin – after Denise Biellmann (Switzerland)
 * Charlotte spiral – after Charlotte Oelschlagel (Germany)
 * Ina Bauer – after Ina Bauer (Germany)
 * Kerrigan spiral – after Nancy Kerrigan (US)
 * Lutz jump – after Alois Lutz (Austria)
 * Salchow jump, – after Ulrich Salchow (Sweden)
 * Loop jump – in some countries (Germany and Poland, for example) this jump is called a Rittberger, after Werner Rittberger (Germany)
 * 'Tano Lutz – after Brian Boitano (US)
 * Walley jump – after Nate Walley (US)
 * Kayla Catch – after Kayla Doig (Australia)
 * Rippon Lutz – after Adam Rippon (US)

Golf

 * Stimpmeter - a device to measure the speed of putting greens, named after Edward S. Stimpson, Sr.

Ice hockey

 * The Datsyuk – after a particular move by Pavel Datsyuk (Russia), where a player fakes a shot by holding the puck further back, and waits for the goaltender to be out of position before shooting.
 * The Forsberg - after a particular move by Peter Forsberg where a player (after deking,) holds their stick with one hand and taps the puck in on the far side of the net.
 * Gordie Howe hat trick –after Gordie Howe (Canada), where a player is credited with a Goal, Assist, and Fight in the same game.
 * Lemieux cycle – after Mario Lemieux (Canada), where a player gets five goals in five ways in the same game. (Even-Strength, Powerplay, Penalty kill, Penalty shot, Empty Net.)
 * Rob Ray Rule – after Rob Ray (Canada) where players must keep their jersey tied down to their pants. Ray would take off his jersey and shoulder pads in order to be more difficult to grab during a fight.
 * Savard spin-o-rama (or Savardian spin-o-rama) – originally named after Serge Savard (Canada), but made famous by Denis Savard (Canada), Where a player with the puck skating towards a defending player begins to turn one way, then quickly performs a 360° spin to trick the defender and continues forward.
 * The Brodeur Rule– due to his ability to play the puck outside of his crease, named after Martin Brodeur. (Canada) A trapezoid behind the goal line where a goaltender is allowed to play the puck. Stopping goalies from playing pucks in the corners.
 * The Sean Avery Rule – after Sean Avery (Canada), the rule makes it illegal for a player to stand in front of a goalie and wave his or her stick in the netminder's face in an unsportsman like way.
 * The Gretzky Rule - after Wayne Gretzky (Canada), this rule implemented between 1985 and 1992 introduced offsetting penalties to prevent players like Gretzky from using the extra space on 4-on-4 plays to score more often.
 * Gretzky's office - the area behind the net, from where Wayne Gretzky would often set up goals.

Lacrosse

 * Air Gait - a maneuver in which a player scores by jumping from behind the goal crease, dunking the ball over the top goal crossbar, and landing on the opposite side of the crease, after Gary Gait (Canada)

Motorsport

 * Gurney flap and Gurney Bubble – named after Dan Gurney (United States)

Pickleball

 * Erne – A volley hit near the net by a player positioned outside the court or in the process of leaping outside the court. Named for Erne Perry, the first person known to have used the shot in mainstream competitive play.
 * Joey – A return shot, after an opposing player hits an around-the-post (ATP) shot, that involves hitting the ball directly back at the player that made the initial ATP shot. Named for Joe Valenti
 * Nasty Nelson – A serve that intentionally hits the non-receiving opposing player closest to the net, rewarding the point to the server. Named for Timothy Nelson.
 * Zane Navratil serve – A serve that involves swiping the ball against the paddle, when tossing the ball in preparation for striking the ball, in order to impart spin on the ball. Also called the chainsaw serve.

Rhythmic gymnastics

 * The Shugurova – tipping / spinning a rolling hoop with the feet during a leap, after Galina Shugurova (Soviet Union, Russia)
 * The Timochenko – after Alexandra Timoshenko (Soviet Union, Ukraine)
 * The Ralenkova – Rotation on the back, legs close, without support of the hand, after Anelia Ralenkova (Bulgaria)
 * The Zaripova – Split leap with ring or with back bend of the trunk, take-off and landing on the same leg, after Amina Zaripova (Russia)
 * The Kabaeva I – Ring leap with both legs, after Alina Kabaeva (Russia)
 * The Kabaeva II – Backscale Pivots; Front split trunk bent back below horizontal from standing position or from the position on the floor, after Alina Kabaeva (Russia)
 * The Kabaeva III – Balance with support on the chest, after Alina Kabaeva (Russia)
 * The Kabaeva IV – Split with hand support; also with jump preparation, after Alina Kabaeva (Russia)
 * The Cid Tostado – starting on one knee, leg forward, ball held with the foot. large roll of the ball on both legs, after Almudena Cid Tostado (Spain)
 * The Tchachina I – Switch leap with changing legs, after Irina Tchachina (Russia)
 * The Tchachina II – Reverse illusion turns, after Irina Tchachina (Russia)
 * The Tchachina III – Split balance from standing to kneeling position without hand support on the free leg or trunk side at horizontal, after Irina Tchachina (Russia)
 * The Utyasheva – backsplit to backscale to backsplit pivot with help, after Lyasan Utiasheva (Russia)
 * The Gizikova I – Front split balance with support passing the free leg into back split balance with support, after Zarina Gizikova (Russia)
 * The Gizikova II – Front split rotation with support with a passage of the free leg into back split with support or vice versa, after Zarina Gizikova (Russia)
 * The Kanaeva I – Ring Pivots (ring pivot spiral also known as "Kanaeva Pivot", quadruple/triple ring turn, quadruple queen pivot) – after Evgenia Kanaeva (Russia)
 * The Kanaeva II – Switch Turn, after Evgenia Kanaeva (Russia)
 * The Kanaeva III – Rotation on the stomach, legs in split, without support of the hand, after Evgenia Kanaeva (Russia)
 * The Zhukova – Cossack leap, straight leg to the side high up, whole foot higher than head with support and turn, after Inna Zhukova (Belarus)
 * The Kondakova – Pivot turn revolutions (pivot turn with forward free leg to half free leg position), after Daria Kondakova (Russia)
 * The Dmitrieva – Pivot connecting turns (attitude turns + ring pivot turn with help) – after Daria Dmitrieva (Russia)
 * The Raffaeli – Side split pivot without help, trunk side at horizontal on relevé with free leg bent – after Sofia Raffaeli (Italy)
 * The Staniouta – cossack turn starting on floor + connecting penché turn, after Melitina Staniouta (Belarus)
 * The Kudry I – back bend to roll over apparatus catch, after Yana Kudryavtseva (Russia)
 * The Kudry II – Spinning ball on the tip of the finger while doing front walkover, after Yana Kudryavtseva (Russia)
 * The Kudry III – Chaine turn wrapped in ribbon serpentine with one arm on the back, after Yana Kudryavtseva (Russia)
 * The Kudry IV – Dive jump with asymmetric movements of the clubs: during the jump, a high bounce of the club from the floor and passing to the roll to catch this club. Large circle with the other club, after Yana Kudryavtseva (Russia)
 * The Kudry V – Spinning ball on the tip of the thumb while doing a side split balance without support, after Yana Kudryavtseva (Russia)
 * The Kramarenko – Backscale Pivots; free leg bent 30 degrees from standing position or from the position on the floor, after Lala Kramarenko (Russia)
 * The Ashram – back-bend turn on floor with help, after Linoy Ashram (Israel)
 * The Trubnikova – side split without support, trunk side at horizontal, passing to front split, trunk bent back below horizontal, after Daria Trubnikova (Russia)
 * The Agiurgiuculese (Ag Jump) – turning split leap with ring of the back leg, take off and landing on the same leg (jete en tournant), after Alexandra Agiurgiuculese (Italy)
 * The Bessonova – Stag Leap, take off from one or two feet with turn of the body with ring, also with back bent of the trunk, after Anna Bessonova (Ukraine)
 * The Elkatib – Front split with or without help. Also trunk back at the horizontal position, after Alia Yassin Elkatib (Egypt)
 * The Garayeva – From back split on flat foot, trunk bend forward passing to Backscale Pivots, after Aliya Garayeva (Azerbaijan)
 * The Sakura Penché – body bent at the horizontal or below, rotation on flat foot with ring, after Sakura Hayakawa (Japan)
 * Mamun's ball roll – From a sitting position, transit into a dynamic balance (arm stand), with ball rolling from trunk to feet and catch, after Margarita Mamun (Russia)

Rugby league

 * Sonny-Billed – to have a hard driving tackle performed on someone, named after Sonny Bill Williams (New Zealand) who consistently performed these tackles
 * Hopoate – named after John Hopoate (Tonga)

Skiing

 * Gundersen method – in Nordic combined, the point time differential set up between the ski jumping and cross-country skiing portions of the event, after skier Gunder Gundersen (Norway)

Speed Skating

 * To do a Bradbury – to win a contest or race as the one standing, after Australian short track speed skater Steven Bradbury (Australia) won his 1000m gold medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics when all other contestants crashed out on the final lap. Can apply to multiple sports or situations.

Tennis

 * Henman Hill (officially Aorangi Terrace; many other nicknames) – after Tim Henman (Great Britain)

Trampoline Gymnastics

 * The Miller – triple-twisting double straight back, after Wayne Miller (US)

Ultimate (Frisbee)

 * Callahan – after Henry Callahan (US)

U.S. college sports

 * Russell Rule – a variation of the Rooney Rule adopted in 2020 by the West Coast Conference, with the WCC version named for Bill Russell.

Weightlifting

 * The van Dam Lift – after Rob Van Dam (US)

Wrestling

 * Karelin lift – after Alexander Karelin (USSR, Russia)
 * John Smith single – after John T. Smith (US)
 * Gable grip – after Dan Gable (US)

title: List of sports terms named after people


text:
Kamov Ka-18

The Kamov Ka-18 (NATO reporting name Hog) was a Soviet four-seat utility helicopter that first flew in 1955. It was a development of the Kamov Ka-15, with a lengthened fuselage and a more powerful engine - the 255 hp Ivchenko AI-14V radial. Total production from Kamov was about 120.

Operators

 * Soviet Naval Aviation
 * Soviet Naval Aviation

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kamov Ka-18


text:
Demer

The Demer is an 85 km long river in eastern Belgium, right tributary of the Dijle. It flows through the Belgian provinces Limburg and Flemish Brabant. Its source is near Tongeren. It flows into the river Dijle in Werchter, Rotselaar municipality.

The most important towns along the Demer are (starting from the source) Bilzen, Hasselt, Diest and Aarschot. Tributaries of the Demer are the rivers Herk, Gete and Velp (all three in Halen).

The name "Demer" comes from the Celtic language words "tam" (dark coloured) and "ara" (water) giving rise to a name meaning "dark coloured river". Winter brook (Beringen) is a tributary of the Demer River.

title: Demer


text:
SS Ohio (1940)

SS Ohio was an oil tanker built for The Texas Company (later Texaco). The ship was launched on 20 April 1940 at the Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. in Chester, Pennsylvania. The United Kingdom requisitioned it to re-supply the island fortress of Malta during the Second World War.

The tanker played a key role in Operation Pedestal, which was one of the fiercest and most heavily contested of the Malta convoys, in August 1942. Although Ohio reached Malta successfully, it was so badly damaged that it had to be effectively scuttled in order to offload its cargo, and never sailed again. The tanker is fondly remembered in Malta, where to this day it is considered the saviour of the beleaguered island.

Design and building
Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. built Ohio as hull 190, launching her on 20 April 1940 and completing her that June. She was a skillful compromise, promising broad cargo-carrying capacity to the merchant and speed, balance, and stability to the mariner. Above the waterline her design echoed the outward curve of a schooner's bow, bearing the influence of the old American clipper ship design. She was the lead ship of her class of eight ships, all owned by The Texas Company.

The threat of a rearming Germany and a Japanese Empire bent on military expansion, and the approach of war, influenced Ohio's design. Unofficial conversations between military and oil chiefs resulted in a ship of and, 515 feet length overall, and capable of carrying 170000 oilbbl of fuel oil. The ship was completed in the unusually short time of seven months and 15 days.

The Westinghouse steam turbine engines developed 9,000 driveshaft horsepower at 90 revolutions per minute, which gave her a speed of 16 kn. Ohio was considered the fastest tanker of her era. Her method of construction was controversial. For some years, the issue of welding versus riveting had raged on both sides of the Atlantic. Ohio was welded, with hopes it would prove once and for all its reliability. The ship also had a composite framing system with two longitudinally continuous bulkheads, which divided the ship into 21 cargo tanks.

The ship was launched the day after that scheduled, prompting superstitious fear in the welders, steel-cutters and other craftsmen who had assembled to watch her launch. She was christened in a ceremony presided over by the mother of William Starling Sullivant Rodgers, president of the Texas Oil Company, Florence E. Rodgers, who, grasping the ceremonial bottle of champagne in her hand, pronounced the words:

"I name this good ship Ohio. May God go with her and all who sail in her. Good luck…"

The ship slid down No. 2 slipway, entering the waters of the Delaware River. The existence of Ohio would, in her initial years, be uneventful and ordinary, plying between Port Arthur and various other American harbors. She set a speed record from Bayonne to Port Arthur, covering 1882 mi in four days and twelve hours, an average of more than seventeen knots.

Malta, "Pedestal" planning and Ohio
In 1942, Britain was waging war in the Mediterranean against the German Afrika Korps and Italian forces in North Africa. Crucial to this theatre of operations was the island of Malta, sitting in the middle of Axis supply lines and, if supplied with sufficient munitions, aircraft and fuel, capable of causing severe shortages to the German and Italian armies in North Africa. Munitions and aircraft were available – during a brief lull in the Axis attacks, for example, the island's defenses were reinforced by 38 Spitfire Mk V aircraft flown in from HMS Furious (47) – but these, along with food and fuel, remained in critically short supply. Successive attempts at resupplying the island had mostly failed; the convoys "Harpoon" (from Gibraltar) and "Vigorous" (from Alexandria, Egypt) saw most of their merchantmen sunk and escort ships damaged by aerial and surface attacks. One of the ships lost during "Harpoon" was Ohio's sister ship Kentucky, crippled by a German air attack and then abandoned. The tanker was eventually finished off by the Italian cruisers ITALIAN CRUISER Raimondo Montecuccoli and ITALIAN CRUISER Eugenio di Savoia and two destroyers.

On 18 June, after the failures of "Harpoon" and "Vigorous", the Commander in Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet cabled UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill to express his doubts about attempting another convoy. Three days later Ohio steamed into the mouth of the Clyde, under the command of Sverre Petersen, a former Master in Sail from Oslo, in Norway. In early May 1942, a radio message had reached Captain Petersen which diverted the ship to Galveston in Texas, and then ordered the tanker to proceed to Britain. Before leaving, Ohio was defensively armed with one 5 in gun on her stern and one 3 in anti-aircraft gun in the bow. She then moved to Sinclair Terminal, Houston in Texas, where she loaded a full cargo of 103576 oilbbl of petrol (gasoline), and sailed on 25 May. Ohio discharged her cargo at Bowling-on-the-Clyde, then steamed out into the tideway and anchored, awaiting orders.

Here the captain received a letter from Lord Leathers, the head of the British Ministry of War Transport, bidding the master a personal welcome and "...your safe arrival in the Clyde with the first cargo of oil carried in a United States tanker." However, the euphoria that such a message brought to the crew soon turned into resentment and anger. A telegram was received the same day by the head office of Texaco, from the War Shipping Administration, announcing simply that Ohio was being requisitioned "pursuant to the law". The immediate reaction was a cabled message from Mr TE Buchanan, General Manager of Texaco's Marine Department to the firm's London agent, that on no account was Ohio to leave her discharging port of Bowling-on-the-Clyde.

A period of indecision, meetings and debates between the highest US authorities and their British counterparts soon ensued. The master was told that further orders would arrive soon afterwards. The decision was finally taken two weeks later, when a launch sped out to the ship anchored in the Clyde and Texaco's London agent, accompanied by an official of the UK Ministry of War Transport came aboard. They met the Captain, who was told that the ship was to be requisitioned and handed over to a UK crew. The US crew and the captain were exasperated by the seemingly outrageous order, but had no other option but to give in, and started to pack their kit whilst UK seamen began to take the ship over.

On 10 July, Captain Petersen handed over the ship. There was no formal ceremony and little goodwill. The US flag was taken down, and Ohio henceforward sailed under the Red Ensign. Overnight she was transferred from US to UK registry. On 25 July the MoWT contracted her management to the Eagle Oil and Shipping Company, which was warned of the importance of the impending convoy and that "...much might depend on the quality and courage of the crew." At about the time Ohio was transferred to the UK registry, her tonnages were revised to and.

As the UK crew started to assemble, it became clear that a large convoy was being planned. Command of the ship passed to Captain Dudley W Mason, who at 39 had already held other commands. James Wyld was to be Chief Engineer. 48 hours after Ohio had been transferred to British registry, her crew was completed. The ship's company numbered 77, including 24 Royal Navy and Royal Artillery Marine Regiment DEMS gunners. The ship was then moved to King George V Dock, Glasgow for the fitting of one Bofors 40 mm and six Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft guns.

Departure
After the failure of the mid-June convoys, it was wondered if Malta could hold out on the meagre supplies rescued from "Harpoon" and "Vigorous" and small deliveries carried by submarine and by the fast minelayer HMS Welshman (M84) until another convoy could be organised. Escorting merchant ships in the brilliance of a Mediterranean moonlit period was courting disaster. This situation limited operations in the immediate future to the moonless period in July or August between the 10th and 16th of those months. July passed as Ohio could not be fitted out in time. Once the due planning had been carried out it was decided to begin the operation in August.

Ohio steamed down to Dunglass on the Clyde and loaded 11,500 tons of kerosene and diesel fuel oils. She was the only ship carrying these supplies which were so vital to Malta's survival. Before she sailed she was given special strengthening to protect her against the shock of bombs exploding near her. In the previous convoy, the tanker Kentucky had been sunk with only a few hours' repair work needed on a steam pipe, which had been broken by the force of such explosions. The Ministry was determined that this should not happen again, and so Ohio's engines were mounted on rubber bearings, to reduce shock, and all steam pipes were supported with steel springs and baulks of timber.

While the merchant ships gathered in the Firth of Clyde, the naval forces had already reached Scapa Flow. Admiral Syfret joined the battleship HMS Nelson (28) there on 27 July and held a convoy conference on 2 August. The same day, all leave had been stopped. At eight o'clock that evening, two hours before dusk, the convoy sailed. The 14 ships, of WS 21S led by HMS Nigeria (60) with the cruiser Kenya and destroyers Bicester and Bramham formed up; it was dark by the time they reached the open sea.

The following day, WS21S was joined by Force F (two battleships and six destroyers) and then a further five destroyers. Further warships joined the convoy en route to Gibraltar. By the 8 August the convoy numbered 67 vessels.

Axis attacks and damage
The convoy left Gibraltar in thick fog on 9 August. A day later, four torpedoes from the GS U-73 (1940) struck the aircraft-carrier HMS Eagle (1918) which sank in four minutes, killing 260 men, and losing all but four planes. On the same day, German bombers attacked the convoy. On 12 August 20 Junkers Ju 88s attacked the convoy, while a further combined strike by 100 German and Italian Regia Aeronautica planes attacked the merchantmen.

In the ensuing mayhem the ITALIAN SUBMARINE Axum torpedoed Ohio amidships. A huge pillar of flame leapt high into the air. Ohio was on fire and seemed to be out of control. Captain Mason ordered the engines to be shut down, with all deckhands available fighting the fire with the deck waterlines. Burning kerosene bubbled up from the fractured tanks, while small gouts of flame spattered the deck up to 30 yards from the blaze. The flames were put out and the tanker managed 13 kn after being repaired. The blast destroyed the ship's gyrocompass and knocked the magnetic compass off its bearings, while the steering gear was put out of action, forcing the crew to steer with the emergency gear aft.

The torpedo had blown a hole, 24 by, in the port side of the midships pump-room. It had also blown a hole in the starboard side, flooding the compartment. There were jagged tears in the bulkheads and kerosene was spurting up from adjoining tanks, seeping in a film up through the holes in the hull. The deck had been broken open, so that one could look down into the ship. From beam to beam the deck was buckled, but the ship held together.

Another 60 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers attacked the convoy, focusing on Ohio. A series of near misses ensued as the tanker approached the island of Pantelleria. Bombs threw spray over the decks of the tanker, while aircraft used their machine guns. One near-miss buckled the ship's plates and the forward tank filled with water. The 3-inch (76 mm) gun at the bows was twisted in its mountings and put out of action. A formation of five Ju 88s was broken up by the tanker's anti aircraft guns, with the bombs falling harmlessly in the sea.

One of Ohio's gunners shot down a Ju 87, but the aircraft crashed into the ship's starboard side, forward of the upper bridge, and exploded. Half a wing hit the upper work of the bridge and a rain of debris showered the tanker from stem to stern. The plane's bomb failed to detonate. Captain Mason was telephoned from aft by the chief officer, who told Mason that the Ju 87 had crashed into the sea and then bounced onto the ship. Mason 'rather curtly' replied: "Oh that's nothing. We've had a Junkers 88 on the foredeck for nearly half an hour."

As the ship turned slowly to comb torpedoes, two sticks of bombs fell, one on either side of the tanker. The vessel was lifted clean out of the water. Cascades of spray and bomb splinters lashed the deck, she fell back with a crash. Ohio had differential gearing which slowed the propeller automatically; on other ships, the same effect would have shaken the engines out of their rooms.

Continuously bombed, the tanker kept on steaming until another explosion to starboard sent her reeling to port. The engine-room lights went out because the master switches had been thrown off by the force of the explosion. An electrician quickly switched them on again. The boiler fires had been blown out, and it was a race against time to restore them before the steam pressure dropped too low to work the fuel pumps. The engineers lit the fire starter torches to restart the furnaces.

The complicated routine of restarting went forward smoothly and within 20 minutes Ohio was steaming at 16 knots again. Then another salvo of bombs hit the ship, shaking every plate, and once more the engines slowed and stopped. The concussion had broken her electric fuel pumps. While the crew tried to reconnect the electrical wires and restart the engines via the auxiliary steam system, the engine room was filled with black smoke until the engines were properly re-lit. The ship was making alternate black and white smoke and, with oil in the water pipes and a loss of vacuum in the condenser, Ohio started to lose way slowly, coming to a stop at 1050 hrs. The crew abandoned ship, boarding HMS Penn (G77) that had come to Ohio's aid with another destroyer, HMS Ledbury (L90). Ledbury soon left the stricken tanker after being ordered to go in search of the cruiser HMS Manchester (C15), which had been crippled by Italian motor torpedo boats.

Under tow
Penn's commanding officer, Commander JH Swain RN, offered Captain Mason a tow with a heavy 10-inch manila hemp rope. With the tow line in place Penn moved ahead, straining her engines to the limit. Ohio continued to list to port. The two ships were making no progress, and were even drifting astern with the easterly wind. Now both ships were sitting targets, and as another serious attack developed, the destroyer went to full speed to part the tow. A German bomber dived at the tanker and released its bomb just before it was shot down by Ohio's gunners. The bomb hit the tanker just where the initial torpedo had hit her, effectively breaking her keel just as night was setting in.

Ohio was abandoned for the night. The day after, Penn was joined by the minesweeper HMS Rye (J76). The two ships towed the tanker and succeeded in making up to 5 kn, overcoming the tendency to swing to port. Another attack blasted the group of ships, breaking the tow lines and immobilising Ohio's rudder. Another bomb hit the fore end of her foredeck, forcing the engineers out of the engine room. Once more, Mason gave the order to abandon ship, as two more air attacks narrowly missed the tanker. A superficial examination showed that the rent that had developed in the amidships section had widened and that the ship had indeed almost certainly broken her back.

The two ships around the tanker were joined by HMS Bramham and by Ledbury which had returned from her search for Manchester. Meanwhile, Rye had again begun to tow Ohio with the newly arrived Ledbury acting as a stern tug. With less pull from Ledbury, a fair speed was maintained, but steering proved impossible. A stabilising factor was needed, thus Commander Swain edged Penn to the starboard side of Ohio. Rye, joined by Bramham, slowly got under way once more, with Ledbury acting as a rudder. Another enemy air attack began just as the group of ships was moving at 6 kn.

At 1045 hrs the first wave of dive-bombers came low over the water. Only one oil bomb landed close to Ohio's bow, showering her with burning liquid. Then came three more echelons of German planes. This time, close air support from Malta was available. 16 Spitfires, of 229 and 249 Squadrons from Malta, had sighted the enemy. The first enemy formation wavered and broke. The second formation also broke, but one section of Ju 88s succeeded in breaking free, making for the tanker. These were swiftly followed by Spitfires. Three of the German planes were shot down or manoeuvred to evade the Spitfires, but one bomber held its course and a 1,000-pound bomb landed in the tanker's wake. Ohio was flung forward, parting Rye's tow, buckling the stern plates of the tanker and forming a great hole.

Arrival
Ohio was sinking little more than 45 miles west of Malta. Under the protection of the Spitfires, the danger of enemy attacks receded. After the tow line was parted, Ledbury was still secured to Ohio by a heavy wire which had been pulled round by the heavily yawing tanker, and had ended up alongside Penn, facing the wrong way. After a quick analysis of the possibilities, it was decided to tow the tanker with a destroyer on either side of the tanker. Bramham was immediately ordered to make for port, while Penn remained coupled to the starboard side. The speed was increased but limited to 5 kn. Ohio's deck was awash amidships. Now under the protection of the coastal batteries of Malta, the group of ships were slowly moving around the island, approaching Grand Harbour. The coastal batteries fired on a creeping U-boat's conning tower, and drove off a group of E-boats.

Slowly the group approached the tricky harbour entrance, near Zonqor Point. Here the group dispersed before a British-laid minefield. At 0600 hrs on the festival of'Santa Marija (Assumption of Mary), with Ohio still hovering on the edge of the minefield, the situation was eased by the arrival of the Malta tugs. With destroyers still linked on either side of the tanker, the tugs made fast ahead and astern and the tanker was soon proceeding up the channel to the Grand Harbour entrance.

There, a great welcome awaited them. On the ramparts above the wreck-strewn harbour, on the Barracca, Fort Saint Angelo and Senglea, great crowds of Maltese men and women waved and cheered and a brass band on the end of the mole was giving a spirited rendition of Rule Britannia. Captain Mason, however, standing at the salute on the battered bridge of Ohio, could spare not a moment's thought for the pride of bringing the ship to harbour, since the creaking plates showed that Ohio might still go to the bottom of the Grand Harbour.

Pipes were now hauled aboard and emergency salvage pumps began to discharge the kerosene. At the same time, a fleet auxiliary, RFA Boxol, began to pump the 10,000 tons of fuel oil into her own tanks. As the oil flowed out, Ohio sank lower and lower in the water. The last drops of oil left her and simultaneously her keel settled on the bottom. Her captain, Dudley William Mason, was subsequently awarded the George Cross.

Aftermath
After Ohio reached Malta, the ship broke in two from the damage she had sustained. There were insufficient shipyard facilities to repair the tanker, so the two halves were used for storage, and later barracks facilities for Yugoslavian troops.

On 19 September 1946 the forward half of Ohio was towed 10 mi offshore and sunk by gunfire from the destroyer HMS Virago (R75). On 3 October, the stern half was scuttled in deep water using explosive charges laid by the salvage vessel RFA Salventure.

Epilogue
The final ship built for the Texaco fleet was Star Ohio, in honour of the famous Second World War tanker. She is operated by Northern Marine Management on behalf of Chevron.

The nameplate, ships wheel, ensign and several other objects of Ohio are preserved in Malta's National War Museum in Valletta.

The arrival of Ohio at the Grand Harbour provided the climax of the 1953 British war film Malta Story directed by Brian Desmond Hurst, starring Alec Guinness and Jack Hawkins.

Fates of ships in class

 * SS Ohio, Yard Number 190, Torpedoed and bombed off Malta 1942, scuttled 1946.
 * SS Oklahoma, Yard Number 198, Torpedoed 1942, refloated, lost in North Atlantic 1945.
 * SS Kentucky, Yard Number 223, To Britain 1942, bombed and scuttled off Malta 1942.
 * SS Colorado, Yard Number 224, Survived war, scrapped 1970.
 * SS Montana, Yard Number 225, Survived war, scrapped 1965.
 * SS Georgia, Yard Number 324, Survived war, scrapped 1965.
 * SS Delaware, Yard Number 325, Survived war, scrapped 1970.
 * SS Indiana, Yard Number 326, Survived War, scrapped 1964.

title: SS Ohio (1940)


text:
Talk:Kamov Ka-18

Untitled
Data quoted from http://www.aviation.ru/Ka/#18 by the owner of aviation.ru —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jno (talk • contribs)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:51, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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text:
1986 Portuguese presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Portugal on 26 January 1986, with a second round on 16 February.

This was closest presidential election ever held in Portugal and was won by the Socialist Mário Soares, who initially had no more than 5 percent at opinion polls.

In first round was easily won by Freitas do Amaral, supported by all the right-wing parties, while Soares defeated the other two left-wing candidates, the former Prime-Minister Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo –the first woman to be a candidate to the Portuguese presidency – and Salgado Zenha (supported by outgoing president António Ramalho Eanes, founder of the short-lived Democratic Renewal Party, and by the Portuguese Communist Party, whose candidate, Ângelo Veloso, left the race some days before the poll). Both these candidates supported Soares in the second round.

Soares did not achieve the majority of the voting in any district, as the left-wing strongholds in the south of Portugal voted for Zenha due to his support by the Communist Party.

As results for the second round were counted, the urban vote, traditionally more left-wing, overcame the early lead of Freitas do Amaral by less than 140,000 votes, and Soares became president on 9 March 1986, the first civilian to hold the post (not counting caretakers) in 60 years.

, this was the only time a Portuguese presidential election was taken into a second round.

Electoral system
Any Portuguese citizen over 35 years old has the opportunity to run for president. In order to do so it is necessary to gather between 7,500 and 15,000 signatures and submit them to the Portuguese Constitutional Court.

According to the Portuguese Constitution, to be elected, a candidate needs a majority of votes. If no candidate gets this majority there will take place a second round between the two most voted candidates.

Official candidates

 * Diogo Freitas do Amaral, Interim Prime Minister between December 1980 and January 1981, leader of the Democratic and Social Centre between 1974 and 1983, supported by the Democratic and Social Centre and the Social Democratic Party;
 * Mário Soares, former Prime Minister between 1976-1978 and 1983-1985, leader of the Socialist Party between 1973 and 1985, supported by the Socialist Party;
 * Francisco Salgado Zenha, former Minister of Justice in Vasco Gonçalves governments, supported by the Portuguese Communist Party and Democratic Renewal Party;
 * Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo, Independent candidate, former Prime Minister between 1979 and 1980;
 * Ângelo Veloso, Official candidate of the Portuguese Communist Party, Left the race to support Salgado Zenha;

Unsuccessful candidacies
There were also three candidates rejected by the Portuguese Constitutional Court for not complying with the legal requirements, those were:

 * Carmelinda Pereira;
 * Luís Carlos Franco;
 * Álvaro Manuel Nunes;

title: 1986 Portuguese presidential election


text:
List of West Virginia railroads

The following railroads operate in the U.S. state of West Virginia.

Common freight carriers

 * Appalachian and Ohio Railroad (AO)
 * Beech Mountain Railroad (BEEM)
 * CSX Transportation (CSXT)
 * Durbin and Greenbrier Valley Railroad (DGVR) operates Durbin Railroad and West Virginia Central Railroad (WVC)
 * Elk River Railroad (ELKR)
 * Kanawha River Railroad (KNWA)
 * Norfolk Southern Railway (NS)
 * R.J. Corman Railroad/West Virginia Line (RJCV)
 * South Branch Valley Railroad (SBVR)
 * Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (WE)
 * Winchester and Western Railroad (WW)

Private freight carriers

 * Little Kanawha River Rail, Inc. (LKRR)
 * Short Line Services operates Big Eagle Rail, LLC, lessor of Kanawha Rail Corporation
 * Kanawha River Terminal Railroad (KRT)

Passenger carriers

 * Amtrak (AMTK)
 * Cass Scenic Railroad
 * Durbin and Greenbrier Valley Railroad
 * MARC
 * Potomac Eagle Scenic Railroad
 * South Branch Valley Railroad

Defunct railroads

 * Electric
 * Appalachian Power Company
 * Charleston–Dunbar Traction Company
 * Charleston Interurban Railroad
 * City Railway
 * East Liverpool Traction and Light Company
 * Grafton Light and Power Company
 * Kanawha Traction and Electric Company
 * Lewisburg and Ronceverte Electric Railway
 * Monongahela Valley Traction Company
 * Morgantown and Pittsburgh Railway
 * Morgantown and Wheeling Railway
 * Newell Bridge and Railway Company
 * Ohio Valley Electric Railway
 * Pan Handle Traction Company
 * Parkersburg and Ohio Valley Electric Railway
 * Princeton Power Company
 * South Morgantown Traction Company
 * Steubenville, East Liverpool and Beaver Valley Traction Company
 * Steubenville, Wellsburg and Weirton Railway
 * Tyler Traction Company
 * Union Traction Company
 * Wellsburg, Bethany and Washington Railway
 * West Virginia Traction and Electric Company
 * Wheeling and Elm Grove Railway
 * Wheeling Traction Company

title: List of West Virginia railroads


text:
Talk:Sabaragamuwa Province

Untitled
I removed the following sentence, as I can't make out what it's trying to say:

In ratnapura city most popular for grms and sabaragamu maha saman devalaya

I've added a couple of details (as it stood, the article was enigmatic, to say the least), but it could probably be expanded considerably by someone who knows something about it... Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:40, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Here is a above correct sentences. " In Rathnapura city most populer for gems and Sabaragamu Maha Saman Devalaya ."

Note:- "Sabaragamu Maha Saman Devalaya" is Place name of that aria .--Asiri wiki (talk) 06:41, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Name
The name of the article has never been discussed here, so I moved it back to the original name pending discussion. Good Ol’factory (talk) 01:59, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Sabaragamuwa Province


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/James Bond/archive1

James Bond
NOTE: THIS PAGE FAILED ONCE BUT HAS BEEN RE-NOMINATED BY USER:HIGHFIELDS

ORIGINAL SUPPORT/OBJECTIONS:
Technically, this would be a self nomination, but I have only contributed minor corrections to the article. Thanks to the relentless work and fruitful collaboration of users User:K1Bond007 and User:23skidoo, James Bond has become what every article about a major fictional character should be: comprehensive, entertaining to read, neutral in its writing, and clearly the work of knowledgeable fans, without being too sensationalist. This article is about a popular, mainstream character, and thus is perfectly suited to become featured. Phils 11:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. -- ALoan (Talk) 12:57, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I maybe  biased, as I am a great fan of Bonds movies (in particular the vintage ones)... but the article looks good, and I have learned a few things I did not know. --Zappaz 17:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Excellent article - interesting, comprehensive, balanced and fair. My only quibble, is that some books on the James Bond phenomenon as it were, should be added to the references section e.g., CGorman 18:15, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. 1) The article starts off quite nicely, but then becomes a series of lists, which hardly qualifies as "excellent prose". Although some lists or tables are fine in the article, they should be used as an illustration or additinional information, not as the core of a section or article. 2) At the end there are several non-sections like "Trivia" or "Parody" (containing only two sentences). 3) The only references are lists of box office numbers. 4) The article discusses several of the movies returning features (as it should), but omits the theme songs. Not to mention the James Bond tune (a brief sample might even be fair use, I think) 5) The lead section should briefly summarize the article, which this one doesn't. Jeronimo 22:15, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree about following points. 1) There is no alternative to listing novels and films. The article does this quite elegantly. Expanding on each of them would bring the article to unmanageable sizes. Omitting them would be making the article incomplete.
 * 2) Where would you fit the info in the trivia section if not in said section?
 * 3) My personal opinion on this point goes against the established view on references, but I guess I'll have to concede. Phils 00:02, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) It's extremely hard to fit all of that onto the page. We're talking about 20+ films, 30+ novels (not even counting short stories) etc etc etc = the longest, most successful franchise in history. As it is the article is over 32KB and has been as high as something like 55K. I think for our "lists" we've done an excellent job. 2) The parody section was removed because it was huge, that's really all I can say about that. The trivia section is hard to do. This is really a general part of the franchise and the character and most of that information is covered per movie or per novel. I'd rather incorporate these into the character background. 3) Noted. Most reference information for this page comes from the films and the novels though - Regardless I'd like to see this expanded as well with such entries as what CGorman suggested. 4) True; this information however is found on their respective articles and those sections are thin as it is. I agree something should be written though - at least on the James Bond Theme, which coincidentally has it's own page. 5) I disagree. It gives the basic information of the film franchise, the novel series, the character written by Fleming and mentions other things having to do with Bond such as video games, parodies etc. Could it be written a little better? Sure, but I think it does the job adequately. Explain how it should be improved or how it is not fulfilling this adequately? Thank you for your suggestions. K1Bond007 06:08, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Replies to both K1Bond007 & Phil. 1) You don't actually have to fit them in here. In many cases, the full list is not very interesting, and can be moved to a separate article. In other cases, it can be kept as an "illustration". In either case, a good prozaic part should be listed instead. Also, not all lists are necessary here. Just a the "parody" list has been moved out, others can be moved away too. It may be necessary to have all Fleming's books here, and all the official movies, but other parts could (I'll leave that up to you) be put elsewhere without harming the article (of course leaving behind some information in textual form). 2) Removing a section entirely is not a good solution. Write one or two paragraphs about AND refer to the other article. I agree that the trivia may be hard to do, but you'll agree a list is not "well written" (one of the requirements of an FA). I think some of the points can be included in the text, while f.e. the asteroid's listing in the "See also" section would be enough on that issue. The "Bond Bits" section would be much better already when you just remove the bullets; a slight reordering and rewrite would make it fluent. 5) Lead section writes that a lead should "briefly summarize the article". In this case, we get information on the producers (which isn't elsewhere in the artile), while nothing is said about the character, the storyline, etc. If you balance this better, the lead section would be great. Jeronimo 08:22, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Refer to peer review. After a great start, it devolves into lists. The bond bits is basically trivia that really should be incorporated into the article - somewhere. "Books" seems extremely disorganised, and I really beleive that should be split off into another article with two or three paragraphs summarising the material. "Unofficial films" is tantalising yet unsatisfying: why did Sean Connery appear in one?! The trivia section really should be killed or incorporated into the main article. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:35, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Connery's 1983 Never Say Never Again is mentioned earlier in the article as not being part of the official MGM/UA/EON Productions series - it was able to be made due to a lawsuit between Fleming and Kevin McClory over the rights to Thunderball that bloomed into MGM vs Sony up until 1999, it's mentioned in the article and the rest of the information is written at Never Say Never Again's and Thunderball's articles. K1Bond007 06:08, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Édouard Louis Trouessart

Édouard Louis Trouessart (25 August 1842 – 30 June 1927) was a French zoologist born in Angers. He studied military medicine in Strasbourg, but was forced to leave school due to serious health problems. In 1864 he started work as préparateur de physique at the Faculty of Poitiers, and in the process, dedicated his time and energies to natural history. He also resumed his studies in medicine, earning a medical doctorate in 1870. During the Franco-Prussian War, he served in the French army. Later, he was employed at the hospital in Villevêque.

From 1882 to 1884, he was director at the Museum of Angers, and in the meantime taught classes in natural history at the high school in Angers. In 1885 he relocated to Paris, where he worked with Alphonse Milne-Edwards (1835-1900). After the death of Emile Oustalet (1844-1905), he attained the chair of zoology (mammals and birds), a position he maintained until 1926.

Selected writings

 *  Les microbes, les ferments et les moisissures. Avec 107 figures dans le texte (1886); later translated into English as "Microbes, ferments and moulds. With one hundred and seven illustrations". (New York : D. Appleton and co., 1886).
 * Au bord de la mer: géologie, faune et flore des côtes de France de Dunkerque à Biarritz (1893) - The seaside: geology, fauna and flora on the coasts of France at Dunkerque and Biarritz.
 * "Catalogus mammalium tam quam viventium fossilium" (1899).
 * Faune des Mammifères d’Europe (1910) – Mammalian fauna of Europe.
 * La distribution géographique des animaux (1922) - Geographical distribution of animals.

title: Édouard Louis Trouessart


text:
Myasishchev M-50

The Myasishchev M-50 (Мясищев М-50; NATO reporting name Bounder) is a Soviet prototype four-jet engine supersonic strategic bomber which never attained service. Only one flightworthy prototype was built, which was first flown in October 1959. The M-50 was constructed by the Myasishchev design bureau.

Design and development
The M-50 was a fast jet bomber with four engines: two Dobrynin VD-7 non-afterburning turbojet engines at the outer and two VD-7F afterburning turbojet engines at the inner positions. The two inner engines were located under the wing, and the two outer on the wingtips of its shoulder-mounted, truncated delta wings.

The second aircraft was designated M-52 and carried Zubets 16-17 turbofans, around which the aircraft had been designed. The engine installation was modified, and a second tailplane added to the top of the fin. The fore-end of the M-52 has been redesigned: in place of the tandem cockpit of the M-50 with seats in a row, the M-52 had a wider cockpit with the two pilots sitting side by side. The M-50 participated in a Soviet Aviation Day flyby in 1961. The M-52 was completed but was not flight-tested.

An unmanned M-51 intercontinental cruise missile variant was developed, which would have delivered multiple warheads on targets in the contiguous United States.

Like most of the early 1960s supersonic strategic bomber projects, the M-50/52 program was terminated due to the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles and the priority assigned to the Soviet space program.

Nuclear-powered bomber hoax
The 1 December 1958 issue of Aviation Week included an article Soviets Flight Testing Nuclear Bomber claiming that the Soviets had made great progress in their own nuclear aircraft program. This was accompanied by an editorial on the topic as well. The magazine claimed that the aircraft was real beyond a doubt, stating that "A nuclear-powered bomber is being flight tested in the Soviet Union. ... It has been observed both in flight and on the ground by a wide variety of foreign observers from Communist and non-Communist countries." In reality, however, the article was based on a hoax. The aircraft in the photographs was later revealed to be a M-50 and not a nuclear-powered plane at all.

In reality, in the early 1960s Soviet Union did test a technology demonstrator for a nuclear-powered strategic bomber, Tupolev Tu-95LAL, similar to the somewhat earlier American Convair NB-36H project, but, being based on the turboprop Tu-95, it was never supersonic, it never flew under nuclear power (its main goal was to test the nuclear reactor shielding efficiency), and, moreover, it was developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau, as Myasischev company had lost the competition to develop the prototype. It was deemed successful, but further development dragged because of environmental concerns. When the functional ICBMs appeared, the majority of funding and development effort was shifted into that field, and in the early 1960s the project was stopped. On 9 July 1961, the M-50A made its 19th and last flight, participating at a flypast over the annual Tushino air show. This was the one and only public appearance of the giant, currently displayed at the Monino Museum outside Moscow.

title: Myasishchev M-50


text: User talk:62.31.108.61

title: User talk:62.31.108.61


text:
Talk:Myasishchev M-50

Untitled
Data quoted from http://www.aviation.ru/Mya/#50 by the owner of aviation.ru

The article to which you have linked mentions only 1960, not 1957, but does not give a clear indication whether this refers to the original M-50 flight or the M-52 version. http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/bomber/m50/ suggests 27th October 1959. Adrian M. H. 21:25, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Could we clear this up? The article at present contradicts itself. Drutt (talk) 12:58, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Hoax?
In describing an Aviation Week article on Soviet nuclear-powered aircraft, this article states: "In reality, however, the article was a hoax." Really? This is established as fact? Citation? Given the difficulty in ascertaining what the Soviets were doing during the Cold War, there is no doubt that speculation might have carried the day with respect to this article, but a hoax implies that the magazine was intentionally attempting to deceive people. Doubt a reputable publication like Aviation Week would do that.

 * Second that. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:247F:611:3DDB:4940 (talk) 14:12, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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text:
Anthony Thwaite

Anthony Simon Thwaite OBE (23 June 1930 – 22 April 2021) was an English poet and critic, widely known as the editor of his friend Philip Larkin's collected poems and letters.

Early years and education
Born in Chester, England, to Yorkshire parents, Thwaite at the age of 10 crossed the Atlantic alone to spend the war years in and around Washington D.C., with an aunt and uncle. On D-Day in 1944 he was on his way home. At Kingswood School, Bath, a teacher, praising his Anglo-Saxon type riddles, encouraged him to think he was a poet. National Service near Leptis Magna in Libya, encouraged him further, both as a poet and as an amateur archaeologist (he eventually became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries).

Thwaite came to early prominence as a poet. While still an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford, he published a pamphlet with the Fantasy Press in a series that included the early work of Larkin, Kingsley Amis and Elizabeth Jennings. Poems began to appear in The Listener, the New Statesman and The Times Literary Supplement, and with his first book reviews and a series of undergraduate articles, in The Spectator. At Oxford, he edited the weekly magazine Isis, became president of the Poetry Society and met his wife, Ann Thwaite, who became a biographer. In 1955, they went by ship to teach in Japan for two years, where their first child was born and Thwaite's first book of poems was published, a tribute from his postgraduate students at the University of Tokyo. It was while he was there that the Marvell Press published Larkin's The Less Deceived and accepted the manuscript of his own Home Truths.

Career
Thwaite returned to take up a graduate traineeship at the BBC. He had eight years there, first as a radio producer (sharing at one stage an office with Louis MacNeice), then as Literary Editor of The Listener. In 1965, he took two years unpaid leave to return to North Africa, this time as assistant professor at the University of Libya in Benghazi and with his wife and four daughters. A brief return to the BBC in 1967 ended when Thwaite was invited to be Literary Editor of the New Statesman, where his assistants were successively Claire Tomalin and James Fenton. In 1968 he won the Richard Hillary Memorial Prize for The Stones of Emptiness, a collection of poems written during these years. His subsequent career has included the following positions: Henfield Writing Fellow at the University of East Anglia, Visiting Professor at Kuwait University, Japan Foundation Fellowship at the University of Tokyo (1985–1986), co-editor of Encounter magazine (1973–1985), Poet-in-Residence at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. He also spent many years as an editor of the Poetry list at Secker and Warburg, and later as an editorial director of André Deutsch.

Thwaite judged many prizes and literary competitions, sat on literature advisory committees (the Arts Council and British Council), presented numerous radio programmes and 'Writers World' on BBC2. In 1986. he was chairman of the Booker Prize judges. He edited selections (Longfellow, R. S. Thomas, Skelton), and anthologies, including Six Centuries of Verse, based on the Thames Television/Channel Four 16-part series with his narration spoken by the actor John Gielgud. The English Poets, from Chaucer to Edward Thomas (1974) was based on a radio series he presented with his friend the Australian poet, Peter Porter.

Thwaite was a regular book reviewer for The Observer and later for The Sunday Telegraph and The Guardian. He wrote an introduction to contemporary English poetry, which went into many editions and prepared two travelling exhibitions for the British Council. He himself travelled all over the world, reading his own poems and talking about other people's, from New Zealand to Argentina and Baghdad to Texas. He represented 'Literature' at British Week in Novosibirsk in Siberia and toured China with Malcolm Bradbury at the invitation of their governments. He has returned to Japan many times; the Penguin Book of Japanese Verse, which he edited with Geoffrey Bownas, is still in print. The National Portrait Gallery, London, has three photographic portraits of Thwaite in its collection, including a double portrait with his wife, Ann.

Thwaite had two honorary doctorates, from University of Hull and from the University of East Anglia, near where he lived with his wife for 45 years. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and was appointed an OBE for services to poetry in the 1990 New Year Honours. His Late Poems and Going Out appeared after the Collected Poems. At the launch of his last (20th) book of poems, when he was 85, the distinguished audience (including Alan Hollinghurst, David Lodge, P. J. Kavanagh and Penelope Lively) gave some indication of the esteem in which he is held by his fellow writers.

Thwaite died on 22 April 2021 at the age of 90.

Appraisal of his work
Praise for Thwaite's poetry came from many fellow writers. The novelist Anthony Burgess commended him: "Very intelligent, also witty, with a wide stretch of subject matter and a great boldness." The playwright and novelist Michael Frayn wrote, "I think of all the living poets whose work I know Anthony Thwaite speaks to me most strongly and intimately. He writes with simplicity and precision about difficult and ambiguous things....the vastness and richness of the past, the elusiveness of the present - and the heroic persistence of our efforts to fix some trace of all this." Thwaite was pleased to be called "a fine comic poet" by Sean O'Brien. One of his best light poems was included by Christopher Ricks in his Oxford Book of English Verse, and Thwaite is also well represented in Larkin's Oxford Book of Twentieth Century Verse. Tobias Hill called him "a master of domestic disquiet" in The Times, reviewing his Collected Poems (2007). He wrote: "This is spectacular poetry. It deserves to be read: good readers deserve to read it."

Works

 * Anthony Thwaite (Fantasy Press, 1953). Fantasy Poets 17
 * Oxford Poetry 1954 (1954), editor with Jonathan Price
 * Poems (1957). Privately printed in Tokyo
 * Essays on Contemporary English Poetry (1957)
 * Home Truths (1957), poems
 * Contemporary English Poetry - An Introduction (1961)
 * New Poems 1961: A P.E.N Anthology of Contemporary Poetry (1961), editor with Hilary Corke and William Plomer
 * The Owl in the Tree (1963), poems
 * Japan in Color (1967)
 * The Stones of Emptiness: Poems 1963-66 (1967)
 * Deserts of Hesperides: an Experience in Libya (1969)
 * At Dunkeswell Abbey (1970), broadside poem
 * Penguin Modern Poets 18 (1970), with A. Alvarez and Roy Fuller
 * Points (1972)
 * Inscriptions, Poems 1967–72 (1973)
 * Jack (1973) poem
 * Poetry Today 1960-1973 (1973)
 * Roloff Beny In Italy (1974), with Peter Porter, Gore Vidal
 * New Confessions (1974), poems
 * The English Poets - From Chaucer to Edward Thomas (1974), with Peter Porter
 * Beyond the Inhabited World: Roman Britain (1977)
 * A Portion for Foxes (1977), poems
 * Twelve Poems (1978)
 * Twentieth Century English Poetry : An Introduction (1978)
 * New Poetry 4 (1978), Arts Council anthology, editor with Fleur Adcock
 * Victorian Voices (1980), poems
 * Odyssey : Mirror of the Mediterranean (1981)
 * Larkin at Sixty (1982) editor
 * The Penguin Book of Japanese Verse (1983), editor with Geoffrey Bownas
 * Telling Tales (1983)
 * Poems 1953–1983 (1984)
 * Six Centuries of Verse (1984), editor
 * Poetry Today : A Critical Guide to British Poetry 1960–1984 (1985)
 * Letter from Tokyo (1987)
 * Collected Poems – Philip Larkin (The Marvell Press, Faber & Faber, 1988), editor
 * Fourteen Poems Collected Poems of Philip Larkin (1989), editor
 * Selected Letters of Philip Larkin, 1940–1985 (1992), editor
 * Poetry Today: A critical guide to British poetry 1960–1995 (1996)
 * R. S. Thomas - Everyman's Poetry (1996), editor
 * Selected Poems 1956–1996 (1997)
 * Longfellow (1997) editor
 * Anthony Thwaite in Conversation (1999), with Peter Dale and Ian Hamilton
 * Paeans for Peter Porter (1999), editor
 * High Windows by Philip Larkin (2000), editor
 * A Different Country (Enitharmon Press 2000), poems
 * George MacBeth – Selected Poems (2002), editor
 * Further Requirements: Interviews, Broadcasts, Statements and Book Reviews, 1952–85, by Philip Larkin (2002), editor
 * A Move in the Weather: Poems 1994–2002 (Enitharmon Press, 2003)
 * Collected Poems – Philip Larkin (2003), editor
 * Collected Poems (Enitharmon Press, 2007)
 * Philip Larkin: Letters to Monica (Faber & Faber, Bodleian Library, 2010), editor
 * Going Out (Enitharmon Press, 2015)

title: Anthony Thwaite