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Pope Francis Preparatory School

Pope Francis Preparatory School is a Catholic co-educational college-preparatory high school in Springfield, Massachusetts.

Originally opened in 1883 by the Sisters of Saint Joseph at the diocese's Saint Michael's Cathedral. In 2011, Cathedral High School’s building was destroyed by a tornado. A few years later in 2015, it was announced that it would merge with Holyoke Catholic High School in Chicopee to form a new regional Catholic school. The new building was completed in 2016 and reopened as Pope Francis High School. The school would then later rename as "Pope Francis Preparatory School." The school's current building is on the site of the original Cathedral High School.

Cathedral High School
In 1883, the diocese's Bishop Patrick Thomas O'Reilly sought a teaching staff for a high school in response to the growing number of Catholic immigrants in the area. Responding to the call, two members of the Sisters of St. Joseph from Flushing, New York came to Springfield to start up the school. In the years that followed Cathedral High School flourished in facilities on Elliot Street in downtown Springfield. By the 1940s the school had grown to nearly 1600 students. The school had outgrown its facilities, so the Diocese purchased a 30-acre (121,000 m2) farm on Surrey and Wendover Roads in Springfield and built a new school. It opened on September 9, 1959. In the first decade at Surrey Road student enrollment grew to more than 2600 students.

In 2002 the school was re-accredited by New England Association of Schools and Colleges.

In an effort to consolidate the Diocese's educational resources in the wake of increasing financial difficulties, Cathedral High School was selected to host the newly established St. Michael's Academy, which hosted students from Grades 6 to 8. From 2008 to 2009, Cathedral was extensively remodeled to accommodate the new facility, which occupied a full wing of the main school facility.

On June 1, 2011, Cathedral High School was severely damaged in the tornado that struck Springfield, Massachusetts. The building was declared a total loss. The students had finished the remainder of the 2010–2011 school year at Elms College, located in Chicopee, Massachusetts. The school was based out of Memorial Elementary School in neighboring Wilbraham, Massachusetts from the 2011–2012 school year until 2016. Demolition of the original Cathedral High School building was completed in 2015.

Campus
The school's Surrey Road campus was in Springfield's East Forest Park Neighborhood on a green and hilly plot of land which is now the site of Pope Francis Preparatory School.

Original Building
The school was divided into four main sections. Most of the classrooms were in a building that, from the air, was shaped like a boxy eight with two courtyards in the open spaces formed by the eight. A small chapel took up part of the first floor in one of the courtyards. The school offices were near the main entrance, and the cafeteria extended towards the few athletic fields.

Extending north from the main building was the science wing. Because of the hills the school was built in, the science wing's first and second floors were just above the main building's second and third floors. The auditorium abutted the main building and was the largest high school auditorium in the area. On a lower grade than the rest of the school, were the gymnasium, a parking lot, and playing fields which included a full size football field that doubled as a soccer and lacrosse field. Island Pond, on the eastern edge of the property, featured a rare floating island.

History
Throughout its history, Cathedral High School had predominantly served the students of the City of Springfield. However, many of its students had come from the suburbs of the city and some as far away as Sunderland, Palmer, and Connecticut. Being a Catholic school, a majority of its student had been Catholic. However, that had never been a requirement for admission. Before merging, the school enrollment had fallen to approximately 250 students. 70% of the students were from Springfield itself.

The school had 45 faculty members and administrators. Most of the faculty had a master's degree. Many had taught at the school for 20+ years. For many years the faculty consisted of Sisters of St. Joseph and a small number of lay men and women. In later years members of religious communities remained a vital part of the school community, but in significantly smaller numbers. Nearly all the teachers were full-time.

Cathedral High School also sponsored teachers who were in the Providence Alliance for Catholic Teachers, or PACT program, part of the University Consortium for Catholic Education. Through this program, young teachers are given the chance to earn a master's degree in education from Providence College, while devoting two years of service to the school where they are assigned. Before merging there was one teacher in the program at Cathedral and two graduates of the program taught at the school.

In 2004, the school welcomed its first lay principal. With this, all Cathedral's academic leadership, including vice-principal, guidance director, business manager, librarians, and all department heads were lay people.

Cathedral High School was a college-preparatory program, where 96% of the graduates furthered their education. Members of the Class of 2009 attended Boston College, Boston University, Fairfield University; Fordham University, College of the Holy Cross, Northeastern University, Bryant University, Providence College, Rochester Institute of Technology, St. Anselm's,  University of Connecticut, University of Massachusetts, University of Rochester, The Elms College, Villanova University, The Catholic University of America, and others.

Academics
Cathedral High School offered College Prep, Advanced Placement, and Honors classes within the STREAM (Science, Technology, Religion, Engineering, Arts and Math) program.

Cathedral High School had religion, science, English, fine arts & business, social studies, foreign language, physical education and mathematics departments.

Within their respective departments, Cathedral offered classes in scripture, world religions, earth science, biology, chemistry, physics, journalism, computer literacy, art (painting, drawing, and sculpture), United States History, World History, sociology, Spanish, French, Latin, algebra, geometry, calculus, and statistics. Many of these classes and others were available as college prep or honors. Advanced Placements were available in English, Calculus, Statistics, US History, Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Latin.

Sports
The school's teams played sports as the Cathedral High School Panthers. The Panthers had sports teams at three competitive levels (varsity, JV and freshman).
 * American football
 * Soccer
 * Cross Country Running
 * Golf
 * Field Hockey
 * Basketball
 * Ice hockey
 * Swimming
 * Indoor Track and Field
 * Lacrosse
 * Baseball
 * Softball
 * Outdoor Track and Field
 * Tennis

History
Over the past 70 years Cathedral teams have won countless Western Massachusetts and state titles, including in football, soccer, cross country, basketball, hockey, indoor track and field, baseball, outdoor track and field and tennis.

Before the merger, the school's colors were purple and white. Cathedral's mascot was a Panther, and the squads were often referred to as the Purple Panthers. With the exception of Field Hockey and Football, all sports at Cathedral had both boys' and girls' teams. Football, soccer, basketball, and baseball all had freshman, junior varsity, and varsity teams. The others had JV and varsity teams. In the years prior to the merger, the school was perhaps best known for its Ice Hockey team. The Panthers had the only Division 1 hockey program in Western Massachusetts.

Cathedral High School hockey won their first state championship in 1996 when they beat Hingham High School 2–0 in a thrilling Division 2 Championship Game.

In 2009, the Cathedral High School ice hockey team won the Division 1 State Championship for the first time since 2003, beating Arlington Catholic, the Division 1 North Champions, for the title.

Clubs
Clubs included National Honor Society, language clubs, choir, Outdoor Adventure club, and Model UN.

Tuition
Tuition for the 2023-2024 academic year is $11,650 per student. International tuition is $18,000.

Notable alumni

 * Scott Barnes - Drafted by the Washington Nationals in the 43rd round of the 2005 MLB June Amateur Draft and the San Francisco Giants in the 8th round of the 2008 MLB June Amateur Draft.
 * Angelo Bertelli - 1943 Heisman Trophy winner at Notre Dame
 * Wayne Budd - Former Assistant US Attorney General
 * Nick Buoniconti - NFL Hall of Fame Linebacker
 * Chris Capuano - MLB pitcher
 * Bill Danoff - Singer & Songwriter, Member of Starland Vocal Band, Wrote John Denver's "Country Roads"
 * Vinny Del Negro - NBA Point Guard from 1988 to 2001 and former head coach of the Los Angeles Clippers
 * Paul Fenton - Former NHL player and current assistant general manager of the Nashville Predators
 * Mike Flynn - Baltimore Ravens offensive linemen
 * Nick Gorneault - Former MLB player (Los Angeles Angels)
 * Derek Kellogg - University of Massachusetts Men's Basketball Head Coach
 * John Leonard - Professional ice hockey player
 * Tim Mayotte - Tennis Professional
 * Larry O'Brien - Advisor to President Kennedy, Postmaster General and NBA commissioner
 * Thomas Reilly - Former Massachusetts Attorney General
 * Joe Scibelli - 15-year veteran in the NFL as a guard for the LA Rams
 * John Shea - Actor, film producer, and stage director. Best known for such films as the Academy Award-nominated film Missing (1982) and as Lex Luthor on the TV series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman.
 * Tommy Tallarico - American video game music composer and musician.
 * Peter Welch - Democratic Congressman from Vermont
 * Bob Kudelski - 9-year veteran in the NHL.
 * Mark Sterling - Pro wrestler

title: Pope Francis Preparatory School


text:
Battle of Qingshanli

The Battle of Qingshanli was fought over six days in October 1920 between the Imperial Japanese Army and Korean armed groups in a densely wooded region of eastern Manchuria called Qīngshānlǐ (青山里, Seizanri; 청산리, Cheongsanri). It occurred during the campaign of the Japanese army in Jiandao, during the Japanese rule of Korea (1910–1945).

Background
After the March 1st Movement of 1919 by Koreans calling for liberation from Japanese occupation, some Korean activists formed an independence army in Manchuria. The Japanese government asked China to subdue them but got no substantive result.

On 2 October 1920, the Independence Army raided Hun-ch'un and killed 13 Japanese including the commissioner of the consulate police. In response, Japan decided to send troops to eastern Manchuria. Japan immediately held talks with China, and on 16 October received permission for military action in eastern Jilin from the governor of Jilin.

Status of the battles according to Korean sources
The Japanese forces who joined the expedition were the 28th Brigade of the 19th Division, which was on its way back to Japan, and two units from the 11th and 13th Divisions who had been sent to Vladivostok. Among them, only the 19th Division of the Choson Army of Japan, part of the Imperial Japanese Army garrisoned in Korea, launched an actual military operation and the rest contained a lockdown and a demonstration. The 19th Division was deployed to Hunchun (Isobayashi Detachment), Wangqing (Kimura Detachment) and Yanji-Helong (Azuma Detachment). The Isobayashi and Kimura detachments engaged in no major combat.

From 21 to 23 October, the Northern military administration office army led by Kim Jwa-jin lured some of Japanese soldiers and attacked them in Baiyunping (白雲坪), Quanshuiping (泉水坪) and Wanlougou (完樓溝). Although the Korean force was small and used guerilla warfare, they were victorious. The Japanese force, who were defeated by the Korean Independent Army, appealed for help to the Azuma Detachment. They were rushed in for the relief of the remnants to fight against the Korean Independence Army.

The Azuma Detachment engaged in combat with the Korean Independence Army on 23 October. The Northern military administration office army united the Korea independent army led by Hong Beom-do in the struggle against Japanese force. The Korean troops had the Japanese Azuma Detachment at a disadvantage, and the two forces fought the final battle in the Yulang town (漁郎村). The Korean army claimed to have killed 1,200 Japanese soldiers, and wounded thousands of others on 26 October, though the number of casualties during the battle is still debated on. As a result of the battle, Korean forces retreated from the area and the Japanese army kept pursuing them.

In response to these claims, Kim Hak-Cheor (also known as Song Jin-woo), who participated in many battles as a member of the armed group for the independence of Korea, argued that the number of Japanese casualties was exaggerated by a factor of 300 or more. According to him, when Korean independence forces encountered the Japanese army, they lost 9 out of 10 times, and even if they won, they could only kill 2 or 3 Japanese soldiers.

Hunchun massacre
South Korea views the Hunchun incident as a deception by Japan, who they believe used it as an excuse to dispatch troops.

Casualties of the Japanese army
Japanese sources claim 11 dead and 24 wounded, and no officer casualties. These numbers are repeated by the list of the fallen soldiers of the Yasukuni Shrine. Japanese investigation of weapons of the 19th Division after the expedition claims that the Japanese army consumed little.

The only Japanese soldier Korean sources name was "Regimental Commander Kanō." "The Bloody History of the Korean Independence Movement" states that a secret paper by a Japanese consul reported Regimental Commander Kanō's death, although Japan has not revealed such a report so far. Japan claims the only man corresponding to "Regimental Commander Kanō" was Colonel Nobuteru Kanō, who served as commander of the 27th regiment, and that his name cannot be found in the casualty list, but is said to have led the regiment until 1922. Moreover, two months after the Battle of Qingshanli, the regiment commanded by Colonel Kanō captured one Korean. This event is recorded in a secret telegram from the Japanese consulate in Qingshanli on 13 November 1920.

On the contrary, South Koreans refer to this battle as the "great victory at Cheongsalli" and consider it a victory of the Independence Army. For the casualties of the Japanese army, Chosun Doknip Undongji Hyulsa by Bak Inseok (1920) states "900-1,600 including Regimental Commander Kanō," Daehan Minguk jeongdangsa compiled by the National Election Commission (1964) "over 1,000," Hanguk jeonjaengsa by the Military History Compilation Committee of the Ministry of National Defense (1967) "3,300 dead and wounded," and Hanguk Minjok Undongsa by Jo Jihun (1975) "3,300 including Regimental Commander Kanō."

According to Kim Hak-Cheor, who participated in many battles as a member of the armed group for the independence of Korea, the number of Japanese casualties that Koreans claimed was exaggerated more than 300 times.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Qingshanli


text: User talk:66.38.84.138

title: User talk:66.38.84.138


text:
Battle of Benburb

The Battle of Benburb took place on 5 June 1646 during the Irish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It was fought between the Irish Confederates under Owen Roe O'Neill, and an army of Scottish Covenanters and Scottish/English settlers under Robert Monro. The battle ended in a decisive victory for the Irish Confederates and ended Scottish hopes of conquering Ireland and imposing their own religious settlement there.

Background
The Scots Covenanters had landed an army in Ulster in 1642, to protect the Scottish settlers there from the massacres that followed the Irish Rebellion of 1641. They landed at Carrickfergus and linked up with Sir Robert Stewart and the Laggan Army of Protestant settlers from County Donegal in northwest Ulster. The Covenanters cleared northeastern Ulster of Irish rebels by 1643 but were unable to advance south of mid-Ulster, which was held by Owen Roe O'Neill, the general of the Irish Confederate Ulster army.

In 1646, Monro led a force composed of Scottish Covenanter regiments and Ulster settlers armies into Confederate-held territory. According to some accounts, this was the first step in a drive to take the Confederates' capital at Kilkenny; other sources say it was only a major raid. The combined force was about 6,000 strong. Monro had ten regiments of infantry, of whom six were Scottish and four were English or Anglo-Irish, and 600 Ulster Protestant cavalry. Stewart and the Laggan Army were slated to join Monro's force in the attack, however, on the day of the battle the Laggan Army was in Clogher nearly 30 kilometres away. O'Neill, who was a very cautious general, had previously avoided fighting pitched battles. However, he had just been supplied by the Papal Nuncio to Ireland, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, with muskets, ammunition and money with which to pay his soldiers' wages. This allowed him to put over 5,000 men into the field – an army slightly smaller than his enemy's. The Covenanters had six cannon, whereas the Confederates had none.

Battle
Monro had assumed that O'Neill would try to avoid his army and had his soldiers march 24 kilometres to intercept the Irish force at Benburb, in modern south Tyrone. Gerard Hayes-McCoy wrote, "many of them must have been close to exhaustion before the battle began". Monro's men drew up with their backs to the River Blackwater, facing O'Neill's troops who were positioned on a rise.

The battle began with Monro's artillery firing on the Irish position, but without causing many casualties. Monro's cavalry then charged the Irish infantry, but were unable to break the Confederates' pike and musket formation. When this attack had failed, O'Neill ordered his infantry to advance, pushing Monro's forces back into a loop of the river by the push of pike. It was noted that the Irish pikes had longer shafts and narrower heads than those of their opponents, meaning that they outreached them and were "better to pierce". At this point, the fatigue of Monro's troops was apparent as they were gradually pushed back until their formation collapsed in on itself. The Confederate infantry under Rory Maguire then broke Monro's disordered formation with a musket volley at point-blank range and fell in amongst them with swords and scians (Irish long knives). Monro and his cavalry fled the scene, as, shortly after, did his infantry. A great many of them were cut down or drowned in the ensuing pursuit. Monro's losses were estimated to be between 2,000 and 3,000 men, killed or wounded; the Irish casualties were estimated to be 300.

O'Neill's victory meant that the Covenanters were no longer a threat to the Confederates, but they remained encamped around Carrickfergus for the rest of the war. O'Neill did not follow up his victory but took his army south to intervene in the politics of the Irish Confederation. In particular, he wanted to dissuade those who favoured peace with the English Royalists.

The battle is commemorated in the ballad "The Battle of Benburb".

title: Battle of Benburb


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RMA divided

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 20:39, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

RMA divided
Vanity article that does not give sufficient details. No Google hits for "RMA divided". No 'What links here' articles. No categories. Recommend: delete. Noisy | Talk 14:25, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Well, no hits that have anything to do with this band. When they meet the WP musician notability criteria, we'll create a new article for them. HyperZonktalk 16:49, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not enough notability. Zzyzx11 19:01, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:LGBT terminology

title: Category:LGBT terminology


text:
Talk:Omnism

Listing as a religion/spiritual tradition
Under what section would Omnism be classified as? Due to it's nature of being a holistic and somewhat secular movement, it's unclear to me if it can be classified into any existing religious categories (other than the obvious of being "new age" or contemporary) or if it should simply be listed as miscellaneous. --Cupio Dissolvi (talk) 10:44, 8 November 2017 (UTC)

I guess it's a philosophy Omnism (talk) 16:33, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

Should I add that to the page? Jenny Everywhere (talk) 17:51, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

Criticism
Obviously this is a incipient loosely defined new-age pseudo-religion. It seems almost neo-pagan in the belief in aspects of all religions. It says little to pick and choose parts of religions to believe in. Rampling pages on a couple of websites does not make a bonafide religion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.99.220.210 (talk) 17:03, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

The third paragraph in the "Contemporary Usage" section (beginning with "It is a belief in equality") does not reference a specific source and appears to advocate a particular position about the topic rather than provide factual information. Jedslater (talk) 20:22, 15 April 2014 (UTC) jedslater

from Vfd
On 17 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. There was no consensus. See Votes for deletion/Omnist for a record of the discussion.

Rewritten
I've rewritten this from its previous state as a dump of dicdefs and external links. --Delirium 04:58, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Meaning of Power
I changed a link to the Power to the ordinary word "power" because none of the articles listed on the Power page seem to relate to this article. Gerry Ashton 14:50, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Etc
-- Deleted link to www.universist.org as the Universist Movement was formally dismantled some time ago by its founder. That page is now simply a redirect to a page with a reformulation of "Universism" that has little connection to "Omnism" as described in this article. --David Sewell 18:01, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Section "Pan-deism as omnism" deleted per OR
The section Pan-deism as omnism contained the original research of editor 166.137.9.89, introduced in this diff. The purpose of the section seemed to be to prove that pan-deism is a form of omnism.

But those were the editor's own conclusions, and no reliable sources were adduced to substantiate the claim, in all likelihood because there are no sources that could make the editor's speculations wikilike. The three references in the section did not support the editor's position in any way.

Accusativen hos Olsson (talk) 23:45, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

Joseph Mangina
bkb (talk) 09:29, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

Reverend Jesse Michael Paad (Omnist)
Review changes ReverendJesseMichaelPaad (talk) 06:04, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Sentences lacking citations
Should I get rid of the sentences that are lacking citations? 31.149.121.146 (talk) 19:29, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

syncretism usually means borrowing in which the borrowing, or new faith, is supreme.
syncretism usually means borrowing in which the borrowing, or new faith, is supreme. whatever Christianity borrowed from paganism and Zoroastrianism, however much it came out of Judaism and Greek, specifically Platonic, philosophy, it views itself as true and the others as false except in so far as they agree with Christianity. and Islam does the same to Judaism and Christianity while denying any pagan roots. 2601:701:C002:FD40:5D24:98F9:417B:1243 (talk) 16:23, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

'Alltheist'
I know this won't change the article, but my mom self-described as an 'alltheist' years before Chris Martin of Coldplay. So, credit to Julie Reed, circa 2000? Thank you, that is all. 2600:6C40:6100:C500:997D:C254:1A29:B59 (talk) 17:19, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Omnism


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Longitudinal study

A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment.

Longitudinal studies are often used in social-personality and clinical psychology, to study rapid fluctuations in behaviors, thoughts, and emotions from moment to moment or day to day; in developmental psychology, to study developmental trends across the life span; and in sociology, to study life events throughout lifetimes or generations; and in consumer research and political polling to study consumer trends. The reason for this is that, unlike cross-sectional studies, in which different individuals with the same characteristics are compared, longitudinal studies track the same people, and so the differences observed in those people are less likely to be the result of cultural differences across generations, that is, the cohort effect. Longitudinal studies thus make observing changes more accurate and are applied in various other fields. In medicine, the design is used to uncover predictors of certain diseases. In advertising, the design is used to identify the changes that advertising has produced in the attitudes and behaviors of those within the target audience who have seen the advertising campaign. Longitudinal studies allow social scientists to distinguish short from long-term phenomena, such as poverty. If the poverty rate is 10% at a point in time, this may mean that 10% of the population are always poor or that the whole population experiences poverty for 10% of the time.

Longitudinal studies can be retrospective (looking back in time, thus using existing data such as medical records or claims database) or prospective (requiring the collection of new data).

Cohort studies are one type of longitudinal study which sample a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation) and perform cross-section observations at intervals through time. However, not all longitudinal studies are cohort studies, as longitudinal studies can instead include a group of people who do not share a common event.

As opposed to observing an entire population, a panel study follows a smaller, selected group - called a 'panel'.

Advantages
When longitudinal studies are observational, in the sense that they observe the state of the world without manipulating it, it has been argued that they may have less power to detect causal relationships than experiments. However, because of the repeated observation at the individual level, they have more power than cross-sectional observational studies, by virtue of being able to exclude time-invariant unobserved individual differences and also of observing the temporal order of events.

Longitudinal studies do not require large numbers of participants (as in the examples below). Qualitative longitudinal studies may include only a handful of participants, and longitudinal pilot or feasibility studies often have fewer than 100 participants.

Disadvantages
Longitudinal studies are time-consuming and expensive.

Longitudinal studies cannot avoid an attrition effect: that is, some subjects cannot continue to participate in the study for various reasons. Under longitudinal research methods, the reduction in the research sample will bias the remaining smaller sample.

Practice effect is also one of the problems: longitudinal studies tend to be influenced because subjects repeat the same procedure many times (potentially introducing autocorrelation), and this may cause their performance to improve or deteriorate.

title: Longitudinal study


text:
Talk:List of Nigerian poets

The list is good but contains only a few of the great number of Nigerian poets. User:212.247.106.203

When Votes for deletion/Ohanyido has been decided then we might want to remove John Pepple Clark, Francis Okechukwu Ohanyido and Paula Iriowen Ohanyido if they are not notable. Thue | talk 17:41, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Dead Links
Dead Links should not be on the page. If there is no article there should be no names. Please also add dates to the names WayneRay 02:43, 8 May 2006 (UTC)WayneRay
 * Paula Iriowen Ohanyido
 * Diego Odoh Okenyodo
 * Ezenwa Ohaeto
 * Onyeka Nwelue
 * Sola Osofisan
 * Francis Ohanyido
 * Promise Okekwe
 * Ike Okonta
 * Mazui Tonganawa
 * Emmanuel Onwi1968-2006
 * Ahmed Maiwada
 * Austyn Njoku
 * Chidi Amaechi

 * I have reinserted them. Red links (or dead links as you call them) are useful for Wikipedia development purposes. They give an indication of articles that have been written, and those that are yet to be written. See Lists. --Ezeu 18:11, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Cognitive writers
I think we should encourage cognitive writing in Nigeria so as to bring cognizance to the people Majorwriting (talk) 11:10, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

Contemporary Poets
Nigerian contemporary poets should be added to this list regardless of if they have a Wikipedia page or not. Most of them have adequate google visibility. Semilore O (talk) 18:38, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Nigerian poets


text:
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

The Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Portuguese Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, also known as FIOCRUZ) is a scientific institution for research and development in biological sciences located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; it is considered one of the world's main public health research institutions. It was founded by Dr. Oswaldo Cruz, a noted physician and epidemiologist.

History
The organization started in 1898 as the Federal SeroTherapy Institute with the objective of developing serum and vaccines against the bubonic plague. It was located outside Rio de Janeiro. The institute's activities, however, changed from simple production into research and experimental medicine, especially after Oswaldo Cruz assumed its leadership in 1902. From there on, the institute became the base for memorable sanitation campaigns in an age of outbreaks and epidemics of the bubonic plague, yellow fever, and smallpox. The institute, however, was not confined to Rio de Janeiro and collaborated in the occupation of the country's interior through scientific expeditions, aiding in the development of the country.

When Oswaldo Cruz died in 1917, the institute, which by then already bore his name, was nationally consolidated and important scientific achievements followed, such as Carlos Chagas’ description of the complete cycle of the American trypanosomiasis including the clinical pattern of the disease.

Today the institution has a broad range of responsibilities related to the health and wellbeing of the Brazilian population, functioning as a national institute of health for the Brazilian government. These responsibilities include
 * hospital and ambulatory care,
 * health-related research,
 * development of vaccines, drugs, reagents, and diagnostic kits
 * research, development and production,
 * training of public health and health workers,
 * providing information and communications related to health, science, and technology.

The Fiocruz workforce members number over 7,500. Fiocruz includes several fixed facilities in Rio de Janeiro and other locations; however, it contributes to improving health throughout the country, through its support to the Sistema Único de Saúde (Unified Health System, the Brazilian public health system), its proposals on public health policy-making, its research activities, its scientific expeditions, and the reach of its health services and products.

Fiocruz is one of the founding members of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes, a membership organization of national public health institutes. The foundation has a longstanding collaboration with GISAID, analyzing and curating COVID-19 virus data in the Americas, then quickly contributing those genetic sequences to the repository.

title: Oswaldo Cruz Foundation


text:
Cross-sectional study

In medical research, epidemiology, social science, and biology, a cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.

In economics, cross-sectional studies typically involve the use of cross-sectional regression, in order to sort out the existence and magnitude of causal effects of one independent variable upon a dependent variable of interest at a given point in time. They differ from time series analysis, in which the behavior of one or more economic aggregates is traced through time.

In medical research, cross-sectional studies differ from case-control studies in that they aim to provide data on the entire population under study, whereas case-control studies typically include only individuals who have developed a specific condition and compare them with a matched sample, often a tiny minority, of the rest of the population. Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies (neither longitudinal nor experimental). Unlike case-control studies, they can be used to describe, not only the odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called prevalence risk ratio, or PRR). They may be used to describe some feature of the population, such as prevalence of an illness, but cannot prove cause and effect. Longitudinal studies differ from both in making a series of observations more than once on members of the study population over a period of time.

Healthcare
Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. They are often used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions, but cannot be used to answer questions about the causes of disease or the results of intervention. Cross-sectional data cannot be used to infer causality because temporality is not known. They may also be described as censuses. Cross-sectional studies may involve special data collection, including questions about the past, but they often rely on data originally collected for other purposes. They are moderately expensive, and are not suitable for the study of rare diseases. Difficulty in recalling past events may also contribute bias.

Advantages
The use of routinely collected data allows large cross-sectional studies to be made at little or no expense. This is a major advantage over other forms of epidemiological study. A natural progression has been suggested from cheap cross-sectional studies of routinely collected data which suggest hypotheses, to case-control studies testing them more specifically, then to cohort studies and trials which cost much more and take much longer, but may give stronger evidence. In a cross-sectional survey, a specific group is looked at to see if an activity, say alcohol consumption, is related to the health effect being investigated, say cirrhosis of the liver. If alcohol use is correlated with cirrhosis of the liver, this would support the hypothesis that alcohol use may be associated with cirrhosis.

Disadvantages
Routine data may not be designed to answer the specific question.

Routinely collected data does not normally describe which variable is the cause and which is the effect. Cross-sectional studies using data originally collected for other purposes are often unable to include data on confounding factors, other variables that affect the relationship between the putative cause and effect. For example, data only on present alcohol consumption and cirrhosis would not allow the role of past alcohol use, or of other causes, to be explored. Cross-sectional studies are very susceptible to recall bias.

Most case-control studies collect specifically designed data on all participants, including data fields designed to allow the hypothesis of interest to be tested. However, in issues where strong personal feelings may be involved, specific questions may be a source of bias. For example, past alcohol consumption may be incorrectly reported by an individual wishing to reduce their personal feelings of guilt. Such bias may be less in routinely collected statistics, or effectively eliminated if the observations are made by third parties, for example taxation records of alcohol by area.

In addition, there may be cohort effect, in which differences in social and environmental influences are treated as developmental changes due to ageing. Since the occurrence of differences is consistent with the division of generations and ethnic groups, that is, a group of people experiencing a common historical event is affected by a common influence, it is difficult to obtain the causal relationship of the event.

Weaknesses of aggregated data
Cross-sectional studies can contain individual-level data (one record per individual, for example, in national health surveys). However, in modern epidemiology it may be impossible to survey the entire population of interest, so cross-sectional studies often involve secondary analysis of data collected for another purpose. In many such cases, no individual records are available to the researcher, and group-level information must be used. Major sources of such data are often large institutions like the Census Bureau or the Centers for Disease Control in the United States. Recent census data is not provided on individuals, for example in the UK individual census data is released only after a century. Instead data is aggregated, usually by administrative area. Inferences about individuals based on aggregate data are weakened by the ecological fallacy. Also consider the potential for committing the "atomistic fallacy" where assumptions about aggregated counts are made based on the aggregation of individual level data (such as averaging census tracts to calculate a county average). For example, it might be true that there is no correlation between infant mortality and family income at the city level, while still being true that there is a strong relationship between infant mortality and family income at the individual level. All aggregate statistics are subject to compositional effects, so that what matters is not only the individual-level relationship between income and infant mortality, but also the proportions of low, middle, and high income individuals in each city. Because case-control studies are usually based on individual-level data, they do not have this problem.

Economics
In economics, cross-sectional analysis has the advantage of avoiding various complicating aspects of the use of data drawn from various points in time, such as serial correlation of residuals. It also has the advantage that the data analysis itself does not need an assumption that the nature of the relationships between variables is stable over time, though this comes at the cost of requiring caution if the results for one time period are to be assumed valid at some different point in time.

An example of cross-sectional analysis in economics is the regression of money demand—the amounts that various people hold in highly liquid financial assets—at a particular time upon their income, total financial wealth, and various demographic factors. Each data point is for a particular individual or family, and the regression is conducted on a statistical sample drawn at one point in time from the entire population of individuals or families. In contrast, an intertemporal analysis of money demand would use data on an entire country's holdings of money at each of various points in time, and would regress that on contemporaneous (or near-contemporaneous) income, total financial wealth, and some measure of interest rates. The cross-sectional study has the advantage that it can investigate the effects of various demographic factors (age, for example) on individual differences; but it has the disadvantage that it cannot find the effect of interest rates on money demand, because in the cross-sectional study at a particular point in time all observed units are faced with the same current level of interest rates.

title: Cross-sectional study


text: Category:512 births

title: Category:512 births


text:
Council for National Policy

The Council for National Policy (CNP) is an umbrella organization and networking group for conservative and Republican activists in the United States. Its ultimate goal is to establish a Christian autocracy in the United States of America. It was launched in 1981 during the Reagan administration by Tim LaHaye and the Christian right, to "bring more focus and force to conservative advocacy". The membership list for September 2020 was later leaked, showing that members included prominent Republicans and conservatives, wealthy entrepreneurs, and media proprietors, together with anti-abortion and anti-Islamic extremists. Members are instructed not to reveal their membership or even name the group.

The CNP has been described by The New York Times as "a little-known club of a few hundred of the most powerful conservatives in the country", who meet three times yearly behind closed doors at undisclosed locations for a confidential conference. The Nation has called it a secretive organization that "networks wealthy right-wing donors together with top conservative operatives to plan long-term movement strategy".

Meetings and membership
About the CNP, Marc Ambinder of ABC News said: "The group wants to be the conservative version of the Council on Foreign Relations." The CNP was founded in 1981. Among its founding members were: Tim LaHaye, then the head of the Moral Majority, Nelson Bunker Hunt, T. Cullen Davis, William Cies, Howard Phillips, and Paul Weyrich.

Members of the CNP have included General John Singlaub, shipping magnate J. Peter Grace, Edwin Feulner of The Heritage Foundation, Rev. Pat Robertson of the Christian Broadcasting Network, Jerry Falwell, U.S. Senator Trent Lott, Southern Baptist Convention activists and retired Texas Court of Appeals Judge Paul Pressler, lawyer and paleoconservative activist Michael Peroutka, Reverend Paige Patterson, Senator Don Nickles, former United States Attorneys General Edwin Meese and John Ashcroft, gun-rights activist Larry Pratt, Colonel Oliver North, Steve Bannon, Kellyanne Conway, philanthropist Elsa Prince (mother of Blackwater founder and former CEO Erik Prince and Trump Administration Secretary of Education Betsy Devos), Leonard Leo, and Virginia Thomas (wife of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas). Former California State Assemblyman Steve Baldwin was CNP's executive director from 2000 to 2008. Conservative attorney Cleta Mitchell sits on the board of governors for the organization.

Membership is by invitation only. The organization's membership list is considered "strictly confidential". Guests may attend "only with the unanimous approval of the executive committee." Members are instructed not to refer to the organization by name to protect against leaks. The New York Times political writer David D. Kirkpatrick suggested that the organization's secrecy since its founding was intended to insulate it "from what its members considered the liberal bias of the news media."

CNP's meetings are closed to the general public, reportedly to allow for a free-flowing exchange of ideas. The group meets three times per year. This policy is said to be similar to the long-held policy of the Council on Foreign Relations, to which the CNP has at times been compared. CNP's 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status was revoked by the IRS in 1992 on grounds that it was not an organization run for the public benefit. The group successfully challenged this ruling in federal court. A quarterly journal aimed at educating the public, promised in the wake of this incident, has not substantially materialized. The organization has a website that contains many policy speeches from past gatherings (covering the years from 2013 up to the present).

While those involved in the organization are almost entirely from the United States, their organizations and influence cover the globe, both religiously and politically. Members include corporate executives, legislators former high ranking government officers, leaders of 'think tanks' dedicated to molding society and those whom many view as "Christian leadership".

In May 2016, the Southern Poverty Law Center released a leaked copy of the membership directory for 2014.

A membership list for September 2020, leaked a year later, revealed that members, who could attend meetings together, included elite Republicans, wealthy entrepreneurs, media proprietors and pillars of the US conservative movement, and anti-abortion and anti-Islamic extremists. It was reported that members of the secretive CNP are instructed not to reveal their affiliation or even name the group.

The leaked September 2020 list of members included: †: on the list of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups
 * Jerome Corsi, author and conspiracy theorist, member of CNP's board of governors
 * Brad Dacus, founder and president of the Pacific Justice Institute†
 * Michael Farris, president and CEO of the Alliance Defending Freedom† (ADF)
 * Brigitte Gabriel, founder and chairman of ACT! for America† (AFA)
 * Frank Gaffney, founder and executive chairman of the Center for Security Policy† (CSP)
 * James and Amapola Hansberger, co-founders of Legal Immigrants for America† (Lifa)
 * Margaret H. Hartshorn, chair of the board of Heartbeat International
 * Charlie Kirk, co-founder and executive director of Turning Point USA. He is the William F. Buckley Jr. Council Member of the Council and a spokesperson for CNP Action (est. 1987), the political arm of the CNP.
 * Tony Perkins, president of the Family Research Council†
 * Mathew Staver, founder and chairman of Liberty Counsel†
 * Tim Wildmon, president of the American Family Association†

Conferences and political plans
Leading members of the CNP voted in a meeting at the Grand America Hotel in Salt Lake City, on September 29, 2007, to consider launching a third party candidate if the 2008 Republican nominee were pro-choice. (The candidacy of former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani, who held liberal opinions on social issues such as abortion, gay rights and gun ownership, had disturbed the Christian right.) The CNP's statement read, "If the Republican Party nominates a pro-abortion candidate, we will consider running a third-party candidate." Attending the meeting were notable social conservatives, including James Dobson, Richard Viguerie, Tony Perkins and Morton Blackwell.

CNP has membership links to the Committee for the Free World, whose many other members included, among others, some members of the Unification Church of the United States, some Republican Party leaders, and counter-revolutionaries in Latin America, particularly during the 1980s. Midge Decter served as Executive Director of its committee. Other members included Jeane Kirkpatrick, Leszek Kołakowski, Irving Kristol, Melvin J. Lasky, Seymour M. Lipset, Donald Rumsfeld, Tom Stoppard and George Will. Eugene V. Rostow, then serving as Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency under President Ronald Reagan, was a speaker at a CFW event on Poland.

CNP's membership also overlaps significantly with that of the Arlington Group, a coalition of conservative Christian organizations which spearheaded ballot initiatives banning gay marriage in thirty-two states in the 2000s;  and with the second, third and fourth iterations of the Committee on the Present Danger.

In his June 1997 speech at a CNP meeting in Montreal, Quebec, then president of the National Citizens' Coalition, Stephen Harper—who later served as the prime minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015—said that the American "conservative movement, is a light and an inspiration to people [of Canada] and across the world."

In 1999, a speech given to the CNP by Republican candidate George W. Bush is credited with helping him gain the support of conservatives in his successful bid for the United States Presidency in 2000. The content of the speech has never been released by the CNP or by Bush.

In February 2007, the organization planned to be involved in the 2008 presidential election campaign and actively sought candidate that would represent their views. U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney and former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney spoke at a four-day conference that the council held in Salt Lake City, Utah, during the last week of September 2007. The Council for National Policy scheduled a conference in late October 2007; other than Giuliani, most Republican presidential candidates pledged to appear.

On August 21, 2020, President Trump attended a CNP meeting where he gave a speech.

In a October 14, 2020, Washington Post article, which described the CNP as a "little-known group that has served for decades as a hub for a nationwide network of conservative activists and the donors who support them", one of the attendees of the August 2020 meeting in Arlington, warned of plans by Democrats to "steal this election". He said that, "if they get away with that, what happens? Democracy is finished because they usher in totalitarianism."

Leadership
CNP was founded in 1981 by Southern Baptist pastor Tim LaHaye, author of The Battle for the Mind (1980) and the Left Behind series of books. Other early participants have included W. Cleon Skousen, a theologian within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and founder of the Freemen Institute; Paul Weyrich; Phyllis Schlafly; Robert Grant; Howard Phillips, a former Republican affiliated with the Constitution Party; Richard Viguerie, the direct-mail specialist; and Morton Blackwell, a Louisiana and Virginia activist who is considered a specialist on the rules of the Republican Party.

The council's first executive director was Woody Jenkins; later, Morton Blackwell and Bob Reccord served in this role. Organization presidents have included Nelson Bunker Hunt of Dallas, Amway co-founder Richard DeVos of Michigan, Pat Robertson of Virginia Beach, retired Judge Paul Pressler of Houston, former Reagan Cabinet secretaries Edwin Meese and Donald Hodel, former Reagan advisor and President of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute Kenneth Cribb, Family Research Council president Tony Perkins, and current President (as of 2014) Stuart Epperson, founder of the Salem Media Group.

Alleged potential legal violations
On October 14, 2020, The Washington Post reported that it had obtained videos recorded by CNP of several meetings in February and August 2020 whose overtly partisan, political nature raised "potential issues of compliance with election laws and charity rules."

title: Council for National Policy


text:
Talk:Sears Modern Homes

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 September 2019 and 28 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dbuckmil. Peer reviewers: Belmore1.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:50, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Highlights for Did You Know?
Sears Catalog Homeswere ready-to-assemble houses which were sold by mail order by Sears Roebuck and Company. Families could open a catalog, select and visualize their new home, dream, save, and then purchase it. Sears offered mortgage financing, assembly instructions, and guarantees. Shipped via railroad boxcars, many were assembled by the new homeowners and a few friends, relatives, and neighbors, in a fashion similar to traditional barn raisings. Over 100,000 of 447 different models to suit tastes and budgets were sold from 1908-1940.

 * I'd go with either a shortened version of boxcar, or a shortened version of 100k. Something like:

 * ...that Sears Catalog Homes were shipped via railroad boxcars and assembled in a fashion similar to traditional barn raisings?
 * ...that from 1908 to 1940, over 100,000 of the 447 different models for Sears Catalog Homes were sold in the United States?
 * BRIAN 0918   17:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page says "Over 70,000 of these were sold in North America between 1908 and 1940" but Sears, Roebuck and Company says "In 1908, the company began ... and by the time the program ended in 1940, over 100,000 had been sold". Should this inconsistency be rectified? AdamFunk (talk) 13:31, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Yes, Adam, that count should be rectified. The actual numbers appear to be about 60,000-65,000. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.53.215.159 (talk) 10:20, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

Renaming
I'm thinking this article should be moved, unless "Sears Catalog Homes" was the actual name of the division, in which case that should be clarified in the lead section. If not, the article should definitely be moved to a singular (eg "home"), possibly lowercasing Catalog and Home, and replacing "home" with "house".... Maybe it would be easiest to simply move the article to "Sears Modern Homes", which, according to the article, is what they were sold as (although you might still replace Homes with home/house, and Sears with Sears, Roebuck) --  BRIAN  0918   17:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Also, the lead section needs to be shortened. Maybe its contents can be implemented in the proper places later in the article. -- BRIAN  0918   18:30, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

OK:

1. I will work on the lead. 2. I think that shortened to singular Sears Catalog Home best fits current terminology and WP naming conventions. 3. the second blurb above for DUI is better than the first. Method of shipping and erecting isn't as significant as how many and when. 4. The Roebuck part of the name works fine explained in the article, the shorter Sears is the naming convention used in other WP articles, and by the subject itself in modern times.

Vaoverland 20:15, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. I'll submit the 2nd one to DYK. --  BRIAN  0918   20:20, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Inflation adjusted prices
The figures are from the calculator at: http://www.westegg.com/inflation/ which is largely based on the Consumer Price Index. There are other ways of measuring inflation however and maybe this is not the best for houses? It's better than nothing for now at least. I rounded to the nearest 100. Espermike 07:32, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Asphalt burns.
Asphalt had the added incentive of being fireproof. Asphalt, being a petroleum product, burns quite well

Thanks, I deleted the sentence in question. Vaoverland 00:40, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Photo?
It would be great if someone could take a picture of a still standing SCH for this article... --Jfruh (talk) 19:47, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

I'm in the process of finding some photos or, if need be, taking some myself.Studiofox 00:04, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

I just added one, located in Diaz Creek along route 47.Wikited (talk) 01:31, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

GA Re-Review and In-line citations
Members of the WikiProject Good articles are in the process of doing a re-review of current Good Article listings to ensure compliance with the standards of the Good Article Criteria. (Discussion of the changes and re-review can be found here). A significant change to the GA criteria is the mandatory use of some sort of in-line citation (In accordance to WP:CITE) to be used in order for an article to pass the verification and reference criteria. Currently this article does not include in-line citations. It is recommended that the article's editors take a look at the inclusion of in-line citations as well as how the article stacks up against the rest of the Good Article criteria. GA reviewers will give you at least a week's time from the date of this notice to work on the in-line citations before doing a full re-review and deciding if the article still merits being considered a Good Article or would need to be de-listed. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact us on the Good Article project talk page or you may contact me personally. On behalf of the Good Articles Project, I want to thank you for all the time and effort that you have put into working on this article and improving the overall quality of the Wikipedia project. --- The Bethling (Talk) 22:50, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Good article review
This article is currently at Good Article Review. Teemu08 00:37, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Blueprints
Does anyone know where original blueprints for these homes can be found? Is there an archive somewhere on the Internet that could be included in the external links section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.204.204.89 (talk) 14:43, 22 September 2012 (UTC)

Sears house blueprints are very rare and none are available online, unforunately. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.53.215.159 (talk) 10:22, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

Ann Arbor Kit Homes
Wikipedia editors deleted the Wiki page that documented the number of kit homes in Ann Arbor. If you undo the edit again, I'll simply remove the number and placehold it with a note indicating why there's no number.Kithousefans (talk) 21:16, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

Date range?
"Any homes built before 1908, or after 1942, cannot be a Sears Catalog home."

This kind of categorical assertion strikes me as odd. What if the kit was purchased in 1942 or before, but not built until after that year? The construction date would be the date of completion, rather than the date the materials were purchased, wouldn't it? It seems safer to say it's not likely to be a Sears Catalog home after 1942, rather than the absolute claim here.

Chrisahavel (talk) 18:17, 1 June 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 28 December 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved as requested per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 15:55, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

Sears Catalog Home → Sears Modern Homes – "Sears Modern Homes" was the brand name that Sears Roebuck used for their homes sold through mail order catalog as well as through retail stores and Modern Homes salespersons. The name more accurately reflects the extent of homes that were sold as they were not limited to just the homes sold through the mail order catalog. Kithousefans (talk) 05:45, 28 December 2019 (UTC) —Relisting. qedk (t 桜 c) 17:16, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Support - given that not all these houses were sold via catalog, "Sears Modern Homes" seems like the more accurate title. Korny O'Near (talk) 04:59, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links to add
Starting this discussion on behalf of. I'm summarizing his case below.

He has tried to add two external links to the Sears Modern Homes wikipedia page, and the Kit House articles. Sears House Seeker and Kit House Hunters

These are not commercial sites, are ad free, and only serve to add to the understanding of the subject. They are similar to external links that are already there. He requests that they be reviewed to see if they can stand. TimTempleton (talk) (cont)  01:32, 26 June 2020 (UTC)

External link
Suggesting the addition of the following article on the history of Sears houses under External Links. (I am an editor with the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, which published the article in its magazine, Econ Focus.)

 * “The House Is in the Mail: 'Kit homes' from Sears and others were an affordable housing option” Econ Focus, Second/Third Quarter 2019

7/19/2020 update: My new user name is EditorMax of RichmondFR. — Preceding unsigned comment added by EditorMax of RichmondFR (talk • contribs) 02:03, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

RichmondFedEditor (talk) 21:34, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done --Bsherr (talk) 19:06, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sears Modern Homes


text:
List of closed railway stations in Perth

This is a list of stations that have been closed since the building of railways in metropolitan Perth, Western Australia.

Mundaring Line
In some cases there are stations that were so effectively removed that there are no traces left, such as Bellevue. However, at Mundaring and Darlington, concrete platform edges remain.

Although Mundaring Branch Railway stations were closed in 1954, it was not until the 1960s that the line was formally closed, and the line and stations removed after that.

Metropolitan lines
The lines to Karragullen along the Upper Darling Range Railway, and to Chidlow (via Parkerville or Mundaring), were considered to be part of the metropolitan service by the Western Australian Government Railways administration at the time they were operating.

Section closures
In some cases single stations were closed for logistical reasons; generally it was a group of stations when a section of railway was closed.

1881–1930

 * Fremantle railway station at Cliff Street (1881–1907), demolished upon the construction of the new Fremantle railway station at Market St.
 * East Fremantle (1881–1907), rebuilt 1886, removed upon the construction of the new Fremantle railway station at Market St.

Upper Darling Range line
Closed to traffic in July 1949, due to the 1949 Australian coal strike

 * Bushmead
 * Rifle Range
 * Ridge Hill (at or near -31.93784°N, 116.04349°W)
 * Gooseberry Hill (at or near -31.95621°N, 116.05172°W)
 * Kalamunda
 * South Kalamunda
 * Walliston
 * Bickley (at or near -31.99748°N, 116.07593°W)
 * Carmel (at or near -32.00737°N, 116.08681°W)
 * Turner's Siding
 * Pickering Brook
 * Canning Mills (at or near -32.06811°N, 116.1047°W)
 * Karragullen (at or near -32.08614°N, 116.11584°W)

Mundaring Weir line

 * Wonyil, closed 14 November 1952
 * O'Connor (originally No 2 Pumping Station), opened 1922, closed 14 November 1952
 * Portagabra, opened 1936, closed 14 November 1952
 * Karda Mordo, opened 1919, closed 14 November 1952
 * Mundaring Weir, opened 1910, closed 14 November 1952

Bayswater–Belmont Spur of the Midland Line

Closed in January 1957 after fire damaged the rail bridge over the Swan River

 * Whatley, Bayswater, terminus of the Belmont spur from 1885 to 1897 until construction of the Belmont Bridge.
 * Belmont, terminus of the Belmont spur line from 1897

Eastern Railway First Route (Mundaring Loop)
Traffic ceased on the Mundaring Loop between Bellevue and Mount Helena in 1954 before it was officially closed by parliament in 1966.

 * Koongamia 1962 - 1966
 * Greenmount, stayed open for Mountain Quarry, Boya until 1 January 1966
 * Boya
 * Darlington
 * Glen Forrest
 * Nyaania
 * Mahogany Creek
 * Zamia
 * Mundaring
 * Sawyers Valley
 * Mount Helena

South Western Railway

 * Canning Park Racecourse was closed in 1952; from then on, access was via a siding from Maddington. Later, it was truncated to a 100 m siding for the loading of blue metal from Swan Quarry, in Orange Grove. Closed and removed by 1975.

Eastern Railway Second Route
The Second Route closed on 13 February 1966.
 * Midland Junction
 * Bellevue
 * Helena Vale
 * Swan View
 * National Park
 * Hovea
 * Parkerville
 * Stoneville
 * Chidlow

1966–2000
During this period, a number of stations were closed on the 1906-era line to Robbs Jetty and Spearwood line.

The 1987 America's Cup defence had seen the construction of railway stations established to transport people during the event.

 * Esplanade, demolished in 2018.
 * Success Harbour, demolished in 2018.
 * South Beach
 * Spearwood
 * Leighton, opened November 1922, closed 28 July 1991. This station closed when the North Fremantle station was relocated further north of its original position. It was named after Leighton's Crossing, which was named for Mrs Ann Leighton, the crossing gatekeeper in the late 1880s.
 * Stokely was situated on the South Western Railway between Maddington and Gosnells at the Albany Highway crossing. Opened 1954, closed 15 April 1989.
 * Tredale was situated on the South Western Railway 800 metres south of Armadale railway station, opened in 1956 as Armadale School siding, renamed Tredale in 1959, closed in 1989.
 * West Perth on the east side of the West Perth Subway, which served the Perth Metropolitan Markets, was closed. A new station, on the west side of the subway, was opened on 18 June 1986 as West Perth. Its name was changed to City West on 19 November 1987.

2000–present

 * Lathlain, Armadale Line, closed 3 February 2003
 * Belmont Park (ABP), Armadale Line, closed 13 October 2013
 * Welshpool (AWL), Armadale Line, closed 20 November 2023.

Resources

 * A useful map drawn by J. Austin showing all rail services intact as of 1949 is found in Finlayson, Don (1986) Steam around PerthARHS Western Australia page 48. The list of closures is in table form on pages 49 and 50.
 * Higham, G.J.	'Where WAS that? : an historical gazetteer of Western Australia' Winthrop, W.A. : Geoproject Solutions Pty Ltd, 2006. 2nd ed. ISBN 0-9758024-0-2
 * Watson, Lindsay The Railway History Of Midland Junction : Commemorating The Centenary Of Midland Junction, 1895–1995 Swan View, W.A : L & S Drafting in association with the Shire of Swan and the Western Australian Light Railway Preservation Association, [1995]
 * Watson, Lindsay.Midland Junction Railway Station Western rails, Vol 9, no.4(July 1987), p. 10–12
 * Verney, Terry 'Thru Midland' The WESTLAND issue 218, March 2003 p. 4