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Novosibirsk State University

Novosibirsk State University is a public research university located in Novosibirsk, Russia. The university was founded in 1958, on the principles of integration of education and science, early involvement of students with research activities and the engagement of leading scientists in its teaching programmes.

As of 2022, Novosibirsk State University had 246th place in the rating of the QS World University Rankings, and in 2023 was ranked #579 in the world by U.S. News & World Report, and #801 in the world by World University Rankings by Times Higher Education.

History
From the perspective of natural resources, Siberia has always been, and remains, the essential region for all of Russia. In the late 1950s, Siberia provided the country with 75% of its coal and possessed 80% of the nation's hydroelectric resources. Siberia became industrialized, but science then was largely of the applied variety and did not satisfy its needs. The USSR Academy of Sciences came to understand that there was a need to develop fundamental science. In 1958, this concept was implemented with the establishment of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union at Akademgorodok, near the industrial city of Novosibirsk. From the beginning, the founders of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were concerned about providing the future scientific center with highly-trained personnel. In order to create a consistent source of personnel replenishment for Siberian scientific institutions, it was necessary to provide advanced training on the spot, thus the idea was born to establish a university in Novosibirsk.

On 9 January 1958, the Novosibirsk State University was officially founded by the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union decree. First entry examinations were conducted in August 1959. Classes began on 28 September 1959. Following its establishment in 1958, Novosibirsk State University quickly grew. During the first nine years 1966 professionals were trained within its walls. It consisted of six faculties, was staffed with 270 teachers, and conducted research in 46 sections.

Novosibirsk State University was from its inception existing in close collaborative association with Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences research and development institutions of which there are several dozen within an area of 1.5 square km. The project of an "akademgorodok," an academic town with a University as its core, was exhibited at the 1967 World Expo in Montreal, after which Novosibirsk's Akademgorodok became model for other academic towns throughout the Soviet Union.

Political positions; invasion of Ukraine
On 17 April 2022, members of the community of Novosibirsk State University issued a joint statement strongly condemning the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, calling on the Russian state to immediately withdraw the Russian troops from Ukraine, and bring to justice those responsible for the war crimes during the invasion, and saying “There are no reasonable grounds for this war, thousands of Ukrainian and Russian military and civilians of Ukraine have already died in it, and every day of hostilities brings more and more victims.”

Structure
Novosibirsk State University has the following educational divisions:
 * Institute for the Humanities
 * Vladimir Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology
 * Institute for the Philosophy and Law
 * Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics
 * Faculty of Physics
 * Faculty of Geology and Geophysics
 * Faculty of Natural Sciences
 * Faculty of Information Technologies
 * Faculty of Economics
 * Institute for Retraining and Advanced Training
 * Centre of additional education

The structure of the University also includes 3 dissertation councils of the Highest Attestation Commission within Ministry of Science and Higher Education and 6 own dissertation councils.

Educational programmes
As of 2020, Novosibirsk State University conducted training on 43 four-year bachelor's programmes, 7 five-year specialist's programmes, 1 six-year specialist's programmes, 93 two-year master's programmes, 9 two-year residency's programmes, 25 three-year graduate school programmes, 32 four-year graduate school programmes taught in Russian, and 5 two-year master's programmes, 1 two-year residency's programme taught in English.

Additional military education
As of 2022, Novosibirsk State University doesn't have a military training center. Earlier, the University had military department which conducted the training reserve commissioned officers from among students of the University, but this department was disbanded in 2008.

Language centres
The University has language centres which offer courses in English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese as a second language.

Grants and scholarships
Every year, international students have an opportunity to apply for the Russian Government Scholarship which covers full tuition and provides a monthly living allowance. Travel costs, living expenses and a health insurance policy are not included. These Scholarships are granted on a competitive basis; the selection criteria and procedures as well as the number of scholarships available depend on the home country of applicant. Additionally, students from NSU's partner universities have the opportunity to apply to such programs as Erasmus+, DAAD, and the Fulbright Program.

Distributed education
In September 2015, NSU announced its first courses delivered on the Coursera platform. Since January 2016, 12 courses have been offered on Coursera, and on the Russian distributed learning platform, Lectorium.

Research internships
The main feature such research internships are their interdisciplinary approach. Specialists in biology, physics, mathematics, geology, archaeology, and chemistry work with one another in the 35 research institutes of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Siberian Summer School
Beginning in 2017, the Siberian Summer School held at NSU each July includes courses on the Chemistry of Future Materials, Big Data Analytics and the philosophical and historical aspects of East-West relationships. All Summer School courses are taught in English.

Russian Language Courses
Novosibirsk State University offers courses for students matriculating with various levels of Russian language competence.

Education for disabled persons
Novosibirsk State University is one of Russian universities which has established an educational programmes for disabled students.

Research
Novosibirsk State University is a scientific and educational centre. Situated in the research center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk State University's principal areas of teaching and research include elementary particle physics, photonics and quantum optics, Arctic research, biomedicine and cancer therapy, chemical engineering, low-dimensional hybrid materials, omic technologies, mathematics, archaeology and ethnography, and linguistics among other disciplines.

Interdisciplinary Centre for Elementary Particle Physics and Astrophysics
The Novosibirsk State University Interdisciplinary Centre for Elementary Particle Physics and Astrophysics (ICEPPA) links 13 laboratories working in the fields of elementary particle physics and astrophysics. The Interdisciplinary Centre’s Laboratories participate in large international collaborative scientific projects including experiments in the fields of high energy physics, astrophysics and cosmic ray physics. The Centre is engaged in the following research projects:
 * Astrophysics Cosmology and Cosmic Rays
 * Experiments on electron-positron colliders
 * Experiments on hadron colliders
 * Search for new physical phenomena in experiments with intense muon beams. The Laboratory for Exploration for Interactions Outside the Standard Model Framework participates in the preparation of two experiments at Fermilab (USA). One experiment, Mu2e, is the search for the conversion of a muon into an electron when interacting with nuclei, while the other experiment, g-2, is devoted to a precise measurement of the magnetic moment of the muon.
 * Development of new detectors and colliders.

The Aston-Novosibirsk State University International Centre for Photonics
The main objective of the Centre is to develop a physical platform aimed at the application of advanced knowledge in laser technologies, in long-distance communication and in medical sensing devices technologies. The Centre's principal areas of research include: The Center for Photonics was created in partnership with Aston University (UK) and offers NSU students access to world-class laboratories in the field of high-speed optical communications, fiber-optic and, femtosecond laser technologies.
 * advanced concepts and fundamental new theories in nonlinear photonic devices and systems
 * new technologies for optical communications, lasers, safe data transmission and medicine
 * practical applications of developed technologies in high-speed coherent optical communications, in advanced laser systems for scientific, industrial and medical applications, and in innovative systems for safe data transmission.

International collaborations
Research groups are involved in 38 international collaborations;

Novosibirsk State University has six international collaborations in the field of physics, elementary particles and astrophysics and 12 ongoing collaborations with the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Novosibirsk State University has partnership agreements with 141 universities representing 27 countries.

University journals
Novosibirsk State University publishes the following journals:
 * Vestnik NSU. Series: information technologies in education (ISSN 1818-7900)
 * Vestnik NSU. Series: biology, clinical medicine (ISSN 1818-7943)
 * Vestnik NSU. Series: mathematics, mechanics, computer science (ISSN 1818-7897)
 * Vestnik NSU. Series: history, philology (ISSN 1818-7919)
 * Vestnik NSU. Series: pedagogy (ISSN 1818-7889)
 * Vestnik NSU. Series: law (ISSN 1818-7986)
 * Vestnik NSU. Series: physics (ISSN 1818-7994)
 * Vestnik NSU. Series: philosophy (ISSN 1818-796X)
 * Vestnik NSU. Series: psychology (ISSN 1995-865X)
 * Vestnik NSU. Series: information technologies (online) (ISSN 2410-0420)

Specialized Educational Scientific Centre
The Specialized Educational Scientific Center (also known as Physics and Mathematics School) is a special secondary school, founded in 1963. It focuses on two fields, including mathematics & physics and chemistry & biology. An education system resembles the college education, with separate general lectures and small-group seminars.

As of 2023, according to the RAEX Rating Agency's (non-credit rating agency, affiliated with the credit rating agency Expert RA) rating, the Specialized Educational Scientific Centre is in the Top-5 best Russian secondary schools by the absolute number of graduates enrolled best Russian universities and in the Top-8 best Russian secondaru schools by the competitiveness of graduates.

Higher College of Computer Science
The Higher College of Computer Science is a vocational school focused on the training of programmers, which was integrated into the structure of the University in 1991.

Chinese-Russian Institute
The Chinese-Russian Institute conducts educational bachelor's, master's, graduate school programmes in collaboration with Heilongjiang University.

Notable alumni

 * Sergey Alekseenko (born 1950) - Russian/Soviet applied physicist, director of Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics
 * Raissa Berg - geneticist and evolutionary biologist
 * Andrey Bocharov (born 1960) - actor and screenwriter
 * Konstantin Bryliakov (born 1977) - chemist
 * Nikolay Dikansky (born 1941) - physicist
 * Viktor Fadin (born 1942) - theoretical physicist
 * Alexey Fridman (1940–2010) - astrophysicist
 * Nikolay Goncharov (born 1984) - scientist, specialised in plants' genetics
 * Sergey Goncharov (born 1951) - mathematician
 * Victor Ivrii (born 1949) - Russian-Canadian mathematician, specializes in microlocal analysis, spectral theory and partial differential equations
 * Victor Kharitonin (born 1972) - billionaire, co-founder of Pharmstandard
 * Bakhadyr Khoussainov (born 1961) - mathematician, Humboldt Prize winner
 * Igor Kim (born 1966) - businessman
 * Mikhail Kokorich (born 1976) - co-founder of Dauria Aerospace
 * Ilya Kuprov (born 1981) - British physicist
 * Larisa Maksimova (born 1943) - Soviet/Russian mathematician
 * Aleksandr Pushnoy (born 1975) - actor, songwriter and TV host
 * Renad Sagdeev (born 1941) - chemist
 * Vladimir Shiltsev (born 1965) - Russian-American accelerator physicist
 * Mark Stockman (born Mark Ilyich Shtokman) - Soviet-born American physicist
 * Arkady Vainshtein (born 1942) - Russian-American physicist, winner of 2016 Dirac Medal
 * Valentin Vlasov (1946–2020) - diplomat and politician
 * Ershov Yury (born 1940) - mathematician
 * Vladimir E. Zakharov (born 1939) - Russian-American physicist, winner of 2003 Dirac Medal
 * Efim Zelmanov (born 1955) - Russian-American mathematician, winner of 1994 Fields Medal

title: Novosibirsk State University


text:
User talk:Johnwhunt

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Meelar (talk) 23:02, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Medicare/Caid
Thank you! Much clearer now.siafu 03:10, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Johnwhunt


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 March 2


text: User talk:69.235.205.46

title: User talk:69.235.205.46


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Scopetech

This Is not a self promotion. I am the one who added it, and I have no affiliation with the Scope Tech people. Get your facts straight!


text:
User talk:StevenSchwell

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 23:04, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:StevenSchwell


text:
Elmhurst Ballet School

Elmhurst Ballet School is an independent boarding school for professional classical ballet in the United Kingdom. It takes students aged 11–19 years who intend to pursue a career in professional classical ballet. Elmhurst provides a full academic day in conjunction with a full vocational training course in ballet and dance.

History
One of the earliest vocational dance schools in the United Kingdom, Elmhurst was established in 1923 in Camberley, Surrey, by Mrs Helen Ida Mortimer in the grounds of the Prep School run by Miss Violet Crisp. The school moved to purpose-built premises in Edgbaston, Birmingham in 2004. The facilities occupy an area of 5 acres and include a 250-seat studio theatre, a theatre workshop and seven dance studios. There is also a medical centre and a physiotherapy/exercise centre. In addition to day students, there is on-site boarding accommodation for up to 121 resident students and off-site boarding for 30 sixth-formers.

Robert Parker, a former Birmingham Royal Ballet principal dancer, has been Artistic Director since 2012.

Staff and former staff

 * Mary Goodhew, former Artistic Director
 * Robert Parker, Artistic Director
 * Pamela Motley Verrall, music teacher
 * Jessica Wheeler, Principal

Notable alumni

 * Jenny Agutter
 * Melissa Hamilton
 * Helen Baxendale
 * Hetty Baynes
 * Sarah Brightman
 * Tracey Childs
 * Thomas Forster
 * Fiona Fullerton
 * Imogen Hassall
 * Jacqueline Chan
 * Caroline Langrishe
 * Tanja Liedtke
 * Jennie Linden
 * Deborah Makepeace
 * Hayley Mills
 * Juliet Mills
 * Pamela Franklin
 * Dame Merle Park
 * Polly Parsons
 * Prunella Ransome
 * Paul James Rooney
 * Hermione Norris
 * Jane Slaughter
 * Tessa Wyatt
 * Lorna Yabsley

title: Elmhurst Ballet School


text:
User talk:Andreae

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 23:05, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andreae


text:
ASMS

ASMS may stand for:
 * American Society for Mass Spectrometry, a professional society, as well as the society's annual meeting
 * Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences, and the Arts
 * Association of Salaried Medical Specialists, a New Zealand trade union.
 * Australian Science and Mathematics School on the campus of Flinders University.
 * Annie Sullivan Middle School Franklin, Massachusetts
 * Alabama School of Mathematics and Science
 * Advanced Surface Missile System – US naval combat system, predecessor of Aegis.
 * Alternative School for Math and Science in Corning, NY

title: ASMS


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ASMS

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect to Flinders University. Deathphoenix 18:25, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

ASMS
Another school article... --Neigel von Teighen 23:07, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete and merge with Flinders University. Cnwb 00:34, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Flinders University. Zzyzx11 00:50, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Flinders. Universities deserve their own articles, schools within universities do not. DaveTheRed 01:39, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge this thing. -- Riffsyphon1024 01:45, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ASMS


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Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew

Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew is a 2005 Japanese animated fantasy film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama and produced by OLM, Inc. It is the eighth installment of the Pokémon film series. The film stars the voices of Rica Matsumoto, Ikue Ōtani Yūji Ueda, Kaori, Fushigi Yamada, Megumi Hayashibara, Shin-ichiro Miki, Inuko Inuyama, Daisuke Namikawa, Satomi Kōrogi, Takeshi Aono, Noriko Hidaka, Kōichi Yamadera, Kumiko Okae, Momoko Kikuchi, and Becky. It was released in theaters in Japan on July 16, 2005, followed by the Japanese DVD and VHS releases on December 22, 2005.

The English dub was done by 4Kids Entertainment and was first released on DVD in Australia on August 16, 2006, with the US release following on September 19, 2006. The English dub of the movie premiered in the US for the first time at the 2006 Comic-Con in San Diego, California. The film aired in the United Kingdom in July 2007 on Cartoon Network and it continues to air on CITV. This is also the last Pokémon film to be dubbed in English by 4Kids Entertainment, who have been dubbing Pokémon from the start of the television series in 1998. All future Pokémon episodes and films would be dubbed by The Pokémon Company International. The events of the film take place during the eighth season of the Pokémon series, Pokémon: Advanced Battle.

Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew was one of the four nominees for the American Anime Awards' "Best Anime Feature" award, but it lost to Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children.

Plot
Ash arrives at Cameron Palace where a festival is being held to celebrate Sir Aaron, an ancient hero who averted a war that was about to begin outside of the Tree of Beginning. At the festival, Ash, coincidentally wearing a re-creation of Aaron's outfit, competes in a tournament at Cameron Palace and wins, to become the "Aura Guardian" for that year. As part of the celebration, Ash is granted Aaron's staff, which contains his Pokémon companion, Lucario, whom Aaron had sealed before stopping the war.

However, when Pikachu fainted while protecting Mew from an adventurer named Kidd attempting to put a tracker on the legendary Pokémon using her pair of Weavile, he was teleported away by Mew. Naturally Ash, with the help of Lucario, who was released from the staff when Ash "assumed the pose" of Sir Aaron, follows Mew to the Tree of Beginning in order to rescue Pikachu. However, Lucario, having been sealed in the staff for a long time, has completely lost his trust for humans which leads to a fight just after the beginning of their quest. While traveling Max gives Lucario a chocolate bar, which he finds he likes and it helps toward him trusting humans. Eventually, Ash earns Lucario's trust by apologizing for his hurtful words and they enter the Tree of Beginning. They are attacked by Regirock, Regice, and Registeel, the tree's guardians who recognize them as a threat.

They enter the tree and are attacked by the tree's defense system, antibody-type mechanisms, triggered by Kidd's survey robots. While Ash manages to reunite with Pikachu, the antibodies kidnap Team Rocket and Kidd And Ash and his gang and absorb them into the tree, but Mew saves them by reasoning with the tree's defense mechanism. The disruption of energy flow in the tree due to the defense system sends the tree into shock, and as Mew and the tree are symbiotic creatures that depend on each other for survival, Mew also becomes very ill. Traveling to the tree's heart, Ash, Kidd and Lucario witness a time flower's vision of Aaron sacrificing himself to stop a war. Following the vision, Lucario and Ash combine their Aura to reverse the self-destruction of the tree and save Mew, but Lucario pushes Ash away towards the completion of the process to save Ash.

Following the tree's restoration, a worn-out Lucario stumbles upon one last time flower. Through the vision it creates, Lucario sees a dying Aaron and learns his master sealed him away to ensure that he doesn't die with him, also thanking him for being his friend. Lucario, having been touched by Aaron's last words, peacefully passes on. As Kidd and Ash reunite with their team, Kidd decides to keep her discovery under wraps and Ash vows to keep Lucario's memory with him.

In the credits, Lucario is shown added into a painting of Sir Aaron, showing that the owners of the castle respect his status as a hero. As Ash and his gang move on to continue their journey, Kidd Summers visits Butler & Diana from the previous movie, Pokémon: Jirachi—Wish Maker. At the end of the credits, Lucario and Sir Aaron appear together eating a chocolate bar.

Theatrical run
Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew was released in Japan on July 16, 2005.

Home media
It was released direct-to-video with an English-language dub in the United States on September 19, 2006 by Viz Video. However, the Australian DVD has the film presented in widescreen while the USA release contained a full-frame presentation. Also, there was a Collector's Edition that was bundled with the episode The Mastermind Of Mirage Pokémon. The film has yet to be released on DVD in the United Kingdom although it has been released as a digital download in the UK iTunes Store and on Amazon's UK website.

Box office
The general screening of Lucario and the Mystery of Mew in Japan ran for 6 weeks from July 16 to August 26, 2005.
 * 1) July 16–17: 2nd overall, 1st domestic
 * 2) July 23–24: 2nd overall, 1st domestic
 * 3) July 30–31: 2nd overall, 1st domestic
 * 4) August 6–7: 3rd overall, 2nd domestic
 * 5) August 13–14: 3rd overall, 2nd domestic
 * 6) August 20–21: 4th overall, 2nd domestic
 * 7) August 27–28: 7th overall, 4th domestic

Since premiering on July 16, 2005, Lucario and the Mystery of Mew grossed ¥4.3 billion at the Japanese box office, making it the year's second highest-grossing domestic film, behind only Howl's Moving Castle. Approximately 3,930,000 viewers saw the movie.

The final box office tally is 98.3 percent of the sales of last year, but with the last three movies all consistently passing the 4 billion yen mark, it is considered a market success. The slight market loss is attributed to stiff competition at the box office from other anime films running at the same time. However, the film was critically acclaimed by critics, with praise towards its animation, music score, and its darker tone.

Critical reception
Carlos Santos, in a review of the film for Anime News Network, gave the film an overall grade of B−. He praised the film for its "epic" premise, saying that it had "enough weight to sustain an hour and a half of action", as well as its animation and use of CGI. However, he criticized the film's overall plot and the music used in the English dub. He concluded: "Lucario and the Mystery of Mew isn't out to change the face of animation forever, but it's set to entertain, which it does with its fantasy flavor and strong back-story. Kids will get to see their favorite characters, while anyone who's babysitting them will get to see a fairly decent adventure." Jeremy Mullin of IGN gave it a positive review, giving it a 7 out of 10 and saying that "this one is especially interesting, packed full of action and intrigue" and that "there's also plenty of comedy, whether it's Brock trying to hit on the nearest pretty lady or recurring villains Team Rocket trying to get a leg up in the action".

title: Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew


text:
User talk:Jsylvest

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 23:09, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jsylvest


text:
File 13

"File 13" is a euphemism for the trash can. The phrase is especially used in the U.S. military, and is less common outside of the United States. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the expression "round file" or "circular file" is more common (in reference to trash cans typically being round). Many Unix-like operating systems have a similar reference known as /dev/null. Expressions such as "I'll place that memo in file 13" are often heard in offices as a joking way of saying, "I'm going to throw away that memo."

History
The first known citation of "file 13" was in 1942.

Usage in popular culture
File 13 is one of the simple games distributed in Dragon magazine. In this board game, players assume the roles of game publishers and each attempts to develop and market "hot item" games before the others.

There is a song by the band AFI called "File 13," on the album Very Proud of Ya, which contains the lyric, "Someone should throw me away/Feel like a garbage can."

File 13 was used as a band moniker by Doug "Double Dee" DiFranco of Double Dee and Steinski and record producer David Witz when they released a 12" single on Profile Records in 1984 called "Taste So Good." The track was built with samples from phone sex tapes and too racy for radio airplay although it was a minor hit in dance clubs. Witz revived the File 13 name again in 1988 for a 12" single called "Party Line" also on Profile Records. This track similarly used samples recorded from party lines which were fairly common in older telephone systems. This track failed to chart or sell well and Witz retired the File 13 name for his dance tracks.

In the band A-ha's music video for "Take On Me", the band is depicted as characters in a comic book which is being read in a cafe by the female protagonist. In the video, the comic book comes to life and she is pulled into its world. The waitress at the cafe, thinking she has left without paying, angrily crumples the comic book up and throws it in the trash. Subsequent to this, the band and the girl are pursued in the comic book world by sinister characters in hard hats that have the number "13" printed on them.

"File 13" is a long standing popular cover band in South Central Texas. Formed originally in 1987, the band played regional gigs all around the southern and midwest states, then took a 17 year break to reform in 2010 now playing shows primarily in the New Braunfels Texas area. Covers include 80's popular MTV rock and alt dance music. www.file13rocks.com

title: File 13


text:
User:Gerrit/mathematicians

Mathematicians
- Ernst Abbe - Niels Henrik Abel - Abraham bar Hiyya - Max Abraham - Abu Kamil Shuja - al_Khazin Abu Jafar - Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani - Wilhelm Ackermann - John Couch Adams - J Frank Adams - Adelard of Bath - August Adler - Robert Adrain - Romanus Adrianus - Franz Aepinus - Maria Agnesi - Lars Ahlfors - Ahmed ibn Yusuf - Ahmes - Aida Yasuaki - Howard Aiken - George Airy - Alec Aitken - Naonobu Ajima - Naum Il'ich Akhiezer - Abu al-Baghdadi - al-Marrakushi al-Banna - Abu Allah al-Battani - Abu Arrayhan al-Biruni - Kamal al-Farisi - Abu Ali al-Haitam - al-Hasib Abu Kamil - Abu Ali al-Haytham - al-Abbas al-Jawhari - Abu al-Jayyani - Abu al-Karaji - al-Karkhi - Ghiyath al-Kashi - Abu al-Khazin - Shams al-Khalili - Omar al-Khayyami - Abu al-Khwarizmi - Abu al-Khujandi - Abu al-Kindi - Abu al-Kuhi - Muhyi al-Maghribi - Abu al-Mahani - ibn al-Banna al-Marrakushi - Abu al-Nasawi - Abu'l al-Nayrizi - Abu'l al-Qalasadi - Abu al-Quhi - Shams al-Samarqandi - Ibn al-Samawal - Abu al-Sijzi - Nasir al-Tusi - Sharaf al-Tusi - Abu al-Umawi - Abu'l al-Uqlidisi - Giacomo Albanese - Albategnius - A Adrian Albert - Albert of Saxony - Leone Alberti - Saint Albertus Magnus - Alcuin of York - Aleksandr Aleksandrov - Pavel Aleksandrov - Jean d' Alembert - Archie Alexander - James Alexander - Alexander Alexandroff - Pavel Alexandroff - Alhazen - André-Marie Ampère - Howard van Amringe - Jacob Amsler - Anaxagoras of Clazomenae - Oskar Anderson - Konstantin Andreev - Stephano degli Angeli - Robert Anstice - Anthemius of Tralles - Antiphon the Sophist - Kathleen Antonelli - János Apaczai - Apastamba - Petrus Apianus - Apollonius of Perga - Paul Appell - François Arago - Louis Arbogast - John Arbuthnot - Archimedes of Syracuse - Archytas of Tarentum - Cahit Arf - Jean Argand - Eizens Arins - Aristaeus the Elder - Aristarchus of Samos - Aristotle - Antoine Arnauld - Siegfried Aronhold - Emil Artin - Aryabhata I - Aryabhata II - Richard Askey - Michael Atiyah - George Atwood - Maurice Auslander - Autolycus of Pitane - 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Georg Frobenius - Guido Fubini - Lazarus Fuchs - Rudolph Fueter - R Buckminster Fuller - Nicolai Fuss - Galerkin Boris - Galileo Galilei - Dionisio Gallarati - Evariste Galois - Francis Galton - Gan De - Pierre Gassendi - Carl Friedrich Gauss - Geber - Leopold Gegenbauer - Hilda von Mises Geiringer - Karl Geiser - Israil Gelfand - Aleksandr Gelfond - Henry Gellibrand - Geminus - Regnier Gemma Frisius - Geng Zhi Zu - Angelo Genocchi - Ruth Gentry - Gerhard Gentzen - Zoárd Geöcze - Gerard of Cremona - Joseph Gergonne - Gerhard of Cremona - Sophie Germain - Semyon Gershgorin - Ennio De Giorgi - Levi ben Gerson - Gherard of Cremona - Marino Ghetaldi - J Willard Gibbs - Albert Girard - Pierre Simon Girard - James Glaisher - James Glenie - Boris Gnedenko - Kurt Gödel - Israel Gohberg - Christian Goldbach - Sydney Goldstein - Benjamin Gompertz - Siguenza y Gongora - Reuben Goodstein - Adolph Göpel - Paul Gordan - Daniel Gorenstein - William Gosset - Edouard Goursat - Govindasvami - Karl Gräffe - 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title: User:Gerrit/mathematicians


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Marlon Riggs

Marlon Troy Riggs (February 3, 1957 – April 5, 1994) was a black gay filmmaker, educator, poet, and activist. He produced, wrote, and directed several documentary films, including Ethnic Notions, Tongues Untied, Color Adjustment, and Black Is...Black Ain't. His films examine past and present representations of race and sexuality in the United States. The Marlon Riggs Collection is open to the public at Stanford University Libraries.

Early life
Riggs was born in Fort Worth, Texas, on February 3, 1957. He was a child of civilian employees of the military and spent a great deal of his childhood traveling. He lived in Texas and Georgia before moving to West Germany at the age of 11 with his family. He was the son of Jean (mother) and Alvin Riggs (father) and also had a sibling named Sascha.

Later in his life, Riggs recalled the ostracism and name-calling that he experienced at Hephzibah Junior High School in Hephzibah, Georgia. He stated that black and white students alike called him a "punk", a "faggot," and "Uncle Tom." He felt isolated from everyone at the school: "I was caught between these two worlds where the whites hated me and the blacks disparaged me. It was so painful."

Riggs excelled at Nurnberg American High School, where he played football and ran track, and was elected President of the Varsity Club while only a sophomore. He also performed a solo interpretive dance in the school's talent show depicting American slaves' experiences from Africa through emancipation. From 1973 to 1974 Riggs attended Ansbach American High School's opening year in Katterbach, Germany. He was elected student body president at the military dependents school. In 1974, Riggs returned to the United States to attend college. As an undergraduate, he studied history at Harvard University and graduated magna cum laude in 1978.

While a student at Harvard, Riggs realized that he was gay. Because there were no courses that supported the study of homosexuality, he petitioned the History Department and received approval to pursue independent study of the portrayal of "male homosexuality in American fiction and poetry". As he began studying the history of American racism and homophobia, Riggs became interested in communicating his ideas about these subjects through film.

After working for a local television station in Texas for about a year, he moved to Oakland, California, where he lived for 15 years with his lover, Jack Vincent. Riggs entered graduate school and received his master's degree in journalism with a specialization in documentary film in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley, having co-produced/co-directed with Peter Webster a master's thesis titled Long Train Running: The Story of the Oakland Blues, a half-hour video on the history of blues music in Oakland, California.

Film career
After finishing graduate school, Riggs began working on many independent documentary productions in the Bay Area. He assisted documentary directors and producers initially as an assistant editor and later as a post-production supervisor or editor on documentaries about the American arms race, Nicaragua, Central America, sexism and disability rights. Because of his proficiency in video technology, he was the on-line editor for the video production company, Espresso Productions. In 1987, he was hired as a part-time faculty member at the Graduate School of Journalism at Berkeley to teach documentary filmmaking. He became the youngest tenured professor in the arts and humanities at UC Berkeley.

In 1987, he completed his first professional feature documentary Ethnic Notions. An independently produced documentary, the film was inspired by an exhibit of black memorabilia at the Berkeley Art Center of black stereotypes from the collection of Jan Faulkner. The film received technical support (online editing) from KQED, a public television station in San Francisco, and was shown on public television stations throughout the United States. In Ethnic Notions, Riggs sought to explore widespread and persistent stereotypes of African Americans – images of ugly, savage brutes and happy servants – in American popular culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Edited by Debbie Hoffmann, the film uses voice-over narration provided by African-American actress Esther Rolle in explaining striking film footage and historical stills which expose the blatant racism of the era immediately following the Civil War. The documentary also presents a set of contemporary interviews with historians George Fredrickson and Lawrence Levine, the cultural critic Barbara Christian, folklorist Patricia Turner, and black memorabilia collector Jan Faulkner, who discuss the consequences of historical African-American stereotypes.

In 1989, Riggs completed the landmark experimental documentary film Tongues Untied. It was shown on national PBS as part of the television series P.O.V. The three principal voices of Tongues Untied are those of Riggs and the poets Essex Hemphill and Joseph Beam. Tongues Untied had political backlash; Republican Senator Jesse Helms famously argued to defund the arts after its release.

In 1988, while working both on Color Adjustment and Tongues Untied, Riggs was diagnosed with HIV after undergoing treatment for near-fatal kidney failure at a hospital in Germany. Despite his deteriorating health, he decided to continue to teach at Berkeley and make documentaries.

In the short 1990 piece Affirmations, Riggs explored the African-American males' sexuality and relationship with the African-American community at large. Some of the men expressed the lack of acceptance within the African-American community and the divide their sexual orientation caused. In 1991, Riggs directed and produced Anthem, a short documentary about African-American male sexuality.

In 1991, Riggs founded Signifyin' Works, a non-profit production company that produces films about African-American history and culture.

The 1992 documentary Color Adjustment was Riggs's second film shown on P.O.V., focusing on the representation of African Americans in primetime television from Amos 'n' Andy to The Cosby Show. The film was produced with Vivian Kleiman, edited by Debbie Hoffmann and narrated by the actress Ruby Dee. It includes an original music score by Mary Watkins.

In 1992, Riggs directed the film Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien (No Regret), in which five black gay men who are HIV-positive discuss how they are battling the double stigmas surrounding their infection and homosexuality. The series was screened on World AIDS Day and Day Without Art. It included the participation of Phil Zwickler, David Wojnarowicz, Ellen Spiro, Vivian Kleiman and others.

In 1993, Riggs received an honorary doctorate from the California College of Arts and Crafts. The same year, his experimental short Anthem was featured in Frameline's collection of short films entitled Boys' Shorts: The New Queer Cinema.

Shortly after completing Color Adjustment, Riggs began work on what was to be his final film, Black Is...Black Ain't, but he died at the age of 37 from complications caused by AIDS on April 5, 1994, before he could complete it. The project was completed posthumously by the co-producer Nicole Atkinson and the co-director/editor Christiane Badgley, under the supervision of the board of directors of Signifyin' Works: Herman Gray, Vivian Kleiman and Patricia Turner.

All of his documentaries originated in video and transferred to film for public screenings at theaters, festivals and museums. At that time, video technology was not yet available for screening for large audiences at public venues.

Riggs also wrote poetry, and Tongues Untied contains several of his poems about his life experiences as a black gay man.

Writings
Riggs's writings were published during the late 1980s and early 1990s in various art and literary journals such as Black American Literature Forum, Art Journal, and High Performance as well as anthologies such as Brother to Brother: Collected Writings by Black Gay Men.

In his essay "Black Macho Revisited: Reflections of a SNAP! Queen," Riggs discusses how representations of black gay men in the United States have been used to shape Americans' conceptions of race and sexuality. He argues that Americans' emphasis on the "black macho" figure – the warrior model of black masculinity based on a mythologized view of African history – signifies an exclusion of black homosexual males from the African-American community, which results in their dehumanization and rationalizes homophobia.

Themes and style
Riggs's films deal with representations of race and sexuality in the United States. Riggs was critical of American racism and homophobia. He used his films to show positive images of African-American culture as well as those of physical and emotional love between black men in order to challenge representations of African Americans and black gay men in popular culture.

As a graduate student at Berkeley, Riggs was educated in journalism and conventional documentary filmmaking, which stresses objectivity and employing an academic stance. However his film style eventually expanded to include a very personal and emotional filmic approach.

Legacy
Riggs's documentaries have received much critical acclaim. Riggs received a national Emmy Award in 1987 for Ethnic Notions. Tongues Untied was awarded the Teddy Award at the Berlin Film Festival. The film received recognition from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, the New York Documentary Film Festival, the American Film and Video Festival, and the San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival.

In 1992, Riggs was awarded the Maya Daren Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute. Additionally, Color Adjustment won the prestigious George Foster Peabody Award, Erik Barnouw Award from the Organization of American Historians, the International Documentary Association Outstanding Achievement Award, and a premiere screening the Sundance Film Festival. "Color Adjustment" garnered a nomination for a national Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Research.

Riggs received the Frameline Award from the San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival for his film Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien (No Regret). Black Is...Black Ain't won the Golden Gate Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival and was praised by the Sundance Film Festival.

In 1993, Riggs received an Honorary Doctorate from the California College of Arts and Crafts in Oakland.

There is a section of a subsidized housing unit named The Marlon Riggs Apartments/Vernon Street located in Oakland, California. In 1996, a plaque with a picture of Marlon was hung inside of the building's lobby area. At the time, the housing unit was the East Bay's first building constructed for low-income people with HIV/AIDS.

In 1996, two years after Riggs's death, Karen Everett made a biographical documentary about him, titled I Shall Not Be Removed: The Life of Marlon Riggs.

In 2006, Riggs was inducted into the NLGJA LGBTQ Journalists Hall of Fame.

In 2014, Signifyin' Works challenged the University of California at Berkeley School of Journalism to match a donation of $100,000 and create the "Marlon T. Riggs Fellowship in Documentary Filmmaking." It was the first fellowship named for a documentary filmmaker at a university in the United States. That endowment reached $500,000 thanks to the support of the Ford Foundation and other donors.

In 2018, Signifyin' Works received a grant from the Ford Foundation in support of "Tongues Untied@30," a year-long series of global screenings to honor the 30th anniversary of the release of Tongues Untied in 1989. Signifyin' Works President Vivian Kleiman and Brooklyn Academy of Music film curator Ashley Clark collaborated to launch the year with a retrospective Race, Sex & Cinema: The World of Marlon Riggs.

Other screenings included: Los Angeles, Mexico City, Atlanta, London, Paris, Bogota, Istanbul, Mumbai, and beyond. In addition, the 78th Annual Peabody Awards recognized Riggs and Tongues Untied with a tribute presented by Billy Porter, writer and star performer of the FX Peabody Award-winning series, "Pose".

In 2022 Tongues Untied was added to the Library of Congress's National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

In popular culture
Episode six of the second season of Pose ends with a quote by Riggs.

Controversy
Prior to a further release to the public on national television after its run in festivals, Riggs's production Tongues Untied triggered a national controversy surrounding the airing of the video on American public television stations. Along with his own funds, Riggs had financed the documentary with a $5,000 grant from the Western States Regional Arts Fund, a re-granting agency funded by the National Endowment for the Arts, an independent federal agency that provides funding and support for visual, literary, and performing artists. The film received much contention due to its depiction of two men kissing.

News of the film's airing sparked a national debate about whether or not it is appropriate for the federal government to fund artistic creations that offended some. Artists stressed their basic right of free speech, of representation on public airwaves, and vehemently opposed censorship of their art. However, several right-wing United States government policymakers and many conservative groups were against using taxpayer money to fund what they claimed were repulsive artistic works.

In the 1992 Republican presidential primaries, presidential candidate Pat Buchanan cited Tongues Untied as an example of how President George H. W. Bush was investing "our tax dollars in pornographic and blasphemous art." Buchanan released an anti-Bush television advertisement for his campaign using re-edited clips from Tongues Untied. The ad was removed from television channels after Riggs successfully demonstrated Buchanan's copyright infringement.

Reverend Donald E. Wildmon, the president of the American Family Association, opposed PBS and the National Endowment for the Arts for airing Tongues Untied but hoped that the film would be widely released because he believed most Americans would find it offensive. "This will be the first time millions of Americans will have an opportunity to see the kinds of things their tax money is being spent on," he said. "This is the first time there is no third party telling them what is going on; they can see for themselves."

Riggs defended Tongues Untied for its ability to "shatter this nation's brutalizing silence on matters of sexual and racial difference." In his defense, Riggs claimed that "implicit in the much overworked rhetoric about "community standards" is the assumption of only one central community and only one overarching cultural standard to which television programming must necessarily appeal."

Death
Marlon Riggs died in his home on April 5, 1994. Jack Vincent, his life partner, stated that the cause of death was due to complications from AIDS.

Filmography as director

 * Long Train Running: A History of the Oakland Blues (1981, short)
 * Ethnic Notions (1986)
 * Tongues Untied (1989) (later aired on POV in 1991)
 * Affirmations (1990, short)
 * Anthem (1991 short)
 * Color Adjustment (1992) (later aired on POV in 1992)
 * Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien (No Regret) (1993, short)
 * Black is... Black Ain't (1994)

title: Marlon Riggs


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Wikipedia:Votes for undeletion/Scopetech

This is not a self promo, This wiki entry was created me, and the site was created by former tech on-air talents. I have No Affiliation.


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Ronald Coifman

Ronald Raphael Coifman is the Sterling professor of Mathematics at Yale University. Coifman earned a doctorate from the University of Geneva in 1965, supervised by Jovan Karamata.

Coifman is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, and the National Academy of Sciences. He is a recipient of the 1996 DARPA Sustained Excellence Award, the 1996 Connecticut Science Medal, the 1999 Pioneer Award of the International Society for Industrial and Applied Science, and the 1999 National Medal of Science.

Prior to teaching at Yale, Coifman taught at Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Chicago.

In 2013, he co-founded ThetaRay, a cyber security and big data analytics company.

In 2018, he received the Rolf Schock Prize for Mathematics. In 2024 he will be awarded the George David Birkhoff Prize.

title: Ronald Coifman


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User:StevenSchwell

Hi, I'm just another Wikipedia dabbler. This is cool stuff!

title: User:StevenSchwell


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Erb's palsy

Erb's palsy is a paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the severing of the upper trunk C5–C6 nerves. These form part of the brachial plexus, comprising the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5–C8 and thoracic nerve T1. These injuries arise most commonly, but not exclusively, from shoulder dystocia during a difficult birth. Depending on the nature of the damage, the paralysis can either resolve on its own over a period of months, necessitate rehabilitative therapy, or require surgery.

Presentation
The paralysis can be partial or complete; the damage to each nerve can range from bruising to tearing. The most commonly involved root is C5 (aka Erb's point: the union of C5 & C6 roots) as this is mechanically the furthest point from the force of traction, therefore, the first/most affected. Erb–Duchenne palsy presents as a lower motor neuron syndrome associated with sensibility disturbance and vegetative phenomena.

The most commonly involved nerves are the suprascapular nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, and the axillary nerve.

The signs of Erb's palsy include loss of sensation in the arm and paralysis and atrophy of the deltoid, biceps, and brachialis muscles. "The position of the limb, under such conditions, is characteristic: the arm hangs by the side and is rotated medially; the forearm is extended and pronated. The arm cannot be raised from the side; all power of flexion of the elbow is lost, as is also supination of the forearm". The resulting biceps damage is the main cause of this classic physical position commonly called "waiter's tip".

If the injury occurs at age early enough to affect development (e.g. as a neonate or infant), it often leaves the patient with stunted growth in the affected arm with everything from the shoulder through to the fingertips smaller than the unaffected arm. This also leaves the patient with impaired muscular, nervous and circulatory development. The lack of muscular development leads to the arm being much weaker than the unaffected one, and less articulate, with many patients unable to lift the arm above shoulder height unaided, as well as leaving many with an elbow contracture.

The lack of development to the circulatory system can leave the arm with almost no ability to regulate its temperature, which often proves problematic during winter months when it would need to be closely monitored to ensure that the temperature of the arm was not dropping too far below that of the rest of the body. However the damage to the circulatory system also leaves the arm with another problem. It reduces the healing ability of the skin, so that skin damage takes far longer than usual to heal, and infections in the arm can be quite common if cuts are not sterilized as soon as possible.

The neurological damage is often the most problematic aspect of Erb's palsy, but it is also the most varying. There have been cases of patients who have lost complete sensory perception within the arm after procedures whereas they had full sensory perception before. The most common area for a loss of sensory perception (except where the arm faces a total loss) is between the shoulder and the elbow, since the nerves which provide information from that area to the brain are also those first damaged in the initial causative trauma.

Cause
The most common cause of Erb's palsy is dystocia, an abnormal or difficult childbirth or labor. For example, it can occur if the infant's head and neck are pulled toward the side at the same time as the shoulders pass through the birth canal. The condition can also be caused by excessive pulling on the shoulders during a cephalic presentation (head first delivery), or by pressure on the raised arms during a breech (feet first) delivery. Erb's palsy can also affect neonates affected by a clavicle fracture unrelated to dystocia.

A similar injury may be observed at any age following trauma to the head and shoulder, which cause the nerves of the plexus to violently stretch, with the upper trunk of the plexus sustaining the greatest injury. Injury may also occur as the result of direct violence, including gunshot wounds and traction on the arm, or attempting to diminish shoulder joint dislocation. The level of damage to the constituent nerves is related to the amount of paralysis.

Diagnosis
The appearance of the affected arm (or arms) depends on the individual case. In some cases the arm may lack the ability to straighten or rotate but otherwise function normally giving the overall appearance of the arm to be stiff and crooked. Whereas in other circumstances the arm has little to no control and has a "loose" appearance. Treatment such as physiotherapy, massage and electrical stimulation can help to prevent this early on (or throughout) the patient's life by strengthening the arm.

In some cases, individuals may experience significant discomfort. For instance, they might suffer from severe cramping pain that persists for a while and is especially intense after sleeping, radiating from the shoulder down to the wrist. While not everyone with Erb's palsy experiences pain, it can be extremely distressing for those who do, sometimes leading to physical sickness or fainting. This severe nerve pain is most common during the final stages of growth and generally subsides over time. Other types of pain that people with Erb's palsy might experience include muscle strain, stiffness, circulatory issues, and cramping. Different factors are dependent on the severity of the condition and can vary, so whilst some patient experience a lot of pain, some patients may experience no pain at all and for their affected arm to simply be visually crooked.

Discomfort with the shoulder blade is also extremely common in Erb's palsy as the shoulder is often at risk of dislocation. This can result, again, in sickness or lack of sleep.

Treatment
Some babies recover on their own; however, some may require specialist intervention.

Neonatal/pediatric neurosurgery is often required for avulsion fracture repair. Lesions may heal over time and function return. Physiotherapeutic care is often required to regain muscle usage. Although range of motion is recovered in many children under one year in age, individuals who have not yet healed after this point will rarely gain full function in their arm and may develop arthritis.

The three most common treatments for Erb's palsy are nerve transfers (usually from the opposite arm or limb), subscapularis releases and latissimus dorsi tendon transfers.

Nerve transfers are usually performed on babies under the age of 9 months since the fast development of younger babies increases the effectiveness of the procedure. They are not usually carried out on patients older than this because when the procedure is done on older infants, more harm than good is done, and it can result in nerve damage in the area from which the nerves were taken. Scarring can vary from faint scars along the lines of the neck to full "T" shapes across the whole shoulder depending on the training of the surgeon and the nature of the transplant.

Subscapularis releases, however, are not time limited. Since it is merely cutting a "Z" shape into the subscapularis muscle to provide stretch within the arm, it can be carried out at almost any age and can be carried out repeatedly on the same arm; however, this will compromise the integrity of the muscle.

Latissimus dorsi tendon transfers involve cutting the latissimus dorsi in half horizontally in order to pull part of the muscle around and attach it to the outside of the biceps. This procedure provides external rotation with varying degrees of success. A side effect may be increased sensitivity of the part of the biceps where the muscle will now lie, since the latissimus dorsi has roughly twice the number of nerve endings per square inch of other muscles.

History
The renowned British obstetrician William Smellie is credited with the first medical description of an obstetric brachial plexus palsy. In his 1768 treatise on midwifery, he reported a case of transient bilateral arm paralysis in a newborn after difficult labour. In 1861, Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne coined the term "obstetric palsy of the brachial plexus" after analyzing four infants with paralysis of identical muscles in the arm and shoulder, after publishing his initial findings in 1855. In 1874, Wilhelm Heinrich Erb concluded in his thesis on adult brachial plexus injuries that associated palsies of the deltoid, biceps and subscapularis are derived from a radicular lesion at the level of C5 and C6 rather than isolated peripheral nerve lesions.

Notable people
Notable individuals with Erb's palsy include Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, King of Prussia, the Palestinian psychiatrist Samah Jabr, and the Canadian journalist Barbara Frum. Martin Sheen was injured during birth and developed the condition in his left arm.

Military brace has also caused Erb's palsy in military school cadets.

title: Erb's palsy


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MindFreedom International

MindFreedom International is an international coalition of over one hundred grassroots groups and thousands of individual members from fourteen nations. Based in the United States, it was founded in 1990 to advocate against forced medication, medical restraints, and involuntary electroconvulsive therapy. Its stated mission is to protect the rights of people who have been labeled with psychiatric disorders. Membership is open to anyone who supports human rights, including mental health professionals, advocates, activists, and family members. MindFreedom has been recognized by the United Nations Economic and Social Council as a human rights NGO with Consultative Roster Status.

Origins and purpose
MindFreedom International is rooted in the psychiatric survivors movement, which arose out of the civil rights ferment of the late 1960s and early 1970s and the personal histories of psychiatric abuse experienced by some ex-patients rather than the intradisciplinary discourse of antipsychiatry. The precursors of MFI include ex-patient groups of the 1970s such as the Portland, Oregon-based Insane Liberation Front and the Mental Patients' Liberation Front in New York. The key text in the intellectual development of the survivor movement, at least in the US, was Judi Chamberlin's 1978 text, On Our Own: Patient Controlled Alternatives to the Mental Health System. Chamberlin was an ex-patient and co-founder of the Mental Patients' Liberation Front. Coalescing around the ex-patient newsletter Dendron, in late 1988 leaders from several of the main national and grassroots psychiatric survivor groups felt that an independent, human rights coalition focused on problems in the mental health system was needed. That year the Support Coalition International (SCI) was formed. In 2005 the SCI changed its name to MFI with David W. Oaks as its director. SCI's first public action was to stage a counter-conference and protest in May 1990 in New York City at the same time as (and directly outside of) the American Psychiatric Association's annual meeting.

Many of the members of MFI, who feel that their human rights were violated by the mental health system, refer to themselves as 'psychiatric survivors'. MFI is a contemporary and active coalition of grassroots groups which are carrying forward the historical tradition of survivor opposition to coercive psychiatry. It does not define itself as an antipsychiatry organization and its members point to the role which 'compassionate' psychiatrists have played in MFI. Activists within the coalition have been drawn from both left and right wing of politics.

MFI functions as a forum for its thousands of members to express their views and experiences, to form support networks and to organize activist campaigns in support of human rights in psychiatry. The coalition regards the psychiatric practices of 'unscientific labeling, forced drugging, solitary confinement, restraints, involuntary commitment, electroshock' as human rights violations.

In 2003, eight Mindfreedom members, led by then-executive director David Oaks, went on a hunger strike to publicize a series of "challenges" they had put forth to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the US Surgeon General and the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). The eight MFI members challenged the APA, US Surgeon General and NAMI to present MFI with "unambiguous proof that mental illness is brain disorder." By sustaining the hunger-strike for more than one month, MFI forced the APA and NAMI to enter into a debate with them on this and other issues.

MindFreedom describes their Shield Program as "an all for one and one for all" network of members. When a registered member is receiving (or is being considered for) involuntary psychiatric treatment, an alert is sent to the MindFreedom Solidarity Network on that person's behalf. Members of the network are then expected to participate in organized, constructive, nonviolent actions—e.g., political action, publicity and media alerts, passive resistance, etc.—to stop or prevent the forced treatment.

Literature

 * Oaks, David W. (2007). ‘MindFreedom International: Activism for Human Rights as the Basis for a Nonviolent Revolution in the Mental Health System’. In Peter Stastny & Peter Lehmann (Eds.), Alternatives Beyond Psychiatry (pp. 328–336). Berlin / Eugene / Shrewsbury: Peter Lehmann Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9545428-1-8 (UK), ISBN 978-0-9788399-1-8 (USA). E-Book in 2018.
 * Oaks, David W. (2007). ‘MindFreedom International – Engagement für Menschenrechte als Grundlage einer gewaltfreien Revolution im psychosozialen System’. In: Peter Lehmann & Peter Stastny (Hg.), Statt Psychiatrie 2 (S. 344-352). Berlin / Eugene / Shrewsbury: Antipsychiatrieverlag. ISBN 978-3-925931-38-3. E-Book in 2018.
 * Taylor, Dan (2007). ‘MindFreedom Ghana: Fighting for Basic Human Conditions of Psychiatric Patients’. In Peter Stastny & Peter Lehmann (Eds.), Alternatives Beyond Psychiatry (pp. 336–342). Berlin / Eugene / Shrewsbury: Peter Lehmann Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9545428-1-8 (UK), ISBN 978-0-9788399-1-8 (USA). E-Book in 2018.
 * Taylor, Dan (2007). ‘MindFreedom Ghana – Unser Kampf um humane Lebensbedingungen für Psychiatriebetroffene’. In: Peter Lehmann & Peter Stastny (Hg.), Statt Psychiatrie 2 (S. 352-358). Berlin / Eugene / Shrewsbury: Antipsychiatrieverlag. ISBN 978-3-925931-38-3. E-Book in 2018.

title: MindFreedom International