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Magnetohydrodynamic generator

A magnetohydrodynamic generator (MHD generator) is a magnetohydrodynamic converter that transforms thermal energy and kinetic energy directly into electricity. An MHD generator, like a conventional generator, relies on moving a conductor through a magnetic field to generate electric current. The MHD generator uses hot conductive ionized gas (a plasma) as the moving conductor. The mechanical dynamo, in contrast, uses the motion of mechanical devices to accomplish this.

MHD generators are different from traditional electric generators in that they operate without moving parts (e.g. no turbine) to limit the upper temperature. They therefore have the highest known theoretical thermodynamic efficiency of any electrical generation method. MHD has been extensively developed as a topping cycle to increase the efficiency of electric generation, especially when burning coal or natural gas. The hot exhaust gas from an MHD generator can heat the boilers of a steam power plant, increasing overall efficiency.

Practical MHD generators have been developed for fossil fuels, but these were overtaken by less expensive combined cycles in which the exhaust of a gas turbine or molten carbonate fuel cell heats steam to power a steam turbine.

MHD dynamos are the complement of MHD accelerators, which have been applied to pump liquid metals, seawater, and plasmas.

Natural MHD dynamos are an active area of research in plasma physics and are of great interest to the geophysics and astrophysics communities since the magnetic fields of the Earth and Sun are produced by these natural dynamos.

Principle
The Lorentz Force Law describes the effects of a charged particle moving in a constant magnetic field. The simplest form of this law is given by the vector equation. $$\mathbf{F} = Q \left(\mathbf{v}\times\mathbf{B}\right)$$

where
 * $F$ is the force acting on the particle.
 * $Q$ is the charge of the particle,
 * $v$ is the velocity of the particle, and
 * $B$ is the magnetic field.

The vector $F$ is perpendicular to both $v$ and $B$ according to the right hand rule.

Power generation
Typically, for a large power station to approach the operational efficiency of computer models, steps must be taken to increase the electrical conductivity of the conductive substance. The heating of a gas to its plasma state or the addition of other easily ionizable substances like the salts of alkali metals can accomplish this increase. In practice, a number of issues must be considered in the implementation of an MHD generator: generator efficiency, economics, and toxic byproducts. These issues are affected by the choice of one of the three MHD generator designs: the Faraday generator, the Hall generator, and the disc generator.

Faraday generator
The Faraday generator is named for Michael Faraday's experiments on moving charged particles in the Thames River.

A simple Faraday generator would consist of a wedge-shaped pipe or tube of some non-conductive material. When an electrically conductive fluid flows through the tube, in the presence of a significant perpendicular magnetic field, a voltage is induced in the fluid, which can be drawn off as electrical power by placing the electrodes on the sides at 90-degree angles to the magnetic field.

There are limitations on the density and type of field used. The amount of power that can be extracted is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the tube and the speed of the conductive flow. The conductive substance is also cooled and slowed by this process. MHD generators typically reduce the temperature of the conductive substance from plasma temperatures to just over 1000 °C.

The main practical problem of a Faraday generator is that differential voltages and currents in the fluid short through the electrodes on the sides of the duct. The most powerful waste is from the Hall effect current. This makes the Faraday duct very inefficient. Most further refinements of MHD generators have tried to solve this problem. The optimal magnetic field on duct-shaped MHD generators is a sort of saddle shape. To get this field, a large generator requires an extremely powerful magnet. Many research groups have tried to adapt superconducting magnets to this purpose, with varying success. (For references, please see the discussion of generator efficiency, below.)

Hall generator
The typical solution, historically, has been to use the Hall effect to create a current that flows with the fluid. (See illustration.) This design has arrays of short, segmented electrodes on the sides of the duct. The first and last electrodes in the duct power the load. Each other electrode is shorted to an electrode on the opposite side of the duct. These shorts of the Faraday current induce a powerful magnetic field within the fluid, but in a chord of a circle at right angles to the Faraday current. This secondary, induced field makes current flow in a rainbow shape between the first and last electrodes.

Losses are less than a Faraday generator, and voltages are higher because there is less shorting of the final induced current.

However, this design has problems because the speed of the material flow requires the middle electrodes to be offset to "catch" the Faraday currents. As the load varies, the fluid flow speed varies, misaligning the Faraday current with its intended electrodes, and making the generator's efficiency very sensitive to its load.

Disc generator
The third and, currently, the most efficient design is the Hall effect disc generator. This design currently holds the efficiency and energy density records for MHD generation. A disc generator has fluid flowing between the center of a disc, and a duct wrapped around the edge. (The ducts are not shown.) The magnetic excitation field is made by a pair of circular Helmholtz coils above and below the disk. (The coils are not shown.)

The Faraday currents flow in a perfect dead short around the periphery of the disk.

The Hall effect currents flow between ring electrodes near the center duct and ring electrodes near the periphery duct.

The wide flat gas flow reduced the distance, hence the resistance of the moving fluid. This increases efficiency.

Another significant advantage of this design is that the magnets are more efficient. First, they cause simple parallel field lines. Second, because the fluid is processed in a disk, the magnet can be closer to the fluid, and in this magnetic geometry, magnetic field strengths increase as the 7th power of distance. Finally, the generator is compact for its power, so the magnet is also smaller. The resulting magnet uses a much smaller percentage of the generated power.

Generator efficiency
The efficiency of the direct energy conversion in MHD power generation increases with the magnetic field strength and the plasma conductivity, which depends directly on the plasma temperature, and more precisely on the electron temperature. As very hot plasmas can only be used in pulsed MHD generators (for example using shock tubes) due to the fast thermal material erosion, it was envisaged to use nonthermal plasmas as working fluids in steady MHD generators, where only free electrons are heated a lot (10,000–20,000 kelvins) while the main gas (neutral atoms and ions) remains at a much lower temperature, typically 2500 kelvins. The goal was to preserve the materials of the generator (walls and electrodes) while improving the limited conductivity of such poor conductors to the same level as a plasma in thermodynamic equilibrium; i.e. completely heated to more than 10,000 kelvins, a temperature that no material could stand.

But Evgeny Velikhov first discovered theoretically in 1962 and experimentally in 1963 that an ionization instability, later called the Velikhov instability or electrothermal instability, quickly arises in any MHD converter using magnetized nonthermal plasmas with hot electrons, when a critical Hall parameter is reached, hence depending on the degree of ionization and the magnetic field. Such an instability greatly degrades the performance of nonequilibrium MHD generators. The prospects about this technology, which initially predicted awesome efficiencies, crippled MHD programs all over the world as no solution to mitigate the instability was found at that time.

Consequently, without implementing solutions to master the electrothermal instability, practical MHD generators had to limit the Hall parameter or use moderately heated thermal plasmas instead of cold plasmas with hot electrons, which severely lowers efficiency.

As of 1994, the 22% efficiency record for closed-cycle disc MHD generators was held by Tokyo Technical Institute. The peak enthalpy extraction in these experiments reached 30.2%. Typical open-cycle Hall & duct coal MHD generators are lower, near 17%. These efficiencies make MHD unattractive, by itself, for utility power generation, since conventional Rankine cycle power plants easily reach 40%.

However, the exhaust of an MHD generator burning fossil fuel is almost as hot as a flame. By routing its exhaust gases into a heat exchanger for a turbine Brayton cycle or steam generator Rankine cycle, MHD can convert fossil fuels into electricity with an estimated efficiency of up to 60 percent, compared to the 40 percent of a typical coal plant.

A magnetohydrodynamic generator might also be the first stage of a gas core reactor.

Material and design issues
MHD generators have difficult problems in regard to materials, both for the walls and the electrodes. Materials must not melt or corrode at very high temperatures. Exotic ceramics were developed for this purpose and must be selected to be compatible with the fuel and ionization seed. The exotic materials and the difficult fabrication methods contribute to the high cost of MHD generators.

Also, MHDs work better with stronger magnetic fields. The most successful magnets have been superconducting, and very close to the channel. A major difficulty was refrigerating these magnets while insulating them from the channel. The problem is worse because the magnets work better when they are closer to the channel. There are also severe risks of damage to the hot, brittle ceramics from differential thermal cracking. The magnets are usually near absolute zero, while the channel is several thousand degrees.

For MHDs, both alumina (Al2O3) and magnesium peroxide (MgO2) were reported to work for the insulating walls. Magnesium peroxide degrades near moisture. Alumina is water-resistant and can be fabricated to be quite strong, so in practice, most MHDs have used alumina for the insulating walls.

For the electrodes of clean MHDs (i.e. burning natural gas), one good material was a mix of 80% CeO2, 18% ZrO2, and 2% Ta2O5.

Coal-burning MHDs have intensely corrosive environments with slag. The slag both protects and corrodes MHD materials. In particular, migration of oxygen through the slag accelerates corrosion of metallic anodes. Nonetheless, very good results have been reported with stainless steel electrodes at 900K. Another, perhaps superior option is a spinel ceramic, FeAl2O4 - Fe3O4. The spinel was reported to have electronic conductivity, absence of a resistive reaction layer but with some diffusion of iron into the alumina. The diffusion of iron could be controlled with a thin layer of very dense alumina, and water cooling in both the electrodes and alumina insulators.

Attaching the high-temperature electrodes to conventional copper bus bars is also challenging. The usual methods establish a chemical passivation layer, and cool the busbar with water.

Economics
MHD generators have not been employed for large-scale mass energy conversion because other techniques with comparable efficiency have a lower lifecycle investment cost. Advances in natural gas turbines achieved similar thermal efficiencies at lower costs, by having the turbine's exhaust drive a Rankine cycle steam plant. To get more electricity from coal, it is cheaper to simply add more low-temperature steam-generating capacity.

A coal-fueled MHD generator is a type of Brayton power cycle, similar to the power cycle of a combustion turbine. However, unlike the combustion turbine, there are no moving mechanical parts; the electrically conducting plasma provides the moving electrical conductor. The side walls and electrodes merely withstand the pressure within, while the anode and cathode conductors collect the electricity that is generated. All Brayton cycles are heat engines. Ideal Brayton cycles also have an ideal efficiency equal to ideal Carnot cycle efficiency. Thus, the potential for high energy efficiency from an MHD generator. All Brayton cycles have higher potential for efficiency the higher the firing temperature. While a combustion turbine is limited in maximum temperature by the strength of its air/water or steam-cooled rotating airfoils; there are no rotating parts in an open-cycle MHD generator. This upper bound in temperature limits the energy efficiency in combustion turbines. The upper bound on Brayton cycle temperature for an MHD generator is not limited, so inherently an MHD generator has a higher potential capability for energy efficiency.

The temperatures at which linear coal-fueled MHD generators can operate are limited by factors that include: (a) the combustion fuel, oxidizer, and oxidizer preheat temperature which limit the maximum temperature of the cycle; (b) the ability to protect the sidewalls and electrodes from melting; (c) the ability to protect the electrodes from electrochemical attack from the hot slag coating the walls combined with the high current or arcs that impinge on the electrodes as they carry off the direct current from the plasma; and (d) by the capability of the electrical insulators between each electrode. Coal-fired MHD plants with oxygen/air and high oxidant preheats would probably provide potassium-seeded plasmas of about 4200°F, 10 atmospheres pressure, and begin expansion at Mach1.2. These plants would recover MHD exhaust heat for oxidant preheat, and for combined cycle steam generation. With aggressive assumptions, one DOE-funded feasibility study of where the technology could go, 1000 MWe Advanced Coal-Fired MHD/Steam Binary Cycle Power Plant Conceptual Design, published in June 1989, showed that a large coal-fired MHD combined cycle plant could attain a HHV energy efficiency approaching 60 percent—well in excess of other coal-fueled technologies, so the potential for low operating costs exists.

However, no testing at those aggressive conditions or size has yet occurred, and there are no large MHD generators now under test. There is simply an inadequate reliability track record to provide confidence in a commercial coal-fuelled MHD design.

U25B MHD testing in Russia using natural gas as fuel used a superconducting magnet, and had an output of 1.4 megawatts. A coal-fired MHD generator series of tests funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in 1992 produced MHD power from a larger superconducting magnet at the Component Development and Integration Facility (CDIF) in Butte, Montana. None of these tests were conducted for long-enough durations to verify the commercial durability of the technology. Neither of the test facilities were in large-enough scale for a commercial unit.

Superconducting magnets are used in the larger MHD generators to eliminate one of the large parasitic losses: the power needed to energize the electromagnet. Superconducting magnets, once charged, consume no power and can develop intense magnetic fields 4 teslas and higher. The only parasitic load for the magnets are to maintain refrigeration, and to make up the small losses for the non-supercritical connections.

Because of the high temperatures, the non-conducting walls of the channel must be constructed from an exceedingly heat-resistant substance such as yttrium oxide or zirconium dioxide to retard oxidation. Similarly, the electrodes must be both conductive and heat-resistant at high temperatures. The AVCO coal-fueled MHD generator at the CDIF was tested with water-cooled copper electrodes capped with platinum, tungsten, stainless steel, and electrically conducting ceramics.

Toxic byproducts
MHD reduces the overall production of hazardous fossil fuel wastes because it increases plant efficiency. In MHD coal plants, the patented commercial "Econoseed" process developed by the U.S. (see below) recycles potassium ionization seed from the fly ash captured by the stack-gas scrubber. However, this equipment is an additional expense. If molten metal is the armature fluid of an MHD generator, care must be taken with the coolant of the electromagnetics and channel. The alkali metals commonly used as MHD fluids react violently with water. Also, the chemical byproducts of heated, electrified alkali metals and channel ceramics may be poisonous and environmentally persistent.

History
The first practical MHD power research was funded in 1938 in the U.S. by Westinghouse in its Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania laboratories, headed by Hungarian Bela Karlovitz. The initial patent on MHD is by B. Karlovitz, U.S. Patent No. 2,210,918, "Process for the Conversion of Energy", August 13, 1940.

World War II interrupted development. In 1962, the First International Conference on MHD Power was held in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK by Dr. Brian C. Lindley of the International Research and Development Company Ltd. The group set up a steering committee to set up further conferences and disseminate ideas. In 1964, the group set up a second conference in Paris, France, in consultation with the European Nuclear Energy Agency.

Since membership in the ENEA was limited, the group persuaded the International Atomic Energy Agency to sponsor a third conference, in Salzburg, Austria, July 1966. Negotiations at this meeting converted the steering committee into a periodic reporting group, the ILG-MHD (international liaison group, MHD), under the ENEA, and later in 1967, also under the International Atomic Energy Agency. Further research in the 1960s by R. Rosa established the practicality of MHD for fossil-fueled systems.

In the 1960s, AVCO Everett Aeronautical Research began a series of experiments, ending with the Mk. V generator of 1965. This generated 35MW, but used about 8 MW to drive its magnet. In 1966, the ILG-MHD had its first formal meeting in Paris, France. It began issuing a periodic status report in 1967. This pattern persisted, in this institutional form, up until 1976. Toward the end of the 1960s, interest in MHD declined because nuclear power was becoming more widely available.

In the late 1970s, as interest in nuclear power declined, interest in MHD increased. In 1975, UNESCO became persuaded the MHD might be the most efficient way to utilise world coal reserves, and in 1976, sponsored the ILG-MHD. In 1976, it became clear that no nuclear reactor in the next 25 years would use MHD, so the International Atomic Energy Agency and ENEA (both nuclear agencies) withdrew support from the ILG-MHD, leaving UNESCO as the primary sponsor of the ILG-MHD.

Former Yugoslavia development
Over more than a ten-year span, engineers in former Yugoslavian Institute of Thermal and Nuclear Technology (ITEN), Energoinvest Co., Sarajevo, had built the first experimental Magneto-Hydrodynamic facility power generator in 1989. It was here it was first patented.

U.S. development
In the 1980s, the U.S. Department of Energy began a vigorous multiyear program, culminating in a 1992 50 MW demonstration coal combustor at the Component Development and Integration Facility (CDIF) in Butte, Montana. This program also had significant work at the Coal-Fired-In-Flow-Facility (CFIFF) at University of Tennessee Space Institute.

This program combined four parts:

 * 1) An integrated MHD topping cycle, with channel, electrodes, and current control units developed by AVCO, later known as Textron Defence of Boston. This system was a Hall effect duct generator heated by pulverized coal, with a potassium ionisation seed. AVCO had developed the famous Mk. V generator, and had significant experience.
 * 2) An integrated bottoming cycle, developed at the CDIF.
 * 3) A facility to regenerate the ionization seed was developed by TRW. Potassium carbonate is separated from the sulphate in the fly ash from the scrubbers. The carbonate is removed, to regain the potassium.
 * 4) A method to integrate MHD into preexisting coal plants. The Department of Energy commissioned two studies. Westinghouse Electric performed a study based on the Scholtz Plant of Gulf Power in Sneads, Florida. The MHD Development Corporation also produced a study based on the J.E. Corrette Plant of the Montana Power Company of Billings, Montana.

Initial prototypes at the CDIF were operated for short durations, with various coals: Montana Rosebud, and a high-sulphur corrosive coal, Illinois No. 6. A great deal of engineering, chemistry, and material science was completed. After the final components were developed, operational testing completed with 4,000 hours of continuous operation, 2,000 on Montana Rosebud, 2,000 on Illinois No. 6. The testing ended in 1993.

Japanese development
The Japanese program in the late 1980s concentrated on closed-cycle MHD. The belief was that it would have higher efficiencies, and smaller equipment, especially in the clean, small, economical plant capacities near 100 megawatts (electrical) which are suited to Japanese conditions. Open-cycle coal-powered plants are generally thought to become economical above 200 megawatts.

The first major series of experiments was FUJI-1, a blow-down system powered from a shock tube at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. These experiments extracted up to 30.2% of enthalpy, and achieved power densities near 100 megawatts per cubic meter. This facility was funded by Tokyo Electric Power, other Japanese utilities, and the Department of Education. Some authorities believe this system was a disc generator with a helium and argon carrier gas and potassium ionization seed.

In 1994, there were detailed plans for FUJI-2, a 5 MWe continuous closed-cycle facility, powered by natural gas, to be built using the experience of FUJI-1. The basic MHD design was to be a system with inert gases using a disk generator. The aim was an enthalpy extraction of 30% and an MHD thermal efficiency of 60%. FUJI-2 was to be followed by a retrofit to a 300MWe natural gas plant.

Australian development
In 1986, Professor Hugo Karl Messerle at The University of Sydney researched coal-fueled MHD. This resulted in a 28MWe topping facility that was operated outside Sydney. Messerle also wrote one of the most recent reference works (see below), as part of a UNESCO education program.

A detailed obituary for Hugo is located on the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE) website.

Italian development
The Italian program began in 1989 with a budget of about 20 million $US, and had three main development areas:

 * 1) MHD Modelling.
 * 2) Superconducting magnet development. The goal in 1994 was a prototype 2m long, storing 66MJ, for an MHD demonstration 8m long. The field was to be 5teslas, with a taper of 0.15T/m. The geometry was to resemble a saddle shape, with cylindrical and rectangular windings of niobium-titanium copper.
 * 3) Retrofits to natural gas powerplants. One was to be at the Enichem-Anic factor in Ravenna. In this plant, the combustion gases from the MHD would pass to the boiler. The other was a 230MW (thermal) installation for a power station in Brindisi, that would pass steam to the main power plant.

Chinese development
A joint U.S.-China national programme ended in 1992 by retrofitting the coal-fired No. 3 plant in Asbach. A further eleven-year program was approved in March 1994. This established centres of research in:

 * 1) The Institute of Electrical Engineering in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, concerned with MHD generator design.
 * 2) The Shanghai Power Research Institute, concerned with overall system and superconducting magnet research.
 * 3) The Thermoenergy Research Engineering Institute at the Nanjing's Southeast University, concerned with later developments.

The 1994 study proposed a 10W (electrical, 108MW thermal) generator with the MHD and bottoming cycle plants connected by steam piping, so either could operate independently.

Russian developments
In 1971, the natural-gas-fired U-25 plant was completed near Moscow, with a designed capacity of 25 megawatts. By 1974 it delivered 6 megawatts of power. By 1994, Russia had developed and operated the coal-operated facility U-25, at the High-Temperature Institute of the Russian Academy of Science in Moscow. U-25's bottoming plant was actually operated under contract with the Moscow utility, and fed power into Moscow's grid. There was substantial interest in Russia in developing a coal-powered disc generator. In 1986 the first industrial power plant with MHD generator was built, but in 1989 the project was cancelled before MHD launch and this power plant later joined to Ryazan Power Station as a 7th unit with ordinary construction.

title: Magnetohydrodynamic generator


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Talk:ChuChu Rocket!

Ch-ch-ch-Changes
I made a tiny change to the notion that the game was "given away for free" because I clearly recall buying it. If a later promotion meant free ChuChu Rocket, someone should find out when that was.--Feitclub 01:14, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oddly, I seem to recall a time when it wasn't the free game for the Dreamcast, too. And going by the data in the Sega Dreamcast article, it seems like it couldn't have been an 'always-free' game (ChuChu Rocket! was released a few months after the DC, even if you account for the US release).  So, yeah, your wording is probably the best. CaptainSpam 02:38, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It wasn't always free, but it was one of the ( I think ) first budget Dreamcast titles in Japan, retailing for ¥2,800 when most new games were in the ¥5,000 range. As the girl says at the end of the advertisement, "Cheap!"
 * The game was never free in the USA. I should know, as I ran the Dreamcast game servers.  Fehrgo 14:31, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I know the MSRP was $29.99. It launched as a budget game and the first available for on-line play with the Dreamcast. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.204.185.52 (talk) 21:37, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Commercial
Many of us might remember the Japanese commercial for Chu Chu Rocket and its catchy jingle ("Chu Chu Rocket, nezumi wo tasukerou..."), regardless of whether or not we've played the game itself. One could argue it's become somewhat of an Internet meme, with a popularity entirely separate from the game it advertised. Would it be right to mention the commercial on this page?
 * Who knows, but for those who want to hear it ( and what a great jingle it is ), the Sega Ad Archive at GoodCowFilms has it.

?
What does ChuChu mean?

 * As far as I know, Chu is the noise that mice make in Japanese. Chopper Dave 23:14, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The mice speak a different language in Japan? --Dyefade (talk) 21:31, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * No, but the people imitating them do.--76.10.75.168 (talk) 04:54, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Cover Song
It is really worth listing on the article that some one person covered a song relating to the game? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.204.185.52 (talk) 21:39, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Character image
OK, let's talk it out. I don't understand the rationale for the image. It is pretty standard over at WP:VG to omit images of the characters except in articles where the character is the primary topic or it's crucial for reader understanding. For example: Jill Valentine's design is discussed critically on her page. This game has minimal plot and these characters rarely appear, so I fail to understand why we must show a picture of them. With some work this article could go to GAR, but this image fails WP:NFCC and will hold it back. So I ask, how is omitting this image detrimental to a reader's understanding of the article? TarkusAB talk 23:29, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:ChuChu Rocket!


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Classical definition of republic

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete --AndyL 22:25, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * After the required five days of discussion the VfD consensus was to delete the article. However, as the article has new block-compressed revisions which are not supported by the new selective undelete feature and could result in data loss if deletion and undeletion happened the article cannot be deleted for "a month or two" until the software is updated. Accordingly, the article has been marked for deletion and protected until the software problem is fixed. --AndyL 22:25, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Classical definition of republic
This is a personal essay (and a rather good one) based on individual research by a user who cannot accept the neutrality policy no matter how many times it is explained to him (see the talk page). There appears to be no prospect of him allowing it to become npov. He is of the opinion that his idiosyncratic views are fact because he has read many books and fully referenced his article. I think he needs to find another outlet for his views, as Wikipedia is not suited to his purpose. Wincoote 01:17, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This is the best-written and most extensively sourced original research article I've ever seen. But it's still original research, so delete. Szyslak 02:52, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * DELETE This isn't an encyclopedia article, it's a research paper. It's too long and the primary author expects readers to follow footnotes to read other sources.  I shouldn't have to read other sources to understand an encyclopedia article. Hedgeman 05:41, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not for original research. This (set of) article(s) is original research. Delete. Uncle G 08:17, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Delete Original research. --Sillydragon 08:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy. Mgm|(talk) 08:47, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I was rather worried about Wheeler's sanity when reading the discussion pages on this; a long walk or a cold bath might help him calm down a bit. It is clearly a well written and researched piece but as various people have said - it is original research. Brookie 16:50, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 17:40, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, trivial, pedantic original research about nominal linguistic shift in the usage of the word republic, not well-written, fuzzy-headed and rantish too. Does that about sum it up? Wyss 21:36, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP This is not Original Research; it cannot be since all the information it contains appears to come from the public domain. It may be an "Original Compilation" but then, so are all the articles that I write.   Extracting information from text books and other published resources is not Research.  Besides it looks like a very scholarly article and a valid contribution to Wikipedia.  ping 07:06, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * subsequently....withdrawing my vote to keep; I stand corrected on the definition of Original Research. ping 06:48, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note, rossb below responds to this in a way that's similar to my own thinking... except that I don't think any salvage effort would be worth it. Wyss 09:00, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Much, perhaps most original research in the humanities is based on information that is in the public domain. In fact I doubt that there is any significant information about the classics which isn't in the public domain. Wincoote

 * This is Original Research. It may make use of published sources, but it uses them in a very idisyncratic way, to attempt to prove a particular thesis. Basically it assumes that when classical or other authors use the terms res publica in Latin, politeia in Greek, or commonwealth in English they are all referring to a particular constitutional form of mixed government, which in many cases is pretty evidently not the case. Delete (or possibly re-work under a title such as Constitutional theory of mixed government so as not to hijack the term "Republic").rossb 07:44, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, the talk page makes it clear that the article was written as soapboxing. But do you really believe there's nothing here that can be salvaged for other articles? Citing sources in support of original assertions is OR, but describing what sources say themselves is not. The article has a great deal of the latter. Gazpacho 08:47, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but the main author wouldn't permit it and there are plenty of articles on related issues which can be worked on more constructively. The whole slant of this article is too idiosyncratic for it to be worth anyone's effort to try to turn it into something else, and no one is likely to want to deal with the hysterical reaction that would be the likely response of the main writer. Thus there is no realistic prospect of it ever becoming npov. Wincoote 09:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The article rather hysterically describes a non-descript linguistic shift in a word's usage over the past 2500 years or so. Ironically, this shift appears to be somewhat less than average, and I sense that the author has some PoV political ax to grind (among other things). Wyss 09:44, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge. (Note to administrator: but don't count this as a Keep if that would block a consensus to Delete).  While there are some paragraphs that are original research and the article seems to have been written to present the author's somewhat idiosyncratic POV about republican or "mixed" government, I don't think it suffers from this more than a great many other articles, and there is a considerable amount of useful fact.    The original research aspects can be cleaned up, although the attitude of the author on the Talk page suggests that this might be a bit of a battle.    The basic problem I have with the article is that it overlaps the topic of Republic, and I don't see sufficient grounds for it to be an independent article.  It should be merged with Republic, although I hesitate to set WHEELER loose on that article.    By the way, I don't find this article terribly well-written.   Yes: the sentences are grammatical and the diction and style are those of an educated writer. But it is a bit disturbing to see these labelled as "good writing" because the article is really too long, meandering, unfocused, and a bit muddled. --BM 15:30, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I was just trying to reduce the outrage about the nomination I expected from WHEELER, but by the standards of 99% of articles nominated on here it is a work of genius. Still no sign of him surprisingly, and a consensus is established now. Wincoote 08:56, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Today on the talk page he basically called me a Marxist with "Jewish" thinking. Funny that, since being a descendant of resourceful, independant-minded anabaptists, their lingering influence strikes me at almost every turn of my life. He's only managed to strengthen my opinion that the content of this article is so riddled with hysterical agenda, any NPoV content would require much work to glean and merge, so my vote to delete it all does stand. Wyss 17:45, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem with merging it with Republic is that although it purports to be about the concept of a republic, it's really about the use of certain words which would not actually equate to "republic" in modern usage, and about a certain type of mixed government which the author on very dubious grounds maintains is the "true" definition of a republic. rossb 15:42, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I wouldn't suggest that it should be merged en bloc, but tather that the useful material and information from the article be worked into Republic.  But if nobody wants to undertake that, it is also fine with me if the article is just deleted.  --BM 15:47, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I somewhat agree, but ultimately fall closer to the direction of deletion. -Sean Curtin 02:35, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge any salvageable content into republic, delete article - this title is pretty useless, and any links should just be changed. The article is really a mixed bag. It's written to present a particular argument, so it effectively becomes a personal essay. It's also not terribly coherent, and frequently synthesizes material in ways that give the whole product a strong feel of original research. However, the republic article is no great shakes either, and obviously this article is written as a critique of that one. Some elements could be saved, but what is really needed is someone with a much better grounding in the theory of political science to give the entire subject area a major rewrite. --Michael Snow 17:05, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a soapbox. -- Rbellin|Talk 04:46, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've started editing the Republic article, initially the opening paragraphs, and will maybe do a bit more from time to time (not that I'm an expert). Actually I think we should be very careful what we import into that article from "Classical definition of republic". By the way I see from a link on Republic that Wheeler has now reproduced "Classical definition of republic" at Wikinfo:Classical republic classical definition of the republic. Wikinfo is probably a much more suitable vehicle for this sort of work than Wikipedia, so we shoudn't feel too bad about deleting all his hard work. rossb 21:13, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * We need people to go to the what links here page and delete links to the article. AndyL 05:08, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

In Defense of the Classical definition of republic [By Wheeler]

 * Watch out here comes Wheeler --Brookie 19:10, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The editors of Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal ( editors: Terence Ball and Richard Dagger, 2nd ed, HarperCollins College Publishers, l995. pp 265 & 267) have printed the right definitions:
 * republic—A form of government by the people that includes the rule of law, a mixed constitution, and the cultivation of an active and public-spirited citizenry.
 * mixed constitution (or government)—The republican policy of combining or balancing rule by one, by the few, and by the many in a single government, with the aim of preventing the concentration of power in any person or social group.
 * Where did this information come from????????????????????????? In 1995, This is a definition that says that a republic is mixed!!!!!  So where in the republic article, is this """"mixed"""" answered and spoken about?????
 * And if you read the Bibliography section of the Classical definition of a republic, you would see that there. It is all there.  Why don't you people read?????

 * Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, a PHD in Political Science wrote, "It will be seen that the classical and scientific meaning of that word remained unchanged for 2300 years, not withstanding the scandalous ignorance displayed by editors, teachers, college professors, stump orators, and other irresponsible persons who are prominent in the public eye." (Menace of the Herd, 1943 pg 2.)
 * To the charge of "original research"--What the heck is Ball's and Dagger's definition come from? Von Kuehnelt has degrees in philosophy and economics and a PHD in Political Science and he doesn't know what he is talking about?

 * Cite your sources is ""Wikipedia"" policy!!!! Without sources and references and quotes, any articles ARE USELESS TO COLLEGE STUDENTS AND GRADUATE STUDENTS.  I write my articles so that college and graduate students can use my work to further their work.
 * I am rewriting the convention of an encyclopaedic article. I am thinking outside the box.  With the internet and this format, we are not confined to a publishers and written paper format.  Our articles can be expanded to be really useful and much more academically fruitfull.

 * I am writing an article so that a sixth grader, who has no classical reading, can understand the concept and theory. I am writing an article, per Wikipedia, that  an Asian kid or a South American kid can understand who don't have all the references close at hand.  Many don't have bibles--How can they not understand the impact the Bible had thoroughtout the Protestant and Roman Catholic Worlds, without it being referenced.

 * The Greeks and Romans are the 'Root and Foundation of our civilization. Cut them away, and we are lost.  This article is neccessary to understanding our ancestors actions both in Rome, Early Modern Britain, and Colonial America.

 * Your ignorance of the matter, your bad education, your propagandist teachers, your lack of reading of the classics and your lack of wide reading, is not an excuse to label my work "original".
 * Your actions of delete, are proof positive that I have to include a lot in the article because of the lack of classical education, classical works, and an understanding of Greek philosophy; Classical culture, Classical thinking, and Classical milleau.

 * The Discussion page is just that---A DISCUSSION PAGE. And I will use it for a soapbox if I want to.  That is what it is there for.

 * I do acknowledge that some of it is a little "Original" research because Logic and the principle of non-contradiction requires it. For example, the British word for commonwealth is the same for republic.  If England Tudor was called a Republic, how can the following roundheads under Cromwell call it a Commonwealth.  Paramenides principle  will come into play.  The Principle of noncontradiction.  Immediately any teenager or sixth grader is going to come upon immediate confusion.  It's right there.  W/O a little bit of clarification, the confusion disappears.  Paramenides principle comes into play.  It must be used.

 * What many of you forget is that COMMONWEALTH is for everbody not just for the people. What about the "commonweal" for the Aristocracy?  HUh????  What about the "commonweal" for the Monarch, his family and relatives?  What about them????  That these groups of people don't deserve the "Commonweal".  A republic/commonwealth is a for a concern for ALL OF THE PEOPLE OF THE REALM.  Some how you people think that the common weal only is for the lower class---That is BS.
 * When you say that the Commonwealth is only for the lower classes, you are turning the Commonwealth into a democracy!!!!!

 * Modern people have a habit of liking to tell other people what to think. With the inclusion of many quotes, I have made the article much more interesting for kids.  I let the people speak for themselves.  It is much more clearer that way.  Here is another inovation.  That will enhance Wikipedia as the place to go. Let the words speak for themselves instead of me telling or interpreting what they said, which will propably be the wrong way any way.

 * User talk:Wheeler/Confusion over term republic

 * As a Greek, I am writing an article for Sixth graders and for College students. All can use it with the simplest of language, thorough for those ignorant of classical millelieu and sources and thorough referencing for graduate students and teachers.  All may use it.

 * I will not confer legitamacy for deletion by voting either way. I am not going to validate this deletion by voting. This needs to be withdrawn!!! WHEELER 18:59, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Wikipedia's natture means that any article, at any time, can be nominated for deletion. It's a simple matter of process, and faith in community consensus. Lacrimosus 00:11, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Compromise
I do acknowledge that some material is original. I am defining it in all its parameters. I will delete the article except for one sentence about it being "mixed" That is unrefutable. To keep all the links already established on Wikipedia and to keep it in the Category sections, I think it advisable that only ONE external link from Wikinfo on the original page. I think that this is the best course available at this time. Without a "Classical Republic" it will be hard to understand the Republic of Venice, the American Constitution, the English Constitutionalists like John Aylmer and Geoffrey Elton and others. In a couple of years, when this gets thrown around some; it can be put back on its original page.

I have personally bought Founders and the Classics, and The Theory of Mixed Government in Antiquity at great personal cost. I have through interlibrary loan am getting James Blythe's Mixed Government in the Middle Ages. I am continuing my research as fast as humanely possible.

I hope this arrangement satisfies all.WHEELER 14:08, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

docta ignorantia
Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn writes, "Talking to a professor of a big American university, a specialist in modern German history, I remarked that Hilter was a demogogue like Cleon. 'Cleon?' (He remarked.) "Yes, Cleon of Athens", (professor:) 'Ah, that's antiquity.  It's none of my business." This phenomena of specialization is by no means restricted to the United States; it is beginning to be worldwide, invading all studies and knowledge as a new form of docto ignorantia. WHEELER 15:31, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Wheeler, the only reason you have a computer and the leisure time to tap on its keyboard is because human societies tend to specialize. Did the prof deny AH was a demagogue or something? Wyss 19:46, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Haven't you read the Scriptures?---There is nothing new under the sun. If you read the classics and esp. Aristotle, that a certain dictator at that time, formed a club of men much like the SA and SS, to protect himself and further their objectives w/o being interupted.  All this happened before already.  As George Santayana has said, "Those who refuse to learn from history are condemned to repeat it."  Sad.  I can go thru the classics, and see Hitler throughout them--already portrayed. One must read, the classics, theology, philosophy, literary criticism, history, etc. and to have a "real experience" of the world, to really know the world and make sense of it. Sadly, we still haven't learned from the Greeks and we are going to repeat the same mistakes. Tyranny comes out of democracy.  Never fails. WHEELER 21:28, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * True enough (except that tyranny will come out of my cat, too, if you let it). However, that doesn't change anything. The VfD concerned an article which is original research. Wyss 06:56, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Current definition of republic

 * "A republic, in its basic sense, is a state in which sovereignty derives ultimately from the people (however defined), rather than from an hereditary principle."

This is now the definition of a republic. "Sovereignty derives from the people". Just like Hitler wanted. Hitler received his "power" from the "people". einine volkisch republic...(I can here the crowds from history:) Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! WHEELER 15:45, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hitler ran a bit of a scam, didn't he? Moreover, he wasn't elected by a majority but rather maneuvered his way into a coalition government which he then handily took control of through a combination of adroit politics and mass propaganda (not to mention judicial murder). Wyss 19:37, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Look at this definition. "A republic, in its basic sense, is a state in which sovereignty derives ultimately from the people". What is the difference between this and a democracy?  This is what a democracy is.  Again, the principle of identity.  Why say the word republic if it is the same as democracy?  Again, why say "democratic republic" when republic is the same word as democratic?  All this is illogical. Does Republic and Democracy mean the same thing?  If so, why seperate articles?  My head is spinning with the complications of what I am reading.  It is obvious we don't have a clue.  Lost in space again.WHEELER 19:26, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * So on the one hand you're saying that sovereignty deriving from the people equates to Hitlerism, on the other that it equates to democracy - you can hardly have it both ways! Actually of course there's a great deal of difference between the notion of th e"sovereign people" as in the French and American revolutions, and the quasi-mystical Nazi concept of the "Volk". I do wonder however whether the "Republic" article might better be defined in terms of "citizens" rather than the "people". rossb 08:01, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

In current usage a republic is a type of democracy, is all, usually characterized by intermediate layers of elected representation and some sort of executive branch. No scandal there, no lost in space. No surprise there's been some natural linguistic shift over the past 2500 years. What's interesting to me is how intact the word has remained compared to others. Wyss 19:37, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think a republic is most commonly defined in what it is not. The French republic, the republican constitution of various American states, and archetypically the Roman republic, were all so defined specifically in opposition to hereditary monarchy, especially of course monarchies that were perceived to be oppressive. The concept of a republic seems to have originated with the Romans, looking back from the days of the empire to the republican arrangements that had preceded it, which in turn were defined in opposition to the monarchy of the Tarquins. The Greeks, with a different history, and a more analytical approach, classified states as monarchies, oligarchies, or democracies, or indeed some mixture of all three, but aarguably did not have need of the precise concept of a "republic". Indeed one could argue that the Greeks didn't, and don't, have a word for it: the word politeia fundamentally means "the government", "the body politic", and so on in general terms, rather than what we would call a republic (so of course does the Latin res publica in most contexts), and the current Greek state, the "Hellenic Republic", is called in Greek "Elliniki Dhimokratia", so for the Greeks at least democracy and republic are synonymous. In practice, if you were to read beyond the opening sentence of the current "Republic" article, you will see that a distinction can be made: not all republics are democratic, not all democracies are republics. The United Kingdom has democratic institutions, and a mixed form of government, but is not referred to a "republic". Those who campaign for Australia and other countries of the British Commonwealth to become republics are not asking for their countries to have a more "mixed" form of Government, but for their head of state to be an elected official rather than the Queen or her representative. rossb 20:49, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Republics don't have monarchies, which is the usual explanation for why the UK isn't called one. The Roman republics ceased with the first emperors, as noted at the time. Wyss 21:12, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Sparta is a Republic with a King. Cicero called Sparta a republic.  Machiavelli called Sparta a Republic.  John Aylmer called Sparta a republic.  John Hooker was enthused with Spartan and Roman republicanism.  Alexander Hamilton in the Federalist papers which were originally newspaper articles that was widely read by the general population called Sparta a republic.  John Aylmer saw that Tudor England was a republic.  Sparta is a republic.WHEELER 21:33, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * No, Sparta was a state with two kings (a most unusual form of constitution). As to Cicero calling it a republic, if you're referring to your quotation "res publica lacedaemoniorum" (I quote from memory) this is more likely just to have meant "the Spartan state", rather than implying that it was a "republic". rossb 21:50, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Scandalous! :) Wyss 21:37, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Where in God's green earth do you get that a republic is the same as democracy. Neither Plato nor Aristotle confuse the terms.  Have you people read the Athenian Constitution by Aristotle?  I'm I taliking to a brick wall?  Don't you understand plain english?  The word has been bastardized. Only in the last two centuries has the word changed in meaning. For 2300 years republic WAS NOT SYNONYMOUS WITH DEMOCRACY. Never.  WHEELER 21:38, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't say they're the same, Wheeler. You might want to re-read my post on that. Yes, it's been bastardized, that's normal linguistic shift, happens all the time, nothing to see here, move along, yes I understand plain English, I think the article (which has apparently been deleted now), and the arguments you provide for it, are hysterical in both tone and motive. Wyss 06:47, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you're fundamentally mistaken in applying the term "republic" to what Plato or Aristotle may have said about Athens. It's not a question of whether either place was a democracy, it's more that the concept of "republic" is really an anachronism as applied to this period, and really has nothing to do with the concept of a "mixed" constitution which admittedly was discussed at that time. rossb 21:50, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I should have added that no-one is saying that republic is the same as democracy (except that the same word for both is used in modern Greek). The current wording of the "Republic" article makes it clear that not all republics are democratic, and not all democracies are republics. rossb 21:52, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wheeler comments on this debate on Sam Spade's discussion page
They have put a deletion on my Classical definition of republic. I will not even vote. I ask that you don't either. Let it be deleted.WHEELER 18:35, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This is a laugh. It is the only article with over 70 footnotes with a huge bibliography and they want to delete it. Good. This is all a joke. Gravitas is a virtue sadly missing today.WHEELER 18:48, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Free content. My Ass. This is a Marxist controled encyclopaedia. What doesn't fit Marxist scholarship and assent gets deleted. I have now three major articles deleted; National Socialism, Cultural imprinting on politics, and now Classical definition of republic. Yes, this is a "Controlled" encyclopaedia. Information will be scrubbed. We are the Borg. Resistance is futile. You will be assimilated into the Herd. You will comply. We are the Borg.WHEELER 19:35, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

And they deleted the only articles that have references to them. See, what counts for "academic scholarship" these days. This is sad commentary on them. See, what real research unveils and what crappy research is in America today. That information has to be Marxized before it gets accepted.WHEELER 19:38, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

What the hell did I make a Bibliography for if this is original research? I must be stupid.WHEELER 19:45, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

[Spotted by Brookie 13:32, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)]

Comment: Mr WHEELER, I think, has missed two important points. First, WP offers free content (no charge) and editing by consensus, which simply means one can edit as one pleases, but if it doesn't conform to a consensus it won't remain. Second, he doesn't seem to understand what original research is. One can include 1000 references to the literature, peer-reviewed, widely published, everything... but if the article's thesis is an original synthesis, it's not encyclopedic. For example (broadly put for clarity), if WP had existed 100 years ago, and a young Swiss patent official named Albert Einstein had posted his work to WP in an article entitled "Special Theory of Relativity", it would likely have been deleted as original research. Wheeler may still argue that WP is Marxist (I'm certainly not), that his arguments are correct and so on, but the consensus is that his ideas are original, and with their additional, underlying politcal agenda, they also fall under the "WP is not a soapbox" guideline. Wyss 18:54, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Jormvattnet

Jormvattnet or Jorm is a village in Jämtland, in Strömsund Municipality, Jämtland County, Sweden. It overlooks a lake with islands, Lake Jormvattnet, and is overshadowed by a mountain, Jormliklumpen. It is a picturesque region and is used by tourists for horse riding and hiking. It had a population of 64 in 2005.

title: Jormvattnet


text:
Talk:Pruno

old comments
I am a home brewer, and I note some dubious information here. First, it's unlikely to get a 14% yield unless champagne yeast or some other high-attenuation yeast is used. I believe that figure probably came from one of the articles referenced below -- though to obtain an accurate alcohol measurement, you need to take before and after specific gravity measurements. From the appearances of it, pruno is made using baker's yeast (which would be preferable) or it gets whatever yeast may be floating around in the environment to start fermentation. It makes me a little queasy thinking about it; suffice it to say that in a prison environment, you're unlikely to get something resembling Belgian kriek lambic.

Secondly, if sterilization protocols are not observed, and a healthy yeast culture isn't pitched to start fermentation (see above), then infestation with bacteria or some less-than-desirable yeast is likely. The result will typically be a nasty, sour brew, typical of amateur home brewing attempts or really bad commercial brew (I had some really cheap beer once that was like this). Even so, it's unlikely to make anyone sick (beyond something that would win the Egill Skallagrímsson Drekk-Til-At-Spýja Memorial Award), though this can't be ruled out completely. But the business about going blind is a myth about methanol in home brew, which just doesn't happen. Afalbrig 06:31, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I've made the real thing (and in the real setting), and as to getting sick--you have to remember drugs are fairly easy to get in prison. Some of the "aditives" weren't sugar. Also a lot of people save the solids and reuse it in the next batch, which can get incresingly nasty each time. Molds arn't all visible. But yeah, it's usually nasty but won't kill you or make you blind. Gaurds spread that rumor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.100.200.81 (talk) 19:42, April 21, 2007 (UTC)

Blindess?
The article says that pruno can cause blindness .. afaik you'd have to distill it improperly in order for the methanol to make you blind. 212.50.147.101 20:46, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Come on now
Don't prison guards exist? Are they not constantly butting in on what prisoners are doing? Do prisoners REALLY have this much unsupervised free time? This and anal rape seem bizarrely implausible in the presumed situation of being constantly monitored. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.21.221 (talk) 02:04, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

US Army
I was introduced to pruno (and the process for making it) in the US Army infantry while on tour in Iraq. It is not very common, but having since deployed several times, I can say that it would be correct to include the US Army or military as possible settings for the creation of pruno. Alcohol is strictly forbidden and considered contraband in warzones. The guy that showed me how to make it used "regular" yeast, but I had my brother send champagne yeast from the States to increase my yield. 45.59.229.58 (talk) 23:15, 19 April 2016 (UTC)

Cultural References
The 2006 movie Let's Go To Prison has a toilet-made Pruno reference as a plot device. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.27.249.138 (talk) 08:45, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Jarvis Masters Link
This page links to San Quentin in the name Jarvis Masters. This seems wrong. Furthermore, the link to San Quentin occurs a few words later Marcconnell95 (talk) 00:36, 11 March 2021 (UTC)

Pruno does not taste like bile, I have made and drank pruno while inside doing time
Back in 2016 at West County Detention Facility in Richmond, California in the. No it does not taste like bile, it's honestly better tasting than MD20/20, or at peast what I made was. I only used fruit though, tried but couldnt get any sugar (store privelges taken away for making pruno) and I heard that in San Francisco jail they use Ketchup. That came from what my Econ teacher heard from a sheriff, so grain of salt, but if true that would taste like bile I imagine. Given that the same shot caller who gave me an earful over how we were white and had to "hold ourselves to a higher standard" (his words not mine) because my cell was disorganized and then a day or two later I heard him talking about how he was plotting to get the cup of tobacco spit from the garbage that a deputy threw away to roll cigarettes out of. So you are dealing with people who have a warped view of what standards are to say the least, and so anything is possible.

I know it's improper to use myself as a source so I won't, but l'll just say that making decent pruno out of apples, oranges and bananas (I'm the only one I know of that used anything other than oranges because of the work and mess involved) is really easy and is definitely better tasting than the heavily artificial lower end alcohol products that people are buying from the store legitimately, be it for less than what the ingredients of the pruno I made would likely cost. 24.130.235.152 (talk) 20:19, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pruno


text:
Canada Labour Code

The Canada Labour Code (Code canadien du travail) is an Act of the Parliament of Canada to consolidate certain statutes respecting labour. The objective of the Code is to facilitate production by controlling strikes & lockouts, occupational safety and health, and some employment standards.

Generally speaking, the Code only applies to those industries in which the federal government has jurisdiction instead of the provinces. These industries include: broadcasting, telecommunications, chartered banks, postal service, airports and air transportation, shipping and navigation, interprovincial or international transportation (i.e., road, railway, ferry or pipeline). It also applies to businesses in the Territories, on First Nations reserves, and certain Crown Corporations. It also applies to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the military, and those covered under the (now repealed) Public Service Staff Relations Act (RS 1985, c. P-35) or its successor Public Service Modernization Act (2003, c. 22).

Origin
Industrialization in Canada, as elsewhere, brought with it increasingly poor employment standards. Employers often took advantage of their workers by providing them with little to no health and safety elements in the workplace and no job security. When the workers formed unions, negotiations between the employer and union often dragged on or broke down completely. In these instances, the unions would use techniques such as strikes and sabotage to impress on the employer the idea that the workers had rights as humans and even deserved respect. The unionism would then often build solidarity between workers, even in different industries. In response, the Government of Canada established the Conciliation Act of 1900. This Act created the federal Department of Labour whose purpose was to help settle labour disputes and promote fair wages and proper conditions for workers. Prior to the act disputes were handled by the Postmaster General.

The department had little success but determined that they required the authority to impose conciliation amongst the union and employer. After the 1906 Lethbridge coalfield strike, this requirement became paramount and was introduced in the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of 1907 (IDI). This act also introduced compulsory investigation of labour disputes, a prohibition of work stoppages pending this investigation, and the requirement for compromise. As the industries continued to resist the demands laid down by the unions, the organizations grew larger and began to plan large-scale tactics such as the Winnipeg General Strike. This created even more fear in the government concerning unions and led to further legislation.

During World War II, the wartime government suspended provincial labour legislation and the IDI act. However, the Wartime Labour Relations Regulations (Order in Council P.C. 1003) of 1944 introduced the provisions for certification of unions, leading to the temporary dissolution and outlawing of the major solidarity unions in Canada (including the IWW and the One Big Union). The WLRR also introduced the duty to meet and bargain in good faith, prohibitions of unfair labour practices, and the introduction of a labour relations board.

In 1948, this Order in Council and the IDI act were consolidated into the Industrial Relations and Disputes Investigation Act. In 1967, this act was consolidated, along with other statutes, as Part V of the Canada Labour Code, (S.C. 1966–67, c. 62). It came into force on January 1, 1968.

Significant amendments were made to this part of the Code in 1973. These amendments included extending bargaining rights to some previously excluded groups (e.g., supervisors, employed professionals, etc.) and expanding the jurisdiction of the labour relations board to include enforcement and remedial powers. Also, provisions for adjustments to technological changes were introduced. Finally, in 1988 the Code was reissued as part of the Revised Statutes of Canada, (R.S.C. 1985, c. L-2.), wherein Part V became Part I.

Legislation
The Code is divided into three distinct parts. The first part deals with collective bargaining between unions and employers. It comes mostly from the Industrial Relations and Disputes Investigation Act of 1948. The second part deals with health & safety in the workplace. The third part deals with employment standards but defers mostly to Provincial legislation for each province of employment.

Part 1: Industrial Relations
This part of the Code is divided into seven divisions and deals with collective bargaining, dispute resolution, strikes and lockouts. It, first of all, establishes basic freedoms, in accordance with Convention C87 of the International Labour Organization, by setting out that employees are "free to join the trade union of their choice and to participate in its lawful activities" [s.8(1)] and employers, likewise, are free to organize.

Divisions III, IV, V.1, and VI, set out the procedures and regulations for collective bargaining. In short, a trade union for employees or an organization representing employers must first be certified by the Canada Labour Relations Board, whose composition and procedures are detailed in Division II. The Code places a duty on the two sides to meet and negotiate "in good faith and make every reasonable effort to enter into a collective agreement" [s.50 (a) i,ii].

The role of the Canada Labour Relations Board is to interpret the code and to investigate allegations of unfair labour practices and failures to bargain in good faith. Division V details the role of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. It is "responsible for fostering harmonious relations between trade unions and employers by assisting them in the negotiation of collective agreements and their renewal." [s.70.1(1)] They are employees of Employment and Social Development Canada, formerly Human Resources Development Canada and report to the Minister of Labour.

Divisions V.1 and VI set out conditions for strikes and lockouts. Before such work stoppages occur a secret ballot vote must result in a majority wishing to proceed with a work stoppage. However, this cannot occur during the term of an agreement, only once it expires. The union (for strikes) or the employers (for lockouts) must give the Minister of Labour 72 hours' notice before the work stoppage can occur. The Minister can prevent or cease a work stoppage by appointing a conciliation officer, commissioner, or board, to mediate negotiations. Section 100 of the Code sets a limit of $1000 per day is set for illegal lockouts or strikes.

Also of note, Division IV sets out special arrangements for interruptions in employment due to technological change. It also allows union dues to be deducted from an employee's wages, and, in case of religious objections, forward the amount deducted to a registered charity mutually agreed on by the employee and the trade union. Division V.1 prohibits work stoppages "to the extent necessary to prevent an immediate and serious danger to the safety or health of the public." [s.87.4(1)]

Part 2: Occupational Health and Safety
This part of the Code deals with maintaining the health and safety of workers in the workplace. It focuses on the recognition and prevention of hazards. The beginning of this part states the purpose here "is to prevent accidents and injury to health arising out of, linked with or occurring in the course of employment." [s.122.1]

Sections 124 and 125 set out the duties of employers with regard to the health and safety of their employees. A list is provided of 45 general and specific duties for the employer to follow. For example, these duties include providing first-aid facilities, potable water, sanitary and personal facilities (i.e., washrooms), prescribed safety materials, equipment, devices and clothing, safety manuals in telecommunications companies and other industries and so on. These duties extend beyond the workplace and include all areas in which an employee may travel in the course of a work day. The employers are responsible for employees, that is with those with whom they are in an employment relationship. As well, the employer has responsibility to ensure other persons, including visitors and contractors, do not imperil employee safety. Sections 122.3 and 132 establish conditions for employees with a special needs and pregnant and nursing employees.

Section 126 sets out the duties of employees. It is their duty to "take all reasonable and necessary precautions to ensure the health and safety of the employee, the other employees and any person likely to be affected by the employee's acts or omissions" [s.126(1)(c)] and to use any safety features that the employer provides.

In cases of conflict between the employee and employer sections 127.1 and 128 set out a resolution process. An employee is permitted to "refuse to use or operate a machine or thing, to work in a place or to perform an activity, if the employee while at work has reasonable cause to believe that the performance of the activity constitutes a danger to the employee or to another employee." [s.128 (1)(c)] All complaints must be reasonably investigated to find if the claim is justified.

In order to facilitate investigations sections 134 to 140 establish requirements, regulations, and procedures for health and safety committees, representatives, and officers. For workplaces with 20 or more employees, a committee must be established consisting of at least two employees. For workplaces with fewer than 20 employees, at least one representative must be selected by the non-managerial employee as a Health and Safety Representative. The employer must be readily accessible to this representative in order to address health and safety matters. Officers are delegated authorities for enforcing the Code by the Minister of Labour and investigate incidents and complaints concerning health and safety in the workplace. Violations for this part of the Labour Code can be punishable by up to two years in jail and a $1,000,000 fine as set out in section 148. A death or injury that resulted in combination with a violation of this part of the act can be viewed as a criminal act and prosecuted as such.

Special conditions are set out for coal mines. Section 137.1 establishes the composition, procedures and regulations of a Coal Mining Safety Commission. Section 125.3 requires employers to submit their plans and procedures to this commission.

Part 3: Federal Labour Standards
The third part of the Code is divided into 16 divisions which deal with terms and conditions of employment concerning hours, wages, leave, holidays, and sexual harassment. It also sets the conditions for the termination of employment.

Division I establishes the eight-hour day and forty hour week but permits averaging if the profession demands extended hours. Workers must get at least one full day, "Sunday shall be the normal day of rest," [s.173] and overtime is paid at least one and one-half times the normal wage. Division II establishes that the Province of employment's minimum wage, with the exception of those based on age discrimination, shall be used for workers in industries under federal jurisdiction. This division also deals with wage deduction with respect to room, board, uniforms, tools, etc. Division III refers to the Canadian Human Rights Act for prohibition to discriminatory wage practices. These first three divisions should also be read with the Fair Wages and Hours of Labour Act (R.S. 1985, c. L-4 ) which concerns public works and those on government contracts. Also, division XV requires that payment of wages must be made within thirty days.

Divisions IV and V establish the amount, length and pay for vacations and holidays. Division VI allows the Governor in Council to make special regulations for industries that use multiple employers for the same job.

Divisions VII, VIII, XIII, and XIII.1 make arrangements for maternity, parental, compassionate care, bereavement, and sick leave. These sections say that "no employer shall dismiss, suspend, lay off, demote or discipline an employee because of absence due to illness or injury…"[s.239(1)], or any other of these aforementioned leave periods and that "pension, health and disability benefits and the seniority of any employee…[during] a leave of absence…shall accumulate during the entire period of the leave."[s209.2(1)] Specifically, an employee is permitted 17 weeks of maternity leave, 63 weeks for parental leave, 8 weeks for compassionate care leave, and 3 days for bereavement leave. The leave period, and its associated benefits, due to illness or injury, depends upon the nature of the illness or injury and the period of absence.

Divisions IX to XII, XIV set the procedures for termination of employees. Division IX deals with lay-offs of 50 or more people wherein a 16-week notice must be given to the Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development and the Canada Employment Insurance Commission and a 2-week notice to individual employees. Division X deals with the termination of fewer than 50 people wherein 2 weeks' notice or 2 weeks' pay in lieu of notice must be given to the employee. Division XI deals with the allotment of severance pay and division XII prohibits termination or any other disciplinary action due to any garnishment proceedings of any employee. Division XIV makes provisions in cases of unjust dismissals. A complaint of an unjust dismissal may be made to an inspector who in turn can require the employer to provide a written statement of the reasons for the dismissal. If the inspector cannot settle the dispute then the Minister may appoint an adjudicator to resolve the dispute.

Division XV.1 prohibits sexual harassment by saying that "every employee is entitled to employment free of sexual harassment." [s.247.2]. It defines sexual harassment as "any conduct, comment, gesture or contact of a sexual nature (a) that is likely to cause offence or humiliation to any employee; or (b) that might, on reasonable grounds, be perceived by that employee as placing a condition of a sexual nature on employment or on any opportunity for training or promotion." [s.247.1]

Group terminations
With group terminations, an employer that is in a federally-regulated industry like a CDIC bank or a CRTC phone company is also required to co-operate with the Canada Employment Insurance Commission, provide affected employees with a statement of benefits, and establish a joint planning committee.

On 21 May 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, WestJet sought an exemption on Part 3 Division IX law from Labour minister Filomena Tassi. The company said: "unprecedented circumstances with regards to the coronavirus pandemic and the subsequent decline in air travel prompted by containment measures worldwide" were to blame. Passenger loads at the airline "dropped by more than 95 per cent due to travel restrictions imposed because of the coronavirus outbreak".

title: Canada Labour Code


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Streamium

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. -- AllyUnion (talk) 15:51, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Streamium
Advert for non-notable product. RJFJR 01:23, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising CDC   (talk)  01:46, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) Looks better now.  CDC   (talk)  07:09, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it is currently not-notable. Zzyzx11 06:41, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising Mgm|(talk) 08:49, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, if you actually knew what Streamium is you'd know that it's certainly not 'non-notable', which isn't a defined grounds for deletion anyway. The page is just a harmless stub that will grow in time (much like how all of Wikipedia started out as). Dan100 13:34, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep major electronics line by a very major manufacturer (Philips). 76,900 Google hits.  We have articles for loads of obscure cel phones, computers, and other gadgetry, we certainly should have one for this as well. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  17:38, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, despite its POV nature, it is notable. --Sn0wflake 18:23, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, zap the PoV. Wyss 21:19, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I cleaned it up. JoaoRicardo 02:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks OK after the cleanup. Good job, JoaoRicardo. Carrp | Talk 18:01, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep now, thanks JoaoRicardo. —RaD Man (talk) 02:18, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Now that it has a NPOV, we should expand and wikify it. Bratsche 04:49, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Robert Pendray 09:46, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Port Hood Island, Nova Scotia

Port Hood Island is a small island and community of the same name located in the northeastern part of St. George's Bay, a sub-basin in the eastern part of the Northumberland Strait, adjacent to the west coast of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is named after the community of Port Hood immediately to the east on Cape Breton Island. Before this name, the island was known as Smith Island.

Originally, Port Hood Island was connected to Cape Breton Island by a sand spit. It housed a booming lobster cannery, however, during a winter storm in the late 19th century, the thin sand spit connecting Port Hood Island was washed away. In the late 1950s, a road was constructed from the (then) main fishing wharf of the mainland to the fishing wharf on the island but it did not stand up to the weather and washed away shortly after completion. Rocks that made up the road still remain and now form what residents call the "Breakwater".

The island was originally settled by Protestant Loyalists, giving contrast to the Catholic majority in the Port Hood area. In the 1950s Port Hood Island had approximately 28 families, mostly fishermen and small lot farmers, along with a one-room school which handled grades 1-8/9, after which students boarded in Port Hood and attended Port Hood Academy. The island church enjoyed the services of the Port Hood minister who also served Mabou.

The Island is the subject of a song, "Lonely Island" written by Jimmy Rankin and featured on The Rankin Family's debut album. (1989).

Currently the island is mainly lived on during the summer months, with about half the residents having prior connections to the area. One of the previous permanent residents died in the summer of 2003, and there are now only two people living on Port Hood Island all year long.

Notable people
Sidney Earle Smith, former President of the University of Toronto and Secretary of State for External Affairs, was born and raised on Port Hood Island

title: Port Hood Island, Nova Scotia


text:
User:Diego440

About myself
I was born in Venezuela, educated in the US, and currently live in the Canary Islands in Spain. I studied communications and now work as a freelance copywriter and translator (English/Spanish). I'm 29 years old and have been married for a year and a bit more.

How I came to be here
I'm also a car buff, but not so much of mechanics. More of a graphic admiration for vehicles. I collect car pictures and car information. Once, while searching some information on a car, I landed in Wikipedia. Once I searched for the information I started checking out the whole car database and noticed there were quite a few models/pictures missing and started making my own contributions. After a few uploads I got recommended to join this group... and here I am.

As of the time/day of this post, I've already updated the "A" marques.

At the time I'm mostly out of the Wikipedia circle, since I've been dealing more with work and reality.

title: User:Diego440


text:
Anomodontia

Anomodontia is an extinct group of non-mammalian therapsids from the Permian and Triassic periods. By far the most speciose group are the dicynodonts, a clade of beaked, tusked herbivores. Anomodonts were very diverse during the Middle Permian, including primitive forms like Anomocephalus and Patranomodon and groups like Venyukovioidea and Dromasauria. Dicynodonts became the most successful and abundant of all herbivores in the Late Permian, filling ecological niches ranging from large browsers down to small burrowers. Few dicynodont families survived the Permian–Triassic extinction event, but one lineage (Kannemeyeriiformes) evolved into large, stocky forms that became dominant terrestrial herbivores right until the Late Triassic, when changing conditions caused them to decline, finally going extinct during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.

Taxonomy

 * Order Therapsida
 * Suborder Anomodontia
 * Biseridens
 * Patranomodon
 * Clade Anomocephaloidea
 * Anomocephalus
 * Tiarajudens
 * Infraorder Venyukovioidea
 * Otsheria
 * Parasuminia
 * Suminia
 * Ulemica
 * Venyukovia
 * Clade Chainosauria
 * ?Galechirus
 * Galeops
 * Galepus
 * Infraorder Dicynodontia

Phylogeny
Cladogram modified from Cisneros et al., 2015.

Cladogram modified from Angielczyk and Kammerer (2017):

title: Anomodontia


text:
Sara Adler

Sara Adler (née Levitskaya, some sources give Levitsky or Levitzky, changed to Lewis; 26 May 1858 – 28 April 1953) was a Russian actress in Yiddish theater who made her career mainly in the United States. She was known as the "mother" or "duchess" of Yiddish theater.

She was the third wife of Jacob Adler and the mother of prominent actors Luther and Stella Adler, and lesser-known actors Jay, Julia, Frances, and Florence Adler. The most famous of her 300 or so leading roles included the redeemed prostitute Katusha Maslova in Jacob Gordin's play based on Tolstoy's Resurrection and Batsheva in Gordin's The Homeless. She introduced "realism" in acting before it became an American movement.

Early life
Sara Levitzky was born to merchant parents, Ellye and Pessye Levitzky, in Odessa, Russian Empire (currently in Ukraine). Her father was a well-to-do merchant. Levitzky attended a Russian school, where she first performed on the stage at eight years old as Emilia in The Robbers. She trained in voice at the Odesa Conservatory before transitioning to a career in Yiddish theater. During her teens, she performed in local amateur productions. She grew up speaking Russian, only learning Yiddish through her participation in Yiddish theater.

Early career in Europe
When Adler joined a Yiddish troupe at seventeen, she was hired to sing Russian songs after the play as a part of the divertissement due to her lack of fluency in Yiddish.

In Russia, she married Maurice Heine (born Haimovitz), the leader of a provincial Yiddish theater troupe.

After the ban on Yiddish theater in Imperial Russia, Maurice and Sara Heine left in 1881 for London, when Alexander II of Russia's assassination led to a Russian ban on Yiddish theater. There, Heine's troupe joined with Jacob Adler's and then in 1883 for New York City. As "Madam Heine," Sara was the leading lady in Shomer's The Orphans.

Career in America
In 1890, Maurice and Sara divorced. She joined Adler's Finkel-Feinman-Mogulesko troupe as its principal actor for both dramatic and operetta roles. In 1891 she married Adler, himself recently divorced from a brief second marriage to Dinah Shtettin. She and Adler would be among the most prominent actors in Yiddish theater in New York for the next three decades. According to Harold Clurman, who married their daughter Stella, Sara taught Jacob about acting and helped him gain confidence on the stage.

In 1891, Adler acted in a production of Siberia by Jacob Gordin that her husband directed, which was seen as the beginning of serious Yiddish theater (in contrast to the previous vaudeville and melodrama). The next year, she acted in The Yiddish King Lear as Teitele, a role she reprised for the next thirty years. She went on to create many serious character roles in plays by Gordin, H. Leivick, and Peretz Hirschbein. She also portrayed characters from plays written in other languages in Yiddish translations, such as Nora in A Doll's House. She and Jacob became professionally and financially successful, at the center of the community of Jewish artists and intellectuals.

Both she and Jacob starred in the 1908 play The Worthless written by Jacob Gordin. In 1911, she appeared in Gordin's play Elisha Ben Abuyah (originally staged in 1906). In 1914, she starred in the silent film Sins of the Parents directed by Ivan Abramson. The film was one of only two movies in which she appeared. After her husband's 1920 stroke and 1926 death, she performed infrequently. On March 14, 1939, her 50 years of work were honored at the National Theater, where she performed the third act of Resurrection.

Although probably most remembered for her lead roles opposite her husband, Sara Adler also set out on her own with the Novelty Theater in Brooklyn, where she presented (in Yiddish) works of Ibsen and Shaw well before they were familiar to an English-language audience. She also presented works of the French feminist Eugène Brieux. After Rudolph Schildkraut quarreled with Max Reinhardt in Vienna, Sara Adler brought him to Brooklyn to play the husband in Gordin's stage adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's The Kreutzer Sonata. That production also included Jacob Ben-Ami (associated with the Vilna Troupe, as well as Adler offspring Stella and Luther Adler.

Later life and death
Though she did not act much in her old age, Adler remained active. In her 70's, she began learning to tango, and stayed out past midnight with friends every night until her last illness. Adler died in New York City on April 28, 1953 following a long illness.

Personal life
Adler had two sons with Heine, Joseph and Max Heine.

The Adlers had five children together, Frances (1892), Jay (1896), Julia (1899), Stella (1902), and Luther (1903), all of whom acted. They had a tumultuous marriage, with many infidelities, separations, and reconciliations. At one point, Sara entered a sanatorium after one of her husband's infidelities; at another, she took a lover and planned to establish a rival theater before a bout of tuberculosis led her to abandon those plans and return to her husband. Once, when Jacob Adler left her to live with a mistress, Sara Adler and Rudolph Schildkraut formed their own company, with Sara doing everything from acting and directing to designing and sewing costumes and polishing the fruit sold at intermission.

Readings

 * Adler, Jacob, A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-679-41351-0. 266, passim.
 * Adler, Sara, on the Encyclopædia Britannica Women in American History site. Retrieved February 22, 2005.

title: Sara Adler


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 14, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 14, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 14, 2005


text:
J. Conrad Lavigne

J. Conrad Lavigne, CM, O.Ont (November 2, 1916 – April 16, 2003) was a pioneering Canadian media proprietor.

Born in Chénéville, Quebec, Lavigne was raised in Cochrane, Ontario. He joined the Canadian Forces in 1942 and fought in World War II. When he returned to Canada following the war, he settled in Kirkland Lake, where he purchased the Prince George Hotel, working as joint owner from 1946 to 1948,  He moved to Timmins and applied for a broadcasting license; CFCL went to air in 1952 as the first French language radio station in Ontario.

In 1956, Lavigne also received a television license. CFCL-TV went to air that year as a dual affiliate of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's English and French television networks. Lavigne subsequently added rebroadcast transmitters in several other communities. By 1965, he owned the largest private microwave transmission network in the world.

In 1971, Lavigne expanded into Sudbury and North Bay. CKNC in Sudbury and CHNB in North Bay went to air that year as CBC affiliates, while the former CBC affiliates in those cities, CKSO and CKNY, reaffiliated with CTV, and their owner, Cambrian Broadcasting, established a new CTV station, CITO, in Timmins. In 1974, Lavigne also acquired CHRO in Pembroke.

By 1980, Lavigne divested himself of his broadcast holdings, primarily because he was refused permission to operate a cable service in the north, as authorities feared a monopoly. His communication companies were in a financial crisis, due to aggressive competition for advertising dollars in small markets. As a result, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission approved a merger into the MCTV twinstick. In the end, his private network stretched from Moosonee to Ottawa, and from Hearst and Chapleau to Matagami, Quebec. He was serving a population of 1.5 million.

In 1983, Lavigne received an honorary doctorate from Sudbury's Laurentian University, and was named a member of the Order of Canada, in recognition of his pioneering contributions to Canadian broadcasting. He was also named to the Order of Ontario in 1994, and to the Canadian Communications Foundation's Broadcasting Hall of Fame.

In his later years, Lavigne was a prominent residential real estate developer in Timmins, and as a director of the National Bank of Canada. Lavigne died in Timmins on April 16, 2003.

title: J. Conrad Lavigne


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jesse jantzen

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:38, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Jesse jantzen
Non-notable poorly-written vanity. Arguably a state-record-holder might be notable, but I disagree. LizardWizard 01:28, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC) *Delete - Drivel --Brookie 19:25, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * delete.Mikkalai 01:52, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable enough, possible vanity. Megan1967 02:52, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. vanity. Brim 05:47, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Nothing really notable. Zzyzx11 06:53, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete but have a look at the most hilariously awful final paragraph ever to grace a WP vanity page. Classic. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 17:34, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and make sure it goes to the deleted nonsense page. :) --Sn0wflake 18:25, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jonathunder 05:44, 2005 Feb 19 (UTC)


text:
File:Small-isfahan.jpg

Source
still image from "Isfahan the Movie" by Cristóbal Vila. I got the permission to use this image from him myself.

title: File:Small-isfahan.jpg


text:
Template talk:Sf-stub

I'm not sure why the X-wing image was chosen as a replacement. I reverted to the earlier image, which seems to me to be more appropriate for a general science fiction category. (A Star Wars image might give folks the impression that they should use this for Star Wars stubs. We definitely should use a more general image here.) Also, I'm not entirely sure of the legal status of the other image; I am quite sure of this one (since I made it myself). -Aranel (" Sarah ") 01:32, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

GNU images
Here are some GNUFDL type images that can be used for this stub.

Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 22:20, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm ok, that will do :p -- SoothingR 06:24, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Sf-stub


text:
Franz Josef Kallmann

Franz Josef Kallmann, MD (July 24, 1897 – May 12, 1965), a German-born American psychiatrist, was one of the pioneers in the study of the genetic basis of psychiatric disorders. He developed the use of twin studies in the assessment of the relative roles of heredity and the environment in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disease.

Kallmann was born in Neumarkt, Silesia, the son of Marie (née Mordze / Modrey) and Bruno Kallmann, who was a surgeon and general practitioner. He fled Germany in 1936 for the United States, because he was of Jewish heritage. Paradoxically, he had been a student of Ernst Rüdin, one of the architects of racial hygiene policies in Nazi Germany. In a speech delivered in 1935, while still in Germany, he advocated the examination of relatives of schizophrenia patients with the aim to find and sterilize the "nonaffected carriers" of the supposed recessive gene responsible for the condition.

In 1944, he described a congenital endocrine condition (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia) that has come to be known as Kallmann's syndrome.

He was a member of the American Eugenics Movement during the first half of 1900.

In 1948, he became one of the founders of the American Society of Human Genetics.

He died in New York.

Partial bibliography

 * The genetics of schizophrenia; a study of heredity and reproduction of the families of 1,087 schizophrenics. New York: JJ Augustin, 1938. 291 ss.
 * Kallmann FJ, Reisner FJ. Twin studies on the significance of genetic factors in tuberculosis. The American Review of Tuberculosis 47, s. 549 (1943)
 * The genetic aspects of primary eunocchoidism (1944)
 * The genetic theory of schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry 103: 309 (1946)
 * Modern concepts of genetics in relation to mental health and abnormal personality development. Psychiatric Quarterly 21, 4, 535-553 (1947) DOI:10.1007/BF01654317
 * The genetics of psychoses; an analysis of 1,232 twin index families. American Journal of Human Genetics 4, ss. 385–390 (1950)
 * Heredity in Health and Mental Disorder (1953)
 * Zur Symptomatologie der Gehirnzystizerkose. Mschr. Psychiat. Neur. (1929)
 * Marcuse H, Kallmann F. Zur Sulfosinbehandlung der Paralyse und Schizophrenie. Nervenarzt 2: 149-53 (1929)

title: Franz Josef Kallmann