text:
Talk:Stone carving

looking for stone carving I found that the page redirected to Petraglyph, which is relevant but isn't the whole story. Seems that wiki suffers from a lot of theoretical info at the expense of the practical sometimes. so i fleshed out the page with a 'hopefully' inclusive definition and added some content about stone carving as an activity.

hope it meets with your approval.

DavidP 21:54, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Reason for removal of sentence.
I cannot find any evidence that 'jet engines' were used to heat the rock to carve more easily at Mt. Rushmore. I doubt seriously that any were used since the thing was finished in 1941...Tracyfennell 09:16, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * you are right - of course. the work on the presidents did stop, but the carving of 'crazy horse' seventeen miles away, is still ongoing and there almost all carving is now done by jet this is also true of the confederate sculpture at stone mountain geogia.
 * see quote
 * "Indeed, carving Crazy Horse has been a learning experience, Ruth Ziolkowski says. In the beginning, they used dynamite but soon switched to detonating cord, which is much easier to control and better preserves the rock left after the explosion. Once the general shape of the sculpture is blasted out, the sculptors bring in a jet-finishing torch to smooth the surface.”

 * as the page is about stone carving rather than specific works I shall replace the reference to the jet as a carving tool. thanks DavidP

Hi. Someone with Wiki savvy/authority ought to change the paragraphs regarding iron age coming after the bronze age. Hittites, Cannanites, Indus people had Steel and irons as well as bronze... the reason the greeks were part of a bronze age (if thats right) is that they were a new culture and didn't have the technology of the previous more developted Cultures. There's problems in this 'article' the least of which is: (metaphorically) "God Created the Greeks, and the Romans destroyed everything." Seriously and reasonably though... all the greek myths originate in West and Central Asia, thats where the heros always quest off too... so?

Wishing Well

 * Good point - it would be a shame to get hung up on timelines for a subject where the historical timing of a process isn't really crucial. the main point is that prior to the widespread use of steel in ancient greece bronze was used (so abrasion preceded percussion)- It could well be the case that steel was known, but it sure wasn't handed over to the stone carvers (probably because the military could make better use of it, some would say).
 * In a sense it might be better to say "up until the widespread use of steel in a culture fine stone carving was performed using abrasives" - all early greek carvings are made this way, as are ancient egyptian works. most Hittite work is also drilled & abraded from the earliest portrait of King Yarim-Lim, c. 1760 B.C. to the first Hittite sculpture in the round in the 9th century BCE. There is only one surviving Indus stone sculpture, it too is abraded.

 * From your message I get a distinct sense that you feel you have identified a greek bias, and I am sorry if you feel that other cultures aren't fully represented. the reason that the greeks are mentioned here is largely due to the fact that the greeks changed the face (and practice) of stone carving. personally is see the transition from pre-Ptolomaic egyptian, through greek, roman, byzantine, holy roman and modern - as more of an evolution than a creation/destruction cycle. I am truly sorry if I was inadvertantly falling into any archaeological disputed territory. DavidP

Stone sculpture
We have a confusing situation here- it appears the Stone sculpture section of this article was either originally from Sculpture or it was from here and added there. Then it was removed from Sculpture in March and added to Stone sculpture. However we now have people complaining at Sculpture that there is nothing about how sculpture is made on that page... Gustav von Humpelschmumpel 18:52, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

I think the contents in many sections of this article could definitely be expanded. Some feels not very detailed.--Balthazarduju 06:51, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Strongest possible stroke
Hi, Being a stone sculptor myself, I'd say the sentence ''then swings the mallet at it with the strongest possible stroke. He must be careful to strike the end of the tool accurately; the smallest miscalculation can damage the sculptor’s hand'' is not correct. Most important is a carefully controlled stroke, power has little to do with it. You can use repeated strokes if one isn't enough. The part about damaging ones hand seems overly dramatic, but damage is to be expected if you attack the stone with full force instead of full controll. Zwitser 17:37, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Much of this article
uses the gender specific "he" pronoun. I'm thinking of going to the "s/he" form for a bit and seeing what happens. Feel free to offer an ((opinion)). Carptrash 14:40, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

I get your concern but s/he is pretty unwieldy, consider 'they' instead — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:8C3:8200:F528:5556:DF11:3B3D:9025 (talk) 02:49, 17 December 2017 (UTC)

Photograph of stone sculptor
I changed the title of the photograph Image:Stonemasonry1.jpg, for this is clearly a stone sculptor, not a stonemason. It is quite common to get this mixed up, but a stonemason carves flat and profiled blocks and panels, but a stone sculptor does the ornaments and sculptures. Cordially, --Satrughna02 (talk) 21:41, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

Direct carving
I was considering making a small addition to this article for direct carving, but am uncertain the location in the article that would be best for it. Direct carving was an important movement in sculpture from the early 20th century, and includes such European artists as Constantin Brâncuşi and Jacob Epstein, as well as such American carvers as Jose de Creeft and John B. Flannagan (who strangely does not have a WP article). 173.52.187.133 (talk) 16:39, 6 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Under Stone sculpture, of course, but there is already something there. Could be expanded. Even better still, rewrite the article Stone sculpture itself... --Satrughna (talk) 12:16, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

Intrinsic qualities of stone needed for good carving and/or preferred for particular carving style...
WOuld be nice if there are structural qualities of the stone itself that make for intinsically desirable carving. As in Mohs Hardness range for specific tools or styles. Whether crystalline structure characteristics of the rock molecules are of any concern: like Crystal Class, Space Group, Cleavage plane, Lattice System (ie: Monoclinic, Triclinic) have any bearing on types of stone used/chosen for use in sculpture? Or even if particular Categories of Rock are preferred more than others? 81.102.111.206 (talk) 10:30, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

Slate carving
Slate is missing as a stone that is easy to carve. There is no mention of using ring saws to cut out shapes for carving. Soft stone surfaces can be finished/polished with wet sanding by hand with course thru fine grit sand paper. (80, 120, 220, 400, 600) I didn't want to edit the main text. Better if someone involved with this page would add this info in. 47.148.188.240 (talk) 17:04, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stone carving


text:
User talk:Edcon01

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Lst27 ( t a l k )  21:56, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Image Tagging Image:Cecut.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Cecut.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. Thue | talk 12:04, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Edcon01


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ziggy Boogy Doog

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:05, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

Ziggy Boogy Doog
Even if this was an article on the actual Flash cartoon, rather than just a catchphrase from it, it would still not be encyclopedically notable. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:57, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - but if you see something this lame, just mark it for speedy deletion, so it doesn't have to linger for a week. Obviously it's a feeble joke. - DavidWBrooks 22:57, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopaedic, unless it's found to be a friend of Ziggy Stardust (kidding) --Neigel von Teighen 22:59, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Needs notable news, references and sources. Zzyzx11 00:32, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * what a bunch of geeks you all are. Pricks. (This unsigned comment was from User:83.67.27.45, the author of the article --BM 14:55, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete.  Demented.   --BM 14:55, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Infrogmation 20:21, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Lee Loughnane

Lee David Loughnane (pronounced LOCK-nain; born October 21, 1946) is an American trumpeter, flugelhorn player, vocalist, and songwriter who is a founding member of the rock band Chicago. He is best known for being one-third of Chicago's brass/woodwind section alongside James Pankow and Walter Parazaider.

Early life and education
Lee David Loughnane was born in Elmwood Park, Illinois, a northwest suburb of Chicago, to Philip and Juanita Loughnane. Lee is the second-oldest of five children. He began playing trumpet at age 11, using the same instrument played by his dad when he was in the Army Air Force. Lee attended St. Mel High School, an all-boys school operated by the Christian Brothers, because it had a concert band, jazz band and marching band. By the time he graduated in 1964, he knew that he wanted to be a professional musician. "There was nothing else that I wanted to do. I had no other calling." He met his future Chicago bandmates during his freshman year at DePaul University.

Career
Through his friendship with guitarist Terry Kath, Loughnane met drummer Danny Seraphine and saxophone/woodwind player Walter Parazaider. Parazaider, who was trying to form a rock band with horns, encouraged Loughnane to sit in on rehearsals. Loughnane has been a member of Chicago since its inception. At first, the group was known as The Big Thing. Eventually it was renamed The Chicago Transit Authority with the addition of Peter Cetera on vocals and bass. The band was later renamed simply "Chicago."

Loughnane's songwriting contributions to Chicago have included the hit singles "Call on Me" from Chicago VII and "No Tell Lover" from Hot Streets, as well as album cuts such as "Take a Chance" from Hot Streets, "Together Again" on Chicago X, "This Time" on Chicago XI and "America" on Chicago XXXVI: Now. A copy of the latter song, released on July 4, 2014, was sent to every member of Congress. Lee described how he brought his first songwriting effort to the band, which became the Top 10 single "Call on Me", "By the time I came up with an original song the band was very well established with six albums and major success. So I sort of came in with, 'you wanna hear my song,' very timid. I didn't know if they wanted to do it. I didn't think it was good enough. My personality, 'I'm not good enough,' and you know, 'I'm just trying.''

Loughnane made his lead vocal debut on the Terry Kath composition "Song of The Evergreens" on Chicago VII. He provides background vocals on several Chicago songs, and the occasional lead vocal such as on "Together Again" from Chicago X, "This Time" from Chicago XI, "Let it Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" from Chicago XXV: The Christmas Album and "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year" and "Rockin' and Rollin' on Christmas Day" from Chicago XXXIII: O Christmas Three. In concert, Lee sings "Colour My World."

Aside from his musical contributions to Chicago, Loughnane is reported to be a peacemaker and problem-solver within the band. He handles most of the media interviews and has produced several recent Chicago albums, including Chicago XXXVI: Now which was recorded entirely on the road, using a traveling studio that Loughnane put together with engineer Tim Jessup.

The lanky (6'3") Loughnane had a small speaking role as a pig farmer on a hippie commune in the 1973 film Electra Glide in Blue, starring Robert Blake. Peter Cetera, Terry Kath and Walt Parazaider also appear in the film, which was directed by James Guercio, Chicago's producer at the time. Loughnane played a motorcycle cop in the 1984 music video "Stay The Night" by Chicago. Lee, along with his fellow founding Chicago members Robert Lamm and James Pankow, have a cameo appearance as themselves in the 2013 Larry David comedy Clear History.

Lee Loughnane, Walt Parazaider and Jimmy Pankow play on two tracks of the Bee Gees' album Spirits Having Flown, "Stop (Think Again)" and "Too Much Heaven". On "Too Much Heaven", Lee plays the flugelhorn and Walt plays the flute, according to the liner notes of the 2003 reissue of Hot Streets. In return, the Gibb brothers sang back-up on the Chicago song "Little Miss Lovin'". The bands became friendly when they were both recording at Criteria Studios in Miami.

The Chicago horn section also performed on several tracks of Leon Russell's Americana, most notably Let's Get Started. For this album, Lee co-wrote the horn charts with saxophonist Marty Grebb.

Lee Loughnane is a member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, and was given the National Citation as well as recognition as Signature Sinfonian along with fellow Chicago members and Sinfonians on August 26, 2009.

Elmwood Park dedicated "Lee Loughnane Way" near his childhood home on Sunset Drive in 2012. Chicago was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 6438 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California in 1992.

title: Lee Loughnane


text:
That Man

That Man may refer to:

 * "That Man" (song), a 2010 song by Caro Emerald
 * That Man, an Excel Saga character
 * That Man, a Guilty Gear character
 * That Man in the White House, used to describe Franklin D. Roosevelt

title: That Man


text: File:Millencolin - Kingwood cover.jpg

title: File:Millencolin - Kingwood cover.jpg


text:
User talk:VermillionBird

Obligatory first posting
(or Welcome to the Wikipedia)

I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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 * Policy Library
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 21:59, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Sam Spade, for your welcome and the links. I shall strive to do my best for Wikipedia. VermillionBird 00:17, 2005 Mar 6 (UTC)

Fashionable Nonsense
I like and appreciate what you are doing with respect to the Fashionable Nonsense nonsense. I haven't personally read the book, although I read part of Sokal's hoax. So unfortunately I can't offer specific criticism of the book yet. I think that not many people in critical theory take it seriously enough to criticize it, because's Sokal's version of "postmodernism" is such a strawman. And the people who think Sokal is a genius don't read critical theory. I'll keep an eye on what you are doing, and if I have something to contribute, I'll try to do so. CO GDEN  23:45, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Great. One of the primary motivations of this project was to provide an "authoritative" summary so people who haven't/won't read the book don't have to do so to be able to have an informed response when the subject comes up.  VermillionBird 17:13, 2005 Mar 8 (UTC)

I also wanted to say hello -- I noticed your post on my talk page. My feeling is a little less strong than yours; I don't think FN should be removed, I just think the debate should be reported in detail. A lot of very interesting things have been said, and I think, in retrospect, that Sokal's gimmick has done some good for critical theory, by pusing theorists to keep working to get their ideas accross; at any rate, if it's becoming less popular these days, it isn't because of Alan Sokal, but because of more general trends in the humanities and social sciences, ones that long predated his hoax and his book.

I'll try to post some things when I get a chance, but I'm awfully busy these days so unfortunately I may not be able to help very much. Thanks for contacting me though. Solemnavalanche 09:52, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * i also haven't read FN, but i am quite familiar with the Sokal Affair, and being an electrical engineer with some credentials and experience in academia, i really feel that the first premise of the book is quite valid. scientists should not use, say, theological concepts in their scientific publications, and if a scientist want's to venture into theology, they have to presume that there will be some real theologians that will be far better trained and tested in the field than they.  the Social Text journal (and other authors publishing in it) was getting into stuff where they literally had no idea what they were talking about and Sokal noticed it. r b-j 17:19, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * That the first premise is valid I'll grant you immediately. That the work is at all important or, more importantly, relevant, is an entirely different matter. Do we discount all of Einstein's work because he ventured into theology when he wrote "I, at any rate, am convinced that He does not throw dice?" Of course we don't.  Willful ignorance has no place in an educated debate about any subject, precisely because it has rhetorical power.

 * The editors of Social Text clearly made errors in judgement. But we ask what they were expecting: a half-baked attempt by a physicist to relate his profession's evaluation of ontological problems with those of the literary-dependant professions (and we must acknowledge that, at bottom, neither one is closer to the answer,) and we ask what they got: exactly that.  That it was intentionally half-baked rather than sincerely half-baked is, from an objective point of view, of little importance.

 * Furthermore, those editors did express concern about the unusual physical claims made in the essay. But he insisted and they allowed him the right that their discipline holds tantamount: he can make whatever statements he wants and the reader can make whatever he or she wants of those statements.  To those editors, they had no responsibility to confirm the accuracy of the scientific concepts presented in the essay, because it was not a scientific work, a point Mr. Sokal knowingly and dissemblingly exploited.

 * But, hell, if you want to contend, despite the above, that the editors of Social Text exemplify some demonic archetype evident that anyone who's not a scientist or -- even better -- an engineer is a rabid, antilogical hippie, for the sake of arguement, I'd admit that. Why?

 * Because that impugnation does nothing to support the endlessly baseless approach of Fashionable Nonsense. Anyone with an advanced degree in the humanities could come up with an equally flaccid critique of the sciences.  They mostly have something better to do.  And so, fortunately, do most scientists.

 * What bothers me about this set of situations is not the people who like to jump on a bandwagon, and point fingers and laugh, or even the people who use it to reinforce or perpetuate useless stereotypes. But the perpetuation of the illusion of some barrier between the various scopes and approaches of intellectual discipline is wasteful and stupid.  The attempt to expand that barrier is even worse.  But to attempt to justify it by pretending to make claims to exploit that barrier with lies should be treated as exactly that: Baseless lies.  VermillionBird 03:19, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

POV vs Accuracy
It's a fine line. Generally, when there are substantial variant points of view (That is, not the flat earth society or people who believe that the moon is made of green cheese), we do not strive for accuracy in terms of the subject matter. Rather, we strive for accuracy regarding representation of all the viewpoints regarding the topic. So, in this case, what would be important would be a fair and detailed representation of the view that Fashionable Nonsense is not scholarly, based on accounts of people in the field of critical theory who have criticized the book. And this would be coupled with accounts by people who praised the book. Snowspinner 16:42, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for removing my vandalism from Wu Hu. — J I P | Talk 15:13, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Yves Klein and IKB
Thanks for updating the IKB article. I had thought the Image:Untitled blue monochrome.png looked rather light, but just trusted the previous RGB values in the IKB article.

The funny thing now, is that Image:Untitled blue monochrome2.png doesn't match the colour of the swatch on IKB. A saw one of Klein's originals at the Tate Modern a couple of weeks ago, and although it is virtually impossible to compare colours from memory, the colour on Image:Untitled blue monochrome2.png looks the most right on my laptop monitor. -- Solipsist 08:27, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for catching that. It was a color management thing I didn't notice. I've updated the IKB article to match the image. VermillionBird 16:10, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

You are wrong about everything
but for too stupid to notice. You are a lost cause. Your existence is a blemish.137.205.183.70 (talk) 16:43, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:VermillionBird


text:
Talk:Rutgers Preparatory School

Infobox
Do not revert the modified infobox. The school infobox has been replaced with an improved version that presents information in a much more readable and understandable manner. Until the school infobox layout is improved universally, I request that these changes not be reverted. Bonked116 (talk) 01:02, 20 August 2011 (UTC)
 * While the modified infobox is certainly more visually appealing, its main defect is that it is completely and totally nonstandard. Any changes to this version of the infobox requires knowledge of HTML formatting and any modifications made to the formatting of the generic template will not take effect here. As such, I will restore the prior version of the infobox to conform to Wikipedia standards and conventions. Alansohn (talk) 01:20, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Renaming
I moved this from Rutgers preparatory school formed on 21FEB05 to Rutgers Preparatory School in light of the name being a proper noun pursuant to the Naming conventions policy regarding capitalization in article titles. —ExplorerCDT 22:00, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC).

Notables
Michael Gottlieb (identified AIDS as new disease) should be added. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.165.131.49 (talk) 10:18, 7 January 2020 (UTC)

I find the notability of Michelle Wolpov (1983) and Ava Brody Berry (1985) debatable and I would like to hear others opinions on it. --Terrx 20:37, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

I removed this: None of these three are notable and they all have adverting outbound links associated with them, if you think they should be put  back we should discuss it here.--Terrx 00:30, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Michelle Wolpov (1983) — owner of Game Shape Physical Therapy and Sports Performance Center in Manalapan, NJ
 * Ava Brody Berry (1985) — entrepreneur, co-founder and president of Made by Hands company
 * Scot Wittman (1986) — artist website

Scot Wittman is indeed a notable alum and the link is there for reference, not advertisement. His artwork is currently on display at the Pentimenti Gallery in Philadelphia.-- Lauren Irene

When Were People of Color Admitted
When were African-American students officially permitted to attend Rutgers Prep? They still barely allow Black students to attend the school. This is important to understanding the history of Rutgers Prep, particularly, in a heavily segregated Northern state with a long history of slavery. Stevenmitchell (talk) 01:56, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rutgers Preparatory School


text:
Meistriliiga

Meistriliiga, officially known as A. Le Coq Premium Liiga for sponsorship reasons, and commonly known as the Premium Liiga, is the highest division of the Estonian Football Association annual football championship. The league was founded in 1992, and was initially semi-professional with amateur clubs allowed to compete. With the help of solidarity mechanisms, the league is fully professional since the 2020 season.

As in most countries with low temperatures in winter time, the season starts in March and ends in November. Meistriliiga consists of ten clubs, all teams play each other four times. After each season the bottom team is relegated and the second last team plays a two-legged play-off for a place in the Meistriliiga.

In February 2013, A. Le Coq, an Estonian brewery company, signed a five-year cooperation agreement with the Estonian Football Association, which included Meistriliiga naming rights.

Meistriliiga started using video assistant referee (VAR) from 2023.

2024 season
The following 10 clubs will compete in the 2024 Meistriliiga.

a = Founding member of the Meistriliiga

b = Played in every Meistriliiga season

c = Never been relegated from the Meistriliiga

All-time Meistriliiga table
The table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Meistriliiga since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2022 season. Teams in bold play in the Meistriliiga 2023 season. Numbers in bold are the record (highest) numbers in each column.

In this ranking 3 points are awarded for a win, 1 for a draw, and 0 for a loss, although Meistriliiga awarded 2 points for a win until the 1994–95 season. Championship matches, relegation matches and relegation tournament matches involving clubs of lower leagues are not counted. In 1992 Preliminary Round matches were played in two groups. The results of the matches played between teams in same group were taken to second round, thus counted twice, in this table these results are counted once.

The table is sorted by all-time points.

 * Notes
 *  Note 1: 1999–2003 FC Levadia Maardu, 2004– FC Levadia. Not to be confused with FC Levadia Tallinn 2001–2003 a separate team owned by the steel company Levadia. In 2004 the clubs were merged FC Levadia Maardu were moved to Tallinn and became FC Levadia, former FC Levadia Tallinn became their reserves as FC Levadia II.
 *  Note 2: 1992 TVMV, 1992-1994 Nikol, 1995–1996 Tevalte-Marlekor, 1996–1997 Marlekor, 1997–2008 TVMK
 *  Note 3: 1992 Viljandi JK, 1993– Viljandi Tulevik
 *  Note 4: 1992–2005 Merkuur, 2006 Maag
 *  Note 5: 1993–1994 Tevalte, 1995–1999 Lantana
 *  Note 6: 2000–2003 Kohtla-Järve Lootus, 2004 Alutaguse Lootus, 2005–2012 Kohtla-Järve Lootus, then merged and became Kohtla-Järve JK Järve
 *  Note 7: 1992 Tartu Kalev, 1992–1994 EsDAG, 1994– DAG
 *  Note 8: 1992 Pärnu JK, 1994–1996 PJK Kalev
 *  Note 9: 2011–2016 Infonet, 2017 FCI Tallinn

Records

 * All as of end of 2023 season if not stated otherwise.

Club records

 * Most seasons in the Meistriliiga: 33 – Flora and Narva Trans (all seasons, 1992–present)
 * Most consecutive seasons in the Meistriliiga: 33 – Flora and Narva Trans (all seasons, 1992–present)
 * Most titles: 15 – Flora
 * Most consecutive titles: 4 – Levadia (2006–2009)
 * Biggest title-winning margin: 21 points – 2009; Levadia (97 points) over Sillamäe Kalev (76 points)
 * Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points – 1993–94; Flora and Norma both finished on 36 points, Flora won the title in a championship play-off match 5–2.
 * Most points in a season: 97 – Levadia (2009), Flora (2022)
 * Fewest points in a season: 0 – Maardu (1992)
 * Most wins in a season: 31 – Levadia (2009, 36 games), Flora (2022, 36 games)
 * Fewest wins in a season: 0 – PJK/Kalev (1995–96, 14 games), Vall (1996–97, 14 games), Lelle (1998, 14 games), Ajax (2011, 36 games), Tarvas (2016, 36 games)
 * Most consecutive wins: 17 – Norma (15 May 1992 – 2 October 1993)
 * Most defeats in a season: 33 – Tarvas (2016, 36 games)
 * Most consecutive matches undefeated: 61 – Levadia (10 May 2008 – 7 November 2009)
 * Most goals scored in a season: 138 – TVMK (2005)
 * Most goals per game in a season: 4.636 – Norma (1992–93, 102 goals in 22 games)
 * Fewest goals scored in a season: 11 – Sillamäe Kalev (1993–94, 22 games), Valga (2000, 28 games), Kuressaare (2003, 28 games), Lootus (2004, 28 games), Ajax (2011, 36 games)
 * Fewest goals per game in a season: 0.306 – Ajax (2011, 11 goals in 36 games)
 * Most goals conceded in a season: 192 – Ajax (2011, 36 games)
 * Fewest goals conceded in a season: 16 – Levadia (2010, 36 games)
 * Most clean sheets in one season: 24 – Levadia (2014)
 * Most consecutive clean sheets: 13 – Levadia (2014)
 * Biggest win: Tevalte 24–0 Sillamäe Kalev (27 May 1994)
 * Most hat-tricks in a season: 9 – Norma (1992–93)

Player records

 * As of 11 November 2023. Active players in bold.

 * Oldest player: Boriss Dugan – 51 years and 153 days (for Ajax v. Tammeka, 5 November 2011)
 * Youngest player: Patrik Kristal – 14 years and 245 days (for FCI Levadia v. Tammeka, 15 July 2022)
 * Oldest goalscorer: Sergei Zamogilnõi – 43 years and 16 days (for Eesti Põlevkivi v. Vall, 15 September 1996)
 * Youngest goalscorer: Martin Vetkal – 15 years and 261 days (for Tallinna Kalev v. Tulevik, 9 November 2019)
 * Most goals in a season: 46 – Aleksandrs Čekulajevs (for Narva Trans, 2011)
 * Most goals in a match: 10 – Anatoli Novožilov (for Tevalte v. Sillamäe Kalev, 27 May 1994)
 * Most consecutive matches scored in: 15 – Tor Henning Hamre (for Flora, 2003)
 * Most hat-tricks: 22 – Vjatšeslav Zahovaiko
 * Most goals from the penalty spot: 55 – Konstantin Nahk
 * Fastest goal: 12 seconds – Aleksander Saharov (for Flora v. Lootus, 29 August 2004)
 * Fastest own goal: 5 seconds – Jaanis Kriska (for Levadia v. Kuressaare, 12 September 2009)
 * Fastest hat-trick: 5 minutes – Vjatšeslav Zahovaiko (for Flora v. Lootus, 18 October 2004)
 * Most clean sheets in one season: 24 – Roman Smishko (for Levadia, 2014)
 * Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 13 games (1,281 minutes) – Roman Smishko (for Levadia, 5 April 2014 – 25 July 2014)

Estonian champions

 * 1921 – Sport Tallinn (1)
 * 1922 – Sport Tallinn (2)
 * 1923 – Kalev Tallinn (1)
 * 1924 – Sport Tallinn (3)
 * 1925 – Sport Tallinn (4)
 * 1926 – Tallinna Jalgpalli Klubi (1)
 * 1927 – Sport Tallinn (5)
 * 1928 – Tallinna Jalgpalli Klubi (2)
 * 1929 – Sport Tallinn (6)
 * 1930 – Kalev Tallinn (2)
 * 1931 – Sport Tallinn (7)
 * 1932 – Sport Tallinn (8)
 * 1933 – Sport Tallinn (9)
 * 1934 – Estonia Tallinn (1)
 * 1935 – Estonia Tallinn (2)
 * 1936 – Estonia Tallinn (3)
 * 1937–38 – Estonia Tallinn (4)
 * 1938–39 – Estonia Tallinn (5)
 * 1939–40 – Olümpia Tartu (1)
 * 1941 – Not finished
 * 1942 – PSR Tartu (1) (unofficial)
 * 1943 – Estonia Tallinn (6) (unofficial)
 * 1944 – Not finished

Bold indicates club's first championship victory.

Estonian SSR champions

 * 1945 – Dünamo Tallinn
 * 1946 – Balti Laevastik Tallinn
 * 1947 – Dünamo Tallinn
 * 1948 – Balti Laevastik Tallinn
 * 1949 – Dünamo Tallinn
 * 1950 – Dünamo Tallinn
 * 1951 – Balti Laevastik Tallinn
 * 1952 – Balti Laevastik Tallinn
 * 1953 – Dünamo Tallinn
 * 1954 – Dünamo Tallinn
 * 1955 – Kalev Tallinn
 * 1956 – Balti Laevastik Tallinn
 * 1957 – Kalev Ülemiste
 * 1958 – Kalev Ülemiste
 * 1959 – Kalev Ülemiste
 * 1960 – Balti Laevastik Tallinn
 * 1961 – Kalev Kopli
 * 1962 – Kalev Ülemiste
 * 1963 – Tempo Tallinn
 * 1964 – Norma Tallinn
 * 1965 – Balti Laevastik Tallinn
 * 1966 – Balti Laevastik Tallinn
 * 1967 – Norma Tallinn
 * 1968 – Balti Laevastik Tallinn
 * 1969 – Dvigatel Tallinn
 * 1970 – Norma Tallinn
 * 1971 – Tempo Tallinn
 * 1972 – Balti Laevastik Tallinn
 * 1973 – Kreenholm Narva
 * 1974 – Baltika Narva
 * 1975 – Baltika Narva
 * 1976 – Dvigatel Tallinn
 * 1977 – Baltika Narva
 * 1978 – Dünamo Tallinn
 * 1979 – Norma Tallinn
 * 1980 – Dünamo Tallinn
 * 1981 – Dünamo Tallinn
 * 1982 – Tempo Tallinn
 * 1983 – Dünamo Tallinn
 * 1984 – Estonia Jõhvi
 * 1985 – Kalakombinaat/MEK Pärnu
 * 1986 – Zvezda Tallinn
 * 1987 – Tempo Tallinn
 * 1988 – Norma Tallinn
 * 1989 – Zvezda Tallinn
 * 1990 – TVMK Tallinn
 * 1991 – TVMK Tallinn

 * Balti Laevastik was a Baltic Fleet club
 * Zvezda Tallinn was a Tallinn garrison club
 * Dvigatel means Motor/Engine

title: Meistriliiga


text:
Achadinha

Achadinha (from Achada + diminutive -inha, meaning Little Achada) is a civil parish in the municipality of Nordeste on São Miguel Island in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 535, in an area of 12.41 km2.

History
Achadinha is one of the oldest localities in the municipality of Nordeste, referred to by Gaspar Frutuoso in his chronicle, Saudades da Terra. The settlement of this region dates to the early colonization of the island, when a man from Serra da Estrela region of northern Portugal established a stake along the northern coast. This man constructed a farm and cleared a roadway, that grew to become the principal link to this parish.

Around the 16th century, Achadinha was inhabited by 123 people in 43 homes. During this century, a small temple was constructed to the invocation of Nossa Senhora do Rosário (Our Lady of the Rosary), which was served by its first vicar Pêro Vieira. By the end of the 19th century, the small chapel was substituted by a three-nave church.

Achadinha, during the 17th century, was still little more than a small settlement, distant and isolated from the great centres, such as Vila Franca do Campo and Ponta Delgada. This was a land where isolation was commonplace, the winters strong and the people lived off of the land. Many of the inhabitants walked barefoot, wearing shabby rags, made of linen, in a region that was distant from any other centre.

It was in Achadinha that Liberal forces disembarked during the Liberal Wars, under the command of the General Count of Vila Flor.

Geography
Achadinha is located east of Ribeira Grande, along the northern coast of São Miguel, between its neighbours Salga in the west and Achada in the east. Located northeast of the island capital (Ponta Delgada) along the path of the Regional Roadway E.R.1-1ª, that encircles the island; it lies between the municipal seats of Nordeste and Ribeira Grande, with the central mountains towards the interior and the Atlantic Ocean to the north.

Economy
Remotely, the inhabitants of the parish dedicated their work to the cultivation of wheat, corn, beats and potato. The parish diversified its activities, but deviated little from its agriculture and animal husbandry, with the production of milk and beef cattle.

Architecture

 * Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário (Igreja Paroquial de Achadinha/Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário), at the time of the 1522 earthquake, 123 people lived in the parish; it was at about this time that the church was established, with successive reconstructions occurring in 1568, 1830 and remodelled in 1882

title: Achadinha


text: Category:Irish video artists

title: Category:Irish video artists


text:
Joseph of Spain

Joseph of Spain was a Jewish merchant of the ninth and tenth centuries CE and may have been a Radhanite. It is unknown if he was the "Joseph of Spain" who authored numerous mathematical treatises in use in Europe in medieval times.

Abraham ibn Daud and other sources credit Joseph with bringing the so-called "Arabic numerals" from India to Europe.

title: Joseph of Spain


text:
User talk:Nobot~enwiki

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Hi!
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This is a automated to all bot operators
Please take a few moments and fill in the data for your bot on Bots/Status Thank you Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 19:42, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nobot. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nobot~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:10, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Nobot~enwiki


text:
Iraq Petroleum Company

The Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), formerly known as the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), is an oil company that had a virtual monopoly on all oil exploration and production in Iraq between 1925 and 1961. It is jointly owned by some of the world's largest oil companies and headquartered in London, England. However, today it is only a paper entity with historical rights and plays no part in the modern development of Middle Eastern oil.

In June 1972, the Ba'athist government in Iraq nationalized the IPC, and its operations were taken over by the Iraq National Oil Company. The company "Iraq Petroleum Company" still remains extant, although only in paper form. One associated company – the Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company (ADPC, formerly Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd) – also continues with its original shareholding intact.

The related Iraq Petroleum Group was an association of companies that played a major role in the discovery and development of oil resources in areas of the Middle East outside Iraq.

Turkish Petroleum Company

The forerunner of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) was the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), which was established in the early 20th century in the belief that Mesopotamia (Iraq and parts of Syria) contained substantial reservoirs of oil.

Since Mesopotamia was an Ottoman possession, early negotiations for an oil concession centered in the empire's capital, Constantinople. The first interest was shown by Imperial German banks and companies, already involved in building the Berlin-Baghdad railway. In 1911, in an attempt to bring together the competing British and German interests in the region, a British company known as African and Eastern Concession Ltd, was formed.

In 1912, this company became the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), formed with the purpose of acquiring concessions from the Ottoman Empire to explore for oil in Mesopotamia. The owners were a group of large European companies – Deutsche Bank, the Anglo Saxon Oil Company (a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell), the National Bank of Turkey (a British concern) – and Armenian businessman Calouste Gulbenkian. The driving force behind its creation was Gulbenkian, and the largest single shareholder was the British government-controlled Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which by 1914 held 50% of the shares. TPC received a promise of a concession from the Ottoman government, but the outbreak of World War I in 1914 stopped all exploration plans.

Deutsche Bank brought a concession granted to the Anatolian Railway Company to explore for minerals and oil along a 40 km-wide strip on either side of its proposed railway in Mesopotamia. On 28 June 1914, the Turkish grand vizier confirmed the promise of a concession to TPC, but the outbreak of World War I ended TPC's plans.

When the Ottoman Empire was broken up in the aftermath of the war, the question of shareholding in TPC became a major issue at the 1920 San Remo conference, where the future of all non-Turkish and Arab-majority areas of the former Ottoman Empire were mostly decided. A rising demand for petroleum during the war had demonstrated to the big powers the importance of having their own sources of oil. Since one of the original partners of TPC had been German, the French demanded this share as the spoils of war. This was agreed upon by the San Remo Oil Agreement, much to the annoyance of the Americans, who felt excluded from Middle Eastern oil and demanded an "open door". After prolonged and sometimes sharp diplomatic exchanges, U.S. oil companies were permitted to buy into the TPC, but it would take several years until the negotiations were completed.

Oil found in 1927
TPC obtained a concession to explore for oil in 1925, in return for a promise that the Iraqi government would receive a royalty for every ton of oil extracted, but linked to the oil companies' profits and not payable for the first 20 years. The concession required the company to select 24 rectangular plots of 8 sqmi each for drilling operations. During the 1925/6 season, an international geological party, comprising representatives of the shareholding companies together with an American contingent, conducted a wide-ranging survey of Iraq. Two wells were selected for drilling at Pulkanah and one each at Khashm al Ahmar, Injanah and Qaiyarah. Kirkuk was included as the sixth location. The well at Baba Gurgur was located by geologist J.M. Muir just north of Kirkuk. Drilling started, and in the early hours of 14 October 1927 oil was struck. Many tons of oil were spilled before the gushing well was brought under control, and the oil field soon proved to be extensive.

Red Line Agreement and the creation of IPC
The discovery hastened the negotiations over the composition of TPC, and on 31 July 1928 the shareholders signed a formal partnership agreement to include the Near East Development Corporation (NEDC), an American consortium of five large US oil companies that included Standard Oil of New Jersey, Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony), Gulf Oil, the Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company, and Atlantic Richfield Co. Shares were held in the following proportions: 23.75% each to the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Royal Dutch/Shell, the Compagnie Française des Pétroles (CFP), and the NEDC; the remaining 5% went to Calouste Gulbenkian. TPC was to be organized as a nonprofit company, registered in Britain, that produced crude oil for a fee for its parent companies, based on their shares. The company itself was only allowed to refine and sell to Iraq's internal market, in order to prevent any competition with the parent companies.

The agreement, known as Red Line Agreement after a red line was drawn around the former boundaries of the Ottoman Empire (with the exception of Kuwait), effectively bound the partners to act together within the red line. The writer Stephen Hemsley Longrigg, a former IPC employee, noted, "[T]he Red Line Agreement, variously assessed as a sad case of wrongful cartelization or as an enlightened example of international co‑operation and fair-sharing, was to hold the field for twenty years and in large measure determined the pattern and tempo of oil development over a large part of the Middle East". The Agreement lasted until 1948 when two of the American partners broke free. During the period, IPC monopolized oil exploration inside the Red Line; excluding Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, where ARAMCO (formed in 1944 by renaming of the Saudi subsidiary of Standard Oil of California (Socal)) and Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) respectively held controlling position.

The San Remo conference had stipulated that Iraqis should be allowed 20% of the company if they wanted to invest in it, but the existing shareholders successfully resisted Iraqi efforts to participate, despite pressure by the British government to accept Iraqi shareholders.

In 1929 the TPC was renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company. By 1934, the NEDC comprised only two shareholders, Standard Oil of New Jersey and Socony, which had merged with the Vacuum Oil Company to form Socony-Vacuum in 1931.

Delayed production start
The original concession of 14 March 1925 covered all of Iraq, but IPC was reluctant to develop it quickly and production was restricted to fields constituting only one-half of 1 percent of the country's total area. During the Great Depression, the world was awash with oil and greater output from Iraq would simply have driven the price down to even lower levels. Delaying tactics were employed not only in actual drilling and development, but also in conducting negotiations on such matters as pipeline rights-of-way.

The owners of IPC had conflicting interests: the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Royal Dutch/Shell and Standard Oil had access to major sources of crude oil outside Iraq, and therefore wanted to hold the Iraqi concessions in reserve, whilst CFP and the other companies pushed for rapid development of Iraqi oil as they had limited crude oil supplies. These competing interests delayed the development of the Iraqi fields, and IPC's concession eventually expired because the companies failed to meet certain performance requirements, such as the construction of pipelines and shipping terminals. The concession was renegotiated in 1931, however, giving the company a 70-year concession on an enlarged 83,200 km2 area east of the Tigris River. In return, the Iraqi government demanded, and received, additional payments and loans, as well as the promise that IPC would complete two oil pipelines to the Mediterranean by 1935—something CFP had demanded for a long time, in order to get its share of the oil quickly to France.

Different routes and terminal locations on the Mediterranean coast were sought by the French, who favored a northern route through Syria and Lebanon terminating at the city of Tripoli on the Lebanese coast, and the British and the Iraqis who preferred a southern route, terminating at Haifa, in what then was Palestine. The issue was settled by a compromise which provided for the construction of two pipelines, each with a throughput capacity of 2,000,000 tons a year. The length of the Northern line would be 532 mi, that of the Southern line (Mosul-Haifa oil pipeline) 620 mi. In 1934, the pipelines were completed from Kirkuk to Al Hadithah, and from there, to both Tripoli and Haifa; the Kirkuk Field was brought online the same year. Only in 1938, nine years after the discovery, did IPC begin to export oil in significant quantities.

The Kirkuk production averaged 4 million tons per year until World War II, when restricted shipping in the Mediterranean forced down the production sharply. Although the Iraq Government tried to open up the country to competition, the company taking up the new concession was bought out by IPC and, under the name of the Mosul Petroleum Company, was duly gathered into the IPC 'family' of associated companies (see below). The company also got the concession rights to southern Iraq in 1938, and founded the Basrah Petroleum Company (BPC) as their wholly owned subsidiary to develop the southern region of Iraq.

IPC partner disputes
Three issues caused protracted negotiations among the partner groups of IPC:
 * Revision of the Anglo-Iranian royalty: when the Iraq concession of 1925 was revised in March 1931, and IPC was granted a blanket concession over 32,000 sqmi of territory east of the Tigris River, the question arose as to whether Anglo-Persian's 10 percent royalty should be extended to include the new area. After lengthy negotiations the groups arrived at a compromise settlement in November 1934, which stipulated that D'Arcy Exploration (Anglo-Iranian) would be entitled to a 7.5-percent royalty on such oil as was produced from the 32,000 sqmi covered by the revised Iraq concession, the oil to be delivered free of cost at the field, with IPC paying the royalty due the Iraq Government.
 * Tax matters: since IPC was a British-chartered company, the British groups would not have been subject to double taxation. The non-British groups, however, did not relish the idea of having the earnings of IPC taxed once by the British Government and again by their own governments. Eventually the groups agreed to transfer all pipeline operations to IPC, and price crude to the groups on the basis of management's estimate of British income tax cost plus 1 shilling profit per ton. Under this plan IPC's profits were nominal and its tax liability to the British Government was relatively small.
 * Demise of the Red Line Agreement: two of the American oil companies in IPC were offered a partnership with ARAMCO to develop the oil resources of Saudi Arabia. Their partners in IPC refused to release them from the Red Line Agreement. After the Americans claimed that World War II had ended the Agreement, protracted legal proceedings with Gulbenkian followed. Eventually the case was settled out of court and the American partners joined ARAMCO. The French Government and Gulbenkian had withdrawn their objections in exchange for a greater share of IPC's output, and the Red Line agreement boundaries were redrawn to exclude Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Bahrain, Egypt, Palestine, and the western-half of Jordan.

IPC Group operations outside Iraq
As the Red Line Agreement defined the company's sphere of operations well beyond the boundaries of Iraq, IPC's shareholders were keen to look for oil elsewhere in the Middle East. They created associated companies, one for each territory to be explored. These companies were collectively known as "The IPC Group". They would obtain from the sovereign power an exploration licence covering simple exploration over a defined geographical area, or a concession permitting exploration and the production of oil. By 1948, the company had created 12 companies with concessions or exploration licences: Petroleum Development (Cyprus Ltd), Lebanon Petroleum Company Ltd, Petroleum Development (Palestine) Ltd, Syrian Petroleum Company Ltd, Trans-Jordan Petroleum Company Ltd, Mosul Petroleum Company Ltd, Basrah Petroleum Company Ltd, Petroleum Development (Qatar) Ltd, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd, Petroleum Development (Oman and Dhofar) Ltd, Petroleum Concessions Ltd (for the Aden Protectorates), Petroleum Development (Western Arabia) Ltd.

In 1933, IPC joined negotiations for an oil concession in Al-Hasa province, Saudi Arabia, bidding against Standard Oil of California (SOCAL, later renamed Chevron). Represented by Stephen Hemsley Longrigg, the company's bid failed when it offered payment in rupees rather than the gold that King Abdul-Aziz (also known as Ibn Saud) desired. SOCAL gained the concession and, joined by the Texas Oil Company in 1936, went on to discover oil at Dammam through its subsidiary, California-Arabian Standard Oil Company (Casoc) in 1938. Thereafter, IPC concentrated its efforts in Arabia in developing its Qatar oil concession (oil discovered 1939), Abu Dhabi (oil discovered in 1959), Oman (see Petroleum Development Oman) and the Aden Protectorates (in today's Yemen). IPC personnel carried out a series of ground-breaking explorations in southern Arabia during these years.

The failure of IPC to secure concessions in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia should not obscure the fact that elsewhere in the Middle East the company was successful in closing the "open door" of commercial opportunity to outsiders. The principal competitors for concessions were British Oil Development Co. Ltd.(BOD), and SOCAL. When BOD became interested in concessions in northern Iraq, IPC eventually bought them out. So successful were its efforts that by the end of 1944 IPC was operating in over 467,055 sqmi of territory, an area larger in size than the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana combined. In addition, IPC attempted, though without success, to extend further its area of operations by seeking concessions or exploration permits in Turkey and in the neutral zones of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

In 1937, IPC signed an oil concession agreement with the Sultan of Muscat that would cover the entire region of the Sultanate. IPC, however, failed to discover oil in the Sultanate's region, which was limited to the coastal area of Oman, and informed the Sultan that oil is more likely to exist in the interior region of Oman. The Treaty of Seeb provided autonomous rule to the Omanis who resided in the interior region of Oman, which was called the Imamate of Oman, by stating that the Sultanate "should not interfere in their [Imamate] internal affairs". IPC offered financial support to the Sultan in order to raise a military force that would occupy the Imamate's region so that IPC would gain access to the possible oil reserves. The Sultanate, backed by the British government and the financial support received from IPC, attacked the interior of Oman on 25 October 1954 triggering Jebel Akhdar War.

IPC was also interested in other ventures apart from oil, such as potash mining in Trans-Jordan, asphalt in Syria (for which it set up a company, Société Industrielle des Asphaltes et Pétroles de Lattique) and salt mining in the Aden Protectorates - although this latter venture was never developed. The company created air transport companies, the Iraq Petroleum Transport Company and Transports du Proche Orient, to operate aircraft and vessels to ferry people and equipment to the remoter parts of its concession areas.

IPC-Government relations
During the Hashemite Monarchy (1932–58), there were no serious issues between the IPC and the Iraqi government as the Hashemites were extremely pro-west. In fact, they had been installed by the British, and therefore tensions were minimized. They were dependent on the British militarily and had essentially pledged allegiance to them through the Baghdad Pact. The Hashemites' main disputes centered on increasing the amount of crude oil extracted, getting more Iraqis involved in the process of producing the oil and getting more royalties. In 1952, terms that were more generous to the Iraqi government were negotiated. These terms were largely based on the far more lucrative terms of the Saudi-Aramco "50/50" agreement of December 1950. One could argue that a determinant in these negotiations was the friendly atmosphere in which they were conducted.

This atmosphere did not continue to the negotiations held between the IPC and revolutionary governments that followed the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy in 1958. Relations between the two can be examined on two major factors. First, oil was a vital part of the Iraqi economy. Because of this, the IPC had a huge impact on the amount of revenue that the government generated and thus had a certain amount of influence over the government. The second major factor was inability of the Iraqi government at that time to source the technical knowledge and skill necessary to take over oil operations in the country.

The Qasim era
Beginning in the early 1950s, as the strength of nationalism in Iraq grew, the focus came to bear on foreign control over the oil production of the country. Abd al-Karim Qasim was a nationalist Iraqi Army general who seized power in a 1958 coup d'état in which the Iraqi monarch was murdered. He ruled the country as Prime Minister of Iraq until his downfall and death in 1963. Before the coup, he used the fact that the IPC was producing oil for western nations rather than for the benefit of Iraq citizens as one of his main points of contention with the Iraqi government. Once in power, he was critical of several aspects of the IPC. First, he was critical of the monetary arrangement between the IPC and the government. He also did not appreciate the monopoly that the IPC had been granted.

However the economic situation at the time did not permit Qasim to nationalize the IPC – western nations had boycotted Iranian oil when Mossadeq nationalized its oil company and could be expected to do the same in this case. (It is likely that nationalization would have been Qasim's favored route had he had the necessary capabilities). Further, Iraqis lacked the technical and managerial capabilities to run the IPC. Qasim needed the oil revenues to run his government and to keep the military satisfied. Therefore, Qasim resorted to many other tactics including increasing transit rates at Basra by 1,200%. In response, the IPC stopped producing oil that used Basra as a shipping point. The ensuing confrontation was the lowest point in relations between the two up to this point.

On 12 December 1961, the Iraqi government enacted Law No. 80, which expropriated 99.5 per cent of the IPC group's concession areas without compensation and put an immediate stop on oil exploration. Law 80 did not impact the IPC's ongoing production at Az Zubair and Kirkuk, but all other territories, including North Rumaila, were returned to Iraqi state control. One major difference between these negotiations and those of 1952, was the stance of the Iraqi government. Whereas it had been more willing to accommodate the IPC in 1952, the government's positions under Qasim were largely non-negotiable. However this should not be surprising because it was expected that Qasim would take advantage of growing Arab nationalism and a sense amongst many ordinary Iraqis that they were being exploited by the west.

1972 nationalization
Throughout the 1960s, the Iraqi government criticized the IPC and used the IPC as a central piece of their anti-western propaganda. The Soviet-Iraqi agreement of 1969 emboldened the Iraqi government and in 1970 they made a list of demands including ownership of 20% of the company's assets and more control. The IPC by this time was taking the Iraqi government very seriously and made some huge concessions. They agreed to increase oil production substantially and also increase the price of its crude oil in certain areas. They also offered an advance payment on royalties.

However this was not enough for the Iraqi government and they issued a new set of demands in November 1970 which essentially involved more Iraqi control of operations and more Iraqi profit-taking. Dissatisfied with the IPC's unwillingness to negotiate on Iraq's terms, the Iraqi government gave the IPC an ultimatum with similar demands in May 1972. The IPC tried to offer a compromise solution but the Ba'athist government rejected the offer and, on 1 June 1972, nationalized IPC operations, which were taken over by the Iraq National Oil Company.

The Kirkuk field still forms the basis for northern Iraqi oil production. Kirkuk has over 10 billion barrels (1.6 km3) of remaining proven oil reserves. The Jambur, Bai Hassan, and Khabbaz fields are the only other currently producing oil fields in northern Iraq. While Iraq's northern oil industry remained relatively unscathed during the Iran-Iraq War, an estimated 60% of the facilities in southern and central Iraq were damaged in the Gulf War. Post-1991 fighting between Kurdish and Iraqi forces in northern Iraq resulted in temporary sabotage of the Kirkuk field's facilities. In 1996, production capacity in northern and central Iraq was estimated at between 0.7 and 1 million barrels (110,000 to 160,000 m³) per day, down from around 1.2 million barrels (190,000 m³) per day before the Gulf War.

IPC today
IPC has ceased operations, but the company "Iraq Petroleum Company Limited" still remains extant as a name on paper, and one of its surviving associated companies – Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company (ADPC), formerly Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Limited – continued with the original shareholding intact until January 2014. ADPC still holds 40% of the onshore concession in Abu Dhabi, with the majority 60% held by the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) on behalf of the Abu Dhabi Government. Operations are carried out by the local operating company – the Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) – jointly owned by ADNOC, and the ADPC shareholders: BP, Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil, TotalEnergies and Partex; reflecting the historical make-up of the Iraq Petroleum Company. The Abu Dhabi onshore oil concession expired in January 2014.

Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company Limited was dissolved on 4 October 2018, while Iraq Petroleum Company Limited still exists, now using company number 09646587 instead of 00113948. "New" Iraq Petroleum Company Limited was incorporated on 18 June 2015 as "BP Newco 1 Limited" and succeeded operations of "old" Iraq Petroleum Company, Limited, which dissolved on 30 December 2015.

Publications and films
In 1948, IPC published its Handbook of the Territories which Form the Theatre of Operations of the Iraq Petroleum Company Limited and its Associated Companies authored by Stephen Hemsley Longrigg. The IPC Film Unit produced a number of short films, most notably The Third River, a film produced in 1952 about operations around the Iraq-Mediterranean pipeline, and Rivers of Time, produced in 1957, about the history of Mesopotamia. Ageless Iraq was an historical film made for IPC by British Pathé. The company published a monthly magazine, entitled Iraq Petroleum, from August 1951 until April/May 1957. An insert in the January 1957 edition read "In the light of present circumstances it has been found necessary to restrict the production of Iraq Petroleum and... publication will be bi-monthly until further notice." An in-house company magazine, The Crescent, continued in print until the 1970s. The IPC Newsletter, a quarterly magazine for IPC pensioners, was issued between 1974 and 2014.

title: Iraq Petroleum Company


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Syed Ali Raza

Syed Ali Raza is a Pakistani businessman and author. He became the president of the National Bank of Pakistan, being the longest-serving president of the bank up to that point, and has also worked at the North African branch of Bank of America.

Biography
Raza was born to Syed Hashim Raza. He graduated from London School of Economics with Bachelor of Science in economics. He also holds a Master of Science in administrative sciences from Cass Business School and a graduate degree from Karachi Institute of Business Administration.

While serving as the president of the National Bank of Pakistan, Raza eliminated over 3,000 jobs and closed 250 branches, raising the bank's profits and lowering its bad loans.

In 2006, BusinessWeek included Raza in their list of the "25 Stars of Asia", ranking him among the top 4 financiers in Asia.

Awards
Raza has also been given a Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) Award in 2006 by the President of Pakistan.

Raza resigned from his post in 2012 for unstated reasons.

title: Syed Ali Raza


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Format Films

Format Films was an animation studio which was founded by Herbert Klynn in 1959 with Jules Engel as vice president, Bob McIntosh and Joseph Mugnaini, all of whom were animators.

History
It was most active during the 1960s, producing episodes of The Alvin Show and Popeye the Sailor. Klynn shut his studio in 1962 but reopened it by 1965 as Format Productions when Engels left for Europe. The studio made eleven sub-contracted shorts in Warner Bros.' theatrical Road Runner series as well as three Daffy Duck and Speedy Gonzales shorts, and produced The Lone Ranger animated series for CBS in 1966.

Format Productions also created title sequences for several TV series, including I Spy, Honey West, the animated characters on the television variety show Hee Haw, animated various TV commercials, and created film title designs for The Glory Guys and Clambake.

TV series

 * Popeye the Sailor (King Features Syndicate, Jack Kinney Productions/1960)
 * The Alvin Show (Bagdasarian Film Corporation/1961–1962)
 * The Lone Ranger (Jack Wrather Corporation, Lone Ranger Productions/1966–1969) (as Format Productions)

TV Pilot

 *  The Shrimp (1961)

Theatrical shorts

 * Tale of Old Wiff (1960)
 * Icarus Montgolfier Wright (1962) (Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film nominee)
 * Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies (Warner Bros., DePatie–Freleng Enterprises/1965–1967) (as Format Productions)
 * Run, Run, Sweet Road Runner (1965) (subcontracted-DFE)
 * Tired and Feathered (1965) (subcontracted-DFE)
 * Boulder Wham! (1965) (subcontracted-DFE)
 * Just Plane Beep (1965) (subcontracted-DFE)
 * Hairied and Hurried (1965) (subcontracted-DFE)
 * Highway Runnery (1965) (subcontracted-DFE)
 * Chaser on the Rocks (1965) (subcontracted-DFE)
 * Shot and Bothered (1966) (subcontracted-DFE)
 * Out and Out Rout (1966) (subcontracted-DFE)
 * The Solid Tin Coyote (1966) (subcontracted-DFE)
 * Clippety Clobbered (1966) (subcontracted-DFE)
 * Quacker Tracker (1967)(subcontracted-WB)
 * The Music Mice-Tro (1967)(subcontracted-WB)
 * The Spy Swatter (1967)(subcontracted-WB)

Film and television titles (as Format Productions unless otherwise noted)

 * Outlaws (1960–1962) (TV) (as Format Films)
 * I Spy (1965–1968) (TV)
 * The Glory Guys (1965)
 * Honey West (1965–1966) (TV)
 * Clambake (1967)
 * The Mothers-in-Law (1967–1969) (TV)
 * Hee Haw (1969) (TV)
 * Curiosity Shop (1971–1973) (TV)

title: Format Films


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thomas and Foster cases

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was: listed on Copyright problems. sjorford →•← 13:44, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thomas and Foster cases
This 'article' has nothing more than links to websites where the result of these two cases is held up as an example of a purported conspiracy by the federal courts to validate the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Any discussion of the cases should be incorporated into the page for the Sixteenth Amendment, or into the Tax protestor article. --BD2412 00:17, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a repository of links. Zzyzx11 01:24, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just two external links - no article. Megan1967 05:51, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The history of this page shows a troubled past. It was contributed on 15 Feb as a full-blown article.  Within minutes, it was tagged as a copyvio.  Eight minutes later, the anon who started the article overwrote the copyvio tag with the two links.  It sat that way until this VfD discussion was opened.  I can find no evidence that the original copyvio allegation was ever resolved.  Looking at the original text, it appears that an encyclopedic article could be written someday.  For now, however, I think the only possible answer is to return this to the copyvio process.  I am restoring the copyvio notice.  Rossami (talk) 00:20, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:141.161.217.108

title: User talk:141.161.217.108


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Puff and Tuff

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:06, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

Puff and Tuff
Is it a game? Is it a story? It's non-encyclopedic in either case. -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:08, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Childhood fancy... Nick04 22:14, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I am still confused as to what it is.... Tygar 22:24, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't get it. Zzyzx11 00:31, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete sounds like someone describing a make-believe game they'd played as kids, which was apparently not too long ago if it involves Pokemon. I actually find this article really cute, but of course it cannot stay. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  00:36, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Markwigg

ŁCHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY A GUARDIAN OVER 21. DON'T TAKE ANY CHANCES - BRING PROOF OF AGE NO CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS WILL BE PERMITTED

title: User talk:Markwigg


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Henry Wharton (writer)

Henry Wharton (9 November 1664 – 5 March 1695) was an English writer and librarian.

Life
Wharton was descended from Thomas, 2nd Baron Wharton (1520–1572), being a son of the Rev. Edmund Wharton, vicar of Worstead, Norfolk. Born at Worstead, he was educated by his father, and then at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Both his industry and his talents were exceptional, and his university career was brilliant. In 1686 he entered the service of the ecclesiastical historian, the Rev. William Cave (1637–1713), whom he helped in his literary work; but considering that his assistance was not sufficiently appreciated he soon forsook this employment.

In 1687 he was ordained deacon, and in 1688 he made the acquaintance of the archbishop of Canterbury, William Sancroft, under whose generous patronage some of his literary work was done. The archbishop, who had a very high opinion of Wharton's character and talents, made him one of his chaplains, and presented him to the Kentish living of Sundridge, and afterwards to that of Chartham in the same county.

In 1689 he took the oath of allegiance to William III and Mary II, but he wrote a severe criticism of bishop Burnet's History of the Reformation, and it was partly owing to the bishop's hostility that he did not obtain further preferment in the English church. He died on 5 March 1695, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Works
Wharton's major work is his Anglia Sacra, a collection of the lives of English archbishops and bishops, which was published in two volumes in 1691. Some of these were written by Wharton himself; others were borrowed from early writers. These include Stephen Birchington's Vitae Archiepiscoporum Cantuariensium.

His other writings, in addition to his criticism of the History of the Reformation, include A Treatise of the Celibacy of the Clergy (1688); The Enthusiasm of the Church of Rome Demonstrated in Some Observations upon the Life of Ignatius Loyola (1688) ; and A Defence of Pluralities (1692, new ed. 1703).

In Lambeth Palace Library there are sixteen volumes of Wharton's manuscripts. Describing him as "this wonderful man", William Stubbs says that Wharton did for the elucidation of English Church history "more than any one before or since". A life of Wharton is included in George D'Oyly's Life of William Sancroft (1821).

title: Henry Wharton (writer)


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TACL (programming language)

TACL (Tandem Advanced Command Language) is the scripting programming language which acts as the shell in Tandem Computers/NonStop computers.

History
Tandem computers were originally designed and sold by Tandem Computers, Inc., based in Cupertino, CA. These were the first commercially available parallel processing computers. Despite their ability to expand to large sizes using parallelism, later to be called clustering, they were in the category of "mini-computers". Tandem's strategy was the emerging concept of "continuous availability" for applications requiring near-total uptime, in which single points of failure were minimized through mirrored storage devices, controllers and software, and operating systems engineered specifically for fault tolerance (using the Guardian operating system, later NonStop Kernel or NSK, and later NonStop OS). In computing, a single point of failure refers to any scenario in which the failure of a single component, application or process could result in broader impacts such as data loss or the cascading failure of the system. The relative likelihood of multiple component or process failures within a short time is considered much lower than the likelihood a single failure.

Tandem Computers, Inc. was acquired by Compaq Computer Corporation in 1997; and Compaq Computer Corp. was subsequently purchased by Hewlett-Packard in 2001. Today they are known as "HPE Nonstop", with products such as the HP Integrity NonStop Blade systems.

In 2022, HPE NonStop platforms underpin many of the largest banks, casinos, retailers, telephone companies, email systems, and stock exchanges worldwide. TACL continues to be the scripting language used on NonStop Servers.

Design philosophy
Many high-uptime computer systems that were produced after the Tandem NonStop platform rely on a pair of concurrently running, parallel but independent processes. A "failover" scheme ensures that the secondary process (or hot backup) continues operating in the event of a failure in the primary process, thereby ensuring that any failure in the primary process does not result in a total failure of the function, network or system it supports.

The Tandem NonStop design philosophy differs as each CPU performs its own work and may contain a dormant "backup" process in another CPU. Each pair of CPUs share hardware ownership of controllers and disk drives. Writes to the mirrored disk pair are performed on both the primary and backup drives. However, the drives are not truly redundant as reads will only be performed by the drive that can most quickly access the data, not both. If one CPU in the pair fails, the other will take full ownership of the disk drives and tasks it was undertaking, providing continuous availability to that data and continuous operation of the system, including re-driving disk I/Os. A running primary process may be given a backup process in another CPU, which receives checkpoint information. If the primary process fails, the backup process resumes the transaction using the checkpoint information. The backup process may also spawn its own backup to avoid data loss in case there are further failures.

The name "NonStop" refers to this fault-tolerant design. HPE NonStop systems can support operations involving high transactions-per-second and are therefore used in critical applications such as banking, stock trading platforms and telecommunications systems.

Upon the NonStop OS platform there are at least two programming languages—TAL (Transaction Application Language) as the compiled language, and TACL as the interpreted language. NonStop OS software includes compilers for other languages (including Java, C, C++, COBOL, SCOBOL, etc.), which may be used to support functions in languages other than TAL/TACL if required. TACL remains as the default scripting language on these machines. HPE later introduced a ksh-based shell command interface, however this does not contain every capability offered by TACL such as the netstat command. TACL built-ins reflect the multi-CPU nature of NSK.

TACL instructions can be stored in a simple text file as MACROS, ROUTINES, or DEFINES which the TACL interpreter can execute as scripts. Such scripts are often used to store complex configuration instructions such as start-up and hardware configuration sequences. TACL is also used as a job control language for batch jobs.

The TACL language has a large number of built-in utilities which allow the user to capture and parse output from various system utilities. This allows users to build TACL programs that can monitor system events through the use of filters that monitor the system and application event logs.

A TACL routine saved in the file FILE1
Create the following subroutine in the file FILE1: ?Section HELLO_BERNARD ROUTINE
 * 1) OUTPUT Hello BERNARD

How to run the TACL routine:
 * 1) From a TACL prompt type: LOAD / KEEP 1 / FILE1 (this loads the routine into memory)
 * 2) Type: HELLO_BERNARD (this runs the routine)
 * 3) Output will be: Hello BERNARD

TACL code in the file FILE1
An alternate strategy is to create a file named FILE1 and add the following two lines: ?TACL ROUTINE
 * 1) OUTPUT Hello BERNARD

Execute the routine by naming the file at the TACL prompt: > RUN FILE1

title: TACL (programming language)


text:
Alan Prince

Alan Sanford Prince (born 1946) is a Board of Governors Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at Rutgers University-New Brunswick. Prince, along with Paul Smolensky, developed Optimality Theory, which was originally applied to phonology, but has been extended to other areas of linguistics such as syntax and semantics.

Biography
Prince went to high school in Fairfax, Virginia, got his BA with "great distinction" from McGill University, and received his PhD from MIT in 1975. Before coming to Rutgers, he was a professor of linguistics at Brandeis University and at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 2010 Prince was named the Rutgers Board of Governors Professor of Linguistics. He became an Emeritus Professor at Rutgers in 2015 upon his retirement. The "Short 'schrift for Alan Prince" was assembled for this occasion, and presented to him at the 2015 Rutgers Typology Workshop.

Prince is married to Jane Grimshaw, who is a Distinguished Professor of Linguistics at Rutgers University.

Awards
In 1998, Prince was named a fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.

title: Alan Prince


text:
Edward Arnold

Edward Arnold may refer to:

 * Edward Arnold (actor) (1890–1956), American actor
 * Ed Arnold (born 1943), Pennsylvania politician
 * Eddy Arnold (1918–2008), country singer
 * Eddie Arnold (1949–2000), English Olympic gymnast
 * Edward Arnold (publisher), a publishing house
 * Edward Vernon Arnold (1857–1926), British scholar of Sanscrit and Latin

title: Edward Arnold


text:
Kildare North (Dáil constituency)

Kildare North is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects 4 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

History and boundaries
The constituency was created at the 1997 general election, when the former 5-seat Kildare constituency was divided into Kildare North and Kildare South. At the 1997 and 2002 elections, Kildare North was a 3-seat constituency, but it was allocated an extra seat at the 2007 general election. The constituency spans the more densely populated north-eastern corner of County Kildare, taking in the towns of Celbridge, Clane, Leixlip, Kilcock, Maynooth and Naas.

The Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017 defines the constituency as:

The Constituency Review Report 2023 of the Electoral Commission recommended that at the next general election, Kildare North be increased to a five-seat constituency with the transfer of territory from Kildare South.

For the next general election, the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023 defines the constituency as:

title: Kildare North (Dáil constituency)