text:
Talk:Laws of Form

Request
Can someone please take the italicized abbreviation "pa" used in the main article and expand it into either italicized "primary algebra" or "primary arithmetic" ("pa" is also informally "father") as appropriate? I feel unqualified to do this expansion myself at the present. This abbreviation seems to me to make this wonderful article much less fluent by means of the resulting unfortunate triple collision. Thanks, 97.76.197.20 (talk) 15:36, 28 August 2009 (UTC).
 * I've expanded every occurrence (many) of the abbreviation "pa" to "primary algebra", and (3) of the abbreviation "PA" to "primary arithmetic". Does this improve the article?  I hope so.  yoyo (talk) 16:26, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

I note that the use of the abbreviation "pa" is still inconsistent: In the introductory paragraph it is defined as an abbreviation for 'primary algebra', while in section 4 it appears as a reference to primary arithmetic. George963 au (talk) 04:31, 11 June 2016 (UTC)
 * True, but only once, and in caps: "PA". Easily fixed - I'll remove it.  yoyo (talk) 15:46, 20 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Done. yoyo (talk) 15:51, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

Rewrite proposal
I've decided to take on the long needed editing of this article. As the article stands, it is a summary of original research, and addresses an opinion of Spencer Brown's work, rather than describing Spencer Brown's work directly. Here are some suggested guidelines:

-- description of LoF should be in the terminology of the book itself. -- comments and description of the mathematics should include direct quotes from the book. -- mathematical interpretations should be separated from the math described in the book.

One reason to edit is that the current article is permeated with interpretative errors. This should of course be expected when a mathematical system introduces new styles of thinking. The article should address these new styles without editorializing or interpreting. Importantly, the innovative characteristics of a new mathematics should not be obscured by overwriting the new ideas with old ideas.

Prior to introducing these edits, I thought I provide for discussion some examples of what I have in mind. All of these snippets from the article are unsupported in the text. Many are in direct contradiction of Spencer Brown's words.

-- "...the dualistic Mark...": -- "There are two inductive rules..." -- "Any two expressions can be concatenated." -- "These excerpts relate to the distinction in metalogic..." -- "A pa variable indicates a location where one can write the primitive value..." -- "If one replaces '=' in R1 and R2 with the biconditional..." -- "J2 is the familiar distributive law of sentential logic..." -- "another set of initials, friendlier to calculations..." -- "It is thanks to C2 that the pa is a lattice." -- "any pa (or sentential logic) formula B can be viewed as an ordered tree..." -- "LoF asserts that concatenation can be read as commuting and associating by default..."

The essential issue is that these snippets (and many others) are interpretations, and within the context of LoF, inaccurate interpretations. Since my edits must be extensive, it may be appropriate to construct a new page, in order to separate description of the actual text from the current collection of opinion. Thoughts? --William.bricken (talk) 01:50, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Since Boolean algebra and related technical subjects are already treated elsewhere on Wikipedia, this article would most appropriately be about Spencer Brown's book itself rather than an exposition of the subject Brown appeared to be aiming to create. Currently this article stands at 54 kilobytes.  The first order of business in rewriting it to Wikipedia standards would be to decide how long the article should be.  The length should be commensurate with its influence; for example the article on James Joyce's Ulysses (novel) is 46 kilobytes, while that on Charles Dickens' "Tale of Two Cities" is 52 kilobytes.   What would Laws of Form warrant?  Google returns 4.3 million results for "Tale of Two Cities" and 50,000 results for "Laws of form", so if one were to prorate it on that basis the article would warrant less than a kilobyte.  An argument for four kilobytes could be based on the statistics that Google returns 800,000 results for "Boolean algebra" which Wikipedia devotes 61 kilobytes to. --Vaughan Pratt (talk) 06:12, 29 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Good luck convincing the WP:FRINGE editors of that. I already hear WP:NOTPAPER etc. Tijfo098 (talk) 07:33, 29 March 2011 (UTC)
 * That may not be a problem if there's a consensus that this article should be about the book and not an article on its subject matter. The latter is covered more clearly and succinctly elsewhere.  Are there any editors still proposing to hold forth at length on the latter from Brown's idiosyncratic point of view at this point?  --Vaughan Pratt (talk) 09:18, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

 * If doing any rewrite, then in so doing, we should at bare minimum restore one of the more important features in Spencer-Brown omitted from the article: the labelled bi-directional arrows used for equations. Spencer-Brown's formalism is an example of a categorical logic, and the arrow rules are actually the basic morphisms. Technically, the Spencer-Brown formalism is a monoidal category whose terminal object is the empty picture and whose product is 2D-concatenation of pictures. The two-dimensionality of concatenation is just a way of expressing commutativity, which means that this is actually a braided monoidal category. The enclosure operator is an anti-functor on this category, and the bi-directionality of the arrows means the morphisms all have inverses - which makes the category a groupoid. The use of groupoids for formulating an equational algebra for logic (and type theory) is an integral part of what's today known as Homological Type Theory (HoTT) and was a tacit feature, also, of the type theory underlying deBruijn's Automath, Martin-Löf's type theory, and which was made more explicit in the Calculus of Constructions, all of which are predecessors of HoTT and all of which fall into the Curry-Howard paradigm. So, there should be comparative cross-links also to these other formalisms. There should also be some indication that the Spencer-Brown formalism can also be used for Ortholattices (and, by extension, Quantum Logic), not just for Boolean lattices, by taking a suitable subset of his arrows as axioms. In essence, Spencer-Brown is an extension of the Curry-Howard paradigm to this family of lattices and logics. (So in the "Relation to Magmas" section, there is not only a relation to "groupoid" in the older sense - "magma" - of the term, but also a relation to "groupoid" in the category-theoretic sense of the term.)

Wrong information?
>>The mathematics fills only about 55pp and is rather elementary....

>>The entire book is written in an operational way, giving instructions to the reader instead of telling him what is. In accordance with G. S. Browns interest in paradoxes, the only sentence that makes a statement that something is, is the statement, which says no such statements are used in this book.

After reading over the book for like 10 minutes, this whole paragraph seems completely wrong. The word "be" appears frequently and the book consists more or less ONLY of mathematical logic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.89.79.41 (talk) 08:30, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

Invalid Links
http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/spark/Researcher.aspx?researcherid=84894 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Noeon (talk • contribs) 09:48, 20 September 2015 (UTC)

As at 2016.06.11, the link to www.lawsofform.org appears to be invalid. It links to something in Chinese. George963 au (talk) 04:18, 11 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Japanese, actually. Something about oysters. In any case, both of the above links have been replaced in the article with links to the Wayback Machine. I didn't attempt any more extensive update.  —jmcgnh  (talk) (contribs)  05:30, 11 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Laws of Form. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060821204917/http://lawsofform.org/aum/session1.html to http://www.lawsofform.org/aum/session1.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:58, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

The "Resonances in religion, philosophy, and science" section
This section was tagged as WP:OR since 2011. All the claimed "resonances" are from sources predating publication of LoF. If you can provide reliable sources that explicitly make the connection between one or more of the religious texts and LoF, then by all means, provide it. But as long as the references aren't on hand, Wikipedia policy is clear: "Any material lacking a reliable source directly supporting it may be removed and should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source" (my emphasis). Paradoctor (talk) 10:38, 6 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laws of Form


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brides Of Destruction

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was copyvio -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:39, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Brides Of Destruction
Some band crap. Not encyclopedic. jni 18:03, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * "Brides Of Destruction" as a string gets 217 000 web hits, 262 usenet, and fourteen Google News hits in the current cache. The trouble is this is all a copyvio from one such set of hits, eg . Presumably it's record company promo material. Send to Copyright problems and make a requested article. Samaritan 18:24, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Corrected copyvio source. Sorry! Samaritan 20:37, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, copyright violation, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 23:35, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have created Brides of Destruction/temp for the hard rock supergroup of that name. The band meets WikiProject Music album criteria by having its Here Come the Brides album make the Billboard Hot 100 last year, headlining a US and other territories tour last year and heading off on another US tour in March. The band contains Tracii Guns who used to be in L.A. Guns and briefly in Guns N' Roses and used to contain Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe until last month. Samaritan has already mentioned how this band performs on the Google Test. I vote that we delete the copyvio and merge the temp article into the space. Capitalistroadster 03:45, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Definitely agree. -Sean Curtin 04:39, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree. Delete copyvio, move temp article to copyvio space Tuf-Kat 09:34, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do it. Rossami (talk) 00:09, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:209.232.148.102

January 2007
Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism and immediately reverted. If you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the work of others. Thank you. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. PTO 22:43, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Please do not add nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Fan-1967 20:30, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism and immediately reverted. If you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the work of others. Thank you. -- No Guru 20:25, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

You have been blocked from editing Wikipedia  as a result of your . You are free to make constructive edits after the block has expired, but please note that vandalism (including page blanking or addition of random text), spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our neutral point of view policy will not be tolerated. -- No Guru 20:30, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism and immediately reverted. If you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the work of others. Thank you. Fan-1967 17:39, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. A link to the edit I have reverted can be found here: link. If you believe this edit should not have been reverted, please contact me. Kyra~(talk) 21:53, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalise Wikipedia, you will be blocked. --Kubigula (talk) 22:08, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Your change was determined to be unhelpful and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. A link to the edit I have reverted can be found here: link. If you believe this edit should not have been reverted, please contact me. A link to the edit I have reverted can be found here: link. If you believe this edit should not have been reverted, please contact me. Galactor213 22:15, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Please do not add unhelpful and non-constructive information to Wikipedia. If you continue to do so, it may be considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If this is an IP address, and it is shared by multiple users, ignore this warning if you did not make any unconstructive edits. ¤~Persian Poet Gal (talk) 17:54, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Debivort 20:05, 26 January 2007 (UTC) You have been blocked from editing Wikipedia  as a result of your . You are free to make constructive edits after the block has expired, but please note that vandalism (including page blanking or addition of random text), spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our neutral point of view policy will not be tolerated. —Cuiviénen 21:34, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

February 2007
Please refrain from making test edits in Wikipedia articles even if it is your ultimate intention to revert them. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. - Gilliam 17:39, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism which, under Wikipedia guidelines, can lead to blocks being applied. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. - Gilliam 17:41, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Please do not add unhelpful and non-constructive information to Wikipedia. Your edits could be considered vandalism, and they have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. --Ann Stouter 20:33, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

You have been blocked from editing Wikipedia  as a result of your . You are free to make constructive edits after the block has expired, but please note that vandalism (including page blanking or addition of random text), spam, deliberate misinformation, privacy violations, personal attacks; and repeated, blatant violations of our neutral point of view policy will not be tolerated.-- Chrislk02 (Chris Kreider) 20:39, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. -- Big Brother 1984 19:39, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Notice
You have been blocked from editing for in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy for. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make constructive contributions. If you believe this block is unjustified, you may contest the block by replying here on your |talk page, by adding the text. EVula // talk // ☯  // 19:46, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

April 2007
Please stop. If you continue to blank out (or delete portions of) page content, templates or other materials from Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. --JFreeman (talk) 18:05, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Your recent edit to Kublai Khan (diff) was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // MartinBot 17:11, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

You have been blocked from editing for a period of 6 months in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy for persistent vandalism. Please stop. You're welcome to make useful contributions after the block expires. If you believe this block is unjustified you may contest this block by adding the text below. Gwernol 20:40, 18 April 2007 (UTC) Gwernol 20:40, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Unblock
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. —DerHexer (Talk) 20:27, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Please stop making test edits to Wikipedia, as you did to Guns N' Roses. It is considered vandalism, which, under Wikipedia policy, can lead to blocking of editing privileges. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. --Oxymoron83 20:33, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

November 2007
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. -- Satori Son 22:04, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Level 2 Warning
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Printer222 17:32, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did to Yum! Brands, you will be blocked from editing. Your edits have been automatically marked as vandalism and have been automatically reverted. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this vandalism: Yum! Brands was changed by 209.232.148.102 (c) (t) making a minor change adding "!!!" on 2007-12-04T21:44:01+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 21:44, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

This is the last warning you will receive for your disruptive edits. The next time you vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. Knowledge Of Self |  talk  21:46, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

You have been blocked from editing for a period of 12 months in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy for vandalism. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make constructive contributions. If you believe this block is unjustified, you may contest the block by adding the text below. Knowledge Of Self |  talk  21:46, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. SaltyBoatr (talk) 21:54, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make any unconstructive edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings.

December 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Southwestern United States has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Alansohn (talk) 22:20, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Saladin has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Faradayplank (talk) 19:51, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

The recent edit you made to Third Crusade constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to vandalize pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you. Faradayplank (talk) 19:54, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

January 2009
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Alexius Horatius 20:14, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Please refrain from making test edits in Wikipedia pages, even if your ultimate intention is to fix them. Such edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. JForget 19:08, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did to Constitution, you will be blocked from editing. Your edits have been automatically marked as vandalism and have been automatically reverted. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this vandalism: Constitution was changed by 209.232.148.102 (u) (t) making a minor change with obscenities on 2009-01-09T19:08:47+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 19:08, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

This is the last warning you will receive for your disruptive edits. If you vandalize Wikipedia again, you will be blocked from editing. JForget 19:10, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

February 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Zimbabwe, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Bihco (talk) 22:15, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make any unconstructive edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings.

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Cheers! ► Wireless Keyboard ◄ 22:17, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

March 2014
Hello, I'm Excirial. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to Physis, because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Excirial ( Contact me, Contribs ) 20:48, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Physis. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators can block users from editing if they repeatedly vandalize. Thank you. —  H HHIPPO  20:56, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Hello, I'm Katieh5584. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to The A Team (song), because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Katieh5584 (talk) 19:44, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

February 2015
Hello, I'm Excirial. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to History of timekeeping devices— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Excirial ( Contact me, Contribs ) 20:37, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Hello, I'm Excirial. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to History of paper— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Excirial ( Contact me, Contribs ) 20:40, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

June 2015
This is your only warning; if you remove or blank page contents or templates from Wikipedia again, as you did at Richard Trevithick, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Andy Dingley (talk) 21:07, 5 June 2015 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

September 2015
Hello, I'm NottNott. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Chestertown Tea Party— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. ~  Nott Nott  talk | contrib 17:05, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

Please refrain from making nonconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Chestertown Tea Party with this edit. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. ~  Nott Nott  talk | contrib 17:15, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did to Orangetown Resolutions with this edit, you may be blocked from editing. ~  Nott Nott  talk | contrib 19:19, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

October 2015
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Boston Pamphlet. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 05:10, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

October 2018
Hello, I'm Shellwood. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —specifically this edit to The Ring (1927 film)— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help Desk. Thanks. Shellwood (talk) 20:36, 31 October 2018 (UTC)

November 2021
Hello, I'm Tol. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to Klondike Gold Rush—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. Tol (talk | contribs) @ 19:52, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to Klondike Gold Rush. Your edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Tol (talk | contribs) @ 19:54, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia. Tol (talk | contribs) @ 19:54, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:209.232.148.102


text:
Der Eisenrost

Der Eisenrost (literally 'The Iron Rust') is one of the premier industrial "Metal Percussion" units in Tokyo, Japan. They are best known for producing the film soundtrack for Shinya Tsukamoto's Tokyo Fist. Lead man and innovator Chu Ishikawa was notable for the futuristic, often industrial soundtracks for independent film creator Shinya Tsukamoto. Films such as Tetsuo: The Iron Man, Bullet Ballet, and Gemini rank among the best known. Many of the members are also involved in their side project C.H.C. System.

CDs

 * Armored Weapon (Live Documents '93-'94)

DVDs

 * The Law of Causality (Live at Shibuya O-NEST 26 May 2004)

VHS

 * Live@Shibuya LA MAMA 1998

title: Der Eisenrost


text: User talk:209.7.64.254

title: User talk:209.7.64.254


text:
Twelve Men

The Twelve Men was a council of citizens chosen by the residents of New Netherland to advise Director Willem Kieft on relations with the Native Americans in the wake of the murder of Claes Swits. Elected on 29 August 1641, the temporary council was the first representational form of democracy in the Dutch colony. The next two such bodies were known as the Eight Men and the Nine Men.

Background
The Dutch West India Company had incurred significant expenses building and manning fortifications. Kieft sought to offset some of the cost by demanding contribution from the Indians, whom he saw as deriving protection from rival tribes. They declined, pointing out that the Dutch had not been invited in the first place, and with the Indian settlements so scattered, by the time word reached the fort any help dispatched would be too late.

In the spring of 1640, some Raritan Indians attacked a Company trading boat near Staten Island and stole a canoe. They were subsequently mistakenly blamed for the theft of some pigs from the farm of David Pietersz de Vries. Kieft sent Cornelis van Tienhoven with a force of seventy soldiers and sailors to demand payment. The Raritan declined to pay for pigs that they had not taken. As the meeting broke up, the Dutch suddenly attacked, killing a few Raritan, capturing several, and routing the rest. Within six weeks, the Raritan responded by burning De Vries' house and tobacco sheds. Four colonists died. Kieft spread word to several other tribes that he would pay a bounty in wampum for every head of a Raritan brought to him. A peace was reached by the end of the year.

In August 1641, a Weckquaesgeek Indian killed Claes Swits, an elderly Swiss immigrant who ran a public house frequented by settlers and Indians alike at Turtle Bay, Manhattan. As a child, the young Indian had witnessed the murder of his uncle, and upon coming of age took revenge. The Weckquaesgeek refused to hand the killer over to the Dutch.

Another incident occurred at Achter Kol along the banks of the Hackensack River. Settlers and some Hackensacks had been drinking alcohol at a trading post when a conflict arose over a missing coat which ended in the death of the post's foreman.

Council of Twelve
Kieft was determined to conduct punitive measures against the Indians, but reluctant to assume sole responsibility for the decision. In August 1641, he summoned twelve prominent settlers to New Amsterdam to advise him on relations with the Indians. He posed three questions:
 * 1) Whether it is not just to punish the barbarous murder of Claes Swits committed by an Indian and, in case the Indians refuse to surrender the murderer at our request, whether it is not justifiable to ruin the entire village to which he belongs?
 * 2) In what manner the same ought be put into effect and at what time?
 * 3) By whom it may be undertaken?

The twelve council members were:
 * David Pietersen de Vries (chairman)
 * Maryn Adriansen
 * Jacques Benteyn, (schout)
 * Jan Jansen Damen
 * Gerrit Dircksen
 * Hendrik Jansen
 * Jochem Pietersen Kuyter
 * Frederick Lubbertsen
 * Abram Molenaar, also known as Abraham Pietersen van Deusen
 * Joris Jansen Rapelje
 * Jacob Stoffelsen
 * Abraham Isaacsen Verplanck

They did not counsel war, as desired by Willem Kieft, but recommended patience and negotiations to resolve differences with the tribes. They then requested that four of their number be elected to the Director-General's Council. Kieft was not pleased with the advice received. After months of haggling, in January 1642, Kieft told them that he would accept their request if they, in turn, would support his proposed war. The Council reluctantly agreed.

Krieft dissolved the Council of Twelve in February 1643 and forbade them to meet without his permission. His duplicity did nothing to reduce opposition to the war. Not all of the Twelve opposed Kieft's plan.

A group of Tappan had moved to Pavonia, while a second group from east of the Hudson were at Corlears Hook. Both were seeking refuge from attacks of the Mohawk to the north. On February 24, 1643, Maryn Adriansen, Jan Jansen Damen, and Damen's step-sons-in-law Abraham Isaacsen Verplanck and Cornelis Van Tienhoven, petitioned the Director to order an immediate attack upon the two groups of refugees. Kieft readily endorsed their request. He ordered Van Tienhoven to lead the soldiers stationed at Fort Amsterdam on a raid on those sheltering at Pavonia. It took place the following night and eighty Tappan were killed. Kieft ordered Maryn Adriaensen and a band of volunteers to go to Corlear's Hook to attack the refugees there. Forty Indian men, women and children were killed there. This served to unite the various tribes against the Dutch and war broke out.

The majority of the Twelve Men, most of whom who had not known of the petition, objected strongly to Kieft's actions. Kieft blamed Maryn Adriaensen, who then armed himself, went to Fort Amsterdam and attacked Kieft. Kieft was unharmed, and Adriaensen arrested. His friends managed to have him sent to Amsterdam for trial, where he was acquitted.

title: Twelve Men


text:
Scot and lot

Scot and lot is a phrase common in the records of English, Welsh and Irish medieval boroughs, referring to local rights and obligations.

The term scot comes from the Old English word sceat, an ordinary coin in Anglo-Saxon times, equivalent to the later penny. In Anglo-Saxon times, a payment was levied locally to cover the cost of establishing drainage, and embankments, of low-lying land, and observing them to ensure they remain secure. This payment was typically a sceat, so the levy itself gradually came to be called sceat. In burghs, sceat was levied to cover maintenance of the town walls and defences.

In Norman times, under the influence of the word escot, in Old French, the vowel changed, and the term became scot. In 19th century Kent and Sussex, low-lying farmland was still being called scot-land. Scot, though, gradually became a general term for local levies; a person who was not liable for the levy, but received its benefits, got off 'scot-free'.

Lot means portion/share, hence lottery, land lot and allotment. The phrase scot and lot thus meant the local levies someone paid, and the share they received of local provisions; more generally, it meant rights and obligations, in respect of local government.

In the medieval Lordship of Ireland, Frenchmen were required to pay scot and lot. Scot and lot is also mentioned in a statute of the city of Waterford: no man could enjoy the liberties of the city unless he was resident there, and paid scot and lot.

Parliament had evolved from the king's baronial court, with the commons being populated by representatives of the landholders who were too minor to call in person. Burghs were somewhat outside the feudal system, making their franchise ambiguous. Before the mid 19th century, burghs varied in their choice of franchise. In some burghs, the franchise was set at scot and lot; that is, people were only permitted to vote if they were liable for the local levies.

In mediaeval times, this could mean dozens of people, and by the 19th century tens of thousands of people could qualify in a single scot and lot burgh. In Gatton, however, only two people qualified under scot and lot; since burghs received two MPs, this meant that each MP for Gatton represented exactly one voter. The quirks of the existing system, such as Gatton, was one of the reasons for the Reform Act 1832. There were two scot and lot boroughs in Wales: Flint Boroughs (1727–1832) and Haverfordwest.

A cognate term, skat, exists in the udal law of Orkney and Shetland.

title: Scot and lot


text:
Talk:Cullen number

weak property
It migt be true, that a Cullen number Cp is divisible by 2p-1, if p is a prime and $$p = 8k-3$$. But there exist other Cp is divisible by 2p-1, where p is not equal to 8k-3. At last there exist n there neither prime nor of the form 8k-1, but Cn is divisble by 2n-1.

n  c(n)  2n-1  8k-3   d/n 1     3     1           d  2      9     3           d  3     25     5     1     d  4     65     7           n  5    161     9           n  6    385    11           d  7    897    13     2     d  8   2049    15           n  9   4609    17           n 10  10241    19           d 11  22529    21           n 12  49153    23           d

I think, this is a very weak property. --Arbol01 18:07, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

almost all
At first reading, the second paragraph sounded self-contradictory to me. But I saw that the page almost all indicates alternate meanings besides the "all but finitely many" that I'm used to in number theory. I would recommend specifying which definition of "almost all" you are referring to, such as almost all Cullen numbers are composite, in the sense that the number of Cullen numbers less than x, divided by x, approaches zero as x approaches infinity.

Johnny Vogler (talk) 21:30, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I found a freely available copy of the full article by Wilfrid Keller, "New Cullen Primes" at ams.org (the one originally linked to required subscription). It explains the basics of the proof by C. Hooley and mentions an extension by H. Suyama. I updated the article accordingly, and changed the reference to the new URL. Adcoon (talk) 07:50, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Dual Cullen number
The numerator of the number (−n)*2−n + 1 is 2n - n, the first few of them are
 * 1, 1, 2, 5, 12, 27, 58, 121, 248, 503, 1014, 2037, 4084, 8179, 16370, 32753, 65520, 131055, 262126, 524269, 1048556, 2097131, 4194282, 8388585, 16777192, ...

Numbers n such that 2n - n is prime are
 * 2, 3, 9, 13, 19, 21, 55, 261, 3415, 4185, 7353, ...

The dual Cullen prime themselves are
 * 2, 5, 503, 8179, 524269, 2097131, ...

---

I have removed a section called "Dual Cullen number" with the above content. It was addded today by 49.215.193.130. Reasons for removal: PrimeHunter (talk) 23:44, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
 * 1) Google gives no hits on "Dual Cullen number" or "dual Woodall prime"
 * 2) After apparently inventing the name "Dual Cullen number", I don't see reason to say "dual Woodall prime" about such numbers which are prime.
 * 3) I cannot find sense in "the numerator of the number n*2n + 1 is 2n - n". For example, for n = -6 it becomes "the numerator of the number 29/32 is 385/64".
 * 4) The OEIS sequences don't mention a connection to Cullen numbers.

(−n)*2−n + 1 = (2n - n)/(2n), and the numerator of this number is 2n - n — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.19.50.93 (talk) 19:35, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cullen number


text:
Talk:Eric Walter Elst

Untitled
Why did Eric Walter Elst name the asteroid he discovered after the polish composer Chopin? thanks, karyn  e-mail me please at   keyszounds@yahoo.com

 * He discovered a very large number of asteroids, so he probably just picked names he liked. -- Curps 19:06, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eric Walter Elst


text:
Sedilia

In church architecture, sedilia (plural of Latin sedīle, "seat") are seats, usually made of stone, found on the liturgical south side of an altar, often in the chancel, for use during Mass for the officiating priest and his assistants, the deacon and sub-deacon. The seat is often set back into the main wall of the church itself.

Not all sedilia are stone; there is a timber one thought to be 15th century in St Nicholas' Church at Rodmersham in Kent.

When there is only one such seat, the singular form sedile is used, as for instance at St Mary's, Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire or at St Agatha's, Coates, West Sussex.

The first examples in the catacombs were single inlays for the officiating priest. In time, the more usual number became three, although there are examples of up to five sedilia.

The custom of recessing them in the thickness of the wall began about the end of the 12th century; some early examples consist only of stone benches, and there is one instance of a single seat or arm-chair in stone at Lenham in Kent.

The niches or recesses into which they are sunk are often richly decorated with canopies and subdivided with moulded shafts, pinnacles and tabernacle work; the seats are sometimes at different levels, the eastern being always the highest, and sometimes an additional niche is provided in which the piscina is placed.

Three seats
During certain sections of the liturgy, especially Gloria and Credo, the clergy sat in the three-seater (also Levite's seat, bench, chair, celebrant's chair) when the Mass was celebrated as the Levitical office of priest, deacon and subdeacon. Since the Second Vatican Council, celebrating the Mass as a "Levite ministry" has only been customary in the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite.

Function, location and types
The location of the three seats is the south wall (right side, epistle side) of the chancel near the high altar. Here the oldest, niche-shaped three seats made of stone in the bond of the chancel wall are still preserved. In later examples, the turret architecture of the canopies above the seats takes on a life of their own. From the 14th century onwards, it was predominantly wooden furniture whose constructions formally approximate those of the choir stalls with their side walls, rear walls and roofing. But in contrast to these, three-seaters usually have no row of desks and no folding seats. In rare cases, three seats were not erected as Levite chairs for the liturgical actors, but rather as seats of honor and are then more likely to be found at the western end of the chancel.

title: Sedilia


text:
Kneecapping

Kneecapping is a form of malicious wounding, often as torture, in which the victim is injured in the knee. The injury is typically inflicted by a low-velocity gunshot to the knee pit with a handgun. The term is considered a misnomer by medical professionals because only a very small minority of victims suffer damage to the kneecap. A review of eighty kneecapping victims found that only two had a fractured kneecap. Some victims have their elbows and ankles shot as well.

Treatment
The severity of the injury can vary from simple soft tissue damage to a knee joint fracture with neurovascular damage. The latter requires several weeks in hospital and intensive outpatient physiotherapy for recovery. If the damage is too great, amputation may be necessary, but this rarely occurs. In Northern Ireland thirteen people had their legs amputated as a consequence of limb punishment shootings over the duration of the Troubles. In the long term it is estimated that one out of five victims will walk with a limp for the rest of their lives.

History
During the Troubles in Northern Ireland, paramilitaries considered themselves to be law enforcers in their own areas. They used limb shootings to punish drug pushers and child molesters. If the crime was considered to be grave, the victim was also shot in the ankles and elbows, leaving them with six gunshot wounds (colloquially known as a six pack). Approximately 2,500 people were victims of these paramilitary attacks, known as 'punishment shootings' at the time, through the duration of the conflict. Those who were attacked often faced social stigma.

The Red Brigades, an Italian militant organization, employed limb shootings to warn their opponents. They used the method to punish at least 75 people up to December 1978.

The Bangladesh Police have started kneecapping in the country since 2009 to punish the opposition and prevent them from participating in protests against the government. Human Rights Watch (HRW) has published a report on kneecapping in Bangladesh.

During the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Israel Defense Forces have been accused of systematically kneecapping over 100 Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank since 2016, primarily teenagers.

title: Kneecapping


text:
Honda Beat

The Honda Beat is a kei car produced by the Japanese company Honda from May 1991 until February 1996. It is a two-seater roadster with a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout. The last car to be approved by Soichiro Honda before he died in 1991, in total around 33,600 were made, with roughly two-thirds of these built in the first year of production. The design of the car originated from Pininfarina, who then sold the design plan to Honda. The Beat was one of many cars designed to take advantage of Japan's tax-efficient kei car class.

History

There were two mainstream models of the Beat (the PP1–100 and the PP1–110) and a couple of limited edition versions. Variations on the first model were just cosmetic updates. Only the second model had any real mechanical differences. All cars were offered with the option of a driver-side airbag. The car was marketed by Honda as "Midship Amusement" and was sold exclusively in Japan, at Honda Primo dealership sales channels.

In typical Honda fashion, the Beat's engine did not utilize a turbocharger or supercharger. The 656 cc engine was modified with the MTREC (Multi Throttle Responsive Engine Control) system, with individual throttle bodies for each of the three cylinders, to produce 64 PS at 8,100 rpm with an electronically-limited top speed of 135 km/h (84 mph). Only a 5-speed manual transmission was available. The MTREC design would filter down to the 1993 Honda Today kei car. The Beat was the first kei car to feature disc brakes on all four wheels.

The Beat was part of a wave of kei car-sized sports cars in the early 1990s; its competitors included the Suzuki Cappuccino and Mazda's Autozam AZ-1. Together they anticipated the arrival of the Smart Roadster over a decade later, while Japan would not see a new model of the genre until the 2002 Daihatsu Copen.

On May 9, 2010, a parade was held in the Twin Ring Motegi circuit as a part of an annual Beat owners meeting. 569 Honda Beats participated in the parade, which is certified by Guinness World Records as the largest parade of Honda cars. The record was shown in the 2011 edition of Guinness World Records.

Versions
Various versions:

Standard Equipment: air conditioning, power windows, 3-point seat belt, sun visor, front stabilizer, front laminated glass, side-toughened glass, halogen head lamps, soft top, steel wheels.

1992.02: The Beat Version F features the Aztec Green Pearl color and alloy wheels.

1992.05: The Beat Version C features the Captiva Blue Pearl color and white alloy wheels.

1993.05: The Beat Version Z features the Blade Silver Metallic color or Everglade Green Metallic color, three black gauges, mud guards, rear spoiler, exhaust pipe finisher, and alloy wheels.

title: Honda Beat


text:
Spoiler

Spoiler or Spoilers may refer to:

Arts, entertainment and media

 * Spoiler (media), a summary that reveals significant plot elements
 * The Spoiler, DC Comics superheroine Stephanie Brown

Film and television

 * Spoiler (film), 1998 American science fiction
 * The Spoiler (TV series), 1972 Australian drama
 * The Spoilers (1914 film), American Western with William Farnum, based on 1906 Rex Beach novel
 * The Spoilers (1923 film), remake with Noah Beery, Sr. and Anna Q. Nilsson
 * The Spoilers (1930 film), remake with Gary Cooper and Betty Compson
 * The Spoilers (1942 film), remake with Marlene Dietrich, Randolph Scott and John Wayne
 * The Spoilers (1955 film), remake with Anne Baxter, Jeff Chandler and Rory Calhoun
 * Spoilers with Kevin Smith, 2012 film review TV show

Literature

 * The Spoiler (novel), 2011, by Annalena McAfee
 * The Spoilers (Bagley novel), 1969, by Desmond Bagley
 * The Spoilers (Beach novel), 1906, by Rex Beach
 * The Spoilers, a novel by Edwin Pugh, 1906
 * "The Spoilers", a short story by Michael Gilbert in Game Without Rules, 1967

Music

 * The Spoiler (album), by Stanley Turrentine, 1966
 * The Spoilers (band), American punk rock/new wave musicians formed in 1978
 * Spoiler (album), by Aitana, 2019

People

 * The Spoiler (wrestler) (Donald Delbert Jardine, 1940–2006), Canadian masked champion
 * Drew McDonald (wrestler) (1955-2015), ring name The Spoiler

Science, technology and transportation

 * Spoiler (aeronautics), a device which intentionally reduces the lift component of an airfoil
 * Spoiler (car), a device to modify air flow over a vehicle
 * Spoiler (security vulnerability), on modern computer central processing units
 * Beam spoiler, material placed in the path of the photon beam in radiation therapy

Other uses

 * Spoiler effect, where the entry of a losing (irrelevant) candidate affects the results of an election
 * Spoiler effect (sports), where teams eliminated from playoffs can affect other teams in the league as they play

title: Spoiler


text: Template:Infobox ethnic group

title: Template:Infobox ethnic group


text:
Belfair, Washington

Belfair is a census-designated place in Mason County, Washington, United States. Located at the mouth of the Union River at Hood Canal, it serves as the commercial center of northern Mason County. The population of the surrounding area grows in the summertime, as the Canal and the Olympic Peninsula are popular with tourists. The population was 3,931 as of the 2010 census.

History
Belfair was originally referred to as Clifton, as were several other towns in the state. To avoid confusion, it was renamed in 1925 by Mrs. Murray, then postmaster, who submitted the name Belfair from a book that she was then reading.

Geography
Belfair is located on an isthmus connecting the Kitsap and Olympic Peninsula. It receives an average rainfall of 60 in yearly and has a growing season of 212 days with final spring frost around April 20 usually.

Mason Lake is 8 mi southwest of Belfair.

Parks and recreation
Belfair serves as a gateway town for the Hood Canal region, and is the last town with services before visitors reach Tahuya State Forest.

The Theler Wetlands have walking trails meandering through 135 acre of tidal wetlands, offering boardwalks and well-groomed paths with views of Hood Canal, Union River, and a tidal estuary. Other nature trails can be found near Belfair Elementary.

Arts and culture
Belfair is home to "The Taste of Hood Canal", an annual event falling on the second Saturday in August. This festival features local artists, foods, a classic car show and is sponsored by the North Mason Rotary Club.

Belfair is also home to the Mary E. Theler Community Center.

Health care
Belfair is the regional service hub for northern Mason County. Harrison Hospital operates an urgent care facility in Belfair, and local doctor offices are in the area along with other professional services. The area has local and chain restaurants, along with two major grocery stores. Local shopping includes gift stores. Timberland Regional Library has a local branch in Belfair. Several public golf courses are nearby, including McCormick Woods, Gold Mountain, Alderbrook, Trophy Lake, Horseshoe Lake, and Lakeland Village.

Roads
Washington State Route 3 is the main road leading into Belfair, from Bremerton and Gorst in the north, and Allyn in the south. Washington State Route 106 also starts at the south end of Belfair, leading toward Union, the next town along the south shore of Hood Canal. Washington State Route 300 begins in Belfair and runs along the north shore of Hood Canal, providing access to Tahuya and Dewatto Bay.

Education
Belfair has two high schools (North Mason High School and James A. Taylor High School, an alternative school), a middle school (Hawkins Middle School), two elementary schools (Sand Hill Elementary and Belfair Elementary), and a co-op preschool.

Notable people

 * Noah Ashenhurst, former English teacher at North Mason High School and award-winning author of the novel Comfort Food
 * Norm Dicks, politician and former member of the United States House of Representatives

title: Belfair, Washington


text:
User:PedanticallySpeaking/In Progress3

''Please do not make changes to this article. If you see something that concerns you, please let me know at User talk:PedanticallySpeaking. PedanticallySpeaking 19:24, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)''

Julia O'Hara Stiles (born March 28, 1981) is an American stage and screen actress. Beginning her theatre career in juvenile parts she has graduated to plays by authors as diverse as William Shakespeare and David Mamet, while her film career has been both a commerical and critical success, ranging from teen romantic comedies such as 10 Things I Hate About You (1999) to dark art house pictures such as The Business of Strangers (2001). Stiles's admirers compare her to Jane Fonda, Meryl Streep, and Diane Lane.

Youth and Education
Stiles was born in New York City, the eldest of the three children (two daughters and a son) of John O'Hara, a teacher and businessman, and Judith Stiles, a potter. She attended a Quaker school in Manhattan and is (as of 2005) an English major at Columbia University in New York City, though she has several times interuppted her studies to puruse her film career.

Stage Career
Stiles was an actress from age eleven, performing with New York's La MaMa Theatre Company, landing work by boldly submitting to the company photographs of herself in costume and asking she be kept in mind for juvenile parts. She graduated to adult roles and, in the summer of 2002, appeared in the lead role Shakespeare in the Park's production of Twelfth Night with Jimmy Smits. Reviewing the production, Ben Brantley of The New York Times saluted Stiles as "the thinking teenagers' movie goddess" who put him in mind of a "young Jane Fonda". In the spring of 2004, she made her London stage debut opposite Aaron Eckhart in a revival of David Mamet's play Oleanna at the Garrick Theatre.

Film career
Stiles's first film was a non-speaking part in I Love You, I Love You Not (1996) with Claire Danes and Jude Law. She also had small roles as Harrison Ford's daughter in Alan J. Pakula's The Devil's Own (1997) and in M. Night Shyamalan's Wide Awake. Stiles's first lead was in Wicked (1998, playing a teenage girl who murders her mother so she can have her father all to herself. Joe Balthai wrote she was "the darling of the 1998 Sundance Film Festival" and Internet movie maven Harry Knowles said she was the "discovery of the fest", but the film was not commercially released in the U.S. and went direct-to-video.

The role that made her a star was playing Kat Stratford opposite Heath Ledger in Gil Junger's 10 Things I Hate About You (1999), an adaptation of The Taming of the Shrew set in a Seattle high school in the first script by Karen McCullah Lutz and Kristen Smith. She won an MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance for the role and the Chicago Film Critics voted her the most promising new actress of the year. Foreign critics applauded her work as well. Adina Hoffman praised her as "a young, serious looking Diane Lane" and Martin Hoyle said Stiles played Kat "with bloody-minded independent charm from the beginning with hints of wistfulness beneath the determination."

She subsequently did two more Shakespearean adaptations, playing the Desdemona role opposite Mekhi Pfifer in the title role in Tim Blake Nelson's O (2001), Othello in high school; and Ophelia in Michael Almerayda's Hamlet (2000, with Ethan Hawke in the lead.  Neither was a great success, O being subject to many delays and a change of distributors, Hamlet being an art house film shot on a shoestring budget.

Her next commercial success was in Save the Last Dance (2001), as an aspiring ballerina forced to leave her small town in downstate Illinois when her mother is killed to live with her struggling musician father in Chicago. At her new, nearly all-black school, she falls in love with Sean Patrick Thomas, who teaches her hip-hop dance steps that get her into dance school. That role won her two more MTV awards, for Best Kiss and Best Female Performance. Rolling Stone pronounced her "the coolest co-ed", putting her on the cover of its April 12, 2001 issue. She told Rolling Stone that despite rumors, she did do all her own dancing in the film, though the way the film was shot and edited made it appear otherwise.

Stiles played opposite Stockard Channing in the dark art house film The Business of Strangers (2001) as a conniving underling who exacts revenge on her cold boss. Channing was impressed by her co-star. "In addition to her talent, she has a quality that is almost feral, something that can make people uneasy. She has an effect on people," said Channing. Stiles also had small roles as a CIA agent in The Bourne Identity (2002) and its sequel The Bourne Supremacy (2004). Aimee Agresti quoted producer Lynda Obst as saying Stiles was turning into the next Meryl Streep.

Her next leading role was in Mona Lisa Smile (2003) as Joan, a student at Wellesley College in 1953, whose art professor, played by Julia Roberts, encourages her to pursue a career in law rather than becoming a wife and mother. Stephen Holden referred to her as one of the cinema's "brightest young stars" but the film met with generally unfavorable reviews.

Stiles played a Wisconsin co-ed with dreams of becoming a doctor who is swept off her feet by a Danish prince in The Prince and Me (2004), directed by Martha Coolidge. Stiles told Leslie Goober that she was very similar to the character, Paige Morgan, but critic Scott Foundas said while she was, as always, "irrepresibly engaging" the film was a "strange career choice for Stiles", echoing criticism in reviews of A Guy Thing (2003), a romantic comedy with Jason Lee and Selma Blair. Dennis Harvey of that film wrote she was "wasted" and Stephen Holden called her "a serious actress from whom comedy does not seem to flow naturally."

Television
Stiles's work on television has been more limited. After two appearances on the PBS series Ghostwriter in 1993 and 1994, she appeared on the medical drama Chicago Hope.

She has been seen in two made-for-tv movies. In Before Women Had Wings (1997) on CBS, she played opposite Ellen Burstyn and Oprah Winfrey in an adaptation of the novel by Connie May Fowler. Marcia Ross, the film's casting director, told Jeffrey Ressner "she projects an intelligent depth, she's not girlish, and she'll easily grow into adult roles."

Stiles also played a teenage girl who finds herself pregnant and runs away from her unforgiving father, played by Bill Smitrovich, in NBC's miniseries The 60's (1999), a film Caryn James dismissed as "conspicuously idiotic". Stiles was the public face of the film, NBC using her face, painted with a peace sign and the American flag, in its advertising and on the cover of the soundtrack album.

On March 17, 2001, Stiles hosted Saturday Night Live  and eight days later introduced a music nominee at the 73rd Annual Academy Awards. She returned to Saturday Night Live on May 5, 2001 in a cameo as President George W. Bush's daughter Jenna. MTV profiled her in its Diary series in 2003 and she was Punk'd by Ashton Kutcher in the spring of 2004.

Youth and Stage Career
Stiles was born in New York City, the eldest of the three children (two daughters and a son) of John O'Hara, a teacher and businessman, and Judith Stiles, a potter. She attended a Quaker school in Manhattan. Stiles was an actress from age eleven, performing with New York's La MaMa Theatre Company, landing work by boldly submitting to the company photographs of herself in costume and asking she be kept in mind for juvenile parts. She graduated to adult roles and, in the summer of 2002, appeared in the lead role Shakespeare in the Park's production of Twelfth Night with Jimmy Smits. Reviewing the production, Ben Brantley of The New York Times saluted Stiles as "the thinking teenagers' movie goddess" put him in mind of a "young Jane Fonda". In the spring of 2004, she made her London stage debut opposite Aaron Eckhart in a revival of David Mamet's play Oleanna at the Garrick Theatre.

Film career
Stiles's first film was a non-speaking part in I Love You, I Love You Not (1996) with Claire Danes and Jude Law. She also had small roles as Harrison Ford's daughter in Alan J. Pakula's The Devil's Own (1997) and in M. Night Shyamalan's Wide Awake. Stiles's first lead was in Wicked (1998, playing a teenage girl who murders her mother so she can have her father all to herself. Joe Balthai wrote she was "the darling of the 1998 Sundance Film Festival", but the film was not commercially released in the U.S. and went direct-to-video.

The role that made her a star was playing Kat Stratford opposite Heath Ledger in Gil Junger's 10 Things I Hate About You (1999), an adaptation of The Taming of the Shrew set in a Seattle high school in the first script by Karen McCullah Lutz and Kristen Smith. She won an MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance for the role and the Chicago Film Critics voted her the most promising new actress. Foreign critics applauded her work as well. Adina Hoffman praised her as "a young, serious looking Diane Lane" and Martin Hoyle said Stiles played Kat "with bloody-minded independent charm from the beginning with hints of wistfulness beneath the determination."

She subsequently did two more Shakespearean adaptations, playing the Desdemona role opposite Mekhi Pfifer in the title role in Tim Blake Nelson's O (2001), Othello in high school; and Ophelia in Michael Almerayda's Hamlet (2000, with Ethan Hawke in the lead.  Neither was a great success, O being subject to many delays and a change of distributors, Hamlet being an art house film shot on a shoestring budget.

Her next commercial success was in Save the Last Dance (2001), as an aspiring ballerina forced to leave her small town in southern Illinois when her mother is killed to live with her struggling musician father in Chicago. At her new, nearly all-black school, she falls in love with Sean Patrick Thomas, who teaches her hip-hop dance steps that get her into dance school. That role won her two more MTV awards, for Best Kiss and Best Female Performance.

Stiles played opposite Stockard Channing in the dark art house film The Business of Strangers ((2001), as a conniving underling who exacts revenge on her cold boss. Channing was impressed by her co-star. "In addition to her talent, she has a quality that is almost feral, something that can make people uneasy.  She has an effect on people."

Television
Stiles has been seen in two made-for-tv movies. In Before Women Had Wings (1997), she played opposite Ellen Burstyn and Ophah Winfrey in an adaptation of the novel by Connie May Fowler. Stiles also played a teenage girl who finds herself pregnant and runs away from her unforgiving father, played by Bill Smitrovich in NBC's miniseries The 60's (1999), a film Caryn James dismissed as "conspicuously idiotic". Stiles was the public face of the film, NBC using her face, painted with a peace sign and the American flag in its advertising and on the cover of the soundtrack album.

Stiles hosted Saturday Night Live and eight days later introduced a music nominee at the 76th Annual Academy Awards. Rolling Stone pronounced her "the coolest co-ed", putting her on the cover of its April 12, 2001 issue. She returned to Saturday Night Live on May 5, 2001 in a cameo as George W. Bush's daugther Jenna.

Stiles is an English major at Columbia University in New York City. On March 17, 2001,

Stiles played a CIA agent in The Bourne Identity and its sequel The Bourne Supremacy,, a 1950s student at Wellesley College under the tutelage of Julia Roberts in Mona Lisa Smile, and a Wisconsin co-ed swept off her feet by a Danish prince in The Prince and Me.

title: User:PedanticallySpeaking/In Progress3


text: User talk:69.159.64.64

title: User talk:69.159.64.64


text:
User:LouCypher/monobook.css

/* @import url("http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:LouCypher/monobook.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css");

color: black; background-color: white; }
 * 1) content {

title: User:LouCypher/monobook.css