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Talk:Scarface (1983 film)

Untitled
When the movie came out, it had the record for the most swearing. So who owns the distinguishment of owning the record today? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kaiser matias (talk • contribs) 05:15, 21 February 2005 (UTC)

 * Without a doubt, South Park: Bigger, Longer, and Uncut. --b. Touch 12:42, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Scarface and hip-hop
This section needs to go... at the very least it needs chopping down to 2 or 3 lines and made part of a section dealing with the movies influence on culture. This is supposed to be an encyclopedia article about scarface the movie, not MTV cribs or interviews with rappers. Motor 00:19, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

Frank Lopez
I just deleted User:Wiki brah's article Frank Lopez, as per AFD. Any useful information below should be merged into the article. Ingoolemo  talk  19:49, 2005 September 6 (UTC)

 * Frank Lopez is the character played by Robert Loggia in the cult classic 1983 movie Scarface. In the movie Frank Lopez is portrayed as an aging and complacent drug lord who is content to sit on his profits and not ruffle too many feathers.  He is the one that takes Tony Montana into his confidence when he was just starting out in the cocaine business only to attempt to have Montana executed for appearing too ambitious.  Montana survives the assassination attempt and gets his revenge by shooting Frank Lopez in his own office later that night.

just a quik note tony didnt kill lopez manny did

Who is Denise?
In the "trivia" section concerning Elvira, reference is made to someone named "Denise" without explaining who Denise is. Bulbous 04:14, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

As far as I can gather, Denise was mistakenly used by the author instead of Nicole, as Nicole Brown Simpson's older sister was named Denise.--Will.r.french 19:58, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Stop adding hip-hop songs about the film
I created List of songs influenced by the 1983 film Scarface, add them to that and not to this article. Buzda 03:08, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Protect?
This seems to be one of the more vandalised articles I have seen. Is protection in order? Bulbous 00:09, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Character inspiration
I'm removing the character inspiration section added the other day, someone recently added it filled completely with awful guesses at connections with little regard for historical fact. None of the connections between the characters in the film and the historical people they are supposed to represent can be found online, and most are noticeably false for the simple fact that the real people hadn't become known about until after the film was in theaters, or are completely removed geographically. The film came out in 1983, with Oliver Stone working on the screenplay from 1981-1982. Chronological errors include Barry Seal becoming a police informant a year after Scarface came out, Richard Caride making headlines in 1985. Robert Vesco wasn't even living in the U.S. when George Jung was in prison, he fled the U.S. in the early 70's and bounced around from Costa Rica to the Caribbean without returning. No character in the movie is even remotely comparable to Spain's Franco (can't believe someone even suggested that), the el Gordo character is only referenced in the movie as a U.S. distributor (the character he is supposedly patterned after was a complely dissimilar person in Colombia), Guillermo Cano didn't do big stories on Escobar until the year the film was in theaters, Delorean wasn't a car salesman and his bust was months before the film came out (his publicized trial came about when the movie was finished). Moe Kessler is a nonexistent person in the context mentioned, and "FRANK" as used by the British in a drug campaign is a reference to a knowledgeable friend speaking "frankly" (not sure how someone could even assume that an anti-drug campaign in Britain borrows its name for getting permission to do a coke deal.

Currently this artile says, using weak language, that the character may have been based on a wrestler from the 1970s. Sounds pretty ridiculous to me, I've never heard of anything like it and there's no citation there. Snowfire51 01:53, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Critical reception
I just finished watching the two disc special edition. DePalma says that the film was well received by one notable critic, Vincent Canby of the New York Times. Someone had incorrectly noted that Roger Ebert was that critic, who actually does praise the film but probably retroactively. Check the DVD and DePalma says Vincent Canby. you can also check http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1018324-scarface/ --Substantiate 01:01, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Actually Ebert gave an enthusiastic review in 1983. See the movie review query engine (mrqe.com) and search Scarface. Filmprinz 13:47, 23 October 2007 (UTC)Filmprinz

What does this mean?
''The Batman recreates the traditional villain based on Al Capone as based more on Tony Montana. This version is voiced by Dan Castellaneta.'' Who is based on what based on who based on what?? Clarify, please. -Gohst 05:08, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It was added by a anon user some time ago, the user is probably never coming back to explain it and the edit per se seems awfully speculative, I suggest removing it since there are probably no reliable reference available. Though the edit appears to be related with the Ventriloquist, a comics character that has a dummy named Scarface.- 凶 06:33, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It still doesn't make any sense as written, though. -Gohst 09:46, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

In pop culture
Influence on other works

The final bullet point suggesting that the number in Blink-182's name comes from the number of times Pacino said the word "fuck" is not mentioned on Blink-182's wiki page. This is likely because the reference on the Scarface page is some site in Spanish that seems inappropriate to use as an encyclopedic reference. Upon a google search, the most convincing reference I could find was this one: http://www.blink-182.org/facts.articles.html?show_article=6, claiming to be from a Rolling Stone article from 1998 on the band. It says that Tom DeLonge claimed Scarface is where the number came from. I would surmise, and I have heard this before, that there is no particular reason for the number in Blink-182's name. So, if the Rolling Stone article is real, the Wikipedia article on Scarface should say that, in an interview with Rolling Stone, Tom DeLonge claimed that Blink-182 took the number in their name from the number of times Pacino says the word "fuck" in Scarface, though this claim is contradicted by the band members elsewhere.-Ahenobarbus 08:07, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

I remember one of the band's members claiming this in an interview that I saw once, several years ago... Not that I'm a reliable sorce by any means, but I'm pretty sure that that was the first place that I heard that claim, so I assume it's true. It would certainly be a huge coincidence that these numbers just happen to be the same, especially considering the impact that this movie made with persons of the band's generation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.245.177.172 (talk) 14:14, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

I've a FWFR on the site: Scent of a Cuban. Not meant as an offence to Cubans. Excuse me, Cubans. Gregorik (talk) 15:45, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Merge Alex Sosa, Manny Ribera, Frank Lopez

 * Merge. These contain only plot summary, and completely lack secondary sources establishing notability independent from the film, the video game of the film notwithstanding. / edg ☺ ☭ 18:36, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Rebenga (Scarface)

 * Merge. Again, just a brief plot summary. Merge all and redirect to Scarface (1983 film). / edg ☺ ☭ 18:39, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree to the merge as long as only the relevant info is merged into the main article. --Nreive (talk) 09:01, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Merge, Rebenga is one of those characters that only appear to be killed, there is no way we can turn that into a encyclopedic article. -  Ca ri bb e a  n ~ H. Q.  09:33, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Scarface
Template:Scarface has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. — Hnsampat (talk) 02:09, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

The Specials' "Gangsters"
The song is from 1979 so it is certainly not a reference to this particular movie. I will remove this. --Buxbaum666 (talk) 10:07, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Minor cleanup effort
Removed "Criticism" section: "The film received criticism from the Cuban community who objected to various aspects of the film.[citation needed] In order to avoid confrontations most of the film was shot in and around Los Angeles." All this has already been stated in the "Production" section. Also fixed up some grammatical problems, namely it's/its and so on, and hyperlinked some names. Omgplz (talk) 08:34, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

In popular culture
This is all unsourced and in list form. It needs to cited, converted into prose and inserted back into the article in the appropriate section.--J.D. (talk) 20:17, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The album Music Inspired by Scarface was released by Def Jam Recordings in 2003. This compilation album features songs by various hip-hop artists which either draw direct inspiration from the film or contain subject matter that can relate to the film.
 * In the 2007 video game The Simpsons Game, in the level Five Characters in Search of An Authour, Bart Simpson will confront Matt Groening in Scarface's mansion, the globe will be saying The World, Dude.
 * The opening sequence of Scarface was duplicated for the opening of the Beastie Boys concert movie, Awesome; I Fuckin' Shot That!.
 * Tony's M16 rifle, which he dubbed his "little friend", ranked eighth in a 20th Century Fox film poll regarding the most popular film weapons. The 2008 poll surveyed approximately two thousand film lovers.
 * In the Code Monkeys episode StonerVision, the drug lord Dave & Jerry borrow money from is named Tony Dakota.
 * In the game Predator: Concrete Jungle, The protagonist-like Predator is named Scarface, and near the end of the game a character says "say hello to my little friends" before setting xenomorphs on Scarface.
 * A large part of the popular video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City draws influence from the movie, including a mansion near the ocean that resembles Tony's. The final battle scene also resembles the one in Scarface with many rival gang members storming the mansion.
 * A Colombian drug lord in the video game Hitman: Codename 47 has striking similarities to Tony Montana. Most particularly the battle scene where the player might confront him from the upper mansion study room - similar to the final scene in the film.
 * The hit show The Boondocks on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block has a parody of the film's poster in the introduction.
 * In the film Reno 911: Miami, the character Ethan is parody of Tony Montana. He is a Cuban drug lord with a thick accent and in one scene is seen torturing a man with a string trimmer (a parody of the chainsaw scene in Scarface).
 * In Company, the Hindi film based on Indian Underworld, Chandarkant Nagre, (Vivek Oberoi), refuses to kill a politician his boss, Malik (Ajay Devgan) has ordered him to kill because he is not alone as expected but has kids along with him. This disobedience becomes the reason of gang war between the two. The scene is clearly influenced by Scarface.
 * Former WWF (WWE) superstar, Scott Hall had a successful 4 year run as "Razor Ramon" using mannerisms and quotes from Tony Montana. Though, he physically resembled Manny.
 * The posters for the successful 2007 film American Gangster borrowed the aesthetic scheme of the famous Scarface movie poster featuring a grainy high-contrast black-and-white image of a man in a white suit.
 * In the show Home movies,in Jason's room you can sometimes see a poster that says "Scab face" on it.It resembles the art work of Scarface but has Jason's head taped over the real head.
 * Rapper Ice-T uses Manny's pickup/face slapping, and Tony's "In this country, you gotta make the money first" lecture in his aptly entitled song, "Money, Power, Women" from the 'Greatest Hits: The Evidence' CD in 2000.
 * Immortal Technique samples the reporter's interview in his song "Peruvian Cocaine".
 * Rapper Shyne uses the "All I Have Is My Balls" conversation between Tony and Sosa at the start of his song "By Any Means Necessary".
 * Rapper Jay-Z uses the conversation between Tony and Omar Suarez at the start of his song "Can't Knock The Hustle".
 * In an Episode of Kenny vs Spenny Kenny wore a Shirt with the Movie Cover on it showing him instead of Tony with his name on it.
 * In the 1995 Jim Carrey movie Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls, Ace Ventura introduces the skunk in his hands saying "Say hello to my stinky little friend!" before spraying the bad guys with it.

new scarface 2 on november 19th 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.154.202.0 (talk) 20:56, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

No mention of various LaserDisc and VCD releases
I own one copy of the movie from 1984 on LaserDisc, but I've seen different editions on sale at used stores. There should be a mention of these other editions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Coffee4binky (talk • contribs) 09:33, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Production 'trivia'
This is both a gratuitous section and has crappy source (the IMDb). 71.194.62.168 (talk) 22:22, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Plot section
Personally, I think it needs to be heavily edited. There's just too much detail making the article unnecessarily long. I just want to know if anyone else agrees before I start making any modifications.--The Scourge (talk) 01:40, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Allmovie
Reference available for citing in the article body. Erik (talk) 19:57, 10 January 2010 (UTC)
 * ... plot synopsis, review, cast, production credits, awards

IMDb
Any real problem with the IMDb rating being included in the 'Legacy' section? Someone added it, it was then deleted by someone who moaned about it changing through time but that's not uncommon and the secret is to update it regularly, like several hundred thousand other Wikis. The addition was described, erroneously, lazily and rudely as my 'real helpful' addition and I'm not sure where the negativity comes from; IMDb is a hugely popular and influential site - more so perhaps than Empire? I'm not fussed either way if it stays or goes but deletionism and a failure to discuss removal or facts is far more worrying. Perhaps we could arrive at a concensus here? --80.192.21.253 (talk) 23:34, 1 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see other people defending your opinion, and it's more than one person who is "moaning" about the IMDb inclusion. Yes, I agree IMDb is hugely popular and an influential site -- and I personally find it more so than Empire.  But, if you're really not fussed with the way you've been acting, I'd hate to see what you're like when you really are fussed.  But let's stick to the facts.  The ranking on IMDb is just a small factor of why this shouldn't be included.  The overriding factor is the notability issue--not with IMDb, but rather the opinions that went in to achieve its rating on the list.  The reception/legacy should include only those who are notable (critics, members of the academy), not just any random user who tally a vote on a very structurally flawed list.  This should be done to maintain notability, but also to avoid redundancies.  Perhaps if it was fighting for the #1 spot on the list, like The Godfather and The Shawshank Redemption do, it may be worth noting; but in this case, no.  Geeky Randy (talk) 18:30, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

Yeah, on second thoughts Geeky, you're so right! --80.192.21.253 (talk) 21:20, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
 * So, we've reached a concensus then? Geeky Randy (talk) 05:13, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Richard Belzer
Surprised amongst the extensive details mentioned in the article the fact that Richard Belzer was the comic on stage when the shooting in the night club occurred was not amongst such mentioned details.--Jrm2007 (talk) 05:25, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

A remake
How come the article doesn't mention that the film is a remake of Scarface (1932 film)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.193.42.92 (talk) 19:41, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Blu-ray
Hi everyone, I took the liberty of including information about the upcoming blu-ray release. Sorry for not detailing my sources. It's 3 AM and I'm tired...Jonay81687 (talk) 07:24, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

This section reads like an advertisement for the Blu-ray. --187.127.45.142 (talk) 23:01, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

Pacino
It's Al Pacino not Michael Jackson! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.21.38.31 (talk) 15:01, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

Typo?
In the following sentence from the plot section, should it rather be "henchman, Alberto," or is it grammatically correct as it is? I changed it to the singular with the commas a few edits back; it was reverted, making me question my edit.

"Learning of the sting, Sosa offers Tony a quid pro quo: Sosa will use his government connections to keep Tony out of jail, but Tony must fly to New York City with Sosa's henchmen Alberto to help assassinate a Bolivian journalist intent on exposing Sosa during a speech to the United Nations." Micromann (talk) 14:02, 7 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Should be 'henchman', but not with any extra commas. I'll go fix it. GRAPPLE   X  16:03, 7 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Micromann (talk) 17:01, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * It's called an appositive and "Alberto" should be set off by commas, viz. "...Sosa's henchman, Alberto, ..." I'm not bothering to fix it. 72.182.33.219 (talk) 14:08, 6 January 2015 (UTC)Eric

Grand Theft Auto
I can see mentioning the "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City" hotel bathroom because it is laid out like the incident in the Scarface film. But the rest of that paragraph seems to be speculation. Did the creators of the game say they were inserting references...? Lots42 (talk) 10:29, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

Production
i see this article has no Production section, can someone pls add it? along with details on making of the film? also, I'd also like this article to mention it has inspired the popular GTA games. NO, don't ask me for source. u can find easily through Google. anyone has a reply, pls notify me on my talkpage. Kailash29792 (talk) 18:05, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

Laserdisc Releases
This article fails to mention the laserdisc releases of this film. There are three major (US) releases:

1984: Originally retailing for $39.98 MCA released full frame (1.33:1) stereo laserdisc version in 1984 [40047]. (http://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/01962/40047/Scarface-(1983))

1993: Originally retailing for $39.98 MCA/Universal rereleased Scarface as a widescreen (2.35:1) Dolby Surround remaster in 1993. This release also featured a digitally remastered video transfer from the original 35mm negative [41473]. (http://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/04527/41473/Scarface-(1983))

1996: Originally retailing for $129.98, MCA/Universal rereleased Scarface for its Signature collection in 1996. This release features a digitally remastered widescreen (2.35:1) Dolby Surround transfer. Also included is a 6 page fold out with production stills and a short article about the controversy of the release and initial X rating. In addition, this release includes the Making of Scarface documentary, Outtakes, the original theatrical trailers, the theatrical trailer for Carlito's Way, and production and publicity photographs [42724]. (http://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/07247/42724/Scarface-(1983))

Pacino is the star
I just reverted the addition of other actor's names from the infobox. It is clear from the poster that Pacino is the star, in fact, no other actor's names even appear on the version of the poster we are using for the article. I would like to establish consensus here for Pacino's name being the only one listed in the infobox. --- The Old Jacobite The '45  17:02, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * This is fine by me, every poster only bills Pacino, anything else is playing favorites and just deciding who was in a starring role. Darkwarriorblake (talk) 23:41, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I disagree with this, as although Pacino is the "star", it is pretty standard on Wikipedia movie pages to include the main supporting players in that section. So no, it should NOT be only Pacino listed. That reeks of "fanboy-editing". I also disagree with whoever deleted the reference to Armitage Trail and his original novel, considering he originally wrote the overall plot of the film. This entire article needs to be rewritten from a more objective point of view and not dominated by "fanboys". Colliric (talk) 23:07, 8 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Calling people you don't know fanboys for reasoning you don't know based on edits you don't like doesn't make you above everyone. The starring section guideline was decided to use the billing block on posters. Pacino is the only person listed on any available poster. The film is only mentioned as being based on or a remake of the 1932 film which it deviates from heavily, there is no reason to put the Armitage Trail anywhere and I would love you to explain how NOT mentioning it constitutes fanboyism. As far as I can see, the credits mention the Armitage Trail nowhere. DWB (talk) / Comment on Dredd's FA nom! 23:19, 8 December 2013 (UTC)
 * The Starring section guidelines also state that if it is not available(or, by interpretation, sufficient), which in many cases it isn't,, that the Credits Roll(presumably the opening one) is also to be used in the "Starring" section. It can be argued that is CERTAINLY the case here, given that there was only one Star billed on the poster... as an alternative and opposite(where the main Star didn't get Top Billing on the poster) example, Christopher Reeves wouldn't be said to be starring in "Superman: The Movie" if we went by the film poster alone! It would say "Starring Marlon Brando and Gene Hackman" only, and them Maybe Reeves who was listed as a "Supporting Player" in the poster's fine print! So, while I won't do it myself(because I tend to try and avoid "edit wars"), if someone else puts the expanded cast info for the film back in, there's a strong argument that it should stay, as the guidelines specifically say "If unavailable(which can be interpreted as "insufficient" also), use the top-billed actors from the screen credits." As To my other point, I will have to review the credits myself. So I'll leave that for now. Ok it was probably a bit extreme calling some editors "fanboys" so I apologize, but naturally this article, being about a cult movie, is going to be edited by the "enthusiastic fans" of the film. After all I am a fan of it myself! Colliric (talk) 05:33, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

No Theatrical Release
This article has no information on the film's theatrical release and box office.--Paleface Jack (talk) 15:25, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Possible plagiarism in the Rating section
I'd have to do some digging, but anyone know which came first? This story about the movie's X rating http://spinoff.comicbookresources.com/2013/07/17/movie-legends-revealed-the-strange-tale-of-how-scarface-beat-the-x-rating/ from 2013 or what has currently been written into the encyclopedia article? If you visit that page and go to the paragraph next to the photo of Angel getting blood on his face from being chainsawed you'll see much of the rating section is very similar. What's in the article is very well written and I don't think it should be deleted if it came before that website. If it was copy and pasted from that website with a few words and structure changes I don't think it should remain as is. I definitely consider it plagiarized. I'm leaning towards the latter. Construct21 (talk) 10:01, 29 November 2015 (UTC)

1982 not 1983
This movie is not from 1983, it's from late 1982. I know because I'm old enough to have seen it, as a kid, at a drive-in, and the movie that came out soon after it was Android, with Klaus Kinski. I know because the weirdness of Android felt distinctly awkward to me as a kid. The only problem with this is that there's no reference for that date, since, I can only assume that every other website is getting their information about the date back from this article. I think that for now it's difficult to provide a reference for what I know about this film, but I'll just leave this edit here in case by some miracle someone happens upon some evidence that would confirm what I feel is true.  Lighthead  þ 06:27, 13 June 2021 (UTC)
 * You must be mistaken because everything points to 1983. Vaselineeeeeeee★★★ 21:10, 13 June 2021 (UTC)
 * It wasn't even finished filming until mid 1983. Darkwarriorblake / SEXY ACTION TALK PAGE! 21:27, 13 June 2021 (UTC)

Can we add the la premiere to the release part of the article?
I found facts online that state that Scarface also premiered at avenue of the stars in Los Angeles so can we put that premiere at the release part too? Chckl9999 (talk) 02:34, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

He was snorting cocaine before killing Manny
It is an epic scene. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCv9gYgWzUs Speakfor (talk) 22:57, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

is Scarface an American Epic Film?
I feel this film does everything to qualify itself for the american epic film list. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_epic_films 2600:100D:B08B:CA3F:B101:2F11:22A:A62E (talk) 01:23, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

Alina Ventura as Gabriela, Sosa's wife.
Alina Ventura as Gabriela, Sosa's wife. Horse rider. Added scene for long TV version, released in United States on TNT in 1995. Additional scene 4.

She was a model originally from Cuba. A lot of people on the forum talking about her and searching for her name. She went after to France where she is still modeling today. 185.104.136.54 (talk) 13:07, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scarface (1983 film)


text:
Navajo music

Navajo music is music made by the Navajos, mostly hailing from the Four Corners region of the Southwestern United States and the territory of the Navajo Nation. While it traditionally takes the shape of ceremonial chants and echoes themes found in Diné Bahaneʼ, contemporary Navajo music includes a wide range of genres, ranging from country music to rock and rap, performed in both English and Navajo.

Traditional
Traditional Navajo music is always vocal, with most instruments, which include drums, drumsticks, rattles, rasp, flute, whistle, and bullroarer, being used to accompany singing of specific types of song. As of 1982 there were over 1,000 ceremonial practitioners qualified to perform one or more of thirty ceremonials and countless shorter prayer rituals, otherwise known as 'Medicine People', which restore hózhǫ́ which holds the semantic field of 'harmonious condition' and 'beauty', good health, serenity, and balance.

These songs are the most sacred holy songs, the "complex and comprehensive" spiritual literature of the Navajo, may be considered classical music, while all other songs, including personal, patriotic, daily work, recreation, jokes, and less sacred ceremonial songs, may be considered popular music. The "popular" side is characterized by public performance while the holy songs are preserved of their sacredness by reserving it only for ceremonies (and thus not featured on the recording listed at bottom).

The longest ceremonies may last up to ten days and nights while performing rituals that restore the balance between good and evil, or positive and negative forces. The, aided by sandpaintings or masked , as well as numerous other sacred tools used for healing, chant the sacred songs to call upon the Navajo gods and natural forces to restore the person to harmony and balance within the context of the world forces. In ceremonies involving sandpaintings, the person to be supernaturally assisted, the patient, becomes the protagonist, identifying with the gods of the Diné creation stories, and at one point becomes part of the story cycle by sitting on a sandpainting with iconography pertaining to the specific story and deities.

The lyrics, which may last over an hour and are usually sung in groups, contain narrative epics including the beginning of the world, phenomenology, morality, and other lessons. Longer songs are divided into two or four balanced parts and feature an alternation of chantlike verses and buoyant melodically active choruses concluded by a refrain in the style and including lyrics of the chorus. Lyrics, songs, groups, and topics include cyclic: Changing Woman, an immortal figure in the Navajo traditions, is born in the spring, grows to adolescence in the summer, becomes an adult in the autumn, and then an old lady in the winter, repeating the life cycles over and over. Her sons, the Hero Twins, Monster Slayer and Born-for-the-Water, are also sung about, for they rid the world of giants and evil monsters. Stories such as these are spoken of during these sacred ceremonies.

The "popular" music resembles the highly active melodic motion of the choruses, featuring wide intervallic leaps and melodic range usually an octave to octave and a half. Structurally, the songs are created from the complex repetition, division, and combinations of most often no more than four or five phrases, with short songs often immediately following each other for continuity as needed in work songs. Their lyrics are mostly vocables, with certain vocables specific to genres, but may contain short humorous or satirical texts.

Shoegame songs
Long ago when the animals roamed the earth they came together to play, or the Navajo moccasin game. (Giant) and Owl discussed putting a game together and they came up with the Navajo Shoegame. There is a story that goes with this, however it remains only to be heard orally by a Diné.

Today throughout the Navajo Nation, many families play the Navajo Shoegame. At times, local communities play against each other during the winter season. There are also many prominent Navajo Shoegame singers throughout the Navajo Nation. Notably the Nez family of Hunter's Point, Arizona, and Pinedale, New Mexico, who are very well known for their singing and playing of the game. Leo Nez Sr. and his son Titus Jay Nez who come from the Nez family are very well known for their singing of Shoegame songs and attendance of Shoegames throughout the Navajo Nation. Other notable singers include the late Jimmy Cody of Sweetwater, Arizona, Addison Begay of Sanostee, New Mexico, and Sammie Largo of Tsayatoh, New Mexico.

Children's songs
Navajo children's songs are usually about animals, such as pets and livestock. Some songs are about family members, and about chores, games, and other activities as well. It usually includes anything in a child's daily life. A child may learn songs from an early age from the mother. As a baby, if the child cries, the mother will sing to it while it's tied in the cradleboard. Navajo songs are rhythmic, and therefore soothing to a baby. Thus, songs are a major part of Navajo culture.

It may have been a kind of beginner's course in learning the songs and prayers for self-protection from bad things, skinwalkers, and other evil figures in Navajo traditions. Blessings, such as when one does with corn pollen in the early morning, may be learned as well.

In children's songs, a short chant usually starts off the song, followed by at least one stanza of lyrics, and finishing up with the same chant. All traditional songs include chants, and are not made up solely of lyrics. There are specific chants for some types of songs as well. Contemporary children's songs, however, such as Christmas songs and Navajo versions of nursery rhymes, may have lyrics only. Today, both types of songs may be taught in elementary schools on the reservation, depending on the knowledge and ability of the particular teacher.

In earlier times, Navajo children may have sung songs like these to themselves while sheepherding, to pass the time. Sheep were, and still are, a part of Navajo life. Back then, giving a child custody of the entire herd was a way to teach them leadership and responsibility, for one day they would probably own a herd of their own. A child, idle while the sheep grazed, may sing to pass the time.

Peyote songs
Peyote songs are a form of Native American music, now most often performed as part of the Native American Church, which came to the northern part of the Navajo Nation around 1936. They are typically accompanied by a rattle and water drum, and are used in a ceremonial aspect during the sacramental taking of peyote. Peyote songs share characteristics of Apache music and Plains-Pueblo music.

In recent years, a modernized version of peyote songs have been popularized by Verdell Primeaux, a Sioux, and Johnny Mike, a Navajo.

Contemporary popular
The Navajo music scene is perhaps one of the strongest in native music today. In the past, Navajo musicians were corralled into maintaining the status quo of traditional music, chants and/or flute compositions. Today, Navajo bands span the genres of punk, metal, hardcore, hip hop, blues, rock, death metal, black metal, stoner rock, country, and even traditional. Success of bands like Blackfire, Ethnic De Generation, Downplay, Mother Earth Blues Band, Aces Wild, Tribal Live, The Plateros and other musicians have reignited an interest in music with the younger Navajo generations. Perhaps the best synthesis of tradition and contemporary is found in the musical marriage of Tribe II Entertainment, a rap duo from Arizona, Mistic, Rollin, Lil' Spade and Shade are truly right now, the only Native American rappers who can rap entirely in their native tongue. Their popularity and bilingual ability is yet another look at the prolific nature of the Navajo music scene.

In recent years, the Navajo metal scene has been growing rapidly underground. This growing metal scene is discussed in the book, Rez Metal: Inside the Navajo Nation Heavy Metal Scene (2020).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Navajo music


text:
Choice of law clause

In contract law, a choice of law clause or proper law clause is a term of a contract in which the parties specify that any dispute arising under the contract shall be determined in accordance with the law of a particular jurisdiction. An example is "This Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the law of the State of New York."

A choice of law clause may be combined with a forum selection clause. The combined clause would include the choice of law that is to govern any dispute arising under the agreement and the choice of forum where disputes will be heard. Once implemented, a choice of law clause will generally be upheld by courts, as long as it is bona fide, legal, and not contrary to public policy.

Explanation
Choice of law clauses add predictability about the law to be applied should a contractual dispute arise. As business transactions and contractual obligations may cross jurisdictional borders within a nation, as well as international borders, both physically and electronically, choice of law issues may arise. As laws vary between jurisdictions, it is possible that contract terms could be interpreted differently between jurisdictions, or that portions of a contract that are enforceable in one jurisdiction would not be enforceable under the laws of another. The parties may therefore agree in advance to interpret the contract in accord with the laws of a jurisdiction that is identified within their contract.

In determining the choice of law, parties may consider the types of dispute which could arise from their agreement, whether the law will be from a common or civil law jurisdiction, how friendly or hostile a jurisdiction would be to their claim, and whether sufficient precedent exists in that jurisdiction. Parties often seek a jurisdiction that would be neutral to their claims. However, where one party has more bargaining power, they may impose the law of their jurisdiction or choose a more favourable law.

In some situations a court may find that there are public policy reasons to disregard a choice of law clause, and instead interpret a contract under the laws of the jurisdiction in which a lawsuit is filed. For example, a jurisdiction may find, as a matter of public policy, it will apply its own consumer protection laws to a dispute between a consumer and a business even if the contract calls for the application of the laws of a different jurisdiction.

In Canada
Parties drafting contracts in Canada may indicate the laws of a specific province, followed by the phrase "and the laws of Canada applicable therein" to ensure that federal law is also applicable. Federal, provincial or territorial stature can inhibit parties' ability to negotiate a choice of law. For example, the Bills of Exchange Act, Canada Shipping Act, and the Insurance Act (Ontario).

The Canadian position for autonomy for choice of law negotiations was established in Vita Food Products Inc. v Unus Shipping Co “the proper law of the contract ‘is the law which parties intended to apply.” For the choice of law clause to be enforceable, the choice of law must be bona fide, the contract must be legal, and there must be no reason for avoiding the choice of law on public policy.

In order to be bona fide, the parties must not have intended to use that law in order to evade the legal system that the contract has the most substantial connection with. Where a contract which is illegal, or its performance is illegal, it will not be treated as a legal contract. The contract may also not be contrary to public policy. For example, gambling was once considered contrary to public policy, so foreign gambling debts would not be enforced in Canada. Courts may also refuse to enforce choice of law or forum selection clauses in consumer contracts where the plaintiff demonstrates strong cause that it should not be enforced, including demonstrating an inequality in bargaining power.

In Canada, whether the term "submit" or "attorn" is used may determine whether the choice of law clause is enforced. In Naccarato v Brio Beverages Inc. a Court of Queen's Bench in Alberta found that the term "submit" indicated that the clause was permissive, giving the Court concurrent jurisdiction to hear the matter. In Forbes Energy Group Inc. v. Parsian Energy Rad Gas, 2019 ONCA 372, the Ontario Court of Appeal held that the clause (“attorn to the courts of England”) meant that the laws of England would apply, but the clause was not sufficient to provide the courts with exclusive jurisdiction. The action was allowed to proceed in Ontario. The term "exclusive" and other mandatory language provides more certainty that another court will not assume concurrent jurisdiction.

In the United States
Empirical studies in the early 21st century have found that the law of the state of New York is by far the most popular choice for choice of law clauses in American contracts, followed by either Delaware or California.

How choice of law clauses are interpreted may vary by forum. In Delaware, a standard choice of law clause can cover liability arising in either tort or contract in order to avoid uncertainty. In New York, the express language of the provision must be “sufficiently broad” as to encompass the entire relationship between the contracting parties. For example, in Krock v. Lipsay, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit determined that a generic choice-of-law clause did not cover a claim for fraudulent misrepresentation.

title: Choice of law clause


text:
2005 NBA All-Star Game

The 2005 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game which was played on February 20, 2005, at Pepsi Center in Denver, home of the Denver Nuggets. This game was the 54th edition of the North American National Basketball Association (NBA) All-Star Game and was played during the 2004–05 NBA season.

For the second time in the last six years, the East defeated the West 125–115, with Allen Iverson of the Philadelphia 76ers named the Most Valuable Player. Iverson scored 15 points, handed out 10 assists, and had 5 steals. Ray Allen led the West with 17, and 5-for-11 from three-point range.

Coaches
The coaches for the All-Star game were the head coaches who led the teams with the best winning percentages in their conference through the games of February 6, 2005. The coach for the Western Conference team was San Antonio Spurs head coach Gregg Popovich. The Spurs had a 41–12 record on February 20. The coach for the Eastern Conference team was Miami Heat head coach Stan Van Gundy. The Heat had a 40–14 record on February 20.

Players
The rosters for the All-Star Game were chosen in two ways. The starters were chosen via a fan ballot. Two guards, two forwards and one center who received the highest vote were named the All-Star starters. The reserves were chosen by votes among the NBA head coaches in their respective conferences. The coaches were not permitted to vote for their own players. The reserves consist of two guards, two forwards, one center and two players regardless of position. If a player is unable to participate due to injury, the commissioner will select a replacement.

The 2005 NBA All-Star introduced international players who became superstars. Amongst the players selected were: Žydrūnas Ilgauskas (Lithuania), Manu Ginóbili (Argentina), Steve Nash (Canada), Dirk Nowitzki (Germany) along with voted-starters Tim Duncan (U.S. Virgin Islands) and Yao Ming (China). This game tied the 2003 and 2004 All-Star Game record for the most international All-Stars in one year.

Yao Ming of the Houston Rockets led the ballots with 2,558,578 votes, which earned him a starting position in the Western Conference team for the third year in a row. Tracy McGrady, Kobe Bryant, Kevin Garnett, and Duncan completed the Western Conference starting positions. This was also the same starting line-up as the previous year, with the exception that McGrady started for the East. The Western Conference reserves included three first-time selections, Ginobili of the San Antonio Spurs, Amar'e Stoudemire of the Phoenix Suns, and Rashard Lewis of the Seattle SuperSonics. The team was rounded out by Nash, Nowitzki, Ray Allen, and Shawn Marion. The Phoenix Suns had three representations at the All-Star Game (Marion, Stoudemire, Nash), while two other teams, Houston Rockets, and San Antonio Spurs, had two representations with McGrady/Yao, and Duncan/Ginobili.

After being traded to the Eastern Conference's Miami Heat, Shaquille O'Neal led the East ballots with 2,488,089 votes. This would be O'Neal's twelfth appearance as an All-Star. Allen Iverson, Vince Carter, LeBron James, and Grant Hill completed the Eastern Conference starting position. This was James' first All-Star appearance. The Eastern Conference reserves included three first-time selections, Dwyane Wade, Gilbert Arenas, and Antawn Jamison. Ilgauskas, Ben Wallace, Jermaine O'Neal, and Paul Pierce rounded out the team. Three teams, Cleveland Cavaliers, Miami Heat, and Washington Wizards, had two representations at the All-Star Game with James/Ilgauskas, O'Neal/Wade, and Arenas/Jamison.

Slam Dunk Contest
Josh Smith of the Atlanta Hawks won the Slam Dunk Contest.

Three-Point Contest
Quentin Richardson of the Phoenix Suns won the Three-Point Shootout.

title: 2005 NBA All-Star Game


text:
Amifostine

Amifostine (ethiofos) is a cytoprotective adjuvant used in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy involving DNA-binding chemotherapeutic agents. It is marketed by Clinigen Group under the trade name Ethyol.

Indications
Amifostine is used therapeutically to reduce the incidence of neutropenia-related fever and infection induced by DNA-binding chemotherapeutic agents including alkylating agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide) and platinum-containing agents (e.g. cisplatin). It is also used to decrease the cumulative nephrotoxicity associated with platinum-containing agents. Amifostine is also indicated to reduce the incidence of xerostomia in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.

Amifostine was originally indicated to reduce the cumulative renal toxicity from cisplatin in non-small cell lung cancer. However, while nephroprotection was observed, the probability that amifostine could protect tumors could not be excluded. Additional data have shown that amifostine-mediated tumor protection, in any clinical scenario, is unlikely.

Pharmacokinetics
Amifostine is an organic thiophosphate prodrug which is hydrolysed in vivo by alkaline phosphatase to the active cytoprotective thiol metabolite, WR-1065. The selective protection of non-malignant tissues is believed to be due to higher alkaline phosphatase activity, higher pH, and vascular permeation of normal tissues.

Amifostine can be administered intravenously or subcutaneously after reconstitution with normal saline. Infusions lasting less than 15 minutes decrease the risk of adverse effects. The patient should be well-hydrated prior to administration.

Mechanism of action
Inside cells, amifostine detoxifies reactive metabolites of platinum and alkylating agents, as well as scavenges free radicals. Other possible effects include accelerated DNA repair, induction of cellular hypoxia, inhibition of apoptosis, alteration of gene expression and modification of enzyme activity. Amifostine is believed to radioprotect normal tissue via Warburg-type effects.

Adverse effects
Common side effects of amifostine include hypocalcemia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, sneezing, somnolence, and hiccups. Serious side effects include: hypotension (found in 62% of patients), erythema multiforme, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, immune hypersensitivity syndrome, erythroderma, anaphylaxis, and loss of consciousness (rare).

Contraindications
Contraindications to receiving amifostine include hypersensitivity to amifostine and aminothiol compounds like WR-1065. Ethyol contains mannitol.

title: Amifostine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MV Abegweit

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 18:16, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

MV Abegweit
Page provides no useful information. Just two rather large images of boats. Kaldari 05:23, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, image copyright should be checked too--nixie 06:18, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and improve: This was a notable vessel as the prime connection between Prince Edward Island and the rest of Canada prior to the construction of the Confederation Bridge. Having said that, it's a pretty crappy article and has to be vastly improved for it to be kept. Please allow a little time for the Canadian Wikiteam to work on it. Thanks. Kevintoronto 16:18, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Thanks for improving the article, Kevin. I withdraw my original complaint now.
 * Strong keep. The Abegweit is as much a cultural icon for Islanders as the Bluenose is for Canadians. I have also improved the article :) - Jord 18:24, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, significant boat and now a well-written article. - TB 12:54, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC)
 * Keep. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  23:12, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep in its current form. --Deathphoenix 04:50, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Feild Park

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 17:14, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Feild Park
Stub apparently abandoned by its creator. Delete.-gadfium 05:24, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Stub? Joke IMO, it's claimed to be part of an elementary school, and the historic place where 48 snowmen met thier (sic) fate on April 2, 2002 as the snow melted. Part of a spree by an anon considered a vandal by some. Andrewa 05:55, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, trivial. Megan1967 05:57, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 12:09, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)


text:
BMW E9

The BMW E9 is a range of coupés produced by German automaker BMW from 1968 to 1975. Initially released as the 2800 CS model, the E9 was based on the BMW 2000 C / 2000 CS four-cylinder coupés, which were enlarged to fit the BMW M30 six-cylinder engine. The E9 bodywork was built by Karmann.

As a racing car, the E9 was very successful in the European Touring Car Championship and the Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft, especially the 3.0 CSL homologation model.

The E9 range was replaced by the E24 6 Series.

Predecessor
The E9's predecessor are 2000 C and 2000 CS models, which were produced from 1965 to 1969 as part of the BMW New Class range.

2800 CS
The first of the E9 coupés, the 2800 CS, replaced the 2000 C and 2000 CS in 1968. The lead designer was Wilhelm Hofmeister. The wheelbase and length were increased to allow the engine bay to be long enough to accommodate the new straight-six engine code-named M30, and the front of the car was restyled to resemble the E3 sedan. The rear axle, however, remained the same as that used in the lesser "Neue Klasse" models and the rear brakes were initially drums - meaning that the 2800 saloon was a better performing car, as it was also lighter. The CS' advantages were thus strictly visual to begin with. The 2800 CS used the 2788 cc version of the engine used in the E3 sedans. The engine produced 125 kW at 6000 rpm.

Not only was the 2800 CS lighter than the preceding 2000 CS, it also had a smaller frontal aspect, further increasing the performance advantage. The curb weight of the 2800 CS is 1420 kg.

At the 1969 Geneva Motor Show, BMW unveiled the "2800 Bertone Spicup" concept car. This model, which has a similar appearance to the 1967 Alfa Romeo Montreal, did not reach production.

3.0 CS/CSi
The 2800CS was replaced by the 3.0 CS and 3.0 CSi in 1971, which was bored out to give a displacement of 2986 cc. The 3.0 CS has a 9.0:1 compression ratio, twin carburetors and produces 180 hp at 6000 rpm. The 3.0 CSi has a 9.5:1 compression ratio, Bosch D-Jetronic electronic fuel injection, and produces 200 hp at 5500 rpm. Transmission options were a 4-speed manual or a 3-speed automatic.

In the United States, 1974 models have protruding 5 mile per hour bumpers.

3.0 CSL
Introduced in May 1972, the 3.0 CSL was a homologation special built to make the car eligible for racing in the European Touring Car Championship. 1,265 were built.

The "L" in the designation meant leicht (light), unlike in other BMW designations, where it meant lang (long). The lightness was achieved by using thinner steel to build the unit body, deleting the trim and soundproofing, using aluminium alloy doors, bonnet, and boot lid, and using Perspex side windows. The five hundred 3.0 CSLs exported to the United Kingdom were not quite as light as the others, as the importer had insisted on retaining the soundproofing, electric windows, and stock E9 bumpers on these cars. The CSL was not sold in the United States.

Initially using the same engine as the 3.0 CS, the 3.0 CSL was given a very small increase in displacement to 3003 cc by increasing the engine bore by one quarter of a millimetre to 89.25 mm. This was done in August 1972 to allow the CSL to be raced in the "over three litre" racing category, allowing for some increase in displacement in the racing cars. In 1973, the engine in the 3.0 CSL was given another, more substantial increase in displacement to 3153 cc by increasing the stroke to 84 mm, rated at 206 PS at 5600 rpm and 286 Nm at 4200 rpm of torque. This final version of the 3.0 CSL was homologated in July 1973 along with an aerodynamic package including a large air dam, short fins running along the front fenders, a spoiler above and behind the trailing edge of the roof, and a tall rear wing. The rear wings were not installed at the factory, but were left in the boot for installation after purchase. This was done because the wings were illegal for use on German roads. The full aero package earned the racing CSLs the nickname "Batmobile".

The CSL competed in Group 2 form in the European Touring Car Championship, with CSL drivers winning the Drivers title six times in the years 1973 and 1975 to 1979. The CSL also competed in Group 5 Special Production guise, winning three rounds of the 1976 World Championship for Makes. In FIA Group 4 spec, notably when driven by Hans-Joachim Stuck (car featured in Enthusia Professional Racing), they competed against racing versions of the Porsche 911 and Ford Capri with some success.

2.5 CS
The last version of the E9 to be introduced was the 2.5 CS in 1974. This was a response to the 1973 oil crisis, such that the buyer could choose the smaller, more economical engine. The engine, from the 2500 sedan, displaced 2494 cc and produced 150 hp at 6000 rpm. Only 874 were made until the end of E9 production in 1975, and none were exported to the United States.

Motorsport

In 1973, Toine Hezemans won the European Touring Car Championship in a 3.0 CSL and co-drove a 3.0 CSL with Dieter Quester to a class victory at Le Mans. Hezemans and Quester had driven to second place at the 1973 German Touring Car Grand Prix at Nürburgring, being beaten only by Chris Amon and Hans-Joachim Stuck in another 3.0 CSL. 3.0 CSLs would win the European Touring Car Championship again in every year from 1975 to 1979.

The 3.0 CSL was raced in the IMSA GT Championship in 1975, with Sam Posey, Brian Redman, and Ronnie Peterson winning races during the season.

The 3.5 CSL was built for Group 5 racing and BMW won three races in the 1976 World Championship for Makes with this model.

Art Cars
The first two BMW Art Cars were 3.0 CSLs; the first was painted by Alexander Calder and the second by Frank Stella.

2015 3.0 CSL Hommage
In 2015, BMW introduced the 3.0 CSL Hommage concept car at the Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este. The car is a tribute to the 3.0 CSL. It has an inline-six engine with an hybrid system in the rear of the car. As a homage to the original, the 3.0 CSL Hommage has a minimal interior to keep the weight as low as possible; carbon fibre and aluminium are used in the cockpit for the same reason. The Hommage has Laser-LED lights similar to those in the i8.

2023 3.0 CSL
On 24 November 2022, BMW revealed an all-new 3.0 CSL based on the BMW M4, paying homage to the original E9 3.0 CSL. It features a more powerful 3.0-liter Inline-six cylinder engine producing 412 kW and 550 Nm of torque and is being built to celebrate BMW M's 50th Anniversary. only 50 units will be produced.

title: BMW E9


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blue Moon & Company

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 14:58, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Blue Moon & Company
Non-notable. Google found only 582 hits, and most of them seem to be information copied from Wikipedia. All Music Guide has never heard of them. If this gets deleted, then I think we should delete Jason Frost, and Love Junkies as well, since they seem to be from the same source. --DaveTheRed 05:26, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep If I was interested in this band, this page could be of interest. It could do with bulking out though. Since there isn't another Blue Moon and Company, there's no risk of confusion, so I don't see the harm in keeping it. User:christidy
 * It's not what harm it does. It's what good it does.  We are constructing an encyclopaedia here, not a big list of everything.  And we have notability guidelines for this sort of thing.  The article doesn't provide evidence that the subject meets any of the criteria.  Delete. Uncle G 15:11, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)

I AGREE!!!

PLEASE READ FIRST:

Wikipaedia decision maker. Jason Frost was a Sunshine Bandmember withMajor label, KC & Sunshine Band, as well as an important part of rock n roll history in Olympia-Seattle area, who continues to create music for his devoted fans like myself. You can check here, as well as the many, many, links thoughout this page on his newspaper articles, press, artist pages, and movie film database on major film, etc. He is notable. Android79 has done nothing but angered me and played games and muddied up this page.

A search for "jason frost kc & sunshine band" turned up folowwing results: MTV listings: http://www.mtv.com/movies/person/337491/personmain.jhtml

(The star next to his name means he is notable to MTV!!!)

Wikipaedia requires for a band or artist personality to be listed he must have been a member of a notable band, KC & Sunshine Band, had hits like "get down tonight" and others. His being a member of this band makes him notable, even though I find this the least notable of his accomplishments. I vote to KEEP his other related band entries! - Timk

See discussion under JASON FROST deletion where numerous links are posted as well verifing the notability of this artist for his fans...

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete all three, just under the bar of notability. Megan1967 06:04, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all three of them. No allmusic.com entries. Gamaliel 06:08, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 06:09, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 12:09, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity, possible hoax. Android79 02:56, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Jayjg (talk) 16:55, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. All three. vlad_mv 01:37, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with extreme prejudice. Someone keeps spamming Grunge with a link to this non-notable band. -- Jmabel | Talk 04:55, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for not meeting the Notability and Music Guidelines. Tuf-Kat 05:08, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Postdlf 06:03, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Eurocorps

Untitled
Added "Belgian" to the Land Operation Command bullet point, in accordance to http://www.eurocorps.org/site/index.php?language=en&content=units Kd5mdk 05:27, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Eurocorps-Foreign Legion concept and its Single European Regiment
Read the Eurocorps-Foreign Legion concept and its Single European Regiment following its presentation at the European Parliament in June 2003:

http://paginas.pavconhecimento.pt/pessoais/dw/Mario%5FZanatti
and its forum:

Fair use rationale for Image:European Defence Agency logo.svg
Image:European Defence Agency logo.svg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 09:52, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Information about command structure is outdated
Eurocorps is now under the direct command of the EU. The EU Parliament has passed a resolution putting Eurocorps as the standing army of the EU under the direct command of the EU. See more here at the official Eurocorps site. http://www.eurocorps.org/media_library/press_releases/press_release_detail/article/eurocorps-executed-its-most-ambitious-exercise-under-eu-command//backpid/65/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.76.18.50 (talk) 19:22, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Correction, it will be under the command of the EU. The resolution was passed, I added that information to the article. However, it will take time I guess before the command is handed to the EU. Watch out for changes please. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.76.18.50 (talk) 19:31, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Eurocorps


text:
California State Route 241

State Route 241 (SR 241) is one of the two state highways in California that are controlled-access toll roads for their entire lengths (the other being SR 261, both in Orange County). SR 241's southern half from near Las Flores to near Irvine is the Foothill Transportation Corridor, while its northern half to SR 91 on the Anaheim–Yorba Linda border forms part of the Eastern Transportation Corridor system with SR 133 and SR 261.

SR 241 is one of the highest elevated highways in Orange County and provides scenic views of both the Santa Ana Mountains and the cites below, passing through 12 different cities and regions along its length.

Legislatively, SR 241 is defined to run south to I-5 at San Onofre State Beach on the border with San Diego County. A plan to construct this portion was opposed due to environmental concerns. The county maintains the toll-free Los Patrones Parkway that extends the right-of-way south to Rancho Mission Viejo, but local officials do not intend to hand over control of the parkway to the state.

Route description

SR 241 runs along two named tollways: its southern half is the 12 mi Foothill Transportation Corridor, and its northern half is part of the Eastern Transportation Corridor.

The toll road begins at its interchange with Oso Parkway near Las Flores, while the right-of-way continues south as Los Patrones Parkway. SR 241 then heads northward through Rancho Santa Margarita and Trabuco Canyon near O'Neill Regional Park. It then passes through the eastern areas of Mission Viejo and Lake Forest before paralleling the rugged foothills in Irvine. It then runs along the easternmost edge of Irvine, with scenic views on either side, before meeting the eastern terminus of SR 133. SR 241 continues north as part of the Eastern Transportation Corridor following this interchange. SR 241 then meets SR 261 and Santiago Canyon Road (CR S18) near Irvine Lake before turning northeastward towards its northern terminus at SR 91 on the Anaheim–Yorba Linda border near the Santa Ana River.

SR 241 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, as well as the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.

History

The toll road was constructed by the Transportation Corridor Agencies, also known as the TCA, and is owned by the state of California. Construction was financed with bonds, which are repaid with toll revenues. Taxpayers are not responsible for repaying any debt if toll revenues fall short.

Proposed extension
SR 241 was planned to extend from its current southern terminus at Oso Parkway south to I-5 at the San Diego County border near San Onofre. This southern extension, known as Foothill-South, was intended to be the final piece in Orange County's planned 67 mi network of public toll roads. The extension would have provided an alternate route from SR 91 to I-5 for those traveling from Riverside County and through southeast Orange County, south to San Diego County.

Proponents of the project included a coalition of chambers of commerce, who argued it would provide greater access for communities such as Foothill Ranch, Rancho Santa Margarita, Las Flores, Coto de Caza, Wagon Wheel and Rancho Mission Viejo. Transportation Corridor Agencies (TCA) originally projected that traffic would increase 60 percent by 2025, and estimated that Foothill-South would alleviate traffic on I-5 by 2.6 to 8 percent. The proposed route was selected by a collaborative group that included the Federal Highway Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, Fish & Wildlife Service, the Army Corps of Engineers and Caltrans. Initially, the plan would have placed the final 4 mi of the roadway on Camp Pendleton Marine Base, as well as through a section of San Onofre State Beach, which is leased from the United States Marine Corps. The Marine Corps reserved the right to grant easements for rights of way when the lease with the California Department of Parks and Recreation was signed in 1971. Eventually, spokespeople from Camp Pendleton would deny permission to build the road on the base but approved the road's construction through the portion of the base that hosts the state park. The TCA Board of Directors, local elected officials who represent the areas adjacent to the toll road routes, certified the project's Environmental Impact Report in 2006.

Many conservationists, environmental groups, and some residents of San Clemente opposed the extension to San Onofre State Beach. Former California Attorney General Bill Lockyer filed two lawsuits in 2006, one on behalf of the Native American Heritage Commission. A third lawsuit was filed by a coalition of several groups, including Sierra Club, the Surfrider Foundation, Natural Resources Defense Council. It was later revealed that the TCA funded a study in support of removing the California gnatcatcher from the federal Endangered Species list, which would have made it easier to build the toll road extension.

On February 6, 2008, the California Coastal Commission voted 8-2 to reject the planned extension through San Onofre State Beach. The TCA appealed the Coastal Commission's decision to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce. On December 18, 2008, the Department of Commerce announced that it would uphold the California Coastal Commission's ruling that found the TCA's proposed extension inconsistent with the California Coastal Act. In a release issued by the Department of Commerce, the DOC noted that at least one reasonable alternative to the project existed, and that the project was not necessary in the interest of national security.

In November 2016, the TCA reached a legal settlement ending the 15-year dispute with the more than a dozen environmental organizations and the State of California. The settlement guaranteed that any roadway would avoid the Donna O'Neill Land Conservatory, the San Onofre State Beach Park, and other environmentally sensitive areas. The environmental organizations have agreed not to sue the TCA over other potential alignments that connect the 241 Toll Road to the I-5 freeway as long as the alignments do not enter the "environmental avoidance area."

Los Patrones Parkway
Rancho Mission Viejo, which has publicly condemned all the proposed alignments of the SR 241 extensions, helped to fund the construction of a 4.5 mi four-lane toll-free freeway known as Los Patrones Parkway. The road, maintained by Orange County, follows the exact alignment as the proposed Tesoro Extension of SR 241 between Oso Parkway and Cow Camp Road. Rancho Mission Viejo provided $85 million of the total estimated cost of $100 million to construct the road. Los Patrones Parkway also includes a new multi-purpose pathway on the west side of the highway between Oso Parkway and Chiquita Canyon Drive, two wildlife crossings under the road, wildlife fencing, and replanting of over 100 acres of vegetation. However, local environmental groups expressed concerns that the TCA may acquire Los Patrones Parkway in the future to extend SR 241 southward.

On August 10, 2018, the Orange County Public Works began construction on a $30 million project to turn a section of Oso Parkway into a bridge to allow a direct connection between SR 241 and Los Patrones Parkway. The new interchange was completed in mid-January 2021.

Los Patrones Parkway was built in two phases. Phase 1 of the road between Oso Parkway and Chiquita Canyon Drive opened on September 12, 2018. However, due to significant rainfall, the opening of Phase 2 of the road between Chiquita Canyon Drive and Cow Camp Road was delayed twice from the planned deadline of late-2018, and did not open until October 17, 2019.

Meanwhile, the TCA continued to explore alternative options to extend the toll road through San Juan Capistrano and San Clemente to I-5. After facing opposition, the TCA Board of Directors voted unanimously on March 12, 2020, to support a proposal to extend the county's toll-free Los Patrones Parkway south to Avenida La Pata near the San Clemente city limit.

In 2021, state senator Patricia Bates introduced Senate Bill 760 to remove the segment between Oso Parkway and I-5 segment from SR 241's legal definition, which would permanently kill any plan to convert Los Patrones Parkway to a toll road or any other plan to extend SR 241.

Tolls
SR 241 employs a barrier toll system, where drivers are charged flat-rate tolls based on what particular toll booths they pass through. Since May 13, 2014, the road has been using an all-electronic, open road tolling system. And on October 2, 2019, the license plate tolling program, under the brand name "ExpressAccount", was discontinued. Drivers may still pay using the FasTrak electronic toll collection system or via a one time payment online. Drivers must pay within 5 days after their trip on the toll road or they will be assessed a toll violation.

There are two mainline toll gantries: the Tomato Springs Mainline gantry just south of the SR 133 interchange, and the Windy Ridge Mainline gantry just south of the SR 91 interchange. , both gantries and the northbound exit and southbound entrance at Portola Parkway-North use a congestion pricing scheme based on the time of day for FasTrak users, while non-FasTrak drivers must pay the maximum toll ($4.40 at Windy Ridge, $4.20 at Tomato Springs, and $3.16 at Portola Parkway-North) regardless of the day and time. Tolls are also collected at a flat rate for all drivers at selected on-and off-ramps: the southbound exits and northbound entrances of Oso Pkwy ($2.59) and Antonio Parkway ($1.81); and the northbound exits and southbound entrances of Los Alisos Boulevard ($1.70), Portola Parkway-South ($1.81), and Alton Parkway ($2.69).

Exit list
Under the official exit list by Caltrans, mileage is measured from the unconstructed southern terminus at Interstate 5 near San Clemente.

Los Patrones Parkway exits
This exit list consists of the county-maintained Los Patrones Parkway that local officials do not intend to turn over to Caltrans or TCA for a possible extension of the SR 241 toll road. Thus, the state maintains no postmiles.

Foothill-South

 * Foothill-South official project website
 * 241 Toll Road extension proposal — Green OC at The Orange County Register
 * Save California’s Parks and Beaches — Save San Onfore
 * Relieve Traffic local site
 * Save Trestles site
 * Save Trestles-Wild Heritage Planners

title: California State Route 241


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Track spikes

Track spikes, or just spikes, are a type of footwear featuring protruding spikes on the soles used by athletes when racing on the track. Some spikes are designed for longer-term training on tracks, but generally the shoes are used for racing. The term "spikes" can also refer to track shoes featuring such protrusions, though these are technically called pins. Spikes are similar to studs, which are used for team sports, although generally smaller and with a sharp point.

History

Track spikes had become popular in England by the 1860s, but the concept of spikes in shoes to give running traction has been around much longer. As written in the 1852 publication of Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible regarding military arms at the time of Paul the Apostle (c. 5 – c. 67):"'Having the feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace;' not iron, not steel; but patient investigation, calm inquiry; assiduous, laborious, lasting; if not, rather, with firm footing in the gospel of peace. Whether the apostle here means stout, well-tanned leather, leather well prepared, by his 'preparation of the gospel of peace' or shoes which had spikes in them, which, running into the ground, gave a steadfastness to the soldier who wore them, may come under remark hereafter. We shall only add, that Moses seems, at least according to our rendering, to have some allusion to shoes, either plated, or spiked, on the sole, when he says, (Deut. xxxiii. 25.) 'Thy shoes shall be iron and brass; and as thy days shall thy strength be.'"

For pioneering the use of spikes, J.W. Foster and Sons's revolutionary running pumps appear in the book, Golden Kicks: The Shoes that changed Sport. The company began distributing shoes across the United Kingdom and were worn by British athletes. They were made famous by 100m Olympic champion Harold Abrahams (who would be immortalized in the Oscar winning film Chariots of Fire) in the 1924 Summer Olympics held in Paris.

In 1934, American football player and coach Pop Warner recommended them for running events in his widely distributed book, "Pop" Warner's book for boys.

Additionally, Adolf Dassler, the founder of Adidas, assisted in the development of track spikes for multiple events. In an effort to enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear, he transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to attempting to utilize canvas and rubber. He carved them by hand and were eventually worn during the 1936 Olympics by Jesse Owens. People began to take notice, and Owens inherently helped popularize Dassler's design. Track spikes continued to gain notable recognition when Emil Zátopek, a distance runner from Czech Republic, wore them during the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki.

Design
The front of the sole features a rigid or semi-rigid spike plate containing between 3 and 9 threaded holes called spike wells. Spikes can be screwed into each well using a spike wrench. Recently, some individuals have attempted to add a "through hole" at the bottom of the spike to make them easier to tighten, remove, and install.

Some shoes have permanent or "fixed" spikes which are not meant to be removed. Spikes may break during competition.

Track shoes are exceptionally light, some shoes weighing less than 5 oz each, half the weight of many standard running shoes.

In most track shoes, the toe region bends up to allow space for protruding spikes and to encourage athletes to run on their toes. This upward angle, known as "taper," varies widely depending on the intended use of the shoe, and the taper angle can be rigid or flexible. Shoes with a large taper are said to be "aggressive."

This shoe design may cause harm to the athlete if worn for extended periods of time outside of competition. Injury may occur when walking in a leisurely fashion, as the athlete is not on his or her toes, which is the manner in which the shoes were meant to be worn.

Types of shoes
There is considerable variation among track shoes depending on their intended use within the sport of track and field.

Sprint spikes generally have a very stiff spike plate with the greatest number of spike wells. The taper is highest and most rigid in sprint spikes, maximizing the efficiency of energy transfer with each stride. Very little heel support is needed because sprinters spend most or all of their time on their toes. Sprint spikes may have a zip-up cover instead of or in addition to laces to improve aerodynamics. Sprint spikes should fit tightly but they should not be too tight to the point that the runners toes are cramping and they should not be too loose that will result in the runner losing power and speed. They should fit tighter than regular athletic shoes yet still comfortable enough to perform in.

Distance shoes have a more flexible spike plate with less taper and fewer spikes. Because of the longer race distances, support through the mid-foot and heel is as important as efficiency with distance spikes. This means that distance spikes generally have a softer, more durable sole, particularly through the heel region. Although still "glove-like," the fit for distance spikes is generally slightly looser than for sprint spikes, given the longer race duration.

Middle distance spikes are a hybrid of a sprint shoe and a distance shoe, featuring an intermediate level of taper, spike plate rigidity, cushioning and support. Certain middle distance spikes are also popular among hurdlers because they have a relatively steep taper for sprinting and a cushioned heel for landings.

Cross country spikes usually have no more than six spike points and are similar to distance spikes in many respects. However, given the wide range of terrain encountered off-track, cross country spikes have a more durable rubber sole and supportive mid-foot to provide a level of cushioning and stabilization not required on a track. Depending on race length, surface types and personal preference, cross country spikes may be abandoned in favor of racing flats.

Shoes for field events and specialty events vary widely depending upon the specific requirements of each event. For example, long jump shoes are most similar to sprint spikes to provide good top speed, high jump shoes have flat bottoms and heel spikes to allow energy transfer through the entire foot, and steeplechase shoes are predominantly a water-resistant mesh for exceptional ventilation. While shoes for shot put, discus and hammer throw have flat rubber soles with no spikes, they may still occasionally be referred to as "track spikes."

Notable spike manufacturers include Adidas, Asics, Brooks, Mizuno, New Balance, Nike, Puma AG, Reebok and Saucony.

Types of spikes

While most spikes are between 3/16 in and 1/2 in long, the most common is 1/4 in. Additionally, there are various specialty lengths, as well as minimal "blank" spikes (also called studs) used to cover a spike well. Spikes are generally metal or ceramic and come in three main types: the pyramid, the needle (pin), and the compression tier (Christmas tree). Pyramids are conical spikes that taper to a sharp point. They normally have a maximum diameter nearly equal to the diameter of the threads of the spike. Needles also have a sharp point, but a thinner cone diameter. Track spikes create traction by penetrating the track surface. Some tracks do not allow pin spikes and limit the length of pyramid spikes to minimize damage to the track. A variation for synthetic tracks is the Christmas Tree spike. It uses a terraced cone shape with a flat end designed to compress rather than penetrate the track below it. However, the notion that the compression spikes have less track penetration is not supported by scientific studies. Lastly, there are Tartan spikes that are dull that are most commonly used for rubber tracks.

title: Track spikes


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Combination therapy

Combination therapy or polytherapy is therapy that uses more than one medication or modality. Typically, the term refers to using multiple therapies to treat a single disease, and often all the therapies are pharmaceutical (although it can also involve non-medical therapy, such as the combination of medications and talk therapy to treat depression). 'Pharmaceutical' combination therapy may be achieved by prescribing/administering separate drugs, or, where available, dosage forms that contain more than one active ingredient (such as fixed-dose combinations).

Polypharmacy is a related term, referring to the use of multiple medications (without regard to whether they are for the same or separate conditions/diseases). Sometimes "polymedicine" is used to refer to pharmaceutical combination therapy. Most of these kinds of terms lack a universally consistent definition, so caution and clarification are often advisable.

Uses
Conditions treated with combination therapy include tuberculosis, leprosy, cancer, malaria, and HIV/AIDS. One major benefit of combination therapies is that they reduce development of drug resistance since a pathogen or tumor is less likely to have resistance to multiple drugs simultaneously. Artemisinin-based monotherapies for malaria are explicitly discouraged to avoid the problem of developing resistance to the newer treatment.

Combination therapy may seem costlier than monotherapy in the short term, but when it is used appropriately, it causes significant savings: lower treatment failure rate, lower case-fatality ratios, fewer side-effects than monotherapy, slower development of resistance, and thus less money needed for the development of new drugs.

In oncology
Combination therapy has gained momentum in oncology in recent years, with various studies demonstrating higher response rates with combinations of drugs compared to monotherapies, and the FDA recently approving therapeutic combination regimens that demonstrated superior safety and efficacy to monotherapies. In a recent study about solid cancers, Martin Nowak, Bert Vogelstein, and colleagues showed that in most clinical cases, combination therapies are needed to avoid the evolution of resistance to targeted drugs. Furthermore, they find that the simultaneous administration of multiple targeted drugs minimizes the chance of relapse when no single mutation confers cross-resistance to both drugs.

Various systems biology methods must be used to discover combination therapies to overcome drug resistance in select cancer types. Recent precision medicine approaches have focused on targeting multiple biomarkers found in individual tumors by using combinations of drugs. However, with 300 FDA-approved cancer drugs on the market, there almost 45,000 possible two-drug combinations and almost 4.5 million three-drug combinations for to choose from. That level of complexity is one of the primary impediments to the growth of combination therapy in oncology.

The National Cancer Institute has recently highlighted combination therapy as a top research priority in oncology.

Bacterial infections
Combination therapy with two or more antibiotics are often used in an effort to treat multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

Contrast to monotherapy
Monotherapy, or the use of a single therapy, can be applied to any therapeutic approach, but it is most commonly used to describe the use of a single medication. Normally, monotherapy is selected because a single medication is adequate to treat the medical condition. However, monotherapies may also be used because of unwanted side effects or dangerous drug interactions.

title: Combination therapy