text:
Nyenrode Business University

Nyenrode Business Universiteit (abbreviated as NBU; Nyenrode Business Universiteit) is a Dutch business university and the only private higher education institution that has the university status in the Netherlands. Founded in 1946, it is located on a large estate in the town of Breukelen, between Amsterdam and Utrecht. The educational institution is named after the castle where the course is located: Nijenrode Castle. Nyenrode was founded under the name of the Netherlands Training Institute for Abroad (NOIB in Dutch) by renowned private Dutch companies, including KLM, Shell, Unilever, Philips, and AkzoNobel, with the objective 'For Business, By Business'. The establishment was the result of an idea from KLM director Albert Plesman.

Academics
The full-time and part-time MBA programs include a two-week module at Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management near Chicago. In addition to Kellogg, Nyenrode has close connections with the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa, the Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School in Belgium, the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland & S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research in Mumbai. Nyenrode was a cofounder of the China-Europe International Business School. Nyenrode's international MBA program attracts students from all around the world. Nyenrode has a selection process that involves taking a Graduate Management Admissions Test, Business Game: A Case Study, and a selection interview. Since every year there are a few international students, most teaching is in English.

Rankings
In the Financial Times Ranking for European Business Schools (2020), Nyenrode was given an overall position of 41st. In the Financial Times Ranking for executive education programs (2020), Nyenrode achieved 27th place for open programmes and 76th for custom programmes (2014). The Masters in Management MSc was given an overall position of 64th on the Financial Times Global Ranking for Masters in Management (2013).

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Rankings: The BSc in Business Administration was ranked by Keuzegids as the best program in the International Business category in the Netherlands from 2017 until 2020.

Accreditation
Nyenrode Business University is fully accredited by
 * Association of MBAs
 * EQUIS / EFMD
 * EFMD
 * Nederlands-Vlaamse Accreditatieorganisatie
 * Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (NVAO accreditation)
 * Accountancy Training Attainment Committee (CEA)

Alumni

 * Wim Kok, former Prime Minister of The Netherlands
 * Antony Burgmans, former chairman of Unilever
 * Peter Burggraaff, Director at Boston Consulting Group
 * Robert Polet, former chairman of Gucci
 * Hein Verbruggen, International Olympic Committee member
 * Jeroen Hoencamp, Chief Operating Officer VodafoneZiggo
 * Jan Kees de Jager, former Minister of Finance of the Netherlands
 * Dinesh Gunawardena, Minister of Urban Development and Sacred Area Development, Sri Lanka
 * Albert Heijn, executive in Albert Heijn supermarket chain
 * Tom van den Nieuwenhuijzen, member of the House of Representatives
 * Willem Oltmans, journalist
 * Oleksiy Pavlenko, Ukrainian Minister of Agrarian Policy and Food
 * Janwillem van de Wetering, author
 * Princess Viktória de Bourbon de Parme, businesswoman, lawyer, and member of the Dutch royal family

title: Nyenrode Business University


text:
User talk:Smuthuraj

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

[[Image:TwinRocks.jpeg]]
I saw you uploaded this image. Could you please add a tag to it so others know what it's copyright status is? Mgm|(talk) 13:02, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Smuthuraj


text:
Philip Turner (writer)

Philip William Turner (3 December 1925 – 7 January 2006) was an English writer best known for his children's books set in the fictional town of Darnley Mills (1964–1977). Under the pen name Stephen Chance he is known for the Reverend Septimus Treloar mystery fiction series (1971–1979).

For his second novel and second Darnley Mills book, The Grange at High Force, he won the 1965 Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject.

Life
Born in Rossland, British Columbia, Canada on 3 December 1925 to English parents from Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, Philip Turner was brought to England in 1926. He was educated at Hinckley Grammar School in Leicestershire and spent many school holidays exploring the East Anglian fens whilst staying with his grandparents. He served his national service from 1943 to 1946 as a Sub-Lieutenant Mechanical Engineer in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, mostly during World War II. He then resumed his education at Worcester College, Oxford, whence he graduated in 1949. He married Margaret Diana Samson in 1950 with whom he had two sons and a daughter.

After being trained for ordination at Ripon Hall, Turner was ordained deacon in 1951 and priest in 1952 and served in parishes in Armley, Crawley and Northampton. In the late 1960s he became the Head of Religious Broadcasting for the Midland Region and subsequently became a teacher at Droitwich Spa High School, chaplain of Eton College and a part-time teacher at Malvern College, Worcestershire.

He began writing religious pieces in the mid-1950s and the first of his children's novels was published by Oxford in 1964. Set in the fictional town of Darnley Mills in North East England, Colonel Sheperton's Clock involves a schoolboy mystery woven into an account of a boy's surgery to heal a disabled leg. Four sequels told more stories of the three heroes of the first book and another four created Darnley Mills local history from the nineteenth century to the Second World War.

He also wrote several books for young adults under the name Stephen Chance. The first Septimus book, The Danedyke Mystery (1971), was adapted for television in 1979.

Philip and Margaret lived in West Malvern for 30 years until his death there from cancer in January 2006 aged 80. He is buried at St. Mathias Church, Malvern Link.

Septimus Treloar mysteries (as Stephen Chance)

 * (as Stephen Chance) Septimus and the Danedyke Mystery (The Bodley Head, 1971)
 * (as Stephen Chance) Septimus and the Minster Ghost (Bodley Head, 1972)
 * (as Stephen Chance) Septimus and the Stone of Offering (Bodley Head, 1976)
 * (as Stephen Chance) Septimus and the Spy Ring (Bodley Head, 1979)

Others

 * Christ in the Concrete City (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1956) —a play
 * Cry Dawn in Dark Babylon (S.P.C.K., 1959) —a dramatic meditation
 * Tell it with Trumpets: Three experiments in drama and evangelism, (S.P.C.K., 1959)
 * Casey: A dramatic meditation on the Passion (S.P.C.K., 1962)
 * The Christmas Story: A carol service for children (London: Church Information Office, 1964)
 * Colonel Sheperton's Clock (Oxford, 1964); U.S. title, The Mystery of the Colonel's Clock ‡
 * Peter Was His Nickname (London: Waltham Forest Books, 1965) —about the apostle Saint Peter
 * The Grange at High Force (Oxford, 1965); U.S. title, The Adventure at High Force ‡
 * Sea Peril (Oxford, 1966) ‡
 * Steam on the Line (Oxford, 1968) ‡
 * War on the Darnel (Oxford, 1969) ‡
 * Wigwig and Homer (Oxford, 1969), illus. Graham Humphreys; for younger children;
 * Devil's Nob (Hamish Hamilton, 1970) ‡
 * Powder Quay (Hamilton, 1971) ‡
 * Dunkirk Summer (Hamilton, 1973) ‡
 * Skull Island (J. M. Dent & Sons, 1977) ‡
 * Rookoo and Bree (Dent, 1979), illus. Terry Riley; for younger children
 * Decision in the Dark: Tales of Mystery (Dent, 1978)
 * The Good Shepherd (1986), illus. Bunshu Iguchi
 * Three One-Act Plays (Religious Drama Society of Great Britain, 1987) —including one play by Turner
 * The Bible Story (Oxford (US), 1987), illus. Brian Wildsmith —48 stories retold for young children
 * The Candlemass Treasure (Lutterworth Press, 1988)

 * (‡) Darnley Mills series (1964 to 1977)

title: Philip Turner (writer)


text: Category:Belgian jazz

title: Category:Belgian jazz


text:
John Augustine Zahm

John Augustine Zahm (pseudonym H. J. Mozans), CSC (June 14, 1851 – November 10, 1921) was a Holy Cross priest, author, scientist, and explorer of South America. He was born at New Lexington, Ohio, and died in Munich, Germany.

Early life
Zahm was born on June 14, 1851 in a log home in Jackson Township, Perry County, Ohio to John and Mary (née Braddock) Zahm. His mother was born in Pennsylvania and was of English descent, having Edward Braddock as an ancestor. His father was an immigrant to the United States from Olsberg, Germany.

Zahm initially attended a one-room schoolhouse in Logan, with Januarius MacGahan being one of his classmates, before the family moved to Huntington, Indiana from where he learned of the University of Notre Dame.

Education and career
Zahm attended the University of Notre Dame in 1867 and graduated with honors in 1871 as a Novice of the Congregation of Holy Cross. He finished his theological studies and was ordained in 1875. Zahm was hired by the University of Notre Dame as a science teacher although he had interest in literature. His brother Albert attended Notre Dame as a student while John was on the faculty.

During his time teaching he wrote the text Sound and Music in 1892. He was appointed the Vice President of Notre Dame at 25 years of age and held the position for nine years. In 1895, he was recognized as Doctor of Philosophy by Pope Leo XIII. Zahm championed the view of Notre Dame becoming a research university dedicated to scholarship, which was at odds with Andrew Morrissey, who hoped to keep the institution a smaller boarding school.

Writing
Zahm is the author of many scholarly texts and published works against Darwinism. He also wrote Catholic scientific essays published in American Catholic Quarterly and Catholic World, among others.

Zahm fought through writing and used his detailed background in science to defend the ability of God and the Catholic faith to remain in the scientific sphere. Focusing on Catholic men of science in the past, Zahm founded a magazine, Catholic Science and Catholic Scientists. Between 1891 and 1896, he published multiple books and articles on the topic, culminating with Evolution and Dogma in 1896.

In this text, as in his others, Zahm argued that Roman Catholicism could fully accept an evolutionary view of biological systems, as long as this view was not centered around Darwin's theory of natural selection. After the Vatican decided to censure the book in 1898, Zahm fully accepted this rebuttal and pulled away from any writing concerning the relationship of theology and science.

Zahm's pseudonym was derived from the way he signed his name as a youth: Jno. S. (Stanislaus, an abandoned middle name) Zahm. His works have been translated into French, Italian, Spanish, and have been published and read North and South America, as well as in Europe. These include: Woman in Science and Great Inspirers. The Quest for El Dorado, and the general title of his trilogy was "Following the Conquistadores", and the titles of books called Up the Orinoco and Down the Magdalena (1910), Along the Andes and Down the Amazon (1912) and In South America's Southland (1916), all drew from his travels throughout South America. He was an enthusiastic Dante student and assembled at Notre Dame one of the three largest Dante libraries in the U.S.

Zahm befriended 26th President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt, who also loved and read Dante in Italian. It was Zahm who talked President Roosevelt into participating in what came to be known as the Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition to South America, and which would also include Theodore's son, Kermit, and Colonel Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon, to go up the Rio da Dúvida (River of Doubt, now the Roosevelt River).

Death and legacy
Zahm planned a book on historical and archaeological study of the Holy Land, but died of bronchial pneumonia in a Munich hospital en route to the Middle East. The manuscripts of his working book From Berlin to Baghdad and Babylon were found and published posthumously.

Works authored
Zahm used a number of pseudonyms, mainly H. J. Mozans, but also A. H. Johns, Manso, and A. H. Solis.

Books

 * (Full Text)
 * (Full Text)
 * (Full Text). Introduction by Theodore Roosevelt.
 * (Full Text)
 * (Full Text)
 * (Full Text)

Articles (selection)

 * J. A. Zahm as "A. H. Johns". "Woman's Work in Bible Study and Translation", in The Catholic World, New York, Vol. 95/June 1912

title: John Augustine Zahm


text:
Sungai Muntoh

Sungai Muntoh (Jawi: سوڠاي مونتوه; ) is a semi-agricultural small town in Jelebu District, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia with less than 3,500 in total population. The town is located about 30 miles southeast of Kuala Lumpur and is situated near the border between Negeri Sembilan and Selangor.

Local climate
Sungai Muntoh is the warmest place in Malaysia. However, it also experiences heavy thunderstorms. That is mainly because it is at the higher tip of the end of Titiwangsa Mountains as compared to the rest of Jelebu.

In early February 2005, Malaysia's temperature rose to almost 39 degrees Celsius—the worst in 30 years and in Southeast Asia, second only to Myanmar. Being the warmest and driest place in Malaysia, Sungai Muntoh bares shortage of water supply and possible drought.

History
Sungai Muntoh is believed to be founded by Chinese immigrants in early 19th century. The town's booming mining business and rubber plantation drew foreign indentured labors from China and India, who were paid low wages.

Sungai Muntoh has itself placed in the history of mining and rubber plantation in Negeri Sembilan. Sungai Muntoh was the earliest and most reputable mining site in Jelebu back in the late 19th century. A lot of valuable centuries-old artefacts were found there and are now displayed in the state's museum.

During World War II, when Jelebu was invaded by the Japanese, cruel acts performed on the locals included massacre and genocide. There were about 1,500 people killed during the Japanese invasion, and about 3,500 more in the rest of the state, making Negeri Sembilan one of the states having the highest death toll.

Demographics
Sungai Muntoh is a neighbourhood with a Chinese majority. Chinese accounts for almost 60% of the town's population while Malays, natives (Orang Asli) and some Indians make up the rest. Most of the Malays reside near a rehabilitation centre, working as law enforcers.

Economy
Most Chinese of the older generation work in the rubber estate as rubber tappers. The rubber business is in decline over the years since younger generations seek to improve their lifestyles in nearby cities with most notably Kuala Lumpur and Seremban. Recently however, the rubber plantation industry undergoes a resurgency since world demand for rubber has increased since 2005.

Vegetable and fruit farming also contributes to the town's economy and prosperity. Vast land areas surrounding the town are planted with vegetables. Local sugarcanes and pineapples are famous throughout the country. Fruits that are grown in Sungai Muntoh include coconuts, rambutans, durians, mangosteens and mangos and other tropical fruits.

Flora & fauna
Sungai Muntoh's dense rainforest is home to a huge variety of flora and faunas, including many endangered species. This includes tigers, crocodiles, wild boars and lizards. Rare types of blue-headed centipedes and the highly venomous colorful scorpions are found in Sungai Muntoh as well. A colorful peacock-like long-tailed flying creature about 2 ft tall was a usual sighting too, until illegal deforestation took place in less than a decade ago.

Serpents are common in this town. Black snakes are the only snakes native to Sungai Muntoh. Other species of snakes are rarely seen. Pythons—which can grow up to 5 meter long—are also one of the common sightings.

However, the rich biodiversity of the forest has brought problems to the local community as well. The town is famous for wild-animal invasion and attacks on livestocks and plantations. These include tigers, boars, crocodiles and others.

Rehabilitation centres
There are more rehabilitation centres in Sungai Muntoh than in the rest of the state. The state's biggest and most reputable prison for junkies and drug addicts is located there. In early 1997, a breakout of the junkies became a national headline. Chaos and mayhem occurred when prison guards tried to arrest the fugitives on the streets. In late 2004, another similar headline caught the attention of NTV7. They did a full coverage on it, stating there could be a possible blue-collar crime going on. An investigation was initiated but to no avail.

title: Sungai Muntoh


text: Category:South Ayrshire

title: Category:South Ayrshire


text:
Nicolas Jarry (calligrapher)

Nicolas Jarry (1620 – 1670) was a noted 17th-century French calligrapher, whose works included his renditions of the poems of the Guirlande de Julie by Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier.

title: Nicolas Jarry (calligrapher)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ciphire

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Rossami (talk) 07:58, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Ciphire
Non-notable company -- Longhair 13:02, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - Self nom. Longhair 13:02, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Self nom? Did you mean you vote do delete because you nominated it?
 * Since it scores about 20000 google hits, I'll vote to keep it. Radiant! 13:42, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep reasonable but unspectacular Google score, a couple of notable products Changing to weak delete in light of Hyperzonk's considerable research on the subject.  I don't put as much stock as he does in the Alexa rank in this case, as I believe that when one wants to download free software, one is just as likely (if not more) to go somewhere like download.com or something similar than go to the developer's own site.  As a result, the Alexa ranking might not be as representative of notability of a software project as it would of, say, a blog.  However, I fully agree with the rest of Hyperzonk's thinking on this one. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:46, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It certainly does get a lot of Google hits, but they appear to be almost entirely self-promotional entries in open-authorship places and free download pages. Why did I look into this so deeply? Because this site's score on Alexa is the astonishingly low 3,790,861! I'm sorry, but truly notable software companies do not rank a million places lower than my own vanity web site. On its freshmeat entry, you will find that this software's vitality is only 0.03%, and its popularity is only 0.34%. Lastly, as I have said before, I don't care what marketing calls it, anything that has a version number beginning with zero is in alpha, not even in beta (call me old-fashioned if you must). As far as I can tell, the only notable thing about this software company is that it somehow managed to get a butt-load of Google hits without being either notable nor widely adopted. Kudos to their marketing team! HyperZonktalk 17:20, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Hear hear! Do you want to write my VfD intros Hyperzonk, you seem more awake than myself :)~ Longhair 17:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, you got me confused. It could be the case that they're spending more effort on marketing than on actually doing something (that's a viable strategy in the shareware market, I suppose). I browsed around in their forum (which is active, but not that active) and found out that their official release date is january 11th, 2005 (that's for CiphireMail, which is their only product but will have some add-ons later on). What struck me as peculiar is that this same post says they spent three years in development and a fourth in testing. However, all their software purports to do is encryption and sending of e-mail, which both consists of a bunch of mathematical or logical algorithms that are widely available in open source. This seems to support the idea that they're hyping up something relatively simple, in order to make money (their current product is free but they will release a commercial version later on). Clever, I guess.
 * Anyway. Since the software was officially released about a month ago, I don't think it deserves an encyclopedia page until it sees some widespread usage. Given its current Alexa rating that seems unlikely. So change vote to delete. Radiant! 17:45, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone gives some notable content. Zzyzx11 20:23, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Article needs expansion. Megan1967 23:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - ad. -- Cyrius|✎ 15:19, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad, also completely lacking useful information--nixie 00:12, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but the page should be extended 84.153.114.184 01:12, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — Matt Crypto 15:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ciphire


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ciphire Mail

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Rossami (talk) 07:59, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Ciphire Mail
Non notable software -- Longhair 13:02, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

(UTC)
 * Delete - Self nom. -- Longhair 13:02, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Ciphire, see above (or, if the latter gets deleted, delete this one as well). Radiant! 13:43, Feb 25, 2005
 * Delete. Not notable. See Votes for deletion/Ciphire for details. Zzyzx11 20:25, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Ciphire. Megan1967 03:53, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per clear consensus at Votes for deletion/Ciphire. —Korath (Talk) 06:28, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Ciphire which should be kept but extended. 84.153.114.184 01:14, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — Matt Crypto 15:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arabic Emirati Tahiat Alalam

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. – ABCD 20:47, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Arabic Emirati Tahiat Alalam
Delete - This should be in Wikisource or where-ever but not on Wikipedia. Refdoc 13:03, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree, for arabic-related matters it seems very difficult to find much information in the internet. I do not know what are the policies in the English wikipedia, but for the German entry (article does not contain more information as the Englisch one does) it is fine. -ThorstenS 12:10, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it would be fine if improved - i.e poet/composer, year of introduction etc, but as it stands it is the text and nothing else. And I think Wikisource is the right place under these circumstances. Refdoc 13:19, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently never listed on vfd, so I'm putting it on today's page. —Korath (Talk) 02:47, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, wikipedia is not a lyrics database. Megan1967 04:30, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wikipedia has articles on every other country's national anthem. RickK 07:49, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, agree with RickK. --bainer 08:40, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep national anthems. Radiant_* 10:55, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. National anthem of the United Arab Emirates. Capitalistroadster 13:06, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, national anthems are inherently worthy of note. --GRider\talk 18:26, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Needs some background, but definitely keep. Chris 20:36, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Expand Note-worthy, there is information out there to expand it. I was in the process of doing it myself, but the computer had a fit so that's gone.  I will have to leave it to others. -- 159.178.91.253 21:15, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to a correct title. - Mustafaa 23:26, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep important and notable. — Sesel wa  10:18, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I'm confused as to why this was listed. --Irishpunktom\talk 10:39, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Stephen Chance

Stephen Chance may refer to:

 * Stephen Chance (actor), British actor who plays Nimrod (Doctor Who)
 * Philip Turner (writer) used the pseudonym when writing children's mystery novels about the Reverend Septimus Treloar
 * Stephen Chance, victim of Kamwenge Trading Centre shooting
 * Steve Chance, fictional character in Cuckoo (TV series)

title: Stephen Chance


text:
User talk:Tawporn

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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And as you seem to come from Thailand - there's also the Thailand-related topics notice board, where Wikipedians from Thailand or interested in Thailand meet. andy 13:06, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Parasail.jpg
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License tagging for Image:200507260741096 G.jpg
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Image tagging.
Hi. Please make sure that you are using a suitable tag when tagging an image, i.e. don't say you are the creator of a photograph unless you were the one who pressed the shutter of the camera. I'm sceptical about Image:200507260741096 G.jpg. If you found the image on thainewyork.com then you can't say the copyright holder releases all rights. If those are all your own work, though, then no problems. Paul C 12:00, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

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Welcome to the Military history WikiProject!
 Hi, and welcome to the Military history WikiProject! As you may have guessed, we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to military history.

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If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask one of the project coordinators, or any experienced member of the project, and we'll be happy to help you. Again, welcome! We look forward to seeing you around! Kirill Lokshin 17:04, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Juniorsoldier 01.jpg
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Image tagging for Image:Thailand-army_02.gif
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Image tagging for Image:Thailand-army_03.gif
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Thailand Rank insignia
You created this over a page on British OR Ranks and saved it. I have reverted this edit but moved your work to a new template page: Template:Ranks and insignia/OR/Thailand. Dainamo 00:25, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

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The Military history WikiProject Newsletter: Issue IX - November 2006
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The Military history WikiProject Newsletter: Issue X - December 2006
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The Military history WikiProject Newsletter: Issue XI - January 2007
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Image copyright problem with Image:SSL10106.gif
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WP:MILHIST Coordinator Elections
The Military history WikiProject coordinator selection process is starting. We are looking to elect seven coordinators to serve for the next six months; if you are interested in running, please sign up here by February 11!

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WikiProject Military History elections
The Military history WikiProject coordinator election has begun. We will be selecting seven coordinators to serve for the next six months from a pool of sixteen candidates. Please vote here by February 25!

Delivered by grafikbot 14:56, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

The Military history WikiProject Newsletter: Issue XII - February 2007
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Delivered by grafikbot 16:57, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Rdmarch.gif
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Unspecified source for Image:200507260741096_G.jpg
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The Military history WikiProject Newsletter: Issue XIII - March 2007
The March 2007 issue of the Military history WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you.

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Unspecified source for Image:Tawin.gif
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Regarding "Army Reserve Force Students"
Sir, I don't know who you are or what your rank is (Lieutenant?), but I am a student of Army Reserve Force. The reason I'm here today is that I want to know who you actually are and why are you so interested in editing that article. No, that's not the homework. I'm quite a militarist... Oh, sorry for getting personal. I want to tell you that if you need anything posted or arranged in that article, please leave a message in its talk page. I will be checking from time to time. Please avoid using my talk page for work... it's a bit... cluttered.

Please have a nice day, sir. --Thaimodz 17:18, 11 April 2007 (UTC) (an Army Reserve Force student, if that helps)

Request for image information.
Hi. I was wondering if you could provide further information on the images you uploaded, specifically: which images did you capture yourself? Paul_012 (talk) 20:46, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

The Military history WikiProject Newsletter: Issue XIV (April 2007)
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The Military history WikiProject Newsletter: Issue XV (May 2007)
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The Military history WikiProject Newsletter: Issue XVI (June 2007)
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Fair use rationale for Image:Juniorsoldier 01.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:41084108.jpg)
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Military history WikiProject coordinator selection
The Military history WikiProject coordinator selection process is starting. We are looking to elect nine coordinators to serve for the next six months; if you are interested in running, please sign up here by August 14! Kyriakos 11:17, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Military history WikiProject coordinator election
The Military history WikiProject coordinator election has begun. We will be selecting nine coordinators from a pool of fourteen candidates to serve for the next six months. Please vote here by August 28! Wandalstouring 12:24, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

The Military history WikiProject Newsletter : Issue XVIII (August 2007)
The August 2007 issue of the Military history WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you.

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The Military history WikiProject Newsletter : Issue XIX (September 2007)
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Unspecified source for Image:Thailand-army_02.gif
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As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 17:42, 11 October 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Videmus Omnia Talk  17:42, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

The Military history WikiProject Newsletter : Issue XX (October 2007)
The October 2007 issue of the Military history WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you.

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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:05, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Juniorsoldier 01.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Juniorsoldier 01.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 14:59, 6 March 2009 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Paul_012 (talk) 14:59, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Rdmarch.gif
Thanks for uploading File:Rdmarch.gif. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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File source problem with File:Parasail.jpg
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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 15:00, 6 March 2009 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Paul_012 (talk) 15:00, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:F-5T.jpeg
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:F-5T.jpeg, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. MilborneOne (talk) 22:29, 2 February 2010 (UTC).

The Bugle: Issue LVI, October 2010
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The Bugle: Issue LVII, November 2010
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The Bugle: Volume LVIX, January 2011
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The Bugle: Issue LX, February 2011
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The Bugle: Issue LXI, March 2011
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The Bugle: Issue LXII, April 2011
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The Bugle: Issue LXIII, May 2011
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The Bugle: Issue LXIV, June 2011
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The Bugle: Issue LXV, July 2011
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Military Historian of the Year
Nominations for the "Military Historian of the Year" for 2011 are now open. If you would like to nominate an editor for this award, please do so here. Voting will open on 22 January and run for seven days. Thanks! On behalf of the coordinators, Nick-D (talk) and Ed [talk] [majestic titan] 00:36, 16 January 2012 (UTC) You were sent this message because you are a listed as a member of the Military history WikiProject.

Military history coordinator election
The Military history WikiProject has started its 2012 project coordinator election process, where we will select a team of coordinators to organize the project over the coming year. If you would like to be considered as a candidate, please submit your nomination by 14 September. If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact one of the current coordinators on their talk page. This message was delivered here because you are a member of the Military history WikiProject. – Military history coordinators (about the project • what coordinators do) 09:59, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history coordinator election
Greetings from WikiProject Military history! As a member of the project, you are invited to take part in our annual project coordinator election, which will determine our coordinators for the next twelve months. If you wish to cast a vote, please do so on the election page by 23:59 (UTC) on 28 September! Ed [talk] [majestic titan] 22:16, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history coordinator election
Greetings from WikiProject Military history! As a member of the project, you are invited to take part in our annual project coordinator election. If you wish to cast a vote, please do so on the election page by 23:59 (UTC) on 29 September. Yours, Ed [talk] [majestic titan] 05:22, 25 September 2015 (UTC)

User group for Military Historians
Greetings,

"Military history" is one of the most important subjects when speak of sum of all human knowledge. To support contributors interested in the area over various language Wikipedias, we intend to form a user group. It also provides a platform to share the best practices between military historians, and various military related projects on Wikipedias. An initial discussion was has been done between the coordinators and members of WikiProject Military History on English Wikipedia. Now this discussion has been taken to Meta-Wiki. Contributors intrested in the area of military history are requested to share their feedback and give suggestions at Talk:Discussion to incubate a user group for Wikipedia Military Historians.

MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 11:30, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Ngao (weapon) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Ngao (weapon) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Ngao (weapon) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Adam9007 (talk) 22:33, 3 February 2019 (UTC)

April 2021 WikiProject Military History Reviewing Drive
Hey y'all, the April 2021 WikiProject Military History Reviewing Drive begins at 00:01 UTC on April 1, 2021 and runs through 23:59 UTC on April 31, 2021. Points can be earned through reviewing articles on the AutoCheck report, reviewing articles listed at WP:MILHIST/ASSESS, reviewing MILHIST-tagged articles at WP:GAN or WP:FAC, and reviewing articles submitted at WP:MILHIST/ACR. Service awards and barnstars are given for set points thresholds, and the top three finishers will receive further awards. To participate, sign up at WikiProject_Military_History/April 2021 Reviewing Drive and create a worklist at WikiProject Military history/April 2021 Reviewing Drive/Worklists (examples are given). Further details can be found at the drive page. Questions can be asked at the drive talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 17:25, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Thailand
Template:Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Thailand has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 20:31, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tawporn


text: File:Datamax uv-1r.jpg

title: File:Datamax uv-1r.jpg


text:
John Donaldson (pitcher)

John Wesley Donaldson (February 20, 1891 – April 14, 1970) was an American baseball pitcher in Pre-Negro league and Negro league baseball. In a career that spanned over 30 years, he played for many different Negro league and semi-professional teams, including the All Nations team and the Kansas City Monarchs. Researchers so far have discovered 718 games in which Donaldson is known to have pitched. Out of those games, Donaldson had over 420 wins and 5,221 strikeouts as a baseball pitcher. According to some sources, he was the greatest pitcher of his era.

Statistics
Researchers have documented most of his career, which stretched from 1908 to 1940. Published totals from local newspaper accounts covering his 30-plus year career provide a glimpse at his prowess on the diamond. Despite what has been found regarding Donaldson's career, over 170 games that Donaldson pitched in state no strikeout game totals, consequently his overall totals are under-reported.

Newspaper coverage of Donaldson games reveal 424 wins and 169 losses, 15 ties, and a winning percentage of .697. He also notched 5,221 strikeouts, an ERA of 1.37, and 86 shutouts against all levels of competition. He completed 296 of 322 starts (92%).

Donaldson can be credited with 14 no-hitters, two perfect games, and dozens of one-hitters. He also has two 30 strikeout games, 11 games with more than 25 strikeouts (including two back-to-back 25 strikeout games), 30 games with more than 20 strikeouts, 109 games with more than 15 strikeouts, and a total of 203 double digit strikeout games. Donaldson could also hit well, batting .334 in over 1,800 at bats.

Early years
Donaldson's early career was spent in and around his hometown of Glasgow, Missouri. He played for the Missouri Black Tigers of nearby Higbee, in 1908, and subsequently for the Hannaca Blues, an all-black contingent from Glasgow during the 1909–1910 seasons.

Tennessee Rats
He pitched for Brown's Tennessee Rats, which were managed by W.A. Brown of Holden, Missouri. The team traveled with a complement called "Brown's Tennessee Minstrels". Together, the group of about 20 players crisscrossed the upper Midwest, playing ball during the day and providing an evening minstrel program for their mostly white ticket buyers.

Donaldson established himself as a stellar pitcher, posting a reported record of 44–3. Known highlights of that season include an 18-inning 31 strikeout game, a 27 strikeout performance and on at least four separate occasions, he whiffed 19.

All Nations
He contracted to pitch for the World's All Nations team based in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1912, for a reported sum of $150 per month. Donaldson went on to star for the team, which included a female player named Carrie Nation, as well as players of several different races. The experiment of an interracial ball club was successful as the All Nations thrived traveling throughout the Midwest and Upper Midwest from 1912 to 1917.

During Donaldson's 1915 season, he struck out an average of 18 batters a game and fanned 30 in a marathon 18-inning contest. Donaldson not only struck out more than 500 batters that season, but did it three years straight. Most of his accomplishments were against semi-professional competition, but Donaldson also did very well in his relatively few contests against highest level professional baseball teams, and there were a number of first-person reports of his talent from such opposing managers and players.

Donaldson and his ball-clubs prior to the organization of the Negro National League in 1920 played ball all year round, both in the Midwest and venues as far west as Los Angeles as far east as Palm Beach, Florida.

In an interview in the Kansas City Call in 1948, J. L. Wilkinson said Donaldson was "one of the greatest pitchers that ever lived, white or black." He also said Donaldson suggested the name "Monarchs" when Wilkinson was preparing a team for the Negro National League in 1920.

Tumultuous times, 1918–1920
In 1917, 26-year-old Donaldson registered for the WWI Draft. He lists his current occupation as a baseball player for the Schmelzer's Arms Company of Kansas City, Missouri. He is listed as single, with his mother listed as a dependent.

During the time of World War I, the 1918 flu pandemic and many of the nation's racial unrest such as the Red Summer of 1919, Donaldson was present in many of these same cities during those dates, playing and pitching in some of the United States' most populous cities like Indianapolis, Brooklyn, Detroit, and Chicago. After being in the middle of all that turbulence, Donaldson made his way back to Kansas City, Missouri to play again for J. L. Wilkinson.

Kansas City Monarchs
After World War I, J. L. Wilkinson formed the Kansas City Monarchs in 1920, where the 29-year-old Donaldson worked as a pitcher and center fielder. In fact, it has been reported that Donaldson came up with the name "Monarchs." A Kansas City newspaper even reported that Donaldson would manage the Monarchs, but it appears there was a change in the 11th hour, and José Méndez was chosen as the Monarchs manager. Donaldson played with the Monarchs at different times through much of the 1920s. He also played in at least one pre-season game with the All Nations in 1920, and in 1921.

Donaldson also played part-time with various semi-pro barnstorming teams during this era. However, for at least two years, Donaldson managed and played on the revamped All Nations baseball team, which now served as a way to train, recruit and make money for Wilkinson's "parent club", the Kansas City Monarchs. Players for the All Nations would show up on the roster one week, then appear on the Kansas City Monarchs roster in the next week. Crowds of over 5,000 people sometimes watched these exhibition games, well into the mid-1920s.

Post-Negro league playing career
Perhaps most impressive, Donaldson played in towns in Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Canada, sometimes as the only black player on a small-town semipro team. This was at a time when the Ku Klux Klan was active in the state, and three years after the notorious lynchings of three black circus workers in 1920 in Duluth, Minnesota, Donaldson led a barnstorming troupe into Duluth. Here, he pitched and beat a team of white all-stars from the Iron Range, 6-3.

Donaldson made a comfortable living traveling through rural America, even during the Depression. Like many black barnstormers of the time, Donaldson faced white Major Leaguers and fared well enough to prompt New York Giants manager John McGraw to say, "I think he is the greatest I have ever seen." McGraw is also alleged to have said about Donaldson: "If I could dunk him in calamine lotion, I'd sign him."

Baseball historian Pete Gorton has said that Donaldson's charisma, composure and stellar character were a countermeasure to the deep-seated prejudices of the time, "But I don't want anyone to look at the career of John Donaldson and think 'Oh, here's another poor black ball player exploited by the "Man" or by the times he lived,'" the writer noted. "This is a story of a man who was covered by the media and adored by the fans and had an outstanding career on the baseball diamond."

A May 17, 1928, Letter to the Editor in Melrose, Minnesota tells of one fan's appreciation of watching Donaldson: "Two-thirds of the attendance at Melrose wanted to see Donaldson, the great.  They did not come because they wanted to see the Melrose or Scobey ball teams, but they wanted to see Donaldson, the master of base ball."

Donaldson was playing mostly semi-pro ball in the mid- to late-1930s, and by the end of 1939 was asked by Satchel Paige to play again in the Upper Midwest as the star pitcher on the days when Paige wasn't pitching. Local papers reported the 39-year-old Donaldson lacked speed, but that he still had enough experience to "fool the batters." Newspapers and ball players often lied about their age throughout their career, for birth, marriage, and other government records show Donaldson was about 48 years old at the time. Currently, the last known game Donaldson pitched in professionally, was in a 1940 game against the House of David baseball team.

After more than 30 years as a player, Donaldson retired in 1941. Settling in Chicago, some historians believe he worked for the U.S. Postal Service.

He made appearances on the mound in far less serious games, as late as 1949. However, by then Donaldson was in his late 50s.

Major League scout
Although Donaldson never gained the full recognition for his pitching skills during his lifetime and was never admitted into Major League Baseball during his career, he made history by becoming the first full-time black talent scout in the big leagues, for the Chicago White Sox of the American League, in 1949, working into the 1950s. He pursued Willie Mays and Ernie Banks for the team and is credited with the signing of several prominent Negro leaguers of the time, including Bob Boyd and Sam Hairston.

Anecdotes
Research also suggests that Satchel Paige owes much of his style and acumen to Donaldson, whose barnstorming efforts pre-dated Paige's by two decades.

Elden Auker, a former major league pitcher, who had played against Donaldson, related this anecdote when he (Auker) was 95 years old, in 2006: "I played against Donaldson in 1929. I was in college and we played at an Arapaho Indian reservation in Kansas. I pitched against Paige and I won, 2–1. Donaldson played center field. Donaldson got out in center field and squatted like a catcher", Auker related. "The Monarchs had a catcher named Young, and he squatted behind home plate and they played catch from 300 feet. They threw the ball on a line. If I hadn't seen it, I wouldn't have believed it."

Legacy
At age 60, Donaldson was voted a first-team member of the 1952 Pittsburgh Courier player-voted poll of the Negro leagues best players ever.

Donaldson died of bronchial pneumonia at age 79, in Chicago, and is buried in Burr Oak Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. in an unmarked grave at the cemetery. In 2004, Jeremy Krock, of Peoria, Illinois, raised enough money for a proper headstone via the Negro Leagues Baseball Grave Marker Project. He started the project with Jimmie Crutchfield and lead to Donaldson, and has continued to more than 20 other unmarked graves.

Donaldson was nominated for a special ballot of pre-Negro leagues candidates for inclusion in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2005. However in February 2006, Donaldson failed to garner the necessary 75% to earn election from a 12-member voting committee, appointed by the Board of Directors and chaired by former Major League Baseball Commissioner Fay Vincent.

Amateur film footage made on August 16, 1925, of Donaldson at a game in Fergus Falls, Minnesota, was uncovered in 2010. Thirty-nine seconds exist. Donaldson faced off that day against Joe Jaeger, who made two relief appearances for the Chicago Cubs in 1920, and advertisements for the game called Donaldson "the colored wonder pitcher." , researchers working as a networking team calling themselves "The Donaldson Network", living and working in several states around the United States, have located Donaldson's 5,081 career strikeouts and 413 career wins as a pitcher.

On November 5, 2021, he was selected to the final ballot for the Baseball Hall of Fame's Early Days Committee for consideration in the Class of 2022. He received eight of the necessary twelve votes.

title: John Donaldson (pitcher)


text:
George Gale

George Gale may refer to:

Politicians

 * George Gale (MP) (1490–1556), member of parliament for City of York
 * George Gale (congressman) (1756–1815), American politician

Law

 * George Alexander Gale (1906–1997), Canadian jurist
 * George Gale (Wisconsin politician) (1816–1868), American judge

Others

 * George Gale (aeronaut) (1797–1850), English stage performer and balloonist
 * George Washington Gale (1789–1861), priest and teacher
 * George Gale (journalist) (1927–1990), British journalist
 * George Gale (cartoonist) (1929–2003), British cartoonist
 * George Albert Gale (1893–1951), American artist, shipbuilder and sailor
 * Gales Brewery, George Gale and Co., English brewery

title: George Gale


text:
User:Acestorides~enwiki

Hi! My login is Acestorides and my password Acestorides.

In case someone robs my password, I choose my next public account from this list of Ancien Greeks using strict alphabetical order.

If you want to locate where am I, just check (in alphabetical order) the contribution of the usernames of the list, then find the last contiguous one. Check if this account has a password identical to its login name, and also check that the next two accounts are not subscribed yet.

Congratulations, you just discovered my public account! Feel free to speak through it and make usefull contributions to wikipedia. Please do not abuse wikipedia policy, if you want the precious public account you have just discovered to stay long enough.

title: User:Acestorides~enwiki


text: User talk:168.102.133.152

title: User talk:168.102.133.152


text:
Talk:Pie chart

Florence Nightingale
I believe that Florence Nightingale invented this type of chart for her work in epidemiology, can someone confirm this and add the appropriate info? Thanks. --Jimaginator 13:15, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Stephen Fry said so on a recent broadcast of QI - I was just coming to add it and you had done so already! -- ALoan (Talk) 10:58, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't there be a note about the scientific aversion to pie charts?
I came here searching for a discussion about of how Pie Charts should be avoided because they really skew data. I remember my statistics professor going off on how they should never be used if you want to be taken seriously - but do not remember the reasons why. The external link was helpful - but I would have expected more information on this page. Unfortunately, I'm not really qualified to give such information - so I difer to others.

--Ryan Gardner 22:29, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not qualified eive read about this recently – I just cannot remember where. The problem is that people are bad at judging relative proportions when looking at pie charts, making bar charts more suitable when the intention is to indicate absolute amounts rather than general trends.   — Lee J Haywood 07:31, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, there's an external link at the end of the article that leads to a warning – that's the one I read.  — Lee J Haywood 08:43, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I will add this to my to-do list. Yes, this should be avoided.  Comparisons between graphs are a mess.  --Chrispounds 03:53, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * done. your comments are welcome. --Chrispounds 00:01, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The image looks good and I don't see any mistakes in the text. Thanks.   — Lee J Haywood 08:20, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The comparison illustration makes it quite clear. Thanks for adding this. --Ryan Gardner 23:23, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I have just added a reference to Stephen Few essay against the use of pie charts. His work could be used to further expand the article, explaining the cons and pros (there are a few) of pie charts. He also makes a very good case against 3D pies. uiteoi (talk) 13:18, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the interesting Few reference, it does state the case more clearly than some other explanations. Here, then, is the problem that scientists have with pie charts: that are poor at representing small quantities in relation to the whole, and poor in contrasting similar quantities. But as Few points out, they are such a "natural" for representing simple relationships that they are habitually used to teach young schoolchildren math.

 * The questions that arise using a pie chart, then, are: What is the data? Who is the audience? and What message needs to be imparted? It's rather disingenuous to say that a "scientist" can understand a bar chart, but not the raw figures. Surely that's within their profession competence. Almost as surely, they can disambiguate subtle percentages presented in a pie graphic. But not so other readers, who do not deal habitually with figures, who are not accustomed to scrutinizing anomalies in the way that data is collected and represented.

 * The scientific argument is: In a perfect world, everyone would be as facile as scientists are at evaluating data, and scientists find bar charts easier to use. The pragmatics are: Only a small part of the population are scientists, and bar charts are less assessable to them. For scientists, they are a minor inconvenience, to general public, pie charts may be the only possible way to appreciate the data. Regards, Piano non troppo (talk) 14:02, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * As cited by Stephen Few in this essay, several studies have shown, that the general public, not just scientists, can interpret more accurately data presented in Bar Charts rather than Pie Charts, even-though the later is usually perceived as more attractive. In a few cases Pie Charts are appropriate as mentioned by Few, these cases could be emphasized in the article to help readers understand when Pie Charts are appropriate and when they're not. The following quotes could be researched to be used in the body of this article in a "Criticism section":

 * "No matter how clever the choice of the information, and no matter how technologically impressive the encoding, a visualization fails if the decoding fails. Some display methods lead to effi cient, accurate decoding, and others lead to inefficient, inaccurate decoding. It is only through scientific study of visual perception that informed judgments can be made about display methods. (William S. Cleveland, The Elements of Graphing Data, Hobart Press, 1994, p. 1)". Cleveland refers to pie charts as “pop charts”.

 * "...the perceived area is usually equal to the actual area raised to an exponent of about 0.8, times a scaling constant…In contrast, relative line length [such as the lengths of bars] is perceived almost perfectly, provided that the lines are oriented the same way. (Kosslyn, Stephen, Graph Design for the Eye and Mind, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 40)"

 * "We make angle judgments when we read a pie chart, but we don’t judge angles very well. These judgments are biased; we underestimate acute angles (angles less than 90°) and overestimate obtuse angles (angles greater than 90°). Also, angles with horizontal bisectors (when the line dividing the angle in two is horizontal) appear larger than angles with vertical bisectors. (Naomi Robbins, Creating More Effective Graphs, Wiley, 2005, p. 49)"

 * “... the only worse design than a pie chart is several of them, for then the viewer is asked to compare quantities located in spatial disarray both within and between pies” (Edward Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Graphics Press, 1983, p. 178.)

 * Likewise one could write a section teaching when Pie Charts are appropriate, and I have found at least two cases: i) when the goal is to compare a part to the whole, and ii) when comparing the sum of adjacent parts to another sum of other adjacent parts. The same arguments are also valid for Stacked Area Charts and Stacked Bar Charts.

 * uiteoi (talk) 15:46, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't have the book right now, but in Edward Tufte's The Visual Display of Quantitative Information he makes solid arguments against Pie Chart's citing French Cartographer that they should never be used. Going to get the book and add the proper citations — Preceding unsigned comment added by PuercoPop (talk • contribs) 02:39, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

scaling of different pie charts?
I removed the following from the article because it isn't explained well enough to understand. If someone knows why different pie charts should be scaled to each other feel free to fix and add it back. It was tacked onto the end of the example section.

Two (or more) pie charts comparing similar data can be created by ensuring that the are drawn to the same scale, using the following formula:
 * (radius of b)² / number of data in b = (radius of a)² / number of data in a

-Crunchy Numbers 23:04, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

these pictures are not polar area diagrams
for an example see some of the links in the story or http://flickr.com/photos/ffranchi/286785424/in/pool-16135094@N00/ 74.12.186.60 15:43, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Image to Commons?
Is it possible to move this image to commons? I would like to use it in the german version. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 87.165.250.239 (talk) 09:13, 22 December 2006 (UTC).
 * It is a public domain image so you can move it to commons. However, it would be better to redraw it first, preferably in SVG and with less blank space (e.g. by aligning both graphs horizontally or vertically). It is on my todo list; if you can wait a little bit, I'll try redo it and will upload it to commons afterwards. Schutz 09:20, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The data are pretty easy to replicate--just create a bar chart with 22, 21, 20, 19 and 18. Make a replica in a Pie Chart.  I did this in PowerPoint and saved it to PNG format for compact display.  --Chrispounds 13:46, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Schutz's version is a nice improvement. --Chrispounds 14:36, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Exploding pie chart
I think there ought to be some note about why someone might explode a pie chart. The ressoning seems foreign to me. --Brandon Dilbeck 20:46, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) To highlight a particular subject, or a group of subjects.
 * 2) To clarify a chart with many small pieces.
 * 3) For cosmetic purposes. Piano non troppo (talk) 12:53, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Links
Someone added a commercial link to some pie charts. They are pristine examples of what not to do that I wonder if others want to keep the link just to see what we are avoiding. --Chrispounds 16:16, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

3D Pie Chart Graphic
The "example of a three dimensional pie chart" looks rather 2D to me. A mistake? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kmm1965 (talk • contribs) 06:20, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

reference [11] provides no evidence that coxcombs / 'coxcombes' was the name of the book(let)
the cited page does not provide evidence for the claim that coxcomb diagrams were a misnomer, and it was the books in which the diagrams were published that were called coxcombs. from the page: "These diagrams became known as Florence’s ‘coxcombes’ and were the first pie charts." I did find a source on the web which corroborated the claim: http://www.florence-nightingale-avenging-angel.co.uk/GraphicsPaper/Graphics.htm 174.101.50.37 (talk) 10:35, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Original research? Steven's power law
The comment about Steven's power law seems like original research: There's no citation.

I also dispute its theoretical grounding: if all area is perceived with a factor of 0.7, this would mean we perceive the total area as 0.7, and each of the sections are perceived as 0.7 of their original. Wouldn't all this mean that the proportions remain the same, meaning the influence of Steven's power law was irrelevant?--86.152.109.99 (talk) 23:02, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

EDIT: I just noticed the previous comment received no replies in over a year, so I took the initiative and deleted the offending comment from the article. I append it here:

 * Stevens' power law states that visual area is perceived with a power of 0.7, compared to a power of 1.0 for length. This suggests that length is a better scale to use, since perceived differences would be linearly related to actual differences.

--86.152.109.99 (talk) 23:11, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

i need help — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.42.62.75 (talk) 19:46, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

Introduction is overly narrow & geeky
The introduction speaks of amazing geekery, such as: "When angles are measured with 1 turn as unit then a number of percent is identified with the same number of centiturns." Huh? Quite apart from the fact that the word "centiturns" shouldn't be cropping up in an introductory paragraph on anything, saying also that "sectors create a full disk" and that the shape resembles a pie that's been sliced would seem to exclude the inclusion of ring charts and other pie chart variations. I'd like to make the intro more descriptive of the actual content of the article, as per WP guidelines, removing some of fog in the process. --gilgongo (talk) 00:11, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

 * OK done that now. --gilgongo (talk) 12:17, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

Reader feedback: Upload some useful example h...
117.194.204.159 posted this comment on November 8, 2013 (view all feedback).

"Upload some useful example how we use it in statistical analysis"

Any thoughts?

 * Isn't the article chock full of such examples? Seems a totally redundant comment to me. --gilgongo (talk) 15:06, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

Any evidence for use of the terms "3d pie cake / Perspective pie cake" come from"?
The article suggests that the terms for a 3D pie chart, which shows a (superfluous/confusing) 3rd dimension, are "3d pie cake" and "perspective pie cake", but I literally cannot find a single relevant example of these terms anywhere else on the internet, except on pages that are directly quoting this wikipedia page. Even the references at the end of the "3d pie cake / Perspective pie cake" section don't contain those terms anywhere (I used google books search for "cake" in the Good and Hardin book). Did the author of this section just make up terms him/herself??? Does anyone know a standard term for this kind of chart? Just "3D pie chart"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.124.100.178 (talk) 14:27, 6 February 2017 (UTC)

Moving Examples and Usage up above Variants
The Variants seem to be more important than the examples, and this seems backwards to me. What do we think about moving Examples and Usage before Variants? Chrispounds — Preceding undated comment added 22:34, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

Standard order of the pie chart
It will be nice to know the sort order default/standard and variations. And put references and

Plotly: counterclockwise order starting at 12 o'clock (end of the largest block) Highchart: clockwise order D3.js: clockwise order

It will

ChatGPT answer: I see difference in order from high to low using clockwise or counterclockwise order, starting at 12 o'clock (end of the largest block).

In a standard pie chart, the slices or wedges are typically arranged in a counterclockwise order, starting from the 12 o'clock position and moving in a clockwise direction. The ordering begins with the largest category or data point at the top (12 o'clock position) and proceeds in descending order of magnitude.

Here's a breakdown of the standard order for the slices in a pie chart:

1. The largest category or data point is positioned at the 12 o'clock position (top of the chart). 2. Subsequent categories or data points are arranged in a counterclockwise direction, with the second-largest category following the largest, then the third-largest following the second, and so on. 3. This continues until all categories or data points have been represented in the pie chart, with each slice representing a portion of the whole based on its value or magnitude.

This standard order makes it easy to visually compare the relative sizes of different categories or data points in the pie chart and provides a clear representation of the data. velizar.vesselinov (talk) 02:52, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pie chart


text:
Titiwangsa Mountains

The Titiwangsa Mountains (Malay: Banjaran Titiwangsa; Jawi:, ), also known as Banjaran Besar (lit. 'main range') by locals, is the chain of mountains that forms the backbone of the Malay Peninsula. The northern section of the range is in southern Thailand, where it is known as the Sankalakhiri Range (ทิวเขาสันกาลาคีรี; RTGS: Thio Khao Sankalakhiri; ).

The mountain range acts as a natural divider, dividing Peninsular Malaysia, as well as southernmost Thailand, into east and west coast regions. It also serves as a drainage divide of some major rivers of Peninsular Malaysia such as the Pahang, Perak, Kelantan, Klang and Muar. The length of mountain range is about 480 km from north to south.

Geology

The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of a suture zone that runs north–south, starting in Thailand at the Nan-Uttaradit suture zone (partly coincident with the Dien Bien Phu fault), and extending south towards Peninsular Malaysia (Bentong-Raub suture zone). The eastern half of the Titiwangsa Mountains in Peninsular Malaysia is an amalgamation of continental terranes known as Cimmeria or Indochina, whereas the western half is an amalgamation of continental terranes Sinoburmalaya or Sibumasu. These two halves of terranes were separated by the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.

The Cimmeria was separated from Gondwana around 400 mya during the Devonian and rifted towards Laurasia, the northeastern arm of Pangea. It attached to Laurasia completely around 280 mya during the Late Permian.

Sibumasu terranes on the other hand, only started to separate from Gondwana during the Early Permian and rifted towards Indochina. The collision of the Sibumasu terranes and Indochina terranes 200 mya during the Late Triassic resulted in the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and formation of the modern Titiwangsa Mountain belts.

Seismic hazards
Peninsular Malaysia, while being tectonically stable, has a history of intraplate earthquakes, with most of them of low magnitudes. As the Bentong-Raub suture runs parallel to the Titiwangsa Mountains, a large network of fault lines crisscross the mountain range. The known major fault lines in the mountains are the Bukit Tinggi, Kuala Lumpur and Seremban fault lines, with the first two being the most active.

Between 1984 and 2013, there were tremors ranging from 1.6 to 4.6 on the Richter scale with local epicentres in Kenyir Lake, Manjung, Temenggor, Bukit Tinggi and Kuala Pilah, the latter three being situated along the Titiwangsa Mountains. As a precautionary move, the Department of Minerals and Geosciences pitched 23 Earthquake Benchmark (PAG, Malay: Penanda Aras Gempa) stations around earthquake-prone areas in Peninsular Malaysia, with 13 in Pahang, six in Selangor, and two each in Perak and Negeri Sembilan to monitor possible movements within the fault network. The Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Climate Change (NRECC) also pointed out that strong earthquakes centred in neighbouring Sumatra, Indonesia could potentially activate ancient faults in Peninsular Malaysia and the effects of tremors could be felt around areas along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Geography

This mountain range is a part of the wider Tenasserim Hills. It forms the southernmost section of the Indo-Malayan cordillera which runs from Tibet through the Kra Isthmus into the Malay Peninsula.

The Titiwangsa Mountains proper begin in the north as the Sankalakhiri Range, a prolongation of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Range which includes the smaller Pattani, Taluban, and Songkhla sub-ranges. The Sankalakhiri marks the border between the Southern Thai provinces of Yala in west and Narathiwat in the east. Across the border into Malaysia, the main stretch of the range runs in a northwest–southeast orientation, straddling the borders between the west coast states of Perak and Selangor with Kelantan and Pahang on the eastern side of the peninsula. From the tripoint of Pahang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan near Mount Nuang, it then transverses through the middle of the state of Negeri Sembilan, also a west coast state, thus dividing the state into two regions – western Negeri Sembilan, which consists of Seremban, Port Dickson and Rembau Districts, and eastern Negeri Sembilan, composed of the districts of Jelebu, Kuala Pilah, Jempol and Tampin – and terminates in the south near the town of Tampin, in the southern part of the state. Outcrops of Titiwangsa granite, mainly consisting of inselbergs, project further south into Malacca, where it abuts in the waters of the Strait of Malacca in Pulau Besar.

In general, the greatest elevations occur along the northern and central sections of the range, with its highest point measuring 2,183 m (7,162 ft) on Gunung Korbu, Perak. On the Thai side, the highest point is 1,533 m (5,026 ft) Ulu Titi Basah (ยูลูติติ บาซาห์), at the Thai/Malaysian border between Yala province and Perak. On the other hand, the height gradually diminishes towards the southern reaches of the range, which mainly runs through Negeri Sembilan, with elevations ranging from 1,462 m (4,797 ft) at its highest on Mount Besar Hantu, on the border between the state and Pahang, as well as 1,193 m (3,914 ft) on Mount Telapak Buruk on the boundary between the districts of Seremban and Jelebu to 500–700 m.

Features
The rainforests of the Titiwangsa Mountains form part of the Titiwangsa Forest Complex, which is itself part of the larger Central Forest Spine conservation area. A number of roads and highways cut through the mountain range, effectively acting as mountain passes linking settlements on either side of the range.

Several popular tourist destinations such as Royal Belum, hill resorts such as Cameron Highlands, Genting Highlands and Fraser's Hill are located on the range.

Two of Malaysia's largest metropolitan areas are located along the western fringes of the mountain range, namely Greater Kuala Lumpur (ranked #1) and Kinta Valley (ranked #4). The Kinta Valley Geopark encompasses the entirety of Kinta Valley, where kegelkarst topography is prevalent.

Thailand

 * San Kala Khiri National Park
 * Budo–Su-ngai Padi National Park
 * Bang Lang National Park
 * Namtok Sai Khao National Park
 * Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary

Malaysia

 * Gunung Stong State Park
 * Selangor State Park
 * Kenaboi State Park
 * Royal Belum State Park
 * Krau Wildlife Reserve
 * Kinta Valley National Geopark
 * Forest Research Institute Malaysia

In popular culture
The mountain range was the subject of the patriotic song "Titiwangsa", which was first sung by Saloma. Its lyrics glorifies the magnificence and beauty of the Titiwangsa Mountains, and its significance to Malaya as a whole.

title: Titiwangsa Mountains