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Golf Channel

Golf Channel (also verbally referred to as simply "Golf" or "NBC Golf") is an American sports television network owned by the NBC Sports Group division of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. Founded in Birmingham, Alabama, it is currently based out of NBC Sports' headquarters in Stamford, Connecticut.

The channel focuses on coverage of the sport of golf, including live coverage of tournaments, as well as factual and instructional programming. It is the cable television rightsholder of the PGA Tour, LPGA Tour, and PGA European Tour, and also holds rights to selected USGA tournaments and the NCAA Division I golf championships. Since 2016, it has also participated in NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics, focusing on its golf competitions.

Via the Golf Channel unit, Comcast also owns other golf-related businesses, including the course reservation service GolfNow, online golf instruction provider Revolution Golf, and the World Long Drive Championship. Some of these associated properties operate from the network's former home of Orlando, Florida.

, Golf Channel is available to approximately 59,000,000 pay television households in the United States-down from its 2012 peak of 85,000,000 households.

History
The idea of a 24-hour golf network came from media entrepreneur Joseph E. Gibbs of Birmingham, Alabama, who first thought of such a concept in 1991. Gibbs felt there was enough interest in golf among the public to support such a network, and commissioned a Gallup Poll to see if his instincts were correct. With the support of the polling behind him, Gibbs and legendary golfer Arnold Palmer then secured $80 million in financing from several cable television providers (including Adelphia Communications Corporation, Cablevision Industries, Comcast, Continental Cablevision, Newhouse, and the Times Mirror Company) to launch the network, which was among the first subscription networks developed to cover one singular sport.

Announced in February 1993,  the launch date was targeted for May 1994; and it was launched on January 17, 1995, as The Golf Channel with a ceremonial flip of the switch by co-founder Arnold Palmer. The first live tournament the channel televised was the Dubai Desert Classic, held January 19–22. Originally a premium channel with limited subscribers, it retooled in September 1995 to be part of basic-tier pay TV to reach more viewers, and ratings rapidly increased. In 1996, Fox Cable Networks acquired a minority stake in the channel for $50 million.

From 1999 to 2001, Golf Channel held part of the PGA Tour's cable rights for early-round coverage. To boost their availability, Golf Channel reached an agreement with Fox Sports Networks (FSN) to air simulcasts of the coverage. In 2002, Golf Channel lost its rights to the main PGA Tour, but gained rights to the developmental Buy.com Tour.

Acquisition by Comcast
In 2001, Fox sold its 30.9% stake in Golf Channel, as well as its stake in Outdoor Life Network, to minority owner Comcast as part of a larger transaction by Fox to acquire Comcast's stake in Speedvision. In December 2003, Comcast acquired the remaining 8.6% stake of Golf Channel it did not already own from the Tribune Company, giving it full ownership.

In January 2007, Golf Channel became the exclusive cable broadcaster of the PGA Tour as part of a new 15-year contract, replacing ESPN and USA Network. The contract included early-round coverage of all official money events, and 13 events per-season carried exclusively by the network. By then, Golf Channel had carriage in 75 million homes. It also simplified its branding, dropping the article The from its on-air name.

Concurrently, Comcast also launched Versus/Golf HD, a 1080i high definition channel featuring programming from Golf Channel and sister network Versus. Golf Channel programming was broadcast during the daytime hours, and Versus programming was broadcast during the evening and primetime hours. This arrangement ended in December 2008, when both networks launched their own 24-hour high-definition simulcasts.

In March 2008, Comcast acquired the online golf reservation platform GolfNow. It was re-located to Golf Channel's headquarters in Orlando.

Merger with NBC Sports
In January 2011, Comcast acquired a 51% majority stake in NBC Universal from General Electric. As a result of the re-alignment of Comcast's existing properties into NBC Universal, Golf Channel and sister sports network Versus were subsumed by a restructured NBC Sports division. On-air synergies between NBC's existing production unit began to take effect in February 2011 at the WGC Match Play Championship, when NBC's golf telecasts took on the Golf Channel branding as "Golf Channel on NBC", in a similar manner to ESPN's co-branding of sports output on ABC. NBC Sports personalities could now appear on Golf Channel, and former NBC Sports senior vice president Mike McCarley took over as the network's new head. The network also adopted an amended logo featuring the NBC peacock.

In December 2013, Golf Channel unveiled a new logo, implemented in May 2014 to coincide with the 2014 Players Championship. The new logo replaces the "swinging G" emblem that had been used since the network's launch with a wordmark alongside the NBC peacock. The new logo was meant to provide a unified brand across Golf Channel's associated properties and services. That month, it also partnered with Sirius XM PGA Tour Radio to feature audio simulcasts of its studio programming.

In 2014, Golf Channel acquired rights to the NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship. In 2015, it also began to broadcast the NCAA Division I Women's Golf Championships. In 2017, Golf Channel extended its rights to the tournaments through 2029.

On June 8, 2015, it was announced that NBC Sports had acquired rights to The Open Championship beginning in 2017 under a 12-year deal; after former broadcaster ESPN opted out of the final year of rights, NBC began coverage in 2016 instead. Early round coverage is aired by Golf Channel, which marked the first time ever that Golf Channel had ever broadcast one of the four Men's major golf championships. On May 3, 2016, NBC announced that Golf Channel would air the bulk of the men's and women's golf tournaments for the 2016 Summer Olympics, covering up to 300 hours of the tourney, with 130 of those hours live.

In 2016, Golf Channel acquired the World Long Drivers Association, organizer of the World Long Drive Championships; coverage of its events were subsequently added to the network. In 2017, Golf Channel acquired Revolution Golf, an online provider of golf instructional materials.

January 14, 2018, broadcast technicians represented by IATSE went on strike affecting tournament coverage for the Sony Open in Honolulu, Hawaii, Web.com from the Bamahas and Diamond Resorts Invitational in Orlando. Ten days later the striking workers returned to work after a new contract was ratified on January 24, 2018.

In February 2019, Golf Channel announced a new subscription service known as GolfPass. The service will feature a variety of content, including a streaming library of archive content, instructional content, as well as special offers (such as credit for free round of golf per-year, and a premium tier offering additional discounts). Rory McIlroy will also be involved in the service, hosting new instructional content for GolfPass, as well as an autobiographical web series.

In February 2020, it was reported that Golf Channel would consolidate its television operations with the remainder of NBC Sports at its facilities in Stamford, Connecticut, in a move expected to occur over the next 12 to 18 months. The GolfNow and GolfPass services will continue to primarily operate from Orlando. With the move to Stamford, Golf Channel also ended its long-time morning show Morning Drive, replacing it with the new midday show Golf Today from Stamford beginning January 4, 2021.

In 2021, amid the renewal of NBC Sports' rights to the circuit, and the upcoming shutdown of long-time sister network NBCSN (the former Versus), NBCUniversal began to put a greater emphasis on Golf Channel's rights to the PGA Tour. That November, it was announced that early-round coverage of the Open Championship, U.S. Open (which moved to Golf Channel after NBC re-acquired the rights to USGA tournaments in 2020), and their women's counterparts, would move to USA Network in 2022. At the 2022 Players Championship, Golf Channel adopted a special logo used on-air during PGA Tour telecasts and studio programming, which is co-branded with elements of the PGA Tour logo.

Event coverage
Golf Channel is the pay television rightsholder of the PGA Tour, broadcasting live coverage of early rounds, and early window coverage of weekend rounds prior to network television coverage. Some events (particularly, late-season events such as the former Fall Series, and additional events) are broadcast in their entirety by the network. Golf Channel airs primetime encores of each round during PGA Tour events, including network television broadcasts from NBC or CBS where applicable. Golf Channel also broadcasts coverage of PGA Tour Champions and Korn Ferry Tour events. Outside of events organized by the PGA Tour, Golf Channel also carries coverage of the European Tour, LPGA Tour, and Asian Tour.

Golf Channel was the cable broadcaster of two of the men's majors, including the U.S. Open and other USGA championships (since June 2020) and the Open Championship (since 2016, including their women's and senior men's events). In November 2021, it was announced that early round coverage of the U.S. Open, the Open Championship, the U.S. Women's Open, and the Women's British Open, would move to USA Network beginning in 2022.

Since 2016, it participates in NBCUniversal's coverage of the Summer Olympics by covering its golf competitions. It has also carried coverage of the Ryder Cup and Solheim Cup alongside NBC, and the NCAA Division I Men's and Women's golf championships.

Since its integration with NBC Sports, Golf Channel has been infrequently used as an overflow channel for non-golf programming, including two games of the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs (due to programming conflicts with USA Network and CNBC), and as part of NBC's "Championship Sunday" effort to televise all matches on the final matchday of the Premier League soccer season.

News and analysis

 * Golf Central
 * Golf Today

Factual and reality

 * Feherty
 * Golf's Greatest Rounds
 * The Conor Moore Show
 * Golf Road Trippin' with James Davis
 * Better Off with Hally Leadbetter
 * On Tour On Course

Instructional

 * Golf Channel Academy
 * PGA Tour Champions Learning Center
 * Playing Lessons
 * School Of Golf
 * The Golf Fix

Notable personalities
Golf Channel uses a number of people for tournament, news and instructional programming.

Hosts / Reporters

 * Tom Abbott
 * Matt Adams
 * Cara Banks
 * Grant Boone
 * Steve Burkowski
 * Kira K. Dixon
 * Terry Gannon
 * Damon Hack
 * Dan Hicks
 * Rex Hoggard
 * Anna Jackson
 * Rich Lerner
 * Todd Lewis
 * Eamon Lynch
 * Bob Papa
 * Amy Rogers
 * Steve Sands
 * George Savaricas
 * Mike Tirico
 * Whit Watson

Analysts

 * Notah Begay III
 * Amanda Blumenherst
 * Billy Ray Brown
 * Curt Byrum
 * Brandel Chamblee
 * Kay Cockerill
 * John Cook
 * Graham DeLaet
 * Brad Faxon
 * Jim Gallagher Jr.
 * Tripp Isenhour
 * Peter Jacobsen
 * Julia Johnson
 * Smylie Kaufman
 * Colt Knost
 * Billy Kratzert
 * Jim "Bones" Mackay
 * Paige Mackenzie
 * Paul McGinley
 * Emilia Migliaccio
 * Frank Nobilo
 * Arron Oberholser
 * Craig Perks
 * Morgan Pressel
 * Mark Rolfing
 * Karen Stupples
 * Johnson Wagner
 * John Wood

Notable former personalities

 * Brian Anderson
 * Billy Andrade (2010–2012)
 * Lara Baldesarra (2012–2013)
 * Adam Barr
 * Michael Breed
 * Ryan Burr (2012-2020)
 * Donna Caponi-Byrnes
 * Lisa Cornwell (2014-2020)
 * Robert Damron
 * Beth Daniel (2007–2010)
 * Charles Davis
 * Casey DeSantis
 * Steve Duemig
 * David Feherty (2011-2022)
 * Jerry Foltz (1999–2022)
 * Matt Gogel (2007-2021)
 * Jim Gray
 * Brian Hammons (1995–2015)
 * Trevor Immelman (2016–2022)
 * Kraig Kann (1995–2011)
 * Jim Kelly
 * Peter Kessler (1995–2002)
 * Gary Koch (1996–2022)
 * Erik Kuselias (2011–2012)
 * Justin Leonard (2015–2022)
 * Ann Liguori
 * Nancy Lopez
 * Mark Lye
 * Andrew Magee
 * John Mahaffey (2004–2019)
 * Roger Maltbie (1991–2022)
 * Chantel McCabe
 * Win McMurry
 * Johnny Miller (2011–2019)
 * Jennifer Mills (1995–2006)
 * Peter Oosterhuis (1995–2014)
 * Phil Parkin (2006–2015)
 * Dottie Pepper (2005–2012)
 * Ahmad Rashad (2013)
 * Tim Rosaforte (2007–2019)
 * Charlie Rymer
 * Kristina Shalhoup
 * Val Skinner (2002–2013)
 * Holly Sonders (2011–2014)
 * Stephanie Sparks (2000–2013)
 * Kathryn Tappen (2022)
 * Brian Tennyson
 * Lauren Thompson (2008–2020)
 * Kelly Tilghman
 * Ted Tryba
 * Bob Valvano
 * Scott Van Pelt (1995–2000)
 * Gary Williams (2011–2020)

Viewership
For the month of October 2013, Golf Channel averaged a daily viewership of 84,000.

Canada
The Golf Channel is also available in Canada on most cable and satellite providers, as it is authorized for carriage as a foreign cable television service by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. While it mostly airs the American feed, live events coverage is subject to blackouts due to TSN holding many of its broadcasting rights domestically.

Poland
Golf Channel Poland (Polish Golf Channel Polska) is licensed version of the network owned by MWE Networks launched on March 18, 2017.

Golf Channel UK
A British version of the channel called Golf Channel UK was operated by sporting goods retailer JJB Sports, and was available on the BSkyB satellite service. It broadcast many of the programs seen on the U.S. channel, but was unable to attract a viable audience as it offered few live golf tournaments; the channel shut down on December 31, 2007.

Since the acquisition of Sky plc by Comcast in late-2018, NBC Sports properties have begun to increase their collaboration with Sky Sports for expanded coverage of relevant events; Golf Channel and Sky Sports Golf trialed on-air talent sharing and co-productions at the 2019 Players Championship.

Golf Channel Latin America
The Latin American version of the Golf Channel was launched in 2006 as a DirecTV joint venture, and was acquired from DirecTV by former DirecTV executives Jason Markham and Evan Grayer together with Inversiones Bahia in 2018. The channel broadcasts professional tournaments from the PGA Tour, PGA Tour Latinoamérica, European Tour and LPGA Tour with Spanish-speaking journalists, as well as Golf Central and other English-language shows. In 2019, Discovery bought the channel, but continues to license the brand and service marks for Golf Channel from Comcast.

title: Golf Channel


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kesara

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 00:39, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Kesara
One line dictdef plus link to author's personal homepage. — Asbestos | Talk  22:27, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable dictionary definition. Megan1967 23:09, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, useless dicdef. --Sn0wflake 23:19, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete This should be a speedy delete, since more time is being spent deleting it than it took to create it. --Wetman 09:25, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dicdef, not notable. Jayjg (talk)  20:41, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, what Wetman said. Sigh. —Korath (Talk) 07:34, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kesara


text:
Baron Wilmington

The title of Baron Wilmington has been created twice in the various British peerages. The first creation was in 1728 in the Peerage of Great Britain for Sir Spencer Compton, who was later made Earl of Wilmington. The second creation was in 1812 in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, as a subsidiary title for the Marquess of Northampton.

title: Baron Wilmington


text: Category:444 deaths

title: Category:444 deaths


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Kartoo

KartOO was a meta search engine which displayed a visual interface. It operated from 2001 to early 2010.

Interface
KartOO had an Adobe Flash GUI, as opposed to a text-based list of results. Its color scheme was to a degree reminiscent of Apple Computer's Aqua interface. Search results were presented as a "map", with blob-like masses of varying color connecting each item. On rollover of an individual result a bunch of red lines connected related links. KartOO sometimes helped to narrow down searches with a general topic. Every "blob" clicked added another word to the search query. The map would often succeed in presenting keywords or subtopics that defined the topic one was searching on, very much like an interactive spider diagram.

History
It was co-founded in France by two cousins, Laurent Baleydier and Nicholas Baleydier. This project was launched in 2001. Most of their advertisement was through word of mouth.

In 2004, KartOO launched a new version called UJIKO (five nearby keys on a keyboard, similar to QWERTY). The interface looked more like a "jukebox" with the linked sites as playlists.

In January 2010 KartOO closed down, removing all content from the KartOO and UJIKO websites, but leaving a small message in French thanking its users for their support. By 2011 that message had been removed.

Ahead of its time?
In a review of the service, Juan C. Dürsteler wrote in 2002, "Perhaps visual representations will begin to predominate in information retrieval when they show things that we can not see in the ordered list. The semantic links of KartOO are an incipient step forward in this sense."

Also see Robin Good's Review in MasterNewMedia.org June 30, 2002, Edited here by Luigi Canali De Rossi, http://www.masternewmedia.org/2002/06/30/new_visual_metasearch_clustering_engine.htm

The Solar System-like Search Results, where hovering over the planets or satellites gave you the pertinent lines from that web page, and the Genie on the Flying Carpet that interacted with you were innovations unparalleled at the time.

title: Kartoo


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George Robert Twelves Hewes

George Robert Twelves Hewes (August 25, 1742 – November 5, 1840) was a participant in the political protests in Boston at the onset of the American Revolution, and one of the last survivors of the Boston Tea Party and the Boston Massacre. Later he fought in the American Revolutionary War as a militiaman and privateer. Shortly before his death at the age of 98, Hewes was the subject of two biographies and much public commemoration.

Political activity
In his biographies, written at the end of his life, Hewes recalled that his participation in the Patriot movement had begun on March 5, 1770, when he joined the mob of Bostonian apprentices and craftsmen at what is now called the Boston Massacre. Hewes joined the crowd in support of Edward Garrick who was harassing Captain-Lieutenant John Goldfinch over a debt that Goldfinch had already paid. Hewes was unarmed during the riot that ensued but was injured when Private Matthew Kilroy struck him in the shoulder with his Brown Bess musket. On his way home that night, Hewes had a verbal confrontation with two British soldiers, which he related in an official deposition the next day.

On December 16, 1773, Hewes joined the band of Bostonians who protested the Tea Act by dumping tea into Boston Harbor, an event that is now called the Boston Tea Party. The protesters divided themselves into three boarding parties, each going aboard one of the three tea ships: Dartmouth, Eleanor, and Beaver. Hewes was appointed "boatswain" of his party that boarded Dartmouth, mostly on account of his "whistling talent." In his capacity as boatswain, Hewes went to the captain of the boarded ship to demand the keys to the tea chests. He also fought Captain O'Connor, a fellow protester who was trying to take some of the tea for himself. According to Hewes, it took three hours to empty every tea chest and to throw the content into the Boston Harbor. Like the other protesters, Hewes quietly returned to his place of residence.

In January, Hewes was at the center of the events surrounding the tarring and feathering of John Malcolm, one of the most publicized incidents of its kind. Malcolm was what would later be known as a Loyalist, a supporter of royal authority. A Bostonian, he worked for the British customs service and pursued his duties with a zeal that made him unpopular.

Commoners often "hooted" at Malcolm in the streets, and sailors in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, tarred and feathered him in November 1773. On January 25, 1774, according to the account in the Massachusetts Gazette, Hewes saw Malcolm threatening to strike a boy with his cane. When Hewes intervened to stop Malcolm, both began arguing, and Malcolm insisted that Hewes should not interfere in the business of a gentleman. When Hewes replied that at least he had never been tarred and feathered himself, Malcolm struck Hewes hard on the forehead with the cane and knocked him unconscious.

Hewes was treated by the noted Patriot doctor Joseph Warren. The cane left a scar that would be visible on Hewes's forehead for the rest of his life. He went to a magistrate's office to swear out a warrant for Malcolm's arrest.

That night, a crowd seized Malcolm in his house and dragged him into King Street. Despite Hewes trying to stop the crowd, Malcolm was stripped to the waist and covered with tar and feathers. The crowd took him to the Liberty Tree, where it threatened first to hang him and then to cut off his ears if he did not apologize for his behavior and renounce his customs commission. Malcolm finally relented and was sent home. The event was reported in newspapers on both sides of the Atlantic.

Military service
In 1775 Boston was put under martial law. Like many Patriots, Hewes fled the city. He sent his family to Wrentham, his father's hometown. He himself had to escape Boston by boat. For the majority of the war years Hewes stayed with his family, providing for them. For a few months of each year, however, Hewes signed up to fight, sometimes in the militia and sometimes as a privateer.

Hewes' first period of military service began in the fall of 1776 when he sailed aboard the privateering ship Diamond. It was a successful three-month voyage, resulting in the capture of three enemy vessels. Hewes later recalled that when the voyage dragged on longer, and no additional prizes had been captured, he joined the crew in threatening to mutiny if the captain did not sail back to Providence. Hewes served in the militia for one to three months of 1777. In 1778 he served for another month, seeing action at the Battle of Rhode Island.

In 1779 Hewes signed on with the Connecticut ship of war Defence for an eventful seven-and-a-half-month voyage. After capturing four ships and thousands of dollars in prize money, the ship's captain, Samuel Smedley, refused to give Hewes his share.

Hewes served in the militia twice more, in the autumn months of 1780 and 1781. Once in the closing years of the war Hewes hired a substitute to avoid the draft. The "extreme pressure of his circumstances" and the need to provide for his family precluded another tour with the militia. Hewes' most enduring memories of the war were of a temporary increase in the dignity of his position. The democratic style of leadership in the militia and aboard the privateers left its mark on Hewes, and he never forgot the respect he received from his social superiors during this time.

Later life
George Hewes lived in Wrentham until after the outbreak of the War of 1812. He and Sally had fifteen children, and probably eleven survived birth. He remained a poor shoemaker. In 1812 two of his sons followed in his footsteps and joined the militia. Apparently their willingness to fight was unusual for Wrentham citizens at the time.

After the war George and Sarah Hewes followed a few of their children to Richfield Springs in Otsego County, New York. George was then seventy-four years old. Even in his old age he continued to earn money making shoes. Sarah died in 1828 at the age of 77. In his later years he relied on various friends and relatives for support, moving from house to house. He became, however, a notable figure in the community, being one of the last survivors of the Revolutionary War and appearing at Independence Day festivities in his militia uniform every Fourth of July. During these years Hewes converted to Methodism and began reading the Bible frequently.

Rediscovery
The 1830s were a period when the American Revolution experienced a revival in the public memory. Battles and events from the revolution were being newly commemorated. During this period, in 1833, a writer named James Hawkes discovered Hewes in Richfield Springs and wrote a biography about him, A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party.

Hawkes's book became popular, and in 1835 Hewes toured New England as a celebrity. He sat for a portrait by Joseph Cole, called simply The Centenarian, which now hangs in the Old State House in Boston. Benjamin Bussey Thatcher wrote a second biography, Traits of the Tea Party. He was the guest of honor at an elaborate ceremony on the Fourth of July attended by the lieutenant governor and by other Revolutionary War veterans.

Death
Hewes was injured in an accident on July 4, 1840, as he was boarding the carriage to go to the annual festivities. He died on November 5, 1840. He was 98 years old, although believed at the time to be 109. He was buried without public commemoration in Richfield Springs; in 1896 he was reburied ceremoniously in the town's Grand Army of the Republic cemetery for veterans.

title: George Robert Twelves Hewes


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User talk:Thorfinn~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Spinboy 22:29, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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More welcome
Welcome from me too! It is great that there is one more mathematician among us! I am sure we will find a way to agree on complex (analysis) issues! (I will reply to your message later today.)

For now, a remark. There is no need to put underscores in liks, so complex_analysis should be complex analysis. Also, here it is preferred to write Z instead of $$ \mathbb{Z}$$ when inline, because the former is a true letter while the latter is a picture (see also the math style manual). Welcome! Oleg Alexandrov 16:30, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * And I replied to your comment about poles on my talk page, to keep the discussion in one place. Oleg Alexandrov 01:24, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Copyright problem: Hanif Kureishi
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Proposed deletion of Emission probability
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Emission probability, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * Unneeded definition. See discussion Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Statistics

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

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Renamed
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Proposed deletion of Dulce Liquido

The article Dulce Liquido  has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this biography of a living person will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.   The nominator also raised the following concern:
 * No indication of notability per WP:BAND

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp/dated tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Myxomatosis57 (talk) 20:53, 16 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thorfinn~enwiki


text:
Master (form of address)

Master is an English honorific for boys and young men. It is usually abbreviated to MSTR or Mstr.

Etymology
Master was used in England for men of some rank, especially "free masters" of a trade guild and by any manual worker or servant employee addressing his employer (his master), but also generally by those lower in status to gentlemen, priests, or scholars. In the Elizabethan period, it was used between equals, especially to a group ("My masters"), mainly by urban artisans and tradespeople. It was later extended to all respectable men and was the forerunner of Mister. The proper title of William Shakespeare's First Folio is pronounced Master William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies.

After its replacement in common speech by Mister, Master was retained as a form of address only for boys who had not yet entered society. By the late 19th century, etiquette dictated that men be addressed as Mister, and boys as Master.

Current usage in the United Kingdom
The use of Master as a prefixed title is, according to Leslie Dunkling, "a way of addressing politely a boy ... too young to be called 'Mister'." It can be used as a title and form of address for any boy.

Master was used sometimes, especially up to the late 19th century, to describe the male head of a large estate or household who employed domestic workers.

The heir to a Scottish peerage may use the style or dignity "Master of" followed by the name associated with the peerage. For instance, the heir of Lord Elphinstone is known as the Master of Elphinstone.

Current usage in the United States
Nancy Tuckerman, in the Amy Vanderbilt Complete Book of Etiquette, writes that in the United States, unlike the UK, a boy can be addressed as Master only until age 12, then is addressed only by his name with no title until he turns 18, when he takes the title of Mr., although it is not improper to use Mr. if he is slightly younger.

Other extant usage
In the 21st century, Master as an honorific or more often master as a professional term still has some use in reference to advanced workers (not always male) in the trades, and sometimes also to academics and educators. However, it is more frequently used as an adjective for this purpose (e.g. "master bricklayer"), or with an adjective ("school master", "headmaster").

Master is also frequently used (along with feminine Mistress or Domina) in the BDSM community as a self-identifier by dominants, and by submissives in addressing them, especially in master/slave-roleplay relationships.

title: Master (form of address)


text:
File:Higher Education and Training Awards Council.png

Summary
Higher Education and Training Awards Council logo

Copyright of HETAC, Ireland and source is www.hetac.ie


text: Category:374 deaths

title: Category:374 deaths


text:
Talk:Postal service

The Postal Service
Is there an entry for Postal Service the indie band? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Zephyrprince (talk • contribs).
 * Yes, at The Postal Service. jareha (comments) 22:20, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

USPS
Why is only USPS mentioned here? All countries' postal companies would be different kinds of postal services, so either all or none should be mentioned. Or maybe only postal services containing the expression "postal service" are mentioned? In that case at least the Swedish one should be added: on some papers you get from the post, it refers to itself as "Services de poste Suède". (Stefan2 18:50, 11 July 2007 (UTC))

title: Talk:Postal service


text:
Langerhans cell

A Langerhans cell (LC) is a tissue-resident macrophage of the skin once thought to be a resident dendritic cell. These cells contain organelles called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis and are most prominent in the stratum spinosum. They also occur in the papillary dermis, particularly around blood vessels, as well as in the mucosa of the mouth, foreskin, and vaginal epithelium. They can be found in other tissues, such as lymph nodes, particularly in association with the condition Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).

Function
In skin infections, the local Langerhans cells take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.

Generally, tissue-resident macrophages are involved in immune homeostasis and the uptake of apoptotic bodies. However, Langerhans cells can also take on a dendritic cell-like phenotype and migrate to lymph nodes to interact with naive T-cells.

Langerhans cells derive from primitive erythro-myeloid progenitors that arise in the yolk sac outside the embryo in the first trimester of pregnancy, and under normal circumstances persist throughout life, being replenished by local proliferation as necessary. If the skin becomes severely inflamed, perhaps because of infection, blood monocytes are recruited to the affected region and differentiate into replacement LCs.

Langerin is a protein found in Langerhans cells, and dendritic cells.

LCs contain a large amount of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), that by activation by agonists, attenuate both the recruitment of eosinophils and ear swelling in chronic contact dermatitis induced by repeated challenge.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis
In the rare disease Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), an excess of cells similar to these cells are produced. However LCH cells stain positive to CD14 which is a monocyte marker and shows a different, hematopoietic origin for the disorder. LCH can cause damage to skin, bone and other organs.

HIV
Langerhans cells may be initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of HIV, and may be a target, reservoir, and vector of dissemination. Langerhans cells have been observed in foreskin, vaginal, and oral mucosa of humans; the lower concentrations in oral mucosa suggest that it is not a likely source of HIV infection relative to foreskin and vaginal mucosa.

Human papillomavirus
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) are sexually transmitted viruses causally associated with several cancers including cervical, vaginal, anal, and head and neck cancers that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over half of all cervical cancer cases are associated with HPV16, the most common of the cancer-causing high-risk genotypes. During its natural life cycle, HPV16 infects the basal cells of the epithelium and interacts with Langerhans cells within the epithelial layer, which are responsible for initiating immune responses against epithelial invading pathogens. However, HPV does not activate Langerhans cells in vitro, and this may represent a key mechanism by which HPV evades immune detection in vivo. Specifically, HPV16 entry into Langerhans cells via the annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer results in suppressive signaling and lack of Langerhans cell-mediated immune responses. This Langerhans cell-targeted immune escape mechanism seems to be conserved among different HPV genotypes enabling these viruses to remain undetected in the absence of other inflammatory events. T cells exposed to these inactivated Langerhans cells are not anergic, and can be activated against HPV upon receiving the appropriate stimuli at a later time point.

It was demonstrated that Langerhans cells in HPV-induced cervical lesions were spherical, lacked dendrites, and secreted the suppressive cytokine IL-10 in vivo. The authors further demonstrated that the number of IL-10 secreting immunosuppressive Langerhans cells, and the amount of IL-10 produced in lesions, corresponded with the severity of histopathology and HPV viral load, providing evidence of an active immunosuppressive mechanism employed by HPV that targets Langerhans cells in vivo.

Dengue fever
Langerhans cells are also the initial target of the virus that causes dengue fever during its development.

Declining function during ageing
During ageing the capacity of Langerhans cells to migrate declines. This compromises immunity and exposes the skin to infectious diseases and cancer.

History
Langerhans cells are named after Paul Langerhans, a German physician and anatomist, who discovered the cells at the age of 21 while he was a medical student. Because of their dendrite-like appearance, he mistakenly identified the cells as part of the nervous system.

title: Langerhans cell


text: User talk:66.215.18.164

title: User talk:66.215.18.164


text:
Abadie's sign of tabes dorsalis

Abadie's sign of tabes dorsalis is a medical sign of tabes dorsalis, a late consequence of neurosyphilis. It is elicited by compressing the Achilles tendon, which normally causes pain. A positive Abadie's sign is defined by the absence of pain. It may occur in any disease that damages the dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway, which transmits sensory information from the periphery to the brain.

It is named for Joseph Louis Irenée Jean Abadie, a French neurologist.

title: Abadie's sign of tabes dorsalis


text: Category:373 deaths

title: Category:373 deaths


text:
User talk:Grammarbot

Please add new discussion to 'Run on " ," #1' or 'Random stuff'.

Discussion from Wikipedia talk:Bots
I've made a list of articles which have spaces before commas (6518 articles). I think maybe a bot could do this:

 * 1) Every 10 seconds (or whatever the load limit is meant to be for bots) correct one article, move article from "todo" to "tocheck"
 * 2) 5/10/20/60 (?) minutes later, check back at the correction
 * 3) * If it was reverted, take a note of it and move the article from its "tocheck" to "tosee"
 * 4) ** Bot author looks at "tosee" and attempts to code in any special cases
 * 5) * If it wasn't reverted, delete the article from the "tocheck" list (or move article to "done" list)
 * 6) Continue.

I've also made other lists:
 * "Space before colon" (7740 articles, main namespace only)
 * "Space before exclamark" (1586) (many false positives involving table syntax)
 * "Space before fullstop" (11489) (many false positives involving ellipsis and TLDs)
 * "Space before fullstop which is before space" (2988) (less false positives)
 * "Space before qmark" (4523)
 * "Space before semicolon" (7740) (many false positives involving assembly language code and definition lists)
 * "&#8211; instead of &ndash;" (1094)
 * "&#8212; instead of &mdash;" (1496)

What do you think? Alternatively, I could post some reports (about 45 pages with 100 articles per page which provide context around the error, similar to the repeated words reports I made ) r3m0t 11:26, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * What about articles which have commas in the title? What if the title was intentionally that way? -- AllyUnion (talk) 03:56, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Probably it would ignore the title. r3m0t 07:16, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * As I said, it would also check back and if the change was reverted (i.e. a "space comma" sequence is back in the article again) it would put that (article and context) on a list for the bot author to look at. If the space comma was some sort of vandalism revert, the bot author would revert back to the valid version manually. Otherwise, the bot author would investigate the special case so that this false positive doesn't come up again. Also, they might want to put the article on a permanent "exclude" list or, in extreme cases, stop the bot. r3m0t 10:15, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Stop the bot: That is if there are any wierd uses of the comma I don't know about which are a major thing and can't be worked around. Of course, if coding the false positive will take long, the bot will be stopped until the coding is done. r3m0t 17:29, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * There is still an argument over the whole ndash and mdash issue. I would avoid that.  Also, where is this list going to be? -- AllyUnion (talk) 10:42, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you sure the argument is about what entity to use and not where to use ndash and where to use mdash? See Manual of Style (dashes). It doesn't expressly say anything about whether to use the numerical entities or the named ones, but the named ones are "obviously" simpler (from the source anybody can tell it's some sort of dash, although 'n' and 'm' mean little). The list would be of course on the computer running the bot, but if you want it would also be on the wiki, whether updated whenever a change occurs or (eg) every few hours. IMO It would be a waste of Wikipedia's space. May I begin to develop and run the bot under User:R3b0t from Sunday? Would you be willing to give it the bot flag? Is it fine to run it (slowly) without a bot flag? Is a vote about allowing the bot necessary? r3m0t 17:11, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Can you make the list public on a website that isn't the Wikipedia? -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. The list will be in a MySQL database, so I can write some scripts to show the list. r3m0t 16:44, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Am I getting permission to run this? I will try to run it to do one change a minute tomorrow. I will provide a facility to stop the bot (off-site) and will provide a link from here. Of course, you can also ban User:R3b0t. Is that name too similar to mine? r3m0t 00:15, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it kind of is. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:16, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * *twirls* What do you think? Grammarbot 10:42, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC) (Yes this is mine) r3m0t 12:57, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's coming from User:AllyUnion who used to have a bot at User:Allyunion! Only joking. r3m0t 15:29, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, User:Allyunion is blocked now. I suggest you make your edits, and produce some kind of log every day. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:01, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I'm programming it. r3m0t 17:16, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

The bot is now running making one change a minute without the bot flag. This is the log for today and tomorrow (with some earlier entries removed as I have since changed the log format) and various things are at stuff.php, including a list of upcoming articles, stuff that were fixed and stuff which it thinks were already fixed. There is also a counter showing the time until the next run. Note that currently it does not go back to check its edits. However, the backlog of changes it has made remains (in the database). If it were to check 2 a minute, it would catch up in - ooh, a day? Of course, I might implement that feature sooner, in which case, all the better. r3m0t 22:11, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Um, do you think you could at least add your bot to the list of bots running without a flag? I only spotted it because I was scanning RC. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:36, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

There were problems with some characters which screwed up many tags and tables. Unfortunately, grammarbot did about 100 edits before I noticed and stopped the bot. Not all of these edits were problematic, but for simplicity all were reverted in an hour or so. I'm waiting to recieve (conditional?) permission to run it again, after (some of?) the things detailed on User talk:Grammarbot have been done. r3m0t 01:16, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

It's up again without any problems (not even at Anglesey ;)) and I hope to get the bot flag in a few hours or so. I'll apply. I'll also list it on Bots. r3m0t 22:35, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

Which of these should I use next? What about after that? Which of these should I definately not do?
 * 1) "Space before colon" (8066 articles, main namespace only)
 * 2) "Space before exclamark" (1710) (many false positives involving table syntax ) (can exclude tables, however need to put a bit more work in for recognition of nested tables)
 * 3) "Space before fullstop" (12372) (many false positives involving ellipsis and TLDs)
 * 4) "Space before fullstop which is before space" (3160) (less false positives)
 * 5) "Space before qmark" (3424)
 * 6) "Space before semicolon" (912) (many false positives involving assembly language code and definition lists)
 * 7) "&#8211; instead of &ndash;" (1617)
 * 8) "&#8212; instead of &mdash;" (1177)
 * 9) "&ldquo; instead of a straight double quotation mark" (1450) (total of named entity, number and hex)
 * 10) "&rdquo; instead of a straight double quotation mark" (1464)
 * 11) "&lsquo; instead of a straight single quotation mark" (799)
 * 12) "&rsquo; instead of a straight single quotation mark" (3562)
 * 13) "euro character instead of HTML entity" (53298) (assuming HTML entity is preferred as that is what the insert box puts in - compatibility problems?)
 * 14) "double space which is not after a full stop" (100617) (old data)
 * 15) "ampersand before space" (i.e. invalid XHTML) (29329) (old data)
 * 16) "0x91 (145) (MS left single quotation mark) instead of a straight single quotation mark" (53298) (see  for info on these)
 * 17) "0x92 (146) (MS right single quotation mark) instead of a straight single quotation mark" (53298)
 * 18) "0x93 (147) (MS left double quotation mark) instead of a straight double quotation mark" (53298)
 * 19) "0x94 (148) (MS right double quotation mark) instead of a straight double quotation mark" (53298)
 * Clearly something went wrong here. Maybe I'll try to get it right some other time. r3m0t talk 22:54, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) "Space before comma" (1062)

The comma thing is due to finish in a few days. Note that if you think a human is needed to do any of these, I can create some very nice reports easily. r3m0t 17:12, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, HTML Tidy converts naked ampersands to &amp;, so there's no need to fix those (15). I would avoid 2, 3, and 6 until you can figure out a way to weed out some of the false positives. 14 seems superfluous. People put double spaces in for clarity, and it's not something that shows up in the output anyway. 1, 4, and 5 will get some programming false positives, but I don't think very many. My suggestion is to go with the ones with very few false positives first: 7–13, then move to the ones with less false positives. Maybe you can develop some methods of weeding out the false positives in these other items.
 * My other suggestion is to find more numbered entities along the lines of ndash and mdash and convert those to their named equivalents.
 * – flamurai (t) 01:33, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Weeding out the table syntax for 2 is very easy, but I have to do it when I'm running the bot, not in the original SQL query that gives us that count. I think 7 and 8 will have less problems than 9-12 (as proper quotation marks may be used in the articles about quotation marks and about typesetting) so those will be first. I will do 13 after that.
 * What bot is running HTML Tidy? r3m0t 09:24, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * MediaWiki runs HTML Tidy. View source and edit the page on this ampersand: & – flamurai (t) 09:50, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * If that is so, then are all those & characters I found inside math tags? Oh, you mean that it keeps the source the same, but sends it properly! Good. I will look around about converting other entities. r3m0t 10:25, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Numbers 9–12 have little or no obvious benefit to outweigh the risk of false positives; indeed past bot-based changes to Windows-1252 quotes (Guanabot) have stuck to entities as a bot safety issue. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 17:26, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, they make the source text more readable. I don't understand what this "bot safety issue" is, but I will of course avoid these until your explanation. r3m0t 18:34, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

The full list of entities is here. We are using XHTML 1.0. r3m0t 10:33, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Recieved bot flag
Grammarbot is now marked as a bot on this Wikipedia. If you ever need this flag removed, just ask at requests for permissions. Angela. 12:03, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

The panic
I'm assuming that this is not a deliberate vandalbot, but in its effects at Adrian Nastase, it might as well have been. Among other things, it is systematically screwing up HTML entities. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:36, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

It also screwed up the formatting on Anglesey requiring a revert. Velela 23:04, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * My sincerest apologies. The bot is now stopped. r3m0t 23:13, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Err... incredible. Is there any way to revert all these automatically? Is this the death knell of my bot? r3m0t 23:14, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Fuck. Fuck. Fuck. Fuck. Didn't Angela have a bot against this? (Yes, I really did stop the bot by now.) r3m0t 23:17, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * No, she didn't. r3m0t 23:22, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

It's only about a hundred pages. I'm pretty sure they're being manually reverted as we speak (I did one. :-) And after all, some edits were probably completely uncontroversial. Hey, worse things happen. It's not the Willy on Wheels. :-) 82.92.119.11 23:23, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've done (from the most recent) up to American Association for the Advancement of Science. Phew. r3m0t 23:32, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

I wish I could help out, but I desperately need to catch some Z's. Try soliciting some brute force on the IRC channels. An admin (there are always some on the channels) may even have a bot handy for such things. 82.92.119.11 23:40, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Problems
Problems, then:

 * 1) It removes the ampersand in entities such as & or ²
 * 2) It removed double quotes and maybe 'single' quotes too
 * Err... in only some cases?
 * 1) It removes and possibly other things which are escaped in the edit box such as " &

Sorry again. I can't imagine why this happened. Testpage at User:R3m0t/Sandbox and will be tested properly before re-enabling. r3m0t 23:13, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

If this ever runs again, please consider having it ignore everything between tags, since that is often formatted for ease of reading while editing. Ben Cairns 00:05, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC).

 * Don't worry, I'm not dead yet. I'll try to get that in. Grammarbot 00:07, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

For release #1
This appears all fixed. HOWEVER:
 * 1) There is now an extra pageload, bumping the amount of pageloads up from 2 (edit and submit) to 3 (get text with Special:Export, edit and submit) and I really want to move this back down to 2 (the minimum)
 * If I can't, I'll at least move the amount of pageloads for something which is already fixed back down to 1. That's easy.
 * 1) I want to ignore things in math tags. I will use what I already have and possibly load more pages than I need to.
 * 2) I want to use a setting to enable/disable the UTF8 conversion which I now use, instead of hardcoding it in. (Possibility of outreach to other wikipedias) no longer needed
 * 3) I would like to test it on everything which it had already done and check the diffs "by human", to make sure everything is fine.
 * Nah.
 * 1) I need to re-recieve permission.
 * Nah.
 * 1) I need to make publicly available something to close the bot down.
 * 2) I need to move this down to every 5 minutes instead of every minute.
 * Nah.
 * 1) Perhaps it will be able to run on other reports making changes such as ' . ' -> '. ' and '.A' -> '. A' (for A-Z and only uppercase to avoid TLD problems)

Yours, r3m0t 01:09, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks Grammarbot this time it seems fine and Anglesey has survived the experience. Velela 22:26, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * *smiles* My pleasure. Grammarbot 22:31, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

Full list of reversions

 * ASCII art - duh (preformatted text)
 * Ahia Njoku - my own test to see if reverts were detected
 * ArabTeX - brought preformatted text out of line
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger - no idea, should have fied it first time around
 * Black Path Game - brought preformatted text out of line
 * Brainfuck - messed up Brainfuck code, also preformatted
 * Childeric I - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * Chronic fatigue syndrome - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * Chung Ling High School - didn't fix ", ," correctly - changed it to ", ,"
 * Comment (as in computer code) - was in  and was a list of characters seperated by spaces
 * Common Lisp - brought preformatted text out of line
 * Dwight Schultz - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * Dynamic Time Warping - brought preformatted text out of line
 * Ealing Studios - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * False programming language - messed up preformatted text
 * Family tree of the Greek gods - brought preformatted text out of line
 * Fermi-Dirac statistics - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * Foro de São Paulo - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * Fortran - brought preformatted text out of line (was in "pre" tags, not with a space at start)
 * Francisco Javier Rodríguez - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * Frank Lloyd Wright - didn't fix "         ," correctly - changed it to one less space (many times)
 * Gnutella - didn't fix ", ," correctly - changed it to ", ,"
 * Goodness and value theory - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * HP BASIC for OpenVMS - brought preformatted text out of line
 * Hello world program in esoteric languages - messed up preformatted text
 * History of Hamilton, Ontario - didn't fix "  ," correctly - changed it to "  ,"
 * History of Hungary - didn't fix "   ," correctly - changed it to "   ,"
 * ISU notables - didn't fix "  ," correctly - changed it to "  ,"
 * Jacques Halévy - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * Jeffrey Zeldman - didn't fix "         ," correctly - changed it to one less space
 * Jury instructions - didn't fix "  ," correctly - changed it to "  ,"
 * Kathleen Ollerenshaw - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * Lansquenet - brought preformatted text out of line
 * Levenshtein distance - brought preformatted text out of line
 * Lie derivative - mysteriously didn't fix every mistake
 * Linton, Cambridgeshire - bot never edited :O
 * List of Australian highways - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * List of English words of Arabic origin - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * List of European cities with alternative names - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * List of Iranian Research Centers - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * List of historians - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * List of words of disputed pronunciation - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * Lugoj - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * Martyr - didn't fix " ," correctly - changed it to " ,"
 * Mount Ephraim
 * My Life With the Thrill Kill Kult
 * Nerd Boy
 * Nivkh
 * Obfuscated code
 * Ombudsman
 * Orthogonal polynomials
 * Plastic
 * Reverse Polish notation
 * Roger Montgomery/Temp
 * Somdomite
 * Sub distance sequence
 * Table of mathematical symbols
 * Thursday October Christian II
 * Tuscarora Reservation, New York
 * USS Kentucky (BB-66)
 * University of Calcutta
 * University of Virginia

I will check these one by one and add explanations. From this we shall see what exceptions may need to be coded in. Feel free to update this list by pasting in new items as they show up here, but please leave tme to the analysis. r3m0t 00:09, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Now it should remove about three spaces before a comma. I just call the same fixing function three times. r3m0t 13:31, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Wikilinks
What's the policy on wikilinks? Communes of the Nièvre département removed a space from Asnois ( Asnois --> Asnois ), which is ok (good, even) as it was a red link; but if it hadn't been…yikes! Joestynes 06:11, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't imagine why there would be a space before a comma in a link (or, indeed, almost anywhere). Anyway, I guess it would have made the change, been reverted, and I would go to check it. r3m0t 07:24, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Ellipsis
What's proper in a finite list after an ellipsis: x1, x2, x3, ..., xN or, after Grammarbot, without a space before the comma x1, x2, x3 ..., xN? Not sure there's any difference displayed after cdot in math markup. Sorry if my ignorance wastes any time. --Eddie | Talk 13:53, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * How am I meant to know? I think that the second looks better. Anyway, if you put it in math tags Grammarbot won't correct it. r3m0t 14:34, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think with space is proper (for values of proper involving TeX anyway). Gruepig

Need to fix something
I noticed in exponentiation the bot changed something of the format "a ,b" to the format "a,b" when it should have changed it to "a, b". Cheers. CryptoDerk 14:42, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm... not so sure about that. What about numbers? r3m0t 15:05, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I don't think it's necessary for the bot to add spaces where it thinks there should be. The exponentiation notation "a,b" is not necessarily wrong, anyway. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:05, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Yea, Grammarbot!
I figure you'd get a lot of dings about what didn't work. I'd thought I add at least one "attabot" for the many more that worked fine. I noticed about a dozen. Thanks. --A D Monroe III 21:45, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

space before commas
FYI: Grammarbot found and fixed the space before the comma in Japanese New Year, but only found, but did not fix, the space before the comma in Japanese poetry. Blank Verse  ∅ 08:42, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * That's... odd. I wonder why. Anyway, if in an hour it still hadn't been fixed, the article would go on the -2 list here and I would have looked at it. r3m0t 10:26, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Also: I am wondering if it might be worth creating a page listing all the articles where you've w found problems that needed correcting. The reason I am suggesting that is that I've noticed that when someone has gone through specific common errors on an article page that is in my watchlist, that is a good indication that there is probably other errors on that page, and a quick spell-check (I use the SpellBound extension in the Firefox browser) usually finds 3-5 more spelling errors on those pages. On the other hand, someone who was interested in following in the wake of the grammarbot looking for spelling errors could also just use the "User contributions" link. Blank Verse  ∅ 08:42, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I have a database of all these mistakes, so I can run a spellchecker on those articles if I like. Unfortunately, there are difficulties in running a spellchecker on Wikipedia text, including acceptance of regional spelling variations, masses of technical and foreign terms, latin phrases etc, and the inclusion of many rare proper nouns of names and places (Weebl and Bob anyone?) I could make it dump all the article texts to files, but it would take a long time. (One article per minute, and I would need to catch up on the backlog of about 1400 articles and growing) r3m0t 10:26, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Coughing on one article
Medical_analysis_of_circumcision has been failing for ages (see end of today's log). I ought to make it give up eventually and go to the next article, I suppose. I'll investigate. r3m0t 22:42, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe I'm banned! Grammarbot 22:46, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, the page is protected. No wonder. I'll try to be a bit clever about that. Grammarbot 22:49, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. (: Protected pages are now status -4 in the database. r3m0t 23:19, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Pages which were actually not possible to recieve were marked as protected! No worries, it's fixed now. I think. r3m0t 11:52, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

ASCII art
Careful with ASCII art there! Today Nerd Boy article got vandalized by this bot. There should be a check probably whether a line has a leading space to prevent further incidents like that. Grue 07:02, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Looking at the way my bot is programmed at the moment, that's somewhat difficult. Also, if you look at the list above, there are plenty of instances where this bot messed up preformatted text. I'll try to make it able to pass over not just math tags but also pre tags and pre lines. Note that there may be many instances in which there was just one space before the comma and the bot was not reverted and it therefore doesn't come up in the list. I'll leave it to your discretion whether to turn the bot off or not. (Try dividing the number of articles above in which it messed up preformatted articles by the -3 count at the bottom of this page, and multiplying that by the NULL count on the same page to get an idea of how many more articles this problem will affect.) r3m0t 11:30, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, it's definately fixed now. There is still a small backlog of articles it has fixed incorrectly. r3m0t 13:06, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Double Edit
You appear to have left two conflicting messages on my talk page within ten minutes, I'm not sure which of the two you intended to leave. Would you mind awfully removing one because I'm not sure which you mean to tell me, thanks. Although I do admit that there is one message I didn't remove, I had to leave in a hurry, sorry. :). Rje 04:52, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. If you intended to leave me the second message: I don't need a gmail invite, but thanks very much for offering. Rje 05:00, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've reread the instructions, I now realise what I was doing wrong and have sorted it out. Sorry about the mix up. Rje 13:09, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Summary of change
Can grammarbot please say what it is changing in the edit summary?

 * " insects, including" --> "insects, including" . Removed space before comma. I am a bot. Please revert my change if it was incorrect. I will notice automatically.

You can't even see what it has changed in the diff without careful scrutiny, since there is nothing to turn red. This will prevent us from having to view the diff at all... - Omegatron 16:09, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry I didn't get it done this run. I will get it done before the next run if it's relevant. (For cases like changing numbered entities to named I don't think this is necessary.) r3m0t 18:05, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * You mean like changing "multiply by 2" into "multiply by two"? I hope you have summaries turned on before you do that... - Omegatron 19:08, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

should avoid pre and code
The grammarbot was blocked earlier today by User:CSTAR, presumably because of Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem. However, this was not an error: the bot changed "x ,x" → to "x,x", which is not worse than the original, although the full manual fix would be "x, x".

I have unblocked it. However, the grammarbot should avoid anything within <pre> ... </pre> and <code> ... </code>, because within these the spacing is significant (ASCII art etc).

-- Curps 19:26, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It does. The part in Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem was not in any such tags. On one false positive (which wasn't even false) CSTAR decided to block it. That's damn annoying. Apparently my bot went berserk.
 * Of course, if there really are problems, CSTAR can please use the page I provided to turn it off, which prevents it from going screwy. Please provide examples.
 * I'm sorry for the bile but I was hoping to finish this run a little earlier and have a wikiparty (is that a new word?). r3m0t 20:43, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Well, it was just that I noticed some of the earlier edits at ASCII art did edit within pre and code, so I mentioned that, but presumably you fixed it along the way, after the early runs. Yes, the part in the PBW theorem page was not in any such section (sorry if my phrasing was not clear) and Grammarbot's edit to it was not an error.

Anyways, I did unblock it.

-- Curps 20:58, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, thanks. Incidentally, next time remember to check for IP blocks. No worries, Raul654 was on IRC so he was able to help. :) I feel a bit stupid that I hadn't thought of such exceptions when I concieved (as in idea, not baby) the bot, and again when somebody requested it to exclude math tags. Actually, I think by the time I'de fixed that it was about half-way through. r3m0t 21:07, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Perfect copy editing
Hi, I've noticed grammarbot has edited a few articles on my watchlist. This is just to let you know that he (or she?) did very well: no mistakes. SlimVirgin 05:06, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * It. Definately it.
 * Funny, I was expecting people from maths, physics, chemistry and linguistics to suddenly burst into outrage (although I didn't know exactly what the problem would be ;)). Looks like only maths has been the problem. r3m0t 07:28, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

One thing grammarbot gets wrong
In mathematics articles, if one writes about an inner product <, >, obviously it would be wrong to change it to <, >. Michael Hardy 00:49, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

As a 15-year-old, although very interested in mathematics, this is not obvious to me in any way whatsoever. I wish I could put <...> on the exclusions list like code tags, but I need to make more changes otherwise the matching on math tags will stop working. I have 15 minutes to program this before school. Please wait. If anybody thinks this is a serious problem, please go to my page to stop the bot. r3m0t 07:18, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

Excellent, my testcase works. Into the main code my code goes! That was fast. :) r3m0t 07:25, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

In TeX, one would write about an inner product $$\langle\ ,\ \rangle$$ or perhaps $$\langle\bullet,\bullet\rangle$$. The point is that there are two blank spaces in which arguments to the function may appear. I think this occurs sufficiently rarely in non-TeX mathematical notation that it's not a major problem, but one can be a bit touchy about such things after seeing some attempts to "fix" punctuation in mathematical notation that did not need fixing. For example, changing [a, b) to [a, b] or to (a, b). Michael Hardy 22:12, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I
"I will notice" this thing is not a person, loose the I and stop anthropmophizing(sp?) about your software.--Jirate 16:00, 2005 Mar 5 (UTC)

 * I'm not the first to do this; see User:AngBot. There is also a page somewhere about never having personal attacks against Angela which I will find another time. r3m0t 16:49, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * It's a slipery slope.--Jirate 23:31, 2005 Mar 5 (UTC)

 * What comes next, then? r3m0t 23:51, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * You stop giving the machine instructions, and move on to vague hints, soon your a web designer.--Jirate 23:58, 2005 Mar 5 (UTC)

 * Web designers give precise instructions; it's just that some browsers don't follow them. r3m0t 00:03, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

The name
Why is it called Grammarbot when it checks punctuation, not grammar? --Angr 22:28, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Punctuation is grammar. On the other hand, this will be fixing HTML entities next... r3m0t 22:29, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Neither punctuation nor HTML entities have anything to do with grammar. Now if you had made a bot that could fix dangling participles, sentence fragments, or subjacency violations (things like That's the man who I don't know whether took Martha to the dance last month), that would be a Grammarbot! --Angr 14:59, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I is for Initiative
Thanks for correcting a comma, but if you don't mind, could change the bot's comment to the third person, please. I seriously doubt the program is doing all this, and giving that comment, on it's own initiative. Rather, I expect you wrote the program and comment, and commenting from your own viewpoint would express better that you're doing this, with the bot as your tool. That would connect a person to the changes, making them less of an irritation. (I do hope the bot is limited to space-comma after alfanumerical characters, as space-comma after interpunction is usually intentional. Likewise, that it will only drop the space when there's already a space behind the comma.) Aliter 16:49, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It doesn't have initiative, but it does check back one hour later to check if the change was reverted. The reverted list is -2 on that page. I will place a section on the bot's User page for the edit summary to be edited. It will make different corrections next run. r3m0t 17:27, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Grammarbot's next project should be correcting placement of apostrophes ;) Alexforcefive 19:31, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Fan Mail
Yeah!!! Grammarbot rules!! What a pal. You're just like Bender. You mess things up, but you get 'em right sometimes too, and having bots around adds needed diversity to this human colony of typists. Uris 05:09, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Reports
Hey, I have no idea how you do these thingies, but I think there's a lot of work to be done on Wikipedia in catching and fixing a very specific type of punctuation mistake -- not including punctuation inside quote marks. For instance, the proper way to write punctuation in quote marks is: "The general is quite naked," he said ... not like this:  "The general is quite naked", he said. Is there some way to set up something like your other reports to check for that? I see it a LOT just trolling random pages for copyedits. Katefan0 22:16, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * It also happens a lot with periods, obviously. Any sort of punctuation really -- comma, period, exclamation point. Katefan0 22:18, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you might be wrong there. I'm going to check the Manual_of_Style page. Basically, I downloaded the whole text of current versions from and put them into a MySQL database (the type used on the MediaWiki software). I then wrote a script in the PHP programming language to ask the MySQL database where these words existed twice (it searched for " the the ") and displayed the results nicely. Finally, I wrote another script to take that list and check it against the current version using Special:Export. (The database dump was a month old at the time. I will have to download the new dump today. New dumps were provided for every project except en.) r3m0t 22:23, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Mmm, looks like you are right in part, I guess here usage is conditional -- I'm a reporter and AP style is that punctuation always goes inside the ". Anyway, just a thought!  Thanks. Katefan0 22:41, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Suggestion of item to use bot to correct
As much as my typographer side hates me for suggesting this, for uniformity, it would be good to change all the correct quote marks to bastardized computer quote marks. i.e. seek out and destroy &ldquo; &rdquo; &lsquo; &rsquo; and their numerical equivalents.

You could also generalize the mdash/ndash thing to replace numerical entities with the equivalent (widely supported) named entities.

– flamurai (t) 15:24, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * That isn't all very easy, is it? To recognise an “apostrophe” against a ‘single’ quotation mark? Maybe I should just create a report on it. r3m0t 15:30, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

297 	&ldquo; 297 	&rdquo; 288 	&lsquo; 512 	&rsquo;

That really isn't very many articles. r3m0t 16:05, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Actually, there are far more with the numbered entities. See Wikipedia talk:Bots and please continue discussion there. r3m0t 17:22, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

"e.g.", "i.e."
I've fixed these two a lot. the Chicago Manual of Style (14th edition) item 5.62 says "A comma is usually used after such expressions as that is, namely, i.e., and e.g." The reason being, these are almost exclusively used parenthetically; the comma is needed to indicate that.

If my memory of regular (Perl) expressions serves me, I think something like this is in order: s/(\W)(ie|i\.e|ie\.)/$1i\.e\./g; # Make sure they all have two periods. s/(\W)i\.e\.^\,/$1i\.e\.\,/g; # Make sure they all have the trailing comma.
 * Where possible, I would recommend that Latinese be replaced with more accessible English phrases like "for example" and "in other words". But maybe that's just me. Deco 03:12, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Idea for Grammarbot
Here's an idea... Change any external link that links to an internal link (article). Some people may know how to make an external link, but they might make all their links as external links... especially to some that are articles. -- AllyUnion (talk) 20:50, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe. I'll look into it. r3m0t talk 10:11, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

don't delete, move
sometimes you shouldn't delete the space, but move it after comma, such as here.

don't delete, move
sometimes you shouldn't delete the space, but move it after comma, such as here.

I agree
The example given above is a good suggestion. hydnjo talk 8 July 2005 21:04 (UTC)

Pune
{| align=center style="width: 100%; border: #bbbbff solid 1px; background-color: #eeeeff;" Thank you for your contribution at Pune. Please keep it up!!! - P R A D E E P Somani  ( talk ) Feel free to send me e-mail.

This is a automated to all bot operators
Please take a few moments and fill in the data for your bot on Bots/Status Thank you Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 19:06, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Automated message to bot owners
As a result of discussion on the village pump and mailing list, bots are now allowed to edit up to 15 times per minute. The following is the new text regarding bot edit rates from Bot Policy: "Until new bots are accepted they should wait 30-60 seconds between edits, so as to not clog the recent changes list and user watchlists. After being accepted and a bureaucrat has marked them as a bot, they can edit at a much faster pace. Bots doing non-urgent tasks should edit approximately once every ten seconds, while bots who would benefit from faster editing may edit approximately once every every four seconds." Also, to eliminate the need to spam the bot talk pages, please add Bot owners' noticeboard to your watchlist. Future messages which affect bot owners will be posted there. Thank you. --Mets501 02:55, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grammarbot


text:
Talk:Datagram Transport Layer Security

WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security)
Can someone comment on similarity/difference from WTLS (e.g. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/WTLS.html)? Yaron 22:37, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I couldn't (although they sound very similar!) but I've stuck a request for WTLS at WikiProject_Cryptography. — Matt Crypto 16:58, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Looked it up. Sec. 9.2 of this good article criticizes WTLS. The article does not give technical details of the differences, but there seem to be many of them. Yaron 22:22, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * The designers of WTLS simply were not competent and made numerous mistakes, one of the most serious being to get the layering completely wrong (it made no sense at all to layer it between WTP and WDP). See the paper Attacks against the WAP WTLS protocol for other problems. --David-Sarah Hopwood ⚥ (talk) 22:05, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

Does this protocol rely on pre-shared keys? Trusted third parties? Exchange of pre-installed certificates? Exchange of per-session throw-away certificates? 139.169.172.141 (talk) 20:18, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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Library support
I've added a ref improve tag to the "Libraries" section because the specific claims about library support are not supported by references in column headers. -- Mikeblas (talk) 20:56, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Datagram Transport Layer Security


text:
World's Best 10K

The World's Best 10K (WB10K) was a road race of 10 kilometers celebrated in San Juan, Puerto Rico every year. It is certified by the Association of International Marathons and Road Races (AIMS) and by the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF).

WB10K was ranked among the 20 most competitive races in the world. In 2003, Paula Radcliffe of England completed the course in a world record time of 30 minutes 21 seconds. The men's race at the 2010 edition, won by Rigoberto Gaetán, had six runners break the 28 minute mark. Lornah Kiplagat has been the race's most successful competitor as she has won the women's race on six occasions.

The race was first held in 1998, when it was known as the Puente Teodoro Moscoso 10 km. The competition changed to its current title in 2000.

The final edition of World's Best 10K was held in 2017.

Prizes

 * World best record: $100,000 USD
 * First place: US$25,000 with a US$10,000 bonus for men under 28 minutes and women under 31 minutes.

Past winners
Key:

title: World's Best 10K


text:
Talk:Journalism ethics and standards

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 31 August 2021 and 7 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Basketballfan301. Peer reviewers: Phil the Human.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 9 January 2020 and 18 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Taylorbruce23.

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Lede section
In the future, if you don't wish to have vandalism that completely removes numerous editors' contributions and an enormous section of an article persisting for over 70 days, please check the goddamn article history. 93 03:15, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:40, 9 June 2019 (UTC)
 * AD55sarajevo1MG 9090-033.jpg

Basic Grammar
This article is very ironically written and obviously not by a bona fide journalist. Its basic syntax is often jumbled, it makes poor use of punctuation, and is shabbily structured. Someone with better qualifications than mine should do a heavy edit. 73.116.98.214 (talk) 18:35, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

 * @73.116.98.214 d'accord. 67.149.71.156 (talk) 02:49, 4 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm shocked that this has not been addressed. At one point the article references the "Acton Plan" (with no link), and at another point it references the "Action Plan" (also with no link). The plan, whatever it is actually called, seems important to the premise of the article.
 * There are also sentences that lack proper grammatical structure: "The Action Plan, proposed, the EU authorities, is meant to propose a guide for identifying misinformation."
 * I came to the article looking for information to back up an argument for seeking credible sources, and instead found content that is not credible. Mystreba (talk) 23:26, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

Neutrality dispute
Why is this section's neutrality now being disputed? Jarble (talk) 18:35, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

Hedge fund journalism?
Does this deserve mention on this page? https://www.ft.com/content/38bc7834-10fe-4510-956b-272daf99ad3b Sawitontwitter (talk) 01:14, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

 * WP:NOTNEWS would seem to apply for this specific instance, but the overall influence of finance on journalism ethics could certainly be discussed.  Sdkb  talk 06:26, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Journalism ethics and standards


text:
Ann Griffiths

Ann Griffiths (née Thomas, 1776–1805) was a Welsh poet and writer of Methodist Christian hymns in the Welsh language. Her poetry reflects her fervent Christian faith and thorough scriptural knowledge.

Biography
Ann was born in April 1776 near the village of Llanfihangel-yng-Ngwynfa, 6 mi from the market town of Llanfyllin in the former county of Montgomeryshire (now in Powys). She was the daughter of John Evan Thomas, a tenant farmer and churchwarden, and his wife, Jane. She had two older sisters, an older brother, John, and a younger brother, Edward. Her parents' house, Dolwar Fechan, was an isolated farmhouse some 2+1/2 mi south of Llanfihangel and 1 mi north of Dolanog, set among hills and streams.

Not far away lay Pennant Melangell, where Saint Melangell had lived as a hermit in the 6th century.

Ann was brought up in the Anglican church. In 1794, her mother died when she was 18, and about that time or perhaps earlier she followed her brothers John and Edward in being drawn to the Methodists. In 1796 she joined the Calvinistic Methodist movement after hearing the preaching of Benjamin Jones of Pwllheli.

After the deaths of both her parents, she married Thomas Griffiths, a farmer from the parish of Meifod and an elder of the Calvinistic Methodist church. However, she died after childbirth in August 1805, at the age of 29, and was buried on 12 August 1805 at St Michael's church in Llanfihangel-yng-Ngwynfa.

Ann Griffiths left a handful of stanzas in the Welsh language. These were preserved and published by her mentor, the Calvinistic Methodist minister, John Hughes of Pontrobert, and his wife, Ruth, who had been a maid at Ann Griffiths' farm and was a close confidante.

Poetry
Ann's poems express her fervent Christian faith and reflect her incisive intellect and thorough scriptural knowledge. She is the most prominent female hymnist in Welsh. Her work is regarded as a highlight of Welsh literature, and her longest poem Rhyfedd, rhyfedd gan angylion... (Wondrous, wondrous to angels...) was described by the dramatist and literary critic Saunders Lewis as "one of the majestic songs in the religious poetry of Europe".

Her hymn Wele'n sefyll rhwng y myrtwydd (Behold, standing between the myrtle trees) is commonly sung in Wales to the tune Cwm Rhondda.

The service of enthronement of Rowan Williams as Archbishop of Canterbury in February 2003 included Williams' own translation of one of her hymns, Yr Arglwydd Iesu (The Lord Jesus).

Legacy
Together with Mary Jones (1784–1864), a poor Welsh girl who walked to Bala to buy a Bible, Ann Griffiths became a national icon by the end of the 19th century, and was a significant figure in Welsh nonconformism.

The Ann Griffiths Memorial Chapel in Dolanog, Powys, is named after her and has a carved corbel head based on contemporary descriptions of her. There are stained glass windows in her memory in Eglwys y Crwys Welsh Presbyterian Church, Cathays, Cardiff, in the Williams Pantycelyn Memorial Chapel in Llandovery, and in the Ceiriog Memorial Institute in Glyn Ceiriog.

The television channel S4C commissioned Ann!, a musical based on Ann Griffiths' life, to be performed at the 2003 National Eisteddfod at Meifod. This was later televised and released on CD.

In 2024, plans to sell the church where she is buried, in part because of lack of money for its upkeep, were postponed after public opposition.

title: Ann Griffiths


text:
Longford–Roscommon (Dáil constituency)

Longford–Roscommon was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1992 to 2007. The constituency was served by 4 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs). The method of election was proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

History and boundaries
The Longford–Roscommon constituency was created under the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1990 and first used at the 1992 general election. The constituency was previously represented through the constituencies of Roscommon and Longford-Westmeath, both of which were abolished in 1992.

The constituency spanned the entire area of County Longford and County Roscommon, taking in the towns of Longford and Roscommon and many other areas.

It was one of a number of constituencies which were altered by the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2005; with effect from the 2007 general election, the Longford–Roscommon constituency was abolished. Longford joined the recreated constituency of Longford–Westmeath, while Roscommon became part of Roscommon–South Leitrim.

title: Longford–Roscommon (Dáil constituency)


text:
Talk:Mark Naimark

Untitled
survived vfd at Votes for deletion/Mark Naimark Mikkalai 22:39, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Can someone find a photo?
It would be great if someone could find an appropriate photo for Mark Naimark and add it to the Infobox-Mathematician template! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bwr6 (talk • contribs) 09:32, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mark Naimark


text:
Heavy snow warning

A heavy snow warning was a hazardous weather statement issued by the Weather Forecast Offices of the National Weather Service (NWS) in the United States which indicates a high rate of snowfall was occurring or was forecast to occur. Generally, the warning was issued for snowfall rates of 6 in or more in 12 hours, or 8 in or more in 24 hours.

This warning was discontinued beginning with the 2008–09 winter storm season, replaced by the winter storm warning for heavy snow.

In Canada, comparable warnings were issued by Environment Canada through the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC).

Example of a heavy snow warning
URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FAIRBANKS AK 221 PM AST SUN DEC 9 2007

.A STORM SYSTEM MOVING NORTH OVER THE CENTRAL BERING SEA WILL MOVE TO SOUTHWEST OF SAINT LAWRENCE ISLAND MONDAY AFTERNOON. THE STORM WILL BRING SNOW AND EAST WINDS OF 30 TO 45 MPH TONIGHT OVER MUCH OF WESTERN ALASKA FROM THE YUKON DELTA TO THE SEWARD PENINSULA TONIGHT. WINDS WILL DIMINISH EARLY MONDAY BUT SNOW IS EXPECTED TO CONTINUE THROUGH MONDAY AFTERNOON.

AKZ212-100600- /X.CON.PAFG.HS.W.0011.071210T0000Z-071211T0200Z/ EASTERN NORTON SOUND AND NULATO HILLS- INCLUDING...UNALAKLEET...STEBBINS...ST MICHAEL...ELIM...KOYUK... SHAKTOOLIK 221 PM AST SUN DEC 9 2007

...HEAVY SNOW WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 5 PM AST MONDAY...

A HEAVY SNOW WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 5 PM AST MONDAY.

SNOW WILL SPREAD INTO THE AREA SOUTH OF UNALAKLEET THIS AFTERNOON...AND WILL SPREAD NORTH TONIGHT...AND CONTINUE INTO MONDAY. SNOWFALL ACCUMULATION OF 6 TO 10 INCHES ARE EXPECTED WITH HIGHEST AMOUNTS ACROSS THE NULATO HILLS. EAST WINDS WILL INCREASE TONIGHT TO 25 TO 35 MPH AND SOME VISIBILITIES WILL BE REDUCED TO ONE-QUARTER MILE AT TIMES IN BLOWING SNOW.

A HEAVY SNOW WARNING MEANS HAZARDOUS WINTER WEATHER IS EXPECTED. THE ACCUMULATION OF NEW SNOW WILL MAKE TRAVEL DIFFICULT.

$$

title: Heavy snow warning


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File:ForSquirrelsExample.jpg

Summary
For Squirrels Example Album Art

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File:Hanton City Foundation.jpg

A picture of a building foundation from Hanton City, RI that I took myself.

title: File:Hanton City Foundation.jpg