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WCIU-TV

WCIU-TV (channel 26) is a television station in Chicago, Illinois, United States, affiliated with The CW. It is the flagship television property of locally based Weigel Broadcasting, which has owned the station since its inception, and is sister to two low-power stations: independent outlet WMEU-CD (channel 48) and MeTV/Heroes & Icons flagship WWME-CD (channel 23). The stations share studios on Halsted Street in the Greektown neighborhood; WCIU-TV's transmitter is located atop the Willis Tower in the Chicago Loop.

WCIU-TV is the largest CW affiliate by market size that is not owned or operated by Nexstar Media Group, which owns 75% of the network. This will change on September 1, 2024, when The CW will move to Nexstar-owned WGN-TV. After this, Gray Television-owned WPCH-TV in Atlanta will take the title.

Early history
Founded by John J. Weigel (the father of late Chicago sportscaster Tim Weigel), the station first signed on the air on February 6, 1964, as Chicago's first UHF station. It has been owned by Weigel Broadcasting since its inception. WCIU has spent much of its history carrying multi-ethnic entertainment programming. At its sign-on, channel 26 operated as an independent station; the call letters stand for "Chicago Independent UHF". A minority stake was held by businessman Howard Shapiro, who founded appliance store chain C.E.T. (Chicago Engineers for Television). Shapiro and his brother Gene took over Weigel Broadcasting and WCIU in 1966.

From the late 1960s until 1985, WCIU carried religious programs during the early morning hours. The station ran The Stock Market Observer—a business news block similar in format to the present-day cable channel CNBC—from about 8 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. each weekday; the service broadcast from the trading floor of the Chicago Board of Trade, with WCIU originally maintaining studio facilities at the top floor of the Chicago Board of Trade Building on West Jackson Boulevard. After 5 p.m. each weekday, the station ran Spanish language entertainment programming—including controversial bullfighting matches—from the Spanish International Network (the forerunner to Univision). During the weekend, WCIU ran a blend of religious programs, Spanish language programs, paid programming and various other ethnically-oriented shows.

From 1966 to 1970, the station aired Kiddie A-Go-Go, a children's puppet and dance program which was hosted by Elaine Mulqueen. Several popular musical groups performed on the show, including The Four Seasons and New Colony Six. In 1970, channel 26 became the birthplace of the groundbreaking African American music program Soul Train, hosted by its creator (and then-WCIU station employee) Don Cornelius. The show later entered into national syndication and moved production to Los Angeles the following year, although WCIU continued to produce a local version of Soul Train exclusively for the Chicago market until 1976, initially and simultaneously with the Los Angeles-based version, with Cornelius himself as host, succeeded by Clinton Ghent, the main producer under Cornelius.

After WXXW (channel 20, allocation later occupied by PBS member station WYCC)—the second-to-last television station in the market that continued to broadcast in black-and-white—went dark in 1974, channel 26 remained the only television station in Chicago that still broadcast its programming in monochrome. Just prior to the Christmas season of 1974, the station installed and tested color transmission equipment, which broadcast on a low-power relay station located in Lincoln Park. In November 1974, the color and black-and-white signals traded transmitter facilities for the remainder of the holiday season; on December 31, 1974, the translator was taken offline as channel 26 started to broadcast in color full-time.

In the summer of 1985, the SIN affiliation moved to WSNS-TV (channel 44); WCIU, meanwhile, became affiliated part-time with NetSpan—which would eventually evolve into Telemundo—shortly thereafter. Later in the 1980s, Weigel Broadcasting expanded coverage of WCIU-TV to areas of western Illinois, northwest Indiana and southeastern Wisconsin through translator stations. In 1983, the station signed on W55AS (channel 55, now WBME-CD on channel 41) to relay WCIU's programming into the Milwaukee market. In 1987, WCIU launched two additional translators, W33AR (channel 33, now WFBN-LD) in Rockford, Illinois (which was converted into a simulcast of sister station WYTU-LD (channel 63) in Milwaukee in August 2012, to provide Telemundo programming into the Rockford market, as WSNS provides weak to rimshot signal coverage to that area; Telemundo eventually moved to the station's second subchannel to accommodate TouchVision, followed by H&I currently), and W12BK (channel 69, now MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYS-LD) in South Bend, Indiana.

On October 13, 1988, WSNS-TV announced that it would switch its affiliation to Telemundo after that station's affiliation agreement with Univision concluded on December 31; two months later on December 16, WCIU—whose contract with Telemundo was set to expire the following month—signed an affiliation agreement with Univision, returning the station to that network after two years. The two stations switched affiliations on January 10, 1989.

Return to full-time independence
In 1993, Univision asked WCIU to drop all of its English-language programming, including Stock Market Observer, and carry the network's programming full-time. WCIU refused, which led Univision to purchase then-English language independent station WGBO-TV (channel 66) from Combined Broadcasting for $35 million on January 10, 1994, with the intent of moving its programming there the following January. That summer, Howard Shapiro hired Neal Sabin—former program director at WPWR-TV (channel 50)—as WCIU's vice president and general manager, who decided to remake WCIU into a conventional English-language general entertainment independent station. Univision assumed ownership of WGBO in August 1994, but was forced to run that station as an independent station for five months afterward as WCIU's affiliation contract with Univision did not expire until the end of the year. On December 31, 1994, WCIU switched to English-language general entertainment programming full-time and rebranded as "The U". In the spring of 1995, WCIU and low-powered sister station W23AT (channel 23, later WFBT-CA; now WWME-CD) moved their operations from the Chicago Board of Trade building into a 64000 sqft studio facility at 30 North Halsted Street in Chicago's Near West Side community.

Upon the conversion, channel 26 picked up most of WGBO's syndicated programming inventory, along with newly purchased shows that were not carried by any of the other Chicago stations; it also moved its remaining ethnic programming to WFBT. Channel 26's programming began to feature mostly classic sitcoms and drama series (such as The Munsters, Gilligan's Island, Hogan's Heroes, The Rockford Files and Leave It to Beaver). The station also revived the horror/sci-fi movie showcase Svengoolie, which had previously run in the market on WFLD (channel 32) in two different incarnations between 1970 and that station's conversion into a Fox owned-and-operated station in 1986; Rich Koz—who reprised the role he previously played in WFLD's Son of Svengoolie for WCIU's revival of the showcase—also co-hosted the station's New Year's Eve relaunch celebration on December 31, 1994, alongside controversial talk show host Morton Downey Jr. (who himself hosted a short-lived talk show on the station, Downey, which briefly aired nationally on CNBC later in 1995) and served as one of the "U'z Guys," a group of hosts for various blocks of the station's programming. Initially, the station continued to run the Stock Market Observer from 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. and entertainment programming in all other weekday timeslots and throughout much of the broadcast day on weekends. WCIU then added a weekday block of children's programs from 7 to 9 a.m. in March 1995.

On February 19, 1995, WCIU signed a multi-year agreement with The WB to carry the network's children's program block, Kids' WB, upon its debut on September 9, 1995. The WB's primary affiliate in the market, WGN-TV (channel 9), opted not to carry the block and continued to run its morning newscast and an afternoon sitcom block in the time slots where Kids' WB would normally air on other WB affiliates (ironically, WGN's superstation feed for cable providers outside of the Chicago area and satellite providers nationwide carried Kids' WB programming, in addition to The WB's prime time schedule). The agreement also allowed WCIU to carry WB prime time programming in the event that WGN-TV chose to preempt it in order to air Cubs, White Sox and Bulls evening games.

In order to make room for the Kids' WB block, the full Stock Market Observer broadcast moved to WFBT-CA, on September 9. The weekday business news programming was then reduced to a 3½-hour block from 8:30 a.m. to noon, a move panned by some viewers; although it cited that Weigel had "no intention of killing" the program, Sabin cited the program's niche format and limited ratings and revenue for the block's shift to WFBT, in order for channel 26 to carry more profitable entertainment programming. In 2000, the program was rebranded as "WebFN", a joint venture between Weigel and Bridge Information Systems (which also aired on Milwaukee sister station WMLW-CA). "WebFN" would eventually feature several anchors formerly employed with WMAQ radio (670 AM) after that station was replaced by sports talk outlet WSCR in 2000.

By the late 1990s, WCIU began adding more recent sitcoms; the station began to add more syndicated first-run talk and reality shows onto its daytime lineup in 2000. In September 2001, WCIU dropped the morning children's block, reducing children's programming to the afternoon hours. In September 2004, the station dropped the Kids' WB weekday and Saturday blocks, which moved to WGN-TV, resulting in that station clearing the entire WB network schedule for the first time. Classic sitcoms gradually disappeared from WCIU's schedule between 2001 and 2004 (some of these programs would find their way onto WFBT when it began running a classic television programming block called "MeTV", which would become that station's full-time format under the callsign WWME-CA on January 1, 2005). Early in 2005, the business news format was scaled back to include only the existing syndicated program First Business, which Weigel had assumed production responsibilities for in 2003 after WebFN went bankrupt. That program continued until the end of 2014 under Weigel ownership, and the Chicago Board Options Exchange took over responsibilities for the program as Business First AM; it continues to air in Chicago on CN100 and the Total Living Network.

Switch to The CW
On April 18, 2019, Weigel Broadcasting signed an agreement with CBS Corporation through which WCIU-TV would take over as The CW's Chicago-area affiliate on September 1, replacing WPWR-TV, which had been carrying the network's programming since September 1, 2016. To accommodate the CW prime time lineup, WCIU moved its evening lineup of syndicated programs to WMEU-CD/WCIU-DT2. WMEU-CD/WCIU-DT2, which has been known as "The U Too", took the branding of "The U" on September 1. The new "The U" will also become the new home of the major high school sports championships of the Illinois High School Association. Channel 26 is the third station in Chicago to affiliate with The CW, after WGN-TV (2006–2016) and WPWR-TV (2016–2019). Weigel already had experience running a CW affiliate, as it owns WCWW-LD in the adjacent South Bend market.

Like WPWR (which is under a channel sharing agreement with sister station WFLD), WCIU carries its main channel at 720p, below The CW's default 1080i resolution, due to running several standard definition subchannels, along with The U in 720p.

Second return to independence
On May 1, 2024, it was announced that The CW would return to WGN-TV in September and WCIU-TV will revert to independent status.

Local programming
WCIU-TV has broadcast many locally produced programs over the years; among them are Ultrascope (a program sponsored by Sears that was used to sell UHF-capable televisions and boxes within their Chicago area stores, and featured a format similar to Music Choice featuring a clock/album cover display and album audio which aired daily from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.), Ted and the Angel (a talk show hosted by Ted Weber and Angel Tompkins from 1967 to 1968, which was nominated for a Regional Emmy Award in its first year; Weber later hosted two other WCIU programs, Ted Weber In Old Town and The C.E.T. Amateur Hour). The Homework Show (1995–2006), U Dance with B96 (an American Bandstand-style music/dance show hosted by DJs from WBBM-FM, 1995–1997), Stooge-A-Palooza (a showcase of Three Stooges shorts with Rich Koz, 2003–2010), Soul Train (1970–1976, local version only; nationally syndicated version from Los Angeles was seen from 1971 to 2006, locally on WBBM-TV and later, WGN-TV), The Bob Lewandowski Show, (1964–1995), Outdoor Sportsman (1978–1985; originally aired on WSNS-TV, it was produced and hosted by local outdoorsman Joe Wyer), Stock Market Observer (1968–2000), WebFN (2000–2003, replaced the Stock Market Observer), Kiddie-A-Go-Go (1964–1967), Western Theatre with Two Ton Baker (1964–1965), Marty Faye Show, The Chicago Party (c. 1982), Eddie Korosa's Polka Party (c. 1978) and First Business (a business news program which Weigel took over production in 2003, replacing WebFN, and syndicated nationally through MGM Television until 2014).

Current local programs seen on WCIU include the horror/sci-fi film showcase Svengoolie (which is syndicated to MeTV and other Weigel stations), religious program Rock of Ages and the children's program Green Screen Adventures (which also syndicated to MeTV, This TV and other Weigel stations).

In 2022, WCIU became the home of the Chicago Thanksgiving Parade, after the parade had been relegated to low-power television in 2021.

Sports programming
On July 8, 1999, WGN-TV and WCIU-TV entered into a programming arrangement involving sports coverage, which allowed channel 26 to carry select Chicago Bulls basketball and White Sox baseball games, and a handful of Cubs baseball games that are produced by and contracted to air on WGN-TV, due to that station's network affiliation contracts (with The CW and previously The WB) that limit the number of programming preemptions that WGN-TV is allowed on an annual basis, and rights restrictions enforced by the NBA which limited the number of Bulls telecasts aired on WGN's national superstation feed WGN America—prior to that channel's removal of WGN-produced programs upon its conversion into a basic cable channel in December 2014—to fifteen games per season.

Sports broadcasts on WCIU were previously branded under the "BullsNet", "HawksNet", "CubsNet" and "SoxNet" banners until 2010, when they were rebranded under the umbrella title WGN Sports on The U. In 2011, all White Sox, Blackhawks, Bulls and Cubs games televised on WCIU began to be syndicated to local stations in central Illinois and Iowa through the "WGN Sports Network" service. Prior to this, select Bulls games aired by WCIU and WGN had been simulcast to many of these same stations. In April 2006, WCIU began broadcasting White Sox, Cubs and Bulls home games in high definition, with away games following suit in April 2008. In February 2015, Weigel Broadcasting discontinued its agreement with Tribune Broadcasting to carry Cubs and White Sox telecasts produced by WGN, so as to not have the game broadcasts conflict with the WLS-TV-produced prime time newscast on WCIU (with WPWR-TV taking over as an overflow feed for WGN).

From 2010 until 2016, WCIU has served as a local over-the-air broadcaster of NFL games involving the Chicago Bears that are televised by ESPN's Monday Night Football. WLS-TV (channel 7), WCIU's news partner, is an owned-and-operated station of ABC (itself a sister network to ESPN through ABC parent The Walt Disney Company's majority ownership of the cable network), but has chosen to exercise its right of first refusal to carry MNF games, deferring most games aired since 2010 in order to air Dancing with the Stars (due to the program's popularity and the structure of its live voting requirements) during that program's fall season. It also carried a Cubs game in lieu of WLS-TV in mid-September 2019 (when The CW was still in its summer season), as ABC unexpectedly scheduled the sixth-season finale of Bachelor in Paradise for the same evening. This was no longer an issue to any Chicago broadcast station beginning in 2020 with the move of all Chicago professional sports locally to NBC Sports Chicago and Marquee Sports Network (outside network telecasts and the Bears).

The station refused carriage of the 2023 LIV Golf season after the controversial golf league contracted with The CW (now majority-owned by Nexstar Media Group) to carry their tournaments; in Chicago, it airs on Nexstar's WGN-TV instead, though Weigel does carry it on WCWW-LD in South Bend, making it likely that existing programming commitments (including to the Illinois High School Association) and a strong weekend syndication schedule led Weigel to decline the coverage. WCIU has also declined to air The CW's coverage of Atlantic Coast Conference football and men's basketball games.

A Black's View of the News
Alongside the Stock Market Observer, WCIU's first standalone local news programming effort debuted in 1968, when it launched a half-hour weeknight 10 p.m. newscast titled A Black's View of the News, a program focusing on news and commentary relevant to Chicago's African American community. The program—which served as a launching pad for eventual Soul Train host Don Cornelius—was canceled in 1982.

You and Me This Morning
In September 2009, WCIU debuted You and Me This Morning, a weekday morning program featuring a broad mix of entertainment news, lifestyle features and weather forecasts. The program—which effectively maintains a lighter format, which does not incorporate conventional general news segments—originally aired in the form of locally produced inserts of varying length interspersed within what otherwise was a three-hour block of syndicated programming on WCIU and classic television series on WWME-CA from 6 to 8 a.m. Although it trails behind the WGN Morning News on WGN-TV and Good Day Chicago on WFLD (as well as the national morning programs on WMAQ-TV, WLS-TV and WBBM-TV that the second hour of the program also competes against) in the ratings, viewership for the program has increased since its debut; in particular, its ratings doubled from an average of 40,000 viewers in May 2012 to 73,000 in May 2014. You & Me This Morning expanded into a full three-hour program (running from 6 to 9 a.m.) on September 8, 2014.

Newscasts from WLS-TV
On December 14, 2014, WCIU entered into a news share agreement with ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV to produce a weeknight-only 7 p.m. newscast for channel 26. Titled ABC 7 Eyewitness News at 7:00 on The U, the program debuted on January 12, 2015, as the third prime time newscast among the Chicago market's commercial television stations, behind the longer established in-house 9 p.m. newscasts on WGN-TV and Fox owned-and-operated station WFLD (channel 32). With the news share agreement, WLS-TV became the fifth ABC-owned station to produce a newscast for a separately owned station in its home market (along with existing programs produced by ABC O&Os in Raleigh, Philadelphia, San Francisco and Los Angeles for WLFL, WPHL-TV, KOFY-TV and KDOC-TV in the respective markets, and a since-cancelled newscast produced by KFSN-TV for KAIL in Fresno). On July 29, 2019, WCIU-TV and WLS-TV jointly announced that the newscast would end on August 30, a move related to WCIU's affiliation with The CW.

On June 14, 2017, WCIU announced that it would launch The Jam, a new morning show that would replace You and Me This Morning in the 6 to 8 a.m. timeslot that summer at a date to be determined. The program—which the station's head of programming and creative, Steve Bailey, described would "promise[...] to be bold and unfiltered"—will feature a mix of local and national news headlines (as well as opinions on the featured stories by its hosts), entertainment and pop culture news, and weather forecasts. The program's concept is based in part on The Daily Buzz, a syndicated morning news program that ran from 2002 to 2015, which Bailey (who joined Weigel Broadcasting in October 2016, after serving as director of programming and affiliate marketing at Media General) had previously worked as the program's vice president of marketing and promotions.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Cheryl Burton – weeknight anchor (January 12, 2015 – August 30, 2019; remained with WLS-TV as 5 p.m. and 10 p.m. anchor)
 * Jim Rose – sports anchor (January 12, 2015 – August 30, 2019; remained with WLS-TV as sports anchor)
 * Jerry Taft – chief meteorologist (deceased)
 * Linda Yu – weeknight anchor (January 12, 2015 – April 5, 2016; remained with WLS-TV as 4 p.m. anchor until her retirement in November 2016)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#E6FFF7|Simulcast of subchannels of another station}}

Subchannel history
In July 2008, Weigel Broadcasting announced the launch of This TV, a national subchannel network operated as a joint venture between Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Weigel. This TV officially launched with WCIU as its flagship station (airing on digital subchannel 26.5) on November 1, 2008. This TV moved to the third digital subchannel of WGN-TV on November 1, 2013, as a result of the May 13, 2013, announcement that WGN owner Tribune Broadcasting would acquire Weigel's 50% ownership interest in This TV. Bounce TV (which was already carried on WWME-CD 23.2) began to occupy This TV's former subchannel, moving from WWME 23.2 to WCIU 26.5.

On December 1, 2010, WCIU dropped its ethnic programming service FBT on digital subchannel 26.6 and replaced it a simulcast of the station's main channel. Two weeks later on December 15, the 26.6 subchannel was dropped and its programming was shifted to digital channel 26.2 (replacing a simulcast of sister station WWME-CA, which moved to WCIU digital subchannel 26.3) where it continued to simulcast most of WCIU's main programming. In addition, virtual channel 48.1 was discontinued (to be later used by the digital signal of WMEU-CA) while 23.1 reverted to being the virtual channel number for WWME-CA (23.2 was also discontinued at that time; it has since been restored, and now serves as an affiliate of Heroes & Icons).

On January 4, 2011, MGM and Weigel Broadcasting announced plans to turn the MeTV format that originated on sister station WWME-CA into a national network. The national MeTV service launched on WWME and WCIU digital subchannel 26.3 on December 15, 2010.

The following day on January 5, digital subchannel 26.2 was relaunched with its own general entertainment format, branded as "The U Too"–a nod to the main channel's longtime branding, "The U." The service features some time-shifted programming from WCIU's main channel, including some syndicated programs not seen in the Chicago market prior to the format conversion. It also broadcast a handful of DePaul Blue Demons and other basketball games from the "old" Big East Conference; "The U Too" currently serves as the over-the-air broadcaster of WNBA games from the Chicago Sky and AHL hockey games from the Chicago Wolves. From January 10, 2011, to September 2013, The U Too subchannel was also simulcast on the analog signal of WWME-CA until The U Too began broadcasting in high definition on WMEU-CD channel 48.1 (the 26.2 version of the U Too signal remains in 16:9 standard definition widescreen). Currently, WWME-CA's analog signal simulcasts Heroes & Icons as aired on digital subchannel 26.4.

On May 4, 2021, Weigel announced that WCIU-DT5 would become the inaugural affiliate of MeTV spinoff MeTV Plus upon its May 15 launch; Bounce TV was reported to move its Chicago affiliate to a subchannel of WCPX at that time. The channel would air a variety of sitcoms and drama series, similar to the format of original spinoff MeToo, and is believed to be Weigel's answer to Rewind TV, a spinoff of Antenna TV launched by Nexstar Media Group that September.

Analog-to-digital conversion
On June 12, 2009, the date of the federally mandated switch from analog to digital television for full-power stations, WCIU-TV shut down its analog signal. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 27, using virtual channel 26.

From June 13, 2009, to January 9, 2011, WCIU-TV's main programming was simulcast on sister station WWME-CA (channel 23) to provide a nightlight service as the low-power station continued to operate an analog signal. From June 13 to July 12, 2009, the station ran newscasts from WMAQ-TV (channel 5) and WGN-TV for viewers that either were not ready for the digital transition or had problems receiving WGN and WMAQ's signals after the June 12 digital transition. WWME-CA continued to operate an analog signal on UHF channel 23.

title: WCIU-TV


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User:Garzo/elephant

= UN observances =

 * World AIDS Day 1 December World AIDS Day.
 * International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression 4 June International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression.
 * Universal Children's Day 20 November Universal Children's Day.
 * World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development 21 May World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development.
 * Week of Solidarity with the Peoples of Non-Self-Governing Territories 25 May Week of Solidarity with the Peoples of Non-Self-Governing Territories.
 * International Day of Disabled Persons 3 December International Day of Disabled Persons.
 * Disarmament Week 24 October Disarmament Week.
 * International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction 2nd Wednesday of October International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction.
 * International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking 26 June International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking.
 * International Day of Cooperatives first Saturday of July International Day of Cooperatives.
 * International Day for the Eradication of Poverty 17 October International Day for the Eradication of Poverty.
 * Africa Industrialization Day 20 November Africa Industrialization Day.
 * International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development 5 December International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development.
 * World Day for Water 22 March World Day for Water.
 * International Day for Biological Diversity 22 May International Day for Biological Diversity.
 * World Environment Day 5 June World Environment Day.
 * World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought 17 June World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought.
 * International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer 16 September International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer.
 * International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict 6 November International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict.
 * World Refugee Day 20 June World Refugee Day.
 * International Day in Support of Victims of Torture 26 June International Day in Support of Victims of Torture.
 * International Day of Tolerance 16 November International Day of Tolerance.
 * International Day for the Abolition of Slavery 2 December International Day for the Abolition of Slavery.
 * Human Rights Day 10 December Human Rights Day.
 * International Migrants Day 18 December International Migrants Day.
 * World Habitat Day first Monday in October World Habitat Day.
 * World Food Day 16 October World Food Day.
 * International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples 9 August International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples.
 * World Press Freedom Day 3 May World Press Freedom Day.
 * World Development Information Day 24 October World Development Information Day.
 * World Television Day 21 November World Television Day.
 * International Day of Older Persons 1 October International Day of Older Persons.
 * World Space Week 4 October World Space Week.
 * International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People 29 November International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.
 * International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers 29 May International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers.
 * International Day of Peace 21 September International Day of Peace.
 * Week of Solidarity with the Peoples Struggling against Racism and Racial Discrimination (beginning on 21 March) Week of Solidarity with the Peoples Struggling against Racism and Racial Discrimination.
 * International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 21 March International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
 * United Nations Day for Women's Rights and International Peace 8 March.
 * International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women 25 November.
 * International Youth Day 12 August.
 * International Day of Families 15 May.
 * United Nations Public Service Day 23 June.
 * World Population Day 11 July.
 * United Nations Day 24 October United Nations Day.
 * International Civil Aviation Day 7 December.
 * International Mother Language Day 21 February International Mother Language Day.
 * World Meteorological Day 23 March.
 * World Health Day 7 April World Health Day.
 * World Book and Copyright Day 23 April.
 * World Telecommunication Day 17 May.
 * World No-Tobacco Day 31 May.
 * Internationl Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition 23 August.
 * International Literacy Day 8 September.
 * World Maritime Day during the last week of September.
 * World Teachers' Day 5 October.
 * World Post Day 9 October.
 * International Mountain Day 11 December.

= Linking References =

Book references
The cite book template is quite a handy way of unifying the look of book references. The way it works is:

*

Which produces this:

Article and jounal references
There are, as yet, no templates available for citing chapters/articles within an editted collection or journals. The style should tend to this:

Or, more appropriately:
 * Panoussi, Estiphan (1990). On the Senaya dialect. In Wolfhart Heinrichs (Ed.), Studies in Neo-Aramaic, pp. 107&endash;129. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. ISBN 1-55540-430-8.
 * Hunt, Hannah M (1998). The tears of the Sinful Woman: a theology of redeption in the homilies of St. Ephraim and his followers. Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 1 (2), pp..
 * Hunt, Hannah M (1998). The tears of the Sinful Woman: a theology of redeption in the homilies of St. Ephraim and his followers. Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 1 (2).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Caspian tiger

The Caspian tiger was a Panthera tigris tigris population native to eastern Turkey, northern Iran, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus around the Caspian Sea, Central Asia to northern Afghanistan and the Xinjiang region in western China. Until the Middle Ages, it was also present in southern Russia. It inhabited sparse forests and riverine corridors in this region until the 1970s. This population was regarded as a distinct subspecies and assessed as extinct in 2003.

Results of a phylogeographic analysis evinces that the Caspian and Siberian tiger populations shared a common continuous geographic distribution until the early 19th century.

Some Caspian tigers were intermediate in size between Siberian and Bengal tigers.

It was also called Balkhash tiger, Hyrcanian tiger, Turanian tiger, and Mazandaran tiger.

Taxonomy
Felis virgata was a scientific name used by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in 1815 for the greyish tiger in the area surrounding the Caspian Sea. Tigris septentrionalis was the scientific name proposed by Konstantin Satunin in 1904 for a skull and mounted skins of tigers that were killed in the Lankaran Lowland in the 1860s. Felis tigris lecoqi and Felis tigris trabata were proposed by Ernst Schwarz in 1916 for tiger skins and skulls from Lop Nur and Ili River areas, respectively.

In 1929, Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the tiger to the genus Panthera. For several decades, the Caspian tiger was considered a distinct tiger subspecies.

In 1999, the validity of several tiger subspecies was questioned. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body size, hence characteristics that vary widely within populations. Morphologically, tigers from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene. Therefore, it was proposed to recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely P. t. tigris in mainland Asia, and P. t. sondaica in the Greater Sunda Islands and possibly in Sundaland.

At the start of the 21st century, genetic studies were carried out using 20 tiger bone and tissue samples from museum collections and sequencing at least one segment of five mitochondrial genes. Results revealed a low amount of variability in the mitochondrial DNA in Caspian tigers; and that Caspian and Siberian tigers were remarkably similar, indicating that the Siberian tiger is the genetically closest living relative of the Caspian tiger. Phylogeographic analysis indicates that the common ancestor of Caspian and Siberian tigers colonized Central Asia via the Gansu−Silk Road region from eastern China less than 10,000 years ago, and subsequently traversed eastward to establish the Siberian tiger population in the Russian Far East. The Caspian and Siberian tigers were likely a single contiguous population until the early 19th century, but became isolated from another due to fragmentation and loss of habitat during the Industrial Revolution.

In 2015, morphological, ecological and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies were analysed in a combined approach. Results support distinction of the two evolutionary groups continental and Sunda tigers. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies, namely P. t. tigris comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South Chinese, Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and P. t. sondaica comprising the Javan, Bali and Sumatran tiger populations. Tigers in mainland Asia fall into two clades, namely a northern clade formed by the Caspian and Siberian tiger populations, and a southern clade formed by populations in remaining mainland Asia.

In 2017, the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and now recognizes the tiger populations in continental Asia as P. t. tigris. However, a genetic study published in 2018 supported six monophyletic clades, with the Amur and Caspian tigers being distinct from other mainland Asian populations, thus supporting the traditional concept of six living subspecies.

Fur
Photographs of skins of Caspian and Siberian tigers indicate that the main background colour of the Caspian tiger's fur varied and was generally brighter and more uniform than that of the Siberian tiger. The stripes were narrower, fuller and more closely set than those of tigers from Manchuria. The colour of its stripes was a mixture of brown or cinnamon shades. Pure black patterns were invariably found only on head, neck, the middle of the back and at the tip of the tail. Angular patterns at the base of the tail were less developed than those of Far Eastern populations. The contrast between the summer and winter coats was sharp, though not to the same extent as in Far Eastern populations. The winter coat was paler, with less distinct patterns. The summer coat had a similar density and hair length to that of the Bengal tiger, though its stripes were usually narrower, longer and closer set. It had the thickest fur amongst tigers, possibly due its occurrence in the temperate parts of Asia.

Size
Male Caspian tigers had a body length of 270 - 295 cm and weighed 170 - 240 kg; females measured 240 - 260 cm in head-to-body and weighed 85 - 135 kg. Maximum skull length in males was 297 - 365.8 mm, while that of females was 195.7 - 255.5 mm. Its occiput was broader than of the Bengal tiger. It ranked among the largest extant cat species, along with the Siberian tiger.

Some individuals attained exceptional sizes. In 1954, a tiger was killed near the Sumbar River in Kopet-Dag, whose stuffed skin was put on display in a museum in Ashgabat. Its head-to-body length was 2.25 m. Its skull had a condylobasal length of about 305 mm, and zygomatic width of 205 mm. Its skull length was 385 mm, hence more than the known maximum of 365.8 mm for this population, and slightly exceeding skull length of most Siberian tigers. In Prishibinske, a tiger was killed in February 1899. Measurements after skinning revealed a body length of 270 cm between the pegs, plus a 90 cm long tail, giving it a total length of about 360 cm. Measurements between the pegs of up to 2.95 m are known. It was said to have been "a tiger of immense proportions" and "no smaller than the local horse breeds." It had rather long fur.

Skull size and shape of Caspian tigers significantly overlap with and are almost indistinguishable from other tiger specimens in mainland Asia.

Distribution and habitat
In the 19th century, tigers occurred in:
 * the Eastern Anatolia Region, which is considered to have been the westernmost area where tigers occurred. Records are known from the region of Mount Ararat, Şanlıurfa, Şırnak, Siirt and Hakkari Provinces in eastern Turkey; in the Hakkari Province tigers possibly occurred up to the 1990s. The only confirmed record in Iraq dates to 1887 when a tiger was shot near Mosul, which is considered to have been a migrant from southeastern Turkey. There are also claims of historical tiger presence in the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system in Iraq and Syria.
 * the extreme southeast of the Caucasus, such as in hilly and lowland forests of the Talysh Mountains, in the Lenkoran Lowlands, in the lowland forests of Göytəpə, Jalilabad, from where tigers moved into the eastern plains of the Trans-Caucasus up to the Don River basin; the Arasbaran and Zangezur Mountains of northwestern Persia.
 * in the region of the Caspian Sea, where its distribution was patchy and associated with wetlands such as river basins, lake edges and sea shores. In Iran, historical records are known only from along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and adjacent Alborz Mountains.
 * Central Asia, such as in southwestern Turkmenia along the Atrek River and its tributaries, and the Sumbar and Chandyr Rivers; in the western and southwestern parts of Kopet-Dag; in the environs of Ashkabad in the northern foothills; in Afghanistan along the upper reaches of Hari-Rud at Herat, and along the jungles in the lower reaches of the river; around Tejen and Murgap and along the Kushka and Kashan rivers; in the Amu Darya basin as far the Aral Sea and along the entire coast of the Aral Sea; along the Syr-Darya to the Fergana Valley as far as Tashkent and the western spur of Talas Alatau; along the Chu and Ili Rivers; all along the southern shore of Lake Balkhash and northwards into the southern Altai Mountains, and to southeastern Transbaikal or Western Siberia in the east. In China, it occurred in the Tarim, Manasi River and Lop Nur basins.

Its former distribution can be approximated by examining the distribution of ungulates in the region. Wild boar was the numerically dominant ungulate in forested habitats, along watercourses, in reed beds and in thickets of the Caspian and Aral Seas. Where watercourses penetrated deep into desert areas, suitable wild pig and tiger habitat was often linear, only a few kilometers wide at most. Red and roe deer occurred in forests around the Black Sea to the western side and around the southern side of the Caspian Sea in a narrow belt of forest cover. Roe deer occurred in forested areas south of Lake Balkhash. Bactrian deer lived in the narrow belt of forest habitat on the southern border of the Aral Sea, and southward along the Syr-Darya and Amu Darya rivers.

Throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene, the Caspian tiger population was likely connected to the Bengal tiger population through corridors below elevations of 4000 m in the Hindu Kush, before gene flow was interrupted by humans.

Local extinction
The demise of the Caspian tiger began with the Russian colonisation of Turkestan during the late 19th century. Its extirpation was caused by several factors:
 * Tigers were killed by large parties of sportsmen and military personnel who also hunted tiger prey species such as wild pigs. The wild pig range underwent a rapid decline between the middle of the 19th century and the 1930s due to overhunting, natural disasters, and diseases such as swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease, which caused large and rapid die-offs.
 * The extensive reed beds of tiger habitat were increasingly converted to cropland for planting cotton and other crops that grew well in the rich silt along rivers.
 * The tiger was already vulnerable due to the restricted nature of its distribution, having been confined to watercourses within the large expanses of desert environment.

Until the early 20th century, the regular Russian army was used to clear predators from forests, around settlements, and potential agricultural lands. Until World War I, about 50 tigers were killed in the forests of Amu Darya and Piandj Rivers each year. High incentives were paid for tiger skins up to 1929. Wild pigs and deer, the prey base of tigers, were decimated by deforestation and subsistence hunting by the increasing human population along the rivers, supported by growing agricultural developments. By 1910, cotton plants were estimated to occupy nearly one-fifth of Turkestan's arable land, with about one half located in the Fergana Valley.

Last sightings
In Iraq, a tiger was killed near Mosul in 1887. In Georgia, the last known tiger was killed in 1922 near Tbilisi, after taking domestic livestock. In China, tigers disappeared from the Tarim River basin in Xinjiang in the 1920s. In Azerbaijan, the last known tiger was killed in 1932; however, tigers were allegedly sighted in later years in the Talysh Mountains.

In Turkey, a pair of tigers was allegedly killed in the area of Selçuk in 1943. Several tiger skins found in the early 1970s near Uludere indicated the presence of a tiger population in eastern Turkey. Questionnaire surveys conducted in this region revealed that one to eight tigers were killed each year until the mid-1980s, and that tigers likely had survived in the region until the early 1990s. Due to lack of interest, in addition to security and safety reasons, no further field surveys were carried out in the area.

In Iran, one of the last known tigers was shot in Golestan National Park in 1953. Another individual was sighted in Golestān Province in 1958. In Turkmenistan, the last known tiger was killed in January 1954 in the Sumbar River valley in the Kopet-Dag Range. It reportedly disappeared in the Manasi River basin in the Tian Shan Range west of Ürümqi in the 1960s. The last record from the lower reaches of the Amu Darya river was an unconfirmed observation in 1968 near Nukus in the Aral Sea area. By the early 1970s, tigers disappeared from the river's lower reaches and the Pyzandh Valley in the Turkmen-Uzbek-Afghan border region. The Piandj River area between Afghanistan and Tajikistan was a stronghold of the Caspian tiger until the late 1960s. The latest sighting of a tiger in the Afghan-Tajik border area dates to 1998 in the Babatag Range. A pair of Caspian tigers was captured in Afghanistan's Laghman Province in April 1997.

In Kazakhstan, the last Caspian tiger was recorded in 1948, in the environs of the Ili River, the last known stronghold in the region of Lake Balkhash. In May 2006, a Kazakh hunter claimed to have seen a female Caspian tiger with cubs near Lake Balkhash. However, this sighting remains uncertain and unconfirmed.

Behaviour and ecology

No information is available for home ranges of Caspian tigers. In search for prey, they possibly prowled widely and followed migratory ungulates from one pasture to another. Wild pigs and cervids probably formed their main prey base. In many regions of Central Asia, Bactrian deer and roe deer were important prey species, as well as Caspian red deer and goitered gazelle in Iran; Eurasian golden jackals, jungle cats, locusts, and other small mammals in the lower Amu Darya River area; saigas, wild horses and Persian onagers in the Miankaleh Peninsula; Turkmenian kulans, Mongolian wild asses, and mountain sheep in the Zhana-Darya and around the Aral Sea; and Manchurian wapiti and moose in the area of Lake Baikal. They caught fish in flooded areas and irrigation channels. In winter, they frequently attacked dogs and livestock straying away from herds. They preferred drinking water from rivers, and drank from lakes in seasons when water was less brackish.

Disease
Two tigers in southwestern Tajikistan harbored 5–7 tapeworms (Taenia bubesei) in their small and large intestines.

Conservation
In 1938, the first protected area Tigrovaya Balka (Тигровая балка), was established in Tajikistan. The name was given to this zapovednik after a tiger had attacked two Russian Army officers riding horseback along dried-up river channel known in Russian as balka. Tigrovaya Balka was apparently the last refuge of Caspian tigers in the Soviet Union, and is situated in the lower reaches of Vakhsh River between the Piandj and Kofarnihon Rivers near the border of Afghanistan. A tiger was seen there in 1958. After 1947, tigers were legally protected in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

In Iran, Caspian tigers had been protected since 1957, with heavy fines for shooting. In the early 1970s, biologists from the Department of Environment searched several years for Caspian tigers in the uninhabited areas of Caspian forests, but did not find any evidence of their presence.

In captivity
A tiger from the Caucasus was housed at Berlin Zoo in the late 19th century. DNA from a tiger caught in northern Iran and housed at Moscow Zoo in the 20th century was used in the genetic test that established the Caspian tiger's close genetic relationship with the Siberian tiger.

Reintroduction project
Stimulated by recent findings that the Siberian tiger is the closest relative of the Caspian tiger, discussions started as to whether the Siberian tiger could be appropriate for reintroduction into a safe place in Central Asia, where the Caspian tiger once roamed. The Amu Darya delta was suggested as a potential site for such a project. A feasibility study was initiated to investigate if the area is suitable, and if such an initiative would receive support from relevant decision makers. A viable tiger population of about 100 animals would require at least 5000 km2 of large tracts of contiguous habitat, with rich prey populations. Such habitat is not currently available, and cannot be provided in the short term. The proposed region is therefore unsuitable for the reintroduction, at least at the current stage.

While the restoration of the Caspian tiger has stimulated discussions, the locations for the tiger have yet to become fully involved in the planning. But through preliminary ecological surveys it has been revealed that some small populated areas of Central Asia have preserved natural habitat suitable for tigers.

In culture
In the Roman Empire, tigers and other large animals imported from Africa and Asia were used during gladiatorial games. In the Taurus Mountains, stone traps were used to capture leopards and tigers.

In the Fables of Pilpay, the tiger is described as furious and avid to rule over wilderness. The babr (, tiger) features in Persian and Central Asian culture. The name "Babr Mazandaran" is sometimes given to a prominent wrestler. A Syrian mosaic in Palmyra depicts the Sassanids as tigers, possibly commemorating the victory of the Palmyrene King Odaenathus over Shapur I. The inscription on the mosaic conceals an earlier one that read: (Mrn), which is a title used by Odaenathus. It possibly celebrates Odaenathus' victory over the Persians, the archer representing Odaenathus and the tigers the Persians; Odaenathus is about to be crowned with victory by the eagle flying above him.

title: Caspian tiger


text:
User:Cmann

You have found Cory's page. If your name is Mr. Best or Caroline, then you should be reading this and edit my page please. I am not a power ranger or a gummy bear, I am a....superhero thats really cool. ok bye

title: User:Cmann


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shane Cooper

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 02:16, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Shane Cooper
Non-notable vanity. Gazpacho 23:01, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Among other things his work has been exhibited at major galleries in Australia (the Melbourne Arts Centre is about as major as it gets), US, Austria, Germany, Spain and Brazil. Obviously notable. Keep and expand. --Centauri 00:14, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Significant contemporary artist, good stub. Andrewa 15:27, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Samaritan 02:06, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I've categorised it. Philip 02:36, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep An interesting guy. BoeWiki 10:23, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it real. —RaD Man (talk) 22:24, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I see no reason why it should be deleted or even why it's up for deletion, if it's the websites on the bottom just delete them (User:Deathawk)
 * Keep. I have some added some info on his most notable pieces and exhibitions. I have also added a sentence about his work with notable musicians such as Devo and Graham Nash. Please don't delete the links: they are references. Capitalistroadster 01:38, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
STA

STA or Sta may refer to:

Organizations

 * Samoa Tourism Authority
 * Science & Technology Australia, a peak body for scientists and technologists
 * Scottish Tartans Authority
 * Scottish Trans Alliance
 * Spokane Transit Authority, US
 * State Transit Authority, a former government agency of New South Wales, Australia
 * State Transport Authority (South Australia), a former government agency
 * State Transport Authority (Victoria), a former government-owned corportation
 * STA Travel, a former travel agency for young people
 * Slovenska tiskovna agencija, Slovenian Press Agency
 * Student Transportation of America

Schools

 * Saint Thomas Academy, Minnesota, US
 * St. Theresita's Academy, Silay City, Philippines
 * Shanghai Theatre Academy, Shanghai, China
 * St. Thomas Aquinas High School (Louisville), Ohio, US
 * St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Secondary School (London, Ontario), Canada
 * St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.), US

Science and technology

 * Science & Technology Australia, a peak body for scientists and technologists
 * Shortcuts to adiabaticity, fast routes to results from slow, adiabatic changes of a quantum system's controlling parameters
 * Spacetime algebra, in mathematical physics
 * Spike-triggered average, a tool for characterizing the response properties of a neuron
 * Special temporary authority, to operate a radio station in the US
 * Static timing analysis, of a digital circuit
 * Station (computer networking), in IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) terminology
 * Simultaneous thermal analysis, in thermal analysis
 * Single-Threaded Apartment, in Component Object Model

Military and space

 * Shuttle Training Aircraft, a NASA training vehicle
 * Surveillance and Target Acquisition, a military role
 * STA platoon, up to the first Gulf War
 * STA sniper, after the first Gulf War

Other uses

 * SCSI Trade Association, STA or SCSITA
 * Stauning Vestjylland Airport (IATA code), Denmark
 * Sustainable Transport Award, to a city
 * Short Term Assignment, short term assignment to a role

title: STA


text:
Clustering coefficient

In graph theory, a clustering coefficient is a measure of the degree to which nodes in a graph tend to cluster together. Evidence suggests that in most real-world networks, and in particular social networks, nodes tend to create tightly knit groups characterised by a relatively high density of ties; this likelihood tends to be greater than the average probability of a tie randomly established between two nodes (Holland and Leinhardt, 1971; Watts and Strogatz, 1998 ).

Two versions of this measure exist: the global and the local. The global version was designed to give an overall indication of the clustering in the network, whereas the local gives an indication of the extent of "clustering" of a single node.

Local clustering coefficient
The local clustering coefficient of a vertex (node) in a graph quantifies how close its neighbours are to being a clique (complete graph). Duncan J. Watts and Steven Strogatz introduced the measure in 1998 to determine whether a graph is a small-world network.

A graph $$G=(V,E)$$ formally consists of a set of vertices $$V$$ and a set of edges $$E$$ between them. An edge $$e_{ij}$$ connects vertex $$v_i$$ with vertex $$v_j$$.

The neighbourhood $$ N_i $$ for a vertex $$v_i$$ is defined as its immediately connected neighbours as follows:

 * $$N_i = \{v_j : e_{ij} \in E \lor e_{ji} \in E\}.$$

We define $$k_i$$ as the number of vertices, $$|N_i|$$, in the neighbourhood, $$N_i$$, of vertex $$v_i$$.

The local clustering coefficient $$C_i$$ for a vertex $$v_i$$ is then given by a proportion of the number of links between the vertices within its neighbourhood divided by the number of links that could possibly exist between them. For a directed graph, $$e_{ij}$$ is distinct from $$e_{ji}$$, and therefore for each neighbourhood $$N_i$$ there are $$k_i(k_i-1)$$ links that could exist among the vertices within the neighbourhood ($$k_i$$ is the number of neighbours of a vertex). Thus, the local clustering coefficient for directed graphs is given as

 * $$C_i = \frac{|\{e_{jk}: v_j,v_k \in N_i, e_{jk} \in E\}|}{k_i(k_i-1)}.$$

An undirected graph has the property that $$e_{ij}$$ and $$e_{ji}$$ are considered identical. Therefore, if a vertex $$v_i$$ has $$k_i$$ neighbours, $$\frac{k_i(k_i-1)}{2}$$ edges could exist among the vertices within the neighbourhood. Thus, the local clustering coefficient for undirected graphs can be defined as

 * $$C_i = \frac{2|\{e_{jk}: v_j,v_k \in N_i, e_{jk} \in E\}|}{k_i(k_i-1)}.$$

Let $$\lambda_G(v)$$ be the number of triangles on $$v \in V(G)$$ for undirected graph $$G$$. That is, $$\lambda_G(v)$$ is the number of subgraphs of $$G$$ with 3 edges and 3 vertices, one of which is $$v$$. Let $$\tau_G(v)$$ be the number of triples on $$v \in G$$. That is, $$\tau_G(v)$$ is the number of subgraphs (not necessarily induced) with 2 edges and 3 vertices, one of which is $$v$$ and such that $$v$$ is incident to both edges. Then we can also define the clustering coefficient as

 * $$C_i = \frac{\lambda_G(v)}{\tau_G(v)}.$$

It is simple to show that the two preceding definitions are the same, since

 * $$\tau_G(v) = C({k_i},2) = \frac{1}{2}k_i(k_i-1).$$

These measures are 1 if every neighbour connected to $$v_i$$ is also connected to every other vertex within the neighbourhood, and 0 if no vertex that is connected to $$v_i$$ connects to any other vertex that is connected to $$v_i$$.

Since any graph is fully specified by its adjacency matrix A, the local clustering coefficient for a simple undirected graph can be expressed in terms of A as:

C_i=\frac{1}{k_i(k_i-1)}\sum_{j,k} A_{ij}A_{jk}A_{ki} $$

where:

k_i=\sum_j A_{ij} $$

and Ci=0 when ki is zero or one. In the above expression, the numerator counts twice the number of complete triangles that vertex i is involved in. In the denominator, ki2 counts the number of edge pairs that vertex i is involved in plus the number of single edges traversed twice. ki is the number of edges connected to vertex i, and subtracting ki then removes the latter, leaving only a set of edge pairs that could conceivably be connected into triangles. For every such edge pair, there will be another edge pair which could form the same triangle, so the denominator counts twice the number of conceivable triangles that vertex i could be involved in.

Global clustering coefficient
The global clustering coefficient is based on triplets of nodes. A triplet is three nodes that are connected by either two (open triplet) or three (closed triplet) undirected ties. A triangle graph therefore includes three closed triplets, one centred on each of the nodes (n.b. this means the three triplets in a triangle come from overlapping selections of nodes). The global clustering coefficient is the number of closed triplets (or 3 x triangles) over the total number of triplets (both open and closed). The first attempt to measure it was made by Luce and Perry (1949). This measure gives an indication of the clustering in the whole network (global), and can be applied to both undirected and directed networks (often called transitivity, see Wasserman and Faust, 1994, page 243 ).

The global clustering coefficient is defined as:

 * $$C = \frac{\mbox{number of closed triplets}}{\mbox{number of all triplets (open and closed)}}$$.

The number of closed triplets has also been referred to as 3 × triangles in the literature, so:

 * $$C = \frac{3 \times \mbox{number of triangles}}{\mbox{number of all triplets}}$$.

A generalisation to weighted networks was proposed by Opsahl and Panzarasa (2009), and a redefinition to two-mode networks (both binary and weighted) by Opsahl (2009).

Since any simple graph is fully specified by its adjacency matrix A, the global clustering coefficient for an undirected graph can be expressed in terms of A as:

C=\frac{\sum_{i,j,k} A_{ij}A_{jk}A_{ki}}{\frac{1}{2}\sum_i k_i(k_i-1)} $$

where:

k_i=\sum_j A_{ij} $$

and C=0 when the denominator is zero.

Network average clustering coefficient
As an alternative to the global clustering coefficient, the overall level of clustering in a network is measured by Watts and Strogatz as the average of the local clustering coefficients of all the vertices $$n$$ :

 * $$\bar{C} = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n} C_i.$$

It is worth noting that this metric places more weight on the low degree nodes, while the transitivity ratio places more weight on the high degree nodes.

A generalisation to weighted networks was proposed by Barrat et al. (2004), and a redefinition to bipartite graphs (also called two-mode networks) by Latapy et al. (2008) and Opsahl (2009).

Alternative generalisations to weighted and directed graphs have been provided by Fagiolo (2007) and Clemente and Grassi (2018).

This formula is not, by default, defined for graphs with isolated vertices; see Kaiser (2008) and Barmpoutis et al. The networks with the largest possible average clustering coefficient are found to have a modular structure, and at the same time, they have the smallest possible average distance among the different nodes.

Percolation of clustered networks
For a random tree-like network without degree-degree correlation, it can be shown that such network can have a giant component, and the percolation threshold (transmission probability) is given by $$p_c = \frac{1}{g_1'(1)}$$, where $$g_1(z)$$ is the generating function corresponding to the excess degree distribution.

In networks with low clustering, $$ 0 < C \ll 1 $$, the critical point gets scaled by $$ (1-C)^{-1} $$ such that:

$$p_c = \frac{1}{1-C}\frac{1}{g_1'(1)}.$$

This indicates that for a given degree distribution, the clustering leads to a larger percolation threshold, mainly because for a fixed number of links, the clustering structure reinforces the core of the network with the price of diluting the global connections. For networks with high clustering, strong clustering could induce the core–periphery structure, in which the core and periphery might percolate at different critical points, and the above approximate treatment is not applicable.

For studying the robustness of clustered networks a percolation approach is developed.

title: Clustering coefficient


text:
Kyrgyz Air

Kyrgyz Air was a privately owned airline based in Kyrgyzstan. The president of the company was Bill Pellew-Harvey, a British citizen (in 2003). The airline was started in 2002 and ceased operations in 2003.

Services
Scheduled services operated included:

 * Bishkek to Beijing, Delhi, Dubai, Istanbul, Moscow and Ürümqi

Fleet
The airline only operated one McDonnell Douglas MD-82 aircraft. Two were ordered, but only one was delivered and used.

title: Kyrgyz Air


text:
Category:Schools in South Yorkshire

Schools located in the county of South Yorkshire.

title: Category:Schools in South Yorkshire


text:
Category:Orthodox Jewish communities

Areas and locations where Orthodox Jews live in significant communities. These are areas that have within them an Orthodox Jewish community in which there is a sizable and cohesive population, which has its own community organizations, businesses, day schools, yeshivas and/or synagogues that serve the members of the local Orthodox community and may at times be the majority of the population.

'''NOTE: This category does NOT mean that the place listed is inhabited entirely by Orthodox Jews, nor that Orthodox Jews constitute the majority of the population of the place listed. While some of the communities listed are nearly entirely Orthodox, most are cohesive Orthodox communities (as defined above) that exist within a larger, non-Orthodox community. In many cases there are other cohesive communities within the same place made up of other religious and / or ethnic groups.'''

ja:Category:ユダヤ教徒コミュニティー

title: Category:Orthodox Jewish communities


text:
Talk:NGC 3982

Distance
The Riess et al (2005) reference does not appear to include a distance for NGC 3982 in Mpc that I could find, suggesting it may have been derived from the distance modulus. Is this correct? Cosmicflows-2 lists a distance of $21.58 Mpc$. Praemonitus (talk) 22:14, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:NGC 3982


text:
Talk:Sculptor Galaxy

NASA link
There is a summary paragraph about this galaxy, and an excellent photo, at NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day. http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap111220.html 71.230.201.203 (talk) 07:23, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sculptor Galaxy


text: Talk:NGC 5189

title: Talk:NGC 5189


text:
Talk:NGC 752

Age & distance
The following reference: lists an age of 1.7-2.0 Gyr and a distance of 400 pc.—RJH (talk) 20:27, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:NGC 752


text:
Mount Batten

Mount Batten is a 24-metre (80-ft) tall outcrop of rock on a 600-metre (2000-ft) peninsula in Plymouth Sound, Devon, England, named after Sir William Batten (c.1600-1667), MP and Surveyor of the Navy; it was previously known as How Stert.

After some redevelopment which started with the area coming under the control of the Plymouth Development Corporation for five years from 1993, the peninsula now has a marina and centre for sea sport.

The Mount Batten Breakwater (also referred to as Cattewater Breakwater and, incorrectly, Mount Batten Pier) to the west doubles as a breakwater for the Cattewater and Sutton Harbour. It was built in 1881 by the Cattewater Commissioners and subsequently refurbished by the Plymouth Development Corporation opening formally in 1995. The unveiling of the plaque by opening of a temporary curtain during the 1995 re-opening ceremony was done so by Tim Fulfit (age 10 at the time) who was a pupil selected from the local Hooe Primary School.

Early history
According to excavations reported by Barry Cunliffe in 1988, Mount Batten was the site of the earliest trade with Europe yet discovered in Bronze Age Britain, operating from the late Bronze Age, peaking in the late Iron Age Britain and continuing in operation throughout the Roman period. It appears to have been the primary route of entry to Bronze Age Britain for large quantities of continental commodities such as wine, and is therefore a speculative candidate for the trading centre of 'Ictis' reported by Diodorus Siculus and for the 'Tamaris' of Ptolemy's Geographia. Three fine British-made bronze mirrors were excavated on the peninsula, among many other ancient finds, but were lost in the Plymouth Blitz.

Coastal erosion
Before the Plymouth Breakwater was completed in 1841 and the Mount Batten Breakwater in 1881, the Mount Batten peninsula was subject to significant coastal erosion. In the 17th century, maintenance of the Cattewater required annual removal of silt and rubble which was dumped on the south side of Mount Batten. However, in 1633 and 1634 the Mount Batten isthmus was breached. A sea wall was built to resolve the problem but it wasn't until the breakwaters were built that the problem was finally solved.

Mount Batten Tower

In the later Medieval period, Mount Batten became an important defensive point for the developing settlement at Plymouth Harbour, providing a field of fire from across the other side of the Cattewater, the channel connecting the old town to the sea. In 1652, Mount Batten Tower, a 30-foot high circular artillery fort was built here; it is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

Maritime incidents
In 1973, a short distance from Mount Batten, the Cattewater Wreck was discovered during dredging. Subsequent survey and excavation work indicated that the wreck was of a 200–300 ton merchantmen believed to have been lost in the early 16th Century. It has the distinction of being the first wreck to be protected under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973. On 16 February 1811, the frigate HMS Amethyst (1799) wrecked on the ground near Cony Cliff Rocks, Mount Batten. Eight seamen lost their lives.

Quarrying at Mount Batten
Extensive quarrying took place at Mount Batten between 1839 and the mid-1860s. Stones from the quarry were used for building steam yards at HMNB Devonport. The quarrying substantially changed the local landscape and threatened the Mount Batten Tower. Following a petition from 53 leading citizens to the Admiralty, Lord Morley, the landowner, imposed restrictions on quarrying thereby saving the tower.

Mount Batten Breakwater
Work on the Mount Batten Breakwater (also referred to as Mount Batten Pier and Cattewater Breakwater) started in 1878 and was completed in 1881 at a total cost of £20,000. It is 915 feet (279 metres) in length and the foundations are 20 feet (6 metres) below the low tide mark. The breakwater was promoted by the Cattewater Commissioners who were responsible for shipping in the area. During the air-station years the breakwater was closed to the public and used, for a period, to store flying boats. In 1995 the breakwater was refurbished and re-opened to the public.

The breakwater is a popular site for local anglers and for those watching ships using the Plymouth Sound. Boats in the Fastnet and Americas Cup, can also be viewed. In August each year, the breakwater is used for the British Firework Championships.

Early tourism
The coastal walk to Jennycliff and local inns, originally built to service those working on the quarries, helped make Mount Batten an increasingly popular destination for Plymothians. During one bank holiday in 1906, some 10,000 visitors took the ferry to the area. This fledgling tourist industry came to an abrupt end when the area was closed to the public.

The air-station years (1913–1986)
Seaplane trials first took place around Mount Batten as early as 1913 and an air-station was subsequently developed. A local commemorative display poster cites the following names and years for the air station:

 * 1913–1918 as RNAS Cattewater
 * 1918–1928 as RAF Cattewater
 * 1928–1986 as RAF Mount Batten

Between 1917 and 1945, with some gaps, it was a flying boat base for both the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy. The RAF operated search and rescue launches from the base. T. E. Lawrence was stationed there under the moniker Aircraftsman Shaw.

Shorts Sunderland flying boats of the Royal Australian Air Force operated from RAF Mount Batten during World War II, taking part in the Battle of the Atlantic. The RAF finally left in 1986.

Recent history
The former RAF Mount Batten site was transferred to the Plymouth Development Corporation in 1992.

In 1999, the Mount Batten Sailing and Watersports Centre opened on the site of the former sergeants' mess. The peninsula is also home to a small residential community with 22 houses, Spinnaker Quay, dating from 2001.

title: Mount Batten


text:
Talk:NGC 5195

I have expanded the article, but I'll leave the notice there since I think it still hasn't reached full length. Funnybunny (talk/Counter Vandalism Unit) 01:36, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Classification per NED is weird
I do not understand NED's result.

The Third Reference Catalogue (RC3) gives the Hubble type as I0 pec. (NED has a link labeled "RC3 data" on its search results underneath the thumbnail image. This leads to NED's copy of the RC3 data.  It may be incomprehensible unless you are used to reading the entries.)  Hyperleda (also linked under the thumbnail on the NED search results page) gives the type as SBa (in another incomprehensible form). It might be appropriate to leave it blank, as no one has reached any clear consensus. (If I had to assign a Hubble type, I would go with E or I0.) Dr. Submillimeter 18:11, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Contradict warning
I placed the "contradict" warning on NGC 5195 because various statements in the Wikipedia article describe it as spiral, irregular, or lenticular. A more verbose description of the morphology is needed; I may attempt to add one in the next month. Dr. Submillimeter 15:03, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Cleared Contradiction
I re-worked the phrasing to keep it consistent as a barred lenticular (just another name for SB0), but noted that some consider it irregular. Admittedly, its pretty hard to judge, but most of the data for wikipedia articles comes from NASA/IPAC ...

Eteq 03:20, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I used better references to demonstrate that the galaxy is difficult to classify. As indicated in the discussion further up in this page, the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database produced strange results for this galaxy that were not consistent with other references.  It should not have been relied upon for the discussion on morphology in this article.  Dr. Submillimeter 10:11, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Dr Submillimeter, you are correct to doubt !
Up until a few years ago, much of the literature that classified this galaxy as one of a various kind of irregular assumed that the dark lanes across this galaxy were apart of the galaxy, and that is why no sense could be made of the structure. With recent realization that this galaxy is slighly further away than M51, and that therefore much of the obscuring dark matter was from that galaxy, a whole new picture emerges. If you can mentally remove the obvious M51 dark lanes, and concentrate on what SEEMS to be intrinsic to this galaxy, it has a striking resemblance of NGC 1316. But that's just my POV. Old_Wombat (talk) 08:54, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:NGC 5195


text:
Talk:LaVar Arrington

Adding Career Stats
I added Lavar's career stats. If someone feels as if it really doesn't belong in Wikipedia, please feel free to delete them. I would like to do the same for other American football players.

Nickname and Career Stats
I have never heard any Skins fans refer to Arrington as "The Killa." But if they do, surely it's a reference to the end of Aikman's career -- which came at Arrington's hands (or shoulders). This, for me (a lifelong Skins fan) is the defining moment of Arrington's career and should be mentioned in the article. As a matter of fact, it's one of the highlights of my Redskins experiences -- right up there with Riggins's run and Green's punt return.

Regarding career stats, if you aren't going to update them after every game, maybe you should post his stats through the 2004 season, and then at the end of this season you can update them. That way people will know if the information is no longer current.

Zerologic 02:34, 19 November 2005 (UTC) klkjlkj

Nickname
I'm a long time Redskins fan and I've never heard of him referred to as "The Killa," but I've heard him referred to as "QB Killa" often.--ImmortalDragon 20:47, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Given that Warren Sapp has registered www.qbkilla.com, (and most Google hits for the phrase are for him rather than LaVar), maybe that nickname doesn't belong either. J1729 20:54, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Who benched him and why
I doubt any of us knows the actual circumstances surrounding Arrington's lack of playing time in 2005. For this reason, I'm not sure if you can present as fact that it was Williams or Gibbs who benched him, or even if it was a benching at all. If you take the official statements by the team at face value (and don't get me wrong, I don't) then Arrington's lack of playing time was due to his poor conditioning following his surgeries. There are those who point out that it wouldn't be above owner Dan Syder to retaliate against a player with a contract dispute such as Arrington's.

I know the whole situation was the subject of much debate in Washington, but only the people involved really know what the situation was. Perhaps the article should reflect this. —Xanderer 17:27, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Retirement
The Citation number 3 says nothing about retirement, hence it should not be cited with respect to the speculation that he is considering retirement, the speculation that he is going to retire is just that and should not be in wikipedia. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.252.66.134 (talk) 20:07, 20 February 2007 (UTC).

Is versus was
I know it's a minor distinction but it's an important one. I've tried to be consistent wherever I see it. Arrington is a former American football player. Was won't be proper until he is dead. xanderer (talk) 20:58, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Carl Poston Investigation
The section as it currently stands reads like it was written by Poston itself. In addition to its clear bias, it's very poorly written and riddled with grammatic and stylistic errors. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.34.38.187 (talk) 04:59, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Jerry Sandusky scandal and Victim #4
I'm wondering whether LaVar Arrington's relationship with Victim #4 and his comments on The Washington Post about their relationship merit mention. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/hard-hits/post/i-wish-id-paid-more-attention-to-one-young-mans-pain/2012/06/12/gJQAkgviXV_blog.html Tinman44 (talk) 16:31, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:LaVar Arrington


text:
Talk:IC 2602

Untitled
In italian wikipedia, this article is relatively good. -- Roberto  Segnali all'Indiano  15:56, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:IC 2602


text: Talk:IC 4665

title: Talk:IC 4665


text: Category:Calligraphy

title: Category:Calligraphy


text:
User:Cborges

I like stuff and I listen to music and I play the tenor sax and I like it a lot and I am looking forward to walking home. I don't like parents or friends. I like my dog and cool things like periods. have you ever really looked at a period? its so final. its just marks the end, there is no questioning a period. it is so i have to pee. bye

title: User:Cborges


text: Talk:NGC 2169

title: Talk:NGC 2169


text:
Talk:NGC 2362

Mexican Jumping Star
I came to this page for an explanation of the name (Mexican Jumping Star) and found none. This webpage offers an explanation of the origin of the name: http://obs.nineplanets.org/psc/or/mjs.html Moletrouser 06:57, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:NGC 2362


text:
Talk:NGC 2175

Discoverer
Discoverer is not that Bruhns where Bruhns redirects to, - it is Karl Christian Bruhns Bgvr (talk) 16:28, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

==Monkey Head Nebula= The nebulosity is popularly known as the Monkey Head Nebula, I think it really does look the part too. I can't find a formal reference for this. Stub Mandrel (talk) 21:42, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:NGC 2175


text:
Talk:Lord Gray

Comment
I've changed the date of creation - the Dictionary of National Biography notes that in June 1444 the first Lord was on record as "Sir Andrew Gray", and the first reference as "Lord Gray" is on 1 July 1445. Further, he's on the list of peers after Lord Saltoun, known to have been created in 28 June 1445, so the writer concluded the peerage was created on the same date. Shimgray 23:04, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lord Gray


text: Talk:NGC 2419

title: Talk:NGC 2419


text: Talk:NGC 2451

title: Talk:NGC 2451


text:
Talk:NGC 2477

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title: Talk:NGC 2477


text:
Talk:2004 Puerto Rican general election

Country isn't the right word
Currently, this sentence reads "Similarly, prisoners mentally capable, exercised their vote days earlier, being Puerto Rico the only country of the world where those condemned are allowed to vote." Country is definately the wrong word, Puerto Rico isn't a country [it is subject to US laws], but it isn't a US State either. I'm not sure how to revise this because PR instead has a unique status, since neither "Commonwealth" [it's not that independent] nor "Territory" [it's more self-goveroring than that] seem to apply either. Joncnunn 19:03, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Pedroross.jpg
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:53, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Ruben Berrios.gif

title: Talk:2004 Puerto Rican general election


text:
Talk:Microsoft Campus Agreement

what is this
is an important contractual agreement Microsoft uses with schools, positives and negatives should be added from a non-student perspective. - cohesion [[User_talk:Cohesion|☎]] 08:14, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Microsoft Campus Agreement
Ifanyone' watching this, this whole page is wrong. A Microsoft Campus Agreement is a variant of a Microsoft Enetrprise Subscription Agreement in that it is designed to provide an annualised subscription cost for the three main components of MS desktop licensing - Windows, Office, and CALs. Most of what is mentioned here is more to do with the side benfits of the agreement, and not the real costs to the institution concerned. I might be able to write a new article around this, but I have at least 2 that I want to write first, so if anyone else is watching and ould care to take a stab.... --Brecker 20:54, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

what is this???
i just bought windows xp and got a cd that had e85-03210 as the part number. i entered e85-03210 site:microsoft.com into google and got. what is it? 67.185.171.250 04:14, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

sections
The "sections" tag is on this article... however there are no obvious ways to section this article. It's fairly short... I'm going to remove the tag, but feel free to add it again if someone has a real idea what sections should be here brain 23:51, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

info
has some interesting info. it says the deal was created in 1998 with the university of texas and indiana university serving as its pilots. suggests the cost to the university is over 1 million. says that the university of texas paid 6.3 million in 1998 and that the deal received some criticism by people who thought microsoft was expanding its monopoly.

here are some more links:

picture

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title: Talk:Microsoft Campus Agreement


text:
Talk:Thaddeus S. C. Lowe

older comments
The main editor of this article has received the Original Barnstar Award for biographies, in particular this one.--Magi Media 03:35, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Rating article
I really enjoyed reading this article. It's informative, the writing flows, the tone is in keeping with the subject and time period, and it's well researched. I would recommend requesting a peer review and then submitting it for Featured Article status. Having another set of eyes on the article helps assure the objectivity of the article and helps find all of those pesky little Wiki details. Excellent work! Nightngle 15:15, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for those kind words--Magi Media 06:38, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Not so great web sites
I must warn readers about two misinformative web sites:

 * The California State Military Museum
 * Thaddeus Civil War Biography Page

These two sites seem to be borrowing information from each other that's not totally correct. Magi Media 03:53, 3 August 2006 (UTC)Magi Media

Although, this is a good article, note the error under the photograph in the section on the Mount Lowe Railway. The name of the hymn must have been "Nearer My God to Thee," a popular hymn of that era. L. Thomas W. 16:46, 23 April 2007 (UTC) L. Thomas W. 4/23/07
 * Good catch. -Will Beback · † · 20:37, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Good catch indeed, and that was the song indeed. Thanks.--Magi Media 02:54, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

GA hold

 * 1) The lead of this article may be too long for an article with 27K of prose. See if you can trim it. Note, the lead is for summarizing the rest of the article, and should not introduce new topics not discussed in the rest of the article, as per WP:LEAD.
 * 2) Consider adding more links to the article
 * Per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (numbers), there should be a non-breaking space -  between a number and the unit of measurement. For example, instead of 4 mm, use 4 mm, which when you are editing the page, should look like: 4&nbsp;mm.
 * 1) Years with full dates should be linked; for example, link January 15, 2006.
 * 2) The article has spotted the following contraction: hadn't, if these are outside of quotations, they should be expanded.
 * 3) wikilink decades, such as 1850s.
 * 4) Footnotes come after punctation the vast majority of the time, not in the middle of a sentence.
 * 5) The Fair Oaks picture is too big, dominating that section. Cut its display size
 * 6) Most of the footnotes come from just a couple of different sources. See if you can find more. Are there any web refs avail?
 * 7) Ref 33, on Rand McNally, is a wiki article, you can't use these for refs, pls find another to replace it.
 * 8) You have 5 days to fix these. (forgot to sign before)Sumoeagle179 02:20, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * PS, leave note here when done. Sumoeagle179 02:20, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Failed GA, no response to issues.Sumoeagle179 23:09, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

GA Response
The lead of the article can be shortened, I suppose. I would have to rip the article off the site and put in a a word document for editing the tidbits you point out.

Two things about the links to this article. As is noted in a section above, other web sites which speak of Prof. Lowe are seriously erroneous. I found one that is worthy of linking. I am a professed authority on Prof. Thaddeus Lowe. I have written and spoken of him many times. I have portrayed him at graveside in cemetery tours. Only two biographies of any repute have been written on him and they are the two most cited in the article, and even at that there are contradictions in their interpretations. More books were written on his exploits as the commander of the Union Army Balloon Corps, and that wiki article is mine. Also the Mount Lowe Railway, and that article is chiefly mine.

The McNally link is weak, but I have yet to find sufficient reference to him. What he brought to Pasadena is mostly steeped in lore.

As winter draws near and my activities slow a little, I will look at editing this article for the nits you have pointed out.

Thank you.--Magi Media 00:32, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

He knew about the Jet Stream?
How? The first person credited with discovering it found it in the 1920s, after his death. In an NPR article, it is mentioned that Joseph Henry proposed an idea involving the jet stream in the 19th century, which also has not be proved with a reference. Whether it was Joseph Henry or a Japanese citizen in the 1920s who knew/theorized the idea of the jet stream, that rules this person out. Thegreatdr (talk) 20:18, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

The top three balloonists of the period all recognized a high wind that blew eastwardly and was possibly capable of flying them to Europe. Because of Lowe's extensive scientific analysis that was well recognized by scientists of the day, and his actual riding of the wind in the Cincinnati to South Carolina episode, he is best attributed as the discoverer of the Jet Stream, eventhough he did not name it as such.--Magi Media (talk) 17:40, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Constantine instead of Coulincourt
Milestones of Flight by Michael J.H. Taylor states that the C is for Constantine. Worth being checked. --Mezod (talk) 15:50, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

Reference to picture
At one point, the article refers to a picture by its location within the article (The picture to the right depicts Lowe's ascent...). In principle, I don't object, but I suspect that was written before the widespread use of mobile versions of wikipedia. Are we sure that the mobile formatting doesn't change picture placement in such a way as to make that reference incoherent? Abeoriole88 (talk) 02:01, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

 * You're right, text that refers to an image should generally be in an image caption (see WP:MOSIM). I made some changes. --jnkyrdsprkl (talk) 03:34, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

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CO2 refrigeration
I think it would be useful to expand on the refrigeration by Lowe. I believe he did experiment with both ammonia and co2 based systems. And did also made dry ice for ice making and easy storage in a room. But I am not sure if the machine to produce dry ice was ammonia or co2 based. 2A02:168:F609:0:5F8:C25A:2F16:ECD5 (talk) 14:49, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thaddeus S. C. Lowe


text:
Talk:Jim Lange

page 238 : Don Sherwood: The Life and Times of the World's Greatest Disc Jockey - iUniverse
64.175.40.147 (talk) 00:42, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jim Lange


text:
Talk:Pheer

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Pheer. The consensus was to merge it to leet. dbenbenn | talk 23:07, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pheer


text:
Talk:Punta Lobos

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title: Talk:Punta Lobos


text: Talk:Free Harbor Fight

title: Talk:Free Harbor Fight


text:
Talk:Error code

Historical context
Nice to add some historical context. When was the first use of Error codes? When did they become popular? When were they the standard? (80s I think) When did exceptions start replacing them? (90s?) Aharel (talk) 11:20, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

untitled
I'm yanking the "expansion" tag, since the article has grown quite significantly since it was added. scot 18:38, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

This sentence needs to be translated into English "Error codes are often process global variables, such as errno in C. " It's a wee bit cryptic for the average reader. --Lee Hunter 14:54, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been a geek too long (started programming in 1980, at age 9) so it really makes my brain hurt to try to think like "the average reader". That phrase "process global variable" is probably worthy of several paragraphs.  It also begs the question of just how global errno is on, say, bastardized "cooperatively mulitprocessing" machines like 16 bit Windows, which ran all processes in essentially the same address space.  I've tried very hard to repress all memories of working under 16 bit Windows...  I'll do some thinking on it and see if I can come up with a lower level explanation.   scot 16:21, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The example with "fopen" uses errno, but the page Fopen does not mention errno as part of the interface. As I understand whether fopen sets errno (even on failure) is implementation dependent (or an extension to the standard)? http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fopen.html http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xsh/fopen.html -- File Not Found 18:21, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Some discussion may be added about the correct way to handle errno in C, because it is confusing and partially implementation dependent. I believe this is the most portable way to use errno in C.

// example taken from http://www.brainbell.com/tutors/c/Advice_and_Warnings_for_C/Macros_and_Miscellaneous_Pitfalls.html // in section "Gently Down the Stream" errno = 0; fileptr = fopen( ... ); if ( fileptr == NULL ) { /* An error occurred in fopen | Now it's valid to examine errno */  if ( errno != 0 ) { /* handle error */ } }

 * -- File Not Found 18:47, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Error code