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Beiseker

Beiseker is a village in the Canadian province of Alberta, approximately 70 km northeast of Calgary. It is considered to be an outermost part of the Calgary Region, and is included within Calgary's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). The village is surrounded by rural Rocky View County, and the closest neighbouring communities are Irricana, Kathyrn, and Acme.

History
Lying in a belt of rich black soil, Beiseker was developed as an agricultural service centre. It was founded by the Calgary Colonization Company, whose purpose was to promote settlement by demonstrating the grain-growing potential of the area. The village's name came from Thomas Lincoln Beiseker (1866-1941), a partner and vice president of the company. Initial colonization took place in 1908 when the company recruited a number of ethnic German settlers from the Great Plains of the Dakotas. This is reflected in the number of German family names which predominate the area.

The village began to grow in 1910 when the branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed. In 1910, the first general store was opened in a large two-story building which housed the school and dance hall. The Grand Trunk Pacific line - now owned by Canadian National Railway - was constructed in 1912 to the east of the central business district. Telephone arrived in 1912 and electricity in 1928. With the construction and intersection of Highways 9, 72 and 806 at the northeast edge of the village, Beiseker came to have a very favourable location in terms of road and rail access. Since it is located almost equidistant from Calgary and Drumheller, Beiseker began to emerge as a local service and trade centre for the surrounding rural agricultural area. Village status was achieved in 1921.

The surrounding area's great potential for grain-growing is shown by Beiseker's status as "World Wheat King Capital", or as a top producing area of wheat.

Infrastructure
Beiseker Community School is located in the village. It is part of the Rocky View Schools system, and teaches from kindergarten to grade 12.

The village is also home to Baptist, Catholic and Anglican congregations. As Beiseker is at the intersection of three provincial highways, and equipped with a campground and motel, it is a popular stop for campers and other travellers coming to and from Saskatoon and Drumheller. There is also a small airport which serves the community, located a five kilometres east of town along Alberta Highway 9.

Economy
Beiseker currently serves as a centre for local agricultural services including fertilizer, seed cleaning, and soil testing. There is a local UFA outlet, and a Canadian Malting Co. grain elevator serving farmers in the area. Local industries serve the oilpatch, and there are many sites extracting natural gas in the immediate area surrounding Beiseker, as well as several major pipelines.

Beiseker also has a number of small businesses on its main street offering a variety of services, including a local credit union, grocery store, pharmacist and hair dressers, as well as several small restaurants.

The Canadian office of Lampson International, a large international company specializing in construction cranes, is based in Beiseker.

Notable people
William Samuel McGee (b 1868, Lindsay, Ontario - d 1940, Beiseker) lived for several years on a farm with his wife and daughter just outside Beiseker and is buried in the area. His name was to be the inspiration for the poem The Cremation of Sam McGee by Robert W. Service.

Arts and culture
Several locations in and around Beiseker were featured in the filming of Ang Lee's Academy Award-winning film Brokeback Mountain, including the site of the 'Twist Ranch' that figures importantly in the penultimate scene of the film.

In 2016, Beiseker was selected as a filming location for the third season of FX Network's show Fargo, as well as an episode of TBS's series The Detour. In 2018, Beiseker hosted the production for the Netflix series Black Summer. In 2019, Beiseker hosted on-location shooting for Ghostbusters: Afterlife. In 2023, Beiseker hosted productions of Wind River: The Next Chapter as well as the fifth season of the Fargo TV series.

The Beiseker Station Museum, which showcases local history and artifacts dating from the village's founding in the early 1900s, is located in the former Canadian Pacific Railway station and village offices.

Mascot
In the early 1990s, the Village of Beiseker began promoting itself with the mascot, "Squirt the Skunk", which included promotional items such as pins and postcards. A "Squirt the Skunk" statue, 13 ft in height, was erected in the campground near Highway 72. In addition, a "Squirt the Skunk" costume was made so the mascot may appear at village events.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Beiseker had a population of 754 living in 314 of its 333 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 819. With a land area of 2.85 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Beiseker recorded a population of 819 living in 331 of its 338 total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of 785. With a land area of 2.85 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

title: Beiseker


text:
User talk:Charlotte1993

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Susvolans 18:27, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Charlotte1993


text:
Talk:Intruder in the Dust

from Vfd
On 21 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Intruder in the Dust for a record of the discussion.

Fair use rationale for Image:Intruder49.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 18:57, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Intruder in the Dust


text: Template:LGBT-stub

title: Template:LGBT-stub


text:
William Dufty

William Francis Dufty (February 2, 1916 – June 28, 2002) was an American writer, musician, and activist.

Dufty was a supporter of trade unionism and was an organizer for the United Auto Workers, wrote speeches for former UAW President Walter Reuther, edited Michigan Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) News and handled publicity for Americans for Democratic Action.

Biography
Dufty was born near Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Youth
Dufty produced some autobiographical notes in the first chapter, "It is necessary to be personal", of his book Sugar Blues (1975):
 * We spent our summers at Crystal Lake until I was twelve or thirteen. By that time I was making $75 a week in the wintertime season – an undreamed of fortune in those days – as a prodigal jazz pianist on the radio...The day my voice began to change was the beginning of the end of my radio career. If my voice didn't sound childlike any more, there was nothing remarkable about the way I played the piano.

College

 * In the twenties, I had been so rich I never carried a cent on me. In the thirties – mooching my way through college holding a job or two on the side – I was so poor I put every cent on my back where it would show…I took to collegiate journalism as a kind of lark. There I discovered that the cigarette companies virtually subsidized the university paper with their advertising.

After suffering through two years of college, I finally dropped out. It took daring in those days to dream of facing life without a degree. But I could sniff another war in the offing...I was drafted in 1942...

Army

 * In due course my body was shipped overseas. Bound for Britain, I trotted around the top deck of the blacked out S.S. Mauretania with a carbine on by shoulder and a heavy Army greatcoat soaked with Atlantic spray. Two hours on, two hours off. By the time we docked in Liverpool, I had a lovely case of walking pneumonia.
 * Eventually, I was packed off by train to Glasgow, by ship to Algiers, then by truck to Oran in the Mediterranean. Three weeks in the desert and I was as good as new...After the landings in southern France, I was packed off to join the First French Army: Arabs, Senegalese, Goums, Sihks, Vietnamese, with French officers and noncoms. We lived off the land, no fancy rations and luxuries. Some brought along pots and pans, ducks and geese, sheep and goats, wives and mistresses...We lived on horsemeat, rabbit, squirrel, dark French peasant bread, and whatever else could be scrounged. Winter in the Vosges mountains was brutal and endless, yet I never had a cold or a sniffle.

New York
After the war, he moved to New York and began a newspaper career. His columns and exposés for the New York Post drew acclaim, including one that charged that the FBI bungled cases under J. Edgar Hoover's leadership. He was awarded the George Polk Award for an exposé on immigrants.

Dufty had one son, Bevan Dufty, with first wife Maely Bartholomew, who had arrived in New York City during World War II after losing most of her family in the Nazi concentration camps. She settled near Harlem where she met her best friend and Bevan's godmother, Billie Holiday. They later divorced and Maely raised Bevan as a single mother.

Dufty took Billie Holiday's oral history and wrote Lady Sings the Blues in 1956, which in turn was made into a 1972 movie starring Diana Ross in the title role.

Macrobiotic diet
Dufty credits the death of John F. Kennedy and an article by Tom Wolfe in New York Magazine with starting him on the way to good health. The article described a condition, sanpaku, as a morbid symptom that precedes death, according to Nyoiti Sakurazawa. After obtaining some literature from the Ohsawa Foundation in New York, and following its strict regime of vegetables and rice, Dufty transformed his body and mind. He lost weight and became "calm, cool, collected, precise, and unrattled". He became an advocate of macrobiotics, met Sakurazawa, and prepared the manuscript of You Are All Sanpaku for publication with Felix Morrow in 1965.

Dufty practiced and promoted macrobiotic nutrition, advocating a low-fat, high-fiber diet of whole grains, vegetables, sea vegetables, nuts and seeds, combined in accordance with the principles of yin and yang, said to optimize digestion by attention to nature.

Dufty had struggled with the symptoms of hypoglycemia and had sought the help of physicians. Describing the frustrating search similarly pursued by Dr. Steven Gyland, Dufty wrote,
 * If you've ever gone through this kind of medical rigmarole, as I and millions of others have, one ends up a little bitter, with a sense of mission.

In the 1960s, he met Gloria Swanson, a nutrition enthusiast who convinced him that white sugar was unsafe. Dufty undertook a program of research of the impact that sugar has had, and wrote Sugar Blues in 1975.

He became good friends with Japanese artist Yoko Ono and her husband, musician and former Beatle, John Lennon. When John and Yoko visited Singapore, they wrote to Swanson and Dufty. As Hunter Davies, editor of The John Lennon Letters explains,
 * [Swanson] was strongly against sugar, as a curse of society; her husband had written a book called Sugar Blues, which John Lennon bought lots of copies of, giving them out to friends.

Marriage and death
Dufty and Swanson were married, she for the sixth time, he for the second time, in 1976. He helped Swanson write her autobiography, Swanson on Swanson, in 1981.

After Swanson's death in 1983, he returned to his home state of Michigan, settling in Metro Detroit. From there he continued to lecture, write newspaper and magazine articles and teach macrobiotics to a new generation. Dufty died at age 86 on June 28, 2002, at his home in Birmingham, Michigan.

Books

 * 1956: Lady Sings the Blues, Billie Holiday with William Dufty
 * 1958: My Father- My Son, by Edward G. Robinson Jr. with William Dufty, via Hathi Trust
 * 1965: You Are All Sanpaku, Sakurazawa Nyoiti with William Dufty
 * 1966: Spoiled Priest: the Autobiography of an Ex-Priest, Gabriel Longo, University Books
 * 1969: Mannequin My Life as a Model, Carolyn Kenmore, Bartholomew House Press
 * 1975: Sugar Blues
 * 1980: Swanson on Swanson, Gloria Swanson, Random House

title: William Dufty


text:
Talk:Internal communication

from Vfd
Cross between bureaucratese jargon, and a dicdef. Radiant! 13:50, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but a complete rewrite is necessary and the title needs to be changed to Internal Communications. Internal Communications is a fast-growing professional field and indicative of a move by big corporations to improve top-down contact between management and employees. It's an important subject and worthy of an article. But the current contents need to be revised considerably. 23skidoo 15:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, rewrite and expand. Megan1967 00:26, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Internal communication


text:
User talk:Couperman

Welcome!
Hi Couperman, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 18:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Gypsy Moth IV
That appears to have been a mistake on my part. I have corrected my error and re-inserted all the information I removed. — Dan | Talk 12:53, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Keelboats worldwide
Template:Keelboats worldwide has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Smartskaft (talk) 00:30, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Sailing dinghies and skiffs
Template:Sailing dinghies and skiffs has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Smartskaft (talk) 09:22, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Couperman


text:
Gaoyou

Gaoyou, is a county-level city under the administration of Yangzhou, Jiangsu province, China, located in the Yangtze River Delta on the north side of the Yangtze River.

History
Recent archaeological finds at the Longqiuzhuang site in Gaoyou has found evidence of rice growing dating back 5,500-7,000 years. Gaoyou ting (commune, 亭) located in this area was established in Qin dynasty. Then Gaoyou county whose seat was the former commune was established in BC 118. In 1353, Zhang Shicheng revolted and captured the walled city of Gaoyou. In the next year, Zhang established Kingdom of Dazhou, while Gaoyou functioned as its temporary capital until 1356. Later, the city withstood the siege led by Toqto'a, since the complicated politics severely reduced the cohesion of the Yuan army. At that time, it was one of the 46 important mail posts along the Grand Canal between Beijing and Nanjing. It was in use until the 1911 Revolution.

On 2 October 1939, the Japanese army captured the walled city. Three months after Japan's unconditional surrender on August 15, 1945, Gaoyou Japanese and fake troops, surrounded by the military and civilians in the liberated areas, resisted and refused to lay down their arms. At this time, there were two brigades and one artillery squadron of the 90th Independent Mixed Brigade of the Japanese Army stationed in Gaoyou city, with more than 1,100 men, as well as the 42nd Division of the False Second Front Army and the False County Security Brigade and Police Brigade with more than 5,000 men. In order to crush the plot of the Kuomintang army to collude with the Japanese and fake troops in Gaoyou to divide and attack the Central China Liberation Area, the Central Military Commission agreed on December 5 to launch the Battle of Gaoyou and seize Gaoyou City. The Battle of Gaoyou destroyed more than 1,100 Japanese troops, including 892 prisoners; destroyed more than 4,000 pseudo-army, including 3,493 prisoners; captured more than 80 artillery pieces and 6,000 guns. The Battle of Gaoyou was the last battle of the New Fourth Army against the Japanese invasion of China, and the last battle against the Japanese in Central China, ending with the surrender of the Japanese and the complete victory of the New Fourth Army. On 19 January 1949, the CPC controlled the walled city. The former site where the invading Japanese army surrendered to the New Fourth Army has been announced by the State Council as the second batch of 100 national anti-war memorial facilities and sites.

The profound history and culture of Gaoyou fostered Qin Shaoyou, the well-known poet in the Song Dynasty, Wang Nianshun and Wang Yinzhi (father and son), the celebrated classics interpreters in the Qing Dynasty, Sun Yunzhu, the modern paleontologist and Wang Zengqi, the contemporary writer. Gaoyou is also the hometown of the infamous Wu Sangui.

A total of about 200,000 people drowned in their sleep in Gaoyou alone due to the devastating flooding of 1931. Gaoyou was the most badly affected place during the floods.

More than 30,000 people starved to death in Gaoyou county during the great famine, of which more than 10,000 were children.

Administration divisions
At present, Gaoyou City has 2 subdistricts, 10 towns and 1 ethnic township.

 * 2 Subdistricts

 * Gaoyou Subdistrict (高邮) - is upgraded from town.
 * Mapeng Subdistrict (马棚) - is upgraded from town.

-7 Former Towns are merged to other. The sole ethnic township of Jiangsu, Lingtang Hui Ethnic township, is under the jurisdiction of Gaoyou, about a third of the township residents are Hui Chinese.
 * 10 Towns
 * 1 Ethnic Township
 * Lingtang Hui Township (菱塘回族乡)

Geography and Climate
The name of Gaoyou comes from the building of Gaotai and Posting Pavilion during the reign of King Yingzheng of Qin Dynasty. It is adjacent to Yangzhou in the south, to the Huai River in the north, to the canal and Gaoyou Lake in the west, and to the water network of the Lixia River in the east, and is a military town on the canal line and the gateway to the two Huai River.

Now, Gaoyou is located in the central part of Jiangsu Province, which is also part of Yangtze River Delta. It borders Baoying and Jinhu to the north, Jiangdu to the south and Xinghua to east. There are over twenty townships, Lingtang Hui Ethnic Township is the only Minority Township in the province. The population in this county is approximately eighty-three thousand. The total area is 1963 square kilometres with 1175 square kilometres of land area and 788 square kilometres of water surface area. Gaoyou is a plain region which full of rivers and lakes. Gaoyou Lake is the third largest lake in Jiangsu, which closes to The Grand Canal from Beijing to Hangzhou. Geographical location provides important water resources and rich aquatic products for this county.

Gaoyou is located at 32.79 degrees north latitude and 119.44 degrees east longitude. It belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate. The hottest in July is around 27.6 °C while the coldest in January is about 1.7 °C. The average annual temperature is 15.0 °C. The wet-season is from mid June to July and the average annual rainfall is about 1000 mm. The average annual relative humidity is 67%, at the meantime, the frost-free season is more than 200 days. Gaoyou has the characteristics of mild climate, adequate rainfall, four distinctive seasons, sufficient sunshine and long frost free period. Unfortunately, Jiangsu province and Gaoyou in particular is China's "tornado hometown" and its climate and environment make the area highly susceptible to tornadoes such as an EF4 in 2016.

Economy
Gaoyou was dependent on its agriculture and aquaculture sections financially. Primary agricultural products include rapeseed, rice, wheat, poultry and eggs. A variety of aquatic products contain fish, crab and shrimp. The environment in this county has been well protected by the government. The local government has closed many factories in order to protect the lakes.

Food
Gaoyou is famous for its salted duck eggs.

Expressways

 * G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway. It passes just to the east of the city.

National Highway

 * China National Highway 233

Railway
The city is served by Gaoyou railway station and Gaoyou North railway station (located at Jieshou) on the Lianyungang–Zhenjiang high-speed railway.

title: Gaoyou


text:
User talk:Erraunt

Welcome!
Hi Erraunt, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

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Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 18:34, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Wikiproject Metalworking
Welcome to the metalworking project Erraunt, we've picked up a bit of speed and have nutted out a few  items for the todo list, hopefully some of them will fit into your plans. — Graibeard 05:20, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erraunt


text:
User talk:Karly

Welcome!
Hi Karly, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

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Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 18:34, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Culture of capitalism

The article Culture of capitalism has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Reads like an essay. The non-essay bits are more than adequately handled elsewhere.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. —Tom Morris (talk) 06:48, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

AfD of article you contributed to
Please see: Articles for deletion/Culture of capitalism (2nd nomination)BigJim707 (talk) 19:33, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Karly


text:
User talk:Rogerh~enwiki

Welcome!
Hi Rogerh, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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- Mailer Diablo 18:34, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rogerh. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rogerh~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:26, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:13, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rogerh~enwiki


text:
Akova, Argos

Akova (Greek: Άκοβα) is a settlement in the community and municipal unit of Argos, Greece. Akova is 4 km west of downtown Argos. There are an Agia Triada church and a rest area for those hiking around Larissa mountain.

title: Akova, Argos


text: User talk:208.49.138.162

title: User talk:208.49.138.162


text:
Diamond willow

Diamond willow is a type of tree with wood that is transformed into diamond-shaped segments with alternating colors. Salix bebbiana, the most common, is a species of willow indigenous to Canada and the northern United States, from Alaska and Yukon south to California and Arizona and northeast to Newfoundland and New England. Among common names are beaked willow, long-beaked willow, gray willow, and Bebb's willow. This species is also called red willow by Native Americans according to The Arctic Prairies Appendix E by Ernest Tompson Seton.

The diamond shapes can be caused by a fungus (Valsa sordida and possibly others). Diamond willow fungus is known to have medicinal properties and is used for both medical and ceremonial purposes by First Nations; it has been called a "sacred medicine."

Diamond willow is prized by wood carvers and furniture makers for its strong contrasting colors (red and white) and its sculptural irregularity of shape.

There are at least six different species that have been identified as being susceptible to diamonding, including Salix bebbiana (the most common ) plus S. pseudomonticola, S. arbusculoides, S. discolor, S. scouleriana, and S. alaxensis.

The diamonding is usually found with a branch at its center or is found in the Y of a tree. Diamonding in willow does not seem to be specific to an area that willows grow in, and where one bunch of willow will have diamonds, the next clump of willows may have none at all. Although diamond willow is often thought of as being a northern phenomenon, of the boreal forest, there is mention of diamond willow growing as far south as Missouri.

Diamond formation and shape
The tree grows diamond-shaped cankers in response to the fungus. If the branch is relatively small it seems to die very quickly. If the branch is larger, it may continue to grow and the diamond is formed on the branch and the stem. New layers of growth occur farther and farther away from the site of the fungus. If the tree has been affected in several places close together, then the diamonds run into each other, resulting in pronounced ridges if some sapwood continues to survive.

The shape of the diamonds seems to vary from one clump of willow to the next, although there may be some general tendencies within a single species. Some stems will form long narrow diamonds; others will be short and wide. Usually, all the diamonds on the stems in one clump will have similar growth patterns. If the new layers of sapwood do not move back very much each year, then the diamonds will be deep bowl- or cleft-shaped. These stems will be able to survive longer than those whose diamonds are flat. The bark that is left over the top of the diamond changes quite markedly from the bark over the living sapwood. Depending on the species of willow, the living bark is usually smoother and slightly lighter in color. The bark over the diamond usually becomes rougher and somewhat darker. It also becomes tougher and adheres much more to the underlying wood. The sapwood is white to cream in color—again depending on the species, but also on the location. The heartwood is reddish-brown. This color tends to darken with exposure to light over a number of years.

If one stem in a clump of willow is affected, then all of them are likely to be. However, the neighboring clump may be complete without diamonds. Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) has been known to bear depressions that resemble diamonding.

title: Diamond willow


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrew Secord

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:12, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

Andrew Secord
Non-notable stub. Vanity. Delete. --Spinboy 18:39, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete 96 Google hits, and quite a few of those are other people entirely Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 20:20, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * The article in its entirety: "Doctor Andrew Secord is a Professor of Economics at St. Thomas University (New Brunswick) in Fredericton, New Brunswick." From a quick search, that seems to be about all there is to say about him.  An average professor at a small (enrollment of 2800) university. Delete, without malice. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 21:24, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone gives notable evidence. Zzyzx11 00:21, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 06:36, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of notability. Vanity just might be right; user's only other contributions were to make a change to Economy of the United Kingdom and then self-revert. Bearcat 04:58, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone can provide something to establish notability. -- James Teterenko (talk) 05:44, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Farrier

Clean up
Edited this page today because I thought it needed expansion and happen to know a few things on the topic. I also know enough to know that this article could be expanded considerably. I'll give thought to addressing that myself.

Erraunt 18:40, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Need to apologize. I just went ahead and edited the entry. Discovering as I get to know this place that that was "bad form".

 * Sorry about that. I'll do better next time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erraunt (talk • contribs) 15:30, 2 March 2005 (edit)

 * Not bad form at all on stub.--Jirate 15:42, 2005 Mar 2 (UTC)

 * thanks.

 * doing a bit of surfing ... there are some specific urls that would be good links from here ...

 * one example: http://www.thehorseshoof.com/gallery3.html Why this has been deleted? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erraunt (talk • contribs) 21:49, 2 March 2005

 * I added these two paragraphs but they has been deleted without any talk about (see History):

 * A recent branch of farrier trade is specialyzed care of barefoot horses. The name for such a trade is not firmly established: "I still don’t know what we should call ourselves. Barefoot trimmers, hoof care specialists, natural hoof care practitioners.[...] I smell just like a farrier and have the same eternal backache, so until someone comes up with something better, I just went back to calling myself a farrier.(Pete Ramey)"
 * - A recent task for farriers/barefoot trimmers is hoof boots fitting. Hoof boots, mainly used by transitioning barefoot horses, need sometimes professional work to be fitted.

 * Can we speak a little about, please? It's a NPOV matter!--Alex_brollo Talk|Contrib 06:05, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Veterinary Medicine
I've added this article to the VetMed Project for the moment, as it seems most appropriate. Note that I'm NOT suggesting that only members of WP:VM can contribute, or that vets ar better qualified to do this than farriers, its just that it seemed wise to keep an eye on the page in view of the NPOV potential of the Barefoot Movement - see Navicular Disease for an example of an article where arguments over this technique have got a little out of hand! I've rated it start-class as its clearly better than a stub, but not by much, yet. Dlh-stablelights 21:49, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmmm. Is this a veterinary topic?  I mean, hoof health IS a veterinary topic, but farrier as opposed to, say, the horse hoof article.  There is also horseshoe and, of course barefoot horses.  Maybe look over the whole lot of them, as they are sort of a "family."  The horseshoe article at this point is the most extensive one in the farriery topics.  I agree with your assessment of quality and importance, though.  Montanabw 02:57, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree... meant to do them all last night (my time), but battery on my laptop cut out... :o)
 * Dlh-stablelights 11:31, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to see this article strengthened, perhaps in conjunction with horse hoof. Between all the assorted wikipedia articles, this one, the hoof one, horseshoe, horse care, etc...there is some decent info, but it's kind of scattered. Not sure how to organize, but this is a rich topic. Montanabw (talk) 05:17, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Unable to add link to Spanish Wikipedia article
I tried to add a link to the Spanish Wikipedia, but could not understand the mechanism under "Edit links". Could anyone knowing how to do it, add it? This is the article:

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrador

By the way, please add a link to the English article in the Spanish Wikipedia, also.

Pmronchi (talk) 14:04, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

 * There's a bot that now moves all the interwiki links. But just for now, at the bottom of the article, put in a link that says es:Herrador, that should get you there.  Montanabw (talk) 23:50, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Farrier act in UK
Where it says it is illegal for any person other than a certified farrier to perform farrier work in the UK, does that mean it is also illegal for a horse owner to trim their own horse's hooves or what? Or does it just mean they can't call themselves a farrier and shoe other peoples' horses for money without being accredited? White Arabian mare (talk) 16:07, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't know. I'd say the not doing it for money, for sure.  Our UK editors aren't very active these days, but I suppose you could research it.  I suppose it's like any other profession, medicine, etc... can't work on others and definitely not for pay.   Montanabw (talk)  00:22, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

Too many external links
Article was turning into a linkfarm. Moving the EL here in case they have info that could be used as a citation in the article. Montanabw (talk) 19:41, 30 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Museum of Horse Shoeing Tools
 * Understanding Farrier Certifications
 * What does a farrier do?
 * Forge and Farrier
 * Hoofcare and Lameness "Hoof Blog"
 * Organizations
 * American Association of Professional Farriers
 * The Brotherhood of Working Farriers Association
 * The Guild of Professional Farriers
 * The Farriers Registration Council
 * American Farrier's Association
 * The United Kingdom Horse Shoers Union
 * The Irish Farriery Authority
 * Magazines
 * American Farriers Journal
 * Anvil Magazine
 * Professional Farrier
 * Hoofcare and Lameness Journal
 * European Farriers Journal
 * FORGE Magazine

Did table
Ok, I did the tools table thing. Let me know if I missed any; I did all I could think of (I don't think nails count as tools). If anybody can contribute pictures that'd be great. I have a few tools and an anvil I inherited from one of my great-grandfathers (two were blacksmiths in the pre-car days; both grandfathers plowed with mules or horses) but I've tried to upload pics before and it didn't work from a mobile. Besides, I don't think I can carry the anvil outside the shed into the light! White Arabian Filly Neigh 22:44, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

 * I'd add nails, they are "equipment" if not "tools" -- horseshoe nails are weird looking compared to, say, carpentry nails. I think I might have a box of them somewhere.  No anvil, though.  Maybe we can find an existing photo on commons and crop it... If you can send photos to someone else's mobile and then can download to their computer, maybe that would work.  I have a "dumb phone" so I'm not the one, but maybe post at WPEQ and see if anyone either offers, or has tips to upload from a phone.   Montanabw (talk)  22:16, 15 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I don't personally know any other WP editors or anybody who'd be interested in uploading anything. There are a couple of decent anvil pics on Commons, so people can at least get the general idea. (We actually have an article on anvils...) There might be freely licensed pics on Flickr or somewhere. White Arabian Filly  Neigh 22:36, 15 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Let's use the best of those, then. I'm up to my ears in company right now, but ping me if I don't get some more photos here by next week sometime.  Montanabw (talk)  23:41, 18 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 1 one external link on Farrier. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130523042003/http://professionalfarriers.com:80/aapf_accreditation.php to http://professionalfarriers.com/aapf_accreditation.php

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Oxen
They also shoe Oxen, not just horses. Broichmore (talk) 14:48, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: The Middle Ages
— Assignment last updated by Dwlehm1 (talk) 00:31, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Farrier


text: User talk:66.95.85.178

title: User talk:66.95.85.178


text:
Talk:Yaz Pistachio

It is highly doubtful she will ever return as one of Breathed's characters. This appears to be pure speculation. Has Berke Breathed ever stated that he'd never resurrect her, or is this simply the opinion of the article's author?
 * It looks like an observation based on a pattern in Berke's cartooning. Most of Berke's minor characters from the mid-80s were dropped with little or no explanation, and haven't been heard from since, so I guess the author assumed it was a given. That is why I am currently writing a Minor characters in Bloom County article (which I'll eventually merge this one into), so as to catalog all of those forgotten characters, and to avoid little offhand notations like that.--DXI 02:03, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yaz Pistachio


text:
Charrette

A charrette (American pronunciation: ; ), often Anglicized to charette or charet and sometimes called a design charrette, is an intense period of design or planning activity.

The word charrette may refer to any collaborative process by which a group of designers draft a solution to a design problem, and in a broader sense can be applied to the development of public policy through dialogue between decision-makers and stakeholders.

In a design setting, whilst the structure of a charrette depends on the problem and individuals in the group, charrettes often take place in multiple sessions in which the group divides into sub-groups. Each sub-group then presents its work to the full group as material for further dialogue. Such charrettes serve as a way of quickly generating a design solution while integrating the aptitudes and interests of a diverse group of people. The general idea of a charrette is to create an innovative atmosphere in which a diverse group of stakeholders can collaborate to "generate visions for the future".

The term was introduced to many in the Northeast US by a popular art and architecture supply store chain Charrette (1969-2009).

Origin
The word charrette is French for 'cart' or 'chariot'. Its use in the sense of design and planning arose in the 19th century at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where it was not unusual at the end of a term for teams of student architects to work right up until a deadline, when a charrette would be wheeled among them to collect up their scale models and other work for review. The furious continuation of their work to apply the finishing touches came to be referred to as working en charrette 'in the cart'. Émile Zola depicted such a scene of feverish activity, a nuit de charrette 'charrette night', in L'Œuvre (serialized 1885, published 1886), his fictionalized account of his friendship with Paul Cézanne. The term evolved into the current design-related usage in conjunction with working right up until a deadline.

Examples
Charrettes take place in many disciplines, including land use planning, or urban planning. In planning, the charrette has become a technique for consulting with all stakeholders. This type of charrette (sometimes called an enquiry by design) typically involves intense and possibly multi-day meetings, involving municipal officials, developers, and residents. A successful charrette promotes joint ownership of solutions and attempts to defuse typical confrontational attitudes between residents and developers. Charrettes tend to involve small groups, however the residents participating may not represent all the residents nor have the moral authority to represent them. Residents who do participate get early input into the planning process. For developers and municipal officials charrettes achieve community involvement, may satisfy consultation criteria, with the objective of avoiding costly legal battles. Other uses of the term "charrette" occur within an academic or professional setting, whereas urban planners invite the general public to their planning charrettes. Thus most people (unless they happen to be design students) encounter the term "charrette" in an urban-planning context.

In fields of design such as architecture, landscape architecture, industrial design, interior design, interaction design, or graphic design, the term charrette may refer to an intense period of work by one person or a group of people prior to a deadline. The period of a charrette typically involves both focused and sustained effort. The word "charrette" may also be used as a verb, as in, for example, "I am charretting" or "I am on charrette [or: en charrette]," simply meaning I am working long nights, intensively toward a deadline.

An example of a charrette occurred in Florida in 1973 when the future residents of the Miccosukee Land Co-op in Tallahassee traveled by auto caravan to Orlando and spent the weekend at the offices of the King Helie Planning Group of Orlando (sleeping on the floor) working with its staff to develop the community's land use plans; features desired by individual members and acceptable to the group included a perfectly circular lot, a huge treehouse lot, and streets named after Beatles songs (such as "The Long and Winding Road". "Penny Lane", "Abbey Road"). A more recent example, from New College of Florida, is their Master Plan Design Charrettes that took place over a week in 2005 involving students, alumni, administrators, professors, area residents, and local government staff members as well as architects, designers, and planners from Moule & Polyzoides, The Folsom Group, the Florida House Institute for Sustainable Development, Hall Planning & Engineering, and Biohabitats in a process to make long-range suggestions for the campus layout, landscaping, architecture, and transportation corridors of the master plan for its campus.

In some cases, a charrette may be held on a recurring basis, such as the annual charrette held by the Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning department at Utah State University. Each February, the faculty choose a site in partnership with communities and groups throughout Utah, and hold an intense five-day design charrette focusing on particular issues in that community or region. The charrette begins with a field visit, followed by all-day work sessions accompanied by project stakeholders and volunteer landscape architects and other professionals, and overseen by senior and graduate level students. The final work is then presented to the community. Charrettes such as these offer students and professionals the opportunity to work together in a close setting on real-world design scenarios, and often provide communities with tens of thousands of dollars of design work for free.

The Schools of Architecture at Rice University and at the University of Virginia call the last week before the end of classes Charrette. At the final deadline time (assigned by the school), all students must put their "pencils down" and stop working. Students then present their work to fellow students and faculty in a critiqued presentation.

Many municipalities around the world develop long-term city plans or visions through multiple charrettes - both communal and professional. Notable successes on the west coast of Canada include the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, as well as the District of Tofino. Tofino won an Award of Excellence in Planning after a successful multi-day charrette.

As dramatised for the film The Best of Enemies (2019), in 1971 a charette was used to address inter-racial tensions in order to facilitate school desegregation in the city of Durham, North Carolina.

title: Charrette


text:
Sasuke

Sasuke may refer to:

In history and geography:
 * Sasuke Inari Shrine, a Shinto Shrine in Kamakura, Japan

In general usage:
 * Sarutobi Sasuke, a ninja in Japanese folklore
 * Sasuke (TV series), a televised sports entertainment special in Japan
 * The Great Sasuke or Masanori Murakawa (born 1969), Japanese professional wrestler

Music

 * "Sasuke" (song), a song by rapper Lil Uzi Vert

Fictional characters:
 * Sasuke Uchiha (うちは サスケ), a main character in the manga and anime series Naruto
 * Sasuke, a character in The Legend of the Mystical Ninja series media
 * Sasuke, a character in Ninja Nonsense media
 * Sasuke, the main character of the video game Ninja Master's
 * Sasuke or NinjaRed, one of several main characters in the Ninja Sentai Kakuranger television series
 * Sasuke or Sazo, a character in Mirmo! media
 * Sasuké, a character in the Usagi Yojimbo comic book series
 * Sasuke Matsutani, a character in the Legendz universe
 * Sasuke Sagami, a character in the manga Animal Academy: Hakobune Hakusho
 * Sasuke Sarugakure, a character in the Ranma ½ anime

title: Sasuke


text:
Talk:Nucleosome

Merge Nucleosome core particle with this one?
I propose that we replace the small and redundant information found in the core particle page with a redirect to this page. Any comments? Would anybody oppose if I added a redirect from that page to this one? -RockyRaccoon 03:36, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

What's a "core nucleosome"? Please define!

 * "A chain of nucleosomes can be arranged in a 30-nm-fiber, a compacted structure (once thought to be a helical solenoid, but now considered likely to exist as a zig-zag structure in vivo)"

It seems to me that the idea that 30-nm-fiber is not a solenoid but a zig-zag could be very controversial. Study books, such as Genes VIII by Benjamin Lewin, depict the structure as a solenoid as late as 2003. What source is used to make a claim for zig-zag structure? --EnSamulili 16:22, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

---

This should serve as a reference. I'll do it myself when I have time, unless someone else beats me to it. -Jenks

"Rydberg B; Holley WR; Mian IS; Chatterjee A. Chromatin conformation in living cells: support for a zig-zag model of the 30 nm chromatin fibre. Journal of Molecular Biology, 1998 Nov 20, 284(1):71-84.

A new method was used to probe the conformation of chromatin in living mammalian cells. The method employs ionizing radiation and is based on the concept that such radiation induces correlated breaks in DNA strands that are in spatial proximity. Human dermal fibroblasts in G0 phase of the cell cycle and Chinese hamster ovary cells in mitosis were irradiated by X-rays or   accelerated ions. Following lysis of the cells, DNA fragments induced by   correlated breaks were end-labeled and separated according to size on    denaturing polyacrylamide gels. A characteristic peak was obtained for a   fragment size of 78 bases, which is the size that corresponds to one turn of    DNA around the nucleosome. Additional peaks between 175 and 450 bases reflect the relative position of nearest-neighbor nucleosomes. Theoretical calculations that simulate the indirect and direct effect of radiation on DNA demonstrate that the fragment size distributions are closely related to the chromatin structure model used. Comparison of the experimental data with theoretical results support a zig-zag model of the chromatin fiber rather than a simple helical model. Thus, radiation-induced damage analysis can provide information on chromatin structure in the living cell."

some links: http://nano.chem.emory.edu/~dlm/chromatin.html http://www.lbl.gov/lifesciences/NSCORT/pages/publications/abstracts1.html http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/~schiessel/two_angle.html  (good pictures) http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/content/full/82/6/2847 http://www.mpip-mainz.mpg.de/~heli/langowski.pdf

---

1998 is pretty old for molecular biology. "Molecular Biology" By Weaver (2005), still explains in great detail (more than the other proposed structures) the 30nm fiber taking a solenoid shape. However, he does note that a zig-zag pattern, a superbead pattern, and no special pattern have also been proposed. Unless there is clear evidence (which I haven't seen in any so far) that the solenoid is now generally rejected, the article shouldn't imply it, or that the zig-zag pattern is likely to be it. The only thing that everyone can agree on is that the structure is disputed. --jag123 02:03, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Illustration?
I created an illustration a while back when this was on the now-nonexistent Image Recreation Requests page, and just got around to finishing it up and uploading it. Is it irrelevant now, or should it be added? (Note: The new version is on the commons, I'm working on getting the old one deleted. For now, ) --The Human Spellchecker 04:41, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your effort. I'm sorry to say, however, that nucleosome doesn't look quite like that (the old, deleted picture was also in error). -EnSamulili 20:15, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I had based it off of the image that was removed because of copyright issues, one similar to this one. It's a simplified view, but it helps get a basic idea of what a nucleosome looks like. --The Human Spellchecker 21:53, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think something like this should be included to give a vague idea of what this thing looks like. I could modify it - i.e. duplicate it and make a chain, make the bubbles little twisty proteins, make it 1.6 revolutions, etc. --The Human Spellchecker 23:03, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree there should be a cartoon schematic, instead of only crystal structures. Perhaps if there is a way to make it a cartoon model—but still accurate—this would be much better? The major issues I see are the scale and handedness of the DNA relative to the histones. It's important to be accessible to those of differing education levels, but not at the expense of accuracy. Currently, the geometry of the the image is demonstrably wrong, which isn't so great given its prominence in the Nucleosome and Histone articles. I think these should be corrected quickly, or it ought to be removed from the articles, unfortunately. --chodges 22:26, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I appreciate your effort in creating the image, Spellcheck, but In my opinion, this figure is not suitable for use for the following reasons:
 * The DNA shown is not biologically inspired. There is neither major nor minor groove, and its scale in proportion to the histone proteins is much too small, giving the immediate impression that much more than 146 bases wrap around the histones.
 * The DNA is displayed as having a right-handed superhelical twist around the histone octamer, when the the crystal structure (Luger, et al, Nature 389: 251, 1997, PDB entry 1AOI) shows that the DNA's superhelical spiral around the nucleosome is instead left-handed.
 * Can we correct these issues or remove this image from the Nucleosome article? --chodges 18:54, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

I just wanted to specify in the 2nd illustration of the nucleosome core particle cross section, also for the beginners in molecular biology that the helices in the core are the histones (proteins), with the DNA double helix around it, despite the fact that this is clear from the structure and orientation of the helices. But if this is thought to be superfluous. please revert to the old version. Thanks. Osterluzei (talk) 23:11, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

Recursive definition

 * A nucleosome is the fundamental repeating subunit of eukaryotic DNA, and is made up of DNA and...

How can a nucleosume be a subunit of something which it comprises? Do you mean eukaryotic chromatin? 129.7.56.177 05:42, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Changed it. -EnSamulili 14:43, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Possible image
User:TimVickers produced the following image which I nominated for deletion last week because it wasn't being used anywhere. User:Deryck Chan was nice enough to look through my nominations at my request and thought that this one was worth saving, and might be useful on this article. ~ Bigr  Tex  17:10, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

No chromatin structure should be here
There is an extra page for chromatin. So speculations about the structure like sthe structure by Richmond should presented there, not here. We should delete the section Higher order structure.

Nucleosome a repeating chromatin unit, except in sperm
I removed this exception in the introduction. It is unsourced, and a cursory PubMed search proves that this statement isn't true, or at least not universally true (see: ). This might be an old vandalism that never got replaced? If anyone wants this statement to stay, then please cite a source. --chodges (talk) 22:52, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Oops, I didn't read enough. Cited this statement in the article. --chodges (talk) 23:03, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

sin mutations
the current text is incorrect. Swi/Snf is not essential for yeast viability. It is however normally required for expression of a certain subset of genes which is subsequently overcome in the presence of particular point mutations within histones (sin mutations) Swi/Snf independence mutations Ging3rnut (talk) 23:05, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

New article
Hi everybody, I rewrote the whole article based on the papers cited - I felt that the original article was in really bad shape and needed a complete work over. I feel that now several points are made clearer and some of the less related stuff like chromatin and SIN has been reduced to what is necessary. What do you think? Greetings --hroest 00:21, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

layout
hello, i changed the layout, and rewrote several sections with references to the original data in the literature. I I feel that the whole article is still quite shallow and does not reflect the current scientific understanding. I've tried to add more detail, let me know if you think it is too much or not easily understandable. Ging3rnut (talk) 23:27, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi, thanks a lot for the work you put into the article. I just recently rewrote the whole thing giving it some more structure but I obviously didnt have the background on the topic that you have. That's maybe why you still think that it is a little bit shallow although I feel that a lot of quite advanced stuff is covered. I was unsure about a couple of things: I originally thought that Arginines insert into the minor grooves at all 14 locations? I also thought that in the previous version there is more clarity about the Histones contacting the DNA at the minor groove with the a1a1 and L1L2 folds and how the superhelix bends around the octamer. Then I also thought that free B-DNA had a twist of 10.5 bp / turn and not 10.6 as you write and 10.5 is also the number that is mentioned in a paper by Richmond. It would also be interesting to know what kind of nucleosomes Widom et al used (e.g. euchromatin or heterochromat?) since I guess that makes a difference. I really like your part on remodeling although I feel that the SWI SNF complex could be mentioned at the ATP-dependent remodeling section, what do you think?
 * Great work, I really like it. What do you say to the points mentioned above? Greetings --hroest 14:01, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * thanks for the feedback. You're right about the twist of B-form DNA, it is 10.5 and not 10.6...sorry. The arginine-minor groove interaction 10/14 times is mentioned in the luger 1997 nature paper, so i'm pretty sure about that. I was perhaps a bit too abrupt in changing some of the text so it may very well be that the section on DNA binding is less clear now than it was, please feel free to change and improve it. I don't think there is any problem in mentioning Swi/Snf in the remodelling section, but given that there are 17 Swi/Snf homologues in budding yeast, many of which are very poorly understood, perhaps it could reflect some of this complexity.
 * As for the Widom data, that was performed on mono-nucleosomes assembled onto an artificial sequence "601" selected for its ability to form nucleosomes with high affinity. So in that sense it is neither eu- nor heterochromatic but I think he has a recent paper (which i haven't read) on this also occurring within nucleosomal arrays

Ging3rnut (talk) 21:32, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I will look the arginine interactions up, but it seemed to me that there were arginines at all 14 interactions. I will post it here as soon as I get home. Greetings --hroest 12:59, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

I quote "The structure of DNA in the nucleosome core" by Richmond and Davey in Nature 423, May 2003. They say "Minor groove bending is facilitated [...] by the insertion of an arginine side chain into the minor groove at each of the 14 sites". Greetings --hroest 21:26, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

at promotors
Some time ago, the following section was added; then this correction was made, which corrects a mistake. It seems to me that the nucleosomes are not just missing in the promotor region but rather organized while some variants seem to be enriched there:
 * Nucleosomes are highly organized at the 5' end of genes and this organization spreads into the adjacent coding sequence. A short nucleosome-free region (NFR, which varies in size from gene to gene) typically lies upstream of nucleosome +1 (the first nucleosome upstream of the translation start site), and is the predominant site for transcription-factor-binding at promoters. Whitehouse et al
 * The arrangement of nucleosomes at pol II promoters is now established4, 5, 6, 9 as H2A.Z nucleosomes flanking a nucleosome-free promoter region. Albert et al

I think the way the article states it is too simplified regarding these studies, we probably should include one of the above statements from the paper, what do you think? Greetings --hroest 09:08, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Yes, definitely mention H2A.Z nucleosomes - although I'm still not sure what they're doing there (if you delete them in yeast, there's no obvious phenotype, and they're not essential). H2A.Z is also found at other regions too, not just flanking promoters.

I'm probably just rambling here, but I'm not sure why people use the translation start site when making these comparisons - they should focus on the transcriptonal unit (i.e. - use the transcription start site if available). Maybe it should be stated that it's been shown in many examples that nucleosome depletion is critical for promoter function (expand on the heat shock studies that were mentioned) - like the PHO5 promoter (a lot of papers by Horz), and also in large-scale studies across the yeast genome - See Badis et al., 2008 PMID: 19111667. In this paper, they deplete sequence-specific factors that are responsible for maintaining/influencing the nucleosome free region in promoters (NFR), and not only do the promoters fill up with nucleosomes, there's an overall reduction in expression levels from those promoters (genome-wide).

This field is moving very quickly - a lot of the papers in this article are just from the past 2 years. --Ilikenucleosomes (talk) 20:37, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Mistake in the nucleosome assembly illustration
Hi everybody, I guess there is a mistake concerning the DNA orientation in the nucleosome assembly illustration: according to histone labels and in correspondence to the crystal structure illustration, the DNA should be coming in and getting out the other way around. Best regards

Benjamin

Other nucleosome positioning signals
I hope nobody minds, I updated the page with info about replication origins being depleted for bulk nucleosomes (the Albert 2007 paper touched on this, as have a number of other genome-wide nucleosome papers) and precisely positioning nucleosomes (shown genome-wide in Eaton 2010). I thought some elements other than TSSs should get some love. Someone might also wanted to include insulators (I think human CTCF has been shown to have a strong nucleosome positioning effect?) Soaring brick (talk) 16:26, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Nucleosome
Boy 117.202.247.83 (talk) 04:18, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nucleosome


text:
Talk:Percussion instrument

Move request
This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. Percussion → Percussion instrument Ensuing discussion has been removed...look in this page's history to view the discussion.

Revision to the opening sentence
A percussion instrument can be any object which produces a sound by being struck with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or hit by any other action which sets the object into vibration.''' (emphasis added)

I'm not quite happy with the "by any other action which sets the object into vibration" part, because that would mean even stringed instruments and wind instruments are percussion instruments. Can we be more specific? -- FrostytheSnowman  'sup? 12:58, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Response: I understand the concern. However I think that the definition is accurate and doesn't require a change -- here's my perspective:

 * String instruments and Wind instruments are exempt from this definition simply because popular opinion and the common understanding is that 'rubbing the strings' or 'blowing through the chamber' of those instruments are the primary methods of producing sound on those instruments -- and therefore they are grouped into "string" and "wind" categories by popular opinion. In other words, very few people will confuse a saxophone or a violin with a percussion instrument regardless of the definition we publish on this page.
 * Furthermore, I don't see a better alternative definition. (I'm open to hearing suggestions as to how this part of the statement can be improved -- but as of yet, there's no alternative suggestion to consider.)
 * Next... whatever statement is made, or if the existing statement is altered in the future, it needs to be broad and all-inclusive because there are virtually no limits on the methods of producing sound with any object. If you hit a violin with a stick it's not being used in a manner that we commonly associate with string instruments (although the strings will vibrate and resonate within the body much like they do when a violinist rubbs a bow across the strings).  And...what if you rub a drumstick against the strings?  Is it a string instrument or a percussion instrument?  Does it in fact matter what implement is used to activate the string and set it into motion?
 * And last...(although this might be the most contraversial issue): I'd suggest that, at the most fundamental level, string instruments and wind instruments could (arguably) be considered to be "percussion instruments"...
 * blowing into a saxophone causes the reed to vibrate...but a vibrating reed doesn't create sound in and of itself. Instead, the reed is actually striking (in a percussive sense) against the air which surrounds it -- and when this activity occurs repeatedly (perhaps 440 times per second) then the resultant sound is a recognizable pitch ('A' 440).
 * rubbing horsehair against a string causes the string to vibrate (by the physical attributes of friction and inertia)...but again a vibrating string doesn't create sound in and of itself. (Imagine playing a violin in a perfect vacuum like space - on the moon!)  What is in fact creating sound is the string moving against air.
 * so if we want to mince words, then both the violin and the saxophone could be considered aerophones (because the objects move "air") -- or perhaps they're all percussion instruments (because the air is "struck" by the object).
 * Nevertheless...if you feel the statement can be altered or improved then change it and we'll continue this discussion later.--Regards. 21:12, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Request for images
Seems that the article lacks some complementary images. Can anybody add some? --Pouya 19:59, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Request for citations and references regarding 'History'
This article lacks information about the history of percussion instruments. I've added a section called 'History' (because the article really needs such info) but the article will really benefit from verifiable information and proven facts about the history and development of percussion in human history. Can somebody help please? --Regards. 20:43, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

'Percussion Music stub'?
User:TheScotch suggested that a discussion about Percussion Music may deserve its own stub. I agree and disagree.
 * I'd suggested that discussion about Percussion Music shouldn't get too long or in-depth in this page.
 * But the current content under the 'Percussion Music' heading on this article is mostly about notation. So, aptly, this section now contains a link to Percussion notation.  This link also appears in the 'See Also' section, which is appropriate and I'd suggest we can likely remove the current 'percussion music' content from the body of this article altogether.
 * However, rather than a 'stub' about percussion music, perhaps better use of the [Category:Percussion_music] would be much better in the long run.

Does anybody want to speckle the Category:Percussion_music on relevant articles?Regards. 01:56, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I changed the name of the section to "Percussion notation," in line with its contents, with a link to the main article. I think it's reasonable to have a brief discussion of it here, instead of merely a link in the see also, as it is an important aspect of percussion instrument usage in many musical traditions. I suggest there also be a section about "Percussion music," meaning different ensembles, which would probably be just an overview to an article; a truly comprehensive one would not be short. That will take some thought and I'm not going to write it anytime soon. Rigadoun (talk) 02:58, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Plucked Strings
Plucked strings, such as the harpsichord, are percussion too, right?

Guitars, lutes, balalaikas, harps, etc., are also plucked, therefore they are percussion.

What do you think of adding that to the article?

 * Response: The instruments you're referring to shouldn't be considered percussion instruments. They are string instruments.  Some chordophones such as the piano and hammered dulcimer are percussion instruments, but that is because the sound is produced by a hammer striking the strings.  But plucking a string and hitting it are, well, different.

 * Plucking is like rubbing I suppose and the first paragraph of this article (in the definition of percussion instruments) it states that a percussion instrument "is any object which produces a sound by being hit with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration". So by that definition, "rubbed" or "scraped" would be the closest thing to plucking -- but I think the definition may need modification.  For example, a violin's string is "rubbed" but a violin is clearly not a percussion instrument (unless it's being played in an unconventional manner).  I suppose the words "rubbed" and "scraped" are included in the definition to include sounds like fingernails on a chalkboard, sand-paper blocks, guiros, cuicas and such things.  But I don't believe the words "rubbed" or "scraped" were meant to include the act of plucking.

I think it is more scientific to define 'Percussion instruments' as those which produce 'Transient sound' and they differ from 'Sustained vibration instruments' which produce 'Steady state sound'. A guitar is a string instrument but works similar to a drum - in both, the sound produced by a single excitation decays to silence. Now take the example of Violin; As the bow is steadily drawn against the string, the friction between them produce steady state vibration and sound. Therefore Percussion Instruments, eg: Drums, Tabla, Guitar etc.. Sustained Vibration instruments, eg: All bowed string instruments (like Violin, cello..), Flute etc Classification based on construction could be a different one (Like stringed, Membrane etc..). The book "Study of NonLinearity - Dynamics, The Geometry of behaviour" by Ralph H Abraham and Christopher D Shaw give a great insight into this matter —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vinod gm (talk • contribs) 18:34, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Folk Percussion Instrument section as misleading, and with respect unhelpful and culturally biased
This criticism refers to the following section: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument#By_cultural_significance_or_tradition

With respect, the section on Folk Instruments, vs. common drums indicates a world view that is unfortunately rather outdated. Of course, I do not doubt the good faith and cultural well-wishes of the page writer, as, amongst non-percussionists, such a classification may seem reasonable.

However, three problems arise: Firslty, all the 'common' drums cited are those found in the predominant Anglo-Saxon tradition: consider the category of "Latin percussion" under 'folk drums'. Whilst the drum kit is probably indeed a very common type of percussion, the marching band and orchestral drums are not at all common, they are likely much rare, in terms of player populations, than the drums cited as ''folk drums", as opposed to those "common drums." This is particularly so with regards to the Orchestral percussion. Furthermore, most percussionists likely engage with many of the 'folk drums' more readily than some of the 'common drums'. Consider how many percussionists are likely to have Timpani in their studio, as opposed to congas, pandeiros, or a cajón. Furthermore, the claim that Marching percussion instruments are either popular or widely available throughout the world is, with respect, remarkably dubious.

Secondly, the 'folk' vs. 'common' drum dichotomy, aside from the cultural bias mentioned above, communicates a distinctly pejorative view of non-Anglo Saxon populations. I am sure this was not the author's intent, who I am sure is most culturally sensitive and tolerant – but this is not communicated in the article and it should be changed. It implies that the folk drums are strange, alien and unimportant. The word folk is perfectly acceptable. For example, the dholak would clearly be categorised in India as a folk instrument. However, when contrasted with 'common' drums then problems arise

Thirdly, the 'folk drum' category is internally flawed. This sections supposedly groups percussion instruments by cultural significance or tradition. It is thus bewildering that Tabla and Mrdangam are grouped together with the Thavil, Dholak and Dhol. The first two are mainly instruments in the two Indian Classical traditions (Hindustani music and Carnatic music, respectively). The second group are drums used in completely different contexts, in different musical genres. Thavil and Dholak are used for religious ceremonies and, particularly the dholak, bhajans (devotioinal songs). The dhol is used in social celebration situations. This is most distinctly different from the classical music tradition associated with tabla and mrdangam. Of course, tabla is becoming widespread, and occasionally is used elsewhere, but the mrdangam is still very clearly associated with the classical tradition.

What all this discussion hopefully indicates is that the section is incomplete and fails to group percussion instruments by cultural significance of tradition if it lumps these two categories of drums together.

I propose the following categorisation instead:

Drums by region and/or country. In case of overlap, a drum should be included in more than one category.

Within each regional categorisation, include different sub-categories, to indicate the cultural significance of each instrument.

An example:

'Indian subcontinent ' Classical Music (Hindustani)

Tabla

Pakhawaj

Classical Music (Carnatic)

Mrdangam

Kanjira

Ghatam

Temple Drums

Thavil

Bhajan Drums

Dholak

Folk Drums

Dholak

Dhol

Thavil

Western Classical Music

Orchestral Percussion

Timpani

Triangle

[&c...]

Western Contemporary Popular Music

Drum kit

[A note here could be added to the following effect: 'The western drum kit has become widely popular across the popular music of many different countries in the world, and may also be found in other genres such as jazz and even in some orchesral classical works.']

[I will register soon, forgive the unsigned edition..] 144.82.242.172 (talk) 13:46, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I concur with this, even though it written some time ago. Would anyone object if I put together a preliminary list of percussion instruments by region and country, using a tree system as described above?Gudzwabofer (talk) 05:48, 22 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Sorry, just read Classification of percussion instruments and realised this discussion really belongs there. It seems the bulk of Percussion instrument will be moved to Classification of percussion instruments and this section will likely be condensed to an overview. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gudzwabofer (talk • contribs) 06:00, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

Maracas?
Where is this class of percussion instruments? CharlesGillingham (talk) 07:25, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Response: Personally I'd say it'd've to be in Idiophones, I mean, cabasa is there.

There should be perhaps a classification by more common percussionists' terminology, so that it'd fit into 'shakers'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.82.240.38 (talk) 14:16, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

 == triangle == —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.37.53.151 (talk) 17:59, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

External link
Would it be possible to add http://www.classicalmusichomepage.com/reference/percussion-reference to an external links section? This page lists all the best online reference materials for percussion. Thanks. Ndifrancesco (talk) 13:07, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

 * That looked exciting, but the link is busted! Useful links can be added to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Percussion for now, but the section risks being auto-archived if there are no new posts, so we may set up a page such as WikiProject Percussion/online sources for such links in the near future. Andrewa (talk) 08:18, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

Electrophones
This section has several problems, starting with the mightily unsourced "This, [all electrophones require a loudspeaker] if for no other argument, is sufficient to assign electrophones to the percussion family." Bologna is one way to spell baloney.

Previous to that, the claim is made that since a loudspeaker is an idiophone, it somehow qualifies as percussion. First off, dynamic loudspeakers, the majority of speakers, work more like membranophones than idiophones. More importantly, neither they nor piezo acoustic transducers (which come closer to being describable as idiophones) are struck, but instead excited by an electrical signal.

The assertion is made that a Rhodes piano is "most often performed by percussionists" is debatable, to put it politely. Maybe a few enlightened keyboard players consider themselves percussionists, but... The assertion is also ungrammatical, but that could be more easily fixed.

I am tempted to call rubbish on the whole section and delete it, but it does mention drum machines, which mimic actual percussion. Any ideas? __ Just plain Bill (talk) 15:28, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Did it; section removed. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 21:59, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Fair comments, all of them. Removing the section may turn out to be a good choice.  There is just one problem to discuss and resolve...that is the fact that electronic instruments, when required by orchestras or large 'new/art music' ensembles, are often relegated to the percussion section.  In ensembles which resemble the traditional orchestra, the percussionists are typically responsible for the arrangement and performance of electronic instruments.  Refer, for examples, to: George Antheil, John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Steve Reich.  How should this article, therefore, respect that? Regards. (talk) 02:42, 24 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree, there could be room for something about the instruments usually grouped with the percussion section, pointing out the difference between the ones actually struck, and the others conveniently grouped there. I notice that the Kitchen sink dab page refers to the "Kitchen sink department, the Percussion section of an orchestra" (with a tag). __ Just plain Bill (talk) 14:15, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Critical issues
This article is listed as top importance by WikiProject Musical Instruments, but there are two issues that seem to me to be critically important to clarify regarding its scope. To help addree this I've refactored the existing section below to a subsection.

Tuned or untuned
The line between tuned and untuned is fuzzy, see

http://www.miayf.org/percussion/

Examples:

 * I've played a set of Paiste tuned cymbals, a set of twelve in a chromatic scale.
 * The difference bewteen a tuned and an untuned triangle is just usage, the sound and construction are both identical.
 * The difference in sound between a tympani (tuned) and a floor tom played with tympani sticks ("untuned") is very subtle (I have fooled some excellent ears recording such).
 * Large rototoms are used as untuned percussion in a drum kit, and as tuned percussion when used for tympani practice.
 * In the early 1970s when first studying percussion at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, Phil Treloar used to tune his four-piece drum kit to G (bass drum), F (floor tom), C (hanging tom), and Bb (snare drum). (Hmmm, I see he didn't graduate until 1988, don't know the story there but he won a scholarship to go there much earlier than that... I considered learning from him, 1970 I think, but it didn't happen.)

This topic probably could be an article on its own, or perhaps two, for tuned percussion and untuned percussion (currently both redirects here). Andrewa (talk) 02:22, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

The more I think of it the more I think that articles on tuned percussion and untuned percussion are of top importance. A Category:tuned percussion and Category:untuned percussion, both subcategories of Category:percussion instruments (rather than of its parent Category:percussion), both seem good ideas as well. Andrewa (talk) 07:50, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

We already have an article melodic percussion instrument and a Category:Pitched percussion. Andrewa (talk) 19:37, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

 * And also a Category:Melodic percussion which is not currently a subcategory of pitched percussion or even of Category:Percussion instruments but just directly of Category:Percussion, that and the name is why I missed it before I guess. Lots to do. Andrewa (talk) 19:47, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

 * And the description page for Category:Melodic percussion contains the lovely paragraph Instruments of finger keyboard are not included. I know what is meant. Lots to do. Andrewa (talk) 19:52, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

 * And Category:Keyboard percussion reads Pitched percussion instruments played with beaters, laid out horizontally like a piano keyboard. Note that this does not include keyboard-operated instruments such as the Celesta. I'm beginning to think we have a personal classification scheme here invented by a contributor or two... That's mallet percussion, not keyboard percussion. But better than nothing... maybe. Andrewa (talk) 19:58, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Wrong! See sources below. Andrewa (talk) 18:23, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

Pitched percussion sources
Moved to Category talk:Keyboard percussion. Andrewa (talk) 19:30, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

Percussion vs concussion
I've attempted to clarify this. But this is close to WP:OR at present. References are badly needed. Andrewa (talk) 18:48, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

Resolution
subsection for discussion relevant to both issues above and/or others arising

http://www.miayf.org/percussion/ has a brief and authoritative description ...Percussion instruments are conventionally divided into ‘pitched’ (such as xylophones, bells and timpani) and ‘unpitched’ instruments (such as triangles and side drums), but in fact many unpitched instruments do give a sensation of pitch or at least of being ‘high’ or ‘low’... (which needs a copyedit as later there's an unmatched parenthesis). Other online sources? A visit to a dead-tree library may be needed. Andrewa (talk) 18:48, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

First soloist percussionist?
One of the images in the article has the caption: "Evelyn Glennie was the 20th century's first full-time percussion soloist". This is clearly false: here are a few counterexamples off the top of my head: Zakir Hussain, Alla Rakha Khan and Vikku Vinayakram. I am sure I am missing quite a few in that list. Should we remove that claim? 75.41.112.54 (talk) 01:47, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Probably not, but perhaps it should be clarified. She's certainly the first to be a soloist in orchestral percussion. The examples you list include at least one, Alla Rakha, who is principally noted as an accompanist rather than as a soloist. Andrewa (talk) 07:16, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

READ THIS!!!!!!!
Percussion is NOT specific genre or a single instrument. Percussion has over 10,000 instrument to make up its whole! It is the oldest instrument other than voices, and was used in Africa as communication between villages. (Instruments such as the djembé, the Conga, and the talking drum, were African percussion instruments used as communication or as celebration! Lilshua117 (talk) 04:19, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

Link to the list of percussion instruments
I've put a bit of work into List of percussion instruments today, and I'm planning on doing a lot more in the near future, to make it a user friendly index to as many of the individual percussion instrument pages as possible. I'm wondering if it can be given a more prominent link on this page or the portal page. Gudzwabofer (talk) 21:42, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Percussion instrument. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add

after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150704044454/http://www.miayf.org/percussion/ to http://www.miayf.org/percussion/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150704044454/http://www.miayf.org/percussion/ to http://www.miayf.org/percussion/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:58, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Portal:Percussion for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether Portal:Percussion is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The page will be discussed at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Percussion until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the page during the discussion, including to improve the page to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the deletion notice from the top of the page. North America1000 23:43, 2 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Percussion instrument


text:
User:VivaEmilyDavies

I encourage people to attempt stub-catting :-)

title: User:VivaEmilyDavies