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Journalism ethics and standards

Journalistic ethics and standards comprise principles of ethics and good practice applicable to journalists. This subset of media ethics is known as journalism's professional "code of ethics" and the "canons of journalism". The basic codes and canons commonly appear in statements by professional journalism associations and individual print, broadcast, and online news organizations.

There are around 400 codes covering journalistic work around the world. While various codes may differ in the detail of their content and come from different cultural traditions, most share common elements including the principles of truthfulness, accuracy and fact-based communications, independence, objectivity, impartiality, fairness, respect for others and public accountability, as these apply to the gathering, editing and dissemination of newsworthy information to the public.

Like many broader ethical systems, the ethics of journalism include the principle of "limitation of harm". This may involve enhanced respect for vulnerable groups and the withholding of certain details from reports, such as the names of minor children, crime victims' names, or information not materially related to the news report where the release of such information might, for example, harm someone's reputation or put them at undue risk. There has also been discussion and debate within the journalism community regarding appropriate reporting of suicide and mental health, particularly with regard to verbiage.

Some journalistic codes of ethics, notably some European codes, also include a concern with discriminatory references in news based on race, religion, sexual orientation, and physical or mental disabilities. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe approved (in 1993) Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism, which recommends that journalists respect the presumption of innocence, in particular in cases that are still sub judice.

Evolution and purpose of codes of journalism
Despite modern journalism going back as far as 400 years ago, journalism became more of a necessity in some views in the 1900s. Newspapers function with the ideal of presenting "unbiased' information for the masses. The continual evolution of journalism, media and society as a whole, means that journalism will continue to face challenges in the pursuit of that ideal, and the unbiased presentation of information must be a constant topic in editorial meetings and in frequent discussions between editors and reporters. The dissemination of information in today's journalism evolution means that newsrooms must be on point, not only for their own viability, but for the people who depend upon the information provided. Journalism, at its core, is a service occupation, meant to empower the populace with truth. The occupation carries with it an incredible onus, and one that no publisher, editor or journalist should ever take lightly.

Every country presents its own unique aspects and sometimes challenges as far the codes correlated with Journalism codes today. "Truth", "accuracy", and "objectivity" are cornerstones of journalism ethics. Journalists are encouraged to maintain a degree of detachment from the religions, groups, or countries they are associated with, in order to minimize potential biases in their reporting. This separation is intended to mitigate the influence of personal biases on their journalistic writing.

Certain countries prefer to only have certain information put out and in certain contexts. In Islamic countries there is growing suspicion that journalism is fixed to only be positive for Islam, prompting Islam itself as the one and only truth its people should believe in.

Codes of practice
While journalists in the United States and European countries have led the formulation and adoption of these standards, such codes can be found in news reporting organizations in most countries with freedom of the press. The written codes and practical standards vary somewhat from country to country and organization to organization, but there is substantial overlap between mainstream publications and societies. The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) launched a global Ethical Journalism Initiative in 2008 aimed at strengthening awareness of these issues within professional bodies. In 2013 the Ethical Journalism Network was founded by former IFJ General Secretary Aidan White. This coalition of international and regional media associations and journalism support groups campaigns for ethics, good governance and self-regulation across all platforms of media.

One of the leading voices in the U.S. on the subject of journalistic standards and ethics is the Society of Professional Journalists. The Preamble to its Code of Ethics states:

"[P]ublic enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. The duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thoroughness and honesty. Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist's credibility."

The Radio Television Digital News Association, an organization exclusively centered on electronic journalism, has a code of ethics centering on public trust, truthfulness, fairness, integrity, independence, and accountability.

Another view is offered by Jesse Hearns-Branaman, he describes the basis of journalistic professionalism as a combination of professional socialisation and the capability for self criticism and scepticism while still following the idealised goals of journalism.

Common elements
The primary themes common to most codes of journalistic standards and ethics are the following.

Accuracy and standards for factual reporting

 * Reporters are expected to be as accurate as possible given the time allotted to story preparation and the space available and to seek reliable sources. Properly using their sources and using accurate quoting and use of words from interview or conversation.
 * Events with a single eyewitness are reported with attribution. Events with two or more independent eyewitnesses may be reported as fact. Controversial facts are reported with attribution.
 * Independent fact-checking by another employee of the publisher is desirable. In 2018 "The Acton Plan" was created to help check information more effectively to hopefully get rid of false information.
 * Corrections are published when errors are discovered. These corrections are called corrigendum in newspapers, they feature after on the next issue published.
 * Defendants at trial are treated only as having "allegedly" committed crimes, until conviction, when their crimes are generally reported as fact (unless, that is, there is serious controversy about wrongful conviction). In most publications, when defendants are convicted or pleaded guilty they will replace "allegedly" with "convicted of", "pleaded guilty to", or "found guilty of" in their reporting to avoid the small chance of a defamation issue in the event of a wrongful conviction.
 * Opinion surveys and statistical information deserve special treatment to communicate in precise terms any conclusions, to contextualize the results, and to specify accuracy, including estimated error and methodological criticism or flaws. Through this information can be properly analyzed and used without heavy bias.
 * Journalism today is built off true, accurate and objective information. To remove those aspects would be damaging to the very core of not just journalism but also the very way information is spread and given to viewers and others all around the world. The audience will see the lack of ethics and standards, making others question what is good, reliable information, or not.
 * Quality journalism that scrutinizes and criticizes social, political and economic authority is in a constant state of vulnerability to manipulation and censorship, particularly from those with money and power.

Slander and libel considerations

 * Reporting the truth is almost never libel, which makes accuracy very important.
 * Private persons have privacy rights that must be balanced against the public interest in reporting information about them. Public figures have fewer privacy rights in U.S. law, where reporters are immune from a civil case if they have reported without malice. In Canada, there is no such immunity; reports on public figures must be backed by facts.
 * Publishers vigorously defend libel lawsuits filed against them. Truth is always a defense in libel. Courts in the U.S. generally do not rule in favor of the party claiming libel unless they can show that the journalist "published untrue information that hurt the reputation of an identifiable person," and that the journalist was "either negligent or reckless in failing to check the information."

Harm limitation principle
During the normal course of an assignment a reporter might go about gathering facts and details, conducting interviews, doing research and background checks, taking photos, and recording video and sound in search of justice. Harm limitation deals with the questions of whether everything learned should be reported and, if so, how. This principle of limitation means that some weight needs to be given to the negative consequences of full disclosure, creating a practical and ethical dilemma. The Society of Professional Journalists' code of ethics offers the following advice, which is representative of the practical ideas of most professional journalists. Quoting directly:

 * Show compassion for those who may be affected adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperienced sources or subjects.
 * Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief.
 * Recognise that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance.
 * Recognise that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone's privacy.
 * Show good taste. Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity.
 * Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes.
 * Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges.
 * Balance a criminal suspect's fair trial rights with the public's right to be informed.

Self-regulation
In addition to codes of ethics, many news organizations maintain an in-house ombudsman whose role is, in part, to keep news organizations honest and accountable to the public. The ombudsman is intended to mediate in conflicts stemming from internal or external pressures, to maintain accountability to the public for news reported, to foster self-criticism, and to encourage adherence to both codified and uncodified ethics and standards. This position may be the same or similar to the public editor, though public editors also act as a liaison with readers and do not generally become members of the Organisation of News Ombudsmen.

An alternative is a news council, an industry-wide self-regulation body, such as the Press Complaints Commission, set up by UK newspapers and magazines. Such a body is capable of applying fairly consistent standards and of dealing with a higher volume of complaints but may not escape criticisms of being toothless.

Ethics and standards in practice
One of the most controversial issues in modern reporting is media bias, particularly on political issues, but also with regard to cultural and other issues. Another is the controversial issue of checkbook journalism, which is the practice of news reporters paying sources for their information. In the U.S., it is generally considered unethical, with most mainstream newspapers and news shows having a policy forbidding it. Meanwhile, tabloid newspapers and tabloid television shows, which rely more on sensationalism, regularly engage in the practice.

There are also some wider concerns, as the media continues to change, that the brevity of news reports and use of soundbites has reduced fidelity to the truth, and may contribute to a lack of needed context for public understanding. From outside the profession, the rise of news management contributes to the real possibility that news media may be deliberately manipulated. Selective reporting (spiking, double standards) are very commonly alleged against newspapers.

Attempts to identify misinformation
The Action Plan, proposed, the EU authorities, is meant to propose a guide for identifying misinformation. The project seeks to target misinformation and produce unbiased and professional informational postings.

Genres, ethics, and standards
Advocacy journalists—a term of some debate even within the field of journalism—by definition tend to reject "objectivity", while at the same time maintaining many other common standards and ethics.

Civic journalism adopts a modified approach to objectivity; instead of being uninvolved spectators, the press is active in facilitating and encouraging public debate and examining claims and issues critically. This does not necessarily imply advocacy of a specific political party or position.

Creative nonfiction and literary journalism use the power of language and literary devices more akin to fiction to bring insight and depth into the often book-length treatment of the subjects about which they write. Such devices as dialogue, metaphor, digression and other such techniques offer the reader insights not usually found in standard news reportage. However, authors in this branch of journalism still maintain ethical criteria such as factual and historical accuracy as found in standard news reporting. They venture outside the boundaries of standard news reporting in offering richly detailed accounts. One widely regarded author in the genre is Joyce Carol Oates, as with her book on boxer Mike Tyson.

Cosmopolitan Journalism- The cosmopolitanism imperative that our primary ethical allegiance is to a borderless, moral community of humankind is often misunderstood. Therefore, it is important to say what it implies and what it does not. The claim of humanity is not the cognition of a cold abstract principle. It is the 14 Global Journalism Ethics ability to perceive and value our common humanity in the situations of life. It is respect for mankind's rational and moral capacities wherever and however, they are manifest. It is in our concrete dealings with others that we recognize humanity's common aspirations, vulnerabilities, and capacities, as well as its potential for suffering. In a fragmented world, cosmopolitanism focuses on what is fundamental—a common aspiration to life, liberty, justice, and goodness.

Investigative journalism often takes an implicit point of view on a particular public interest, by asking pointed questions and intensely probing certain questions. With outlets that otherwise strive for neutrality on political issues, the implied position is often uncontroversial—for example, that political corruption or abuse of children is wrong and perpetrators should be exposed and punished, that government money should be spent efficiently, or that the health of the public or workers or veterans should be protected. Advocacy journalists often use investigative journalism in support of a particular political position, or to expose facts that are only concerning to those with certain political opinions. Regardless of whether or not it is undertaken for a specific political faction, this genre usually puts a strong emphasis on factual accuracy, because the point of an in-depth investigation of an issue is to expose facts that spur change. Not all investigations seek to expose facts about a particular problem; some data-driven reporting does deep analysis and presents interesting results for the general edification of the audience which might be interpreted in different ways or which may contain a wealth of facts concerned with many different potential problems. A factually-constrained investigation with an implied public interest point of view may also find that the system under investigation is working well.

New Journalism and Gonzo journalism also reject some of the fundamental ethical traditions and will set aside the technical standards of journalistic prose in order to express themselves and reach a particular audience or market segment. These favor a subjective perspective and emphasize immersive experiences over objective facts.

Tabloid journalists are often accused of sacrificing accuracy and the personal privacy of their subjects in order to boost sales. The 2011 News International phone hacking scandal is an example of this. Supermarket tabloids are often focused on entertainment rather than news. A few have "news" stories that are so outrageous that they are widely read for entertainment purposes, not for information. Some tabloids do purport to maintain common journalistic standards but may fall far short in practice. Others make no such claims.

Some publications deliberately engage in satire, but give the publication the design elements of a newspaper, for example, The Onion, and it is not unheard of for other publications to offer the occasional, humorous articles appearing on April Fool's Day.

Relationship with freedom of the press
In countries without freedom of the press, the above-described standards of journalism are less relevant for reporters than rules surrounding censorship and avoiding politically sensitive or taboo topics. Non-free media may be prohibited from criticising the national government, serve as a de facto distributor of propaganda, and/or engage in self-censorship. Various other forms of censorship may restrict reporting on issues the government deems sensitive. Similarly, media outlets reliant on corporate sponsorship, sponsored content, or corporate owners may prioritise the financial interests or political viewpoints of their owners, advertisers, or sponsors and self-censor information that contradicts those viewpoints. In states with strong defamation laws, the risk of lawsuit may also have a chilling effect on journalists. By interfering with the aforementioned obligations of journalistic ethics, these factors illustrate the extent to which ethics in journalism are shaped by the law surrounding journalism.

Freedom of the press is expressly protected by section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and section 16 of the South African Bill of Rights, and is protected as part of freedom of expression under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. In Canada, freedom of the press and other Charter rights are subject to section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which provides that rights are subject to such restrictions as can demonstrably be justified in a free and democratic society, from which courts have developed the Oakes test. The South African Bill of Rights, and the constitutions of countries like Kenya which were inspired by the post-Apartheid constitution of South Africa, provide for rights to be limited in a similar manner to the Oakes test, as codified in section 36 of the South African Bill of Rights. In South Africa and the signatories to the ECHR, freedom of the press is also subject to specific enumerated limits prohibiting hate speech, propaganda for war, and defamation.

In the United States, freedom of the press is protected under the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights. Under the First Amendment, the government is not allowed to censor the press. Unlike modern bills of rights like the Canadian Charter or the South African Bill of Rights, the rights enumerated in the US Constitution are written so as to be absolute.

Variations, violations, and controversies
There are a number of finer points of journalistic procedure that foster disagreements in principle and variation in practice among "mainstream" journalists in the free press. Laws concerning libel and slander vary from country to country, and local journalistic standards may be tailored to fit. For example, the United Kingdom has a broader definition of libel than does the United States.

Accuracy is important as a core value and to maintain credibility, but especially in broadcast media, audience share often gravitates toward outlets that are reporting new information first. Different organizations may balance speed and accuracy in different ways. The New York Times, for instance, tends to print longer, more detailed, less speculative, and more thoroughly verified pieces a day or two later than many other newspapers. 24-hour television news networks tend to place much more emphasis on getting the "scoop". Here, viewers may switch channels at a moment's notice; with fierce competition for ratings and a large amount of airtime to fill, fresh material is very valuable. Because of the fast turn-around, reporters for these networks may be under considerable time pressure, which reduces their ability to verify information.

Laws with regard to personal privacy, official secrets, and media disclosure of names and facts from criminal cases and civil lawsuits differ widely, and journalistic standards may vary accordingly. Different organizations may have different answers to questions about when it is journalistically acceptable to skirt, circumvent, or even break these regulations. Another example of differences surrounding harm reduction is the reporting of preliminary election results. In the United States, some news organizations feel that it is harmful to the democratic process to report exit poll results or preliminary returns while voting is still open. Such reports may influence people who vote later in the day, or who are in western time zones, in their decisions about how and whether or not to vote. There is also some concern that such preliminary results are often inaccurate and may be misleading to the public. Other outlets feel that this information is a vital part of the transparency of the election process, and see no harm (if not considerable benefit) in reporting it.

Objectivity as a journalistic standard varies to some degree depending on the industry and country. For example, the government-funded BBC in the United Kingdom places a strong emphasis on political neutrality, but British newspapers more often tend to adopt political affiliations or leanings in both coverage and audience, sometimes explicitly. In the United States, major newspapers usually explicitly claim objectivity as a goal in news coverage, though most have separate editorial boards that endorse specific candidates and publish opinions on specific issues. Adherence to a claimed standard of objectivity is a constant subject of debate. For example, mainstream national cable news channels in the United States claim political objectivity but to various degrees, Fox News has been accused of conservative bias and MSNBC accused of liberal bias. The degree to which these leanings influence cherry-picking of facts, factual accuracy, the predominance of non-news opinion and commentators, audience opinion of the issues and candidates covered, visual composition, tone and vocabulary of stories is hotly debated.

News value is generally used to select stories for print, broadcast, blogs, and web portals, including those that focus on a specific topic. To a large degree, news value depends on the target audience. For example, a minor story in the United States is more likely to appear on CNN than a minor story in the Middle East which might be more likely to appear on Al Jazeera simply due to the geographic distribution of the channels' respective audiences. It is a matter of debate whether this means that either network is less than objective, and that controversy is even more complicated when considering coverage of political stories for different audiences that have different political demographics (as with Fox News vs. MSNBC).

Some digital media platforms can use criteria to choose stories which are different from traditional news values. For example, while the Google News portal essentially chooses stories based on news value (though indirectly, through the choices of large numbers of independent outlets), users can set Google Alerts on specific terms which define personal subjective interests. Search engines, news aggregators, and social network feeds sometimes change the presentation of content depending on the consumer's expressed or inferred preferences or leanings. This has both been cheered as bypassing traditional "gatekeepers" and whatever biases they may have in favor of audience-centric selection criteria, but criticized as creating a dangerous filter bubble which intentionally or unintentionally hides dissenting opinions and other content which might be important for the audience to see in order to avoid exposure bias and groupthink.

Taste, decency, and acceptability
Audiences have different reactions to depictions of violence, nudity, coarse language, or to people in any other situation that is unacceptable to or stigmatized by the local culture or laws (such as the consumption of alcohol, homosexuality, illegal drug use, scatological images, etc.). Even with similar audiences, different organizations and even individual reporters have different standards and practices. These decisions often revolve around what facts are necessary for the audience to know.

When certain distasteful or shocking material is considered important to the story, there are a variety of common methods for mitigating negative audience reaction. Advance warning of explicit or disturbing material may allow listeners or readers to avoid content they would rather not be exposed to. Offensive words may be partially obscured or bleeped. Potentially offensive images may be blurred or narrowly cropped. Descriptions may be substituted for pictures; graphic detail might be omitted. Disturbing content might be moved from a cover to an inside page, or from daytime to late evening when children are less likely to be watching.

There is often considerable controversy over these techniques, especially concern that obscuring or not reporting certain facts or details is self-censorship that compromises objectivity and fidelity to the truth, and which does not serve the public interest.

For example, images and graphic descriptions of war are often violent, bloody, shocking and profoundly tragic. This makes certain content disturbing to some audience members, but it is precisely these aspects of war that some consider to be the most important to convey. Some argue that "sanitizing" the depiction of war influences public opinion about the merits of continuing to fight, and about the policies or circumstances that precipitated the conflict. The amount of explicit violence and mutilation depicted in war coverage varies considerably from time to time, from organization to organization, and from country to country.

Reporters have also been accused of indecency in the process of collecting news, namely that they are overly intrusive in the name of journalistic insensitivity. War correspondent Edward Behr recounts the story of a reporter during the Congo Crisis who walked into a crowd of Belgian evacuees and shouted, "Anyone here been raped and speaks English?"

Campaigning in the media
Many print publications take advantage of their wide readership and print persuasive pieces in the form of unsigned editorials that represent the official position of the organization. Despite the ostensible separation between editorial writing and news gathering, this practice may cause some people to doubt the political objectivity of the publication's news reporting. (Though usually unsigned editorials are accompanied by a diversity of signed opinions from other perspectives.)

Other publications and many broadcast media only publish opinion pieces that are attributed to a particular individual (who may be an in-house analyst) or to an outside entity. One particularly controversial question is whether media organizations should endorse political candidates for office. Political endorsements create more opportunities to construe favoritism in reporting, and can create a perceived conflict of interest.

Investigative methods
Investigative journalism is largely an information-gathering exercise, looking for facts that are not easy to obtain by simple requests and searches, or are actively being concealed, suppressed or distorted. Where investigative work involves undercover journalism or use of whistleblowers, and even more if it resorts to covert methods more typical of private detectives or even spying, it brings a large extra burden on ethical standards.

Anonymous sources are double-edged—they often provide especially newsworthy information, such as classified or confidential information about current events, information about a previously unreported scandal, or the perspective of a particular group that may fear retribution for expressing certain opinions in the press. The downside is that the condition of anonymity may make it difficult or impossible for the reporter to verify the source's statements. Sometimes news sources hide their identities from the public because their statements would otherwise quickly be discredited. Thus, statements attributed to anonymous sources may carry more weight with the public than they might if they were attributed.

The Washington press has been criticized in recent years for excessive use of anonymous sources, in particular to report information that is later revealed to be unreliable. The use of anonymous sources increased markedly in the period before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Examples of ethical dilemmas
One of the primary functions of journalism ethics is to aid journalists in dealing with many ethical dilemmas they may encounter. From highly sensitive issues of national security to everyday questions such as accepting a dinner from a source, putting a bumper sticker on one's car, publishing a personal opinion blog, a journalist must make decisions taking into account things such as the public's right to know, potential threats, reprisals and intimidations of all kinds, personal integrity, conflicts between editors, reporters and publishers or management, and many other such conundra. The following are illustrations of some of those.
 * The Pentagon Papers dealt with extremely difficult ethical dilemmas faced by journalists. Despite government intervention, The Washington Post, joined by The New York Times, felt the public interest was more compelling and both published reports. The cases went to the Supreme Court where they were merged and are known as New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713.
 * The Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists, a joint venture, public service project of Chicago Headline Club Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists and Loyola University Chicago's Center for Ethics and Social Justice, provides some examples of typical ethical dilemmas reported to their ethical dilemma hotline and are typical of the kinds of questions faced by many professional journalists, including the following:
 * Is it ethical to make an appointment to interview an arsonist sought by police, without informing police in advance of the interview?
 * Is lack of proper attribution plagiarism?
 * Should a reporter write a story about a local priest who confessed to a sex crime if it will cost the newspaper readers and advertisers who are sympathetic to the priest?
 * Is it ethical for a reporter to write a news piece on the same topic after writing an opinion piece in the same paper?
 * Under what circumstances do you identify a person who was arrested as a relative of a public figure, such as a local sports star?
 * Freelance journalists and photographers accept cash to write about, or take photos of, events with the promise of attempting to get their work on the AP or other news outlets, from which they also will be paid. Is that ethical?
 * Can a journalist reveal a source of information after guaranteeing confidentiality if the source proves to be unreliable?

title: Journalism ethics and standards


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Talk:Herbert McLean Evans

Comments
Why is the "See Also" page here referring to Eugenics societies and so on? This is not mentioned anywhere in the body of the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.98.77.192 (talk) 15:13, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Herbert McLean Evans. The final result was Keep. --Deathphoenix 08:14, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Herbert McLean Evans


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Pittsburgh Mills

The Galleria at Pittsburgh Mills, or simply Pittsburgh Mills, is a dead mall northeast of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in Frazer Township, along PA Route 28 near its intersection with the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The mall is the second largest shopping complex in Western Pennsylvania, and the main retail center for the Allegheny Valley with 905667 ft2 of retail space on 200 acre. The grand opening of the mall portion of Pittsburgh Mills was on July 14, 2005.

Pittsburgh Mills was conceived and originally developed by the Mills Corporation, now Simon Property Group. On December 30, 2006, Mills Corporation announced it sold its stake in Pittsburgh Mills to its partner in the project, Zamias Services, Inc. of Johnstown. Because of this, Pittsburgh Mills is currently the only Mills-branded mall that is neither owned or managed by Simon in the United States. Vaughan Mills near Toronto, CrossIron Mills outside Calgary, and Tsawwassen Mills in Delta are the only other Mills-type malls that are not owned or managed by Simon. To date, it is the last Mills mall built in the United States.

It is the first Landmark Mills property to feature two full-price department stores—JCPenney and Kaufmann's (now Macy's), along with a Sears Grand store, which closed in 2015.

Although the typical Landmark Mills mall is synonymous with outlet shopping, Pittsburgh Mills is the only center to offer an entire lineup of full-price retailers that otherwise could be found in a traditional enclosed mall. The reason for this goes back to 1981, when developer Zamias Services, Inc. of Johnstown, planned to develop a regional mall on the Frazer Township site. Legal setbacks and financial difficulties had postponed the project for many years, until the Mills Corporation announced in 2002 that they would partner in conjunction with Zamias to build a retail and entertainment complex on the site.

As part of a foreclosure sale in January 2017, the mall was auctioned to the holder of the mortgage on the property, Wells Fargo, for $100.

In 2018 the mall was bought for $11 million by Namdar Realty Group which has a reputation for being a "retail slumlord" that skips maintenance and paying taxes. As of 2023 Namdar was $11.5 million delinquent on taxes which if not paid by October 2 would result in a sheriff's sale of most of the property parcels. The Macy's would not be included in the sale. On September 29 Namdar paid the back taxes and the sheriff's sale was cancelled.

Decline
Despite opening to much fanfare in 2005, the Galleria portion of Pittsburgh Mills would never see the success that its owners had hoped. Only a year after opening, Lucky Strike Lanes closed, and was eventually replaced with two restaurants, Dingbats and Abate Seafood, and a banquet hall. Linens 'n Things closed in 2008, along with Borders Books, which closed in 2011. A NASCAR SpeedPark was originally planned to open at the mall near Dick's Sporting Goods, however this was cancelled shortly after the mall's opening and the plot of land as well as the interior mall entrance space remained vacant.

Sears Grand, which opened with the mall in 2005, also closed in 2015, ending a 10-year run.

Starting in 2014, non-retail businesses began occupying space in the mall. These included real estate offices, armed forces recruiters, pharmacy and medical supply outlets, and fitness clubs. One of the largest non-traditional tenants, ITT Technical School, closed its location at the Galleria in 2016.

In May 2020, Cinemark Theaters announced that as part of the nationwide shutdown of the economy, it would not reopen the Pittsburgh Mills location after the COVID-19 pandemic shutdown. In January 2021, Goodrich Quality Theaters announced that they would reopen the former Cinemark in Spring 2021.

On June 4, 2020, JCPenney announced that it would close its store at Pittsburgh Mills by around October 2020 as part of a plan to close 154 stores nationwide. Champs Sports and Claire's closed in 2022. Macy's, Jo-Ann Fabrics, and Dick's Sporting Goods are currently the only anchor stores left.

As of now, there are only about 20 stores left, including 5 major chain stores, which include Bath & Body Works, Dick's Sporting Goods, Jo-Ann Fabrics, Macy's, Panera Bread, and T-Mobile. The food court, which once housed two full-service restaurants, a Starbucks location, 10 counter restaurants, and several push-cart vendors, is completely vacant. AT&T closed in 2023/2024.

Mall complex
The mall complex consists of two components. The first of these, named the Galleria at Pittsburgh Mills, is the 905667 sqft indoor component of the complex which is divided into five themed neighborhoods corresponding to various Pittsburgh landmarks and cultural icons. One lap around the entire mall is about one mile in length, making it a popular spot for mall walkers. Two children's play areas are also located within the center, located in the cut-through corridor near the food court.

The second component is an adjacent shopping center called the Village at Pittsburgh Mills. The Village contains a total of 925000 sqft of store space and over 30 retailers.

In mid-April 2015 the mall constructed a Sky Trail that occupied a corner of the food court, in hopes of generating entertainment and business. The corner previously was the site of a carousel and a staging area for small pageants and school band concerts. Mall management closed and removed the Sky Trail in fall of 2017.

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Adam Bede

Adam Bede was the first novel by English author George Eliot, first published in 1859. It was published pseudonymously, even though Evans was a well-published and highly respected scholar of her time. The novel has remained in print ever since and is regularly used in university studies of 19th-century English literature. Eliot described the novel as "a country story full of the breath of cows and scent of hay".

Plot summary
According to The Oxford Companion to English Literature (1967),
 * "the plot is founded on a story told to George Eliot by her aunt Elizabeth Evans, a Methodist preacher, and the original of Dinah Morris of the novel, of a confession of child-murder, made to her by a girl in prison."

The novel follows the lives of four characters in the fictional community of Hayslope—a rural, pastoral, and close-knit community—in 1799. The novel revolves around a love "rectangle" among the beautiful but self-absorbed Hetty Sorrel; Captain Arthur Donnithorne, the young squire who seduces her; Adam Bede, her unacknowledged suitor; and Dinah Morris, Hetty's cousin, a fervent, virtuous and beautiful Methodist lay preacher. Adam, a local carpenter much admired for his integrity and intelligence, is in love with Hetty. She is attracted to Arthur, the local squire's charming grandson and heir, and falls in love with him. When Adam interrupts a tryst between them, Adam and Arthur fight. Arthur agrees to give up Hetty and leaves Hayslope to return to his militia. After he leaves, Hetty Sorrel agrees to marry Adam but shortly before their marriage, discovers that she is pregnant. In desperation, she leaves in search of Arthur but cannot find him. Unwilling to return to the village on account of the shame and ostracism she would have to endure, she delivers her baby with the assistance of a friendly woman she encounters. She subsequently abandons the infant in a field but not being able to bear the child's cries, she tries to retrieve the infant. However, she is too late, the infant having already died of exposure.

Hetty is caught and tried for child murder. She is found guilty and sentenced to hang. Dinah enters the prison and pledges to stay with Hetty until the end. Her compassion brings about Hetty's contrite confession. When Arthur Donnithorne, on leave from the militia for his grandfather's funeral, hears of her impending execution, he races to the court and has the sentence commuted to penal transportation.

Ultimately, Adam and Dinah, who gradually become aware of their mutual love, marry and live peacefully with his family.

Allusions/references to other works
The importance of William Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads to the way Adam Bede is written has often been noted. Like Wordsworth's poems, Adam Bede features minutely detailed empirical and psychological observations about illiterate "common folk" who, because of their greater proximity to nature than to culture, are taken as emblematic of human nature in its more pure form. In Adam Bede, Eliot sought to manifest in novelistic form this principle of Wordsworth's aesthetic philosophy.

Genre painting and the novel arose together as middle-class art forms and retained close connections until the end of the nineteenth century. According to Richard Stang, it was a French treatise of 1846 on Dutch and Flemish painting that first popularised the application of the term realism to fiction. Stang, The Theory of the Novel in England, p.149, refers to Arsène Houssaye, Histoire de la peinture flamande et hollandaise (1846; 2d ed., Paris: Jules Hetzel, 1866). Houssaye speaks (p, 179) of Terborch's "gout tout hollandais, empreint de poesie realiste", and argues that "l'oeuvre de Gerard de Terburg est le roman intime de la Hollande, comme l'oeuvre de Gerard Dow en est le roman familiere.", and certainly it is with Dutch, Flemish, and English genre painting that George Eliot's realism is most often compared. Eliot herself invites the comparison in chapter 17 of Adam Bede, and Mario Praz applies it to all her works in his study of The Hero in Eclipse in Victorian Fiction.

Literary significance and criticism
Immediately recognised as a significant literary work, Adam Bede has enjoyed a largely positive critical reputation since its publication. An anonymous 1859 review in The Athenaeum praised it as a "novel of the highest class," and The Times called it "a first-rate novel." An anonymous review by Anne Mozley was the first to speculate that the novel was probably written by a woman. Contemporary reviewers, often influenced by nostalgia for the earlier period represented in Bede, enthusiastically praised Eliot's characterisations and realistic representations of rural life. Charles Dickens wrote: "The whole country life that the story is set in, is so real, and so droll and genuine, and yet so selected and polished by art, that I cannot praise it enough to you." (Hunter, S. 122)

In fact, in early criticism, the tragedy of infanticide has often been overlooked in favour of the peaceful idyllic world and familiar personalities Eliot recreated. Other critics have been less generous. Henry James, among others, resented the narrator's interventions. In particular, Chapter 15 has fared poorly among scholars because of the author's/narrator's moralising and meddling in an attempt to sway readers' opinions of Hetty and Dinah. Other critics have objected to the resolution of the story. In the final moments, Hetty, about to be executed for infanticide, is saved by her seducer, Arthur Donnithorne. Critics have argued that this deus ex machina ending negates the moral lessons learned by the main characters. Without the eleventh hour reprieve, the suffering of Adam, Arthur, and Hetty would have been more realistically concluded. In addition, some scholars feel that Adam's marriage to Dinah is another instance of the author's/narrator's intrusiveness. These instances have been found to directly conflict with the otherwise realistic images and events of the novel.

Characters

 * The Bede family:
 * Adam Bede is described as a tall, stalwart, moral, and unusually competent carpenter. He is 26 years old at the beginning of the novel, and bears an "expression of large-hearted intelligence."
 * Seth Bede is Adam's younger brother, and is also a carpenter, but he is not particularly competent, and "his glance, instead of being keen, is confiding and benign."
 * Lisbeth Bede is Adam's and Seth's mother. She is "an anxious, spare, yet vigorous old woman, clean as a snowdrop."
 * Thias (Matthias) Bede is Adam's and Seth's father. He has become an alcoholic, and drowns in Chapter IV while returning from a tavern.
 * Gyp is Adam's dog, who follows his every move, and looks "up in his master's face with patient expectation."
 * The Poyser family:
 * Martin Poyser and his wife Rachel rent Hall Farm from Squire Donnithorne and have turned it into a very successful enterprise.
 * Marty and Tommy Poyser are their sons.
 * Totty Poyser is their somewhat spoiled and frequently petulant toddler.
 * "Old Martin" Poyser is Mr. Poyser's elderly father, who lives in retirement with his son's family.
 * Hetty Sorrel is Mr. Poyser's orphaned niece, who lives and works at the Poyser farm. Her beauty, as described by George Eliot, is the sort "which seems made to turn the heads not only of men, but of all intelligent mammals, even of women."
 * Dinah Morris is another orphaned niece of the Poysers. She is also beautiful – "It was one of those faces that make one think of white flowers with light touches of colour on their pure petals" – but has chosen to become an itinerant Methodist preacher, and dresses very plainly.
 * The Irwine family:
 * Adolphus Irwine is the Rector of Broxton. He is patient and tolerant, and his expression is a "mixture of bonhomie and distinction". He lives with his mother and sisters.
 * Mrs. Irwine, his mother, is "clearly one of those children of royalty who have never doubted their right divine and never met with any one so absurd as to question it."
 * Pastor Irwine's youngest sister, Miss Anne, is an invalid. His gentleness is illustrated by a passage in which he takes the time to remove his boots before going upstairs to visit her, lest she be disturbed by noise. She and the pastor's other sister, Kate, are unmarried.
 * The Donnithorne family:
 * Squire Donnithorne owns an estate.
 * Arthur Donnithorne, his grandson, stands to inherit the estate; he is twenty years old at the opening of the novel. He is a handsome and charming sportsman.
 * Miss Lydia Donnithorne, the old squire's daughter, is Arthur's unmarried aunt.
 * Other characters
 * Bartle Massey is the local schoolteacher, a misogynist bachelor who has taught Adam Bede.
 * Mr. Craig is the gardener at the Donnithorne estate.
 * Jonathan Burge is Adam's employer at a carpentry workshop. Some expect his daughter Mary to make a match with Adam Bede.
 * Villagers in the area include Ben Cranage, Chad Cranage, Chad's daughter Bess, and Joshua Rann.

Adaptations
In September 1885 a theatre adaptation of Adam Bede played at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh.

In 1918, a silent film adaptation entitled Adam Bede was made, directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Bransby Williams and Ivy Close.

In 1991, the BBC produced a television version of Adam Bede starring Iain Glen, Patsy Kensit, Susannah Harker, James Wilby and Julia McKenzie. It was aired as part of the Masterpiece Theatre anthology in 1992.

In 2001, BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of the novel with Katherine Igoe as Hetty, Vicki Liddelle as Dinah, Thomas Arnold and Crawford Logan as Mr Irwine. This adaptation was later re-broadcast on BBC Radio 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra in a fifteen-part version of 15-minute episodes.

title: Adam Bede


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BodyTalk

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 04:11, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

BodyTalk
Pure advertising of non-notable product, with no potential for useful information. I vote to delete. Foobaz · ✐ 08:20, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like an ad. Zzyzx11 20:53, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable ad. DaveTheRed 01:04, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad. —Korath (Talk) 07:25, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Delgado Community College

Delgado Community College (DCC) is a public community college in Louisiana, with campuses throughout the New Orleans metropolitan area. Its current campuses are in New Orleans (Orleans Parish) and in Jefferson Parish. The original City Park Campus is located in the Navarre neighborhood adjacent to New Orleans City Park.

Delgado Community College is one of nine community colleges which operate under the auspices of the Louisiana Community and Technical College System. The institution originally opened in 1921 as Delgado Trades School; it went through several reorganizations and was finally named Delgado Community College by the Louisiana State Legislature in 1980, under the administration of Governor David C. Treen.

The maps of Louisiana's Technical and Community Colleges indicate that Delgado's service area includes New Orleans and Jefferson, St. Charles, St. John the Baptist, and St. Tammany parishes. A Delgado Community College document stated that, in addition, Lafourche, St. Bernard, and Terrebonne parishes are in its service area.

Campuses
Sidney Collier Campus is in East New Orleans. It is in proximity to St. Bernard Parish and St. Tammany Parish.

There were two campuses in St. Tammany Parish: one in Slidell, Louisiana, the Slidell Learning Center, and one in Covington, Louisiana, the Delgado Northshore campus that first opened in 1987. The Covington campus closed at the end of the spring 2014 semester. The Slidell campus closed in 2016 due to financial issues.

Athletics
The Delgado Dolphins are composed of 3 athletic teams representing Delgado Community College in intercollegiate athletics, including baseball and men's and women's basketball. The Dolphins compete in National Junior College Athletic Association Division 1, Region 23. The Dolphins sports teams are members of the Louisiana Community Colleges Athletic Conference.

The Dolphins baseball team plays at "Rags" Scheuermann Field at Kirsch-Rooney Stadium and the basketball teams play at the Michael Williamson Center.

Notable alumni

 * Billy Kennedy, assistant basketball coach for Wichita State
 * Steve Theriot, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1988–1996) and state legislative auditor (2004–2009)
 * Irma Thomas, Grammy Award winning artist.
 * Scott Arceneaux Jr., member of New Orleans hip hop duo Suicideboys

Notable faculty and staff

 * Cameron Henry, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from District 82, is a former adjunct business professor at Delgado.
 * Nita Rusich Hutter, District 104 state representative from St. Bernard Parish is an administrator at Delgado.
 * Patrice E. Jones, TikToker and historical preservationist

title: Delgado Community College


text:
Adam Gifford, Lord Gifford

Adam Gifford, Lord Gifford FRSE (29 February 1820 Edinburgh – 20 January 1887) was a Scottish advocate and judge. He was the founder of the Gifford Lectures.

Life
Gifford was born in Edinburgh on 29 February 1820 to Katherine Ann (née West) (1786–1873) and James Gifford (1780–1862), an affluent grocer and Treasurer of the Merchant Company of Edinburgh. His twin brother was John Gifford (1820–1895). His childhood home was at 22 Union Place in the east end of the New Town.

He went to school at Edinburgh Institution (now known as Stewart's Melville) and in 1835 was apprenticed to be a solicitor with his uncle, Alexander Gifford SSC at 2 Hill Square on the south side of the city. He then studied law at the University of Edinburgh and was called to the bar as an advocate in 1849.

He was a Radical in politics, and expected no appointment from Government, until he was made an advocate depute in 1861, under Palmerston. He prosecuted cases for the Crown including Jessie McLauchlan in the 1863 Sandyford murder case. He was appointed Sheriff of Orkney and Shetland in 1865, but delegated his duties to a resident sheriff-substitute and continued his private practice as an advocate.

In 1870 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer was Sir Charles Neaves. At this stage in his life he lived at 4 Lower Joppa with his brother John on the eastern coastline of the city.

His lucrative private practice as an advocate made him a fortune, which he bequeathed towards the endowment of the four Gifford Lectureships on natural theology in connection with each of the four universities in Scotland then extant (Aberdeen, Glasgow, Edinburgh and St Andrews); he was a man of a philosophical turn of mind, and a student of the works of Spinoza. He held office as a judge from 1870 to 1881, despite symptoms of paralysis from 1872 onwards. On his resignation, due to ill-health, he was replaced by Patrick Fraser thereafter known as Lord Fraser.

He died at his home, Granton House in Granton, Edinburgh on 20 January 1887 and is buried in Old Calton Cemetery with his parents.

Family
In 1863 he married Margaret Elliot Pott (1842–1868), 22 years his junior. They had one son, Herbert James Gifford FRSE (born 1864) who became a civil engineer. Margaret died aged 26 (probably in childbirth).

He was the uncle of Sir Walter Raleigh (1861–1922), the professor of English at the University of Glasgow.

title: Adam Gifford, Lord Gifford


text:
Talk:The Death of Ivan Ilyich

Spoiler?
The article introduction seems to include a plot summary detailing the ending. This seems pretty inconsiderate. 91.106.178.76 (talk) 08:39, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Given the title of the story, I can only assume that this comment is a joke. "Spoiler alerts" don't apply to encyclopedia articles, anyway (129.119.35.113 (talk) 20:07, 1 February 2012 (UTC)kbrewer36)

Cleanup needed
Jmabel | Talk 08:26, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) The many external links here should each be of a form along the lines given in Cite Sources, possibly with further annotation.
 * 2) There Russian title should be given, in Cyrillic and transliterated.
 * 3) Also, a lot more could be written.

 * Agreed, especially the statement that says "The novella was acclaimed by Vladimir Nabokov and Mahatma Ghandi as the greatest in the whole of Russian literature.". --AySz88 ^ -  ^  02:47, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * My translation (by Lynn Solotaroff) also has a very different ending than what is in the article right now (for example, "For those present, his agony continued for another two hours", "It is all over," said someone standing beside him", "'Death is over'"), and it gives a far different feel to me. --AySz88 ^ -  ^  06:01, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Definitely. I think a characters section might be appropriate, as the novella is very character-driven. --Millancad 09:40, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree mostly, but each translation is different and gives a different but not necessarily "more accurate" feel. Perhaps, there should be quotes from multiple translations, or rather simply the translation cited, and information on other translations available.

Also, I feel there is too much opinion in this article now because of whomever added the biblical understanding. Though, they could very well be correct in their assumption, it is only one viewpoint, and a specific one at that. It should either be completely deleted or replaced by a more general and "bigger picture" understanding.

 * While this article is NOT very good in its current state, any revision ignoring the Christian worldview that underpins this story--and all of Tolstoy's work, for that matter--is doing a disservice to both the man and the work.K. Scott Bailey 08:22, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

controversy?
what is the controversy in the controversy section? seems there is none, and the title is a dramatic attempt to draw attention. it seems to be more about intrerpretation or analysis of the story from some POV, which is fine, but the claims made are uncited and thin. if this section stays, it needs to be reworked.Platypusjones 03:15, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

I actually think that we should change the title of the section to something like, 'Interpretation.' Any thoughts? Woland37 (talk) 14:14, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

If anything, the article should be formatted o use the template suggested by wiki for the novel project: []Platypusjones (talk) 13:31, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

I think that interpretation of the book with Gerasim in mind. Something about how the peasants and the religion of the peasants is superior than that of the high society. Or at least link this page to his main page that shows his views of the Russian Orthodox Church.`` —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.174.26.14 (talk) 13:24, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Big Read
The Death of Ivan Ilyich is part of the National Endowment of the Arts Big Read Event in the United States. Champaign, IL has a descendent of Tolstoy visiting. They are showing Ikiru as well as the Tom Hanks film, Philadelphia. Maybe one of these elements should be put into the article.128.174.26.14 (talk) 13:30, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

The fair use image.
Someone is disputing the use of an image, because it relies on a fair use rationale, on the grounds that the fair use rationale is weak because there are numerous other images that could equally well be used with the same rationale. Or so I gather from the poor forum of discussion in the edit summaries.

The person with the problem with the image needs to articulate the problem more clearly. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 07:01, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Please take a look at our non-free content criteria. This image clearly fails both NFCC#1 and NFCC#8. Yes, it is usually accepted that the original book cover is a useful addition to the article- in this case, the original cover would be freely licensed, so all the better. The cover of this particular edition, especially when this cover is non-free and this edition is not mentioned (nor should it be) in the article, is completely unwarranted. What is it adding to the article? Nothing. J Milburn (talk) 11:30, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I disagree on NFCC#8. Illustrations are everything, to some people at least.  Personally, I'd prefer to the a picture of a book, not just the cover.  I think a picture of a book, being such a minor aspect of a book, is not offensive to NFCC#3a, especially given the clear compliance with NFCC#3b and NFCC#4.  Am I far out on a limb here?
 * NFCC#1 is clear. Can you please explain how I can get the image, and why it is free?  At 114 years old, is an image of the book automatically free?  Would it be in a rare book library?  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 00:56, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * At 114 years, yes, in this case, the image is public domain. As for your "Illustrations are everything, to some people at least"- ok, that's nice, but why is it so important we see the cover of this particular edition? It simply isn't. Yes, an illustration is nice, but this one adds nothing. Sorry this reply was so late- the image has already been deleted as per this. However, for future reference, I can assure you that this should have been entirely uncontroversial- the image should not have been there in the first place. J Milburn (talk) 22:18, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree, that particular edition is of little significance, that I know. The original, or perhaps the best selling, would be better.  I understand and agree with out urge to try for public domain images.  Is there evidence that a public domain version still exists?  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 11:30, 31 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Google Books lists a few public domain editions, but, sadly, does not have them scanned in. Ideally, the original cover would be best (unless another cover was particularly significant, although I think that would be an issue of having sourced discussion of why said cover is significant in the article anyway- can't think of an example of this off-hand, but I am sure there are some), but there is no harm in having a different free cover while we wait for the original to surface. J Milburn (talk) 11:49, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

Disease
Does he have a real disease or is it fictional? What sort of disease could cause such symptoms? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.112.225.58 (talk) 23:18, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

Christian theology in the novella
Ivan Illyich is a remarkably Christian novella. The themes are unmistakable and even relatively explicit at times, including exact quotations of the Gospels and references to both Job and the Passion of Christ. I'm surprised that the editors didn't include Christian commentary on the novella. Nabokov's take is nice, but it rather missed most of what the novella was referencing. Artaxus (talk) 23:20, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Death of Ivan Ilyich


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Me Ol' Bamboo

"Me Ol' Bamboo" is a song written by the Sherman Brothers for the motion picture Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. It was originally written to be choreographed as a morris dance for the film by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood (Mary Poppins, The Happiest Millionaire, The Sound of Music) and adapted for the stage by choreographer Gillian Lynne who also created the choreography for Cats and The Phantom of the Opera.

The song and dance are performed by Dick Van Dyke and about fifteen other men. On Remembering Chitty Chitty Bang Bang with Dick Van Dyke, Van Dyke says that "Me Ol' Bamboo" was the most difficult dancing act he ever undertook.

In the film, Caractacus Potts does the dance to escape an angry victim of his malfunctioning hair-cutting machine. The dance involves the use of bamboo sticks as props. At the end of the dance, Potts collects enough money to buy Chitty.

The song is a light-spirited song about different people and their various usages of cane-like apparatuses. Songwriter/lyricist Robert B. Sherman was inspired to write the song by his own use of a bamboo walking stick, which he used after a World War II knee injury.

It is very similar to the song "Step in Time" from Mary Poppins, also written by the Sherman brothers, with a dance choreographed by Breaux and Wood, and performed by Van Dyke. Both songs are also loosely based on the popular British music hall (vaudeville) repetitive action song "Knees Up Mother Brown".

In popular culture

 * In the 1975 film Smile, the Young American Miss Pageant contestants, while doing a routine with bamboo sticks, sing the song off-key while Michael Kidd tries to choreograph the routine.
 * The tune was used in the Family Guy episode "420" for the song "A Bag of Weed".
 * In Big Brother 10 (UK) contestants had to memorize and perform the dance routine from this song in order to earn a luxury shopping budget during the third week.
 * The song was featured in a medley tribute to Dick Van Dyke during a 1998 episode of The Rosie O'Donnell Show.

title: Me Ol' Bamboo


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Adam Lux

Adam Lux (27 December 1765 – 4 November 1793) was a German revolutionary and sympathiser of the French Revolution.

Early life
Lux was born in Obernburg am Main, a village belonging to the Electorate of Mainz, as a farmer's son. However, his parents managed to finance his studies at the University of Mainz (in the Archbishopric of Mainz of the Holy Roman Empire, nowadays in Rhineland-Palatinate), where he became a Dr. phil. with his Latin dissertation on the notion of enthusiasm.

As a destitute academic, he first worked as a tutor for a merchant family in Mainz, into which he married. His wife's dowry made it possible for him to buy an estate in Kostheim, where he followed the call of the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau by getting back to nature, and became a farmer.

Republic of Mainz
His advocacy of the French Revolution was expressed through an odd political action: after a three-day-long informative meeting, Lux held a referendum, about whether his homeland should enter the French First Republic, on 2 November 1792 in Kostheim. Of the 223 men entitled to vote, 213 supported an accession to France; only 2 rejected the idea, the remaining 8 couldn't take part in the referendum. The result of poll was celebrated with a feast, whose climax was the planting of a liberty pole.

Lux then moved to Mainz with his family, where the Rhenish-German National Convention, the parliament of the Republic of Mainz, founded according to the French example and chaired by Andreas Joseph Hofmann elected him to be a representative.

In France
On 21 March 1793, the convention sent the naturalist and writer Georg Forster, the merchant André Potocki, and him to Paris, to complete the planned accession to France. In Paris he met several German friends of freedom, such as Konrad Engelbert Oelsner and Johann Georg Kerner, who shared his disappointment with the development of the Revolution. They were disgusted by the eruption of the Terror and the radicalization of the Sans-culottes and the Jacobin Club.

On 17 July 1793 Lux witnessed the execution of the Girondist Charlotte Corday, who had assassinated the radical agitator Jean-Paul Marat. With the publication of provoking pamphlets, in which he justified the killing as an act of liberation, he was apparently risking his life deliberately, although not all motives of his behavior at this time are comprehensible nowadays, especially those concerning his relation to Corday and her actions. The poet Justinus Kerner, whose older brother Johann Georg Kerner witnessed the events in Paris, reported on these activities in his book Bilderbuch aus meiner Knabenzeit, which was based on his brother's records.

Death and legacy
After giving up the intention of publicly killing himself in front of the National Convention, in order to protest against the violence of revolutionary goals, he set out to be executed by his former political friends. According to eyewitnesses, Lux ascended the guillotine's scaffold, as if it were a rostrum.

Because of his mysterious fate, Lux drew the attention of his contemporaries. Jean Paul wrote: "[Let] no German forget him!". According to the American Germanist Thomas Saine, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe even based the first husband of Dorothea in his epic Hermann and Dorothea (1798) on Lux. In contrast, the interest in Lux declined in later periods.

title: Adam Lux


text:
User talk:Ra*

Hey, what's up?

Welcome!
Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user talk page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions.

Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 08:21, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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I noticed your addition to Talk:Philip Glass, Talk:Philip Glass. Thought I'd drop you a note about how topics added to talk pages should be added that the bottom. That way people who have the article (and thus its talk page) on their watchlist notice the new topic when they go to the page (and scroll to the bottom looking for a new topic). I moved your section down so it is now correctly formated. See Talk_page_guidelines. Thanks. Hyacinth 08:24, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ra*


text: User talk:169.229.89.51

title: User talk:169.229.89.51


text:
Jipang

Jipang may refer to:
 * Jipang, one of the names of Japan
 * Duchy of Jipang, a 16th-century dukedom, vassal of Demak Sultanate, today located in Cepu district, Blora regency, Central Java, Indonesia
 * Jipang, Central Java, a village in Cepu district, Blora regency, Indonesia
 * Jipang (food), traditional Indonesian-Chinese snack

title: Jipang


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Nahum Barnet

Nahum Barnet (16 August 1855 – 1 September 1931) was an architect working in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia during the Victorian and Edwardian periods, best known for his extensive legacy of commercial buildings in Melbourne's CBD, as well as his last design, the Melbourne Synagogue.

Barnet was born in the Melbourne Hospital on Swanston Street, the son of newly arrived Isaac Barnet, a Polish-born pawnbroker, tobacconist, and later a noted jeweller. Isaac was an active member of Melbourne's Jewish community throughout his life, as well as civic affairs, becoming a Councillor in the City of Collingwood in 1879.

Nahum Barnet began practicing as an architect in 1879, and was an early advocate of red brick and terracotta, then gaining popularity in England, rather than the ubiquitous stucco or stone. By the late 1880s he had produced some major works, including Rosaville, an unusual and highly elaborate two storey terrace in Carlton, the Renaissance Revival style Her Majesty's Theatre (1886), as well as the Moss White & Co Tobacco Warehouse (1888) and the Austral Building (1891) in Collins Street, amongst the first to introduce the red brick Queen Anne style to the city's streetscapes.

Barnet was active in Jewish life like his father; in 1882 he was elected secretary of the Anglo-Jewish Association, and was honorary architect to the Jewish Philanthropic Society, doing work at the Jewish almshouses (later the Montefiore homes). He was to develop an extensive Jewish clientele, designing many houses and a number of tobacco warehouses and factories, and his first major commission, Rosaville in Carlton, was for Abraham Harris, a prominent member of the Jewish Community.

Unlike some other boom era architects, he weathered the economic crash of the 1890s, and became one of the most prolific commercial architects in Melbourne in the Edwardian era after 1900. He designed at least 32 offices, shops, warehouses and theatres in the central city between 1900 and 1925, ending up with various of his designs near each other. For instance the 1891 Austral Building in Collins Street was a few doors up from his 1905 surgery for Dr Barrett at no 127, the 1913 YWCA was just around the corner in Russell Street, the 1913 Auditorium Building is half a block further down Collins Street, and Clyde House, also 1913, is across the street from that.

Notable works after 1900 include a series of designs that were variations on the local version of the Romanesque Revival, combined with elements of the Queen Anne, characterised by the use of red brick and arches, often with projecting bays; examples include Mason, Firth & McCutcheon Printers in Bank Place, Love & Lewis in Bourke Street, and the Auditorium Building, which included a concert hall at ground level. Barnet embellished some of his essays in this style with Art Nouveau details, relatively rare in Melbourne, including Alston's Corner, the Paton Building, though most decorative elements were flowing floral designs. The striking Young Women's Christian Association clubrooms in Russell Street (demolished) was more eclectic, combining red brick, projecting squat turrets and a high stylised parapet. In this period he also designed in other styles, including the Arts & Crafts influenced Florida Mansions in St Kilda Road, an early block of flats (demolished), the Edwardian Baroque of the Empire Arcade and Wertheims, and stylised Gothic of Francis & Co. His last work was the Baroque Revival Melbourne Synagogue (1929) in South Yarra.

The claim that there 'was not a street in the Melbourne central business district where a Barnet building could not be found' was coined by his friend Isaac Selby and reiterated in Barnet's obituary in The Argus in 1931. The obituary relates that when challenged with the street "Carpentaria Place" (a short street opposite the Windsor Hotel, now pedestrianised), the reply was "You are wrong. You have overlooked the cabman's shelter." Barnet had designed this in 1898, and it still exists, though relocated to Yarra Park along Brunton Avenue some time in the interwar years.

In 1885 Barnet married Ada Rose Marks in the Great Synagogue, Sydney; they had four daughters and from the mid-1890s lived next door to his parents in Alma Road St Kilda. He died at home in St Kilda on 1 September 1931.

List of works
1883 Rosaville, 46 Drummond Street, Carlton

1886 Her Majesty's Theatre, 199-227 Exhibition Street, Melbourne

1887 Working Mens College (1st stage), 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne (with Terry & Oakden)

1888 Fergus & Mitchell Warehouse (later Robur Tea), 28 Clarendon Street, Southbank (with engineer John Granger)

1888 Moss White & Co Tobacco Warehouse (later Gill Memorial Home), 217-219 A'Beckett Street, Melbourne

1889 Liverpool (large house), 36 Princes Street, St Kilda

1891 Austral Building, 115-119 Collins Street, Melbourne

1892 Rosenthal Aronson & Co (later Slatters), 275-277 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne

1893 Clarkes Building, 275-281 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne

1897 Heimath, Lansell Road, Toorak

1898 Cabman's Shelter, Carpentaria Street, City (now in Yarra Park, Jolimont)

1900 Bernard's Swiss Portrait Studio, 323-5 Bourke Street Melbourne (demolished 1923)

1901 Wm Cameron Brothers Tobacco Warehouse, 435-447 Swanston Street, Melbourne (demolished 1970s)

1902 Chinese Mission Church, 119-125 Little Bourke Street

1902 Melbourne Sports Depot, 55-57 Elizabeth Street (2 floors added in 1925)

1902 Clauscen's Furnishing Arcade (later Love & Lewis), 194-196 Bourke Street Melbourne (demolished 1970s)

1903 St Kilda Synagogue (new front), Charnwood Grove, St Kilda (demolished c1930)

1903 Wertheim showrooms and offices, 294-296 Bourke Street (demolished 1932)

1903 Alcock & Co, 155-157 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne (demolished 1930s)

1903 Mason, Firth & McCutcheon Printers, 11-19 Bank Place, Melbourne

1904 Altson's Corner, ne corner of Collins and Elizabeth Streets, Melbourne

1905 Paton Building, 115-117 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne

1905 Empire Arcade, 290 Flinders Street, Melbourne

1905 Dr Barrett's Chambers, 103 Collins Street Melbourne (demolished 1988)

1905c House and surgery for Dr Barrett, 127 Collins Street (demolished 1930s)

1906 St Kilda Sea Baths, St Kilda beach (destroyed by fire 1926)

1907 Armstrong House, 217-219 Queen Street, Melbourne

1909 Wertheim Piano Factory (later GTV-9), Bendigo Street Richmond

1909 Aberdeen House, ne corner of Collins and King Streets, Melbourne (demolished 1989)

1909 Barnet Glass Rubber Co., 289-299 Swanston Street, Melbourne (later doubled in width and a floor added, and details removed, now Legacy House)

1911 London Hotel, Elizabeth Street, Melbourne

1911 The Kalazoic (Church Brothers P/L), 238 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne (demolished 1970s)

1911-12 Melba and Britannia Theatres, 283-289 Bourke Street, Melbourne (demolished 1970s)

1911c Zerchos College, 157 Collins Street, Melbourne (demolished 1980s)

1911c Norman Bros, 60-62 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne (demolished 1970s)

1912 Display Block, 313-315 Little Collins Street, Melbourne

1912 Majestic Theatre, 172 Flinders Street Melbourne (with Klingender & Alsop, demolished 1980s)

1913 Auditorium Building, 167-173 Collins Street, Melbourne

1913 Francis & Co Chemist, 280-282 Bourke Street, Melbourne

1913 Young Women's Christian Association, Russell Street, Melbourne (demolished 1970s)

1913 Connibere Grieve and Connibere, (later Reliance House), 301-311 Flinders Lane, Melbourne

1914 Elizabeth House, nw corner Elizabeth & Little Collins Streets, Melbourne (with Grainger & Little architects, demolished 1930s)

1915 Clyde House, 182 Collins Street, Melbourne

1916 Florida Mansions, 601 St Kilda Road, Melbourne (demolished 1982)

1919 Cann's Department Store, 135-137 Swanston Street, corner Little Collins Streets. Four floors added 1935.

1922 Swanston House, 163 Swanston Street, Melbourne

1925 CML Building, 499 Dean Street, Albury, NSW

1925 Lancashire House (for J. & B. Sniders), 36-50 Flinders Lane, Melbourne (demolished 1970s)

1929 Melbourne Synagogue, Toorak Road, South Yarra.

title: Nahum Barnet


text:
Chizuru Ikewaki

Chizuru Ikewaki (池脇 千鶴) is a Japanese actress.

Career
Ikewaki was given a Best New Talent award at the 2000 Yokohama Film Festival for her performance in Osaka Story. She appeared in Kiyoshi Kurosawa's 2012 television drama Penance. She has also appeared in films such as Sword of Desperation and Looking for a True Fiancee.

title: Chizuru Ikewaki


text: Template:Districts of Karnataka

title: Template:Districts of Karnataka