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Choropleth map

A choropleth map is a type of statistical thematic map that uses pseudocolor, meaning color corresponding with an aggregate summary of a geographic characteristic within spatial enumeration units, such as population density or per-capita income.

Choropleth maps provide an easy way to visualize how a variable varies across a geographic area or show the level of variability within a region. A heat map or isarithmic map is similar but uses regions drawn according to the pattern of the variable, rather than the a priori geographic areas of choropleth maps. The choropleth is likely the most common type of thematic map because published statistical data (from government or other sources) is generally aggregated into well-known geographic units, such as countries, states, provinces, and counties, and thus they are relatively easy to create using GIS, spreadsheets, or other software tools.

History
The earliest known choropleth map was created in 1826 by Baron Pierre Charles Dupin, depicting the availability of basic education in France by department. More "cartes teintées" ("tinted maps") were soon produced in France to visualize other "moral statistics" on education, disease, crime, and living conditions. Choropleth maps quickly gained popularity in several countries due to the increasing availability of demographic data compiled from national Censuses, starting with a series of choropleth maps published in the official reports of the 1841 Census of Ireland. When Chromolithography became widely available after 1850, color was increasingly added to choropleth maps.

The term "choropleth map" was introduced in 1938 by the geographer John Kirtland Wright, and was in common usage among cartographers by the 1940s. Also in 1938, Glenn Trewartha reintroduced them as "ratio maps", but this term did not survive.

Structure
A choropleth map brings together two datasets: spatial data representing a partition of geographic space into distinct districts, and statistical data representing a variable aggregated within each district. There are two common conceptual models of how these interact in a choropleth map: in one view, which may be called "district dominant", the districts (often existing governmental units) are the focus, in which a variety of attributes are collected, including the variable being mapped. In the other view, which may be called "variable dominant", the focus is on the variable as a geographic phenomenon (say, the Latino population), with a real-world distribution, and the partitioning of it into districts is merely a convenient measurement technique.

Geometry: aggregation districts
In a choropleth map, the districts are usually previously defined entities such as governmental or administrative units (e.g., counties, provinces, countries), or districts created specifically for statistical aggregation (e.g., census tracts), and thus have no expectation of correlation with the geography of the variable. That is, boundaries of the colored districts may or may not coincide with the location of changes in the geographic distribution being studied. This is in direct contrast to chorochromatic and isarithmic maps, in which region boundaries are defined by patterns in the geographic distribution of the subject phenomenon.

Using pre-defined aggregation regions has a number of advantages, including: easier compilation and mapping of the variable (especially in the age of GIS and the Internet with its many sources of data), recognizability of the districts, and the applicability of the information to further inquiry and policy tied to the individual districts. A prime example of this would be elections, in which the vote total for each district determines its elected representative.

However, it can result in a number of issues, generally due to the fact that the constant color applied to each aggregation district makes it look homogeneous, masking an unknown degree of variation of the variable within the district. For example, a city may include neighborhoods of low, moderate, and high family income, but be colored with one constant "moderate" color. Thus, real-world spatial patterns may not conform to the regional unit symbolized. Because of this, issues such as the ecological fallacy and the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) can lead to major misinterpretations of the data depicted, and other techniques are preferable if one can obtain the necessary data.

These issues can be somewhat mitigated by using smaller districts, because they show finer variations in the mapped variable, and their smaller visual size and increased number reduces the likelihood that the map user makes judgments about the variation within a single district. However, they can make the map overly complex, especially if there is not a meaningful geographic pattern in the variable (i.e., the map looks like randomly scattered colors). Although representing specific data in large regions can be misleading, the familiar district shapes can make the map clearer and easier to interpret and remember. The choice of regions will ultimately depend on the map's intended audience and purpose. Alternatively, the dasymetric technique can sometimes be employed to refine the region boundaries to more closely match actual changes in the subject phenomenon.

Because of these issues, for many variables, one may prefer an isarithmic (for a quantitative variable) or chorochromatic map (for a qualitative variable), in which the region boundaries are based on the data itself. However, in many cases such detailed information is simply not available, and the choropleth map is the only feasible option.

Property: aggregate statistical summaries
The variable to be mapped may come from a wide variety of disciplines in the human or natural world, although human topics (e.g. demographics, economics, agriculture) are generally more common because of the role of governmental units in human activity, which often leads to the original collection of the statistical data. The variable can also be in any of Stevens' levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio, although quantitative (interval/ratio) variables are more commonly used in choropleth maps than qualitative (nominal/ordinal) variables. It is important to note that the level of measurement of the individual datum may be different than the aggregate summary statistic. For example, a census may ask each individual for his or her "primary spoken language" (nominal), but this may be summarized over all of the individuals in a county as "percent primarily speaking Spanish" (ratio) or as "predominant primary language" (nominal).

Broadly speaking, a choropleth map may represent two types of variables, a distinction common to physics and chemistry as well as Geostatistics and spatial analysis:
 * A spatially extensive variable (sometimes called a global property) is one that can apply only to the entire district, commonly in the form of total counts or amounts of a phenomenon (akin to Mass or weight in physics). Extensive variables are said to be accumulative over space; for example, if the population of the United Kingdom is 65 million, it is not possible that the populations of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland could also be 65 million. Instead, their total populations must sum (accumulate) to calculate the total population of the collective entity. However, while it is possible to map an extensive variable in a choropleth map, this is almost universally discouraged because patterns can be easily misinterpreted. For example, if a choropleth map assigned a particular shade of red to total populations between 60 and 70 million, a situation in which United Kingdom (as a single district) has 65 million inhabitants would be indistinguishable from a situation in which the four constituent countries each had 65 million inhabitants, even though these are vastly different geographic realities. Another source of interpretation error is that if a large district and a small district have the same value (and thus the same color), the larger one will naturally look like more. Other types of thematic maps, especially proportional symbols and cartograms, are designed to represent extensive variables and are generally preferred.
 * A spatially intensive variable, also known as a field, statistical surface, or localized variable, represents a property that could be measured at any location (a point or small area, depending on its nature) in space, independent of any boundaries, although its variation over a district can be summarized as a single value. Common intensive variables include densities, proportions, rates of change, mean allotments (e.g., GDP per capita), and descriptive statistics (e.g., mean, median, standard deviation). Intensive variables are said to be distributive over space; for example, if the population density of the United Kingdom is 250 people per square kilometer, then it would be reasonable to estimate (in the absence of any other data) that the most likely (if not actually correct) density of each of the five constituent countries is also 250/km2. Traditionally in cartography, the predominant conceptual model for this kind of phenomenon has been the statistical surface, in which the variable is imagined as a third-dimension "height" above the two-dimensional space that varies continuously. In Geographic information science, the more common conceptualization is the field, adopted from Physics and usually modeled as a scalar function of location. Choropleth maps are better suited to intensive variables than extensive; if a map user sees the United Kingdom filled with a color for "100-200 people per square km", estimating that Wales and England may each have 100-200 people per square km may not be accurate, but it is possible and a reasonable estimate.

Normalization
Normalization is the technique of deriving a spatially intensive variable from one or more spatially extensive variables, so that it can be appropriately used in a choropleth map. It is similar, but not identical, to the technique of normalization or standardization in statistics. Typically, it is accomplished by computing the ratio between two spatially extensive variables. Although any such ratio will result in an intensive variable, only a few are especially meaningful and commonly used in choropleth maps:
 * Density = total / area. Example: population density
 * Proportion = subgroup total / grand total. Example: Wealthy households as a percentage of all households.
 * Mean allocation = total amount / total individuals. Example: gross domestic product per capita (total GDP / total population)
 * Rate of change = total at later time / total at earlier time. Example: annual population growth rate.

These are not equivalent, nor is one better than another. Rather, they tell different aspects of a geographic narrative. For example, a choropleth map of the population density of the Latino population in Texas visualizes a narrative about the spatial clustering and distribution of that group, while a map of the percent Latino visualizes a narrative of composition and predominance. Failure to employ proper normalization will lead to an inappropriate and potentially misleading map in almost all cases. This is one of the most common mistakes in cartography, with one study finding that at one point, more than half of United States COVID-19 dashboards hosted by state governments were not employing normalization to their choropleth maps. This is one of many issues that contributed to the infodemic surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, and "might also be a subtle facilitator of the extreme political polarization surrounding measures to combat COVID that has occurred in the United States".

Classification
Every choropleth map has a strategy for mapping values to colors. A classified choropleth map separates the range of values into classes, with all of the districts in each class being assigned the same color. An unclassed map (sometimes called n-class) directly assigns a color proportional to the value of each district. Starting with Dupin's 1826 map, classified choropleth maps have been far more common. It is likely that this was originally due to the greater simplicity of applying a limited set of tints; only in the age of computerized cartography have unclassed choropleth maps even been feasible, and until recently, they were still not easy to create in most mapping software. Waldo R. Tobler, in formally introducing the unclassed scheme in 1973, asserted that it was a more accurate depiction of the original data, and stated that the primary argument in favor of classification, that it is more readable, needed to be tested. The debate and experiments that followed came to the general conclusion that the primary advantage of unclassed choropleth maps, in addition to Tobler's assertion of raw accuracy, was that they allowed readers to see subtle variations in the variable, without leading them to believe that the districts the fell into the same class had identical values. Thus, they are able to better see the general patterns in the geographic phenomenon, but not the specific values. The primary argument in favor of classed choropleth maps is that it is easier for readers to process, due to the fewer number of distinct shades to recognize, which reduces cognitive load and allows them to precisely match the colors in the map to the values listed in the legend.

Classification is performed by establishing a classification rule, a series of thresholds that partitions the quantitative range of variable values into a series of ordered classes. For example, if a dataset of annual Median income by U.S. county includes values between US$20,000 and $150,000, it could be broken into three classes at thresholds of $45,000 and $83,000. To avoid confusion, any classification rule should be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, meaning that any possible value falls into exactly one class. For example, if a rule establishes a threshold at the value 6.5, it needs to be clear about whether a district with a value of exactly 6.5 will be classified into the lower or upper class (i.e., whether the definition of the lower class is <6.5 or ≤6.5 and whether the upper class is >6.5 or ≥6.5). A variety of types of classification rules have been developed for choropleth maps:
 * Exogenous rules import thresholds without regard for patterns in the data at hand.
 * Established rules are those already in common use due to past scientific research or official policy. An example would be using government tax brackets or a standard Poverty threshold when classifying income levels.
 * Ad hoc or Common sense strategies are essentially invented by the cartographer using thresholds that have some intuitive sense. An example would be classifying incomes according to what the cartographer believes to be "rich," "middle class," and "poor." These strategies are generally not advised unless all other methods are not feasible.
 * Endogenous rules are based on patterns in the dataset itself.
 * Natural breaks rules look for natural clusters in the data, in which large numbers of districts have similar values with large gaps between them. If this is the case, such clusters are probably geographically meaningful.
 * The Jenks natural breaks optimization, developed by George F. Jenks, is a heuristic algorithm for automatically identifying such clusters if they exist; it is essentially a one-dimensional form of the k-means clustering algorithm. If natural clusters do not exist, the breaks it generates are often recognized as a good compromise between the other methods, and it is commonly the default classifier used in GIS software.
 * Equal intervals or an arithmetic progression divides the range of values so that each class has an equal range of values: (max - min)/n. For example, the income range above ($20,000 - $150,000) would be divided into four classes at $52,500, $85,000, and $117,500.
 * A standard deviation rule also generates equal ranges of value, but rather than starting with the minimum and maximum values, it starts at the arithmetic mean of the data and establishes a break at each multiple of a constant number of standard deviations above and below the mean.
 * Quantiles divides the dataset so each class has an equal number of districts. For example, if the 3,141 counties of the United States were divided into four quantile classes (i.e., quartiles), then the first class would include the 785 poorest counties, then the next 785. Adjustments may need to be made when the number of districts does not divide evenly, or when identical values straddle the threshold.
 * A Geometric progression rule divides the range of values so the ratio of thresholds is constant (rather than their interval as in an arithmetic progression). For example, the income range above would be divided using a ratio of 2 with thresholds at $40,000 and $80,000. This type of rule is commonly used when the frequency distribution of the data has a very high positive skew, especially if it is geometric or exponential.
 * A nested means or Head/tail Breaks rule is an algorithm that recursively divides the data set by setting a threshold at the arithmetic mean, then subdividing each of the two created classes at their respective means, and so on. Thus, the number of classes is not arbitrary, but must be a power of two (2, 4, 8, etc.). It has been suggested that this also works well for highly skewed distributions.

Because calculated thresholds can often be at precise values that are not easily interpretable by map readers (e.g., $74,326.9734), it is common to create a modified classification rule by rounding threshold values to a similar simple number. A common example is a modified geometric progression that subdivides powers of ten, such as [1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, ...] or [1, 3, 10, 30, 100, ...].

Color progression
The final element of a choropleth map is the set of colors used to represent the different values of the variable. There are a variety of different approaches to this task, but the primary principle is that any order in the variable (e.g., low to high quantitative values) should be reflected in the perceived order of the colors (e.g., light to dark), as this will allow map readers to intuitively make "more vs. less" judgements and see trends and patterns with minimal reference to the legend. A second general guideline, at least for classified maps, is that the colors should be easily distinguishable, so the colors on the map can be unambiguously matched to those in the legend to determine the represented values. This requirement limits the number of classes that can be included; for shades of gray, tests have shown that when value alone is used (e.g., light to dark, whether gray or any single hue), it is difficult to practically use more than seven classes. If differences in hue and/or saturation are incorporated, that limit increases significantly to as many as 10-12 classes. The need for color discrimination is further impacted by color vision deficiencies; for example, color schemes that use red and green to distinguish values will not be useful for a significant portion of the population.

The most common types of color progressions used in choropleth (and other thematic) maps include:

 * A Sequential progression represents variable values as color value
 * A Grayscale progression uses only shades of gray. Color progression examples value progression.svg
 * A Single-hue progression fades from a dark shade of the chosen color (or gray) to a very light or white shade of relatively the same hue. This is a common method used to map magnitude. The darkest hue represents the greatest number in the data set and the lightest shade representing the least number. Color progression examples single hue.svg
 * A Partial-spectral progression uses a limited range of hues to add more contrast to the value contrast, enabling a larger number of classes to be used. Yellow is commonly used for the lighter end of the progression due to its natural apparent lightness. Common hue ranges are yellow-green-blue and yellow-orange-red. Color progression examples blended hue.svg
 * A Divergent or Bi-polar progression is essentially two sequential color progressions (of the types above) joined with a common light color or white. They are normally used to represent positive and negative values or divergence from a central tendency, such as the mean of the variable being mapped. For example, a typical progression when mapping temperatures is from dark blue (for cold) to dark red (for hot) with white in the middle. These are often used when the two extremes are given value judgements, such as showing the "good" end as green and the "bad" end as red. Color progression examples bi-polar.svg
 * A Spectral progression uses a wide range of hues (possibly the entire color wheel) without intended differences in value. This is most commonly used when there is an order to the values, but it is not a "more vs. less" order, such as seasonality. It is frequently used by non-cartographers in situations where other color progressions would be much more effective. Color progression examples full-spectral.svg
 * A Qualitative progression uses a scattered set of hues in no particular order, with no intended difference in value. This is most commonly used with nominal categories in a qualitative choropleth map, such as "most prevalent religion." Color progression examples qualitative.svg

Bivariate choropleth maps
It is possible to represent two (and sometimes three) variables simultaneously on a single choropleth map by representing each with a single-hue progression and blending the colors of each district. This technique was first published by the U.S. Census Bureau in the 1970s, and has been used many times since, to varying degrees of success. This technique is generally used to visualize the correlation and contrast between two variables hypothesized to be closely related, such as educational attainment and income. Contrasting but not complementary colors are generally used, so that their combination is intuitively recognized as "between" the two original colors, such as red+blue=purple. The technique works best when the geography of the variable has a high degree of spatial autocorrelation, so that there are large regions of similar colors with gradual changes between them; otherwise the map can look like a confusing mix of random colors. They have been found to be more easily used if the map includes a carefully designed legend and an explanation of the technique.

Legend
A choropleth map uses ad hoc symbols to represent the mapped variable. While the general strategy may be intuitive if a color progression is chosen that reflects the proper order, map readers cannot decipher the actual value of each district without a legend. A typical choropleth legend for a classed choropleth map includes a series of sample patches of the symbol for each class, with a text description of the corresponding range of values. On an unclassed choropleth map, it is common for the legend to show a smooth color gradient between the minimum and maximum values, with two or more points along it labeled with corresponding values.

An alternative approach is the histogram legend, which includes a histogram showing the frequency distribution of the mapped variable (i.e., the number of districts in each class). Each class may be represented by a single bar with its width determined by its minimum and maximum threshold values and its height calculated such that the box area is proportional to the number of districts included, then colored with the map symbol used for that class. Alternatively, the histogram may be divided into a large number of bars, such that each class includes one or more bars, symbolized according to its symbol in the map. This form of legend shows not only the threshold values for each class, but gives some context for the source of those values, especially for endogenous classification rules that are based on the frequency distribution, such as quantiles. However, they are not currently supported in GIS and mapping software, and must typically be constructed manually.

title: Choropleth map


text: User talk:202.50.245.146

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:202.50.245.146


text:
Fiães

Fiães may refer to the following places in Portugal:

 * Fiães (Melgaço), a parish in the municipality of Melgaço
 * Fiães (Santa Maria da Feira), a parish in the municipality of Santa Maria da Feira
 * Fiães (Trancoso), a parish in the municipality of Trancoso
 * Fiães (Valpaços), a parish in the municipality of Valpaços
 * Fiães do Rio, a parish in the municipality of Montalegre

Other

 * Fiães Sport Clube, a sporting club played in the parish of Fiaes in the municipality of Santa Maria da Feira

title: Fiães


text:
User:Dan100/Map

Bootcamp
WikiProject

Wikiportal

title: User:Dan100/Map


text: User talk:172.142.121.129

title: User talk:172.142.121.129


text:
Colegio Nacional Enrique Nvó Okenve

Colegio Nacional Enrique Nvó Okenve (or Enrique Nvó Okenve National College) is a college in Equatorial Guinea. The college has two campuses, based in the cities of Bata (seat) and Malabo.

It was originally created in 1959, under Spanish colonial administration, under the name of Centro Laboral La Salle de Bata.

After independence in 1968, the college was renamed to honor Enrique Nvó Okenve, a martyr for independence and founder of the Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial. Okenve's nationalist ideas and his rise to power in sections of northern Río Muni concerned Spanish-appointed Governor-General Faustino Ruiz González, who has been alleged to be responsible for contract killers who assassinated Okenve in 1959.

Renovation of the Malabo site and reconditioning of the Bata site has been funded by USAID.

Notable people

 * Teodoro Obiang (student at "La Salle de Bata") – military and political;

title: Colegio Nacional Enrique Nvó Okenve


text: User talk:69.209.174.33

title: User talk:69.209.174.33


text:
Talk:Alternative medicine/Archive 11

"Known" Laws of Physics
Under the heading "Criticisms differ for the various branches" I prefaced the phrase 'laws of physics' with the word 'known'. If all the laws of physics are already 'known' as appears to be the case in the minds of the skeptics, please feel free to remove this. I expect that if it is removed I will read in newspapers about all Universities cancelling their science subjects and all physics research labs closing their doors.

 * Are you seriusly suggesting that avogadro's constant is wrong? If not then there are some laws of physics that forms of alt med break. we are talking about stuff that breaks the first law of thermodynamics not amount of changes in the laws of physics is going to get around that.Geni 00:32, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comment Geni. I have not made any suggestion about any particular 'law' or 'constant'. I am questioning the perception on these pages that the Laws of Physics are a fixed and closed set. I personally hope that the set of the Laws of Physics is not fixed and is open to research and analysis of events, properties, and outcomes that we do not understand and appear to contravene known laws. Is that not the purpose of science?

Whilst once excited about the prospective value of the Wikipedia, there are too many closed minds contributing only what they know and stating that what they don't know does not exist. Does the Wikipedia exist to support the 'norm', the majority, or only commercial interests? Many scientific minds contributing here appear to be as open as their funding or sales of the products they designed. Thus, again, money and commerce disrupts another opportunity to learn and discover.

 * we have a no personal attacks rule here. I can't of course speak for anyone else but I'm 100% certian (for a very obvius reason) than you can't show any payments to me by commercial bodiesGeni 00:32, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment Geni. No this is not intended as a personal attack,  however taking it as such is your perogative. I'm sorry, but your 'very obvious reason' is not obvious to me. My statement comes from the fact that within these comments there appears to be no acceptance of anything other than what we think we know. This is both an ancient and modern phenomenon. I understand and observe that money is a key part of society and the key ingredient for research and development. Money flows most freely throughout commercial enterprises. It flows to government based organisations via governments and budgets. In my experience, money flows fastest where there is a prospective return. This applies to most R&D. 'There is no such thing as a free lunch' is another law of physics not obvious to many. I wonder what the annual revenue of the vaccines industry is worth. Anybody know?

And on the subject of Homeopathy and 'similia similibus curentur', perhaps someone scientific would care to write detail about how immunisation works and why it appears equally as ineffective as effective? ReL

 * See homeopathy's talk page and the page on immunisation. At present your question makes no sense since it makes at least on false assumptionGeni 00:32, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for your comment Geni. Please describe my one false assumption, I would appreciate your time on this.

Why has this section been put in the middle of the page rather than the bottom? I don't have a problem with the word "known". There probably are some laws of physics that we don't know yet, which some forms of AM may or may not violate. As for the anon's question. Immunization works because some material is injected that the immune system can get to work on. It may be a harmless form of the pathogen, or just the part of it that the immune system needs to recognise, but the point of it is, that some of it is injected. With homeopathy, dilutions are so great that none of the original ingedient is left. User:Theresa knott

 * Thanks for the comment Therea. Anon = ReL as per bottom of comment. Newbie, hence in the middle - which will be fixed upon my next commenting visitation. Yes, there is a 'theory' of immunisation. But please would you extend your answer to explain why immunisation fails as much as it appears to work. As an example, why do some children, whilst immunised against Whooping Cough still contract Whooping Cough?

Yes, with Homeopathy, the dilutions are mathematically challenging. (As an aside, I dispute that 'none' of the original substance remains. Across the set of resultant dilutions, the subset of original atoms must still exist. Dilution does not automatically take these atoms out of existence - it just distributes them greatly. Perhaps 'none' may be replaced with 'unlikely' for greater accuracy.) During naturally contracted infections viral or bacterial antagonists cross particular barriers, e.g. mucus, saliva via particular orifices, e.g. nose, mouth. The immunisation approach is to go directly to the bloodstream via an artifical barrier. I cannot find any research about the action of pathogens when crossing naturally occuring barriers, compared to direct insertion into the bloodstream. I think this is a critical difference. If you know of any, would you please direct me to it. Thanks. Can anyone describe the 'Laws of Physics' that govern the supposed action of immunisation?

 * User:Theresa knott wrote: There probably are some laws of physics that we don't know yet, which some forms of AM may or may not violate.
 * That's an... interesting contribution: some forms of AM may violate the laws of physics that we don't know yet. A law of physics surely cannot apply before it has been discovered, now can it? That would be so unreasonable.
 * Herbee 12:48, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the response Herbee. Tell me, did Pluto exist before it was 'discovered'? Did the Law of Gravity apply before it was 'discovered'?

 * I don't quite see how Pluto is involved, but the law of universal gravitation certainly applied (even to Pluto...) before Newton first wrote it down. Similarly, the laws of physics certainly apply to AM, even those that have not been discovered yet. The problem may be that your fingers wrote a silly sentence while your brain wasn't paying attention. Why don't you go and change it?
 * Herbee 11:08, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi again Herbee and thanks for your reply. My fingers do have a minds of their own, and often get confused with themselves, but I am still sure I wrote mainly questions above, not sentences. I read your statemment of "a law of physics surely cannot apply before it has been discovered, now can it? That would be so unreasonable", followed by the above statement "the laws of physics certainly apply to AM, even those that have not been discovered". What are the laws of physics that have not been discovered? Pluto was used as an example of my trying to determine if something exists before it is discovered based on your statement that "a Law of Physics surely cannot apply before it is discovered." I just wanted to check this line of reasoning with something other than a Law of Physics. ReL 203.26.24.216 13:38, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

One last question, not aimed at anyone, not being a personal attack, just trying to balance understanding in a very emotive world. Have any people here who are strongly objecting to Homeopathy ever been to a competent homeopath and experienced a homeopathic remedy? Please understand that I was a skeptic. But three years of 'modern medicine' failed to treat a serious condition of mine, multiple doctors, specialists, opinions, tests (there are aliens and we know what they do!), more tests, samples, more samples. (One analysis from a laboratory was that I had commenced menopause early. I could even see the look on the face of the laboratory manager when I announced I was male - and I was on the telephone!) After about $28,000 worth of 'science' and in frustration, and with some luck I was directed to a competent homeopath. After two separate interviews I was given 5 drops of a remedy at 1000m dilution (Avogadro's number goes past at about 12c I think). Within one week, my medical condition was gone. I mean gone, as in 'not there anymore', 'the law of something that no longer happens' was in action. The one week period between being dosed and realising a cure, was quite 'hellish'; emotional, physically restrictive, painful, just 'weird' (i.e. the law of I didn't understand). That was seven years ago. The 'scientists' response; "you must never have had it". If I never had "it", why was everybody sticking things into me, taking things, and the old "Really must you do that", for THREE YEARS with the same prognosis by each 'specialist'. I had it, I saw the x-rays. Do I suppose my body simply and spontaneously threw off the condition? Do I suppose that the same film or developing process error manifested across several geographically separate occurrences of being x-rayed and left a perfect replicate of the previous processing error each time? Perhaps passing blood and being unable to stand or walk correctly were my illusions? Perhaps having exactly 50 needles in 14 days was also an illusion? Perhaps I never went to the doctor, perhaps I am a woman after all, perhaps medical science can't actually address some issues regardless of the amount of fluids extracted from a person. Funny though, I'm still $28,000 down and a bunch of 'experts' are $28,000 richer for telling me that I had something; then insisting that I must not have had something. (Still, to the day I cannot get this in writing - perhaps someone has something they want to hide or not admit too?) The homeopath charged $50 for the first visit and $40 for the second. I've not seen or heard from them since.

And today's challenge is "get your GP to fix your dandruff". A simple, non life threatening condition. And I don't mean make it go away temporarily by dousing your head with zinc based compounds. I mean fix it.

 * A law of physics is something that is always true. It is perfectly possible that is is a law that we haven't discovered. It would still hold though, even though we didn't know it was holding. (remember a law is always true, if not then it's not a law).Theresa Knott (Not the skater) 23:52, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Some responses to the anon contributor (sorry, I'm being lazy and not trying to put each response after the appropriate comment):
 * If you put four tildes ( ~ ) after your comment, it will automatically sign and date-stamp the comment, which makes following a conversation easier.
 * Immunization works by providing a weakened or killed form of the virus, sufficient to spark the body's natural defenses against infection, but not strong enough to cause the disease. Then, when a "real" virus shows up, the body's defenses are already in place.  I don't know about whooping cough, but I suspect it's the same as with polio, which I do know about -- the live-virus vaccine (developed by Sabin) can occasionally not be quite weakened enough, and therefore cause the disease, a risk not present with the killed-virus vaccine (developed earlier by Salk).  Another issue is that there can be different strains of a virus.  The flu is notorious for this.  The current vaccine shortage arises in part because vaccine can't be stockpiled in advanced; a new vaccine is created each year to guard against the strain(s) considered most likely to be a danger.  Here again, I don't know about whooping cough, but it may be the same, that immunization against one strain doesn't help against another.

Hello James, thanks for your comments. You are able to make sense about an interesting topic. I wonder why I cannot get a similar response from my Government Health Department. I understand that the genus Bordetella contains the species B pertussis and B parapertussis, which cause pertussis in humans. The condition 'whooping cough' results from infection by B pertussis. B parapertussis causes a similar, but rarely severe condition. The common vaccine is for B pertussis of which there are many strains. Some interesting reading may be found on the reemergence of Pertussis within some countries where the vaccination rate for this virus are very high. Check the CDC web-site for details. ReL 203.26.24.216 13:38, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Congratulations on your recovery! The fact is that for even serious illnesses, a certain number of cases do show inexplicable spontaneous remissions.  If such a remission happens to occur immediately after some unorthodox attempt at treatment, it can well give the appearance of causation.  The way to distinguish genuine causation from lucky coincidence is through controlled studies.  I hope it doesn't sound hard-hearted to dismiss your life-changing medical progress as "anecdotal evidence", but, frankly, that's all it is.

No, I don't see it as 'hard-hearted' at all James, scary yes, but not hard-hearted. I hoped the Wikipedia was a place where the NPOV would be such, and that people can communicate about 'knowns' and 'unknowns' with the view of improving knowledge. Instant dismissal of observations as 'anecdotal evidence' defeats any potential for progress. Was it George Bernard Shaw who said 'The reasonable man adapts to the ways of everybody around him, while the unreasonable man expects everybody to adapt to his way. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man'. "Inexplicable spontaneous remissions" (Note to self; could be good name for a band?) - where would they be defined in a controlled study. Would they completely defeat a controlled study or is there a standard deviation acceptable in 'controlled studies'? Had the recovery happened after treatment with 'orthodox' medicine would that also give the appearence of causation? Would it have been a lucky coincidence or genuine causation? Given that I am only one member of the set of people, but the only member of the set of people who are me, how does a controlled study of orthodox medicine cater specifically for me? From another perspective, not all people contract contagious diseases even during epidemics. Within the set of people exists the subset of infected by an antagonist and the subset of those not affected by the same antagonist. Given this most common scenario, I'm loosing site of the 'control' applied to studies. Orthodox medicine is, at present, a generic solution, aimed at treating an 'average' person. I'm interested to know how a 'controlled study' of a vaccine is conducted. Some of the people not contracting a condition would never have contracted it anyway, but how is this indicated in a 'controlled study'. That a human life generally exceeds sixty years, do "controlled studies" of vaccination continue throughout these sixty years. I don't think they do. How is it possible to understand any long term effects of vaccination? We only have the anecdotal evidence that some people do not contract a condition after getting a vaccination.

I don't mind having the results dismissed as 'anecdotal evidence'. I see a lot of anecdotal evidence walking around in a much better state of health now then they did being pumped full of streptomyacin,  eating anti-inflammatories, or driving suppositories into the best unknown. The point of my story above is that for three years of orthodox treatment there was only deterioration, repeated failed explanations (possible based on anecdotal evidence??), then a serious and frank denial that I was not ill at all. Where were the controlled study here? I guess once something makes it through a 'controlled study' is is written up as factual, final, universally correct, and then nothing else can every change. I wonder what 'controlled study' led to the diagnosis of my 'menopause'. ReL 203.26.24.216 13:38, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I've never been to a "competent homeopath". I have no reason to believe that such a person exists, if "competent" means "competent to treat illness".  JamesMLane 10:00, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

No James, I mean competent homeopath. Homeopaths don't treat illness, homeopaths treat people. Orthodox medicine treats illness. It is not recommended to visit a homeopath if you are sick. By competent homeopath, I refer to someone who can correctly perform a homeopathic interview and analysis of the subject. Why dismiss something before understanding any detail of it? As soon as something unknown or unreasonable is encountered it becomes 'anecdotal' or threatens the dare-i-say, "immutable laws of physics". As I mentioned above I was a skeptic. After my experience - that is the experience of three years of what I now know was 'anecdotal evidence' from orthodox medicine, then been given a dose of 'nothing', and a week later returning to 'normal' I tried to understand what had occurred. Naturally, "they-of-the-orthodox-and-that-comes-to-$28,000-thank-you-very-much-please-come-again-soon" closed their doors, books, and journals, shoulder to shoulder in fear of litigation. That their beloved charge appeared well again after taking 'nothing' means that he was never sick. Are these people "competent to treat illness". If you recall, at one stage I had menopause ('early onset of', to be more precise). What a challenge for the doctors.... do we admit he was sick and we couldn't fix it... do we admit he was never sick and give him back $28,000....interestingly at no stage did any of them offer 'inexplicable spontaneous remissions'. And what of my challenge to get your doctor to cure, fix, make your/my/someone's dandruff go away? There will be money in it, so there's enough motivation for someone! ReL 203.26.24.216 13:38, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * You wrote: "I hoped the Wikipedia was a place where the NPOV would be such, and that people can communicate about 'knowns' and 'unknowns' with the view of improving knowledge." We do strive for NPOV but not for the purpose you state.  Wikipedia is not a place for original research.  Our practice here is to summarize and present existing human knowledge, not to try to add to the sum of human knowledge by considering the pros and cons of a particular point and deciding which is right.  There are other places for that.

 * I don't think it's accurate to say "We only have the anecdotal evidence that some people do not contract a condition after getting a vaccination." A scientific study of a vaccine or any other medical treatment involves examining a large number of subjects.  There are many random events that can obscure the genuine results -- some people get better without being treated, some people who receive an effective treatment happen simultaneously to contract a different illness that has some of the same symptoms, etc.  One factor that transforms anecdotal evidence into a scientific study is the double-blind test (because otherwise people remember the inexplicable remissions that occurred immediately after homeopathy or whatever, and forget about the ones with no immediately obvious cause; double-blind also equalizes the placebo effect).  Another factor is to make the test as large as possible.  A finding that 80% of the patients got better with a particular medicine is more reliable when it's 80 out of 100 than when it's 8 out of 10.  Also, it's not correct that something once found by a controlled study can never be changed.  The scientific method depends on the ability of other scientists to reproduce the results.  Nothing needs to be taken on faith.  On many cutting-edge research questions there are contradictory studies.  Genuine scientists try to design and conduct further research to resolve the anomalies.  Homeopaths and other AM practictioners don't seem to have much interest in such procedures.  JamesMLane 17:54, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

No Law of Physick could prevent the AM article being the POV editing sandbox of known watchdogs (aka Wikipolice) in this editor-hostile space :O) - irismeister 11:40, 2004 Oct 29 (UTC) Wikipedia has been proven to be enormously biased in "treating" Alternative Medicine and its few scientifically proven branches. Wikipedia thoughtpolice has finally put out the mask, and we have shown beyond any reasonable and even laughable doubt who are the NPOV editors on the police payroll who disrupt this originally generous business. Let Wikipolice keep their NPOV filtering jobs and their own POV agendas in the name of proven corporate criminals, and you'll not only discredit good will, good medicine, common sense, rationality, generous academic habits that took centuries to build, but you'll drag the Wikipedia in the general direction of thrash in the process. Day by day the disgust I gather in seeing the Wikipedian user hostilty could only be treated by Alternative Medicine, and homeopathic dosage of editing here :O) - irismeister 11:40, 2004 Oct 29 (UTC)

Irismiester. Do you make a living as an irdiologist? Do you have a commercial vested interest in having AM pushed? You are accusing people of being on a "police payroll". Can you back that accustaion up with anything or is it another one of your personal attacks? Theresa Knott (Not the skater) 13:42, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * GO NPOV! Disclosing my motives up front: I'm a biochemist and a yogi. I think the underlying issue here is not specific to alternative medicine. This is an issue of the nature of scientific knowledge and evidence. Anecdotes about a Western, scientific approach failing to provide successful treatment, do not disprove Western medicine as a body of knowledge. Futher, anecdotes about the success of homeopathy do not prove a thing. The relationship between phenomena and theoretical models is most successfully secured with the empirical method. Only this method can be used to construct scientific models. Only this method can be used to demolish existing scientific models.
 * A single, well-designed experiment could disprove the homeopathic principle. This has been accomplished. If prompted, I'm happy to expand on the state of the current evidence. Likewise, a single, well-designed experiment could disprove any of the chemical principles that invalidate homeopathy. I find it humerous that homeopaths report tons of success with their treatment, and argue passionately towards their underlying models for the technique, but fail to disprove the underlying principles of chemistry. What I'm saying is: chemistry is inconsistent with homeopathy, and chemistry has a much stronger observational, and conceptual basis. Homeopathy may actually work, but the underlying model is inconsistent with chemistry, and chemistry's been working a lot better to date.
 * Now, acupuncure is a different flavor of alternative medicine. It's based on a long-standing body of traditional medicine, and as with homeopathy, its adherents claim it works. The Chinese model for acupuncture invokes Qi, which is translated as 'energy' or 'electricity' but is nonidentical to the forces of physics. So there is no conflict, in the sense that endorsing acupuncture does not require one to suspend belief in the current models of physics. Rather, the scientifically minded repackage Qi as a) a manifestation of existing physics or b) an uncharacterized phenomenon.
 * I think this shows the way to NPOV in this article: the scientific models can be brought into doubt only when there is scientific evidence. Alternative methods that make claims contrary to the body of science are not neutral, and border on anti-intellectual. Such claims should be presented, and juxtaposed against the scientific models they contradict. Without judgement: if one chooses to believe that homeopathy works, and that science is wrong, the choice should be made in light of current human knowledge. This means that any alternative theory can and should be added to the article, but that most entries need to be re-written to remove any sense of 'pitching' the treatment. rmbh 23:00, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

NPOV warning?
The article is, in my opinion, fair and neutral in its point of view. Axl 21:26, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It's quite OK now. Shall we trim the (very) long titles of some sections for readability? JFW | T@lk  10:32, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Please disscuss the changes on the talk page first though. This article seems to attact edit wars.Geni 11:04, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * With Irismeister being banned and Mr-Natural-Health not being arould, it appears to have calmed down a lot. I'm about to start hacking on it again, e.g. removing the bit Irismeister (Dan Jipa) put in using himself as a reference ... - David Gerard
 * Really? I thought that it might be a good time to add a new neutral point of view to the discussion. John Gohde 07:11, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Project Infobox
The Wikiproject on Alternative medicine has updated it various infoboxes.

They are not redundant!

New visitors to Wikipedia are most likely to be using the default user skin. With the default skin, categories are listed at the very bottom of the web page. Hence, nobody not currently an editor would ever be likely to see any of the various categories. Ergo, showing an Index to all the CAM articles in our project infoboxes is a very good idea. In fact, it was one of the original objectives of our project: to help readers find other CAM related articles. John Gohde 08:37, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alternative medicine/Archive 11


text:
Template talk:Non-free promotional

Survived Deletion Vote
This Template survived a vote for deletion. Here is the record from Templates for deletion.

Template:PromoPhoto
"promotional" != "fair use", and, given the ubiquity of "promotional" websites, this template is an advert (and attractor) for copyvios. Unlike book/album covers, lyrics, screenshots, logos &c., the source/copyright holder/author of the "fair-used" promo pic is seldom credited, consulted, or shown any of the courtesies we expect others to show when reproducing our content. chocolateboy 22:05, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. This is an image tag that is absolutely appropriate to have. Image tagging does not relieve uploaders from the responsibility of identifying the source, nor was it ever indicated as doing so. Promotional photos from press releases, etc. are widely used here, and it is definitely appropriate to have an individual copyright tag for them. Maybe reword, but certainly keep. -Lommer | talk 23:34, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. One of the requirements for an article to achieve featured status is to have an illustration, so unless a Wikipedia is lucky enough to snap a celebrity and avoid having their camera slagged by a bodyguard, the only way we're ever going to manage this is with a promotional photograph. It is the responsibility of the uploader to make sure they have acquired the proper permission to use the photo on Wikipedia: surely we should assume good faith without evidence otherwise. --Phil | Talk 12:15, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. IIRC, Fair Use doesn't actually require that the source be credited. (GFDL does). Tagging an image ((PromoPhoto)) is a useful part of supplying a fair use rationalle. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 14:35, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Images should be tagged with their license or copyright status by the uploader.  That the image is promotional does not provide any real information about its license, source, or copyright status.  It could be fair use, or it could be "free to use given that.." or it could be any other license.  That it is believed to be promotional does not provide any information about its actual source.  All image pages that use only this template should be changed to "unverified" IMO.  --ChrisRuvolo 09:02, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This template should only be used on images where the source has been verified and the image's status as "promotional" confirmed. --Phil | Talk 17:50, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, that would be reasonable to me if the text is updated to reflect that. However, this is not how the tag is being used.  See for example Image:Alexis Bledel.jpg, it's talk page, and Image sleuthing.  Use seems to have been "it looks promotional.  fair use?"  "sure, works for me."  "ok.  "  --ChrisRuvolo 22:28, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No offence to them, but on Image sleuthing there is a lot of that logic eg:"this looks like it was made by a wikipedian, therefore we can tag it GFDL.".
 * More on-topic, I vote to keep the promo tag. Any tag can be mis-used, but that's not grounds for deletion IMO.
 * Boffy b 19:27, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

 * Keep. The reasoning for deleting this is not really correct. A promotional work has a strong effect on whether an item is fair use and it's useful to highlight items which have this as a significant part of their fair use reasoning. The reasoning is correct that it would be nice to credit the author of a work used for promotional purposes, even though that author knew that the work would be used for promotion and would hace broad fair use as a result - we should always seek to properly credit the creator of visual works, in part to address moral rights. We've already seen at least one copyright complaint from a UK photographer in relation to a fair use of an album cover: the photographer objected to the use of the original image, not to the modified form used on the album cover, showing that yes, the photographer did recognise that the prmotional use was OK, as it is, under fair use. The combination of promotional material and use in a public education work such as Wikipedia makes for a very strong fair use situation. It is good also to explain the rest of the fair use reasoning, though, instead of simply relying on this template as the only text. Jamesday 17:03, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I just used the tag on a publicity photo I uploaded of an actress that was taken in 1969. Maybe Fairold might have been a more appropriate tag, but I think Promophoto has its place. 23skidoo 19:43, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's not just about fair use; there's also implied or probablistic license. AaronSw 23:21, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I agree with earlier comments. Mgm|(talk) 08:43, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We need to crack down on people slapping a fair use template on anything they want. Fair use is useful to have and I don't object to it per se, but very rarely do I see the source of the image credited or any copyright information or fair use rationale stating which legal provisions relating to fair use the uploader is taking advantage of. The Alexis Bledel photo above is a classic example: "I want to use it therefore it's a promotional photo and fair use." There may be a place for promotional photos where a link can be provided to an official website or something where it's clear that a gallery of photos is provided for promotional purposes, but all too often an image from a professional photoshoot of someone that's been copyvio'd somewhere on the internet is wrongly labelled "promotional". — Trilobite (Talk) 09:33, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Another reason to delete this template might be because Template:Promotional and this one are redundant. --ChrisRuvolo 20:40, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Some Things
They can change the category Publicity photographs into Non-free promotional images? and a change for the template: Template usage:

This is an optional parameter, if it is not supplied the template will read without terms listed.

An optional parameter, image_has_rationale is available; if it is set to yes, the text at the bottom of the template requesting that the uploader provide a fair use rationale is removed.

An optional parameter, image_is_of_living_person is available; if it is set to no, the text detailing the fair use policy as applicable to images of living persons and commercial reuse of the image is removed.

Category:Publicity photographs This is a copyrighted image that has been released by a company or organization to promote their work or product in the media, such as advertising material or a promotional photo in a press kit. The copyright for it is most likely owned by the company who created the promotional item or the artist who produced the item in question; you must provide evidence of such ownership. Lack of such evidence is grounds for deletion

It is believed that the use of low-resolution images of promotional material:

 * to illustrate the object in question
 * where the image is unrepeatable, i.e. a free image could not be created to replace it
 * on the English-language Wikipedia, hosted on servers in the United States by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation,

qualifies as fair use under United States copyright law. Any other uses of this image, on Wikipedia or elsewhere, might be copyright infringement. See Non-free content and Non-free promotional images.

To the uploader: Please add a detailed fair use rationale as described on Image description page, as well as the source of the image and copyright information.

I discovered some improper grammar on the template
I discovered that the following words going after “fair use” read “under Copyright law of the United States.” There is supposed to be a “the” after “under” and before “Copyright”, which would have it read as “under the Copyright law of the United States.” Adding the “the” would make it proper grammar. Metric Supporter 89 (talk) 20:01, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Non-free promotional


text:
File:Cut away.JPG

cut away

title: File:Cut away.JPG


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Glasweigan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT to Glasgow. sjorford →•← 20:39, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Glasweigan
This appears to be a mis-spelling of Glaswegian (which currently re-directs to Glasgow)

- Guettarda 00:27, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You should have been bold and done likewise. We have redirects under likely mis-spellings, and one definition of "likely" is "that someone actually did and started a duplicate article because of".  Redirect to Glasgow. Uncle G 02:25, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC)
 * Since the creator of the page spells "Glaswegian" this way on his user page I was a little hesitant to make the change in case there was some usage of this spelling that I was unaware of. Guettarda 13:59, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Rejnal

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --evrik (talk) 15:31, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
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Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Joe D (t) 00:30, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Lemche
Probably as an accident, if I was cleaning up/adjusting the categores on the page. JackO'Lantern 05:14, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Capacity
Hi. You marked Capacity article for speedy deletion, when it was in fact a legitimate (and very useful) disambiguation page that had been vandalised to appear as a non-notable bio. Keep an eye out for such things. Cheers! BD2412 T 17:20, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Stub sorting on Brisbane Adventist College
Checking the info box on the page may have been helpful. The school is actually in Australia. Ansell 07:11, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Beslidhja Skaut Albania
Beslidhja Skaut Albania has been proposed for renaming (along with other foreign-language Scouting article titles) to bring it into compliance with the spirit of both WikiProject Scouting - Rules Standards, Article names and Wikipedia:Naming conventions.

The discussion about this is currently taking place at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Scouting/Translations. No one involved speaks Albanian. Since you speak Albanian, could you please help out? --evrik (talk) 15:31, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rejnal


text: User talk:130.254.28.244

title: User talk:130.254.28.244


text:
Halfway, Glasgow

Halfway, also known as Halfwayhouse (Taigh Letheach Slighe), is a neighbourhood on the south-west side of the city of Glasgow, Scotland. Once a small village in its own right, sitting on the original Renfrewshire-Lanarkshire border, the area takes its name from the fact that it lies equidistant between Glasgow and Paisley at a distance of 3 mi from each ('Three Mile House' was situated on Paisley Road West, but has long since gone, although 'Two Mile House' built and owned by the various railway companies at the junction of Dumbreck Road survived into the 1980s).

In 1926, Halfwayhouse and a handful of neighbouring villages including Cardonald, Hillington and Crookston were annexed to the ever-expanding city of Glasgow. This resulted in the renaming of many local roads to prevent duplication with ones in Glasgow.

Through the 1940s and 1950s, Halfwayhouse was developed significantly to the point where there is very little trace of the original village on what is still the main road between Glasgow and Paisley.

The area is bordered by two cemeteries: Craigton Cemetery to the north overlooked by the 1950s Moss Heights multi-storey apartments and Cardonald Cemetery to the south, adjoining the Mosspark neighbourhood.

title: Halfway, Glasgow


text:
User talk:Ihy2007

Orphaned fair use image (Image:IHY logo small.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:IHY logo small.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

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title: User talk:Ihy2007


text:
Ichinomiya

Ichinomiya (一宮) is a Japanese historical term referring to the Shinto shrines with the highest rank in a province. Shrines of lower rank were designated ninomiya (二宮), sannomiya (三宮), shinomiya (四宮), and so forth.

The term gave rise to modern place names, such as the city of Ichinomiya, Aichi, named after Masumida Shrine in the former Owari Province.

Overview
The term "Ichinomiya" literally means "first shrine" and is popularly regarded as the highest ranking shrine in each province, with the second ranking shrine referred to as the "Ninomiya" and third ranking shrine as "Sannomiya", and so on. However, there is no documentary material stipulating on how the shrines in each province are to be ranked, or even when this ranking system was created. As a general rule, all shrines designated "Ichinomiya" are of ancient origin and are listed in the Engishiki records completed in 927AD. However, the shrine selected is not necessarily the largest, or oldest, in that province, and is not necessarily one of the "Myojin Taisha", which are regarded as the most important shrines. Rather, per the Ritsuryō legal and administrative system established in the Nara period, kokushi were appointed as imperial governors of each province. When the kokushi travelled from Heian-kyo to his local seat at the provincial capital, the first shrine he called upon officially in his province was the "ichinomiya". As the purpose of this visit was to announce to the local kami of his appointment to office, it was important that this shrine be dedicated to important local deities and to be located close to the provincial capital. Even after the collapse of the Ritsuryō system by the Kamakura period, the ichinomiya continued to enjoy a certain prestige, and often after all vestiges of the provincial capital had fallen into ruins and its exact location lost, the term "Ichinomiya" was often preserved as a place name.

Tachibana Mitsuyoshi, a noted Shinto scholar in the early Edo Period visited ichinomiya nationwide for 23 years starting 1675, and wrote the record of his travels in a 13 volume account. This began the popularization of pilgrimages by the common populace to these shrines. Under State Shinto, the ichinomiya were not accorded any special status, although many were accorded high ranks under the Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines.

While as a rule-of-thumb, there can be only one "first shrine" in each province, several provinces have various rival candidates for the title. This has arisen for various reasons: relocation of the provincial capital can result in a new ichinomiya being appointed, or in some cases the merger of two provinces can result in two ichinomiya for the new province. In other cases, due to the ambiguity in the criteria for ichinomiya designation and due to conflicting ancient records, rival claimants have arisen.

Shinomiya

 * Ishimaki Shrine - Mikawa Province
 * Kaina Jinja - Kai Province, also Soja shrine of the province
 * Sakitori Shrine - Sagami Province
 * Chichibu Shrine - Musashi Province
 * Tsugawa Shrine - Izumi Province

Gonomiya

 * Hine Shrine - Izumi Province
 * Wakaikaho Shrine - Kōzuke Province

title: Ichinomiya


text: User talk:64.168.29.236

title: User talk:64.168.29.236


text:
Cathy King

Cathy King (born September 3, 1959), formerly Cathy Borst (Cathy's married name was Borst - when she divorced she went back to her maiden name of King) is a Canadian curler from St. Albert, Alberta. She is a former Canadian champion skip and world championship bronze medallist, and 2013 world senior champion.

Curling career
King was a national junior champion in 1977 and 1978, before there was a women's world junior championship. In 1988, she played for Alberta at the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship, losing in the final. She has been in seven Scotties Tournament of Hearts (1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005, and 2006). She won the 1998 Scott Tournament of Hearts, and then won a Bronze Medal at the subsequent World Championships behind Elisabet Gustafson's team from Sweden and Helena Blach Lavrsen's team from Denmark.

King won the 2005 Alberta Tournament of Hearts, defeating the defending champion Shannon Kleibrink rink in the final, 5–4. At the 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts, she finished with a 6-5 round-robin record, then lost in a tie-breaker to Ontario's Jenn Hanna. In 2006, King won the Canada Cup of Curling defeating Jennifer Jones in the final. King won her second straight provincial title in 2006, defeating the Renée Sonnenberg rink in the final, 8–2. They sent King to the Tournament of Hearts in 2006, where she finished 6-5 again, and out of the playoffs. She has been part of three Olympic Curling Trials in 1997, 2001, 2005, and the pre-trials in 2009, but has never gone on to win.

King, along with Raylene Rocque retired from women's curling following the 2009-10 curling season. However, King returned the next season at the senior level. In her second season at the senior level, she represented Alberta at the 2012 Canadian Senior Curling Championships. She won the event, and became the first skip to win a Canadian Junior, Women's and Seniors championship in her career.

King was named to the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame in 2013. That year she also won the World Senior Curling Championship, going undefeated through the event. In addition her third Carolyn Morris became the first curler to win world championships for two different countries; she skipped Scotland to the senior women's title in 2005, one of four times she played for Scotland in the event before returning to Canada.

Personal life
Cathy's partner is Bruce Saville, an Edmonton entrepreneur and philanthropist, for whom her club is named. She has 3 sons from her marriage to Henk Borst. Cathy's older brothers, Robbie and Chris, are former Canadian Junior Curling champions from the 1970s. She is a graduate of the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology.

title: Cathy King


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TheLadders

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:13, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

TheLadders
Advertising. RickK 00:37, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, advertising --nixie 02:31, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, website advertisement. Megan1967 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, standard headhunter ad. Wyss 19:06, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:163.1.162.140

title: User talk:163.1.162.140


text:
User talk:Mav3rick

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Meelar (talk) 00:40, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Just a note, generally, Wikipedia only includes articles about topics with at least some wider notability (see What Wikipedia is not and related links for details). Thus, I've nominated Trevor Slocum for deletion. Best wishes.

title: User talk:Mav3rick


text:
Filippo Filippi

Filippo Filippi (13 January 1830 – 24 June 1887) was an Italian music critic. He wrote for the Milanese music magazine La perseveranza, and was an admirer of and a frequent correspondent with Giuseppe Verdi.

He was born in Vicenza, and received an early training as a musician there, studying piano and organ. After acquiring a law degree in Padua he decided instead to embark on a career of music criticism, propelled by his love for the music of Verdi and a need to defend it against the criticism it was receiving from some quarters. In 1859 he was employed by the Gazzetta musicale di Milano as assistant editor, but soon became editor, a position he held until 1862, at which time he became a critic for La perseveranza, a position he held for the rest of his life. He traveled to Cairo for the première of Aida, on 24 December 1871.

Verdi was warm in his relations with Filippi, but resisted some of Filippi's suggestions to adopt some of the stylistic innovations of the Germans, especially Wagner.

Filippi also wrote an autobiography as well as some works of music scholarship, including studies of Alessandro Stradella and Adolfo Fumagalli. In 1876 he published a collection of all the articles he had written for La perseveranza, under the title Musica e musicisti: critiche, biografie ed escursioni.

References and further reading

 * Roger Parker. "Giuseppe Verdi", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed February 15, 2005), grovemusic.com (subscription access).
 * Filippo Filippi, Della vita e delle opere di Adolfo Fumagalli, Ricordi, 1857.
 * Filippo Filippi, Musica e musicisti: critiche, biografie ed escursioni, G. Brigola, 1876.
 * Filippo Filippi, Musica e musicisti: critiche, biografie ed escursioni, G. Brigola, 1876.

title: Filippo Filippi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Coptic Adj

Coptic Adj

 * Delete. There's no 'Adj' in the naming convensions. In this particular case, a disamiguation page Coptic exists and is suffecient. --Alif 00:41, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Alphaboi867

Βαττληςταρ Γαλακτικα ις φρακκινγ αωεςομε!

title: User:Alphaboi867


text:
Hoechst stain

Hoechst stains are part of a family of blue fluorescent dyes used to stain DNA. These bis-benzimides were originally developed by Hoechst AG, which numbered all their compounds so that the dye Hoechst 33342 is the 33,342nd compound made by the company. There are three related Hoechst stains: Hoechst 33258, Hoechst 33342, and Hoechst 34580. The dyes Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342 are the ones most commonly used and they have similar excitation–emission spectra.

Molecular characteristics
Both dyes are excited by ultraviolet light at around 350 nm, and both emit blue-cyan fluorescent light around an emission spectrum maximum at 461 nm. Unbound dye has its maximum fluorescence emission in the 510–540 nm range. Hoechst stains can be excited with a xenon- or mercury-arc lamp or with an ultraviolet laser. There is a considerable Stokes shift between the excitation and emission spectra that makes Hoechst dyes useful in experiments in which multiple fluorophores are used. The fluorescence intensity of Hoechst dyes also increases with the pH of the solvent.

Hoechst dyes are soluble in water and in organic solvents such as dimethyl formamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. Concentrations can be achieved of up to 10 mg/mL. Aqueous solutions are stable at 2–6 °C for at least six months when protected from light. For longterm storage the solutions are instead frozen at −20 °C or below.

The dyes bind to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA with a preference for sequences rich in adenine and thymine. Although the dyes can bind to all nucleic acids, AT-rich double-stranded DNA strands enhance fluorescence considerably. Hoechst dyes are cell-permeable and can bind to DNA in live or fixed cells. Thus, these stains are often called supravital, meaning that live cells survive a treatment with these compounds. Cells that express specific ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins can also actively transport these stains out of their cytoplasm.

Applications

A concentration of 0.1–12 μg/ml is commonly used to stain DNA in bacteria or eukaryote cells. Cells are stained for 1-30 min at room temperature or 37 °C and then washed to remove unbound dye. A green fluorescence of unbound Hoechst dye may be observed on samples which are stained with too much dye or which are washed partially. Hoechst dyes are often used as substitutes for another nucleic acid stain called DAPI.

Key differences between Hoechst dyes and DAPI are:
 * Hoechst dyes are less toxic than DAPI, which ensures a higher viability of stained cells.
 * The additional ethyl group in certain Hoechst dyes (Hoechst 33342) renders them more cell-permeable.
 * There are nuclei staining dyes that allow for viability of cells after staining.

Hoechst 33342 and 33258 are quenched by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), which is commonly used to detect dividing cells. Hoechst 33342 exhibits a 10 fold greater cell-permeability than H 33258. Cells can integrate BrdU in newly synthesized DNA as a substitute for thymidine. When BrdU is integrated into DNA, it is supposed that the bromine deforms the minor groove so that Hoechst dyes cannot reach their optimal binding site. Binding of Hoechst dyes is even stronger to BrdU-substituted DNA; however, no fluorescence ensues. Hoechst dyes can be used with BrdU to monitor cell cycle progression.

Hoechst dyes are commonly used to stain genomic DNA in the following applications:
 * Fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry, often with other fluorophores
 * Flow cytometry to count or sort out cells. An example is the use of Hoechst dyes to analyse how many cells of a population are in which phase of the cell cycle
 * Detecting DNA in the presence of RNA in agarose gels
 * Automated DNA determination
 * Chromosome sorting

Hoechst efflux is also used to study hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells. As these cells are able to effectively efflux the dye, they can be detected via flow cytometry in what is termed the side population. This is done by passing the fluorescence emitted from the excited hoechst through both red and blue filters, and plotting hoechst red and blue against each other.

Toxicity and safety
Because Hoechst stains bind to DNA, they interfere with DNA replication during cell division. Consequently, they are potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic, so care should be used in their handling and disposal. Hoechst stain is used to sort sperm in livestock and humans. Its safety has been debated.

title: Hoechst stain


text:
Talk:Edgar Meyer

Comment
Since Béla Fleck and Mark O'Connor are just as versatile in the musical genres they play in as is Meyer, I removed the distinctions separating the musicians Meyer plays with.

Infobox Issues
I've fixed a couple of problems with the infobox. First, and presumably noncontroversially, I shifted Deutsche Grammophon and the other labels from a "date" to the "label" category. Second, and this one will probably (as seemingly always) spark debate, I removed the individuals' names from "associated acts." To describe a classical soloist like Joshua Bell as an "associated act" is just plain silly; I don't know what convention rules the popular music world in that regard, but I think the individual non-classical musicians are deserving of similar treatment. Therefore, I transferred them to a new sentence in the introductory section of the article proper. I left in the box the one group cited as an "associated act," as it does seem to satisfy that description. Drhoehl (talk) 23:57, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Breaking What?
This page has the following statement:

"Meyer has also composed a number of works that break the traditional mold of classical music, including two double bass concertos, a double concerto for bass and cello, and a violin concerto composed specifically for Hilary Hahn."

Well, how has he broken the traditional mold of classical music? There should be some detail or fact describing how he is breaking the mold. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.137.8.255 (talk) 03:58, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Agreed, in form and style I find Meyer's chamber music more akin to that of Paul Hindemith or Samuel Barber. I don't think there needs to be any mention of "classical" music as it relates to Meyer.Nomotiv867 (talk) 07:36, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edgar Meyer


text:
Frederick Gilbert Bourne

Commodore Frederick Gilbert Bourne (December 20, 1851 – March 9, 1919) was an American businessman. He was the fifth president of the Singer Manufacturing Company, from 1889 to 1905. He made the business "perhaps the first modern multinational industrial enterprise of any nationality".

Early life
Bourne was born on December 20, 1851, in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the son of the Rev. George Washington Bourne (1815–1872) and Harriet J. (née Gilbert) Bourne (1817–1907), who was from Portland, Maine. His older sister was Clara Bourne, who married John Loring Whitman.

His paternal grandparents were Benjamin Bourne and Mary (née Hatch) Bourne, herself the daughter of Joshua Hatch, a soldier during the American Revolutionary War who was killed near Crown Point after the evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga in 1777.

Bourne and his family moved to New York City by 1860, when Bourne was likely around 9 years old. His family was poor, and as a result could not afford to send him to college later on in life.

Throughout his childhood, Bourne was fond of mechanical work, history, science, and adventure. He was an avid reader, and had a "veracious thirst for knowledge". By age 11, he was also a member of the choir at Holy Trinity Church.

Bourne was educated at public schools in New York before joining the work force at age fourteen.

Career
In order to support of his widowed mother and younger sisters, Bourne started his career in New York with the Atlantic Submarine Wrecking Company, later becoming a cashier and bookkeeper and the clerk of the Mercantile Library.

Bourne, who was interested in music, was a member of the Mendelssohn Glee Club, which is likely where he met Alfred Corning Clark, the son of Edward Cabot Clark, who along with Isaac Merritt Singer, was a co-founder of the Singer Company. Bourne and Clark developed a "close personal relationship" and in 1880, Clark recommended to his father that Bourne be invited to join his family's real estate company, which owned several parcels of valuable Manhattan real estate, and be brought on as construction manager of The Dakota, then being built on West 72nd Street along Central Park. Clark frequently traveled abroad, often to Norway to visit the singer Lorentz Severin Skougaard (with whom he had a relationship despite his marriage to Elizabeth Scriven), and in his place, Clark sent Bourne to Singer board meetings.

In 1882, following the elder Clark's death, Bourne became the manager of the late Clark's estate. In 1885, Bourne became Secretary of the company and in 1889, at the age of 38, Bourne became the fifth president of Singer. While president, Bourne also oversaw the construction of the company's headquarters, known as the Singer Building.

Bourne greatly expanded global production as well as international sales of the Singer sewing machine. Bourne was revolutionary to the sewing machine industry. He used the "installment plan" to make sewing machines a household item. Bourne is also remembered "among the most important innovators in building vertically integrated firms". In 1905, and after sixteen years as president, Bourne retired and was succeeded by Douglas Alexander, who served as president for the next forty-four years. Alexander was created a baronet in the 1921 Birthday Honours for his services to the welfare of industrial workers.

Residences
Bourne owned several homes and estates. He maintained an apartment at The Dakota in New York City, which occupied the entire first floor; he owned a 2,000-acre (4 km2) country estate named Indian Neck Hall in Oakdale on Long Island next to Idle Hour, the estate of William Kissam Vanderbilt; he owned a 375-acre farm near Montauk, New York, which he used as an undeveloped hunting preserve; an apartment on Jekyll Island, Georgia; and the 7-acre Dark Island in the Thousand Islands in the St. Lawrence River.

In 1902, Bourne hired architect Ernest Flagg to build him a small hunting lodge on the Dark Island property. The building was based on a book written by Sir Walter Scott in 1826 called Woodstock. This book describes an elegant castle with secret passageways, tunnels, and a dungeon. Today, the castle is known as Singer Castle.

Personal life
On February 9, 1875, he was married to Emma Sparks Keeler (1855–1916), the daughter of James Rufus Keeler and Mary Louise (née Davidson) Keeler. Emma was a granddaughter of Commodore Davidson, one of the founders of the New York Yacht Club. Together, they were the parents of twelve children:

 * Frederick Gilbert Bourne Jr (1876–1884).
 * Arthur Keeler Bourne (1877–1967), who married Edith Hollins; their son: Arthur Keeler Bourne (1899-1974); divorced. Married Emily Miller, with whom he had three children.
 * Louisa D. Bourne (1879–c. 1879), who died in infancy.
 * May Miller Bourne (1881–1975), who married Ralph B. Strassburger, a Pennsylvania businessman and prominent thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder who owned Haras des Monceaux Thoroughbred horse farm at Lisieux in Lower Normandy, France.
 * Marion Bourne (1882–1969), who married Robert George Elbert.
 * Alfred Severin Bourne (1883–1956), who married Hattie Louise Barnes.
 * Helen Bourne (1884–1887), who died in infancy.
 * Florence Bourne (1886–1969), who married Anson Wales Hard (1884-1935). They divorced in 1932 after having seven children.
 * George Gault Bourne (1888–1964), who married Nancy Atterbury Potter, a granddaughter of Bishop Alonzo Potter.
 * Marjorie Bourne (1890–1962), who married Alexander Dallas Thayer (1888-1968).
 * Kenneth Bourne (1891–1898), who died in childhood.
 * Howard Davidson Bourne (1893–1918), who died aged 25.

A sailing enthusiast, Bourne served as a Commodore of the New York Yacht Club. He was also a member of the famous Jekyll Island Club (aka The Millionaires Club) on Jekyll Island, Georgia. Bourne owned many boats that he frequently used in New York City and at his summer home in the Thousand Islands.

After several months of ill-health, Bourne died at Indian Neck Hall, his residence in Oakdale on Long Island, on March 9, 1919. He died one of the wealthiest men in America, leaving an estate valued at $25,000,000.

title: Frederick Gilbert Bourne


text:
User:Jsomethingk

Jsomethingk is an American college student who sometimes creates Wikipedia articles on pop-culture topics.

Topics started by jsomethingk:

Movies:
 * The Wedding Crashers
 * Permanent Midnight
 * The Wendell Baker Story
 * The Minus Man
 * Alex and Emma
 * Committed (film)
 * Black Cloud

Actors/Entertainers:
 * Paul Michael Glaser
 * Andrew Wilson (actor)

Authors:
 * Scott Sanders

Other:
 * Elizabeth Glaser
 * Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
 * Peter Guber
 * Peter Bart

title: User:Jsomethingk


text:
User talk:Jsomethingk

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Meelar (talk) 00:50, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

List Update-WikiProject Novels/Book to novel autolist
Hi Jsomethingk, seeing that you contributed to this list before... I am dropping you this note today to let you know that WikiProject Novels/Book to novel autolist autolist has been updated today. Currently there are 37 items on this list that need to be sorted through. This is far less than the original list size.Eagle talk 04:13, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Note this post is a semi-automated message sent with the aid of firefox tabs.
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Fair use rationale for Image:Movie poster Alex-and-emma.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Movie poster Alex-and-emma.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Armedanode (talk) 07:13, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of Andrew Wilson (actor) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Andrew Wilson (actor) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Andrew Wilson (actor) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. JDDJS ( talk to me  •  see what I've done ) 12:59, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jsomethingk


text:
User talk:Igorre25

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Meelar (talk) 00:49, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

October 2022
Welcome to Wikipedia, and thank you for your contributions. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, please note that there is a Manual of Style that should be followed to maintain a consistent, encyclopedic appearance. Deviating from this style, as you did in Arkhip Kuindzhi, disturbs uniformity among articles and may cause readability or accessibility problems. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Sumanuil. 23:22, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Igorre25


text:
User talk:Rob Berry

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Meelar (talk) 00:50, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rob Berry


text: Category:New Caledonian people

title: Category:New Caledonian people