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Ching Hai

Ching Hai (born Trịnh Đăng Huệ; 12 May 1950), commonly referred to as Suma or Supreme Master Ching Hai, is a British citizen of Vietnamese descent; a humanitarian, philanthropist,  and the spiritual leader of the Guanyin Famen (Chinese) or Quan Yin method transnational cybersect. The practice had existed predating the common usage of the internet. Based out of Taiwan, she is estimated to have 2 million followers worldwide. Ching Hai founded the Loving Hut vegan restaurant chain and vegan Celestial Shop fashion company under Supreme Master Ching Hai International Association.

Life and career
Ching Hai was born to a Vietnamese mother and an ethnic Chinese father, on 12 May 1950 in a small village in the Quảng Ngãi Province in Vietnam. At the age of 18, she moved to England to study and later to France and then Germany, where she worked for the Red Cross. In 1969, she began a relationship with a German scientist. They married, but separated after two years to focus on spiritualism and she moved to India to study different religions. In 1979, she met a Buddhist monk in Germany whom she followed for three years, but his monastery denied entry to women.

Ching Hai attempted to buy a copy of the Bhagavad Gita from a bookshop near the Ganges. Despite the shopkeepers' assertions that they did not have a copy, an extensive search revealed one in a sealed box. This led to rumours of her having a third eye circulating by 1982. In 1983, she met a Vietnamese Buddhist monk in Taiwan named Jing-Xing, who ordained her in 1984 as "Thanh Hai", meaning "pure ocean".

According to her official biography, Ching Hai was born to a well-off naturopathic family in Âu Lạc, Hanoi, Vietnam. Though raised as a Roman Catholic, she learned the basics of Buddhism from her grandmother. A Himalayas spiritual teacher showed her a particular meditation method which she named Quan Yin method.

According to Ting Jen-Chieh (Ding Renjie), assistant research fellow in the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, by the early 1990s Ching Hai was at odds with the Buddhist establishment in Taiwan. Rather than submit to their demands, she severed all connections to Buddhist organizations, abandoned the traditional robe, grew out her hair, dressed fashionably, and set out to create her own independent group.

Currently, Ching Hai doesn't operate under the guise of traditional Buddhism. Her home page calls her "Supreme Master Ching Hai, a renowned humanitarian, artist, and spiritual leader" (lingxiu daoshi 領袖道士). Her current irreverence for religious traditions in general, have made her more synonymous to a Zen master.

Transpersonal psychologist, Timothy Conway writes: "Though Ching Hai can be stern from time to time with her disciples, she often can be seen happily singing simple, romantic folksongs with them for hours at a time. This attractive blend of power and simplicity, virtue and joy, has many people revering Ching Hai as a manifestation of Guan-yin Bodhisattva". Ching Hai calls her meditation method the Guan Yin (Chinese) or Quan Yin method because She gave her first public teachings in Taiwan. Quan Yin is a Chinese term that means "observation of the inner vibration".

Her meditation centres in American cities such as Los Angeles benefit from tax-exempt status as religious organizations. She presides over an organization which owns restaurants and sells her jewellery and clothes.

Corporate operations
Ching Hai is the founder of the Loving Hut restaurant chain, which in 2017 had 200 locations in 35 countries worldwide. The restaurants are run on a franchise basis, with devotees managing each one and most workers belonging to the movement.

Her organization's numerous websites are offered in 17 languages. The Celestial Shop "includes a line of Celestial apparel and Celestial jewelry designed by the Master".

Liam D. Murphy, professor of anthropology at California State has stated that "Ching Hai is a textbook example of what social scientists call a charismatic prophet" and that the abuse of power over her own members in loving hut is a hypothetical possibility “If anyone is in danger...it is usually their own members". Murphy states that the proper term for her movement is not “cult,” but more accurately a new religious movement". The Database of Religious History (University of British Columbia), states regarding Ching Hai's movement "Does the religious group actively proselytize and recruit new members: No." with subject-matter expert, anthropologist Stephen Christopher commentating "Not really. Of course Ching Hai herself uses 24 hour satellite TV programming to reach out to potential new recruits. It is more often the case that among the Five Precepts the edict of veganism is most actively promoted as lifestyle worth spreading among non-believers". Christopher writes "The debate about the legitimacy of Ching Hai largely plays out through cyber forums from YouTube videos to cult warning websites. Christian missionary groups are particularly interested in debunking Ching Hai even though they may have no direct contact with the organization. These online forums often devolve into misunderstanding and exaggeration and Ching Hai adherents often express hurt and disappointment when they discover such material. Conversely, some adherents have disaffiliated after encountering anti-Ching Hai material".

In 2017, Yahoo.com reported that Chuck McLean, senior research fellow at GuideStar, reviewed the 990s of two of the largest American chapters of the group: Los Angeles, which reports over $1.2 million in assets-more than any other chapter in the US-and San Jose, the parent organization of more than a dozen chapters across the country. "Taking their Forms 990 at face value, it seems unlikely that anyone is enriching themselves financially through these organizations ... I don't know what the associated business interests are about, but it appears that they give almost all of their money to legitimate causes."

International organizations

Ching Hai has founded organizations including the Supreme Master Ching Hai International, World Peace Media, Oceans of Love Entertainment and Supreme Master Television.

In late 2008, Ching Hai launched a media campaign in Australia and New Zealand asking people to "Be Green, Go Veg, Save the Planet".

The Supreme Master Ching Hai International Association has made submissions to the Garnaut Climate Change Review, advocating large cuts to livestock production. Hai is in favor of a meat tax.

According to political scientist Patricia Thornton at the University of Oxford, the Ching Hai World Society's heavy reliance on the internet for text distribution, recruitment and information-sharing, marks the group as a transnational cybersect. Thornton claimed that the source of income behind Hai's numerous business ventures is unknown and that much of the media produced by her television programmes is heavily self-referential and promotional and aims to "build a public record of recognition for group activities."

Anthropologist Saskia Abrahms-Kavunenko at Max Weber Center for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies stated that similar to Ravi Shankar movement, Ching Hai group generally don't self identify as a religion and are very ecumenical. Abrahms-Kavunenko has also noted that while in the field in Mongolia, Hai's group especially via Supreme Master Television 24 hour broadcast is influencing many Buddhists ideas on meditation and enlightenment, even though they are not sure of the authenticity of her claims.

In Prominent Nuns: Influential Taiwanese Voices (CrossCurrents 2011), Religious studies Research associate Jennifer Eichman of the Centere of Buddhist Studies at SOAS University of London summarizes: While to some, Ching Hai's movement is considered Buddhist Heresy and to others a New Age religious organization. Accusations of being a Cult group have been made repeatedly over the years, especially in newspaper articles and by cult watchers. Ching Hai's response to this accusation is that participants were free to leave at any time.

In Eichman's own view, as infuriating as Hai's persona, her materialism and unsystematic religious synthesizing is to the Taiwanese Buddhist community and to others who have called her a cult leader, when we set aside her Buddhist roots and compare her work to that of an ever-changing array of self-made gurus, spiritual guides and newly formed religions that make up the New Age marketplace, it becomes evident that Ching Hai's work is neither the most radical nor innovative. She states that the controversies swirling around Ching Hai should not stop us from noting just how gutsy it was for her to strike out on her own, and with her unusual prominence as a female spiritual leader, Ching Hai in effect demonstrates her ability to compete in a spiritual arena dominated largely by men. And we should be open to the idea that not all female leaders will remain within the religious mainstream.

Humanitarian aid and philanthropy
A 1996 United States Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs report states "Published criticisms of Ching Hai generally fail to credit her organization's good works. Her members reportedly are active in many humanitarian and charitable causes...Ching Hai's greatest humanitarian activity continues to be working for the more than 20,000 Vietnamese refugees still in camps dispersed throughout Southeast Asia." The report also lists humanitarian aid to the victims of: 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, the Great Flood of 1993 in the United States and the 1995 food shortage crisis in Cambodia. According to a report issued by the Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Hong Kong: Prior to the 1997 Handover of Hong Kong, Hai donated 6 million dollars to Vietnamese refugees and other people who needed help.

Upon receiving the Gusi Peace Prize in 2006, Political journalist Fel Maragay wrote in the Manila Standard that while "to her disciples and admirers, she is a messenger from the world of spirituality who has set the directions their lives aright by teaching them “method of enlightenment” through meditation", to the people she provides humanitarian assistance; "she is a good Samaritan who has come to their succor during times of natural calamities. She has always carried out her charitable mission without fanfare in any country hit by major disasters.".

ReliefWeb cites Hai Humanitarian aid to the victims of 1996 Bangladesh tornado, the 2009 Namibia floods, the 2015 European migrant crisis via the Croatian Red Cross and in 2017 to South Sudanese refugees via the Sudanese Red Crescent. Humanitarian aid has also been reported in local news outlets in Florida (USA) during Hurricane Ian, 2011 flood victims in Belize 2018 Northern Province floods in Sri Lanka, 2020 Covid-19 support for Ghana Red Cross Society, 2022 Assam floods in India. In Taiwan, Hai has been active in Homeless street outreach. In 2018 Lu Wei-Ching, deputy mayor of New Taipei City stated that "the Supreme Master Ching Hai International Association has always paid attention to the disadvantaged, and usually donates all kinds of clothes and shoes to the homeless.". Hai's website chronologically lists 1663 overall donations and instances of humanitarian aid between the years 1989 to 2018.

Hai has created a series of awards under the Umbrella title "World Shining Awards",    "...to recognize some of the most exemplary, generous, caring, and courageous people who walk amongst us and go beyond the call of duty to help others unconditionally". A representative of Hai Association stated to The Washington Post that "An association committee selects individuals and organizations for donations based on their efforts to help others....Hai provides the money for the awards from the proceeds of her businesses, which include jewelry, clothing and vegetarian restaurants".

Award recipients included organizations such as the Department of Environmental Affairs (South Africa) of its efforts to protect Seals, the Iranian Red Crescent Society, for its humanitarian aid to victims of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. and International Animal Rescue Indonesia for its work saving critically endangered orangutans in Borneo, protecting rainforest habitats and encouraging sustainable community development. Or to individuals, such as a young boy from Ohio who bought special harnesses to Police dogs, a lady from India for inventing non violent silk saris.

Quan Yin method
Ching Hai first demonstrated the "Immeasurable Light Meditation Center and the Way of Sound Contemplation" or Quan Yin method of meditation in Miaoli, Taiwan. According to Ching Hai "The method is transmitted without words ... In fact, it isn't really a method. It's the power of the Master. If you have it, then you can transmit it. The Method is a transcendental one that cannot be described by our language. Even if someone describes it to you, you won't receive the Light and the vibration, the inner peace and Wisdom". In Supreme Master TV series A Journey through Aesthetic Realms, episode Path of Saints: Sant Mat Tradition of Light it is stated "Sant Mat was first brought to the West by Hazur Baba Sawan Singh Ji, who graced the Earth in the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th Century...The lineage for contacting the inner Light and Sound has continued since time immemorial through various enlightened Masters. Today, Supreme Master Ching Hai is a living Master who is also able to impart the way of the Light and Sound through the Quan Yin Method.".

The method involves meditation on the "inner light and the inner sound" of God or the Buddha. Ching Hai claims that the Bible acknowledged the existence of this method: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” (John 1:1) and that this Word is the Inner Sound. Hai states that it has been repeatedly re-used by most major religions. As an example, in Buddhism, she refers to the Śūraṅgama Sūtra, where Avalokitesvara says that he attained enlightenment through concentration on the subtle inner sound, and then Buddha asserts "That is how enlightenment is won. Buddhas as many as the Ganges’ sand entered this one gateway to Nirvana. All past Tathagatas have achieved this method. All Bodhisattvas now enter this perfection. All who practice in the future should rely on this Dharma.”.

The Quan Yin method "Full Initiation" involves a life-long commitment to a vegan diet, adherence to the Five Precepts of Buddhism and at least two hours meditation daily. "Quick initiation" or "Convenient Method", requires a half hour's meditation daily and abstinence from meat for ten days each month.

A 2015 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Research report states "Sources characterize Guanyin Famen [Quan Yin] as a Buddhist group (Dui Hua Foundation 29 Aug. 2013; US 10 Oct. 2009, 115) or a "Taiwan-based sect" of Buddhism (ibid.)".

Thailand Mahidol University International College comparative religion studies syllabus classifies Hai's sect as a Religious movement within Mahayana Buddhism, alongside Thích Nhất Hạnh and Tzu Chi movements.

Transpersonal psychologist and Advaita Vedanta scholar Timothy Conway writes "While she was in deep spiritual retreat in the Indian Himalayas, under a very old teacher who evidently taught the way of Surat Sabda Yoga (as found in the Radhasoāmi tradition)", this final enlightenment evidently dawned. After her breakthrough, Ching Hai continued to practice deep meditation for many months, then went to Taiwan". Conway lists Hai in the "Women of Buddhism" section of his Narrative Encyclopedic Sourcebook "Women of Spirit: Saints, Teachers, Healers, Sisterhoods and Goddesses of East and West".

The World Religions and Spirituality Project has written "Ching Hai’s teaching against violence towards animals is very similar to Sikhism, but her meditation teachings resemble Buddhism, and her Catholic background enables her to incorporate Christian Bible teachings as well.".

Religious studies scholar Jennifer Eichman notes that this particular meditation method is not part of the standard Buddhist repertoire. Hai's modified synthesis of the method is primarily in Christian-Buddhist jargon with a sprinkling of Hindu ideas. Ching Hai is more likely to cite the Bible than Hindu texts. Ching Hai claims, following standard Zen doctrine, that everyone is the Buddha; they simply need to realize this fact. In a departure from Christian doctrine, Ching Hai claims that God is not the creator of humans; rather karmic accumulation is responsible for the repeated transmigration of the soul.

Korean Dahnhak Qigong expert Kim Tae-young, author of the popular Leading Experience guidebooks (in Korean) — published in 102 volumes since 1990, has written in Leading Experience vol 37 (1997) that Quan Chi (concentrating on Chi) and Quan Nian, (observing conceptions) are more familiar terms than the term Quan Yin (observation of the inner vibration). Kim at that time; an initiate of Hai's "Convenient Method" explains "Quan Yin signifies the practice of observing sound in the literal sense. It is not the crude vibratory sound of matter we hear from the outside, but the deepest inner sound heard from the real self and the Truth". Regarding Hai's Master lineage, Kim stated: Ching Hai rarely speaks about her Master Khuda Ji.

In 1999, attending and reviewing Immediate Enlightenment, Eternal Liberation seminar In Ireland, part of Ching Hai's 1999 European Lecture Tour, Dominican Order priest Louis Hughes, chairperson of Dialogue Ireland a Christian countercult ministry, raises the question of the true origins of Ching Hai's teaching: "In a brief autobiography she [Hai] explains that her significant spiritual experience came about as a result of time spent in the Himalayas where she discovered 'the Quan Yin Method and the Divine Transmission'. Nowhere in the movement's literature is any mention made of how she came upon this enlightenment. Enquiring from one of her retinue as to who Ching Hai's teacher was, yielded the vague reply. 'Khuda Ji – he lives in a cave in the Himalayas – maybe has left his body now.' Such reticence in regards to the identity of one's initiating guru is quite unusual among Oriental religious teachers".

Religious studies scholars, Michael York and others, include Ching Hai in the Indian contemporary Sant Mat movements, where the method is called Surat Shabd Yoga. While adhering to formless devotion (Nirguna Brahman), the initiation of the method from a lineage guru or master is paramount. Professor of religious studies at the University of Lancaster Christopher Partridge wrote that Ching Hai visited India and was initiated by Thakar Singh, a Ruhani Satsang Sant Mat master. Investigator Terry Lenzner reported in the 1996 Committee on Governmental Affairs "Hue [Ching Hai] reportedly hid her association with Thakar Singh when she arrived in Taiwan in October 1983 because it would have prevented her from becoming fully ordained in the Buddhist order". Professor of philosophy David C. Lane, a controversial disciple of Charan Singh a Radha Soami Satsang Beas Sant Mat Master, stated in his 2017 essay "Studying Cults, A Forty-Year Reflection" that "Ching Hai, tried to deny for many years her close association with the notorious shabd yoga guru, Thakar Singh, since she didn't want to be tainted by her former guru's sexual exploits".

In an article titled "The Master from the Himalayan Cloud" published in Supreme Master Ching Hai News Magazine vol 79 (February 1997), Ching Hai stated while she did practice surat shabd yoga and attended different ashrams in the past, the master who gave her the final and breakthrough transmission was a master she called Khuda Ji, whom she encountered on a her spiritual journey in the Himalayas.

Ban in China
The Quan Yin method and Ching Hai's group is banned in China since 1995. In 1996, authorities discovered a list of several thousand practitioners. "Following an investigation into the sect, its beliefs, and activities, party authorities concluded that the organization was fundamentally anti-communist and labeled it a 'reactionary religious organization.

The Chinese government labeled the group as xiejiao, roughly translating to "evil cult" but clarified in 2000 as meaning any group that:"a. establishes an illegal organization in the name of religion, qigong, etc.; b. deifies its leaders; c. initiates and spreads superstitions and heterodox beliefs; d. utilizes various means to fabricate and spread superstitions and heterodox [or cultic] beliefs to excite doubts and deceive the people, and recruit and control its members by various means; e. engages in disturbing social order in an organized manner that brings injury to the lives and properties of the citizens."

Further, in 2017 the China Anti-Cult website listed Guanyin method as one of eleven "dangerous groups".

In 2002, the manager of the Wuhan Zhongzhi Electric Testing Equipment Company was accused by the Chinese authorities of using the business as a cover to "support heresies" associated with the Quan Yin method. The enterprise supported thirty practitioners who "masqueraded as employees and business associates." The manager was charged with using the company's offices and buildings as "retreat sites", organizing "initiations" and "screenings" to recruit members, and illegally printing and distributing more than 6,000 copies of heretical texts.

Ban in Vietnam
The Vietnamese Magazine's Religion Bulletin – January 2020, states "The Vietnamese government views all developing religions today as heresy". Methods of suppression: preventing proselytization, imprisoning proselytizers, forcing citizens to sign vows to abandon their religion.

According to an official statement by Vietnamese authorities: "“Activities spreading superstition affect the social fabric. They have the clearest and broadest influence on the population in places where these new religions (heresy, strange faiths) appear: Supreme Master Ching Hai, Long Hoa Maitreya, Treasured Temple of the Three Religions, Protestant Word of Life…”"

A publication of the Central Propaganda Committee divided these “heretical religions” into three groups. The first two groups included religions that sprung up locally from Protestant foundations and Buddhist foundations. The third group contains those religions that were imported from overseas, such as Supreme Master Ching Hai.

Controversies
In Uncompleted Transitional Justice in Taiwan: Repression of Religious and Spiritual Minorities and the Tai Ji Men Case, Associate professor of Business administration at Shih Chien University, Cheng-An Tsai wrote "After 1987 [in Taiwan], a post-authoritarian regime followed, which proclaimed religious liberty but still persecuted religious movements perceived as hostile to the ruling party. In 1996, after the first direct presidential election, the Taiwanese government launched a political purge, targeting religious and spiritual groups that did not show support for the president in power during the election. The crackdown hit several of the largest religious movements active in Taiwan, including Fo Guang Shan, Chung Tai Shan, Tai Ji Men, the Taiwan Zen Buddhist Association, the Sung Chi-Li Miracle Association, and later Guanyin Famen [Ching Hai Association]". Cheng-An Tsai added " Liao Zheng-Hao Minister of Justice, actively carried out the “religious crackdown” to purge dissidents including: investigations, tax inspections by the National Taxation Bureau, assets seizure, demolitions of “illegal” structures, and exorbitant fines.This elaborate campaign required the mobilization of a large number of media, judicial organs, national tax authorities, and so on. Angry ex-members were encouraged to make vague accusations, each of which guaranteed a good three weeks of media headlines. The crackdown was supported by the media, most of which were not independent from the ruling politicians.". In 2019, speaking in a freedom of religion conference in Taiwan, Li Jianzhong Judge and president of the Shilin District court in Taipe, mentioned that the series of religious suppression incidents in 1996, of Song Qili, Miaotian, Taijimen, Supreme Master Ching Hai, and many other groups that have been targeted: Some lawsuits have been going on for more than 20 years. "They have been prosecuted for "fraud" related to criminal matters. After careful judicial trials, all of them were found not guilty". SET News reported that in 1996 Miaoli County government demolished an illegal building in Hai's meditation center and that it was searched by prosecutors and police on a large scale, but in the end she was not prosecuted due to insufficient evidence. ETtoday quoted Hai followers stating "Why did the investigation bureau spend so much manpower, but finally closed the case? because there was no victim".

In 1996 Hai's American followers donated $640,000 to Bill Clinton's Presidential Legal Defense Fund which the trust returned. Following the 1996 United States campaign finance controversy the fund took caution to what it deemed "suspicious" funding sources. Mark Csikszentmihalyi, Professor & Chair of International studies at UC, Berkeley wrote "Are donations from charismatic Buddhists one whit more threatening than those from Pat Robertson?" Csikszentmihalyi described the alleged controversy as scapegoating members of minority religious groups in order to divert attention from the real problem of money in politics.".

In 2003, park rangers discovered a man-made island and a 330 ft long boardwalk that had been illegally constructed in Biscayne National Park in Florida from Ching Hai's property just inland of the shoreline. The estimated cost to remove the boardwalk, restore the damaged mangrove forest, and remove the several tons of limestone boulders from the environmentally sensitive seagrass bed, was US$1 million. Miami-Dade seized the property of Ching Hai, known locally under the pseudonym Celestia De Lamour, to help recover the costs of restoration. The following year, park workers demolished the boardwalk and replanted between 400 and 500 mangrove trees in the area. The artificial island of boulders remained due to lack of funding to hire a barge, which would cost several hundred thousand dollars. According to the Miami Herald, "Federal agencies still hope to recoup costs from the landowner, but investigators say she and her workers have left the country." Removing mangroves without a permit is prohibited in Florida and carries a fine. Conversely, in 2010, when the Woodland Trust received a £100,000 donation from Hai's foundation in order to conserve an area of Snowdonia woodland in Wales, and was challenged about the Florida Mangroves incident and criticism, Woodland Trust Spokesperson stated "...the Woodland Trust has procedures to rigorously check out all high value donations against key criteria pertaining to legality and Trust policy.” and that "the Trust always investigated corporate donors to safeguard its reputation. It found nothing untoward about Ching Hai, neither did the group request publicity."

Awards

 * 1993 – Frank Fasi, mayor of Honolulu, presented Hai with honorary citizenship.
 * 1994 – World Humanitarian Leadership Award, presented by Barbara Finch, chair of the International Federation for Human Rights.
 * 1994 – World Spiritual Leadership Award, presented by General Secretary Chen Hung Kwang of the World Cultural Communication Association.
 * 2006 – 27th Annual Telly Award Silver Winner for "The Peace Seeker" featuring Ching Hai's poetry.
 * 2006 – Gusi Peace Prize, presented by President of the Philippines Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

In popular culture
Actress Joanna Ampil portrays Hai, in the 2011 Musical "The Real Love". The musical follows Hai life in Germany from when she met her husband (portrayed by Adam Pascal), and her decision to follow her spiritual quest.

title: Ching Hai


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Tilla Jogian

Tilla Jogian is an abandoned Hindu temple and monastic complex located on the summit of the Tilla Jogian mountain in the Salt Range of Pakistan's Punjab province.

The complex was the most important centre for Hindu jogis in Punjab prior to 1947, and had housed hundreds of ascetics. The site is also important in Sikhism for its association with the founder of the Sikh faith, Guru Nanak.

Location
The Tilla Jogian complex is located on Pakistan's Potohar plateau, approximately 25 km west of the cities of Jhelum and Dina. The complex is located near the Jhelum River and the Grand Trunk Road – the ancient route which connected Central Asia to India. Tilla Jogian is also near the Rohtas Fort, and the Katas Raj Temples – another important Hindu pilgrimage site with a sacred pond that is said to have been created from the teardrops of the Hindu god Shiva.

Tilla Jogian complex is located in Pakistan's Salt Range, on a mountaintop of the same name. The temples are located at an altitude of 975 meters (3200 ft) near the summit of the mountain, resulting in a cooler and wetter climate compared to that of the Punjab plains. The complex is located in an area that is forested with olive trees, pines, and Acacia modesta.

History
The Kanphata jogi, an ascetic order noted for its members' ear piercings, was founded by Guru Gorakhnath, and was centred at Tilla Jogian.

Tilla Jogian's importance as a Hindu pilgrimage centre attracted the founder of Sikh faith, Guru Nanak who meditated here for 40 days in the early 1500s, since he wanted to understand the ideology of the jogis, and also debate with them regarding their core beliefs. The Mughal Emperor Akbar visited the "Shrine of Balnath," an influential and widely venerated yogi. The shrine was noted by his chronicler Abul Fazal to be "so old" that its origins had become obscure, and that Akbar expressed marvel at the site's old age. The 17th century emperor, Jahangir, also visited the temple complex. Following the collapse of Mughal rule, the complex was sacked and looted by the Pashtun king Ahmad Shah Abdali, during one of his several raids into Punjab. The complex was quickly rebuilt following Abdali's defeat.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the late 19th century commemorated the visit of Guru Nanak with the construction of a stone-lined pond, and construction of a small monument to mark the exact spot at which Guru Nanak is said to have usually meditated. During the British Raj, the local deputy commissioner built a bungalow at the site, having been attracted to the site for its cooler weather. The site was considered the most important pilgrimage site for jogis in Punjab prior to the Partition of British India in 1947. Immediately prior to Partition, an annual festival took place on the first day of the Hindu month of Chaitra, during which communal meals were served to all attendees.

Abandonment
Following Partition, most of the area's Hindu population migrated to the newly independent Republic of India, abandoning the temples which remain neglected until present day. The last priest of the complex was Samandnath Jogi. When riots erupted after Partition, Samandnath Jogi reportedly appointed a local village official as caretaker of the site, and instructed him to approach the deputy commissioner to auction off the temple's belongings if the Jogi did not return from India within 6 months. The local official then arranged a police escort for the Jogi to safely reach the local train station, in order to proceed onwards to Kangra, India. The Jogi did not return within the 6-month time frame, and so the temple's meagre belongings were auctioned.

Significance
The site was considered the most important pilgrimage site for jogis in Punjab and was home to hundreds of jogis prior to Partition. Tilla Jogian once also was home to a Brahminical seminary surrounded by extensive residential areas.

Heer Ranjha
Tilla Jogian is mentioned in the Punjabi poem Heer Ranjha, written by Waris Shah in 1766. Deedho Ranjha, the story's protagonist, who when spending his time on the rebound from heartbreak, sublimating his love and passion in the spiritual world, came here for consolation to his former love. He had his ears pierced here, following the tradition of Guru Goraknath's followers.

Site layout
Tilla Jogian comprises a complex of Hindu temples housing at least three baths and a network of waterworks with at least two minor dams.

Access
There are no developed pathways which lead to the complex – visitors must hike and bikers can ride on dirtbikes or trails to the top of the mountain in order to reach the site. Near the top is an old stone pathway named the Poorhiwaala Rah which leads to the temples, after passing the Ratti Banni ravine. There are number of walking trails to reach at the top: one from Rohtas Fort side and the other from Sanghoi, on the Jhelum River side.

Conservation
Local villagers have scoured the site in order to find coins and souvenirs to sell to visitors. Vandals have also damaged the site, including the monument built by Ranjit Singh to mark the spot where Guru Nanak meditated. As of 2012, the site has become overgrown by olive trees, resulting is a gradual destruction of the site.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tilla Jogian


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Erik Jendresen

Erik Jendresen (born December 22, 1959) is an American author, playwright, screenwriter and producer of plays, television, and film. Previous projects include the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers, executive produced by Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks, Killing Lincoln, co-produced with Tony and Ridley Scott for the National Geographic Channel; a series based on the Francis Ford Coppola film, The Conversation (with Christopher McQuarrie); The Pony Express (with Robert Duvall); an eight-hour adaptation of Gregory Maguire's novel, Wicked (ABC); an eight-hour miniseries Majestic-12; and The Command - a series set in the world of the Joint Special Operations Command (FIC).

Career
As co-creator, lead writer and a supervising producer of the critically acclaimed mini-series Band of Brothers for HBO in 2001, Jendresen was one of the recipients of that year's Emmy Award for "Outstanding Miniseries", which he shared with Tom Hanks and Steven Spielberg, among others. Jendresen also shared an Emmy nomination for that show in the category of "Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special". The show also resulted in a Golden Globe Award for "Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television", and 20 other awards, including the Peabody Award.

As a writer/ producer for film, his current projects include The Mariner (directed by Christopher McQuarrie for FOX); Mission: Blacklist (directed by Rodrigo Cortés); Saint-Ex (directed by Christopher McQuarrie); Aloft (starring Robert Redford); Solo (directed by Antonio Banderas); and an adaptation of Walter Tevis's The Man Who Fell to Earth (directed by David Slade). Earlier film projects include Star Trek: The Beginning (Paramount), Sublime, starring Tom Cavanagh and Kathleen York, Otis and The Big Bang (starring Antonio Banderas and Sam Elliott), and Ithaca - an adaptation of William Saroyan's The Human Comedy (directed by Meg Ryan and starring Sam Shepard and Hamish Linklater).

As a writer, producer, and showrunner for television, his current projects include Special, a series based on documentary filmmakers of the 1960s (with Marti Noxon, for the National Geographic Channel); a series based on the stories of the French Foreign Legion (with Thomas Bidegain and Dimitri Rassam); The War, a five-season series about the unending interconnected conflicts of the 20th century (with Christopher McQuarrie); The 43, a six-hour mini-series about WWII British ex-servicemen fighting fascism on their home soil (BBC/NBC); A Coloured Man's Reminiscences, an eight-hour miniseries chronicling the story of James Madison’s slave, Paul Jennings (with Tyger Williams and Rodrigo Garcia, for ABC); Castner's Cutthroats, a six-hour miniseries about the Battle of the Aleutians (Discovery Channel); Rocket Men, a ten-hour miniseries about Wernher von Braun and the men who took us to the moon and beyond; Climb to Conquer, a ten-hour miniseries about the 10th Mountain Division in World War II (with Wildwood); and Shot All to Hell, a four-hour miniseries about the James-Younger Gang and the Northfield, Minnesota, raid (TNT).

Jendresen also has authored several books, several dealing with the socio-anthropology of Peru and the Amazon Basin, including Dance of the Four Winds and its sequel, Island of the Sun (both based upon the journals of and co-written with Alberto Villoldo), and the children's book, The First Story Ever Told (also with Villoldo). Hanuman (with Joshua M. Greene, and Li Ming) is a re-telling for children of a portion of the Ramayana.

Jendresen is currently co-writing Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One and an eighth Mission: Impossible film with director Christopher McQuarrie. McQuarrie and Jendresen are also working on an as-yet untitled film with Tom Cruise, which McQuarrie described as being "gnarlier" than the Mission: Impossible films and as "something we've talked about for a really long time. It's way outside of what you're used to seeing Tom do.".

He is also a playwright (The Killing of Michael Malloy, Excuse My Dust, Malice Aforethought).

Personal life
Jendresen lives in Sausalito, California, aboard the M.V. Hindeloopen, 112-year-old riveted wrought iron vessel which saw service during the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940. He is married to Venus Madora Aslee Bobis, Program Director of the Partial Hospitalization Program at the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute of the University of California, San Francisco, and his partner in Pilothouse Pictures.

He is an advisor at the Sundance Screenwriters Lab.

Filmography
Direct-to-video

TV movies

TV series

title: Erik Jendresen


text:
Model 302 telephone

The model 302 telephone is a desk set telephone that was manufactured in the United States by Western Electric from 1937 until 1955, and by Northern Electric in Canada until the late 1950s, until well after the introduction of the 500-type telephone in 1949. The sets were routinely refurbished into the 1960s. It was one of the most widely used American combined telephone sets to include the ringer and network circuitry in the same telephone housing.

Design and production
The design of a new desk telephone for the Bell System began approximately in 1930, only a short time after the introduction of a line of handset telephones, the 102 and 202-type desk telephones. The existing Western Electric telephones comprised a desk set that only served to secure the handset and also the dial for customer-initiated calling, but required an external subscriber set (subset, or desk set box or ringer box), containing the ringer and network circuitry. This box was typically mounted on a wall or desk side. New concepts of design and economic efficiency emerged in Europe, as well as in the independent market in the US, in the 1920s, which combined all components of the telephone in one desk-top unit. The model 302 was the first Western Electric telephone to follow this trend.

Designed by Bell Telephone Laboratories engineer George Lum starting in the early 1930s,  the 302-type telephone included such design elements of contemporary technology as, for example, in the Ericsson model DBH 1001 of 1931, conceived in 1929 by the Norwegian artist and designer Jean Heiberg, and the Automatic Electric Type 34 Monophone desk telephone, introduced in 1934.

The design evolved during the early part of the 1930s when the Great Depression delayed introduction of all new telephones. After field trials in 1936, large-scale deployment commenced in 1937. The model was never completely retired from service in the Bell System, which ceased to exist in 1984.

The model 302, and a series of similar models for special service types, is built upon a rectangular steel base-plate on which are mounted the ringer unit, the induction coil, a metal container enclosing two capacitors, and a connector terminal plate. The base was supported by four felt- or leather-covered triangular feet attached under each corner to prevent scratching furniture surfaces. The housing sat atop the base, secured with screws, and contained the rotary dial and a handset cradle. The cradle contained two plungers rods which activated the hook switch mounted inside the housing, when the handset was lifted from the cradle.

The majority of 302-series telephones were produced in black. Painted color sets were available by 1939; subscribers paid a surcharge for the option. The housing was originally cast from a zinc alloy until production sets were increasingly made from a thermoplastic material, Tenite, by 1941. The thermoplastic housings were available in five colors: ivory, Pekin red, green, blue, and rose pink until telephone production was suspended due to the military material requirements for WW-II by orders of the War Production Board. Post-war telephone production resumed with black plastic housings in 1945 and by 1949 color sets were reintroduced. Requests for custom colors could also be fulfilled, including the traditional dark gold, statuary bronze, old brass, and oxidized silver hues.

All early telephone sets had dials with metal finger wheels, either black or in brushed stainless steel for the color telephones. Starting in 1941, the colored thermoplastic units featured clear plastic finger wheels. Dial number plates were made with a steel substrate for the white vitreous enamel face. Black telephone sets were equipped from the factory with straight brown textile-covered cords until 1952, when synthetic rubber (Neoprene) jacketed cords became standard equipment. Optional retractile coiled cords were available both in textile and rubber jackets since the early 1940s.

The 302 was a rugged and easily repaired desk telephone. Most US telephones were leased to subscribers from the Bell System as part of the monthly service fees. Western Electric also built 302 telephones for sale to independent telephone companies.

Beginning in August 1955 and extending into the 1960s, the Bell System remanufactured the 302 as the type 5302 in its distribution center work shops, with a newly designed housing and eventually with the G-type handset of the 500-type telephone, which gave the set a similar appearance to the 500.

In addition to the model 302, the Western Electric 300-series included many variations and special purpose types with additional features. Conversion kits using a 302-style housing and F1 handset to replace older manual candlestick telephones with an external subset were available.

Similar phones by other manufacturers
Other manufacturers produced sets of similar appearance. Among these were the Stromberg-Carlson Model 1243 telephone, distinguished by beveled corners and flanging on the handset, and the Federal Telephone & Radio (FTR) 803 (pictured).

After phase-out in the US, the model 302's exterior design was retained by European Bell branch companies for such models as the 1954 Bell Standard, widely used in the Netherlands and Belgium.

title: Model 302 telephone


text:
Battle of the Yellow Sea

The Battle of the Yellow Sea (黄海海戦; Бой в Жёлтом море) was a major naval battle of the Russo-Japanese War, fought on 10 August 1904. In the Russian Navy, it was referred to as the Battle of 10 August. The battle foiled an attempt by the Russian fleet at Port Arthur to break out and form up with the Vladivostok squadron, forcing them to return to port. Four days later, the Battle off Ulsan similarly ended the Vladivostok group's sortie, forcing both fleets to remain at anchor.

Background
The Imperial Russian Navy's First Pacific Squadron, commanded by Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft, had been trapped in Port Arthur since the Imperial Japanese Navy's blockade began on 8 February 1904 with the Battle of Port Arthur. Throughout late July and early August, as the Imperial Japanese Army laid siege to Port Arthur, relations between Admiral Vitgeft and Russian Viceroy Yevgeni Alekseyev increasingly soured. Viceroy Alekseyev, a former admiral, favored an aggressive sortie so as to enable the First Pacific Squadron to link up with the Vladivostok Squadron and thereby create a naval force powerful enough to challenge the Japanese fleet. Admiral Vitgeft believed in a fleet in being, which simply stayed at anchor, while at the same time contributing some of his weaponry to the land battle as the safest course to follow. Although passive, Vitgeft's preference was actually more in keeping with the Russian Navy's doctrine, which was building up strength (waiting for the arrival of the Baltic Fleet, also known as the 2nd Pacific Squadron), and then engaging the Japanese navy in decisive battle.

Alekseyev appealed to St. Petersburg, and Tsar Nicholas II replied that he fully shared the Viceroy's opinion. Faced with an Imperial writ and threat of legal action, Admiral Vitgeft was ordered to sail for Vladivostok immediately. By 06:15 hours, on 10 August, Admiral Vitgeft, flying his flag in the battleship RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Tsesarevich, began leading his battleships from the harbor.

Opening moves
At 09:55 his fleet had cleared the harbor's entrance, and as Admiral Vitgeft's Pacific Squadron completed their exit, he made a feint to the south-west to conceal his actual intent, whereby he succeeded in delaying Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō's concentration of his forces. Although Vitgeft's move had bought him time, Tōgō had nonetheless previously issued orders for his warships to assemble near Encounter Rock, in the event Admiral Vitgeft was to take that route. By 11:00 hours, it was clear in which direction Vitgeft's fleet was sailing: they were headed for the open sea. The Russian squadron consisted of the battleships Tsesarevich, RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Retvizan, RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Pobeda, RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Peresvet, RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Sevastopol, and RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Poltava, protected cruisers RUSSIAN CRUISER Askold, RUSSIAN CRUISER Diana, RUSSIAN CRUISER Novik, and RUSSIAN CRUISER Pallada, and 14 destroyers.

At about 12:25 the battleship fleets sighted each other near Encounter Rock at a range of about 11 mi. Vitgeft's battlefleet was headed southeast at 13 kn, while Tōgō, on an intercepting course, came from the northeast at 14 kn. His fleet consisted of Japan's five surviving battleships JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Mikasa, JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Asahi, JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Fuji, JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Shikishima and the second class battleship Chin Yen, the armoured cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Nisshin and JAPANESE CRUISER Kasuga, as well as eight protected cruisers, 18 destroyers, and 30 torpedo boats. During this time, Admiral Dewa's four cruisers (Chitose, Takasago, Yakumo and Kasagi) came into view, fast approaching from the south at 18 kn, and Tōgō attempted to squeeze Admiral Vitgeft's fleet between the two advancing columns.

Just after 13:00, Tōgō attempted to cross Vitgeft's T and commenced firing his main batteries from the extreme range of more than 8 miles. Vitgeft, with the battleship Retvizan, returned fire, but the range was excessive for both sides and no hits were scored. Tōgō had miscalculated his speed when trying to cross the enemy's T, and Vitgeft simply made a quick turn to port, maintained his speed, and increased his range from Tōgō's fleet. Within minutes, Admiral Vitgeft was again headed for the open sea, and Admiral Tōgō's pincer move had failed, as Admiral Dewa's cruisers had to turn quickly to avoid Tōgō's battleline, and thus broke contact without having fired a shot. As Tōgō observed Vitgeft's battleline swiftly move past his own in opposite directions, he quickly ordered each warship to turn about individually, which put his cruisers into the lead, but now parallel with Vitgeft's battleline.

At about 13:25, and again at a range of over 8 mi, Tōgō's battleships opened fire on Vitgeft's flagship and Retvizan, hitting the latter 12 times. By about 13:30 the Russian flagship had returned fire, knocking out Tōgō's wireless communications with two 305 mm shell direct hits at this extreme range. For nearly half an hour the two battleship fleets pounded each other, slowly closing their range, until by 14:05 they reached about 3.5 mi, at which time both fleets let loose with their secondary 155 mm guns. As the fleets continued to pound each other with all available guns, Tōgō's flagship was beginning to feel its wounds, and he tried to turn his vessel a bit, due to the hits she was taking (she ended up being hit 20 times), and urgently tried to have his cruisers engage the Russian battleline. But with his radio shot out, he had to rely on flag signals and radio relays from accompanying warships.

Stern chases
The Japanese cruisers had re-established contact with the Russian battleline, but were quickly driven off by their 305 mm gunfire. Both battlefleets were maintaining about 14 kn, but again, Vitgeft had managed to get past Tōgō, and the Japanese were forced to commence a stern chase. By 14:45 the Japanese flagship had closed to within about 7 nmi of the trailing battleship Poltava, which had been unable to maintain her fleet's speed of 14 kn due to engine trouble. Mikasa and Asahi soon began to pound Poltava, scoring several hits. However, Admiral Ukhtomsky in the battleship Peresvet observed the plight of Poltava and ordered his division to fall back and help Poltava, and they began concentrating their gunfire onto Mikasa and Asahi. With Admiral Ukhtomsky's division firing, coupled with Poltava's rejoining of the fight, Mikasa and Asahi began taking too many hits, and upon the urging of his chief of staff, Tōgō used his superior speed to break contact, race ahead of Vitgeft's fleet, and try to re-establish contact again under more favorable conditions. By 15:20 the range was opened and the firing ceased.

As the battleships had broken contact, Admiral Dewa with his cruisers attempted to get into action, when suddenly the Russian battleships opened up on him. At about 15:40 one 305 mm shell hit Dewa's armored cruiser, JAPANESE CRUISER Yakumo, from a range of over 8 nmi, which was well out of range of his 203 mm guns. Admiral Dewa decided against having his four Japanese cruisers engage with any Russian battleships.

By this time, only Tōgō's six warships (four battleships and two armored cruisers) were chasing Vitgeft's 10 warships (six battleships and four cruisers). With darkness only three hours away, Admiral Vitgeft believed that he had outranged Admiral Tōgō, and would lose him totally when darkness came. Tōgō knew this too, and ordered a 15 kn speed to catch up to the tail end of Vitgeft's fleet. By 17:35 hours Tōgō's warships had closed to within 3.5 nmi of the again-lagging battleship Poltava, and opened fire upon her. Admiral Dewa also showed up with his cruisers, and Tōgō ordered all battleships and cruisers to shell Poltava, hoping to at least sink one Russian battleship. However, the commanding officer of Poltava, Captain Ivan P. Uspenskiy, and his crewmen scored several hits on Admiral Tōgō's flagship. At this time, the Shimose shells loaded inside the 305 mm guns began detonating prematurely inside the hot gun barrels; knocking out of action one 305 mm gun on Shikishima at 17:45, and two 305 mm barrels on Asahi at 18:10 hours. By 18:30, Tōgō had only 11 of his original 16 305 mm still in action.

Hand-off
Although the range had dropped to about 3 miles, the secondary batteries of 155 and 203 mm guns were still ineffective, and Poltava and Peresvet, although heavily damaged, were still with the Russian battleline. By 18:30, Tōgō was still having trouble controlling his battleship's gunfire; Shikishima and Asahi were blasting away at the crippled Poltava, Fuji was shooting at Pobeda and Peresvet, while the flagship Mikasa was duelling with the Russian flagship Tsesarevich. No IJN warships were shooting at the Russian battleships Retvizan and Sevastopol, which allowed them to freely blast away at Mikasa. With darkness only 30 minutes away, the Japanese flagship Mikasa almost no longer combat effective, and Russian gunfire seemingly becoming more accurate and effective with each cannon shot; the flagship signaled to Asahi to take over (known as a battle handoff) the shooting upon the lead Russian battleship. Within 10 minutes of being relieved by Asahi, Admiral Tōgō fired a 305 mm salvo into the Russian flagship Tsesarevich, instantly killing Admiral Vitgeft and his immediate staff, and jamming the flagship's steering wheel. The explosion had wedged the wheel into a port turn, sharp enough so that Tsesarevich heeled over 12 degrees. Retvizan, which was unaware of the situation on the flagship, followed in her wake. "By the time Pobeda arrived at the turning point, Tsesarevich had swung around 180 degrees and was heading back into her own line. With no signal to indicate what had happened, the other ships were unaware that Tsesarevich was not only out of control and without its admiral, but was actually without anyone at all in command."

Charge of Retvizan
Prince Pavel Ukhtomsky of the battleship Peresvet soon realized that the flagship was out of action, and attempted to gain control of the Russian squadron. But a Japanese shell, falling wide, cut the foremast of Peresvet, preventing the signal flags from being hoisted as usual; they had to be hoisted along the bridge instead. Being thus almost hidden from view, the signal apparently was only seen on Sevastopol; no other Russian capital ships followed Ukhtomsky's lead.

At the same time Captain Eduard Schensnovich commanding Retvizan, immediately turned his battleship towards Tōgō's battleline, charging directly into it with all weapons firing, despite being down by the bow from battle damage. Tōgō's battleline shifted their fire onto Retvizan as the range dropped to less than three miles. There were so many shell splashes surrounding the charging battleship, that Japanese gunners were unable to adjust their fire. However, as Tōgō's battleships were running low on 305 mm shells, and many of his main guns were out of action, he decided to play it safe, and with the Russian squadron scattered, he turned the fight over to his cruisers and destroyers.

As Tōgō's ships began their turn, they fired a final salvo, hitting the enemy battleship with several shells, one of which seriously wounded Captain Schensnovich in the stomach. Retvizan laid smoke and also began to turn away, but the battleship had effectively ended the duel between the opposing pre-dreadnoughts, and had saved the flagship from destruction. There was little choice but to give up the attempt to reach Vladivostok and to return to Port Arthur. Even this proved impossible to coordinate, and many ships wandered off on their own.

Two hours later, the bulk of the Russian fleet returned to the relative safety of Port Arthur. Five battleships, a cruiser and ten destroyers made it back. The damaged Tsesarevich and three escorting destroyers sailed to Kiaochou, where they were interned by German authorities. The cruiser Askold and another destroyer sailed to Shanghai and were likewise interned by Chinese authorities. The cruiser Diana escaped to Saigon, where it was interned by the French. Only the small cruiser Novik sailed east around the Japanese home islands to try to reach Vladivostok. However, on 20 August pursuing Japanese cruisers forced the ship aground at Sakhalin, where it was destroyed by the crew after engaging the Japanese at the Battle of Korsakov.

Analysis
The Battle of the Yellow Sea was naval history's first major confrontation between modern steel battleship fleets, so with the exception of Admiral Tōgō's 20-minute duel with Russian Admiral Stark's battleships at Port Arthur on 9 February 1904, both Vitgeft and Tōgō were new to fighting modern steel battleship fleet actions.

Although Admiral Oskar Starck had been replaced by Admiral Stepan Makarov shortly after the Port Arthur battle, Makarov in turn was replaced by Vitgeft, following Makarov's death in April 1904, when his battleship RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Petropavlovsk blew up and sank in the Yellow Sea, after striking mines. Had Admiral Starck remained in command at the time of the Yellow Sea battle, Admirals Tōgō and Starck would have met on equal terms, both retaining about equal combat experience in battleship fleet actions. But the naval force that Tōgō was to meet at Tsushima the following year was not the same type of battle fleet that he engaged at the Yellow Sea either. Though Admiral Vitgeft was new, many of his men were not, most of them were veterans of Far East duty, with some of them veterans of the 1900 Boxer Rebellion in China; thus they were a highly experienced fighting force.

Rangefinders and gunnery
During the late 1890s, it was thought that around 3 to 4 miles would be the norm for battleship engagements due to the limitations of the gun sights and rangefinders available at the time, even though the 305 mm guns usually mounted to battleships of the period had a considerably longer range. In the Yellow Sea engagement, the Russian battleships had Liuzhol rangefinders with a range of 4 km, while Japanese pre-dreadnoughts had the latest (1903) Barr and Stroud coincidence rangefinders, which had a range of 6 km. As a result, the naval world was quite surprised after the Yellow Sea combatants opened fire upon one another and scored hits while still over 8 mi apart.

The Yellow Sea engagement lasted some 6 to 7 hours, with about 4 of those hours being direct combat. During those nearly four hours of fighting, roughly 7,382 rounds were expended by both sides, ranging in size from 155 to 305 mm shells. Of those 7,382 shells fired, approximately 5,956 had been from 155 mm guns; 3,592 from the Imperial Japanese Navy, and 2,364 from the Imperial Russian Navy. 307 203 mm shells had been fired by the IJN, and none by the Russian fleet. Admiral Vitgeft's fleet had expended 224 254 mm shells compared to Tōgō's 33 shells. The long range gunnery duel that had commenced at a range of over 8 miles, and which began with 305 mm main gun fire, ended with 305 mm gun fire in near darkness, during which time 862 305 mm main gun rounds were fired; 259 from the Russian battleships, and 603 from the Japanese battleships.

Battle damage and casualties
The nearly seven hours of naval combat coupled with the estimated 7,382 fired shells had produced a hit rate of 1.7%.

Captain Eduard Schensnovich, who had charged his battleship into Admiral Tōgō's battleline, thus ending the battleship fleet duel and saving the Russian flagship from destruction, later died from his wounds received in January 1911, at the age of 57.

Damage and casualties included the following:

Result
The Russians wanted to break out and sail to Vladivostok (relocating the fleet to there would have left the Japanese needing to mount a new campaign if it wanted to besiege the Russian fleet again and such a campaign would have overtaxed the resources of Field Marshal Ōyama). The Japanese fleet contained the last of their battleships, and they had an underlying objective to destroy the Russian fleet while minimising their own losses. Once the Russian fleet left Port Arthur the Japanese initially sought to prevent it returning there. When the Japanese realised the Russians were not returning to Port Arthur they also sought to prevent the Russians reaching an alternative port. The Japanese prevented the Russians from reaching Vladivostok but failed to stop most of the fleet returning to Port Arthur. Neither side achieved its tactical goals. The Japanese, however, were successful in preventing the breakout, and the returning Russian ships were stripped of their guns in order to reinforce the shore batteries. They were later eliminated in the course of the Siege of Port Arthur, leaving the Japanese with undisputed naval control of the area.

title: Battle of the Yellow Sea


text:
Category:Municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region

The municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region has two official names: a French and a Dutch (sometimes the same).


text:
File:The Simpsons-Jeff Albertson.png

Fair use rationale for Comic Book Guy

 * 1) No free equivalent exists that would effectively identify the article's subject, who is a copyrighted Fox character.
 * 2) The image does not in any way limit the ability of the copyright owners to market or sell their product.
 * 3) The image is only used once and is rendered in low resolution to avoid piracy.
 * 4) The image has been published outside Wikipedia; see source above.
 * 5) The image meets general Wikipedia content requirements and is encyclopedic, identifying Comic Book Guy.
 * 6) The image meets Wikipedia's media-specific policy.
 * 7) The image is used in the articles wiki-linked in the section title.
 * 8) The image is significant in identifying the subject of the article, which is the character himself.
 * 9) The image is used in the article namespace.
 * 10) The image has a brief description that identifies the image, notes the source, and provides attribution to the copyright holder.

title: File:The Simpsons-Jeff Albertson.png


text:
Calgary Nose Hill

Calgary Nose Hill (formerly Calgary—Nose Hill) is a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1997.

Geography
It consists of the part of the City of Calgary clockwise within the following line: from the northern limit of the city along: Centre Street North, Harvest Hills Boulevard North, Beddington Trail NW, Deerfoot Trail, McKnight Boulevard, John Laurie Boulevard NW, Sarcee Trail, Stoney Trail, 14 Street north to the northern limit of the city.

Demographics

 * According to the 2011 Canadian census

Languages: 78.0% English, 12.9% Chinese, 1.0% Punjabi, 1.0% Spanish, 7.1% Other

Religions: 52.2% Christian, 4.9% Muslim, 3.3% Buddhist, 1.9% Hindu, 1.4% Sikh, 0.6% Other, 35.7% None

Median income: $37,048 (2010)

Average income: $51,586 (2010)

History
This riding was created in 1996 from Calgary North and Wild Rose ridings.

In 2003, parts of this electoral district were transferred to Calgary Centre-North riding.

In the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution Calgary—Nose Hill lost the emdash in its name. It also lost all of its territory north of Stoney Trail and west of Sarcee Trail and John Laurie Blvd to the new riding of Calgary Rocky Ridge, while gaining back the area north of a line following John Laurie Blvd to McKnight Blvd from Calgary Centre-North. This was legally defined in the 2013 representation order and came into effect upon the call of the October 19, 2015 42nd Canadian federal election.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Adjacent ridings

 * Calgary Centre-North
 * Calgary Northeast
 * Calgary West
 * Wild Rose

title: Calgary Nose Hill


text:
5th Army (Wehrmacht)

The 5th Army (5. Armee) was a field army of the Wehrmacht during World War II.

History
The 5th Army was established on 25 August 1939 in Wehrkreis VI with General Curt Liebmann in command. Responsible for the defense of the Siegfried Line in the vicinity of Trier as part of Army Group C from 3 September, the army was assigned the Eifel Border Troops (86th, Trier Border, 26th, and 227th Divisions) and the VI Army Corps (16th, 69th, 211th, and 216th Infantry Divisions). It also included the 58th, 87th, 78th, and 268th Infantry Divisions in army reserve. During this period, known as the Phoney War, no action took place on its sector of the Siegfried Line. On 13 October it was transferred to the east as Border Section Centre High Command (Oberkommando Grenzabschnitt Mitte). The latter served as a security force in occupied Poland. On 4 November 1939 it was renamed the 18th Army.

title: 5th Army (Wehrmacht)


text:
Talk:ER (TV series)

Lead
Do we really need the entire original cast in the lead? I don't think so and am going to be bold and remove it. SGGH ping! 19:47, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Bare URLs
Can the Bare URLs box at the top page be removed? I have removed all of those on the page. Hcurtis (talk) 16:46, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

124 Emmy nominations
123 Emmy nominations is not correct! Including season 15, ER got 124 Emmy nominations. Please update the article! Please look here: http://cdn.emmys.tv/downloads/2009/61stemmys_nomsfacts.pdf --Stegosaurus Rex (talk) 19:03, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Guest stars

 * Can we all do something about the guest stars section? Neither it nor the various separate articles in the subsections are sourced. It's all listcruft, if you ask me. THE AMERICAN METROSEXUAL 05:40, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

Cast
mirroring the entire cast article in this one is rediculous... it should be summarized, not reprinted... TheHYPO (talk) 07:39, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Semiprotection review

 * 01:04, 29 February 2008 Jmlk17 protected ER (TV series)  (Far too many issues when unprotected. [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed])

That was 18 months ago, after the article had some attacks from IP-hopping POV pushers. I'd like to review that and see if semiprotection is still considered necessary. As well as welcoming opinions from regular editors, I have contacted Jmlk17, the protecting admin. --TS 15:45, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Region 1 Season 12 release date
Season 12 of ER will be released in region 1 (US) on January 12, 2010.

Temporarilyme21 (talk) 02:02, 18 September 2009 (UTC)Temporarilyme21
 * ✅ I used the ref from 'dignews', and hope that will be acceptable; I was unable to find the actual press-release that that article quotes, so if anyone objects, feel free to remove it until we can get a better source. I will email their PR person and try to get a better source too. Cheers,  Chzz  ►  05:54, 18 September 2009 (UTC)
 * More done - I emailed Warner, and they sent me a copy of the press release; by searching on it, I was able to add a convenience link to an online copy too.  Chzz  ►  05:25, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Cast in infobox?
I think there should be a full list of the cast in the infobox. Pretty much every other TV show page on here does it. Chrisstone101 (talk) 22:01, 9 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The problem is that the main cast changed over time, so in my opinion, there is too many cast members to list in the infobox. Perhaps the longest-lasting characters could be added? It's just an idea.-- The Taerkasten ( talk ) 15:42, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * MOS says all, so it's all or nothing. I agree they should all be there.  I'd also argue that the top five should be the five male and female leads:  Edwards, Marguilies, Wyle, Tierney and Visnjic, followed by the rest in order of appearance, but that's probably an invitation to edits, so order of cast entry is probably best.
 * I agree there is quite a long list of starring cast members, 26 I think? But the pages for other TV shows (I'm thinking the Lost page or The Sopranos) list all starring cast members from over their lifetime and they have about 25/26 people listed. The Wire has nearly 40! Personally I think it's quite important to have the cast there for all to see. If it does happen I think it should be in order of seniority i.e. the order they became part of the starring cast. So Edwards, Clooney, Stringfield, Wyle, La Salle, then Margulies, then Reuben, then Innes etc etc etc. Chrisstone101 (talk) 12:24, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Formatting of cast lists
People who revert a page back to it's `original' format should not be surprised when their `reverts' are themselves reverted. Get over yourselves people or you may find Wikipedia descending even farther than it is into the realm of misfit 12 year olds with nothing else better to do with their time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.59.72.75 (talk) 21:03, 15 July 2010 (UTC)
 * A "put up and shut up, I know better" approach to editing will get you nowhere. Please review WP:CIVIL and work within the Wikipedia standard for consensus.  Drmargi (talk) 21:30, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Current issues
I do not believe the lead summarises the content adequately. It should be at least 2-3 paragraphs, especially if this is to become GA one day. See other TV series' articles, Friends, The X-Files, Scrubs and House, which happens to be FA. Refs do seem adequate except for the lack, thereof, in the format, home video, soundtrack, and other media sections.-- The Taerkasten ( talk ) 18:41, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

Audience Ratings Rankings
Are those rankings correct per season? I don't recall anybody watching/talking about this show when it was on, believe it or not. Just wondering. Apple8800 (talk) 15:32, 17 January 2011 (UTC)
 * That's a valid question, but we go with what the sources say.-- TÆRkast  ( Communicate ) 17:32, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Then you must be very young or lived under a rock, because ER was probably the dominant drama of the 90s and the original "must see TV" bait for NBC. Still popular well into its tenth season, although it nosedived precipitously after that. I do recall being surprised one day that it was still on the air in 2008 when I came across an episode. The photos of the original cast and final season cast are great side by side; most people remember all the original cast and that's what they think of when ER is mentioned. I'd bet most folks couldn't name or recall a single member of the final season's cast. The producers tried a "diversity strategy" the last couple of seasons to make the show appeal to a younger demographic. A few characters aside, the classic run of ER was pretty white. But it didn't work. 124.33.208.179 (talk) 01:58, 20 September 2014 (UTC)TexxasFinn

second most nominated show
Considering that SNL is the most nominated show, its not really fair to say ER is the second most nominated since you really can't have a drama program compete with a skit show. I'd say its better to just say its the most nominated drama show in history. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.91.177.81 (talk) 06:39, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

County General Hospital in ER
I think we probably should make the page of fictional County General Hospital from ER. I mean, the fictional notable staff members and it's history. I don't it will happened, but maybe we should make the page about that hospital in ER. BattleshipMan (talk) 08:02, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

music on ER
Season 1

"24 Hours" - Precious (Annie Lennox) Carter witnesses a birth on the first day of his ER rotation.

"Day One" - That Old Black Magic (Sammy Davis Jr.) A man sings to his dying wife.

"Going Home" - Nice 'N Easy (Frank Sinatra) 'Madame X' and her granddaughter sing together.

"Blizzard" - His Eye is on the Sparrow (Charles Hutchinson Gabriel and Civilla D. Martin) Haleh sings to calm down a little girl in the chaotic ER.

"The Gift" - It's My Party (Leslie Gore) Mark, Haleh, and Lydia sing to calm down a psychiatric patient.

"The Gift" - Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas (Rosemary Clooney) 'Madame X' returns for an encore performance.

"Full Moon, Saturday Night" - Twist and Shout (Isley Brothers) Carter dedicates this song to Susan, and they dance together after a long night.

"Men Plan, God Laughs" - Um, Um, Um (Major Lance) Jeanie and Peter talk at a restaurant.

"Motherhood" - Blackbird (The Beatles) Little Susie is born.

"Everything Old is New Again" - Tequilla (Champs) Carol dances at the reception of her non-wedding to Tag.

Season 2

"And Baby Makes Two" - O Happy Day (Gospel) The staff celebrates Kerry Weaver's day off.

"And Baby Makes Two" - Blackbird (The Beatles) Susan sings to calm a crying little Susie.

"Hell and High Water" - Um, Um, Um (Major Lance) Doug listens to music on his car radio.

"Home" - Take a Letter, Maria (Greaves) Shep and Carol discover that she has a fireplace in her house.

"A Miracle Happens Here" - Carol of the Bells County's recovery staff sings in the ER.

"A Miracle Happens Here" - Twelve Days of Christmas Carol persuades the ER staff to join her in singing a Christmas carol.

"A Miracle Happens Here" - It Came Upon a Midnight Clear (Mike Finnegan) Played during the ending montage.

"The Match Game" - Bad to the Bone (George Thorogood & the Destroyers) Mark arrives at work on his new motorcycle.

"John Carter, M.D." - If You Want Me to Stay (Sly & the Family Stone) County's staff groves to this song at the admin desk.

"John Carter, M.D." - June is Busting Out All Over (Carousel) A patient bares all as she sings in the middle of the ER.

Season 3

"Let the Games Begin" - Duke of Earl (Gene Chandler) The ER staff celebrates upon hearing that County will remain open.

"Let the Games Begin" - Born to Be Wild (Steppenwolf) Carol borrows Mark's motorcycle to ride to her house.

"Last Call" - Wild Angels (Martina McBride) Jeanie is the envy of all the nurses as she dances with Mickey.

"Ghosts" - Love Potion (The Searchers) Haleh shows off her singing talent at the Halloween party.

"Ghosts" - Bewitched (Ella Fitzgerald) Haleh sings some more as Mark and Susan step out on the dance floor together.

"Fear of Flying" - Locomotion (Little Eva) Doug runs into Carol at Doc Magoos, where William is helping her study.

"No Brain, No Gain" - My Blue Heaven (Fats Domino) Drs. Anspaugh, Carter, and Okida sing kareoke together.

"Who's Appy Now?" - Ride of the Valkyries (Richard Wagner) Carter's 'special music' while performing an appendectomy on Benton.

"Who's Appy Now?" - Mack the Knife (Bobby Darin) Another song played while Carter operated on Benton.

"Faith" - Conga (Gloria Estefan) County's nurses celebrate their new contracts.

"Calling Dr. Hathaway" - Everyday I Write the Book (Elvis Costello) The nurses spend a night out together.

"Make a Wish" - Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh (Allan Sherman) Doug and Carol try to sooth a young boy.

"Make a Wish" - Desperately Wanting (Better than Erza) Doug throws a surprise party for Carol's birthday.

Season 4

"Fathers and Sons" - Pony Boy (Allman Brothers Band) Mark and Doug take a road trip out west.

"Fathers and Sons" - Queen of Hearts (Gregg Allman) Mark and Doug discuss their relationships with their fathers.

"Fathers and Sons" - Take Five (Dave Brubeck) Doug sits in his father's car.

"Freak Show" - At Last (Etta James) Mark and Cynthia between the sheets.

"Do You See What I See?" - Do You Hear What I Hear (Gladys Knight and the Pips) Played during the episode's closing montage.

"Sharp Relief" - Everybody Wants to Rule the World (Tears for Fears) Peter and Elizabeth play darts together.

"Sharp Relief" - That's Life (Frank Sinatra) Peter and Elizabeth share a dance.

"Sharp Relief" - Heat Wave (Martha Reeves and the Vandellas) Doug explains his plans to elope to Mark at Doc Magoos.

"Carter's Choice" - Walking on the Sun (Smash Mouth) Carter walks to work in the snow.

"A Bloody Mess" - Crucify (Tori Amos) Girls' night out with Elizabeth, Anna, and Carol.

"Gut Reaction" - That's Amore (Dean Martin) County sings at the ER banquet.

"Gut Reaction" - Good Riddance [Time of Your Life] (Green Day) Jeanie and Scotty Anspaugh sing his favorite song.

"Shades of Gray" - Simple Gifts (Judy Collins) While in the shower, Jeanie prepares a song for Scott's funeral.

"Shades of Gray" - Good Riddance [Time of Your Life] (Green Day) Jeanie sing's Scott's special song at his funeral.

"Shades of Gray" - Night Life (Aretha Franklin) Peter and Elizabeth get it on.

Season 5

"Day For Knight" - Samba Pa Ti (Santana) After a long first day, Lucy watches County celebrate Jerry's birthday.

"Split Second" - Equinox (John Coltrane) Peter plays this music, hoping Reese might respond to the sound.

"They Treat Horses, Don't They?" - Ruby (Jimmy Smith) Carter and Roxanne dance together in his room.

"Vanishing Act" - The Oogum Boogum Song (Brenton Wood) Doug and Carol discuss the possiblity of having kids.

"Masquerade" - Dragula (Rob Zombie) The party at Carter and Lucy's dorm gets wild.

"Masquerade" - Theme from Shaft (Isaac Hayes) Peter and Elizabeth cruise around the town in their Halloween costumes.

"Stuck on You" - I Can't Help It (Betty Carter) Carter arrives at Kerry's looking for a place to live.

"Hazed and Confused" - Ring of Fire (Grace Jones) Carter wakes up to this tune at Kerry's

"The Good Fight" - Under the Boardwalk (The Drifters) Carter and Lucy finally find the man they're looking for.

"The Miracle Worker" - O Come, All Ye Faithful Played during the ending sequence.

"Nobody Doesn't Like Amanda Lee" - My Favorite Mistake (Sheryl Crow) Carter and Roxanne in bed together.

"Double Blind" - Master of Puppets (Metallica) One of the songs Jerry played at the admin desk.

"Double Blind" - Space Oddity (David Bowie) Mark contemplates taking a job with NASA.

"Choosing Joi" - Heat Wave (Martha Reeves and the Vandellas) Kerry and Elizabeth discuss a possible lawsuit against Romano.

"The Storm Part I" - Resuscitation (Sheryl Crow) Carter and Lucy kiss.

Season 6

"Truth & Consequences" - I Second that Emotion (Smokey Robinson and the Miracles) Carter and Elaine say goodbye at Doc Magoos.

"Great Expectations" - Wondering Where the Lions Are (Bruce Cockburn) Carol gets ready for work on the day her twins are born.

"How the Finch Stole Christmas" - Sleigh Ride Carol deals with being a single mom.

"How the Finch Stole Christmas" - Happy X-Mas [The War is Over] (John Lennon) Lucy sits at Valerie Page's bedside after a successful operation.

"Be Still My Heart" - The Surry With the Fringe on Top (Oklahoma!) Mark sings while he shaves before work.

"Be Still My Heart" - My Kind of Town (Frank Sinatra) Mark, Elizabeth, David, and Isabelle go out to dinner together.

"Be Still My Heart" - They Call the Wind Mariah (Kingston Trio) David Greene impresses everyone with his singing.

"Be Still My Heart" - I Remember it Well (Gigi) David and Isabelle sing together.

"Be Still My Heart" - Battleflag (Lo-Fidelity Allstars) Carter and Lucy are stabbed during the ER Valentine's Day party.

"All in the Family" - More Today than Yesterday (Spiral Staircase) Another song played at the party.

"All in the Family" - Pianoman (Billy Joel) Mark and Elizabeth sing together until they are both paged.

"All in the Family" - Tell Me Something Good (Rufus & Chaka Khan) ER staff members gather at Doc Magoo's.

"All in the Family" - A Whiter Shade of Pale (Procol Harum) Chuny arrives at Doc Magoo's with some bad news.

"All in the Family" - Samba Pa Ti (Santana) The staff reacts to the news that Lucy is gone.

"Be Patient" - Love (Nat King Cole) Elizabeth catches her mother with Mark's father.

"Under Control" - I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby (Annette Hanshaw) Carol sings a lullaby to calm her twins down.

"Under Control" - Bookends (Simon & Garfunkel) Mark and his father look at old slides.

"Viable Options" - My Life Story (Angie Stone) Peter and Cleo make out on the stairs.

"Match Made in Heaven" - Isn't She Lovely (Stevie Wonder) Carol and Luka spend time with the twins at Doc Magoos.

"The Fastest Year" - Bookends (Simon & Garfunkel) Mark and his father go out on the lake together.

"Such Sweet Sorrow" - Letting the Cables Sleep (Bush) Played during the opening montage.

"Such Sweet Sorrow" - Taking You Home (Don Henley) Carol and Doug are reunited at last.

Season 7

"Sand and Water" - Sand and Water (Beth Nielsen Chapman) Played during the episode's closing montage.

"Mars Attacks" - Indra (Thievery Corporation) Carter arrives at County for his first day back.

"Benton Backwards" - Blue in Green (Miles Davis) Luka and Abby's first date.

"Rescue Me" - It's Now or Never (Elvis Presley) Sung by a patient in chairs.

"Rescue Me" - Are You Lonesome Tonight? (Elvis Presley) Another song sung by the same patient.

"Rescue Me" - Rescue Me (Fontella Bass) Kerry sings along in the shower.

"The Greatest of Gifts" - The First Noel (Trans-Siberian Orchestra) Carter trudges home after a long night, only to be called back in to help Chen.

"The Greatest of Gifts" - Baby Mine (Bette Midler) Chen watches as the adoptive mother of her son sings to him.

"The Greatest of Gifts" - Let it Snow! Let it Snow! Let it Snow!(Dean Martin) Mark & Elizabeth reflect on their day.

"Piece of Mind" - Butterfly (Crazytown) Dan and Paul Harris listen to the radio before getting hit by a garbage truck.

"Rock, Paper, Scissors" - How Sweet it is to Be Loved By You (Temptations) Kerry and Kim meet at Doc Magoo's.

"Surrender" - Silver Lining (Amanda Ghost) After a difficult day, Kerry goes to Kim for comfort.

"Thy Will Be Done" - Hanging By a Moment (Lifehouse) Abby prepares for her outing with Carter.

"Thy Will Be Done" - World Looking In (Morcheeba) Carter waits while Abby gets ready for the charity event.

"A Walk in the Woods" - Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring (Bach) Luka watches as the bishop prepares to attend an ordination.

"A Walk in the Woods" - Veni Creator (Gregorian Chant) Luka observes the ordination.

"A Walk in the Woods" - Litany of Saints (Chant) Carter watches helplessly as a boy with measles dies; Luka recalls tragic events in Croatia.

"Witch Hunt" - Chemistry (Semisonic) Carter and Rena have lunch at Doc Magoo's.

"Survival of the Fittest" - Last Resort (Papa Roach) A teenageer impresses his classmates by playing this song over a cell phone.

"Survival of the Fittest" - Happy Together (The Turtles) Mark feeds Elizabeth ice cream after a long day in the OR.

"April Showers" - Trumpet Voluntary (Purcell) Mark and Elizabeth's wedding.

"Sailing Away" - Come Sail Away (Styx) Mark dances and sings as he makes a mobile for his new baby.

"Sailing Away" - Trouble (Kristen Hersh) Carter and Abby drive to Oklahoma to find her mother.

"Sailing Away" - O Very Young (Cat Stevens) On their way back to Chicago, Abby apologizes to Carter for bringing him along.

"Sailing Away" - Babylon (David Gray) Carter and Abby discuss his breakup with Rena.

"Sailing Away" - Hanging By a Moment (Lifehouse) Carter and Abby arrive back in Chicago and realize Maggie has overdosed.

"Fear of Commitment" - Good Friday (Cowboy Junkies) Abby takes a smoking break while at her mother's commitment hearing.

"Fear of Commitment" - I Will Take Care of You (Bangles) Luka and Abby share an evening together until Maggie shows up.

Season 8

"Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic" - Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magik (Red Hot Chili Peppers) Carter listens to music in Gamma's backyard.

"Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic" - Short Skirt, Long Jacket (Cake) Abby retrieves her belongings from Luka's apartment.

"Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic" - L.V.D.B (Abandoned Pools) Rachel listens to loud music on her walkman.

"Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic" - Escape [The Pina Colada Song] (Rupert Holmes) Malucci flirts with a paramedic in the elevator.

"Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic" - Brandy [You're a Fine Girl] (Looking Glass) Malucci desperately tries to save a man with a bleeding ulcer in the elevator.

"Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic" - Afternoon Delight (Starland Vocal Band) Malucci continues to work on the sick man.

"Never Say Never" - Everybody Got Their Something (Nikka Costa) Kerry visits a gay bar after a long day at work.

"Supplies and Demands" - Down With the Sickness (Disturbed) Rachel ignores a screaming Ella.

"Partly Cloudy, Chance of Rain" - I Think it's Going to Rain Today (Randy Newman) Kerry leaves the ER in the rain.

"Quo Vadis?" - Hero (Enrique Iglesias) Played in the promo.

"I'll Be Home For Christmas" - A Long Way From Home (Joe Sample) Played at the end as Benton leaves.

"Beyond Repair" - Battleflag (Lo-Fidelity Allstars) Carter reacts to seeing Sobriki again.

"Beyond Repair" - Rock and Roll All Nite (KISS) Kerry and Sandy go to a hockey game.

"Damage is Done" - Get This Party Started (Pink) Rachel plays with Ella.

"A Simple Twist of Fate" - This Woman's Work (Kate Bush) Played in the Australian promo; Mark discovers his tumor is back.

"A Simple Twist of Fate" - Easy Tonight (Five For Fighting) Luka attacks Brian in a bar.

"It's All in Your Head" - This Woman's Work (Kate Bush) Played in the Australian promo.

"It's All in Your Head" - Ain't That a Kick in the Head (Dean Martin) Mark visits New York and discovers the tumor is back.

"It's All in Your Head" - Calling Dr. Love (KISS) Luka avoids a ticket by faking an emergency.

"Secrets and Lies" - Prelude to a Kiss (Duke Ellington) Carter and Susan talk about their future.

"Orion in the Sky" - Iris (Goo-Goo Dolls) Played in the promo.

"Orion in the Sky" - Losing Hope (Jack Johnson) Mark leaves the ER for the last time.

"Unleashed" [Third Watch Crossover] - Trying (Lifehouse) Susan realizes Chloe has left.

"On the Beach" - Crawling in the Dark (Hoobastank) Mark watches a sleeping Rachel.

"On the Beach" - Hello It's Me (Todd Rundgren) Mark shows Rachel Battleship Row.

"On the Beach" - Imagine (John Lennon) Mark and Rachel head towards the retreat house.

"On the Beach" - The Remedy (Abandoned Pools) Rachel cries in her room.

"On the Beach" - One Step Closer (Linkin Park) Rachel listens to music on the beach.

"On the Beach" - Somewhere Over the Rainbow (Israel Kamakawiwo'ole) Mark sings a lullaby to Ella; Mark dies.

"Lockdown" - Fever (Peggy Lee) Stan sings to Chen while they are quarantined.

Season 9

"Dead Again" - Think About Me (Goo Goo Dolls) Carter and Abby shower together.

"Dead Again" - Pianoman (Billy Joel) Elizabeth returns to the ER for the first time.

"Dead Again" - Don't Cry For Me Argentina Elizabeth heads down to the ER again.

"Insurrection" - Je Crois Entendre Encore (Georges Bizet) A mother pulls the plug on her son.

"Insurrection" - Orbital (Frenetic) Susan, Abby, and Chen enjoy a girl's night out.

"A Hopeless Wound" - The Promise (Tracy Chapman) Elizabeth rides the train with Ella.

"One Can Only Hope" - Long Time Gone (Dixie Chicks) Carter, Abby, Eric, and Jodi go out dancing.

"Tell Me Where it Hurts" - Shoot the Moon (Norah Jones) Susan eats alone; Luka meets a prostitute at a bar.

"Next of Kin" - Harder to Breathe (Maroon 5) Luka cashes a check from a patient.

"Hindsight" - Santa Claus is Coming to Town (Bruce Springsteen) Luka and Erin ride just before their crash.

"Hindsight" - Your Love Gets Sweeter (Finley Quaye) Played at the holiday party.

"Hindsight" - Greensleeves Played by Abby's snow globe. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.12.52.124 (talk) 02:48, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Robert Romano
Those who previously edited an ER article, may be interested in the above discussion. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 02:20, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

Response to Mikeblas comment dated 13:26, 9 July 2015 (UTC) at Articles for deletion/Robert Romano
I did not describe "deletionism" as a negative mindset in my previous comments, nor did I invent the term. It has been part of Wikipedia culture for a good number of years and has its own fairly extensive MetaWiki entry here, as a counterpoint to "inclusionism", which has an equally extensive MetaWiki entry here, along with Wikipedia's own entry, Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia. As far as accepting evidence that people behave in a certain way, it will suffice to also take your own words at face value, "It would be great to delete all of the fan-cruft at once". No time for judicious editing — a 13,291 byte entry which had existed for eight years and provided information about a major character on a top-rated network series is completely wiped out, thus depriving Wikipedia users of that information. Presumably those who care to find information about this character can do what they like — go to other TV websites or to the Robert Romano entry in Italian Wikipedia or Swedish Wikipedia and use translation software. In the same manner that literary characters have their own articles (Category:Literary characters), so do characters from pop culture. The articles describing TV characters are based upon their respective series' own plotlines, and thus are no more "in-universe, original fan-written essays" than articles presenting book, film or TV series plot lines. Since you feel I leave no room for views which disagree with mine, so it would seem that your own opinions on this topic are equally rigid. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 08:38, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

Filming style
If someone ever feels like writing a section about the filming style of ER, here are two sources: --Sofffie7 (talk) 14:31, 15 August 2015 (UTC)
 * https://books.google.be/books?id=ILbHTXNochsC&pg=PA144&dq=er+television&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCmoVChMI0eCPwPiqxwIVxAQaCh20UAxX#v=onepage&q=er%20television&f=false
 * https://books.google.be/books?id=p9Sv7-llzyUC&pg=PA217&dq=er+television&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEUQ6AEwCGoVChMI0eCPwPiqxwIVxAQaCh20UAxX#v=onepage&q=er%20television&f=false

External links modified
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Removing image of Ray Liotta
An editor has removed the image of Ray Liotta that has appeared in the article for some time, noting his single appearance does not merit the picture in the cast section. The caption notes Liotta is one of many notable actors who made guest appearances on the show at a time in their careers when they rarely did television, among them Sally Field, Susan Sarandon, Forest Whitaker (who won an Oscar that same year), Liotta, and a sizable number more. That bears mention in the article, and one image is not unreasonable. I have restored the image, and believe it should remain in the article given the nature of ER's guest casting over the years. -- -- Dr. Margi  ✉  02:55, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Ray Liotta is not a member of the cast and his picture does not belong the main article page. He was in one episode of 331 and one of hundreds of guest stars. Put him on the page of whatever season he was on. This argument is beyond irritating and makes the whole Wikipedia experience very unpleasant. Sandylouise (talk) 08:30, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

 * And by the way, there is no such caption as the "doctor" states and there is no mention of guest stars on the main page. F*%@ Sandylouise (talk) 08:35, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

 * This is your opinion. The community works on consensus.  Given that the image has been in place for some considerable time, I'd say the community disagrees with your opinion. An editor disagreeing with you, and expecting you to abide by policy is so upsetting that you're this angry, far better that you move on or find a more "pleasant" (read: non-controversial) article to edit.  Moreover, the mention of guest cast is in the cast section.  (Oh, and no need for quotes around the title doctor where I am concerned; I earned the title and am entitled to use it.) -- -- Dr. Margi   ✉  09:16, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

 * One would think that a doctor would have something better to do than sit around for 10 years getting into editing wars on Wikipedia, and would be smart enough to use reason instead falling back on "that's the way it's always been" in order to have their way. Also, you changed the caption. And yes the guest cast is in the CAST SECTION, NOT the MAIN ARTICLE. I continue with this because I don't like to be bullied. And because I'm right. Sandylouise (talk) 17:02, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

 * If you want to trade insults, go somewhere else. If you want to have a calm, reasonable discussion, I'm happy to do so. Doesn't matter if you think you're right.  What matters is whether you can gain consensus for your change.  I don't have to reason; that burden is on you.

 * The cast section is part of the main article, and the image is in the cast section of the main article, alongside the paragraph that the image supports. Right where it belongs.  Oh, and before you make accusations, show me the link to where I changed the caption.  Otherwise, entertain the idea you didn't read it carefully.  -- -- Dr. Margi   ✉  18:42, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

 * You are incapable of having a reasonable discussion. You are incapable of having a discussion. All you do is hit the revert button, taking it upon yourself to be the Wiki police or something. You even said "I don't have to reason" and then you go on to give a reason. I don't even think you know what it means. I don't even think you think, "Doctor"

 * I have given plenty of good reasons why Liotta's picture shouldn't be on the main article page but don't listen to reason...you can only revert revert revert. Utterly unreasonable. And who are you to tell me to go somewhere else? Why don't you take your own advice? Sandylouise (talk) 19:15, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

 * In other words, nothing new toward meeting your burden to gain consensus. Please read WP:CONSENSUS, WP:BRD and WP:STATUSQUO.  That's all the reason to revert I need.  Absent consensus, the picture stays.  Oh, and then read WP:NPA.  -- -- Dr. Margi   ✉  20:22, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

Consensus? Nobody even cares, except me, who actually looks at that page. You are just being a bully who must have their way. Sandylouise (talk) 07:02, 3 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Et tu? You can try to wiggle out of the burden to gain consensus any way you want, but it's still yours.  -- -- Dr. Margi   ✉  07:54, 3 June 2017 (UTC)

 * FWIW, I see only two voices here arguing over it, so let me add a neutral third / potentially-tie-breaker: It makes absolutely no sense on the page. Liotta's not a "HUGE" movie-only star, he wasn't a star that had a memorable guest-arc, etc., etc., all of which exist in the show's history and could be evoked. This should probably be removed. DBalling (talk) 13:52, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

Liotta's appearance in 2004 qualifies as a "rare television appearance" as stated in the main article and his image is an example as such. Move on. —  Wylie pedia  09:48, 3 June 2017 (UTC)

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Images in Cast and character section
I think the images in the Cast and characters section will be better at the right side side it's causing some formatting issues with the episode table on there. 06:52, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

$3 billion tv revenue figure
I can't find the $3 billion television revenue figure that this source cites and this article uses. Source says "according to former NBC president Warren Littlefield made the network over three billion dollars " but I don't see where he made such comments. Can anyone find this? Timur9008 (talk) 16:19, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

"Doug Ross (ER)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doug_Ross_(ER)&redirect=no Doug Ross (ER)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. LibStar (talk) 04:10, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:ER (TV series)


text:
Athlete (EP)

Athlete was the debut release by British rock band Athlete. It was released in the UK as an EP on March 4, 2002. The EP features the original versions of "Westside" and "Dungeness", which were soon to appear on the band's debut album.

title: Athlete (EP)


text:
File:Trexler4.jpg

"Colonel Harry Clay Trexler with His Irons in the Fire." From Newspaper Artists Club, "As We See 'Em" (1911).

title: File:Trexler4.jpg