text:
Talk:Futures studies

Move to futures studies
As one of the original authors of the Futures Studies entry I find the term futurology unacceptable. It is not the term used in either academic or professional contexts. The term futurology is certainly worthy of an entry, but it is not the primary point of entry into the field of futures studies as currently used by people in both the academic and professional futures studies community. Rielm (talk) 12:21, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Lead section
Lead section is a bit rambling, and needs to be edited for wordiness. The Transhumanist (talk) 23:25, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Done - moved most of the paragraphs to relevant sections. The Transhumanist (talk) 00:12, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Move to futures studies?
In the archives, Nectarflowed and Paranoid both made extremely valid arguments for why this article should in fact be called Future Studies. Futurology is long forgotten in academic circles, and I can not think of many pop futurists who call themselves futurologists. Please explain why you continue to use the Futurology title! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.97.184.11 (talk) 01:07, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I second this comment but with a caveat. The long-accepted term of practice is Futures, not "Future" studies. I'm a member of the Association of Professional Futurists and a graduate of the University of Houston MS program in Futures Studies. No one that I know of uses the phrase "futurology" today. It is of historical but not current importance. Writers who occasionally use it show their unawareness of both the academic and practitioner communities. Likewise, in those communities, "Futures" studies (in plural) has been the accepted parlance (not "Future" studies) for roughly twenty five years (the World Futures Studies Federation, for example, added the "s" to "Future" its name back in 1987), as leading practitioners emphasize that there are a plurality of possible and actual futures, as well as cultural, organizational, and individual preferences with respect to the future. Articulating those is one important aspect (alternative futures) of both academic and professional futures work.  JohnMSmart (talk) 20:11, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * What's "extreme" about the validity of their arguments? The term "futurology" appears to be in wider common usage, and may even be an umbrella term.  It is defined all over the Web, and there's a futurology article in both Encarta and Brittanica - I could find no definition of "futures studies" or (this context of ) "futures" in any of the major on-line dictionaries, and neither of the two encyclopedias just cited has an article with these names.  Google search also shows that "futurology" is in far greater use than "futures studies".  The corresponding article in the HighBeam Encyclopedia is also named "futurology", and presents the definition published in A Dictionary of Sociology 1998, published by Oxford University Press 1998.  Users of Wikipedia are much more likely to search for "futurology" than the other terms. Presenting the subject as "futures studies" may be giving it undue weight over "futurology" which is the more popular term. The Transhumanist  22:19, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

I can't help but notice how Nectarflowed and Paranoid's comments have been deleted or otherwise removed from the archives of this discussion. First, the international organization, WFSF, is called the World Future Studies Federation and obviously prefer the term Futures Studies. WFS is the World Futures Society and they use the term Futures Studies. Their magazine is called The Futurist not the Futurologist. Also, the APF or Association of Professional Futurists uses the term Future Studies along with the three American universities which offer graduate degrees, University of Houston, Regent University, and University of Hawaii. The Australian universities prefer the term Strategic Forecasting. Does Wikipedia prefer representing its subjects according to how they are viewed in mass media or according to how the subjects actually represent themselves? So question for The Transhumanist, are you a "transhumanist" or just a comic book dork? No slander intended. Simply proving my point. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.97.184.11 (talk) 20:33, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The links to the archives of this discussion are at the top of this page.
 * Specialists in a field use specialized terms. But, the policy Naming conventions clearly states:
 * "The names of Wikipedia articles should be optimized for readers over editors, and for a general audience over specialists."
 * If mass media and the reference work publication field (encyclopedias, dictionaires, etc.), who serve the general public, use the term "futurology", then that appears to be the right term for the article. If "futures studies" were the more popular term, then you'd expect Encarta and Britannica to name its articles that instead of "futurology".  The NPOV policy section WP:UNDUEWEIGHT also applies.
 * If you'd like we could bring this discussion to the talk page of the naming conventions policy, to see what the editors there say. Or to the policy discussion page of the Village pump where Wikipedia's policy gurus hang out.  Or both.  I'm sure they'll be able to help determine what the correct policy-based course of action is.
 * The Transhumanist 02:45, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

I to am a member of the Association of Professional Futurists. The term futurology was used before and initially described the ability to foresee the future through a study of macrotrends. It’s root lies with Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a historical positivist, who saw, like John Stuart Mill, the unfolding of history as an absolute trend that according to Mill is rooted in the human trait of seeking to expand our material wealth and prosper. It was Comte who introduced the notion that one, in alignment with the positivist’s creed, on the basis of laws could foresee the future (“prévision rationelle”). This has since been refuted in modern future studies theory. The term still exists, but should rightfully as pointed out by the other gentlemen be transformed to futures studies. Future studies is a discipline but not an exact science which the term futurology studies entails to people who know the history of future studies. One can maintain the two different terms but then the difference between them should be emphasized.(217.157.144.106 (talk) 11:58, 14 October 2009 (UTC)).

Foresight (future studies) merger
There seems to be another article on future studies, and should be considered for merging. My recommendation is to merge the two articles back under the title Future studies as it seems to be the current professional standard, and the term leading and defining the articles, though I acknowledge the WP:UNDUEWIGHT argument, above. Thoughts? --Yamara ✉  17:28, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Strategic Foresight, Futures Studies, and Futurology are all different studies, but "integral futures" brings them all together. So, a merger would be good, but there needs to be more about their distinct histories in my opinion along with their more similar present. Actually, the European school of thought which dominates Futurology may not really have integrated much of the American Futures Studies or even the Australasian Strategic Foresight. The latter two of which have integrated considerably. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.185.12.208 (talk) 21:56, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Lists moved
I moved the extensive embedded lists to List of futurology topics.

The Transhumanist (talk) 11:58, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Psychohistory?
In Isaac Asimov's "Foundation" series, his character Hari Seldon develops a system he calls "Psychohistory" through which he is able to predict, with great accuracy, future events. Psychohistory is described as essentially a fusion of sociology and statistics, whereby Seldon determines the most likely path humanity will follow (and he even manages to set events in motion during his lifetime to help improve the odds of the optimal outcome).

While Asimov himself also engaged in futurology to an extent (virtually all sci-fi writers do), I was wondering if it would be worth adding a mention of Psychohistory to the article. In a way, it's Asimov as a futurist predicting the rise of an even more advanced form of futurology. EJSawyer (talk) 18:39, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

You describe an interesting piece of information EJSawyer, but do you not feel that your conclusion (being that through writing his fiction Asimov is wilfully predicting something) is false? Unless, of course confirmed by Asimov, in which case what I am typing I accept is irrelevant and you should reference Asimov to support your conclusion. I would like to display that my issue is with how you have attempted to understand the mind of Asmiov in a way that we simply cannot do with the information available to us as the reader and thus in turn this makes the conclusion more incredulous, something which you can fix easily! I feel that it is positive to not make conclusions that can be so simply stated, ambiguity so easily removed. You find the answer or you don't... Unless we otherwise attribute to the author prophetic powers he is not in control of? BoredextraWorkvidid (talk) 08:31, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

On September 25, 1987, Asimov gave an interview to Terry Gross on her National Public Radio program, Fresh Air.[1] In it, Gross asked him about psychohistory:

Gross: "What did you have in mind when you coined the term and the concept?" Asimov: "Well, I wanted to write a short story about the fall of the Galactic Empire. I had just finished reading the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire [for] the second time, and I thought I might as well adapt it on a much larger scale to the Galactic Empire and get a story out of it. And my editor John Campbell was much taken with the idea, and said he didn't want it wasted on a short story. He wanted an open-ended series so it lasts forever, perhaps. And so I started doing that. In order to keep the story going from story to story, I was essentially writing future history, and I had to make it sufficiently different from modern history to give it that science fictional touch. And so I assumed that the time would come when there would be a science in which things could be predicted on a probabilistic or statistical basis." Gross: "Do you think that would be good if there really was such a science?" Asimov: "Well, I can't help but think it would be good, except that in my stories, I always have opposing views. In other words, people argue all possible... all possible... ways of looking at psychohistory and deciding whether it is good or bad. So you can't really tell. I happen to feel sort of on the optimistic side. I think if we can somehow get across some of the problems that face us now, humanity has a glorious future, and that if we could use the tenets of psychohistory to guide ourselves we might avoid a great many troubles. But on the other hand, it might create troubles. It's impossible to tell in advance."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychohistory_(fictional) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Suzy Butterfly (talk • contribs) 19:28, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

A good picture
Of something like early futurologists or something. ThisMunkey (talk) 12:43, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Inappropriate tone tag
Instances of weasel words, peacock terms, and casual speech can be found throughout the article. --Yamara ✉  16:59, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Perhaps you could explain a little more and use a little less terms like 'weasel words' ? As a concept I wonder are weasel words recognised seriously, academically / whateverly? Because simply by looking at the Wikipedia article on the topic, I believe I can tell of numerous issues with this way of labelling a type of idea. This being incorrect labelling and in turn treatment of ideas based on the numerous obvious factors people clearly have ignored being what a great impact society has on how we value things for one. I mean is Societies viewpoint or the elites viewpoint not something which can change like the weather in the test of time?
 * Why not instead focus on the correct viewpoint formed from positive mental controls, methods, attitudes? It seems a negative thinking process to propagate on Wikipedia, a tool which I hold in the highest regards. Presenting this (the concept of Weasel-words) as something intrinsically true about something, when its not! Or, am I taking meaning from this that simply doest not exist?
 * Furthermore I would like to disclaim that if the Wikipedia articles are misleading (the ones I reference to form my opinion) then similarly my responses will be misleading as I believe I can really only correctly cross reference by being in line WITH how we regulate ourselves in the 'correctness' of our definitions (I realise we are not a dictionary...), otherwise the entire thinking behind how this site is run would be flawed. Then further I would say if the response to my question of 'Why is this not addressed ?' is "Well it simply happens due to the size of Wikipedia, we need more staff, we're free not a business ....." etc., then maybe that should be something which is looked into as I believe it will lead to Wikipedia being inaccurate, and to extrapolate I believe that at a minimum you could find thousands more examples of this if what I conclude or specify in the above text is accepted as a 'Truth' BoredextraWorkvidid (talk) 08:58, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Factual errors - watchlist
One prominent international "business futurist", Frank Feather, coined the phrase "Thinking Globally, Acting Locally" in 1979.

(This is not the consensus on the "Thinking Globally, Acting Locally" page. Someone should produce a friends of the earth newsletter or correspondence from 1979 showing where Frank Feather might have received it.

References: (1976) - http://books.google.com/books?id=QTw5AAAAMAAJ&q=act-locally+%22think+globally%22+date:1900-1978&dq=act-locally+%22think+globally%22+date:1900-1978&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=69wiScf2HIjiNLvRgZwO&pgis=1

(1975) http://books.google.com/books?id=IitcAAAAMAAJ&q=act-locally+%22think+globally%22+date:1900-1978&dq=act-locally+%22think+globally%22+date:1900-1978&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=69wiScf2HIjiNLvRgZwO&pgis=1 ) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikip rhyre (talk • contribs) 15:22, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Foresight, art
I want to change the article so that these words are given their proper context. At present they are equated (portrayed as one and the same thing as futurology) but in actual fact they are closely related topics. Foresight (in a manner) requires futurology (of course foresight can be accomplished without futurology but at the optimum level, futurology is its right arm). Art is often entwined with futurology by practitioners. Can anyone give more than a broken link to Wordnet to show futurology, foresight and art to be one and the same thing? ~ R . T . G  15:11, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Futures studies
Why is the current article named "futurology" instead of "futures studies"? Viriditas (talk) 16:38, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Try reading Strategic foresight ~ R.T.G 09:09, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
 * That isn't helpful. "Futurology" does not appear to be primary term in use anymore, much in the same way that astrobiology replaced or supplanted the terms bioastronomy and exobiology.  This article should be called "Futures studies", not futurology. Viriditas (talk) 12:18, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Futures studies is scarcely English, perhaps something created by a non-native speaker. Futurology is widely used and idiomatic. The article's name should be changed to that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.103.145 (talk) 07:14, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Futurism is an early 20th-century art movement, not this.
This is ridiculous, really. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.145.91.229 (talk) 14:06, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * This is the talkpage for the article about predicting the future, which is Futurology . The article on the early 20th-century art movement Futurism is, not surprisingly, Futurism. Skomorokh,  barbarian  14:11, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

I Strongly believe this needs to be cleaned up.
"11. Sustainability was a given. It almost didn’t need to be mentioned. Sustainable futures, understood as making decisions that do not reduce the options of future generations, that thus include the long term, the impact of policies on nature, gender and the other, appears to be the accepted paradigm. This is so for the corporate futurist and the NGO. Moreover, sustainability, in its green sense, appears to have been reconciled with the technological, spiritual and post-structural ideal of transformation. It is thus not a simplistic ideal of sustainability (i.e., back to nature) but rather a paradigm that is inclusive of technological and cultural change."

This has perhaps the 'chattiest' opening I have ever read in Wikipedia, are these points simply a description and then copying of the actual experts, recognised mind, whatevers findings as VERBOSE as possible, or is this wikipedia and this is simply someone who could have formed some better sentences? BoredextraWorkvidid (talk) 08:15, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Yeah agree entirely. Having not read the original doc I don't want to make any great changes, but I have edited the first two lines, which are the worst, to read more appropriately. Carl weathers bicep (talk) 12:51, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Singularity
Futurology busting Singularity is in the book list but not the article. Before I WP:Bold something in on this, is there a reason for its ommission? HkFnsNGA (talk) 07:45, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move to Future studies - "Future studies" is the more common name for this concept. Neelix (talk) 17:03, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Futurology → Futures studies – It's time to move this title to Futures studies as we've been saying for many years now. Nobody uses the term "futurology" anymore. This is like those last few dying holdouts decrying the move of bioastronomy to astrobiology. Time's up, time to move. Viriditas (talk) 03:19, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Support as nom. Viriditas (talk) 03:20, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

So what is this beast called?
I went to edit the article to keep the terminology consistent, and to replace instances of "futures studies" with "future studies", but it seems that the most relevant and recent publications really do call it "futures studies" -- so I propose moving the article to Futures studies. Though I'd like some opinions from people who are actually savvy about the topic. Google gives more results for "future studies" than "futures studies", but to me it seems that's outweighed by what the field is really called today. — Jeraphine Gryphon (talk) 07:15, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

None of the sources in the references section have "future studies" in the title, several have "futures studies". I'm putting a db-move tag on the other article. — Jeraphine Gryphon (talk) 07:36, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi Jeraphine, yes, this should be futures studies, reflecting that there are multiple possible futures instead of any single future, and that our actions matter to which future we end up in. I cite the Houston "Futures Studies" program and the Hawaii "Futures Studies" program as additional examples. John b cassel (talk) 14:32, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ The Transhumanist 21:18, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Merge
Futurist should redirect to Futures studies. The Futurist article is as follows:
 * {|class="wikitable"

 * Lede || "Futurists (not in the sense of futurism) or futurologists are scientists and social scientists whose speciality is to attempt to systematically predict the future", where systematically predict the future wikilinks to Futures studies
 * Definition || Wikipedia is not a dictionary
 * Futures Studies || "Main article: Futurology"
 * Futurists and futurology || this short incoherent section is perhaps intended to justify the separateness of the article. It currently states in toto:
 * Not all futurists engage in the practice of futurology as generally defined. Preconventional futurists (see below) would generally not. And while religious futurists, astrologers, occultists, New Age divinists, etc. use methodologies that include study, none of their personal revelation or belief-based work would fall within a consensus definition of futurology as used in academics or by futures studies professionals.
 * Futures Studies || "Main article: Futurology"
 * Futurists and futurology || this short incoherent section is perhaps intended to justify the separateness of the article. It currently states in toto:
 * Not all futurists engage in the practice of futurology as generally defined. Preconventional futurists (see below) would generally not. And while religious futurists, astrologers, occultists, New Age divinists, etc. use methodologies that include study, none of their personal revelation or belief-based work would fall within a consensus definition of futurology as used in academics or by futures studies professionals.
 * Not all futurists engage in the practice of futurology as generally defined. Preconventional futurists (see below) would generally not. And while religious futurists, astrologers, occultists, New Age divinists, etc. use methodologies that include study, none of their personal revelation or belief-based work would fall within a consensus definition of futurology as used in academics or by futures studies professionals.

What it amounts to is "some people use futurist to describe people who predict the future via non-scientific means". That seems to require at most a hatnote distinguishProphecy. The "(see below)" points to nothing. jnestorius(talk) 23:32, 27 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Notable futurists || "Main article: List of futurologists"
 * }
 * }

 * I agree with the thrust of what you are saying. However, I think it would be better to copy across any useful info from Futurist into Futures studies and then turn Futurist into a disambiguation page that disambiguates Futures studies from Futurism.  Yaris678 (talk) 12:34, 28 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually... I think the page Futurist should be a redirect to Futurism (disambiguation). That page already says "Futurism or futurist may refer to..." Yaris678 (talk) 08:23, 12 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Agree with Yaris, Futurist is not exclusive to Futurology, but has a variety of meanings which could be valid search terms. Generally the argument to merge the content of the article seems to be a sensible one. Sionk (talk) 21:00, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

Moved from article - Further reading
It's pretty clear no one is maintaining this list. Something from it might be worth using as a reference: --Ronz (talk) 17:11, 15 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Bindé, J. (2001). Keys to the 21st century. New York: Berghahn Books.
 * Bishop, Peter and Hines, Andy. (2006). Thinking about the Future: Guidelines for Strategic Foresight. Social Technologies, Washington, DC.
 * Cornish, Edward (2004). Futuring: The exploration of the future. Bethesda, MD: World Future Society.
 * Dixon, Patrick (1998,2003,2007). Futurewise: Six Faces of Global Change. Profile Books.
 * Ferkiss, V. C. (1977). Futurology: promise, performance, prospects. A Sage policy paper. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
 * Flechtheim, O. K. (1966). History and futurology. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain.
 * Galtung, Johan and Inayatullah, Sohail. (1997). Macrohistory and Macrohistorians. Perspectives on individual, social and civilizational change. Westport, Ct, Praeger.
 * Gidley, Jennifer (2007) The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary Imperative: An Integration of Integral Views, Integral Review: A Transdisciplinary and Transcultural Journal for New Thought, Research and Praxis, 2007, Issue 5, p. 4-226.
 * Gidley, Jennifer, Bateman, Debra., & Smith, Caroline. (2004). Futures in Education: Principles, Practices and Potential
 * Gidley, Jennifer, & Inayatullah, Sohail (2002). Youth Futures: Comparative Research and Transformative Visions
 * Godet, Michel (2004). Creating Futures Scenario Planning as a Strategic Management Tool. Economica, 2001.
 * Goldsmith, Mike The Knowledge, Fantastic Future
 * Gordon, Adam (2009). "Future Savvy," American Management Association Press, New York
 * History & Mathematics: Analyzing and Modeling Global Development. Edited by Leonid Grinin, Victor C. de Munck, and Andrey Korotayev. Moscow: KomKniga, 2006. P.10-38. ISBN 978-5-484-01001-1.
 * Hostrop, R. W. (1973). Foundations of futurology in education. [Homewood, Ill: ETC Publications].
 * Inayatullah, Sohail (2007). Questioning the future: Methods and Tools for Organizational and Societal Transformation. Tamsui, Tamkang University. Third Edition.
 * Inayatullah, Sohail, & Gidley, Jennifer. (Eds.). (2000). The University in Transformation: Global Perspectives on the Futures of the University
 * de Jouvenel, Bertrand (1967). The Art of Conjecture. (New York: Basic Books, 1967).
 * Lindgren, Mats and Bandhold, Hans (2003). Scenario Planning-the link between future and strategy. Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire and New York.
 * Lindgren, Mats et al. (2005). The MeWe Generation. Bookhouse Publishing, Stockholm, Sweden.
 * Practical Foresight Guide, Michael Jackson, Shaping Tomorrow, 2011
 * Retzbach, Roman (2005). Future-Dictionary – encyclopedia of the future, New York, USA.
 * Rescher, Nicholas (1998). Predicting the future. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-3553-9.
 * Rohrbeck, R., S. Mahdjour, S. Knab, T. Frese (2009) Benchmarking Report – Strategic Foresight in Multinational Companies Report of the European Corporate Foresight Group: Berlin, Germany.
 * Schwarz, J.-O. (2008) Assessing the future of futures studies in management, Futures, Vol. 40, Iss. 3, 237-246.
 * Shakhnazarov, G. K. (1982). Futurology fiasco: a critical study of non-Marxist concepts of how society develops. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
 * Slaughter, Richard A. (1995), Futures for the Third Millennium. Prospect Media, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia, ISBN 1-86316-148-1.
 * Slaughter, Richard A. (2004), Futures Beyond Dystopia: Creating Social Foresight. RoutledgeFarmer, London, UK, ISBN 978-0-415-30270-8
 * Slaughter, Richard A. (2005). The Knowledge Base of Futures Studies Professional Edition CDROM. Foresight International, Indooroopilly, Australia
 * Thompson, A. E. (1979). Understanding futurology: an introduction to futures study. Newton Abbot [Eng.]: David & Charles.
 * Woodgate, Derek with Pethrick, Wayne R. (2004).  Future Frequencies. Fringecore, Austin, Texas, USA
 * Woodgate, Derek with Pethrick, Wayne R. (2004).  Future Frequencies. Fringecore, Austin, Texas, USA

added section General applicability and use of foresight products
I am a student at the University of Houston in the Strategic Foresight program. I am very familiar with both the public and private sector development, use, and publication of foresight material. I added this section to give a broader perspective on where foresight work is being developed and used as well as links to well constructed examples. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JJS42 (talk • contribs) 22:42, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

Added Education to Applications of foresight and specific fields
I'm currently studying Foresight and wanted to add specific instances where foresight was being used to direct Education policy. Byoboo (talk) 04:52, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Merge, futurologists
Three partially overlapping but not identical lists of the same subject:

 * List_of_futurologists
 * Outline_of_futures_studies#Futurologists
 * Futures_studies#Futurists%20and%20foresight%20thought%20leaders

All should be consolidated into the first, and the other 2 just be links. GangofOne (talk) 06:22, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Changes
Howdy, Stephen Layman here. Student of Future Studies at University of Houston.

I altered the Strategic Foresight page by expanding on the 3 types of strategic foresight: personal, organizational, and social.

1.	Personal – "Personal and professional goal-setting and action planning"[3] ADDED BELOW This branch of foresight is geared toward the public as individuals. The ideas and lessons can be traced to self-help seminars, spiritual awakening, and varieties of holistic and aerobic activities in order to better figure out life goals. Once a person has a handle on their goals, then they are guided through a more rigorous analysis process to find the best possible lifestyle, or future scenario, to fit the completion of their goals.

2.	Organizational – "Carrying out tomorrows' business better"[4] ADDED BELOW Organizational strategic foresight is focused on implementing profitable scenarios to the corporate world. In order to gain an edge in this field many businesses will hire their own futurist. Primarily this is a trend finding position. After locating developed and emerging trends a plan is created to achieve the most profit, satisfy a corporate goal, or solve an issue. The last step is implementing that plan. The difficulty with implementing a corporate plan is that many require a change of structure, or corporate mentality. Another task for the futurist in this case would be to work with management in making the implementation a smooth transition while maintaining an accurate focus for successful scenario achievement.

3.	Social – "Moving toward the next civilisation – the one that lies beyond the current hegemony of techno/industrial/capitalist interests"[5] ADDED BELOW The Social side to strategic foresight is the most eclectic. Here the views range widely in their attempts to develop the best cultural future. The variety of interests range from lesser known religious pathways for enlightened futures, to aggressive individualism, and even preparatory focus for the coming apocalypse or interstellar relocation. The opinions in this branch of strategic foresight are influenced through personal experience and translated into easily digestible ideas for the public to understand. The futurists in this discipline act as guides to realizing societal core values, and implementing a new plan for even the most unlikely of future scenarios.

Please, edit as you see fit! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Selayman17 (talk • contribs) 00:42, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Changes from a futures studies graduate student
I made the following changes in this article informed by my studies in the M.S. in Foresight.

I added, under “Trend analysis and forecasting,” the following based upon my course studies in Foresight and in business forecasting/analytics. How Professional Futurists are different than Forecasters Professional futurists practicing strategic foresight leverage data forecasts in their toolbox to establish the baseline normative future. This is the future that will happen when historical data is used as an indicator of the future. What Foresight professionals do different is A) When the forecast reaches the end of its predicability add the creative and research elements to craft alternative futures. B) Will account for what the forecast does not account for. After regression analysis we know how much of the forecast is likely due to the identified elements and how much is due to other causes. Foresight professionals take into consider these other causes as well and research alternative futures for and from these changing elements. In short, professional futurists do make or use forecasts and then they go further.

I added, under “Probability and predictability,” the following based upon my study of futeres studies work and predictive decision making in business: Professional futurists do not make predictions. A prediction is a yes/no judgment on a discrete occurrence. Will X happen or not? Although professional futurists are capable of making extremely well informed predictions through research and revision, they do not make predictions because the systems we face are more complex than single paths, there is always more nuance then yes or no, and the future is never actually predictable. The complexity of the real world, the presence of chaos, and the insertion of complicating factors such as humans make the actual future impossible to predict. Instead, professional futurists consider the swathe of elements in the system and research the major drivers impacting the probable, plausible, and possible futures.

I edited the opening paragraph to read as follows with its emphasis on methodology and models: Futures studies (also called futurology and strategic foresight) is the study and methods of researching possible, probable, and preferable futures and applying techniques to guiding future directions. The creative aspects including scenarios, ideation, and narratives may be informed by the study of change and world-views and myths that underlie them. A debate as to whether this discipline is an art or science has been updated to consider the Master’s of Science degree in Foresight such as through the University of Houston and that professional futurists subject the data and research that goes into futures to scrutiny and tests from the scientific method. Foresight also includes artistic imaginative visioning to think around biases about perspectives of the future. Futures studies informs the research into what the futures may be and how alternative futures may be different.

I edited the caption of the Moore's Law image to read: Unlike Moore’s law, which is an example of market observations and projections of historical R&D investments, strategic foresight takes into account continuous changes and discontinuous factors that would, for instance change the pace of Moore’s law.

Let me know your feedback. Joe Murphy, student, Master's of Science in Foresight, University of Houston. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joe Murphy SF (talk • contribs) 05:55, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Pseudoscience
Since a related recent edit was reverted then restored, I started looking at popular pseudoscience resources I have. The following don't mention pseudoscience in the context of futurology: Here are the current sources used to support the claim:
 * Michael Shermer's Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience, 2002
 * Brian Regal's Pseudoscience - A Critical Encyclopedia, 2009
 * Oxford Handbook of Science Fiction
 * The asbract claims that futurology is a Christian phenomenon (something not mentioned in i.e. SAGE's Encyclopedia of Time 2009 which has an article on Futurology) and is mostly on the science fiction perspective.

 * Oxford dictionary of philosophy
 * This one does mention "pseudo-science" and is a dictionary, possibly better than the previous source. It still doesn't claim that most scientists consider futures study pseudoscience.

 * William's Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy 2013, p. 122
 * This too mention pseudoscience and includes: "Many scientists reject futurology being a science".

My impression is that we could keep the last two sources, drop the first one and make corrections (there are URL and grammar issues). Another aspect is if we should attribute the claim, considering that not all reliable sources treat it as pseudoscience... Thanks, — Paleo Neonate  – 21:04, 3 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I did a cleanup according to the above, input and/or improvements welcome. — Paleo  Neonate  – 02:11, 4 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I agree. I added the sentence "There is a debate as to whether this discipline is an art or science" (it was there before), since it's importent regardless the question of pseudoscience. In addition, I added that it considered as pseudoscience by scientists (both sources we agreed on are scientific and written by scientists). The references are now appear (as ref name) in both places. Nachi (talk) 09:33, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

Editing "Government Agencies" Section under Applications
Hello Everyone,

Just an FYI that I am reviewing and editing the Applications > Government Agencies section.

Prior to my edits, this section has been a bit uneven (See Version previous to my edits):
 * 1 Paragraph with 243 words
 * 36 words to describe Singapore's foresight efforts
 * 192 words to describe UAE's foresight efforts.
 * 80% of this section was just talking about UAE!

I would like to balance this by describing Singapore, Finland, and UAE with 100 (max) words each. While giving the the last mention to other governments with less-known foresight-focused units & agencies, e.g. Canada, Malaysia, and others.

I plan to make changes incrementally over the next week. Please let me know your feedback and any suggestions.

Kinda Regards,

Votamli (talk) 11:23, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

Modification of Education application section
I am a student in the MS, strategic foresight program. I edited the Application:Education to further include information about applications in K-12 classrooms. I thought the original author did a great job including the section as applications in the education sector are important. FinBrannigan25 (talk) 22:44, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

Foresight Graduate Student - Made Changes to History
I added content to the history origin section, including information on Thomas More, and added the early 20th century, with a focus on the world wars which were the impetus for modern future studies as we know it. I also added to emergence, including more significant authors and works, as well as fleshing out some of the already existing information. I also removed an image related to biological evolution that had no context in terms of the wikipedia entry. --RachelAnnYoung (talk) 02:53, 26 February 2018 (UTC)

Update to Design subsection under specific applications
Hi, I'm Madebo Fatunde, a Graduate student in the University of Houston's foresight program and I edited this design section to better reflect the reality of the mutual borrowing between the design world and the futures world. I might suggest some future lines of updating to add some high-profile higher of futurists to design firms. I also added a bit about futures x design agencies. I'm thinking here of shops like Superflux or IDEO or Design Couture. I'll circle back with some links and literature the future. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Madevious (talk • contribs) 02:02, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

Talk archive broken
Archive is broken and can't be searched nor accessed; did it ever work? If so, anyone know what changed? Rolf H Nelson (talk) 05:12, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Clearer definition or lede
After looking at the discussion at, I think the lede could be clearer on what is generally considered futurology. Some refs:

Cambridge Dictionary: Futurology: "The study of social, political, and technical developments in order to understand what may happen in the future" Webster: Futurology: "A study that deals with future possibilities based on current trends" Lexico/Oxford: Systematic forecasting of the future, especially from present trends in society Macmillan: the study of the future, including how people will live, work, and communicate

A BBC article characterizes it as "The tricky art of knowing what will happen next" and "the discipline of mapping out the future"

Britannica: "the study of current trends in order to forecast future developments" mentions "technological forecasting" in its lede. The article as a whole also implies that much futurism has a "technological forecasting" angle. (Some has instead an "ecological collapse" angle).

I think our lede should make it clear that futurology often connotes technological forecasting. I also think "Part of the discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present, and to determine the likelihood of future events and trends" is a bit weak; do other parts of the discipline exist, and if so what do these other parts seek? We should also make clear in the lede that futurology connotes "big picture" ideas rather than figuring out short-term interest rates.

Here's a proposal for the first sentence:

Future studies, or futurology, is the systematic and interdisciplinary forecasting of technological advancement and other environmental trends, often for the purpose of predicting how people will live and work in the future.

Rolf H Nelson (talk) 06:12, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Seeking help to improve this article
I am working to improve this article. I am not an active edit in Wikipedia. Are there any active editors here who can help?

RealFuturist (talk) 01:09, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi Peter, I’d be happy to help. I’m not as familiar with wiki editing as some of the others here. Anyone else able to help?

DrMel (talk) 01:10, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

Realm of the certain? Realm of the uncertain? –  §"Pseudoscience critique"
The concepts "Realm of the certain" and "Realm of the uncertain" are not defined in the text, nor are they well-defined concepts. For example, does "realm of the certain" mean an ontology with epistemological certainty beyond a threshold value? Clearly not, since if so, as the choice of the threshold is a collective cognitive quantity and hence arbitrary unless agreed upon, there would be not point in such black-&-white categorising.

Science (physics), in its naive interpretation, aims at causal prediction of the future. To name just one aspect, chaos theory and quantum theory do model uncertainty. Certainty and uncertainty aren't two categories in science, but just a number (a feature) of a probability distribution. Everything is certain or uncertain depending on the on-looker's standpoint. In quantum theory, is its prediction's "certainty" high? Or is it not a function of the number of sigma-values (of purported probability distributions) in fitting experimental results at CERN? That's science's certainty: a collective cognitive agreement.

Is there use in adopting such a subjective stance (psychological: there positing perceptive categories to characterize sciences) in the model-making for the sake critiquing pseudoscience, instead of subsuming everything into a unifying framework as physics does (as mentioned above)? Not i.m.o.. Ngs111 (talk) 14:46, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Futures studies


text:
Harvey Postlethwaite

Harvey Ernest Postlethwaite (4 March 1944 – 15 April 1999) was a British engineer and Technical Director of several Formula One teams during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. He died of a heart attack in Spain while supervising the testing of the aborted Honda F1 project.

Early career
After leaving the Royal Masonic School for Boys, Harvey Postlethwaite attended the University of Birmingham, England to study mechanical engineering and graduated, with a BSc and then a doctorate, during the 1960s. He was a keen follower of motor sport, competing in a Mallock at club level for a while. After graduation Postlethwaite joined ICI as a research scientist, but bored by this he soon began to pursue a career as a race car engineer, joining March in 1970, then aged just 26. Postlethwaite worked on the fledgling company's Formula 2 and Formula 3 cars but was lured away to join the Hesketh Formula One team who were a March customer. The Hesketh team was well known for an unconventional approach to Formula One—Postlethwaite was himself considered 'eccentric':
 * "The Doc's explanation of his move to Hesketh was that 'They got me drunk'."

Formula One
Working to modify and improve the novice team's March 731 chassis, Postlethwaite elevated the team into serious contention and the following year designed the team's car from scratch. 'Doc' Postlethwaite's Hesketh 308 secured a number of podium positions. The following year he further developed the car's unusual rubber spring suspension and saw his creation take victory at the Dutch Grand Prix in the hands of James Hunt.

By Lord Hesketh could no longer afford to run the team and sold out. Postlethwaite went with his cars to the newly founded Wolf–Williams Racing, headed by Walter Wolf and Frank Williams, but the results were poor and the owners soon went their separate ways. Postlethwaite remained with Wolf, designing the team's challenger, the WR1.

Success was immediate with Jody Scheckter taking victory at the season's opening race. Two more wins and a number of podium results followed and Scheckter eventually finished second in the Drivers' Championship.

Although Postlethwaite remained with the team until they were never to repeat their  success. When Walter Wolf closed the team down at the end of 1979 he transferred, along with the Wolf cars and driver Keke Rosberg to the Fittipaldi Automotive team. He produced a new design, the F8, for the latter half of 1980 but left to join Ferrari in early 1981. At the time the Italian team were considered amongst the best engine and gearbox builders in the sport, but amongst the worst chassis designers. Postlethwaite was selected personally by Enzo Ferrari to rectify this problem and by the following year everything was in place for success.

The 126C2 Ferrari took the Constructors' title despite several serious setbacks, including the practice crash at Zolder which claimed the life of Gilles Villeneuve. Despite the loss of their inspirational Canadian driver, Postlethwaite's updated design, the 126C2B, took the Constructors' title again in.

Postlethwaite remained with Ferrari until. After 1983 his cars took several more wins, but were unable to compete with McLaren and Williams for title victory. He was eventually replaced by John Barnard and moved to Tyrrell, where he worked for four years. During his tenure as technical director Tyrrell's results improved noticeably, culminating in the season opener in Phoenix, where Jean Alesi was able to challenge Ayrton Senna's McLaren for victory and finished second in a Tyrrell 018. Alesi repeated the feat in Postlethwaite's novel 019 – the first of the 'high nose' Formula One cars – at Monaco. At the car's launch Postlethwaite proved the structural integrity of its unusual front 'gull wing' by standing on it. While at Tyrrell Postlethwaite employed Mike Gascoyne, who became his assistant and protégé.

In 1991, Postlethwaite was signed as technical director of the Sauber team who planned to enter Formula One in. Taking Gascoyne with him, Postlethwaite relocated to Switzerland and designed the team's first car. Despite leaving Sauber before the start of 1993, the designer's car went on to considerable success in the hands of JJ Lehto and Karl Wendlinger regularly scoring points.

Postlethwaite moved back to Tyrrell in 1994 where he remained until when the team was sold to become British American Racing. Although by the late 1980s and 1990s Tyrrell was a small, and largely uncompetitive team, the designer remained well respected within the sport and was hired as technical director of the abortive in-house Honda F1 project in 1999. Although Honda had not committed to race in Formula One the project produced an evaluation car, designed by Postlethwaite and built by Dallara, and it was during testing of this car at Barcelona in Spain that he suffered a fatal heart attack. The project was subsequently discontinued, although Honda began supplying engines again from the 2000 season onwards, eventually taking over the BAR team for 2006.

Personal life
Postlethwaite was married to Cherry and had two children.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Harvey Postlethwaite


text:
Paul Trueman

Paul Trueman is a fictional character from the British BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Gary Beadle. The character, who first arrived onto Albert Square on 23 April 2001 and later departed the programme on 23 December 2004, was portrayed as a bad boy who was a member of the already-established Trueman family. In his exit storyline, Paul became a drug dealer, which Beadle has been critical towards, as he suggested it played into black racial stereotyping. It was implied that Paul was killed upon his exit, though his death was not screened.

During his time on the show, Paul instigates a feud with his brother Anthony (Nicholas Bailey); copes with the untimely death of their mother Audrey (Corinne Skinner-Carter); develops a close interaction with Audrey's ex-husband Patrick (Rudolph Walker), who soon turns out to be Paul's adoptive father; sparks friendships with the square's local hardman Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) and his nemesis Steve Owen (Martin Kemp); gets blackmailed by old acquaintance Angel Hudson (Goldie) into repaying him the money he owes and later having a relationship with the latter's estranged lover Precious (Judi Shekoni); conspire with Phil's cousin Billy (Perry Fenwick) to force his enemy Trevor (Alex Ferns) into leaving Walford so his wife, Little Mo Mitchell (Kacey Ainsworth), would be prevented from further domestic abuse; temporarily romanced with Phil's sister Sam (Kim Medcalf); briefly date Billy's ex-girlfriend Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks), until she ends up causing the death of his friend Barry Evans (Shaun Williamson) on the day after they got married; supports Patrick on his wedding day to his fellow shopkeeper Yolande (Angela Wynter); and end up working for Sam's gangland husband Andy Hunter (Michael Higgs), which ultimately contributes to Paul's departure from the show.

Storylines
Paul Trueman first appeared at Albert Square in Walford in April 2001, when he visits his brother Anthony (Nicholas Bailey) and their mother Audrey (Corinne Skinner-Carter) upon being estranged for them for some time. Audrey rejects him, but he decides to stay – going as far as to blackmail Anthony for money in exchange for keeping his drink-driving secret. Paul soon befriends Steve Owen (Martin Kemp), a local nightclub owner, when they begin to play poker with local hardman Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) and most of their neighbours. During one of Steve's poker events, however, Paul is shocked when his old acquaintance Angel Hudson (Goldie) joins the game. It quickly transpires that Paul owes Angel money, and Angel – after recognising Paul – threatens to harm him unless he pays up. Paul tries to get the money by stealing property from his mother, pawning the goods and gambling the money he receives. This fails and he ends up with less money than he began with. When Angel comes to collect his money, Paul fails to pay, so Angel gives him a severe beating and trashes Audrey's bed and breakfast. As Angel continues to threat him, Paul blackmails Anthony into giving him the money. Anthony has no choice but to oblige; he takes out a loan and Paul pays Angel.

Audrey is struck by falling debris while walking past some building works. Several days later, after an argument with Paul during which he revealed Anthony was the one who was driving at the time of the accident, Audrey collapses and dies, caused by a delayed reaction to the blow she received earlier. Just before she dies, Audrey tells Paul that she knew about Anthony being the driver and tells Paul to tell Anthony that she loves him. Paul replies "What about me?". Just as Audrey is about to say something to him, she dies. However, everything is left to Paul in Audrey's will. Paul's supposed father Patrick (Rudolph Walker) arrives in Walford for her funeral. Paul initially reacts to Patrick with apprehension but they eventually bond. Both are devastated when Anthony discovers via DNA tests that Patrick is not Paul's biological father. Paul later discovers he is the biological child of Milton Hibbert (Jeffery Kissoon), Patrick's friend with whom Audrey had been having an affair. Despite this, Patrick and Paul maintain a close relationship.

Angel returns with more orders for Paul. It turns out that Angel is being prepared to stand trial for murder and he is using his wife, Precious (Judi Shekoni), as a fake alibi. He tells Paul to guard her until she can testify. Paul obliges and Precious moves to the square. Paul initially does not know that Precious is Angel's wife and when she make advances towards him, he has no qualms about having sex with her. The two begin an affair, but both fear repercussions from Angel. Precious refuses to be Angel's alibi, hoping that he will be imprisoned, but he is found not guilty. Paul and Precious make plans to flee the country, but a brawl between the Truemans and the Slaters at the Queen Vic stalls their departure and Angel apprehends Precious, stating that she can have her divorce; however, if he ever discovers she and Paul have resumed their relationship, he will kill them both. Precious has no choice but to finish with Paul and leave Walford alone.

In 2002, Paul helps Phil's cousin Billy (Perry Fenwick) with helping the latter's love interest Little Mo Mitchell (Kacey Ainsworth) escape her domestic abuse ordeal for her tormenting estranged husband Trevor Morgan (Alex Ferns). They plan on forcing Trevor to sign divorce papers and getting him to leave Walford, but Trevor continues to hassle Little Mo until he is eventually killed in an explosion caused by himself on Halloween Night that year.

In 2003, Paul is shocked when an abandoned baby is left on his doorstep. The child is the result of a one-night stand between Paul and a woman called Amy, who dumped the child her on Paul's doorstep; soon, he struggles to cope as a single parent. Paul names the baby Eleanor (Charnae Leckie), after the mother of his step-father Patrick. As Paul starts to cope with looking after Eleanor, Amy decides she wants her back and Social Services collect her, leaving Paul heartbroken.

That same year, Paul begins a sexual relationship with Billy's ex-girlfriend Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks); she concocts a plan to fleece her step-brother Barry Evans (Shaun Williamson) of all his money and invites Paul into her scheme, which he accepts. Janine professes to love Barry while all the time sleeping with Paul. However, on Janine's wedding day to Barry, Paul attempts to stop the plan by confessing that he loves her and they do not need Barry's money. However, Janine refuses and marries Barry anyway, as she has also been led to believe that he is terminally ill and could use the opportunity to inherit his wealth. However, when Janine learns from Barry that his illness is a false alarm, she becomes repulsed by him, and confesses that their marriage is a sham, also revealing her affair with Paul in the process. Barry attempts to get Janine to love him by forgiving her, but she ends up pushing him away, and Barry consequently falls down a ravine to his death.

In 2004, following Barry's death on New Year's Day and his wedding to Janine the day before, Paul suffers from immense guilt about his involvement; he makes a conscious effort to support Barry's grieving ex-wife Natalie (Lucy Speed). When Paul finds out that Janine killed Barry, he furiously breaks up with her upon seeing her lack of remorse. He then develops feelings for Natalie and they begin a relationship, but he has a hard time hiding his guilt from her. After Natalie grows suspicious of the nature of Paul's relationship with Janine, he finally reveals Janine's role in Barry's death and makes a statement to the police.

Janine is questioned, but released due to lack of evidence. She promptly tells Natalie that Paul had conspired with her to 'fleece' Barry from the start, and gloats about getting away with murder. Devastated, and unable to prove Janine's guilt to the police, Natalie leaves Paul and Albert Square. When Janine taunts Paul about it in The Queen Victoria public house, he becomes incensed and attempts to attack her before getting restrained. However, Janine eventually gets her comeuppance when she is wrongfully implicated for the death of her sworn enemy Laura Beale (Hannah Waterman). Janine had come to Paul for help, but he rejected her, and watched in delight with others as Janine was arrested for Laura's death.

Paul eventually decides to leave Walford and join Anthony travelling over Europe, but returns to the square to see Patrick marry his next wife, Yolande (Angela Wynter), and is thus persuaded to stay in Walford. Paul has a spell working with troubled youth, but begins to get involved in crime again when he starts drug-dealing for the square's crime boss Andy Hunter (Michael Higgs). Towards Christmas 2004, Paul ends up getting arrested by the police who are investigating Andy's criminal empire; Paul is eventually forced to inform the police about Andy's gangland activities in order to avoid facing a prison sentence. Soon enough, Paul is authorised to help the police entrap Andy in a drug trade. However, this fails when Andy becomes suspicious and escapes the sting operation. When they cross paths with each other later on, Andy realises that Paul has grassed him up to the police and arranges to have him killed in retribution. Paul considers escaping, but realises his family would be in danger if he does, so he says a tearful goodbye to Patrick and the family. A taxi then arrives for Paul, whose driver is actually a hitman sent by Andy to kill Paul for his betrayal. Paul tells Patrick he is leaving and will not be seen again, which leaves his father unaware that Paul is actually leaving to be killed. As he leaves the square, Paul asks the driver to 'make it quick' as his family and Andy separately watch him depart the square; Paul was killed off-screen.

A month later, in January 2005, Patrick begins to grow suspicious about Paul's fate, and questions Andy upon realising that he was the last person to have spoken to Paul before his 'departure'. Andy frequently denies knowing what has happened to Paul, and attempts to get Patrick to drop the subject, to no avail.

Patrick continues to pester Andy for information, and attempts to do so again when the latter is having a meet-up with fellow mob boss Johnny Allen (Billy Murray), who thereupon realises that Andy has had Paul killed. In order to build-up his plans to usurp Andy's status as the square's reigning gangland boss, Johnny arranges for Paul's body to be unearthed. When that happens, Patrick is visited by the police and he is devastated to learn that Paul has been killed.

After identifying Paul's corpse, Patrick realises that Andy had Paul killed and confronts him about it. Andy denies this, but Patrick swears revenge on Andy for having Paul killed by telling him "Paul's ghost is not going to rest, until I make you pay for it!". In February 2005, Paul's funeral takes place and a few weeks later Andy gets killed by Johnny, much to Patrick's delight, as Patrick feels that justice has been served for Paul's murder.

Development
Beadle was critical of his exit storyline, accusing EastEnders of racial stereotyping for turning his character into a drug dealer. He commented to The Mirror: "I hate the storyline, I'm really not happy about it. It's so unimaginative, full of stereotypes - black people and drugs, blah, blah, blah. Any scenes involving drugs, you can rest assured I hated filming them. I just knew Paul wouldn't do that - it's not his style. Once they started hanging my character so dramatically, I knew I'd made the right decision to leave." Speaking to BBC Radio 1 in 2004, Beadle stated that the storyline had a negative effect on his private life, with public shouting at him in the street things such as 'Drug dealer' or 'Sell me some drugs'. Beadle suggested that the storyline was "about a very deep subject and if you are going to write about that subject then you need to explain it completely. I'm just talking about believability. You need to show the beginning, the middle and the end, otherwise it looks negative." Beadle also said that he was disappointed that Paul was not shown to die on-screen - his death was implied not screened.

Reception
In 2020, Sara Wallis and Ian Hyland from The Daily Mirror placed Paul 78th on their ranked list of the best EastEnders characters of all time, calling him "wayward" and noting his key role in Janine killing "poor Barry Evans". In 2021, Laura-Jayne Tyler from Inside Soap wrote that Paul was "one of the best Walford characters of his time – taken from us in such a way that we still cling to the hope that he's not really dead...C'mon EastEnders, we know you're reading this!"

title: Paul Trueman


text: Category:Aviation by country

title: Category:Aviation by country


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Geraint Brython Edwards

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 13:43, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Geraint Brython Edwards
Not notable in the extreme Brookie 10:53, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. – flamurai (t) 11:32, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 16:50, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, self-promotion, vanity. Wyss 17:39, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - 3 Google hits, possible vanity. Megan1967 01:16, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
White's law

White's law, named after Leslie White and published in 1943, states that, other factors remaining constant, "culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year is increased, or as the efficiency of the instrumental means of putting the energy to work is increased".

Description
White spoke of culture as a general human phenomenon and claimed not to speak of 'cultures' in the plural. His theory, published in 1959 in The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome, rekindled the interest in social evolutionism and is counted prominently among the neoevolutionists. He believed that culture – meaning the sum total of all human cultural activity on the planet – was evolving.

White differentiated between three components of culture:
 * 1) Technological,
 * 2) Sociological and
 * 3) Ideological, and argued that it was the technological component which plays a primary role or is the primary determining factor responsible for the cultural evolution.

Argument synopsis
White's materialist approach is evident in the following quote: "man as an animal species, and consequently culture as a whole, is dependent upon the material, mechanical means of adjustment to the natural environment". This technological component can be described as material, mechanical, physical and chemical instruments, as well as the way people use these techniques. White's argument on the importance of technology goes as follows:
 * 1) Technology is an attempt to solve the problems of survival.
 * 2) This attempt ultimately means capturing enough energy and diverting it for human needs.
 * 3) Societies that capture more energy and use it more efficiently have an advantage over other societies.
 * 4) Therefore, these different societies are more advanced in an evolutionary sense.

For White "the primary function of culture" and the one that determines its level of advancement is its ability to "harness and control energy". White's law states that the measure by which to judge the relative degree of evolvedness of culture was the amount of energy it could capture (energy consumption). White differentiates between five stages of human development. In the first, people use energy of their own muscles. In the second, they use the energy of domesticated animals. In the third, they use the energy of plants (so White refers to agricultural revolution here). In the fourth, they learn to use the energy of natural resources: coal, oil, gas. In the fifth, they harness nuclear energy.

White's energy formula
White introduced a formula:

C = ET, $$

...where E is a measure of energy consumed per capita per year, T is the measure of efficiency of technical factors utilising the energy and C represents the degree of cultural development. In his own words: "the basic law of cultural evolution" was "culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year is increased, or as the efficiency of the instrumental means of putting the energy to work is increased." Therefore "we find that progress and development are affected by the improvement of the mechanical means with which energy is harnessed and put to work as well as by increasing the amounts of energy employed". Although White stops short of promising that technology is the panacea for all the problems that affect mankind, like technological utopians do, his theory treats technological factor as the most important factor in the evolution of society and is similar to the later works of Gerhard Lenski, the theory of Kardashev scale of Russian astronomer, Nikolai Kardashev and to some notions of technological singularity.

Earlier research
In 1915, Geographer James Fairgrieve outlined a similar law of history. In its widest sense on its material side, he wrote, history is the story of man's increasing ability to control energy. By energy he meant the capacity for doing work, for causing—not controlling—movement of men and machines. Man's life is taken up by the one endeavor to harness as much energy as possible and to waste as little as possible. Any means where he can harness more or waste less marks an advance and important event in the world history. Inventions mark stages of progress. The forthcoming League of Nations, he believed in the first year of World War I, would be another stage in progress in saving energy, as it would save the energy wasted in wars.

title: White's law


text:
K. Beerschot V.A.C.

Koninklijke Beerschot Voetbal en Atletiek Club, now K Beerschot VA was a Belgian football club from Antwerp. The club was founded in 1899 when most players of Antwerp left the club. It played in the 1920 Olympic Games Stadium named the "Kiel".

After many financial problems over the years, the club was forced to retire from competition and was dissolved in 1999. Shortly after, K.F.C. Germinal Ekeren moved from Ekeren in the north of Antwerp to the south in order to install at the "Kiel". The club changed its name and became Germinal Beerschot, before the name was changed again in 2011 to Beerschot AC. In 2013, Beerschot AC went bankrupt and dissolved. A new team emerged: K Beerschot VA.

Honours

 * Belgian First Division
 * Champions (7): 1921–22, 1923–24, 1924–25, 1925–26, 1927–28, 1937–38, 1938–39
 * Runners-up (7): 1900–01, 1922–23, 1926–27, 1928–29, 1936–37, 1941–42, 1942–43
 * Belgian Second Division
 * Winners: 1906–07
 * Runners-up: 1981–82, 1992–93, 1994–95
 * Belgian Second Division final round
 * Winners: 1982
 * Belgian Cup
 * Winners: 1970–71, 1978–79
 * Runners-up: 1967–68

Notable players

 * 🇧🇪 Pierre Braine
 * 🇧🇪 Raymond Braine
 * 🇩🇰 Kenneth Brylle
 * 🇧🇪 Arthur Ceuleers
 * 🇧🇪 Philippe Clement
 * 🇧🇪 Julien Cools
 * 🇧🇪 Rik Coppens
 * 🇧🇪 Bob Dalving
 * 🇧🇪 Alfons De Winter
 * 🇩🇪 Lothar Emmerich
 * 🇳🇱 Wim Hofkens
 * 🇧🇪 Constant Huysmans
 * Juan Lozano
 * 🇫🇮 Jari Rantanen
 * 🇭🇹 Emmanuel Sanon
 * 🇧🇪 Gérard Sulon
 * 🇳🇱 Simon Tahamata
 * 🇧🇪 Guy Thys
 * 🇫🇮 Arto Tolsa
 * 🇵🇱 Jan Tomaszewski
 * 🇧🇪 John Van Alphen
 * 🇧🇪 Jack Van den Eynde
 * 🇧🇪 Stanley Van den Eynde
 * 🇧🇪 Jan Verheyen
 * 🇧🇪 Patrick Vervoort
 * 🇧🇪 Jef Vliers
 * 🇧🇬 Andrey Zhelyazkov

title: K. Beerschot V.A.C.


text:
Gaiety School of Acting

The Gaiety School of Acting (GSA) is a drama school located on Essex Street West in Temple Bar, Dublin, Ireland. It was founded by theatre director Joe Dowling in 1986. Patrick Sutton, theatre director, was director of the Gaiety School of Acting for 30 years from 1993. As of 2024, the director and CEO is Will Wollen.

Organisation and location
The Gaiety School of Acting was founded in 1986 and is operated as a "self funded not-for-profit organisation". The school aims to train actors for theatre, film and television.

The school is based in Temple Bar, Dublin, with "Young Gaiety" classes also taking place in satellite locations in Bray and Malahide.

Courses
The school runs a two-year full-time Professional Actor Training course, part-time and youth courses in locations across Dublin, as well as a Masters of Arts in Theatre Practice in association with University College Dublin.

One year part-time courses include a Performance Year and Advanced Performance Year in Acting, and a Performance Theatre Company course. Shorter ten-week courses are also offered.

The school also hosts courses for international students, community and outreach schemes for Leaving Cert students, and corporate training programmes covering communication skills, leadership, and team building events.

Writers
Writers that the school has commissioned include Marina Carr, Lally Katz and Gary Duggan.

Notable graduates
The full time actor-training programme has produced graduate actors who have appeared in theatre, television and film productions both nationally and internationally. Graduates of the school have included: • Colin Farrell

• Adam Fergus

• Sarah Greene

• Joanne King

• Becky Lynch

• Flora Montgomery

• Charlie Murphy

• Colin O'Donoghue

• Eimar O'Grady

• Aisling O'Sullivan

• Lorraine Pilkington

• Karl Shiels

• Stuart Townsend

• Aidan Turner

• Olivia Wilde

• Deirdre O'Kane

• Moe Dunford

• Don Wycherley

• Mark O'Halloran

• David Wilmot

• Eva Birthistle

• Simone Kirby

• PJ Gallagher

• Ian Lloyd Anderson

title: Gaiety School of Acting


text:
WRFD

WRFD (880 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to both Columbus and Worthington, Ohio. It is owned by the Salem Media Group and broadcasts a Christian talk and teaching radio format. WRFD and sister station WTOH (98.9 FM) share studios on North High Street in the northwest portion of Columbus.

By day, WRFD is powered at 23,000 watts non-directional. (6,100 watts during critical hours.) The AM transmitter is near the former site of Cooper Stadium in the Franklinton section of the city's west side. WRFD is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission as a daytime-only station. To avoid interference, it is required to sign off at local sunset to protect WCBS in New York City, a 50,000-watt clear-channel station using the same frequency. Despite the interruption of over-the-air service, WRFD can be heard around the clock on 250-watt FM translator station W283CL (104.5 FM), which launched in November 2016.

History
WRFD signed on the air on September 14, 1947. It broadcast only during the day, originally at 5,000 watts of power. It was owned and operated by Peoples Broadcasting Company. Peoples Broadcasting was a subsidiary of the Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company (the present-day Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company; the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation was Nationwide's founding member). WRFD was originally aimed at the regional agricultural market (hence the use of RFD, or rural free delivery), and had its studios and transmitter located on East Powell Road in rural Delaware County, north of Columbus.

WRFD held a construction permit for an FM station that actually was on the air for a period of time in the early 1950s. But few people owned FM receivers in those days and the license was turned in a short time later. In 1961, WRFD decided again to launch an FM station. WRFD-FM 97.9 had a classical music format. In 1967, it ended the classical format, becoming radio station WNCI, with the new call letters standing for parent company Nationwide Communications and Insurance. WRFD was later sold to Buckeye Media in 1974, which sold it to current owner Salem Communications in late 1981.

Since February 1, 1982, WRFD has operated with a Christian talk and teaching format. On air personalities at that time included Chuck Brown, Rick Dolezal, Boyce Lancaster, Bill DeWeese and Steve Lineberry. The station also maintained a daily broadcast schedule of farm news and agribusiness information. In the late '90s, the farm program adopted the brand Ohio Farm Radio.

One widely known WRFD farm broadcaster was Ed Johnson, who hosted the program from 1967 until 1972. Leaving WRFD, he founded The Agri Broadcasting Network (ABN) which he owned and operated until his death in February 2001. The longest serving Farm Director at the station during the Salem years was Joe Cornely, who broadcast weekday farm news and information until 1998, when he joined the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation staff. He was followed by Darrin Johnston, who was replaced in 2002 by Andy Vance who left Salem Communications in 2005 to found the Buckeye Ag Radio Network, and later acquire Johnson's ABN Radio.

In 2005, Salem executives, with hopes of providing a more consistent programming schedule, decided to discontinue WRFD's agricultural programming.

Programming
Local programming on WRFD includes Bob Burney Live on weekday afternoons and repeated overnight. On Saturdays, local programs include Listen to Your Money, Saving Face, and Saturday Live, hosted by Columbus radio veteran Tom Wiebell.

WRFD carries programs from national religious leaders, including Greg Laurie, Chuck Swindoll, Jim Daly, John MacArthur, J. Vernon McGee, Joni Eareckson Tada and David Jeremiah. Two secular conservative talk hosts are also heard, Jay Sekulow and Eric Metaxas. WRFD uses a brokered programming format, where hosts pay for their time on the air and may use their shows to seek donations to their ministries.

title: WRFD


text: Template:Nazi symbol

title: Template:Nazi symbol


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/WRDF

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 18:00, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

WRDF
Non-notable low-power Christian radio station in Columbus, Ohio. Not only that, it's at the wrong title. Szyslak 10:57, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I (just now!) put up an article for WRFD, due to its historical relationship with WNCI and otherwise for completeness of Columbus radio stations. However, I fat fingered the orginal posting and accidently created WRDF. I propose that WRDF be deleted, but keep WRFD. Earpol
 * Delete this one. Wyss 17:38, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or redir to WRFD (there seem to be no AM, FM, or TV stations with this callsign, and the few orgs whose initials happen to match don't seem very notable). Niteowlneils 21:41, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Surely we don't need redirects for typos - at least, not ones of radio callsigns. If we redir this one, presumably we should create WFRD, RWDF etc. for consistency, and so on for every existent radio station.  Delete - in fact, I'll send it for Speedy Delete under criterion #10 TSP 00:49, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, agree with TSP - no redirects for this either. Megan1967 01:19, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 06:56, Feb 16, 2005 Jimfbleak deleted WRDF (listed for speedy deletion)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/WRDF


text:
Kalamansig

Kalamansig, officially the Municipality of Kalamansig (Inged nu Kalamansig, Jawi: ايڠد نو كلمانسيݢ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Sultan Kudarat, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 50,900 people.

The main means of livelihood of the people is farming and fishing. The municipality's marine environment is home to various species of marine wildlife and plants, the most important of which is the giant tamilok, the largest shipworm species in the world. The species can only be found within the area, and no where else in the world, making Kalamansig an important biodiversity area. Formerly hunted by the locals, the giant tamiloks are now strictly protected by the municipality, specifically the former hunters of the species, after research confirmed the high importance of the species in the area's biodiversity.

The nearest point of entry is through Cotabato Airport, Cotabato City. The town can easily be reached by taking the fully cemented Upi-Lebak National Road. Convenient and safe public transport that plies directly to Kalamansig are also available at NCCC Mall Davao, General Santos Public Terminal, Cotabato City Lebak-Kalamansig Terminal and Tacurong City Public Terminal.

Etymology
Like most municipalities in the Philippines, Kalamansig traces its name from various legendary origins. A popular folklore among the Manobos, a tribe of people who were among the earliest inhabitants of the place, explained that the name originated from a phrase “Kulaman-su-wayeg”, which literally translates as “Kulaman in the water”. Kulaman is said to be a famous Sultan of the Valley during the seventeenth century. According to the legend, a long famine came to the place and the Sultan, who was a loving father and provider to his family, ventured alone and gathered cassava, a staple food of the Manobos, for their consumption. Before returning home, the Sultan decided to wash the root crop in a river, but a sudden and strong river current arrived and swept the aging Sultan from his feet, carrying him downstream and was drowned in the process. His body was later found and recovered downriver, coining the word “Kulaman-sa-ig” (Kulaman in the water).

The name evolved into “Kalamansig” which later become the official name. In honor of this Manobo tribal leader, the river where he was found was named after him and later, the entire upper valley was called “Kulaman”. This barangay is now part of the Municipality of Sen. Ninoy Aquino.

History

The existing seat of government of Kalamansig was formerly the municipality of Lebak. The first attempt to separate was on Lebak (presently Kalamansig) was under the municipal district of Kiamba while Salaman (now Lebak) use under the district of Dinaig on August 18, 1947, under Executive Order No. 82. and it was again reunited under one independent municipality of Lebak on December 31, 1948. The seat of government was transferred to Salaman on April 12, 1951.

Ten years later, the Municipality of Kalamansig formally created by the virtue of Executive Order No. 459 dated December 29, 1961 signed by Carlos P. Garcia, creating the municipality of Kalamansig from certain barangays of Lebak and Palimbang.

There are 20 barangays and sitios carved out from Lebak: Lun, Pitas, Dansalan, Pedtegenan, Madu, Port Lebak, Lenek, Santa Clara, Sebayor, Nalilidan, Bosawon, Calubcub, Camp III, Poral, Limulan, Simsiman, Cadiz and Tipudos. The 8 barangays and sitios were taken from Palimbang are Sangay, Mat, Danawan, Paril, Babancao, Basiawan, Narra and North Kulaman.

Kalamansig was transferred from Cotabato Province to Province of Sultan Kudarat on November 22, 1973, by Presidential Decree No. 341 by President Ferdinand Marcos. Kalamansig lies the few miles from the epicenter of the devastating 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake.

In 2004, gigantic shipworms were discovered by the locals within the municipal waters. In 2017, the shipworms were formally researched on by local and international scientists. The research confirmed that the giant Kalamansig tamilok is kuphus polythalamia and is the largest species of its kind in the world. Due to the research, Kamalansig became the first and only known permanent natural habitat of the endangered species.

Geography
Kalamansig is a coastal municipality located to west of Sultan kudarat. Limulan River is the longest river in Kalamansig with a total length of 27 km.

Barangays
Kalamansig is politically subdivided into 16 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
 * Bantogon
 * Cadiz
 * Datu Ito Andong
 * Datu Wasay
 * Dumangas Nuevo
 * Hinalaan
 * Limulan
 * Nalilidan
 * Obial
 * Pag-asa
 * Paril
 * Poblacion
 * Sabanal
 * Sangay
 * Santa Clara
 * Santa Maria

Elementary

 * Datu Guiabar Pilot School/DGPS (Barangay Poblacion), Kalamansig District I
 * Ricardo Cabaluna Memorial Elementary School/ RCMES (Barangay Sangay), Kalamansig District II
 * R.D. Talapian Sr. Memorial Elementary School/ RDTSMES (Barangay Paril), Kalamansig District II
 * Teresita Patalinjug Elementary School/TPES (Barangay Cadiz), Kalamansig District I
 * Artemio L. Martin Elementary School/ALMES (Barangay Obial), Kalamansig District I
 * Santa Clara Central Elementary School/ SCES (Barangay Santa Clara), Kalamansig District II
 * Nalilidan Elementary School/NES (Barangay Nalilidan), Kalamansig District II
 * Don Modesto S. Buenaflor Sr. Elementary School (Barangay Dumangas Nuevo), Kalamansig District I
 * Santa Maria Elementary School (Barangay Sta Maria), Kalamansig District I
 * Pag-asa Elementary School/PES (Barangay Pag-Asa), Kalamansig District II
 * Datu Etang Integrated School School/DEPS (Sitio Meles, Barangay Hinalaan), Kalamansig District II
 * Datu Wasay Elementary School/DWES (Sitio Proper, Barangay Datu Wasay), Kalamansig District II
 * Saint Andrew's Mission School-/SAMS (Sitio Tinandoc, Barangay Datu Wasay), Kalamansig District II
 * Costa Rica Elementary School (Costa Rica, Barangay Datu Wasay), Kalamansig District II
 * Limulan Elementary School LES (Barangay Limulan), Kalamansig District II
 * F.B. Concha Primary School/FBCPS (Barangay Limulan), Kalamansig District II
 * Datu Ito Andong Memorial Elementary School/DIAMES (Barangay Datu Ito Andong), Kalamansig District II
 * Ma-at Primary School /MPS (Sitio Ma-at, Barangay Sangay), Kalamansig District II

High school

 * Kalamansig National High School-Main (Barangay Poblacion)
 * Kalamansig National High School-Datu Wasay HS (Barangay Datu Wasay)
 * Kalamansig National High School-Sabanal HS (Barangay Sabanal)
 * Santa Clara National High School-(Barangay Santa Clara)
 * Sangay National High School (Barangay Sangay)
 * Notre Dame of Kalamansig (Barangay Poblacion)

Integrated School

 * Datu Etang Integrated School
 * Private School integrated school

University/College

 * Sultan Kudarat State University - Kalamansig Campus

title: Kalamansig


text:
Category talk:Museums in the United Kingdom

early comment
I can't make up my mind whether this belongs in the main UK menu. None of the comparable categories (historic houses, gardens, castles etc) are. Any comments? Wincoote 11:04, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Cock and bull story

"Cock and bull story" is an English-language idiom for a far-fetched and fanciful story or tale of highly dubious validity. It is often used to describe a description of events told by someone who is being deceitful or giving an excuse, perhaps unconvincingly. The first recorded use of the phrase in English was in John Day's 1608 play Law-trickes or Who Would Have Thought It: "What a tale of a cock and a bull he told my father."

The inns on Watling Street
The Cock and the Bull inns in Stony Stratford were staging posts for rival coach lines on Watling Street, the London–Birmingham turnpike road. It is said that local people, regarding the passengers staying at the inns as a source of news, were told fanciful stories; there was even rivalry between the two inns as to who could tell the most outlandish story. These inns are still in existence: the Cock Hotel is documented to have existed [in one form or another] on the current site since at least 1470; the present building dates from 1742. The history of The Bull is less well documented but is certainly older than 1600; the present building is "late eighteenth century".

According to another source, the rival inns were in Fenny Stratford, a nearby town also on Watling Street, but no such hostelries exist there today.

There is no reliable support for the Watling Street etymology of the phrase.

title: Cock and bull story


text: Category:British netball players

title: Category:British netball players


text:
User talk:Chris 73/Work

How would Polish nobles sign it?
We promise that to ourselves and to our friends and friends of our friends, that we, who are signed under it, will defend the worked solution with our words, deeds and actions, that we will consider compromise as our own, and we will act together, commonly against any person, vandal or misguided, who would try to violate it, but only with accordance to wikipedia rules and without violation of our consciences and feudal privileges(^w^w oops too much reading Polish treaties :))) ). We will act agaisnt such persons with all our might, all our anger and until such person, no matter who they will be, will either cease to violate compromise or join it. We promise ourselves, as equal with equals, free people with free people, that we won't abandon our compromise, we won't change it without agreement of anyone else, we will stand united and indivisible.

(Hundreds and hundreds of signatures follows)

Szopen 11:11, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I noticed a couple of errors. Danzig became part of Prussia in 1793.  It was a free city until 1939, not 1933.  I would suggest, however, that we give the options of 1) always refer to it as Gdansk; 2) refer to it as Gdansk before 1793 and after 1945, Danzig in between; 3) refer to it as Gdansk before 1308 and after 1945, Danzig in between.  Otherwise it looks good.  The vote should be announced to the various places where votes are announced, so that we get people besides our usual folks.  john k 15:10, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for fixing the errors. About the voting options: This has the problem that votes may be split. See this example for options 1-3 above:
 * (1) 4 votes
 * (2) 3 votes
 * (3) 3 votes
 * In this case, (1) wins, even though 6 people prefer it to be Danzig between 1793 and 1945.
 * Additionally, we should also decide on the voting period, and the winning margin. We could put it up now for discussion, start the vote on Monday 21st, and have a duration of 2 (3?) weeks. I would list it on Current surveys and Announcements, and maybe even list it on the Recent Changes header. The RC header should also be announced on the Admin noticeboard (and get more exposure?). I would also contact users related to the various edit wars on their talk page. As for the counting, I think an absolute majority (50% or more) wins. Sockpuppets and users with very low edit count or very new at Wikipedia may be excluded. (On previous instances, notices appeared on foreign language wikis asking people to vote here). Any thoughts? -- Chris 73 Talk 23:56, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

I would concur, although I generally think that the 1466-1793 period should be treated as a whole, unless Szopen would care to explain how Danzig/Gdansk's position changed after the union with Lithuania. john k 03:03, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I merged the sections. I will move the page to the GDansk namespace soon and add a comment on the Gdansk talk page. Voting starts on Monday, I guess. -- Chris 73 Talk 03:10, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Madgeburg Cathedral
Hi Chris. I'm new to Wikipedia and just came back from a trip to Madgeburg and visited the Cathedral. I got a tour of the organ by Barry Jordan. I attempted to update your article (please excuse any errors and I'm a new user) as it stated that the organ had not been installed yet. Barry confirmed it was installed on May 18, 2008 and I cross referenced this with an update to this web site: http://www.magdeburgerdommusik.de/html/the_new_west_organ_and_future_.html

Also, Barry told me there were over 5,500 pipes and that the funds raised were 2.2 million euros vs. 2.0.

I wanted to alert you to my attempted Organ section revision referenced above, that I may be going back in May 2012 and could validate and/or take photos as needed and suggest your consider an update to the Architecture section as follows:

In your Architecture section you correctly reference that "Unlike most other Gothic cathedrals, Magdeburg Cathedral does not have flying buttresses supporting the walls." I would like to recommend this concept be expanded to mention that also missing from traditional Gothic design in this Cathedral is a Gallery and Triforium. Essentially the Clerestory sits directly on top of the Arcade aisle wall.

How's this?

"Unlike most other Gothic cathedrals, Magdeburg Cathedral does not have flying buttresses supporting the walls. The Cathedral is also missing several other Gothic architectural elements including the Gallery and Triforium.  The Clerestory windows are positioned directly on top of the Arcade aisle wall with no Gallery nor Triforium stages." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jdberardi (talk • contribs) 23:01, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chris 73/Work


text: Category:Australian netball players

title: Category:Australian netball players