text:
Talk:Michael Chertoff

NPOV
Why were negative articles about michael chertoff from nationalvanguard.org and david dukes web site removed? Should there be pro as well as con articles on Michael chertoff? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dnagod (talk • contribs)
 * There are both pro and con articles there. However, the article doesn't need advertisements for dubious sources. Jayjg (talk)  01:30, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I find this article unbalanced. I agree with another commenter that there may be too much detail about his ethnic origin in comparison with Chertoff's activity in the United States, especially his service as Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security. I agree that the portrait is chillingly unflattering.

As a policy researcher on environmental and regulatory policy, I was struck by the one-sided nature of the section criticizing Chertoff's waiving applicability of environmental laws in constructing a fence or otherwise controlling the U.S.'s southern border. For example, the Sierra Club has criticized the obstruction of free migration of jaguars. In addition to absence of explanations or balancing articles about whether or how full  implementation of the laws was compatible with border security, this section omits aspects such as  "environmental devastation in the Arizona borderlands caused by illegal immigration and drug smuggling"   [User_talk:nnamelet|(talk)]

Russian origin and meaning of his name
Is it worth mentioning that his name Chertoff means "Devil's own" in russian literally? Or will cons jump me --Tigry 03:58, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see any NPOV issue with noting it, but I don't think the etymology of his last name (even if he is of Russian descent) is all that relevant to the article. - Walkiped 12:40, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * So we will leave it here. Several sites, including these two, say:
 * Michael's father, Gershon, was the first child of Paul Chertoff from Russia, and Esther Barish, from "Roumania," according to the 1930 U.S. Census. Gershon graduated as a teacher of the Talmud at age 20, in May 1935.
 * "Paul Chertoff from Russia"? "Paul?" Jews are not named Paul, not in Russia, only in the USA does that go on. I am Jewish, I live in the USA, and my grandfather was born in Russia, so I know. Your two sources, dialogue-yemen.org and rumormillnews.com didn't get that part correct. --FeralOink (talk) 13:17, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
 * His grandfather was a Jew from Russia, so his name has Russian origin, and has a definitive meaning in the Russian language. Besides a meaning mentioned above, it can also mean smth like "damned" in such sentences as, for example, "this damned Michael ruins everything he does". Compare with Hellman.
 * Is this comparable to those German names (I recall one literally meant "sewer stench") that were given to Jews by the Prussian state during the 19th century? Or is the meaning of this name in Russian merely an etymological coincidence? --Adamrush 10:11, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It isn't an etymological coincidence, but it is unfair (and/or ironic). Jews from Eastern Europe were sometimes forced to have unflattering surnames.  A common one in German was Eselkopf or "Donkey's head".  Any Russian surname ending in "ov" or "ev" originates from the patronymic "ovich/evich", ie son of.  So "Ivanov" is like "Jones", but an equivalent to "Johnson".  Chert (pronounced Chyort) is Russian for Devil, so Chertoff means "Devilson".  If it were "Chertin", then it would be "devil's own".  Interestingly enough, Medvedev (the name of Russia's current leader) means "Son of the Bear" - but this isn't Jewish. Sasha (talk) 21:39, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I have not heard of Jews being forced to have demeaning surnames in Russia. I also don't think Medvedev is comparable.  A bear is a respected symbol in (actually of) Russia.  A devil/demon is a feared and hated image everywhere.  I can understand why there is no mention of Chertoff's name's meaning, but why is there no discussion of Hurricane Katrina in the article?  Or what about Chertoff's business interests which make him an inappropriate DHS secretary?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.75.54.93 (talk) 21:03, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Chertoff's failings
No article on Chertoff can be complete or fair without pointing out that Chertoff has absolutely failed to gain control over the border in a time of terrorism. Moreover, Chertoff supported "comprehensive" immigration reform -- i.e., rewarding millions of illegal aliens with a path to citizenship without controlling the border. That bill was not "stalled," but decisively defeated. Only when that proposed legislation was defeated did Chertoff realize that he might have to begin enforcing the existing immigration law instead of allowing 12 million to 20 million illegal immigrants to wander around the country. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.44.153.46 (talk) 23:06, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Swearing-in date
There have been some competing edits regarding the date on which Chertoff was sworn in as secretary of homeland security. Although a ceremonial swearing-in, presided over by Bush, took place on March 3, 2005,, he was first sworn into office on February 15. It was on February 15 that he actually became secretary. - Walkiped 02:12, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Borders and Ports Not Secure 7 Years after September 11th, 2001
The section of the article on illegal immigration makes it seem as though Chertoff has been vigorous in opposing illegal immigration. Not so. Chertoff not long ago said that he couldn't spend his department's time chasing after "maids" who might be illegal. In other words, Chertoff didn't even comprehend the basic fact that, with 12 million illegal immigrants wandering around the country, it would be impossible to know, in advance, what job a potential terrorist might be performing.

Seven years after September 11th, 2001, our borders are completely insecure. A border fence is slowly, slowly being built. The quantity of employees on border patrol is almost comically low when compared to the 12 million estimated illegal immigrants.

Seven years after September 11, 2001, the automated database E-Verify is not being used by all employers to ascertain whether prospective employees might be here illegally and have invalid Social Security Numbers.

Seven years later, the REAL ID driver's license is just a distant future prospect in many states. Indeed, five states are still issuing driver's licenses to illegal immigrants.

None of these very important -- and hotly debated -- public issues are in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.44.145.138 (talk) 17:17, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

relation with Ben Chertoff/Benjamin Chertoff
What's his relation to Ben Chertoff/Benjamin Chertoff, 9-11 "research editor" for Popular Mechanics? Kwantus 22:37, 2005 Mar 6 (UTC)
 * No relation Pepik70 (talk) 13:33, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

NPOV
The only things I ever posted about Chertoff related to the absolute truth that he has failed to control the border (or even seek to) in a time of terrorism. If the only things a person can post about a figure like Chertoff are total, gushing praise, what is the point of anybody posting anything? Also, it looks like defenders of Chertoff are claiming that any honest assessment of his failures is defamatory -- which is simply a ludicrous proposition. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Hurricane Katrina
This article seems to be a target for some controversial editing in light of Chertoff's management of the FEMA response to Katrina, and it seems likely given current affairs that this will only increase; this article is probably worth flagging as current affairs and keeping a close eye on. 80.192.5.25 1427, 3 Sep 2005 (UTC)

Most recently Chertoff has directed the FEMA response to Hurricane Katrina which devastated four southern states. On September 3, 2005, several days  following the initial strike of the hurricane and subsequent catastrophic floods Chertoff, came under extreme criticism for his agency's perceived gross mismanagement of the rescue and recovery efforts. Charges of ineptitude and indiffference were lodged against President Bush's administration, in part due to FEMAs slow mobilization of rescue/recovery personnel to the affecteded areas, Chertoff was denounced by politicians,(New Orleans Mayor Nagin) news media outlets, (Newsweek) and local citizens (via CNN interviews) when he appeared to be defending the pace and scope of FEMA's response to the nation's largest natural disaster.

 * You think? Benjamin Gatti

Op Ed moved here - for a little more citation
"It should be noted, that the lack of regional communication was significant. No cell phone towers or electricy existed, and battery operated rescue radios frequently ran out of power only eight hours into any given rescue operation.  Secretary Chertoff was relatively dis-connected with the local agencies.  In the media onslaught during the hurricane aftermath, Secretary Chertoff was widely recognized as one of the only federal officials who candidly accepted blame, did not seek to place blame on others, and pushed for the continued relief of New Orleans residents."

(text move Benjamin Gatti)

"city"
I italicized city to get the point across--Jaysscholar 04:09, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

"New Orleans Dodges The Bullet"
In the last paragarph I put in a link to a nice site with front pages from all the major papers. Please don't remove it until it becomes clear which paper he was talking about. Right now, the whole "dodging the bullet" thing looks an awful lot like a bald faced lie.

If it turns out to be true, it will then be open for discussion why the feds are using front page headlines for meteorlogical study.

→ It's 'Bold faced lie,' not bald. 70.177.15.225 22:34, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

There is no reason at all to mention his last name's etymology
Unless the author of the article intends to imply that the Russian meaning of his last name in any way has affected his life or his role in the world, it is greatly to the deteriment of NPOV. At the very least more thorough research into why he bears that surname should be done, or preferably it should be removed as it gives us no insight into the man or his life.

If the name "Jefferson" meant "Bringer of Death" it wouldn't be appropriate in an article about Bill Clinton or Thomas Jefferson: William Jefferson Clinton (whose middle name means "Bringer of Death")...

It only implies in the reader's mind that there is a connection between the etymology of the surname and the person's actions.

Let's remove that irrelevant phrase about Chertoff's surname from the article.

What does "Irish born Jersey native" mean?
It's used to describe McCann in the second paragraph of the Public Service section. Was this guy born in Ireland or Jersey? Born in Ireland and brought to Jersey while still a baby?

Section on Gassy Remarks?
Michael Chertoff's "Gut Feeling" remarks seem news-worthy enough to garner intense coverage this week, should that translate to a section in the article?
 * It's worth a mention, Chertoff is publicly speculating that there will be a terrorist attack on US soil this summer ('07) based on no intelligence report or evidence other than his intuition. This is a far cry from the GOP rallying call that we're safer because they're in power. The criticism of his comments is that they seem like a cynical atttempt to scare Americans or, worse, that he actually thinks an attack will boost support for the US occupation of Iraq and, thus, would be a positive development. The implications of that reasoning are staggering.

John Walker Lindh
It's fairly widely known that Chertoff negotiated a deal with lawyers for John Walker Lindh that involved dropping all but one charges against the young man in return for a) a guilty plea to the remaining one -- which did not involve taking arms against the US or fighting anyone; b) withdrawal of his claim that he had been tortured while in US custodyl and c) acceptance that he would not speak about his treatment during the plea=bargained 20-year sentence negotiated. Several sources: Good one was The Nation, February 14, 2005, citing Lindh's defense lawyer, who was involved in the negotiation with DoJ. 121.44.113.94 (talk) 19:41, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The above poster seems pretty pro-Lindh to me. The use of the term "young man" seems to be too cuddly and cute to describe Lindh. He was a traitor and a commando. There is no need to pretty him up. 65.248.164.214 (talk) 20:53, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Dual Citizenship
It is often claimed that jewish Americans are dual citizens, however this claim is often based merely on the fact that the person is jewish, not proof of actual dual citizenship. The footnote backing up this claim for Chertoff leads to nothing relevant, this claim looks false to me. As for relation to Ben Chertoff, this has been alleged by never proved, and denied by the Chertoffs. Pepik70 (talk) 20:40, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The citizenship claim is based not on his religion but rather the fact that his mother was an Israeli immigrant. The link has been changed to a credible site that indicates the following: "According to Israeli citizenship law, you are considered to be a citizen of the State of Israel if you were born in Israel, or if you acquired Israeli citizenship by immigrating to Israel, or if you were born outside of Israel to a parent who is a citizen of Israel (mother or father) and who acquired Israeli citizenship by birth or through immigration to Israel."

 * The issue of dual citizenship is extremely relevant because Chertoff is charged with enforcement of immigration laws. The issue has nothing to do with his religion and is unfortunately exploited by many nutsy anti-semitic websites; for whatever reason the mainstream media refuses to discuss the topic.  But the topic is as relevant for someone with Israeli citizenship as it would be for someone with Canadian citizenship.  Clearly Chertoff has dual citizenship; the question is whether he has ever exercised that citizenship (as the reference above indicates, "If you are a citizen of the State of Israel, by any of the definitions above [including being born outside of Israel to a parent who is a citizen of Israel], Israeli law requires that you enter and leave Israel using an Israeli passport."  If Chertoff ever did this, or if he even applied for an Israeli passport, then there are obviously important national security issues at stake.

Wikipedia's own page on the Law of Return shows that children of Israeli citizens have the right to gain citizenship, i.e. citizenship is not mandatory or automatically conferred. I am in the same situation - because I had an American mother, I was eligible for US citizenship, however I still had to apply for it and my mother brought me to the US regularly for nearly two decades on a foreign passport before I got US citizenship and a passport (and the US has the same rule - US citizens must enter the US on a US passport).

 * The Law of Return deals with the issue of Israeli citizenship for Jews, which is irrelevant. Chertoff is the son of an Israeli immigrant and therefore has Israeli citizenship.  The issue has nothing to do with his Judaism.    —Preceding unsigned comment added by Passportholder (talk • contribs) 17:38, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think that's true, I think children of Israeli citizens get citizenship, not all children of all immigrants to Israel.Pepik70 (talk) 14:33, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

No proof has been provided that Chertoff has dual citizenship, unless some can be provided this comment should be removed.Pepik70 (talk) 11:15, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Under Israeli law, he holds dual citizenship because his mother was an Israeli immigrant. He has held this citizenship since birth and does not need to "apply" for it.  He does need to apply for any of the rights that come with citizenship, such as a passport; as stated in the article it is unclear if he has done that.  However, there is no ambiguity as to whether the son of an Israeli immigrant living abroad has citizenship; he most certainly does.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Passportholder (talk • contribs) 16:20, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Can you provide evidence that his mother holds Israeli citizenship please.Pepik70 (talk) 12:42, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
 * At best, we would need sources supporting the claim about his mother's citizenship. The problem is that even with that, we seem to be violating WP:SYN, combining the fact that his mother is (presumably) an Israeli citizen with the fact that children of Israeli citizens are eligible for citizenship, and then throwing in that he has taken no action to acquire the citizenship he is eligible for. That seems to be the definition of synthesis. Alansohn (talk) 12:50, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Concur that without proof, the statement about dual citizenship should be removed. I agree with Alansohn regarding WP:SYN, the fact of dual citizenship is derived from other info. And while I totally agree with whoever above said it could be relevant, without a citation that Chertoff *is* an Israeli citizen, this is just insinuation. Kos42 (talk) 22:26, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

 * What I find odd is that nobody making comments is attempting to find out the truth. Everyone seems to be saying, "If you can't prove it..."  That leads to an obfuscation of the truth.  GO FIND OUT.  Somebody submit a FOIA?  Nobody should be asking to "not discuss" ANY topic IF we can find out the information.  Should we?  IF we are, what does that say?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.67.89.140 (talk) 02:06, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Removed the uncited statement and incorrect information about dual citizenship that had been re-added to this article last month. ANTPogo (talk) 16:26, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

Help in Improving this page
Hi, I am new to editing pages, and would like some guidance on best practices to improve this page. I am most interested in a good structure and NPOV. Some specific questions:

The opening paragraph seems pretty "newsy" to me. I think Katrina information is definitely a defining bio-detail, but I think the border waivers is more curent events. It is detailed later in the bio, which makes more sense to me.

Section Public Service: nothing is cited in this section. Is it okay to just remove this (per the BLP policy that says to remove unsources or poorly sourced material. I guess I could add the info from his official bio--that would at least be cited.

Section: Secretary of Homeland Security, my questions here are more regarding style. Other bios don't seem to have extensive quoting of news sources. Is it appropriate to update this (shorten significantly) for example,

Chertoff signed waivers of the Endangered Species Act, the Clean Water Act and other environmental laws to install additional physical barriers and roads at the Southwest border. Congress gave the Secretary of Homeland Security authority to waive legal requirements to expeditiously build the border fence. This effort has been criticized on environmental and legal grounds.[cites to NYT and CRS)

Question, is this enough description of the controversy for NPOV?

That's all for starters. I expect there will be more! Kos42 (talk) 22:49, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

explanation for lede removal
Besides for its NPOV problems, it is unsourced (if not factually incorrect). There are no sources for the criticism from human rights organizations of civil liberty groups. The one source provided for the criticism of the Katrina response made no mention of him. One Times op-ed does not equal "widely criticized" and surely doesn't belong in the lede of a WP:BLP. -- brew crewer  (yada, yada) 04:01, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Bot-created subpage
A temporary subpage at User:Polbot/fjc/Michael Chertoff was automatically created by a perl script, based on this article at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. The subpage should either be merged into this article, or moved and disambiguated. Polbot (talk) 17:29, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Chertoff's investments
Doesn't this guy have investments in companies that sell "anti-terrorist" items to the government??? Something rings a bell in the back of my mind that this guy owns a significant investment in - and is profiting from - the very laws he wrote. Maybe it's airport screening machines??? Can somebody please comment on this??? I went to his Wiki bio page to read up on this. . . . and found nothing - which I found very surprising. I would swear that I had read about this in the past, but I could be wrong. If he does, and it its not in his bio, it's a huge hole. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.164.52.201 (talk) 11:11, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, Why Is Michael Chertoff So Excited About Full-Body Scanners? [gawker.com] suggests that the body scanning machine manufacturers are clients of his consulting firm. -- 203.82.66.206 (talk) 12:10, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

New image portrait?
are there really no better portrait of him? he litterly looks like nosferatu extremely evil. if any jewish wikipedians here I would like to ask them this:would you have this image a representive of jews?

Can anyone help me find a better picture to improve the article?109.225.101.247 (talk) 17:26, 21 August 2012 (UTC) Try to find one when he was three years old.... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.185.142.60 (talk) 02:32, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Research for John Hart Ely
The article currently suggests he did research assistant work for Ely as an undergraduate, but that seems somewhat unlikely to me, given (1) Ely was a professor at the Law School and HLS professors hire HLS students (not undergrads) to do research work, and (2) Ely's book Democracy and Distrust was published in 1980, so it chronologically makes more sense that Chertoff would've done the research while in law school, not in college. Anybody have any specific information that he did the research as an undergrad? If not, I'm going to change this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ivytoarmy (talk • contribs) 04:05, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Okay, went ahead and made that change.Ivytoarmy (talk) 04:18, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

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Sourcing
Two problems with this article. First, portions of the article are unsourced. Second, many sources used in the article are primary sources or other sources that do not fit Wikipedia's reliability guidelines. 24.29.56.240 (talk) 17:26, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

Freedom House
Chertoff is Chairman of the Freedom House Board of Trustees, according to Freedom House. Is this a suitable source to use? Ungulates (talk) 02:22, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Chertoff


text:
Coal oil

Coal oil is a shale oil obtained from the destructive distillation of cannel coal, mineral wax, or bituminous shale, once used widely for illumination.

Chemically similar to the more refined, petroleum-derived kerosene, it consists mainly of several hydrocarbons of the alkane series, with 10 to 16 carbon atoms in each molecule, with a boiling point of 175 to 325 C, higher than gasoline or the petroleum ethers, and lower than the oils.

Because kerosene was first derived from cannel coal, classified as terrestrial type of oil shale, it continued to be popularly referred to as "coal oil" even after production shifted to petroleum as a feedstock. Refined hydrocarbons of the alkane series with 10 to 16 carbon atoms are the same thing whether taken from coal or petroleum.

History

The term was in use by the late 18th century for oil produced as a by-product of the production of coal gas and coal tar. In the early 19th century, it was discovered that coal oil distilled from cannel coal could be used in lamps as an illuminant, although the early coal oil burned with a smokey flame, so that it was used only for outdoor lamps; cleaner-burning whale oil was used in indoor lamps.

Coal oil that burned cleanly enough to compete with whale oil as an indoor illuminant was first produced in 1850 on the Union Canal in Scotland by James Young, who patented the process. Production thrived in Scotland, making Young a very wealthy man.

In Addiewell, West Lothian, Young built a substantial industrial complex for separating petroleum from various oil shales, including cannel coal. In its time it was one of the largest chemical works in Scotland. Construction began in 1866. Addiewell remained the centre of operations for Young's Paraffin Light and Mineral Oil Co. Ltd., but as local supplies of bituminous shale became exhausted, activities were increasingly focussed on other shale-fields. The refinery closed around 1921.

In the United States, coal oil was widely manufactured in the 1850s under the trade name Kerosene, manufactured by a process invented by Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner. Young won his patent lawsuit against the Gesner process in the United States in 1860. But by that time, US coal oil distillers were switching over to refining cheaper petroleum, after the discovery of abundant petroleum in western Pennsylvania in 1859, and oil from coal operations ceased in the US.

Lighting
Coal oil was used to provide lighting.

Medicinal use
Coal oil was once used as an internal and topical home remedy as a general cure-all for many ailments, including coughs, flu, cuts, abrasions, and wounds. Internal applications were administered by adding the toxic petroleum product to sugar cubes, molasses, honey or some other substance to mask the taste, while topical applications were applied by adding it to bandages or by pouring the coal oil directly on the affected area.

"Pale sulfonated shale oil" (PSSO), a sulfonated and ammonia neutralized variant named "Ichthammol" (chemical: Ammonium bituminosulfonate) is still in application today.

Culinary use of the term
The term "coal oil" is sometimes used in the context of food; it is not mineral coal oil as discussed in this article, but edible vegetable oil infused with wood-derived charcoal for flavour.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Coal oil


text:
Ponnaiyar River

The South Pennar River (also known as Dakshina Pinakini in Kannada and Thenpennai or Ponnaiyar or Pennaiyar in Tamil) is a river in India. Bangalore, Hosur, Krishnagiri, Kaveripattinam and Cuddalore are the important cities on the banks of South Pennar river. It is the second longest river in Tamil Nadu, with a length of 497 km, after the Kaveri. Chandapura, Anekal, Hosur, Bagalur and Chengam are the major industrial settlements on its banks. The river is severely polluted by industrial waste as it flows through major industrial areas in the eastern suburbs of Bangalore and the industrial parks of Hosur and Chengam.

The river originates in the Nandi Hills in the Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka and flows through Tamil Nadu before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. It has a catchment area of 1424 mi2 located in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states. The small Kelavarapalli and Krishnagiri Dams were built across this river near Hosur and Krishnagiri. The largest dam on this river, Sathanur Dam with 7.3 Tmcft Gross Capacity is near Tiruvannamalai. The Moongilthuraipattu Sugar Factory is also situated on the bank of river.

The river is dry most of the year. Water flows during the monsoon season when it is fed by the south-west monsoon in the catchment area and the northeast monsoon in Tamil Nadu. This water flow raises the water table throughout the river basin and feeds numerous reservoirs/tanks.

The old river Dakshina Pinakini no longer exists. A substantial part of Bangalore's sewage enters this river via Bellandur and Varthur Lakes and other channels.

The sand buildup in the river is quite impressive, suggesting that it may have been a perennial river with much larger water flow in the past. Mentions of the river are found in Sangam and medieval (Tevaram - Bhakti cult era) literature, where it is depicted as rich with lush vegetation on its banks. There are Famous temples on its banks like Penneswaraar Temple,Shree Venkateshwara Swamy temple, Dakshina Tirupati, Veerateshwarar Temple and Kabilar Kundru. It is used to irrigate Chikkaballapur district, Bengaluru Rural district, Bengaluru Urban district, Kolar districtKrishnagiri district, Dharmapuri district, Tiruvannamalai, Viluppuram district, and Cuddalore district. It splits into a delta on which Cuddalore town is located.

The river is now looted for its rich abundance of sand. As the water flow will be only in monsoon seasons, the river is dry in remaining parts of the year.

title: Ponnaiyar River


text:
Croquet Project

The Croquet Project is a software project that was intended to promote the continued development of the Croquet open-source software development kit to create and deliver collaborative multi-user online applications. Croquet is implemented in Squeak Smalltalk.

Croquet supports communication, collaboration, resource sharing, and synchronous computation among multiple users.

Applications created with the Croquet software development kit can be used to support collaborative data visualization, virtual learning and problem solving environments, 3D wikis, online gaming environments (massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs)), and privately maintained or interconnected multiuser virtual environments.

Further development of the technology has also branched into the Open Cobalt and Open Croquet efforts.

Technical functions

Croquet is a software development kit (SDK) for use in developing collaborative virtual world applications.

Applications created using the Croquet SDK are automatically collaborative since application objects in Croquet share a common protocol allowing them to cooperate with each other by employing the principle of replicated computation (synchronization) together with a peer-based messaging protocol. The technology is designed to facilitate such replication between peers, to greatly reduce the overhead needed for widespread deployment of collaborative virtual worlds.

This efficiency, combined with the ability to deploy Croquet-based virtual worlds on consumer-level hardware, makes it possible for developers to deploy large-scale and highly participatory collaborative worlds at very low cost compared with virtual world technologies that are entirely dependent on server-based infrastructures to support the activities of their users.

Virtual machines
Croquet's virtual machine (VM) runs bit identically on multiple platforms, and supports multiple abilities that could only be provided by a true late bound, message sending language.

Croquet's relationship to Squeak gives Croquet the property of a purely object-oriented system allowing for significant flexibility in the design and the nature of the protocols and architectures that have been developed for the system.

Because of this, Croquet has the ability to keep running while code is modified and tested, while changes are made, an essential part of the Croquet collaborative development ability. Users can change the code running the environment while the environment runs.

Synchronization architecture
Croquet's time-based synchronization abilities enable real-time, identical interactions between groups of users while dramatically reducing the need for server infrastructures to support virtual world deployment. Croquet's architecture makes it easy to develop deeply collaborative applications without having to spend a lot of effort and expertise in understanding how replicated applications work.

TeaTime is a scalable real-time multi-user architecture that is the basis for Croquet's object-object communication and synchronization. It is designed to support multi-user applications that can be scaled to massive numbers of concurrently interacting users in a shared virtual space. The most directly visible part of this architecture is the TObject class which is used to define and construct subclassed Tea objects. All of the interesting objects inside of Croquet are constructed from subclasses of TObject.

A Tea object acts with the property that messages sent to it are redirected to replicated copies of itself on other users' participating machines in a peer-to-peer network. This messaging protocol supports a coordinated distributed two-phase commit that is used to control the progression of computations at participating user sites. In this way messages may be dynamically redirected to large numbers of users while maintaining the appropriate deadline-based scheduling. Thus, TeaTime is designed to allow for a great deal of adaptability and resilience and works on a heterogeneous set of resources. It is a framework of abstraction that works over a range of implementations and that can be evolved and tuned over time, both within an application and across applications.

Key elements of the TeaTime synchronization architecture include:

 * A coordinated universal timebase embedded in communication protocol
 * Replicated, versioned objects that unify replicated computation and distribution of results
 * Replication strategies that separate the mechanisms of replication from the behavioral semantics of objects
 * Deadline-based scheduling extended with failure and nesting
 * Coordinated, distributed two-phase commit that is used to control the progress of computations at multiple sites, to provide resilience, deterministic results, and adaptation to available resources
 * Uses distributed sets

Immersive Terf
The original authors of Croquet opened a commercial company named Qwaq which was later renamed to Teleplace. That technology was later sold back to a group of the original Croquet developers and became Immersive Terf.

History
Croquet is the confluence of several independent lines of work that were being carried out by its six principal architects, Alan Kay, David A. Smith. David P. Reed, Andreas Raab, Julian Lombardi, and Mark McCahill. The present identity of the project has its origins in a conversation between Smith and Kay in 1990, where both expressed their frustration with the state of operating systems at the time.

In 1994, Smith built ICE, a working prototype of a two user collaborative system that was a predecessor of the core of what Croquet is today. Also in 1994, Mark McCahill's team at the University of Minnesota developed GopherVR, a 3D user interface to Internet Gopher to explore how spatial metaphors could be used to organize information and create social spaces. In 1996, Julian Lombardi approached Smith to explore the development of highly extensible collaborative interfaces to the World Wide Web. Later, in 1999, Smith built a system called OpenSpace, which was an early-bound variant of Croquet. Also in 1999, Lombardi began working with Smith on prototype implementations of highly extensible collaborative online environments based on OpenSpace. One of these implementations was a prototype implementation of ViOS, a way to spatially organize all Internet-deliverable resources (including web pages) into a massively-scaled multiuser 3D environment.

Smith and Kay officially started the Croquet Project in late 2001, and were immediately joined by David Reed and Andreas Raab. Reed brought to the project his longstanding work on massively scalable peer-to-peer messaging architectures in a form deriving from his doctoral dissertation that was published in 1978. The first working Croquet code was developed in January 2002. Simultaneously and independently, Lombardi and McCahill began collaborating on defining and implementing highly scalable and enterprise-integrated architectures for multi-user collaboration and were invited by Kay to join the core architectural group in 2003.

From 2003 to 2006, the technology was developed under the leadership of its six principal architects with financial support from Hewlett-Packard, Viewpoints Research Institute Inc., the University of Wisconsin–Madison, University of Minnesota, Japanese National Institute of Communication Technology (NICT), and private individuals. On April 18, 2006, the project released a beta version of the Croquet Software development kit 1.0 in the open-source. Since then, the Croquet technology infrastructure has been successfully used by private industry to build and to deploy commercial-grade closed source collaborative applications. Open source production-grade software implementations for delivering secure, interactive, persistent, virtual workspaces for education and training have at the same time been developed and deployed at the University of Minnesota, University of Wisconsin–Madison, University of British Columbia, and Duke University.

, continued development of the original Croquet technology has also taken place through the Open Cobalt and Open Croquet projects.

Unique aspects

 * It is platform and device independent
 * Users and developers may freely share, modify and view the source code of the whole system, due to a liberal license
 * The technology is not hosted on one organization's server, and hence not governed by any such organization
 * It provides a complete professional programmer's language (Squeak Smalltalk), integrated development environment (IDE), and class library in every distributed, running participant's copy; the programming development environment itself is simultaneously shareable and extensible
 * Croquet based worlds can also be updated while the system is live and running

title: Croquet Project


text: User talk:69.22.5.228

title: User talk:69.22.5.228


text:
Yanggakdo International Hotel

The Yanggakdo International Hotel is the largest operating hotel in North Korea, pending the completion of the Ryugyong Hotel, and the country's seventh- or eighth-tallest building. The hotel is located on Yanggak Island in the River Taedong, 2 km to the south-east of the centre of Pyongyang, the nation's capital. It rises to an overall height of 170 m and has a slowly revolving restaurant on the 47th floor.

This hotel is North Korea's first luxury hotel. The structure was built between 1986 and 1992 by France's Campenon Bernard Construction Company and opened in 1996.

Background
Besides housing the reception, the ground floor offers the purchase of North Korean currency sets, postcards and letters, and basic commodities at Western prices. There is a bar and a bookshop which stocks North Korean reading material including treatises of Presidents Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il.

In addition to the revolving restaurant, the hotel guide issued to guests indicates that the hotel contains four further restaurants on the second floor: dining-rooms one and two, the main banquet hall, and the Japanese, Chinese and Korean food dining-rooms.

The basement contains a bowling alley, a pool room, a sauna, a swimming pool, a barber shop, a casino, and a massage club.

A single standard room costs €70, and a standard twin room costs €25 per person. The hotel's grounds originally included a 9000 m2 nine-hole golf course. In 2011 the golf course was demolished to make space for a Chinese-funded health complex to be built. Also located on Yanggak Island, next to the hotel's grounds, is the Pyongyang International Cinema Hall, one of the main venues for the Pyongyang International Film Festival.

Fifth floor
The fifth floor of the hotel has been a source of curiosity among foreigners because it is off-limits to hotel guests and there is no fifth-floor button on the elevator panels. The fifth floor has occasionally been visited "unofficially" via staircase by tourists exploring the hotel. It is reported to be further split into two separate floors, with mostly locked rooms, and is decorated with propaganda posters. Tourists have also reported seeing alleged surveillance equipment apparently used to observe guests' rooms. One Western travel agency specialising in tours of North Korea has described the fifth floor as "actually just a service level much like would be found in any hotel, and strictly off limits to tourists."

Otto Warmbier incident
On 2 January 2016, a visiting American university student, Otto Warmbier, was arrested on a charge of attempting to steal a political propaganda banner from a restricted area of the hotel. Although some media reports speculated that the incident had occurred on the hotel's fifth floor, Warmbier himself indicated in a confession that he took down the banner from a staff-only area of the second floor of the hotel, but abandoned the item after discovering it was too large to carry away. Staff members from the hotel testified against Warmbier at his trial. On 16 March 2016, Warmbier was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment with hard labor. After seventeen months in captivity, it was revealed that Warmbier had suffered severe brain damage, and he was brought back to the United States in June 2017, dying six days later.

title: Yanggakdo International Hotel


text:
Inishmaan

Inishmaan (Inis Meáin, the official name, formerly spelled Inis Meadhóin, meaning "middle island") is the middle of the three main Aran Islands in Galway Bay, off the west coast of Ireland. It is part of County Galway in the province of Connacht. Inishmaan has a population of about 184 (census 2022), making it the least populous of the Aran Islands. It is one of the most important strongholds of traditional Irish culture. The island is predominantly Irish-speaking and part of the Gaeltacht, though all inhabitants have knowledge of English.

Geology and geography
The island is an extension of The Burren. The terrain of the island is composed of limestone pavements with crisscrossing cracks known as "grykes", leaving isolated rocks called "clints". The limestones date from the Visean period (Lower Carboniferous), formed as sediments in a tropical sea about 350 million years ago, and compressed into horizontal strata with fossil corals, crinoids, sea urchins, and ammonites.

Glaciation following the Namurian phase facilitated greater denudation. The result is that Inishmaan is one of the finest examples of a Glacio-karst landscape in the world. The effects of the last glacial period (the Midlandian) are most in evidence, with the island overrun by ice during this glaciation. The impact of earlier karstification (solutional erosion) has been eliminated by the last glacial period. So any karstification now seen dates from around 10,000 years ago, so the island karst is recent.

Solutional processes have widened and deepened the grykes of the limestone pavement. Pre-existing lines of weakness in the rock (vertical joints) contribute to the formation of extensive fissures separated by clints (flat, pavement-like slabs). The rock karstification facilitates the formation of subterranean drainage.

Climate and agriculture
The island has an unusually temperate climate. Average air temperatures range from 15 °C in July to 6 °C in January. The soil temperature does not usually drop below 6 °C (although the end of 2010 recorded a prolonged period of snow, the first in living memory). Since grass will grow once the temperature rises above 6 °C, the island (like the neighbouring Burren) has one of the longest growing seasons in Ireland or Britain, and supports diverse and rich plant growth. Late May is the sunniest time, and also likely the best time to view flowers, with the gentians and avens peaking (but orchid species blooming later).

Flora and fauna
The island supports arctic, Mediterranean, and alpine plants side-by-side, due to the unusual environment. Like the Burren, the Aran Islands are renowned for their remarkable assemblage of plants and animals. The grykes (crevices) provide moist shelter, thus supporting a wide range of plants, including dwarf shrubs. Where the surface of the pavement is shattered into gravel, many of the hardier arctic or alpine plants can be found, but when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil, patches of grass are seen, interspersed with plants such as gentians and orchids. Notable insects present include the butterfly the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), brown hairstreak (Thecla betulae), marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) and wood white (Leptidea sinapis); the moths, the burren green (Calamia tridens), Irish annulet (Gnophos dumetata) and transparent burnet (Zygaena purpuralis); and the hoverfly Doros profuges.

Archaeological sites
Eight sites on Inishmaan are designated as National Monuments (NM #42):
 * Doonbeg Ringfort
 * Carrownlisheen Wedge Tomb (Diarmuid and Gráinne's Bed)
 * Templesaghtmacree, a church
 * Carrownlisheen Cross
 * Labbanakinneriga, a church
 * Dún Fearbhaí, a cashel (stone ringfort)
 * Kilcoonagh Church
 * Dún Conor (Dún Chonchúir)

Synge's Cottage and Chair
Teach Synge is the house where John Millington Synge stayed on the island every summer from 1898 to 1902, where he was hosted by Bríd and Páidín Mac Donnchadha. It was here he is said to have got inspiration for his plays The Playboy of the Western World, Riders to the Sea, and many of his other works from stories he heard while on Inishmaann. The house he stayed in, Teach Synge, was inhabited by descendants of the Mac Donnchadha family until the 1970s, when it began to fall into disrepair. It has been restored to its original condition, and has been open to the public since August 1999.

Cathaoir Synge (Synge's Chair) was the writer's favourite place on the island, overlooking Inis Mór and the Atlantic.

Demographics
The table below reports data on Inishmaan's population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland. Census data in Ireland before 1841 are not considered complete and/or reliable.

Infrastructure
The island is connected to the national grid via a submarine cable as well as having wind turbines with an installed capacity of 675 kW.

A desalination plant provides water for the residents, but water shortages are still a common occurrence.

Inishmaan also has a wind farm which runs its desalination plant and fuels the electric car.

Inishmaan has a new jetty ("Caladh Mor") since 2007. It also has an airstrip connecting it to the mainland.

Education
There is a primary school on the island, Scoil Náisiúnta Inis Meáin.

There is also a secondary school, Colaiste Naomh Eoin. Coláiste Naomh Eoin was opened on 1 September 2003 under the auspices of Coláiste Colmchille (Inverin) and the County Galway Vocational Education Committee. It caters for the entire second level educational needs of the Aran islands. Senior Cycle was first introduced in 2006. The school is housed in a building on hire from the local co-operative. Four school classrooms and the school office are located there. The new science laboratory was renovated in 2008. A woodwork, technical graphics and construction studies workshop was added to the infrastructure over 2008/2010. The school also has use of the local football pitch, in addition to a lined basketball court. The students of Coláiste Naomh Eoin wear a red V neck jumper with a grey polo neck with the crest of the school imprinted on them. Both male and female students wear black trousers with black shoes or runners.

Public library
There is a public library on the island. It holds a diverse and quality collection of books, catering to all age groups. It is open every Tuesday and Thursday from 2.00pm to 4.00pm and on Saturdays from 11.00am to 1.00pm. The library provides a reference and local studies collection with information on the heritage and history of the island. There is also free internet access.

Sport
Some of the limestone sea cliffs have attracted interest from rock-climbers. Diving is popular. Inishmaan is home to the game Cead. This is a traditional sport unique to the island. Cead means "permission" in Irish. Cead is only allowed to be played once a year, on Saint Patrick's Day. Only men can partake in the competitive aspect of the sport. There is an annual 5 km/10km12km race each March known as the 'Inis Iron Meáin Race' organised by Colaiste Noamh Eoin, the island secondary school.

In popular culture
The island is the setting for the 1996 play The Cripple of Inishmaan by Martin McDonagh.

title: Inishmaan


text:
Heterothallism

Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.

In heterothallic fungi, two different individuals contribute nuclei to form a zygote. Examples of heterothallism are included for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium marneffei and Neurospora crassa. The heterothallic life cycle of N. crassa is given in some detail, since similar life cycles are present in other heterothallic fungi.

Life cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is heterothallic. This means that each yeast cell is of a certain mating type and can only mate with a cell of the other mating type. During vegetative growth that ordinarily occurs when nutrients are abundant, S. cerevisiae reproduces by mitosis as either haploid or diploid cells. However, when starved, diploid cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. Mating occurs when haploid cells of opposite mating type, MATa and MATα, come into contact. Ruderfer et al. pointed out that such contacts are frequent between closely related yeast cells for two reasons. The first is that cells of opposite mating type are present together in the same ascus, the sac that contains the tetrad of cells directly produced by a single meiosis, and these cells can mate with each other. The second reason is that haploid cells of one mating type, upon cell division, often produce cells of the opposite mating type with which they may mate.

Katz Ezov et al. presented evidence that in natural S. cerevisiae populations clonal reproduction and a type of “self-fertilization” (in the form of intratetrad mating) predominate. Ruderfer et al. analyzed the ancestry of natural S. cerevisiae strains and concluded that outcrossing occurs only about once every 50,000 cell divisions. Thus, although S. cerevisiae is heterothallic, it appears that, in nature, mating is most often between closely related yeast cells. The relative rarity in nature of meiotic events that result from outcrossing suggests that the possible long-term benefits of outcrossing (e.g. generation of genetic diversity) are unlikely to be sufficient for generally maintaining sex from one generation to the next. Rather, a short-term benefit, such as meiotic recombinational repair of DNA damages caused by stressful conditions such as starvation may be the key to the maintenance of sex in S. cerevisiae.

Life cycle of Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus fumigatus, is a heterothallic fungus. It is one of the most common Aspergillus species to cause disease in humans with an immunodeficiency. A. fumigatus, is widespread in nature, and is typically found in soil and decaying organic matter, such as compost heaps, where it plays an essential role in carbon and nitrogen recycling. Colonies of the fungus produce from conidiophores thousands of minute grey-green conidia (2–3 μm) that readily become airborne. A. fumigatus possesses a fully functional sexual reproductive cycle that leads to the production of cleistothecia and ascospores.

Although A. fumigatus occurs in areas with widely different climates and environments, it displays low genetic variation and lack of population genetic differentiation on a global scale. Thus the capability for heterothallic sex is maintained even though little genetic diversity is produced. As in the case of S. cereviae, above, a short-term benefit of meiosis may be the key to the adaptive maintenance of sex in this species.

Life cycle of Aspergillus flavus
A. flavus is the major producer of carcinogenic aflatoxins in crops worldwide. It is also an opportunistic human and animal pathogen, causing aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. In 2009, a sexual state of this heterothallic fungus was found to arise when strains of opposite mating type were cultured together under appropriate conditions.

Sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster in A. flavus, suggesting that production of genetic variation may contribute to the maintenance of heterothallism in this species.

Life cycle of Talaromyces marneffei
Henk et al. showed that the genes required for meiosis are present in T. marneffei, and that mating and genetic recombination occur in this species.

Henk et al. concluded that T. marneffei is sexually reproducing, but recombination in natural populations is most likely to occur across spatially and genetically limited distances resulting in a highly clonal population structure. Sex is maintained in this species even though very little genetic variability is produced. Sex may be maintained in T. marneffei by a short-term benefit of meiosis, as in S. cerevisiae and A. fumigatus, discussed above.

Life cycle of Neurospora crassa
The sexual cycle of N. crassa is heterothallic. Sexual fruiting bodies (perithecia) can only be formed when two mycelia of different mating type come together. Like other ascomycetes, N. crassa has two mating types that, in this case, are symbolized by ‘A’ and ‘a’. There is no evident morphological difference between the ‘A’ and 'a' mating type strains. Both can form abundant protoperithecia, the female reproductive structure (see figure, top of §). Protoperithecia are formed most readily in the laboratory when growth occurs on solid (agar) synthetic medium with a relatively low source of nitrogen. Nitrogen starvation appears to be necessary for expression of genes involved in sexual development. The protoperithecium consists of an ascogonium, a coiled multicellular hypha that is enclosed in a knot-like aggregation of hyphae. A branched system of slender hyphae, called the trichogyne, extends from the tip of the ascogonium projecting beyond the sheathing hyphae into the air. The sexual cycle is initiated (i.e. fertilization occurs) when a cell (usually a conidium) of opposite mating type contacts a part of the trichogyne (see figure, top of §). Such contact can be followed by cell fusion leading to one or more nuclei from the fertilizing cell migrating down the trichogyne into the ascogonium. Since both ‘A’ and ‘a’ strains have the same sexual structures, neither strain can be regarded as exclusively male or female. However, as a recipient, the protoperithecium of both the ‘A’ and ‘a’ strains can be thought of as the female structure, and the fertilizing conidium can be thought of as the male participant.

The subsequent steps following fusion of ‘A’ and ‘a’ haploid cells, have been outlined by Fincham and Day, and by Wagner and Mitchell. After fusion of the cells, the further fusion of their nuclei is delayed. Instead, a nucleus from the fertilizing cell and a nucleus from the ascogonium become associated and begin to divide synchronously. The products of these nuclear divisions (still in pairs of unlike mating type, i.e. ‘A’ / ‘a’) migrate into numerous ascogenous hyphae, which then begin to grow out of the ascogonium. Each of these ascogenous hypha bends to form a hook (or crozier) at its tip and the ‘A’ and ‘a’ pair of haploid nuclei within the crozier divide synchronously. Next, septa form to divide the crozier into three cells. The central cell in the curve of the hook contains one ‘A’ and one ‘a’ nucleus (see figure, top of §). This binuclear cell initiates ascus formation and is called an “ascus-initial” cell. Next the two uninucleate cells on either side of the first ascus-forming cell fuse with each other to form a binucleate cell that can grow to form a further crozier that can then form its own ascus-initial cell. This process can then be repeated multiple times.

After formation of the ascus-initial cell, the ‘A’ and ‘a’ nucleus fuse with each other to form a diploid nucleus (see figure, top of §). This nucleus is the only diploid nucleus in the entire life cycle of N. crassa. The diploid nucleus has 14 chromosomes formed from the two fused haploid nuclei that had 7 chromosomes each. Formation of the diploid nucleus is immediately followed by meiosis. The two sequential divisions of meiosis lead to four haploid nuclei, two of the ‘A’ mating type and two of the ‘a’ mating type. One further mitotic division leads to four ‘A’ and four ‘a’ nuclei in each ascus. Meiosis is an essential part of the life cycle of all sexually reproducing organisms, and in its main features, meiosis in N. crassa seems typical of meiosis generally.

As the above events are occurring, the mycelial sheath that had enveloped the ascogonium develops as the wall of the perithecium, becomes impregnated with melanin, and blackens. The mature perithecium has a flask-shaped structure.

A mature perithecium may contain as many as 300 asci, each derived from identical fusion diploid nuclei. Ordinarily, in nature, when the perithecia mature the ascospores are ejected rather violently into the air. These ascospores are heat resistant and, in the lab, require heating at 60 °C for 30 minutes to induce germination. For normal strains, the entire sexual cycle takes 10 to 15 days. In a mature ascus containing 8 ascospores, pairs of adjacent spores are identical in genetic constitution, since the last division is mitotic, and since the ascospores are contained in the ascus sac that holds them in a definite order determined by the direction of nuclear segregations during meiosis. Since the four primary products are also arranged in sequence, the pattern of genetic markers from a first-division segregation can be distinguished from the markers from a second-division segregation pattern.

title: Heterothallism