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FC Obolon Kyiv

FC Obolon Kyiv (Оболонь Київ, ) is a Ukrainian professional football club based in Kyiv (Obolonskyi District). Its home colors are green shirts and white shorts; while its away uniforms are white shirts and green shorts. Its main sponsor was the brewery Obolon in 1999–2013. Since 2013, the club is owned by the factory.

The club was reformed in 2013 due to administrative issues and hence the team withdrew from the Professional Football League of Ukraine during the 2012–13 Ukrainian First League season in February 2013. The club restarted from amateur competitions. Between 2013 and 2020, the team was known as Obolon-Brovar Kyiv.

Names

 * 1992: FC Zmina
 * 1993: FC Zmina-Obolon (after a Kyiv neighborhood Obolon)
 * 1995: FC Obolon
 * 1997: FC Obolon-PPO
 * 1999: FC Obolon JSC (brewery became officially the club's sponsor)
 * 2001: FC Obolon (after its sponsor Obolon Brewery)
 * 2013: FC Obolon-Brovar (forced to reorganized and renamed)
 * 2020: FC Obolon

Obolon (original)
The football club was created in 1992 by a collective of enthusiasts based on the specialized sports school of Olympic Reserve Zmina in Kyiv. The team changed its name to Zmina-Obolon in 1993 because it was located in the historical neighborhood in Kyiv. The same year as Zmina-Obolon, the club participated in the national amateur competitions KFK at first placing third and next year winning a group competitions. After its promotion to professionals, the name portion Zmina was dropped leaving only with Obolon in 1995, and later changed to Obolon PPO in 1997. It adopted its current name on 23 April 2001. In 1995, it received professional status and entered the Ukrainian Second League for the 1995–96 season.

After finishing 3rd in the Ukrainian First League 2001–02 season, Obolon was promoted to the Ukrainian Premier League when that competition expanded to 16 teams for the 2002–03 season. Obolon was relegated to the Ukrainian First League after finishing 15th (out of 16) in the 2004–05 season. Until 2002, Obolon played its home games at Zmina Stadium and sometimes at the sport complex of Bilshovyk factory.

In the 2008–09 season, Obolon finished second in the Ukrainian First League and were promoted to the Ukrainian Premier League for the 2009–10 season for the second time.

The club competed in the Premier League for three seasons and was relegated after the 2011–12 Ukrainian Premier League season.

At the end of 2012, a conflict arose in club due to a transfer policy of the club. Major club sponsor Slobodyan had refused to finance the club after goalkeeper Kostyantyn Makhnovskyi was sold by the club without his consent. Due to lack of financing, on 21 February 2013, the club was forced to withdraw from the Ukrainian First League.

Obolon Brovar
In December 2012, the president of Obolon, Oleksandr Slobodian, announced he would create a new team under the moniker Obolon-Brovar ("Obolon Brewery"). The reorganized club was completely restructured and brought to a complete control of the Obolon factory, unlike its predecessor that was a public organization which was sponsored by the factory. In spring 2013, the team applied to PFL and was accepted for the 2013–14 Ukrainian Second League season.

In early March 2013, it was announced that the former honorary president of Obolon Kyiv, Oleksandr Slobodian would form a new football team called Obolon Brovar. Legally the team could not keep the old name and had to register a new name. FC Obolon as a public organization with Obolon brewery as its title sponsor was reorganized into a limited liability company of Obolon brewery and completely owned by the last. During the organization many first team players left, but infrastructure with its academy, staff and stadium were preserved.

Learning about a new club, the fans of Obolon immediately appealed to the new leadership of Obolon-Brovar with a request to leave the symbols and logos of the old club. Also they asked not to put on the club emblem the year the club was founded.

Only the doctors, administrators, massage therapists and reserve team coach Obolon-2 Kyiv Oleg Mazurenko moved from the former club to the new club. Also some players from Obolon-2 Kyiv and experienced defenders Andriy Kornyev and Valeriy Ivaschenko, who once played for Obolon Kyiv. All the rest were alumni from the Youth Academy Zmina-Obolon. Serhiy Soldatov was appointed head coach of the new team, who worked previously in the Youth Academy which was based with the team "Obolon Brovar". For the second season in the second league "Obolon Brovar" took second place and went into the first league. The season of 2015/2016, the "Brewers" finished at a high third place and were close to raising in the Premier League. The season was held mediocre by the team, however, in the Ukrainian Cup reached the 1/8 finals where the penalty kick lost to MFC Mykolaiv.

Obolon (2020 re-renaming)
In August 2020 Obolon-Brovar Kyiv was renamed (again) to Obolon Kyiv. The club's logo was changed accordingly. The 2022-23 season saw Obolon Kyiv get promoted to the Ukrainian Premier League for the 2023-24 season. They finished 14th in the league but beat Livyi Bereh Kyiv in the play-offs (1-0 home, 1-1 away).

Stadium
The club originally played at its Zmina Stadium.

Since 2002, it plays at Obolon Arena, while Zmina Stadium is used by its football academy Sports school Zmina Kyiv. Unlike Zmina Stadium that is located closer to the city's centre, Obolon Arena is located right on northern outskirts of Kyiv on vulytsia Pivnichna (Northern Street).

Honours

 * Ukrainian First League
 * Runners-up (2): 2008–09, 2022–23
 * PFL U–19
 * Winners (1): 2017–18
 * Ukrainian Second League
 * Winners (2): 1998–99, 2000–01
 * Runners-up (1): 2014–15
 * Ukrainian Amateur Football Championship
 * Winners (1): 1994–95

Current squad
As of 5 July 2024

Managers

 * 🇺🇦 Stanislav Honcharenko (Aug 1995 – Oct 1995)
 * 🇺🇦 Pavlo Neverov (Oct 1995 – June 1997)
 * 🇺🇦 Vadym Lazorenko (July 1997 – Sept 1999)
 * 🇺🇦 Oleh Fedorchuk (Sept 1999 – June 2000)
 * 🇺🇦 Volodymyr Muntyan (Aug 2000 – Nov 2001)
 * 🇺🇦 Petro Slobodian (March 2002 – Dec 2004)
 * 🇺🇦 Oleksandr Ryabokon (Jan 2005 – June 2005)
 * 🇺🇦 Bohdan Blavatskyi (July 2005 – March 2006)
 * 🇺🇦 Petro Slobodian (April 2006 – May 2008)
 * 🇺🇦 Ihor Artymovych (caretaker) (May 2008 – June 2008)
 * 🇺🇦 Yuriy Maksymov (June 2008 – Dec 2009)
 * 🇺🇦 Serhiy Kovalets (Jan 2010 – Nov 2011)
 * 🇺🇦 Vasyl Rats (caretaker) (Nov 2011)
 * 🇺🇦 Serhiy Konyushenko (Nov 2011 – Feb 2013)
 * 🇷🇺 Sergei Soldatov (Mar 2013 – 24 Oct 2016)
 * 🇺🇦 Oleh Mazurenko (24 Oct 2016 – 16 Sep 2017)
 * 🇺🇦 Valeriy Ivashchenko (caretaker, 19 Sep 2017 – 12 Jan 2018)
 * 🇺🇦 Volodymyr Pyatenko (12 Jan 2018 – 31 May 2018)
 * 🇺🇦 Serhiy Kovalets (13 Jun 2018 – 9 Jan 2020)
 * 🇺🇦 Oleh Mazurenko (13 Jan 2020 – present)
 * 🇺🇦 Valeriy Ivashchenko (8 July 2020 – 17 Oct 2020)
 * 🇺🇦 Pavlo Yakovenko (18 Oct 2020 – 5 May 2021)
 * 🇺🇦 Valeriy Ivashchenko (8 July 2020 – present)

title: FC Obolon Kyiv


text:
Jean Bethke Elshtain

Jean Paulette Bethke Elshtain (January 6, 1941 – August 11, 2013) was an American ethicist, political philosopher, and public intellectual. She was the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics in the University of Chicago Divinity School with a joint appointment in the department of political science.

Early life
Elshtain was born on January 6, 1941, to Paul Bethke and Hellen Lind in Windsor, Colorado. She grew up in Timnath, Colorado. She was from a Lutheran background. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Colorado State University and master's degrees in history from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the University of Colorado. She received her Doctor of Philosophy degree from Brandeis University in Massachusetts in 1973, writing her dissertation on Women and Politics: A Theoretical Analysis.

Career
Elshtain taught from 1973 to 1988 at the University of Massachusetts and then from 1988 to 1995 she taught at Vanderbilt University as the first woman to hold an endowed professorship. Elshtain was selected as a Phi Beta Kappa scholar, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, a Guggenheim Fellow, and recipient of nine honorary degrees. In 1995 she became a professor at University of Chicago. She was the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics at the University of Chicago Divinity School, and a contributing editor for The New Republic. She was also a Visiting Distinguished Professor of Religion and Politics at Baylor University.

In the 1990s, she chaired the Council on Civil Society, a joint project of the Institute for American Values and the University of Chicago Divinity School, which issued the report A Call to Civil Society: Why Democracy Needs Moral Truths.

She was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and she has served on the boards of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and the National Humanities Center. She was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, and received nine honorary degrees. In 2002, Elshtain received the Frank J. Goodnow award, the highest award for distinguished service to the profession given by the American Political Science Association.

The focus of Elshtain's work is an exploration of the relationship between politics and ethics. Much of her work concerned the parallel development of male and female gender roles as they pertain to public and private social participation. After the September 11, 2001, attacks she was one of the more visible academic supporters of US military intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq.

She published over five hundred essays and authored and/or edited over twenty books, including Democracy on Trial, Just War Against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World, Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy, Augustine and the Limits of Politics, and Sovereignty: God, State, Self.

In 2006, she was appointed by US President George W. Bush to the Council of the National Endowment for the Humanities, and also delivered the prestigious Gifford Lectures at the University of Edinburgh, joining such previous Gifford Lecturers as William James, Hannah Arendt, Karl Barth, and Reinhold Niebuhr. In 2008, Elshtain received a second presidential appointment to the President's Council on Bioethics.

Elshtain contributed to national debates on the family, the roles of men and women, the state of American democracy, and international relations for more than thirty-five years.

Analysis of major works
Elshtain's importance to the United States stems both from her impact in political ethics, and also her position in society as a woman. Carlin Romano, author of America the Philosophical, explains in his work that Elshtain's aim "was not so much to lobby for specific policies as to push for good civic-minded 'individualism' over the egoism of 'bad individualism'".

In one of her more popular titles, Women and War, Elshtain examines women's roles in war as contrasted against masculine roles and why these concepts are important to society. Beginning by examining America's societal interpretations of gender roles during wartime (man as a brave fighter and woman as a pacifist), Elshtain argues that men may make poor civic soldiers due to the fact that they are predisposed to a dangerous kind of eager adolescence on the battlefield, while women may be enthusiastically patriotic and possess a kind of necessary maturity, which is vital to successful combat.

In one of her more famous works, Democracy on Trial, Elshtain reflects on democracy in America, discussing how socio-cultural insistence on "difference" or "separatism" have evolved since the ratification of the Constitution, and how it may be detrimental to the system. Elshtain does not deny the importance of difference, especially within a civic body. Rather, she recognizes that Americans are no longer acting as representative bodies in governments, which embrace separate interests and also work as a collective towards the betterment of the whole. Elshtain, like James Madison, explains that American factional hostility is only a detriment to society: "one makes war with enemies: one does politics – democratic politics – with opponents".

Death
She died on August 11, 2013, at the age of 72 of heart failure resulting from endocarditis. She was buried at Grandview Cemetery, Fort Collins.

Books

 * Sovereignty: God, State, Self (2008)
 * Just War Against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World (2003)
 * Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy (2002)
 * Who Are We? Critical Reflections and Hopeful Possibilities. Politics and Ethical Discourse (2000)
 * New Wine in Old Bottles: International Politics and Ethical Discourse (1998)
 * Real Politics: Political Theory and Everyday Life (1997)
 * Augustine and the Limits of Politics (1996)
 * Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (1981)
 * Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (1981)
 * Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (1981)
 * Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (1981)
 * Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (1981)
 * Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (1981)

Articles and interviews

 * "The Self: Reborn, Undone, Transformed". Telos 44 (Summer 1980). New York: Telos Press

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jean Bethke Elshtain


text:
Talk:DIMM

Terminology
Hi. Thanks for the explanation. I still don't understand what is "dual" about the dim, nor do I understand what is "in line" about it. Is the DIMM "dual" because it carries information on each side of a pin? I am trying to understand what makes a DIMM, different than a SIMM. Thanks for any help you can provide. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.88.66.226 (talk • contribs) 0:20 UTC, 14 February 2005
 * the major difference between simm and dimm is that simm can work on single line that is it can work on one side of the ram whereas dimm which is dual in line memory module can work on both sides of the ram.
 * sub:varun verma —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.164.55.50 (talk • contribs) 08:30 UTC, 20 June 2005

hello my name is siby. i whish you include the speed of DIMM used in computer system.

I added an explination of the differences between DIMMs and SIMMs. And I think this article has enough information that we can remove the stub status. Any objections? --Pboyd04 20:42, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Pin layout
Does anyone have references for the pin layouts and method of operation of the different types of DIMM? It would certainly be useful to address this topics. JulesH 11:17, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * you 're right. i have inserte the package gorm of 168 pin (13 cm and 2 holes), i'd like to see others version too. --83.190.155.53 17:10, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

ps i was looking for package list and i found this page (sorry this is a commercial site but i haven't found a free site yet)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.190.155.53 (talk) 17:16, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

As far as I know DIMM SDRAM memory has 184pinn,and one hole in the center. The 2 holes might be DDR SDRAM. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.206.65.120 (talk) 22:21, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

DDR1 and DDR2 Speed
In the speed section can you clarify the difference between the speeds of DDR1 and DD2... is the strobe at the same speed as the data and twice the clock in both cases? ...

DDR1 ...have data but not the strobe at double the rate of the clock. i.e., PC1600 = 200 MHz data & strobe / 100 MHz clock for address and control .... DDR2 ... also (?) have data and data strobe frequencies at double the rate of the clock. i.e., PC2-3200 = 400 MHz data & strobe / 200 MHz clock for address and control .... Jnwisner 16:45, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Memory module description in EEPROM chip
I miss a notice that most DIMM modules carry a small EEPROM chip that describeS specification of the module (capacity, timing, manufacturer, etc). And I miss a detail article about this EEPROM chip, that is accesible at I2C bus on most cases as I know. Information from the chip can be read with Z-CPU freeware under Windows, for example. BIOS process the information from EEPROM chip too to configure system to optimal values during computer boot.

Well, I found the article about SPD: Serial_Presence_Detect —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.24.36.147 (talk) 11:12, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Am I wrong or is this whole section plain wrong? There's DIMM SDRAM,and DDR SDRAM; a big difference! It seems they mix it up a bit! DIMM SDRAM = supposed to be 184 pin, one hole on the bottom, 2 holes on the sides, and speeds ranging somewhere like 66 to 100Mhz. (It might be possible that 33Mhz or 133Mhz exists too). DDR speeds usually go higher then 100Mhz. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.206.65.120 (talk) 22:24, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

MicroDIMM?
Given that there's no definition of exactly what a MicroDIMM is, in what devices it is used, etc., I have a hard time understanding why MicroDIMM redirects here, other than the fact that the word is on the page. Anyone care to add a description? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.91.44.34 (talk) 15:53, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

My laptop has a MicroDimm slot fare as i know its used for more memory all u know at the moment but will keep u informed if i find out much more :) J M F Daddy

Other DIMMs than mainstream?
What about DIMMs used e.g. in printers, set-top boxes, cisco router, etc. pp.? Not even mentioned here... I don't have any information about them but they occur mostly in powerpc appliances and are equipped with sdrams as well as with normal drams. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.196.219.73 (talk) 19:39, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Yes, other DIMMs
I worked as atech for Computer City and ran into regular sized 144-pin DIMMs several times. They were basically mirrored 72-pin SIMMs, if you put them into the computer only half the RAM is available. I remember Canon desktop computers used those and the memory slots could interchange 72 and 144 pin variants. There was another brand, I think it was UMAX MAC clone (at that short time that Apple was licensing their OS). Apple had eprom DIMMs for Mac ROMs. Shjacks45 (talk) 20:02, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

Ease of installation comparison
Add a comparison table of ease of installation, e.g., in http://www.wikihow.com/Install-RAM
 * Press gently but firmly until the clamps close completely. You may need to push the clamps in toward the chip, but do so very gently. If the chip does not fit, do not force it.

Perhaps other designs are easier for the user.... Jidanni (talk) 02:16, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

The description for DDR3 and DDR4 is basically the same.
I'm no expert, but this seems weird. Surely it should be quadruple the clock speed, and not just double? I don't feel certain enough to edit, but if someone else knows anything about it this should at least be clarified. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.76.8.18 (talk) 12:22, 25 August 25 2014 (UTC)

 * Hello! Actually, DDR(1), DDR2, DDR3 and DDR4 all perform at double the rate of their clocks.  The n in DDRn serves as a generation designation. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 03:44, 26 August 2014 (UTC)

Registered DIMMs
The term/concept "registered DIMM" is used and not explained.

"JEDEC decided that the terms "dual-sided," "double-sided," or "dual-banked" were not correct when applied to registered DIMMs."84.55.110.220 (talk) 08:55, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Hello! Please see the  section above –  it contains a link to the Registered memory article, which explains the whole concept.  In Wikipedia articles, it is a common practice not to link the same term multiple times, so "registered" isn't linked more than once. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 10:18, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

Concerning section: 168-pin SDRAM
I don't know if it's me, but I can only see one notch on the bottom edge...

Also, just to clarify, the notch is the thing that makes it impossible to but it in the wrong way or to put in a module not designed for the slot at all, right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.55.110.220 (talk) 09:06, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Please make sure you're looking at the right image; File:DIMMs.jpg (which is visible at the top of the article) shows a 168-pin SDRAM DIMM, which clearly has two notches. You're right, the notch is the mechanical characteristic of a DIMM module's edge connector that makes it impossible to mismatch memory types. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 10:24, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

Physical Dimensions
Hi. The height in mm is given.. but not width! Seems like a basic and fundamental part of wiki page on a physical form factor.. any idea why the widths for the various options are not included? The height and width exact measurements were the main 2 pieces of information sought on the page.. Thanks.
 * Good point. I've just added the lengths for regular and SO DIMMs. Please make sure you add a new section at the bottom of the talk page. --Zac67 (talk) 09:38, 13 May 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 24 March 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved to the requested title at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 03:41, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

DIMM → Dimm – Over the past 25+ years dimm has become a noun for memory modules and is listed in dictionaries, no longer just an acronym describing individual JEDEC standardized memory modules KelleyCook (talk) 12:42, 23 March 2022 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 04:59, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Can you provide some sources to back up that's it's the new WP:COMMONNAME? -Kj cheetham (talk) 14:01, 23 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Contested: Not a good idea, or at least requires discussion. DIMM is "dual in-line memory module", as contrasted with SIMM, and should be consistent with the SIMM article (at least in the absence of strong evidence). — BarrelProof (talk) 17:01, 23 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose – DIMM is correct and by far the dominant form. --Zac67 (talk) 07:39, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose – Ngram doesn't indicate the generic term is gaining over the acronym. Wiktionary says it's just an Old English form of dim. – wbm1058 (talk) 18:07, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose: no evidence presented that the casing has changed in common usage. -- Mikeblas (talk) 15:58, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

SO-DIMM
Do you think it would be beneficial to add wording that "SO"-DIMM means "small outline dual inline memory module"? Nowhere in the article is it explained what the SO stands for.

I could add it but would it require references?

Aethalides (talk) 20:03, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Read again: A SO-DIMM (pronounced "so-dimm", also spelled "SODIMM") or small outline DIMM... --Zac67 (talk) 20:14, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

DDR2 Memory Clock
The table for clock rates of Memory vs Bus Clock vs Transfer Rate seems incorrect, at least for DDR2. According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM, the Memory Clock goes from 100 to 266 Mhz, while the Bus Clock is doubled (and the Transfer Rate is doubles again... ie, something like Tranfer Rate [MT/s] = 4[MT/s / Mhz]× Memory Clock[Mhz]).

This makes sense as fabricating DRAM chips with ever higher operating frequencies was notoriously difficult (which is the basis for the design of modern CPUs, "latency-hiding").

I'm fixing it.

Then I'll take a look at DDR3 - DDR5 (to make sure, at least, that it's consistent within Wikipedia). nachokb (talk) 02:25, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

 * DDR3/4: according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM#Modules, Memory Clock remains between 100Mhz and 266Mhz; Bus Clock is 4×, and MT/s is 8×; DDR4 is similar but reaching higher clocks. nachokb (talk) 02:32, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:DIMM


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Helen keller in jokes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 21:08, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Helen keller in jokes
Wikipedia is not a tasteless joke book. --Henrygb 22:20, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC) (1) Delete this article as completely and utterly unencyclopedic.
 * Delete. This could arguably be a speedy deletion candidate. User added similar (well, worse) garbage to Joseph Stalin. Everyking 22:27, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * And to Jesus. I guess this is what he does when he's not doing stand-up comedy. Everyking 22:29, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep No, they are different users! --24.93.213.84 02:18, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) My vote was changed, this is unfair and I would like an arbitration because of vote-changing to delete this article.  I would also like to see Henrygb blocked.  This article fits wikipedia because there can be encyclopedic joke knowledge.  This knowledge can be thought of in the same way as knowledge about Persia or Abstract Algebra.  If this article is deleted then it is showing a sub-legal process to destroy information that might be helpful in thought, but has supposed deviance determined by a non-select group of wikiholics.  The changing of votes can be thought of as the same way.  There have been two of us who have had votes on us changed.  This is unfair, we still have a say.  If the opposition did not have a say, we would not have "Votes for Deletion". --24.93.213.84 02:18, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * (1) Delete this article as completely and utterly unencyclopedic. (2) Nobody has ever been blocked just for nominating an article on VfD. There are no restrictions on what can and cannot be nominated here. (3) Calling people who frequent Wikipedia retards (as in your link) is flaming, which is not tolerated here. (4) A "sub-legal" process? Filtering the information in our articles is perfectly legal; there are no laws prohibiting us from doing with our website what we want, and we choose to include and exclude information based on what we collectively deem worthy to be in an encyclopedia. This process allows us to build an informative resource without being flooded with inane contributions that have no place in a work of reference (like this). — Ливай | ☺ 05:45, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Upholding Keep

'' First off, this provides no reason. You are just saying it does not belong on Wikipedia through no argument. It is not a point. Also, encyclopedia is defined by the American Heritage Dictionary as "Embracing many subjects; comprehensive." By embracing many subjects, it means none are excluded. Thus, by this definition, argument (1) is proven false. ''

'''(2) Nobody has ever been blocked just for nominating an article on VfD. There are no restrictions on what can and cannot be nominated here.'''

''My votes have been changed, you are assuming things that aren't true. Also, this is completely irrelevant to the arguments and voting''

(3) Calling people who frequent Wikipedia retards (as in your link) is flaming, which is not tolerated here.

'' Aside from being completely irrelevant, you should enjoy some humor in a conflicting situations. Americans make fun of themselves as stereotypes, so do some Wikiholics or Wikipedians. Even Helen Keller did. Also, this is not vandalism or "flaming," as you call it. In here we can make points and the points are even better if they are right or can't be disproven. Also, to use this as an argument is Argumentum ad Hominem, which is a logical fallacy. ''

''' (4) A "sub-legal" process? Filtering the information in our articles is perfectly legal; there are no laws prohibiting us from doing with our website what we want, and we choose to include and exclude information based on what we collectively deem worthy to be in an encyclopedia. This process allows us to build an informative resource without being flooded with inane contributions that have no place in a work of reference (like this). '''

'' Please note that referring to forensic or legal does not imply anything about American law. I was talking about a process, in the place of conflict, which is used to destroy information while upholding certain integrities and rules, which make a legal process. This is a partition in this legal process. Also, by the earlier definition of encyclopedic, this work is encyclopedic. Would you like me to look up informative to give you an idea of what it means? This article gives information, to Wikipedians. By your logic, I chose to include the article because it is based on what some deem to be worthy to be in an encyclopedia. Your logic is faulty, proving me right '' No hard feelings? --24.93.213.84 23:11, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) Delete the article. Not notable enough for a whole article. Wikipedia is not a jokebook. However, this was a real category of joke that experienced a vogue circa, um, (counting on figures... age of kids... grade they were in when they came home with these kneeslappers...) the mid-1980s. Or maybe it's long been popular among fifth-graders. When I was in junior high school there was a fad for what were called "sick jokes" of this kind; I don't remember a Helen Keller subcategory but it probably evolved over time. I would love to think that all the delete votes are because these jokes have gone out of style and are no longer familiar. Do we have an article tracing the rise and fall of categories of jokes? We should, and this category should be mentioned. Do people still tell "elephant jokes?" (Q: How do you put six elephants in a Volkswagen? A. Three in front, three in back. Q: What did Tarzan say when he saw the elephants coming over the hill? A: "Here come the elephants over the hill.") Dpbsmith (talk) 01:50, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm really not going to nit-pick this issue since in the end, all the votes that count (yours doesn't count because you have not registered an account) have been to delete, and there is no way this article is being kept. For the record, no reason has to be given why something is unencyclopedic for a vote to count. It seems pretty obviously not appropriate for a reference work according to everyone else so I don't really feel the need to explain myself. Just because something counts as information doesn't mean it belongs in an encyclopedia. Someone on here (I don't remember who exactly) once made the analogy of Wikipedia as an organism: we must take in food (information) and build the useful parts of that food into the bulk of the organism while excreting that which doesn't contribute to the overall health of the organism. In our case, this means deleting that information which doesn't belong in an encyclopedia. We get a lot of articles which are clearly factual in nature but the subject matter is not notable enough or appropriate for inclusion in an encyclopedia. This is not just some collection of every piece of information we can possibly find. No hard feelings, but I won't continue to debate this issue any further as VfD is cluttered up as it is and none of this is going to change the fate of the article. — Ливай | ☺ 01:02, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete WLD 22:37, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.Mikkalai 22:43, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Clearly doesn't belong in Wikipedia. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:57, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Are we being censored now? This item is very encyclopedic, it embraces a subject usually not embraced.  What about taboo articles like condom or Jew, should we delete those?  That's very prejudice, Mr. Etitis. --24.93.213.84 23:30, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Spinboy 23:03, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Obvious Delete Lan3y - Talk 23:09, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What Henrygb said. —Charles P. (Mirv) 23:42, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Antandrus 23:51, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just not appropriate Bratsche 23:52, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unencyclopedic. CDC   (talk)  00:05, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 00:06, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete #3, vandalism. Wyss 00:47, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Article may be useful to youths as an example of uncouth harassment. Note: This is the 3rd time I've had to vote, as my first two were deleted. This is not fair. 20:14, 13 Feb 2005
 * Yes, he or she should have a vote, regardless of past vandalism to the page. Everyking 01:17, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. No anonymous user should have a vote. — Ливай | ☺ 05:51, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Where does it say that? All people that know how to edit and use Wikipedia should be given "voting rights".  If not, then it would be considered elitist; and judging from your views on anarcho-communism in your user page, there should be no rigid class structure where it is not needed.  Also, he/she isn't really anonymous because everybody who can connect to the internet has an IP address. --24.93.213.84 23:30, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Because of serious problems in the past with people attempting to use sockpuppets to "stuff the ballot box", we have established a fairly firm rule on this page that the votes of anonymous users and very new users are subject to steep discounting by the admin who finally makes the decision.  However, any facts you can add to the discussion are welcome and will be considered by the community.  To whoever has been blanking the anonymous votes, PLEASE STOP.  Trust that the deciding admin will investigate them and weight them appropriately.  Marking suspicious votes is a courtesy but erasing comments just confuses the discussion thread and incites unnecessary confrontation.  To the anon who was tampering with other people's votes, stop that too.  What you did is immediately obvious to anyone reviewing the edit history.  It seriously prejudices the case against you.  Rossami (talk) 03:36, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Allowing anonymous users to vote would create a few problems: firstly, an IP address does not identify a user uniquely -- some people's ISP does not give them the same IP every time they log onto the Internet, for example. Or a logged-in user could log out and get a second vote signed with their IP. Or somebody could vote five times at five of their friends' houses. Getting an account only takes a minute and is free. You don't even need to give out your name or email or anything, so in theory everybody is equally entitled to a vote, although it helps a lot to have a history of helpful contributions attributed to your account. While not strictly necessary, it lets people know you're not a sock puppet, plus it helps to have experience in Wikipedia community so you get a good feel for what is and isn't encyclopedic before voting on Votes for Deletion. — Ливай | ☺ 00:24, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ливай, please read Rossami's very considered statement (scroll down a bit) of what VfD is about. Anonymous users are explicitly allowed to participate in the discussion, and it is the discussion that is the point, not the votes. If the anonymous votes are suspicious, it is the admin's job to not consider them.
 * Delete as tasteless, unfunny and unencyclopedic. If someone wants to move this to the Jokebook, it'll have its day at the Wikibooks VfD. Szyslak 02:57, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Brim 05:20, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - tasteless jokes, probably also meant as derogatory - Skysmith 11:02, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Shanes 23:26, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is probably someone just trolling, trying to see if Wikipedia will discredit itself by accepting it.  Wikipedia isn't a joke book.  Wikipedia is not a primary source for jokes or anything else.  But I agree with Dpbsmith that a history of fashions in jokes would be encyclopedic and "sick jokes" would merit some discussion, which might include some examples. --BM 01:57, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Kaldari 01:58, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic. Carrp | Talk 17:59, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic. Kjoonlee 03:38, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)
 * Delete - sick nonsense --Brookie 19:06, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — no potential to become encyclopedic, and Wikipedia is not a jokebook. However, as I understand it, anonymous users do have the right to vote; no one should be removing their votes. If the user has done something questionable or not signed the vote, one may add a comment; or, if the user has added irrelevant material, like complex voting schemes, one may strike the extra material—but it should normally not be removed. Administrators traditionally give little importance to anonymous votes due to the problems mentioned above, but anonymous users still have a voice here. — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 05:25, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
File talk:Xenu space plane.jpg

WIN!! As funny as this photoshop of the pic from the DC-8 article is, this is PRECISELY what L. Ron Hubbard said and what those scientology idiots believe in. epic lulz. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.45.29.205 (talk) 20:44, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Bwahahaha!!! - Ta bu shi da yu 22:21, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This contributes much to the Xenu article Ashibaka tlk 15:13, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Featured picture candidate? -- Cyrius|✎ 21:18, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This is a very very amusing picture and should be featured at once!! — Trilobite (Talk) 21:17, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Beyond pure amusement, this is exactly what the nutty Spaceplane description is like. I love it =) -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 02:27, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Best space plane picture... ever. -GamblinMonkey 30 June 2005 15:26 (UTC)

From http://gamers.experimentations.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=5177&view=findpost&p=67899 :

 * "Also, ROFL for the "space plane". I was expecting an ACTUAL artist's rendering, not a jetliner in a shitty cut-n-paste job over a background of stars. There's rampant anti-aliasing for god's sake!"

Dammit, that was deliberate - a cheesy subject deserves a cheesy picture! ;-) -- ChrisO 30 June 2005 16:55 (UTC)

 * That link's not taking me to that quote. -- Cyrius|✎ 30 June 2005 17:03 (UTC)

 * Thanks, fixed. -- ChrisO 30 June 2005 17:09 (UTC)

LMAO, it has a Nasa logo and everything. This is hilarious. Some ultra-advanced mythical alien spaceship that is! 24.251.143.179 02:09, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

This picture is pretty funny, but I don't think its exactly NPOV. A casual reader may assume that the spaceship image is official COS canon, instead of a humorous jab. In any case, there are plenty of anti-scientology forums, but this is not one of them. I hope the facts concerning scientology may speak for themselves as to whether it's silly.

 * It isn't a humorous jab. It's an artist's rendition of a Hubbard description. -- Cyrius|✎ 21:45, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I see Hubbard had a pretty cheesy imagination sometimes.... think about Joseph Smith and how he started a religion... Hubbard was apparently taking from the popular culture he knew - aliens and UFOs and bad psychology and airplanes and 20th century California. Likewise, Smith dreamt of Native Americans and Biblical scenes, and he took from his beloved Freemasonry and spun a grand epic of the wild North America that he saw before him. Of course, when one describes the infinite in everyday terms and use everyday objects and pop culture as mythology... his or her sacred tomes will wind up with silly special effects. 204.52.215.107 04:40, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm reading a copy of the Xenu pamphlet online and it says "(the bodies) were put into space planes that looked exactly like DC8s". So this is actually what they believe. Davidizer13 07:46, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

ROFLMAO, one of the funniest things ever...this would be on BJAODN, except its true...they believe that :O :) --WikiSlasher 07:56, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Upon further investigation it already has been: Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Strike Back --WikiSlasher 07:58, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Ah, yes...
Just what I needed for a laugh this evening! :D

Such an "exact copy" of a modern terrestrial aeroplane would disintegrate in the atmosphere, killing everyone fairly quickly and leaving only a few shards of metal hurtling to the ground, if that. There's no creativity in this concoction, it just goes to show how bad a sci-fi writer L. Ron. Hubbard™ was. Also, they would have to be huge to carry the supposed "billions" of passengers, otherwise it would take a ridiculously long time!

Damnit, I'm going to start my own website dedicated to some form of "New Age Spiritualism Mixed With Hilarious Science Fiction". Lucky b******.

OMG THIS NEEDS TO BE FEATURED NOW! Superior1 08:43, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

I mean how would this even fly in space? It's not like there's lift in an environment that has no air. Good call L. Ron... also I am gonna get sued for revealing the secret mystery of space flight (non-physics). 72.208.169.2 10:13, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It would use thrust to travel through space (from rockets or something, I don't exactly know how planes work). Due to the inertia and the lack of force being applied on it (pretty much no gravity) it would basically fly in a straight line at an almost constant speed. Oh and IANAS of course. --WikiSlasher 14:01, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Planes use jet engines, which rely on an external supply of oxygen - something conspicuously lacking in space. Rockets take their oxygen with them in the form of liquid oxygen. But I suspect that Hubbard wasn't thinking of such mundane means of propulsion anyway. Here's what he says about these space planes (or "space wagons" as he calls them) in another lecture: "Now, science fiction writers following the cue of some chap, I've forgotten his name now, Einstein, Beinstein, something like that, who said that MC squared over C wouldn't go, man, and that the speed of light could not be excessive. And actually I was looking up some speed tables the other day, and a trillion light years per day is not full throttle on a space wagon." (ref. "The Helatrobus Implants", SHSBC-266, lecture of 21 May 1963). A trillion light years per day would be something like 40 billion light years per hour, which would require something with a lot more power than a rocket or jet engine... -- ChrisO 20:49, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Gravity is still around, and quite strong in space. You never 'fly in a straight line at an almost constant speed' unless your moving near light speed, and even then gravity still effects you. Nerull 23:20, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * OK then, a somewhat straight line at an almost constant speed. --WikiSlasher 10:05, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Reference
Original images:

 * Thomas, Carla. DC-8 Airborne Laboratory in flight [1998]. NASA. Photo #EC98-44428-007. Link
 * Heap, Sally et al. Starfield in the large magellanic cloud [1999]. Space Telescope Science Institute. NASA and the Hubble Heritage Team. Photo #PRC-99 44. Link

--24.57.157.81 (talk) 04:10, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

NASA logo on plane
Shouldn't this have a NASA tag since the plane has a NASA logo on it.

* NASA logos (which include the current "meatball" logo, the old "worm" logo, and the seal) are copyrighted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.87.172.6 (talk) 09:57, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

NPOV
I think this picture is a joke. Seeing the othe comments seem to confirm this. Anyone wish to have an actual rendition? The thumbnail seemed okay; but the closer look, I saw the copy and paste job done. Was this serious of a joke designed to attack scientology? IF this was an attack it should be changed as a POV violation.

And for those attacking gravity, no air, etc...umm he admits there were different engines. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.21.209.188 (talk) 03:31, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I know it looks like a joke, but it isn't. --WikiSlasher (talk) 10:41, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

hmm
"The space planes were exact copies of Douglas DC-8s." Does this mean that Scientology and these, ancient aliens lacked so much an imagination that they had to steal from NASA a plane design? It honestly reminds me of a bad Sci-Fi, the "Espinol United Stars, or the Espinol United Moons, Planets, and Asteroids: This Quarter of the Universe is Ours" honestly sounds like an attempt at HHGTTG humor rather than serious mythos.--Kahn Iceay 21:36, 20 June 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kahniceay (talk • contribs)

title: File talk:Xenu space plane.jpg


text: Talk:University of Rochester

title: Talk:University of Rochester


text:
What's Up? (4 Non Blondes song)

"What's Up?" is a song by American rock group 4 Non Blondes, released in March 1993 by Interscope and Atlantic Records as the second single from their debut album, Bigger, Better, Faster, More! (1992). The song was written by lead singer Linda Perry and produced by David Tickle. It has gained popularity in the United States and in several European countries, peaking at number one in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. The accompanying music video was directed by American film director Morgan Lawley and was also nominated in the category for Best Alternative Rock Video at the MTV Video Music Awards.

Background and recording
The song had its origins well before 4 Non Blondes were formed. Third Eye Blind frontman Stephan Jenkins recalled sitting in a room with Linda Perry, who worked as a waitress down the street, performing their original compositions to one another when the two were struggling musicians in San Francisco. The two played each other early versions of "Semi-Charmed Life" and "What's Up?", both of which would become massive hits for their respective bands. It would be decades later that Jenkins realized the songs performed in that private session would sell a combined 17 million records. The title does not appear in the song's lyrics, but the phrase "what's going on?" is prominently included in the chorus.

A different version of the song, with lyrics and arrangement reworked by producer David Tickle, was originally recorded at Groove Masters studio as part of 4 Non Blondes' debut album, but Perry hated it so much that she complained to Interscope executives. When she was told that the song sounded fine, Perry took matters into her own hands and booked a recording session at The Plant for the band to re-record her original version of the song. The song was re-recorded in one day, with the label's co-owner Jimmy Iovine agreeing that he preferred the re-recorded version based on Perry's demo over Tickle's, and establishing Perry's version as the final version of the song.

During an interview with Tape Op magazine, Perry recalled how the recording went:

"The producer (David Tickle) had no sense of what the song was. I went to the label and said 'This song sucks. This is not the song I wrote.' They didn't support me. They said it sounded fine. I did not agree. I grabbed the band during a break and we went to The Record Plant in Sausalito. ... I started moving things around. The engineer there helped me a lot. I would tell him what I wanted, and if he didn't get it I would move the microphone around. Then I'd go, 'Yes, that's it. That's the sound.' I did that with everything. Then we got the tempo, and we got the recording of it, the base of it, done. I re-did my acoustics. I was in the middle of vocals when David Tickle showed up. I'd laid down three vocals. I was annoyed he showed up. We were already done with the frigging song. We comped the vocal and mixed it that night, and it made mastering the next day. That is the version that blew up all over the world. [...] I've told the story enough that people know that David Tickle did not produce that song. It was me."

Tickle's instrumental (over the original vocals) could be heard on Perry's episode of Behind the Music; Tickle's version was never released.

Critical reception
AllMusic editor Tom Demalon described the song as a "massive, neo-hippie anthem" in his review of Bigger, Better, Faster, More! Rolf Edmund Lund from Norwegian Altaposten complimented Perry's voice as "incredibly good". Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that "gymnastic vocals, leaping from a breathy, high range, to gravelly, bar-rock blues in a single passage, front this straightforward, heartfelt rocker. Treads the line between album rock and modern rock, with the piano version favoring the former." Tom Sinclair from Entertainment Weekly described it as "funky" and added that it "is only one of the goodies in the Blondes' musical grab bag". In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton viewed it as "a wonderful piece of laid back summer rock (well, almost)". Pan-European magazine Music & Media complimented it as a "strong composition", where the lyrics "are done more than justice by Linda Perry's impressive vocal touch." An Music & Media editor commented, "Toni Childs backed by a rock band playing Bobbie McFerrin's "Don't Worry, Be Happy" comes closest as a description."

Alan Jones from Music Week felt it is "charming" and "easily the best track" of the album. Steven Wells from NME named it Single of the Week, writing, "This has a nine-foot tall titanium hook and a woman singer who does a fair bit of that Bjorkish OOOOOOEEEEEOOOEEE and seems to be demanding a revolution and is extremely pissed off about the world. Ooh, she's really getting going now. Damn, but this is good." R.S. Murthi from New Straits Times called it "anthemic" and remarked that it "is probably one of the simplest and catchiest pop songs to be produced in recent times." Carmen von Rohr from Rome News-Tribune noted "the amazingly down-to earth common sense lyrics" of "What's Up?", and added that Linda Perry "sings in her rich, soulful voice about the frustrations she feels as she tries to adjust to her place in the universe." A reviewer from Sunday Life wrote that the song is "naggingly memorable". Ronny Johansen from Troms Folkeblad commented, "What a wonderful use of voice and what an irresistible song!"

Chart performance
The recording received considerable airplay success. It reached number 14 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and went gold, but peaked higher in many other countries, reaching number one in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland while reaching number two in the United Kingdom and Australia.

Impact and legacy
"What's Up?" was ranked number 94 on VH1's "100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders" and number 86 on the MuchMore "The Top 100 One Hit Wonders". Some critics disliked "What's Up?" Songwriters Carl Barât and Stuart Braithwaite named the song the worst ever. Dean Ween said: "It's as bad as music gets... Everything about the song is so awful that if I sat down and tried to write the worst song ever, I couldn't even make it 10 percent of the reality of how awful that song is." In 2019, About.com featured it in their ranking of "The Best 100 Songs From the 1990s". Bill Lamb remarked that the song "seemingly appeared out of nowhere, becoming a neo-folkie hit first on modern rock radio stations and then on the pop charts. Although it only reached number 11, it has been a radio fixture ever since."

Music video
A music video was produced to promote the single. It was directed by American film director Morgan Lawley and features the band, dressed in punk clothing, performing the song as they stand in a living room set decorated with paintings. In between, there is footage of the band in a park and a playground. It was nominated in the category for Best Alternative Rock Video at the MTV Video Music Awards. The video was later published on YouTube in 2011 and passed 1 billion views in February 2021 on the platform.

Track listings

 * US and Australian cassette single
 * 1) "What's Up?" (LP version)
 * 2) "Train" (LP version)

 * Australian and European CD single
 * 1) "What's Up?" (edit) – 4:16
 * 2) "What's Up?" (remix) – 4:51
 * 3) "Train" – 3:47
 * 4) "What's Up?" (piano version) – 4:09

 * European 7-inch and cassette single
 * 1) "What's Up?"
 * 2) "What's Up?" (piano version)

 * Japanese mini-CD single
 * 1) "What's Up?"
 * 2) "Spaceman"

Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the Bigger, Better, Faster, More! album booklet.

Studios
 * Recorded at The Plant (Sausalito, California)
 * Mixed and overdubbed at The Bunker (Malibu, California)
 * Mastered at Precision Mastering (Los Angeles)

4 Non Blondes
 * Linda Perry – writing, vocals, acoustic and electric guitar
 * Roger Rocha – guitar
 * Christa Hillhouse – bass, vocals
 * Dawn Richardson – drums

Other personnel
 * David Tickle – production, recording, mixing
 * Mark Hensley – engineering
 * Stephen Marcussen – mastering

DJ Miko version
Italian disc jockey DJ Miko covered the song as a dance track in 1993 (retitled without the question mark) with vocals provided by British singer Louise Gard. Although the song was released as a stand-alone single, it later appeared on DJ Miko's sole album, The Last Millennium, in 1999. DJ Miko's version was a modest hit in Europe in late 1993 and early 1994, reaching number five in Italy and Spain, number 13 in Finland, and number 17 in Sweden.

The cover was released worldwide in mid-1994, peaking at number six on the UK Singles Chart and number eight on the Irish Singles Chart. On the Eurochart Hot 100, "What's Up" reached number 21. In the United States it reached number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 19 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. In the Australasia region, "What's Up" was popular in New Zealand, reaching number 23 on the RIANZ Singles Chart, but it was a commercial failure in Australia, reaching number 92 on the ARIA Singles Chart.

Critical reception
In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton wrote, "The biggest new hit of the week comes straight from the clubs. After setting dancefloors alight for weeks, this rather pointless dance remake of the 4 Non Blondes track crashes straight into the Top 10. As a dance track it seems to work alright but of course pales in comparison with the original which made No.2 in July last year." James Hamilton from British magazine Music Week's RM Dance Update described the song as a "truly bizarre galloping cheesy Eurodisco remake of the 4 Non Blonde's strangulatedly wailed 1993 smash".

Minnesota version
German Eurodance group Minnesota covered the song as a dance version in late 1993. It reached number one in Portugal and on the Canadian RPM Dance chart, peaked at number two in Finland, and also charted in Belgium and Switzerland.

In popular culture
In 2005, a Texas-based animation and video production company known as SLACKCiRCUS created a satirical music video titled "Fabulous Secret Powers." Edited by Ryan Haines and composed by Jay Allen, the video was inspired by Fenslerfilm's G.I. Joe PSAs and pairs/edits footage from He-Man and the Masters of the Universe with their own techno-house cover of "What's Up" (which eventually interpolates "Don't Cry Out Loud" by Melissa Manchester). The video was taken and reuploaded by the channel ProtoOfSnagem under the title "HEYYEYAAEYAAAEYAEYAA" and became an internet meme. As of December 2023, the video has 215 million views. The meme was itself parodied by YouTube gaming channel The Yogscast in a 2013 music video that hit a million views in 24 hours. A mash-up of both "What's Up?" and the "Fabulous Secret Powers" version was featured in the 2023 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem. According to the film's director Jeff Rowe, the inclusion of the SLACKCiRCUS cover was suggested by producer & co-writer, Seth Rogen during a chase scene where Rogen considered to the team that they use "a crazy version" of "What's Up".

title: What's Up? (4 Non Blondes song)


text:
User talk:Andre44~enwiki

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title: User talk:Andre44~enwiki


text:
Talk:XY sex-determination system

Article claims "People believed a claim", yet we cite just one philosopher with that claim
"Since ancient times, people have believed that the sex of an infant is determined by how much heat a man's sperm had during insemination. Aristotle wrote that:"

I don't believe there is a citation for the fact that people had this belief, at this point it constitutes original research. Greek philosophers had pretty whacky beliefs (sometimes correct, like the mighty democritus) that in no way represent the view of the populace.

I am doubting the claim that this was a widely held belief and suggest that we change the claim to: "Aristotle believed that:"

Does this seem reasonable? Thank you --TZubiri (talk) 08:21, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Artistotle was one of the most influential philosophers of all time. He was the primary influence on Western philosophy and almost every other branch of knowledge for centuries to millennia. It's pretty reasonable to attribute his beliefs to the people at that time. Prinsgezinde (talk) 23:46, 12 June 2021 (UTC)
 * @ 5.122.90.117 (talk) 01:15, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Developmental and Molecular Biology Spring 2024
— Assignment last updated by Mhurt2020 (talk) 18:27, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

Strange wording "in the absence of the Y chromosome, the fetus will undergo female development"
"In humans, the presence of the Y chromosome is responsible for triggering male development; in the absence of the Y chromosome, the fetus will undergo female development."

I am not an expert about this topic at all, but later in the article this seems contradicted..

"In humans and many other species of animals, the father determines the sex of the child. In the XY sex-determination system, the female-provided ovum contributes an X chromosome and the male-provided sperm contributes either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome, resulting in female (XX) or male (XY) offspring, respectively."

To say "in the absence of the Y chromosome" sounds as if saying "that if a father contributes neither an X nor a Y chromosome the fetus will undergo female development". What actually seems to be the case is..

"In humans, the presence of the Y chromosome is responsible for triggering male development; the presence of a second X chromosome is responsible for triggering female development." Ybllaw (talk) 10:30, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

 * See Turner syndrome, absence of a second sex chromosome. —Tamfang (talk) 02:11, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * This sentence still sounds false to me, "in the absence of the Y chromosome, the fetus will undergo female development." is thus not true, as the Turner syndrome page talks about developmental impairment as a symptom of it. Ybllaw (talk) 09:59, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Maybe thus something like..
 * "In humans, the presence of the Y chromosome is responsible for triggering male development; the presence of a second X chromosome is responsible for triggering female development. In the absence of a Y chromosome the sex will always be female." Ybllaw (talk) 10:02, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I suggest someone who understands this topic better would actually write something, as what I've written here doesn't sound right either to me. Ybllaw (talk) 11:18, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:XY sex-determination system


text:
USS Rushmore (LSD-47)

USS Rushmore (LSD-47) is a Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship of the United States Navy. She was the second navy ship to be named for the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota. She is the seventh ship in her class of dock landing ships and the fourth ship in that class to serve in the United States Pacific Fleet.

Rushmore was laid down on 9 November 1987, by the Avondale Shipyards, New Orleans; launched on 6 May 1989, sponsored by Mrs. Meredith Brokaw, wife of NBC News anchorman Tom Brokaw; and commissioned on 1 June 1991, at New Orleans.

Mission
The assigned mission of the dock landing ship is to transport and launch loaded amphibious craft and vehicles with their crews and embarked personnel in amphibious assaults by landing craft and amphibious vehicles. It can render limited docking repair service to small ships and craft.

General comments
The Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship provides for greater storage space of weapons and equipment, improved facilities for embarked troops, greater range of operations, and the capability to embark either conventional landing craft or LCAC. The ships incorporate materiel handling equipment including elevators, package/roller conveyors and forklifts, pallet transporters, and a turntable. The turntable is located between the well deck and the helicopter deck forward of the boat deck to assist in the rapid turnaround of vehicles and equipment during loading/offloading operations.

1990s
The ship's first assignment was to deliver three Air Cushioned Landing Craft (LCAC) to Camp Pendleton, California from Panama City, Florida. Along the way, Rushmore conducted a port visit in Jamaica, traversed the Panama Canal, and visited Rodman, Panama. Camp Pendleton was the last stop before arriving at her homeport of NS San Diego. During her first six-month deployment, Rushmore spearheaded the beach landing on Somalia during Operation Restore Hope. The largest military humanitarian operation in history, Restore Hope was designed to provide food and medical relief to the starving people of Somalia.

Rushmore's 1994 WestPac deployment came almost one year ahead of schedule. She deployed with only four weeks' notice and participated in Operation Support Hope off the coast of Mombasa, Kenya, the USLO relocation in Somalia, and exercises with forces of Oman and the United Arab Emirates. During this deployment, Rushmore also was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation.

Rushmore's 1996 deployment followed a complete and highly successful training cycle during which Rushmore earned the Blue E and the Battle E. This deployment provided numerous international training opportunities for the USS Tarawa (LHA-1) Amphibious Readiness Group and the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit (13th MEU) including Exercise Cobra Gold '96 with Thailand, Exercise Infinite Moonlight with Jordan, Exercise Red Reef with Saudi Arabia, and MEUEX '96 with Kuwait. Rushmore demonstrated its superior adaptability throughout deployment by becoming the first LSD-41-class ship to employ Rigid Hull Inflatable Boats (RHIBs) for the SPECWAR Detachment.

Rushmore concluded 1996 with a port visit to Mazatlán, Mexico. The ship earned its second consecutive Battle E in 1996.

Rushmore is the test platform for the Smart Ship program known as Gator 17. The ship was outfitted with several new technologies to reduce workload and manning levels. Information from the program aboard Rushmore will be used to assist in the design of the LPD-17 class amphibious ships. Installation was completed at the end of 1997. Rushmore deployed in 1999 with the USS Peleliu (LHA-5) Amphibious Ready Group and the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit (11th MEU). During this deployment, Rushmore participated in Exercise Iron Magic with the United Arab Emirates and Exercise Red Reef with Saudi Arabia. Rushmore also had the distinction of becoming the first United States Naval warship to visit Doha, Qatar in 10 years. Other port visits included Japan, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Singapore, Guam, Australia and Hawaii. On 12 March 1999, the ship made history when then Commander Michelle J. Howard (who later became the first-ever woman to achieve four-star rank in U.S. history, and would serve as Vice Chief of Naval Operations before assuming command of United States Naval Forces Europe and Naval Forces Africa, retiring in December 2017l) became its commanding officer and the first African American woman to Command a US Navy ship. Rushmore returned to San Diego in December 1999 and became the first "Smart Ship" to complete a six-month Western Pacific deployment.

2000s
With the new millennium, came a year of local operations for Rushmore. Rushmore participated in CARAT 2001 in cooperation with other navies in the Western Pacific, South China Sea and Southeast Asia. Returning home just days prior to the September 11 attacks, Rushmore began preparations to deploy to areas of national security interests. After coming out of "the yards" USS Rushmore participated in RIMPAC 2002 with a host of nations off the shores of Hawaii. The ship set sail in December 2002 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom as part of the Tarawa Amphibious Ready Group (ARG).

The ship deployed on 6 December 2004 once again in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom as part of the USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6) Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG 5). On the way to the Fifth Fleet Area of Responsibility, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami occurred, which would change the course of Rushmore and begin a massive U.S. military humanitarian operation, dubbed Operation Unified Assistance. The tsunami that flooded parts of Southeast Asia took the lives of more than 100,000 people in a matter of hours. USS Rushmore and the elements of Expeditionary Strike Group Five were called into action.

The ship became an afloat staging base for military helicopters to refuel and transport supplies. USS Rushmore launched both LCACs bringing tons of food and water ashore for distribution to survivors. Once the operation ended, Rushmore reset a course to the Persian Gulf to support Maritime Security Operations, and help defend Iraq's Kwar Al Amaya and Al Basra Oil Platforms. The Marines of the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit deployed to Kuwait, and went further north into areas of Iraq before they were brought back on board in early April.

Rushmore sailors enjoyed two port visits during their two months in the Persian Gulf, one visit to the Mid-Eastern country of Bahrain, the other, a trip to the port of Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates. During the transit home, Rushmore stopped for a port visit to Cairns, Australia. Rushmore returned to the ship's homeport of San Diego, California on 6 June 2005.

The ship completed a three-month maintenance period and participated in Exercise Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) off the coast of Hawaii from June to August 2006.

Rushmore began 2007 by completing work ups with the Bonhomme Richard (ESG 5). They loaded more than 400 Marines of the 13th MEU onboard along with their equipment to prepare for the transit to the Middle East.

On 16 February 2007, Rushmore was awarded the 2006 Battle "E" award.

As 10 April 2007 arrived Rushmore was ready to get underway for deployment to the Middle East. Rushmore visited several different ports, including Guam, Singapore, Jebel Ali, Dubai and Bahrain.

On 1 December 2007, Rushmore became the first ship since the September 11 terrorist attacks to host a United States Navy open house while inport Seal Beach, California. Thousands showed up to tour the ship. The crew took visitors through the bridge, medical center, Combat Information Center, and other external places on the ship.

Rushmore certified in ULTRA-C in May 2008 and sailed up to Seattle, Washington, to take part in the Centennial Celebration of the Great White Fleet on 22 May. She participated in a parade of ships and later hosted tours to both the general public and guests for the gala. In late September 2008, Rushmore sailed to Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada, to serve as the test platform for developing ASW systems in the Nanoose Firing Range. While there, Rushmore had a three-day port visit and was hosted by HMCS Regina (FFH 334).

Upon their return home, Rushmore finalized their preparations for the Congressionally-mandated Navy's Board of Inspection and Survey (INSURV) on 27 October 2008. She also underwent ULTRA-E in November 2008.

2010s
On 12 July 2012, Rushmore successfully completed its material inspection by the navy's Board of Inspection and Survey (INSURV) assessment and was found fit for sustained combat operations.

On 17 September 2012, Rushmore departed San Diego on a 7-month deployment with USS Peleliu (LHA-5), and USS Green Bay (LPD-20) under the command of Amphibious Squadron (PHIBRON)Three and with the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit embarked as the Landing Force. This deployment to the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean included a brief port visit at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; participation in Exercise Crocodilo in Timor-Leste; a port visit at Darwin, Australia; participation in Exercise Eager Mace in Kuwait; a brief port visit to Naval Support Activity Bahrain; participation in Exercise Iron Magic in UAE; participation in Exercise Red Reef in Saudi Arabia; a visit to Port Kahlifa near Abu Dhabi, UAE; an equipment washdown and agricultural inspection in Aqaba, Jordan; a visit to Hong Kong; and a second visit to Pearl Harbor during the return transit.

In June 2015, Rushmore made news for rescuing 65 people who were stranded on a makeshift raft in the Makassar Strait after their ferry capsized.

2020s
In December 2020 the U.S. Navy's Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels stated that the ship was planned to be placed Out of Commission in Reserve in 2024.

title: USS Rushmore (LSD-47)


text:
Chest radiograph

A chest radiograph, chest X-ray (CXR), or  chest film is a projection radiograph of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. Chest radiographs are the most common film taken in medicine.

Like all methods of radiography, chest radiography employs ionizing radiation in the form of X-rays to generate images of the chest. The mean radiation dose to an adult from a chest radiograph is around 0.02 mSv (2 mrem) for a front view (PA, or posteroanterior) and 0.08 mSv (8 mrem) for a side view (LL, or latero-lateral). Together, this corresponds to a background radiation equivalent time of about 10 days.

Medical uses
Conditions commonly identified by chest radiography
 * Pneumonia
 * Pneumothorax
 * Interstitial lung disease
 * Heart failure
 * Bone fracture
 * Hiatal hernia
 * Pulmonary tuberculosis

Chest radiographs are used to diagnose many conditions involving the chest wall, including its bones, and also structures contained within the thoracic cavity including the lungs, heart, and great vessels. Pneumonia and congestive heart failure are very commonly diagnosed by chest radiograph. Chest radiographs are also used to screen for job-related lung disease in industries such as mining where workers are exposed to dust.

For some conditions of the chest, radiography is good for screening but poor for diagnosis. When a condition is suspected based on chest radiography, additional imaging of the chest can be obtained to definitively diagnose the condition or to provide evidence in favor of the diagnosis suggested by initial chest radiography. Unless a fractured rib is suspected of being displaced, and therefore likely to cause damage to the lungs and other tissue structures, x-ray of the chest is not necessary as it will not alter patient management.

The main regions where a chest X-ray may identify problems may be summarized as ABCDEF by their first letters:
 * Airways, including hilar adenopathy or enlargement
 * Breast shadows
 * Bones, e.g. rib fractures and lytic bone lesions
 * Cardiac silhouette, detecting cardiac enlargement
 * Costophrenic angles, including pleural effusions
 * Diaphragm, e.g. evidence of free air, indicative of perforation of an abdominal viscus
 * Edges, e.g. apices for fibrosis, pneumothorax, pleural thickening or plaques
 * Extrathoracic tissues
 * Fields (lung parenchyma), being evidence of alveolar flooding
 * Failure, e.g. alveolar air space disease with prominent vascularity with or without pleural effusions

Views
Different views (also known as projections) of the chest can be obtained by changing the relative orientation of the body and the direction of the x-ray beam. The most common views are posteroanterior, anteroposterior, and lateral. In a posteroanterior (PA) view, the x-ray source is positioned so that the x-ray beam enters through the posterior (back) aspect of the chest and exits out of the anterior (front) aspect, where the beam is detected. To obtain this view, the patient stands facing a flat surface behind which is an x-ray detector. A radiation source is positioned behind the patient at a standard distance (most often 6 feet, 1,8m), and the x-ray beam is fired toward the patient.

In anteroposterior (AP) views, the positions of the x-ray source and detector are reversed: the x-ray beam enters through the anterior aspect and exits through the posterior aspect of the chest. AP chest x-rays are harder to read than PA x-rays and are therefore generally reserved for situations where it is difficult for the patient to get an ordinary chest x-ray, such as when the patient is bedridden. In this situation, mobile X-ray equipment is used to obtain a lying down chest x-ray (known as a "supine film"). As a result, most supine films are also AP.

Lateral views of the chest are obtained in a similar fashion as the posteroanterior views, except in the lateral view, the patient stands with both arms raised and the left side of the chest pressed against a flat surface.

Typical views
Required projections can vary by country and hospital, although an erect posteroanterior (PA) projection is typically the first preference. If this is not possible, then an anteroposterior view will be taken. Further imaging depends on local protocols which is dependent on the hospital protocols, the availability of other imaging modalities and the preference of the image interpreter. In the UK, the standard chest radiography protocol is to take an erect posteroanterior view only and a lateral one only on request by a radiologist. In the US, chest radiography includes a PA and Lateral with the patient standing or sitting up. Special projections include an AP in cases where the image needs to be obtained stat (immediately) and with a portable device, particularly when a patient cannot be safely positioned upright. Lateral decubitus may be used for visualization of air-fluid levels if an upright image cannot be obtained. Anteroposterior (AP) Axial Lordotic projects the clavicles above the lung fields, allowing better visualization of the apices (which is extremely useful when looking for evidence of primary tuberculosis).

Additional views

 * Decubitus – taken while the patient is lying down, typically on their side. Useful for differentiating pleural effusions from consolidation (e.g. pneumonia) and loculated effusions from free fluid in the pleural space. In effusions, the fluid layers out (by comparison to an up-right view, when it often accumulates in the costophrenic angles).
 * Lordotic view – used to visualize the apex of the lung, to pick up abnormalities such as a Pancoast tumor.
 * Expiratory view – helpful for the diagnosis of pneumothorax.
 * Oblique view – useful for the visualization of the ribs and sternum. Although it is necessary to do the appropriate adaptations to the x-ray dosage to be used.

Landmarks

In the average person, the diaphragm should be intersected by the 5th to 7th anterior ribs at the mid-clavicular line, and 9 to 10 posterior ribs should be viewable on a normal PA inspiratory film. An increase in the number of viewable ribs implies hyperinflation, as can occur, for example, with obstructive lung disease or foreign body aspiration. A decrease implies hypoventilation, as can occur with restrictive lung disease, pleural effusions or atelectasis. Underexpansion can also cause interstitial markings due to parenchymal crowding, which can mimic the appearance of interstitial lung disease. Enlargement of the right descending pulmonary artery can indirectly reflect changes of pulmonary hypertension, with a size greater than 16 mm abnormal in men and 15 mm in women.

Appropriate penetration of the film can be assessed by faint visualization of the thoracic spines and lung markings behind the heart. The right diaphragm is usually higher than the left, with the liver being situated beneath it in the abdomen. The minor fissure can sometimes be seen on the right as a thin horizontal line at the level of the fifth or sixth rib. Splaying of the carina can also suggest a tumor or process in the middle mediastinum or enlargement of the left atrium, with a normal angle of approximately 60 degrees. The right paratracheal stripe is also important to assess, as it can reflect a process in the posterior mediastinum, in particular the spine or paraspinal soft tissues; normally it should measure 3 mm or less. The left paratracheal stripe is more variable and only seen in 25% of normal patients on posteroanterior views.

Localization of lesions or inflammatory and infectious processes can be difficult to discern on chest radiograph, but can be inferred by silhouetting and the hilum overlay sign with adjacent structures. If either hemidiaphragm is blurred, for example, this suggests the lesion to be from the corresponding lower lobe. If the right heart border is blurred, than the pathology is likely in the right middle lobe, though a cavum deformity can also blur the right heard border due to indentation of the adjacent sternum. If the left heart border is blurred, this implies a process at the lingula.

Nodule
A lung nodule is a discrete opacity in the lung which may be caused by:
 * Neoplasm: benign or malignant
 * Granuloma: tuberculosis
 * Infection: round pneumonia
 * Vascular: infarct, varix, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, rheumatoid arthritis

There are a number of features that are helpful in suggesting the diagnosis:
 * rate of growth
 * Doubling time of less than one month: sarcoma/infection/infarction/vascular
 * Doubling time of six to 18 months: benign tumor/malignant granuloma
 * Doubling time of more than 24 months: benign nodule neoplasm
 * calcification
 * margin
 * smooth
 * lobulated
 * presence of a corona radiata
 * shape
 * site

If the nodules are multiple, the differential is then smaller:
 * infection: tuberculosis, fungal infection, septic emboli
 * neoplasm: e.g., metastases, lymphoma, hamartoma
 * sarcoidosis
 * alveolitis
 * auto-immune disease: e.g., granulomatosis with polyangiitis, rheumatoid arthritis
 * inhalation (e.g., pneumoconiosis)

Cavities
A cavity is a walled hollow structure within the lungs. Diagnosis is aided by noting: The causes include:
 * wall thickness
 * wall outline
 * changes in the surrounding lung
 * cancer
 * infarct (usually from a pulmonary embolus)
 * infection: e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, tuberculosis, Gram negative bacteria (especially Klebsiella pneumoniae), anaerobic bacteria, and fungus
 * Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Pleural abnormalities
Fluid in space between the lung and the chest wall is termed a pleural effusion. There needs to be at least 75 mL of pleural fluid in order to blunt the costophrenic angle on the lateral chest radiograph and 200 mL of pleural fluid in order to blunt the costophrenic angle on the posteroanterior chest radiograph. On a lateral decubitus, amounts as small as 50ml of fluid are possible. Pleural effusions typically have a meniscus visible on an erect chest radiograph, but loculated effusions (as occur with an empyema) may have a lenticular shape (the fluid making an obtuse angle with the chest wall).

Pleural thickening may cause blunting of the costophrenic angle, but is distinguished from pleural fluid by the fact that it occurs as a linear shadow ascending vertically and clinging to the ribs.

Diffuse shadowing
The differential for diffuse shadowing is very broad and can defeat even the most experienced radiologist. It is seldom possible to reach a diagnosis on the basis of the chest radiograph alone: high-resolution CT of the chest is usually required and sometimes a lung biopsy. The following features should be noted:
 * type of shadowing (lines, dots or rings)
 * reticular (crisscrossing lines)
 * companion shadow (lines paralleling bony landmarks)
 * nodular (many small dots)
 * rings or cysts
 * ground glass
 * consolidation (diffuse opacity with air bronchograms)
 * location (where is the lesion worst?)
 * upper (e.g., sarcoid, tuberculosis, silicosis/pneumoconiosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis)
 * lower (e.g., cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, connective tissue disease, asbestosis, drug reactions)
 * central (e.g., pulmonary edema, alveolar proteinosis, lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, PCP)
 * peripheral (e.g., cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, connective tissue disease, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia)
 * lung volume
 * increased (e.g., Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, cystic fibrosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis)
 * decreased (e.g., fibrotic lung disease, chronic sarcoidosis, chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis)

Pleural effusions may occur with cancer, sarcoid, connective tissue diseases and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. The presence of a pleural effusion argues against pneumocystis pneumonia.

 * Reticular (linear) pattern
 * (sometimes called "reticulonodular" because of the appearance of nodules at the intersection of the lines, even though there are no true nodules present)
 * idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
 * connective tissue disease
 * sarcoidosis
 * radiation fibrosis
 * asbestosis
 * lymphangitis carcinomatosa
 * PCP

 * Nodular pattern
 * sarcoidosis
 * silicosis/pneumoconiosis
 * extrinsic allergic alveolitis

 * Langerhans cell histiocytosis
 * lymphangitis carcinomatosa
 * miliary tuberculosis
 * metastases

 * Cystic
 * cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (late stage "honeycomb lung")
 * cystic bronchiectasis
 * Langerhans cell histiocytosis
 * lymphangioleiomyomatosis

 * Ground glass
 * extrinsic allergic alveolitis
 * desquamative interstitial pneumonia
 * alveolar proteinosis
 * infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

 * Consolidation
 * pneumonia
 * alveolar haemorrhage
 * alveolar cell carcinoma
 * vasculitis

Signs

 * The silhouette sign is especially helpful in localizing lung lesions.    (e.g., loss of right heart border in right middle lobe pneumonia),
 * The air bronchogram sign, where branching    radiolucent columns of air corresponding to bronchi is seen,  usually indicates air-space (alveolar) disease, as from blood, pus, mucus, cells, protein surrounding the air bronchograms. This is seen in Respiratory distress syndrome

Disease mimics
Disease mimics are visual artifacts, normal anatomic structures or harmless variants that may simulate diseases and abnormalities.

Limitations
While chest radiographs are a relatively cheap and safe method of investigating diseases of the chest, there are a number of serious chest conditions that may be associated with a normal chest radiograph and other means of assessment may be necessary to make the diagnosis. For example, a patient with an acute myocardial infarction may have a completely normal chest radiograph.

title: Chest radiograph


text:
File talk:Fractal Broccoli.jpg

Wow, that's really disturbing. Cool, but really disturbing.Superm401 22:28, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Isn't the photo showing a broccolo rather than a broccoli? // Liftarn

Fractal or plant?
Is this really a fractal or a plant? Because I've seen similar pictures both ways, and I want to know. --M1ss1ontomars2k4 | T | C | @ 04:53, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I've eaten stuff that looked like the picture and very definitely had a fractal structure, so I'd guess it's a plant.
 * Highly recommended, both for taste and its fractal structure (and, remember, if the Hausdorff dimension is less than three it doesn't have any calories!)
 * RandomP 22:04, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

--

This is romanesco cauliflower (aka romanesco broccoli) 72.154.76.176 05:47, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

And it's a natural plant that has been cultivated in Europe since the 1600s, it's nothing genetically modified.

title: File talk:Fractal Broccoli.jpg


text:
Picklecombe Fort

Fort Picklecombe stands on the extreme south eastern coast of Cornwall, a couple of miles west of the city of Plymouth. The fort has been a residential complex since the early 1970s but has a history dating back 150 years.

Founding
Fort Picklecombe was commissioned in the mid 19th century by Lord Palmerston, Foreign Secretary and then Prime Minister under Queen Victoria. Being an island, Great Britain was at risk from large scale enemy invasion by sea, particularly from France.

Palmerston ordered a series of coastal forts and batteries to be built in this area to defend the large naval base at Devonport in Plymouth. The coastal entrance to Plymouth is known as Plymouth Sound, and was to be defended by Fort Picklecombe to the west, Fort Bovisand to the east, and a smaller fort on the Plymouth Sound breakwater. Fort Picklecombe itself would be defended from attack from the rear by a series of smaller forts and batteries positioned on or near the Rame peninsula.

Fort Picklecombe was built near an earlier earthen battery dating back to the start of the 19th century. It was designed by Major (later Maj Gen) Whitworth Porter, and was built by Hubbard and Company. Constructed between 1864 and 1871, the fort was armed with forty two 9-inch and 10-inch muzzle loading guns, which were mounted in a semi-circular arc of two-storey casemates faced with granite blocks and iron shields. In the 1890s, it was rearmed with two 6-inch breech-loaders and two light quick firing guns. Not a single shot has ever been fired in anger from the fort. The Palmerston forts’ lack of war action led them to be dubbed Palmerston Follies, the fact that they were a deterrent was lost on their critics.

20th century
Guns were removed from the fort in the 1920s but after the outbreak of the World War II it was reactivated and manned by the 566th Devon Coast Regiment, Royal Artillery. In addition to the two 6-inch guns, two twin 6-pounder guns were installed. Just down the coast to the west of the fort range finder and searchlight positions were made. The remains of these positions still remain today.

After the war, the fort was decommissioned and it stood derelict for many years. Eventually it was offered for sale to property developers and in the early 1970s it was converted to 103 residential apartments. The conversion took the form of 3 floors of apartments in the existing structure and the addition of 2 new floors on the top. The fort's position overlooking Plymouth Sound and within the beautiful Mount Edgcumbe Country Park make it highly desirable. A quiet rural retreat yet only a couple of miles as the crow flies from the urban sprawl of Plymouth.

A grand building, called the Officers’ Mess stands in an elevated position above the main fort complex. It is said that in order to meet the demands of the then landowner, the Earl of Edgcumbe, the officers mess had to emulate Warwick Castle, complete with towers and castellations. In the Spring of 2007 work was well under way to convert the Officers Mess into flats.

title: Picklecombe Fort


text:
User talk:Busterjet

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, ! I hope you like the place and decide to keep contributing. Since I see you've already been active here, let me just give you a few links that are always useful as a handy reference guide: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question at the village pump or feel free to ask me on my Talk page. Oh, and just in case you don't already know: to sign your name on a Talk page like I did below, the easiest way is just to type four tildes (~~~~). To customize your signature, look here. And remember:Be Bold!
 * How to write a great article
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * Wikiquette
 * Wikipedia's NPOV policies
 * Current polls
 * — Asbestos | Talk 22:29, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wave Consulting
The article Wave Consulting has been speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This was done because the article seemed to be about a real person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, but it did not indicate how or why the subject is notable, that is, why an article about that subject should be included in Wikipedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the notability of the subject may be deleted at any time. If you can indicate why the subject is really notable, you are free to re-create the article, making sure to cite any verifiable sources.

Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and for specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for musicians, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. NawlinWiki (talk) 15:00, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Wave Consulting
A tag has been placed on Wave Consulting, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read our the guidelines on spam as well as the Business' FAQ for more information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you.

title: User talk:Busterjet


text:
Krater

A krater or crater (krātḗr, ;, ) was a large two-handled type of vase in Ancient Greek pottery and metalwork, mostly used for the mixing of wine with water.

Form and function
At a Greek symposium, kraters were placed in the center of the room. They were quite large, so they were not easily portable when filled. Thus, the wine-water mixture would be withdrawn from the krater with other vessels, such as a kyathos (: kyathoi), an amphora (: amphorai), or a kylix (: kylikes). In fact, Homer's Odyssey describes a steward drawing wine from a krater at a banquet and then running to and fro pouring the wine into guests' drinking cups. The modern Greek word now used for undiluted wine, krasi, originates from the krasis (κράσις, lit. 'mixing') of wine and water in kraters.

Pottery kraters were glazed on the interior to make the surface of the clay more impervious for holding water, and possibly for aesthetic reasons, since the interior could easily be seen. The exterior of kraters often depicted scenes from Greek life, such as the Attic Late 1 Krater, which was made between 760 and 735 B.C.E. This object was found among other funeral objects, and its exterior depicted a funeral procession to the gravesite.

Usage
At the beginning of each symposium a symposiarch (συμποσίαρχος), was elected by the participants. He would then assume control of the wine servants, and thus of the degree of wine dilution and how it changed during the party, and the rate of cup refills. The krater and how it was filled and emptied was thus the centerpiece of the symposiarch 's authority. An astute symposiarch should be able to diagnose the degree of inebriation of his fellow symposiasts and make sure that the symposium progressed smoothly and without drunken excess.

Column krater (kelébe)
This form originated in Corinth in the seventh century BC, but was taken over by the Athenians where it is typically black-figure. They ranged in size from 35 cm to 56 cm in height and were usually thrown in three pieces: the body/ shoulder area was one, the base another, and the neck/ lip/ rim a third. The handles were pulled separately. They were studied by archaeologist Tomris Bakır.

Calyx krater
These are among the largest of the kraters, supposedly developed by the potter Exekias in black-figure style, though in fact almost always seen in red. The lower body is shaped like the calyx of a flower, and the foot is stepped. The psykter-shaped vase fits inside it so well stylistically that it has been suggested that the two might have often been made as a set. It is always made with two robust upturned handles positioned on opposite sides of the lower body or "cul".

Volute krater
This type of krater, defined by volute-shaped handles, was invented in Laconia in the early 6th century BC, then adopted by Attic potters. Its production was carried on by Greeks in Apulia until the end of the 4th century BC. Its shape and method of manufacture are similar to those of the column krater, but the handles are unique: to make each, the potter would have first made two side spirals ("volutes") as decorative disks, then attached a long thin slab of clay around them both forming a drum with flanged edges. This strip would then have been continued downward until the bottom of the handle, where the potter would have cut a U-shaped arch in the clay before attaching the handle to the body of the vase.

Bell krater
Bell kraters were first made in the early 5th century, which meant that it came later than the three other krater types. This form of krater looks like an inverted bell with handles that are faced up. Bell kraters are red-figure and not black-figure like the other kraters.

Metal kraters
According to most scholars ceramic kraters imitated shapes designed initially for metal vessels; these were common in antiquity, but survivals are very rare, as the metal was recyclable. Among the largest and most famous metal kraters in antiquity were one in the possession of the Samian tyrant Polycrates, and another one dedicated by Croesus to the Delphic oracle. There are a few extant Archaic bronze kraters (or often only their handles), almost exclusively of the volute-type. Their main production centres were Sparta, Argos and Corinth, in Peloponnesus. During the Classical period the volute-type continued to be very popular along with the calyx-type, and beside the Corinthian workshop an Attic one was probably active. Exquisite exemplars of both volute- and calyx-kraters come from Macedonian 4th century BC graves. Among them the gilded Derveni Krater represents an exceptional chef d'œuvre of late Classical metalwork. The Vix bronze crater, found in a Celtic tomb in central France, is the largest known Greek krater, being 1.63 m in height and over 200 kg in weight. Others were in silver, which were too valuable and tempting to thieves to be buried in graves, and have not survived.

Ornamental stone kraters
Ornamental stone kraters are known from Hellenistic times, the most famous being the Borghese Vase of Pentelic Marble and the Medici Vase, also of marble. After rediscovery of these pieces, imitations became a staple of garden decoration in the Baroque and Neoclassical periods. The French artist and landscape designer Hubert Robert included the Borghese Vase, both alone and together with other stone kraters, in several of his works.

title: Krater


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Bonstetten

Bonstetten may refer to:

Places:
 * Bonstetten, Switzerland, a village of the Canton of Zürich
 * Bonstetten, Bavaria, a community of Bavaria
 * von Bonstetten, a historical noble family and Swiss surname
 * Albrecht von Bonstetten (d. c. 1504), deacon at Einsiedeln and humanist writer
 * Charles Victor de Bonstetten (1745-1832), Swiss writer
 * Walter von Bonstetten (1867-1949), Swiss Guide and Scout Movement notable

title: Bonstetten