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Hemeralopia

Hemeralopia (from Greek ημέρα hemera, "day", and αλαός alaos, "blindness") is the inability to see clearly in bright light and is the exact opposite of nyctalopia (night blindness), the inability to see clearly in low light. Hemera was the Greek goddess of day, and Nyx was the goddess of night. However, it has been used in an opposite sense by many non-English-speaking doctors. It can be described as insufficient adaptation to bright light. It is also called "heliophobia" and "day blindness".

In hemeralopia, daytime vision gets worse, characterised by photoaversion (dislike/avoidance of light) rather than photophobia (eye discomfort/pain in light), which is typical of inflammations of the eye. Nighttime vision largely remains unchanged due to the use of rods as opposed to cones (during the day), which are affected by hemeralopia and in turn degrade the daytime optical response. Hence, many patients feel they see better at dusk than in daytime.

Causes
Hemeralopia is known to occur in several ocular conditions. Cone dystrophy and achromatopsia, affecting the cones in the retina, and the anti-epileptic drug trimethadione are typical causes. Adie's pupil, which fails to constrict in response to light; aniridia, which is absence of the iris; and albinism, where the iris is defectively pigmented, may also cause this. Central cataracts, due to the lens clouding, disperses the light before it can reach the retina and is a common cause of hemeralopia and photoaversion in the elderly. Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), seen when certain cancers incite the production of deleterious antibodies against retinal components, may cause hemeralopia.

Another known cause is a rare genetic condition called Cohen syndrome (aka Pepper syndrome). Cohen syndrome is mostly characterized by obesity, mental retardation and craniofacial dysmorphism due to genetic mutation at locus 8q22–23. Rarely, it may have ocular complications such as hemeralopia, pigmentary chorioretinitis, optic atrophy or retinal/iris coloboma, having a serious effect on the person's vision.

Yet another cause of hemeralopia is uni- or bilateral postchiasmatic brain injury. This may also cause concomitant nyctalopia.

Management
People with hemeralopia may benefit from sunglasses. Wherever possible, environmental illumination should be adjusted to comfortable level. Light-filtering lenses appear to help in people reporting photophobia.

Otherwise, treatment relies on identifying and treating any underlying disorder.

title: Hemeralopia


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Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics/9

From the Nuttall encyclopedia (Project Gutenberg):

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics/9


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Uday Shankar

Uday Shankar (born Uday Shankar Choudhary; 8 December 1900 – 26 September 1977) was an Indian dancer and choreographer, best known for creating a fusion style of dance, adapting European theatrical techniques to Indian classical dance, imbued with elements of Indian classical, folk, and tribal dance, which he later popularised in India, Europe, and the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. He was a pioneer of modern dance in India.

In 1962, he was awarded by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's The National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama, with its highest award, the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship for lifetime achievement, and in 1971, the Govt. of India, awarded him its second highest civilian award the Padma Vibhushan.

Early life and education
Uday Shankar Chowdhury was born in Udaipur, Rajasthan, the eldest son of an Brahmin family with origins in Narail (present-day Bangladesh). His father Shyam Shankar Chowdhury, a noted barrister, was employed with the Maharaja of Jhalawar in Rajasthan at the time of his eldest son's birth, and his mother Hemangini Devi was descended from a zamindari family. His father was granted the title, 'Harchowdhury' by the Maharajas, but he preferred to use the surname 'Chowdhury' minus 'Har.' Uday's younger brothers were Rajendra Shankar, Debendra Shankar, Bhupendra Shankar and Ravi Shankar. Of his siblings, Bhupendra died young in 1926.

Uday Shankar's father was a Sanskrit scholar, who graduated with honours from the University of Calcutta and later studied at Oxford University, where he became a Doctor of Philosophy. Because his father moved frequently on account of his work, the family spent much time in Uday's maternal uncle's house in Nasratpur with his mother and brothers. Uday's studies also took place at various locations including Nasratpur, Gazipur, Varanasi, and Jhalawar. At his Gazipur school, he learnt music and photography from Ambika Charan Mukhopaddhay, his Drawing and Crafts teacher.

In 1918, at the age of eighteen, he was sent to Mumbai to train at the J. J. School of Art and then to Gandharva Mahavidyalaya. By now, Shyam Shankar had resigned his post in Jhalawar and moved to London. Here he married an English woman and practised law, before becoming an amateur impresario, introducing Indian dance and music to Britain. Subsequently, Uday joined his father in London, and on 23 August 1920, joined the Royal College of Art, London to study painting under Sir William Rothenstein. He danced at a few charity performances that his father had organized in London, and on one such occasion, noted Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova happened to be present. This was to have a lasting impact on his career.

Career
Uday Shankar did not have any formal training in any of the Indian classical dance forms. Nevertheless, his presentations were creative. From a young age, he had been exposed to both Indian classical dance and folk dance, as well as to ballet during his stay in Europe. He decided to bring elements of both styles together to create a new dance, which he called Hi-dance. He went on to translate classical Indian dance forms and their iconography to dance movements, after studying the Rajput painting and Mughal painting styles at the British Museum. Further, during his stay in Britain, he came across several performing artists, subsequently when he left for Rome on the 'Prix de Rome' scholarship of the French Government, for advanced studies in art.

Soon his interaction with such artists grew and so did the idea to transform Indian dance into a contemporary form. The turning point came with his first meetings with legendary Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova. She was looking for artists to collaborate on India-based themes. This led to the creation of ballets based on Hindu themes, 'Radha-Krishna', a duet with Anna, and 'Hindu Wedding', for inclusion in her production, 'Oriental Impressions'. The ballet was presented at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in London. Later he continued to conceive and choreograph ballets, including one based on the Ajanta Caves frescoes, which was performed across the United States. In time his style of dance came to be known as 'Hi-dance', though later he called it 'Creative dance'.

He worked with Anna for one and a half years, before starting out on his own in Paris. Shankar returned to India in 1927, along with a French pianist, Simon Barbiere, who was now his disciple and dance partner, and a Swiss sculptor, Alice Boner, who wanted to study Indian art history. He was welcomed by Rabindranath Tagore himself, who also persuaded him to open a performing arts school in India.

On his return to Paris in 1931, he founded Europe's first Indian dance company, along with Alice Boner, who by now had become one of his disciples. Together with musicians Vishnu Dass Shirali and Timir Baran, he created a new template for music to accompany his newly devised movements. His first series of dance performances were held on 3 March 1931, at the Champs-Elysees Theatre in Paris, which was to become his base as he toured through Europe.

Soon he embarked on a seven-year tour through Europe and America with his own troupe, which he called – 'Uday Shankar and his Hindu Ballet', under the aegis of impresario Sol Hurok and Celebrity Series of Boston of impresario, Aaron Richmond. He performed in the United States for the first time in January 1933 in New York City, along with his dance partner Simkie, a French dancer. As part of the visit, a reception was held at the Grand Central Art Galleries. After, Shankar and his troupe set out on an 84-city tour throughout the country.

His adaptation of European theatrical techniques to Indian dance made his art hugely popular both in India and abroad, and he is rightly credited for ushering in a new era for traditional Indian temple dances, which until then had been known for their strict interpretations, and which were also going through their own revival. Meanwhile, his brother Ravi Shankar was helping to popularise Indian classical music in the outside world.

In 1936, he was invited by Leonard Knight Elmhirst, who had earlier assisted Rabindranath Tagore in building Sriniketan, close to Shanti Niketan, to visit Dartington Hall, Totnes, Devon for a six-month residency, with his troupe and lead dancer, Simkie. Also present there were Michel Chekhov, nephew of Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, the German modern dancer-choreographer, Kurt Jooss and another German Rudolf Laban, who had invented a system of dance notation. This experience only added more exuberance to his expressionist dance.

In 1938, he made India his base, and established the 'Uday Shankar India Cultural Centre', at Simtola, 3 km from Almora, in Uttarakhand Himalayas, and invited Sankaran Namboodri for Kathakali, Kandappa Pillai for Bharatanatyam, Ambi Singh for Manipuri and Ustad Allauddin Khan for music. Soon, he had a large assemblage of artists and dancers, including Guru Dutt, Shanti Bardhan, Simkie, Amala, Satyavati, Narendra Sharma, Ruma Guha Thakurta, Prabhat Ganguly, Zohra Sehgal, Uzra, Lakshmi Shankar, Shanta Gandhi; his own brothers Rajendra, Debendra and Ravi also joined him as students. The centre, however, closed after four years in 1942, due to a paucity of funds. As his students dispersed, he regrouped his energies and headed South, where he made his only film, Kalpana (Imagination) in 1948, based on his dance, in which both he and his wife Amala Shankar danced. The film was produced and shot at Gemini Studios, Madras. In 2008, the film was digitally restored by the Cineteca di Bologna, in association with The Film Foundation’s World Cinema Project and the National Film Archive of India, among others.

Uday Shankar settled in Ballygunge, Kolkata in 1960, where the "Uday Shankar Center for Dance" was opened in 1965. In 1962, he was awarded the highest award of the Sangeet Natak Akademi, the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship for his lifetime contribution to Indian dance.

Personal life
Uday is the elder brother of Ravi Shankar. He married his dance partner, Amala Shankar, and together they had a son, Ananda Shankar, born in 1942, and a daughter, Mamata Shankar, born in 1955. Ananda Shankar became a musician and composer who trained with Dr. Lalmani Misra rather than with his uncle, Ravi Shankar, and in time became known for his fusion music, encompassing both European and Indian music styles. Mamata Shankar, a dancer like her parents, became a noted actress, working in films by Satyajit Ray and Mrinal Sen. She also runs the 'Udayan Dance Company' in Kolkata, and travels extensively through the world.

Legacy
Uday (b. 1900, d. 1977) and Amala Shankar (b. 1919, d. 2020) decided to open Uday Shankar India Culture Centre (named after Uday Shankar's Almora centre for dance) in Kolkata in 1965, where Amala Shankar remained the Director-in-Charge, from the day of its inception. She was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1991. The school continued until 2015, remaining dedicated to carrying on with Shankar's ideas about processes of innovative and creative dance making.

Shankar's followers and associates include Shanti Bardhan, creator of Ramayana ballets presentations, Guru Dutt, one of India's finest film directors, Lakshmi Shankar, a noted classical singer, Zohra Sehgal, who performed on the stage, television, and the cinema both in India and in Britain. In December 1983, his younger brother, sitar player Ravi Shankar organised a four-day festival, Uday-Ustav Festival in New Delhi, marking the 60th anniversary of his professional debut in 1923, highlighted by performances by his disciples, films, an exhibition and orchestral music composed and orchestrated by Ravi Shankar himself. The centenary celebrations of his birth were formally launched at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris on 26 April 2001, where dancers, choreographers and scholars from all over the world assembled to pay homage to Uday Shankar. In the Tollygunge area of south Kolkata, the Golf Club road has been renamed to Uday Shankar Sarani.

Awards

 * 1960: Sangeet Natak Akademi Award – 'Creative Dance'
 * 1962: Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship
 * 1971: Padma Vibhushan
 * 1975: Desikottama, Visva-Bharati University

Selected discography

 * The Original Uday Shankar Company of Hindu Musicians, Recorded During the Historic 1937 Visit to the United States, instrumental ensemble: Vishnudass Shirala, Sisir Sovan, Rabindra (Ravi Shankar), Dulal Sen, Nagen Dey, Brijo Behari
 * Indian Music: Ragas and Dances, The Original Uday Shankar Company of Hindu Musicians. Recorded during the historic 1937 visit to the United States. RCA/Victrola VIC-1361 (1968 reissue, 10 tracks: 4 ragas, 5 dances, 1 bhajan)
 * Ravi Shankar: Flowers of India El Records (2007), containing all tracks from the original album

title: Uday Shankar


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Julie Doucet

Julie Doucet (born December 31, 1965) is a Canadian underground cartoonist and artist, best known for her autobiographical works such as Dirty Plotte and My New York Diary. Her work is concerned with such topics as "sex, violence, menstruation and male/female issues."

Early career
Doucet was born in Montreal, Quebec. She was educated first at an all-girls Catholic school, then studied fine arts at Cégep du Vieux Montréal (a junior college) and afterward at the Université du Québec à Montréal. Her university degree was in printing arts. She began cartooning in 1987. She was published in small-press comics and self-published her own comic called Dirty Plotte. She used the photocopied zine to record "her day to day life, her dreams, angsts, [and] fantasies." It was only when she was published in Weirdo, Robert Crumb's magazine, that she began to attract critical attention.

Comic works
Doucet began being published by Drawn & Quarterly in January 1991 in a regular-sized comic series also named Dirty Plotte. Shortly thereafter, she moved to New York. Although she moved to Seattle the following year, her experiences in New York formed the basis of the critically acclaimed My New York Diary (many stories of which were taken from Dirty Plotte). She moved from Seattle to Berlin in 1995, before finally returning to Montreal in 1998. While in Berlin, she had a book named Ciboire de criss published by L'Association in Paris, her first book in French. Once back in Montreal, she released the twelfth and final issue of Dirty Plotte before beginning a brief hiatus from comics.

She returned to the field in 2000 with The Madame Paul Affair, a slice-of-life look at contemporary Montreal which was originally serialized in Ici-Montreal, a local alternative weekly. At the same time, she was branching out into more experimental territory, culminating with the 2001 release of Long Time Relationship, a collection of prints and engravings. In 2004, Doucet also published in French an illustrated diary (Journal) chronicling about a year of her life and, in 2006, an autobiography made from a collage of words cut from magazines and newspapers (J comme Je). Also in spring of 2006 she had her first solo print show, named en souvenir du Melek, at the galerie B-312 in Montreal. In December 2007, Drawn and Quarterly published 365 Days: A Diary by Julie Doucet, in which she chronicled her life for a year, starting in late 2002.

Post-comic works
She remained a fixture in the Montreal arts community, but in an interview in the June 22, 2006, edition of the Montreal Mirror, she declared that she had retired from long-form comics.

She also said "...it's quite a lot of work, and not that much money. I went to a newspaper to propose a comic strip because I only had to draw a small page and it would be out the next week. For once it was regular pay and good money."

I quit comics because I got completely sick of it. I was drawing comics all the time and didn't have the time or energy to do anything else. That got to me in the end. I never made enough money from comics to be able to take a break and do something else. Now I just can't stand comics.

. . . I wish my work would be recognized by a larger crowd of people as more art than be stuck with the cartoonist label for the rest of my life. That's what's killing me about a lot of those comics guys. Dan Clowes is mostly a writer, a great artist, and has tried different things, But a lot of those guys, their drawing style never changes—the content neither—and it seems it never will. I just don't understand that, how you can spend fifty years of your artist life doing the same thing over and over again.

She had a book of poetry published by L'Oie de Cravan in 2006, À l’école de l’amour. Her post-comics artwork consists of linocuts, collage, and papier-mâché sculptures. In 2007, Doucet designed the cover for the Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition of Louisa May Alcott's Little Women.

Return to comics
In April 2022, Doucet returned to making comics with Time Zone J, published by Drawn and Quarterly. As she said about making the new comic: "I tried to tell it in cutout words, I tried to set it in the past — it happened in the '80s, but I tried to set it in the 1800s — I tried to type it on a typing machine, I tried to make a movie. . . . But nothing really worked."

Time Zone J is notable for its unusual format, which is designed to be read from the bottom of each page to the top.

Awards and honours
In 1991, Dirty Plotte was nominated for best new series and Doucet won the Harvey Award for "Best New Talent". In 1999, when The Comics Journal made a list of the top 100 comics of all time, she was on several of the short-lists and Dirty Plotte ranked 96th. In 2000, her book My New York Diary won the Firecracker Award for best graphic novel. Doucet's book 365 Days: A Diary was nominated for best book award at the 2009 Doug Wright Awards. In 2019, Doucet's Dirty Plotte collection was nominated for the SPX Ignatz award for outstanding collection.

In March 2022, she was awarded the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême as a lifetime achievement. She is only the third woman to win the award.

In popular culture
Doucet's name appears in the lyrics of the Le Tigre song "Hot Topic."

title: Julie Doucet


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Inside Out: A Personal History of Pink Floyd

Inside Out: A Personal History of Pink Floyd is Nick Mason's personal memoir of Pink Floyd, published on 7 October 2004, in the United Kingdom. Initially a hardback release, it has since appeared in at least two different paperback editions. The book marks the first time that a group member has written a recollection of his experiences of life in the band. Mason – the only member of the band to have been a part of it in all incarnations and line-ups – covers Floyd's entire career, from the initial coming together and the Syd Barrett–led psychedelic era of the late 1960s through their success in the 1970s to the present day, via the acrimonious splits of the 1980s.

As of 2005, a new paperback version was available, now including an updated section on the band's reunion at Live 8. A second paperback edition was released, mentioning the death of Barrett, in 2006. A third paperback edition was released in 2011, mentioning the death of keyboardist Rick Wright. The book was updated and reissued again in 2017, to accompany the opening of the exhibition Their Mortal Remains at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

There is also an abridged, three-CD audio version, read by Mason.

Inside Out was featured in a Top Gear episode where Mason agreed to lend his Enzo Ferrari to the programme-makers in return for Inside Out's promotion. Jeremy Clarkson – well known as a big fan of Pink Floyd – gleefully took the plugging of the book to ludicrous heights.


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São Lourenço

São Lourenço may refer to several places:

Brazil

 * São Lourenço, Minas Gerais, a town in Brazil
 * São Lourenço (Niterói), a neighborhood of the city of Niterói, Brazil
 * São Lourenço da Mata, Pernambuco
 * São Lourenço da Serra, São Paulo
 * São Lourenço do Oeste, Santa Catarina
 * São Lourenço do Piauí, Piauí
 * São Lourenço do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul

Portugal

 * São Lourenço (Portalegre), a parish in the municipality of Portalegre, Portugal
 * São Lourenço (Setúbal), a parish in the municipality of Setúbal, Portugal
 * São Lourenço, a village in the Parish of Pêra, Portugal

Other places

 * São Lourenço, Cape Verde, a village and cove in the island of Fogo, Cape Verde
 * São Lourenço (São Filipe), a parish on the island of Fogo, Cape Verde
 * São Lourenço, Macau, a parish in the territory of Macau

title: São Lourenço


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Talk:Technical Machine

Do we reall need a list of the TMs/HMs?
I've removed this content from the article because, well, I don't think we really need it here at the Wikipedia. I think it's a bit too game guide-y for an encyclopedia... on the other hand, Wikibooks might be a pretty good home for it. Here's the data removed form the article, minus the header markup.

"List of TM's in Red/Blue/Yellow

TM 01 (Mega Punch)

Type: Normal Base Damage: 80 Pokémon who can learn it: Charmander, Charmeleon, Charizard, Squirtle, Wartortle, Blastoise, Pikachu, Raichu, Nidoqueen, Nidoking, Clefairy, Clefable, Jigglypuff, Wigglytuff, Psyduck, Golduck, Mankey, Primeape, Poliwhirl, Poliwrath, Abra, Kadabra, Alakazam, Machop, Machoke, Machamp, Geodude, Graveler, Golem, Slowbro, Gengar, Drowzee, Hypno, Cubone, Marowak, Hitmonlee, Hitmonchan, Lickitung, Rhydon, Chansey, Kangaskhan, Mr. Mime, Jynx, Electabuzz, Magmar, Snorlax, Mewtwo, Mew

TM 02 (Razor Wind)

Type: Normal Base Damage: 80 Comments: Attacks in second turn Pokémon who can learn it: Butterfree, Pidgey, Pidgeotto, Pidgeot, Spearow, Fearow, Zubat, Golbat, Venonat (in Yellow), Venomoth, Farfetch'd, Kubuto (Yellow), Kabutops (Yellow), Aerodactyl, Articuno, Zapdos, Moltres, Dragonite, Mew

TM 03 (Sword Dance)

Type: Normal Effect: Increases own Pokémon's Attack by 2 Pokémon who can learn it: Bulbasaur, Ivysaur, Venusaur, Charmander, Charmeleon, Charizard, Beedrill, Sandshrew, Sandslash, Oddish, Gloom, Vileplume, Paras, Parasect, Bellsprout, Weepinbell, Victreebel, Tentacool, Tentacruel, Farfetch'd, Krabby, Kingler, Lickitung, Tangela, Scyther, Magmar, Kabuto (in Yellow), Kabutops (in Yellow), Mew

TM 04 (Whirlwind)

Type: Normal Effect: Ends battles with wild Pokémon immediately. Pokémon who can learn it: Butterfree, Pidgey, Pidgeotto, Pidgeot, Spearow, Fearow, Zubat, Golbat, Venonat (in Yellow),Venomoth, Farfetch'd, Doduo, Dodrio, Aerodactyl, Articuno, Zapdos, Moltres, Mew"

And that's what I have to say about that. --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 00:15, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC) In my point of view Pokemon is rubbish — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.125.33.189 (talk) 17:34, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Technical Machine


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User:Viajero/tmp

The Japanese embassy hostage crisis began on December 17, 1996 in Lima, Peru, when fourteen members of the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) took hostage hundreds of high-level diplomats, government and military officials and business executives who were attending a party in celebration of Emperor Akihito's 63rd birthday at the home of Japanese ambassador Morihisha Aoki.[1]. In April of the following year, the hostages were freed in a daring raid by Peruvian Armed Forces commandos, during which one hostage and all the MTRA militants died. While the operation was heralded by President Alberto Fujimori, who used it strengthen his image of being "tough on terrorism", it later emerged that a number the Emerrtistas had been executed after they had surrendered, and this revelation tainted the affair. Fujimori later faced murder charges because of the executions.

Antecedents
In the years following the capture in 1992 of Shining Path leader Abimael Guzmán and the rest of the group's leadership, terrorist activity declined in Peru; the country appeared to have finally put behind it the violence which had plagued it for some fifteen years. When news spread of the daring assault, which propelled the MTRA into the world spotlight, the country emitted a collective groan. The Lima Stock Exchange was forced to close three hours early because domestic stocks plummeted. One newspaper political columnist said, "It is a setback of at least four years. We've returned to being a country subject to terror." The news came at a particularly bad moment for Fujimori, who had taken the credit for restoring peace to the country. All year, his popularity had been dropping steadily, from a high of 75 percent in January 1996 to a figure of about 40 percent in December. Fujimori's economic program has failed to produce jobs. The Peruvian economy has been stagnant all year after good growth in years 1994 and 1995. The surprise attack was the most spectacular action organized by the MRTA in its 15-year history. The militants had been able to pass unnoticed, inside an ambulance and heavily armed, through a cordon of more than three-hundred police officers and bodyguards surrounding the residence.

Demands
In the days immediately following the takeover, the Red Cross acted as an intermediary between the government and the guerrillas. Among the hostages were high officials of Peru’s security forces, including the chief of Peru's anti-terrorist police, DINCOTE, Maximo Rivera and former chief Carlos Dominguez. Other hostages included Alejandro Toledo, the current president of Peru, and Javier Diez Canseco, a the prominent Peruvian congressmen. The twenty-four Japanese hostages included the younger brother of Fujimori. The leader of the MTRA militants was identified as 43-year-old Nestor Cerpa.

The rebels made a series of demands, the most important of which was the release of some four-hundred of their comrades from prisons around Peru and revision of the government's free-market reforms. MTRA also singled out for criticism Japan's foreign assistance program in Peru, arguing that this aid benefits only a narrow segment of society.

Javier Diez Canseco was among 38 men who were released shortly after. He defended the terrorists and called for the government to negotiate a settlement. Canseco said that the hostage-takers are "18 to 20 years old, maybe 21 ... They're a group of special forces, commandos. I think they're young men who want to live. They don't want to die."

Fujimori was visibly shaken by the bold attack. Not only did suggest complacency on the part of security, it has exposed Peru's human rights violations to international scrutiny

Negotiations
On 22 December, Fujimori made his first public announcement on the hostage-taking. In a televised four-minute speech, he condemned the assailants at the Japanese ambassador's residence, calling the MRTA assault "repugnant" and totally rejected the demands of the terrorists. Fujimori did not rule out an armed rescue attempt, but said that he was willing to explore a peaceful solution to the situation. Fujimori made his speech shortly after MRTA leader Nestor Cerpa announced that he would gradually release any hostages who were not connected to the Peruvian government. During the months that followed, the rebels would release all the female hostages and all but seventy-two of the men.

Speculation circulated that Peru was turning to foreign governments for assistance, but Fujimori publicly indicated that he did not need help from foreign security advisors. Upon being freed, Alejandro Toledo, he said that what the Emerrtistas really wanted was an amnesty that would allow its members to participate in public life. He said that any attempt to rescue the hostages by force would be "insane", as they were "armed to the teeth." Rooms in the building, he said, were wired with explosives, as well as the roof. He added that the terrorists had anti-tank weapons and wore backpacks that were filled with explosives that could be detonated by pulling a cord on their chest.  The Japanese ambassador's residence had also been converted into a fortress by the Japanese government. A copy of Tara, Scarlet O'Hara's home in the movie Gone with the Wind that was built by a Peruvian millionaire to humor his whimsical wife, the house was surrounded by a 12-feet wall, grates on all windows, bullet-proof glass in many windows, and doors built to withstand the impact of a grenade. It was, therefore, an easy site to defend from the inside.

In search for a "peaceful solution", Fujimori appointed a team to hold talks with the MRTA, including the Canadian ambassador who had briefly been a hostage, Archbishop Juan Luis Cipriani, and a Red Cross official. Fujimori even talked with Fidel Castro, raising media speculation that a deal was being worked out to let the MRTA militants go to Cuba as political exiles. On Christmas Eve, Archbishop Cipriani was allowed into the occupied embassy to celebrate Mass. Once inside, he used the opportunity to speak not only with the hostages, but also with the MRTA rebels, and especially with the guerrilla leader, Nestor Cerpa Cartolini. Witnesses report that Cerpa was struck by the frank, down-to-earth style of the Archbishop of Ayacucho. Although Cipriani was known for his strong opposition to terrorism, Cerpa decided at that moment that he wanted this man on the negotiating team.

In the view of analysts in Lima, the negotiations that accompanied the hostage crisis, which continued for 126 days, represent a classic example of miscalculation on both sides.

When the talks began, the government believed that Cerpa was motivated by selfish interests--that he was eager to free the top MRTA leaders because they knew the numbers of the international bank accounts in which the guerrilla group had secured its funds. From that perspective, they reasoned to the conclusion that Cerpa could be persuaded to free the hostages and leave the embassy if they offered him a safe trip to Cuba and a tempting financial settlement. It was a month before the government began to take seriously the warning that Cerpa had given: "If I had wanted to leave [the country], I could have found an easier way than taking an embassy!"

But it was Cerpa himself who fell prey to a more dramatic--ultimately fatal--miscalculation. After Peruvian soldiers stormed the embassy on April 22, rescuing the hostages and killing the entire commando squadron, other sources within MRTA revealed that the rebels had become confident and relaxed, fully believing that Fujimori had no choice but to negotiate a solution. As one MRTA source put it: "We were confident that the presence of a Church representative, the European sympathy for our cause, and the reluctance of Japan to allow a military operation on its territory [the grounds of the embassy] would tie Fujimori's arms to prevent any violent initiative."

Indeed a notebook kept by Cerpa, which was discovered in the embassy after the military raid, showed that he was sure Fujimori would accept his final offer: a scaled-back demand for the release of 20 MRTA leaders, including Cerpa's wife, Nancy Gilvonio, and Lori Berenson, the New York native who had been convicted of involvement in the guerrilla effort. According to Colonel Antonio Miyashiro, a former hostage and an expert in terrorism, "Cerpa and his followers did not take into consideration that the Europeans were not important players in the case, that US support was secured, and that Japan would accept any solution which would guarantee the security of all Japanese hostages."

In early February, a new squadron of Peruvian troops with heavy equipment took over the embassy vigil. They played loud military music and made provocative gestures to the rebels who unleashed a burst of gunfire. This prompted Japan’s prime minister, Ryutaro Hashimoto, to publicly urge Peru not to take any unnecessary risks which could endanger the hostages’ lives. Japanese leaders pressured Fujimori to reach some sort of negotiated settlement with the Tupac Amaru rebels in order to ensure the hostages' safe release. Fujimori subsequently met with Hashimoto in Canada. The two leaders announced that they were in agreement on how to handle the hostage situation but provided few details.

On February 10, Fujimori travelled to London, where he announced that the purpose of his trip was to "find a country that would give asylum to the MRTA group". Observers noted that his request that the MRTA group be given political asylum contradicted his formerly stated position that the MRTA were not guerillas but terrorists. On the eve of his arrival, the Times referred to him as a "dictator" and berated "his barbaric and medieval dungeons." The next day, Fujimori declared that "Peruvian prisons are built in accordance with international standards for terrorists." He also attended business meetings which he described to his domestic audience as an "exercise in reassuring the international investors."

"Any negotiation with terrorists," pointed out political analyst Patricio Ricketts, "would dramatically erode his credibility." In fact, according to an opinion poll carried out by the Apoyo agency just a few days before the embassy was recovered, 79 percent of Peruvians were opposed to the release of MRTA prisoners--although another a clear majority--68 percent--were also opposed to a violent intervention.

The Catholic Church leadership, always among the most influential players in Peruvian affairs, took the same perspective. Cardinal Augusto Vargas Alzamora of Lima, the president of the Peruvian bishops' conference, repeated insistently that "we pray and we encourage all Peruvians to pray for a fast, fair, and peaceful solution." Nevertheless, after the government offered a safe trip to Cuba, the payment of a ransom, and the possibility of reviewing the harsh conditions in which MRTA prisoners were living, Cardinal Vargas visited the embassy and--first in a private meeting with Cerpa, then again in front of the media outside the embassy--demanded that the guerrillas accept the government offer and free the hostages. "The government can't cede more," the cardinal said; "otherwise it would go against the legal system that sustains our democracy."

In February, the Peruvian newspaper La República reported the existence of a secret government "intervention plan," involving the direct participation of U.S. military forces. The plan was reportedly devised by Peru's Army Intelligence Agency and submitted to Fujimori. On February 17, The New York Times wrote: "United States participation in the assault is crucial, according to the plan, which said that the commandos would come from the Peruvian Army's School of Commandos and the United States Southern Command, based in Panama." http://rwor.org/a/v19/905-09/905/peru.htm

The MRTA called off the talks with the government in March when they reported hearing loud noises coming from beneath the floor of the ambassador's residence. Peruvian newspapers confirmed the MRTA suspicions, reporting that the police were digging tunnels underneath the building. The police tried to cover up the noise from the digging by playing loud music over loudspeakers and carrying out noisy tank maneuvers through the nearby streets.

It subsequently became apparent that the negotiations were a ruse for buying time. It appeared Fujimori's plans for a military assault, not MRTA's "unwillingness to negotiate," that led to the breakdown of talks. According to the New York Times, the Canadian ambassador himself admitted that Fujimori's negotiating team "had served as little more than a cover to give [Fujimori] time to put in place the physical and political elements of a raid." []

The raid
On April 22, 1997, a team of 140 commandos, given the name Chavín de Huántar, mounted an dramatic raid on the ambassador's residence. Fourteen MTRA rebels, one hostage, and two soldiers died in the assault.

In preparation for the raid, one of the hostages, Admiral Luis Gianpetri of the Peruvian Navy, who was an expert in intelligence and command operations,  was provided with a tiny radio set and given encrypted instructions ordering him to warn the hostages ten minutes before the military operation began, telling them to stay as far as possible away from the MRTA members. Light-colored clothes were systematically ferried in to the hostages, so that they could be easily distinguished from the dark-clad guerrillas. Cerpa himself unwittingly helped with this part of the project when, hearing sounds that made him suspect that a tunnel was being dug, he ordered the hostages all put on the second floor.

In addition, sophisticated miniature microphones and video cameras had been smuggled into the residence, concealed in books, water bottles, and table games. Gianpetri and other military officers among the hostages were given the responsibility for placing these devices in secure locations around the house. Eavesdropping on the MRTA commandos with the help of these high-tech devices, military planners observed that the guerrillas had organized their security carefully, and were particularly alert during the night hours. Early every afternoon, eight of the MRTA members--including the top four trained leaders--played a game of indoor soccer for about one hour,

At 15:23 in the afternoon, operation Chavin de Huantar began. Three charges exploded nearly simultaneously in three different rooms on the first floor. The first explosion hit in the middle of the room were the soccer game was being held, immediately killing three terrorists--two of the men who had been involved in the game, and one of the girls watching from the sidelines. From the hole created by that blast and the other two explosions, 30 commandos stormed into the building, chasing the surviving MRTA members in order to stop them before they reached the second floor.

Two other moves were made simultaneously with the explosion. In the first, 20 commandos launched a direct assault on the front door in order to join their comrades inside the waiting room, where the main staircase to the second floor was located. On their way in, they found the two other female MRTA guerrillas guarding the front door. The girls dropped their weapons and shouted "we surrender," but it was too late; they were cut down by the rushing commandos. Behind the first wave of troops storming the door, another group of soldiers came carrying ladders, which they placed against the rear walls of the building.

In the final prong of the coordinated attack, another group of commandos emerged from the other two tunnels, which had reached the back yard of the embassy residence. These soldiers quickly scaled the ladders which had been placed for them. Their tasks were to blow out a grenade-proof door on the second floor, through which the hostages would be evacuated, and to make two holes in the roof so that they could kill the MRTA members upstairs before they had time to kill the hostages.

As the commandos tore the Tupac Amaru rebel flag from the roof of the embassy, Fujimori joined some of the former hostages in singing the national anthem.  Shortly thereafter a beaming Fujimori was seen speeding through Lima in a bus packed with freed hostages.  Peruvian TV also showed Fujimori striding among the dead guerrillas. Some of the bodies were mutilated, with arms and legs chopped off.  The outcome was seen as a triumph and bolstered his hard-line stance against unpopular leftist groups. Fujimori's popularity ratings quickly doubled to nearly 70 percent and he was acclaimed a national hero.  "You had to live in the climate of the time. The operation was so successful that there was no opposition. Peruvians loved it," said historian Luis Jochamowitz, author of a biography of Fujimori. Reflecting on the raid a few days afterward, Antonio Cisneros, a leading poet, said it had given Peruvians "a little bit of dignity. Nobody expected this efficiency, this speed. In military terms it was a First World job, not Third World," he said.

Fujimori took personal credit for the operation. In an interview with the December 17, 1997, edition of El Comercio, Fujimori stated that shortly after the embassy residence was seized, that he, the National Intelligence Service headed by Julio Salazar and Vladimiro Montesinos, and the Joint Command of the Armed Forces under Army Commander General Nicolás de Bari Hermoza Rios had planned the operation. ] Fujimori later demonstrated to the media the model of the ambassador's residence which was used to prepare the rescue operation, which included the underground tunnels from adjacent houses used by commandos to enter the building.

Reports emerged that the US and Israel had helped the Peruvian military in preparing for the raid. US State Department spokesperson Nicolas Burns maintained that the US government had no direct participation in the assault. But former FBI agent Bob Taubert told CNN News on April 23 that had trained Peruvian troops the previous December at an undisclosed location in the United States. It was "money well spent," he said. Commenting that the Peruvian commandos performed precisely as he had trained them for such an action, Taubert said he was "very proud."

The CIA had no comment when asked if it had given intelligence assistance to the Peruvian military in preparation for the raid, but observers pointed out that the CIA and other U.S. intelligence agencies were deeply involved in the counterinsurgency operations of the Peruvian military and that CIA had a direct hand in the massive search by the Peruvian secret police that led to the 1992 capture of Shining Path capo Abimael Guzmán

When the operation was over, the bodies of the Emerrtistas were removed by military prosecutors; representatives from the Attorney General’s Office were not permitted entry. The corpses were not taken to the Institute of Forensic Medicine for the autopsy required by law. Rather, the bodies were taken instead to the morgue at the Police Hospital. It was there that the autopsies would be performed. The autopsy reports were kept secret until 2001. Next of kin of the deceased were not allowed to be present for the identification of the bodies and the autopsies. The bodies were buried in secrecy in various cemeteries throughout Lima. The mother of one of the victims, Eligia Rodriguez Bustamante, and the Deputy Director of APRODEH asked the Attorney General’s Office to take the necessary steps to identify those who died when the ambassador’s residence was retaken, but the Attorney General’s Office conceded its jurisdiction to identify the deceased members of the MRTA, handing it over to the military justice system instead. The treatment of the bodies of the dead guerillas raised troubling questions. If the MRTA had no popular support, why did Fujimori refuse to let families bury the dead guerrillas? Why did the government instead secretly bury them in unmarked graves?

International reaction
In the days following the assault, there were demonstrations in several countries in protest the MRTA deaths. On April 25, hundreds protested at the Peruvian Embassy in Santiago, Chile. Riot police tear gassed demonstrators and pushed them to the ground outside the embassy. Protesters told television reporters, "We absolutely reject these acts of such cruelty, which should never happen again."

In Mexico City on April 23, scores of people gathered to protest at the Peruvian Embassy. Demonstrators hurled red paint and tomatoes at the building, shouting, "Fujimori murderer" and "Latin America is in mourning."

In the US, at an April 27 rally in Philadelphia against Clinton's cutbacks, Monica Ruiz told 5,000 demonstrators: "The truth is that these young MRTA revolutionaries were fighting for the same things we are fighting for and against the same enemy. Is it a surprise that the Clinton administration aids and abets the Peruvian government when it muzzles the voice of dissent by using police terror? Are we surprised that Clinton supports a government that enriches a small group of wealthy families in Peru at the expense of 80 percent of the population who live in utter poverty? After all, he is throwing millions of poor people, disabled children and elderly people on the streets here to beg for charity."

In an interview in on April 24 edition of the German newspaper Junge Welt, MRTA spokesperson Norma Velasco assessed the developments leading up to the murderous raid. "The goal of the MRTA unit was not to murder the embassy prisoners," she said. Rather, the guerrillas wanted to win their demands to free the 450 MRTA prisoners held in Peru's prisons. "We had no illusions" that Fujimori wanted a peaceful solution, Velasco said. But "we did have some bit of hope that international public opinion in many countries would increase pressure on the Peruvian government and force them to give in." Alluding to the underlying economic conditions of the country, she observed: "A vast segment of the population still suffers from poverty, hunger and a lack of proper medical care, and these problems are increasing. The end of the crisis at the ambassador's residence showed that Fujimori exclusively relies on military means."

The New York Times on April 28 commented on the regime's dependency on the military, describing Fujimori, Montesinos and armed forces head Gen. Nicolas Hermoza Rios as "Peru's ruling troika." Despite the secrecy, people discovered where MRTA leader Nestor Cerpa body wis buried, and his grave in a hillside cemetery in the impoverished pueblo joven of Villa Maria del Triunfo subsequently became a rallying point for popular expressions of anger. A woman by Cerpa's grave told a New York Times reporter: "`He fought for us, for the poor. Look at how we live. Look at how we die." Another said: "He was not a terrorist. He was a revolutionary."

Aftermath
Doubts about the official version of events soon began to arise, however. One Japanese hostage, Hidetaka Ogura, who published a book in 2000 on the ordeal, former first secretary of the Japanese Embassy, stated that he saw Eduardo Cruz ("Tito") shortly after the commandos stormed the building, tied up in the garden. Cruz was turned alive over to Colonel Jesús Zamudio Aliaga, but along with the others he was later reported as having died during the assault. Another witness, the ex-minister of Agriculture, Rodolfo Muñante, declared in an interview eight hours after being free that he heard one rebel shout "I surrender" and take off his vest with grenades and turn himself over. But later Muñante denied having said this. Another hostage, Maximo Rivera, then head of Peru's anti-terrorism police, said recently he had heard similar accounts from other hostages after the raid.

The truth about what happened during the rescue operation remained secret until the fall of the Fujimori regime. However, suggestions that surrendered MRTA members had been executed extrajudicially began to circulate not long after the rescue operation. On December 18, 2000, El Comercio published a story in which the hostage Hidetaka Ogura flatly stated that he and other hostages saw three of the MRTA rebels captured alive, one of which was “Tito.” Media reports also discussed a possible breach of international practices on taking of prisoners, committed on what was seen as Japanese sovereign soil and speculated that if charged, Fujimori could face prosecution in Japan.

Legal proceedings
On January 2, 2001, APRODEH filed a criminal complaint on behalf of MRTA family members against Alberto Fujimori, Vladimiro Montesinos, Nicolás De Bari Hermoza Ríos, Julio Salazar Monroe and anyone else found to be guilty of the crime of the qualified homicide of Eduardo Nicolás Crúz Sánchez and two other MRTA members. Special Provincial Prosecutor Richard Saavedra was put in charge of the preliminary inquiry into the complaint. Non-commissioned National Police officers Raúl Robles Reynoso and Marcial Teodorico Torres Arteaga corroborated Hidetaka Ogura testimony, telling investigators that they took Eduardo Cruz Sánchez alive, as he was attempting to get away by mingling with the hostages when they were at the house in back of the Japanese Ambassador’s residence.

In an inteview in March, assistant state attorney Ronald Gamarra told CPN radio that Fujimori should face murder charges over the alleged executions. "(We have) information regarding how post-mortems were conducted on the dead MRTA rebels, which in opinion could corroborate accusations of extrajudicial killings." He said unofficial post-mortems plus reports by the United Nations, the U.S. State Department and rights groups, suggested rebels had been executed with a shot in the head. The state prosecutors ordered the exhumation of the rebels' bodies.

Fujimori's defenders say the Tupac Amaru investigation is just another attempt by political enemies to destroy his legacy. Not giving in to terrorist blackmail is the only good thing remaining from the previous government, said Carlos Blanco, an independent congressman and one of the hostages. And now they want to destroy that like everything else.

Prosecutors are acting on remarks from former Japanese Embassy political attache Hidetaka Ogura, a hostage who published a book last year about the ordeal.

The bodies of the deceased MRTAs were exhumed and examined by forensic physicians and forensic anthropologists, experts from the Institute of Forensic Medicine, from the Criminology Division of the National Police and from the Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team, some of whom have served as experts for the International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Another member of the group was a foreign expert, Dr. Clyde Snow. Statements were taken from various officers who took part in the rescue operation and from some of the rescued hostages.

The examination done by the forensic anthropologists and forensic physicians revealed that Cruz Sánchez had been shot once in the back of his neck, while in a defenseless posture vis-à-vis his assailant.  Other forensic examinations established that eight of the rebels were apparently shot in the head after capture or while defenseless because of injuries.

On May 13, 2002, judge Cecilia Polack Boluarte warrants for the arrest of eleven senior army officers who participated in the 1997 raid. The warrants allow the accused to be held for fifteen days before formal charges are filed.

The judge's decision provoked an outcry; the ministers of defense, justice and the interior have all criticized the arrest orders. However, Attorney General Nelly Calderón supported the measure. In a statement made on May 20, 2002, to Radio Programas del Perú (RPP) she said: “We prosecutors are supporting the action taken by prosecutor Saavedra, because he has done a careful investigation (and) unfortunately the evidence suggests culpability. That evidence has to be collated to determine what degree of responsibility each arrested officer bears."

On May 16, two amnesty proposals were announced in congressional committees, one submitted by the Popular American Revolutionary Alliance party (APRA) of former president Alan García, the other by the National Unity party (UN). The UN bill "grants amnesty" to army Gen. José Williams Zapata, who headed up the operation, and to the "official personnel who participated in the freeing and rescue of the hostages. Human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch strongly protested the move. "The successful rescue of the hostages turned these commandos into national heroes, but the evidence of illegal killings is compelling. National gratitude is no reason for shielding them from justice" it said in a press release. HRW argued that the amnesty proposals clearly conflict with the principles enunciated by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in March 2001, ruling against the Peruvian government in the case of the 1991 Barrios Altos massacre. In that case, which involved the amnesty law passed in 1995 by the Fujimori government, the Court declared the amnesty null and void because it conflicted with Peru's human rights treaty obligations. It later interpreted that ruling as applicable to all similar cases.

On June 7, at a ceremony organized by the army to commemorate loyalty to the National Flag, the commandos were honored and decorated, including those whom the judicial branch had under investigation for alleged involvement in the extrajudicial executions. On July 29, 2002, the Commando Chavín de Huántar was selected to lead the military parade celebrating independence. This appeared to have been done to exert more pressure on the Supreme Court justices who had to decide the jurisdiction question raised by the military court, all in order to make certain that it would be the military court that investigated the extrajudicial executions.

22.  On August 16, 2002, the Supreme Court convened to hear the oral arguments of the parties to the jurisdictional challenge brought by the military tribunal. The military prosecutor heading up the parallel inquiry being conducted in the military court and who had to bring the charges and prove them, was the person arguing the military’s challenge. However, in his oral arguments he made a defense for the commandos, stating that “heroes must not be treated like villains.”

23.  In its August 16, 2002 ruling, the Supreme Court held that the military court system had jurisdiction over the 19 commandos, thus declining jurisdiction in favor of the military tribunal. It held that the events had occurred in a district that at the time was under a state of emergency, and were part of a military operation conducted on orders from above. It further held that any crimes that the 19 commandos may have committed were the jurisdiction of the military courts. It also ruled that the civilian criminal courts should retain jurisdiction over anyone else, other than the commandos, who may have violated civilian laws.

24.  These arguments had the effect of removing certain agents from the jurisdiction of the military courts, so that they could continue to be investigated in the civilian court system:  Vladimiro Montesinos Torres, Roberto Huaman Ascurra, Nicolas Hermosa Ríos and Jesús Zamudio Aliaga, who had a direct hand in the execution of Eduardo Cruz Sánchez and gave the order to execute Herma Luz Meléndez Cueva and Víctor Peceros Pedraza. But the commandos who carried out the orders and the military chiefs who transmitted the orders were investigated by the very same Military Prosecutor who portrayed them as heroes in his arguments before the Supreme Court. In the end they were tried by military judges appointed by the Ministry of Defense. On July 29, in a clear demonstration of official support, the implicated commandos led Peru's traditional annual military parade.

Footnote
1. The crisis did indeed take place at the ambassador's residence and not the embassy, but in the media it later became labelled as the embassy and that is how it is now customarily referred to.

External link

 * Petition for admissibility: Eduardo Nicolas Cruz Sanchez et al (CIDH, February 27, 2004)
 * Troops storm embassy in Peru (BBC, 22 April 1997)
 * "Peru's Fujimori: A Latin American Pinochet with an Asian Face'' (Pacifica News, January 30 1997]
 * The Spiritual Dimension of the Hostage Drama (Catholic.net)

In the midst of the on-going allegations of Military complicity in the May 1988 Cayara Massacre, Attorney General Denegri convinced General Valdivia Duenas ...

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB64/comparison.doc

Amnesty International country reports : Peru ... Apurimac since March 1989; The Cayara massacre; Human rights violations directed against peasant communities; Appeal cases; Fifteen ...

http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/Library/books.nsf/0/8b48cc0f3508111ec125664000369539?OpenDocument

Complaint Cayara - 1993 ... The first two were witnesses to the Cayara massacre of May 14, 1988; the others are the father, mother and sister of Gregorio Ipurre Ramos. ... http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Cayaraen/cayara.5.htm

Alan García: Information From Answers.com ... include the Accomarca massacre, where forty-seven campesinos where gunned to death by the Peruvian armed forces in August 1985, the Cayara massacre (May 1988 ... hhtp://http://www.answers.com/topic/alan-garc-a

Notorious Peruvian School of the Americas Graduates ... General José Valdivia Duenas, 1962, Communications Officer, Cayara Massacre, 1988: On May 14, 1988, army soldiers under Valdivia Duenas' command killed (with ... hhtp://www.derechos.org/soa/peru-not.html - 12k - 2 Mar 2005 - Cached - Similar pages

RW ONLINE:Montesinos: The CIA Hitman in Peru ... Montesinos next moved to renew his influence in the military by helping to arrange the coverup of the army’s Cayara massacre. ... hhtp://rwor.org/a/v23/1110-19/1110/montesinos.htm - 16k - Cached - Similar pages

Alan García y Vladimiro Montesinos encubrieron el crimen de ... - [ Translate this page ] ... a la investigacion: Los militares, con anuencia del gobierno aprista y el fiscal de la Nacion estaban desapareciendo las pruebas de la matanza en Cayara. ... hhtp://www.aprodeh.org.pe/sem_verdad/ comision_verdad/24oct2002i.htm - 17k - Cached - Similar pages

Americas ... for Justice and International Law (CEJIL), Americas Watch acted as counsel for the relatives of the victims in two cases: the 1988 Cayara massacre and the ... hhtp://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/WR94/Americas-10.htm - 33k

Victor Polay Campos and the Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amaru (MRTA) http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/ms/mrta0397.html

In February of 1980, a Colombian rebel group called M-19 tookover the Dominican Embassy in Bogota. Fifteen guerrillas held 57 hostages, including 19 diplomats for 61 days. The crisis ended when Cuban leader Fidel Castro mediated an end to the takeover and gave refuge in Cuba to the guerrillas. http://www.emergency.com/peruhos2.htm

title: User:Viajero/tmp


text:
The Athenaeum (British magazine)

The Athenæum was a British literary magazine published in London, England, from 1828 to 1921.

Foundation
Initiated in 1828 by James Silk Buckingham, it was sold within a few weeks to Frederick Maurice and John Sterling, who failed to make it profitable. In 1829, Charles Wentworth Dilke became part proprietor and editor; he greatly extended the influence of the magazine. In 1846, he resigned the editorship and assumed that of the Daily News of London, but contributed a series of notable articles to the Athenaeum. The poet and critic Thomas Kibble Hervey succeeded Dilke as editor and served from 1846 until his resignation due to ill health in 1853. Historian and traveller William Hepworth Dixon succeeded Hervey in 1853, and remained editor until 1869.

Contributors
George Darley was a staff critic during the early years, and Gerald Massey contributed many literary reviews – mainly on poetry – during the period 1858 to 1868. George Henry Caunter was one of the principal early contributors, writing reviews of French-language books. His brother John Hobart Caunter also contributed reviews. H F Chorley covered musical topics from 1830 until 1868, starting well before the general emergence of regular journalistic music criticism in the mid 1840s. Theodore Watts-Dunton contributed regularly as the principal critic of poetry from 1875 until 1898. Frederic George Stephens was art editor from 1860 until 1901, when he was replaced by Roger Fry because of his unfashionable disapproval of Impressionism; Stephens continued to contribute book reviews and obituaries until 1904. Arthur Symons joined the staff in 1891.

Editor from 1871 to 1900 was Norman MacColl. During the 19th century, the Athenaeum received contributions from Lord Kelvin. During the early 20th Century, its contributors included Max Beerbohm, Edmund Blunden, T. S. Eliot, Robert Graves, Thomas Hardy, Aldous Huxley, Julian Huxley, Katherine Mansfield, George Santayana, Edith Sitwell, and Virginia Woolf.

From 1849 to 1880, Geraldine Jewsbury contributed more than 2300 reviews. She was one of very few women who reviewed for the Athenaeum and started submitting her reviews regularly by 1854. She rated highly novels that showed character morality and were also entertaining. She criticized the "fallen woman" theme, which was common in Victorian literature. During the second half of the 1850s, Jewsbury was entrusted with editing the "New Novels" section.

Legacy
A letter from J. S. Cotton, reportedly printed during 1905, definitively tells of the first-ever reference to the playing of a match of cricket in India.

In 1921, with decreasing circulation, the Athenaeum was incorporated into its younger competitor: the Nation, becoming The Nation and Athenaeum. In 1931, this successor publication merged with the New Statesman, to form the New Statesman and Nation, eliminating the name Athenaeum after 97 years.

The Athenaeum on-line
Almost all volumes of The Athenaeum are available on-line.

Hathi Trust

The years 1828–1879 and certain years between 1880 and 1921 are freely available.

For Copyright reasons the other years are only partially available in certain countries.

Internet Archive :

The following volumes are available (The Athenæum) :

• Apr-Jun 1828

• Jan-Dec 1832

• Jan-Dec 1834

• Jan-Dec 1850

• Jan-Dec 1855

• Jan-Jun 1863

• Jan-Jun 1869

• Jan-Jun 1870

• Jan-Jun 1872

• Jan-Jun 1874

• Jan-Jun 1892

• Jan-Jun 1894

• Jan-Jun 1896

• Jul-Dec 1896

• Jan-Jun 1897

• Jul-Dec 1897

• Jul-Dec 1898

• Jan-Jun 1899

• Jul-Dec 1899

• Jan-Jun 1901

• Jan-Jun 1902

• Jul-Dec 1902

• Jul-Dec 1903

• Jan-Jun 1904

• Jul-Dec 1904

• Jan-Jun 1905

• Jul-Dec1905

• Jan-Jun 1906

• Jul-Dec 1906

• Jan-Jun 1908

• Jan-Jun 1909

• Jan-Jun 1911

• Jan-Jun 1912

• Jan-Jun 1914

• Jul-Dec 1914

• Jan-Jun 1920

title: The Athenaeum (British magazine)


text:
Pavel Solovyov

Pavel Aleksandrovich Solovyov (Soloviev) (Павел Александрович Соловьёв; June 26, 1917 – October 13, 1996) was a Soviet engineer born in Alekino in Kineshemsky District of Ivanovo Oblast. He specialised in the design of aircraft engines.

Following the evacuation of the Rybinsk Aviation Institute in 1940, he went to work in Perm, where in 1953 he was made the head of his own design bureau - OKB-19 (now part of Aviadvigatel).

His many awards and decorations included the Lenin Prize (1978), the USSR State Prize (1968), the title Hero of Socialist Labor (1966), four Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of the Red Star and the Medal "For Labour Valour". He was made deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR three times. A street in Perm was named after him, a monument to him was built in Rybinsk.

He died in Perm.

title: Pavel Solovyov


text: Category:Irish performance artists

title: Category:Irish performance artists


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Consantine Maroulis

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 02:40, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Consantine Maroulis
Yet another undistinguished American Idol contestant. — Gwalla | Talk 00:26, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless Constantine actually wins. Cnwb 00:48, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable yet. Megan1967 03:26, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless he makes the final 12. Gamaliel 04:39, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to American Idol. AI's fast becoming Wikipedia's next Pokemon. /sɪzlæk  ˺/  05:03, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to American Idol. Acusilaus 07:57, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC) Account with public password, vote stricken. --Michael Snow 16:58, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep for now, but move to the correct spelling which is Constantine Maroulis. Sjakkalle 09:19, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Carum

Carum is a genus of about 20 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate regions of the Old World. Two of the best recognized species are caraway (C. carvi), the seeds of which are widely used as a spice, and ajwain (Carum copticum). In the Mongolian flora (adjunctive by Urgamal M., 2012) are two species (C. carve L., C. buriaticum Turcz.) belonging to the genus Carum.

Carum bulbocastanum is nowadays placed in Bunium and usually synonymized with Bunium persicum.

title: Carum


text:
1922 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1922 Atlantic hurricane season was the first season since 1914 in which no hurricanes made landfall in the United States. Although no "hurricane season" was defined at the time, the present-day delineation of such is June 1 to November 30. The first system, a tropical depression, developed on May 12, while the last, also a tropical depression, dissipated on October 31. Of note, seven of the fourteen cyclones co-existed with another tropical cyclone during the season, including three systems being simultaneously active on September 22.

Of the season's fourteen tropical cyclones, five became tropical storms and three strengthened into hurricanes. Furthermore, one of those strengthened into a major hurricane—Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. One of the hurricanes was found in reanalysis in 2009. The most intense tropical cyclone, Hurricane Two, peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph. Although a small hurricane in terms of size, the storm lashed Bermuda with strong winds and rough seas while nearly striking the island, causing one death and about $250,000 (1922 USD) in damage. Earlier in the season, the early stages and precursor of Tropical Storm One caused extensive flooding in El Salvador in June, leading to at least 100 deaths. The storm and its remnants later caused flooding along the lower Rio Grande. Crop damages alone on the Texas side of the river totaled about $2 million. Although no specific death toll is known, several bodies were seen floating down the river. In October, Hurricane Four caused severe damage and a few fatalities along the coast of the Yucatán Peninsula.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 55, below the 1921–1930 average of 76.6. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

Tropical Storm One
Observations from ships indicated that a tropical depression developed offshore Cabo Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua, on June 12. The depression continued northwestward without significantly intensifying. Heavy rains fell in the Swan Islands of Honduras on June 12 and June 13. Early on June 14, the depression made landfall in Mahahual, Quintana Roo, with winds of 35 mph. The cyclone entered the Gulf of Mexico later that day and began strengthening, reaching tropical storm status early on June 15. Around 18:00 UTC, the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph and a minimum barometric pressure of 1003 mbar. The system struck near La Pesca, Tamaulipas, at the same intensity early on June 16. After moving inland, the storm quickly weakened and dissipated by 18:00 UTC.

In the precursor and early stages of the storm, heavy rains fell in El Salvador. The Acelhuate River overflowed, flooding four densely-populated neighborhoods in the capital city of San Salvador. The floodwaters destroyed or damaged homes, buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure, while killing hundreds of animals and at least 100 people. The storm and its remnants brought heavy rainfall to Rio Grande valley, causing flooding. In Texas, the river at Eagle Pass reached 45.6 ft, 29.6 ft above flood stage. Two bridges washed away, while businesses and homes were damaged. Farther down the river, the swollen crest of the Rio Grande and San Juan rivers merged, causing significant flooding in Cameron and Hidalgo counties. Many towns in both counties suffered severe damage. It was estimated that damage to crops alone reached about $2 million. On the Mexico side of the river, water inundated more than 30,000 acres of agricultural lands. Infrastructure such as roads, bridges, railroads, and buildings were damaged. Telegraph reports noted that several bodies were seen floating down the Rio Grande at Ciudad Mier. Floodwaters stranded nearly 1,000 farmers in both countries. Aviators acting on behalf of the Red Cross dropped bags of food to those left isolated.

Hurricane Two
A northeast-southwest oriented trough developed into a tropical depression about 870 mi east-southeast of Barbados early on September 13. Initially moving west-northwestward, the depression intensified into a tropical storm several hours later, before curving northwestward the next day. The French S. S. Mont Rose was the first ship to encounter the storm, then centered about 200 mi east of Martinique on September 15. The storm then strengthened significantly, becoming a hurricane around 12:00 UTC and then reaching major hurricane intensity by 06:00 UTC on September 16. Around that time, the hurricane passed very close to Barbuda, with the island recording sustained winds of 81 mph. The cyclone strengthened slightly over the next few days, with sustained winds peaking at 120 mph on September 17. By later that day, the system curved northward while centered north of the Mona Passage. Early on September 20, the hurricane began moving north-northeastward.

Around 12:00 UTC on September 21, the hurricane passed almost directly over Bermuda while still at major hurricane intensity. Significant damage occurred there, as winds peaked at 120 mi/h, while the coast experienced a storm surge reaching 8 ft in height, the highest tides observed on the island since the hurricane of 1899. The abnormally high tides flooded numerous homes and streets near the harbor, including the Flatts Bridge. One death occurred at the dockyard after a sailor fell overboard from the H.M.S. Capetown, which was anchored there. Winds severely damaged a number of buildings, including the Bermuda Cathedral and an old City Hall in Hamilton. Debris littered the streets, including fallen trees and toppled walls. Repairs costs to government buildings was estimated at $221,209, with the overall damage reaching approximately $250,000. The storm began accelerating and weakening later on September 21. By 00:00 UTC on September 23, the system became extratropical about 510 mi south of Cape Race, Newfoundland. The remnants slowly weakened while approaching the British Isles, before dissipating over the English Channel on September 28. Several locations in Western Europe recorded mostly light wind speeds in association with the remnants of the storm.

Hurricane Three
A low pressure area developed into a tropical depression about 75 mi east of Florida at 00:00 UTC on September 18. It is estimated that the depression reached tropical storm intensity about 12 hours later, based on ships reporting near-tropical storm force winds. The storm drifted northeast and slowly strengthened, becoming a hurricane on September 20. The system made have interacted with the previous storm, which was at Category 3 intensity and located near Bermuda on September 21. Intensifying slightly further, the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph and a minimum barometric pressure of 987 mbar at 12:00 UTC on September 22, with both estimated using observations from a ship and the pressure-wind relationship. However, by September 23, the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm. After briefly accelerating, the storm curved northward and drifted, before being absorbed by an extratropical storm about 165 mi southeast of Massachusetts by 00:00 UTC on September 25. This hurricane was not considered a tropical cyclone until reanalysis in 2009. Tropical storm force winds were reported in Florida, North Carolina, and New Jersey.

Hurricane Four
Historical weather maps suggest that a tropical depression developed about 85 mi north-northwest of Barranquilla, Colombia, early on October 11. The depression moved slowly westward and then northwestward without significant intensification for a few days. By October 15, the depression had reached tropical storm status. Late on October 16, the cyclone began intensifying at a quicker pace, becoming the equivalent of a modern-day Category 2 hurricane on October 17. Around 00:00 UTC the next day, it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph. Early on October 18, a ship reported a minimum pressure of 984 mbar near the center, the lowest pressure measured during the life span of the storm.

The hurricane weakened slightly prior to making landfall near Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, with winds of 100 mph around 12:00 UTC on October 18. Crossing the Yucatán Peninsula, the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm by 00:00 UTC the next day. Early on October 20, the storm emerged into the Bay of Campeche and quickly re-strengthened into a hurricane. The system then drifted slowly south-southwestward. Shortly after 18:00 UTC on October 21, the hurricane made landfall near Paraíso, Tabasco, with winds of 80 mph. The storm rapidly weakened after moving inland and dissipated near Cárdenas by 06:00 UTC the next day.

The storm's precursor caused extensive damage to banana plantations in the Magdalena Department of Colombia. In Quintana Roo, the storm caused significant damage to property and crops along the entire coast, while Cozumel and Isla Mujeres were reportedly left desolate. The hurricane destroyed nearly every home on the latter. A few fatalities occurred in the Yucatán Peninsula. Yucatán governor Felipe Carrillo Puerto estimated that damaged totaled about 60,000 MX$. Several small vessels sank offshore, including the motor canoe Nieves, drowning one passenger. The sloop Rosita also capsized, with only one crewman surviving. About two weeks after the storm, the federal government distributed about 50 tons of corn and 10 tons of beans to the destitute residents. Farther west, several fishing vessels sank and some ocean liners, including the SS Morro Castle (1900), were stranded outside Veracruz harbor because violent seas made it too dangerous to enter. The hurricane caused considerable damage to shipping in the southern Gulf of Mexico.

Tropical Storm Five
A low-pressure area previously associated with a frontal boundary developed into a tropical depression just north of Honduras on October 12. Initially moving northeastward, the depression intensified into a tropical storm around 12:00 UTC on October 13 and then began heading northward. Around 06:00 UTC on October 14, the storm made landfall on Isla de la Juventud, Cuba, with winds of 40 mph, shortly before striking modern-day Artemisa Province at the same intensity. After emerging into the Gulf of Mexico, the storm intensified further, peaking with winds of 50 mph early on October 15. The cyclone then decelerated and weakened, falling to tropical depression status by late the following day. Around 09:00 UTC on October 17, it made landfall near Orange Beach, Alabama, with winds of 30 mph. The storm quickly lost tropical characteristics and was absorbed by a frontal boundary several hours later. It may have been a subtropical storm due to some hybrid characteristics. The system left minimal impact in Cuba and the Gulf Coast of the United States.

Tropical depressions
In addition to the five cyclones reaching at least tropical storm intensity, nine other tropical depressions formed during the season. A trough moving westward through the southwestern Caribbean developed into a tropical depression on May 12. The depression moved northwestward for a few days and failed to intensify. It made landfall in Nicaragua on May 15 and dissipated later that day. On June 14, a low-pressure area developed along the tail-end of a frontal boundary just offshore northeast Florida. By the following day, the low acquired tropical characteristics and likely became a tropical depression. The depression moved generally eastward and dissipated on June 16. A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression just southwest of the Cape Verde Islands on August 1. The depression moved slowly northward and then north-northeastward, before dissipating on August 3 about 60 mi south of São Vicente. On August 17, a tropical depression developed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Moving northeastward, the system struck Florida, before emerging in the Atlantic on August 18. The storm moved along the East Coast of the United States and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by August 20. Its remnants crossed Nova Scotia later that day and Newfoundland on the following day.

A weak circulation developed along the axis of a trough situated offshore North Carolina in early September, with a tropical depression forming on September 3. The depression moved southward and likely dissipated by the next day. An inverted trough and a tropical wave merged and briefly developed into a tropical depression well offshore Georgia on September 11. By the next day, the circulation had either dissipated or merged with a cold front. A strong tropical wave developed into a tropical depression between the Cape Verde Islands and Senegal on September 21. Moving generally westward, the depression was last noted between the islands of Fogo and Santiago on September 22. The latter island observed sustained winds of 36 mph. On October 2, a tropical depression likely formed over the eastern Gulf of Mexico about 280 mi south of Panama City, Florida. The depression continued westward and may have made landfall in Texas just north of Corpus Christi on October 5. However, there is no evidence of a closed circulation beyond October 3. A tropical depression – possibly subtropical – formed on October 28 over the central Gulf of Mexico. The depression moved northward and made landfall near the Alabama–Mississippi state line on October 31 and quickly dissipated. Pensacola, Florida, recorded a 5-minute wind gust of 43 mph. The depression dropped mostly light rainfall in the area, with 24-hour amounts ranging from 0.5 - 1 in.

title: 1922 Atlantic hurricane season


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Discrete trial training

Discrete trial training (DTT) is a technique used by practitioners of applied behavior analysis (ABA) that was developed by Ivar Lovaas at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). DTT uses mass instruction and reinforcers that create clear contingencies to shape new skills. Often employed as an early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for up to 25–40 hours per week for children with autism, the technique relies on the use of prompts, modeling, and positive reinforcement strategies to facilitate the child's learning. It previously used aversives to punish unwanted behaviors. DTT has also been referred to as the "Lovaas/UCLA model", "rapid motor imitation antecedent", "listener responding",  errorless learning", and "mass trials".

Technique
Discrete trial training (DTT) is a process whereby an activity is divided into smaller distinct sub-tasks and each of these is repeated continuously until a person is proficient. The trainer rewards successful completion and uses errorless correction procedures if there is unsuccessful completion by the subject to condition them into mastering the process. When proficiency is gained in each sub-task, they are re-combined into the whole activity: in this way proficiency at complex activities can be taught.

DTT is carried out in a one-on-one therapist to student ratio at the table. Intervention can start when a child is as young as two years old and can last from two to six years. Progression through goals of the program are determined individually and are not determined by which year the client has been in the program. The first year seeks to reduce self-stimulating/self-regulatory ("stimming") behavior (this includes ("stimming") in ways that pose no inherent harm), teach listener responding, eye contact, and rapid fine and gross motor imitation, as well as to establish playing with toys in what the therapist considers the "correct" way, and integrate the family into the treatment protocol. The second year teaches early expressive language and abstract linguistic skills. The third year strives to include the individual's community in the treatment to optimize "mainstreaming" by focusing on peer interaction, basic socializing skills, basic social rules, emotional expression and variation, in addition to observational learning and pre-academic skills, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic. Rarely is the technique implemented for the first time with adults.

DTT is typically performed five to seven days a week with each session lasting from five to eight hours, totaling an average of 30–40 hours per week. Sessions are divided into trials with intermittent breaks, and the therapist is positioned directly across the table from the student receiving treatment. Each trial is composed of the therapist giving an instruction (i.e., "Look at me", "Do this", "Point to", etc.), in reference to an object, color, simple imitative gesture, etc., which is followed by a prompt (verbal, gestural, physical, etc.). The concept is centered on shaping the child to respond correctly to the instructions throughout the trials. Should the child fail to respond to an instruction, the therapist uses either a "partial prompt" (a simple nudge or touch on the hand or arm) or a "full prompt" to facilitate the child to successfully complete the task. Correct responses are reinforced with a reward, and the prompts are discontinued as the child begins to master each skill.

The intervention is often used in conjunction with the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) as it primes the child for an easy transition between treatment types. The PECS program serves as another common intervention technique used to conform individuals with autism. As many as 25% of autistic individuals have no functional speech. The program teaches spontaneous social communication through symbols or pictures by relying on ABA techniques. PECS operates on a similar premise to DTT in that it uses systematic chaining to teach the individual to pair the concept of expressive speech with an object. It is structured in a similar fashion to DTT, in that each session begins with a preferred reinforcer survey to ascertain what would most motivate the child and effectively facilitate learning.

Effectiveness
Limited research shows DTT to be effective in enhancing spoken language,  academic and adaptive skills,    as many studies are of low quality research design and there needs to be more larger sample sizes.

In media
A 1965 article in Life magazine entitled Screams, Slaps and Love has a lasting impact on public attitudes towards Lovaas's therapy. Giving little thought to how their work might be portrayed, Lovaas and parent advocate Bernie Rimland, M.D., were surprised when the magazine article appeared, since it focussed on text and selected images showing the use of aversives, including a close up of a child being slapped. Even after the use of aversives had been largely discontinued, the article continued to have an effect, galvanizing public concerns about behavior modification techniques.

United States cost
In April 2002 treatment cost in the U.S. was about US$4,200 per month ($50,000 annually) per child. The 20–40 hours per week intensity of the program, often conducted at home, may place additional stress on already challenged families.

History
Discrete trial training is rooted in the hypothesis of Charles Ferster that autism was caused in part by a person's inability to react appropriately to "social reinforcers", such as praise or criticism. Lovaas's early work concentrated on showing that it was possible to strengthen autistic people's responses to these social reinforcers, but he found these improvements were not associated with any general improvement in overall behavior.

In a 1987 paper, psychologists Frank Gresham and Donald MacMillan described a number of weaknesses in Lovass's research and judged that it would be better to call the evidence for his interventions "promising" rather than "compelling".

Lovaas's original technique used aversives such as striking, shouting, and electrical shocks to punish undesired behaviors. By 1979, Lovaas had abandoned the use of aversives, and in 2012 the use of electric shocks was described as being inconsistent with contemporary practice.

title: Discrete trial training


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