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Jovan Jovanović Zmaj Gymnasium

Jovan Jovanović Zmaj Gymnasium (Гимназија "Јован Јовановић Змај") is a secondary school in Novi Sad, Serbia. It is named after Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, a Serb poet. It was founded in 1810 by a donation of a wealthy merchant Sava Vuković (merchant) from Novi Sad. Over the years the school developed into a prestigious institution whose alumni include numerous notable historical individuals.

The school was rebuilt in the 20th century, using the donations of baron Miloš Bajić who gave 20,000 forints.

Names
The school had several names throughout its history.
 * Since 27 January 1810: Serbian Grand Orthodox Gymnasium of Novi Sad (Српска православна велика гимназија новосадска).
 * Since 27 August 1920: State Men's Gymnasium (Државна мушка гимназија).
 * Since 3 October 1931: State Men's Real Gymnasium of King Alexander I (Државна мушка реална гимназија краља Алексaндра I).
 * Since 13 April 1941: Hungarian Royal State Gymnasium with Serbian language courses (Мађарска краљевска државна гимназија са српским наставним језиком).
 * Since 28 February 1945: Creation of the Women's Real Gymnasium (Женска реална гимназијa), Men's Real Gymnasium (Мушка реална гимназијa) and Mixed Real Gymnasium (Мешовитa реална гимназијa). Mixed Gymnasium moved into the current gymnasium building on the 30 June 1945. The "Real" status was removed from these gymnasiums in 1948.
 * Since the school year of 1950/1951: The Women's Gymnasium (Женска гимназијa) and Men's Gymnasium (Мушка гимназијa) moved into the current gymnasium building, merging into the First Mixed Gymnasium (I мешовитa гимназијa). Then Mixed Gymnasium was renamed into the Second Mixed Gymnasium (II мешовитa гимназијa).
 * Since 1952: First Mixed Gymnasium is renamed into Svetozar Marković Secondary Mixed Gymnasium (Виша мешовита гимназија "Светозар Марковић"), while the Second Mixed Gymnasium is renamed into Jovan Jovanović Zmaj Secondary Mixed Gymnasium (Виша мешовита гимназија "Јован Јовановић Змај").
 * Since the school year of 1959/1960: Both mixed schools merge into one, named Jovan Jovanović Zmaj Gymnasium.
 * Since the school year of 1977/1978: The Center for the education of staff in social activities (Центар за образовање кадрова у друштвеним делатностима) began operating, in the spirit of educational reforms from the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia.
 * Since the school year of 1983/1984: The school returned to 4 years of education (two classes of common secondary education and two classes of vocational-oriented secondary education) and is renamed into Jovan Jovanović Zmaj Secondary Science-Mathematics School (Средња природно-математичка школа "Јован Јовановић Змај").
 * Since 1985: The school celebrates 175 years of educational work and is renamed into Jovan Jovanović Zmaj Secondary Science-Mathematics Gymnasium (Средња природно-математематичка гимназија "Јован Јовановић Змај").
 * Since the school year of 1990/1991: The school is renamed back to Jovan Jovanović Zmaj Gymnasium.

Founding of the school
The story of secondary education in Novi Sad started in 1731. At the same spot where the modern building of the school stands, the bishop of Bačka Visaion Pavlović founded a school whose name was "Latino-Slavic Nativity of the Mother of God School". Bishop Pavlović and the council of the Serbian Orthodox Church were aware of the fact that only a good education in Latin can provide better future for Serbian people in Habsburg Monarchy. Among the best-known students of this school there were Joakim Vujić and Lukijan Mušicki, and the best-known teacher was Zaharije Orfelin. This school continued its work till 1789 when the Serbs from Novi Sad led by promises and reforms of Emperor Joseph II abolished this educational institution in order to make a gymnasium for all religions in Novi Sad. For this purpose they gave the building and the whole inventory of the school. A fast crash of Joseph's reforms, showed all the haste and imprudence of this gesture, since instead of the state gymnasium for all religions in the orthodox part of Novi Sad, a Roman Catholic school was founded.

Because of that Metropolitan Bishop of Karlovci Stefan Stratimirović, Bishop of Bačka Gedeon Petrović and the council of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Novi Sad had a great wish to reopen Serbian Grand Orthodox Gymnasium beside the Roman Catholic one. Lack of higher education institutions forced Serbian youth in Habsburg Monarchy to continue their education in Roman Catholic or Protestant schools which had in itself a fear of distancing them from Serbian religion and nation. By that time, Novi Sad became the economical and cultural center of the Serbs in the Habsburg Monarchy, warranting the creation of separate school for the Serbs.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, a prominent merchant from Novi Sad, Sava Vuković of Beregsova, wanted to leave a permanent legacy through his philanthropic work. On Saint Sava's Day 1810, blind and seriously ill, Vuković donated 20 000 forints for foundation of a Serbian gymnasium in Novi Sad.

In the inaugural letter of Sava Vuković, three basic tasks which the school should fulfill were stated: general education and upbringing in national spirit through the Eastern Orthodox religion and national language. A great number of people from Novi Sad joined this noble act encouraged by Bishop of Bačka Gedeon Petrović and Metropolitan Bishop of Karlovci Stefan Stratimirović, and in this way more than 100,000 forints were collected which was enough for the foundation of school. Habsburg Emperor Francis II gave his consent for the foundation of the school on 11 December 1811. However, not everything was finished with this emperor's agreement, only on 31 January 1816 the foundation act was confirmed and the conditions for opening the first and second grade, and in November the third grade of the gymnasium were made.

Based on the emperor's decision and in accordance with the Foundation Act, Patronage and Board of Trustees were formed as the primary administrative bodies of the school, and they managed the school until 1920. According to the Foundation Act the school was a property of Serbian Orthodox Church in Novi Sad, and the Patronage administrated the school instead of it. At the head of the Patronage there were Metropolitan Bishop of Karlovci and Bishop of Novi Sad; two members were from Backa consistorium, and four from Orthodox Church Council in Novi Sad. The Patronage made decisions about the curriculum and the books which were used. It also chose principals and teachers, and regulated their salaries and awards. In act 7 of the Foundation Act the Board of Trustees was formed and its task was to invest the capital of the school and secures its continuous finances. The Board had six members, mainly rich merchants, craftsmen and lawyers.

The flag of the school was established in 1816. On one side is Lord Jesus Christ, and on the other Saint Sava. This flag has been preserved to this today, adorning the entrance to the school.

With the arrival of the teachers Georgije Magarašević, Mojsije Petrović, Ignjat Jovanović and Pavel Jozef Šafarik the number of the classes was increased to six, and at the beginning of October 1819 the Serbian Orthodox Great Gymnasium School in Novi Sad became a comprehensive gymnasium.

First school building

The first school building was at the corner of modern day Nikole Pašića and Zlatne grede streets, at the spot of today's Platoneum building next to the Orthodox Cathedral Church of Saint George. It was built by the council of Serbian Orthodox Church in 1788 for the needs of Latino-Slavic Nativity of the Mother of God School.

The first principals of the gymnasium were a priest Danilo Petrović and the mayor Grigorije Janković. With the increased number of students and classes the Patronage took steps to insure the emperor's accreditation for the school. This meant that all graduated students of the school had the right to enroll any academy, lycee and university in Habsburg Monarchy without taking entrance or differential examinations. This accreditation was given to the school by Francis II on 26 October 1818.

The curriculum was made in accordance with the state regulation "Ratio educationis" which was applied to all state schools in Hungary. The gymnasium had six classes until 1848, and all the subjects were taught in German, apart from religious lessons which were taught in Serbian. The following subjects were taught in the gymnasium: the basis of Latin and German, Geography, Anthropology and Arithmetic, Latin with syntax, Religious Lessons, Nature Studies and Anthropology, World's History, Archaeology, Physics, Logics, Rhetoric, Poetry and Ethics.

The school flourished when a literary historian and a famous scientist Pavel Jozef Šafarik came to its head. In the period of 1816 to 1848 the school had seven principals, and the classes were taught by twenty-seven teachers. The best known among them were Milovan Vidaković, Pavel Jozef Šafarik, Georgije Magarasević i Jovan Hadžić.

Collecting books in order to make a school library started on Šafarik's great insistence in 1819. Ceremonial opening of the library was in 1822 and until 1849 it had about 1600 books.

Because of the importance of religious lessons, classes of church singing were held from the very beginning of the school. The first choir was founded in 1828. A first school of music was opened in the Serbian Grand Orthodox Gymnasium in 1841 and it was led by a conductor, composer and singer Aleksandar Morfidids-Nisis.

It is thought that in period between 1816 and 1848 more than 3 300 students attended the school which had enormous impact on intelligence and national rebirth of Serbs.

Second school building
The gymnasium continued its work up to the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. On June 12, 1849 Novi Sad was bombed from the Petrovaradin fortress. 2004 of 2812 buildings in the town were burnt down. Among them there was the gymnasium building. Beside the building all the didactical equipment and valuable collection for nature study were destroyed. The attempt to save the library was not successful because the books were moved to Almaš Orthodox Church (Church of the Tree Holy Hierarchs) which was also burnt down.

The revolution caused the school to pause its function until October 1852. Greatly impoverished the council on the Serbian Orthodox Church collected enough money to reopen the school. It was reopened as an incomplete four-class gymnasium which was not accredited. The curriculum at that time included the following subjects: History with Geography, Religious Lessons, Latin, Greek, German, Serbian and Arithmacy. The administration of four-class gymnasium was a great load for the Patronage and the council of the Orthodox Church in Novi Sad. The help unexpectedly came from Vienna from the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria personally. It came to Novi Sad on 27 September 1860 and included an offer to finance the school from the state funds and enable it to become a complete eight-class school, but on condition that it preserved its religious and national character. The offer was gladly accepted, but five years had passed before Hungarian regency council informed the Patronage that it was ordered by emperor's resolution to raise the school in Novi Sad to the level of a great gymnasium with eight classes. Emperor Franz Joseph I accredited the school with the same resolution.

At that time the school offered classical humanistic education, which was most evident in the number of classes dedicated to language studying. Back then, the following were the compulsory subjects: Latin, Religious Studies, Serbian, Hungarian, Geography, History, Natural Sciences, Physics, Geometrical Drawing, Philosophy and Calligraphy. The optional subjects included: French, Descriptive Geometry, Church Gospel Singing, Music and Singing (piano, violin, playing in orchestra and tambourine orchestra). In 1854 Dr. Đorđe Natošević, the then principal introduced gymnastics as a compulsory subject and equipped the school with several gymnastic devices. Until the new building for the school was erected, gymnastics classes had been run outside during summer. In 1865, the school's library restarted its function, when the Orthodox Church Municipality of Novi Sad assumed the responsibility to regularly finance its work. Invaluably important sources for the study of the school's history are the yearbooks that have been published since 1867. In the school year of 1867/1868 the first GCSE exams were held in the school. This event was of great importance since it was the first time that GCSE exams were organized for Serbian education. Since then the school managed to organize the GCSE exams every year, leading it to hold a leading position in the Serbian educational system.

As it was decided by the Patriarch Josif Rajačić, all the Serbian schools in the Monarchy accepted Saint Sava as the patron saint of Serb schools and schoolchildren. On that day all the students along with their teachers attended a holy liturgy in the Orthodox Cathedral. The celebration continued in the premises of the school where Slavski kolač was broken by all in attendance and the official performance took place in the honor of the celebration.

The political separatism of that time that was taking place among the Serbian people also affected the school. It found itself in the middle of a conflict between the conservative clergy that governed the school's work via the Patronage and the Liberal party led by Svetozar Miletić that tried to take over the running of the school. In the period between 15 and 18 August 1866 the premises of the school were used as the whereabouts of the Foundation Assembly of The United Serbian Youth, the romantic revolutionary organization which fought for the liberation and unification of the Serbian people. Not uncommon were the conflicts between the Patronage and certain teachers and students, which largely diminished the reputation of the school.

After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, a period of changes ensued in the school's work. Conditioning the state subventions the then Hungarian authorities made an attempt to implement the assimilation policies. In the school year of 1870/71 the Hungarian Assembly approved the funds of 8000 forints to help the school, provided that the Ministry of Education had the right to choose the curriculum and the teachers. The Patronage refused this subsidy claiming that it was in contradiction with the School Foundation Act. The school was successfully run during this period by Vasa Pušibrk (who was the school's principal from 1871 till 1910).

After the Basic Secondary Education Act was implemented in 1883, even greater challenges ensued regarding the preservation of the school's inner autonomy. Since then the Patronage was under direct supervision of the representatives of the Hungarian government, who carried out inspection twice a year and observed the final exams. According to the Secondary Education Act from 1883 the school management was obliged to considerably adjust the work and organization to the state schools, which required even higher subsidies.

Apart from the school's fund, the school lived off school's activities and endowments and donations of many of national benefactors, such as: the endowment of Atanasije Gereski, the so-called Atanaseum, Dr. Nikola Krstić from Belgrade, Gedeon Dunđerski, Pajević couple from Novi Sad, Teodor and Persida Mandić, Luka Milanović, Marija Petrović, Vasa Jovanović Čiča, the endowment of Đorđe Servijski and many others.

During the 1870s the school's premises were no longer sufficient for the school's needs. The Board for Collecting Donations for the extension of the school's premises started with the work in 1897. During this activity, Baron Miloš Bajić (the grandson of Miloš Obrenović) donated 200 000 krones for the construction. The new building was constructed in the Renaissance Revival style where the old one had stood according to the design by Vladimir Nikolić. The construction started on 22 September 1899 and finished on 1 July 1900.

According to the 1899/1900 curriculum, the compulsory subjects were: Religious Sciences, Latin, Greek, Hungarian, German, Serbian, Geography, History, Natural Sciences, Physics, Mathematics, Geometrical Drawing, Philosophy and Calligraphy, while the optional subjects included: French, Shorthand, Instrument Playing (the violin, piano, tambourine, fencing, Octoechos and Religious Science for the Roman Catholics, Protestants and Jews).

The activity of the students was particularly evident in starting numerous student newspapers. In the 19th century these included: "Sloga", "Đački Venac", "Zolja" and "Đačka Matica". In the beginning of the 20th century these were: "Sova", "Gusle", "Šestoškolac", "Bič", "Osvitak", "Napredak" and "Novi đački venac".

The school had 15,792 students enrolled in the period between 1868 and 1918. The first high school girls were enrolled in the school during the school year of 1894/1895. Most of the students were of the Serbian nationality, but there were also Germans, Jews, Croats, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians and Ruthenians. Unlike in other gymnasiums in Hungary, the Patronage decided to set the same school fee for all the students irrespective of their religious orientation and to approve the fee exemption for the students who’d deserve it by their hard work.

Throughout the entire 19th century the school was a real center of intellectual activity. Either as students or as teachers the following great people took part in the school's activity: Jovan Đorđević, Laza Kostić, Jovan Turoman, Đura Daničić, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, Ilaja Ognjanović-Abukazem, Milorad Popović Šapčanin, Jovan Grčić-Milenko, Paja Marković-Adamov, Milan Savić, Svetozar Miletić, Mihailo Polit-Desančić, Tihomir Ostojić, Isidor Bajić, Stanije Stanojević, Jovan Radonić, Radovan Košutić, Milan Šević, Pavle Vujević, Aleksa Ivić, Radivoj Kašanin, Radivoj Petrović, Jovan Maksimović, Mileta Jakšić, Miloje Milojević, Petar Konjović, and many others.

20th century
Due to its vicinity to the battlefield of the Great War, the school's premises were taken over by the Austro-Hungarian army in 1914 and in 1915 it was turned into a military hospital. The teaching staff was scarce on the account of mobilization and other war effects and in the school years 1914/1915 and 1915/1916 only the exams were organized in the school. During the school years 1916/1917 and 1917/1918 regular classes and teaching was carried out but with a lot of difficulties due to the lack of both teachers and money. Therefore, the school years were shortened and semester exams were introduced.

After the war, the school continued its work in the liberated and newly united Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The school year 1919/1920 started with no significant innovations. The school was still run by the Patronage until 27 August 1920, when the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes made a decision that would bring the school into the state's possession and give it the name the State Men's Gymnasium in Novi Sad. As it was generally thought, there was no need for the school to continue its work as a private confessional school. This decision came at just the right time, since due to the war-ruined economy, inflation and agrarian reform, the Patronage could no longer cope with economic hardships and finance the school's work on its own. This however didn’t end the work of the Patronage, as it continued to manage the funds and property of the school.

The first and foremost task was renewal of the classrooms, library and school's inventory, since the school's premises were turned into a hospital during the war. After the First World War, the library was particularly damaged, with 2/3 of the students’ books and about 2500 of the books from the teachers’ library were lost. The library would reopen and continue its services in 1927.

The national liberation and newly created circumstances were most evident in the school curricula. In history classes the emphasis was put on studying the history of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, while the Serbian language and mathematics held the leading position by the number of their classes in week. As an expression of the general Francophilia, there came to the increase in the number of classes where French was taught and studied. Regarding the tradition and efforts made by certain teachers, German was taught pretty extensively. There was a strong rivalry between the German and French teachers.

In the period between 1935 and 1937, a three-hectare sports ground for physical education classes was built, on the grounds of present-day FC Index in the Liman neighborhood. Volleyball courts, basketball courts, football fields, tennis courts and gyms were built there. In 1914 the students of this school founded the FC Vojvodina and doing that they laid the foundation of the sports society, which today is one of the biggest in Europe.

In the new country the school developed a very active social culture. Lectures were held, students’ meetings and activities were organized. The highest state officials visited it very often because the school was highly respected due to its historical significance.

When the gymnasiums of Novi Sad and Karlovci became state schools Serbian nation was left without the classical gymnasium. The minister of education Anton Korošec tried to turn back the time when he gave the permission for the renewal of Serbian Grand Orthodox Gymnasium of Novi Sad in September 1939. The old gymnasium became a subtenant in its own former building. In 1939 this school had one class and in 1940 the second one was opened. The attempt to renew the old gymnasium was stopped by the outbreak of the Second World War.

The dynamic development of The State Men's Real Gymnasium of King Alexander I was stopped by the April war in 1941. The fast crash of the Yugoslav army was a terrible sign of the great suffering of the Serbian nation which followed. The fascist occupying forces entered Novi Sad on 13 April 1941. The school's work was prohibited as it was an institution with an emphasized national significance. A new Hungarian Royal State School with Serbian as a teaching language was founded on the site of the old school. It had two parallel classes in each grade. The aim of this educational institution was to develop the sense of loyalty to Great Hungary and to make the preconditions for the process of magyarization through the lessons of Hungarian language and history. The basic subject was Hungarian language and the classes were held in Serbian. The teachers had to speak Hungarian among themselves.

Denationalization and magyarization were obvious not only in the classes and extracurricular activities but also in the changes of some subjects. The study of national history was put out of the curriculum and the study of Hungarian history was introduced.

During the war the school library was seriously destroyed. The aggressor decided that the school library can hold only the samples of the books printed before the decline of the Austro-Hungarian Empire i.e. before the creation of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croatians and Slovenians. The patronage got 11,050 books to keep and over 20,000 disappeared. After the Second World War the books were given to the library of Matica srpska to be kept there.

During the difficult days of occupation the people were expelled and killed on a massive scale (the Novi Sad raid in 1942) and all the suffering finished in October 1944. It is supposed that about 213 students and teachers of the school lost their lives during the war.

After the war, three real gymnasiums were founded in Novi Sad on 28 February 1945: Male (which was previously on the spot of Platoneum and was later moved to the building in Futoška Street), Mixed (on the former spot of Isidor Bajić Secondary School of Music) and Female (in the building of the previous Civil school). After Bulgarian army had moved out of the school's building, the Mixed School moved in on the 30 June 1945.

The Patronage carried on helping the school's development all until the communist authorities took away the property of the Orthodox Municipality of Novi Sad and funds of the Patronage by the Nationalization Act from 5 December 1946 and its Annex from 28 April 1948. By this act the rights of the Patronage over the school were abolished.

After the liberation of the country, because of the large-scale poverty and the lack of basic didactic device, the classes were held with the great dedication of the teachers. The lack of course books and professional teaching staff as well as classes with the great number of students represented one more difficulty of that time.

After the Second World War, the new Yugoslavia was formed under communist ideology, which resulted in the whole educational process focusing on the social-political education on the basis of Marxist study. Until the conflict with Inform biro in 1947 Yugoslav Government blindly copied USSR's social system, which had negative effects on the education-"the reduction of criteria and leveling in work demands with higher elementary school children and secondary school children." The church was severely criticized by the Communist regime so that religious education was put out of the curriculum for the first time since the school's foundation.

The period from the end of the World War II until the decline of Socialist Yugoslavia has seen many reforms in the education. The high school has been used by education authorities as an indicator of success of certain reforms, showing its reputation in the new socialist society.

According to the General Education Act from 1958, the school had to give its students the profound knowledge in science and humanities and general-technical knowledge. The innovation was that teaching was divided into general and optional. General teaching involved: Serbo-Croatian and literature, history, sociology with the basics of political-economics, Yugoslav social system, logic and psychology, philosophy, art, foreign language (besides Russian which was dominant after the liberation, English, German and French were introduced), biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, crafts, physical education and pre-military training.

Optional teaching was divided into four departments: social (social science and the second foreign language), natural sciences first group (mathematics, chemistry, physics), natural sciences second group (biology, physics, chemistry) and foreign language (second foreign language and Latin). The aim of this kind of teaching was to make a basis for further specialized training and to create a socialist point of view to the world. On the basis of this federal law, National Republic of Serbia decided that the gymnasiums in Serbia should be divided into two departments: social and natural science.

After a great school reform initiated by Stipe Šuvar, from 1977 until 1983, the school worked as a Centre for the education of staff in social activities. It was used to taught future professionals in law, mathematics, IT, biology, physics, chemistry and geography.

The decline of the country, economic and political isolation caused not only the reconsideration of the values in the society but also the crisis of educational system. Besides this, the school managed to preserve its reputation, especially with the opening of the special mathematical classes for gifted students.

21st century
After the democratic changes on 5 October 2000, the development of the school went into two directions: not only did the school become the leader in introducing innovations and higher standards in secondary education but it also returned to its traditions. There are six departments at school today: natural sciences department, bilingual department, department for mathematically gifted students, department for gifted students in area of computers, department for gifted students in area of physics and general-sports department. Since 2007 there have been experimental classes of the last two primary school grades (7th and 8th grade). The first official class of 7th and 8th grade is class of 2001 (it officially started in 2016). The school is equipped with three modern IT study rooms and specialized rooms for mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology with the laboratories, school library with 30 000 books, stateroom and gym. There are extracurricular activities like choir and orchestra, French drama group, reciting group, eco club, debate club, editorial staff of the school newspaper "Skamija" (founded in 1972), linguistic workshop, psychology workshop, chemistry and biology workshop, art workshop and IT and robotics workshop. For years the cultural exchange of teachers and students has been realized with a High School from Slaný (Czech Republic), and from this year the same form of exchange will start with the High School from Moscow called "Elada".

In 2016, the gymnasium building was extensively renovated. Besides restoring damaged sections of the interior and exterior structure, the buildings main roof has been altered to accommodate a glass roof for the school museum in the style and place of the old main roof. The building changed its color from white to a vibrant beige color with lighter beige and white highlights in key areas of the masonry and relief. The new color of the building was inspired by the colors of other historical buildings of Novi Sad and surrounding areas.

Study streams
In this school there are several study streams:
 * Science and Mathematics (chemistry, math, physics, biology); 1 class
 * Bilingual Science and Mathematics (chemistry, math, physics, biology); Bilingual Serbian-English, Serbian-French, Serbian-German and Serbian-Russian; since 2010; 2 classes
 * Sports Science and Mathematics (athletes); since 2015; 1 class
 * Specialist in Mathematics (for gifted students - Math and Computer Science); 2 classes
 * Specialist in Computers (for gifted students - Computer Science, Programming, Mathematics); 3 classes
 * Specialist in Physics (for gifted students - Physics, Mechanics, Quantum physics); 1 class
 * Specialist in Chemistry and Biology (for gifted students - Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry); since 2019; 1 class
 * Elementary Specialist in Mathematics (for gifted 7th and 8th grade elementary students - Math and Computer Science); since 2007; 1 class
 * Elementary Specialist in Computers (for gifted 7th and 8th grade elementary students - Computer Science, Programming, Mathematics); since 2007; 1 class
 * Elementary Specialist in Physics (for gifted 7th and 8th grade elementary students - Physics, Mechanics, Quantum physics); since 2007; 1 class

Specialist study streams for elementary students
Since September 2007, the school has held specialty study streams for gifted 7th and 8th grade elementary students for Mathematics, Physics, and Computers, the only school in Vojvodina province that does this.

Part of the gymnasium collegium consists of professors and assistants from the faculties of the University of Novi Sad.

Bilingual study streams
Since September 2010, the school has held bilingual study streams. Bilingual study stream exists in English, French, German, and Russian. The study stream is Science and Mathematics, but math, physics, chemistry, computers, and biology are studied in foreign languages. The rest of the classes are studied in Serbian.

Application exams for bilingual study streams occur 3 weeks before the regular school application exam (which every student is required to pass). For French, DELF A2 level is required. This class was founded by the French Embassy, which follows the education of these students throughout the 4 years. After 4 years, students that pass the French bilingual study stream are given a French language diploma and the right to study in France, without the need to take further language differences tests, as well as a chance for student stipend in France. French study stream students travel to France every year, to test their knowledge of the French language.

Sports study stream
Since 2015, the school has held a Science and Mathematics study stream specific for sports students. These future athletes often have training and competitions during regular school year, and have the school curriculum adjusted for their specific sports.

Principals

 * 1810–1920

 * Danilo Petrović and Grigorije Janković, until 1819
 * Pavel Jozef Šafárik, 1819–1826
 * Jeftimije Jovanović, 1826–1827
 * Danilo Petrović, 1827–1828
 * Dr Jovan Hadžić, 1830–1849
 * Dr Đorđe Natošević, 1853–1857
 * Pavle Jovanović, 1857–1858
 * Petar Ninković, 1858–1865
 * Konstantin Isaković, 1865–1866
 * Aleksandar Gavrilović, 1866–1867
 * German Anđelić, 1867–1868
 * Aleksandar Gavrilović, 1868–1871
 * Vasa Pušibrk, 1871–1910
 * Stevan Milovanov, 1918–1920

 * 1920–1941

 * Marko Vilić, 1920
 * Dimitrije Šilić, 1920–1922
 * Vasa Danilović, 1922–1925
 * Jovan Živojinović, 1925–1926
 * Aleksandar Zamurović, 1926–1927
 * Mirko Balubdžić, 1927–1932
 * Miraš Kićović, 1932–1933
 * Milan Jakovljević, 1933
 * Dušan Jovanov, 1933–1934
 * Dr Branko Magarašević, 1934–1941
 * 1941–1944

 * Ferenc Medgyessy, 1941
 * Kálmán Váradi, 1941–1944
 * 1945–present

 * Milenko Šuvaković, 1945–1959
 * Petar Adamović, 1945–1947
 * Marije Hvala, 1947–1948
 * Živan Radmanović, 1948–1949
 * Novak Radović, 1959–1965
 * Sloboda Maslać, 1965–1967
 * Dr Đorđe Bajić, 1967–1977
 * Vera Banić-Carić, 1977–1980
 * Marko Cicmil, 1980–2001
 * Petar Kojić, 2001–2002
 * Dr Radivoje Petrov Stojković, 2002–

Accolades
Throughout its history, the school gained several medals and awards for its services and results in education.

Medals

 * Order of Saint Sava 1st Grade of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1935
 * Order of Merit for the People 1st Grade of the FNR Yugoslavia, 1960
 * Order of Work with the Red Flag of SFR Yugoslavia, 1985
 * Order of Saint Sava 1st Grade of the Serbian Orthodox Church, in 2016

Awards

 * Vukova Award of the Cultural and Educational Community of Serbia, 1970
 * November Award of the Alliance of Physical Culture Organisations of Serbia, 1971
 * Spartakova Award, 1972.
 * Punoletstva Award, 25 May, 1972.
 * Vojvodina Liberation Award, 1985
 * Novi Sad's October Award, 1984
 * Gold plaque for education "Biramo najbolje u 2002."
 * Svetosavska Award to the best secondary school for results achieved in 2002/2003 school year of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Serbia
 * International award for excellence in services & products, 2005
 * Recognition of "Dr Djordje Natosević" for outstanding results in education and training work 2005/2006 school year

Notable alumni

 * Boško Petrović, novelist and poet
 * Đorđe Balašević, music artist
 * Đuro Daničić, philologist
 * Dušan Kanazir, molecular biologist
 * Dušan Makavejev, director
 * Isidor Bajić, music composer
 * Josif Tatić, actor
 * Jovan Grčić Milenko, poet and physician
 * Jovan Soldatović, sculptor
 * Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, poet
 * Laza Kostić, poet and translator
 * Lazar Paču, minister of finance
 * Maja Gojković, mayor of Novi Sad
 * Milan Savić, physician, writer, and polymath
 * Olga Hadžić, mathematician
 * Pavel Jozef Šafárik, philologist
 * Petar Kralj, actor
 * Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch
 * Rudolf Brucci, music composer
 * Svetozar Miletić, mayor of Novi Sad
 * Vasa Stajić, writer and philosopher

title: Jovan Jovanović Zmaj Gymnasium


text:
Thomas Homer-Dixon

Thomas Homer-Dixon (born 1956) is a Canadian political scientist and author who researches threats to global security. He is the founder and Executive Director of the Cascade Institute at Royal Roads University in Victoria, British Columbia. He is the author of seven books, the most recent being Commanding Hope: The Power We Have to Renew a World in Peril.

Early life and education
Homer-Dixon was born and raised in a rural area outside Victoria, British Columbia. In his late teens and early twenties, he worked on oil rigs and in forestry.

In 1980, he received a B.A. in political science from Carleton University in Ottawa. He then established the Canadian Student Pugwash organization, a forum for discussion of the relationships between science, ethics, and public policy. He completed his Ph.D. in political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1989, specializing in international relations and conflict theory under the supervision of Hayward Alker.

Academic career
Homer-Dixon began his academic career at the University of Toronto in 1990 where he led several research projects examining links between environmental stress and violence in poor countries. In 1993, he joined the faculty of University College and the Department of Political Science, progressing to full professor status in 2006. Meanwhile, he was director of the Peace and Conflict Studies Program, University College, before he moved on to be the Director of the Trudeau Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies until 2007.

In 2008, Homer-Dixon moved to the University of Waterloo, Ontario, to assume the role as the Centre for International Governance Innovation Chair of Global Systems at the newly created Balsillie School of International Affairs.

He was the founding director of the Waterloo Institute for Complexity and Innovation at the University of Waterloo between 2009 and 2014.

In 2019, Homer-Dixon was appointed a University Research Chair at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario. In 2020 he became the executive director of the Cascade Institute at Royal Roads University.

Environmental stress and violent conflict
In the early 1990s, at the University of Toronto, Homer-Dixon led a team of researchers that pioneered study of the links between environmental stress and violent conflict. Two of his articles in the Harvard journal International Security identified underlying mechanisms by which scarcities of natural resources like cropland and fresh water could contribute to insurgency, ethnic clashes, terrorism, and genocide in poor countries. This research culminated in his book Environment, Scarcity, and Violence, which won the Caldwell Prize of the American Political Science Association.

Social innovation and the ‘ingenuity gap’
In the mid-1990s, Homer-Dixon worked on the determinants of successful social innovation in response to key threats and challenges like climate change. He coined the term “ingenuity gap,” and his work resulted in the book The Ingenuity Gap. The book was published in six countries and won the 2001 Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction in Canada.

Societal breakdown and renewal
In the 2000s, Homer-Dixon studied the links between major crisis and societal renewal—a phenomenon he called “catagenesis.” Using the Roman Empire as a case study, he focused especially on the relationship between energy inputs, social complexity, and social crisis. This work led to the book The Upside of Down (book) which won the 2007 National Business Book Award. The book introduced the concept of “synchronous failure,” which was further developed in a co-authored 2015 article in Ecology and Society.

The role of hope
After 2010, Homer-Dixon’s work became more prescriptive, focusing on how humanity might address its crises, and in particular on the essential role of the emotion hope. These ideas were brought together in the book Commanding Hope: The Power We Have to Renew a World in Peril.

Views
In an opinion piece published in The New York Times in April 2013, Homer-Dixon stated that Alberta's oil sands industry "is undermining Canadian democracy" and that "tar sands influence reaches deep into the federal cabinet." Homer-Dixon also said that "Canada is beginning to exhibit the economic and political characteristics of a petro-state" and that the oil sands industry "is relentlessly twisting our society into something we don't like."

In 2022, Homer-Dixon expressed the belief that the United States could be ruled by a right-wing dictator before 2030.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thomas Homer-Dixon


text: User talk:69.34.35.5

title: User talk:69.34.35.5


text:
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title: User:Miles/monobook.css


text:
Yakovlev Yak-24

The Yakovlev Yak-24 (NATO reporting name "Horse") is a Soviet twin-engine, tandem rotor, transport helicopter developed by Yakovlev in the 1950s. The Yak-24 saw limited use in the Soviet Air Force, and the exact number produced and duration of service are unknown due to inconsistencies in data.

Design and development
In September 1951, following a meeting of Joseph Stalin with senior aircraft designers the Soviet Union issued two design specifications for helicopters, with the intent of rapidly accelerating Soviet helicopter development. The requirement for a medium-sized helicopter which could transport 12 people was issued to the Mil Design Bureau, which would result in the Mil Mi-4, while the requirement for a larger helicopter capable of transporting 24 people was given to the Yakovlev Design Bureau under Alexander Yakovlev. Prototypes of both types had to be flying within a year – 'unlimited support' was to be provided for these two programmes by the national research institutes. Yakovlev made two prototypes for flight testing, and one more for static and dynamic ground tests. The first prototype was flown on 3 July 1952. It was powered with two 1,268 kW (1,700 hp) Shvetsov ASh-82V radial engines and was built in a tandem rotor layout, which was not typical for Soviet helicopters, which soon brought it the nickname Letayushchiy Vagon (Летающий вагон) – 'the Flying Railroad Car'. The engines and transmission system were identical to the already-proven single-engine Mil Mi-4, but the Yak-24 proved to be less successful. Its engines were linked together so each could drive one or both rotors, but such an arrangement caused strong vibrations in the airframe. After the problems were partially solved, the new helicopter was ordered for production by the Soviet Air Force, which began in 1955 at Factory No. 272 in Leningrad.

In July 1955, the Yak-24 was first presented to the public in Tushino, and on 17 December 1955 it set two new world payload records, lifting a 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) load to 5,082 m (16,673 ft) and 4,000 kg (8,818 lb) to 2,902 m (9,521 ft).

The only produced variant was the Yak-24 – Army transport helicopter, that could carry up to 19 airborne troops, 12 stretchers or 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) of cargo, including field guns or GAZ-69 army car. In the nose was a 12.7 mm A-12,7 machine gun mounting, manned by radio operator. Yak-24 was also used as a flying crane, lifting an external load of 4,000 kg (8,818 lb). In 1957, the improved model Yak-24U was developed, rebuilt from serial helicopter, with all-metal rotors of larger diameter (21 m/69 ft) and an all-metal wider fuselage. It could carry 40 soldiers or 3,500 kg (7,716 lb) of cargo, including ASU-57 tank destroyer. It completed test program in 1958, but did not enter production. A civilian variant for Aeroflot for 30 passengers was the Yak-24A of 1960, but it was not produced either. There were two proposed models: the Yak-24K nine-seat VIP salon with a shorter fuselage and the civilian Yak-24P for 39 passengers with more powerful 2,013 kW (2,700 hp) turboshaft engines, but neither reached production. The helicopter was little known, so specifications and technical details varied among different sources, and also older publications claimed, that Yak-24U and passenger Yak-24A were produced.

Data on the Yak-24 is inconsistent and sometimes contradictory, the exact number of helicopters produced is unknown, with estimates ranging from 40 to 100 units depending on the source of the data. According to newer Russian sources, only 35 series helicopters were built in 1956–1958 in Leningrad, in addition to two prototypes and three pre-series helicopters (1953-1958). All sources agree that production of the Yak-24 was curtailed due to technical problems, and the need for a heavy transport helicopter was fulfilled by the successful Mil Mi-6. According to some sources, the passenger Yak-24A for Aeroflot was not actually produced. The exact date of the Yak-24's decommissioning from the Soviet Air Force, and possibly Aeroflot, is unknown. A surviving Yak-24 is preserved at the Central Air Force Museum in Monino, Russia.

Operators

 * Soviet Air Force
 * Soviet Air Force

title: Yakovlev Yak-24


text:
Talk:Sausage Race

Untitled

 * I think we should split the entry on dog racing into its own entry, perhaps "Dachshund Racing", with a link at the top of this page. It seems strange to me to have both entries on one page, since they have zero relation to each other.  ---9th inning 20:35, 17 March 2006 (UTC)9th inning

Names
The names of the various sausages keep getting changed around on this page. Is there a definnative list of their names somewhere? Ace-o-aces 20:42, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 20:53, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Other Racers section
I think this should probably be its own article. Not sure what the title would be though. Ace-o-aces (talk) 20:08, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with this. I am creating the article "Mascot race" as I think this is a likely name for this phenomenon. Greenmango (talk) 04:59, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

 * And now I've moved the redundant section. Problem solved, and it only took 2.5 years. Ace-o-aces (talk) 19:34, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Sausage Race


text:
Wang Fuzhi

Wang Fuzhi (1619–1692), courtesy name Ernong (而農), pseudonym Chuanshan (船山), was a Chinese essayist, historian, and philosopher of the late Ming, early Qing dynasties.

Life
Born to a scholarly family in Hengyang in Hunan province in 1619, Wang Fuzhi began his education in the Chinese classic texts when very young. He passed his civil-service examination at the age of twenty-four, but his projected career was diverted by the invasion of China by the Manchus, the founders of the Qing (or Ch'ing) dynasty.

Staying loyal to the Ming emperors, Wang first fought against the invaders, and then spent the rest of his life in hiding from them. His refuge was at the foot of the mountain Chuanshan, from which he gained his alternative name). He died in 1693, though it is not known for certain where or how.

Philosophical work
Wang Fuzhi is said to have written over a hundred books, but many of them have been lost. The rest of his works have been collected in the Chuanshan yishu quanji (船山遺書全集). He also wrote a commentary on Zizhi Tongjian, titled "Comments after reading the Tongjian" (讀通鑒論, "Du Tongjian Lun").

Wang was a follower of Confucius, but he believed that the neo-Confucian philosophy which dominated China at the time had distorted Confucius's teachings. He wrote his own commentaries on the Confucian classics (including five on the Yijing or Book of Changes), and gradually developed his own philosophical system. He wrote on many topics, including metaphysics, epistemology, moral philosophy, poetry, and politics. Apart from Confucius, he was also influenced by the prominent early Song dynasty neo-Confucians Zhang Zai and Zhu Xi.

Metaphysics
Wang's metaphysics is a version of materialism. He argued that only qi (氣 or ch'i; energy or material force) exists; li (理, principle, form, or idea), which was the central concept in the orthodox neo-Confucian thought of Zhu Xi, for example, doesn't exist independently, being simply the principle of qi. In this his metaphysics represents a continuation and development of that of Zhang Zai, as expressed most clearly in his Commentary on Master Zhang's Correcting Ignorance, and has also been highly regarded as a 'proto-materialist' in the Marxist period in the PRC after 1949.

Ethics
Wang's metaphysical ideas led him to a naturalist moral philosophy (precipitating a revival of interest in his teachings in modern China). In particular, he believed that human desires are not inherently evil, but in fact unavoidable and an essential part of our nature. Indeed, he believed that desires are potentially beneficial, the moral nature of human beings being grounded in our feelings for others, and that problems only arise through lack of moderation. Wang believed that human desires are the main evidence of our relationship with the material world as material beings, and that human nature develops out of our initial material nature together with the changes that we undergo as a result of our interactions with the world we live in.

Epistemology
Wang laid great stress on the need for both experience and reason: we must study the world using our senses, and reason carefully about it. Knowledge and action are intertwined, and acting is the ground of knowing. The gaining of knowledge is a slow and laborious process, there are no instances of sudden enlightenment.

Politics & History
Even more than his materialism, Wang's views on politics and history brought him popularity in modern China. Government, he argued, should benefit the people, not those in power. History is a continuous cycle of renewal, involving the gradual progress of human society. There are periods of chaos and want as well as of stability and prosperity, depending on the degree of virtue of the emperor and of the people as a whole, but the underlying direction is upwards. It's the result of the natural laws that govern human beings and society. Wang believed that the power of the feudal landlords was evil, and should be weakened by higher taxation, which would also lead to an increase in numbers of land-owning peasants.

Wang adopted a strong anti-Manchu stance in his writings and was remarkable for his systematic attempt to express his anti-Manchuism in a broad historical and philosophical context. He also insisted that the Chinese be distinguished from the non-Chinese, as both should stay in their own territories and respect the sovereignty of one another, in order to avoid the possibility of invasion or integration.

Along with his Confucian thought, he also recognized a "need to operate the system", associated with Chinese Legalism.

title: Wang Fuzhi


text: User talk:211.28.64.170

title: User talk:211.28.64.170


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 11, 2005


text:
Wolfmother

Wolfmother is an Australian hard rock band from Sydney. Formed in 2004, the group is centred around vocalist and guitarist Andrew Stockdale, who is the only constant member of the line-up. The band has been through many personnel changes since their formation. The original – and most commercially successful – line-up included bassist and keyboardist Chris Ross and drummer Myles Heskett. Ross and Heskett left Wolfmother after four years in 2008.

Stockdale, Ross and Heskett formed Wolfmother in 2004 after several years of informal jamming. Signing with independent label Modular Recordings, the band released their self-titled debut album in Australia in 2005, which reached number 3 on the domestic albums chart. It was released internationally by Interscope and Island Records the following year, and to date has sold in excess of 1.5 million copies worldwide. After Ross and Heskett departed, Stockdale rebuilt the band with the addition of bassist and keyboardist Ian Peres, rhythm guitarist Aidan Nemeth and drummer Dave Atkins, who released Cosmic Egg in 2009.

In recent years, the line-up of Wolfmother has continued to change frequently, with their commercial popularity fluctuating. The band's planned third album Keep Moving was released as Stockdale's solo debut in 2013, with a new line-up including drummer Vin Steele issuing New Crown independently the following year. In 2016, the group released Victorious as their first album on a major label since Cosmic Egg, and subsequently toured with Alex Carapetis on drums. Wolfmother's personnel have continued to change, with Stockdale subsequently releasing and touring in promotion of his second solo album Slipstream in 2018.

2004–08: Formation, early years and self-titled debut
The genesis of Wolfmother began in 2000, when founding members Andrew Stockdale, Chris Ross, and Myles Heskett started jamming together, before officially forming the band in 2004. Prior to this, Stockdale was a photographer, Ross worked in digital media and Heskett worked as a graphic designer. Ross came up with the name of the band. The first live performance of the newly christened Wolfmother took place on 14 April 2004 at Vic in the Park, a pub in Sydney. The group were signed by Australian independent label Modular Recordings in August 2004, with whom they released their self-titled debut extended play (EP) Wolfmother the following month. The EP reached number 35 on the ARIA Australian Singles Chart. The band toured in promotion of the release for approximately six months, during which time they signed an international recording deal with the Universal Music Group.

After producing a demo for Universal US imprint Interscope Records in Sydney, Wolfmother began recording their full-length debut studio album in California with producer Dave Sardy in May 2005. The band rehearsed for six weeks at Cherokee Studios, before recording at Sound City, Pass and Sunset Sound Studios. Sardy took a minimalist approach to production, aiming to capture the "raw, emotive" nature of the band's live shows and prioritising "the perfect feeling" over a "faultless performance". Additional contributors to the record included Lenny Castro (percussion), Dan Higgins (flute) and Sardy himself (percussion). "Mind's Eye" was released as the first single from the upcoming album on 16 October 2005, which reached number 29 on the Australian Singles Chart.

Wolfmother was originally released in Australia by Modular on 31 October 2005 and reached number 3 on the ARIA Australian Albums Chart, remaining on the chart for a total of 78 weeks. By the end of 2007, it had been certified five times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), indicating domestic sales in excess of 350,000 units. Wolfmother was recognised by radio station Triple J with its inaugural J Award, given to "an album of outstanding achievement as an Australian musical work of art – for its creativity, innovation, musicianship and contribution to Australian music." It went on to be nominated for the ARIA Award for Album of the Year in 2006 (and won the awards for Breakthrough Artist – Album and Best Rock Album). Eight of the group's songs were included on the Triple J Hottest 100 lists in 2004, 2005 and 2006. In promotion of the album, the band toured throughout Australia in October and November 2005. They also performed at the Big Day Out festival in January and February 2006.

After its success in Australia, Wolfmother was later released internationally in early 2006 – on 24 April in the UK, where it reached number 25 on the UK Albums Chart, and on 2 May in the US, where it reached number 22 on the Billboard 200. A number of singles were released from the album, including "Woman" which reached number 34 in Australia, number 31 on the UK Singles Chart, and number 7 on the US Billboard Mainstream Rock chart. The song later won the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards, the nomination for which Heskett had previously described as "an honour". The final single from the album, "Joker & the Thief", later reached the top ten in Australia. The subsequent worldwide tour included appearances at festivals such as Fuji Rock in Tokyo, Japan, the inaugural Virgin Festival, and Reading and Leeds Festivals in the UK. On 14 November 2006, the band performed a cover version of "Communication Breakdown" by English hard rock band Led Zeppelin as a tribute to the band for their induction into the UK Music Hall of Fame.

Stockdale, Ross and Heskett commenced work on the follow-up to Wolfmother in 2007, although Stockdale had previously revealed that he had been planning ideas for the band's second album as early as 2006. One of the new tracks revealed as in the works was "Love Attacker", which the frontman explained was about "people who use love as a weapon to manipulate and get their way through desire". This song was later released as "Pleased to Meet You" on the Spider-Man 3 soundtrack in March 2007. Stockdale described the new material as "cinematic" and "epic", predicting that the resulting album would be released in early 2008. In September 2007 the band released Please Experience Wolfmother Live, which reached number 7 in Australia and was certified platinum by ARIA.

2008–11: Lineup change and return with Cosmic Egg
After their performance at Splendour in the Grass on 3 August 2008, it was reported that Wolfmother "looked tense and uncommunicative with each other", leading to rumours that the band were to imminently break up. In response to the rumours, the band's manager John Watson revealed that he would be "releasing a statement about their status soon". Days later, it was confirmed that the group had split up – in a statement released by Universal Music Australia, it was reported that Ross had left the band straight after the Splendour in the Grass performance due to "irreconcilable personal and musical differences", after which Heskett decided that he would rather leave than remain in the band without Ross. Ross and Heskett continued to work together on a number of musical projects, including The Slew and Good Heavens.

Just a week after the departure of Ross and Heskett, Stockdale returned to recording the second Wolfmother album in Los Angeles, initially working briefly with The Raconteurs drummer Patrick Keeler. After returning to Australia, he enlisted new members Ian Peres (bass, keyboards), Aidan Nemeth (rhythm guitar) and Dave Atkins (drums) for "Wolfmother Phase II". The new members officially joined on 5 January 2009, before performing their first live shows under the alias "White Feather" in February. Recording for a new album commenced in March with producer Alan Moulder, with Stockdale describing the material as "a little bit heavier".

The first song released by the second line-up of Wolfmother was "Back Round", which was made available as a free digital download on the band's official website on 30 March 2009, after its debut live performance the previous week at the MTV Australia Awards 2009. After the rest of the album was recorded, "New Moon Rising" debuted on Triple J in August and was later released as the album's lead single. The album, Cosmic Egg, was released internationally by Modular in October. It was another commercial success, reaching number 3 in Australia, number 16 in the US, and number 35 in the UK. Cosmic Egg was supported on the New Moon Rising World Tour, which started in Australia and later visited North America and Europe. The group also supported AC/DC on the Black Ice World Tour in Australia. The following year, the album was nominated in the Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards for Album of the Year, although it lost out to guitarist Slash's self-titled debut solo album (on which Stockdale is featured on the song "By the Sword").

In March 2010, Wolfmother contributed the song "Fell Down a Hole" to the Almost Alice soundtrack. At the end of the month, it was announced that drummer Dave Atkins had left the band. A press release was later issued explaining that the drummer had "decided to leave the band to spend much-needed time at home with his family". It was announced at the same time that Atkins' replacement would be Will Rockwell-Scott, known for his work with Har Mar Superstar and The Mooney Suzuki. The group continued to tour with Rockwell-Scott, although they had to cancel a string of European dates, including a number of festival appearances, in June and July due to an unspecified illness suffered by Stockdale. The following January and February, the band performed at Big Day Out in Australia and New Zealand.

2011–13: Planned third album, Stockdale's solo debut
Wolfmother began working on their third studio album in March 2011. In May and June they played a number of European shows, performing new material from the upcoming album for the first time. Interviewed in June, Stockdale revealed that approximately "12 or 13 songs" had been completed and that he was self-producing the album, with engineering to be handled by Aidan Nemeth. The release date of the album was estimated as early 2012, with a number of shows taking place in Australia in promotion; new song titles leaked from set lists included "The Year of the Dragon", "Meridian" and "Everyday Drone/On the Beach". In October 2011, a cover version of the ZZ Top song "Cheap Sunglasses" was featured on the various artists tribute album ZZ Top: A Tribute from Friends.

After relatively few updates regarding the upcoming album, in February 2012 both Nemeth and Rockwell-Scott left Wolfmother. Stockdale claimed at the time that the former had chosen to focus on engineering, while the latter was forced to leave due to health concerns. The following month, it was reported that former Vines drummer Hamish Rosser had joined the band. Around the same time, new rhythm guitarist Vin Steele replaced Nemeth, and keyboardist and percussionist Elliott Hammond was also added to the group. Both members' departures were compared in the media to those of original members Ross and Heskett, although Stockdale has denied accusations from some critics that he was to blame for former members leaving the group. The new five-piece line-up continued recording material for the new album, which was delayed further for a 2013 release. At the end of 2012, Stockdale announced that the album was "nearly complete", and that it would be titled Gatherings.

In March 2013, however, Stockdale announced that he would not be releasing the new album under the Wolfmother moniker. Describing the project as "a different trip now", he revealed to Billboard magazine in April that the album would be released as his solo debut with the title Keep Moving in June. "Long Way to Go" was released as the lead single from the album. Stockdale later elaborated on the decision to cease using the Wolfmother name; he noted that his desire to self-produce an album played a part in the change, adding the band had a "big producer" in line to work on their third album but he wanted to release the material he had already recorded, and so he decided to do so under his own name. Keep Moving reached number 32 on the Australian Albums Chart.

2013–17: Band's return with New Crown and Victorious
Just two months after Stockdale dropped the band's name, it was announced that Wolfmother were due to return. The news was broken when Stockdale's solo shows were cancelled, shortly before a number of Wolfmother shows in the US were announced in their place. In an interview with Triple M in 2014, Stockdale claimed that he did not intend to drop the Wolfmother name permanently, but instead that it had been temporarily "shelved" for Keep Moving. Shortly after the band's return, Rosser left and Hammond moved over to drums; however, just a month later Hammond himself left as well, citing scheduling conflicts with his other band The Delta Riggs. Hammond later claimed in 2019 that the announcement was in fact "a publicity angle to smooth it over". He was replaced briefly by Tony McCall, who left just a few weeks later due to "personal reasons". Drummer Gregg Bissonette was briefly enlisted to record with the band, although his parts were ultimately not used.

In November 2013, Wolfmother returned after a brief hiatus as a trio for the first time since 2008, with rhythm guitarist Vin Steele moving over to drums. The new line-up's first performance took place at The Northern in Byron Bay, and it was hinted at the same time that the group would be working on new material for an album to be released in March or April 2014. The album in question, New Crown, was released without a prior announcement on 24 March 2014 as a digital download on Bandcamp. Self-produced by Stockdale, New Crown was also self-released by the band without a record label; speaking about the decision to do this, Stockdale complained that "it's a very long process getting anything done" with a label, noting that to avoid potential delays they took the decision to self-release the album. Despite the lack of promotion, New Crown charted on the US Billboard 200 at number 160. The album was promoted on tour in North America during the months after its release.

Wolfmother's self-titled debut album was re-released in September 2015 to coincide with its tenth anniversary. In addition to the original 13 tracks, the album contains five B-sides and 15 rare tracks, including 11 previously unreleased recordings. In February 2016, the group's fourth album Victorious was released. The album, produced by Brendan O'Brien, features contributions from drummers Josh Freese and Joey Waronker, in addition to Ian Peres on keyboards. It reached number 17 on the Australian Albums Chart, number 25 in the UK, and number 71 in the US. Lead single "Victorious" registered at number 26 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart. Wolfmother promoted Victorious on the Gypsy Caravan Tour, which featured Alex Carapetis on drums. In July 2016, the group supported Guns N' Roses at two US dates on the Not in This Lifetime... Tour. They later returned for shows in Australia and New Zealand in early 2017.

2017–present: Single releases, Slipstream, Rock'n'Roll Baby and Rock Out
Following the conclusion of the Victorious touring cycle, Hamish Rosser returned to Wolfmother. In March 2017, Stockdale released a self-produced song called "Special Lady", which he recorded on a laptop using the program GarageBand and only a vocal microphone. This was followed in November by the single "Freedom Is Mine", recorded and produced at Stockdale's home studio in Byron Bay, and "Happy Wolfmothers Day" in May 2018. Peres left in early 2018 after nine years with the band, committing to tour dates with Xavier Rudd instead. Stockdale and Rosser have performed with multiple touring line-ups of the group since Peres' departure: in April 2018 with Dave Atkins on rhythm guitar and Jake Bennett on bass, from May with Brad Heald on bass and Lachy Doley on keyboards, and later in the year with Katie McGurl in place of Doley. Bobby Poulton began playing bass and keyboards in October 2018 and is now the current session player in the band. In September 2018, Stockdale released his second solo album, Slipstream, which he promoted on a short concert tour.

In April 2019, Stockdale began recording material for a fifth Wolfmother album at Dave Grohl's Studio 606 in Northridge, Los Angeles. This album, titled Rock'n'Roll Baby, wound up being released on 29 December 2019. On 24 October 2020, Stockdale performed "Joker & the Thief" at the 2020 AFL Grand Final. The band's next self-produced album, Rock Out, was released in November of 2021.

On 11 January 2023, Stockdale performed under the name Wolfmother with Dutch band as his backing band in Paradiso, Amsterdam.

Musical style and critical reception
Upon the release of their debut album, Wolfmother received comparisons to influential hard rock and heavy metal bands of the 1960s and 1970s, particularly Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, and Blue Cheer. More contemporary comparisons have included Roadkit and White, The White Stripes, The Darkness, and Queens of the Stone Age. Similarly, the vocals of frontman Andrew Stockdale have been compared stylistically to those of Led Zeppelin frontman Robert Plant, Black Sabbath's Ozzy Osbourne, The Who vocalist Roger Daltrey, and Jack White of The White Stripes. AskMen went as far as to rank the band as the second top Led Zeppelin "rip-off" band. Many of these comparisons to other bands continued in reviews for Cosmic Egg,   New Crown, and Victorious.

Despite these comparisons to other artists, Wolfmother was praised by the majority of commentators – aggregating website Metacritic reports a normalised rating of 76, indicating "generally favourable reviews", with 18 of the 22 included critical reviews categorised as positive. Many elements of the band's music on their debut album were praised by critics, including the psychedelic subject matter of the lyrics, the interplay between each member of the band, and the combination of classic and modern elements. Critical reception to Cosmic Egg was less positive, with Metacritic reporting a normalised rating of 65 and many critics noting a lack of invention or progression on the album.

Members
Current members
 * Andrew Stockdale – lead vocals, guitar (2004–present)
 * James Wassenaar – bass (2023–present)
 * Christian Condon – drums (2023–present)

Discography

 * Wolfmother (2005)
 * Cosmic Egg (2009)
 * New Crown (2014)
 * Victorious (2016)
 * Rock'n'Roll Baby (2019)
 * Rock Out (2021)

title: Wolfmother


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 11, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 11, 2005


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Final of scenarois

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETED. dbenbenn | talk 01:57, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Final of scenarois
Author might be referring to a television show. If not, it's complete gibberish. Not encyclopedic, one way or the other. CJCurrie 23:42, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 03:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete CDC   (talk)  19:25, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I tagged it for speedy; it's subliterate nonsense. If no one flushes it then my vote is obviously delete. -R. fiend 19:27, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speed deleted. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:14, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Black ribbon

Is the RPG reference really worth keeping here? I can't even find anything that supports that usage as even remotely popular. -Sean Curtin 23:44, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

I'd take it down if no-one can come up with a reason. --Ebz 01:28, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

What is a melanochris? Google doesn't even know...174.111.124.198 (talk) 16:23, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

Wearing Black Ribbon for Princess Diana's Death
No one in the UK has ever heard of this ever being done. If it was done, it wasn't very poplar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.153.52.21 (talk) 16:53, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

Anarchist Blue Ribbon
What does that have anything to do with black ribbons? --Digx 22:06, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Grief symbol in Spain
The article says that the black ribbon use started after the 2004 Madrid attacks. This is completely false. I don't know the start date, but it for more than twenty years for sure. In Spain (as in other countries) the black clothes are used as a symbol of grief. When someone was to reflect the grief, but don't want to use black clothes it can simply use a black ribbon. It has no political simbology. It is also common in televisions to place a black ribbon for the loss of VIP, massacre or something similar. --Jose piratilla (talk) 03:38, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Maybe it could be reworded including that, and then "...; for example, after the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks, it was worn on clothing..." --FChurca (talk) 16:43, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Self Injury Awareness
Self-Injury Awareness Day is March 1st, not November 30th, and the colour is orange, not black. The mention of Nov 30th seems to stem from a Facebook campaign started up at the end of September and is not a nationally or internationally-recognised day. Arkady Rose (talk) 13:05, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Black ribbon


text:
Patricia Morrison

Patricia Anne Rainone (born January 14, 1961), better known by her stage name Patricia Morrison, is an American bass guitarist, singer and songwriter. She has worked with Bags, the Gun Club, Fur Bible, the Sisters of Mercy, and the Damned.

Biography
Patricia Anne Rainone was active in the Los Angeles, California punk rock scene even before graduating from high school in 1979, having had an early interest in music: "When I was 12 years old, I saved up every cent to buy a guitar. I went to the guitar shop and realized I could afford the guitar, but not the lessons or a way to get there as my mom worked. So I walk out of the store empty handed, a decision I will always regret." She was a founding member of the Bags. Morrison said: "I started a band with two girlfriends in our late teens then, punk showed up and that decided my future. I had very little to do with it, I wanted to be a veterinarian, but couldn't afford it."

Rainone and Alicia Armendariz, aka Alice Bag, met at school and formed their first band, Femme Fatale, in '1975 /1976', later re-named Masque Era. Initially guided by glitter and glam, though enamoured by punk music, they played a few local gigs. A 1977 concert featuring the Germs inspired them to move toward a more punk sound, and to form the Bags, with Janet Koontz joining them on guitar. The band wore bags over their heads onstage. Morrison recalls: 'The Bags were playing somewhere very early on and my mother came running out of the driveway yelling 'Patricia you forgot your bag!' My mother making sure I had a bag to put over my head is a special moment in time.' They released a single, Survive, in 1978, but Morrison left the following year after a falling out with Alice Bag. and went on to co-found Legal Weapon with Kat Arthur in 1980, performing under the single name "Patericia" (sic). The group released an EP called No Sorrow in 1981. In the same year she assumed the surname Morrison after marrying Rick Morrison of Catholic Discipline.

Asked in a 2003 interview if it was difficult being taken seriously as a female musician in the 1970s, Patricia replied; "It wasn't difficult, it was impossible. You're either the singer or a keyboard player. The boys in bands humoured us which was nice, but it was punk that changed the male domination in music - for a while at least. Now it's girls to the background again, unless you have your ass and tits hanging out with a stylist and team of songwriters. Talent ain't what it used to be." "Any females I have played with have been strong characters and in some ways more single-minded than the men. Also, back then you had to try harder if you were a girl. As I started playing with women first, it never seemed odd or different to me- it was down to the individual’s personality so not much difference looking back on it. Male and female, we all had the same problems, issues, camaraderie and egos."

Morrison left Legal Weapon and joined the Gun Club in 1982, after persuasion from former Bags drummer Terry Graham. She played bass on their 1984 album The Las Vegas Story, and was one of the longer serving band members, before leaving after her second tour in late 1984. Morrison cites that although there were great times playing with the Gun Club and writing songs with singer Jeffrey Lee Pierce, ultimately she found it frustrating due to Pierce's uncooperative approach to business and his self-sabotaging tendencies; "realizing Jeffrey was his own worst enemy and despite loving the band it was going nowhere and I was finding it hard to watch".

At the start of 1985 and now living in London, Morrison formed the band Fur Bible with guitarist Kid Congo Powers, who had also exited the Gun Club after their 1984 UK tour. They also invited Tex Perkins, vocalist with Australian band Beasts Of Bourbon, having met him on the Gun Club's 1983 tour. Tex duly travelled to the UK to join them but was denied entry as he had not secured the necessary visa prior to leaving Australia. Fur Bible then played a short tour in Holland as backing band, with Morrison wearing a blonde Dolly Parton wig onstage, to the Legendary Stardust Cowboy, in order to reimburse the Dutch promoter who had paid for Tex's travel. Congo Powers had work permit issues which kept him in Amsterdam until June, by which time Tex was finally able to join them in London. However, it proved unsuccessful and Tex returned to Australia. Fur Bible released one vinyl EP, Plunder The Tombs, and embarked on a two-month tour opening for Siouxsie and the Banshees' 'Cities In Dust' tour. Fur Bible's final concert was in Maastricht in March 1986; the band had a further sixty dates lined up, but during the Banshees tour Morrison had been invited by Andrew Eldritch to join the Sisters of Mercy (who had supported the Gun Club on their 1983 UK tour), and she left Fur Bible. Kid Congo Powers accepted an offer to join Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds.

Morrison played on the 1986 album Gift (released under the group name the Sisterhood) and on the Sisters of Mercy's 1987 album Floodland. and appeared in the promo videos. According to Jennifer Park: "[T]he choice of Patricia Morrison as bassist - beginning with her work on Floodland (1987) - was not a decision made without weighing its aesthetic value. Music videos and promotional photographs showcased the perfect goth pin-up girl with her high arched eyebrows, black eyeliner, blood-red lips, teased-out hair, long black nails, and fetish-meets-renaissance wardrobe."

The Sisters of Mercy song "Lucretia My Reflection" was written by Eldritch about Morrison. The lyric compares her to the historical figure Lucrezia Borgia. Asked about her favourite memory from the Sisters of Mercy, Morrison recalled, "Petra, riding my little Arabian horse throughout the magnificent city"; this on location for the video shoot of Dominion. She left the band at the end of 1989, claiming money owed by Eldritch was not paid.

Due to an ongoing lawsuit with Eldritch, Morrison temporarily ceased working as a musician and instead became a motorcycle courier in London, later telling one interviewer; "I made more money than when I was with Sisters of Mercy, hahaha!". It ended when the bike was stolen, but by then Morrison was returning to music, and in 1994 released a solo album, Reflect on This. She put together a band and played a three month European tour, but found some of the musicians lacked the necessary commitment, and dissolved the group on return to the UK.

Morrison had been friends with, and a musical fan of, The Damned for 'many years', and in 1996 Captain Sensible suggested she join them to replace bassist Paul Gray, who had been injured by a beer glass thrown from the audience during a concert. The same year Morrison married the Damned's lead singer Dave Vanian in Las Vegas. Morrison played on The Damned's first album release in fifteen years, 2001's Grave Disorder, stating in one interview; 'It is the only recording I have ever played on that I am happy with and can listen to without wishing most of it were different.' As well as extensive touring with the band, she also took responsibility for arranging appearances and concerts. In 2005, after giving birth to the couple's child the previous year, Morrison officially retired from The Damned.

In 2019, Morrison provided the voice of the character Annabelle on horror punk band Creeper's sophomore album, Sex, Death & the Infinite Void.

title: Patricia Morrison


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Sausage Race/archive1

Sausage Race
This is a self-nomination. I'm relatively new here and was hoping for some pointers and suggestions from the community. This article is fairly complete and I want it to fit in. - User:Trweiss 09:44, 11 Feb 2005
 * haha! It made me laugh :-) that said, I think perhaps, er, "Sausagegate" could do with some NPOVing (see Neutral point of view. For instance, calling someone classy is kind of boosting them (which on any other site would be OK, but we don't hold those positions here). I personally think that bullet points where not really needed are evil, but that's just me :-) Can we get a source for "It's hard to say what accounts for the popularity of the sausage race. Undoubtedly, four adults dressed in oversized foamrubber sausage suits "competing" in a race is so absurd, so outrageously exaggerated, that it's hard not to smile. But that hardly explains the cult following. Perhaps Brewers' fans need something to cheer for other than the long-suffering home team." I know that sounds odd, but we don't allow for original research. Perhaps we could find a commentator who says that? Or perhaps it should be toned down a bit. Lastly (and I've done this for you), external links and references should be split into different sections. External links is really like further reading or interesting related links. References is for sources you've looked at to gather info on the article. For more info, see Cite sources. One last thing: you say that "The Associated Press quotes Laurel Prieb, Brewers vice president, as saying the sausages were introduced "as a lark" around 1995. At first, the sausages were just another dumb animated scoreboard race. Bringing them to life was key to their current popularity." Which article? We need a reference to it to add to the references section. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:11, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)