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User:Carolus~enwiki

Mostly harmless.

I am also the same Carolus who rarely contributes to the Latin Wiki. I just add userboxes here.

la:Usor:Carolus

title: User:Carolus~enwiki


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Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker

Scharffen Berger is an American chocolate manufacturing company, which was a subsidiary of The Hershey Company after it had been acquired in 2005. Scharffen Berger was established as an independent Berkeley, California-based chocolate maker in 1996 by sparkling wine maker John Scharffenberger and physician Robert Steinberg.

The company manufactures its own chocolate—as opposed to the more common practice of acquiring chocolate from other manufacturers—the first American company founded in the past 50 years to make chocolate "from bean to bar." Scharffen Berger primarily produced chocolate bars, using small-batch processing and focusing on dark chocolate varieties with high cocoa solid content.

History
The company's origins lie with founders John Scharffenberger and Robert Steinberg. In 1989, Steinberg, a physician, was diagnosed with cancer and given a 50% chance of dying within ten years of the diagnosis. Steinberg promptly sold his practice and began exploring other career options. He read through a 600-page chocolate cookbook at the urging of a friend, which sparked Steinberg's interest in chocolate making. He began travelling to study the process of chocolate making. Steinberg toured the Bernachon chocolate company in Lyon, France, in 1993. He soon composed a letter in French asking Bernachon for an internship and was granted a brief two weeks with the small company.

Steinberg returned from his internship in France and soon ran into John Scharffenberger, his former patient and neighbor. Scharffenberger, a winemaker and businessman, was selling his winery, Scharffenberger Cellars, and was exploring potential new business opportunities. Steinberg offered Scharffenberger a piece of French chocolate which he happened to have in his pocket. "Robert had this chunk of chocolate in his pocket that I think he'd been carrying for months. But it tasted better than anything I'd ever had," Scharffenberger later recalled in a 1998 interview with People Magazine.

Scharffenberger and Steinberg soon partnered together to begin making chocolate. They began creating their first experimental batches of chocolate in Steinberg's own home kitchen using over 30 varieties of cacao beans. Their basic chocolate making instruments included a mortar and pestle, coffee grinder and a hair dryer to keep the chocolate viscous.

They decided to name their new company Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker because Scharffenberger's name was already a known brand in the marketplace due to his winemaking.

By 1997 they made the first batch in a small South San Francisco factory using vintage German equipment and basic ingredients including Venezuelan Criollo beans and whole Tahitian vanilla. The company relocated to a new facility at a historic factory complex in Berkeley, California, within four years.

The company selected its cacao beans from specific growers around the world and then performed every step to transform those beans into chocolate bars itself: from roasting, to conching, to tempering and molding. Scharffen Berger was the first American chocolate maker to prominently feature a chocolate bar's cacao content on the label, the higher the number the darker and more bitter the chocolate bar. Cacao content on labels is now common in the industry.

On 25 July 2005, Scharffen Berger announced that it was being bought by The Hershey Company On 2005 August 15, Hershey announced the completion of the acquisition. Hershey purchased Scharffen Berger for about two times the company's annual revenue, which was approximately $10 million a year at the time of the 2005 acquisition. The same year Hershey also bought another San Francisco company, Joseph Schmidt Confections, and combined the two smaller companies into a wholly owned subsidiary, Artisan Confections Company.

Hershey subsequently began manufacturing the Scharffen Berger and Joseph Schmidt products in a factory in Robinson, Illinois. In early 2009 Hershey announced plans to close both Bay Area factories, lay off approximately 150 local employees, and transfer remaining production to Illinois.

Scharffen Berger founder Robert Steinberg died on 17 September 2008, in San Francisco, California.

After more than 15 years of joint operations, in 2020 The Hershey Company divested some of its business, including the Scharffen Berger and Dagoba chocolate brands and Krave Pure Foods in order to focus on the salty snacks and nutrition bars markets. In June 2021, Scharffen Berger again became a privately held company.

Child labor and fair trade
Hershey has been criticized for not having programs to ensure sustainable and ethical cocoa purchase, lagging behind its competitors in addressing child labor in its cocoa supply and other fair trade issues. "The Raise the Bar, Hershey! Campaign" was launched in September 2010 by Global Exchange, Green America, the Oasis Trust, and the International Labor Rights Forum. The purpose of the Raise the Bar Campaign is to pressure Hershey to commit "to take immediate action to eliminate forced and child labor … from Hershey's cocoa supply"; "to sourcing 100% Fair Trade Certified cocoa beans by 2012 for at least one of its top five selling chocolate bars … making at least one additional top five selling bar 100% Fair Trade Certified every two years thereafter"; and that "the majority of Hershey's cocoa across all products will be Fair Trade Certified by 2022." Pressure was particularly directed at Whole Foods Market to cease carrying Hershey's high-end products, which included Scharffen Berger and Dagoba. Whole Foods announced on 3 October 2012 that it would cease carrying Hershey's Scharffen Berger line. The Campaign stated that "Whole Foods' decision follows more than 40 natural food retailers and coops publicly expressing concern about carrying Scharffen Berger and Dagoba products as a consequence of the giant chocolate maker's refusal to address child labor in its supply chain." The same day, Hershey's announced that "it will source 100 percent certified cocoa for its global chocolate product lines by 2020 and accelerate its programs to help eliminate child labor in the cocoa regions of West Africa."

Reviews
Chef Julia Child reportedly said that Scharffen Berger was the best chocolate she had tasted in the United States.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker


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List of Procter & Gamble brands

Procter & Gamble (P&G) is an American multinational consumer goods corporation with a portfolio of brands.

Brands with net sales of more than US$1 billion annually
As of 2015, the company stated it owned the following brands with net annual sales of more than $1 billion:

 * Always menstrual hygiene products
 * Ariel laundry detergent
 * Bounty paper towels, sold in the United States and Canada
 * Charmin bathroom tissue and moist towelettes
 * Crest toothpaste
 * Dawn dishwashing
 * Downy fabric softener and dryer sheets
 * Fairy washing up liquid
 * Febreze odor eliminator
 * Gain laundry detergents, liquid fabric softener, dryer sheets and dish washing liquid
 * Gillette razors, shaving soap, shaving cream, body wash, shampoo, deodorant and anti-perspirant
 * Head & Shoulders shampoo
 * Olay personal and beauty products
 * Oral-B oral hygiene products
 * Pampers & Pampers Kandoo and Luvs disposable diapers and moist towelettes. The 2014 Financial Report lists Pampers as Procter & Gamble's largest brand.
 * Pantene haircare products
 * SK-II beauty products
 * Tide laundry detergents and products
 * Vicks cough and cold products

Dishwashing

 * Dawn dishwashing liquid
 * Fairy washing-up liquid
 * Joy dishwashing liquid (outside the United States)
 * Gain dishwashing liquid
 * Ivory dishwashing liquid
 * Cascade dishwasher detergent

Menstrual hygiene

 * Always pads and menstrual hygiene products
 * Tampax tampons
 * Whisper menstrual hygiene products

Haircare

 * Ascend hair care products
 * Aussie haircare (shampoos/conditioners/styling aids)
 * Braun hair care and grooming products
 * Frederic Fekkai hair care products sold
 * Head & Shoulders shampoo
 * Herbal Essences hair care products (formerly part of Clairol)
 * Mielle hair care products
 * Nicky Clarke hair products
 * Pantene hair care products (purchased from Hoffmann-La Roche in 1985)
 * Vidal Sassoon haircare products (purchased in 1984 from Vidal Sassoon)

Healthcare products

 * Align probiotics
 * Crest toothpaste
 * Femibion (acquired from Merck Group)
 * Fixodent denture adhesive
 * Iliac/Nasivin (acquired from Merck Group)
 * Metamucil laxative/fiber supplement (acquired G. D. Searle & Company in 1985)
 * Neurobion (acquired from Merck Group)
 * New Chapter dietary supplements
 * Oral-B toothbrushes and other oral hygiene products
 * Pepto-Bismol over-the-counter drug for minor digestive system upset (acquired as part of Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals in 1982)
 * Prilosec OTC (licensed from AstraZeneca)
 * Rolaids (acquired in 2024 from Lil' Drug Store Products)
 * Sangobion (acquired from Merck Group)
 * Scope mouthwash
 * Seven Seas (acquired from Merck Group)
 * Vicks cough and cold products

Household

 * 9 Elements cleaning products
 * Ace stain remover liquid
 * Ambi Pur air freshener
 * Bounce fabric-softener sheet for dryers
 * Fairy (known as Dreft in the Netherlands and Yes in Sweden and Norway) dishwashing liquid, toilet soap, household soap, laundry detergent and dishwasher detergent
 * Febreze odor control
 * Flash cleaning products
 * Jar dishwashing liquid and dishwasher detergent
 * Mif (Russian: Миф) dishwashing liquid and dishwasher detergent
 * Mr. Clean household cleaners
 * Pampers disposable diapers
 * Puffs tissues
 * Luvs disposable diapers
 * Safeguard antibacterial soap
 * Swiffer cleaning products
 * Microban cleaning products
 * Gala (Ukrainian: Гала) dishwashing liquid and dishwasher detergent

Laundry detergents

 * Ariel laundry detergent
 * Bold laundry detergent
 * Bonux laundry detergent
 * Cheer laundry detergent
 * Daz detergent
 * Downy fabric softener
 * Dreft laundry detergent
 * Era laundry detergent
 * Fairy Non-Bio laundry detergent
 * Gain laundry detergent, scent booster, fabric softener, dryer sheets.
 * Ola laundry soap
 * PMC laundry soap
 * Tide laundry detergent
 * Lenor fabric softener and cleaning products
 * Mif (Russian: Миф) laundry detergent
 * Gala (Ukrainian: Гала) laundry detergent

Skin care

 * Fresco bar soap
 * Ivory bar
 * Old Spice deodorants, anti perspirants, body wash, bar soap, aftershave, skin care and hair care products
 * Secret antiperspirants and deodorants

Divested brands
Brands owned by Procter & Gamble in the past, but since divested:

 * Actonel (pharmaceutical division was spun off into Warner Chilcott in 2009)
 * Aleve, naproxen sodium (NSAID) drug, acquired by Bayer in 1997
 * Asacol
 * Attends line of incontinence and sanitary products. Sold to PaperPak in 1999.
 * Biz originally an enzyme-based laundry pre-soak, later a detergent booster, then an all-fabric bleach, sold to Redox Brands in 2000
 * Camay lightly scented bath soap, sold to Unilever in 2014/15.
 * Chloraseptic throat medicine and lozenges sold to Prestige Brands.
 * Cinch all-purpose glass and surface cleaner, was sold to Shansby Group, a San Francisco investment firm, later acquired by Prestige Brands.
 * Clairol, formerly a personal products division of Procter & Gamble making hair coloring, hair spray, shampoo, hair conditioner, and styling products. It was sold to Coty, on October 1, 2016
 * Balsam coloring brand (part of Clairol)
 * Natural Instincts hair coloring (part of Clairol)
 * Perfect Lights hair coloring (part of Clairol)
 * Coast bar-soap brand sold to Dial Corporation in 2000. Dial now owned by Henkel, Coast brand now owned by High Ridge Brands.
 * Comet long-time P&G brand of cleanser owned now by Prestige Brands
 * Crisco (vegetable oil and shortening) sold to The J.M. Smucker Company then sold to B&G Foods
 * Crush/Hires/Sun Drop carbonated soft drinks (sold to Cadbury Schweppes in late 1980s)
 * Dantrium sold to JHP Pharmaceuticals and SpePharm
 * Dash taken over by Dalli-Werke (dalli group)
 * Dari Creme refrigerated margarine (Philippines), sold to San Miguel Corporation in 1994, under the Magnolia brand.
 * Duncan Hines packaged cake mixes, sold to Aurora Foods (now Pinnacle Foods) in 1998
 * Duracell batteries sold to Berkshire Hathaway in 2016.
 * Escudo (Safeguard soap in Mexico), sold to Kimberly-Clark in 2016.
 * Fisher Nuts sold to John B. Sanfilippo and Son, Inc., in 1995
 * Fit fruit and vegetable cleaning wash licensed to HealthPro Brands in January 2004
 * Folgers coffee was acquired by The J.M. Smucker Company based in Orrville, Ohio, in June 2008.
 * Gleem toothpaste (still being made by P&G, merged into the Crest brand as Crest Fresh and White)
 * Hawaiian Punch now owned by Keurig Dr Pepper
 * Iams cat and dog foods, sold to Mars Incorporated in 2014.
 * Infusium 23 (shampoos/conditioners) sold to Helen of Troy Limited's Idelle Labs unit in March 2009
 * Jif (peanut butter) divested by Procter & Gamble in a spin-off to their stockholders, followed by an immediate merger with The J.M. Smucker Company in 2002
 * Joy operations in the United States was sold to JoySuds LLC in September 2019.
 * Lava sold to WD-40 in 1999
 * Lilt Home Permanents, including "Push Button" Lilt, The First "Foam-In" Home Permanent In A Can. Sold To Schwartzkopf/DEP in 1987, later discontinued
 * Max Factor (sold to Coty)
 * Mayon cooking oil (Philippines)
 * Millstone coffee was acquired by The J.M. Smucker Company as part of its Folger's coffee acquisition in Orrville, Ohio in June 2008, Discontinued since 2016.
 * Monsavon soaps (France), sold to Sara Lee Corporation in 1998; now owned by Unilever since 2009
 * Noxzema skin cream and beauty products line sold to Alberto-Culver in 2008 (now owned by Unilever)
 * Oxydol sold to Redox Brands in 2000; Oxydol was P&G's first popular laundry soap, then later became a laundry detergent after Tide was introduced in 1946.
 * Perla laundry bar soap (Philippines), sold to SCPG Asia-Pacific Inc. in 2016
 * Pert Plus was sold to Innovative Brands, LLC in July 2006.
 * Prell shampoo sold to Prestige Brands International in 1999
 * Primex shortening (sold to ACH in 2001)
 * Pringles potato chips sold to Kellogg Company in June 2012
 * Pur, brand of water filtration products. The brand was acquired from Recovery Engineering, Inc. in 1999 for approximately US$213 million. P&G sold Pur to Helen of Troy in January 2012 for an undisclosed amount.
 * Royale (Canada) brand of toilet paper. The original product was merged into the Charmin brand; Irving Tissue then acquired the trademark and re-introduced the brand on its own products.
 * Salvo brand of detergent tablets which was sold from around 1958 up to circa February 8, 1974-1978
 * Spic and Span now owned by The Spic and Span Company, a division of Prestige Brands
 * Star non-refrigerated margarine (Philippines), sold to San Miguel Corporation in 1994, under the Magnolia brand.
 * Sunny Delight orange drink spun off in 2004.
 * Sunshine margarine
 * Sure anti-perspirant/deodorant line was sold in October 2006 to brand-development firm Innovative Brands
 * Swisse the distribution rights of popular vitamin line were sold back to Swisse Wellness in 2017
 * ThermaCare brand heat wraps sold to medical company Wyeth in 2008
 * Thrill a peach-scented brand of dishwashing liquid, discontinued after 1973.
 * Top Job all-purpose cleaner merged into the Mr. Clean brand in 1990
 * Victor shortening
 * Wash & Go haircare sold to Conter S.r.l. effective June 30, 2015
 * Wella, Clairol, CoverGirl Makeup sold to Coty (2016)
 * Whirl butter flavored oil (sold to ACH in 2001)
 * Wondra brand of hand lotion sold from 1976 to 1989.
 * Zest deodorant body bar and body washes sold to High Ridge Brands Co. on January 4, 2011

Discontinued brands
Brands owned by Procter & Gamble in the past, but since phased out:
 * Banner, Summit, and White Cloud toilet tissues were merged with the company's best known bathroom tissue, Charmin. White Cloud was sold exclusively in Walmart stores in the U.S. before Kruger Products took over the brand and, with Walmart focusing on other brands, sold it in other stores
 * Big Top, brand of peanut butter before Jif made its debut.
 * Blossom, facial soap
 * Bonus, brand of laundry detergent that had children's books or towels in every box; sold from 1940s to 1977.
 * Citrus Hill, orange juice drink sold from 1983 to 1992
 * Drene (a.k.a. Special Drene, Royal Drene), liquid shampoo. First shampoo made from synthetic detergent.
 * Duz, powdered laundry soap and later, a powdered laundry detergent which had glassware and plates in each box; sold from 1920s to 1980.
 * Encaprin, coated aspirin
 * Fling, disposable dishcloth brand.
 * Fluffo, golden yellow shortening sold mid-1950s to early 1960s.
 * Fresco bath soap
 * Gleem, toothpaste last made in 2014. Procter and Gamble plans to sell the Gleem formulation under the brand name Crest Fresh and White.
 * Hidden Magic, hair spray.
 * High Point instant decaffeinated coffee, which had Lauren Bacall in its commercials; produced from 1974 to 1986.
 * Monchel, beauty soap
 * Nutri Delight, an instant orange juice drink, sold in the Philippines from 1999 to 2000.
 * OK, economy bar and packaged laundry soap.
 * Rely, super-absorbent tampons in production from 1976 to 1980. It was pulled off the market during the TSS crisis of the early 1980s.
 * Salvo, first concentrated tablet laundry detergent, which was discontinued c. February 8, 1974; later a dish detergent (sold in the U.S. 2004-2005; it is still sold in Latin America)
 * Shasta, cream shampoo sold late 1940s-mid-1950s.
 * Solo, liquid laundry detergent with fabric softener that was later merged into the Bold brand, and sold from 1979 to 1990.
 * Star Soap and Star Naphtha Soap Chips
 * Stardust, dry chlorine bleach (extensively test-marketed during the 1960s)
 * Sunshine Margarine
 * Swash, a range of laundry products and later a laundry appliance
 * Teel, liquid dentifrice sold late 1930s to late 1940s.
 * Tempo, brand of dry wipes, produced from 2000 to 2010.
 * Tender Leaf, tea brand sold from 1940s to 1975.
 * Thrill, dishwashing liquid last made in 1973
 * Torengos, stackable, triangular-shaped, corn-based snack chip sold from 2001 to 2003
 * Wondra lotion for dry skin. There were many formulas. (The first major brand to use "silicones") Sold from 1976 to 1989.

title: List of Procter & Gamble brands


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Using mobile phones

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:48, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Using mobile phones
Nip this one in the bud. WP is not a user guide. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 18:55, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Delete with hot sauce. -- Antaeus Feldspar 19:01, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've left a note with the creator of the article that this is wikibooks material not wikipedia. Maybe redirect to prevent recreation? Pcb21| Pete 19:05, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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George Winston

George Otis Winston III (February 11, 1949 – June 4, 2023) was an American pianist performing contemporary instrumental music. Best known for his solo piano recordings, Winston released his first album in 1972, and came to prominence with his 1980 album Autumn, which was followed in 1982 by Winter into Spring and ''December. All three became platinum-selling albums, with December'' becoming a triple-platinum album. A total of 16 solo albums were released, accumulating over 15 million records sold, with the 1994 album Forest earning Winston a Grammy award for Best New Age Album. Winston received four other Grammy nominations, including one for Best Children's Music Album, performed with actress Meryl Streep, and another for Best Contemporary Instrumental Album for his interpretation of works by the rock band the Doors.

Winston played in three styles: the melodic approach that he developed and called "rural folk piano"; stride piano, primarily inspired by Fats Waller and Teddy Wilson; and his primary interest, New Orleans rhythm and blues (R&B) piano, influenced by James Booker, Professor Longhair and Henry Butler. While the majority of his recordings were in the folk piano style, Winston mostly enjoyed playing R&B piano. His musical style has been classified as new age and sometimes classical, but he rejected both labels.

Winston also played the guitar and harmonica. His interest in the Hawaiian slack-key guitar led him to start his own record label, Dancing Cat Records.

Early life and education
George Otis Winston III was born in Hart, Michigan on February 11, 1949. He was raised mainly in Montana (Miles City and Billings), as well as Mississippi and Florida. As a youth, his musical interests included instrumentals of the R&B, rock, pop and jazz genres, especially those by organists. In 1965 at age 16, he became interested in Vince Guaraldi's music when the animated television special A Charlie Brown Christmas premiered, and he soon purchased the soundtrack album featuring Guaraldi's music. Over the next few years, Winston purchased all of Guaraldi's releases and watched each new Peanuts special to hear Guaraldi's newest music. After hearing the Doors in 1967, he was inspired to play the organ. In 1971, he switched to solo piano after hearing the stride pianists Fats Waller, Teddy Wilson and later Earl Hines, Donald Lambert and Cleo Brown.

After graduating from Coral Gables Senior High School in Coral Gables, Florida in 1967, Winston attended Stetson University in DeLand, Florida, where he majored in sociology. While he did not complete his undergraduate degree, following his rise to prominence, the university awarded him an honorary doctor of arts degree.

Solo piano works
Winston was first recorded by John Fahey for Fahey's Takoma Records. His debut album Piano Solos disappeared without much notice, although it was later reissued on Windham Hill Records under the title Ballads and Blues 1972. In 1979, Winston sent a demo tape to William Ackerman, who had started his new record label, Windham Hill, in 1976. Ackerman offered to produce his next album, which became Autumn; it was soon the best-selling record in the label's catalog. Both Autumn and the following album Winter into Spring went platinum, signifying million-plus shipment in the United States. The Christmas album December became an even greater success, and it was certified triple platinum for shipment of three million.

On the heels of his three successful albums, Winston composed the score to accompany Meryl Streep's narration on The Velveteen Rabbit in 1984, earning a Grammy nomination for Best Children's Music Album. At the request of producer Lee Mendelson in 1988, he provided the music for the TV miniseries This Is America, Charlie Brown, which Winston considered a highlight of his career. At the 38th Annual Grammy Awards in 1996, Winston won the award for Best New Age Album for Forest. Two of his other works, Plains (1999) and Montana: A Love Story (2004), were also later nominated for best new age album.

Winston released two albums of Guaraldi's music. In 1996, he released Linus and Lucy: The Music of Vince Guaraldi, primarily devoted to the theme music Guaraldi wrote for the Peanuts cartoons: fifteen television specials and one feature film, ranging from 1965 until Guaraldi's death in 1976. "I love his melodies and his chord progressions", Winston said of Guaraldi. "He has a really personal way of doing voicings." Winston recorded a follow-up album in 2020, Love Will Come: The Music of Vince Guaraldi, Volume 2. In 2022, he was planning a third volume, Count the Ways: The Music of Vince Guaraldi Volume 3.

Winston's 2002 album Night Divides the Day – The Music of the Doors consists of solo piano renditions of music by the rock band the Doors. The title of the album is a lyric from the band's song "Break on Through (To the Other Side)". The album received a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Instrumental Album. Winston suffered from a number of illnesses, and while recuperating from a bout of cancer in 2013, he played the piano in the medical center auditorium, creating 21 pieces, that he says were "kind of circular" and "minimalist". In 2014, he included three of the pieces in a Spring Carousel EP, and a 15-track album, called Spring Carousel: A Cancer Research Benefit released on March 31. Proceeds benefit City of Hope Hospital near Los Angeles, where he was treated and subsequently composed the musical work.

On May 3, 2019, Winston released his 15th solo piano album, Restless Wind. The 11-song collection includes his interpretations of music by Sam Cooke, The Doors, Stephen Stills, George and Ira Gershwin, Country Joe McDonald, among others. "By virtue of his boundless imagination, Winston's musical portrayals provide new textures and tones that illuminate the original compositions while discovering fresh insights and common musical themes", wrote Jazziz about Restless Wind. To kick off the release, Winston performed a concert at Pittsburgh's Carnegie of Homestead Music Hall that benefited the Creative Arts Program, which provides scholarships to pay for music therapy. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard New Age Charts, and No. 2 on the Billboard Jazz Charts.

In July 2019, at the National Music Council's 2019 American Eagle Award Honor ceremony that recognized Vince Guaraldi, Winston performed his versions of the musician's work. From his grand piano, Winston told the audience:

"I love Vince's piano playing, and I love his compositions. I play way more of his songs than by any other composer. I first heard him in 1962, with 'Cast Your Fate to the Wind'....And then in December 1965, I was a fan of animation, and I saw in the TV Guide that there was going to be a cartoon of the Peanuts characters, A Charlie Brown Christmas. And I thought, wow, I've got to see that. A lot of us remember where we were, the first time we heard 'Linus and Lucy' in that special, during the dance segment.... Vince's piano just drove me crazy. And I went to the record store the next day—just to go to the record store—and there was the Charlie Brown Christmas soundtrack, up on the wall. And I looked at it, and thought, Oh, Vince Guaraldi, the 'Cast Your Fate' guy. The TV episode credits had run by so fast, I hadn't seen it was Vince Guaraldi. So I got the album, and found 'Linus and Lucy', and played it about 100 times on my record player."

In 1983, Winston started his own label, Dancing Cat Records, which released his albums, with distribution by Windham Hill until the mid-2000s and subsequently by RCA. He primarily launched the label to record artists playing the Hawaiian slack-key guitar, which he admired.

Non-piano recordings
In addition to his piano work, Winston played solo harmonica (mainly Appalachian fiddle tunes and ballads) and solo acoustic guitar (mainly Appalachian fiddle tunes and slack-key guitar pieces). He provided the guitar soundtrack to Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes in 1995. Both his harmonica and guitar playing can be heard on his benefit album Remembrance: A Memorial Benefit, which was released shortly after the September 11 attacks. In 2006, he recorded another benefit album, Gulf Coast Blues & Impressions: A Hurricane Relief Benefit, followed by Gulf Coast Blues & Impressions 2: A Louisiana Wetlands Benefit in 2012.

Winston's Dancing Cat Records produced recordings of slack-key guitarists, including artists Keola Beamer, Sonny Chillingworth, Leonard Kwan, Dennis Kamakahi, Ray Kane, Cyril Pahinui, Bla Pahinui, Martin Pahinui, Ledward Kaapana, Georg Kuo, Ozzie Kotani, George Kahumoku Jr., Moses Kahumoku, Cindy Combs and others. He also worked on recording the American traditional musicians Sam Hinton, Rick Epping and Curt Bouterse.

Musical and performance style
Many of Winston's melodic pieces were self-described as "rural folk piano" or "folk piano", a style he developed in 1971 to complement the up-tempo stride piano he had been inspired to play by Fats Waller's recordings from the 1920s and 1930s. These melodic pieces evoked the essence of a season and reflect natural landscapes. The third style he played was New Orleans R&B piano, influenced mainly by James Booker, Professor Longhair, Henry Butler, as well as Dr. John and Jon Cleary. He had been called the "Father of New Age" because his album Autumn was released by Windham Hill Records often described as a new age label; Winston himself denied that his music was new age.

Winston dressed unassumingly for his shows, playing in stocking feet, stating that it quieted his "hard beat pounding" left foot. For years, the balding, bearded Winston would walk out on stage in a flannel shirt and jeans, and the audience would think he was a technician, coming to tune the nine-foot New York Steinways that are his piano of choice. According to the Austin American Statesman in 2015: "As for his piano playing, Winston remains a master of both tone and invention. Starting with a bluesy tune inspired by Professor Longhair—Winston's most recent albums have included two Gulf Coast-inspired collections—he proceeded through seasonal favorites "Rain" (from 1982's Winter Into Spring) and "Woods" (from 1980s Autumn). On the latter, he created remarkable 'hollowed' sounds to some notes by reaching inside the piano and muting strings with one hand while striking keys with the other."

On April 19, 2010, he appeared as the sole guest on show 575 of the multimedia WoodSongs Old-Time Radio Hour. Twenty minutes into the program, he described an unusual method of playing the piano with muted strings, a development inspired by watching blues guitar players. He can be seen reaching into the piano with his left hand and muting the strings, while with his right hand he is playing "An African in the Americas".

Personal life
In his later life, Winston resided in the San Francisco Bay Area. He was active in philanthropy, frequently performing in concerts for various charitable causes.

Death
Winston suffered from several forms of cancer, including thyroid cancer, skin cancer, and myelodysplastic syndrome, the last of which was resolved following a bone marrow transplant in 2013. He died of cancer in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, on June 4, 2023, at age 74. He was survived by his sister.

Discography
Source:

Solo harmonica album

 * 2012 Harmonica Solos

Benefit EPs, albums and singles

 * 2001 Remembrance - A Memorial Benefit (piano, guitar & harmonica solos)
 * 2013 Silent Night - A Benefit Single for Feeding America
 * 2017 Spring Carousel: A Cancer Research Benefit

Soundtracks

 * 1984 The Velveteen Rabbit (solo piano soundtrack with narration by Meryl Streep)
 * 1988 This Is America, Charlie Brown—The Birth of the Constitution (piano & harpsichord solos)
 * 1995 Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes (solo guitar soundtrack with narration by Liv Ullmann)
 * 2002 Pumpkin Circle (solo piano, guitar and harmonica soundtrack with narration by Danny Glover)
 * 2003 Bread Comes to Life (solo piano, guitar and harmonica soundtrack with narration by Lily Tomlin)

title: George Winston


text: User talk:81.132.3.69

title: User talk:81.132.3.69


text:
Warren Cup

The Warren Cup is an ancient Greco-Roman silver drinking cup decorated in relief with two images of male same-sex acts. It was purchased by the British Museum for £1.8 million in 1999, the most expensive single purchase by the museum at that time. It is usually dated to the time of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (1st century AD).

The cup is named after its first modern owner, the American Edward Perry Warren, notable for his art collection, which also included the marble version of Rodin's The Kiss, now in Tate Modern, and an Adam and Eve by Lucas Cranach the Elder, now in the Courtauld Institute of Art, both also in London.

Imagery
Representations of sexual acts are widely found in Roman art, although surviving male-female scenes greatly outnumber same-sex couples. It cannot be assumed that homoerotic art was uncommon as the modern record may be biased due to selective destruction or non-publication of pederastic works in later times. Illustrated drinking cups, often in pairs, were intended as dinner-party conversation pieces. Roman artwork on pottery, glass and wall-paintings with sexual acts represented were popular and were intended to be seen by all sections of society. The Romans had no word for homosexuality, and the images on the Warren Cup provide an important insight into this aspect of their culture.

One side of the Warren Cup depicts a "bearded man" and a "beardless youth" engaging in anal sex in a reclining position, with the youth lowering himself using a strap or sash to be penetrated. A boy watches from behind a door. The two figures do not appear to be a great difference in age and are of a similar size. The apparent weight of the upper figure, as he lowers himself onto his lover's penis using the support, makes this a non-traditional passive role. The use of a strap or support during sex can be found in other Greek and Roman artworks, a close example being an erotic cup by Onesimos where a woman spreads her legs in anticipation while grasping a strap with her left hand.

The other side depicts another scene of anal sex, between a "beardless" and clean-shaven "young man" and a smaller figure with long hair indicating he is a "boy" or "adolescent" (now the "eromenos"). The boy's hairstyle is typical of the puer delicatus, a servant-boy or cup or armour bearer. Roman same-sex practice differed from that of the Greeks, among whom pederasty was a socially acknowledged relationship between freeborn males of equal social status. Roman men, however, were free to engage in same-sex relations without a perceived loss of masculinity only as long as they took the penetrative role and their partner was a social inferior such as a slave or male prostitute: the paradigm of "correct" male sexuality was one of conquest and domination. There are significant differences to pederastic scenes found on classical Greek vases. The sex act is presented in graphic detail, and the "beardless youth" appears to encourage the penetration, grasping his lover's arm. In Roman artwork there is an assumption that the penetrated youth is a slave or prostitute and on the Warren Cup, a mutual tenderness is represented.

Both scenes show draped textiles in the background, as well as a cithara (appearing as an eleven-stringed lyre, often symbolic of pleasure and drinking parties ) in the former scene and tibiae (reeded pipes) with finger holes being depicted in the latter. These, along with the careful delineation of ages and status and the wreaths worn by the youths, all suggest a cultured, elite, Hellenized setting with music and entertainment.

The active partners in the two sexual depictions are wearing leaf crowns, likely to be symbolically made from myrtle. Myrtle is an evergreen shrub, grown in the Roman period for medical and ritual purposes, such as weddings, and dedicated to Venus, the Roman goddess of sexuality and love. It has a smaller leaf than the more commonly depicted laurel. Myrtle was used to create the corona ovalis, a military crown awarded as an ovation but a far lesser award than the insignis corona triumphalis, one interpretation of the use of myrtle crowns on the Warren Cup, being a visual pun of homosexual penetration as an easy victory.

Modern provenance
Warren purchased the cup in Rome from a dealer in 1911 for £2,000. It was bought in Jerusalem and said to have been found near the city in Battir (ancient Betar), with coins of the emperor Claudius, possibly buried during the upheavals of the Jewish Revolt. "We don't know for certain, but it is thought that the Warren Cup was found buried at Bittir, a town a few miles south-west of Jerusalem. How it got to this location is a mystery, but we can make a guess. We can date the making of the cup to around the year 10. About 50 years later, the Roman occupation of Jerusalem sparked tensions between the rulers and the Jewish community, and in AD 66 that exploded and the Jews took back the city by force. There were violent confrontations, and it is thought that our cup may have been buried at this date by the owner fleeing from the fighting."

The cup became a prized item in Warren's large art collection, referring to it with friends as the "Holy Grail". The first publication featuring the cup was in 1921, when Gaston Vorberg published a volume of 113 plates of erotic artwork from ancient artefacts. The photographs show the cup in an uncleaned state. The cup was included in Warren's book A defence of Uranian Love, first published in 1928 under his pseudonym of Arthur Lyon Raile.

On Warren's death in 1928, the cup became part of the inheritance for Asa Thomas, Warren's secretary and eventual business partner. It was part of the auction of the contents of Lewes House. in 1929, but failed to sell and stayed hidden away in the Thomas' attic. The cup was sent for cleaning after the Lewes House auction and photographs taken of the cup in 1931 show that it had been cleaned before that year.

In November 1952 Harold W. Parsons, an art historian and one of Warren's past companions, took responsibility for selling the cup and approached the New York collector Walter Baker, however Baker was hesitant to proceed. In February 1953 it was posted by Thomas to Walter Baker, however US Customs impounded the box requiring a decision from Washington as to whether to admit it or to prohibit it as pornography. It was refused entry to the US on that basis and it took until October 1954 to be returned to the UK, by which time Thomas had died. After that event, a number of museums declined to buy it. Thomas's widow sold the cup to the dealer John K. Hewett. Hewett offered the cup to Denys Haynes, Keeper of the Greek and Roman Department at the British Museum who then sought an opinion from his friend Lord Crawford, a Trustee of the museum. However, the decision went no further as they thought that they would never persuade the museum's Trustees who were chaired by the Archbishop of Canterbury.

In 1966 the Cup was offered for sale at £6,000 and bought by a private collector abroad.

In 1998 it was removed from the Metropolitan Museum of Art and sold to a British private collector. The cup was then acquired by its present owner, the British Museum, in 1999 for £1.8 million, with funds provided by the Heritage Lottery Fund, National Art Collections Fund and The British Museum Friends, to prevent its going abroad again. This was, at that time, the most expensive single item ever acquired by the British Museum, and many times the price at which it had been offered to them in the 1950s.

Dating and authenticity
John R. Clarke, Professor in Fine Arts at the University of Texas at Austin, has approximated the dating of the cup with similarly styled objects found in Pompeii, due to the lack of archaeological context.

Dyfri Williams, previously the Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum, dated the cup to 5–15 CE. Williams identified several factors supporting that dating. The silver alloy being 95% pure is consistent with other known Roman silver vessels, with silver from later periods having a far higher purity. Cracks in the cup retain chemical corrosion products which are symptomatic of age, remaining despite being cleaned twice during the 20th century. An EDX analysis showed that the corrosion was silver chloride. Subsequent testing in 2015 of the inside repoussé shelf and the reverse of the liner, neither of which had been cleaned, found substantial silver chloride corrosion. The decorative style and shape have a close parallel with many other vessels of the period, such as the Chryses kantharos and the closely matching figures of nude men on the Hoby skyphoi, discovered in Lolland in Denmark a decade after the Warren cup was first recorded.

In 2008 and 2013, Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs argued on iconographic grounds that the Warren Cup is a modern forgery executed around 1900 to meet the tastes of Edward Perry Warren, the amateur collector who introduced the artifact to the world. Luca Giuliani, a professor of Classical Archaeology at Humboldt University, initially also argued on iconographic grounds that the Warren Cup was likely to be a twentieth-century forgery. However, he subsequently found that evidence of substantial silver chloride corrosion conclusively established the cup's authenticity.

Manufacture and condition
The Warren Cup is an estimated 95% pure silver with some copper and trace amounts of lead and gold. It was made in five sections:
 * 1) the main bowl, which was hammered thin from inside and subsequently finished off from the outside to produce the figures in relief;
 * 2) a separate plain inner liner bowl of thicker sheet silver with a solid rim, to make the cup easier to use and to clean;
 * 3) a base in solid silver;
 * 4) a cast foot soldered to the base;
 * 5) two handles, now missing.

The cup is etched and pitted due to the effect of corrosive cleaning deposits; however, remnants of silver chloride and black silver sulphide survive in crevices. A crack runs from the rim, around the figure of the boy on one side. The base is distorted and broken with the pedestal having been pushed up, denting the cup and causing the cup to lean at an angle. The damage to the base was in modern times, thought to have occurred when the cup was cleaned in the 20th century. The foot was soldered back on to the cup in modern times. It is thought that the cup was moulded twice in modern times due to remains of plaster and silicone rubber found in crevices.

Exhibition history
During the 1920s, Warren lent the cup to the Martin von Wagner Museum in Würzburg.

In 1985 through to 1991 the Warren Cup was on loan and on display by the Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig, Basel. From 1992 to 1998, the cup was put on display at Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York as an anonymous loan.

It was the subject of a devoted exhibition in Room 3 at the British Museum from 11 May to 2 July 2006, entitled "The Warren Cup: Sex and society in ancient Greece and Rome." "We wanted to show this fantastic object in a context in which we could ask how much we understand about attitudes to sexuality when it was made. These objects seem extraordinary to us now, but there were many objects in common use, and wall paintings and mosaics in baths and in private houses, showing very similar imagery."

From December 2006 to January 2007 it was exhibited at the Yorkshire Museum. The Warren Cup is the 36th object in A History of the World in 100 Objects, a BBC Radio 4 series first broadcast in 2010. In 2011 (January to April) it was lent to the University of Nottingham for an exhibition in the Weston Gallery titled "Roman Sexuality: Images, Myths and Meanings."

In 2012 the cup was exhibited at Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery in an LGBT "Pride in Our Past Exhibition".

An exhibition on the Isle of Wight on "Roman Sexuality: Images, Myths and Meanings" featured the cup in February to July 2014, at the Brading Roman Villa.

Replicas
Due to his interest in the cup, Warren had a replica made for John Beazley. The replica was donated to the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford as part of the Beazley Gift in 1966. The replica became a prominent feature in an exhibition at the museum in 1985.

There are six known replicas of the original Warren Cup. In April 2014, a copy owned by an anonymous private collector in Cape Town, South Africa, was stolen.

title: Warren Cup


text:
Charles Ogden

Charles Ogden may refer to:

 * Charles Kay Ogden (1889–1957), British linguist and philosopher
 * Charles Ogden (children's writer), writer of the Edgar & Ellen series of children's books
 * Charles F. Ogden (1873–1933), U.S. Representative from Kentucky
 * Charles Richard Ogden (1791–1866), Canadian politician

title: Charles Ogden


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jose Antonio Remon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Redirect, Merge. CSTAR 17:24, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Jose Antonio Remon
I created another page José Antonio Remón Cantera, with the subject's full name; it's just a stub, but contains more information than the current page.
 * Comment -- 24.151.56.32, this situation may not require a deletion. It may only require a Redirect. Please see Redirect for details. Zzyzx11 23:54, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to José Antonio Remón Cantera, and add redirect. Megan1967 01:37, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Remarks. There doesn't seem to be much disagreement. It's obvious what needs to be done. I will take th ematerial from Jose Antonio Remon that is not included in José Antonio Remón Cantera and merge it. The only "loss" will be the edit history of Jose Antonio Remon, which consists of three anonymous entries and one logged-in entry.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
File:Ussakmakam-1.jpg

Ussak Makam 1

Source
Yılmaz, Zeki. Türk Mûsıkîsi Dersleri. (2001). ISBN 975-95729-1-5.

Links to
Maqam

title: File:Ussakmakam-1.jpg


text:
User talk:Leyanese

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! It's good to see someone else on Countering Systemic Bias Cheers, -  BanyanTree 19:06, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
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 * Manual of Style

Africa
You voted for Africa, this week's CSB Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. A list of concerns about the article have been placed on its talk page. Banyan Tree 18:31, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

You voted for Burundi Civil War, this week's CSB Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. -  Banyan Tree  20:38, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leyanese


text:
File:Ussakmakam-2.jpg

Ussak Makam 2

Source
Yılmaz, Zeki. Türk Mûsıkîsi Dersleri. (2001). ISBN 975-95729-1-5.

Links to
Maqam

title: File:Ussakmakam-2.jpg


text:
Michael Calce

Michael Calce (born 1984, also known as MafiaBoy) is a security expert and former computer hacker from Île Bizard, Quebec, who launched a series of highly publicized denial-of-service attacks in February 2000 against large commercial websites, including Yahoo!, Fifa.com, Amazon.com, Dell, Inc., E*TRADE, eBay, and CNN. He also launched a series of failed simultaneous attacks against nine of the thirteen root name servers.

Early life
Calce was born in the West Island area of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. When he was five, his parents separated and he lived with his mother after she had won a lengthy battle for primary custody. Every second weekend he would stay at his father's condo in Montreal proper. He felt isolated from his friends back home and troubled by the separation of his parents, so his father purchased him his own computer at the age of six. It instantly had a hold on him: "I can remember sitting and listening to it beep, gurgle and churn as it processed commands. I remember how the screen lit up in front of my face. There was something intoxicating about the idea of dictating everything the computer did, down to the smallest of functions. The computer gave me, a six-year-old, a sense of control and command. Nothing else in my world operated that way."

Project Rivolta
On February 7, 2000, Calce targeted Yahoo! with a project he named Rivolta, meaning "rebellion" in Italian. Rivolta was a DDoS (distributed-denial-of-service) attack in which servers become overloaded with different types of communications to the point where they become unresponsive to commands. At the time, Yahoo! was a multibillion-dollar web company and the top search engine. Mafiaboy's Rivolta managed to shut down Yahoo! for almost an hour. Calce's goal was, according to him, to establish dominance for himself and TNT, his cybergroup, in the cyberworld. Buy.com was targeted in a similar attack afterwards that has been attributed to Calce. Calce claims he was not responsible and that a different hacker performed the DDOS as a challenge to coax him into targeting other websites. Calce responded to this in turn by bringing down eBay, CNN, Amazon, and Dell via DDoS over the next week.

In a 2011 interview, Calce claimed that the attacks had been launched unwittingly, after inputting known addresses in a security tool he had downloaded from a repository on the now defunct file-sharing platform Hotline, developed by Hotline Communications. Calce left for school, forgetting the application which continued the attacks during most of the day. Upon coming home Calce says that he found his computer crashed, and restarted it unaware of what had gone on during the day. Calce claimed that when he overheard the news and recognized the companies mentioned being those he had inputted earlier in the day, he "started to understand what might have happened".

Aftermath
The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police first noticed Calce when he started claiming in IRC chatrooms that he was responsible for the attacks. He became the chief suspect when he claimed to have brought down Dell's website, an attack that had not been publicized at that time. Information on the source of the attacks was initially discovered and reported to the press by Michael Lyle, chief technology officer of Recourse Technologies. Australian News Anchor Sandra Sully reported that it was apparently an Australian coder that initiated the sting performed in the IRC channel. Unreported using the nickname Ocker.

Calce initially denied responsibility but later pleaded guilty to over 50 charges brought against him. His lawyer insisted the child had only run unsupervised tests to help design an improved firewall, whereas trial records indicated the youth showed no remorse and had expressed a desire to move to Italy for its lax computer crime laws. The Montreal Youth Court sentenced him on September 12, 2001 to eight months of "open custody," one year of probation, restricted use of the Internet, and a small fine.

Matthew Kovar, a senior analyst at the market research firm Yankee Group, generated some publicity when he told reporters the attacks caused US$1.2 billion in global economic damages. Media outlets would later attribute a then-1.45:1 conversion value of 1.7 billion CAD to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Computer security experts now often cite the larger figure (sometimes incorrectly declaring it in U.S. dollars), but a published report says the trial prosecutor gave the court a figure of roughly $7.5 million.

Significance
While testifying at a hearing before members of the United States Congress, computer expert Winn Schwartau said that "Government and commercial computer systems are so poorly protected today they can essentially be considered defenseless - an Electronic Pearl Harbor waiting to happen." The fact that the largest website in the world could be rendered inaccessible by a 15-year-old created widespread concern. By this time, the internet had already become an integral part of the North American economy. Consumers lost confidence in online business and the American economy suffered a minor blow as a result. Former CIA agent Craig Guent credits Mafiaboy for the significant increase in online security that took place over the decade.

Later years
During the latter half of 2005, he wrote a column on computer security topics for Le Journal de Montréal.

In late 2008, with journalist Craig Silverman, Calce announced he was writing a book, Mafiaboy: How I Cracked the Internet and Why It's Still Broken.

On October 26, 2008, he appeared on the television program Tout le monde en parle to discuss his book. The book received generally positive reviews.

Calce appeared on a TV show, Last Call with Carson Daly, talking about his days as a hacker, how President Clinton became involved, and how it ultimately landed him in jail all at age 15.

In 2014, Calce appeared on the twelfth episode of the Criminal podcast.

title: Michael Calce


text:
Johann Benedict Listing

Johann Benedict Listing (25 July 1808 – 24 December 1882) was a German mathematician.

J. B. Listing was born in Frankfurt and died in Göttingen. He finished his studies at the University of Göttingen in 1834, and in 1839 he succeeded Wilhelm Weber as professor of physics.

Listing first introduced the term "topology" to replace the older term "geometria situs" (also called sometimes "Analysis situs"), in a famous article published in 1847, although he had used the term in correspondence some years earlier. He (independently) discovered the properties of the Möbius strip, or half-twisted strip, at the same time (1858) as August Ferdinand Möbius, and went further in exploring the properties of strips with higher-order twists (paradromic rings). He discovered topological invariants which came to be called Listing numbers.

In ophthalmology, Listing's law describes an essential element of extraocular eye muscle coordination.

In geodesy, he coined in 1872 the term geoid for the idealized geometric surface of the figure of the Earth.

title: Johann Benedict Listing


text:
Philomath

A philomath is a lover of learning and studying.

The term is from Greek philos (φίλος; "beloved", "loving", as in philosophy or philanthropy) and manthanein, math- (μανθάνειν, μαθ-; "to learn", as in polymath).

Philomathy is similar to, but distinguished from, philosophy in that -soph, the latter suffix, specifies "wisdom" or "knowledge", rather than the process of acquisition thereof. Philomath is not synonymous with polymath, as a polymath is someone who possesses great and detailed knowledge and facts from a variety of disciplines, while a philomath is someone who greatly enjoys learning and studying.

Overview
The shift in meaning for is likely a result of the rapid categorization during the time of Plato and Aristotle of their  in terms of education: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music (the quadrivium), which the Greeks found to create a "natural grouping" of mathematical (in the modern usage; "doctrina mathematica" in the ancient usage) precepts.

In a philosophical dialogue, King James penned the character Philomathes to debate on arguments of whether the ancient religious concepts of witchcraft should be punished in a politically fueled Christian society. The arguments King James poses through the character Epistemon are based on concepts of theological reasoning regarding society's belief, as his opponent, Philomathes, takes a philosophical stance on society's legal aspects but seeks to obtain the knowledge of Epistemon. This philosophical approach signified a philomath seeking to obtain greater knowledge through epistemology. The dialogue was used by King James to educate society on various concepts including the history and etymology of the subjects debated.

title: Philomath


text:
Aline Lahoud

Aline Lahoud (ألين لحود; born 2 March 1981) is a Lebanese singer.

Life
Lahoud's parents are Salwa Al Katrib and producer Nahi Lahoud. She studied singing and dramatic art from 2002 until 2006. In 2006, she received a BA degree in Communication Arts, majoring in Screenplay and Directing Studies.

Career
After winning the international prize at the Megahit-International Mediterranean Song Contest in Turkey, Lahoud was selected by Télé Liban to represent in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005, with the song "Quand tout s'enfuit". However, Lebanon withdrew from the contest.

In 2014, Lahoud participated in the third season of The Voice: la plus belle voix broadcast on French TV channel TF1. However after the initial battle round, Lahoud was eliminated from the show.

title: Aline Lahoud


text:
Astley Cooper

Sir Astley Paston Cooper, 1st Baronet  (23 August 1768 – 12 February 1841) was a British surgeon and anatomist, who made contributions to otology, vascular surgery, the anatomy and pathology of the mammary glands and testicles, and the pathology and surgery of hernia.

Life
Cooper was born at Brooke Hall in Brooke, Norfolk on 23 August 1768 and baptised at the parish church on 9 September. His father, the Rev Dr Samuel Cooper, was a clergyman of the Church of England; his mother Maria Susanna Bransby was the author of several novels. At the age of sixteen he was sent to London and placed under Henry Cline (1750–1827), surgeon to St Thomas' Hospital. From the first he devoted himself to the study of anatomy, and had the privilege of attending the lectures of John Hunter. In 1789 he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy at St Thomas' Hospital, where in 1791 he became joint lecturer with Cline in anatomy and surgery, and in 1800 he was appointed surgeon to Guy's Hospital on the death of his uncle, William Cooper.

In 1802 Cooper received the Copley Medal for two papers read before the Royal Society of London on the destruction of the tympanic membrane and was elected a Fellow of that society the same year. In 1805 he took an active part in the formation of the Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, and in 1804 he brought out the first, and in 1807 the second, part of his great work on hernia, which added so largely to his reputation that in 1813 his annual professional income rose to 21,000 pounds sterling. In the same year he was appointed professor of comparative anatomy to the Royal College of Surgeons and was very popular as a lecturer.

In 1817 Cooper performed his famous operation of tying the abdominal aorta for aneurysm; and in 1820 he removed an infected sebaceous cyst from the head of George IV. About six months afterwards he received a baronetcy, which, as he had no son, was to descend to his nephew and adopted son, Astley Cooper. He was appointed sergeant surgeon to George IV in 1828. He served as president of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1827 and again in 1836, and he was elected a vice-president of the Royal Society in 1830. In 1821, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He died on 12 February 1841 in London, and is interred, by his own desire, in the crypt of the Chapel of Thomas Guy, St Thomas Street (on the site now shared by King's College London and Guy's Hospital). A statue by Edward Hodges Baily was erected in St Paul's Cathedral.

Cooper lived at Gadebridge House in the market town of Hemel Hempstead. Due to his influence, among others who were also residents of the area, his vigorous lobbying ensured that the London to Birmingham main railway line was constructed to the south of the town instead of through it, a more natural course. This led to the citizens of Hemel Hempstead having no railway station in their town.

Today, Cooper is remembered in the area with a number of local street names (Astley Cooper Place in the village of his birth, Brooke, Norfolk), (Astley Road and Paston Road in Hemel Hempstead), and The Astley Cooper School, formerly Grovehill school, being renamed after him in 1984.

Works
In the field of vascular surgery and cerebral circulation, Cooper was the first to demonstrate experimentally the effects of bilateral ligation of the carotid arteries in dogs and to propose treatment of aneurysms by ligation of the vessel. In 1805 he published in the first volume of Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, an account of his attempt to tie the common carotid artery for treating an aneurysm in a patient. In 1808 he tried the same with the external iliac artery for a femoral aneurysm and in 1817 he ligated the aorta for an iliac aneurysm. Cooper was an anatomist and identified several previously undescribed anatomical structures, many of which were named after him:
 * Cooper's fascia, a covering of the spermatic cord.
 * Cooper's pubic ligament, the superior pubic ligament.
 * Cooper's stripes, a fibrous structure in the ulnar ligaments.
 * Cooper's ligaments, the suspensory ligaments of the breasts.

He also described a number of new diseases, which likewise became eponymous:
 * Cooper's testis (neuralgia of the testicles)
 * Cooper's disease (benign cysts of the breast)
 * Cooper's hernia (retroperitoneal hernia)
 * Cooper's neuralgia (neuralgia of the breast)

His chief published works were:
 * Anatomy and Surgical Treatment of Hernia (1804–1807);
 * Dislocations and Fractures (1822);
 * Lectures on Surgery (1824–1827);
 * Illustrations of Diseases of the Breast (1829);
 * Anatomy of the Thymus Gland (1832);
 * Anatomy of the Breast (1840).

Many of Cooper's original experimental and surgical specimens are now held in the collections of the Gordon Museum of Pathology.

title: Astley Cooper


text:
Primary myelofibrosis

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a rare bone marrow blood cancer. It is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm, a group of cancers in which there is activation and growth of mutated cells in the bone marrow. This is most often associated with a somatic mutation in the JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes. In PMF, the bony aspects of bone marrow are remodeled in a process called osteosclerosis; in addition, fibroblast secrete collagen and reticulin proteins that are collectively referred to as (fibrosis). These two pathological processes compromise the normal function of bone marrow resulting in decreased production of blood cells such as erythrocytes (red cells), granulocytes and megakaryocytes, the latter cells responsible for the production of platelets.

Signs and symptoms include fever, night sweats, bone pain, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Increased infections, bleeding and an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) are also hallmarks of the disease. Patients with myelofibrosis have an increased risk of acute meyloid leukemia and frank bone marrow failure.

In 2016, prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis was formally classified as a distinct condition that progresses to overt PMF in many patients, the primary diagnostic difference being the grade of fibrosis.

Signs and symptoms
The primary feature of primary myelofibrosis is bone marrow fibrosis, but it is often accompanied by:
 * Abdominal fullness related to an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly).
 * Enlargement of both the liver and spleen
 * Splenomegaly due to extramedullary hematopoiesis (hematopoiesis occurring outside of the bone marrow)
 * Bone pain
 * Bruising and easy bleeding due to inadequate numbers of platelets
 * Increased risk of thrombosis
 * Cachexia (loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue)
 * Fatigue
 * Fevers
 * Chills
 * Weight loss
 * Gout and high uric acid levels
 * Increased susceptibility to infection, such as pneumonia
 * Pallor and shortness of breath due to anemia
 * Leukoerythroblastic smear (tear-drop RBCs, nucleated RBCs, and immature granulocytes)
 * In rarer cases, a raised red blood cell volume
 * Cutaneous myelofibrosis is a rare skin condition characterized by dermal and subcutaneous nodules.

Causes
The underlying cause of PMF is almost always related to an acquired mutation in JAK2, CALR or MPL in a hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell in the bone marrow. There is an association between mutations to the JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes and myelofibrosis. Approximately 90% of those with myelofibrosis have one of these mutations; 10% do not have mutations in these three genes. These mutations are not specific to myelofibrosis, but are observed in other myeloproliferative neoplasms, specifically polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia.

The JAK2 protein is mutated giving risk to a variant protein with an amino acid substitution commonly referred to as V617F; the mutation causing this variant is found in approximately half of individuals with primary myelofibrosis. The V617F subsitution is an amino acid change of valine to phenylalanine at the 617 position in the JAK2 protein. Janus kinases (JAKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinase part of the signaling pathway activated by receptors that recognize cytokines and growth factors. These include receptors for erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, most interleukins and interferon. JAK2 mutations play a significant role in the pathogenesis of all the MPNs because the recognized mutations all cause constitutive activation of the pathway controlling the production of blood cells arising from hematopoietic stem cells. The V617F subsustition also renders hematopoietic cells more sensitive to growth factors that use JAK2 for signal transduction, which include erythropoietin and thrombopoietin.

The MPL gene codes for a protein that acts as a receptor for thrombopoietin, a growth factor that enhances production of platelets. A mutation in that gene, resulting in the subsitution W515L, results in thrombopoietin receptor that is constitutively active even in the absence of thrompoietin. Abnormal megakaryocytes redominate in the bone marrow and platelet production is enhanced. The mutant megakaryocytes also release growth factors that stimulate other cells in the bone marrow including fibroblasts, the cells that are stimulated to secrete excess collagen, by secreting PDGF and TGF-β1.

Mechanism
Myelofibrosis is a clonal neoplastic disorder of hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cellular components. It is one of the myeloproliferative disorders, diseases of the bone marrow in which excess cells are produced at some stage. Production of cytokines such as fibroblast growth factor by the abnormal hematopoietic cell clone (particularly by megakaryocytes) leads to replacement of the hematopoietic tissue of the bone marrow by connective tissue via collagen fibrosis. The decrease in hematopoietic tissue impairs the patient's ability to generate new blood cells, resulting in progressive pancytopenia, a shortage of all blood cell types. However, the proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen is a secondary phenomenon, and the fibroblasts themselves are not part of the abnormal cell clone.

In primary myelofibrosis, progressive scarring, or fibrosis, of the bone marrow occurs, for the reasons outlined above. The result is extramedullary hematopoiesis, i.e. blood cell formation occurring in sites other than the bone marrow, as the hemopoietic cells are forced to migrate to other areas, particularly the liver and spleen. This causes an enlargement of these organs. In the liver, the abnormal size is called hepatomegaly. Enlargement of the spleen is called splenomegaly, which also contributes to causing pancytopenia, particularly thrombocytopenia and anemia. Another complication of extramedullary hematopoiesis is poikilocytosis, or the presence of abnormally shaped red blood cells.

Myelofibrosis can be a late complication of other myeloproliferative disorders, such as polycythemia vera, and less commonly, essential thrombocythemia. In these cases, myelofibrosis occurs as a result of somatic evolution of the abnormal hematopoietic stem cell clone that caused the original disorder. In some cases, the development of myelofibrosis following these disorders may be accelerated by the oral chemotherapy drug hydroxyurea.

Sites of hematopoiesis
The principal site of extramedullary hematopoiesis in myelofibrosis is the spleen, which is usually markedly enlarged, sometimes weighing as much as 4000 g. As a result of massive enlargement of the spleen, multiple subcapsular infarcts often occur in the spleen, meaning that due to interrupted oxygen supply to the spleen partial or complete tissue death happens. On the cellular level, the spleen contains red blood cell precursors, granulocyte precursors and megakaryocytes, with the megakaryocytes prominent in their number and in their bizarre shapes. Megakaryocytes are believed to be involved in causing the secondary fibrosis seen in this condition, as discussed under "Mechanism" above. Sometimes unusual activity of the red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets is seen. The liver is often moderately enlarged, with foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Microscopically, lymph nodes also contain foci of hematopoiesis, but these are insufficient to cause enlargement.

There are also reports of hematopoiesis taking place in the lungs. These cases are associated with hypertension in the pulmonary arteries.

The bone marrow in a typical case is hypercellular and diffusely fibrotic. Both early and late in disease, megakaryocytes are often prominent and are usually dysplastic.

Diagnosis
Epidemiologically, the disorder usually develops slowly and is mainly observed in people over the age of 50.

Diagnosis is made on the basis of bone marrow biopsy. Fibrosis grade 2 or 3 defines overt PMF whereas grade 0 or 1 defines prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis.

A physical exam of the abdomen may reveal enlargement of the spleen, the liver, or both. Bone marrow biopsy shows fibrosis of the bone marrow. In early stages, this fibrosis is characterised by scattered linear reticulin fibres.

Treatment
The one known curative treatment is allogeneic stem cell transplantation, but this approach involves significant risks. Other treatment options are largely supportive, and do not alter the course of the disorder (with the possible exception of ruxolitinib, as discussed below). These options may include regular folic acid, allopurinol or blood transfusions. Dexamethasone, alpha-interferon and hydroxyurea (also known as hydroxycarbamide) may play a role.

Lenalidomide and thalidomide may be used in its treatment, though peripheral neuropathy is a common troublesome side-effect.

Splenectomy is sometimes considered as a treatment option for patients with myelofibrosis in whom massive splenomegaly is contributing to anaemia because of hypersplenism, particularly if they have a heavy requirement for blood transfusions. However, splenectomy in the presence of massive splenomegaly is a high-risk procedure, with a mortality risk as high as 3% in some studies.

In November 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ruxolitinib (Jakafi) as a treatment for intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis. Ruxolitinib serves as an inhibitor of JAK 1 and 2. Data from two phase III studies of ruxolitinib showed that the treatment significantly reduced spleen volume, improved symptoms of myelofibrosis, and was associated with much improved overall survival rates compared to placebo. However, the beneficial effect of ruxolitinib on survival has been recently questioned.

In August 2019, the FDA approved fedratinib (Inrebic) as a treatment for adults with intermediate-2 or high-risk primary or secondary (post-polycythemia vera or post-essential thrombocythemia) myelofibrosis (MF).

In March 2022, the FDA approved pacritinib (Vonjo) with an indication to treat adults who have intermediate or high-risk primary or secondary myelofibrosis and who have platelet (blood clotting cells) levels below 50,000/μL.

Momelotinib (Ojjaara) was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2023. It is indicated for the treatment of intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis or secondary myelofibrosis [post-polycythemia vera and post-essential thrombocythemia], in adults with anemia.

History
Myelofibrosis was first described in 1879 by Gustav Heuck. Eponyms for the disease are Heuck-Assmann disease or Assmann's Disease, for Herbert Assmann, who published a description under the term "osteosclerosis" in 1907.

It was characterised as a myeloproliferative condition in 1951 by William Dameshek.

The disease was also known as myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia The World Health Organization utilized the name chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis until 2008, when it adopted the name of primary myelofibrosis.

In 2016, the WHO revised their classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms to define Prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis as a distinct clinical entity from overt PMF.

title: Primary myelofibrosis


text:
Robert Stanbury

Robert Douglas George "Bob" Stanbury, (October 26, 1929 - February 10, 2017) was a Canadian public servant, lawyer and former politician, journalist and corporate executive.

Background
Stanbury was born in Exeter, Ontario, on October 26, 1929. His father was a country lawyer who was keen on politics. He was educated at St. Catharines Collegiate Institute and the University of Western Ontario, where he was a member of The Kappa Alpha Society, before obtaining a law degree at Osgoode Hall Law School. He began practicing law in North York and in 1961 was elected to the North York School Board. In 1963 he became chair of the board. Trustees at the time were unpaid so he resigned in 1964 to pay more attention to his family and his law practice. He married Miriam Rose Voelker and together they raised four children.

Politics
Stanbury was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1965 election as the Liberal Member of Parliament for York—Scarborough. After being re-elected in the 1968 election, Stanbury was, in 1969, appointed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to the Cabinet as minister without portfolio with responsibilities for citizenship and information.

In 1971, he was promoted to Minister of Communications. In 1972 he became Minister of National Revenue. He also served as a Canadian delegate to three United Nations General Assemblies.

He was re-elected in the 1974 election, but was dropped from Cabinet in the post-election cabinet shuffle. He retired from office in 1977 in order to pursue private business interests.

Later life
He retired from parliament in order to become an executive at Firestone Canada. He served as chair and Chief Executive Officer from 1983 to 1985.

Stanbury was a lawyer in the Hamilton, Ontario, firm of Inch, Easterbrook and Shaker. He chaired the Ontario panel of the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, and was past chair of the Employers’ Council of Ontario. He was a member of the Council of Canadian Administrative Tribunals and the International Commission of Jurists.

He served as President of the Canadian Council for Native Business, a private sector charitable organization linking aspiring aboriginal entrepreneurs and managers with established businesses and financial institution. He had a long-standing interest in Canada's north and served as a founding member of the Nunavut Arbitration Board, which is empowered to resolve disputes arising out of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, and as the territory's Integrity Commissioner.

Stanbury died in Burlington, Ontario, on February 10, 2017, at the age of 87.

title: Robert Stanbury


text:
Rodrigues' rotation formula

In the theory of three-dimensional rotation, Rodrigues' rotation formula, named after Olinde Rodrigues, is an efficient algorithm for rotating a vector in space, given an axis and angle of rotation. By extension, this can be used to transform all three basis vectors to compute a rotation matrix in $SO(3)$, the group of all rotation matrices, from an axis–angle representation. In terms of Lie theory, the Rodrigues' formula provides an algorithm to compute the exponential map from the Lie algebra $so(3)$ to its Lie group $SO(3)$.

This formula is variously credited to Leonhard Euler, Olinde Rodrigues, or a combination of the two. A detailed historical analysis in 1989 concluded that the formula should be attributed to Euler, and recommended calling it "Euler's finite rotation formula." This proposal has received notable support, but some others have viewed the formula as just one of many variations of the Euler–Rodrigues formula, thereby crediting both.

Statement
If $v$ is a vector in $ℝ^{3}$ and $k$ is a unit vector describing an axis of rotation about which $v$ rotates by an angle $θ$ according to the right hand rule, the Rodrigues formula for the rotated vector $v_{rot}$ is

The intuition of the above formula is that the first term scales the vector down, while the second skews it (via vector addition) toward the new rotational position. The third term re-adds the height (relative to $$\textbf{k}$$) that was lost by the first term.

An alternative statement is to write the axis vector as a cross product $a × b$ of any two nonzero vectors $a$ and $b$ which define the plane of rotation, and the sense of the angle $θ$ is measured away from $a$ and towards $b$. Letting $α$ denote the angle between these vectors, the two angles $θ$ and $α$ are not necessarily equal, but they are measured in the same sense. Then the unit axis vector can be written

 * $$\mathbf{k} = \frac{\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}}{|\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}|} = \frac{\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b}}{|\mathbf{a}||\mathbf{b}|\sin\alpha}\,. $$

This form may be more useful when two vectors defining a plane are involved. An example in physics is the Thomas precession which includes the rotation given by Rodrigues' formula, in terms of two non-collinear boost velocities, and the axis of rotation is perpendicular to their plane.

Derivation

Let $v$ be a unit vector defining a rotation axis, and let $θ$ be any vector to rotate about $k$ by angle $k$ (right hand rule, anticlockwise in the figure), producing the rotated vector $$\mathbb{v}_{\text{rot}}$$.

Using the dot and cross products, the vector $k$ can be decomposed into components parallel and perpendicular to the axis $v$,

 * $$ \mathbf{v} = \mathbf{v}_\parallel + \mathbf{v}_\perp \,, $$

where the component parallel to $k$ is called the vector projection of $θ$ on $v$,

 * $$ \mathbf{v}_\parallel = (\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{k}) \mathbf{k} $$,

and the component perpendicular to $k$ is called the vector rejection of $k$ from $v$:

 * $$\mathbf{v}_{\perp} = \mathbf{v} - \mathbf{v}_{\parallel} = \mathbf{v} - (\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{v}) \mathbf{k} = - \mathbf{k}\times(\mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v})$$,

where the last equality follows from the vector triple product formula: $\mathbf{a}\times (\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}) = (\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{c})\mathbf{b} - (\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{b})\mathbf{c}$. Finally, the vector $$\mathbf{k} \times \mathbf{v}_{\perp} = \mathbf{k} \times \mathbf{v}$$ is a copy of $$\mathbf{v}_{\perp}$$ rotated 90° around $$\mathbf{k}$$. Thus the three vectors $$\mathbf{k}\,,\ \mathbf{v}_{\perp}\,,\, \mathbf{k} \times \mathbf{v}$$ form a right-handed orthogonal basis of $$\mathbb{R}^3$$, with the last two vectors of equal length.

Under the rotation, the component $$\mathbf{v}_{\parallel}$$ parallel to the axis will not change magnitude nor direction:

 * $$\mathbf{v}_{\parallel\mathrm{rot}} = \mathbf{v}_\parallel \,;$$

while the perpendicular component will retain its magnitude but rotate its direction in the perpendicular plane spanned by $$\mathbf{v}_{\perp}$$ and $$\mathbf{k} \times \mathbf{v}$$, according to

 * $$ \mathbf{v}_{\perp\mathrm{rot}}

= \cos(\theta) \mathbf{v}_\perp + \sin(\theta) \mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v}_\perp = \cos(\theta) \mathbf{v}_\perp + \sin(\theta) \mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v} \,,$$

in analogy with the planar polar coordinates $k$ in the Cartesian basis $k$, $v$:

 * $$\mathbf{r} = r\cos(\theta) \mathbf{e}_x + r\sin(\theta) \mathbf{e}_y \,. $$

Now the full rotated vector is:

 * $$     \mathbf{v}_{\mathrm{rot}}

= \mathbf{v}_{\parallel\mathrm{rot}} + \mathbf{v}_{\perp\mathrm{rot}} = \mathbf{v}_\parallel + \cos(\theta) \, \mathbf{v}_\perp + \sin(\theta) \mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v}. $$ Substituting $$\mathbf{v}_{\perp } = \mathbf{v} - \mathbf{v}_{\|} $$ or $$\mathbf{v}_{\| } = \mathbf{v} - \mathbf{v}_{\perp}$$ in the last expression gives respectively:$$\mathbf{v}_{\text{rot}} = \cos(\theta) \, \mathbf{v} + (1 - \cos\theta)(\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{v})\mathbf{k} + \sin(\theta) \mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v},$$$$\mathbf{v}_{\text{rot}} = \mathbf{v} + (1-\cos\theta)\mathbf{k}\times(\mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v}) + \sin(\theta) \mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v}.$$

Matrix notation
The linear transformation on $$\mathbf{v}\isin\mathbb{R}^3 $$ defined by the cross product $$\mathbf{v} \mapsto \mathbf{k} \times \mathbf{v} $$ is given in coordinates by representing $k$ and $(r, θ)$ as column matrices:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix} (\mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v})_x \\ (\mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v})_y

\\ (\mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v})_z \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} k_y v_z - k_z v_y \\ k_z v_x - k_x v_z \\ k_x v_y - k_y v_x \end{bmatrix} = \left[\begin{array}{rrr} 0\ \, & -k_z & k_y \\ k_z & 0\ \, & -k_x \\ -k_y & k_x & 0\ \, \end{array}\right] \begin{bmatrix} v_x \\ v_y \\ v_z \end{bmatrix} \,. $$

That is, the matrix of this linear transformation (with respect to standard coordinates) is the cross-product matrix:
 * $$\mathbf{K}=

\left[\begin{array}{rrr} 0\ \, & -k_z & k_y \\ k_z & 0\ \, & -k_x \\ -k_y & k_x & 0\ \, \end{array}\right]\,. $$ That is to say,
 * $$\mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v}=\mathbf{K}\mathbf{v},

\qquad\qquad \mathbf{k}\times(\mathbf{k}\times\mathbf{v})=\mathbf{K}(\mathbf{K}\mathbf{v}) = \mathbf{K}^2\mathbf{v} \,. $$ The last formula in the previous section can therefore be written as:

 * $$\mathbf{v}_{\mathrm{rot}} = \mathbf{v} + (\sin\theta) \mathbf{K}\mathbf{v} + (1 - \cos\theta)\mathbf{K}^2\mathbf{v}\,.$$

Collecting terms allows the compact expression
 * $$\mathbf{v}_\mathrm{rot} = \mathbf{R}\mathbf{v}$$

where

is the rotation matrix through an angle $θ$ counterclockwise about the axis $e_{x}$, and $e_{y}$ the 3 × 3 identity matrix. This matrix $v$ is an element of the rotation group $k × v$ of $k$, and $I$ is an element of the Lie algebra $$\mathfrak{so}(3)$$ generating that Lie group (note that $R$ is skew-symmetric, which characterizes $$\mathfrak{so}(3)$$).

In terms of the matrix exponential,
 * $$\mathbf{R} = \exp (\theta\mathbf{K})\,.$$

To see that the last identity holds, one notes that
 * $$\mathbf{R}(\theta) \mathbf{R}(\phi) = \mathbf{R} (\theta+\phi), \quad \mathbf{R}(0) = \mathbf{I}\,, $$

characteristic of a one-parameter subgroup, i.e. exponential, and that the formulas match for infinitesimal $θ$.

For an alternative derivation based on this exponential relationship, see exponential map from $\mathfrak{so}(3)$ to $SO(3)$. For the inverse mapping, see log map from $ℝ^{3}$ to $\mathfrak{so}(3)$.

The Hodge dual of the rotation $$\mathbf{R}$$ is just $$\mathbf{R}^* = -\sin(\theta)\mathbf{k}$$ which enables the extraction of both the axis of rotation and the sine of the angle of the rotation from the rotation matrix itself, with the usual ambiguity,
 * $$\begin{align}

\sin(\theta) &= \sigma \left|\mathbf{R}^*\right| \\[3pt] \mathbf{k} &= -\frac{\sigma\mathbf{R}^*}{\left|\mathbf{R}^*\right|} \end{align}$$ where $$\sigma = \pm 1$$. The above simple expression results from the fact that the Hodge duals of $$\mathbf{I}$$ and $$\mathbf{K}^2$$ are zero, and $$\mathbf{K}^* = -\mathbf{k}$$.

title: Rodrigues' rotation formula


text:
Loonatics Unleashed

Loonatics Unleashed is an American superhero animated television series produced by Warner Bros. Animation that ran on Kids' WB for two seasons from 2005 to 2007. The series was based/inspired on the Looney Tunes cartoon characters, with the series described by Warner Bros. as an action comedy. Loonatics Unleashed is meant to be a mixture of the Looney Tunes shorts' irreverent style of humor and a modern action animated series, with the characters designed in a more action cartoon-inspired style.

Unlike previous Looney Tunes-related shows, Loonatics Unleashed has a darker tone and takes place in a post-apocalyptic setting, following multiple minor story arcs. The initial concept designs were met with backlash among fans and there were petitions to have the designs changed, while Sander Schwartz defended the show's direction, saying "the classic characters were just “sharing DNA” with these new ones and it was merely an extension of the franchise." Sam Register, who became WB's executive vice president of creative affairs in 2008, considers the character designs "a reminder of what not to do". This serves as the final series of the Looney Tunes TV franchise to premiere in the 2000s decade. After Loonatics Unleashed ended, the franchise would go on hiatus until the release of The Looney Tunes Show on Cartoon Network, four years later.

Plot
The events of Loonatics Unleashed occur in the year 2772, the year that a meteor strikes the city planet of Acmetropolis by crashing into one of its oceans, knocking it completely off its original axis. Instead of destroying the planet, the meteor crashes in a waterfront, releasing waves of supernatural energies causing some of the planet's citizens' genetic codes to be severely altered, granting them special abilities and strengths.

A mysterious and powerful woman named Zadavia calls upon six teenagers of the affected residents to form a team of superheroes. She becomes their commander, dispatching them for the purpose of combating any and all threats to Acmetropolis and its citizens. The newly formed team is known as the Loonatics and reside on the 134th floor of a large tower. These characters are the descendants of the classic Looney Tunes characters, according to multiple press releases and official sources. Descendants of other Looney Tunes are unverified, though they can be inferred in certain situations.

It is later revealed that Zadavia is in fact an alien and had used her powers to knock the meteor slightly off-course, preventing the total destruction of the planet. It is also revealed that a mysterious figure, later revealed to be Zadavia's older brother named Optimatus, caused the meteor to strike Acmetropolis in an attempt to destroy his sister.

In the second season, the show takes on a lighter tone and many more descendants of other Looney Tunes characters are introduced, the majority of which only appear once in the series. The super villain characters from the previous season are rarely mentioned or rarely appear. Zadavia becomes a less mysterious figure and regularly participates with the Loonatics in their adventures. Two more aliens from Zadavia's home planet are also introduced, Deuce and Keyboard Man. In the season's finale, the Loonatics are temporarily joined by Sylth Vester and Optimatus is replaced by Deuce as the series arch-villain.

Main characters

 * Ace Bunny: Descendant of Bugs Bunny. Before the meteor hit the city, Ace worked as a stunt rabbit in movies.
 * Lexi Bunny: Descendant of Lola Bunny. Before the meteor hit the city, Lexi was trying out to become a cheerleader at Acmetropolis University.
 * Danger Duck: Descendant of Daffy Duck. Before the meteor hit the city, Danger was employed as a pool boy.
 * Slam Tasmanian: Descendant of the Tasmanian Devil. Before the meteor hit the city, Slam was a fighter in a ring. Due to the nature of his combat, it is implied that he was a pro wrestler in staged fights.
 * Tech E. Coyote: Descendant of Wile E. Coyote. Before the meteor hit the city, Tech was a college student at the Acme Institute; although it was never explicitly stated, it is implied he was kicked out under the pretense of being "mad" after one of the faculty misused his machine, though, in his defense, he installed the self-destruct button for extra credit.
 * Rev Runner: Descendant of Road Runner. Before the meteor hit the city, Rev was a delivery boy and invented things.

Principal voice cast

 * Charlie Schlatter – Ace Bunny
 * Jessica DiCicco – Lexi Bunny
 * Jason Marsden – Danger Duck, Rupes Oberon
 * Candi Milo – Zadavia, Harriet Runner, Misty Breeze, Queen Grannicus
 * Rob Paulsen – Rev Runner, Gorlop, Mr. Leghorn (2nd time)
 * Kevin Michael Richardson – Slam Tasmanian, Tech E. Coyote, Trick Daley (uncredited)

Additional voice cast

 * Charlie Adler – Optimatus
 * Joe Alaskey – Sylth Vester, The Royal Tweetums, Melvin the Martian, Stoney the Stone
 * Dee Bradley Baker – Otto the Odd
 * Jeff Bennett – Professor Zane, Dr. Fidel Chroniker, Colonel Trench
 * Bob Bergen – Pinkster Pig
 * Steve Blum – Fuz-Zs
 * Dan Castellaneta – College Professor
 * Michael Clarke Duncan - Massive
 * Bootsy Collins – Boötes Belinda
 * Jim Cummings – Additional voices
 * Kaley Cuoco – Weather Vane
 * Tim Curry – The Ringmaster
 * Grey DeLisle – Apocazons
 * Jeannie Elias – Elegant Woman
 * Bill Farmer – Mr. Leghorn (1st time)
 * David Faustino – Time Skip
 * Vivica A. Fox – Black Velvet
 * Mark Hamill – Adolpho, Ship Captain
 * Florence Henderson – Mallory Mastermind
 * Mikey Kelley – Rip Runner
 * Tom Kenny – Gunnar the Conqueror
 * Maurice LaMarche – Ophiuchus Sam, Pierre Le Pew
 * Phil LaMarr – Drake Sypher
 * Phil Morris - Additional voices
 * Daran Norris – Alien Dad, Ralph Runner
 * Khary Payton – General Deuce
 * Cree Summer – Little Kid
 * James Arnold Taylor – Bugsy the Bug
 * Simon Templeman – Dr. Dare
 * Billy West – Electro J. Fudd, The Sagittarius Stomper
 * Serena Williams – Queen Athena

Production
Loonatics Unleashed began as a pitch by Christian and Yvon Tremblay, originally titled The Loonatics using reinterpretations of classic Looney Tunes characters. The team presented their pitch to then President of Warner Bros. Animation, Sander Schwartz, who responded favorably to the pitch, and after showing the concept to a focus group of kids was given a formal production commitment. David Janollari, then President of Kids' WB expressed enthusiasm for the series and referred to it as "a great way to take the classic Looney Tunes franchise that has been huge with audiences for decades and bring it into the new millennium".

The Loonatics were first unveiled to the public in February 2005 with live-action/animated promotional short that featured the characters with early designs and names such as Zadavia being originally named Maxima. The reveal of Loonatics, in particular the characters' more angular and imposing designs, was met with ire throughout the Looney Tunes fandom. A petition demanding a change to the Loonatics designs garnered 85,000 signatures. The petition garnered enough of a response that Warner Bros. Animation issued a statement that the circulated drawings were early preliminary designs that had been since modified with softer, less imposing features.

In September 2006, The CW presented its line up for the 2006–07 Saturday Morning schedule with Loonatics Unleashed returning for a second season with the press release describing the show as a "breakout hit".

In March 2007, The CW presented its line up for the 2007–08 Saturday Morning schedule with Loonatics Unleashed no longer among the shows scheduled for air.

Crew

 * Bootsy Collins – Theme Song Singer (Season Two)
 * Jamie Simone – Casting and Voice Director
 * Rick Copp - Story Editor (Season One)
 * Stephen Sustarsic - Story Editor (Season Two)

In other media

 * In the New Looney Tunes episode "One Carroter in Search of an Artist", Ace Bunny makes a brief appearance. Bugs Bunny attempts to get the artist of the cartoon to fix his appearance. After turning into his original premiere design, he begs the artist to change him into something more current, and he turns into Ace, prompting Bugs to state, "Okay, now you're just messing with me".
 * In the Teen Titans Go! episode "Huggbees", when danger is reported to be located at the Warner Bros. studio, Raven asks if someone is rebooting the series, followed by a poster of the series accompanied by a stock scream.
 * Lexi Bunny, Slam Tasmanian, Danger Duck, and Ace Bunny appear in the Animaniacs reboot episode "Suffragette City". Dot refers to them as "whatever these guys are".

title: Loonatics Unleashed


text: Template:U.S. congressional delegations

title: Template:U.S. congressional delegations


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Shelsen

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:01, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Michael
This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Surety bond

Pasted from article
In the words of the U.S. Small Business Administration, "A surety bond is a three-party instrument between a surety, the contractor and the project owner. The agreement binds the contractor to comply with the terms and conditions of a contract. If the contractor is unable to successfully perform the contract, the surety assumes the contractor's responsibilities and ensures that the project is completed." --Ellsworth 19:24, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bias
Though this is a very good article, it only deals with examples taken from the U.S. Therefore, I have added a worldwide template. - Ta bu shi da yu 11:41, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

One extremely important point on these bonds - shop around. I recently applied for a mortgage broker bond with a large broker in NY. They quoted me over $2,000.00, based on a Bankrupty on my credit report.

I got a quote from a company in CA, who quoted me $180.00 the exact same bond. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.169.194.161 (talk • contribs)

Merger proposed (License and permit bond)
The result was: Merge, by silent consensus. --B. Wolterding 11:41, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

I propose to merge the content of License and permit bond into here, since the notability of that article has been questioned. Actually the article is very short, and has been unexpanded for a long time, so it could very well fit here into a short section under "examples".

Please add your comments below. Proposed as part of the Notability wikiproject. --B. Wolterding 10:31, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Employee Bonds?
Are employee bonds a type of surety bond? Employee bonds seem to serve a purpose very similar to a performance bond, but it would be nice to have that distinction made clear on this page. Employees and contractors are treated differently in some contexts. So, I would guess that employee bonds are dissimilar enough to deserve some attention. I came here looking for information about employee bonds because I understand they are considered security best practice (in certain situations), as are employee background checks and the like. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Porcelain mouse (talk • contribs) 08:31, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Employee bonds refer to one of two things. In the US, this normally means a fidelity bond, or employee fidelity coverage. This is a type of traditional insurance that insures an employer from theft by its employees. The 'bond' part of the name is somewhat of a misnomer, since it's more like traditional insurance. It could also refer to terms of an employment contract restricting the conditions under which you can resign, and what you can do post-resignation (non-compete clause, etc.). -- 12.71.129.82 (talk) 16:14, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surety bond


text:
User:Pouya/Favourites

Note: Items are currently ordered alphabetically.

Music

 * 1) Carmina Burana

Movies

 * 1) Three Colors
 * 2) Three Colors: Blue
 * 3) Three Colors: White
 * 4) Three Colors: Red

title: User:Pouya/Favourites


text:
New Galloway

New Galloway (Gall-Ghàidhealaibh Nuadh) is a town in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire in Dumfries and Galloway. It lies on the west side of the valley of the Water of Ken, 1 mi north of the end of Loch Ken. Before the local government reform of 1975, it was the smallest Royal Burgh in Scotland.

History
There were scattered settlements in the area from at least the 13th century (when the nearby Kenmure Castle was first built), but the village was formally founded in the 17th century by the Viscount of Kenmure and granted Royal Burgh status in 1630 – this was to enable it to serve as a market town. However, Kirkcudbright, only 19 mi to the south, was larger and drew more traders. New Galloway thus grew very slowly and is the smallest Royal Burgh in Scotland.

New Galloway today is a rural town. It has a Town Hall, the CatStrand Arts and Visitor Centre, two churches, three pubs, and a golf club. A popular holiday destination, standing on the edge of the scenic Galloway Forest Park, it is on the Galloway Kite Trail, where red kites can be spotted at all times of the year. Each August, it hosts the Scottish Alternative Games in its small park.

Notable buildings
Notable buildings include:
 * Kells Parish Church of Scotland, built in 1822 to a design by local architect William McCandlish. T-plan church with square tower at the centre of south wall. Interior reworked in 1911 following the original layout. The churchyard has three ‘Adam and Eve’ stones of 1706–7, and  the grave of Captain John Gordon's gamekeeper at Kenmure Castle, John Murray, who caught the largest recorded pike in Loch Ken in 1774.
 * Kenmure Castle, a fortified house or castle.
 * Glenlee House, small 18th century house remodelled and enlarged in 1822 by architect Robert Lugar.
 * St Margaret's Episcopalian Church was built in 1904 by W H Harrison, the chancel added in 1908 and the lychgate in 1912.
 * The Ken Bridge, which links the town with the main road on the east side of the valley, was built between 1820 and 1821 by the Scottish engineer, John Rennie, who also built the second London Bridge and Waterloo Bridge.
 * New Galloway Town Hall was restored in 1875.

Notable people
Notable people include James Faed Jnr, (1856-1920) artist, son of James Faed: he lived and died at his home "The Bungalow".

title: New Galloway