text:
Talk:Ferdinand Foch

Plan XVII
Isn't saying that it completely failed an opinion? I could probably think of a few arguments on why it was at least partialy succesful.

And the other thing is that he didn't design said plan in the first place. Plan XVII was developed by Foch's pupil Grandmaison, who completely distorted Foch's position. So let's not libel the poor fellow any more than we need to, eh? -Turi

Actually, Joffre must take responsibility for Plan XVII, although the 'cult of the offensive' can be laid at Grandmaison's door and he did indeed distort Foch's position. Foch said 'Fire has become the decisive argument’ in 1903, so he clearly was not in the morale wins all camp. See Joseph Joffre, The Memoirs of Marshall Joffre, (translated by T Bentley Mott, London, 1932), Vol. 1, pp. 48-9 & Ferdinand Foch, The Principles of War, (trans. Hilaire Belloc, originally published 1903, London: Chapman, 1920), p. 337. In addition, Hew Strachan has recently suggested that Plan XVII was very successful in terms of mobilisation, Strachan, First World War, p. 206. It is also worth bearing in mind that the much vaunted WW1 German army suffered just as appalling casualties during 1914 as did the French. Only the BEF, with its well trained regular soldiers, was able to display the skill needed to engage in modern battle, although even the BEF suffered serious casualties. The standard account on the 'cult of the offensive' is in Douglas Porch, March to the Marne, pp. 213-231 but also see Stefan T. Possony & Etienne Mantoux, ‘Du Picq and Foch: The French School,’ in Edward Mead Earle, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy, (Princeton: PUP, 1943), pp. 206-233, Michael Howard, ‘Men against Fire: The Doctrine of the Offensive in 1914,’ in Peter Paret ed., Makers of Modern Strategy, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986), pp. 510 – 526, & for a modern French view; Michel Goya, La Chair et l’Acier – L’invention de la guerre moderne (1914-1918), (Paris: Tallandier, 2004), pp. 69-112. For a rather different view, see Paddy Griffith, Forward into Battle – Fighting Tactics from Waterloo to Vietnam, (Chichester; Anthony Bird, 1981), Chapter 4 & Azar Gat, Military Thought, pp. 382-440.

Everybody suffered heavy casualties, but Plan XVII was a monumental disaster - 500,000 dead iirc, and they took only tiny corner at the bottom of Alsace, to which they clung throughout the war. No wonder Joffre sacked so many generals afterwards. At least the germans took belgium and reached the Marne.

WWI position?
Generalissimo is italian and has no link back to Foch. Maxime Weygand article calls him Supreme Allied Commander, again an article apparently that has nothing to do with WWI and Foch. Perhaps somebody who knows more about this era and Foch should fix that matter. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 10:54, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I read a book by John Keegan on WWI which specifically uses the word "Generalissimo." I will source it if I can remember later. - Borg Sphere (talk) 17:31, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Added the inline citation. Hope I helped. Borg Sphere (talk) 17:22, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Generalissimo is more correct, although in Anglophone books he's sometimes called "Supreme Allied Commander" which is strictly anachronistic - it was actually the title of WW2 theatre commanders (Eisenhower, Maitland Wilson/Alexander, MacArthur, Mountbatten, Nimitz)

The Title given to him in his new command was "Commander in Chief of the Allied Armies". However, the English had a problem with this and always called him "General in Chief of the Allied Armies". The word Generalissimo, which was never really liked, came from the Italians, and was taken seriously. However, Foch created his own tile, and he had it approved by Clemenceau on April 15, 1918.

Ethnicity?
What is Foch's ethnic backround? Foch doesn't exactly sound French.

the ethnicity of Foch is quite french. in 1914, he wa at the head of the XX army corps (and not the XXX)

 * He's French by birth and never claimed to be anything but. Ethnically, however, he was the son of a Basque father and an Alsatian (the German-speaking people of Alsace) mother. His last name is Basque, derived from "fioch," the Basque word for fire. France has many Basques and Alsatians, they're French citizens just like everyone else.

 * Foch was born in Tarbes to Napoléon Foch and Sophie Dupré. Napoléon Foch was from a family whose roots were in the village of Valentine in neighbouring Comminges (Haute-Garonne, former Gascony) : Foch is a Gascon surname meaning "Foix" which is another town in the Pyrenees. Sophie Dupré was born in Argelès (Hautes-Pyrénées) near the Spanish border.

http://gw4.geneanet.org/index.php3?b=pdelaubier&lang=fr&m=N&v=Foch —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.250.67.96 (talk) 22:50, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Now, the article claims that Foch is a Breton (neither Basque nor Gascon) name. What's right? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.230.56.89 (talk) 17:02, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Work
This article needs major improvement. Foch was a very significant figure in the French Army during the First World War and the paragraph concerning that conflict only deals with his role in 1918. J Gez M 17:02, 1st March 2006

You are, of course, welcome to make additions to the article to make it better. john k 19:08, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Changes
Tried to improve things a bit as part of the collaboration of the week. I am happy to report that it is now much more substantial than the French Wiki article. Andreas 16:21, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Slow promotion?
I think that unless it can be sourced, the half-sentence about his brother being a Jesuit and that holding back Foch's career, should go. I could not find anything on that on Google, but a WW I buff would come in handy now. Andreas

 * That was from Carver's book, I can add the reference later if you like. The sentence relates to the separation of religious and political or military power in France, officers were strongly discouraged from having links to religious groups. I don't understand the issue well enough to explain it concisely, so as it stands that sentence is a bit isolated. I wouldn't object to its removal just now, but the issue would be important enough to be discussed in a more in-depth article. Leith p 07:54, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi there - in that case I would suggest to add the citation and maybe a footnote. Otherwise it comes a bit out of the blue. Andreas 07:46, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * This observation is actually pretty standard in biographies of Foch (see Johnston, Puaux, Cornwall, and of course, Liddell Hart) or generally in histories of the French Army under the Third Republic (de Gaulle, incidentally, faced similar discrimination owing to a right wing Catholic background). It relates to Republican fears of the counterrevolutionary forces entrenched in the army and clergy— leftovers of Boulangism that supposedly acted in concert to challenge the legitimacy of Republican governments and threatened to carry the country into civil war during the Dreyfus affair—or really, any reactionary "man on horseback" who might entertain funny ideas about the value or sustainability of parliamentary values and institutions. (look no further than Petain) In the case of Foch, moreover, Catholicism is often cited as a defining element of his character:

 * At times, his eyes seemed to say: 'Young men, you do not know what a father suffers when mourning has entered his home to bide there forever. My only son is taken, and one of my daughters is widowed. I shall find in my home, which I left in the joyousness of a midsummer Sunday, little orphans who have never even known their fathers. I approach the twilight of my life with the consciousness of a good servant who will rest in the peace of his Lord. Faith in eternal life, in a good and merciful God, has sustained me in the hardest hours. Prayer has illuminated my soul. Our France has been torn and murdered. There are thousands and thousands of old fathers who, like me, have lost all they loved best, all the hope of their race. I am one with them at heart. I know what they suffer. But we have no right, now, to think about ourselves. ... We, here, are humble sons of the soil of France, who defend our liberties. Each one does his best. I know that we shall have the victory. It will be complete, and our dead will be avenged. But it is necessary to work, to fight on, to meet, with all the resources of the French spirit, the shocks of the barbarian masses. Spirit will conquer matter. Without a high ideal, without a spiritual conception of life, it is not possible to rise above feebleness and discouragement. Great sacrifices will be demanded of you, young men, they will be demanded of you to the end. Accept them as I have accepted mine. ... Afterward we may weep in our silent homes over which float the standards of victory." It is thus I would help you to think of him: mighty in spirit, strong in faith, supreme in strategy, immensely broad in understanding–a very great man; but too great a man to be a "superman"; and, withal, a tender, heartbroken old father to whom the laying down of arms means not the leisure to wear laurels, but the right to sit again by his hearth, now desolate, and think back on happy days and forward to a reassembled group in the house not made with hands.

 * Albrecht 05:05, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

It is true Catholic officers were discriminated against during the time of Foch's career - and you have to remember the political context. France became a Republic largely by accident in the 1870s (monarchists had majority, but they couldn't decide which Bourbon claiminant to restore to throne). As noted above General Boulanger tried to overthrow the state in 1880s, then at turn of century you had the Dreyfus Affair, in which the Army/conservatives were seen to be out of synch with Republican/civil ideals. Similar issues in education, where there were big disputes between secular and Catholic control of schools.

So staunch Catholics were seen as politically unreliable (not quite as bad as Britain in the late seventeenth century, in which they were prevented from holding public office until 1829). Preferment was often given to people like Joffre and Sarrail who were arch-Republicans (indeed the growth of the Salonika Front owed a lot to the latter's political connections and need to find a big job for him).

But it's rubbish to claim that similar prejudice hampered de Gaulle (b. 1890) in the inter-war period. De Gaulle was a protege of Pétain, who ran the French Army of the 1920s. It's true he was a captain for 14 years (till the late 1920s) but Lacouture points out that this was "a perfectly usual period". He was also very arrogant - when being examined on an exercise in the mid-1920s, he rubbed up the examining officer the wrong way and was lucky not to fail the course outright - he had to call in a favour from Pétain to get a "good" grade (rather than "excellent" which he would have needed for a General Staff posting) and wound up with a posting to supply & logistics in Occupied Germany. In the mid-1930s he was already a bit of a right-wing political intriguer, and was passed over for promotion to full colonel, having to pull strings (Daladier, Minister of War) to get his name added to the promotion list the following year. He was still a brigadier and divisional commander, and being considered for jobs at the War Ministry, before he was fifty, which is pretty reasonable going. De Gaulle was Catholic but, for what it's worth, was a Republican and his family had been pro-Dreyfus. Any decent de Gaulle biography will cover all this, eg. Lacouture.

Rating
I am assuming that this article has been expanded since the Military History rating. There is good basic information here. ludahai 魯大海 23:38, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Possible Neutrality Issues
The article seems to give Foch large amounts of credit out of context. For example it credits Foch with the defense during the Spring Offensive when Petain deserves as much or more credit. The section about WWI seems to only focus on the good and magnifies that while ignoring the bad and the major downfalls of Foch as a commander. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tempestswordsman (talk • contribs) 01:40, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

It also fails to note that due to Foch's insistence that there will be no cease-fire and that hostilities will not cease during the commencement of the peace talks (even though the Germans offered one), there were even more casualties taken on both sides. Apparently full scale offensives were still being launched by the Allies, even as the negotiations were progressing, offensives which Foch, as Supreme Allied Commander, had authorised. There is a documentary on the History Channel, entitled "Last Day of World War I: 11th Month, 11th Day, 11th Hour: Armistice Day, 1918", which covers this. Coruvian (talk) 05:14, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

A Franco-US offensive was being planned towards Metz, along with further BEF pushes through Belgium, at the time of the Armistice. Pétain's role was (after the mutiny) the refitting and regrouping of the French Army (and some successful minor offensives) in late 1917. In Spring 1918 Pétain was felt - by the politicians and by the British generals - to lack fire in his belly, and to be too keen to retreat on Paris when the Germans defeated British Fifth Army - that was why Foch was appointed Generalissimo. To be fair to Pétain, the disaster on the Aisne (Blucher, May 1918) was because Humbert had ignored his instructions to defend in depth.

Terms of the Allies' (French, British and American) Versailles (German) Treaty 1919 and the role of Maréchal Ferdinand Foch
It is generally conceded that the problems facing those drawing up the Versailles (or German) Treaty at the Palace of Versailles were complex as a result of political and economical developments in Europe as from the date of that which at the time was the precedent (the Congress of Vienna 1814-1815). It seems evident that there was no easy answer and that the view of Foch, here in this article apparently unconditionally supported, that it was too concessionary neither was nor is now the general view (cf. Michael Howard, The First World War, OUP, 2002, at p.111, 'the terms, so far as land operations were concerned, were dictated largely by the French. The British themselves, anxious to end hostilities, would have made them milder. ... The German delegates protested that the results would be anarchy and famine from which only the Bolshevists would profit, but Foch as leader of the Allied delegation was implacable. The Germans had no alternative but to sign what with some reason they expected to be their own death warrants. ... ' ).

I am as an amateur open to contradiction, but it seems that, at the same time, the British, for their part, did their best to maintain their practical control of the open or high sea and the US (while supporting the long-term German attempt to create 'freedom at sea', to be confirmed of course mainly by custom rather than by legislation) effectively suggested the creation of a new form of 'democratic' government within Germany itself.

Unfortunately, and as the subsequent history of Europe demonstrated, peace could not in any event be assured for any length of time. Was this something for which Ferdinand Foch himself had any ready solution? I find it rather difficult to see how it can be demonstrated that this was the case (that which at the same time would seem to demonstrate that it is only military matters as determined by the military themselves that decide peace or war in this world, a complex issue). Peter Judge 14 August 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.17.45.50 (talk) 16:52, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

 * The terms on land frontiers were not dictated by the French: they failed in their attempt to detach the Rhineland from Germany, which was what Foch in effect wanted. Had that happened, then the economic heart of German industry, the Ruhr, would have been at the mercy of the French and the ability to wage war by Germany would have been seriously curtailed. "Peace could not in any event be assured for any length of time". This is essentially meaningless: has peace ever been assured? I could quote historians (such as Correlli Barnett) who give the opposite view to Sir Michael and claim that the Treaty left Germany in a better strategic position than in 1914 and that had Foch succeeded then war would have been less likely.--Britannicus (talk) 17:02, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your very prompt reply. Unfortunately I have not read the work of the author to which you refer. Please remember in any event the motto of Hitler later in the 20th Cent. 'only one can win', referring to the victory of the Germans in the East. It is clear that it was the division of Europe into three separate sections which created an unstable situation which the Versailles Treaty could not have resolved by the occupation of part of Germany, probably leading to the access to power of Bolshevism within what remained unoccupied, the main problem having been the failure to restore the original February 1917 form of government within Russia in the Civil War, in which war the Germans themselves were involved effectively in support of the Allies. There was no answer to these problems until the end of the 'Cold War'. We now of course have entirely different problems which arguably also however arise at least in part from the First World War and its consequences, the 2001 '9/11' attack on New York having taken place on the anniversary of the issue by the British Empire of matters relating to its occupation of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations, and this not having been a coincidence, as confirmed by a broadcast statement at the time by Bin Laden, even if never discussed by ouselves. Peter Judge 14 August 2010  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.17.45.50 (talk) 17:19, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * It is not clear the "the division of Europe into three separate sections which created an unstable situation which the Versailles Treaty could not have resolved". The problem facing the Allies in 1919 was how to deal with a defeated Germany. The French were afraid of a revived Germany, not of Bolshevism (they were proved correct as we now know). "There was no answer to these problems...": There certainly was an answer, and Foch and other Frenchmen provided it when they demanded the dismemberment of Germany, which would have made the Second World War impossible.--Britannicus (talk) 17:47, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Sir, thank you again for so prompt a response. Neither you nor I nor anybody else can possibly even guess what might have been the consequences if the atheist Bolshevist regime (under the motto 'Workers of the World Unite' as first coined in the Communist Manifesto at the time of the Paris Commune in 1871) had moved further west into Germany and Austria after the First World War (something which was evidently possible at the time of the Versailles Treaty, 1919). I cannot contradict what you say yourself, neither can you or anyone else contradict this as an open question; so please let us hold to our own opinion, right or wrong, while recognizing this: that the achievement of any lasting peace was always a problem, as was recognzed at the time of the conclusion of the First World War in war memorials in both the East (St Petersburgh, on the 'Field of Mars', commemorating those killed in the Bolshevik revolution) and West (Scottish National War Memorial) as also by the Allied 'Peace Parade' in London on 19 July 1919 (this being incidentally the anniversary of the declaration of war by Napoleon III of France on Prussia in 1870, leading to a Prussian victory and to the creation of a Second German Empire). Is it not therefore the case that you and the author you quote do not know the definitive answers any more than I do myself, while each is entitled to their own opinion? Peter Judge 14 August 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.17.73.121 (talk) 18:57, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The Communist Manifesto appeared in 1848, not 1871. Yes we are all entitled to our own opinion but it is not opinion which should be inserted into the article. That Foch predicted the Second World War to the year is a fact. The article passes no judgement on whether his solution of the German problem would have been effective.--Britannicus (talk) 19:14, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Well I am indeed sorry that I was stupid and misunderstood this article (it is however perhaps at least slightly ambiguous?). Peter Judge 14 August 2010

Foch's scorn for aircraft - true or myth ?
In the wake of present events, I've heard a quotation supposedly attributed to Foch: "The aeroplane is all very good for sport. For the army, it is useless."

A short while with google reveals the line - or some variation thereof - to be attributed to Foch, but with no citation, and no mention of date or context.

So, urban myth ? Or quotation taken out of context - originally referring to some specific unreliable aircraft, perhaps ?

86.25.120.204 (talk) 17:01, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Barbara Tuchman ("The Guns of August", 1962) traces it to a book called "Les Officiers" by Victor Monteil (1958). Presumably the trail runs cold there, as she provides no primary cite...Paulturtle (talk) 12:17, 23 August 2014 (UTC)

Marshal Ferdinand Foch Introduction
I have edited the introduction and reduced it by 60 words. Following is the text. If approved and asked, I'll alter the introduction.

[Marshal Ferdinand Foch (French pronunciation: [fɔʃ]), GCB, OM, DSO (2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929) - a First World War hero - was a French soldier and military theorist.

A native of Tarbes, France, Foch enlisted in the infantry during the Franco-Prussian War and later graduated from the École d'application de l'artillerie et du génie as artillery officer.

For his scholarship of military history and strategic skills, he was appointed instructor at Staff College. At the outbreak of WWI he successfully blocked the German counterattack short of Nancy and later won laurels for defending Paris while commanding the French Ninth Army. The subsequent failure offensives—including the operations at Ypres and the Somme—led to Foch's removal from major commands. Recalled as Chief of the General Staff in 1917, Foch was ultimately appointed "Generalissimo of the Allied Armies" in the spring of 1918. He played a decisive role in halting a renewed German advance on Paris in the Second Battle of the Marne, after which he was promoted Marshal of France.

Accepting the German request for an armistice in November 1918, Foch advocated peace terms that would make Germany unable to pose a threat to France ever again. His words after the Treaty of Versailles, "This is not a peace. It is an armistice for twenty years" would prove prophetic; the Second World War started twenty years and sixty-five days later. In 1919 he was made a Field Marshal in the British Empire, and in 1923 a Marshal of Poland, adding to a long list of military decorations.] --StarryEyed (talk) 08:31, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Quotations
Considering the fact that he has his own page on Wikiquote, should the Quotations section be removed?142.156.1.225 (talk) 14:24, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

Military thought
The section on "Military thought" is as follows as of 20190319:

"Foch was later acclaimed as "the most original military thinker of his generation".[7] He became known for his critical analyses of the Franco-Prussian and Napoleonic campaigns and of their relevance to military operations in the new twentieth Century. His re-examination of France's defeat in 1870 was among the first of its kind. At the College, Foch was a professor of military history, strategy and general tactics while becoming the French theorist on offensive strategies.

During his time as an instructor Foch created renewed interest in French military history, inspired confidence in a new class of French officers, and brought about "the intellectual and moral regeneration of the French Army".[8] His thinking on military doctrine was shaped by the Clausewitzian philosophy, then uncommon in France, that "the will to conquer is the first condition of victory." Collections of his lectures, which reintroduced the concept of the offensive to French military theory, were published in the volumes "Des Principes de la Guerre" ("On the Principles of War") in 1903, and "De la Conduite de la Guerre" ("On the Conduct of War") in 1904. While Foch advised "qualification and discernment" in military strategy and cautioned that "recklessness in attack could lead to prohibitive losses and ultimate failure,"[9] his concepts, distorted and misunderstood by contemporaries, became associated with the extreme offensive doctrines (l'offensive à outrance) of his successors. The cult of the offensive came to dominate military circles, and Foch's reputation was damaged when his books were cited in the development of the disastrous offensive that brought France close to ruin in August 1914.

Foch was seen as a master of the Napoleonic school of military thought, but he was the only one of the Military College Commandants (Maillard, Langlois, Bonnal) still serving. Their doctrines had been challenged, not only by the German school, but also since about 1911 by a new French school inspired by General Loiseau de Grandmaison, which criticised them as lacking in vigour and offensive spirit, and contributing to needless dispersion of force. The French Army fought under the new doctrines, but they failed in the first battles of August 1914, and it remained to be seen whether the Napoleonic doctrine would hold its own, would give way to doctrines evolved during the war, or would incorporate the new moral and technical elements into a new outward form within which the spirit of Napoleon remained unaltered. The war gave an ambiguous answer to these questions, which remains a source of controversy among experts.[10]"

This is an excellent section to have and is in fairly good shape. But it needs someone with knowledge to elaborate more on the distinction between the Napoleonic school as rearticulated by Foch and the second French school of Grandmaison, and with regard to the quickly passed over reference to the German school, which is offered as contrast without any definition.

I suggest a promising avenue would be to lay out Foch's recognition of the importance of will [seems obvious] to win as a first condition in the context of others, including "fire" and the relative capacity of the offense and defense, as against Grandmaison's and others' arguable overemphasis on will and morale and on a particular subset of offensive tactics. As well as their distinctions on the operational and strategic levels vis a vis plan XVII, which is better addressed elsewhere but the strategic level needs to be represented here with regard to the two French perspectives. I think the distinction between the schools is probably clear enough, but here it demonstrably is not. And it needs to be done in such a way to make it clear that Foch still was an advocate of the offensive in theory and practice. He just was less dogmatic and more pragmatic about conditions. Thanks to anyone who can tackle this. Random noter (talk) 20:39, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

In The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, T. E. Lawrence commented on Foch's philosophy as follows: "I had made a comfortable beginning of doctrine, but was left still to find an alternative end and means of war. Ours seemed unlike the ritual of which Foch was priest; and I recalled him, to see a difference in land between him and us. In his modern war--absolute war he called it--two nations professing incompatible philosophies put them to the test of force. Philosophically, it was idiotic, for while opinions were arguable, convictons needed shooting to be cured; and the struggle could end only when the supporters of the one immaterial principle had no more means of resistance against the supporters of the other. It sounded like a twentieth-century restatement of the wars of religion, whose logical end was utter destruction of one creed, and whose protagonists believed that God's judgement would prevail. This might do for France and Germany, but would not represent the British attitude." Lawrence, T.E.. Seven Pillars of Wisdom [Illustrated with Working TOC] (p. 110). Kindle Edition. KenOfSimi (talk) 00:00, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

Name
Hi, I added in sources his official records (birth and death certificates). I will add later his services records and promotions in the Legion of Honour. What surprised me is that nowhere is his name Ferdinand Jean-Marie Foch. His birth certificate is at the name of Ferdinand, but also his death certificate, his service records, his promotions. Every single official source never uses Jean Marie.

So I removed it. This is a pure invention that was kept for whatever reason.

His records (culture.gouv.fr) — Preceding unsigned comment added by CocoricoPolynesien (talk • contribs) 20:00, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

Poland
Did he ever visit Poland? Did he speak Polish? He was made a marshal of Poland and this is why I am asking. 2A00:23C7:5882:8201:1B:E11:8CC4:81D6 (talk) 15:48, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

Introduction clarification
This part of the introduction is a confusing run-on sentence.

I would edit it but I don't know anything about the man, and I wouldn't feel comfortable without resources corresponding to the information. Also, other than being names Allied Commanders, the other information doesn't belong in the introduction IMO.

An aggressive commander ['''says who? in what way?], at the First Marne, Flanders and Artois campaigns [they're battles, the Western Front could be considered a campaign] of 1914–1916, Foch became the Allied Commander-in-Chief [this reads as Foch became the allied commander as a result of being aggressive at the mentioned battles, then says he became commander in the face of the German offensive years later; it's unclear'''] in late March 1918 in the face of the all-out German spring offensive, which pushed the Allies back using fresh soldiers and new tactics that trenches could not withstand. MrWrightEsq. (talk) 07:38, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Being named allied commander* MrWrightEsq. (talk) 00:36, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ferdinand Foch


text:
Layap

The Layap (Dzongkha: ལ་ཡཔ་) are an indigenous people inhabiting the high mountains of northwest Bhutan in the village of Laya, in the Gasa District, at an altitude of 3,850 m, just below the Tsendagang peak. Their population in 2003 stood at 1,100. They speak Layakha, a Tibeto-Burman language. Layaps refer to their homeland as Be-yul – "the hidden land."

Dress
Men wear the Bhutanese costume, which consists of a silk or linen garment that is typically colored saffron and red (cf. gho), the women wear black woolen jackets, which reach right down to the ankles. A blue pattern band may also be found at the bottom of their long sleeves.

Religion
The Layap practice a mixture of Bon and Tibetan Buddhism. According to legend, Laya village is the spot where Ngawang Namgyal, the founder of Bhutan, first entered the country.

Particularly unique among the Layap is the extensive tradition of "living defilements" (Dzongkha: soen drep), whereby a ritually impure person is ostracized from social activities. The Layap shun "living defilements" in order not to anger deities, and to avoid physical maladies and livestock plagues. Among ritually impure acts are birth, divorce, and death, including the death of a horse.

Lifestyle
Located near the Tibetan border, the Layap have traditionally engaged in trade. Nowadays that includes the smuggling of bootleg Chinese blankets and plastic goods which are embargoed by the Bhutanese government, but in much demand by Bhutanese villagers.

Traditionally, the Layap lived a semi-nomadic lifestyle, who rearing yaks and dzos, although in recent times small ponies may also be found in the area. Owing to the cold weather at this altitude, few crops can be planted, except for some grasses. Layaps also traditionally pick cordyceps, valuable traditionally medicinal and magical fungi native to the region. With Bhutan's increased environmental protection, Layaps and rural farmers face more challenges protecting their livestock from natural predators, particularly leopards. Layap people also participate in the heavy labor to drain Thorthormi, a glacial lake prone to GLOF flooding. Flooding is a particularly serious threat to the Layap way of life, heavily dependent on livestock and sparse water resources.

Until the 1980s, the Layap lived in near-complete isolation from the world, except for occasional visits to Thimphu or Punakha, which was a five-day walk. Since the new millennium, Laya has been visited by tourists from all over the world. One can see beautifully painted houses fitted with solar panels, and the construction of new schools for the impoverished children. Most villagers are now able to abandon the village in the winter and return in the springtime. Many Layaps now live in permanent settlements complete with modern amenities – from toilets to mobile phones and televisions – thanks to disposable incomes from business and trade. Increasingly, Layap children are attending Bhutanese schools.

Though somewhat modernized, Layaps and other tribal peoples of Bhutan remain a curiosity to the majority of the native population, many of whom lead much more modernized lives. The government encourages pride among Bhutan's tribal groups, and cites them as an example of humans successfully living in harmony with nature.

In traditional Layap culture, casual sex is commonplace and accepted among both males and females, unmarried and married. As a consequence, Layap communities face enormous exposure to syphilis, gonorrhoea, and hepatitis B. Although condoms were somewhat available, almost no Layaps reported safer sex practices through 2009, a trend the government hopes to buffet.

Marriage and family
The Layap are known for their tradition of polyandry, practiced to keep families and property together, although the custom now in decline. The Layap also have a tradition of child marriage, with brides as young as 10 years old. Layap women speaking to media anticipate the increase in schooling among their daughters will result in a decline in child marriages. Many Layap women find healthcare difficult to access during pregnancy due to isolated settlements and nomadic lifestyles. Among the foremost concerns for Layap women is prenatal care.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Layap


text:
French frigate Prairial

Prairial is a Floréal-class frigate (frégate de surveillance) of the French Navy. She is the second ship of the class, and the second French warship named after the ninth month of the Republican Calendar. The ship was constructed by Chantiers de l'Atlantique at Saint-Nazaire, France, in 1992 and entered service in 1993. Prairial is stationed in the French Pacific territories for patrol duties.

Design and description
The Floréal-class frigates were designed in response to a demand for a cheap warship capable of operating in low threat areas and able to perform general patrol functions. As a result, the Floréal class were constructed to mercantile standards in the areas of ammunition stowage, helicopter facilities and damage control, which significantly lowered the cost of the vessels. The Floréal class were designed for using modular construction which shortened their building times.

Prairial has a standard displacement of 2600 LT and 2950 LT at full load. The frigate measures 85.2 m long between perpendiculars and 93.5 m overall with a beam of 14 m and a draught of 4.3 m. Due to the frigate's broad beam, the ship is equipped with fin stabilisers.

The frigate is powered by a combined diesel and diesel (CODAD) system comprising four SEMT Pielstick 6 PA6 L280 BPC diesel engines driving two shafts each turning a LIPS controllable pitch propeller. The CODAD system is rated at 8820 hp The vessel is also equipped with one 272 hp bow thruster. Due to the mercantile construction design, the four diesels are all located within one machinery room for ease of maintenance. Both diesel fuel and TR5 aviation fuel is brought aboard at a single location at the stern compared to naval-constructed vessels which sport two. The ship also has three 750 kW diesel-electrical generators located just fore and aft of the machinery room. Prairial has a maximum speed of 20 kn and a range of 9000 nmi at 15 kn.

Prairial was armed with two Exocet MM38 surface-to-surface missiles in launchers situated centrally atop the midships superstructure. However, at the end of the missile's life cycle in 2014, the launchers were removed as the French Navy did not intend to replace the capability aboard the ships. The ship also mounts one 100 mm CADAM turret with the Najir fire control system located forwards and two 20 mm modèle F2 guns situated in atop the aft superstructure. The ship is equipped with DRBV-21C (Mars) air sentry, Racal Decca RM1290 navigation and Racal Decca RM1290 landing radars along with ARBG-1A Saïgon communications intercept, CSF ARBR 16A radar intercept electronic surveillance systems and two Dagaie decoy systems.

The frigate is equipped with a 30 by helicopter landing pad located on the stern and a 10 by hangar. The ship is capable of operating the embarked Eurocopter AS565 Panther up to sea state 5. However, as late as 2021, Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopters were also being embarked, notably in the Pacific region. In November 2022, the Eurocopter Dauphin N3 was earmarked to replace the Aérospatiale Alouette III on Prairial. The ship has a complement of 90 including the aircrew and officers and 24 marines with capacity for a further 13 personnel.

Construction and career
Prairial was ordered as part of the first pair on 20 January 1989 from Chantiers de l'Atlantique for construction at their yard in Saint-Nazaire, France, and the keel was laid down on 11 September 1990. The frigate was built using modular construction methods which reduced the vessel's construction time. Prairial was launched on 16 March 1991 and commissioned into the French Navy on 20 May 1992. Following sea trials, Prairial sailed for Arsenal de Lorient, Lorient where the weapons and sensors were installed and underwent further trials.

After entering service, Prairial was assigned to the French Pacific territories, based at Tahiti. Prairial was deployed to East Timor as part of the Australian-led INTERFET peacekeeping taskforce from 16 October to 29 November 1999.

On 13 February 2016, the frigate intercepted a 12 m, Panamanian-flagged sailboat in Pacific waters. Three crew members were arrested and 680 kg of cocaine was seized. In July 2016, Prairial participated in RIMPAC 2016, a large multi-national naval exercise off the coast of Hawaii, as the only representative of the European Union.

From 27 July to 2 August 2018, the frigate took part in RIMPAC 2018. In March 2019, Prairial intercepted 800 kg of cocaine after a panga was spotted adrift off the coast of Nicaragua in international waters.

On 22 February 2021, Prairial was deployed from February to March 2021 in the East China Sea to assist in enforcing UN sanctions against North Korea. On 10 March 2021, Prairial reported suspicious illegal ship-to-ship transfers of oil, which was announced by the French Pacific Command (ALPACI).

In June 2022, Prairial sailed to Hawaii for the naval exercise RIMPAC 2022. On 17 July 2022, a helicopter from Prairial assisted in evacuating two seriously injured sailors from the Peruvian corvette BAP Guise to a United States Coast Guard ship during RIMPAC 2022, after the corvette suffered a significant fire during operations. Late in the year, the frigate (with its new Dauphin helicopter embarked) undertook a 36-day deployment in the South Pacific which included exercises with the Chilean Navy and patrol of the British exclusive maritime zone around the Pitcairn Islands.

In March 2023, the frigate was reported to have deployed to the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand and made a port visit in Sihanoukville, Cambodia. In April 2023, Prairial was reported to have transited the Taiwan Strait continuing on to make port visits in South Korea and Japan and conducting exercises with a Japanese frigate.

title: French frigate Prairial


text:
Zarafshon (river)

The Zarafshon (Uzbek & Tajik: Зарафшон, Romanized: Zarafshon) is a river in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan in Central Asia. Its name, "spreader of gold" in Persian, refers to the presence of gold-bearing sands in the upper reaches of the river. To the ancient Greeks it was known as the Polytimetus. It was also formerly known as Sughd River. The river is 877 km long and has a basin area of 17700 km2.

Geographic position
It rises at the Zeravshan Glacier, close to where the Turkestan Range and the Zeravshan Range of the Pamir-Alay mountains meet, in Tajikistan. In its upper course, upstream from its confluence with the Fan Darya, it is also called Matcha. It flows due west for some 300 km, passing Panjakent before entering Uzbekistan at 39.53333°N, 67.45°W, where it turns west-to-north-west, flowing past the legendary city of Samarkand, where it feeds the Dargom Canal, which is entirely dependent on the oasis thus created, until it bends left again to the west north of Navoiy and further to the south-west, passing Bukhara before it is lost in the desert beyond the city of Qorakoʻl (Karakul), not quite reaching the Amu Darya, of which it was formerly a tributary.

title: Zarafshon (river)


text:
Albion Park, New South Wales

Albion Park is a suburb situated in the Macquarie Valley in the City of Shellharbour, which is in turn one of the three local government areas that comprise the Wollongong Metropolitan Area, New South Wales, Australia. Although it is surrounded by a 'green belt' of farms, Albion Park had a population of 13,316 at the.

The Illawarra escarpment is to the west, Dapto is to the north, Jamberoo is to the south and Shellharbour is to the east.

History
On 9 January 1821 the area around Albion Park was part of a grant of land of over 2000 acres given to Samuel Terry, a former convict who became one of the richest men in New South Wales. Terry owned and operated the Terry's Meadows Estate, which operated as a cattle stud. In 1834, Terry suffered from a stroke and died in 1838.

The land was inherited by Samuel Terry's nephew, John Terry Hughes. Hughes renamed the site to Albion Park.

The township began to grow around the centre of the estate. For European settlers, this had been a natural meeting place as it was where the road from Wollongong in the north crossed the road from the timber industry in Calderwood and Tongarra in the west as it ran out towards the port at Shellharbour.

The arrival of the railway line in 1887, and the completion of the road through Macquarie Pass to the Southern Highlands hastened the town's growth.

Heritage listings
Albion Park has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Tullimbar Road: Toongla

Etymology
The term "Albion" is an ancient name of Great Britain. The name was given to the area by John Terry Hughes after originally being known as the Terry's Meadow Estate.

Population
According to the 2021 census of Population, there were 13,826 people in Albion Park.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 4.5% of the population.
 * 84.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 4.2%, New Zealand 0.8%, Scotland 0.6% and Germany 0.6%.
 * 90.4% of people only spoke English at home.
 * The most common responses for religion were No Religion 39.0%, Catholic 24.3%, and Anglican 17.2%.

Trains
In order to avoid the highest parts of the ridge between Albion Park and Minnamurra, the railway needed to keep closer to the shore of Lake Illawarra. After the opening of Albion Park railway station two kilometres to the east in 1887, a new town began to develop next to it, now known as Albion Park Rail.

Roads
The Illawarra Highway runs through Albion Park and joins the Princes Highway just north of the suburb. This road brings many people through the region. Albion Park is also on the most direct link between Jamberoo Action Park and Sydney via the Princes Motorway and thus is directly on the route for those travelling south.

Education
There are currently 4 Primary Schools and 3 High Schools in Albion Park:
 * Albion Park Public School
 * Albion Park High School
 * Mount Terry Public School
 * St. Joseph's Catholic School, Albion Park
 * St. Paul's Catholic Primary School, Albion Park
 * Calderwood Christian School
 * Tullimbar Public School

Recreation
Albion Park is home to the Shellharbour Regional Sporting Complex, which consists of two all-weather hockey fields, several football (rugby league) fields, a multi-purpose indoor basketball stadium, a turf cricket / AFL field, an athletics field, a BMX track, a remote control car racing track, and several tennis courts. A cycleway also courses its way through the Sporting Complex and links it to a polo field and a complex of soccer fields. Albion Park is also home to a Shellharbour Council Swimming Pool, which is open during the summer months and now costs a fee of $2.00 entry, to a pool paid for by the members of the town.

Sport
Albion Park is also home to various sporting teams such as:
 * Albion Park-Oak Flats Eagles
 * Albion Park Hockey Club
 * Albion Park Bowls and Recreation Club
 * Albion Park Cows Football Club
 * Albion Park Cricket Club
 * Albion Park White Eagles
 * Albion Park Crows Junior AFL Club

Museums
Albion Park has the Tongarra Museum, which showcases the history of the region, and the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society Museum located at the Illawarra Regional Airport.

Commercial area
There is a small Vicinity Centres shopping complex in Albion Park. In 2009, the local Council started a program to revitalize the town centre and it has attracted more tourists to the town.

title: Albion Park, New South Wales


text:
French frigate Nivôse

Nivôse is a Floréal-class frigate (frégate de surveillance) of the French Navy. The frigate is the third ship of the class and the fourth French vessel named after the fourth month of the Republican Calendar. Nivôse was constructed by Chantiers de l'Atlantique at Saint-Nazaire, France, in 1991 and entered service in 1992. The frigate is stationed at Réunion in the Indian Ocean for patrol duties.

Design and description
The Floréal-class frigates were designed in response to a demand for a cheap warship capable of operating in low threat areas and able to perform general patrol functions. As a result, the Floréal class were constructed to mercantile standards in the areas of ammunition stowage, helicopter facilities and damage control, which significantly lowered the cost of the vessels. The Floréal class were designed for using modular construction which shortened their building times.

Nivôse has a standard displacement of 2600 LT and 2950 LT at full load. The frigate measures 85.2 m long between perpendiculars and 93.5 m overall with a beam of 14 m and a draught of 4.3 m. Due to the frigate's broad beam, the ship is equipped with fin stabilisers.

The frigate is powered by a combined diesel and diesel (CODAD) system comprising four SEMT Pielstick 6 PA6 L280 BPC diesel engines driving two shafts each turning a LIPS controllable pitch propeller. The CODAD system is rated at 8820 hp The vessel is also equipped with one 272 hp bow thruster. Due to the mercantile construction design, the four diesels are all located within one machinery room for ease of maintenance. Both diesel fuel and TR5 aviation fuel is brought aboard at a single location at the stern compared to naval-constructed vessels which sport two. The ship also has three 750 kW diesel-electric generators located just fore and aft of the machinery room. Nivôse has a maximum speed of 20 kn and a range of 9000 nmi at 15 kn.

Nivôse was armed with two Exocet MM38 surface-to-surface missiles in launchers situated centrally atop the midships superstructure. However, at the end of the missile's life cycle in 2014, the launchers were removed as the French Navy did not intend to replace the capability aboard the ships. The ship also mounts one 100 mm CADAM turret with the Najir fire control system located forwards and two 20 mm modèle F2 guns situated in atop the aft superstructure. The ship is equipped with DRBV-21C (Mars) air sentry, Racal Decca RM1290 navigation and Racal Decca RM1290 landing radars along with ARBG-1A Saïgon communications intercept, CSF ARBR 16A radar intercept electronic surveillance systems and two Dagaie decoy systems.

The frigate is equipped with a 30 by helicopter landing pad located on the stern and a 10 by hangar. The ship is capable of operating the embarked Eurocopter AS565 Panther or Dauphin N3 up to sea state 5. Nivôse is capable of operating helicopters up to the size of the Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma. Based out of Réunion, she most commonly operates the AS565 Panther. The ship has a complement of 90 including the aircrew and officers and 24 marines with capacity for a further 13 personnel.

Construction and career
Nivôse was ordered as part of the second pair on 9 January 1990 from Chantiers de l'Atlantique for construction at their yard in Saint-Nazaire, France, and the keel was laid down on 16 January 1991. The frigate was built using modular construction methods which reduced the vessel's construction time. Nivôse was launched on 10 August 1991 and commissioned into the French Navy on 16 October 1992. Following sea trials, Nivôse sailed for Arsenal de Lorient, Lorient where the weapons and sensors were installed and underwent further trials.

After entering service, Nivôse was based at Port des Galets, Réunion to patrol France's Pacific territories. In December 2000, the frigate caught the fishing vessel Vedra illegally fishing south east of Kerguelen. After taking control of Vedra and heading for Port des Galets, the two ships came upon another vessel, Grand Prince, illegally fishing. Grand Prince was halted and boarded and all three vessels sailed for Réunion. On 27 July 2001, while sailing off the coast of Somalia, Nivôse received a distress call from Diana, which was afire. The crew of Diana had abandoned ship and were in the water in heavy seas. The frigate dispatched its helicopter and the 16 crew were rescued of which 15 were transported to the cargo ship Maersk San Jose. The sixteenth crew member was taken to Nivôse to receive medical treatment. In October 2001, Nivôse was deployed in the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.

In January 2003, Nivôse intercepted and captured the fishing vessel Lince off the Kerguelen coast after it was spotted illegally fishing for toothfish. Lince, a vessel known for illegal fishing, was found to have 160 t of toothfish aboard and was taken to Port des Galets under escort by both Nivôse and the patrol vessel FRENCH PATROL VESSEL La Boudeuse. In March 2004, the frigate was deployed in support of Madagascar after Typhoon Galifo hit the island nation. Later that year in September, Nivôse with the patrol vessel FRENCH PATROL VESSEL La Rieuse, intercepted a flotilla of six Japanese fishing vessels illegally fishing in French waters. Two Japanese ships were boarded, Koryu Maru 38 and Chokyu Maru 38, and 150 t of illegally caught tuna was found in their holds. The two fishing vessels were escorted into Port des Galets. In November 2004, the frigate intercepted the Taiwanese fishing vessel Ruey Shyang 11 after it was spotted illegally fishing 130 mi southwest of Réunion. In 2006, the frigate underwent a three-month long maintenance period at Dubai.

In late 2008, under frigate captain Jean-Marc Le Quilliec, Nivôse was deployed as part of a European Union expeditionary force, Operation Atalanta, in the Gulf of Aden to fight piracy off Somalia. On 12 April 2009, Nivôse relieved her sister ship FRENCH FRIGATE Floréal as part the operation. On 15 April 2009, she captured eleven pirates 900 km east of Mombasa, and thwarted an attack on the Liberian-registered merchantman MV Safmarine Asia. On 3 May 2009, 900 km off Somalia, the crew managed to lure pirates to attack the ship by sailing into the sun to avoid being identified and mistaken for a merchant vessel; as the pirates closed in, Nivôse turned about and launched a helicopter and fast outboard vessels. Eleven pirates were captured. From 5 to 7 March 2010, joining mission forces from France, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain and Sweden, Nivôse intercepted four mother ships and arrested 35 pirates in three days off Somalia. The frigate sank two of the mother ships.

On 29 March 2014, Nivôse intercepted five fishing vessels illegally fishing off Juan de Nova Island. During the night of 29/30 September 2014, Nivôse was severely damaged by a fire off Réunion which broke out in the engine room. Floréal assisted in firefighting operations. The ship was disabled and Nivôse was towed first by Floréal and then by the tugboat Bougainville into Port des Galets. The frigate was taken to Mauritius to undergo repairs. The ship returned to service after nearly 13 months in November 2015.

In March 2019, the frigate and the amphibious assault ship FRENCH SHIP Tonnerre were sent to Mozambique as part of France's response for humanitarian aid after Typhoon Idai hit the nation. On 25 September 2019, Nivôse intercepted a dhow in the Indian Ocean. During the search of the vessel, 2.5 t of cannabis resin was found and seized.

On 6 December 2020, the frigate rendezvoused with the sailing vessel Yes We Cam! during the Vendée Globe 2020–2021 in order to transfer a sailor whose yacht had broken up during the race.

From October to December 2022, Nivôse conducted a two-month patrol in the region, including carrying out sovereignty protection operations around Mayotte and operating in conjunction with the La Fayette-class frigate FRENCH FRIGATE Aconit in anti-drug trafficking operations.

title: French frigate Nivôse


text:
Andel

Andel or Anděl may refer to:
 * Andel, Netherlands, a village in the municipality of Altena
 * Angel Award (Czech music) (Czech: cena Anděl)
 * Anděl (neighborhood), a part of the Czech capital Prague
 * Anděl (Prague Metro), a metro station in the Anděl neighborhood of Prague
 * Andel, Côtes-d'Armor, a commune in France
 * Anděl (crater), a lunar crater
 * Andel, one of the main antagonists of the Arc the Lad (series) video game series
 * Andel (company), a Danish energy and telecoms company formerly known as SEAS-NVE
 * Anděl (surname), a Czech surname

title: Andel


text:
Star Smashers of the Galaxy Rangers

Star Smashers of the Galaxy Rangers is a 1973 comic science fiction novel by American writer Harry Harrison. It is a parody of the space opera genre and in particular, the Lensman and Skylark series of E. E. "Doc" Smith. The main characters are homages to Tom Swift Jr. and his buddy, Bud Barclay. It also includes a homage to Larry Niven's Ringworld (1970).

Plot
Two college students, Chuck van Chider and his friend Jerry Courtenay, accidentally invent a device that can transport them through space, powered by a substance called "Cheddite", which is created by irradiating cheddar cheese.

Chuck, Jerry, their apparent mutual love interest Sally Goodfellow, and their janitor-turned-KGB spy Old John find themselves transported to Titan, a moon of Saturn, where they must contend with the native Titanians. Later, through a bizarre chain of events, they are flung into the far reaches of the galaxy, where they become involved in an intergalactic war that could change the universe forever. By the end of the novel, they have returned to Earth, where Chuck and Jerry are revealed as gay lovers.

Reception
Science fiction writer Theodore Sturgeon, describing the novel as "a Tom Swiftian, gee-whiz parody of the very worst that our severest and most ignorant critics lay on us," concluded that "I love this kind of thing at short-short length."

Wayne Barlowe included the Garnishee of Star Smashers of the Galaxy Rangers as one of the alien species he covered in Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials (1979).

title: Star Smashers of the Galaxy Rangers


text: User talk:68.162.81.78

title: User talk:68.162.81.78


text:
French frigate Ventôse

Ventôse is a Floréal-class frigate (frégate de surveillance) of the French Navy. The frigate is the fourth ship of its class, and the first French vessel named after Ventôse, the fifth month of the Republican Calendar. The ship was constructed by Chantiers de l'Atlantique at Saint-Nazaire, France, in 1991–1992 and entered service in 1993. Ventôse is stationed in the French Caribbean Sea territories for patrol duties.

Design and description
The Floréal-class frigates were designed in response to a demand for a cheap warship capable of operating in low threat areas and able to perform general patrol functions. As a result, the Floréal class were constructed to mercantile standards in the areas of ammunition stowage, helicopter facilities and damage control, which significantly lowered the cost of the vessels. The Floréal class were designed for using modular construction which shortened their building times.

Ventôse has a standard displacement of 2600 LT and 2950 LT at full load. The frigate measures 85.2 m long between perpendiculars and 93.5 m overall with a beam of 14 m and a draught of 4.3 m. Due to the frigate's broad beam, the ship is equipped with fin stabilisers.

The frigate is powered by a combined diesel and diesel (CODAD) system comprising four SEMT Pielstick 6 PA6 L280 BPC diesel engines driving two shafts each turning a LIPS controllable pitch propeller. The CODAD system is rated at 8820 hp The vessel is also equipped with one 272 hp bow thruster. Due to the mercantile construction design, the four diesels are all located within one machinery room for ease of maintenance. Both diesel fuel and TR5 aviation fuel is brought aboard at a single location at the stern compared to naval-constructed vessels which sport two. The ship also has three 750 kW diesel-electric generators located just fore and aft of the machinery room. Ventôse has a maximum speed of 20 kn and a range of 9000 nmi at 15 kn.

Ventôse was armed with two Exocet MM38 surface-to-surface missiles in launchers situated centrally atop the midships superstructure. However, at the end of the missile's life cycle in 2014, the launchers were removed as the French Navy did not intend to replace the capability aboard the ships. The ship also mounts one 100 mm CADAM turret with the Najir fire control system located forwards and two 20 mm modèle F2 guns situated in atop the aft superstructure. The ship is equipped with DRBV-21C (Mars) air sentry, Racal Decca RM1290 navigation and Racal Decca RM1290 landing radars along with ARBG-1A Saïgon communications intercept, CSF ARBR 16A radar intercept electronic surveillance systems and two Dagaie decoy systems.

The frigate is equipped with a 30 by helicopter landing pad located on the stern and a 10 by hangar. The ship is capable of operating the embarked Eurocopter AS565 Panther up to sea state 5. Ventôse is capable of operating helicopters up to the size of the Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma. The ship has a complement of 90 including the aircrew and officers and 24 marines with capacity for a further 13 personnel.

Construction and career
Ventôse was ordered as part of the second pair on 9 January 1990 from Chantiers de l'Atlantique for construction at their yard in Saint-Nazaire, France, and the keel was laid down on 28 June 1991. The frigate was built using modular construction methods which reduced the vessel's construction time. Ventôse was launched on 14 March 1992 and commissioned into the French Navy on 5 May 1993. Following sea trials, Ventôse sailed for Arsenal de Lorient, Lorient where the weapons and sensors were installed and underwent further trials.

Ventôse is stationed in the Caribbean Sea to patrol French oversea territories in the region. The vessel was assigned to the French Antilles, stationed at Martinique. In 2005, in the aftermath of the Hurricane Katrina disaster in the United States, the frigate was offered as part of the French response. However, the United States declined France's offer. In June 2009, Ventôse took part in the recovery operation for the Air France Flight 447 which crashed some 960 km off the northeast coast of Brazil.

On 6 and 7 January 2012, Ventôse intercepted two sailboats, Jo Ann Moore and Sangria, 600 nmi off Guadeloupe. Jo Ann Moore was stopped first and searched, with its four crew apprehended. Leaving a small party aboard the sailboat, the frigate made off to the southwest to catch up with the second sailboat, Sangria. The three crew members on board Sangria were arrested and 45 bundles comprising 1.2 t of cocaine were seized. On 30 November 2012, Ventôse was alerted to the presence of a smuggler's go-fast boat by an American patrol aircraft. The smugglers were forcibly stopped and three crew were arrested along with the seizure of 838 kg of cocaine.

In June 2015, the frigate stopped a go-fast boat and seized 20 kg of marijuana. On 3–4 June, Ventôse moved to intercept the Anguillan-flagged coastal trading vessel Lady Margaret, suspected of smuggling. Lady Margaret was stopped without incident and the boarding party from Ventôse uncovered 524 kg of marijuana, which was destroyed. In September 2017, Ventôse, with sister ship FRENCH FRIGATE Germinal, was deployed to Saint Martin after the island was hit by Hurricane Irma.

From October to November 2018, Ventôse trained with the Guyana Defence Force, then stopping at Belém, Brazil before spending the rest of the time off West Africa as part of Operation Corymbe, the permanent French mission to the Gulf of Guinea. On 26–27 May 2019 Ventôse intercepted a suspected smuggling go-fast boat off Dominica. Two smugglers were arrested and 416 kg of cocaine was seized. In January 2023 the frigate intercepted a fishing vessel in the Caribbean and seized 320 kg of illegally trafficked cannabis. In September 2023, Ventôse deployed to the Gulf of Guinea and was involved in an operation which seized 2.4 t of cocaine from smugglers.

title: French frigate Ventôse


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hua Shang Daily

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 10:51, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Hua Shang Daily
Non-notable defunct Chinese newspaper. Possible copyvio for the picture? Radiant! 11:03, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * verify, and keep if the newspaper existed. dab (ᛏ) 11:47, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and Merge to nanfang daily. Nateji77 14:28, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no longer exists, not notable. Megan1967 23:18, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The newspaper does still exist, according to a mention from Bloomberg . Picture copyvio is not an issue as it's not handled under VfD. You might want to see Images for deletion for that. --Andylkl 19:16, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Alrighty, think I'd vote to keep it. --Andylkl 05:24, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Radiant! on what basis do you claim it to be non-notable? Just that notability isn't established? If, indeed, it is defunct, that shouldn't have much bearing on the matter: an encyclopedia isn't only about what exists right now. (If another newspaper is using the same name, the article should discuss both.) Keep: I tend to assume newspapers are notable, unless someone has a good argument to the contrary. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:22, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Er, yes. I should have written 'notability not established'. I assumed it was one of those small-circulation mostly-advertising papers. Especially since big newspapers rarely become defunct. But since that was mistaken, keep. Radiant! 13:17, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge. Predecessor to the biggest newspaper in Guangzhou (off the top of my head circulation of 3 million), was a mouthpiece of the Communist Party of China in Hong Kong until 1949 until the whole thing was moved to Guangzhou and renamed Nanfang Daily. Whether this needs a merger is an argument for another day. By the way the pic is from here Pic link on the homepage of Nanfang Daily. --JuntungWu 08:35, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - David Gerard 23:23, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, spurious notability. JamesBurns 10:31, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Howard Kester

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 10:51, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Howard Kester
Fails to establish notability. Also the fact that he worked for the Southern Tenant Farmer's Union (STFU) makes it sound like a hoax. Radiant! 11:03, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I will happily admit that I had never heard of Kester before, but a small amount of searching brings up the following book: Robert F. Martin, Howard Kester and the Struggle for Social Justice in the South, 1904-77 (Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1991). A look at a review of the book in the Journal of Southern History 1992 also confirms the thing about the Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU). / u p p l a n d 16:46, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This article establishes his notablility, and the STFU thing is just an amusing coincidence in acronyms. EggplantWizard 16:52, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, keep. There're only 26^4 four-letter acronyms, after all, and he seems notable enough. DS 17:06, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. would you please at least do a google on someone before listing them.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 21:17, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Please keep down the swearing? Fyi, the first things that came up in google are an essay site, a golf club, a radio station, a university, and a church. That didn't sound very coherent. And I figured the STFU was likely a hoax. Evidently I was wrong, but that's what the VfD procedure is for. Radiant! 22:31, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Extremely obvious keep, although I must admit this is the most hillarious VfD nomination I've voted on all week. No — scratch that — all month.  —RaD Man (talk) 21:58, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * See comment above. And for fun, try googling 'stfu' :) Radiant! 22:31, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Southern Tenant Farmer's Union for example pulls up "Results 1 - 100 of about 92,700 for Southern Tenant Farmer's Union." proof its not a hoax.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 22:35, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe so but a Google search for "Howard Kester" with "Southern Tenant Farmer's Union" pulls up only 26 Google hits. I'm going to vote Delete on this. Megan1967 02:37, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and for future reference, vfd voters please familairize yourselves with this article. Gamaliel 07:19, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Notable farmers activist. Article needs to be wikified. I second Gamaliel's call for civility nd wikiquette. Capitalistroadster 10:09, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Ridiculous nomination - David Gerard 23:29, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I had already explained and withdrawn the nomination before you posted this. It is not ridiculous, it was merely mistaken. Please be civil about it. Radiant! 11:18, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Legitimate article. Acronym's similarity to a common crude abbreviation is just an amusing coincidence.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:59, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, spurious notability. JamesBurns 10:29, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Stone Lud

The Stone Lud is a standing stone in the parish of Bower in Caithness, in the Highland area of Scotland. It is located and about 7 km south of Castletown.

The stone has been claimed as the grave stone of Ljot Thorfinnsson, the 10th century earl of Orkney. At about 3 m from ground level, however, it seems rather taller than anything the 10th century Norse are likely to have used. It is one of the more impressive standing stones in Caithness and has mass and size to compare with those of the Ring of Brodgar in Orkney. Also it is one of two stones, of which the second is now fallen, about 30 m from the first. When erect the second is supposed to have been behind the first as seen from the direction of the northern hemisphere summer solstice sunset.

In The Standing Stones of Caithness (2003) Leslie J Myatt gives the alignment of the stones as 322 degrees, from the fallen stone to the still standing stone. This alignment may appear to suggest a summer solstice sunset which is too far north for the latitude. However, at about 75 m, the altitude of the stones is quite high with respect to an Atlantic horizon which is visible on this bearing. The sunset alignment differs from that of Maeshowe, a chambered cairn in Orkney, which is built so that sunlight will penetrate the cairn at the time of the winter solstice sunset.

The name of Ljot is very close to that of Lot or Loth, the mythic King of Orkney and Lothian in Arthurian legend, and in Celtic Myths and Legends (1912), Charles Squire identifies Lot as a late incarnation of a British god who is remembered in medieval Welsh legend as Lludd Llaw Eraint. Modern scholars are more skeptical of this connection.

title: Stone Lud


text:
Polytechnic University of Milan

The Polytechnic University of Milan (Politecnico di Milano, abbreviated as Polimi) is the largest technical university in Italy, with about 42,000 students. The university offers undergraduate, graduate and higher education courses in engineering, architecture and design. Founded in 1863, it is the oldest university in Milan.

The Polytechnic University of Milan has two main campuses in the city of Milan, Italy, where the majority of the research and teaching activities are located, as well as other satellite campuses in five other cities across the Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna regions. The central offices and headquarters are located in the historical campus of Città Studi in Milan, which is also the largest, active since 1927.

According to the QS World University Rankings for the subject area 'Engineering & Technology', it ranked in 2022 as the 13th best in the world. It ranked 6th worldwide for Design, 9th for Civil and Structural Engineering, 9th for Mechanical, Aerospace Engineering and 7th for Architecture. Its notable alumni or professors include Nobel laureate Giulio Natta, engineer, inventor and aeronautical pioneer Enrico Forlanini, engineer Amalia Ercoli Finzi, novelist Carlo Emilio Gadda and architects Renzo Piano and Aldo Rossi.

History
The Polytechnic University of Milan was founded on 29 November 1863 by Francesco Brioschi, secretary of the Ministry of Education and rector of the University of Pavia. It is the oldest university in Milan. Its original name was Istituto Tecnico Superiore ("Higher Technical Institute") and only Civil and Industrial Engineering were taught. Architecture, the second main line of study at the university, was introduced in 1865 in cooperation with the Brera Academy.

There were only 30 students admitted in the first year. Over the decades, most of the students were men: the first female graduate from the university was in 1913.

In 1927 the university moved to piazza Leonardo da Vinci, in the district now known as Città studi (City of Studies), where the university's main facilities are still today. At the time, it was named Regio Politecnico ("Royal Polytechnic"). The word Regio was removed as Italy was proclaimed a republic at the end of World War II. The historical building still in use today was designed and built by engineers and architects all graduated from the university itself.

The present logo, based on a detail of the preparatory sketch of Raphael's School of Athens, was adopted in 1942. Until then, there was no official logo for the institution.

In 1954, the first European centre of electronic computation was opened at the university by Gino Cassinis and Ercole Bottani. In 1963 Giulio Natta received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on crystalline polymers, polypropylene in particular. In 1977, the satellite Sirio, jointly developed by the university and other companies, was launched.

Since the end of the 1980s, the university has begun a process of territorial expansion that would have resulted in the opening of its satellite campuses in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna. A university program in industrial design was started in 1993. In 2000, the university's faculty of design was created with new courses in undergraduate and postgraduate programs of graphic & visual, fashion and interior design along with the already existent industrial design.

In April 2012, the university announced that, beginning in 2014, all graduate courses would be taught only in English. This decision was then partially revised, after the decision of the Italian Supreme Court, that stated the Italian language could not be totally abolished nor downgraded to a marginal role.

Campuses
The University is spread over seven campuses: two main campuses in Milan and another five satellite campuses across Lombardy (Lecco, Cremona, Mantua) and Emilia Romagna (Piacenza).

Milan Leonardo
Milan Leonardo is the oldest of the university's campuses still in use. The first buildings on Piazza Leonardo da Vinci were inaugurated in 1927. Over the years, the complex has been expanded and is now generally referred to as "Città Studi", City of Studies, which also refers to some faculties of the University of Milan in the same area. The campus extends over several streets: Leonardo, Bonardi, Clericetti, Mancinelli, Gran Sasso and Colombo.

The Leonardo Campus is the main campus of the university and comprises the central administration offices, the rectorate, and most of the research departments.

Milan Bovisa
The Milan Bovisa campus is located in the Bovisa district of Milan and became active in 1989; campus Bovisa is today composed of campus Durando, opened in 1994, and campus La Masa, inaugurated in 1997. The first is the seat of the School of Design, while the second is dedicated to Industrial, Mechanical, Aerospace, and Energy Engineering faculties. Bovisa also houses the related research facilities, including the wind tunnel.

Other campuses
The first satellite campuses opened in 1987 in Como and in 1989 in Lecco. During the 1990s other three branches opened in Cremona (1991), Mantua (1994), and Piacenza (1997).

Academics
The Polytechnic University of Milan offers several three-year undergraduate courses, two-year graduate courses, one-year master courses and PhD programs in the fields of engineering, architecture and design. The university offers 32 first level (Bachelor) degree programs.

The academic year is divided into two terms, or semesters, the first from mid-September to late January and the second from March to late June. There are 3 exam sessions: those at the end of each semester (in February and July) and one more in September. Students need to achieve 60 "university credits" (CFU or Crediti Formativi Universitari) per year during their Bachelor's and master's degrees. Therefore, the 3-years Bachelor requires 180 credits while the 2-years Master 120. The university, like most universities in Italy, is organized to comply with the framework of the Bologna Process.

The university maintains several relations with foreign universities and offers a wide range of international projects for student exchange, The university encourages the enrollment of foreign students by providing several courses in English, German and Spanish. It participates in the ENTREE network for student exchange among Electrical Engineering colleges in Europe and it is a member of Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) network.

The Alta Scuola Politecnica is a joint institution of the Polytechnic University of Milan and Polytechnic University of Turin addressed to young talents who want to develop their interdisciplinary capabilities for leading and promoting innovation, and runs in parallel to the two-year programs of laurea magistrale (graduate courses).

International opportunities
PoliMi offers several opportunities for students that want to integrate their studies with an experience outside Italy. Some of them are:
 * ATHENS Programme
 * ERASMUS Programme
 * Erasmus Mundus Programme
 * Master of European Design
 * Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space Universities
 * UNITECH International
 * Double degree with Tongji University, Shanghai, China
 * Global Engineering Education Exchange

PhD students may also take advantage of "Progetto Rocca MIT-PoliMi Program", an international program that allows them to spend a visit period working at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Rankings
According to the QS World University Rankings the university is ranked as 137th overall in the world, the first Italian university in this ranking. By field of study, it is ranked 5th for Design, 11th for Architecture, and 16th for Engineering and Technology. More specifically, it was also ranked as the 7th best university in the world regarding civil and structural engineering topics.

As for Italian national rankings, the university was ranked the best university for Engineering and among the top big universities in Italy in the CENSIS-Repubblica Italian University rankings for the academic year 2011–2012. In 2009 an Italian research ranked it as the best in Italy over indicators such as scientific production, the attraction of foreign students, and others.

Engineering
The admission in the undergraduate program in engineering at the university is bound to an admission test, aimed to verify the starting preparation of every student. The main goal of this test is to point out the lacks of aspiring students and, in case, to assign them an extra course. Only some programs have a strictly limited number of places, even if the Academic Senate fixes an approximate maximum number of students for every program. The admission test for any Engineering school, except Construction Engineering, is divided in four parts, each about one of the following general subject: English Language; Logic, Mathematics and Statistics; Verbal Comprehension; Physics.

Architecture, Design and Construction Engineering
Architecture, Design and Construction Engineering schools have a limited number of students admitted every year and the selection is based on a national test administered by the Ministry of Education. The test is divided into five parts, each about one of the following general subject: Logic and General Knowledge; History; Drawing and Representation; Mathematics and Physics.

Graduate programs
Admission to the graduate programs in the university requires an undergraduate degree and a set of requirements specific for each school, such as the time spent in obtaining the undergraduate degree or the grade point average scored during the undergraduate program.

The university also offers courses of study for the title of Dottore di Ricerca (PhD), MBA courses, and other postgraduate courses. MIP Business School is one of the most prominent management schools in Italy and was ranked as the 96th best business school in the world by Financial Times in 2011.

Departments
The Polytechnic University of Milan is organized in 12 departments:

 * Architecture and Urban Studies (DASTU)
 * Architecture and Civil Engineering of the Built Environment (DABC)
 * Chemistry, Chemical, and Material Engineering "GIULIO NATTA" (DCMC)
 * Design (DESIGN)
 * Electronics, Information Technology, and Bioengineering (DEIB)
 * Energy (DENG)
 * Physics (DFIS)
 * Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA)
 * Management, Economics, and Industrial Engineering (DIG)
 * Mathematics (DMAT)
 * Mechanical Engineering (DMEC)
 * Aerospace Engineering and Technology (DAER)

Library System and publishing
The library system of the university counts more than 470,000 records distributed over the libraries in the campuses. The system comprises four central libraries along with teaching libraries (department libraries). The titles registered in the library system can be searched through an online public access catalogue (OPAC).

Since autumn 2004, the Polytechnic University of Milan has owned a publishing trademark, Polipress, created mainly to publish researches by the university community. Polipress publishes also the free Politecnico periodical.

Scientific research
The Polytechnic University of Milan participates in European and international networks of scientific research. In the year 2004 alone, about 60 large scale, multi-year international research projects have been initiated or participated by the university, just in the context of the European Research framework. As of 2012, the university takes part in over 132 current FP7 research projects. The University raised almost 80% of its research funds from external sources in 2008, from participation in national and international calls for proposals by its researchers and from research contracts stipulated with companies. The Polytechnic University of Milan was the first university in Italy for total number of European research funding awarded under the Horizon 2020 program, with 296 projects and a total of €125.7 million.

The university has a long history of research. Many scientists working in the university have received awards and recognition by the scientific community: among them, the most famous is Giulio Natta, the only Italian Nobel laureate for Chemistry, in 1963, who was the head of the Department of Industrial Chemistry. The University also operated the first research nuclear reactor in Italy, the 50 kW LM54, from 1959 to 1979 in the "Enrico Fermi Nuclear Research Institute" and now operates several important laboratories such as one of the biggest wind tunnels in Europe.

As of 2005, a number of professors at the Polytechnic University of Milan are ACM or IEEE fellows. The university participates in associations and consortia for applied research, has offices to assist technological transfers and continuing education for professionals. The university supports the establishment of research spin-offs (20 spin-offs from 2000 to today), and also of high-tech companies during their start-up phase, with a structure named Acceleratore d'Impresa (Start-up Incubator).

According to the SIR 2013 World Report about the quality of scientific research produced, the university has a normalized impact factor of 1.42, and 16.62% of the articles produced fall within the 10% most cited in the international bibliography.

Governance
The Rector, the Academic Senate and the Board of Directors (Consiglio di Amministrazione) are the governing bodies of the university. Internal Financial Auditors (Collegio dei revisori dei conti) controls the management and finance of the University. There are several other consulting bodies, among them the Students' Council, which is directly elected by students and serves in an advisory role.

The Rector represents the University and coordinates the Academic and Research activity. The tenure of the Rector is six years and can serve only one term.

Student life
Tuition fees at the Polytechnic University of Milan depend on each student's family income. They range between about 150 €/year and 3726 €/year. Students with an outstanding GPA (usually ≥ 27/30 or 29/30) are granted partial or full rebates, in addition to various kinds of scholarships. There are many scholarships for international students as part of the recent university internationalization strategy.

Most Italian universities do not offer accommodation for their students on campus. The university manages a limited number of approximately 2000 beds available for students. Most students from outside the city are either commuters or renters. It is common for both Italian and international students to share flats due to the expensive real-estate market of the city.

All the university campuses are covered by a Wi-Fi network, connected and interoperable with the Eduroam service.

Organizations
The Istituto per il Diritto allo Studio Universitario (ISU) manages additional student facilities such as scholarships, student housing, open libraries, lending of computers, cafeterias and study spaces.

Educafe is a cultural center in the Leonardo campus, where students can meet and events are held regularly.

Among the student organizations:
 * BEST Milano (Board of European Students of Technology) a European non-profit and politically neutral organization, focus on Empowered diversity, done by students for the students and present in more than 30 countries.
 * ESN (Erasmus Student Network) a non-profit organization, gathering exchange students and encouraging exchange projects.
 * Euroavia, an organization founded to gather aerospace students of the Polytechnic University of Milan and make easy to contact other aerospace students in Europe.
 * Associazione Ingegneri Ambiente e Territorio (Environment and Territory Engineers Association), a student association composed by students in Environmental Engineering.
 * Teatro delle Biglie ('Theatre of the Marbles'), an independent non-profit organization, born as a theatre association.
 * POuL (Politecnico Open Unix Labs), a student association for students interested in promoting open source and free software.
 * POLI.RADIO is the student web radio.
 * IEEE Student Branch of the Polytechnic University of Milan.
 * BEA – Biomedical Engineering Association, an independent bioengineering students organization to create a network between students and professors, to promote activities and projects
 * Skyward Experimental Rocketry, an association with the goal of design and developing small sounding rockets and unmanned aerial vehicles.
 * Physis PEB.

Professional opportunities and statistics
The 2007 graduate survey shows that 80% of graduates of the Polytechnic University of Milan find a job within three months from graduation, and almost 95% within six months. The figures are similar for the bachelor and the masters level graduates. A specialized "Career Service" facilitates contacts between graduates and the industry, it invites companies for presentations and prepares statistics about graduated students. It posts several stage and job offers every day both for students and graduates.

Approximately 55% of undergraduate students complete their studies on time, and approximately 80% of them graduate within an additional year. Similar figures apply to graduate students.

Student politics
Students at the university elect representatives in the Academic Senate, the Board of Directors and in the Boards of Schools. Currently, there are four main political groups in student elections: There are also other smaller groups. However, participation in student elections is generally low, as a result of low participation in extra academical activities. In the last elections, it figured out a new wave of interest, with 20% of participation (after the 16% of the previous ones).
 * La Terna Sinistrorsa ("The left-hand coordinate system"), the left-wing organization. The name is a pun on the Cartesian three-dimensional coordinate system.
 * Lista aperta per il diritto allo studio ("Open list for the right to study"), a movement based on the value of student's quality, generally considered as conservative because of its affinity to the Catholicism and Communion and Liberation, even if it defines itself as not politically oriented;
 * Svoltastudenti – La Students' Union del Politecnico di Milano ("The Students' Union of the Polytechnic University of Milan"), which takes inspiration from the Anglo-Saxon student-groups, is not politically oriented or religiously sided and its main purpose is to provide services to students.
 * Studenti Indipendenti ("Independent Students")

Notable alumni

 * Franco Albini (architect, designer, and academic, 1905–1977)
 * Maria Artini (first female university graduate in electrical engineering in Italy and the second female engineering graduate of the Milan Polytechnic, 1894–1951)
 * Sergio Asti (1926–1921)
 * Gae Aulenti (architect and designer 1927–2012)
 * Mario Bellini (architect and designer, b. 1935)
 * Chiara Bisagni (aerospace engineer)
 * Andrea Branzi (architect and designer, b. 1938)
 * Cini Boeri (architect and designer, 1924–2020)
 * Gaetanina Calvi (in 1913 the first woman to graduate in engineering from the Milan Polytechnic)
 * Anna Castelli Ferrieri (architect and designer, 1918–2006)
 * Achille Castiglioni (architect and designer, 1918–2002)
 * Enrico Castiglioni (engineer and architect, 1914–2000)
 * Livio Castiglioni (architect and designer, 1911–1979)
 * Pier Giacomo Castiglioni (architect and designer, 1913–1968)
 * Claudio Ciborra (organizational theorist, 1951–2005)
 * Antonio Citterio (architect and designer, b. 1950)
 * Giampaolo Dallara (engineer and entrepreneur, b. 1936)
 * Carla De Benedetti (photographer and photojournalist, 1932–2013)
 * Elio (musician, b. 1961)
 * Amedeo Felisa (businessman, b. 1946)
 * Gianfranco Ferré (fashion designer, 1944–2007)
 * Enrico Forlanini (engineer and inventor, 1848–1930)
 * Stelio Frati (aeronautical engineer, 1919–2010)
 * Emanuela Frattini Magnusson (architect and designer, b. 1959)
 * Gianfranco Frattini (architect and designer 1926–2004)
 * Chiara Fumai (performance artist 1978-2017)
 * Carlo Emilio Gadda (engineer and writer, 1893–1973)
 * Francesco Giavazzi (economist, b. 1949)
 * Vittorio Gregotti (architect, 1927–2020)
 * Franca Helg (architect and designer, 1920–1989)
 * Piero Lissoni (architect and designer, b. 1956)
 * Italo Lupi (graphic designer and writer 1934–2023)
 * Vico Magistretti (industrial designer and architect, 1920–2006)
 * Angelo Mangiarotti (architect and industrial designer, 1921–2012)
 * Alberto Meda (engineer and designer, b. 1935 )
 * Giulio Natta (chemist and Nobel Laureate, 1903–1979)
 * Gilbert Daniel Nessim (chemist, b. 1966)
 * Adriano Olivetti (chemical engineer and entrepreneur, 1901–1960)
 * Antonio Pedotti (bioengineer)
 * Giovanni Pellegrini (architect, 1908–1995)
 * Stefano Pessina (billionaire businessman, b. 1941)
 * Nicola Pezzetta (architect and artist, b. 1963)
 * Renzo Piano (architect, b. 1937)
 * Giovanni Battista Pirelli (entrepreneur, 1848–1932)
 * Gio Ponti (architect, 1891–1979)
 * Adele Racheli (first woman engineering graduate, founder of patent protection office 1897–1992)
 * Ernesto Nathan Rogers (architect, 1909–1969)
 * Aldo Rossi (architect, 1931–1997)
 * Francesco Starace (business executive, b. 1955)
 * Saul Steinberg (cartoonist and illustrator, 1914–1999)
 * Giuseppe Terragni (architect, 1904–1943)
 * Angelo Torricelli (architect, b. 1946)
 * Patricia Urquiola (architect and designer, b.1961)
 * Massimo Vignelli (designer, 1931–2014)
 * Tatiana Wedenison (in 1888 the first woman in Italy to attempt an engineering degree and the first to enroll at Politecnico, 1864–?)
 * Marco Zanuso (architect and designer, 1916–2001)

title: Polytechnic University of Milan


text:
User talk:Jpp

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Selphie 11:06, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) *talk*

Hello Selphie, thank you for your welcome. Since I'm usually only active in the german Wikipedia, it took some time, until I noticed it. --jpp 09:28, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Germany Invitation
--Zeitgespenst (talk) 03:12, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jpp


text:
Heinrich Balss

Heinrich Balss (3 June 1886 – 17 September 1957) was a German zoologist, specialising in Crustacea, especially decapods. He was chief conservator at the Zoologische Staatssammlung ("State Zoology Collection") at the University of Munich, and wrote the sections on decapods and stomatopods in Heinrich Georg Bronn's seminal work Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs ("Classes and Orders of the Animal Kingdom").

A number of taxa are named in his honour:
 * Balssia Kemp, 1922
 * Podocallichirus balssi (Monod, 1935)
 * Detocarcinus balssi (Monod, 1956)
 * Trizocheles balssi (Stebbing, 1914)
 * Rhynchocinetes balssi Gordon, 1936
 * Ctenocheles balssi Kishinouye, 1926
 * Lebbeus balssi Hayashi, 1992
 * Galathea balssi S. Miyake & K. Baba, 1964

title: Heinrich Balss


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Humalia Akrawy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Humalia Akrawy
Not really a notable person, although she has had a tragic history with many family deaths. Her age of fourteen makes her accomplishment of becoming a USA Lieutenant unlikely. Seems veiled right-wing propaganda. Not encyclopedic. Radiant! 11:10, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, Tragic history but not encyclopædic. Inter 12:48, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - the only sources I could find for this were interviews posted on the web by political lobbyists. No mention of the name in any of the larger news services.  Suspect this is glurge, delete - TB 14:27, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 14:32, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unencyclopedic. And glurge is a great word. —Korath (Talk) 17:41, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the article [|here] gives her age as 23, contradicting the source article (which has her only 14); the subject of a single interview, even if it has been blogged a few times, is not notable -- Dpm64 03:26, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:62.25.106.209

 * This IP address is part of the range 62.25.96.0 - 62.25.111.255 owned by Cable & Wireless Worldwide. It is used to provide internet access for UK Government departments via one-to-many network address translation. See also 195.92.40.49.

November 2016
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Patrick Swayze. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Keri (talk) 19:32, 2 November 2016 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

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title: User talk:62.25.106.209