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MCMXC a.D.

MCMXC a.D. is the debut studio album by the German musical project Enigma, led by Romanian-German musician Michael Cretu. It was released in Europe by Virgin Records on 3 December 1990, and in the United States by Charisma Records on 12 February 1991. Cretu became fascinated with mixing archaic sounds with modern music after producing German pop singer Sandra's song "Everlasting Love", for which he experimented with Gregorian chant. Following Michael Cretu and Sandra's marriage in 1988, Michael developed the idea of the musical project Enigma and recorded the album over the course of eight months in 1990 at A.R.T. Studios.

MCMXC a.D. combines new-age music with dance rhythms, as well as combining themes of religion and Gregorian chant with sexuality, for which the album received generally positive reviews from music critics. The Gregorian chant was taken from recordings by Capella Antiqua München, which resulted in the Munich-based choir's label, Polydor Germany suing Cretu and Virgin Records for infringing on its "right of personality". The case was dropped after Cretu agreed to pay compensation.

Commercially, MCMXC a.D. became a worldwide success, reaching the top 10 on record charts in 10 countries, including charting at number six in the United States, staying on the country's Billboard 200 chart for 282 weeks. It was certified quadruple platinum in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Four singles from the album were released: "Sadeness (Part I)", "Mea Culpa (Part II)", "Principles of Lust", and "The Rivers of Belief". The lead single topped charts worldwide.

Background and release
In 1987, Michael Cretu worked with Sandra on her song "Everlasting Love". Cretu experimented with Gregorian chant while working on the song with Sandra, and the chants appeared at the beginning of her song. He would become fascinated with incorporating archaic sounds into contemporary songs. Michael Cretu married Sandra in 1988 and came up with the idea of a new-age musical project, which would become known as "Enigma". MCMXC a.D. was recorded in 1990 in eight months at A.R.T. Studios, Cretu's studio located on the Spanish island of Ibiza. Cretu conceived the album as one continuous song; his philosophy when creating it was, "Contrary to the usual record-company philosophy, people are open-minded and starved for something unique." Cretu produced MCMXC a.D., with creative input from Frank Peterson and Fabrice Cuitad.

The first song recorded for the album was "Sadeness (Part I)". After making the song, Michael told Sandra Cretu, "This will be a huge hit or nothing at all." "Sadeness (Part I)" was released as a single on 1 October 1990. Michael Cretu wanted to be anonymous and wished for the single not to be promoted. He believed that it was not important for consumers to know who the producer is and wanted them to buy the single for the music itself. Due to this, he was credited as Curly M.C., while Peterson was credited as F. Gregorian, and Cuitad was credited as David Fairstein. Virgin Records promoted the song with radio and club-play only. Despite having virtually no promotion, "Sadeness (Part I)" became an international hit and reached number one in Germany faster than any previous new release, and prior to the completion of its music video.

MCMXC a.D. was released in Europe by Virgin Records on 3 December 1990, and in the United States by Charisma Records on 12 February 1991. Cretu still wanted to remain anonymous, believing that the consumers would buy the album for the music itself. The three producers were credited on MCMXC a.D. under the same monikers as on "Sadeness (Part I)": Cretu as Curly M.C., Peterson as F. Gregorian, and Cuitad as David Fairstein.

Overview
MCMXC a.D. is 40 minutes and 16 seconds long and is divided into seven tracks, two of which contain three separate songs each. The track "Principles of Lust" contains "Sadeness", "Find Love", and "Sadeness (Reprise)"; and "Back to the Rivers of Belief" contains "Way to Eternity", "Hallelujah", and "The Rivers of Belief". The album encompasses a range of genres, including new-age, worldbeat, and pop music;   and it utilizes hip-hop and dance rhythms. The album is well known for its mixing of Gregorian chant and other religious overtones with sexuality; the lead single, "Sadeness (Part I)", being the prime example. It is a common misconception that, because "Sadeness (Part I)" employs Gregorian chants, the entire album contains such chants. In debunking this notion, Cretu stated that Sadeness' is only one piece of the puzzle." Larry Flick from Billboard further clarified, saying that "Mea Culpa" maintains the atmosphere of "Sadeness", but "without the aid of Gregorian chants." According to the Journal of Religion and Health, MCMXC a.D. follows the narrative of facing one's demons and making peace with them.

Songs
"The Voice of Enigma" was written solely by Cretu, and starts with a foghorn sound that is known as the "Enigma horn". After the foghorn, Louisa Stanley (an executive at Virgin Records at the time) starts talking and invites the listener to relax and take a deep breath, while an environmental soundscape plays in the background. "The Principles of Lust" track employs a drumbeat throughout similar to the R&B 1989 song "Keep On Movin'" by Soul II Soul, flute synth lines, and Cretu's whispers and "orgasmic breathing" that mark the song breaks. The first part, "Sadeness", includes a Gregorian chant taken from the track "Procedamus in pace!" from the 1976 album Paschale Mysterium by Capella Antiqua München. It also includes contributions from Fabrice Cuitad and Peterson. The song's French lyrics are a quizzical look at, and defense of, the 18th-century writer Marquis de Sade, who was notorious for writing literature delving into themes of sexual violence and domination.

"Callas Went Away" was written solely by Michael Cretu, and samples Maria Callas's singing. "Mea Culpa" was written by Cretu and Fabrice Cuitad and is a follow-up to "Sadeness". Like "Sadeness", "Mea Culpa" samples Gregorian chant from the Capella Antiqua München and thus evokes the same atmosphere. The song's theme "centers around guilt", according to the official Enigma website. "The Voice & the Snake", written by Cretu and Peterson, is based on the Book of Revelation. "Knocking on Forbidden Doors" was written solely by Cretu. The "Back to the Rivers of Belief" track's three songs were mainly written by Cretu, with the song "The Rivers of Belief"—which centers around the Indian river Ganges and differs from the other songs in being more soulful—including contributions from Fabrice Cuitad.

Singles
Four songs from MCMXC a.D. were released as singles. "Sadeness (Part I)", known as "Sadeness" on the album and the first part of "The Principles of Lust" track, was released as the lead single on 1 October 1990. The single has sold at least 7 million copies worldwide, and was the fastest German single to reach number one, the week of 12 November 1990. The Los Angeles Times reported that the single reached number one in at least 14 other countries. "Mea Culpa (Part II)", known as "Mea Culpa" on the album, was released as the second single on 17 April 1991, and reached number seven on both the German charts and on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. The song charted at number four in France, and received a gold certification from the French National Syndicate of Phonographic Publishing (SNEP). Cretu considers "Mea Culpa (Part II)" his favorite song from the album. "Principles of Lust" and "The Rivers of Belief" were both as singles released in 1991. The "Principles of Lust" single is a reworking of the song "Find Love". The single charted at number 90 in Germany, number 59 in the UK, and number 29 in France. "The Rivers of Belief" single is the third song of the "Back to the Rivers of Belief" album track. The single charted in the United Kingdom at number 68, and in Sweden at number 37.

Critical reception
MCMXC a.D. was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Danny Serbib of Colorado Springs Magazine said that by adding Gregorian chant to the album, "[Cretu had] redefined the possible future of popular music." Mikko Stübner-Lankuttis from Deutsche Welle put MCMXC a.D. at number one on his "The Top 10 albums from Germany", saying "His combination of new-age sounds with dance beats regularly took the project to the top of the international charts."

AllMusic critic Ned Raggett said, "Michael Crétu's attempt at fusing everything from easy listening sex music and hip-hop rhythms to centuries-old Gregorian chants could not have been more designed to tweak the nose of high art." Marisa Fox wrote, for Entertainment Weekly, that while the album doesn't have as many accessible hits as other ones, "[the] journey through what the group calls 'music, spirit, and meditation' is entrancing as well as provocative."

In contrast, Brian Bourke, in the Syracuse Herald-Journal, stated that "once the novelty of Enigma's approach wears off", the rhythms underneath the songs have a sameness that is "irritating" in his eyes, with the exception of "The Rivers of Belief". The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau asserted that the "mellow electrobeat and Gregorian fog" of "Sadeness (Part I)" "provide[s] mutual relief", and suggested the other songs are disco filler with sexual content that is too lacking in vulgarity for his tastes.

Commercial performance
MCMXC a.D. was a worldwide commercial success. According to The New York Times, the album had sold 12 million copies worldwide as of February 1994. In Germany, MCMXC a.D. entered the German Albums chart at number 60 for the week of 10 December 1990. It peaked at number three for the week of 24 December 1990 and left after appearing at number 72 for the week of 8 July 1991. The album re-entered the chart at number 68 for the week of 21 February 1994 and left after appearing at number 69 for the week of 21 March 1991. MCMXC a.D. re-entered the German Albums chart at number 80 for the week of 9 December 1996 and left after appearing at number 73 for the week of 13 January 1997. The album spent 46 weeks on the German chart, and has been certified double platinum by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI), indicating shipments in excess of one million copies in Germany.

In the US, MCMXC a.D. entered the Billboard 200 at number 169 for the week of 2 March 1991. It stayed on the Billboard 200 for 262 weeks, peaking at number six for the week of 3 May 1991. On the US Top Catalog Albums chart, MCMXC a.D. peaked at number four for the week of 10 May 1997. The album has since been certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments in excess of four million copies in the US. In March 2013, Nielsen Soundscan reported a 4,784,320 individual copies sold in the US.

MCMXC a.D. topped the UK Albums Chart for the week of 20 January 1991, spending 60 weeks on the chart. The album has since been certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments in excess of 900,000 copies in the UK. Elsewhere, MCMXC a.D. reached number one in Belgium, Greece, Portugal, and Spain; number two in Australia, New Zealand, and Switzerland; number three in Austria, Canada, and Sweden; number four in Ireland and Norway; and number seven in the Netherlands.

Satanism rumors
Because MCMXC a.D. has themes of balancing good with evil, Cretu has been accused of putting satanic content into the album. Many of the accusations were concerned with the Gregorian chant being satanic. This resulted in many Catholic-backed radio stations in Europe banning "Sadeness (Part I)" from being played. While most of the press did not think that MCMXC a.D had satanic implications, Charisma Records issued a press release denying such claims. Cretu stated that he did not mean for there to be any implications of satanism with the album, revealing he wanted the combination of Gregorian chant and lyrics relating to the Marquis de Sade to be seen as a paradox.

Lawsuit
In a 1990 interview with Verdens Gang, Cretu claimed that the Gregorian chants used on MCMXC a.D. were recorded in Romania and said that the singers were given their share of the "D-marks" Cretu got from "Sadeness" and the album. This proved to be false; in 1991 Capella Antiqua München, a Munich-based choir, recognized a sample of one of their recordings on MCMXC a.D. Their label, Polydor Germany, sued Cretu and Virgin Records for infringing on its "right of personality" in using the Gregorian chant samples in "Sadeness (Part I)" and "Mea Culpa". The lawsuit was settled out of court after Virgin publicly apologized for the infringement and Cretu agreed to pay compensation to the original creator of the samples.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of MCMXC a.D.
 * Michael Cretu (credited as "Curly M.C.") (all tracks)
 * Frank Peterson (credited as "F. Gregorian") (tracks 2a, 2c, and 5)
 * Fabrice Cuitad (credited as "David Fairstein") (tracks 2a, 2c, 4, and 7c)
 * Sandra Cretu (uncredited) (tracks 1, 2a, 2c, and 4)

title: MCMXC a.D.


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Thaw

Thaw or THAW may refer to:
 * Thawing or melting
 * Thaw (weather), the melting of snow and ice

Film and television

 * The Thaw (1931 film), a Soviet film
 * The Thaw (2009 film), an American horror film starring Val Kilmer
 * "The Thaw" (Star Trek: Voyager), a 1996 episode of Star Trek Voyager
 * The Thaw (TV series), a 2013 Russian television series
 * The Thaw (Polish TV series), a 2022 Polish television series
 * Zagar Pyaw Thaw Athe Hnalone, a 1968 Burmese black & white drama film

Geography

 * River Thaw, a river in south Wales, United Kingdom
 * Thaw Hill, a cinder cone in British Columbia, Canada
 * Thaw lake, a lake formed in a thermokarst

Literature

 * The Thaw (novel), a 1954 novel by Ilya Ehrenburg
 * The Thaw (novelette), a 1979 novelette by Tanith Lee

Music

 * Thaw (Foetus album) (1988)
 * Thaw, a 2014 album by Buckethead

Political developments

 * Cuban thaw, warming of Cuba–United States relations that began in 2014
 * Gomułka thaw, Polish thaw or Polish October, a political change in Poland in 1956
 * Khrushchev Thaw, a period in the history of the Soviet Union from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s

Other uses

 * Theaters Against War, a coalition of theaters and theater artists protesting against the Iraq war
 * The Heat and Warmth Fund, a nonprofit organization in Michigan providing energy assistance
 * Thaw Hall, historic academic building at the University of Pittsburgh, United States
 * "The Thaw Session", a jam session by the English rock band The Verve

Surname

 * Alan Thaw (1926–2007), Australian rules footballer
 * Alice Cornelia Thaw (1880–1955), American philanthropist (daughter of William Thaw Sr. and Mary Sibbet Copley)
 * Abigail Thaw (born 1965), British actress (daughter of John Thaw)
 * Benjamin Thaw Sr. (1859–1933), American banker and philanthropist (son of William Thaw Sr., father of William Thaw II)
 * Eugene V. Thaw (1927-2018), American art dealer and collector
 * Evelyn Nesbit (c. 1884–1967), also known as Evelyn Nesbit Thaw, artists' model and actress (married Harry Kendall Thaw 1905, div. 1915, mother of Russell Thaw)
 * Florence Thaw (1864–1940), American painter
 * Harry Kendall Thaw (1871–1947), American heir found not guilty of murder by reason of insanity (son of William Thaw Sr. and Mary Sibbet Copley, husband of Evelyn Nesbit, father of Russell Thaw)
 * John Thaw (1942–2002), English actor (father of Abigail Thaw)
 * Kevin Thaw (born 1967), English alpinist
 * Margaret Copley Thaw (1877–1942), American philanthropist (daughter of William Thaw Sr. and Mary Sibbet Copley)
 * Mary Sibbet Copley (1943–1929), also known as Mary Sibbet Copley Thaw, American philanthropist (second wife of William Thaw Sr., mother of Alice Cornelia Thaw, Margaret Copley Thaw, and Harry Kendall Thaw)
 * Russell Thaw (1910–1984), American racing pilot (son of Harry Kendall Thaw and Evelyn Nesbit)
 * William Thaw Sr. (1818–1889), American railroad baron (husband of Mary Sibbet Copley, father of Alice Cornelia Thaw, Benjamin Thaw, Harry Kendall Thaw, and Margaret Copley Thaw)
 * William Thaw II (1893–1934), American aviator who fought in World War I

Burmese names

 * Aung Thaw (born c. 1920), Burmese archaeologist
 * Baganset U Thaw (1893–1980), Burmese businessman, trader, administrator, and politician
 * Maung Thaw Ka, pen name of author and retired Major Ba Thaw
 * May Barani Thaw (born 1990), Burmese super model, actress and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe
 * Mya Thaw (born 1955), Burmese dental professor (father of Zayar Thaw)
 * Nyein Thaw (born 1993), Burmese actor and model
 * San Thaw Thaw (born 2001), Burmese footballer
 * Thaw Kaung, Burmese university librarian
 * Zayar Thaw (1981–2022), Burmese politician, hip-hop artist, and political activist (son of Mya Thaw)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thaw


text: Template:Infobox knot

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Wordtris

Wordtris is a Tetris offshoot designed by Sergei Utkin, Vyacheslav Tsoy and Armen Sarkissian (who later became President of Armenia) and published by Spectrum HoloByte in 1991 for MS-DOS compatible operating systems. A port to the Game Boy, by Realtime Associates, and Super Nintendo Entertainment System were released in 1992.

Gameplay
The object of the game is to build words of three letters or more using the tiles that fall from the top of the playing area. Words can be constructed horizontally or vertically, and multiple words can overlap each other. If the player manages to construct the magic word at the top of the screen, the well will be cleared of all tiles and the player will receive a large bonus.

Occasionally, a free tile (denoted by a "?") will drop. Its letter can be selected by the player (either by typing it in the PC version, or scrolling through letters with a button on the console versions). If the player does not choose a letter, the block will become a random letter when it stops. Eraser blocks will fall and remove whatever letter that they land on (in the SNES version, the eraser is replaced with bombs and vials of acid).

In the Super NES version, players advance from levels "A" to "J." There is no level after "J."

Development
The background pictures (except the title screen) were taken from Spectrum Holobyte's earlier Super Tetris.

The MS-DOS, Game Boy, and Macintosh versions of Wordtris have original music by Ed Bogas, while the Super NES music is by Paul Mogg. While the Game Boy and SNES versions contain looping music, the other ports do not. Ed composed the soundtrack for Wordtris using his own music software Super Studio Session for the Macintosh, in which his MIDI files were converted to the game in MIDI format. For the SNES version, Paul composed his music using Studio Vision Pro, also for the Macintosh. David Warhol provided sound engines and musical arrangements for both the Game Boy and SNES versions.

Reception
Computer Gaming World stated that "Wordtris, like its predecessors, is as infuriating as it is incredibly addictive ... Tetris is a classic game. Wordtris does it one better." The SNES version of the game was scored a 65% by N-Force Magazine.

title: Wordtris


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List of Regional Transport Office districts in India

This is a list of the Indian Regional Transport Offices and the assigned codes for vehicle registration. These are broken down to states or union territories and their districts.

AP—Andhra Pradesh
The Andhra Pradesh state government has decided to issue uniform registration numbers for vehicles across Andhra Pradesh. Since February 2019, all new vehicles in Andhra Pradesh are registered with AP-39 code by default. Andhra Pradesh is the first state to implement the "one state-one code" policy.

The state government has launched new series (AP-40) in 2023.

OD—Odisha
Due to the official respelling of the state name in English (from "Orissa" to "Odisha"), the Transport Department modified the state letter on the plates with OD substituting OR on 1 September 2012.

TN—Tamil Nadu
In Tamil Nadu, specific series are exclusively used for certain type of vehicles
 * All State Transport Corporation vehicles start the series with 'N' or 'AN'
 * All Government owned vehicles start the series with 'G', 'AG', 'BG', 'CG' or 'DG', Etc., (all Combination of G)

TG—Telangana State

Note * Part of GHMC Hyderabad but not part of Hyderabad Dist.

The two-letter state code for Telangana Region in Andhra Pradesh was AP until the State Bifurcation and after the formation of Telangana State, the state was chosen as TS. It continued up to May 2024 before it was changed to TG.


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User:Lucienve

I enjoy browsing through wikipedia on things that interest me, and I occasionally edit pages I find.

title: User:Lucienve


text: User talk:66.184.147.18

title: User talk:66.184.147.18


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Andrew Shandro

Andrew Shandro (born May 20, 1971) is a professional mountain biker. Shandro has starred in many films and featured in mountain bike magazines worldwide. The majority of Shandro's pictures are taken by his close friend Sterling Lorence. Andrew was born and raised on the North Shore, British Columbia. He is a competitive individual, and enjoys spending time with his kids.

Career
Shandro began as a downhill racer. Eventually he decided to make a career of mountain biking and began starring in movies and pushing the limits of mountain biking. Shandro is one of the older riders, but remains one of the most respected. Shandro runs summer mountain biking camps where campers can receive coaching from world class mountain bikers. Shandro often rides at Whistler-Blackcomb.

His accomplishments include the following.
 * Two Time World Cup Winner Downhill Mountain Bike
 * Four Time Canadian National Champion Downhill MTB
 * X-Games Gold Medalist Bikercross
 * North American Champion Downhill MTB
 * Multiple Podium and top Ten finisher US National Events
 * Designed the Bikercross course for K2 Pro Event featured on ESPN
 * Designed the World Cup Downhill course for Silver Star Mountain 1994

Sponsors
Shandro's sponsors include:Helly Hansen; Trek Bicycle Corporation; Shimano; Bontrager; Dakine; Sombrio; Bean Around The World; Whistler Blackcomb; Fox Racing Shox; Smith; Nike 6.0; and Giro.

title: Andrew Shandro


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User:Orthoseeker

Finally, i have arrived! I have been trying to figure out how to set up my user page, but been terrified that if i started something in the main section i would just be writting an encyclopedia article about myself. It took a trip to Jimbo's talk page and my own signature to get me here.

But, here i am.

I am a journalist living in northern Iowa(my newspaper). The job has been keeping me more than busy for about a year now and i hope i am moving forward in my career.

I have a degree in journalism from the University of Iowa, though several internships in college couldn't prepare me for the downward spiral the job market took shortly before i graduated.

My user name originates from being an Orthodox Christian catecumen - although i also believe we are all seekers, and always will be.

I have contributed to pages on Orthodox Christianity and Russian history.

If anyone knows how to contact "Wikis like me," in other words - groups or categories, let me know.

title: User:Orthoseeker


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Talk:Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy

Suggested short description
I wrote this for the short description.

'' A steel ball is then placed in front of the device, magnetic attraction is converted into kinetic energy and the ball rolls up the ramp. (where the array is positioned closer to the rail) allowing the ball to further accelerate. At the top of the ramp the ball drops out of the magnetic field. Here the projectile launched by the SMOT appears to gain kinetic energy as the ball accelerates from standstill, overcomes distance and has remaining kinetic energy after interaction with the toy.''

It was reverted so I would like to improve upon it. The ball does appear to start moving and it does appear to gain kinetic energy. It's suppose to be a research toy. It would be good to have some physics explaining why the ball doesn't stop inside the magnetic gate. It seems to make free energy, that is so fun about the toy? Thanks (Gaby de wilde 11:22, 1 September 2007 (UTC))

VfD result
Lag time is way over, results were: Consensus achieved.

Here's the archived VfD tag:

 A request has been made on Wikipedia for this article to be deleted. This request is being discussed to form a consensus whether this is, or could be, an article appropriate for Wikipedia. Please see this page's entry on the votes for deletion page for details. Also see possible outlets for removed articles. If you feel deletion is not justified by Wikipedia deletion policy you may vote against its deletion. Please do not remove this notice or blank this page while the question is being considered. However, you are welcome to continue editing this article and improve it, especially if you can address the concerns of those who believe the article should be deleted. IceKarma 11:58, 2005 Mar 9 (UTC)

Naudin
Come on Reddi, please don't overdo it with linking to Naudin's site. There is lot of fun stuff there, but citing as evidence of actually operating at over-unity? Nah. If someone is coming up with a real working perpetuum mobile, an experiment repeatable also by non-believers, we would hear loudly about it - without the need to consult Naudin's site. --Pjacobi 18:50, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Factual Accuracy
This article seems to be advertising a toy as the single known violation of the first law of thermodynamics. This is badly in need of revision to emphasize more strongly that Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy is a misnomer, and that perpetual motion is considered impossible by the entire scientific community. This article should probably be deleted, which I would like to reopen for consideration. However, if the toy itself is noteworthy enough to justify an article, the article should at least stop using misleading language and citing very questionable research in order to imply that the SMOT somehow obsoletes all of thermodynamics by magic. --jermor 4:15, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, please. True believers will slowly undo it, but it needs to be done. - DavidWBrooks 20:44, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Definitely, when I first read it(a few seconds ago), I thought the article was saying that it actually worked! It took me 4 minutes to figure out that it is just theoretical and it doesn't work...so it needs to be made obvious that the device doesn't work

 * Quick comment for DWB version: Naudin is a fringe scientist at best; in particular, he promotes "over-unity" which his peers feel would be a violation of thermodynamics, so he can probably be characterized as a clear-cut example of a pseudophysicist. ---CH 00:24, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Surely this article should mention that these toys don't actually work. If the ball did drop once it reached the top of the ramp then you could close the loop and have perpetual motion. The magnet can't be strong enough that it can raise the ball and weak enough that gravity can reclaim the ball. The ball will just stop at the top of the ramp. --MrFlit 15:01, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Pointing out that this doesn't work would be like going to water and adding "Trivia: Is wet" at the bottom.

 * perfectblue 08:17, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yet there is a 'construction' section. How to construct a thing that can't be built?MrFlit 06:00, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Better Example of how it works
Everyone agrees that it's not an over unity device. However, it is a good demonstration of the laws of physics as are other supposed perpetual motion machines so it should be left. However, someone should give a better explaination and remove that 113% efficiency figure. The SMOT works the same way as a spring. While the ball's gravitational potenial energy increases as it goes up the hill, it's magnetic PE decreases as it gets closer to the magnets. By the first law of thermodynamics, these two PEs + the KE are equal. The SMOT would work as a perpetual motion machine in a frictionless environment (SMOTs in a loop) because the net energy moves between KE gravitational PE and magnetic PE. However, to calculate the efficiency, the formula should be E_final/E_initial = KE/(PE_gravitic+PE_magnetic)

Note please: Naudin is NOT a scientific or in any way scientifically working site. The errors in most conclusions are laymans errors and the interpretation of incorrectly collected data leads to vast misinterpretations. If you want to know what it is NOT, look to this site, but do not quote it in wiki articles please. This website deserves better references. A wikiauthor from another language, best regards 149.217.40.222 07:04, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think that's an explanation. Friction can't be the reason it doesn't work. It's theoretically possible to use a very-low friction material, and if the friction loss is less than the machines "gain", then it's still over-unity. Besides which, friction produces heat, which is energy. If it lost energy through friction, running forever it would make a useful heater.

 * I'm sure it doesn't work, but I'm not sure WHY! This needs a better explanation, because this is a very convincing machine. It's fatal flaw isn't obvious, but since the laws of thermodynamics have held up thus far, I'm sure there is one.  92.40.254.96 (talk) 11:09, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

This thing is funny as heck. I would like to point out several things:
 * I've seen dozens of videos of this thing 'working', but not one where the ball actually goes around and starts over. If someone can get a .gif of it 'working' in a closed track that would be nifty.
 * JLNaudin has done about a million Free Energy/Over Unity experiments and roughly 99% have been successful, as opposed 0% for everyone else. You make your own conclusions. ;)
 * The device could also work by gradually weakening the magnets, so it might work for a bit, then stop, and producting fresh magnets would use up more energy than it made.
 * The patent cited at the bottom is misleading. Often FE/OU inventors will get patents for thier devices by not making clear to the patent office that it is a perpetual motion device. Then use the patent to 'prove' to investors that it is a legitimate (working) device.

I do have to admit that saying something doesn't work just because it violates all known laws of physics (without testing) is a little annoying. Someday you just might be wrong, but probably not today.
 * Tiki God 15:26, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Stating that something doesn't work because it violates a basic law of physics is perfectly reasonable. I can run faster than the speed of light, and I have a video tape and some crayon drawings to prove it.  But no one takes me seriously, so I'm forced to conclude that I'm a persecuted visionary with ideas ahead of my time, right? --Jermor 00:30, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Jermor, Your insane hyperbole is misfitting for the general tone that is taken with anyone who considers a SMOT something worthy of investigation. It's pretty obvious that a SMOT can be built to drag a ball up a ramp and drop it off the end, as there are at least 10 different builds of the device that you can watch on YouTube.  Whether these can ever be chained together remains yet to be seen, but, the SMOT principle is not wholly unreasonable to test and investigate.  JudgeX (talk) 03:18, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Jermor, if you ran faster than the speed of light then, according to special relativity, you would literally be ahead of your time 123.236.162.31 (talk) 14:33, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Well I am happy to see that this diskussion is really done factually here,I tried to install an SMOT article on the german wikipedia and it was deleted very fast.Now I send the link of the english side to the admin.I heard nozhing then on the editing talk side from him.Paul Horn

To all pro-perpetual motion people: Stop demanding proof that it's not a perpetual motion machine. The thing is so simple it hurts. Nobody is saying that the reason it isn't over-unity because "it would violate basic laws", though it might be a very good statistical clue pointing to unworkability. If I had to bet a million dollars either way, I'd go with the established laws. It is not a perpetual motion machine, because anyone who knows high school physics looks at the thing, and says "ah I know this one, let me write up the equations for it". As 149.217.40.222 pointed out, it's a spring. If you hang a ball on a spring, suspend it from the ceiling, and pull on it, does it become a perpetual motion machine? NO? Well yeah, no it doesn't, right? Everyone knows that! Though if you used a heavy enough ball, and a strong enough spring, then it will keep going up and down for a VERY LONG time, giving the ILLUSION of perpetual motion. Well this is the EXACT SAME thing but with magnets instead. If you don't believe me, look it up in a high school physics book, ask a physics teacher, etc. 213.163.40.100 (talk) 12:27, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

picture
how about a picture of what this thing looks like?

perfectblue 08:19, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Got a pic from the patent. Might hand draw one later. J. D. Redding 22:45, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

No perpetual motion SMOTs have ever been built?
As of 09:16, 10 May 2007, ScienceApologist removed, in his opinion, a "uncited" claim.

These things have been built by people.

 * "Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy". Alternative Method. (Video; ed. site occasional drops offline but returns thereafter)

J. D. Redding 23:04, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Not a reliable source. Try again. --ScienceApologist 13:42, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Removal of sources and information
ScienceApologist is on a POV jihad. Until such time as he allows referecnces and neutral views, this article will stay in the sorry shape that it is. Sincerely, J. D. Redding 15:12, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Removed: Many attempts have been made to use magnetism to overcome conservation of energy, without success. No perpetual motion machines have ever been demonstrated to actually function. Adherents claim the device must be carefully tuned to work, and failures are usually attributed to poor adjustment in the device.

Fact tag bombing is inappropriate. The final sentence is pandering to pseudoscience. --ScienceApologist 15:13, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Replication
 * "Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy". Alternative Method. (Video; ed. site occasional drops offline but returns thereafter)

 * General information
 * Simanek, Donald E., "Testing a SMOT". LHUP, June 23 2004.
 * de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M., "An Electrostatic Linear Motor". 24 January 2002.
 * Naudin, Jean-Louis, "A Rotating SMOT". JLN Labs, 07 Jun 1997.
 * Naudin, Jean-Louis, "Two Linked S.M.O.Ts - Tests v 1.02". JLN Labs, 28 May 1997.
 * Watson, Greg, "Smot & Dmec Flux Gate". (via amasci.com)

Just a few notes for future editors .... J. D. Redding 16:38, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Guidelines and AGF

 * The above soureces are not reliable and will be removed if reinserted. --ScienceApologist 15:13, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Please stop POV pushing ScienceApologist, they are reliable concerning this topic (eg., experiments and researchers ... testing devices and displaying the test material and research). :J. D. Redding 02:21, 15 May 2007 (UTC) (PS, how can the primary source (eg., Alternative Method) of actual replication be non-reliable ... do you support ignoring the replication of the device and it's testing? ... this is simply ignoring facts ... )

 * Wikipedia is a tertiary source of information. It should rely on secondary source analysis. Primary source claims of overunity energy generation are simply not reliable for inclusion in our encyclopedia. --ScienceApologist 12:36, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * No ... Wikipedia is a secondary source (if possible) ... see History (for more info) ... Wikipedia would be considered a secondary source on some occasions.
 * Any honest scholar will tell you that one should look at the primary sources 1st and foremost .. then add secondary sources if possible ...
 * Primary sources are reliable ... they are usually authoritative and fundamental documents concerning the subject under consideration.
 * J. D. Redding 02:12, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Please read WP:FRINGE. Thanks. --ScienceApologist 11:11, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * That is wrong ... Wikipedia is meant to be a secondary source of information, if possible .. and a tertiary source of information as a last resort... sorry ...
 * J. D. Redding 12:23, 18 May 2007 (UTC) (ps., I imagine that you have POV'ed that _guideline_ [not policy]; again, any honest scholar will tell you that one should look at the primary sources 1st and foremost ...)

 * WP:NOR: quote: "Wikipedia itself is a tertiary source." --ScienceApologist 12:28, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * What's more: "Although most articles should rely predominantly on secondary sources, there are rare occasions when they may rely entirely on primary sources (for example, current events or legal cases). An article or section of an article that relies on a primary source should (1) only make descriptive claims, the accuracy of which is easily verifiable by any reasonable, educated person without specialist knowledge, and (2) make no analytic, synthetic, interpretive, explanatory, or evaluative claims. Contributors drawing on entirely primary sources should be careful to comply with both conditions." Consensus seems pretty clear. --ScienceApologist 12:30, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It's wrong ... as the the history guidelines have been in place much longe that that guideline .. and wikipedia has been a secondary source on many ocassions ...
 * You can try to Push your POV into a guideline ... but that doesn't mean that editors have to follow your POV ....
 * Do note this ... Primary sources about research and investigations should only be used to verify the text ... you are not allowing primary source at all to verify the text ...
 * These are not being relied upon exclusively ... so there is no violation of Wikipedia's ban on original research.
 * I think the fringe page is confusing original research with primary sources, also ...

 * You are not editing in good faith and are editing to prove a point ... please stop acting this way "ScienceApologist". J. D. Redding 12:34, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Remember, Reddi, WP:AGF. If you have a problem with any of the guidelines I'm quoting, take it up on the relevant guidelines talkpages. Announcing that these guidelines are "wrong" and editting contrary to them is not the way to conduct oneself at Wikipedia. --ScienceApologist 12:36, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * AGF wear thin when the cited guideline are twisted to suit a editor's purpose. J. D. Redding 12:42, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * See also WP:SPS. --ScienceApologist 12:32, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you serious? This is funny ... because the only link/ref you have keep is a self-published website ... HA! Too funny ...
 * You are not editing in good faith and are editing to prove a point ... please stop acting this way. J. D. Redding 12:37, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * You should read more carefully: "...may be acceptable when produced by a well-known, professional researcher (scholarly or non-scholarly) in a relevant field." That's what the link on this page is. --ScienceApologist 12:43, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The other sites fall into the "may be acceptable when produced by a well-known, professional researcher (scholarly or non-scholarly) in a relevant field" ...
 * Donald E. Simanek's site is at the same level as some of the others that you removed ... Simanek doesn't even test a real device; it's all "theoretical" ... the other sites are more scholarly''' ....
 * I cannot see that this editing is in good faith and the editing is being done to prove a point ... AGF wears thin when the cited guideline are twisted to suit a editor's purpose. J. D. Redding 13:00, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Taking a break ... as this is frustrating ... J. D. Redding 13:05, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Back on Point
The major problem with this article is this: perpetual motion is not accepted by the mainstream scientific community, so any statement implying that this device "works" doesn't belong. It is fine to present the claims of the creator and other perpetual motion enthusiasts, but presenting them as either fact or scientific consensus is just not appropriate. There is a huge body of evidence supporting the laws of thermodynamics, and, according to any reputable scientific journal or organization, there has never been a violation. You can cite all the primary sources you like to explain how the device is supposed to work, but the fact is that it doesn't. This article needs to be rewritten, and editors need to cite appropriate sources (peer reviewed journals, established popular science magazines, etc.). Also, a patent is a document describing how something is designed. It is not proof that it works. Jermor 01:11, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The claims of the SMOT designers are obviously wrong, but the device itself can be built and will "work" in a certain sense. It is plainly uncontroversial that one can use magnets to get balls to roll uphill. However, it is patently impossible to create a perpetual motion machine out of this. SMOT will not create overunity energy as the article plainly states nor will it result in perpetual motion as the article also states. --ScienceApologist 01:19, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The article looks better than it has in a while. Thanks for putting in so much effort, ScienceApologist. Jermor (talk) 00:53, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Minor cleanup
Just a couple bits of clean-up. Most notably, there's no such thing as "magnetic energy." Magnetic attraction and repulsion are forces, not energy.

Useful source??
Here's a video of one of these things: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dCs5b-TbEI. There are a few SMOT videos on YouTube. Doesn't actually produce any form of perpetual motion or energy obviously, but it proves that these toys exist and have attracted a following of inquisitive engineers who like playing with magnets. ^_^ • Anakin (contribs • complaints) 00:16, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Look at this
Check this video, I have no idea on the current status of this guy or the machine but if this is true then this would be the biggest breakthrough in the history of earth. If anyone can get anything else on this particular machine or others like it please respond here.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvB3PiPBozU&feature=related&session=MyI5HHuPzA1NW2f0AEf0nHnlApWw_X-OXCHN6dcMdizEFfZil2pRXMY-ncDrbrItOkTqsd04UTXXf5uCzcvV-SnNftjlFHNXDmrlwucROWdVyhQana0x1iStu4D4GnLINMCAYGbLpEG9VXC--TwQ2sHW-wJwqTMc4RVkqEa_-ZC2kcR6P1EFjwsBR4LIig_zNpPSykQ2li8OHfu6GN1XEhnJp6qq_YSaHduUzrV33Wur5TIPCaNKGUXvSEtqANaaEgSbqi33eTXYzpNIbicBhE9LCWvKA79nVI4VaKWLhhxrFsPvz7DRSN9dXGdZBZmRXMkZNaeCa-i6mFnfs2WNjA==

Analysis of Operation
Shouldn't this section simply state that the ball stops when it reaches the top of the incline? It should say something along the lines of "If this were a true OU machine, the ball would return on its own to the starting position, and start up the track again. However, in application, the ball stops at the top of the incline." The present description seems to imply that the ball of a SMOT can continue "oscillating" up the incline as long as a pendulum would. --Bertrc (talk) 21:46, 7 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I've removed the pendulum reference.--Bertrc (talk) 00:00, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Apparently, my understanding of SMOTs was incorrect. The ball does fall after reaching the top of the incline.  I will correct my edits.--Bertrc (talk) 17:28, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Any Physicists out there?
Before I make my next edit, I am going to give any physicists out there a chance to comment. Please correct me if I am wrong, but if I were to pass a ball through the magnetic field of a magnet repeatedly, wouldn't the magnet eventually lose its strength? (It make take billions of passes to be noticeable) I mean, unless the magnet could be kept at absolute 0, wouldn't the molecules become misaligned, eventually? I have noticed that the magnets I played with when I was 10 are no longer as strong as when I was a little kid. --Bertrc (talk) 00:19, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

 * not really any effort you put in to hold back the ball as it falls into the magnetic field is recovered when it comes out - without loss. Magnets can fade over time but not due to to this. 109.207.29.2 (talk) 17:39, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

Remove Analysis Section?
The "Analysis of Operation" section seems to be original research. I propose that it be deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bertrc (talk • contribs) 23:15, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Loose ends
The video referenced above has been withdrawn. There is no evidence (and there never has been any credible evidence) that this device is "overunity".

With reference to the question for "physicists", it doesn't require one. Magnets are not demagnetized by interaction with other magnets. They can be demagnetized quickly by heat and very VERY slowly by disuse. Magnets store potential energy provided from the outside. They are NEVER a source of energy. Nor are they mysterious. Due to inumerable experiments for things like maglev trains and hard drives in which magnets play a crucial role, they are very well understood.

I think this article should remain. The SMOT is an item of folklore and a lot of people need to know what it is, what it does, and more importantly what it does not do.

Finally, the links below are an excellent resouce for the whole issue of supposed overunity magnet motors:

http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/annex.htm#magwheel http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/cheng2.htm

Maryyugo (talk) 22:16, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

 * What do you mean by "disuse"? Do you mean if they are not used?  Also, I am rather certain that magnets do not "store" potential energy.  I can impart potential energy into an iron ball, by moving it a certain distance from the magnet, but that potenetial is not "stored" in the magnets.  FYI, I don't think anybody proposed deleting the entire article.  I was only proposing the deletion of the "Analysis of Operation" section. --Bertrc (talk) 20:54, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

Delete this topic
This topic isn't very notable and should probably be deleted. Anyone agree/disagree? IRWolfie- (talk) 16:28, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

I find the concept intriguing but don't see that this particular example is especially notable. It has earned the attention from some academics and may have a role as an interesting example for explaining the concept of over unity and how it violates physical laws. I think there is a place in this project for a more general article about magnet-based perpetual motion proposals where SMOT would be mentioned or have an external link. Joja lozzo  23:41, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Many people have speculated about perpetual motion machines, it's certainly a topic with a lot of interest. It's also nice to have a sane source to rebut the many insane sites (and ESPECIALLY bloody Youtube videos!) that claim perpetual motion.  92.40.254.96 (talk) 11:15, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

Patent
How do we know the patent corresponds to the topic? IRWolfie- (talk) 16:19, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Circular SMOT
The obvious thing to do would be to build a curved SMOT, lengthen it until it is a complete circle, and feed its output end to its input. Obviously this wouldn't work, because of the conservative field principle, but an analysis in detail of the kinematics would be really interesting to read. Perhaps someone should set this as a mathematical exercise for first-year physics students. -- The Anome (talk) 14:19, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Oh joy! Someone's done it, with the expected results: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbYDkDo3dco -- The Anome (talk) 14:27, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Even better: the magnet motor enthusiasts are well aware of this phenomenon, and have a name for it: the "sticky point". "Fixing the sticky point" is apparently the holy grail of magnetic perpetual motion research... -- The Anome (talk) 14:31, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Invention dates at least back to 1562
This article claims that the SMOT was invented in 1985 by Greg Watson. However there are records that the same device was already imagined by Johannes Taisnierus in 1562 and later described by John Wilkins in 1670. . --Geek3 (talk) 12:41, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy


text:
Zion I

Zion I was an American hip hop project founded by MC and producer Baba Zumbi (real name Stephen Gaines) in Oakland, California. K-Genius and Amp Live were also project members.

Career
Originally formed as a group, Zion I released the debut studio album, Mind over Matter, in 2000. It was nominated for "Independent Album of the Year" by The Source. Deep Water Slang V2.0 was released in 2003.

In 2005, Zion I released True & Livin'. It featured guest appearances from Gift of Gab, Talib Kweli, and Aesop Rock.

Heroes in the City of Dope, the first collaborative album with The Grouch, was released in 2006. In 2009, Zion I released The Takeover.

In 2010, Zion I released Atomic Clock. Heroes in the Healing of the Nation, the second collaborative studio album with The Grouch, was released in 2011. In 2012, Zion I released Shadowboxing, which was included on SF Weekly's "10 Best Bay Area Hip-Hop Records of 2012" list.

In 2015, Amp Live left the group, and Zion I became Baba Zumbi's one-man project.

In 2016, Zion I released The Labyrinth, their first studio album not to include Amp Live.

Death of Stephen “Baba Zumbi” Gaines
On August 12, 2021, Gaines checked himself into the Alta Bates Summit Medical Center for a mental health examination. He had reportedly also contracted COVID-19 roughly three weeks prior. On August 13, 2021, he died of initially unknown causes at the age of 49. On August 20, 2021, the Gaines family announced that they hired attorneys to investigate what they believed was a suspicious death.

In May 2022, the Alameda County Coroner’s Bureau finalized a report detailing Gaines's death. According to officers and hospital staff, Gaines experienced a panic attack which involved him chasing hospital staff for fifteen minutes and putting a security officer in a "choke hold." The report stated that Gaines died after being held down by three hospital security guards and handcuffed by officers from the Berkeley Police Department while unconscious. Gaines reportedly died from "physiologic stress of altercation and restraint during a psychotic episode" as the cause of death with COVID-19 and cardiomegaly as contributing factors. While the coroner report ruled the death a homicide, the Alameda Country District Attorney’s office declined to pursue criminal charges.

Members

 * Baba Zumbi – rapper (1996–2021)
 * K-Genius – DJ (2000–2002)
 * Amp Live – producer, DJ (1996–2015)

Studio albums

 * Mind over Matter (2000)
 * Deep Water Slang V2.0 (2003)
 * True & Livin' (2005)
 * Break a Dawn (2006)
 * Heroes in the City of Dope (2006) (with The Grouch)
 * The Takeover (2009)
 * Atomic Clock (2010)
 * Heroes in the Healing of the Nation (2011) (with The Grouch)
 * Shadowboxing (2012)
 * The Labyrinth (2016)
 * Stay Woke (2016) (with Mikos Da Gawd)
 * The Tonite Show with Zion I (2018) (with DJ Fresh)
 * Ritual Mystik (2018)

Compilation albums

 * Curb Servin': The Mixtape Sessions (2003)
 * Politicks: Collabs & B-Sides (2004)
 * Family Business (2004)
 * The Alpha:1996–2006 (2006)
 * Science of Breath (2006)
 * Street Legends (2007)
 * The Search & The Seizure (2008)
 * Bringers of the Dawn (2009)
 * Zion I Sampler (2010)
 * Live at KEXP Vol. 5 (2009)
 * Hella Fresh Fest (2013)
 * The Rapture: Live from Oaklandia (2015)
 * Street Legends Volume 2 (2017)

EPs

 * Enter the Woods (1997)
 * New Dimensions (1998)
 * Starship (1998)
 * Chapter 4 (1999)
 * The Vapors (2013)
 * The Masters of Ceremony (2014)
 * Libations (2014)
 * The Sun Moon and Stars (2015)
 * Wake Up (2017)

Singles

 * "Inner Light" (1998)
 * "Critical" b/w "Venus" (1999)
 * "Revolution (B-Boy Anthem)" (2000)
 * "Boom Bip" b/w "Le Le Le" (2001)
 * "Cheeba Cheeba" b/w "Kharma" (2002)
 * "The Drill" b/w "Flow" (2003)
 * "Salt in the Game" b/w "Break Rap" (2005)
 * "Bird's Eye View" b/w "Luv" (2005)
 * "Temperature" b/w "The Bay" (2005)
 * "Act Right" b/w "Target Practice" (2006)
 * "One" b/w "Trippin" (2006)
 * "Hit 'Em" (2006) (with The Grouch)
 * "Lift Me Up" (2007) (with The Grouch)
 * "Count It Down (Nomak Remix)" (2007)
 * "Juicy Juice" (2008)
 * "We Don't Wife 'Em" (2016)
 * "Saving Souls" (2016)
 * "Peace" (2017) (with Locksmith)
 * "End Times" (2020)
 * "2 Eyes" (2021)
 * "Stay Focused" (2021)

Guest appearances

 * Linkin Park – "Plc.4 Mie Haed" from Reanimation (2002)
 * The Planets – "Can't Stop" from The Opening (2002)
 * Triple Threat – "Hit 'Em Off" from Many Styles (2003)
 * Goapele – "The Daze" from Even Closer (2004)
 * Relic – "Trust Yourself" from Note to Self (2004)
 * Rico Pabón – "Pa 'Fuera" from Louder Than Fiction (2006)
 * Ty – "Oh!" from Closer (2006)
 * DJ Deckstream – "Spread Love" from Soundtracks (2007)
 * Omina – "Keep Move'n" from Bust (2007)
 * Crown City Rockers – "B-Boy (Remix)" (2007)
 * Guru – "For Ya Mind" from Guru's Jazzmatazz: Back to the Future (2008)
 * Ise Lyfe – "Thigh Bone" from Prince Cometh (2008)
 * CLP – "Rockin' Wiz Us" from Supercontinental (2008)
 * The Jacka – "Dream" from Tear Gas (2009)
 * Jern Eye – "Get Right" from Vision (2009)
 * Webcam Hi-Fi – "Promised Land" from Livity Is My Temple (2009)
 * Bicasso – "Party Metroid" from Rebel Musiq (2009)
 * Pro the Leader & Dopestyle – "Back Wit a Vengence" from Hip Hop Depression (2010)
 * Rebelution – "Safe and Sound Remix" from Remix EP (2011)
 * Minnesota – "Float" from Altered States LP (2012)
 * Latyrx – "It's Time" from The Second Album (2013)
 * Matisyahu – "Built to Survive" from ''Akeda (2014)
 * Bassnectar – "Lost in the Crowd" from Noise vs. Beauty (2014)
 * Unified Highway – "Same Thing Coming" from Unified Highway (2016)
 * Bassnectar – "The Antidote" from All Colors (2020)

title: Zion I


text: User talk:64.113.118.246

title: User talk:64.113.118.246


text:
Neverwinter

Neverwinter is a fictional city-state in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. Neverwinter was founded by Lord Halueth Never. It sits on the northwestern coast of the subcontinent of Faerûn.

The city has been the home locale for the first graphical MMORPG ever created, the original Neverwinter Nights on AOL (1991–1997), which was developed by Stormfront Studios. BioWare later acquired the rights to the title and developed a series of best-selling role-playing video games under the name Neverwinter Nights.

In the Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition version of the Forgotten Realms lore, Neverwinter was destroyed in the Spellplague and much of its population scattered. This was accompanied by a new trilogy of Drizzt novels taking place in the city as it is being rebuilt, written by R. A. Salvatore. Other products included the MMORPG Neverwinter.

Creative origins
Neverwinter was created by Ed Greenwood as part of his fledgling Forgotten Realms campaign setting.

Shannon Appelcline, the author of Designers & Dragons series, notes that while TSR was interested in publishing a new setting in 1986 "the story of the Realms actually began some two decades earlier. A young Ed Greenwood was a voracious reader, influenced by Poul Anderson (1926-2001), Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875-1950), Alexandre Dumas (1802-1870), Fritz Leiber (1910-1992), A. Merritt (1884-1943), William Shakespeare (1564-1616), and others. Some time between 1966 and 1969 (sources vary), Greenwood tried his hand at writing too, penning the first story of the Realms. [...] It was the first of many stories of Mirt the Moneylender. [...] In the years that followed, Mirt traveled up and down the Sword Coast in Greenwood's stories, and so the author discovered Mirabar, Luskan, Neverwinter, Port Llast, Waterdeep, and Baldur's Gate. Within a year he drawn a map showing these places, truly turning the stories into a world. And thus the Realms was born".

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st Edition
"Neverwinter is a friendly city of craftsmen, who trade extensively via the great merchants of Waterdeep; their water-clocks and multi-hued lamps can be found throughout the Realms. Neverwinter gained its name from the skill of its gardeners, who contrived to keep flowers blooming throughout the months of snow - a practice they continue with pride. — Elminster's Notes"Neverwinter received an initial description in the Forgotten Realms Campaign Set (1987). Jennell Jaquays expanded on Neverwinter in The Savage Frontier (1988).

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd Edition
Neverwinter appeared outside of Dungeons & Dragons in Neverwinter Nights which was the first multiplayer online role-playing game to display graphics, and ran from 1991 to 1997 on AOL. Neverwinter Nights was a low-risk licensing deal for TSR and the company "viewed these arrangements as transmedia opportunities and relied on these efforts to complement its own core rulebooks, novels, and modules. Ironically, it was the low-risk/high-reward licensed products that increasingly granted D&D its greatest exposure during this period; licensed computer games would soon determine how the game was publicly viewed and visualized".

For AD&D 2nd Edition, the city was revisited in the boxed set the Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting (1993) and the Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting Revised (1996). The Player's Guide to the Forgotten Realms Campaign (1993) also visited Neverwinter. This supplement was written in the form of a journal detailing the travels of an eclectic adventuring party. "All in all, Neverwinter is perhaps the most cosmopolitan city in Faerûn, escaping Waterdeep's slums and grasping competitiveness, and Silverymoon's harsher climate and heavier need for defense against orcs and other evils. Cities in Amn and Calimshan commonly claim to be more civilized, but merchants who trade there all say that Neverwinter truly is civilized, unlike some showier rivals who, as the sage Mellomir once put it, 'have achieved decadence without the need for passing through civilization first'. — Volo"Volo's Guide to the North (1993) contained extensive details about the city including landmarks, taverns and inns. It also went into detail about the surrounding area including the Neverwinter River, the Neverwinter Wood and the villages of Conyberry and Phandalin. Volo's Guide to the North was one in a series of guidebooks written by Ed Greenwood through the character Volothamp Geddarm's perspective with another character's (Elminster of Shadowdale) commentary throughout.

In the boxed set The North: Guide to the Savage Frontier (1996), characters and items from Neverwinter were included along with details about the area surrounding the city, such as the Neverwinter Wood.

3rd Edition & 3.5
Neverwinter made a brief appearance in the Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting (2001). Appelcline commented that "the Sword Coast has long been one of the most detailed parts of the Forgotten Realms. Neverwinter lies in its north, just past the Mere of Dead Men. From the earliest days of the Realms, it was often mentioned as one of the most civilized cities in Faerûn. Though it made notable appearances in Volo's Guide to the North (1993) and The North: Guide to the Savage Frontier (1996), prior to the publication of the Neverwinter Campaign Setting (2011), the best detail on the city had always been found in computer games".

In 2002, Neverwinter became the main setting for Neverwinter Nights, a video game developed by BioWare. Between 2002 and 2006, seven expansion/premium packs were released for the game. The game's success led to a sequel, Neverwinter Nights 2 developed by Obsidian Entertainment, which was released on October 31, 2006.

4th Edition
Appelcline commented that with the sixth season of Encounters, Lost Crown of Neverwinter (2011, 14 weeks), "Wizards used Season 6 to highlight their newest (and last) campaign book for 4E: the Neverwinter Campaign Setting (2011). They made a big deal of it, kicking it off with the Gates of Neverdeath adventure at D&D Games Day (August 2011), and then continuing into the 14-week series of Forgotten Realms Encounters". Alex Lucard, for Diehard GameFAN, wrote that the Neverwinter Campaign Setting has "more detail about the area of Neverwinter [...] than previous 4th Edition campaign settings have given to entire WORLDS". Lucard also highlighted that half of the book is a gazetteer with information on the present world state of Neverwinter: "For those of you looking to bridge between third and fourth edition's Neverwinter, there won't be much here for you. For everyone else, CONTENT CONTENT CONTENT. You want legends about why Neverwinter stays warm even in a region where it should be freezing? You get TWO (not just the fire elementals heating the water one). Do you want to learn about all sorts of important locations and buildings within the city of Neverwinter? It's here? Interested in the stats around the Lost Crown of Neverwinter, which the D&D Encounters are currently revolving around? They're in here! Want your characters to learn secret special moves from Drizzt Do'Urden himself? You can!"

Appelcline also wrote that the "Neverwinter Campaign Setting was launched as 4e's first major multimedia release — a marketing approach that Wizards would regularly use in later years. It was closely tied to a series of four novels, a comic book, two different computer games, and even a board game, The Legend of Drizzt (2011). [...] Two more Neverwinter computer games were appearing thanks to Wizards' 'transmedia' campaign. A new MMORPG simply called "Neverwinter" was to be the center of the Neverwinter rollout. Unfortunately it was delayed for two years due to the resolution of a computer gaming lawsuit and the subsequent sale of the developer, Cryptic Studios. Fortunately, players had Heroes of Neverwinter (2011-2012), a Facebook game, to keep them occupied in the meantime. Neverwinter (2013) finally appear only after the rest of the launch [...] Neverwinter also got a lot of fictional attention in the early '10s. The heart of this was a quartet of novels by R.A. Salvatore called the Neverwinter Saga". Michael Harrison, for Wired, described Heroes of Neverwinter (2011-2012) as "a surprisingly deep and, dare I say, playable [sic] Facebook game".

Mike Fahey, for Kotaku, wrote that Drizzt Do'Urden is "so popular with role-playing fans that Wizards of the Coast tapped his creator, R.A. Salvatore, to help lead players to Cryptic Studios' upcoming online PC game Neverwinter in a series of new novels. [...] According to the writer, Wizards of the Coast called him up and asked him if he would be in the area when he wrote his next Drizzt book, and as luck would have it, he would be. After a summit to determine how to logically tie the story together with the marketing push, The Neverwinter Saga was born. [...] His involvement in the Neverwinter game is someone less intense, but nonetheless important. Since his trilogy is essentially shaping a portion of that online world, Salvatore, Wizards of the Coast, and Cryptic Studios are collaborating to help keep characters and events straight".

On the transmedia project, Matt Faul, for Diehard GameFAN, wrote that "Neverwinter was of the most cosmopolitan cities in Faerûn, but was left mostly in ruins after the spell plague. [...] If you're a fan of the Forgotten Realms, particularly the City of Neverwinter, this is an exciting time for you. No matter, if you're a video game player, tabletop game players, or just an avid reader Wizards of the Coast has something waiting for you in the legendary City of Neverwinter". Jason Wilson, for VentureBeat, highlighted that "this transmedia project — not only is Neverwinter part of the Forgotten Realms campaign setting, it's also a book series from author R.A. Salvatore — is also coming out during an interesting time in D&D history. Neverwinter (originally scheduled to debut in 2012) is coming out while the 4th Edition of the tabletop game is winding down and the upcoming edition, dubbed 'D&D Next' for now, is in playtesting".

5th Edition
"What was the blasted, wounded city of Neverwinter just a decade ago is now an exciting, humming place, where folk seem eager to throw off the hardships from which they have emerged and create a new, brighter future for their city. [...] It is the Lord Protector's hope that, with commerce and income both on the rise, and talented craftfolk returning to ply their trades, that Neverwinter will someday again be worthy of its former epithet: the City of Skilled Hands. — Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide" The Neverwinter (2013) MMORPG made the jump to 5th Edition and in 2014, it received a Tyranny of Dragons storyline update. This coincided with the publication of the Tyranny of Dragons adventure modules, Hoard of the Dragon Queen (2014) and The Rise of Tiamat (2014), with the goal of creating a "shared story experience over different media [...]. The player's actions in the online campaign will be overlaid on those in the game's more traditional tabletop campaign". The Neverwinter MMORPG has continued to receive expansions that tie-into tabletop adventure storylines such as: Storm King's Thunder (2016), Tomb of Annihilation (2017), and Waterdeep: Dragon Heist (2018).

In 2015, Neverwinter was featured in the Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide (2015). It included a few details on the founding of the city, information on Neverwinter being rebuilt post the Spellplague and The Ruining, and an updated city map. Storm King's Thunder (2016) also included a short description of the city and the Neverwinter Woods.

Fictional description
Neverwinter was founded in 87 DR and was originally named Eigersstor. Neverwinter had a population of about 23,200 at last count and was also known as the City of Skilled Hands and Jewel of the North. It also served as the origin of the phrase "by the clocks of Neverwinter", used when one is solemnly swearing,  a reference to the precision of its timepieces. The erudite travel writer Volo (among others) credits Neverwinter as the most cosmopolitan and the most civilized city in all of Faerûn. He regards this as quite a reputation, considering the breadth and variety of the continent.

The name of the city has its origin in that even though the town is situated in the cold north of Faerûn, the Neverwinter river that flows through it is heated by fire elementals living under the nearby Mount Hotenow in the Neverwinter Wood. The heat given off from the river creates a permanent warm climate in the immediate area; without the elementals, the river, and subsequently the city's water supply, would freeze over. An alternate loric explanation for the name is given in Neverwinter Nights 2: When the city's founder (Halueth Never) was hunted to the coast by orcs, he chose the city's site to make his last stand. Expecting to die in the imminent battle, he named the site "Never's Winter". When the orcs were defeated with help from some human allies, Never founded the city, keeping the name. Over the years the name was shortened to "Neverwinter".

Around 1329 DR, the city was ruled by Lord Nasher Alagondar, an aging, veteran adventurer and devout worshipper of Tyr. Neverwinter was prosperous, its master-craftsmen making lamps of multi-coloured glass, precision water clocks and exquisite jewelry. Its Tyrran faith promotes justice and fairness, and greed is frowned upon.

In addition to its unnaturally warm climate, Neverwinter was a rather picturesque city. It founds such sights as its three spectacular, intricately carved bridges: the Dolphin, the Winged Wyvern and the Sleeping Dragon. Under these, the waters of the Neverwinter River cascade over small, gentle waterfalls as they course into the city's bustling harbour. Neverwinter's magnificent gardens (the phrase "the City of Skilled Hands" refers to Neverwinter's accomplished gardeners ) ensure the warm winters are colourful and the summers are rich with fresh fruit. The city is replete with beautiful and ingeniously designed buildings, many of which are famous in their own right, such as The House of Knowledge, and Neverwinter's tall and many-windowed temple of Oghma. In addition, the reputations of such unique taverns as The Moonstone Mask and The Fallen Tower reach far beyond the Neverwinter's walls. These elements generally make Neverwinter a distinctive city. It is also famous for its important slave market.

The city is a member in good standing of the Lord's Alliance and Lord Nasher ensured that the city is well defended, both physically and magically, against attacks or infiltration from Luskan, Neverwinter's warlike rival. Maps of the city, which has a maze of meandering streets, are not distributed, as part of an effort to thwart Luskan spies. Some merchants in the city do however sell such maps, often over a black market. After Lord Nasher's death, he was succeeded by his son Bann Alagondar.

In 1467 DR, Lord Dagult Neverember, Open Lord of Waterdeep, saw Neverwinter as a golden opportunity to expand his power base so he created a mercantile empire under his command and the title of "Lord Protector of Neverwinter", held by himself. In 1489 DR, Laeral Silverhand became the Open Lord of Waterdeep and Lord Neverember was exiled from the city. Lord Neverember then refocused on Neverwinter and was eventuality accepted as the city's rightful leader.

Districts
The city of Neverwinter can be roughly divided into five different districts. The inhabitants of these districts clearly differ in social class and status, wealth, prosperity, population and criminality, resulting in class tension throughout the city.

In Neverwinter Nights 2, the continuity regarding the different districts was changed as much of the city was destroyed by plague and the eruption of Mount Houtenow and has been rebuilt. In the sequel, only three districts are available to the player: Blacklake, which has been rebuilt in the area near Castle Never, the Docks, which remain largely unchanged, and the Merchant Quarter, which may be the remnant of the City Core. If this is not the case, the player simply does not have access to the missing districts.

City Core
The City Core is the district where most of Neverwinter is governed and controlled. In the City Core is the Castle of Neverwinter where Lord Nasher Alagondar lives and governs the different districts of the city. The Halls of Justice, a temple to Tyr, is also located in this district. In addition is The Moonstone Mask, directed by Ophala Cheldarstone, also said to have a brothel in its back rooms which can be accessed for a price. In the middle of the district stands the Cloaktower, a meeting place for mages and sorcerers. Summarized, the City Core is a busy district, populated mostly by middle-class inhabitants and also a few merchants. The City Core is prosperous, wealthy and well defended from external attackers.

Beggar's Nest
The Beggar's Nest is a district of destitution where most of the poor inhabitants live and work. To the north is a great graveyard, and there has been several records of undead attacks in this district. Under this graveyard there are unexplored tombs and crypts from deceased men. Packed with narrow streets and slum houses, this district is the most exploited of the five.

Blacklake District
The Blacklake District is the district of the nobles and upper-class inhabitants. Some of the nobles are obliviously paranoid or snobbish, and there are several records of the Blacklakes cutting themselves off from conflicts in the core or other places (by creating a buffer of a gated, small district, sometimes called "No-mans land"). Almost all homes here are prosperous and wealthy, and the entire district is overall quite rich. Streams and small rivers of decorative water flows through the district. The Neverwinter Zoo is placed in Blacklake, being quite inequitable against the animals inside, raising levels of conflict. Meldanen, an Elf Sorcerer, was rumoured to live in a big fortress-mansion in Blacklake, defended by several guards.

Blacklake is a representation of order in the city, maintained through disciplinary power of many guards. It stands on one side of the conflict between different social classes in Neverwinter.

Docks
The Docks is the district most prone to criminality. It is ruled mostly by organized criminal leaders and thugs, often leading to black auctions and markets. With the main harbour to the west, many illegal wares are easily smuggled into the district, much because authorities do not have a very strong grip on the contemporal events. The district founds The Golden Apple, an inn, and Twenty in a Quiver, a local warbrand shop.

Peninsula
The Peninsula is a low-populated area almost completely surrounded by water. This strategic position resulted in the building of a prison, which is relatively safe but has had history of some outbreaks and prisoner revolutions. The prison is divided into three levels; the "normal" prison at upper level, a buffer between the worst prisoners location and the normal level, and 'the Pit', a secure dungeon housing the worst prisoners.

In other media
Neverwinter appears in the 2023 film Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves.

Reception
Looking at its presentation as a plague-striken city in Neverwinter Nights (2002), game studies scholar Harry J. Brown found that Neverwinter feels "real because their infected precincts are configured and governed much like the world we occupy everyday".

title: Neverwinter


text:
Talk:Charlize Theron

WP:LEDE
Re: User:Dodger67; the LEDE|lede should highlight what the person is notable for. According to the text, she modeled for about a year as a teenager before going to ballet school then pursuing an acting career. I don't see any references to suggest that she had any notability as a model prior to her acting career. OhNo itsJamie Talk 22:25, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

chronology, under 2016 heading is a paragraph "In 2019" 2600:1700:CDA0:1060:6C6A:7D7F:24D0:A6A6 (talk) 00:45, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

Nationality
I see significant discussion on nationality on this page, as on many other pages. Despite common parlance of putting a hyphen between nationalities, MOS:ETHNICITY clearly indicates that in these situations "and" is placed between them. Hyphens are ambiguous on whether they refer to ethnicity or nationality, while "and" more clearly shows independent importance to both nationalities. RedBaron12 (talk) 21:09, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

Reads phony (phonily?)
The overall tone of this entry is that of a PR piece. It sounds like it was written by her agent—or her. 2601:643:8D00:970:78E9:90E2:A9DF:2672 (talk) 07:17, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

Pronunciation of Theron
The Afrikaans pronunciation is written in this article as [ˈtrɔn], but according to the Wikipedia article on Afrikaans the language has no vowel [ɔ], and in two recordings that are available on the net of her saying her name in its Afrikaans pronunciation she clearly says [ˈtron] or [ˈtroːn]. Can someone explain why it's transcribed the way it is? Shouldn't it be changed? Linguistatlunch (talk) 14:00, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charlize Theron


text:
Nienburg

Nienburg, meaning "new castle", may refer to the following locations in Germany:

 * Nienburg (district), Lower Saxony
 * Nienburg, Lower Saxony
 * Nienburg station
 * Nienburg II – Schaumburg, a German parliament constituency
 * Nienburg, Saxony-Anhalt
 * Nienburg Abbey, a Benedictine monastery
 * Nienburg (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft), a collective municipality, disbanded in 2010

title: Nienburg


text:
User:Jwanderson

Hi, I'm J W Anderson, Registered Professional Mechanical Engineer specializing in mostly R&D, and a sometime scholar also interested in: systems ecology,kayaking, backpacking, glycochemistry and nutritional effects on health. In fact, the last two are pretty much an avocation for the last decade. Recently there are finally some very good articles and books on the subject. My very favorite popular book right now is Primal Body, Primal Mind by Nora Gedgaudas, June 2011. She takes a scientific approach using the latest research on such things as insulin, leptin, mTOR, and Sirtuins to provide a rationale for an optimal diet that inherently greatly reduces the incidence of age-related chronic diseases and appears to have life extension possibilities of up to 30-70%! hey x

title: User:Jwanderson


text:
Polysynody

Polysynody (from Greek πολυς numerous, several, and Greek συνοδος meeting, assembly) was the system of government in use in France between 1715 and 1718 and in which each minister (secretary of state) was replaced by a council.

At the end of the reign of King Louis XIV of France, the aristocracy reacted against the concentration of powers in the person of the king, and against the takeover of the administration by commoners from the bourgeoisie (whom the king had empowered in order to weaken the unpredictable aristocracy). An aristocratic ideal of government emerged around the personalities of Fénelon (the famous archbishop of Cambrai and tutor of the Duke of Burgundy, grandson of Louis XIV and heir to the throne), the duc de Beauvilliers (governor of the duke of Burgundy), the duc de Chevreuse (son-in-law of Colbert), and the duc de Saint-Simon (reformist in the circle of the duke of Burgundy and author of famous historical memoirs). They advocated the creation of councils made up of aristocrats which would assist the king in the exercise of government power.

At the death of Louis XIV, the regent Philippe d'Orléans, in search of political support, satisfied the aristocracy by replacing the ministers and secretaries of state with eight councils (declarations of September 15 and December 14, 1715) which were dominated by the ancient aristocracy (descending from medieval knights, as opposed to the newer aristocracy of recently ennobled lawyers and civil servants). The Council of the Regency, chaired by the regent, had no real power. The other councils shared government power. They were the Council of Matters within the Kingdom (Conseil des affaires du dedans du royaume), the Council of Conscience (Conseil de conscience) for religious matters, the Council of War (Conseil de guerre), the Council of the Navy (Conseil de marine), the Council of Finance (Conseil de finance), the Council of Foreign Affairs (Conseil des affaires étrangères), and the Council of Commerce (Conseil de commerce) for internal and foreign trade as well as for royal factories (manufactures). Each council had ten members and elected one president.

Although the regent Philippe d'Orléans was cautious enough to admit all the ministers of the last government of Louis XIV (except for Nicolas Desmarets, controller-general, i.e. minister of finance, dismissed by the regent), as well as many of the high officers and civil servants of Louis XIV, to sit in the councils alongside the aristocrats, this system of government worked poorly due to the absenteeism and ineptitude of the aristocrats, as well as to conflicts of personalities.

As a result, between 1718 and 1723 the regent gradually abolished the councils despite the passionate defense of the abbot de Saint-Pierre (Discours sur la polysynodie, 1718), and he reestablished the offices of minister and secretary of state, reverting to the "ministerial despotism" of Louis XIV.

title: Polysynody


text: User talk:66.31.240.235

title: User talk:66.31.240.235


text: User talk:67.68.46.90

title: User talk:67.68.46.90


text: User talk:213.78.185.107

title: User talk:213.78.185.107


text:
Talk:Oxfordshire

Settlements
So Christmas Common and Cowley are major towns in Oxfordshire, but Oxford isn't. How quaint. -- Chris j wood 18:50, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've rationalised the list; removed all the places which don't have an entry in the List of towns in England; added Oxford. -- Chris j wood 19:08, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Oxford is a city, not a town. Jim Michael (talk) 17:43, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

Traditional county infobox
The traditional county info belongs in the History of Oxfordshire as it is no longer current. There is a debate about this view. See Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (places). --Concrete Cowboy 09:55, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This is not true. The traditional county is perfectly 'current'. When was it abolished? Don't forget on Wikipedia you need to Cite your sources. If you have no evidence of its abolition it needs to be returned to the main Oxfordshire page. Owain 10:34, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It has no current practical effect. It of historic interest, just as are the Anglo-Saxon Hundreds. Their importance in the right context is not in dispute. In the main article, they are clutter that takes up too much space that could better be used for current or recent photographs.  In the unlikely event that anybody but you cares as deeply about the subject, then see the article referred above for the generic discussion, since it is not unique to Oxfordshire. --Concrete Cowboy 11:20, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Practical evidence includes that government statement ""The new county boundaries are solely for the purpose of defining areas of ... local government. They are administrative areas, and will not alter the traditional boundaries of Counties".
 * The practical effect of their existence includes the fact that the government issued this statement. I.e. it would not have been issued if they did not exist. Men have been executed on less evidence than that!
 * The right context is a seperate article. 80.255 12:51, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I said "practical effect" not "practical evidence". The Government says stuff like this to keep the Daily Moan happy, but it doesn't change the practical effect of their policies. I did not say that they don't exist: if you believe in them, then that's an existence of sorts. If the Government hasn't been foolish enough to formally abolish them, that's equally an existence.  It just doesn't have any effect in day-to-day lives.  But they are certainly of serious academic interest - indeed vital to anyone doing historical research. If you follow cricket, it's nice to be sure where your loyalties should lie.
 * As I've said elsewhere, I have no problem with a separate article if you want to write one and there should certainly be a link to it from the main article. For practical purposes, I'd take the convenient route of putting it the History of Oxfordshire since that is a logical home. --Concrete Cowboy 16:36, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I am more than happy to write an Oxfordshire (traditional), and produce maps and other relevant information on the traditional county. It is the policy that is preventing me. The policy says that all information relating to any given county name should be in the same article, in this case Oxfordshire. This isn't my doing! If you want to suggest that the policy be changed in this respect, you will have my full support. 80.255 17:44, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Non-notable village stubs
These should be merged into this article as there is sufficient space for their inclusion. Netkinetic/T/C/@ 06:17, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Renovation to the villages
I've started to clear up the village pages in Oxfordshire(i'll start on Oxford and the towns eventually).

I've been sorting them all out, finding out information about transport links(buses trains), a bit about the location, anything recent, the amenities(schools, pubs, shops etc). also been visiting these villages to find out a bit of information from the locals.

can i get any advice on whether im going about it the rigth way?? for examples of my work...ummm....look at the new Coscote, Fulscotand West Hagbournepages. Any help with this cleanup project and renovation would be most apprecaited.--Halowithhorns89 16:19, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Oxfordshire
It states that Chipping Norton is nearby along with Bicester and Banbury, but no mention of Kidlington, which is much nearer and much bigger then Chipping Norton, almost a suburb of Oxford. 86.3.133.80 23:36, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * South East of England, I always thought Oxfordshire was classed as the South Midlands? Am I wrong? 90.192.92.47 03:06, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The South Midlands is not a commonly used term. When used, it tends to not include Oxfordshire. Jim Michael (talk) 17:42, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I think ‘south midlands’ is quite a common expression. But if Oxfordshire is in the south, surely it’s south central, rather than southeast. Zhnirlwaupp (talk) 20:47, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:EH icon.png
Image:EH icon.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. BetacommandBot (talk) 05:15, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Infobox is ridiculously big
Thanks to a ginormous infobox this article looks like this: Oxfordshire (pronounced / ˈɒksfərdʃər/ or / ˈɒksfərdʃɪər/; abbreviated Oxon, from the Latinised form Oxonia) is a county in the South East England region, bordering on Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, and Warwickshire. Please fix it. 82.139.86.4 (talk) 19:33, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Carterton population?
I realise the population of Carterton probably changes as much as anywhere in Oxfordshire but does anyone know the population? It appears incorrectly in the population chart. Mattwinner (talk) 16:34, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Oxon DNA Project
A project to find out more about Oxfordshire's genetic makeup is being started by Oxfordshire Family History Society. Does anyone object to adding a link to it in the links section? The new project's webpage can be found here:-

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/oxfordshire/default.aspx

and the Oxfordshire Family History Society's webpage here

http://www.ofhs.org.uk/ Oxonblood (talk) 14:35, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi—my take would be that it would probably fall foul of Wikipedia's policy on external links: "one should generally avoid providing external links to....Sites that are only indirectly related to the article's subject: the link should be directly related to the subject of the article...a website on a specific subject should usually not be linked from an article about a general subject." I take that to mean that only websites that deal with Oxfordshire in general (rather than one aspect of Oxfordshire) should be added to the External Links section—so the link you added to Genetic history of the British Isles is probably legitimate since it is relevant to the topic in its entirety, but this article is about Oxfordshire in general, not the genetic makeup of its occupants. The only way to justify a link would be if the project was sufficiently notable to warrant a mention in the main body of the article (in which case you could reference it with a link to the project website) but I suspect that it would not be considered sufficiently noteworthy until you have some results (and even then, History of Oxfordshire might be a better place to describe the project's findings). Sounds like an interesting project though, and I wish you luck with it.Dave.Dunford (talk) 15:01, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Ok, Thanks. Fair points. How about I add brief details of settlement/peopling to the History of Oxfordshire section and a link to the Oxon archives and FHS and leaving the DNA project until it has more results? Oxonblood (talk) 09:18, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

Gallery
I think this article needs more photos. Since it's short and there's really not enough room for enough pictures to sum up a county along the sides, I think adding a gallery might be good.

Any thoughts or suggested images? What I tried to do for the Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire pages, which do have enough length for plenty of good pictures, was try to provide a diverse range of images, not just traditional tourist sites but also typical local housing, offices of major companies based in the area, countryside views and so on. Blythwood (talk) 15:18, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Don't feel strongly either way, but WP:Gallery has some relevant things to say (e.g. "The images in the gallery collectively must have encyclopedic value and add to the reader's understanding of the subject. Images in a gallery should be suitably captioned to explain their relevance both to the article subject and to the theme of the gallery..."). Dave.Dunford (talk) 21:46, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Oxfordshire. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150221084717/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf to http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:06, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Oxfordshire Flag
The flag listed in the infobox is a commercially available one supported by neither Oxfordshire County Council nor any official sources. The proposed flag would be more applicable. The use of a commercially available flag rather than the officially supported one (or fairer, none at all) misleads the viewer into beleiving it the offical county flag, and henceforth endows an unfair commercial interest on the manufacturer of the unsupported, unofficial flag. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.32.87.118 (talk) 10:47, 19 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't know the official status of the flag, but I do note that there is some evidence given of its official use on the media page at County_Flag_of_Oxfordshire.svg. Dave.Dunford (talk) 09:37, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

I can assure you that the flag currently listed as the flag of oxforshire has no official status; it has not been registered with the Flag Institute — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.32.87.118 (talk) 11:51, 2 June 2017 (UTC)

England
Copied from User talk:Dave.Dunford for reference. Dave.Dunford (talk) 09:26, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

I think you are englishman, but not everyone knows where the hell is "Oxfordshire (/ˈɒksfərdʃər/ or /-ʃɪər/; abbreviated Oxon) is a county in South East England bordering on Warwickshire (to the north/north-west), Northamptonshire (to the north/north-east), Buckinghamshire (to the east), Berkshire (to the south), Wiltshire (to the south-west) and Gloucestershire (to the west)." There is no country mentioned and this is international wikipedia. >Typ932 T·C 18:56, 25 May 2017 (UTC).
 * Most people know that England is part of the United Kingdom. And the change you made is not grammatical in standard English, I'm afraid. Dave.Dunford (talk) 22:37, 25 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I've edited the opening of the Oxfordshire article to indicate that the county is both in South East England and the United Kingdom, in case there's anyone out there that doesn't know that England is part of the United Kingdom. But I've just looked at four other English county articles, selected randomly (Gloucestershire, Essex, Cumbria and Cornwall) and their opening sentences all mention England (or an English region) rather than the United Kingdom, so I suspect someone else may revert. Dave.Dunford (talk) 22:51, 25 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes most people know where is England, but there is no mention of it, only South East England which may be some other place in some other country, lots of people dont know where is that South East England, and you dont know that before you click that wikipedia link >Typ932 T·C 18:16, 27 May 2017 (UTC)

South East
Related to above, this issue has arisen again, this time at talk:Oxford. Wikipedia doesn't work on "everybody knows" or "we don't live in Kent", but on what wp:reliable sources say. And, as defined by the Office of National Statistics, Oxon is enumerated in the South East Region. The body could say "south central England" but the infobox still has to say "South East". IMO. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 18:06, 2 December 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:16, 21 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Country parks.svg

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 * Country parks.svg

Parishes project
I have started a project for missing civil parishes at User:Crouch, Swale/Missing parishes. The missing parishes in Oxfordshire are:

 * Heyford Park

And these exists as a redirect only but should have separate articles: A total of 2, see User:Crouch, Swale/Missing parishes (3).  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:33, 11 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Lockinge

Settlement Split Proposal
I oppose the recent proposal to split off this section of the article. Its already pretty much covered by List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire. Maybe wait til the 2021 census results to see if they give another definition for settlements Eopsid (talk) 15:11, 2 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Maybe if we could see an actual justification, we could consider it on its merits., is this one of yours? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 19:35, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

The reason I have proposed that this section be moved into it's own article is so it follows the rest of the articles in Category:United Kingdom lists by population. I believe it is the only county missing, as well as Buckinghamshire, so it doesn't make much sense for just these two counties to not have a list. Greyzxq (talk) 19:45, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

Lead
@User:A.D.Hope what's clearer?

a) Oxfordshire contains five districts, which are part of a two-tier non-metropolitan county also called Oxfordshire, or b) Oxfordshire has a county council and five district councils. Rupples (talk) 16:10, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Excuse my butting in but IMO, none of the above. The lead of Oxfordshire should not get bogged down in that level of detail. All it needs to say is that The county is administered by Oxfordshire County Council. The levels below that belong in the administration section of the body, not in the lead. WP:Think of the reader. (Strangely, the OCC article doesn't even mention the Districts or their councils!) --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 16:21, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I 100% agree, there's no need for that information in the lead. WaggersTALK  12:20, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Would consensus here be trumped by a consensus to include more detail at the WP:UKGEO discussion? Is there a Wiki discussion hierarchy? Rupples (talk) 14:39, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Yep, the WP:UKGEO consensus would override this one per WP:CONLEVEL. WaggersTALK  14:51, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

WikiProject Oxfordshire?
There seem to be subcategories within WikiProject England for most counties, but not for Oxfordshire. Anyone know why this might be, or is it just a case of nobody having started one? I for one would be happy to join and contribute. Others? -- DoubleGrazing (talk) 21:17, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

 * There was a proposal (WikiProject Council/Proposals/Oxfordshire) which gained quite a bit of support but it didn't actually get started. In that discussion it was pointed out that a lot of county-level projects struggle in terms of engagement and activity. Certainly that's true of the other county level projects in the South East region - but being able to break down things like assessment stats, alerts, discussions etc. to county level is still useful in my opinion (see WP:HANTS for example).
 * So I'd still be happy to support a WikiProject Oxfordshire, but I'm also open to consolidating into a WikiProject South East England to cover the same area as P:SEE. WaggersTALK  15:58, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks @Waggers. I wasn't aware of such a formal mechanism for proposing new projects, or that Oxon had been proposed. Also didn't realise that so many county projects are inactive. Broadening the scope to either SEE, as you mention, or to Oxon/Bucks/Berks as suggested in that proposal, could make sense. -- DoubleGrazing (talk) 16:20, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oxfordshire