text:
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of the plasma membrane (invagination). This process forms vesicles containing the absorbed substances and is strictly mediated by receptors on the surface of the cell. Only the receptor-specific substances can enter the cell through this process.

Process
Although receptors and their ligands can be brought into the cell through a few mechanisms (e.g. caveolin and lipid raft), clathrin-mediated endocytosis remains the best studied. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of many receptor types begins with the ligands binding to receptors on the cell plasma membrane. The ligand and receptor will then recruit adaptor proteins and clathrin triskelions to the plasma membrane around where invagination will take place. Invagination of the plasma membrane then occurs, forming a clathrin-coated pit. Other receptors can nucleate a clathrin-coated pit allowing formation around the receptor. A mature pit will be cleaved from the plasma membrane through the use of membrane-binding and fission proteins such as dynamin (as well as other BAR domain proteins), forming a clathrin-coated vesicle that then uncoats of clathrin and typically fuses to a sorting endosome. Once fused, the endocytosed cargo (receptor and/or ligand) can then be sorted to lysosomal, recycling, or other trafficking pathways.

Function
The function of receptor-mediated endocytosis is diverse. It is widely used for the specific uptake of certain substances required by the cell (examples include LDL via the LDL receptor or iron via transferrin). The role of receptor-mediated endocytosis is well recognized up take downregulation of transmembrane signal transduction but can also promote sustained signal transduction. The activated receptor becomes internalised and is transported to late endosomes and lysosomes for degradation. However, receptor-mediated endocytosis is also actively implicated in transducing signals from the cell periphery to the nucleus. This became apparent when it was found that the association and formation of specific signaling complexes via clathrin-mediated endocytosis is required for the effective signaling of hormones (e.g. EGF). Additionally it has been proposed that the directed transport of active signaling complexes to the nucleus might be required to enable signaling, due to the fact that random diffusion is too slow, and mechanisms permanently downregulating incoming signals are strong enough to shut down signaling completely without additional signal-transducing mechanisms.

Experiments
Using fluorescent or EM visible dyes to tag specific molecules in living cells, it is possible to follow the internalization of cargo molecules and the evolution of a clathrin-coated pit by fluorescence microscopy and immuno electron microscopy.

Since the process is non-specific, the ligand can be a carrier for larger molecules. If the target cell has a known specific pinocytotic receptor, drugs can be attached and will be internalized.

To achieve internalisation of nanoparticles into cells, such as T cells, antibodies can be used to target the nanoparticles to specific receptors on the cell surface (such as CCR5). This is one method of improving drug delivery to immune cells.

The development of photoswitchable peptide inhibitors of protein-protein interactions involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (Traffic Lights peptides)  and photoswitchable small molecule inhibitors of dynamin (Dynazos) has been reported. These photopharmacological compounds allow spatiotemporal control of the endocytosis with light.

Characteristics

 * Induction within minutes of exposure to excess ligand.
 * The formation of these vesicles is sensitive to inhibition by wortmannin
 * The initiation of vesicle formation can be delayed/inhibited by temperature variations

title: Receptor-mediated endocytosis


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Hotdish

A hotdish or hot dish is a casserole dish that typically contains a starch, a meat, and a canned or frozen vegetable mixed with canned soup. The dish originates in the Upper Midwest region of the United States, where it remains popular, particularly in Minnesota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, and eastern Montana. Hotdish is cooked in a single baking dish, and served hot (per its name). It commonly appears at communal gatherings such as family reunions, potlucks, and church suppers. A classic example known as "tater tot hotdish" is made with ground beef, topped with tater tots, and flavored with thick, condensed cream of mushroom soup sauce.

History

The history of the hotdish goes back to when "budget-minded farm wives needed to feed their own families, as well as congregations in the basements of the first Minnesota churches."

Hotdish secured its popularity during the Great Depression, when grocery budgets required creative preparations for cheap foods, and the popularity continued into the rationing during World War II. It was likely preceded by an American dish known as "hot pot".

According to Howard Mohr, author of How to Talk Minnesotan, "A traditional main course, hotdish is cooked and served hot in a single baking dish and commonly appears at family reunions and church suppers." The most typical meat for many years has been ground beef, and cream of mushroom remains the favorite canned soup. In years past, a pasta was the most frequently used starch, but tater tots and local wild rice have become very popular as well.

In 2016, Food & Wine credited a 1930 Mankato church congregation as the first written record of a hotdish recipe. The source included neither the name of the woman that invented the recipe nor the source. Mankato resident, Joyce Nelson, 90, had a copy of the 1930 Lutheran church recipe book and it was found that the recipe was indeed included in that year's cookbook. Mrs. C. W. Anderson had submitted the recipe for a HOT DISH made with hamburger, onions, Creamette pasta, celery, a can of peas, tomato soup and tomatoes.

Hotdishes are filling, convenient, and easy to make. They are well-suited for family reunions, funerals, church suppers, and covered dish dinners or potlucks where they may be paired with potato salad, coleslaw, Jello salads, Snickers salad, and pan-baked desserts known as bars.

Ingredients
Typical ingredients in hotdish are potatoes or pasta, ground beef, green beans, and corn, with canned soup added as a binder, flavoring, and sauce. Potatoes may be in the form of tater tots, hash browns, potato chips, or shoe string potatoes. The dish is usually seasoned lightly with salt and pepper, and it may be eaten with ketchup as a condiment. Another popular hotdish is the tuna hotdish, made with macaroni or egg noodles, canned tuna, peas, and mushroom soup. Also common is a dish known as goulash, though it bears no resemblance to the familiar Hungarian goulash. Minnesota goulash is usually made with ground beef, macaroni, canned tomatoes, and perhaps a can of creamed corn.

Cream of mushroom soup is so ubiquitous in hotdish that it is often referred to in such recipes as “Lutheran Binder,” referring to hotdish's position as a staple of Lutheran church cookbooks. The soup is considered a defining ingredient by some commentators.

Minnesota Congressional Hot Dish Competition
After the 2010 U.S. midterm elections, then Senator Al Franken invited the members of the Minnesota congressional delegation to a friendly hotdish-making competition, to come together in celebration of the state before the beginning of the legislative session. Six out of 10 delegation members — Sens. Franken and Amy Klobuchar and Representatives Michele Bachmann, Tim Walz, Keith Ellison and Betty McCollum — participated, with Klobuchar taking first place with her "Taconite Tater Tot Hotdish" and Walz taking second with his "Chicken Mushroom Wild Rice Hotdish". The competition became an annual event entitled the Minnesota Congressional Hotdish Off with the slogan "Working together to improve the lives of Minnesotans, one hotdish at a time."

For the second competition in March 2012, Franken's "Mom's Mahnomen Madness Hotdish" tied with Chip Cravaack's "Minnesota Wild Strata Hotdish" for first place.

With 9 of the 10 members of the delegation participating in 2013, the winner was Congressman Walz's "Hermann the German Hotdish", which featured a bottle of August Schell beer, made locally in New Ulm, Minnesota. Sen. Franken has also provided a free PDF version of the 2013 Hotdish Off collection of recipes.

In 2014, all ten members participated, with Rep. Walz's "Turkey Trot Tater Tot Hotdish" winning. In 2015, again all ten participated, and Rep. McCollum's "Turkey, Sweet Potato, and Wild Rice" dish won.

Past winners

 * 2011 Sen. Amy Klobuchar's Taconite Tater Tot Hot Dish
 * 2012 Sen. Al Franken's Mom's Mahnomen Madness Hotdish and Rep. Chip Cravaack's Minnesota Wild Strata Hotdish (tie)
 * 2013 Rep. Tim Walz's Hermann the German Hotdish
 * 2014 Rep. Tim Walz's Turkey Trot Tater Tot Hotdish
 * 2015 Rep. Betty McCollum’s Turkey, Sweet Potato, and Wild Rice Hotdish
 * 2016 Rep. Tim Walz’s Turkey Taco Tot Hotdish
 * 2017 Rep. Collin Peterson’s Right to Bear Arms Hotdish
 * 2018 Rep. Tom Emmer's Hotdish of Champions
 * 2019 Rep. Betty McCollum's Hotdish A-Hmong Friends

In popular culture
Hotdish frequently appeared, along with other stereotypical Minnesotan dishes such as lutefisk, in the radio program A Prairie Home Companion. Hotdish is also described in Howard Mohr’s book How to Talk Minnesotan. Hotdish is an integral element of the book Hotdish to Die For, a collection of six culinary mystery short stories in which the weapon of choice is hotdish.

Minnesota public television station KSMQ in Austin, Minnesota has produced a 2012 documentary video entitled "Minnesota Hotdish." providing a historical and humorous look at the popular church supper and family gathering staple.

Hotdish was the main meal featured in the comedy-drama film Manny & Lo.

"Hot Dish" is the name of an Anchorage-based bluegrass band. Their band name was chosen as a nod to the Midwestern roots of three of the five band members.

"Hot Dish" was the seventh track on Lizzobangers, the debut studio album of singer, rapper, and flautist Lizzo. Lizzo lived in the Twin Cities at the time and started her career in the area.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hotdish


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Cube Records

Cube Records is an English record label. It was launched on 26 May 1972 by independent music publisher David Platz, and was based at his UK offices for Essex Music.

History
Platz had entered the arena of record production in the early 1960s, and having had a string of hits by licensing records to major labels (most Essex artists were released on EMI's Regal Zonophone), decided to start his own independent record label in 1970. With Malcolm Jones as label manager he formed Fly Records and tapped a rich vein of hits, with the Move, singles from T. Rex and John Kongos ("He's Gonna Step On You"), as well as hit albums, the most important being Electric Warrior, T. Rex's breakthrough number 1 album.

By mid 1972, Marc Bolan had left Fly Records to set up his own label imprint and Essex/Fly producer Tony Visconti had also left with Bolan, setting up his own Good Earth Productions. With new staff brought into the label, Platz decided to promote a new roster of artists and re-launch with a new label named Cube Records.

The headline of the press release issued by Malcolm Jones in May 1972 to communicate this development boldly stated "Essex puts Fly into Cube". A fact literally translated by the label's logo, which consisted of a fly within a wire-frame cube. According to the press release, Fly Records had been limited to operating in the UK, but Cube Records would be an international operation. In effect, Cube simply continued using Fly's catalogue numbering prefix, but with only one Fly artist, guitar virtuoso John Williams, remaining on the new label.

Cube's first singles came from Rod Thomas, whose rather insipid MOR/pop "Timothy Jones" failed to make any impact on the charts, and folk music stalwart Harvey Andrews, whose poignant single "In The Darkness"/"Soldier" (BUG 20) was subject to an 'unofficial' ban by the BBC.

Harvey's Cube album Writer Of Songs, was produced by long term Essex Music associate John Worth, and featured a stellar cast of musicians including Ralph McTell, Cozy Powell, Danny Thompson, David Pegg and Rick Wakeman,

Rodger Bain, producer of Black Sabbath and Budgie, produced an album for folk-rock outfit the JSD Band, which came replete with sleeve notes written by BBC Radio One DJ John Peel.

By July 1972, the label's ethos had moved too far from Jones' remit during the Fly days, and he left the label. The company's legacy recordings that had been released via FLY on its TOOFA series were also now brought into Cube, and by the end of the year Cube continued the TOOFA campaign with releases by T. Rex and Procol Harum, while all efforts were focussed on a brand new signing Joan Armatrading, an artist developed by Elton John producer Gus Dudgeon. Cube released Armatrading's first album, Whatever's for Us (with 11 of the songs co-written by Pam Nestor) in 1972.

Even with their biggest promotional campaign to date, the critical favour Armatrading's album garnered could not be replicated in sales. Their decision to credit the album almost solely to Joan Armatrading, giving little credit to Pam Nestor, caused not only the break-up of the duo but also caused Cube to lose Armatrading, who, upset and annoyed by the episode, negotiated her way out of her contract and signed for A&M instead. Further albums by Harvey Andrews, the JSD Band, Batti Mamzelle & Kestrel followed, and George Martin's production for John Williams' The Height Below – a sort of concept album – failed to sell in large numbers.

Hits like Jimmy Helms' mid 1970s pop/soul "Gonna Make You an Offer You Can't Refuse" and John Williams' film theme tune, "Cavatina (Theme from The Deer Hunter)", were only an occasionality, and after around 80 singles and 30 albums a new label makeover was ushered in.

As British pub rock lay the minimalist foundations for the oncoming punk rock scene, Cube became Electric Cube, albeit briefly, before its label manager Jeremy Thomas shelved the Cube imprint and established The Electric Record Company, whose Electric Records imprint became the home for new releases.

Cube Records soon ceased producing its own catalogue, opting to license to various catalogue companies over the years. Going full circle, Cube's recordings were incorporated into Onward Music, run by David Platz's son Simon Platz, and Cube's catalogue has returned to its initial home, Fly Records.

title: Cube Records


text:
Rachel Joynt

Rachel Joynt (born 1966 in Caherciveen, County Kerry) is an Irish sculptor who has created some prominent Irish public art. She graduated from the National College of Art and Design in Dublin in 1989 with a degree in sculpture.

Her father, Dick Joynt, was also a sculptor. Rachel Joynt is preoccupied by ideas of place, history and nature, and her work often examines the past as a substrate of the present. Her commissions include People's Island (1988) in which brass footprints and bird feet crisscross a well-traversed pedestrian island near Dublin's O'Connell Bridge. She collaborated with Remco de Fouw to make Perpetual Motion (1995), a large sphere with road markings which stands on the Naas dual carriageway. This has been described by Public Art Ireland as 'probably Ireland's best-known sculpture' and was featured, as a visual shorthand for leaving Dublin, in The Apology, a Guinness advert. Joynt also made the 900 underlit glass cobblestones which were installed in early 2005 along the edge of Dublin's River Liffey; many of these cobblestones contain bronze or silverfish.

Works in collections and on display

 * People's Island (1988) on the pedestrian island south of O'Connell Bridge, Dublin
 * A pavement piece depicting Viking crafts, outside Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin.
 * Solas na Glasrai (The grocers' light) corner of Moore Street and Parnell Street, Dublin.
 * A brass light standard hung with casts of fish, fruit and vegetables

 * Perpetual Motion (1995) (with Remco deFouw) Naas bypass, County Kildare.
 * RTE radio show about Perpetual Motion

 * A marble seat with an inset bronze book at the Clare library headquarters in Ennis.
 * Clare Library historical webpage

 * Noah's Egg (2004) University College Dublin Veterinary School, Belfield, Dublin
 * Press release describing Noah's Egg

 * A series of underlit glass cobblestones along the Liffey campshires (2005).
 * Press release describing the Rachel Joynt cobblestones

 * Mothership Sculpture at the coastline in Glasthule, Dublin

title: Rachel Joynt


text:
Category:Timelines of New France history

 * Timelines of the history of New France — French colonial North America.


text: User talk:65.209.7.103

title: User talk:65.209.7.103


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wylie Burp

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECTED. dbenbenn | talk 00:14, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wylie Burp
Minor character from An American Tail sequel An American Tail: Fievel Goes West and TV series Fievel's American Tails. —tregoweth 21:48, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * This and the other American Tail characters below - merge all together into a single article about said movie. Radiant! 21:58, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge prefereably, or keep all of them Kappa 22:13, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A common approach is to merge minor characters into one article, without any VfD. Be bold. Mikkalai 22:53, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge all into single article. Megan1967 06:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur, collective merge of American Tail characters. Alba 13:03, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Orbital plane of reference

In celestial mechanics, the orbital plane of reference (or orbital reference plane) is the plane used to define orbital elements (positions). The two main orbital elements that are measured with respect to the plane of reference are the inclination and the longitude of the ascending node.

Depending on the type of body being described, there are four different kinds of reference planes that are typically used:
 * The ecliptic or invariable plane for planets, asteroids, comets, etc. within the Solar System, as these bodies generally have orbits that lie close to the ecliptic.
 * The equatorial plane of the orbited body for satellites orbiting with small semi-major axes
 * The local Laplace plane for satellites orbiting with intermediate-to-large semi-major axes
 * The plane tangent to celestial sphere for extrasolar objects

On the plane of reference, a zero-point must be defined from which the angles of longitude are measured. This is usually defined as the point on the celestial sphere where the plane crosses the prime hour circle (the hour circle occupied by the First Point of Aries), also known as the equinox.

title: Orbital plane of reference


text:
Flip Records

Flip Records may refer to:

 * Flip Records (1950s)
 * Flip Records (1994)

title: Flip Records


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chula the Tarantula

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Chula the Tarantula
Minor character from An American Tail sequel An American Tail: Fievel Goes West and TV series Fievel's American Tails. —tregoweth 21:49, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miss Kitty

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Miss Kitty
Minor character from An American Tail sequel An American Tail: Fievel Goes West and TV series Fievel's American Tails. —tregoweth 21:49, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to An American Tail Brookie 08:23, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Guiseley railway station

Guiseley railway station serves Guiseley in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, West Yorkshire, England. On the Wharfedale Line between Ilkley and Leeds/Bradford Forster Square, it is served mostly by Class 333 electric trains run by Northern Trains, which also manages the station.

History
The station opened in 1865 originally being owned by the Midland Railway. There were services to Otley until 1965 when the Arthington to Menston line closed under the Beeching axe. The line was electrified between 1994 and 1995 while the station was largely reconstructed in 2002.

Services
During Monday to Saturday daytimes services run to/from Leeds twice per hour and once each hour to/from Bradford (half-hourly in the peaks), meaning that as Guiseley is the first station that is served by trains on both branches of the line, there are three or four services every hour to Ilkley. On Monday to Saturday evenings, services are hourly to/from both Leeds and Bradford Forster Square. On Sundays, services are hourly to/from Leeds and Bradford. Services at the station are operated by British Rail Class 333 and Class 331 electric multiple units.

Facilities
The station facilities were redeveloped in 2002 to give a new waiting room on platform two (for trains to Leeds and Bradford) and a waiting room and ticket office on platform one (for trains to Ilkley). This office is open from 06:15–19:30 Mon–Sat and 09:15–16:30 on Sundays. A small car park is accessible from Station Road and the station has cycle lockers situated on either platform with an additional cycle shelter outside the ticket office. Passengers on foot can also access the station via a path from Netherfield Road or a path that connects with Morton Terrace and Otley Road. Step-free access is available only on the Ilkley-bound platform. The station is equipped with live information displays, there is a payphone on platform one and a help point outside the ticket office. A ticket vending machine, which can be used outside of ticket office hours, is on platform two.

Connections to Leeds Bradford Airport
Along with Horsforth station on the Harrogate Line, Guiseley is one of the two closest railway stations to Leeds Bradford Airport, at nearby Yeadon. An hourly bus service (Service A3) between the airport and Bradford Interchange runs along nearby Oxford Road. A more frequent bus service to/from the airport (Service A1) runs from Leeds railway station but takes longer.

title: Guiseley railway station


text:
550 Music

550 Music (originally known as Sony 550 Music) was a unit of Sony Music Entertainment, which operated through Sony Music's Epic Records division while in activity. Launched in 1992, the "550" name was inspired by the address of the Sony building, located at 550 Madison Avenue in New York. The label was folded in 2000 by Epic Records, it was part of the restructuring when Tommy Mottola was leaving Sony Music.

Artists on label

 * 3 Lb. Thrill
 * Amel Larrieux
 * Apollo 440
 * Ben Folds Five
 * Bolt Upright
 * Carl Hancock Rux
 * Celine Dion
 * Coco Lee
 * Damascus Road Experience
 * Deep Forest
 * Des'ree
 * Echolyn
 * Eve's Plum
 * Fear of Pop
 * Flight 16
 * Flop
 * For Squirrels
 * Fuel
 * George Clinton & the P.Funk All-Stars
 * Getaway Cruiser
 * Ginuwine
 * Haley Bennett
 * Infectious Grooves
 * Jon B.
 * Mandy Moore
 * Men of Vizion
 * Mista Grimm
 * moe.
 * Motherland
 * Nine Days
 * No-Man
 * Old Pike
 * Patra
 * Rah-Sun
 * Social Distortion
 * Taja Sevelle
 * Tanto Metro & Devonte
 * The Poor
 * Ultimate Fakebook
 * Vallejo
 * Velvet Crush
 * Verbow
 * Vernon Reid
 * Vonda Shepard
 * XC-NN

title: 550 Music


text:
User talk:Csmorris

Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón
It's always soooo frustrating when I leave a translation incomplete because I'm not sure I can hack certain phrases, and then someone who clearly understands less than I do decides to finish it. Which is what happened here. Best of luck fixing it. And if you can work out the mystery of "S.E." that would be greatly appreciates. -- Jmabel | Talk 21:52, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

By the way, do feel free to add yourself at Translators_available -- Jmabel | Talk 21:54, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Spanish Translation of the Week
I would like to revive Spanish Translation of the Week. Are you interested in working on it? — J3ff 06:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Dak ota     t     e   07:18, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Csmorris


text: File:Keystudio.jpg

title: File:Keystudio.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mama Mousekewitz

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Mama Mousekewitz
Character from the An American Tail films. —tregoweth 21:53, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to An American Tail -- AllyUnion (talk) 19:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
85th Infantry Division (United States)

The 85th Infantry Division also known as "Custer Division" (named after the cavalry commander George Armstrong Custer) was an infantry division of the United States Army in World War I and World War II. It currently exists as the 85th Support Command.

World War I
The division was first activated 25 August 1917 at Camp Custer, Michigan, and comprised the 169th and 170th Infantry brigades and the 160th Field Artillery Brigade. After a year of training the division left the United States for England. The Division was composed of the following units:

 * Headquarters, 85th Division
 * 169th Infantry Brigade
 * 337th Infantry Regiment
 * 338th Infantry Regiment
 * 329th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 170th Infantry Brigade
 * 339th Infantry Regiment
 * 340th Infantry Regiment
 * 330th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 160th Field Artillery Brigade
 * 328th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 329th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 330th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
 * 310th Trench Mortar Battery
 * 328th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 310th Engineer Regiment
 * 310th Field Signal Battalion
 * Headquarters Troop, 85th Division
 * 310th Train Headquarters and Military Police
 * 310th Ammunition Train
 * 310th Supply Train
 * 310th Engineer Train
 * 310th Sanitary Train
 * 337th, 338th, 339th, and 340th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals

From England the 339th Infantry Regiment sailed to Archangel, Russia to fight along the White Army in the Russian Civil War against Bolshevik forces as part of the Polar Bear Expedition. Accompanying the 339th were the 1st Battalion, 310th Engineers, the 337th Ambulance Company, and the 337th Field Hospital. After arrival in France as part of the American Expeditionary Forces, the remainder of the division was broken up to support other units. The Headquarters was stationed in Lorraine as a depot division and therefore did not participate in any combat operations. Doughboys of the Division served in other Divisions at the Battles for St. Mihiel, Marbache and in the Meuse-Argonne on the Western Front. After the war the division remained on occupation duty in Germany and by August 1919, the last elements of the division returned to the United States.

Interwar period
The 85th Division headquarters arrived at the port of Hoboken, New Jersey, aboard the RMS Aquitania on 29 March 1919 after 6 months of overseas service and was demobilized on 18 April 1919 at Camp Custer, Michigan. The 85th Division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Sixth Corps Area, and assigned to the XVI Corps. The division was further allotted to the state of Michigan as its home area. The division headquarters was organized on 10 September 1921 in Room 304, Old Customhouse Building in Detroit, relocated on 27 July 1922 to the Marquette Building, and moved again on 6 July 1923 to the New Telegraph Building. It was moved twice more before 1941; once to the Book Building at Washington and Grand River Avenues in 1926, and finally to the Federal Building in 1935, and remained there until activated for World War II. To maintain communications with the officers of the division, the division staff published a newsletter named “The 85th Division Bulletin.” The newsletter informed the division’s members of such things as when and where the inactive training sessions were to be held, what the division’s summer training quotas were, where the camps were to be held, and which units would help conduct the Citizens Military Training Camps (CMTC).

The designated mobilization and training station for the division was Camp Custer, the location where much of the division's training occurred in the interwar years. The division headquarters was called to active duty for training there as a unit on a number of occasions, the first time being in April 1926. Oddly, the division headquarters was ordered to active auty for a second time (5–19 July) that same summer. The headquarters attended summer training as a unit, other than for corps area and army-level command post exercises (CPXs), only twice more before World War II: once in the summer of 1928 and again in 1937. The headquarters and staff usually trained with the staff of the 12th Infantry Brigade, 6th Division, either at Camp Custer or at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. The infantry regiments of the division held their summer training primarily with the 2nd Infantry Regiment at Camp Custer beginning in June 1923. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster trained at various posts in the Sixth and Seventh Corps Areas. For example, the division’s artillery trained with the 1st Battalion, 14th Field Artillery at Camp Custer; the special troops trained with the special troops of the 32nd Division at Camp Grayling, Michigan, or Camp Sparta (later McCoy), Wisconsin; the 310th Medical Regiment trained at Fort Snelling, Minnesota; and the 310th Observation Squadron trained with the 15th Observation Squadron at Chanute Field, Illinois. In addition to the unit training camps, the infantry regiments of the division rotated responsibility to conduct the CMTC training held at Camp Custer each year.

On a number of occasions, the division participated in Sixth Corps Area or Second Army CPXs in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. Unlike the Regular and Guard units in the Sixth Corps Area, the 85th Division did not participate in the various Sixth Corps Area maneuvers and the Second Army maneuvers of 1935, 1939, and 1940 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular and Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises. Additionally, some were assigned duties as umpires or support personnel.

World War II

Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery. Its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions; one battalion was taken from each of the two 75 mm gun regiments to form two 105 mm howitzer battalions, the brigade's ammunition train was reorganized as the third 105 mm howitzer battalion, and the 155 mm howitzer battalion was formed from the 155 mm howitzer regiment. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.

On 15 May 1942, five months after the United States entered World War II, the 85th Infantry Division was ordered to active duty at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, under the command of Major General Wade H. Haislip, a veteran of World War I. The division was organized around a cadre of officers and men from the 2nd Infantry Division, and training began in June 1942 at Camp Shelby. In April 1943, it participated in large-scale army training in the Louisiana Maneuvers near Leesville, Louisiana. In August, the division was moved to Camp Coxcomb, California for desert warfare training. In October, the division was transferred to Fort Dix, New Jersey, for final preparations before shipment overseas. Major General John B. Coulter succeeded Haislip as the 85th's commander and retained this position throughout the war. The Assistant Division Commander (ADC) throughout the war was Brigadier General Lee S. Gerow, the younger brother of General Leonard T. Gerow.

 * Headquarters, 85th Infantry Division
 * 337th Infantry Regiment
 * 338th Infantry Regiment
 * 339th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 85th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 328th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 329th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 403rd Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 910th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 310th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 310th Medical Battalion
 * 85th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 85th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 85th Infantry Division
 * 785th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 85th Quartermaster Company
 * 85th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 85th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

The 85th Infantry Division left the United States on 24 December 1943 and arrived in Casablanca, French Morocco on 2 January 1944. It received amphibious training at Port aux Poules near Arzew and Oran, Algeria, 1 February to 23 March, then embarked for Naples, Italy, arriving on 27 March. The 339th Regimental Combat Team was the first division element to depart Port-Aux-Poules for movement to the Italian Campaign. Arriving in Italy on 14 March, the 339th RCT was attached to the 88th Infantry Division and became the first regiment of the 85th to see combat during World War II on the Minturno-Castelforte front north of Naples, 28 March. The 85th Division, under II Corps of the U.S. Fifth Army under Mark W. Clark, was committed to action as a unit, 10 April 1944, north of the Garigliano River, facing the Gustav Line, and held defensive positions for a month.

On 11 May, it launched its attack, taking Solacciano, Castellonorato, and Formia. Itri fell, 19 May, and the 85th continued to mop up the Gaeta Peninsula. Terracina was taken and the road to the Anzio beachhead was opened. The division pursued the enemy to the hills near Sezze until pinched out by friendly forces from Anzio. The Gustav Line had been smashed and the 85th started for a rest area on 29 May, but was ordered to the Lariano sector which the division cleared by the 31st. Driving on Rome, the 85th pushed through Monte Compatri and Frascati, entered the Italian capital of Rome on 5 June 1944, and advanced to Viterbo before being relieved on 10 June.

After rehabilitation and training, the 85th took over the defense of the Arno River line from 15 to 26 August. The division attacked the mountain defenses of the Gothic Line on 13 September, and broke through, taking Firenzuola on the 21st. The 85th advanced slowly through mud and rain against heavy resistance taking La Martina and gaining the Idice River Valley road on 2 October, and reaching Mount Mezzano on the 24th overlooking the Po River Valley. From 27 October to 22 November 1944, defense areas near Pizzano were held. On the 23d, the division was relieved for rest and rehabilitation.

The 85th Division relieved the British 1st Infantry Division on 6 January 1945, and limited its activities to cautious patrols until 13 March. After a brief training period, the 85th, now under the command of Major General Willis D. Crittenberger's IV Corps, during the final offensive in Italy, thrust southwest of Bologna on 14 April, pushing through Lucca and Pistoia into the Po Valley as enemy resistance collapsed. The Panaro River was crossed on the 23rd and the Po the next day. The division mopped up fleeing Germans until their mass surrender on 2 May 1945, in the Belluno-Agordo area. The end of World War II in Europe came six days later. Three soldiers from the 85th Infantry Division earned the Medal of Honor.

Casualties

 * Total battle casualties: 8,774
 * Killed in action: 1,561
 * Wounded in action: 6,314
 * Missing in action: 402
 * Prisoner of war: 497

Cold War
The division returned to the United States and was disbanded at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia on 26 August 1945. It was then reconstituted and reactivated at Chicago, Illinois on 19 February 1947 in the U.S. Army Reserve. On 1 June 1959, the division's mission was changed to training and it was named the 85th Division (Training).

Organization
Upon reactivation in the Army Reserve, the division was organized with a division headquarters, three training brigades and a training group, with division headquarters located in Chicago, Illinois. In 1983, the Division Headquarters was moved to Arlington Heights, Illinois, with subordinate brigade headquarters located in Waukegan, Illinois (1st Brigade); St. Louis, Missouri (2nd Brigade); Rockford, Illinois (3rd Brigade); Fort Sheridan, Illinois (4th Brigade); and Aurora, Illinois (Training Group).

In 1992, the division was reorganized into the 85th Division (Exercise) with the mission of conducting lanes training for combat, combat support, and combat service support units and combat simulation, computer supported exercises for company/battalion and higher units for Army Reserve and Army National Guard units in the First Army area. Additionally, the division was tasked to assist First Army units at mobilization to validate their readiness for deployment. The division was reorganized as follows:

 * 85th Division (Exercise) HQ, Arlington Heights, Illinois
 * 85th Division (Exercise) Band, Fort Sheridan, Illinois
 * 1st Brigade (Battle Command Staff Training), Fort Sheridan, Illinois
 * 2nd Brigade (Field Exercise), Fort McCoy, Wisconsin
 * 3rd Brigade (Field Exercise), Selfridge ANGB, Michigan
 * 4th Brigade (Field Exercise), Fort Sheridan, Illinois
 * 5th Brigade (Field Exercise), Fort Snelling, Minnesota
 * 6th Brigade (Field Exercise), Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana

In 1999 the division was further reorganized as the 85th Division (Training Support). Its four brigades were headquartered as follows:
 * 1st Brigade (Training Support (TS)): 1st Simulations Exercise (SIMEX) Group; 2nd SIMEX Group; and 3rd Battalion (TS), 335th Regiment at Fort Sheridan, Illinois
 * 2nd Brigade (TS): 3rd Battalion (TS), 335th Regiment, 1st Battalion (TS), 338th Regiment; 1st Battalion (TS), 340th Regiment, 3rd Battalion (TS), 340th Regiment, 2nd Battalion, 411th Regiment (Logistics Support) at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin
 * 3rd Brigade (TS): 1st Battalion (TS) and 2nd Battalion (TS), 335th Regiment; 2nd Battalion (TS), 338th Regiment; 3rd Battalion, 411th Regiment (Logistics Support) at Indianapolis, IN
 * 4th Brigade (TS): 1st Battalion (TS) and 3rd Battalion (TS), 337th Regiment; 1st Battalion (TS), 409th Regiment; 1st Battalion (TS), 2nd Battalion (TS), and 3rd Battalion (TS) 410th Regiment; 1st Battalion, 411th Regiment (Logistics Support) at Fort Knox, KY.

Distinguished Leaders
Commanders within the division who became U.S. Army general officers include:
 * MG Emile Bataille who commanded the 2nd Simulation Group, 1st Brigade, and then as an Army National Guard Brigadier General was the Assistant Adjutant General of Illinois and then served as the J6, United States Strategic Command
 * MG Steve Best, who commanded the 1st Simulation Group, 1st Brigade and then commanded the 1st Brigade, and later commanded the 75th Division in Houston, TX
 * MG William D. Razz Waff, who commanded the 2nd Simulation Group, 1st Brigade, and then served as the Chief of Staff, 88th Regional Readiness Command, Ft Snelling, MN, the Deputy Commanding General, 99th Regional Readiness Command, Pittsburgh, PA, was the Deputy Commanding General, US Army Human Resources Command, Alexandria, VA, the Commanding General, 99th Regional Support Command, Ft Dix, NJ and then as the Deputy G-1, Headquarters, US Army, The Pengagon
 * BG Ward Arnston, commander, 1st Simulation Group, then as the CG, 1st Brigade, 85th Division, then as the Deputy Commanding General, 75th Division, Houston, TX;
 * BG John Hanley, commander, 1st Simulation Group, 1st Brigade, then as the Deputy Commanding General, 88th Regional Support Command, Ft McCoy, WI;
 * BG Ronald S. Mangum, who commanded the 1st and 4th Brigades, the Battle Projection Group, and the 1st Battalion, 340th Infantry (INST).

Unit inactivation and reactivation
In September 2007, the 85th Division (Training Support) was formally inactivated and its remaining assets folded into the 75th Division (Training Support) and the 88th Regional Readiness Command. In December 2008, the 85th Division was reactivated as the 85th Support Command to provide training and logistical support to First Army.

Heraldry

 * Nickname: Custer Division
 * Shoulder Sleeve Insignia: The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved for the 85th Division on 24 December 1918. It was cancelled and a new design approved for the 85th Division (Training) on 29 June 1970 (Pentagon inside octagon). On 24 February 1986, the original shoulder sleeve insignia, (large red "CD" initials) was reinstated for the 85th Division (Training). The insignia was redesignated for the 85th Division (Training Support) effective 17 October 1999. It was redesignated for the 85th U.S. Army Reserve Support Command on 4 November 2008. (TIOH Drawing Number A-1-540)
 * Distinctive Unit Insignia: General George Custer is represented by the colors scarlet and blue used on his personal flag, and by the scarlet cravat bearing the device of the Michigan Cavalry Brigade, which often formed a part of his uniform. His distinguished service in the Cavalry is recalled by the crossed sabres, and laurel wreath refers to his many victories and achievements in the service of his country. The blue scroll with two stars on either refer to the rank of major general which Custer attained during the Civil War, becoming the Army's youngest general.

title: 85th Infantry Division (United States)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Papa Mousekewitz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECTED. dbenbenn | talk 21:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Papa Mousekewitz
Character from the An American Tail films. —tregoweth 21:53, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to An American Tail -- AllyUnion (talk) 19:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:World of A Song of Ice and Fire

proposing merge of all ASOIAF location articles
There are five location articles that still exist for ASOIAF on en.wiki: Westeros, Across the narrow sea, Cities in A Song of Ice and Fire, Strongholds of A Song of Ice and Fire. The_North (A Song of Ice and Fire) is prodded as having no meaningful content and I don't expect it to survive, so only four will remain (Ghis and Free Cities (A Song of Ice and Fire) are already merged).

All four articles are nice examples of fancruft: unsourced, full of original research and with excessive detail. All have been transwikied to the Song of Ice and fire wiki long ago and have seen no improvement for a long time.

I therefore propose to merge all four articles into a single Locations in A Song of Ice and Fire article and remove most of the cruft while I am at it. I will do so in 7 days if no response is received in the mean time. Yoenit (talk) 12:25, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

 * This is great and sensible idea; please just be sure to implement redirects for links which are in wide use or are likely to be sought out/searched by readers.— TAnthonyTalk 00:21, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how much trimming you intend to do, but I do worry somewhat that a combined article may be too long ... what about just leaving Westeros and Across the narrow sea with everything else somehow merged in? If you do plan to turn at least one of these articles into Locations in A Song of Ice and Fire, it is suggested that you use the Move tool to move an article to Locations in A Song of Ice and Fire to preserve the edit history rather than do a complete cut-and-paste (see WP:Cut-and-paste moves).— TAnthonyTalk 00:28, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I try to include redirects whenever possible, but I am still breaking wikilinks left and right. Plan on scanning all articles and fixing the links when I get the merging stuff over with (not only this, but also character articles). With regards to the length, I am not really sure. I personally use around 75 k as an upper limit for article length and all four articles combined are around 120 k now. There is a significant amount of duplicate and cruft material though (Biology and anthropology?), so we will see what happens. Yoenit (talk) 11:33, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I disagree. I actually found the articles quite a useful and interesting read. - Reanimated X (talk) 03:19, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think the issue is that we don't like the articles or their content, but the size, trivial detail, and complete lack of sources make the "articles" violate a few WP policies. We are unlikely to find reliable sources asserting the notability of much of the intricate location/character info here, but at least if we make an effort to make it concise, the material can avoid deletion.— TAnthonyTalk 04:57, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I recall seeing one of the references on a Harry Potter article being a chapter of one of the books. Couldn't we do that instead? - Reanimated X (talk) 05:13, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Citing a page, chapter, or the novel itself is what we call using a primary source, which is great for direct quotes from the text or to back up plot details that might be questioned. But this doesn't establish the notability of specific details in a manner necessary to meet content guidelines. Unfortunately the notability of the novels themselves doesn't necessarily extend to every character, location, and plotline within them. In the strictest sense, usually all WP considers notable for fictional topics are the details discussed in reliable, verifiable secondary sources, like book reviews. And most reviews and articles I've seen discussing the series may mention Westeros, dragons, the Starks, and the Lannisters, but do not get into detail about various cities, the customs of Dorne, and stuff like that. But there is definitely value in much of what I'll call (for lack of a better term) the "extraneous" info collected here about the series, so if we can keep it in the form of concise lists of locations and people, it fits better into WP (lists have somewhat different guidelines).— TAnthonyTalk 05:31, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the clarification. - Reanimated X (talk) 05:58, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

I have done some work on the merge (you can see it here), but I have run into a problem with the sections "Biology and anthropology" and "Faith". Neither belong in this article (they are not specific to Westeros) and definitely not in a hypothetical Locations in A Song of Ice and Fire article. There is not enough material to warrant separate articles and merging to A Song of Ice and Fire doesn't seem like a good idea either. Does anybody have a brilliant idea what to do with them, as I don't want to get rid of them altogether. Yoenit (talk) 11:51, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I support the merge of the location articles. For the "Biology and anthropology" and "Faith" sections that could possibly be a separate article like Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire or Ideas in A Song of Ice and Fire. Spidey  104 contribs 13:56, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I decided to merge everything to World of A Song of Ice and Fire for now, which should be general enough to incorporate everything. I am not against the creation of a "themes" article, but I think more (OR-free) material would be needed if we want it to survive an AFD. Yoenit (talk) 14:21, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

 * This seems like a great name for a merged article, thanks again for spearheading this. I'm also happy to see that it's not too long! It looks like I may have some more time to edit coming up, so I'll try to scour other ASOIAF articles for references that could be of use here.— TAnthonyTalk 16:26, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

I think you mean "restrain himself" where you have "refrain himself." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.153.86.195 (talk) 23:21, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

Reorg
What do we think about moving each of the "Specific locations" sections (King's Landing, Casterly Rock, etc) under the appropriate Region heading? I feel like when I'm reading about the North it makes sense to have Winterfell and the Wall there as well.— TAnthonyTalk 18:38, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Seems like an excellent idea. Yoenit (talk) 18:56, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Planet
Is the any information about the physical world (that is the planet) that these novels are set in? What kind of planetary system could result in such seemingly random seasonal changes with summers and winters lasting different periods. If such information exists it would be good to include it. I'm unsure whether the author has ever provided such information as the inhabitants may have no knowledge themselves.Puttanesca kol (talk) 10:55, 23 May 2011 (UTC)
 * If I remember correctly the author has stated that the length of the seasons has nothing to do with magic and will be explained in a future novel. With regards to the physical world and planetary system, there is very little information and absolutely nothing that could explain the seasons. Yoenit (talk) 21:19, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

I actually think it's the other way around, that Martin has said the seasons have nothing to do with the specifics of the physical world and everything to do with magic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.70.24.185 (talk) 14:16, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

Westeros in Game of Thrones = Britain?
The Westeros in the intro of Game of Thrones resembles the geography of the British mainland a lot, with The Wall situated roughly at the same location where Hadrian's Wall was located in history and King's Landing roughly at the spot where London is located in real life. Was this intended by the makers or just a coincidence? SpeakFree (talk) 20:57, 20 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The TV series map should be identical to the map from the novels. The shape of the continent between the Neck and Dorne does indeed resemble the coastline of England somewhat, but I see little resemble beyond that. If Kings landing is London then Hadrians wall would located where the Neck is, not the Wall. I don't recall the author giving any information about the inspiration for the map, though he has said the War of the Roses was an inspiration for the storyline. Yoenit (talk) 23:45, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Stark and Lannister are takes on York and Lancaster, the two major warring houses in the War of the Roses]]. British history is a major influence but not the only one obviously so it is not as simple as Westeros=Britain.Gaius Octavius Princeps (talk) 22:10, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Southern Westeros has the general shape of England but east and west are reversed. The peninsulae  corresponding to Wales and Cornwall, for example, are on the east side, south of King's Landing.  "Dorne" is a mirror image of Cornwall.  2001:558:6011:1:10B0:5FF8:FC2A:415C (talk) 04:54, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Did Martin get the name Westeros from Wester Ross? Or is it just a massive coincidence? 86.134.91.155 (talk) 12:19, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

Also bear in mind that Westeros is a continent roughly the size of South America - the extreme north is arctic tundra, whereas the extreme south contains deserts. Saint91 (talk) 21:35, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

Ib
The Ibbenese and Ibbenese whalers are often referred to, but In doesn't appear on any maps. Illyrios tells Tyrion that the first Andals looked like Ibbenese, which might place it in that area of Essos. Anything more specific? --ESP (talk) 11:53, 30 August 2011 (UTC)
 * According to the ASOIAF wiki it is north of the free cities, in the shivering sea. Anything beyond that is speculation, such as this fanmade map . Yoenit (talk)

Citing the books directly, page number differences between UK and US versions
I was planning on sourcing some information on Harrenhal to the books using the handy Concordance on the citadel. However, there there appears to be a difference between page numbers in the US and the UK versions of the books. (see this for more information), leading to possible ambiguity when sourcing a specific page. What would be the best way to resolve this? Should we restrict ourselves to sourcing only from the US version? Should we allow both and specify which version is being used in the reference? Should we drop references to specific pages and use entire chapters instead (like the ASOIAF wiki does)? Yoenit (talk) 14:15, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
 * HRMPF, westeros.org is down again ATM, so I can't check your links; I use their wiki to find chapter page numbers quickly. As for your questions, I guess readers+editors can locate challenged material from the chapter names alone, but having a page number at hand makes it so much easier. Obviously, we can't give a page number for all global editions, so I guess it's best to either use (1) what most English-based readers around the world have -- and that's the US versions --, or (2) what the editors interested in editing this article have. I (from Germany) only have the US paperback editions of books 1–4, and the US hardcover edition of book 5, so that's what I'll be using for sourcing. This is also what the book Game of Thrones and Philosophy uses (which I'll use more for the Themes article than here). For a start, I've also thought about just adding the chapter names from my searchable PDF files for now since I don't always have my books with me for page numbers. When everything is said and done, though, the page numbers should be consistent, not US-UK-mixed. By the way, I've found rp this morning to help keep the amount of citations at bay in the future. – sgeureka t•c 17:28, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
 * (westeros.org is online again) Wow, your Concordance link will make things so much easier so that I'll probably have the enthusiasm and nerve to source this World article pretty quickly (not much before the weekend though). Their wiki's chapter page seems more completed than their static website. I intend to work from the bottom up for now, since the far-away stuff interests me more to me than Westeros. – sgeureka t•c 17:49, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

The Others
Darkfrog just made this change, which is a partial revert. I disagree with the change for the following reasons:

 * The sentence can now be interpreted as "The Others are the only monsters in this story", which is obviously incorrect (giants and kraken for example).
 * The original sentence already explained "The Others" are supernatural beings, which is at least as as much of an explanation as "monsters". The term "monster" is not a good description anyway, as the others are a race of intelligent creatures who are described as tall and graceful, with colorshifting armor (in the book). I would say for example dragons are more monstrous than "the others". Yoenit (talk) 08:12, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

No, the original sentence, "people do not believe in supernatural beings such as dragons or 'The Others,'" did not explain what the term "the Others" meant. Someone who has not read the books will have no idea whether the term refers to tall, graceful people with colorshifting armor, a tribe of ordinary humans, a group of trolls, or something out-of-universe, like another book or another set of characters. Using the term "the Others" by itself with no explanation is in-universe; it assumes that the reader will know what it means, and that is what we must not do. (Also, if we're being very strict, most of the people in the books do believe in dragons; they just think they're all dead. Tyrion specifically says that he believes in dragons because he's seen their bones.) If you don't believe that "monster" does the trick, then how about some of these:

 * "people no longer believe in supernatural beings such as the zombie-like 'Others' from their ancient legends."
 * "people no longer believe in magic or in supernatural beings, such as the 'Others' from their ancient legends."
 * "people believe that stories about magic and about the supernatural 'Others' who once terrorized the people of northern Westeros are only legends that have been exaggerated over time."
 * "people no longer believe in magic or in supernatural beings, such as the 'Others,' a race of ice creatures that once terrorized the humans of northern Westeros." Darkfrog24 (talk) 14:17, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

Okay, forty-eight hours and no objections. She's goin' in! Darkfrog24 (talk) 21:26, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

National variety of English
Is there a reason why this thing is full of British spelling? It's set in a fantasy world and it was written by an American author. Can anyone make the case for British English? 21:48, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

seasons
Does GRRM explicitly talk of the cycle of the seasons being several times longer than earth anywhere? As this seems to be the case in the books but is not really discussed. It'd be good to add in an initial overview if it can be sourced. Casliber (talk · contribs) 12:06, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

 * What I've only ever come across as right out of his mouth (in italic) was the following. It is currently summarized in the third paragraph of the Westeros section.
 * GRRM: The most conspicuous aspect of the world of Westeros in The Song of Ice and Fire is the nature of the seasons, the long and random nature of the seasons. I have gotten a number of fan letters over the years from readers who are trying to figure out the reason for why the seasons are the way they are. They develop lengthy theories: perhaps it’s a multiple-star system, and what the axial tilt is, but I have to say, “Nice try, guys, but you’re thinking in the wrong direction.” This is a fantasy series. I am going to explain it all eventually, but it’s going to be a fantasy explanation. It’s not going to be a science-fiction explanation. -- WT: In a fantasy you have to have a supernatural or mythic core to the story, rather than a scientific one. -- GRRM: Right. Yes. Exactly.
 * EW: This may be a silly question, but: When you think of the world you’ve created, where seasons last for years, where is it? It is another planet? -- GRMM: It’s what Tolkien wrote was “the secondary world.” It’s not another planet. It’s Earth. But it’s not our Earth. If you wanted to do a science fiction approach, you could call it an alternate world, but that sounds too science fictional. Tolkien really pioneered that with Middle Earth. He put in some vague things about tying it to our past, but that doesn’t really hold up. I have people constantly writing me with science fiction theories about the seasons — “It’s a double star system with a black dwarf and that would explain–” It’s fantasy, man, it’s magic.
 * JM: But world building. Like Frank Herbert [author of Dune] was inspired by political unrest and ecology and things. So I was wondering about the seasons. Was that based on something that interested you or did it just seem like a cool thing? -- GRMM: I think I liked the symbolism of it. Winter and summer and what they mean. We all have winters in our lives and it doesn't just mean the cold seasons. Summer is a time of growth and plenty and joy. And winter is a dark time where you have to struggle for survival.
 * And a bunch of reviewers note the seasons, e.g.: "A prominent feature of life in the Kingdoms is the protracted nature of the seasons, which can last for years at a time. As the narrative begins, a long, deceptively peaceful summer is coming to an end. And, as the characters repeatedly remind us, “Winter is coming.”"
 * – sgeureka t•c 14:25, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Aah ok, missed that. Yeah, and how it starts snowing in Kings Landing at the end of the latest book....Casliber (talk · contribs) 14:45, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

Erratic Seasons - Westeros only?
As it stands you get the impression (from WP's articles and from the TV series) that it is Westeros - and Westeros only - that suffers from erratic seasons. Does this concur with a full reading of the text and/or anything the author has said? 31.53.186.67 (talk) 12:41, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

What a section on a location should mention
So that each location description has nearly the same kind of information down the road, here's a list of what this list should mention for each location, if applicable (this is also as a personal reminder). – sgeureka t•c 07:37, 1 July 2012 (UTC)
 * When the location is introduced (first "seen" through the eyes of a POV character, first mentioned in the narrative, or first named on a map)
 * Where the location is, erm, located plus borders (preferably according to the book maps, or according to the HBO viewer guide map, the upcoming map book, the narrative or per GRRM)
 * Martin's inspiration or aims for the location
 * Special geographic properties (climate, flora, fauna) or buildings (but not in WP:UNDUE minutiae)
 * People and culture (physical appearance, language, religion, clothing, customs)
 * Main house (but leave details to Characters in A Song of Ice and Fire), groups or organizations acting or originating from the location, fictional past
 * Relevance to the plot, i.e. interactivitiy with the main plots of Westeros and Daenerys' travels
 * Set design and filming of the TV adaptation

Uploading map from The Lands of Ice and Fire
Now that the map collection is out, would it be allowed to post a scan of the Known Map world to accompany the article? Or would it consist of copyright infringement? --Appledoze (talk) 06:56, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

Article issues
Jon Snow's wiki underline link doesn't direct to the correct page. Instead it goes to Jon Snow, some TV presenter. not sure how to fix this, figured i'd let you all know — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.92.78.121 (talk) 16:49, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Fixed, thanks for notifying us! Yoenit (talk) 18:03, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Lands Beyond the Wall size confirmed
in this | HBO featurete at 1:15 he clearly states the lands beyond the wall are the size of Canada. DJokerNr1 (talk) 03:11, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

a further observation. George RR never specified he meant area (as in sq miles) or just length of the continent, when it came to Westeror's comparison to South America. So the addition of square miles is an editors opinion, not sourced content. DJokerNr1 (talk) 21:19, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Change Title?
This article should be called "The Known World". Similiar to Lord of the Rings, "Middle-earth". - AffeL (talk) 14:23, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
 * That would be too generic. --ExperiencedArticleFixer (talk) 19:28, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

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Dragonstone hatnote
Having a hatnote on "Dragonstone" saying "for Dragonstone in Essos, see..." is not necessary. "Dragonstone" in Essos is an ad-hoc nickname given to an undistinguished location for one chapter; it is not noteworthy either in-universe or in the real world. Nobody looking for information on "Dragonstone" is going to be looking for that hill Daenerys camped out on one time. For the same reason, Winterfell doesn't have a hatnote saying "for the snow sculpture in the Eyrie, see...". AJD (talk) 16:52, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

Metric
Can we add metric systems so non Americans can understand the lengths and distances mentioned in the article? Like the height and length of the Wall. Enjoyer of World (talk) 22:51, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

Seven kingdoms
I presume that the seven kingdoms were inspired by the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that later became England, and there might be a source for that here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/29/the-main-continent-in-game-of-thrones-is-modeled-on-the-british-isles/%3foutputType=amp But you have to be a subscriber to see it, and I'm not. Can somebody who is check please? And then add it to the article if it pans out. Richard75 (talk) 17:36, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:55, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Game of Thrones World Map and Cities.png
 * Map of Essos.png

title: Talk:World of A Song of Ice and Fire


text:
User:Dynamax

Greetings fellow Wikipedians! A little bit about my self... I'm a Peruvian-born guy hailing from the city of Arequipa. My parents immigrated to the United States when I was still very young, which left me rather ignorant about my native country in general. I grew up most of my life in Los Angeles, California, taking short vacation trips to South America with my family every now and then. Although I've been online since late 1995, it was while conducting research for an Anthropology class project that I found Wikipedia on 2004, and did my first edit on Feb 12, 2005 to Arequipa. Since then my edits have been to articles concerning the history (since the Spanish conquest) and current state of events of Latin America, with a specific focus on Peru. I've also done some very minor edits to other articles of my interests, such as Politics, Geography, Biographies, Music (of all types), etc.

Some articles which I have created, translated, or expanded in some way:

 * Francisco Pizarro
 * Estadio Nacional (Lima)
 * National Library of Peru
 * Caretas Newsmagazine
 * Garcí Manuel de Carbajal
 * The Ransom Room
 * UNSA Stadium (Arequipa)
 * Estadio Monumental "U"
 * Spanish conquest of Peru
 * Mariano Melgar
 * Augusto B. Leguía
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 * Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
 * Eduardo López de la Romaña
 * Mariano Ignacio Prado
 * Nicolás de Piérola

Other articles of my general interest:
 * Chemistry
 * International Space Station
 * Physics
 * The Economist respected publication...
 * Mysticism
 * Mario Vargas Llosa
 * Moai interesting huh? Chile in 2006!
 * Inca Garcilaso de la Vega One of the first Mestizos of the New World.
 * Inca Kola "Peru's national drink"

Articles which I plan to expand or create:

 * Fray Martín de Murúa needs to get started
 * Mummy Juanita needs to get started
 * Inca Empire needs more contributions! any more facts or corrections?
 * List of Presidents of Peru added bits of information, needs much work..
 * Arequipa more could be added about its local culture
 * Machu Picchu could use more copyediting
 * Bartolomé de Las Casas can someone talk about De thesauris in Peru ?
 * Cusco could use more images.

Leave me a message here ►►►(Talk)

title: User:Dynamax


text:
User:Asbestos/Anon

Hi, thanks for contributing to Wikipedia! You've been making some valuable contributions to the site. While you can continue making them as an anonymous user, creating a user account is almost instantaneous. With a username, you'd have a user page and, more importantly, a talk page, where people could discuss the article's you've been editing with you. Also, your edits are probably more likely to be taken as good faith if you contribute as registered user than under an anonymous IP.

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title: User:Asbestos/Anon


text:
User:Ilario

>>> Anyone who kills on behalf of God or of justice in fact he kills only for himself or for who uses them, because a God or a justice, that don't think sacred the life, surely are unfounded. <<<

I live in Lugano (Swiss), where I'm worker in IT environment, but I was born in Italy.

My Universities

 * Where I've been graduated: Università degli studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" (Philosophy science)
 * Where I'm graduating (2th time): Università degli studi dell'Insubria (Computer science)
 * Master's degree: Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana (Master in Advanced Computer Science)

Wikimedia
I am member of Wikimedia CH and of Wikimedia Italia

Hot link

 * Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Maps
 * WikiProject_Switzerland

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title: User:Ilario


text: User talk:193.151.75.22

title: User talk:193.151.75.22


text:
Talk:Kaoru Wada

Kingdom hearts?
I thought KH was Yoko Shimomura. --Boco XLVII 21:55, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Note that the article says co-composed --209.215.39.37 22:52, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * He didn't co-compose, he did the orchestral arrangements. There's a HUGE difference. urutapu 17:04, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kaoru Wada


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tanya Mousekewitz

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Tanya Mousekewitz
Character from the An American Tail films. —tregoweth 21:55, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to An American Tail -- AllyUnion (talk) 19:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sam Stinson

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Sam Stinson
non-notable — J3ff 21:56, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC) Delete. Mikkalai 22:54, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete CDC   (talk)  00:11, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete #4 and 9, no context, platform for a link plus vanity... what else...? Wyss 00:53, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Brookie 08:29, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wkugg

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Wkugg
non-notable — J3ff 21:56, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 22:54, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete CDC   (talk)  00:12, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, campus announcement. Wyss 00:52, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wkugg


text:
Talk:Lichtspielhaus

Untitled
Maybe it should be noted that Lichtspielhaus is not a common word in today's German ("Kino" is used in stead of it).

Fair use rationale for Image:Lichtspielhaus.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 23:04, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lichtspielhaus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yasha Mousekewitz

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Yasha Mousekewitz
Character from the An American Tail films. —tregoweth 21:57, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to An American Tail -- AllyUnion (talk) 19:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cat R. Waul

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Cat R. Waul
Character from the An American Tail films. —tregoweth 21:58, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tiger (An American Tail character)

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Tiger (An American Tail character)
Character from the An American Tail films. —tregoweth 21:59, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Re-direct to An American Tail. Georgia guy 22:01, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to An American Tail -- AllyUnion (talk) 19:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Obolon (company)

Obolon Joint Stock Company is a major Ukrainian producer of beverages: beer, low alcohol drinks (cocktails), soda drinks and locally extracted natural mineral water, as well as a major malt producer. Based in Kyiv, Obolon JSC has sites across Ukraine and employs several thousand people.

Obolon's main plant in Kyiv is the largest brewing facility in Europe by installed capacity. , that facility was Europe's largest single beer manufacturer in terms of physical volume. Obolon's plant in Khmelnytskyi Oblast is the largest malting facility in Europe by installed capacity.

History
The company's main brewery was built in 1980 based on designs made by Czech engineers, near an artesian well in Kyiv's Obolon district. Initially called 'Kyiv brewery #3', it was renamed 'Obolon' in 1986. In 1992, Obolon became the first privatized company in independent Ukraine and registered its corporate brand Obolon. The shares of company stock were distributed among its employees. In 1993, Obolon changed its legal status to a closed joint-stock company (currently it is a private joint stock company under present legislation).

In 1997, Obolon obtained a $40 million loan from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) to significantly expand its production capacities. In 2009, Obolon obtained a further $50 million loan from the EBRD towards financial stability and increased energy efficiency.

In 2011 Obolon is changing its form of ownership, becoming a public joint stock company. Molson Coors Brewing Company and Obolon Corporation announce commercial cooperation in Ukraine. This is how the legendary Carling beer appeared on the Ukrainian market. Obolon Corporation ranks 28th in the world in terms of beer production in 2010 and is the first exporter of beer to China.

Oleksandr Slobodian, the CEO and veteran of the company was also a national politician till the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election; he was a member of the Verkhovna Rada and has represented the conservative People's Movement of Ukraine for three consecutive sessions.

In 2020, Obolon launched a large-scale renovation of Obolon TM and Zibert TM took place. New beers, cider ("Ciber Rose"), two new flavors of soft drinks TM "Zhyvchyk" were released, mineral water "Obolonskaya low-carbonated". The company was also the first in Ukraine to launch low-alcohol beverages new to the market in the category of "hard zeltser".

Structure
The Obolon Corporation has its own malting plant able to produce 120,000 tonnes of malt per year. The malting plant uses equipment from the German company Schmidt-Seeger. Obolon uses the malt in its own products and exports it.

Obolon has its main site in Kyiv and 8 facilities in Ukraine:
 * Bershad (Vinnytsia Oblast),
 * Fastiv (Kyiv Oblast),
 * Krasyliv and Chemerivtsi (Khmelnytskyi Oblast),
 * Kolomyia (Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast)
 * Oleksandria (Kirovohrad Oblast),
 * Okhtyrka (Sumy Oblast)
 * Rokytne (Rivne Oblast)
 * Sevastopol.

Products and market share
Obolon sells beer under six brands: Obolon, Obolon BeerMix, Magnat, hike premium beer, Zibert and Desant. Brands for its non-alcoholic products are Zhyvchyk, Prozora and Obolonska mineral waters, and the Jett line of energy drinks. The enterprise also produces low-alcohol beverages, such as kvass. Obolon bottles Bitburger beer under license.

Obolon is the largest Ukrainian exporter of beer, accounting for 80% of Ukrainian beer exports. It was the first Ukrainian brewery to export to the United States. , the company exported to 33 countries. It started exporting beer to China in 2011. Prior to 2014, most exports were to Russia. In September 2014, Russia banned imports of Ukrainian beer over alleged inaccuracies in the nutrition information displayed on the products' labels. Early summer 2015 the company signed a licensing agreement with the Moscow Brewing Company to make beer inside Russia under its label, hence to re-enter the Russian beer market. In March 2022, the company withdrew from this agreement following Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine.

Sponsoring
Obolon has sponsored FC Obolon Kyiv since 1999. The company's CEO was an amateur footballer in his youth. On 21 February 2013 FC Obolon Kyiv withdrew voluntary from the Ukrainian First League after Obolon CEO Slobodyan had refused to finance the club after goalkeeper Kostyantyn Makhnovskyi was sold by the club without his consent. In December 2012 Slobodian announced he would create a new team under the moniker "Obolon Brovar" (Obolon Brewery). This club started its residence in competitive football in the 2013–14 Ukrainian Second League season.

title: Obolon (company)


text: Harry Patterson

title: Harry Patterson


text:
F-Beat Records

F-Beat Records was a record label set up by Andrew Lauder and Jake Riviera in 1979. Its first release, "I Can't Stand Up for Falling Down" by Elvis Costello & the Attractions, reached number 4 in the UK charts, the highest singles chart position the label attained. The first album released on the label was Costello's Get Happy!!, which peaked at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart.

As well as releases from Costello, whom Riviera managed, he sought acts for the label via an advert in NME, and one of the bands who applied (and were given an audition, ultimately unsuccessfully) were Johnny Marr and Andy Rourke's band White Dice. The roster was built up to include Nick Lowe, Carlene Carter, the Blasters, Blanket of Secrecy and Clive Langer and the Boxes. The Album and Single covers were mostly designed by Barney Bubbles and also Antoinette (Tony) Riviera.

F-Beat was distributed in the mid-1980s by RCA Records.

Costello notched up another fifteen hits for F-Beat before leaving for Warner Bros. Records.

The original F-Beat label was closed down in 1986, but it was briefly reactivated in the early 1990s with a new roster including Blab Happy, Nicola Hitchcock, Phil Burdett and the Gutter Brothers.

The F-Beat label had associated offshoot labels in Demon Records and Edsel Records, the latter concentrating on reissues. F-Beat and its sub-labels were acquired by MCI Records and then in 1998 by Kingfisher plc for £2 million.

Roster

 * Elvis Costello & the Attractions
 * Nick Lowe
 * Rockpile
 * Steve Nieve
 * Clive Langer & the Boxes
 * The Coward Brothers
 * Carlene Carter
 * Blanket of Secrecy
 * The Blasters
 * Blab Happy
 * Nicola Hitchcock
 * The Gutter Brothers

title: F-Beat Records