text:
User talk:Miwasatoshi

Archives
/Archive/1 Archives from Feb 2005 to March 2006

Beer cats & kittens
It has been suggested by User:BrianSmithson and supported by User:Syrthiss that the Beer and brewery categories should be renamed. This proposal has been supported and expanded by myself. The notion is that the regional categories should follow the format of "Beer and breweries in Africa" /Europe/Asia/North America/South America/Oceania. "Brewers and breweries" could also be renamed "Beer and breweries by region". And all the countries should also be renamed (and merged if needed) as, for example, "Beer and breweries of Germany", "Beer and breweries of Britain", "Beer and breweries of Poland". The word in each case would be beer rather than beers to allow for general articles on beer culture in each region as well as individual beers.

Comments, suggestions, objections, bird food and simple votes to Wiki Beer Project SilkTork 15:29, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Double linking
Hi Miwasatoshi. Thanks for taking the time to point out the rules, I didn't even know there was a problem. I do know about the double link rule, however I think when things are known by 2 names - common & scientific, then it's common sense to link both. A Wikipedia user might only have the scientific name, or only the common name, so both should be catered for. As they are actually different words (although pointing to the same article) there are actually 2 links which I don't think is what the Wikipedia rules intended (but I'm certainly not sure about that). Having both names linked in the same species list lets one see at a glance whether both names are linked correctly. Sometimes there are 2, 3, & even more common names, & all should be catered for.

It all seems to be a common sense issue to me, & I can't see any harm being done by both names being linked, only good. BTW, I have no sense of "ownership" of my articles, just want to put something back after so many years of diving. I'm going to continue working my way through the morwongs.... GrahamBould 16:53, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * No worries, mate! As far as the morwong articles themselves, thanks for all the hard work! -- Miwa | Talk Contribs 21:59, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, good. One last thing though.  I vote to not having empty stub articles. The reason is that when you look at the main article there are no red links asking for articles to be written - you have to manually check each one. This just slows thing down, & the stubs are not helpful to anyone anyway, in my opinion.  They ask for something to be written - well, so does the red link.

 * Another thing, about double linking, I fully agree that when all species articles have been written then the second link should be removed as it would have served its purpose. But I'll go along with whatever the panel thinks - just wanted to explain my thoughts.  There already are numerous fish 'species list' pages with double links.

 * BTW, Kiwis don't use the 'No worries, mate' phrase, Aussies only. But maybe you found out that I spent 20 years in Australia!! GrahamBould 08:30, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * To the vote I totally agree -- I think a species stub should at least have range information, a basic physical description of what the dang thing looks like, and a taxobox. It shouldn't simply be a replacer for a redlink -- there needs to be some iota of actual content, more than "This is a fish (Obscurichthys wikipediensis)!  (fish-stub)"

 * Hopefully we'll finally get around to having a set WP:Policy on species lists. There are a mind-boggling array of formats, none of which are consistent, and I would love for some taxonomist to one day invent a bot to standardize the whole thing.  Until then ... God only knows, and we improvise as best we can.

 * As for the BTW ... I'm American (and not even American-born at that!), so I have even less excuse using the phrase than you do!  Actually, that was entirely unintentional: but my uncle's from Nhill, Victoria, which explains why that's part of my standard lexicon.

 * For the record, I still think Kiwis sound absolutely nothing like Aussies. It's like saying Canadians talk like Americans, when they really don't! Woo.  Tangent.  It's obviously past 1:30 am here.  I should sleep, I do have a final project due within 24 hours.

 * Cheers! -- Miwa * talk * contribs ^_^ 08:39, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Nymphalis antiopa
Thanks for your comments, much appreciated.

With reference to ur specific comments I have tried to keep details in pages and fit them in where I can with my own text but sometimes I re-word them slightly so the text flows more smoothly. At the moment I am trying to get through the list of British Butterflies, so to start with they will be a bit 'anglocentric' as, living in the UK, these are the reference materials I currently have at hand. I do want to get more cosmopolitan details down for them as well and would appreciate anyone else adding info they have. Is there anyway we could add world distribution maps to the pages?

My spelling...hmmmmm, I know my spelling is aweful I should get a spell checker really!!!

Anyway thanks again for your comments and I hope you approve of any future additions I make. Bug boy 28 april 2006

 * If you can find open-source distribution maps, that'd be great. I don't really know off-hand where to get them.  Either way, if the existing text indicates that a species is found throughout a wide region, make sure that it continues to indicate as such after you're done.  Cheers! -- Miwa * talk * contribs ^_^ 21:34, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Yakumo Tatsu serialization
Hi, just some clarification on the Yakumo Tatsu issue.

I own the Yakumo Tatsu tankoubons, which claim it was serialized in LaLa magazine.

I believe the confusion may arise from that all series running in LaLa are published under Hakusensha's "Hana to Yume Comics" imprint. Same thing goes for series published in LaLa DX, Bessatsu Hana to Yume, etc.

If you can read Japanese, this webpage shows where all Itsuki Natsumi's series have been serialized. Yakumo Tatsu is the third entry from the bottom, starting serialization in LaLa issue 4, 1995.

regards, Neith 15:57, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification - that's exactly what I was looking for. Care to get everyone else's info corrected?  ^_^ -- Miwa * talk * contribs ^_^ 16:01, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

About my userbox deletion nominations
I agree with what you said about some of my nominations being mainly about whether or not I found the userboxes funny or not, and I admit that this probably isn't legitimate criteria for deletion, though I didn't intend necessarily that they be permenantly deleted. They could have just been deleted from the template namespace.--Conrad Devonshire Talk  02:04, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to WikiProject Arizona!
It is great to have another member to this new project. You two crack me up with the (sucker) title you gave yourselves next to your names. Much work needs to be done in many areas. Anything you can do to help get this project going will be appreciated. Kukini 14:13, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I was just being a copycat. Blame the other guy for that bit of humor!  ^_^  I'll probably start on Greer and Mormon Lake ... though I might end up working on Santa Cruz and Cochise Counties soon (seeing as I'll be camping there the entire week after Memorial Day).  -- Miwa * talk * contribs ^_^ 16:23, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Fair Use images are disallowed in user namespace
In one of the user boxes on you user page you have a Fair Use image, image:LOTRROTKmovie.jpg. This is in violation of Fair Use. If you have other fair use images in your user space that would apply to those also. __meco 15:36, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Beer poll
Your vote/opinion on brewery notability is requested here: SilkTork 12:21, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Talk:Little Tern
Hi Miwa - saw your comment at Talk:Little Tern; I've made a suggestion you might want to say what you think - MPF 12:28, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Fair-use image removed from your user page
Hello, Miwasatoshi. I've removed Image:Us-ma-bo.png from User:Miwasatoshi/travel list, as it is a copyrighted image that is being used under a claim of fair use. Unfortunately, by Wikipedia policies, no fair-use images can be used on user pages; please see Removal of fair use images. This image has not been deleted from any articles. If you have any questions, please let me know. —Bkell (talk) 23:34, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Blue Sonnet
I created this page, and created redirects for the two other blue links in your "Anime articles to be created" section on your user page. Feel free to expand Blue Sonnet now that it exists. (^_^) ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e  03:33, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

re: Phoenix Zoo
I'm happy to say that the article has been accepted as a Good Article. Thanks for the note! :) I wonder what we might be able to do to get it as a Featured Article? --  Aguerriero  ( talk ) 18:33, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Least Tern
Hi Miwa - I've finally got round to making Least Tern into a page of its own, largely made up from the previous California Least Tern page. Can you give it a checkover, please! Some of the data (e.g. arrival dates, etc) needs checking whether it applies to all three subspecies, not just S. a. brownii. - MPF 16:48, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Stegosaurus
Hi Miwasatoshi!

I'm planning to send Stegosaurus to Featured Article candidacy. The article failed its first nomination, but user:Casliber and I have been hard at work fixing stuff. As you're listed as a member of WikiProject Dinosaurs, I figured I'd drop you a line and see if there was anything you thought should be added/removed/cited on the article before it is sent to FAC. We definitely want it to pass! :)

(Feel free to make any edits on the article itself, comment on the talk page, or leave a note on my talk page). Thanks for your time, Firsfron of Ronchester  19:42, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Timberry
You nominated Timberry for speedy deletion. However, hoaxes are not a criteria for speedy deletion. As such, I've changed your speedy to an AFD. You may wish to comment at Articles for deletion/Timberry. Let me know if you have any questions. Thanks. -- JLaTondre 05:04, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Grey Flycatcher
Yea, you're probably right about the speling of grey, but the IUCN reference was spelled Grey, so I didn'y think it was a big deal. Just wanted to keep everything consistent. Feel free to revert to Gray if it bothers you.......... Pmeleski 00:07, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Pic request
Hey, your subpage mentions that ASU has Ambrosia ambrosioides on campus. Any chance you could take a picture of it for the article I just created? It flowers Feb-Apr, but is supposedly evergreen, so might be pictureworthy right now. Thanks! Stan 17:22, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Hidenokuni
Hi, I found your page User:Miwasatoshi/List of non-Japanese sumo wrestlers very interesting. Do you plan to make this "live"? I'm particularly interested in Hidenokuni, a.k.a. Nathan Strange, the only ever British rikishi. Do you have any more information about this guy? I've tried googling, and there's very little about him. Best regards. --Auximines 18:23, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for replying. I also found this page, which contradicts the one you mention (says he got negative scores)! I'm not sure I can even write a stub on that basis! Anyway, looking forward to your list going live. --Auximines 23:16, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Another larticle in the same list you mention claims Hidenokuni did well. A News of the World article reported here claims that he had a lot of sex while in Japan. This article confirms Hidenokuni lost to Musashi Maru and states that their bout took place with the wrestlers coming in from the wrong sides. I wonder where Mr. Strange is now. There is a rugby player/health and fitness trainer and "Action Man" from Essex now in China walking for charity but I think he is four years too young. It fits however, with this message from the mailing list you quote which has Hidenokuni coming from "Herne Bay in Essex".--Timtak 09:46, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

New userbox
I saw that your user page links to Universal Life Church. I just wanted to drop you a quick note to let you know that I created a new userbox that you can add to your user page should you wish. is the template to add. GreenJoe 19:36, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Image:Letflag.png
Hello, Miwasatoshi. An automated process has found and will an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that is in your userspace. The image (Image:Letflag.png) was found at the following location: User:Miwasatoshi/travel list. This image or media will be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. This does not necessarily mean that the image is being deleted, or that the image is being removed from other pages. It is only being removed from the page mentioned above. All mainspace instances of this image will not be affected Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 18:02, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:LVCityFlag.png
Hello, Miwasatoshi. An automated process has found and will an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that is in your userspace. The image (Image:LVCityFlag.png) was found at the following location: User:Miwasatoshi/travel list. This image or media will be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. This does not necessarily mean that the image is being deleted, or that the image is being removed from other pages. It is only being removed from the page mentioned above. All mainspace instances of this image will not be affected Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 19:21, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:Trousers 1937.jpg
Hello Miwasatoshi, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:Trousers 1937.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Miwasatoshi. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not re-add the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 04:41, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Bird collaboration of the month
As a member of WP:BIRD you are invited to this month's collaboration

Re: "Timmy's World at Night"
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. 71.113.210.123 (talk) 01:54, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

 * EXCUSE me? The "Timmy's World at Night" nonsense WAS the vandalism, and I reverted it.  Please refrain from trying to give your nonsense edits any iota of credibility.  -- Miwa * talk * contribs ^_^ 02:06, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I didn't even start vandalizing the page... it was already screwed up when I found the article, by some crazy guy named Timothy McKenzie who claimed that he had made the movie... I just played along after I googled his name and found some of the other articles he'd done. Anyway, yeah, this doesn't really matter. J'onn J'onzz (talk) 02:23, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Looks like it's resolved then. -- Miwa * talk * contribs ^_^ 03:14, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

RfD nomination of Timmy's World At Night
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. Slgrandson (How's my egg-throwing coleslaw?) 05:05, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Birds March 2008 Newsletter
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WikiProject Birds April 2008 Newsletter
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July 2008 Birds Project Newsletter Link
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WikiProject Birds August newsletter
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D&D articles for Wikipedia 0.7
Hi there! :)

As someone who's worked on D&D and/or RPG articles before, I'm inviting you to participate in our goal to both improve articles that have been selected to be placed in the next Wikipedia DVD release, as well as nominate more to be selected for this project. Please see the WikiProject D&D talk page for more details. :) BOZ (talk) 18:09, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

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WikiProject Birds November newsletter
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No content in Category:Croatian ornithologists
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Join WikiProject Koei Warriors Games!
Would you like to join the Koei Warriors Games WikiProject? It is everything Dynasty Warriors, Samurai Warriors, and Warriors Orochi! To participate, add your name to the list of participants and apply   to your user page.

If you are not sure what a WikiProject is, it is a club of Wikipedians interested in the WikiProject's subject and helping to improve articles of or related to that subject. I saw you greatly contributed to the Samurai Warriors article, so I figured I'd ask if you wanted to participate in Wikiproject/Koei Warriors Games. You do not have to, and neither are you obliged; I am just asking. -Blue Caper  (talk) 23:50, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Life lists
A life list of plants? Exceedingly cool. I'm so tempted to start one... :) Guettarda (talk) 16:09, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Birds February newsletter
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Proposed deletion of Ernani Aguiar
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Ernani Aguiar, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * Has been unsourced for 3 months, fails the sourcing requirement at WP:BLP

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Kevin (talk) 11:23, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Vietnamese ornithologists
I have nominated vietnamese ornithologists for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. This, that and the other [talk] 10:00, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Triple J (group)

The article Triple J (group) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Fails Wikipedia's notability guidelines for music.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Neelix (talk) 11:29, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Grunge music WikiProject
Hey, Miwa! I'm trying to get a new WikiProject off the ground for the Grunge genre. Could you give me feedback on its Grunge music WikiProject proposal page? Thanks! mheart (talk) 00:53, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Miwasatoshi! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 3 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:32, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Juliet Roberts -
 * 2) Joe Rinoie -
 * 3) Geila Zilkha -

Miwaaa!
How much do you do here these days? mheart (talk) 19:00, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Barely anything! Walt Disney World is practically my life right now.  Miwa * talk * contribs ^_^  23:12, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Geila Zilkha

The article Geila Zilkha has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * does not meet inclusion guidelines; sources listed are not reliable

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Karanacs (talk) 20:20, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

(removed "Lord Chaitanya" gibberish) Miwa * talk * contribs ^_^ 21:30, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

Hey!
Glad to see you're still active here on Wikipedia! :D I just looked at your notable family members list. It's really impressive. How did you research it? I've tried ancestry.com myself but my direct branches seem to lead back to the times when last names didn't exist in England. mheart (talk) 09:10, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Nobuko Albery
Hi ! Do you know something about this writer or her works ? Please tell me at rightright7777@gmail.com ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.253.134.21 (talk) 10:33, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

Suggestion for WikiProject United States to support WikiProjeck Arizona
It was recently suggested that WikiProject Arizona, to which you are a member, may be inactive or semiactive and it might be beneficial to include it in the list of projects supported by WikiProject United States. After reviewing the project it appears that there haven't been much active discussion on the talk page in some time and the only content updates appear to be simple maintenance so being supported by a larger project might be beneficial. I have begun a discussion on the projects talk page to see how the members of the project feel about this suggestion. Another user has added the project to the WPUS template and I added it to the list of supported projects in the WPUS main project page but before I take any further action I wanted to contact each of the active members for their input. --Kumioko (talk) 20:22, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

September 2011 Newsletter for WikiProject United States
--Kumioko (talk) 02:38, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

December 2011 Newsletter for WikiProject United States
--Kumioko (talk) 03:54, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

January 2012 Newsletter for WikiProject United States and supported projects
--Kumi-Taskbot (talk) 18:21, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Yellow-breasted chat
I am the author of the article about Dolichonyx oryzivorus in the Spanish Wikipedia and I found a paper that said that the bobolink, an icterid, is closely related to the yellow-breasted chat. When I wrote that in the article’s taxonomy section, it aroused some controversy due to the fact that the yellow-breasted chat was originally classified as a parulid. Then I resorted to the article in English about this bird to learn more about its taxonomy and it suggested that its classification as a parulid is obsolete. I saw in the history page of that bird’s article that you’d made several contributions to it and I was wondering if knew anything about its current classification. Have you heard or read anything about its phylogenetic links with Icteridae? If you happen to know any free-access paper available in the internet about this matter, I’d appreciate you let mi know in my talk. Thank you! --Pablo.ea.92 (talk) 10:47, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

Article notability notification
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about "Müllers"
Dear Editor!

I noticed that in enwiki articles (and therefore in other Wikipedias as well) in some of the infoboxes of animals not the proper zoologist's name is shown.

For example in the article List of authors of names published under the ICZN.

Salomon Müller (1804–1864) is shown as "S. Müller", while Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858) is simply "Müller". However, in many articles the "Müller" link points to "Salomon Müller".

I think that the link "Müller" should refer to "Salomon Müller". There are two examples for it: Exilisciurus; Celebes Dwarf Squirrel.

The following zoologists can be found in their list:

 * Müller – Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858) mainly fish
 * O.F.Müller – Otto Friedrich Müller (1730–1784) insects, fauna of Scandinavia
 * P.L.S.Müller, Müller – Philipp Ludwig Statius Muller (1725–1776) birds, insects, some mammals and others
 * S.Müller – Salomon Müller (1804–1864) mainly fauna of Indonesia

DenesFeri (talk) 08:09, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Mr. Ed Jumps the Gun

A tag has been placed on Mr. Ed Jumps the Gun requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of Joga (group)

The article Joga (group) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * Fails GNG: Unable to identify any independent, reliable sources in any language offering more than a trivial mention.

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List of non-Japanese sumo wrestlers
Thanks for you work updating this - it looks great. I had long been aware of your article and although I wasn't responsible for moving it into article space I hope you will agree that it does not look out of place with the other sumo list articles we have. I had one question about the sourcing - I presume you didn't use Sumo Reference as I don't think it exixted when you originally created the article. Did you use Japanese sources? I will be continuing to add line by line citations but it might be help to add your sources as well.--Pawnkingthree (talk) 12:28, 21 September 2016 (UTC)

I used Japanese sources at the onset of this mini-project. Parsing katakana into original spellings was, and remains one heck of a minefield. Miwa * talk * contribs ^_^ 21:29, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

Asian 10,000 Challenge invite
Hi. The WikiProject Asia/The 10,000 Challenge has recently started, based on the UK/Ireland The 10,000 Challenge and WikiProject Africa/The 10,000 Challenge. The idea is not to record every minor edit, but to create a momentum to motivate editors to produce good content improvements and creations and inspire people to work on more countries than they might otherwise work on. There's also the possibility of establishing smaller country or regional challenges for places like South East Asia, Japan/China or India etc, much like The 1000 Challenge (Nordic). For this to really work we need diversity and exciting content and editors from a broad range of countries regularly contributing. At some stage we hope to run some contests to benefit Asian content, a destubathon perhaps, aimed at reducing the stub count would be a good place to start, based on the current WikiProject Africa/The Africa Destubathon which has produced near 200 articles in just three days. If you would like to see this happening for Asia, and see potential in this attracting more interest and editors for the country/countries you work on please sign up and being contributing to the challenge! This is a way we can target every country of Asia, and steadily vastly improve the encyclopedia. We need numbers to make this work so consider signing up as a participant! Thank you. -- Ser Amantio di Nicolao Che dicono a Signa?Lo dicono a Signa. 11:14, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

ArbCom Elections 2016: Voting now open!
=non Japanese sumo wrestlers= Hello, I am one of the more active and long term contributors to sumo info on English Wikipedia. When I saw the article "non Japanese wrestlers" pop up, I was concerned that it would never be properly finished because of the work involved. But you came through there. I was additionally concerned that it would soon fall behind in being updated, and this has happened. As you are the one who started the article and got it up to snuff could I ask you to update the list from time to time? The best time for this would be when the new rankings - banzuke -come out every two months as new "best ranks" are the most common change. Other changes could be handled on a more ad hoc basis (name changes, retirements etc). One of the things I try to do is to make sure all of our articles are kept up to date but I have too many articles where I handle this to tackle such a prodigious list as the non-Japanese one. Having said that I did go in a few hours ago and update all necessary wrestlers - assuming they are no new non Japanese last basho. The time it took is what prompted me to contact you. Thanks for listening. FourTildes (talk) 22:47, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

Please be aware that I am largely on sabbatical from Wikipedia due to significant personal and professional time commitments. Miwa * talk * contribs ^_^ 10:43, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Loud Force

The article Loud Force has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG, WP:NBAND"

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List of crossings of the Llano River moved to draftspace
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Your draft article, Draft:List of crossings of the Llano River

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2019 US Banknote Contest
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Nomination of Elissa (Canadian singer) for deletion
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Nomination of Hi-Rise for deletion
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Proposed deletion of Geila Zilkha

The article Geila Zilkha has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails [WP:MUSICBIO. Some minor coverage but not significant."

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Type J3 submarines

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Category:Type J3 submarines has been nominated for merging
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Austrian mammalogists

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title: User talk:Miwasatoshi


text: User talk:194.199.119.17

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:194.199.119.17


text:
Ali Al Salem Air Base

Ali Al Salem Air Base is a military air base situated in Kuwait, approximately 23 miles (37 km) from the Iraqi border, and roughly 15 km west of Al Jahra. The airfield is owned by the Government of Kuwait, and hosted the Royal Air Force (RAF), United States Air Force (USAF), and United States Marine Corps (USMC) personnel and aircraft during Operation Southern Watch and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The base also hosted the Royal Air Force (RAF) during Operation Telic. Since the cessation of those operations, the base has been returned to the control of the Kuwaiti Government, with the USAF continuing to maintain a presence alongside their Kuwait Air Force counterparts. The principal USAF unit on base is the 386th Air Expeditionary Wing (386 AEW).

Gulf War
In 1990, the base was the last to be overrun during the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. On August 3, Ali Al Salem was the only air base not occupied by Iraq. A small number of Kuwaiti regulars, staff officers, and the base Commander, General Saber Suwaidan stayed to fight and organize resupply missions from Saudi Arabia. By the end of the day, Ali Al Salem had been overrun. Upon discovery by the Iraqi military, the Kuwaiti General was hanged from the base flagpole by Iraqi troops. New flagpoles have since been installed, however as of December 2012, the original pole still stands. The remaining Kuwaiti military personnel were lined up outside the old Kuwaiti officers' club and shot. While no longer used, the building and bullet holes remain.

Operation Desert Fox and Operation Telic
The Royal Air Force operated out of Ali Al Salem from early 1998, just before Operation Desert Fox. The RAF detachment consisted of various non-formed units, and a rotating Squadron of Panavia Tornado GR1s and later Tornado GR4s. The base was rapidly expanded in early 2003 to base the Joint Helicopter Command assets prior to the start of Operation Telic, the British designation for the US-designated Operation Iraqi Freedom.

During the war, the RAF amalgamated five Tornado GR4 Squadrons based at AAS to form the Ali Al Salem Combat Air Wing, commanded by Wing Commander Paddy Teakle OBE (OC 31 Squadron). He was awarded the DSO for his leadership.

The RAF had relocated to Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar by 2004, though some elements remained through 2008, and it serves as a backup and emergency strip for RAF operations.

Infrastructure and facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of 472 ft above mean sea level. It has two asphalt/concrete runways: 12R/30L measuring 2989 x and 12L/30R measuring 2989 x.

Kuwait Air Force
The Kuwait Air Force Flight Training School is located at Ali Al Salem. The base is also home to the Air Force's attack and support helicopter squadrons.

Military intervention against ISIL
The base currently hosts several non-Kuwaiti military units, mainly the 386th AEW USAF.

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at Ali al Salem Air Base.

Kuwait Air Force

 * 12th Training Squadron – Hawk Mk.64
 * 19th Training Squadron – Tucano Mk.52
 * 17th Attack Squadron – AH-64D Apache Longbow
 * 20th Attack Squadron – AH-64D Apache Longbow
 * 32nd Helicopter Squadron – SA 330L Puma
 * 33rd Helicopter Squadron – SA 342K Gazelle
 * 62nd Utility Squadron – AS 332M Super Puma and AS532SC Cougar
 * 88th Training Squadron – SA-342K Gazelle
 * Typhoon Operational Conversion Unit – Typhoon

United States Air Force
Air Combat Command

 * Ninth Air Force (Air Forces Central)
 * 386th Air Expeditionary Wing
 * 386th Expeditionary Maintenance Group
 * 386th Expeditionary Medical Group
 * 386th Expeditionary Mission Support Group
 * 387th Air Expeditionary Group
 * 407th Air Expeditionary Group

Future
Starting in 2018, expansion on the base was begun by the Kuwaiti Air Force to include a new asphalt/concrete runway and extensive new hangar facilities to support the future delivery of Eurofighters intended to replace their existing complement of F-18C fighter jets.

The base expansion was completed in the second half of 2020 with the delivery of the 28 Eurofighters finishing shortly after.

title: Ali Al Salem Air Base


text:
User talk:Saba~enwiki

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Saba~enwiki


text: Template:Rail line one to two

title: Template:Rail line one to two


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Sydney Riot of 1879/archive1

Sydney Riot of 1879
I'd like to bring this article up to FA status. Any advice/assistance would be appreciated, jguk 15:16, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Some issues I noticed:
 * 1. First two sentences don't make much sense - perhaps they should be expanded to a larger paragraph with more information about the "early riots" and what the England-Australia tours were.
 * 2. Perhaps a "pitch invasion" could be explained a little bit.
 * 3. A N Hornby should be more formally introduced; we don't hear about him at all before he is dropped into the middle of the story.
 * 4. "Nearly one hundred and thirty years later, bad umpiring decisions and betting continue to scandalise the sport." 3rd paragraph of "the game" - doesn't make sense, doesn't seem to fit in here. Talk more about the allegations against the bookmakers.  More reponses from other newspapers and others involved would be helpful too.
 * 5. remove "as we shall see", not encyclopedic language, 4th paragraph "the game"
 * 6. I'm not sure about keeping those two letters intact - could they be summarized and quoted instead?
 * 7. More info on the aftermath, if possible
 * 8. In general, more images would be helpful (any team photos anywhere? photos of the field where the game was played?)

That's what I can see for now... I'll take another look after you make some headway... --Spangineer ∞ 20:44, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Apologies for not looking at these earlier. I'm now working my way through them, and this response will, shortly, cover all 8 points:

 * 1. I've expanded the first paragraph and tweaked the sentences.
 * 2. I think this phrase has now been removed.
 * 3. I've added a subordinate clause offering a factoid about Hornby, who has his own article for those who want to know more.
 * 4. I have removed the offending sentence.
 * 5. This is no longer in the article.
 * 6. I've put them onto Wikisource. However, the letters are very interesting and add a lot to the tale. Wisden at the time felt it was worth devoting the space to them despite space being at a premium. I'm getting a new book that's a diary of one of the English players who played in the match, and Ianbrown's checking his library for what should be a good Australian source - we'll have to see afterwards whether the full text of the letters can be dispensed with, but at the moment I'm loath to lose them.
 * 7. I've slightly expanded this. Of course, the letters themselves are part of the aftermath and these are quoted above. In the end, money won out - English clubs were missing out on cash by not playing the Australians, so they had to back down somehow.
 * 8. Put simply, I haven't been able to find any photos. I have a number of books that cover the era and have searched on the internet - I can't see any team photos and none of what the SCG looked like at that time.

jguk 21:42, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:San Miguel das Negradas

I've just tidied the English of this article, but I couldn't work out what this means: “limits to the ria of O Barqueiro”. Could anyone help? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:17, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:San Miguel das Negradas


text:
Anna Q. Nilsson

Anna Quirentia Nilsson (March 30, 1888 – February 11, 1974) was a Swedish-American actress who achieved success in American silent movies.

Early life
Nilsson was born in Ystad, Sweden in 1888. Her middle name Quirentia is derived from her date of birth, March 30, Saint Quirinius' Day. When she was 8 years old her father, Per Nilsson, got a job at the local sugar factory in Hasslarp, a small community outside Helsingborg in Sweden where she spent most of her school years. She did very well in school, graduating with highest marks. Due to her good grades, she was hired as a sales clerk in Halmstad on the Swedish west coast, unusual for a young woman from a worker's family at the time, but she had set her mind on going to the United States.

In 1905, she emigrated to the United States through Ellis Island. In the U.S., she started working as a nursemaid and learned English quickly.

Silent films
In 1907, Nilsson was named "Most beautiful woman in America". The noted cover artist, Penrhyn Stanlaws, chose her as one of his models which led to her feature role in the Kalem Motion Picture Company's 1911 film Molly Pitcher.

She stayed at the Kalem studio for several years, ranked behind its top star Alice Joyce, before branching out to other production companies. Films of special note are Regeneration (1915) Seven Keys to Baldpate (1917), Soldiers of Fortune (1919), The Toll Gate and The Luck of the Irish (both 1920), and The Lotus Eater (1921). In 1921, while on a rare vacation return to Sweden, she was asked to film Värmlänningarna, her only Swedish movie. In the 1920s, she freelanced successfully for Paramount, First National and many other studios and reached a peak of popularity just before the advent of talkies. In 1923, she was severely burned while filming a scene in which she drove a locomotive through a forest fire for Hearts Aflame; she required a week to recuperate, but that did not impede her career. That year, she made nine movies, including portraying "Cherry Malotte" in the second movie based upon Rex Beach's The Spoilers, a role that would be played in later versions by Betty Compson (1930), Marlene Dietrich (1942), and Anne Baxter (1955). In 1926, she was named Hollywood's most popular woman. She welcomed royalty when the Swedish Crown Prince Gustav Adolf (later King Gustaf VI Adolf) and his wife Louise Mountbatten visited Hollywood. In 1928, she set a record for fan mail, some 30,000 letters per month, and in that year Joseph P. Kennedy brought her to his newly formed film company RKO Radio Pictures. The following year, as she was horse riding, she fell off the horse, was thrown against a stone wall and broke her hip. After a year of hard training, she was on her feet again. In 1928, Anna Nilsson made her last film of the silent era, Blockade.

Sound films
With the introduction of sound films, Nilsson's career went into a sharp decline, although she continued to play small, often uncredited parts in films into the 1950s. Between 1930 and 1950, she participated in 39 sound films in smaller roles. She played the role of the Swedish immigrant mother of Loretta Young in The Farmer's Daughter (1947). Her best known performance in a sound film is arguably her turn as herself, referred to as one of Swanson's "waxworks" in Sunset Boulevard (1950), where she has one line.

Nilsson has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6150 Hollywood Boulevard for her contribution to motion pictures. She was the first Swedish-born actress to receive such an honor.

Personal life
Nilsson was married to actor Guy Coombs from 1916 until 1917 and to Norwegian-American shoe merchant John Marshall Gunnerson from 1922 until 1925. She died in Sun City, California on February 11, 1974, of heart failure.

Nilsson was a Lutheran and a registered Republican who was supportive of Dwight Eisenhower's campaign during the 1952 presidential election.

Selected filmography

 * The Express Envelope (1911, Short) as Hazel
 * Molly Pitcher (1911, Short) as Molly Pitcher
 * The Flash in the Night (1911, Short) as Kate
 * The Darling of the C.S.A. (1912)
 * The Drummer Girl of Vicksburg (1912) as Rose Beecher
 * The Confederate Ironclad (1912, Short) as Elinor Adams - a Union Spy
 * Wolfe; Or, The Conquest of Quebec (1914) as Mignon Mars
 * The Hazards of Helen (1914, Serial) as Helen [Ch. 18] 'The Night Operator at Buxton'
 * Regeneration (1915) as Marie Deering
 * Barbara Frietchie (1915) as Sue Negly
 * The Scarlet Road (1916) as Betty Belgrave
 * The Supreme Sacrifice (1916) as Helen Chambers
 * Her Surrender (1916) as Rhoda Cortlandt
 * Infidelity (1917) as Elaine Bernard
 * The Moral Code (1917) as Jean Hyland
 * The Inevitable (1917) as Florence Grey
 * The Silent Master (1917) as Minor Role
 * Seven Keys to Baldpate (1917) as Mary Norton
 * Over There (1917) as Bettie Adams
 * Heart of the Sunset (1918) as Alaire Austin
 * The Trail to Yesterday (1918) as Sheila Langford
 * No Man's Land (1918) as Katherine Gresham
 * In Judgement Of (1918) as Mary Manners
 * The Vanity Pool (1918) as Carol Harper
 * Ravished Armenia (1919) as Edith Graham
 * Venus in the East (1919) as Mrs. Pat Dyvenot
 * Cheating Cheaters (1919) as Grace Palmer
 * The Way of the Strong (1919) as Audrie Hendrie / Monica Norton
 * A Very Good Young Man (1919) as Viva Bacchus
 * The Love Burglar (1919) as Joan Gray
 * A Sporting Chance (1919) as Pamela Brent
 * Her Kingdom of Dreams (1919) as Carlotta Stanmore
 * Soldiers of Fortune (1919) as Alice Langham
 * The Luck of the Irish (1920) as Ruth Warren
 * The Thirteenth Commandment (1920) as Leila Kip
 * The Toll Gate (1920) as Mary Brown
 * The Figurehead (1920) as Mary Forbes
 * One Hour Before Dawn (1920) as Ellen Aldrich
 * The Fighting Chance (1920) as Sylvia Landis
 * In the Heart of a Fool (1920) as Margaret Muller
 * The Brute Master (1920) as Madeline Grey
 * What Women Will Do (1921) as Lily Gibbs
 * Without Limit (1921) as Ember Edwards
 * The Oath (1921) as Irene Lansing
 * Why Girls Leave Home (1921) as Anna Hedder
 * Värmlänningarna (1921, her only Swedish film) as Anna
 * The Lotus Eater (1921) as Madge Vance
 * Ten Nights in a Bar Room (1921)
 * Three Live Ghosts (1922) as Ivis
 * The Man from Home (1922) as Genevieve Granger-Simpson
 * Pink Gods (1922) as Lady Margot Cork
 * Hearts Aflame (1923) as Helen Foraker
 * The Isle of Lost Ships (1923) as Dorothy Fairfax
 * The Rustle of Silk (1923) as Lady Feo
 * The Spoilers (1923) as Cherry Malotte
 * Hollywood (1923) as Anna Q. Nilsson
 * Adam's Rib (1923) as Mrs. Michael Ramsay
 * Ponjola (1923) as Lady Flavia Desmond
 * Thundering Dawn (1923) as Mary Rogers
 * Innocence (1923) as Fay Leslie
 * Enemies of Children (1923)
 * Half-A-Dollar-Bill (1924) as The Stranger - Mrs. Webber
 * Painted People (1924) as Leslie Carter
 * Flowing Gold (1924) as Allegheny Briskow
 * Between Friends (1924) as Jessica Drene
 * Broadway After Dark (1924) as Helen Tremaine
 * The Side Show of Life (1924) as Lady Auriol Dayne
 * The Fire Patrol (1924) as Mary Ferguson
 * The Breath of Scandal (1924)
 * Vanity's Price (1924) as Vaana Du Maurier
 * Inez from Hollywood (1924) as Inez Laranetta
 * Hello, 'Frisco (1924) as herself
 * If I Marry Again (1925) as Alicia Wingate
 * The Top of the World (1925) as Sylvia Ingleton
 * One Way Street (1925) as Lady Sylvia Hutton
 * The Talker (1925) as Kate Lennox
 * Winds of Chance (1925) as Countess Courteau
 * The Splendid Road (1925) as Sandra De Hault
 * Too Much Money (1926) as Annabel Broadley
 * Her Second Chance (1926) as Mrs. Constance Lee / Caroline Logan
 * The Greater Glory (1926) as Fanny
 * Miss Nobody (1926) as Barbara Brown
 * Midnight Lovers (1926) as Diana Fothergill
 * The Masked Woman (1927) as Diane Delatour
 * Easy Pickings (1927) as Mary Ryan
 * Babe Comes Home (1927) (with Babe Ruth) as Vernie
 * Lonesome Ladies (1927) as Polly Fosdick
 * The Thirteenth Juror (1927) as Helen Marsden
 * Sorrell and Son (1927) as Dora Sorrell
 * The Whip (1928) as Iris d'Aquila
 * Blockade (1928) as Bess
 * The World Changes (1933) as Mrs. Peterson
 * School for Girls (1934) as Dr. Anne Galvin
 * The Little Minister (1934) as Villager (uncredited)
 * Wanderer of the Wasteland (1935) as Mrs. Virey
 * Paradise for Three (1938) as First Bridge Player (uncredited)
 * Prison Farm (1938) as Matron Ames
 * The Trial of Mary Dugan (1941) as Juror (uncredited)
 * The People vs. Dr. Kildare (1941) as Juror Next to Foreman (uncredited)
 * They Died with Their Boots On (1941) as Mrs. Taipe (uncredited)
 * Girls' Town (1942) as Mother Lorraine
 * The Great Man's Lady (1942) as Paula Wales (uncredited)
 * I Live on Danger (1942) as Mrs. Sherman
 * Crossroads (1942) as Madame Deval (uncredited)
 * Headin' for God's Country (1943) as Mrs. Nilsson
 * Cry 'Havoc' (1943) as Nurse (uncredited)
 * The Valley of Decision (1945) as Mrs. Scott's Nurse (uncredited)
 * The Sailor Takes a Wife (1945) as Switchboard Operator (uncredited)
 * The Secret Heart (1946) as Dr. Rossiger's Secretary (uncredited)
 * The Farmer's Daughter (1947) as Mrs. Holstrom
 * Cynthia (1947) as Miss Brady
 * It Had to Be You (1947) as Saleslady (uncredited)
 * Fighting Father Dunne (1948) as Mrs. Olaf Knudson
 * The Boy with Green Hair (1948) as Townswoman (uncredited)
 * Every Girl Should Be Married (1948) as Saleslady
 * In the Good Old Summertime (1949) as Woman with Harp (uncredited)
 * Adam's Rib (1949) as Mrs. Poynter (uncredited)
 * Malaya (1949) as Secretary (uncredited)
 * The Big Hangover (1950) as Helen Lang (uncredited)
 * Sunset Boulevard (1950) as herself
 * Grounds for Marriage (1951) as Dowager at Friday Club (uncredited)
 * Show Boat (1951) as Seamstress (uncredited)
 * The Law and the Lady (1951) as Mrs. Scholmm (uncredited)
 * An American in Paris (1951) as Kay Jansen (uncredited)
 * The Unknown Man (1951) as Cocktail Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Fearless Fagan (1952) as Abby's Maid (uncredited)
 * The Great Diamond Robbery (1954) as Nurse (uncredited)
 * Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954) as Mrs. Elcott (uncredited)

title: Anna Q. Nilsson


text:
Minister for Sport and Civil Society

The Minister for Sport and Civil Society was a junior minister in the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport of the United Kingdom government, with responsibility for sport and Civil Society in England. In 2020, the role merged with that of the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Arts, Heritage and Tourism to become Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Sport, Tourism, Heritage and Civil Society.

The post covered sport as well as tourism and heritage. The sports minister has at various times previously reported to the Department of National Heritage, the Department of Education and Science and the Department of the Environment.

Sport is a devolved matter in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland resting with the corresponding ministers in the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland Executive, although when the Northern Ireland Assembly was suspended, responsibility went to the Northern Ireland Office.

Under Margaret Thatcher the office was known as Under-Secretary of State for Sport.

Current responsibilities

 * Sport
 * Gambling
 * Horse racing
 * Office for Civil Society
 * The National Lottery and society lotteries
 * Cross-government work on loneliness

title: Minister for Sport and Civil Society


text:
Civil parishes in Bedfordshire

A civil parish is a country subdivision, forming the lowest unit of local government in England. There are 125 civil parishes in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, most of the county being parished: Luton is completely unparished; Central Bedfordshire is entirely parished. At the 2001 census, there were 312,301 people living in the 125 parishes, which accounted for 55.2 per cent of the county's population.

History
Parishes arose from Church of England divisions, and were originally purely ecclesiastical divisions. Over time they acquired civil administration powers.

The Highways Act 1555 made parishes responsible for the upkeep of roads. Every adult inhabitant of the parish was obliged to work four days a year on the roads, providing their own tools, carts and horses; the work was overseen by an unpaid local appointee, the Surveyor of Highways.

The poor were looked after by the monasteries, until their dissolution. In 1572, magistrates were given power to 'survey the poor' and impose taxes for their relief. This system was made more formal by the Poor Law Act 1601, which made parishes responsible for administering the Poor Law; overseers were appointed to charge a rate to support the poor of the parish. The 19th century saw an increase in the responsibility of parishes, although the Poor Law powers were transferred to Poor Law Unions. The Public Health Act 1872 grouped parishes into Rural Sanitary Districts, based on the Poor Law Unions; these subsequently formed the basis for Rural Districts.

Parishes were run by vestries, meeting annually to appoint officials, and were generally identical to ecclesiastical parishes, although some townships in large parishes administered the Poor Law themselves; under the Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882, all extra-parochial areas and townships that levied a separate rate became independent civil parishes.

Civil parishes in their modern sense date from the Local Government Act 1894, which abolished vestries; established elected parish councils in all rural parishes with more than 300 electors; grouped rural parishes into Rural Districts; and aligned parish boundaries with county and borough boundaries. Urban civil parishes continued to exist, and were generally coterminous with the Urban District, Municipal Borough or County Borough in which they were situated; many large towns contained a number of parishes, and these were usually merged into one. Parish councils were not formed in urban areas, and the only function of the parish was to elect guardians to Poor Law Unions; with the abolition of the Poor Law system in 1930 the parishes had only a nominal existence.

The Local Government Act 1972 retained civil parishes in rural areas, and many former Urban Districts and Municipal Boroughs that were being abolished, were replaced by new successor parishes; urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes became unparished areas.

The current position
Recent governments have encouraged the formation of town and parish councils in unparished areas, and the Local Government and Rating Act 1997 gave local residents the right to demand the creation of a new civil parish.

A parish council can become a town council unilaterally, simply by resolution; and a civil parish can also gain city status, but only if that is granted by the Crown. The chairman of a town or city council is called a mayor. The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 introduced alternative names: a parish council can now choose to be called a community; village; or neighbourhood council.

title: Civil parishes in Bedfordshire


text:
Apache Wars

The Apache Wars were a series of armed conflicts between the United States Army and various Apache tribal confederations fought in the southwest between 1849 and 1886, though minor hostilities continued until as late as 1924. After the Mexican–American War in 1846, the United States annexed conflicted territory from Mexico which was the home of both settlers and Apache tribes. Conflicts continued as American settlers came into traditional Apache lands to raise livestock and crops and to mine minerals.

The U.S. Army established forts to fight Apache tribal war parties and force Apaches to move to designated Indian reservations created by the U.S. in accordance with the Indian Removal Act. Some reservations were not on the traditional areas occupied by the Apache. In 1886, the U.S. Army put over 5,000 soldiers in the field to fight, which resulted in the surrender of Geronimo and 30 of his followers. This is generally considered the end of the Apache Wars, although conflicts continued between citizens and Apaches. The Confederate Army briefly participated in the wars during the early 1860s in Texas, before being diverted to action in the American Civil War in New Mexico and Arizona.

Background
Historically, the Apache had raided enemy tribes and sometimes each other, for livestock, food or captives. They raided with small parties, for a specific purpose. The Apache only rarely united to gather armies of hundreds of men, using all tribal male members of warrior age.

Cochise
The Apache Wars were sparked when American troops erroneously accused Apache leader Cochise and his tribe of kidnapping a young boy during a raid. Cochise professed truthfully that his tribe had not kidnapped the boy and offered to try and find him for the Americans, but the commander refused to believe him and instead took Cochise and his party hostage for the return of the boy. Cochise escaped, and a standoff developed as Cochise's tribe and allies surrounded the American forces, demanding the release of the rest of Cochise's party. After a standoff, during which 3 additional braves and a number of American soldiers and postmen were captured, the Apache retreated, believing they were being flanked, but in revenge for the continued holding of their people killed soldiers and postmen they had captured. The Americans in turn killed the 6 men they had captured, though they allowed the women and children to go free. In what became known as the Bascom affair, three of the men killed were Cochise's brother and nephews, and Cochise gathered the Apache tribes and made war on the U.S. for vengeance, sparking the century-long conflict.

The first U.S. Army campaigns specifically against the Apache began in 1849.

Jicarilla War
At the start of the Mexican–American War in 1846, many Apache tribal chieftains promised American soldiers safe passage through their land, though other tribes fought in defense of Mexico and against the influx of new settlers to New Mexico. When the United States claimed the frontier territories of Mexico in 1848, Mangas Coloradas signed a peace treaty, respecting the Americans as the conquerors of the Mexicans' land.

However, as Tiller relates regarding the treaty signed at Santa Fe on April 2, 1851, "The Jicarillas were expected to comply with the terms of the treaty immediately, yet as far as the new Mexicans were concerned, their part of the bargain would go into effect only after Congress had ratified it." The United States Congress never did ratify the treaty. An uneasy peace between the Apache and the Americans persisted until an influx of gold miners into the Santa Rita Mountains of present-day Arizona led to conflict.

The Jicarilla War began in 1849 when a group of settlers were attacked and killed by a force of Jicarillas and Utes in northeastern New Mexico. A second massacre occurred in 1850, in which several mail carriers were killed. The U.S. Army became involved in 1853. The Army went on to fight at the Battle of Cieneguilla, a significant Apache victory, and later the Battle of Ojo Caliente Canyon, an American victory.

Chiricahua wars

In 1851, near the Pinos Altos mining camp, Mangas Coloradas was attacked by a group of miners; they tied him to a tree and severely beat him. Similar incidents continued in violation of the treaty, leading to Apache reprisals against European Americans. In December 1860, thirty miners launched a surprise attack on an encampment of Bedonkohe on the west bank of the Mimbres River in retaliation for the theft of numerous livestock. According to the historian Edwin R. Sweeney, the miners "...killed four Indians, wounded others, and captured thirteen women and children." The Apache quickly retaliated with raids against U.S. citizens and property.

In early February 1861, a group of Coyotero Apaches stole cattle and kidnapped the stepson of the rancher John Ward near Sonoita, Arizona. Ward sought redress from the nearby American Army. Lieutenant George N. Bascom was dispatched, and Ward accompanied the detail. Bascom set out to meet with Cochise near Apache Pass and the Butterfield Overland Stagecoach station to secure the cattle and Ward's son. Bascom started on the wrong foot by lying to Cochise about his purposes and intents, Cochise was unaware of the incident, but he offered to seek those responsible. Dissatisfied, Bascom accused Cochise of having been involved. He took Cochise and his group of family members, including his wife and children, under arrest while under a white flag in the negotiating tent. Angered, Cochise slashed his way from the tent and escaped. After further failed negotiations, Cochise took a member of the stage coach station hostage after an exchange of gunfire.

With Bascom unwilling to exchange prisoners, Cochise and his party killed the members of a passing Mexican wagon train. The Apache killed and ritually mutilated nine Mexicans and took three whites captive but killed them later. They were unsuccessful in attempting an ambush of a Butterfield Overland stagecoach. With negotiations between Cochise and Bascom at an impasse, Bascom sent for reinforcements. Cochise killed the remaining four captives from the Butterfield Station and abandoned negotiations. Upon the advice of military surgeon Bernard Irwin, Bascom hanged the Apache hostages in his custody. The retaliatory executions became known as the Bascom affair; they initiated another eleven years of open warfare between the varying groups of Apache and the United States settlers, the U.S. Army and the Confederate Army.

After the American Civil War began in April 1861, Mangas Coloradas and Cochise, his son-in-law, struck an alliance, agreeing to drive all Americans and Mexicans out of Apache territory. Their campaigns against the Confederates were the battles of Tubac, Cookes Canyon, Florida Mountains, Pinos Altos and Dragoon Springs. Other Apache war parties fought the Rebels as well; Mescalero Apache attacked and captured a herd of livestock at Fort Davis on August 9, 1861, with the Apache killing two guards in the process. The Army sent out a patrol to try to retrieve the livestock, and the Apache killed them all. Mangas Coloradas and Cochise were joined in their campaign by the chief Juh and the notable warrior Geronimo. They thought that they had achieved some success when the Americans closed the Butterfield Overland Stagecoach and Army troops departed, but those actions were related to the beginning of the Civil War.

The United States military leadership decided to move against the Arizona Confederates in what the Union considered part of the New Mexico Territory by dispatching a column of Californian volunteers under Colonel James Henry Carleton. The California Column, as it was known, followed the old Butterfield Overland Trail east. In 1862 the troops encountered Mangas Coloradas and Cochise's followers near the site of the spring in Apache Pass. In the Battle of Apache Pass, soldiers shot and wounded Mangas Coloradas in the chest. While recuperating, he met with an intermediary to call for peace with the United States.

In January 1863, Coloradas agreed to meet with U.S. military leaders at Fort McLane, near present-day Hurley in southwestern New Mexico. Coloradas arrived under a white flag of truce to meet with Brigadier General Joseph Rodman West, an officer of the California militia. Again the Americans violated the neutrality of a white flag. The armed soldiers took him into custody, and West is reported to have ordered his sentries to execute the Apache tribal chief. That night Mangas was tortured and shot, as he was "trying to escape." The following day, soldiers cut off his head, boiled it and sent the skull to the Smithsonian Institution. The mutilation of Coloradas' body increased the hostility of the Apache people against the United States.

Carleton then decided to forcefully move the Navajo and Apache to reservations. Initially, he intended to make the Rio Grande valley safer for settlement and end the raids on travelers. He began by forcing various tribes of Mescalero and Navajo onto the reservation at Fort Sumner. He enlisted Kit Carson, one-time friend of the Navajo, to round them up by destroying their crops and livestock, and forcing them on the Long Walk to Fort Sumner.

Texas Indian Wars
On November 25, 1864, the Plains Apache fought in one of the largest battles of the American Indian Wars at the First Battle of Adobe Walls. Carson led an army of 400 soldiers and Ute scouts to the Texas panhandle and captured an encampment from which the inhabitants had fled. More than 1,000 Comanche, Kiowa and Plains Apache attacked. Carson took a position in an abandoned adobe building on top of a hill and repulsed several attacks. After a day of fighting, Carson retreated and the Indians permitted him to leave without opposition. Iron Shirt, a Plains Apache chief, was killed in the battle. Six soldiers were killed; the army estimated that the Indians suffered 60 killed and wounded.

Yavapai War
The Yavapai Wars, or the Tonto Wars, were a series of armed conflicts between the Yavapai and Tonto tribes against the U.S. in Arizona. The period began no later than 1861, with the arrival of American settlers on Yavapai and Tonto land. At the time, the Yavapai were considered a tribe of the Western Apache people because of their close relationship with tribes such as the Tonto and Pinal. The war culminated with the Yavapai's removal from the Camp Verde Reservation to San Carlos on February 27, 1875, an event now known as Exodus Day.

In 1871, a group of 6 white Americans, 48 Mexicans, and almost 100 Papago warriors attacked Camp Grant and massacred about 150 Apache men, women, and children. Campaigning against the Apache continued in the mid-1870s. The battles of Salt River Canyon and Turret Peak are prime examples of the violence in the Arizona region. Soldiers and civilians, especially from Tucson, frequently pursued various Apache tribal war parties, trying to end their raids.

Victorio's War
In 1879, the veteran Chiricahua war chief Victorio and his followers were facing forced removal from their homeland and reservation at Ojo Caliente, New Mexico and transfer to San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona. On August 21, 1879, Victorio, 80 warriors, and their women and children fled the reservation. Victorio was joined by other Apache, especially Mescalero, and his force may have reached a maximum of 200 warriors, an unusually large force of Apache.

For 14 months, Victorio led a guerrilla war against the U.S. Army and white settlers in southern New Mexico, western Texas, and northern Mexico. He fought more than a dozen battles and skirmishes with the U.S. Army and raided several civilian settlements. Several thousand American and Mexican soldiers and Indian scouts pursued him, as he fled from one stronghold to another. Victorio and many of his followers met their end on October 14, 1880, when they were surrounded and killed by Mexican soldiers at the Battle of Tres Castillos in Chihuahua, Mexico. A lieutenant of Victorio's, Nana, continued the war. With fewer than 40 warriors Nana raided extensively in New Mexico from June to August 1881. Nana survived the raid and died of old age in 1896.

Battles near Fort Apache
In August 1881, a force of soldiers from Fort Apache Indian Reservation was sent to investigate recent reports of Apache unrest and to detain the medicine man Nock-ay-det-klinne. The arrest of Nock-ay-det-klinne by three Native scouts was peaceful until they made their way back to camp. Upon arrival the camp on August 31, had already been surrounded by Nock-ay-det-klinne's followers. The Battle of Cibecue Creek began, and Nock-ay-det-klinne was killed. The following day, the Apache warriors attacked Fort Apache in reprisal for the death of Nock-ay-det-klinne.

In the spring of 1882, the warrior Na-tio-tisha lead a party of about 60 White Mountain Apache warriors. In early July they ambushed and killed four San Carlos policemen, including the police chief. After the ambush, Na-tio-tisha led his war-party northwest through the Tonto Basin. Local Arizona settlers were greatly alarmed and demanded protection from the U.S. Army. It sent out fourteen companies of U.S. Cavalry from forts across the region. In the middle of July, Na-tio-tisha led his war-party up Cherry Creek to the Mogollon Rim, intending to reach General Springs, a well-known water hole on the Crook Trail. Noticing they were being trailed by a single troop of cavalry, the Apache lay an ambush seven miles north of General Springs, where a fork of East Clear Creek cuts a gorge into the Mogollon Rim. The Apaches hid on the far side and waited. The cavalry company was led by Captain Adna Chaffee. The chief scout, Al Sieber, discovered the Apache trap and warned the troops. During the night, Chaffee's lone company was reinforced by four more from Fort Apache under the command of Major A.W. Evans. Then they were ready to begin the Battle of Big Dry Wash.

Geronimo campaign
After two decades of guerrilla warfare, Cochise chose to make peace with the U.S. He agreed to relocate his people to a reservation in the Chiricahua Mountains. Soon afterward in 1874, Cochise died. In a change of policy, the U.S. government decided to move the Chiricahua to the San Carlos reservation in 1876. Half complied and the other half, led by Geronimo, escaped to Mexico. In the spring of 1877, the U.S. captured Geronimo and brought him to the San Carlos reservation. He stayed there until September 1881. As soldiers gathered near the reservation, he feared being imprisoned for previous activities. He fled the reservation with 700 Apache and went to Mexico again.

On April 19, 1882, Chiricahua chief Juh attacked the San Carlos reservation and forced Chief Loco to break out. During the hostilities, Juh's warriors killed the chief of police Albert D. Sterling, along with Sagotal, an Apache policeman. Juh led Loco and up to 700 other Apaches back to Mexico.

In the spring of 1883, General George Crook was put in charge of the Arizona and New Mexico Indian reservations. With 200 Apache Scouts, he journeyed to Mexico, found Geronimo's camp, and with Tom Horn as his interpreter, persuaded Geronimo and his people to return to the San Carlos reservation. Chiefs Bonito, Loco, and Nana came with Crook at the time. Juh remained in Mexico where he died accidentally in November. Geronimo did not come until February 1884. Crook instituted several reforms on the reservation, but local newspapers criticized him for being too lenient with the Apache; newspapers of the time demonized Geronimo. On May 17, 1885, Geronimo escaped again to Mexico. Geronimo and his party killed dozens of people during the Bear Valley Raid and similar attacks.

In the spring of 1886, Crook went after Geronimo and caught up with him just over the Mexico border in March. Geronimo and his group fled, and Crook could not catch them. The War Department reprimanded Crook for the failure, and he resigned. He was replaced by Brigadier General Nelson Miles in April 1886. Miles deployed over two dozen heliograph points to coordinate 5,000 soldiers, 500 Apache Scouts, 100 Navajo Scouts, and thousands of civilian militia men against Geronimo and his 24 warriors. Lieutenant. Charles B. Gatewood and his Apache Scouts found Geronimo in Skeleton Canyon in September 1886 and persuaded them to surrender to Miles.

An 1887 letter from Charles Winters from Troop D of the 6th Cavalry Regiment describes a soldier's experiences during the Apache Wars in New Mexico: Dear Friend!

I will now take and write to you a few lines, to let you know that I am yet alive, and doing well. I joint [sic] the Army in January, 86 and had a good fight with Geronimo and his Indians. I also had two hard fights, where i came very near getting killed, but i got true [sic] alright. I was made Corporal when i first enlisted, but have now got high enough to be in Charge of Troop D. 6th U.S. Cavalry and it requires a good man for to get that office, and that is more than i expected. Charley White from Cranbury came out with me and got in the same Troop with me, and I sent him with twenty more men out on a Scout after Indians and Charley was lucky enough to be shot down by Indians the first day, and only three of my men returned. I was very sorry but it could not be helped.

The Territory of New Mexico is a very nice place never no Winter and lots of Gold and Silver Mines all around but for all that it is a disagreeable place on account of so many Indians. I like it first rate and I think as soon as my five years are up I will go bak [sic] to Old New Jersey but not today. My name isn't Charley Winters no more since i shot that man at Jefferson Barracks when he tried to get away from me. My Captain at time told me to take the name of his son who died and so my name since then is Charles H. Wood. I will now close and hope that you will soon write and let me know how you are getting along. Give my best regards to all and to yourself and oblige. The Army imprisoned Geronimo and many other Apache men, including some of the local Apache scouts, then they transported them to the East as prisoners of war. They held them at Fort Pickens and Fort Marion in Florida. Northerners vacationing in St. Augustine, where Fort Marion was located, included teachers and missionaries, who became interested in the Apache prisoners. Volunteers participated in teaching the Apache to speak and write English, about Christian religion and elements of American culture. Many citizens raised funds to send nearly 20 of the younger male prisoners to college after they were released from detainment. Most attended Hampton Agricultural and Industrial School, a historically black college. Many Apache died in the prisons. Later, Apache children were taken to the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, where fifty of them died. Eventually, after 26 years, the Apache in Florida were released to return to the Southwest, but Geronimo was sent to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where he died.

Post-1887 period
Despite the surrender of Geronimo and his followers in 1886, Apache warriors continued warfare against Americans and Mexicans. U.S. forces went on search and destroy missions against the small war parties, using tactics including solar signaling, wire telegraph, joint American and Mexican intelligence sharing, allied Indian Scouts, and local quick reaction posse groups.

The U.S. Cavalry had several expeditions against the Apache after 1886. During one of them, 10th Cavalry and 4th Cavalry forces under First Lieutenant James W. Watson pursued mounted Apache warriors north of Globe, Arizona, along the Salt River. During the Cherry Creek campaign, Sergeant James T. Daniels of the 4th Cavalry, and Sergeant William McBryar of the 10th Cavalry, and Sergeant Y. B. Rowdy of the Apache Scouts are the last recipients of the Medal of Honor for actions during the Apache Wars.

Aftermath
The last Apache raid into the United States occurred as late as 1924 when a war party of natives, who were later caught and arrested, stole some horses from Arizonan settlers. This is considered to be the end of the American Indian Wars, but the Apache–Mexico Wars continued for another nine years, until the final holdouts were defeated at the Caste War of Yucatán in 1933. Several resistance groups supposedly remained in the Sierra Madre Occidental, with sightings reported from 1952 to 2017 by local ranchers, hikers, or explorers.

title: Apache Wars


text:
Civil parishes in Berkshire

A civil parish is a country subdivision, forming the lowest unit of local government in England. There are 104 civil parishes in the ceremonial county of Berkshire, most of the county being parished; Reading is completely unparished; Bracknell Forest, West Berkshire and Wokingham are entirely parished. At the 2001 census, there were 483,882 people living in the 104 parishes, accounting for 60.5 per cent of the county's population.

History
Parishes arose from Church of England divisions, and were originally purely ecclesiastical divisions. Over time they acquired civil administration powers.

The Highways Act 1555 made parishes responsible for the upkeep of roads. Every adult inhabitant of the parish was obliged to work four days a year on the roads, providing their own tools, carts and horses; the work was overseen by an unpaid local appointee, the Surveyor of Highways.

The poor were looked after by the monasteries, until their dissolution. In 1572, magistrates were given power to 'survey the poor' and impose taxes for their relief. This system was made more formal by the Poor Law Act 1601, which made parishes responsible for administering the Poor Law; overseers were appointed to charge a rate to support the poor of the parish. The 19th century saw an increase in the responsibility of parishes, although the Poor Law powers were transferred to Poor Law Unions. The Public Health Act 1872 grouped parishes into Rural Sanitary Districts, based on the Poor Law Unions; these subsequently formed the basis for Rural Districts.

Parishes were run by vestries, meeting annually to appoint officials, and were generally identical to ecclesiastical parishes, although some townships in large parishes administered the Poor Law themselves; under the Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882, all extra-parochial areas and townships that levied a separate rate became independent civil parishes.

Civil parishes in their modern sense date from the Local Government Act 1894, which abolished vestries; established elected parish councils in all rural parishes with more than 300 electors; grouped rural parishes into Rural Districts; and aligned parish boundaries with county and borough boundaries. Urban civil parishes continued to exist, and were generally coterminous with the Urban District, Municipal Borough or County Borough in which they were situated; many large towns contained a number of parishes, and these were usually merged into one. Parish councils were not formed in urban areas, and the only function of the parish was to elect guardians to Poor Law Unions; with the abolition of the Poor Law system in 1930 the parishes had only a nominal existence.

The Local Government Act 1972 retained civil parishes in rural areas, and many former Urban Districts and Municipal Boroughs that were being abolished, were replaced by new successor parishes; urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes became unparished areas.

The current position
Recent governments have encouraged the formation of town and parish councils in unparished areas, and the Local Government and Rating Act 1997 gave local residents the right to demand the creation of a new civil parish.

A parish council can become a town council unilaterally, simply by resolution; and a civil parish can also gain city status, but only if that is granted by the Crown. The chairman of a town or city council is called a mayor. The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 introduced alternative names: a parish council can now choose to be called a community; village; or neighbourhood council.

title: Civil parishes in Berkshire