text:
Etymology of California

Multiple theories regarding the origin of the name California, as well as the root language of the term, have been proposed, but most historians believe the name likely originated from a 16th-century novel, Las sergas de Esplandián. The novel, popular at the time of the Spanish exploration of Mexico and the Baja California Peninsula, describes a fictional island named California, ruled by Queen Calafia, east of the Indies. The author of the novel, Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, also known as Ordóñez de Montalvo, is thought to have derived the term California from the Arabic Khalif and/or Khalifa, but he might also have been influenced by the term "Califerne" in the Song of Roland, an 11th-century epic poem written in Old French.

When Spanish explorers in the 16th century first encountered the Baja California Peninsula, west of the Sea of Cortez, they believed the peninsula to be an island similar to the island described in de Montalvo's novel. They named the land California. Initially, California applied only to Baja California Peninsula; however, as Spanish explorers and settlers moved north and inland, the region known as California, or Las Californias, grew. Eventually it included not only the peninsula, but also the lands north of the peninsula, along the coast of today's U.S. state of California. Unlike the peninsula, this region was only practical to reach by sea voyages, and acquired a separate identity: Alta (Upper) California, making the lower territory Baja (Lower) California.

Today, the name California is shared by many places throughout the world, but is most commonly associated with areas of the southwest United States, and northwest Mexico. When used alone, California generally refers to the U.S. state of California, but when paired with the term "baja", or "lower", it can refer to the Baja California Peninsula, or one of the Mexican states on the peninsula, Baja California, or Baja California Sur. Collectively, the U.S. and Mexican states constitute a region referred to as The Californias.

Las Sergas de Esplandián origin theory
In the early 16th-century romance novel Las sergas de Esplandián (The Adventures of Esplandián), California was the name of a mythical island populated only by black warrior women. The popular Spanish novel was printed in several editions, with the earliest surviving edition published about 1510. The author was Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, also known as Ordóñez de Montalvo. The novel described the Island of California as being east of the Indies, close to the Terrestrial Paradise, and ruled by Queen Calafia.

For many years the de Montalvo novel languished in obscurity, with no connection between it and the naming of California. That changed in 1862 when Edward Everett Hale made such a connection. He presented his findings to the Antiquarian Society that year, and then laid out his findings, along with a portion of the original novel, in the March 1864 issue of the Atlantic Monthly. Hale concluded that when Spanish explorers came upon the Baja California Peninsula, they named it California, after the fictional island in de Montalvo's book, because the explorers thought the peninsula was an island, east of the Indies, similar to the island described in de Montalvo's novel.

 * An excerpt from the novel, where California is first mentioned, using a contemporary Spanish translation:

"Sabed que a la diestra mano de las Indias existe una isla llamada California muy cerca de un costado del Paraíso Terrenal; y estaba poblada por mujeres negras, sin que existiera allí un hombre, pues vivían a la manera de las amazonas. Eran de bellos y robustos cuerpos, fogoso valor y gran fuerza. Su isla era la más fuerte de todo el mundo, con sus escarpados farallones y sus pétreas costas. Sus armas eran todas de oro y del mismo metal eran los arneses de las bestias salvajes que ellas acostumbraban domar para montarlas, porque en toda la isla no había otro metal que el oro."

 * The English translation, as it appeared in the Atlantic Monthly in March 1864:

"Know, then, that, on the right hand of the Indies, there is an island called California, very close to the side of the Terrestrial Paradise, and it was peopled by black women, without any man among them, for they lived in the fashion of Amazons. They were of strong and hardy bodies, of ardent courage and great force. Their island was the strongest in all the world, with its steep cliffs and rocky shores. Their arms were all of gold, and so was the harness of the wild beasts which they tamed and rode. For, in the whole island, there was no metal but gold."

 * –Las Sergas de Esplandián, (novela de caballería)
 * by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.
 * Published in Seville in 1510.

Hale supposed that in inventing the names, de Montalvo held in his mind the Spanish word califa, the term for a leader of an Islamic community. Hale's joint derivation of Calafia and California was accepted by many, then questioned by a few scholars who sought further proof, and offered their own interpretations. George Davidson wrote in 1910 that Hale's theory was the best yet presented, but offered his own addition. In 1917, Ruth Putnam printed an exhaustive account of the work performed up to that time. She wrote that both Calafia and California most likely came from the Arabic word khalifa which means steward, successor or leader. The same word in Spanish was califa, easily made into California to stand for "land of the caliph" (خلیف), or Calafia to stand for "female caliph" (خلیفة).

Possible inspiration for Montalvo
Most scholars agree that Montalvo's Las Sergas de Esplandián is the direct progenitor of the word California. However, no one knows absolutely how Montalvo derived the word—whether he invented it himself, formed it from the Arabic word khalifa, or was inspired by other works. Several unprovable theories have been put forward.

Califerne in Song of Roland
Putnam wrote that The Song of Roland held a passing mention of a place called Califerne, perhaps named thus because it was the caliph's domain, a place of infidel rebellion. Chapman elaborated on this connection in 1921: "There can be no question but that a learned man like Ordóñez de Montalvo was familiar with the Chanson de Roland ...This derivation of the word 'California' can perhaps never be proved, but it is also plausible—and it may be added too interesting—to be overlooked." Polk characterized this theory as "imaginative speculation".

Polk wrote that another scholar offered the "interestingly plausible" suggestion that Roland's Califerne is a corruption of the Persian Kar-i-farn, a mythological "mountain of Paradise" where griffins lived.

French historian Prosper Boissonnade wrote in 1923 that a fortified city named Kal-Ifrene or Kalaa-Ifrene was located about four days march south of Bougie in Algeria. In the 11th century the city was an Arabic stronghold, manned by the Berber tribe of the Beni-Ifrene under their king Beni-Hammad. The city was feared and respected by Christian warriors of the Crusades. Based on his studies, Boissonnade felt that this city was the Califerne found in Song of Roland, and that it inspired Montalvo in turn. Contemporary California historians Herbert D. Austin and Rockwell D. Hunt wrote separately that this was a likely explanation.

The Song of Roland is an 11th-century Old French epic poem that describes the August 15, 778, defeat and retreat of Charlemagne's army by the Basque army at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in the Pyrenees. On line 2924 of the poem, which is in verse number CCIX (209), the word Califerne is one of the lands mentioned, with no indication of its geographic location. It is, however, mentioned after a reference to Affrike, or Africa.

 * The original French verse CCIX (lines 2920–2924):

Morz est mis nies, ki tant me fist cunquere Encuntre mei revelerunt li Seisne, E Hungre e Bugre e tante gent averse, Romain, Puillain et tuit icil de Palerne E cil d'Affrike e cil de Califerne;

 * An English translation of verse CCIX (lines 2920–2924):

Dead is my nephew, who conquered so much for me! Against me will rebel the Saxons, Hungarians, Bulgars, and many hostile men, Romans, Apulians, and all those of Palermo, And those of Africa, and those of Califerne;

 * –Song of Roland, Verse CCIX (lines 2920–2924), 11th century

The word Califerne, from the Song of Roland, may have served as an inspiration to Montalvo for the name "California", since both works contain a similar plot point; a battle between Christian and non-Christian armies. The author of the Song of Roland is believed to be the Norman poet Turoldus.

Greek word kalli
Putnam discussed Davidson's 1910 theory That Montalvo's California was based on the Greek word kalli (meaning beautiful) but discounted it as exceedingly unlikely, a conclusion that Dora Beale Polk agreed with in 1995, calling the theory "far-fetched".

Other origin theories
Several alternate theories have been proposed as possible origins of the word California, but they all have been dismissed, or at least determined by historians to be less compelling than the novel, Las Sergas de Esplandián. Some of the most studied alternate theories include the following.

Calida Fornax
This term could derive from the Old Spanish *Calit Fornay, an alteration of the Latin Calida Fornax, meaning hot furnace.

This theory may explain why the circa 1650 map of the Island of California has the name as two words, "Cali Fornia."

The word California may signify that it is a place that is hot in the manner of a lime kiln; both Spanish and Catalan have similar words taken from the Latin roots calcis (lime) and fornax (oven).

Kali forno
Another suggested source is kali forno, an indigenous phrase from one of the local Baja languages or Californian languages meaning "high mountains". However, the name "California" was printed in Montalvo's book before Spanish explorers spoke with Native Americans.

Calahorra
Another possible source for California's name may be Calahorra in Spain.

Application of the name
Hernán Cortés is often credited with being the first to apply the name California to the Baja Peninsula, but researchers believe it was more likely one of the men he assigned to do some advance exploration of the South Sea. Diego de Becerra and Fortún Ximénez, under the direction of Cortés, landed near the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula in 1533. They were the earliest explorers who would likely have applied the name California to the peninsula, thinking it was an island. Cortés did not reach the Baja peninsula until 1535, when he tried unsuccessfully to establish a colony that he named La Paz, under a royal charter granting him that land.

It has also been suggested that Hernando de Alarcón, sent by the viceroy Mendoza—an enemy of Cortés—on a 1540 expedition to verify Cortés's discoveries, referred to the inhospitable lands as California, and it was he who named the peninsula after the fabled island in Las Sergas. There is no question about Hernando de Alarcón's use of the term, nor about his allusion to Las Sergas, but there is question as to whether this is the first use of the name to refer to those lands and whether he intended the name as mockery. Alarcón provides a clear link from the literary, imaginary California to the real place, but his usage cannot be proven to be the actual origin, in that the name might predate him.

Today the name California is applied to the Baja California Peninsula, the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortés), the U.S. State of California, and the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur.

title: Etymology of California


text:
Cylinder-head-sector

Cylinder-head-sector (CHS) is an early method for giving addresses to each physical block of data on a hard disk drive.

It is a 3D-coordinate system made out of a vertical coordinate head, a horizontal (or radial) coordinate cylinder, and an angular coordinate sector. Head selects a circular surface: a platter in the disk (and one of its two sides). Cylinder is a cylindrical intersection through the stack of platters in a disk, centered around the disk's spindle. Combined, cylinder and head intersect to a circular line, or more precisely: a circular strip of physical data blocks called track. Sector finally selects which data block in this track is to be addressed, as the track is subdivided into several equally-sized portions, each of which is an arc of (360/n) degrees, where n is the number of sectors in the track.

CHS addresses were exposed, instead of simple linear addresses (going from 0 to the total block count on disk - 1), because early hard drives didn't come with an embedded disk controller, that would hide the physical layout. A separate generic controller card was used, so that the operating system had to know the exact physical "geometry" of the specific drive attached to the controller, to correctly address data blocks. The traditional limits were 512 bytes/sector × 63 sectors/track × 255 heads (tracks/cylinder) × 1024 cylinders, resulting in a limit of 8032.5 MiB for the total capacity of a disk.

As the geometry became more complicated (for example, with the introduction of zone bit recording) and drive sizes grew over time, the CHS addressing method became restrictive. Since the late 1980s, hard drives began shipping with an embedded disk controller that had good knowledge of the physical geometry; they would however report a false geometry to the computer, e.g., a larger number of heads than actually present, to gain more addressable space. These logical CHS values would be translated by the controller, thus CHS addressing no longer corresponded to any physical attributes of the drive.

By the mid 1990s, hard drive interfaces replaced the CHS scheme with logical block addressing (LBA), but many tools for manipulating the master boot record (MBR) partition table still aligned partitions to cylinder boundaries; thus, artifacts of CHS addressing were still seen in partitioning software by the late 2000s.

In the early 2010s, the disk size limitations imposed by MBR became problematic and the GUID Partition Table (GPT) was designed as a replacement; modern computers using UEFI firmware without MBR support no longer use any notions from CHS addressing.

Definitions

CHS addressing is the process of identifying individual sectors (aka. physical block of data) on a disk by their position in a track, where the track is determined by the head and cylinder numbers. The terms are explained bottom up, for disk addressing the sector is the smallest unit. Disk controllers can introduce address translations to map logical to physical positions, e.g., zone bit recording stores fewer sectors in shorter (inner) tracks, physical disk formats are not necessarily cylindrical, and sector numbers in a track can be skewed.

Sectors
Floppy disks and controllers had used physical sector sizes of 128, 256, 512 and 1024 bytes (e.g., PC/AX), but formats with 512 bytes per physical sector became dominant in the 1980s.

The most common physical sector size for hard disks today is 512 bytes, but there have been hard disks with 520 bytes per sector as well for non-IBM compatible machines. In 2005 some Seagate custom hard disks used sector sizes of 1024 bytes per sector. Advanced Format hard disks use 4096 bytes per physical sector (4Kn) since 2010, but will also be able to emulate 512 byte sectors (512e) for a transitional period.

Magneto-optical drives use sector sizes of 512 and 1024 bytes on 5.25-inch drives and 512 and 2048 bytes on 3.5-inch drives.

In CHS addressing the sector numbers always start at 1, there is no sector 0, which can lead to confusion since logical sector addressing schemes typically start counting with 0, e.g., logical block addressing (LBA), or "relative sector addressing" used in DOS.

For physical disk geometries the maximal sector number is determined by the low level format of the disk. However, for disk access with the BIOS of IBM-PC compatible machines, the sector number was encoded in six bits, resulting in a maximal number of 111111 (63) sectors per track. This maximum is still in use for virtual CHS geometries.

Tracks
The tracks are the thin concentric circular strips of sectors. At least one head is required to read a single track. With respect to disk geometries the terms track and cylinder are closely related. For a single or double sided floppy disk track is the common term; and for more than two heads cylinder is the common term. Strictly speaking a track is a given  combination consisting of  sectors, while a cylinder consists of  sectors.

Cylinders
A cylinder is a division of data in a disk drive, as used in the CHS addressing mode of a Fixed Block Architecture disk or the cylinder–head–record (CCHHR) addressing mode of a CKD disk.

The concept is concentric, hollow, cylindrical slices through the physical disks (platters), collecting the respective circular tracks aligned through the stack of platters. The number of cylinders of a disk drive exactly equals the number of tracks on a single surface in the drive. It comprises the same track number on each platter, spanning all such tracks across each platter surface that is able to store data (without regard to whether or not the track is "bad"). Cylinders are vertically formed by tracks. In other words, track 12 on platter 0 plus track 12 on platter 1 etc. is cylinder 12.

Other forms of Direct Access Storage Device (DASD), such as drum memory devices or the IBM 2321 Data Cell, might give blocks addresses that include a cylinder address, although the cylinder address doesn't select a (geometric) cylindrical slice of the device.

Heads
A device called a head reads and writes data in a hard drive by manipulating the magnetic medium that composes the surface of an associated disk platter. Naturally, a platter has 2 sides and thus 2 surfaces on which data can be manipulated; usually there are 2 heads per platter, one per side. (Sometimes the term side is substituted for head, since platters might be separated from their head assemblies, as with the removable media of a floppy drive.)

The  addressing supported in IBM-PC compatible BIOSes code used eight bits for a maximum of 256 heads counted as head 0 up to 255. However, a bug in all versions of Microsoft DOS/IBM PC DOS up to and including 7.10 will cause these operating systems to crash on boot when encountering volumes with 256 heads. Therefore, all compatible BIOSes will use mappings with up to 255 heads only, including in virtual   geometries.

This historical oddity can affect the maximum disk size in old BIOS INT 13h code as well as old PC DOS or similar operating systems:

MB, but actually  MB yields what is known as 8 GB limit. In this context relevant definition of 8 GB = 8192 MB is another incorrect limit, because it would require CHS  with 64 sectors per track.

Tracks and cylinders are counted from 0, i.e., track 0 is the first (outer-most) track on floppy or other cylindrical disks. Old BIOS code supported ten bits in CHS addressing with up to 1024 cylinders. Adding six bits for sectors and eight bits for heads results in the 24 bits supported by BIOS interrupt 13h. Subtracting the disallowed sector number 0 in  tracks corresponds to 128 MB for a sector size of 512 bytes ; and   confirms the (roughly) 8 GB limit.

CHS addressing starts at  with a maximal value   for   bits, or   for 24 bits limited to 255 heads. CHS values used to specify the geometry of a disk have to count cylinder 0 and head 0 resulting in a maximum ( or)   for 24 bits with (256 or) 255 heads. In CHS tuples specifying a geometry S actually means sectors per track, and where the (virtual) geometry still matches the capacity the disk contains  sectors. As larger hard disks have come into use, a cylinder has become also a logical disk structure, standardised at 16 065 sectors.

CHS addressing with 28 bits (EIDE and ATA-2) permits eight bits for sectors still starting at 1, i.e., sectors 1...255, four bits for heads 0...15, and sixteen bits for cylinders 0...65535. This results in a roughly 128 GB limit; actually  sectors corresponding to 130560 MB for a sector size of 512 bytes. The  bits in the ATA-2 specification are also covered by Ralf Brown's Interrupt List, and an old working draft of this now expired standard was published.

With an old BIOS limit of 1024 cylinders and the ATA limit of 16 heads the combined effect was  sectors, i.e., a 504 MB limit for sector size 512. BIOS translation schemes known as ECHS and revised ECHS mitigated this limitation by using 128 or 240 instead of 16 heads, simultaneously reducing the numbers of cylinders and sectors to fit into  (ECHS limit: 4032 MB) or   (revised ECHS limit: 7560 MB) for the given total number of sectors on a disk.

Blocks and clusters
The Unix communities employ the term block to refer to a sector or group of sectors. For example, the Linux fdisk utility, before version 2.25, displayed partition sizes using 1024-byte blocks.

Clusters are allocation units for data on various file systems (FAT, NTFS, etc.), where data mainly consists of files. Clusters are not directly affected by the physical or virtual geometry of the disk, i.e., a cluster can begin at a sector near the end of a given  track, and end in a sector on the physically or logically next   track.

CHS to LBA mapping
In 2002 the ATA-6 specification introduced an optional 48 bits Logical Block Addressing and declared CHS addressing as obsolete, but still allowed to implement the ATA-5 translations. Unsurprisingly the CHS to LBA translation formula given below also matches the last ATA-5 CHS translation. In the ATA-5 specification CHS support was mandatory for up to 16 514 064 sectors and optional for larger disks. The ATA-5 limit corresponds to CHS  or equivalent disk capacities (16514064 = 16383 × 16 × 63 = 1032 × 254 × 63), and requires 24 = 14 + 4 + 6 bits (16383 + 1 = 214).

CHS tuples can be mapped onto LBA addresses using the following formula:

$$A = (c \times N_\mathrm{heads} + h) \times N_\mathrm{sectors} + (s-1),$$

where $A$ is the LBA address, $N_{heads}$ is the number of heads on the disk, $N_{sectors}$ is the maximum number of sectors per track, and $(c, h, s)$ is the CHS address.

A Logical Sector Number formula in the ECMA-107 and ISO/IEC 9293:1994 (superseding ISO 9293:1987 ) standards for FAT file systems matches exactly the LBA formula given above: Logical Block Address and Logical Sector Number (LSN) are synonyms. The formula does not use the number of cylinders, but requires the number of heads and the number of sectors per track in the disk geometry, because the same CHS tuple addresses different logical sector numbers depending on the geometry.

Examples:
 * For geometry  of a disk with 1028160 sectors, CHS   is LBA 3150 = ((3 × 16) + 2) × 63 + (1 – 1);
 * For geometry  of a disk with 1028160 sectors, CHS   is LBA 3570 = ((3 × 4) + 2) × 255 + (1 – 1)
 * For geometry  of a disk with 1028160 sectors, CHS   is LBA 48321=((3 × 255) + 2) × 63 + (1 – 1)
 * For geometry  of a disk with 1028160 sectors, CHS   is LBA 1504 = ((3 × 15) + 2) × 32 + (1 – 1)

To help visualize the sequencing of sectors into a linear LBA model, note that:
 * The first LBA sector is sector # zero, the same sector in a CHS model is called sector # one.
 * All the sectors of each head/track get counted before incrementing to the next head/track.
 * All the heads/tracks of the same cylinder get counted before incrementing to the next cylinder.
 * The outside half of a whole hard drive would be the first half of the drive.

History
Cylinder Head Record format has been used by Count Key Data (CKD) hard disks on IBM mainframes since at least the 1960s. This is largely comparable to the Cylinder Head Sector format used by PCs, save that the sector size was not fixed but could vary from track to track based on the needs of each application. In contemporary use, the disk geometry presented to the mainframe is emulated by the storage firmware, and no longer has any relation to physical disk geometry.

Earlier hard drives used in the PC, such as MFM and RLL drives, divided each cylinder into an equal number of sectors, so the CHS values matched the physical properties of the drive. A drive with a CHS tuple of  would have 500 tracks per side on each platter, two platters (4 heads), and 32 sectors per track, with a total of 32 768 000 bytes (31.25 MiB).

ATA/IDE drives were much more efficient at storing data and have replaced the now archaic MFM and RLL drives. They use zone bit recording (ZBR), where the number of sectors dividing each track varies with the location of groups of tracks on the surface of the platter. Tracks nearer to the edge of the platter contain more blocks of data than tracks close to the spindle, because there is more physical space within a given track near the edge of the platter. Thus, the CHS addressing scheme cannot correspond directly with the physical geometry of such drives, due to the varying number of sectors per track for different regions on a platter. Because of this, many drives still have a surplus of sectors (less than 1 cylinder in size) at the end of the drive, since the total number of sectors rarely, if ever, ends on a cylinder boundary.

An ATA/IDE drive can be set in the system BIOS with any configuration of cylinders, heads and sectors that do not exceed the capacity of the drive (or the BIOS), since the drive will convert any given CHS value into an actual address for its specific hardware configuration. This however can cause compatibility problems.

For operating systems such as Microsoft DOS or older version of Windows, each partition must start and end at a cylinder boundary. Only some of the relatively modern operating systems (Windows XP included) may disregard this rule, but doing so can still cause some compatibility issues, especially if the user wants to perform dual booting on the same drive. Microsoft does not follow this rule with internal disk partition tools since Windows Vista.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cylinder-head-sector


text:
Jim Lindberg

James William Lindberg (born July 26, 1965) is an American singer and guitarist. Active since the 1980s, when he played in local bands in his early career, he is best known as the songwriter and lead singer of the punk rock band Pennywise, which he fronted from 1988 to 2009, and has again since 2012. He also founded The Black Pacific, who released a debut album in 2010.

Lindberg became Pennywise's main lyricist after the death of bassist Jason Thirsk, who was responsible for encouraging the band's message of positive mental attitude and self-reliance. A UCLA English major graduate, Lindberg often cited American transcendentalist philosophers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as major influences on his lyrics. With titles such as "My Own Way", "It's Up to You", "Date With Destiny", and "My Own Country", Lindberg's lyrics often reflected the transcendentalist credo to live life by one's own rules and not adhere to the materialistic constraints of society or authority.

Pennywise
After years playing in local bands, Lindberg joined Pennywise in 1988 with Fletcher Dragge on guitar, Jason Thirsk on bass and Byron McMackin on drums. Some of the members were previously alums from two South Bay High Schools, Redondo Union High School and Mira Costa (where Lindberg graduated in 1983). In 1989, the band released two EPs, A Word from the Wise and Wildcard, that attracted the attention of Epitaph Records, who signed the band a year later. Lindberg left the band briefly after the release of their first album, Pennywise, citing the escalating violence of the L.A. punk scene and was married. Randy Bradbury filled in on bass while Thirsk moved over to vocals. Lindberg returned however to record their sophomore release, Unknown Road, after the band's music was featured in a number of surfing and skateboarding videos attracting a less violent following. After they released their third studio release, About Time, Thirsk left the band in late 1995, and was again replaced by Bradbury. They had moderate chart success, with the latter album reaching the Billboard top 100. It was hoped that Thirsk would return on bass, with Bradbury switching to rhythm guitar; unfortunately, Thirsk died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound on July 29 of that year at the age of 28. Although Pennywise considered disbanding after Thirsk's death, the band decided to continue on with Bradbury as his permanent replacement. Since then, Pennywise continued to record and perform, releasing six more studio albums and a live recording.

Along with contemporaries and fellow Epitaph Records labelmates Bad Religion, NOFX, Rancid and The Offspring, Pennywise were one of the five main stage headliners that helped establish The Vans Warped tour as one of America's longest running traveling music festivals.

In August 2009, Lindberg announced that he was leaving Pennywise. He released the following statement:

After 20 years, nine albums and thousands of shows around the world, my time in Pennywise has come to an end. Being the singer for this band has been an amazing experience, and along the way we made some of the best fans anyone could ask for. There are few things that made me more proud than seeing people at our shows singing our songs, and it’s your support and encouragement that’s kept me going this long. I would sincerely like to thank everyone who helped us along the way and wish everyone in the Pennywise family the best of luck and continued success. Yours truly, Jim.

It was later revealed that Lindberg left Pennywise due to creative differences and the fact that he didn't want to tour as much as his bandmates aspired to.

In October 2012 Pennywise announced that Lindberg would return to the band after his replacement Zoltán Téglás was sidelined by back problems.

The Black Pacific
In June 2010 Lindberg unveiled his new band The Black Pacific. The group signed to SideOneDummy Records and debuted two tracks, "The System" and "When It's Over". Black Pacific features Alan Vega (from Good Guys in Black) on drums and Davey Latter (from Everest) on bass, with Jim writing all of the songs, playing guitar, and singing. Produced by Far guitarist Shaun Lopez, Black Pacific's debut album features a variety of musical styles. Black Pacific played their debut show at Epicenter 2010 in Fontana, California. Their self-titled debut was released on September 14, 2010.

The Black Pacific toured in support of the album performing with Sum 41, The Riverboat Gamblers and Veara on the Eastpak Antidote tour in October 2010, and playing Groezrock festival, Pukkelpop and various other European festivals in 2011, in addition to select dates on the Vans Warped tour and opening for Rise Against and Flogging Molly for a fall tour of Canada.

Songs from the Elkhorn Trail
Lindberg released a solo acoustic album Songs from the Elkhorn Trail in November 2021. Produced by Ted Hutt, the album includes introspective songs about friends and relationships and features Lindberg on guitar and vocals, along with Marc Orrell, Joe Gittleman, David Hidalgo Jr, Connor Vance, and Glen Marhevka on accompanying instruments.

Other projects
A lifelong surfer, Jim has been an active supporter of the Surfrider foundation and appeared in public service announcements for various ocean related causes. He helped organize Pennywise's involvement in the Surfrider benefit compilation album, M.O.M. (Music for Our Mother ocean), where the band recorded cover versions of popular Beach Boys songs, and also participated in various celebrity charity surf events. Lindberg has also been active with various charity causes, including spearheading the effort to donate all proceeds of a 2000 Pennywise concert at The Los Angeles Sports Arena to charity. In 2008, Jim organized the donation of proceeds of Pennywise's "Reason to Believe" record release party to benefit the UCLA Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Center on behalf of Cooper's Cure, an organization that helps fund awareness and research into Duchenne muscular dystrophy. While on tour with The Black Pacific in Europe, Jim recorded a cover of the song "Knowledge" by Operation Ivy, with Mike Wiebe from Riverboat Gamblers and Radio Havana to benefit skate-aid, a charitable foundation that benefits children of the world through skateboarding related projects. In February 2011, Jim also took part in the "Rock Vs. Cancer" show to benefit the Lymphoma Society at the House of Blues in San Diego.

Lindberg provided backing vocals on the Bad Religion track "Marked" from their 1994 album Stranger than Fiction. He also provided backing vocals for two of The Offspring's albums Americana and Splinter. In October 2009, Lindberg appeared on Flip Skateboards Extremely Sorry Soundtrack on a wholly electronic track written and produced by UK-born, Los Angeles-based DJ and producer Baron.

Lindberg has also been affiliated with cable television VOD content provider Havoc TV.

Punk Rock Dad
Lindberg also released his first book in May 2007, Punk Rock Dad. The book explores the dichotomy of being a responsible husband and parent raising 3 daughters while fronting an anti-establishment punk rock band and includes a number of anecdotes relating to each role. The book featured comments from members of The Offspring, NOFX and Lagwagon and back page credits from members of Pearl Jam, Foo Fighters, Everclear and Dr. Drew Pinsky.

"Punk Rock Dad" was the inspiration for the 2010 documentary The Other F Word which was an official selection of the South By Southwest film festival. Produced by Cristan Reilly and directed by Andrea Nevins, the film followed Lindberg at home and on tour with Pennywise, and featured interviews with various other dads from the music and actions sports world including Flea from Red Hot Chili Peppers, Fat Mike from NOFX, Mark Hoppus from Blink 182, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Ron Reyes of Black Flag, Art Alexakis of Everclear and skateboarding legend Tony Hawk among others. The film was picked up for distribution by Beastie Boy Adam Yauch's film company, Oscilloscope Laboratories.

Personal life
Lindberg now lives in the south bay of Los Angeles with his wife and three daughters. He attended El Camino College, San Diego State University and later went on to graduate from UCLA in 1989.

Pennywise

 * Pennywise (1991)
 * Unknown Road (1993)
 * About Time (1995)
 * Full Circle (1997)
 * Straight Ahead (1999)
 * Land of the Free? (2001)
 * From the Ashes (2003)
 * The Fuse (2005)
 * Reason to Believe (2008)
 * Yesterdays (2014)
 * Never Gonna Die (2018)

The Black Pacific

 * The Black Pacific (2010)

title: Jim Lindberg


text:
CMX (comics)

CMX was an imprint of DC Comics, a division of Warner Bros. Entertainment. It was DC's line of manga translations. CMX was known for its censored release of Tenjho Tenge and the print version of Fred Gallagher's Megatokyo web manga series.

Controversy
One of CMX's initial launches was a title variously known as Tenjo Tenge, Tenjho Tenge, and Ten Ten. When CMX released Tenjho Tenge, many fans were livid that title had been edited contentwise and changed graphically to appeal to a "larger demographic"—in other words, edited to be acceptable to bookstores without shrinkwrap. Tenjho Tenge and CMX received a heavy amount of angry backlash for the edits.

CMX's announcement that all changes had been overseen and specifically approved by Oh! Great, the manga artist, did nothing to appease the vocal fans who did not want the work censored. Some readers suggested a boycott of all CMX titles.

In the face of complaints, CMX had internal discussions about the possibility of publishing an unedited version of Tenjho Tenge, but decided to complete the current version. At the 2007 Anime Expo, CMX stated about changing Tenjho Tenge's rating to Mature beginning with volume fifteen, but warned that it still would be edited, but more lightly.

DC Comics released a statement in May 2010 about its intention to shut the CMX brand down, with no new titles being published after July 1. At the time of its statement, DC could not state what would happen to all current unfinished volumes affected by the July 1 shutdown date. Megatokyo however continued under the DC Comics imprint.

Since CMX's discontinuation, some licenses have gone to other English publishers; for example, Megatokyo by 2013 returned to Dark Horse Comics and Tenjho Tenge went to Viz Media.

title: CMX (comics)


text:
2005 Academy Awards

2005 Academy Awards may refer to:

 * 77th Academy Awards, the Academy Awards ceremony that took place in 2005
 * 78th Academy Awards, the 2006 ceremony honoring the best in film for 2005

title: 2005 Academy Awards


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sinbad the Magean

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect to Sunpadh. Deathphoenix 01:19, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Sinbad the Magean
Saw this up for speedy and thought I'd list it here just to be sly. It's at least prima facie valid, but 0 google hits for Sinbad + Magean. I refrain from voting at this time. Postdlf 03:15, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Would guess it's Sunpadh, and that Magean is an alternate spelling for Magus. I'm not sure either magian or magean are correct words. Someone familiar with Zoroastrianism might know. In any case should probably redirect to Sunpadh. DialUp 05:31, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Sundpadh appears to be a notable figure from Persian history and, per the author of this article, the term Sinbad the Magean is from Arthur Goldschmidt Jr's A Concise History of the Middle East—a 500 page texbook that has been through at least 7 editions by 2001 and appears to be a popular introductory book for Middle Eastern studies . DialUp 16:03, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 05:52, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect with Sunpadh, on DialUp's recommendation. Postdlf 18:26, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Wikitjb

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 03:15, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wikitjb


text:
Talk:Late antiquity

Article purpose
What should this article do? Should it highlight the various basic aspects of Late Antiquity and act as a portal to other minor topics, or should it be as encylic as possible?
 * If this article is to become a trunk article with Main article... headers, a good start would be to edit in direct translations of the German wikipedia article, which is already blocked into good subsections. --Wetman 23:51, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * This idea has merit. Taken a step further a translation of the entire thing (of course keep/integrate existing text). I made an overture on the de article talk page to see if anyone is interested in a translation project. I'm assuming it's a good article, although German-only sources may be an issue.Stbalbach 02:03, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Why are German-only sources inherently a problem? Who doesn't read German?--195.194.143.91 (talk) 15:36, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Hispania, not Andalusia
I changed Andalusia to Hispania, since Andalusia comes into existence only after 711 and seems to me a strictly medieval entity. Craig Schamp 23:03, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sensible, since the Visigoths swa themselves as successors to Roman administrators. --Wetman 23:51, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

"Spätantike"
It's hard to fit Spätantike into the last sentence of the first paragraph without making that sentence awkward. I think the current version is the best, though I'm not really sure why it's needed, since Spätantike is literally "late antiquity", and it's linked as such to the de-wikipedia. Notcarlos 21:56, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

 * How's Spätantike fitting now? --Wetman 23:51, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Use of "pagan"
The use of the word "pagan" is troublesome IMO since it glosses over a wide variety of religions, cults, cultures, behaviours and ways of seeing the world. While the link to the pagan disambig page is helpful, it is also worth noting that the first two definitions on that page (viz. "A believer in Paganism or Neopaganism" and "One who is not Christian, Muslim nor Jewish, or who does not worship the God of Abraham.") are troublesome for this project. While Neopagan religions may have roots to their classical precedents, they are not one and the same. Likewise, it seems that the use of the word "pagan" here is far too close to the second—and perjorative—definition on the disambig page for NPOV-comfort. If someone is willing to make a valid case for the use of this word, then great, but if not, I suggest we look for alternative ways to describe these "many divine spirits".

 * Have you read the academic literature for this period? Use of the word Pagan is standard. See Peter Brown and others. If there is some specific context to disambiguate between pagan and neopagan, than do so, but typically it is used in the context that the disambig page says, between the polytheism and monotheism. Also the concern over pejorative use has no grounds in this article. I can see this being a hot button since the word pagan is often used pejorativly in a popular sense, but the word pagan is not only legitimate, it is what it was called, to not use it would be POV. I think we can be adults and be comfortable with a perfectly legitimate and widely used word. Stbalbach 16:21, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Look, there's no reason to be rude about this. Yes, I have read the academic literature for the period—rather a lot of it actually—but that doesn't circumvent my concerns here. Perjorative or not, it's still a blanket term that should be carefully considered before its use.Notcarlos 16:32, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I see too many wikipedians use the NPOV "law" to literally try and change the world (as if the rest of the world cares about NPOV). We report on what the world says, not create our own insulated reality. No matter what, the primary academics use the word pagan, liberally. Pagan is a contextual term, just like Christianity (there is no single "Christianity" there are many sects); one has to be careful, but that goes without saying, its all in the context of its use. Stbalbach 17:35, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I have to agree that the use of the word Pagan is troublesome in its usage here. The word is not contextual, but has a very precise meaning.  This is covered well in the Pagan article, but I'm slightly uncomfortable with the use here.  The word does not specifically refer to all polytheistic, non-Christian religions, but more accurately to the concept of non-urban religious practice, as Brown points to in his derivation of pagan/paesano/peasant.  Still, I can't think of a better replacement.--Mrdarcey 03:35, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Hello there. Referring specifically to the exact culture or religion you are referencing would solve this problem. I agree with your points. Various previously "pagan" pages have been converting to "polytheism" pages instead due to this exact issue. It's simple more precise and specific, which is exactly what Wikipedia requires. bloodofox: 05:32, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I have since edited the article to reflect exactly what it is talking about. Slapping something non-monotheistic with the word "pagan" and calling it a day is not acceptable. It is, however, unfortunate there's not more to the Graeco-Roman polytheism article. bloodofox: 05:49, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

It's inaccurate to say that "the academic literature" in this field treats "pagan" as a standard term. The norm has moved significantly in the last decade. The people who posted these comments back in 2005 were referring to academic literature and academic conventions of discourse that are now more than two decades old, and have been superseded by new approaches. There is still some confusion over what terms might replace "paganism" to refer to cults other than Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, but "traditional religion" or "traditional worshippers" are probably the most accepted today. "Polytheism" went through a vogue, but presents problems in itself and is now less popular in academic discourse.Ribolla (talk) 01:15, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Europe?
Should this article be limited to Europe or not. I'm thinking of expanding some of it with info about Aksum. — ዮም   (Yom)  |  contribs  •  Talk  •  E

 * Well, it is a bit problematic. The term really reflects periodizations that make sense only in the Mediterranean world, while they risk being confusing used out of that context.--Aldux 14:18, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The periodization has been used for Aksum before, which is why I'm considering it. See, e.g. Aksum: A civilization of Late Antiquity by the now late Dr. Stuart Munro-Hay. — ዮም   (Yom)  |  contribs  •  Talk  •  E  16:58, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Considering Egypt was part of Late Antiquity, and the ties between Aksum and Egypt, maybe it is not such a bad idea; even if I feel this article should speak more of the concept, the terminology, the historical debate than the period's events.--Aldux 21:17, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Art section
Restored the art section as the author Wlsankey contacted me, it is probably not a copyright violation. He says "I wrote this entry as part of a local wiki project at Yale University." -- Stbalbach 17:18, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Grazers
The Christian Grazers are a well know radical movement in Syria that a simple Google search will verify, it just hasn't had an article written about it yet - I removed the fact tag but can provide simple links to verify it is real. -- Stbalbach 20:09, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The fact tag came back, and to my suprise I found some stuff searching google before reading the talk page. I am a total amateur about references, but I did find this link: . That link has some references in its comment section. 24.21.10.30 (talk) 21:50, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Timeline
Can you give us the exact years of the "late antiquity", the time period? Like between xxx-zzz please. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.175.88.89 (talk) 05:03, 26 September 2008 (UTC)
 * In terms of exact years, the best definition could be 284-641 CE (from the beginning of Diocletian's solo reign to the death of Heraclius).--FreedonNadd (talk) 00:29, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I moved this to its own bottom section.. 24.21.10.30 (talk) 21:51, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The definition of "Late Antiquity" depends where you are looking: it could be defined socially rather than politically with the de-criminalization of Christianity in 311. For comparison, could I give you the exact years of "modernity" in any meaningful way?--Wetman (talk) 22:07, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I notice that Peter Brown, who did much to define the period, runs it from 150 to 750; I suggest the article follow his guideline. It makes the later cut-off near the end of the Merovingian period, the beginning of the Carolingians, and the Golden Age of Islam.  By the time of the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 we're certainly in a different world.  All of these pivotal transformations can be taken as marking the end of late antique culture and suggest 750 as a good endpoint.  --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 15:24, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. The current date range is inconsistent with the subsequent description. Islam did not exist before 610. AmateurEditor (talk) 15:18, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I changed it. AmateurEditor (talk) 15:29, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Shouldn't this have info on population, climate, farming practices, etc.?
It seems like the Wikipedia coverage of climate history has something of a black hole before late medieval/early modern times. 96.231.17.131 (talk) 22:10, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Tell me about it. I've been trying to add info on the tsunami of 365, which has a great deal to do with the decline of the Roman empire but has been ignored by most historians.Ericl (talk) 15:27, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Well WP will follow "most historians", so until they catch up, don't try to right great wrongs in general articles. Johnbod (talk) 15:32, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

Who is "Amber"?
In the lead paragraph, this exciting observation: "Amber was a very distinguished member of the late antiquity and enjoyed writing essays on it". Wonderful, but who the hell is he or she? Should it not immediately explained? Puzzling, to say the least.--ROO BOOKAROO (talk) 17:41, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Trivial vandalism that was reverted by a more insightful IP on the next day (clearly you did not even check the history). --Florian Blaschke (talk) 14:37, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

Dark Ages, so-called paucity of historical records?
Quote article's Lead Section:   "As a result of this decline, and the relative paucity of historical records from Europe in particular, the period between the fall of the Empire and the Middle Ages became known as the Dark Ages, a term displaced in most current periodisations by the introduction of "Late Antiquity"."

Huh? So the Christian-theocracy-defenders now want to blame the Dark Ages on Antiquity!?

I thought all respectable divisions had Antiquity before the Middle Ages, and Dark Ages as firmly and by definition as part (or whole) of the latter? ...with 529 often given as a dividing date due to the long-term institutionalization of autocratic theocracy and loss of individual freedom of thought and the suppression of public (non-theocratic) education, etc? "'The Dark Ages is a historical periodization used originally for the Middle Ages, which emphasizes the cultural and economic deterioration that supposedly occurred in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire.' --Wikipedia"

"'Historians from Romance-speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier 'High' and later 'Low' period. English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: 'Early', 'High', and 'Late'.[1] In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the 'Dark Ages',[16][B] but with the adoption of these subdivisions, use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians.[2]' -- Middle Ages"

Please clarify these contradictions in the article.

It is also being argued in Talk Middle Ages, in Talk Dark Ages, and elsewhere that in fact the paucity of historical records should not be emphasized and NOT carry the emblem: "in particular," as if that were a key identifying character or defining point in the "dark" of Dark Ages. In fact, "Dark Ages" implies much, much more, such as the decline and paucity of art, science, philosophy, and freedom of thought, as well as institutionalized centuries of atrocity, and so forth..... In summery, the argument is that the concept of "the paucity of historical records" (despite the age of that observation) is NOT critical nor logical, nor a popularly used benchmark, and is in fact a red herring or a convenient straw man whereby if accepted, the rising numbers of defenders of medieval theocracy could falsify that darkness by falsifying that paucity of records. (In fact that argument is currently being made.) --71.138.23.59 (talk) 19:31, 23 February 2014 (UTC)Doug Bashford

In my understanding, the talking point of "actually, there were no Dark Ages" used to be a hallmark of the "internet historian" (by which I do not mean historiography of the internet), c. 2005-2015. Sure, the "darkness" aspect may well have been exaggerated by some writers of the 19th century. There is only so much insight to be gained from pointing this out. I think this article (slatestarcodex.com) explains the phenomenon pretty well. It may be important to understand that "there are signalling aspects" involved:
 * Since everybody hears a vague Monty-Python-And-The-Holy-Grail-esque conception of the Dark Ages (“He must be a king…he doesn’t have shit all over him”), but only people who take a history class in college hear about the Continuity Thesis, loudly proclaiming that there was never a Dark Age is one way to signal education and intellectualism [...]. On the other hand, if you’re one of those people who rails against “postmodernism” and “cultural relativity” and wants a reputation for “calling a spade a spade”, it might be gratifying to get to say that actually, that one historical era that seems kind of sucky (but fancy college professors keep insisting otherwise) does, in fact, suck.

Once again, you try to study history and end up learning at least as much about yourself and your contemporaries as you learn about the epoch in question. --dab (𒁳) 07:33, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

"but only people who take a history class in college hear about the Continuity Thesis"

Bullcrap. I was taught brief overviews of Byzantine history in Dimotiko, Gymnasium, and Lyceum, and the cultural continuity in art, architecture, etc was always emphasized. For more details, you could rely on publications available in local bookstores. I still use the books on the subject that I had purchased during my teen years. Dimadick (talk) 09:46, 5 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Just because it doesn't apply to you specifically doesn't translate to "bullcrap" necessarily. The concept of "Dark Ages" in the history of Western Europe specifically clearly does have its justification even if it isn't a cleanly delineated historical epoch. The more you know about a specific topic in historiography the less you need to rely on simplistic periodisation, but this should go without saying, there fact that details exist does not invalidate the attempt of delineating large historical trends. --dab (𒁳) 12:40, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Moreover, "there was cultural continuity" and "there were no Dark Ages" are vague assertions, without precise definitions of what is meant there with "cultural continuity" and "Dark Ages". That there was cultural continuity in Europe between (say) 200 and 700 is a trivial fact – for example, literacy was never lost and Latin and Greek literature did not entirely disappear (unlike the sharp break in Greece around 1000 BC). But there was also a profound discontinuity in many key respects, and to deny it is ignorant. Evidently something very important happened in that period, and something else happened around 1600 that deliberately looked back to the earlier time. And "medieval theocracy" encapsulates the intermediate period – and what made it so "dark". Even the Byzantine Empire had its own Dark Ages. "Cultural continuity" is a red herring. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 04:08, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

Add Timeline
I am going to add an timeline here from the Ancient History article. The timeline is specifically for the Late Antiquity period.Sunriseshore (talk) 18:25, 7 August 2018 (UTC)

Rome
"though Rome was soon part of the Kingdom of the Lombards" When was that? The main article on the Kingdom of the Lombards reports that it failed to capture the Duchy of Rome (536-756) which continued to separate the northern Lombard areas from the Southern ones. The Duchy was in Byzantine control until the 750s. Dimadick (talk) 21:07, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes that should be "Italy" not Rome. GPinkerton (talk) 17:58, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

Discrepancy on the Taq Kasra
This article states: "At Ctesiphon, the Sasanians completed the Taq Kasra, the colossal iwan of which is the largest single-span vault of unreinforced brickwork in the world and the triumph of Sasanian architecture."

However, on the article on the Taq Kasra, it is described as the SECOND-largest single-span vault of unreinforced brickwork in the world.

This should be resolved. 73.163.28.168 (talk) 03:42, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

Late antiquity end date?
I've noticed that a few weeks ago somebody decided to make the timeline go past the year 700 to cover events such as the Battle of Tours, Charlemagne etc., which are not usually considered a part of Late Antiquity. I tried to correct it but it kept getting reverted back without a thorough explanation. I know the article states Peter Brown stated the era lasted well into the 8th century but then again he also stated that it started in the middle of the 2nd which is obviously not shown in the timeline. The common historical consensus (not merely Brown's dating) is that the period ended with the Islamic conquests in the 7th century, as it ended the Greco-Roman dominance in the Mediterranean that defined classical antiquity. This was supported by the timeline on this page for years (the fall of Carthage was the last event on the timeline), until someone suddenly decided to extend it well into what is usually considered to be the Early Middle Ages. Is there a substantial historical consensus besides the proposal of just one historian that late antiquity lasted until the late 8th century? 141.155.35.58 (talk) 20:28, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No, I don't think so. Obviously all such boundaries are artificial. but we might as well follow the academic herd. Johnbod (talk) 04:06, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * What is the consensus of the "academic herd" and where is it referenced? Rjdeadly (talk) 11:15, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * There are various dates:Hugh Elton, The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity, A Political and Military History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. xii, 378. ISBN 9781108456319 apparently stops LA at 641 for example. 750, 800 & other dates have fans. Note that all these give a big overlap with Middle Ages - mostly 476 - whereas our lead claims it is a term setting the boundary there. I notice "Centres for LA studies" tend to claim a wider empire than other sources. For Britain it pretty clearly stops before 600. Johnbod (talk) 19:01, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I notice the current ref 1 (Library of Congress), supposedly supporting "generally spanning from the late 3rd century up to 7th or 8th century..." actually says "roughly corresponding to the late third century up to the sixth or seventh century depending on location"! Mind you, they contradict themselves (in a single long para!) by talking about the early 8th century. Nice to see it is not just WP that gets tied up in knots over this. The lead needs rewriting, or we need a section on "scope". Johnbod (talk) 17:31, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Late antiquity


text:
File:Cefalu, La Rocca.jpg

Cefalu, Sicily

title: File:Cefalu, La Rocca.jpg


text:
Talk:Let It Come Down (James Iha album)

Fair use rationale for Image:JamesIhaLetItComeDown.jpg
Image:JamesIhaLetItComeDown.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:44, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Let It Come Down (James Iha album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080611083553/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/18693-let-it-come-down to http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/18693-let-it-come-down

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:14, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Let It Come Down (James Iha album)


text:
World Water Day

World Water Day is an annual United Nations (UN) observance day held on the 22nd of March that highlights the importance of fresh water. The day is used to advocate for the sustainable management of freshwater resources. The theme of each year focuses on topics relevant to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), which is in line with the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 6. The UN World Water Development Report (WWDR) is released each year around World Water Day.

UN-Water is the convener for World Water Day and selects the theme for each year in consultation with UN organizations that share an interest in that year's focus. The theme for 2021 was "Valuing Water" and the public campaign invited people to join a global conversation on social media to "tell us your stories, thoughts and feelings about water".

In 2020, the theme was "Water and Climate Change". Previous themes for the years 2016 to 2019 were "Water and Jobs'", "Why waste water?" "Nature for Water", and "Leaving no one behind". World Water Day is celebrated around the world with a variety of events. These can be theatrical, musical or lobbying in nature. The day can also include campaigns to raise money for water projects. The first World Water Day, designated by the United Nations, was in 1993.

Objectives and structure
World Water Day is an international observance day. The intention is to inspire people around the world to learn more about water-related issues and to take action to make a difference. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an additional focus on hand washing and hygiene.

Relevant issues include water scarcity, water pollution, inadequate water supply, lack of sanitation, and the impacts of climate change (which is the theme of World Water Day 2020 ). The day brings to light the inequality of access to WASH services and the need to assure the human right to water and sanitation.

The World Water Day website announces events, activities and volunteer opportunities. In 2020, featured stories are about adapting to the water effects climate change and using water more efficiently.

Convener
UN-Water coordinates activities with UN member organisations who share an interest in that year's theme. UN-Water mobilizes organizations of all kinds to action, whether globally or locally.

Examples of activities
Non-governmental organizations active in the WASH sector, such as UNICEF, WaterAid and Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP), use the day to raise public awareness, get media attention for water issues and inspire action. Activities have included releasing publications and films, as well as organizing round tables, seminars and expositions.

End Water Poverty, a global civil society coalition with 250 partner organizations, sponsors Water Action Month each year and offers an event-planning guidebook.

The UN World Water Development Report (WWDR) is released each year on World Water Day. Information related to the annual theme gives decision-makers tools to implement sustainable use of water resources.

More and more initiatives in schools and universities are educating people about the importance of conserving and managing water resources. For example, Michigan State University held a contest for "best World Water Day poster" in 2017. Primary school children in the Philippines participated in a "My School Toilet" contest in 2010.

History
This day was first formally proposed in Agenda 21 of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro. In December 1992, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution A/RES/47/193 by which 22 March of each year was declared World Day for Water.

In 1993, the first World Water Day was observed. An archive of previous World Water Day campaign websites also exists.

Prior to 2014
In the years prior to 2014, the annual themes were as follows:
 * 1994: Caring for our Water Resources is Everybody's Business
 * 1995: Women and Water
 * 1996: Water for Thirsty Cities
 * 1997: The World's Water: Is there enough?
 * America ad: Water for Health
 * 2002: Water for Development. The poor and deteriorating state of water resources in many parts of the world demand integrated water resources planning and management.
 * 2003: Water for Future. Maintain and improve the quality and quantity of fresh water available to future generations.
 * 2004: Water and Disasters. Weather, climate and water resources can have a devastating impact on socio-economic development and on the well-being of humankind.
 * 2005: Water for Life Decade 2005–2015. The United Nations General Assembly at its 58th session in December 2003 agreed to proclaim the years 2005 to 2015 the International Decade for Action, beginning with World Water Day, 22 March 2005. The phrase Water for Life Decade was also used.
 * 2006: Water and Culture. The theme drew the attention to the fact that there are as many ways of viewing, using, and celebrating water as there are cultural traditions across the world.
 * 2007: Coping With Water Scarcity. Highlighted water scarcity worldwide and the need for increased integration and cooperation to ensure sustainable, efficient and equitable management of scarce water resources, both at international and local levels.
 * 2008: Sanitation. 2008 was also the International Year of Sanitation.
 * 2009: Trans Waters. Special focus placed on trans-boundary waters.
 * 2010: Clean Water for a Healthy World. Dedicated to water quality, reflecting its importance alongside quantity of the resource in water management.
 * 2011: Water for cities: responding to the urban challenge. The aim was to spotlight and encourage governments, organizations, communities, and individuals to actively engage in addressing the challenges of urban water management.
 * 2012: Water and Food Security: The World is Thirsty Because We are Hungry. On the occasion of 2012 World Water Day, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) called attention to the water-related challenges faced by civilians caught up in fighting and intense civil unrest.
 * 2013: International Year of Cooperation. In December 2010, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2013 as the United Nations International Year of Water Cooperation. In reflection of this declaration, the 2013 World Water Day was dedicated to water cooperation.

2014 – Water and Energy
The 2014 theme of Water and Energy emphasized the close linkages and interdependence of water and energy and brought attention to the water-energy nexus. About 8% of the energy generated globally is used for pumping, treating and transporting water to various consumers. Furthermore, generating and transmitting energy requires the use of water resources, particularly for hydroelectric, nuclear, and thermal energy sources.

The aim of that year's theme was to facilitate the development of policies and crosscutting frameworks that would bridge ministries and sectors. It was meant to lead the way to energy security and sustainable water use in a green economy.

Journalists from 11 countries in Asia met in Tokyo from 20 to 21 March 2014 to discuss the importance of water. The event included discussion panels on topics such as privatization of services, integration between water and energy and modernization of water services. The journalists also developed four joint stories and 20 individual story ideas for a network of Asian journalists writing on water (and energy) in social media.

2015 – Water and Sustainable Development
With the theme 'Water and Sustainable Development', the year 2015 provided an important opportunity to consolidate and build upon the previous World Water Days to highlight water's role in the sustainable development agenda. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were to have been achieved by 2015, so the year lent itself to discussions of the post-MDG period and aspirations for water and sustainable development. With the launch of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), World Water Day gave specific emphasis to SDG 6, which calls for water and sanitation for all, by encouraging discussion of how SDG 6 could be achieved by 2030.

2016 – Better Water, Better Jobs
The 2016 theme of "Better water, better jobs" highlighted the correlation between water and job creation, both directly and indirectly, by water sources around the globe. The theme led to a collaboration with the International Labour Organization. As water scarcity becomes more of a reality, industries heavily dependent on water like textiles and agriculture are at risk of increased costs, which threatens salaries and jobs. Increased costs may then be passed on to consumers.

The theme also highlights how an abundance of quality water can change people's jobs and lives for the better. The 2016 celebration created recognition for those working to improve water quality and availability, and the need for many to transition to other and better jobs. Three out of four of jobs worldwide are water-dependent. Water shortages and lack of access may limit economic growth in the years to come, according to the 2016 United Nations World Water Development Report.

2017 – Why Waste Water?
In 2017, the theme was "Why Waste Water?" which was about reducing and reusing wastewater. The theme was a play on words as it related to both the aspect of wasting water and issues around wastewater, namely treatment and reuse. Wastewater is a valuable resource to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goal Number 6. One aspect of Target 6.3 is to halve the proportion of untreated wastewater and also to increase the recycling and safe reuse of water across the globe. After appropriate treatment, wastewater can be used for a variety of purposes. Industry, for example, can reuse water in cooling towers and agriculture can reuse water for irrigation.

An example activity for 2017 was the Wikipedia edit-a-thon organized by members of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance on 19–21 March 2017. The purpose of the activity was to improve water and sanitation related content on Wikipedia just ahead of World Water Day. The goal was to improve the quantity and quality of sanitation information available on Wikipedia for the use of teachers, journalists and the general public.

2018 – Nature for Water
The theme in 2018 explored how nature can be used to overcome the water challenges of the 21st century. This could be in the form of nature-based solutions to water-related challenges. For example, reducing floods, droughts, water pollution and protecting ecosystems could be solved using natural means, which nature uses, rather than man-made approaches. Restoring wetlands, implementing constructed wetlands, green roofs, green infrastructure, planting new forests, reconnecting rivers to floodplains, are some examples. Each of these use natural processes to rebalance the water cycle and improve human health and livelihoods.

2019 – Leaving No One Behind
The theme of 2019 was about tackling the water crisis by addressing the reasons why so many people are being left behind. Marginalized groups – women, children, refugees, indigenous peoples, disabled people – are often overlooked, and may face discrimination, as they try to access safe water. UN-Water asserts that "water services must meet the needs of marginalized groups and their voices must be heard in decision-making processes".

2020 – Water and Climate Change
The theme of World Water Day 2020 was about water and climate change – and how the two are inextricably linked. UN-Water states that "adapting to the water effects of climate change will protect health and save lives". Also, using water more efficiently will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 campaign also promoted messages of hand washing and hygiene and gave guidance on staying safe while supporting the campaign.

2021 – Valuing Water
The theme for 2021 is "Valuing Water". People were invited to join a global conversation to "tell us your stories, thoughts and feelings about water" on social media using the hashtag #Water2me. The campaign looked beyond the issue of pricing, asking the public: "How is water important to your home and family life, your livelihood, your cultural practices, your wellbeing, your local environment?".

2022 – Groundwater, Making the Invisible Visible
The theme for 2022 is "Groundwater, Making the Invisible Visible". Groundwater is the largest source of freshwater on earth. However, being stored underneath the surface, it is often overlooked. Therefore, IGRAC and UNESCO-IHP initiated a World Water Day exclusively focused on this resource. The campaign is built around three main groundwater-related topics/issues, namely: (1) The invisible ingredient in food, (2) a resource without borders, and (3) a finite supply. The campaign also built around other products and events in this so-called 'year of groundwater'. The groundwater catalogue will be launched during the World Water Forum in Dakar, Senegal. The final event related to the campaign will be the Groundwater Summit 2022, held in Paris, France.

2023 – Accelating Change
The theme for 2023 is accelating change. Dysfunction throughout water cycle undermines progress on all major global issues, from health to hunger, gender equality to jobs, education to industry, and disasters to peace.

2024 – Water for Prosperity and Peace
The theme for 2024 is "Water for Peace". The key messages read, 'Water can create peace or spark conflict. When water is scarce or polluted, or when people have unequal, or no access, tensions can rise between communities and countries.', 'Prosperity and peace rely on water. As nations manage climate change, mass migration and political unrest, they must put water cooperation at the heart of their plans.', and 'Water can lead us out of crisis. We can foster harmony between communities and countries by uniting around the fair and sustainable use of water – from United Nations conventions at the international level, to actions at the local level.'

Impacts
Every year, World Water Day campaign messages and publications reach millions of people through social media, dedicated websites and other channels. In 2021, the World Water Day public campaign invited people to take part in a social media conversation (#Water2me) about the value of water. More than 6,000 public conversations took place in over 140 countries on social media from November 2020 to mid-February 2021.

In 2017, 700 individual events were held in 110 countries and there were over 500,000 authors on social media using the hashtag '#WorldWaterDay'. In 2018, there was a 25% increase in both the number of website visits and the maximum potential reach on social media largely due to celebrity support and a coordinated communications approach across the United Nations.

In 2016, the UN-Water annual report stated that social media engagement (hashtag #WorldWaterDay), had a maximum potential reach of 1.6 billion people worldwide in 2016. Over 500 events in 100 countries were registered on the World Water Day website that year.

title: World Water Day


text:
User talk:Tgarwood

Welcome!

Hello, new user, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! JoaoRicardo 03:20, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

How to edit a page
Hello. I noticed that you have changed the comment on this page so that it read "Hello, tgarwood" instead of "hello, new user". Please don't do that, since that comment should be adressed to all new users and not just to you. If you want to make tests in editing, please use the sandbox. Thank you. JoaoRicardo 03:20, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tgarwood


text: Category:James Iha albums

title: Category:James Iha albums


text:
Ballarat Football League

The Ballarat Football League (BFL) is an Australian rules football competition that operates in the Ballarat region of Victoria.

The competition formed in 1893 as the Ballarat Football Association and was renamed Ballarat Football League in 1908 and was briefly known as the Ballarat-Wimmera Football League between 1934 and 1936.

History
In 1880, a Ballarat and Western Districts Football Association was formed, but it appears no teams were entered or a draw was made up.

Between 1883 and 1892, there was an unofficial Ballarat / Western Districts football competition, with local Ballarat papers recording a list of premierships teams during this period.

The Ballarat Football Association (BFA) was established in 1893 with three member clubs: Ballarat, South Ballarat, and Ballarat Imperial. The latter was the dominant club in the BFA, winning the first premiership in 1893 and eleven premierships between 1893 and 1906. In 1908, the BFA changed its name to the Ballarat Football League (BFL) and Golden Point Football Club joined the competition. Maryborough and Ararat joined in 1924, followed by Daylesford and Bacchus Marsh several years later.

The BFL briefly amalgamated with the four clubs of Wimmera Football League from 1934 to 1936, when it was known as the Ballarat-Wimmera Football League.

The league was restructured into six teams in 1938 when it merged with the Ballarat District Football League, with several club mergers taking place. Ballarat Imperials FC then merged with the East Ballarat FC and played as Ballarat Imperials, finishing runner up to Sebastopol. Ballarat FC and North Ballarat FC also merged in 1938, to represent the "Lake Ward" of the new football competition.

Sebastopol played in the Clunes Football Association in 1939 and Ballarat CYMS teams pulled out of the Ballarat FL in 1939. The Ballarat Imperials went into recess just prior to the start of the 1939 Ballarat District Football League season.

World War II brought Redan Football Club and the RAAF and Army teams into the league.

The Henderson Medal is the league's seasonal best and fairest award. It was established in 1954 in honour of W. L. Henderson, who served as President from 1943 to 1959.

The BFL is now known as the Ballarat Football Netball League (BNFL), and consists of eleven football netball clubs and nine junior football netball clubs. In 2023, the Herald Sun dubbed North Ballarat Football Club "country footy’s most dominant club over the last several decades"; the club had played in the Victorian Football League and the Bendigo Football Netball League before rejoining the BNFL in 2006.

 * Competition Timeline
 * 1880 - Ballarat and Western Districts Football Association
 * 1883 - 1892: Unofficial Ballarat / Western Districts Football Competition
 * 1893 - 1907: Ballarat Football Association
 * 1908 - 1914: Ballarat Football League
 * 1915 - 1918: In recess due to World War One
 * 1919 - 1933: Ballarat Football League
 * 1934 - 1936: Ballarat - Wimmera Football League
 * 1937 - Ballarat Football League
 * 1938 - 1940: Ballarat District Football League
 * 1941: In recess due to World War Two
 * 1942 - 2019: Ballarat Football League
 * 2020: In recess due to COVID-19
 * 2021 - 2024: Ballarat Football League

Overview
The league features 11 senior clubs. The BFL is a strong league for grass roots football with 9 junior clubs consisting of 63 teams from U/10 through to U/16.5 (Ballarat, Bacchus Marsh, Darley, East Ballarat, Lake Wendouree, Mount Clear, North Ballarat, Redan and Sebastopol).

The Ballarat Football League season normally commences in early April with the regular season matches finishing in late August.

Upon Daylesford's withdrawal from the competition at the end of the 2005 season competing clubs played the opposition clubs twice in the regular season, once at home, once away. This reverted upon North City's admission to the competition in 2008.

The finals series is conducted in September with the Grand Final to decide the premiers for season having been historically held at the Ballarat City and Eastern Ovals. The match attracts crowds of 5000 to 9000 people, with notable attendances of 14602 at the Ballarat City Oval and 8,800 at the Eastern Oval for the 1949 and 1977 Grand Finals respectively.

In 2017, the BFL announced that from 2017 the Grand Final would be played at Mars Stadium with other finals series games remaining at the Eastern and City Ovals.

Governance
The management of the BFNL is overseen by an independent board of directors. The 2024 chairman is Adrian Bettio.

In 2024, the operations manager is Gemma Murphy, while the general manager is Shane Anwyl, along with two other staff members.

Current clubs

 * Notes

Former clubs

 * Notes

Football Premiers

 * Seniors

 * Ballarat / Western Districts
 * 1883 South Ballarat
 * 1884 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1885 South
 * 1886 South
 * 1887 Ballarat
 * 1888 Ballarat & South tied
 * 1889 Ballarat
 * 1890 Ballarat & Imperial tied
 * 1891 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1892 Ballarat Imperial
 * Ballarat Football Association
 * 1893 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1894 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1895 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1896 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1897 Ballarat
 * 1898 Ballarat
 * 1899 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1900 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1901 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1902 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1903 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1904 South Ballarat
 * 1905 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1906 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1907 South Ballarat
 * Ballarat Football League
 * 1908 Ballarat
 * 1909 South Ballarat
 * 1910 Golden Point
 * 1911 South Ballarat
 * 1912 South Ballarat
 * 1913 South Ballarat
 * 1914 Golden Point
 * 1915–1918 In recess > WW1
 * 1919 Golden Point
 * 1920 Golden Point
 * 1921 Golden Point
 * 1922 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1923 Ballarat
 * 1924 Maryborough
 * 1925 Maryborough
 * 1926 South Ballarat
 * 1927 Maryborough
 * 1928 Ballarat
 * 1929 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1930 Ballarat
 * 1931 Maryborough
 * 1932 Ballarat
 * 1933 Ballarat
 * Ballarat - Wimmera Football League
 * 1934 South Ballarat
 * 1935 Ballarat Imperial
 * 1936 Ballarat Imperial
 * Ballarat Football League
 * 1937 Ballarat Imperial (undefeated)
 * 1938 South Ballarat
 * 1939 Golden Point
 * 1940 Ballarat
 * 1941 In recess > WW2
 * 1942 Ballarat
 * 1943 Ballarat
 * 1944 Ballarat
 * 1945 Golden Point
 * 1946 Redan
 * 1947 Golden Point
 * 1948 Golden Point
 * 1949 East Ballarat
 * 1950 East Ballarat
 * 1951 Ballarat
 * 1952 Redan
 * 1953 Golden Point
 * 1954 Ballarat
 * 1955 Ballarat
 * 1956 Geelong West
 * 1957 Geelong West
 * 1958 Geelong West
 * 1959 Geelong West
 * 1960 Maryborough
 * 1961 Daylesford
 * 1962 Ballarat
 * 1963 North Ballarat
 * 1964 East Ballarat
 * 1965 Maryborough
 * 1966 Golden Point
 * 1967 Golden Point
 * 1968 Maryborough
 * 1969 Beaufort
 * 1970 North Ballarat
 * 1971 Ballarat
 * 1972 Maryborough
 * 1973 North Ballarat
 * 1974 Maryborough
 * 1975 Redan
 * 1976 Redan
 * 1977 Redan
 * 1978 North Ballarat
 * 1979 North Ballarat
 * 1980 Golden Point
 * 1981 Golden Point
 * 1982 North Ballarat
 * 1983 North Ballarat
 * 1984 North Ballarat
 * 1985 North Ballarat
 * 1986 North Ballarat
 * 1987 Golden Point
 * 1988 Ballarat
 * 1989 East Ballarat
 * 1990 East Ballarat
 * 1991 North Ballarat
 * 1992 North Ballarat
 * 1993 East Ballarat
 * 1994 North Ballarat
 * 1995 North Ballarat
 * 1996 North Ballarat
 * 1997 Sunbury
 * 1998 Sunbury
 * 1999 Sunbury
 * 2000 Melton
 * 2001 Melton
 * 2002 Redan
 * 2003 Redan
 * 2004 Sunbury
 * 2005 Melton
 * 2006 Redan
 * 2007 Redan
 * 2008 Ballarat
 * 2009 Redan
 * 2010 Lake Wendouree
 * 2011 Redan
 * 2012 Sunbury
 * 2013 North Ballarat City
 * 2014 North Ballarat City
 * 2015 Darley
 * 2016 Bacchus Marsh
 * 2017 Darley
 * 2018 East Point
 * 2019 East Point
 * 2020 BFNL in recess > COVID-19
 * 2021 Shortened year > COVID-19 Minor Premiers: Nth Ballarat
 * 2022 Melton
 * 2023 Darley

Source

 * Reserves
 * No available records to post?

Football Best & Fairest Awards
The Ballarat FL's initial best and fairest award in senior football was the George McKenzie Memorial Medal, first awarded in 1933, which ran from 1933 to 1937. George McKenzie was captain of Ballarat Imperials when they won six consecutive premierships between 1891 and 1896 and were runners up in 1897 and 1898.
 * Seniors - W L Henderson Medal

In 1938, the award was called the Angus Gold Cup, then the award was not awarded between 1939 and 1945, due to World War Two. The Ballarat FL Gold Medal ran from 1946 to 1953 and match day votes were allocated by the Ballarat Courier newspaper football journalists. The Henderson Medal is the league's current and seasonal best and fairest award and the medal was first named in honour of W. L. "Bill" Henderson in 1954, who served as President from 1943 to 1959. Henderson was a VCFL delegate for 30 years and is a life member of the VCFL and the Ballarat FNL.

In 2010, the Ballarat FNL awarded retrospective best and fairest medals to the following footballers, who originally polled the same number of votes as the winner, but finished second in the award, on the countback system - 1952: Stan Wallis, 1965: Tom Simpson and Lindsay Tucker. It appears that the 1933 runner up, W.T. "Webber" Jackson, of the Ballarat Football Club does not appear on the official BFNL Honourboard as a co-winner and his club and family was not awarded a retrospective best and fairest medal in 2010.

Leading BFL Goalkicker
The BFA leading goal kicking award was initially donated by the former publican of the Union Hotel, Ballarat between 1893 and 1903, Mr. Con Burrow

The BFNL leading goal kicking award was named the Tony Lockett Award in 1988, after the former North Ballarat player, who went onto kick 1360 goals in the AFL between 1983 and 2002, with St.Kilda and the Sydney Swans.

 * Seniors

Netball
There is very little Ballarat Football Netball League netball history, premierships, league best and fairest winners, etc available on the internet to reference back to for inclusion on this page at present.

In 2024, there were 55 senior and 54 junior netball teams across all grades of the BFNL.

As of 2024, the BFNL netball section hosts the following netball competitions -
 * A. Grade, B. Grade, C. Grade, D. Grade & E. Grade
 * 19 & Under
 * 17 & Under Seniors & 17 & Under Reserves
 * 15 & Under Seniors & 15 & Under Reserves
 * 13 & Under Seniors & 13 & Under Reserves
 * 11 & Under Seniors & 11 & Under Reserves
 * 9 & Under

Netball - Premiers

 * A Grade

 * 1993: Sebastopol
 * 1994: ?
 * 1995: ?
 * 1996: ?
 * 1997: ?
 * 1998: ?
 * 1999: ?
 * 2000: ?
 * 2001: ?
 * 2002: ?
 * 2003: ?
 * 2004: ?
 * 2005: ?
 * 2006: ?
 * 2007: ?
 * 2008: ?
 * 2009: ?
 * 2010: ?
 * 2011: ?
 * 2012: ?
 * 2013: Sunbury 58 d North Ballarat 32
 * 2014: Melton 48 d Sunbury 33
 * 2015: North Ballarat 49 d Sunbury 42
 * 2016: East Point 54 d North Ballarat 52
 * 2017: Sunbury 44 d North Ballarat 38
 * 2018: North Ballarat 50 d East Point 42
 * 2019: North Ballarat 48 d East Point 46
 * 2020: BFNL In Recess > COVID-19
 * 2021: Shortened Year > COVID-19 Minor Premiers: North Ballarat
 * 2022: North Ballarat 47 d Darley 34
 * 2023: North Ballarat 40 d Darley 38

title: Ballarat Football League


text:
Kaufmann's

Kaufmann's was a department store that originated in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The store was owned in the early 20th century by Edgar J. Kaufmann, patron of the famous Fallingwater house. In the post-war years, the store became a regional chain in the eastern United States, and was last owned by Federated Department Stores. At the height of its existence, it had some 59 stores in 5 states. Formerly part of May Department Stores prior to that company's acquisition by Federated on August 30, 2005, Kaufmann's operated as part of the Filene's organization in Boston, Massachusetts. On February 1, 2006, the Filene's/Kaufmann's organization was dissolved and the management of its stores was assumed by Macy's East and the new Macy's Midwest. On September 9, 2006, Macy's retired the Kaufmann's name as Federated Department Stores converted the former May Company brands to its masthead. In 2015, Macy's closed and sold the iconic Pittsburgh store for redevelopment as part of the company's ongoing reorganization of its owned properties. Core Realty of Philadelphia, the new owners of the building, have named the proposed mixed-use property "Kaufmann's Grand on Fifth" in honor of the historic property.

History
Kaufmann's was founded in Pittsburgh in 1871 by brothers Morris, Jacob, and Isaac Kaufmann as a small South Side men's store. In 1877, the brothers moved downtown to a location that became known as The Big Store. In the first half of the 20th century, the store was owned by Edgar J. Kaufmann.

For a time Kaufmann's was the most prominent of seven department stores in downtown Pittsburgh which included: Kaufmann & Baer, founded by cousins of the original 'Kaufmann's' founders (became Gimbel Brothers in 1925); Horne's; Boggs & Buhl; Frank & Seder's, Rosenbaum's, and Boggs & Buhl of Allegheny Center.

Gimbels
In 1913, Morris Kaufmann and his son Edgar bought out the other family members and incorporated Kaufmanns. Isaac, Ludwig and Nathan Kaufmann partnered with Morris and Julius Baer to start a new department store, Kaufmann & Baer Co.. They built the 13 story, 700,000 square foot building at the corner of Sixth and Smithfield in downtown Pittsburgh. The store opened on March 18, 1914, advertising that there was "no connection with any other store". On December 2, 1925, Gimbel Brothers purchased Kaufmann & Baer Co., with the store name updated to Gimbels on January 3, 1928. Batus Inc., a tobacco conglomerate, purchased the entire Gimbels chain in 1974. In 1986, after years of declining sales, BATUS announced that Gimbels was for sale. Unable to find a buyer for the entire chain, Batus closed the unprofitable Gimbels-Pittsburgh division, closing all of its locations and selling the properties, except for some of the high profit Gimbels locations in shopping malls rebranded as Kaufmann's stores.

May Company
With Edgar J. Kaufmann remaining as president, the Kaufmann's chain was acquired by the St. Louis Missouri based May Company Department Stores in 1946. The Kaufmann's division operated stores in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio and West Virginia.

The Kaufmann's chain dominated its local region, absorbing several other department stores including Strouss (1986) based in Youngstown, Ohio; Sibley's (1991) based in Rochester, New York; May Company Ohio (1992) based in Cleveland, Ohio (which had merged with O'Neil's (1989) in Akron, Ohio); and in 1995 the remnants of McCurdy's stores of Rochester and Hess's of Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Into the 21st century
In 2002, the Kaufmann's stores' Pittsburgh business headquarters closed, and its back-office operations were consolidated into those of Filene's Department Stores in Boston. In 2005, Federated Department Stores Inc., agreed to buy May Department Stores Co. for $11 billion (equivalent to $ in ).

Kaufmann's Flagship Store
Designed by architect Charles Bickel, the Kaufmann's flagship store was built in 1887 at 400 Fifth Avenue in downtown Pittsburgh. Known as The Big Store, it continued to undergo several expansions and renovations in later years. By 1916, the architects Janssen & Abbott designed a larger white terra cotta-sheathed addition that included a large public clock at the corner. In the late 1920s, Edgar G. Kaufmann commissioned a redesign of the main floor of the department store. Local architect Benno Janssen and his partner William Cocken rose to the challenge to complete the project. At one point, the building was the largest department store in Pittsburgh with twelve retail floors, and spanning an entire downtown city block. It eventually reached 13 floors and covered 1.2 million square feet. Kaufman commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to design his executive offices on the top floor of The Big Store, as well as his country house 'Fallingwater' (1934) at the company's Bear Run retreat in Pennsylvania. The office interior was saved and reinstalled in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. He also commissioned architect Richard Neutra to design the desert Kaufmann House (1946) in Palm Springs, California.

"Meet me under Kaufmann's clock"
Kaufmann's flagship Big Store had a landmark outdoor clock at Fifth Avenue and Smithfield Street that existed since the building was first constructed. The original clock was installed in 1887 and was free-standing with four dials. With the expansion of the store in 1913, the current clock was installed. The clock is a Pittsburgh icon, and is often featured in visual materials representing and marketing the city. It immediately became a popular downtown meeting place, with the oft-used phrase "Meet me under Kaufmann's clock." In 1983, the clock was the site of a political media spectacle between City Councilman "Jeep" DePasquale and Councilwoman Michelle Madoff, wherein Madoff challenged DePasquale to meet her under the clock and make good on a promise after a tax she proposed raised funds he didn't believe possible. Both the Kaufmann's flagship building and the clock are designated as Pittsburgh Historical Landmarks.

In 2013, for the Clock's 100th anniversary, Macy's sold merchandise and redecorated the store's windows along Smithfield Street with photos of the iconic clock from over the years, including one that featured the results of a contest held by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette in which readers submitted their best memories of "Meeting Under Kaufmann's Clock". Macy's also held a weekend of festivities including a block party on Smithfield Street in front of the store.

Rebrand to Macy's
Following the purchase by Macy's in 2006, USA Today ran an article about the regional chains merging into Macy's which featured memories from Pittsburgh residents about the store and the clock: "As girls in their best dresses and Mary Jane shoes, they rode streetcars downtown to the 11-story Kaufmann's department store here. Jean Wenner, 81, and her friends grew up on Kaufmann's, meeting under the store's ornate clock, lunching at the Tic Toc restaurant and bringing their own children to the Secret Santa."

Kaufmann's Parade
Kaufmann's was the main sponsor of the Celebrate the Season Parade, which ran through downtown Pittsburgh, at its inception in 1980. The parade was held the Saturday after Thanksgiving for 32 years, with Macy's taking over the sponsorship after purchasing May/Kaufmann's in 2006. The parade included balloons, musical acts, and celebrities for the main acts in front of the Kaufmann's Fifth Avenue flagship store. In February 2014, Macy's announced it would end its partnership with WPXI as main sponsors of the parade. Pittsburgh Public Schools sponsored the parade with WPXI from 2014- 2016.

Acquisitions and closure
The Kaufmann's flagship store was rebranded as Macy's after the company acquired Kaufmann's parent company in 2005. Several Kaufmann's holiday traditions continued to prevail after the company was taken over by Macy's, including animated Christmas windows and Santa Land. As of 2006, several Kaufmann's plaques were still visible on the building.

On July 13, 2015, Macy's announced it sold the downtown property to Core Realty, ending the building's use as a department store after 128 years on September 20, 2015, with plans to redevelop the building for mixed use. The new development, which includes apartments, restaurants and a hotel, was slated to open in late 2017, but was delayed because the building was without a permanent power source. As of August 2018, restaurant, hotel and apartment owners were expecting to be able to allow occupants by the end of the year. By April 2020 the Project was still unfinished and to be sold to another development company. In 2020, Target Corporation announced they will open a 22,000 SF location on the first floor of the former Kaufmann's space by Christmas, 2021. Burlington Coat Factory took over as the 2nd floor tenant in September 2023.In total, the upper floors have been redeveloped into 311 apartments as well as a 410-space parking garage.

title: Kaufmann's


text:
File:User Guy M.jpg

I have attempted to keep the image under 10K. I hope it is alright to have a user photo, if not then remove and accept my apologies. Used on User:Guy M GFDL granted to Wikipedia and all branches thereof.

title: File:User Guy M.jpg


text:
User talk:Jay Champagne

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - Eric Herboso 03:24, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Nick Dupree
Hey J! You introduced me to Wikipedia last year -- thank you -- and now I've joined. I look forward to conttributing. I wrote the latter part of Himilco the Navigator. Keep in touch. User:NickDupree 04:23, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jay Champagne


text: User talk:130.212.37.216

title: User talk:130.212.37.216