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Ilyushin Il-78

The Ilyushin Il-78 (Илью́шин Ил-78; NATO reporting name Midas) is a Soviet/Russian four-engined aerial refueling tanker based on the Il-76 strategic airlifter.

Design and development

The Soviet Union's first dedicated tanker aircraft were variants of preexisting bombers, like the Tupolev Tu-16 and Myasishchev M-4. Their performance was deemed insufficient, especially so since new bomber models were slated to enter service (the Tupolev Tu-22M and the Tupolev Tu-160). In 1968, the development of a new tanker began, based on the Ilyushin Il-76. Its performance was insufficient for use as a tanker: it could only transfer less than 10 tonnes of fuel to other aircraft. Instead of the basic Il-76, the improved Il-76MD version was chosen as the basis for the new tanker, named Il-78, owing to its higher fuel capacity. The Il-78 tanker was developed and designed in the Ilyushin Aviation Complex in the Soviet Union. The Il-78 made its first flight on 26 June 1983, and entered service in June 1987. Meanwhile, work on a version with a higher fuel capacity began. This version, the Il-78M, first flew on 7 March 1987. In total, 32 Il-78s, 13 Il-78Ms and a single Il-78E (a version exported to Libya) were built at the Tashkent Aviation Production Association, from 1984 to 1993.

Taking the Il-76MD as its basis, the Il-78 airframe retains its general configuration. The tail turret is removed, and an air refuelling operator is situated in the rear gunner's position. Three aerial refueling pods are added: one under each wing, and one fixed to the rear fuselage. The basic Il-78 use three UPAZ-1 pods, while the Il-78M uses two UPAZ-1s under the wings, and one UPAZ-1M on the rear fuselage (the UPAZ-1M has a superior fuel transfer rate). The underwing pods are used to refuel tactical aircraft, while the fuselage pod is used for heavier aircraft. The Il-78 uses the probe-and-drogue refueling method. The Il-78 can transfer fuel from its internal tanks, and two removable tanks located in the cargo hold. The Il-78M has three fixed tanks in its cargo hold. The basic Il-78 can transfer a maximum of 57.7 tonnes of fuel (internal tanks only) or 85.7 tonnes with the additional tanks, while the Il-78M can transfer 105.7 tonnes.

Variants

 * Il-78: Original production version based on the Il-76MD. With the additional fuel tanks removed, the Il-78 can serve as a regular cargo aircraft.
 * Il-78M: The Il-78M entered service in 1987 as a dedicated tanker equipped with three permanent fuselage tanks, a higher gross weight of 210 tonnes, and no cargo door or cargo handling equipment. The cargo ramp is retained but non-functional. Total fuel capacity is 138 tonnes (303,600 lb), of which 105.7 tonnes (232,540 lb) is transferable.
 * Il-78-2: Modernization of Il-78/78M aircraft, using same parts as used in newly produced Il-78M-90A and Il-76MD-90A variants, to enhance service life from 30 to 40 years. The cockpit equipment is modernised, and flare launchers are installed. The aircraft have three UPAZ-1M air refuelling pods. The first modernized aircraft was rolled out on 25 August 2019.
 * Il-78M-90A (Il-478): An upgraded variant based on the Il-76MD-90A. First prototype was rolled out on 29 November 2017, and performed its maiden flight on 25 January 2018. On December 12, 2020, an order for 10 Il-78M-90As was signed, with the serial production starting in 2021.
 * Il-78E: Export version of the Il-78. One example built for Libya.
 * Il-78MKI: Export version for India. Six aircraft were ordered in 2002, built at the Tashkent Aviation Production Association plant using unfinished airframes. Uses Cobham Mk.32B air refuelling pods, which allow to refuel both Russian-built and Western aircraft.
 * Il-78MP: Multi-role aerial refuelling tanker/transport aircraft, with removable fuel tanks in cargo hold and three UPAZ-1 refuelling pods, for the Pakistan Air Force.

Current operators

 * Algerian Air Force – six Il-78s bought from Ukraine in 1998, delivered between 1998 and 2003 after servicing in Russia. Four Il-78s in service of Algerian Airforce as of 2017.
 * Chinese Air Force – three Il-78s ordered to Ukraine in 2011, delivered between 2014 and 2016 after overhauls. These aircraft are fitted with UPAZ-1 pods.
 * Indian Air Force – six Il-78MKIs delivered in 2003 and 2004, operated by No. 78 Squadron at Agra AFS.
 * Pakistan Air Force – four Il-78s were ordered from Ukrainian surplus stocks in 2006, fitted with removable fuel tanks and UPAZ refueling pods. They were delivered between 2009 and 2011 after being overhauled at the Mykolaiv aircraft repair plant. These aircraft received the designation Il-78MP.
 * No. 10 Squadron "Bulls"
 * Russian Aerospace Forces – 19 Il-78/78Ms in service as of 2019.
 * 43rd Center for Combat Application and Training of Aircrew for Long Range Aviation – Dyagilevo (air base), Ryazan Oblast
 * 203rd Guards Air Refueling Regiment
 * No. 10 Squadron "Bulls"
 * Russian Aerospace Forces – 19 Il-78/78Ms in service as of 2019.
 * 43rd Center for Combat Application and Training of Aircrew for Long Range Aviation – Dyagilevo (air base), Ryazan Oblast
 * 203rd Guards Air Refueling Regiment
 * 203rd Guards Air Refueling Regiment

Former operators

 * National Air Force of Angola – one ordered from Ukraine in 2001. Refueling equipment was removed and the aircraft rebuilt into an Il-76TD before it was sent to Angola in 2003. Scrapped in 2014.
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * Libyan Air Force – one Il-78E bought in 1989. Destroyed in a 2015 attack on Mitiga International Airport.
 * Soviet Air Forces – aircraft were transferred to the Russian and Ukrainian Air Forces after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
 * 106th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division – Uzyn Air Base, Kyiv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR
 * 409th Aviation Regiment of tanker aircraft
 * Ukrainian Air Force – inherited 21 Il-78s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since 1993, some of the aircraft were disposed of their refueling equipment and used as cargo aircraft, others were sold to Algeria, India, Pakistan and China for air refueling operations.
 * 106th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division – Uzyn Air Base, Kyiv Oblast
 * 409th Aviation Regiment of tanker aircraft
 * An Il-78 of the Ukrainian Air Force was bought by North American Tactical Aviation Inc (NATA) in 2005, and flown to the United States in July 2006 for use in air refueling operations contracted to the United States military. It passed into Air Support Systems LLC ownership and got an American civilian registration N78GF. It was then mothballed at the North Texas Regional Airport for two and a half years. In 2009, it left the airport with a Ukrainian crew hired by NATA and was heading to the Wittman Regional Airport, Wisconsin, to refuel before flying to Pakistan for phase aircraft maintenance. However, it was diverted to the Sawyer International Airport, Michigan, where it remains grounded. In 2010, the aircraft was repossessed by the Bank of Utah Trustee and in 2019 sold to Meridican Inc, an international consulting firm in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The aircraft was to receive a cockpit upgrade for international operations in 2018.    It was undergoing engineering changes in 2022 to upgrade its air-to-air refueling pods, hose and drogue system to a Western-manufactured system that is compatible with US Navy and NATO.
 * 106th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division – Uzyn Air Base, Kyiv Oblast
 * 409th Aviation Regiment of tanker aircraft
 * An Il-78 of the Ukrainian Air Force was bought by North American Tactical Aviation Inc (NATA) in 2005, and flown to the United States in July 2006 for use in air refueling operations contracted to the United States military. It passed into Air Support Systems LLC ownership and got an American civilian registration N78GF. It was then mothballed at the North Texas Regional Airport for two and a half years. In 2009, it left the airport with a Ukrainian crew hired by NATA and was heading to the Wittman Regional Airport, Wisconsin, to refuel before flying to Pakistan for phase aircraft maintenance. However, it was diverted to the Sawyer International Airport, Michigan, where it remains grounded. In 2010, the aircraft was repossessed by the Bank of Utah Trustee and in 2019 sold to Meridican Inc, an international consulting firm in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The aircraft was to receive a cockpit upgrade for international operations in 2018.    It was undergoing engineering changes in 2022 to upgrade its air-to-air refueling pods, hose and drogue system to a Western-manufactured system that is compatible with US Navy and NATO.
 * An Il-78 of the Ukrainian Air Force was bought by North American Tactical Aviation Inc (NATA) in 2005, and flown to the United States in July 2006 for use in air refueling operations contracted to the United States military. It passed into Air Support Systems LLC ownership and got an American civilian registration N78GF. It was then mothballed at the North Texas Regional Airport for two and a half years. In 2009, it left the airport with a Ukrainian crew hired by NATA and was heading to the Wittman Regional Airport, Wisconsin, to refuel before flying to Pakistan for phase aircraft maintenance. However, it was diverted to the Sawyer International Airport, Michigan, where it remains grounded. In 2010, the aircraft was repossessed by the Bank of Utah Trustee and in 2019 sold to Meridican Inc, an international consulting firm in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The aircraft was to receive a cockpit upgrade for international operations in 2018.    It was undergoing engineering changes in 2022 to upgrade its air-to-air refueling pods, hose and drogue system to a Western-manufactured system that is compatible with US Navy and NATO.

title: Ilyushin Il-78


text:
Magnum (ice cream)

Magnum is a brand of ice cream and the company's namesake, originally developed and produced by Frisko in Aarhus, Denmark, a part of the British company Unilever. It is sold as part of the Heartbrand line of products, which is owned by Unilever in most countries and is available in sticks, tubs and bites. In Greece, the Magnum brand name has been owned by Nestlé since 2005–2006 following the acquisition of Delta Ice Cream, so the Unilever ice cream uses the name Magic.

History
The ice cream today known as Magnum was developed in Aarhus, Denmark, in the late 1980s by Mogens Vigh-Larsen (1935–2019), then technical director of Frisko, which is an ice cream maker. It was put into production in autumn 1988 and originally manufactured by Frisko in Denmark. The original Magnum (later rebranded as Magnum Classic) consisted of a thick bar of vanilla ice cream on a stick, with a chocolate coating. As there was no real chocolate that could stand the temperature of −40 degrees Celsius, an ad hoc chocolate had to be developed. The original Magnum had a weight of 86 grams and a volume of 120 ml. The Aarhus factory was converted into apartments, shops, and a fitness centre named "Friskohus" (The Frisko House) after the ice cream company brand. The Frisko brand is still used in Denmark.

The company also started selling Magnum ice cream cones in 1994 and an ice cream sandwich in 2002.'''

The actor Roger Moore, best known for his portrayal of James Bond, famously claimed to have come up with the idea of the Magnum, although Wall's deny any knowledge of this, saying it is no more than "a brilliant story".

On March 19, 2024, Unilever announced it would divest its ice cream brands and cut 7,500 jobs in order to make “a simpler, more focused and higher performing Unilever.” Included in the spin-off are Ben & Jerry's, Cornetto, Magnum, Talenti, and Wall’s. The divestment is expected to be completed by the end of 2025.

Varieties
Starting in 1992, the company added Magnum Almond, Double Chocolate, and White amongst other flavours. In 2002, Magnum branched into frozen yogurt with its raspberry fruit swirl covered in milk chocolate. Moments were introduced which were bite-size ice cream treats with caramel, chocolate, or hazelnut centres, followed later in the year by "mini", "crunchy" (with almonds), and "light". Late 2002 saw the launch of Magnum Intense, a chocolate truffle center enveloped in ice cream and covered with chocolate, and the limited edition 7 Deadly Sins series of ice creams, whose flavours were named after the seven deadly sins. Sins were followed by another limited edition range in 2005 in which each flavour was named after one of the senses: Magnum Aroma, Magnum Touch, Magnum Sound, Magnum Taste, and Magnum Sight.

In 2003, Streets, the brand under which Magnum is sold in Australia and New Zealand, brought out a limited edition series of ice creams known as The Sixties Nine featuring sixties-related names: John Lemon, Wood Choc, Jami Hendrix, ChocWork Orange, Peace ManGO, Cinnaman on the Moon, Cherry Guevara, Candy Warhol and Guava Lamp. Consumers who collected nine of these ice cream sticks could send them off to get a free Magnum T-shirt. The extreme popularity of the ChocWork Orange resulted in Streets selling it as the "Chocolate Orange" Magnum for some time after the remainder of the range was discontinued. Similarly, the Peppermint Envy of the Seven Deadly Sins range became "Peppermint" and is still available in Australia today.

In 2008, Magnum brought out new variants in the UK—Mayan Mystica, a chocolate ice cream Magnum blended with cinnamon, nutmeg, and honey flavours; and Magnum Minis available in a variety of flavours.

In 2020, Magnum brought new variants Rose Ruby and Salted Caramel. These are produced in a tub with a crackable outside chocolate layer.

Advertisement
Actress Eva Longoria was the face of Magnum in 2008. Also in 2008, Josh Holloway, from television's Lost, was selected as the first male spokesperson of Magnum in Turkey. Benicio del Toro and Caroline Correa starred in a television commercial for Magnum Gold, directed by Bryan Singer.

In 2021, on the occasion of the 700th anniversary of Dante Alighieri's death, a new limited edition was launched that included three ice creams, each inspired by each of the three Cantiche of the Divine Comedy. To celebrate the anniversary, in partnership with the Scuderie del Quirinale, a work was also commissioned to the Italian painter Roberto Ferri, who created Il Bacio di Dante e Beatrice (The Kiss of Dante and Beatrice). The painting was exhibited at the Palazzo Firenze in Rome.

Internationally
In 2009, Magnum Mini Moments were launched. They came in three types of chocolate: milk, white and dark all with five different flavours including almond and truffle. In China, the Magnum name is retained; however, there are fewer varieties—as of 2009 there are only vanilla, cappuccino, and crunchy. Mint and double chocolate were introduced in 2006–7 but were pulled from the market in 2008 (or possibly before).

In 2011, Magnum ice cream was launched in the US and Canada with six varieties: Double Caramel, Double Chocolate, Classic, Almond, White, and Dark.

In March 2012, Malaysia introduced a flavor known as Choco-Cappucino.

In April 2013, Magnum ice cream was launched in India by Hindustan Unilever, starting with Chennai, and February the following year, it expanded to national distribution. It is distributed under the brand name Kwality Wall's (ice cream).

In 2014, The Philippines opened a "make-your-own" or "do-it-yourself" Magnum dessert bar/cafe called Magnum Manila, located at SM Aura's Sky Park, Taguig.

Vegan
In 2018, Magnum launched its first vegan ice creams in two flavours, Magnum Vegan Classic, and Magnum Vegan Almond. The new product was first released in Finland and Sweden followed by the UK.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Magnum (ice cream)


text: Talk:Ilyushin Il-78

title: Talk:Ilyushin Il-78


text:
SlimFast

SlimFast is an American company headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, that markets an eponymous brand of shakes, bars, snacks, packaged meals, and other dietary supplement foods sold in the U.S., Canada, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Latin America, and the U.K. SlimFast promotes diets and weight loss plans featuring its food products.

There is mixed evidence on the effectiveness of the diet, although it appears to function no better than behavioral counseling.

History
SlimFast was started in 1977 as a product line of the Thompson Medical Company, founded in the 1940s by S. Daniel Abraham. The product was rolled out nationwide in a marketing campaign that began on July 11, 1977 for "a fat-free, carbohydrate-free, animal-based fortified cherry-flavored protein supplement formula" that promised to make purchasers "feel better, cleaner, stronger and healthier.

Thompson Medical also sold the controversial weight loss dietary supplement Dexatrim. In 1987, Abraham took the brand private, and it was acquired by Unilever in 2000. In 2014, Unilever sold SlimFast to Kainos Capital. After the sale, KSF Acquisition invested with Kainos Capital in order to take responsibility for the SlimFast brand in the UK, Ireland and Germany.

In 2018, Glanbia Plc. acquired SlimFast from Kainos Capital.

On December 3, 2009, SlimFast recalled all of its canned products due to possible bacterial contamination. The company stated that it had halted production until the cause was discovered. No further problems or issues have been noted. In 2011, SlimFast stopped producing cans and has since used plastic bottles.

Original (1987–2004)
SlimFast was originally just a diet shake product line. It consisted of chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla shakes meant to replace breakfast and lunch. The company suggested customers eat a low-calorie dinner. Usually, dieters would pick a low-calorie frozen dinner brand such as Lean Cuisine or Weight Watchers, as the SlimFast diet was a convenience product line that offered none of its own dinner products. Later, in the mid-1990s, SlimFast began offering meal bars that could be used as meal replacements.

Effectiveness
In a 2009 study involving 300 overweight and obese males and females aged 21–60 years published by Cambridge University Press, the SlimFast programme achieved weight losses of between 5 kg (11 lbs) and 9 kg (19 lbs) after six months compared to a control diet. The results were comparable to that of both the Weight Watchers 'Pure Points' programme and Rosemary Conley's 'Eat yourself Slim' Diet and Fitness Plan.

title: SlimFast


text:
Lawry's and Adolph's

Lawry's and Adolph's are food, seasoning, and beverage brands owned by McCormick & Company, and formerly owned by Unilever and Lawry's. Products include marinades, spice blends, breadings, Spatini sauce, and other seasoning mixes.

Adolf's meat tenderizers
• Marinade in Minutes, Meat Marinade Seasoning Mix

• Unseasoned Tenderizer

• Seasoned Tenderizer

Herbs and spices
• Bay Leaves

• Casero Basil

• Casero Bay Leaves

• Casero Ground Black Pepper

• Casero Cayenne Pepper

• Casero Chili Powder

• Casero Chopped Onion

• Casero Cinnamon Sticks

• Casero Curry Powder

• Casero Garlic Powder

• Casero Ground Cinnamon

• Casero Ground Cumin

• Casero Onion Powder

• Casero Paprika

• Casero Parsley Flakes

• Casero Smoked Paprika

• Casero Whole Oregano

• Chili Powder

• Garlic Powder

• Ground Cayenne Pepper

• Ground Cinnamon

• Ground Cumin

• Onion Powder

• Oregano Leaves

• Paprika

• Parsley Flakes

Marinades
• Baja Chipotle Marinade

• Caribbean Jerk with Papaya Marinade

• Chipotle Molasses Marinade

• Hawaiin with Tropical Fruit Juices Marinade

• Herb & Garlic with Lemon Marinade

• Hickory Brown Sugar Marinade

• Honey Bourbon Marinade

• Lemon Pepper with Lemon Marinade

• Mediterranean Herb & White Wine Marinade

• Mesquite with Lime Marinade

• Sesame & Ginger Marinade

• Signature Italian with Garlic, Onion & Herbs Marinade

• Steakhouse Marinade

• Steak & Chop Marinade

• Korean-Style BBQ Marinade

• Teriyaki with Pineapple Juice Marinade

Spice blends
• 25% Less Sodium Garlic Salt with Parsley

• Black Pepper Seasoned Salt

• Casero Adobo with Pepper

• Casero Asobo Seasoning without Pepper

• Casero Carne Asada Seasoning

• Casero Chili & Lime Seasoning

• Casero Pollo Asado Sesoning

• Casero Total Seasoning

• Garlic Pepper

• Garlic Powder

• Coarse Ground with Parsley Garlic Salt

• Garlic Spread

• Lemon Pepper Blend

• Salt-Free 17 Seasoning

• Colorful Coarse Ground Blend Seasoned Pepper

• Seasoned Salt

• 25% Less Sodium Seasoned Salt

Seasoning mixes
• AU Jus Gravy Mix

• Beef Stew Seasoning Mix

• Burrito Seasoning Mix

• Chicken Fajita Seasoning Mix

• Chicken Taco Spices & Seasonings

• Chili Spices & Seasonings Mix

• Extra rich & Thick Spaghetti Mix

• Fajitas Spices & Seasonings

• Spaghetti Mix

• Taco Seasoning Mix

• Tenderizing Beef Marinade Spices & Seasoning Mix

title: Lawry's and Adolph's


text:
Dove (toiletries)

Dove is an American personal care brand owned by Unilever, a British consumer goods company.

The products are sold in more than 150 countries and are offered for women, men, babies and kids. Dove's logo is a silhouette profile of the brand's namesake bird. Vincent Lamberti was granted the original patents related to the manufacturing of Dove in the 1950s, while he worked for Lever Brothers.

Etymology
The name Dove originates from the soap factory De Duif (The Dove), located in Den Dolder, Netherlands. When De Duif was absorbed into Unilever, it gained ownership of the brand, which was later translated into English.

Product lines
Products include antiperspirants/deodorants, body washes, beauty bars, lotions/moisturizers, hair care, or facial care products. Dove is primarily made from synthetic surfactants, vegetable oils (such as palm kernel) and salts of animal fats (tallow). In some countries, Dove is derived from tallow, and for this reason it is not considered vegan, unlike vegetable oil based soaps.

In January 2010, Unilever launched a men's toiletries range that was branded as "Dove Men + Care". In November 2013, Steve Bell of Macon, Georgia, won the Dove Men+Care Hair "King of the Castle Home Upgrade" contest, receiving a home upgrade and consultation with Jonathan Scott of Property Brothers.

Dove Campaign for Real Beauty
In September 2004, Dove began its Campaign for Real Beauty, followed by the creation of the Dove Self-Esteem Project in 2006, by Geyner Andres Gaona and Amy. The campaign has been criticized as hypocritical in light of the highly sexualized images of women presented in the advertising of Axe, which, like Dove, is produced by Unilever.

Controversies
In October 2017, a three-second video for Dove body lotion posted on their page on Facebook in the United States prompted criticism and accusations of racism. The video clip showed a black woman removing her T-shirt to reveal a white woman, who then lifts her own T-shirt to reveal an Asian woman. The full thirty-second television advert version included seven women of different races and ages. Unilever has apologized for an advertisement, saying it should “never have happened” and pulled the advertisement.

The ad sparked criticism, leading Dove to remove the advert, saying it "deeply regret(ted) the offence it caused." Dove further stated that the "video was intended to convey that Dove body wash is for every woman and be a celebration of diversity". The black woman in the advert, Lola Ogunyemi, said the advert had been misinterpreted and defended Dove. Nicola Slawson: "Dove apologises for ad showing black woman turning into white one". The Guardian, 8 October 2017; Maggie Astor: "Dove Drops Ad After It Draws Criticism for Being Racist". The New York Times; Casey Quackenbush: "Dove Apologizes After Body Wash Ad Is Slammed For Being Racist". Time; Jeff Wicks: "Dove extends olive branch over 'racist' ad". The Times. 9 October 2017; Natasha Bach: "Dove Removes 'Racist' Ad That Seemed to Suggest Black Women Were Dirty". Fortune; Daniel Politi: "Dove Apologizes for Ad That Shows Black Woman Turning Into a White Woman". Slate. 8 October 2017; Whitney Kimball: "What Was Dove's Thought Process on This Racial Transformation Ad". Jezebel. 8 October 2017; Biba Kang: "Dove's apology for its Facebook advert is insulting to people of colour – 'sorry you're offended' really isn't enough". The Independent. 8 October 2017; "Dove faces PR disaster over ad that showed a black woman turning white". CNBC, 9 October 2017; Lola Ogunyemi: "I am the woman in the 'racist Dove ad'. I am not a victim". The Guardian, 8 October 2017.

Starting in 2023, Greenpeace have a campaign "Real beauty, real harm" highlighting that Dove is polluting communities in countries like India, Indonesia and the Philippines, with plastic waste.

Also in 2023, the UK Competition and Markets Authority announced that it would be scrutinising environmental claims made by the consumer goods group Unilever, which is known for brands including Cif, Dove, ... The move comes as part of the CMA’s wider investigation into greenwashing and follows concerns around how Unilever is marketing certain products, within some brands, to customers as environmentally friendly.

Research
In August 2023, a survey and research done by Kantar's Brand Inclusion Index conducted in UK showed that Dove was considered one of the Most Inclusive Brands for consumers among other skincare brands.

title: Dove (toiletries)


text:
Iglo

Iglo is a frozen food brand based in the United Kingdom, with products sold across the European continent. It is owned by Nomad Foods Europe, which also owns the rights to the Birds Eye brand in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and Findus across Europe.

Formerly owned by private equity firm Permira, the company was sold to the food company Nomad Foods in June 2015, valuing the group at €2.6bn (£1.9bn). Nomad purchased the operations of Findus in all markets except the United Kingdom in November 2015, and merged the businesses of Iglo and Findus in 2016 to form Nomad Foods Europe.

History
In November 2006, private equity fund Permira acquired the BirdsEye and Iglo businesses from Unilever for €1.7bn, forming the BirdsEye Iglo Group. In 2010 BirdsEye Iglo Group purchased the Italian frozen food business Compagnia Surgelati Italiana SPA from Unilever for €0.8bn, and reunited the Findus brand in Sweden into the group that had previously been managed as one business under Unilever until 2006. On 24 June 2011, BirdsEye Iglo Group changed its legal name to Iglo Foods Group Limited, and began trading as the Iglo Group.

Blackstone Group and BC Partners made an unsuccessful bid of €2.5bn to buy Iglo from Permira in 2012. In April 2015 Permira agreed on a majority sale to United States-based investment vehicle Nomad Foods, valuing the group at €2.6bn (£1.9bn).

Following the purchase of Findus by Iglo's parent Nomad Foods, the Findus brand is due to be brought back under the same ownership across Europe.

title: Iglo


text:
Consciousness raising

Consciousness raising (also called awareness raising) is a form of activism popularized by United States feminists in the late 1960s. It often takes the form of a group of people attempting to focus the attention of a wider group on some cause or condition. Common issues include diseases (e.g. breast cancer, AIDS), conflicts (e.g. the Darfur genocide, global warming), movements (e.g. Greenpeace, PETA, Earth Hour) and political parties or politicians. Since informing the populace of a public concern is often regarded as the first step to changing how the institutions handle it, raising awareness is often the first activity in which any advocacy group engages.

However, in practice, raising awareness is often combined with other activities, such as fundraising, membership drives or advocacy, in order to harness and/or sustain the motivation of new supporters which may be at its highest just after they have learned and digested the new information.

The term awareness raising is used in the Yogyakarta Principles against discriminatory attitudes and LGBT stereotypes as well as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices toward people with disabilities.

Terminology
Until the early-17th century, English speakers used the word "consciousness" in the sense of "moral knowledge of right or wrong"—a concept today referred to as "conscience".

In feminism
Consciousness raising groups were formed by New York Radical Women, an early Women's Liberation group in New York City, and quickly spread throughout the United States. In November 1967, a group including Shulamith Firestone, Anne Koedt, Kathie Sarachild (originally Kathie Amatniek), and Carol Hanisch began meeting in Koedt's apartment. Meetings often involved "going around the room and talking" about issues in their own lives. The phrase "consciousness raising" was coined to describe the process when Kathie Sarachild took up the phrase from Anne Forer:

"In the Old Left, they used to say that the workers don't know they're oppressed, so we have to raise their consciousness. One night at a meeting I said, 'Would everybody please give me an example from their own life on how they experienced oppression as a woman? I need to hear it to raise my own consciousness.' Kathie was sitting behind me and the words rang in her mind. From then on she sort of made it an institution and called it consciousness-raising."

- Anne Forer

On Thanksgiving 1968, Kathie Sarachild presented A Program for Feminist Consciousness Raising, at the First National Women's Liberation Conference near Chicago, Illinois, in which she explained the principles behind consciousness-raising and outlined a program for the process that the New York groups had developed over the past year. Groups founded by former members of New York Radical Women—in particular Redstockings, founded out of the breakup of the NYRW in 1969, and New York Radical Feminists—promoted consciousness raising and distributed mimeographed sheets of suggesting topics for consciousness raising group meetings. New York Radical Feminists organized neighborhood-based c.r. groups in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens, involving as many as four hundred women in c.r. groups at its peak. Over the next few years, small-group consciousness raising spread rapidly in cities and suburbs throughout the United States. By 1971, the Chicago Women's Liberation Union, which had already organized several consciousness raising groups in Chicago, described small consciousness raising groups as "the backbone of the Women's Liberation Movement". Susan Brownmiller, a member of the West Village would later write that small-group consciousness raising "was the movement's most successful form of female bonding, and the source of most of its creative thinking. Some of the small groups stayed together for more than a decade".

"In 1973, probably the height of CR, 100,000 women in the United States belonged to CR groups."

Early mid-century feminists argued that women were isolated from each other, and as a result many problems in women's lives were misunderstood as "personal," or as the results of conflicts between the personalities of individual men and women, rather than systematic forms of oppression. Raising consciousness meant helping oneself and helping others to become politically conscious. Consciousness raising groups aimed to get a better understanding of women's oppression by bringing women together to discuss and analyze their lives, without interference from the presence of men.

While explaining the theory behind consciousness raising in a 1973 talk, Kathie Sarachild remarked that "From the beginning of consciousness-raising ... there has been no one method of raising consciousness. What really counts in consciousness-raising are not methods, but results. The only 'methods' of consciousness raising are essentially principles. They are the basic radical political principles of going to the original sources, both historic and personal, going to people—women themselves, and going to experience for theory and strategy". However, most consciousness raising groups did follow a similar pattern for meeting and discussion. Meetings would usually be held about once a week, with a small group of women, often in the living room of one of the members. Meetings were women-only, and usually involved going around the room for each woman to talk about a predetermined subject—for example, "When you think about having a child, would you rather have a boy or a girl?"—speaking from her own experience, with no formal leader for the discussion and few rules for directing or limiting discussion. (Some c.r. groups did implement rules designed to give every woman a chance to speak, to prevent interruptions, etc.) Speaking from personal experience was used as a basis for further discussion and analysis based on the first-hand knowledge that was shared.

Some feminist advocates of consciousness raising argued that the process allowed women to analyze the conditions of their own lives, and to discover ways in which what had seemed like isolated, individual problems (such as needing an abortion, surviving rape, conflicts between husbands and wives over housework, etc.) actually reflected common conditions faced by all women. As Sarachild wrote in 1969, "We assume that our feelings are telling us something from which we can learn... that our feelings mean something worth analyzing... that our feelings are saying something political, something reflecting fear that something bad will happen to us or hope, desire, knowledge that something good will happen to us. ... In our groups, let's share our feelings and pool them. Let's let ourselves go and see where our feelings lead us. Our feelings will lead us to ideas and then to actions".

Ellen Willis wrote in 1984 that consciousness raising has often been "misunderstood and disparaged as a form of therapy", but that it was, in fact, in its time and context, "the primary method of understanding women's condition" and constituted "the movement's most successful organizing tool." At the same time, she saw the lack of theory and emphasis on personal experience as concealing "prior political and philosophical assumptions".

However, some in the feminist movement criticised consciousness raising groups as "trivial" and apolitical.

Through poetry
Historically, poetry has been used as a consciousness-raising tactic by consciousness-raising groups. Activist and writer Audre Lorde was noted to have been one of many scholars who wrote of poetry as a means of communication for women of color activist and resistance groups. This focus has also been studied by other feminist scholars as a new approach to women's literary writing experience, and the usage of critical consciousness through the creation of art as a liberatory praxis. Art as a liberatory praxis has also been explored through a radical queer lens through a number of publications and journals such as Sinister Wisdom and Conditions, online publications with an emphasis on lesbian writing.

For LGBT rights
In the 1960s, consciousness-raising caught on with gay liberation activists, who formed the first "coming-out groups" which helped participants come out of the closet among welcoming, tolerant individuals and share personal stories about coming out. The idea of coming out as a tool of consciousness-raising had been preceded by even earlier opinions from German theorists such as Magnus Hirschfeld, Iwan Bloch and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, all of whom saw self-disclosure as a means of self-emancipation, the raising of consciousness among fellow un-closeted individuals and a means of raising awareness in the wider society.

In atheism
In The God Delusion, anti-religion activist Richard Dawkins uses the term "consciousness raising" for several other things, explicitly describing these as analogous to the feminist case. These include replacing references to children as Catholic, Muslim, etc. with references to children of the adults who are members of these religions (which he compares to our using non-sexist terminology) and Darwin as "raising our consciousness" in biology to the possibility of explaining complexity naturalistically and, in principle, raising our consciousness to the possibility of doing such things elsewhere (especially in physics). Earlier in the book, he uses the term (without explicitly referring to feminism) to refer to making people aware that leaving their parents' faith is an option.

title: Consciousness raising


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Masculinism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. 4 deletes, 4 redirects. I'll redirect it. dbenbenn | talk 04:22, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Masculinism
Note: This VfD has been vandalized numerous times by Cityhuntr, author of the article, who has also been vandalizing Votes for deletion/Choirboy.

Neologism which admits that it's not popular but has been discussed on "The Paul Show", whatever that is. -- Antaeus Feldspar 08:21, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. TheCoffee 09:29, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Egil 09:45, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, Google yields some 8520 hits on this term. Some of this appears to be appropriate use of it aswell. Inter 10:33, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment to above comment: The article says The first ever discussion of Masculinism occured on The Paul Show. Masculinism per se may need an article, but this particular article is just nonsense by a vandal. -- Egil 11:04, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect to Masculism as reasonable misspelling. As it is this is just a neologism for which there is already a word anyway (misogyny). Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:55, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed -- redirect. --FOo 17:52, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Masculism, I concur, can be a reasonable misspelling. As for the article itself, it's probably neologism. Zzyzx11 23:00, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Masculism. Megan1967 23:01, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, then redirect. Rossami (talk) 23:46, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Maximalism

Maximalism
in respond to Wikipedia writers seeking and searching for a credible source (s) about who founded the term (Maximalism) and or started that movement in the arts there are plenty of references about that start back in 1990 in Germany and Italy by the artist Daryush Shokof which can be traced back to the exhibitions in several galleries exhibiting maximalist artworks by shokof or group shows in which many established artists also participated in. One such artist whose works are also mentioned in Wikipedia is Helgi Friedjohnsson from Iceland and or Jir George Dokoupil or even Jeff Koons or Kostabi who all were in different times associated with maximalist artwork exhibiting their works in group shows in such galleries Gallery Juliane Schulze, Galleria Verlato (Italy) and or Bess Cutler Gallery who introduced the movement in the USA in both her galleries in New York and in Los Angeles in 1990. In short maximalism as a term in the arts and movement in the arts has been established, founded and presented by Daryush Shokof who is even up to this date the sole representative of his thoughts under maximalism. Please, check your sources instead of respectlessly asking him he has to have other people confirming this very important fact that he is actually the person who coined and founded the movement of such a most important movement and thoughts in the arts and philosophy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:45:5D79:5929:242D:5074:7E9:9340 (talk) 13:06, 4 May 2016 (UTC)

Hysterical realism
Is maximalism the same thing as hysterical realism? I don't think Pynchon would fit into the hysterical realism genre--203.199.177.246 08:23, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * To the contrary, Pynchon is often cited as one of the foremost examples of hysterical realism. -℘yrop (talk) 03:02, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

Politics
I am a poli sci student, I have seen this word in a political context denoting, Israeli political thought which seeks to claim the area of "greater Israel," ie the maximum that could theoretically be taken under the circumstances. I have also seen it in terms of the "maximalist state" as in the soviet model, which seeks to expand its power as much as possible. Someone help?

Errors & removed quote
This article is rife with sloppy errors and the quotes from Charlotte River's book 'Maximalism' are invalid because of this. I do not have the original source to properly quote, but have removed it until someone that has access to this source can correctly quote the book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Quebron (talk • contribs) 23:54, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Narrow definition
It appears that whoever is editing this Wikipedia subject does not welcome the many variations in the interpretation of maximalism as a term,'" which appears to have been independently coined in a number of different places over a very long period of time''. Currently, there is even a book published on maximalism as a graphic design style, which many people may remember seeing in a number of recent popular advertising campaigns from companies like Coke. It seems a little deluded to be limiting this to an Asian art movement. I strongly suggest that contributors to this topic take a more circumspect view of how potentially large and rich the topic of maximalism really is, and how much potential development there is within it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brandonhendroff (talk • contribs) 13:18, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Takayoshi who?
This article includes a rather long quotation by someone named Takayoshi Ishiwari. The section to which I am referring goes as follows: - Takayoshi Ishiwari elaborates on Barth's definition by including a postmodern approach to the notion authenticity. Thus:

'''Under this label come such writers as, among others, Thomas Pynchon and Barth himself, whose bulky books are in marked contrast with Barthelmeʹs relatively thin novels and collections of short stories. These maximalists are called by such an epithet because they, situated in the age of epistemological uncertainty and therefore knowing that they can never know what is authentic and inauthentic, attempt to include in their fiction everything belonging to that age, to take these authentic and inauthentic things as they are with all their uncertainty and inauthenticity included; their work intends to contain the maximum of the age, in other words, to be the age itself, and because of this their novels are often encyclopedic. As Tom LeClair argues in The Art of Excess, the authors of these ʺmasterworksʺ even ʺgather, represent, and reform the timeʹs excesses into fictions that exceed the timeʹs literary conventions and thereby master the time, the methods of fiction, and the readerʺ.[2]''' [Text in bold is the quotation.] - However, as the link indicates, this quote comes from an MA dissertation(!). Not only that, but an unpublished MA dissertation(!!). This is unacceptable. To have just over two lines on the subject by someone as eminent and influential as John Barth, followed by an entire paragraph by some MA student? --Oulipal (talk) 21:27, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I think your indignation may be well-justified, if a little over-dramatised. Checking WP:SCHOLARSHIP raises a caution about the application of the word "published" in this context: "Completed dissertations or theses written as part of the requirements for a PhD, and which are publicly available, are considered publications by scholars and are routinely cited in footnotes". The reason these are regarded as reliable is that "They have been vetted by the scholarly community; most are available via interlibrary loan." On the other hand "Masters dissertations and theses are only considered reliable if they can be shown to have had significant scholarly influence". Apart from a short article based on this thesis, published in Osaka Literary Review 35 (1996), I don't see much evidence that this author can be said to have had significant scholarly influence. It does appear, however, that someone's industious planting of references to this thesis all over Wikipedia has born some fruit, since it is cited in a book by Louis Armand titled Contemporary Poetics, published in 2007 by Northwestern University Press (ISBN 9780810123601). The citation here on Wikipedia, however, is faulty: page one of the thesis does not contain this passage or any of the key phrases in it. In fact, it is found in the "Conclusions" chapter, which looks to be somwhere around page 75 or 100.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 22:59, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

No example images?
Come on! ArdClose (talk) 15:10, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

Shokof coined the term
With 0 Comments Maximalism

Maximalism is a term used in the arts, including literature, visual art, music, and multimedia. It is used to explain a movement or trend by encompassing all factors under a multi-purpose umbrella term like expressionism.

The term maximalism is sometimes associated with post-modern novels, such as by David Foster Wallace and Thomas Pynchon, where digression, reference, and elaboration of detail occupy a great fraction of the text. This sort of literature is also frequently described as hysterical realism, a term coined by James Wood, who argues that it is a genre similar to magical realism.

Novelist John Barth defines literary maximalism through the medieval Roman Catholic Church’s opposition between, “two…roads to grace:”

the via negativa of the monk?s cell and the hermit?s cave, and the via affirmativa of immersion in human affairs, of being in the world whether or not one is of it. Critics have aptly borrowed those terms to characterize the difference between Mr. Beckett, for example, and his erstwhile master James Joyce, himself a maximalist except in his early works.

Takayoshi Ishiwari elaborates on Barth’s definition by including a postmodern approach to the notion authenticity. Thus:

Under this label come such writers as, among others, Thomas Pynchon and Barth himself, whose bulky books are in marked contrast with Barthelme?s relatively thin novels and collections of short stories. These maximalists are called by such an epithet because they, situated in the age of epistemological uncertainty and therefore knowing that they can never know what is authentic and inauthentic, attempt to include in their fiction everything belonging to that age, to take these authentic and inauthentic things as they are with all their uncertainty and inauthenticity included; their work intends to contain the maximum of the age, in other words, to be the age itself, and because of this their novels are often encyclopedic. As Tom LeClair argues in The Art of Excess, the authors of these ?masterworks? even ?gather, represent, and reform the time?s excesses into fictions that exceed the time?s literary conventions and thereby master the time, the methods of fiction, and the reader?.

Contemporary maximalist music is defined by composer David A. Jaffe as that which, “embraces heterogeneity and allows for complex systems of juxtapositions and collisions, in which all outside influences are viewed as potential raw material.” Examples include the music of Edgard Varèse, Charles Ives, and Frank Zappa.

Maximalism as a genre in the plastic arts is said to emphasise work-intensive practices and concentrate on the process of creation itself. Works from this genre are generally bright, sensual, and visually rich.

Charlotte Rivers describes how, “maximalism celebrates richness and excess in graphic design,” characterized by decoration, sensuality, luxury and fantasy, with examples including the work of illustrator Kam Tang and artist Julie Verhoeven.

Iranian-born German-based artist Daryush Shokof claims to have popularized the term and concept in the visual art world. As described in his “Maximalist Manifesto” (1991) maximalist art works are:

Figurative. Politically aware, with socially critical points of view. Erotic. Mostly include ironic and humorous perspectives in concept or in form. Not made to simply oppose minimalist works of art. Open to wide views and visionary dimensions that can be fantastic, but not deformed.

Assistant art history professor Gao Minglu connects maximalism in Chinese visual art to the literary definition by describing the emphasis on, “the spiritual experience of the artist in the process of creation as a self-contemplation outside and beyond the artwork itself…These artists pay more attention to the process of creation and the uncertainty of meaning and instability in a work. Meaning is not reflected directly in a work because they believe that what is in the artist’s mind at the moment of creation may not necessarily appear in his work.” Examples include in the work of artists Cao Kai, Ding Yi, and Gu Dexin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8109:8BC0:CE8:CCB9:D783:8859:7230 (talk) 23:22, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

MORE references for Shokof and his movement of Maximalism
we would be appreciative of wikipedia to actually show any citations verifying anyone on Earth to have had an art exhibition under "maximalism" before 1988 when Mr.shokof started the movement of "maximalism" in his one man show in Germany.anyone from julian schnabel to salle to jim dine to koons and or ............................anyone. thanks. Maximalism

here is another one from Mr.CHAO who actually happens to be in your article about maximalism and his reference to Mr.shokof,s Maximalism;

Monday, October 17, 2011

Daryush Shokof wrote a lengthy manifesto with the title Maximalism. It was published in different catalogues of his one-man shows, as well as the maximalists' group shows in Europe and in the US from 1990 to 1993.

The text to Maximalism opens as below with additional writings about his philosophical thoughts derived from his manifest that lead to his yekishim ideologies later in 1995;

Maximalism believes in life as the most important phenomenon that occupies mankind's thoughts. Life for a Maximalist means actions committed by every moving creature. Further on a Maximalist observes the beauty or the evil of all moving creatures but does not submit or yield negatively to a state of chaos as thinking of all possible movements to be out of man's control. In other words even though knowing it is not the man's decision or desire that makes the world go around, however, it is the lust of life to positively, constructively and playfully continue on being.

Maximalism began to appear as a movement in painting during the 90s in both Europe and the US, having been initiated in a catalog by filmmaker and painter Daryush Shokof of Cologne, Germany for his 1990 solo exhibition at Galleria Verlato in Milano, Italy. As a visual art form it is elaborate in design, ornate in detail and bright in color. In the catalog for that show Shokof wrote some of his thoughts on Maximalism: "Unbalancing the Chaos = Balance = Life = Maximalism" and "Life for a Maximalist means actions committed by every moving creature." A year later Shokof's "Maximalist Manifesto" began appearing in his exhibition catalogs asserting that, as an aesthetic, Maximalism "is open to wide views and visionary dimensions that can be fantastic, but not deformed". Back in New Haven, at roughly the same time, Maurice Hansen found that, to catch attention in our frenzied environment, the artist can reinforce his concepts with multiple subtexts and elaborate detail. In a captivating, wildly expressionistic style, Hansen flaunted these visual excesses as a self-proclaimed Maximalist. In a 1994 exhibition at the York Square Cinema Gallery in New Haven, "Castles, Kings and Carnivals; The Maximalist style of Maurice Hansen", the artist displayed his fully developed philosophy, vision and style.

there are over 200 articles refereing to Shokof and his initiating of both maximalism as a movement and what he wrote and painted under the maximalist thoughts.another one of these is now in the above lines. it is not right when you and your associates keep deleting his name completely from the article about maximalism in English wikipedia, ad refereing to non founded basis about maximalism "prefigured" this or someone wrote about it "that", but when, what, and where it actually was presented as a style of art and thoughts of maximalism. all that initiated by shokof in 1988 in Germany.there are cataloges, many articles written in Flash Art magazine, Art Forum, Kunstforum and newspapers alike, but whenever we have sited them inside the article it has been so one sidedly deleted by your associates and yourself. can any of those people who claim to have been a maximalist or................please, write a simple essay what and when they formed and or exhibited works of arts under "maximalism"?! thank you. if you like i personally would add at least 20 more articles and writings from other artists to validify the claim that shokof is the maximalist and started all this movement in 1988 with his own manifest about maximalism.

would you please, write a refrence to your Maximalism details and creativities backing up your claim or is it that you just invented that word?! i could not find your name anywhere as an artist or a philosopher or, a...................?! thank you so much as i read all this exists in lenght in history of works by Mr. Shokof and under Maximalism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.187.191.48 (talk) 20:28, 14 April 2010 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8109:8BC0:CE8:458E:670E:3F4:DCE9 (talk) whoever tries repeatedly to ignore and or scratch the contributions by Daryush Shokof in the arts and specifically as the person who coined, and wrote and painted works of arts as a Maximalis and the artist who coined the term Maximalism from all writings in the wikipedia can simply refer to the exhibitions of the Maximalists in the following art Galleries Bess Cutler both in Los Angeles and in New York in 1992, Galleria Verlato]], Bologna, Italy and in Milano, Italy in 1991, Kunsthall,New York in 1992, and Gallery Schultze, in Colgne, Germany in 1990 where the first exhibition of the maximalism took place under the title of the Maximalists and with a catalogue introducing the works under the same title in a group show with many notable international artists. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8109:8B80:AC:E15F:CF44:49C7:4809 (talk) 04:21, 2 July 2013 (UTC)
 * One example from the visual arts from before 1990: John Zeaman, "Stella: Off-the-Wall Images", The Record (New Jersey), Sunday, October 25, 1987: "In fact, these three-dimensional assemblages of painted aluminum have become so elaborate, so baroque, so glitzy, that some people have begun calling Stella 'a maximalist'." Of course, the article is filled with earlier examples of the term's use in other areas of the arts, particularly music.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 19:03, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

More Shokof
Everything happens at once. It's what Iranian-born German-based artist Daryush Shokof and music critic Simon Reynolds have identified as a defining aesthetic of "Maximalism." According to Shokof's "Maximalist Manifesto" (1991), maximalist art works are:

1. Figurative. 2. Politically aware, with socially critical points of view. 3. Erotic. 4. Mostly include ironic and humorous perspectives in concept or in form. 5. Not made to simply oppose minimalist works of art. 6. Open to wide views and visionary dimensions that can be fantastic, but not deformed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.129.22.205 (talk) 19:43, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

DEAR WIKIPEDIA editors i am daryush shokof .i founded maximalism in 1988 in Cologne, Germany as an artist and have had numerous people and associates who have all tried to place my maximalism in the article about this artistic movement for over at least 10 years. unfortunately and due to some strange reason all codes, references and writings have been deleted andinstead other names have been mentioned to have been affiliated, inventors, founders, critics, active members of all sorts of artistic activities under maximalism without even mentioning my work?! it is completely ok for me not to mention any of my thoughts about something i worked with when absolutely non of the people who ae mentioned in the maximalism article even knew or have had any artistic activities under the movement maximalism and i am even more happy to see so many people are now involved and associate their names with it, but, can someone please, tell me or show me any writings from any of these great artists and thinkers and philosophers and writers who have ever had any articles printed under maximalism before 1988? now again i insert a very small reference from 1994 regarding a show in new york city and do hope that this comes to your attention that deleting writings with righteous sources can not and will not nullify the works of anyone but only adds to the more so many attemts from many others who were truly involved and are still engaged in the thoughts of maximalism. by the same token, i would be most appreciative to finally read what is it that all these so called maximalists say what maximalism is all about?! what makles a maximalist work of art?! by any of these names and more names who are maximalists now and not even mentioned in wikipedia. if you are unable to code and show references, let me help you again and with my original writings back in 1988 about maximalism; Maximalism is limitless in form and thoughts and depth and shape and colors just like life, cosmos and creation.that is all folks. wide visons, free thoughts and no boundaries to look this or that way. unballancing the chaos=ballance=life=maximalism daryush shokof 1988 colgone, Germany at the maximalists exhibition in gallery juliane schulze — Preceding unsigned comment added by Daryushshokof (talk • contribs) 08:36, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia operates by citing reliable sources. Unless and until someone besides you claims that you invented or coined this phrase, it will not be mentioned on Wikipedia. Someguy1221 (talk) 20:54, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

Maximalist
Maximalist is a quality of excessive redundancy oft exhibited by way of the overt accumulation of appurtenances that reflect current society. In other references the term refers to either the ostentatious displays of the extensive possessions of the super-rich or the obsessive collecting as frequently found in the behavior of garage sale shoppers who accumulate common household goods past reason. The term maximalist can also refer to anything which is excessive, overtly complex and "showy", or providing redundant overkill in features and attachments, grossness in quantity and quality and maximalism the tendency to add and accumulate to excess. The movement of maximalism in reference to the arts was founded by the artist and filmmaker Daryush Shokof in 1990 in Cologne, Germany. Maximalism vis-a-vis the arts is a new way of creating art. Many common elements are shared in the art works by artists who participate in the maximalist movement. The movement was initiated by Daryush Shokof as … — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8109:8BC0:CE8:98B:80D5:F251:F204 (talk) 23:39, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

Really?
"...oft exhibited by way of the overt accumulation of appurtenances..."

Ha ha ha ha ha

Rt3368 (talk) 07:56, 31 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, it was very obscure and unsourced, so I rewrote it. Bhny (talk) 16:23, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

La Monte Young
There is a quote by La Monte Young, circa 2003, where he considers how the term "Minimalism" applies to his work; as well as his legacy and impact on the genre. Even though the title of his statement is filed (in print and in audio/video) as "La Monte Young - On Minimalism", he actively includes the idea of "maximalism" in describing certain characteristics and intentions of his piece The Well-Tuned Piano.

Here is the quoted text: "As Dan Wolf wrote in the Introduction to The Well-Tuned Piano booklet, The Well-Tuned Piano is really a maximalist work. We strive to describe music and our musical experiences and musical trends and musical genres. I'm O.K. with being called a minimalist to some degree. I realize that it's only one aspect of my work. Certainly, within The Well-Tuned Piano, which is extremely maximalist, there are elements that we associate with minimalism. I think that eventually people will understand that my entire contribution was much more vast."

I'd like to posit the idea of this quote's inclusion in the article to the folks here at the talk page. I'm not exactly sure of what it's final implication on the subject is and how that impacts what we include in a wiki article. When you read the entire text of "La Monte Young - On Minimalism", he suggests a number of things surrounding how we come to understand "minimalism" and briefly states how the term can sometimes mask elements of a piece (musical or otherwise) that are actually say, maximalist in nature. It seems he prefers the application of "maximalism" towards specific parts of his piece The Well-Tuned Piano. What those specific parts are though, he doesn't seem to go into.

It's interesting to note that the idea of "minimalism by way of maximal sound" is very common in early modern drone music of the 1960's, ie Young and Cage. But this specific group of people (proto-Fluxus) has yet to be included in the "Music" section of the article. As Young is very influential in groups surrounding modern minimalism and maximalism, I think his inclusion in the article can help smooth out some of the gaps in understanding that both terms (when discussing Modern Drone music) are essentially two sides of the same coin.

Source text: La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela at the Dream House: In Conversation with Frank J. Oteri

Source video: "La Monte Young - On Minimalism"

Boteilho (talk) 01:39, 8 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I do like this quotation very much, because it shows what a complete muddle can be made of half-understood terms from art criticism. I do not mean to suggest that La Monte has got the concept wrong—quite the opposite. I think it is a well-considered response to the easy pigeon-holing of his work as "minimalisticalisationism". -ish.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 03:51, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

21st century and Kanye West
In the section labelled music of this article, I placed an innocuous sentence that goes...

"In the 21st century, maximalist music concepts have been adopted by a wide scope of musical artists,[11] most notably Kanye West[12] who, in his 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, produced and wrote songs described as a "startlingly maximalist take on East Coast rap traditionalism."[13]"

In defense of the statement and in consideration to its re-addition to the main article of maximalism, I would simply like to state how aptly it does function within the section of maximalist music and as a piece of the overall maximalist article. Though it was stated to me that it contradicts and wrongly uses the term maximalism, my sentence perfects aligns with the definition of maximalism as given by Milton Babbitt in the paragraph former, which reads "to make music as much as it can be rather than as little as one can get away with." It is the most broad and inclusive definition of maximalism available in that section and the one which most simply summarizes the general concept of the movement. As such I believe that my sentence fits finely into the section and article.

Additionally, my sentence also extends the section of maximalist music into the 21st century and talks of its existence outside of merely classical music, demonstrating the movement's wide breadth of existence.

Here's to hoping of my sentence's re-inclusion. All's best wishes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.255.79.106 (talk) 19:15, 12 July 2016 (UTC)

I originally added content about My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy to the article, and continue to see it as one of the most notable examples of maximalism in modern popular music. AndrewOne (talk) 03:01, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Maximalism


text:
Talk:Packet analyzer

Needs a solution to prevent packet sniffers getting in a network.
Self explanatory, really.

Dead link
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 * http://www.cr0.net:8040/code/network/
 * In Packet sniffer on Mon Jul 17 14:59:56 2006, Socket Error: (111, 'Connection refused')
 * In Packet sniffer on Thu Jul 27 00:38:20 2006, Socket Error: (111, 'Connection refused')

maru  (talk)  contribs 04:38, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Dead link
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maru  (talk)  contribs 04:38, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Adding appropriate banners
Wanted to add something like these: WikiProject Internet WikiProject Software Both seem to be relevant to the topic of the article concerned. 88.105.37.22 (talk) 09:40, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Normally these things are added by members of the respective WikiProject. ~Kvng (talk) 17:49, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

Merge from Packet capture
Packet capture does not appear to be a separate topic from Packet analyzer. All the independent references given in Packet capture also talk about analysis. -—Kvng 14:24, 19 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Merged in 2013 ~Kvng (talk) 17:42, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

Reliability of Trinity College Dublin study report, RSN discussion
FYI, Reliability of the following sources in this article are being discussed at RSN. More opinions are welcome. Also suggest seeing the update/correction at The Register.

-- Yae4 (talk) 12:11, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
 * "Study reveals scale of data-sharing from Android mobile phones". Trinity College Dublin. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
 * Liu, Haoyu; Patras, Paul; Leith, Douglas J. (October 6, 2021). "Android Mobile OS Snooping By Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei and Realme Handsets" (PDF). Retrieved November 16, 2021.

title: Talk:Packet analyzer


text:
File:Revive Wacker Drive.png

Summary
Logo for the 2001-2002 Revive Wacker Drive project. Derived from a copy of the logo. The creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party. Copyright held by the Revive Wacker Drive. Claimed as fair use regardless.

Fair use in Wacker Drive
Though this image is subject to copyright, I, Moe Epsilon, believe its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It illustrates an educational article about the entity that the logo represents.
 * 2) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 3) It is a low resolution image, and thus not suitable for production of counterfeit goods.
 * 4) The logo is not used in such a way that a reader would be confused into believing that the article is written or authorized by the owner of the logo.
 * 5) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

title: File:Revive Wacker Drive.png


text:
Infrared search and track

An infrared search and track (IRST) system (sometimes known as infrared sighting and tracking) is a method for detecting and tracking objects which give off infrared radiation, such as the infrared signatures of jet aircraft and helicopters.

IRST is a generalized case of forward looking infrared (FLIR), i.e. from forward-looking to all-round situation awareness. Such systems are passive (thermographic camera), meaning they do not give out any radiation of their own, unlike radar. This gives them the advantage that they are difficult to detect.

However, because the atmosphere attenuates infrared to some extent (although not as much as visible light) and because adverse weather can attenuate it also (again, not as badly as visible systems), their range compared to a radar is limited. Within range, an IRST's angular resolution is better than radar due to the shorter wavelength.

Early systems
The first use of an IRST system appears to be the F-101 Voodoo, F-102 Delta Dagger and F-106 Delta Dart interceptors. The F-106 had an early IRST mounting replaced in 1963 with a production retractable mount. The IRST was also incorporated into the Vought F-8 Crusader (F-8E variant) which allowed passive tracking of heat emissions and was similar to the later Texas Instruments AAA-4 installed on early F-4 Phantoms.

The F-4 Phantom had a Texas Instruments AAA-4 infrared seeker under the nose of early production aircraft F-4B's and F-4C's and not installed on later F-4-D's due to limited capabilities, but retained the bulge and indeed some F-4D's had the IRST receiver retrofitted in a modified form.

The F-4E eliminated the AAA-4 IRST bulge and received an internal gun mount which took up the area under the nose. The F-4J which had a pulse-Doppler radar also eliminated the AAA-4 IRST receiver and bulge under the nose.

The first use of IRST in an Eurasian country was the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, which used the (TP-23ML) IRST; later versions used the (26SH1) IRST. The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25PD was also equipped with a small IRST under the nose.

The Swedish Saab J-35F2 Draken (1965) also used an IRST, a Hughes Aircraft Company N71.

Later systems
IRST systems re-appeared on more modern designs starting in the 1980s with the introduction of 2-D sensors, which cued both horizontal and vertical angle. Sensitivities were also greatly improved, leading to better resolution and range. In more recent years, new systems have entered the market. In 2015, Northrop Grumman introduced its OpenPod IRST pod, which uses a sensor by Leonardo. The United States Air Force is currently incorporating IRST systems for its fighter aircraft fleet, including the F-15, F-16, and F-22.

While IRST systems are most common amongst aircraft, land-based, ship and submarine systems are available.

Distributed Aperture Systems
The F-35 is equipped with infrared search and track system AN/AAQ-37 Distributed Aperture System (DAS), which consists of six IR sensors around the aircraft for full spherical coverage, providing day/night imaging and acting as an IRST and missile approach warning system.

Chengdu J-20 and Shenyang FC-31 is assumed to share the similar design concept with their system. IRST systems can also be used to detect stealth aircraft, in some cases, outperforming traditional radar.

Technology
These were fairly simple systems consisting of an infra-red sensor with a horizontally rotating shutter in front of it. The shutter was slaved to a display under the main interception radar display in the cockpit. Any IR light falling on the sensor would generate a "pip" on the display, in a fashion similar to the B-scopes used on early radars.

The display was primarily intended to allow the radar operator to manually turn the radar to the approximate angle of the target, in an era when radar systems had to be "locked on" by hand. The system was considered to be of limited utility, and with the introduction of more automated radars they disappeared from fighter designs for some time.

Performance
Detection range varies with external factors such as
 * clouds
 * altitude
 * air temperature
 * target's attitude
 * target's speed

The higher the altitude, the less dense the atmosphere and the less infrared radiation it absorbs - especially at longer wavelengths. The effect of reduction in friction between air and aircraft does not compensate the better transmission of infrared radiation. Therefore, infrared detection ranges are longer at high altitudes.

At high altitudes, temperatures range from −30 to −50 °C - which provide better contrast between aircraft temperature and background temperature.

The Eurofighter Typhoon's PIRATE IRST can detect subsonic fighters from 50 km from front and 90 km from rear - the larger value being the consequence of directly observing the engine exhaust, with an even greater increase being possible if the target uses afterburners.

The range at which a target can be sufficiently confidently identified to decide on weapon release is significantly inferior to the detection range - manufacturers have claimed it is about 65% of detection range.

Tactics

With infrared homing or fire-and-forget missiles, the fighter may be able to fire upon the target without having to turn its radar sets on at all. Otherwise, the fighter can turn the radar on and achieve a lock immediately before firing if desired. The fighter could also close to within cannon range and engage that way.

Whether or not they use their radar, the IRST system can still allow them to launch a surprise attack.

An IRST system may also have a regular magnified optical sight slaved to it, to help the IRST-equipped aircraft identify the target at long range. As opposed to an ordinary forward looking infrared system, an IRST system will actually scan the space around the aircraft similarly to the way in which mechanically (or even electronically) steered radars work. The exception to the scanning technique is the F-35's DAS, which stares in all directions simultaneously, and automatically detects and declares aircraft and missiles in all directions, without a limit to the number of targets simultaneously tracked.

When they find one or more potential targets they will alert the pilot(s) and display the location of each target relative to the aircraft on a screen, much like a radar. Again similarly to the way a radar works, the operator can tell the IRST to track a particular target of interest, once it has been identified, or scan in a particular direction if a target is believed to be there (for example, because of an advisory from AWACS or another aircraft).

IRST systems can incorporate laser rangefinders in order to provide full fire-control solutions for cannon fire or launching missiles (Optronique Secteur Frontal). The combination of an atmospheric propagation model, the apparent surface of the target, and target motion analysis (TMA) IRST can calculate the range.

List of modern IRST systems
The best known modern IRST systems are:
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * Classe Orizzonte frigate (Safran Vampir MB)
 * ROKS Dokdo amphibious assault ship (Safran Vampir MB)
 * Sejong the Great-class destroyer (Safran Vampir NG)
 * Anzac-class frigate (Safran Vampir NG)
 * Canberra-class landing helicopter dock (Safran Vampir NG)
 * Hobart-class destroyer (Safran Vampir NG)
 * Cassard-class frigate (Safran EOMS-NG)
 * Floréal-class frigate (Safran EOMS-NG)
 * Horizon-class frigate (Safran EOMS-NG)
 * Baynunah-class corvette (Safran EOMS-NG)
 * Gowind-class OPV for Argentina (Safran EOMS-NG)
 * Aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (Thales ARTEMIS)
 * FREMM (Thales ARTEMIS)
 * Dassault Rafale (Safran/Thales Optronique secteur frontal OSF)
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Aircraft carrier Cavour (Leonardo SASS)
 * FREMM (Leonardo SASS)
 * Doha-class corvette (Leonardo SASS)
 * Musherib-class offshore patrol vessel (Leonardo SASS)
 * Saab JAS 39 Gripen E/F (Leonardo Skyward-G)
 * LHD Trieste (Leonardo DSS-IRST)
 * 🇮🇹 Italy / 🇪🇸 Spain / 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * Eurofighter Typhoon (EuroFIRST PIRATE )
 * 🇯🇵 Japan
 * Mitsubishi F-15J
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * Halifax-class frigate (Thales Nederland Sirius)
 * De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate (Thales Nederland Sirius)
 * Sachsen-class frigate (Thales Nederland Sirius)
 * 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Su-27/30/33/35/37 Flanker (OEPS-27/30; OLS-35)
 * Mikoyan MiG-31(8TK)
 * MiG-29/35 (OEPS-29/OLS-13SM-1)
 * Sukhoi Su-57 (101KS-V)
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea
 * ROKS Marado amphibious assault ship (Hanwha SAQ-600K)
 * Daegu-class frigate (Hanwha SAQ-600K)
 * KAI KF-21 Boramae
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * F110-class frigate (Indra/Tecnobit IRST i110)
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * JAS-39E/F Gripen NG (Skyward-G)
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey
 * Barbaros-class frigate (Aselsan PIRI)
 * TCG Anadolu (Aselsan PIRI)
 * Istanbul-class frigate (Aselsan PIRI)
 * TAI TF Kaan
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * Grumman F-14D Tomcat (AN/AAS-42 IRST)
 * McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle (Lockheed Martin AN/ASG-34 IRST21 in Legion Pod)
 * Boeing F-15K/SG/SA/QA/IA Strike/Advanced Eagle (AN/AAS-42 “Tiger Eyes”)
 * Boeing F-15EX Eagle II (AN/ASG-34 in Legion Pod)
 * Lockheed Martin F-16C/D/V (AN/ASG-34 in Legion Pod)
 * Lockheed Martin F-16E/F Block 60/62 (AN/AAQ-32 IFTS)
 * Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet Block III (AN/ASG-34)
 * Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (AIRST)
 * Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II (AN/AAQ-40 Electro-Optical Targeting System, AN/AAQ-37 Electro-optical Distributed Aperture System)
 * Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer (Mark 46 Mod 1 on Flight I/II/IIA, Mark 20 Mod 1 on Flight III)
 * Phalanx CIWS Block 1B
 * Phalanx CIWS Block 1B

Fighter aircraft carry the IRST systems for use instead of radar when the situation warrants it, such as when shadowing other aircraft, under the control of airborne early warning and control (AWACS) aircraft, or executing a ground-controlled interception (GCI), where an external radar is used to help vector the fighter to a target and the IRST is used to pick up and track the target once the fighter is in range.

title: Infrared search and track


text:
Talk:Beriev A-50

A-50 vs SKIP
oops.

The picture is not for A-50, but for SKIP.

and the text

A-50 looks much close to the SKIP aircraft (the fore cockpit should have no glass).

defines the difference!

How to fix??

--jno 14:58, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Further to this, there were three types of telemetry aircraft:- Izdeliye-676, Izdeliye-776, Izdeliye-976. (Aircraft-676 etc.), converted from Il-76 airframes.

They were never officially given Bureau prefixes, which were assumed by western observers, before factual information became available. Izdeliye-676 and 776 were quick modifications to replace the Il-18SIP (prototype Il-20RT), which had to be retired unexpectedly from its telemetry duties at LII. Izdeliye-976 (SKIP) was produced as a joint venture with Beriev and five aircraft were converted, from brand new Il-76MD's. The fuselage was virtually stock Il-76 except for the added radomes and aerials, wingtip pods contained more equipment. Colour scheme is standard Aeroflot with "976" in place of Il-76MD on the nose. Nato :- 'Mainstay-C'. A model of an Izdeliye-976 variant, titled Il-76SK, was shown at MAKS-95 and Farnborough 96.

Hope this is a bit clearer, maybe it can be worked into the article? Petebutt (talk) 16:15, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

One more aircraft was modified for unknown duties as Izdeliye-1076. Petebutt (talk) 16:19, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Fuselage length
This article states that the A-50 has a fuselage extention and is longer than the IL-76 and the IL-78, yet the dimensions are the same for the 3 aircraft. I was not able to find any evidence supporting that the A-50 is any longer than IL-76MD —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Hudicourt (talk • contribs) 21:55, 31 December 2006 (UTC).

Engines
I do not think that the A-50 has PS-90 engines. These are fitted on the IL-76MF and on the IL-76MD-90 but I think that the A-50 has the same D30-KP engines as the IL-76MD —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Hudicourt (talk • contribs) 22:03, 31 December 2006 (UTC).

The Indian Air Force A-50s have PS-90 enginesHudicourt (talk) 17:13, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Cargo Doors
In the text it is stated tha the doors were "welded up". This is a very poor choice of words. Welding of Aluminium Alloy primary structure is unheard of due, to issues with phase of the Alloy/heat treatment.

A better wording would be "deleted" or "faired over" Petebutt (talk) 15:42, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Izdeliye 976 etc.
I have editted the variant section to show the proper designations of the Izdeliye conversions. Strictly speaking they should be moved to the Il-76 page as they had/have no relation to the A-50 other than the rotodome fairing. Discussion anyone? Petebutt (talk) 16:49, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

a-50 picture
can someone upload a newer pic of the a-50, this current pic is ancient. there have been upgrades done to the new version. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Midgetman433 (talk • contribs) 18:24, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

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A -50 shot over the sea of Azov
How you know that it was not a friendly fire? 79.100.221.83 (talk) 11:26, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Questionable, this seems to have been a known/regular patrol route. But it may be possible the Ukrainians managed to hack into the electronics communication of a radar station/SAM battery to mark these aircraft as enemy. How they managed to get these 2 a/c is a mystery as its out of range for Patriot or Partisan-fired Manpads. --Denniss (talk) 11:45, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That section should be removed until further information is available.
 * There's no visual evidence of the A-50 being shot down or any visual evidence of it's wreckage.
 * The Russian MOD says only an Il-22 has been damaged. The Ukrainian MOD haven't provided any proof of the A-50 being shot down.
 * There's no definitive confirmation from russian millbloggers.
 * All the shoot down methods are bizzare and speculative.
 * The intended purpose of Wikipedia is to provide well sourced information. At the very least it should be changed to "Ukrainian MOD claims to have..." Mhaf99 (talk) 12:32, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * It's also noteworthy that ukraine AD has no means available that reach that far. Markscheider (talk) 17:00, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Not true. Ukraine have Patriot PAC-2 and S-200 missile systems. Both have range to hit that far. Both systems already used by Ukraine in last months. Slavic Positron Cannon (talk) 14:42, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * has never happened, but was still added without any viable source 2A02:2A57:5348:0:2165:B3F3:3E86:FFAE (talk) 17:51, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Just like the IL-22 was never ever damaged by something - the tail looks like swiss cheese. The flight pattern of the A-50 was obviously known from previous actions (dumb if they dont change it) or at least similar to previous flights. If they have used Patriots the launcher must have come very close to the frontline and the A-50 must have flown a path that brought it into the edge of the Patriots range. The only other option would be something long range air launched. --Denniss (talk) 19:48, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Given that FEBA is 100 mls away from the Asow coast at the nearest possible location, they must've launched the missile without turning on their radars when the A-50 was on it's way to the near-coast turning point to met it there. This would imply external intel / guidance. For something long range air launched - what's the most long ranged AA missile in Ukrainian or western inventory and what could be an possible launch platform? Markscheider (talk) 22:08, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I personally think that it would be best to add "allegedly " and "it is claimed" to both sentencies regarding the A-50 allegged shotdown since both of them come from a pro ukrainian source and after two days there is still no actual proof of the shootdown having really happened. No photos of debris, no satellite pictures, no movement of rescue assets in Azov Sea Area, nothing. If actual proof later appear we can simply remove this phrases and add the pictures Marcorivignani (talk) 12:42, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Those ranges are THEORETICAL MAX, against a maneuvering or even just a predictably moving target, they're utterly unrealistic.
 * The claimed shootdown location is over 190km from the nearest FRONTLINE.  Patriot does not have that range at all.   And suddenly when it's convenient, Ukraine has S-200 with rangeboost?   If they did, we would have seen them before.
 * We have statements that the A50 wasn't even in the location where its claimed to have been shot down.
 * We have statements that BOTH PLANES HAVE LANDED.  Moreover, the statements are that they landed on their homebases AS SCHEDULED.   Meaning, that they stayed in the air after supposedly being shot down, completed their missions and THEN RTB.   This is just one more of Ukraine's blatant fakeouts.   It's not like we haven't seen literally thousands of them already.   And wikipedia keeps on blindly repeating them, because they're reported in "reputable sources".
 * Western massmedia today is nothing but a propaganda outlet.  And yet wikipedia is STILL treating it like they have any credibility left.   Russia fought over a year against a numerically superior Ukraine military, defending from the biggest complex of fortifications since the Maginot line, and yet according to these same reputable western sources, the Russian military is incompetent and worthless in every way. 178.174.137.13 (talk) 03:00, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You're talking about we have statements, statements from who as I don't believe the Russian MoD has even said anything about this attack at all? Also we have pictures of an Il-22 at Anapa Airport with it's tail riddled with holes like swiss cheese and the probe from the top is missing so obviously something occured and also the Il-22's base is not Anapa so your point about them returning to base is false. The last part of what you said is something I expect of twitter not wikipedia and it's seemingly all you use wikipedia for unfortunately. Brandon Downes (talk) 04:53, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * User with IP 178.174.137.13, don't cry. Even russian wikipedia have now information that A-50 was shot-down.
 * About distance it was shot down:
 * Because parts of the plane was fell down on ukrainian shore it means distance for rocket was LESS then 160 km. Also exact max distance of PAC-2 rocket unknown, it is MORE that 160 km.
 * S-200 max distance is 255 km. Ukraine do have S-200 - passengers and crew of Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 know that for sure. And the distance to that Tu-154 was 250 km. So calm down and stop crying please. Slavic Positron Cannon (talk) 17:02, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Patriot PAC-2 have 160+ km range. S-200, in upgraded version, have 240 km range. From russian wikipedia article about S-200: "for loitering AWACS plane - up to 255km". Slavic Positron Cannon (talk) 14:54, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Good to know, still waiting for any actual proof of the shootdown, a plane cannot simply disappear in the Azov Sea. Three articles that use the same sources of the Ukrainian ministry of Defence are not enought if the is no confermation from the other side or from any other place Marcorivignani (talk) 15:37, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Putin's Russia will never officially confirm such a loss. Pro-Russian bloggers start to claim it was friendly fire "Ukraine would never have had the possibility to shot it down". So friendly fire seems less humiliating than having the enemy shoot down one of your most valuable air assets. --Denniss (talk) 17:08, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Not entirely true but ok, what I am saying is to provide any tangible evidence, any, that the shootdown really happened, anything apart from what the Ukranian MOD is simply saying (already half disproved by the fact that the Il-22 was able to land and did not crash). Some articles saying that a pilot allegedly saw a fire on the ground (again without any proof) is not enough to claim that it is true and happened. This sounds just like when Ukraine claimed to have shotdown two Il-76 during the battle of Kiev but nothing was ever proved. An aircraft like this can't disappear over the Sea of Azov without any trace. There isn't even any proof of any search and rescue action or a photo of even a single piece of debris. For what matters (same credibility as Ukrainian MOD in time of war) the Kremlin said it doesn't have any news about any such aircraft being lost. It is fine to cite what allegedly happened in the article but it must be made clear to the reader that the Su-30 pilot story and everything else is simply something said by one side and should be taken with a huge grain of salt until we have 100% proof that this incident really took place. Marcorivignani (talk) 19:53, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Wait, our purpose is not to find the WP:TRUTH, but rather state notable information that a reader can WP:VERIFY via WP:RS. So let's not discuss here what we think actually happened, but rather what reliable sources report as having happened. Thanks. Lklundin (talk) 20:06, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree and it is for this reason that I am just asking for something like this:
 * The A-50 allegedly disappeared from radar and stopped responding to requests from tactical aviation. Later several sources reported that the pilot of a Su-30 aircraft of the Russian Air Force detected the fire and crash of an unidentified aircraft in the area, presumably the A-50.
 * It is simply to reiterate that we don't have any definitive proof of anything having taken place and this only what one side is reporting. And again the reliability of any party in a conclict can not be taken for granted both for Russian and for the Ukrainian. That's all Marcorivignani (talk) 23:46, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Later several sources reported that the pilot of a Su-30 aircraft .....
 * This should be changed to
 * Later several western and ukrainian sources reported that the pilot of a Su-30 aircraft ......
 * It is important to mention that this is a one-sided news. 118.103.235.163 (talk) 04:51, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * For me this is perfect, it does not invalidate anything but clearly points out that the information comes only from the Ukrainian side Marcorivignani (talk) 09:39, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Dude, give up. Even in russian wikipedia article about A-50, there is information that plane was shot down. Slavic Positron Cannon (talk) 16:29, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, our colleagues at ru-wp are sourcing this entry with (only) an bc news article (in russian): Гибель А-50: как ВСУ могли уничтожить российский летающий радар? Surely you are aware how the saying goes about headlines with question marks? I've read it anyways. Lots of guessing, repeating what ukraine is saying, no actual proof; as expected. Markscheider (talk) 17:12, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Dude, this situation happened many times before. Examples - Moskva, Novocherkassk landing ship, etc.
 * If you read a "TALK" page about this ships on russian and english pages - it same over again and again - "show me the proof", "we don't have photos", "it didn't happen", (crying a lot). Then, eventually, people cope and walk away. Slavic Positron Cannon (talk) 17:27, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * It's not "coping" to report the currently available information and then change it when more information becomes available. Brandon Downes (talk) 18:01, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

8 A-50 active
8 A-50U active. The number is higher if both the baseline and U model are included. Also India operates 2 A-50s Mhaf99 (talk) 12:34, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree with you; maybe something like >8 or specify 8 A-50U would be more accurate Marcorivignani (talk) 23:49, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Two less now. So 6? 2601:204:E684:11E0:CBB1:2272:FAC3:3A7C (talk) 23:27, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

Stop using Forbes journalist David Axe as source
He make a lot of dubious and unverified claims. Some of his source are from random Twitter account that wasn't even credible Dauzlee (talk) 09:02, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is apparently a repository of pro-Ukrainian rumors shrouded in the legitimacy of the concept of an encyclopedia. 67.80.185.174 (talk) 23:17, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

A-50 shot down over Krasnodar
https://kyivindependent.com/russian-a50-plane-shot-down-over-azov-sea-military-says/

https://meduza.io/news/2024/02/23/v-vsu-utverzhdayut-chto-sbili-rossiyskiy-samolet-a-50-nad-azovskim-morem-rossiyskie-voenkory-pishut-chto-prichinoy-krusheniya-stal-druzhestvennyy-ogon

89.151.41.173 (talk) 19:16, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

Were any of the variant aircraft new or just upgrades?
Were all the variant aircraft just upgrades of the original A-50s built up to 1992, or were some new builds? Nurg (talk) 01:59, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beriev A-50


text: User talk:70.241.76.54

title: User talk:70.241.76.54


text:
ÉS

éS may refer to:
 * Élet és Irodalom - (also known as ÉS; meaning Life and Literature in English) a weekly Hungarian magazine about literature and politics.
 * éS - skateboarding footwear and apparel brand founded in 1995.

title: ÉS


text:
Talk:Mobile (MUD)

Was thinking of moving/renaming to 'Mob (Gaming)'  or something similar as, although originating from mobile, or mobile object, the term "mob" seems to be the overwhelmingly most popular form. Nobody says, 'Hey, lets kill that mobile object over there!' Also the usage is not limited to MUDs nowdays. What yall think? --Ajshm 08:38, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep it where it is. I know on the MUDs I play we talk about "mobiles" and not "mobs", which would seem to be a hack and slash affection.  Morwen - Talk 08:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Still, the term is also used in MMORPGs (and sometimes in other computer RPGs) not only MUDs as the title suggests. I think ill create a 'Mob (Gaming)' (with links to this), and revert this one to be MUD specific as it says in the title. --Ajshm 09:03, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I really think this article and mob (computer gaming) should be merged. They might be different words, but they're referring to what is essentially the same thing. The article should make it clear in which games you'd hear "mob" and which ones you'd hear "mobile". --Mrwojo 19:34, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mobile (MUD)


text:
Alexander Brandon

Alexander Brandon (also known as Siren in the demoscene and tracker community) is an American musician, former member of Straylight Productions, who composed music mostly for games produced by Epic Games, or games based on Epic technology, including Unreal, Unreal Tournament, Deus Ex, Tyrian, Jazz Jackrabbit 2, and the cancelled game Jazz Jackrabbit 3D. Brandon is also a voice actor, having been cast most recently for the parts of Ancano and Amaund Motierre in the Role Playing Game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim by Bethesda Game Studios.

Brandon started composing music at the age of 14 when he got an Ad Lib music synthesizer card for Christmas. He worked in several MOD music groups over his composing years in the late 1990s, including the Kosmic Free Music Foundation. During that time, he also composed for several musicdisks such as Return to Stage 9.

Brandon has built several audio departments, starting with Ion Storm Austin in mid-2000. This was followed with an audio director position at Midway Home Entertainment in San Diego until 2007 when he started the audio department at Obsidian Entertainment. In February 2009, he built the audio department at Heatwave Interactive, also providing business development and overall media management. In April 2010, Alex launched Funky Rustic, an independent audio production studio, working out of Georgetown, Texas.

Past nicknames
During his tracker career, Alex has used several nicknames:
 * 1995: first tracks released under the name "Chromatic Dragon"
 * end of 1995: name changed to "Siren"
 * middle of 1996, during KFMF membership: name temporarily changed to "Sandman"
 * end of 1996: name changed back to "Siren"

Note that there were several (two or three) tracker musicians around the world, who have used the nickname "Sandman" independently of Alex.

Influences
Alexander Brandon's influences include Peter Gabriel, Dream Theater, Frost*, Andrew Sega, Steve Vai, and Ozric Tentacles, among others.

Personal life
Brandon lives in Georgetown, Texas with his family.

Interviews

 * "Interview with Alexander Brandon". MotherShip Server: Kemmerer, Peter (June 1999)
 * "Interview with Alex Brandon" . DeusEx-Machina.com: (Jan. 2001)
 * "Alexander Brandon Interview: Going Solo". Game Music Online (November 1, 2007)
 * "Epic Composer Interview: Alexander Brandon". Epic Games (May 16, 2012, archived)
 * "PC classic commentary: Tyrian 2000 with Alexander Brandon". PC Gamer (July 3, 2014)

title: Alexander Brandon