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Talk:Licking

I'd edit and fix some of the things in this article, but there are just too many. A better writer than i should attempt a rewrite. BTW, the spelling is 'cunnilingus' and i don't believe it actually means all that.

 * What a mess. TheCoffee 18:16, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion
Please note here your reasoning behind not deleting rather than just removing the tag. §τοĿĿ€ŖγŤč'' 12:16, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid the article should never have been tagged for speedy deletion, and whoever removed the tag did the right thing. There's nothing under WP:CSD that this falls under.  AFD, yes, CSD, no.    Proto    ||    type    15:54, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Exactly. It was tagged as nonsense, and while it is to me clearly not encyclopedic...it wasn't nonsense.  Thats what I wrote in the edit summary I believe.  In some cases I would have tossed it into AfD myself, but I didn't have a super strong objection to it so I figured I would let you (Stollery) put it up and you could probably make a more cohesive argument as to why it needed to be tossed.  Does that help? --Syrthiss 15:58, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Of course. Thanks for the clarification. ĢĿ€Ñ §τοĿĿ€ŖγŤč'' 17:50, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Rewritten
I've almost entirely rewritten the article. It still needs a lot of work, but it should be a start, anyway. In particular, the "Licking in animals" section should be expanded, and probably split into multiple sections. Ideally, each of the current paragraphs should be a whole separate section. Also, there ought to be a section explaining in detail the mechanics of licking, including the muscles involved in each stage.

The article also needs sourcing and fact checking. This is not a topic for which one can easily find online references — most of my search attempts just turn up porn — so the current content is mostly off the top of my head. There must be an enormous amount of written material that could be cited, but it's probably scattered; I don't think anyone has written a book on licking, though I'd be glad to be proven wrong. —Ilmari Karonen (talk) 22:13, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it's a perfectly valid encyclopedia topic myself, and is much more than a dicdef. It has significant importance in both human and animal behaviour.--h i s  s p a c e   r e s e a r c h 13:24, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Licking fur for cooling?
It is not clear to me that an animal licking its fur results in much cooling relative to panting. Fur is a good insulator and licking results only in the top part of the fur becoming wetted. Also, the amount of saliva transferred and evaporating is not that much. I am sure that there are some good estimates available for such a simple biological heat-transfer problem. Please research this point and, if needed, re-write those assertions. My immediate impression is that letting the tongue hang and out panting are the primary "internal" control mechanism (external being going into shade or getting into water if it is avaiable). -- Osolomio 05:39, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Here's s few links gotten by Googling for cats lick cool:, , , . The last one is where I originally found this fact when rewriting the article, but the others seem more comprehensive.  Incidentally, cats don't normally pant.  —Ilmari Karonen (talk) 11:03, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Licking


text:
Disco polo

Disco polo is a genre of popular dance music, created in Poland in the 1980s. It was initially known as sidewalk music (muzyka chodnikowa) or backyard music (muzyka podwórkowa). This genre, a type of Polish urban folk music, had great popularity in the 1990s, peaking in 1995–1997, then gradually declining in popularity through the early 21st century. The genre then had a resurgence in the winter of 2007. The Polish PWN dictionary defines the genre as a Polish variant of disco music, with simple melodies and often ribald lyrics.

Characteristics
Classic disco polo songs are characterized by simple chord progressions and melodies, and take further influence from the steady rhythms found in folk music. These are often accompanied by syncopated samples of drums, synthesizers and keyboard instruments. The genre is dominated by compositions in the 4/4 time signature. Lyrics are often sentimental and playful, written around themes of love and sometimes holidays.

Roots of the genre
The genre originates from music played at weddings by bands with a repertoire of Polish folk music and wedding songs. Later, electronic instruments were adopted over traditional acoustic instruments. The most common lyrical themes included melodramatic lyrics about unrequited love. The genre was additionally influenced by other popular music styles within Europe.

Pioneers of the genre include the band Bayer Full, which was founded on November 19, 1984, and Top One, formed in 1986.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, more bands emerged, such as Akcent, Atlantis, Boys (Polish band), and Fanatic. Blue Star, a record label in Reguły was the first official record label that published disco polo in Poland. This new style of music was called muzyka chodnikowa (lit. 'sidewalk music') by label owner Sławomir Skręta, which was a reference to the main means of distribution: records were sold primarily in stalls on streets and bazaars. Scenes were centered in Białystok and other cities in the province of Podlaskie, with regional scenes in Żyrardów and Sochaczew. "Mydełko Fa" ('The Fa Soap'), recorded in 1991 by Marek Kondrat and Marlena Drozdowska, was created as a parody of the genre, but ended up popularising it further.

Sidewalk music was played at country picnics, county depots, weddings, as well as political campaigns for Polish parliament and president. Former President Aleksander Kwaśniewski is a notable example of a politician who used disco polo during his presidential campaign.

From the 1990s to 2002
Skręta coined the name disco polo in 1993, taking influence from the name Italo disco. The name caught on and replaced sidewalk music. On February 29, 1992, a TVP1 broadcast dedicated to disco polo named Gala Piosenki Chodnikowej i Popularnej ('Gala of Sidewalk and Popular Songs') was held.

The genre was extensively marketed by the Polsat TV station, which produced its own disco polo hit lists for several TV shows: Disco Relax (which premiered on December 4, 1994 ) and Disco Polo Live (which premiered February 3, 1996 on the network ). The genre also found its way onto Radio Eska and Polonia 1, a network of local stations in urban areas, as well as TV Polonia. It was considered a symbol of kitsch and primitivism by the mainstream media.

Bands and singers used disco polo during election campaigns. Traditional instruments came to be replaced by keyboards later in the 1990s, which contributed to a slight change in style, making the songs more akin to Eurodance. Artists also started mixing the genre with other musical genres such as dance music, house music, and techno.

TVP1 aired a disco polo program entitled Karnawałowa Gala Disco Polo ('Carnival Disco Polo Gala') on December 31, 1995.

In 1996, Maria Zmarz-Koczanowicz and Michał Arabudzkii directed a documentary film called Bara Bara, which explored the disco polo trend. It was aired in the same year on TVP1. On April 24, 1998, the film Kochaj i rób co chcesz ('Love and Do What You Will') was released by Robert Gliński, in which the main character leaves to play disco polo on the piano in a club.

The trend receded between 1997 and 2001. A sharp decline in sales of disco polo cassettes and CDs ensued due to the growth of Polish and foreign pop music, rock, hip hop, dance, and electronic music. The genre's airplay on Radio Eska, Polonia 1 and TV Polonia diminished. In late August 2002, Polsat TV cancelled Disco Relax and Disco Polo Live, leaving many bands jobless. Some observers believe that the genre's drastic decline in popularity was in part caused by the emigration of disco polo musicians to the United States, where some artists continued their work.

After 2002
From 2002 to 2007, several bands released new disco polo albums (e.g. Toples and Weekend), but the genre remained obscure. On August 12, 2004, an article by Wojciech Orliński was published in Gazeta Wyborcza titled "Śmierć disco polo" ('The death of disco polo') describing the decline of the genre at the turn of the 21st century.

On August 6, 2006, TVN aired a program called Kulisy sławy ('Behind the scenes of fame') of the Uwaga! series, dedicated to the revival of the genre. The program was recognized as the best report of 2006 in an internet poll. In 2007, after a five-year hiatus, the genre returned to television through the station iTV (Poland), which broadcast the Discostacja program daily. In addition, two Internet radio stations associated with it held a promotion. Starting in 2007, disco polo bands began playing shows again.

On July 5, 2008, the disco polo show Nie tylko Barachołka ('Not just Barachołka'), formerly known as Barachołka, returned to Polskie Radio Lublin. it was broadcast on weekends.

In the first three months of 2009, the genre was promoted by the Edusat (Poland) channel. In March 2009, iTV resumed its Disco Polo Live program from 2002, although the broadcast was suspended in March 2011. Since May 7, 2011 Disco Polo Live has been broadcast on Polo TV. On October 4, 2009, a new program produced by Maciej Jamróz called Disco Bandżo ('Disco banjo') was featured on Tele 5.

On December 5, 2010, the channel VIVA Polska began airing a dance music program called Disco ponad wszystko ('Disco above all') every Sunday. It doubled the channel's viewership, which steadily increased after each episode, but the program was removed after eighteen months on the channel. CSB TV also broadcast the genre, but the channel was discontinued in May 2012.

On May 7, 2011, Polo TV was launched, a television channel dedicated primarily to disco polo music. The channel has been broadcast on digital TV since December 19, 2011 and became the most watched music channel in Poland. On September 27, 2011, the channel TV.DISCO was launched, which broadcast the genre alongside disco, dance, and electronic music, and remained on air. The Disco Relax program, which aired in the 1990s on Polsat, was meant to resume on TV.DISCO but eventually returned on February 12, 2012, on Polo TV.

On October 20, 2012, the program Vipo Disco Polo Hits led by Wojciech Grodzki moved from the TVS channel to Polo TV. It was aired weekly until December 30, 2017.

In 2011, director Maciej Bochniak produced a documentary entitled Miliard Szczęśliwych Ludzi ('A Billion Happy People') about the travels of Bayer Full and their performances in China.

On December 1, 2012, Polsat launched a new program dedicated to the genre entitled Imperium Disco Polo (lit. 'Disco Polo Empire'), which played re-runs from Polsat Play. However, at the beginning of March 2013 the program was taken off Polsat, due to the emergence of new episodes of the series Holiday Diaries, but new episodes were still available on cable networks and digital platforms of Polsat Play. From April 21 to June 2013, the program aired on ATM Rozrywka, and since August 3, 2013 is shown on Polsat 2.

From April 8 to December 1, 2013, the genre was promoted by Radio Plus, which changed its slogan from Łagodne Przeboje ('Gentle hits') to Zawsze w Rytmie ('Always in Rhythm'). In addition to streaming disco polo, there were also dance songs from the 1980s and 1990s. On December 1, 2013, this music was moved to the Vox FM (Poland) radio station. This change was due to protests from Radio Plus listeners and from bishops who owned Radio Plus station licenses.

On August 17, 2013, Telewizja Polsat broadcast the Disco Pod Żaglami ('Disco Sailing') concert featuring the disco polo bands Akcent, Shazza, Boys, Classic and Weekend. This was the first disco polo concert since the genre's programs were removed from the station over 10 years prior, and it was viewed by 2.7 million people.

On May 1, 2014, Telewizja Polsat launched Disco Polo Music, another TV channel dedicated to the genre.

In early February 2015, the channel TV.DISCO completely removed disco polo from its schedule. On February 27, 2015, Maciej Bochniak's film Disco Polo hit movie theatres, which tells the story of a group of musicians who reached the top of the genre's charts. On February 26, 2015, in connection with the release of the film, an episode of Hala odlotów ('Waiting room') aired on TVP Kultura, dedicated to the genre.

On December 4, 2017, as a result of an agreement with the ZPR Media group, Telewizja Polsat acquired 100% of the shares in Lemon Records, the broadcaster of disco polo stations Polo TV and Vox Music TV, thus becoming the owner of both.

The two most popular Polish songs on YouTube are of the disco polo genre. For a long time, the first most viewed song was "Ona tańczy dla mnie" ("She dances for me") by Weekend. At the end of June 2017, achieving over 106 million views, the song "Przez twe oczy zielone" ("Because of your green eyes") by Akcent beat Weekend's record.

Since 2002, this genre has often been combined with dance music and other genres of electronic dance music,   e.g. power dance, Eurodance, nu-electro and techno. Songs of this genre often also contain elements of folk music and pop music. The bands and artists which gained significant popularity after 2002 are, among others: After Party, Weekend, Andre, Czadoman, Tomasz Niecik, Eva Basta, Masters, DJ Disco ft. MC Polo, Cliver, Effect and Power Play. Disco polo is also popular outside of Poland, especially among the Polish diaspora. In 2016, the genre experienced a new revival in Poland after the 2016 New Year's Eve party, when the TV channel TVP2 invited the frontman of Akcent, Zenon Martyniuk, one of the most popular disco polo performers, to perform on the main stage. The president of Telewizja Polska Jacek Kurski also expressed joy at the fact that the genre is no longer ironically hated, as the performance was enjoyed by many people present at the event.

In Polish mass media
From the mid-1990s to the turn of the century, television and radio programs devoted to disco polo were broadcast by Polsat stations, Radio Eska, Polonia 1, TV Polonia, and some regional radio stations and local cable networks. Since 2007, interest in disco polo has grown, which is reflected in a greater presence of this music in some media and the increased number of concerts played. However, the genre is still considered a sign of bad taste by many radio stations and television channels and is not promoted by them.

Since 2007, TV stations that have promoted disco polo include Polo TV, iTV, Polsat 2, TVS, Polonia 1, Disco Polo Music, TVR, VOX Music TV, Power TV, Polsat Play, Eska TV, TV.DISCO, VIVA Polska, Polsat, Puls 2, Tele 5, ATM Rozrywka, Kino Polska Muzyka, as well as TV4 and TV6. This genre is also promoted by some radio stations and internet sites such as Radio FTB, Discoparty.pl, Disco-Polo.fm, Discostacja and IRN, as well as regional stations including Radio Express, Radio Hit, Radio Jard, Radio Kaszëbë, Polish Radio Kielce, Radio Leliwa, Polish Radio Lublin, Radio Silesia and Radio Plus, and transregional stations Vox FM and radio WAWA. Online social video services such as YouTube and the site Wrzuta.pl, which existed from 2006 to 2017, also had a significant impact on the renewed interest in disco polo.

In the summer, several disco polo festivals take place, the largest of which from 1996 to 2011 was the National Festival of Music and Dance in Ostróda (originally held in Koszalin), and since 2011 is the Disco Hit Festival, in Kwakowo near Kobylnica. The biggest stars of Polish dance music perform at these festivals and thousands of fans attend from all over Poland. Disco polo bands and performers also participate in many charity concerts and events including during the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity. At the end of 2016 a well-known disco polo band, Akcent (Zenon Martyniuk and Ryszard Warot), performed for the first time at the New Year's Eve party in Zakopane, organised by Telewizja Polska. TVP2 also acquired the rights to broadcast the "25 years of disco polo" gala, which took place on June 25, 2017, at Polonia Stadium in Warsaw. According to Nielsen Audience Measurement, the gala was viewed by 2.6 million people.

Additional information

 * The leaders of the Pruszków mafia and Wołomin mafia invested in the promotion of disco polo bands. At the height of the genre's success, between 1995 and 1997, criminal organizations controlled about 70 percent of the market.
 * Disco Polo has been met with severe criticism from supporters of other musical genres, who have accused it of musical primitiveness, lyrical naivety, poor execution, and lack of originality (by duplicating motifs and designs, often from Polish and foreign music of the 1960s and 1970s). However, this criticism has not affected the popularity of the genre. Supporters of the genre and the bands who perform it argue that it is becoming more professional, the music and lyrics have improved, and performers are increasingly avoiding playback singing.
 * At the same time, some well-known performers of the older generation took part in creating the music trend or benefited from its popularity (e.g. Janusz Laskowski, Marlena Drozdowska, Bohdan Smoleń, Andrzej Rosiewicz, Stan Tutaj, Marek Kondrat, Piotr Pręgowski, and Kabaret OT.TO).
 * In the early 1990s, Krzysztof Krawczyk sang and recorded songs in the Italo disco genre, on the basis of which disco polo was created.
 * In some media, the term neo-disco polo is used in relation to some artists. The creators referred to by the term themselves point out that the new disco polo has an "old-school vibe", but compared to disco polo from the 1990s, the production and arrangement of songs is better.
 * In 2014, during the 51st National Polish Song Festival in Opole, the singer Maryla Rodowicz performed disco polo song covers, namely "You're crazy" and "Long live freedom" from the band Boys and Weekend's song "She dances for me".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Disco polo


text:
Superquadrics

In mathematics, the superquadrics or super-quadrics (also superquadratics) are a family of geometric shapes defined by formulas that resemble those of ellipsoids and other quadrics, except that the squaring operations are replaced by arbitrary powers. They can be seen as the three-dimensional relatives of the superellipses. The term may refer to the solid object or to its surface, depending on the context. The equations below specify the surface; the solid is specified by replacing the equality signs by less-than-or-equal signs.

The superquadrics include many shapes that resemble cubes, octahedra, cylinders, lozenges and spindles, with rounded or sharp corners. Because of their flexibility and relative simplicity, they are popular geometric modeling tools, especially in computer graphics. It becomes an important geometric primitive widely used in computer vision, robotics, and physical simulation.

Some authors, such as Alan Barr, define "superquadrics" as including both the superellipsoids and the supertoroids. In modern computer vision literatures, superquadrics and superellipsoids are used interchangeably, since superellipsoids are the most representative and widely utilized shape among all the superquadrics. Comprehensive coverage of geometrical properties of superquadrics and methods of their recovery from range images and point clouds are covered in several computer vision literatures.

Implicit equation
The surface of the basic superquadric is given by
 * $$ \left|x\right|^r + \left|y\right|^s + \left|z\right|^t =1$$

where r, s, and t are positive real numbers that determine the main features of the superquadric. Namely:

 * less than 1: a pointy octahedron modified to have concave faces and sharp edges.
 * exactly 1: a regular octahedron.
 * between 1 and 2: an octahedron modified to have convex faces, blunt edges and blunt corners.
 * exactly 2: a sphere
 * greater than 2: a cube modified to have rounded edges and corners.
 * infinite (in the limit): a cube

Each exponent can be varied independently to obtain combined shapes. For example, if r=s=2, and t=4, one obtains a solid of revolution which resembles an ellipsoid with round cross-section but flattened ends. This formula is a special case of the superellipsoid's formula if (and only if) r = s.

If any exponent is allowed to be negative, the shape extends to infinity. Such shapes are sometimes called super-hyperboloids.

The basic shape above spans from -1 to +1 along each coordinate axis. The general superquadric is the result of scaling this basic shape by different amounts A, B, C along each axis. Its general equation is
 * $$ \left|\frac{x}{A}\right|^r + \left|\frac{y}{B}\right|^s + \left|\frac{z}{C}\right|^t = 1.$$

Parametric description
Parametric equations in terms of surface parameters u and v (equivalent to longitude and latitude if m equals 2) are
 * $$\begin{align}

x(u,v) &{}= A g\left(v,\frac{2}{r}\right) g\left(u,\frac{2}{r}\right) \\ y(u,v) &{}= B g\left(v,\frac{2}{s}\right) f\left(u,\frac{2}{s}\right) \\ z(u,v) &{}= C f\left(v,\frac{2}{t}\right) \\ & -\frac{\pi}{2} \le v \le \frac{\pi}{2}, \quad -\pi \le u < \pi , \end{align}$$ where the auxiliary functions are
 * $$\begin{align}

f(\omega,m) &{}= \sgn(\sin \omega) \left|\sin \omega \right|^m \\ g(\omega,m) &{}= \sgn(\cos \omega) \left|\cos \omega \right|^m \end{align}$$ and the sign function sgn(x) is
 * $$ \sgn(x) = \begin{cases}

-1, & x < 0 \\ 0, & x = 0 \\ +1, & x > 0. \end{cases}$$

Spherical product
Barr introduces the spherical product which given two plane curves produces a 3D surface. If $$f(\mu)=\begin{pmatrix}f_1(\mu) \\ f_2(\mu)\end{pmatrix},\quad g(\nu)=\begin{pmatrix}g_1(\nu)\\g_2(\nu)\end{pmatrix}$$ are two plane curves then the spherical product is $$h(\mu,\nu) = f(\mu)\otimes g(\nu) = \begin{pmatrix} g_1(\nu)\ f_1(\mu) \\ g_1(\nu)\ f_2(\mu) \\ g_2(\nu) \end{pmatrix}$$ This is similar to the typical parametric equation of a sphere: $$\begin{align} x&=x_{0}+r\sin \theta \;\cos \varphi \\ y&=y_{0}+r\sin \theta \;\sin \varphi \qquad (0\leq \theta \leq \pi ,\;0\leq \varphi <2\pi )\\ z&=z_{0}+r\cos \theta \end{align}$$ which give rise to the name spherical product.

Barr uses the spherical product to define quadric surfaces, like ellipsoids, and hyperboloids as well as the torus, superellipsoid, superquadric hyperboloids of one and two sheets, and supertoroids.

Plotting code
The following GNU Octave code generates a mesh approximation of a superquadric:

title: Superquadrics


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nomi Sunrider

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. It's a redirect now anyway. dbenbenn | talk 19:45, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Nomi Sunrider
Fictional character from Star Wars universe. The article does not state in what Star Wars product (game, novel, etc) she appears, but it isn't the movies, since she is in the timeline 4000 years before the movies. Delete as non-encyclopedic: too low granularity of detail. --BM 18:13, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge somewhere or keep, assuming it's an official character. Kappa 19:44, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. What makes a character "official"?  Apparently Nomi Sunrider is a character from a story that took place over three issues of the comic book "Tales of the Jedi", published by Dark Horse Comics in 1993 and 1994.   They were collected into a trade paperback, along with other stories, in "Tales of the Jedi: Knights of the Old Republic", published in 1994 by Dark Horse. She also figured in some other Dark Horse comics published in 1998.   Are we compelled to have an article on every SW character that has ever appeared in a Lucas-licensed comic book?  I hope not, since this seems pretty crufty. --BM 20:52, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe that Star Wars canon is determined by stories from George Lucas and/or Timothy Zahn (however please double-check this with a true Warsie). I think she would be valid for inclusion in a list, but not her own article. So Merge or delete. Radiant! 22:14, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Lusas-licensed sounds reasonable. I don't want one article per character, I'd prefer to see them merged into lists or whatever, so comic readers can find them if they want to, but they don't bother random page users very often. Transwiking would also be good, but in a large chunk, not piecemeal. Kappa 02:04, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Where would this character fall using the ranking at Star Wars canon?  Rossami (talk)
 * Keep, and expand. @ Megan1967 23:29, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Providentissimus Deus

Providentissimus Deus, "On the Study of Holy Scripture", was an encyclical letter issued by Pope Leo XIII on 18 November 1893. In it, he reviewed the history of Bible study from the time of the Church Fathers to the present, spoke against the errors of the Rationalists and "higher critics", and outlined principles of scripture study and guidelines for how scripture was to be taught in seminaries. He also addressed the issues of apparent contradictions between the Bible and physical science, or between one part of scripture and another, and how such apparent contradictions can be resolved.

Context
Providentissimus Deus followed earlier efforts on the part of Pope Leo to promote Catholic education. In 1878, he had encouraged the study of history and archaeology. The 1879 encyclical Aeterni Patris promoted the study of scholastic philosophy. In 1887 he encouraged the study of the natural sciences, and in 1891 opened the Vatican Observatory.

Catholic studies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries avoided the use of critical methodology because of its rationalist tendencies. Frequent political revolutions, bitter opposition of liberalism to the church, and the expulsion of religious orders from France and Germany, made the church understandably suspicious of the new intellectual currents of the period.

In 1892 Leo authorized the École Biblique in Jerusalem, the first Catholic school specifically dedicated to the critical study of the Bible. At the turn of the 20th century the official Catholic attitude to the study of Holy Scripture was one of cautious advance, and at the same time of a growing appreciation of what had promise for the future. With Providentissimus Deus, Pope Leo gave the first formal authorization for the use of critical methods in biblical scholarship. In 1902, Pope Leo XIII instituted the Pontifical Biblical Commission, which was to adapt Roman Catholic Biblical studies to modern scholarship and to protect Scripture against attacks.

Content
The encyclical contains both a polemic against rationalism, and a defense of divine authorship, inspiration, and inerrancy. Leo responded to two challenges to biblical authority, both of which arose during the 19th century.

The historical-critical method of analyzing scripture questioned the reliability of the Bible. Leo acknowledged the possibility of errors introduced by scribes but forbade the interpretation that only some of scripture is inerrant, while other elements are fallible. Leo condemned that use that certain scholars made of new evidence, clearly referring to Alfred Firmin Loisy and Maurice d'Hulst, although not by name. "[T]hose who maintain that an error is possible in any genuine passage of the sacred writings, either pervert the Catholic notion of inspiration, or make God the author of such error." Leo then quotes Augustine: "And if in these Books I meet anything which seems contrary to truth, I shall not hesitate to conclude either that the text is faulty, or that the translator has not expressed the meaning of the passage, or that I myself do not understand."

"But he must not on that account consider that it is forbidden, when just cause exists, to push inquiry and exposition beyond what the Fathers have done; provided he carefully observes the rule so wisely laid down by St. Augustine-not to depart from the literal and obvious sense, except only where reason makes it untenable or necessity requires./" Leo argued that as science and theology are separate disciplines they do not contradict each other, provided that scholars keep to their respective areas of expertise. The scientist should not view the biblical writers as explaining the visible world, as that was not their intent. Biblical scholars should be aware that the writers may have used figurative language or descriptions from appearances. Leo endorsed the study of the Oriental languages and of the art of criticism. "...[I]t is most proper that Professors of Sacred Scripture and theologians should master those tongues in which the sacred Books were originally written; …"

At first, both conservatives and liberals found elements in the encyclical to which to appeal. Over the next decade, however, Modernism spread and the encyclical was increasingly interpreted in a conservative sense. This encyclical was part of an ongoing conflict between Modernists and conservatives.

Divino Afflante Spiritu
On September 30, 1943, Pope Pius XII issued his encyclical on “The Most Opportune Way to Promote Biblical Studies,” Divino Afflante Spiritu (“Inspired by the Divine Spirit”), in commemoration of Providentissimus Deus.

title: Providentissimus Deus


text:
Bruniquel

Bruniquel (Languedocien: Borniquèl) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Geography
The tiny fortified village of 561 inhabitants is at an altitude of 250 m by the river Aveyron. The river Vère flows northward through the commune, then flows into the Aveyron, which forms most of the commune's northern border.

Sights
The village is a picturesque mixture of old pink stone and red tile with a dramatic belfry, medieval gateways and defensive walls. Two feudal medieval castles dominate the village and the valley, one of which is the Château de Bruniquel.

The 'old' castle was built in the 12th century on the ruins of an earlier fortress said to have been founded by Queen Brunehaut in the 6th century and remained occupied until the 20th century. It was the home of William of Tudela who wrote the first part of La Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise, an account of the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars. The castle is notable for a gallery 20 m long in Renaissance style overhanging the valley of which it offers steep views that many visitors find alarming.

The 'young' castle was built in the 15th century and occupied for about 200 years. It now houses a museum of prehistory exhibiting "treasures of Bruniquel" found in several caves near the castles.

These caves include the Cave of Mayrières supérieure which contains ancient wall paintings that were damaged by overenthusiastic graffiti cleaners in 1991 and the Bruniquel Magdalenian abris, as well as the Bruniquel Cave that includes evidence of Neanderthal activity.

Miscellaneous
The commune's shield depicts a red chevron above a ram's head on a green ground.

Since 1997 the castles have been the venue of an annual arts festival celebrating the works of Jacques Offenbach.

The village, including the Château de Bruniquel, and its surroundings feature in the 1975 film Le Vieux Fusil (The Old Rifle) directed by Robert Enrico starring Romy Schneider and Philippe Noiret.

Transportation
There is a scheduled bus service to Montauban.

title: Bruniquel


text:
Talk:Daniel Puder

Article review
page needs a look over--Doublecheck 18:16, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I took out all the text that was taken verbatim from WWE.com's bio and TV Tome's profile. WWE.com text is copyrighted and the TV Tome text is copyrighted by the writer of the text. I'll add some info later if I can but you can take the WWE.com bio and TVTome Filmography and translate it into original text, then cite the two sources as references or link to them. --Jtalledo 14:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have clean up the page and added the pro wrestlers bio standard. Paulley

 * You might want to check, but I don't think Puder was ever actually in the UFC. I think I remember Mike Mizanan keep bringging that up during TE... DangerousDave

I believe his MMA history is a little biased, and the MMA event he was at was quite small, there weren't many fans there at all(from the video I saw). He wore a "I hurt Kurt" t-shirt.
 * I went and cut one unnecessary sentence that went overboard on the Puder-love.  The Strikeforce show mentioned in the article as being the biggest in the U.S. was the first Strikeforce event which was headlined by Frank Shamrock vs. Cesar Gracie.  It drew over 18,000 people.  SubSeven 18:46, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

The article changes from past to present tense several times when talking about the Puter-Angle match.

I think the wording of the Puder-Angle match needs to be chanfed slightly. Angle may have tapped out to his hold but it wouldn't have necessarily made it to TV since Smackdown is and was at the time a taped show. I would predict that it would have been cut out altogether but that's just my opinion.

Trained by and Debuted?
WTF! Look At the Profile! chris 06:06, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Can someone please fix this! Please have some respect for Puder! You stupid ****ing ****s who don't have anything to do but ****ing vandalize articles all day! What, you can't get a real job, you stupid ***wipes! I bet your still living in your mom's house you dump****s or in a rat-infested basement you stupid losers! Please can wikipedia please ban those who vandalize! I'm sick of this crap! I'd fix it myself if I knew Puder alot better!

 * 'known for his amazing stint in World Wrestling Entertainment' - Errr, what ? who changed the Amazing ?  A couple of very great backstage segments and a fantastic exit from the rumble is amazing by anyones standards.  I've changed the words back!

 * Who trained him and what year did he start? See, I don't even know that, I'd fix it if I knew —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 210.1.96.154 (talk) 05:36, 20 December 2006 (UTC).

First PPV?
"Puder competed in his first WWE pay-per-view event, being entered in the 2005 Royal Rumble Match." Actually, this was not Puder's 1st WWE PPV; in Armageddon 2004, Puder faced Mike Mizanin in a "Dixie Dogfight" boxing match. The WWE Tough Enough article, which states the 2005 Royal Rumble was Puder's 1st and only WWE PPV, also needs correction.

 * I agree so I added the information and edited the article... --Gregorynovella

Sexual Orientation
Should a LGBT tag be added? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.245.179.185 (talk) 08:48, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * that would require a source... Gregorynovella (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 15:38, 1 June 2009 (UTC).

People editing themselves?
I was wondering about User:DanielPuder editing this article. I had heard(possibly may be bs though) that wikipedia did not like the idea of people making/editing articles about themselves. Would this be considered inappropriate editing? Likewise, is the possibility that User:DanielPuder is NOT the Daniel Puder of the article, in which case it's a person claiming to be someone that he is not. Or is this all alright, and i'm just making trouble where none exists? Any comments would be appreciated! Spoke shook (talk) 10:22, 15 June 2010 (UTC)
 * 3rd possibility, someone who actually IS called Daniel Puder who happens to like wrestling? After all, there can't only be one Daniel Puder in the world. MrZoolook (talk) 00:46, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

It has come to my attention that people who are either working for Daniel Puder or Puder himself are removing portions of the article that seem to paint Puder in some unfavorable light, but the problem is, these portions are sourced though, while Puder and co. claim these are lies, they don't have proof to back up these claims. These are the portions that they are trying to remove: "I was in OVW. And we had this one town in Kentucky we went to every week, it was basically an old barn. There were the same 20 people there every time, they all looked the same, they all had maybe three teeth each and they all had the same name. Finally, one night I walked in and saw all the inbreds and thought to myself, "What am I doing with my life?"" Source: [] "I will open this reminding every one that I really liked Daniel during his OVW days. He was not too smart to the wrestling business but what young talent is these days?

My memories of Daniel Puder in OVW are quite different that what is stated here in your article. (I am assuming Daniel really said this) he was always giving away free pics, trading cards and T-shirts of him self [sic] to all the fans. He spent a fortune on this stuff and gave it to the fans, not to mention the 20 in a barn he claims to have seen every week. (I have no idea what town he is talking about) if he had not dozed off in training class and stayed off his lap top and cell phone 24/7 he may have drew [sic] more than 20 fans in what ever town he thinks he was in. We sure draw more than that now. We have capacity crowds (500 or so) turning away up to 50 to 200 fans every week at OVW TV tapings. We perform over 170 shows a year in the Louisville Metro area not to mention better than 100 additional shows around the tri state area. 12 shows a year at Six Flags Ky. Kingdom, 2 state fair shows and countless fund raisers.

I also remember Daniel cried like a baby the day he was released from WWE. Daniel may want to reflect back on his OVW days more accurately and appreciate any fans who took the time to come and see him in the future.

Thanks,

Kenny Bolin OVW" Source: [] "Puder was scheduled to compete against Tank Abbott, an American mixed martial arts fighter and former professional wrestler. The bout was scheduled on February 26, 2011, at Knockout Fights: The Beginning, at the Santa Monica Airport, in Santa Monica, California, however, Puder withdrew from the bout due to injury, Puder had suffered a torn meniscus and was unable to compete. Abbott, however, had his own opinion on Puder’s withdraw, according to Abbott, Puder noticed that Abbott had shown up in shape during a pre-fight news conference and subsequently pulled out of the bout, however, when informed of Abbott's account, Puder simply laughed and asked, "Tank, in shape?"" Source: []

The editor removing these portions are Mylifemypower and even claimed that the editors adding these portions to the article are bullying Puder, here's the quote:

"took out some guys who was bullying daniel puder and keep putting this stuff up there. the article quoted did not quote Mr. Puder right and this is a lie. - Mylifemypower"

I take offense to this because I am one of the editors who researched these portions, and I have already sent a response to Mylifemypower, here's my response:

"I am a fan of Daniel Puder, I have been following his career ever since his Tough Enough days, and just because during my research I found some unsavory things about him doesn't mean that I am bullying him, that means being unbiased, and as a encyclopedia which Wikipedia is, the article has to be unbiased.

Please prove these sections are lies."

How can this be resolved? Thanks. Greg The Webmaster (talk) 11:40, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Welcome to Wikipedia. If you are here
editing on behalf of the subject, you need to read WP:BLP. It would be better to suggest edits here, rather than making changes your self as you maybe hampered by a WP:conflict of interest. Edit warring here will be fruitless. Your best bet if an impasse results is to post at WP:BLPN. Failing that, contact Contact OTRS and explain your concerns there and then contact the Foundation. Please understand that the project wishes to be sensitive to the concerns of subjects of articles, but an encyclopedia may contain the subject of an article does not care for. -- Dlohcierekim (talk) 15:15, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniel Puder


text:
Talk:Structuration theory

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 13 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Zhaozhhan. Peer reviewers: Shuxin Zhao, Rorogaga.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:19, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Peer Review from Shuxin Zhao
This page is already very good. It has a clear structure and detailed explanation, I believe readers will have a good understanding of this theory after going through this page. For further improvement, I have a few suggestions.

First, you could capitalize the subtitles (e.g. Premises and Origins, Duality of Structure, etc.). In that way, this page will look more formal.

Also, I think "Duality of structure", "Structure and society" and "Agents and society" could be merged under one parent section named "Theory Content" or something.

Finally, I noticed that this page lacks applications of theory, so maybe you could find some research about this theory and sort them out, then add a big section to respectively introduce those studies. I believe it will help readers better understand this theory.

Shuxin Zhao (talk) 02:13, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Peer Review from Jenny Xu
This page is great as it is comprehensive and everything written here is relevant to the structuration theory. It maintains a neutral tone and also does not rely too heavily on the original research, judging from the bibliographies. I love it how this page includes a section about criticism, which can give the readers a better understanding of this theory from another perspective. However, I do think that there are too many direct quotes under "premise and origins" and it is better to paraphrase them. Also, under "duality of structure", the third paragraph lacks citations.--Rorogaga (talk) 01:37, 21 October 2021 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Georgetown University supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Q1 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:55, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Structuration theory


text:
User talk:Dieser Benutzer wurde gesperrt

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires. Gamaliel 18:19, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Actually, you've been permanently blocked. Page move vandalism is not tolerated. Jayjg (talk) 19:24, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
William of Tudela

William of Tudela (in Occitan, Guilhem de Tudela; in French, Guillaume de Tudèle; fl. 1199-1214) was the author of the first part of the Canso de la Crozada or Song of the Albigensian Crusade, an epic poem in Old Occitan giving a contemporary account of the crusade against the Cathars.

According to his own account in the first lines of his poem, William was born in Tudela in the Kingdom of Navarre (Spain). He refers to himself as maestre and clerc, indicating that his studies entitled him to the title of Master and that he had taken minor orders. He specifically states that he studied geomancy.

In or around 1199, William of Tudela went to Montauban (France) and lived there for 11 years. He claims that his knowledge of the future through geomancy impelled him to move in 1210 to Bruniquel, which had then just been bestowed on Baldwin, estranged brother of Count Raymond VI of Toulouse. The result of this move (and possibly one of its aims) was that William entered Baldwin's service. He became canon at Saint-Antonin (which, in the course of the Albigensian Crusade, Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester had just captured and given to Baldwin). More importantly, William now began to compose the Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise. Work on the first part of this poem began in 1210, William implies, though in the form now known it seems to have been written in its entirety in 1213.

Our knowledge of William's life ends in 1213 or 1214. One date is that of the capture (on 17 February 1214) and subsequent execution of Baldwin by his brother Raymond. William's poem speaks of Baldwin as still alive. Moreover, William's poem ends before the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213: Baldwin's participation on the winning side in that battle, in which Raymond lost Toulouse and Raymond's feudal overlord Peter II of Aragon was killed, was the excuse for his execution as a traitor. If William survived these events, he was at any rate impelled by them to stop writing. The second part of the Chanson is written by another, unknown, poet.

title: William of Tudela


text:
Powerglide

The Powerglide is a two-speed automatic transmission designed by General Motors. It was available primarily on Chevrolet from January 1950 through 1973, although some Pontiac models also used this automatic transmission after the fire at the Hydra-Matic factory in 1953. Powerglides were used extensively on Pontiacs produced for the Canadian market with Chevrolet powertrains. They were also used with Nova engines in the DJ-5A Jeeps produced 1968-1970 by Kaiser-Jeep and widely used as delivery vehicles by the United States Post Office. When introduced on upper-level Chevrolet models in 1950, the Powerglide represented the first automatic transmission offered in a low-priced automobile; in contrast, Ford did not offer their automatic transmission until 1951, while Plymouth car buyers had to wait until 1954. The transmission was simple and very durable, which satisfied customers.

History
The 1950 through 1952 Powerglide transmissions did not automatically shift between low and high (direct drive) which made for very sluggish take-offs and many drivers started in "Low" and shifted to "Drive" at about 30 - 40 mph. The 1953 and later units when in "Drive" started in low and automatically up shifted to high at a speed determined by the throttle opening. By the mid-1950s, more than half of all new Chevrolets were sold with Powerglide.

In 1962, GM started building Air Cooled Powerglides in aluminium, primarily for use in the new model Chevy II, which required a lightweight transmission for its compact body, and discontinued the cast iron Powerglides in 1963. A heavy duty version of Aluminium Powerglide was offered for passenger cars equipped with the 409 cubic inch V8 engine, and Chevrolet light trucks using a 1.76:1 reduction planetary gear set, instead of the usual 1.82:1. With a 3.31 axle, Car and Driver magazine noted a full-throttle up shift speed of 76 mph to direct with the 409-4bbl 340 hp engine in a contemporary road test. Most of the V8/Powerglide transmissions came with the 1.76 gear set. One notable exception was the export version of the transmission, which offered only the 1.82 ratio and was used by Holden in Australia behind their Australian built 6-cylinder and V8 engines. Holden vehicles fitted with Chevrolet V8 engines used the 1.76 ratio gear-set.

The Powerglide continued to serve as Chevrolet's main automatic transmission through the 1960s, when a new three-speed automatic transmission called Turbo-Hydramatic 400 (1965 introduction) began to be phased in. They were introduced in Buicks and Cadillacs the previous year.

Usually, Powerglides were coupled with the small block V8s such as the 283 ci engine, and the third-generation inline six-cylinder engine and inline four-cylinder engines. By the late 1960s, demand for two-speed automatic transmissions was dwindling as buyers were demanding three-speed units (Ford, Chrysler and American Motors had already switched entirely to three-speed automatics by this time). In 1969, the three-speed Turbo Hydramatic 350 (THM350) was introduced as a light-duty companion to the Turbo-Hydramatic 400, and made available on virtually all Chevrolet cars and trucks with six-cylinder or small and medium-sized V8 engines, as well as intermediate sized cars of other GM divisions.

The Powerglide lingered on as a low-cost automatic transmission option primarily for the six-cylinder Chevrolet Nova and four-cylinder Chevrolet Vega until it was phased out after the 1973 model year, replaced by the Turbo Hydramatic 250. They were also used in the DJ-5 'Dispatcher' Jeeps sold for light commercial use, and best known for their service with the US Postal Service. Its simple and robust design has led drag racing enthusiasts to work with it, giving the Powerglide an effective service life of nearly five decades past its intended obsolescence.

Types
Two primary types or versions of the Powerglide were made. The "Cast Iron Powerglide" transmission introduced in 1950 featured a cast iron case; after 1963, the "Aluminium Powerglide" substituted aluminum versions of the case and several other parts. Early models were air cooled, and later 60's versions used a fluid cooler in the radiator. The Aluminium Powerglide, and Tempestorque was used from 1962 until it was replaced with the Turbo-Hydramatic series of transmission in 1973. The Aluminium Powerglide is still used today as a racing transmission of choice by many racers mainly for the fact that it only shifts once, and for its extreme durability. It is also possible to purchase all the parts needed to build an Aluminium Powerglide from scratch from most racing parts vendors.

Torque-Drive
For the 1968 model year, Chevrolet introduced a semi-automatic version of Powerglide marketed under the name Torque-Drive. This unit was basically Powerglide without the vacuum modulator, requiring the driver to manually shift gears between Low and High. The quadrant indicator on Torque-Drive cars was, Park-R-N-Hi-1st. The driver would start the car in "1st," then move the lever to "Hi" when desired.

Torque-Drive was only offered on low-horsepower engines for Camaro and Nova. It was available on the Nova four-cylinder engine, and on the Turbo-Thrift Sixes for Camaro as well as Nova. Despite its low introductory price of US$68.65 ($0 in dollars ), most buyers apparently considered the Torque-Drive a nuisance to shift, and for a hundred dollars more they could get fully automatic Powerglide, making Torque-Drive installations very rare. Apparently, the transmission wasn't very durable, since it depended on the driver's ability to shift between gears in a way that wouldn't damage the unit. After 1971, Chevrolet canceled Torque-Drive and continued to offer Powerglide until 1974, when all engines could be ordered with the three-speed Turbo Hydramatic.

Identification
General Motors transmissions have markings to identify;
 * Casting numbers on the case and extension housing.
 * Powerglide transmissions were cast with the word Powerglide along the body
 * Date Casting Codes
 * Assembly Date Code Stamping - can be stamped anywhere...
 * Chassis VIN Number stamping or "source serial number"- beginning in 1962

Prior to 1967, transmission ID numbers contained the plant prefix code, month and date of production (expressed numerically) and a shift code (D = Day, N = Night). From 1967 on, the ID number contained the transmission type or plant prefix, Date (coded below) and a shift code. The constants in decoding the trans ID number are the date the transmission was produced.
 * Pre-67 Example: C213N - (C = Cleveland Powerglide, February 13, Night Shift)
 * Post-67 Example: P9E03  - (P = TYPE, 9 = year (1969), E = Month, 03 = Day of Month)

The transmission identification number or source serial number (chassis VIN) is usually located close to the transmission code. This number will contain a division identification number, the model year, and the assembly plant and production sequence (last 6 digits) of the vehicle identification number (VIN) stamped onto the transmission.
 * Example: 19N500001

Safety issues
The Powerglide used a P-N-D-L-R selector sequence through 1957, changed in 1958 to the now-standard P-R-N-D-L sequence. The earlier sequence had been criticized on safety grounds for placing reverse after a forward gear, instead of having neutral between reverse and the forward ranges. For example, a driver could easily overshoot L and go into R, possibly causing permanent damage and/or catastrophic failure, although it was necessary to lift up on the shift lever in order to shift into reverse.

Turboglide
From 1957 to 1961, Chevrolet also produced the Turboglide, an automatic transmission with concurrent fluid-driven turbines, whose design was similar to that of Buick's Flight Pitch Dynaflow, subsequently called Triple Turbine (full technical description). The Turboglide, only offered with V8 engines, was more expensive (by about $50) than the Powerglide and did not have wide acceptance, in part due to failures in 1957-58 models, which were addressed by a significantly upgraded version for 1959.

Corvair Powerglide
Corvair Powerglide, using the basic design principles of Powerglide was optional in the rear-engined, air-cooled, horizontally opposed six-cylinder Corvair compact, available for all years of its production (1960–69).

Swapping
Many Powerglides share the same length, 27 spline output shaft, and transmission mounting as the THM 350; thus, the transmissions are easily interchangeable for owners wanting three speeds instead of two. Other Powerglides came with an incompatible 16 spline output shaft.

Racing
Although it is a very old design, the Powerglide still has a strong following in drag racing due to its strength and simplicity. Powerglides are also popular in mud racing and monster truck racing. In the first few years after introduction, they became known as the "Slip-N-Slide Powerglide", due to the fluid coupling, as opposed to the mechanical coupling of a clutch-driven gearbox, and the "Positive-Pop transmission". This last is due to the characteristic "bump" or "pop" which occurs as the transmission is put into gear from neutral.

Currently Robert Campisi from Australia holds the World Record for the fastest run using a Powerglide transmission, clocking 5.95s at 260 mph in his Twin Turbo Ford Mustang in September 2011.

title: Powerglide


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christopher Bessert

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 15:53, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Christopher Bessert
This is about the webmaster of www.michiganhighways.org and ontariohighways.org. These websites are not notable, and even webmasters of notable websites are not necessarily notable. Delete. --BM 18:21, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, not notable. --SPUI (talk) 23:55, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * nn, vanity. 37 unique google hits. Delete.  GRider\talk 00:47, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. See criteria for inclusion of biographies. --Pjacobi 00:51, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ivan Puluj

Ivan Pavlovych Puluj (Іван Павлович Пулюй, ; Johann Puluj; 2 February 1845 – 31 January 1918) was a Ukrainian physicist and inventor, who has been championed as an early developer of the use of X-rays for medical imaging. His contributions were largely neglected until the end of the 20th century.

Biography
Son of Pavlo Puluj and Xenia née Burshtynska (син Павла́ Пулю́я i Ксенiї ур. Бурштинської).

He graduated with honors from Theological Faculty of the University of Vienna (1869), later also from the Department of Philosophy (1872). In 1876 Pului finished his doctorate on internal friction in gases at the University of Strasbourg under supervision of August Kundt. Puluj taught at the Navy academy in Fiume (Rijeka, Croatia) (1874–1876), University of Vienna (1874–1884) and the Imperial-Royal German Technical University in Prague (1884–1916). He served as the rector of the Imperial-Royal German Technical University (Kaiserlich-Königlich Deutsche technische Hochschule) in 1888–1889. Puluj also worked as a state adviser on electrical engineering for Bohemian and Moravian local governments.

In addition, he completed a translation of the Bible into the Ukrainian language.

Personal life
4 October 1884, he married Kateřina née Stožicky (1863–1945) in Vienna. They had six children: Natalia (wife of the composer Vasyl Barvinsky), Olga, Maria Xenia Margareta (died in Vienna in 1974), Alexander Hans (1901–1984), Pavlo (died in 1986) and Georg (1906–1987).

Scientific contribution
Puluj did heavy research into cathode rays, publishing several papers about those rays between 1880 and 1882. In 1881 as a result of experiments into what he called cold light Prof. Puluj developed the Puluj lamp. Puluj experimented with his new device and published his results in a scientific paper, Luminous Electrical Matter and the Fourth State of Matter in the Notes of the Austrian Imperial Academy of Sciences (1880–1883), but expressed his ideas in an obscure manner using obsolete terminology. Puluj did gain some recognition when the work was translated and published as a book by the Royal Society in the UK.

While Puluj's finding were essentially X-rays, he reported his results 6 weeks after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen published his, and can not be credited with the discovery of X-rays.

Puluj made many other discoveries as well. He is particularly noted for inventing a device for determining the mechanical equivalent of heat that was exhibited at the Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1878. Puluj also participated in opening of several power plants in Austria-Hungary.

Quotes about Puluj

 * "World history has never been just to certain individuals or certain nations. Small nations and their achievements are often neglected, while the accomplishments of large nations are at times exaggerated."
 * Slavko Bokshan, a Serbian scientist who worked in the same department as Puluj and Röntgen

Honours

 * Ukraine's Ternopil Ivan Pul'uj National Technical University is named after him.
 * A stamp published on the occasion of Puluj's 150th Birth Anniversary in 1995.
 * Streets in Kyiv, Lviv and other Ukrainian cities have the name of Ivan Puluj.
 * On 14 May 2021, asteroid 226858 Ivanpuluj, discovered by astronomers at the Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory in 2004, was by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature in his memory.

Pulyui's publications and first images (1895)

 * Strahlende Elektrodenmaterie //Wiener Berichte I. – 1880. – 81. – pp. 864–923; II. – 1881. – 83. – pp. 402–420; III. 1881. – 83. – pp. 693–708; IV. – 1882. – 85. – pp. 871–881.
 * Strahlende Elektrodenmaterie und der sogenannte vierte Aggregatzustand' – Wien; Verlag Carl Gerold Sohn, 1883.
 * Radiant Elektrode Matter and the so Called Fourth State. -London: Physical Memoirs, 1889. – Vol. l, Pt.2. – pp. 233–331.
 * Über die Entstehung der Röntgenstrahlen und ihre photographische Wirkung// Wiener Berichte II Abt. 1896. – 105. – pp. 228–238.

Select works

 * Puluj, H. J. (1875). On a lecture-room apparatus for the determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat. Taylor and Francis.
 * Puluj, J., Pulyui, I., Пулюй, И. П., & Пулюй, І. П. (1876). Über die Abhängigkeit der Reibung der Gase von der Temperatur. (About the dependence of the friction of the gases on the temperature).
 * Puluj, J. (1876). Ueber einen Schulapparat zur Bestimmung des mechanischen Wärmeaequivalentes. Annalen der Physik. 233(3): 437–446. (Over a school apparatus for determining the mechanical Wärmeaequivalentes).
 * Puluj, J. (1876). Beitrag zur Bestimmung des mechanischen Wärmeaequivalentes. Annalen der Physik. 233(4): 649–656. (Contribution to the determination of the mechanical Wärmeaequivalentes).
 * Puluj, J. (1877). Ueber die Abhängigkeit der Reibung der Gase von der Temperatur. Annalen der Physik. 237(6): 296–310.
 * Puluj, J. (1877). On the diffusion of vapours through clay cells. Taylor and Francis.
 * Puluj, J. (1878). On the friction of vapours. Taylor and Francis.
 * Puluj, J. (1879). On the radiometer. Taylor and Francis.
 * Crookes, W., & Puluj, J. (1880). Annalen der Physik. Phil. Trans. 1: 152–3879. (Annals of Physics).
 * Puluj, J., & Glaser, G. (1880). The Fourth State of Matter. A Refutation. Science. 58–59.
 * Puluj, J. (1880). Strahlende Elektrodenmaterie. ©Akademie d. Wissenschaften Wien, 864–923. http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/SBAWW_81_2_0864-0923.pdf
 * Puluj, J. (1883). Strahlende Elektroden-Materie und der sogenannte vierte Aggregatzustand. (Radiant electrode material and the so-called fourth state).
 * Puluj, J. (1887). Objective Darstellung der wahren Gestalt einer schwingenden Saite. Annalen der Physik: 267(8): 1033–1035. (Objective presentation of the true form of a vibrating string).
 * Puluj, J. (1888). Apparatus for illustrating the fall of bodies in a vacuum. Taylor and Francis.
 * Puluj, J. (1888). Fallapparat. Annalen der Physik. 269(3): 575–576.
 * Puluj, J. (1890). On a telethermometer. Taylor and Francis.
 * Puluj, H. (1895). On Kathode Rays. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London. 14(1): 178.

Support of Ukrainian culture
Puluj is also known for his contribution in promoting Ukrainian culture. He actively supported opening of a Ukrainian university in Lviv and published articles to support Ukrainian language. Together with P. Kulish and I. Nechuy-Levytsky he translated Gospels and Psalter into Ukrainian. Being a professor, Puluj organized scholarships for Ukrainian students in Austria-Hungary.

The World Association of Roentgenologists was created in 2018 in Lviv city in honor of Ivan Puluj.

Literature

 * R. Gajda, R. Plazko: Johann Puluj: Rätsel des universalen Talents. EuroWelt-Verlag, Lwiw 2001, ISBN 966-7343-04-9
 * S. Nahorniak, M. Medyukh: Physical-technical ideas of Ivan Pul'uj. Dschura, Ternopil 1999, ISBN 966-7497-34-8

title: Ivan Puluj


text:
Caraval

The caraval (also called a cara-serval) is the hybrid cross between a male caracal and a female serval. They have a spotted pattern similar to the serval, but on a darker background.

A servical is the cross between a male serval and a female caracal. A litter of servicals occurred by accident when the two animals were kept in the same enclosure at Los Angeles Zoo. The hybrids were given to an animal shelter. The only photos show them as tawny kittens.

Several serval - caracal offspring have been born in recent years through a breeding program in order to create F1 hybrids. So far; no F1 hybrids of this cross breed are in existence.

title: Caraval


text:
User:Würfel

 * Account at Wikipedia-Germany:

de:User:Würfel fr:User:Würfel

title: User:Würfel


text:
John Smith Chipman

John Smith Chipman (August 10, 1800 – July 27, 1869) was a lawyer and politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.

Chipman was born in Shoreham, Vermont, a son of Barnabas and Polly (Smith) Chipman. He attended the rural schools and graduated from Middlebury College in 1823. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Addison County, Vermont, and Essex County, New York.

In 1838, he moved to Centreville in St. Joseph County, Michigan, where he held several local offices including serving as a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives in 1842. Chipman was elected as a Democrat from Michigan's 2nd District to the Twenty-ninth Congress, serving from March 4, 1845, to March 3, 1847. After the end of his term, he moved to Niles in Berrien County, Michigan, and later, in 1850, he moved to San Francisco, California, where he resumed the practice of law. He moved to San Jose, California, in 1869 and lived in retirement there until his death. He is interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in San Jose.

He was regarded as a brilliant lawyer and a natural orator. Bingham writes that "listening to one of his speeches was like reading one of Cooper's novels." He was over six feet tall with black hair and a dark complexion, giving rise to his nickname, Black Chip.

Family
In October 1824, Chipman married Frances Larabee. They were the parents of William H. Chipman and Frances C. Chipman.

title: John Smith Chipman


text: User talk:69.240.91.147

title: User talk:69.240.91.147


text:
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text:
Talk:Steve Dalkowski/BHOF

Date: Fri, 18 Feb 2005 12:16:53 -0500 From: "Burdick, Bill" To: Subject: Steve Dalkowski

Chris:

Thank you for your inquiry to the National Baseball Hall of Fame's Photo department.

Please find attahced the only image we own the rights to. I believe we have the image on the web-site you forwarded to me, but we do not own the rights to it.

The credit line that you should use is: National Baseball Hall of Fame Library, Cooperstown, NY

Bill Burdick

title: Talk:Steve Dalkowski/BHOF


text:
Talk:Plane (Dungeons & Dragons)

Questions
Isn't the Blood Sea of Istar (Dragonlance) a conduit from Krynn to the Abyss? --'Net 18:29, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Is the Blood Sea something similar to the River Styx or Oceanus (where travel down the river/ocean results in traveling along the planes)? If so, then that's a planar pathway, and totally different. In fact, I should probably add planar pathways to the Portals, Conduits, and Gates section. — Shoecream 23:10, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think so. In the Forgotten Realms, the River of Blood is the same as the River Styx in the core Dungeons & Dragons setting.   ‡   Jarlaxle   June 30, 2005 04:57 (UTC)

Is the Shadow Plane the same as the Shadow Deep? Different authors seem to use different terminologies in the War of the Spider Queen series. Iluvchineselit 00:04, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The Shadow Deep is a certain area of the Shadow Plane, I think the deepest or densest.  ⇒  Jarlaxle Artemis   03:48, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

merge
No need for every single concept in D&D to have its own page. The planes can be generalized enough to explain them and all fit on one page. shadzar|Talk|contribs 17:39, 25 October 2006 (UTC) --- I disagree (with respect to the major planar concepts anyway), when there have been numerous books written about a topic (as is the case with most major planar concepts), it deserves its own article. Dec 26 2006 ---
 * Technically, EVERYTHING can be generalized enough to fit on one page, but that doesn't mean we have to do it.--Robbstrd 07:35, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that the way this and other articles about D&D planes are currently arranged is not very good. Important information (like the properties of the plane of Radiance are not documented at all) and things I have never heard of (like the Far Realm) are given more coverage.

 * The Inner Planes, Prime Material Plane (aka Material Plane in 3e), the Outer Planes and the Far Realm (which I don't recall seeing in Manual of the Planes or Planescape - we need a citation for this) are lumped into one small section called "Spacial planes". This reduces their importance compared to the Transitive Planes, which are given much more detail on this page. Incidentally I don't recall seeing the term "Spacial planes" before. I'd like to see a citation for this as well.

 * If you don't want to merge the other articles with this then the "Transitive Planes" should be given their own article and the section for them should be a summary. However, I'd prefer all of the articles about D&D planes to get a major rewrite by people familiar with the Planescape campaign setting and the 1e and 3e versions of the Manual of the Planes. Big Mac 13:01, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

The Phlogiston is not a transitive plane
The author of the Phlogiston section says that it is "not traditionally considered a plane" but it is actually not a plane at all and has no place in an article about the transitive planes. The Planescape Campaign Setting set down in cannon that the Phlogiston and wildspace are both part of the Prime Material Plane. Previously, the cosmology of D&D had spoken about Alternate Prime Material Planes, but Planescape switched this to a single Prime Material Plane.

This Prime Material Plane consists of an uncountable number of crystal spheres floating in the Phlogiston. The Phlogiston does have special properties (its highly flammable and blocks all interaction with other planes) but it is still part of the Material Plane.

I know a Planescape expert and I'll try to get the name of the book where this was set out.

I'm proposing that this section is removed from the article. It would be acceptable to include it in a section about the Prime Material Plane. However that might not please people looking for information on the older "multiple prime cosmology", so it should probably be in a section of that article dedicated to the Planescape/Spelljammer version of the Prime Material Plane. Big Mac 13:20, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * If it's consistently described as part of the Prime Material Plane, the article should state that it's part of the Prime Material Plane. If a Spelljammer sourcebook states that it's a plane which connects multiple Prime Material Planes while a Planescape sourcebook describes it as part of the Prime Material Plane, the article should state that the Phlogiston's planar status varies. IIRC according to the 3e or 3.5 Manual of the Planes, each solar system is part of a separate material planes and the Phlogiston is presented as an optional transitive plane, however I may be misremembering. -- Gordon Ecker (talk) 05:37, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

deletion.
with 4th edition it seems all things in D&D must change. with those changes it seems planes have become one large region for change. now either the entire article could be written over with each new edition change or errata, or since the article only continues to explain [Plane (metaphysics)] in D&D terms we could just add the planar material somewhere else and list how they have changed with editions. i do NOT think Planescape should be the end-all-be-all definition of planes of existence in D&D as it was just a small look into and not core to D&D planes as a seperate campaign setting. this is effort to reduce the amount of edition specific material in lgiht of potential new editions and help remove edition bias with the cosmology changes described with the 4th edition. if this subject does warant its own article then a major overhaul needs to be done on it. shadzar|Talk|contribs 18:03, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I am strongly opposed to rewriting the article with a bias towards 4th edition, however I do agree that a revision is needed. -- Gordon Ecker (talk) 06:53, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Weasel Word Tags
There are a lot of inappropriate who tags throughout the article. Should these be removed, or replaced with tags for vagueness/original research (which I believe was the original intent), or am I misunderstanding something? —Managore (talk) 13:06, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I replaced a few with fact... they really don't seem to be appropriate for who though, I agree. – Zawersh 23:47, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Merge raises its ugly head again, but this time with no explanation
Someone has added a merge template to this page and the Manual of the Planes page, but hasn't given any explaination here. I think this article needs some clean up, but dumping part or all of a different article into this one doesn't seem like something that will help this one. So I'm going to pull the template off of both articles. If you want to add it back, please feel free to do so, but please add an explanation for your tagging in the discussion page - unexplained tags are confusing to a lot of us other wikipedians. 91.125.124.10 (talk) 17:17, 29 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry, there's now an explanation at Talk:Manual of the Planes. -- Gordon Ecker (talk) 07:31, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

what the heck
could weasel words be obscuring here? usu, the weasel tag goes on a page where

1. there are some sort of "high stakes" for the average information seeker who lands on the page to get quality information, right? as in, "if this info were bad, that would be bad for people who trust wikipedia's info, for wikipedia, etc. whereas, here- heck we want valid D&D info on 'pedia, but let's not take ourselves too seriously, no one's gonn get hurt. is there a actual political controversy here or what?

2. there is more than one set of "popular views" on the subject matter, hence an argument between persons interested in the content. these persons may even be outside of wikipedia, but surely some of them are here, fighting over something. otherwise why would one side be trying to coyly couch their POV in weaselyness, right?

I guess I'll leave it there for now. I prob will remove tag unless someone (ideally the tagger) says why there is a true controversy the kind of which warrants such a tag.

Fucking tag monkeys. BingoBob 16:37, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

idea taken
in the setting were involved philosophy of esoterism, occultism, theosophy, mysticism and the teachings of enlightenment, but for some reason this is not anywhere duscussed.Te same plans were taken from Hindu philosophy and the idea of reincarnation is also there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Outsoul (talk • contribs) 12:57, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * If you have a source, feel free to add. Thanks! 204.153.84.10 (talk) 16:11, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * In order for the connections between a game and its source material to be properly addressed, it would have to be admitted that there is some sort of legitimate but informal study and educational value to the playing of such games. I would not recommend holding your breath on at least this last point; if you did so you might pass out or actually asphyxiate. Oh, wait, that's a figure of speech???
 * Need I also mention that different cultures have different attitudes toward the whole fiction/non-fiction dichotomy? That's something that someone who had actually played the game might appreciate a little bit more easily, having received a proper (Multi-)University education.
 * As for the original question, the fact is that the West has typically had a very narrow-minded view of the world, both in terms of Judeo-Christian religiosity, and in terms of a Greco-Roman metaphysics of only respecting tangible physical evidence in respect to statements concerning reality. When most of this material was adapted into a body of work as a game, most beliefs of other cultures were considered proper "fodder" for a game as they were considered just more "fairy tale" material. You'll distinctly notice that neither YHWH nor Jesus received stats in Legends & Lore! Is that enough proof of the point? I could always provide more -- please, dare me! --TheLastWordSword (talk) 00:08, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

"standard" cosmology?
Why is the Great Wheel refered to on this page (and several other wikipedia articles about the planes of the Great Wheel) as the "standard cosmology"? What's "standard" about it when there were so many campaign settings that didn't use it? Web wonder (talk) 03:20, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I guess that just means in 1st - 3rd edition, this was the standard version of the planes in official print sources. 108.69.80.49 (talk) 04:23, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Talk:Abyss (Dungeons & Dragons) 24.20.95.50 (talk) 12:39, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

In The 5th edition of the players handbook on pg 307 the planes are presented in a big circle around the material plane. 6:57, 25 July 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by MergeWulf (talk • contribs)
 * Keep in mind here, that you are replying to old posts that people made during the days of 4th edition... when we thought the Great Wheel wasn't coming back. 65.126.152.254 (talk) 21:31, 25 July 2016 (UTC)

Merged with Neth
Since Neth and this article have a huge overlap in content, and since Neth appeared in what, a section of a 3rd edition book. It, unlike Ravenloft which has an entire setting built around it, didn't seem important enough to warrant it's own article.Red Macgregor (talk) 01:28, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

The Demiplanes section is incorrect
As of 5th Edition, a demiplane is created by the aptly-named spell Demiplane, which is 8th level arcane. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.49.30.176 (talk) 01:42, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plane (Dungeons & Dragons)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Network share

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 15:49, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Network share
This is a term used in describing a networking feature in Microsoft Windows and NT.
 * Delete as dicdef. --BM 18:30, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. ComCat 02:52, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and wikify. Network shares have an associated technology that can be used to expand this page. (C.f. Samba software.) — RJH 20:25, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup/expand. --Matteh (talk) 00:28, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo 04:15, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Neptune Theatre (Halifax, Nova Scotia)

The Neptune Theatre is the largest professional theatre company in Atlantic Canada with a capacity of 458 and is located in downtown Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It performs a mixture of new and classical plays.

History
The theatre is named after the play Théâtre de Neptune, which was performed at Port Royal, Nova Scotia as the first theatrical production in North America.

The Neptune was opened on the site of a former cinema in 1963 during Canada's drive to create regional theatres. Its first Artistic Director was Leon Major, later to become the Artistic Director of Boston Lyric Opera and Cleveland Opera. Its first President of the Board was local surgeon and CBC writer Dr. Arthur L. Murphy. The building was renovated in 1997 and now has two theatres and incorporates a theatre school.

Artistic directors

 * Leon Major (founder, first artistic director, 1963–68)
 * Heinar Piller (1969–1970)
 * Robert Sherrin (1971–74)
 * John Wood (1974–77)
 * David Renton (1977–78)
 * John Neville (1978–83)
 * Tom Kerr (1983–86)
 * Richard Ouzounian (1986–89)
 * Linda Moore (1990–2000)
 * Ron Ulrich (2000–2008)
 * George Pothitos (2008–2017)
 * Jeremy Webb (2017–present)

title: Neptune Theatre (Halifax, Nova Scotia)


text:
User:Vortices

Vortices. Likes books! Hates TV. Likes theatre. Hates film! Unfortunately lives in Nova Scotia. Is considering emigration...

title: User:Vortices


text:
Dennis Cochrane

Dennis H. Cochrane, CM (born 26 October 1950 in Moncton, New Brunswick) is a Canadian politician and civil servant.

He graduated from the New Brunswick Teacher's College in 1970, received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of New Brunswick in 1974, received a Bachelor of Education in 1974 and a Master of Education in 1981 from the University of Moncton.

He was elected to the Moncton City Council in 1977 and he was elected Mayor of Moncton in 1979, being re-elected in 1980. In 1983, he was Councillor-at-Large of Moncton. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada representing the riding of Moncton in the 1984 as a Progressive Conservative (PC). He was defeated in 1988.

He next entered provincial politics and was elected in 1991 as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick. In this role he regained seats for his party in the 1991 election, the PCs having been shut out in the 1987 election. Though his party won only three seats, it gained others later through by-elections and seemed poised to win, at least, official opposition status in the coming election. The opposition Confederation of Regions Party was suffering internal strife and a number of its members chose to sit as independents. Cochrane invited them to join the PC caucus; however, they declined and one of the Acadian members quit in protest. As a result, Cochrane resigned the leadership in 1995.

Following the victory of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia in 1999 election, he was named deputy minister of Education for the neighbouring province of Nova Scotia.

He resigned at the end of 2009 when he accepted a position as Interim President and Vice Chancellor of St. Thomas University (New Brunswick) effective January 2010, replacing outgoing Michael W. Higgins. This appointment continued until 1 July 2011, when he was succeeded by Dawn Russell.

title: Dennis Cochrane


text:
Talk:Video game character

short list. I propose a list of all playable video game characters throughout history.
 * Then that'd be large. Very large. Maybe it'd need a different article only for that sort of thing, if people were really willing to create something like that. The list you see here is meant to be just a list of examples. To illustrate the article's theme itself.--Kaonashi 04:02, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Is it just me, or does this list seem very Nintendo heavy? The linked list at the bottom of the page adds weight to this.

FF7 Bias
Why is nearly every character from Final Fantasy VII included on this list? Sure, the game is popular, but all three of the GTA games outsold it and I don't see Big Smoke, Candy Suxxx or Sonny Verona from those games on this list. GTA has a higher profile than FFVII, so what's up. On top of that, I don't see how Barret or Yuffie are famous video game characters. I'm removing them. Treima 02:35, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Namu to that! And what about the other Final Fantasy games? Wikipedia should be as unbiased as possible, and not a haven for FF7 fanboys.

Other not-very-famous characters on list
Waluigi? I hadn't even heard of the guy before I tuned into this article! I'm gonna remove him. Treima 01:26, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Replace the list
Based on an AIM conversation with ALTTP, I think it's clear the list needs to removed and replaced with better information. Here's our conversation:
 * Andrevan: actually I don't know why the list is there to begin with
 * Andrevan: why not just
 * Andrevan: take it out and replace it with discussion of the types of video game characters
 * Andrevan: e.g. heroes (Mario, Sonic, Cloud, etc.) villains (Dracula, Bowser, etc) supporting types (Tails, Luigi) and damsels in distress (Princesses, Aeris, etc)
 * Alttp15: And anti-heroes.
 * Andrevan: right right
 * Andrevan: anyway that's my recommendation
 * Andrevan: take out the list and make it that
 * Andrevan: talk about characters being mascots
 * Andrevan: how characters like Mario became icons greater than Mickey Mouse etc
 * Andrevan: how characters can become bigger than the game itself sometimes
 * Alttp15: Mhm
 * Alttp15: I removed the list
 * Andrevan: ok

Andre (talk) 20:37, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Redirect article?
I say redirect rather than merge, because while I am firmly a fan of a multidisciplinary approach to things, there is no content in this article worthy of being merged. This is nothing but a list of sample characters that invite pointless edit warring over who's favorite games gets in. It doesn't even bother to link to much better articles on the archetypes it talks about.

Moreover, I'm not sure how much content could be added. There is no article on television character, opera character, literature character, or theatre character. That's because characters are characters are characters, whether they're in video games or radio plays. Any time spent cleaning up here would be better used expanding the fictional character article with more information on its usage in video games.

Anyway. Fictional character seems the best to redirect to, though it's slightly imprecise in a few rare situations (according to the article, it only applies to totally made up characters, so Liu Pei from Romance of the Three Kingdoms or Rasputin from Shadow Hearts would technically be non-fictional characters. Whatever.). We could also redirect to the character disambiguation page, or just create a new disambiguation page here (and perhaps point to player character and non-player character as well for the role-playing sense- though that's a bit distant from the way most computer/video games use them. Then toss in mascot while we're at it.). That said, I'm still in favor of just straight redirection to fictional character, since it's right 99% of the time- that's what tv-char-stub uses, for example.

Thoughts? SnowFire 18:00, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Video game characters are of much more interest than literary characters or opera characters. - A Link to the Past (talk) 18:54, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, fictional character would lack any mention of a joke character or secret character or mascot character. This article can easily become a good article for discussing video game archtypes. - A Link to the Past (talk) 21:17, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * First off, that's an, er, unusual opinion, and while you're welcome to have it, it doesn't really impact on whether this article is salvageable.

 * Secondly, I'm sure that articles on those can go into lists at stock character. Most of those examples aren't unique to video games, anyway- mascots are in tons of old movies/serials/radio plays/television shows, Shakespeare had fools in his plays for comic relief, and yes, there have been "secret" characters in books before, usually of the mystery variety (though on that count, I'd agree that it's seen more often in video games). SnowFire 22:18, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The literary secret character is nothing like the "video game secret character". That is nothing like what a VG secret character is. - A Link to the Past (talk) 22:26, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I suspect you misinterpreted me; I didn't mean the surprise killer at the end, I meant something more along the lines of an unseen character, something close enough in meaning to require a big "also check this article out" warning at the top of secret character. Anyway, fine, you think they're very different.  There's already an article on secret character - why not just work it into a general article, rather than having this page for just one extra usage?  SnowFire 22:38, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Wow - I was really surprised to find the article for video game characters redirected to fiction characters! I expected something more in the way of a mention of avatars, NPCs, and some history of text up to 3D representations; as well as the all-important levels and methods of control of the player characters. And some history of notable characters. Mario, Ms. Pac-Man and Sonic, for early examples. Not Alice in Wonderland with critique. (A fuller list would be linked to.) gnomelock 02:24, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Video game character