text:
Coligny, South Africa

Coligny is a town in North West Province, South Africa, located adjacent to the railway line between Lichtenburg and Johannesburg. It is approximately 27 kilometers (17 miles) southeast of Lichtenburg and is known for its maize farming.

History
Originally named Treurfontein (spring of sadness), the town was renamed Coligny on 23 July 1923. The new name honored Gaspard de Coligny, a Huguenot leader who died in the Massacre of St Bartholomew in 1572. Coligny has also been a site of sporadic diamond mining activities.

Gerdau
The Concordia Congregation, also known as the Gerdau Congregation after the origin of its first missionary, was established in 1905 on the farm Hakbosvlaakte, predating the town of Coligny. The church operated the Gerdauer Gemeinde-Schule, a German-language school, for 53 years. Supported by the German government, the school provided education from preschool through grade 7. In 1965, the school had two teachers and thirty students.

Laerskool Coligny
Laerskool Coligny, established in 1968, currently has approximately 200 students. The school employs eight teachers, including two vice principals and one principal. It provides education from preschool through grade 7, with Afrikaans as the medium of instruction.

2017 rioting and the Coligny sunflower case
On 25 April 2017, Coligny and nearby Lichtenburg experienced extensive rioting following the death of Matlhomola Jonas Moshoeu / Mosweu (15) from the Scotland informal settlement in Tlhabologang. He was believed to have died at the hands of two white farm managers at Rietvlei farm. The resulting violent protests, looting, and petrol bombing led to the destruction of property and local businesses, predominantly owned by whites, foreigners, and other minorities. Rian Malan, in an investigation into the causes of the rioting, stated that the unrest was further incited at Moshoeu's funeral by representatives of the SADTU and SANCO trade unions.

On 20 April 2017, two Afrikaner men, Doorewaard and Schutte, encountered Matlhomola Jonas Moshoeu and another boy carrying five stolen sunflower heads. The boys ran away, abandoning the sunflower heads. Moshoeu was apprehended by the farm managers and placed in the back of their pickup truck. While en route to the Coligny police station, approximately 3 km from town, Moshoeu reportedly disappeared from the truck's load bed, with the men claiming he had jumped off. Upon returning, they found Moshoeu critically injured on the road. A passerby was asked to look after him while the men proceeded to the police station to summon an ambulance. Moshoeu later died of his injuries on the way to a hospital in Lichtenburg.

On 24 April 2017, it was decided to charge the farm managers with murder. They turned themselves in to the police on 25 April and were charged and requested to hand over the pickup truck involved in the incident. They appeared before a magistrate court on 28 April 2017. Magistrate Mattheus van Loggerenberg, a Coligny resident, recused himself from the case, citing concerns for his safety and that of his family. The case was postponed to 9 May 2017 for a formal bail application. Further incidents of violence occurred after the two co-accused were released on bail, including the torching of a farmhouse, an attack on a photographer, and confrontations between protesters and farmers. Judge Ronald Hendricks of the High Court in Mahikeng sentenced the two men, Doorewaard and Schutte, to 18 and 23 years respectively, following the acceptance of testimony from the state witness, Mr. Pakisi.

However, on appeal, the men's conviction was overturned. The testimony of Mr. Pakisi, the sole evidence relied upon by the State, was deemed inconsistent and unreliable. No cartridge casings were found at the locations where Pakisi claimed he was shot at, and his timeline of events could not be reconciled with known times. The investigation failed to find or collect blood stains or samples in the vehicle, at any location where Moshoeu was allegedly assaulted, or on the jersey Pakisi reportedly used to wipe away Moshoeu's blood. The court found that the State did not prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt, leading to the acquittal of Doorewaard and Schutte after they had spent 13 months in jail. AfriForum funded the appeal costs, and its private prosecution unit provided support in the case investigation. In 2019, the Moshoeu family was donated a new house in Verdoorn Park, Coligny, by Gift of the Givers, on land donated by the Ditsobotla Local Municipality.

title: Coligny, South Africa


text:
User:Vusal

==Vusal Hamidov= Vusal Hamidov is born in LankaranLankaran in 1971.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Vusal


text:
Talk:Patrick Wilson (disambiguation)

I moved the four Patrick Wilson's listed here to separate biographies and disambiged the page. The original history has been left intact here. Ganymead 08:32, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Patrick Wilson which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 01:45, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patrick Wilson (disambiguation)


text:
Chater Road

Chater Road is a three-lane road in Central, Hong Kong named after Sir Paul Chater. It begins at its intersection with Pedder Street and Des Voeux Road Central in the west, and ends at Murray Road in the east. It divides Statue Square into a southern and a northern sections.

History
Chater Road is named after Sir Paul Chater, a leading figure in early colonial Hong Kong, who was instrumental in the Praya Reclamation Scheme, which created the reclaimed land on which the road is built. Chater House, owned by Hongkong Land, is located at the western end of the road, which abuts the similarly dedicated Chater Garden, a public square in the middle of the central business district.

Events
Since the growth in the number of foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong, the road is now usually closed on Sundays and on Hong Kong bank holidays, when the road and surrounding areas are full of domestic helpers gathering and enjoy their day off work. Impromptu parties with music and dancing are frequent. Almost all of the people share picnics with their friends.

Sites along the road
Points of interest along the road include (from west to east):
 * Chater House
 * St George's Building
 * Alexandra House
 * Mandarin Oriental Hotel
 * Prince's Building
 * Statue Square
 * World War I cenotaph
 * Court of Final Appeal Building
 * Hong Kong Club Building
 * AIA Central
 * Chater Garden, former cricket ground and common location for protests

The former Furama Kempinski Hotel was located along the road as well. The hotel has been replaced by the AIG Tower, later renamed AIA Central.

Public transport
Part of the MTR's Tsuen Wan line runs underneath the road, and the Tsuen Wan line station serving the area was originally called Chater in English. It was later renamed Central together with the Island line Pedder station nearby.

title: Chater Road


text:
File:Wy1899.gif

Wyandotte County, Kansas 1899 Map from History of Kansas, Noble Prentis, (Winfield: E.P. Greer. 1899)

title: File:Wy1899.gif


text:
Mario Più

Mario Più (born Mario Piperno on August 26, 1965, in Livorno, Italy) is an Italian professional disc jockey.

His 1999 single, "Communication", also known as "The Communication Song", is notable for being mainly constructed from the interference caused on improperly shielded audio equipment when a GSM mobile telephone rings nearby.

title: Mario Più


text:
Paul Chater

Sir Catchick Paul Chater (Խաչիկ Փոլ Չաթեր; ; 8 September 1846 – 27 May 1926) was a prominent British businessman of Armenian descent in colonial Hong Kong, whose family roots were in Calcutta, India.

Early life
Chater was born Khachik Pogose Astwachatoorean (Խաչիկ Պօղոս Աստուածատուրեան) in Calcutta, British India, one of thirteen offspring of Armenian parents, Miriam and Chater Paul Chater. His father was a member of the Indian civil service.

Chater was orphaned at the age of seven, and he gained entry into the La Martiniere College in Calcutta on a scholarship. In 1864, he moved to Hong Kong from Calcutta and lived with the family of his sister Anna and her husband, the Armenian-born Jordan Paul Jordan (1820–1875).

Career
In the early days in Hong Kong, he was an assistant at the Bank of Hindustan, China and Japan. Later, with the aid of the Sassoon family, he set up business as an exchange broker, resigned from the bank, and traded gold bullion and land on his own account. He took sea-bed soundings at night in a sampan and was thus instrumental in plotting the reclamation of Victoria Harbour. He is credited with a pivotal role in the colonial government's success in acquiring lands then held by the military, at a cost of two million pounds sterling.

In 1868, he and Sir Hormusjee Naorojee Mody formed brokerage company Chater & Mody, a largely successful business partnership in Hong Kong, although the firm's Hong Kong Milling Company (aka Rennie's Mill) failed in 1908 and resulted in the suicide of Albert Rennie.

In 1886, he helped Patrick Manson establish Dairy Farm, and he entered the Legislative Council that same year, taking the place of F.D. Sassoon. Also in 1886 Chater established Kowloon Wharf and Godown, predecessor of The Wharf (Holdings).

In 1889, he established Hongkong Land with James Johnstone Keswick. Hong Kong Land commenced the land reclamation project under the Praya Reclamation Scheme in 1890. Persuaded by the suggestion of temporary councillor Bendyshe Layton that Hong Kong should have electricity, they secretly acquired an old graveyard in Wan Chai, where they built one of the earliest power stations in the world. In 1890, the Hongkong Electric Company went into production.

Chater was enthusiastic in two sports: He played for the Hong Kong Cricket Club 1st XI, and was a thoroughbred horse racing enthusiast. He reportedly never missed the weekly races at the Happy Valley Racecourse in 60 years. He set up the Chater Stable in Hong Kong in 1872 that won many races at Happy Valley. The Hong Kong Champions & Chater Cup, the Group One third leg of the Hong Kong Triple Crown, is named in his honour.

In 1896, Chater joined government ranks when he was appointed to the Executive Council, and served there until 1926, the year of his death. He was knighted in the 1902 Coronation Honours, receiving the accolade in person from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October that year.

In 1901, Chater constructed a very fine home with imported European marble at 1, Conduit Road, Hong Kong which he named 'Marble Hall'. Therein, he housed his collection of fine porcelain. To commemorate the coronation of King Edward VII in 1902, Chater presented a statue in bronze of the King to Hong Kong, executed by George Edward Wade and unveiled at Statue Square in 1907. In 1904, Chater single-handedly financed the construction of St. Andrew's Church.

Some titles and positions held by Chater:
 * Master of the Perseverance Lodge, 1873
 * Steward at the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club
 * Chairman of the Board of Stewards of the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club, 1892–1926
 * Senior Justice of the Peace in Hong Kong
 * District Grand Master of Hong Kong and South China, 1881–1909
 * Director of Dairy Farm Co. Ltd., 1886
 * Consul for Siam in Hong Kong
 * Treasurer and Chairman of the Queen Victoria Jubilee Committee, 1887
 * Member of the Légion d'honneur by the French Government at Tonkin, 1892
 * Member of the Public Lighting Committee, 1896
 * Member of the Governor's Executive Council, 1896
 * Chairman of the Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Committee, 1897
 * Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1897
 * Honorary degree of LL.D. by the University of Hong Kong for services as the Honorary Treasurer, 1923

Philanthropy
In May 1923, Chater, then treasurer of the University of Hong Kong, made a donation of $250,000 to the university at a time critical to its survival.

In 1924/25, Chater made the single biggest donation to any institution or organisation whilst still alive, donating 1.1 million Rupees to his alma mater, the desperately struggling La Martiniere College, thus allowing it to avoid certain closure. To honour his contribution to the school, Sir Paul Chater's name was included in the school prayer.

Legacy
Chater died in 1926, and bequeathed Marble Hall and its entire contents, including his unique collection of porcelain and paintings, to Hong Kong. The remainder of his estate went to the Armenian Church of the Holy Nazareth in Calcutta, which runs a home for Armenian elderly, named The Sir Catchick Paul Chater Home. He was interred at the Hong Kong Cemetery.

Chater's wife lived in Marble Hall as a life tenant until her death in 1935. Ownership then passed to the government. It became "Admiralty House" – the official residence of the Naval Commander-in-Chief, and was commandeered by Japanese during their occupation. It accidentally burned down in 1946, and the government buildings occupied the site since its demolition in 1953. Government residences named 'Chater Hall Flats' are today located on the site of Marble Hall.

Chater amassed a large collection of historical pictures and engravings relating to China which he gifted to the colony. The Chater Collection was subject to a work by its curator, James Orange, in 1924, at which time the collection stood at 430 items. Its backbone was the collection of Wyndham Law of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, and included oil paintings, watercolours, sketches, prints and photographs, most of which are based on landscape scenes of the South China trading ports in the 18th and 19th centuries, and of British activities in China. The Chater Collection was dispersed and largely destroyed during the Japanese occupation, and only 94 pieces (now an important part of the collection of the Hong Kong Museum of Art) are known to have survived.

Chater's nephew (Anna's son) Gregory Paul Jordan was instrumental in developing medical services and education in Hong Kong and in the founding of the University of Hong Kong. He was its second vice-chancellor.

On the occasion of the 171st anniversary of Paul Chater's birth, a bust of Paul Chater was unveiled at the La Martiniere Boys School, Kolkata.

 * Chater Garden
 * Chater House
 * Chater Road
 * Catchick Street
 * Peking Road was named Chater Street until 1909, when it was renamed to avoid confusion with Chater Road.

title: Paul Chater


text: User talk:195.93.21.2

title: User talk:195.93.21.2


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Paniq

Summary of votes disputed
User:Radman1 inserted a summary of votes at 07:45, 12 Feb 2005. I saw the article in my watchlist shortly afterward and checked the diffs from my last viewing of the page last night (note my local time is UTC), I thus saw his tally (presented as an html comment). I noticed the my name was missing from the tally chart and so I checked the figures and I disagreed with both his keep and delete figures. The difference between versions is:
 * note RadMan adjusted his figures in the table above to account for the suspect keep after I pointed it out Thryduulf 08:53, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ''note I adjusted my figures to take account of the four keep votes I missed. See bottom of this page. Thryduulf 10:21, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

See also the full diff between our versions of the page

Rad Man's Tally is presented below, and mine below that. I should make it explicitly clear that I have voted to delete or userfy the article, Rad Man has voted "Extreme keep". Thryduulf 08:39, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Rad Man's workings:
 * KEEP votes:
 * Dan, Paniq, Wyss, Yuckfoo, RaD Man, Alkivar, Kappa, Tuf-Kat, G-Rider, HowardB, ZayZayEM, Samaritan, David Gerard, Centauri, ComCat, ShaunMacPherson, Dan100, Mel Etitis, Beta M, Andylkl (20)

 * DELETE votes:
 * Thryduulf, Ungle G, jni, Lawlore, Humblefool, Megan1967, Qdr, Korath, BM, Carp, OntarioQuizzer, Ben Brockert, bbx, ral315 (14)

 * NEUTRAL vote:
 * Gargaj (1)

 * NEW USER votes:
 * Skrebbel, Marcus22, SKissel (3) -->

 * Thyrduulf's workings
 * Brackets indicate comments or userfy votes.
 * Delete
 * . Thryduulf (or userfy)
 * . Uncle G (userfy)
 * . Jni (userfy)
 * . Lawlore (userfy)
 * . Humblefool (userfy)
 * . Megan1967
 * . Qdr (or userfy)
 * . Korath
 * . BM
 * . Carrp (userfy)
 * . OntarioQuizzer
 * . Ben Brockert (or userfy)
 * . bbx (or userfy)
 * . ral315 (stron delete)

 * Suspect deletes
 * . Marcus22
 * . SKissel

 * Keep
 * . Paniq
 * . Wyss (weak)
 * . RaD Man (extreme)
 * . Alkivar
 * . Kappa
 * . Tuf-Kat
 * . GRider
 * . David Gerard
 * . Centauri
 * . Howard B
 * . ComCat
 * . ShaunMacPherson
 * . Dan100
 * . Mel Ettis
 * . Beta M
 * . Andylkl

 * Suspect keeps
 * . Skrebbel

You are discounting 4 valid Wikipedia members' votes. Please explain your rational. We agree on everything else. -R 08:43, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I counted every bold vote that had not been struck through (or explicitly superceded in the case of Howard B) in the section below your marker. I have since checked and I missed Dan's vote above the section. Yuckfoo didn't bold his changed vote and so I missed it. As David Gerrard didn't bold his vote, Samaritan's vote appeared at a glance to run into his (I wasn't reading the comments, just the votes and names) and I attributed it as a very long vote and comment by David (they both voted the same way). I don't know why I missed  ZayZayEM's vote (perhaps because its in the middle of a sentence after a long discussion?). All of the above are accidental errors on my part, for which I appologise. Thryduulf 08:53, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * If you will update your figures to reflect the 4 you accidentally missed, this dispute will be officially resolved. -R 10:00, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * done. Thryduulf 10:21, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Singapore/Archive 2

Singapore
This article failed FAC a month ago, but after some copyediting and substantial changes by good editors, I feel that the previous problems have been addressed and I strongly believe the article is ready to become a featured article. - Mailer Diablo 08:43, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Johnleemk | Talk 13:31, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support flockofpidgeons 00:22 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support 172 03:04, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Natalinasmpf 02:01, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Small note: I can withdraw my support at any time if something undesirable occurs, right? Natalinasmpf 02:01, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Johnleemk | Talk 07:17, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Excellent work. --Zappaz 03:41, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not a vote because I don't want to make people do things they don't want to, but I'd like to see the sections reorganised to follow WikiProject_Countries more.  At the moment the ToC is overlong and difficult to swallow: religion could go under demographics, for example, foreign relations under government, and communications and transportation under miscellaneous for a start. Also, since the singapore wiki at http://www.sgwiki.com/ has virtually no content, I find its inclusion in the external links unjustifiable. Mark1 05:06, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I looked at the site, it seems to be an offshoot of a wikipedia sponsored project, is it? Because if it is, it shouldn't be removed, just encourage people to contribute to it. It could be not, then we could simply remove it. -- Natalinasmpf 23:14, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There are plenty of offshoots of wikimedia projects, but most of them (like this one) have failed to take off and are just embarrassing.  I don't believe that this is an actual wikimedia project, so it's not comparable to wikiquote etc. Mark1 00:29, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I've done my best to fix this up, merging sections as I saw fit and reorganising those that were kept. Johnleemk | Talk 15:42, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, some of the reorganising you did Johnlee is good, but I dislike the term "miscellenous" and some should not be grouped under that, but really either moved or merged to other sections. Especially under education - maybe civil issues or demographics, because education does fit there.. I will try to do this myself if I have the time. -- Natalinasmpf 23:14, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

*Oppose. Broadly same grounds as Jiang; I personally prefer if the communications, transport and education sections have their own sections proper.JuntungWu 06:17, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC). Also, I oppose the line "Public transportation in Singapore is relatively easy, convenient and cheap to use", specifically the word "cheap". JuntungWu 06:18, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) Also, the bit about "Economy" does not mention financial services. JuntungWu 06:55, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. JuntungWu 13:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose (at the time being). Sections with separate main articles are too long. — Instantnood 22:14, Feb 18 2005 (UTC)
 * which ones?--Jiang
 * Basically all sections with separate main articles.  — Instantnood 14:42, Feb 19 2005 (UTC)
 * I think they ain't long enough already! JuntungWu 08:05, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The Miscellaneous section should be reorganized. Transportation and Communications are long enough to be their own sections. Maybe move discussion of law to politics or provide a fitting heading? --Jiang 22:45, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The Miscellaneous section has been reverted to its original separate sections. - Mailer Diablo 15:47, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the miscellaneous section has been reverted, wouldn't this be satisfactory to remove this particular oppose? -- Natalinasmpf 15:31, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Juntung, you cast a "support" vote already.. :-)  — Instantnood 14:43, Feb 19 2005 (UTC)
 * I changed my mind, but forgot to cross the support vote. But I've crossed the oppose vote anyway. JuntungWu 03:57, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Sections separated, see above. In regarding the word "cheap", I'm a bit surprised, it's basically the same justification used on the lead section of the MTR article but I guess I made the mistake of assumption, it should be fixed now. - Mailer Diablo 16:00, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Fine. Support again. JuntungWu 03:57, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Delareyville

Delareyville is a maize- and peanut-farming town situated in North West Province of South Africa. The town is 96 km south-west of Lichtenburg, 82 km north-east of Vryburg, 114 km north-west of Wolmaransstad, and 61 km north of Schweizer-Reneke.

History
It was laid out in 1914 and declared a border industry area in 1968. It was named after Jacobus Herculaas (Koos) de la Rey (1847-1914), General of the Boer forces in the Anglo-Boer War.

Agriculture
The area is known for the cultivation of maize, groundnuts, sorghum and sheep and cattle farming.

Mining
Salt is mined from the many pans in the area.

title: Delareyville


text:
Talk:Decca Navigator System

Reverted edits by 208.131.187.83 Origins, Deployment, history and References were deleted - no indication of why.

multilateration
Not sure that Decca is based on multilateration. I had never heard of multilateration but from its page it seems to be a method of measuring position by comparing time differences between signals from a set of transmitters.

My understanding of the situation (and its 20 years since I did my exams) is that the LORAN hyperbolae were based on time differences, but that Decca and Omega were both based on phase differences and NOT time differences.

If this is the case then one of the following actions should be taken:

1. The reference to multilateration should be removed from the decca article; or

2. The definition on the multilateration page should be changed to include phase or time difference

Link to Decca Radar
I removed the link to Decca Radar in Origins. Harvey F. Schwarz could not have worked for Decca Radar company as it did not exist at that time (the first Decca Radar was released in 1950). I don't know what Decca company he did work for.

--SC 21:24, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union
Was in Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union a navigation system similiar like DECCA?

Special DECCA towers
What's so special about the Puckeridge and Zeven transmitters? Can the term "special" be substantiated? SC 20:35, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

new image available
I've just uploaded an image of the Decca navigator Mk 21. It could be integrated in the article. 195.4.86.244 (talk) 13:01, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Decca Navigator System. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070608110135/http://www.longwave.de/sitephotos/zeven.html to http://www.longwave.de/sitephotos/zeven.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:38, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Decca Navigator System


text:
Category talk:Artiodactyls

Untitled
I think a lot of the second tier sub-cats should be promoted. Deer from even-toed ungulates for example. Otherwise it is just guess work what is where for most of us. Philip 08:56, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Artiodactyls


text:
User:MasterRune

Courtesy Blanking

title: User:MasterRune


text:
Template talk:Wisconsin

Listings alphabetically or by population?
The alphabetical listing of major cities in the older version of the template was much easier to navigate through. Listing the cities by population necessitates changing the template after changes in relative population, plus looks haphazard. Other state templates also use alphabetic listings (Template:Washington, Template:California, Template:California).

The deletion of the regions also was unnecessary; a better solution would be to write articles for the regions rather than just imply that the only region in Wisconsin was the Lake Superior Lowland.

The older template also was more compact, and fit better within an article. (Compare with other state templates, again.) If anything, Wisconsin's template should be made more compact, not larger.--BaronLarf 09:01, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

I took you suggestions into consideration and created a compact template for the admittedly much more rural state of West Virginia. I agree that alphabetically listing cities makes the section more navigable; however, I wanted to impose some sort of hierarchy of cities and to feature more isolated, smaller cities rather than suburbs of Milwaukee.

Note the compactness of the template, the alphabetical listing of cities, the highlighting of the state capital, and the efficient data organization.

As for the regions, I'd like to see some with articles already written because they tend to lend themselves more easily to articles, however, I haven't found any for Wisconsin.

Part of the reason that there's nothing to write about these regions is that they're not natural regions that are commonly used by people living in Wisconsin. I'd say better regions would be something along the lines of maybe the Madison area, the Milwaukee area, the Fox River Valley, I'll look into it. But the ones that are in use now are strictly geographical and have no cultural or social meaning.

I would suggest using Southeast Wisconsin (Greater Milwaukee), Southwest Wisconsin, Western Wisconsin, Central Wisconsin and Northeast Wisconsin since they seem to coincide with the Wisconsin Media Markets and therefore have SOME cultural relevance. Maybe keep Chicagoland and add the Twin Ciites metro area (since in theory, both of them have Wisconsin suburbs). --Illwauk 21:56, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

U.S. state templates
WikiProject U.S. states/state templates lists and displays all 50 U.S. state (and additional other) templates. It potentially can be used for ideas and standardization. //MrD9 07:26, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Standardization of state templates
There is currently an ongoing discussion regarding standardization of state templates (primarily regarding layout and styling) at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. states/state templates. An effort was made earlier this year to standardize Canadian province templates (which mostly succeeded). Lovelac7 and I have already begun standardizing all state templates. If you have any concerns, they should be directed toward the discussion page for state template standardization. Thanks! — Webdinger BLAH 23:08, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Light blue
Is there a particular reason why this template is light blue? Wouldn't it be better to just go with the default used by navbox to avoid having a rainbow at the bottom of the page when this navbox is next to another one and per WP:ACCESSIBILITY? Please let me know if there is a strong reason to have it a particular color. I noticed this was attempted recently, but was reverted, so I thought I would be proactive and start a thread here to avoid an edit war. Thanks! Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 21:43, 19 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Since there are no objections, I will go ahead and change it to use the default. Thanks! Plastikspork ―Œ (talk)  06:31, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Wisconsin


text:
Shadi Kaur Dam

Shadi Kaur Dam (also "Shadikor") was a dam located on the Shadi Kaur river about 50 km north of Pasni in Balochistan province of Pakistan. The dam was 485 m long. It was constructed in 2003 at a cost of 45 million Pakistani Rupees ($758,853) to provide irrigation for nearby farms.

On February 10, 2005, the dam burst due to heavy flooding caused by heavy rainfall, resulting in the deaths of about 70 villagers due to drowning and dragging their bodies into the Arabian Sea. Emergency search and rescue operations by the Pakistani military saved the lives of approximately 1,200 people.

title: Shadi Kaur Dam


text:
Fochville

Fochville is a farming and mining town located in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It is part of the Merafong City Local Municipality, which also includes Kokosi, Carletonville and Khutsong. The area surrounding Fochville contains Sotho or Tswana ruins. Tlokwe Ruins are the remains of Sotho-Tswana settlements on the hills surrounding Fochville that were inhabited until the 1820s. Boer War hero Danie Theron was killed 5 km north of the town. The town itself was established as an agricultural centre in 1920 and was named after the World War I commander-in-chief of the Allied forces in France, Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch.

Education
Fochville has two primary schools and one high school.

Culture
Sports, including cricket, rugby, karate and kickboxing are typically played at the Gert van Rensburg Stadium. The town is also home to a bird farm and a trout hatchery.

Attack
In September 2012, the settlements near Fochville were subject to an ethnically motivated attack. Shacks were razed. Four people were killed and another six injured. The attack took place following a dispute over boundaries between two rival factions. The attackers used knobkierries, petrol cans and traditional spears and daggers.

Tourist attractions
In early mining days, Western Deep Levels struck a stream of sulphurous water, which to this day surges out of the borehole.

Renosterfontein is a farm with old Tswana kraals, a traditional African village and the ruins of a house that belonged to the brothers of President Andries Pretorius.

The Tlokwe Ruins are the remains of Sotho-Tswana settlements on the hills surrounding Fochville. They were used until the inhabitants were driven away by Mzilikazi in the 1820s.

Monuments can be found in the area of Fochville. The Voortrekker Plaque, located to the south-west, marks the site of an early Voortrekker fortification of 1842. The Theron Memorial is a memorial to Boer scout Danie Theron, who was killed in 1900 during an engagement with a British detachment.

title: Fochville


text: User talk:82.201.228.119

title: User talk:82.201.228.119


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Talk:Lola Granola

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I have checked out Classics of Western Literature, and I am prepared to improve this article and Rosebud the Basselope, both of which I consider to be pretty sloppily done. I should have the rewrites in a few days or so. --DXI 09:02, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lola Granola


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User:Richard Taytor

Don't worry, I am benevolent.

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Dalit Christian

The term Dalit Christian or Christian Dalit is used to describe those who have converted to Christianity from other forms of religion in the Indian subcontinent, and are still categorised as Dalits in Hindu, Christian, Muslim, and Sikh societies in South Asia. Hindu Dalits are sometimes referred to as Harijans. About 90% of Pakistani Christians are Dalits from the Chuhra caste and at least 9% of Indian Christians are Dalits, categorised thus by the greater societal practices in various parts of the Indian subcontinent.

Despite their conversion to Christianity, this group often continues to face societal discrimination both within and outside their religious community due to the pervasive influence of the caste system. Although Christian missionaries during the colonial era aimed to dismantle the caste hierarchy within the Church, the traces of caste-based practices persist in some Christian communities today with distinct practices and rituals from other Christian's. This article explores the historical journey and current status of Dalit Christians in the Indian Subcontinent, their struggles for equality, and their ongoing demand for recognition under the Indian Reservation policy. Furthermore, it sheds light on the cultural and religious expressions of Dalit Christians, including the emergence of Dalit Christian songs as a medium for social change in the 19th century.

Caste system
Christian missionaries who were evangelising in colonial India fought against the idea of a caste system within church. However, some people within the different branches of Christianity in South Asia still engage in societal practices with regard to the caste system, along with all its customs and norms, to varying degrees depending on their background. Though other Christians in the Indian subcontinent may not practice a caste culture themselves, they may face societal discrimination outside their Christian community for the caste they belong to. Asif Aqeel and Sama Faruqi documented in Herald Magazine:

Within the three major Christian branches in South Asia, there were historically and are currently different levels of caste acceptance. The Protestant churches have been most consistent among the Christian community in repudiating it as part of the Hindu social order while attempting to establish a caste-less Christian community. The Roman Catholic Church is said to sometimes develop a more culturally consistent view, treating the caste system as part of the Indian social structure and, for much of its history in India; similarly, the Syrian Orthodox Churches have sometimes responded in like fashion, except it has tended to collectively act as one caste within the caste system instead of maintaining different castes within their churches. However, Protestant churches have fared no better than Catholic churches other than the fact that mainly Dalit dioceses have got Dalit Bishops. The other ways where the presence of caste is seen among Indian churches include the non-acceptance of a Dalit priest, maintaining separate entrance for Dalits in churches, separate seating, and other features.

In Kerala, there are several documented events of this discrimination. Dalit Christians in colonial Kerala faced severe discrimination despite their conversion, remaining at the bottom of the social hierarchy. Syrian Christians in Kerala played a significant role in the slave trade during the Dutch colonial period, often acting as agents for the Dutch East India Company. Church buildings were used as slave warehouses and even as venues for public slave auctions, highlighting the connection between the religious institution and the practice of slavery. Early converts, who were only allowed to live in temporary huts on upper-caste landlords' properties, sought land from missionaries to construct their own churches because they were being forced out of these churches from the upper castes. However, these churches, often made of sticks, mud, and straw, were frequently attacked and burned down by upper-caste Hindus and prominent Muslim groups. Despite this opposition, conversion to Christianity became a mass movement among the Dalits, who found strength in composing and singing songs that broke the restrictions of upper-caste language. Within churches, Dalit Christians experienced continued discrimination, such as being forced to sit at the back during services or being relegated to separate areas in cemeteries. This discrimination persisted well into the early 20th century, with caste-based violence and social divisions remaining prevalent in Kerala churches.

Other major factors affecting Dalit Christians and other Christians within India in regard to caste statutes are the regional variances in maintaining the caste system. Rural communities are said to hold more strongly to the caste system than the urban communities and Roman Catholics are the majority of Christians in these communities. The urban areas tend to have the least pressure to maintain caste classes and Protestant churches are aid to be best represented in this background.

After conversion, people in India lose any privileges they had in their former caste, while those in lower castes often gain more opportunities. Although a significant number of Indian Christians are unofficially reported to be Dalit Christians, the Sachar Committee on Muslim Affairs reported that only 9% of Indian Christians have Scheduled Caste status, with a further 32.8% having Scheduled Tribe status, and 24.8% belonging to other disadvantaged groups.

In the 1990s there were protests against those Christian organizations that still practiced some form of the caste system and for discrimination in leadership positions; Dalits saw those practices as contrary to Jesus's egalitarianism. Dalit Christians have frequently criticized the Church for not just tolerating but hiding the discriminatory practices among Dalit Christians.

Leonard Fernando, G. Gispert-Sauch writes that: "Today, no Indian Christian think would approve or speak of tolerating the caste reality. There are many, however, who live in it." Dalits that have become Christians in south India have transformed their position as just spectators in Hindu religious practice to that of leaders and representatives of the Christian religion; they have also become influential promoters of Dalit political aspirations.

Reservation
Reservation is available to Dalits who follow Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism, but Dalit Christians and Muslims are not protected as castes under Indian Reservation policy. The Indian constitution in 1950 abolished untouchability, converting those castes to scheduled castes and tribes: in doing so it also provided a system of affirmative action (called the Reservation Policy) whereby 22.5 percent of all government and semi-government jobs including seats in Parliament and state legislatures were reserved for those in those castes; the law also set aside space for admission to schools and colleges. In 1980 the constitutional policy was extended to cover the rest of the 3,743 backward castes in the country. But Christians who claim to belong to no caste are not included in the quotas, meaning those Dalits who convert to Christianity are no longer part of the affirmative action program run by the government. Dalit Christians have now appealed to the government to extend the benefits of reservation policy to Dalit Christians to improve their employment opportunities. In 2008, a study commissioned by the National Commission for Minorities suggested extension of reservation to Dalit Muslims and Dalit Christians. According to the study, Indian Muslims and Christians should be brought under the ambit of the constitutional safeguards.

Dalit Christian Songs
Dalit Christian songs emerged as a significant medium for the expression of social change and emancipation in 19th century Kerala. Through these songs, the Dalit community in Kerala, primarily consisting of the Pulaya and Paraya castes, found a means to challenge the oppressive caste system and the practice of caste-based slavery. These songs became an important part of the cultural and religious life of the converted Dalit Christians. During the medieval period in Kerala, caste slavery and the sale of lower caste persons were prevalent social institutions. The arrival of the Portuguese in 1498 and the Dutch in 1603 strengthened the slave trading networks. The Portuguese era saw the Christian conversion of slave castes, and many Pulayas were baptized with Portuguese names. Syrian Christians, a significant part of Kerala society, were major slaveholders and played a crucial role in the sale of slaves.

In the 19th century, Christian missionaries and native preachers composed and performed songs that carried anti-slavery and anti-caste messages. The songs were composed in modern Malayalam, making them accessible to a wider audience, and were often performed at roadside gatherings.

Oh God! Hear our heartbreaking cries Cleared forest and made it into land We made our small huts as home These people are thrown into the wilderness Half dead and half alive (Oh God) Made to plough fields yoked with bull and oxen When they become frail Beaten to death and buried (2) Lord of creation heard our cries on the cross Showed us the path of mercy (Oh God) And we remember the color of his mercy Fell down fatigued with the heavy load Fell down exhausted Found too frail and beaten up mercilessly Bundled together and thrown into the wild Half alive and half dead (Oh God) Six days after delivery Mother went out for work Left the sleeping baby under the shade of a tree Returned to find ant-eaten remains Lord of creation heard our cries on the cross Showed us the path of mercy And we remember the color of his mercy (Oh God) Europeans came among us Slaves were freed with gospels (2)

— Ayyayyo Daivame (Oh God!)

LMS missionary Samuel Mateer and native missionary Mosavalsala Sastrikal composed songs that were sung with fervor in Dalit congregations. One such popular song, "Adimavela Ozhinju," meaning "Our slavery is over; there is no more slave-work," captured the history of lower-caste slavery in 19th century Kerala. Our slave work is done, our slave bonds are gone, For this, we shall never henceforth forsake Thee, O Jesus! To purchase cattle, fields, houses, and many luxuries (we were sold); (Now) Messiah himself has settled in the land a people who once fled in terror (Our). The father was sold to one place, the mother to another; The children also separated. But now (Our). The owners who enslaved us often caused us much suffering; But will it comfort us to relate all the oppression in full? (Our). After exhaustion with labour in burning heat, in rain and cold and dew, They beat us cruelly. With thousands of strokes (Our). Dogs might enter streets, markets, courts, and lands; (but) if we went near, they beat and chased us to a distance

— Adima vela ozhinju nammude (our slavery is over; there is no more slave-work) These songs, which were performed in traditional Carnatic music style, were in stark contrast to the religious practices of the Syrian Christians and the caste-marked language used by Dalits in earlier generations. They symbolized a change in their social life and provided a space for them to liberate their thoughts. The songs influenced Dalit lives and brought changes in their lived experiences. Through the use of modern Malayalam language, Dalits learned new vocabulary, biblical concepts, and even Sanskrit words, thus constructing a new linguistic culture among them.

The testimony of Vettamala Philipose (1900-85), a Dalit pastor in central Kerala, serves as a fine example of how Dalit Christians, persuaded by strong faith, responded to discrimination experienced within churches. After 1924, Syrian Christians conducted several revival meetings in different parts of central Kerala, and Dalits also joined these meetings. Vettamala Philipose, a Dalit pastor from Ranni, once went to listen to Mammen Pastor, a Syrian Christian. When Mammen Pastor saw Philipose, a dark young man, staring at him and keenly listening to his speech, he took a break from his sermon and made a derogatory remark about Philipose's appearance. This comment hurt Philipose, who then stood up and sang a new song, When the sun of justice comes in His radiance, I would be cleared of my black colour, in His second coming, I will be seated beside him like a king”

— Philipose Vettamala Vettamala Gananga

title: Dalit Christian


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Flue-gas desulfurization

Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) is a set of technologies used to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2) from exhaust flue gases of fossil-fuel power plants, and from the emissions of other sulfur oxide emitting processes such as waste incineration, petroleum refineries, cement and lime kilns.

Methods
Since stringent environmental regulations limiting SO2 emissions have been enacted in many countries, SO2 is being removed from flue gases by a variety of methods. Common methods used:

 * Wet scrubbing using a slurry of alkaline sorbent, usually limestone or lime, or seawater to scrub gases;
 * Spray-dry scrubbing using similar sorbent slurries;
 * Wet sulfuric acid process recovering sulfur in the form of commercial quality sulfuric acid;
 * SNOX Flue gas desulfurization removes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates from flue gases;
 * Dry sorbent injection systems that introduce powdered hydrated lime (or other sorbent material) into exhaust ducts to eliminate SO2 and SO3 from process emissions.

For a typical coal-fired power station, flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) may remove 90 per cent or more of the SO2 in the flue gases.

History
Methods of removing sulfur dioxide from boiler and furnace exhaust gases have been studied for over 150 years. Early ideas for flue gas desulfurization were established in England around 1850.

With the construction of large-scale power plants in England in the 1920s, the problems associated with large volumes of SO2 from a single site began to concern the public. The emissions problem did not receive much attention until 1929, when the House of Lords upheld the claim of a landowner against the Barton Electricity Works of the Manchester Corporation for damages to his land resulting from SO2 emissions. Shortly thereafter, a press campaign was launched against the erection of power plants within the confines of London. This outcry led to the imposition of controls on all such power plants.

The first major FGD unit at a utility was installed in 1931 at Battersea Power Station, owned by London Power Company. In 1935, an FGD system similar to that installed at Battersea went into service at Swansea Power Station. The third major FGD system was installed in 1938 at Fulham Power Station. These three early large-scale FGD installations were suspended during World War II, because the characteristic white vapour plumes would have aided location finding by enemy aircraft. The FGD plant at Battersea was recommissioned after the war and, together with FGD plant at the new Bankside B power station opposite the City of London, operated until the stations closed in 1983 and 1981 respectively. Large-scale FGD units did not reappear at utilities until the 1970s, where most of the installations occurred in the United States and Japan.

In 1970, the U.S. Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1970 (CAA). The law authorized development of federal regulations in the United States covering emissions from both stationary (industrial) and mobile sources, which were subsequently published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In 1977, Congress amended the law to require more stringent controls on air emissions. In response to the CAA requirements, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) authorized the formation of the PTC 40 Standards Committee in 1978. This committee first convened in 1979 with the purpose of developing a standardized "procedure for conducting and reporting performance tests of FGD systems and reporting the results in terms of the following categories: (a) emissions reduction, (b) consumable and utilities, (c) waste and by-product characterization and amount." The first code draft was approved by ASME in 1990 and adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1991. The PTC 40-1991 Standard was available for public use for those units affected by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. In 2006, the PTC 40 Committee reconvened following EPA publication of the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) in 2005. In 2017, the revised PTC 40 Standard was published. This revised standard (PTC 40-2017) covers Dry and Regenerable FGD systems and provides a more detailed Uncertainty Analysis section. This standard is currently in use today by companies around the world.

As of June 1973, there were 42 FGD units in operation, 36 in Japan and 6 in the United States, ranging in capacity from 5 MW to 250 MW. As of around 1999 and 2000, FGD units were being used in 27 countries, and there were 678 FGD units operating at a total power plant capacity of about 229 gigawatts. About 45% of the FGD capacity was in the U.S., 24% in Germany, 11% in Japan, and 20% in various other countries. Approximately 79% of the units, representing about 199 gigawatts of capacity, were using lime or limestone wet scrubbing. About 18% (or 25 gigawatts) utilized spray-dry scrubbers or sorbent injection systems.

FGD on ships
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted guidelines on the approval, installation and use of exhaust gas scrubbers (exhaust gas cleaning systems) on board ships to ensure compliance with the sulphur regulation of MARPOL Annex VI. Flag States must approve such systems and port States can (as part of their port state control) ensure that such systems are functioning correctly. If a scrubber system is not functioning properly (and the IMO procedures for such malfunctions are not adhered to), port States can sanction the ship. The United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea also bestows port States with a right to regulate (and even ban) the use of open loop scrubber systems within ports and internal waters.

Sulfuric acid mist formation
Fossil fuels such as coal and oil can contain a significant amount of sulfur. When fossil fuels are burned, about 95 percent or more of the sulfur is generally converted to sulfur dioxide (SO2). Such conversion happens under normal conditions of temperature and of oxygen present in the flue gas. However, there are circumstances under which such reaction may not occur.

SO2 can further oxidize into sulfur trioxide (SO3) when excess oxygen is present and gas temperatures are sufficiently high. At about 800 °C, formation of SO3 is favored. Another way that SO3 can be formed is through catalysis by metals in the fuel. Such reaction is particularly true for heavy fuel oil, where a significant amount of vanadium is present. In whatever way SO3 is formed, it does not behave like SO2 in that it forms a liquid aerosol known as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) mist that is very difficult to remove. Generally, about 1% of the sulfur dioxide will be converted to SO3. Sulfuric acid mist is often the cause of the blue haze that often appears as the flue gas plume dissipates. Increasingly, this problem is being addressed by the use of wet electrostatic precipitators.

Basic principles
Most FGD systems employ two stages: one for fly ash removal and the other for SO2 removal. Attempts have been made to remove both the fly ash and SO2 in one scrubbing vessel. However, these systems experienced severe maintenance problems and low removal efficiency. In wet scrubbing systems, the flue gas normally passes first through a fly ash removal device, either an electrostatic precipitator or a baghouse, and then into the SO2-absorber. However, in dry injection or spray drying operations, the SO2 is first reacted with the lime, and then the flue gas passes through a particulate control device.

Another important design consideration associated with wet FGD systems is that the flue gas exiting the absorber is saturated with water and still contains some SO2. These gases are highly corrosive to any downstream equipment such as fans, ducts, and stacks. Two methods that may minimize corrosion are: (1) reheating the gases to above their dew point, or (2) using materials of construction and designs that allow equipment to withstand the corrosive conditions. Both alternatives are expensive. Engineers determine which method to use on a site-by-site basis.

Scrubbing with an alkali solid or solution
SO2 is an acid gas, and, therefore, the typical sorbent slurries or other materials used to remove the SO2 from the flue gases are alkaline. The reaction taking place in wet scrubbing using a CaCO3 (limestone) slurry produces calcium sulfite (CaSO3) and may be expressed in the simplified dry form as:

 * CaCO3$(s)$ + SO2$(g)$ → CaSO3$(s)$ + CO2$(g)$

When wet scrubbing with a Ca(OH)2 (hydrated lime) slurry, the reaction also produces CaSO3 (calcium sulfite) and may be expressed in the simplified dry form as:

 * Ca(OH)2$(s)$ + SO2$(g)$ → CaSO3$(s)$ + H2O$(l)$

When wet scrubbing with a Mg(OH)2 (magnesium hydroxide) slurry, the reaction produces MgSO3 (magnesium sulfite) and may be expressed in the simplified dry form as:

 * Mg(OH)2$(s)$ + SO2$(g)$ → MgSO3$(s)$ + H2O$(l)$

To partially offset the cost of the FGD installation, some designs, particularly dry sorbent injection systems, further oxidize the CaSO3 (calcium sulfite) to produce marketable CaSO4*2H2O (gypsum) that can be of high enough quality to use in wallboard and other products. The process by which this synthetic gypsum is created is also known as forced oxidation:

 * 2 CaSO3$(aq)$ + 4 H2O$(l)$ + O2$(g)$ → 2 (CaSO4*2H2O$(s)$)

A natural alkaline usable to absorb SO2 is seawater. The SO2 is absorbed in the water, and when oxygen is added reacts to form sulfate ions SO4(2-) and free H+. The surplus of H+ is offset by the carbonates in seawater pushing the carbonate equilibrium to release CO2 gas:

 * SO2$(g)$ + H2O$(l)$ + $1⁄2$ O2$(g)$ → SO4(2-)$(aq)$ + 2 H+

 * HCO3- + H+ → H2O$(l)$ + CO2$(g)$

In industry caustic soda (NaOH) is often used to scrub SO2, producing sodium sulfite:

 * 2 NaOH$(aq)$ + SO2$(g)$ → Na2SO3$(aq)$ + H2O$(l)$

Types of wet scrubbers used in FGD
To promote maximum gas–liquid surface area and residence time, a number of wet scrubber designs have been used, including spray towers, venturis, plate towers, and mobile packed beds. Because of scale buildup, plugging, or erosion, which affect FGD dependability and absorber efficiency, the trend is to use simple scrubbers such as spray towers instead of more complicated ones. The configuration of the tower may be vertical or horizontal, and flue gas can flow concurrently, countercurrently, or crosscurrently with respect to the liquid. The chief drawback of spray towers is that they require a higher liquid-to-gas ratio requirement for equivalent SO2 removal than other absorber designs.

FGD scrubbers produce a scaling wastewater that requires treatment to meet U.S. federal discharge regulations. However, technological advancements in ion-exchange membranes and electrodialysis systems has enabled high-efficiency treatment of FGD wastewater to meet recent EPA discharge limits. The treatment approach is similar for other highly scaling industrial wastewaters.

Venturi-rod scrubbers
A venturi scrubber is a converging/diverging section of duct. The converging section accelerates the gas stream to high velocity. When the liquid stream is injected at the throat, which is the point of maximum velocity, the turbulence caused by the high gas velocity atomizes the liquid into small droplets, which creates the surface area necessary for mass transfer to take place. The higher the pressure drop in the venturi, the smaller the droplets and the higher the surface area. The penalty is in power consumption.

For simultaneous removal of SO2 and fly ash, venturi scrubbers can be used. In fact, many of the industrial sodium-based throwaway systems are venturi scrubbers originally designed to remove particulate matter. These units were slightly modified to inject a sodium-based scrubbing liquor. Although removal of both particles and SO2 in one vessel can be economic, the problems of high pressure drops and finding a scrubbing medium to remove heavy loadings of fly ash must be considered. However, in cases where the particle concentration is low, such as from oil-fired units, it can be more effective to remove particulate and SO2 simultaneously.

Packed bed scrubbers
A packed scrubber consists of a tower with packing material inside. This packing material can be in the shape of saddles, rings, or some highly specialized shapes designed to maximize the contact area between the dirty gas and liquid. Packed towers typically operate at much lower pressure drops than venturi scrubbers and are therefore cheaper to operate. They also typically offer higher SO2 removal efficiency. The drawback is that they have a greater tendency to plug up if particles are present in excess in the exhaust air stream.

Spray towers
A spray tower is the simplest type of scrubber. It consists of a tower with spray nozzles, which generate the droplets for surface contact. Spray towers are typically used when circulating a slurry (see below). The high speed of a venturi would cause erosion problems, while a packed tower would plug up if it tried to circulate a slurry.

Counter-current packed towers are infrequently used because they have a tendency to become plugged by collected particles or to scale when lime or limestone scrubbing slurries are used.

Scrubbing reagent
As explained above, alkaline sorbents are used for scrubbing flue gases to remove SO2. Depending on the application, the two most important are lime and sodium hydroxide (also known as caustic soda). Lime is typically used on large coal- or oil-fired boilers as found in power plants, as it is very much less expensive than caustic soda. The problem is that it results in a slurry being circulated through the scrubber instead of a solution. This makes it harder on the equipment. A spray tower is typically used for this application. The use of lime results in a slurry of calcium sulfite (CaSO3) that must be disposed of. Fortunately, calcium sulfite can be oxidized to produce by-product gypsum (CaSO4*2H2O) which is marketable for use in the building products industry.

Caustic soda is limited to smaller combustion units because it is more expensive than lime, but it has the advantage that it forms a solution rather than a slurry. This makes it easier to operate. It produces a "spent caustic" solution of sodium sulfite/bisulfite (depending on the pH), or sodium sulfate that must be disposed of. This is not a problem in a kraft pulp mill for example, where this can be a source of makeup chemicals to the recovery cycle.

Scrubbing with sodium sulfite solution
It is possible to scrub sulfur dioxide by using a cold solution of sodium sulfite; this forms a sodium hydrogen sulfite solution. By heating this solution it is possible to reverse the reaction to form sulfur dioxide and the sodium sulfite solution. Since the sodium sulfite solution is not consumed, it is called a regenerative treatment. The application of this reaction is also known as the Wellman–Lord process.

In some ways this can be thought of as being similar to the reversible liquid–liquid extraction of an inert gas such as xenon or radon (or some other solute which does not undergo a chemical change during the extraction) from water to another phase. While a chemical change does occur during the extraction of the sulfur dioxide from the gas mixture, it is the case that the extraction equilibrium is shifted by changing the temperature rather than by the use of a chemical reagent.

Gas-phase oxidation followed by reaction with ammonia
A new, emerging flue gas desulfurization technology has been described by the IAEA. It is a radiation technology where an intense beam of electrons is fired into the flue gas at the same time as ammonia is added to the gas. The Chendu power plant in China started up such a flue gas desulfurization unit on a 100 MW scale in 1998. The Pomorzany power plant in Poland also started up a similar sized unit in 2003 and that plant removes both sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Both plants are reported to be operating successfully. However, the accelerator design principles and manufacturing quality need further improvement for continuous operation in industrial conditions.

No radioactivity is required or created in the process. The electron beam is generated by a device similar to the electron gun in a TV set. This device is called an accelerator. This is an example of a radiation chemistry process where the physical effects of radiation are used to process a substance.

The action of the electron beam is to promote the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur(VI) compounds. The ammonia reacts with the sulfur compounds thus formed to produce ammonium sulfate, which can be used as a nitrogenous fertilizer. In addition, it can be used to lower the nitrogen oxide content of the flue gas. This method has attained industrial plant scale.

Facts and statistics

 * The information in this section was obtained from a US EPA published fact sheet.

Flue gas desulfurization scrubbers have been applied to combustion units firing coal and oil that range in size from 5 MW to 1,500 MW. Scottish Power are spending £400 million installing FGD at Longannet power station, which has a capacity of over 2,000 MW. Dry scrubbers and spray scrubbers have generally been applied to units smaller than 300 MW.

FGD has been fitted by RWE npower at Aberthaw Power Station in south Wales using the seawater process and works successfully on the 1,580 MW plant.

Approximately 85% of the flue gas desulfurization units installed in the US are wet scrubbers, 12% are spray dry systems, and 3% are dry injection systems.

The highest SO2 removal efficiencies (greater than 90%) are achieved by wet scrubbers and the lowest (less than 80%) by dry scrubbers. However, the newer designs for dry scrubbers are capable of achieving efficiencies in the order of 90%.

In spray drying and dry injection systems, the flue gas must first be cooled to about 10–20 °C above adiabatic saturation to avoid wet solids deposition on downstream equipment and plugging of baghouses.

The capital, operating and maintenance costs per short ton of SO2 removed (in 2001 US dollars) are:

 * For wet scrubbers larger than 400 MW, the cost is $200 to $500 per ton
 * For wet scrubbers smaller than 400 MW, the cost is $500 to $5,000 per ton
 * For spray dry scrubbers larger than 200 MW, the cost is $150 to $300 per ton
 * For spray dry scrubbers smaller than 200 MW, the cost is $500 to $4,000 per ton

Alternative methods of reducing sulfur dioxide emissions
An alternative to removing sulfur from the flue gases after burning is to remove the sulfur from the fuel before or during combustion. Hydrodesulfurization of fuel has been used for treating fuel oils before use. Fluidized bed combustion adds lime to the fuel during combustion. The lime reacts with the SO2 to form sulfates which become part of the ash.

This elemental sulfur is then separated and finally recovered at the end of the process for further usage in, for example, agricultural products. Safety is one of the greatest benefits of this method, as the whole process takes place at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. This method has been developed by Paqell, a joint venture between Shell Global Solutions and Paques.

title: Flue-gas desulfurization


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Maharashtra General Kamgar Union

Maharashtra General Kamgar Union, a trade union federation in Maharashtra, India. MGKU is formed by the well known Dutta Samant. After his assassination the union was then led by his elder brother Dada Samant. He handled the trade union for a few years but lacked leadership qualities so eventually he left leadership to the Union. The Union is now led by Bhushan Dutta Samant.

title: Maharashtra General Kamgar Union


text:
Bereans

In ancient times, the Bereans were the inhabitants of the city of Berea, also referred to as Beroea in the Bible. Today, the city is known as Veria in what is today northern Greece. The name has been taken up by certain groups within Protestantism based on the Bereans' emphasis on apologetics and studying Scripture.

Biblical context
According to the Book of Acts, Chapter 17 verse 11, Paul of Tarsus and Silas preached at Berea, and the inhabitants "... received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the scriptures daily, whether those things were so", and many of them believed.

Modern use
Historically, the Bereans (also called Beroeans, Barclayans or Barclayites) were a Protestant sect following former Scottish Presbyterian minister John Barclay (1734–1798). Founded in Edinburgh in 1773, the Berean Church followed a modified form of Calvinism. It had congregations in Scotland, London, and Bristol, but mainly merged with the Congregationalists after Barclay's death in 1798.

A new Protestant Christian group began in the 1850s in the United States under the tutelage of Dr. John Thomas. The name "Christadelphian" was chosen as it is believed that those who believe and obey the Commandments of Christ and the Bible as the inspired word of God, are "Brethren in Christ". The original group split, with one group continuing with the name "The Christadelphians" and the second group adding the word "Berean" to become the "Berean Christadelphians". The word "Berean" was chosen to reflect the words in Acts 17, "These (Berea) were more noble than those in Thessalonica in that they received the word with all readiness of mind and searched the scriptures daily whether those things were so."

Christadelphians, and Berean Christadelphians believe in the promises given to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob concerning the Kingdom of God. They deny the Doctrine of the Trinity, a central tenet of orthodox Christianity, and this refusal to recognize the triune nature of God has resulted in a major impasse between the Christadelphians and the Protestant, Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox churches.

Some groups among the Bible Student movement also adopted the name, such as the Berean Bible Students and the Berean Bible Institute. Churches and institutions who adopt the Berean name, usually do so in order to express their desire to reflect the attitude of the Bereans in Acts 17, committing themselves to "searching the scriptures daily".

title: Bereans


text:
Talk:Eric Hoffer

Cited in a video game
I don't quite know if this rises to being notable enough for being mentioned in the article but I found it interesting that for one of the first video games produced for the Apple 2 "Hard Hat Mack" about a construction worker, the accompanying information about the main character/hero states: "Mack: A bona fide Working Class Hero. Puts John Henry to shame. Reads Eric Hoffer. Fueled by cupcakes and an unshakable belief in the work ethic." http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=abOXbHPga30#t=103

I just found it amazing that a serious author would have the impact to be mentioned in a video game about a working class character. --Wowaconia (talk) 19:06, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

Lede contradicted by his own words
In the lede it says The Ordeal of Change was his favourite work, with a reference that's not really a reference. Wikiquote cites his journal as saying: "In all my life I never competed for fortune, for a woman, or for fame. I learned to write in total isolation. My first work was also my best, and the first thing published. I never belonged to a circle or clique. I did not know I was writing a book until it was written. When my first book was published there was no one near me, an acquaintance let alone a friend, to congratulate me. I have never savored triumph, never won a race." Entry (1981) Should that be fixed, given that that's an actual source, by his own hand, not a poor and obscure citation of a source that cannot be checked? 207.216.94.190 (talk) 09:26, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Just a question: no mention or explanation of Eric Hoffer’s education, how did he manage to become a university professor as a longshoreman ? Goodtoknow2 (talk) 03:17, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

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Birthdate Discrepancies
His birth date is given as 1898, but there are several sources that give contradictory information. The 1940 Census, which is cited in the "Early Life" section actually gives 1899, but it is being used to source a year of 1898.

Furthermore, the article written on the Hoover Institute website states that there are no records to confirm his birth date. It ranges from 1898 to 1902, but they state it is most likely that he was born in 1898. . This would be a better reference for the birth date stated in the introductory portion of his article than the Encyclopedia Brittanica article that gives 1902: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eric-Hoffer.

I'm not a seasoned editor here on Wikipedia, and I would appreciate it if someone with more experience could update this article with the proper format and templates.

Thanks!

Dotmom61 (talk) 15:30, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eric Hoffer


text:
Category:The Washington Post

The Washington Post is the largest and oldest newspaper in Washington, D.C. It is now part of Nash Holdings, owned by Jeff Bezos.

This category contains staff members of the namesake newspaper, managers and businesses also owned by Nash Holdings, and other articles directly related to the newspaper (e.g., "The Washington Post march", composed by John Philip Sousa, is included because the newspaper commissioned the composition).

title: Category:The Washington Post


text:
Andhra Pradesh Mica Mine Workers Union

A.P. Mica Mine Workers Union, a trade union of mica mine labourers in the Gudur minefields in Andhra Pradesh, India. APMMU is affiliated to All India Trade Union Congress. APMMU claims a membership of 1200 out of a total of 7000 workers.

Andhra Pradesh is one of the three leading areas where mica is mined in India. India produces roughly 62% of the world's mica but in recent years other materials substituting mica in its main applications (such as electronics) have impacted the price and mining of mica in India.

title: Andhra Pradesh Mica Mine Workers Union


text:
Mica Mazdoor Sangh

Mica Mazdoor Sangh, a trade union of mica mine labourers in the Gudur minesfields in Andhra Pradesh, India. MMS is affiliated to Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh. MMS claims a membership of 1500 out of a total of 7000 workers.

Source: PUCL

title: Mica Mazdoor Sangh


text: Category:996 deaths

title: Category:996 deaths


text: Category:Berkshire Hathaway

title: Category:Berkshire Hathaway


text: Category:938 births

title: Category:938 births


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Feery

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:18, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Feery

 * Explains a surname. Stub. --Radiant! 10:42, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I have another surname for deletion just above yours, you vote for mine, I'll vote for yours! :-) Ganymead 00:32, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notable surnames (such as Kim (Korean name)) are worthy of inclusion, but there is no evidence presented that this is one. —Korath (Talk) 01:40, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

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title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Feery


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fegime

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 01:40, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Fegime
No actual content, obscure group of companies. (Radiant! 10:42, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC))
 * Keep I think it is a perfectly legitimate entry for the embryonic category:Business organizations. I have expanded it a little. Philip 12:39, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 02:13, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it Wyss 12:12, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fegime


text:
Walter Willson Cobbett

Walter Willson Cobbett  (11 July 1847 – 22 January 1937) was an English businessman and amateur violinist, and the editor/author of Cobbett's Cyclopedic Survey of Chamber Music. He instigated the influential Cobbett Competition for chamber music composition, and endowed the Cobbett Medal for services to chamber music.

Education and career
Walter Cobbett was born in 1847 in Blackheath, England. He became an active supporter of music, and commissioned numerous works of chamber music from emerging and leading British composers of his time.

An innovative industrialist and astute businessman, Cobbett was cofounder of Scandinavia Belting Ltd (today BBA Aviation Ltd.), which manufactured a new type of woven belting for machinery.

But Cobbett's heart was in music. "It has been humorously remarked that he has given to commerce what time he could spare from music," said an article in a contemporary edition of Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians. However, most of his chamber music patronage took place after his retirement from business at the age of 60. Cobbett played weekly in a number of amateur string quartets, was concertmaster of two amateur orchestras, and was a prolific writer and publicist for chamber music. His two-volume encyclopedia of chamber music, published in 1929, is still considered the most comprehensive work on the subject today.

Cobbett wrote of his own devotion to chamber music that "there opened out before me an enchanted world... I became a humble devotee of this infinitely beautiful art, and so began for me the chamber music life." He died in London, England in 1937 during the influenza epidemic at the age of 89. His legacy was continued by the Cobbett Association (closed 2010), an organization devoted to rediscovering forgotten works of chamber music.

Cobbett Competition
In 1905, Cobbett endowed a competition, initially under the auspices of the Worshipful Company of Musicians, for chamber music composers. The panel of judges included the composer Alexander Mackenzie, Royal Academy of Music professor Alfred Gibson (1849-1924), and the Belgian violinist Hermann Sternberg. Specifically, he asked composers to submit what he termed a Phantasy for string ensemble, meeting the following conditions:

The parts must be of equal importance, and the duration of the piece should not exceed twelve minutes. Though the Phantasy is to be performed without a break, it may consist of different sections varying in tempi and rhythm.

This idea was inspired by examples of British viol consort music from the 16th and 17th centuries that Cobbett had been studying, by William Byrd, Orlando Gibbons and others. Many new one movement Phantasies were composed as a result over the next few decades. Of them all, the Phantasy String Quintet of 1912 by Vaughan Williams was the closest to Cobbett's ideal: "so exactly the phantasy as I conceived it that it may well serve as prototype to those who care to write in this form in the future", he said.

The Cobbett Competition (1905-1919) was instrumental in advancing the careers of leading composers of the time. However, the very first winner, William Hurlstone with his Phantasy String Quartet in A Minor, unfortunately died following an asthma attack just a year after the prize was awarded. The full list of winners in the 1905 inaugural award were:
 * First: William Hurlstone (50 Guineas)
 * Second: Haydn Wood (£10)
 * Special Prize: Frank Bridge (£10)
 * Three Extra Prizes: James Friskin, Harry Waldo Warner and Josef Holbrooke (5 Guineas each)

There were six competitions between 1905 and 1919, each asking for a specific type of composition. In addition to granting prizes, Cobbett also commissioned eleven Phantasy works.

Prize winning works, 1905-1919
 * 1905 (for Phantasy String Quartet): William Hurlstone, Phantasy in A Minor and A Major
 * 1907 (for Phantasy Piano Trio): Frank Bridge, Phantasy Trio in C Minor, H.79
 * 1909 (for Violin Sonata): John Ireland, Violin Sonata in D Minor
 * 1915 (for String Quartet): Albert Sammons, Phantasy in B Major, Op. 8; Frank Bridge, String Quartet in G Minor (joint First Prize)
 * 1917 (for Folksong Fantasy): James Forrester, Folksong Phantasy Trio; Harry Waldo Warner, Folksong Phantasy in G Minor (joint First Prize)
 * 1919 (for Dance Phantasy, piano and strings): Cecil Armstrong Gibbs, The Enchanted Wood

Commissions, 1910-1912
 * Frank Bridge: Phantasy in F-sharp Minor for piano quartet (1910)
 * James Friskin: Phantasy in F Minor for piano quintet (1910)
 * Benjamin Dale: Phantasy for viola and piano (1911)
 * Thomas Dunhill: Phantasy Trio for piano, violin, and viola (1911)
 * James McEwen: Phantasy String Quintet with two cellos (1911)
 * Ethel Barns: Phantasy Trio for two violins and piano (1911)
 * Ralph Vaughan Williams: Phantasy String Quintet with two violas (1912)
 * Richard Walthew: Phantasy Piano Quintet in E Minor (1912)
 * Bertram Walton O’Donnell: Phantasy for cello and piano (1912)
 * Donald Tovey: Phantasy for clarinet quintet (1912)
 * York Bowen: Phantasy for violin and piano (1912)

From 1920 until 1927 Cobbett began sponsoring a series of annual prizes for various forms of chamber music activity at the Royal College of Music. He awarded fifty guinea prizes for the study of chamber music. In 1928 these prizes were permanently established through endowments.

The New Cobbett Prize was instigated in 2014 by the Berkeley Ensemble to build on the legacy. Sequenza for string quartet by Samuel Lewis was the first winner.

Cobbett Medal and Cyclopedia
Cobbett established other prizes as well. The Cobbett Medal for services to chamber music was established in 1924 - the first recipient was Thomas Dunhill - and continues to be awarded annually by the Worshipful Company of Musicians. He also encouraged British luthiers by granting prizes for outstanding instruments.

Cobbett started a periodical on chamber music, called the Chamber Music Supplement. He established a free library of chamber music and started chamber music concert series in working-class neighborhoods of British cities.

Cobbett's Cyclopedic Survey of Chamber Music (1929) was the result of four years of labour. In addition to his own extensive contributions, the two-volume survey includes articles by leading musicians and musicologists of the time, including Vincent d'Indy, Donald Tovey, Ralph Vaughan Williams and others.

title: Walter Willson Cobbett


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FioraII

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Pending deletion with a block compress error. Joyous 18:16, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

FioraII
Vanity. Description of an IRC battle bot with extensive thank you list. --Radiant! 10:42, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agreed this is vanity, lets lose this cruft.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 06:22, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Vain, vain, vain. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:51, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FioraII


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Federal Power Act

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was TRANSWIKI. dbenbenn | talk 22:50, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Federal Power Act
Verbatim quote from a lawbook - move to wikisource?

(btw why is there a 'move to wiktionary' tag but not a 'move to wikisource' tag?) -- Radiant! 10:42, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There is such a tag. I just added it to the article. Transwiki. Mgm|(talk) 14:56, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah yes. I found out you had to capitalize 'Wikisource'. I've taken the liberty of adding a lowercase version. Radiant! 08:12, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:987 deaths

title: Category:987 deaths


text:
George Every

George Every (3 February 1909 – 2 September 2003) was a British historian, theologian, writer on Christian mythology and poet.

Life
George Every was born, along with a twin brother Edward, on 3 February 1909 in Tipton St John, Devon where his father, also George Every, was the village vicar. George, Edward and their sister Mary (born 1911) spent the majority of their youth with their parents, and extended family in the East Devon area. Every was a member of the Anglican religious community the Society of the Sacred Mission at Kelham, Nottinghamshire from 1929 to 1973. He then became a Roman Catholic and taught at Oscott College. He was known as a historian of Byzantium and was in some ways a follower of Christopher Dawson.

Every encountered T.S. Eliot at Kelham and introduced him to the history of Little Gidding, later to be the title for one of Eliot's Four Quartets through his draft verse play Stalemate at Little Gidding. On the occasion, in 1948, of Eliot's sexagenarianism, Every wrote for a dedicatory compendium a piece on the poet's religious leanings and its broader significance.

Works

 * The Roots of the 16th Century Reformation: Sociological and Political (1936)
 * Christian Discrimination (1940)
 * Selected Poems (1945), with S. L. Bethell, J. D. C. Pellow
 * The Byzantine Patriarchate, 451-1204 (1947)
 * Poetry and Personal Responsibility: an Interim Report on Contemporary Literature (1949)
 * The High Church Party, 1688-1718 (1956)
 * Lamb To The Slaughter (1957)
 * Light Under a Door: Poems about Christmas (1958)
 * The Baptismal Sacrifice (1959)
 * Basic Liturgy: a Study in the Structure of the Eucharistic Prayer (1961)
 * No Pious Person: Autobiographical Recollections, by Herbert Kelly (1960) editor
 * Misunderstandings between East and West (1965)
 * Christian Mythology (1970)
 * New Heaven? New Earth? An Encounter with Pentecostalism (1976), with Simon Tugwell, Peter Hocken, John Orme Mills
 * Understanding Eastern Christianity (1978)
 * The Mass: Meaning, Mystery and Ritual (1978)
 * The Time of the Spirit: Readings Through the Christian Year (1984), anthology, editor, with Richard Harries, Kallistos Ware
 * Christian Legends (1987)
 * A Christmas Collection: Poems in Incarnation and History (2001)

title: George Every


text:
Nikhila Orissa Beedi Shramika Federation

Nikhila Orissa Beedi Shramika Federation (All Orissa Beedi Workers Federation), a trade union in Odisha, India, organizing women beedi workers. NOBSF is affiliated to the All India Trade Union Congress.


text:
Achilles Rizzoli

Achilles Gildo Rizzoli (1896–1981), anonymous during his lifetime, has since his death become celebrated as an outsider artist. He is an unusual example of an "outsider" artist who had considerable formal training in drawing.

Born in Point Reyes, California, Rizzoli lived in San Francisco, where he was employed as an architectural draftsman. In the 1930s he showed his work in exhibits held in his home, which he called the Achilles Tectonic Exhibit Portfolio (A.T.E.P.) After his death, a group of elaborate drawings came to light, many in the form of maps and architectural renderings that described an imaginary world exposition (much of which was designated "Y.T.T.E.", for "Yield To Total Elation"). The drawings include "portraits" of his mother (whom he lived with until her death in 1937) and neighborhood children "symbolically sketched" in the form of fanciful neo-baroque buildings.

Rizzoli published one novel, The Colonnade (1931), under the pseudonym Peter Metermaid.

A film was made about his life and work, called Yield to Total Elation: The Life and Art of Achilles Rizzoli.

title: Achilles Rizzoli


text:
Talk:Shadi Kaur Dam

Untitled
Bodies being dragged to the sea: http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/F0B571B2-B474-4438-A938-B8593B452F9D.htm

People rescued and missing: http://www.canoe.ca/NewsStand/LondonFreePress/News/2005/02/12/928614-sun.html

title: Talk:Shadi Kaur Dam