text:
Talk:1999 Russian apartment bombings

Mention of Cyclonite in CNN Source
Hey @Mellk, you reverted my edit because you say the CNN source does not mention that residents at first believed the sacks to be filled with cyclonite. This is the exact wording of the source: "A resident late Wednesday night noticed two men carrying what looked like sugar sacks into the basement of the 12-story apartment in Ryazan, 200 kilometers (125 miles) south of Moscow. He alerted police, who found three sugar sacks in the basement with a timer and detonators. The sacks were filled with small crystals that resembled cyclonite, the powerful sugar-like explosive which destroyed several apartment blocks across Russia over the last month, killing up to 300 people." I interpreted this as the resident and the local police at first identified the substance as cyclonite, which the source says looks similar to sugar, so it needs to be mentioned here or else the reference to "sugar" is just confusing. I think I see now though, I could edit the sentence before it instead, as a better and more neutral-sounding edit. LightProof1995 (talk) 17:11, 16 April 2022 (UTC)
 * OK. I do not see the point of adding this new sentence when the first sentence in that paragraph already says: A suspicious device resembling those used in the bombings was found and defused in an apartment block in the Russian city of Ryazan on 22 September. So this just becomes repetitive. You also added quotes but these were misattributed. You added the quote "sacks of suspected explosives" and "small crystals that resembled cyclonite, the sugar-like explosive" but these is what CNN says, not quotes from the police. Mellk (talk) 18:26, 16 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I added a little bit about sugar-like substance resembling RDX, since I suppose it makes it a little bit clearer. Mellk (talk) 18:42, 16 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Mellk, I think your edit is great :) Good job and thank you for helping me with it! LightProof1995 (talk) 19:56, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

Aimen Dean
, can you explain why you've removed Aimen Dean's testimony? Are there RS which say that his book is unreliable? I don't see how WP:FRINGE is applicable here. There is some compelling indirect evidence but not smoking gun and reasonable people have different opinions about these events. Alaexis¿question? 19:50, 17 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Dean's book and claim is fine to cite, but and way less detail and space should be given, since it's a PRIMARY claim from Dean's bio. I mean a confession over a phone call he made in 1999, before he was an asset? That's not verifiable by anyone, even if CIA/MI6 were to rack him over that, which is probably why it's not been reported by anyone else, and likely won't be reported by anyone else reputable. Like I said, he's an RS and it's not a BLP, but more than a blurb is UNDUE. SamuelRiv (talk) 04:22, 18 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with that, one sentence should be enough.
 * Aimen Dean, a Western spy within the al-Qaeda, reported on a phone call with Abu Said al-Kurdi—a logistics chief for Chechen jihadis- in which he said that the apartment bombings were perpetrated by the Islamic Emirate to revenge the atrocities committed by the Moscow OMON in the Caucasus.
 * WDYT? Alaexis¿question? 05:20, 18 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It's pretty much fine, with two things I'd change (your style of English is slightly different from mine, so how I interpret this may be different): "reported on" and "in which he said" sound to me like Aimen Dean is acting in this role as something of a journalist, rather than the witness/participant. I'd word it more like: [Dean] "[said]/[wrote that]/[reported] he had a phone call in 1999 with al-Kurdi ... in which al-Kurdi said that ...". The only main change is to add the year of the call, and to replace the "he" with "al-Kurdi" to make it clearer that Dean is reporting not a possible fact or conjecture (as would be the case if it were "... in which Dean said ...") but what was said during the call. Please consider and reword as you see fit. SamuelRiv (talk) 06:43, 18 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It's not actually my style but rather that of an IP editor who added this information. I've made the changes in line with your suggestions. Alaexis¿question? 23:15, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

I have brought this issue to Reliable Source Noticeboard. Alsee (talk) 23:05, 20 August 2022 (UTC)
 * As I pointed out there, there are more serious problems with the way Dean's account is used here - he is specifically skeptical of al-Kurdi's claims throughout the cited section and concludes that who was actually responsible may never be known. Personally I would prefer to omit entirely unless a secondary source can be found, but if we do include then we have to include those aspects or we're risking misusing the source. --Aquillion (talk) 07:46, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Please move your responses from the RSN thread to here. It's neither a fact nor an assumption -- it's what Dean told Cruickshank and Lister, and the latter two generally believe Dean. What was on a phone call in 1999 cannot be independently verified, and no substantial facts were given that would make it any more verifiable than any further investigation in the bombing story. Whether Dean is reporting what he heard accurately, or whether al-Kurdi was lying for any possible reason, is unknowable to the authors. So the paragraph is a simple statement: Dean reports that al-Kurdi told him this over the phone in 1999. That has exactly the reliability it sounds like it has, being unverifiable. In the context of the quality of everything reported about the bombings, a short sentence is all the weight it could or should be given. SamuelRiv (talk) 14:19, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree. Dean himself doesn't have a position on this, he literally wrote "[j]ust how the bombings occurred and who was responsible will probably never be known for sure." We surely don't need to add it to this article, which is not about Dean. Alaexis¿question? 14:45, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Btw, if we are to believe Dean, the British intelligence did not ignore his report and it influenced their assessments (The information gleaned from the al-Kurdi call had at least raised questions about the bleakest appraisals of Russia’s new leader). Hopefully once it's not longer classified we'll get a confirmation or refutation from them. Alaexis¿question? 14:47, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

Content Removed. The RSN discussion brought 3 new editors to this conversation, and they unanimously supported removal. Atlantic306 "not reliable", TFD "The best approach is to avoid it", Aquillion "prefer to omit entirely". Along with myself that makes 4. To the extent the source is considered reliable it still presents problems for use, and it presents messy and contradictory information. At best it is a poor source and we shouldn't attempt to include long messy analysis of the source in the article. The British Government or other secondary sources can be considered if they have published, or ever do publish, about this. Alsee (talk) 03:44, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I see that User:Aquillion has since edited the article adding some context. Alaexis¿question? 08:10, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

Alaexis as I quoted above, four people say we should not be using this source. When someone identifies fixable problems AND they say it shouldn't be used at all, you cannot just ignore the part you don't like. I suggest you not WP:Editwar the losing end of 4 v 2. Alsee (talk) 14:57, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Your characterization of how the people at RSN assessed the source seems to misinterpret what RSN is for, which is (in cases like this) to give advice on assessing a specific RS. If you want a consensus it has to be here, in the article Talk page, and if one can't be reached it should have an RfC (inappropriate at this stage because there is inadequate discussion without the emergence of two clear good options). 's comments in RSN and above are the only ones that were really useful IMO in terms of how to actually help improve the situation of sourcing and how to properly contextualize the statement, if it's to be included, without making it look undue. I agree with all of their points, except that I would advocate for more effort to finding a reasonable way to give this some mention, anywhere in the range of a vague allusion with a wl to Dean, but ideally with further secondary coverage. If non-Russian-government unofficial theories can be consolidated briefly into a separate brief subsection, that would improve things as a start. SamuelRiv (talk) 16:00, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * SamuelRiv I am active contributor on the RFC Feedback request service and an experienced RFC closer. I am more than happy to participate in an RFC if necessary, and I will certainly respect the outcome. However given that my requests for uninvolved editor feedback have thus far brought 4 uninvolved editors opposed to using the source and ZERO uninvolved editors supporting using the source (totaling 5 vs 2), I would humbly suggest that opening an RFC here would be a frivolous, disrespectful, wasteful use of the community's time.
 * Regarding Aquillion's comments, I agree they are "useful [] in terms of how to actually help improve the situation of sourcing and how to properly contextualize the statement, if it's to be included". However you single mindedly disregard the words after the comma in that quote, and disregard that Aquillion "would prefer to omit entirely unless a secondary source can be found". Just because something can be improved does not mean that improvement is sufficient to remedy the problems. When I've worked in the Article Deletion process I sometimes cast a delete vote AND improved the articles in case we ended up keeping them. In most cases those articles ended up deleted because no amount of improvement could remedy the underlying problem. Alsee (talk) 18:28, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

 * (from RSN) First, WP:NOTBURO means we don't discount editors' opinions because those opinions were posted on that page (RSN) rather than this page. Having to post the same opinion on two pages is annoying and unnecessary. Anyway, I don't think an attributed statement to this autobiography is WP:DUE unless other RSes cite the autobiography for the statement, at which point those other RSes should be cited rather than citing the autobiography directly. (A person's memory is a primary source, so I think citing someone's recollection in an autobiography is citing a primary source.) This is exceptionally true for exceptional claims, like who perpetrated a massacre. Levivich 16:56, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

Perpetrators
The perpetrators of this were the FSB and other Russian Government agencies. The infobox should say so. The second paragraph makes this clear:

This is contradicted only by Russian Government "investigations". But the Russian Government is not a remotely credible source. Adoring nanny (talk) 04:00, 4 December 2022 (UTC)
 * This is not true, as the Russian_apartment_bombings section shows. Also, recently Aimen Dean wrote that Ibn Khattab told him he had done it. Personally, I find the government involvement version plausible and even likely but it's still disputed and should be described as such. Alaexis¿question? 11:11, 4 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Changing the infobox so that only the accused Islamists are named or only the FSB is quite obviously pushing a POV. The paragraph does not say the FSB were in fact behind the bombings. Mellk (talk) 16:14, 4 December 2022 (UTC)
 * These recent POV edits are also unhelpful. Mellk (talk) 18:29, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 21 April 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) – Material  Works  17:34, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

Russian apartment bombings → 1999 Russian apartment bombings – This article has a way too general title. Yesterday Russia bombed itself at Belgorod and while doing a Google search I ended up in a Second Chechen War article. That should say something. Super  Ψ   Dro  16:18, 21 April 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support per nomination. The main title header, Russian apartment bombings, is indeed incomplete. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 17:23, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Rename there have been many such inccidents over the centuries -- 64.229.90.172 (talk) 17:42, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom—blindlynx 20:10, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:30, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

Sources check
Let's have a look at sources supporting Others disagree with such theories or argue that there is insufficient evidence to assign responsibility for the attacks in the lead. Because I see for example ''Ware, Robert Bruce (2005). "Revisiting Russia's Apartment Block Blasts". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies.'' and he is a philosopher. Manyareasexpert (talk) 16:05, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Looking further, there is 2002 book by Strobe Talbott. Not sure of his reliability - what is his academic degree in a field? His book discusses the matter in only 3 paragraphs and he concludes There was no evidence to support this conspiracy theory, although Russian public opinion did indeed solidify behind Putin in his determination to carry out a swift, decisive counteroffensive. He provides no explanation and does not mentions Ryazan incident at all. His book has been finished late January 2002 which means just a little bit more than 2 years has passed after the event. Manyareasexpert (talk) 16:25, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Going further, Pope, Ronald R. (2004). "Feature review. Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State". The best he says against the FSS bombing is "Pankratov argues that if the alleged attempted bombing in Ryazan was masterminded by the FSS, we should assume they have been able to keep the lid on the cover-up..." so Pope don't disagree but quotes Pankratov (who is Pankratov?) doubting the "alleged attempted [FSS] bombing" version, so Pope's position is to not to disagree but to doubt. Manyareasexpert (talk) 18:11, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello. What are you suggesting to do about this? Ola Tønningsberg (talk) 19:40, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Newer sources should be preferred.Developments in Russian Politics 10 - Google Books The 1999 Moscow Bombings Reconsidered in: Russian Politics Volume 8 Issue 3 (2023) (brill.com) ManyAreasExpert (talk) 20:18, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It was previously discussed here. Yes, according to the book by Pete Earley (based on interviews with Sergei Tretyakov (intelligence officer)), one should not cite Talbot as an authority on this subject. At best, he knew nothing of substance and just provided his personal opinion. There are so many sources on this subject that one must be selective. My very best wishes (talk) 00:39, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I think there is an overall consensus of best sources right now that the bombings were almost certainly conducted by Russian secret services. Some controversy is related to the existence or lack of "direct evidence". But would not someone caught red-handed while planting a bomb be a direct evidence? That is what had happen with FSB agents in the city of Ryazan. My very best wishes (talk) 01:12, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I definitely think the language should be switched up. As of now it sounds like there is a 50/50 split between the two opinions. Most sources I have seen as of late definitely attributes the attacks to FSB, albeit not conclusively. This line "The attacks were widely attributed to Chechen terrorists, although their guilt has never been conclusively proven.", also needs a change. It makes it sound like there is evidence for the accusation but not direct, even though the official Russian investigation didn't name any Chechen perpetrators nor was there any evidence of this claim except simple accusations. I'm interested in seeing what changes you have in mind so feel free to make them and we can discuss it here further if there is anything. Ola Tønningsberg (talk) 22:45, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree. Let me think about it. Or you can just fix it yourself. My very best wishes (talk) 22:34, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * As a double check for "due weight", I am making Google books search for "Russian apartment bombings", and first 5 books in the list (Satter, Goldfarb, Dunlop, Felshtinsky) strongly assert that the bombings were conducted by the FSB/GRU. These books are specifically on the subject of these bombings or dedicate them at least a big chapter. 6th book (Soldatov) mentions the bombings mostly in passing and expresses a concern that they were work by the "services". Next book (by Amy Knight) also says it was conducted by Russian services. And so on. I do not have much time for fixing this page, so will do it quickly. My very best wishes (talk) 21:46, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think that using top 5 books from the google books search results is a good method. For all we know, they could generate different results for different users to confirm their beliefs.
 * Andrei Soldatov is definitely a subject matter expert, so his opinion should stay in the article even if it contradicts other viewpoints, per WP:NPOV. Alaexis¿question? 22:17, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, sure, and I did not remove his opinion, just shortened it. As of note though . I shortened a big paragraph with their views for a few reasons. It says: "and claims by Trepashkin were highly dubious." Which claims by Trepashin? He made a lot of claims. As about the ""Muslim Society", they say according to Russian state security services, .... Yes, exactly. Everything we supposedly know about the role of Gochiyaev in this "Society" is according to Russian state security services, and they lied a lot regarding these bombings. But OK, we can keep it, just rephrase. My very best wishes (talk) 01:04, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Sure, the sentence starting from "According to Russian state security services" can be removed or rephrased if more sources can be found. Alaexis¿question? 07:19, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * As far as I remember, the claim that Gochiyaev was a leader of this "Muslim Society" was a lie and a part of his framing by the FSB - according to the book by Dunlop. Actually, the only book saying he was indeed a leader of this "Society" ("according to the FSB") is the "Nobility" by Soldatov. No doubts, he had excellent connections with FSB people who fed him various info. My very best wishes (talk) 16:17, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It makes it sound like there is evidence for the accusation but not direct, even though the official Russian investigation didn't name any Chechen perpetrators nor was there any evidence of this claim except simple accusations. This is precisely what the source says, and the quote is there. We are not going to rely on WP:OR. Mellk (talk) 19:58, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Which source? ManyAreasExpert (talk) 20:24, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Last edit by Mellk provides this link, but the quote is not there. However, this is the lead, a summary of the content on the page. I just removed this phrase for now, simply because it does not to fit the rest of the text. My very best wishes (talk) 23:59, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well the rest of the article does not only mention support of government involvement theory and you have made a lot of edits since then, so I have not checked what was removed. Mellk (talk) 01:48, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

A revert

 * . Well, several participants suggested to change this (see above), and that is exactly what I did. Moreover, the content is sourced to this link, and the quotation is simply not there. This ref should be either fixed or removed, together with text. My very best wishes (talk) 01:50, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * . And I see one editor who suggested to change this based on OR. But I guess you do have objections now despite the edit summary? Mellk (talk) 01:55, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I am not sure what exactly and  wanted to fix, so would rather wait for their comments. My very best wishes (talk) 02:00, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, it is not really possible to have a discussion with you when you go ahead with several changes between each comment, including repeated changes to text being actively discussed. Mellk (talk) 02:49, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * If you disagree with my edits, please explain why or suggest a new/compromise version. My very best wishes (talk) 03:05, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I reverted you (twice) and responded to the discussion. In the edit summary you said you had no objections to this being restored "somewhere", then started a new section here and said you would rather wait for others' comments, and despite all this, still continued making changes to the text in question and restoring some of the previous changes. So I am not sure, is a 3RR warning needed instead? Mellk (talk) 03:15, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I am sorry, but it was you (not me) who made two reverts. Moreover, you did not really explain here why you did these reverts. Yes, after saying "I have no objections to this being restored somewhere" in edit summary, I did not revert your edit, but rather modified text to improve it. My very best wishes (talk) 03:42, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I just said I reverted you twice, and you continued with partial reverts. You put "per talk" as the reason for this. I gave my reason for reverting you above. But I am not going to play these games anymore. Mellk (talk) 03:50, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * As I said, I am OK with your last revert. What exactly my edit you disagree with (a diff) and what reason did you give? I have no idea. My very best wishes (talk) 03:55, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I already said the rest of the article does not only mention support of government involvement theory, therefore your initials changes were not accurate summaries. Anything else I should repeat? Mellk (talk) 05:07, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * "the rest of the article does not only mention support of government involvement theory". Yes, of course. I agree and always agreed with it, and it is reflected in the lead. My very best wishes (talk) 13:39, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * As found above, the lead sentence "Some others disagree with this or argue that there is insufficient evidence to assign responsibility for the attacks.[24][25][26][27][28]" contain sources which weakly support the statement, their support is questionable or arguable, are old, are not on subject, are not an expert on a subject, or vice versa. This should be reworked, newer sources preferred. ManyAreasExpert (talk) 13:56, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The lead is just a summary of the page and does not require referencing directly in the lead. You are welcome to rewrite or whatever. I am more concerned about first phrase in the same para: "The attacks were attributed... ". Attributed by whom? And this is definitely not a correct summary of content on the page (as already noted in discussion above). This phrase should be removed, rewritten or moved somewhere. My very best wishes (talk) 14:18, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately this article doesn't have many active editors/edits so if we would wait for article body to be changed we may never improve. In our situation, let's say it is possible to edit the lead directly.Agree regarding "were attributed". ManyAreasExpert (talk) 14:25, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Agree. So, I fixed accordingly. As about the phrase you talked about, I thought just removing it would be OK because we do not say that everyone agrees with the claim in the previous phrase (which perhaps would be a proper balance), but this apparently caused objection by Mellk, hence I kept it. My very best wishes (talk) 14:27, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:1999 Russian apartment bombings


text: User talk:130.254.42.235

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:130.254.42.235


text:
User:HowCanJeobBeDone

Excuse me, Guys? How can Jeob Be Done? Easy, Simple, and Trivial: Pick up axis!

title: User:HowCanJeobBeDone


text:
Vishy (disambiguation)

Vishy is the nickname of Viswanathan Anand, Indian Chess Grandmaster and World Chess Champion:

Vishy may also refer to:
 * Gundappa Viswanath, Indian cricketer

title: Vishy (disambiguation)


text:
Powell Street station

Powell Street station (often Powell station) is a combined BART and Muni Metro rapid transit station in the Market Street subway in downtown San Francisco. Located under Market Street between 4th Street and 5th Street, it serves the Financial District neighborhood and surrounding areas. The three-level station has a large fare mezzanine level, with separate platform levels for Muni Metro and BART below. The station is served by the BART Red, Yellow, Green, and Blue lines, and the Muni Metro J Church, K Ingleside, L Taraval, M Ocean View, N Judah, and S Shuttle lines.

The fare mezzanine also connects to the Union Square/Market Street station. The Powell-Mason and Powell-Hyde cable car lines turn around at Powell and Market adjacent to the station and Hallidie Plaza. BART service at the station began on November 5, 1973, followed by Muni Metro service on February 18, 1980.

Station layout
Like the three other shared Muni/BART stations in the Market Street subway, Powell has three underground levels. The first level is a fare mezzanine, with two Muni paid areas and two BART paid areas. The second level has a single island platform for Muni Metro, and the third level has an island platform for BART. The station has eight street entrances along its length, plus two underground entrances to the fare mezzanine from the concourse level of the Emporium Centre San Francisco mall. The mall pays BART about $750,000 per year for the entrances. A closed passageway leads from the northeast end of the station under Market Street partway to Third Street; this was planned to be a direct entrance from the Yerba Buena Center development, but was never completed. Powell and nearby Montgomery, both designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, have similar designs – including distinctive domed hexagonal "bubble tiles" on the mezzanine level. The Central Subway passes under the Powell station complex at Stockton and Fourth streets, with Union Square/Market Street station located north of Powell station under Stockton Street. The stations are connected outside of Muni fare control by a passageway. The existing Stockton/Ellis entrance to Powell Street station was closed for a planned five years on April 24, 2013, so that it could be modified to include the connection to the new station. The closure was originally planned for the previous August, but delayed after Muni determined it was not yet needed. Muni purchased the entrance from BART for one dollar. Central Subway service began on November 19, 2022, with the Ellis entrance reopened. Following the 2015 addition of a canopy over an escalator at 19th Street Oakland station, which reduced escalator downtime by one-third, BART decided to add canopies to all downtown Oakland and San Francisco entrances. The canopies protect the escalator from weather damage, improve lighting, allow the escalator to be fully closed off when the station is not open, and provide a location for real-time train arrival information displays. The Powell station entrance at Market and Ellis was chosen for early implementation; it was closed on November 6, 2017, with the new canopy opened on September 29, 2018. Construction of the Market Street entrances will begin in 2020, with completion in 2027. The southern entrance of 5th Street was closed on January 10, 2022, for canopy construction. That entrance was completed on April 24, 2023, with the 4th Street entrance closed for construction at that time. In September 2015, BART released a report on possible modernization of the station. A total of $93 million in potential improvements were identified, including escalator replacement and canopy construction ($25 million), a corridor to Cyril Magnin ($13.7 million), a new mid-station elevator ($6.1 million), platform screen doors ($6 million), additional platform stairs ($5.6 million), and numerous other projects. Bathrooms in underground BART stations were closed due to security concerns after the 9/11 attacks. In 2019, BART indicated plans to open a new bathroom with an attendant at Powell in 2021. In November 2019, the board issued an $11 million contract for improvements at Powell, with the bathroom expected to cost an additional $20 million. The new bathrooms opened on February 2, 2022. The renovation was completed in November 2022. It included a ceiling artwork titled Elysium, which depicts an illuminated view of the buildings above the station.

After a test at Castro, colored lights were installed on escalators at Muni Metro stations in 2018–19. Those at Powell are yellow and burgundy, reflecting the colors of the cable cars. The entrances on the southern side of the station were closed on April 13, 2020, due to low ridership during the COVID-19 pandemic. The center entrance reopened on May 15, 2021, with the remaining entrances reopened on June 12. Thirteen BART stations, including Powell, did not originally have faregates for passengers using the elevator. In 2020, BART started a project to add faregates to elevators at these stations. The new faregate on the BART platform at Powell was installed in April 2023.

Pigeons living in the station are a nuisance, which has prompted BART to take countermeasures such as installing nets and metal screens to block their nesting spots. The pigeons are attracted by passengers littering and by nearby street food vendors.

Connections
Two Muni heritage streetcar stops are located above Powell Street station: Market and 4th Street (inbound) / Market and Stockton (outbound), and Market and 5th Street. Both are served by the F Market & Wharves line. The Powell and Market turntable of the San Francisco cable car system, terminus of the Powell/Hyde and Powell/Mason lines, is located adjacent to the station next to Haladie Plaza. The station is also served by a number of Muni bus and trolleybus routes:
 * Local:, , , , , , , , , ,
 * Rapid: ,
 * Express:, , ,
 * Owl service:, , , , , , , ,

AC Transit serves Powell Street station with the 800 All Nighter route during hours that BART is not operating.

Additional Muni, Golden Gate Transit (30, 70, 101, 101X), and SamTrans (FCX, 292, 397, 398) bus routes run on Mission Street, one block away.

Under the planned Better Market Street project, F stops would be consolidated to reduce travel times. The inbound stop at 5th Street and both stops at 4th Street would be discontinued, with a new inbound stop midway between 4th and 5th.

title: Powell Street station


text:
User:Shingen

This is the way the English language dies: Not with a bang but a lol sent to someone's bff.

This is the user page of a user who really doesn't go on Wikipedia to edit anymore.

title: User:Shingen


text:
Cormega

Cory McKay, better known by his stage name Cormega, is an American rapper.

Early life
Cormega was born in Brooklyn and raised in Queens. He was childhood friends with Nas, Havoc and Capone, who all went on to become successful rappers. A frequent theme of his music is the countless number of his friends and family that have been killed by violence.

1990s
He was featured on Hot Day's "Going Straight Up" from his album It's My Turn. He was also featured on Blaq Poet and DJ Hot Day's track "Set It Off" from their album Without Warning in 1991. During a period of incarceration, Cormega gained some attention following a shout-out from Nas on his song "One Love", from the Illmatic album released in 1994. Following his release from jail in 1995, Cormega became determined to pursue rapping. Nas included him on a song entitled "Affirmative Action" on his album It Was Written released on July 2, 1996. The song also featured AZ and Foxy Brown, and became The Firm's first appearance. He was signed to Def Jam and recorded an album called The Testament. Nas, his manager Steve Stoute and producers Dr. Dre and The Trackmasters joined to form The Firm. However, Cormega was replaced with another Queensbridge artist, Nature, because Nas and/or Stoute favored Nature. That ended Cormega's friendship with Nas. After he fell out with his manager Chris Lighty and his label Violator Records his debut album The Testament was indefinitely shelved. During the recording for The Testament Cormega responded to Nas' "One Love" in the form of a letter also entitled "One Love".

2000s
In 2000, he was released from his contract and he started his own record company, Legal Hustle Records. Cormega vented his disappointment with Nas and The Firm in a mixtape song titled "Never Personal". This song was never directly pointed to Nas, but the media made it look like that. In 2001, he released his debut album, The Realness. Many of the songs share a theme of betrayal. Nas responded to Cormega on his song "Destroy and Rebuild" from his album Stillmatic. Cormega retaliated with more mixtape tracks, "A Slick Response" and "Realmatic".

Cormega's follow-up album, The True Meaning won the Source Magazine 's Underground Album of the Year award. In 2004, he followed up with Legal Hustle, a compilation album showcasing his label's artists. In 2005, he released The Testament on his own label.

On December 22, 2006, at the Nokia Theatre Times Square, Cormega appeared on stage at a Nas concert and went on to perform with Nas (and Foxy Brown as well), further evidence that their feud is over.

An album collaboration with Lakey the Kid entitled My Brother's Keeper was released independently on August 22, 2006. On November 20, 2007, Cormega finally released his DVD in-the-making Who Am I?. The DVD took over four years of filming of Cormega in all aspects of his life and what others thought of Cormega, unedited. The DVD was released as a soundtrack plus DVD. Cormega intended to release an album which was to be entitled Urban Legend before T.I.'s album of the same name was released (Cormega mentions this on the Who Am I DVD, dated circa 2003); the new title was Born and Raised. The album was released October 20, 2009. The first single is called "Journey."

2010s
Cormega's latest album, Mega Philosophy, was entirely produced by frequent collaborator Large Professor.

On December 26, 2018, he released his first EP MEGA.

2020s
Cormega appeared on Nas' King's Disease in 2020, reuniting with members of the defunct The Firm supergroup.

In November 2022, Cormega released his long-awaited album, The Realness II, to rave reviews. It served as a sequel to his 2001 debut album The Realness.

Discography

 * The Realness (2001)
 * The True Meaning (2002)
 * The Testament (2005)
 * Born and Raised (2009)
 * Mega Philosophy (2014)
 * The Realness II (2022)

Film

 * ''Who Am I? (2007)

title: Cormega


text:
Battle of Fort Frontenac

The Battle of Fort Frontenac took place on August 26–28, 1758 during the Seven Years' War (referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States) between France and Great Britain. The location of the battle was Fort Frontenac, a French fort and trading post which is located at the site of present-day Kingston, Ontario, at the eastern end of Lake Ontario where it drains into the St. Lawrence River.

British Lieutenant Colonel John Bradstreet led an army of over 3,000 men, of whom about 150 were regulars and the remainder were provincial militia. The army besieged the 110 people inside the fort and won their surrender two days later, cutting one of the two major communication and supply lines between the major eastern centres of Montreal and Quebec City and France's western territories (the northern route, along the Ottawa River, remained open throughout the war). The British captured goods worth 800,000 livres from the trading post.

Background
The British military campaigns for the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War in 1758 contained three primary objectives. Two of these objectives, captures of Fort Louisbourg and Fort Duquesne met with success. The third campaign, an expedition involving 16,000 men under the command of General James Abercrombie, was disastrously defeated on July 8, 1758, by a much smaller French force when it attempted the capture of Fort Carillon (known today as Fort Ticonderoga). Following that failure, many of Abercrombie's underlings sought to distance themselves from any responsibility for the disaster.

Lieutenant Colonel John Bradstreet renewed an earlier proposal to capture Fort Frontenac, a French fort and trading post on the northern shore of Lake Ontario near where it empties into the St. Lawrence River. Abercrombie, who had first rejected the idea, citing the need for troops to attack Carillon, approved Bradstreet's plan to move up the Mohawk River valley to the site of Fort Oswego (captured and burned by the French in 1756), and then cross the lake to assault Frontenac. The British considered Fort Frontenac to be a strategic threat since it was in a position to command transportation and communications to other French fortifications and outposts along the St. Lawrence – Great Lakes water route and in the Ohio Valley. Although not as important as it once was, the fort was still a base from which the western outposts were supplied. The British reasoned that if they were to disable the fort, supplies would be cut off and the outposts would no longer be able to defend themselves. The British also hoped that taking the well-known fort would boost troop morale and honour after their demoralizing battle defeat at Fort Ticonderoga (Fort Carillon) in July 1758. The Indian trade in the upper country (the Pays d'en Haut) would also be disrupted.

Fort Frontenac was an important trading center for Indian and French fur traders and was regarded as a threat to Fort Oswego, which was built by the British across the lake from Fort Frontenac in 1722 to compete with Fort Frontenac for the Indian trade, and later enhanced as a military establishment. General Montcalm had already used Fort Frontenac as a staging point to attack the fortifications at Oswego in August 1756. Trade through Fort Frontenac was so successful that some Indians preferred to trade with the French at the fort rather than the British outpost at Albany, New York, which provided more ready access to inexpensive British goods.

The fort was a crumbling limestone construction that was only minimally garrisoned with about 100 French troops along with some militia and Indians under the command of Pierre-Jacques Payen de Noyan et de Chavoy, an elderly veteran of King George's War. While the fort was normally garrisoned by a larger force, the limited means available for the defense of New France had forced French military leaders to reduce its size for the defense of other parts of Canada. Noyan was alerted to the expedition's advance when Indian scouts took some prisoners, and authorities in Montreal organized reinforcements. However, these forces would not arrive before the British.

Bradstreet assembled an army at Schenectady consisting of just 135 regular army troops and about 3,500 militia, drawn from the provinces of New York, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. By the time his army reached the ruins of Fort Oswego on August 21, Bradstreet had lost 600 men, primarily to desertion. The trek met with minimal opposition from French and Indian raiding parties, but the route to Oswego, which had been virtually unused since 1756, was overgrown, and some of the waterways had silted up, causing heavily laden bateaux to ground in the shallow waters. Bradstreet's flotilla of bateaux crossed Lake Ontario, landing without opposition about one mile (1.6 km) from Fort Frontenac on August 25.

Battle
The night after landing, Bradstreet's men established gun batteries and began to dig trenches toward the old fort. They also attempted, without success to board two of the French ships anchored before the fort. On the morning of August 26, the British guns opened fire. The French garrison returned fire with cannons and muskets, but made little impression on the British. The two sides continued to exchange fire on the 27th, with the British establishing gun batteries northwest of the fort, about 200 yd from the fort. On the morning of the 28th, two French ships attempted to escape the harbor, but ran aground after persistent British fire against them. Following a brief council of war, Noyan raised the white flag.

Aftermath
With the capture of Frontenac, the British intercepted significant supplies destined for French forts in the Ohio Country. More than 60 cannons (some of them British cannons the French had captured at Fort Oswego) were found, as were hundreds of barrels of provisions. To the many provincials in Bradstreet's army, the biggest prizes were bales of furs destined for shipment downstream to Montreal. In all, the value of the captured goods was estimated to be 800,000 French livres. Since Bradstreet's orders were not to hold the fort but to destroy it, many of the provisions were burned before the army returned to Oswego, using some of the captured French ships to help carry the loot. Bradstreet released the French prisoners after Noyan promised to gain the release of an equal number of British prisoners, and the French began to make their way back to Montreal. They were met by the relief force from Montreal. The French established Fort de La Présentation (at present-day Ogdensburg, New York) as a base for supply and defense. Fort Frontenac was again lightly garrisoned in 1759, but was no longer a site of importance in the war, which ended with the fall of Montreal in September 1760.

New France's governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, took full responsibility for the French loss, as he had believed that the British "would not dare to enter Lake Ontario on which [the French] had vessels." He did however force Noyan into retirement. Noyan returned to France, where he spent some time in the Bastille on charges that he misappropriated public funds, and was eventually fined six livres.

title: Battle of Fort Frontenac


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Burn4Free

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mackensen (talk) 21:19, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Burn4Free
Advertisement. 213.93.227.195 02:13, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC) Traffic Rank for burn4free.com: 66,350 (down2,240) Speed: Very Slow, Avg Load Time: 6.2 Seconds Other sites that link to this site: 90 Popups: Many (23% of sessions have popups) Online Since: 23-Aug-2002 This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep rewrite and expand. Burn4Free shows up 182,000 hits on Google. Megan1967 02:46, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete those hits are only download pages, nothing like the GIMP about which there is actual information, or Ahead Nero, a hugely more famous CD burning tool, of which there is no wiki page, but which "boasts" nearly 800,000 google hits. 213.93.227.195 03:09, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Under current VfD rules, votes by anonymous users are not counted. Megan1967 04:26, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh well, don't count me then. I'm only trying to improve wikipedia (a little). Just look at the other 'contributions' the poster of the article has made: LXer, Ultra Browser, GnomeBaker and more of that kind of 'information'. 213.93.227.195 04:40, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is bad faith votes that are not counted. Anonymity simply adds weight to bad faith.  It is not evidence of bad faith per se.  Anonymous users make hundreds of good faith contributions to Wikipedia every day.  And to me what is written above seems to be one of them. Uncle G 15:20, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)
 * Not a vote It seems teh other burning tool is called Nero Burning ROM in the wikipedia, my bad. Still I think the google test is a bit lame when it comes to relevance. 213.93.227.195 03:33, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The author added this to the article, which I have removed: This page is not an advertisement because there are alot of pages about pieces of software. Such as Microsoft Windows, GIMP, Photoshop, Paint Shop Pro, OSX, K3B and more. I think this page should be kept. Wolfman 03:43, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Right now, the article basically serves as a link to an external site. If expanded somewhat by end of vfd, I support keeping.  If not, ditch it. Wolfman 03:43, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Alexa stats for www.burn4free.com;
 * I don't know if this is evidence of noteability, but even IF it is, if no expansion past a single sentence and no edits for by end of VfD, Delete. --Dbroadwell 04:16, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Blindwrite is much more notable and doesn't have an article. I personally think that articles on the Wikipedia should only be about software which truly makes a difference, such as Photoshop, Corel Draw, Paint Shop Pro, Mozilla Firefox, OpenOffice.org and so on. Sn0wflake 04:16, 2005 Feb 16 (according to history Uncle G 15:20, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC))
 * Delete. Ad. Trilobite (Talk) 14:13, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad for one of many similar apps. Wyss 20:21, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep What's wrong with you people? All I did was make an article on a popular CD burning tool. The thing has got tons of Google hits and I see alot of other software on Wikipedia that you guys don't want to delete. Why single out this one?
 * Comment by BWF89 --InShaneee 22:30, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey there BWF89, how do you do? It's sad that your first article has fallen right into the VfD, but don't worry, it's nothing personal. Sooner or later you will get what is generally considered notable and what is considered non-notable around these parts. There are different criterias for different areas. It can be confusing at times. But basically, when it comes to software, everything that isn't quite notable is considered advertising. Since we are on the internet, that happens quite frequently, so a more rigid criteria has to be adopted on these instances. If you feel that a certain article about a software isn't notable enough to be on the Wikipedia and you have some degree of proof to back you up, you can nominate it and we will vote on it on the same manner. Don't feel discouraged. --Sn0wflake 01:06, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not-worthy to keep --Neigel von Teighen 22:33, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 22:35, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We just need to see more notable references than that. Zzyzx11 00:47, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, But add to CD Burning page as an example -- notable, but not enough for its own article
 * The CD burner page has only one example: Nero burning ROM, and it's an internal link. 213.93.227.195 15:26, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: advert. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:35, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Very notable. Someone thinking of buying it might look it up on Wikipedia. Expand though. Howabout1 04:04, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. notable software. --Haham hanuka 08:49, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a directory of all of the software packages in the world, any more than it is a directory of all of the people/companies/bands/websites/films/actors/writers/schools/clubs in the world. If this were about a person, I'd vote Userfy, unless that user already had their own, perfectly good, user page.  Since it is about a software package, and since the software package has its own, perfecly good, home page, I vote Delete.  Also note that Wikipedia is not a web hosting service or an advertising billboard. Uncle G 11:28, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)


text:
Russell Island (Moreton Bay)

Russell Island is an island, a town and a locality in the City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. The island is also known by its traditional Aboriginal name of Canaipa. In the, the locality of Russell Island had a population of 3,698 people.

Geography
Russell Island in Redland City is the biggest of the Southern Moreton Bay Islands, situated between the mainland and North Stradbroke Island. The island is eight kilometres long (north-to-south) and nearly three kilometres wide. The channel separating it from the mainland is known as Main Channel and the channel separating it from North Stradbroke Island is known as Canaipa Passage.

Russell Island has the following headlands (from north to south):

Russell Island has the following passages (from north to south):
 * Canaipa Point, on the north-east of the island (-27.6417°N, 153.4159°W)
 * Kibbinkibbinwa Point, on the north of the island (-27.6421°N, 153.3905°W)
 * Rocky Point, on the south-east of the island (-27.6962°N, 153.3657°W)

 * Krummel Passage, to the north of the island (-27.6436°N, 153.3759°W)
 * Main Channel, to the west of the island (-27.6863°N, 153.3639°W)
 * Fishermans Channel, to the south of the island (-27.7092°N, 153.3771°W)

History
A basic survey of the island was conducted by Robert Dixon in 1839. He named the island after Lord John Russell the Secretary of State for the Colonies in the 1840s.

The island was first settled by Europeans in 1866, when John Campbell was granted a lease on the northern end of the island closely followed by John Willes and his family. Land auctions commenced in 1870. Farmers and oystermen were the first full-time inhabitants, but with the arrival of the Jackson family in 1906, a small village was created on the western side of the island called Jacksonville, that had a sawmill, pineapple canning factory, jetty and even a picture theatre.

Russell Island State School was officially opened on Thursday 20 January 1916 by James Stodart, member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Logan. It opened for lessons on Monday 24 January 1916 under 17-year-old head teacher Miss Eileen Willes. The school building had been relocated from Pine Ridge (near Southport). It was 21 by 14 ft and was on the eastern side of Centre Road (approx -27.6698°N, 153.3845°W) in almost the centre of the island. In the first year, there were 17 children from 8 families. In 1927 following a vote by residents, the school was relocated to its present site in the north of the island. The school continues to use the original building, albeit extended and repaired. In 1931 a special school boat was employed to transport children from the surrounding islands (Lamb, Macleay and Karrangarra) and convey them to the Russell Island State School.

Russell Island Methodist Church opened on Saturday 18 December 1920 in Jackson Road. It is no longer extant.

Russell Island is known for the infamous land scams of the early 1970s, when many of the islands farms were divided into over 20,000 blocks. At the time, the area, with a population of less than 500, did not have a local authority enforcing planning regulations. Heavily advertised and sold off by unscrupulous vendors, these blocks were often not where the unwary customers thought they were buying. It all rode on the vague promise of a bridge from the National Party government at the time. Media reports exposing the scam pointed to blocks that were underwater at high tide and the lack of public land.

The Russell Island Public Library opened in 2001.

On 12 April 2008, a public 25 metre swimming pool jointly funded by the Redland City Council, the Queensland State Government, a rates levy and nearly 20 years of donations from residents was completed. Management has been contracted to the YMCA. The first bathers hit the water during that weekend but, lacking any heating, it was closed for the winter. Sufficient solar heating for spring and autumn use was installed in 2009.

Another big event for the island on Wednesday, 7 May 2008 when the $1.2 million Police Station was opened by the Queensland Police Minister, bringing Senior Constable Michael Verry to the island as its first community policeman. Backing up the policeman, Queensland Police make frequent visits to the island with a high-speed barge which can carry two police vehicles.

In 2015, the Russell Island residents groups, together with the Redland City Council, proposed to transition the island's name to its traditional Aboriginal equivalent – Canaipa. The proposal is that the two names of Canaipa and Russell Island will be used with the island's name reverting to its traditional name once it becomes more widely accepted. The name Canaipa was provided from Yugambeh people and identified as a Yugambeh-Bundjalung language word from the Ngaraangbal dialect spoken by the Pimpama clan meaning place of ironbark spear/digging stick,  the name is used by both the Quandamooka and Yugambeh people, who assert traditional ownership. The move is motivated by the desire to improve public perceptions (and hence real estate values) which were damaged by the earlier land scams. The Queensland Government officially adopted Canaipa as an alternative name for the island, but it is not an alternative name for the town or the locality.

In 2023, a house fire on Russell Island killed a father and his five sons. Similarly, another house on Russell Island caught fire a few months later. No-one was home at the time. All affected houses have since been demolished.

Demographics
In the, Russell Island had a population of 1,779 people, up 35.9% since 2001. However, this changes dramatically on weekends and holidays when many of the 30% of dwellings on the island which are classified as unoccupied are visited by their owners.

In the, Russell Island had a population of 2,473 people, 50.3% female and 49.7% male The median age of the Russell Island population was 51 years, 14 years above the national median of 37. 68.8% of people living in Russell Island were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were New Zealand 6.1%, England 5.7%, Scotland 1%, Philippines 1%, Germany 0.9%. 85.8% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.5% Hungarian, 0.4% German, 0.4% Filipino, 0.4% French, 0.3% Croatian.

In the, Russell Island had a population of 2,836 people.

In the, Russell Island had a population of 3,698 people.

Heritage listings
Russell Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Mrs Fischer’s Grave, Canaipa Ridge Road (-27.684°N, 153.385°W)
 * St Peter’s Anglican Parish Hall, 25-27 High Street (-27.648°N, 153.3815°W)
 * Jacksonville (Jacksons Oval), corner Jackson Road and Esplanade (-27.658°N, 153.367°W)
 * Corduroy Road, Weedmore Road

Education
Russell Island State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 38-64 High Street (-27.6515°N, 153.3813°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 176 students with 18 teachers (14 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (8 full-time equivalent). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 174 students with 17 teachers (14 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (8 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program. The school has an active Parents and Citizens club.

There are no secondary schools on Russell Island. The nearest government secondary school is Victoria Point State High School at Victoria Point on the mainland to the north-west.

Facilities
Russell Island has a small shopping village offering a variety of services including; Super IGA supermarket, post office, Medical Practice, petrol station, chemist, bakery, hairdressers, Chinese restaurant, newsagent, kebab shop and takeaway food shop. It also has several real estate agencies showing houses for sale and rent.

Russell Island has most of the same services as the mainland that span across the island including a police station, fire station, ambulance service, medical practice, pathologist, service station, post office, hairdresser, veterinarian, computer repair services, web designers, video hire, bottle shop, lawyer, public pool, various real estate agents, landscape/hire centre, storage sheds, car hire, cafes, motor inn and a sports/recreational complex.

The two licensed clubs, an RSL and the Russell Island Bowling Club, provide entertainment and bistro facilities most nights of the week.

The Redland Library service operates the Russell Island Public Library which is located at 22 High Street.

A Council-built hall near the main wharf is available and, centrally located on Jackson Street, the Bay Islands Community Centre has rooms. Some church denominations meet at the hall but others use the historic St Peter's Church Hall just up High Street. In 2009 the Kennedy Farm Community Centre was revamped with Commonwealth money and is now available for small scale community activity. Resident driven plans for the 4.5 ha block include sporting facilities and a community farm.

Electricians, builders and plumbers are resident on the Island, making the island somewhat self-supporting. Services include power, phone, broadband, water and garbage collection. Garbage is trucked to the mainland for disposal. The Rural Fire Brigade, State Emergency Service and the Ambulance service receive strong volunteer support. Several volunteer Justices of the Peace live on the island. In early 2010 the Bay Islands Community Centre with grants from Community Service and the Council, opened a youth drop-in centre on Jackson Road.

title: Russell Island (Moreton Bay)


text:
TorqueFlite

TorqueFlite (also seen as Torqueflite) is the trademarked name of Chrysler Corporation's automatic transmissions, starting with the three-speed unit introduced late in the 1956 model year as a successor to Chrysler's two-speed PowerFlite. In the 1990s, the TorqueFlite name was dropped in favor of alphanumeric designations, although the latest Chrysler eight-speed automatic transmission has revived the name.

History

Torqueflites use torque converters and Simpson gearsets, two identical planetary gearsets sharing a common sun gear. Chrysler Corporation licensed this gear set from Simpson in 1955.

The first Torqueflites provided three speeds forward plus reverse. Gear ratios were 2.45:1 in first, 1.45 in second, and 1.00 in third. The transmission was controlled by a series of pushbuttons located on the vehicle's dashboard. The buttons were generally at the extreme driver's side end of the dash, i.e., the left in left-hand drive vehicles and the right in right-hand drive ones. However, this was not always the case; the 1962 Dodge Phoenix, a right-hand drive export model sold in Australia and South Africa, used the U.S. 1962 Plymouth Valiant instrument cluster assembly, into the left end of which were integrated the transmission pushbuttons. Button arrangement varied by vehicle model and year; the sequence was reverse, neutral, drive, second, and first, from top to bottom with vertically arrayed buttons, from left to right with horizontally arrayed buttons, and clockwise starting at upper left with clustered buttons.

A parking lock was not provided until the advent of the aluminum-case Torqueflites in 1960 (standard-duty A-904) and 1962 (heavy-duty A-727), at which point a lever was added adjacent to the pushbuttons: Moving the lever to the "park" position placed the car into neutral and engaged a lock pawl on the transmission's output shaft. Moving the parking lever out of the "park" position unlocked the shift buttons to select a driving range. The buttons were replaced by conventional steering column- or floor-mounted shift levers in all automatic Chrysler-built vehicles for the 1965 model year. However, floor levers were available in specific sporty 1964 models.

Like a vehicle with a General Motors Hydramatic, a vehicle with a Torqueflite transmission starts in first gear when the drive or second position is selected. This is in contrast to vehicles with several automatics from Ford and Borg-Warner, which start in second rather than first if the second position is selected.

For 1962, a canister-style fluid filter was installed in the cooler line. For 1964, the canister filter was eliminated, and the transmission's internal intake screen was replaced by an efficient Dacron filter. Fluid life starting in 1964 was extended from 12000 mi to 50000 mi, justifying the deletion of the drain plug from the oil pan.

For 1966, the twin-cable shift and park control mechanism (a holdover from the push-button operation) was replaced by a solid shift control linkage consisting of a series of pushrods, rotating rods, and levers. The rear pump was eliminated, which simplified and cost-reduced the transmission but rendered push-starting impossible; Chrysler engineers reasoned that improved electrical and fuel systems reduced the need to push-start vehicles, and safety concerns weighed against doing so. The gated shift quadrants also permitted the deletion of the reverse safety blocker valve, which, in TorqueFlites made through 1965, had shifted the transmission harmlessly into neutral if the reverse position was selected with the vehicle moving forward above approximately 3 mph. With the elimination of the rear pump, the oil filter was designed with a single oil port.

In 1968, part-throttle downshift functionality was added to A-904 transmissions used with six-cylinder engines. This feature permitted the transmission to shift from third to second gear in response to moderate accelerator pressure. Previously, an automatic 3-2 downshift occurred only if the driver pushed the accelerator to the floor. This change was made to maintain acceptable in-town performance with taller final-drive ratios in the rear axle — 2.76:1 rear axle gears were being furnished in applications previously equipped with 2.93:1 or 3.23:1 gearsets. Part-throttle downshift functionality was extended to V8 A-904s in 1969, and to most A-727 transmissions in 1970 through 1971.

In 1978, most Torqueflite transmissions gained a lockup torque converter clutch to mechanically connect the converter's impeller and turbine, eliminating slip for better highway fuel economy. This addition required the removal of the torque converter drain plug.

For 1980, a wide-ratio gearset was released for the A904, A998, and A999, with 2.74:1 in first, 1.54 in second, and 1.00 in third.

Torqueflite was an available option or standard equipment, depending on model and year, on all Chrysler products: Plymouth, Dodge, DeSoto, Chrysler and Imperial. It was also used by American Motors beginning in 1972, where it was named Torque-Command, as well as by Jeep, International Harvester, Maserati Quattroporte, Monteverdi (automobile)  and Bristol, as well as several brands of light and medium-duty trucks and panel vans. When installed in Dodge trucks and vans, the transmission was marketed as LoadFlite.

In the 1990s, the transmissions were renamed. However, the original Torqueflite design remained the basis of many Chrysler-designed (and built) transmissions through 2007 (and FWD transaxles through 2000).

Nomenclature
Torqueflite transmissions and transaxles made through 1991 were assigned arbitrary engineering designations consisting of the letter "A" followed by three digits. The 1992 and later units have four-character designations in which the first through fourth characters indicate, respectively, the number of forward speeds, torque capacity, drive type or transaxle orientation, and control system:

A466
The original TorqueFlite was designated A466, with a cast iron case, separate iron converter housing, and no parking pawl.

A727 (36RH/37RH)
The A466 was replaced in 1962 with the A727 (later renamed 36RH and 37RH), with a one-piece aluminum case to reduce weight by about 60 lb. This was initially referred to in consumer-oriented publications as the "TorqueFlite 8" to differentiate it from the A904. The A727 incorporated a parking pawl, with the sole exception of the 1962 Chrysler and Dodge 880 version, which had an extension-mounted drum brake. Compared to the early cast-iron transmissions, many and various internal improvements were featured, and it used a 10.75 in or 11.75 in torque converter. The heavier-duty A727 Torqueflites became — and remain — wildly popular for drag racing, off roading, and monster truck applications because of their controllability, reliability, ease/cheapness of repair, and brute strength. Note there are unique bellhousing bolt patterns for the small block "A" and big block "B" engine versions of this transmission and for American Motors (AMC) and Jeep applications.

 * 1962-1978 361, 383, 400 B-Motor V8
 * 1962-1978 413, 426 Wedge, 440 RB-V8
 * 1966-1971 426 "Street" Hemi
 * 1964-1971 426 Race Hemi (super stock, etc.)
 * 1962-1966 318 "A" "Poly" V8
 * 1968-1973 340 (all)
 * 1969-1983 225 (Police, Taxi)
 * 1971-1980 360 (4-BBl only)
 * 1978-1983 318 (4-bbl Police)
 * 1972-1978 AMC "Torque-Command"
 * 1984-1989 318 (2-bbl Taxi special order)
 * 1980-1991 Jeep (some)

Gear ratios:

A518 (46RH/46RE)
The A518, later renamed 46RH (hydraulic controlled governor pressure) and 46RE (electronic controlled governor pressure), is an A727 derivative with overdrive, in the A500 ilk. Starting in 1990, it was used in some trucks and vans. The overdrive fourth gear ratio is 0.69:1.

Gear ratios:

Applications:
 * Dodge Ram pickup and vans 150/250/350 V8 and diesel engines (DGT)
 * Dodge Ramcharger SUV 1988-1993 5.2L & 5.9L V8
 * Jeep Grand Cherokee 1993 5.2L, 1998 5.9L
 * 1995 Dodge Dakota 5.2L Magnum V8
 * 1996 Dodge Dakota V8
 * 1998–2003 Dodge Dakota R/T
 * 1998-2003 Dodge Durango 5.9L V8 (4WD or 2WD)
 * 1994-1995 Dodge Ram 1500/2500/3500 V8
 * 1996-2001 Dodge Ram 1500 V8
 * 1996-2002 Dodge Ram 2500/3500 V8
 * X-1995 Dodge Ram Van 2500 5.2L Magnum V8

A618 (47RH/47RE/48RE)
The A618, later renamed 47RE (electronically controlled governor pressure) is a heavier-duty version of A518, also known as the 46RE (which also has electronically controlled governor pressure, versus the earlier RH version, which was hydraulically controlled). It was used in trucks and vans starting in the mid-1990s. While currently used with some internal changes such as the move from aluminum to steel planetary carriers and an increase in the number of clutch plates when coupled to the 5.9 L Cummins Turbo-Diesel and the 8.0 L V-10 applications, it is a 727 with overdrive and more robust internal parts. It has an input torque rating of 450 lbft. The 48RE is an electronically governed, ECU-controlled, four-speed heavy-duty overdrive automatic transmission, that is stronger than its predecessor, the 47-series.

The base design from the original Torqueflite remains essentially unchanged. The addition of a two-speed output shaft (overdrive unit) that is bolted to the back of the three-speed transmission has only two ratios: direct (1:1) and overdrive (.69:1). While lubrication to the overdrive unit was a challenge early on, this challenge was later overcome with factory improvements or aftermarket valve body kits. The overdrive planetary has six-pinion gears (unlike the five-pinion used with the A518 used with the Cummins turbodiesel), which is often used as an aftermarket replacement for the stock four-pinion planetary used with the lighter duty transmissions.

Gear ratios:

Applications:
 * Dodge Ram pickups 2500/3500 ISB Diesel and iron V-10 (DGP)
 * Dodge Ram SRT-10 (DGP)f
 * 1994-1995 Dodge Ram 2500/3500 Diesel/V10
 * 1996-2002 (Also some early production 2003's) Dodge Ram 2500/3500 Diesel/V10
 * 1998-2000 Aston Martin Virage V8 5.3L
 * 2003-2004 Dodge Ram 2500/3500 ISB Diesel
 * 2003-2004 Dodge Ram 2500/3500 HO ISB Diesel
 * 2004-2007 Dodge Ram 2500/3500 600/610 Diesel
 * 2004-2006 Dodge Ram SRT-10

A904 (30RH)
For standard-duty applications in smaller and lighter vehicles with six-cylinder or small V8 engines starting with the 1964-1/2 273, the compact A904 (later 30RH) was introduced in 1960. This transmission used a 10.75 in torque converter. A smaller version of this transmission was also used in the Dodge Colt/Plymouth Champ cars made by Mitsubishi in Japan. This smaller transmission used a 10 in torque converter. Note there are unique bellhousing bolt patterns for the Chrysler Slant-Six, small block V8, and AMC versions (both the six and V8s), including the obscure Chevrolet V8 bellhousing pattern when used with the Pontiac Iron Duke, which was the base motor in some 1980-83 AMC and Jeep products (this bellhousing pattern is a rare find since transmission cores are usually sought after by drag racers building a Powerglide or TH200 derivative using THM2004R internals inclusive of a modified torque converter front face and/or torque converter adapter ring allowing the use of the TorqueFlite bolt pattern to a GM flexplate), and a GM 60 Degree V6 bolt pattern when used with the GM 2.8 L LR2 of this transmission.

Uses:
 * 1960-1976 170, 198, 225 slant-six
 * 1964-1969 273 LA V8
 * 1967-1978 318 LA V8
 * 1972-1977 AMC Hornet
 * 1972-1978 AMC Gremlin, AMC Matador with six-cylinder engines
 * 1975-1980 AMC Pacer
 * 1978-1983 AMC Concord
 * 1979-1983 AMC Spirit
 * 1980-1983 Jeep CJ, AMC Eagle with GM Iron Duke engine
 * 1983-1984 Jeep DJ-5M with AMC 2.5 L
 * 1984-1986, 1994-2000 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) with GM 2.8 L LR2 V6, AMC 2.5 L I4
 * 1986 Jeep Comanche (MJ) with GM 2.8 L V6, AMC 2.5 L I4
 * 1994-1995 Jeep Wrangler (YJ) with four-cylinder engine
 * 1997-2002 Jeep Wrangler (TJ) with four-cylinder engine

A998 (31RH)
The A998, later renamed 31RH was a medium-duty, narrow or wide-ratio version of the small-frame A904 transmission for use with medium-power V8 engines and the 3.9 L V6 engine. It was equipped with four direct friction plates. This transmission differed from the A904 by having a reinforced case and internals. Narrow ratios are 2.45/1.45/1.00:,1 and wide ratios are 2.74/1.55/1.00:1.

Uses:

 * 1984-1989 318 (2-bbl)
 * 1972-1988 AMC 6-cylinder and 304 CID V8 engines
 * 1987-1988 Dodge Dakota

A999 (32RH)
The A999 (later renamed 32RH) was a heavier-duty, wide-ratio version of the small-frame A904 transmission for use with medium-power V8 engines and the 3.9 L V6 engine. It was equipped with five direct friction plates. These automatics had lower first- and second-gear ratios, allowing the lower-powered engines to provide better acceleration without sacrificing highway fuel economy. They were frequently used today in drag racing. Uses:

 * 1975-1980 360 (2-bbl)
 * 1984-1989 318 (4-bbl Police)
 * 1994-2003 Dodge Ram Van B150 with Magnum 3.9L V6 engine
 * 1994-2003 Dodge Dakota with Magnum 3.9 L V6 engine
 * 1987-1995 Jeep Wrangler YJ with 6-cylinder engine.
 * 1997-2002 Jeep Wrangler TJ with 6-cylinder engine.
 * Jeep Wagoneer/Grand Wagoneer with the 258 CID straight-6

A500 (40RH/42RH/40RE/42RE/44RE)
The A500, later renamed 40RH and 42RH (hydraulically controlled governor pressure) and 40RE, 42RE, 44RE (electronically controlled governor pressure, 1993-up), was an A904 derivative used in trucks and vans. Introduced in the 1988 model year on a limited basis, it was the first light-duty Chrysler four-speed automatic and was placed behind the 3.9 L and 5.2 L engines for light-duty purposes. Forward direct clutch drum (same as the A998) usually has a four friction disc pack - an A999 forward direct clutch drum with the five friction disc pack does interchange. A bolt-in low/reverse overrun clutch assembly (shared with the A904 derivatives manufactured after 1988) uses a roller clutc,h which is shared with the GM THM200 and THM2004R. Much like the later production A904 with a wide ratio gear, a double wrap low-reverse band is used. An extension housing mounted (New Process built) overdrive unit was bolted to the rear of the case to provide a total of four forward speeds; the extension housing and its internals interchange with the 46-48RH/RE (A518/618) - when overhauling the overdrive unit transmission rebuilders usually would use replacement parts from the A518/618 overdrive section since the A500 internals are light duty e.g. number of friction discs and thick pressure plates.

The overdrive housing (RWD/2WD) uses an output shaft yoke commonly shared with the A727 and its later derivatives, except for the A618/48RE. Electronic governor pressure was phased in during the middle of the 1993 model year, where it was renamed as the A500SE - Jeep Grand Cherokees equipped with the 4.0L used the A500SE/42RE since the middle of the 1993 model year replacing the AW4. Oil pans used with the A500SE/42RE are similar in design to the one used in the A500, with a clearance area for the shift solenoid. The pan and filter were updated during the 1998 model year with some Dodge applications, which have a deeper oil pan and a redesigned oil filter that is held with two valve body screws (the single oil port filter does interchange with the older A500 and A904 derivatives along with the oil pan). This transmission was replaced by the 42RLE in 2004.

Gear ratios:

Applications:
 * 1989-2001 Dodge Ram pickup 150/1500 V6/V8(2WD)
 * 1989-2003 Dodge Ram Van B150/B250/B350 V6/V8
 * 1989-2003 Dodge Dakota
 * 1993-2004 Jeep Grand Cherokee I6
 * 1996-1998 Jeep Grand Cherokee 5.2 V8
 * 1999-2003 Jeep Grand Cherokee 3.1 TD
 * 1998-2000 Dodge Durango 5.2L V8 (4WD (98-99) or 2WD (99-00))

Front-wheel drive transaxles
The A404, A413, A470, and A670 are front wheel drive transaxle derivatives of the A904 Torqueflite.

In the late 1970s, Chrysler designed the A404 TorqueFlite three-speed automatic transaxle for its front-wheel drive Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon subcompact cars. This transaxle would be upgraded in the 1980s into the A413 and A670 units, which were progressively heavier-duty, for Chrysler's K-cars and their derivatives, including the minivans. The four-speed Ultradrive electronic four-speed automatic transaxle would eventually replace it. Still, the three-speed lasted for more than a decade after the 1989 debut of the four-speed unit.

A404
The light-duty A404 was used with the smallest straight-4 engines from Chrysler, commonly the 1.7 L Volkswagen unit.

A413 or 31TH
The A404 was strengthened to become the A413 (later 31TH) in 1981. This was used with Chrysler's 2.2 and 2.5 L K-car engines. It was available both with and without a lockup torque converter.

Applications:
 * 1995-2001 Dodge/Plymouth/Chrysler Neon
 * 1982-1995 Chrysler LeBaron
 * 1987-1994 Dodge Shadow/Plymouth Sundance/Chrysler
 * 1978-1990 Dodge Omni/Plymouth Horizon
 * 1981-1989 Plymouth Reliant/Dodge Aries
 * 1989-1995 Dodge Spirit/Plymouth Acclaim
 * 1983-1988 Plymouth Caravelle
 * 1983-1984 Chrysler E-Class
 * 1983-1988 Dodge 600/Chrysler New Yorker
 * 1982-1983 Dodge 400
 * 1988-1993 Dodge Dynasty
 * 1983-1987 Dodge Charger
 * 1983-1986 Chrysler Executive
 * 1984-2007 Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan/Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager
 * 1985-1989 Dodge Lancer
 * 1989-1991 Chrysler TC by Maserati

A415
The A415 was developed for the 1.6 L Simca 1100 engine, but was not released for series production in the U.S. It was used in Europe, in the Talbot Simca, 1510, and Solara.

A470
The A470 was a strengthened version of the transaxle used with the 2.6 L Mitsubishi Astron engine in the K-cars from 1981 until 1985, and minivans from 1984 through 1987.

A670
The highest-specification three-speed transaxle was the A670. It was used with the 3.0 L Mitsubishi V6 engine in Chrysler's cars and minivans from 1987 to 2000.

Gear ratios:

title: TorqueFlite


text:
Civic Center/UN Plaza station

Civic Center/UN Plaza station (often Civic Center station) is a combined BART and Muni Metro rapid transit station in the Market Street subway in downtown San Francisco. Located under Market Street between 7th Street and 8th Street, it is named for the Civic Center neighborhood and the adjacent United Nations Plaza. The three-level station has a large fare mezzanine level, with separate platform levels for Muni Metro and BART below.

The station is served by the BART Red, Yellow, Green, and Blue lines, and the Muni Metro J Church, K Ingleside, L Taraval, M Ocean View, N Judah, and S Shuttle lines.

Station layout
Like the three other shared Muni/BART stations in the Market Street subway, Civic Center has three underground levels. The first level is a fare mezzanine, with two Muni paid areas and two BART paid areas. The second level has a single island platform for Muni Metro, and the third level has an island platform for BART. The station has six street entrances along its length, including one entrance in UN Plaza. The surface elevator is near the center of the station; the platform elevator is at the northeast end.

History
The BART Board approved the name "Civic Center" in December 1965. BART service at the station began on November 5, 1973, followed by Muni Metro service on February 18, 1980. In 2005, the station name was changed to Civic Center/UN Plaza during celebrations for the 60th anniversary of the United Nations and World Environment Day. Additional fare gates to allow direct connections between Muni and BART (without having to go up to the fare mezzanine) were also proposed. Construction of a bike station on the mezzanine level began in December 2014; it opened in August 2015.

A passageway formerly led to two additional entrances west of 8th Street and Hyde Street. One – on the north side of Market Street at Grove Street – was temporarily closed in December 2016 after a sewer pipe collapsed under the escalators. The entrance remained closed until it was permanently removed in October 2017. The remaining entrance west of 8th Street was permanently closed on November 1, 2018, as the passageway space was needed for a new electrical substation to add redundancy and capacity to support increased Transbay Tube train frequency. The six original entrances (all of which are significantly closer to the faregates) remained open.

Following the 2015 addition of a canopy over an escalator at 19th Street Oakland station, which reduced escalator downtime by one-third, BART decided to add canopies to all downtown Oakland and San Francisco entrances. The canopies will protect the escalator from weather damage, improve lighting, allow the escalator to be fully closed off when the station is not open, and provide a location for real-time train arrival information displays. The Civic Center station entrance at Market and 7th was chosen for early implementation; it was closed on December 11, 2017, with the new canopy opened on October 9, 2018. The southern entrance at Market and 8th was closed on May 9, 2022, for canopy installation, and reopened on April 28, 2023. The 7th Street north entrance closed for canopy construction on April 29, 2024. All canopies are planned to be complete by 2027.

In May 2018, BART proposed to close off a corridor that connects the 7th Street and 8th Street sides of the station because it was frequently used for drug use. In February 2020, BART began a project to add two additional staircases to the BART platform. Construction was expected to take 12 months. The entrances on the southern side of the station were closed from April 13, 2020, to June 12, 2021, due to low ridership during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Thirteen BART stations, including Civic Center, did not originally have faregates for passengers using the elevator. In 2020, BART started a project to add faregates to elevators at these stations. The new faregate at Civic Center was installed in January 2023. BART reopened a secondary station agent booth – which had been closed for over a decade – near the Civic Center entrance in February 2023. Replacement of the original BART fare gates with new units began in July 2024.

Connections
Two Muni heritage streetcar stops are located above the station: Market and 7th Street, and Market and 8th Street (inbound) / Market and Hyde (outbound). Both are served by the F Market and Wharves line. The station is also served by a number of Muni bus and trolleybus routes:
 * Local:, , , , ,
 * Rapid: ,
 * Express:
 * Owl service:, , , , , , , and

Several Golden Gate Transit routes (24C, 30, 54C, 70, 92, 101, 101X) stop on 7th Street adjacent to the station. Additional Muni and SamTrans (FCXX, 292, 397, 398) bus routes run on Mission Street, one block away. AC Transit serves Civic Center station with the 800 All Nighter route during hours that BART is not operating.

Under the planned Better Market Street project, stops on the F Market and Wharves line and bus routes would be consolidated to reduce travel times. The F stops at 7th and 8th streets would be replaced by a single midblock stop.

title: Civic Center/UN Plaza station


text:
Souhane massacre

The largest of the Souhane massacres took place in the small mountain town of Souhane (about 25 km south of Algiers, between Larbaa and Tablat) on 20–21 August 1997. 64 people were killed, and 15 women kidnapped; the resulting terror provoked a mass exodus, bringing the town's population down from 4000 before the massacre to just 103 in 2002. Smaller-scale massacres later took place on November 27, 1997 (18 men, 3 women, 4 children killed) and 2 March 2000, when some 10 people from a single household were killed by guerrillas. The massacres were blamed on Islamist groups such as the GIA.

title: Souhane massacre


text:
Category:Automatic transmission tradenames

Automatic transmission tradenames (Trademarked names)


text:
Eastern Collegiate Hockey Association

Established in 1991, the Eastern Collegiate Hockey Association is a hockey-only college athletic conference whose members are East Coast schools. The ECHA is part of the American Collegiate Hockey Association Division 1.

League Format
ECHA members play each conference opponent twice, once at home and once away. In addition teams play non-league games against other ACHA member schools. At the conclusion of the regular season in February the league holds a championship tournament. At the conclusion of the ECHA championship tournament, the ECHA regular season champions receive an automatic bid to the ACHA Men's Division I National Tournament.

League History
The ECHA is currently composed of eight member institutions: George Mason, Villanova, Temple, William Paterson, The United States Naval Academy, Towson, Lehigh, and West Chester. The 2012/2013, 2013/2014, and 2015/2016 regular season titles were won by Navy; they also won the postseason tournament in 2013.

Previous members include Lebanon Valley College who ended ECHA competition with the 2012 season. In the 2014/2015 season the University of Scranton folded their hockey program bringing the current number of members to 6. Also in 2014/2015 Drexel won its fifth ECHA tournament championship 10–3 against Towson, while Villanova won the regular season title. Drexel goalie Zach Kanter was named ECHA tournament MVP in 2015. In effort to maintain the conferences automatic bid to the National Championship Tournament, the ECHA welcomed Temple University beginning in 2015/2016. That same year the Naval Academy took home the regular season championship.

The ECHA tournament champion is awarded the A.J. Ruth Memorial Cup. .

title: Eastern Collegiate Hockey Association


text: User talk:70.58.183.205

title: User talk:70.58.183.205


text:
Talk:Louis W. Sullivan

Untitled
what kind of ameican physician was Dr. Sullivan
 * He specialized in Hematology. Ydorb 19:32, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Louis W. Sullivan


text:
Age of Iron

Age of Iron is a 1990 novel by South African Nobel Prize winner J. M. Coetzee. It is among his most popular works and was the 1990 Sunday Express Book of the Year. In it, he paints a picture of social and political tragedy unfolding in a country ravaged by racism and violence. Critically acclaimed, it remains one of the most striking pieces of literature regarding South African apartheid and is still used in schools worldwide for literature studies.

Plot summary
This story is narrated in a letter from Mrs. Curren, the main character and a retired Classics professor, to her daughter who has previously left South Africa and migrated to the United States to make a clear stand against apartheid. Mrs. Curren lives in Cape Town during the Apartheid regime. She's just been told by her doctors that her cancer is incurable and that she's going to die soon. Returning home, she discovers a homeless man, Vercueil, is camped out near her house. She tells him to leave, but after he comes back again, Mrs. Curren gives him food and offers him work, which seems to offend him. Later that evening, she spots the man staring at the TV through her window. Needless to say she's annoyed. In the night, however, she has a sudden painful attack, and the man helps her. They form a sort of weird friendship as Vercueil spends most of his time near her house. One day she asks him to mail a letter to her daughter. He takes a long time to agree, but eventually he mails the letter.

Mrs. Curren's housekeeper, Florence, returns from a trip and brings her two daughters and her son Bheki with her. Mrs. Curren resents having Bheki in the house, but he has no other place to go. His friend, who Mrs. Curren thinks is a hoodlum, gets into a fight with Vercueil, who disappears for a bit. Around this time, policemen start hanging out near the house, apparently keeping tabs on Bheki and his friends. Tensions are rising. When Vercueil returns, he brings home a woman and they both pass out drunk in the living room. Overwhelmed with people, Mrs. Curren starts to feel that everyone is conspiring against her to take over her property before she even dies.

One day Mrs. Curren witnesses the same cops who previously talked to her disrespectfully, force Bheki and his friend, John, who are on bikes, to run into a truck. John injures his head badly, and she sits in the street holding his head until the ambulance arrives. Previously insulated from racial hatred, Mrs. Cullen starts to realize that her neat little white world doesn't match the reality of police brutality against black people. She wants to demand justice from the authorities for John's injury, but Florence won't let her because she's afraid to be involved with the police. They all go to the hospital to visit Bheki's friend, but Vercueil and Mrs. Curren wait in the car because she's in too much pain. Brought to tears, she admits to him that she hasn't told her daughter about her impending death. He encourages her to tell the truth, so her daughter doesn't resent her after she's gone. At home that night, Mrs. Curren invites Vercueil to sleep on the couch. She catches herself wishing he lives there.

Tragedy strikes again when Florence gets a phone call in the middle of the night saying her son is in trouble. Mrs. Curren drives Florence and her daughter to Gugulethu, an unsafe place, where they meet Mr. Thabane, Florence's cousin. They drive to a part of town in chaos - fire, screaming people, and dead bodies. Faced with so much destruction and fear, Mrs. Curren essentially throws a fit and is put to shame about her privileged sensibility by Mr. Thabane who lectures her about the true meaning of comradeship. Eventually they find Bheki. He and four other black men have been murdered and left lying against a wall, their eyes and mouths full of sand. Horrified, Mrs. Curren finds a policeman and demands he do something, but he brushes her off. The next day, some women come by to pick up Florence's things, as she won't return.

After all of that, Vercueil asks Mrs. Curren if she intends to kill herself that day. She says yes, so they go for a drive. She's unable to go through with it however, so Vercueil buys some liquor and tells her to get drunk. Offended, she screams at him to leave, which he does. He stays away for a while. One night Mrs. Curren wakes up to find John asking about Bheki. She tells him that his friend is dead, but the boy doesn't seem to understand. He's injured, so she looks after him for a bit. When she finds him stashing something in the floorboards one day, she calls Mr. Thabane to take John away.

The next morning the police come to her house asking about John. She says that everything is fine, but John is afraid. Promising not to let anything hurt him, she tries to comfort him. In a cruel trick, an officer distracts Mrs. Curren and the others shoot John. The cops then say she can return to her home, but she can't stand the thought of it. She wanders the streets until she falls asleep under a bridge. Waking to kids groping her, she's robbed and in excruciating pain. Somehow Vercueil finds her, but she still refuses to go home. They fall asleep in the woods together before returning the next day. Her house has been trashed, and a policeman is there who interrogates her about John and Vercueil. After he leaves, she calls Mr. Thabane to warn him.

From this point on, Mrs. Curren fades quickly as the cancer progresses. Her pain gets worse, and she has bizarre nightmares. Vercueil, who is caring for her now, repeatedly encourages her to commit suicide. They start sharing a bed so that she can stay warm. Their relationship is completely platonic; she just can't stay warm any more. When she wakes up extremely cold one day, she asks Vercueil if today is the day. Without a word, he climbs into bed and embraces her. Her final words are that he can't make her any warmer.

Structure and genre
Mrs Curren is the first-person narrator in an epistolary style. Since she addresses her daughter in her letters as "you" the reader feels directly addressed. Coetzee's novel can be interpreted as a coming-of-age novel since it is about Mrs Curren's perspective on the world and coming to terms with that. Therefore, coming-of-age is in this case not growing older but rather about development.

The title is not about the Iron Age but iron represents the rough and brutal way of life Mrs Curren and the people in Cape Town live in. The first part where the term Age of Iron comes up is:

"Children of iron, I thought. Florence herself, too, not unlike iron. The age of iron. After which comes the age of bronze. How long, how long before the softer ages return in their cycle, the age of clay, the age of earth? A Spartan matron iron-hearted, bearing warrior sons for the nation.."

Mrs Curren does indeed think that the brutality is not something a handful of people partakes in but is a very big part in the nature of the people in Cape Town. However, she does underline that just like every other era in history, this time of brutality and racism will eventually come to an end.

Coetzee brings together important themes in this book: aging, death, the confessor as hero, narrative representation, the meaning of freedom, the unity of man, familial relationships and the position of the white liberal in Apartheid South Africa.

title: Age of Iron


text:
The Broker

The Broker is a suspense novel written by American author John Grisham and published in the United States on January 11, 2005. The novel follows the story of Joel Backman, a newly pardoned prisoner who had tried to broker a deal to sell the world's most powerful satellite surveillance system to the highest bidder.

Plot
Joel Backman is "the Broker", one of the most powerful lobbyists in Washington, D.C. However, Backman's life falls apart when a deal collapses involving a hacked spy satellite that nobody knows about, resulting in his imprisonment. Six years later, the political wheels have turned and other power-hungry men are eager for Backman's blood. Bargains are made, and after an outgoing disgraced President grants him a full pardon at the behest of the CIA, Backman finds himself spirited out of the prison in the middle of the night, bundled onto a military plane, and flown to Italy to begin a new life. He has a new name and mysterious new "friends" who teach him to speak Italian and to blend in with the people in Bologna.

However, Backman soon realizes that something is not quite kosher in this new setup, in that he is under constant surveillance. In reality, the CIA is setting him up for professional assassins from China, Israel, Russia, Saudi Arabia and other countries. They intend to sit back and wait to see who kills him in an effort to solve the biggest mystery to hit the U.S. government in decades: the question of who built this seemingly impenetrable and most advanced satellite ever. It turns out to be China; despite having low satellite technology, they stole the information from the U.S.

Backman barely survives several assassination attempts and manages to establish communication with his son, Neal. He escapes surveillance and returns to his home to contract a new deal with the federal government. The CIA is told about the satellite, along with the taking of the satellite's program. In return, they agree to do what they can to get the countries targeting him to back off, though they caution him that some of them will not listen. Backman then covers his escape by pretending that he is resuming his old life, then quietly disappears and presumably returns to Italy.

Literary significance and criticism
The Broker made number one on the New York Times bestseller list. The book has been hailed by some critics as a return to form for Grisham, while others lament it as a superficial "trip to Italy" put into fiction form. A New York Times book review claimed that the description of an outgoing president who was "an idiot... but a clean one" seemed to be referring to President Bush, or perhaps to Bill Clinton's infamous last-minute presidential pardons in 2001.

The description of the town of Bologna, Italy, in the novel is quite accurate; however, it contains a few mistakes. For instance:
 * The church dedicated to Saint Petronius is called "cathedral", but although it is the largest church in town, it has never been the Cathedral of Bologna, as the author himself states elsewhere in the same book.
 * It is explained that Bologna is nicknamed "the Red city" because it is the most deeply communist town in Italy. Actually, Bologna was nicknamed "la Rossa" ("the Red one") centuries before Marx was born, the word "communism" was invented, or the colour red was even associated with a political ideology. This nickname is because most old buildings in the town centre are red, since the earth of the local hills, when baked to make bricks, acquires this colour.
 * One of the Italian teachers of the main character states that only two medieval towers are still standing in Bologna and that all the others were demolished by order of the local authorities in the nineteenth century. In reality, numerous medieval towers are still standing in Bologna. Some of them are clearly visible from the places the main character visits, like Piazza Maggiore or the top of the Asinelli Tower. After the municipality had three towers demolished in 1917 to build new palaces, the decision was harshly criticised by some famous people of that time.
 * Another error lies in the orbital mechanics of the secret satellite system. The satellites are described as having an over-ground speed of 120 miles per hour, but are only 300 miles above the Earth's surface; this is physically impossible for low-orbit satellites, which need an over-ground speed of over 16,000 miles per hour (and an orbital speed of about 17,000 miles per hour) to maintain orbit.

Additional errors include a scene where a character suggests that he be sent any medical bills for an injury sustained; in Italy there is a comprehensive state healthcare system and so this would not be relevant. In a later scene, a CIA agent travels on an Alitalia flight to Washington in economy class and has to pay for drinks; Alitalia long haul services include all drinks.

title: The Broker