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Redemptorists

The Redemptorists, officially named the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Congregatio Sanctissimi Redemptoris), abbreviated CSsR, is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of pontifical right for men (priests and brothers). It was founded by Alphonsus Liguori at Scala, Italy, for the purpose of labouring among the neglected country people around Naples. It is dedicated to missionary work and they minister in more than 100 countries. Members of the congregation are Catholic priests and consecrated religious brothers.

The Redemptorists are especially dedicated to Our Lady of Perpetual Help and were appointed by Pope Pius IX in 1865 as both custodians and missionaries of the icon of that title, which is enshrined at the Redemptorist Church of St. Alphonsus Liguori in Rome. Many Redemptorist churches are dedicated to her under that title.

However, the Patroness of the Congregation is the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title "Immaculate Conception," of which St. Alphonsus was a strong propagator even before Marian Dogma was officially promulgated.

Foundation and development

Alphonsus Liguori was deeply moved by the plight of the poor living in Naples and the surrounding area and established his community with the aim of providing spiritual nourishment. Amongst his companions was Gerard Majella. In 1748 Alphonsus petitioned Pope Benedict XIV, to allow him to establish a congregation to minister to the poor in the area around Naples. Benedict agreed and the congregation was formed on November 9, 1732.

Within ten years of its foundation, communities had been established at Nocera, Ciorani, Iliceto, and Caposele. Due to political complications, there was an initial difficulty with the houses in the Papal States being separated from those in the Kingdom of Naples, but this was overcome in 1793 and the congregation soon opened houses in Sicily and other parts of southern Italy.

The congregation was soon to move beyond the borders of present-day Italy. In 1785, two Austrians, Clemens Maria Hofbauer and Thaddeus Hübl, joined the Redemptorists. In 1786 Hofbauer and Hübl went to Warsaw, Poland where the papal nuncio gave them responsibility for the parish of Saint Benno in the New Town; their mission thrived until the community was expelled in 1808. In 1793, Hofbauer turned his sights on establishing communities in Germanic lands. Soon houses were opened in the south at Jestetten, Triberg im Schwarzwald, and Babenhausen. In 1818, a house was established in Switzerland at the abandoned Carthusian monastery in La Valsainte.

19th century
In 1826, at the request of the government of Austria, the Redemptorists established a community in Lisbon, Portugal, with the purpose of ministering to German speaking Catholics. Other houses quickly followed in German-speaking areas: Mautern an der Donau (1827), Innsbruck (1828), Marburg (1833), Eggenburg (1833), and Leoben (1834).

The congregation also rapidly expanded into Belgium with communities at Tournai (1831), Sint-Truiden (1833), Liège (1833), and Brussels (1849). A community was even established in the Netherlands, at the time somewhat anti-Catholic, when a house was opened in Wittem in 1836. The revolutions of 1848 which swept over Europe caused much upheaval, and the Redemptorists were expelled from Switzerland and Austria and were at risk elsewhere.

The congregation thrived throughout the remainder of the 19th century; in 1852 there were four provinces, and by 1890 this had increased to twelve with communities having been established in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, England, Scotland, Spain, and Suriname. The 20th century saw the continuation of expansion to where the congregation created new provinces, vice provinces, and missions in every decade, and established a network of lay associates and volunteers who work with the Redemptorists to bring the Gospel to the poor.

Apostolate
Redemptorists are essentially a missionary society although their ministry is not confined to developing nations. According to their rule they are "to strive to imitate the virtues and examples of Jesus Christ, our Redeemer consecrating themselves especially to the preaching of the word of God to the poor". Their labors consist principally in missions, retreats, and similar exercises. In 2019, there were approximately 5,500 Redemptorists in 82 countries throughout the world.

Preaching and parochial missions
Alphonsus Liguori wanted his companions to be itinerant preachers of the Word of God. Traditionally, this has been the mainstay of the Redemptorists as they are well known for conducting parochial missions. The purpose of these parochial missions and the homilies preached by the Redemptorists is to "... invite people to a deeper love for God and a fuller practice of the Christian life." In accordance with the instructions of Liguori, preaching is to be down-to-earth and understandable to all who are listening.

Shrines, sanctuaries and retreat houses
In order to advance their mission and provide places of pilgrimage, the Redemptorists administer several shrines, which draw hundreds of thousands of people, the best-known being in Brazil, Canada, Colombia, the Philippines, Rome, and Singapore. The congregation operates many retreat houses where people of all walks of life, Catholic or otherwise, can spend some time in reflection, either individually or in a group.

Redemptorists are caretakers of the Byzantine icon of Our Mother of Perpetual Help, depicting the Virgin Mary with the Child Jesus and the instruments of the Passion. The icon was entrusted to them by Pope Pius IX. It is now enshrined in the Redemptorist Church of St. Alphonsus Liguori, Rome, and Redemptorists propagate devotion to Mary under this title.

Other ministry
As with most religious congregations, the Redemptorists are also involved in other forms of ministry such as parishes, education, youth and social communication. In recent years the congregation has increasingly become concerned with matters of social justice; as the Generalate website states "Redemptorists believe that the saving love of God touches the whole person and calls for the transformation of social injustice into respect for the dignity of all men and women". The Redemptorist religious province of Cebu in the Philippines have made a specific commitment in this regard: "Moved by the poverty and dehumanised condition of our people, and encouraged by their faith and desire for justice ... We, the Redemptorists of the Province of Cebu, as an apostolic community dedicated through our vows, are called to respond to the urgent needs of our people, especially the most abandoned and the poor ..."

Religious formation
After an initial period of contact and discernment, the person seeking to enter the Redemptorists becomes a "candidate" and goes to live in one of the communities so that both sides might become better acquainted. This lasts about two years during which they learn about Redemptorist prayer, life, and ministry.

Assuming that all goes well, the candidate then begins the novitiate, lasting a year. The novitiate year is crucial, for it is then "... that the novices better understand their divine vocation, and indeed one which is proper to the institute, experience the manner of living of the institute, and form their mind and heart in its spirit, and so that their intention and suitability are tested." Thus, the novices are given the opportunity for longer periods of prayer and spiritual reading as well as silence in order to reflect on the vocation God is offering and nature of their response. The spiritual development of the novice is of particular focus, especially through spiritual direction. During the novitiate the history and constitutions of the congregation are studied in depth.

A simple profession is made at the end of the novitiate, and the person officially becomes a member of the Redemptorists for "By religious profession, members assume the observance of the three evangelical counsels by public vow, are consecrated to God through the ministry of the Church, and are incorporated into the institute with the rights and duties defined by law." At this point it is normal to begin studying philosophy and theology at university level. During this time there is ample opportunity to experience a variety of ministries in which the Redemptorists are engaged, both in the member's home country and internationally. Temporary vows are renewed annually.

At the end of this period of formation, which lasts for a minimum of three years perpetual profession (final vows) is made and ordination to the diaconate and presbyterate follows for those called to holy orders (i.e. to become a priest).

As the academic programs come to an end, all Redemptorists in temporary vows are required to participate in a pastoral experience for a minimum of six months to a year, outside of a brother's home province.

Religious vows

As members of a religious congregation, Redemptorists embrace the evangelical counsels, taking the three traditional religious vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. Poverty means that all possessions are held in common and that no member may accumulate wealth. Chastity means more than abstaining from sexual activity and its purpose is to make the religious totally available for service; it is also a sign that only God can completely fill the human heart. For a member of a religious congregation, obedience is not slavishly doing what one is told by the superior but being attentive to God's will by prayerfully listening to the voice of the person in charge. For the Redemptorist, the three vows challenge those values presented as being important by modern-day society. Recognising that the living out of the three traditional vows can be truly challenging, each Redemptorist takes a fourth vow and oath, that of perseverance.

Organization
The Generalate is in Rome. The most fundamental unit of the Redemptorists is the local community in which members live together, combining their prayers, experiences, successes and failures, as well as any possessions for the service of the Gospel. Each community has a local superior who is chosen to exercise the ministry of leadership and the service of authority for the common good. The superior is assisted by a vicar and a group of advisors.

Local communities are organized into larger groups: Missions, regions, vice-provinces, provinces. A province is led by a provincial and his council, composed of elected members. In terms of governance, the members of each province elect representatives who gather in a Provincial Chapter. Vice-provinces usually look to a founding province to provide support in terms of personnel and finances until it is able to become self-sufficient. Otherwise, it enjoys the freedom and authority necessary to adjust matters to the particular needs of its mission. Regions and Missions are normally communities established in new missionary areas and they depend on the founding province or vice-province.

The Superior General convokes the General Chapter every six years. The General Chapter is the primary governing and representative body of the Redemptorists, carefully examining the mission of the congregation in accordance with the spirit of Alphonsus Liguori and its traditions. The day-to-day international affairs of the congregation are handled by the General Council, which is composed of a superior general and six consultors. The General Council is both a directive and executive body.

Regions and provinces

 * South Europe: 6 provinces and 2 regions
 * North Europe: 8 provinces, 2 vice-provinces, 2 regions and 1 mission,
 * North American Redemptorists are divided into five provinces (Baltimore, Denver, Edmonton-Toronto, Yorkton for the Ukrainian Greek Catholics, and Mexico) and two vice-provinces (Richmond and the Extra-Patriam, for the Vietnamese Catholics). North America: 5 provinces, 2 vice-provinces and 4 regions.
 * Latin America: 13 provinces, 11 vice-provinces, 4 regions and 2 missions.
 * Africa: 1 province, 5 vice-provinces, 2 regions and 5 missions.
 * Asia-Oceania:	6 provinces, 5 vice-provinces, 4 regions and 2 missions.

Africa
In 1899 the Belgian fathers were requested by their government to take charge of a number of missions in the Congo State, at that time a Belgian colony: Kinkanda, Kionzo, Kimpese, Matadi, Sonagongo and Lake Tumba.

In 1987 the Denver Province established a mission in Nigeria which was so fruitful that it soon became a vice-province. The members of the vice-province have made concerted efforts to involve the laity in their work. The Redemptorists also minister in Angola (1967); Burkina Faso; Ghana; Ivory Coast (1993); Madagascar (1967); Niger; Zimbabwe (established by the British Redemptorists in 1960 and revitalized in 1989)

In 1990 the Indian Redemptorists began a mission in Kenya where there are several professed members.

In South Africa Redemptorists administer parishes in Cape Town, Rustenburg and Howick. There is also a convent of Redemptoristines sisters in Merrivale, KwaZulu-Natal. For the Redemptorists of Southern Africa "... Justice and Peace is part and parcel of everything we are and do. In the South African context ... we are called by the poor to a simple life-style and we cannot avoid the struggle of the outcasts and oppressed of the townships and the desperate plight of the poor."

In May 2011 a number of allegations of child sexual abuse by a member of the institute in South Africa were revealed on the RTÉ programme Prime Time Investigates.

Alan Shatter, the Minister for Justice and Equality, stated: "I have been in touch with the Garda Commissioner about this matter who, of course, shares my concern at the revelations in the programme. The Superintendent in charge of the Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Investigation Unit is being appointed to examine the programme. In particular, he will examine whether any criminal behaviour was disclosed which can be pursued in this jurisdiction."

Australia and New Zealand
The first house established was in Singleton, New South Wales, but during the summer heat missions were conducted in the cooler climate of New Zealand's dioceses. As Singleton was an unsuitable base, the community oversaw the building of a new monastery at Mount St Alphonsus, Waratah, New South Wales. It was opened on the founder's feast, 1887, just five years after the Redemptorists' arrival. In the first year at Waratah the community conducted 45 missions through New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. A new house in Ballarat followed in 1888 and work began on a new monastery in the suburb of Wendouree. It was officially opened in September 1893.

With the south now being cared for by the Ballarat community, those in Waratah looked north to Queensland and the first missions were preached there in 1889. Missions began in Brisbane and its surrounds, with their success convincing the Archbishop to extend the programme to the far flung country parishes.

The first structure that was purpose-built for the Redemptorists in New Zealand was St Gerard's Church in Wellington in 1908.

In 1927, the province of Australasia, which included Australia and New Zealand, was created. New Zealand became an independent province in 1970 and from New Zealand, the Redemptorists went to Samoa in 1972.

The years after World War II were a time of rapid expansion. As well as ongoing participation in the development of the vice-provinces in the Philippines and in Singapore and Malaysia, further houses were opened in New Town in Tasmania and Townsville and Miami in Queensland. There were also communities established in New South Wales: Campbell's Hill, Concord, Fairfield West, Penrith and Yagoona. In Victoria, there were communities at Balwyn, Box Hill, Brighton, Wongarra and Yarraville. In Melbourne, the order also conducted a psychotherapy clinic and Training Institute, Hofbauer Centre, from 1977 until 1998.

Missionary activity continues to flourish across Australia. Through parochial missions, preaching, retreats, adult education, teaching in universities, social justice work, counselling, accompaniment of indigenous communities, chaplaincies, devotions to Our Lady of Perpetual Help, working with people on the margins of society and promoting the family through the Majellan magazine, Redemptorists have sought to highlight that people matter greatly to God. For the Australian Redemptorists, the issue of social justice "... matters to the Redemptorists for it is at the core of our mission in the world."

India
Three Irish Redemptorists Mathew Hickey, Gerard McDonell and Leo O'Halloran from the province of Dublin with great zeal and missionary dynamism set on a task to proclaim the Good News and arrived in the Island country of Sri Lanka in the year 1938. The long cherished dream of the Redemptorists to establish a foundation in India was actualized in the year 1940 when the first community was established in Bangalore in 1940.

It was Hugo Kerr, the Provincial Superior of the province of Dublin who obtained permission from Maurice Bernard Departures, the Bishop of Mysore, to establish a foundation in Bangalore. In the Lent of 1941 St. Gerard's House at John Armstrong Road became the First Permanent residence of the Redemptorists. On 1 October 1945 the Indian Redemptorist mission became a Vice-Province and Mathew Hickey was the first Vice-Provincial. And the next ten years (from 1945 to 1955) saw great structural developments with Mt. St. Alphonsus (MSA) being built which would be the permanent house of the Studentate (7 June 1951) and the much awaited Holy Ghost Parish was opened for public worship on 24 May 1953. It was during this time St. Alphonsus School with the help of Sisters of St. Joseph of Tarbes, began in the Students’ wing of MSA. The school was later moved to Davis Road which stands till today catering to the education of the poor children who come from the vicinity of the area. In July 1964 Sadupadesa College on Hennur Road was built to house students who would study philosophy. It is now turned into a Juvenate which is the first stage of formation (as of 2015). In July, 2010 Holy Redeemer Parish was erected in Sadupadesa.

The Vice-Province of Bangalore grew steadily facing all odds and overcoming all obstacles to become the province of Bangalore on 15 August 1972 and also took a momentous initiative in the year 1990 by establishing a Redemptorist community in Kenya, Africa. Now the mission has 7 indigenous priests along with the members of the province serving in the mission. The Province of Bangalore has also given birth to two other units, the Liguori Province of Kerala and the Vice-province of Majella along the western coast of India.

As of 2011 there were some 260 Redemptorists in India, belonging to two Provinces, one Vice-Province, one Region and one Mission. The Region of Alwaye was established in 1992 and became a Province (Province of Liguori) in 2008. The Region of Mumbai was established in 1999 and was raised to the status of a Vice-Province in 2011. The Mission of Kenya began in 1990 and there are several perpetually professed Kenyan members.

The Philippines
The first Redemptorists, belonging to the Irish province, arrived in Opon, Cebu, on 30 June 1906, setting up missions in Compostela, San Francisco and on the Camotes Islands. From 1914 to 1928 further communities were established, the most prominent being: Luzon (where the Redemptorists preached the first mission completely in Tagalog), Lipa, Iloilo, Tacloban and Cagayan de Oro on Mindanao.

In 1928, the Philippines was divided into two vice provinces, each under a different province—the Cebu vice-province responsible for the Visayas and Mindanao under the Irish province; and the Manila vice-province responsible for Luzon under the Australian province, now headquartered at the National Shrine of Our Mother of Perpetual Help in Baclaran.

The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) had a profound impact on the Redemptorist Congregation and this resulted in them pledging themselves more strongly to the poor and disadvantaged in imitation of Alphonsus Liguori. When the political and social upheavals came in the 1960s and 1970s the Filipino Redemptorists stood in solidarity with those seeking justice and equality for they were to "... embrace the mission to proclaim by word and action, the Gospel of justice so that the poor's aspirations can be fully realised in Christ, the source of liberation."

In 1996, the Cebu vice-province became an independent province, known as the Cebu Province.

Vietnam
Redemptorists arrived to Vietnam in 1925, with 66 missionary members from the Canadian Redemptorist Missionaries of the Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré Shrine. The Province of Vietnam was officially established in 1964, with apostles in major cities such as Ha Noi, Sai Gon, Da Nang, Da Lat, and more. Their activities briefly stopped by 1975, likely due to the fact that this was the same year as when the Vietnam war had ended.

Redemptorist missionaries are still active in Vietnam to this day, and have sent members to other countries such as Australia, Thailand, Laos, Philippines, Angola, France, the US and Canada.

United Kingdom and Irish provinces

Redemptorists arrived from Belgium in 1843, and the new province owed its great progress to Robert Aston Coffin, one of the band of converts associated with Cardinal John Henry Newman, Cardinal Henry Edward Manning, and William Faber in the Oxford Movement. Coffin was engaged in missions until he was appointed first provincial in 1865. During his administration new houses were founded in various parts of the United Kingdom, St Mary's Monastery at Perth being the first Scottish monastery opened since the Reformation. By 1910, the province had eight houses: Clapham in London, Bishop Eton in Liverpool, St Benet's Church, Monkwearmouth, Bishop's Stortford, Kingswood, Edmonton and a total membership of one hundred and twenty-three.

Today the Redemptorists of Britain are engaged in a variety of ministries: the mission amongst the poor of Zimbabwe, a renewal centre in Kinnoull, Perth where people can spend time in prayer and reflection as well as parishes in Birmingham, Bishop Eton in Liverpool and London. Their goal is "to defend our joy in Jesus Christ and to bring to others Plentiful Redemption"

In 1898 the houses in Ireland were constituted a separate province with the provincial house at Limerick. On 25 March 1901, the foundation of the juvenate house at Limerick was laid. The province of Ireland then comprised four houses: Limerick, Dundalk, Belfast, and Esker, Co. Galway. In 1904, John Creagh orchestrated the antisemitic "Limerick pogrom" by giving two antisemitic sermons that invoked the blood libel, blamed Jews for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, and called for a de facto boycott; under Creagh's watch, a number of Jews were violently beaten, and the majority of the Jewish population was driven out of Limerick after two years of near-total economic boycott. Today, the provincial house is located in Dublin with other communities being found in Belfast (Clonard Monastery and the parish of Saint Gerard), Cork, Dundalk, Athenry in Galway, Limerick and four houses are established. The Irish Redemporists are involved in parish ministry, youth work, Redemptorist publications and retreats. They also help staff the missions in Cebu in the Philippines Alec Reid, of Clonard Monastery, were instrumental in cross community initiatives, and helped facilitate the Irish Peace Process. Reid also helped promote talks for peace in the Basque country.

United States

In 1828 Frederick Rese, Vicar-General of Cincinnati, visited Europe in search of priests. While at Vienna he secured three priests and three lay brothers; they arrived in New York on 20 June 1832 and began working amongst the people of northern Michigan. In 1839 they were called to Pittsburgh to assume charge of the German congregation and from this time the care of German congregations became a prominent element of the Redemptorists in North America.

The US province was erected in 1850 and one of the first tasks was the establishment of a seminary and the selection of a suitable place for a novitiate. Cumberland in Maryland, was chosen for the seminary and Baltimore for the novitiate. In 1868 the students were transferred to the new house of studies at Ilchester, Maryland and in 1907 the faculty and the students moved to Esopus, New York, on the Hudson River where a more spacious building had been erected.

In 1882, the congregation sent priests to the Archdiocese of Washington and eventually established five parishes. In 1861 they opened a community in Chicago, Illinois. Soon after, due to the many successful missions they had given in the Archdiocese of St. Louis a house was opened at St. Louis. In 1871 an important mission house was opened at Roxbury, Boston and was dedicated to Our Lady of Perpetual Help. When, in 1883, a new parish was formed, the fathers of the mission church took charge. (In 2009, its later basilica, of the same name, hosted the nationally televised funeral of Massachusetts Senator Edward Kennedy, attended by President Barack Obama, three former US presidents and first ladies, among other dignitaries.)

From 1883 onward, the Redemptorists spread throughout most of North America and are present in a variety of states such as California in the west, Michigan and Illinois in the midwest, Washington, DC, and Baltimore in the northeast and Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas in the south. North American Redemptorists are involved in giving parochial missions, social justice, retreats, youth ministry, ministry to adults with special needs, bioethics, publication of religious materials and chaplaincy work as well as outreach to the Hispanic community, ministry amongst the poor, and helping to staff missions in the Caribbean The Denver Province owns Liguori Publications, which publishes books and Liguorian magazine.

Canada and Caribbean
In 1874 the Redemptorists were called to St. Patrick's Church, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the only church in that city for English-speaking Catholics. In 1878 they became the custodians of the shrine of Ste-Anne de Beaupré, near Quebec and then of St. Anne's, Montreal, a large parish in a very poor district of the city. Two other foundations were quickly established in Canada: Saint Patrick's, Toronto and Saint Peter's, New Brunswick in 1881 and 1884 respectively.

Canada was made a vice-province in 1894, where four more houses were opened. This province was initially dependent on the Belgian province. The West Indies were made a vice-province in 1904. There is also a house at Mayagüez in Puerto Rico. Spanish Redemptorists settled at San Juan. A parish with a population of 30,000 is confided to their care. On 26 July 1911, the Belgian houses of Canada were erected into a new province.

On 12 August 2014 a court in Quebec approved a settlement by which the Redemptorists will pay $20 million in compensation to people who had been sexually assaulted by members of the order while school students in their care.

The Yorkton Province is an Eastern church branch of the worldwide Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, serving the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in North America and is based in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada.

Famous Redemptorists

 * Alphonsus Liguori (1696–1787) founder, bishop and Doctor of the Church
 * Gerard Majella (1726–1755) Religious
 * Clement Hofbauer (1751–1820) patron saint of Vienna and Warsaw
 * John Neumann (1811–1860) Bishop of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
 * Peter Donders (1809–1887) missionary to lepers in Batavia, Suriname
 * Kaspar Stanggassinger (1871–1899) priest
 * Gennaro Maria Sarnelli (1702–1744) priest
 * Nicholas Charnetsky (1884–1959) bishop and martyr
 * Vasyl Velychkovsky (1903–1973) bishop and martyr
 * Zynoviy Kovalyk (1903–1941) priest and martyr
 * Dominick Trcka (1886–1954) priest and martyr
 * Ivan Ziatyk (1899–1952) priest and martyr
 * Francis Xavier Seelos (1819–1867) priest
 * Bernard Łubieński (1846-1933) priest
 * Alfred Pampalon (1867–1896) priest
 * Pelágio Sauter (1878-1961) priest
 * Antonio Maria Losito (1838-1917) priest
 * Willem Marinus van Rossum (1854–1932) Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of the Peoples
 * Varkey Vithayathil (1927–2011) Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly for Syro-Malabars (India)
 * Julio Terrazas Sandoval (1936-2015) Archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia)
 * Joseph William Tobin (born 1952) former Superior General (1997–2009), Secretary of Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, former Archbishop of Indianapolis, Archbishop of Newark
 * William Hickley Gross (1837–1898) Archbishop of Oregon City, Oregon, US
 * Patrick Clune (1864–1935) first Archbishop of Perth, Australia
 * Hugh MacDonald, (1841–1898) Bishop of Aberdeen
 * Willem Duynstee, priest, jurist, moralist, and professor, Netherlands
 * Aloysius Joseph Willinger (1886–1973) Bishop of Monterey-Fresno, California, US
 * William Tibertus McCarty (1889–1972) Bishop of Rapid City, South Dakota, US
 * Ralph Heskett (born 1953) Bishop of Gibraltar
 * Ireneo Amantillo (1934–2018) Bishop of Tandag
 * Emmanuel Cabajar (born 1942) Bishop of Pagadian
 * Charles Fehrenbach (1909–2006) author of the book Mary Day by Day
 * Bernard Häring (1912–1998), priest and influential theologian at the Second Vatican Council
 * Francis Connell (1888–1967), priest, theologian, and advisor at the Second Vatican Council
 * Tadeusz Rydzyk (born 1945) founder and head of the Radio Maryja Family.
 * Alec Reid (1931–2013), facilitator in the Northern Ireland peace process
 * John Creagh (1870–1947) priest who delivered anti-Semitic sermons in Limerick in 1904.
 * Joseph Owens (1908–2005)
 * Liam Pilkington (1894–1977)
 * Seán McManus (born 1944)
 * Leo James English (1907–1997) compiler and editor of an English-Tagalog dictionary (1965) and a Tagalog-English dictionary (1986)
 * Juan Campos Rodríguez (1907-1995) missionary, writer, founder of Anglo-Chinese School of Perpetual Help
 * Joe Maier (born 1939) co-founder of the HDF Mercy Centre in Bangkok.
 * Raymond Brennan (1932–2003) founder of the Father Ray Foundation in Pattaya, Thailand
 * Teofilo Vinteres (1932-2001) liturgical composer and former rector of the Baclaran Church
 * Amado Picardal (born 1954) CBCP-BEC Executive Secretary, web blogger and "biking priest"
 * Marreddy Vatti (1956-2015).
 * Marcel Van (1928–1959) Servant of God, Vietnamese lay brother
 * Tony Flannery (born 1947) Irish religious writer and dissident
 * Michael Müller (1825-1899), author of devotional books
 * Clement Campos (1946-2018) well-known Indian moral theologian
 * Joseph Ivel Mendanha (1922-2019) first Indian Redemptorist priest
 * Joseph Nguyễn Tiến Lộc (1943-2022)

Educational institutions (partial list)

 * Schools
 * Our Lady of Perpetual Succour High School (Mumbai, India)
 * St Alphonsus School, Bangalore, India
 * Ruamrudee International School (Bangkok, Thailand)
 * Saint Alphonsus Catholic School (Cebu, Philippines) – now under the Benedictine Sisters

 * Tertiary and other
 * Alphonsian Academy
 * Holy Redeemer College of The Catholic University of America
 * St. Mary's College, Brockville (Toronto, Canada) — closed

title: Redemptorists


text: Category:Music of Europe

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Music of Europe


text:
2003 Mexican elections

A number of elections, both federal and local, took place in Mexico during 2003:

Federal Congress

 * Chamber of Deputies – 500 federal deputies

Colima

 * Governor, state congress, and mayors
 * See: 2003 Colima state election

Nuevo León

 * Governor, state congress, and mayors
 * See: 2003 Nuevo León state election

Sonora

 * Governor, state congress, and mayors
 * See: 2003 Sonora state election

Colima

 * Re-run of annulled gubernatorial race
 * See: 2003 Colima state election

title: 2003 Mexican elections


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Theodore Thomas (conductor)

Theodore Thomas (October 11, 1835 – January 4, 1905) was a German-American violinist, conductor, and orchestrator. He is considered the first renowned American orchestral conductor and was the founder and first music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (1891–1905).

Early life
Theodore Christian Friedrich Thomas was born in Esens, Germany, on October 11, 1835, the son of Johann August Thomas. His mother, Sophia, was the daughter of a physician from Göttingen. He received his musical education principally from his father, who was a violinist of ability, and at the age of six years he played the violin in public concerts. His father was the town Stadtpfeifer (bandleader) who also arranged music for state occasions.

Career
Thomas showed interest in the violin at an early age, and by age ten, he was practically the breadwinner of the family, performing at weddings, balls, and even in taverns. By 1845, Johann Thomas and his family, convinced there was a better life for a respected musician in America, packed their belongings and made the six-week journey to New York City. In 1848, Thomas and his father joined the Navy Band, but in 1849 his father ceased to support him, and he set out on his own. Thomas soon became a regular member of several pit orchestras, including the Park, the Bowery, and the Niblo. He then toured the United States performing violin recitals. During this time Thomas served as his own manager, ticket sales, and press agent. He reached as far south as Mississippi. Thomas returned to New York in 1850, with the intent of returning to Germany for advanced musical education; instead, he began his studies conducting in New York with Karl Eckert and Louis Antoine Jullien. He became first violin in the orchestra that accompanied Jenny Lind in that year, Henrietta Sontag in 1852, and Giulia Grisi and Giuseppe Mario in 1854. Also in 1854, at the age of nineteen, he was invited to play with the Philharmonic Society's orchestra.

He led the orchestras that accompanied La Grange, Maria Piccolomini, and Thalberg through the country. Meanwhile, in 1855, with himself as first violin, Joseph Mosenthal, second violin, George Matzka, viola, Carl Bergmann, violoncello, and William Mason as pianist, he began a series of chamber music soirées which were given at Dodworth's Academy. The Mason-Thomas concerts lasted until his founding of the Theodore Thomas Orchestra in 1864. That orchestra would in turn have a chamber music connection of its own: Joseph Zoellner, who was at least for a time its concertmaster, later went on to form the Zoellner Quartet, another pioneering promoter of classical music in the United States.

In 1864, Thomas began a series of summer concerts with his orchestra, first in New York City, and later in Philadelphia, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Milwaukee, and eventually Chicago. The orchestra toured regularly and received consistent critical and popular acclaim, despite persistent financial setbacks. One such setback occurred on October 9, 1871, when he and his orchestra arrived in Chicago for a new concert series, where they learned large portions of the city were destroyed by fire the night before, including the Crosby Opera House where he was to perform. The orchestra was ultimately dissolved in 1888.

Thomas was also music director of the New York Philharmonic in 1877-78 and from 1879 to 1891; of the short-lived American Opera Company in New York in 1886; and of the Brooklyn Philharmonic Society 1862 to 1891. He was director of the Cincinnati College of Music from 1878 to 1879, and from 1873 to 1904 the conductor of the biennial May festivals at Cincinnati. In his Wagner concerts, Thomas used the Deutscher Liederkranz der Stadt New York choir, that he directed from 1882 to 1884 and from 1887 to 1888. To Theodore Thomas is largely due the popularization of Richard Wagner's works in America, and it was he who founded the Wagner union in 1872.

Chicago Symphony Orchestra
Thomas always received an enthusiastic welcome in Chicago. In 1889, Charles Norman Fay, a Chicago businessman and devoted supporter of the Theodore Thomas Orchestra, encountered Thomas in New York and inquired whether he would come to Chicago if he was given a permanent orchestra. Thomas's legendary reply was, "I would go to hell if they gave me a permanent orchestra." On December 17, 1890, the first meeting for incorporation of the Orchestral Association, organized by Fay, was held at the Chicago Club. Less than one year later on October 16 and 17, 1891, the first concerts of the Chicago Orchestra, led by Thomas, were given at the Auditorium Theatre. The concert included Wagner's Faust Overture, Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 with Rafael Joseffy, Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, and Dvořák's Hussite Overture. During his tenure, Thomas introduced several new works to his Chicago audiences, including the United States premieres of works of Anton Bruckner, Dvořák, Edward Elgar, Alexander Glazunov, Edvard Grieg, Jules Massenet, Bedřich Smetana, Tchaikovsky, and his personal friend Richard Strauss who became the orchestra's first guest conductor, appearing with his wife Pauline de Ahna in April 1904 at Thomas's invitation.

During this time, he also conducted in other places. For example, on 19 February 1887 at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, he conducted the U.S. premiere of Saint-Saëns's "Organ Symphony" (Symphony No. 3).

Thomas, who was never completely satisfied with the Auditorium Theatre (finding it far too cavernous and nearly impossible to sell over 4,200 tickets twice weekly), fully realized his dream of a permanent home, when Orchestra Hall, designed by the Chicago architect Daniel H. Burnham, was completed. Thomas led the dedicatory concert on December 14, 1904. He would only lead two weeks of subscription concerts in the new hall, after contracting influenza during rehearsals for the dedicatory concert. Though he continued with his customary vigor, he conducted his beloved Chicago Orchestra for the last time on Christmas Eve 1904 and died of pneumonia on January 4, 1905.

His post was assumed by Frederick Stock, who in 1905 wrote a symphonic poem Eines Menschenlebens Morgen, Mittag, und Abend, dedicated to "Theodore Thomas and the Members of the Chicago Orchestra." The work was first performed on April 7 and 8, 1905.

Legacy
Music historian Judith Tick writes: "Theodore Thomas was a legend in his own time, and in 1927 the journalist Charles Edward Russell's biography of Theodore Thomas won the only Pulitzer Prize ever awarded for the biography of a musician." Thomas also makes a brief appearance as a character in Chapter VI of Willa Cather's The Song of the Lark (1915) in which he recounts some of the struggles of his early years and describes how listening to the singing of sopranos Jenny Lind and Henrietta Sontag influenced his violin playing:

"He said he had spent the summer of his fifteenth year wandering about alone in the South, giving violin concerts in little towns. He traveled on horseback. When he came into a town, he went about all day tacking up posters announcing his concert in the evening. Before the concert, he stood at the door taking in the admission money until his audience had arrived, and then he went on the platform and played. It was a lazy, hand-to-mouth existence . . . and when he got back to New York in the fall, he was rather torpid . . . From this adolescent drowsiness the lad was awakened by two voices, by two women who sang in New York in 1851: Jenny Lind and Henrietta Sontag. They were the first great artists he had ever heard, and he never forgot his debt to them.

. . . . Night after night he went to hear them, striving to reproduce the quality of their tone upon his violin. From that time his idea about strings was completely changed, and on his violin he tried always for the singing, vibrating tone, instead of the loud and somewhat harsh tone then prevalent among even the best German violinists. In later years he often advised violinists to study singing, and singers to study violin. . . .' But, of course', he added, 'the great thing I got from Lind and Sontag was the indefinite, not the definite, thing. For an impressionable boy, their inspiration was incalculable. They gave me my first feeling for the Italian style -- but I could never say how much they gave me. At that age, such influences are actually creative. I always think of my artistic consciousness as beginning then.

All his life Thomas did his best to repay what he felt he owed to the singer's art. No man could get such singing from choruses, and no man worked harder to raise the standard of singing in schools and churches and choral societies."

Marriage and family
He married his first wife in 1864 in New York City, Minna L. Rhodes. She was a graduate and later a teacher at Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. They met at a series of chamber concerts in Farmington, Connecticut. Thomas and Minna had five children: Franz Thomas, Marion Thomas, Herman Thomas, Hector W. Thomas and Mrs. D.N.B. Sturgis.

He married, his second wife in Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, at the Church of the Ascension on May 7, 1890. Rose Emily Fay was the daughter of Rev. Charles Fay, Harvard College 1829, an Episcopal priest and Emily Hopkins. She was born in 1853 in Burlington, Vermont, and died on April 19, 1929, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. She is buried next to her husband at Mount Auburn Cemetery, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Rose was a gifted woman who contributed many of the critical notices published in the New York and Chicago Journals; Rose was well known in Chicago as a decorative artist. Her marriage was a society event. She was a sister of Amy Fay, a prominent pianist, and Harriet Melusina "Zina" Fay who married in 1862, Charles Sanders Peirce, an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist. The philosopher Paul Weiss called Peirce "the most original and versatile of American philosophers and America's greatest logician". She was also the sister of businessman Charles Norman Fay, who was Thomas's chief booster and supporter in organizing a major Chicago orchestra.

She was the granddaughter of John Henry Hopkins, who was the first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Vermont and was the eighth Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. She was also the granddaughter of Samuel Prescott Phillips Fay (1778–1856). He was a Probate Judge for Middlesex County, Massachusetts, for 35 years and served on the Board of Overseers of Harvard College for 28 years. She was the great-great granddaughter of Dr. Abel Prescott, a physician in Concord, Massachusetts and the father of two American patriots who sounded the alarm on April 19, 1775.

Her first cousin was Harriet Eleanor Fay, the wife of Rev. James Smith Bush, an attorney and Episcopal priest and religious writer, and an ancestor of the Bush political family.

Death
He died at Chicago, Illinois, on January 4, 1905. His funeral service was held at St. James Episcopal Cathedral in Chicago and he was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Memorials
Thomas is honored with a memorial monument and garden in Chicago's Grant Park, near Orchestra Hall.

title: Theodore Thomas (conductor)


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Shirley Coleman

Shirley Ann Coleman (née Turner; born December 4, 1955) is an American politician and pastor. Coleman is a former alderman of the 16th ward in Chicago, Illinois. Coleman was first elected in January 1991, serving for sixteen years until May 2007 when she lost a run-off election to JoAnn Thompson after coming in second in the 2007 general election. As of 2017, Coleman is the only alderman to date elected in the 16th Ward for four consecutive terms. Coleman made history as the only African American Chicago female alderman who is an ordained minister and pastor.

Early life
Coleman was born in Sunflower, Mississippi, but her family moved to Chicago's south side shortly after her birth. Coleman was the youngest of thirteen children. Coleman attended Lindblom Technical High School (now Lindblom Math and Science Academy), graduating in 1973 and later receiving her bachelor's degree from Chicago State University. After college, Coleman worked for the Chicago Osteopathic Hospital. After her tenure at the hospital, Coleman worked for the Illinois Department of Human Services as a district manager.

Alderman (1991–2007)
Coleman was first elected in January 1991 after former Alderman Anna Langford decided not to run again. Before the 1995 city election, it became public that Coleman's former husband, Hernando Williams, was on death row awaiting execution for a 1978 kidnapping, rape and murder, but Coleman was re-elected despite that new information. As alderman, Coleman focused on issues of crime and poverty which are major problems in her ward. Coleman served on six committees: Budget and Government Operations; Committees, Rules and Ethics; Education; Finance; Health; and License and Consumer Protection (where she served as Vice Chairman). In addition to serving as Alderman, Coleman also served as the Democratic Committeeman for sixteen years from 1992 until 2008.

Personal life
Coleman has been married twice, first to Hernando Williams from 1973 until 1977 and presently to David Coleman since 1979. Coleman has two daughters, Shirlynda (b. 1976; with Hernando Williams) and Stephanie (b. 1988; with her husband David Coleman) who is currently serving as the Democratic Committeemen, making them the first mother and daughter team to have served as such in this capacity. Coleman has five grandchildren. Since October 1999, Coleman has been the pastor at the Spiritual Wholistic Ministries of Love & Faith where she delivers sermons and teaches Bible classes. During her years as pastor, Coleman has reached over 10,000 vessels through various outreach programs: prison ministry, food and clothing, and community outreach. Stemming from her Englewood roots, Coleman is now a resident of the Village of Riverdale, and working hard to meet the needs of the residents of the village.

title: Shirley Coleman


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MV Summit Venture

The MV Summit Venture was a bulk carrier which collided with the Sunshine Skyway Bridge in 1980, causing a partial collapse of the bridge which killed 35 people.

The ship was repaired and returned to service and later resold twice. It sank off the Vietnamese coast in 2010 under the name of Jian Mao 9.

Construction
The Summit Venture was built in 1976 by Oshima Shipbuilding Co. of Nagasaki, Japan. It was 609 ft long, had a breadth of 85.5 ft, deadweight tonnage of 33,912, gross tonnage of 19,735, and a net tonnage of 13,948. It was registered in Liberia.

1980 Skyway incident
Summit Venture was involved in a fatal collision with the original Sunshine Skyway Bridge in Tampa Bay on May 9, 1980. While negotiating a required turn in the narrow channel during a storm, the radar failed, and the freighter struck one of the piers on the southbound span of the bridge. A 1400 ft section of the steel cantilever highway bridge collapsed, causing a Greyhound bus, a truck, and six other vehicles to fall 165 ft into the bay. Thirty-five people died. That day the pilot of Summit Venture was John E. Lerro. He was cleared of wrongdoing by both a state grand jury and a Coast Guard investigation. In 2016, the book titled Skyway: The True Story of Tampa Bay's Signature Bridge and the Man Who Brought It Down shed new light on what transpired on the day of the accident. Although Capt. Lerro resumed his shipping duties soon afterward, he was forced to retire months later by the onset of multiple sclerosis, dying from complications caused by the disease on August 31, 2002, at the age of 59.

Wesley MacIntire was the only person who survived the fall. His truck fell off the bridge but bounced off the bow of Summit Venture before falling into Tampa Bay. He was pulled from the water by the ship's crew. Physically, MacIntire only suffered from a cut on the head and water in his lungs. He sued the company that owned the ship and settled for $175,000 in 1984. He died in 1989 of bone cancer at the age of 65, always regretting being the sole survivor among those who fell. Each year he drove to the bridge on the accident's anniversary and saluted those who did not survive.

A new bridge was completed in 1987 to replace the old one. Several safeguards were included in the design to prevent a repeat occurrence of the Summit Venture incident, such as the installation of massive concrete bumpers or "dolphins" around the main span's piers to mitigate collisions.

Return to service and loss
Summit Venture was repaired and continued service under the same name. It went to Tampa for the last time in September 1990 to be inspected by the US Coast Guard. It was sold by its original owner Hercules Carriers from Monrovia, Liberia to Endeavor Shipping, a Greek company, in November 1993 being rechristened to Sailor I which mostly worked along the US West Coast. It was sold again in May 2004 to Frontier Shipping Inc from Singapore. After being sold it was renamed to KS Harmony and flew a Panamanian flag servicing the Caribbean Sea. It sank off the Vietnamese coast in 2010 under the name of Jian Mao 9; all 26 crew members on board were rescued by container ship Nyk Aquarius. The events that led to it sinking were never made public. ''

title: MV Summit Venture


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Alphonsus Liguori

Alphonsus Liguori, CSsR (27 September 1696 – 1 August 1787), sometimes called Alphonsus Maria de Liguori or Saint Alphonsus Liguori, was an Italian Catholic bishop, spiritual writer, composer, musician, artist, poet, lawyer, scholastic philosopher, and theologian. He founded the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, known as the Redemptorists, in November 1732.

In 1762 he was appointed Bishop of Sant'Agata dei Goti. A prolific writer, he published nine editions of his Moral Theology in his lifetime, in addition to other devotional and ascetic works and letters. Among his best known works are The Glories of Mary and The Way of the Cross, the latter still used in parishes during Lenten devotions.

He was canonized in 1839 by Pope Gregory XVI and proclaimed a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius IX in 1871. One of the most widely read Catholic authors, he is the patron saint of confessors.

Early years
He was born in Marianella, near Naples, then part of the Kingdom of Naples, on 27 September 1696. He was the eldest of seven children of Giuseppe Liguori, a naval officer and Captain of the Royal Galleys, and Anna Maria Caterina Cavalieri. Two days after he was born, he was baptized at the Church of Our Lady the Virgin as Alphonsus Mary Anthony John Cosmas Damian Michael Gaspard de' Liguori. The family was of noble lineage, but the branch to which Liguori belonged had become somewhat impoverished.

Education
Liguori learned to ride and fence but was never a good shot because of poor eyesight. Myopia and chronic asthma precluded a military career so his father had him educated in the legal profession. He was taught by tutors before entering the University of Naples, where he graduated with doctorates in civil and canon law at 16. He remarked later that he was so small at the time that he was almost buried in his doctor's gown and that all the spectators laughed. When he was 18, like many other nobles, he joined the Confraternity of Our Lady of Mercy, with whom he assisted in the care of the sick at the hospital for "incurables".

He became a successful lawyer. He was thinking of leaving the profession and wrote to someone, "My friend, our profession is too full of difficulties and dangers; we lead an unhappy life and run risk of dying an unhappy death". At 27, after having lost an important case, the first he had lost in eight years of practising law, he made a firm resolution to leave the profession of law. Moreover, he heard an interior voice saying: "Leave the world, and give yourself to me."

Calling to the Priesthood
In 1723, he decided to offer himself as a novice to the Oratory of St. Philip Neri with the intention of becoming a priest. His father opposed the plan, but after two months (and with his Oratorian confessor's permission), he and his father compromised: he would study for the priesthood, but not as an Oratorian, and would live at home. He was ordained on 21 December 1726, at the age of 30. He lived his first years as a priest with the homeless and the marginalized youth of Naples. He became very popular because of his plain and simple preaching. He said: "I have never preached a sermon which the poorest old woman in the congregation could not understand". He founded the Evening Chapels, which were managed by the young people themselves. The chapels were centres of prayer and piety, preaching, community, social activities, and education. At the time of his death, there were 72, with over 10,000 active participants. His sermons were very effective at converting those who had been alienated from their faith.

Liguori suffered from scruples much of his adult life and felt guilty about the most minor issues relating to sin. Moreover, Liguori viewed scruples as a blessing at times and wrote: "Scruples are useful in the beginning of conversion.... they cleanse the soul, and at the same time make it careful".

In 1729, Liguori left his family home and took up residence at the Chinese Institute in Naples. It was there that he began his missionary experience in the interior regions of the Kingdom of Naples, where he found people who were much poorer and more abandoned than any of the street children in Naples. In 1731, while he was ministering to earthquake victims in the town of Foggia, Alphonsus said he had a vision of the Virgin Mother in the appearance of a young girl of 13 or 14, wearing a white veil.

Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer
On 9 November 1732, he founded the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, when Sister Maria Celeste Crostarosa told him that it had been revealed to her that he was the one that God had chosen to found the congregation. He founded the congregation with the charism of preaching popular missions in the city and the countryside. Its goal was to teach and preach in the slums of cities and other poor places. They also fought Jansenism, a heresy that preached an excessive moral rigorism: "the penitents should be treated as souls to be saved rather than as criminals to be punished". He is said never to have refused absolution to a penitent.

A gifted musician and composer, he wrote many popular hymns and taught them to the people in parish missions. In 1732, while he was staying at the Convent of the Consolation, one of his order's houses in the small city of Deliceto in the province of Foggia in Southeastern Italy, Liguori wrote the Italian carol "Tu scendi dalle stelle" ("From Starry Skies Descending") in the musical style of a pastorale. The version with Italian lyrics was based on his original song written in Neapolitan, which began Quanno nascette Ninno ("When the child was born"). As it was traditionally associated with the zampogna, or large-format Italian bagpipe, it became known as Canzone d'i zampognari, the "Carol of the Bagpipers".

Bishop of Sant' Agata de Goti
Liguori was consecrated Bishop of Sant'Agata dei Goti in 1762. He tried to refuse the appointment by using his age and infirmities as arguments against his consecration. He wrote sermons, books, and articles to encourage devotion to the Blessed Sacrament and the Blessed Virgin Mary. He first addressed ecclesiastical abuses in the diocese, reformed the seminary and spiritually rehabilitated the clergy and faithful. He suspended those priests who celebrated Mass in less than 15 minutes and sold his carriage and episcopal ring to give the money to the poor. In the last years of his life, he suffered a painful sickness and bitter persecution from his fellow priests, who dismissed him from the Congregation that he had founded.

Death
By May 1775, Alphonus was "deaf, blind, and laden with so many infirmities, that he has no longer even the appearance of a man", and his resignation was accepted by the recently crowned Pope Pius VI. He continued to live with the Redemptorist community in Pagani, Italy, where he died on 1 August 1787.

Veneration and legacy
He was beatified on 15 September 1816 by Pope Pius VII and canonized on 26 May 1839 by Pope Gregory XVI.

In 1949, the Redemptorists founded the Alphonsian Academy for the advanced study of Catholic moral theology. He was named the patron of confessors and moral theologians by Pope Pius XII on 26 April 1950, who subsequently wrote of him in the encyclical Haurietis aquas.

In bestowing the title of "Prince of Moral Theologians", the church also gave the "unprecedented honour she paid to the Saint in her Decree of 22 July 1831, which allows confessors to follow any of St. Alphonsus's own opinions without weighing the reasons on which they were based". The church did not bestow this unique privilege lightly but was due to the extraordinary combination of exceptional knowledge and understanding of church teachings combined with the great precision in which he wrote.

Overview
Liguori was a prolific and popular author. He was proficient in the arts, his parents having had him trained by various masters, and he was a musician, painter, poet and author at the same time. Liguori wrote 111 works on spirituality and theology. The 21,500 editions and the translations into 72 languages that his works have undergone attest to the fact that he is one of the most widely read Catholic authors.

His best-known musical work is his Christmas hymn Quanno Nascetti Ninno, later translated into Italian by Pope Pius IX as Tu scendi dalle stelle ("From Starry Skies Thou Comest").

A strong defender of the Catholic Church, Liguori said:"To reject the divine teaching of the Catholic Church is to reject the very basis of reason and revelation, for neither the principles of the one nor those of the other have any longer any solid support to rest on; they can then be interpreted by every one as he pleases; every one can deny all truths whatsoever he chooses to deny. I therefore repeat: If the divine teaching authority of the Church, and the obedience to it, are rejected, every error will be endorsed and must be tolerated.'"

Moral theology
Liguori's greatest contribution to the Catholic Church was in the area of moral theology. His masterpiece was The Moral Theology (1748), which was approved by the Pope himself and was born of Liguori's pastoral experience, his ability to respond to the practical questions posed by the faithful and his contact with their everyday problems. He opposed sterile legalism and strict rigourism. According to him, those were paths closed to the Gospel because "such rigour has never been taught nor practised by the Church". His system of moral theology is noted for its prudence, avoiding both laxism and excessive rigour. He is credited with the position of Aequiprobabilism, which avoided Jansenist rigorism as well as laxism and simple probabilism. Since its publication, it has remained in Latin, often in 10 volumes or in the combined 4-volume version of Gaudé. It saw only recently its first publication in translation, in an English translation made by Ryan Grant and published in 2017 by Mediatrix Press. The English translation of the work is projected to be around 5 volumes.

Dogmatic Works

 * Moral Theology (4 volume set originally written in Latin)
 * The Triumph of the Church over all heresies. A History of Heresies and Their Refutation
 * Truth of the Faith ("Verità della Fede", there is no known English translation of this book from the Italian/Latin)
 * On The Council of Trent (Commentary)

Mariology
His Mariology, though mainly pastoral in nature, rediscovered, integrated and defended that of St Augustine of Hippo, St Ambrose of Milan and other fathers; it represented an intellectual defence of Mariology in the 18th century, the Age of Enlightenment, against the rationalism to which contrasted his fervent Marian devotion.
 * The Glories of Mary
 * Marian Devotion
 * Prayers to the Divine Mother
 * Spiritual Songs
 * The True Spouse of Jesus Christ (original: La Vera Sposa di Gesù Cristo, cioè la Monaca Santa per Mezzo delle Virtù proprie d’una Religiosa (first edition: 1760–61))

Other Ascetical works

 * Great Means of Salvation and of Perfection
 * The Way of Salvation and of Perfection
 * The Way of the Cross
 * Preparation for Death
 * The Incarnation, Birth and Infancy of Jesus Christ
 * The Holy Eucharist
 * Uniformity with God's Will (pamphlet)
 * Victories of the Martyrs
 * Sermons for all the Sundays in the year

title: Alphonsus Liguori


text:
Latasha Thomas

Latasha R. Thomas (born May 2, 1965) is an American politician and former alderman of the 17th Ward of the City of Chicago, Illinois, United States. Thomas was appointed to the position of alderman by Mayor Richard M. Daley in 2000, subsequently elected outright in a 2001 special election, and was re-elected in 2003, 2007, and 2011. During her tenure as alderman, Thomas worked to get many of the schools within her ward renovated. In the fall of 2014, Thomas announced that she would not seek re-election in 2015 as alderman, following the announcement that a former employee would run in her place.

Early life, education, and career
Thomas was born in 1965, the eldest of the four children. Thomas attended Oglesby elementary school which is located in the 17th Ward, and later Kenwood Academy. After high school, Thomas earned her bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and her Juris Doctor degree from DePaul University College of Law in 1994. Thomas clerked for judge Odas Nicholson in the Cook County Circuit Court. Thomas was Director of Intergovernmental Relations for the City of Chicago Department of Human Services, a commercial litigator in private practice, and chief of staff for Alderman Terry Peterson of the 17th Ward.

Aldermanic
Mayor Richard M. Daley of Chicago appointed Thomas alderman in 2000 to replace Peterson, who had become chief executive of the Chicago Housing Authority. Thomas was elected outright in a 2001 special election, and was reelected in 2003, 2007, and 2011. Thomas served on five City Council committees: Buildings; Committee, Rules and Ethics; Parks and Recreation; Special Events and Cultural Affairs; and Zoning. She remained the Chairman of the Education committee. In the year between April 2007 and April 2008, the Education Committee met three times.

In 2008, Thomas voted with Daley to lease out the city's parking meters. Thomas voted against Mayor Daley only once in Daley's sixth and final term, the four-year period 2007-2011. She voted against restricting street performers in Grant Park. Thomas was elected Democratic ward committeeman from the 17th Ward in 2004.

Personal life
Thomas has been married to Timothy Thomas Jr since 1987. Timothy Thomas was First Deputy Commissioner in the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs, the number-two post in that department. He was investigated by the Office of the Inspector General of the City of Chicago, who recommended he be disciplined for a patronage violation. He resigned on December 3, 2009, just weeks after city officials did not act on the Inspector General's recommendation. During the City Council hearings on the next budget the following year, Thomas accused City Inspector General Joe Ferguson of targeting African Americans. Ferguson denied the charge. Latasha and Timothy have two children; Victoria and Timothy III.

title: Latasha Thomas


text:
MLP SE

MLP SE (formerly MLP AG, founded as Marschollek, Lautenschläger und Partner GbR) is a German corporation providing financial services, especially personal financial planning advisory. It is based in Wiesloch, Baden-Württemberg and was founded on 1 January 1971 in Heidelberg by Eicke Marschollek and Manfred Lautenschläger.

MLP focuses on providing financial services consulting in the domains of pension provision, asset management and risk management to an upscale group of university graduates and wealthy clients. Most of the mediated insurances consist in life, disability, health and annuity insurances.

General Information
Financial services like investment trusts, insurance enterprises and banks are afforded cost-effective market access by external agents, because of the lack of maintenance of their own distribution networks. For them, MLP is an attractive agent, because it is geared towards the group of university graduates, who have good chances for safe employment and upcoming wealth - MLP pursues future customers already at the university. In 2013 MLP had around 830,300 clients, served by about 1,998 independent consultants and 1,559 permanent MLP employees as of 2013.

Personnel structure
Most of the consultants have an academical background, mostly in the same branch of study as their future customers. They act independently, but are supported by MLP in getting an office in one of the agencies and possibly further education. In 1999, MLP founded the MLP Corporate University, which officiates as the main centre for basic and further education of consultants working for MLP. The wage-system is based mostly on commissions and premium outlays. In their first year, the consultants receive a small wage of 1,250 EUR per month. This allows that the students do not have to pay for the advisory services.

Beginning
MLP was founded on 1 January 1971 in Heidelberg by the insurance broker Eicke Marschollek and the law graduate Manfred Lautenschläger. The business idea was from the outset to specialize on young graduates, especially on students of law. This specialization charged a market gap and they rapidly enlarged the target group on other graduates like budding medical practitioners.

Way to the flotation
In 1972, MLP transformed from a GbR to a KG. In 1974, this success allowed, apart from the transformation into a GmbH, the opening of agencies in Wiesbaden, Bonn and Düsseldorf. After adding engineers and economists to their target group, the first step for the flotation on 15 June 1988 was taken in 1984, by transforming MLP into an AG. From this moment onwards, MLP grew quickly and in 1997, MLP became represented in the MDAX. The corporate headquarters moved from Heidelberg to Wiesloch in 2001 and on 30 July 2001 MLP became part of the DAX as one of the 30 biggest publicly traded companies in Germany and stayed there until 2003.

International activities
MLP's international activities started in Austria in 1995. Dedications of agencies in Switzerland in 1998 and in the Netherlands in 2000 followed. MLP expanded to Great Britain a year later and to Spain in 2002. But in the course of consolidation in 2003, MLP once again began concentrating its activities on Germany and closed its agencies in Spain and Great Britain in 2007. The closing of agencies in Austria and in the Netherlands followed in 2008.

Sponsorship
Since 2012, the company has been the main sponsor for the USC Heidelberg Basketball Bundesliga team, which is now called MLP Academics Heidelberg.

title: MLP SE


text:
Arenda Troutman

Arenda Iris Troutman (born September 29, 1957) is an American former politician who ran as a member of the Democratic Party. Troutman served as alderman of Chicago, Illinois 20th Ward from April 1990 until February 2007. Troutman was appointed to her position by Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley, to fill the ward's vacancy after the death of alderman Ernest Jones. Troutman was subsequently re-elected in 1991, 1995, 1999, and 2003.

On August 6, 2008, Troutman pleaded guilty to two federal counts, including admitting to taking bribes as an alderman. Troutman was sentenced to four years in prison on February 17, 2009, and ordered to begin serving the sentence June 1, 2009.

Early and personal life
Troutman was born one of nine children to Benjamin Troutman Sr. (1930–1997) and Iris Mae Troutman in Chicago, Illinois. For high school, Troutman attended Calumet High School, graduating in 1976. Troutman later attended Southern Illinois University Carbondale, where she received her B.A. in Political Science. After graduating, Troutman worked as a supervisor in the Illinois Secretary of State office. During her 2007 re-election campaign, It was revealed publicly by her opponents that she had been arrested for shop-lifting during sometime in 1978. Troutman has never married and is the mother of three sons.

Aldermanic career (1990–2007)
Troutman was appointed as alderman by Mayor Richard M. Daley in April 1990 to fill a vacancy after the death of Alderman Ernest Jones. At the time of her appointment, Troutman was the 16th woman to serve as a Chicago alderman. As alderman, Troutman increased the number of financial institutions in her ward, sponsored the Affordable Housing and Job Training ordinances and fought for improvements for all Chicago Public Schools. Troutman was chairman of the Historical Landmark Preservation Committee, and co-chair of Housing and Real Estate. Additionally, Troutman served on the Budget and Government Operations; Buildings; Committees, Rules and Ethics; Education; Police and Fire; Zoning; and Finance Committees. In 2006, Troutman was active in fundraising for presidential candidate Hillary Clinton and, in 2002, was a campaign advisor for vice presidential candidate John Edwards.

Troutman had also come under scrutiny on numerous occasions for ethical lapses in her career as alderman. In 2004, it was revealed Troutman may have been dating Donnell "Scandalous" Jehan, the second-in-command of the Black Disciples street gang, who had fled the FBI after being indicated in a $350,000+/week drug operation in Troutman's ward. Jehan had been seen driving Troutman's car. A letter from Chicago Police Patrol Chief James Maurer to Troutman on police letterhead was found in the FBI raid on Jehan's home. Troutman commented that she thought he was "a businessman" and that she let "everybody" drive her car.

Around the time her relationship with Jehan ended, Troutman reported several break-ins at her home and requested 24-hour police presence. This action was noticed by several firearms advocacy groups including the Second Amendment Foundation and the website Women & Guns. The Chicago Sun Times reported that Troutman had helped to start a hired-truck company for her family to own and profit from. The Hired Truck Program was credited with being the scandal that opened the doors for current federal investigations into city hiring, a part of which led to the recent conviction of patronage chief Robert Sorich. Troutman's family business reportedly earned $1.1 million from the program.

2007 Re-election attempt
Despite her arrest and indictment on bribery charges, Troutman was a candidate in the February 27, 2007, election. Troutman was defeated by Willie B. Cochran, a former Chicago Police Department sergeant and laundromat owner.

Federal bribery conviction
On Monday, January 8, 2007, Troutman was arrested and charged with accepting a bribe from a federal informant as part of an undercover investigation. After 30 minutes of the FBI knocking on the door of Troutman's house, with Troutman inside refusing to open the door, FBI agents broke a window to gain entry. Troutman was the first female alderman to be charged while in office. She was released on $10,000 bond pending a preliminary hearing scheduled for Friday, January 13, 2007. An affidavit filed by an FBI agent in the case alleged that Troutman accepted a $5,000 bribe, and expected another $10,000, in exchange for preferential treatment for a real estate developer co-operating with the FBI. Troutman asked an undercover FBI informant: "What do I get out of it?" and was recorded on an FBI tape saying: "Most aldermen, most politicians, are hos."

The property involved was not part of Troutman's own 20th Ward, but on the opposite side of the street from it, in the 16th Ward, limiting the influence that Troutman could have had in any zoning changes. A city zoning administrator told Troutman that the development could be accommodated under the zoning status at that time. The developer had two felony convictions and had been sued on several occasions for mortgage fraud and identity theft. The FBI claimed to have been unaware of their co-operating witness' criminal record until it was informed by a reporter from the Chicago Tribune.

On April 8, 2008, a federal grand jury in Chicago returned a 15-count second superseding indictment against Troutman and co-defendants Steven Boone, a Chicago government employee, and Vincent Gilbert, an acquaintance of Troutman. On August 6, 2008, Troutman pleaded guilty to one count of mail fraud and one count of tax fraud for filing a false return. On February 17, 2009, she was sentenced to four years in prison, stating, "With God as my witness, I am not a monster". She began serving her sentence on June 1, 2009. She was released to a halfway house in June, 2013.

title: Arenda Troutman


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Ricardo Muñoz

Ricardo Muñoz is a former member of the Chicago City Council, having served as alderman for the 22nd ward, which includes Little Village and Archer Heights. Muñoz was appointed to this position by Mayor Richard M. Daley in 1993 and served until 2019. He was the longest tenured Latino and fourth longest tenured member of the Chicago City Council.

Early and personal life
Ricardo Muñoz was born in Monterrey, Mexico. His family immigrated to the United States and settled on the Near West Side of Chicago. The family later moved to Little Village where he and his wife Betty currently own a home. During his teenage years, he was arrested three times and pleaded guilty to two weapons violations and one charge of cocaine possession. Each time he was given a year of court supervision. He later graduated high school and earned a bachelor's degree in political science at Northern Illinois University.

Chicago City Council (1993–2019)
Muñoz was first appointed as alderman for the 22nd ward by Mayor Richard M. Daley in 1993, to replace his mentor Jesús "Chuy" García, who joined the Illinois Senate. Muñoz was the youngest member of the City Council when he first joined the body in 1993. "Alderman Ricardo Muñoz is one of the few independents on the City Council who isn't afraid to speak out against the mayor when he sees fit," wrote the Chicago Tribune in endorsing Muñoz for re-election in February 2003. "He has presented a number of innovative ideas... a terrific choice for voters."

As of June 9, 2018, Muñoz sat on the following committees: Budget and Government Operations; Committees, Rules and Ethics; Education and Child Development; Finance; Human Relations; Public Safety; and Council Office of Financial Analysis Oversight. He was a founding member of the Progressive Reform Coalition and the Latino Caucus.

On August 2, 2010, Muñoz took the unusual step of admitting that he was an alcoholic just six months before standing for re-election.

Muñoz endorsed Chris Kennedy in the 2018 Democratic gubernatorial primary.

Muñoz did not run for reelection in the 2019 Chicago aldermanic elections. He considered running in the 2019 Chicago mayoral election after Rahm Emanuel announced he would not seek reelection,  but ultimately did not.

Controversies
In August 2009, Muñoz acknowledged that he called Whitney Young High School's principal Joyce Kenner to find a spot for his daughter whose test scores were not sufficient for admission.

In January 2019, Muñoz was arrested and charged with misdemeanor domestic battery, stemming from an incident with his wife on New Year's Eve. In an order of protection filed with Cook County Domestic Violence Court, Betty Torres-Munoz alleges an intoxicated Muñoz grabbed and pushed her, causing injury to her head, back, and left arm, and that she feared for her well being. He pleaded not guilty to the charges, and was acquitted in June 2019.

In April 2019, reports emerged that Muñoz had spent nearly $37,000 from the funds of the City Council Progressive Reform Caucus' political action committee (PAC), for which he had served as the treasurer, on "questionable" expenditures including $13,000 paid to himself. Caucus members reported that the discrepancy had been discovered in January and reported to the state board of elections and the Cook County State's Attorney. Muñoz claimed that the incident was a "misunderstanding" and that he would pay back the funds. In April 2021, Muñoz was indicted by federal prosecutors on 15 counts of wire fraud and one count of money laundering related to the use of Caucus PAC funds between October 2016 and June 2020 and pled not guilty to the charges. In September 2021, he changed his plea to guilty on one charge of wire fraud and one charge of money laundering in a plea agreement. In March 2022, he was sentenced to 13 months in prison, 18 months probation and ordered to pay $6,000 in restitution.

title: Ricardo Muñoz


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Michael R. Zalewski

Michael R. Zalewski (born July 26, 1954) was alderman of the 23rd ward of the City of Chicago from May 1995 to his retirement on May 31, 2018.

At the time of his retirement from the Chicago City Council, Zalewski served on five committees: Aviation; Budget and Government Operations; Committees, Rules and Ethics; Energy, Environmental Protection and Public Utilities; Finance; and License and Consumer Protection.

He was elected in 1995, and was considered an ally of Mayor Daley. After Mayor Richard M. Daley's September 7, 2010 announcement to not seek re-election Zalewski's name was mentioned by one local political pundit as a possible mayoral candidate in the Chicago mayoral election, 2011. He announced in April 2018 that he would retire from his position May 31, 2018, approximately one year before his term would have ended.

His son, Michael J. Zalewski, is a state representative.

title: Michael R. Zalewski


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Talk:Jesse Ramsden

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FRS, Copley Medal - need dates Linuxlad 23:29, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jesse Ramsden


text: User talk:70.176.111.161

title: User talk:70.176.111.161


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Daniel Solis

Daniel Solis is an American politician from Illinois. He served as an alderman on the Chicago City Council from 1996 to 2019. He represented Chicago's 25th Ward which includes the Lower West Side.

His sister is Patti Solis Doyle, who was Hillary Clinton's former campaign manager. Solis was a member of Clinton's Illinois Steering Committee.

Early life and career
Solis was born in 1949 in Monterrey, Mexico. When he was six, he emigrated to the United States with his mother. His father had already come to the country in seek of work.

Solis began his career as a schoolteacher. He was the founder and executive director of Latino Youth High School as well as the executive director of the Pilsen Neighbors Community Council. Later, he was co-founder and executive director of the United Neighborhood Organization (UNO) where he led a successful campaign to help 12,000 immigrants become naturalized citizens and register to vote. He also led grassroots reform for the Chicago Public Schools by helping organize a campaign to enlist parents and community members to run in the first Local School Council elections.

Political career
Mayor Richard M. Daley appointed Solis to the Chicago Housing Authority Board of Commissioners and the Regional Transportation Authority in 1995. In 1996, after alderman Antonio Medrano pleaded guilty to corruption charges, Solis was appointed to the seat by Mayor Daley. He won a special election in February 1997 to serve out Medrano's term with 77% of the vote.

One of Solis's first actions was to present Angelo J. LaPietra, the founder of the Old Neighborhood Italian American Club at 31st and Shields, a plaque and reward that recognized him as the leader of the community and 25th Ward. As alderman, Solis focused on job creation and physical improvements in the 25th Ward (Lower West Side) such as expanded National Museum of Mexican Art in Pilsen, the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, and a rehabilitation of the Archer Court Senior housing development. Solis also encouraged and negotiated with the International Produce Market and American Linen Company to stay and/or locate in the 25th Ward's Planned Manufacturing District (PMD) which has brought and continues to bring jobs and capital to the community. Throughout his career as alderman, Solis had been an ally of Mayor Daley and in 2001 was appointed President Pro Tempore of the city council, allowing him to oversee council proceedings in the mayor's absence.

Solis served on seven committees: Aviation, Budget and Government Operations; Committees, Rules and Ethics; Finance; Education; Health; Human Relations; Public Safety.

Scandal and FBI cooperation
In November 2018, Solis announced that he would not seek re-election to his seat. Shortly after his retirement announcement, it was reported that Solis was secretly recording fellow alderman Ed Burke, who had been charged with corruption. Court filings used to obtain search warrants at Solis’ home indicated that Solis had also recorded the Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives, Michael Madigan. An investigation uncovered that Solis had paid himself hundreds of thousands of dollars out of his political campaign fund.

title: Daniel Solis


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Billy Ocasio

Billy Ocasio is a politician who formerly served as a Chicago alderman. He left the Chicago City Council in 2009 to serve as an advisor to Illinois Governor Pat Quinn, appointed to work on social justice issues. He began this position on June 1, 2009 after it had been announced on May 12, 2009.

Early life
Ocasio is a lifelong resident of Humboldt Park where he attended Von Humboldt Elementary School and Roberto Clemente Community Academy.

Aldermanic career
Ocasio was appointed alderman in 1993 by Mayor Richard M. Daley to fill the unexpired term of Luis Gutierrez, who was elected congressman. Ocasio officially took office on January 12, 1993. Throughout his career as alderman, Ocasio fought for the allocation of resources for the community to thrive in the 26th Ward. This included construction of the two monuments to the Puerto Rican flags that launched the creation of a Puerto Rican restaurant and entertainment district, the first of its kind in the country. It also included the first new school in the ward, with the building of the new Ames School; the development of the McCormick Tribune YMCA; and worked for the allocation of the first library branch in Humboldt Park, and was able to construct the Humboldt Park Public Library. Ocasio also led a $16 million rehab for Humboldt Park which included renovating and modernizing the boat house, the lagoon, and inland beach. Amoungst these accomplishments he also championed the creation of more affordable housing and first time home ownership that in any other ward in the city. Leading the creation of what would eventually become the city wide Chicago Community Land Trust. He worked with the City to create city wide policy like the 10% set aside for all new construction ensuring that housing options were diverse and available to all income households. Ocasio was Chairman of the Human Relations Committee. Additionally, he served on five other committees: Budget and Government Operations; Education; Energy, Environmental Protection, and Public Utilities; Finance; and Housing and Real Estate. Ocasio resigned from the Chicago City Council effective May 13, 2009. Daley appointed Cook County Commissioner and 26th Ward Committeeman Roberto Maldonado to succeed him.

Personal life
Alderman Ocasio and his family (Veronica Ocasio, Ismael Sanchez, Gabriel Ocasio, Antonio Ocasio, and Milo Sanchez (dog).) The family attended church at New Life Covenant Ministries in Chicago. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and while there he served as President of the "Arrogant" Alpha Lambda Chapter of Iota Phi Theta Fraternity, Inc. He returned to Chicago a few months before graduation due to the death of a friend and eventually graduated from Northeastern IL University.

title: Billy Ocasio


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Ed Smith

Ed, Eddie, Edgar, Edward, Edwin, and similar, surnamed Smith, may refer to:

Military

 * Edward H. Smith (sailor) (1889–1961), United States Coast Guard admiral, oceanographer and Arctic explorer
 * Edward Smith (VC) (1898–1940), English recipient of the Victoria Cross during the First World War
 * Edwin P. Smith (born 1945), U.S. general, commander of Army, Pacific 1998–2002
 * Edwin Smith (Medal of Honor) (1841–?), American Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient

Politics and law

 * E. D. Smith (1853–1948), Canadian businessman and politician
 * Ed Smith (alderman), alderman for Chicago's 28th ward
 * Eddie Smith (politician) (born 1979), member of the Tennessee House of Representatives
 * Edward Clarke Smith (1864–1924), mayor of Manchester, New Hampshire
 * Edward Curtis Smith (1854–1935), governor of Vermont
 * Edward Dunlap Smith (1807–1883), Presbyterian clergyman and chaplain of the United States House of Representatives
 * Edward Everett Smith (1861–1931), lieutenant governor of Minnesota
 * Edward G. Smith (1961–2023), American judge in Pennsylvania
 * Edward H. Smith (politician) (1809–1885), U.S. representative from New York
 * Edward J. Smith (American politician) (1927–2010), member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
 * Edward J. Smith (Canadian politician) (1819–1903), merchant and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada
 * Edward Smith (New Zealand politician) (1839–1907), New Zealand armourer and Liberal Party politician
 * Edward McMurray Smith (1870–1953), Iowa Secretary of State and newspaper editor
 * Edward O. Smith (1817–1892), American pioneer, businessman and politician
 * Edward Parsons Smith (1860–1930), mayor of Omaha, Nebraska, 1918–1921
 * Edward Percy Smith (1891–1968), British Conservative member of parliament for Ashford, 1943–1950
 * Edward Samuel Smith (1919–2001), U.S. federal judge
 * Edward Smith (trade unionist), of Springfield, Sangamon County, Ill
 * Edward Smith (judge) (1602–1682), chief justice of the Irish Common Pleas
 * Edward Smith (MP) (c. 1704–1762), English member of parliament for Leicestershire, 1734–1762
 * Edward "Smitty" Smith (born 1980), candidate for attorney general of the District of Columbia
 * Edwin C. Smith (1852–1924), miner, rancher and political figure in British Columbia
 * Edwin O. Smith (c. 1871–1960), American politician in the Connecticut House of Representatives
 * Edwin Thomas Smith (1830–1919), South Australian politician
 * Ellison D. Smith (1864–1944), nicknamed "Cotton Ed", U.S. senator from South Carolina
 * Edward Smith (governor), army officer and governor of the Isle of Man
 * Sir Edward Smith, 1st Baronet (c. 1630–1707), English landowner and politician
 * Ed Smith (Canadian politician) (born 1928), Canadian politician in British Columbia
 * Edward Delafield Smith (1826–1878), American lawyer and United States Attorney
 * Edward L. Smith, Connecticut judge, mayor and United States Attorney

Sports

 * Ed Smith (1880s pitcher), Baltimore Monumentals baseball player
 * Ed Smith (1900s pitcher) (1879–1956), St. Louis Browns baseball player
 * Ed Smith (running back) (1913–1998), American football player, model for the Heisman Trophy
 * Ed Smith (halfback) (1923–2010), fullback in the American National Football League
 * Ed Smith (quarterback) (born 1956), American football quarterback
 * Ed Smith (basketball) (1929–1998), New York Knicks basketball player
 * Ed Smith (cricketer) (born 1977), English cricketer
 * Ed Smith (defensive end) (born 1950), American football defensive end
 * Ed Smith (linebacker) (born 1957), American football linebacker
 * Ed Smith (tight end) (born 1969), basketball and American football player
 * Ed Smith (streetball player), American streetball player
 * Eddie Smith (pitcher) (1913–1994), baseball pitcher
 * Eddie Smith (baseball coach) (born 1984), American baseball coach
 * Eddie Smith (cyclist) (1926–1997), Australian cyclist
 * Eddie Smith (footballer) (1929–1993), English footballer
 * Eddie Smith (referee) (born 1965), Scottish football referee
 * Eddie Smith (basketball) (born 1983), basketball player
 * Edgar Smith (outfielder) (1860–?), Major League Baseball player
 * Edgar Smith (pitcher/outfielder) (1862–1892), American professional baseball player
 * Edgar Smith (rower) (born 1950), Canadian Olympic rower
 * Edward Smith (cricketer, born 1831) (1831–1899), English cricketer
 * Edward Smith (cricketer, born 1854) (1854–1909), English cricketer and clergyman
 * Edward Smith (cricketer, born 1868) (1868–1937), English cricketer and British Army officer
 * Edward Smith (cricketer, born 1911) (1911–1999), Australian cricketer
 * Edwin Alex Smith (tight end) (born 1982), American football player
 * Edwin Smith (cricketer, born 1934), Derbyshire cricketer
 * Edwin Smith (cricketer, born 1848) (1848–1880), English cricketer
 * Edwin Smith (cricketer, born 1860) (1860–1939), English cricketer
 * Edwin Smith (rower) (1922–1997), New Zealand rower, silver medalist at the 1950 Empire Games
 * Edwin Smith (footballer), English footballer for Crystal Palace

Engineers and scientists

 * Edgar Albert Smith (1847–1916), British zoologist and malacologist
 * Edgar Fahs Smith (1854–1928), American scientist specializing in the history of chemistry
 * Edward Smith (physician) (1819–1874), British physician and medical writer
 * Edwin Smith (metallurgist) (1931–2010), British metallurgy scientist
 * Edwin Smith (astronomer) (1851–1912), American astronomer

Writers and the arts

 * E. E. Smith (1890–1965), better known as E.E. "Doc" Smith, science fiction author
 * Eden Smith (1858–1949), Canadian architect
 * Edgar Smith (librettist) (1857–1938), American actor and lyricist
 * Edward Smith (biographer) (1839–1919), English biographer
 * Edward Gordon Smith (1857–1906), British postcard publisher
 * Edward Wyke Smith (1871–1935), English author, mining engineer and adventurer
 * Edwin Dalton Smith, English artist and engraver
 * Edwin Smith (Egyptologist) (1822–1906), American antiquities collector
 * Edwin Smith (photographer) (1912–1971), English photographer
 * Edwin W. Smith (1876–1957), South African born missionary, anthropologist and writer in Africa
 * Ed Smith (sculptor) (born 1956), American sculptor and printmaker
 * Edward Tyrrel Smith, British entrepreneur and showman

Others

 * Eddie Smith (trade unionist) (died 1945), British trade union leader
 * Edgar Smith (murderer) (1934–2017), American kidnapper and murderer
 * Edgar Lawrence Smith (1882–1971), American economist, investment manager and author
 * Edward Smith (sea captain) (1850–1912), captain of the RMS Titanic when she sank
 * Edward Smith (thief), committed one of the first bank robberies in the United States
 * Edward B. Smith, founder of Edward B. Smith & Co., became brokerage firm Smith Barney
 * Edward Parmelee Smith (1827–1876), Congregational minister in Massachusetts
 * Edward Shrapnell Smith (1875–1952), British pioneer and promoter of commercial road transport
 * Edwin Smith (architect) (1870–1965), New South Wales Government Architect 1929–1935
 * Edwin Mitchell Smith (1847–1929), surveyor general of South Australia
 * Eddie Smith, murder victim, see Jeffrey Dahmer

title: Ed Smith