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Alyosha Popovich

Alyosha Popovich (Алёша Попович,, literally Alexey, son of the priest), is a folk hero of Kievan Rus', appearing in Russian folklore. He is a bogatyr (a medieval knight-errant) and the youngest of the three main bogatyrs, the other two being Dobrynya Nikitich and Ilya Muromets. All three are represented together in Viktor Vasnetsov's famous painting Bogatyrs.

In byliny (ballads), he is described as a clever-minded priest's son who wins by tricking and outsmarting his foes. He defeated the dragon Tugarin Zmeyevich by trickery.

Character
Alyosha Popovich is "noted for his slyness, agility, and craftiness, may be fun-loving, sometimes being depicted as a ‘mocker of women’, and may occasionally be a liar and a cheat", as described by James Bailey.

His tongue-lashings are attested by his mockery of Tugarin's gluttony and insult to the unfaithful Princess. His clever ruse was his disguise as a deaf pilgrim to make Tugarin approach him without caution. He then plays a practical joke by donning Tugarin's multicolored robe, tricking his squire into thinking it was Tugarin approaching Kiev as the victor.

Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin
The bylina of "Alyosha Popovich" occurs in several versions. There is also the prose fairy tale version (Afanasyev #132 in Narodnye russkie skazki),  which is a prosification of a bylina. A summary is as follows:

Alyosha Popovich and his squire, (Yekim Maryshko Paranov ) travel from Rostov to Kiev and are welcomed by Prince Vladimir. There is a banquet, later joined by Tugarin Zemeyevich who acts boorishly. Tugarin shows no table manners, insults the prince, and consumes whole rounds of bread or an entire swan in huge gulps. Alyosha Popovich mocks Tugarin with an anecdote about an overfeeding cow that "choked on dregs" (or burst from overdrinking), and Tugarin throws a dagger at Alyosha, only for Yekim to catch it. Alyosha remarks how he has now obtained a dagger to carve Tugarin's heart with, but does not immediately act on it, or allow his squire to do so.

The next day Alyosha is challenged by Tugarin to a battle in an open field, but Tugarin uses his wings to fly in the air. Usually this is regarded as Tugarin assuming the guise of a winged dragon. But there is a case where the bylina says the wings were not growing out of Tugarin, and Alyosha spots paper wings attached to the horse. In either case, Alyosha prays to the Mother of God and Savior for rain to come to soak Tugarin's wings. Tugarin no longer can sustain flight and becomes earthbound, and the two begin the battle on the ground.

In the fairytale version, after their clubs are shattered and their lances shivered, Alyosha finishes Tugarin off with the knife from earlier, and severs his head. In the bylina used as example here, Alyosha strikes off Tugarin's head with a walking staff (or walking stick, палица) that weighs 90 pood, which was obtained when he exchanged his wardrobe with a pilgrim.

Due to Alyosha's victory he shreds Tugarin's body and celebrates by throwing up his head and catching it on his spear multiple times on the ride back to the castle. Seeing this barbaric act the king first believes that Tugarin won however he realizes that the victor was in fact Alyosha.

Variants
The bylina used in the above summary is No. 85 in (1904). It is the second version collected in this anthology, which contains the element of Alyosha exchanging clothes with a pilgrim, but does not elaborate on how he employs the disguise to trick Tugarin, as occurs in the first version. In another version (Danilov), Alyosha lowers Tugarins guard with the pilgrim's disguise, pretending to be a (kalêka) who is hard of hearing. A kalêka (калика) was a wandering psalm-singer who was oftentimes crippled.

This long version collected by Kirsha Danilov (his No. 20, in 344 lines), two stories of Tugarin's are concatenated in the same song. Isabel Florence Hapgood has translated this in full. Nora K. Chadwick translated the first encounter, but eschews that remaining 215 lines of the second encounter.

Some versions more starkly allude to Vladmir's wife Princess Apraxia (Apraksevna, etc.) being completely seduced by "Young Tugarin Zemeyevich", and she reproaches Alyosha for leaving her bereft of her "dear friend" at the end of the song, as in Danilov's long version. Alyosha's subsequent repartee to the princess was: "Hail, Princess Aprakseyevna! I almost called you a bitch, A bitch and a wayward wench! There's the tale for you, and there's the deed".

There are some versions of the byliny recorded which has added a historical veneer so that the dragon has been more explicitly recast as "a traditional Tatar enemy of Kiev".

One explanation for the amount of different variations of the story of Alyosha and Tugarin is due to the story being a combination of three distinct stories. This is further supported by variations of this story having events out of order or even repeated.

Historical perspective
Alyosha Popovich may have been based on a historical Alexander Popovich of Rostov, who served prince Vsevolod the Big Nest and died in 1223 in the Battle of the Kalka River against the Mongols, according to the Nikon Chronicle. Nora K. Chadwick writing in 1932 stated that the historicity of the figure was assured. However, a later commentator raised the specter that the figure may not have existed, his name merely a 15th-century interpolation into the chronicles by influence of epic poetry.

Popovich means "Priest's Son." In the wondertale, his father is introduced as both "prebendary Leon" or "Leon the Priest". The father's name has also been rendered "Priest Levonty" or "Cathedral Priest Leonty". He may be modeled after a Bishop Leonty who was killed in 1071 in a pagan uprising.

Another early source for the historical Alexander Popovich is a povest or story in a MS from Tver, which records his servant named Torop, matching Trofim who replaces Yekim as squire in a bylina variant.

Soviet (Russian) historian Boris Rybakov, among others, has written that this bylina reflected the victory of Vladimir Monomakh over the Polovetsian commander Tugor-khan.

Analysis
"Alyosha Popovich" is classified under its own type in the East Slavic Folktale Classification (СУС): SUS -650D*, Алеша Попович, closely placed with other tale types about strong heroes. The East Slavic Classification registers variants only from Russian sources.

Alyosha, Ilya, and Foma
Alyosha is featured in the story Foma Berennikov from Alexander Afanasyev's Narodnye russkie skazki. In this story Alyosha follows Ilya Muromets and Foma Berennikov on a journey after writing an inscription out of pure gold. Alyosha ends up fighting the Chinese King's "six champions and an unnumbered host of troops". Alyosha does end up winning this battle and returns to Foma alive.

In popular entertainment
Alyosha often features as a seсondary character in Russian fantasy movies such as Ilya Muromets, Real Fairy Tale, Last Knight, among others.

Alyosha is one of the main characters in the Bogatyrs animated film series by Melnitsa Animation Studio. He is the main protagonist in the 2004 animated comedy Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin Zmey by Konstantin Bronzit and also appears in the series of its sequels, sharing screen with Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich

Alyosha Popovich is the member of Vladimir Monomakh's armed force in Vadim Nikolayev's historical novel ''Bogatyr's Armed Force of Monomakh. Rus' in the Fire!'' (2014).

title: Alyosha Popovich


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sate Prestage

The page is a misspelling and could be used as a redirect to the real page Sate Pestate.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Dobrynya Nikitich

Dobrynya Nikitich (Добрыня Никитич) is one of the most popular bogatyrs (epic knights) from the "Kievan" series of Russian folklore based on bylina (epic songs) originating from the area around the capital of the Kievan Rus, Kiev. Albeit fictional, this character is based on a real warlord Dobrynya, who led the armies of Svyatoslav the Great and tutored his son Vladimir the Great.

Many byliny center on Dobrynya completing tasks set him by prince Vladimir. Dobrynya is often portrayed as being close to the royal family, undertaking sensitive and diplomatic missions. As a courtier, Dobrynya seems to be a representative of the noble class of warriors. He is a professional archer, swimmer, and wrestler. He plays the gusli, plays tafl, and is known for his courtesy and cunning.

Dobrynya and the Dragon

The following summary is after the version localized in the Povenets District of Olonets Province, collected by A. F. Gilferding in 1871, from the singer P. L. Kalinin:

The bylina starts with Dobrynya's mother telling Dobrynya to avoid the Saracen Mountains, not to trample on baby dragons, not to rescue Russian captives, and not to bathe in the Puchai River. Dobrynya disobeyed his mother and did all four things.

When he bathed in the Puchai River, he encountered a dragon with twelve trunks (in some variants identified as the Zmey Gorynych ). Unarmed and desperate, Dobrynya discovered "a hat of the Greek land" and used it to defeat the dragon.

The dragon, apparently a female, pleaded for Dobrynya not to kill her, and the two made a nonaggression pact. The dragon broke the promise immediately and flew off to Kiev, abducting Zabava Putyatishna, the niece of Prince Vladimir.

When Dobrynya arrived at Kiev, Prince Vladimir commanded him to rescue his niece, on pain of death. Dobrynya complained to his mother he had neither steed nor spear for the task, and is given the heirloom horse Burko and a magic Shemakhan whip of braided silk. (He carried a spear too, as revealed later).

Dobrynya rescued some captives and trampled on the dragon pups, but one of them bit into the horse's leg and immobilized it. Dobrynya remembered the magic whip, whose lashes restored vigor in the horse and he was freed. The dragon emerged angry for the death of her pups and refused to surrender Zabava without a fight.

Dobrynya fought the dragon at the Saracen Mountains for three days. On the third day he wanted to give up and leave, but a voice from Heaven told to fight for three more hours. Dobrynya eventually killed the dragon in three hours.

The dragon's blood did not seep into the ground, and Dobrynya wallowed in the pool for three days. A voice from Heaven eventually told him to stick his spear in the ground and say an incantation. The blood was then swallowed by the earth, and Zabava was rescued.

Since Dobrynya was a peasant, he could not marry Zabava and gave her to Alyosha Popovich. Dobrynya encountered a polyanitsa, Nastasia, and married her instead.

In media and popular culture

 * Painting
 * Viktor Vasnetsov's famous painting Bogatyrs (1898) features Dobrynya Nikitich alongside fellow folk heroes, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich.

 * Music and opera

 * Mentioned in Farewell of Slavianka (1997)
 * In 1901, composer Alexander Grechaninov wrote an opera titled Dobrynya Nikitich.

 * Film and animation
 * «ILYA MUROMETS AND THE NIGHTINGALE THE ROBBER» «IL''YA MUROMEC I SOLOVEJ-RAZBOJNIK» (animated film) SOYUZMULTFILM (1978) directed by Ivan Aksenchuk and written by Michael Volpin
 * In 2006, an animated feature film, Dobrynya Nikitich and Zmey Gorynych featured the bogatyr's exploits.
 * The Three Bogatyrs (Три богатыря), animated franchise produced by Melnitsa Animation Studio (2004-)
 * The Stronghold (film) (2017)

 * Literature
 * Dobrynya Nikitich is the uncle of the great prince Vladimir I in Victor Porotnikov's historical dilogie (Dobrynya Nikitich. For Russian Land!, 2012; Bloody Christening "with the Fire and the Sword", 2013).
 * Dobrynya Nikitich was also a member of Vladimir II Monomakh's armed force in the novel Bogatyr's Armed Force of Monomakh. Rus' in the Fire! (2014), written by Vadim Nikolayev.

 * Video Games
 * A female version of Dobrynya Nikitich, later revealed to be his wife, Natasia masquerading as him, was added to the mobile phone game Fate/Grand Order as a Rider-class Servant in 2021.

 * Other
 * In 2015, Russian police gifted the French police a dog named after the folk hero Dobrynya in solidarity after the loss of Diesel a French police dog in a raid following the 13 November attacks in Paris.
 * The icebreaker ship Dobrynya Nikitich (1916), and a later class of icebreakers were named after the hero.

title: Dobrynya Nikitich


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Furnas

Furnas is a civil parish in the municipality of Povoação on the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese Azores. The population in 2011 was 1,439, in an area of 34.43 km2. The parish is one of the largest in the island and in the Azores. It is located east of Lagoa and Ponta Delgada, west of Povoação and southeast of Ribeira Grande.

History
One of the earliest references to Furnas came from the harvesting of trees in the valley of Furnas, in order to assist the construction of many of the homes destroyed by the 1522 earthquakes and landslides in Vila Franca do Campo. This includes numerous trees used to rebuild the parochial church, a project begun by Donatary-Captain Rui Gonçalves da Câmara. In 1553, his predecessor Manuel da Câmara, issued an edict to re-plant these trees after the area was nearly deforested, and roadways were expanded under his son, Rui Gonçalves da Câmara, in order to develop the area, allowing cattle herding in the valley after 1577.

Still during the tenure of Manuel da Câmara, a chapel was constructed to the invocation of Nossa Senhora da Consolação (Our Lady of Consolation) in 1613, and small residence built for the local priest (who was responsible for masses and the lighting of a lamp in the sacristy). More homes soon appeared in this area around 1615, and a small convent was constructed near the chapel. In 1630, as a consequence of a volcanic eruption in the valley, the area was abandoned. But, new settlers quickly returned to the Furnas valley (mostly from Ponta Garça, Povoação, Vila Franca and Maia) as the land became fertile and better able to sustain a larger population. New roads were constructed on orders between 1682 and 1683, donated by the Baron of Larangeiras.

Even isolated in the interior, the village continued to be vulnerable to pirate attacks. In 1679, Algerian pirates (from the Barbary coast) landed in the Portinho de Agrião, sacked the coastal village of Ribeira Quente, and proceeded to the interior, where they robbed several rams from the valley before returning to the coast. José Pereira Sodré, a resident near Agrião petitioned the governor of São Miguel for one of the cannons that existed at the city hall in Vila Franca; he intended that the armament would be used to defend the area from future attacks: it was rejected.

In 1832, an unknown English settler purchased a large parcel around the crater lake to build a home, but abandoned it and sold it to the English Consul-General at Ponta Delgada, named Vines, in 1855. There Mr. Vines constructed a summer home, with garden, which he named Grená in honour of his wife's familial relations: his spouse was the niece of Daniel O'Connell (who organized the Catholic movement in Ireland) and stayed at their Irish relatives' home, also called Grená. Upon Consul Vine's death, the home was used by a London surgeon named Hinton (who was a publisher of many works on hygiene and hearing), since Catherine Vine did not wish to return to Furnas. After Hinton's death in 1875, the home was used by Jorge Brown, who exploited the home as a hotel for summer tourists for several years. During this period many travellers stayed at the hotel, including Alice Baker (who wrote "A Summer in the Azores with a Glimpse of Madeira") and others who produced literary and scientific reviews of the region. In 1882, Grená was sold by Catherine Vine's son to Jorge Hayes, following the death of Jorge Brown in the same year. It was occupied by José do Canto while his home and chapel were being constructed on the other side of the lake.

In June 1840, the population of the valley of Furnas numbered 1320 inhabitants scattered in 334 homes throughout the basin.

Physical geography

Furnas is located in the easternmost of three active trachytic volcanoes on the island of São Miguel, in the historically active Volcanic Complex of Furnas. With a complicated 100,000 year history, the central caldera of the Furnas Volcano is a naturally explosive trachyte structure composed of two main calderas, that through formation, collapse and explosion have marked the natural history of the massif. The oldest caldera has a diameter of approximately 7*5.5 km whose escarpment cuts the lava structures of the neighbouring Volcanic Complex of Povoação to the north and northeast and southeast to valley of Ribeira Quente. The second caldera (4.5*3.5 km diameter) dates back 35000 years (the youngest caldera) and is geomorphologically identifiable by the 200 metre wall to the north and northwest. Within the caldera are numerous pumice cones and maars resulting from Plinian and Phreto-plinian eruptions from 5000 years.

Owing to the existence of a population of several thousand people living within and around its caldera it is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in archipelago. Throughout its history, volcanic activity at Furnas has been essentially explosive but eruptive styles have varied from mild effusive activity to at least two caldera-forming eruptions 30,000 and 12,000-10,000 years ago. It is considered very active, since ten sub-Plinian eruptions have occurred within the past 5,000 years, producing a total area of 0.9 kilometres square of fairly homogeneous trachytic magma. The first known historical eruption occurred in 1440, just after early settlers started populating the coasts of São Miguel. The latest eruption occurred after the settlement of the Azores archipelago in 1630 A.D., and caused the deaths of 200 people. Eruptions of the Upper Furnas Group were mainly characterised by alternating episodes of magmatic and phreatomagmatic activity producing deposits of inter-bedded volcanic ash and lapilli that overlie the widespread main deposits from the adjacent Fogo volcano. At least three of these eruptions were accompanied by trachyte dome extrusions in the final phases of the eruption.

The western of the two calderas is partially filled by a crater lake, Lagoa das Furnas, at an elevation of 359 m and populated by several fumaroles and mud pools are located at the northern part of the lake. In the central part of the village, springs and geysers are prevalent; thirty springs, each of differing temperatures and chemical compositions, including warm iron-rich streams and piped examples of mineral-rich warm and cold water. The geysers are situated in several basins rich in sodium bicarbonate, boron, fluorine and traces of carbon dioxide. The local inhabitants cook stew-type dishes in the geysers. The installations of hydrotherapy are in the park and were built in the 19th century.

Climate
Furnas has an oceanic climate with warm summers and mild, wet winters. It has cooler night-time temperatures than other places at lower altitudes on the island.

Economy
Historically, the principal economy in the valley was the production of honey and wax: Jesuit priests had introduced this activity originally, producing a barrel or one-and-a-half barrels annually. Valley farmers also routinely cultivated wheat and legumes, taro, pumpkin, squash and tiger nuts during this period of settlement. In 1661, the Corregidor André Lopes Pinto e Vasconcellos ordered the landowners in Furnas to plant at least one alqueire of taro in order to stave off malnutrition, provide feed for pigs and later in order to provide a source of export trade. Lupin beans were also important crops during this period, usually planted between October and November, with some variation in order to increase soil nutrients and support standard crops, such as maize, fava beans and wheat. In 2016, an EU lifting of milk quotas caused a young dairy farmer, named Paula Rego, to invent a new kind of cheese called Queijo do Vale, whose distinguishing feature is the fact that it is bathed in water collected from local hot springs, giving it a high mineral content.

Architecture
Apart from many of the medieval-type local residences, and the modern interpretations of these historic homes, there are other distinct buildings erected within the territory of Furnas:

Civic

 * Park and Residence of the Murtas (Parque e Casa das Murtas)
 * Park of Terra Nostra (Parque Terra Nostra)
 * Thermal Spa of Furnas (Estação termal das Furnas)

Religious

 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora das Vitórias - located on the margin of Furnas Lake, the funerary chapel was constructed by José do Canto the "gentlemen-farmer" and botanist of São Miguel, to serve as a mausoleum for him and his wife. Constructed in a Neo-Gothic style, it is a cathedral writ small, in an isolated location, on property held by the owner.
 * Hermitage of Santa Ana (Ermida de Santa Ana/Igreja Velha)
 * Church of Santa Ana (Igreja Paroquial das Furnas/Igreja de Santa Ana)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Alegria (Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Alegria)

title: Furnas


text: Category:360 births

title: Category:360 births


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User talk:Shandolad

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title: User talk:Shandolad


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Peter Hansborough Bell

Peter Hansborough Bell (May 11, 1810 –March 8, 1898) was an American military officer and politician who served as the third Governor of Texas and represented the state for two terms in the United States House of Representatives.

Background
Bell was born in Culpeper County, Virginia on May 11, 1810. He was educated in Virginia and Maryland before immigrating to Texas.

By March 1836, Bell was a member of the Texian Army under Sam Houston and was present at the Battle of San Jacinto. In 1841, as a member of Capt. John Coffee "Jack" Hays's Texas Rangers, he was involved in the Battle of Bandera Pass, strategically located as a pass separating the Guadalupe Valley and the Medina Valley. His military service was distinguished and General Houston appointed him to the general's staff as adjutant general. By 1839, Bell had been promoted to inspector general for the Republic of Texas's army.

In 1845, Bell was named a captain of the Texas Rangers. Given command of the Corpus Christi district, he protected the primary trade route between Texas and Mexico from outlaws. With the outbreak of the Mexican–American War, Bell became a lieutenant colonel in the Second Regiment Texas Mounted Volunteers. His actions during the Battle of Buena Vista were particularly distinguished. Following the war, he returned to the Rangers and served along the western frontier.

Governorship
During the 1849 Texas gubernatorial election, Bell ran on a platform advocating strong frontier defense and support of Texas's territorial claim to New Mexico. To this end, he called for expending additional resources to eradicate the Native American population and sending troops to Santa Fe in support of Texas's claim to Santa Fe County. This platform allowed him to defeat incumbent Governor George T. Wood by a vote of 10,319 to 8,754.

Shortly after Bell's December 1849 inauguration at age 39, the Texas Legislature created three new counties from the southern section of Santa Fe County. The governor sent Robert Neighbors to oversee the organization of the new counties. Neighbors found that the inhabitants of the new counties were hostile to Texas interests and that residents of Santa Fe had written their own constitution.

After Neighbors's report became public in June 1850, Governor Bell, aged 40, called a special session of the legislature to deal with these developments. The session was held in August, and Bell's plans were to send the Texas Militia to seize control of Santa Fe from the United States government. The issue was resolved several months later in the Compromise of 1850; Bell signed Texas's acceptance legislation on November 25, 1850.

Bell won re-election in 1851, largely thanks to his aggressive policies and his being the most Southern of the five candidates. Highlights of his second term were payment of Texas's public debt and resolution of land-claim disputes between empresarios and their colonists. Bell left the governorship before the end of his term to take a seat in the United States Congress.

Later life
Beginning in 1853, Bell represented Texas's western district in the U.S. House of Representatives for two terms. During this time, he became friends with United States Secretary of War Jefferson Davis. He also met and married Ella Rives Eaton of North Carolina. After his marriage, Bell never returned to Texas during his lifetime.

Following his 1857 marriage, Bell and his wife settled in Littleton, North Carolina. When the American Civil War began, he raised and paid to equip a regiment with his personal funds. He then served as the regiment's colonel.

Having grown wealthy and living "in lordly style" from his ownership of over 500 slaves, he was "impoverished" when the Union freed them after the Civil War. After the Texas Legislature learned this, they awarded the former governor an annual pension of US$150 and 1280 acre. in the Fishing Creek Township of Granville County NC, which would later be known as Bryan's Hill (located on Jefferson Davis Highway between Oxford and Creedmoor NC). Bell died in Littleton on March 8, 1898, at the age of 87. His body was reburied with honors in Austin, Texas, in 1929.

Bell County, Texas is named after him.

title: Peter Hansborough Bell


text:
User talk:Starrynight~enwiki

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User talk:Mjwallac

Image source
Thank you for uploading Image:Allen-new.jpg. Please leave a note on that page about the source of the image because of copyright law. Thank you. --Ellmist 21:20, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mjwallac


text:
Richard B. Hubbard

Richard Bennett Hubbard Jr. (November 1, 1832 –July 12, 1901), occasionally referred to by the nickname Jumbo, was the 16th governor of Texas from 1876 to 1879 and United States Envoy to Japan from 1885 to 1889. He was a Confederate veteran of the American Civil War and was a member of the Democratic Party.

Early years
Hubbard was the son of Richard Bennett and Serena (Carter) Hubbard. He was born in Walton County, Georgia, but spent his formative years in Jasper County, Georgia. In 1851, Hubbard graduated from Mercer Institute with an A.B. degree in literature. He was elected National University Orator, a high honor at Mercer. Hubbard then briefly attended lectures at the University of Virginia. In 1853, Hubbard graduated from Harvard University with an LL.B. degree. After graduating from Harvard, Hubbard and his parents moved to Smith County, Texas. They settled in Tyler, Texas and then on a plantation near Lindale, Texas. Hubbard first entered politics in 1855 as an opponent of the American Know Nothing Party. In the 1856 presidential election, Hubbard supported James Buchanan, who appointed him United States Attorney for the western district of Texas. Hubbard resigned in 1859 to run for the Texas legislature. He was elected and became a supporter of Southern secession.

Civil War
After secession, Hubbard ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Congress of the Confederate States. Then he started recruiting a unit that would become the 5th (Hubbard's) Texas Infantry Battalion, serving as the commanding officer. Despite difficulties in recruiting infantry in Texas, the battalion became integrated into a regiment in March 1862; and Hubbard became the major of the 22nd Texas Infantry. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in May and became the commanding full colonel on June 17, 1862. Staying in the Trans-Mississippi Department the 22nd was transferred to Arkansas, where it was grouped into the 1st Brigade of Walker's Greyhounds, a division made up solely of units from Texas under command of Maj. Gen. John George Walker. Hubbard fought in the Battle of Young's Point. After serving on a military court, Hubbard returned to his regiment in time to participate in the Red River Campaign. Afterwards, he fought at Jenkin's Ferry. In February 1865, back in Texas, Hubbard was appointed commander of the 1st Brigade. He was finally paroled on July 12, 1865.

Politics
Hubbard's postwar law practice, supplemented by income from real estate and railroad promotion, enabled him to resume his political career by 1872, when he was chosen presidential elector on the Horace Greeley ticket. Hubbard was subsequently elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas in 1873 and 1876 and succeeded to the governorship on December 1, 1876 when Richard Coke resigned to become a United States Senator.

Hubbard's gubernatorial term was marked by post-Reconstruction financial difficulties, by general lawlessness, and by the fact that the legislature was never in session during his administration. Though political opponents prevented his nomination for a second term, he remained popular with the people of Texas. His accomplishments as governor include reducing the public debt, fighting land fraud, promoting educational reforms, and restoring public control of the state prison system.

In 1884, Hubbard served as temporary chairman of the Democratic national nominating convention. He supported the party nominee, Grover Cleveland, and was appointed Minister to Japan in 1885 after Cleveland won the presidency. Hubbard's four years in Japan marked a delicate transitional period in Japanese-American relations. Japan was emerging from feudalism and dependency and had begun to insist on recognition as a diplomatic equal, a position Hubbard strongly supported. He concluded with Japan an extradition treaty, and his preliminary work on the general treaty revisions provided the basis for the revised treaties of 1894–99. When he returned to the United States in 1889, he wrote a book based upon his diplomatic experience, The United States in the Far East, which was published in 1899.

Personal
Hubbard was a Baptist, a Freemason, and a member of the Board of Directors of Texas A&M University. In 1876 he was chosen Centennial Orator of Texas to represent the state at the World's Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There he urged national unity and goodwill in an acclaimed oration.

Hubbard was first married to Eliza B. Hudson, daughter of Dr. G. C. Hudson of LaFayette, Alabama, on November 30, 1858; one daughter of this marriage, Serena, survived. Hubbard's second marriage, on November 26, 1869, was to Janie Roberts, daughter of Willis Roberts of Tyler. Janie died during Hubbard's mission to Japan, leaving him a second daughter, Searcy. Hubbard lived his final years in Tyler, where he died on July 12, 1901. He is buried in Oakwood Cemetery, Tyler.

Hubbard in Hill County is named for him.

title: Richard B. Hubbard


text:
Talk:Bruce Forsyth

Death of his brother
This makes him sound like some sort of callous git: "Forsyth continued to perform through the Second World War, even after the death of his Royal Air Force pilot brother John in 1943 over Turnberry, Scotland." I am sure that is not the effect intended. Moletrouser (talk) 20:14, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It is relevant infomation that should stay in the article, but should be phrased better. He would not have been expected to quit his job because of his brother's death. Jim Michael (talk) 11:56, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It is simply bad English. The two pieces of information should be contained in two seperate sentences (86.159.239.136 (talk) 17:24, 16 June 2011 (UTC))

 * These are totally unrelated. How many people give up work when a sibling dies?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.197.15.138 (talk) 05:42, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

Sammy Davis Jnr
When the BBC did his tribute night, I was quite struck that he said that he regretted some of his game shows and that he wished that he had done more programmes like his special with Sammy Davis Jnr in 1980. I was a bit surprised that not only is that comment not mentioned here, but I couldn't find any reference to the programme that he is proud of doing. I think that both the comment - as a reflection on his career - and also a note of the programme as another side to his work should be mentioned. Details are included in the BBC website note of his knighthood - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13728375 - though I think the quote about the game shows is in another one. Anyway, some work needed here I think to broaden the coverage of his career. DewiMR (talk) 19:59, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Play Your Cards Right logo lacking a FUR
The image File:Pycr.jpg is recognised as copyright and has a fair-use rationale for the article Play Your Cards Right. Unfortunately it has no FUR for this article and I'm not at all sure one can be written convincingly. It's a shame because there ought to be more images available considering Sir Bruce's 70+ year career. I'm going to comment out the image for the moment, in hope of the slim possibility that an acceptable FUR can be written. --RexxS (talk) 22:43, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

Slinger's Day
There is no mention of this 1980's sitcom starring Bruce. Surely it should be in there somewhere. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.148.36.177 (talk) 23:24, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Citation needed in intro... is it needed?
In the intro, the final words "and Strictly Come Dancing, the last of which he presents with Tess Daly." has a cite tag associated with it. How exactly might one go about citing that? The actual show is already linked under the SCD wording. Is the latter "of which he presents..." superfluous information? I'm not really sure on what the correct action is here. The cite tag seems a bit pointless as the show is already linked a few words back. Eeveeman (talk) 21:50, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Years Active is wrong
The right hand side panel says active from 1933. Considering that he was born in 1928, that would make his show business career start at age 5. According to the "Boy Bruce, the Mighty Atom" section, it says his show business career started at age 14 (which would be 1942). I'd fix it but I don't know which bit is wrong. I just spotted yet a further contradiction, saying his first TV appearance was in 1939 (when he'd be 10 or 11).
 * This source says: "He attended the Latymer School and made his television debut in 1939 when as a child he sang and danced on a talent show called Come and Be Televised." Martinevans123 (talk) 20:32, 7 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Both work, but the second does not seem to mention Forsyth. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:59, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 August 2017
Forsyth died on the 18th August 2017 aged 89 after being unwell for a prolonged period of time Gsmith98 (talk) 15:51, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. jd22292 (Jalen D. Folf) (talk) 17:47, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

Heavy smoker
Should the article mention Forsyth was a heavy smoker until the mid-1980s? (86.144.250.234 (talk) 16:23, 18 August 2017 (UTC))
 * It could if it had a good source to support that claim. Not sure it should though. Did it enhance his singing voice? Martinevans123 (talk) 16:56, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 August 2017
CHANGE English to BRITISH Thegordiebear (talk) 19:17, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. jd22292 (Jalen D. Folf) (talk) 19:29, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

He is no longer with us
Sir. Bruce has taken his last bow. Could somebody add the recent deaths template to the article? I'd do it myself but it's source locked. --81.158.200.0 (talk) 19:21, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Oh would you believe it, in the time it took for me to type that comment, somebody already has. Didn't they do well! --81.158.200.0 (talk) 19:22, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * It was added at 16.40. The IP editor won a cuddly toy. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:28, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Didn't he do well? --2A00:23C5:CE19:C100:D916:48A9:1A3:4756 (talk) 21:44, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 August 2017
Theres some grammar errors and mistakes so can I edit this page please 37.228.196.251 (talk) 19:37, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * This is Wikipedia, remember. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:57, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this is not the right page to request additional user rights. You may reopen this request with the specific changes to be made and someone will add them for you. jd22292 (Jalen D. Folf) (talk) 20:23, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

Grammar Errors
Theres some grammar errors and mistakes so can I edit this page please 37.228.196.251 (talk) 19:40, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Any clues at all? Higher? or lower? Martinevans123 (talk) 19:55, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this is not the right page to request additional user rights. You may reopen this request with the specific changes to be made and someone will add them for you. jd22292 (Jalen D. Folf) (talk) 20:24, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

No apparent grounds for extended protection
Wiki rules state that Extended Protection is only to be used in cases where semi-protection has proven inaffective, and it is forbidden to use 30/500 Extended Protection as preemptive protection (to protect against offenses which have not yet occurred), or to give superiority to higher rank users. Since there is no mention here of any disputes, or reasons for extended protection, it has to be removed. See WP:BLUELOCK

Upon checking relevant pages, I can see that it was added as a method of preventing vandalism, however the only changes which could be considered vandalism were performed by unregistered users, and therefore semi-protection is perfectly adequate in this case until it is proven ineffective. Grez868 (talk) 22:16, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

2013 robbery?
Was the 2013 robbery notable, even though Forsyth himself wasn't directly involved? The press valued Forsyth's home at the time to be £4m. But perhaps a better source could be found than The Express? Martinevans123 (talk) 22:15, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Wasn't using tabloids as sources banned? Grez868 (talk) 22:24, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * The Daily Mail was banned, as I'm sure User:John will happily confirm. Other tabloids are just best avoided, I think. But this was a real crime, apparently. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:30, 18 August 2017 (UTC) ...e.g.
 * WP:BLPSOURCES prohibits using tabloid journalism, and there is a separate blanket ban on the Mail. This story, Martin? --John (talk) 22:36, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * What would be nice, is if on WP:BLPSOURCES, there was actually a guideline of what is considered reliable, because it doesn't actually forbid tabloids specifically, rather it forbids comments and specifically mentions blogs. Further reading into WP:SOURCES also doesn't condemn tabloids outright. The only reason I mention this is because you referenced a page from the Telegraph, which is also a tabloid in it's style of writing as of recent years - with that I mean it's a tabloid but printed on a broadsheet. The rules just aren't clear.Grez868 (talk) 22:48, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * No, I think you mean it's a broadsheet printed in tabloid format? Martinevans123 (talk) 22:52, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment - as the subject is no longer living then WP:BLPSOURCES should no longer apply. Keith D (talk) 23:36, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * No, the BLP policy extends to the recently deceased as well.Pawnkingthree (talk) 00:56, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

why he did The Thinker
See Bruce: The Autobiography 2012 "...there, I thought to myself. So the first time we did it, I just found myself going into Rodin's Thinker position – except standing up." In ictu oculi (talk) 13:35, 26 August 2017 (UTC)

Missing single & album release
In 1975, Forsyth released a version of the Barry Manilow composed song "Sandra" on the Warner Bros label, catalogue number K16614. The 'B' Side was "They Call It Love". It was taken from the Warner Bros released "The Bruce Forsyth Album" catalogue number K56166. https://www.discogs.com/Bruce-Forsyth-Sandra/release/9958836 Despite not charting, Forsyth performed the track on BBC1's Top Of The Pops. I'd add this to the article myself, only it's been locked to allow only the chosen few to edit.186.244.108.37 (talk) 00:26, 31 August 2017 (UTC)

Cause of death
Per the documentation on Template:Infobox person, "Do not use all these parameters for any one person. The list is long to cover a wide range of people. Only use those parameters that convey essential or notable information about the subject". Bronchial pneumonia is pretty much the definition of a non-notable cause of death - it's not one of the top 10 most significant facts about Bruce, probably not one of the top 100. It should absolutely be mentioned in the Death section, but it shouldn't be in the infobox. I removed it, but it's been replaced. Can we get consensus to leave it out? TSP (talk) 10:46, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

Country of origin
The independent country that Forsyth was born in and lived in is the United Kingdom so he is British. It is not correct to replace this with the word "English". Why is that more correct? England has not been a sovereign state since 1707. Please stop replacing British with English.--Mevagiss (talk) 23:01, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * A wider problem, I fear: . Martinevans123 (talk) 23:03, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * His nationality was listed in the info box (somebody removed it for some reason) and didn't need to be mentioned twice, this being common on Wikipedia for articles about British people. Add it back if you're desperate for the obvious to be mentioned. I can't help but notice you only seem to target the pages of English people for your changes.--Comnenus (talk) 23:24, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I target nothing, thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 23:30, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Sorry I should have said I was responding to Mevagiss.--Comnenus (talk) 23:33, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Comnenus, lots of mistakes are common on WP. This is an encyclopedia; we are concerned with facts not opinions (use Twitter etc. for that). What may be "obvious" to you is not to others. Please familiarise yourself with WP:NPOV. Note that following others' edits can be interpreted as WP:HOUNDING and are grounds for requesting a block.--Mevagiss (talk) 23:47, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * You're the one trying to make POV changes without discussion I'm only reverting back to what it originally said. Many people identify as 'English', this is a fact whether you like it or not and not just an "opinion". It's quite obvious to me (but maybe not others) that your insistence on changing English to British goes far beyond a simple desire for "facts".--Comnenus (talk) 00:26, 7 December 2017 (UTC)
 * It's technically correct to describe Forsyth as either English or British. In my view, which of these words we should use in the lead depends on how Forsyth described himself and/or how reliable sources usually describe him. --  Dr Greg   talk  23:38, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I quite agree. Did Forsyth ever identify himself more as English or British? WP policy on this topic doesn't seem to be well defined, does it? Martinevans123 (talk) 23:41, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the song he sang Backing British would count as a source? Usually only people who change citizenship ever state what their nationality is, like Aljaz Bedene, as it is not a useful question for an interviewer otherwise--Mevagiss (talk) 00:13, 7 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I suspect not, as joining an "I'm Backing England" campaign was not an option at that time. I also suspect that Forsyth would have regarded himself as 100% English and 100% British i.e. that these two were not alternatives for him. But that's just my personal guess. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:07, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

@Comnenus: What is your reference for editing the article (which you did initially on 5th Dec) to state Forsyth identifying as English?--154.59.142.55 (talk) 10:55, 7 December 2017 (UTC)
 * If there is no reference for either, shouldn't the official status ie. British be used by default?--Mevagiss (talk) 10:45, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I recommend using British if there are no references available to state that he is something else as that would be an official status.--82.27.217.102 (talk) 08:28, 22 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Let's have it as British--Runwayrollr (talk) 12:55, 30 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree. Martinevans123 (talk) 12:59, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bruce Forsyth


text:
Oran Milo Roberts

Oran Milo Roberts (July 9, 1815 – May 19, 1898), was the 17th Governor of Texas from January 21, 1879, to January 16, 1883. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Roberts County, Texas, is named after him.

Early life
Roberts was born in Laurens District, South Carolina. He studied at the University of Alabama, graduated in 1836, and was admitted to the bar the following year. After serving a term in the Alabama legislature, he moved to Texas, where he opened a successful law practice. In 1844, he was appointed a district attorney by Texas President Sam Houston. In 1846, after Texas had become a state, Roberts was appointed district judge by Governor James Pinckney Henderson. He also served as president of the board and was a well-respected lecturer in law for the University of San Augustine.

In 1856, Roberts ran for and won a position on the Texas Supreme Court. He became a spokesman for states' rights, and when the secessionist crisis appeared in 1860, he was at the center of the pro-Confederate faction.

American Civil War
In January 1861 he was unanimously elected president of the Secession Convention in Austin, a meeting that he had been influential in calling. Along with his colleagues, Roberts led the passage of the ordinance removing Texas from the Union in 1861. In 1862 he resigned his seat on the bench and entered the Confederate Army and was elected as colonel of the 11th Texas Infantry Regiment with which he served as part of the Walker's Texas Division in the Trans-Mississippi Department during the greater part of the campaigns in Arkansas and Louisiana. In 1864, while he was with his command, Roberts was elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He held the position until he was removed along with other state incumbents in 1865.

Postbellum
During Reconstruction, he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1866. Along with David G. Burnet, he was elected by the state legislature to the US Senate. However, as the Reconstruction Act has become law, the states were subject to military rule, and none of the delegations of the southern states were seated.

Roberts eventually returned to Gilmer, Texas, where he opened a law school in 1868. Among his students were a future Texas Supreme Court justice, Sawnie Robertson, and a future Dallas district judge, George N. Aldredge.

Upon the ascension of the Democrats to power in Austin in 1874, Roberts was appointed by Governor Richard Coke to his former position of Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court. Two years later, under the new Texas Constitution, he was elected to the same position. He served as chief justice for four years and was involved in rewriting much of Texas civil law. He resigned as Chief Justice after receiving a unanimous nomination from the Democratic Convention to run for governor. In 1878 he was elected governor of Texas and served two terms. He was elected governor of Texas on a platform of post-Reconstruction fiscal reform. His two gubernatorial terms were marked by a reduction in state expenditures. His plan for countering the high taxes and state debt of the Reconstruction years became known as "pay as you go." A major part of the plan involved the sale of public lands to finance the debt and to fund public schools. Though ultimately successful in both reducing the debt and increasing the public school fund, the decreased government appropriations under Roberts halted public school growth for a time. The present Capitol in Austin was contracted during Roberts's terms, and the cornerstone for the University of Texas was laid in 1882. Railroad mileage increased across West Texas, and the frontier became more secure.

In 1883, just before Roberts's second term as governor was to end, The University of Texas opened in Austin. After his term, he was appointed professor of law, a position that he held for the next ten years. He was immensely influential in the state's legal profession. His impact on a generation of young attorneys was symbolized by the affectionate title "Old Alcalde" bestowed upon him by his students.

In continuance of that legacy, the University of Texas named its alumni magazine "Alcalde" in his honor and, in 1963, built and named a residence hall after him. During his tenure at the university, Roberts wrote several professional works, among them a text, The Elements of Texas Pleading (1890), which was used for decades after his retirement from teaching. In 1893, he left the university and moved to Marble Falls, where he turned his attention to more general historical writings. Among his works were his essay The Political, Legislative, and Judicial History of Texas for its Fifty Years of Statehood, 1845–1895, which was published in an early general history of the state, Comprehensive History of Texas, 1685 to 1897 (1898), edited by Dudley G. Wooten; and chapters on Texas in volume eleven of C. A. Evans's Confederate Military History (1899). He participated in forming the Texas State Historical Association and served as its first president.

Family
Roberts was married to Frances W. Edwards of Ashville, Alabama, from 1837 until her death in 1883. They were the parents of seven children. In 1887 Roberts married Mrs. Catherine E. Border. He is buried at the Oakwood Cemetery in Austin, Texas.

title: Oran Milo Roberts


text:
Talk:Gold Reserve Act

Untitled
Which country does this act relate to? Deb 21:22, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The United States Harksaw 18:45, 6 January 2006 (UTC)Harksaw

Actual Text of the Act?
This article needs a link to the Act itself, but I have been unable to locate it online. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.98.161.173 (talk) 09:26, 3 December 2011 (UTC) Found it: http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/1934jan30.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.98.161.173 (talk) 09:28, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

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Criticisms
It certainly wasn’t a universally popular idea at the time, and has more than a few critics today. I think in the name of fairness this demands a criticism section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Donatj (talk • contribs) 12:08, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gold Reserve Act


text:
John Ireland (politician)

John Ireland (January 1, 1827 – March 15, 1896) was the 18th Governor of Texas from 1883 to 1887. During Ireland's term, the University of Texas was established, and construction on the Texas State Capitol began. Ireland is credited with the selection of local pink granite as the construction material.

Early years
Ireland was born on January 1, 1827 in Hart County, Kentucky to Irish immigrants Patrick Ireland and the former Rachel Newton. Although he had little formal education, when he was 18 he was appointed deputy sheriff of the county. At 24 years of age he decided to study law, and was admitted to the bar.

In 1852, Ireland moved to Texas, where he settled in Seguin and practiced law. Two years later, he married Mathilda Wicks Faircloth. She died in 1856, and the following year Ireland married Anna Maria Penn. They had three children together. Ireland was elected the mayor of Seguin in 1858.

A firm believer in slavery, Ireland campaigned for greater efforts to reclaim slaves who had run away to freedom in Mexico. He was an ardent secessionist and served as a delegate of Seguin to the 1861 Secession Convention. He enlisted in the Confederate States Army as a private and eventually worked his way through the ranks to that of lieutenant colonel.

Throughout the Civil War, Ireland served within the Texas borders, patrolling along the Rio Grande border and along the Gulf Coast, where he was stationed at the war's end in 1865.

Following the war, Ireland participated in the Reconstruction Convention of 1866 and was soon elected judge of the Seguin District. He was removed from his position the following year when Radical Republicans seized power.

State politics
Ireland reentered politics in 1872, when he was elected to the Texas House of Representatives and chaired the executive committee of the Democratic party. During his time as a state legislator, Ireland backed the bill creating the University of Texas at Austin, was a proponent of low taxes, and favored regulating the railroads. In 1875, he served as an associate justice of the Texas Supreme Court. Later that year, he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The new state constitution reduced the number of associate justices on the supreme court, and in 1876 Ireland lost his position.

In late 1875, Ireland decided to run for the U.S. Senate. His primary competition was the current Governor of Texas, Richard Coke. Coke's supporters accused Ireland of having been a member of the Know-Nothing party and of opposing ratification of the new constitution. Ireland lost the election. In 1878, he attempted to run for the U.S. House against incumbent Gustav Schleicher, but again failed to win the election.

In 1882, Governor Oran Roberts declined to run again, and Ireland received the Democratic nomination. His main competition was G. "Wash" Jones of the Greenback party. Ireland defeated Jones by over 48,000 votes. One of his first acts as governor was to have an amendment added to the state constitution establishing an ad valorem tax. He also reversed the policy of selling public lands. Ireland's land policy led to cattle ranchers accumulating large areas of land. The ranchers soon began running barbed wire around their own land and the public lands that they used, without permission, for grazing. This practice often cut farmers and other ranchers off from water. During a large drought in early 1883, people began cutting the barbed wire, leading to violence between the ranchers and farmers. This practice soon led to the Fence Cutting War. Ireland called a special session of the legislature in 1884 that passed a law allowing the Texas Rangers to intervene in these disputes. The Rangers were able to quell some, but not all, of the violence. The same year, Ireland won reelection for his second term as governor.

Construction began on the new Texas State Capitol building during Ireland's tenure. At his insistence, the building was constructed of Texas pink granite instead of imported Indiana limestone.

In 1887 Ireland attempted again to run for a U.S. Senate seat, but lost the race, ending his political career.

Later years
After retiring from politics, Ireland returned to Seguin to practice law. His profits were invested in land and railroad stocks, and during the Panic of 1893, he lost all of his holdings. He died on March 15, 1896, and is interred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin.

The small community of Ireland, Texas in Coryell County is named after Ireland.

title: John Ireland (politician)