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Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Archive 14

Proposed revision
I have put a proposed revision on Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/proposed revision. I am proposing that we explicitly state that "The general philosophy behind these rules is that date and number styles should be chosen so as to be readily understandable to as many people as possible. Remember, you are writing for the reader, not for yourself!" However, the revision also includes some slight tweaks to policy. Slight, because although some articles following current policy would not comply with the revision, the number of those articles is quite small.

Put simply, I think what I call "the general philosophy" above is important to have in an encyclopaedia that seeks to have a wide international readership, with readers from all backgrounds and schoolings. The emphasis should be to try to produce articles that everyone understand. No doubt this aim cannot always be achieved, yet it is good target to aim for, jguk 20:17, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Who will be the arbiter of this "general philosophy?" Perhaps we could have a general philosophy Czar who would travel around reverting everything that didn't square with their POV? :) Sunray 10:47, 2005 Jan 24 (UTC)

 * I would like to see the changes from the current version highlighted in some manner so that what you propose is easier to comprehend. —Morven 20:30, Jan 23, 2005 (UTC)

Oops, I arranged for that and forgot to tell anyone. I pasted the current article onto the proposed revision page when I created it, and then revised it to the proposal. The changes can be seen on this diff. As I note, it is the basic philosophy that I think is most important. The remaining changes are a corollary of that, jguk 20:38, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree with this proposal. Also, because the proposal would be a major change, I will give it the publicity it deserves. Maurreen 01:09, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * There might be a few minor changes I would support, such as changing 'mi/h' to the more familiar 'mph'. But otherwise I would point out:
 * The correct abbreviation is 'e.g.' not 'eg'.
 * '4–7' is equivalent to '4 through 7', but neither is equivalent to '4 to 7'. (It would however be equivalent to '4 to 7, inclusive', but why bother with the extra word?)
 * I'm thinking anyone who bothers changing all the date references from February 12, 1809 to 12 February 1809 has too much time on his hands. —Mike 02:24, Jan 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * In reponse to your comments:
 * 1. I think either is reasonable, but this is something that can easily be tweaked anyway.
 * 2. I hadn't realised there was a difference. We don't use "through" in the UK, so it seems I got it wrong. Maybe "4 through to 7" would be better.
 * 3. The revision says that all date references in an article should be consistent. That is, use either February 12, 1809 or 12 February 1809, but not both. The reason for this is to give consistency to users (eg unregistered users) who haven't expressed a date preference. If that's the policy, the page, which was very inconsistent beforehand, should reflect it.
 * I'm unable to address Maurreen's concerns as she does not say what they are, but, as noted above, in practice very few pages complying with current policy would be affected, jguk 08:02, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree with this proposed revision. Is it not merely a thinly-disguised way of banning the use of BCE/CE?  Many Wikipedians use different ways of dating depending on the context.  I have used BCE/CE for non-Christian topics relating to non-Christian regions.  Such use is considered acceptable in both the Oxford Style Manual and the Chicago Manual of Style.  The current Manual of Style likewise permits both BC/AD and BCE/CE.  It is the writer's call.  The only stipulation is that there should be consistency in dating/numbering scheme within a particular article.  There are many reasons for using BCE/CE (see the article on Common Era). One that is undoubtedly of interest to many Wikipedia editors is showing common courtesy to people of diverse cultures and religions.  Sunray 10:47, 2005 Jan 24 (UTC)

 * I also disagree with most proposed changes:
 * I agree with your sentiment about date format inconsistencies, but date formats should really be a user preference. If you ask me, dates should be written in source inside a single set of double brackets, e.g. 21 February 2004 and the software should then correctly format and link the dates and years. Maybe you should make a feature request for that.
 * The BC and AD notation (and its local equivalents is obsolete even in many traditionally christian countries. I see no reason to give it precedence over the neutral BCE/CE notation. I can live with date articles living at the BC/AD titles, but it should be possible to use and link 300 BCE. Again, this could be a user preference.
 * Using mph instead of mi/h sounds reasonable. The whole imperial measurement system is wacky and there's no good reason to try to bring it in line with our SI standards.
 * I don't see why we would abandon the advice on billions. They can cause serious misunderstanding. Zocky 11:29, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I think I have to along with the majority here, and disagree with the proposed changes, especially with regard to the BCE/CE question. (Incidentally, while 12.00a.m. and 12.00p.m. can confuse some people, I don't see any ambiguity.  Is there a difference in usage between, say, the U.S. and the U.K.?) Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:57, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The ambiguity is not one of inconsistent usage but rather one of theory vs practice. A.M. and P.M. mean in Latin "after midnight" and "after noon"; 12 hours "after midnight" is surely noon, and yet 12:00 a.m. is reckoned as midnight. I trace the problem to flip-type digital clocks which for mechanical expediency put each 12:00 in the same half-day as the following 59 minutes; this usage of 12:00 a.m. for midnight (and correspondingly, belonging to the day it commences) seems pretty universal now, at least over here in North America. --Sharkford 16:01, 2005 Jan 25 (UTC)

 * Enough of the folk etymology. A.M. stands for ante meridiem which means "before noon", not for "after midnight".  Some used to recommend 12:00 M, but the problem there is this:  does "M" stand for "meridiem" or for "midnight"?  Gene Nygaard 16:33, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Well yes, that's pretty much what I meant; there's some confusion, and many people (like Sharkford, and – if I'm honest – myself on occasion, when I'm in a hurry or not thinking) use them wrongly — but there's no ambiguity. The term "a.m." refers to the period between midnight and midday, so "12.00a.m." is midnight, "12.00p.m." is midday.  (Mind you, one has to be careful not to rely too heavily on etymology, folk or otherwise — after all, "noon"'s Latin origin is the term for 3.00p.m., the ninth hour from sunrise.) Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:37, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Urk. I can't believe I didn't double check that before I posted. Many thanks to the several of you that didn't let that stand. --Sharkford 19:51, 2005 Jan 25 (UTC)

 * Thumbs down. It is pretty bad when someone who proposes changes to this section of the manual doesn't have enough sense not to alienate  people by messing with things not covered in the dates and numbers section, e.g. "eg".

 * My second reason is that while wholesale overhauls like this may be appropriate in a general article, when it comes to changing the Manual of Style it makes no sense to deal with a hodgepodge of unrelated items. One set of related items at a time--and you can usually discuss that here without showing how the whole dates and numbers section would look if rewritten. Gene Nygaard 13:20, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I'm confused. What is wrong with the principle that date and numbers should be used in a way that they are easily understandable to as many people as possible? (Also, this is not a wholesale overhaul. Fewer than 1,000 articles (probably fewer than 500 articles) out of the 450,000 articles currently in the English Wikipedia would be out of kilter with the proposed revision.) jguk 21:19, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I strongly, strongly opposed ALL of the preposed revisions (no offense meant to jguk, of course). Neutralitytalk 06:15, Jan 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Zocky said dates should be written in source inside a single set of double brackets, e.g. 21 February 2004 and the software should then correctly format and link the dates and years.. I agree with that. I don't like the splitting of dates into two parts for the autoformatting to work. It seems like a software workaround to me. This splitting of dates into two links and then having relationship between the two links is not wysiwyg. It was only when I spent a long time removing multiple links to the same year, that somebody told me that this was a feature.

 * Look at List of asteroids (61001-62000). It has 1000 links to the article 2000 because it includes
 * May 28, 2000
 * May 27, 2000
 * May 26, 2000
 * May 25, 2000
 * etc
 * That is why it is mentioned in Offline reports/This page links many times to the same article. I will support any requests for an improvement to date handling. Linking and date autoformatting are two different things and they should look different. Making it look like one link would be bad enough, making it look like two separate links is worse.

 * I also support the suggestion that dates should only be linked if relevant. And they should only be linked once, not every time. Bobblewik (talk) 20:46, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * That makes sense to me. Maurreen 11:28, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I oppose the proposed revision as stated, and in particular its attempt to make the use of CE / BCE dates disallowed or disfavored. I agree with several other people who have expressed the view that this format has significant value. Indded it seems clsoer to the standard of a neutral POV than does the general use of AD/BC, much less the mandated use of that system. The "general principle" seems reasonable, if not vital, to me, but if this kind of thing is its proper consequence, then I oppose it.

By the way, i belive that "4-7" can mean either "Four through seven" (i. e. the numbers 4, 5, 6, and 7) or "four to seven" (i.e. a range in a numbered list of pages, items, paragraphs or the like) depending on the context. DES 19:42, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

BCE in Y/M/D format
How is BCE used in representing a date in year-month-day style? I have been working on several articles which employ BCE dates and want to employ a stylistically correct form before proceeding furhter. Denni ☯ 01:59, 2005 Jan 24 (UTC)

 * I don't know if there is a way to do BCE, however if you were to enter, this is the equivalent of "February 12, 424 BC".  —Mike 02:34, Jan 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * This is what I have been doing up until now. However, the negative codes still come up redlinked. The Wiki software does not seem to recognize them as BC or BCE dates. (See, among similar, 50 (number)) Denni ☯ 02:46, 2005 Jan 24 (UTC)

 * You're using an odd unrecognised format. Try -0425-02-12, it becomes -0425-02-12. -- Tim Starling 03:04, Jan 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Try these--isn't something horribly wrong? (View with preferences other than YYYYMMDD)
 * -0002-02-12 -0002-02-12 should be 3 B.C., not 1 B.C.
 * -0001-02-12 -0001-02-12 should be 2 B.C., not 0 B.C. which is never used
 * -0000-02-12 and 0000-02-12 -0000-02-12 and 0000-02-12 both should be 1 B.C., not -1 B.C. and not 0 unless using this YMD format
 * 0001-02-12 0001-02-12 correct as 1 (A.D.) -- Gene Nygaard 04:42, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC) modified Gene Nygaard 03:43, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I mentioned this software bug above, but only got one response. Tim Starling's example of -0425-02-12 resulted in February 12, 424 BC in the M-D-Y format, which is wrong. It should be February 17, 426 BC if the date were written in the ISO 8601 (2000) format and the date converted to the Wikipedia style of a Julian calendar date (because it is before October 15, 1582) using a BC year. ISO 8601 (2000) requires that all dates before 1582 be given in the proleptic Gregorian calendar and that a year 0000 be used. Thus 02-12 should be assumed to be in the Gregorian calendar, so that when it is displayed in the Julian calendar, the day of the month shifts by five days (in this case). Furthermore, because ISO 8601 (2000) requires a zero year, the digits in the year should increase by one, not decrease by one.

 * As pointed out by the lone respondent to my earlier post, this produces great problems for the general Wikipedia community, considering that the software engineer who programmed Wikipedia didn't even get it right. There are three possible solutions: (1) correct the software to follow the full ISO 8601 (2000) rules, (2) follow a modified set of ISO rules that assume that the 'ISO' date is given in the Julian calendar without a year zero (if before October 15, 1582), or (3) forbid the use of the ISO 8601 (2000) format before October 15, 1582.

 * The solution which would prevent most problems for those who are oblivious to converting calendar dates would be option (2). For this option, a minus sign before the year would simply be replaced by BC without any change in the digits of the year. An attempt to use a zero year could be converted to 1 BC, so both 0000 and -0001 would be interpreted as 1 BC. Using a minus sign for a BC year has been used by some chronologists and historians, but has also been decried by those who know that a minus sign means astronomical year numbering and hence wrong if the year is not shifted by one. — Joe Kress 07:15, Jan 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * This isn't ISO 8601 usage in any case. This is far outside the scope of the usage covered by ISO 8601.  So there's no reason why this format cannot be used with Julian calendar dates. The software just needs to be fixed to subtract one from the absolute value of the year, not from the B.C. year with a negative sign stuck in front of it. Gene Nygaard 08:25, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Christian Era vs. Common Era
I noticed that Japanese calendar refered to CE specifically as the Christian Era and not the Common Era. I would prefer the latter as it seems less POV (does not label a 2000 year period as belonging to a single religion) but checked the manual for what wikipedia says on the issue. While the manual does address BC/BCE and AD/CE,  it does not address Christian Era vs Common Era. What is the concensus here? Asteron ノレツァ 00:47, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)

My own preference is for "Christian Era", because it's more accurate. The dating system involved isn't common, as many countries and cultures use their own systems; it is, however, directly related to the Christian system of dating, and is as widespread as it is because of the dominance of Christian-based cultures. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:28, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Christian Era is the more common terminology. The reason it is also the "Common Era" is because (in the area and time in which the term was coined) almost everyone was Christian - so the Christian Era was Common to all. Of course, nowadays many, such as Mel Etitis above, question why such an obviously Christian terminology is still used, jguk 21:23, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that you probably meant to refer to the area and time in which A.D. and B.C. were coined (though in fact they were coined at different times, and more recently than is often realised — but that's not the point), as Common Era is surely a recent coinage. As an atheist I don't in fact care whether the dating system is referred to by religion-specific terms (any more than I refuse to use the terms Tuesday, Wednesday, January, etc.).  Out of politeness to those who do care, I use C.E. and B.C.E. though; I expand it to Christian rather than to Common Era because, as I said, I think that it's more accurate. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:37, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

No, "Common Era" was coined by Christians. Of course Tuesday (Tiu's day), Wednesday (Woden's day), January (named after Januus) all have religious derivations. Acknowledging that many do not understand academic speak, and that only one term is used in UK English, I prefer BC and AD. If I used anything else here in London, most people just wouldn't understand what the heck I was going on about! I fear that in your attempts to be courteous to a few, you are inadventently becoming discourteous to the many who will be confused by your style, jguk 22:53, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm unsurprised that Common Era was coined by Christians, but my comment was that it was recent (and thus not, I think, coined at a time when almost everyone was Christian); that's a trivial point though. On the question of C.E./B.C.E. being "academic speak", I'd agree that it's a usage more commonly found in books (but then I rarely use it in conversation, and certainly not non-academic conversation...), but certainly not restricted to academic books. A very quick look through recent popular books that I have lying around (so not a scientific test, I grant you) indicated that it was slightly more common than the traditional alternative, and a quick Google suggests that it's widely used outside acadaemia.  Besides, I think that anyone who read, for example, that Descartes was born in 1596C.E., or that the Battle of Hastings is widely thought to have taken place in 1066C.E. would have to be pretty dim to be misled (especially if they can look up C.E. in the same encyclopaedia). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:25, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Descartes' birth doesn't need CE or AD - it's assumed. The issue really only arises for events before 0 AD/CE. And putting 999 BCE may be confusing for people not familiar with it, whereas most people know BC. And since the entire calendar is based on Christian history, does it really matter whether abbreviations (rarely if ever expanded) use Christian terminology or an unfamiliar vaguely neutered version of it? Unless we adopt a new calendar, 999 BCE is barely any less Christian than 999 BC, whatever BCE stands for. Rd232 11:15, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure how the newer terminology is a neutered (however vaguely) version of the old (especially as in general you seem to be saying that there's no real difference in their Christian nature). Nor is it unfamiliar to me, nor to a great many other people.  Perhaps that's a matter of geographical/cultural context, but I'm an academic in the U.K., and as I type I'm looking at a popular, non-academic book published by Barron's in the U.S., and we both use B.C.E. rather than B.C..  Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 20:25, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Suggestion: Template for geographic coordinates
I notice that latitude and longitude coordinates are given for various locations. Useful as they may be, they are not in a common style. Isn't it time to define this? Not only for style, but using a template it should be possible to do the same neat trick as for ISBN numbers. I.e. clicking on the ref would bring you directly to a navigatable map, or better, a page with external pointers to various map resources, with coordinates automatically embedded where possible. We should also specifiy which geodetic system, presumably WGS84 is the must suitable standard.

Taking Lima as an example, it is located at:
 * 12°02’36” S 77°01’42” W

The Mapquest request for this coordinate for this is: http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?searchtype=address&formtype=address&latlongtype=degrees&latdeg=-12&latmin=02&latsec=36&longdeg=-77&longmin=01&longsec=42

There is challenge in making a template by ordinary means due to the handling of S/N E/W versus negative degrees. This can be done in a convenient manner simply by having four variant templates, one for each quadrant. So to specify the location of Lima, one can do:

-12.04333°N, -77.02833°W

Which expands to:

 * -12.04333°N, -77.02833°W

The seventh argument is for a possible separator between latitude and longitude, where sometimes for instance a  may be needed.

The crux is in the common template Template:Coordinate dms, where of course the functionality can be developed further.

Replacing dms with dm or d gives similar functionality for references for larger areas, where degree/minute, or even just degrees suffice. The default zoom factor for the map is tuned correspondingly.

See Template talk:Coor dms for a summary.

Note that the link should ideally be to a new page (like e.g. for ISBN 0471093033) providing external links to a number of different map resources for the same location. Presumably this requires some Wikimedia Special: magic, where a critical mass of usage is perhaps required to get it done.

See also: Geographic coordinate conversion, Geographic coordinate system

-- Egil 05:15, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This may not be exactly what you are intending, but have you seen Template:Mapit-US-cityscale? It takes coordinates in decimal degrees and produces external links that can use those coordinates. For example,, which are coordinates for Detroit, produces this:

 * -older ≠ wiser 13:38, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. This one generates an inline set of references. This is along the lines I was thinking, but my hope was to have it on a separate page, as mentioned, so that the coordinates could appear inline with no clutter. -- Egil 13:55, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've noticed one caveat: Templates cannot be used as arguments to other templates. This is a problem when infobox templates contain geographical coordiantes, and is reported as a bug. -- Egil 06:08, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Why use a template for this function? ISBN references are detected by the MediaWiki software automatically.  Why not put in a software enhancement request to do similar detection for coordinates? -- Netoholic @ 15:08, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)

 * Reason 1: ISBN references are much easier to detect, syntax-wise. Having recently had some experience in tracking down coordinates, it seems like there is no end to the variations of how these are written.
 * Reason 2: The template ensures a uniform presentation of these refs, as is needed, see Reason 1.
 * Reason 3: Implementing MediaWiki detection requires an updated version of MediaWiki. That is definitely a big deal. Adding a template demonstrating the concept is not.
 * Reason 4: Using a template (with what-links-here) makes it feasible to do the reverse: Automagically create a navigatable map with a clickable icon appearing for every location for which there is a Wikipedia article. Making it feasible often is one good step into making it happen.
 * -- Egil 16:40, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC); addendum Egil 12:52, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * One difficulty in implementing that, it appears to me, would be the fact that the types of mapping alternatives available are dependent on political boundaries as well as the coordinates (a problem for the templates as well, but perhaps more managable if the editors somehow determine those polital boundaries in choosing appropriate templates). I disagree about the "separate page" idea as well, and would rather see External links generated on the article's page.  Gene Nygaard 16:20, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The idea of linking the location to a special page is a solution to that: The user can then select between a number of different resources. Not only maps, but topological info, satelite photos etc. Using the ISBN as model, notice how the ISBN special page offers you links to many booksellers and libraries. Not all of them are relevant for any given book, but you are given enough info to select a good one.
 * One other note: To be able to handle the specifics of how the various resources want their URLs to appear, the thing generating the list of maps definitely needs to be written in Perl or Python or something.
 * -- Egil 16:40, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I just confused myself into thinking of generating a new page specific to each reference, rather than a general one, with coordinate information somehow incorporated into the links on that page. Each resource should indicate the area for which it is available.  Gene Nygaard 16:51, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There is one good thing about the Geolinks templates as they stand now: they keep external links in the External Links section of an article, which is clean. Not that this is an requirement or policy, but it is consistent with much of the 'pedia. -- hike395 08:26, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I see your point. My thoughts about this are: A. The implementation as it is now will display the map link as a [1], which I believe is an acceptable form for an external link/reference. B. The ultimate goal would be that the entire georef is a Wikilink to an internal Wikipedia special page that would give a list of available external references. I am guessing that once such a mechanism is operational, the "many eyeballs" would make us discover that there are a good many valuable types of different resources. C. Making the georef a link proper, instead of having it at the end of the page, increases the "immediateness" of the feature. -- Egil 13:37, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have made a WikiProject Geographical coordinates for this feature. -- Egil 10:22, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have now also implemented a proof-of-concept of the map page, running on and off-site server (until permissions is granted to include this in-house). Ig you know about other map resources, please update Map sources. The format is explained in the project page. -- Egil 15:42, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You could have made better choices for your examples on the article page. For example, the padding with zeros is not a feature of your template; it is a matter of input just taken as whatever text is put in.  You should also give an example using decimal fractions.  Different considerations also apply to the example on the other article linked to from these coordinates.

 * I'm not convinced that entering a quarter-sphere is preferable to listing north/south and east/west separately, something that really hasn't been discussed. There may well turn out to be good reasons for it, but so far, it is just Egil's bright idea and it is contrary to what we are accustomed to doing.

 * Obviously, there are some other issues as well, which probably should now be discussed on the project talk page. So I will mention a couple here, then go into it more on WikiProject Geographical coordinates:
 * One of your stated goals is more uniformity in the representation—but we need to decide what that uniform representation should be. For example, should there be any spaces at all within the numbers?  Both ways are used--and likely also that thin space discussed in other sections of this talk page.  NIST, in explaining that this is an exception to the rule that there is a space between a number and its symbol, closes up all the spaces its example "α = 32°22′8″"  http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec07.html
 * This rule has the advantage of being nonbreaking on the primes—though as I have seen to my consternation with temperatures, the degree sign is not nonbreaking in Wikipedia, splitting between the degree sign and the symbol for the temperature scale. If you do use spaces, it should be nonbreaking spaces between the degrees and minutes and between minutes and seconds.
 * Gene Nygaard 11:49, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I am continuing this discussion on the project talk page. -- Egil 12:56, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
St Michael's Church, Aigburth

St Michael's Church, also known as St Michael-in-the-Hamlet Church, is in St. Michael's Church Road, St Michael's Hamlet, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. The church contains much cast iron in its structure, and its citation in the National Heritage List for England states it has "one of the earliest and most thorough uses of industrial materials in a major building". It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Liverpool, the archdeaconry of Liverpool, and the deanery of Toxteth and Wavertree. Its benefice is united with those of Christ Church, Toxteth Park, and St Andrew, Liverpool.

History
The church was built between 1813 and 1815 as a chapel of ease to St Mary's Church, Walton. The church was built by John Cragg, the owner of the Mersey Iron Foundry, Tithebarn Street, Liverpool. Cragg bought the land from the Earl of Sefton, and built the church at his own expense, its final cost being £7,865 (equivalent to £0 in ). Cragg was a keen churchman and was always looking for new ways to use cast iron. He had already starting building St George's Church, Everton, using cast iron in its structure. and he planned to use more of it in St Michael's. Here it was used in the construction of the walls and for the pinnacles. The cast iron in the walls formed a skeleton, the base of which was filled with slate, and the remainder with brick. The brick was stuccoed. Internally he used it for the columns, for the tracery of the ceiling, and for mouldings. Cragg worked with the architect Thomas Rickman on the design of both churches, although the relationship between the two was not always happy. The church was consecrated by the Bishop of Chester (George Henry Law) on 21 June 1815.

By the late 1860s the structure of the building had deteriorated so much that it was in danger of demolition. However one of the churchwardens, Colonel Thomas Wilson organised a restoration of the church, the architects being W. and G. Audsley. The box pews were removed and replaced with benches providing a centre aisle as well as the two side aisles, the floor was relaid, and a new heating system was installed. Further improvements were made in the following years. In July 1898 St Michael's became a parish in its own right. By this time the building was not large enough for its congregation, and in 1897 a faculty had been obtained to extend the church. The north wall was removed and replaced further out, thereby increasing the width of the church. A new porch was built, a vestry was created in the former porch, and access to the west gallery was moved from the north to the south side. The cost for this was £2,950 (equivalent to £0 in ), which was raised by the parishioners.

In 1902 the organ was moved from the west gallery to a position north of the chancel. Following the First World War, the money collected to celebrate the church's centenary in 1915 was used instead was used for improvements to the church. It was used to redecorate the interior, for the provision of a clock in the tower, and for a memorial window in the porch. In 1957 the Jubilee Chapel was created at the east end of the south aisle to commemorate the diamond jubilee of the Mothers' Union. A further renovation took place in 1984 when the pipe organ, that had been damaged by water, was replaced with an electronic organ. The oak reredos was removed from the sanctuary and the lower tier of stained glass was replaced in the east window. The gallery was converted into a choir vestry with a glass screen overlooking the interior of the church. Its cost was £8,000.

Structure
The church is built in brick with many cast iron components; these include the parapets, battlements and pinnacles. The roofs are of slate slabs in a cast-iron framework. The lower (dado) level of the external wall is clad in slate panels finished with iron, which were originally sanded and painted with limewash mixed with animal blood to resemble Woolton sandstone. The church's plan consists of a six-bay nave with clerestory, north and south aisles (the north aisle being wider than the south), a west tower, and a short chancel with a vestry to the north and a chapel to the south. The aisles, clerestory and tower have three-light windows with Perpendicular tracery. The tower also has paired three-light bell-openings, diagonal buttresses, an arcaded, embattled parapet and pinnacles. Inside is a six-bay arcade with cast iron columns. The windows are also made from cast iron. An organ occupies the east bay of the north aisle and there is a west gallery.

Fittings and furnishings
The stained glass in the east window is in early Gothic Revival style. The east window in the chapel dates from 1916 and is by Shrigley and Hunt. In the porch is a First World War memorial window with glass by H. Gustave Hiller. The font is in marble. In the church is a marble tablet to the memory of the astronomer Jeremiah Horrox who was born nearby.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St Michael's Church, Aigburth


text: User talk:BrenDJ

title: User talk:BrenDJ


text:
Wales Island (Nunavut)

Wales Island (Shartoo) is one of the uninhabited Canadian arctic islands in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut. Located 1.5 km off the Melville Peninsula, the island is situated in Committee Bay within western Gulf of Boothia. It has an area of 1,137 km2.

Named Prince of Wales Island by the Scottish Arctic explorer, Dr. John Rae, it was subsequently shortened to Wales Island.

title: Wales Island (Nunavut)


text:
User:Vanguard

About Me
I'm a 33 year-old guy from Burnley, England,

I'm not exactly a regular editor on Wikipedia these days. I'll mostly stick to maintenance and editing anything wrong or missing when I'm using Wikipedia as a reference.

title: User:Vanguard


text:
Talk:Electronic signature

Did some work on the problems.
Hey, I made the first paragraph no longer US Centric. I also reorganized the page and added some introductory paragraphs to the technical sections. This reorganization and introductory paragraphs I hope create a clearer sense of the relation between the legal requirements for a contractually valid electronic signature, electronic signature schemes, and methods (such as digital signatures) regularly used to implement those schemes.

I added a separate section for electronic signature schemes, the high-level implementations of underlying methods (such as cryptography) which go on to see much use. There is very little content in this section so far, but because the actual technology implementations which go on to become popular for electronic contract signing is really core to what this article studies, I think it is a section, or at least a subject within in this article, that needs to be expanded upon. -- Monk of the highest order (t) 04:48, 10 August 2011 (UTC).

problems noted
The first paragraph in the article is incoherent. An editing gremlin probably accounts for this.

The added section on cryptographic signatures is actually about digital signatures (as defined in that WP article) and should reference them. It is, additionally, subtly wrong in several respects, though entirely consonant with the general run of discussion about digital signatures in legal venues. As such, this section is currently an example of the confusion produced by incautious use of terms and unclarity about crypto.

I'll try to get to back to this to make some repairs in the near future. ww 20:26, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * One obvious place to start would be here, to sort out which pages are trying to refer to digital signatures, and direct their links appropriately.
 * Yup. ww
 * I got the impression that "electronic signature" is often refered to in a non-cryptographic realm, hence the addition of some material on the legal discussion around contracts (even including EULAs I suppose) which exist only electronically, yet are thought of as "signed". That might also include the laws and judgements over whether a PGP-signed email is legally equivalent to a real signature (e.g. the UK NHS system where doctors are expecting to sign prescriptions electronically)
 * The whole field is a mess, terminologically. And in law with more consequence than perhaps elsewhere. The two articles digital sig and electronic sig were originally designed to sort out some of the underlying confusion in concept if not, because impossible, to correct misuse and further confusion(s). ww
 * I think (was a while ago...) that I added the crypto-signature section because I thought that the topic didn't already exist. I probably finished the section, realised there was another similar article, and forgot to merge/delete the redundant bit.
 * And the number of times I've done the same... It's a problem for us all. ww
 * Should the legal discussion be moved into the same article as the cryptography discussion or are they actually different concepts?
 * There is considerable need for some education of the legal beagles and their journalist types, for legislation is creating (has created) a bog that courts will have much trouble digging themselves and us out of. Until they succeed much inequity and bad precedent will be created. This is an engineering / legal interaction, and legal folk are often not engineers as a result of disinterest or inability. I was involved in a project to do just that, in a small way, a couple of years ago and the lack of interest amongst the legals was most notable. WP, in some ideal world, should have adequate articles dealing with this -- oriented to the law folk. Since I'm not one, I'm probably not a good choice, but I'd willing to backstop one for the crypto engineering aspects. Haven't heard anyone volunteering though. As for the real world, I'm of several minds as to what WP ought to be doing about this. Most of my efforts on WP in this context have been in trying to inject into crypto articles some sense of the legal confusions/consequences/pitfalls involved. Probably not enough, but I've had no better ideas. What do you think should be done? ww 18:58, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

collison w/ Euro terms, should we change to conform?

 * I feel this article and the article on digital signatures should be switching contents to some extent. In European legislation the more common term used is "electronic signatures", see the legal section in the dig-sign-article. Electronic signatures thus include simple password authentication schemes (!). Technological stuff is almost always about digital signatures in the sense of public key signatures (public+private key). This means 1) moving legal stuff from dig-sign-article to this one, 2) moving technical stuff to dig-sign-article.  Anyone volunteering to be jointly responsible for such a move? I can take the legal stuff --Burlefot 13:53, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Achggk. Sorry, I didn't notice your comment (not watch listed for some reason). If you can do the legal backstopping, I'll do the crypto backstopping in response. But, given the absurdist situation in this field, I hold out no hope that WP will be able to (or even should) straighten out the terms. Drop me a line. ww 21:48, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Ojw 22:19, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Digital Signatures needs to merge its info with Electronic Signatures
Digital signatures are a "subset" of electronic signatures. While there is confussion on the subject among some resources, major signture companies, Universities and the US Government define it as follows:

 * "Just as digital signature technology is a subset of electronic signature technology, electronic signature technology is a subset of its own accord, this time, of electronic approval management technology." Silanis
 * "Digital signatures, which are a subset of electronic signatures," Adobe
 * "electronic signature technology of which digital signatures are a subset" University of Virginia
 * "Electronic signatures and its subset, digital signatures" State of WI
 * "Digital records are a subset of electronic records" National Archives of Australia
 * "A subset of electronic signatures—digital signatures" CIO
 * Just Google for 'digital subset electronic signature' (quotes not needed)

Additionally Current US State and Federal Law Defines Electronic Signatures not Digital Signatures
 * UETA (adopted by 48 states) - Definitions given in Section 2 do not include Digital Signatures
 * Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (newest US eSginature law) - Definitions given in sec 106 do not include Digital Signatures
 * Note that anyone, whether familiar with the engineering or history or not, may define any term. On engineering matters, legislators are particularly susceptible to getting it wrong or twisted. This causes considerable problems when enacted into law or regulation. Thee is here considerable confusion betwixt the facts of content and function and definitions provided from outside the field. ww 21:48, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I would ask that you re-read my notes because I was not merely quoting legislators but Universities, and Corporations. Silanis, CIO and Adobe are pretty good sources. I didn't see any sources that you have listed.Isaacbowman 26 July 2006

US law also REQUIRES that electronic signature provide Integrity (crypto file hashes), making many of the statements of this article inaccruate.
 * Esign, 'permits', does not 'require' last I looked. ww 21:48, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * All of the US laws require that the document AND signature be 'Non-Repudiation' as a matter of integrity. Without this requirement there would be no point in upholding the file in court. This is the same requirement placed on any 'paper document', that the origianl file and the signature can be proved to be the original. Isaacbowman 26 July 2006

Digital Signatures are those that include an image or graphic to represent the signature. They are electronic signatures but not all electronic signatures are digital. These two articles on Wiki have much of the same information but are separated.
 * Wrong as to the examples, if correct as to the subset identification. The graphic / image use you cite is actually more usually called digital watermarking or steganography, and does not include cryptographic protections. And are far more easily attacked in most circumstances than digital signatures (as used here) since there is reduced entropy in the message. The digital signature as defined here and in the digital signature article conforms entirely with the content (and more arbitrarily with the terms used) in such books as Applied Cryptography, etc. Isaacbowman 14:53, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Additional Comments on Dig vs Electronic

ww, I do appreciate that you took the time to comment to me regarding the edits to my posts and I realize that we may not view this subject the same. But, please also note that many well known businesses (not just the laws) also consider digital signatures as a sub-set of electronic ones. Adobe, Silanis and CIO along with many Universities. Its merely the terminology. No one (not even myself) is tring to define electronic signatures to some limited technology. Its just the term used to describe all virtual signature solutions, just as the term 'automobile' can include cars/trucks and many other types of vechicals.

I understand that there is a large number of people that feel the same as you regarding electronic vs digital. I agree that an electronic signature does not mean that a cryptographic solution is present. However we also cannot assume that a PKI/Cryptographic solution is the ONLY way to capture a virtual signature. It is merely ONE way out of many.

When I say that all electronic signature laws (and therefore all dig-signature laws) require non-repudiation and intregity I am NOT impling that they are requiring any kind of specific technology. As I had said before, any contract law (whether virtual or physical) requires that the contract be non-repudible and maintain intregity. HOW a business complies with these is up to them.

Isaacbowman 00:37, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

linkfarm
The "Electronic Signature Vendors" section should be removed per WP:NOT, WP:EL, and WP:SPAM. --Ronz 20:41, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Removed. --Ronz 16:02, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Links to "Reference Sites" which are glorified advertising for the company seeking to sell a product should either be removed, or more companies should be encouraged to place information there. There are plenty of other reference sites, CIC, ARX, Orion, which actually provide information as well whose links do not appear here. EIther make it entirely NON commercial (ie. stick to Biometric groups, non profits or technology consortiums and governments) or invite everyone.  Different vendors have different "takes" on the technology ergo different ways of defining it all. ---JKCmomma Oct 31. 208.180.123.195 15:59, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

foundations
This whole area of signatures, signing, electronic and digital is a mess. I see these problems: a digital signature - an event where by [you] [affiliate] your [signature] to a [document] with the intent of agreeing with its contents AND accepting your role in it; Knowing that a truthful witness would, if called upon (at any time in the future) give an accurate accounting as evidence of this event.
 * 1) The pages concentrate on form not function; that is, what a signature is, rather than what signing is.  Without the latter, the former is meaningless, which explains why the pages are so confused.
 * 2) - i'd like to add here a practical test for what actions constitute "signing"

where: [you] means a set of persons containing one or more persons. [affiliate] means the process of adding something (such as your [signature]) to the overall content of a [document]. [Signature] means	a marker that relates to some person or group uniquely. [document]	more than one collection of text and or graphics, a set of of such collections. As an exercise for the reader, is my name below a "signature" and is this extract "signed" ?
 * 1) The pages probably need a good definition + introduction as to what the terms mean.  Without good definitions, technological discussions (which mostly characterises the audience here) are founded on sand.  We need definitions for signature, signing, electronic signing, digital signing, etc.
 * 2) Also, we need to lay to rest the relationship between digital and electronic signatures.  Digital signatures are a subset of electronic signatures.  In general, digital signatures are understood to be those that use public-private key cryptography, regardless of whether this makes logical, legal or semantic sense;  the rest are electronic signatures.  W74.105.106.62 (talk) 06:32, 17 June 2013 (UTC)here laws have confused this issue, they need to be identified and stated as confused.  IMO, digital signatures should be primarily mentioned in the electronic signature page, but deserve their own page because of the large body of practice that has developed around them.
 * 3) The first step is to establish a foundation of signing.  By way of example only, FC blog has been written for another project.  Thus, Signature is the starting point.
 * 4) Much of the content rests heavily on writings in legislated law to support it, yet the laws were created before the practice, did not define the field, and in some cases were confused.  Case law is far richer and more meaningful, but is absent entirely.  Care must be taken in referring to legislation; it is not the final word when the people have the option of ignoring it.

Iangfc (talk) 20:36, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Ref 4 a dead link
The National Archives of Australia link. Tony  (talk)  08:37, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

Legally conforming providers
The new section "Legally recognized providers" does not contain any citations from sources that are independent of the companies listed. Also, there is no adequate explanation of what "legally conforming" in the section title means, or how it differs from "legally recognized" in the text of the section. At least in the USA there is no requirement for electronic signature providers to be recognized by the government, except for a few situations. Jc3s5h (talk) 19:09, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Laws regarding use of electronic signatures merge with Digital signatures and law
I think article Digital signatures and law should be merged with section Electronic signature. Both cover the same topic and they have repeated links. ecse (talk) 21:22, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Disagree - The terminology is confusing and Digital signatures and law appears to have strayed into electronic signatures. A distinction remains between electronic signatures based on cryptographic algorithms and simple strings, text or sounds intended to identify the author. By typing four tildas at the end of this comment, I am affixing an electronic signature. I do not believe that that is a digital signature, as that term is commonly used. Unfortunately, some European law refers to electronic signatures and uses the phrase advanced electronic signatures to refer to signatures based on cryptographic algorithms.

FrankFlanagan (talk) 22:36, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Agree (?correct convention?) - The above distincttions could be addressd within article (and are idem. within it)Jabberwoch (talk) 14:08, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

From the legal perspective, digital signatures (i.e., electronic signatures using cryptography) are a sub-set of electronic signatures. It would make sense to merge Digital signatures and law as most laws there as not technology specific, i.e. they recognise technologies other than cryptography (not necessarily at the same level of certainty), but these considerations could be added to better explain the issue. Tottorimu (talk) 12:32, 9 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 4 one external links on Electronic signature. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20051109221548/http://enterprise.state.wi.us/home/strategic/esig.htm to http://enterprise.state.wi.us/home/strategic/esig.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060304004700/http://www.naa.gov.au:80/recordkeeping/er/Security/6-glossary.html to http://www.naa.gov.au/recordkeeping/er/Security/6-glossary.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110506185818/http://cio.ny.gov:80/policy/ESRA/esra.htm to http://www.cio.ny.gov/Policy/ESRA/esra.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120626125130/http://www.ida.gov.sg:80/Policies%20and%20Regulation/20060420164343.aspx to http://www.ida.gov.sg/Policies%20and%20Regulation/20060420164343.aspx

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Revision of Content and Links
I started editing the context which is/was in several cases not really substantiated.
 * 1) First sentence in 2nd paragraph now has correct sources.
 * 2) The section on digital signatures (beforehand "cryptographic signatures" appeared to be the option of a person or group. I rewrote it in compliance with
 * 3) the content in the main article on digital signatures
 * 4) terminology used in standards by European Community and NIST
 * 5) I also fixed the description below.

To be done:
 * 1) The intro is still not concise and lacks sources
 * 2) The section on "Controversial Assumptions" does not show any source. Is it original research ?
 * 3) Biometric signatures needs sources.
 * 4) Digitally captured signatures does not have any source
 * 5) The sections on Technological implications state examples from the Baltics and Iceland. Aren't there more general examples?

ScienceGuard (talk) 14:31, 8 January 2016 (UTC)ScienceGuard

External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 4 one external links on Electronic signature. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120316083906/http://www.asil.org/ilib/ilib0104.htm to http://www.asil.org/ilib/ilib0104.htm#04
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110115172742/http://www.nccusl.org:80/update/uniformact_factsheets/uniformacts-fs-ueta.asp to http://www.nccusl.org/Update/uniformact_factsheets/uniformacts-fs-ueta.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110605050917/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cr/SOR-2005-30//?showtoc=&instrumentnumber=SOR-2005-30 to http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cr/SOR-2005-30//?showtoc=&instrumentnumber=SOR-2005-30
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110927073911/http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/du/2001/1450.htm to http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/du/2001/1450.htm

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Rework of the Article
The article had multiple issues. Reasons were
 * 1) the understanding of "electronic signature" in this article was vague
 * 2) the article moves towards legal aspects although the title did not promise this.
 * 3) many sections represented original work.

Issues: ScienceGuard (talk) 13:07, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
 * 1) I rephrased the intro and added a technical description which was missing. I used the neutral but substantiated definition from eIDAS,  where an electronic signature refers to “data in electronic form which is attached to or logically associated with other data in electronic form and which is used by the signatory to sign.” (works well with NIST-DSS as well). I also added a technical description for the Digital Signature Section.
 * 2) there were several sections on technical implementations. Most of the content was not substantiated.
 * 3) subsection biometric signatures: The section appears interesting but really needs notable references. Can anybody contribute? Otherwise we need to delete it
 * 4) digitally captured signatures: I deleted the section which appeared to be original research and misleading in the context of electronic signatures.
 * 5) e-sign and mobile phone: the cases are in my humble opinion not notable. And: there is a European regulation on digital signatures. That should apply here. I deleted the paragraph.
 * 6) The section: "Legal definitions" is far too US-biased. Shall we delete it? Or shift the legal data into an article "Legal aspects of electronic signatures"
 * 7) The article is missing the perspective of South and Middle America and Asia. Could anybody contribute?
 * 8) Many of the books and journals were more than 10 years old. I deleted them.

 * I think the legal aspects of legal signatures are key to distinguishing them from attribution mechanisms that have no legal effect, so at least a summary of legal aspects should be in this article. Ideally we would have a world-wide view, but due to the large number of countries, that is difficult. I think it is legitimate to concentrate on the legal aspects that are affecting large number of transactions, or high-value transactions, no matter where in the world those transactions are occurring. Jc3s5h (talk) 17:40, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

Is it a visible signature?
Is it visible like a handwritten scrawl? 12.33.223.211 (talk) 17:20, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

 * There is no clear answer. An electronic signature is ordinarily an attribute of an electronic document. As such, it isn't visible without the assistance of digital technology. But if one has an electronic document with an electronic document, and print it on paper, some people and organizations will accept the piece of paper as if it were a document signed in ink with a pen.

 * If the document remains in digital form, the electronic signature might be merely the name of the signer typed with the keyboard; such a simple signature satisfies the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act. Or, the signature might consist of a number, derived through public key cryptography, and the way the signature is presented to the viewer is up to the software being used to read the document. I created a Microsoft Word document with a cryptographic digital signature, and the value of the signature was
 * Iu9DlCNDAwbPMYaG5Hh4SgaaAsRiJMbJHuClyVnp6OwsklJs4Kafpymi9L6dOat8EL1q3oZeq/Zq
 * qh0to5YncCpu+YnfkRnggODGIx7SKBtHlqD3LuqGT4ikYgma57rZt9gZ4uhWNdSj/ZLfuKoQsZ9M
 * xjBXgg0IjG45S+FZ+oiaKLT7Hyj6ZCTn9ndckYYiLQa2B2bu7J4tXakPF97XX+Ac0BEMCZcDQzio
 * /gdg1q+8wIDhBOP3+0nHWFbJa07HKiGy7KsaILYGG/5YzbIBTz74RHNkITocNAhUNNaPqPMaMFB9
 * wqWXf1uATBJDrxOBi5FJ9gMFg1aLhZOh2lE8bg

 * A digital document may have a scrawl that looks like the signer's ink signature, and that scrawl may or may not have some connection to a cryptographic digital signature. Jc3s5h (talk) 19:42, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Electronic signature


text:
Fire & Ice (Yngwie Malmsteen album)

Fire & Ice is the sixth studio album by guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen, released on 7 February 1992 through Elektra Records. The album topped the Japanese albums chart, reached No. 121 on the US Billboard 200 and charted within the top 90 in the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland.

Critical reception
Steve Huey at AllMusic gave Fire & Ice three stars out of five, saying that it is "most successful when Malmsteen returns to the heavy baroque influence of his early work" and that "there are some fine longer compositions here that will please hardcore Yngwie fans." He criticised the album's single, "Teaser", as being "a flawed stab at radio rock" and sounding like "a generic, clichéd hair metal song with Malmsteen on guitar."

Personnel

 * Yngwie Malmsteen – guitar, Moog Taurus, sitar, strings arrangement, backing vocals, producer
 * Göran Edman – lead vocals
 * Mats Olausson – keyboards
 * Bo Werner – drums (except track 8)
 * Michael Von Knorring – drums (track 8)
 * Svante Henryson – bass, cello, strings arrangement assistance
 * Per Högberg – viola
 * Ulf Forsberg – violin
 * Svein-Harald Martinsen – violin
 * Kalle Moraeus – violin
 * Lolo Lannerbäck – flute
 * Simon Hanhart – engineering
 * Keith Rose – engineering assistance
 * Steve Thompson – mixing
 * Michael Barbiero – mixing
 * George Marino – mastering

title: Fire & Ice (Yngwie Malmsteen album)


text: Category:Isaac Newton

title: Category:Isaac Newton


text:
User talk:Ojw/Baseball

electronic signature problems
O, I would disagree with your edit summary comment about overlap. I think we have more confusion than overlap. Would you like to collaborate on repairs? ww 20:36, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Looks like I managed to get lost on your user pages. This belongs at ojw:Talk of course. Sorry about that. Feel free to move it as needed.ww

title: User talk:Ojw/Baseball


text:
Hristo Tatarchev

Hristo Tatarchev (Macedonian and Христо Татарчев; 16 December 1869 – 5 January 1952) was a Macedonian Bulgarian doctor, revolutionary and one of the founders of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). Tatarchev authored several political journalistic works between the First and Second World War.

Biography
Tatarchev was born in the town of Resen, in the Ottoman Empire (present-day North Macedonia), to a rich family. His father Nikola Tatarchev was a successful merchant, and leading member of the Bulgarian Exarchist community in Resen, and his mother Katerina was a descendant of a prominent family. Hristo Tatarchev received his initial education in Resen, then he moved to Eastern Rumelia and studied in Bratsigovo (1882) and eventually at the secondary school for boys in Plovdiv (1883–87). It was at that time when he participated in the Unification of Bulgaria and enrolled in a students' legion, which took part in the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885. Tatarchev was expelled from school because of "insubordination" and he moved to Romania, where he continued his secondary education. Later he studied medicine at the University of Zurich (1887–1890) and completed his degree in Medicine in Berlin (July 1892). He moved to Thessaloniki in 1892, where he worked as a physician at the local Bulgarian secondary school for boys.

He was a founding member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, which was established on 23 October 1893 in Thessaloniki. In the following year, he was elected President of the Central Committee of IMRO. Tatarchev participated in the Thessaloniki Congress of IMRO in 1896.

In early 1901 he was caught by the Ottoman authorities and sent into exile for 5 years in Bodrum Castle in Asia Minor. Although he was released on 19 August 1902, Tatarchev did not give up the revolutionary fight and in August 1902 he became a representative of the Foreign Committee of the IMRO in Sofia. Being such, he met with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Vladimir Lamsdorf (1845–1907), who had arrived in Bulgaria at the end of 1902. Tatarchev presented Lamsdorf with an IMRO-designed plan of reforms to be introduced in Macedonia. Tatarchev and Vladimir Lamsdorf organised a meeting to review the revolutionary ideas which could result in a successful revolt.During the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, Tatarchev guided the revolutionary fight, as the emigrant representation turned out to be the sole governing body of the organization. After the uprising, he came into conflict with the supporters of Yane Sandanski and did not participate in the activities of the IMRO at the Kyustendil Congress in March 1908, where he was appointed as an adviser to the Foreign Committee of the IMRO. After the Young Turk Revolution he openly supported the Union of the Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs, but did not participate in its activities. In 1910 he was elected a reserve member of the Central Committee of IMRO. When Bulgaria entered the Balkan Wars and the First World War, Tatarchev was sent to the front as a regimental physician. At the end of the wars he was one of the initiators of the Temporary representation of the former IMARO. In the fall of 1920, he entered the Macedonian Federative Organization. Shortly after that, Tatarchev was forced to emigrate to Italy, because of significant discord between then IMRO's leader Todor Alexandrov and him. There he wrote his memoirs, and all the time until the Second World War he wrote articles for the newspapers "Macedonia", "Zarya", "Vardar". In his newspapers, he actively criticized the Serbian and Yugoslavian government for the Serbianisation of the Macedonian Slavs. Tatarchev became a close friend of the new leader of the IMRO Ivan Mihailov. He lived briefly in his native Resen during the Second World War, when Macedonia was annexed by Bulgaria (1941–1944). Later he returned to Sofia, but in 1943 after the bombings there Tatarchev moved to Nova Zagora. The Germans offered him in 1944 to become a President of the Independent State of Macedonia, but he refused, because the Red Army was entering Bulgaria. Bulgaria also ordered its troops to prepare for withdrawal from former Yugoslavia. After the end of the Second World War, he and his family were persecuted by the authorities of PR Bulgaria and DFR Yugoslavia. Thus Tatarchev returned to Turin, where he also communicated with Ivan Mihailov, who moved to Italy as well. He died on 5 January 1952.

Relatives
Tatarchev’s relatives were also involved in the Macedonian revolutionary movement. His brother Mihail was an activist of IMRO and the mayor of Resen during the Bulgarian occupation of Serbia in the First World War, when he was killed.

His nephew, Asen Tatarchev, was also an IMRO activist in interwar period. In 1946 he was sentenced to death, later commuted to life imprisonment, by the Yugoslav authorities for collaborating with the Bulgarian occupational authorities during World War II.

Tatarchev’s grand nephew, Ivan Tatarchev, became Bulgaria’s prosecutor general after the fall of communism and was elected honorary chairman of the IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement in the 1990s.

Tatarchev married Sophia Logothetis, a daughter of the Greek consul in Bitola.

Legacy
In North Macedonia, he is seen as an ethnic Macedonian revolutionary.

In December 2009, his remains were brought from Turin to Bulgaria by VMRO-BND, a modern political party claiming descent from the IMRO. Tatarchev's reburial took place in Sofia, on 23 October 2010, exactly 117 years since the founding of the IMRO.

Tatarchev Nunatak on Oscar II Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica, is named after Hristo Tatarchev.

title: Hristo Tatarchev


text:
Woolton Hall

Woolton Hall is a former country house located in Woolton, a suburb of Liverpool, England. Built in 1704 and extensively renovated in 1772 by the influential architect Robert Adam, the building is praised as the finest example of Adam's work in the North of England. Throughout its first 200 years, the building was the residence of a number of notable figures, including the Earl of Sefton and Liverpool shipowner Frederick Richards Leyland.

During the 20th century, the building went through a number of uses, eventually becoming a school in the 1950s, and later being abandoned with plans for its demolition. A campaign against its destruction was successful and the hall was made a Grade I listed building in 1982. However, in 2021, the building was declared at "immediate risk" by Historic England.

History
Early records indicate that the land of Woolton Hall had been occupied since 1180 when the area of Much Woolton (now simply Woolton) came under the lordship of the holy Catholic order of the Knights Hospitaller who held the land for almost 360 years until the English Reformation. In the 16th century, Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries suppressed the Knights Hospitaller leading the land being confiscated but then later restored by Mary I. The land was permanently confiscated from the order in 1559 under Elizabeth I and was kept by the crown until 1609. Eventually, the land came under ownership of the Brettarghs of Holt who were reputed to have acquired it from an ancient family named "de Woolton".

On the death of William Brettargh in 1609, the land was described as being home to a cottage. Sometime between 1700 and 1704, the house and surrounding estate was sold to politician Richard Molyneux, 1st Viscount Molyneux, who built the northern block of the hall.

In 1772, Woolton Hall was acquired by Nicholas Ashton, a former High Sheriff of Lancashire, whose father was one of the original undertakers and the principal financier of Sankey Canal, the first canal of the British industrial revolution. Shortly afterwards, Ashton commissioned the noted architect Robert Adam to remodel and expand the building extensively.

Nicholas Ashton died in 1833 leaving the house to his son Joseph Ashton who in turn left it to his son Charles Ellis Ashton. Charles Ellis later sold the house in 1865 to James Reddecliffe Jeffery who was the owner of Liverpool's largest department store, Compton House, located on Church Street. A fire at the store on 1 December 1865 destroyed much of Jeffery's uninsured stock, eventually leading to the business failing. Jeffery put the hall up for action in 1869 but failed to find a buyer until 1877 when Liverpool shipowner Frederick Richards Leyland purchased the house for £19,000, moving in with his family from nearby Speke Hall. Leyland, who was somewhat of an art enthusiast, decorated the house with paintings of varying styles including Edward Burne-Jones's Night and Day and Ford Madox Brown's The Entombment. Leyland later sold the building to the McGuffies, a family of shipowners who demolished the west wing and converted the remainder into a Hydropathic Hotel. After living there for some 30 years, the hotel closed in 1912.

After a short spell as the headquarters of the Middlesex Regiment and as an army hospital in the 1950s, the building was converted into a fee-paying girls' school under the management of the Convent of Notre Dame. In 1970, the small school merged with Notre Dame High School located on Mount Pleasant to form Notre Dame Woolton (now St Julie's Catholic High School). As the school expanded, new modern buildings were built nearby leading to Woolton Hall being abandoned.

Soon, the building fell into disrepair, eventually being marked for demolition in the 1980s. The building was saved after local resident John Hibbert purchased the Hall and spent £100,000 in refurbishments; soon after, on 28 June 1982, Woolton Hall became a Grade I listed building. In 2005, there were plans to convert the house into a retirement home and build 62 other new retirement flats on the grounds of the estate. In 2021, following years of stagnation, a major fire in 2019 and incidents of vandalism, the building was added to Historic England's "Heritage at Risk Register" as a category A site, the highest priority, meaning the building is at "immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric".

Ownership

 * Molyneux family 1704–1766
 * Ashton family 1772–1865
 * Judge James Reddecliffe Jeffery 1865–1877
 * Sir Frederick Leyland 1877–1898
 * Captain Peter McGuffie 1902–1948
 * Sisters of Notre Dame 1948–1970
 * Mr J.B Hibbert & family 1980 – c.1985
 * Jim Murray c.1985 - c.2005
 * Jim Murray and Abid Chudary c.2005 - Present

Exterior
From its outside, the slate roofed two-storey structure is built entirely of stone consisting of seven bay windows, two of which break forward under pediments. The windows, although now boarded up, have architraves and are sashed with glazing bars. The façade of the building was re-fronted in 1865 by Robert Adam to include a porte-cochère which covers the entrance. This consists of four paired Doric columns between rusticated antae, entablature and balustrade.

Interior
Passing through the front entrance is a large lobby flanked by two main halls. The lobby has marble flooring and an imposing oak fireplace which is one of the buildings original features, having been designed by Adam. Adjacent to the fireplace are three doors with the leftmost allowing access to a kitchen area and a stairwell. The door directly to the fireplace's left leads to an octagonal shaped turquoise room with and a decorated ceiling that contains a circular painting of Frederic Leighton's The Garden of the Hesperides. The door on the right leads to the building's main staircase.

Regarding the two main halls, the left side hall is a function room with two full-length windows, a stone set bar and fireplace and a back kitchen area. The hall's ceiling is decorated with painted with gold foliage centred around a bust of a man dressed in 18th-century clothing. On the right side of the building is a dance hall and adjoining tapestry room with high ceilings and oak panelled walls. The dance hall with two large front facing windows is decorated with paintings of previous residents and a large painting of Queen Ann which sits above a brick fireplace. Next to this is a wooden bar area that leads into the tapestry room while at the room's centre is a parquet dance floor which has been damaged to reveal stone flooring underneath. The tapestry room is an elongated semi-circular area decorated with mostly Flemish paintings and two glass candle-style chandeliers. Set back to back with the dance hall's fireplace is another fireplace creating a mirror image, this time with a portrait of King George III hanging above.

The principal staircase which ascends to the second floor is another of Adam's original features consisting of wrought iron baluster and a moulded mahogany handrail. The upper floors boast large opens rooms with original Adam's ceilings, as well as many smaller rooms which have acted as bedrooms and classrooms throughout the hall's history.

Paintings
The hall contains a number of replica paintings including those of former residents; most of the originals have since been relocated to the Walker Art Gallery.

title: Woolton Hall


text: User talk:205.162.239.134

title: User talk:205.162.239.134


text:
User talk:Redux/Veja article

I had noted on the village pump that an article about Wikipedia in Veja, even if it was somewhat biased and critical, had the potential to bring a lot of attention from Brazilians to the project. Now there's hard proof of that. The article on the Brazilian president was pretty much "dead", with practically no interest from the community; new edits to it were rare (which made it possible for Veja's little test to go unnoticed until the magazine came out). After the Veja article, Lula's article on Wikipedia just won't stop being edited, and when you look at the history page, you see a lot (and I mean, a lot!) of anon contributors, and most of those IP addresses are from Brazilian providers, which means that those people are Brazilians who probably first heard of the website through the magazine. Not that it's all good, many of these anon contributors are turning out to be vandals, or just highly uninformed of what we are about here on Wikipedia (especially teenagers, with a lot of time on their hands but not too many ideas on their minds). Still, from this mess of misguided firsttimers, we just might get some good regular contributors. Hopefully, it will be quality out of quantity, which means that, in the long run, the Veja article will have been very good for the expansion of the Wikipedia community, both here and in the Portuguese website. In the meantime, I hope everybody enjoys this translation page I've put together. Regards, Redux 20:31, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Redux/Veja article


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Boff Whalley

Allan Mark "Boff" Whalley (born 1 January 1961) is an English musician and writer. Formerly the lead guitarist for the anarcho-punk and folk band Chumbawamba, he is now a playwright and the founder of Commoners Choir who released their first album in March 2017.

Early life and education
Whalley was born Allan Mark Whalley in 1961 in Burnley, Lancashire. Before joining Chumbawamba he attended Art College in Maidstone and worked in a supermarket and as a postman. His parents were both primary school teachers. He has three sisters named Anne, Helen, and Rachel.

Career
Together with his fellow members of Chimp Eats Banana, Midge (Michael Hartley) and Danbert Nobacon, Whalley moved from Burnley to Leeds in 1981, and studied at the University of Leeds. He dropped out after a year before moving into the South View House squat in Armley. It was at this squat that he was part of an Anarchist collective that later became the band Chumbawamba.

Chumbawamba was a hardcore punk band in the style of DC punk, or LA punk. In 1984, when the British coal mining industry was privatised by Margaret Thatcher's government and the National Union of Mineworkers began protesting, Chumbawamba became even more politically active in equal rights and labour rights.

Whalley became a guitarist despite describing himself as being of "limited ability". He continued to play guitar and sing while doing a series of other jobs such as shopworker, newspaper delivery man, typesetter, and cartoonist.

In 2013, Whalley wrote a musical drama "Wrong 'Un" which was performed in Norwich. It was based on the life of suffragette Grace Marcon.

Fell running
Beyond his musical career, Whalley has been prominent in the fell running scene, particularly in West Yorkshire, running at a relatively high standard. Touring and recording commitments have influenced the extent to which he has been able to pursue this activity. He was instrumental in the production of the Fellternative fell running fanzine in the early 1990s.

Whalley recorded a song called "Stud Marks on the Summits", inspired by a chance meeting with legendary fell runner Bill Smith. Whalley took up fell running as a result. He was paraphrased as having said Smith "encapsulated the ethos of the sport – its emphasis on self-reliance and nature and its history."

Books
Whalley has published three books:
 * Footnote*, autobiography (2004)
 * Run Wild, an account of his experiences as a fell runner (2012)
 * Faster! Louder!, an account of how a punk rocker from Yorkshire became British Champion Fell Runner (2021)

title: Boff Whalley


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Talk:American arbor-vitae

Mirror

 * This article also appears at explore-plants.com with the following notice: This article was derived fully or in part from an article on Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. —DialUp 20:32, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:American arbor-vitae


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Abba Schoengold

Abba Schoengold (also Shoengold, Shongold, or Sheingold) was a Romanian Jewish actor in the early years of Yiddish theater, the first person to score a serious reputation as a dramatic actor in Yiddish.

Biography
A singer in the synagogue choir of the leading synagogue in Bucharest, Romania, Schoengold had also performed in a quartet with Sigmund Mogulesko, playing at weddings and parties. He failed an audition in 1877 for Abraham Goldfaden's nascent Yiddish theater company (which Mogulesko joined). Within a year, he had joined the troupe of playwright Moses Halevy-Hurvitz, which toured through rural Romania and eventually to Chişinău, where his performance supposedly inspired David Kessler's interest in theater. He then travelled on his own to Odesa, Ukraine.

In 1882, at the Mariinsky Theater in Odesa, he scored a triumph in the first Yiddish-language production of Karl Gutzkow's Uriel Acosta. Jacob Adler writes that at this time he was "the god of the Yiddish public, the god, indeed, of all who saw him on stage... the handsomest man in the world. Tall. Blue eyes. Golden hair. An Apollo." [Adler, 1999, 221] Adler also writes that he had "a mania for adding to his costume... a plume, a feather, a cape, a scarf, ... medals". [Adler, 1999, 269]

With his wife Clara Schoengold, he followed much of the Yiddish theater community to London in the mid-1880s and thence to New York City. Their son Joseph married Adler's daughter Frances in New York in 1911; both went on to be leading lights of the Yiddish stage.

title: Abba Schoengold


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Smiljan, Croatia

Smiljan is a village in the mountainous region of Lika in Croatia. It is located 6 km northwest of Gospić, and fifteen kilometers from the Zagreb-Split highway; its population is 418 (2011). Smiljan is the birthplace of Serbian inventor and engineer Nikola Tesla.

Geography
It consists of eighteen scattered hamlets (Baćinac, Bogdanić, Čovini, Debelo Brdo, Dražica, Kolakovica, Kovačevići, Ljutača, Milkovića Varoš, Miljača, Miškulin Brdo, Podkrčmar, Rasovača, Rosulje, Smiljan, Smiljansko Polje, Vaganac).

Smiljan resort is located in the central part of the Velebit-Lika plain, on the western edge of the field at the foot of the hill Krčmar. It consists of twelve villages which makes the spatial and functional unit.

In the surroundings are Hill-forts Bogdanić, Smiljan and Krčmar, prehistoric tombs, the churches of St. Anastasia, St. Mark and St. Vitus. It got its name from the fort Smiljan which ruins are located at hill Vekavac.

History
The oldest traces of settlement on the ground of Smiljan are dating from the Middle and Late Bronze Age. On the hillfort Miljac once was situated necropolis, and were found numerous remains of Iapodian culture.

The origin of the name Smiljan is not fully certain. It is commonly believed to be derived from smilje, the name for the Helichrysum plant. However, Croatian linguist Petar Šimunović believed Smiljan is patronymic in origin. Another hypothesis focuses on milja, Croatian for "mile", present in other toponyms such as Miljača hill, which suggests a connection with a nearby merchant road.

The area of Smiljan was controlled by the Ottoman Empire between 1527–1686, after which the Ottoman rule was expelled from those parts by counts Jerko Rukavina and Dujam Kovačević. Until that time the Ottoman aghas, Rizvan and Zenković, from Novi near Gospić had estates in Smiljan, Bužim and Trnovac.

After the defeat of the Ottomans in Lika, most of the Bunjevci (Roman Catholic Vlachs who spoke Western Herzegovinian subdialect of Neo-Shtokavian with Ikavian accent) migrated to Lika, including Smiljan between 1683–87. A 1700 church register listed 17 Serbian Orthodox families in the village, who had settled during the Great Turkish War. Villages and hamlets in Lika and Krbava were divided according to religious confession, Serbian Orthodox minority lived in the hamlets of Selište, Ljutača and Bogdanić at that time.

In 1708 the Roman Catholic parish of Our Lady of Mount Carmel was founded. There is a small chapel, Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. The Serbian Orthodox church of St. Peter and Paul was built in 1765; it is now a branch of a parish in Gospić. The re-construction of the Catholic parish church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel was started in 1860, and finished 1864. In 1830 a minor school was founded.

During World War II, the town was occupied by Axis troops and was included into the Pavelić's Independent State of Croatia (NDH). The fascist Ustashe regime committed the Genocide of the Serbs and the Holocaust. The house in which the inventor Nikola Tesla was born, as well as the Serbian Orthodox church in which his father had served as a priest, were destroyed by the Ustashe movement in 1941. During the same period, the Ustaše also established a concentration camp in Smiljan through which 5,000 inmates passed. The camp was part of a wider network of Ustaše concentration camps centred around the town of Gospić.

Demography
The village of Smiljan (with Brušane and Oštarije) was incorporated to the Croatian Military Frontier only in 1713 (after being separated from the city of Karlobag), and subsequently registered in the 1712/14 census done in Lika and Krbava. In 1712/14 there were 1,405–1,536 people, with 1,153–1,283 people land owners, 117 landless (with Brušane), with average 1.33 acre per individual, 120–139 families who were land owners, with average 9.6 members in family.Most of them were Roman Catholic Vlachs ie Bunjevci (1,312), then Serbian Orthodox Vlachs (208), and Carniolians (16). There were 103 Roman Catholic, and 17 Serbian Orthodox families.

Some of the most numerous families (actually kind of tribe-collective) in Lika and Krbava were in Smiljan; of count and captain Nikola Rukavina Bevandić (56 members), Dujam Kovačević (50), Ivan Devčić (46), Mijat Lemajić (40), Juriša Pavičić (40), Milanko Pejnović (40), Petar Serdar (40), Ilija Brkljačić (30), and Anton Tomljenović (30).

In 1746 there lived 2,149 people, with 2,144 people land owners, and 290 families of land owners.

206 houses existed in 1830, with 1,880 people, of whom 1,401 Roman Catholic, and 479 Orthodox faith. After some settlements got separated, in 1857 numbered only 110 houses with 1,132 people, of whom 535 Roman Catholic and 597 Orthodox faith, with further separation, in 1910 the hamlet numbered only 50 people, however whole municipality had 2,286 people, of whom 1,698 Roman Catholic, and 588 Orthodox faith.

Note: In 1869 and 1880 contains data for villages Rastoka (Gospić) and Smiljansko Polje, while in 1857 part of data for Smiljansko Polje.

A nearby village of Smiljansko Polje ("Field of Smiljan") has 135 residents (2011).

Tesla memorial complex
Due to celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of the electricity pioneer and inventor Nikola Tesla, Croatian officials opened a Tesla memorial complex, including a museum inside his restored childhood home. Today, Tesla's birth house, together with the Serbian Orthodox church of St. Peter and Paul (built in 1765) and the surrounding area, make up a memorial complex. There are various exhibits of Tesla's inventions and a museum where the details of the inventor's life are shown. There is also a congress hall in a nearby building. The original memorial complex was built in 1956.

In 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence, several of the buildings were severely damaged by fire due to shelling. The Croatian authorities restored the complex and reopened it in a 2006 ceremony, with the highest dignitaries of Croatia and Serbia attending.

Notable people

 * Nikola Tesla (1856–1943) – Croatian Serb inventor and electrical engineer. He migrated to the United States in 1884.
 * Ferdinand Kovačević (1838–1913) – inventor, engineer, and pioneer in telegraphy
 * Edo Kovačević (1906–1993) – artist, member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and recipient of the Vladimir Nazor Award
 * Kata Pejnović, Croatian Serb feminist and politician

title: Smiljan, Croatia


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Chin augmentation

Chin augmentation using surgical implants alter the underlying structure of the face, intended to balance the facial features. The specific medical terms mentoplasty and genioplasty are used to refer to the reduction and addition of material to a patient's chin. This can take the form of chin height reduction or chin rounding by osteotomy, or chin augmentation using implants. Altering the facial balance is commonly performed by modifying the chin using an implant inserted through the mouth. The intent is to provide a suitable projection of the chin as well as the correct height of the chin which is in balance with the other facial features.

This operation is often, but not always, performed at the time of rhinoplasty to help balance the facial proportions. Chin augmentation may be achieved by manipulation of the jaw bone (mandible) and augmentation utilizing this technique usually provides a more dramatic correction than with the use of prosthetic implants.

Chin implants are used in the cosmetic industry to alter one's profile to resolve confidence and self-esteem issues by the physical augmentation of an individual's jawline and neck. Patients' own bone is donated from ribs and from part of the pelvis (the ilium). Use of donated bone implants in chin augmentation, even the patient's own, appears to be associated with a higher rate of infection, even after the implant has been in place for decades.

Chin augmentation is still popular because it is a relatively easy operation for the patient while producing noticeable changes in the silhouette of the face. This type of surgery is usually performed by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon, otolaryngologist, or plastic surgeon.

T-osteotomy method
T-osteotomy method (or mini V-line) is used to narrow and lengthen the chin using an osteotomy technique formulated by Korean surgeons. The surgery is performed under general anesthesia (orotracheal intubation) using an intraoral approach. Using a double-bladed reciprocating saw, a horizontal osteotomy is performed, leaving a small portion of bone in the middle. Then two vertical osteotomies are performed in an upside-down trapezoidal shape which is excised. The bones remaining from the horizontal osteotomy are then attached and adjusted to lengthen the chin, and advanced forward for an additional frontal chin projection if required. Pre-bent titanium plates and screws are used to fixate the bone to its new position. The chin can be lengthened 2 to 3 mm on average.

The mentalis muscles controls the elevation functions of the lower lip and chin, so extra caution should be taken to carefully attach the mentalis muscle back after the surgery.

Potential risks and side effects
The usual complications are relatively minor and include swelling, hematoma (blood pooling), weakness or numbness of the lower lip, which usually does not last long. Other, less common risks include infection, bony changes, displacement of the implant, and nerve damage. Surgeon experience can help reduce risks of complications.

Chewing should be kept at a minimum immediately after this procedure, and patients are recommended to eat only soft food and drink for a time after the surgery.

Types of implants
Silicone - Silicone chin Implants are one of the most commonly used implants for chin augmentation. They are soft, smooth, flexible and come in different shapes and sizes. They do not incorporate (stick) to the surrounding tissues, so the pocket must be made precisely. They usually stay in place, but may move, buckle and cause bone resorption where they contact the mandible in some cases. Since they are smooth, they can also be removed easily.

Polyethylene - Polyethylene chin implants, brand name Medpor, are hard, porous, slightly flexible and come in various shapes and sizes. They do incorporate, as the surrounding tissues can grow into the pores of the material. This fixes the polyethylene chin implants in place, and provides a blood supply to help prevent infection. It also makes these implants much more difficult to remove.

Polytetrafluoroethylene - Polytetrafluoroethylene, brand name Gore-Tex, is used in plastic surgery and other operations is known by an abbreviation of its chemical name, ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) or Gore S.A.M. (subcutaneous augmentation material). Because ePTFE is flexible and soft but very strong, it is inserted during operations in trimmed sheets and carved blocks and held to the bone by titanium screws. But because the material is porous, the force that really holds the implant in place is soft tissue and bone growing through and into the implant.

The above artificial materials are used in medicine because they are biocompatible and have a low incidence of causing problems inside the human body. They are abundant, FDA cleared and can be used "off-the-shelf", without a donor site injury to the recipient.

Acellular dermal matrix - ADMs are another chin augmentation implant material. Commercially known as AlloDerm and known to physicians as acellular human cadaveric dermis, AlloDerm comes from tissue donors Just after death, technicians remove a layer of skin, remove the epidermis, and treat the remaining dermis with antibiotics and other substances to remove the donor's cells and DNA that would cause rejection. The graft that emerges is often used to cover chin implants.

Other implant materials include Supramid, a braided nonabsorbable synthetic suture material in polymer shell and Mersiline, a mesh-like material that provides a scaffold on the bone.

Types of procedures
Surgical chin augmentation - The most common type of surgical chin augmentation uses a chin implant. There are many types of chin implants, and many are described in the previous section. Chin augmentation with a chin implant is usually a cosmetic procedure. An incision is made either under the chin or inside the lower lip, a pocket is made and the implant placed into the pocket. Some chin implants are fixed to the mandible, while others are held in place by the pocket itself.

Another surgical chin augmentation uses the lower prominence of the mandible as the "implant." Known as a sliding genioplasty, the procedure involves cutting a horseshoe-shaped piece of bone from the lower border of the mandible known as an osteotomy. For chin augmentation, the piece of bone is advanced forward to increase to projection of the chin. The piece can also be recessed backward for a chin reduction. The new position is held in place with a titanium step plate using titanium screws. The bone segment can also be fixated with 26 or 27 gauge wires and IMF (wiring the jaw shut) for 3-4weeks. This type of surgery is usually performed by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon or a plastic surgeon.

More involved Orthognathic Surgery may be required in cases where the chin is small and a significant overbite co-exist. While the procedures above may improve the cosmetic appearance of the chin, they will not improve dental occlusion. Mandibular advancement surgery can be used to correct the alignment of the teeth and improve the projection of the chin.

Non-surgical chin augmentation - Another method of chin augmentation uses an injectable filler. Most fillers are temporary, with results lasting months to years. Common temporary fillers include hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxyapatite preparations. Permanent fillers, like "free" silicone, have fallen out of favor due to the risk of migration, chronic inflammation and infection, which can permanently disfigure the chin.

title: Chin augmentation


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Talk:Pewaukee, Wisconsin

Pewaukee police suck.--216.56.4.101 (originally unsigned)
 * Is that why you vandalised the page? --BaronLarf 21:22, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

You should respect your local law enforcement. They are keeping the streets clean for you. - anonymous

Hurtgen’s Tavern, Store and Post Office
Has anyone heard of this place? I haven't, and I live in Pewaukee. Neither have I heard of Duplainville. Maybe it's misplaced?
 * Have you tried Google? Duplainville Hurtgen's has one mention as "Hurtgen's Pavilion", circa 1927, but is unsourced to the extent of this article. Hence, I've removed it until it can be sourced. -- Rodhullandemu  (Talk) 22:37, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Location of Duplainville - Do you know where Pewaukee City Hall is on Pewaukee Road just south of Capitol? That road right as you come out of City Hall is Green Road. Take that east, and before you get to Springdale, you'll get to Duplainville Road. Quadgraphics is there, also Dupie's Bar, and a one room school which is now a private school. That's what used to be Duplainville.

I clarified and updated the part about the Historical Society. Wasn't sure how to do the citation, so I put the reference in parentheses. I take it I have to renumber all the footnotes? I didn't want to screw up someone else's careful footnotes. I'm new to Wikipedia-ing. Also, before that's done, there has to be a simpler way to explain the town/city thing. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Manrei (talk • contribs) 01:23, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Question about Latitude/Longitude
The numbers listed for Latitude and Longitude for Pewaukee puts the viewer right in the middle of a farmer's field southeast of the village proper. I'm not sure how much refers to those links, but I'd believe 43.08301 degrees North, 88.25972 degrees West would be more appropriate - the location is the address of the Village Hall on Oakton Street. jwhouk (talk) 02:50, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pewaukee, Wisconsin


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Carlos Álvarez (American politician)

Carlos Álvarez (born c. 1952) is a Cuban American politician, and the former mayor of Miami-Dade County. He was first elected mayor in 2004, and re-elected in 2008. His mayoralty ended in March 2011 after a recall election. In both mayoral elections, he listed his party as "No Party Preference", but an article in The Christian Science Monitor described him as a member of the Republican Party.

Early life
Carlos Álvarez was born in Cuba around 1952. When he was eight years old, his family emigrated to Miami, Florida. Alvarez earned his Bachelor of Business Administration from Florida International University in 1974. He completed training at the Senior Management Institute for Police and graduated from the FBI National Academy, 145th Session in June 1986.

Police work
In 1976, Álvarez joined the Miami-Dade Police Department. He was promoted through the ranks and, in 1997, became director of the MDPD. He served as director from 1997 to 2004. His tenure as director was called "relatively free of trouble, at least by local standards" by the Miami New Times, although in 2004 a group of policemen who served in the department described his management style as marked by "favoritism and retaliation".

Mayoralty
Carlos Álvarez ran for mayor in the 2004 Miami-Dade mayoral election, and defeated his opponent County Commissioner Jimmy L. Morales. He became Miami-Dade County's sixth mayor, replacing Alex Penelas. In 2007, Alvarez successfully launched a referendum to give the mayoralty more power, giving him direct control of the county's bureaucracy.

He was re-elected as county mayor on August 26, 2008, for his second term. In 2009, Alvarez led a successful yet controversial effort to spend hundreds of millions of dollars of the city's money to build what would eventually be LoanDepot Park on the site of the Orange Bowl to retain the Major League Baseball Marlins in the region. In August 2009, The Miami Herald revealed that Alvarez had recently given pay raises to close aides, including his chief of staff Dennis Morales, whose new salary was over $200,000 a year. In September 2010, Alvarez pushed for a 12% increase in the property tax rate.

Recall
An effort to recall Alvarez began in October 2010, backed by billionaire businessman Norman Braman, a former owner of the Philadelphia Eagles, over Alvarez's simultaneous tax increases and pay raises for upper echelon county workers. Braman spent more than $1 million of his own money on the effort. Alvarez was recalled in a March 15, 2011 election. More than 88% of the voters (some 176,000 people) voted for recalling Alvarez. The election was the largest municipal recall vote in United States history, and the second largest in the U.S. of any kind after the 2003 recall election of California governor Gray Davis. He officially left office on March 18, 2011 when the county canvassing board certified the results.

Personal life
Álvarez is the father of two sons and one daughter.

After the recall, Álvarez began bodybuilding. In January 2013, he emerged from relative seclusion to compete in the National Physique Committee's South Florida “Over 60s” Master's bodybuilding competition, where he won first place.

In April 2016, he was arrested on a domestic battery charge after a fight with his girlfriend. According to the police report, his girlfriend's teenage daughter told police that Álvarez had been violent toward her mother since 2013.

title: Carlos Álvarez (American politician)