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Numerical weather prediction

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) uses mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather based on current weather conditions. Though first attempted in the 1920s, it was not until the advent of computer simulation in the 1950s that numerical weather predictions produced realistic results. A number of global and regional forecast models are run in different countries worldwide, using current weather observations relayed from radiosondes, weather satellites and other observing systems as inputs.

Mathematical models based on the same physical principles can be used to generate either short-term weather forecasts or longer-term climate predictions; the latter are widely applied for understanding and projecting climate change. The improvements made to regional models have allowed significant improvements in tropical cyclone track and air quality forecasts; however, atmospheric models perform poorly at handling processes that occur in a relatively constricted area, such as wildfires.

Manipulating the vast datasets and performing the complex calculations necessary to modern numerical weather prediction requires some of the most powerful supercomputers in the world. Even with the increasing power of supercomputers, the forecast skill of numerical weather models extends to only about six days. Factors affecting the accuracy of numerical predictions include the density and quality of observations used as input to the forecasts, along with deficiencies in the numerical models themselves. Post-processing techniques such as model output statistics (MOS) have been developed to improve the handling of errors in numerical predictions.

A more fundamental problem lies in the chaotic nature of the partial differential equations that describe the atmosphere. It is impossible to solve these equations exactly, and small errors grow with time (doubling about every five days). Present understanding is that this chaotic behavior limits accurate forecasts to about 14 days even with accurate input data and a flawless model. In addition, the partial differential equations used in the model need to be supplemented with parameterizations for solar radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, and the effects of terrain. In an effort to quantify the large amount of inherent uncertainty remaining in numerical predictions, ensemble forecasts have been used since the 1990s to help gauge the confidence in the forecast, and to obtain useful results farther into the future than otherwise possible. This approach analyzes multiple forecasts created with an individual forecast model or multiple models.

History
The history of numerical weather prediction began in the 1920s through the efforts of Lewis Fry Richardson, who used procedures originally developed by Vilhelm Bjerknes to produce by hand a six-hour forecast for the state of the atmosphere over two points in central Europe, taking at least six weeks to do so. It was not until the advent of the computer and computer simulations that computation time was reduced to less than the forecast period itself. The ENIAC was used to create the first weather forecasts via computer in 1950, based on a highly simplified approximation to the atmospheric governing equations. In 1954, Carl-Gustav Rossby's group at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute used the same model to produce the first operational forecast (i.e., a routine prediction for practical use). Operational numerical weather prediction in the United States began in 1955 under the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit (JNWPU), a joint project by the U.S. Air Force, Navy and Weather Bureau. In 1956, Norman Phillips developed a mathematical model which could realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere; this became the first successful climate model. Following Phillips' work, several groups began working to create general circulation models. The first general circulation climate model that combined both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the late 1960s at the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.

As computers have become more powerful, the size of the initial data sets has increased and newer atmospheric models have been developed to take advantage of the added available computing power. These newer models include more physical processes in the simplifications of the equations of motion in numerical simulations of the atmosphere. In 1966, West Germany and the United States began producing operational forecasts based on primitive-equation models, followed by the United Kingdom in 1972 and Australia in 1977. The development of limited area (regional) models facilitated advances in forecasting the tracks of tropical cyclones as well as air quality in the 1970s and 1980s. By the early 1980s models began to include the interactions of soil and vegetation with the atmosphere, which led to more realistic forecasts.

The output of forecast models based on atmospheric dynamics is unable to resolve some details of the weather near the Earth's surface. As such, a statistical relationship between the output of a numerical weather model and the ensuing conditions at the ground was developed in the 1970s and 1980s, known as model output statistics (MOS). Starting in the 1990s, model ensemble forecasts have been used to help define the forecast uncertainty and to extend the window in which numerical weather forecasting is viable farther into the future than otherwise possible.

Initialization
The atmosphere is a fluid. As such, the idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time and use the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future. The process of entering observation data into the model to generate initial conditions is called initialization. On land, terrain maps available at resolutions down to 1 km globally are used to help model atmospheric circulations within regions of rugged topography, in order to better depict features such as downslope winds, mountain waves and related cloudiness that affects incoming solar radiation. The main inputs from country-based weather services are observations from devices (called radiosondes) in weather balloons that measure  various atmospheric parameters and transmits them to a fixed receiver, as well as from weather satellites. The World Meteorological Organization acts to standardize the instrumentation, observing practices and timing of these observations worldwide. Stations either report hourly in METAR reports, or every six hours in SYNOP reports. These observations are irregularly spaced, so they are processed by data assimilation and objective analysis methods, which perform quality control and obtain values at locations usable by the model's mathematical algorithms. The data are then used in the model as the starting point for a forecast. A variety of methods are used to gather observational data for use in numerical models. Sites launch radiosondes in weather balloons which rise through the troposphere and well into the stratosphere. Information from weather satellites is used where traditional data sources are not available. Commerce provides pilot reports along aircraft routes and ship reports along shipping routes. Research projects use reconnaissance aircraft to fly in and around weather systems of interest, such as tropical cyclones. Reconnaissance aircraft are also flown over the open oceans during the cold season into systems which cause significant uncertainty in forecast guidance, or are expected to be of high impact from three to seven days into the future over the downstream continent. Sea ice began to be initialized in forecast models in 1971. Efforts to involve sea surface temperature in model initialization began in 1972 due to its role in modulating weather in higher latitudes of the Pacific.

Computation

An atmospheric model is a computer program that produces meteorological information for future times at given locations and altitudes. Within any modern model is a set of equations, known as the primitive equations, used to predict the future state of the atmosphere. These equations—along with the ideal gas law—are used to evolve the density, pressure, and potential temperature scalar fields and the air velocity (wind) vector field of the atmosphere through time. Additional transport equations for pollutants and other aerosols are included in some primitive-equation high-resolution models as well. The equations used are nonlinear partial differential equations which are impossible to solve exactly through analytical methods, with the exception of a few idealized cases. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods: some global models and almost all regional models use finite difference methods for all three spatial dimensions, while other global models and a few regional models use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods in the vertical.

These equations are initialized from the analysis data and rates of change are determined. These rates of change predict the state of the atmosphere a short time into the future; the time increment for this prediction is called a time step. This future atmospheric state is then used as the starting point for another application of the predictive equations to find new rates of change, and these new rates of change predict the atmosphere at a yet further time step into the future. This time stepping is repeated until the solution reaches the desired forecast time. The length of the time step chosen within the model is related to the distance between the points on the computational grid, and is chosen to maintain numerical stability. Time steps for global models are on the order of tens of minutes, while time steps for regional models are between one and four minutes. The global models are run at varying times into the future. The UKMET Unified Model is run six days into the future, while the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' Integrated Forecast System and Environment Canada's Global Environmental Multiscale Model both run out to ten days into the future, and the Global Forecast System model run by the Environmental Modeling Center is run sixteen days into the future. The visual output produced by a model solution is known as a prognostic chart, or prog.

Parameterization

Some meteorological processes are too small-scale or too complex to be explicitly included in numerical weather prediction models. Parameterization is a procedure for representing these processes by relating them to variables on the scales that the model resolves. For example, the gridboxes in weather and climate models have sides that are between 5 km and 300 km in length. A typical cumulus cloud has a scale of less than 1 km, and would require a grid even finer than this to be represented physically by the equations of fluid motion. Therefore, the processes that such clouds represent are parameterized, by processes of various sophistication. In the earliest models, if a column of air within a model gridbox was conditionally unstable (essentially, the bottom was warmer and moister than the top) and the water vapor content at any point within the column became saturated then it would be overturned (the warm, moist air would begin rising), and the air in that vertical column mixed. More sophisticated schemes recognize that only some portions of the box might convect and that entrainment and other processes occur. Weather models that have gridboxes with sizes between 5 and 25 km can explicitly represent convective clouds, although they need to parameterize cloud microphysics which occur at a smaller scale. The formation of large-scale (stratus-type) clouds is more physically based; they form when the relative humidity reaches some prescribed value. The cloud fraction can be related to this critical value of relative humidity.

The amount of solar radiation reaching the ground, as well as the formation of cloud droplets occur on the molecular scale, and so they must be parameterized before they can be included in the model. Atmospheric drag produced by mountains must also be parameterized, as the limitations in the resolution of elevation contours produce significant underestimates of the drag. This method of parameterization is also done for the surface flux of energy between the ocean and the atmosphere, in order to determine realistic sea surface temperatures and type of sea ice found near the ocean's surface. Sun angle as well as the impact of multiple cloud layers is taken into account. Soil type, vegetation type, and soil moisture all determine how much radiation goes into warming and how much moisture is drawn up into the adjacent atmosphere, and thus it is important to parameterize their contribution to these processes. Within air quality models, parameterizations take into account atmospheric emissions from multiple relatively tiny sources (e.g. roads, fields, factories) within specific grid boxes.

Domains
The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional, covering only part of the Earth. Regional models (also known as limited-area models, or LAMs) allow for the use of finer grid spacing than global models because the available computational resources are focused on a specific area instead of being spread over the globe. This allows regional models to resolve explicitly smaller-scale meteorological phenomena that cannot be represented on the coarser grid of a global model. Regional models use a global model to specify conditions at the edge of their domain (boundary conditions) in order to allow systems from outside the regional model domain to move into its area. Uncertainty and errors within regional models are introduced by the global model used for the boundary conditions of the edge of the regional model, as well as errors attributable to the regional model itself.

The vertical coordinate is handled in various ways. Lewis Fry Richardson's 1922 model used geometric height ($$z$$) as the vertical coordinate. Later models substituted the geometric $$z$$ coordinate with a pressure coordinate system, in which the geopotential heights of constant-pressure surfaces become dependent variables, greatly simplifying the primitive equations. This correlation between coordinate systems can be made since pressure decreases with height through the Earth's atmosphere. The first model used for operational forecasts, the single-layer barotropic model, used a single pressure coordinate at the 500-millibar (about 5500 m) level, and thus was essentially two-dimensional. High-resolution models—also called mesoscale models—such as the Weather Research and Forecasting model tend to use normalized pressure coordinates referred to as sigma coordinates. This coordinate system receives its name from the independent variable $$\sigma$$ used to scale atmospheric pressures with respect to the pressure at the surface, and in some cases also with the pressure at the top of the domain.

Model output statistics
Because forecast models based upon the equations for atmospheric dynamics do not perfectly determine weather conditions, statistical methods have been developed to attempt to correct the forecasts. Statistical models were created based upon the three-dimensional fields produced by numerical weather models, surface observations and the climatological conditions for specific locations. These statistical models are collectively referred to as model output statistics (MOS), and were developed by the National Weather Service for their suite of weather forecasting models in the late 1960s.

Model output statistics differ from the perfect prog technique, which assumes that the output of numerical weather prediction guidance is perfect. MOS can correct for local effects that cannot be resolved by the model due to insufficient grid resolution, as well as model biases. Because MOS is run after its respective global or regional model, its production is known as post-processing. Forecast parameters within MOS include maximum and minimum temperatures, percentage chance of rain within a several hour period, precipitation amount expected, chance that the precipitation will be frozen in nature, chance for thunderstorms, cloudiness, and surface winds.

Ensembles
In 1963, Edward Lorenz discovered the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved in weather forecasting. Extremely small errors in temperature, winds, or other initial inputs given to numerical models will amplify and double every five days, making it impossible for long-range forecasts—those made more than two weeks in advance—to predict the state of the atmosphere with any degree of forecast skill. Furthermore, existing observation networks have poor coverage in some regions (for example, over large bodies of water such as the Pacific Ocean), which introduces uncertainty into the true initial state of the atmosphere. While a set of equations, known as the Liouville equations, exists to determine the initial uncertainty in the model initialization, the equations are too complex to run in real-time, even with the use of supercomputers. These uncertainties limit forecast model accuracy to about five or six days into the future.

Edward Epstein recognized in 1969 that the atmosphere could not be completely described with a single forecast run due to inherent uncertainty, and proposed using an ensemble of stochastic Monte Carlo simulations to produce means and variances for the state of the atmosphere. Although this early example of an ensemble showed skill, in 1974 Cecil Leith showed that they produced adequate forecasts only when the ensemble probability distribution was a representative sample of the probability distribution in the atmosphere.

Since the 1990s, ensemble forecasts have been used operationally (as routine forecasts) to account for the stochastic nature of weather processes – that is, to resolve their inherent uncertainty. This method involves analyzing multiple forecasts created with an individual forecast model by using different physical parametrizations or varying initial conditions. Starting in 1992 with ensemble forecasts prepared by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, model ensemble forecasts have been used to help define the forecast uncertainty and to extend the window in which numerical weather forecasting is viable farther into the future than otherwise possible. The ECMWF model, the Ensemble Prediction System, uses singular vectors to simulate the initial probability density, while the NCEP ensemble, the Global Ensemble Forecasting System, uses a technique known as vector breeding. The UK Met Office runs global and regional ensemble forecasts where perturbations to initial conditions are used by 24 ensemble members in the Met Office Global and Regional Ensemble Prediction System (MOGREPS) to produce 24 different forecasts.

In a single model-based approach, the ensemble forecast is usually evaluated in terms of an average of the individual forecasts concerning one forecast variable, as well as the degree of agreement between various forecasts within the ensemble system, as represented by their overall spread. Ensemble spread is diagnosed through tools such as spaghetti diagrams, which show the dispersion of one quantity on prognostic charts for specific time steps in the future. Another tool where ensemble spread is used is a meteogram, which shows the dispersion in the forecast of one quantity for one specific location. It is common for the ensemble spread to be too small to include the weather that actually occurs, which can lead to forecasters misdiagnosing model uncertainty; this problem becomes particularly severe for forecasts of the weather about ten days in advance. When ensemble spread is small and the forecast solutions are consistent within multiple model runs, forecasters perceive more confidence in the ensemble mean, and the forecast in general. Despite this perception, a spread-skill relationship is often weak or not found, as spread-error correlations are normally less than 0.6, and only under special circumstances range between 0.6–0.7.

In the same way that many forecasts from a single model can be used to form an ensemble, multiple models may also be combined to produce an ensemble forecast. This approach is called multi-model ensemble forecasting, and it has been shown to improve forecasts when compared to a single model-based approach. Models within a multi-model ensemble can be adjusted for their various biases, which is a process known as superensemble forecasting. This type of forecast significantly reduces errors in model output.

Air quality modeling
Air quality forecasting attempts to predict when the concentrations of pollutants will attain levels that are hazardous to public health. The concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is determined by their transport, or mean velocity of movement through the atmosphere, their diffusion, chemical transformation, and ground deposition. In addition to pollutant source and terrain information, these models require data about the state of the fluid flow in the atmosphere to determine its transport and diffusion. Meteorological conditions such as thermal inversions can prevent surface air from rising, trapping pollutants near the surface, which makes accurate forecasts of such events crucial for air quality modeling. Urban air quality models require a very fine computational mesh, requiring the use of high-resolution mesoscale weather models; in spite of this, the quality of numerical weather guidance is the main uncertainty in air quality forecasts.

Climate modeling
A General Circulation Model (GCM) is a mathematical model that can be used in computer simulations of the global circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean. An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is essentially the same as a global numerical weather prediction model, and some (such as the one used in the UK Unified Model) can be configured for both short-term weather forecasts and longer-term climate predictions. Along with sea ice and land-surface components, AGCMs and oceanic GCMs (OGCM) are key components of global climate models, and are widely applied for understanding the climate and projecting climate change. For aspects of climate change, a range of man-made chemical emission scenarios can be fed into the climate models to see how an enhanced greenhouse effect would modify the Earth's climate. Versions designed for climate applications with time scales of decades to centuries were originally created in 1969 by Syukuro Manabe and Kirk Bryan at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey. When run for multiple decades, computational limitations mean that the models must use a coarse grid that leaves smaller-scale interactions unresolved.

Ocean surface modeling

The transfer of energy between the wind blowing over the surface of an ocean and the ocean's upper layer is an important element in wave dynamics. The spectral wave transport equation is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography. It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid), wave shoaling, refraction, energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation. Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean. Along with dissipation of energy through whitecaps and resonance between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.

Tropical cyclone forecasting
Tropical cyclone forecasting also relies on data provided by numerical weather models. Three main classes of tropical cyclone guidance models exist: Statistical models are based on an analysis of storm behavior using climatology, and correlate a storm's position and date to produce a forecast that is not based on the physics of the atmosphere at the time. Dynamical models are numerical models that solve the governing equations of fluid flow in the atmosphere; they are based on the same principles as other limited-area numerical weather prediction models but may include special computational techniques such as refined spatial domains that move along with the cyclone. Models that use elements of both approaches are called statistical-dynamical models.

In 1978, the first hurricane-tracking model based on atmospheric dynamics—the movable fine-mesh (MFM) model—began operating. Within the field of tropical cyclone track forecasting, despite the ever-improving dynamical model guidance which occurred with increased computational power, it was not until the 1980s when numerical weather prediction showed skill, and until the 1990s when it consistently outperformed statistical or simple dynamical models. Predictions of the intensity of a tropical cyclone based on numerical weather prediction continue to be a challenge, since statistical methods continue to show higher skill over dynamical guidance.

Wildfire modeling
On a molecular scale, there are two main competing reaction processes involved in the degradation of cellulose, or wood fuels, in wildfires. When there is a low amount of moisture in a cellulose fiber, volatilization of the fuel occurs; this process will generate intermediate gaseous products that will ultimately be the source of combustion. When moisture is present—or when enough heat is being carried away from the fiber, charring occurs. The chemical kinetics of both reactions indicate that there is a point at which the level of moisture is low enough—and/or heating rates high enough—for combustion processes to become self-sufficient. Consequently, changes in wind speed, direction, moisture, temperature, or lapse rate at different levels of the atmosphere can have a significant impact on the behavior and growth of a wildfire. Since the wildfire acts as a heat source to the atmospheric flow, the wildfire can modify local advection patterns, introducing a feedback loop between the fire and the atmosphere.

A simplified two-dimensional model for the spread of wildfires that used convection to represent the effects of wind and terrain, as well as radiative heat transfer as the dominant method of heat transport led to reaction–diffusion systems of partial differential equations. More complex models join numerical weather models or computational fluid dynamics models with a wildfire component which allow the feedback effects between the fire and the atmosphere to be estimated. The additional complexity in the latter class of models translates to a corresponding increase in their computer power requirements. In fact, a full three-dimensional treatment of combustion via direct numerical simulation at scales relevant for atmospheric modeling is not currently practical because of the excessive computational cost such a simulation would require. Numerical weather models have limited forecast skill at spatial resolutions under 1 km, forcing complex wildfire models to parameterize the fire in order to calculate how the winds will be modified locally by the wildfire, and to use those modified winds to determine the rate at which the fire will spread locally.

title: Numerical weather prediction


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Hybrid computer

Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical and numerical operations, while the analog component often serves as a solver of differential equations and other mathematically complex problems.

History
The first desktop hybrid computing system was the Hycomp 250, released by Packard Bell in 1961. Another early example was the HYDAC 2400, an integrated hybrid computer released by EAI in 1963. In the 1980s, Marconi Space and Defense Systems Limited (under Peggy Hodges) developed their "Starglow Hybrid Computer", which consisted of three EAI 8812 analog computers linked to an EAI 8100 digital computer, the latter also being linked to an SEL 3200 digital computer. Late in the 20th century, hybrids dwindled with the increasing capabilities of digital computers including digital signal processors.

In general, analog computers are extraordinarily fast, since they are able to solve most mathematically complex equations at the rate at which a signal traverses the circuit, which is generally an appreciable fraction of the speed of light. On the other hand, the precision of analog computers is not good; they are limited to three, or at most, four digits of precision.

Digital computers can be built to take the solution of equations to almost unlimited precision, but quite slowly compared to analog computers. Generally, complex mathematical equations are approximated using iterative methods which take huge numbers of iterations, depending on how good the initial "guess" at the final value is and how much precision is desired. (This initial guess is known as the numerical "seed".) For many real-time operations in the 20th century, such digital calculations were too slow to be of much use (e.g., for very high frequency phased array radars or for weather calculations), but the precision of an analog computer is insufficient.

Hybrid computers can be used to obtain a very good but relatively imprecise 'seed' value, using an analog computer front-end, which is then fed into a digital computer iterative process to achieve the final desired degree of precision. With a three or four digit, highly accurate numerical seed, the total digital computation time to reach the desired precision is dramatically reduced, since many fewer iterations are required. One of the main technical problems to be overcome in hybrid computers is minimizing digital-computer noise in analog computing elements and grounding systems.

Consider that the nervous system in animals is a form of hybrid computer. Signals pass across the synapses from one nerve cell to the next as discrete (digital) packets of chemicals, which are then summed within the nerve cell in an analog fashion by building an electro-chemical potential until its threshold is reached, whereupon it discharges and sends out a series of digital packets to the next nerve cell. The advantages are at least threefold: noise within the system is minimized (and tends not to be additive), no common grounding system is required, and there is minimal degradation of the signal even if there are substantial differences in activity of the cells along a path (only the signal delays tend to vary). The individual nerve cells are analogous to analog computers; the synapses are analogous to digital computers.

Hybrid computers are distinct from hybrid systems. The latter may be no more than a digital computer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter at the input and/or a digital-to-analog converter at the output, to convert analog signals for ordinary digital signal processing, and conversely, e.g., for driving physical control systems, such as servomechanisms.

VLSI hybrid computer chip
In 2015, researchers at Columbia University published a paper on a small scale hybrid computer in 65 nm CMOS technology. This 4th-order VLSI hybrid computer contains 4 integrator blocks, 8 multiplier/gain-setting blocks, 8 fanout blocks for distributing current-mode signals, 2 ADCs, 2 DACs and 2 SRAMs blocks. Digital controllers are also implemented on the chip for executing the external instructions. A robot experiment in the paper demonstrates the use of the hybrid computing chip in today's emerging low-power embedded applications.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hybrid computer


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Odienné

Odienné is a town in the northwestern part of Ivory Coast. It is the seat of both Denguélé District and Kabadougou Region. It is also a commune and the seat of and a sub-prefecture of Odienné Department.

The town of Odienné was founded by Malinké people under Vakaba Touré. Later, Samory Touré founded a support base in the town. Features of Odienné include a large mosque, nearby gold mines, and Vakaba Touré's tomb located in Odienné.

The town is served by Odienné Airport. The Stade Municipal is a multi-purpose stadium in the town. St. Augustine Cathedral serves as the cathedral and headquarters for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Odienné, of which Antoine Koné is the bishop.

History
It is thought that the area surrounding Odienné was first settled by the Senufo people and the Mandinka people. The founding of the town is credited to Vakaba Touré (1800–1858), who also founded the Kabadougou Kingdom, of which Odienné was the capital. The French explorer René Caillié visited Odienné in 1827. In 1898, during the French occupation of Cote d'Ivoire, a military post was established south of Odienné. During the First Ivorian Civil War, Odienné was a stronghold for Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire. Its remote location meant that the town was somewhat peaceful during the war compared to other Ivorian towns.

Economy
Odienné relies on agriculture as its main industry. Fruits, cashews, yams, and cotton is grown in fields located in the Massif du Dienguélé valley. The town houses a rice-processing plant and manganese is also produced in the area.

Sports
Stade Municipal is the primary stadium in Odienné, and is the home of AS Denguélé, the main football club, which currently plays in the Ligue 1 division.

Villages
The 17 villages of the sub-prefecture of Odienné and their population in 2014 are:

• # Logbanasso (235)

• # Odienné (42 173)

• # Baradjan (357)

• # Bassékodougou (204)

• # Gbanhanla (967)

• # Gbèrèdougou (509)

• # Massadougou (201)

• # Kodougou (219)

• # Kouroukro-Mafélé (835)

• # Néguéla (406)

• # Niamasso (392)

• # Samesso (314)

• # Sirana (1 250)

• # Touroni (479)

• # Odienné-Sienso (809)

• # Samankoungolo (166)

• # Ziéwasso (990)

In 2014, the total population of the sub-prefecture of Odienné was 50,506.

title: Odienné


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Talk:Manna

Manna as a mushroom
I was prepaired to quit, but you know what? Somebody has to point to the light switch before we can all be out of the dark.

Wow... Mannaseejah, you need to calm down a bit. I think you have something with the Manna as a Mushroom, but we need to approach it in an academic way. Help me find some reliable sources so we can present verification that the theory exists. (I know I've heard the theory before... so I know that this isn't just OR) ---J.S (t|c) 21:47, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

TRUTH IS NOT ACADEMIC.
 * Yes it is. ---J.S (t|c) 20:41, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * i agree. i mean, if there's some serious evidence out there that talks about manna being psychedelic mushrooms, then that definitely needs to be in there, but form is incredibly important.  the strange edits that the user keeps putting into this article are not encyclopedic.  i mean, just look at the top of the talk page here.  (personally i think that the top of the talk page needs to be cleared off.  wikipedia is not a soapbox, and that goes for talk pages, too) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sparsefarce (talk • contribs)

How can color be described to the blind? It is a "form" that you simply cannot understand.

 * I'll do some research and see what I can find. ---J.S (t|c) 22:44, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

How many mushrooms would grow in the Sinai in any case? Mushrooms, not fungus, that is. They require more humidity than the circumstances of the Exodus story seem to imply. Dew will not suufice. Dysmorodrepanis 03:45, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

IT SAYS DEW: THAT MEANS THE CLIMATE WAS DIFFERENT! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.126.42.61 (talk) 07:21, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes it was - 5,000 years before the events of Exodus at least. Probably more like 10,000. I suggest you yourself haul your ass down to the Sinai and try gathering shrooms. Good luck. Dysmorodrepanis (talk) 03:54, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

The accompanying illustration shows Psilocybe semilanceata (Liberty cap mushroom) rather than the Psilocybe cubensis (Gold cap mushroom) mentioned in the text. The Wikipedia Psilocybe cubensis article includes a rough map of the current range of Gold cap mushrooms. While the map is rough, and doesn't show the distribution at the right historical period, nonetheless these discrepencies suggest that someone who has read the references should identify the particular species indicated by the authors, or a generic term ("some kind of psychedelic mushrooms") should be used instead. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.145.187.67 (talk) 18:27, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

There is no survival benefit to consuming psychoactive substances in an Arid Desert where lapses of Judgement can be lethal as most psychosis inducing substances cause excessive thirst which can easily be complicated by a lack of drinking water, the only sane Fungal Candidate for Manna may be Terfezia spp- a genera of desert truffles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C58:4300:3C11:44AB:989B:D38A:8F82 (talk) 18:11, 20 June 2021 (UTC)

Correction suggestion
The article states " In the Hebrew Bible, manna is described twice: once in Exodus 16:1–36 with the full narrative surrounding it, and once again in Numbers 11:1–9 "

I know of at least one other mention....Deuteronomy 8:3 - And he humbled thee, and suffered thee to hunger, and fed thee with manna, which thou knewest not, neither did thy fathers know; that he might make thee know that man doth not live by bread only, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the Lord doth man live. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:40d:8400:8bd0:4cf8:db46:28dc:9e05 (talk) 18:42, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

Original research
This article reads like a theologian's essay quoting the Bible directly, when an encyclopedia article should instead describe their descriptions and cite their interpretations. Translations also vary a lot in their descriptions and it's often notoriously difficult to really know what real-world items some verses were referring to. The article also lacks a section about the historicity, that it's most likely mythological, that it's unnecessary to try to really find out what manna really must have been (i.e. an insect product, mushroom, dew and other speculation)... This doesn't mean that the most notable speculation cannot be included, in their context with secondary sources. — Paleo Neonate  – 06:54, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

Water
does water fit all descriptions we consider if one grinds the water or oceans that they would have Superior quality foods like krill, algae, kelp and more. 209.171.85.218 (talk) 18:57, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

Chuvash L.
In the biblical account, the name manna is said to derive from the "question" (man hu), seemingly meaning "What is it?"

P.S. In the Chuvash language, "Mĕn ku" also means "what is it", but the Chuvash are Turks and not Semites. 176.52.109.239 (talk) 09:10, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

Your "manna from heaven" is an ordinary HAIL that often falls in our Chuvash Republic, do not thank. Therefore, it was white as frost and quickly melted in the sun, and in the early morning when the air did not warm up, it was stored. The size of it was round like a coriander seed. And you here, the learned light, have arranged the riddle of the century! We Chuvash have such manna from heaven every year, summer hail is called, it also happens to be the size of a tangerine. And the shape of the scales is snow or layering. Don't thank me, your beloved Chuvash from the shores of Bolshoy Cheremshan was with you.

title: Talk:Manna


text:
Emerald Isle

Emerald Isle or Emerald Island or variation, may also refer to:

Places

 * Emerald Isle (Northwest Territories), Canada
 * Emerald Isle (Ontario), Canada; a village in Selwyn township, Peterborough county
 * Emerald Isle, North Carolina, USA
 * Emerald Island (phantom), a phantom island reported by some early explorers to lie between Australia and Antarctica
 * St. John's Island, Egypt, also known as Zabargad or Emerald Island because of ancient peridot mines

Nicknamed

 * Ireland, so referred to in the poem When Erin First Rose by William Drennan
 * Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA
 * Lesbos, Greece
 * Montserrat, Caribbean
 * Phú Quốc, Vietnam

Other uses

 * Emerald Island (EP), by Caro Emerald
 * "The Emerald Isle", comic opera by Sir Arthur Sullivan
 * Emerald Isle (video game), 1984 computer game by Level 9
 * Ulmus parvifolia 'Emer I', the Chinese elm cultivar called Emerald Isle.

title: Emerald Isle


text:
Rāhui

In Māori culture, a rāhui is a form of tapu restricting access to, or use of, an area or resource by the kaitiaki (guardian/s) of the area in the spirit of kaitiakitanga. With the passing of the 1996 Fisheries Act, a rāhui was able to be imposed by the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries, a role that has since been taken over by the Ministry for Primary Industries. In the Cook Islands, raui (also spelled "rahui") have been put in place by the National Environment Service.

Rāhui may be imposed for many reasons, including a need for conservation of food resources or because the area concerned is in a state of tapu, due, for example, to a recent death in the area, out of respect for the dead and to prevent the gathering of food there for a specified period. Rāhui may be placed on land, sea, rivers, forests, gardens, fishing grounds, and other food resources. A rāhui is given its authority by the mana of the person or group that imposes it.

Most rāhui are set down in law. For example www.rahui.org.nz details a rāhui in place in Maunganui Bay, BOI, and states "Temporary closures in the North Island are established under section 186A of the Fisheries Act 1996 at the request of local tangata whenua. They can be put in place if the closure will improve the availability and/or size of fisheries resources in the area, or recognise a customary fishing practice in that area."

An area may be set aside for a special purpose or function. Trees may be set aside as a carving resource; or flax bushes for the weaving of a special cloak for a chief. Areas may be placed under rāhui requiring them to be left to lie fallow so that the resources may regenerate.

The custom of rāhui is still used today, and it has similarities to the bans imposed by the present day legal system on the gathering of food resources for conservation purposes; however Māori often perceive such bans on the gathering of traditional resources such as shellfish and native birds as 'another denial of their customary rights.'

A sign or physical symbol may be displayed to show that a rāhui has been imposed. Sometimes a carved or decorated wooden stick or post may be placed in the ground. Natural features of the landscape can indicate the boundaries of the area that is under restriction. Additionally, people will be informed about the placing of the rāhui.

The imposing of rāhui by Māori iwi has no official legal standing, and penalties are not formally imposed upon anyone breaking a rāhui, but it is seen as culturally insensitive to do so.

Whakaari/White Island following 2019 volcanic eruption
Following the volcanic eruption of Whakaari / White Island, in which 20 people were killed, a rāhui was placed on the island restricting access. It was reported that the rāhui was placed on the island following a ceremony which took place at the mouth of the Whakatāne River at 4am on Tuesday 10 December 2019. The Buttle family, who have owned the island for over 80 years, asked that the rāhui be respected. The rāhui was lifted on Saturday 28 December.

Mataharehare Pa site, Parnell, Auckland City
A rāhui was placed on the site by Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei and Tainui elders in March 2021, shortly before construction work on a controversial National Erebus memorial was scheduled to start. This rāhui carries unusual significance given its application is deemed primarily a political act.

title: Rāhui


text:
Mbanna Kantako

Mbanna Kantako (born Dewayne Readus) is a blind African freedom fighter who is active in the Low-power broadcasting (microwatt, FM pirate radio broadcasting) in the United States of America. His history of unlicensed broadcasting in the service of social and racial justice has made him "an early hero of the micro-broadcasting movement."

Mail order kit
During the 1980s, Mbanna Kantako had been living in a public housing project in Springfield, Illinois. With the help of Mike Townsend, a professor of social work at a small college in Springfield, Mbanna Kantako obtained a 1 watt transmitter kit from a mail order catalog.

Housing Project Tenants' Association
Having constructed the transmitter, Mbanna used to communicate with other Black residents in the housing project under the call letters WTRA ("Tenants Rights Association"), of which he was a member. These transmissions went through more changes of name from Black Liberation Radio to African Liberation Radio.

Fine
Mbanna Kantako found himself under investigation by the FCC when his microwatt transmissions expanded in both duration and content by featuring youths who were in trouble with the Housing Project police. Then he was ordered to cease his broadcasts. Like a lot of pirate radio broadcasters at first he complied and then came back on the airwaves. However, he announced his return by informing the FCC of his intention by means of a public announcement to the press. The net result was a summons to appear in court where he faced a $750 fine. Kantako claimed that he could not get a court-appointed lawyer and so he refused to go to court and as a result a default judgment was entered against him.

Inspirational anarchy
His press conference inspired others to also start microwatt stations in other cities. Radio Free Detroit took to the air and it was promptly raided by the FCC. But in short order it was followed by Free Radio Berkeley and then San Francisco Liberation Radio.

Kantako also returned to the air from 7pm to midnight every day. His reasoning is exactly the same as Alan Weiner who started Radio Newyork International after first operating both licensed and unlicensed commercial radio stations on land in the New York City area. Kantako claims that he should be left alone because he is just using an open space on the spectrum.

title: Mbanna Kantako


text:
Antonina, Paraná

Antonina is a municipality in the state of Paraná in southern Brazil. As of 2020, the estimated population was 18,949.

Geography
Antonina has an area of 845.853 km2. It is located at -25.1°N, -48.71667°W. It is 80 km away from Curitiba.

The municipality contains 29% of the 2699 ha Roberto Ribas Lange State Park, created in 1994. It contains part of the 4334 ha Pico Paraná State Park, created in 2002. It also holds 30% of the 34179 ha Bom Jesus Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit established in 2012.

History
The small town Antonina was former known as “Capela” – as a chapel has been built there in the 18th century. Due to this fact the inhabitants are called “capelistas” until today. The official name is in honor to King Antonio of Portugal.

Culture
Antonina hosts a July winter festival promoted by the Federal University of Paraná, which develops several workshops and shows during this time in the village. The carnival takes place within several blocks and features samba groups.

title: Antonina, Paraná


text:
Lying in state

Lying in state is the tradition in which the body of a deceased official, such as a head of state, is placed in a state building, either outside or inside a coffin, to allow the public to pay their respects. It traditionally takes place in a major government building of a country, state, or city. While the practice differs among countries, in the United States, a viewing in a location other than a government building, such as a church, may be referred to as lying in repose. It is a more formal and public kind of wake or viewing. Lying in state often precedes a state funeral.

Canada
In Canada, official lying in state is a part of a state funeral, an honour generally reserved for former governors general and former prime ministers. It is held in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill, in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. Ex-governors general lie in state in the Senate Chamber while former prime ministers lie in the Hall of Honour. During the period of lying in state, the caskets are flanked at each corner by a Guard of honour, composed of four members drawn from the Canadian Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as members of the Governor General's Foot Guards for former governors general, and guards from the parliamentary security forces for former prime ministers. Guards stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted (resting on Arms reversed) with their backs turned towards the casket.

Provinces may also mount state funerals and have a lying in state for a distinguished former resident. For instance, Maurice Richard, nationally known hockey player, was given a state funeral by the province of Quebec when he died in 2000; his coffin lay in state at the Molson Centre. This process was repeated for fellow Canadiens players Jean Béliveau in December 2014 and Guy Lafleur in May 2022.

Upon his death in October 2012, 24th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario and former member of parliament Lincoln Alexander received only the second provincial state funeral in the province. Ontario staged its first state funeral in October 1982 for former Premier John Robarts.

Alexander lay in state in the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto then in repose in Hamilton City Hall, his hometown. The service was held in Hamilton Place. During the procession from city hall, the casket was escorted by mounted police officers, marching police, firefighters and military and a massed pipe band representing several police and fire services.

On 2 July 2019, Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan W. Thomas Molloy died. He was installed as the 22nd Lieutenant Governor on 21 March 2018, and approximately a year later, diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. His state funeral service was held at Merlis Belsher Place on the campus of the University of Saskatchewan. Malloy had earlier served as Chancellor of the university. Members of the public were able to sign books of condolence at the Saskatchewan Legislative Building and Government House in Regina and city hall in Saskatoon.

Premier Scott Moe stated that flags in the province would fly at half-mast until sunset on the day of Malloy's funeral, which was later scheduled for 13 July. During the service, a detail of Royal Canadian Mounted Police guarded the casket and following, members of 15 Wing Moose Jaw from the Royal Canadian Air Force flew over Merlis Belsher Place.

Jocelyne Roy-Vienneau, Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick, died 2 August 2019, after holding office since 23 October 2014. She received a state funeral 8 August 2019 and the flag on the Peace Tower of the Parliament Buildings flew at half-mast from 6 August through 8 August.

Municipalities may offer civic funerals to prominent deceased current or former politicians.

North Korea
In North Korea, the body of the late leader Kim Jong Il was embalmed and displayed in a glass coffin surrounded with red flowers at the Kumsusan Memorial Palace in Pyongyang prior to his funeral, which began and ended at the palace. An honor guard armed with AK-47s was present. Kim's father Kim Il Sung, the founding president, was also embalmed, placed in a glass casket, and is on display elsewhere in the palace.

Soviet Union
During the time of the Soviet Union (1917–1991), the state funerals of the most senior political and military leaders, such as Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Konstantin Chernenko all followed the same basic outline. They took place in Moscow, beginning with a public lying in state of the deceased in the House of the Unions, and ending with an interment at Red Square.

For the lying in state at the House of the Unions, the coffin would be placed on display in the Column Hall, which would be decorated by flowers, numerous red flags and other communist symbols. The mourners, which usually would be brought in by the thousands, shuffled up a marble staircase beneath chandeliers draped in black gauze. On the stage at the left side of the Column Hall, a full orchestra in black tailcoats played classical music. The deceased's embalmed body, dressed in a black suit, white shirt and a tie, was displayed in an open coffin on a catafalque banked with carnations, red roses and tulips, facing the queue of mourners. A small guard of honour would be in attendance in the background. At the right side of the hall, seats were placed for guests of honour, with the front row reserved for the dead leader's family.

On the day of the funeral, a military funeral parade would take place during which the coffin would be conveyed from the House of the Unions to Red Square where burial would take place. Lenin and Stalin were placed inside the Lenin Mausoleum, while Brezhnev, Andropov, and Chernenko were interred in individual graves in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.

Singapore
At state funerals in Singapore, the state flag is draped over the coffin. The vigil guard may be deployed during the public lying in state of the deceased person at Parliament House. The deployment of the vigil guard is the highest form of respect accorded by the nation to the deceased.

Similar to British traditions, the vigil guard is composed of groups of five commissioned officers from the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and Singapore Police Force (SPF) who stand guard around the clock in shifts of 30 minutes. Four of the five officers stand facing outward at each of the four corners of the coffin, while the fifth and most senior stands in front and faces inward. Their heads are bowed and their ceremonial swords are inverted.

Vigil guards were stationed at the public lying in state of Goh Keng Swee in May 2010, Lee Kuan Yew in March 2015, and S. R. Nathan in August 2016.

South Africa
Nelson Mandela was the first democratically elected president to lie in state in South Africa. The event took place at the Union Buildings in Pretoria, the same site where he was inaugurated as the President of South Africa on 10 May 1994. Mandela lay in state from 11 December through 13 December 2013 with thousands of South Africans filing past the coffin before it was flown to Mthatha where Mandela was buried on 15 December 2013 in nearby Qunu in the Eastern Cape.

From 30 December to 31 December 2021, revered anti-apartheid fighter Archbishop Desmond Tutu lay in state at St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town prior to his funeral being held at the same location on 1 January 2022.

United Kingdom
In state and ceremonial funerals in the United Kingdom, lying in state traditionally takes place in Westminster Hall. The coffin is placed on a catafalque and is guarded, around the clock, by detachments from the following units: There are differences between lying in state at a State Funeral, and that of a Ceremonial Funeral. At a State Funeral, the guard detachment consists of ten members, with six drawn from the Sovereign's Bodyguard and four from the Household Division. The four members of the Household Division, all of whom are officers, and who are drawn either from the two regiments of the Household Cavalry (one pair from each), or one of the Foot Guards regiments, form the 'Inner Guard'; they stand one each corner of the catafalque next to the coffin. The six members of the Sovereign's Bodyguard consist of four from the Yeomen of the Guard, and two from either the Gentlemen-at-Arms or the Royal Company of Archers, and form the 'Outer Guard'. The Yeomen of the Guard take position at the corners of the dais on which the catafalque is mounted, outside the officers from the Household Division, while the final two take position on the dais at the foot of the coffin.
 * Sovereign's Bodyguard
 * His Majesty's Bodyguard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms
 * The King's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard
 * The Royal Company of Archers, The King's Bodyguard for Scotland
 * Household Division
 * Household Cavalry
 * The Life Guards
 * The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)
 * Foot Guards
 * Grenadier Guards
 * Coldstream Guards
 * Scots Guards
 * Irish Guards
 * Welsh Guards

Each detachment stands vigil for twenty minutes, facing out from the coffin with heads bowed and weapons inverted. The Yeomen of the Guard maintain a constant presence throughout the period of lying in state, while the other units rotate every six hours. At a Ceremonial Funeral, such as that of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, only the Inner Guard stands vigil, with detachments of four from each of the ten named units at their post for twenty minutes, and units rotating every six hours.

On three occasions, the guard has been mounted by four members of the royal family. At the lying in state of King George V in 1936, the guard was mounted by his four sons King Edward VIII, the Duke of York (future George VI), the Duke of Gloucester and the Duke of Kent. For Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's lying-in-state in 2002, the guard was mounted by her four grandsons, the Prince of Wales (future Charles III), the Duke of York, the Earl of Wessex, and Viscount Linley. All Queen Elizabeth II's children took guard at 19:40 BST on 12 September 2022 at the lying-in-repose at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh. During this vigil, Anne, Princess Royal became the first woman ever to stand guard. As part of the late Queen's lying in state in London, at 19:30 BST on 16 September 2022, her four children stood vigil for the second time. The Queen's eight grandchildren held a vigil the following day on 17 September 2022.

The tradition of lying in state in the United Kingdom dates back to the seventeenth century, when Stuart sovereigns lay in state. The first British monarch to lie in state in Westminster Hall was King Edward VII in 1910, apparently inspired by William Gladstone who had lain in state in the hall in 1898. Queen Victoria requested that she should not lie in state but was given a semi-private lying in state at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, where she died in 1901, for family and servants to pay their respects.

United States
Lying in state in the United States is the rare honor either authorized by a congressional resolution or approved by the congressional leadership, when permission is granted by survivors, to a deceased member of government (or former member) whereby his or her remains are placed in the rotunda of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. for public viewing. The casket is guarded by members of the six branches of the United States armed forces. By regulation and custom, only presidents, military commanders, justices of the Supreme Court, and members of Congress are granted the honor of lying in state.

It differs from lying in honor in that individuals lying in state have guards of honor representing each branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, while individuals lying in honor have the U.S. Capitol Police as civilian guards of honor. Six Americans have lain in honor, beginning in 1998. In 2005, Rosa Parks became the first woman to lie in honor in the United States Capitol.

Except for Presidents and former Presidents, the honor is not automatic. Not all those entitled to the honor have it accepted by their survivors. The first leader to receive this honor was Henry Clay, former Speaker of the House of Representatives, when he died in 1852. Since then, the honor has been extended to 36 people, including 12 presidents and four unknown soldiers, representing U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified. Harry Truman, Richard Nixon and their families declined services at the Capitol. To date, most of those who have lain in state have done so upon the catafalque constructed for the funeral of Abraham Lincoln. Those who have lain in honor have been borne on other biers.

States and cities
Some U.S. states and cities extend similar honors.

Arizona
Upon his death in August 2018, U.S. Senator John McCain lay in state at the State Capitol of his home state of Arizona before receiving the same honor in the U.S. Capitol two days later.

California
After a memorial service outside the Polk Street entrance of San Francisco City Hall on 29 November 1978, Mayor George Moscone and city Supervisor Harvey Milk lay in state in the Rotunda until 30 November, after their assassination by former Supervisor Dan White. The chamber was also filled with more than 400 floral tributes to the two men.

In San Francisco, Mayor Ed Lee lay in state in the Rotunda of San Francisco City Hall after his death in office on 12 December 2017. Senator Dianne Feinstein, who served as San Francisco mayor from 1978 to 1988, also lay in state in the rotunda on October 4, 2023, prior to a funeral service the following day.

Georgia
After his death in July 2020, U.S. Representative John Lewis received similar honors from his home state of Georgia and also was the first African American member of Congress to lie in state in the Capitol Rotunda. Because of his role in the Selma to Montgomery marches during the civil rights movement, Lewis also lay in state for one day in the Alabama Capitol in Montgomery.

Kentucky
Through 2022, 23 people have lain in state at the Kentucky Capitol building rotunda in Frankfort. This includes not only politicians, but also civilians. Kentucky-based Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) founder Colonel Harland Sanders would also be among those who received the honor of lying in state in the Kentucky Capitol's rotunda following his death in 1980. After his death in November 2022, former Kentucky Governor and renowned restaurant business mogul John Y. Brown Jr. would also be among those who had the honor of lying in state at the Kentucky Capitol as well. Former Kentucky Governor Brereton C. Jones would lie in state at the Kentucky Capitol following his death in September 2023 as well.

Hawaii
Eight people have lain in state at the Hawaii State Capitol, among which include former Governor John A. Burns in 1975, U.S. Senator Spark Matsunaga in 1990, famous Hawaiian singer Israel Kamakawiwoʻole upon his death in 1997, U.S. Representative Patsy Mink in 2002, former U.S. Senator Hiram Fong in 2004, Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, in 2012, and former U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka in 2018.

Michigan
During funeral rites of civil rights icon Rosa Parks in Detroit in November 2005, she lay in repose at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History before services and burial. This followed similar arrangements in December 1997 for Mayor Coleman Young, the first African-American to hold that office.

Upon the deaths of singer-songwriter Aretha Franklin in August 2018 and former Congresswoman Barbara-Rose Collins in November 2021, both women were also honored at the Wright Museum.

Washington
Upon her death in 1948, Belle Reeves, former state legislator and Washington's first female Secretary of State, received the only state funeral ever held in the House Chamber of the Washington State Legislature.

Vatican City

A deceased pope customarily lies in state in the chapel of the Apostolic Palace (except for Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI) where members of the Papal household and Vatican officials may pay respects. Then, after a Mass of Visitation, the body is moved to St. Peter's Basilica, where it remains until the celebration of a Requiem Mass. The funerals of John Paul II and Benedict XVI followed this custom.

Vietnam
The preserved body of Ho Chi Minh lies in state in the purpose-built Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum at the Ho Chi Minh Museum in Hanoi and is open for public viewing.

Coptic Patriarchate
The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has a tradition of mummifying the deceased pope and placing his body on his throne to enable church followers to have a farewell look at him for a short period of time. This tradition is one of the ways that ancient Egyptian rituals have survived in the Egyptian church.

Other notable funerals

 * Death and funeral of Bhumibol Adulyadej
 * Death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI
 * Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II
 * Death and funeral of Corazon Aquino
 * Death and state funeral of Omar Bongo
 * Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush
 * Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford
 * Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung
 * Death and state funeral of Kim Jong Il
 * Death and state funeral of Lech and Maria Kaczyński
 * State funeral of John F. Kennedy
 * Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon
 * Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan
 * Death and state funeral of Norodom Sihanouk
 * Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito
 * Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau
 * Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong

title: Lying in state


text:
Bouna, Ivory Coast

Bouna (also spelled Buna) is a town in north-eastern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Bouna Department. It is also the seat of Bounkani Region in Zanzan District and a commune.

Near Bouna is the Comoé National Park and the Ghanaian border. The main town of the Lobi people, Bouna is known for the vernacular architecture of the fortress-style adobe compounds in surrounding villages. The town is served by its own dirt-runway airport. This bush landing strip mainly serves the United Nations. In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Bouna was 94,883.

Early History
At its founding Bouna was a Koulango and Dyula village. In the late 16th century Bouna was conquered by the Dagomba prince Darigu Diembda, who married the local chief's daughter. Their son Bounkani founded the royal dynasty of Bouna.

Bouna was a "highly centralized kingdom based on military districts administered by princes" who exploited the local gold deposits. Like Kong, it became a major center of Islamic learning. Bouna was a refuge for the imam of Bighu after the collapse of that city, as well as the Muslim scholars driven out of the Ashanti court in the 1820s.

Samori Ture
By 1895 the Wassoulou Empire under Samori Ture had pushed east and conquered Kong, and was eyeing Bouna as a link to British-held Gold Coast, a source of firearms. His son Saranken Mori captured the town in December 1896, installing the local Cisse as Imams in place of the Kamara family who had plotted against them.

In April 1897, Governor William Edward Maxwell tried to intimidate Saranken Mori into abandoning Bouna to the British. When this failed, a force of the Southern Nigeria Regiment under Henderson marched on the town but were defeated at Dokita, then later routed and Henderson was captured at Wa.

Knowing this setback would prompt an aggressive British response, the French sent Capt. Paul Braulot, at the head of an armed column, to try to acquire Bouna by negotiation. Saranken Mori initially accepted. But when Braulot arrived, he was killed and his column destroyed outside the city on August 20, 1897, restarting the war between Wassoulou and the French. Ture was defeated and captured the next year.

Post-Independence
Bouna was one of the main strongholds of the Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire, the rebel army of the 2002 attempted coup d'état. The general population of Bouna suffered greatly in the early days of the rebellion.

Villages
The one hundred and twenty four villages of the sub-prefecture of Bouna and their population in 2014 are: • # Assoum 1 (1 157)

• # Bikounérédouo (148)

• # Bissori-Tchogbolo (238)

• # Bomandouo (248)

• # Bouna (18 755)

• # Bromankoté (460)

• # Délédouo (914)

• # Djémitédouo (335)

• # Gbalamoulédouo (193)

• # Gnaditedouo (105)

• # Titidouo (Teguirdouo) (638)

• # Assiédouo (287)

• # Assoum 2 (315)

• # Bahintédouo (198)

• # Bandouo (47)

• # Bania (644)

• # Béoumpédouo (168)

• # Bibieldouo (264)

• # Bihénandouo (77)

• # Bikohidouo (82)

• # Binodouo (21)

• # Botou (276)

• # Boukodouo (274)

• # Dabilo(Dablo) (123)

• # Dagnamadouo (488)

• # Dakoundouo (173)

• # Danakourdouo (152)

• # Dapidouo (295)

• # Daritéon (201)

• # Dipridouo (215)

• # Djadredouo (186)

• # Djédo (145)

• # Djégbonaudouo (160)

• # Djenkadouo (68)

• # Djinbieltedouo (335)

• # Djindrétéhon (38)

• # Donkpédouo (104)

• # Fanérédouo (117)

• # Fangadouo (136)

• # Filtibdouo (104)

• # Galso (104)

• # Gbadjoudouo (387)

• # Gbodouo (45)

• # Gniembétédouo (395)

• # Gnindiondouo (204)

• # Gompar (508)

• # Goungounkpé (299)

• # Himbié (930)

• # Holiertéon (316)

• # Honsontédouo (231)

• # Kassoptédouo (124)

• # Kerbo 1 (260)

• # Kobétédouo (61)

• # Koflandé (425)

• # Kokpingué (538)

• # Kondidouo (138)

• # Konguidouo (166)

• # Konkoratéon (120)

• # Konkpédouo (459)

• # Kouédouo (757)

• # Kouénéra (793)

• # Koulperdouo (36)

• # Kourbini (493)

• # Lankara (550)

• # Lékparédouo (532)

• # Lokardouo (285)

• # Lorateon (302)

• # Louguilèdouo (183)

• # Louloundouo (226)

• # Mamardouo (63)

• # Mango (963)

• # Massioutéon (323)

• # Méninko (268)

• # Minatéon (238)

• # Naguidouo (782)

• # Nakirdouo (253)

• # Naladouo (74)

• # Namidouo 2 (155)

• # Niandégué (452)

• # Nofildouo (265)

• # Nomidouo (462)

• # Notadouo (234)

• # Ounanfagnondouo (101)

• # Pidibouo (73)

• # Pinodouo (13)

• # Pouan 1 (258)

• # Properdouo (151)

• # Samantou 1 (272)

• # Samantou 2 (154)

• # Sanguinanri (1 020)

• # Sépadouo (198)

• # Sepatédouo (29)

• # Siliétéon (184)

• # Sipridouo (590)

• # Sipritéon 1 (143)

• # Sipritéon 2 (342)

• # Siraodi (1 035)

• # Sitepdouo (103)

• # Sonouhodouo (75)

• # Sotitédouo (464)

• # Sypaldouo (801)

• # Tamé-Koulda (1 198)

• # Tantama (403)

• # Tchabieldouo (167)

• # Tchapertéon (197)

• # Tchatiédouo (238)

• # Tègbè (376)

• # Ténabo (77)

• # Tiéssaba (343)

• # Tohotéhon (26)

• # Topène (163)

• # Vargbo 1 (594)

• # Vargbo 2 (526)

• # Vigoli (126)

• # Vonkoro (2 651)

• # Wadaradouo (189)

• # Wayorodouo (159)

• # Wirédouo (108)

• # Yalo (278)

• # Yeunondouo (93)

• # Yodidouo (234)

• # Yolongo(Nianlongo) (380)

• # Youtourdouo (504)

• # Zazoudouo (297)

title: Bouna, Ivory Coast


text:
Category:Windows NT

This category includes topics (such as computer systems, software, historical developments or notable people) related to the Microsoft Windows NT operating system.

title: Category:Windows NT


text:
Île Vanier

Île Vanier is one of the Queen Elizabeth Islands of the Canadian arctic islands in Nunavut, Canada. Located at 76° 10′ N 103° 15′ W, it has an area of 1126 km2. It has length of 53 km and width of 35 km. To the north, across the Arnott Strait, is Cameron Island, and to the south, across the Pearse Strait, is Massey Island. Île Vanier is uninhabited.

The first known sighting of the island was by Robert Dawes Aldrich in 1851, but its insular nature was not proven until the 1950s.

Adam Range reaches elevations in excess of 220 meters.

title: Île Vanier


text: Category:Latvian basketball players

title: Category:Latvian basketball players


text:
Kouto

Kouto is a town in northern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Kouto Department in Bagoué Region, Savanes District. Kouto is also a commune. The town is known for its seventeenth century Sahelian mosque, which was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List (along with other nearby mosques) in 2021.

In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Kouto was 55,893.

Villages
The 11 villages of the sub-prefecture of Kouto and their population in 2014 are: • # Boyo (3 791)

• # Kouto (10 989)

• # Samorossoba (1 421)

• # Timboroni (842)

• # Nimbiasso (1 722)

• # Tabakoroni (1 905)

• # Tindara (2 757)

• # Tioro (1 148)

• # Womon (2 339)

• # Wora (5 568)

• # Zaguinasso (4 578)

title: Kouto


text:
Kong

Kong may refer to:

Places

 * Kong Empire (1710–1895), a former African state covering north-eastern Côte d'Ivoire and much of Burkina Faso
 * Kong, Iran, a city on the Persian Gulf
 * Kong, Shandong, a town in Laoling, Shandong, China
 * Kong, Ivory Coast, a town in Savanes District, Ivory Coast
 * Kong River, in Southeast Asia
 * Koh Kong (island), island in the Gulf of Thailand, in the coastal waters of Cambodia

Fictional characters

 * King Kong, a giant ape appearing in several films and other works
 * Donkey Kong, a series of video games that feature various ape characters that use the Kong name
 * Donkey Kong (character)
 * Diddy Kong, Donkey Kong's partner
 * Major T. J. "King" Kong, in the 1964 film Dr. Strangelove
 * the title caveman character of Kong the Untamed, a 1975 comic book series
 * Giant Robots Kongs, various characters from the Dai Sentai Goggle-V series
 * Jake Kong, one of the three main characters from the original The Ghost Busters
 * Mammoth Kong, a gigantic ape monster - see Moonlight Mask
 * the title robotic monster of Marine Kong, a Japanese TV show
 * Blues Kong, a blue colored bulldog/ape hybrid from Android Kikaider

Music

 * Kong (band), a Dutch progressive metal band
 * "Kong", a song by Tenacious D, released as a B-side on the "POD" single
 * "Kong", a song by Neneh Cherry from her 2018 album Broken Politics

Rides

 * Kong (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom), a roller coaster
 * KONG (ride), a ride at Morey's Piers in Wildwood, New Jersey

Other

 * Kong: The Animated Series, an unofficial animated series based on the King Kong character
 * Kong: Skull Island, 2017 American film

People

 * Kong (surname) (孔), a Chinese and Korean surname
 * nickname of Gary Elkerton (born 1964), Australian surfer
 * nickname of Robbie Green (born 1974), English darts player
 * a stage name of Shawn Crahan (born 1969), American musician
 * Erika Shishido (born 1970), female professional wrestler who went by the ring name of "Aja Kong"
 * Kia Stevens (born 1977), female professional wrestler who went by the ring names of "Amazing Kong" and "Awesome Kong"

Other uses

 * Kōng, a concept in Chinese Zen Buddhism
 * Kong Company, an American dog toy producer
 * Kong Inc., an API and cloud services company based in San Francisco
 * KONG (TV), a television station in Washington, United States

title: Kong


text:
Biankouma

Biankouma is a town in western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and seat of Biankouma Department in Tonkpi Region, Montagnes District. Biankouma is also a commune.

The town is divided into old and new towns, the old town buildings being heavily ornamented. Biankouma is also known for its fetish houses and Goua dances. Mont Sângbé National Park lies near the town.

In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Biankouma was 71,470.

Villages
The twenty seven villages of the sub-prefecture of Biankouma and their population in 2014 are: • # Biankouma (17 922)

• # Biétondié (89)

• # Dingouin (2 029)

• # Dio (1 705)

• # Fondépleu (92)

• # Gan 1 (2 052)

• # Gan 2 (1 932)

• # Gogouin (745)

• # Gouéssésso (838)

• # Guéfinso (297)

• # Kabakouman (2 830)

• # Léma (846)

• # Thé (752)

• # Blagouin (1 760)

• # Doué (1 613)

• # Gbablasso (3 263)

• # Gbonbélo 1 (3 143)

• # Gbonbélo 2 (185)

• # Kanta (624)

• # Mangouin (2 312)

• # Sokourala (265)

• # Kandopleu (1 533)

• # Yégolé (941)

• # Yrougouin (916)

• # Zouzousso 1 (900)

• # Zouzousso 2 (417)

• # Zouangouin (268)

title: Biankouma


text: User talk:24.34.63.85

title: User talk:24.34.63.85


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Horn fact

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 06:34, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Horn fact
Non-notable neologism or geek jargon (relax, I'll self-identify as a geek). None of the 41 displayed hits match this dic def. Niteowlneils 18:36, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, codswallop vanity nelogism. Wyss 19:41, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete this neologism crap. Zzyzx11 19:56, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Sadly, I can't think of a speedy criterion that fits. Wyss 21:55, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Horn clause. This is not a neologism or vanity or a speedy candidate. I think this can be expanded by subject matter experts. jni 06:55, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say a redirect would be unhelpful. There's no such thing as a Horn fact. Wyss 19:29, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Sassandra

Sassandra is a town in southern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Sassandra Department. It is also a commune and the seat of Gbôklé Region in Bas-Sassandra District.

Sassandra lies on the Gulf of Guinea at the mouth of the Sassandra River. The town was founded by the Portuguese as Santo André and was later run by the British, then the French as a seaport for timber. The town declined in the 1960s after San Pédro's port was completed. Sassandra's main industry is now fishing.

Sassandra is known for its beaches and lighthouse, while the Gaoulou National Park lies nearby. It is served by Sassandra Airport.

In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Sassandra was 87,945.

Villages
The thirty eight villages of the sub-prefecture of Sassandra and their population in 2014 are: • # Arokpa (363)

• # Bassa (492)

• # Batélébré 1 (94)

• # Brodjé (431)

• # Cocoplage (296)

• # Dabéda (169)

• # Gaoulou (12 184)

• # Gapé (318)

• # Grand-Dréwin (747)

• # Kadrokpa (1 683)

• # Lébléko (151)

• # Lékidou (63)

• # Misséhi (292)

• # Niani (839)

• # Niézéko (222)

• # Sassandra (26 608)

• # Siampaho Pk6 (855)

• # Vodiéko (286)

• # Akakro (863)

• # Dagbégo 1 (1 025)

• # Dagbégo 2 (2 042)

• # Gloplou Pk20 (496)

• # Godé (180)

• # Goviadou (39)

• # Guédio-Guédio (720)

• # Kadrokpa 2 (2 911)

• # Latéko (233)

• # Lipoyo (1 079)

• # Lohiri-Néyau (326)

• # Lossan Kouamékro (2 313)

• # Louga (889)

• # Niabably Pk 26 (3 323)

• # Niabayo (89)

• # Niéga (328)

• # Pauly-Brousse (6 530)

• # Pauly-Chantier (623)

• # Pauly-Plage (162)

• # Sialloukro (2 957)

Climate
Sassandra has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with year-round very high humidity and extreme heat discomfort. Sassandra sees two rainy seasons: the main rains occur from April to July, with a second shorter and lighter rain period from October to December. There are two very distinct dry seasons: a foggy, cloudy, slightly cooler dry season in August and September and a longer dry period dominated by the harmattan wind from the Sahara between mid-December and mid-March, resulting in clearer skies than during any other part of the year.

title: Sassandra


text:
Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936

The Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936 was an amendment to the Constitution of the Irish Free State that removed all reference to the King, to the office of Governor-General, and almost completely eliminated the King's constitutional role in the state. Under the Act most of the functions previously performed by the King and his Governor-General were transferred to various other organs of the Irish government. The only role retained by the King was as representative of the state in foreign affairs. The amendment passed through the Oireachtas at the same time as the External Relations Act, becoming law on 11 December 1936. Its long title was:

"An Act to effect certain amendments of the Constitution in relation to the executive authority and power and in relation to the performance of certain executive functions."

Due to deficiencies in the External Relations Act, the Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937 was passed in the following year to finally eliminate the office of Governor-General.

Timing
The opportunity for this amendment arose because the Irish Free State was then a member of the Commonwealth, and each of its members had to assent to the abdication of Edward VIII on 10 December 1936. The amendment was passed before the passing of the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936 on 12 December which assented to the abdication. The policy of the Irish government was to reduce any remaining British links in the political system of the Irish Free State and to turn it into a republic.

Transfer of royal competences
After the adoption of the Act the duties usually performed by a head of state were distributed among a number of organs. Most importantly, the power to exercise the executive authority was vested explicitly in the Executive Council (cabinet), the right to appoint the President of the Executive Council (prime minister) was transferred to Dáil Éireann (the sole house of the Oireachtas or parliament), and the duty of promulgating the law was vested in the Ceann Comhairle, chairman of the Dáil. The King retained only a role in foreign affairs.

Governor-General
The Act purported to abolish the office of Governor-General. However Éamon de Valera was advised by his Attorney-General, James Geoghegan, the Secretary to the Executive Council, Maurice Moynihan, and Mr Matheson of the Parliamentary Draftsman's office that that Act did not actually abolish the office as it had an existence independent of the Constitution; to conclusively abolish the office, a blanket transfer of any remaining powers of the Governor-General would be necessary, and remaining references to the Governor-Generalship would need to be removed from Acts of the Oireachtas. In May 1937 de Valera introduced the Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937 to do just that, as well as to validate the installation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who had failed (or declined) to make the legally required declaration of office in front of the Governor-General, and to validate the appointment of a new Attorney-General, who under existing law could only be appointed by the Governor-General.

Foreign affairs
After the enactment of the Act, the King was no longer specifically mentioned in the Constitution. However, the amendment introduced a new provision that, without explicitly referring to the King, allowed the state to continue to use him as its representative in foreign affairs by passing a law allowing him to perform this function. A law for this purpose, the External Relations Act, was passed shortly after the amendment was enacted. Thus, after December 1936 treaties continued to be signed in the name of the King, and the King continued to accredit Irish ambassadors and high commissioners and to receive the Letters of Credence of foreign diplomats. The provision allowing the King to do this was inserted in Article 51 and read:

"… it shall be lawful for the Executive Council, to the extent and subject to any conditions which may be determined by law to avail, for the purposes of the appointment of diplomatic and consular agents and the conclusion of international agreements of any organ used as a constitutional organ for the like purposes by [other nations of the Commonwealth]."

The current Constitution of Ireland enacted in 1937, created the position of President of Ireland as head of state, but did not give the position any external functions. The External Relations Act thus created, for a number of years, a situation in which it was unclear whether the King remained the head of state for external purposes. This situation came to an end in 1949 when the Republic of Ireland Act came into force, removing the King's role in foreign affairs and making the President of Ireland de jure head of state for all purposes. This new status was celebrated by President Seán T. O'Kelly paying the first ever state visit by an Irish president abroad.

Expiry
The Amendment became obsolete on the repeal of the 1922 Constitution on the adoption of the Constitution of Ireland in 1937, and was repealed as spent law by the Statute Law Revision Act 2016.


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Hudson Valley Mall

Hudson Valley Mall is an enclosed shopping mall located in Ulster, New York, north of Kingston, United States. It is the lone mall in Ulster County and is the only enclosed mall located between Poughkeepsie and Albany. Hull Property Group currently owns and operates Hudson Valley Mall. The mall opened in 1981 and has an area of 765704 sqft on one level with 19 shops and restaurants as well as a 12-screen Neighborhood Cinema Group theater. As of 2023, the mall maintains a Dick's Sporting Goods, and Target, as well as a handful of specialty stores. Adjacent to the mall is Hudson Valley Plaza, a two-tiered complex on a west-facing hill, consisting mainly of a Walmart, PetSmart and a few other shops.

History
The Hudson Valley Mall opened in October 1981 with a Kmart, JCPenney, Hess's, and a Hoyts six-screen theater named Cinema 6 (later expanded to 12 screens and renamed after Regal Cinemas bought the theater space at the mall).

An expansion during 1989 added a Sears to the east side of the mall as well as a new food court and approximately 15 other stores. The Sears store relocated from the Kingston Plaza to the Hudson Valley Mall during this expansion.

In 1995, Hess's, which filed for bankruptcy, vacated the mall and was replaced by Filene's the following year. Kmart also relocated to a Super Kmart location south of the mall on U.S. Route 9W, which later closed and was replaced by a Kohl's.

At the beginning of the 21st century, Pyramid Companies, the mall's owner, invested in a complete renovation of the mall's interior and attracted new tenants. The former Kmart space was divided into a Best Buy (opened 2000) and a Dick's Sporting Goods (opened 2001), with a new Target store opening adjacent to the space in 2001.

GameStop, formerly known as EB Games, has been a long-standing tenant in the mall. In 2005, GameStop acquired EB Games and began rebranding its US locations. By around 2008, the store in Hudson Valley Mall had fully transitioned to the GameStop name, becoming one of the mall's longest-standing stores.

In May 2006, Rita's Water Ice opened in the mall, and on September 9, 2006, Filene's became Macy's.

In 2007, the mall had an array of over 80 stores, including retailers like Sinclair, Verizon Wireless, clothing stores such as American Eagle and Gap, tech stores like Best Buy, jewelry stores including Kay Jewelers and Zales, eyeglass providers such as LensCrafters and Jules Vision, and food outlets including Taco Bell and Friendly's, which closed its mall location in November 2011. Although by May of 2007, McDonald's had closed its location in the food court.

Buffalo Wild Wings opened in 2008 but closed in 2012, leaving a gap in the mall's dining options. JCPenney announced it would close its location in 2015 due to decreasing sales. Macy's followed suit in 2016, as the company decided to focus on its highest-performing locations. CVS took over the Target pharmacy in the mall during 2016. By December of that year, Aeropostale also closed its doors.

In early 2017, the Hull Property Group purchased the Hudson Valley Mall for $8.1 million, about 12 percent of the property's most recent assessed value. Hull Property Group has since been working to revitalize the mall. One significant development was the transformation of the former Macy's space into a HealthQuest medical facility, a $20 million project approved in November 2018. This facility includes various medical services and aims to provide a significant presence in the Ulster County healthcare marketplace.

In January 2019, Old Navy moved out of the mall, relocating to Kings Mall in a space formerly occupied by Modell's Sporting Goods. By October 2019, Kingston Athletics moved into the mall. In August 2022, C&C Unisex Hair Design moved out of the mall, followed by LensCrafters in August 2023, leaving Jules Vision Center as the only glasses place in the mall and one of the longest-running stores, second to GameStop.

Sears closed in April 2018 as part of a broader strategy to eliminate brick-and-mortar stores. Regal Cinemas closed its 12-screen theater in August 2018, leaving the area without a first-run cinema for the first time in decades. However, NCG Cinema took over the space in early 2019, bringing movies back to the mall and remaining there since. Best Buy closed in October 2020, followed by The Shoe Department in 2021, and East Wok in 2022, marking the end of the food court in the mall with no food options available whatsoever.

As of 2024, Dick's Sporting Goods plans to move to the space formerly occupied by Gander Mountain near Lowe's and Sam's Club. Despite the numerous challenges, the Hudson Valley Mall still hosts several active stores, including Jimmy Jazz, Target, GameStop, NCG Cinema, HVM Dental, HealthQuest, Innate Movement Parkour, Jules Vision Center, Kingston Athletics, Mauceri Muay Thai, Unisex Hair Palace, Boy Scouts of America, and the United States Postal Service.

The Hudson Valley Mall continues to adapt to changing market conditions and consumer preferences, maintaining its role as a key retail and service hub in the Hudson Valley. Future updates will reflect any new developments or changes in the mall's tenant lineup.

2005 mall shooting
On February 13, 2005, Robert Bonelli, age 24, of Glasco, New York, entered the mall with a semi-automatic AK-47 Variant and began firing it in the mall's Best Buy shop. Panic ensued as employees and shoppers began to flee the mall. Bonelli moved into the mall's main corridor and continued firing his weapon until he ran out of ammunition. After emptying the assault rifle, he promptly dropped it. As Bonelli dropped the weapon, a mall employee grabbed his gun, and another tackled him. The mall was evacuated and Bonelli was taken into custody. No one was killed in the shooting, but two people, a 20-year-old National Guard recruiter and a 56-year-old male shopper, were wounded.

After the incident, Ulster County investigators searched Bonelli's room at the home he shared with his father, and found what Ulster County District Attorney Donald Williams described as "Columbine memorabilia". Officials described the young man as being fascinated by the Columbine High School massacre. Additional searches were conducted by police after videos seized at Bonelli's residence showed him exploding homemade pipe bombs with a man named Kenneth Stine and another individual. Both individuals were later arrested and charged with violating federal explosives laws.

Bonelli was taken to the Ulster County jail; on March 15, 2006, Bonelli pleaded guilty and on May 20, 2006 was sentenced to 32 years in the state prison (the maximum allowed by the guilty plea). He will be eligible for parole after 26 years.

2006 murder of Sharon Inger
Some time between closing time of the Ground Round restaurant in the mall on June 3, 2006, and 9 a.m., the following morning, a suspect entered it and stabbed Sharon Inger, 42, approximately 33 times. Inger, who worked as a night manager of the restaurant, was found early Sunday morning when another employee arrived to open the restaurant. $4000 was missing, according to night receipts. On September 21, police named Paul David Despres as the killer of Sharon Inger. Despres had begun employment with the Ground Round just a couple of weeks earlier. Investigators believe he went to the restaurant to steal his personnel file after giving a false name to police during a traffic stop earlier on the night of the murder, at around 11 p.m. Police believe he had a confrontation with Inger, grabbed a knife in the kitchen, and killed her at about 12:45 a.m. Two weeks later, Despres died after jumping, while intoxicated, from a vehicle after leaving a party.

title: Hudson Valley Mall


text:
Alexander Island (Nunavut)

Alexander Island is one of the Queen Elizabeth Islands of the Canadian arctic islands located in Nunavut, Canada. It lies south of Massey Island and Île Marc (across Boyer Strait), and north of Bathurst Island (across Pell Inlet). Located at 75°52'N 102°37'W it has an area of 484 km2, 42.8 km long and 19 km wide. Alexander Island is uninhabited.

title: Alexander Island (Nunavut)


text:
De Haas

De Haas is a Dutch surname. Meaning "the hare", its origin may be descriptive or the name of an address. Among variant forms are De Haes, DeHaas, Dehaes, and Den Haas. People with this name include:

 * De Haas / DeHaas
 * Darius de Haas (born 1968), American stage actor and singer
 * Deborah DeHaas (born 1959), American businesswoman
 * Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz (1885–1973), Dutch physicist, daughter of Hendrik Lorentz, wife of Wander Johannes de Haas
 * Irma de Haas (born 1975), Dutch volleyball player
 * Jack de Haas (1875–1940), Dutch draughts player
 * Jacob de Haas (1872–1937), British Hasidic Jew and a leader for modern Zionism movement
 * Johannes Hubertus Leonardus de Haas (1832–1908), Dutch animal and landscape painter
 * Mauritz de Haas (1832–1895), Dutch-born American painter
 * Nico de Haas (1907–2000), Dutch graphic-designer
 * Saskia de Haas, Dutch cellist
 * Troy de Haas (born 1979), Australian athlete
 * Walter de Haas (1886–1969), better known under the pseudonym Hanns Günther, German author, translator, and publisher of popular scientific works
 * Wander Johannes de Haas (1878–1960), Dutch physicist
 * William Frederick de Haas (1830–1880), Dutch-born American painter
 * De Haes / Dehaes
 * Carlos de Haes (1829–1898), Belgian-born Spanish painter
 * Frans De Haes (1895–1923), Belgian weightlifter
 * Gilles De Haes (1597–1657), Flemish soldier, general of the Army of Tyrol, governor of Dalmatia
 * Jos De Haes (1920–1974), Flemish writer and poet
 * Kenny Dehaes (born 1984), Belgian racing cyclist

title: De Haas


text:
San-Pédro, Ivory Coast

San-Pédro is a city in southwestern Ivory Coast. It is the nation's second largest port and the seat of Bas-Sassandra District and San-Pédro Region. It is also a commune and the seat of and a sub-prefecture of San-Pédro Department. In the 2014 census, the city had a population of 164,944, making it the sixth-largest city in the country. The city is served by San Pédro Airport.

Northwest of the city lies the Taï National Park, known as one of the last sanctuaries of the pygmy hippopotamus, which is listed on the UNESCO's World Heritage List.

Economy
Largely developed from the 1960s, fishing is an important industry, while the town is known for its nightlife and its beaches.

Demographics
In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of San-Pédro was 261,616.

Transport
A railway is proposed from San-Pédro to iron ore deposits around Mount Nimba. There would be no immediate connection with the existing metre gauge national railway at Abidjan.

Education
École française de San Pédro is located in San-Pédro.

Notable people

 * Jean-Philippe Gbamin (born 25 September 1995), is an Ivorian footballer

Villages
The twenty eight villages of the sub-prefecture of San-Pédro and their population in 2014 are: • # Baba (8,336)

• # Digboué (138)

• # Dimoulé (1,068)

• # Djiro-Gnépahio/Campement Bernard (3,563)

• # Grand-Gabo (116)

• # Kablaké 1 (471)

• # Kablaké 2 (468)

• # Klou (220)

• # Petit-Gabo (240)

• # Petit-Pédro (2,711)

• # Pont-Bascule (914)

• # Poro (932)

• # San-Pedro (164,944)

• # Taki (1,502)

• # Digboué-Klou (211)

• # Djahio (1,996)

• # Doulayéko (1,957)

• # Goréké (873)

• # Kounouko (7,885)

• # Kpotè (7,037)

• # Krémoué (1,587)

• # Madié (830)

• # Magné (1,059)

• # Mapri (1,204)

• # Marikro (3,481)

• # Monogaga (511)

• # Moussadougou (16,344)

• # Podio (1,553)

• # Pont-Brimé (3,449)

• # Popoko (2,382)

• # Taboké (2,865)

• # Watté (20,769)

title: San-Pédro, Ivory Coast


text:
Grand-Lahou

Grand-Lahou is a coastal town in southern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Grand-Lahou Department in Grands-Ponts Region, Lagunes District. Grand-Lahou is also a commune.

Grand-Lahou is situated where the Bandama River meets the Gulf of Guinea. It was occupied by the British, Germans and Dutch before the French developed it as a trading port from 1890. Grand-Lahou is a popular base for visitors to the Assagny National Park.

In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Grand-Lahou was 77,479.

Villages
The twenty villages of the sub-prefecture of Grand-Lahou and their population in 2014 are: • # Grand-Lahou (28 470)

• # N'zida-Zoukouboli (350)

• # Palmci Dioulabougou (1 097)

• # Palmci Yocoboue (1 746)

• # Ahouniansou (1 390)

• # Betesso (969)

• # Braffedon (3 587)

• # Djidjikro (4 393)

• # Groguida (1 063)

• # Groguida V1 (2 858)

• # Katchekan (323)

• # Katchekpli (726)

• # Lahou-Kpanda (2 127)

• # Liboli (1 885)

• # Likpilassie (632)

• # Mackey (2 103)

• # Nandibo 1 (1 396)

• # Nandibo 2 (3 012)

• # Tieviessou (7 450)

• # Tieviessou Phci (1 906)

title: Grand-Lahou


text:
User:Gxti

Contact

 * gxti [at] partiallystapled [dot] com
 * I also IRC on freenode.

title: User:Gxti


text:
User talk:207.157.73.75

"Redneck wigger" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Redneck wigger. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 July 11 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Hog Farm Bacon 02:04, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.157.73.75