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Talk:Stankonia

Would anyone want to help me write a breakdown of song meanings for this album? The Aquemini page is amazingly done.

songs
Added song descriptions; some of the lyrics are really hard to summarize since they don't always have continuity or overarching themes; so some of my descriptions are a little awkwardly written especially towards the end since I was tired and ran out of vocabulary to describe different sounds.
 * Andre's lyrics on this can definitely get more than a little ridiculous at times. still my favorite OutKast album outta the ones i have though, with Aquemini at #2 and ATLiens at #3 (the last of which i really don't see why people think is that good,) but that's thanks a lot to the production. Dr. Trey 10:27, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * what about speakerboxx/the love below--are u one of those people who think they sold out?

I removed the song descriptions. While such wording would be fine for a personal review, the descriptions were written closer to the tone of objective reviews. An objective overview of the songs is a much better option. --FuriousFreddy 03:18, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

linked reviews
theres loads of links to buy.com.. should they be there? ..i can see they are meant to be citations.. but they aren't the actual reviews.. anyway, some of them are dead so should be removed regardless.. the robert xgau quote in the main article is misunderstood, he isnt calling stankonia 'comic and expansive p-funk' he's describing p-funk as that and then goes on to describe outkast differently

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NME review
Transcription using Google News Advanced News Archive Search. NME (Columnist. 41. November 18, 2000) review of Stankonia (2000):

"Why wait for the conclusion. Let's cut to the chase. 'Stankonia' (pronounced Stank-O-nee-ya) is the best hip-hop album of the year so far. Mos Def's willingness to experiment, Common's intelligence and Kool Keith's futuristic rhymes and thread it together with some southern fried Atlanta funk and some complex concepts on life, and you get a rather simplistic if passable description of what you might find on this album. What is impressive is that 'Stankonia' is Andre 3000 and Big Boi's fourth album, exhibiting creative evolution rare in contemporary hip-hop. They've also hit that rare balance of creative eccentricity and mass appeal - with their previous albums 'Southernplayalistcadillacmuzik', 'ATLiens' and 'Aquemini' each going platinum in the States.

Brave and bold, in terms of movement between albums, Outkast are, perhaps, hip-hop's equivalent of Prince in the 1980s. The rapping is swift, and yet articulate. Fortunately, a lyric sheet is provided, hence you'll discover and appreciate the full depth of their philosophies. Whether it's their plea to their expectant babymother's mama that they're responsible men on 'Ms Jackson' or the contrast they make on 'Humble Mumble' (featuring Erykah Badu) between life's true beauty and society's reality, Outkast conceptually excel. While musically, real instrumentation makes long, seductive love with contemporary technology to produce a lush and varied soundscape.

Conscious, spiritual, stark and honest, Outkast's diverse and innovative style maybe hard to digest at first, but this has that little something special that Public Enemy's 'It Takes A Nation Of Millions To Hold Us Back' and De La Soul's 'Three Feet High & Rising' had. It's an audible novel. Meaning that it has eternal qualities that will unravel in time on an emotional, intellectual and spiritual level. A classic album that represents, as Outkast say on 'BOB', "Power music, electric revival."

9 out of 10"

- Columnist

Dan56 (talk) 22:10, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

BREAK
That was me who added the brief comment about the use of the 'BREAK!' motif. I just feel like it needs to brought up somehow in this article. It's such a unique and recurring thing in the production of the album, and a very distinct aspect of the album as a whole.

How do you guys think it should be brought up?

ckolar612 (talk) 21:35, 12 February, 2012 (UTC)

 * With a cited source. Dan56 (talk) 03:54, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

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L.A. Reid involvement
Was L.A. Reid involved in producing Stankonia? Both RYM and Discogs have L.A. Reid listed as a producer. 72.208.178.248 (talk) 00:13, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * WP:ALBUMAVOID lists both of those sources as unreliable. Binksternet (talk) 21:18, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stankonia


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Breyers

Breyers is a brand of ice cream started in 1866 by William A. Breyer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

History
In 1866, William A. Breyer began to produce and sell iced cream in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, first from his home, and later via horse and wagon on the streets. Breyer's son Henry incorporated the business in 1908. The formerly independent Breyer Ice Cream Company was sold to the National Dairy Products Corporation/Sealtest in 1926. National Dairy then changed its name to Kraftco in 1968, and Kraft by 1975. Kraft sold its ice cream brands to Unilever in 1993, while retaining the rights to the name for yogurt products.

Ice cream
Prior to 2006, Breyers was known for producing ice cream with a small number of all-natural ingredients.

In recent years, as part of cost-cutting measures since their move from Green Bay, Wisconsin, to Unilever's U.S. headquarters in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Unilever has reformulated many of its flavors with nontraditional, additive ingredients, significantly changing the taste and texture of their desserts as a result. Following similar practices by several of their competitors, and to the consternation of many former customers, Breyers' list of ingredients has expanded to include thickeners, low-cost sweeteners, food coloring and low-cost additives — including natural additives such as tara gum and carob bean gum; artificial additives such as maltodextrin and propylene glycol; and common artificially separated and extracted ingredients such as corn syrup, whey, and others. An ingredient list for Breyers Frozen Dairy Dessert may now include up to forty ingredients:

milk, skim milk, sugar, corn syrup, cream, maltodextrin, whey, cellulose gel, mono & diglycerides, guar gum, cellulose gum, natural flavor, carob bean gum, carrageenan. caramel swirl: sugar, water, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, non fat milk solids, butter, salt, molasses, pectin, soy lecithin, sodium citrate, natural flavor, lactic acid, potassium sorbate. waffle cone pieces: fudge coating (sugar, coconut oil, cocoa powder, nonfat milk powder, whole milk powder, anhydrous milkfat, soy lecithin, vanilla), waffle cones (unenriched wheat flour, sugar, corn starch, palm and/or soybean oil, bamboo fiber, soy lecithin, natural flavor, soy flour, salt), natural flavor.

One result of these cost-cutting practices has been that many (but not all) of Breyers' products no longer contain enough milk and cream to meet labeling requirements for ice cream, and are now labeled "Frozen Dairy Dessert" in the United States and "Frozen Dessert" in Canada.

For several decades over 30% of Breyers products, including most of its products sold in the Northeastern U.S., were produced in a large plant outside Boston, in Framingham, Massachusetts. As part of cost-cutting by Unilever, the plant was closed in March 2011.

Marketing
In the 1980s, when Breyers produced all-natural ice cream, the company ran a television advertisement in North America featuring a child who attempted to read an ingredients list from another ice cream brand and experienced extreme difficulty pronouncing several listed artificial additives. The child then turned to the Breyers package and easily read the names of ingredients like milk, cream, and strawberry.

Confusion with Dreyer's
In the Western U.S. and Texas, Breyers ice cream is sometimes confused with Dreyer's ice cream. Henry Breyer founded Breyers in 1908 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, while William Dreyer and Joseph Edy co-founded Edy's Grand Ice Cream in 1928 in Oakland, California. The root of the confusion dates to 1953, when "Edy's Grand Ice Cream" was changed to "Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream". Seeking to eliminate the confusion this created, Dreyer's changed its brand name in the home market of Breyers from "Dreyer's Grand" back to "Edy's Grand" in 1981. Around that same time Breyers had begun an expansion toward the West Coast—the home market of Dreyer's—and by the mid-1980s was distributing ice cream throughout the western U.S. and Texas. Unlike Dreyer's, Breyers kept its brand name nationally, and as a result, both Breyers and Dreyer's can be found on store shelves in the western U.S. and Texas.

Yogurt
Breyers Yogurt was a brand of yogurt, owned by Kraft Foods then by CoolBrands International, a former Canadian frozen foods manufacturer. After CoolBrands ran into financial trouble, it was sold in 2007 to Healthy Food Holdings, an affiliate of Catterton Partners, a private equity firm based in Greenwich, Connecticut.

The yogurt was manufactured under license from Unilever at an upstate New York facility until the licensing agreement was terminated and the Breyers Yogurt line was discontinued in April 2011. Catterton continued to produce YoCrunch yogurt but without the Breyers co-branding until it sold the company in August 2013 to Group Danone.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Breyers


text:
E. H. Moore

Eliakim Hastings Moore (January 26, 1862 – December 30, 1932), usually cited as E. H. Moore or E. Hastings Moore, was an American mathematician.

Life
Moore, the son of a Methodist minister and grandson of US Congressman Eliakim H. Moore, discovered mathematics through a summer job at the Cincinnati Observatory while in high school. He subsequently studied mathematics at Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones and obtained a BA in 1883 and the PhD in 1885 with a thesis supervised by Hubert Anson Newton, on some work of William Kingdon Clifford and Arthur Cayley. Newton encouraged Moore to study in Germany, and thus he spent an academic year at the University of Berlin, attending lectures by Leopold Kronecker and Karl Weierstrass.

On his return to the United States, Moore taught at Yale and at Northwestern University. When the University of Chicago opened its doors in 1892, Moore was the first head of its mathematics department, a position he retained until his death in 1932. His first two colleagues were Oskar Bolza and Heinrich Maschke. The resulting department was the second research-oriented mathematics department in American history, after Johns Hopkins University.

Accomplishments
Moore first worked in abstract algebra, proving in 1893 the classification of the structure of finite fields (also called Galois fields). Around 1900, he began working on the foundations of geometry. He reformulated Hilbert's axioms for geometry so that points were the only primitive notion, thus turning David Hilbert's primitive lines and planes into defined notions. In 1902, he further showed that one of Hilbert's axioms for geometry was redundant. His work on axiom systems is considered one of the starting points for metamathematics and model theory. After 1906, he turned to the foundations of analysis. The concept of a closure operator first appeared in his 1910 Introduction to a form of general analysis. He also wrote on algebraic geometry, number theory, and integral equations.

At Chicago, Moore supervised 31 doctoral dissertations, including those of George Birkhoff, Leonard Dickson, Robert Lee Moore (no relation), and Oswald Veblen. Birkhoff and Veblen went on to lead departments at Harvard and Princeton, respectively. Dickson became the first great American algebraist and number theorist. Robert Moore founded American topology. According to the Mathematics Genealogy Project, as of December 2023, E. H. Moore had 29,982 known "descendants."

Moore convinced the New York Mathematical Society to change its name to the American Mathematical Society, whose Chicago branch he led. He presided over the AMS, 1901–02, and edited the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 1899–1907. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1908 in Rome and in 1912 in Cambridge, England.

The American Mathematical Society established a prize in his honor in 2002.

title: E. H. Moore


text: User talk:217.34.220.125

title: User talk:217.34.220.125


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Amesha Spenta

In Zoroastrianism, the Amesha Spenta (Aməša Spəṇta—literally "Immortal (which is) holy/bounteous/furthering") are a class of seven divine entities emanating from Ahura Mazda, the highest divinity of the religion. Later Middle Persian variations of the term include the contraction 'Ameshaspand' as well as the specifically Zoroastrian 'Mahraspand' and 'Amahraspand'.

As divine entities
Significantly more common than the non-specific meaning of Amesha Spenta (see below) is a restrictive use of the term to refer to the great seven divine entities emanating from Ahura Mazda. In Zoroastrian tradition, these are the first seven emanations of the uncreated creator, through whom all subsequent creation was accomplished. This fundamental doctrine is only alluded to in the Avesta, but is systematically described in later Middle Persian language texts, in particular in the Bundahishn, an 11th or 12th century work that recounts Zoroastrian cosmology.

The expression Amesha Spenta does not occur in the Gathas, but "it was probably coined by Zoroaster himself. Spenta is a characteristic word of his revelation, meaning furthering, strengthening, bounteous, holy." The oldest attested use of the term is in part of the Yasna Haptanghaiti and in which the two elements of the name occur in reverse order, that is, as Spenta Amesha. Like all other verses of the Yasna Haptanghaiti, Yasna 39.3 is also in Gathic Avestan and is approximately as old as the hymns attributed to Zoroaster himself.

The attributes vohu "good", vahišta "best", vairya "desirable" and spenta "holy" are not always present in the oldest texts. If they appear at all, they do not necessarily appear immediately adjacent to the noun. But in later tradition, these adjectives are integral to the names themselves.

While Vohu Manah, Aša Vahišta, and Xšaθra Vairya are consistently of neuter gender in Avestan grammar; in tradition they are considered masculine. Armaiti, Haurvatāt, and Amərətāt are invariably feminine.

In the Gathas, each Amesha Spenta represents a good moral quality that mortals should strive to obtain. Thus, the doctrine of the great seven is that through good thoughts, words, and deeds, each individual should endeavor to assimilate the qualities of an Amesha Spenta into oneself.

Each of the seven has an antithetical counterpart, and five of the seven are already assigned one in the Gathas: aša/arta- (truth) is opposed to the druj- (deceit, lies), spəṇta-mainyu to angra-mainyu, vohu-manah is opposed to aka-manah-, xšaθra- to dušae-xšaθra-, and armaiti- to taraemaiti-. Not evident in the Gathas and first appearing in the Younger Avesta are the oppositions of haurvatāt- (wholeness) to taršna- (thirst), and amərətāt- (life) to šud- (hunger). These latter assignments reflect Haurvatat's identification with water and Ameretat's identification with plants.

In the Gathas, aša/arta is the most evident of the seven, and also the most commonly associated with wisdom (mazda-). In the 238 verses of these hymns, aša-/arta- appears 157 times. Of the other concepts, only vohumanah- appears nearly as often (136 occurrences). In comparison, the remaining four of the great sextet appear only 121 times altogether: xšaθra-: 56 times; armaiti-: 40; amərətāt-: 14; haurvatāt-: 11 times.

In the context of Zoroastrian cosmology, the group of the Amesha Spenta is extended to include Ahura Mazda, represented by (or together with) Spenta Mainyu, who is the instrument or "active principle" of the act of creation. It is also through this "Bounteous Force", "Creative Emanation", or "Holy Spirit" that Ahura Mazda is immanent in humankind, and how the Creator interacts with the world.

The doctrine also has a physical dimension, in that each of the heptad is linked to one of the seven creations, which in ancient philosophy were the foundation of the universe. A systematic association is only present in later Middle Persian texts, where each of the seven is listed with its "special domain":

In the Gathas, Xšaθra [Vairya] does not have an association with a specific creation, and it is only in later texts that this Amesha Spenta is considered the guardian of metals. This anomaly is explained in modern scholarship by the fact that, in Stone Age cosmogony, the sky was considered to be the first of the creations (and thought to be of stone), but metal has no place among the creations (the Bronze and Iron Ages were yet to come). This is also reflected in Zoroaster's revelation, where the sky is "of the hardest stone". Later, with the event of bronze and then iron tools, this sky evolved to being of crystal, which was seen as both of stone and of metal. In due course, Xšaθra's association with a stony firmament was eclipsed by the association with a metallic sky, and thence to metals in general.

In non-specific usage
In non-specific usage, the term Amesha Spenta denotes all the divinities that furthered or strengthened creation and all that are bounteous and holy. It not only includes the Ahuras (a term that in the Gathas is also used in the plural but only includes Ahura Mazda by name), but also all the other divinities that are alluded to in these texts. In this non-specific sense of the term, Amesha Spenta is then equivalent to the term yazata.

Non-specific usage is significantly less common than the use of the term to specifically denote the great divine entities (see above). The non-specific usage is particularly evident in the 9th-14th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition, but there are also instances in the Avesta proper where it is used this way. In Yasna 1.2 for instance, the yazata Atar is declared to be "the most active of the Amesha Spentas." Even in present-day Zoroastrianism, the term is frequently used to refer to the thirty-three divinities that have either a day-name dedication in the Zoroastrian calendar or that have a Yasht dedicated to them (or both).

This general, non-specific, meaning of the term Amesha Spenta also has an equivalent in the Vedic Sanskrit Vishve Amrtas, which is the collective term for all supernatural beings (lit: 'all immortals').

Doctrine
The doctrine of the Amesha Spenta, through their connection with creation, unites ethereal and spiritual concepts with material and manifest objects in a "uniquely Zoroastrian" way: not only as abstract "aspects" of Ahura Mazda but also worthy of reverence themselves and personified or represented in all material things.

The relationship between Ahura Mazda and the Amesha Spenta is an altogether subtle one. In Yasna 31.11 of the Gathas, Ahura Mazda is said to have created the universe with his "thought". In other passages, such as Yasna 45.4, he is described as the metaphorical "father" of the individual Amesha Spenta, which, even though it is figurative, suggests a familial closeness. In particular, the relationship between Ahura Mazda and Spenta Mainyu is multifaceted and complex and "as hard to define as that of Yahweh and the Holy Spirit in Judaism and Christianity."

A veneration for the Amesha Spenta through the living world is still present in modern Zoroastrian tradition and is evident in every religious ceremony, when each of the Amesha Spenta is visibly represented by objects of which they are the guardians. In addition, the first seven days of the month of the Zoroastrian calendar are dedicated to the great heptad and to creation, acknowledging the preeminence of the Amesha Spenta and so ensuring the inculcation of their doctrine.

Ethical and ontological dualism in the same entity "accounts for the difficulty which some aspects of the doctrine have presented for Western scholars". The reverence of the Amesha Spenta and the Yazatas has been frequently attacked by non-Zoroastrian sources for its polytheist nature, not only in modern times but also the Sassanid era. While the "worship of the elements" was a repeated accusation during the 4th and 5th centuries,  Christian missionaries (such as John Wilson ) in 19th-century India specifically targeted the immanence of the Amesha Spenta as indicative of (in their view) a Zoroastrian polytheistic tradition worthy of attack. A frequent target for criticism was the Zoroastrian credo in which the adherent declares, "I profess to be a worshiper of Mazda, follower of the teachings of Zoroaster, ... one who praises and reveres the Amesha Spenta" (the Fravaraneh, Yasna 12.1). Some modern Zoroastrian theologians, especially those identifying with the Reformist school of thought, believe that ethereal spirit and physical manifestation are not separable in any sense and that a reverence of Ahura Mazda's creations is ultimately a worship of the Creator.

In the second half of the 19th century, Martin Haug proposed that Zoroaster himself had viewed the Amesha Spenta as merely philosophical abstractions and that a personification of the heptad was really a later corruption. The Parsis of Bombay gratefully accepted Haug's premise as a defense against the Christian missionaries and subsequently disseminated the idea as a Parsi interpretation, which corroborated Haug's theory. The "continuing monotheism" principle eventually became so popular that it is now almost universally accepted as doctrine.

title: Amesha Spenta


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Artificial womb

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 18:39, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Artificial womb
Substub. Poorly written. Alex.tan 15:39, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Just about enough information to be useful. Kappa 16:07, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) On second thoughts, it's not useful, but a valid topic. Looks like some people are actually working on these things Kappa 16:17, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I did a quick rewrite, and turned the article into (hopefully) a useful stub. --Plek 20:54, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. @ Megan1967 22:41, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment some good work by Plek. I've fleshed out the article more with a mention of use of uterine tanks. Megan1967 05:06, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well done Plek and Megan. Capitalistroadster 10:34, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, fine article. - TB 13:25, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Sacred tradition

Sacred tradition, also called holy tradition or apostolic tradition, is a theological term used in Christian theology. According to this theological position, sacred Tradition and Scripture form one deposit, so sacred Tradition is a foundation of the doctrinal and spiritual authority of Christianity and of the Bible. Thus, the Bible must be interpreted within the context of sacred Tradition (and vice versa) and within the community of the denomination. The denominations that ascribe to this position are the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Assyrian churches (the Ancient Church of the East and the Assyrian Church of the East).

The Anglican and Methodist churches regard tradition, reason, and experience as sources of authority but as subordinate to scripture – a position known as prima scriptura. That is in contrast to the Lutheran and Reformed traditions, which teach that the Bible alone is a sufficient/infallible basis for all Christian teaching – a position known as sola scriptura.

For many denominations of Christianity, the writings of the Ante-Nicene Fathers, Nicene Fathers and Post-Nicene Fathers are included in sacred Tradition.

Origin of the term
The word tradition is taken from the Latin trado, tradere, meaning "to hand over".

It is often treated as a proper noun and so capitalized as "Sacred Tradition"  or "sacred Tradition".

History
Among the earliest examples of the theological invocation of Tradition is the response of early orthodox Christianity to Gnosticism, a movement that used some Christian scripture as the basis for its teachings. Irenaeus of Lyons held that 'rule of faith' ('κανών της πίστης') is preserved by a church through its historical continuity (of interpretation and teaching) with the Apostles. Tertullian argued that although interpretations founded on a reading of all Holy Scripture are not prone to error, Tradition is the proper guide. Athanasius held that Arianism fell into error primarily by not adhering to Tradition.

In the modern era, scholars such as Craig A. Evans, James A. Sanders, and Stanley E. Porter have studied how sacred Tradition in the Hebrew Bible was understood and used by New Testament writers to describe Jesus Christ.

Catholic Church
According to Catholic theology, Paul the Apostle exhorted the faithful to "stand firm and hold fast to the traditions that you were taught by us, either by word of mouth or by our letter" (2 Thessalonians 2:15). The Pauline epistles form part of sacred scripture; what he passed on by "word of mouth" is part of sacred Tradition, handed down from the apostles. Both are the inspired word of God; the latter helps to inform understanding of the former. Sacred Tradition can never be in conflict with sacred scripture.

Those in the Catholic faith believe that the teachings of Jesus and the Apostles were preserved in the scriptures as well as by word of mouth. This perpetual handing on of the tradition is called the "Living Tradition"; it is believed to be the faithful and constant transmission of the teachings of the Apostles from one generation to the next. That "includes everything which contributes towards the sanctity of life and increase in faith of the People of God; and so the Church, in her teaching, life and worship [the Creeds, the Sacraments, the Magisterium, and the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass], perpetuates and hands on to all generations all that she herself is, all that she believes." The Deposit of Faith (fidei depositum) refers to the entirety of divine revelation. According to Roman Catholic theology, two sources of revelation constitute a single "Deposit of Faith", meaning that the entirety of divine revelation and the Deposit of Faith is transmitted to successive generations in Scripture and sacred Tradition through the teaching authority and interpretation of the church's Magisterium, which consists of the church's bishops, in union with the Pope, typically proceeding synods and ecumenical councils.

Thus sacred Tradition should be distinguished from general tradition, folklore, traditionalism or conservatism which do not have an apostolic, patristic or universal pedigree.

The Catholic Church views Tradition in much the same terms, as a passing down of that same apostolic faith, but, in a critical difference from the Eastern Orthodox position, Catholicism holds that the faith once delivered, the understanding of it continues to deepen and mature over time through the action of the Holy Spirit in the history of the church and in the understanding of that faith by Christians, all the while staying identical in essence and substance: the development of doctrine.

In the area of moral theology, Mark D. Jordan said that medieval texts appeared to be inconsistent. According to Giovanni Cappelli, prior to the sixth century, the church's teachings on morality were incoherent. According to John T. Noonan, "history cannot leave a principle or a teaching untouched; every application to a situation affects our understanding of the principle itself".

Dei Verbum
The Second Vatican Council taught on Tradition, Scripture, and Magisterium in Dei verbum, n. 10: "Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture form one sacred deposit of the word of God, committed to the Church. Holding fast to this deposit the entire holy people united with their shepherds remain always steadfast in the teaching of the Apostles, in the common life, in the breaking of the bread and in prayers (see Acts 2, 42, Greek text), so that holding to, practicing and professing the heritage of the faith, it becomes on the part of the bishops and faithful a single common effort.

But the task of authentically interpreting the word of God, whether written or handed on, has been entrusted exclusively to the living teaching office of the Church, whose authority is exercised in the name of Jesus. This teaching office is not above the word of God, but serves it, teaching only what has been handed on, listening to it devoutly, guarding it scrupulously and explaining it faithfully in accord with a divine commission and with the help of the Holy Spirit, it draws from this one deposit of faith everything which it presents for belief as divinely revealed.

It is clear, therefore, that sacred tradition, sacred scripture and the teaching authority of the Church, in accord with God's most wise design, are so linked and joined together that one cannot stand without the others, and that all together and each in its own way under the action of the one Holy Spirit contribute effectively to the salvation of souls."

Thus, all of the teachings of the Catholic Church come from either Tradition or Scripture, or from the Magisterium interpreting Tradition and Scripture. These two sources, Tradition and Scripture, are viewed and treated as one source of Divine Revelation, which includes both the deeds of God and the words of God: "This plan of revelation is realized by deeds and words having in inner unity: the deeds wrought by God in the history of salvation manifest and confirm the teaching and realities signified by the words, while the words proclaim the deeds and clarify the mystery contained in them. (Dei verbum, 2)"

The Magisterium has a role in deciding authoritatively which truths are a part of sacred Tradition.

Eastern Orthodox Church
For the Eastern Orthodox Christian, there is one Tradition, the tradition of the church, incorporating the scriptures and the teaching of the Church Fathers. As explained by Athanasius of Alexandria (First Letter to Serapion, 28): "Let us look at the very tradition, teaching, and faith of the catholic Church from the very beginning, which the Logos gave (edoken), the Apostles preached (ekeryxan), and the Fathers preserved (ephylaxan). Upon this the Church is founded (tethemeliotai)".

Sacred Tradition for the Eastern Orthodox is the deposit of faith given by Jesus to the Apostles and passed on in the Church from one generation to the next without addition, alteration, or subtraction. Vladimir Lossky described tradition as "the life of the Holy Spirit in the Church".

Georges Florovsky wrote:

"Tradition is not a principle striving to restore the past, using the past as a criterion for the present. Such a conception of Tradition is rejected by history itself and by the consciousness of the Orthodox Church. Tradition is the constant abiding of the Spirit and not only the memory of words. Tradition is a charismatic, not a historical event."

Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity
The Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Christianity claim that the Bible alone is the source for Christian doctrine. This position does not deny that Jesus or the apostles preached in person, that their stories and teachings were transmitted orally during the early Christian era, or that truth exists outside of the Bible. For sola scriptura Christians today, however, these teachings are preserved in the Bible as the only inspired medium. Since in the opinion of sola scriptura Christians, other forms of tradition do not exist in a fixed form that remains constant in its transmission from one generation to the next and cannot be referenced or cited in its pure form, there is no way to verify which parts of the "tradition" are authentic and which are not.

Anglicanism and Methodism
Prima scriptura is upheld by the Anglican and Methodist traditions of Christianity, which suggest that scripture is the primary source for Christian doctrine, but that "tradition, experience, and reason" can nurture the Christian religion as long as they are in harmony with the Bible.

The Anglican Church does to some extent accept Apostolic tradition, which can be found in the writings of the early Church Fathers, the decrees of the seven Ecumenical Councils, the Creeds, and the liturgical worship of the church.

title: Sacred tradition


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Avully

Avully is a municipality in the canton of Geneva in Switzerland.

History
Avully is first mentioned in 1220 as Avulie.

Geography
Avully has an area,, of 4.61 km2. Of this area, 2.96 km2 or 64.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.69 km2 or 15.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.68 km2 or 14.8% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.29 km2 or 6.3% is either rivers or lakes and 0.02 km2 or 0.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 7.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.1%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.0%. Out of the forested land, 11.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 42.7% is used for growing crops and 15.4% is pastures, while 6.1% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Champagne region. It consists of the settlements of Avully-Village, Epeisses, Eaumorte and Gennecy.. The municipality of Avully consists of the sub-sections or villages of La Touvière, Avully - Eaumorte, Avully - village, Avully - Gennecy and Epeisses.

Demographics
Avully has a population of. , 18.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 1.3%. It has changed at a rate of -9.7% due to migration and at a rate of 11.3% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (1,543 or 88.9%), with English being second most common (49 or 2.8%) and German being third (44 or 2.5%). There is 1 person who speaks Romansh.

, the gender distribution of the population was 49.4% male and 50.6% female. The population was made up of 701 Swiss men (39.6% of the population) and 174 (9.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 748 Swiss women (42.2%) and 149 (8.4%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 400 or about 23.0% were born in Avully and lived there in 2000. There were 602 or 34.7% who were born in the same canton, while 274 or 15.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 394 or 22.7% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 23 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 6 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 17 while the foreign population remained the same. There were 15 Swiss men and 14 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 4 non-Swiss men and 6 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 16 and the non-Swiss population increased by 20 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.2%. The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 28.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 65% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 6.4%.

, there were 747 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 823 married individuals, 50 widows or widowers and 116 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 679 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 179 households that consist of only one person and 49 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 696 households that answered this question, 25.7% were households made up of just one person and there were 3 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 160 married couples without children, 258 married couples with children There were 73 single parents with a child or children. There were 6 households that were made up of unrelated people and 17 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 118 single family homes (or 48.0% of the total) out of a total of 246 inhabited buildings. There were 83 multi-family buildings (33.7%), along with 38 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (15.4%) and 7 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.8%). Of the single family homes 38 were built before 1919, while 8 were built between 1990 and 2000.

there were 719 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 252. There were 34 single room apartments and 187 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 642 apartments (89.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 49 apartments (6.8%) were seasonally occupied and 28 apartments (3.9%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.14%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire village of Avully is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 21.79% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (19.74%), the Green Party (18.57%) and the LPS Party (11.16%). In the federal election, a total of 491 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.3%.

In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were a total of 1,099 registered voters of which 419 (38.1%) voted. The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the MCG with 22.2% of the ballots. In the canton-wide election they received the third highest proportion of votes. The second most popular party was the Les Verts (with 19.2%), they were also second in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party was the Les Socialistes (with 11.3%), they were fourth in the canton-wide election.

For the 2009 Conseil d'Etat election, there were a total of 1,094 registered voters of which 520 (47.5%) voted.

In 2011, all the municipalities held local elections, and in Avully there were 15 spots open on the municipal council. There were a total of 1,263 registered voters of which 664 (52.6%) voted. Out of the 664 votes, there were 9 blank votes, 2 null or unreadable votes and 65 votes with a name that was not on the list.

Economy
, Avully had an unemployment rate of 5.2%. , there were 25 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 40 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 12 businesses in this sector. 96 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 36 businesses in this sector. There were 924 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.8% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 135. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 19, of which 18 were in agriculture and 1 was in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 39 of which 13 or (33.3%) were in manufacturing and 14 (35.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 77. In the tertiary sector; 22 or 28.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 2.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 12 or 15.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 2.6% were in the information industry, 5 or 6.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 11 or 14.3% were in education and 6 or 7.8% were in health care.

, there were 59 workers who commuted into the municipality and 811 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 13.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 16.9% of the workforce coming into Avully are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 16.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 69.4% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 551 or 31.7% were Roman Catholic, while 429 or 24.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 4 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.23% of the population), there were 4 individuals (or about 0.23% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 29 individuals (or about 1.67% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 7 individuals (or about 0.40% of the population) who were Jewish, and 16 (or about 0.92% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist and 7 individuals who belonged to another church. 567 (or about 32.66% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 118 individuals (or about 6.80% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Avully about 646 or (37.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 289 or (16.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 289 who completed tertiary schooling, 45.3% were Swiss men, 34.9% were Swiss women, 10.0% were non-Swiss men and 9.7% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2009-2010 school year there were a total of 404 students in the Avully school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 46 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Avully there were 74 students in kindergarten or primary school and 7 students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 74 lower secondary students who attended school in Avully. There were 100 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 13 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 10 students attended a private school.

, there were 3 students in Avully who came from another municipality, while 184 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Avully


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Talk:Walter Hartwell-James

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Walter Hartwell-James. dbenbenn | talk 15:39, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walter Hartwell-James


text:
Talk:Adam and the Ants

Duplication of information?
This article is more about Adam Ant himself than about the pop group Adam and the Ants. Indeed his recent arrest on gun charges is mentioned here and not under Adam Ant. Perhaps the two pages should be merged?

Re-structured?
What does the reference to a "re-structured" band mean? The only "re-structuring" Adam and The Ants went through in the 1980s was when Kevin Mooney was replaced by Gary Tibbs. This happened after the release of Kings of the Wild Frontier and was the band member bass guitarist for Stand and Deliver and subsequent hits including the album "Prince Charming".

Remasters
''2004 saw the re-release of the album "Prince Charming" as "digitally remastered" and with bonus material in the form of previously unreleased demo and writing tape songs. Interestingly, the credits for the re-release go to, amongs others, two former members of the Ants, namely Marco Pironni and drummer Chris Hughes.''

Dirk Wears White Sox and Kings were also released. And Chris Hughes (Merrick) was brought in to help remaster the albums by Marco because he produced the original albums. Marco oversaw the whole project. Adam was either uninterested or unavailable due to recovering from his illness to be involved, and more than likely happy to let Marco take control of the project anway (Marco also oversaw the release of HITS in 1986).

Steve —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Steve Horwood (talk • contribs) 11:32, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

NOTE: GET your facts right before editing this page PLEASE! Stand and deliver was 5 weeks at No.1 in 1981 and NOT 3! In addition, Prince Charming was at No.1 for 4 weeks and not 3! Thank you! See: http://www.onmc.iinet.net.au/top/1981.htm —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bibi999 (talk • contribs) 01:50, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Jordan
She wasn't a member of the Bromley Contingent, she lived in Seaford and travelled from there to London for a while to work in the SEX shop before living in London. I removed the Bromley Contingent bit. God knows where people get their "information" from when editing these pages. It pays to actually KNOW what you're talking about surely sometimes.......

title: Talk:Adam and the Ants


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Lyminster

Lyminster is a village that is the main settlement of Lyminster and Crossbush civil parish, in the Arun District of West Sussex, England. It borders, to the south, Littlehampton, which has its town centre 2 mi away.

Church
The Church of England parish church of St Mary Magdalene is an 11th-century Saxon building and a Grade I listed building, the highest grading in the national system. The church has a ring of six bells. Lester and Pack of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast the treble, second and fourth bells in 1759. John Warner and Sons of Cripplegate, London cast the third and fifth bells in 1887, the year of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Mears and Stainbank of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast the tenor bell in 1950.
 * Bells

History
According to the Hagiography of the Secgan Manuscript the village is the burial place of Saint Cuthflæd of Lyminster.

Folklore
Just to the north of the village is a knuckerhole which, according to folklore, was home to a dragon, the Knucker.The church contains a tombstone called the Slayer's Slab, supposed to be from the tomb of the dragonslayer.

title: Lyminster


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American colonial architecture

American colonial architecture includes several building design styles associated with the colonial period of the United States, including First Period English (late-medieval), Spanish Colonial, French Colonial, Dutch Colonial, and Georgian. These styles are associated with the houses, churches and government buildings of the period from about 1600 through the 19th century.

Several relatively distinct regional styles of colonial architecture are recognized in the United States. Building styles in the 13 colonies were influenced by techniques and styles from England, as well as traditions brought by settlers from other parts of Europe. In New England, 17th-century colonial houses were built primarily from wood, following styles found in the southeastern counties of England. Saltbox style homes and Cape Cod style homes were some of the simplest of homes constructed in the New England colonies. The Saltbox homes known for their steep roof among the back the house made for easy construction among colonists. The Cape Cod style homes were a common home in the early 17th of New England colonists, these homes featured a simple, rectangular shape commonly used by colonists. Dutch Colonial structures, built primarily in the Hudson River Valley, Long Island, and northern New Jersey, reflected construction styles from Holland and Flanders and used stone and brick more extensively than buildings in New England. In Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, a style called "Southern Colonial" is recognized, characterized by the hall and parlor and central-passage house types, which often had large chimneys projecting from the gable-ends of the house. In the Delaware Valley, Swedish colonial settlers introduced the log cabin to America. A style sometimes called Pennsylvania colonial appeared later (after 1681) and incorporates Georgian architectural influences. A Pennsylvania Dutch style is recognized in parts of southeastern Pennsylvania that were settled by German immigrants in the 18th century.

Early buildings in some other areas of the United States reflect the architectural traditions of the colonial powers that controlled these regions. The architectural style of Louisiana is identified as French colonial, while the Spanish colonial style evokes Renaissance and Baroque styles of Spain and Mexico; in the United States it is found in Florida, Louisiana, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, and California.

Subtypes
First Period is a designation given to building styles used in the earliest English settlements at Jamestown, Virginia (1607), and Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620), and later in the other British colonies along the Eastern seaboard.

These buildings typically included as steep roofs, small casement leaded glass windows (usually due to a scarcity of glass in the colonies), rich ornamentation (in the more expensive house only) and a massive central chimney.

French Colonial
Developed in French-settled areas of North America beginning with the founding of Quebec in 1608 and New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1718, as well as along the Mississippi River valley to Missouri.

The early French Colonial house type of the Mississippi River Valley region was the poteaux-en-terre, constructed of heavy upright cedar logs set vertically into the ground. These basic houses featured double-pitched hipped roofs and were surrounded by porches (galleries) to handle the hot summer climate.

By 1770, the basic French Colonial house form evolved into the briquette-entre-poteaux (small bricks between posts) style familiar in the historic areas of New Orleans and other areas. These homes featured double-louvred doors, flared hip roofs, dormers, and shutters.

Spanish Colonial
Developed with the earlier Spanish settlements in the Caribbean and Mexico, the Spanish Colonial style in the United States can be traced back to St. Augustine, Florida, the oldest established city in the country, founded in 1565. The early type of dwelling in Spanish Florida was the "board house", a small one-room cottage constructed of pit-sawn softwood boards, typically with a thatched roof. Coquina, a limestone conglomerate containing shells of small mollusks, was used as a building stone in St. Augustine as early as 1598 and has been used as recently as the 1930s in construction. There were coquina quarries on Anastasia Island. From these quarries, coquina was brought to build the Castillo de San Marcos, Fort Matanzas, the Cathedral Basilica, and homes throughout Florida's colonial period. Tabby, made of lime, oyster shells, water, ash, and sand, was often poured out to make a hard flooring in these structures. During the 18th century, the "common houses" were whitewashed in lime mortar with an oyster shell aggregate. Typically two-story, the houses included cooling porches to accommodate the Florida climate.

The style developed in the Southwest with Pueblo design influences from the indigenous Puebloan peoples architecture.

In Alta California, present-day California, the style developed differently, being too far for imported building materials and without skilled builders, into a strong simple version for building the missions between 1769 and 1823. Ranchos were typically built of adobe.

Dutch Colonial
Developed from around 1630 with the arrival of Dutch colonists to New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley in what is now New York and in Bergen in what is now New Jersey. Initially the settlers built small, one room cottages with stone walls and steep roofs to allow a second floor loft. By 1670 or so, two-story gable-end homes were common in New Amsterdam.

In the countryside of the Hudson Valley, the Dutch farmhouse evolved into a linear-plan home with straight-edged gables moved to the end walls. Around 1720, the distinctive gambrel roof was adopted from the English styles, with the addition of overhangs on the front and rear to protect the mud mortar used in the typically stone walls and foundations.

Monmouth County in central New Jersey has many surviving examples of a hybrid of the Dutch style termed Anglo-Dutch colonial architecture. Usually the earliest portions of the houses are one room and built in Dutch style with later additions built in the Georgian architecture style. Examples being the Hankinson–Moreau–Covenhoven House, the Holmes-Hendrickson House, and many houses at Monmouth Battlefield State Park.

German Colonial
Developed after about 1675, when the Delaware River Valley area (Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware) was settled by immigrants from Sweden, Finland, Scotland, Ireland, Germany and several other northern European nations. The early colonists to this region adapted the "half-timber" style of construction then popular in Europe, which used a frame of braced timbers filled-in with masonry. The "bank house" was a popular form of home during this period, typically constructed into a hillside for protection during the cold winters and hot summers of the region.

The two-story "country townhouse" was also common around Pennsylvania during this time.

Mid-Atlantic Colonial

The region surrounding the Chesapeake Bay on America's east coast was settled primarily by immigrants from the British isles. The standard vernacular house built by the colonists in this region between the first settlement in 1607 and the end of British rule in 1776 followed the I-plan format, had either interior or exterior gable chimneys, and was either wooden or brick. Most were only one room deep.

Academic architecture was evident, but it was relatively scarce. The best example of Mid-Atlantic Colonial academic architecture is the 1774 Hammond–Harwood House in Annapolis, Maryland. This house was modeled on the Villa Pisani in Montagnana, Italy, as exhibited in the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1570). Colonial architect William Buckland designed this house in 1774 and the resulting house is a very skillful adaptation of the Villa Pisani for the warmer climate of the Chesapeake Bay region.

Colonial Georgian
Georgian buildings, popular during the reigns of King George II and King George III were ideally built in brick, with wood trim, wooden columns and painted white. In what would become the United States, however, one found both brick buildings as well as those in wood with clapboards. They were sometimes painted a pale yellow. This differentiated them from most other structures that were usually not painted. Mostly box shaped with multiple chimneys. Georgian architecture was based on classical architecture dating to an Italian Renaissance period. Architect Christopher Wren, who designed the Wren Building at the College of William & Mary, was a renowned Georgian architect in the colonies.

A Georgian colonial house usually has a formally defined living room, dining room and sometimes a family room. The bedrooms are typically on the second floor. They also have one or two chimneys that can be very large. The Georgian architectural style was most common from the early eighteenth century until the Revolutionary War, after which the American Federal style of architecture emerged. Examples of remaining Georgian buildings include Gunston Hall and Hope Lodge.

Identifying features (1700 – c.1780):
 * Panel front door centered, topped with rectangular windows (in door or as a transom) and capped with an elaborate crown/entablature supported by decorative pilasters
 * Cornice embellished with decorative moldings, usually dentilwork
 * Multi-pane windows and fenestrations arranged symmetrically (whether vertical or horizontal)

Other features of Georgian style houses can include – roof to ground-level:
 * Roofs are Side-gabled, Gambrel, or Hipped
 * Chimneys on both sides of the home
 * A portico.
 * Small six-paned sash windows or dormer windows in the upper floors, primarily used for servant's quarters.
 * Larger windows with nine or twelve panes on the main floors

title: American colonial architecture


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User:Serodio

It's not genocide if it didn't happen on purpose.

title: User:Serodio


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User talk:Algis Kuliukas

Hi, Algis,

I have read your very interesting contributions to AAH at the english wikipedia and your website www.riverapes.com. I've done some work on the german wikipedia article on that topic. Please contact me at my german wikipedia page (Benutzer Plattmaster) or via my homepage http://www.plattmaster.de There you'll find my email adress, too (no direct mailto tag because of spamming dangers). Kind Regards G. Kraft (Plattmaster)

Hi Algis

May I point out that I only added an empty line to see whether it was possible for another wiki user to edit your user account ? Since that was the case I could be certain that Redgrove Square (whoever he is) had indeed vandalised your account. I have no intention of doing so, but at least I can now be convinced that your posts in TheScienceForum are genuine and not part of a trolling exercise.

Apologies for having suspected this of you

Marnix — Preceding unsigned comment added by MarnixR (talk • contribs) 16:48, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

ANI Notification
Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. Dominus Vobisdu (talk) 16:55, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Also note this sock puppet investigation. My apologies, I should have informed you earlier. WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 02:28, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this - it's very helpful and takes the heat out of things. Kim Dent-Brown   (Talk)  14:57, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
 * No problem. I am trying to calm my anger at what has happened. It would really take the heat out of things if I felt that someone in "authority" here has a microgram of impartiality and showed a modicum of understanding of the subject. These are rather modest, plausible, Darwinian ideas - they do not belong in the same "crazy box" as creationism, big foot, Von Daniken, etc. You are acting as classic defenders of an old paradigm in exactly the way Khun describes. Algis Kuliukas (talk) 15:05, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Algis, I'm sorry that you've become so frustrated over this but you have to understand that our motivation as experienced Wikipedia editors is not to censor you or be the "defenders of an old paradigm." I think you fundamentally misunderstand the purpose of Wikipedia: it's not a clearinghouse for whatever research an academic produces but a mirror of whatever research is considered significant by the scientific community. Please try to understand that we're excluding your work not because we hate new ideas but because it wasn't published in a peer-reviewed journal, it hasn't received any published criticism/response from other researchers, and it was published by a publishing company that is not considered to have a rigorous review process. Because you haven't met any of those three conditions for reliability, your eBook is not considered "reliable" and "significant" within Wikipedia's definitions of the term.

 * I agree with you that much of the information on Aquatic Ape Hypothesis is sourced poorly. The reason that the page is protected with that material included is because the basis for the protection is a content dispute, necessitating that the page be protected at the current version when the admin got to it according to WP:PREFER (and please read the links when a Wiki editor hyperlinks something because we do so to allow new editors to learn about contributing to the encyclopedia). When the protection expires, I hope that you'll go to that page and help clean out the non-relaible cruft that seems to have developed over the past few years. Cordially, Chillllls (talk) 16:03, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but that is a very poor excuse for what has occurred here. Elaine Morgan's books on the subject were also not peer reviewed and yet they're cited here - quite rightly - because Elaine is a key proponent of the idea and it is the purpose of this page to inform the public about what the idea is (not whether it's good or not). If someone wanted to know what the idea was until recently, the best they could do would have been to read a few of her books.
 * If someone wanted to know what the "aquatic ape hypothesis" was today, there's a new book they could read too which, we think, would give them a more complete, and - rather more scientifically argued, coverage of the idea/s. Elaine is also an author of this book too, so there's continuity. If such a person came to Wikipedia to find out about the so-called "aquatic ape hypothesis" today, they'd expect to see Elaine's books on the subject (and they'd see them listed) but they'd also expect to see the latest book on the subject too (which has now, oddly, been censored out). Why?
 * Note that none of us have tried to change the wording or slant of the page itself (even though it is quite openly biased against the idea) - and neither should you, if you are true to the policy of neutrality.
 * The material point here is this: The purpose of this page is to inform the public about what the idea/s is/are. Some of us, who take the idea seriously enough to have academically studied it and conducted primary scientific research on it, have just gone to a considerable amount of effort to write a book to help explain this to the public and so this page should include a reference to that book too. Anything less amounts to censorship. Algis Kuliukas (talk) 17:16, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
 * We've attempted to be civil and explain Wikipedia's rules to you and you simply put your fingers in your ears and demanded that your book be included while simultaneously crying that not including it is "censorship." You continue to imply that there is some grand conspiracy to exclude "Aquatic Ape scholarship." All that I see is a PhD student trying to sell copies of an extremely expensive eBook. I think that any further effort on my part to explain what has happened with the article is futile. Chillllls (talk) 19:33, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Go to the Kindle Store and search for "human evolution" and then tell me it's expensive. I will not get one cent from this anyway. I had thought, by publishing a book on the latest thinking on these idea, we were informing the public and reducing the general ignorance about it. I imagined that Wikipedia's page on the subject should include a link to this book as it is scholarly, more scientifically written than previous books (except Roede et al.), it's written by all the key proponents, has a contribution from a top palaeoanthropologist and, most of all, it is totally pertinent to the subject on the page. If the public went to that page, they'd expect to be able to find all the latest, pertinent links to find out more. Somehow, you are finding excuses from the the Wikipedia rule book, to prevent this page doing the primary thing it is meant to do - inform the public. I do not imagine that there is any "grand conspiracy", actually, thank you. I have repeatedly argued, over many years that this kind of thing is exactly the kind of phenomenon predicted by Khun when one paradigm is replaced by another. It's very frustrating to witness intelligent people today falling for the same "group think" sneering that has plagued the history of science throughout the ages. "Futile", is the word. Algis Kuliukas (talk) 00:59, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Edit-warring warning.
Your recent editing history shows that you are currently engaged in an edit war. Being involved in an edit war can result in you being blocked from editing—especially if you violate the three-revert rule, which states that an editor must not perform more than three reverts on a single page within a 24-hour period. Undoing another editor's work—whether in whole or in part, whether involving the same or different material each time—counts as a revert. Also keep in mind that while violating the three-revert rule often leads to a block, you can still be blocked for edit warring—even if you don't violate the three-revert rule—should your behavior indicate that you intend to continue reverting repeatedly.

To avoid being blocked, instead of reverting please consider using the article's talk page to work toward making a version that represents consensus among editors. You can post a request for help at a relevant noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases, you may wish to request temporary page protection. Dominus Vobisdu (talk) 15:26, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I only read this just now. I did post to the talk page but it was ignored. The "source" for this gossip was not even the correct blog. Hawks claim is unsourced gossip. Please tell me which WP rule states that unsourced gossip is fair material for WP. Algis Kuliukas (talk) 15:47, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

Sockpuppetry case
Your name has been mentioned in connection with a sockpuppetry case. Please refer to Sockpuppet investigations/Algis_Kuliukas for evidence. Please make sure you make yourself familiar with the guide to responding to cases before editing the evidence page. IRWolfie- (talk) 21:32, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

Comment on contributions, not commentors
Per this comment, you're basically saying I can't be trusted because, apparently, I've edited the page a lot. It's pointless baiting that adds nothing to the debate and appears to be either you venting your frustration, or an attempt to get my opinion discounted for what looks like a very bizarre reason.

If there are myriad reliable sources, particularly textbooks and recent review articles that point to the AAH being widely accepted - cite them. In any case, comments like the above assist nobody and merely add further acrimony to an already difficult page. WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 14:20, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I just re-read your contributions to the administrator's noticeboard discussion (in the archives here). Combined with your most recent contribution to the AAH talk page, it raises concerns about your civility and ability to contribute fruitfully to heated discussions on wikipedia.  Irrespective your personal feelings, you are expected to be reasonably civil to other editors and the community at large.  Accusing other editors of not being impartial, censoring information and providing sarcastic suggestions do nothing to advance the page, create acrimony, drives away other contributors and on a purely self-interested level, makes people like you less which in turn makes them less likely to give your substantive suggestions any credibility.  You can be blocked or banned for civility reasons, so please temper your tone and attempt to address the issues on the talk pages in a more constructive fashion.  The user essay WP:GIANTDICK may be fruitful reading.  WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 14:37, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Some people here (me for example) have had comments removed - and indeed the page was locked - on the basis of giving too much attention to a single topic. I was just pointing out that you have edited this page more than anyone - twice more than the 2nd most. As usual, the criticism here is one-way. People like you have been just as uncivil to anyone who supports these idea. The only difference is that you have managed to find yourself in a position of authority here and so can make your comments with impunity. Some of your fellow "experienced editors" have repeatedly made groundless slurs against our work ("Vanity press", "Not peer reviewed" etc) in order to justify censoring it out of the page. How civil do you think that is being? Algis Kuliukas (talk) 01:28, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

April 2012
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, we would like to remind you not to attack other editors, as you did on Talk:Aquatic ape hypothesis. Please comment on the content and not the contributors. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. You are welcome to rephrase your comment as a civil criticism of the article. Thank you. S Æ don talk 05:28, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

Elaboration
Hi,

If you are having a content dispute with other editors there are a number of avenues you can pursue outlined at WP:DR. What you shouldn't do is use the article talk page to attack other editors (e.g calling them liars) or to allege injustice. Talk pages are to discuss specific ways we can improve the article. I realize you're frustrated but as a man of logic I'm sure you can understand that you are unlikely to get your way by engaging in such behavior. Follow the aforementioned dispute resolution process and if your argument is correct you will likely build WP:CONSENSUS among other editors. S Æ don talk 05:42, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Algis Kuliukas


text:
John Penrose Angold

John Penrose Angold (c. 1909 – 31 December 1943) was a British poet and translator who died while serving with the RAF during World War II. A Collected Poems appeared in 1952. His death is lamented in Ezra Pound's Pisan Cantos.

title: John Penrose Angold


text:
File:Alternity box cover.jpg

 * Description: This flatbed scan of the box cover of the Alternity role-playing game introductory set was reduced in size by 80% and a drop shadow added using Paint Shop Pro.
 * Size: 273 × 356 pixels.

Fair use rationale
This image has been checked by a third party against the articles in which it appears. It meets the following fair-use criteria:-
 * No free alternative possible
 * If this is a promotional image from the company, then any "user-supplied" image whose sole purpose was clearly to represent the same copyrighted box/item art (and nothing else, and with no significant artistic input- i.e. a "mechanical" reproduction, whether by scanner or camera) would likely have the same restrictions.
 * Is being used to demonstrate the product and/or its marketing
 * Serves to demonstrate the product being discussed rather than being used in a solely decorative manner.
 * Does not deprive company of ability to make money in any way
 * Is not being used in misleading or misrepresentative manner

 * Copyright in artwork likely to be held by Hasbro, its subsidiaries or the graphic artists responsible.

title: File:Alternity box cover.jpg


text:
Talk:Dunlop

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Dunlop. The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 15:43, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dunlop


text:
Talk:Battle of Hamburger Hill

POV
There probably needs ot be some POV changes made here as well. Specifically to the usage of the word "enemy" Aanghelescu 05:03, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Also the use of: - "treacherous Ashau Valley" in the section battle - "Vietnamese troops and supplies" (soldiers from North and South Vietnam are both Vietnamese troops thus needs to be specified) - "intelligence indicated that the Vietnamese were looking for a big fight." Which North or South? Or from South but supporting the cause the North was advocating (One Vietnam?) - The way this part is written is too much focused on US efforts and not objective report of the battle "the enemy". fbvdloo 05:03, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I've attempted to address these POV issues to neutralize the focus, but the material available is thus far exclusively American in reporting. Information from the North Vietnamese POV to be added to this would be helpful. Buckboard 10:44, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Also, by 1969 and thereafter, the term PAVN had been largely discontinued by English-speakers, whether in the military, media, or common language. The article switched to NVA halfway thru--so I switched all the references to NVA. Buckboard 10:53, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

== The article says the hill was of little strategic significance, but Zais himself noted that it got its import from the enemy being there, and that is obviously true. Of course, Wikipedia leans to the Left and so no doubt there would be a natural tendency to tilt any article on Vietnam toward the antiwar position. As a veteran, I could edit the article and improve it, but it would just be reverted by the next leftist kid who was taking a college course on the war from a Marxist professor who was never there either.

Copyright
This article is a copy from Studies in Battle Command at the Combined Arms Research Library, a US Army organization within the DoD, and as a work of the US government, is probably in the public domain. -DialUp 15:46, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Yep. Below is the info from Copyright problems. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 21:37, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Battle_of_Hamburger_Hill copy paste from Preisler 03:26, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * NOTE: This article and the ehistory article are from Studies in Battle Command at the Combined Arms Research Library, a US Army organization within the DoD. As such is probably not under copyright as the work of the US government but I could find no notice to that effect at their site. Also, ehistory seems to be a collection of public domain works with no original works. Will add a notation to talk page so please delete it if this article is found to be under copyright. Article might need a cleanup tag due to the style. -DialUp 15:42, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, CARL material is fine to use here. The license is on http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/notice.asp - "Information presented on the CGSC web site is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credits is requested." --iMeowbot~Mw 18:05, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No disrespect to the Army intended, but the material in this study, even considering its intended "professional audience," is very redundant in description. I have heavily editted it and also cross-checked it against Zaffiri, who not only had the after action reports but also interviewed 48 of the participants from general to private, but primarily using the company commanders and platoon leaders as primary sources. Buckboard 10:44, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Colonel "YEAST INFECTION"
What is the significance of the odd reference to Colonel Yeast Infection on line 01 of the Planning section within the Background to the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.123.234.43 (talk) 09:14, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

Naming coincidence?
Is it simply a coincidence that there are battles (and books/films about them) called both Pork Chop Hill and Hamburger Hill? Is the latter usage somehow a reference to the former? Is this worth noting somewhere?--82.10.133.130 13:20, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Yes, it is coincidental. Neither has anything to do with the other. No need to cross-reference on Wikipedia. It's not unusual for hills to be referred to by their shape, like Sugarloaf or Pork Chop. --Habap 14:49, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Pork Chop Hill was in Korea. Hamburger Hill was in Vietnam. There's no connection.VirgilCoolerKingHilts 03:18, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Pork Chop Hill was so named because its outline on the topographic maps was thought to resemble the shape of a pork chop. Hamburger Hill was so called from the cost of the battle in human lives--metaphorically, the hill was like a meat-grinder which produces hamburger. Yes, both are analogies, but of a rather different nature. Terry J. Carter (talk) 22:09, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

Hamburger Hill & Apache Snow
Does anyone know the story here? There was a hammer and anvil operation planned as (or part of) Apache Snow. The idea was to entice a force of NVA to attack a poorly defended base (the bait - FSB Airborne) then chase them with a superior force (the hammer) toward Laos. When their likely entry point into Laos was determined, a second force (the anvil) would be dropped between the NVA and Laos.

The bait (FSB Airborne) was kept intentionally poorly defended. The perimeter defenses consisted of makeshift bunkers of logs and sand bags with a single strand of concertina wire. There were 2-artillery batteries of 3-guns each. The base was on a smaller point on a ridge, surrounded on 3-sides by higher ground. The 4th side formed the head of a side valley leading to the Ashau Valley. Tunnel complexes were found off 2-sides of the hill. This set-up was very inconsistent with practices of the 101st at the time. For a week or more, all material and manpower on the hill were put into building the operation center (the TOC) and nothing was done to improve the the perimeter.

The planned operation, in addition to being rather transparent, was probably leaked to the NVA. The policy of involving the ARVN in operations usually had that effect (at least I heard some disturbing rumors).

The NVA took the bait (over-running Fire Base Airborne) then headed west. However, instead of continuing to run for Laos, they detoured to a well fortified hill (Dong Ap Bia aka Hamburger Hill) where they managed to repel several assaults from the 3rd of the 187th. When more American units joined the fight (including the 2nd of the 501st---part of which had been the bait) the NVA used their tactical advantage to continue to hold off the 101st while the majority of their force dispersed through the jungle. By the time the last assult was made, there was a reinforced platoon defending the hill and most of them escaped.

I will dig up what documentation I can and edit this comment. Meantime, the 2nd Battalion of the 501st Infantry was in the 2nd Brigade not the 3rd. They were involved in the earlier operations in the southern A Shau for 2-months then assigned to the 3rd Brigade for Apache Snow. They took over Fire Base Airborne from the 3rd of the 187th. An official publication of the 101st Division, possibly published in the fall of 1969, gives the American dead as 60+ from the assault on Dong Ap Bia. No mention is made of Fire base Airborne having been over-run. The only mention of enemy dead (as I remember) was around 40 from mop-up operations in the 2-3 days after the main battle and the assertion that captured NVA had given their losses as 80%. My best recollection is shy of 40 Americans killed on FSB Airborne, times 3 wounded (as Tom hanks character might have said). The number of NVA dead found on Airborne after the attack was 6 or 7. Initial reports from the assault on Dong Ap Bia said 20-30 American dead. This was revised to around 50. Rumors among the field troops put the American dead at 250 or more from the assault. This is probably high. The wounded from the main assaults were stabilized at a mass casualty treatment facility set up by the medical battalion of the 3rd Brigade. The number of wounded treated on the heaviest day may be listed as part of the citation recieved by the members of the medical battalion. I think 400-500 wounded might have been treated at the mass casualty facility which would not be 100% of the wounded. The 600+ NVA dead is pure fabrication. The bodies were never found. The early reports listed 500 dead as speculation based on the belief that the NVA carried away their dead. Does this mean that the remaining NVA carried 500 dead comrades through the jungle while evading 3-battalions of Americans and 1- of ARVN that, collectively, had them surrounded? The discovery of a mass grave of 500 dead NVA in the vicinity became a tired joke in the week after the battle. I would, in any case, dispute that this was an American victory. --Dennis-K 18:43, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hamburger Hill was part of Apache Snow. And when you say that the NVA "was surrounded," you would be mistaken. The terrain around Dong Ap Bia was extremely rugged, with many covered approach routes and good proximity to base areas in Laos. And if Dak To is any guide, the NVA would certainly have been able to evacuate their bodies. SOG teams working the Cambodian side of the border during Dak To reported many bodies being transported away from the battle. Although most SOG records are still either classified or were destroyed in the intervening years, they did still have teams working Laos. And in any case, there wasn't much to evade around Dong Ap Bia. One US battalion was trying to push its way up the slope, another was hacking through dense terrain and ambushes trying to link up with Honeycutt's men, and ARVN wasn't moving any faster.Intothatdarkness (talk) 15:13, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

I made that original comment and I am sticking with the story. A retired air force nurse who treated casualties from Hamburger Hill has just written a story in AARP Magazine about the battle. She put the American dead at 500. The Vietnamese are now allies. They have records. It is way past time that the truth came out about a bungled operation that threw away so many American lives. To pretend that the official army version of either this battle or what happened on FSB Airborne are anything but face saving cover ups is incredibly naïve. If you had seen the perimeter defense on Airborne (as I did) and knew anything at all of how operations were conducted, you would have no question of what really transpired.DennisK-Idaho (talk) 12:56, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

Dead Link
The link Hamburger Hill On The Historynet appears to be dead. I replaced it with Hamburger Hill - The real Story.

I also wikilinked aerial rocket artillery to Aerial Rocket Artillery. Battery C, 4/77th artillery was supporting 3rd Brigade and was involved in the friendly fire incident. Dan D. Ric 21:52, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Hamburger
The articles does not explain why it was called Hamburger Hill. I have always assumed that the soldiers were likening it to a meat-grinder, but the discussion about Pork Chop Hill, above, implies that the hill was so-called because it was shaped like a hamburger. -Ashley Pomeroy 16:48, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems to be fixed now (the soldiers are said to "(refer to the fact) that those who fought on the hill were "chewed-up like hamburger mince""). -Ashley Pomeroy 18:34, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

WP:LEAD
This article does not have a proper lead section. At the moment it is just an introduction. The lead should be a summary of the main article and enable the reader to ascertain all the salient features. Tyrenius 02:54, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Also isn't it A) POV and B) Given the total casualty numbers now on the article, unjustified to call this battle one of the most costly? Basmandude 14:19, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

ARVN figures needed
--Captain Obvious and his crime-fighting dog (talk) 07:49, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Only if ARVN was directly involved in the fighting. Which, as I recall, they were not. At least not at Dong Ap Bai. Intothatdarkness (talk) 22:07, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

GI Antiwar Movement
Should some mention of the effect that Hamburger Hill had on the GI (as opposed to the civilian) antiwar movement be included? James Lewes in his book "Protest and Survive: Underground GI Newspapers during the Vietnam War" [2003. Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT. ISBN 0-275-97861-3] writes, "...in the six months preceding Hamburger Hill, from November 1968 to April 1969, there were only six incidents of on-base rioting, no GI-organized antiwar demonstrations, and no GI antiwar organizations formed. In the six months following Hamburger Hill, from June to November 1969, there were twelve on-base riots, eight GI organized antiwar demonstrations, and six GI antiwar organizations formed." (Page 89) He further writes that the editor of "The Ally," an underground GI newspaper, wrote in June 1969, "the battle for Dong Ap Bia indicated that after five years of failing to achieve any kind of breakthrough in Vietnam, the tactics of the brass in Saigon have not changed... Though tactics of the brass have not changed, GI attitudes toward the war are changing..." (Page 102, note 29) This is just a partial quote. He further states that in June 1969, "GIs in 101st Airborne who survived Hamburger Hill offer $10,000 reward to anybody who succeeded in fragging their commanding officer (South Vietnam)." (Page 161 in Appendix 1). I just think to be historically accurate, some mention should be made of the GI antiwar movement of the time and the possible effect that the Battle of Hamburger Hill had on that movement. Zargon2010 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 11:22, 13 July 2011 (UTC).

Plagarism
This article seems to contain a lot of text very similar to this site; http://www.weststpaulantiques.com/hamburgerhill.html

Has it been plagiarised or did Wikipedia violate copyright? I tried removing some of the text but on closer look the problem is too big for me. 101.168.127.243 (talk) 12:36, 15 March 2015 (UTC)

Unit Designations
The article mentions "three airborne infantry battalions of the 101st Airborne Division":

 * 3rd Battalion, 187th Infantry Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment

The Army dropped the designation "Parachute Infantry Regiment" in December 1947 in favor of "Airborne Infantry Regiment," and that too was discarded in the late 1950s when the Army abandoned regiments entirely in favor of battle groups. It reorganized again in the early 1960s into brigades with subordinate battalions. While regimental designations were used for purposes of lineage and honors, the term "regiment" was not used. The correct designations for these three units were:

 * 3d Battalion, 187th Infantry
 * 2d Battalion, 501st Infantry
 * 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry

The division's 1st Brigade was sent to Vietnam in 1965 and the remainder at Fort Campbell was stripped down to provide manpower for the war effort. When the rest of the division was tasked for deployment to Vietnam, it had to be filled with thousands of non-Airborne personnel from other units in the Third Army area, effectively making the division a non-Airborne unit. In addition to the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), the Army needed a second airmobile division, so the 101st became the 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile). The parenthetical designation changed to (Air Assault) in 1974, and with the inactivation of the division's second combat aviation brigade (159th CAB) in 2015, the 101st took on the organization of a light infantry division, neither airborne nor air assault. All of the unit designations, reorganizations, etc., of the Vietnam era can be verified in the pages of Vietnam Order of Battle and The Rise and Fall of an American Army, both of which were written by Shelby Stanton.VilePig (talk)

Hill you want to die on
Apparently that phrase was originated from this battle... (according to Wiktionary) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:346:C000:3C:C0BD:9639:AA76:FA63 (talk) 23:01, 16 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Hamburger Hill