text:
The Long Day Closes (film)

The Long Day Closes is a 1992 British drama film written and directed by Terence Davies and starring Marjorie Yates, Leigh McCormack, Anthony Watson, Nicholas Lamont and Ayes Owens. It was entered into the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
The film is set in Liverpool in the mid-1950s. The story concerns a shy twelve-year-old boy, Bud, and his loving mother and siblings. He lives a life rich in imagination, centred on family relationships, church, and his struggles at school. Music and snatches of movie dialogue allow him to enrich his narrow physical environment. "Together these fragments", wrote Stephen Holden in The New York Times, "evoke a postwar England starved for beauty, fantasy and a place to escape."

Cast

 * Marjorie Yates as Mother
 * Leigh McCormack as Bud
 * Anthony Watson as Kevin
 * Nicholas Lamont as John
 * Ayse Owens as Helen
 * Tina Malone as Edna
 * Jimmy Wilde as Curly
 * Robin Polley as Mr. Nicholls
 * Pete Ivatts as Mr. Bushell
 * Joy Blakeman as Frances
 * Denise Thomas as Jean
 * Patricia Morison as Amy (as Patricia Morrison)
 * Gavin Mawdslay as Billy (as Gavin Mawdslay)
 * Kirk McLaughlin as Labourer / Christ
 * Mark Heath as Black Man
 * Victoria Davies as Nun
 * Brenda Peters as Nurse
 * Kerl Skeggs as Albie
 * Lee Blennerhassett as 1st Bully
 * Peter Hollier as 2nd Bully
 * Jason Jevons as 3rd Bully

Music
The film uses 35 pieces of music, including renditions of songs by Nat King Cole.

Critic David Thomson in his April 2007 review of the film in the British Film Institute's Sight & Sound magazine draws attention to the music that was used in the film, in particular "at the end of the film ... that mackerel sky and Sir Arthur Sullivan's 'The Long Day Closes' itself" sung by Pro Cantione Antiqua.

Production
The film was filmed in sets built in Rotherhithe London at Sands Films Studio under the meticulous instructions of the director.

Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 81% approval rating based on reviews from 21 critics, with an average rating of 7.60 out of 10. On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 85/100 based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

A 2009 appreciation by Dennis Lim said: "Working with the most basic and most ethereal of cinematic materials — time and memory — Mr. Davies has devised a mosaiclike film language. Childhood recollections are consecrated as moments out of time and assembled into a symphonic collage, guided more by emotional logic than by plot or chronology. The working-class milieu that tends to be associated with the drab naturalism of the British kitchen-sink school, here comes swaddled in sensory delights: stately tracking shots and overhead angles, gusts of Mahler and Nat King Cole. The overall effect is one of muted rapture, a swelling ecstasy held in check by a constant tug of sadness."

"Together these fragments", wrote Stephen Holden in The New York Times, "evoke a postwar England starved for beauty, fantasy and a place to escape...The Long Day Closes is filled with surreal, expressionistic touches that lend it the aura of a phantasmagoric cinematic poem."

On IndieWire's 2022 'The 100 Best Movies of the 90s' list, the film was crowned the ninth best film of its decade. Critic David Ehrlich writes "Davies’ fading slipstream of a film drifts through the rain and rubble of postwar England with the meticulousness of a Wes Anderson movie, eventually freezing over into a delicate snow-globe that swirls the pain of repression into the pleasure of self-discovery."

title: The Long Day Closes (film)


text:
Talk:Uniform distribution (mathematics)

All discussion previously on the uniform distribution page concerned the continuous uniform distribution and has now been moved to the talk:uniform distribution (continuous) page. PAR 00:26, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Uniform distribution (mathematics)


text:
Puerto Rican nesophontes

The Puerto Rican nesophontes (Nesophontes edithae), or Puerto Rican shrew, is an extinct eulipotyphlan endemic to Puerto Rico.

It is believed that the animal was never observed by Europeans. Contemporary fossils with indigenous artefacts and introduced rat fossils indicate survival into the colonial era, possibly until the 16th century. The shrew lived in the island montane forest/brush endemic to western Puerto Rico and was an insectivore. There are fossil specimens located in London. It disappeared after introduction of rats and due to the destruction of its forest habitat.

title: Puerto Rican nesophontes


text:
Liam (2000 film)

Liam is a 2000 film directed by Stephen Frears and written by novelist/screenwriter Jimmy McGovern. McGovern adapted Joseph Mckeown's novel Back Crack Boy for this emotionally raw meditation on innocence and pain. Frears in turn was influenced by James Joyce's accounts of his stern childhood in late 19th century Catholic Dublin.

Plot
A family falls into poverty during the Depression.

Set in Liverpool in the Great Depression of the 1930s, the story is told through the eyes of a boy, Liam Sullivan. Liam is taking instruction in preparation for his First Communion. His mother is a staunch Roman Catholic. His father loses his job when his shipyard closes. Meanwhile, his sister, Teresa, has become a maid for the Jewish family who own the shipyard.

Liam stutters badly under stress, and his strict religious education does not help. Teresa's mistress is having an affair, and the girl becomes an accomplice. Liam's father joins a group of fascists, who rail against rich Jews and cheap Irish labour. His brother secretly attends meetings with socialists. All of this is a microcosm of a more general breakdown of society.

Life becomes increasingly insecure and people retreat into their own belief systems. This leads to increasing conflict, leading inexorably to a single violent act.

Cast

 * Ian Hart as Dad
 * Claire Hackett as Mum
 * Anthony Borrows as Liam
 * Megan Burns as Teresa
 * Brad Sewell as himself

Box office
The film grossed $91,000 in the United Kingdom. It grossed $1 million in the United States and Canada and $1.9 million worldwide.

Reception
In his review for The Guardian Peter Bradshaw applaud the powerful performances but criticized its clichéd scenes, according to him, The movie explores sin, shame, and fascism, but lacks epiphanies and meaningful redemption, leaving the audience battered and dispirited.

At 57th Venice International Film Festival, Meghan Burns was awarded Marcello Mastroianni Award.

title: Liam (2000 film)


text:
Talk:Christian Social People's Party

Prime Minister versus leader
Jean Clause Junker is the PM of Luxembourg, but the party is acctually led by François BILTGEN, there has never been a prime minister leading the party. I am new to all of this so not sure if i should edit that out or not, i just added a bit of info about the history of the party.

Fair use rationale for Image:Christian Social People's Party logo.PNG
Image:Christian Social People's Party logo.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 20:13, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:13, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Lesser coat of arms of Luxembourg.svg

Proposed improvement
When the party has been part of a coalition government, the coalition partner(s) should be plainly indicated in either tabular form or in the body of the article. 72.106.155.46 (talk) 03:20, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christian Social People's Party


text: User talk:68.83.121.12

title: User talk:68.83.121.12


text:
Gull Island vole

The Gull Island vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus nesophilus) is an extinct subspecies of the meadow vole that was endemic to Great Gull and Little Gull Islands in New York.

Extinction
A ground-dwelling coastal beach grass herbivore, it presumably disappeared after habitat destruction of sand dunes for naval fortifications in August 1898 for the Spanish–American War, only 9 or 10 years after its discovery in 1888. It was last seen in 1897. Predation by feral cats was also partly responsible in its decline. It is known from fifteen specimens in Washington, D.C.

title: Gull Island vole


text:
Eddie Marrero

Edgardo Rafael Marrero (born July 25, 1962), known professionally as Eddie Marrero, is an American actor, singer, producer, record executive, and humanitarian.

Bio
Eddie Marrero was born in Spanish Harlem's "El Barrio" to Puerto Rican parents. He began his acting career as a young child when his mother worked for Jack L. Warner, founder and Chief Executive Officer of Warner Bros. He attended the New York University Film School and the Juilliard School of Music.

Having previously acted in stage plays and musicals, his first professional acting role came in 1993 when he was cast in a non-speaking role in the film The Saint of Fort Washington. He has since worked on film, television, and theater projects, with minor roles in White Man's Burden and Kate & Leopold. He is most recently noted for his supporting role in Find Me Guilty, directed by Sidney Lumet.

In television, Marrero first appeared in Sidney Lumet's A&E drama 100 Centre Street, following Lumet's satisfaction with Marrero's performance in Find Me Guilty. Since then, Eddie Marrero has appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman and in the mini-series Miracle's Boys for Nickelodeon’s The N. His other television credits include NBC's Third Watch, as well as Law & Order: Criminal Intent in the episode “Sex Club”. On stage, Eddie Marrero starred in the world premiere Off-Broadway play "La Lupe: My Life My Destiny" along with Puerto Rican soap star Sully Diaz.

In recent years, Eddie Marrero has shifted his focus to music, releasing his first EP Album, Eddie Marrero, Con Amor in 2013, a tribute album to musical icon Frank Sinatra. Sung entirely in Spanish, Eddie covers some classic hits like All The Way, All Of Me, I've Got You Under My Skin, My Way. In 2016, he followed up with his sophomore release, Timeless Christmas, a holiday album that has gained traction on iHeart Radio and Spotify, among others. In 2019, he released his first music video, to The Christmas Song.

Presently, Marrero operates ERM Entertainment, Inc., a music and film corporation that produces independent artists, films, and commercial projects.

In 1997, he founded the Umoja Youth Project, a youth gospel choir. He is also the founder and producing artistic director of Three Lions Stage.

title: Eddie Marrero


text: User talk:67.10.37.51

title: User talk:67.10.37.51


text:
North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)

The North Bay is a subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area, in California, United States. The largest city is Santa Rosa, which is the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. It is the location of the Napa and Sonoma wine regions, and is the least populous and least urbanized part of the Bay Area. It consists of Marin, Napa, Solano and Sonoma counties.

Transportation
The North Bay is connected to San Francisco by the Golden Gate Bridge and to the East Bay by the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge, Carquinez Bridge and the Benicia–Martinez Bridge. Several ferry routes operate between the North Bay and San Francisco, from terminals located in Angel Island, Larkspur, Sausalito, Tiburon and Vallejo.

The Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART), a commuter rail line from Larkspur to Cloverdale, was approved by voters in November 2008. Passenger service began between the Sonoma County Airport station and San Rafael in August 2017 and was completed as far south as Larkspur in 2019.

Law enforcement
The law enforcement in the Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit is being provided by its contracted law enforcement agencies.

History
The area was the home of Pomo Native Americans before European invasion. The Russians first settled the area at Fort Ross as a fur-trading post, but the area was later settled by the Spanish-Mexican Alta California. The Bear Flag Revolt took place in the town of Sonoma, which is also the location of the last of the California Missions. General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, the last secretary to the Governor of California before its annexation to the United States, kept his home in Sonoma; his ranch, now a National Historic Landmark, was in nearby Petaluma.

The North Bay remained isolated and rural well into the 20th Century. The opening of the Golden Gate Bridge in the 1930s transformed Marin County from a dairy farming region into an upscale suburban area. Until the 1990s, the region's growth was at a gradual pace, with significant restrictions on development being imposed in Marin and Napa Counties in the 1970s (future Senator Barbara Boxer was an important figure in the North Bay's open space preservation movement).

Major cities
The largest city in the North Bay is Santa Rosa, with a population of 175,000.

Other major cities include: (sorted by population)
 * Vallejo 121,000
 * Fairfield 116,000
 * Vacaville 100,000
 * Napa 80,000
 * Petaluma 60,000
 * San Rafael 59,000
 * Novato 56,000

title: North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)


text:
Ecotage!

Ecotage! was a 1972 paperback book edited by Sam Love and David Obst and published by Pocket Books.

The book was a collection of ideas that had been solicited by the group Environmental Action over the previous year in preparation for the publication of the book, for using sabotage, attention-grabbing stunts, and other ideas to draw attention to environmental issues. "Ecotage" is a contraction of ecological (or economic) and sabotage. The cover of Ecotage! features a photograph of a hippie throwing a pie in the face of a business executive.

The book is credited as one of the early inspirations for radical environmental activism, along with similar works such as Edward Abbey's 1975 novel The Monkey Wrench Gang.

The book was inspired by the actions of an individual who operated in the Chicago, Illinois area. Calling himself "The Fox", he engaged in such activities as plugging smokestacks and entering the offices of corporate executives to dump sewage on their desks. In turn, some of the actions suggested in Ecotage! actually began to be carried out, particularly billboarding, when small groups in the early 1970s such as the one calling themselves the "Eco-Raiders" in Tucson, Arizona, began cutting down billboards.

The term ecotage may have originated with this book; the term has since passed into general use as a synonym for various direct action tactics (see also monkeywrenching).

Publication

 * Love, Sam and David Obst, eds. (1972), Ecotage! ISBN 0-671-78180-4

title: Ecotage!


text: Category:Austrian alpine skiers

title: Category:Austrian alpine skiers


text:
Talk:GC-content

Untitled
I have merged this article with Guanine-cytosine content. Hopefully I managed to do it properly. --Chino 10:34, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

GC content and temperature
The last part of the last sentence of the first paragraph: "[...], and thus GC-content tends to be greater in hyperthermophiles." is not supported by data (see Galtier and Lobry, 1997). I would suggest something like "One may think that having a high G+C content is selectivley advatageous for hyperthermophiles, but this is not the case (Galtier and Lobry, 1997)."

Genome is asymmetric
The last sentence of the third paragraph states that "In many prokaryotic organisms the genome is asymmetric: the composition of the strand being continuously replicated (leading strand) and its complementary (lagging strand) show different GC-contents.". This is not true, the GC-content is always the same in the two DNA strands. I think there is a confusion here with the GC-skew and the AT-skew (see Lobry 1996). I think that this sentence should be deleted from the "GC-content" article.

86.216.213.183 16:24, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I was reading the article and was confused by this sentence, since the article is about paired GCs. The ext link given in the sentence wasn't too helpful, but the (G-C)/(G+C) formula there made it clear the subject was something else. This link I found is a bit more enlightening, and makes it clear the subject is not the same as GC-content.  I've removed the sentence.  It would be good to have a separate article about GC-skew. -R. S. Shaw 04:17, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

AT/GC ratio
I created an entry on G+C ratio yesterday but it was not till this morning did I realise that a GC content entry exists here. But although GC content and AT/GC ratio are similar, I think they are not the same, since GC content is expressed in % values but AT/GC is a ratio. I would like to know if these two entries can stay independent or should be merged. Thanks ώЇЌĩ Ѕαи Яоzε†αLҝ 11:52, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It looks like a nice article you started, but I'm pretty sure they should be merged. Debivort 17:58, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks Debivort! Yes I will merge the entries. I just need some advice on the same.

 * 1) I'm I right in saying that the G+C ratio is not the same as GC-content, ie, values of GC-content will be different to G+C ratio (which is A+T/G+C). In that case should I make it as one of the sub under GC content?

 * 1) Which picture stays? I personally feel that one in G+C ratio now fits into the topic. But I may carry a bias since I made it (LOLZ). In case we are staying with current double strant picture, I can delete the earlier.

Thanks! ώЇЌĩ Ѕαи Яоzε†αLҝ 19:13, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * yeah ... I'd say use your image, which is more specifically related, and move ratio-specific text into a section of this article. I guess then G+C ratio should redirect here. Probably all sorts of other article names too, like GC ratio G/C ratio GC content G+C content G/C content, dontcha think? Let me know if you want help with the transfer. Debivort 19:21, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Cheers Debivort! I would try to copy edit the entry through the week, but before that we should agree on the sections that are to be under GC content, since that would make it easier for the copy edit process. Any suggestions? Since I got a thesis to write too (poor me!!), I would appreciate any help from you. :-) ώЇЌĩ Ѕαи Яоzε†αLҝ 19:31, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * How about:
 * GC content intro
 * measures of GC content (ratio)
 * genome wide GC conent
 * ecological impact
 * thermophiles
 * coding sequence-level variation in GC content
 * experimental determination of GC content
 * Thesis eh? I have one of those to write too. Defending in September, theoretically. Debivort 20:14, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanks! Makes sense. Mine probably in September too. Who knows anyways!!! ώЇЌĩ Ѕαи Яоzε†αLҝ 21:45, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Merge looks good Wikiality - nicely done. Debivort 20:48, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanks Debivort! ώЇЌĩ Ѕαи Яоzε†αLҝ 21:32, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

In spite of the higher thermostability conferred to the genetic material, it is envisaged that cells with high GC DNA undergo autolysis, thereby reducing the longitivity of the cell per se.

Could someone please clarify this? To say the cells are envisaged to undergo autolysis introduces ambiguity (are they observed to undergo autolysis? or merely thought to?). And what exactly happens to these cells? And why?

Thankyou! Asd28 08:45, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Autolysis is observed in Pseudomonas species, and hence thought that it may be true with other cells too. Cheers ώiki Ѕαи Яоzε†αLҝ 08:50, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * In the section of the formulae, I think the correct term is AT/GC ratio, not GC ratio or G+C ratio. GC-ratio is given in % and I think it is the same as GC-content, but different from AT/GC-ratio. This should be clarified.--Miguelferig (talk) 22:30, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

Effect on mutation rate
Hey all. I don't have time to incorporate this right this second, but this could be of interest:. Darkfrog24 (talk) 18:18, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

Does this follow?
''"GC ratios and coding sequence

''Within a long region of genomic sequence, genes are often characterised by having a higher GC-content in contrast to the background GC-content for the entire genome. Evidence of GC ratio with that of length of the coding region of a gene has shown that the length of the coding sequence is directly proportional to higher G+C content.[13] This has been pointed to the fact that the stop codon has a bias towards A and T nucleotides and thus the shorter the sequence the higher the AT bias.[14]"

Apart from the whole paragraph being rather confusingly worded, it seems unlikely that compulsory A+T-biased stop codons (and while we're at it, the Start codon ATG has the same bias), would be the sole cause of a measurable length/GC relationship on anything over a few tens of codons. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.110.180.117 (talk) 09:39, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

Influence of GC content on PCR experiments
High GC stretches within a genome not only influence primer annealing temperatures; high-GC also leads to the formation of stable secondary structures, which makes e.g. sequencing of such regions quite difficult. Even modern high-throughput sequencing technologies include a PCR amplification step, and GC-rich DNA results in lower amplification efficiencies. For gene expression studies (RNA-Seq, based on sequencing of mRNA) or metagenomics, this might result in additional biases. See e.g. for a publication describing this effect (in this case, a metagenome dataset). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.61.157.104 (talk) 23:04, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on GC-content. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110809040326/http://esper.lab.nig.ac.jp:80/study/genome/?page=genome_composition_database_species_list to http://esper.lab.nig.ac.jp/study/genome/?page=genome_composition_database_species_list

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:15, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

Merge suggestion
I think that GC skew should probably be merged into GC-content, since one is a subset of the other. There's quite a bit of duplicate content, and a lot of GC skew would make more sense in the context of the GC-content article. Any other opinions? T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 02:20, 3 June 2017 (UTC)

 * These are orthogonal notions from a mathematical point of view, I disagree with the assertion stating that GC skew is a subset of GC-content, this is pure nonsense 90.14.59.170 (talk) 21:01, 9 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Although I agree that content and skew are mathematically disctinct concepts, From what I know of the field, the only reason that people are interested in GC-content is to detect GC-skew. T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 04:01, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Please no, GC content was used about 50 years before GC skew was discovered, and is still an usefull notion.90.53.34.81 (talk) 19:28, 4 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Though I appreciate the statement that GC skew is very closely related with GC content, I do not think that I see so much overlap between them that they should be merged. In particular, I disagree that people are interested in GC content only because they want to detect GC skew. There are many people who study GC content for other purposes. Additionally, GC skew is likely affected by the biases caused by the difference in the use of DNA replication system, whereas there are many more factors that could influence GC content of genome. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Genomebuffalo (talk • contribs) 05:48, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

I've now removed the merge suggestion tag from the articles. T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 05:13, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:GC-content


text: User talk:84.58.40.60

title: User talk:84.58.40.60


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Neon Genesis Evangelion parodies

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. --Rhobite 00:21, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

List of Neon Genesis Evangelion parodies
Original research, and not good original research. One example: Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi is claimed to parody Evangelion because it 'reenacts the famous "running with toast" scene' from Evangelion episode 26. The only reason the "running with toast" scene appeared in episode 26 of Evangelion is because, like just about everything in the sequence where it appears, it is a cliche. -- Antaeus Feldspar 19:40, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Far too subjective, especially with something that's had as much influence on anime as Eva; most of these are tributes rather than parodies anyways. -℘yrop (talk) 23:19, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original essay, fancruft. Megan1967 01:42, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Save, ok, granted that this page may not be considered necessary by some people, but it was not intended to be an essay. I acknowledge that it may have been poorly titled (in fact I realized that myself shortly after creating the article). About lack of good research, given that thorough research on the part of one man would mean examining nearly every anime made in the last decade, which is the whole point of having other people edit and expand what I've started. Also, "the 'running with toast' scene" is the only name I have for that at the present (again, other people can edit this). Now, maybe this is fancruft, and for that I will concede that this should probably be merged with the main Eva page, however, I do believe that some kind of list is needed somewhere (for Eva fans, Literary/Movie/Television critics, and pop-culture students alike) to refer to on matters of parodies and tributes to Evangelion. Sorry, if that was too long, but I did need to explain myself. Sweetfreek 04:28, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
William Cowper (anatomist)

William Cowper (c. 1666 – 8 March 1709) was an English surgeon and anatomist, famous for his early description of what is now known as Cowper's gland.

Cowper was born in Petersfield, Hampshire, and he was apprenticed to a London surgeon, William Bignall, in March 1682. He was admitted to the Company of Barber-Surgeons in 1691 and began practising in London the same year. In 1694, he published his noted work, Myotomia Reformata, or a New Administration of the Muscles, and he was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1696. In 1698, he published The Anatomy of the Humane Bodies, which gained him great fame and notoriety, and over the next eleven years he published a number of tracts on topics ranging from surgery and pathology to physiology and anatomy. He died on 8 March 1709, and was buried in St Peter's Church, Petersfield.

Some have called Cowper's Anatomy of the Humane Bodies one of the greatest acts of plagiarism in all of medical publishing, though others have not been as harsh. In 1685, Govard Bidloo (1649–1713) published his Anatomia Humani Corporis in Amsterdam using 105 beautiful plates drawn by Gérard de Lairesse (1640–1711) and engraved by Abraham Blooteling (1640–1690). A Dutch version was later printed in 1690, entitled Ontleding des Menschelyken Lichaams, but when sales went poorly, Bidloo's publishers sold 300 copies of the unbound plates to William Cowper (or his publishers).

Cowper proceeded to write a new English text to accompany the plates, many of them showing a great deal of original research and fresh new insights. He also commissioned nine new plates drawn by Henry Cooke (1642–1700) and engraved by Michiel van der Gucht (1660–1725), among which were front and back views of the entire musculature. The book was then published under Cowper's name with no mention of Bidloo or Lairesse, with the original engraved, allegorical title page amended with an irregular piece of paper lettered: "The anatomy of the humane bodies ...," which fits over the Dutch title. A number of vitriolic exchanges took place between Bidloo and Cowper, including several pamphlets published in each anatomist's defence. Cowper claimed, without much evidence presented, that the plates were not Bidloo's at all, but that they were commissioned by Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) and that after his death Swammerdam's widow had sold them to Bidloo. Whatever the truth may be, it is undeniable that Cowper was a great anatomist and surgeon in his own right – and that he clearly did not give Govard Bidloo proper credit for his involvement in this work.

title: William Cowper (anatomist)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/CheeseDreams 2/Proposed decision

A 3 month-ban? The ArbCom should bear in mind that this editor has long since given up trying to edit constructively to Wikipedia. OK, she could have been handled better when she first came here, but I struggle to believe that we'll ever get a useful edit out of her, jguk 19:42, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you're not reading all of the proposed bans... if everything currently proposed passes, that account for seven months. Also don't forget that the current proposals are not necessarily all proposals that will be proposed. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 19:49, 2005 Feb 19 (UTC)

There's nothing to say the currently proposed bans are consecutive rather than concurrent. Clarification on this would be welcome as I'd expect the default position would be the least harsh (ie concurrent). My comment was very much in the hope that there would be further developments under the remedies section. It is very disappointing where we have got to a stage that a user has effectively decided to stop editing constructively, but (at least for the recent past) continued to edit disruptively. Lamentably, I feel this is where we are with CheeseDreams.

Also, if the ArbCom is only going to allow CheeseDreams to edit from the CheeseDreams account, they should specify how she is going to get access to it as she doesn't have the password. I do, but am happy to divulge it to a member of the ArbCom if requested - but presumably she'd then need to prove who she is. I imagine this is best done by making the temporary injunction a more permanent injunction, jguk 20:11, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

English Wikipedia
Just for clarification to the ArbCom... The decision is only for the English Wikipedia, and any misbehavior on any other language Wikipedia or Wikimedia project will be up to the other project(s) to decide how to deal with this user, correct? -- AllyUnion (talk) 15:32, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Correct. We may look at behaviour elsewhere to help us understand the situation and the people involved, but any ruling only relates to the English Wikipedia. -- sannse (talk) 00:46, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Prior ArbCom ruling
Also, exactly how does the prior ArbCom ruling play into this ruling? Like, is the clock reset because of the violations? -- AllyUnion (talk) 15:38, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * we'll need to look at that I think -- sannse (talk) 00:46, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

RFCs and RFArs
Why can't we have a "vexation litigant" ruling like the one suggested by mav? - Ta bu shi da yu 23:42, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * that's being considered as part of the remedies - see 5 and 5.1 -- sannse (talk) 00:46, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Not in the form that Mav suggested. See the original complaint where I outlined my thoughts on this. Take it as you will: I'd just hate for CD to get around this. 5.1 as it stands is full of holes and will lead to nothing but controversy (if CD ever gets her account back). - Ta bu shi da yu 03:14, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sockpuppets / Impersonators
user:CheezeDreams has now appeared. Thryduulf 02:11, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There's a lot of language of the nature "CheeseDreams (under whatever account)"... What if CheeseDreams itself is a sockpuppet account? CD has intimated before that the CD account is merely an account that she uses to protect her "upstanding" account. Let's say, for the sake of argument that CD is really a sockpuppet of someone else. Would the rulings here apply to the "main" account? I'm just trying to understand what would happen should a developer undertake the necessary steps to fish the IP logs and see if CD was, perhaps, really just a sockpuppet herself. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 21:26, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Based only on my of course imperfect feel for human nature and how people behave, I really don't see how there could be a "rational" account for someone who so obviously edits on crack to the degree CD does. I could of course be wrong - David Gerard 01:56, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Consecutive bans
I know I've advocated a hard ban for CD, but I think it's quite strange how the ArbCom are passing a 33 month ban on her.

The "all bans are consecutive" rule when applied to the "Ban for disregard of previous rulings" is quite funny. Arbs vote against 1 month, for 3, 6 and 12 months - total ban = 21 months. Is this intended, or just another example of the Arbs not reading what they're passing - which gave rise to the unfortunate Everyking clarification fiasco?

I know I'm being blunt here, but it would help a lot if Arbs were to re-read what they are passing and ask themselves sincerely if that is what they really mean. Kind regards, jguk 23:36, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * We are not voting for 3, 6 and 12 months here - we are voting for 3, 6, or 12 months. Only the length with majority support in each section will be passed.  If we consider 3 or 6 to be acceptable, then we vote for both - but it's only one of those that will be carried in each case (which is why you will often see conditional votes and a small flurry of vote changes near the end of a case).  In the section you mention, only 6 months has majority support and only that will pass.  If Delirium or I wanted to, we could vote against closing to see if we could get more votes for 3 months or persuade others to change their vote, but given the comments and conditional votes involved, that doesn't seem the right thing here).

 * The consecutive bans applies once we have decided the ban length for each section - there will only be one length passed for each. Because there were a lot of smaller issues adding up to one big mess, we chose to give bans for each of those issues, combining to give a ban suitable for the overall situation.  The maximum ban will still be a year - we are capped at that point. -- sannse (talk) 12:26, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Cultural area

In anthropology and geography, a cultural area, cultural region, cultural sphere, or culture area refers to a geography with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities (culture). Such activities are often associated with an ethnolinguistic group and with the territory it inhabits. Specific cultures often do not limit their geographic coverage to the borders of a nation state, or to smaller subdivisions of a state.

History of concept
A culture area is a concept in cultural anthropology in which a geographic region and time sequence (age area) is characterized by shared elements of environment and culture.

A precursor to the concept of culture areas originated with museum curators and ethnologists during the late 1800s as means of arranging exhibits, combined with the work of taxonomy. The American anthropologists Clark Wissler and Alfred Kroeber further developed this version of the concept on the premise that cultural areas represent longstanding cultural divisions. This iteration of the concept is sometimes criticized as arbitrary, but the organization of human communities into cultural areas remains a common practice throughout the social sciences.

Cultural geography also utilizes the concept of culture areas. Cultural geography originated within the Berkeley School, and is primarily associated with Carl O. Sauer and his colleagues. Sauer viewed culture as "an agent within a natural area that was a medium to be cultivated to produce the cultural landscape." Sauer's concept was later criticized as deterministic, and geographer Yi-Fu Tuan and others proposed versions that enabled scholars to account for phenomenological experience as well. This revision became known as humanistic geography. The period within which humanistic geography is now known as the "cultural turn."

The definition of culture areas is enjoying a resurgence of practical and theoretical interest as social scientists conduct more research on processes of cultural globalization.

Types
Allen Noble gave a summary of the concept development of cultural regions using terms such as:

 * "Cultural hearth" (no origin of this term given),
 * "Cultural core" by Donald W. Meinig for Mormon culture published in 1970, and
 * "Source area" by Fred Kniffen (1965) and later Henry Glassie (1968) for house and barn types.
 * Outside a core area, Glassie used Meinig's use of the terms "domain" (a dominant area) and "sphere" (area influenced but not dominant).

Cultural "spheres of influence" may also overlap or form concentric structures of macrocultures encompassing smaller local cultures. Different boundaries may also be drawn depending on the particular aspect of interest, such as religion and folklore vs dress, or architecture vs language.

Another version of cultural area typology divides cultural areas into three forms:

 * 1) Formal cultural regions, which are "characterized by cultural homogeneity in a given contiguous geographical area."
 * 2) Functional cultural regions, which share political, social, and/or cultural functions.
 * 3) Perceptual, or vernacular, cultural regions, which are based in spatial perception. One example is Braj region of India, which is seen as a spatial whole due to common religious and cultural associations with the specific area.

Cultural boundary
A cultural boundary (also cultural border) in ethnology is a geographical boundary between two identifiable ethnic or ethnolinguistic cultures. A language border is necessarily also a cultural border, as language is a significant part of a society's culture, but it can also divide subgroups of the same ethnolinguistic group along more subtle criteria, such as the Brünig-Napf-Reuss line in German-speaking Switzerland, the Weißwurstäquator in Germany, or the Grote rivieren boundary between Dutch and Flemish culture.

In the history of Europe, the major cultural boundaries are traditionally found:
 * in Western Europe between Latin Europe, where the legacy of the Roman Empire remained dominant, and Germanic Europe, where it was significantly syncretized with Germanic culture
 * in the Balkans, the Jireček Line, dividing the area of dominant Latin (Western Roman Empire) from that of dominant Greek (Eastern Roman Empire) influence.

Macro-cultures on a continental scale are also referred to as "worlds", "spheres", or "civilizations", such as the Islamic world.

Cultural bloc
The term cultural bloc is used by anthropologists to describe culturally and linguistically similar groups (or nations) of Aboriginal peoples of Australia. It may have been coined first by Ronald Berndt in 1959 to describe the Western Desert cultural bloc, a group of peoples in central Australia whose languages comprise around 40 dialects. Other groups described as a cultural bloc include the Noongar people of south-western Australia; the Bundjalung people of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland; the Kuninjku/Bininj Kunwok bloc and the Yolngu cultural bloc in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory.

Broad dichotomies

 * East–West dichotomy: the Western civilization and Western world contrasting with the Orient and Eastern world.
 * Global North and Global South: the North–South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and political divide.

Geographic areas

 * Africa
 * East Africa
 * North Africa
 * Maghreb (western and central North Africa)
 * Southern Africa
 * West Africa
 * Americas [see also Americas (terminology)]
 * Caribbean
 * Central America
 * Mesoamerica
 * North America
 * Northern America
 * South America
 * Australasia
 * Pacific islands:
 * Melanesia
 * Micronesia
 * Polynesia
 * British Isles
 * Eastern world
 * Far East
 * Middle East
 * Near East
 * Indian subcontinent
 * Southeast Asia
 * Mainland Southeast Asia and Indochina
 * Maritime Southeast Asia

Language families

 * Aboriginal Australian languages (with many sub-groups)
 * Indigenous languages of the Americas
 * Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
 * Native Americans in the United States
 * Indigenous peoples of South America
 * Celts and Celtic Europe
 * English-speaking world (Anglophone)
 * German language in Europe
 * Latin Europe
 * Francophonie
 * Françafrique
 * French America
 * Hispanidad
 * Hispanic America
 * Lusophone (Portuguese speakers)
 * Slavic Europe
 * Russian world
 * Baltic Finns, Balts and Baltic Countries
 * Arab world
 * Arabic-speaking world
 * Hindi Belt (Hindi-Urdu Region)
 * Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
 * Sinophone (Chinese speakers)

Cultures

 * Anglosphere
 * Arab world
 * Cévennes
 * East Asian cultural sphere (Sinosphere)
 * Greater China
 * Greater India and Indosphere
 * Greater Iran (Greater Persia)
 * Greater Middle East
 * Lusophone
 * Nordic countries (speaking North Germanic languages)
 * Russian world

Religious beliefs

 * Buddhism by country
 * Christendom (Christian world), in medieval times referred to as res publica Christiana
 * Christianity by country
 * Hinduism by country
 * Muslim world
 * Islam by country

Music
A music area is a cultural area defined according to musical activity. It may or may not conflict with the cultural areas assigned to a given region. The world may be divided into three large music areas, each containing a "cultivated" or classical musics "that are obviously its most complex musical forms", with, nearby, folk styles which interact with the cultivated, and, on the perimeter, primitive styles.
 * Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa
 * based on shared isometric materials, diatonic scales, and polyphony based on parallel thirds, fourths, and fifths.
 * would usually use the natural major scale and minor scale, and Dorian, Lydian and Mixolydian modes.
 * North Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, Indonesia and parts of Southern Europe.
 * based on shared small intervals in scales, melodies, and polyphony.
 * would usually use the harmonic minor scale and the Phrygian scale.
 * American Indian, East Asia, Horn of Africa, Northern Siberian, and Finno-Ugric music
 * based on shared large steps in pentatonic and tetratonic scales.

title: Cultural area


text:
Category talk:Physics

cut-off
Ah - there is a cut-off occurring because you can only have 200 links on a page.

So the quantum mechanics category and page aren't linked from here!

Serious need to categorise some pages, here.

Charles Matthews 19:43, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I agree. I came looking for a link to Particle Physics, but it seems to be cut off. This page needs to be cleaned up, particularly the individual articles in the category. StuTheSheep 20:29, Mar 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * See note below:
 * You are free to restore the notice if you believe the issue is not yet properly addressed. I merely commented out the notice. Ancheta Wis 08:56, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

How to add categories to the physics articles
You can add relevant categories to help populate the subcategory lists. To do this, at the foot of a Physics article (see section below for Physics subcategory), add the text

By saving your edit, you will produce a link to the physics subcategory. To test out the view, you can hit the Preview button to check whether your chosen subcategory is working. A colon (":") before the "category tag", e.g., Category:Add physics subcategory here, will allow you to include the link to a  physics subcategory in an article, without placing the article in that physics subcategory. By convention, the category tags are placed before the interwiki links, which are usually the very last tags on the article.

Note: To navigate the category lists, you can use the Category TOC links. Just click on the letter corresponding to the first letter of the article or subcategory which you seek. Alternatively, click on the next 200 or previous 200 links on the category page.

For more information, see also: Category -- See the source text (click Edit this page above) for an example of the pipe trick, which forces an alphabetization in the category sequence for an item.

How to assign physics subcategories to the physics category
Read Help:Category, where there is a clear description on how to add subcategories to an existing category.

Here is another example related to the Physics category. On Sun, 9 Dec 2007, there was no Statistical Mechanics subcategory in the Physics category. Now, Statistical Mechanics was already a category by itself. To add the Statistical Mechanics category as a subcategory to the Physics category, point your browser to the Statistical Mechanics category, edit this page, add the following line

at the end of the Statistical Mechanics category page, but above the interwiki links, and then save the page. Voila`. You could now go back to the Physics category page, to check that Statistical Mechanics was now listed as a subcategory to the Physics category.

The above was an example for an existing category page, such as the Statistical Mechanics category page. If a category page did not exist yet, you need to first create this new category page, before making it a subcategory to the physics category. To create a new category page for a new article that you wrote, you just need to add at the end of your article the line

where "New_category" is the appropriate name for the new category, save the article, and click to go to the new category page to create it. Read Help:Category for more details on how to create a new category page.

After the new-category page had been created, repeat the steps described further above to make the now-existing new-category page a subcategory to the Physics category.

(The category software currently allocates 200 links per category page, whether they are subcategory or article links.)

Vql (talk) 16:09, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup still needed
There are too many articles in this category. They need to be sorted into subcategories so that they are arranged by topic, not by alphabet. (If you don't already know the name of the article you're looking for, and you don't already know what each article is about, it can be really hard to find things on a very long alphabetical list like this.) -- Beland 23:19, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup almost done
OK, I think I just whacked about 150 articles or so. I'm getting sleepy, time to go to bed, can someone review the remaining 70 or so, and see if they can prune another 20-40 away? Please leave a core of 10-40 articles covering general topics. linas 09:18, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Never mind. I am done. linas 18:23, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

General Physics Topics subcategory
Should we create a General Physics Topics subcategory for things like Thought Experiments and Fermi Problems? I'll wait for responses before I make that change. StuTheSheep 18:25, May 5, 2005 (UTC)

This is a good idea – I was just looking for this category! I'll create it. — Sebastian (talk) 16:55, 2005 May 18 (UTC)

So i did it now, and it worked very well for the categories, but now that i'm starting to categorize the articles, it becomes fuzzy. E.g. would someone who just read Physical law rather want to see the subdisciplines listed in category:physics or rather the concepts on category:General physics topics? — Sebastian (talk) 10:47, 2005 May 20 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, Category:General physics topics is a little pointless, because everything that isn't specific for any other category should just stay in Category:Physics, which is general by virtue of it's name. Also, General physics topics is a bit too synonymous with Introductory physics for my taste. The category's been around for almost a month and not much has been palced in it - so do we need it? I propose to delete this category. Karol 06:41, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm actually inclined to agree. It didn't quite work out the way I thought it would. The categories in Category:General physics topics can be their own subcategories in Category:Physics, and the other articles can be moved there, too, now that it's mostly depopulated. StuTheSheep 04:44, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, I have emptied this category. According to wiki policy, we can make it a candidate for deletion 24h after the last change. Karol 08:56, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Having recategorized hundreds of physics articles, I agree overall. linas 16:25, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Deletion
I'm not happy about the way this went, although everybody complied with existing policies.

What happened was a waste of time: Stu's request has been sitting here uncontested for two weeks until I acted on it. Then again no protest for 4 weeks. Then all of a sudden, within 2 days, everything is changed. I don't really see a need for this haste. Both Karol and I spent some time categorizing and recategorizing. If a majority were to vote against the change we would have to spend the same time for a third time.

I see the following problems in this process:
 * Categories have no history.
 * By the time a category reaches CfD, it has been emptied. There is an a priori bias for deleting because there is no apparent reason to keep it.
 * The existing discussion is devalued.

I'm not sure what to do about this. I'd hate to further complicate our policies. But all I can think of at the moment is an amendment. Maybe we can work it out together so that it isn't a complication. How about something like this:
 * 1) The intention to delete a category (with more than n entries) should be announced on CfD before the category is emptied.
 * 2) If there is already a discussion on the pertinent talk page then it should be kept there and the timing will be governed by that discussion.
 * 3) Else, CfD's 1-week deadline applies.
 * 4) Once consensus is reached the category will be emptied and deleted immediately.  — Sebastian (talk) 05:42, 2005 Jun 19 (UTC)

---

 * After having emptied Category:General physics topics, I have to admit it was hasty action. Although in this case there is little ground for disagreement, I understand how this situation potentially leads to doubling or tripling work.Karol 09:35, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you! You're obviously a sensible contributor. I gotta go now, but I'm looking forward to working on this with you in the future. — Sebastian (talk) 16:12, 2005 Jun 19 (UTC)

Motivation for the general category
One reason for creating the category was to make it easier to separate the articles that belonged into subcategories from those that genuinely pertain to physics in general. This made some sense because there were over 100 articles in physics, but I agree that it isn't necessary now that there are only 35 articles. However, this changes rapidly. (I think I left only a dozen articles, which means it grew at about 1 article/day; apparently many of which are not genuine general articles but just roughly categorized as "physics".) Does anyone see a way to segregate the articles that are more equal than others without adding an extra category? — Sebastian (talk) 05:42, 2005 Jun 19 (UTC)

 * As much as I think Category:General physics topics has lost its purpose, I actually think it would be good to have a category named something like Category:Basic physics concepts (just a proposal), which could encompass the fundamental concepts such as time, energy, matter, interaction, vector, tensor, relativity, and so forth, which as of now are simply dispersed among various specific categories. Would this be a good idea? Karol 10:22, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd be fine with the name "Basic physics concepts". I assume you mean this as a name for the merge of "general" and "introductory"?
 * We might also consider a category like category:mathematical tools in physics, which could hold tensors and the like. — Sebastian (talk) 07:40, 2005 Jun 20 (UTC)

 * Hi all, just wanted to mention that in honor of the World Year of Physics 2005, I have embarked upon a project of improving the General relativity pages, including articles on tensors and whatever other background also needs improvement. I just finished a lengthy rewrite of the article on Lorentz group where I encountered the problem of how to divide up math/physics content between two closely related articles, namely Lorentz group and Möbius transformation.  (So far I haven't done much with the second article, but might eventually move some of the more mathematical content from the first to the second article.)  I am too inexperienced to have any general comments, but I am interested in the question you are discussing here.  See also the talk pages of the articles on exact solutions of  Einstein's field equations and pp wave spacetimes.---CH  (talk) 3 July 2005 06:41 (UTC)

Individual changes
It seems to me some of the changes were a bit hasty. E.g. many people will have trouble finding Waves. Which layperson would think of Dynamical systems or Differential equations? Also, narrowing the connection between tensors and physics to theoretical physics doesn't do justice to their wide practical application. — Sebastian (talk) 05:42, 2005 Jun 19 (UTC)

 * A propos Category:Waves. If we were to put every article a layman might look for into Category:Physics, we would be back to square one. It is probably a good idea to include Category:Waves in Category:Introductory physics since it is such a 'basic' concept. I also mentioned before before that Category:General physics topics and Category:Introductory physics very much overlap in their intentions, and this is one of the reasons why the latter is not needed any more. Karol 09:48, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree about square 1; that "introductory" is a good category for waves; and about the overlap. It doesn't mean that the distinction is completely unnecessary, though. But a merge to "basic concepts" seems to make sense. — Sebastian (talk) 07:40, 2005 Jun 20 (UTC)

 * A propos Category:Tensors. Just as many other theoretical concepts - such as function, derivative, or simply vector - tensors are often used in physics practice, but again I don't think we can have all of these in the upermost Category:Physics. Since it is a basic physics concept, it should probably also be included in Category:Introductory physics, I think.
 * Yes, that or category:mathematical tools in physics. — Sebastian (talk) 07:40, 2005 Jun 20 (UTC)

Discussion on WikiProject Physics
I have started a WikiProject Physics. It has only this discussion now (so maybe we continure there), but maybe it will develop into something more useful afterwards. Karol

WikiProject Mathematics
Since we do not have a WikiProject Physics at this time, please consider taking conversations such as the above to WikiProject Mathematics A number of seasoned physicists hang out there. linas 16:25, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the hint. Since the conversation is already taking place here, I'll go there and invite people. — Sebastian (talk) 07:40, 2005 Jun 20 (UTC)
 * I had noticed myself a while ago that WikiProject Physics is missing. You do have WikiProject Fluid dynamics and WikiProject Particles, but as it follows from this discussion you guys better make your own physics wikiproject then start stealing participants from the other ones. :) Oleg Alexandrov 08:47, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There is now a WikiProject Physics :) Karol 11:18, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Definition of Physics
I utterly disagree with the given definition of physics.

Energy does not interact with matter but particles, people, animals interact with each other. It is a bit like saying pears interact with apples.

When energy interacts with a bicycle, does this mean that the bicycle is beginning to move? No. When a person interacts with a bicycle (pushs the pedals) the bicycle begins to move. Energy is an abstract concept that does not interact with anything!

I would switch to the etymological definition :

 * Physics is the science of nature

but I would add

 * In practice, Physics is the science performed within the scientific method as applied by the physics community and defined by the works of physicists like Gallilei, Descartes, Planck, Einstein, Dirac or Feynman.

because I believe a science is not only defined by its object but also by its methods and the community of people doing it.

Alike we could have

 * Chemistry is the science of chemical compounds

and

 * In practice, Chemistry is the science performed within the scientific method as applied by the chemistry community and defined by the works of chemists like Lavoisier, Proust, Dalton, Gay-Lussac, etc...

And

 * Biology is the science of life

and

 * In practice, Biology is the science performed within the scientific method as applied by the biology community and defined by the works of chemists like Pasteur, etc...

The definition I propose allows the subsequent defintion of Physical Biology, Biophysics, Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics, Physical Biochemistry and so on. For example Physical Chemistry is the science of chemical compounds performed with the methods of Physics in the Chemistry community and Chemical Physics is the science of chemical compounds performed in the Physics Community (have a look at the journal Journal of Chemical Physics and Journal of Physical Chemistry to understand this subtle nuance).

Of course I understand not everybody agree with that. I let this topic open for discussion. And if nobody disagree or if a concensus is found I shall change the definition of physics accordingly.

 * I think you're trying to change the wrong page, because this intro is to a category and shouldn't really be too elaborate. I think no one has changed it since like a year, becuase it jsut isn't important, so I reduced it to a minimum. A complete definition and anything else about physics should be found simply in the article about physics. Cheers. Karol 12:07, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree to the given definition. --Meno25 02:25, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Physics


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Soldier of Fortune 2: Double Helix game cover

Fair use rationale
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Fat Thursday

Fat Thursday is a Christian tradition in some countries marking the last Thursday before Lent and is associated with the celebration of Carnival. Because Lent is a time of fasting, the days leading up to Ash Wednesday provide the last opportunity for feasting (including simply eating forbidden items) until Easter. Traditionally it is a day dedicated to eating, when people meet in their homes or cafés with their friends and relatives and eat large quantities of sweets, cakes and other meals usually not eaten during Lent. Among the most popular all-national dishes served on that day are pączki in Poland or Berliners, fist-sized donuts filled with rose hip jam, and angel wings (faworki), puff pastry fingers served with powdered sugar.

Slovenia
In Slovenia, Fat Thursday is celebrated with specific culinary traditions. People often enjoy special foods that are rich and hearty. A common treat is “krof,” a type of doughnut that is usually filled with jam, particularly apricot, and dusted with powdered sugar. These doughnuts are a staple of the celebration and are enjoyed by many.

Apart from krof, other fatty and rich foods are also consumed, reflecting the tradition’s focus on indulgence and enjoyment before the austerity of Lent. The celebration is not just about food; it’s also a time for social gatherings, family get-togethers, and community events, often accompanied by music and festivities.

Netherlands
The tradition may have an older background though. The position of men compared to women in society has often been a matter of debate. In Cologne is since 1824 the so-called Weiberfastnacht known. On the Thursday before carnaval, women are wearing men's clothes, reversing the roles and thus literally "being the man". In the Dutch border village Groenstraat a precursor to the Auwwieverbal (Old women ball) or Auw Wieverdaag (old women day) was known already in the early 19th century. The people at that time earned a living by breeding goats and selling woman's hair. The Thursday before carnaval the men would sell the hair to their French buyers. After the sale, as the man had plenty of money, they would go visit the pubs. The women would not be at the sale because they were expected to stay at home. Out of fear that their men would squander the money raised by their hair, the women would go find their husbands to prevent them from wasting it on alcohol. The search along the pubs transformed later to the Ouwewijvenbal. The women, this time incognito, firmly asserted themselves to their husbands and other men.

Poland
In Poland, Fat Thursday is called tłusty czwartek (which roughly translates to Greasy Thursday). People purchase their favorite pastries from their local bakeries. Traditional foods include pączki (doughnuts), which are large deep-fried pieces of yeast dough, traditionally filled with fruit jam or rose petal jam (though others are often used) and topped with powdered sugar, icing or glaze. Angel wings (faworki or chrusty) are also commonly consumed on this day.

France
Jeudi Gras (French for Fat Thursday) is a time when crepes would be served to use up stores of butter or lard and eggs, similar to the Shrove Tuesday tradition regarding pancakes in England.

Germany
Weiberfastnacht is an unofficial holiday in the Rhineland. At the majority of workplaces, work ends before noon. Celebrations start at 11:11 am in Germany. In comparison with Rosenmontag, there are hardly any parades, but people wear costumes and celebrate in pubs and in the streets. Beueler Weiberfastnacht ("women's carnival in Beuel") is traditionally celebrated in the Bonn district of Beuel. The tradition is said to have started here in 1824, when local women first formed their own "carnival committee". The symbolic storming of the Beuel town hall is broadcast live on TV. In many towns across the state of North Rhine Westphalia, a ritual "takeover" of the town halls by local women has become tradition. Among other established customs, on that day women cut off the ties of men, which are seen as a symbol of men's status. The men wear the stumps of their ties and get a Bützchen (little kiss) as compensation.

Greece
Known as Tsiknopempti in Greece, it is part of the traditional celebrations of Apókries (Απόκριες), the Greek Carnival season. The celebration, normally translated as Smelly Thursday, Charred Thursday, or Smoky Thursday, centers on the consumption of large amounts of grilled and roasted meats.

Italy
Giovedì grasso (Fat Thursday) is celebrated in Italy, but it is not very different from martedì grasso (Shrove Tuesday). In Venice at the turn of the twentieth century, for example, it was marked by "masquerades, a battle of flowers on the Plaza, a general illumination and the opening of the lottery". The English writer Marie Corelli mentioned giovedì grasso (as "Giovedi Grasso") in her second novel, Vendetta (1886), as a day when "the fooling and the mumming, the dancing, shrieking, and screaming would be at its height."

Spain
In Spain this celebration is called jueves lardero or jueves de comadre and in Catalan-speaking areas, dijous gras, a children's holiday. In Albacete in Spain community of Castille-La Mancha, jueves lardero or Dia de la Mona is celebrated with a round pastry with a boiled egg in the middle called mona. In Aragon a meal is prepared with a special sausage from Graus while in Catalonia the tradition is to eat sweet Bunyols and Botifarra d’ou.

Other traditions
Syrian Catholics have celebrated the day as "Drunkard's Thursday" with dolmas as the traditional food.

title: Fat Thursday


text:
Alan Gewirth

Alan Gewirth (November 28, 1912 – May 9, 2004) was an American philosopher, a professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago, and author of Reason and Morality (1978), Human Rights: Essays on Justification and Applications (1982), The Community of Rights (1996), Self-Fulfillment (1998), and numerous other writings in moral philosophy and political philosophy.

Early life and education
Born in Manhattan and raised in West New York, New Jersey, Gewirth graduated from Memorial High School in January 1930 as valedictorian of his class. He graduated from Columbia University in 1934 and was inspired by Richard McKeon to become a philosopher. He spent 1936-37 at Cornell University and then studied at the University of Chicago. In 1942 he was drafted into the army. After the war, he spent 1946-1947 at Columbia University and received his PhD in philosophy in 1948. From 1947 onwards, he taught at the University of Chicago.

Ethical theory
Gewirth is best known for his ethical rationalism, according to which a supreme moral principle, the "Principle of Generic Consistency" (PGC), is derivable as a requirement of "agential self-understanding". The principle states that every agent must act in accordance with his or her own and all other agents' generic rights.

According to Gewirth's theory, the PGC is derivable from the fact of human agency, but it is derivable only via a "dialectically necessary" mode of argumentation. The mode is "dialectical" in the sense that it presents the steps of the argument to the PGC as inferences made by an agent, rather than as statements true of the world itself. Each step is thus a description of what the agent thinks (or implicitly asserts), not of what things are like independently of the viewpoint of the agent. This mode of argumentation is also "necessary" both in the sense that its initial premise is inescapable from any agent's standpoint and in the sense that the subsequent steps of the proof are logically deduced from this premise.

Gewirth thus holds that any agent must accept the PGC as the principle of human rights on pain of self-contradiction, because the principle is contained as the inescapable conclusion of any agent's dialectically necessary characterization of his or her own activity. The initial premise, which we all must accept insofar as we perform any actions, is simply "I do X for purpose E". All agents implicitly accept this assertion insofar as they perform any voluntary actions; they therefore must accept it on pain of contradicting the assumption that they are agents. From there, Gewirth holds that an agent must attach a positive value to E, through some criterion that motivates them to achieve E, or else there would be no motivation to act in the first place. Because an agent values E, it follows that they must value the conditions necessary to achieve E. Gewirth claims that these conditions are those of freedom, which is the ability to choose purposes, and well-being, which is the ability to realize purposes. Since an agent must value their freedom and well-being, it follows that agents have a claim right to their freedom and well-being, for it is mutually exclusive to hold both that they must have freedom and well-being and that they may not have freedom and well-being. Given that each agent has a claim right to freedom and well-being, and that agents accept parallel reasoning, agents must accept that other agents also have those rights. Therefore, agents must respect the freedom and well-being of their recipients as well as of themselves, since both groups have the generic rights.

While Gewirth admits that his argument establishes the PGC only dialectically, he nevertheless claims that the principle is established as necessary, since any and all agents must accept it on pain of contradiction, and further argues that it is not necessary to establish a moral principle assertorically.

In 1991, the philosopher Deryck Beyleveld published The Dialectical Necessity of Morality, an authoritative reformulation of Gewirth's argument, including a summary of previously published objections and Beyleveld's own rigorous responses to them on Gewirth's behalf. There is no clear consensus among philosophers regarding the soundness of Gewirth's theory. For at least the past 30 years, philosophers have offered numerous objections to the theory but have nearly all been substantively countered by Gewirth and his adherents. The debate over Gewirth's ideas thus continues. In 2016 Routledge published a volume on Gewirth's ethical theory, edited by Swedish philosopher Per Bauhn and containing contributions by fifteen international scholars.

Gewirth's argument bears a (superficial) resemblance to the discourse ethics type theories of Jürgen Habermas, Karl-Otto Apel, and others. His student Roger Pilon has developed a libertarian version of Gewirth's theory.

title: Alan Gewirth


text:
Ariel (detergent)

Ariel is a brand of laundry detergent developed by P&G European Technology Centre in Belgium. The enzymes for the detergent are provided by Novozymes.

History
It was launched in multiple markets between 1967 and 1969. The brand is owned by US multinational Procter & Gamble and is popular in Mexico, India, and the Philippines.

title: Ariel (detergent)


text:
Business incubator

A business incubator is an organization that helps startup companies and individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a fullscale range of services, starting with management training and office space, and ending with venture capital financing. The National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) defines business incubators as a catalyst tool for either regional or national economic development. NBIA categorizes its members' incubators by the following five incubator types: academic institutions; non-profit development corporations; for-profit property development ventures; venture capital firms, and a combination of the above.

Business incubators differ from research and technology parks in their dedication to startup and early-stage companies. Research and technology parks, on the other hand, tend to be large-scale projects that house everything from corporate, government, or university labs to very small companies. Most research and technology parks do not offer business assistance services, which are the hallmark of a business incubation program. However, many research and technology parks house incubation programs.

Incubators also differ from the U.S. Small Business Administration's Small Business Development Centers (and similar business support programs) in that they serve only selected clients. Congress created the Small Business Administration in the Small Business Act of July 30, 1953. Its purpose is to "aid, counsel, assist and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests of small business concerns." In addition, the charter ensures that small businesses receive a "fair proportion" of any government contracts and sales of surplus property. SBDCs work with any small businesses at any stage of development, and not only with startup companies. Many business incubation programs partner with their local SBDC to create a "one-stop shop" for entrepreneurial support.

Within European Union countries, there are different EU and state funded programs that offer support in form of consulting, mentoring, prototype creation, and other services and co-funding for them. TecHub is one of the examples for IT companies and ideas.

In India, the business incubators are promoted in a varied fashion: as technology business incubators (TBI) and as startup incubators—the first deals with technology business (mostly, consultancy and promoting technology related businesses) and the later deals with promoting startups (with more emphasis on establishing new companies, scaling the businesses, prototyping, patenting, and so forth). The mission on creating specific innovations among the young minds of researchers via. 101 specialized incubators have been boosted in various parts of India through AIM-India. For instance, AIC-IIITKottayam, a startup-based incubator, specializes in IoT Cloud research jointly with world class incubators from Germany, the US, Austria, and so forth.

History
The formal concept of business incubation began in the US in 1959 when Joseph L. Mancuso opened the Batavia Industrial Center in a Batavia, New York, warehouse. Incubation expanded in the U.S. in the 1980s and spread to the UK and Europe through various related forms (e.g. innovation centres, pépinières d'entreprises, technopoles/science parks).

The U.S.-based International Business Innovation Association estimates that there are about 7,000 incubators worldwide. A study funded by the European Commission in 2002 identified around 900 incubation environments in Western Europe. As of October 2006, there were more than 1,400 incubators in North America, up from only 12 in 1980. Her Majesty's Treasury identified around 25 incubation environments in the UK in 1997; by 2005, UKBI identified around 270 incubation environments across the country. In 2005 alone, North American incubation programs assisted more than 27,000 companies that provided employment for more than 100,000 workers and generated annual revenues of $17 billion.

Incubation activity has not been limited to developed countries; incubation environments are now being implemented in developing countries and raising interest for financial support from organizations such as UNIDO and the World Bank.

The first high-tech incubator located in Silicon Valley was Catalyst Technologies started by Nolan Bushnell after he left Atari. "My idea was that I would fund [the businesses] with a key," says Bushnell. "And the key would fit a lock in a building. In the building would be a desk and chair, and down the hall would be a Xerox machine. They would sign their name 35 times and the company would be incorporated." All the details would be handled: "They'd have a health care plan, their payroll system would be in place, and the books would be set up. So in 15 minutes, they would be in business working on the project."

Types of services
Since startup companies lack many resources, experience and networks, incubators provide services which helps them get through initial hurdles in starting up a business. These hurdles include space, funding, legal, accounting, computer services and other prerequisites to running the business.

According to the Small Business Administration's website, their mission provides small businesses with four main services. These services are:

 * Plan your Business: Turn your great idea into a great business plan
 * Launch your Business: Turn your business plan into a reality (register, file, and start doing business)
 * Manage your Business: Master day-to-day operations and prepare for success
 * Grow your Business: Find new funding, locations, and customers when business is good and it's time to expand

Among the most common incubator services are:
 * Help with business basics
 * Networking activities
 * Marketing assistance
 * Market Research
 * High-speed Internet access
 * Help with accounting/financial management
 * Access to bank loans, loan funds and guarantee programs
 * Help with presentation skills
 * Links to higher education resources
 * Links to strategic partners
 * Access to angel investors or venture capital
 * Comprehensive business training programs
 * Advisory boards and mentors
 * Management team identification
 * Help with business etiquette
 * Technology commercialization assistance
 * Help with regulatory compliance
 * Intellectual property management

Types
There are a number of business incubators that have focused on particular industries or on a particular business model, earning them their own name.

 * Virtual business incubator – online business incubator
 * Since the 1950s, an older incubator model required startups to set up at the incubator's site. After the dot-com bubble, the virtual model was born, allowing companies to receive advice on incubators without physically being at the shop. This new virtual business incubator model has been a major step forward for entrepreneurs, and are especially ideal for those who need the advice that an incubator office provides but who want to maintain their own offices, warehouses, etc.
 * Kitchen incubator – a business incubator focused on the food industry
 * Specialty foods are typically high value and low production. Starting a commercial kitchen from scratch is a huge investment. The average food entrepreneur has to invest a lot of money before even making their food product, therefore not making profit for quite some time. Kitchen incubators give culinary entrepreneurs the opportunity to use low-cost kitchen space where they can rent a commercial kitchen space for an hourly or monthly rate. They also help culinary entrepreneurs make a profit by aiding in packaging, marketing, and selling their food products.
 * Public incubator – a business incubator focused on the public good
 * Social incubators' goal, similar to all other business incubators, is to provide social entrepreneurs with the tools they need to expand their business. While some businesses avoid their social responsibility, others such as charities need to have the ability to be more business savvy to survive.
 * Seed accelerator – a business incubator focused on early startups. (Note: some literature sees as accelerators distinct from incubators, rather than being a subset. )
 * "Seed accelerators, also known as startup accelerators, are fixed-term, cohort-based programs, that include mentorship and educational components and culminate in a public pitch event or demo day." While traditional business incubators are typically government-funded, accelerators differ in that they can be either privately or publicly funded and focus on a huge variety of industries. Seed accelerators also differ from business incubators in that the application process for seed accelerators is open to anyone, and is highly competitive.
 * Corporate accelerator – a program of a larger company that acts akin to a seed accelerator
 * A specific type of seed accelerator which is often a subsidiary or program of larger corporations that act like seed accelerators, sponsored by an established for-profit corporation.
 * Startup studio – a business incubator with interacting portfolio companies
 * Venture builder: These are similar to a startup studio, but builds companies internally.
 * Venture-builders are also called tech studios, startup factories, or venture production studios. Unlike incubators and accelerators, venture builders do not take any applications and are a non-competitive program, but rather build companies using their own ideas and resource and assign internal teams of engineers, advisors, business developers, sales managers, etc. to develop them.
 * Medical incubator: a business incubator focused on medical devices and biomaterials
 * This type of business incubator focuses on start-up advice for medical devices and biomaterials. Medical technologies are always changing and improving, and therefore this type of incubator is ideal for encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship within the medical field.

More than half of all business incubation programs are "mixed-use" projects, meaning they work with clients from a variety of industries. Technology incubators account for 39% of incubation programs.

One example of a specialized type of incubator is a bio incubator. Bioincubators specialize in supporting life science-based startup companies. Entrepreneurs with feasible projects in life sciences are selected and admitted to these programs.

Incubation process
Unlike many business assistance programs, business incubators do not serve any and all companies. Entrepreneurs who wish to enter a business incubation program must apply for admission. Acceptance criteria vary from program to program, but in general only those with feasible business ideas and a workable business plan are admitted. It is this factor that makes it difficult to compare the success rates of incubated companies against general business survival statistics.

Although most incubators offer their clients office space and shared administrative services, the heart of a true business incubation program is the services it provides to startup companies. More than half of incubation programs surveyed by the National Business Incubation Association in 2006 reported that they also served affiliate or virtual clients. These companies do not reside in the incubator facility. Affiliate clients may be home-based businesses or early-stage companies that have their own premises but can benefit from incubator services. Virtual clients may be too remote from an incubation facility to participate on site, and so receive counseling and other assistance electronically.

The amount of time a company spends in an incubation program can vary widely depending on a number of factors, including the type of business and the entrepreneur's level of business expertise. Life science and other firms with long research and development cycles require more time in an incubation program than manufacturing or service companies that can immediately produce and bring a product or service to market. On average, incubator clients spend 33 months in a program. Many incubation programs set graduation requirements by development benchmarks, such as company revenues or staffing levels, rather than time.

 * 1) Eligibility
 * 2) Admission process
 * 3) Intellectual property
 * 4) Seed loan
 * 5) Infrastructure
 * 6) Common infrastructure
 * 7) Other services
 * 8) Periodic assessment
 * 9) Information submission
 * 10) Consideration
 * 11) Tenure in BI
 * 12) Exit
 * 13) Conflicts of interests and confidentiality of information
 * 14) Disclaimer
 * 15) Agreements

Goals and sponsors
Business incubation has been identified as a means of meeting a variety of economic and socioeconomic policy needs, which may include job creation, fostering a community's entrepreneurial climate, technology commercialization, diversifying local economies, building or accelerating growth of local industry clusters, business creation and retention, encouraging minority entrepreneurship, identifying potential spin-in or spin-out business opportunities, or community revitalization.

About one-third of business incubation programs are sponsored by economic development organizations. Government entities (such as cities or counties) account for 21% of program sponsors. Another 20% are sponsored by academic institutions, including two- and four-year colleges, universities, and technical colleges. In many countries, incubation programs are funded by regional or national governments as part of an overall economic development strategy. In the United States, however, most incubation programs are independent, community-based and resourced projects. The U.S. Economic Development Administration is a frequent source of funds for developing incubation programs, but once a program is open and operational it typically receives no federal funding; few states offer centralized incubator funding. Rents and/or client fees account for 59% of incubator revenues, followed by service contracts or grants (18%) and cash operating subsidies (15%).

As part of a major effort to address the ongoing economic crisis of the US, legislation was introduced to "reconstitute Project Socrates". The updated version of Socrates supports incubators by enabling users with technology-based facts about the marketplace, competitor maneuvers, potential partners, and technology paths to achieve competitive advantage. Michael Sekora, the original creator and director of Socrates says that a key purpose of Socrates is to assist government economic planners in addressing the economic and socioeconomic issues (see above) with unprecedented speed, efficiency and agility.

Many for-profit or "private" incubation programs were launched in the late 1990s by investors and other for-profit operators seeking to hatch businesses quickly and bring in big payoffs. At the time, NBIA estimated that nearly 30% of all incubation programs were for-profit ventures. In the wake of the dot-com bust, however, many of those programs closed. In NBIA's 2002 State of the Business Incubation survey, only 16% of responding incubators were for-profit programs. By the 2006 SOI, just 6% of respondents were for-profit.

Although some incubation programs (regardless of nonprofit or for-profit status) take equity in client companies, most do not. Only 25% of incubation programs report that they take equity in some or all of their clients.

Incubator networks
Incubators often aggregate themselves into networks which are used to share good practices and new methodologies. Europe's European Business and Innovation Centre Network ("EBN") association federates more than 250 European Business and Innovation Centres (EU|BICs) throughout Europe. France has its own national network of technopoles, pre-incubators, and EU|BICs, called RETIS Innovation. This network focuses on internationalizing startups.

Of 1000 incubators across Europe, 500 are situated in Germany. Many of them are organized federally within the ADT (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Innovations-, Technologie-, und Gründerzentren e.V.).

Silicon Valley Founder Houses
San Francisco and Silicon Valley are home to 'founder houses.' These involve a collective of founders sharing an apartment or house while working to get their companies off the ground. Similar to tech/hacker houses in the same area, the founders collaborate to promote one another's success while enjoying the financial benefits of co-living in one of the most expensive regions of the country. These collectives are typically located in San Francisco or near to Stanford University's campus. Many of the founders have dropped out of Stanford University to pursue their careers– in fact, there is a more than a 1 in 10 chance that billion-dollar startups have one or more founders who attended Stanford. In addition to the financial incentives of co-living, founders share investor recommendations, funding strategies, VC contacts, and other elements critical to a startup company's success in its early days. These set-ups allow for largely virtual work, eliminating the burden on new founders to find a physical space for their company. Due to the collaborative nature of these spaces, residents who have failed companies often pivot to taking a high-ranking position at a roommate's company. Collectives such as these build on a legacy set forth by Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook. The house featured in the film The Social Network was a hacker's den rented by Zuckerberg that ultimately gave rise to a tech supergiant. This house and the fortune it gave rise to was well-documented in the 2010 film The Social Network.

title: Business incubator


text:
Talk:Pete Sandoval

Untitled
"He is one of the few drummers that plays a blast beat with the two kick - one snare pattern." Anyone care to clarify what this means? Quirk 19:52, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think it means he alternates his blast beats on two bass drums rather than one like most are done.

The 2nd sentence in this is not very clear: "Sandoval once believed he had a son, whom he credited his work on Domination to. As later revealed in his personal thank you-note that his "son" was actually the result of his one of his girlfriends affairs on the side of Sandoval."

Needs mending.

--62.205.126.127 14:48, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Removed this section:

"According to Azagthoth, Sandoval's Morbid Angel bandmates once played a prank on him by making him listen to an automated drum machine which they claimed was an actual drummer who could play faster than him. Sandoval believed them, went on to practice, and eventually managed to play faster than the drum machine, to the amazement of his bandmates who thought it was impossible. "

As a) it's poorly worded, b) has no citation and c) I've heard the same urban legend about other musicians.

title: Talk:Pete Sandoval


text: Category:German alpine skiers

title: Category:German alpine skiers


text:
Talk:Marie-Christine Barrault

Untitled
The Jean-Louis Barrault article says that she is his daughter. Ardric47 19:53, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Both articles now correctly state that she is his niece. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 01:32, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marie-Christine Barrault


text:
Talk:Jean-Louis Barrault

The Jean-Louis Barrault article says that she is his daughter. Ardric47 19:56, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * If you mean Marie-Christine Barrault, both this and her article correctly state that she is his niece. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 01:31, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jean-Louis Barrault


text: Category:Croatian alpine skiers

title: Category:Croatian alpine skiers


text: Category:World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic


text:
Mashreq (bank)

Mashreq (Arabic: بنك المشرق) is the oldest privately owned bank in the United Arab Emirates and one of the oldest banking institutions in the Middle East. Founded as the Bank of Oman in 1967, it now offers online banking and e-commerce.

Mashreq has 16 overseas offices in 13 countries, with corporate banking businesses in Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and India, as well as corporate and retail banking in Egypt and foreign exchange businesses in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal. There are also full-service branches in New York, London, and Hong Kong.

Mashreq provides conventional and Islamic personal and investment banking and asset management services. Mashreq through its app Mashreq Neo also offers instant personal cash loans to citizens residing in the UAE. Mashreq app features are similar to a standard banking app, which includes the latest news and updates, allows for account transactions, enables paying utility bills directly from the app, tracks Salaam rewards, and more.

Products
Product offerings include:

 * NeoBiz
 * Digital IPO
 * Blockchain with DIFC, and launched the Titan platform for comprehensive corporate banking offering.

title: Mashreq (bank)


text:
Wordtank G50

The Wordtank G50 was the flagship model of the Wordtank line of Electronic Japanese dictionary by Canon before it was replaced by the Wordtank G55, which was again superseded in capability by the later G70 (though not replaced – it is still available as a cheaper alternative to the G70). It was introduced in May 2004.

Features
The Wordtank G50 is a bidirectional electronic dictionary, integrating both Japanese-English (97,000 entries) and English-Japanese (270,000 entries) dictionaries. It also contains a standard Japanese dictionary (230,000 entries) and an abridged version of the Oxford English Dictionary (80,000 entries). In addition, there is a kanji dictionary (13,112 entries), with several thousand of the kanji having stroke order animations available. The G50 was the first electronic dictionary to feature stroke order animations, making it useful to students of the Japanese language who are learning kanji. The G50 also includes a katakana dictionary (52,000 entries), a Japanese reverse dictionary (230,000 entries), and an illustration dictionary (2,600 entries).

Although the G50's feature set, particularly its variety of dictionaries, is extensive, it lacks stylus input (which, on some models, allows kanji to be looked up by drawing them) and sound output (for pronunciation), which are available on some competing models. It also lacks any furigana help for kanji, this mean that if you want to translate a word from English to Japanese you will only get the translation in Chinese characters. No translation with Hiragana is extremely unhelpful for non-Japanese.

Use
Although Canon only sells and supports its electronic dictionaries in Japan, the G50 has been exported (primarily by Japanese retailers) and sold to English-speaking students of the Japanese language around the world. The appeal of the G50 is that it can replace large paper volumes, including bidirectional dictionaries and kanji dictionaries, with a portable device, while also making the search process faster.

 * Canon Wordtank Official Page
 * A comparison review of the Wordtank G50

title: Wordtank G50


text: Category:Slovenian alpine skiers

title: Category:Slovenian alpine skiers