text:
Talk:The real McCoy

Elijah McCoy?
The source cited as evidence that the phrase arose from Elijah McCoy's lubricating device was actually a web page about how McCoy had nothing to do with the phrase, so it is in fact evidence against this contention. Unless someone finds a reliable source proponing Elijah McCoy's lubrication machine as a theory for the phrase this contention has no place in this article. --Dcowboys3109 (talk) 20:05, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

I agree with HughMor. I clearly recall from a Black history course at Rutgers University that the term "the real McCoy" originated from and refers to Elijah McCoy's lubricating device. -- ClaudetteRR 4/1/08

For a phrase rather than a film title, I think capitalization should be changed and this article moved to "The real McCoy". Thoughts, objections? -- Infrogmation 19:47, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * FWIW, I agree. -- Quuxplusone 06:52, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I heard from a history teacher that this phrase referred to Elijah McCoy and his machine lubricating device. -HughMor

I had confused this page with a disambiguation page. I doubt that the British sketch show was a source of the phrase. Remove it if you like. --Billpg 18:15, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Macao
For 'street' language it is quite possible, that originally the idiom borned due to MAcao, then ironically applied to Kid McCoy, and at last his fame overcome the origin and everyone forgot of Macao. So it might be a number of scenarios is true at the same time.

Us McCoy's are actually descendents of the MacKay's (Scotland) before we immigrated to Ireland and had our name Anglicized to MacCoy or McCoy. When we immigrated to the US because of the potato famines and of course many of us moved to the hills of Kentucky and West Virginia, I'm sure the term moved with us, giving credence to all the sources, at least as carrying the phrase on. With the MacKay one being the earliest, which I'd never heard of, I'd say the prize should go to it for origins, but to the others for keeping it going. Many phrases don't stand the test of time and need some of this kind of help. J. McCoy, 8-12-06

Kid McCoy
Hammermill Papers ran an ad in the 90’s: "The Real McCoy Wasn’t." I have a copy of this ad if anyone is interested. According to the Hammermill ad, Norman Selby left the farm in Indiana around 1890. A year later, he surface in the ring as Kid McCoy. The Kid was something. He said he’d fight anyone, anywhere, and he did. For years he averaged a fight a month, winning most by knockouts.

A hose of imitation Kid McCoys soon cropped up. But on March 24, 1899, any confusion ended for good. The Kid, in a titanic slugfest that cost him three broken ribs, finished off the legendary Joe Choynski in the 20th round.

The San Francisco Examiner’s boxing writer proclaimed, “NOW YOU’VE SEEN THE REAL McCOY!”

From that time on, the real McCoy implies the genuine article or in Coke language, “The real Thing.” jrfish 6-16-07

The real McCoy is about Elijah McCoy Greroja (talk) 16:02, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Just for what it's worth, Elijah McCoy was not the originator of the phrase here in the US but to my knowledge and experience it was in reference to his products. He was the creator of what is technically known as a hydrostatic displacement lubricator (it puts oil into the steam of any steam-fed device by condensing water from the steam to pressurize the oil to greater than the steam line pressure). He manufactured the original devices, and thence many other steam engine (locomotive, marine and stationary engine) accessories as the Detroit Lubricator Company. It was not part of the company's promotions, but it was well-known that Mr. McCoy was the owner and proprietor. As referenced in the Wiki article, his devices - all of them - were generally copied by competitors rather quickly, and in so doing they tended to omit various key parts or were made cheaply so they tended to be of inferior quality and limited longevity. It is well-known among people in the steam-engine profession and hobby in the US that the phrase "always ask for the real McCoy" is attributed to the purchase and use of these devices even if it wasn't an actual promoted advertising concept by Mr. McCoy or the Detroit Lubricator Company. The fact that the usage of the phrase was not part of their advertising, but was strictly word-of-mouth between working individuals compounds the dilemma of tracking the phase to a specific date or to this application. However, many phrases have their origins in the steam engine trades, which was then the apex of technology. "Balls to the walls", "making the grade," "highball," "blowing off some steam" and many others can be attributed to stationary, marine, and railroad applications of steam technologies. It is even said that the phrase "got things all wrapped up" originally referred to the completion of the difficult (and many times frustrating) task of applying lagging (insulation) that is put on steam boilers to improve efficiency.

T. Fuller —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.98.7.43 (talk) 05:54, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

"the real Mackay"?
"In Scotland the reference is always the real MacKay (with the ay pronounced as i).. In Ireland this changed to McCoy. The Irish MacKays, McCoys and Magees originated in Scotland, crossing to the Ulster Plantations in the 17th century."

Does anyone have a reference for this? Looking at the Origins section, this might have been the case, but I've never heard it used that way in Scotland. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.11.50.56 (talk) 13:50, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I don’t have a citation, just the experience, and “Real McKay” is how I have heard it used in Scotland - in the N.E./ Speyside whisky country (mostly in relation to whisky, as it happens,but not always McKay’s!) it seems to be a compliment, to suggest that what you have been given to drink (or eat) is good. Perhaps it’s a regional thing, if you have lived/ been elsewhere in the country? In one of his "Star Trek" adaptations, James Blish used the title “The Unreal McCoy” for the TV story “The Man Trap”, and at the time I just thought it was a bad pun, not an actual expression in use. Jock123 (talk) 11:13, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

NLCast
"the username of someone on the NLCast forums, who guest hosted in episode 60."

This is confusing. What is NLCast? http://nobodyslistening.net/feed/?http://nobodyslistening.net/feed/?

It sounds like it's talking about a internet forums. If so, this stands out as probibly false. I'm fairly certain this term is older than the internet (All other possible origins are Pre-internet. and it would be fairly easy to confirm if it was pre-internet. ) (Foolster41) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.183.183.7 (talk) 07:44, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

I see someone added more information saying it's the name of "caleb". Who "Caleb" is not known. I'm just removing the line since I'm about 80% certain that this phrase predates the internet. (Foolster41) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.183.183.7 (talk) 07:35, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Heh. Never mind. Someone beat me to it just now. Thanks. (Foolster41)

I think that this NLCast business might just have some truth to it —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.210.142.6 (talk) 21:45, 29 March 2008 (UTC) i belive the was a black inventor named elisha mcoy and when people would call him the real mcoy —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.138.207.113 (talk) 02:04, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Found 1846 (older) reference than stated
I have found in an 1846 copy of Niles National Register, Volume 70, page 411 the phrase "the real McKay" which pertains to a bill. This is an older source than anyone else seems to have published relative to the discussion of the origin. We need to revise the article. Here's the source. ⋙–Berean–Hunter—► ((⊕)) 02:43, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Also, I've found an 1898 publishing of the "real McCoy" in the U.S. (New York) of Wallace Lloyd's Houses of glass: A philosophical romance page 104....which means the article is wrong about the 1908 publishing for the U.S.
 * There is also an 1881 Canadian publishing of the "real McCoy" in, The rise and fall of the "Union club": or, Boy life in Canada By James S. Bond, which has the phrase on page 1. ⋙–Berean–Hunter—►  ((⊕)) 02:56, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Update: The Niles Register may be a coincidental occurrence but not as the standalone compound so I've restored the 1856 listing as first. ⋙–Berean–Hunter—►  ((⊕)) 16:59, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

More about Elijah McCoy / Organizing this article
Elijah McCoy: An article at BrightHub has the most thorough account I've seen of Elijah McCoy's career, including an advertisement linking an image of him to the phrase "Real McCoy." It leads to the conclusion that the phrase was not coined because of Elijah McCoy, but his manufacturing company did use the well-known phrase in its advertising, beginning after McCoy's death in 1929.

McCoy's invention of an automatic lubricating system for steam engines was superior to those of imitators, according to BrightHub. Another tertiary source dates McCoy's patent for the device to 1872 (the first of at least 57 patents he received in his lifetime). However there is no evidence that customers actually insisted on "the real McCoy" when ordering the devices, nor is there evidence for the widely quoted phrase "always ask for the real McCoy." None of the online sources that repeat that phrase have documented it.

What we do know is that after McCoy's death in 1929, the McCoy Manufacturing Co. used the phrase "It's the Real McCoy," with the last two words in large type. The slogan depends on readers already being familiar with the phrase "real McCoy" as a term for something genuine and desirable. So our first evidence of the phrase as related to Elijah McCoy is from 1929 or after, more than sixty years after "the real MacKay/McKie/McCoy" crossed the ocean from Scotland.

Organizing this article: So what should we do with all these half-baked theories about the origin of "the real McCoy"? Well, the most helpful discussion I've seen, either in print or online, is the article at snopes.com that debunks Elijah McCoy's claim to the title, then goes on to discuss evidence for other claims. Based on that discussion (and avoiding original research), I suggest:

1. Describing the consensus in favor of the "the real McKay," referring to the Scottish whisky.

2. The fame of the boxer called "the real McCoy" as a factor in making the phrase well known in the United States.

3. People and things that came later and capitalized on the popularity of the phrase. (Elijah McCoy's company belongs here.)

4. Examples of false etymology concerning the phrase. (The Hatfields and McCoys belong here.)

Some cases, like that of Joseph McCoy, will be dubious. If we can't point to a source indicating that he actually was called "the real McCoy," then I would place him in the fourth category as a false etymology.

Comments? Should we incubate a rewrite?

Amended to correct my incorrect statement that Elijah McCoy was missing from the article. — ℜob C. alias ÀLAROB  16:04, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Please take a look at Elijah McCoy. As you note (now), he is mentioned (briefly) in the Real McCoy article, which discusses this extensively.  Hope that helps.  Happy editing.   7&6=thirteen (☎) 16:08, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Also, you state "It leads to the conclusion that the phrase was not coined because of Elijah McCoy, but his manufacturing company did use the well-known phrase in its advertising, beginning after McCoy's death in 1929.". That is your conclusion as the article does not say any such thing. They may have been using this phrase during his lifetime. ⋙–Berean–Hunter—►  16:44, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

 * It's true that McCoy's company may have used the phrase during his lifetime, but that still doesn't take is far enough into the past to antedate other uses of the phrase "the real McCoy," which was a slang term by 1881. McCoy had patented his invention before 1881, and produced many other patented innovations over the years, but he got little credit for his achievements until starting his own company in 1920. As a black man in a racist society, he could not get a professional job despite his advanced education, so it would be remarkable if his name had somehow become a byword for quality. As is discussed in Elijah McCoy, engineering texts at the time have almost nothing to say about McCoy even when discussing lubrication systems like the one he patented. He managed to find investors, but he had to make concessions to them, so his work apparently was not associated with his name until he started his own company — in 1920. Even then, the "real McCoy" ad displayed with the BrightHub article (an image I haven’t yet seen anywhere else) dates from after McCoy's death in 1929. The phrase was already in widespread use for almost 50 years by then. — ℜob C. alias ÀLAROB  20:47, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Frankly, we don't even know for certain that the Brighthub "Real McCoy" ad is original. It looks to me like a clumsy Photoshop effort. 82.132.136.200 (talk) 10:45, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

 * This show me as an american that we have not come very far as people, the fact the something so outlandish could be used to discredit a great american that is already understated. I used to defend Wikipedia when people said that is was not a credible source, now I see how it can be a tool for people to push their personal agenda.  Look at the reference used, the first written, remotely american published document came from Mccoy's home country of Canada, which I'm sure they would have known of a hometown kid making good in the states.  It's not like train conductors and mechanics go around publishing their sayings in notable forums today with the internet; we expect them to do so during the 1800's?  If he himself was a part of the train conductor community, other train conductors or oilers would have heard of such an advance in technology that made their jobs so much easier, and most certainly would have known the name of a person that came from their ranks to make such a improvement, probably shopping it around himself for a while before seeking a patent. Not to mention that he had numerous other inventions to his credit that had others to try and duplicate, which was probably this country's first introductions to knockoffs, which make more sense since that is the context in which americans use this phrase and not in reference to irish names or literature.  This game of, Documented Evidence over Human Logic is getting out of control.  Im not a scholar and don't clam to be or have to be to see right through this.  Its seems that for this entry the most illogical possibility was used, and may be poisoning the minds of those that use this website to search for truth. Sorry, I have no references except my own common sense, and what I learned in school.  You should rewrite this, ASAP, Hope this Helps...

ref?
"Elijah McCoy is often overlooked, but McCoy was a Canadian-born inventor, possibly linking his legacy to a Canadian publication. McCoy was also educated in Scotland, where he may easily have been exposed to the phrase "The real MacKay", whether he himself was a drinker or not. And lastly, the Canadian publication The Rise and Fall of the "Union club" which is first credited with the sudden and mysterious popular change from MacKay to McCoy was published at least 9 years after Elijah McCoy's invention of his famous oil-dripping cup. Elijah McCoy is often cited as a sure mythical contribution to the term "The real McCoy"(as opposed to the original Scottish term) however, the facts draw stronger parallels than most of the other possibilities listed above."

How is the above a reference? ⋙–Berean–Hunter—► 19:28, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

Etymology half explained
Drop of what? A hat? Liquid?

MacKay what? A person? A brand?

Please say so in the article. Jidanni (talk) 11:32, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

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"The Real McCoys" was a television series
I know that Star Trek is hugely popular in the Wikipedia community, but there was a very popular American television series that predated "Star Trek TOS".

"The Real McCoys" ran for six seasons so it deserves more accolades than "Star Trek TOS" and should be mentioned at the top in the "In Popular Culture" section. Matthewota (talk) 12:36, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The real McCoy


text:
Freebird (disambiguation)

"Freebird", or "Free Bird", is a 1974 song by Lynyrd Skynyrd.

Freebird may also refer to:

 * Freebird (2008 film), a British comedy film by Jon Ivay
 * Freebird (2021 film), a Canadian 2D animated short film
 * Freebird, 1999 play by Jon Ivay, the source for the film
 * Free Bird Innovations, an American aircraft manufacturer
 * Freebird I, an American single-seat kit aircraft
 * Freebird II, an American two-seat kit aircraft
 * Freebird Airlines, Turkish holiday charter airline
 * Freebird Records, Dutch independent record label
 * Dorna Free Bird, an Iranian light-sport aircraft

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Freebird (disambiguation)


text:
Slingerland Drum Company

Slingerland is a United States manufacturer of drums. The company was founded in 1912 and enjoyed several decades of prominence in the industry before the 1980s. After ceasing operation in the early 1980s, Slingerland was acquired by Gibson, who briefly revived it and owned it until November 2019, before selling Slingerland to DW Drums, who announced the intention of re-launching the brand. Slingerland is strongly associated with jazz drummers, such as Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich, who played signature instruments made by the company. Although primarily known for its drums, in the 1930s Slingerland also produced electric and acoustic guitars, violins, mandolins, banjos and ukuleles.

History
The "Slingerland Banjo Company" was founded by Henry Heanon (H.H.) Slingerland (1875–1946) in 1912. Slingerland had won a correspondence school of music in a card game aboard one of the gaming boats that once cruised Lake Michigan. He then opened a music school in Chicago, and soon turned to manufacturing musical instruments as well. As its name indicated, the company started out producing banjos while importing ukuleles from Germany, but set up its own production because it could not meet demand. Soon, they produced their own musical instruments and eventually, also guitars (including electric guitars from 1936 or earlier). Production of snare drums was started in 1926 in answer to the entry of the Ludwig & Ludwig drum company into the banjo market.

A resourceful and energetic businessman, H.H. established an extensive dealer network throughout the U.S., the then-territory of Hawaii (in the early 1930s) and China. After H.H.'s death from a stroke, the company was run by his wife, Nona, and one of their children, Henry Jr. The company's manufacturing plant was later moved from Chicago proper to Niles, a suburb in Cook County, Illinois.

Although the Slingerland company was best known as a drum kit manufacturer, it also made guitars in the 1930s. The Songster electric guitar, featured in a 1939 company catalog, pre-dates Les Paul's "log" guitar and is probably the earliest Spanish-style solid-body electric guitar model. The guitar's pickup includes individual string magnets as well as a large horseshoe magnet. Slingerland ceased making electric instruments in 1940 in order to exclusively focus on producing percussion instruments.

The company remained in the Slingerland family until 1970, but continued to be a prominent drum manufacturer throughout the 1970s. After introducing the Magnum series in 1982, Slingerland lost its footing, and the company folded in 1986. Slingerland changed ownership multiple times until it was acquired from Gretsch (part of the Gibson Guitar Corporation by then) in 1994. Gibson revived the brand, but had limited success, due to premium pricing and poor economic conditions.

In 1998, Slingerland released a model based on its Gene Krupa signature drum kit.

In 2018, much if not all of the remaining warehouse stock of Slingerland drums, including bare shells, hardware and complete drum sets, were sold as a result of Gibson's bankruptcy auction to a private individual who proceeded to liquidate the remaining stock via eBay. This included drums produced in Nashville and in Taiwan.

On November 25, 2019, it was announced that DW Drums had taken over ownership of the Slingerland brand from Gibson.

Radio King
Slingerland's most famous product line is the Radio King series of drums. These drums were introduced in 1936–37, and remained Slingerland's flagship snare drums and drum sets until 1957, when the Radio King model briefly disappeared from the product line. Between 1960 and 1962, Radio Kings were reintroduced. Older Radio Kings are obsessively collected by vintage drum enthusiasts. Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich were both Radio King endorsers.

The original Radio King snare drum is distinguished by its construction: rather than several plies of mahogany, like most snare drums of the era, a Radio King drum was created from a single piece of steam-bent maple with solid maple reinforcement rings to assist in keeping the drum round under the pressure of the metal hardware attached to it. Single-ply wood drums are known for their resonance and bright tone.

Radio King bass drums and tom-toms were made from mahogany, with maple reinforcement hoops. These drums are known for their "thuddy" sound; very warm, with quick decay.

The popularity of the old Slingerland Radio King snare drum is evidenced by a myriad of professional drummers who still used the snare in 2017, despite endorsing other brands.

Rolling Bomber
A departure from the standard Slingerland product line occurred during World War II when wood was used to manufacture drum parts that had traditionally been made of brass, chrome, nickel, and steel. This was due to the high demand for metals needed for the war effort. These drums were named the "Rolling Bomber" series, and are highly collectible.

Rock and Roll
The Rock and Roll era of the 1960s and 1970s was a good time for many American drum companies, including Slingerland, although its main competitor, Ludwig, had the advantage of being endorsed by Ringo Starr, but Slingerland, too, produced drums in that era and had robust sales. Beside long time endorser Buddy Rich, Slingerland in the 1970s garnered drummers Danny Seraphine with Chicago and Nigel Olsson, the drummer for Elton John, and Neil Peart of Rush. Short-lived in the 1970s was Slingerland's version of Ludwig Vistalite drums. They stopped production quickly after their introduction due to a patent infringement suit and a cease and desist warrant from Ludwig regarding Slingerland's foray into acrylic drums. These drums today remain collectible.

Marching drums
Slingerland marching drums were produced as early as the 1920s. By the 1970s, the Slingerland line of marching equipment had become very popular in marching bands, colleges, and drum corps. During the late 1970s, Slingerland introduced its TDR marching snare drum, with a novel strainer and synthetic-gut snare that produced a distinctive sound. Another late-70s innovation was the Slingerland cutaway multi-tenors that were carried in trio, quad, or quint arrangements. The cutaway design was first used in 1977 by the Santa Clara Vanguard under drum captain Fred Sanford and the Oakland Crusaders under Tom Float. Famous drum corps such as the 27th Lancers Drum and Bugle Corps of Revere, Massachusetts under Charlie Poole, the Bridgemen of Bayonne, New Jersey under Dennis Delucia, the Chicago Cavaliers under Gus Barbaro and Brian Callahan, the Pittsburgh Royal Crusaders and the General Butler Vagabonds all used Slingerland equipment in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In the early 1980s, Slingerland was gaining significant market share, but the company was sold, and corporate finances fell apart. By the late 1980s, Slingerland had fallen behind technologically, and Ludwig-Musser, and especially Pearl drums, began to pick up its market share.

Manufacturing
For most of the company's pre-1970s history, Slingerland's manufacturing processes were not standardized in the way that modern large-scale manufacturing companies' are. Exceptions to nearly every strict product taxonomy existed. This is due in large part to the fact that parts would often be left over from year to year and would be used by workers even though some of those parts had been officially discontinued from the line.

Legacy
Jean-Paul Gaster of the American rock band Clutch uses Slingerland drums, and is described as one of the last drummers to play rock using "vintage weapons," besides Neil Hennessy of the punk rock band the Lawrence Arms.

Jamie Oliver, veteran drummer of English punk rock band UK Subs, frequently appears live with his beloved vintage silver tone Slingerland.

title: Slingerland Drum Company


text:
Blue-and-yellow macaw

The blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), also known as the blue-and-gold macaw, is a large Neotropical parrot with a mostly blue dorsum, light yellow/orange venter, and gradient hues of green on top of its head. It is a member of the large group of neotropical parrots known as macaws. It inhabits forest (especially varzea, but also in open sections of terra firme or unflooded forest), woodland and savannah of tropical Central and South America, as well as the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean. They are popular in aviculture because of their striking color, ability to talk, ready availability in the marketplace, and close bonding to humans. It is the most commonly kept macaw species in captivity worldwide as a pet or companion parrot and is also the cheapest among the large macaws.

Taxonomy
The blue-and-yellow macaw was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus ararauna. This macaw is now one of the eight extant species within the Ara genus, first proposed in 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède. The genus name is from ará meaning "macaw" in the Tupi language of Brazil. The word is an onomatopoeia based on the sound of their call. The specific epithet ararauna comes from the Tupi Arára úna meaning "big dark parrot" for the hyacinth macaw. The word ararauna had been used by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in 1648 in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description
These birds can reach a length of 76 - 86 cm and weigh 0.9 - 1.5 kg, making them some of the larger members of their family. They are vivid in appearance with bright aqua blue feathers on the top of their body except for the head, which is lime colored. The bottom, however, is a rich deep yellow/light orange. Their beak is black, as well as the feathers under their chin. Its feet are of a gray color, save for black talons. The bird has white skin, with its face having nearly no feathers beside a few black ones spaced apart from each other forming a striped pattern around the eyes. The irises are pale light yellow.

Blue-and-yellow macaws can live from 30 to 35 years in the wild, and reach sexual maturity between the ages of 3 and 6 years.

Little variation in plumage is seen across the range. Some birds have a more orange or "butterscotch" underside color, particularly on the breast. This was often seen in Trinidad birds and others of the Caribbean area. The blue-and-yellow macaw uses its powerful beak for breaking nutshells, and for climbing up and hanging from trees. As well as nuts, it will also feed on seeds, fruits, vegetable matter, bark and leaves, also insects, snails and small animals.

Distribution and habitat
This species occurs in Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela, Guyana, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Paraguay. The range extends slightly into Central America, where it is restricted to Panama. While most breed in rural and forested areas, small numbers breed in urban cities such as Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil, nesting in dead palms planted for ornamental purposes alongside city roads. Although they were nearly wiped out in Trinidad due to human activity during the 1970s, a recent programme of reintroduction has proved successful. Between 1999 and 2003, wild-caught blue-and-yellow macaws were translocated from Guyana to Trinidad, in an attempt to reestablish the species in a protected area around the Nariva Swamp; despite this, the IUCN still lists them as extirpated from the country. A small breeding population descended from introduced birds is found in Puerto Rico, and another has inhabited Miami-Dade County, Florida, since the mid-1980s.

Breeding

The blue-and-yellow macaw generally mates for life. They nest almost exclusively in dead palms and most nests are in Mauritia flexuosa palms. The female typically lays two or three eggs. The female incubates the eggs for about 28 days. One chick is dominant and gets most of the food; the others perish in the nest. Chicks fledge from the nest about 97 days after hatching. The male bird's color signals readiness for breeding. The brighter and bolder the colors, the better the chance of getting a mate.

Conservation and threats
The blue-and-yellow macaw is on the verge of being extirpated in Paraguay, but it still remains widespread and fairly common in a large part of mainland South America. The species is therefore listed as Least Concern by BirdLife International. Its wild population has not been quantified but is believed to be above 10,000 individuals and is in decline. It is listed on CITES Appendix II, trade restricted.

Aviculture
Even well-tended blue-and-yellow macaws are known to "scream" for attention, and make other loud noises. Loud vocalizations, especially "flock calls", and destructive chewing are natural parts of their behavior and should be expected in captivity. Due to their large size, they also require plentiful space in which to fly around. According to World Parrot Trust, an enclosure for a blue-and-yellow macaw should, if possible, be at least 50 ft in length. Captive macaws, kept with good diet, exercise, and veterinary care are known to have lived 60 or more years. People considering a macaw as a companion parrot must be aware of this and consider that the bird may outlive the owner.

The blue-and-yellow macaw has been noted to blush its bare facial skin and fluff the feathers of its cheeks, head and nape when interacting with humans. This may be an expression of the parrot's emotional state.

title: Blue-and-yellow macaw


text:
Milbank (disambiguation)

Milbank LLP is an international law firm.

Milbank may also refer to:

People

 * Frederick Milbank (1820–1898), English peer and politician
 * Powlett Milbank (1881–1964), English peer and politician
 * Mark Milbank (1907–1984), British Army officer and courtier
 * Jane Hungerford Milbank (1871–1931), American suffragette
 * Jeremiah Milbank (1818–1884), American businessman
 * John Milbank (born 1952), English Anglican theologian
 * Dana Milbank (born 1968), US journalist

Places

 * Milbank, New South Wales
 * Milbank, South Dakota
 * Milbank, Virginia

Other

 * Milbank baronets, title in the Baronetage of England created 1882
 * Milbank Quarterly, medical journal

title: Milbank (disambiguation)


text: Category:2010s in rail transport

title: Category:2010s in rail transport


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title: Category:Domain name stubs


text: User talk:208.4.87.150

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text: Category:2000s in rail transport

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text:
Lyubov Speranskaya

Lyubov Lvovna Speranskaya (1918–2010; Сперанская Любовь Львовна nee Stein) was a People's Artist of the Republic of Tatarstan, a member of the Russian Artist's Union, the first female scenographer in Tatarstan, a theatre artist, a portraitist, a graphic painter, a ceramist, an ethnographer, and a participant in World War II.

Living in Leningrad (today Saint-Petersburg) in 1941, she finished Leningrad State University and was then mobilized for the children's evacuation from besieged Leningrad. She worked as a tutor until 1944 in a remote village in the Sarmanovsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan. There, she discovered Tatar art. The singularity and charm of Tatar art fascinated her for years, especially the origin of some elements of the art, the character of national clothes, and utensils.

She spent many years of work in museum fonds in Kazan, Volga region, and other cities. In 1972, after 25 years of work, she published the Kostyumi Kazanskikh Tatar (National Clothes of the Kazan Tatars), an illustrated history book. It is considered a premier work in this field.

At the same time as began to work as an artist in TGTO&B, she became a follower of Pyotr Tikhonovich Speranski, a scenographer and the creator of Tatar national decorative art. She would later marry him. She finished Art College in 1953. The first playbill containing her name appeared in 1946. From 1953 to 1957, Speranskaya worked as chief artist in Kazan Dolls Theatre. After 1957, she worked as a stage-art director in Kazan theatres, and she was invited to other cities of the Russian Federation (Ijevsk, Chelyabinsk, Cheboksary, Yoshkar-Ola, Siktivkar, Petrozavodsk, Moscow, etc.). She worked on more than 100 theatre productions. She became famous as a scenographic producer and master of scenic and national clothes.

Her theatre and scenic costumes as a rule turn to character with its own psychology, national characteristics and spirit of the time. Speranskaya was a constant participant in different theatre art exhibitions in Tatarstan, Russia, the former Soviet Union and international exhibitions. She has a diploma for participation in the Russian Exhibition Bolshaya Volga (The Great Volga).

title: Lyubov Speranskaya


text:
Cliff Branch

Clifford Branch Jr. (August 1, 1948 – August 3, 2019) was an American football wide receiver who played with the Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders during his entire 14-year National Football League (NFL) career. He won three NFL championships with the Raiders in Super Bowl XI, XV and XVIII. He was selected by the Raiders in the fourth round of the 1972 NFL draft after playing college football for the Colorado Buffaloes. He was posthumously elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2022.

College career
Branch attended college at the University of Colorado Boulder, where he was a sprinter on the track team and a receiver on the football team. In football with the Buffaloes in 1970, he caught 23 passes for 355 yards, had 22 carries for 119 yards and one touchdown. In 1971, he had 13 catches for 330 yards and 3 touchdowns along with 9 carries for 235 yards and 4 touchdowns.

In track, Branch set an NCAA championship meet record in the 100 meters with a time of 10.0 seconds at the 1972 NCAA championships semifinal in Eugene, Oregon. Branch placed 5th in the final with 10.1, and he said "My goal has always been to win the NCAA 100 meter championship. This is my last track meet, since I expect to sign a pro contract with the Oakland Raiders within the next two weeks." He also posted a personal best of 20.5 seconds in the 200 meters. He graduated from Colorado in 1972.

Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders
Branch was selected in the fourth round of the 1972 NFL draft with the 98th overall pick by the Oakland Raiders. He spent his entire 14-year NFL career with the Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders, winning three Super Bowl rings in Super Bowl XI, Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII.

Branch had a slow start to his career, as his 1972 season consisted of one start in 14 games with three combined catches for 41 yards. 1973 was slightly better, as he caught 19 catches for 290 yards in total for three touchdowns. In the October 14 game against the San Diego Chargers, he caught his first touchdown pass, doing so on a pass from Ken Stabler in the 27–17 win. His third season proved his moment. He caught 60 passes for 13 touchdowns and 1,092 yards (the former two were career highs). He went to the Pro Bowl while also being named First-team All-Pro, owing to him leading the league in yards, touchdowns, and yards per game as a receiver. In the postseason, he had his best game for the AFC Championship, where he caught nine passes for 186 yards and a touchdown, but the Raiders lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 24–13. In his 22 games as a receiver in the postseason, it was the first of three 100-yard games and it was the most catches he had in said game.

Branch would have a four-year peak that resulted in Pro Bowl (four) and All-Pro selections (three), with the 1976 season resulting in a career high 1,111 yards to go with 12 touchdowns on 46 catches. That year, the Raiders won their first championship, and Branch caught nine combined passes in three games for under 50 yards each, but they still prevailed in the Super Bowl regardless. In his final season of play with the Raiders in 1985, his season ended prematurely when he was placed on the injured reserve list. In 1986, he again landed on the reserve list after suffering a pulled hamstring during the preseason.

After having caught 212 passes for 3,967 yards and 43 touchdowns in his first six years, Branch played the remaining eight seasons with steady but eventual decline. He caught at least 27 passes in seven of those years for at least 400 yards, with the 1980 season (44 catches, 858 yards, 7 touchdowns) being his last hit year.

On October 2, 1983, Branch caught the longest pass by a Raider, as he caught a 99-yard pass from Jim Plunkett in the second quarter versus the Washington Redskins. It was his only catch in the 37–35 loss, but he remains the only Raider to catch a 99-yard pass.

1983 would see the Los Angeles Raiders rather easily defeat Pittsburgh and Seattle in the AFC playoffs to make Super Bowl XVIII where they would play the defending champion Washington Redskins. Branch would catch 6 passes for 94 yards and score a touchdown in the Raiders 38-9 win, giving the Raiders their 3rd Super Bowl win for the franchise and Branch played in all 3 of them. Branch finished his NFL career with 501 receptions for 8,685 yards and 67 touchdowns. In 20 playoff contests, he compiled 73 receptions for 1,289 yards, an average of 17.7 yards per catch, and five touchdowns. He held the NFL career playoff records for receptions and receiving yards, which stood until they were broken by Jerry Rice in 1993 and 1994, respectively, while with the San Francisco 49ers. Among his individual accolades were being selected to four consecutive Pro Bowl teams (1974, 1975, 1976, and 1977), and three times being selected as a first-team All-Pro (1974, 1975, 1976). In addition, he led the NFL in receiving yards once (1974) and receiving touchdowns twice (1974, 1976).

Later years
Branch played for the Los Angeles Cobras of the Arena Football League in 1988, their only season of existence.

He was cited by the NFL Network as #5 on players not in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, noted for his speed at the position of wide receiver while being overshadowed by receivers of his time like Pittsburgh rivals Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, and teammate Fred Biletnikoff. Minus Swann (whose numbers were considerably lower), Branch had comparable statistics to each of those players as each have over 500 receptions and 8,000 yards.

He was a nominee to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and was a semifinalist in 2004 and 2010. In 2011, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Branch to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2011.

On August 24, 2021, Branch was posthumously selected as the seniors finalist for the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2022. On February 10, 2022, he was selected for enshrinement in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Death
Branch died on August 3, 2019, two days after his 71st birthday. His body was found in a hotel room in Bullhead City, Arizona. According to police his death was due to natural causes, based on an initial investigative report.

title: Cliff Branch


text:
BHD

BHD may refer to:
 * Bahraini dinar, the currency of Bahrain (ISO 4217: BHD)
 * Berhad (Bhd.), a Malaysian form of company
 * Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome, a genetic disorder
 * Black Hawk Down (book), a 1999 non-fiction book by Mark Bowden
 * Black Hawk Down (film), a 2001 dramatisation
 * Delta Force: Black Hawk Down, a 2003 video game
 * Bulkhead (disambiguation)
 * George Best Belfast City Airport, Northern Ireland (IATA: BHD)

title: BHD


text:
Talk:Diallage

Mineral Status
Something seemed a bit unusual when I came to this page, since I spent a lot of time on the pyroxenes in college, and never once heard this "mineral" come up. So, I did some checking, and according to MinDat, it is not a valid mineral species, but is rather just an archaic name for a collection of minerals. While I appreciate the desire to use free resources like the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, I do not think it should be at the expense of accuracy. Can anyone else who has a recent mineralogy text handy confirm or deny this? Baryonyx 19:58, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diallage


text:
Lester Hayes

Lester Craig Hayes (born January 22, 1955) is an American former professional football cornerback who played for the Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders of the National Football League (NFL).

Hayes was commonly referred to as "the Judge" and "Lester the Molester" because of his bump-and-run coverage. He had a distinct stance, crouching very low when facing the opposing wide receiver. He was also known for using stickum before it was banned in 1981 by a rule bearing his name. He had been introduced to it by Fred Biletnikoff, who unlike Hayes, has made it to the Pro Football Hall of Fame; Hayes shares the all-time club record in interceptions with 39 with Willie Brown. Hayes' season with 13 interceptions in 1980 is tied for second-most in a season all-time and the most in the last 40 seasons.

College career
In college starting in 1973, Hayes played for the Texas A&M Aggies. He first played defensive end as a freshman and then linebacker and safety as a sophomore. During his junior and senior years, Hayes settled in as a safety and became an All-American for his play at safety.

Professional career
Hayes was converted to cornerback after being chosen by the Raiders in the fifth round of the 1977 draft. Hayes helped contribute to the Raiders' two Super Bowl wins in 1980 and 1983. Hayes was a one-time All-Pro (1980) and a five-time Pro Bowler (1980–1984).

Hayes was known as one of the greatest shutdown cornerbacks in NFL history. In 1980, he led the NFL with 13 interceptions, tied for second-most with Dan Sandifer, who had set it in 1948, and behind Dick "Night Train" Lane with 14 in 1952, and was named AP Defensive Player of the Year and the NEA Defensive Player of the Year. Hayes added five more interceptions in Oakland's three playoff games, as they advanced to a victory in Super Bowl XV

A big Star Wars fan, during pregame interviews for Super Bowl XVIII, Hayes declared himself the "only true Jedi" in the NFL. His best performance was probably in Super Bowl XVIII. Hayes had only one tackle, but that was because he so effectively covered Charlie Brown and Art Monk that Joe Theismann hardly threw to the left side of the field. During his last four seasons, he formed a partnership with Mike Haynes that has been considered one of the best in league history. Hayes and Haynes gave the Raiders the luxury of having two shutdown corners. They are widely reckoned as being the prototypes for a generation of speedy and physical cornerbacks.

Hayes retired after the 1986 season with a total of 39 interceptions (including four defensive touchdowns), a Raider record shared with Hall of Famer Willie Brown. He moved to Modesto, California in 1994 for a more "quiet life."

In 2012, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Hayes to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2012.

Stickum usage
Hayes was introduced to Stickum, an adhesive substance used by players to improve their grip, in his 1977 rookie season by Hall of Fame wide receiver and fellow teammate Fred Biletnikoff. Instead of just applying a small amount to his hands, though, he began to slather it all over his arms and even his uniform, drawing more and more attention to it. Hayes later described the influence the adhesive had on his career, saying that before being introduced to it in his rookie year, he "couldn't catch a cold in Antarctica".

The use of Stickum was banned by the NFL after the 1980 season. In the six seasons that Hayes played following the banning of Stickum, he had 14 total interceptions, compared to the 25 that he had in his first four seasons. However, he was named to the Pro Bowl and selected as a second-team All-Pro four times after 1980. Hayes later stated that alongside lingering thumb injuries, the Stickum ban contributed to a decline in his later career. Fred Biletnikoff and Jerry Rice, both of whom have admitted their usage of Stickum, have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, while Hayes has not been. He was a finalist four times (2001–2004) and a semifinalist six times (2005–2010).

title: Lester Hayes


text: Category:1980s in rail transport

title: Category:1980s in rail transport


text: Category:1970s in rail transport

title: Category:1970s in rail transport


text: Category:1960s in rail transport

title: Category:1960s in rail transport


text: Category:1950s in rail transport

title: Category:1950s in rail transport


text:
Enantioselective synthesis

Sharpless Dihydroxylation Scheme.png reaction the chirality of the product can be controlled by the "AD-mix" used. This is an example of enantioselective synthesis using asymmetric induction

Key: RL = Largest substituent; RM = Medium-sized substituent; RS = Smallest substituent]] Enantioselective synthesis, also called asymmetric synthesis, is a form of chemical synthesis. It is defined by IUPAC as "a chemical reaction (or reaction sequence) in which one or more new elements of chirality are formed in a substrate molecule and which produces the stereoisomeric (enantiomeric or diastereomeric) products in unequal amounts."

Put more simply: it is the synthesis of a compound by a method that favors the formation of a specific enantiomer or diastereomer. Enantiomers are stereoisomers that have opposite configurations at every chiral center. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that differ at one or more chiral centers.

Enantioselective synthesis is a key process in modern chemistry and is particularly important in the field of pharmaceuticals, as the different enantiomers or diastereomers of a molecule often have different biological activity.

Overview

Many of the building blocks of biological systems such as sugars and amino acids are produced exclusively as one enantiomer. As a result, living systems possess a high degree of chemical chirality and will often react differently with the various enantiomers of a given compound. Examples of this selectivity include:
 * Flavour: the artificial sweetener aspartame has two enantiomers. L -aspartame tastes sweet whereas D -aspartame is tasteless.
 * Odor: R-(–)-carvone smells like spearmint whereas S-(+)-carvone smells like caraway.
 * Drug effectiveness: the antidepressant drug Citalopram is sold as a racemic mixture. However, studies have shown that only the (S)-(+) enantiomer is responsible for the drug's beneficial effects.
 * Drug safety: D ‑penicillamine is used in chelation therapy and for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis whereas L ‑penicillamine is toxic as it inhibits the action of pyridoxine, an essential B vitamin.

As such enantioselective synthesis is of great importance but it can also be difficult to achieve. Enantiomers possess identical enthalpies and entropies and hence should be produced in equal amounts by an undirected process – leading to a racemic mixture. Enantioselective synthesis can be achieved by using a chiral feature that favors the formation of one enantiomer over another through interactions at the transition state. This biasing is known as asymmetric induction and can involve chiral features in the substrate, reagent, catalyst, or environment and works by making the activation energy required to form one enantiomer lower than that of the opposing enantiomer.

Enantioselectivity is usually determined by the relative rates of an enantiodifferentiating step—the point at which one reactant can become either of two enantiomeric products. The rate constant, k, for a reaction is function of the activation energy of the reaction, sometimes called the energy barrier, and is temperature-dependent. Using the Gibbs free energy of the energy barrier, ΔG*, means that the relative rates for opposing stereochemical outcomes at a given temperature, T, is:

 * $$\frac{k_1}{k_2} = 10^\frac{\Delta \Delta G^*}{T \times 1.98 \times 2.3}$$

This temperature dependence means the rate difference, and therefore the enantioselectivity, is greater at lower temperatures. As a result, even small energy-barrier differences can lead to a noticeable effect.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! ΔΔG* (kcal) !colspan=2 |$k_{1}⁄k_{2}$ at 273 K !colspan=2 |$k_{1}⁄k_{2}$ at 298 K !colspan=2 |$k_{1}⁄k_{2}$ at 323 K)
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Enantioselective catalysis
Enantioselective catalysis (known traditionally as "asymmetric catalysis") is performed using chiral catalysts, which are typically chiral coordination complexes. Catalysis is effective for a broader range of transformations than any other method of enantioselective synthesis. The chiral metal catalysts are almost invariably rendered chiral by using chiral ligands, but it is possible to generate chiral-at-metal complexes composed entirely of achiral ligands. Most enantioselective catalysts are effective at low substrate/catalyst ratios. Given their high efficiencies, they are often suitable for industrial scale synthesis, even with expensive catalysts. A versatile example of enantioselective synthesis is asymmetric hydrogenation, which is used to reduce a wide variety of functional groups.

The design of new catalysts is dominated by the development of new classes of ligands. Certain ligands, often referred to as "privileged ligands", are effective in a wide range of reactions; examples include BINOL, Salen, and BOX. Most catalysts are effective for only one type of asymmetric reaction. For example, Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation with BINAP/Ru requires a β-ketone, although another catalyst, BINAP/diamine-Ru, widens the scope to α,β-alkenes and aromatic chemicals.

Chiral auxiliaries
A chiral auxiliary is an organic compound which couples to the starting material to form a new compound which can then undergo diastereoselective reactions via intramolecular asymmetric induction. At the end of the reaction the auxiliary is removed, under conditions that will not cause racemization of the product. It is typically then recovered for future use.

Chiral auxiliaries must be used in stoichiometric amounts to be effective and require additional synthetic steps to append and remove the auxiliary. However, in some cases the only available stereoselective methodology relies on chiral auxiliaries and these reactions tend to be versatile and very well-studied, allowing the most time-efficient access to enantiomerically pure products. Additionally, the products of auxiliary-directed reactions are diastereomers, which enables their facile separation by methods such as column chromatography or crystallization.

Biocatalysis
Biocatalysis makes use of biological compounds, ranging from isolated enzymes to living cells, to perform chemical transformations. The advantages of these reagents include very high e.e.s and reagent specificity, as well as mild operating conditions and low environmental impact. Biocatalysts are more commonly used in industry than in academic research; for example in the production of statins. The high reagent specificity can be a problem, however, as it often requires that a wide range of biocatalysts be screened before an effective reagent is found.

Enantioselective organocatalysis
Organocatalysis refers to a form of catalysis, where the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by an organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and other non-metal elements. When the organocatalyst is chiral, then enantioselective synthesis can be achieved; for example a number of carbon–carbon bond forming reactions become enantioselective in the presence of proline with the aldol reaction being a prime example. Organocatalysis often employs natural compounds and secondary amines as chiral catalysts; these are inexpensive and environmentally friendly, as no metals are involved.

Chiral pool synthesis
Chiral pool synthesis is one of the simplest and oldest approaches for enantioselective synthesis. A readily available chiral starting material is manipulated through successive reactions, often using achiral reagents, to obtain the desired target molecule. This can meet the criteria for enantioselective synthesis when a new chiral species is created, such as in an SN2 reaction.

Chiral pool synthesis is especially attractive for target molecules having similar chirality to a relatively inexpensive naturally occurring building-block such as a sugar or amino acid. However, the number of possible reactions the molecule can undergo is restricted and tortuous synthetic routes may be required (e.g. Oseltamivir total synthesis). This approach also requires a stoichiometric amount of the enantiopure starting material, which can be expensive if it is not naturally occurring.

Separation and analysis of enantiomers
The two enantiomers of a molecule possess many of the same physical properties (e.g. melting point, boiling point, polarity etc.) and so behave identically to each other. As a result, they will migrate with an identical Rf in thin layer chromatography and have identical retention times in HPLC and GC. Their NMR and IR spectra are identical.

This can make it very difficult to determine whether a process has produced a single enantiomer (and crucially which enantiomer it is) as well as making it hard to separate enantiomers from a reaction which has not been 100% enantioselective. Fortunately, enantiomers behave differently in the presence of other chiral materials and this can be exploited to allow their separation and analysis.

Enantiomers do not migrate identically on chiral chromatographic media, such as quartz or standard media that has been chirally modified. This forms the basis of chiral column chromatography, which can be used on a small scale to allow analysis via GC and HPLC, or on a large scale to separate chirally impure materials. However this process can require large amount of chiral packing material which can be expensive. A common alternative is to use a chiral derivatizing agent to convert the enantiomers into a diastereomers, in much the same way as chiral auxiliaries. These have different physical properties and hence can be separated and analysed using conventional methods. Special chiral derivitizing agents known as 'chiral resolution agents' are used in the NMR spectroscopy of stereoisomers, these typically involve coordination to chiral europium complexes such as Eu(fod)3 and Eu(hfc)3.

The separation and analysis of component enantiomers of a racemic drugs or pharmaceutical substances are referred to as chiral analysis. or enantioselective analysis. The most frequently employed technique to carry out chiral analysis involves separation science procedures, specifically chiral chromatographic methods.

The enantiomeric excess of a substance can also be determined using certain optical methods. The oldest method for doing this is to use a polarimeter to compare the level of optical rotation in the product against a 'standard' of known composition. It is also possible to perform ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy of stereoisomers by exploiting the Cotton effect.

One of the most accurate ways of determining the chirality of compound is to determine its absolute configuration by X-ray crystallography. However this is a labour-intensive process which requires that a suitable single crystal be grown.

Inception (1815–1905)
In 1815 the French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot showed that certain chemicals could rotate the plane of a beam of polarised light, a property called optical activity. The nature of this property remained a mystery until 1848, when Louis Pasteur proposed that it had a molecular basis originating from some form of dissymmetry, with the term chirality being coined by Lord Kelvin a year later. The origin of chirality itself was finally described in 1874, when Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Le Bel independently proposed the tetrahedral geometry of carbon. Structural models prior to this work had been two-dimensional, and van 't Hoff and Le Bel theorized that the arrangement of groups around this tetrahedron could dictate the optical activity of the resulting compound through what became known as the Le Bel–van 't Hoff rule.

In 1894 Hermann Emil Fischer outlined the concept of asymmetric induction; in which he correctly ascribed selective the formation of D -glucose by plants to be due to the influence of optically active substances within chlorophyll. Fischer also successfully performed what would now be regarded as the first example of enantioselective synthesis, by enantioselectively elongating sugars via a process which would eventually become the Kiliani–Fischer synthesis.

The first enantioselective chemical synthesis is most often attributed to Willy Marckwald, Universität zu Berlin, for a brucine-catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylation of 2-ethyl-2-methylmalonic acid reported in 1904. A slight excess of the levorotary form of the product of the reaction, 2-methylbutyric acid, was produced; as this product is also a natural product—e.g., as a side chain of lovastatin formed by its diketide synthase (LovF) during its biosynthesis —this result constitutes the first recorded total synthesis with enantioselectivity, as well other firsts (as Koskinen notes, first "example of asymmetric catalysis, enantiotopic selection, and organocatalysis"). This observation is also of historical significance, as at the time enantioselective synthesis could only be understood in terms of vitalism. At the time many prominent chemists such as Jöns Jacob Berzelius argued that natural and artificial compounds were fundamentally different and that chirality was simply a manifestation of the 'vital force' which could only exist in natural compounds. Unlike Fischer, Marckwald had performed an enantioselective reaction upon an achiral, un-natural starting material, albeit with a chiral organocatalyst (as we now understand this chemistry).

Early work (1905–1965)
The development of enantioselective synthesis was initially slow, largely due to the limited range of techniques available for their separation and analysis. Diastereomers possess different physical properties, allowing separation by conventional means, however at the time enantiomers could only be separated by spontaneous resolution (where enantiomers separate upon crystallisation) or kinetic resolution (where one enantiomer is selectively destroyed). The only tool for analysing enantiomers was optical activity using a polarimeter, a method which provides no structural data.

It was not until the 1950s that major progress really began. Driven in part by chemists such as R. B. Woodward and Vladimir Prelog but also by the development of new techniques. The first of these was X-ray crystallography, which was used to determine the absolute configuration of an organic compound by Johannes Bijvoet in 1951. Chiral chromatography was introduced a year later by Dalgliesh, who used paper chromatography to separate chiral amino acids. Although Dalgliesh was not the first to observe such separations, he correctly attributed the separation of enantiomers to differential retention by the chiral cellulose. This was expanded upon in 1960, when Klem and Reed first reported the use of chirally-modified silica gel for chiral HPLC separation.

Thalidomide
While it was known that the different enantiomers of a drug could have different activities, with significant early work being done by Arthur Robertson Cushny, this was not accounted for in early drug design and testing. However, following the thalidomide disaster the development and licensing of drugs changed dramatically.

First synthesized in 1953, thalidomide was widely prescribed for morning sickness from 1957 to 1962, but was soon found to be seriously teratogenic, eventually causing birth defects in more than 10,000 babies. The disaster prompted many countries to introduce tougher rules for the testing and licensing of drugs, such as the Kefauver-Harris Amendment (US) and Directive 65/65/EEC1 (EU).

Early research into the teratogenic mechanism, using mice, suggested that one enantiomer of thalidomide was teratogenic while the other possessed all the therapeutic activity. This theory was later shown to be incorrect and has now been superseded by a body of research. However it raised the importance of chirality in drug design, leading to increased research into enantioselective synthesis.

Modern age (since 1965)
The Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules (often abbreviated as the CIP system) were first published in 1966; allowing enantiomers to be more easily and accurately described. The same year saw first successful enantiomeric separation by gas chromatography an important development as the technology was in common use at the time.

Metal-catalysed enantioselective synthesis was pioneered by William S. Knowles, Ryōji Noyori and K. Barry Sharpless; for which they would receive the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Knowles and Noyori began with the development of asymmetric hydrogenation, which they developed independently in 1968. Knowles replaced the achiral triphenylphosphine ligands in Wilkinson's catalyst with chiral phosphine ligands. This experimental catalyst was employed in an asymmetric hydrogenation with a modest 15% enantiomeric excess. Knowles was also the first to apply enantioselective metal catalysis to industrial-scale synthesis; while working for the Monsanto Company he developed an enantioselective hydrogenation step for the production of L-DOPA, utilising the DIPAMP ligand.

Noyori devised a copper complex using a chiral Schiff base ligand, which he used for the metal–carbenoid cyclopropanation of styrene. In common with Knowles' findings, Noyori's results for the enantiomeric excess for this first-generation ligand were disappointingly low: 6%. However continued research eventually led to the development of the Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation reaction.

Sharpless complemented these reduction reactions by developing a range of asymmetric oxidations (Sharpless epoxidation, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, Sharpless oxyamination ) during the 1970s and 1980s. With the asymmetric oxyamination reaction, using osmium tetroxide, being the earliest.

During the same period, methods were developed to allow the analysis of chiral compounds by NMR; either using chiral derivatizing agents, such as Mosher's acid, or europium based shift reagents, of which Eu(DPM)3 was the earliest.

Chiral auxiliaries were introduced by E.J. Corey in 1978 and featured prominently in the work of Dieter Enders. Around the same time enantioselective organocatalysis was developed, with pioneering work including the Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction. Enzyme-catalyzed enantioselective reactions became more and more common during the 1980s, particularly in industry, with their applications including asymmetric ester hydrolysis with pig-liver esterase. The emerging technology of genetic engineering has allowed the tailoring of enzymes to specific processes, permitting an increased range of selective transformations. For example, in the asymmetric hydrogenation of statin precursors.

title: Enantioselective synthesis


text:
Beresford

Beresford may refer to:

Places

 * Beresford, British Columbia
 * Beresford, Republic of Ireland
 * Beresford, Manitoba
 * Beresford, New Brunswick, a town within Beresford Parish, New Brunswick
 * Beresford, South Dakota
 * Beresford, Western Australia

Other uses

 * Beresford (name)
 * 5682 Beresford, an asteroid
 * Beresford Hotel, Glasgow, Scotland
 * The Beresford, a luxury apartment building on Central Park West in New York City

title: Beresford


text:
Stayhealthy

Stayhealthy, Inc. is a privately held corporation that creates web-enabled healthcare monitoring products. It was founded in the dot-com era by CEO John Collins, and produces devices that monitor and measure such aspects of one's health like blood pressure, heart rate, body weight, body mass index, body composition, body fat (adipose tissue), visual perception, and calories burned.

The company's current products include: the Body Composition Analyzer, which reads an individual's body composition with no appreciable difference from hydrostatic weighing or the DXA scan; a HealthCENTER Kiosk, which has numerous configurations (Body Composition, Blood Pressure, Weight, Hearing, and Vision); Research Activity Monitor; and the Stayhealthy Activity Monitor (SAM) calorie tracker.

In May 2011, Tommy Thompson, former secretary of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services and Governor of Wisconsin, was elected to serve as chairman of the board.

The company has a deal with Albertsons to place kiosks in their stores.

The company has a deal with SuperValu (United States) to place kiosks in their stores.

The company has a deal with Kroger to place kiosks in their stores.

On 13 March 2004, Stayhealthy sued AmerisourceBergen.

In 2005, Stayhealthy unveiled the Fitness Expert product, a fusion of the Body Composition Analyzer and the Calorie Tracker, which was to be sold via multi-level marketing company Quixtar. This deal has since fallen through.

The company was acquired by higi in 2014.

title: Stayhealthy


text: Category:1940s in rail transport

title: Category:1940s in rail transport


text:
Greatest Britons spin-offs

The following is a list of spin-offs of the 2002 100 Greatest Britons program produced by the BBC.

title: Greatest Britons spin-offs


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Ostern

The Ostern (Eastern; И́стерн, Istern; or остерн) is a film genre created in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc as a variation of the Western films. The word "Ostern" is a portmanteau derived from the German word Ost, meaning "East", and the English word "western". Two subgenres may be distinguished (although the terms may be used interchangeably):

 * Red Westerns, set in America's "Wild West" but involving radically different themes and interpretations than US Westerns. These Soviet Westerns were mostly produced in the Eastern Bloc, especially in East Germany and Czechoslovakia. Examples of Red Westerns include Lemonade Joe or the Horse Opera (Czechoslovakia, 1964), The Sons of Great Bear (East Germany, 1966), The Oil, the Baby and the Transylvanians (Romania, 1981), and A Man from the Boulevard des Capucines (USSR, 1987).
 * Easterns (Osterns) were set domestically on the steppes and Central Asian regions of the USSR, typically during the Russian Revolution or the following Civil War. Easterns were presented in a style heavily influenced by American Western films. Examples of this genre include The Elusive Avengers (1966) and its sequels, White Sun of the Desert (1970), Dauria (1971), At Home Among Strangers (1974) and The Bodyguard (1979).

Context and origins
American Westerns were amongst the US films imported into the early Soviet Union. As a result, certain Soviet films at the time are seen to incorporate Western elements. For example, the image of the Western cowboy is used to symbolize the United States and the West as a whole in the soviet silent comedy The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks (1924). Red Devils is a revolutionary action film that also borrows from the Western genre. As cultural restrictions tightened during the Stalinist era, however, Western-inspired films in the Soviet Union became few and far between. It is worth noting, however, that Stalin was an avid enjoyer of Hollywood Western films, and is argued by some to have desired the Western genre within the Soviet Union.

Emergence of the Ostern genre
1957's Miles of Fire is one of the earliest examples of a Soviet Western as it was released years before the Ostern genre became formalized and prevalent. The Western genre saw a resurgence in the Soviet Union in the 1960s, largely resulting from the Khrushchev Thaw. In 1962, the USSR allowed for the screening of certain US and foreign films. The Magnificent Seven, an American Western starring Steve McQueen, become the most successful of these films commercially, becoming an instant cult classic amongst Soviet moviegoers. The overwhelming popularity and commercial demand of films like The Magnificent Seven enticed Soviet filmmakers and state-run film institutions to experiment with Western elements in their own productions, resulting in the creation of the Soviet Western.

The Czechoslovakian comedy Lemonade Joe or the Horse Opera (1964) gained popularity amongst Soviet citizens and those in the Eastern Bloc. Though the film is largely a parody of the Western genre, its commercial success nonetheless furthered the familiarity of Western tropes within the Eastern Bloc and the general Soviet audience.

Karl May's Treasure of the Silver Lake, East Germany, co-production with Yugoslavia, marks the beginning of the era of East German Red Westerns. The film started a highly successful series of Indianerfilme ("Indian Films") about Winnetou and others, produced by the East German DEFA studios. The East German The Sons of the Great Bear (1966) was a seminal Red Western that turned the traditional American "Cowboy and Indian" conventions on their head, casting the Native Americans as the heroes and the American Army as the villains, a motif inspired by highly successful German Osterns. These films were immensely popular among the East German audience, furthering the widespread German fascination of Native American culture (see Native American Hobbyism in Germany).

A considerable strain into the genre was added by Romanian cinematographers, which included adaptations of Fenimore Cooper stories, with many of them being co-productions with Western directors.

White Sun of the Desert (1970) stands out as the quintessential Ostern, with its release considered by some to usher in the "golden era" of Soviet Western film. Set in rural Turkmenistan, the film incorporates many elemental Western characteristics, namely wide shots of empty skies and nature, transportation via horse and leather saddle, and the lone stoic protagonist. The film quickly obtained a cult-like status, with multiple catchphrases from the film making its way into casual conversation.

Gibanica Western
"Gibanica Western" was a short-lived term for the Yugoslav equivalent of the Ostern, more commonly known as partisan film and, sometimes, the Partisan Western. They were made in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, and were about the partisans in World War II. Gibanica is a traditional Balkan pastry, and the name of the genre is dubbed in an analogy with "spaghetti Western".

Goulash Western
The Goulash Westerns are the Easterns of Hungarian director György Szomjas. He directed two films (The Wind Blows Under Your Feet and Wrong-Doers) in the 1970s, shot in the Hortobágy National Park, the best approximation of wastelands he could find in the country.

Notable Red Westerns and Osterns

 * 1924: The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks, a silent Soviet comedy film. An American millionaire hires a cowboy for his travel across the Soviet Union, but Soviet crooks fool them. Plenty of chases and shootings. Critics consider it the beginning of a "golden age" of Soviet cinema.
 * 1925: Red Devils, Soviet;
 * 1937: The Thirteen, Soviet; allegedly shot on an order of Joseph Stalin, who was a fan of Westerns
 * 1950: Brave People, Soviet; Norbert Franz hesitatingly writes that it had "little to do more with Westerns than the horses used".
 * 1957: Miles of Fire, Soviet
 * 1962: Treasure of the Silver Lake, East Germany, co-production with Yugoslavia; marks the beginning of the era of East German Westerns
 * 1964: ''Lemonade Joe, Czechoslovakia
 * 1966, The Sons of Great Bear, East Germany
 * 1966: The Elusive Avengers, a remake of Red Devils

 * 1967: Chingachgook, die große Schlange, East Germany
 * 1968: Spur des Falken, East Germany
 * 1968: Weiße Wölfe, East Germany

 * 1970: White Sun of the Desert, Soviet; "a slightly ironic Eastern", a box office hit with over 34 million viewers that year
 * 1970: Meeting at the Old Mosque, Tajik SSR
 * 1970: ru:Конец атамана, Kazakh SSR; some classify it as Eastern, but on shaky grounds. It had three sequels with the same lead character, chekist Chadyarov

 * 1971: Dauria (two parts)
 * 1972: The Seventh Bullet, Uzbek SSR
 * 1973: The Headless Horseman, Soviet-Cuban Red Western
 * 1974: At Home among Strangers
 * 1976 Talpuk alatt fütyül a szél (translated as "The Wind Blows Under Your Feet" or "The Wind is Whistling under Their Feet"), "Goulash Western" of György Szomjas
 * 1979 Wrong-Doers, "Goulash Western" of György Szomjas
 * 1979: The Bodyguard, Tajik SSR
 * 1981: The Oil, the Baby and the Transylvanians (Romania)
 * 1981: Sing, Cowboy, Sing (1981 film) comedy Western (tagged for ages 10 and up); "a failed attempt of a parody of Westerns for children"

 * 1987: A Man from the Boulevard des Capucines (USSR, 1987)
 * 1993: The Wild East, Kazakhstan; postapocalyptic Eastern
 * 1995: Wolf Blood

title: Ostern


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Albert M. Todd

Albert May Todd (June 3, 1850 – October 6, 1931), known as "The Peppermint King of Kalamazoo," was an American chemist, businessman, and politician from the state of Michigan. A philanthropist and advocate of public ownership of utilities, Todd made his fortune as the founder of the A.M. Todd Company, a world leader in the production of peppermint oil and other botanical extracts. Todd was also a renowned bibliophile, portions of whose collection now grace the holdings of several American universities. He served one term in the United States House of Representatives.

Early years
Albert May Todd was born June 3, 1850, near Nottawa, Michigan, in St. Joseph County, the tenth and last child of Alfred and Mary Ann Hovey Todd, who had come to Michigan from upstate New York. The Todd family were farmers of extremely modest means, supporting themselves on 45 arable acres of an 80-acre homestead.

Todd received his primary education in one-room schoolhouses before attending and graduated from Sturgis High School in the neighboring town of Sturgis. He later studied chemistry at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois.

"The Peppermint King"

Peppermint was an early agricultural staple in southern Michigan and Todd at an early age was fascinated by the crop, attempting to cultivate it and to distill it. Together with his brother Oliver, Albert Todd began growing mint on a small scale and working to invent and improve new methods for its distillation into peppermint oil — a process which remained crude at that date. After graduation from Northwestern, he traveled to Europe and made a study of mint cultivation on that continent, bringing home varieties of the plant which were in cultivation there.

Todd returned to southwestern Michigan where in 1869, at the age of 19, he established the A.M. Todd Company with a view to commercially extracting flavorings and essential oils from mint.

In 1875, he marketed the "Crystal White" brand of peppermint oil, with his own name featured prominently on the label as an assurance of quality. This trademarked product remains in active use into the 21st Century.

The A.M. Todd Company was moved to Kalamazoo in 1891. It is estimated that by the early 20th century, 90 percent of the world's supply of peppermint was grown within 75 miles of Kalamazoo, most of which was refined by Todd. Todd's predominance in this field earned him the popular moniker "The Peppermint King of Kalamazoo."

To provide a ready supply of raw mint for extraction, Todd established two gigantic plantations, called "Mentha" in Pine Grove Township and "Campaignia" near Fennville. The latter was the largest mint plantation in the world at that time. In all the company would come to itself grow and harvest approximately 10,000 acres annually planted to peppermint, spearmint, and other aromatic herbs. Todd and his company developed scientific methods for testing various qualities of mint distillates which allowed a means of grading the oils and were leaders in developing disease resistant strains following the emergence of the fungal-borne verticillium wilt in 1924.

Todd returned to continue his education in the 1920s and in 1922 he graduated with a Master's degree with honors in Chemistry from the University of Michigan.

Political career

Todd's father was a supporter of the Republican Party — during the 19th Century frequently the more liberal of the two old parties in the United States. Albert consequently cast his first vote for that political organization. The two parties began to realign in the late 1870s, however, with the Republicans coming to favor large commercial interests, high tariffs on imported goods, and strict adherence to the gold standard. Disheartened by the evolving political line of the Republican Party, Todd first shifted his allegiance to the Prohibition Party, an organization which advanced a broad reform platform beyond its desire to ban the manufacture and use of alcoholic beverages. He would remain a leading supporter of the Prohibition Party of Michigan for nearly 20 years, even running an unsuccessful campaign for Governor under that party's banner in 1894.

Todd won just under 19,000 votes in the 1894 Gubernatorial campaign, discouragingly finishing in fourth place behind the candidates of the Republican, Democratic, and People's parties. Still bitten by the political bug, Todd sought to run for Congress in a special election held in 1895 to fill a vacant Michigan seat — this time attempting to join forces between his Prohibition Party and the People's Party, with which he shared similar views on many issues. The Michigan legislature, dominated by Republicans, immediately passed legislation prohibiting such "fusion," a matter which was ultimately litigated and narrowly resolved in Todd's favor. Despite the legal victory, Todd was narrowly turned back at the polls in the 1895 campaign.

Undeterred, Todd again ran in the 1896 campaign for the 3rd Michigan Congressional District seat, winning the combined nominations of the Democratic, Prohibition, and People's Parties in the primary election. This time he would emerge victorious in November, defeating his Republican opponent by 425 votes. Todd's formal election was as a Democrat, with whom he caucused, but most of his time and effort was spent working with members and supporters of the People's Party and their agenda. Todd had since become a strong supporter of public ownership of utilities, the regulation of the railroads, an opponent of monopoly, and a loosening of the national money supply through the unlimited coinage of silver and worked on behalf of these issues as part of the Fifty-fifth Congress.

Todd's days in Congress would prove to be limited, however, as in 1898 his bid for re-election would be narrowly defeated at the polls by an energized opposition in the predominantly Republican district. Todd dedicated his efforts to an effort to create a liberal state opposition party to the Republicans, sitting on the State Central Committee of the Michigan Union Silver Party in 1899.

Todd remained greatly interested in the question of public ownership of railways and utilities. He would travel to Europe in May 1912 and remain there for more than a year, visiting 13 countries to study their various approaches to the matter of public ownership and regulation of monopolies. He would attempt to propagate these ideas among the public through an organization which he established in 1916, the Public Ownership League of America — a group which he would serve as President and Honorary President until his death in 1931.

Collecting interests
Todd's travels in Europe also spurred a lifelong interest in collecting rare books and artwork. At the time of his death, he owned over 11,000 volumes, including illuminated manuscripts and clay tablets dating to the 23rd century B.C. His art collection included 228 paintings, sculptures, pottery and porcelain works from all over the world. His donations helped to establish the Kalamazoo Public Museum (now the Kalamazoo Valley Museum) in 1927.

He also established the A.M. Todd Rare Book Room at the Upjohn Library of Kalamazoo College. Later bequests to the library by Todd's surviving family members restored a significant part of Todd's original collection. Other artwork and manuscripts were placed in collections at Western Michigan University and the University of Michigan.

Death and legacy
Albert Todd died October 6, 1931, at his home in Kalamazoo. He was 81 years old at the time of his death. Todd was survived by his wife, Augusta Allman Todd, and five children. His body was interred at Mountain Home Cemetery in Kalamazoo.

The Todd family is regarded as a notable political family in the state of Michigan. Two of Albert M. Todd's sons — Albert J. Todd and Paul H. Todd — served as mayors of Kalamazoo. A grandson, Paul H. Todd, Jr., followed in his grandfather's footsteps and won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, in which he served from 1965 to 1966. In addition a nephew, Laurence Todd, was for 30 years the Washington correspondent of the TASS news agency of the Soviet Union, a position which twice put him in the national public spotlight as a subject of Congressional inquiry.

The A.M. Todd Company would remain in Kalamazoo and stand as a leader in the production of mint oil for more than a century, ultimately being sold in 2011 to Swiss flavoring giant Wild Flavors GmbH. Wild Flavors was in turn sold to Chicago-based agricultural behemoth Archer Daniels Midland in July 2014 for $3 billion.

Works

 * Federal Operation of Transportation Systems: Extracts from Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce of the House of Representatives, Sixty-Fifth Congress, Second Session on H.R. 8172: Statement of Hon. Albert M. Todd, President of the Public Ownership League of America. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1918.
 * Municipal Ownership, with a Special Survey of Municipal Gas Plants in America and Europe; Comprising a View of the General Principles of Public Ownership; Its Relation to the Public Welfare: with a Special Study of Gas Works in American and European Cities under Both Public and Private Ownership; a Comparison of Efficiency, Costs, and Rates of Charge; and the Influence of Public Ownership on General Prosperity, Good Government and Democracy. Chicago: Public Ownership League of America, 1918.
 * Public Ownership of Railroads: Statement of Hon. Albert M. Todd, President of the Public Ownership League of America in the Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate Commerce, United States Senate, 65th Congress, Third Session, February 21, 1919. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1919.
 * "Relation of Public Ownership to Democracy and Social Justice," Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, vol. 8 (Jan. 1920), pp. 218–247.

title: Albert M. Todd


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The Unholy War

The Unholy War is a PlayStation video game developed by Toys for Bob and published by Eidos Interactive. It is a fighting game in which characters fight in a 3D environment using melee and projectile attacks. The game came with a demo of Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver.

Story
The game is set on the planet Xsarra, on which two powerful forces are at war: the Arcanes (Xsarra's original inhabitants) and the Teknos (cybernetic conquerors who want the planet's resources for themselves). The Teknos crash-landed on Xsarra because they were fleeing from the "Hunters", a mysterious, powerful alien race unusually bent on the Teknos' destruction. The Teknos were hoping that the unusual radiation in Xsarra's atmosphere would mask their ship from the hunter's radar scanners. Finding out that there was Aur on Xsarra, they decided that if they stayed here and mined all the Aur on Xsarra, they need not worry about the Hunters ever again. But the Natives of Xsarra did not like this idea, so they formed an allied group, the Arcane forces. They waged war for 20 years, until an uneasy peace was formed that lasted a few years. There was only one common rule: no two people (one from each nation) can have a baby. A few years later, Katrina, a rogue Quicksilver (a human-like creature that can transform into a silver being), and Andrus, a rebel Dark Angel/Stygian (an experiment gone wrong that created humans with wings), escaped into the wastelands to hide. Eventually they were captured before they could conceive a child. This is what started another war, but if they did have a child, the war would have destroyed all of Xsarra.

Gameplay
The game features two modes: mayhem mode, in which the player fights other characters in one-on-one battles, and strategy mode, in which the player fights campaigns on various battlefields. In both modes, the game is based around the taeng arena. Each character has three attack moves that take power from a constantly regenerating energy bar. The arenas have numerous hazards, teleporters and power-ups. Every character has its strengths and weaknesses against other characters.

In strategy mode, the overview map is made of a series of interlocking hexagons (called Hexes). On most maps, both sides have a base occupying a single Hex that can be used to buy or sell units. The player's aim is to destroy all of their opponent's units and their base. Strategy mode is turn-based; the player is allowed to make up to three moves before control switches to their opponent, who then makes three moves before said player regains control and so on.

A 'move' consists of either moving a unit, or using a unit's special skill. Buying and selling units do not count as moves. The player can only move the same unit once per turn and use its special skill once per turn. Different units move different distances.

To attack an enemy unit, the player moves a unit onto an adjacent Hex and confirms an attack. The game then enters arena combat mode. Whoever loses the battle has the option of bringing another unit into the arena, provided it is next to the Hex being attacked. Combat ends when the loser surrenders or all of his 'backup' units have been killed.

AUR is a magical resource that can be mined by placing a character onto a Hex containing AUR and as with moving and fighting, some units are better than others when it comes to mining. The player can get an extra 20 or 40 AUR at the start of every turn, provided the Hex stays occupied. AUR can be used to buy units or use a unit's special skill.

The enemy base is destroyed when one of the player's units enters the Hex it occupies, and all units guarding it are killed. The base generates 10 Aur per turn until it is destroyed.

In between each level, the player gradually receives more information on the game's story by an unknown being called "the observer". Reading these will show them how the story develops.

Reception
The game received an average score of 76.58% at GameRankings, based on an aggregate of 6 reviews.

title: The Unholy War


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Talk:Michelle Jacques

Untitled
How many people have seen this show? WOW!!! It is a moving piece.

title: Talk:Michelle Jacques


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Belgian Super Cup

The Belgian Super Cup (Belgische Supercup, ; Supercoupe de Belgique; Belgischer Fußball-Super Cup), Pro League Supercup, is a Belgian club competition played as a single match between the Belgian Pro League champions (also received the Super Cup host) and the Belgian Cup winners. If both teams are the same, the Belgian Cup runners-up participates as the second club.

The most successful Super Cup club is Club Brugge with 17 titles, followed by Anderlecht (13), Standard Liège (4), Genk (2),Beveren (2) and Lierse (2). It was created in 1979 and held every year since, with the only exception 1989 and 2020.

The current holders are Union SG, who defeated Club Brugge in the 2024 Belgian Super Cup.

Results
The winning team is shown in green background and italic is used for cup runners-up taking part when the league champion also won the cup the prior season. The score of the penalty shoot-out is mentioned between brackets.

Performance by club
Below is the performance listed per club, sorted by number of wins.

title: Belgian Super Cup