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Brown note

The brown note, also sometimes called the brown frequency or brown noise, is a hypothetical infrasonic frequency capable of causing fecal incontinence by creating acoustic resonance in the human bowel. Considered an urban myth, the name is a metonym for the common color of human faeces. Attempts to demonstrate the existence of a "brown note" using sound waves transmitted through the air have failed.

Frequencies supposedly involved are between 5 and 9 Hz, which are below the lower frequency limit of human hearing. High-power sound waves below 20 Hz are felt in the body.

Physiological effects of low frequency vibration
Air is a very inefficient medium for transferring low frequency vibration from a transducer to the human body. Mechanical connection of the vibration source to the human body, however, provides a potentially dangerous combination. The U.S. space program, worried about the harmful effects of rocket flight on astronauts, ordered vibration tests that used cockpit seats mounted on vibration tables to transfer "brown note" and other frequencies directly to the human subjects. Very high power levels of 160 dB were achieved at frequencies of 2–3 Hz. Test frequencies ranged from 0.5 Hz to 40 Hz. Test subjects suffered motor ataxia, nausea, visual disturbance, degraded task performance and difficulties in communication. These tests are assumed by researchers to be the nucleus of the current urban myth.

Testing by Mythbusters
In February 2005 the television show MythBusters attempted to verify whether the "brown note" was a reality.

They used twelve Meyer Sound 700-HP subwoofers—a model and quantity that has been employed for major rock concerts. Normal operating frequency range of the selected subwoofer model was 28 Hz to 150 Hz but the 12 enclosures at MythBusters had been specially modified for deeper bass extension. Roger Schwenke and John Meyer directed the Meyer Sound team in devising a special test rig that would produce very high sound levels at infrasonic frequencies. The subwoofers' tuning ports were blocked and their input cards were altered. The modified cabinets were positioned in an open ring configuration, in four stacks, with each stack containing three subwoofers. Test signals were generated by a SIM 3 audio analyzer, with its software modified to produce infrasonic tones. A Brüel & Kjær sound level analyzer, fed with an attenuated signal from a model 4189 measurement microphone, displayed and recorded sound pressure levels.

The hosts on the show tried a series of frequencies as low as 5 Hz, attaining a level of 120 decibels of sound pressure at 9 Hz and up to 153 dB at frequencies above 20 Hz, but the rumored physiological effects did not materialize. The test subjects all reported some physical anxiety and shortness of breath, even a small amount of nausea, but this was dismissed by the hosts, noting that sound at that frequency and intensity moves air rapidly in and out of one's lungs. The show declared the brown note myth "busted".

title: Brown note


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Talk:Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:37, 23 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Kingdom of Israel 1020 map.svg

Primary source flag on biblical narrative section
@Iskandar323 I see you put a flag on the biblical narrative section. I disagree with your reasoning since I believe a reader would understand the biblical narrative here precisely as if it were a novel. The page somewhat addresses the lack of archeological evidence (although perhaps without enough weight to voices of skeptics), and no secondary sources would exist to "prove" the biblical narrative besides commentary and literary analysis. Still, the biblical narrative remains notable and should be somewhat addressed on this page.

I consider it similar to the Gilgamesh: that page makes no claims that the stories in the epics happened, despite the fact that Gilgamesh may have been a real king in the city of Uruk.

Additionally, there are a few secondary sources in the section. So, I really don't think this particular flag is needed here.

That being said, can you elaborate on your concerns here so that I can make sure I understood them correctly? And, what can be done to address your concerns? too_muchcuriosity (talk) 14:40, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

 * That section isn't a simple plot summary based on primary sources. In the second paragraph it reads: "According to the biblical account, the united monarchy was formed by a large popular expression in favour of introducing a king to rule over the decentralised Israelite confederacy." The Bible says not such thing. This is a highly interpretive reckoning of the fables. The section juggles between the literal and the interpretive throughout, later with "Some modern archaeologists ..." This is perhaps the nature of the subject. The 'united monarchy' is a theory borne out of biblical interpretation, so it cannot really be just a plot summary, because there is no single story from the bible that is being discussed. It is a summation of stories from Samuel 1 and 2 and Kings 1, and we really need secondary sources to explain this. Iskandar323 (talk) 14:57, 27 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your reply! I understand your point now. Also, you are absolutely correct that many sentences are highly problematic/interpretive and should be removed quite frankly.
 * I am curious though, would you prefer replace the juggling between literal and narrative with just narrative (should narrative secondary sources be included)? I happen to strongly believe would is the best approach to making a coherent section on the page. too_muchcuriosity (talk) 15:41, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

ISO code
There appears to be an ISO 3166 code in the infobox. I haven't found a way to remove it. I don't think they had ISO codes back then. Am I missing something or could/should this be removed from the infobox? Midwood123 (talk) 09:51, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 18 August 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. In the support column were arguments that the proposed title is the WP:COMMONNAME here. However, the opposers argued that the proposed title is ambiguous and too vague. There were also several alternate proposals raised throughout the course of the RM, though there is no consensus which of them is preferred over the others, or whether any of the opposers support the alternate proposals. estar8806 (talk) ★ 16:04, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) → United Monarchy – The subject of this page is a postulated political entity most prevalently referred to in scholarship as the "United Monarchy". This term's prevalence in scholarship is demonstrated in a search of "Kingdom of Israel" and "United Monarchy" together in Google Scholar - which sees "United Monarchy" almost invariably come out on top in the title. Even imagining that "United Monarchy" is not the most prevalent term for the subject, it would still be a naturally disambiguated title, which, per WP:NCDAB, is preferred over a parenthetically disambiguated one (which is unconcise by its nature, as rather effectively exemplified here). "United Kingdom of Israel" is also a frequent term in scholarship, but if we compare the general usage of the two terms, "United Monarchy" comes out clearly on top in Ngrams. Iskandar323 (talk) 20:21, 18 August 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. BilledMammal (talk) 11:41, 27 August 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. BilledMammal (talk) 19:17, 3 September 2023 (UTC)  — Relisting. EggRoll97 (talk) 00:24, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment I'm confused as usual. A possibly fictitious united monarchy supposedly produced successors Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) and Kingdom of Judah. If KoI (Samaria) is instead called Kingdom of Samaria and this article becomes United Monarchy, then we hardly need the disambiguation Kingdom of Israel, am I right? Selfstudier (talk) 11:35, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I did suggest "Kingdom of Samaria" before as natural disambiguation for the other page, per WP:NCDAB, but there was considerable pushback. But on the disambiguation point, this is sustained by the use in scholarship of the term for both topics mentioned here, in addition to theological musings on the subject. Iskandar323 (talk) 13:29, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I see no value in removing clarity. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:53, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * One could argue that by removing ambiguity and refocusing the title on the prevalent title in scholarship that it would actually add clarity. I'm less clear what the present clarity is to be removed. Iskandar323 (talk) 13:51, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * It's hardly the only united monarchy in history (if it indeed even existed). The Austro-Hungarian Empire is another. The Monarchy of the United Kingdom. Denmark–Norway/Union between Sweden and Norway. All are/were united monarchies. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:43, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * United Monarchy all caps in scholarly literature is singular. Iskandar323 (talk) 14:53, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * That's utterly irrelevant when we're dealing with clarity issues. Our main aim in disambiguation should always be to assist our users, not to smugly apply some dogma. The proposed title is very clearly ambiguous. I should also point out that many of those results refer to the "United Monarchy of (Ancient) Israel". But all of them are in the context which makes it perfectly obvious what they're referring to. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:11, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You're treating "United Monarchy" like it's a generic term, but it's not. None of those pages mentioned above use the term even once, and no evidence has been provided of the generic usage of the term. Dual monarchy is the name for those examples, not "United Monarchy". Iskandar323 (talk) 17:14, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Or personal union for various forms of two-way, three-way or more. Iskandar323 (talk) 19:49, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Idk if there is a better way of arranging the titles/dabs/hatnotes and whatnot to reduce the confusion but I am not convinced that simplifying just this title is the solution. Selfstudier (talk) 14:44, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * "United Kingdom of Israel" also exists as a perfectly viable, non-parenthetical alt name for those of the view that "United Monarchy" offers too little descriptive precision on the subject. Iskandar323 (talk) 10:58, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * That seems better than the parenthetical if it is in common use (and the other common names as redirects). Selfstudier (talk) 11:30, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I would say it is common enough in academic literature. Iskandar323 (talk) 11:34, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Necrothesp. 'United Monarchy' could have way more implications other than this. PadFoot2008 (talk) 04:31, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: Final relist, in the hope of increasing participation and generating a clear consensus BilledMammal (talk) 19:17, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per apparent WP:COMMONNAME. If clarity is a problem (no evidence for an exact match has been shown, however, and note that United Monarchy already redirects here) then move to United Monarchy (Israel). The current title looks much worse with the simultaneous use of natural disambiguation and parenthesis, and with the more common name qualifying the less common. Avilich (talk) 04:58, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Support WP:COMMONNAME. Emolu (talk) 16:25, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Support The article was originally called United Monarchy until it was moved in 2009 with edit summary "the article is exclusively about the Kingdom of Israel not arbitrary united monarchies" by an editor with strong (and apparently incorrect) opinions about the Kingdom of Israel. While a search does throw up one or two cases of "united monarchy" referring to some other use case, nearly all refer to this particular instance therefore there is no real confusion for which a hatnote would not suffice if needed.Selfstudier (talk) 17:28, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose "United Monarchy" is far too general a term to apply it without any qualifications to this particular case. Would this be a case of bias towards the Abrahamic religions, and perhaps religious history generally?  See WP:BIAS. PatGallacher (talk) 15:10, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @PatGallacher: I'm not sure I understand your point here about bias. Is the suggestion that there is a problematic systematic bias in the scholarship with the use of this academic term? Iskandar323 (talk) 17:07, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not suggesting that there is a problem with this term in specialist literature on ancient Israelite history, or in contexts where the meaning is clear, but there are problems about just diving in in the context of a general encyclopedia. Just as an example, in the context of writings on Scottish history, there isn't a problem with referring to James V, but we give him a fuller title in his Wikipedia article, James V of Scotland. PatGallacher (talk) 17:44, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. There seems to be a feeling among opposers that "United Monarchy" could refer to other topics, but without any qualification, I don't think it's likely people would confuse it with other cases of a monarchy that happens to be united somehow.  Remember, it needs to not merely "be" a united monarchy, but also called the United Monarchy such that someone would look it up under that title - someone interested in the Acts of Union 1707 can look it up under many other titles.  Meanwhile, per above, the grounds on which the move was originally done are faulty - a claim that the Hasmonean era kingdom was called the "Kingdom of Israel" is false (it was usually called Judea or the Hasmonean kingdom).  A perusal of the sources indicates that unadorned, "United Monarch" does generally refer to the hypothetical Israeli state.  A hatnote can cover any confusion.  SnowFire (talk) 19:40, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Too vague and ambiguous. #prodraxis connect 01:58, 14 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Neutral I think that the United Monarchy of Israel or a little more extreme, the United Kingdom of Israel is more better. ▪ Fazoffic  ( ʖ╎ᓵᔑ∷ᔑ ) 11:00, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. The concerns over ambiguity don't hold water. I've searched Google, Google News, and Google Books for the phrase "united monarchy" and the results I found were universally about the United Monarchy of ancient Israel. has redirected to this article, without any controversy, for fourteen years. Pageview stats show that people are not following the hatnote to personal union in large enough numbers to be represented, indicating that readers interested in the unification of monarchies are not being mistakenly funneled here. When taken together, the evidence makes it clear that the phrase "United Monarchy" alone refers WP:PRECISEly to this period of Israel's history. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 15:17, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * If consensus does not emerge for "United Monarchy" alone, a DAB such as or  would also be preferable to the status quo. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 15:17, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose “United Monarchy” is too generic, and the theorized Kingdom was purportedly called “Kingdom of Israel” - I don’t see the need to phase that into the background or byline Mistamystery (talk) 05:20, 24 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose “United Monarchy” is too generic, and yes called “Kingdom of Israel” - so exactly. In ictu oculi (talk) 07:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
 * When I was a kid, I learned about this kingdom as the "United Kingdom". Someone then asked me in college who the first king of the "United Kingdom" was and I responded "Saul". He was nonplussed. Anyway, oppose, I'm not convinced this is actually the phrase that is used to refer to the United Kingdom of Israel. Red   Slash  22:48, 28 September 2023 (UTC)
 * This presumably signifies disagreement with the United Monarchy redirect? Selfstudier (talk) 22:53, 28 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Red Slash: I'm not sure I quite understand your response here. There appears to be nothing else that United Monarchy refers to in scholarly literature other than this subject. It seems both ridiculously prevalent and wholly unambiguous as a term. What am I missing? Iskandar323 (talk) 02:18, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I should clarify. Support United Kingdom of Israel as a better, more unambiguous, more easily recognizable title. Red   Slash  15:25, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clarifying. Iskandar323 (talk) 18:19, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Vague and likely to be confused with something else. Drsmoo (talk) 17:44, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Asserting vagueness with vaguery. Bold. Something else like what? Iskandar323 (talk) 18:19, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Something that isn’t the Kingdom of Israel. Drsmoo (talk) 18:27, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Like what?! What's an example of what it would be confused with, and based on what usage? Iskandar323 (talk) 18:31, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The monarchy of the United Kingdom for one, I can’t see any benefit whatsoever to removing Israel. It will invariably lead to confusion to remove Israel from the kingdom of Israel. Would you support, United Monarchy of Israel, which is used very often the Google scholar link above.Drsmoo (talk) 18:38, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Requested move 16 October 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. As seen in the prior move discussion just above, some people object to the current title but agreement still can't be reached on a new name. EdJohnston (talk) 02:38, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) → United Kingdom of Israel – Following the rejection of the WP:COMMONNAME for this topic, i.e. United Monarchy, at the previous discussion, the next best option is the alternative name sometimes used for the topic - one that also dispenses with the ghastly parenthetical disambiguation, and which, while only a distant runner up to United Monarchy in terms of actual scholarly usage, is also preferable, as a form of natural disambiguation, over the parenthetical disambiguation, per WP:NCDAB. Examples of the scholarly usage can be found here. Iskandar323 (talk) 09:02, 16 October 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 23:57, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Weak Oppose The existing title has held tight for almost 20 years (minus the slight interregnum period where it was changed to just “United Monarchy”). There is no prevailing pressure to change this once again outside of a single-editor driven effort here.
 * That said, “United Kingdom of Israel” is definitely a less clunky title. Would need more editors to chime in here in terms of preference and general consensus on necessity on this proposed move.
 * Mistamystery (talk) 18:41, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * NB: the page actually began at the title of "United Monarchy" (following the sources) before being moved to the present title without discussion in 2009 accompanied by a very muddled summary. Iskandar323 (talk) 19:13, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Not entirely accurate. Title edits between 2005 and 2009 were varied. (It held for a period as “The United Monarchy (United Kingdom of Israel and Judah or just Kingdom of Israel” Mistamystery (talk) Mistamystery (talk) 19:25, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm talking about the actual page title, not just what was randomly written in the first sentence regardless of what was present in the page title. Lead changes aren't page moves. Iskandar323 (talk) 19:56, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Agree Plenty of sources use the term, and it's much smoother than the current title. It might have been the same for a while now, but I don't think it would hurt anything to change it. Jacksonmcdonald3425 (talk) 00:59, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, as the kingdom’s title was not “United Kingdom of Israel”, but simply “Kingdom of Israel”. Any qualifiers need to be in parentheses as elsewhere on Wikipedia 2600:100F:B096:C0F9:848B:76FC:8601:CC75 (talk) 23:18, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Palestine in infobox
From recent edits, I see there's disagreement over the inclusion of Palestine in the "today" section of the infobox. This seems like a reasonable inclusion, since the point is to show what current jurisdictions have land that was once thought to be the Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy). Let me suggest discussing here rather than reverting etc. ProfGray (talk) 11:10, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Courtesy titles

title: Category:Courtesy titles


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Iftar

Iftar (إفطار) is the fast-breaking evening meal of Muslims in Ramadan at the time of adhan (call to prayer) of the Maghrib prayer.

This is their second meal of the day; the daily fast during Ramadan begins immediately after the pre-dawn meal of suhur and continues during the daylight hours, ending with sunset with the evening meal of iftar.

In 2023 UNESCO added iftar to its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Description
Iftar is one of the religious observances of Ramadan, and is often done as a community, with Muslim people gathering to break their fast together. The meal is taken just after the call to the Maghrib prayer, which is around sunset. Traditionally three dates are eaten to break the fast, in emulation of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, who broke his fast in this manner, but this is not mandatory. Muslims believe that feeding someone iftar as a form of Sadaqah/Zakat/charity is very rewarding and that such was practised by Muhammad

Some Hadith also state that Muhammad used to read the following dua at iftar:

Dhahaba al-zama’ wa abtalat al-‘urooq wa thabat al-ajr Insha’Allah – "Thirst has gone, the veins are moist, and the reward is assured, if Allah wills."

Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, iftar usually includes the traditional dates, shorwa (soup), kebabs, du piyaza (meat stewed in an onion-based sauce), manto (seasoned, minced meat wrapped in pasta), kabuli palaw (rice with lentils, raisins, carrots, and lamb), shorm beray, bolani (fried or baked flat bread with a vegetable filling), and rice, as well as other dishes. Afghans also have an extensive range of sweet dishes and desserts.

Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, a wide variety of foods is prepared to break the fast at Maghrib time. Some of the common iftar items from Bangladeshi cuisine include piyaju (made of lentil paste, chopped onions and green chillies, like falafel), beguni (made of thin slices of eggplant dipped in a thin batter of gram flour), jilapi, muri, haleem, dates, samosas, dal puri (a type of lentil-based savoury pastry), chola (cooked Bengal gram ), kebab, mughlai porota (stuffed porota with minced meat, eggs and spices), variety of pitha, aloo chop, singara, ghugni, amerti, bundia, nimki, Pakora, khaja, batasa, khabar tula, Bengali sweets, Roasted chickpeas and different types of fruits such as watermelon, apple, banana, papaya, pear, mango and pineapple. Bengalis break their fast with all their friends and family and eat together in a banquet with their array of food; however, savoury items are eaten before the sweet. In the Sylhet region, Furir Bari Iftari is a common cultural tradition among Bengali families.

Drinks such as lemon shorbot and yoghurt shorbot (made of yoghurt, water, sugar and rooh afza) as well as borhani and gurer shorbot (jaggery shorbot) are common on iftar tables across the country. People like to have iftar at home with all family members, and iftar parties are also arranged by mosques. People often distribute iftar in mosques for the people praying to eat, believing it is a good deed. After Iftar people pray maghrib and later Isha then many head straight for Taraweeh prayers where 20 rakats are performed to finish one Juz' of the Quran.

Brunei
In Brunei Darussalam, iftar is locally referred to as sungkai. Traditionally this is held at a regional or village mosque for those who have or will be performing the evening prayers. At the mosque, a mosque buffet is prepared by the local residents at which all are welcomed to break their fast together. Before the iftar, the beduk (a type of drum) must be heard as a signal to begin the sungkai. In the capital Bandar Seri Begawan, the firing of several cannons at the central business district also marks the sungkai. The sungkai is generally a welcomed time of the day, so Bruneians occasionally break their fast at restaurants along with their extended family. Additionally, only during the month of Ramadan, each district, with the exception of the Brunei and Muara district, hosts an expansive network of tamu or Ramadan stalls where freshly cooked local delicacies are sold more than other times of the year.

India
In India, Muslims break their fasts with family and friends, and many Mosques arrange free 'iftar.' Preparations for iftar commence hours before, in homes and at roadside stalls. Iftar begins by eating dates or drinking water, but this is only the opening of a rich meal. The spread of 'iftar' can be grand, with both vegetarian to non-vegetarian dishes and a variety of juices and sherbets. Iftar usually is a heavy meal and is followed by a second, lighter dinner eaten before the night (isha) prayers and the taraweeh prayers.

In Hyderabad and nearby areas, people often break their fast with Haleem because it has a rich taste and is quite filling. In other southern states (Tamil Nadu and Kerala), Muslims break their fast with nonbu kanji, a rich, filling rice dish of porridge consistency, cooked for hours with meat and vegetables. This is often served with bonda, bajji, and vadai. Muslims in the area of Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh serve the aforementioned rice porridge, here called Ganji, with boondhi in it during Iftar.

Vegetarians break their fast with a dish called surkumba, which is prepared from milk, and this is particularly popular in certain parts of Karnataka. In northern states like Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal, the fast is typically ended with fresh dates, cut fresh fruits (sometimes served as chaat) and fruit juice along with fried dishes like samosas, pakodas etc.

Indonesia
In Indonesia iftar is called "buka puasa" or takjil, which means "to open the fast". Markets sell various foods for iftar, including the date, which is popular, as well as unique Indonesian sweet food and drink such as kolak, es kelapa muda, es buah, es campur, cendol or dawet, etc. Most of them are only found easily in Ramadan. Iftar is usually begun by eating these sweets, as inspired by the Prophet's Sunnah of eating dates.

Maghrib time is traditionally marked by the Bedug, a traditional big Indonesian drum. After Asr prayers, traditional markets will begin to open. The food stalls generally sell many kinds of items that are specifically for "iftar". Traffic jams often occur leading up to Maghrib time. Sometimes people invite groups of orphans to eat with them. After Iftar and maghrib prayer which is usually done at the homes, people go to the mosque for Isha'a and Tarawih prayers, which in Indonesia, is often accompanied by a short sermon known as "ceramah" before the Tarawih prayer commence.

Iran
In Iran, neighbourhood iftar feasts are not customary; the (larger and more festive) meal is usually shared among family. A small selection of foods is prepared to break the fast and is summarily followed by a proper Persian meal. Most common iftar items are: Chai (tea) with zulbia and bamiyeh and other sweets, dates, halva, Fereni, Ash Reshteh, Halim, Shami Lapeh, Noon (bread usually lavash or barbari) and paneer with greens and fresh herbs. One of the biggest iftar meals in the world takes place in Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad city every year, with some 12 thousand people attending every night.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, iftar is known as "berbuka puasa", which literally means "to open the fast". As usual, the Muslims break the fast with either dried or fresh dates. Various foodstuffs from the Malaysian cuisine tend to be readily available from Bazaar Ramadhans, which are street food markets that are open during Ramadan; local favourites include bandung drink, sugarcane juice, soybean milk mixed with grass jelly, nasi lemak, laksa, ayam percik, chicken rice, satay and popiah among others. Many high-end restaurants and hotels also provide special iftar and dinner packages for those who want to break the fast outside with families and friends. Furthermore, most mosques also provide free bubur lambok (a special type of rice congee) after Asar prayers.

Most Muslims will usually have a special supper after performing their tarawih prayers called moreh (pronounced ). The light meal, taking place in mosque and prayer hall grounds, consists of local traditional snacks and hot tea.

In shopping malls and public venues in Malaysia, the time of iftar is indicated by radios announcing the call to Maghrib prayers.

Maldives
In the Maldives, iftar is known as roadha villun, which means "break fast". As usual, most Muslims break the fast with either dried or fresh dates. There are many exclusive restaurants and hotels providing special iftar and dinner packages for those who want to break the fast outside with the families and friends. All the mosques in the Maldives provide free dates and juice to break fast. At local homes, one will find various cold fruit juices (water melon, mango, passion fruit, pineapple) sweet (boakiba, pudding) and salty shorteats called hedhika (boakiba, bajiya, gulha, masroshi, cutlets), the latter made with mainly fish, curries, roshi and salads made with local greens, chilli, onion and lemon.

Nigeria
Nigeria hosts what is by some way the largest Muslim community in West Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. Iftar (known in the Hausa Language as buda-baki and in the Yoruba language as isinu) holds the same importance in Nigeria's Sunni population as the rest of the Islamic world. Foods include Jollof rice, suya, ọbẹ̀ ẹgúsí, ewurẹ, àkàrà, dabinu/dabino, ọ̀pọ̀tọ́, etc.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, almost everybody stops to rejoice for a few minutes following the iftar sirens and adhan (call to prayer). Preparations for iftar commence about three hours beforehand, in homes and at roadside stalls. The fast can be ended by eating dates, or simply by drinking water, if dates are not available. Many restaurants offer iftar deals, especially in the big cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. Iftar as a meal in Pakistan is usually heavy, consisting mainly of sweet and savoury treats such as jalebi (pretzel-shaped, deep-fried batter, soaked in sugar syrup), samosas (minced meat and/or vegetables, wrapped in dough and deep-fried or baked), pakora (sliced vegetables, dipped in batter and deep-fried) with ketchup or chatni, and namak para (seasoned cracker), besides the staple dates and water.

Other items such as chicken rolls, spring rolls, Shami Kebabs, fruit salads, papad (sheets of batter that are then sun-dried, deep-fried or roasted until they have the texture of potato chips or crisps), chana chaat (chickpea salad), and dahi balay (or "dahi baray"—fried lentil dumplings served with yoghurt) are also very common. Amongst the Punjabi, Sindhi and Mohajir households, iftar is often followed up by a regular dinner later during the night. Those in the north and west, including Pashtuns, Balochis, and Tajiks, on the other hand combine dinner and iftar. Laghman soup (noodle soup), locally called Kalli, is an iftar staple in Chitral and parts of Gilgit.

After iftar, Muslims rush to the mosques to offer Tarawih (an 8 or 20 rakat Muslim prayer during the month of Ramadan). Various television channels also stop their normal telecast and broadcast special Ramadan transmissions, especially at the time of Sehar and Iftar. The whole month of Ramadan is marked in Pakistan as a festive season when people make donations to the poor and give charity. Some organizations and companies also offer free iftar meals to the common people.

Russia
In Russia, Ramadan is observed mostly in Muslim-majority states such as Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. In cities outside of Muslim majority republics with a significant Muslim presence, it has become a tradition to open Ramadan Tent, a public iftar event organised by Russia's Mufti Council. In Dagestan, Muslims gather in Makhachkala Central Juma Mosque to break their fast and pray taraweeh prayers. Dates and fruits are preferred to break the fast, followed by soup, bread, and different local delicacies such as beşbarmaq, kurze and others.

Singapore
In Singapore, iftar is called "buka puasa", meaning "to open the fast" (see the Indonesian section). It is usually accompanied with dates and sweet drinks such as Bandung, Chendol and Air Sirap. Singaporean Muslims usually eat an array of dishes ranging from rice and noodles. Many buy food from bazaars that can be found in different parts of the city state such as in Bugis, Kampong Glam, Geylang Serai and even in populated towns such as Tampines, Jurong East, Jurong West, Clementi and West Coast.

Sri Lanka
Muslims in Sri Lanka make special snacks /appetisers at Muslim homes, such as samosas, cutlets, rolls, kanjee, falooda and many more dishes. They eat iftar with the family if possible. Muslims believe that giving to the poor is very rewarding. They eat a date and drink some water to break the fast or to perform iftar. Then they have the prepared meal. Some people like to prepare foods and give to the people performing iftar in the mosques.

Syria
A very large percentage of Syrians are Muslims, fasting the month of Ramadan. Syria's streets are filled with its joyous citizens during this holy month. In Syria, the fast is usually broken with a cup of water and dates. There are loads of restaurants that provide special iftar and dinner for those who want to break the fast with their families and friends. When eating Iftar at home, a special type of pastry called "Burak" (برك in Arabic) is fried and enjoyed (there are cheese and meat varieties). Tamarind Juice is traditionally drunk in the Iftar meal, and fattoush is a popular salad option along with tabbouleh. After Iftar, families with visit the mosque to play the Taraweeh prayer. Syria's locals have a sweet tooth, and enjoy various types of sweets like Awamat, Knafe, Halawet el Jibn, Baklava, and much more.

Taiwan
Islam is a minority religion in Taiwan. During Ramadan, major mosques around Taiwan are filled with Muslims going to have their iftar followed by Tarawih prayer. Muslims in Taiwan usually break their fast with dates and water.

Trinidad and Tobago
In Trinidad and Tobago, Muslims represent about 6% of the population. Iftar is traditionally performed in the social setting of the Masjid. Various food items showing the mixed ethnic nature of the country are usually available. Fare may include fried rice; roti; curried chicken, goat, and duck; curried channa; and alloo (potato). Depending on the persons presenting the meal, it may even include such non-traditional items as macaroni pie. The meal is usually served with persons sitting at tables with the components of the meal brought to the tables.

Turkey
In Turkey and Northern Cyprus, the month of Ramadan is celebrated with great joy, and iftar dinners play a big part in this. In larger cities like Istanbul all of the restaurants offer special deals and set menus for iftar. Most of the set menus start with a soup or an appetiser platter called iftariye. It consists of dates, olives, cheese, pastırma, sujuk, Ramazan pidesi (a special bread only baked during Ramadan), and various pastries called börek. The main course consists of various Turkish foods, especially the Ottoman Palace Traditional Foods. A dessert called güllaç is served in most places. Most of the fine-dining restaurants offer live musical performances of Ottoman classical music, Turkish music and Sufi music.

Most of the Ramadan celebration practices in Turkey have their roots in the traditions of the former Ottoman Empire. At the minarets of mosques, lights called kandil are switched on from sunset to dawn. As soon as the sun sets, a traditional "Ramadan Cannon" is fired from the highest hill in every city as a signal to start eating the iftar.

In Istanbul, one of the more notable places to celebrate the iftar dinner is the Sultanahmet Square. Located near the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque) the Sultanahmet Square hosts many activities, including mini restaurants opened during the month of Ramadan, special shows, and traditional Ottoman theatrical shows. At Topkapi Palace the Ottoman sultan-caliphs would break their fast under the gilded bower.

The Tarawih prayer is mostly practised in Turkish mosques as 20 rekahs, broken into 5 groups of 4 rekahs. Between each set of 4 rekahs, a hymn composed by the Turkish musician Buhurizade Itri is sung by all people attending the prayer. The hymn is a prayer to praise the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

As Ramadan is also the month of almsgiving, many people organise iftar dinners for the poor, students, guests, and foreigners. People can find Turkish food available in most mosques.

Ukraine
In 2023, the president of Ukraine officially started the tradition of iftar. This is due to the fact that the indigenous people of Ukraine are Crimean Tatars—Turkic-speaking Muslims (Crimean Peninsula).

United States and Canada
Iftar meals in the United States and Canada are often held at mosques, households, and Islamic community centres.

On 9 December 1805, President Thomas Jefferson postponed dinner at the White House until sunset to accommodate an envoy from Tunis, an event considered by many to be the first White House iftar.

The first official iftar was held at the White House in 1996, hosted by First Lady Hillary Clinton, and iftar meals were subsequently held annually at the White House and hosted by the U.S. president and the first lady until 2016. President Donald Trump did not host an iftar dinner at the White House in 2017, his first year in office, but resumed the tradition on June 6, 2018, hosting friends and diplomatic staff from many Muslim-majority nations.

Beginning in 1996, the United States Department of State held an annual iftar dinner for local and national community leaders and faith groups as well as foreign policy officials. This practice ceased in 2017, when Secretary of State Rex Tillerson declined to host an iftar. The Pentagon continues its tradition of holding an iftar for Muslim members of the U.S. armed forces and special guests from other nations; the first such iftar under the Trump administration was held on 15 June 2017.

The occasion has also been marked in Jewish synagogues. In 2012, iftar was recognized with events at three synagogues in Chicago, Illinois.

Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper extended an invitation to Muslim leaders to break the Ramadan fast with him at the prime minister's residence in 2015. This was the first time the prime minister's office had hosted an iftar.

title: Iftar


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Talk:Impedence

A typo lead me to create this page. Don't know how to delete this one...

 * Don't worry about it. If you want you can merge this content into impedance, then turn this page into a redirect by replacing all its text with " #REDIRECT impedance ". Rhobite 02:39, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Impedence


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Berrouaghia prison massacre

The Berrouaghia prison massacre is alleged to have taken place on 14 November 1994, after an escape attempt at Algeria's Berrouaghia prison. Estimates of the death toll vary wildly. The government gave the figure of eight dead, while others placed the death toll at 30 or higher, and El Watan later gave a figure of 200.

title: Berrouaghia prison massacre


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Kill Me, Kiss Me

Kill Me, Kiss Me (K2-케이투-, Kei Tu) is a Korean high school romantic-comedy manhwa originally created by Korean author Lee Young-you revolving around two identical cousins of different gender who end up switching places for about one week's time. K2 was first released in Korea published by Daiwon C.I. with the first volume on December 22, 2000, and later formed a total of five individual volumes by May 29, 2002. The manhwa volumes were distributed in English by Tokyopop between February 2004 and February 2005. Tokyopop radically redesigned the covers of the volumes from how they appeared in the Korean version. Kill Me, Kiss Me is published by Egmont Manga & Anime in Germany.

Plot
Kill Me, Kiss Me is a story with two separate but loosely connected plots. The first, spanning only the first volume of the manhwa, centers around the high school girl Tae Yeon Im and her obsession over a handsome model named Kun Kang. Tae finds out that Kun goes to the same school as her cousin Jung-Woo Im, to whom she is almost identical in appearance. She makes a deal with Jung-Woo to trade places so she can get closer to the model of her dreams, though they settle on only one week for the switch. However, upon arriving at Pure Water High, she promptly gets beaten up by the gang member Ga-Woon Kim, apparently Kun Kang's closest friend. Despite this minor setback, Tae does not give up and goes back to the school the next day to continue her attempt to get closer with Kun. Most of the rest of the plot from this first story arc involves Ga-Woon starting to develop feelings of attraction towards Tae, though still under the belief that Tae is really Jung-Woo, Ga-Woon starts to question his sexuality.

The second arc in the Kill Me, Kiss Me series spans the rest of the manhwa from volumes two through five, and has almost no connection with the first arc. The story now concentrates on the beautiful girl Que-Min Ghun, who although appearing innocent at first glance is actually incredibly strong. She attends the same school as Jung-Woo and after meeting him one day in the street, starts to develop a crush on him, going as far as trying to protect him from people like Ghoon-Hahm Che and his gang, the Yi Won. Eventually, Ghoon-Hahm offers an arrangement: in exchange for not beating up Jung-Woo, Que-Min will have to go out with the gang leader himself. Ghoon-Hahm and Que-Min start their forced relationship, and Que-Min finally gets Jung-Woo to remember her name and notice her.

Main characters

 * Tae Yeon Im: Tae Yeon is the main heroine of the first arc of the story but otherwise appears relatively sparingly throughout the rest of the series. She tends to be a strong-willed girl who doesn't usually give up very easily, and is also not afraid to pick a fight with others stronger than her. She switches places with her male cousin Jung-Woo in order to get closer to a model she admires named Kun Kang. Although eventually she starts to learn more about Kun and his best friend Ga-Woon, whom she also starts developing feelings towards.

 * Jung-Woo Im: He is the main character of the second arc of the story though serves to start the plot for the first arc. Most of the time Jung-Woo is very passive, showing no emotion unless he's engaged in a fight. Despite his frail appearance, he is relatively physically strong, which takes his opponents off guard. His most defining feature is that he looks a lot like a female, especially later on when he grows his hair out. He has an intense affinity towards dogs as when he was young he found a stray he later named Ghost though it died after it got run over by a car.

 * Kun Kang: A male model who attends Pure Water High School who is usually either gone from school in a photo shoot, found sleeping in class, or otherwise hanging around his best friend Ga-Woon Kim who he has known since junior high school. Other than in the first arc, he almost never appears again.
 * Ga-Woon Kim: He is the leader of his small gang though has still gained a reputation as being a strong deviant character. After Tae and Jung-Woo switch places, he eventually finds himself starting to feel attracted to Tae, though while still thinking her as Jung-Woo, he also starts to question his sexuality.

 * Lin Lee: She is a short, conceited girl who uses a lot of different tactics to make herself more appealing to the eye, like wearing hair extensions, skin concealer, and plucking her eyebrows, among other things. She has developed a crush on Ghoon-Hahm, but he doesn't want anything to do with her and also barely even knows she exists. She is also the younger sister of Jin Lee, but the two weren't that close, even in their childhood.

 * Kai: He is the leader of the Ghoo Won gang who knew Ghoon-Hahm back from junior high school, when he was known as Bok-Chil. After a run in they had together during a fight with about twenty other guys against Ghoon-Hahm, he fled to Japan only to come back later.

Pretty-boy Fan Club members
The "Pretty-boy Fan Club" is a club of a group of female students at Pure Water High School, where Jung-Woo also attends, who take pictures of all of the boys in their school who they view as especially attractive.

 * Que-Min Ghun: One of the main characters of the second arc, she is a beautiful seventeen-year-old girl who has a past that she has tried very hard to forget. At her old school, she was known as a female thug due to how physically strong she is and this had somewhat of a bad reputation. However, after moving and attending a new school, she was determined not to show anyone new she met her other more stronger side and wanted to be viewed as a normal high school girl. One of her interests is writing and she has even taken it upon herself to start writing her first novel which she publishes online.

 * Yang-Me: She is a very hyper girl who usually wears her hair in two pig tails. Yang Me also seems to be the most enthusiastic about being in the club and is more or less the unofficial leader of the group. She also appeared in the first arc since she is in Jung-Woo's class and appears to be friends with him.

 * Yeon-Wha: She is also very enthusiastic about obsessing over all the pretty boys in her high school. She has been observed to have a mild temper when around Lin Lee, who most of the girls in the club detest due to her always stealing all the boys away from them.

 * Min-Ju: One of the members of the club, though not much is known about her as she appears so sparingly and only has a few lines in the whole series. Other than that, she seems like a typical boy-crazy girl.

Yi-Won gang members

 * Ghoon-Hahm Che: Only a first year in high school, he is the leader of the Yi Won gang and has a reputation to be a very tough individual. While in junior high school, he got into several fights where he was outnumbered, but ended up winning them anyway. He and Que-Min first met while still in elementary school and is also where Ghoon-Hahm developed his first crush on Que-Min.

 * Won-Hee: A third year student, he tends to be one of the most charismatic members of the gang and also the one that talks the most other than Ghoon-Hahm. He seems to be a very friendly person most of the time.

 * Ju-Yoo: A first year in high school, he has been described as being love struck most of the time but is otherwise a good guy. In the summer, he is nicknamed "Red Sleeveless" due to the red sleeveless shirt he wears during that time and in contrast he's nicknamed "Black turtleneck" in the winter for similar reasons.

 * Dar Jay: A second year in high school, most of the time he's all talk and is not really that strong. He loves to sing karaoke but is not very good at it.

 * Yeong-Joon: A first year in high school, he is one of the homosexual members of the gang who is currently in an intimate relationship with Jin Lee. Yeong usually doesn't say much and seems to be pretty aloof most of the time.

 * Jin-Lee: He is a third year in high school who is the only other homosexual member of the gang. Most of the time he's tending to Yeong Joon in a playful manner, as in feeding him food. On top of that, he also looks very much like a girl. Jin's father is the boss of the Sang-Lee gang, a hardcore mob and so Jin is also the source of money for the Yi Won gang. He is also the older brother of Lin Lee, but the two weren't that close, even in their childhood.

title: Kill Me, Kiss Me


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Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/February 17, 2005

Random featured article?
I wish that the featured article could be made to either be random or rotate through the list of suggested featured articles or some such. Or maybe random/rotating after current top of featured article list or something like that? Ozzyslovechild 02:26, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Short C-23 Sherpa

The Short C-23 Sherpa is a small military transport aircraft built by Short Brothers. It was designed to operate from unpaved runways and make short takeoff and landings (STOL). It features a large squared fuselage with a full-width rear cargo door/ramp. The C-23A and C-23B are variants of the Short 330 and the C-23B+ is a variant of the Short 360. 60 aircraft were used, it was finally retired from US service in 2014, but remains in international service. Although it was widely used for other uses it was originally the winner of an early 1980s competition for a light cargo aircraft to deliver cargo, especially aviation parts, for EDSA. While the C-23 was a new production, as was the C-23B, the C-23B+ were actually Shorts 360, with the tail and rear fuselage of a C-23. One of the differences between the C-23 and C-23B, is that the latter had cabin windows. The aircraft has a substantial amount of civilian use and also was operated by the U.S. Forestry Service and NASA for example. The NASA C-23 is still in service and used for research. The aircraft continues in service with the Philippines and Djibouti, as well as various civilian and governmental agencies, such as the aforementioned NASA research Sherpa.

The Short C-23 Sherpa was part of family of small to mid-sized twin turbo prop transport aircraft developed in the late 20th century, starting with Short Skyvan, Short 330, and the Short 360. The C-23 was based on the Short 330, and the C-23B+ was based on the Short 360. The original C-23 had very specific purpose, to resupply airfields in Western Europe during the Cold War and entered service in the 1980s. However, it went on afterwards to serve in many different roles.

Design and development
The Short 330 was developed by Short Brothers of Belfast from their earlier Short SC.7 Skyvan STOL utility transport. The 330 has a longer wingspan and fuselage than the Skyvan, while retaining the Skyvan's square shaped fuselage cross section, allowing it to carry up to 30 passengers while retaining good short field characteristics. The 330 entered commercial service in 1976.

In addition to the passenger aircraft, Shorts also planned two freight versions. The Short 330-UTT (for Utility Tactical Transport) was a military transport version fitted with a strengthened cabin floor and paratroop doors, which was sold in small numbers, primarily to Thailand, which purchased four. The Short Sherpa was a freighter fitted with a full-width rear cargo door/ramp. This version first flew on 23 December 1982, with the first order for 18 aircraft being placed by the United States Air Force in March 1983. These aircraft were assigned to Military Airlift Command (MAC) for the European Distribution System Aircraft (EDSA) role, flying cargo and personnel between United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) air bases. Eventually, 60 would be procured by for the U.S. armed forces and serve well into the 21st century. The C-23 Sherpa was the winner of a competition to enhance cargo delivery in that theater. One of its competitors as that time was the CASA C.212 Aviocar.

The Sherpa's cabin is 6.5 ft (1.98 m) wide, 6.5 ft (1.98 m) high and 29 ft (8.84 m) long. It offers a cargo volume of 1,230 cu ft (34.83 m3), with a cargo capacity of 8,000 lb (3,629 kg). The Sherpa is also capable of operating from unpaved runways and making short takeoff and landings (STOL).

In U.S. military service, the Short 330 was designated C-23A Sherpa. The C-23B Sherpa is similar to the C-23A, but with cabin windows. The C-23B+ Short 360 derivative was created by replacing the rear fuselage of Short 360s obtained on the second-hand market with the twin tail and rear loading ramp of the Short Sherpa.

The C-23 was produced at the Short Brothers' facility in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

U.S. Air Force
The C-23A Sherpa entered service with the United States Air Force in Europe in 1985 based at Zweibrücken Air Base. It continued in use in the EDSA role until November 1990 with the post-cold war force reductions. All the Sherpas returned to the United States; three aircraft were transferred to the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards AFB, eight aircraft went to the U.S. Army and the remaining seven to the U.S. Forest Service. The Test Pilot School's aircraft were retired in 1997.

U.S. Army
The eight former USAF aircraft were used for test duties at different units; two were re-designated as JC-23A.

The Army purchased four civil Short 330 aircraft to replace the de Havilland Canada C-7 Caribou being used to support the Kwajalein Missile Range. These were not given a C-23 designation, and were retired in 1992. In 1988, the Army ordered ten new-build Short 330s designated C-23B to replace the DHC C-7 Caribou used by the U.S. Army National Guard Aviation and Repair Activity Depots. In 1990, a further six were ordered.

When the Army wanted 20 more C-23s in 1990 the production line had closed; second-hand Short 360 aircraft were purchased instead. Designated C-23B+, these were modified from the original single tail to the twin-tail and cargo ramp of the other C-23Bs. In 1994, another eight aircraft were converted to replace the de Havilland Canada UV-18 Twin Otters used in Alaska. (which was also out of production since 1988)

During Iraq War (2003–2011), the C-23 served the Army's intra-theater needs of cargo and personnel transport. It provided an economic alternative for transporting some 20 people or three pallets of cargo when speed was not critical.

As part of the U.S. Army's Constant Hawk intelligence gathering program, five Short 360s were modified for use in Iraq and flew in theater between 2006 and 2011. A further two modified aircraft collided in mid-air before delivery to Iraq. The Constant Hawk aircraft were not given a military designation.

On 13 June 2007, the Alenia C-27J was selected to replace the C-23 in U.S. Army service. A total of 43 C-23s were in service with the U.S. Army as of November 2008 (all US C-27 aircraft at that time were transferred to the US Coast Guard in 2012 due to budget shortfalls). The C-23 Sherpa was retired from the Army National Guard in January 2014. As part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014, 8 C-23s may be transferred to the State of Alaska to operate from short rural runways for search-and-rescue and medium-lift missions.

In December 2014, it was announced that US would supply eight aircraft to Estonia, Djibouti, and Philippines. Estonia ended up not taking the Sherpa, a decision they reached in 2015 because they could not afford the maintenance, despite the low cost of the aircraft. The landing and take off ability of the C-23 was also not short enough for their requirement. The Estonians were operating two Antonov An-2, a single engine biplane transport known for its low stall speed. In 2019, the Estonian Air Force received PZL C-145 instead which was a better match for their requirement, they were donated from the USAF which was retiring its fleet.

U.S. Army National Guard

While the US Army does not operate many fixed wing aircraft besides the Sherpa (due to Key West Agreement), they lost a C-23B in 2001 in Georgia, USA, and 21 died. This was the worst peacetime aviation disaster of the U.S. National Guard.

On 3 March 2001, a C-23B Sherpa belonging to the 171st Aviation Regiment of the Florida Army National Guard was carrying 18 construction workers of the Virginia Air National Guard from Hurlburt Field, Florida to Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia. The pilot left the flight deck to use the aft bathroom. His weight in the tailcone shifted the center of gravity sufficiently that the airplane became unstable when a patch of severe turbulence was encountered. The violent g-force shifts then encountered rendered the crew unconscious and caused the breakup of the aircraft in flight near Unadilla, Georgia, killing the 21 persons on board. Later calculations determined that the aircraft had been loaded outside its operating envelope at the start of the flight.

The C-23 was retired from Army National Guard service in 2014, having served with distinction in such missions as disaster relief and transport, earning the distinction of being a "workhorse" aircraft.

Civilian and governmental use
Several surplus aircraft were sold to United States operators, who used them to transport equipment and crews to remote work sites.

NASA operates one C-23 for atmospheric research from Wallops Flight Facility.

Variants

 * C-23A Sherpa: Twin-engine transport aircraft for the U.S. Air Force based on the Short 330-UTT; it was fitted with a strengthened cabin floor with a roller conveyor system, plus a forward cargo door on the port side of the fuselage, equipped with a hydraulically operated full-width rear cargo door/ramp; 18 built.
 * C-23B Sherpa: Twin-engine transport aircraft for the US Army National Guard, similar to the C-23A, but with cabin windows, stronger landing-gear, inward-opening paratroop doors at the rear of the fuselage and an air-operable two-section cargo ramp; 16 built.
 * C-23B+ Super Sherpa: Short 360 aircraft purchased as used aircraft by the U.S. Army and modified by the West Virginia Air Center (WVAC) for the replacement of the rear fuselage of the Short 360, with its single tall fin, with the twin tail and rear loading ramp of the Short Sherpa. 28 civil aircraft were modified.
 * C-23C
 * Both C-23B and C-23B+ with flightdeck avionic upgrade under the "Avionics System Cockpit Upgrade" program, 43 modified.

 * C-23D
 * C-23C with upgraded avionics under the "Safety Avionics Modification" program from 2010, program was cancelled and only four aircraft were modified.

Operators
🇵🇭
 * Philippine Army
 * Djibouti Air Force
 * United States Air Force
 * United States Army
 * Army National Guard
 * NASA
 * United States Forest Service
 * NASA
 * United States Forest Service

Civil operators
Former USAF and US Army aircraft have been sold to civil operators including:

 * Royal Star Aviation
 * Era Aviation
 * Freedom Air
 * Richland County Sheriffs Department (South Carolina)
 * Freedom Air
 * Richland County Sheriffs Department (South Carolina)

Aircraft on display

 * United States
 * Short 330-200 85-25343, a former Kwajalein range aircraft, at Millville Army Aviation Museum, Millville, New Jersey without its propellers.
 * C-23C – N863DZ, which was US Army 93-01320, at Air Heritage Aviation Museum, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania.

title: Short C-23 Sherpa


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Talk:Tarshish

Tharros
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharros — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.104.7.72 (talk) 00:53, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

Tarish
Tarshish is often pronounced as Tarish (source: Lay Liturtical Resources)

That "reference" is a typo, look at the URL.--Error 02:29, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Why no discussion on the theory that it refers to Ancient Briton? Britannia means Source of Tin. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.131.23.208 (talk) 00:15, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * It's extremely dubious whether ancient Phoenician ships ever got to Cornwall (certainly it was not on a regular Phoenician trade route), and pretty definite that Biblical Israelites knew nothing about it. It's also dubious whether there were P-Celts in Cornwall in ca. 850 B.C.  Some 19th century authors were extremely fond of the idea of Phoenician ships reaching Cornwall, but modern historians generally consider this to be rather improbable... AnonMoos (talk) 03:29, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Meaning of "island"
If Tarshish is described as an "island", this does not necessarily mean an island out to sea. It may have been a riverine island in ancient times. Alternatively, it may have been land mostly surrounded by rivers, as is the case for the plateau of Avallon in Burgundy. Zoetropo (talk)

Recent edits
There besides the personal attacks in the edit summaries, have both made a mess of the article (duplicate references, a reflist within the body of the article, etc) and re-added material that doesn't belong in the article.

We now have a situation where " described Tarshish as “the city known in earlier rimes as Carthage and today called Tunis." is sourced not to the actual source, the State University of New York book, but to Thompson, C.M. 2003: 'Sealed silver in Cisjordan and the ‘invention’ of coinage,' Oxford Journal of Archaeology 22.1, 67–107, who I doubt has that quote from Isaac Abravanel in her article.

The wikilink to Frank Moore Cross's article that I added was removed.

And the following that was added this morning and that I removed was replaced: ". In 2003, Christine Marie Thompson identified the Cisjordan Corpus, a concentration of hacksilber hoards in Israel and the Palestinian Territories (Cisjordan). This Corpus dates between 1200 and 586 B.C., and the hoards in it are all silver-dominant. The largest hoard was found at Eshtemoa and contained 26kg of silver. Within it, and specifically in the geographical region that was part of Phoenicia, is a concentration of hoards dated between 1200 and 800 B.C. This concentration is unique in the contemporary Mediterranean, and its date-range overlaps with the reigns of King Solomon (990 - 931 B.C.) and Hiram of Tyre (980 - 947 B.C.). Hacksilber objects in these Phoenician hoards have lead isotope ratios that match ores in Sardinia and Spain. Contrary to translations that have been rendering Assyrian tar-si-si as 'Tarsus' up to the present time, Christine Thompson has shown that the Assyrian tablets inscribed in Akkadian indicate tar-si-si (Tarshish) was an island, and the poetic construction of Psalm 72 also points to its identity as a large island in the West. The island of Sardinia is indicated. The same evidence from hacksilber fits with what the ancient Greek and Roman authors recorded about the Phoenicians exploiting many sources of silver in the western Mediterranean to feed developing economies back in Israel and Phoenicia soon after the fall of Troy and other palace-centers in the eastern Mediterranean around 1200 B.C. Classical sources including Homer (8th century B.C.), and the Greek historians Herodotus (484-425 B.C.) and Diodorus Siculus (d. 30 B.C.) said the Phoenicians were exploiting the metals of the west for these purposes before they set up the permanent colonies in the metal-rich regions of the Mediterranean and Atlantic."

Most of that is completely irrelevant, I'd already added the relevant bit from Thompson & Skaggs about Tarshish, and the authors certainly do not suggest that there was a "fall of Troy" nor do Thompson & Skaggs say anything about "to feed developing economies back in Israel and Phoenicia" - they don't even talk about Israel. What the source does say about Tory is: "lassical texts that mention the beginnings of Phoenician westward expansion tend to place it chronologically just after the destruction of the palaces (represented in the Greek tradition by the fall of Troy), and spatially with enduring toponyms like Sardinia and Cádiz (Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historica V.35.5, Velleius Paterculus I.2, 1-3, and Strabo III.2, 9-14)." I can't see how this becomes "fits with what the ancient Greek and Roman authors recorded about the Phoenicians exploiting many sources of silver in the western Mediterranean to feed developing economies back in Israel and Phoenicia soon after the fall of Troy". Doug Weller talk 16:19, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Note that it was different new account who recently added the bit about Troy. Doug Weller  talk 16:41, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

Deleted "However, Solomon's Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians, making archaeological evidence difficult to uncover." for being nonsensical on several counts: 1) Building destruction would actually enable, not inhibit, the preservation of archaeological material; 2) the larger issue with excavating the area of the temple is that it was located, well, on the Temple Mount, where the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa currently stand; 3) the attribution of such wealth to Solomon is doubtlessly apocryphal and reflects, at best, exaggerated historical conditions of the eighth century BCE, if not later, so questions of extant archaeological evidence are irrelevant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.120.126.43 (talk) 18:25, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

Error?
Why did this page previously claim that “2 Chronicles 9:21 erroneously situates it on the Red Sea” when 2 Chronicles 9:21 says nothing about the Red Sea? Primal Groudon (talk) 16:37, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tarshish


text: File:Cesare Emiliani in the early 1950s.jpg


text:
User:Bdonlan

Hello. I've been a long-time reader of wikipedia, but I have only rarely edited in the past.

I can be reached via email at bdonlan@gmail.com. Or of course you can use my Talk Page.

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title: User:Bdonlan


text:
Eudiometer

A eudiometer is a laboratory device that measures the change in volume of a gas mixture following a physical or chemical change.

Description
Depending on the reaction being measured, the device can take a variety of forms. In general, it is similar to a graduated cylinder, and is most commonly found in two sizes: 50 mL and 100 mL. It is closed at the top end with the bottom end immersed in water or mercury. The liquid traps a sample of gas in the cylinder, and the graduation allows the volume of the gas to be measured.

For some reactions, two platinum wires (chosen for their non-reactivity) are placed in the sealed end so an electric spark can be created between them. The electric spark can initiate a reaction in the gas mixture and the graduation on the cylinder can be read to determine the change in volume resulting from the reaction. The use of the device is quite similar to the original barometer, except that the gas inside displaces some of the liquid that is used.

History

In 1772, Joseph Priestley began experimenting with different "airs" using his own redesigned pneumatic trough in which mercury instead of water would trap gases that were usually soluble in water. From these experiments Priestley is credited with discovering many new gases such as oxygen, hydrogen chloride, and ammonia. He also discovered a way to find the purity or "goodness" of air using "nitrous air test". The eudiometer functions on the greater solubility of NO2 in water over NO, and the oxidation reaction of NO into NO2 by air oxygen:

 * 2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2.

A quantity of air is combined with NO over water, and the more soluble compound NO2 dissolves, leaving the remaining air somewhat contracted in volume. The richer the air was in oxygen, the greater was the contraction.

Marsilio Landriani was studying pneumatic chemistry with Pietro Moscati when they attempted to quantify Priestley's nitric acid test for air quality. Landriani used a pneumatic trough in the  form of a tall, graduated cylinder over water. As it measured the salubrity of air, he called it a eudiometer An associate of Moscati's, Felice Fontana also designed a eudiometer on the same principles and quantified the salubrity of the air.

The eudiometer with the nitrous air test was the way Jan Ingenhousz verified that the bubbles given off under water by plant leaves exposed to sunlight were oxygen bubbles. His description of photosynthesis was published in 1779, and in 1785 he wrote about eudiometers in Journal de Physique (v 26, p 339). According to a biographer, Ingenhousz indicated that "many instruments were called eudiometers although strictly speaking they didn't deserve the name ... misunderstandings could exist when not everybody was using the same instruments."

An electrified version of the eudiometer was developed by Count Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), an Italian physicist who is well known for his contributions to the electric battery and electricity. Aside from its laboratory function, the eudiometer is also known for its part in the "Volta pistol". Volta invented this instrument in 1777 for the purpose of testing the "goodness" of air, analyzing the flammability of gases, or to demonstrate the chemical effects of electricity. Volta's Pistol had a long glass tube that was closed at the top, like a eudiometer. Two electrodes were fed through the tube and produced a spark gap inside the tube. Volta's initial use of this instrument concerned the study of swamp gases in particular. Volta's pistol was filled with oxygen and another gas. The homogeneous mixture was taped shut with a cork. A spark could be introduced into the gas chamber by electrodes, and possibly catalyze a reaction by static electricity, using Volta's electrophorus. If the gases were flammable, they would explode, and increase the pressure within the gas chamber. This pressure would be too great and eventually cause the cork to become airborne. Volta's pistol was made with either glass or brass, however due to the electricity the glass was vulnerable to exploding. Volta's extensive studies on measuring and creating high levels of electric currents caused the electrical unit, the volt, to be named after him.

In 1785 Henry Cavendish used a eudiometer to determine the fraction of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.

Etymology
The name "eudiometer" comes from the Greek εὔδιος eúdios meaning clear or mild, which is the combination of the prefix eu- meaning "good", and -dios meaning "heavenly" or "of Zeus" (the god of the sky and atmosphere), with the suffix -meter meaning "measure". Because the eudiometer was originally used to measure the amount of oxygen in the air, which was thought to be greater in "nice" weather, the root eudio- appropriately describes the apparatus.

Usage
Applications of a eudiometer include the analysis of gases and the determination of volume differences in chemical reactions. The eudiometer is filled with water, inverted so that its open end is facing the ground (while holding the open end so that no water escapes), and then submersed in a basin of water. A chemical reaction is taking place through which gas is created. One reactant is typically at the bottom of the eudiometer (which flows downward when the eudiometer is inverted) and the other reactant is suspended on the rim of the eudiometer, typically by means of a platinum or copper wire (due to their low reactivity). When the gas created by the chemical reaction is released, it should rise into the eudiometer so that the experimenter may accurately read the volume of the gas produced at any given time. Normally a person would read the volume when the reaction is completed. This procedure is followed in many experiments, including an experiment in which one experimentally determines the Ideal gas law constant R.

The eudiometer is similar in structure to the meteorological barometer. Similarly, a eudiometer uses water to release gas into the eudiometer tube, converting the gas into a visible, measurable amount. A correct measurement of the pressure when performing these experiments is crucial for the calculations involved in the PV=nRT equation, because the pressure could change the density of the gas.

title: Eudiometer


text: Category:2006 albums

title: Category:2006 albums


text:
Los Pinos

Los Pinos (English: The Pines) was the official residence and office of the President of Mexico from 1934 to 2018. Located in the Bosque de Chapultepec (Chapultepec Forest) in central Mexico City, it became the presidential seat in 1934, when Gen. Lázaro Cárdenas became the first president to live there. The term Los Pinos became a metonym for the Presidency of Mexico.

Since December 2018, the former presidential complex has operated as a cultural space.

History
After the Spanish Conquest, around 1550, a trapiche (mill) was built in Chapultepec, where wheat and maize were processed into flour. This mill became so important that it was later called the Molino del Rey ("The King's Mill").

In 1853, the Molino del Rey was sold to Doctor José Pablo Martínez del Río, who built the Casa Grande ("Grand House") that would later become known as Rancho La Hormiga ("The Ant Ranch"). In 1865, the whole property was sold to Emperor Maximilian for a total of 25,000 Mexican pesos. Following the 1867 overthrow and execution of Maximilian, the property was, in 1872, returned to Doctor Martínez del Río.

Government residence
In 1917, with the end of the armed phase of the Mexican Revolution, President Venustiano Carranza expropriated the properties. So that his most trustworthy cabinet member could live there, he paid 886,473 for both the property and the construction of a residence that would be close to Chapultepec Castle, which at the time was used as the official residence. Because of this, the first inhabitant of the residence was Álvaro Obregón, while he held the post of Navy and War Secretary. After his tenure, the residence was unused.

In 1934, President Lázaro Cárdenas took office but refused to use the Castle of Chapultepec as his official residence, as he thought it too ostentatious. He was offered use of Rancho la Hormiga (The Ant Ranch), which he accepted. He changed its name to Los Pinos (The Pines) for two reasons: first, he did not consider the name La Hormiga to be accordant with the residence of a President and, second, he promised his wife that when he became president, the house they shared would be named after the huerta in Tacámbaro, Michoacan, where they met.

Los Pinos was home to thirteen of the fourteen presidents in office between 1935 and 2018, with the exception of Adolfo López Mateos (1958–1964). In 2000, President Vicente Fox chose one of the nearby cottages as his home and the Casa Miguel Alemán (residence of most prior presidents) was used for offices and other government functions.

Cultural space
In 2018, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, at the time a candidate for the Mexican presidency, announced that he would not live in Los Pinos if he won the election and would instead open the residence to the public. López Obrador won the election, and Los Pinos was opened to the public on December 1, 2018, the day of López Obrador's presidential inauguration. López Obrador moved the presidential offices back to the National Palace where he currently lives.

In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, doctors and nurses were housed at the complex.

title: Los Pinos


text:
Twinkle Star Sprites

Twinkle Star Sprites (ティンクルスタースプライツ) is a competitive vertically scrolling shooter arcade video game created by ADK and published by SNK in 1996. It was ADK's last production for the Neo Geo. Two players are each in separate, side-by-side, vertically scrolling levels. Combinations of shots and timed power-ups damage the other player. These attacks also serve as counters to the opponent's attack.

Gameplay

There are two types of standard attacks: a normal shot and a charge-up shot. Each character starts with two bombs, which clean the screen while briefly granting the player invincibility. The two players' playfields are separated by a vertical bar; each playfield is independent of the other. Series of enemies arrive from the top of the screen. The player must destroy them in chains (combos), which will send one or more fireball projectiles the opponent's screen (Normal Attack). Shooting a Normal Attack several times reflects it back as a glowing Reverse Attack. If Reverse Attacks are reflected again, a number of powerful counterattacks in the shape of one or more indestructible enemies appear (Extra Attack). Reflecting many Reverse Attacks at once can instead summon a boss (Boss Attack).
 * The Extra Attacks and the Boss Attack vary from one character to another.
 * The power gauge fills as the player destroys enemies, up to a maximum of three levels. By holding down the fire button and releasing when a certain level is reached, the player can launch a character-specific charge shot to assist in clearing enemies from the player's screen. At Level 1, the charge shot is launched. At Level 2, the charge shot and three Extra Attacks against the opponent are launched. At Level 3 (Max Level), the charge shot and a Boss Attack are launched. Firing charge shots at Level 2 and above will decrease the power gauge.
 * 30–40 seconds into a round, a blue orb appears among a chain of enemies. If this orb is destroyed in a chain, the player achieves Fever status for the next several seconds. Chains created during Fever generate faster and more plentiful Normal Attacks per enemy destroyed, which can prove to be very dangerous to the opponent if large chains are made.
 * Both players are given five life points at the start of a round.
 * Colliding into an enemy costs one life point, but the player cannot be killed this way; if a player has one life point left, colliding with an enemy will reduce the player's health to one half of a life point. When this happens, the player's character is stunned for a short while and is reduced in speed and attack power for several seconds after recovery, all while left more vulnerable to opponent attacks.
 * Getting hit by a Normal Attack, Reverse Attack, Extra Attack or the projectiles from a Boss cost three life points.
 * The match is over when either player loses all life points.
 * When a player takes damage, the opponent recovers life points equal to half of the damage taken.
 * If a round lasts longer than 100 seconds or the player does not fire a shot for more than 30 seconds, a Death enemy appears. A player hit by this enemy loses immediately (Death Attack). The Death can be destroyed as any other enemy, but always comes back, harder to kill. Additionally, if a player is successful in volleying the Death character over to the opponent's side, and Death touches the opponent, the opponent dies instantly. This is a possible, though difficult, way to win. This, of course, would require the player to be skilled enough to avoid obstacles and not fire for more than 30 seconds.

Development
Twinkle Star Sprites was developed by ADK.

Release
While Twinkle Star Sprites was initially published as an arcade game by SNK for the Neo Geo platform, SNK later ported it to the Neo-Geo AES home console on January 31, 1997, and the Neo-Geo CD on February 21, 1997. On December 7, 1997, ADK developed and published an updated version of it to the Sega Saturn, featuring an anime-style intro, tweaked gameplay, a new character and a bonus 'Fan Disc' full of extra materials. After SNK ended up buying ADK's intellectual properties, SNK released another enhanced version of Twinkle Star Sprites for the Sega Dreamcast on March 23, 2000. To pay tribute to ADK, SNK included the Neo-Geo version along with four of ADK's other notable Neo-Geo titles in the compilation ADK Damashii, which was released for the PlayStation 2 exclusively in Japan on December 8, 2008. Twinkle Star Sprites later became available on the subscription service GameTap. It was released on the Wii Virtual Console for Japan on August 9, 2011.

A port developed by DotEmu for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux and asm.js was released as part of the Humble NEOGEO 25th Anniversary Bundle on December 8, 2015. It was released on Steam on May 26, 2016; and on GOG.com on May 30, 2017.

Pony Canyon / Scitron released a limited-edition soundtrack album for this game on February 21, 1997.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Twinkle Star Sprites on their January 1, 1997 issue as being the fourteenth most-popular arcade game at the time. The game received generally mixed reception from critics since its release in arcades and other platforms. However, fan reception was positive; Readers of the Japanese Sega Saturn Magazine voted to give the Saturn port a 8.85 out of 10 score, ranking at the number 118 spot, indicating a large popular following. Readers of the Japanese Dreamcast Magazine also voted to give the Dreamcast port a 7.58 out of 10 score, ranking at the number 307 spot, indicating a popular following as well.

Both AllGame's Kyle Knight praised the audiovisual presentation and frantic gameplay, stating that Twinkle Star Sprites is "a refreshingly innovative title that manages to pull its seemingly incompatible elements together brilliantly." However, Knight criticized the amount of slowdown when too many objects are present on-screen. Consoles Plus' François Garnier also praised the presentation, visuals, animations, audio, longevity and playability. IGN's Colin Williamson reviewed the Dreamcast conversion, commending the addition of extra options in the release and multiplayer mode but criticized the low-resolution graphics and stated that playing single-player modes were not appealing in a long-term.

However, Joypad's Grégoire Hellot reviewed the Sega Saturn version and gave the title an overall mixed outlook. In a similar manner, Video Games' Ralph Karels also gave the Dreamcast port a mixed overview, commending the unconventional gameplay but criticized the audio and visuals when compared to other shoot 'em ups on the Dreamcast.

Legacy
Twinkle Star Sprites - La Petite Princesse (ティンクルスタースプライツ ～La Petite Princesse～) is a 2005 sequel to Twinkle Star Sprites originally created by SNK. At E3 2005, it was shown at the SNK Booth. It is an enhanced re-vamp of the Neo-Geo title featuring fully 3D environments and a host of new characters. Clearing the game opens up a perfectly emulated version of the original Neo-Geo title. There was a possibility that it would be released in North America, but after some consideration, at E3 2006, Ben Herman, president of SNK Playmore USA, stated that the game will not be published in North America  The decision was that it will not be marketable for the North American audience. The sequel was released exclusively in Japan for the PlayStation 2 on July 28, 2005, and was re-released for the same platform on November 22, 2006, with the green-label 'SNK Best Collection' added to the front cover. Content remains the same as the original print.

title: Twinkle Star Sprites


text:
User talk:Wrcovington

This is the page for William R. Covington

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- AllyUnion (talk) 03:29, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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title: User talk:Wrcovington


text:
User talk:KymFarnik

My Link
http://www.farnik.com

A tag has been placed on IBM 1130/snoopy calendar, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be a repost of material that was previously

Copyright discussion in Talk:IBM 1130
You may want to read and comment on the discussion of the assembler example you added to IBM 1130 back in April 2006. RossPatterson (talk) 15:28, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Sensitivity priority for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Sensitivity priority is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Sensitivity priority until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Chidgk1 (talk) 17:14, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:KymFarnik


text:
User talk:Ozguy

The user UtherSRG is derranged, and leans to the right. --Ozguy 08:46, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ozguy


text:
Liu Jinbao

Liu Jinbao (simplified Chinese: 刘金宝) was the former CEO of Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited and vice-chairman of Bank of China from 1998 to 2003.

Biography
Liu Jinbao graduated in 1976 from the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing. He joined the Bank of China right after graduation. He was sent to work in London in 1977, climbed up the corporate ladder while working in the Shanghai offices from 1981 to 1997 (became Shanghai's general manager in 1994), and became head of the Hong Kong operations in 1997.

Liu Jinbao was appointed director of the Bank of China in September 1998.

Controversies
Liu Jinbao began to be investigated by the Chinese and US authorities in 2000 for improper lending in Shanghai along with Shanghai politician Chau Ching-ngai.

Liu Jinbao was abruptly transferred back to Beijing to become vice-chairman of Bank of China in May 2003. Investigations subsequently found Liu to have "committed economic crimes" in connection with his previous appointment as the head of the Shanghai branch of the Bank of China. Liu was subsequently dismissed from his post.

Liu, along with three other senior managers, were also alleged to have made "unauthorised distribution for personal purposes" of funds belong to the Bank of China before BOCHK was established. The Standard speculated that the amount involved was HK$30 million.

In May 2003, he resigned from the Exchange Fund Advisory Committee of Hong Kong. In February 2004, the board of directors of the Bank of China voted Liu Jinbao out of the board.

Chinese court has sentenced him to a 2-year suspended death sentence.

In November 2006, he admitted to spending close to £300,000 on plastic surgery for his mistress, to make her look like his high school sweetheart.

Publications

 * Echoes from finance, 1994

title: Liu Jinbao


text:
Francis Vinton Greene

Francis Vinton Greene (June 27, 1850 – May 15, 1921) was a United States Army officer who fought in the Spanish–American War. He came from the Greene family of Rhode Island, noted for its long line of participants in American military history.

Biography
Greene was born in Providence, Rhode Island, on June 27, 1850. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point and graduated in 1870, first in his class. He first served in the U.S. artillery and then transferred to the Corps of Engineers in 1872. He next served as an attaché from the War Department to the U.S. legation in St. Petersburg, Russia. While there he served in the Russian army during its war with Turkey. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1874 and captain in 1883. He returned to the U.S. and was a civil engineer to the city of Washington, D.C., and was an instructor of practical military engineering at West Point before resigning from the Army on December 31, 1886. He published multiple articles on the development of modern warfare and U.S. military policy.

After leaving the Army, Greene became president of the Barber Asphalt Paving Company, joining the New York National Guard on December 18, 1889 as a major and serving as 1st Brigade engineer. He was elected colonel of the 71st New York Infantry Regiment on February 2, 1892.

When the Spanish–American War broke out he raised the 71st New York Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned as its colonel on May 2, 1898. He was quickly promoted to brigadier general of Volunteers on May 27, 1898. He commanded the second Philippine Expeditionary Force which became the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps. Greene took a prominent part in the Battle of Manila in 1898. He assisted in the surrender negotiations for Manila. In August 1898 he was promoted major general of Volunteers and resigned on February 28, 1899. During his service, he was put in charge of the finances of the preliminary Philippine administration. In September 1898, he briefed President McKinley on the Philippine situation and recommended the annexation of the entire archipelago. He wrote to William R. Day and William McKinley that he and Admiral Dewey agreed that the Philippines should not be divided, and it would be much better to hold the islands as one. He expected British agreement.

After the war, he pursued a variety of occupations. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1900. He served as the New York City Police Commissioner from 1903 to 1904. He was president of the Niagara-Lockport and Ontario Power Company, along with other business ventures with Buffalo businessman John J. Albright. Greene died on May 15, 1921, at his home in the Upper East Side, Manhattan, New York City. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery.

Legacy
Greene's family holds a distinguished place in American military history. His father was Civil War general, George Sears Greene, famous for his defense of Culp's Hill at the Battle of Gettysburg. His older brother, Samuel Dana Greene, was the executive officer of the USS Monitor during the Battle of Hampton Roads. All were from Rhode Island.

Publications
His publications include a series of works on military campaigns, including:
 * Greene also wrote a biographical sketch in a collection of Theodore Roosevelt's political writings entitled, "American Ideals", originally published 1897 and subsequently republished for Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1900.
 * Greene also wrote a biographical sketch in a collection of Theodore Roosevelt's political writings entitled, "American Ideals", originally published 1897 and subsequently republished for Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1900.
 * Greene also wrote a biographical sketch in a collection of Theodore Roosevelt's political writings entitled, "American Ideals", originally published 1897 and subsequently republished for Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1900.
 * Greene also wrote a biographical sketch in a collection of Theodore Roosevelt's political writings entitled, "American Ideals", originally published 1897 and subsequently republished for Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1900.
 * Greene also wrote a biographical sketch in a collection of Theodore Roosevelt's political writings entitled, "American Ideals", originally published 1897 and subsequently republished for Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1900.
 * Greene also wrote a biographical sketch in a collection of Theodore Roosevelt's political writings entitled, "American Ideals", originally published 1897 and subsequently republished for Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1900.
 * Greene also wrote a biographical sketch in a collection of Theodore Roosevelt's political writings entitled, "American Ideals", originally published 1897 and subsequently republished for Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1900.
 * Greene also wrote a biographical sketch in a collection of Theodore Roosevelt's political writings entitled, "American Ideals", originally published 1897 and subsequently republished for Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1900.

title: Francis Vinton Greene