text:
Talk:Arch

Add a Roman Aqueduct Picture
Roman Aqueducts are famous for their use of arches. I've added a picture of a Roman aqueduct from North Africa to the main section. Intranetusa 21:10, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Han Dynasty tomb arch
A 1700 year old tomb from the Han Dynasty shows the use of arches...which meant the arch was probably more prominently used in buildings than previously thought. http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/223984.htm I've added two Han Dynasty tomb archs, one to the main section and one to the gallery. "Han_Tomb_Arch_1.jpg" "Han_Tomb_Arch_2.jpg"

Intranetusa 21:06, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Minimize image load time
Seriously, I'm on a fast connection and they're taking heck of a time to load. --Cyberman 19:38, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Arch Engineering
I am considering adding a sub heading 'Engineering of the Arch' which will explore the progression of the arch from circuler, through gothic to the eventual catenary shape. If you have any ideas for the section, or strongly object, please say so. --Commander Keane 14:11, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

AAA
You made a mistake, The arch wasn't developed in Ancient Greece, Romans saw that structure in Mesopotamia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.91.8.10 (talk)

Illustration captions
Could someone please replace the current captions in the big illustration of arch types with their English equivalents? It's a nice illustration, and it would be nice to know the names of the different types. Gwimpey 18:55, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Arched road bridges in the Lake District, Uk.
I have noticed a good number of stone, arched bridges in Cumbria, England. I assume these have been built since Roman times. It would be nice to see a section on who built these, when, and how immediatley influential the Romans were.

Interesting that the cultures in Mesopotamia influenced the Romans according to AAA but those of us have visited Olympia know there is an arched entrance to the Stadium there. Did the Olympians(or those people from Eleusis) copy the Romans? Not sure of the date.

DVK

 * The stone arch road bridges in Cumbria aren't in general especially remarkable. Details of the history of some will probably be found in "The Ancient Bridges of Northern England" by Jervoise, long out-of-print but occasionally for sale on eBay or Abebooks. I would be very surprised if any/many date back to Roman times, most will be post-medaeval. Perhaps the most interesting Cumbrian arch bridges are the packhorse bridges, which already have an article. For the influence of various cultures on development of arches, see Talk:Arch bridge where this same issue is being discussed at present. -- Kvetner 14:05, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Merge
Both Voussoir and Keystone (architecture) are rather small stubby articles at the moment. The arch article would benefit greatly from their inclusion. Both keystones and voissoirs cannot be discussed without mentioning arches so the reader will only be inconvenienced by having to navigate away to separate pages. --Mcginnly | Natter 13:20, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * oppose - I believe at least Keystone deserve it's own article. (plus it isn't that stubby.) That doesn't mean that the material couldn't be incoeporated into the "arch" article as well though.Maunus 12:12, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * oppose - Arch should be a general article with subarticles on specific types, in my opinion. Otherwise, it will become like Dam which is a mess now because every article with the word "Dam" in it was merged into it. When writing architecture articles, an editor wants to be able to link to a succient article to explain a term to a reader without the reader having to wade through a huge general article. Sincerely, Mattisse 13:31, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * support - One essential fact is that the keystone of an arch has no structural function other than serving as a part of the arch. Furthermore, the keystone is not the "key" of the arch in any sense other than an aesthetic one.  Our eyes are drawn towards a keystone, but it is no more necessary to the stability of the arch than are all of the other stones of the arch.  Merging the keystone article into the arch article is fair to the prose in the former article, because it will allow that piece of prose to do for the larger article what the "keystone" of an arch does in real life.  Bigturtle 22:31, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * oppose - The keystone is basically the aesthetic main feature of an arch and an article about it makes sense to me - there should be a long article about it containing a gallery of images and explaining common misunderstandings. As a consequence, an article about voussoir makes sense too.
 * / Mats Halldin (talk) 18:22, 1 April 2007 (UTC)
 * oppose - I suggest that specific sections on voussoir and keystone are added to the main arch article, with "see main article" headings to point to the more specific articles. Although they'd all fit happily in one article, I think it is better for now to keep them separate to avoid the main article becoming too long in future. Also, there are more important things to do in the main article e.g. describing other features such as the spandrels. -- Kvetner 09:24, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * oppose - I just used this article because I was specifically asked what a keystone and a voussoir was, and I wasn't asked in a way that suggested arches. "Keystone" and "Voussoir" are architectural terms, and deserve their own articles where people can find the meaning of the term instantly. PerryPlanet 05:34, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
 * ::oppose - I believe that a Voussoir is a distinct element on its own and needs to be distinguished as such. Specific terms are wikilinked in architectural articles. The general reader is confused, I believe, when the wikilink goes to a long merged article where the reader has to sort out the specific meaning. --Mattisse 01:22, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry! I have already voiced an opinion (above) so I struck this one out. --Mattisse 01:25, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * oppose The subject of this article has way too many aspects (for example, just the list of arch shapes has 20-30 entries that deserve being mentioned), so even cursory descriptions of these items will result in a pretty long article. To keep the text readable, all aspects should be described with minimum detail, with links pointing to more detailed treatment. Moving entire pages in, even short ones, will bloat this text. Since the discussion had died down more than 15 years ago, I will close it as "do not merge" if nobody objects. Викидим (talk) 06:04, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

Grande Arche
The Grande Arche in Paris is called an arch. Is it an arch? -- 201.50.251.197 15:37, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No. In the UK, this form of structure is more commonly called a portal, as this is a general term which can be used where the structure is not curved in the manner of an arch. -- Kvetner 14:00, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

unknown arch
What is the translation to the english language for this sort of arches between buildings in narrow alleys?

In Germany it is called Schwibbogen (schwibb arch) or Schwebebogen (float arch). Manny thanks from Ronaldo from the German Wikipedia.

 * A quick google suggest either candle arch, floating arch, or flying buttress. There is an interesting article about it here.
 * / Mats Halldin (talk) 07:40, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Mesopotamian arches
Actually, they were used for doorways etc, not just underground stuff as the article says. In fact, there are some nice arches in Eshnunna (Tell Asmar) from the Sargonic period i.e circa 2200 BC. Look at http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oic17.pdf around pages 15 and 16 (pdf pages 27 and 28).Ploversegg (talk) 22:23, 30 July 2008 (UTC)ploversegg

Comments on "Technical aspects"
A very helpful article. :-)

I have two comments/corrections/questions from an engineer's point of view on the section "Techincal aspects" of the page, and specifically on the following sentence: "The arch is significant because, in theory at least, it provides a structure which eliminates tensile stresses in spanning an open space."

1) What is the motivation for the remark, "in theory at least"? If it is related to the existence of stress-concentrations at cracks or other material imperfections in nature as opposed to "theory" (where the material behaviour is simplified), I guess the term "theory" should be understood as "simple theory". To my current knowledge, the two features that I have mentioned can be implemented in so-called fracture mechanical models.

2) To my current knowledge, an important prerequisite for the elimination of tensile stresses in an arch is the assumption that the distributed force is directed towards it, i.e. downwards from gravity forces. In the case of an opposite-directed force, i.e. lift forces arising from wind, the arch would actually experience great tensile stresses! So this could be added to the sentence, e.g. "...in spanning an open space, when the arch is carrying gravity or other downward-directed loads".

Keep up the good work. :-)

Wikieng08 (talk) 19:54, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It’s true that an arch can experience other stresses besides compression, such as those imposed by expansion and contraction from thermal change, lateral loads from wind or seismic activity, dynamic loads from cars driving on top of it, impact loads from mechanical equipment, etc, etc. However, I think the goal of this article should be to explain the basics of how an arch works to a general audience. It may not be necessary to go into so much detail. --Jvanek01 (talk) 22:30, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

Roman use of semi-arch on Trajan's bridge over Danube predates Chinese use by 500 years.
While the Roman's may have strongly prefered semi-circle arches, they were aware of and did sometimes use segmental arches of less than a full half circle. Nor were the Chinese the first to use open-spandrel arches. Trajan's bridge over the Danube, built 500 years before the Chinese Zhaoshou bridge, had open spandrel segmental arches on - you can see this in the Wikipedia article on Trajan's Bridge - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan_Bridge.

The references in the article does not support the claim that the chinese were the first to realize that an arch does have to be a full semi-circle, or build a segmental arch bridge, since the Great Stone Bridge they reference was built in the 7th century, while Trajan's Bridge over the Danube was built in the beginnning of the 2nd century. Statment should be removed or another reference giving an clear example of a Chinese bridge from the 1st century. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.51.147.97 (talk) 23:58, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

 * This is correct, see Roman segmental arch bridges. One of the earliest are Pont-Saint-Martin (bridge) and Ponte San Lorenzo. Gun Powder Ma (talk) 13:46, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Adobe Arches in Merzouga Morocco
The new section Adobe Arches in Merzouga Morocco seems too specific in comparison with the general tone of the rest of the arch article. Perhaps it should be moved to the Merzouga article or spun out as a separate article. Any thoughts? cmɢʟee'τaʟκ'maιʟ 09:37, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

These arches appear not to be true arches at all, but corbel arches. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.25.67.165 (talk) 05:38, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Delete - agreed that this is too specific to be in a general entry about arches, especially this many photos; it's redundant. Jvanek01 (talk) 22:15, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Delete - Appart from being too spesific, it is also simply not showing arches. It's the opposite, the concrete bar holdes the span - not the underlying adobe wall, which is also not built as an arch, but as an abutted or corbel arch. A section on creating arches with adobe stones could be made, but these examples are clearly not relevant. See this picture for clarification. --KnutHj (talk) 12:43, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Delete - I came to this Talk page because I too was concerned that this section is particularly unhelpful because it is a counter-example that repudiates the architectural principles discussed in the rest of the article. These adobe bricks stay in place only because of the adhesive qualities of the mortar. Wikipedia is not the place for a personal travelogue. Deleting. Mark Taylor (talk) 01:07, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

Parabolic and Catenary arches are similar, but different
Catenary arches are superficially similar in appearance to a parabola, though mathematically quite different, as we can read here.--Jordiferrer (talk) 08:56, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Hopefully adequately reflected now. Not only construction is an inexact thing, the real-world designs tend to utilize something in between these ideal cases anyhow. Викидим (talk) 08:48, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

February 3, 2013: Cleanup
In an effort to clean up the article for WikiProject Architecture, I'm making a few edits in the “Technical aspects” section. Right now, the entire section sounds like it was written by one of my college structures professors (no offense). I believe that this section should really explain how an arch works to a general audience. In fact, the section should probably be titled: Basic concepts. The section is also lacking, and I added references to things like “thrust, abutment, hinged arch vs fixed, arch forms, arch action, et al." – all important aspects of understanding how an arch works. I also deleted awkwardly phrased and possibly redundant lines, like: “This same principle holds when the force acting on the arch is not vertical such as in spanning a doorway, but horizontal, such as in arched retaining walls or dams” (What is this trying to explain, and is it really necessary in this article? It’s also confusing because most door headers are lintels, not arches. It should really go into an article about retaining walls or dams) I also reworded the rest of the section.

I also updated the structure of the "Construction of adobe arches" gallery to make it clearer. It seemed like there were two separate galleries, when in fact both show construction photos (mid-construction and completed) of adobe arches. '''However, I also believe that this section may be redundant. One photo, particularly the one showing the centering, would be enough. Wikipedia doesn't need all the job site photos from your project.'''

All of my changes are also posted on my talk page. I welcome anyone to improve upon my edits, or post your complaints below and I'll update the article. Thanks! Jvanek01 (talk) 22:08, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

Teotihuacan's tunnel arches
In 2010, a robot discovered a long arch-roofed passageway underneath the Pyramid of Quetzalcoatl which stands in the ancient city of Teotihuacan north of Mexico City, dated to around 200 AD.

The article sourced makes no mention of the discovery of a true arch, rather a 'smoothly arched' ceiling, which can't be precisely interpreted as a true arch or even any kind of masonry. Is there any additional evidence available to confirm an arch? Does this sentence still belong in the article? TangoFett (talk) 23:01, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I rewrote the section based on the research papers and a textbook. Short summary: corbel arches used in Maya construction, pretty much nothing elsewhere in Americas, few dissenting voices among researchers in the 1960 pointing to unique instances of something resembling true arches. Викидим (talk) 08:45, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

True Arch vs Corbelled Arch
The article does not seem to make an explicit distinction between these two types of arch, though they are quite distinct in engineering principle. I came here looking for info regarding the history of the true (voussoired) arch, but found that the supposed 'earliest arch' (the city gate at Ashklon) could be interpreted either as a true arch or as a corbelled arch depending on how one's imagination fills in the vital missing top part of the structure, and is in fact merely the abutments of an arch, the rest being speculative. How do archaeologists in fact interpret this structure ? Is it regarded as the remains of a true arch or of a corbelled arch ? Or is it impossible to say ? g4oep — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.96.58.212 (talk) 13:42, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

 * True/false has two meanings here (load bearing vs. decorative) and compression vs. corbelled). Provided some text. Викидим (talk) 06:09, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

External links modified
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Indian rock cut arches
Rock cut arches, India, 3rd century BCE. —> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barabar_Caves . --> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.176.228.45 (talk)
 * ✅. --Викидим (talk) 18:52, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

Other types
A special form of the arch is the triumphal arch, usually built to celebrate a victory in war. A famous example is the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France. "

What is special about the triumphal arch?

The historical period?

The geographical location?

The material?

The geometry?

It was the first arch ever built on a Thursday?

It reminded the builder of his/her ancient ancestors, who had a voussoir bone in each foot?

AnnaComnemna (talk) 01:53, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

 * I concur. The article is about the architectural element. References to particular buildings are only useful if they are related to some special use of the element. Similarly, natural arches do not belong here at all, they have their own article. Викидим (talk) 21:42, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Hinged arches
The subject of hinges is: The current volume of information is duplicative and WP:UNDUE. My proposal is to drastically reduce the text here, while keeping the header of the section, the link to the article on bridges, and the picture. Викидим (talk) 08:03, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) not generic for all arches, in practice only related to bridges;
 * 2) already written in a great detail and with (essential) illustrations (what are "pins"?) in the Hinged arch bridge.

 * Has to include links (and info) for Tied-arch bridge. Rename section to "Bridge construction"? Викидим (talk) 01:16, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Also "Basket handle tied-arch bridge" with a pair of arches coming together at the top (some traces in other articles) Викидим (talk) 21:46, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

Gallery
The size of the gallery is way too large. Since the sections include their own mini-galleries and in the spirit of WP:NOTGALLERY #4 I propose to delete the "Gallery" section altogether. Викидим (talk) 06:14, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Two weeks passed with no objections, executing (pun intended). Викидим (talk) 00:07, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

To Do
Notes to self, yet, as always, everyone is welcome to chime in. Викидим (talk) 08:45, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) The annotations to the picture in Arch were done off top of my head. It would be nice to compare my recollections to the source.
 * 2) Find a good nogging ogee photo. Pulpitum in Southwell Minster seems ideal, yet I cannot find good free photos of it that show the 3-dimensionality of the arches.
 * 3) Other:
 * 4) *flat arch ✅
 * 5) *triangular arch (once done, add to redirect). ✅ Still requires better text on brick-made arches and better text on the same.
 * 6) *Corbel arch ✅
 * 7) Parabolic: multiple curves:
 * 8) * square,
 * 9) * cube (St Paul's Cathedral dome),
 * 10) * catenary,✅
 * 11) * funicular.✅, but deserves its own article
 * 12) * Provide a better source explaining the lumping together of all "parabolic" curves.✅
 * 13) Inflexed arch lost the redirect target ✅
 * 14) Counter-arch: mention here ✅
 * 15) Make false arch into a dab?
 * 16) Update the History. Particularly problematic is Arch ✅
 * 17) Wikilinks to the article:
 * 18) * arch action ✅
 * 19) * Two-tiered arch ✅
 * 20) * containing arch ✅
 * 21) * Transverse arch ✅
 * 22) * basket arch ✅
 * 23) * depressed arch
 * 24) * chop arch
 * 25) * three-centred arch ✅
 * 26) * two-centred arch ✅
 * 27) * Equilateral arch ✅
 * 28) * blunt arch ✅
 * 29) * ramping arch ✅
 * 30) * raking arch
 * 31) * rampant arch ✅
 * 32) * shouldered arch ✅
 * 33) * surbased arch ✅
 * 34) * drop arch (dab?)
 * 35) Horseshoe can be pointed
 * 36) Stepped arch (both with stepped extrados and as a in-stepped arch), there is a term (?) for decorative in-stepped (rebated) arch design
 * 37) Splayed arch deserves an article, Calvo-Lopez has a good review (see a cite in Arch)
 * 38) Ox Horn arch deserves an article, see the same Calvo-Lopez
 * 39) Skew arch can be expanded (also C-L)

Temple of Minerva Medica
The temple is mentioned here per the Oxford Art Online source cited. However, according to the modern research, there is nothing left of this temple. Ruins in Rome were apparently misidentified. Leaving as-is for now, but someone with better knowledge is welcome to fix/remove the text. Викидим (talk) 20:56, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

Ancient bridges in comparison
This section looked like a WP:SYNTH trying to figure out who built the first good bridge. Absent a WP:RS that actually does the comparison, this is not very useful for the reader, as comparing corbel arches to the true ones made in different techniques does not seem to be correct. I moved the sourced material out of this section into the corresponding history sections and other articles whenever was possible, and removed the header. Викидим (talk) 05:49, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

Romans and segmental arch
Our text says that the Romans were the first to build a segmental arch (thay used lots of them in the residential construction where the ceilings are low). Well, Egyptians were apparently there much earlier (see the section on the pre-classical history). It would be nice if someone familiar with Italian language would check the sources. For now, situation is not that bad (Britannica in an obvious mistake gives credit to the mediaeval builders). Викидим (talk) 23:56, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The Hed-Sed court building is clearly using a decorative arch. Now reflected in the caption. Викидим (talk) 06:15, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

Romanesque and Gothic Europe
The section needs a rewrite. Both styles were pretty much defined by arches. As-is, the section if mostly about Gaudi, whose work is not Gothic. Викидим (talk) 04:59, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅, still needs pics. Викидим (talk) 20:25, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

Classification
The current classification is built on shape, with ad-hoc "Arrangements" and "Variations" not properly sourced. The actual classifications are many, see for a partial list, and should be weaved into the article.

At least:
 * 1) shape (geometry?)
 * 2) number of centres
 * 3) workmanship:
 * 4) *for brick arches:
 * 5) ** rough brick (joints used as wedges)
 * 6) ** axed brick (wedged by cutting)
 * 7) ** gauged brick (pre-formed wedged)
 * 8) * for concrete arches:
 * 9) ** pre-cast
 * 10) ** monolithic
 * 11) materials
 * 12) support conditions / structural behavior:
 * 13) * three hinges
 * 14) * two hinges
 * 15) * one (?)
 * 16) * fixed.

True/false needs to be in, too. Викидим (talk) 22:12, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

Symbolism
Викидим (talk) 23:05, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Dictionary of symbolism - a starting point
 * Thomas, Edmund, "The Symbolic Significance of Architectural Form" in: Monumentality and The Roman Empire: Architecture in the Antonine Age (Oxford, 2007; online edn, Oxford Academic, 12 Nov. 2020), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199288632.003.0033

title: Talk:Arch


text:
International Narcotics Control Board

The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is an independent treaty body, one of the four treaty-mandated bodies under international drug control law (alongside the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, UNODC on behalf of the Secretary-General, and the WHO).

The INCB is responsible for monitoring the control of substances pursuant to the three United Nations drug control conventions and for assisting Member States in their efforts to implement those conventions. It plays an important role in monitoring the production and trade of narcotics and psychotropics, as well as their availability for medical and scientific purposes, and in deciding which precursors should be regulated.

History
The Board has predecessors since the League of Nations. Following the 1909 Shanghai International Opium Commission, an International Opium Convention was adopted in 1925 and established the Permanent Central Opium Board (PCOB) which started its work in 1928. Later on, the 1931 Convention created the Drug Supervisory Body to gather estimates, in complement of the PCOB.

After the dissolution of the League of Nations in 1946, the Lake Success Protocol Amending the Agreements, Conventions and Protocols on Narcotic Drugs transferred the powers and mandate of both Permanent Central Opium Board and Drug Supervisory Board to a specially-created joint body to administer the estimate system. The functions of both bodies were merged into the current INCB with the adoption of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in 1961, and those bodies were superseded when the INCB began its functions on March 2, 1968.

Initially, the composition of the INCB under the Single Convention was strongly influenced by the 1946 Protocol. It inherited mechanisms of nomination from the League of Nations and Office International d'Hygiène Publique.

The mandates and functions of the INCB were later complemented with the adoption of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971 and the UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances in 1988.

Treaty mandates
The drug control treaties mandates four international bodies: the Board, the World Health Organization, the Secretary-General of the United Nations (nowadays represented by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), and the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. The commission has power to influence drug control policy by advising other bodies and deciding how various substances will be controlled. Enforcement power lies in the mandate of each State Party to the Conventions. The Board has mostly a monitoring and surveillance role.

Responsibilities under the 1961 and 1971 Conventions
The INCB has a role generally similar under the 1961 and 1971 Conventions. The substances under scrutiny differ.

The 1961 Single Convention, Article 9 provides that the Board shall endeavour to:

 * Limit the cultivation, production, manufacture and use of drugs to an adequate amount required for medical and scientific purposes;
 * Ensure their availability for such purposes; and
 * Prevent illicit cultivation, production and manufacture of, and illicit trafficking in and use of, drugs.

But these refer to monitoring and advice, rather than enforcement. The INCB has no direct enforcement powers.

Articles 12 and 19 of the same Convention give the Board the responsibility of reviewing, confirming, or requesting changes to the annual estimates of needs for narcotic drugs among Parties concerning licit cultivation, production, manufacture, export, import, distribution and trade, with the objective of preventing diversion of drugs from licit sources into the illicit traffic. The estimates do not represent quotas in the strict sense, because the Parties may at any time request changes to their annual estimates, subject to providing the Board with the explanation of the circumstances necessitating such changes. The Board establishes estimates for all nations, including non-Parties to the Single Convention.

Under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, similar powers are given to the Board, in regards to psychotropic substances. In addition, Article 18 of the 1971 Convention requires the Board to issue annual reports on its work.

Lack of direct enforcement powers and "quasi-judicial" mandate
During the negotiations of the Single Convention, governments refused to give the INCB direct enforcement powers. Article 14 of the Single Convention, Article 19 of the 1971 Convention, and Article 22 of the 1988 Convention, give the Board the authority to investigate the failure of any country or region to carry out the convention's provisions. This includes countries that are not Parties to the Conventions. The Board can ask for explanations from the Government in question, propose that a study of the matter be carried out in its territory, and call upon the Government to adopt remedial measures.

If the Board finds that the Government has failed to give satisfactory explanations, or has failed to adopt remedial measures that it has been called upon to take, the Board can call the attention of the Parties, the council, and the commission to the matter. The Board can also publish a report on the matter for communication to all Parties. Under some circumstances, it can penalize a violator by reducing its export quota of opium, under the provisions of Article 21 bis. The Board can even "recommend to the Parties that they stop the export, import, or both, of particular psychotropic substances, from or to the country or region concerned, either for a designated period or until the Board shall be satisfied as to the situation in that country or region."

The Commentary to the Convention on Narcotic Drugs points out, "This is a very serious measure, and it cannot be assumed that the Board has that authority except in very grave situations". Decisions under Article 19 require a two-thirds vote of the Board.

INCB has been criticized for claiming being a "quasi-judicial" body whereas neither the three drug control Conventions nor ECOSOC resolutions provide it with such a mandate. In September 2022, Virginia Patton Prugh, Attorney Advisor at the United States Department of State, declared on the occasion of an intersessional meeting of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs: "Reviewing the many sources discussing INCB mandates, one would assume that the INCB has been designated to sit in judgement of MS in their effort to implement the treaties. If that it the case, it must be found in the treaties. But the treaties do not assign this role: it simply isn't there. The INCB is authorized to administer the system of estimates and the statistical returns, and to support the Parties in implementing the Conventions. But there is no text suggesting that the INCB is given quasi-judicial functions to interpret the treaties, or adjudicate their conformity or compliance. Read the text; look carefully at the words: we, the Parties to the Conventions, are responsible for implementing our obligations, and we are also responsible for interpreting them in good faith."The position that the INCB is not and should not self-define as a "quasi-judicial" body had been defended by civil society organisations and scholars  for a number of years.

Responsibilities under the 1988 Convention
Article 12 of the 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic requires the Board to report annually to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs on the implementation of the convention's restrictions on chemical precursors in Table I and Table II, the treaty's two categories of precursor substances in illicit drug manufacture. The INCB "Red List" lists precursors and chemicals frequently used in illicitly manufacturing narcotics and psychotropic substances under international control.

In the case of a precursor substance not yet regulated, the convention also requires the Board to communicate to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs an assessment of the substance if it finds that: The Convention requires the Board to notify the United Nations Secretary-General whenever it has information which, in its opinion, may justify adding a substance to, deleting a substance from, or transferring a substance between, the Tables. The Secretary-General then transmits that information to the Parties and the commission, and the Commission makes the decision, "taking into account the comments submitted by the Parties and the comments and recommendations of the Board, whose assessment shall be determinative as to scientific matters, and also taking into due consideration any other relevant factors".
 * The substance is frequently used in the illicit manufacture of a narcotic drug or psychotropic substance; and
 * The volume and extent of the illicit manufacture of a narcotic drug or psychotropic substance creates serious public health or social problems, so as to warrant international action.

This role of assessment given to the INCB under the 1988 Convention was, under the 1961 and 1971 Convention, was reserved to the World Health Organization.

Notably, this Convention explicitly preludes the INCB from playing any role in the settlement of disputes between two or more Parties relating to the interpretation or application of the convention, instead leaving the resolution of these disputes to the Parties concerned through peaceful means of their own choice.

Membership of the Board
Article 9 of the Single Convention specifies that the Board shall be made up of thirteen members elected by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), including: The Article requires the council to make arrangements to ensure the Board's independence. Article 10 specifies that "[t]he members of the Board shall serve for a period of five years, and may be re-elected."
 * Three members with medical, pharmacological or pharmaceutical experience from a list of at least five persons nominated by the World Health Organization; and
 * Ten members from a list of persons nominated by the Members of the United Nations and by Parties which are not Members of the United Nations.

The lengthy terms, and the fact that the Board is made up of individuals rather than nation-states, help buffer the Board from political pressure. Historians have argued that the requirement that members with "medical, pharmacological or pharmaceutical experience" be placed on the Board was the result of lobbying by the pharmaceuticals industry.

The provision that three members would be WHO nominees is similar to provision in previous treaties, which had two of the four members of the Drug Supervisory Body to be appointed by the Office International d'Hygiène Publique (OIHP), the predecessor of WHO. The requirement that INCB nominees be appointed by ECOSOC in the Single Convention is inherited from the previous treaty provision.

Presidency
Board Members elect a president among them for a one-year term.

Secretariat
Although the 13 Members of the Board are independent, the Secretariat, officers, and staff of the INCB are entrusted to the United Nations. States parties to the 1961 Convention already expressed their desire to see INCB Secretariat integrated within the United Nations system under Secretary-General: "That secretariat is an integral part of the Secretariat of the United Nations; while under the full administrative control of the Secretary-General, it is bound to carry out the decisions of the Board; The members of the secretariat are appointed or assigned by the Secretary-General; the head of that secretariat is appointed or assigned in consultation with the Board."The Commentary to the Convention on Psychotropic Substances notes, "Since the Board is not in continuous session and in fact meets only a few weeks each year, it has to delegate to its secretariat the required authority in order to maintain between its sessions 'the mechanism for a continuing dialogue' with Governments". Additionally, in 1990, the Board noted that "by decision of the Secretary-General, the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Vienna serves as Coordinator of all United Nations drug control-related activities." Resolution 1991/46 of the United Nations Economic and Social Council entrusted the management of INCB Secretariat to the agency known today as United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

International Import and Export Authorization System (I2ES)
The International Import and Export Authorization System (I2ES) is an international import and export authorization system that uses an online platform developed in 2015 by the International Narcotic Control Board (INCB) with the support of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). I2ES is an online platform developed to facilitate and speed up the process of issuing import and export authorizations for narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances by competent national authorities (CNAs) of importing and exporting countries in compliance with the international drug control treaties. I2ES will allow CNAs to verify the authenticity of such authorizations and to issue endorsements of export authorizations in a secure way and in real time.

INCB Learning
Launched in 2016, INCB Learning is one of the Board's initiatives to assist Member States in implementing the recommendations of the UNGASS outcome document and the INCB Availability Report (2015). INCB Learning addresses the barriers to adequate availability of indispensable narcotic and psychotropic substances required for medical treatments, particularly by raising awareness and providing training.

Global OPIOIDS Project
The Board recognized early on that the alarming increase in overdose deaths from non-medical synthetic opioids threatened to become a global challenge. In response, the Board initiated its global Operational Partnerships to Interdict Opioids' Illicit Distribution and Sales (OPIOIDS) Project. The OPIOIDS Project is the only current international effort solely dedicated to developing partnerships with governments, international agencies and the private sector to share information and intelligence with the goal of identifying and interdicting illicit manufacturers, distributors and vendors of synthetic opioids. The OPIOIDS Project supports national authorities and international organizations' efforts in preventing nonmedical synthetic opioids and fentanyl-related substances from reaching people, by:
 * Developing international agency and industry partnerships with those who have a practical role to play in responding to the crisis;
 * Increasing awareness regarding the nature and scale of synthetic opioids and fentanyl-related substances problem;
 * Supporting international initiatives that enhance information-sharing and facilitate co-operation for detection and communication of trafficking;
 * Promoting technical assistance and training programmes that ensure safety and security.

Project ION - International Operations on New Psychoactive Substances (NPS)
Project ION (International Operations on NPS) is the operational initiative of INCB, supporting national authorities' efforts in preventing non-scheduled new psychoactive substances (NPS) of abuse from reaching consumer markets.

Project ION activities are primarily engaged in the coordination, collection and communication of strategic and operational information related to suspicious shipments of, trafficking in, or manufacture or production of NPS. A specific focus is on synthetic NPS with little or no known medical, scientific or industrial uses and our activities are primarily engaged in the coordination, collection and communication of strategic and operational information.

Public-Private Partnerships
In recent years, voluntary public-private partnerships have come to play an increasingly important role in global precursor control. In this context, the concept aims at preventing the diversion of chemicals for illicit purposes, through cooperation between national authorities and the private sector. INCB has further expanded its public-private partnerships to include legitimate e-commerce and B2B operators, marketing and social media, online financial service providers, and express mail and courier services. These voluntary partnerships supplement the obligatory controls prescribed by the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic.

Lack of "quasi-judicial" powers
The INCB routinely defines itself as a "quasi-judicial" body. The position that the INCB is not a "quasi-judicial" body had been defended by governments, civil society organisations, and scholars   for a number of years.

INCB criticism of domestic policy reforms
The Board routinely draws the attention of the international community to interesting drug control developments. However, the INCB has been criticised for their behaviour in urging sovereign states to stay in bounds of the conventions, on the grounds that it may not be within INCB's mandate to comment on matters that are the sole purview of national governments. The move to a more political role combined with a very rigid interpretation of the drug control conventions, passing judgement on states, is considered problematic.

In April 2003, former UNODC Chief of Demand Reduction Cindy Fazey penned a scathing review of the Board, accusing it of overstepping its bounds: "Unfortunately these individuals also see their role not only as the guardians of the conventions, but also the interpreters of them as well. In their annual report they have criticised many governments, such as Canada for permitting the medicinal use of cannabis, Australia for providing injecting rooms and the United Kingdom for proposing to downgrade the classification of cannabis, which would entail less serious penalties than at present. These criticisms go far beyond their remit, and indeed it is hubris to criticise the Canadian Supreme Court."

Criticism of UK cannabis rescheduling
On the United Kingdom, the report of the Board for 2002 noted "the announcement by the Government of the United Kingdom that cannabis would be placed in a different schedule, requiring less severe controls, and the worldwide repercussions caused by that announcement, including confusion and widespread misunderstanding. A survey undertaken in the United Kingdom found that as many as 94 per cent of children believed that cannabis was a legal substance or even some type of medicine. The survey also discovered that nearly 80 per cent of teachers in the United Kingdom believed that the recent reclassification of cannabis would make educating pupils about the dangers of drug abuse more challenging and difficult. Several opinion polls taken in July and August 2002 found that the majority of the population did not support that reclassification." (Paragraph 499 ) Parliamentary Under Secretary of State Bob Ainsworth responded: "The comments made in your report, your selective and inaccurate use of statistics, and failure to refer to the scientific basis on which the UK Government's decision was based all add up to an ill-informed and potentially damaging message. This was compounded by the way in which the Board presented the cannabis reclassification decision to the media at the launch of its annual report on 26 February. For example, the Board representative is quoted as having said that we might end up in the next 10 or 20 years with our psychiatric hospitals filled with people who have problems with cannabis, and that a recent study by the British Lung Foundation found smoking three cannabis joints caused the same damage to the linings of the airways as 20 cigarettes. These are totally misleading statements."In 2008, the Home Secretary of the United Kingdom recommended that cannabis be reclassified as a class B drug.

Position on personal cultivation of cannabis
In 2005, in the wake of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Gonzales v. Raich, the Board welcomed "the decision of the United States Supreme Court, made on 6 June, reaffirming that the cultivation and use of cannabis, even if it is for 'medical' use, should be prohibited." The Board's president, Hamid Ghodse, opined: "INCB has for many years pointed out that the evidence that cannabis might be useful as a medicine is insufficient. Countries should not authorise the use of cannabis as a medicine until conclusive results based on research are available. Sound scientific evidence for its safety, efficacy and usefulness is required to justify its use in medical practice. Any research into cannabis as a medicine should involve the World Health Organization, as the responsible international health agency."INCB's rejection of the right to cultivate cannabis for personal purposes has been deemed to lack substantial justification.

In 2020, the INCB launched an "Cannabis Control Initiative" which was also criticized for failing to acknowledge the tension between its approach to cannabis control and the right to privacy, recognized in international human rights law and by the Constitutional Courts of a number of countries""

Criticism of the legalization of cannabis in Uruguay and Canada
In 2013, then-President of the Board Raymond Yans reportedly labeled Uruguay as a "pirate country" because of its decision to regulate cannabis for recreational purposes. Similar criticism was expressed when Canada followed suit in 2018.

In 2019, a month after the World Health Organization recommended to lower the scheduling status of cannabis and cannabis resin, the INCB reiterated its interpretation that laws and policies allowing for the recreational use of cannabis are "contrary to the international drug control treaties."

Access and availability of controlled drugs for medical use
The INCB has published several special reports on the availability of opiates for medical needs, going back to 1989 and 1995 and has repeatedly called for urgent global action to address the situation. In its 2008 report, noting that millions of people around the world are suffering from acute and chronic pain, the INCB calls on governments to support a new programme of the World Health Organization (WHO), which aims at improving access to those medicines. But a number of civil society stakeholders, such as the Senlis Council, has argued that the INCB is not taking seriously its responsibility vis-à-vis the global needs for medicines: "The INCB is responsible for ensuring adequate supplies of drugs for medical use. Currently millions of people are suffering due to a mounting global shortage of opium-based painkillers such as morphine and codeine, especially in the developing world. The methods used by the INCB to calculate the amounts needed of these medicines are flawed and need to be reconsidered."A 2020 research found that "for fifty years, the INCB has focussed predominantly upon [...] illicit uses, with little attention to [...] therapeutic Uses. Decreasing attention is provided to the estimates of annual requirements system, under which global opioid access to opioids is documented as inadequate."

Human rights and transparency
In 2019, observers noted that in "recent years have seen the Board, through its annual report, become progressively more engaged with the issue of human rights." But issues remain open. In December 2021, a group of 181 non-governmental organizations wrote to the Secretary-General of the United Nations to express concerns about the need for human rights due diligence in the work of the Board related to cannabis.

Opacity of the proceedings
Many observers and stakeholders have criticized the lack of transparency, accountability, and mechanisms for participation in INCB work, contrary to other United Nations system entities. In 2010, a report of the London School of Economics noted, "INCB remains perhaps the most closed and least transparent of any entity supported by the United Nations. There are no minutes or public reports on the deliberations of the INCB. The INCB's proceedings are closed not only to NGOs but also to member states."

The report noted the United Nations Security Council had transparency, accountability and participation mechanisms that are more open than those of the INCB.

Observers noted that as of December 2021, the situation had not improved.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: International Narcotics Control Board


text:
HMCS Sudbury

HMCS Sudbury was a Flower-class corvette that served the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She served primarily in the Battle of the Atlantic as a convoy escort. She was named for Sudbury, Ontario.

Background
Flower-class corvettes like Sudbury serving with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were different from earlier and more traditional sail-driven corvettes. The "corvette" designation was created by the French as a class of small warships; the Royal Navy borrowed the term for a period but discontinued its use in 1877. During the hurried preparations for war in the late 1930s, Winston Churchill reactivated the corvette class, needing a name for smaller ships used in an escort capacity, in this case based on a whaling ship design. The generic name "flower" was used to designate the class of these ships, which – in the Royal Navy – were named after flowering plants.

Corvettes commissioned by the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were named after communities for the most part, to better represent the people who took part in building them. This idea was put forth by Admiral Percy W. Nelles. Sponsors were commonly associated with the community for which the ship was named. Royal Navy corvettes were designed as open sea escorts, while Canadian corvettes were developed for coastal auxiliary roles which was exemplified by their minesweeping gear. Eventually the Canadian corvettes would be modified to allow them to perform better on the open seas.

Construction
Sudbury was ordered 7 February 1940 as part of the 1939-1940 Flower-class building program. She was laid down by Kingston Shipbuilding Ltd. at Kingston on 25 January 1941 and launched on 31 May 1941. She was commissioned into the RCN on 15 October 1941 at Montreal, Quebec.

Sudbury underwent two significant refits during her service time. The first began in December 1942 at Liverpool, Nova Scotia and lasted two months. The second major overhaul took place at Esquimalt, British Columbia from February to 10 May 1944. During this refit Sudbury had her fo'c'sle extended.

War service
After arriving at Halifax for deployment, she was initially assigned to Sydney Force. In January 1942 she joined Newfoundland Force for a brief period. In March 1942 she transferred to the Western Local Escort Force (WLEF).

When the U-boat threat spread to the North American coast and they began to target unescorted oil tankers, escorts were assigned to protect them against the menace. In June 1942, Sudbury was named as one of those escorts. In September 1942, she was placed under United States control and assigned to escort convoys between New York and Guantanamo until departing for refit in December.

After returning to service in June 1943, Sudbury rejoined WLEF as a member of escort group W-9. In September 1943, she was loaned to the Mid-Ocean Escort Force (MOEF) escort group C-5. Upon her return to WLEF, she resumed service with W-9 until January 1944.

In January 1944, Sudbury was reassigned to the Pacific coast and arrived in February, where she immediately underwent a major overhaul. After workups in May 1944, she joined Esquimalt Force and remained with them until the end of the war.

Post-war service
Sudbury was paid off at Esquimalt 28 August 1945. She was sold for civilian use as a tugboat and entered service in 1949. The ship retained her name.

Sudbury entered civilian service and underwent several ownership changes by the early 1950s when she was acquired in 1954 by Island Tug and Barge of Victoria, British Columbia. She was converted to an ocean-going tugboat and retained her original name.

Sudbury and her crew specialized in deep-sea salvage and completed many dramatic operations. Their most daring rescue took place in November–December 1955 when they saved the Greek freighter Makeconia in the North Pacific. Sudbury towed the disabled vessel for 40 days through some of the roughest weather imaginable before arriving safely at Vancouver. The incident made headlines around the world and for the next decade Sudbury was one of the most famous tugs on the Pacific coast. She was eventually badly damaged during repairs by a boiler explosion, the fireman on watch having lingered too long in a quayside pub, and thus the hull was dismantled for scrap in 1966 at Victoria, British Columbia by Capitol Iron & Metals and officially stricken in 1967.

title: HMCS Sudbury


text:
Jay Chiat

Jay Chiat (October 25, 1931 – April 23, 2002) was an American advertising executive who started his career as a copywriter.

Biography
Chiat was born to a Jewish family in the Bronx in New York City and grew up in Fort Lee, New Jersey. He attended Rutgers College, graduating in 1953 and was inducted in its Hall of Distinguished Alumni in 2000. As an adult he shortened his legal name to Jay Chiat. He served in the United States Air Force.

In 1968, Chiat teamed up with Guy Day to form the Chiat/Day advertising agency in Los Angeles (now TBWA\Chiat\Day). Chiat/Day went on to create some very memorable advertising campaigns and was named U.S. Agency of the Decade in 1989. Their clients included powerhouses such as Apple Computer, Nike, Energizer, Nissan, Infiniti, American Express, and Reebok. Three Chiat/Day campaigns, the Apple Computer 1984 campaign, the Energizer Bunny campaign, and the Nynex Yellow Pages campaign, were chosen by the trade publication Brandweek as three of the top 20 ad campaigns of the last 20 years. The "1984" Apple spot during Super Bowl XVIII is said by many to be the ad which marked the beginning of the commercials themselves being a Super Bowl event. Many of those who worked with Jay Chiat during this period are now leading practitioners in the industry. In 1999, Jay Chiat was inducted into the American Advertising Federation Hall of Fame, the industry's greatest honor.

In the mid-1990s, Chiat made one of the first large attempts to provide a virtual office environment for his employees. Variously received and reviewed, Chiat summed up his office experiment with, "The only thing I ever did in business that I was satisfied with."

He died of complications from cancer in Marina del Rey, California. He was #10 on the Advertising Age list of 100 people of the 20th century.

title: Jay Chiat


text:
Talk:Spectral sequence

New To Advanced Math
Hi; I'm trying desperately to understand many of these advanced principals of mathematics, such as spectral sequence, but no matter how many times I review the material, it doesn't sink in. Could someone please provide examples, problems to solve (with their solutions) and/or ways to visualize this? beno 26 Jan 2006

I removed the attention template. The material is correct, and needs no more attention than a typical page. The fact that the subject is one that can be written about ad infinitum is not grounds for needing special attention. Most mathematics pages are like that.--192.35.35.36 14:18, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Answer to bachata (still interested?): try directly computing the homology of total complex of very small double complex, without any tricks or special techniques. If you double complex has, say, 2 rows and 2 columns, it's easy to get an answer in terms of vertical homology and horizontal homology. Try with more rows and/or columns.You will gradually begin to see the need for a general technique to organise the (essentially trivial but numerous) calculations. Once you see the need and begin to glimpse the outline, the material explained in the account on wikipedia will sink in. Mulahueca (talk) 16:54, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

filtrations section
The notation in the filtrations section is not clear (different objects named "A" in the first short exact sequence, for example). I will gladly correct if I can figure out the author's intention, although I'm just learning spectral sequences well for the first time. Kinser 01:48, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Accessibility
As far as allowing anyone not already professional in these matters to understand what is happening, some of the recent changes have had a negative effect. For example going straight to abelian categories doesn't help, and saying we are in a category of modules would be good enough. Removing the spreadsheet metaphor also takes away a prop to understanding. Charles Matthews 12:13, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Also I see the example is gone. Charles Matthews 12:16, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Knights move analogy
I think it is a little bit strange to explain what different values of r mean in so much detail. Whoever wants to understand about spectral sequences probably knows what slope means. T3kcit 08:24, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm against 'improving' the page, and other mathematical pages, by removing bits that are easy to understand, in favour of abstraction that only experts understand. That has already happened several times to this page (As I point out above). The aim is not to have a 'clean' treatment, but to give access to the area. Why assume anything about whoever wants to understand spectral sequences? We aim at the 'general reader'. Charles Matthews 08:48, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Rating
I would propose to rate this article in the category Algebra instead of Geometry/Topology, because spectral sequences are really a purely algebraic entity - with lots of geometric/topologic applications. Do you agree? Jakob.scholbach 17:04, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Fine by me. --Salix alba (talk) 18:30, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, done Jakob.scholbach 20:43, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Five term exact sequence
Could somebody write something on the Five term exact sequence of low degrees? Jakob.scholbach (talk) 14:38, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Errors in spectral sequence of a filtered complex
There are errors in the section on the spectral sequence of a filtered complex. The denominator of E(p,q,r) should contain B(p,q,r-1) and Z(p,q,r-1), not B(p,q,r) and Z(p,q,r). The special case of E(p,q,1), which is done first, is also wrong: the denominator should contain B(p,q,0) instead of B(p,q,1). For a correct version of this, see John McCleary, A User's Guide to Spectral Sequences, second edition, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pages 34-37. I have checked five sources and they all agree. I apologize for not knowing how to type the correct wiki codes for the symbols.Muddlecrack (talk) 21:07, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

I do think there is a typo in the section of spectral sequence of filtered complex. However, I think the mistake is $$B^{p,q}_1=(im\ d^{p,q-1}_0:F^pC^{p+q-1} \rightarrow C^{p+q})\cap F^pC^{p+q}$$, not $$(im\ d^{p,q-1}_0:F^{p-1}C^{p+q-1} \rightarrow C^{p+q})\cap F^pC^{p+q}$$. The interception with $$F^pC^{p+q}$$ is superfluous here. Anyone agree?YingzhangFred (talk) 01:29, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

"formal definition" is incorrect.
In the section "Formal Definition", 2. makes no sense; specifically, the statement "$$d_r \circ d_r = 0$$." In order to make the definition coherent, additional sub-/superscripts should not be suppressed, i.e., it should be something like

1. For all integers $$r \geq r_0, p, q \in \mathbb{Z}$$, an object $$E^r_{p,q}$$ called a sheet ; 2. Endomorphisms $$d^r_{p,q}: E^r_{p,q} \rightarrow E^r_{p-r,q+r-1}$$ satisfying $$d^r_{p-r, q-r+1} \circ d^r_{p,q} = 0$$, called boundary maps or differentials ; 3. Isomorphisms of $$E^{r+1}_{p,q}$$ with $$H(E^r_{p,q})$$, the homology of $$E^r_{p,q}$$ with respect to $$d^r_{p,q}$$.

Lessthanepsilon (talk) 14:42, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

 * This is not correct. There is no need for a spectral sequence to have a double grading on each sheet. For example, consider the Bockstein spectral sequence.  Its E1-term is H•(C ⊗ Z/p) and it abuts to H•(C) / (torsion) ⊗ Z/p.  In general, if you have a short exact sequence of chain complexes, you can get a spectral sequence which naturally has a single grading, not a double grading.

 * To get from the doubly graded situation to the one described in the article, one takes the direct sum: $$\textstyle E_r = \bigoplus_{p,q} E^{p,q}_r$$. dr is the direct sum of the differentials on the components, and dr2 = 0 means just what you wrote above, $$d^r_{p-r, q-r+1} \circ d^r_{p,q} = 0$$. Ozob (talk) 00:23, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

 * it appears that the difference is notational, not substantive. the proposed definition i provided above is not incorrect, and is actually fairly standard.
 * if the article's definition is to be retained, then i suggest adding Ozob's exposition to the penultimate paragraph in the "formal definition" section. Lessthanepsilon (talk) 14:04, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I've changed the article. If you think it needs additional work, please feel free to update it yourself. Ozob (talk) 00:34, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Commutativity of Tor: flaw in the proof?
"Finally, when p and q are equal, we get isomorphisms of the two right-hand sides, even after accounting for their different gradings, and the commutativity of Tor follows." - These are weasel words, and I think they are actually incorrect. We never want p and q to be equal. If I wasn't so new to the subject, I would change this part of the proof to the following:

Now consider the first spectral sequence. We know that for every integer n, there exists a filtration of $$H^{n}(T(C_{\bull,\bull}))$$ whose filtration quotients are $$E^\infty_{p,q}$$ for all integers p and q with $$p+q=n$$. As only one of these quotients, namely $$E^\infty_{0,n}$$, is nonzero, this simplifies to $$H^{n}(T(C_{\bull,\bull})) \cong E^\infty_{0,n} \cong \mbox{Tor}_n(M,N)$$. Similarly, considering the second spectral sequence in lieu of the first one, we end up with $$H^{n}(T(C_{\bull,\bull})) \cong E^\infty_{n,0} \cong \mbox{Tor}_n(N,M)$$. This proves $$\mbox{Tor}_n(M,N) \cong \mbox{Tor}_n(N,M)$$.

I'd like somebody more experienced with spectral sequences to confirm or deny that this is indeed the correct proof. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Darij (talk • contribs) 16:58, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I think I've fixed the article. The attention to the grading on E∞ looks unnecessary, since the degeneracy of E2 term makes the filtration trivial: It has only one step, the zero step. (All this assumes that I got everything right, and getting details right with spectral sequences is not exactly my strong suit.) Ozob (talk) 02:08, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Unrolled exact couples
There is a notion due to Boardman in ``Conditionally convergent spectral sequences called ``unrolled exact couple. This includes Massey's exact couple but generalizes them in such a way that filtrations of chain complexes can be seen in this context, thus ``pleasing the algebraists''. I think a mention of this should be included but I'm not knowledgeable enough on the subject so as to do it myself. Bruno321 (talk) 15:55, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

Computational examples
I have added some simple calculation-based examples. They are written as explicit as possible and are detailed enough that hopefully they can be understood without reading the convergence section first. This order of the presentation is not new; Weibel and McCleary do the same way (the only other text I read is Godement, which to be honest I didn't like or didn't understand.) I think they are especially useful for the first-time learners and so it makes sense to put it before the formal construction and discussion of convergence. (I mean absolutely no disrespect, but personally I didn't like the tone of the article; it "tells" but never "shows". One needs to see actual examples in order to understand formal definitions. It's the case for calculus students, it's still the case for s.s. students.)

If I did not miss anything, the article also doesn't discuss edge maps at all. This is not good; I'm probably adding a section on this in the future unless someone else beats me doing it. -- Taku (talk) 12:43, 24 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm not happy with the layout of this article, either. I think it focuses too much on the theory of spectral sequences and not enough on practice.  I think one of the huge flaws in the article is that the definition of convergence comes so late.  I'm still not comfortable putting examples that use convergence before the description of convergence.
 * I think it would be better to move the extended example of the spectral sequence of a filtered complex out to its own article. As it it, it's not exactly clutter, but it's so detailed that it's distracting.  There's a reason why McCleary's book puts this construction in a section labeled "not for beginners".  We should have more examples like the ones you've added.
 * Also, you're right, the article should mention edge maps. Ozob (talk) 13:58, 24 May 2015 (UTC)

 * To be clear, I don't think the materials on the s.s. of filtered complexes are anyway problematic. The treatment seems to be close to that in Godement; he immediately just defines a spectral sequence from a filtered complex (need not be bigraded). Computations and convergence follow afterward. So, the current article structure should work in that sense. Forgoing bigrading (which is not fundamental after all) should help simplify the notations (but of course this requires volunteers :).)
 * As for convergence, this shouldn't be complicated for, for example, first-quadrant s.s. Right now, we actually give a definition of convergence in the "simple examples", so the readers should be able to follow the examples.
 * I still mantain that it's important to place calculations before the theoretical or conceptual discussion. The computations probably appear like magic, but I think this is inevitable nature of mathematics of this type. I like using calculus analogy: one needs to practice computing integrals before trying to understand, say, non-Riemann integrable functions. Hence, calculations should proceed the formal discussions. (By the way, we actually need to give a more powerful convergence criterion for applications in algebraic topology, but this is for experts, both readers and editors and certainly not for me.) -- Taku (talk) 21:49, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't agree. As one can read in the rant below, Wikipedia is in no way a kind of didactic work, but it's an encyclopedia for reference work. I don't read Wiki if I want to understand something, I read the literature given at the end of an article. I read Wikipedia if I want to find information. --L.penguu (talk) 13:53, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

A rant
Sorry, I don't have the time to edit this article to improve it, but I have to complain about it. I'm just trying to look up the spectral sequence of a filtered complex. Then I have to deal with "construct by hand", "is  exactly the stuff", "image of the  stuff", "the spectral sequence should satisfy", "unfortunately". Among all that nonsense it is very difficult to ascertain where actual true and valid  statements are. PLEASE: Widipedia is an encyclopedia, not an informal seminar talk, or an introductory lecture. --345Kai (talk) 16:08, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

 * What statement were you looking for? I agree some part of this article reads like a lecture note and that part should be edited and tightened by "someone". I don’t know if it helps but exact couple also discusses a filtered complex (construction-wise, it’s easier to construct the exact couple of a filtered complex, though this is not standard in algebraic geometry literature). —- Taku (talk) 21:41, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spectral sequence


text:
Sky Galleons of Mars

Sky Galleons of Mars is a board wargame designed by Frank Chadwick, Marc W. Miller and Loren Wiseman, published in 1988 by Game Designers' Workshop. It is set in an alternate Victorian Era where the major nations of Earth are extending their colonial interests on Mars (a barbarian, Edgar Rice Burroughs-style planet) and Venus (a primitive planet teeming with dinosaurs). The discovery of Liftwood, a Martian plant endowed with anti-gravity powers, allows the deployment of aerial fleets in the skies of the Red Planet.

The game won Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Boardgame of 1988 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Boardgame of 1988, and was the inspiration for the role-playing game Space: 1889. It can be played on its own or used as the tactical ship combat system for Space: 1889.

Gameplay
The game is played on a hexagonal mapboard that serves to regulate movement and combat. Each hex on the map represents 200 yards, each turn represents one-minute of time. A single plastic model represents an individual cloudship or aerial gunboat, though paper counters can also be used.

The rulebook is split into two main sections, Basic Rules and Advanced Rules. Basic is the game at its simplest form, with rules for moving, firing and taking damage. The Advanced section adds detailed rules for ramming and grappling, towing other vessels, crew small arms, crew quality, and more. The rest of the booklet includes seven scenarios along with rules for a campaign game.

During a battle, play proceeds through turns, each of which is broken down into three phases:

Initiative Phase: The players change crew assignments. If desired, boarding parties can be assembled or disbanded at this stage. Players also roll dice to determine who is the First Player that turn.

First Movement/Fire Phase: The First player moves all of his ships. Both players attack (taking into account range, weapon type, etc.). If damage is taken, it is resolved now.

Second Movement/Fire Phase: The second player moves all of his ships. Both players attack (taking into account range, weapon type, etc.). If damage is taken, it is resolved now.

Components

 * Rule Book
 * Introduction to Space: 1889 (16pp)
 * Ship Form Book (16pp)
 * 2x Reference Folders
 * 15 plastic Sky Galleons and Aerial Gunboats
 * 4x dice
 * 2x 22"x28" maps

Reception
G.E. Smith reviewed Sky Galleons of Mars in Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer No. 83. Smith commented that "Frank Chadwick, Marc Miller, Loren Wiseman, Timothy Brown and brad r hay [...] are to be congratulated for Sky Galleons of Mars [...] GDW has done about the best that they could do to make SGoM an easy-to-play stand alone game that gives its players full play value for their money."

Mike Siggins reviewed Sky Galleons of Mars for Games International magazine, and gave it 4 stars out of 5, and stated that "Overall, I enjoyed Sky Galleons and found the system fresh, quick and fun to play. As we are promised true sailing ships, ether flyers and even a set of land action rules in the future, I am looking forward to the next release with interest."

The game won Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Boardgame of 1988 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Boardgame of 1988.

Reviews

 * Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine v13 n9 (1989 09)
 * Best Games of 1988 in Games #94
 * Casus Belli #50

Cloudships & Gunboats
Cloudships & Gunboats is a 1989 role-playing game supplement published by GDW for Space: 1889. Cloudships & Gunboats is a boxed supplement that deals with flying ships, containing a rule booklet that contains additional, optional rules for aerial combat, expanded ship design rules, and information on several ships from the Earth and Mars; also included are deck plans for the ships, a book of record forms for the ships, and 60 cardboard characters. Cloudships & Gunboats was reviewed in Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer No. 88. The reviewer commented that "Cloudships & Gunboats is a nicely done supplement but it is not a necessity in the game. The deck plans and ship designs are the only real reason to buy this module. Cloudships & Gunboats contains a lot of flash, but very little substance."

title: Sky Galleons of Mars


text:
Talk:Mouse Trap (board game)

Earlier Version
I seem to remember there was an earlier game called "Mouse Trap" available in Sweden and Finland in the early 1980's. It did not use any fancy Rube Goldberg devices. Instead it had a spring-operated bar with a lot of disc-shaped counters holding it in place. The object was to remove as many counters as you can without causing the bar to spring out. Could anyone confirm this, and if possible add info to the article?

Mouse Trap is now totally different
This article refers to the game Mouse Trap as I knew it in my youth; however I strolled into Woolworths the other day and found Mouse Trap to now be a totally different game! It has three different mechanisms running together, or something, and seems to be made of much larger sections, rather than the fiddly parts of the game detailed here.

Does anybody know anything about this change and could they please update the wiki article?
 * The 'new Mouse Trap' as I call it .. I remember getting it, whilst giving my copy of the original away .. basically, in my opinion it sucked. Mainly because all three traps eventually broke and _never_ worked .. I actually preferred the older one even before the traps broke. 80.225.130.243 (talk) 20:04, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Is there more than one Mouse Trap game circulating in the UK?
The article notes that the game was re-released in 2006 with a different design, as the commenter above notes. However, as of today (7/19/2008) the version for sale on amazon.co.uk is the same as discussed in the article, with two tone instead of multi-color pieces. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.44.140.217 (talk) 01:28, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Premise
OHH.... You build the trap DURING gameplay. We never had the instructions, so my sister and I always built the trap, then started playing. JimmmyThePiep 16:30, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

False Advertising
The machine never works the way its showed in the commercial. 12va34 03:17, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mouse Trap Board and Boxjpg.jpg
Image:Mouse Trap Board and Boxjpg.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:58, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Diagram labels
Where are the 'A', 'B', 'C', etc. mentioned in the article? Drutt (talk) 17:54, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The diagram was obviously nixed as a copyright image. I meant to nix that section anyway, due to rewrite. TheHYPO (talk) 10:14, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Some of the Mechanics Changes
Comparing a later version of the game to the one I had as a kid (probably original), I note these differences:

- The second ball was originally called the Bowling Ball and was indeed larger than the steel ball that traverses the Stairs and Rain Gutter, and was made of plastic. The two balls are the same in my later version (both steel), and the exit hole in the Bathtub has been made smaller, ensuring accurate delivery to the Diving Board. Looking at Mousetrap videos on youtube, I have seen the larger ball in different colors.

- The Helping Hand originally had a metal spring which helped its action, and the tab that held it in place tucked on the underside of the lower of the Plumbing part's hands, holding the spring in tension. In the later version of the game, the spring is eliminated and the tab rests on top of the lower of the plumbing hands; the tab is shaped so that the arm is first raised higher before it becomes completely disengaged, resulting in an equivalent action.

- The Rain Gutter now has a raised rail in the center that I presume helps reduce the friction of the steel ball rolling down the shaft, resulting in a slightly higher final velocity (experiment needed).

- The Stairs were originally a single peice of molded plastic, then later became 3 peices (steps plus detachable legs). The original has superior performance, as after a few cycles, the newer stairs start to come apart.

In the original patent for Mouse Trap (3,298,692), a drawing shows a spring in place of the rubber band connected to the Stop Sign.

Tim-mnm (talk) 1 July 2009

External links modified
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Proposed merge with Crazy Clock Game
If Crazy Clock Game is an early version of the game Mouse Trap, should the two be merged? (especially when no sources are offered for Crazy Clock Game) 331dot (talk) 11:54, 18 December 2016 (UTC) 331dot (talk) 11:54, 18 December 2016 (UTC)
 * The article both claims that CCG is a different game and that it was renamed, which seems like a contradiction. I can't support merging the content without sources, in any case. DonIago (talk) 14:33, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Support Two games, both from Ideal (so it's recycling rather than copying) and they are clearly almost identical in their mechanism  (If I were a kid, I'd be disappointed just how similar).  We give a better article if we cover both in one place. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:47, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I think it'd be better if we just incorporate the Crazy Clock article into this one and put it in a section or something. Also that article says it's released a year after Mouse Trap, not before? How is it an early version of Mouse Trap then?--Krystaleen 15:28, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 15:15, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

A World Without Reality
, you mass-deleted a citation for a source that's covering a mass of subjects, with no explanation. I don't know anything about this book except face value on its product description, which obviously says that it's written about a prolific designer of a ton of Wikipedia subjects. And it's apparently seeming to be an authority on a non-controversial subject, right? Though possibly self published and I don't know what the editorial oversight is, or what the encyclopedic requirement is for such without any controversy. How is that not a WP:RS? How is "citespam" even real at all? What is that lingo supposed to mean? You didn't even link to a policy page to help anyone understand. You didn't even say that it's not a WP:RS, or that it's not about the given subject which the book description clearly says it is. Even if you prove these things, you failed to communicate that and demonstrate that you're not actually the unencyclopedically destructive one. So please do so! If that's not the case then it's incumbent on you to immediately restore your mass deletions. That's as far as I can comment without having the book, but it's incumbent to prove the positive not the negative. — Smuckola(talk) 01:04, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

 * For a definition of citespam, see WP:CITESPAM. A single purpose account adding a sales site link for a self published book to more than a dozen articles qualifies as link spamming. This cite was being added merely to list the book, it supported no new content. Even aside from that, it is a self published book by an apparently first-time author with unclear qualifications, I don't see how it could be a WP:RS. - MrOllie (talk) 01:19, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 16 October 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (non-admin closure) Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 21:33, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

Mouse Trap (game) → Mouse Trap (board game) – Disambiguate from Mouse Trap (video game) * Pppery * it has begun... 02:17, 16 October 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. ✅ Dr. Vogel (talk) 21:37, 23 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Support the board game has 4,243 views compared with 352[|Mouse_Trap_(video_game)] for the video game, probably not enough for a PADB.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 16:37, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mouse Trap (board game)


text:
Samuel Meredith (American politician)

Samuel Meredith (1741 – February 10, 1817) was an American merchant from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a delegate for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress from 1786 to 1788.

President Washington appointed him Treasurer of the United States, and he held this office from 1789 until his retirement on December 1, 1801.

Biography
Born in Philadelphia in 1741, Samuel Meredith was a son of Reese and Martha (Carpenter) Meredith. His father was a prominent local merchant, and after attending Dr. Allison's Academy, he joined the family business.

Samuel would later expand the business in partnership with his brother-in-law George Clymer, who married his sister Elizabeth Meredith in 1765.

Samuel married Margaret Cadwalader on May 19, 1772. He lived his later life in Northeastern Pennsylvania. He spent time in Carbondale Township in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, where the local fire department bears his name.

Death and interment
Meredith died near Pleasant Mount in Wayne County, Pennsylvania on February 10, 1817, and was interred in a private cemetery.

title: Samuel Meredith (American politician)


text:
Arnaud-Michel d'Abbadie

Arnaud-Michel d'Abbadie d'Arrast, listed in the Chambers Biographical Dictionary as Michel Arnaud d'Abbadie (born 24 July 1815 in Dublin; died 8 November 1893 in Ciboure) was an Irish-born French and Basque explorer, best known for his travels in Ethiopia with his elder brother Antoine d'Abbadie d'Arrast. Arnaud was a geographer, ethnologist, linguist, familiar with the Abyssinian polemarch and an active witness to their battles and the life of their courts. The general account of the two brothers' travels was published by Arnaud in 1868 under the title .

Early life
Arnaud's father, Michel Arnauld d'Abbadie (1772–1832), descended from an old family of lay abbots of Arrast, a commune in the canton of Mauléon. In 1791, to escape the consequences of the Revolution, Michel Arnauld emigrated first to Spain, then to England and Ireland, where he became a shipowner and imported Spanish wines. He married Eliza Thompson of Park (1779–1865), the daughter of a doctor, on 18 July 1807 in Thurles, County Tipperary.

Arnaud d'Abbadie, born in Dublin on 24 July 1815, was the fourth child and second son of six:

 * Elisa (1808–1875), who married Alexandre Glais-Bizoin;
 * Antoine (1810–1896);
 * Celina (1811–1894),
 * Arnaud Michel (1815–1893);
 * Julia (1820–1900), who married Bernard Cluzeau de Cléran;
 * Charles Jean (1821–1901), who married Marie-Augustine-Émilie-Henriette Coulomb

Arnaud's father returned to France in 1820 and obtained from Louis XVIII the addition of d'Arrast to his patronymic d'Abbadie.

1815–1836
Like Antoine, Arnaud was educated by a governess until the age of 12, when he entered the Lycée Henri IV in Paris. Arnaud had a great ability to learn languages and was fluent in English, Latin and Greek.

At seventeen, his friends introduced him to Freemasonry as a benevolent, philanthropic society. Arnaud was interested, but on the day of his initiation he was asked to take an oath not to reveal the secrets of the sect. It was a revelation for him: "If these men hide, it is because they are guilty. Only those who are ashamed of their deeds flee from the light." So he refused to take the oath.

At twenty, Arnaud wanted to join the military because he was fascinated by the colonization of Algeria. His mother, however, was adamantly opposed to a military career and sent him to Audaux in the Basque Country, to the land of his ancestors. Arnaud travelled around the Basque country and learnt the Basque language. He lived with his brother Antoine at the castle of Audaux.

Arnaud knew of his elder brother's plan to explore Abyssinia and decided to accompany him and discover the sources of the Nile. .

Exploration of Abyssinia (1837–1849)
Antoine and Arnaud spent twelve years exploring Abyssinia, which was largely unknown to the Europeans of the nineteenth century, who were increasingly exploring Africa, but initially confined themselves to the great rivers. The geography, geodesy, geology and ethnography of vast areas of Africa remained completely unknown and the Harar-Mogadishu-Cape Guardafui triangle on the Horn of Africa remained blank on the maps of 1840.

The territory was vast. The provinces of Abyssinia covered more than 300,000 km2. The conditions were extremely difficult. Wars were constant and loyal allies could become enemies from one day to the next. Historians call this period the Era of Princes or the Zemene Mesafint. Linguistic barriers were many. The Ethiopian alphabet has 267 characters used by about thirty languages and dialects. Endemic diseases were numerous: typhus, leprosy and ophthalmia. The suspicions of the colonial powers also hindered research: The British, Italians, Germans and Turks all suspected the d'Abbadie brothers of spying.

Arnaud was an ethnologist whose main objective was to study the different peoples he met during his travels. Antoine, on the other hand, aimed to locate the sources of the Nile, map the country, and take geodetic and astronomical measurements. He invented new techniques, and the maps he produced were surpassed only by the advent of aerial and satellite photography.

Arnaud and Antoine were both devout Catholics from a family of lay abbots. Antoine himself said that without the events of 1793, he would have signed as "Antoine d’Abbadie, abbé lai d’Arrast en Soule." They went to the Ethiopian mountains to assist the declining Christian religion, which was threatened by the conquering Islam. Arnaud aimed to rebuild the former Christian Empire of Ethiopia and link the state to the "protection" of France, thereby thwarting British colonization in East Africa.

In order to travel to this challenging country, it was essential for them to have a thorough understanding of its customs and traditions. They made inquiries to the best of their ability before departing from France, and their observations on the country's ethnology, language, and politics were of utmost importance.

Stay in Abyssinia
The two brothers had contrasting personalities. Antoine, the scientist, appeared to be the more conciliatory of the two, but he achieved his goals through perseverance and patience. He dressed as an Ethiopian scholar, known as a 'memhir', and walked barefoot, as only lepers and Jews wore sandals. He worked diligently to assimilate and was soon referred to as "the man of the book".

Arnaud was flamboyant and stood out, forging ties with princes and warlords, participating in battles, and coming close to death many times. Above all, he was the friend and confidant of Dejazmach Goshu, prince of Gojjam, who considered him his son. Arnaud was known as "ras Michael".

In 1987 the historian, jurist, linguist and high Ethiopian official  published verses, distiches from the Era of Princes which refer to Arnaud ("ras Michael"): "I have not even provisions to offer them, / Let the earth devour me in the place of the men of ras Michael. / Is it an oversight of the embosser or the lack of bronze / That the scabbard of Michael's saber has no ornamentation?.

For tactical reasons, Arnaud and Antoine travelled separately and spent little time together, but kept in touch. They united for the Ennarea expedition to the kingdom of Kaffa in search of the source of the White Nile.

In general, Arnaud prepared the ground for Antoine by making the first visits and approaches to the local lords. Antoine then quietly gathered valuable information on the geography, geology, archaeology, and natural history of Ethiopia.

Sources of the Nile
Since ancient times it had been known that the Nile results from the confluence of two rivers near Khartoum in Sudan, the Blue Nile and the White Nile. The source of these two rivers remained a mystery until the eighteenth century. The goal of the brothers was to find the source of the White Nile, which some geographers (especially Joseph-Pons d'Arnaud) believed to be in the kingdom of Kaffa.

Blue Nile

The source of the Blue Nile had been found by the Portuguese monk Pedro Páez in 1618 and visited by the Scottish explorer James Bruce in 1770. The river rises near Gish Abay, 100 km southwest of Lake Tana, crosses the lake with a noticeable current (as the Rhône crosses Lake Geneva), then exits at Baher Dar and makes a long loop towards Khartoum.

In 1840–1841, Arnaud was in the vicinity of the spring with troops of Lidj Dori and took the time to visit it. He was the third European to do so. He gave a rather brief description on his book. Arnauld gave little importance to the precise, more or less arbitrary, name of the source of a river with multiple tributaries: "But I leave these questions, those which flow from them, and the theories which give rise to them, to those for whom they contain a first-rate interest; what mattered most to me in my visit to the famous springs of Abbaïe was the study of the populations that had to be crossed to reach them" In June–July 1844, Antoine was with the army of Dejazmach Birru, the son of Dejazmach Goshu, who wanted to subdue two provinces near the source. Naturally, Antoine wanted to be the fifth European to visit "the Eye of Abbaia" (the English explorer mentioned by Antoine in his account is probably Charles Beke, who followed the course of the Blue Nile from Khartoum). Birru gave him an escort of fifteen spears to protect him in that hostile country. Antoine wrote a detailed description of the source and geographical measurements he made.

White Nile
There remained the White Nile and its source. In April 1844, Antoine published his ideas and observations on the possible tributaries of the White Nile.

Antoine and Arnaud d'Abbadie believed that the Omo River was the main tributary of the White Nile. Because the Ghibie River was the main tributary of the Omo, they consideref the source of the Ghibie to be the source of the White Nile. After suffering many difficulties and dangers, on January 15, 1846, the two brothers arrived at the source of the Ghibie in the Babya forest north of Jimma. They planted the French flag and drank to the health of King Louis-Philippe I. The coordinates of the source are: 7° 56' 37.68" N, 36° 54' 183 E28.

Unfortunately, their basic assumption was wrong: the Omo is not a tributary of the White Nile.

As soon as Antoine announced the discovery his assertion was contested, notably by the English explorer Charles Beke. Antoine d'Abbadie retaliated as soon as he became aware of Beke's communication.

The published correspondence between Antoine d'Abbadie and Charles Beke is very hushed, but vitriolic. Beke analyzed Antony's observations in detail and indicated a number of plausible errors or inconsistencies. But the situation between the two men was such that Beke openly saif that he believed that Antoine d'Abbadie never went to the kingdom of Kaffa invented everything. In protest, Beke returned the gold medal, awarded to him by the Geographical Society in 1846, for his exploration of the Blue Nile.

1850–1893
On 26 July 1850 Antoine and Arnaud d'Abbadie d'Arrast received the gold medal of the Société de Géographie. On September 27, 1850, the two brothers were made knights of the Legion of Honor.

Return to Ethiopia
Arnaud returned to France on a mission to complete his project of a Christian empire in Ethiopia with Dejazmach Goshu as sovereign, under the protection of France. He addressed his report to the government through the Duke of Bassano. The latter responded favourably, and without an official mission, Arnaud was instructed to bring diplomatic gifts to Goshu on behalf of France to promote an alliance. Arnaud's mother had asked him not to cross the Tekezé, a sub-tributary of the Black Nile on the western border of Tigray, so that he could easily reach the sea to return to France.

Upon landing in Massawa, news of the return of "Ras Michael" spread, and Dejazmach Goshu eagerly awaited his friend's arrival. Unfortunately, Goshu was on the other side of the river in Gojjam, and Arnaud kept his promise, unable to join him. Arnaud and Dejazmach Goshu exchanged many letters, but Arnaud remained faithful to his oath.

In November 1852, the Battle of Gur Amba ended with Dejazmach Goshu's death and Kassa Hailou's victory, who would later become Tewodros II.

For Arnaud, it was a disaster; he had lost a dear friend, and his hope of building a Christian empire vanished with him. Desperate, he returned to France at the end of December 1852.

His last attempt to link France and Ethiopia was in 1863. During this time, the British had a strong presence in the region, including Sudan, Aden, and Somalia, and were interested in extending their protection to Ethiopia. However, the Negus was willing to resist the British offer if France provided military aid. Arnaud requested an audience with Napoleon III to explain the benefits that France could offer. Although the emperor listened politely, he ultimately refused to intervene due to alliances signed with England. In 1868, the British expedition to Ethiopia placed the country under the protection of the British Empire.

Second marriage and children
Arnaud married an American, Elisabeth West Young; she was the daughter of Robert West Young (1805–1880), a physician and Anne Porter Webb.

They had nine children:
 * Anne Elisabeth (1865–1918) ;
 * Michel Robert (1866–1900) ;
 * Thérèse (1867–1945) ;
 * Ferdinand Guilhem (1870–1915)
 * Marie-Angèle (1871–1955) ;
 * Camille Arnauld (1873–1968) ;
 * Jéhan Augustin (1874–1912) ;
 * Martial (1878–1914) ;
 * Marc Antoine (1883–1914).

His salon, rue de Grenelle, was a regular appointment for intelligent and educated men, but Arnauld hated worldliness and he left Paris with his family to return to the Basque Country. He built the castle of Elhorriaga in Ciboure, designed by the architect Lucien Cottet. The castle was occupied by the Wehrmacht during the Second World War and was destroyed in 1985 to make way for a real estate project.

Life in Ciboure and death

In Ciboure he quickly gained a reputation as a charitable man, but always remained discreet. The first volume of the account of travels in Ethiopia was published by Arnauld in 1868 under the title Twelve years in Upper Ethiopia. It recounts the period 1837-1841. The next three volumes were not published during his lifetime. Volume 1 was translated for the first time in 2016 into the Ethiopian language and Volume 2 in 2020 under the title "በኢትዮጵያ ከፍተኛ ተራሮች ቆይታዬ" (My stay in the high mountains of Ethiopia).

Arnaud died on 8 November 1893; he is buried in the cemetery of Ciboure. The photograph in Ethiopian clothes was taken shortly before his death.

The memory of "Ras Michael" remained alive in Ethiopia for a long time, indeed Emperor Menelik II and his wife referred to him: "[…] 'He had, in his person, made to love the France. And if we have sympathies among this people today, the old men and Menelik himself will tell you the reason: 'We have not forgotten Ras Michael...' '.."

title: Arnaud-Michel d'Abbadie


text: User talk:24.188.116.23

title: User talk:24.188.116.23


text:
Ernie Stewart

Ernie Stewart may refer to:

 * Earnie Stewart (born 1969), American soccer player
 * Ernie Stewart (Australian footballer) (1874–1946), Australian rules footballer
 * Ernie Stewart (umpire) (1909–2001), American baseball umpire

title: Ernie Stewart