text:
Talk:Schrödinger picture

Need a redirect to this page from "Schrodinger picture" (that is with an "o" rather than a "ö") and from "Schroedinger picture". -- Done Ancheta Wis 02:58, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Moved from a html comment in the article (regarding the non-static nature of Schrödinger states): Exception for H=0? -> There is no H=0 in nature because it's at least H = -hbar^2/(2m) * Laplaceoperator (in position space) (or could there be a "potential" which cancels the momentum term?) 193.171.121.30 15:54, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

(the exception is if a state function is itself an eigenstate)

This is not an exception I think, it's just 1 time the eigenfuction, which is also a linear combination. Thus I will leave it out.

title: Talk:Schrödinger picture


text:
User talk:Tim k

When you comment on a page, like Votes for deletion/Jason Frost, you should sign your posts by typing ~ after your comment. That automatically adds your name and the date of your comment when you press "Save page", so other people can keep track of the flow of the conversation. This will make it a lot easier to follow what you write—see, i'm about to do it now! Foobaz · ✐ 05:16, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Tim k


text:
J. Ogden Armour

Jonathan Ogden Armour (November 11, 1863 – August 16, 1927) was an American meatpacking magnate and only surviving son of Civil War–era industrialist Philip Danforth Armour. He became owner and president of Armour & Company upon the death of his father in 1901. During his tenure as president, Armour and Co. expanded nationwide and overseas, growing from a mid-sized regional meatpacker to the largest food products company in the United States.

Biography
Armour was born on November 11, 1863, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Philip Danforth Armour, Sr. and Malvina Belle (Ogden) Armour. He was the couple's first child; a brother, Philip Danforth Armour, Jr., followed. The year he was born, his father became a partner in the meatpacking firm of Plankinton & Armour. The family moved to Chicago in 1865. In 1867, Armour's father decided to move the company's primary meatpacking operations from Milwaukee to Chicago. His business partner disagreed, and sold his interest in the company to the senior Armour. The firm moved, and changed its name to Armour & Co.

Armour attended Yale University, but dropped out during his senior year in order to assist his father with the family company. He became a partner in the firm in 1884. He met Lola Hughes Sheldon in 1891. They married in Mexico in 1892, and had one daughter, Lolita Ogden (Armour) Higgason (1896–1976).

As his father's health declined, he took over more and more responsibility for the direction of Armour & Co. His younger brother, Philip, Jr., died in 1900. J. Ogden Armour took over as company president in 1901. During his tenure, sales increased from $200 million to $1 billion.

In July 1904, the Amalgamated Meat Cutters struck all meatpackers in Chicago. Armour and the other employers broke the union by hiring thousands of unemployed African American strikebreakers. The hiring of the strikebreakers provoked a riot involving 4,000 union members and their families on August 19, 1904. The strike collapsed in mid-September. Social reformer Jane Addams met personally with Armour to secure a contract which helped the union survive.

Armour completed construction in 1908 on an Italian-style estate on 1,200 acres (1.85 mi2) in Lake Forest, Illinois. He called it "Mellody Farms." The estate was designed for his daughter, who was crippled as a child. The grounds contained ponds stocked with fish, a large herd of deer, stables, an orangerie, and its own power plant. The mansion itself contained a bowling alley, twenty marble fireplaces, a green panelled room purchased by Mrs. Armour in London, and a direct line to the Chicago Stock Yards. The historian of Lake Forest Edward Arpee called it "the most pretentious" of all of the colossal housing appearing in the town at the time.

In 1911, Armour and nine other meatpackers were sued by the federal government for violations of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Armour convinced the other owners to let the case go to the jury without offering a defense; Armour and the other meatpackers were acquitted. To finance the company's growth during World War I, Armour sold $60 million in bonds to the public in 1917. These bonds were converted to stock in 1919, making Armour & Co. one of the first publicly traded meatpacking firms. Thanks to his fortune in meat and interests in the railways, Armour was known as "the second richest man in the world."

The company lost $125 million between 1919 and 1921. In the post-war slump, Armour & Co. sales collapsed and the company went $144 million in debt. Armour suffered the most when he lost most of his family fortune—at $100 million in stock (about $1.47 billion in 2010 dollars; then the second-largest in the world) in the downturn. During the worst period, Armour lost a million dollars a day for 130 days.

Armour's daughter Lolita married Chicago banker JJ Mitchell in 1921 at the family's estate in Lake Forest.

Armour was unable to reinvigorate the company, and was ousted as president in 1923. His successor was F. Edson White.

Amidst Armour's profound financial losses, he lost Mellody Farms, which is now part of the campus of Lake Forest Academy.

Death
In the summer of 1927, Amour traveled to London, England, and fell ill with typhoid and then pneumonia. As his condition worsened, he was attended by Lord Dawson of Penn, personal physician to King George V. Armour died of heart failure at 4:30 p.m. London time on August 16, 1927.

He had less than $25,000 in cash in his accounts, although his stock holdings in the Universal Oil Products Company were estimated at $3 million (about $37 million in 2010 dollars). Years later this "worthless Stock" became valuable and made his widow wealthy. He was buried in Chicago's Graceland Cemetery.

Other interests

 * Armour also owned the Kansas City Power & Light Company and the Metropolitan Street Railway, also of Kansas City. He sold his interests in both companies in 1923. He was a significant investor in the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway and the Illinois Central Railroad.
 * He was a co-owner of the Armour Grain Company. During a market panic on the Chicago Board of Trade in August 1914, he helped avoid a spike in wheat prices by selling hundreds of thousands of bushels of grain.
 * In 1896, Armour barely eluded death by cattle stampede, when his buggy became surrounded by a herd of cattle near the Chicago Stockyards and his horse spooked.
 * In 1901, the same year he took over Armour & Co., Armour donated $1 million to the Armour Institute, the college his father had founded and a predecessor of the Illinois Institute of Technology. Additionally, he was a founding director of the South Shore Country Club in Chicago.
 * LakeForestAcademy-ReidHall.JPG 1909 he was a silent partner for Frederick Gilmer Bonfils and Harry Heye Tammen in the purchase of the Kansas City Post.
 * Armour played a role in aviation history when he bankrolled the pioneering transcontinental flight of Cal Rodgers. Armour used the flight to promote the introduction of a grape-flavored soda called Vin Fiz. The plane, and its accompanying railroad cars, were painted with Vin Fiz logos.
 * In 1916 he became a part owner of the Chicago Cubs Baseball team with William Wrigley Jr. until he was forced to give up due to business reserves.
 * J. Ogden Armour wrote two books: The Packers, the Private Car Lines, and the People in 1906 and Business Problems of the War in 1917.
 * In 1917 as a show of solidarity with the war effort, Armour and his wife dug up the lawns of their Chicago home at 37th Street and Michigan Avenue as well as the estate in Lake Forest and planted them with potatoes.

In popular culture
Armour was the inspiration for one of the meatpacking plant owners in Upton Sinclair's classic novel, The Jungle. The 1904 strike against Armour & Co. figures in the novel's plot.

Armour and Mellody Farms appear (under pseudonyms) in Arthur Meeker, Jr.'s 1949 social satire Prairie Avenue. The novel is about the foibles of wealthy Chicagoans and their move away from Chicago's South Side.

title: J. Ogden Armour


text:
LWN.net

LWN.net is a computing webzine with an emphasis on free software and software for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. It consists of a weekly issue, separate stories which are published most days, and threaded discussion attached to every story. Most news published daily are short summaries of articles published elsewhere, and are free to all viewers. Original articles are usually published weekly on Thursdays and are available only to subscribers for two weeks, after which they become free as well. LWN.net is part of Eklektix, Inc.

LWN caters to a more technical audience than other Linux/free software publications. It is often praised for its in-depth coverage of Linux kernel internals and Linux kernel mailing list (LKML) discussions.

The acronym "LWN" originally stood for Linux Weekly News; that name is no longer used because the site no longer covers exclusively Linux-related topics, and it has daily as well as weekly content.

History

Founded by Jonathan Corbet and Elizabeth Coolbaugh and published since January 1998, LWN was originally a free site devoted to collecting Linux news, published weekly.

In 2000, Tucows acquired Linux Weekly News (which was then "unacquired" in 2002 ).

At the end of May 2002, LWN announced a redesigned site. Among the changes was a facility for readers to post comments about stories.

On July 25, 2002, LWN announced that due to its inability to raise enough funds through donations, the following issue would be its last. Following an outpouring of support from readers, the editors of LWN decided to continue publishing, albeit with a subscription model. New weekly editions of LWN are initially only available to readers who subscribe at one of three levels (group subscriptions are also available). After a week delay, each issue becomes freely available to readers who are unable or unwilling to pay.

Contributors
LWN.net staff, as of April 2024, consists of:
 * Jonathan Corbet, Executive Editor, "Kernel coverage and more"
 * Jake Edge, Editor, "Python coverage and more"
 * Daroc Alden, Editor, "Programming language coverage and more"
 * Joe Brockmeier, Editor, "Distribution coverage and more"

LWN.net also purchases a number of articles from freelance authors.

title: LWN.net


text:
LWN

LWN may refer to:

 * LWN.net, a computing webzine
 * LandWarNet, the United States Army's contribution to the Global Information Grid
 * Live Well Network, a television network
 * Shirak Airport (IATA code), Armenia

title: LWN


text:
Martha Mariana Castro

Martha Mariana Castro (born November 7, 1966) is a Mexican actress. She was married to actor Fernando Luján, with whom she has a son, Franco Paolo Ciangherotti.

Early life
Born in Cuautla, Morelos, she grew up in the city of Puebla and earned a degree in Philosophy and Literature from the Universidad de Puebla.

She began her acting career as a child in plays. , she is the protagonist of Los Sánchez, a telenovela on TV Azteca based on the Argentine production Los Roldán. In this production she plays the role of Yoli, a woman in love with her widower brother-in-law.

Films

 * Espinas (2005) as Rebeca
 * Smee (short, 2004)

Telenovelas

 * Mujer comprada (2009) as Ofelia
 * Vuélveme A Querer (2009) as Irene Robles
 * Campeones de la vida (2007) as Alma
 * Los Sánchez (2004) as Yolanda "Yoli" de Sánchez
 * Mirada de mujer: El regreso (2003) as Daniela
 * Tres veces Sofía (1998) as Laura de Márquez
 * Mirada de mujer (1997) as Daniela
 * La sonrisa del diablo (1996)
 * El vuelo del águila (1996) as Justa Saavedra (Rafaela)
 * La paloma (1995)
 * Valentina (1993) as Mariela

TV shows

 * Y sin embargo... se mueve (1994)

title: Martha Mariana Castro


text:
Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince

Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince is a biography by Marc Eliot, presenting a darker picture of entertainer Walt Disney than his popular perception.

Summary
Eliot's book casts a shadow on some of Walt Disney's actions.

It discusses the urban legend that, in preparation for his death in December 1966, Disney had himself cryogenically frozen, in the hopes of being returned to life by medical science in the future. Eliot opines that the myth of Disney being frozen is probably false, although Disney did have a strong interest in cryonics.

Eliot alleges his lifelong anti-Semitism and his covert activities on behalf of the House Un-American Activities Committee as a spy against Communists in Hollywood alongside his alleged right-wing politics, including an incident in which Disney allegedly wore a Barry Goldwater badge while receiving the Medal of Freedom from Goldwater's political opponent, President Lyndon B. Johnson just before the 1964 election. Eliot alleges that Disney refused to lower the American flag at Disneyland after the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

The book also discusses the absence of a birth certificate for Walter Elias Disney and the possibility that Disney was actually born in 1890 to a peasant woman in Spain, then adopted by the Disney family alongside the possibility that Disney was later passed off as a full decade younger than he actually was. During that era, some birth certificates in various American states were never created or were lost or destroyed, so resolving this issue is impossible unless his body was exhumed and tested.

Reception
The book has received sharp criticism from wife Lillian and daughter Diane Miller and some of the book's claims have been disputed by other authors.

Animation historian Michael Barrier, who collected interviews from over 150 of former Disney employees since 1969, claimed Eliot's book was "easily the worst Disney biography I've ever read. It is packed with errors and distortions. To rely upon Hollywood's Dark Prince in any way is exactly the opposite of meticulous". Barrier also noted that an analysis of the photo of Walt receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from US President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 showed that the object on his shirt may or may not have been a button showing support for the President's Republican opponent Barry Goldwater and was possibly "of something else". Though acknowledged that Walt supported Goldwater during the 1964 US presidential election and attended the Republican National Convention after Goldwater was nominated, the claim that he was wearing a Goldwater button has only been backed by accusations of a few people close to him and it was noted that Walt and President Johnson did in fact have a friendly conversation before he was given the Medal.

Disney historian Didier Ghez calls it on his website "the latest and by far most stupid and uninteresting "scandalous biography" of Walt".

title: Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince


text:
Slit drum

A slit drum or slit gong is a hollow percussion instrument. In spite of its often being called a drum, it is not a true drum because it lacks a drumhead, the membrane stretched across the top of a true drum. It is classed instead as an idiophone in which the entire instrument vibrates.

Description
A slit drum is usually carved or constructed from bamboo or wood, in the form of a mostly closed hollow chamber with one or more slits in it. It is played by striking near the edge of the slit. In some designs, the slit is a single straight line; in others, the slit is used to create one or more "tongues", achieved by cutting three sides of a rectangular (or similar) shape and leaving the fourth side attached. Most slit drums have one slit, though two and three slits (often resembling an "H" and thereby forming two tongues) occur. Tongues of different areas or thicknesses will produce different pitches. Slit drums are used throughout Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. In Africa such drums, strategically situated for optimal acoustic transmission (e.g., along a river or valley), have been used for long-distance communication.

The ends of a slit drum are closed so that the shell becomes the resonating chamber for the sound vibrations created when the tongues are struck, usually with a stick or mallet. The resonating chamber increases the volume of the sound produced by the tongue and presents the sound through an open port. If the resonating chamber is the correct size for the pitch being produced by the tongue, which means it has the correct volume of airspace to complete one full sound wave for that particular pitch, the instrument will be more efficient and louder.

The people of Vanuatu create a similar instrument out of a large log. In most islands, the drum lies horizontally on the ground. In the central islands, slit drums are erected vertically, and adorned with carvings on the outer surface, representing spirits. While traditional on one island only, this adorned type of drums have become one of the national emblems of Vanuatu as a whole.

African

 * Alimba – Zairean (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
 * Ekwe – Igbo (Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea)
 * Ikoro – Igbo (Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea)
 * Krin (log drum) or Kolokolos – Guinea
 * Lokole – Congo Basin
 * Lukombé – (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
 * Mondo – West Africa
 * Mukoku – Yaka people (Congo)

Austroasiatic

 * Grōg (木鼓, 克罗克, 库洛, 克拉) – Wa (China and Myanmar)

Austronesian

 * Agung a Tamlang – Maguindanaon (Philippines)
 * Atingting kon - Ambrym (Vanuatu)
 * Kagul – Maguindanaon (Philippines)
 * Kentongan – Javanese (Indonesia), used to wake people for sahur meals on Ramadan
 * Kulkul – Balinese (Indonesia)
 * Lali – Fijian (Fiji)
 * Pahu – Māori (Aotearoa / New Zealand)
 * Pate – Samoa, Cook Islands, and other parts of Polynesia
 * Tagutok (Philippine) – Maranao (Philippines)
 * To'ere – Tahitian (Tahiti)
 * Garamut – Papuan (Papua New Guinea)

Mesoamerican

 * Huiringua – Mexico
 * Mayohuacán – Taino people (Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Caribbean)
 * Teponaztli – Mesoamerican

Modern

 * Gato – 20th-century American, originally a brand name, later generic
 * Tongue drum

Sinitic
The wooden fish works like a slit drum but is rarely classified with the other slit drums.

title: Slit drum


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User:Stbalbach/SW

Spoiler Warning: The best of Wikipedia book, movie, play and poem spoilers.

150 Spoilers from Casablanca to Les Miserables

 * What is this?

Spoiler Warning is an idea for a printed book containing some of the best articles from Wikipedia that are spoilers. Each article will be 1 to 2 pages in length (book pages) and the total book will be 200-300 pages in length.

 * Can you do that?

As far as I know! The GFDL allows it. The only complication may be figuring out what the GFDL requires to be legal.

 * Why are you doing it?

Not to make money! I've done considerable research in to this and expect such a project will loose money. It will take a lot of time, effort and money and in the end I'll probably have a garage of un-sold books.

 * Why are you doing it?

Ok, really, it's not about the money. I want to publish a book. I want to go through the process of conceptualization, gather the data, copyedit, layout, printing, distribution. It's been a lifelong dream to publish a book, although in this case only as an editor.

 * Will authors get credit?

There will be a section on authorship. Details to be worked out, but yes, Wikipedians could have their names listed.

 * Is this a vanity press scam? It sounds like you publish a book with 100s of authors names, then sit back and wait for them to buy a copy so they can see themselves in print.

Absolutely not. While I hope copies are sold, I don't envision this as being a niche product. My goal is to have an ISBN and sell it directly on Amazon, and through a web-page, and hopefully through non-traditional marketing techniques such as the blog sphere.

 * Why buy this type of book when it's already on the net?

This is partly an experiment. Just as Plays in the early 20th century were redone in to movies, the remix culture is alive and well today more than ever. Different mediums are transposed and reworked and create entirely new ways of using the same content. In this case it is going from a new-world to an old-world.

 * Why not have a web-site that lists the best Spoilers?

Again the idea is primarily to have a real-live book something you can do book-like things with. Is Wikipedia useful in book form? I believe so.

 * Will you donate proceeds back to Wikipedia?

I hope so! In fact, probably so. Details to be worked out.

title: User:Stbalbach/SW


text:
Talk:Freeways of Durban

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Freeways of Durban. The final result was Merge with Durban. --Deathphoenix 05:26, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freeways of Durban


text:
Wolfgang Ratke

Wolfgang Ratke (also Wolfgangus Ratichius or Wolfgang Ratich) (18 October 1571 – 27 April 1635) was a German educational reformer.

Early life
He was born at Wilster, Holstein, the son of Andreas Ratke who died early and Margarete Rost who died aged 66 on 19 May 1613. He was educated at the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums and the University of Rostock.

System of education
While sojourning in Holland (1603–11), he devised a new method for teaching languages quickly. His system of education was based upon Francis Bacon's philosophy, the principle being that of proceeding from things to names, from the particular to the general, and from the mother tongue to foreign languages. His fundamental idea was that the Baconian theory of induction was following nature, meaning that there is a natural sequence along which the mind moves in the acquisition of knowledge, through particulars to the general. He advocated, above all, the use of the vernacular as the proper means for approaching all subjects, and demanded the establishment of a vernacular school on the basis of the Latin school.

Implementation efforts
He tried to enlist the Prince of Orange in his cause, but failing, he went to Germany. In 1618 he opened schools at Augsburg and elsewhere. In Köthen, Prince Ludwig von Anhalt furnished him with the means of opening a school to be conducted according to his own ideas; however, difficulties with the clergy led to his imprisonment for eight months. After starting another school at Magdeburg in 1620, which failed, he became a wanderer. In addition to Augsburg and Köthen, he put his method of instruction into operation in Amsterdam, Basel, Strassburg, Frankfurt, Weimar, and various other places.

His ideas were advanced for his time, but he lacked executive ability, and his personality alienated both assistants and patrons. His influence upon his contemporaries and posterity was much greater than would be supposed from the failure of his own attempts to put his plan in practice. His work was overshadowed by that of the more successful Comenius. He died at Erfurt in 1635.

title: Wolfgang Ratke


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Laura Luz

Laura Luz (born Laura María de la Luz Fernández Jiménez; May 10, 1967) is a Mexican stage and television actress, born in Mexico City.

Life
She first appeared on stage at the age of 11 and her first professional work was in 1983 in the play Las Leandras.

Luz has performed in numerous plays, running from comedy to drama, and including musicals.

On television, she has performed in:
 * Cachún cachún ra ra (1984–1987) playing Olimpia.
 * Milagro y magia (Miracle and Magic, telenovela, 1991)
 * Buscando el paraíso (Looking for Paradise, telenovela 1994)

In 1998 she was the principal actress of the Mexican situation comedy Una familia con Ángel, and in 2000 she participated in the soap opera Todo por amor ; also in 2000, she debuted as hostess of the morning program Cada Mañana (Every Morning), until she left the show for personal reasons in November 2003.

In 2001 Luz got a very strange illness in her lungs that almost killed her. That is why she created the musical "Muerte con M de Mujer" which she presents each November as a tribute to the death.

Since 2005, she's been the central figure of the radio/television program Falda y pantalón (Skirt and Pants) for the channel Radio-Telefórmula.

title: Laura Luz


text: User talk:209.78.214.253

title: User talk:209.78.214.253


text:
User talk:TheRasher

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia. You are welcome to vote at Votes for Deletion, but please do not modify another user's vote or remove comments. Feel free to ask me if you have any questions. Thanks! — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 05:29, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:TheRasher


text:
Barb Fisher

Barbara Fisher (born c. 1951) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. She was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 1999 and ran as a Conservative for the House of Commons of Canada in 2004.

Background
Fisher was the manager of the Bruce Community Development Corporation before entering politics.

Politics
She served as town councillor, reeve of Kincardine, and county councillor within the Bruce area prior to 1995.

In the 1995 provincial election, she was elected as a Progressive Conservative in riding of Bruce, defeating Liberal Bruce Lauckner by 2,676 votes. Fisher served as a backbench supporter of the government of Mike Harris for the next four years.

The Harris government reduced the number of provincial constituencies from 130 to 103 in 1996, and many sitting MPPs were forced to run against each other. Fisher ran for the Progressive Conservative nomination in the new riding of Huron—Bruce, but lost to Helen Johns. She later worked as manager of the Brockton Response Center, and in this capacity helped to distribute government money compensating the victims of the Walkerton tainted water tragedy.

In the 2004 federal election, Fisher ran in Huron—Bruce as a candidate of the Conservative Party, but lost to Liberal Paul Steckle by almost 10,000 votes.

She was an election strategist for the Progressive Conservative Party in the 2007 provincial election.

title: Barb Fisher


text: Category:Axes

title: Category:Axes


text:
Fried Liver Attack

The Fried Liver Attack, also called the Fegatello Attack (named after an Italian dish), is a chess opening. This opening is a variation of the Two Knights Defense in which White sacrifices a knight for an attack on Black's king. The opening begins with the moves:
 * 1. e4 e5
 * 2. Nf3 Nc6
 * 3. Bc4 Nf6
 * 4. Ng5 d5
 * 5. exd5 Nxd5?!
 * 6. Nxf7

This is the Two Knights Defense where White has chosen the offensive line 4.Ng5, but 5...Nxd5 is risky (5...Na5, the Polerio Defense, is considered better; other Black choices include 5...b5 and 5...Nd4). Bobby Fischer felt that 6.d4! (the Lolli Attack) was incredibly strong, to the point 5...Nxd5 is rarely played; however, the Fried Liver Attack involves the move 6.Nxf7, a knight sacrifice on f7.

The opening is popular with younger players who like the name and the aggressive, attacking style. It is classified as code C57 in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings.

History
The Fried Liver Attack has been known for many centuries, the earliest known example being a game played by Giulio Cesare Polerio before 1606. Computer chess programs, including those on large mainframes, were reportedly still vulnerable to the attack in 1980.

Considerations
After 6...Kxf7, play usually continues 7.Qf3+ Ke6 (7...Kg8?? leads to a mate in 3 after 8.Bxd5+) 8.Nc3 (diagram). Black will play 8...Nb4 and follow up with ...c6, bolstering their pinned knight on d5. White can the b4-knight to abandon protection of the d5-knight with 9.a3, a move Yakov Estrin recommended, but Black is quite strong after 9.a3 Nxc2+ 10.Kd1 Nd4!? or 10...Nxa1! 11.Nxd5 Qh4! when White's attack runs out (12.Nxc7+ Kd7 13.Qf7+ Qe7 and the queens come off; after 12.Nb6+ Ke7, 13.Nxc8+ is met by 13...Rxc8 14.d3 Kd8, and 13.Qf7+ is met by 13...Kd8 14.Nxa8 Bd7; either way, Black's king is safe and Black has the advantage). Thus, 9.Bb3, 9.Qe4, or 9.0-0 are better choices.

White has a strong attack, but it has not yet been proven to be decisive. Because defence is harder to play than attack in this variation, the Fried Liver is dangerous for Black, particularly with shorter time controls.

title: Fried Liver Attack


text:
DR2

DR2 (DR To) is the second television channel operated by the Danish Broadcasting Corporation (DR) in Denmark. It covers a wide range of subject matter, but tending towards more "highbrow" programmes than the more mainstream and popular DR1. Like DR's other TV and radio channels, it is funded by a media licence, and is therefore commercial-free.

History
It was launched in 1996 as a satellite-/cable-only channel. This was highly controversial at the time, as it was considered close to a breach of public service principles that the new station did not reach all viewers. Adding to the critics' cause was that DR did have broadband spectrum available for terrestrial broadcasts. However, this was reserved for digital broadcasting tests. The less-than-100%-coverage coupled with a "highbrow" reputation resulted in low ratings which in turn earned it the nickname "the secret channel" to the regret of the director general who had been pushing the line "my channel" (in the sense of programmes appealing to individuals, not the whole family as DR1 supposedly). This was finally remedied on 31 March 2006, when terrestrial digital broadcasts started.

It has become famous for its daily satire TV shows, which were established due to the success of such programs on Danish television. It most resembles the British BBC Four in that its main output is experimental comedy, documentaries and in-depth news programmes. It has earned much praise for high-quality shows, especially in the first category, with series like Casper & Mandrilaftalen and Drengene fra Angora. Den 11. time was a talk show on the channel. It also broadcasts many British productions, e.g. crime dramas such as Prime Suspect.

Every Saturday DR2 broadcasts the Greenlandic language News bulletin Nyheder fra Grønland produced by KNR.

Between 8 and 10:30 pm on Wednesdays, various European thriller series are aired. And every Friday at 8 pm, a rather recently produced film is aired. A classic film is broadcast in late Sunday afternoons (ending at 8 pm), typically from the late 1960s until the mid-1990s.

The news, called "Deadline" (in Danish) is on at 10:30 pm and differs from DR 1's "TV-Avisen" in just giving a brief overview of today's events, followed by (usually) two news that are treated more deeply. DR2 is sometimes used as "Breaking News", but only when called for. The channel also covers societal issues and various types of society-related debates.

Following the introduction of digital television (and the closing down of all analogue channels except for cable TV) in Denmark, on 1 November 2009, the channel is broadcast free-to-air via a public DVB-T and MPEG-4 system. It now reaches the whole country and also the nearby east side of Øresund sea to the southernmost Sweden. (Swedish channels reach the Copenhagen metropolitan area as well)

In 2013 the channel was rebranded and converted to a 24-hour channel with the inclusion of hourly news and current affairs programming. DR Update previously aired some programming before the channel was closed to make room for DR Ultra. DR2, unlike DR Update, will however not interrupt any programmes for breaking news.

The channel switched from SD to 720p HD broadcasting on 28 February 2017.

Original programming

 * Vesterbro - comedy
 * Deadline - news
 * So ein Ding - about new technical products
 * Filmperler - quality film from all countries
 * TV TV TV - television about television
 * Rytteriet - Danish comedy
 * Bonderøven - Later moved to DR1 following the big success of the show
 * Jul på Vesterbro - Danish Christmas comedy (broadcast between 1 and 24 December, a Scandinavian TV-tradition.)

Imports
As is the practice with most other TV channels in Denmark, foreign programmes are shown in their original language but with Danish subtitles.
 * Columbo
 * Waking the Dead
 * Above Suspicion
 * Hamish Macbeth
 * Wycliffe
 * Spooks
 * The Body Farm
 * Cato Isaksen
 * Génesis, en la mente del asesino
 * Engrenaves
 * Flying Doctors
 * The Daily Show

Travel series

 * Pilot Guides

title: DR2


text:
User:Redstar918

This is my user page!

title: User:Redstar918


text: Wikipedia:POTD/March 1, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/March 1, 2005


text:
Line officer

In the United States Armed Forces, a line officer or officer of the line is a U.S. Navy or U.S. Marine Corps commissioned officer or warrant officer who exercises general command authority and is eligible for operational command positions, as opposed to officers who normally exercise command authority only within a Navy Staff Corps. The term line officer is also used by the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Coast Guard to indicate that an officer is eligible for command of operational, viz., tactical or combat units. The term is not generally used by officers of the U.S. Army – the roughly corresponding Army terms are basic branch (e.g, Infantry) and special branch (e.g., Medical Corps) qualified officers, although the concepts are not entirely synonymous, as some Army special branch officers (e.g., Judge Advocate General's Corps) are eligible to hold command outside their branch specialty.

Officers who are not line officers are those whose primary duties are generally in non-combat specialties including (depending upon the service) attorneys, chaplains, civil engineers, health services professionals, and logistics and financial management specialists. A line officer may hold authority over a non-line officer of higher rank by the nature of their assignment or appointment/succession to command, but is otherwise expected to observe normal customs and courtesies outside that role.

See explanation of staff and line.

History
The expression "officer of the line" is possibly derived from the 18th- and 19th-century Royal Navy term for capital ships, then called ships of the line. The name stemmed from the practice of employing sail-powered warships in line formations to maximize the effectiveness of side-mounted cannons.

United States Navy
In the United States Navy (and USN Reserve), line officers are divided into unrestricted line officers, limited duty officers, and restricted line officers. Unrestricted Line (URL) officers hold combat warfare specialties as Naval Aviators and Naval Flight Officers, Surface Warfare Officers, Submarine Warfare Officers, and Naval Special Warfare/Naval Special Operations (NSW/NSO) officers (consisting of SEALs, Special Warfare Combatant-Craft (SWCC) Warrant Officers, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) officers, and Navy diving officers), and are eligible for operational combatant command at sea, as well as command of major installations and commands ashore. Restricted Line officers command only within their particular specialty, and are normally in fields such as intelligence, cryptology, oceanography/meteorology, engineering duty, aeronautical engineering duty, aircraft maintenance, public affairs, etc.

Navy Limited Duty Officers and Warrant Officers whose technical specialties fall within a staff corps are considered staff corps officers, while all others are classed of the Line. Line officers wear an inverted gold star above their rank stripes on their dress blue uniforms and, in the case of Captains (US pay grade O-6/NATO OF-5) and below, on their shoulder boards in whites. Line officer flag officers (admirals O-7 to O-10/NATO OF-6 to OF-9) will wear solid gold shoulder boards with a silver metallic thread anchor and one, two, three, or four silver metallic thread stars below the anchor. When wearing khakis or utility/working uniforms, they wear their rank insignia on both collar points. The Navy refers to non-line officers as Staff Corps officers. (Both line and staff corps officers may be assigned as "staff officers" serving on the command staff of a senior officer.) Staff corps officers wear their corps insignia, rather than the line officer star, placed over their sleeve/shoulder board stripes on their dress blue and dress white uniforms, and on their left collar point on khakis and utility/working uniforms in lieu of matching pin-on rank insignia on the right collar point.

United States Marine Corps
In the United States Marine Corps (and USMC Reserve), all officers – including warrant officers and limited duty officers (LDOs) – are line officers, trained to command combat units, although Marine officers cannot command ships or shore organizations of the Navy. Unlike the Navy, the Marine Corps does not have any staff corps, consequently all Marine engineer and supply officers, and judge advocates, are line officers. The Marine Corps has no medical corps officers, dental corps officers, nurse corps officers, or chaplain corps officers. Because the Marine Corps is a service within the Department of the Navy, these staff corps billets in the Marine Corps are normally filled by US Navy staff corps officers in those specialties, serving alongside Marines in Marine units, although officers of the commissioned corps of the Public Health Service may be detailed, as well.

United States Air Force
In the United States Air Force (and USAF Reserve), officers assigned to the medical, nurse, dental, medical services (healthcare administration), biosciences, Judge Advocates and chaplain corps are professional officers. In addition to being professional officers, Judge Advocates in the Air Force are also considered line officers and, like all other officers in operational/combat and combat support specialties, belong to the Line of the Air Force (LAF). The Air Force has no warrant officers.

United States Coast Guard
All commissioned and warrant officers of the United States Coast Guard and United States Coast Guard Reserve are considered line officers. They wear the US Coast Guard shield in lieu of the inverted star of US Navy line officers on their shoulder boards and above the sleeve braid on dress uniforms. Like the US Marine Corps, the Coast Guard does have line officers serving as judge advocates, but has no officers serving as chaplains or in the health-care fields. Therefore, US Navy staff corps officers (from the chaplain, medical, dental, and nurse corps) may be detailed to serve at Coast Guard units, and are not Coast Guard line officers. These individuals do wear the Coast Guard uniform, albeit with some differences. Additionally, US Public Health Service commissioned officers are the primary source of health care officers in the Coast Guard, serving alongside U.S. Navy staff corps officers and Coast Guardsmen in Coast Guard units. They too will wear the Coast Guard uniform, albeit with some differences. Health services officers in the USPHS commissioned corps detailed to the Coast Guard represent many disciplines, including the biological, physical, environmental, and social sciences; medical technology; health care administration; and other public health specialties such as physician assistant.

Other forces
The expression "line officer" is no longer current in the Royal Navy and Commonwealth affiliates. Officers trained in the "Executive Department" of a warship are the only ones trained for command. In the Royal Canadian Navy, officers in the Naval Warfare Officer (NWO) occupation hold a similar function, but are not distinguished by any identifiable badge.

title: Line officer


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Raynal

Raynal is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Aline Marie Raynal (born 1937), French botanist and botanical illustrator
 * David Raynal (1840–1903), French politician
 * Étienne Weill-Raynal (1887–1982), French historian, resistant, journalist and Socialist politician
 * François Édouard Raynal (1830–1898), French sailor
 * Frédérick Raynal (born 1966), French video game designer and programmer
 * Guillaume Thomas François Raynal (1713–1796), French writer
 * Jean Raynal (1929–2015), French sports journalist
 * Mathieu Raynal, French rugby union referee
 * Maurice Raynal (1884–1954), French art critic
 * Michel Raynal (born 1949), French computer scientist
 * Sylvain Eugène Raynal (1867–1939), French military officer

title: Raynal


text:
Kees Schouhamer Immink

Kornelis Antonie "Kees" Schouhamer Immink (born 18 December 1946 ) is a Dutch engineer, inventor, and entrepreneur, who pioneered and advanced the era of digital audio, video, and data recording, including popular digital media such as compact disc (CD), DVD and Blu-ray disc. He has been a prolific and influential engineer, who holds more than 1100 U.S. and international patents. A large portion of the commonly used audio and video playback and recording devices use technologies based on his work. His contributions to coding systems assisted the digital video and audio revolution, by enabling reliable data storage at information densities previously unattainable.

Immink received several tributes that summarize the impact of his contributions to the digital audio and video revolution. Among the accolades received are the IEEE Medal of Honor "for pioneering contributions to video, audio, and data recording technology, including compact disc, DVD, and Blu-ray", the Edison Medal and an individual Technology Emmy award by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS). Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands bestowed him a knighthood in 2000. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2007 for pioneering and advancing the era of digital audio, video, and data recording. Royal Holland Society of Arts and Sciences introduced the Kees Schouhamer Immink Prize in 2019 as a means to encourage research on information science and tele-communications.

Currently, Immink holds the position of president of Turing Machines Inc, which was founded in 1998. During his career, Immink, in addition to his practical contributions, has contributed to information theory. He has written over 120 articles and four books, including Codes for Mass Data Storage Media. He has been an adjunct professor at the Institute for Experimental Mathematics, University of Duisburg and Essen, Germany, since 1994, as well as affiliated with the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) as a visiting professor.

Education
Immink obtained an Engineer's degree (Ir.) in electrical engineering (1974, cum laude) and a PhD degree (1985) from Eindhoven University of Technology on a thesis entitled Properties and Constructions of Binary Channel Codes .

Early years at Philips Research
Fresh from engineering school, in 1967, he joined Philips Research Labs in Eindhoven, where he spent thirty years in a fruitful association. The renowned physicist Hendrik Casimir was director of Philips Research till 1972. Immink described the atmosphere at that time: "We were able to conduct whatever research we found relevant, and had no pre-determined tasks; instead, we received full freedom and support of autonomous research. We went to work, not knowing that we would do that day. This view – or rather ambiguous view – on how research should be conducted, led to amazing inventions as a result. It was an innovation heaven". Immink worked in various groups, and in 1974, he joined the research group Optics, where pioneering work was done on optical laserdisc systems. He contributed mainly to the electronics and servo technology of the video disc. In a joint effort, MCA and Philips brought the laserdisc system to the market. Laserdisc was first available in Atlanta in 1978, two years after the VHS and four years before the CD. The Laserdisc never managed a significant presence in market share. The Philips/MCA Laserdisc operation was not successful and discontinued in 1981.

Compact Disc
Around 1976, Philips and Sony showed prototypes of digital audio disc players, which were based on optical videodisc technology. In the interview by Tekla Perry for the IEEE Spectrum, May 2017, Immink explains that he got involved in the CD project at the end of 1979 when Sony and Philips had decided to jointly settle on one design. Both Philips and Sony had shown prototype CD players to the press in 1978. The team at Philips, he says, "needed someone to do measurements of the two competing systems, the quality, how they coped with scratches, how they coped with imperfections of the disc. My job with the LaserDisc was finished, so I said, 'Sure, I could do it.'" Both Philips and Sony had come up with different rules for translating digital audio data to sequences of pits and lands. After a lot of experimentation, Immink improved the playing time by thirty percent by inventing a code that could better cope with the servo systems. The encoding system Immink devised came to be called eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM).

Immink took part in the joint Sony–Philips task force, which developed the Compact Disc standard, the Red Book. He contributed to the EFM and CIRC coding schemes.

In the article, "Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc", Immink presents a historical review of the years leading up to the launch of the CD, and the various crucial decisions made. He refutes the urban legend that the compact disc's diameter was increased from 115 to 120 mm solely to hold the 74 minutes playing time of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler. Commercial disputes also played a part.

After the CD standard was set in 1980, Immink and his co-workers conducted pioneering experiments with magneto-optical audio recording on pre-grooved discs. They also found a simple method to extend the analog videodisc standard with digital sound. The new systems were brought to market as MiniDisc and CD Video. Laserdiscs fabricated after 1984 have digitally encoded sound signals.

DVD and Blu-ray Disc
In 1993, Toshiba engineers developed the Super Density Disc, the successor of the Compact Disc. Immink was a member of the Philips and Sony task force, which developed a competing disc format, called MultiMedia CD. Immink created EFMPlus, a more efficient successor of EFM used in CD. The electronics industry feared a repeat of the format war between VHS and Betamax in the 1980s. IBM's president, Lou Gerstner, urged them to adopt Immink's EFMPlus coding scheme as EFM has a proven record. In September 1995, an agreement was made among the major industries: Philips/Sony surrendered to Toshiba's SuperDensity Disc and Toshiba accepted the EFMPlus modulation. The DVD encompasses the sound-only Super Audio CD (SACD) and DVD-audio formats, developed independently by Sony and Toshiba, which are incompatible formats for delivering very high-fidelity audio content. SACD is in a format war with DVD-Audio, but neither has yet managed to replace audio CDs.

Immediately after the DVD standard was settled in 1996, Philips and Sony, disappointed after the DVD failure, decided to develop a next-generation blue-laser-based digital video recorder (DVR), which would be positioned as DVD's high-density successor. Philips and Sony set up a joint task force, where Immink and his co-workers developed DVRs, later called Blu-ray's, code design. In 2005, seven years after its design, the Blu-ray Disc was brought to market. In 2002, the DVD forum adopted an alternative format, the HD DVD. The two resulting standards had significant differences that made each incompatible with the other. The blue-laser format war with Toshiba's HD DVD was settled in early 2008 when Toshiba withdrew their system effectively ending the high definition optical disc format war.

DV and DCC
In 1985, Immink joined Philips's magnetic recording group, where he contributed to the design of coding technologies of the digital video tape recorder, DV and the Digital Compact Cassette (DCC). The DCC was short-lived: introduced in 1992 and discontinued in 1996. The DV, launched in 1994, has become a popular tape standard for home and semi-professional video production.

Turing Machines
After more than thirty years, Immink left Philips Research in 1998, and founded Turing Machines Inc., where he currently serves as its president. The small research institute has been successful in creating new coding technology and has been granted around ten US patents.

Service to engineering society
Immink has served in officer and board positions for a number of technical societies, government and academic organizations, including the Audio Engineering Society, IEEE, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, and several universities. He is a trustee of the Shannon Foundation, and was a governor of the IEEE Consumer Electronics and Information Theory Societies. He was on the governors board of the Audio Engineering Society for over 10 years, and was its president in 2002–2003.

Awards and honours

 * IEEE Medal of Honor, for pioneering contributions to video, audio, and data recording technology, including compact disc, DVD, and Blu-ray, 2017
 * Faraday Medal IET, 2015
 * Lifetime achievement finalist, European Inventor Award, 2015
 * Eduard Rhein Technology Award, for contributions to the theory and practice of channel codes that enable efficient and reliable optical recording, and creative contributions to digital recording technology awarded by the Eduard Rhein Foundation (Germany, 2014).
 * Honorary doctorate (dr.h.c.) from the University of Johannesburg, in recognition of the remarkable contributions he has made to intellectual and public life (South Africa, 2014)
 * Member Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, Haarlem, 2012.
 * IEEE Chester Sall Consumer Electronics Award, For DC-free Multimode Code Design Using Novel Selection Criteria for Optical Recording Systems, (co-recipient with Jun Lee), 2011,
 * Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Engineering (USA, 2007)
 * SMPTE Progress Medal awarded by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, for the central role played in research and development of audio and video recording products (USA, 2004)
 * IEEE Consumer Electronics Engineering Excellence Award (USA, 2004)
 * Heyser Memorial lecturer awarded by the Audio Engineering Society (USA, May 2004)
 * Technology and Engineering Emmy Award awarded by the National Television Academy, for coding technology for optical recording formats (USA, 2003)
 * Inducted into the Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame (USA, 2003)
 * Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands, 2000)
 * Honorary Member of the Netherlands Electronics and Radio Society (Netherlands, 2000)
 * Millennium Medal awarded by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (USA, 2000)
 * AES Gold Medal awarded by the Audio Engineering Society, for significant contributions to the advancement of consumer audio technology (USA, 1999)
 * IEEE Edison Medal, for a career of creative contributions to the technologies of digital video, audio, and data recording. (USA, 1999)
 * Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation awarded by the IEEE Information Theory Society, for the invention of constrained codes for commercial recording systems (USA, 1998)
 * AES 50th Anniversary Commemorative Medal awarded by the Audio Engineering Society (USA, 1998)
 * Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Netherlands, 1996)
 * Fellow of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (USA, 1996)
 * IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award for pioneering contributions to consumer digital audio and video recording products (USA, 1996)
 * Alexander M. Poniatoff Gold Medal Award for Technical Excellence awarded by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, for outstanding contributions to the development of new techniques and/or equipment that have contributed to the advancement of audio or video magnetic recording and reproduction (USA, 1994)
 * Sir J.J. Thomson Medal awarded by the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), 1993, for distinguished contributions to electronics.
 * Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (FIEE) (United Kingdom, 1993)
 * Chartered Engineer (CEng) (United Kingdom, 1993)
 * AES Silver Medal awarded by the Audio Engineering Society, for major contributions to the development of digital audio recording systems (1992, USA)
 * Fellow of the Audio Engineering Society (1992, USA)
 * Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, for contributions to optical laser recording and compact disc digital audio systems (USA)

His papers have received several awards:
 * 2009 Chester Sall Award for ‘’DC-free Multimode Code Design Using Novel Selection Criteria for Optical Recording Systems,’’ IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics (Co-recipient with Jun Lee).
 * 2008 Best Paper Award for ‘’A general construction of constrained parity-check codes for optical recording,’’ 2008 IEEE Communications Society, Data Storage Technical Committee in Signal Processing and Coding for Data Storage (Co-recipient with Kui Cai) ).

Selected literature

 * Codes for mass data storage systems, Shannon Foundation Publishers, 2004 (three editions)
 * Efficient balanced and maximum homopolymer-run restricted block codes for DNA-based data storage, IEEE Commun. Letters, 2019 (with Kui Cai) )
 * Very efficient balanced codes, IEEE Journal Sel. Areas on Communications, 2010 (with Jos Weber).
 * How we made the compact disc, Nature, 2018.
 * Minimum Pearson Distance Detection for Multilevel Channels With Gain and/or Offset Mismatch, IEEE Trans. Information Theory, 2014 (with Jos Weber).
 * A Survey of Coding Techniques for Optical Disc Recording, IEEE Journal Sel. Areas on Communications, 2001)
 * Codes for Digital Recorders, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 1998 (with Paul Siegel and Jack Wolf)
 * Runlength-Limited Sequences, Proceedings IEEE, 1990)
 * The Digital Versatile Disc (DVD): System Requirements and Channel Coding, SMPTE Journal, 1996.
 * Experiments Toward an Erasable Compact Disc, (with J. Braat), J. Audio Eng. Soc., 1984.

KHMW Schouhamer Immink Prijs
The Royal Holland Society of Arts and Sciences established the Kees Schouhamer Immink Prize in 2019 as a means to encourage research on information science and telecommunications, two basic pillars of our information society. The prize, consisting of an honorarium and a diploma, is bestowed in recognition of a distinguished PhD thesis defended in the Netherlands.

Videos

 * IEEE Interview with Kees Immink winner of the 2017 IEEE Medal of Honor, Part 1 (5.46 min), Nov. 2017
 * IEEE Interview with Kees Immink, Part 2. (3 min), Nov. 2017.
 * IEEE Honors Ceremony, (10 min), May 2017
 * IEEE Medal of Honor, Kees Immink: The Birth of Digital Media, IEEE, (4 min), May, 2017
 * Faraday Medal, IET, (2.3 min), Nov. 2015
 * Alice Baxter interviews inventor Kornelis A. Schouhamer Immink, 11/06/15, BBC (3 mins), June 2015
 * Kornelis A. Schouhamer Immink - Coding method for CD, DVD and Blu-Ray, EPO, 2015 (3 mins)
 * AES Oral History Project: Kees A.Schouhamer Immink, 2001
 * IEEE Honors Ceremony, Edison Medal, June 1999

title: Kees Schouhamer Immink


text: Category:Inspector Gadget

title: Category:Inspector Gadget


text: Category:Planes

title: Category:Planes


text:
Jack Carroll (politician)

Jack Carroll (born November 9, 1942) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 1999.

Background
Carroll was educated at the University of Toronto, and worked as a high school teacher. He also served as an executive of General Motors of Canada Ltd., and owned a car dealership.

Politics
In the 1995 provincial election, Carroll was elected in the riding of Chatham—Kent over Liberal Mike Ferguson by 546 votes and New Democrat incumbent Randy Hope. He served as a backbench supporter of Mike Harris's government for the next four years, and was a parliamentary assistant from 1996 to 1999.

In 1996, the Harris government reduced the number of provincial ridings from 130 to 103. Several sitting MPPs were forced to run against one another, and Carroll was defeated by Liberal MPP Pat Hoy by 8,001 votes in the new riding of Chatham—Kent—Essex. During the election, the national media reported an extremely large demonstration against the Progressive Conservative government in Chatham.

Carroll supported the Reform Party at the federal level in the 1990s, and endorsed Tom Long's bid to lead the Canadian Alliance in 2000.

Roles
 * Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Community and Social Services (January 8, 1996 — June 2, 1999)
 * Member, Standing Committee on Social Development (January 20, 1997 — April 23, 1998; May 4, 1998 — April 22, 1999; April 29, 1999 — May 05, 1999)
 * Member and Chair, Standing Committee on General Government (November 2, 1995 — January 20, 1997)
 * Member, Standing Committee on Resources Development (November 2, 1995 — January 20, 1997)

title: Jack Carroll (politician)


text:
Poland Spring

Poland Spring is a brand of bottled water produced in Poland, Maine. It is named after the natural spring in the town of Poland, Maine that it was originally drawn from. Today, it is a subsidiary of BlueTriton Brands, formerly Nestlé Waters North America, and sold in the United States. The spring was first exploited commercially in 1859 by Hiram W. Ricker, owner of a nearby inn. Contemporary demand is so great that the brand's water is derived from multiple sources in the state of Maine including Poland Spring and Garden Spring in Poland, Clear Spring in Hollis, Evergreen Spring in Fryeburg, Spruce Spring in Pierce Pond Township, White Cedar Spring in Dallas Plantation, Bradbury Spring in Kingfield, and Cold Springs in Denmark.

Poland Spring was the top-selling spring water brand in America in 2006. In 2007, the Poland Spring brand adopted a bottle using 30% less plastic, as did the other Nestlé Waters North America brands.

History
The spring dates back to the late 18th century. In 1797, The Wentworth Ricker Inn opened at the homestead of Jabez Ricker. In 1844, Jabez's grandson, Hiram W. Ricker claimed that spring water from the property cured him of chronic dyspepsia. In 1861, the inn was enlarged and renamed The Mansion House. The inn had grown to a resort, and his discussions with guests led them to also praise the drinking water. In this period, it was quite fashionable to "take the waters" for almost all illnesses, causing an uptick in business. The Rickers soon began bottling the water. Expanded again into an extravagant resort that locals dubbed "Ricker's Folly", the inn was renamed the Poland Spring House and opened on July 4, 1876. The inn remained a significant resort into the early 20th century, but the Ricker family lost control of the company during the 1930s. A resort still operates on the site.

Poland Spring operated independently until it was purchased by the Perrier Water Company in 1980. In 1992, Nestle acquired Poland Spring when it took over the Perrier company. In March 2021, Nestle completed a $4.3 billion deal selling its North American bottled water brands, including Poland Spring, to two private-equity firms.

Water sales

Today, Poland Spring sells the majority of its water in portable 8, 12, and 20 oz bottles; 500 ml, 700 ml, 1 L, and 1.5 L bottles, and also larger 5 gallon bottles usable in office or in home water dispensers. Smaller 3 L, 1 gallon and 2.5 gallon bottles are also available for sale in most supermarkets, and for home delivery in the Northeastern United States. Other varieties of Poland Spring include sparkling, lemon, lime, and distilled. They are also the producers of the Aquapod line of products.

All Poland Spring products are sold in plastic bottles, for both safety and economic reasons. As of 2011, no portable Poland Spring bottles were made from the number "7" polycarbonate plastic that contains Bisphenol-A (BPA). The large 5-gallon bottles are made of number "1" plastic and are also BPA-free, while the 3-gallon bottles are made of number "7" plastic and may contain trace levels of BPA.

By November 2007, Poland Spring changed to a lighter bottle called the Eco-Shape which uses 30 percent less plastic.

Controversies
Several towns in Maine have objected to the business practices of Poland Spring and its parent company Nestlé. In some towns, such as Fryeburg, Maine, Poland Spring actually buys the water (110 million gallons of water from Fryeburg a year) from another company, the Fryeburg Water Co., and ships it to the Poland Spring bottling plant in Poland Spring. However, Fryeburg Water Co. also sells water to the town of Fryeburg.

The town of Fryeburg began to question the amount of water the company was selling to Poland Spring. In 2004, the town's water stopped temporarily because of a pump failure, but Poland Spring's operations were able to continue. In 2004, the group H2O for ME began gathering support to create a tax on water drawn for commercial purposes. Poland Spring claimed the tax would force the company into bankruptcy.

In June 2003, Poland Spring was sued for false advertising in a class action lawsuit charging that their water is not spring water but is in fact heavily treated common ground water. The suit also states, hydro-geologists hired by Nestlé found that another current source for Poland Spring water near the original site stands over a former trash and refuse dump, and below an illegal disposal site where human sewage was sprayed as fertilizer for many years. The suit was settled in September 2003, with the company not admitting to the allegations, but agreeing to pay $10 million in charity donations and discounts over the next 5 years. Nestlé continues to sell the same Maine water under the Poland Spring name.

In August 2017, a class-action lawsuit was filed in Connecticut alleging that "Not one drop of Poland Spring Water emanates from a water source that complies with the Food and Drug Administration definition of 'spring water'. The famous Poland Spring in Poland Spring, Maine, which defendant's labels claim is a source of Poland Spring Water, ran dry nearly 50 years ago." A Poland Spring spokeswoman responded that "Poland Spring is 100 percent spring water. The claims made in the lawsuit are without merit and an obvious attempt to manipulate the legal system for personal gain." Scientist Peter Gleick said that "Most of Nestle's waters are pumped from the ground, but the bigger issue that the regulatory definition of what really counts as spring water is really weak. No one is really looking over the shoulders of the bottled water companies."

In March 2019, the district court judge dismissed the claims in the class-action lawsuit in Vermont out of the eleven northeastern states in favor of Nestle.

title: Poland Spring


text:
Talk:Traditional diet

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Traditional diet. The final result was no consensus, so keep. --Deathphoenix 05:51, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Traditional diet


text:
Gary Brooker

Gary Brooker (29 May 1945 – 19 February 2022) was an English singer and pianist, and the founder and lead singer of the rock band Procol Harum.

Early life
Born in Hackney Hospital, East London, on 29 May 1945, Brooker grew up in Hackney before the family moved out to Middlesex (Bush Hill Park and then to nearby Edmonton). His father Harry Brooker was a professional musician, playing steel guitar with Felix Mendelssohn's Hawaiian Serenaders, and as a child Brooker learned to play piano, cornet, and trombone. In 1954 the family moved to the seaside resort of Southend-on-Sea, Essex, where Brooker attended Westcliff High School for Boys. His father died of a heart attack when Gary was 11 years old, forcing his mother to work in order to make ends meet, while Brooker himself took on a paper-round. When he left school, he went on to Southend Municipal College to study zoology and botany but dropped out to become a professional musician.

Career
Brooker founded the Paramounts in 1962 with his guitarist friend, Robin Trower. The band gained respect within the burgeoning 1960s British R&B scene, which yielded the Beatles, the Animals, the Spencer Davis Group, the Rolling Stones, and many others. The Rolling Stones, in particular, were Paramounts fans, sharing the stage with them several times in the early 1960s.

In 1966, Brooker founded Procol Harum with his friend Keith Reid. "A Whiter Shade of Pale" is the worldwide hit for which Procol Harum is best known, but Brooker's melancholic vocals and emotive, eclectic piano playing were a key part of the band's musical mix. In the early years Brooker, Hammond organist Matthew Fisher, and Trower were the guiding musical forces behind the band, but after disparities in style became too much and Fisher and Trower left, Brooker was the clear leader. Brooker started a solo career and released the album No More Fear of Flying in 1979.

The same year, Brooker joined friend and neighbour Eric Clapton's band. With Brooker in the lineup, they released the studio album Another Ticket. Clapton fired the entire band in 1981, but he and Brooker remained good friends afterwards, and were for many years neighbours in the Surrey Hills. Brooker joined Clapton for several one-off benefit gigs over the years. Brooker sang lead vocal on the Alan Parsons Project song "Limelight", on their 1985 album, Stereotomy. Brooker sang the lead vocal of the song "No News from the Western Frontier", a single taken from the album Hi-Tec Heroes by the Dutch performer Ad Visser.

A new incarnation of Procol Harum, led by Brooker, continued touring the world, celebrating its 40th anniversary in July 2007 with two days of musical revels at St John's, Smith Square, in London. Brooker also toured with Ringo Starr's All-Starr Band in 1997 and 1999, and he was also a member of Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings for several years, appearing on three of their albums and touring with the band. On 28 September 1996, as the Gary Brooker Ensemble, he organised a charity concert to raise funds for his local church, St Mary and All Saints, in Surrey. The resulting live CD of the concert, Within Our House, originally released on a fan club CD in a limited run of 1000 units, later became a collectable recording. His guests and supporting artists included Dave Bronze, Michael Bywater, Mark Brzezicki, and Robbie McIntosh.

Also in 1996, Brooker appeared in the Alan Parker film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Evita starring Madonna, Jonathan Pryce, and Antonio Banderas. Playing the part of Juan Atilio Bramuglia, he sang the song "Rainbow Tour" with Peter Polycarpou and Antonio Banderas. Brooker said that his greatest single earning in his career was from his appearance in the film. Brooker contributed to George Harrison's albums All Things Must Pass (1970), Somewhere in England (1981) and Gone Troppo (1982). On 29 November 2002 he was among musicians and singers participating in the Harrison tribute concert, Concert for George, at which he sang lead vocals on their version of "Old Brown Shoe". In April 2005, as part of the Gary Brooker Ensemble, he played a sold out charity concert at Guildford Cathedral in aid of the tsunami appeal, playing a mixture of Procol Harum and solo songs and arrangements of classical and spiritual songs. His guests and supporting artists included Andy Fairweather Low and Paul Jones (ex-Manfred Mann).

On 28 October 2009, Brooker was presented with a BASCA in recognition of his unique contribution to music. In 2011 he organised and performed in a concert at his home Wintershall, in Bramley, Surrey, in aid of the charity HASTE (Heart and Stroke Trust Endeavour). His guest musicians included Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Andy Fairweather Low, Georgie Fame, and Lulu.

In May 2012, Procol Harum were forced to cancel the remainder of their dates in South Africa after Brooker fractured his skull following a fall in his hotel room in Cape Town. The fall came on Brooker's 67th birthday. The band was part of the British Invasion Tour of South Africa along with the Moody Blues and 10cc. Brooker again fell injuring himself, during the interval of a Procol Harum concert at London's Royal Festival Hall in March 2017. Returning to the stage after a longer than expected interval, Brooker's head was bandaged and it was later discovered that he had broken a finger. However, they continued touring until 2019, playing their final gig in Switzerland.

Personal life
In July 1968, Brooker married Françoise Riedo ("Franky"), a Swiss au pair, whom he met circa 1965. The couple had no children.

Brooker was a supporter of the Countryside Alliance and played in concerts to raise funds for the organisation. On 14 June 2003, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours, in recognition of his charitable services.

Brooker died from cancer at his home in Surrey on 19 February 2022, at the age of 76.

A memorial concert was held in Guildford on 4 December 2023 with a number of top musician friends on stage (Paul Carrack, Mike Rutherford, Roger Taylor and Andy Fairweather Low amongst them) and others (Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Tom Jones, Nick Mason & Elton John) sending video tributes. Eric Clapton was unable to play but sent an opening message to the capacity crowd. The evening was professionally videoed in aid of The Royal Marsden Hospital and a Parkinson's charity.

"A Whiter Shade of Pale" authorship lawsuit
In 2005, former Procol Harum organist Matthew Fisher filed suit in the High Court against Brooker and his publisher, claiming that he co-wrote the music for the song. Fisher won the case on 20 December 2006 but was awarded 40% of the composers' share of the music copyright, rather than the 50% he was seeking and was not granted royalties for the period before 2005.

Studio albums

 * 1979: No More Fear of Flying (AUS #94)
 * 1982: Lead Me to the Water
 * 1985: Echoes in the Night

Live album

 * 1996: Within Our House

Singles

 * 1979: "Savannah"
 * 1979: "Say It Ain't So Joe"
 * 1979: "No More Fear of Flying"
 * 1980: "Leave The Candle"
 * 1982: "Cycle (Let It Flow)"
 * 1982: "Low Flying Birds"
 * 1982: "The Angler"
 * 1984: "The Long Goodbye"
 * 1985: "Two Fools in Love"
 * 1987: "No News from the Western Frontier" (single in the Netherlands, taken from Ad Visser's album Hi-Tec Heroes)

Contributor

 * 1970: All Things Must Pass (George Harrison) – piano
 * 1971: Distant Light (The Hollies) – organ on track 11, "Long Dark Road"
 * 1975: Peter and the Wolf (Jack Lancaster and Robin Lumley, producers) — synthesizer
 * 1978: Juppanese (Mickey Jupp – keyboards, organ, piano, producer (side 2)
 * 1978: Five Three One – Double Seven O Four (The Hollies) – vocals on track 4, "Harlequin"
 * 1981: Another Ticket (Eric Clapton) – track 8, "Catch Me If You Can"
 * 1985: Stereotomy (Alan Parsons Project) – lead vocals on track 4, "Limelight"
 * 1993: The Red Shoes (Kate Bush) – Hammond on track 2, "And So Is Love", track 9, "Constellations of the Heart" and track 12, "You're the One"
 * 1999: Drivers Eyes (Ian McDonald) – track 11, "Let There Be Light"
 * 2003: Concert for George (Memorial concert for George Harrison)
 * 2005: Aerial (Kate Bush) – organ, vocals

title: Gary Brooker


text:
User:Tholmes

Ta'id Holmes

title: User:Tholmes


text: Category:Hammers

title: Category:Hammers


text:
Talk:Public works

Move request
This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. Public Works → Public works

Pretty basic, there is no reason for the 'W' to be capitalized. -- Pharos 06:06, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Jonathunder 06:09, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)
 * Oppose The unaesthetic side of naming conventions. —ExplorerCDT 07:01, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * This isn't the place to dispute established naming conventions. If you want to change the conventions so that all words in a Wikipedia article title are capitalized, the place to post that is Village pump.--Pharos 07:38, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * blah blah blah. When I feel up to a fight, I'll take up your suggestion. In the meantime, I vote as I want.—ExplorerCDT 08:17, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * You may wish to consult proposed policy Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point which is what you are doing here. violet/riga (t) 17:46, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Dissent is not vandalism. Thanks for the despotic attempt to strike my vote out as if it didn't count. —ExplorerCDT 17:53, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * It doesn't count, hence me moving the article in a few moments. violet/riga (t) 18:10, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Sic semper tyrannis —ExplorerCDT 18:18, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, of course. Grue 17:14, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support because it makes complete sense and is perfectly beautiful to my square eyes. Gareth Hughes 17:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This move request is now closed and further votes will not be counted. violet/riga (t) 18:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Advocates of American System Economics
Who are these advocates? -Willmcw 10:35, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Advocates of American System Economics point out that such federal investments in infrastructure are counter-inflationary, because they increase the overall productive power of the economy, in contrast to federal investments that prop up speculative bubbles, as was the trend in the 1990s.

Fair use rationale for Image:Pyat rublei 1997.jpg
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BetacommandBot 11:33, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

This is not English
Would someone who can decipher what is meant by "technically difficult projects did not ended up more exceedings of the budget than technically easy projects" please rewrite it in grammatical and comprehensible English. --Pfold (talk) 17:46, 19 April 2010 (UTC) I attempted to fix the text. You are welcome to improve on my modest efforts.AlexPlante (talk) 17:54, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

All significant US infrastructure is federally created?
"Consequently, almost all significant infrastructure in the U.S., including the Transcontinental Railroad, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Interstate Highway System, were created through federal investment (often employing private subcontractors)"

This is simply misleading. While the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 did establish a method of federally funding a majority of Interstate highways, most other roads and bridges are built by states. The infrastructure supporting running water is often supported by local government. Most other infrastructure, such as railroads, airports, and electricity, Internet, natural gas, oil, gasoline, food distribution, is created through private investments by individuals and corporations, not federal funding. Comments? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.67.133.27 (talk) 03:44, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Corruption?
I removed the statement about corruption as there were no reference to any proof that a public works project is more or less prone to corruption than any other project. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.68.122.140 (talk) 00:39, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External link spam removed
I have removed the majority of the external links for the page because most of them were spam links to software. If someone disagrees with the removal please discuss here. LynxTufts (talk) 18:15, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Public works


text:
World Book Dictionary

The World Book Dictionary is a two-volume English dictionary published as a supplement to the World Book Encyclopedia. It was originally published in 1963 under the editorship of Clarence Barnhart, who wrote definitions for the Thorndike-Barnhart graded dictionary series for children, based on the educational works of Edward Thorndike whom Clarence Barnhart had known and worked with decades before. In some editions it was called the World Book Encyclopedia Dictionary. The writing and editing of special articles was carried out by the staff of the World Book Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia staff also reviewed the work for consistency with the encyclopedia and appropriateness of its users.

Like the encyclopedia, it is designed to be user friendly to young people, yet comprehensive enough to be useful to adults. The definitions are designed with consideration for the age at which a person usually encounters the word. Quotations or sample sentences are offered with many words. Most proper names are excluded, leaving their treatment to the encyclopedia.

The word list is based on a formula for calculating frequency of use. Originally covering about 180,000 words, it has expanded to over 225,000 words with over 3,000 illustrations, making it considerably larger than most dictionaries, though not of "unabridged" scope. Its vocabulary has largely been drawn from the Century Dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary, and Barnhart's own extensive quotation file begun in the 1940s.

From 1963 the World Book Dictionary was updated annually and received a major revision in 1976. With the decline of traditional lexicography and the death of Clarence Barnhart in 1993, the work appears to have fallen almost into obscurity having been overshadowed by the World Book Encyclopedia, which also includes the dictionaries as part of the set. As a standalone work, the World Book Dictionary has faded from use and public recognition. The World Book Dictionary was last edited and updated by Robert and Cynthia Barnhart in 1996. Robert Barnhart died in 2007, and Cynthia Barnhart went on to produce the Facts on File Student's Dictionary of American English (2008). David Barnhart continues to edit the Barnhart Dictionary Companion and the Barnhart New-Words Concordance.

title: World Book Dictionary


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Indirect holding system

The indirect holding system (also multi-tiered holding system) is a system of securities clearance, settlement and ownership system where ownership information is held electronically as a book entry. It consists of one or more tiers of intermediaries between issuer and investor. It is an evolution from the "direct holding system" in which owners of securities had a direct relationship with the issuer.

The system is made up of various tiers, often with an increasing number of entries involved in each of the tiers. The top tier comprises "national" and "international central securities depositories" (CSDs), where large pools of securities of different issuers are immobilized or otherwise concentrated.

The next tier consists of a limited number of financial institutions, brokers, depositories and other professional investors who have direct contractual relationships with the CSDs and who hold their interests in securities in book-entry accounts with a CSD. These intermediaries (sometimes called participants of the CSD) in turn, hold in their accounts interests in or in respect of securities either for themselves or for their customers, such as institutional or retail investors or further intermediaries, and so forth until accounts are held for the investors.

For reasons of efficiency, depositories that hold securities for investors generally do so through commingled omnibus customer accounts.

This structure allows the issuer to deal with a single entity, the CSD. The investors do not appear on any register of ownership maintained by or on behalf of the issuer, nor do they have actual possession of certificates. It is the "account" rather than the "certificates" that is the source of the investor's entitlement.

The system reduces the processing and settlement costs and risks of loss, theft, and counterfeiting associated with the direct holding system. The transfer of securities by mere accounting entries allows for the rapid and efficient disposition of those interests. The velocity of transactions has grown and continues to grow.

In most jurisdictions around the world, neither the substantive laws governing securities transactions nor the conflict of laws rules determining the law applicable to cross-border transactions have been updated adequately to deal with the indirect holding system. The concept of direct property rights, the basic legal model of ownership of the direct holding of securities, is difficult to apply in the indirect system. Under traditional legal principles, commingling fungible property terminates direct property rights of owners of the individual commingled items.

title: Indirect holding system


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Alof de Wignacourt

Fra Alof de Wignacourt (1547 – 14 September 1622) was a French nobleman who was the 54th Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem from 10 February 1601 to his death in 1622. Unlike a number of the other Grand Masters, he was popular with the Maltese people. Wignacourt is mostly remembered for the construction of the Wignacourt Aqueduct as well as a series of coastal towers which also bear his name.

Wignacourt joined the Order in 1564, aged seventeen, and distinguished himself at the Great Siege of Malta a year later. He was elected Grand Master in 1601.

In order to ensure that the local population continued to celebrate the date of his accession, he declared the date of the shipwreck of St Paul in Malta to be the 10 of February; a date that is celebrated passionately to this day.

He was patron of Caravaggio following the artist's arrival in Malta in 1607 until his arrest and subsequent expulsion from the Order in 1608.

His reign was notable for the construction of a number of coastal fortifications (the Wignacourt towers), and of the Wignacourt Aqueduct that brought water from the plateau above Rabat to Valletta. The Wignacourt Arch was built as a part of the aqueduct between Birkirkara and Santa Venera, and it had his coat of arms with three fleur-de-lys on it, giving it the name of the Fleur-de-Lys Gate. A settlement which developed around this area is now known as Fleur-de-Lys, and the three fleur-de-lys from the coat of arms also appear on the flag of Santa Venera.

During his reign, in 1614 the Ottomans made their final attempt to conquer Malta. Six thousand men landed at Marsascala Bay and raided the village of Żejtun. The Order's cavalry and Maltese civilians, however, managed to overcome the Turks who retreated, without a single Christian dead.

His parade armour survives and is one of the treasures of the armoury of the Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta.

Alof de Wignacourt died of apoplexy while he was out shooting on 14 September 1622 at the age of 75.

title: Alof de Wignacourt


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Miquelet lock

Miquelet lock is a modern term used by collectors and curators for a type of firing mechanism used in muskets and pistols. It is a distinctive form of snaplock, originally as a flint-against-steel ignition form, once prevalent in the Spanish, Portuguese, and Ottoman empires, Italy, Greece, Russia, Ukraine, North Africa, and the Balkans from the late 16th to the mid-19th century.

The term miquelet lock was not recorded until the 19th century, long after the appearance of the mechanism in the 16th century, and is of uncertain origin. One commonly held view is that it was coined by British troops in the Peninsular War to describe the style of musket used by the Miquelet (militia) that had been assigned to the Peninsular Army of the Duke of Wellington. In most of Spain, it was traditionally called the llave de rastrillo ("rake lock"), and in Catalonia and Valencia it was called the pany de pedrenyal ("flint-lock") or simply pedrenyal ("flint").

There is often confusion, or at least a difference of opinion, as to what constitutes a snaplock, snaphaunce, miquelet and a flintlock. The term flintlock was, and still is, often applied to any form of friction (flint) lock other than the wheellock with the various forms sub-categorized as snaphaunce, miquelet, English Doglock, Baltic Lock, and French or "true" flintlock ("true" being the final, widely used form). Strictly speaking, all are flintlocks. However, current usage demands the separation of all other forms of flintlock from the so-called "true flintlock".

History
In the disastrous 1541 campaign of Algiers, weather conditions prevented the firing of arquebuses. Problems were caused on both wheellocks and matchlocks, firstly by wind blowing away the gunpowder when the pan cover was opened during priming, and secondly, by rain wetting matches and gunpowder. The earliest known appearance of the miquelet lock was in Spain within three decades of the Algiers military disaster.

The poet/novelist Ginés Pérez de Hita, in his historical novel Civil Wars of Granada, alludes to his "escopeta de rastrillo" being in common use in Xàtiva and Valencia prior to and during the Alpujarras Rebellion (1567–1571).

In his 1605 work Don Quixote, Miguel de Cervantes says that in Catalonia their name was pedrenyal, to the extent that pedrenyal lock means miquelet lock, the long-barreled wheel lock pistols were not called pedrenyals.

As both de Hita and Cervantes allude to pistols, pedrenales, and escopetas being in use that were not wheellocks, it is reasonable to suggest some form of flint-against-steel gunlock was in use by the late 16th century. Indeed, from about 1580 on, the listings in estate auctions increasingly referred to "arcabuces de rastrillo" and "escopeta de rastrillo". "Rastrillar", to comb or rake, perfectly describes the action of a flint down a battery (frizzen) face. Some listings used the term "llaves de chispa" (meaning spark locks, applied to all manner of flintlocks, miquelets included). Contemporaries did not use the term "miquelet" to describe any type of lock or firearm.

Probably the oldest surviving example of what certainly qualifies as a patilla miquelet lock is item No.I.20 in the Real Armería, Madrid. That unique item is a combination lance and double-barreled gun; its origin unknown, dated almost certainly before 1600.

The archaic form of Spanish lock was further developed by Madrid and provincial gunmakers, almost certainly including the Marquart family of Royal gunmakers, into the Spanish patilla style now most associated with the miquelet.

Main characteristics
The miquelet lock, with its combined battery and pan cover was the final innovative link that made the "true" flintlock mechanism possible. It proved to be both the precursor and companion to the "true" flintlock.

Two main forms of the miquelet were produced: The Spanish lock, where the mainspring pushed up on the heel of the cock foot and the two sears engaged the toe of the cock foot, and the Italian or Roman lock, where the mainspring pushed down on the toe of the cock foot and the sears engaged the cock on the heel of the foot. Neither form was confined exclusively to either country, that is, both Roman locks of Spanish manufacture and Spanish locks of Italian manufacture are not uncommon.

The features most associated with the miquelet are the horizontal sears, acting through the lockplate, coupled with the external mainspring and the top jaw screw ring. Experts agree that the use of horizontally acting sears is the true defining feature because some variations of the miquelet do not have the external mainspring and/or the large top jaw screw ring.

Another seemingly ubiquitous feature of the Spanish miquelets was the striated battery face, or put another way, vertically grooved frizzen. Initially, the striated face was a detachable plate dovetailed and often screwed to the battery. This allowed for the replacement of worn faces without having to rework or replace the complete battery. The detachable grooved face went out of fashion around 1660-1675, replaced by grooving made directly into the battery face, almost certainly due to improved heat treatment and tempering of the battery. The grooving was to a great extent eliminated by French-influenced Madrid gunsmiths around 1700. However, the practice of using both the detachable and integral grooved face was continued by many Spanish provincial gunsmiths as well as by North African and Ottoman lockmakers.

The fully developed lock was known by various names, depending on region or variation of design. In Spain, it was known as the "llave española"; or simply the "patilla". The patilla is the classic Spanish miquelet and the designation of patilla is often used nowadays in lieu of miquelet. The term patilla derives from the fact that the front foot of the cock resembled a rooster foot. In Catalonia, it was "clau de miquelet." In Portugal, it was known as the "fecho de patilha de invenção."

Indigenous variations of the patilla had names such as the "a la de invenciõn", later known as the "alla romana" or "romanlock" or simply, the "Italian." The Spanish miquelet is termed "alla micheletta" by Italian auctioneers. Serious writers and collectors in Europe eschew this term and use more precise, chronologically and geographically pertinent terminology, such as "alla borbona" for the Neapolitan (Naples) variety of external-mainspring lock due to its association with the Bourbons and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

The French influence on the Spanish lock coincided with the accession of the Bourbon Felipe V in 1701 as king of Spain. This influence produced a type of lock known as the "llave a la moda" or more commonly as the "Madrid" lock as it was produced almost exclusively in and for that city. The Madrid lock is almost indistinguishable from the ordinary French flintlock, with the laterally-operating sears being the only Spanish connection to the classic patilla lock. The half-cock sear (usually round) engaged the top of a small projection often disguised as a rococo embellishment on the breast of the cock. A similar projection on the opposite side of the cock engaged the underside of the full-cock sear, which could be round, flat, or square.

The French flintlock without any miquelet features was termed "llave a la francesa." It was used very little on weapons for private use, but was adopted under Carlos IV for use on military arms such as the Spanish Model 1752/1757 musket, although the French lock was later superseded by a miquelet patilla lock on the Model 1752/91 as the French style lock was deemed too fragile, a frequent complaint from colonial authorities.

Locks using features from Spain, France and Italy, which retained the patilla external mainspring and lateral sear setup, came to be labeled "a las tres modas" (lock of three fashions). Without a doubt, this lock is the final development of the miquelet flintlock before the percussion era. It was produced in Spain and Italy.

The "agujeta" lock or "la llave de transición", a contemporary of the patilla, was produced in Ripoll, a gun-making center in Catalonia. The lock was primarily fitted to a long-barreled pistol called a "pedrenyal" and also on long guns for a short period until the patilla became the predominant lock of manufacture in Spain. In Italy, the romanlock seems to have been the mechanical counterpart, and possibly the predecessor of the agujeta. The agujeta used a back catch on the cock in lieu of a half cock sear and the mainspring bore down on the toe of the cock as with the romanlock. A detached combination lock, wheellock and what is certainly an agujeta/romanlock form lock, in the Royal Artillery Museum, Turin, strongly suggests the agujeta/romanlock came to Spain from Italy, probably during a period of Spanish involvement there.

The agujeta lock became firmly established early on in North Africa, most likely being crafted in imitation of Spanish imports. One example would be the Kabyle Musket (moukhala or moukalla), sometimes referred to as the Arab toe-lock.

The miquelet is often termed the "Mediterranean" lock due to its widespread use in areas surrounding the Mediterranean, particularly in the Ottoman sphere of influence. As one author comments: "It was to Arabia and Tartary and from there to Russia that the new Spanish lock found its way."

The miquelet may have come to the attention of arms makers in Istanbul via long-established trade routes from Italian city-states through the port of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) to provinces on the Balkan Peninsula. Other avenues were probably provided by booty from corsair raids and/or from the many Ottoman-Euro conflicts of the period.

The gunmakers of the Ottoman Empire adopted the conventional Spanish patilla in its basic form, albeit with an additional feature in the form of a fastening bridge between the cock screw and the frizzen screw. This bridge or long bridle had the effect of decreasing torsion on the cock axis. It also provided ample space for decoration to suit local traditions.

A percussion cap lock mechanism styled on the patilla and romanlock pattern miquelets was used on pistols and sporting guns right up to the advent of the cartridge firearm. Sculpturing of the hammer in the form of wildlife (lions, dogs, mythical beasts, or fish) was a common practice on these percussion miquelet locks. Miquelets fashioned in this way were particularly well represented by the gunmakers of Eibar.

title: Miquelet lock