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Planning of the September 11 attacks

On September 11, 2001, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists took control of four commercial aircraft and used them as suicide weapons in a series of four coordinated acts of terrorism to strike the World Trade Center in New York City, The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and an additional target in Washington, D.C. Two aircraft hit the World Trade Center while the third hit the Pentagon. A fourth plane did not arrive at its target, but crashed into a field in Pennsylvania after a passenger revolt. The intended target is believed to have been the United States Capitol. As a result, 2,977 victims were killed, making it the deadliest foreign attack on U.S. soil, exceeding Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, which killed 2,335 members of the United States Armed Forces and 68 civilians. The effort was carefully planned by al-Qaeda, which sent 19 terrorists to take over Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 aircraft, operated by American Airlines and United Airlines.

Background
Al-Qaeda's origins date to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Soon after the invasion, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen. Together with Abdullah Azzam, a Palestinian-Jordanian who influenced bin Laden, they formed Maktab al-Khidamat (MAK) in 1984, to provide support for Arab mujahideen who came to join the jihad in Afghanistan.

Toward the end of the 1980s, the Soviets were retreating in defeat. Bin Laden and Azzam discussed the future of MAK and what to do with the mujahideen force that had built up. Bin Laden and Azzam both wanted to use the force as a "rapid reaction force" to defend oppressed Muslims around the world. Bin Laden wanted to train the mujahideen in terrorist tactics, but Azzam strongly disagreed with this approach, issuing a fatwa saying that it would violate Islamic law. Azzam reiterated the hadith that orders Muslims to kill no women or children.

In November 1989, soon after bin Laden and Azzam split, Azzam was killed in Peshawar, Pakistan. Azzam and his two sons were travelling to Jummah (Friday prayer) when a remote-control-activated bomb detonated, killing them. It is unknown for certain if bin Laden was behind this, but is thought unlikely. Nonetheless, bin Laden was then free to take full control of MAK, laying the groundwork for al-Qaeda. Under the guidance of Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical.

In 1991, bin Laden moved to Sudan, where he led operations in East Africa, including the 1993 assault on U.S. troops at Mogadishu in Somalia. Under Saudi and American pressure, the Sudanese forced bin Laden out of Sudan in 1996, and he returned to Afghanistan.

Ideology
The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 marked a point where bin Laden turned attention toward the United States. He urged the Saudi regime not to host the 500,000 U.S. soldiers, instead advocating use of a mujaheddin force to oust the Iraqis. Bin Laden strongly opposed the continued presence of the U.S. Armed Forces in Saudi Arabia. He interpreted Muhammad as banning the "permanent presence of kafirun (infidels) in Arabia". This drove bin Laden to attack U.S. military targets in Saudi Arabia. The date chosen for the 1998 Kenyan embassy bombings (August 7), was eight years to the day that American troops were sent to Saudi Arabia.

Bin Laden also stated that he viewed the House of Saud (the Saudi royal family) as apostates. In Islam, the charge of apostasy is made against Muslims who become non-believers and reject Islam. Bin Laden also objected to U.S. alliances with the governments of Kuwait, Jordan, and Egypt. He viewed Israelis as kafirun who are unwelcome in "Muslim land". He objected to U.S. foreign policy in relation to Israel. He noted that key figures Madeleine Albright, Sandy Berger, and William Cohen, who were all Jewish, "drove Washington's undoubtedly pro-Israel policy" during the Clinton administration.

Fatwas
In 1996, bin Laden issued a fatwa, calling for the U.S. military to leave Saudi Arabia. In Islam, a fatwa can only be issued by an Islamic scholar; bin Laden, however, was a political fighter who used Islam to motivate his fighters. The 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings marked a turning point, with bin Laden intent on attacking the U.S. Bin Laden issued another fatwa in February 1998, together with Ayman al Zawahiri, declaring war against the U.S. He stated "We do not have to differentiate between military or civilian. As far as we are concerned, they [Americans] are all targets." Bin Laden cited grievances including the presence of U.S. kafirun (soldiers) in the Saudi Arabian holy land, the Iraqi people's suffering due to sanctions imposed after the Persian Gulf War, and U.S. support of Israel. In his December 1999 interview with Rahimullah Yusufzai, bin Laden reiterated his ideology and objected to U.S. military presence in Saudi Arabia. He proclaimed that the U.S. was "too near to Mecca", which he considered a provocation to the entire Muslim world. He also believed Israel "was killing and punishing Palestinians with American money and American arms."

Origins of the September 11 attacks
The attacks were influenced by the Bojinka plot, a terrorist operation planned by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his nephew Ramzi Yousef, who was responsible for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The plan would have included bombings of eleven trans-Pacific airliners and crashing a plane into the CIA Headquarters. Yousef tested the plan by planting a bomb aboard Philippine Airlines Flight 434 on December 11, 1994, which detonated but only killed one passenger. The plot was intercepted when Yousef's Manila apartment burned down and the Philippine National Police captured his laptop computer with the plans. Yousef himself was captured by U.S. and Pakistani forces in 1995.

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed presented a modified plan to bin Laden in 1996 in Afghanistan. According to the 9/11 Commission, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed envisioned hijacking ten airplanes on both the East and West coasts, and for nine of them to crash into the World Trade Center in New York City; The Pentagon, United States Capitol, CIA Headquarters, and FBI Headquarters in the DC metropolitan area; the tallest buildings in California and Washington State (then the US Bank Tower, which at the time was known as Library Tower, in Los Angeles and Columbia Center in Seattle, respectively); and an unspecified nuclear power plant. Mohammed, in the tenth plane, would then kill every adult male passenger and land in a US airport where he would then give a speech denouncing US policies on Israel, the Philippines, and other Arab nations before releasing the remaining passengers. Nothing came of the idea at the time, however, as bin Laden rejected the plan as being too elaborate.

In December 1998, the Director of Central Intelligence Counterterrorist Center reported to President Bill Clinton that al-Qaeda was preparing for attacks in the U.S., including training personnel to hijack aircraft.

In late-1998 or early-1999, bin Laden summoned Khalid Sheikh Mohammed to Kandahar and gave his approval for him to proceed with a scaled back version of the "planes operation." A series of meetings occurred in the spring of 1999, involving Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Osama bin Laden, and his deputy Mohammed Atef. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed wanted to hit the World Trade Center, while bin Laden prioritized the White House, the U.S. Capitol, and the Pentagon because he believed that it would lead to the political collapse of the U.S. federal government. If any pilot could not reach his intended target, he was to crash the plane. Bin Laden recommended four individuals for the plot, including Nawaf al-Hazmi, Khalid al-Mihdhar, Walid Muhammad Salih Bin 'Attash (Khallad), and Abu Bara al-Taizi. Al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar were both Saudi citizens, which made it straightforward for them to obtain U.S. visas, unlike Khallad and al-Taizi who both were Yemeni citizens, and as such unable to get visas to the U.S. easily. The two Yemenis were assigned for the Asia component of the plot. When Mohamed Atta and other members of the Hamburg cell arrived in Afghanistan, bin Laden was involved in selecting them for the plot and assigned Atta to be its leader.

At the time, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed led al-Qaeda's 'military committee'. He provided operational support, such as selecting targets, and helped to arrange travel for the hijackers. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed explained to Fouda, "We had a large surplus of brothers willing to die as martyrs. As we studied various targets, nuclear facilities arose as a key option"...but the nuclear targets were dropped for concerns the plan would "get out of hand."

Hamburg cell
Mohammed Atta, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Marwan al-Shehhi and Ziad Jarrah came into the picture in 1999, when they arrived in Kandahar from Germany. The Hamburg cell was formed in 1998 shortly after Atta received Al-Qaeda leadership approval for his plot. Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, Ziad Jarrah, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Said Bahaji, Zakariyah Essabar, and fifteen others were all members. Atta was religious, but not fanatically so, when he came to Germany in Fall 1992 to study urban planning at the Technical University of Hamburg. While in Germany, he was drawn to al-Quds Mosque in Hamburg, which then adhered to a "harsh, uncompromisingly fundamentalist, resoundingly militant" version of Sunni Islam. A friend of Atta's recalled meeting him at the al-Quds Mosque in 1993, though it is unknown when he began going there. Atta had lived as a strict Muslim, but after making a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1995, he returned to Germany more fanatical than before. In late 1997, Mohamed Atta told his roommate that he was going to Mecca, but likely he went to Afghanistan instead. According to journalist Yosri Fouda, Atta went to the mosque around this time "not to pray but to sign his death will." He was known to have attended Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan in 1999 and 2000.

Ramzi bin al-Shibh, also known as "Ramzi Omar", was a Yemeni citizen. In 1995, he came to Germany seeking asylum, claiming to be a political refugee from Sudan. The judge, however, refused his request for asylum, so bin al-Shibh returned to Yemen's Hadramawt region. Bin al-Shibh later obtained a German visa under his real name and came to Germany in 1997. There, he met Mohammed Atta, the Hamburg cell's leader, at a mosque. For two years, Atta and bin al-Shibh roomed together in Germany. In late 1999, bin al-Shibh traveled to Kandahar, Afghanistan, where he trained at Al-Qaeda training camps, and met others involved in planning the 9/11 attacks. Initial plans for the 9/11 attacks called for bin al-Shibh to be a hijacker pilot, along with Mohammed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, and Ziad Jarrah. From Hamburg, Germany, bin al-Shibh applied for flight training in the U.S. Concurrently, he applied to Aviation Language Services, which provided language training for student pilots. Bin al-Shibh applied four times for an entry visa to the U.S., but was refused each time. He made visa applications in Germany on May 17, 2000, and again in June, on September 16, and October 25, 2000. According to the 9/11 Commission, this visa refusal came out of general concern by U.S. officials that people from Yemen would illegally overstay their visit and seek work in the U.S. Bin al-Shibh's friend, Zakariyah Essabar, was also denied visas repeatedly. After his failure to enter the U.S., bin al-Shibh assumed more of a "coordinator" role in the plot and as a link between Atta in the U.S. and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed in Afghanistan.

Marwan al-Shehhi came to Bonn, Germany, in 1996 on a scholarship from the United Arab Emirates Army to study marine engineering. Al-Shehhi met Atta in 1997, and in 1998 moved to Hamburg to join Atta and bin al-Shibh. As the son of a religiously trained father, al-Shehhi was religious, well-educated in Islam, and adhered to a strict form of the faith. He had a friendlier, more humorous personality than Atta, however, who was serious and more reclusive.

Ziad Jarrah came from Lebanon to Germany in April 1996, where he enrolled in a junior college in Greifswald. There, he met his girlfriend, Aysel Senguen, a medical student. By late 1996, Jarrah's religious views grew radical. In September 1997, he transferred to the Technical University of Hamburg to study aircraft engineering. That summer he worked at a paint shop factory for Volkswagen in Wolfsburg.

Other Hamburg cell members included Said Bahaji, who came to Germany in 1995. He had been born there, but moved to Morocco at age nine. In 1996, Said Bahaji enrolled in the electrical engineering program at the technical university. He spent weekdays at a student home and weekends at his aunt Barbara Arens's home. Arens, his "high tech aunt", stopped the weekend visits on realizing that his religious beliefs had become more radical.

Selection for September 11 plot
In 1999, this group decided to go to Chechnya to fight. While still in Germany, they met Khalid al Masri who put the group in contact with Abu Musab in Duisburg, Germany. Abu Musab turned out to be Mohamedou Ould Slahi. Slahi advised them that it would be difficult to enter Chechnya and advised them instead to go to Afghanistan first for training. In late 1999, the Hamburg group met with bin Laden, and pledged loyalty to him. They agreed to undertake a highly secret mission, and were told to enroll in flight training. Atta was selected by bin Laden to lead the group. Bin Laden met with Atta several more times for additional instructions. The hijacker selection was entirely decided by bin Laden and Mohammed Atef. The hijackers had not yet met with Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. At the time, the hijacking team also included Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, who were selected in early 1999 by bin Laden.

Atta, al-Shehhi, and Jarrah all obtained new passports, claiming that their old ones were lost, before applying for U.S. visas. Atta, Jarrah, and bin al-Shibh returned to Hamburg early in 2000, while al-Shehhi went back to the United Arab Emirates to obtain a new passport and a U.S. visa. Once back in Germany, they made efforts to appear less radical: they distanced themselves from others, stopped attending extremist mosques, and changed their appearances and behaviors.

Arrival in the United States
Al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi arrived in Los Angeles on January 15, 2000. On January 18, Marwan al-Shehhi applied for a visa into the U.S. while he was in the United Arab Emirates. He was the first member of the Hamburg cell to apply for a visa.

By the end of June, Atta, Jarrah, and al-Shehhi left for the U.S. Bin al-Shibh and Essabar wanted to join Atta, al-Shehhi, and Jarrah, but were denied U.S. visas several times. Bin al-Shibh's visa was denied since he was a Yemeni citizen. He made several more attempts to obtain a U.S. visa. One such attempt was a $2,200 deposit he sent to the Florida Flight Training Center as a down payment for a similar training course taken by Ziad Jarrah. He used that application as a basis for a new attempt to get a student visa, rather than the visitor visa he previously had sought. On another occasion, he arranged for several thousand dollars to be deposited in his Yemeni bank account, to demonstrate financial wherewithal. After his final attempt failed, he was advised by a consular official that they could not help him, and to stop trying. At that point bin al-Shibh decided to support the cell by sending money to it. Mohammed was making repeated trips to Indonesia and the Philippines in Southeast Asia at the time. Jarrah nearly abandoned his role in the plot and probably would have been replaced by Zacarias Moussaoui had he done so.

A man named Omar al-Bayoumi had been in San Diego, California, since 1995. He was raising a family and received a monthly stipend from his former employer, an aviation company in Saudi Arabia. He was seen regularly videotaping various locations. Al-Bayoumi also was quick to house immigrants who needed housing. In 2000, he settled in Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar. According to al-Hazmi, al-Bayoumi met him and al-Mihdhar at a restaurant in Los Angeles. Al-Bayoumi offered a ride to San Diego after he heard the men speak Arabic. Al-Bayoumi threw the men a welcome party and al-Hazmi, who said he was in the U.S. to learn English, signed a six-month lease. He often surfed the Internet from the San Diego State University Library.

The first two months of the lease were paid for, yet the men complained that the lease was too expensive. In the spring, al-Hazmi told a friend that someone was going to wire $5,000 to him, and that the money would come from Saudi Arabia. Al-Hazmi told his friend that he had no account. The friend allowed him to use his account, and later found that the money came from a man named "Ali", and that it did not originate in the U.S. The two wanted to take flight lessons, which is why they got the money. A friend took them to Montgomery Field and arranged lessons for them. They took a single flight lesson but did not return. Fereidoun "Fred" Sorbi, the instructor, recalled, "The first day they came in here, they said they want to fly Boeings. We said you have to start slower. You can't just jump right into Boeings."

Al-Hazmi had season passes to the San Diego Zoo and SeaWorld. The men frequented a men's club in San Diego called Cheetah's near the Islamic Center. Al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi frequently drove to Las Vegas in the Toyota sedan they bought.

Flight training
In March 2000, Mohamed Atta contacted the Academy of Lakeland in Florida by e-mail to inquire about flight training, "Dear sir, we are a small group of young men from different Arab countries. Now we are living in Germany since a while for study purposes. We would like to start training for the career of airline professional pilots. In this field we haven't yet any knowledge but we are ready to undergo an intensive training program (up to ATP and eventually higher)." He sent 50–60 similar e-mails to other flight training schools in the U.S.

On May 18, 2000, Atta applied for and received a U.S. visa. After obtaining his visa, Atta traveled to Prague before going to the U.S. Atta, along with Marwan al-Shehhi and Ziad Jarrah arrived in Venice, Florida, and visited Huffman Aviation to "check out the facility." They explained that "they came from a flight school in the area, they were not happy and they were looking for another flight school". By December, Atta and al-Shehhi left Huffman Aviation, and on December 21, Atta received a pilot license. Jarrah had left Huffman Aviation on January 15, 2001, a month after Atta and Al-Shehhi had done so.

Final preparations
About three weeks before the attacks, the targets were assigned to four teams. The United States Capitol was called "The Faculty of Law". The Pentagon was dubbed "The Faculty of Fine Arts". Mohammed Atta codenamed the World Trade Center "The Faculty of Town Planning".

Financial support
The 9/11 Commission stated in its final report that the "9/11 plotters eventually spent somewhere between $400,000 and $500,000 to plan and conduct their attack" but the "origin of the funds remains unknown." The Commission noted: "we have seen no evidence that any foreign government-or foreign government official-supplied any funding." The report cites a CIA estimate of Al Qaeda's total operating costs prior to 9/11, of "around $30 million per year".

CNN claimed in October 2001 that U.S. investigators believed Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh (Ahmed Umar Syed Sheikh), using the alias Mustafa Muhammad Ahmad, sent over $100,000 from Pakistan to Mohamed Atta, the suspected hijack ringleader of the September 11 attacks.

"Investigators said Atta then distributed the funds to conspirators in Florida in the weeks before the deadliest acts of terrorism on U.S. soil that destroyed the World Trade Center, heavily damaged the Pentagon and left thousands dead [...] Syed also is described as a key figure in the funding operation of Al-Qaeda, the network headed by suspected terrorist mastermind Osama bin Laden."

The Pittsburgh Tribune noted that "There are many in Musharraf's government who believe that Saeed Sheikh's power comes not from the ISI, but from his connections with our own CIA."

CNN later confirmed that it was "Ahmed Umar Syed Sheikh, whom [sic] authorities say used a pseudonym to wire $100,000 to suspected hijacker Mohammad Atta, who then distributed the money in the United States."

Soon after the money transfer was discovered, the head of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence, Gen. Mahmood (Mahmud) Ahmed, resigned from his position. Indian news outlets reported the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was investigating the possibility that Gen. Mahmood Ahmed ordered Saeed Sheikh to send the $100,000 to Atta, while most Western media outlets only reported his connections to the Taliban as the reason for his departure from the ISI.

The Wall Street Journal was one of few Western news organizations to follow up on the story, citing the Times of India: "U.S. authorities sought [Gen. Mahmud Ahmed's] removal after confirming the fact that $100,000 [was] wired to WTC hijacker Mohamed Atta from Pakistan by Ahmad Umar Sheikh at the insistence of Gen Mahmud." The Daily Excelsior reported, "The FBI’s examination of the hard disk of the cellphone company Omar Sheikh had subscribed to led to discovery of the "link" between him and the deposed chief of the Pakistani ISI, Gen. Mehmood Ahmed. And as the FBI investigators delved deeper, sensational information surfaced with regard to the transfer of $100,000 to Mohamed Atta, one of the pilots who flew a Boeing into the World Trade Center. Gen. Mehmood Ahmed, the FBI investigators found, fully knew about the transfer of money to Atta."

According to The Washington Post, "on the morning of Sept. 11, [Porter] Goss and [Bob] Graham were having breakfast with a Pakistani general named Mahmud Ahmed – the soon-to-be-sacked head of Pakistan's intelligence service" On September 12 and 13, Lt. Gen. Mahmood met with United States Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage, Senator Joseph Biden, the Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and Secretary of State Colin Powell. An agreement on Pakistan's collaboration in the new "war on terror" was negotiated between Mahmood and Armitage.

Lt. Gen. Mehmood Ahmed then led a six-member delegation to the Afghan city of Kandahar in order to hold crisis talks with the Taliban leadership, supposedly in an attempt to persuade them to hand over Osama bin Laden.

In June 2001, a "high-placed member of a U.S. intelligence agency" told BBC reporter Greg Palast that "after the [2000] elections, the agencies were told to "back off" investigating the bin Ladens and Saudi royals".

In May 2002, former FBI agent Robert Wright, Jr. delivered a tearful press conference apologizing to the families who lost loved ones on September 11. He described how his superiors intentionally obstructed his investigation into Al-Qaeda financing.

Agent Wright later told ABC's Brian Ross: "September 11th is a direct result of the incompetence of the FBI's International Terrorism Unit", specifically referring to the bureau's hindering of his investigation into Yasin al-Qadi, whom Ross described as a powerful Saudi Arabian businessman with extensive financial ties in Chicago. One month after September 11, the U.S. government officially identified Yassin al-Qadi as one of Osama bin Laden's primary financiers and a Specially Designated Global Terrorist.

In an interview with Computerworld Magazine, a former business associate described his relationship with al-Qadi: "I met him a few times and talked to him a few times on the telephone. He never talked to me about violence. Instead, he talked very highly of his relationship with [former President] Jimmy Carter and [Vice President] Dick Cheney."

The Muwafaq Foundation, which U.S. authorities confirmed was an arm of bin Laden's terror organization, was headed by Yassin al-Qadi, who was also known as the owner of Ptech –  a company that has supplied high-tech computer systems to the FBI, the Internal Revenue Service, the United States Congress, the United States Army, the Navy, the Air Force, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the White House. Matthew Levitt, a former FBI counter-terrorism agent, commented: "For someone like [al-Qadi] to be involved in a capacity, in an organization, a company that has access to classified information, that has access to government open or classified computer systems, would be of grave concern." Also sitting on Ptech's board of directors was Yacub Mirza – "a senior official of major radical Islamic organizations that had been linked by the U.S. government to terrorism." In addition, Hussein Ibrahim, the Vice President and Chief Scientist of Ptech, was vice chairman of a defunct investment group called BMI, a company the FBI had named as a conduit used by al-Qadi to launder money to Hamas militants.

According to Senator Bob Graham, then-chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee from June 2001 through the buildup to the Iraq war, "Two of the Sept. 11, 2001, hijackers had a support network in the U.S. that included agents of the Saudi government, and the Bush administration and FBI blocked a congressional investigation into that relationship", as reported by the Miami Herald: "And in Graham's book, Intelligence Matters, obtained by The Herald Saturday, he made clear that some details of that financial support from Saudi Arabia were in the 27 pages of the congressional inquiry's final report that the administration blocked from release, despite pleas from leaders of both parties on the House and Senate intelligence committees."

title: Planning of the September 11 attacks


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Anselm Hollo

Anselm Paul Alexis Hollo (12 April 1934 – 29 January 2013) was a Finnish poet and translator. He lived in the United States from 1967 until his death in January 2013.

Hollo published more than forty titles of poetry in the United Kingdom and in the United States, with a style strongly influenced by the American beat poets.

Personal life
Paavo Anselm Aleksis Hollo was born in Helsinki, Finland. His father, Juho August Hollo (1885–1967) — who liked to be known as "J. A." Hollo — was professor of pedagogy at the University of Helsinki, an essayist, and a major translator of literature into Finnish. His mother was Iris Antonina Anna Walden (1899–1983), a music teacher and daughter of organic chemist Paul Walden. He lived for eight years in the United Kingdom and had three children, Hannes, Kaarina, and Tamsin, with his first wife, poet Josephine Clare. He was a permanent resident in the United States from the late 1960s until his death. At the time of his death, he resided in Boulder, Colorado with his second wife, artist Jane Dalrymple-Hollo.

Career
In the 1960s Hollo lived in London and worked at the Finnish section of BBC World Service. One of his tasks there was to write radio dramas in Finnish, together with another Finnish poet, Matti Rossi. The music to their productions was written by Erkki Toivanen.

Around this time he was also beginning to make a name for himself as a poet in the English language. In 1965, Hollo performed at the "underground" International Poetry Incarnation, London. Also in the same year, the first customer of the Indica Bookshop, a certain Paul McCartney, is known to have bought, among other things, the book & it is a song by Anselm Hollo the day before the bookshop was officially opened.

In 2001, poets and critics associated with the SUNY Buffalo POETICS list elected Hollo to the honorary position of "anti-laureate", in protest at the appointment of Billy Collins to the position of Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress.

Hollo translated poetry and belles-lettres from Finnish, German, Swedish, and French into English. He was one of the early translators of Allen Ginsberg into German and Finnish.

Hollo taught creative writing in eighteen different institutions of higher learning, including SUNY Buffalo, the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and the University of Colorado at Boulder. Since 1985, he taught in the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at Naropa University, where he held the rank of Full Professor.

Several of his poems have been set into music by pianist and composer Frank Carlberg. Poets Ted Berrigan and Alice Notley named their son Anselm Berrigan after Hollo.

Hollo became ill during the summer of 2012 and had brain surgery. Hollo died from post-operative pneumonia on 29 January 2013 at the age of 78.

Awards

 * 1979 NEA and Poets Foundation fellowships
 * 1996 Gertrude Stein Award in Innovative American Poetry 1995–1996
 * 1996 Finnish State Award for Foreign Translators
 * 2001 best book of poems Award by the San Francisco Poetry Center, for Notes on the Possibilities and Attractions of Existence: New and Selected Poems 1965–2000
 * 2004 Harold Morton Landon Translation Award

Selected publications

 * Sateiden välillä, runoja. Otava, Helsinki 1956
 * & (And) what else is new : a small pamphlet. New voice, Chatham, Kent 1963
 * Jazz poems. Vista Books, London 1963
 * & (And) it is a song : poems. Migrant Press, Birmingham 1965
 * Faces & Forms: Poems. Ambit, London 1965
 * Word from the north : new poetry from Finland, edited, translated and introduction by Anselm Hollo. Blackburn London : Lancs., Poetmeat : Strangers press 1965
 * The claim. Goliard Press, London 1966
 * Alembic Trigram Press 1972
 * Finite Continued, Blue Wind Press 1980 (ISBN 0-912652-68-3)
 * Finite Continued, Blue Wind Press 1980 (ISBN 0-912652-68-3)
 * Finite Continued, Blue Wind Press 1980 (ISBN 0-912652-68-3)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anselm Hollo


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Ellen Corby

Ellen Hansen Corby (June 3, 1911 – April 14, 1999) was an American actress and screenwriter. She played the role of Esther "Grandma" Walton on the CBS television series The Waltons, for which she won three Emmy Awards. She was also nominated for an Academy Award and won a Golden Globe Award for her performance as Aunt Trina in I Remember Mama (1948).

Early life
Ellen Hansen was born in Racine, Wisconsin, to immigrant parents from Denmark. She grew up in Philadelphia. An interest in amateur theater while in high school led her to Atlantic City in 1932, where she briefly worked as a chorus girl. She moved to Hollywood that same year and got a job as a script girl at RKO Studios and Hal Roach Studios, where she often worked on Our Gang comedies, alongside her future husband, cinematographer Francis Corby. She held that position for the next 12 years and took acting lessons on the side.

Career
Although she had bit parts in more than 30 films in the 1930s and 1940s, including Babes in Toyland (1934) and It's a Wonderful Life (1946), her first credited acting role was in RKO's Cornered (1945) in which she played a maid, followed by an uncredited brief speaking role as a kitchen cook in The Locket (1946). Corby began her career as a writer at Paramount studios working on the Western Twilight on the Trail (1941).

She received an Academy Award nomination and a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as a lovelorn aunt in I Remember Mama (1948). Over the next four decades, she worked in film and television, typically portraying maids, secretaries, waitresses, or gossips, often in Westerns, and had a recurring role as Henrietta Porter, a newspaper publisher, in Trackdown.

Corby appeared as the elderly Mrs. Lesh, the crooked car peddler, on CBS's The Andy Griffith Show. She guest-starred, as well, on Wagon Train, Cheyenne, The Guns of Will Sonnett, Dragnet (several episodes), Rescue 8, The Restless Gun (two episodes), The Rifleman, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, Fury, The Donna Reed Show, Frontier Circus, Hazel, I Love Lucy, Dennis the Menace, Tightrope, Bonanza, The Big Valley, Meet McGraw, The Virginian, Channing, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Batman, Get Smart, Gomer Pyle, The Addams Family (as Lurch's Mother), The Beverly Hillbillies, The Invaders, Lassie, and Night Gallery. From 1965 to 1967, she had a recurring role in the NBC television series Please Don't Eat the Daisies, based on an earlier Doris Day film.

Her best-known role came as Grandma Esther Walton on the made-for-TV film The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (1971), which served as the pilot for The Waltons. Her husband, Zebulon Walton, was portrayed by actor Edgar Bergen in the film. Corby went on to resume her role on the weekly television series The Waltons. (She was the only adult actor from the original Homecoming pilot to carry her role over to the series.) Actor Will Geer played her husband in the series from 1972 until his death in 1978, at which time the character of Zebulon Walton was also buried. The series ran from 1972 to 1981, and resulted in six sequel films. For her work in The Waltons, she gained three Emmy Awards and three more nominations as Best Supporting Actress. She also won a Golden Globe award for best supporting actress in a TV series for The Waltons, and was nominated another three times. She left the show November 10, 1976, owing to a massive stroke she had suffered at home, which impaired her speech and severely limited her mobility and function. She returned to the series during the final episode of the 1977–78 season, with her character depicted as also recovering from a stroke.

She remained a regular on The Waltons through the end of the 1978–79 season, with Esther Walton struggling with her stroke deficits as Corby was in real life. Although Corby was able to communicate after her stroke, her character's lines were usually limited to one word or one-phrased dialogue. For example, upon receiving news of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, she exhorted the family to "pray, pray, pray."

Her role dropped to recurring during The Waltons' final two seasons, though she later resumed her role as Grandma Walton in five of the six Waltons reunion movies between 1982 and 1997.

Personal life
Ellen Hansen married Francis Corby, a film director/cinematographer who was two decades her senior, in 1934; they divorced in 1944. The marriage produced no children. In 1954, Corby met Stella Luchetta. Luchetta was Corby's partner throughout the rest of Corby's life.

In 1969 Corby was trained by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in Rishikesh, India, to become a teacher of Transcendental Meditation. She had been practicing the technique for several years before.

She suffered a stroke in November 1976 from which she recovered and returned to her role on The Waltons in March 1978. According to Michael Learned, who played Olivia Walton, Will Geer (Zebulon Walton, her husband in the series) may have saved her life. When she failed to show up for work, Geer immediately suspected something was wrong as Corby was a true professional who was never late. So Geer went with the show's producers to her home, where they found that she had suffered a stroke.

Her final role was in A Walton Easter (1997). In 1999, following several years of declining health, Corby died at age 87 at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles. Her memorial site is in Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California.

Filmography

 * 1930s
 * Rafter Romance (1933) as Telemarketer (uncredited)
 * Sons of the Desert (1933) as Dress Person at Table Next to Chase's (uncredited)
 * Twisted Rails (1934) as Minor role (uncredited)
 * Babes in Toyland (1934) as Townswoman at Tom-Tom's Trial (uncredited)
 * Speed Limited (1935) as Secretary (uncredited)
 * The Broken Coin (1936) as Bit Part (uncredited)
 * 1940s
 * Cornered (1945) as Swiss Maid (uncredited)
 * The Scarlet Horseman (1946) as Mrs. Barnes (uncredited)
 * The Spiral Staircase (1946) as Neighbour (uncredited)
 * From This Day Forward (1946) as Mother (uncredited)
 * The Truth About Murder (1946) as Betty - Ashton's Secretary (uncredited)
 * Bedlam (1946) as Queen of the Artichokes (uncredited)
 * The Dark Corner (1946) as Maid (uncredited)
 * In Old Sacramento (1946) as Scrubwoman (uncredited)
 * Cuban Pete (1946) as Screaming Patient (uncredited)
 * Lover Come Back (1946) as Rita, Kay's Secretary (uncredited)
 * Till the End of Time (1946) as Mrs. Sumpter (uncredited)
 * Crack-Up (1946) as Reynold's Maid (uncredited)
 * Sister Kenny (1946) as Hospital Scrub Woman (uncredited)
 * The Locket (1946) as Ginny, Kitchen Maid (uncredited)
 * It's a Wonderful Life (1946) as Ms. Davis (uncredited)
 * Beat the Band (1947) as Gertrude's Mother (uncredited)
 * Born to Kill (1947) as 2nd Maid (uncredited)
 * The Long Night (1947) as Lady in Crowd (uncredited)
 * The Unfaithful (1947) as Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)
 * Living in a Big Way (1947) as Broken Arms' Sailors Wife (uncredited)
 * They Won't Believe Me (1947) as Screaming Woman (uncredited)
 * Cry Wolf (1947) as Wedding Caterer (uncredited)
 * The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947) as Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)
 * The Hal Roach Comedy Carnival (1947) as Cathy, the Maid, in 'Fabulous Joe'
 * The Fabulous Joe (1947) as Cathy, the Maid (uncredited)
 * Driftwood (1947) as Excitable Woman (uncredited)
 * Railroaded! (1947) as Mrs. Wills (uncredited)
 * Forever Amber (1947) as Marge (uncredited)
 * The Judge Steps Out (1947) as Mother at Party (uncredited)
 * If You Knew Susie (1948)
 * I Remember Mama (1948) as Aunt Trina
 * The Noose Hangs High (1948) as Hilda, the Maid (uncredited)
 * Fighting Father Dunne (1948) as Colpeck's Secretary (uncredited)
 * Strike It Rich (1948) as Mrs. Annie Harkins
 * The Dark Past (1948) as Agnes
 * A Woman's Secret (1949) as Nurse
 * Rusty Saves a Life (1949) as Miss Simmons (uncredited)
 * Little Women (1949) as Sophie
 * Mighty Joe Young (1949) as Nurse at Orphanage (uncredited)
 * Madame Bovary (1949) as Félicité
 * 1950s
 * Captain China (1950) as Miss Endicott
 * Caged (1950) as Emma Barber
 * The Gunfighter (1950) as Mrs. Devlin
 * Peggy (1950) as Mrs. Privet, the Librarian
 * Edge of Doom (1950) as Mrs. Jeanette Moore
 * Harriet Craig (1950) as Lottie
 * Stars over Hollywood (1950) as Rosa Peterson
 * The Mating Season (1951) as Annie
 * Stars over Hollywood (1951) as Rosa Peterson
 * Goodbye, My Fancy (1951) as Miss Birdshaw
 * On Moonlight Bay (1951) as Miss Mary Stevens
 * Angels in the Outfield (1951) as Sister Veronica
 * Here Comes the Groom (1951) as Mrs. McGonigle
 * The Barefoot Mailman (1951) as Miss Della (uncredited)
 * The Sea Hornet (1951) as Mrs. Drinkwater
 * The Big Trees (1952) as Sister Blackburn
 * Fearless Fagan (1952) as Mrs. Ardley
 * Monsoon (1952) as Katie
 * Your Jeweler's Showcase (1952)
 * The Story of Three Loves (1953)
 * Woman They Almost Lynched (1953) as First Townswoman
 * Shane (1953) as Mrs. Liz Torrey
 * The Vanquished (1953) as Mrs. Barbour
 * You Are There (1953) as Mrs. Mary Surratt
 * Letter to Loretta (1953) as Jennie
 * Dragnet (1953) as Margaret Beckar
 * A Lion Is in the Streets (1953) as Singing Woman
 * Dragnet (1954) as Thelma Keene
 * Four Star Playhouse (1954) as Martha - Maid / Elsie
 * Untamed Heiress (1954) as Mrs. Flanny
 * The Ford Television Theatre (1954) as Mabel
 * The Bowery Boys Meet the Monsters (1954) as Amelia Gravesend
 * About Mrs. Leslie (1954) as Mrs. Croffman
 * Susan Slept Here (1954) as Coffee Shop Waitress (uncredited)
 * Lux Video Theatre (1954, TV Series) as Lavinia Penniman / Aunt
 * Sabrina (1954) as Miss McCardle
 * Stage 7 (1955) as Old Lady
 * General Electric Theater (1955) as Frankie, Joan's maid
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955) (Season 1 Episode 3: "Triggers in Leash" as Maggie Ryan
 * Illegal (1955) as Miss Hinkel
 * The Millionaire (1955, TV Series) as Nancy Marlborough
 * Slightly Scarlet (1956) as Martha - June Lyons' Maid (uncredited)
 * The Millionaire (1956, TV Series) as Bedelia Buckley
 * Matinee Theater (1956) as Louise / Cissie
 * I Love Lucy (1956) as Miss Hanna
 * The Roy Rogers Show (1956) as Amity Bailey
 * Lux Video Theatre (1956) as Harriet / Norah / Nurse / Martha
 * Sneak Preview (1956) (Season 1 Episode 5 "The Way Back")
 * Stagecoach to Fury (1956) as Sarah Farrell
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956) (Season 2 Episode 6 "Toby") as Marie McGurk
 * The Go-Getter (1956) as The Maid
 * The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1957) as Mrs. Jane McGill
 * The People's Choice (2 episodes, 1956, 1958, TV Series) as Flora Jordan / Miss J. Hopkins / Lola
 * Mr. Adams and Eve (1957) as Fan
 * The Joseph Cotten Show, also known as On Trial (1957) as Martha
 * All Mine to Give (1957) as Mrs. Raiden
 * The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin (1957) as Sally Benton
 * The 20th Century Fox Hour (1957) as Minerva Comstock
 * The Seventh Sin (1957) as Sister Saint Joseph
 * God Is My Partner (1957) as Mrs. Dalton
 * Night Passage (1957) as Mrs. Feeney
 * The Adventures of Jim Bowie (1957) as Adorine
 * Rockabilly Baby (1957) as Mrs. Wellington
 * Trackdown, recurring role (1957–1959, TV Series) as Henrietta Porter
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 26: "Bull in a China Shop") as Miss Samantha
 * Vertigo (1958) as Manager of McKittrick Hotel
 * Decision (1958, TV Series) as Granny Dawson
 * As Young as We Are (1958) as Nettie McPherson
 * Macabre (1958) as Miss Kushins
 * The Restless Gun (1958) as Emma Birch in Episode "The Suffragette"
 * The Restless Gun (1958) as Amy Morgan in Episode "The Crisis at Easter Creek"
 * Richard Diamond, Private Detective (1958) as Harriet
 * The Texan, in "The Lord Will Provide" (1958, TV Series) as Katy Clayton
 * 77 Sunset Strip (1959, TV Series) as Martha Ward
 * The Restless Gun (1959) as Miss Purcell in Episode "A Trial for Jenny May"
 * Peter Gunn (1959, TV Series) as Irma Goffney
 * Perry Mason (1959, TV Series) as Old Lady Card Player
 * The Restless Gun (1959) as Ruth Purcell
 * Wagon Train (1959) as Aunt Em
 * Lock Up (1959, TV Series) as Mrs. Cathrey
 * The DuPont Show with June Allyson, with James Coburn and Jane Powell, in episode entitled "The Girl" (1959) as Mrs. Walters
 * Richard Diamond, Private Detective (1959) as Miss Carter

 * 1960s
 * Bonanza (1960, TV Series) as Lorna Doone Mayberry
 * General Electric Theater (1960, TV Series) as Ma Jericho
 * Hot off the Wire (1960)
 * The Rifleman (1960, TV Series) as Mrs. Avery
 * Visit to a Small Planet (1960) as Mrs. Mabel Mayberry
 * Tightrope (1960, TV Series) as Hazel Mason
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 33: "Party Line") as Emma
 * The Chevy Mystery Show (1960, TV Series) as Maria
 * Wagon Train (1960, TV Series) as Aunt Em
 * The Rebel (1960, TV Series) as Carrie Blyden
 * Dennis the Menace (1960, TV Series) as Miss Douglas
 * Thriller (1960, TV Series) as Mrs. Peele
 * Tales of Wells Fargo (1960) as Kate Wiggam
 * Lock-Up (1960, TV Series) as Amy Kraus
 * Lassie (1961, TV Series) as Pearlie Mae Yochim / Pearlie Mae
 * Surfside 6 (1961) as Addie Horton
 * The Tall Man (1961, TV Series) as Hannah Blossom
 * Hennesey (2 episodes 1960–1961, TV Series) as Mrs. Hammer - Landlady
 * The Tab Hunter Show (1961, TV series) as John Larsen's mother
 * Frontier Circus (1961) as Abby
 * General Electric Theater (1961) as Gracie Jordan
 * The Rifleman (1961) as Mrs. Morgan
 * Pocketful of Miracles (1961) as Soho Sal
 * Follow the Sun (1961) as Annabelle Witherspoon
 * Oh! Those Bells (1962) as Ma Scarlet
 * The Dick Powell Show (1962) as Mrs. Butterworth
 * The Joey Bishop Show (1962) as the Judge
 * Saintly Sinners (1962) as Mrs. McKenzie
 * 87th Precinct (1962) as Mrs. Brodek
 * Cheyenne (1962) as Hortense Durango
 * Dr. Kildare (1962) as Ainsley Hallie
 * Bonanza (1963, TV Series) as Cora Milford
 * The Andy Griffith Show (1963, TV Series) as Myrt 'Hubcaps' Lesh
 * McKeever and the Colonel (1963) as Mrs. Blackwell
 * The Caretakers (1963) as Irene
 * The Lucy Show (1963, TV Series) as Miss Tanner / Woman in Park
 * 4 for Texas (1963) as Widow
 * The Strangler (1964) as Mrs. Kroll
 * Destry (1964, TV Series) as Granny Jellico
 * Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. (1964) as Mother
 * The Beverly Hillbillies (1964) as Mrs. Emma Poke
 * The Virginian (1964, TV Series) as Mrs. Clancy
 * Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964) as Town Gossip
 * The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1964) Season 3 Episode 11: "Consider Her Ways") as The Chief Nurse
 * Daniel Boone (1965, TV Series) as Hilda Brock
 * The Addams Family (1965, TV Series) as Mother Lurch
 * The Donna Reed Show (1965, TV Series) as Christine Moss
 * Ben Casey (1965) as Mrs. Jacoby
 * The Family Jewels (1965) as Airline Passenger #3
 * The Farmer's Daughter (1965, TV Series) as Mrs. Schuyler
 * Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1965)
 * The F.B.I. (1966, TV Series) as Mary Carmichael / Mrs. Stone
 * The Ghost and Mr. Chicken (1966) as Miss Neva Tremaine
 * Get Smart (1966, TV Series) as Agnes Davenport
 * Honey West (1966, TV Series) as Nellie Peedy
 * Lassie (1966, TV Series) as Bess Wright
 * The Night of the Grizzly (1966) as Hazel Squires
 * Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre (1966) as Miss Purdy
 * The Glass Bottom Boat (1966) as Anna Miller
 * The Fugitive (1966, TV Series) as Mrs. Murdock / Mrs. Barlow
 * Laredo (1966, TV Series) as Ma Sweet
 * Rango (1967, TV Series) as Ma Brooks
 * The F.B.I. (1967, TV Series) as Elizabeth Page
 * The Invaders (1967, TV Series) as Aunt Sara
 * The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. (1967, TV Series) as Madame Bloor
 * Mr. Terrific (1967, TV Series) as Mrs. Walters
 * The Gnome-Mobile (1967) as Etta Pettibone (uncredited)
 * The Big Valley (1967, TV Series) as Emmie Pearson
 * Batman (1968, TV Series) as Mrs. Green
 * The F.B.I. (1968, TV Series) as Hannah Beecher / Aunt Florrie Buell
 * The Mystery of Edward Sims (1968) as Woman at Burton Ridge land office
 * The Legend of Lylah Clare (1968) as Script Girl
 * A Fine Pair (1968) as Maddy Walker
 * The High Chaparral (1968, TV Series) as Mrs. Dilts
 * The Guns of Will Sonnett (1968, TV Series) as Molly Cobb
 * Lassie (1968, TV Series) as Amy Baker
 * Hawaii Five-O (1968, TV Series) as Mrs. Feathertree
 * Ironside (1969, TV Series) as Agnes Fairchild
 * Adam-12 (1969, TV Series) as Mrs. Cunningham
 * Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. (1969, TV Series) as Mother
 * Angel in My Pocket (1969) as Old Woman
 * The Outsider (1969, TV Series) as Aunt Myrtle
 * Lancer (1969, TV Series) as Widow Hargis
 * 1970s
 * The F.B.I. (1970, TV Series) as Mrs. Anderson
 * Nanny and the Professor (1970, TV Series) as Mrs. Kaufman
 * Bracken's World (1970, TV Series) as Mrs. Hopkins
 * Adam-12 (1971, TV Series) as Camille Gearhardt
 * Love, American Style (1971, TV Series) as The Little Old Lady (segment "Love and the Jury")
 * The Odd Couple (1971, TV Series) as Florence
 * Cannon (1971, TV Series) as Teacher
 * Support Your Local Gunfighter (1971) as Abigail
 * A Tattered Web (1971) as Mrs. Simmons
 * The Partners (1971, TV Series, who took no prisoners!) as Eddie Palalskie's mother
 * The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (1971) as Esther Walton
 * The Waltons (1972–1980, TV Series) as Esther Walton
 * Napoleon and Samantha (1972) as Gertrude
 * Night Gallery (1972) as Miss Patience
 * Love, American Style (1972, TV Series) as Granny Gambler (segment "Love and Lady Luck")
 * Tenafly (1973, TV Series) as Leslie Storm
 * The Story of Pretty Boy Floyd (1974, TV Movie) as Ma Floyd
 * 1980s
 * All the Way Home (1981, TV Movie) as Great-Gandmaw
 * A Wedding on Walton's Mountain (1982, TV Movie) as Grandma Walton
 * A Day for Thanks on Walton's Mountain (1982, TV Movie) as Grandma Walton
 * 1990s
 * A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion (1993, TV Movie) as Grandma Walton
 * A Walton Wedding (1995, TV Movie) as Grandma Walton
 * A Walton Easter (1997, TV Movie) as Grandma Walton (final film role)

Writer

 * The Broken Coin (1936) (Original Story as Ellen Hansen)
 * Twilight on the Trail (1941) (screenplay)
 * Hoppy's Holiday (1947) (story)
 * The Waltons (story, 2 episodes): The Separation (1973), The Search (1976)

Miscellaneous crew

 * Swiss Miss (1938) (script supervisor) (uncredited)

title: Ellen Corby


text:
The Stones Are Hatching

The Stones Are Hatching is a young adult fantasy novel by Geraldine McCaughrean first published in 1999 by Oxford University Press.

Plot
Eleven-year-old Phelim Green awakes to find his house full of small creatures, led by the Domovoy which has been living behind his stove. As the Domovoy explains to Phelim that the monsters attacking him are called 'hatchlings', the house is attacked by a monstrous black dog. The Domovoy saves Phelim from being eaten, but evicts him from his house.

Confused, Phelim wanders into a forest, where he meets a tree-dwelling tramp named Mad Sweeney, and later sees a washerwoman cleaning a bloody shirt. He flees in terror, encountering Alexia, a strange girl with no shadow, on a bridge. They are attacked by a hatchling that uses treasure to lure Phelim into the river. The pair are saved by Sweeney, who explains that the hatchlings come from ‘stones’ hatched by a gigantic Stoor Worm buried under Europe, which has been awoken by the sound of artillery from the First World War. Alexia tells Phelim that he is 'Jack O'Green', the hero fated to stop the worm from destroying Europe, helped by the Maiden, the Fool, and the Horse.

After performing a spell to summon the Horse, Phelim, Alexia and Sweeney are joined by a talking creature made of cloth called the Obby Oss. It takes them to Storidge, where the Worm's head is. Upon arrival, the trio undertake a variety of quests before discovering that Mr. Pringle, the Storidge librarian, has taken control of the town and is forcing its residents to perform ancient rituals to ward off the hatchlings. Pringle learns that Phelim is Jack O’Green and convinces him to take part in a tradition of carrying a burning bale of straw across the town. Alexia takes the bale from him and tries to continue the ritual, but it sets her on fire and she dies.

Sweeney and Phelim use Alexia's bones to make a ‘witch’s ladder’ which they use to climb the cliff up to the Stoor Worm's head. At the top of the cliff, Phelim sees the Worm's soul wandering out of her mouth as she dreams; he attacks it and throws into the sea, killing the Worm. Sweeney and Phelim resurrect Alexia, but she is not the same, so they change her name to Aisling, meaning ‘dream’.

Phelim returns home and confronts his older sister Prudence. He discovers that his father didn't die, as she had always told him; he was a dreamer, which Prudence hated, so after their mother died, she had him committed to an asylum. Angry, Phelim summons the ushtey, a water spirit, and tricks Prudence into riding it. It carries her away to the ocean, where she presumably drowns. As the story ends, Phelim and Aisling go to the asylum, where they find that his father is the gardener.

Themes
The book is set in 1919. The hatchlings of the book echo the horrors of war.

McCaughrean uses various creatures from English, Irish, Manx, Orcadian, Scottish, and Slavic folklore and mythology, including the bean-nighe, bugganes, the Domovoy, merrows, the neck, the nuckelavee, the Stoor Worm, and ushteys.

Background
McCaughrean has said that in the process of writing The Stones Are Hatching: "I took it apart so many times, it was like that blouse you make in school that you hate the sight of. I thought it had done for me, that I’d never again enjoy writing".

Reception
Kirkus Reviews compared the book favourably with the "resounding menace" of William Mayne's Hob and the Goblins, but criticised the "distracting family subplot".

In January 2000, children's author Linda Newbery chose The Stones Are Hatching for Books for Keeps magazine's regular "I Wish I'd Written..." feature, stating: "The writing is so marvellous that you can open the book at random and find a brilliant, memorable description".

title: The Stones Are Hatching


text:
Ubombo

Ubombo, is a small town in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa about 17 km north-east of Mkuze. It takes its name from the Lebombo Mountain range, on which it is situated. Derived from Zulu Lumbombo, ‘high mountain ridge’. The Zulu name for this village is Obonjeni, ‘on the big nose’, i.e. ‘ridge’.

The site and remains believed to be those of the camp where Sir David Bruce and his wife Mary worked between 1894 and 1897, and where Bruce discovered the causative agent of nagana, African trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness") and its transmission by the tsetse fly were discovered here.

Bethesda district hospital, founded by the Methodist Church is in this village. It started in 1932 and was initially built by Dr Robert Albert Turner who was the medical superintendent after being the District Surgeon and was a mission training hospital.

From the early 1950s, three prominent business families engaged in trade and transportation in Ubombo. Bob (Robert) Ueckermann and his wife Hazel and Bob's stepson David Irons operated a trading store and a bus transportation company. Percy and Sybil Hoff operated the Tradewinds Store which still exists, while Herbert (Sonny) Hoff and his wife Nina operated a store and butchery next door to the Hoff business. Percy Hoff was a respected politician and member of the Council for Coloured Affairs, and was well known for his fight for social justice and rights of the coloured people.

Percy Hoff eventually acquired Herbert Hoff's business and amalgamated the stores when Herbert's family left for present day Zimbabwe in the late 1960s. Tradewinds was eventually sold to Nelson Thring when Percy Hoff moved his family to Swaziland and ultimately to Canada.

title: Ubombo


text:
Emir Rodríguez Monegal

Emir Rodríguez Monegal (28 July 1921 – 14 November 1985), born in Uruguay, was a scholar, literary critic, and editor of Latin American literature. From 1969 to 1985, Rodríguez Monegal was professor of Latin American contemporary literature at Yale University. He is usually called by his second surname Emir R. Monegal or Monegal (or erroneously Emir Rodríguez-Monegal).

Described as "one of the most influential Latin American literary critics of the 20th century" by the Encyclopædia Britannica, Monegal wrote key books about Pablo Neruda and Jorge Luis Borges, and the Britannica Macropædia notice of the later. He was a part in "The Boom" of 1960s Latin American literature as founder and 1966–1968 editor of his influential magazine Mundo Nuevo. Umberto Eco was quoted in saying that Jorge Luis Borges had read almost everything but no one knew that indiscernable totallity better than Emir.

He is remembered as a member of the Generation of 45, a Uruguayan intellectual and literary movement: Carlos Maggi, Manuel Flores Mora, Ángel Rama, Idea Vilariño, Carlos Real de Azúa, Carlos Martínez Moreno, Mario Arregui, Mauricio Muller, José Pedro Díaz, Amanda Berenguer, Tola Invernizzi, Mario Benedetti, Ida Vitale, Líber Falco, Juan Cunha, Juan Carlos Onetti, among others.

Early career (1921–1965)
In 1921, Emir Rodríguez Monegal was born on 28 July in Melo, Cerro Largo, Uruguay. He had the double-barrelled name Rodríguez Monegal (erroneously "Rodríguez-Monegal" in some texts) but was often referred to as R. Monegal or Monegal only, a Spanish naming custom when the first surname is extremely common.

From 1945 to 1957 (age 24 to 36), he edited the literary section of the Montevideo weekly Marcha. He was one of the first to recognize early on the importance of Borges, seeing him and his family frequently after 1945, and taking him for model to the point of pastiche. Conversely, he got a cameo in a pseudo-autobiographical Borges short story:

In 1949 (age 28), he won a scholarship from the British Council for a year's study at the University of Cambridge; he went to study under F. R. Leavis and complete a project on Andrés Bello. During 1949 to 1955 (age 28 to 34), he was also editor of Número, a Montevideo literary magazine. In 1952, he became friend with Pablo Neruda, who would later lend him his intimate papers for Monegal's biography of Neruda.

In 1956 (age 35), Monegal obtained the equivalent of a PhD at the Facultad de Humanidades (Faculty of Letters), Montevideo, for his research on "Andrés Bello y el Romanticismo hispanoamericano".

Mundo Nuevo (1966–1968)
In 1966 (age 45), Monegal directed the literary monthly Mundo Nuevo, published in Spanish in Paris. Monegal directed it until July 1968, after the New York Times uncovered CIA connections with the Congress for Cultural Freedom, the Cold War mega-organization under which auspicies Mundo Nuevo was born. Mundo Nuevo contributed to the 1960s publishing phenomenon dubbed "The Boom" in Latin American literature that led to many Latin American writers being published outside of their home countries and gaining critical recognition.

Yale University (1969–1985)
In 1969 (age 48), Monegal was appointed professor of Latin American contemporary literature at Yale University. From 1970 to 1973 (age 49 to 52), he was chairman of the Latin American Studies program and associate chairman of the Department of Romance Languages. From 1973 to 1976 (age 49 to 55), he was chairman of the Spanish and Portuguese Department.

From 1969 to 1977 (age 48 to 56), he was a member of the editorial board of Revista Iberoamericana (University of Pittsburgh) and from 1972 to 1977 (age 51 to 56) he was consulting editor of Review, a tri-quarterly published by the Center for Inter-American Relations in New York.

Also, from 1975 to 1982 (age 54 to 61), he was a visiting lecturer in seven universities in Brazil, and a visiting professor at the University of Southern California and the University of Pittsburgh.

In 1985 (aged 64), Monegal died on Thursday 14 November at Yale's infirmary in New Haven, Connecticut, USA. He was survived by his wife: Selma Calasans Rodrigues de Rodríguez; and three children: Georgina Rodríguez Nebot, Joaquín Rodríguez Nebot, and Alejandro Rodríguez Gerona.

Legacy

 * His 1966–1968 work with Mundo Nuevo, as well as his books and lectures, was influential for the spread of Latin American literature, launching the career of such as Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Severo Sarduy, and Manuel Puig, and contributing to the internationalization of writers such as Gabriel García Márquez, Carlos Fuentes, and Mario Vargas Llosa.
 * His April 1968 article "Nota sobre Biorges" (reused in a chapter of his 1970 Borgès) introduced the concept of "Biorges". According to him, when Adolfo Bioy Casares and Jorge Luis Borges collaborated under the pseudonyms H. Bustos Domecq or B. Suárez Lynch, the results seemed written by a new personality, more than the sum of its parts, which he dubbed "Biorges" and considered in his own right as "one of the most important Argentine prose writers of his time", for having influenced writers such as Leopoldo Marechal (an otherwise anti-Borgesian), or Julio Cortázar's use of fictional language and slang in his masterpiece Hopscotch.

 * His 1966 biography of his friend Pablo Neruda, who accepted to lend him his personal papers, remains a key book on the topic. Similarly, his 1970 study and 1978 biography of his friend Borges remain key books.
 * In June 1985, Monegal published an article exploring the "kinship" between Derrida's themes in "Plato's Pharmacy" and the work of Borges, from essays and tales Derrida had read such as "Pierre Menard" (1939) and "Tlön" (1940). He wrote that "I had experienced [deconstruction] in Borges avant la lettre, though also writing that "the intent here is not to produce another exercise of the 'Borges, presursor of Derrida' variety."

Books

 * 1950: José Enrique Rodó en el Novecientos ("José Enrique Rodó in the twentieth century")
 * 1956: El juicio de los parricidas. La nueva generación argentina y sus maestros. ("The trial of the parricides. The new Argentine generation and their masters.", study of the dismissal of Borges, Mallea, and Martínez Estrada in Argentina)
 * 1961: Las raíces de Horacio Quiroga ("The roots of Horacio Quiroga")
 * 1961: Narradores de esta América ("Storytellers of this America", seventeen essays on prominent fiction writers of contemporary Latin American literature)
 * Expanded to thirty-four writers in two volumes (1969 and 1974)
 * 1963: Eduardo Acevedo Díaz. Dos versiones de un mismo tema. ("Eduardo Acevedo Díaz. Two versions of a same theme.")
 * 1964: Ingmar Bergman. Un dramaturgo cinematográfico. (with Homero Alsina Thevenet, "Ingmar Bergman. A cinematographic playwright.")
 * 1966: El viajero inmóvil: Introducción a Pablo Neruda ("The immobile traveler: an introduction to Pablo Neruda")
 * Neruda, le voyageur immobile (1973, French)
 * 1967: Genio y figura de Horacio Quiroga ("Genius and character of Horacio Quiroga")
 * 1968: El desterrado: Vida y obra de Horacio Quiroga ("The exile: life and work of Horacio Quiroga")
 * 1969: El otro Andrés Bello ("The other Andrés Bello")
 * 1970: Borgès par lui même (French, "Borges by himself")
 * Borges por él mismo (1979, Spanish)
 * Μπόρχες (Borches, 1987, Greek)
 * 1976: Borges: Hacia una lectura poética ("Borges: towards a poetic reading"), erroneous title printed for Borges: Hacia una poética de la lectura ("Borges: towards a poetics of reading")
 * Borges, uma poética da leitura (1980, Portuguese)
 * 1978: Jorge Luis Borges: A Literary Biography
 * Borges : una biografia letteraria (1982, Italian)
 * Jorge Luis Borges: biographie littéraire (1983, French)
 * Jorge Luis Borges: una biografía literaria (1985, Spanish)

Articles
Selected among more than 330 articles and notices:

 * 1955: "Borges: Teoría y práctica", in: Número 27
 * Expanded, in: Narradores de esta América, Tomo 1 (1969)
 * 1968: "Nota sobre Borges", in: Mundo Nuevo 22
 * 1972: "Borges: the Reader as Writer", in: TriQuarterly 25
 * 1974: "Borges, Jorge Luis", in: Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia Vol. 3
 * 1974: "Borges, a Reader", in: diacritics 4
 * 1975: "Realismo mágico versus literatura fantástica: Un diálogo de sordos", in: Yates, A. Donald, ed. (1975) Otros Mundos, Otros Fuegos. Fantasía y realismo mágico en Iberoamérica.
 * 1976: "Borges: Una Teoría de la Literatura Fantástica", in: Revista Iberoamericana 42
 * 1985: "Borges y Derrida: boticarios", in: Maldoror 21
 * "Borges and Derrida. Apothecaries", in: Aizenberg, Edna, ed. (1990). Borges and His Successors. The Borgian Impact on Literature and the Arts.

Edited

 * 1950: La literatura uruguaya del Novecientos ("Uruguayan literature of the twentieth century", compilation of essays and documents)
 * 1957: José Enrique Rodó. Obras completas ("José Enrique Rodó: complete works")
 * 1963: José Enrique Rodó: Páginas ("José Enrique Rodó: pages", anthology)
 * 1966: El cuento uruguayo ("The Uruguyan tale", short-story anthology)
 * 1966: Juan Carlos Onetti: Los rostros del amor ("Juan Carlos Onetti: the faces of love", erotic texts anthology)
 * 1968: El arte de narrar ("The art of narration", interviews with leading Hispanic prose fiction writers)
 * 1970: Juan Carlos Onetti. Novelas y cuentos completos. ("Juan Carlos Onetti. Complete novels and tales", anthology)
 * 1977: The Borzoi Anthology of Latin American Literature, 2 volumes (with Thomas Colchie)
 * 1979: Maestros hispánicos del siglo veinte ("Hispanic masters of the 20th century", with Suzanne Jill Levine)
 * 1980: Pablo Neruda (collection of critical essays on Pablo Neruda)
 * 1981: Borges: A Reader (anthology, with Alastair Reid)
 * Borges: Ficcionario (1984, Spanish)

title: Emir Rodríguez Monegal


text:
USS Thomaston

USS Thomaston (LSD-28) was the lead ship of her class of dock landing ship of the United States Navy. She was named for Thomaston, Maine, the home of General Henry Knox, the first Secretary of War to serve under the United States Constitution.

Thomaston (LSD-28) was laid down on 3 March 1953 at Pascagoula, Mississippi, by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp.; launched on 9 February 1954, sponsored by Mrs. Mathias B. Gardner; and commissioned on 17 September 1954.

1955–1964
Following shakedown in the Caribbean, Thomaston transited the Panama Canal and joined the Pacific Fleet Amphibious Force. From July through October 1955, Thomaston participated in the Arctic Resupply Project, provisioning stations on the Distant Early Warning Line before taking part in cold-weather landing exercises in the Aleutians in November 1955 and again in January and February 1956.

The landing ship's duties soon took her southward to the warmer climes of the Hawaiian Islands, where she conducted local operations and exercises in March and April. On hand in Santa Barbara, California, from 2 July to 9 July, for the Semana Nautica Celebration, Thomaston returned to the Hawaiian Islands and participated in three landing exercises in the autumn before returning to the west coast to conduct exercises off the Marine Corps base at Camp Pendleton, California, during the spring of 1957.

She subsequently deployed to the Western Pacific (WestPac) in 1959 and participated in exercises off Borneo and Korea in June and August of that year. Alternating between the west coast and WestPac, Thomaston participated in a busy schedule of operations and cruises into the 1960s. During the international tensions brought on by the United States' discovery of Russian missile sites in Cuba, Thomaston sailed via the Panama Canal to the Caribbean and operated with the Atlantic Fleet until tensions abated with the withdrawal of the missiles. She then returned to San Diego on 15 December 1962.

She commenced the year 1963 at her home port, NS San Diego, and conducted training exercises into February before serving as primary control ship off "Green" Beach, Del Mar, California, during Operation Steel Gate from 28 February to 8 March 1963. Thomaston departed the west coast on 26 March, bound for the Far East, and arrived via Pearl Harbor at Subic Bay on 20 April. Serving with the Amphibious Force of the 7th Fleet; she participated in special operations in the South China Sea from 22 April to 5 May. A second special operation in the South China Sea — again with the Amphibious Ready Group, 7th Fleet — took place in late August and early September.

After operating in Okinawan waters, Thomaston departed Yokosuka, Japan, on 4 November, bound for the west coast of the United States. While en route three days later, the LSD received word of a merchantman in distress. Changing course, Thomaston found SS Barbara Fritchie in heavy seas, dead in the water, having lost a propeller and suffering rudder damage. Thomaston took her in tow and headed for Pearl Harbor, transferring the tow to USS Cree (ATF-84) on 12 November. The LSD's stop at Pearl Harbor was a brief one, though, as she arrived and departed for home on the same day, 15 November, making port at San Diego on 21 November 1963

1964-1965
Thomaston operated locally and trained through the early fall of 1964, when she sailed for the Philippines on 26 October to commence another WestPac deployment. Arriving at Subic Bay on 16 November, the LSD conducted special operations in the South China Sea, including a dredge lift from Saigon to Da Nang, South Vietnam, between 21 November and 16 December. Christmas of that year found Thomaston again at sea, on "special operations" in the South China Sea. She was present at the initial Marine landings at Da Nang and Chu Lai, South Vietnam. She remained deployed to WestPac until June 1965, when she returned to San Diego to conduct routine local operations off the west coast.

1966
Departing San Diego on 10 January 1966 for WestPac, Thomaston arrived in Vietnamese coastal waters on 5 February and immediately commenced operations at Chu Lai and Da Nang, serving as boat haven at the latter port. She returned to the United States in the spring and remained at San Diego from 9 April to 9 July 1966. The ship then headed back to the western Pacific and operated out of Subic Bay from 28 July through the end of the deployment. She participated in Operations Deckhouse III (phases one and two) and Deckhouse IV in August and September. In the former, Thomaston landed marines north of Vũng Tàu and served as primary control ship and boat haven during the subsequent operations. She then landed marines at a point just south of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between North and South Vietnam. She thus continued in her familiar role as primary control ship and boat haven during "Deckhouse IV" and staged boat convoys carrying supplies 9 mi up the Cua Viet River to Đông Hà.

Returning to Subic Bay, Thomaston later participated in Exercise Mudpuppy II which was designed to provide training in river operations for marines. Held on Mindoro in the Philippines, "Mudpuppy II" ended three days before Christmas; and Thomaston sailed for Vietnam.

1967
She thus began the year 1967 as she had begun the previous year, in active combat operations against Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam units along the coastline. Participating in Deckhouse V and Deckhouse VI into March, Thomaston's participation in the former operation began on 5 January 1967 when she dropped anchor off the mouth of the Cổ Chiên River. She helped to launch the thrust of "Deckhouse V", aimed at the delta lowlands of Kiến Hòa Province, South Vietnam. The combined American and Vietnamese Marine Corps landings successfully challenged Viet Cong forces in this area. Relieved at Vũng Tàu by USS Point Defiance (LSD-31) on 6 March, Thomaston sailed for repairs at Subic Bay, en route home via Hong Kong, Okinawa, Yokosuka, and Pearl Harbor.

1968
Following an extensive overhaul at San Diego from 28 June to 18 December 1967, Thomaston departed her home port on 21 February 1968 for her regular deployment to WestPac. After joining the Amphibious Ready Group off Vietnam in the I Corps zone, Thomaston commenced operations in support of marines of the Special Landing Forces (SLF) engaged ashore in the defense of Quảng Trị Province. She spent the month of March steaming in coastwise logistics runs between Da Nang, Cam Ranh Bay and the burgeoning Army supply base at Wunder Beach.

During her operations at the latter port, Thomaston demonstrated to the Army the versatility of the Landing Ship Dock by serving as an effective repair ship with a built-in drydock. Many small craft and pontoon piers serving the supply base received hull and machinery work by the crew in the ship's capacious well deck. During this deployment, Thomaston proved that the amphibious ship was a natural vehicle for inter-service cooperation.

While operating off the coast of South Vietnam with the Amphibious Ready Group, Thomaston conducted two search and rescue operations. On the evening of 25 May, a CH-46 helicopter, loaded with mail, passengers, and baggage, lost power in the vicinity of USS Valley Forge (LPH-8) and crashed. The helicopter remained afloat while those on board jettisoned all excess weight. It gradually sank, but fortunately not before all men had safely left the craft. Within a mile of the accident Thomaston dispatched two boats to the scene and recovered not only four of the passengers and crew of the CH-46 (the remainder were picked up by helicopter) but the crew from one of Valley Forge's boats which had capsized upon launching. Later, on 2 June and again while in the vicinity of Valley Forge, Thomaston picked up men from the carrier who had jumped overboard to escape flames from a flight deck fire.

Thomaston next participated in Badger Catch III, the withdrawal of the Special Landing Force from the Cua Viet River area bordering on the extreme southern edge of the DMZ. Subsequently, Thomaston and her embarked SLF participated in a swift succession of operations against Communist ground forces. Operation Swift Sabre plunged into Viet Cong-contested areas of the western shore of Da Nang harbor on 8 June 1968. Following Exercise Hilltop XX in Subic Bay, Thomaston participated in Eager Yankee which landed elements of the SLF in Quảng Trị Province near Cua Tu Hien on 9 July before engaging, 13 days later, in Swift Play in the coastal area south of Da Nang. These operations resulted in the capture of significant numbers of weapons and stores and the destruction of operating bases and installations from which the enemy had launched attacks against other "friendly forces". During "Swift Play", Thomaston came under shore battery fire for a brief time.

1969–1974
For the next five years, Thomaston actively supported the war effort in Vietnam, conducted troop and cargo lifts, and participated in amphibious operations. The tide of war, however, was running against the South Vietnamese; and, by the spring of 1975, concentrated efforts on the part of North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops put pressure on the crumbling South Vietnamese government.

1975
The end for South Vietnam came during Thomaston's 15th WestPac deployment. The beginning of the year 1975 found the landing ship at Subic Bay, undergoing a needed availability. She departed Subic Bay on 2 February, bound for Singapore where she stayed until 13 February. As a member of Task Group (TG) 76.4 Thomaston later returned to port at Subic Bay on 25 February. Her anticipated upkeep period, however, was cut short when the ship was directed to return to sea with TG 76.4. On 2 March, Thomaston departed Subic Bay to execute Operation Eagle Pull which evacuated Americans and designated Cambodian citizens from the capital city of Phnom Penh. The civilians were to be picked up by helicopters and ferried to the ships offshore.

She remained in readiness until the evening of 5 April, when Thomaston was ordered to Phú Quốc island to assist Vietnamese nationals evacuated from Da Nang. She transferred food and medical supplies via her LCUs and LCM-8 assault craft to Vietnamese refugees quartered on Military Sealift Command (MSC) vessels.

TG 76.4 executed "Eagle Pull" on 12 April, and Thomaston took part as a plane guard on station to the south. Upon the successful completion of the operation, designated units of the group proceeded to Sattahip, Thailand, to debark civilians airlifted from Cambodia. Meanwhile, Thomaston sailed for the Philippines, arriving at Subic Bay on the morning of 17 April, but her much deserved in-port period was again abbreviated by operational necessity. Underway once more at 23:30 on 18 April, Thomaston sailed for Vietnamese waters to take part in the evacuation of the besieged capital, Saigon.

On 29 April, Operation Frequent Wind commenced at 15:00. During the next nine hours Thomaston received 811 Vietnamese, American, and other refugees. During this operation — for which the ship received the Meritorious Unit Commendation — Thomaston received evacuees via helicopter, landing helicopters as large as CH-46's on her flight deck aft. All Vietnamese citizens were to be processed and placed aboard MSC ships.

American citizens would be retained on board for transportation to the Philippines. Although limited by space, all individuals were provided with food, clothing, and medical attention. Makeshift shelters, "tents" made from marines' blankets, were set up on board.

Returning to Subic Bay on 3 May, Thomaston immediately commenced preparations for her homeward voyage. Civilians embarked during Frequent Wind were debarked at Subic Bay. The ship then headed on for the west coast of the United States, via Buckner Bay, Okinawa; and Pearl Harbor; and arrived at San Diego on 6 June 1975.

1975–1998
Thomaston subsequently operated with the Pacific Fleet in 1976, conducting training and local operations in waters off Okinawa, Japan, Korea, and Hawaii, before returning to San Diego at the close of the year.

Following a material inspection by the Navy Board of Inspection and Survey in January 1977, Thomaston commenced preparations for her forthcoming overhaul. On 1 June, she entered Todd Shipyard, Seattle, for the most extensive overhaul conducted on an amphibious ship to that time. Lasting 18 months and costing nearly $30 million, the overhaul was completed on 7 December 1978. Thomaston returned to her home port of San Diego on 14 December.

In February 1980 Thomaston and her crew received the Humanitarian Service Medal for her part in the radioactive cleanup operations on Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific.

During USS Thomaston's 1981 Westpac as part of Amphibious Squadron Five, the ship and crew would receive a second Humanitarian Service Medal for the rescue of 77 Vietnamese refugees in the South China Sea in April 1981. During this cruise she would make her only visit to Perth/Fremantle, Australia, from 28 May to 2 June 1981.

USS Thomaston began her final deployment on 17 January 1984, making port calls at Manila, PI, Hong Kong, Pusan (Busan), South Korea and Pearl Harbor HI, all the while conducting exercises with three major exercises along with exercises with South Korean and Philippines naval units. USS Thomaston returned home to San Diego CA on 27 July 1984, completing 30 years of service.

USS Thomaston was decommissioned 28 September 1984 and her name struck from the Naval Vessel Register 2 February 1992, and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, under temporary custody of the Maritime Administration (MARAD). The vessel was sold 29 September 1995 by MARAD to Pegasus Inc., but repossessed by the Navy, 1 July 1997. Permanent custody was reassigned to MARAD, 18 November 1998 for lay up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Suisun Bay, Benicia, California. On 28 July 2011, Thomaston was sold by MARAD to All Star Metals of Brownsville, Tx for $894,708 to be dismantled. Thomaston departed the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet on 18 August 2011 to be cleaned by Allied Defense Recycling at the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard. Thomaston was towed to Brownsville upon completion of the cleaning and has been scrapped.

Thomaston received 11 battle stars, and the following:

AFEM  Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal

ASM   Antarctica Service Medal

CAR   Combat Action Ribbon

HSM   Humanitarian Service Medal

JMUA  Joint Meritorious Unit Award

MUC   Meritorious Unit Commendation (two for Vietnam war service)

NAVE  Navy "E" Ribbon

NEM   Navy Expeditionary Medal

NUC   Navy Unit Commendation (one)

PUC   Presidential Unit Citation

PRPUCB Republic of Philippine Presidential Unit Citation

RVNCA Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citation (Civil Actions Medal, First Class Color w/Palm)

RVNGC RVNGC - Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citation (Gallantry Cross medal Color with Palm)

VNSM  Vietnam Service Medal

SLOC  Secretary of the Navy Letter of Commendation

title: USS Thomaston


text:
TNR

TNR may refer to:

 * TNR, the gene that encodes the protein Tenascin-R
 * Ivato International Airport, Antananarivo, Madagascar, IATA code
 * The New Republic, an American magazine of politics and the arts
 * Times New Roman, a popular typeface installed on most desktop computers
 * Train Navette Rapide, an express train service in Morocco
 * Trap-neuter-return, a method for managing feral cats
 * T.N.Rajarathnam Pillai (1898-1956), Indian musician
 * True negative rate, in statistics

title: TNR


text:
Your Political Party of British Columbia

Your Political Party of British Columbia, or simply Your Party, is a minor political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party is registered with Elections BC and has participated in the 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017 general elections. The party advocates more transparency and accountability in government. It nominated one candidate in 2005, two in 2009 and 2013, and 10 in 2017. No Your Party candidate has been elected to office as of 2017. Its best result was a fourth-place finish with 442 votes (1.68%) in Port Moody-Westwood in 2005.

History
Your Political Party of BC was registered with Elections BC on June 6, 2002, by Belcarra-resident James Filippelli. In February 2005, Filippelli announced he would seek election in the electoral district of Port Moody-Westwood as a Your Political Party of BC candidate during the May 2005 provincial election. At the time, in addition to being the party president and leader, Filippelli was a 22-year-old student at Douglas College. Filippelli ran on a limited platform centred on government accountability to taxpayers. He advocated more detailed and open budget process so that every expenditure is disclosed while at the same time reducing bureaucracy and taxes. He also advocated for elected Members of the Legislative Assembly to return 10% of their wages back to constituents. Filippelli came in fourth place in the Port Moody-Westwood riding, losing to Iain Black of the BC Liberal Party.

As the May 2009 provincial election approached, Your Political Party announced it would nominate two candidates: Brent Williams in the Port Coquitlam electoral district and Filippelli in Port Moody-Coquitlam. By this time Filippelli was a 26-year-old electrician living in Port Moody. In addition to campaigning for more government transparency regarding financial issues, the two candidates also supported keeping the carbon tax and eliminating the property transfer tax Filippelli again came in fourth place in his riding losing to Iain Black, while Williams came in fifth in his riding losing to Mike Farnworth of the New Democratic Party.

It nominated ten candidates in the 2017 provincial election, none of whom was elected. It did not nominate any candidates in the 2020 provincial election but remains registered as a political party as of November 2020.

Party platform

 * The provincial budget would be made public, so that the province's residents could see where their tax dollars were going.
 * All government actions would be public, including how each MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly) votes on each issue.
 * More information would be provided to British Columbians, so that they can be more informed and interested in the government and be able to provide knowledgeable feedback about what they would like the government to do.
 * All YPP MLAs would give at least 10% of their take-home salary back to their constituency, and would hold a meeting once every month open to all members of the constituency to inform them about what is happening in the legislature. These meetings will give the people of each constituency a chance to let each MLA know how they feel about what is happening in the legislature and with their tax dollars.
 * All government actions and legislation should be sustainable. Everything the government does should be economically sustainable, environmentally sustainable, and socially sustainable.
 * Two-way communication between the BC government and the people would be facilitated by an online website giving every British Columbian a secure login to provide feedback on what they would like to see for the future of BC.
 * Questionnaires with pre-paid postage would be made available at all government buildings so that British Columbians can inform government about the things they would like the government to do.
 * All of the votes in the BC legislature would be "free votes", i.e., MLAs would not have to vote along party lines, so that MLAs would be able to better represent the people of their constituencies by voting the way the majority of their constituents would like them to vote.

Electoral results
The party's leader, James Filippelli, stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for election to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the riding of Port Moody-Westwood in the 2005 provincial election.


text:
The Unreality of Time

"The Unreality of Time" is the best-known philosophical work of University of Cambridge idealist J. M. E. McTaggart (1866–1925). In the argument, first published as a journal article in Mind in 1908, McTaggart argues that time is unreal because our descriptions of time are either contradictory, circular, or insufficient. A slightly different version of the argument appeared in 1927 as one of the chapters in the second volume of McTaggart's greatest work, The Nature of Existence.

The argument for the unreality of time is popularly treated as a stand-alone argument that does not depend on any significant metaphysical principles (e.g. as argued by C. D. Broad 1933 and L. O. Mink 1960). R. D. Ingthorsson disputes this, and argues that the argument can only be understood as an attempt to draw out certain consequences of the metaphysical system that McTaggart presents in the first volume of The Nature of Existence (Ingthorsson 1998 & 2016).

It is helpful to consider the argument as consisting of three parts. In the first part, McTaggart offers a phenomenological analysis of the appearance of time, in terms of the now famous A- and B-series (see below for detail). In the second part, he argues that a conception of time as only forming a B-series but not an A-series is an inadequate conception of time because the B-series does not contain any notion of change. The A-series, on the other hand, appears to contain change and is thus more likely to be an adequate conception of time. In the third and final part, he argues that the conception of time forming an A-series is contradictory and thus nothing can be like an A-series. Since the A- and the B- series exhaust possible conceptions of how reality can be temporal, and neither is adequate, the conclusion McTaggart reaches is that reality is not temporal at all.

The phenomenological analysis: the A- and B-series
To frame his argument, McTaggart initially offers a phenomenological analysis of how time appears to us in experience. Time appears, he says, in the form of events standing in temporal positions, of which there are two kinds. On the one hand events are earlier than and later than each other, and on the other hand they are future, present, and past, and continually changing their position in terms of futurity, presentness, and pastness. The two kinds of temporal positions each represent events in time as standing in a certain order which McTaggart chooses to call the A-series and the B-series. The A-series represents the series of positions determined as future, present, and past, and which continuously pass from the distant future towards the present, and through the present into the remote past. The B-series represents the series of positions determined as earlier than or later than each other. The determinations of the B-series hold between the events in time, and never change. If an event ever is earlier or later than some other event, then their respective position in time never changes. The determinations of the A-series must hold to something outside of time, something that does not itself change its position in time, but in relation to which the events in time pass from being future, present, and past. Surprisingly, McTaggart does not suggest the present, or NOW, as this something whose position in time is fixed and unchanging. He just says that it will be difficult to identify any such entity (seeing as it is outside time). Broad explains that McTaggart believed that the difficulty of identifying this entity was serious enough in its own right to be persuaded that time is unreal, but thinks that the contradiction of the A-series is still more convincing; for that reason he leaves this particular difficulty aside.

The atemporality of the B-series
McTaggart argues that the conception of time as only forming a B-series is inadequate because the B-series does not change, and change is of the essence of time. If any conception of reality represents it as changeless, then this is a conception of an atemporal reality. The B-series does not change because earlier-later relationships never change (e.g. the year 2010 is always later than 2000). The events that form a B-series must therefore also form an A-series in order to count as being in time, i.e. they must pass from future to present, and from present to past, in order to change.

The A- and B-series are not mutually exclusive. If events form an A-series they automatically also form a B-series (anything in the present is earlier than anything in the future, and later than everything past). The question is not therefore whether time forms an A- or a B-series; the question is whether time forms both an A- and a B-series, or only a B-series.

The proponents of the B-view of time typically respond by arguing that even if events do not change their positions in the B-series, it does not follow that there can be no change in the B-series. This conclusion only follows if it is assumed that events are the only entities that can change. There can be change in the B-series in the form of objects bearing different properties at different times (Braithwaite 1928; Gotshalk 1930; Marhenke 1935; Smart 1949; Mellor 1981 & 98; Oaklander 1984; LePoidevin 1991; Dyke 2002).

The suggestion that the B-view of time can escape the problem by appealing to particulars that endure through time and have different properties at different times is controversial in its own right, but it is generally assumed that this is a controversy that has nothing to do with McTaggart. Instead it is treated as a separate issue, the question of whether things can endure in B-time. However, as Ingthorsson has argued, McTaggart does discuss variation in the properties of persistent entities in the 1st Volume of The Nature of Existence, and there comes to the conclusion that variation in the properties of things between times is not change but mere variation between the temporal parts of things (Ingthorsson 2001).

The contradiction of the A-series
Attacking the A-series, McTaggart argues that any event in the A-series is past, present, and future, which is contradictory in that each of those properties excludes the other two. McTaggart admits that the contradictory nature of the A-series may not be obvious, because it would appear that events never are simultaneously future, present, and past, but only successively so. However, there is a contradiction, he insists, because any attempt to explain why they are future, present, and past, at different times is (i) circular because we would need to describe the successive order of those "different times" again by invoking the determinations of being future, present or past, and (ii) this in turn will inevitably lead to a vicious infinite regress. The vicious infinite regress arises, because to explain why the second appeal to future, present, and past, doesn't lead again to the same difficulty all over, we need to explain that they in turn apply successively and thus we must again explain that succession by appeal to future, present, and past, and there is no end to such an explanation. It is the validity of the argument in favour of a vicious infinite regress that has received the most attention in 20th Century philosophy of time.

In the later version of the argument, in The Nature of Existence, McTaggart no longer advances the circularity objection. This is, arguably, because by then he has come to treat tense as a simple and indefinable notion, and thus cannot contend that the terms need to be explained at all in order to be applied. He now instead argues that even if it is admitted that they are simple and indefinable, and thus can be applied without further analysis, they still lead to contradiction.

Philosophers who favour the B-view of time tend to find McTaggart's argument against the A-series to demonstrate conclusively that tense involves a contradiction. On the other hand, philosophers who favour the A-view of time struggle to see why the argument should be considered to have any force. Two of the most commonly invoked objections are, first, that McTaggart is mistaken about the phenomenology of time; that he is claiming to see a contradiction in the appearance of time, where none is apparent. Second, that McTaggart is mistaken about the semantics of tensed discourse. The idea here is that claims like "M is present, has been future, and will be past" can only imply a contradiction if it is interpreted as saying that M is all at once future in the past, present in the present, and also past in the future. This reading, it is argued, is absurd because "has been" and "will be" indicate that we are not talking about how M currently is, but instead of how M once was, but is no longer, and how it will be, but is not yet. Hence it is wrong to think of the expression as an attribution to M of futurity, presentness, and pastness, all at once (Marhenke 1935; Broad 1938; Mink 1960; Prior 1967; Christensen 1974; Lloyd 1977; Lowe 1987).

Ingthorsson has argued that the reason for this incommensurability between the proponents of the A- and B-views is found in the prevailing view that McTaggart's argument is a stand-alone argument. If it is read in that way, the proponents of each view will understand the argument against the background of their respective views of time, and come to incompatible conclusions (1998 & 2016). Indeed, on closer scrutiny it will be found that McTaggart explicitly claims that in "The Unreality of Time" he is inquiring whether reality can have the characteristics it appears to have in experience (notably being temporal and material) given his earlier conclusions about what reality must really be like in Absolute Reality. In the introduction to the 2nd Volume of The Nature of Existence, he says: "Starting from our conclusions as to the general nature of the existent, as reached in the earlier Books, we shall have to ask, firstly which of these characteristics can really be possessed by what is existent, and which of them, in spite of the primâ facie appearance to the contrary, cannot be possessed by anything existent (1927: sect. 295)."And he continues:"It will be possible to show that, having regard to the general nature of the existent as previously determined, certain characteristics, that we consider here for the first time, cannot be true of the existent (1927: sect. 298)."As Ingthorsson notes, the most central result of McTaggart's earlier inquiry into the general nature of the existent in Absolute Reality, an inquiry McTaggart claims is based entirely on a priori arguments (i.e. such as do not rely on any empirical observations), is that existence and reality coincide and have no degrees: either something exists and thus is real, or it does not. It immediately follows that for the future and past to be real, they must exist. This is why he interprets the statement "M is present, has been future, and will be past" as a statement about M existing in the present bearing the property of being present, and existing in the past bearing the property of being future, and existing in the future bearing the property of being past. This interpretation of the expression, if correct, does say that M is future, present, and past, which is contradictory. However, since it starts from the premise that the future and past can only be real by existing, then it remains to show that this is what the A-view of time assumes.

The C-series
Having come to the conclusion that reality can neither form an A- nor a B-series, despite appearances to the contrary, then McTaggart finds it necessary to explain what the world is really like such that it appears to be different from what it appears to be. Here is where the C-series comes into play. McTaggart does not say much about the C-series in the original journal article, but in The Nature of Existence he devotes six whole chapters to discuss it (1927: Chs. 44–9).

The C-series is rarely given much attention. When it is mentioned, it is described as "an expression synonymous with 'B-series' when the latter is shorn of its temporal connotations" (Shorter 1986: 226). There is a grain of truth in this, but there is more to the C-series than this. Stripping the temporal features from the B-series only gives what the C- and B-series have minimally in common, notably the constituents of the series and the formal characteristics of being linear, asymmetric, and transitive. However, the C-series has features that the B-series does not have. The constituents of the C-series are mental states (a consequence of McTaggart's argument in Ch. 34 of The Nature of Existence that reality cannot really be material), which are related to each other on the basis of their conceptual content in terms of being included in and inclusive of (1927: sect. 566 & Ch. 60). These atemporal relations are meant to provide what the earlier/later than relation cannot, notably explain why an illusion of change and temporal succession can arise in an atemporal reality.

Influence
McTaggart's argument has had an enormous influence on the philosophy of time. His phenomenological analysis of the appearance of time has been accepted as good and true even by those who firmly deny the end conclusion that time is unreal. For instance, J. S. Findlay (1940) and A. Prior (1967) took McTaggart's phenomenological analysis as their point of departure in the development of modern tense logic.

McTaggart's characterisation of the appearance of time in terms of the A- and B-series served to sharpen the contrast between the two emerging and rival views of time that we now know as the A- and B-views of time. The assumption is that the A-view, in accepting the reality of tense, represent time as being like an A-series, and that the B-view, in rejecting the reality of tense, represent time as being like a B-series.

The two objections that McTaggart develops against the conception of time as forming an A- and a B-series are still the two main objections with which the A- and B-views of time struggle. Notably, is the A-view contradictory, and is the B-view able to incorporate an account of change?

The controversy about McTaggart's argument for the unreality of time continues unabated (see, for instance, Smith 2011; Cameron 2015; Mozersky 2015; Ingthorsson 2016).

Editions

 * J. M. E. McTaggart (1908). "The Unreality of Time". Mind 17: 457–73.
 * J. M. E. McTaggart (1927). The Nature of Existence (Volume 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

title: The Unreality of Time