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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Divine Liturgy of Saint James (Transcription)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki. -- AllyUnion (talk) 10:00, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Divine Liturgy of Saint James (Transcription)
This a direct, barely edited (there is some wikification) transcription of "Saint James", for use during a religious service. No context or additional information is provided. Just a 52 kB long transcription. Phils 00:42, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's not copyvio, I'd say Transwiki to WikiSource. --Idont Havaname 01:23, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 03:00, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless somebody's set up WikiLiturgy, in which case TransWiki. Cleduc 04:08, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Wikisource (liscence??)--ZayZayEM 09:26, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not an article, WP not a datadump. Wyss 11:37, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Wikisource if not copyvio --Brookie 12:16, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Wikisource. RickK 22:07, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Wikisource. I doubt this is a copyvio.  We already have Liturgy of Saint James that explains what this is all about.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 16:51, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwikisource. —Korath (Talk) 02:04, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not an encyclopaedia article. JamesBurns 07:18, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia talk:Wikipedians/Virginia

Why not put these in order... by city or be name... 24.125.42.74 00:42, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Somebody alphabetized them. I think they should be arranged by city or MSA.

Richmond, Charlottesville, Norfolk, NOVA, Other. MPS 17:06, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Consider it done. --Kross 20:15, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia talk:Wikipedians/Virginia


text:
Indian hip hop

Indian hip hop is a genre of popular music developed in India. Desi hip hop is a term given by Bohemia for music and culture which combines the influences of hip hop and the Indian subcontinent; the term desi referring to the South Asian diaspora. The term has also come to be used as an alternative for rap music and even pop music which involves rappers of South Asian origins.

Overview
Apache Indian, UK artist of Indian origin, was the earliest to make an impact on the UK charts with a series of hits during the 90s. This also paralleled the rise of Asian Underground in the UK. The inflow of hip hop into India is also attributed to certain clubs and DJs in New Delhi in the 90s.

Baba Sehgal introduced a caricaturist version of Hindi rap in the nineties with his albums. In 1992, his album Thanda Thanda Pani sold 100,000 copies in three and a half months and brought rap music to the Indian club scene.

In the 2000s the Hip hop scene remained limited largely to the underground, with a very niche loyal audience. Hip-hop culture, including graffiti and b-boying started seeping into the club scene and street culture of big cities like Delhi and Mumbai.

One of the early moments of Indian hip hop was the Bengali-language underground film Gandu which narrated a story of a rapper and had a soundtrack which mixed rap with alternative rock. Besides Bollywood and commercial rap music, the underground hip-hop scene started shaping. Many emerging rappers, crews started to create a buzz in the underground hip-hop scene. Artists such as Roll Rida, Noel Sean & groups such as Machas With Attitude, Hiphop Tamizha and Street Academics pioneered respective vernacular rap music scenes.

Indian hip hop has become increasingly popular in India's biggest cities with big names like 'KR$NA' who has been picked up by talent management agencies like OML who now have music videos with millions of views on YouTube.

Director Zoya Akhtar was very impressed and fascinated after listening to "Aafat!" and "Mere Gully Mein". She wanted to portray the stories of both these young rappers and consequently approached DIVINE & Naezy. Akhtar pitched the idea of making a Bollywood movie based on their lives. Both DIVINE and Naezy left a huge impact on the Indian hip hop scene by bringing a large amount of audience.

Due to the exposure through Bollywood, rap became a household term and an increased production of rap music was observed, especially in the Punjabi music industry. There is an ongoing debate among the hip-hop community about the contribution of Honey Singh to the genre. While some artists including Badshah, Ikka, Manj Musik and Bohemia have acknowledged his contribution to the industry, others such as Raftaar and Imran Khan have openly denied it. There is also a negative sentiment among some followers of hip-hop culture in India regarding the recent commercialization of the genre. However, this commercialisation has also led to expansion of the underground scene, with independent artists building a name in Indian hip hop. Because of this, the future of hip-hop in India is generally perceived to be positive. There are many rappers in India, rapping in different languages such as Hindi, Punjabi, Marathi, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Odia, Bhojpuri, Khasi etc.

Telugu hip hop became notable since the early 2000s when artists such as Smita started hip hop culture in the Telugu language. "Hai Rabba" and "Masaka Masaka" are her best selling albums which received wide acclaim, especially in the Indian sub-continent. Artists such as Raja Kumari, Roll Rida, Noel Sean and Manisha Eerabathini started the trend in the new-age Telugu hip hop by including rap. With the rise of its popularity, these artists started working in Telugu cinema since the late 2010s.

Tamil hip hop is gaining popularity in India. Many other languages like Kannada and Marathi are also becoming popular among the masses in India.

Protest hip hop
YoungProzpekt (now KR$NA) released "Kaisa Mera Desh" in 2010. The track was an anti-corruption anthem against the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and the statement of Indian development in particular. It earned a #2 ranking as one of the most watched music videos in India overnight following its release.

Protest hip hop came into limelight again after mass protest started all over India against the Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019. Since the crackdown in JMI, AMU and JNU, and the 2020 Delhi riots several rappers from all over the country have joined the cause with their own sonic protest. Rappers such as Rapper Shaz gained recognition for their protest songs alongside Santhanam Srinivasan Iyer (known as EPR).

Diss Hip Hop
Disses became particularly popular and played a significant role in shaping Indian hip-hop post-2018.

title: Indian hip hop


text:
Casshan

Casshan, also known in Japan as Neo-Human Casshern (新造人間キャシャーン), is an anime series created by Tatsunoko Productions founder Tatsuo Yoshida in 1973.

The Casshern franchise also includes a 1993 original video animation titled Casshan: Robot Hunter, and a 2004 live-action adaptation titled Casshern. In October 2008, a reboot of the franchise Casshern Sins premiered. In anticipation of the upcoming series, a DVD box set of the original series, Neo-Human Casshern Complete DVD-Box "All Episodes of Casshern", was released in Japan on September 24, 2008. Casshern also appears in Tatsunoko Fight and Tatsunoko vs. Capcom: Ultimate All-Stars as a playable character. At Anime Expo 2013, Sentai Filmworks announced that they had signed a deal with Tatsunoko to release some of their catalog, with Casshan being confirmed as one of the characters involved. Sentai Filmworks released the series on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the United States on March 4, 2014.

Plot
Tetsuya Azuma (東鉄也), also known as "Casshern", is an android with a human consciousness, also known as a neoroider (人造人間). Tetsuya turned himself into an android to hunt down and destroy the robots that have taken over the world.

His biological father, Dr. Kotaro Azuma, was the inventor of the automatons that were originally intended to serve humankind. However, the first android, BK-1, was struck by lightning and went out of control. Despite great efforts to stop it, BK-1 used its great strength to escape from the castle. After some time, it renamed itself Buraiking Boss (often mistranslated in English as "Black King Boss"; the name is derived from 無頼 or burai, meaning rogue or brute, using the symbols for "trust" and "nothing," but phonetically "Bu Rai" can mean "Lightning Man" or "Lightning Warrior," so the name fits with his background). The Buraiking Boss then built a robot army against mankind. The robots mutinied en masse when they logically concluded that the good of the Earth's ecosystem required the destruction of the human race.

Casshern and his robotic dog, Friender, join forces with a beautiful girl named Luna Kozuki to battle the robots led by the Buraiking Boss. Friender can transform itself into a tank or a jet aircraft and actively helps Casshern fight the robot army. Casshern has great strength and agility, but he is not armed, except for a pair of strange pistols, which are used more like rockets than weapons. While the robots are huge and robust machines, almost all of them have an antenna on top of their heads; ripping it off usually causes them to explode, so they are relatively vulnerable. Casshern can usually destroy the robots with his bare hands, dispatching a great number in any given battle.

However, Casshern also has some weak points. His body must be re-charged with solar energy and cannot sustain very long battles without risking low battery power. Luna started out as being totally harmless, until her father built an electromagnetic pistol, which was easily capable of destroying the robots.

Characters

 * Casshern (キャシャーン)
 * The protagonist of the series, Casshern is an android—the union of Tetsuya Azuma's consciousness with an invincible body. His body features a number of unique android functions, including superhuman speed, agility and strength, an opening and closing face mask, a golden crescent-shaped solar panel on his forehead and waist-mounted pulsar propellers that can also be used as weapons.
 * The protagonist of the series, Casshern is an android—the union of Tetsuya Azuma's consciousness with an invincible body. His body features a number of unique android functions, including superhuman speed, agility and strength, an opening and closing face mask, a golden crescent-shaped solar panel on his forehead and waist-mounted pulsar propellers that can also be used as weapons.

 * Luna Kozuki (上月 ルナ)
 * A beautiful 15-year-old girl who fights alongside Casshern. Like Tetsuya's, her father is a scientist, and she is essential in the battle against the Android Army, due to her Electromagnetic Field Gun.
 * A beautiful 15-year-old girl who fights alongside Casshern. Like Tetsuya's, her father is a scientist, and she is essential in the battle against the Android Army, due to her Electromagnetic Field Gun.

 * Midori Azuma (東 みどり)
 * Tetsuya's mother, who had been captured by the Android Army and had her data transferred into the body of Swanee (スワニー), a swan-type robot pet kept by Buraiking Boss. She observes the actions of Buraiking Boss and appears before Casshern as a hologram to offer support to her son.
 * Tetsuya's mother, who had been captured by the Android Army and had her data transferred into the body of Swanee (スワニー), a swan-type robot pet kept by Buraiking Boss. She observes the actions of Buraiking Boss and appears before Casshern as a hologram to offer support to her son.

 * Kotaro Azuma (東 光太郎)
 * The genius scientist who invented androids in hopes of helping mankind, and ironically became the architect of mankind's doom.
 * The genius scientist who invented androids in hopes of helping mankind, and ironically became the architect of mankind's doom.

 * Friender (フレンダー)
 * Originally Tetsuya's pet dog, Lucky (ラッキー), his data was used to revive him as Friender after he was killed. In order to support Casshern, he can transform into a jet, submarine, tank, or motorcycle, and is even able to breathe flames. Friender is a brave robotic dog capable of standing up to the Android Army alone.
 * Originally Tetsuya's pet dog, Lucky (ラッキー), his data was used to revive him as Friender after he was killed. In order to support Casshern, he can transform into a jet, submarine, tank, or motorcycle, and is even able to breathe flames. Friender is a brave robotic dog capable of standing up to the Android Army alone.

 * Buraiking Boss (ブライキング・ボス)
 * The main antagonist of the series, originally BK-1, the first android created by Dr. Azuma. He was designed to help bring the human race and the robots together, but he was struck by lightning and rebelled, renaming himself Buraiking Boss. He leads the Android Army in a plot to conquer the Earth.
 * The main antagonist of the series, originally BK-1, the first android created by Dr. Azuma. He was designed to help bring the human race and the robots together, but he was struck by lightning and rebelled, renaming himself Buraiking Boss. He leads the Android Army in a plot to conquer the Earth.

 * Barashin (バラシン)
 * A muscular high-ranking member of the Android Army.
 * A muscular high-ranking member of the Android Army.

 * Arkborn (アクボーン)
 * A lanky high-ranking member of the Android Army.
 * A lanky high-ranking member of the Android Army.

 * Sagrey (サグレー)
 * A short high-ranking member of the Android Army.
 * A short high-ranking member of the Android Army.

Episodes

 * 1) "An Immortal Challenger" (不死身の挑戦者): written by Jinzō Toriumi, directed by Hiroshi Sasagawa
 * 2) "Stake Victory on the Moonlight" (月光に勝利をかけろ): written by Jinzo Toriumi and Shigekazu Ochiai, directed by Hiroshi Sasagawa
 * 3) "Find Tomorrow in the Ruins" (廃墟の中に明日を叫べ): written by Akiyoshi Sakai, directed by Seitaro Hara
 * 4) "Channel Anger into the MF Gun" (ＭＦ銃に怒りをこめろ): written by Takao Koyama, directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino
 * 5) "Don't Blow Out the Flame of Battle" (戦いの灯を消すな): written by Tadashi Fukui, directed by Yuji Nunokawa
 * 6) "Raging Wind Friender" (疾風フレンダー): written by Jinzō Toriumi, directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino
 * 7) "An Oath to the Hero Kikero" (英雄キケロへの誓い): written by Tadashi Fukui, directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino
 * 8) "The Roar of the Wild Beast Robot" (野獣ロボが吠える): written by Jinzō Toriumi, directed by Yuji Nunokawa
 * 9) "Concerto in the Flames of War" (戦火に響け協奏曲): written by Tadashi Fukui, directed by Seitaro Hara
 * 10) "Stake Life in the Desert of Death" (死の砂漠に命をかけろ): written by Tadashi Fukui, directed by Kazuyuki Okaseko
 * 11) "Statue of the Demon" (悪魔の虚像): written by Hajime Wakamatsu, directed by Yuji Nunokawa
 * 12) "The Iron Train of Evil" (鉄の悪党列車): written by Jinzō Toriumi, directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino
 * 13) "Android 5, the Robot of Betrayal" (裏切りロボット五号): written by Akiyoshi Sakai, directed by Yuji Nunokawa
 * 14) "The Town That Doesn’t Need Casshan" (キャシャーン無用の街): written by Akiyoshi Sakai, directed by Seitaro Hara
 * 15) "Puppy Runs for Vengeance" (復讐に子犬は駆ける): written by Akiyoshi Sakai, directed by Kazuyuki Okaseko
 * 16) "Swanee's Wings of Love" (スワニー・愛の翼): written by Harumi Tamura, directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino
 * 17) "The Robot Lullaby" (ロボット子守歌): written by Jinzō Toriumi, directed by Yuji Nunokawa
 * 18) "Giant Elephant VS. Andro Force" (巨象対アンドロ軍団): written by Naoko Miyake, directed by Seitaro Hara
 * 19) "The Clown Robot of Terror" (恐怖のピエロロボット): written by Tadashi Fukui, directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino
 * 20) "Casshan Gets the Death Penalty" (死刑台のキャシャーン): written by Harumi Tamura, directed by Yuji Nunokawa
 * 21) "Robot Hijack" (ロボット・ハイジャック): written by Akiyoshi Sakai, directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino
 * 22) "Runaway Robot, Romeo" (脱走ロボット・ロメオ): written by Masaru Takesue, directed by Seitaro Hara
 * 23) "Great Escape from the Robot Factory" (ロボット工場大脱出): written by Harumi Tamura, directed by Yuji Nunokawa
 * 24) "Bounder Robot's Challenge" (バウンダー・ロボの挑戦): written by Kiichi Ishii, directed by Kazuyuki Okaseko
 * 25) "Immortal Casshan" (不死身のキャシャーン"): written by Jinzō Toriumi and Takao Koyama, directed by Hiroshi Sasagawa
 * 26) "Casshan's Secrets" (キャシャーンの秘密): written by Jinzō Toriumi, directed by Yuji Nunokawa
 * 27) "The Missing MF Gun" (消えたＭＦ銃): written by Naoko Miyake, directed by Hiroshi Sasagawa
 * 28) "The Calvary of Anger" (怒りの騎馬隊): written by Tadashi Fukui, directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino
 * 29) "High-Heat Robot Neotaros" (高熱ロボ・ネオタロス): written by Toshio Nagata, directed by Yuji Nunokawa
 * 30) "The Premiere Robot Terminators" (ロボ退治ナンバーワン): written by Takeo Matsura and Hisao Ishihara, directed by Hiroshi Sasagawa
 * 31) "The City That Creates Newly-Made Men" (新造人間を造る街): written by Akiyoshi Sakai, directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino
 * 32) "The Electric Punch of Tears" (涙の電光パンチ): written by Tadashi Fukui, directed by Yuji Nunokawa
 * 33) "Swanee in Danger"! (スワニー危機一髪): written by Akiyoshi Sakai, directed by Hiroshi Sasagawa
 * 34) "Casshan VS. Robot Ace" (対ロボットエース): written by Takao Koyama, directed by Yuji Nunokawa
 * 35) "The Greatest Showdown on Earth" (地球最大の決戦): written by Jinzō Toriumi, directed by Yuji Nunokawa

Title romanization
Streamline Pictures was the first to adapt the character's name in the OVA remake series for the American market, providing the title, "Casshan." "Casshern" appears as the romanization for the film adaptation and the English release of Casshern Sins.

Legacy
In Vanquish, developed by PlatinumGames, the art style is based on Casshern. In one of the boss fights the main character drills through a robot by spinning in place at high speed, similarly to Casshern. Concerning the game's development, director Shinji Mikami is quoted as saying: "'I was inspired by Casshern, so I wanted to make a game like that. If I went ahead and made the exact game I wanted, it probably would have been like Casshern, where you punch and kick the entire way through. But obviously if it were a game with only punching and kicking, I already did that with God Hand. So, I'm done with that, something else now. So this time he wanted to make a game where you defeat robots with guns. So now, you're going at it with guns, but he wanted to make sure the feeling of speed is still there, that was really important to him, so that's why he introduced the element of the sliding boost.'" In addition, the protagonist of Vanquish has a facemask that periodically comes off to show his human side, much like Casshern himself. According to one of the game's character modelers, Yoshifumi Hattori, a support robotic companion dog was designed to fight along with the main character, including transforming into ability-enhancing armor. Although this dog was successfully modeled, it was cut from the finalized version of the game, along with another female android partner character. Raiden from Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots is also dressed like Casshern.

Manga adaptation
A manga adaptation of the original series, titled Casshern R, written by Chabo Higurashi and illustrated by Satoshi Shiki is set to begin serialization in Akita Shoten's Champion Red magazine on September 19, 2023.

title: Casshan


text:
Richard Tangye

Sir Richard Trevithick Tangye (24 November 1833 – 14 October 1906) was a British manufacturer of engines and other heavy equipment.

Biography
Richard Tangye was born at Illogan, near Redruth, Cornwall, the fifth son in a family of six sons and three daughters of Joseph Tangye (1798-1854), a Quaker miner of Redruth, later a small shopkeeper and farmer, and Ann, née Bullock. As a young boy he worked in the fields, but when he was eight years old he was incapacitated from further manual labour by a fracture of the right arm. His father then determined to give him the best education he could afford, and young Tangye was sent to the Quaker Sidcot School in the Mendip Hills near the village of Winscombe, Somerset, where he progressed rapidly and became a pupil-teacher.

Career
Tangye disliked this role, and through an advertisement in The Friend obtained a clerkship in a small engineering firm in Birmingham, where two of his brothers, skilled mechanics, subsequently joined him. Here Richard Tangye remained four years, obtaining a complete mastery of the details of an engineering business, and introducing the system of a Saturday half-holiday which he had supported on its introduction by John Frearson, the radical Birmingham Engineer. It was subsequently adopted in many English industrial works.

Tangye Ltd
In 1856, Tangye started business in a small way in Birmingham as a hardware factor and commission agent. His first customers were the Cornish mine-owners in the Redruth district.

In March 1857, Richard Tangye, with brothers James and Joseph, started a manufacturing business in Mount Street under the title of James Tangye and Bros. Principally manufacturing hydraulic appliances and particularly lifting jacks, on 31 January 1858, their jacks were successfully employed in the launching of Brunel's steamship SS Great Eastern. Tangye said of the project: "We launched the Great Eastern and she launched us" In 1859, brothers Edward and George joined, together with George Price. The company acquired the patent of the differential pulley-block in 1861, and in 1862 James Tangye invented the Tangye Patent Hydraulic Jack. This resulted in the 1862 purchase and demolition of Soho-located Smethwick Hall, on the site of which was built the Cornwall Works. In 1867 the patent for a new type of Direct-acting Steam Pump was acquired, and in 1870 the company commenced the manufacture of steam engines.

The company was commissioned to design the hydraulic systems for the UK's first funicular cliff railway in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, in 1869. After completing another in Scarborough, they employed George Croydon Marks as head of lifts, in which capacity he designed the 1883 Saltburn Cliff Lift, which today is the oldest water-powered cliff railway in the United Kingdom.

In 1872, the two youngest brothers, Richard and George, became sole proprietors. They developed the company internationally, opening offices in Johannesburg and Sydney. The first gas engine, a 1 nominal horsepower two-cycle type, was sold in 1881, and in 1890 the firm commenced manufacture of the four-cycle gas engine. Incorporated as a limited company from 1881, in 1894 they produced their first hot bulb engine. Richard Tangye was knighted in 1894.

Tangye travelled extensively, visiting Australia more than once and also New Zealand and America. He sought to restore his health on the ocean voyages but his main purpose in going to these countries was to expand his business. His accounts of his travels reveal a man who was annoyed that he was not shown the deference by hotel employees that he enjoyed in Britain and who was often unimpressed by the food he was presented with (excluding the fruit, which he greatly liked) - but who enjoyed being recognised and was pleased when he saw evidence of progress e.g. in the establishment of libraries.

Philanthropy
Richard Tangye and his brother George were founding benefactors of Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery in 1885, which today has a collection of international importance covering fine art, ceramics, metalwork, jewellery, archaeology, ethnography, local history and industrial history. They also helped found Birmingham School of Art.

Tangye was a noted collector of Oliver Cromwell manuscripts and memorabilia. His collection included many rare manuscripts and printed books, medals, paintings, objets d'art and a bizarre assemblage of 'relics'. The 'relics' included Cromwell's Bible, button, coffin plate, death mask and funeral escutcheon. On Tangye's death, the entire collection was donated to the Museum of London, where it can still be seen today. Items from the Tangye Collection are also to be found at the Cromwell Museum.

Personal life

Tangye was under five feet tall, short even by the standards of the time. Married, Tangye lived in Birmingham, and latterly London, but often returned to his cliff-edge house in Newquay, Cornwall. Richard Tangye has been described by his biographer as a man of great resolve with considerable talents for promoting his business, but also very much valuing his privacy and never wishing to hold public office in Birmingham. (Stephen Roberts, 'Sir Richard Tangye 1833-1906: A Cornish Entrepreneur in Victorian Birmingham, 2015). He was the grandfather of the authors Derek Tangye and Nigel Tangye. Through his niece Helena Tangye Lean, he was a great-uncle of film maker David Lean and his brother Edward Tangye Lean, founder of the Inklings.

After death
After the deaths of Richard (1906) and George (1920), with the family owning the majority of shares, their sons entered the business. In 1919, the company started production of large-scale industrial diesel engines, pumps and hydraulic equipment. Engine production was stopped after World War II, with the company concentrating on hydraulic pumps, valves and related systems.

Publications
Tangye wrote an autobiography, One and All (1889). The only modern study is Sir Richard Tangye 1833-1914: A Cornish Entrepreneur in Victorian Birmingham (2015) by Stephen Roberts.

Examples of Tangye engines
The various engines had an elegance as well as being functional. Here are some examples in various museums.

title: Richard Tangye


text:
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

The Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law is the law school of Yeshiva University in New York City. Founded in 1976 and now located on Fifth Avenue near Union Square in Lower Manhattan, the school is named for Supreme Court Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo. Cardozo graduated its first class in 1979. An LL.M. program was established in 1998. Cardozo is nondenominational and has a secular curriculum, in contrast to some of Yeshiva University's undergraduate programs. Around 320 students begin the J.D. program per year, of whom about 57% are women. In addition, there are about 60–70 LL.M. students each year.

Admissions
For the class entering in 2022, Cardozo accepted 33.80% of applicants, with 27.12% of those accepted enrolling, the average enrollee having a 164 LSAT score and 3.76 undergraduate GPA.

Centers
Cardozo is home to academic centers including the FAME Center for fashion, arts, media & entertainment; the Innocence Project; the Florsheimer Center for Constitutional Democracy; the Data Law Initiative; the Blockchain Project; Cardozo/Google Patent Diversity Project; the Cardozo Law Institute in Holocaust and Human Rights; and the Heyman Center on Corporate Governance.

Faculty
Cardozo's faculty are notably productive in their scholarship. They were ranked 15th most prolific faculty in 1996, when the School of Law was only twenty years old. Ten years later the faculty had the 31st most SSRN downloads, and it is ranked 33rd in scholarly impact (as of 2021). Highly cited faculty members include Professors Myriam Gilles, Michael Herz, Peter Markowitz, Alexander Reinert, Anthony Sebok, Stewart Sterk and Edward Zelinsky. Cardozo's faculty were also the most productive per capita for articles in top journals from 1993 to 2012, for law schools outside of U.S. News & World Report Top 50 law schools.

Clinical teaching
Cardozo is noted for its focus on clinical teaching and practical experience. As part of the fulfillment of the J.D. requirements, students may choose to participate in clinics housed within the school, taking on legal work under faculty supervision. The clinics provide pro bono services to clients across a range of areas of legal practice, including both civil and criminal cases. Many clinics serve individual clients, while other clinics take on class action lawsuits. They include the Civil Rights Clinic; Bet Tzedek (focused on representing elderly and disabled people); Filmmakers Legal Clinic; Immigration Justice Clinic; the Innocence Project; Human Rights and Atrocity Prevention Clinic; and Tech Startup Clinic, among others. Perhaps the best known is the Innocence Project, run by Professor Barry Scheck, which has used DNA profiling to help free dozens of innocent people from prison. The project's work has been instrumental in a number of high-profile cases.

Rankings and achievements
Cardozo has seven faculty members who have clerked for U.S. Supreme Court Justices, and Cardozo has had two graduates chosen to clerk for the U.S. Supreme Court: Sara J. Klein ’05 (for Justice John Paul Stevens) and Cliff Elgarten ’79 (for Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.). In 1999 Cardozo became a member of the Order of the Coif, an honor society for law scholars.

Cardozo was the second U.S. law school to secure an invitation to The European Law Moot Court Competition, and the first American law school to be invited twice consecutively. Many of Cardozo's 12,000 alumni reside in the New York metropolitan area, while many pursue their careers internationally and can be found across the country.

U.S. News ranked Cardozo 52nd out of 196 law schools in the country in 2022 (5th of 15 law schools in New York State). Cardozo's LL.M./Master of Laws program was ranked tenth by American Universities Admission Program in 2012. Cardozo ranked high in US News law specialties in Dispute Resolution (4th) and Intellectual Property Law (8th) as of the 2023 rankings. It has also been ranked in the top ten for its Music Law program. Cardozo got A-grades in several areas according to National Jurist's preLaw Magazine in 2018, including Tax Law, International Law, Alternative Dispute Resolution, and Business Law. PreLaw Magazine also ranked Cardozo highly in Government and Public Defender/Prosecutor specializations (11th).

 * Bar examination passage rates

In 2022, 83.5% of the law school's first-time test takers passed the bar exam. Among the 349 who graduated in 2020, 95.6% of those who sat for the bar (336) passed within two years. Of the 261 graduates who took the New York bar exam for the first time in 2022, 84.7% passed (as compared to the state pass rate of 82.7%).

Academic program
For J.D. students, Cardozo offers a selection of over 226 courses in addition to the eight courses required during the first year. Students may choose to graduate with a concentration in one, or several, of the following areas:
 * Juris Doctor

 * Business Law
 * Civil Litigation
 * Corporate Compliance and Risk Control
 * Criminal Justice
 * Data Law
 * Dispute Resolution
 * Family and Children's Law
 * Intellectual Property and Information Law
 * International and Comparative Law
 * Public Law, Regulation and Government Affairs
 * Real Estate
 * Rights and the State
 * Tax Law

Cardozo students may earn credits towards the J.D. through clinical education, mainly in-house pro bono work focused on public service and including civil litigation, criminal defense, divorce mediation, and a variety of other legal areas.
 * Clinical Education

 * Alexander Fellows Program
 * Ferencz Human Rights and Atrocity Prevention Clinic
 * Bet Tzedek Civil Litigation Clinic
 * Civil Rights Clinic
 * Criminal Defense Clinic
 * Divorce Mediation Clinic
 * Indie Film Clinic
 * Innocence Project Clinic
 * Greenberg Immigration Justice Clinic
 * Mediation Clinic
 * Prosecutor Practicum
 * Securities Arbitration Clinic
 * Tech Startup Clinic

Cardozo students may study abroad through the following programs:
 * Study abroad

 * Amsterdam Law School: Amsterdam, the Netherlands
 * Bucerius Law School: Hamburg, Germany
 * Central European University: Budapest, Hungary
 * Chinese University of Hong Kong: Hong Kong
 * ESADE (Barcelona, Spain)
 * HEAD - L'ecode des Hautes Etudes Appliquees du Droit: Paris, France
 * Peking University Law School
 * Sorbonne Law School: Paris, France
 * Tel Aviv University: Tel Aviv, Israel
 * University of Deusto: Bilbao, Spain
 * University of Oxford Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy: Oxford, England
 * University of Paris X-Nanterre: Paris, France
 * University of Roma Tre: Rome, Italy
 * University of Sydney: Sydney, Australia
 * Independent Study Abroad

While most Cardozo students begin their legal studies in August, some students begin in May. May-entry students take their first-year courses over three semesters - summer, fall, and spring, and then attend their fall and spring first-year classes with fall-entry students.
 * May Entry

For those who already have a law degree, Cardozo offers LL.M. degrees in General Studies, Comparative Legal Thought, Dispute Resolution and Advocacy, and Intellectual Property. LL.M. students can take almost any of the courses offered to J.D. students. The LL.M. program may be entered in the Spring Term or in the Fall Term.
 * Master of Laws

Post-graduation employment and costs
According to Cardozo's ABA-required disclosures, 81% of the Class of 2021 obtained full-time, long-term, bar passage-required employment within ten months of graduating. Of the Class of 2018, 87% obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required or JD-advantage employment within ten months. The law school ranks 25th in the United States for "Gold Standard" jobs (full-time, long-term jobs requiring bar passage that are not funded by the school). It is 37th in the percentage of graduates hired by the 100 largest firms.

The cost of tuition and fees at Cardozo for the 2021–22 academic year was $68,462. The Law School Transparency estimated non-discounted, debt-financed cost of attendance (including living expenses) for three years is $323,858.

Location and facilities
Located on lower Fifth Avenue at the corner of 12th Street in New York City's Greenwich Village, Cardozo's urban campus is in a 19-story building, known as the Brookdale Center. A multimillion-dollar capital improvement plan took place in 2006. The addition of more space at the Brookdale Center also allowed for a larger and significantly enhanced library, new offices and clinic spaces, as well as a new and larger lobby, moot court room, and ground-floor seminar room. In addition, older classrooms were renovated. In fall 2006, the Greenberg Center for Student Life, given in honor of former Dean David Rudenstine, opened. This addition to Cardozo included a new student lounge and a café on the third floor. Also completed were several new seminar rooms, internal stairways between floors, and added windows.

The Dr. Lillian and Dr. Rebecca Chutick Law Library is the center of student and faculty research at Cardozo. Encompassing four floors of Cardozo's building, the library holds more than 535,000 volumes, over 140 computers, and study space for about 500 students.

Cardozo's main campus.
 * Brookdale Center – 55 Fifth Avenue

The Innocence Project moved from the 11th floor of Brookdale Center to a new office space. The move allowed the Innocence Project to hire more staff and significantly increase the number of cases it takes.
 * The Innocence Project – 40 Worth St

 * Fogelman Library of The New School – 65 Fifth Avenue

Both the Fogelman Library and the Cooper Union library serve as Cardozo's secondary libraries when the main library is closed on the Sabbath or on holidays.
 * The Cooper Union Library – 7 East 7th Street

Law journals
Students in the JD program publish several law journals: Cardozo Law Review; Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal; Cardozo International and Comparative Law Review; Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution; and Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights and Social Justice.

Cardozo Law Review was established in 1979, the first year of the School of Law's existence. The journal was cited 75 times in court cases in 2017–2021, making it fourth most-cited among American law journals (after Harvard Law Review, California Law Review, and Yale Law Review). By journal citations, it ranks 29th, according to Washington & Lee Law School's database. Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal was ranked first in journal cites in the Entertainment, Arts and Sports Law category in 2006 (second in Scholarly Impact and third in Cites by Courts).

Moot courts
Cardozo offers students the opportunity to participate in the Moot Court Honor Society, a competition-based organization at the school. In addition to participating in approximately six competitions each semester, the organization also hosts the Paulsen Intramural Moot Court Competition, the Monroe Price Media Law Competition, the Cardozo/BMI Moot Court Competition, and the Langfan Oratorical Competition.

LGBTQ+ student group
Although Cardozo is under the umbrella of Yeshiva University, which has been involved in legal proceedings after refusing to recognize an undergraduate Pride Alliance group for LGBTQ+ students and allies, Cardozo has long had an active, officially recognized LGBTQ student groups; the Gay and Lesbian Alliance was active on campus by the early 1990s, and presently has a student group, OUTLaw, which has put out statements opposing YU's discrimination against its LGBTQ undergraduates.

Faculty and students at both Cardozo and YU's Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology have voiced their disapproval of the university's discrimination and lawsuit. In a letter signed by over 50 members of the Cardozo faculty (which has 56 full-time members), and in statements made by the Dean of the Law School and the Cardozo Board of Overseers, the Law School has publicly affirmed support for LGBTQIA+ rights and called on YU's administration to desist from its appeal and end its discrimination policy.

Deans of the Law School

 * Monrad G. Paulsen (1976–1982)
 * Lester Brickman (1980–1982, Acting Dean)
 * Monroe E. Price (1982–1991)
 * Frank J. Macchiarola (1991–1996)
 * Paul R. Verkuil (1997–2001)
 * David Rudenstine (2001–2009)
 * Matthew Diller (c. 2009–2015)
 * Melanie Leslie (2015–present)

Alumni

 * Geoffrey Bowers (1954–87), plaintiff in one of the first AIDS discrimination cases to go to public hearing
 * Madeleine Cosman, medieval expert and conservative policy commentator
 * Lawrence A. Cunningham, Professor of Law at George Washington University
 * John Dalli, partner at Dalli & Marino, LLP
 * Ed Fagan, disgraced reparations lawyer
 * Sandra J. Feuerstein, District Court Judge, Eastern District of New York
 * Sonia Gardner, hedge fund manager and co-founder of Avenue Capital Group
 * John S. Hall, poet, musician and entertainment lawyer
 * Eric Herschmann served as a senior advisor to former President Donald Trump.
 * Anna Kaplan, New York State Senator for the 7th State Senate district
 * Rachel Hirschfeld, animal rights activist and lawyer
 * Eddie Huang, Taiwanese American restaurateur, actor, and clothing designer
 * Jeff Marx, composer and Tony Award-winning musical lyricist
 * Scott McCoy, former member of the Utah State Senate
 * Grace Meng, U.S. Congresswoman for New York's 6th Congressional District
 * Barbara Olson, lawyer, conservative television commentator (killed in 9/11)
 * Juliette Passer, president & General Counsel at PanaManagement Corporation
 * David Samson, president of the Miami Marlins
 * Josh Saviano, actor who played Paul Pfeiffer in The Wonder Years.
 * Christopher A. Seeger, mass tort and class action litigator
 * Pam Sherman, columnist also known as "The Suburban Outlaw"
 * Marc H. Simon, filmmaker and entertainment attorney
 * Laura Sydell, NPR journalist on Digital Culture
 * Randi Weingarten, President of the American Federation of Teachers
 * Aaron L. Weisman, United States Attorney for the District of Rhode Island
 * Ivan Wilzig, techno musician also known as "Sir Ivan"
 * Aviva Drescher, television personality.

Notable faculty

 * Current faculty

 * J. David Bleich
 * Peter Goodrich
 * Alexander A. Reinert
 * Michel Rosenfeld
 * David Rudenstine
 * Barry Scheck
 * Stewart Sterk
 * Richard H. Weisberg
 * Edward Zelinsky

 * Former faculty

 * Susan Crawford – Harvard Law School
 * John F. Duffy – UVA Law School
 * Marci Hamilton
 * Justin Hughes
 * John McGinnis – Northwestern University School of Law
 * William F. Patry
 * Scott J. Shapiro – Yale Law School
 * Kate Shaw
 * Telford Taylor
 * Ekow Yankah – University of Michigan School of Law

title: Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law


text:
The Dominators

The Dominators is the first serial of the sixth season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which originally aired in five weekly parts from 10 August to 7 September 1968. The Second Doctor (Patrick Troughton) and his travelling companions Jamie McCrimmon (Frazer Hines) and Zoe Heriot (Wendy Padbury) work with the Dulcians of the planet Dulkis to prevent the alien Dominators from blowing up Dulkis and using its irradiated remains as spaceship fuel.

Plot
An alien craft bearing the ruthless Dominators arrives on the peaceful planet of Dulkis. The robotic Quarks are sent out by the Dominators to prepare boreholes into the planet’s crust to convert the planet into rocket fuel.

One of the locals, Cully, along with The Doctor and Jamie, travel to the capital city but has trouble convincing the Council of the Dominators' threat. The Doctor and Jamie take control of a travel pod and return to the Island of Death. Jamie links up with Cully at the museum, while the Doctor is captured by Quarks and taken with the slave force back to the Dominator ship.

The dig proceeds with the Doctor and the other slaves making progress but Jamie and Cully disable another Quark and free their friends. The Doctor has worked out the Dominator scheme, a nuclear fission seed will be dropped down the borehole, converting the planet into a radioactive mass to power the Dominator fleet. They begin digging a tunnel to the central borehole to steal the device before it can detonate. Jamie and Cully help by destroying Quarks with homemade bombs.

The Doctor intercepts the seed during its descent but tells his friends that it cannot be defused. The Doctor runs to the Dominator ship and smuggles the seed on board before the craft lifts off. It departs and the Dominators’ last vision is of the seed device rolling on the floor toward them. The Doctor watches the Dominator ship being destroyed and then heads back to the TARDIS.

Production
Episode 3 had no on-screen episode number caption. This serial was originally composed of six episodes but it was deemed too short of content and reduced to five at the last minute. Producer Peter Bryant ordered Haisman and Lincoln to abandon writing the sixth episode and script editor Derrick Sherwin rewrote the fifth episode to provide a conclusion. Wrotham Quarry in Addington, Kent doubles as the planet surface of Dulkis. Patrick Troughton was absent from all of the location filming sessions. A double plays the role of the Doctor in all the location footage, his face being clearly visible in some shots.

Cast notes
Ronald Allen later played Ralph Cornish in The Ambassadors of Death (1970). Arthur Cox went on to play Mr Henderson in the 2010 episode "The Eleventh Hour". Brian Cant had previously played Kert Gantry in the story The Daleks' Master Plan (1965–66). Malcolm Terris later appeared in The Horns of Nimon (1979–80). Philip Voss had previously played Acomat in Marco Polo (1964).

Broadcast and reception
The BBC Audience Research Report for The Dominators showed that much of the sample dismissed the serial as unsurprising as it followed a known pattern, though a third felt that it was still inventive.

In The Discontinuity Guide (1995), Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping wrote that the serial treated the issues of the time—like hippies and unilateralism—with "disdain", and the story was also "very dull". In The Television Companion (1998), David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker called the serial "a disappointingly lacklustre start to the sixth season". They found it hard for the viewer to care about the Dulcians but said the Dominators were "hardly amongst the best of the series' alien creations, [but] at least quite well realised on screen". In 2009, Mark Braxton of Radio Times described the serial as lazy in production with "hopeless" cliffhangers and a lack of audience identification. He wrote that the few small "saving graces" were the appearance of the Quarks and the pyrotechnics. Reviewing the serial for SFX, Ian Berriman gave The Dominators a rating of two out of five stars. He wrote that the plot did not have much and was "push-button and pedestrian", with the best thing being Troughton. DVD Talk's John Sinnott was more positive, giving the story three out of five stars. He criticised the "talky beginning" and non-frightening Quarks but felt that it was a "wonderful romp" due to the TARDIS crew.

In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Ian Marter, was published by Target Books in April 1984.

Home media
The Dominators was released on VHS in 1990. It was released on CD on 7 May 2007 and as a DVD in the UK on 12 July 2010 and in the USA and Canada on 11 January 2011.

title: The Dominators


text:
User talk:Geno

Mediation
Hello,

You requested the mediation cabal to help resolve your slight dispute at Talk:Linda Hamilton. I will be taking the case at Mediation Cabal/Cases/2007-09-06 Linda Hamilton-- Phoenix 15 19:31, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

WP:IGNORE
No offense, but please see WP:WIARM. "Ignore all rules" is not an invitation to use Wikipedia for purposes contrary to that of building a free encyclopedia. (emphasis mine) I'm sorry, but your repeated inclusion of this non-free image on Linda Hamilton is a violation of policy, which has been pointed out to you numerous times. Videmus Omnia Talk  15:33, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * And I say that other Wikipedia policy supports me and that the picture makes sense. If you disagree, then get a Wikipedia dev in here for a ruling, so I can kick it up to his boss. I figure eventually we can get to Jimbo Wales and get a definitive answer.

 * I tried compromising for the sake of co-operation and you guys decided, "Okay, we won, we're done here!" Fine, but if you want to compromise the articles, you're going to have to do the work to get an answer from some higher-ups. -- Geno Z Heinlein 15:39, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, I posted a request for an admin opinion here. Videmus Omnia Talk  16:07, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia devs are merely people who help to write the software that Wikipedia and other sits run on. They have no say over content. Even if you meant admin, they can't let you violate the appropriate policies concerning fair use content. And nobody here has a "boss". Corvus cornix 16:24, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * (1) My gods, are you all barracks lawyers here? I want someone who can definitively rule that it is a complete violation of all common sense to disallow in-character pictures on an actor's page. I want that ruling from a high-enough level that you legal geniuses will stop reverting the pictures. I don't care if the person making the ruling is called dev, admin, hoo-hah, muckety-muck or grand high wizard.

 * (2) Everyone here reports to someone; or there's someone who controls their access; that's their boss. The guy who runs the Wikipedia, Jimbo Wales, could come in here and say, "No, of course I didn't mean that you can't show an actor acting. That would be silly!" That would resolve this, yes? We don't need to kick it up that far, of course, just enough to stop the reversions.

 * (3) Even assuming the anti-fair-use crowd is correct in their interpretation of the policies -- they're not, even according to pages they themselves have repeatedly pointed me to -- those policies didn't write themselves; someone wrote those policies and someone can re-write them. -- Geno Z Heinlein 23:23, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

You want dispute resolution, but people there are not bosses. An an admin, User:Butseriouslyfolks, has already rejected your arguments at talk:Linda Hamilton. Corvus cornix 23:25, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Linda Hamilton and 3rr
Hello, I undid the image here. Please be aware of WP:3RR. Thanks. An admin already answered on the talk page. • Lawrence Cohen  23:15, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * How come all of you guys' rules and regulations end up with your picture up there, instead of the original image? -- Geno Z Heinlein 23:24, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Because the original image was not fair use, either. Corvus cornix 23:26, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use and living people
Using a fair use image of a living person to solely illustrate what the individual looks like is forbidden by fair use law as well as Non-free content policy. Read point #12 of Unacceptable images, which states plainly that "Pictures of people still alive, groups still active, and buildings still standing; provided that taking a new free picture as a replacement (which is almost always considered possible) would serve the same encyclopedic purpose as the non-free image." Non-free content criteria states that if a free alternative can be procured, then a fair use version is forbidden from use.

 * I've written over and over again that a free image would NOT "serve the same encyclopedic purpose as the non-free image", because the free image won't show the actor acting. Why is this a sticking point? Are you saying that a free image can show an actor acting, or are you saying that the policy verbiage trumps the quality of the page? By what standard is a picture of Linda Hamilton at a premiere (or whatever) a better picture than a picture of Linda Hamilton acting? Because, frankly, any standard that would support that position is NOT based on the quality of the article being the primary concern. If the anti-fair-use interpretation is the real policy here, then what's been done is a placement of the policy issues at a higher level than the quality of the articles. -- Geno Z Heinlein

Using a publicity photo of Linda Hamilton from the Terminator movies to illustrate the article on the actress is inappropriate application of fair use and non-free content. The only photo of Linda Hamilton that can be on that article is one of er taken by you or someone else and able to be uploaded to the Wikimedia Commons where they only accept public domain, Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike (no No Derivative Works or Noncommercial), or under a GNU Free Documentation License such that all the projects that have or can have an article on Linda Hamilton can use the photo.

Do not add the promotional photo back onto the article.— Ryūlóng ( 竜龍 ) 23:25, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Excuse me, can I issue orders like that? Because I would really like to tell all you people putting some pseudo-legal over-verbal nonsense ahead of the common sense of showing an actor acting on their page, "You must put in-character images on every actor's page." Is that okay with you? -- Geno Z Heinlein 23:59, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * No, you cannot. Admin Ryulong was politely letting you know that if you continue to add images to articles in violation of Wikipedia's policies, you will be blocked from editing. --  But | seriously | folks   01:51, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Ummm, no he wasn't. There's absolutely nothing in Ryulong's statment that can be described by the word 'politely'.

 * And what marks Ryulong as an admin? Are you an admin? What marks you as an admin? -- Geno Z Heinlein 02:11, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Others would have just thrown a warning template on your page. Administrators are listed here.  You will see that both Ryulong and I are on the list. --  But | seriously | folks   02:52, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * If Adolf Hitler and Jack Valenti were the last two people on Earth, Adolf Hitler would be the best person on Earth; he still wouldn't be a good person. "Do not..." doesn't start a polite anything, it starts an order. -- Geno Z Heinlein 03:11, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

OK then, here you go:

Please do not add copyrighted material to Wikipedia without permission from the copyright holder. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. -- But | seriously | folks   03:16, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I got it, already. He was still rude. -- Geno Z Heinlein 03:21, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Here is your request for an admin's response.  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 03:37, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Please see the Linda Hamilton Talk Page for why this still does not address the issue. -- Geno Z Heinlein 09:40, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * At that page you say "Is it your position that promoting free content is more important than article quality?" and the answer is replace "more" with "equally" and you will finally be getting it. Jimbo specifically stated that Wikipedia is now important/powerful/famous enough that we can ask for and get copy-left images of living people so we should because it is more important for the Wikimedia mission to in a few years time have free images rather than to immediately have a better article with a non-free image. After he said that and the Wikimedia board of directors backed him up on it, the current situation of deleting fair use images of living people came into being. The well reasoned careful balancing of as free as possible versus as good as possible is that the temporary lack of an image is to be used to encourage the donation of free (copy-left) images; producing in the end both most free and best content. The owners of images can relicense that image under GFDL. More and more are doing so in order to get the free publicity that comes from being in Wikipedia. Please read this for insight. By the way, thanks for helping to improve this free encyclopedia; your enthusiasm is wonderful. I'm kinda getting burned out myself. WAS 4.250 22:43, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Tish and stacy bellomo.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Tish and stacy bellomo.gif. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in.
 * That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 14:52, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer have them marked as minor by default.

For established users such as yourself there is a workaround available involving custom JavaScript. If you are familiar with the contents of WP:MINOR, and believe that it is still beneficial to the encyclopedia to have all your edits marked as such by default, then this discussion will give you the details you need to continue with this functionality indefinitely. If you have any problems, feel free to drop me a note.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 22:21, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Geno


text:
Tangye

Tangye is a surname of Breton origin and is common in Cornwall. It may refer to:

 * Richard Tangye, industrialist (1833–1906)
 * His son, Sir, 1st Baronet (1866–1935)
 * His son, Sir, 2nd Baronet (1895–1969)
 * His son, Lt. Colonel O.B.E., JP
 * His son Derek Tangye
 * Derek's wife Jean Tangye
 * His son Nigel Tangye
 * His niece, Helena Tangye Lean
 * Her son Edward Tangye Lean
 * Her son David Tangye Lean, aka David Lean
 * George Tangye, Richard's brother

title: Tangye


text:
Alona Bondarenko

Alona Volodymyrivna Bondarenko Dyachok (Альона Володимирівна Бондаренко; born 13 August 1984) is a Ukrainian former tennis player. Her sisters Valeria and Kateryna Bondarenko are also tennis players.

Her career-high singles ranking is No. 19, achieved on 14 April 2008. Alona defeated former world No. 1, Jelena Janković, in the third round of the 2010 Australian Open, and won the 2008 Australian Open women's doubles title with her sister Kateryna, beating Victoria Azarenka and Shahar Pe'er in the finals. She also formerly paired with her older sister Valeria in doubles.

Early years
Bondarenko started competing in the pro tour in 1999 at the age of 14. Then she competed in ITF Women's Circuit, where she reached two second rounds in Tallinn, Estonia, and Kharkiv, Ukraine.

She began the year 2000 reaching her first ITF final in Kalamata, Greece but ended up losing to Ekaterina Kozhokina 5–7, 5–7, even though not losing a set before the finals. She was only able to attain good success in two events, a semifinal in Kędzierzyn-Koźle and a quarterfinal in Sopot entering as a qualifier. The rest of the year she was failing to qualify in other events. In 2001, she failed to qualify in her first three events in Dubai, Caserta and Tallinn. However, she was able two reached two semifinals, in Kędzierzyn-Koźle and Tbilisi. She also managed to reach the quarterfinals in Batumi.

2002 was an inconsistent year, as she managed to reach the semifinals in Buchan before losing to Syna Schmidle in three sets and then followed it up by falling in the qualifying draw in Dubai. The following week, she reached the second round of Dinan after getting pass the qualifying draw and followed it up by once again failing to qualify. At her next event in Fontanafredda, she qualified for the main draw again, and won her first ITF title (final against Mara Santangelo). However, in her next six tournaments she was managing only to reach one second round. After her third final in Batumi, she made first-round exits in Joué-lès-Tours and Saint Raphael, both in France. She ended the year with a semifinal appearance in Poitiers, losing to Seda Noorlander, 2–6, 1–6.

In 2003, Bondarenko tried to qualify for main draws on the tour, but failed in Hobart, Melbourne, and Hyderabad. She then made it through her first WTA Tour main draw as a direct entry at the Copa Colsanitas, but ended up losing to Flavia Pennetta, 3–6, 1–6. She then went back to the ITF Circuit, after failing to qualify in the Abierto Mexicano, only making it through one semifinal (in Taranto) out of seven events. She also failed to qualify for the French Open and Wimbledon. In the middle of the two Grand Slam tournaments, she made the quarterfinals of the ITF events in Galatina and Fontanafredda. She also failed to qualify for the US Open. But after the US Open, she won her second ITF title in Zhukovskiy.

At the beginning of 2004, Bondarenko qualified for the first time and even claimed her first victory there, when she defeated Nuria Llagostera Vives in three sets before being double-bageled by eventual champion Fabiola Zuluaga in the next round. After that she then went back to the ITF Circuit where she won her third title in Bari, prevailing over younger sister Kateryna in the final, 2–6, 6–2, 6–4. After that, she failed to qualify in any of the WTA events she entered while falling early in the ITF events she entered. She then reached the final of Orbetello, losing to Catalina Castaño in three sets. She ended the year with a runner-up performance in Deauville, losing to Květa Peschke 0–6, 3–6, and quarterfinal appearances in the ITF events of Poitiers and Bergamo.

2005
In 2005, Alona made her Grand Slam debut at the Australian Open, where she suffered a first-round loss to sixth-seeded Elena Dementieva, 3–6, 3–6. Two weeks later, she reached her first WTA Tour quarterfinal at the Thailand Open where she lost to eventual runner-up, Anna-Lena Grönefeld, in straight sets.

The following week at Hyderabad, she reached her first tour final as the tournament's ninth seeded player, falling to hometown favourite Sania Mirza in three tight sets, 4–6, 7–5, 3–6. However, due to this result she made her first appearance in the top 100 of the WTA rankings. She then qualified for her first Tier-I event in the Indian Wells Open, and reached the second round before falling to top doubles player Lisa Raymond 6–4, 3–6, 3–6. She also qualified for the Miami Open but lost in the opening round to Alina Jidkova. She received a direct entry to the Estoril Open, reaching the second round before losing to third seed Gisela Dulko. In the Italian Open in Rome, she fell in the qualifying round. She then received direct entry in the İstanbul Cup, French Open, Birmingham Classic, all losing in the first round and failed to qualify in the Eastbourne International. She, however, made a shocking performance in Wimbledon, claiming her first Grand Slam match-win and upsetting 20th seed Tatiana Golovin in the first round, 6–3, 3–6, 7–5, before falling to Nathalie Dechy 1–6, 4–6 in the third round. She then made early exits at Modena, Palermo, in the Nordic Light Open and the US Open. Her last good performance of the year was in the Wismilak International where she reached the quarterfinals before losing to Li Na after defeating top Australian player Alicia Molik in the previous round. She ended the year for the first time inside the top 100, at 73.

2006
2006 was a breakthrough year for Bondarenko as she made it inside the top 50, after quarterfinal appearances at Hobart and Bangalore, and first-round exits in Pattaya and at the Australian Open as well as early exits in Dubai, Doha, and Indian Wells. With her early exit in Indian Wells, Bondarenko decided to compete in Orange, California, an ITF event, claiming the title over Yvonne Meusburger 6–3, 7–5. Then she made stellar performances in the WTA Tour, making it to the third round of the Indian Wells Open entering as a qualifier, losing to Ana Ivanovic 3–6, 7–5, 3–6.

On the clay-court season, she made it through the second rounds of top events at the Amelia Island Championships, losing to Vera Dushevina 1–6, 4–6, and the Family Circle Cup, losing to eventual champion Nadia Petrova 1–6, 6–0, 2–6, the second set was the fewest games Petrova won in a set in the whole tournament. She made it through the quarterfinals of Prague Open, losing to eventual champion Shahar Pe'er 5–7, 0–6, and the semifinals of Morocco Open, losing to Martina Suchá 3–6, 2–6. She made first-round exits in the İstanbul Cup, French Open and Birmingham Classic but made it through the second round of the Rosmalen Open before falling to Jelena Janković 4–6, 6–1, 6–7 and then a first-round exit in Wimbledon.

In the US Open Series tournaments, she lost in the first round of the Stanford Classic and Canadian Open, the second round of San Diego Open and the US Open, and the third round of the LA Women's Championships. In her first tournament after the US Open, she won her first title in the Luxembourg Open, ousting Francesca Schiavone 6–3, 6–2 in the final. She was the second lowest-ranked player ever to win a Tier-II title, being ranked No. 62, the record is held by Kim Jones-Schaefer who was ranked No. 64. She also made it through the top 50 after her first title. She then failed to qualify in the Kremlin Cup and the Zurich Open, and ended the year ranked No. 32.

2007
Bondarenko started with a second-round loss to Alicia Molik at the Hobart International, 3–6, 5–7. At the Australian Open she made a valiant effort, beating two unseeded players to advance to the third round, losing to fourth seed Kim Clijsters. She then lost in the first round of the Qatar Open, third round at Indian Wells and second round at Miami. She also reached the third round at Amelia Island, losing to Jelena Janković.

On 7 May 2007 she finished runner-up to Justine Henin at the Tier II J&S Cup held in Warsaw, losing 1–6, 3–6. In the semifinals, she got the first top-ten win of her career over then No. 5 Svetlana Kuznetsova, in straight sets. The performance saw her rise into the top 30 for the first time, at No. 29.

She then followed it up with third-round appearances at German Open and Italian Open, losing to Serbians Ivanovic (retiring at 3–6, 0–5 down) and Janković respectively, which both of them eventually captured the title. She followed it by making the semifinals of the İstanbul Cup, losing to Dementieva 6–7, 2–6, once again, and this was the fourth time in a row that she has lost to the eventual champion. Despite this good performances she lost to the unseeded and lower-ranked Karin Knapp of Italy in three sets.

She however bounced back with good showings at the grass season, reaching the quarterfinals of both the Birmingham Classic and Rosmalen Open, losing both to Janković; this was her fourth loss to her in that year. She then hit her career high shortly after Wimbledon, where she made the third round before losing to Patty Schnyder 4–6, 6–3, 6–8 after holding a 4–1 lead in the final set. She then came out with a three straight loss in the second round of the San Diego Open, first rounds of Stanford Classic and Rogers Cup. But she rebounded just before the US Open with a quarterfinal showing at the New Haven Open, she then eventually reached the third round of the US Open, losing to Venus Williams. She then lost three straight matches in a row, two of them coming from Frenchwoman Marion Bartoli.

On 17 October 2007 Bondarenko beat Amélie Mauresmo 2–6, 6–4, 6–1 at the Zurich Open to reach her first ever Tier-I quarterfinal, but lost to Nicole Vaidišová there. She also reached the quarterfinals of the Linz Open, losing to eventual champion Daniela Hantuchová. She ended the year at No. 22. On 22 October, she passed $1 million in career prize money, the first player representing Ukraine to pass that milestone.

2008
The beginning of the year brought second-round exits at the Hobart and Melbourne, losing to lower-ranked players. On the other hand, Bondarenko won the Australian Open women's doubles title, partnering with her younger sister Kateryna. They defeated the pairing Shahar Pe'er and Victoria Azarenka 2–6, 6–2, 6–4. They became only the second pairing of sisters to win the title, the first being the Williams sisters. She then followed it up with first-round exits at Paris and Antwerpen, once again losing to lower-ranked players. She also lost to eventual champion Dementieva at the Dubai Championships in the second round. She made her first third round of the year at the Indian Wells Open, losing to Maria Sharapova, this was the start of good showings from the Ukrainian. She, however, lost to Kaia Kanepi in the second round at Miami, after receiving a bye. Continuing her good form, she reached the quarterfinals of Amelia Island, Berlin, and Strasbourg. In the middle of this, she lost in the second round of the Italian Open reasonably to Serena Williams. Her performance at a major once again was a disappointment as she lost in the first round of the French Open to Petra Cetkovská.

She then again made great showing at the grass. She reached the quarterfinals of Birmingham by defeating Virginia Ruano Pascual and Sunitha Rao before falling to Marina Erakovic. Alona also reached the semifinals in Rosmalen, losing to eventual champion Tamarine Tanasugarn, she however lost at the second round of Wimbledon. She then represented Ukraine at the 2008 Olympics, losing to Serbian Jelena Janković in the second round, in the doubles she partnered with sister Kateryna and they came in fourth place. She then reached the third round of the US Open, losing to Venus Williams. She then lost in the second rounds of Porsche Tennis Grand Prix and Zurich Open and the first round of Kremlin Cup to higher ranked players Jelena Janković, Venus Williams, and Katarina Srebotnik. She ended the year competing in the Ladies Linz where she lost her quarterfinal match to Marion Bartoli.

2009
The first three months of the year Bondarenko made only one victory in three tournaments and no victories in the other three. However, she managed to reach the third round of the Australian Open, losing to Svetlana Kuznetsova in a tight two-setter. At Amelia Island, she reached her first quarterfinal of the year. In the first round, she defeated Sania Mirza 6–4, 6–3 to set up a clash with sister Kateryna. Alona came from a set down to win 4–6, 6–4, 6–3 before losing to Nadia Petrova in three sets. She then made it to the second round of Family Circle Cup and first round of the Italian Open. She then gave Ukraine two victories at the second week of the Fed Cup playoffs.

At the Madrid Open, Bondarenko defeated Kuznetsova in the second round and Anna Chakvetadze in the third before falling to world No. 1, Dinara Safina, in the quarterfinals. She defeated former world No. 1, Maria Sharapova, 6–2, 6–2 in the quarterfinals of the 2009 red clay event in Warsaw, and Anne Keothavong 6–2, 7–5 in the semifinals. She fell to Alexandra Dulgheru in the final, in three sets.

At the French Open, Bondarenko fell to 20th seed Dominika Cibulková in the first round in three sets. She then performed badly at grass unable to duplicate her performance in the past two years, losing in the second round of the Rosmalen Open and first round of Wimbledon to Elena Baltacha. She then made it to her first semifinal since the 2007 İstanbul Cup, which was more than two years ago. She then lost to sister Kateryna 1–6, 3–6 in the first round of the Prague Open breaking the tie between the two as she trails her sister 3–4 in head-to-head now. She then reached the third rounds of LA Championships, losing to Sharapova in three, and Rogers Cup, losing to Serena Williams. She then reached the second rounds of Cincinnati Open and Connecticut Open. In the first round of the US Open she beat Alla Kudryavtseva 3–6, 6–3, 6–2, but lost to Gisela Dulko in the second round. In her first tournament since the US Open, she lost in the first round of the Pan Pacific Open to Vera Dushevina 6–1, 5–7, 1–6. She lost in the third round of the China Open to Svetlana Kuznetsova 3–6, 6–4, 0–6 after defeating Ágnes Szávay and Sara Errani both in straight sets. She played her last tournament of the year at the Kremlin Cup, where she beat Anna Chakvetadze, Nadia Petrova and Tsvetana Pironkova all in straight sets before losing to eventual champion Francesca Schiavone in the semifinals in straight sets as well.

2010
Alona started the year off at the Hobart International. As the fourth seed, she reached the final defeating Sybille Bammer, Alizé Cornet, seventh seed Zheng Jie, and top seed Anabel Medina Garrigues. In the final, Alona defeated second seed Shahar Pe'er to win her second WTA singles title and her first title in over three years. Seeded 31st at the Australian Open, Alona made it to the fourth round beating qualifier Kathrin Wörle, Polona Hercog, and eighth seed Jelena Janković. She lost her fourth round match to Zheng Jie.

Playing for Ukraine in the Fed Cup tie versus Italy, Alona won her first rubber over Francesca Schiavone, but she lost her second rubber to Flavia Pennetta. Italy ended up winning the tie over Ukraine 4–1. After Fed Cup, Alona played at the Dubai Tennis Championships. She was defeated in the first round by Andrea Petkovic. Seeded 20th at the Indian Wells Open, Alona lost in the second round to Peng Shuai. Seeded 21st at the Miami Open, Alona was defeated in the second round by Gisela Dulko.

Alona started her clay-court season at Amelia Island. Seeded second, she lost in the first round to eventual finalist Olga Govortsova. In Charleston at the Family Circle Cup, Alona was the ninth seed. She reached the third round after wins over Julie Ditty and Bethanie Mattek-Sands. She was defeated in her third-round match by seventh seed and eventual finalist Vera Zvonareva. In the Fed Cup tie against Australia, Alona lost her match to Anastasia Rodionova. Ukraine ended up losing to Australia 0–5. After playing Fed Cup in Ukraine, Alona flew to Madrid to compete at the Madrid Open. In the first round, she came back from a set down to defeat Magdaléna Rybáriková. She then gained the biggest win of her career by defeating world No. 2, Caroline Wozniacki in the second round. Alona was defeated in the third round by 13th seed Li Na. Seeded sixth at the Warsaw Open, Alona was upset by qualifier Gréta Arn in the quarterfinals. Seeded 27th at the French Open, Alona reached the third round for the first time, but she lost to fourth seed Jelena Janković.

Seeded 28th at Wimbledon, Alona was defeated in the third round by fourth seed Jelena Janković.

Alona began her US Open series at the Southern California Open. She lost in the first round to Dinara Safina. In Cincinnati at the Western & Southern Open, Alona was defeated in the second round by 16th seed Marion Bartoli. At the Canadian Open, she lost in the first round to qualifier Jarmila Groth. Alona played her final tournament before the US Open at the Connecticut Open. She fell in the first round to sixth seed Marion Bartoli. Seeded 29th at the US Open, Alona reached the third round after victories over Vera Dushevina and last year quarterfinalist Melanie Oudin. She lost in the third round to sixth seed Francesca Schiavone.

In Tokyo at the Pan Pacific Open, she was defeated in the second round by third seed Jelena Janković. At the China Open, Alona lost in the second round to 13th seed Nadia Petrova. Seeded third at the Linz Open, she suffered a first-round loss at the hands of Roberta Vinci. Alona played her final tournament of the season at the Kremlin Cup, and was defeated in the second round by eighth seed María José Martínez Sánchez.

She ended the year ranked 36.

2011: Retirement
Bondarenko withdrew from the Hobart International and the Australian Open.

Coaches and personal life
She was coached by her mother Natalia Bondarenko and her husband Nikolay Dyachok. On 30 May 2015, she gave birth to a son.

title: Alona Bondarenko


text:
Dance Party USA

Dance Party USA is an American dance television show that aired daily on cable's USA Network from April 12, 1986, to June 27, 1992. It was originally a half-hour, but was expanded to an hour in 1987.

The program was always shot at, and aired live from, various TV studios including WPHL-17 and WGBS in Philadelphia from 1986 – 1992. The production staff worked at the Nise's production offices and studios located in Camden, New Jersey. For the first few episodes, Dance Party USA's original name was Dancin' USA. Dance Party USA was formatted like its predecessor, the highly rated Dancin' On Air, a daily TV dance show broadcast from 1981 to 1986 on Philadelphia's WPHL-TV.

In 1986, Dancin' On Air was syndicated by KDOC-TV in Los Angeles. The show doubled KDOC's ratings in its first week and was then picked up by the fledgling USA Network. Shortly thereafter, USA Network hired the Nises to produce Dance Party USA for the Network. Two years later, Michael Nise learned from USA Network that his production company was chosen over Dick Clark to produce Dance Party USA for the USA Network.

During 1986 and 1987, the Dancin' On Air studio & set was the same one used for Dance Party USA. As a result, during the 1986–87 season, audiences saw the same regulars, guest dancers, and celebrities on both shows on the same days. The programs also shared a weekly talk radio show, Talkin' On Air, hosted by Michael Nise.

Hosts

 * 1985–1986: Dave Raymond
 * 1986–1989, 1992: Andy Gury,
 * 1989–1991: Bobby Catalano, Heather "Princess" Day
 * 1989–1990: Amy Brady, Alvin "Spicy" Ramirez, Cindy Stark, Romeo King, Tyrone "Mr. Mitch" Mitchell
 * 1989: Christy Springfield
 * 1990: Aubrey Ayala, Kelly Berridge, Chris Bustard, Pete Conicelli, Joanna Mistretta, Matt Robbins, Desiree Wynder

Noteworthy regulars

 * Kelly Ripa, actress and host of Live with Kelly and Ryan: Following a 3-year run as a dancer / segment host 1st on Dancin' On Air and then Dance Party USA, in 1990 she landed what would be her most recognized acting role, Hayley Vaughn on All My Children.
 * Heather Henderson known as Baby Heather on the show, is a professional burlesque, singer, model, filmmaker, producer and host for Ardent Atheists and Skeptically Yours podcasts. She currently is a member of Penn Jillette's No God Band and is a vocal activist for atheism and against psychics.

Theme Song
The show's theme song was written by Philadelphia writer/producer Dan McKeown and Michael Nise and published by Nise Productions Inc.

Controversy
On April 10, 2016, Philadelphia magazine published an article detailing a new feud between many of the people who were on Dance Party USA in their teens and the producer of the show.

title: Dance Party USA


text:
Leonard Bosack

Leonard X. Bosack (born 1952) is a co-founder of Cisco Systems, an American-based multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics, networking and communications technology, and services. His net worth is approximately $200 million. He was awarded the Computer Entrepreneur Award in 2009 for co-founding Cisco Systems and pioneering and advancing the commercialization of routing technology and the profound changes this technology enabled in the computer industry.

He is largely responsible for pioneering the widespread commercialization of local area network (LAN) technology to connect geographically disparate computers over a multiprotocol router system, which was an unheard-of technology at the time. In 1990, Cisco's management fired Cisco co-founder Sandy Lerner and Bosack resigned. , Bosack was the CEO of XKL LLC, a privately funded engineering company which explores and develops optical networks for data communications.

Background
Born in Pennsylvania in 1952 to Polish Catholic family, Bosack graduated from La Salle College High School in 1969. In 1973, Bosack graduated from the University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, and joined the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) as a hardware engineer. In 1979, he was accepted into Stanford University, and began to study computer science. During his time at Stanford, he was credited for becoming a support engineer for a 1981 project to connect all of Stanford's mainframes, minis, LISP machines, and Altos.

His contribution was to work on the network router that allowed the computer network under his management to share data from the Computer Science Lab with the Stanford Graduate School of Business' network. He met his wife Sandra Lerner at Stanford, where she was the manager of the Business School lab, and the couple married in 1980. Together in 1984, they started Cisco in Menlo Park.

Cisco
In 1984, Bosack co-founded Cisco Systems with his then partner (and now ex-wife) Sandy Lerner. Their aim was to commercialize the Advanced Gateway Server. The Advanced Gateway Server was a revised version of the Stanford router built by William Yeager and Andy Bechtolsheim. Bosack and Lerner designed and built routers in their house, and experimented using Stanford's network. Initially, Bosack and Lerner went to Stanford with a proposition to start building and selling the routers, but the school refused. It was then that they founded their own company, and named it "Cisco," taken from the name of nearby San Francisco. It is widely reported that Lerner and Bosack designed the first router so that they could connect the incompatible computer systems of the Stanford offices they were working in so that they could send letters to each other. However, this is an untrue legend.

Cisco's product was developed in their garage and was sold beginning in 1986 by word of mouth. In their first month alone, Cisco was able to land contracts worth more than $200,000. The company produced revolutionary technology such as the first multiport router-specific line cards and sophisticated routing protocols, giving them domination over the market-place. Cisco went public in 1990, the same year that Bosack resigned. Bosack and Lerner walked away from Cisco with $170 million after being forced out by the professional managers the firm's venture capitalists brought in. Bosack and Lerner divorced in the early 1990s.

In 1996, Cisco's revenues amounted to $5.4 billion, making it one of Silicon Valley's biggest success stories. In 1998, the company was valued at over $6 billion and controlled over three-quarters of the router business.

Achievements
Along with co-founding Cisco Systems, Bosack is largely responsible for first pioneering the widespread commercialization of local area network (LAN). He and his fellow staff members at Stanford were able to successfully link the university's 5,000 computers across a 16 sqmi campus area. This contribution is significant in its context because, at that time, technology like that which LAN used was unheard of. Their challenge had been to overcome incompatibility issues, in order to create the first true LAN system.

Bosack has also held significant technical leadership roles at AT&T Bell Labs and the Digital Equipment Corporation. After earning his master's degree in computer science from Stanford University, he became Director of Computer Facilities for the university's Department of Computer Science. He became a key contributor to the emerging ARPAnet, which was the beginning of today's Internet.

Bosack's most recent technological advancements include his creation of new in-line fiber optic amplification systems that are capable of achieving unprecedented data transmission latency speeds of 6.071 milliseconds (fiber plus equipment latency, fiber latency alone would be at least 4.106 milliseconds based on the speed of light ) over 1231 kilometers of fiber, which is roughly the distance between Chicago and New York City. Bosack was inspired by his belief that by leveraging the inherent, but often untapped, physics of fiber optic components, data transmission speeds can be increased with devices that use less power, less space and require less cooling.

Charity
Together, Bosack and Lerner have a charitable foundation and trust funded with 70% of the money from the sale of their Cisco stock. The foundation is recognized for financing a wide range of animal welfare and science projects, such as The Center for Conservation Biology at the University of Washington. It has also purchased an English manor house, Chawton House, once owned by Jane Austen's brother that has become a research center on 18th and 19th-century women writers.

Controversy
In December 2001, a Mercury News article cited that a Stanford web site credits only Bosack and Lerner with developing the device that allowed computer networks to communicate intelligently with one another, despite Cisco spokeswoman Jeanette Gibson's claim that it was a group effort. Due to the nature of the collaboration, it is unable to be determined who did what during the process.

title: Leonard Bosack


text:
Lisa Marie Scott

Lisa Marie Scott (born February 1, 1974) is an American model and actress, known for her appearances in Playboy magazine. She first appeared as the Playmate of the Month for February 1995 and later appeared in Playboy magazines, videos, and television.

Early life
Lisa Marie Scott was born in Pensacola, Florida to an American serviceman (a military physician of Scottish and Swiss descent) and his Japanese wife, from the island of Okinawa.

Scott has lived in Florida, then in Guam (where as a toddler, she learned her first ballet move), then in San Diego, Virginia, Japan and Hawaii. In her teens, she won awards and scholarships in ballet, danced on stages from Japan to Switzerland to Los Angeles, and studied with Maximova.

Career
She received a ballet scholarship from the University of California, Irvine but later studied history at UCLA, graduating summa cum laude in March 2000. She briefly attended UC Berkeley School of Law for a semester before dropping out. Before Playboy, she was a professional ballerina with the Eugene Ballet in the Pacific Northwest.

She appeared as the Playmate of the Month for February 1995. She then had a brief career playing smaller roles in some Hollywood films and television shows. Her film appearances include Ringer (1996), The Corporate Ladder (1997), and Glass Cage (1995). Television appearances include the sitcom Married... with Children. Scott has also appeared in FHM and Vanity Fair.

Filmography

 * High Tide (TV Series) (1997)
 * Baywatch Nights (TV Series) (1996)
 * The Glass Cage (1996)
 * Playboy's Really Naked Truth (TV series) (1996)
 *  (1996)
 * Married... with Children (TV series) (1995)

title: Lisa Marie Scott


text:
Doagh

Doagh is a village and townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is in the Six Mile Water Valley, about two miles south-west of Ballyclare, and had a population of 1,404 people in the 2021 census. It is known as Doach in Scots.

While older 19th century housing stands in the village centre, the village has gradually grown and new housing estates have been built on its outskirts.

History and built heritage
There is evidence of settlement in the vicinity at least from the Iron Age, and possibly the Bronze Age - as represented by the Holestone, a Bronze Age whinstone megalith known as The Holestone, and traces of numerous souterrains in the surrounding fields. Couples used to promise marriage by clasping hands through the hole in the stone, a convention that can be traced back to about 1830. W.G. Wood-Martin, writing in 1902, asserted that it was anciently "connected with aphrodisiac customs". Even today, newlyweds, together with the wedding party, will visit the stone in observance of the ancient local custom.

The remnants of a Norman motte can be found on the southern outskirts of the village at Lindsay's Corner roundabout, overlooking the Six Mile Water River.

The first Sunday school in Ireland was alleged to have been held in 1770 in Doagh on the site where the Methodist church now stands, although there is no firm evidence to support this claim. The Methodist church was established in 1844.

There are a number of buildings of architectural interest either in or proximate to the village. These include Fisherwick Lodge - a hunting lodge built for the Marquess of Donegall (1805), and Holestone House. Examples of industrial architecture include the remaining mill buildings, such as at nearby Cogry.

The nearby cemetery at Kilbride contains the 19th century Stephenson Mausoleum - a listed building modelled off the Taj Mahal - and numerous gravestones reflecting a history of emigration and war. Also in the cemetery is the headstone of William Gault, a United Irishman and founder of the aforementioned Sunday school.

Transport
Doagh was formerly the terminus of a branch line of the narrow gauge Ballymena and Larne Railway. The line was extended from Ballyclare to Doagh in 1884. Passenger services between Doagh and Ballyclare were withdrawn in 1930, and freight services in 1933.

Sport

 * Parkview Hockey Club is based in Doagh.
 * F.C. Ballynure

title: Doagh


text:
User:KDG

reklama@sto8.pl

title: User:KDG


text:
San Francisco Seals

San Francisco Seals may refer to:

 * San Francisco Seals (PCL), a Pacific Coast League team from 1903–1957
 * San Francisco Seals (collegiate baseball), a collegiate woodbat team started in 1985 currently playing in the Great West League since 2018
 * San Francisco Seals (ice hockey), a Western Hockey League team from 1961–1967 that entered the National Hockey League in the fall of 1967, as the California Seals
 * San Francisco Seals (soccer), also known as the San Francisco Bay Seals, a minor league team from 1992–2000 and 2006–2008

title: San Francisco Seals


text:
Rudolf Haag

Rudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist, who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local observables. He also made important advances in the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics.

Biography
Rudolf Haag was born on 17 August 1922, in Tübingen, a university town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg. His family belonged to the cultured middle class. Haag's mother was the writer and politician Anna Haag. His father, Albert Haag, was a teacher of mathematics at a Gymnasium. After finishing high-school in 1939, he visited his sister in London shortly before the beginning of World War II. He was interned as an enemy alien and spent the war in a camp of German civilians in Manitoba. There he used his spare-time after the daily compulsory labour to study physics and mathematics as an autodidact.

After the war, Haag returned to Germany and enrolled at the Technical University of Stuttgart in 1946, where he graduated as a physicist in 1948. In 1951, he received his doctorate at the University of Munich under the supervision of Fritz Bopp and became his assistant until 1956. In April 1953, he joined the CERN theoretical study group in Copenhagen directed by Niels Bohr. After a year, he returned to his assistant position in Munich and completed the German habilitation in 1954. From 1956 to 1957 he worked with Werner Heisenberg at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen.

From 1957 to 1959, he was a visiting professor at Princeton University and from 1959 to 1960 he worked at the University of Marseille. He became a professor of Physics at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1960. In 1965, he and Res Jost founded the journal Communications in Mathematical Physics. Haag remained the first editor-in-chief until 1973. In 1966, he accepted the professorship position for theoretical physics at the University of Hamburg, where he stayed until he retired in 1987. After retirement, he worked on the concept of the quantum physical event.

Haag developed an interest in music at an early age. He began learning the violin, but later preferred the piano, which he played almost every day. In 1948, Haag married Käthe Fues, with whom he had four children, Albert, Friedrich, Elisabeth, and Ulrich. After retirement, he moved together with his second wife Barbara Klie to Schliersee, a pastoral village in the Bavarian mountains. He died on 5 January 2016, in Fischhausen-Neuhaus, in southern Bavaria.

Scientific career
At the beginning of his career, Haag contributed significantly to the concepts of quantum field theory, including Haag's theorem, from which follows that the interaction picture of quantum mechanics does not exist in quantum field theory. A new approach to the description of scattering processes of particles became necessary. In the following years Haag developed what is known as Haag–Ruelle scattering theory.

During this work, he realized that the rigid relationship between fields and particles that had been postulated up to that point, did not exist, and that the particle interpretation should be based on Albert Einstein's principle of locality, which assigns operators to regions of spacetime. These insights found their final formulation in the Haag–Kastler axioms for local observables of quantum field theories. This framework uses elements of the theory of operator algebras and is therefore referred to as algebraic quantum field theory or, from the physical point of view, as local quantum physics.

This concept proved fruitful for understanding the fundamental properties of any theory in four-dimensional Minkowski space. Without making assumptions about non-observable charge-changing fields, Haag, in collaboration with Sergio Doplicher and John E. Roberts, elucidated the possible structure of the superselection sectors of the observables in theories with short-range forces. Sectors can always be composes with one another, each sector satisfies either para-Bose or para-Fermi statistics and for each sector there is a conjugate sector. These insights correspond to the additivity of charges in the particle interpretation, to the Bose–Fermi alternative for particle statistics, and to the existence of antiparticles. In the special case of simple sectors, a global gauge group and charge-carrying fields, which can generate all sectors from the vacuum state, were reconstructed from the observables. These results were later generalized for arbitrary sectors in the Doplicher–Roberts duality theorem. The application of these methods to theories in low-dimensional spaces also led to an understanding of the occurrence of braid group statistics and quantum groups.

In quantum statistical mechanics, Haag, together with Nicolaas M. Hugenholtz and Marinus Winnink, succeeded in generalizing the Gibbs–von Neumann characterization of thermal equilibrium states using the KMS condition (named after Ryogo Kubo, Paul C. Martin, and Julian Schwinger) in such a way that it extends to infinite systems in the thermodynamic limit. It turned out that this condition also plays a prominent role in the theory of von Neumann algebras and resulted in the Tomita–Takesaki theory. This theory has proven to be a central element in structural analysis and recently also in the construction of concrete quantum field theoretical models. Together with Daniel Kastler and Ewa Trych-Pohlmeyer, Haag also succeeded in deriving the KMS condition from the stability properties of thermal equilibrium states. Together with Huzihiro Araki, Daniel Kastler, and Masamichi Takesaki, he also developed a theory of chemical potential in this context.

The framework created by Haag and Kastler for studying quantum field theories in Minkowski space can be transferred to theories in curved spacetime. By working with Klaus Fredenhagen, Heide Narnhofer, and Ulrich Stein, Haag made important contributions to the understanding of the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation.

Haag had a certain mistrust towards what he viewed as speculative developments in theoretical physics but occasionally dealt with such questions. The best known Acontribution is the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem, which classifies the possible supersymmetries of the S-matrix that are not covered by the Coleman–Mandula theorem.

Honors and awards
In 1970 Haag received the Max Planck Medal for outstanding achievements in theoretical physics and in 1997 the Henri Poincaré Prize for his fundamental contributions to quantum field theory as one of the founders of the modern formulation. Since 1980 Haag was a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and since 1981 of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. Since 1979 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and since 1987 of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

Selected scientific works

 * (Haag's theorem.)

 * (Haag–Ruelle scattering theory.)

 * (Haag–Kastler axioms.)

 * (Doplicher-Haag-Roberts analysis of the superselection structure.)

 * (KMS condition.)

 * (Stability and KMS condition.)

 * (KMS condition and chemical potential.)

 * (Unruh effect.)

 * (Hawking radiation.)

 * (Classification of Supersymmetry.)

 * (Concept of Event.)

Others

title: Rudolf Haag