text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2147483648 (number)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Keep. Rje 00:42, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

2147483648 (number)
No informational/encyclopedic value or use. This was obviously a page created in (comical) response to 2147483647 (number), with no other purpose. --Theaterfreak64 05:42, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This number gets 258,000 google hits. The previous one (2147483647) gets 588,000 hits and the next one gets only 3,630. Kappa 06:14, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. expanded to mention overflow errors which are probably why it gets so many hits. Kappa
 * I disagree with the initial comment: it does have value, because it is the numerical value of a long integer. Keep. Alphax (t) (c) (e) 07:31, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * It may have a numerical value, but does it have encyclopedic value? Mgm|(talk) 09:00, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is one of those long numbers whose digits professional programmers can recite from memory, given its wide significance in computing. Other one is 4294967296 (number) that we also have an article for. jni 09:10, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This was certainly not created in comical response to anything. 2147483647, 2147483648, 4294967295 and 4294967296 are all interesting numbers, useful and immediately recognizable for any programmer. Fredrik | talk 11:59, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-7 14:32 Z
 * Comment - "immediately recognizable for any programmer" isn't necessarily true. I'm a professional C++ programmer and I didn't recognize the number initially; granted, I don't usually dwell on the size of variables or their binary equivalents.  My first thought was that the number was a phone number with area code (I wonder who's at the other end of 214-748-3648?). slambo 16:07, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I checked with ATT directory page at and it says: no one.  Someone can probably get it if they want it.  area code 214 is part of Dallas TX.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. Merits inclusion on the worlds greatest online "encyclopedia".  GRider\talk 19:24, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.  Powers of 2 aren't notable, including 2^31.  People recognize a lot of different numbers, but that doesn't make them encyclopedia topics.   4294967296 (number) might be deleted, too, if it were only 2^32. But it has at least one other interesting property. --BM 20:02, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful information.  ElBenevolente 00:21, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Matteh (talk) 00:40, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 06:18, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but stop at 2^32 or 2^64. --MarkSweep 06:30, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. One of the achievements of my computing career was to trace the sum of $42,949,672.96 which had apparently gone missing from the accounts of a bank. -- RHaworth 08:51, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * Keep. Yes, I'm a geek. Carrp | Talk 01:46, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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User talk:210.55.0.195

Proposed deletion of The Kids from O.W.L.

The article The Kids from O.W.L. has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Appears to fail WP:NTV and WP:GNG"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Donald D23  talk to me  11:42, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:210.55.0.195


text: Category:763 births

title: Category:763 births


text:
User talk:Josue~enwiki

Josue is the name Joshua in Spanish

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Josue. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Josue~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:58, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:36, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Josue~enwiki


text:
Bedesten

A bedesten (variants: bezistan, bezisten, bedestan) is a type of covered market or market hall which was historically found in the cities of the Ottoman Empire. It was typically the central building of the commercial district of an Ottoman town or city, where the most important and precious goods (like gold and jewellery) were kept and sold. Its function was comparable or equivalent to that of a qaysariyya in other (usually Arabic-speaking) regions, though the architecture of the latter could be different and be similar to that of a bazaar with its own streets.

Etymology
The origin of the word is from Persian بزازستان bazzāzestān, which means 'place of drapers'. The word includes Persian suffix -istan. Ottomans pronounced it as Bazzistan and Bedesten.

History and function
The bedesten is a type of building that developed in the early Ottoman architecture of the 15th century. Bedestens originally began as a place to house fabric and textile sellers but eventually more precious goods were stored here. As this type of building was more secure and could be locked at night, it became the place where the most important goods (e.g. gold and jewellery) were stored, protected, regulated, and sold. Besides the trading of jewellery and textiles, slaves were also sold in bedestens.

Expert merchants in bedestans also assisted in commercial disputes, and in some cases officials were employed here to carry out similar regulatory duties. Waqf agreements (inalienable trusts in Islamic law) governed the function and upkeep of the bedesten and could provide salaries for these employees. Tenants could even rent booths in the bedesten from these waqfs. The bedesten was such an important building that during Ottoman times cities were often classified under two categories: cities with a bedesten and cities without a bedesten.

The first major bedestens were constructed in the capitals of the Ottoman Empire which served as economic hubs of the empire. The bedesten of Bursa was built in the late 14th century by Sultan Yildirim Bayezid I during his reign between 1389 and 1402. The bedesten of Edirne was built by Sultan Mehmed I between 1413 and 1421. The first Bedesten in Istanbul, variously known as the Inner Bedesten (Iç Bedesten), Old Bedesten (Eski Bedesten or Bedesten-i Atik), or the Jewellers' Bedesten (Cevahir Bedesteni), was built on the orders of Sultan Mehmed II Fatih between 1456 and 1461, soon after his conquest of the city. A second bedesten, the Sandal Bedesten, also known as the Small Bedesten (Küçük Bedesten) or New Bedesten (Bedesten-i Cedid), was built by Mehmed II about a dozen years later. These two bedestens formed the original core of Istanbul's Grand Bazaar, which grew around them over the following generations. Some Ottoman bedestens, including the ones in Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, are still operating as commercial centers today.

Architecture
Bedestens normally have a rectangular floor plan, with a main chamber inside covered by domes and walled-off from the outside except for designated doorways. Their design was derived in part from the design of Ottoman mosques. Often there were shops on the outside perimeter, but the interior chamber was where the most important goods were stored and sold.

Examples of bedestens
Numerous bedestens were built during the Ottoman Empire, a number of which have survived today. Some of the most notable examples include the following:
 * Iç Bedesten in the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul (built between 1456 and 1461)
 * Sandal Bedesten in the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul (built shortly after the Iç Bedesten)
 * Bedesten of Bursa, Turkey (built between 1389 and 1402)
 * Bedesten of Edirne, Turkey (built between 1413 and 1421)
 * Mahmut Paşa Bedesten in Ankara, Turkey (built in late 15th century; today it houses part of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations)
 * Gazi-Husrev Beg's Bezistan in Baščaršija, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 * Brusa Bezistan, also in Sarajevo
 * Bezistan in Old Bazaar, Skopje, Macedonia
 * Bezistan in Bitola, Macedonia
 * Bedesten of Serres, Greece (today it houses the Archaeological Museum of Serres)
 * Bedesten of Larissa, Greece
 * Bedesten in Nicosia, Cyprus (originally a Greek Orthodox church from the 6th and 14th centuries, architecturally different from all other Ottoman bedestens)
 * Bedesten of Thessaloniki, Greece

There are also reproductions after the Ottoman era, such as Bezistan, Belgrade.

title: Bedesten


text: Category:787 births

title: Category:787 births


text: Category:813 deaths

title: Category:813 deaths


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Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/February 10

We have two iffy items: Can someone confirm these two dates, please ? Thanks. -- PFHLai 09:39, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)
 * When was Baghdad sacked ? – Abbasid shows February 28, 1258, instead of February 10, as the date of the Sack of Baghdad.
 * When was Kasparov first beaten by Deep Blue ? – Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1 shows February 2, 1996 as the date, but it says February 10 on Deep Blue.

 * Thanks to Camembert and OneGuy, the dates are now 'confirmed'. Please see Talk:Abbasid and Talk:Deep Blue. -- PFHLai 18:48, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 20:56, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * New observances: Feast of Saint Paul's Shipwreck in Malta
 * Omitted: Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley (ineligible—maintenance), Albert, Prince Consort, Yen Bai mutiny, Melbourne–Voyager collision
 * Included: Battle of Elizabeth City (first appearance), HMS Dreadnought (1906) (first appearance), Battle of Amba Aradam (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total), 2008 Namdaemun fire (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:38, 9 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Elizabeth City; HMS Dreadnought (1906); Battle of Amba Aradam; Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher
 * Included: Siege of Baghdad (1258) (3rd appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (5th appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible); Yen Bai mutiny (3rd appearance, last in 2011); Catalonia Offensive (first appearance)
 * Repeats: 2008 Namdaemun fire (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:29, 9 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; Yen Bai mutiny; Catalonia Offensive; 2008 Namdaemun fire
 * Included: Treaty of Paris (1763) (3rd appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Albert, Prince Consort (7th appearance, last in 2011); Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher (7th appearance, last in 2012); Melbourne–Voyager collision (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 50th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Siege of Baghdad (1258) (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:54, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Treaty of Paris (1763); Albert, Prince Consort; Rudolf Abel; Melbourne–Voyager collision
 * Included: Battle of Elizabeth City (2nd appearance, last in 2012); HMS Dreadnought (1906) (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Look Mickey (first appearance); 2008 Namdaemun fire (4th appearance, last in 2013)
 * Repeats: Siege of Baghdad (1258) (3rd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 00:35, 9 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Siege of Baghdad (1258); Battle of Elizabeth City; HMS Dreadnought (1906); Look Mickey; 2008 Namdaemun fire
 * Included: Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (6th appearance, last in 2013); Treaty of Paris (1763) (4th appearance, last in 2014); Battle of Amba Aradam (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 70th anniversary); Rudolf Abel (8th appearance, last in 2014); 2009 satellite collision (first appearance)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:42, 10 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Public holidays in Malta (ineligible—maintenance); Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; Treaty of Paris (1763); Battle of Amba Aradam; Rudolf Abel/Francis Gary Powers (Powers: rescued from Ineligible);
 * Included: Albert, Prince Consort (8th appearance, last in 2014); HMS Dreadnought (1906) (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Catalonia Offensive (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Melbourne–Voyager collision (3rd appearance, last in 2014)
 * Repeats: 2009 satellite collision (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:48, 10 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Siege of Baghdad (1258) (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Joseph Lister; Joan Curran
 * Omitted: Albert, Prince Consort; HMS Dreadnought (1906); Catalonia Offensive; Melbourne–Voyager collision; 2009 satellite collision
 * Included: St Scholastica Day riot (first appearance); Battle of Champaubert (first appearance); Yên Bái mutiny (4th appearance, last in 2013); Wagalla massacre (first appearance); Ary Scheffer (first appearance); Harold Macmillan (first appearance); Pope Pius XI (first appearance)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:09, 11 February 2019 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Inter-Allied Women's Conference (appearing on DYK)
 * Omitted: Battle of Champaubert; Yên Bái mutiny; Wagalla massacre; 2008 Namdaemun fire; Ary Scheffer; Harold Macmillan
 * Included: Treaty of Paris (1763) (5th appearance, last in 2016); Catalonia Offensive (3rd appearance, last in 2017; 80th anniversary); Look Mickey (2nd appearance, last in 2015); 2009 satellite collision (3rd appearance, last in 2017); Royal Cortissoz (first appearance); Joseph Lister (first appearance)
 * Repeats: St Scholastica Day riot (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Pope Pius XI (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 80th anniversary)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 19:55, 11 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Inter-Allied Women's Conference
 * Omitted: St Scholastica Day riot; Treaty of Paris (1763); Catalonia Offensive; Look Mickey; 2009 satellite collision; Royal Cortissoz; Joseph Lister; Pope Pius XI
 * Included: Huilliche uprising of 1712 (first appearance); Albert, Prince Consort (9th appearance, last in 2017); Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng/Yên Bái mutiny (VNQDD: 4th appearance, last in 2017; normally appears on December 25; Mutiny: 5th appearance, last in 2018; 90th anniversary); Puss Gets the Boot (first appearance); Rudolf Abel/Francis Gary Powers (Abel: 9th appearance, last in 2016; Powers: 5th appearance, last in 2008); Robert Garran (first appearance); Edith Clarke (first appearance); Joan Curran (first appearance)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:00, 12 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Wagalla massacre (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Huilliche uprising of 1712; Albert, Prince Consort; Yên Bái mutiny; Puss Gets the Boot; Rudolf Abel/Francis Gary Powers; Robert Garran; Edith Clarke; Joan Curran
 * Included: St Scholastica Day riot (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Battle of Champaubert (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Inter-Allied Women's Conference (first appearance); Melbourne–Voyager collision (4th appearance, last in 2017); 2008 Namdaemun fire (6th appearance, last in 2018); Clare of Rimini (first appearance); Ira Remsen (first appearance); Trevor Bailey (first appearance; 10th anniversary)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:36, 11 February 2022 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Kaesong Industrial Region
 * Omitted: St Scholastica Day riot; Battle of Champaubert; Inter-Allied Women's Conference; Melbourne–Voyager collision; 2008 Namdaemun fire; Clare of Rimini; Ira Remsen; Trevor Bailey
 * Included: Scholastica (first appearance); Huilliche uprising of 1712 (2nd appearance, last in 2020); Treaty of Paris (1763) (6th appearance, last in 2019); HMS Dreadnought (1906) (4th appearance, last in 2017); Look Mickey (3rd appearance, last in 2019; 60th anniversary); Robert Garran (2nd appearance, last in 2020); Árpád Göncz (first appearance; 100th anniversary); Lilly King (first appearance; 25th anniversary)


text:
List of presidents of Boston College

Boston College is a private Jesuit research university in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, that was founded in 1863. The president of Boston College is the head of the university.

title: List of presidents of Boston College


text: Category:833 deaths

title: Category:833 deaths


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dwain Messer

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Keep. Rje 06:08, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Dwain Messer
Delete, The subject is non-notable, and the entry itself is a blatant advertisement for his product. As such I believe it should be deleted as per Wikipedia's policy. Agriculture 05:49, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * He has also opened for several big country music stars such as Kenny Chesney and Bryan White sounds notable, but I agree that with one CD out and an official site that hasn't been updated for more than a year, it's unlikely it's noteworthy. However, I don't think the article is particularly ad-like. Abstain. Mgm|(talk) 08:33, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * "and he has released his first album which can be purchased on his official site" - This sounds like a blatant ad to me. Agriculture 09:06, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep perhaps not a superstar, but anyone who's opened for Lee Ann Womack in front of 30,000 people can no longer be considered any sort of neophyte, either. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  18:13, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd disagree with that one, a lot of non-notables open for notables. What bothers me most is the ad like nature of the entry, and the fact that his website hasn't been updated in a year suggesting this is just a marketing campaign for an unknown. Agriculture 18:50, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree with you on two points: 1) The entire assertion that the article is ad-like seems to come from the one statement about being able to buy his CD on his website. I agree that that sentence should probably go... but deleting an article because of one iffy sentence isn't right.  If I added a sentence to The Beatles saying that Beatles CDs can be bought at record stores, that would not be grounds to remove the whole article. 2) More importantly, the whole thing about the website not being updated in a year is SIMPLY NOT TRUE!  On the very front page it says "Don't Miss The Show with Exile on Feb. 26th 2005".  That must have been written fairly recently, unless it's common among Country artists to schedule shows years in advance. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  22:09, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Beatles are very notable, so there is no comparison. The fact is this stub contains little more than the ad, removing the ad practically removes the article.  Do searches for Dwain, it's tough to find anything about him.  This reeks of an unknown musician trying to get some sales through wikipedia.  Not notable, and using this Wikipedia for something it is not. Agriculture 22:19, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep, obviously. GRider\talk 19:28, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable --BenWilson 19:37, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep/cleanup. Samaritan 20:33, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Opening for big music stars (who they?) might make you think he's someone. But I've seen countless bands/individuals open for bigger names and then disappear off the face of the planet.  One CD and an unused official site rather sounds as if this chap has gone the same way. (Apologies in advance to C&W fans if I'm wrong!) --Marcus22 21:05, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - less than 60 Google hits (including his own website), article reads like a promo. Megan1967 05:43, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. ComCat.
 * Keep. While this is a borderline case, a CD (albeit indy) plus a US club tour in 2003 plus support slots for a number of high profile country stars means that this person is worth having an article on. High profile acts want an opening act who the crowd will like - otherwise it puts them in a bad mood for the main show. The fact that he has won opening slots for a number of stars indicates that Messer must have a fairly good reputation. By the way, his website refers to upcoming gigs which indicates that he is still active. Capitalistroadster 07:29, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Maybe someday he'll be a noteworthy performer, but that isn't today. Wagiles 01:14, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. He may be notable someday, but not today. Indrian 20:12, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and categorize it as non notable Faethon35 09:44, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * What does that mean? Carrp | Talk 14:59, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Please refer to that user's entry in clueless newbies and the further discussion that it links to. The vote is discountable. Uncle G 18:51, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. The article needs cleanup but I think he's barely notable enough to include. Carrp | Talk 14:59, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:Boston College

title: Category:Boston College


text: Category:794 births

title: Category:794 births


text:
Talk:First language

Early unsectioned discussion
''Good skills in eyour native lanaguage are essential for further learning, as native language is thought to be a base of thinking. Incomplete first language skills often make learning other languages difficult. Native language has therefore a central role in education.''

--This seems to be a restatement of the discredited Sapir Whorf hypothesis.

 * The article on Sapir-Whorf hypothesis gives some research results that support it. The hypothesis can't be discredited. -Hapsiainen 19:41, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, but it's a minority view. I think that needs to be mentioned.
 * Detrimental effects of incomplete mother tongue skills can hardly be characterized as "minority views", although the Sapir Whorf hypothesis may be considered controversial. --Johan Magnus 08:35, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course, there are detrimental effects of incomplete mother tongue skills (although examples of persons with incomplete mother toungue skills are rare--it's usually the case that the person considered to have incomplete fist language skills just speaks a nonstandard dialect). It's the claim that not having complete native language skills affects a person's ability to think (as opposed to that person's ability to express his thoughts) that is a minority view. -- Temtem 17:44, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

If whoever added the part on Altenhofen happens to see this, could you cite the specific work? I'm interested in looking him up for an unrelated project, and would like to know what work this occurs in. this is not rright —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.89.204.107 (talk) 21:12, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Vernacular
I have removed vernacular in the brackets after first language, as the two are not the same. A simple look at the vernacular page reveals that. Someone's native language is not automatically a vernacular. JREL 15:41, 30 January 2006 (UTC) how can this be —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.89.204.107 (talk) 21:12, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

First Language, Native Language, Mother Tongue
According to the first sentence of this article, these three terms are treated as equivalence to each other, however someone believes there are still subtle differences among these three terms. Could anyone clarify the doubt? -- G.S.K.Lee 09:02, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

I know a girl from Argentina. The first language she learned to speak was Spanish. So that's her native language or mother tongue. However, she's lived in the US most of her life and is now actually more comfortable with English than Spanish, making English her first language, in that it's the one she's most skilled with. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.241.182.49 (talk) 12:00, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Linguist SME's and copyeditors needed
I was just about to link to this article, but it hardly meets start quality status, and has been ignored for a long time. I am not really interested in working on this article - can't we get some volunteers?Vontrotta (talk) 12:11, 20 October 2008 (UTC) justin bieber is so cute

First Language, Mother Tongue and Number of Speakers of L
The basic premise that only First language speakers can be counted as being completely competent in any language because fluency cannot be accurately measured in second language users is completely wrong. If fluency cannot be accurately measured in second language users, then why should it be measurable in First language users? The point is that any criteria used in measuring language competency may be applied to both First and Second language users. On the other hand, if there are no valid criteria for measuring competency and fluency, then the original premise does not stand. In other words, if we can’t measure fluency and competency, then we can’t do it in either first or second language users.

I know Bengali people in the UK that are totally fluent in English. I have met these people and their second language is indistinguishable from native speakers. WillMall (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 23:15, 25 March 2009 (UTC). WillMall (talk) 09:41, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

 * You're missing the point. Fluency and "competency" don't need to be measured in native speakers. Native speakers are the standard, regardless of their variety and change, by which fluency and competence are measured (if at all). -- Wegesrand (talk) 11:37, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Which is the correct way to count the number of speakers of a language? Using FL, SL or ML? A combination of all 3? None of the above? WillMall (talk) 09:41, 26 March 2009 (UTC) we are not talking about justin bieber

Language Dominance
Well, i dont really have time to do a whole bunch of research and editing, but i wanted to note that i live in denmark and have been raised by danish parents, but i prefer the english language because danish is very limited. It only has one word for most things so its very hard to explain complicated concepts. I often find myself frustrated because im talking to somone in danish and there simply isnt a word for what im going to say. Again, this is first hand research, but its food for thought. Would be cool if someone could find some sourced stuff. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.59.198.47 (talk) 03:03, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Impact of One's Mother Tongue Section
The Section Impact of One's Mother Tongue needs serious revision and sources. It states that from early puperty one cannot replace one's mother tongue as the dominant language, which is utterly wrong, as there are many people who prefer to speak their second language, or may simply feel more comfortable using a second language. In fact, the majority of the section has nothing to do with the impact of one's mother tongue, but rambles needlessly about an experiment that was apparently verified by many psychologists. In other words, it has nothing to do with the topic. Se Cyning —Preceding undated comment added 04:06, 9 August 2009 (UTC). my bad —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.89.204.107 (talk) 21:15, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

The whole section should be rewritten ! I started, but gave up because of time pressure. (I have to leave it to somebody else or do it some other time). It is indeed easier to write the whole thing from scratch than to edit a hopelessly flawed manuscript. Hirpex (talk) 13:18, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

Literacy as a First Language
I learned to read by age 3. I don't remember learning to speak or learning to read. As a child, the library was my favorite place to go. I have since been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. Reviewing my life, I discovered about two years ago that written English was my native language, the mode in which my mind thought, and that I was not fluent in spoken English. Oh, I could understand the words people spoke, but I often missed instructions and phrases; in particular, words relating to emotions, spiritual things, social things, etc, made no sense as audio, even though I could handle them on paper. I can remember one instance when it felt like I was transcribing another person's words from speech to text in realtime in my mind. The Internet is addictive for me because it feels like I am truly communicating, instead of the awkward time-based speech that we use in person, which often results in misunderstanding. --BlueNight (talk) 23:57, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

Image: Monument for the Mother language
I reverted the addition of this image, because it is a monument to Azerbaijani rather than about first languages in general. I think it could be included in the article, but maybe further down (it was posted right at the top). A more suitable image for the top of the article might be a small child learning their first language. What do people think? — Mr. Stradivarius  ( drop me a line ) 02:46, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Actualy this monument is deducated to mother tongue. Writing on it: Ana dili means Mother tongue. Besides, I don't think, foto of small child learning their first language will be suitable. --Мурад 97 (talk) 20:19, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * But isn't this promoting Azerbaijani over other languages? As I said above, to me the monument looks like it is dedicated to the Azerbaijanji mother tongue. The writing may say "mother tongue", but it says it in Azerbaijani; this article is not about Azerbaijani, but the general subject of a mother tongue. Maybe this image would be more suitable at Azerbaijani language? (In fact, looking at that article, I see it's already included.)  — Mr. Stradivarius  ♫ 12:40, 15 June 2011 (UTC)
 * This monument shows, how people in diferent regions and countries proud of their mother tonge. If I'l finde the other pictures, that shows how people proud of their mother tonge I'l put it in this article too. --Мурад 97 (talk) 11:57, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

Idiomatic language?
Why does "Idiomatic language" redirect to this page, and not to "Idiom" or to a similar page? I fail to see the relevance of the redirect, and I don't see that phrase boldfaced anywhere on this page... Groll τech ( talk ) 10:04, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

Is the current title a common name?
The term "native language" on Google yields 14,500,000 results; while "first language" only yields 9,530,000 results. It appears that "native language" is more common. --Matt Smith (talk) 06:41, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

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"Native langauge" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Native langauge. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 20:10, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

primary group
It is recommendable to mention the sociological concept of primary, secondary, peers groups, etcetera Sabrina.ponsi (talk) 21:09, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Elaborate! Recommendable is not a word. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 22:21, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Not a conventional word, yet understandable. —Tamfang (talk) 04:49, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

What company started Duolingo
2601:19B:4B00:C690:84CF:902C:EE50:9BE5 (talk) 16:53, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Linguistics in the Digital Age
— Assignment last updated by Ling150-2024 (talk) 23:40, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:First language


text: User talk:70.20.242.29

title: User talk:70.20.242.29


text: Category:847 deaths

title: Category:847 deaths


text:
Bailleau-l'Évêque

Bailleau-l'Évêque is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

Sights
Bois de Bailleau-l'Évêque (fauna and flora), the Château de Levesville (end of 15th century), the Château de Bailleau (a 12th-century church), several traditional farms in the Beauce region, and the remains of the Louis XIV canal, still in water and preserved.

title: Bailleau-l'Évêque


text:
International Commission of Control and Supervision

The International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) was an international monitoring force created on 27 January 1973. It was formed, following the signing of the Paris Peace Accords ("Paris Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam"), to replace the similarly-named International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam (ICSC).

Personnel
The organization comprised military and civilian staffs, provided by four nations. Initially, these were: Canada, Hungary, Indonesia and Poland ('CHIP'). The Canadian and Polish delegations had been present for nearly two decades, whilst the Hungarians and Indonesians were new to the task. For balance, the countries were expressly chosen to represent both the communist nations, Poland and Hungary, and the non-communist nations, Canada and Indonesia.

Canada had previously expressed dissatisfaction, and stayed largely to endure the successful establishment of the new body: it was a member from 29 January until 31 July 1973. The Canadian contingent was then replaced by one from Iran, which served from 1973 to 1975.

 * Heads of Delegation
 * 1973-1973: Michel Gauvin. Canada.
 * 1973-197?: Eugeniusz Kulaga. Poland.
 * 1973-1974: Károly Kovács (1931-2007). Hungary.

The four nations made the same contribution: 290 personnel.
 * Strength
 * Poland: 290
 * Hungary: 290
 * Indonesia: 290
 * Canada or Iran: 290
 * Total: 1, 160

Those who had served at least 90 days with the ICCS were eligible for the International Commission of Control and Supervision Medal. As many delegations served for about a year, then between the five nations that participated, it is possible that some 3, 000 people might have qualified for this award, but there appear to be no figures, by nation, to qualify this estimate.

Role
The Protocol to the Paris Agreement detailed the functions of the ICCS. At Article 4 it named the locations of seven regional teams and twenty-six teams within those regions in South Vietnam. It also called for seven teams to be assigned to ports of entry (for replacement of armaments, munitions and war material permitted the two South Vietnamese parties under Article 7 of the Agreement) and seven teams to supervise the return of captured and detained personnel.

In summary, the ICCS was to supervise the cease-fire, the withdrawal of troops, the dismantlement of military bases, the activity at ports of entry and the return of captured military personnel and foreign civilians. It was to report on the implementation, or violation, of the Peace Agreement and Protocols. As with the old ICSC, there were continuous disagreements between the communist and non-communist nations about the causes of treaty violations. Canada attempted to counter this with an "open mouth policy" to the world's media.

For reasons of distance and for reasons of safety, in a time of conflict, the ICCS often traveled by air. Requiring pilots experienced at flying over mountain and jungle, and men accustomed to the unpredictable military background of the region, the ICCS gave a contract to the locally well-established operation, Air America. Initially under the command of Col. J. A. Mitchell, of Canada, this organization gave a coat of white paint to its aircraft and panels indicating 'ICCS', to operate as: ICCS Air Services.
 * ICCS Air Services

Losses
On 7 April 1973 in Quảng Trị Province, near Route 9, two ICCS helicopters operated by Air America were targeted by People's Army of Vietnam air-defense units. One was hit by anti-aircraft machine-gun fire and managed to land without casualties, the other was struck by a SA-7 missile, leaving no survivors. The helicopters were carrying teams on inspection, and therefore the casualties came from all four contributing nations, plus the contracted aircrew. In all, apparently nine people were killed (some sources state 11, but without any clarification):
 * Lieutenant Colonel Gunawan Salam Faiman (1931-1973), Army [ICCS Indonesia]
 * Captain Csaba Cziboly (1940-1973), Army [ICCS Hungary]
 * Major Aurél Dylski (1939-1973), Border Guards [ICCS Hungary]
 * Captain Charles Laviolette (-1973), 12e Régiment blindé du Canada [ICCS Canada]. Capt. Laviolette was the only Canadian fatality with the ICCS, though others were lost with the ICC.
 * It seems there were none from Poland on this aircraft, which may possibly be explained by the presence of the two men from Hungary (for Poland, see: ICC)
 * PRG (Viet Cong) Liaison Mission: two officers (here unnamed) from Vietnam
 * CPT. Terry D. Clark (1944-1973), pilot [aircrew, US]
 * CPT. Charles L. Osterman (-1973), co-pilot [aircrew, US]
 * Valeriano P. Rosales (-1973), crew-chief [aircrew, Philippines]

The casualties would appear to be: 4 Observers, 2 Liaison (ie.'colleagues' of the attacking unit), 3 aircrew, though many sources obfuscate the 'red-on-red' element; nevertheless, this seems fairly definitive.

During the period there were 18,000 alleged cease-fire violations, which resulted in over 76,000 killed, wounded and missing to both sides: on 29 May 1973 the Canadians announced that they were withdrawing from the ICCS because they had come to supervise a ceasefire but were instead observing a war.


text: Category:861 deaths

title: Category:861 deaths


text:
Katherine MacGregor

Katherine MacGregor (born Dorlee Deane McGregor; January 12, 1925 – November 13, 2018) was an American actress, best known for her role as Harriet Oleson in Little House on the Prairie. She started her career on stage in New York City, in theatres off and on Broadway, credited as Scottie MacGregor.

Biography
Katherine MacGregor was born Dorlee Deane McGregor on January 12, 1925, in Glendale, California, to Ralph S. McGregor and Beatrice E. Willard. When Katherine was a child, her mother Beatrice moved the family to Fort Collins, Colorado, where they lived most of Katherine's early life. She graduated from Northwestern University with a major in drama and moved to New York City in 1949. She was hired by the Arthur Murray Dance Studios as a dance instructor. She studied acting under N. Richard Nash, Sanford Meisner, and Stella Adler. She did summer stock in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, as Dorlee Deane McGregor but switched to using the stage name Scottie MacGregor as her acting career advanced.

Beginning in the 1950s, as Scottie MacGregor, she worked in theatre on and off Broadway in New York City and other locations in plays such as The Seven Year Itch and Handful of Fire, and won such uncredited parts as "a longshoreman's mother" (On the Waterfront); "Alice Thorn" (The Traveling Executioner), and "Miss Boswell" (The Student Nurses). She appeared in numerous episodes of various television series: Love of Life (1956), The Secret Storm, The Nurses, The Play of the Week (1959), East Side/West Side (1963), Mannix (1970–71), Emergency! (1972), Ironside (1972, 1974), and All in the Family (1973), as well as the two 1981 "Heroes vs. Villains" episodes of Family Feud hosted by Richard Dawson. She had roles in the TV movies, The Death of Me Yet (1971), The Girls of Huntington House (1973), and Tell Me Where It Hurts (1974).

When she adopted the use of Katherine as her given name is unclear, but she switched from using ‘Scottie’ as she matured in age on the advice of her manager, and was still credited for her film and television roles as Scottie MacGregor until an early 1974 two-hour episode of Ironside (which served as pilot for the short-lived Amy Prentiss).

Her first screen credit as Katherine MacGregor, and her best-known role, was from 1974 to 1983 in NBC's Little House on the Prairie as Harriet Oleson, the general store owner's wife and a comedic part. MacGregor's favorite description of her character in Little House came in a fan letter from Minnesota in the 1970s, in which Mrs. Oleson was described as "the touch of pepper in the sweetness of the show". In 1979, due to the popularity of Little House in Spain, MacGregor was invited to Madrid, and appeared on RTVE's 625 Lineas and Ding Dong La Cocina programs.

After Little House on the Prairie, she withdrew from screen productions in favor of local theater. She dedicated herself to the Hindu religion, and to teaching acting to children at the Wee Hollywood Vedanta Players, before finally retiring in the early 2000s. In 2014, she did an in-depth interview about her life and career for the book Prairie Memories by Patrick Loubatiere.

Personal life and death
She was married to actor Bert Remsen from 1949 to 1950 and to actor, director, and teacher Edward G. Kaye-Martin, 14 years her junior, from August 1969 to October 1970. She had no children.

While recovering from alcoholism, MacGregor converted to Hinduism. She was unable to appear in the series finale of Little House on the Prairie, because she was on a pilgrimage to India at the time of the episodes' filming.

MacGregor died in November 2018 at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles at the age of 93. No cause was given.

title: Katherine MacGregor


text: Category:862 deaths

title: Category:862 deaths


text:
User talk:Normfg

RE: Calgary Herald Thursday, January 20, 2005 Editorial Malaise extends beyond economics Canadians crave a new vision that will lift us to greatness Canadians do crave a new vision that will lift us to greatness. This could be the reason that 50% of Canadians, 50% of Albertans, and 70% of Calgarians did not show up at the voting booth at the respective elections to choose their political leaders. The status quo for our future is not the answer. Being satisifed with using a rear view mirror or dithering, for planning our future, and using vision as to where Canada can go is not going to work and should not be an option. We have the history of innovation, exploration, communications, and compassion to look into the future, and past the horizon for progress in a Century that can be led by Canada and Canadians. We as a nation should set as goal to find a cure to cancer in the next ten years. Canada needs to be the country in the world everyone wants to turn to, for help to build or rebuild their countries into a safe homeland where every one is safe from natural disaster, war, famine, illiteracy, and intolerance. Canadian political leaders should set as a top priority to retake the international spot on the world stage with a modern military designed to take advantage of its unique set of abilities to do the best in the world at building peace and civil structures. A place we once occupied. Each Canadian child needs to have access to the high speed Internet before the end of this decade, with access to proper computers, programs, and electronic infrastructure. Canada can become a place in the world that the creative and innovative researchers in high technology, social sciences, medicine, and the arts want to come and live, to pursue their ideas for the betterment of the world. The government of Canada should encourage all post-secondary education institutions to waive the tuition fees for all PhD candidates by funding these costs Universities. Instead of pursuing the arming of space Canada should to the bottom of the oceans and set up operations to clean up the oceans and rebuild the rivers and dead zones in the seas of the world created by man. With one of the most efficient food production systems, Canada can help the hungry feed themselves, with food from the land and sea. Our past is made up doing just that around the world. We have a history of helping people to feed themselves. Create a government that is fully accessible by Canadians through E-Government, E-Democracy, E-Learning, and E-Literacy. Make this an example and centre of excellence with which to show the world how true democracy can be had, without bombs and bullets. There is no reason the 21st Century cannot have Canada at the front of the parade leading. Canada has the resources, people, and ability to do so much more.

Thank you

Norm Greenfield Calgary, Alberta T2V 4X8 403-807-1251 normfg@hotmail.com www.provocostatusquo.com http://resume.provocostatusquo.com Media and Government Relations Corporate, Marketing, and Political Communications New and Old Media; E-Learning Database, Permission and Direct Marketing
 * 207, 2425-90th Avenue SW

title: User talk:Normfg


text:
Talk:Close-mid central unrounded vowel

Sound sample
Needs a sound sample! -- Taral 05:58, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mid central unrounded vowel
From its own description, this is an unrounded mid central vowel. Wouldn't it be better to move the section about it there? FilipeS 20:10, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe. People have objected to having six more articles, though. kwami 20:25, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I am proposing that the section on the Mid-central unrounded vowel, in the article on the Close-mid central unrounded vowel, be moved to Mid central vowel. From its own description, that sound is a mid vowel, not a close-mid vowel. FilipeS 14:53, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It could be moved to Mid-central unrounded vowel. kwami 06:38, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Other articles on vowels make reference to more than one sound, for example this one. What's wrong with doing the same in the article on the schwa? As a matter of fact, "schwa" already is defined in two different ways. FilipeS 13:42, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

IPA?
How come this sound isn't on the IPA page? 70.23.234.81 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 15:59, 23 June 2010 (UTC).
 * I'm not really sure, even though I'm apparantly the one who removed it (probably because the example was wrong/misleading). Some oversight that is easily fixed. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  19:30, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

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Relevant discussion at Talk:Mid central vowel
--mach 🙈🙉🙊 17:01, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

Alleged [ɘ] in German: Weasel words, divergence from citation given
In Special:Diff/776289294, Kbb2 has introduced a highly dubious text, for several reasons:

 * The text openly diverges from the citation given by using [ɘ] instead of [ɨ]. In a footnote, Kbb2 has attempted to justify the divergence. The attempt seems quite far-fetched to me:
 * While Kbb2 points out that «starke Zentralisierung» (p. 52) does not mean ‘raised and centralized’, it does not mean ‘lowered and centralized’ either.
 * Kbb2 tries to argue that the illustration on p. 34 allows us to presume that the starting point of the centralized sound is close-mid. This completely ignores that the sound in question is transcribed as [ɪ] for a reason, so we must assume that the transcription [ɨ] is chosen for a reason as well.
 * Kbb2 implicitly argues that the citation is mistaken and takes the liberty to correct it. I strongly believe we must never do this. Wikipedia does not aim at correcting its sources, but merely at representing them. The basis for a correction can only be another source.
 * I actually think the source itself is rather questionable. It is merely a tertiary source, it does not provide any sources in turn, and it uses blatant weasel words – «[h]äufig», which Kbb2 has inaccurately translated as “[m]any speakers”.

I think we should delete this passage altogether until we can find a reliable secondary source that explains the phenomenon. At the very least, we should move it to Close central unrounded vowel, which is how the source given describes the vowel. --mach 🙈🙉🙊 20:28, 6 November 2018 (UTC)
 * On the vowel chart, is depicted as being close-mid. On page 64, it is described as being a shortened and centralized ; in fact, the source describes it as more open than  which, again, is depicted on the vowel chart.

 * When you're describing a high vowel (a vowel closer than true-mid), the word centralization would never imply raising, especially that strong (from close-mid to close). This is the correct place for this vowel.

 * I see no divergence from the source here. Kbb2 (ex. Mr KEBAB) (talk) 21:33, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

 * I think your problem is treating IPA too literally. This is not the first time I see you doing that. Kbb2 (ex. Mr KEBAB) (talk) 21:40, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

 * I see no divergence from the source here. The extremely obvious divergence is that the source uses [ɨ], but you have used [ɘ] instead. Do you have any source for backing up this striking divergence? It seems to me it what you are trying to push your personal POV.

 * And of course I am treating the IPA and the sources literally. After all, the signs were chosen by professional linguists. There is often a whole tradition behind these choices. Unfortunately, we only have a single tertiary source that does not explain anything, so we do not know why [ɨ] was chosen. We just know it was. I guess it might have been chosen for the same reason that [ɪ] is used, not [e]. Also note that [ɪɐ] is often raised to [iɐ]. Anyway, the source says [ɨ], not [ɘ].

 * Personally, I believe that the phenomenon they are trying to describe is really glottalization. I have never seen any German phonetics research postulating an [ɨ] allophone, and the source does not explain anything. In my opinion, we might as well drop it until we find some more reliable source. --mach 🙈🙉🙊 23:14, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Close-mid central unrounded vowel


text:
Clarkson, Mississauga

Clarkson, also called Clarkson Village, is a neighbourhood in the city of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, situated in the southwest corner of the city, along the shore of Lake Ontario. It is bordered by Lake Ontario to the south, Oakville to the west, Erindale and Erin Mills to the north, and Lorne Park to the east.

History
In 1808, fifteen-year-old Warren Clarkson and his brother Joshua left their home in Albany, New York to seek their fortune in Canada. They had been invited to come work for a friend of the family who had bought land near Lake Ontario. Warren liked the area very much and decided to stay. He worked hard so that someday he would be able to own property. When he was twenty-six he had saved enough money to buy land and build a home. Warren married and began to raise a family. As the years went by Warren bought more land. He built the community's first store along the stagecoach trail. Fifteen years later the town council named this trail Clarkson Road.

A post office was opened in the family store and William Clarkson, Warren's son became the postmaster. For the next forty five years a member of the Clarkson family would run the post office. Clarkson community never grew very large. It had a few houses and shops along Clarkson Road, a railway station, a school, and a church. Less than one hundred people lived in the quiet community.

In 1856, Captain Edward Sutherland (1794-1885) moved to Clarkson with his seven children. A widower, he purchased "Bush's Inn," a former inn and coach house that was the halfway point between Hamilton, Ontario and Toronto (this building, a private residence, still stands on Clarkson Road South). Here, he is said to have introduced both strawberry and raspberry cultivation to the area. Clarkson eventually became the "Strawberry Capital of Ontario," and commercial fruit farming expanded in the area through the rest of the 19th and into the early 20th century. In 1915, a sign was erected at the Clarkson railway station declaring "Through this station passes more strawberries than any other station in Ontario." The Sutherlands later became connected by marriage to the Harrises of Benares (see "Sites of Interest" below).

The Party Line newspaper published out of Clarkson/Lorne Park, starting in 1951.

Park Royal, the second subdivision to be built in Clarkson, was developed by the Leonard W. Finch, President of the United Lands Corporation, on 900 acres of land west of Fifth Line West (present Southdown Road) to East Townline Road (present Winston Churchill Boulevard) and south of the QEW. This development is of note because it was designed with all the electrical cables and wires underground and the office buildings were designed to be shorter than the trees. It was designed as a community with accommodations for schools, parks, a recreation centre and a library. On August 8, 1958 Park Royal was opened by the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Denis H. Truscott. On February 28, 1971, the Clarkson Community Centre and Arena was opened.

Today
Although the community and the surrounding area consists mostly of a mix of upper- and middle-class homes, some of the last major industrial sites in Mississauga outline the community, including:

 * a Suncor oil refinery, which produces lubricants (formerly Petro-Canada). The facility has two 400 ft (122m) tall smokestacks.
 * a Holcim Canada (formerly St. Lawrence Cement) Cement plant, which distributes cement via truck throughout Toronto. The Plant has a 556 ft(169.4m) tall smokestack which was the tallest structure in Mississauga for over 50 years from the time of its completion in 1956 until the completion of the Absolute World tower in 2011.
 * CFRB 1010 AM Radio Transmitter, with 4 identical guyed masts which stand 550 ft (167.6m) tall making them some of the tallest structures in the city. They are regularly used for navigation by small aircraft and watercraft. Located at the intersection of Southdown Rd. & Lakeshore Rd.
 * 1050 CHUM AM Radio Transmitter, a smaller transmission facility, located along the waterfront, located adjacent to St. Lawrence Cement factory
 * Orion Bus Industries, a major manufacturer of buses for public transportation.
 * Electrovaya, a manufacturer of portable computers and batteries.
 * an assortment of small farms.

Sites of interest
Clarkson is home to both of the City of Mississauga's historic museums: Bradley Museum and Benares House.

The Bradley Museum provides a window into the everyday life of early settlers in Ontario, and hosts Sunday teas, rotating exhibits, and special events. The museum grounds include the original farmhouse built in 1830 by Lewis and Elizabeth Bradley, a United Loyalist couple who lived in the house with their seven children. The Anchorage, a Regency-style cottage built in 1837, was moved from its original location on the shores of Lake Ontario to the Bradley grounds in 1978. The Anchorage was the retirement home of Royal Navy Officer John Skynner (1762-1846), and remained derelict after being moved to the museum grounds until sufficient funds for its rehabilitation were raised in 1991. In December 2007, the Log Cabin was opened at Bradley after extensive fundraising efforts which saw the cabin moved from its location in Port Credit and repaired to its former glory. The Log Cabin is a popular choice for meetings and provides a popular overnight program for Girl Guides and Boy Scouts.

Benares House, located on the border between Clarkson and the neighbouring community of Lorne Park, was inhabited by four generations of the Harris and Sayers families. Rumored to be the inspiration for Canadian author Mazo de la Roche's famous "Whiteoak Chronicles" (or "Jalna series") novels, the Benares estate and most of its contents were donated to the Ontario Heritage Foundation by the great-grandchildren of Captain Harris. The site was fully restored and opened to the public in 1995. Benares now houses an interpretive gallery and hosts special events. Within the Clarkson/Lorne Park community, there are numerous streets dedicated to Roche, namely "Jalna Ave." and "Mazo Cres.", located in Lorne Park, and Clarkson, respectively.

Bell Gairdner Estate, is located at 2700 Lakeshore Road West is part of the Holcim Waterfront Estate. Built in 1937 for Charles Powell Bell, it was named for his wife Kathleen Harding as Harding House. Bell died and his wife remarried James Arthur Gairdner, for whom shares the current name of the home with Bell. It was later sold to Ontario Hydro in 1961 and finally acquired by the city in 1991 and there after the home was restored for used for banquets and events.

The Modern Classical designed home faces Lake Ontario and located at the mouth of Joshua Creek (likely named for early settler Joshua Clarkson).

In addition to discovering these historic sites, visitors may also explore Rattray Marsh. This ecologically sensitive wetland is the last remaining lakefront marsh between Burlington, Ontario and Toronto, and provides opportunities for bird watching while strolling along boardwalks and well-maintained trails. Abundant displays of white trilliums, the floral emblem and provincial flower of Ontario, may be seen in late April and early May.

Transportation
Clarkson is home to the Clarkson GO Station, the transportation hub of the community, located on the Lakeshore West line. Local transit service is provided by Mississauga Transit routes 13, 14, 14A, 23, 45, 45A, 43, 110, and 29, all of which feed into the GO station. Clarkson is also near the Erin Mills Parkway / Southdown Road interchange of the QEW. The main roads in the area are Lakeshore Road West, Southdown Road, and Royal Windsor Drive.

title: Clarkson, Mississauga


text: Category:McMaster University

title: Category:McMaster University


text:
Talk:William S. Burroughs Jr.

[endorsement]
about time; bravo :D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.27.184.51 (talk • contribs) 05:59, 7 February 2005

Returned?
Returned to Palm Beach? when was he there before? 24.91.43.225 09:05, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * His grandparents moved with Billy to Palm Beach, relocating their store, Cobblestone Gardens, to the Florida city when he was an elementary school student. Consequently, he lived in the community for much of his life, departing to Tangiers, New York City (run away) and Kentucky (Lexington Prison)--Mikerussell 2005 June 29 19:17 (UTC)
 * This wasn't in the article, I'm editing it in, hope you don't mind. 24.91.43.225 3 July 2005 11:41 (UTC)

Woa there cowboy
Talk about unecessary flourishes :P
 * Without exaggeration, narcotics were in his blood before birth. His mother was addicted to amphetamines, and his father was a heroin addict. Herbert Huncke, a friend of his parents, relates that when Joan was pregnant he would drive into Houston to obtain an amphetamine inhaled drug called Benzedrine for her. It is both telling, all too obvious, and kind of sad, that her son’s first novel was called Speed, a novel she would never get to read.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.42.175.89 (talk • contribs) 16:07, 24 September 2005
 * The indented passage is from the article at the time: all but the 1st sent, of the 1st 'graph of the first titled section "Early Life". --Jerzy•t 21:52, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure you have made a clear point, Ms/r 'P'. The paragraph is included because a person familiar with the subject's life would know he had liver failure at an early age. The undeniable historical fact is his mother was addicted to amphetamines while she was pregnant. In Ted Morgan's biography- partially based on Huncke's eye-witness account- the author states Joan did not receive any prenatal medical care; she just went to the hospital to give birth. Throughout her pregnancy she was daily inhaling large amounts of Benzedrine. There is some valid speculation raised in books about Burroughs' son that his early liver failure at age 28 was partially due to his prenatal exposure to his mother's addiction, which may have weakened his liver in utero. Although his alcohol intake was another contributing factor. As far as his father- let's not keep up the pretenses Burroughs himself was fond of, or felt necessary to produce for interviews and PR agents, that he quit herion in the sixties. Burroughs died on methadone and was a junky for about 50 years.  --Mikerussell 05:59, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * (For the record, unless the above colleague was ignorant that " :P " is a text smiley, use of "Ms/r 'P'" is a CIV violation.) --Jerzy•t 21:52, 9 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that is worth mentioning in this piece that Burroughs Jr was addicted to drugs before he was born - cursed from birth. The fact that his liver gave out at 30 years old is very telling.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.26.110.65 (talk) 02:38, 16 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Seems to take POV, unnecessary language (like, unlike, unfortunately, etc.) Antilog (talk) 06:05, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Indeed. And the "like" and "unlike" phrases, if not already fixed, are signs of probable SYN and if that is actual, explicitly denounced as part of POV. --Jerzy•t 21:52, 9 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Removed (appropriately) at some point:
 * Without exaggeration, narcotics were in his blood before birth.
 * and
 * It is both telling, all too obvious, and kind of sad, that her son’s first novel was called Speed, a novel she would never get to read.
 * --Jerzy•t 21:52, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

List Of Works
There seems to be some missing out of this section, there are even works mentioned in the article which do not appear on it (such as junky). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.226.221.231 (talk) 08:52, 10 February 2006
 * Junkie (novel) was written by his father, which makes it unsuitable for anything beyond (at most) a lk'd mention. --Jerzy•t 21:52, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Terminology issues
This article reads like it was written to evoke pity in the reader. Terminology varies between "Billy" and "Burroughs;" a serious problem. Whoever he is, he's not someone with whom the reader is on a first name basis with. This article needs help. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.208.132.221 (talk) 05:37, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Without noticing this talk secn, i added a CU tag, saying
 * CU needed: 10s of refs as "Billy", incl re death@34. Vios g-lines, PoV:infantalizes adult. Fix nds thot, in grafs where surname could confuse w/ relatives
 * That is, it includes dozens of references as "Billy", going so far as to describe his death at age 34 with his childhood name. This violates guidelines that call for referring in subsequent references to the surname alone (IIRC, with exceptions where needed to avoid ambiguity). It also violates NPOV, by treating an adult (and an adolescent) like a child, in the later portions of the article. The correction of this, however, requires thinking thru the paragraphs where using only the surname would cause confusion between him and various relatives (primarily his famous father).
 * --Jerzy•t 20:56 & 21:52, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Buried or scattered?
The article currently states: Burroughs was cremated and his ashes were buried in Boulder, Colorado. Burroughs ashes were not buried but scattered in Colorado, close to where he once lived. Well, it can't be both, so I will remove this until somebody sorts it out. HairyWombat 20:59, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Later. Cursed From Birth includes at the very end a short letter from Allen Ginsberg to Burroughs Snr. which begins, "We buried Bill Jr.'s ashes up ...." That seems clear. HairyWombat 20:33, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:William S. Burroughs Jr.


text: User talk:202.162.52.97

title: User talk:202.162.52.97


text:
Talk:Green vehicle

99.9% = Junk Science
Oh come on, find one example of dust to dust vehicular transport that has a carbon impact of only 0.1% of a normal car. Greg Locock (talk) 13:27, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Definition
"A green vehicle is a vehicle that is considered to be more "environmentally friendly" than traditional all-petroleum internal combustion engine vehicles (APICEVs). This is accomplished by having a low dust to dust energy cost."

I'm tempted to ask "says who?". That is a pretty agenda-filled sentence. Is a petrol powered car that gets 140 mpgus passenger less green than an electric car that creates the same CO2 per passenger mile? That sentence says it is. Greg Locock (talk) 21:39, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The same ?. Are you sure a plug-in flexifuel hybrid is more pollutant than a similar all fossil fuel vehicle ?. For sure it is not.--Mac (talk) 14:17, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * That is not my point. My point is that the dust to dust energy cost is not necessarily the arbiter of greenness. An EV running on coal may have a lower dust to dust energy content than a petrol car, yet have much higher total CO2 emissions, for example. Greg Locock (talk) 01:59, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I added new definition namely:

A green vehicle is a vehicle that emits (or emitted) less polluting substances than what was common with other contemporary vehicles of a same size/weight in the particular period it was used in. Presently, the term is used for any vehicle surpassing the Euro6-norm (eg LEV, ULEV, ...). Certain green vehicles may provide a way of sustainable transport.

The norms trough the last 20 years should be added to article (eg euro5-euro4, ...) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.245.184.236 (talk) 12:34, 2 April 2009 (UTC)
 * "A 'green vehicle' is a car that that creates less damage to the environment when compared to traditional cars that run solely on petrol." turn in your homework kids. (you know when an elementary school workbook has a definition that it's elementary) are you now going to argue trivia? pohick (talk) 23:04, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

old discussion
A petroleum car that uses biodiesel is more ecological than a gasoline or petrol car, but it ´s not a green car, because it cannot use a CO2-free energy. (Not true, net CO2 in the atmosphere remains the same on a seasonal time-scale as CO2 used with sunlight and water produce oils for biodiesel, and cellulose and sugars can be used to create bio-alcohols. These can be used to run normal internal combustion engines, or hybrids).

These ones that only uses renewable energy (a hydrogen or electric car) are more ecological green vehicles than an hybrid car). (Electric and Hydrogen are not renewable; they are only a means of storing energy, and that energy comes most economically from old coal plants that grandfather their way into existence, nuclear power, whose plants are old designs and not as safe as they future ones may be, or large-scale hydroelectric projects.)

bikes
what about bikes? Are not they the best green vehicles?--GengisKanhg (my talk) 22:04, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Battery Acid
I would argue that the massive amounts of battery acid used in Hybrid vehicles which need to be kept from the water table of the planet disqualify the hybrid as a green vehicle.
 * Can you provide a link to information about this so-called "massive" amount of acid? I mean, how massive can it be when the batteries take up such a small space, and, uh, NiMH batteries are used in some cars (the Prius, for example).  Is there much acid in those ones? PeterHansen 23:52, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Green Vehicle Showroom
There is also a car dealer called Green Vehicle Showroom in Los Gatos See http://m.siliconvalley.com/articles/263990 --HybridBoy 12:31, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Green car media
I suggest a section / article about green car media (publications about green cars and vehicles). --Mac (talk) 14:13, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

The term 'green vehicle'
Obviously refered to a vehicle that was green in colour in years gone by. Is there no other, proper term for this? Green vehicle seems like a somewhat shoddy marketing buzzword Towel401 (talk) 22:02, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I see that requests for references for the definition have been outstanding for quite a while, suggesting it is a neologism (or more honestly a made-up phrase). Would you like to suggest that this page should be deleted? Greglocock (talk) 00:32, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Much to my amusement the recently supplied reference for the term.... doesn't define it. At all. QED. Greglocock (talk) 11:40, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Biomass and Biochar cars
Biomass (pure wood) can also be used as a "fuel" (see http://www.biomassauthority.com/a/precer-bioracer-biomass-car/) Not sure where to mention it however, as it probably cant be burned in a ICE engine. Biochar too can probably be mentioned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.165.186 (talk) 09:14, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Green Vehicle Motor Shows
do we really need this? I don't think so. It seems perilously close to a list of weblinks. Greglocock (talk) 00:42, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

RS
When does RS mean RIDICULOUS SOURCE? When it suggests that a 21 mpg 4 seater is a green vehicle. Greglocock (talk) 11:07, 2 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree that including an SUV as a green car is ridiculous, but read the details in the source. KBB Green includes cars in several categories, then among SUVs 21 mpg is relatively a high fuel economy as the average is 16 mpg if I am not mistaken. Anyway, the term green car is quite flexible as the examples show.--Mariordo (talk) 13:09, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

 * My SEVEN seater SUV gets 21 mpUSgallon. Even when towing a 600 kg trailer. Since it is the biggest selling SUV in Australia I guess we've just saved the planet Greglocock (talk) 08:34, 26 December 2016 (UTC)

Cleanup of Sustainable Transport
There's a bunch of material which I am hoping to shift out of Sustainable transport and which belongs either here or nowhere, it was shifted there as a merge from Green Transport (which I was never in agreement with, but which could maybe be made to work....). I'll try to do it with tact and care but feel free to revert. The Sustainainable Transport page includes some truly strange vehicles claiming to be "green" and some of them (wind powered cars?) probably don't need to be on Wikipedia at all.Travelplanner (talk) 11:00, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Freight
Just a comment - I can't find anything on Wikipedia about fuel efficiency / alternative fuel freight vehicles. Am I not looking in the right place or should there be something here? I know virtually nothing about the topic, except that it surely exists...Travelplanner (talk) 10:25, 24 May 2010 (UTC)
 * You are right. I am planning to creating a new section on this article to deal with green vehicles based on their high fuel efficiency, including clean diesel, but limited to light vehicles. I expect to begin this new section in a couple of weeks.--Mariordo (talk) 12:05, 24 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Mariordo, perhaps you can make a section on belly tankers; ie such as the GM Performance Division Ecotec Lakester 2006 (see also: Talk:Automobile )

Green vehicle image
Perhaps that a truly green vehicle (emissionless, made from cradle to cradle parts) can be implemented. examples are the Ford Model U, the new Jeep Renegade, Edag light car, CQS Group T Racing Team Pegasus (see http://www.cqsgrouptracingteam.be/nl/odyssee/doelstellingen_o ), ... 91.182.9.74 (talk) 14:47, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Also a good image would be the Volkswagen_1-litre_car —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.193.178 (talk) 18:16, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

The hybrid car definitly needs removal, the greenest technology that can be implemented today is biofuel-powered vehicles, ie pure plant oil, biodiesel. Noted at Ecopolis episode on transport, hosted by Dan Kammen. The winner was the E-jeepney, but biofuel was considered the best option for vehicles, the e-jeepney only won due to its design/ability to transport more people.

91.182.197.81 (talk) 17:29, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

Energy efficiency table
Perhaps it can be mentioned in the table or text that compressed air-ICE cars are 26,7% efficient vs 21,2% for a gasoline ICE and 77,5% for electrochemical battery-powered cars ref= http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/4/044011/fulltext Note however that MDI mentioned that the base data was wrong= this needed to be 7,5l gasoline/100km instead of 5,2, thus a difference of 30,5%; this data needs to be implemented to current calculations ( MDI calculated 10,6% for gasoline ICE efficiency) KVDP (talk) 17:11, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

small update: perhaps "Gas burner-Stirling engine" can also be added: see http://blog.vadaenergy.com/?p=807, the DEKA Revolt simply uses it to recharge a EC battery, but it could probably also propell the vehicle on its own —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.132.58 (talk) 11:41, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Avoid Greenwashing
Terms such as Environmentally friendly are biased and constitute Greenwashing. Lets try to use accepted terms that have some objectivity. Even "Green" is ambiguous and can be abused. Also, not all alternative fuels are better environmentally. Rlsheehan (talk) 15:04, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Icon
The tagging of the prius photo with an opinion tag raises a good point. Surely the iconic green vehicle is either a bicycle or a 747, since those seem to be the preffered modes of transport for green politicians? Either way it needs a ref Greglocock (talk) 22:05, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I will provide several RS, just give me some time, I am quite busy now.--Mariordo (talk) 22:33, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Better yet, use a different word.  Rlsheehan (talk) 00:09, 7 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree that a different wording is a better option, as the search shows that the Prius is considered an icon or symbol of green car among the environmental/green car movement. Anyway, here are some sources that might help find the right words. --Mariordo (talk) 23:13, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

 * ...of the Prius being an “icon” of the green car movement
 * ...the Prius allowed you to make a green statement with a car for the first time ever
 * ...the most famous green car, ...the leader of the green car revolution
 * Toyota Prius: Latest status symbol for the wealthy?
 * ...the Toyota Prius has been the heralded and hated automotive symbol of the “green’ movement
 * Toyota has been able to convert the Prius into a status symbol which portrays the owner as "Forward Thinking" or "World Minded," but most of all, "Green.

I vote to change the image of the Prius to another car alltogether. The Prius is a hybrid vehicle, and so it can be at the hybrid vehicle page, but for this page, hybrid cars are too expensive, most have far too much horsepower (should be less than 10 HP) and they're too complicated (uses 2 engines), so it will never catch on globally (ie in developing countries). What about we changed it to the REVAi or we can change it to an image of a Motorised quadricycle (ie an Aixam microcar). If we note in the description that the vehicle in the image uses a biofuel (ie ethanol, butanol, straight vegetable oil, ...), it is definitly a green vehicle, and also a useful alternative to people in the entire world (including developing regions). KVDP (talk) 13:27, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

Reasons to buy an electric car in 2013
Here's a new article that you might want to cite in appropriate articles: -- Ssilvers (talk) 19:48, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Power rating
Since NEV's only need to be able to reach a speed of 45 km/h, the power rating (HP) of the vehicle can be way lower than what it needs to be with highway-capable vehicles (that need to be able to attain 120 km/h). Since wind resistance becomes ever greater with higher speeds, power ratings of the engines used in vehicles need to be much larger (non-lineair graph). This also means that much more energy (fuel) is needed to propel the vehicles, and as vehicles are much more powerful and able to attain larger speeds, the possibility of fatal accidents becomes much greater (so the fact that we allow these powerful vehicles to be build results in more deaths).

Include a section in this article about this. KVDP (talk) 18:13, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

I suggest that it should refer to the following, emphasis mine "Yesterday, we heard the tragic story that a U.K. owner of a Reva G-Wiz, the tiny neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV) sold in Europe as a quadricycle, was killed when her all-electric runabout hit a garden wall. The 47-year-old woman was thrown clear of the diminutive G-Wiz as it split in two just beneath the front seats where the heavy under-seat battery tray meets the floor. While official reports into the accident have yet to be released, the vehicle appears to have split on impact with the wall." I doubt many real cars would kill their drivers on collision with a garden wall. Greglocock (talk) 00:30, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

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Dr. Takeuchi's comment on this article
Dr. Takeuchi has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"This is a good article but I think many parts are overlapping with the page for Alternative fuel vehicle."

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title: Talk:Green vehicle


text:
Lawn Tennis Association

The Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) is the national governing body of tennis in Great Britain, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man founded in 1888. The LTA promotes all levels of lawn tennis. The organization believes tennis can provide "physical, social, and mental rewards both on and off the court." The National Tennis Centre (NTC) in Roehampton, southwest London, serves as its main training facility. The Princess of Wales has been an LTA patron since 2017. Its first president was seven-time Wimbledon champion William Renshaw.

History
The British Lawn Tennis Association was formed in 1888, eleven years after the first Wimbledon championship. It was tasked with maintaining the new rules and standards of the emerging sport of tennis in the United Kingdom.

In 1978, a government inquiry was carried out into the state of British tennis, which accused the LTA of complacency and a lack of action in developing the game. During the 1980s and 1990s, several initiatives were launched in an attempt to raise the profile of tennis in the UK and to promote interest and participation in the sport outside of the Wimbledon fortnight. Millions of pounds were invested in building indoor centres, and on coaching and training initiatives. However, by the end of the 1990s, it was clear that these broad initiatives did not have the desired effect, so the LTA turned to more targeted approaches with the aim of attracting and keeping juniors in the game, changing the culture among clubs to become more "junior friendly"; identifying the best young players and helping them develop. This led to the launch in 2000 of Club Vision, a new strategy for providing greater support and resources to progressive tennis clubs, followed in 2001 by the City Tennis Club programme, specifically aimed at encouraging young players from diverse/deprived backgrounds in inner-city areas.

In 2004, the Lawn Tennis Association considered changing its name to "Tennis GB" to shake off its old-fashioned middle-class image, and attract more young people to the sport, but the proposed move was not implemented.

In March 2019, the LTA launched a new initiative called "Tennis Opened Up" to promote the sport to a wider audience, with a stated mission "to grow tennis by making it relevant, accessible, welcoming and enjoyable". Alongside the initiative, there was also a major rebranding strategy in which the full name "Lawn Tennis Association" was discarded and a new LTA logo was unveiled.

The National Tennis Centre
The National Tennis Centre (NTC) is located at Roehampton in southwest London, close to the All England Club in Wimbledon. Officially opened in 2007 by Queen Elizabeth II, the NTC has 22 courts, and a sports science centre.

Tennis courts
The NTC has twelve acrylic hard courts (six indoor, six outdoor), six clay courts, and four grass courts.

Hard courts – The NTC's acrylic courts have a GreenSet Grand Prix Acrylic surface. The indoor courts have a sprung timber sub-frame, while the outdoor courts are laid directly on asphalt.

Clay courts – The NTC has two different types of outdoor clay courts which have been designed to withstand the harsh UK climate and to allow for the longest possible clay court playing season and maximum use. There are four Italian clay courts (identical to the courts used at Foro Italico and Monte Carlo), and two French-Court synthetic clay courts.

Grass courts – The LTA consulted All England Lawn Tennis Club head groundsman Eddie Seaward to advise on the installation of its four outdoor grass courts. The quality and playing characteristics are meant to replicate those found at the Wimbledon Championships.

Training facilities
Along with its 22 tennis courts, the NTC is equipped with a gymnasium, outdoor sprint track, hydrotherapy, plunge pools and relaxation 'egg'. There is overnight accommodation for up to 54 people, along with a player lounge and recreation room.

Sports science centre
The Sports Science and Medicine team at the NTC is meant to support Britain's elite players with the following:
 * Strength & Conditioning – Maximising players’ athletic potential through developing their power, strength, speed, movement and fitness
 * Medical and Physiotherapy – Supporting all aspects of physical health from short term illnesses and minor injuries through to long term injury rehab
 * Performance Analysis – Developing players’ knowledge and understanding of their game and progress against their goals
 * Nutrition – Supporting and educating players to make the right food choices in order to fuel and repair their body effectively and perform to their best
 * Performance Lifestyle – Coaching and supporting players and their coaches/teams to navigate off court, personal, wellbeing or transition situations
 * Psychology – Supporting players and their coaches/teams to develop psychological skills and strategies to enhance on court performance

LTA Coaching Qualifications
The LTA is also responsible for administering and implementing tennis coaching at all levels in the UK. The current structure is as follows:

Level 1 – Coaching Assistant – The Level 1 Coaching Assistant is an introduction to tennis coaching. Level 1's are qualified to plan and deliver a structured lesson under the guidance of an accredited coaches.

Level 2 – Coaching Assistant – Level 2 Coaching Assistants are qualified to coach groups of beginners of any age, on their own, under the umbrella programme of an accredited Coach.

Level 3 – Coach qualification – The Coach Qualification covers the key coaching skills required to be an effective coach to work with beginners and improvers of any age in groups or individually. At this level they are then eligible to gain Coach Accreditation; this ensures they are up-to-date with the latest tennis knowledge, they are First Aid qualified and have a satisfactory criminal record check.

Level 4 – Senior Club Coach qualification – This qualification is aimed at coaches who would like to manage a section of a commercial club or team of coaches.

Level 4 – Senior Performance Coach qualification – This course is designed for coaches who wish to develop their knowledge and skills to develop international junior players aged 14 and under.

Level 5 – Master Club Coach qualification – Upon completion of the course, a Master Club Coach will be able to deliver high quality on court sessions at clubs, mentor a team of coaches, and implement and assess a club programme.

Level 5 – Master Performance Coach qualification – Master Performance Coaches are equipped to work with international performance junior players, aged 11 – 18 years. The course is designed to develop coaches to be versatile and transition between different performance players and environments.

title: Lawn Tennis Association


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Jonny Jakobsen

Jonny Jakobsen (born 17 November 1963) is a Dano-Swedish former Bubblegum dance/eurodance singer better known under his fictitious identity as Indian taxi driver Dr. Bombay. He began as a country singer called Johnny Moonshine, but became famous only after developing the persona of Dr. Bombay. His debut was in 1998 with the album Rice and Curry, hitting the charts with the title track "Rice & Curry", as well as "Calcutta (Taxi Taxi Taxi)" and "S.O.S. (The Tiger Took My Family)". Subsequently, he went on to record albums as faux-Scottish Dr. MacDoo and faux-Mexican Carlito. Even though he grew up in Sweden, his citizenship is Danish. He speaks both Danish and Swedish.

He has gained some fame and notoriety in the Europop scene. He is featured in several video games (See below).

Before "Dr. Bombay"
Jonny Jakobsen was born in Sweden on 17 November 1963 to Danish father Ejner Jakobsen and a Swedish mother who died in 1992/3. His twin sister Susanne and him are the youngest of five children. He has two older sisters Vinni and Lis and an older brother Niels. He has a son called Jimmy Jakobsen born in 1983/4.

Before his music career, he was a taxi driver in Copenhagen.

He began his career as a faux-country/pop singer called Johnny Moonshine. As Johnny Moonshine, Jakobsen released one album titled Johnny Moonshine & The Troubled Water Band (1995).

Due to the failure of Johnny Moonshine, Jakobsen moved on in search of a newer, more 'annoying' sound. He chose the style of eurodance, which was just becoming popular in the mid 1990s, and began his career as the fake Indian "Dr. Bombay", facing controversy along the way. Jakobsen teamed up with Robert Uhlmann, who is famous for his work with Smile.dk

Dr. Bombay
Jakobsen's earliest career success was prompted by the introduction of the Dr. Bombay character in 1998. In his lyrics, the character is portrayed as an Indian taxi driver, mystic, sitar player, chef, snake charmer and avid fan of elephant racing. He appears clad in traditional Indian garb, such as a kurta and pagri, with the addition of dark glasses that are also worn by the other characters portrayed by Jakobsen.

In 2018 Dr. Bombay celebrated his 20th anniversary with a new single entitled "Stockholm to Bombay". a year later on 5 October 2019 he published a music video for the song "Stockholm to Bombay".

title: Jonny Jakobsen