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Tennessee Department of Transportation

The Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) is the department of transportation for the State of Tennessee, with multimodal responsibilities in roadways, aviation, public transit, waterways, and railroads. It was established in 1915 as the Tennessee Department of Highways and Public Works, and renamed the Tennessee Department of Transportation in 1972. The core agency mission of TDOT is to provide a safe and reliable transportation system for people, goods, and services that supports economic prosperity in Tennessee. Since 1998, TDOT has been ranked amongst the top five in the nation for quality highway infrastructure. It is primarily headquartered in downtown Nashville and operates four regional offices in Chattanooga, Jackson, Knoxville, and Nashville.

Major responsibilities
The major duties and responsibilities of TDOT are to:
 * plan, build, and maintain the state-owned highway and Interstate system of over 14000 mi;
 * administer funding and provide technical assistance in the planning and construction of state and federal aid road programs for cities and counties;
 * provide incident management on Tennessee's Interstate system through TDOT SmartWay, an intelligent transportation network of cameras and dynamic message signs;
 * staff transportation management centers in the four largest urban cities in Tennessee;
 * provide motorist information;
 * construct and maintain 19 rest area facilities and 17 welcome centers;
 * administer program for control of outdoor advertising adjacent to Interstate and state highways;
 * issue and administer special permits for movement of overweight and over-dimensional vehicles;
 * prepare and distribute city, county, and state road maps, aeronautical charts, and airport directories;
 * promote safe driving behaviors on highways;
 * provide management, technical and financial assistance, and supervision to public, private, and nonprofit public transportation agencies in the state
 * administer funding and assistance in location, design, construction, and maintenance of the state's 80 public airports;
 * support improvements in Tennessee's railroads and rail service;
 * inspect over 19,000 bridges, 80 public airports, and all of the state's railroads;
 * maintain state park roads;
 * operate Reelfoot Airpark and ferry operations;
 * respond to initiatives of the Tennessee Aeronautics Commission;
 * provide aerial photography and mapping services to all state agencies;
 * provide aircraft for state executive transportation and economic development recruiting;
 * administer highway beautification programs;
 * provide grants to all Tennessee counties for litter abatement and litter prevention education; and
 * provide cycling trails that connect or go through state parks and natural areas.

History
Prior to 1915, the state had no central authority governing construction and maintenance of roads. The governor, legislature, other road associations, and local governments all attempted to serve these tasks, leading to a lack of planning and management. In 1915, a State Highway Commission was created to organize transportation services. The original commission consisted of six volunteer members. As responsibilities of the commission grew, this became inadequate, and in 1919 the commission was replaced with three paid members. By 1922, roads in Tennessee were behind surrounding states. Governor Austin Peay created a new Department of Highways and Public Works and appointed J.G. Creveling, Jr. as the single commissioner. Peavy also implemented a tax of two cents per gallon to fund the new department. The collapse of the banking system in 1930 resulted in significant losses for the state and led to an inability to fund the department. All of its workers had to be released. However, in 1933 the New Deal projects gave $11 million of federal money for highway projects. Diversion of federal funds and military enlistment of personnel during World War II again crippled the department. Following the war, the construction of the new Interstate Highway system brought a massive boom to the department. In 1972, due to its expanding role in all modes of transportation, it was renamed the Tennessee Department of Transportation. In the 1980s, TDOT began the $3.3 billion Better Roads Program to clear a backlog of projects and improve aging roads. In 1989, the gas tax was set at 21.40 cents per gallon to help fund this project. Through the 1990s and early 2000s, the department began working on ways to improve efficiency and involve communities.

Organization
TDOT is headed by a single commissioner who is appointed by the governor. The leadership level also includes the Deputy Commissioner, and leaders for legal, aeronautics, community relations, and legislation. Three bureaus exist under this level. Most administrative offices operate from the TDOT headquarters in downtown Nashville, the state's capital city. There are also four regional offices across the state. Each region is further divided into districts which are then subdivided into county facilities.

The following table lists the regions, district offices, maintenance and construction offices for each region, and counties served.

Bureau of Administration
This bureau serves the administrative tasks of the department. It is further divided into the following divisions:
 * Division of Central Services
 * Division of Finance
 * Division of Internal Audit
 * Division of Human Resources
 * Division of Strategic Planning
 * Division of Information Technology
 * Division of Procurement and Contracts

Bureau of Environment and Planning
This bureau studies environmental effects and ensures compliance with environmental policy. It also collects and analyses data to develop long range project and safety plans. It contains the following divisions:
 * Environmental Division
 * Long Range Planning Division
 * Freight and Logistics Division

Bureau of Engineering
This bureau designs, constructs, and maintains the state's highway system. This Bureau is directed by the Chief Engineer. The majority of the bureau is split into two categories: Design and Operations, with each overseen by an Assistant Chief Engineer.

The Assistant Chief Engineer of Design oversees the following divisions:
 * Roadway Design Division
 * Right of Way Division
 * Structures Division

The Assistant Chief Engineer of Operations is responsible for overseeing the four regional offices. They also oversee the following divisions:
 * Traffic Operations Division
 * Materials and Tests Division
 * Construction Division
 * Maintenance Division

Additionally there are three independent divisions that report directly to the Chief Engineer:
 * Bid Analysis and Estimating Office
 * Program Administration and Development Division
 * Strategic Transportation Investments Division

Transportation system
TDOT reports the following as Tennessee's transportation system:

Highway system

 * Bridges: 19,500, including 8,150 state owned bridges and 11,419 locally owned bridges
 * Interstates: 1,104 mi(Centerline Miles)
 * 19 Interstate rest areas
 * 17 Interstate and U.S. Route welcome centers
 * 9 truck weigh stations
 * State highways, 13,884 mi(Centerline Miles)
 * Total highways, 93,523 mi(Lane Miles)

Airport system

 * 74 general aviation
 * 5 commercial
 * 142 heliports

Rail system

 * 18 shortline railroads on 842 mi of rail
 * 6 major rail lines on 2098 mi of rail

Transit system

 * 28 transit systems serving all 95 counties

Waterways

 * 946 mi of main channel navigable waterways
 * 2 ferries

Bicycle and pedestrian system

 * 231 mi of greenways, sidewalks, and trails
 * 9 bicycle trails on 1500 mi including a single across state trail totaling 500 mi
 * 4,497 mi of greenways, sidewalks, and trails

Funding
Funding for the state transportation system in Tennessee comes from a fund that is separate from the state's general fund which operates most of the other state agencies in Tennessee. Transportation revenues come from both federal transportation monies and from state funding resources. Those state funds come from a combination of dollars collected from gas and diesel tax revenues, titling and registration fees. Tennessee operates on a "pay as you go" system by using available revenues resulting in no debt service. Tennessee is one of three states in the nation that does not finance transportation through bonding. Critics of this mechanism claim that it inhibits the ability of the department to sufficiently complete necessary infrastructure improvements.

Leadership history
The leaders of the department and its preceding organizations have been:

title: Tennessee Department of Transportation


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Hatchling

In oviparous biology, a hatchling is a newly hatched fish, amphibian, reptile, or bird. A group of mammals called monotremes lay eggs, and their young are hatchlings as well.

Fish
Fish hatchlings generally do not receive parental care, similar to reptiles. Like reptiles, fish hatchlings can be affected by xenobiotic compounds. For example, exposure to xenoestrogens can feminize fish. As well, hatchlings raised in water with high levels of carbon dioxide demonstrate unusual behaviour, such as being attracted to the scent of predators. This change could be reversed by immersion into gabazine water, leading to the hypothesis that acidic waters affect hatchling brain chemistry.

Amphibians
The behavior of an amphibian hatchling, commonly referred to as a tadpole, is controlled by a few thousand neurons. 99% of a Xenopus hatchling's first day after hatching is spent hanging from a thread of mucus secreted from near its mouth will eventually form; if it becomes detached from this thread, it will swim back and become reattached, usually within ten seconds. While newt hatchlings are only able to swim for a few seconds, Xenopus tadpoles may be able to swim for minutes as long as they do not bump into anything. The tadpole live from remaining yolk-mass in the gut for a period, before it swims off to find food.

Reptiles
The reptile hatchling is quite the opposite of an altricial bird hatchling. Most hatchling reptiles are born with the same instincts as their parents and leave to live on their own immediately after leaving the egg. When first hatched, hatchlings can be several times smaller than their adult forms: Pine Snakes weigh 30 grams when they first hatch, but can grow up to 1,400 grams as adults. This appears to have been the case even in dinosaurs. In sea turtles, hatchling sex is determined by incubation temperature. In species in which eggs are laid then buried in sand, indentations in the sand can be a clue to imminent hatching. In sea turtles, this usually occurs about 60 days after the laying of eggs, and often at night. However, exposure to xenobiotic compounds, especially endocrine-disrupting compounds, can affect hatchling sex ratios as well. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and other pollutants like octylphenol are also known to increase rate of hatchling mortality and deformity. Upon hatching, animals such as turtles have innate navigational skills, including compass and beacon methods of navigation, to reach safety. For example, turtle hatchlings instinctively swim against waves to ensure they leave the beach and its predators. They also head towards the brightest part of the horizon in order to reach the water: however, human activity has created sources of light which mislead the turtle hatchlings, causing them to not travel directly to the water, making them vulnerable to dehydration and predation. Hatchlings of the species Iguana iguana also gain gut flora essential to digestion from adults as part of their development. In the wild, hatchling survival rates are extremely low due to factors such as predation, for example, by crabs, as well as due to human-made obstacles. Human intervention has also benefitted hatchling reptiles at times. For example, late-hatched loggerhead turtles are taken in by such groups as the University of Georgia to be raised. In species such as crocodiles, hydration levels also play an important role in embryo survival.

As pets
Reptile hatchlings, especially those of turtles, are often sold as pets. This has been reported to occur even in places where such practices are illegal.

Birds
Bird hatchlings may be altricial or precocial. Altricial means that the young hatch naked and with their eyes closed, and rely totally on their parents for feeding and warmth. Precocial hatching are feathered when hatched, and can leave the nest immediately. In birds, such as the bobwhite quail, hatchlings' auditory systems are more developed than their visual system, as visual stimulation is not present in the egg, while auditory stimulation can reach the embryo even before birth. It has also been shown that auditory development in hatchlings is disrupted by environments high in visual and social stimulation. Many hatchlings are born with some forms of innate behaviours which allow them to improve their ability to survive: for example, hatchling gulls instinctively peck at long objects with marked colour contrast, which leads them to peck at their parents' bills, eliciting a feeding response. Endocrine disruption of hatchling birds increases the rate of deformities and lowers the chances of survival. In bearded vultures, two eggs are laid, but one hatchling will often kill the other. Bird hatchlings raised by humans have sometimes been noted to act towards their human caregivers as their parents.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hatchling


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cutenews

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Rossami (talk) 08:56, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cutenews
Blatant advertisement for software. Delete. Android79 03:07, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Note that this article was listed as a copyvio of on January 20. RedWolf 05:47, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, copyvio spam. --Idont Havaname 19:28, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I have not seen the copyright violation notice (where can this be found?)- however I do know that Cutenews is used fairly extensively on various sites judging by the community. The article however, does require expansion. --Mosey 05:34, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Try checking the page history.
 * Concur with Android, delete. Radiant! 11:05, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rewrite article to eliminate copyvio from cutenews website. —Brim 17:03, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do we have a volunteer for the rewrite? :-) Android79 18:32, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rewrite to emulate articles about similar software that has useful information about the software itself. JubbaG 19:05, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisement+copyvio=spam.  Please do not encourage spammers. —Korath (Talk) 06:37, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, anon removed the copyvio notice --nixie 09:06, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Insignificant piece of software. jni 15:59, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Anaerobic digestion

Required article improvements
Hi all. Just a note to for article improvements and requirements for new sections/structure:

 * One-stage and two-stage anaerobic digestion systems
 * High solids and low solid systems
 * Mesophilic and thermophilic systems

--Alex 09:41, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Mesophilic Digesters usually only require 10 days of residence time vs. the 15-40 days referred to in the article. Requires means, that 10 days is necessary for stable operation and development of the mesophiles. To attain a Class B sludge in the US, 15 days of residence time is required. To attain a Class A sludge, temperatures of the sludge need to be increased to thermophilic levels.

Also, the section talking about the wastewater from the process refererences reverse osmosis(RO). This is misleading as RO is in fact used rarely in a waste water treatment plants and is really only used if the waste water is intended for reuse. The use of RO has nothing to do with an anaerobic digester per se & has a lot to do with the overall operating philosophy of a waste water treatment plant.

--Vogted37 (talk) 03:54, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Energy output?
The article states that the energy consumption is larger than the energy output from the plant (Last section under the Reactor types heading)I find this very unlikely and contradictory to articles I've read on the subject. For example, in the article "Kompostering eller rötning? En jämförande studie med LCA-metodik" by Nilsson, B. (1997) (this article is refered to in another article thats available online: "Life Cycle Assessments of Energy from Solid Waste" by Finnveden et. al. (2000) ISBN 91-7056-103-6) inventory data was collected at the digestion plant in Kristianstad, Sweden wich shows that the energy content of the methane gas collected from the anaerobic digestion is 3743 MJ/ton food waste, and of that only 495 MJ is used internally at the plant. -- KristoferP 15:02, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Well spotted. Whoever wrote this addition badly worded their intentions. I have deleted this. On most major AD facilities there is a net output of electricity. The operational facility I worked at at Hiriya, Tel Aviv had an energy output 5 times the plants operational requirements.--Alex 16:38, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Merging Anaerobic Decomposition with Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas Power Plants merger with Anaerobic Digesters and related redirects!
Technically I believe there should be some reworking of this. I have created the Category: Anaerobic digestion as there is a significant number of articles that are linked to this subject. I am in two minds if to merge anaerobic digesters with biogas powerplants and to merge anaerobic digestion with anaerobic decomposition. Anaerobic digesters and biogas power plants are the physical buildings constructed to make use of the process of anaerobic digestion/decomposition.

There is a lot of similarity between anaerobic digestion/anaerobic digesters and biogas powerplants. Technically there is very little difference between the two and I am tempted to suggest a merger of the two articles. --Alex 08:15, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

There is a lot to be added to this, a lot to be corrected and changed, unfortunately I know very little about the subject, but I’m trying to learn. It’s better than what was here on the subject before, which was nothing, but hopefully this will get the ball rolling and if you can correct this, make it better, or add something of value, please do. Renewable energy is an important subject, the more knowledge on the subject that is out there the better.

Sorry if my comments seemed brusque. No criticism was intended - its good to see a useful article taking shape. I have done some editing based mostly on UK sewage treatment and agricultural waste experience. We probably need articles or references for acidogenesis and acetagenesis if these terms are to stay in here. Looks like a good start. Velela 15:34, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I was searching for a Wikipedia article on "anaerobic decomposition" and was redirected to this. It is not at all what I was wanting. I was researching the natural process, in nature, and had no interest in the industrial process. I believe they are distinct enough to warrant separate articles. "Pij" (talk) 23:04, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Anaerobic Digesters in Hog Farms
I was hoping to read about the potential of anaerobic digesters for hog farms. From what I understand it could serve as an important supplement to natural gas.

-When I get some free time, I will try to add to this article. In particular, I'd like to include some mention of plug-flow (as opposed to completely-mixed) digesters, since they are more efficient and much less expensive to build. Also, I know that New York State offers net-metering (as with PV) for certain biogas digesters, and several dairy farms in the region are able to meet and even surpass their entire energy need through processing of cow manure -- so maybe I'll look into that. Furthermore, there's a tremendous amount of research going on at the college where I go to school (Cornell University) that concerns anaerobic digestion -- not to mention interesting research that has been going on for decades. One of my professors had a project in the '70s that diverted waste flow from the Ithaca municipal waste treatment plant, treated it with anaerobic digestion (plug flow, of course), then used the nutrient-rich effluent in hydroponic production of ornimentals, all very successfully until his funding was revoked by nay-sayers and militant conventionalists. The contrast between my professor's experiment and the conventional approach to waste treatment is stark -- one approach, the brute-force approach, requires large amounts of energy (in addition to steel and concrete), produces nothing of value and sends large amounts of biosolids to the landfill; the other, the ecological approach, instead produces energy, as well as valuable byproducts, and minimizes or even eliminates flow into the landfill -- it even uses less land area...!

I'm taking another class with that same professor this semester, so this kind of stuff is on my mind a lot. At semester's end, I'll probably do some contributing. I'll try to keep my enthusiasm contained.

Could large scale anaerobic digestion reduce natural gas consumption?
If a great deal of money were invested, could large scale implementation of anaerobic digesters be sufficient to reduce America's (and other industrialzed nations') natural gas consumption? Natural gas appears to be causing the same kind of geopolitical problems as petroleum and yet all signs point toward the problem getting worse. Is anaerobic digestion a potential solution? In neither the anaerobic digestion nor the Biogas articles can I find information on how much potential the technologies have for reducing natural gas consumption. If most American cities topped out the anaerobic digestion potential of sewage and other waste matter would their natural gas consumption only go down slightly, or might it drop considerably? Ideally I'd like to see America remain independent of LNG imports, but I have no idea if that's possible with anaerobic digestion.

Yes, by utilising the correct AD technologies that enable the highest concentrations of methane in the biogas it is possible to reduce natural gas consumption. In less pure biogas streams, cleaning or scubbing of the gas may be required. If you are interested in the subject please see the links on my profile or email me. --Alex 07:57, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

It is also worth remembering that managed land-fill can generate substantial quantities of bio-gas over periods of many years. Unfortunately the potential here is not as great as it may seem since a great deal of waste has the carbon locked up in plastics that are difficult or impossible to degrade. This has the overall impact of converting fossil fuels into carbon that is seqestrated in the ground. Velela 14:59, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Landfill gas is much harder to collect efficiently than fully engineered anaerobic digesters. It also has lower levels of methane and higher levels of siloxanes which are abbrasive to gas engines. Landfill gas escapes much more easily into the atmosphere and is a significant greenhouse gas. There are major benefits to engineered anaerobic digesters over landfill gas capture. --Alex 16:20, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

I don't disagree, but if one is looking at the biggest picture "How can we offset our use of gas from fossil fuel sources" then getting better at maximising the land-fill contribution should feature in the debate. If we managed land-fill differently so as to maximise gas generation, then it would become more economic even if it was only used to fuel district heating or other similar local use. At present very large volumes of methane are vented in an uncontrolled way adding significantly to the greenhouse effect when we could have collected and burnt it to offset our use of primary fossil fuels. It would also be intersting to know the respective calorific values of all the sewage sludge and of all the solid waste and compare them. I suspect that in the UK domestically, more energy in solid waste is thrown away than is discharged to the sewers. Anybody up for the calculation ? Velela 16:29, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

If you look at the present legislation for landfills, the waste management industry is moving towards the minimisation and eventual elimination of biodegradable waste entering into landfill. In the mean time landfill gas must be fully utilised as a green energy source. It is my personal oppinion that anaerobic digestion is ideal for the pretreatment of waste for the controlled production of biogas for utilisation in energy generation (as opposed to random in landfills) and will form a significant basis of waste management in the UK for the future. (this is if the government doesnt have its way with the wide scale introduction of incinerators across the country) --Alex 14:54, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Dead links
The link to reference 7 ( ^Cruazon, B. (2007) History of anaerobic digestion, web.pdx.edu. Retrieved 17.08.07.) is dead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.191.150.2 (talk) 11:08, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I had no problem with Ref. 7, but some of them are dead, like 12 and 58. Phorious (talk) 19:49, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

Biogas digesters
Biogas digester redirected to Biogas, so I've redirected it here instead.

The question is: does "biogas digester" mean basically the same thing as "anaerobic digester," or is one a subset of the other? (I'm guessing that almost all anaerobic digesters capture the biogas.)

I'm interested in the appropriate technology side of this, and would like to help develop info on biogas digesters used in the developing world or small-scale settings... however, I haven't yet found good sources suitable for an encyclopedic article. Can anyone suggest good sources? -Singkong2005 talk 03:21, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Hi Singkong, yes a biogas digester is the same as an anaerobic digester.--Alex 08:02, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Akron, Ohio plant
The U.S. city of Akron, Ohio is planning to build a plant, apparently to be the first ever in the United States. The mayor had been inspired after seeing a plant in Europe. Badagnani 07:04, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Climate change
I added an unreferenced section tag, my reasoning is as follows: Reduction in global warming? From biogas? I think this is a very strong statement, and I can think of some arguments that would cast doubt upon this. For example the simple reaction given is pretty much the same as complete oxidation of $$C_6H_{12}O_6$$ in the presence of $$O_2$$, so if you are using it as an energy source from this view it is no more a greenhouse reducing device than burning natural gas obtained from a gas well. However if it is using a currently untapped resource that is unconditionally occurring (ie if this chemical is breaking down in the same way anyway) then it *is* alright to make this statement, with qualifications. Without some sources I think the validity of the "Contribution to prevention of climate change" is suspect. I know climate change type topics make people quick to comment, but I think this section needs to be more carefully written. The last thing we need is people who may not be familiar with the topic taking this as an unambiguous absolute. Thanks User A1 16:28, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Wow, that was fast. Better, but still could use a bit of a fiddle. I'm off so I will think and re-examine tomorrow; Thanks guys & girls User A1 16:34, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * You had good timing, I have been in the process of improving this article.--Alex 09:37, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

 * "it as an energy source from this view it is no more a greenhouse reducing device than burning natural gas obtained from a gas well"
 * Not correct. When burning mineral methane the C component has come from fossil sources. When burning gas from an anaerobic digester the C component has come from recently grown plant material, so in that sense it is simular to a biofuel.

 * With fossil gas it is CH4 -> CO2
 * With anaerobic gas it is CO2 -> CxHxNxOx -> CH4 -> CO2   So it is a closed loop  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.50.184.138 (talk) 20:37, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

GA Review

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

Good overall. This article may be little confusing to those who're not in scientific fields. Please fix these and inform me when you are complete. OhanaUnited   Talk page   22:16, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * a (fair representation): b (all significant views):
 * 1) It is stable.
 * 2) It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
 * a (tagged and captioned): b lack of images (does not in itself exclude GA):  c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
 * 1) Overall:
 * a Pass/Fail:
 * a Pass/Fail:
 * "The carbon in biodegradable waste is part of a carbon cycle, as such the carbon released from the combustion of biogas can be thought of as having been removed by plants in the recent past." What does "recent past" mean? State the year or decade.
 * Majority sections are unreferenced, including:
 * Most of "Stages of anaerobic digestion", "Process configuration"
 * Whole section of "Products of anaerobic digestion", "Feedstock considerations", "Consideration of suitability"

 * Further reworking has now been done, I welcome any further comments.--Alex 09:15, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Looks much better now. I announce that this article passes GA standard.  OhanaUnited    Talk page   13:44, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Comments from FAC Nomination Withdrawal

 * Comments I enjoyed reading this; it's accessible and I learned much. As science and I are frequently complete strangers, this is a major plus. I have some criticisms. Fun though the assyrian bathwater anecdote might be, isn't there a more substantial source to back it up? And, incidentally, some of the shorter sections are scarcely referenced at all. Finally, WP:MOS isn't keen on superscript for ordinals (e.g. 17th century). -- R OGER D AVIES  TALK 13:14, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Roger, I am pleased that you enjoyed the article. re-Assrian bathwater I am presently consulting with people on the anaerobic digestion forum to find more information and the original source of this. I will look over the shorter sections and find suitable references. Thanks againAlex 13:20, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ I have now significantly added to the references, I have also addressed the dating issues. Finally I deleted the reference for Assyrian biogas, I cannot find a suitable reference anywhere even though there are hundreds of quotes on the web.Alex 14:38, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll abstain for the moment though as I'd like to see what other editors with a firmer science footing say. -- R OGER D AVIES  TALK 07:24, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Good quality article. In the past there haven't been many clear, thorough articles on water and wastewater but  Alex is changing that. Good work! --Chriswaterguy talk 14:07, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Comment, peer review archived, please note per the instructions at both WP:PR and WP:FAC that the article shouldn't be listed simultaneously at both places. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 18:08, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose for now I was hoping you weren't going to nominate this for FA yet because it still has lots of work to do, and places that need to be expanded. The article is really starting to take shape, though, it is not stable enough now to be featured, perhaps in a few weeks it will be ready. Anyway, I'll list some more comments:
 * Make sure the content is under the right headings, for example I found the following under "Applications"
 * "After sorting or screening to remove physical contaminants, such as metals and plastics, from the feedstock the material is often shredded, minced, or hydrocrushed[19] to increase the surface area available to microbes in the digesters and hence increase the speed of digestion. The material is then fed into an airtight digester where the anaerobic treatment takes place." This belongs in a different section.

I strongly urge you to withdraw the nom now so you can work on it in peace, for 2-3 weeks or so. Once it's ready then relist here and start with a clean slate. I am willing to work with you on this one, and if I have time I can make some edits to the prose too. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 19:35, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ and accepted, it was definately not appropriate here.--Alex 08:04, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Image:Anaerobic digesters overhead view.jpg I can see the brown liquid, so point it out in the caption ✅ expanded caption to include mention of process water.
 * Must explain the steps in the process better, say why each step is necessary. For example, the hydrolysis step is necessary to break down the matter so that the bacteria can digest it, right? Tell us more and expand each step.✅
 * "This contrasts to carbon in fossil fuels that has been sequestered in the earth for many thousands of years." You must mean millions of years
 * "can be considered to be sustainable and biogas considered to be a renewable fuel." Some people believe that this can be considered, in some circles, to possibly be a weak way to write a statement.
 * ✅ I have significantly reworded this
 * Emphasize/contrast the end products more clearly between anaerobic and aerobic digestion ✅
 * Emphasize why anaerobic digestion is better than simple aerobic digestion, in that the value of the end products can be used.✅ and moved to different article following comments from Jeff and Valela.
 * Avoid abbreviations like BOD and COD; I would get rid of AD as an abbreviation since you hardly even use it! (nor should you!)
 * Comment ✅ I have removed AD abbreviation and expanded the meanings of BOD and COD as I think they are appropriate.Alex 11:23, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * how do siloxanes get into the biogas?
 * ✅ section expanded and clarifiedAlex 12:41, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * "landfilled" is this a verb now? 2 places
 * Comment- it is certainly used that was in our industry. Do you think this is incorrect?
 * The lead should mention, in passing at least, that biogas is mostly methane and carbon dioxide. Just a brief mention is all it takes; do it in the lead.
 * "hydrocrushed" what?
 * ✅ Have reworded this marketing type term to hydraulically pulped.Alex 08:04, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * "hydrocrushed" what?
 * ✅ Have reworded this marketing type term to hydraulically pulped.Alex 08:04, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Jeff, Happy to withdraw it for now if you think it will be worthwhile. The feedback is appreciated. Would also appreciate your assistance getting it to the final shape for FA.--Alex 07:39, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Organization
Taking a look at the organization of the article, I would suggest a few changes. I'm not entirely sure how to go on this, so I'll post discussion here. Now unless I'm wildly mistaken, we don't normally use a "background" section on articles, so I would consider moving the History section up to a ==level 2 heading==, move "applications" to level 2 heading at the end and combine "climate change" and "suitability" into it. Consider putting "biochemistry" into a different section, or merge several sections into one. Some of the section headings could be more descriptive; consider changing "complexity" because it is too generic. I think there are too many headings, which is why I (temporarily) forced it not to show the deeper headings. For example, 'hydrogen sulfide' and 'siloxanes' don't really need their own headings; consider just putting them all under the level 3 heading Biogas refinement. I usually only use up to level 3 headings anyway. I'll think it over some more and see if there's a better way to organize it; once it is better organized, it will be much easier to work on. Also, on the image Image:Stages of anaerobic digestion.JPG did you mean Protein->amino acids? Forgive and please fix my American spellings; I probably won't be able to consistently write the British ones. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 04:01, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Jeff, worked in the above changes, don't have any problems with them. Regarding the image, the protein->protein section is correct (proteins arent affected by the hydrolysis stage). No problems on the american spellings will alter things where appropriate.--Alex 12:09, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Been giving some more thought to the proteins:amino acids issue. I have decided that the original graph was not necessarily quite as close to reality. There is quite a blurred line between what is hydrolysis, acidogenesis and acetogenesis in the literature. Without getting too complicate I have decided that Jeff's comments above are of relevance and incorporated amino acids and fatty acids into the flow chat whilst blurring the strict lines between the 4 stages.Alex 08:41, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

I'm going to try a little re-organization which I think will help focus the article, and I will do a little re-writing to help reduce redundancy. Suggest looking through the refs again for new information. Though we don't want to overload the article with trivia, there are quite a few good sources listed with loads of good content to add. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 02:59, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. I have reworded the last paragraph you added on critique of AD. I think it came across as a little too negative. I have altered it to keep it factual and NPOV. Digestion is reliable as long as people operate the systems correctly. Also the monitoring equipment is well developed, it really comes down to ensuring you understand the process and don't put the wrong materials in. I have added more information on seeding the digesters. The article may also require something more on solids content but haven't thought how to tackle this yet. I agree with the above comments, there is a little redundancy and duplication in some sections--Alex Marshall 10:42, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I took a look at the Aerobic/anaerobic comparison. I actually got this confused with Aerobic/anaerobic respiration, which actually have their own articles. So perhaps we don't need this comparison after all. But probably should mention why anaerobic digestion is not composting. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 03:17, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Following the comments below from Valela and the above comments I have created a new article Comparison of anaerobic and aerobic digestion which contains elements distinguishing between the two processes. I agree that it didn't really sit well and I wasn't overly happy with it.--Alex Marshall 15:07, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Applications section layout
The article is clearly getting expanded for the better; all this new material needs to be integrated. In the applications section, for example, we have: And then 3 paragraphs later: I suggest grouping the material into level 3 headings: "Waste treatment", "Renewable energy", "Greenhouse gas reduction" or something along those lines, underneath the level 2 heading "Applications". Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 19:07, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * "Anaerobic digestion is particularly suited to wet organic material and is commonly used for effluent and sewage treatment"
 * "Pressure from environmentally-related legislation on solid waste disposal methods in developed countries has increased the application of anaerobic digestion as a process for reducing waste volumes and generating useful by-products"

Anaerobic Lagoon
I'm confused about the anaerobic lagoon. The article doesn't talk about the purpose of the lagoon, so the caption should mention what it's being used for. Also, if it is exposed to the air, probably should explain why it is anaerobic (sludge buried at the bottom has no access to air?). Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 03:21, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Also a similar comment was left by Valela on my talk page. I have included mention of anaeorbic lagoons on the single stage system, which in essence is what it is. As you outline it is the stationary water which isolates the oxygen from the system.--Alex Marshall 08:49, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Comment left on my talk page: Anaerobic digestion
Alex, as requested I have been reviewing the Anaerobic digestion article which is an immense improvement on the stub that I originally started editing. It is a considerable credit to the few main contributors and editors.

However, I do have some reservations and I have made one edit to try and set it better in its wider context. To me anaerobic digestion describes the process that occurs whenever organic material exists in a micro-organism rich anaerobic environment. These processes have been harnessed by man to great benefit in a range of different ways which, incidentally, include cold lagoon digestion which I don't think gets a mention. The article reads very much as a description of the thermophilic industrial process and is very weak on the underlying microbiology and the range of occurrences in natural and semi-natural eco-systems. There is also one section on aerobic digestion which seems out of place here.If I can and will try and apply some more balancing edits and I hope you will let me know if you think I'm barking up the wrong tree. Velela 18:23, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

 * ✅ Lagoons mentioned as an alternative type of digester. Also have expanded and compiled bacterial section under the process. I don't necessarily agree with the indicated bias towards thermophilic systems, I think there is a good description of both. All the pictures are of mesophilic systems as I don't have any of thermos. --Alex Marshall 16:45, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Anareobic digestion vs Anaerobic digester
An anaerobic digester is an invention, a device. Anareobic digestion is a process, which can be done with an anaerobic digester but also takes place in nature. Yet it redirects here!? That's not right. They are related, sure, and I submit anaerobic digester should probably be a fairly short article, but still. --206.79.158.100 (talk) 22:19, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I see your points, it would be possible to divide this into two articles but I am unsure what the benefits would be. The individual processes of anaerobic decomposition are methanogenesis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and hydrolysis and do occur naturally. Each are covered by their own sub article. Anaerobic digestion, to me, is the series of processes which are harnessed in an anaerobic digester. --Alex Marshall (talk) 12:20, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Production of Sour gas?
Do methane digesters produce any significant amount of hydrogen sulfide, enough for the result to be considered a sour gas? DMahalko (talk) 11:44, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Home furnace capable of burning biogas?
I am trying to determine if any forced-air or boiler furnaces exist, that are capable of burning biogas from digesters as either a primary or secondary fuel. I'm not looking for some huge industrial furnace but rather something scaled down for home or business heating.

A secondary-fuel furnace would be the most useful, fed primarily with a standard fossil fuel like liquid propane or natural gas, and then with additional burners for the biogas. This allows the biogas to offset fossil fuel usage, but allows fallback to the fossil fuel in case the biogas production is insufficient for continuous reliable use.

So far, my searches for a furnace technology like this are coming up empty. DMahalko (talk) 11:56, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Moved from main page
In its current form the addition reads like an advert for AADS. There seems to be some useful information in it but it is very lengthy and does not read easily. English is US not UK as the article has been written in. Also random capitals such as 'Biogas'. Please discuss.--Alex Marshall (talk) 15:40, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Recent, patented developments in the anaerobic digestion process, namely the Advanced Anaerobic Digester System (AADS), have resulted in both sequential batch reactors (SBR) and continuous process plug flow designs that are highly automated and are consequently much lower in annual operating costs. These systems are also readily scalable from 50 Animal Unit installations supporting a 25kW engine-generator to Biogas generators supportive of 20 Megawatts or more of equivalent electrical generation, boiler horsepower, or furnace fuel. The application of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), coupled with oversight by a local, reliable and commercially available digital control system (DCS) software application assures high-performance reliability and results. Heuristic algorithms, self-tuning capability, and the ability to perform Data Mining from the collective AADS database will ensure continually improving operations and promote scientific research into anaerobic bacteria populations and their reactions to changing stimuli. The Advanced Anaerobic Digester System (AADS) requires the presence of few full-shift personnel who will typically have high school or trade school level education in addition to specific training in AADS operations. Monitoring of feedstock receiving and post-process Biosolids and Bioliquids handling will be the responsibilities most often addressed. All process parameters and system equipment conditions are constantly monitored in real time by the AADS control system. Non-nominal conditions or events will be subsequently annunciated or alarmed both locally and to the remote AADS data center. Careful control of the digestion temperature, pH, and loading rates is crucial to obtaining efficient breakdown of the material, and disturbances to a digester can lead to process failure. Ensuring that the quality of input materials to the digesters is maintained and that the process effectively monitored is essential for ensuring that a digester's performance is reliable. The advent of the AADS process makes these tasks much easier for the owner-operator. The new AADS process mechanically and electronically duplicates the digestive processes of a mature Holstein dairy cow, one of Earth's most prolific Methane producers. Effective contaminant removal at the system's front end assures that the multiple-source feedstocks are suitable for Brew preparation. The prepared Brew, prior to injection, and the contents of all SBR or plug flow digester cells are maintained at a constant 101 degrees F. This assures that the process, like a dairy cow, remains healthy at all times. Blending-in or blending-out of multiple feedstocks, based on their changing availability, is directed by menus and recipes within the DCS system. This eliminates operator error and substantially increases the variety of feedstocks that can be processed. I.e.; Natural disasters often produce large amounts of ruined crops and municipal solid wastes that can be readily processed by AADS digesters - in addition to their standard diet of animal wastes, agribusiness sludge, meat processing wastes, Ethanol plant thin stillage, Switchgrass, prairie grasses or other resources. More information on this process can be obtained at http://www.biogasusa.com

Another matter very successfully addressed by the AADS system design is Biogas storage - without added special equipment. A double-cover system is employed on the in-ground plug flow digester cells. This accomplishes a number of goals. The outer cover, pressurized with low-oxygen exhaust from an engine-generator or boiler, etc., provides a durable and intrinsically safe, warm gas shell over the flexible, inner Biogas collection cover and digester cell itself. The constantly pressurized outer cover is essentially taught and tornado proof. Snow, sleet and ice is promptly melted off of the outer cover due to its warmth. Consequently, the inner digester cover is never directly exposed to wind or sunlight, which extends its useful life considerably. The flexible inner cover is allowed to rise and fall based on the rates of Biogas production and Biogas fuel demand. This provides up to 48 hours of Biogas storage per cell should
 * Agreed that it reads like an advertisement. It has been put back in to the main page, and I am again removing it.Withlyn (talk) 04:24, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

Discussion of anaerobic organisms & metabolism
I changed several uses of the word "bacteria" to "microbe" or "microorganism" because methanogens are archaea, and archaea are not bacteria. I still think the section on metabolism is misleading. It is true that all organisms, including anaerobes, incorporate oxygen in their biomass, and thus need it to grow. However, oxygen (the element) is so common in all biological substrates that its presence can be taken for granted. What is really necessary is oxidizing power, which, true to the name, is often provided by an oxygen-containing compound such as elemental oxygen, sulfate, nitrate, or carbon dioxide, but can also come from oxidized metals or sulfur. However, the distinction may be too technical for the average reader of this article. I'd like to see it rewritten to be technically correct but still accessible, but I don't have the time to do it right now, since I have school papers to write.Withlyn (talk) 05:31, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed methanogens are Archaea not bacteria. Happy to support any reworking of chemistry section, but as you say it needs to remain easily readable. --Alex Marshall (talk) 15:01, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Hydrogen content in biogas
I'm unaware of any bacteria or other microorganism that can produce hydrogen; methane and various sulphides, sure, carbon dioxide and even nitrogen, yep, but hydrogen? Can anybody help here? MrCleanOut (talk) 08:35, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Hydrogen is always produced in anaerobic digestion, but rarely shows up in the biogas because it is used biologically in so many ways. (Likewise, methane is produced by aerobic digestion, but generally fails to show up in off-gases from, say, compost piles.) Use Google and search for "biohydrogen". Many refs will show up. The basic take-away is that as the pH drops and the process becomes acidic, more hydrogen is expressed in the biogas. However, the economics/energetics have not been shown to be good: producing hydrogen almost always suppresses methane production, and the amount of energy realized in the hydrogen is modest. (David William House, author, The Complete Biogas Handbook) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mirgy (talk • contribs) 16:27, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Halanaerobium hydrogeninformans maybe ? Mion (talk) 22:02, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

Cost and complexity dispute
The sentence in the lede The technical expertise required to maintain industrial-scale anaerobic digesters, coupled with high capital costs and low process efficiencies, has so far been a limiting factor in its deployment as a waste treatment technology seems either based on outdated information or is just plain wrong. The wastewater treatment facility where I worked for several years employed anaerobic digesters and it was not particularly difficult or expensive to operate them. In fact it was cheaper than aerobic digesters because those require high-capacity blowers powered by large electric motors to run at all times. The system was a very old one that had been in operation since the 1950s. In fact, they simply gathered and burned off the methane on a stack, which always seemed very wasteful to me. The Garbage Skow (talk) 01:18, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

Dry digester: processes
Mention some processes of dry digesters, ie For example, there is the Wiessmann-Bioferm "Kompoferm" process. There is also the Dranco process as designed by OWS, aswell as a system by Jan Klein Hesselink.

Wastewater: mention the thermal hydrolysis process. It seems to be the only economically viable method now in use in wastewater plants. 91.182.142.202 (talk) 09:24, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

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Expanding History Section
I plan to use the below articles to write about when and where anaerobic digestion was first studied, how the technology and processes have changed, and the problems it was developed to fix.

Heukelekian, H. "Decomposition of Cellulose." Ind. Eng. Chem., 1927, 19 (8), pp 928–930. .

Buhr, H.O.; Andrews, J.F. "The thermophilic anaerobic digestion process." Pergamon Press 1977. Water Research, vol 11, pp 129-143. .

Scharer J.M., Moo-young M. (1979) Methane generation by anaerobic digestion of cellulose-containing wastes. In: Advances in Biochemical Engineering, Volume 11. Advances in Biochemical Engineering, vol 11. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. .

Stander, G.J. "Effluents from Fermentation Industries Part IV (1). A New Method for increasing and maintaining Efficiency in the Anaerobic Digestion of Fermentation Effluents." Public Health, 1950, vol 14, no 9, pp 263-273. .

Any input on these sources? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Amancalada (talk • contribs) 02:43, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

 * This will be a very challenging task User:Amancalada. You might be better of reviewing current textbooks on this topic as they have likely already done the hard slog to review all the old literature. EMsmile (talk) 03:21, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anaerobic digestion


text:
Electrical mobility

Electrical mobility is the ability of charged particles (such as electrons or protons) to move through a medium in response to an electric field that is pulling them. The separation of ions according to their mobility in gas phase is called ion mobility spectrometry, in liquid phase it is called electrophoresis.

Theory
When a charged particle in a gas or liquid is acted upon by a uniform electric field, it will be accelerated until it reaches a constant drift velocity according to the formula $$v_\text{d} = \mu E,$$ where
 * $$v_\text{d}$$ is the drift velocity (SI units: m/s),
 * $$E$$ is the magnitude of the applied electric field (V/m),
 * $$\mu$$ is the mobility (m2/(V·s)).

In other words, the electrical mobility of the particle is defined as the ratio of the drift velocity to the magnitude of the electric field: $$\mu = \frac{v_\text{d}}{E}.$$

For example, the mobility of the sodium ion (Na+) in water at 25 °C is $5.19 m^{2}/(V·s)$. This means that a sodium ion in an electric field of 1 V/m would have an average drift velocity of $5.19 m/s$. Such values can be obtained from measurements of ionic conductivity in solution.

Electrical mobility is proportional to the net charge of the particle. This was the basis for Robert Millikan's demonstration that electrical charges occur in discrete units, whose magnitude is the charge of the electron.

Electrical mobility is also inversely proportional to the Stokes radius $$a$$ of the ion, which is the effective radius of the moving ion including any molecules of water or other solvent that move with it. This is true because the solvated ion moving at a constant drift velocity $$s$$ is subject to two equal and opposite forces: an electrical force $$zeE$$ and a frictional force $$F_\text{drag} = fs = (6 \pi \eta a)s$$, where $$f$$ is the frictional coefficient, $$\eta$$ is the solution viscosity. For different ions with the same charge such as Li+, Na+ and K+ the electrical forces are equal, so that the drift speed and the mobility are inversely proportional to the radius $$a$$. In fact, conductivity measurements show that ionic mobility increases from Li+ to Cs+, and therefore that Stokes radius decreases from Li+ to Cs+. This is the opposite of the order of ionic radii for crystals and shows that in solution the smaller ions (Li+) are more extensively hydrated than the larger (Cs+).

Mobility in gas phase
Mobility is defined for any species in the gas phase, encountered mostly in plasma physics and is defined as $$\mu = \frac{q}{m \nu_\text{m}},$$ where
 * $$q$$ is the charge of the species,
 * $$\nu_\text{m}$$ is the momentum-transfer collision frequency,
 * $$m$$ is the mass.

Mobility is related to the species' diffusion coefficient $$D$$ through an exact (thermodynamically required) equation known as the Einstein relation: $$\mu = \frac{q}{kT} D,$$ where
 * $$k$$ is the Boltzmann constant,
 * $$T$$ is the gas temperature,
 * $$D$$ is the diffusion coefficient.

If one defines the mean free path in terms of momentum transfer, then one gets for the diffusion coefficient $$D = \frac{\pi}{8} \lambda^2 \nu_\text{m}.$$

But both the momentum-transfer mean free path and the momentum-transfer collision frequency are difficult to calculate. Many other mean free paths can be defined. In the gas phase, $$\lambda$$ is often defined as the diffusional mean free path, by assuming that a simple approximate relation is exact: $$D = \frac{1}{2} \lambda v,$$ where $$v$$ is the root mean square speed of the gas molecules: $$v = \sqrt{\frac{3kT}{m}},$$ where $$m$$ is the mass of the diffusing species. This approximate equation becomes exact when used to define the diffusional mean free path.

Applications
Electrical mobility is the basis for electrostatic precipitation, used to remove particles from exhaust gases on an industrial scale. The particles are given a charge by exposing them to ions from an electrical discharge in the presence of a strong field. The particles acquire an electrical mobility and are driven by the field to a collecting electrode.

Instruments exist which select particles with a narrow range of electrical mobility, or particles with electrical mobility larger than a predefined value. The former are generally referred to as "differential mobility analyzers". The selected mobility is often identified with the diameter of a singly charged spherical particle, thus the "electrical-mobility diameter" becomes a characteristic of the particle, regardless of whether it is actually spherical.

Passing particles of the selected mobility to a detector such as a condensation particle counter allows the number concentration of particles with the currently selected mobility to be measured. By varying the selected mobility over time, mobility vs concentration data may be obtained. This technique is applied in scanning mobility particle sizers.

title: Electrical mobility


text:
UNIX/32V

UNIX/32V is an early version of the Unix operating system from Bell Laboratories, released in June 1979. 32V was a direct port of the Seventh Edition Unix to the DEC VAX architecture.

Overview

Before 32V, Unix had primarily run on DEC PDP-11 computers. The Bell Labs group that developed the operating system was dissatisfied with DEC, so its members refused DEC's offer to buy a VAX when the machine was announced in 1977. They had already begun a Unix port to the Interdata 8/32 instead. DEC then approached a different Bell Labs group in Holmdel, New Jersey, which accepted the offer and started work on what was to become 32V.

Performed by Tom London and John F. Reiser, porting Unix was made possible due to work done between the Sixth and Seventh Editions of the operating system to decouple it from its "native" PDP-11 environment. The 32V team first ported the C compiler (Johnson's pcc), adapting an assembler and loader written for the Interdata 8/32 version of Unix to the VAX. They then ported the April 15, 1978 version of Unix, finding in the process that "[t]he (Bourne) shell [...] required by far the largest conversion effort of any supposedly portable program, for the simple reason that it is not portable."

UNIX/32V was released without virtual memory paging, retaining only the swapping architecture of Seventh Edition. A virtual memory system was added at Berkeley by Bill Joy and Özalp Babaoğlu in order to support Franz Lisp; this was released to other Unix licensees as the Third Berkeley Software Distribution (3BSD) in 1979. Thanks to the popularity of the two systems' successors, 4BSD and UNIX System V, UNIX/32V is an antecedent of nearly all modern Unix systems.

title: UNIX/32V


text:
Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea

Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea and 3rd Earl of Nottingham (24 May 1689 – 2 August 1769),, of Burley House near Oakham in Rutland and of Eastwell Park near Ashford in Kent, was a British peer and politician.

Origins
Styled by the courtesy title Lord Finch until 1730, he was the eldest son and heir of Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham of Burley, by his second wife Anne Hatton, a daughter of Christopher Hatton, 1st Viscount Hatton. His father was a prominent Tory politician who had been one of the few leading Tories to actively support the Hanoverian succession.

Career
In 1710 he was elected (as Lord Finch and aged 21), as a Member of Parliament for Rutland and served as Comptroller of the Royal Household from 1725 to 1730. He held the seat until he succeeded to the Earldom in 1730 (necessitating his move to the House of Lords). In 1739 he supported the founding of the Foundling Hospital in London, a charity providing home and education for some of the capital's many abandoned children, and was one of the original governors.

Although his father had been a supporter of Walpole, Winchilsea became instead a supporter of Lord Carteret in the so-called "Patriot Opposition". When Carteret became leading minister in 1742, Winchilsea joined him, becoming First Lord of the Admiralty (1742–1744). Later on, he allied himself with the Duke of Newcastle and the Old Whigs, and served as Lord President of the Council in the Rockingham (his nephew) administration (1765–1766). He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1752.

Marriages & issue
He married twice but failed to produce male issue: The Countess of Winchilsea's sister was Anne Palmer, she married to the 8th Earl of Winchilsea's younger brother, Hon. Edward Finch (later Finch-Hattons), making their children double 1st cousins.
 * Firstly to Lady Frances Feilding, a daughter of Basil Feilding, 4th Earl of Denbigh by his wife Hester Firebrace, by whom he had one daughter:
 * Lady Charlotte Finch, who died unmarried.
 * Secondly he married Mary Palmer, second daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas Palmer, 4th Baronet of Wingham, by his wife Elizabeth Marsham, a sister of Robert Marsham, 1st Baron Romney and a daughter of Sir Robert Marsham, 4th Baronet. By his second wife he had eight daughters, only four of whom survived to adulthood, Heneage, Essex, Hatton and Augusta:
 * Lady Mary Finch (b. 7 December 1739);
 * Lady Frances Finch (b. 24 October 1740);
 * Lady Heneage Finch (1 December 1741 –1820), who in 1788 married (as his second wife) Maj.-Gen. Sir George Osborn, 4th Baronet;
 * Lady Anne Finch (b. 9 June 1743);
 * Lady Georgina Finch (b. 10 July 1744);
 * Lady Essex Finch (b. 1 January 1746);
 * Lady Hatton Finch (23 February 1747 –1829), who died unmarried;
 * Lady Augusta Elizabeth Finch (14 February 1751 –1797), who died unmarried. Lady Heneage Finch (1741-1820) later Osborn by Andrew Plimer 1787.jpg

Death & burial
He died in 1769 and was buried at Eastwell Church, near his residence. As he died without male issue his titles, together with his estates at Burley and elsewhere, passed to his nephew George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea, the son of his brother the diplomat William Finch. He left his Kentish properties, including Eastwell Park, to his other nephew George Finch-Hatton, son of his brother Edward Finch.

title: Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea


text: User talk:24.92.178.173

title: User talk:24.92.178.173


text:
Goose Island

Goose Island may refer to:

Australia

 * Goose Island (South Australia), a small rocky island lying off Wardang Island, west of the Yorke Peninsula
 * Goose Island Conservation Park, a protected area
 * Goose Island Aquatic Reserve, a marine protected area
 * Goose Island (Tasmania), part of the Badger Group of the Furneaux Islands
 * Little Goose Island
 * Inner Little Goose Island
 * Two islands in Western Australia
 * Goose Island, north of Middle Island, south-east of Esperance
 * Goose Island, off the Nornalup Inlet

New York State

 * Goose Island (Bronx, NY), an island in the Hutchinson River in the New York City borough of the Bronx, part of Pelham Bay Park
 * Goose Island (Long Island Sound), a small, private island and part of the city of New Rochelle, New York
 * Goose Island, New York, a community in Washington County

Other states

 * Goose Island (Chicago), Illinois
 * Goose Island (Connecticut), an island in the Housatonic River in Stratford
 * Goose Island (District of Columbia), a vanishing island located in the Potomac River
 * Goose Island (Guilford), an uninhabited island in Long Island Sound, off of the coast of Connecticut
 * Goose Island (Michigan), an island in Lake Huron
 * Goose Island (Montana), an island in Flathead Lake
 * Goose Island (San Juan Islands), Washington
 * Goose Island State Park, state park near Rockport, Texas

Organizations

 * Goose Island Brewery, an American beverage company

title: Goose Island


text:
Talk:Stevenson Ranch, California

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Stevenson Ranch, California. The final result was Keep. --Deathphoenix 03:12, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It reads like a realtor ad. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jlanska (talk • contribs) 19:51, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

For some reason I cannot edit the article and it contains a grammatical error. Could someone change "contains an incorrect misspelling" to "contains a misspelling"? The former is redundant and implies that somewhere there is a correct misspelling. Dave (talk) 01:33, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Stevenson Ranch, California


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Deidre Downs

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 13:52, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Deidre Downs
Vanity. Markl222 Feb. 25, 2005
 * This wasn't quite listed properly (I found this page not linked to anything). I'm just completing the listing. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 21:55, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - She is Miss America 2005, and all the Miss Americas are linked to their own articles on the Miss America wiki page. Some already have pages, so why shouldn't this person be entitled to their own page? Nick04 23:08, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Miss America crown is notable enough for me. Megan1967 01:58, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. "Vanity" means you think it was written by her or a close associate. Is that really what you thought reading it? - David Gerard 02:02, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Definition 3 of vanity from answers.com. User:Markl222 10:28, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. She's Miss America 2005! I'm all for civility, but honestly, RESEARCH before nominating. Mike H 02:28, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I repeat, Miss Americas and Playboy Playmates (tut, tut) do not deserve their own articles. They barely have ANYTHING noteworthy besides the title. The Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a garbage bin. Delete all is my suggestion. Next. User:Markl222 10:28, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I respect your opinion, Mark1222. But there are many Wikipedians like me who disagree with you and truly believe Miss Americas and Playboy Playmates are notable enough to be in Wikipedia. Keep. Zzyzx11 04:47, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep is their an echo in here. --User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 03:54, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I hate the Miss America Pageant. It's vain, silly, and a bunch of fluff. Sadly, the world at large disagrees with me. Keep. DaveTheRed 18:50, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The Miss America pageant is notable enough for an article.  The winners, as a general rule, aren't, and have only a kind of ephemeral, manufactured, pseudo-celebrity.   The only one I can think of who has achieved any kind of notability recently is Vanessa Williams, and she resigned her Miss America title.   Indeed, most of the entries in the list of winners in the Miss America article are still red links -- which is as it should be, since most of them have not done anything.   The very few articles that do exist from that list are like this one, and just say that the person won the Miss America contest, with a few random biographical facts of no consequence.    So, delete this one, and most of the others from the Miss America list, and unwiki the names in that list, so that nobody thinks that articles ought to exist on them.   --BM 14:28, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Minor celebrity. We have a Miss America pageant category, so we might as well populate it with articles. —Brim 17:05, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I agree 100% with DaveTheRed. Miss Pippa 23:41, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme del^H^H^HKEEP. —RaD Man (talk) 02:13, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I think Miss America winners are inherently notable, and would say the same about Miss California or even Miss Wyoming winners. Tuf-Kat 23:06, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. Barely notable. Jayjg (talk)  23:38, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Family Passions

Family Passions (German: Macht der Leidenschaft) was the first hour-long television serial produced in Canada and Germany. It was produced and distributed by Baton Broadcasting System and ZDF between 1993 and 1994. In 1996, BBS stations replayed the entire series in a half-hour format.

Storylines
To assist with bringing in a German audience, the show went on location to Hamburg when a jewel thief and his lover (who had been in a coma for seven years and wanted revenge on the woman her husband had married in the meantime) stole the Dimarco diamond from a museum in that country.

Another milestone of this show was the exploration of a lesbian couple attempting to adopt a daughter whose biological mother was deemed unfit because of her addiction to cocaine. Their attempts were thwarted when the child's biological father (who had been working as their butler) intervened. This couple also frequently shared on screen kisses. When the ABC Daytime serial All My Children did this ten years later, it made international news.

Family Passions featured popular soap actors such as Kin Shriner, Roscoe Born, Andrew Jackson and Gordon Thomson as well as many Canadian actors including future The Walking Dead actress Laurie Holden, future Star Wars actor Hayden Christensen, Barry Flatman, Jennifer Dale, Jason Cadieux, Susan Hogan and Von Flores. Also German actors such as Dietmar Schönherr,, Adelheid Arndt and Tina Ruland made an appearance on the show.

Main crew

 * Jørn Winther
 * Bruce Neckels
 * Thom Racina
 * Jack McAdam
 * Alfie Kemp

title: Family Passions


text:
User talk:Chris Lincoln

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions.

You might find these pages useful:

 * How to edit a page

 * How to write a great article

 * Article naming conventions

 * Wikipedia's Manual of Style

You can always experiment in the sandbox.

If you like, you can introduce yourself at the new user log, or write something about yourself on your user page.

One more thing: if you leave a note on any kind of discussion page it's always helpful to sign your post with four tildes ( ~ ), which is automatically converted to your username and the date and time. Don't do this in articles themselves though as they are not 'owned' by any particular contributor.

If you have any questions, see help, leave a question at the help desk, or feel free to drop me a line on my talk page.

Thanks again and happy editing!

— Trilobite (Talk) 03:13, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 17:00, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chris Lincoln


text:
User:M. Alexander

Hi!

My name is M. Alex. I have used the wikipedia as a source for quite some time, and now I decided to contribute to it. I was born in 1980 in Warsaw, were i still reside, but I have lived in the Alexandria, Virginia in the USA for four years, I have also spent a significant amount of time in Britain, Ireland, and recently - Germany.

Current
I'm a PhD at the University of Warsaw, Institute of English studies, and my major is British Culture. I currently am preparing to begin work on my PhD, which will concern a certain significant field of culture very often ignored by many. My academic field of interest is rather broad, including Cultural Studies, Literary Theory, Gender Studies, Literature, Sociology, History and History of Art.

Future plans
In the future I plan to continue my academic career, as well as focus on other occupations, such as journalism, translation and creative writing.

Free time
In my spare time I enjoy: Reading. My favourite titles include the Dune novels by Frant Herbert, Geoffrey Chaucer's [Canterbury_Tales], Another World by Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov, and The Wiedzmin saga by Andrzej Sapkowski. I also an a avid admirer of Thomas Pynchon, Don Delillo, WIlliam Gibson, H.P. Lovecraft, Philip K. Dick, Chuck Palahniuk, Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorn, Edgar Allen Poe, Geirge Orwell, Ernest Hemingway, Camus, Solzhinitzyn, Charles Dickens, and many more.

Watching movies. I enjoy both ambitious and independent productions, as well as Hollywood style "mass market" movies. Some of my favourite directors are David Lynch, Werner Herzog, Clint Eastwood, Tim Burton, Lars Von Trier, The Coen Brothers. My favourite actors include Ewan McGregor, Kevin Spacey, Alan Rickman, Morgan Freeman, Brad Pitt, Udo Kier, Meg Ryan, Sanra Bullock, Jude Law, Clint Eastwood, Ian McKellan, Jason Isaacs, Neve Campbell, Johnny Depp, Winona Ryder, Edward Norton, Tim Curry, Kyle Maclaclan. My Favourite moveis include The Usual Suspects, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, Lost Highway, Fight Club, Monty Python's productions, Twin Peaks, Friends, The Simpsons, South Park.

Music. Practically every genre. Some bands I fancy: The Sisters of Mercy, David Bowie, New Model Army, Front 242, Covenant, Skinny Puppy, Garbage, Robbie Williams, Depeche Mode, Recoil, Tricky, Portishead, Rammstein, The LEgednary Pink Dots, Nick Cave nad the Bad Seeds, Nitzer Ebb, Pig, Throbbing Gristle, Nurse With Wound, Muse, Ministry, Funker Vogt, Marilyn Manson, Jacques Brel, Einstuerzende Neubauten, Deine Lakaien, Pig, Noisex, Bauhuas, Suicide Commando, The Smashing Pumpkins, Terrence Fixmer, DJ Hell, etc.

I'm also a journalist, writing or taking pictures for some Polish music magazines like Postindustry, Zine, Off, and sometimes collaborating with others.

I also DJ in Warsaw, Poland, mainly alternative rock, industrial rock, Electro, EBM, 80s, techno and gothic parties.

title: User:M. Alexander


text:
User:Thejake

The Jake is a 16 year old kid living in Los Angeles, California.

His hobbies are playing guitar, playing piano, drawing, listening to music, etc.

The Jake's favorite band is Pink Floyd, but he listens to a vast variety of music.

Some of his favorite musical bands and genres include, Pink Floyd, Beatles, Eric Clapton, Elton John, Yngwie Malmsteen, Joe Satriani, Bach, Beethoven, Chopin, Schubert, Mahavishnu Orchestra, and Fusion-Jazz, Jazz, Classical, classic rock, etc.

Dylan is looking at it.

More to come!

title: User:Thejake


text:
UCI ProTour

The UCI ProTour was a series of road bicycle races in Europe, Australia and Canada organised by the UCI (International Cycling Union). Created by Hein Verbruggen, former president of the UCI, it comprises a number of 'ProTour' cycling teams, each of whom are required to compete in every round of the series. It was initially the basis of a season long competition for rankings points, created for 2005 to replace the UCI Road World Cup series, which ended at the end of the 2004 season (although the World Cup did not include any stage races). The ProTour was the subject of continuing disputes involving the UCI, cycling teams, and the organizers of the world's most prominent bicycle races (most notably, the Grand Tours), and in 2009 and 2010 the ranking element of the ProTour was superseded by the UCI World Ranking. For 2011, the ProTour and World Ranking were fully merged into the UCI World Tour. ProTour status for teams – relabelled UCI ProTeams – will continue as the highest level of registration, and will carry the right and obligation to participate in all World Tour races.

Licensing
The ProTour licences are given to a maximum of 20 teams, to which sponsors must commit multiple years of sponsorship (4 years at the ProTour's inauguration). The exception to this rule was the Phonak team, which was given only a two-year licence due to previous doping allegations. Licence holders can apply for registration each year, which is dependent upon a check on contracts and budgets.

After 2005, the Fassa Bortolo and Domina Vacanze teams folded and the vacant places were given to AG2R Prévoyance and Team Milram respectively. Following the 2006 season the designated replacement principal sponsor for the Phonak Hearing Systems team, iShares, pulled its support as a results of the Floyd Landis doping scandal and the team was disbanded. The Unibet.com Cycling Team received Phonak's ProTour license, and the Swiss-based, Kazakh-backed Astana Team received the license previously owned by Manolo Saiz and his Liberty Seguros–Würth. Unibet.com and Discovery Channel discontinued after the 2007 season, bringing down the number of ProTour teams to 18. At the end of 2008, another two teams dropped out: Crédit Agricole and Gerolsteiner. Their licenses were taken over by Garmin–Slipstream and Team Katusha. Bbox Bouygues Telecom and Cofidis were denied licence renewals for the 2010 season, and new licences were given to and. Although had had its licence renewed until 2013, its registration (a separate process from licensing, concerning finances) for 2010 season was temporarily rejected, but restored after they had missed one race. UCI bylaws were later changed to require a team to be registered before its license is granted or renewed, to avoid a repeat of this situation.

History
Season-long competitions for professional road racing were first instituted in 1948, and continued until the late 1980s when the UCI instituted the UCI Road World Cup series which ran until 2004.

In replacing the World Cup, the ProTour was designed to follow the format of the Formula One motor-racing series, and was intended to address several concerns:
 * The Grand Tours were not part of the UCI Road World Cup series
 * Different riders and different teams targeted different types of races, making direct comparisons difficult
 * Team sponsorships tended to last only a very few years
 * Many teams had financial difficulty in paying their riders and staff members
 * Several teams had been plagued by doping issues

The UCI lobbied the organizers of the Grand Tours to participate in the ProTour, and was successful in obtaining their agreement despite prior disagreements and threats to completely pull out of the ProTour.

The ProTour has been criticized for not having a system in place for a timely upgrade and downgrade of teams from/to the lower-tier UCI Continental Circuits.

UCI versus Grand Tour organisers
Originally, UCI and the organisers of the Grand Tours had been unable to come to terms on the 2006 UCI ProTour, with the result that the status of both the Grand Tours and some of the other races organised by those organisations behind the Grand Tours was unclear until well into the season, but they were eventually included.

During the 2007 UCI ProTour season, the ASO, RCS and Unipublic, organisers of the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a España respectively, remained at odds with each other. The primary reason was that grand tour organisers wanted more freedom to invite popular national teams (e.g., UCI Professional Continental teams) and the right to exclude some UCI ProTour teams such as Unibet.com. Failure to achieve agreement lead UCI chairman Pat McQuaid to send a letter in February 2008 to all professional teams urging them to boycott Paris–Nice because it was an 'outlawed' race. In response, the AIGCP (Association International des Groupes Cyclistes Professionels) announced that the teams had unanimously decided to take part in Paris–Nice, the organisation of which was to be taken over by the French Cycling Federation. Quick Step team manager Patrick Lefevere commented: "I'm more than fed up with all the arguing. ASO and UCI don't know how much damage they are doing to the sport. What am I supposed to tell my sponsors? This conflict has been going on for three years and is escalating all the time. Can the teams be certain that they will be able to take part in the Tour de France later in the year?".

From 2008, the ProTour was largely devalued by the withdrawal from its calendar of the three Grand Tours, namely the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a España, as well as the early-season stage race Paris–Nice and key single-day events such as Paris–Roubaix, Milan–San Remo, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, La Flèche Wallonne and the Giro di Lombardia.

On 15 July 2008, the 17 ProTour teams participating in the 2008 Tour de France announced that none of them would seek ProTour licenses for the 2009 season, but in the end all but two of them re-committed. In 2008 the Tour Down Under in Australia became the first ProTour event to be held outside Europe.

In 2009 UCI and organizers had agreement that events will be counted towards UCI World Ranking, which also included, in its first two seasons, Professional Continental teams. Grand Tour organizers kept the right to choose teams for the races, and also some of the teams chose not to race certain races. From 2011, all races on the World Calendar, those that yield World Ranking points, are to be classified as World Tour events, and the Pro Tour as a distinct series of races is to be discontinued.

Events
Key:

 * Green check.svg: Included in ProTour
 * Dark Red x.svg: Race held, but not as part of ProTour
 * N/A: Race not held, or not as elite professional race

History of team participation
Dark grey indicates that the team was not operating in the year in question. Mid-grey indicates that the team was competing at a lower level in the year in question.

UCI ProTour winners
In 2009 and 2010, the season-long competition element of the ProTour was replaced by the 2009 UCI World Ranking and the 2010 UCI World Ranking.

title: UCI ProTour