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Talk:Liam Gallagher

Distinctive Singing Style
"distinctive singing style, in which he elongates vowels" - doesn't pretty much every singing style elongate vowels? I agree he has a distinct sound. Maybe there is a better phrase, or this could simply be removed --TheHimalayanYak (talk) 00:23, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

“All You’re Dreaming Of” Single
There’s gotta be a page for the single, including him being on the Jimmy Fallon for the music video. Anonymous10128 (talk) 20:34, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

C'mon you know
Has anyone made a draft yet for an article for the album, like in a sandbox or something, or is anyone interested in doing so? Another Great Wiki Dude (talk) 23:09, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

I messed up some of the code stuff
I messed up some of the code stuff for the music videos table -- please help 2A00:23C8:C92:EA01:38FC:7AD7:AAD2:C090 (talk) 19:26, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

Birth place
I don't think he was born in World of Warcraft 2604:3D08:177B:1700:9D01:D66:7F14:605 (talk) 13:37, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liam Gallagher


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Notre-Dame du Haut

Notre-Dame du Haut (Our Lady of the Heights; full name in Chapelle Notre-Dame du Haut) is a Roman Catholic chapel in Ronchamp, France. Built in 1955, it is one of the finest examples of the architecture of Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier. The chapel is a working religious building and is under the guardianship of the private foundation Association de l’Œuvre de Notre-Dame du Haut. It attracts 80,000 visitors each year. In 2016, it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in along with sixteen other works by Le Corbusier, because of its importance to the development of modernist architecture.

History
Notre-Dame du Haut is commonly thought of as a more extreme design of Le Corbusier's late style. Commissioned by the Association de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame du Haut, the chapel is a simple design with two entrances, a main altar, and three chapels beneath towers. Although the building is small, it is powerful and complex. The chapel is the latest of chapels at the site. The previous chapel was completely destroyed during World War II. The previous building was a 4th-century Christian chapel. At the time the new building was being constructed, Le Corbusier was not interested in Machine Age architecture; he felt that his style was more primitive and sculptural. He realized when he visited the site that he could not use mechanized means of construction, because access was too difficult.

On January 17, 2014, the chapel became the target of a break-in. A concrete collection box was thrown outside, and one of the stained-glass windows, also designed by Le Corbusier and the only one on the chapel to carry his signature, was broken.

Site
The site is high on a hill near Belfort in eastern France. There had been a pilgrimage chapel on the site dedicated to the Virgin Mary, but it was destroyed during the Second World War. After the war, it was decided to rebuild on the same site. The new chapel was built for a reformist Church looking to continue its relevance. Warning against decadence, reformers within the Church at the time looked to renew its spirit by embracing modern art and architecture as representative concepts. Father Marie-Alain Couturier, who would also sponsor Le Corbusier for the La Tourette commission, steered the unorthodox project to completion in 1954.

The chapel at Ronchamp is singular in Le Corbusier's oeuvre, in that it departs from his principles of standardisation and the machine aesthetic, giving in instead to a site-specific response. By Le Corbusier's own admission, it was the site that provided an irresistible genius loci for the response, with the horizon visible on all four sides of the hill and its historical legacy for centuries as a place of worship.

This historical legacy was woven in different layers into the terrain – from the Romans and sun-worshippers before them, to a cult of the Virgin in the Middle Ages, right through to the modern church and the fight against the German occupation. Le Corbusier also sensed a sacred relationship of the hill with its surroundings – the Jura mountains in the distance and the hill itself, dominating the landscape.

The nature of the site would result in an architectural ensemble that has many similarities with the Acropolis – starting from the ascent at the bottom of the hill to architectural and landscape events along the way, before finally terminating at the sanctus sanctorum itself – the chapel. You cannot see the building until you reach nearly the crest of the hill. From the top, magnificent vistas spread out in all directions.

Structure
The structure is made mostly of concrete and is comparatively small, enclosed by thick walls, with the upturned roof supported on columns embedded within the walls, like a sail billowing in the windy currents on the hill top. In the interior, the spaces left between the walls and roof are filled with clerestory windows, as well as the asymmetric light from the wall openings, serve to further reinforce the sacred nature of the space and reinforce the relationship of the building with its surroundings. The lighting in the interior is soft and indirect, from the clerestory windows and reflecting off the whitewashed walls of the chapels with projecting towers.

The structure is built mostly of concrete and stone, which was a remnant of the original chapel built on the hilltop site destroyed during World War II. Some have described Ronchamp as the first Post-Modern building, and others as the first building of the movement Expressionist architecture after World War II. It was constructed in the early 1950s.

The main part of the structure consists of two concrete membranes separated by a space of 6'11", forming a shell which constitutes the roof of the building. This roof, both insulating and watertight, is supported by short struts, which form part of a vertical surface of concrete covered with "gunite" and which, in addition, brace the walls of old Vosges stone provided by the former chapel which was destroyed by the bombings. These walls which are without buttresses follow, in plan, the curvilinear forms calculated to provide stability to this rough masonry. A space of several centimeters between the shell of the roof and the vertical envelope of the walls furnishes a significant entry for daylight. The floor of the chapel follows the natural slope of the hill down towards the altar. Certain parts, in particular those upon which the interior and exterior altars rest, are of beautiful white stone from Bourgogne, as are the altars themselves. The towers are constructed of stone masonry and are capped by cement domes. The vertical elements of the chapel are surfaced with mortar sprayed on with a cement gun and then white-washed — both on the interior and exterior. The concrete shell of the roof is left rough, just as it comes from the formwork. Watertightness is effected by a built-up roofing with an exterior cladding of aluminium. The interior walls are white; the ceiling grey; the bench of African wood created by Savina; the communion bench is of cast iron made by the foundries of the Lure.

The south wall
The South wall of Ronchamp is a creature of its own. Rather than designing a straight, 50 cm thick concrete piece, Le Corbusier spent months trying to perfect the outside wall. What he came up with is a wall that starts out as a point on the east end, and expands to up to 10 feet thick its west side. As it moves from east to west, it curves towards the south. To further expand his design's complexity, Le Corbusier decided to make the windows of the wall extraordinary. The openings slant towards their centers at varying degrees, thus letting in light at different angles. The different-sized windows are scattered in an irregular pattern across the wall. Le Corbusier reportedly insisted that the shapes and patterns were not arbitrary, but derived from a proportional system based on the Golden Section. Furthermore, the glass that closes the windows off is set at alternating depths. This glass is sometimes clear, but is often decorated with small pieces of stained glass in typical Corbusier colors: red, green, and yellow. These stained pieces radiate like rubies, emeralds, and amethysts, and act as the jewels of the already complex wall. After this extensive design, Le Corbusier decided not to make the southern partition a bearing wall. Instead, the building's roof is supported by concrete columns that make it appear to float above the rest of the space.

In a final move of symbolism, Le Corbusier filled the inside of the wall with the rubble from the previous chapel that stood at the location. Thus the old church, and all of its history, would remain in the site.

Furnishings
Small pieces of stained glass are set deep within the walls, which are sometimes ten feet thick. The glass glows likes deep-set rubies and emeralds and amethysts and jewels of all colors.

Because it is a pilgrimage chapel, there are few people worshipping at most times. But on special feast days, large crowds of thousands will attend. To accommodate them, Le Corbusier also built an outside altar and pulpit, so the large crowds can sit or stand on a vast field on the top of the hill. A famous statue of the Virgin Mary, rescued from the ruins of the chapel destroyed during WWII, is encased in a special glass case in the wall, and it can be turned to face inward when the congregation is inside, or to face outward toward the visitors.

Roof
The roof was built in two parts, utilizing two softly upward curving reinforced concrete membranes, with a space between for insulation. The sinusoidal curved ceiling was formed with wooden framework and then whitewashed. The linear, textured impression left from the timber framework emphasizes the lines of increasing curvature of the roof. Robin Evans believes that the ruled surface was integral to the roof design from the beginning, and may have been influenced by Antoine Pevsner's sculptures from welded metal rod, which Le Corbusier felt could be generalized as models for timber shuttering.

Much like the church at Sainte Marie de La Tourette, the roof of Notre Dame du Haut appears to float above the walls. This is possible, because it is supported by concrete columns, not the walls themselves. The effect produced allows a strip of light to enter the building, thus lighting the space further, and making the church feel more open.

This billowing concrete roof was planned to slope toward the back, where a fountain of abstract forms is placed on the ground. When it rains, the water comes pouring off the roof and down onto the raised, slanted concrete structures, creating a dramatic natural fountain.

Addition
In 2006, the convent for the Clarisses, or Poor Clares, decided to construct a building next to the chapel. Le Corbusier himself had consulted with the Association de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame du Haut about adding a monastery, but concrete plans were never developed. Following the initiative of the abbess, Sister Brigitte de Singly, the Poor Clares commissioned Renzo Piano; the association had considered several architects besides Piano, including Tadao Ando, Glenn Murcutt, and Jean Nouvel. The project met great opposition when plans were unveiled in 2008. Architects like Richard Meier, Rafael Moneo, and Cesar Pelli signed an online petition denouncing the project. The French Ministry of Culture, which is required to approve plans for changing cultural landmarks, approved Piano's design.

In October 2011, Archbishop Luigi Ventura, the papal envoy to France, came to bless the convent. Immersed in the vegetation of the Bourlemont hill, the monastery is composed of twelve 120 square-feet domestic units for the sisters with spaces for common living (a refectory and workshops), an oratory for religious pilgrims, and a lodge to host visitors. The new visitors' centre, also dug into the hill, forms the base of the convent, thus replacing a 1960s gatehouse that had obscured sight of the chapel from the town below and was removed in the process of construction. The all-in budget of $13 million was realised through local government funding, charitable and religious donations, and the sale of the nuns' former convent in Besançon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Notre-Dame du Haut


text:
Olena Teliha

Olena Ivanivna Teliha (Олена Іванівна Теліга, July 21, 1906 – February 21, 1942) was a Ukrainian poet and activist of Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnicity.

Biography
Olena Teliha was born in the village of Ilyinskoe, near Moscow in Russia where her parents spent summer vacations. There are several villages by this name in that area, and it is unknown exactly which one of them is Olena Teliha's birthplace. Her father was a civil engineer while her mother came from a family of Russian Orthodox priests. In 1918, she moved to Kyiv with her family, when her father became a minister in the new UNR government. There they lived through the years of Ukrainian War of Independence. When the Bolsheviks took over, her father moved to Czechoslovakia, and the rest of the family followed him in 1923. After living through the rise and fall of Ukrainian National Republic, Olena took an avid interest in Ukrainian language and literature. In Prague, she attended a Ukrainian teacher's college where she studied history and philology. She met a group of young Ukrainian poets in Prague and started writing poetry herself. After her marriage, she moved to Warsaw, Poland, where she lived until the start of the Second World War. In 1939, like many of the young Ukrainians with whom she associated, Olena Teliha became a member of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, within which she became an activist in cultural and educational matters.

In 1941, Olena and her husband Mykhailo Teliha (whom she met and married in Czechoslovakia ) moved back to Nazi-occupied Kyiv, where she expanded her work as a cultural and literary activist, heading the Ukrainian Writers' Guild and editing a weekly cultural and arts newspaper "Litavry". A lot of her activities were in open defiance of the Nazi authorities. She watched her closest colleagues from the parent-newspaper "Ukrainian Word" ("Ukrayins'ke Slovo") get arrested and yet chose to ignore the dangers. She refused to flee, declaring that she would never again go into exile.

She was finally arrested by the Gestapo and executed, aged 35, in Babi Yar in Kyiv along with her husband. In the prison cell where she stayed, her last written words were scribbled on the wall: "Here was interred and from here goes to her death Olena Teliha".

Poetry

 * "Only the evening flies over the city"
 * Joy
 * Abroad
 * Life
 * To men
 * I. Someone else's spring
 * II. Sleepy day
 * III. Blazing day
 * Everlasting
 * Turn
 * Tango
 * Cossack
 * Travel
 * "No need for words. Let there be only business..."
 * Summer
 * Loyalty
 * "The night was turbulent and dim..."
 * "My soul and a dark drink..."
 * "Not love, not a whim and not an adventure..."
 * To a man
 * "Sharp eyes open in the dark..."
 * "Today every step would like to be a waltz..."
 * A unique holiday
 * On the fifth floor
 * "They wave their hand! Pour the wine..."
 * Reply
 * "I will not forgive the hand that hit me..."
 * Immortal
 * Fifteenth autumn
 * Evening song
 * Black square
 * Letter
 * "Everything - but not this! Not these peaceful days..."
 * On the eve [Two sonnets]
 * A sunny memory
 * 1933—1939
 * Convicted

Remembrance
On July 19, 2007 the National bank of Ukraine issued a commemorative coin dedicated to Olena Teliha.

On 25 February 2017 a monument to Teliha was unveiled at Babi Yar. The monument was consecrated by head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate Patriarch Filaret.

title: Olena Teliha


text: Template:Geometry-stub

title: Template:Geometry-stub


text:
Bigler's Mill, Virginia

Bigler's Mill was a small town in Virginia near Williamsburg in York County which is now extinct. It is considered one of the many lost towns of Virginia. The original community on this site was founded by James Bigler in the spring of 1852, who purchased 2400 acres of timberland, part of the tract known as Rippon Hall. He built a sawmill and gristmill with a long pier extending into the York River. A series of homes, a store and church were also constructed. During the Peninsula Campaign of the Civil War, the property was occupied by Confederate forces; in May 1862, Federal gunboats shelled the mill and set fire to the buildings and the pier, for which Bigler was later compensated.

After the war, a new community grew up along the river based on oyster planting and harvesting. In this practice, seed oysters were gathered from rocky river bottoms, mostly in the James River, and planted in the muddier York River. The right to plant and harvest sections of the riverbed was leased from the state, and leaseholds were transferable, a system that provided some measure of protection from overfishing, and prosperity for the lease owners.

During World War II, the U.S. Navy took over a large area in the north-western portion of York County, which was developed as Camp Peary. All residents of the entire towns of Bigler's Mill and nearby Magruder were removed, and many of the areas were redeveloped.

Camp Peary later became well known as "The Farm," a training facility for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Access to the base is restricted. The 100-acre (400,000 m2) Biglers Millpond occupies the site adjacent to the York River.

title: Bigler's Mill, Virginia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boone Spooner

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:29, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Boone Spooner
Non-notable, vanity. allmusic.com searches for Boone Spooner and all of the bands listed in the article turn up nothing. Google search for Boone Spooner only returns the website listed in the article as a relevant link. Android79 04:33, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 23:18, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, no allmusic entry. DaveTheRed 01:52, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for not meeting the Notability and Music Guidelines. Tuf-Kat 05:10, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Middle Eastern cuisine

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 September 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Karla EB.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:05, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

comment
"Kosher" as a category is completely orthogonal to "Middle Eastern". Kosher (like Halal or Vegan or Christian-fasting) is a cultural/religious category, not a regional one. There is Kosher Polish, Kosher Sephardic, Kosher Indian, etc. So the 'Kosher' category doesn't belong here. Israeli cooking, on the other hand, probably does.--Macrakis 04:32, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

''Please explain to me (no Native English speaker) what "Middle Eastern" means. The Wikipedia entry on "Middle East" say it is the region from the Eastern Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf. If so, what does Ethiopic or Moroccan cooking have to do with Middle-Eastern cuisine?''

The Middle East is North Africa (Morroco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt) and Southwest Asia (Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Jordan, Cyprus, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait). Ethiopia does not belong in this category, it is African cuisine. --S.M. 9 July 2005 05:54 (UTC)
 * According to my understanding, the Middle East as a geographical term does not include Morocco and probably neither Algeria nor Tunisia. Whether the cooking style resembles that of the Middle East is a completely different question. The article is not very precise in this respect.--193.196.193.21 16:29, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The Middle East does NOT Include Most of Arab North Africa... it simply Includes the Arabian Peninsula (Qatar, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait), Arab Mashriq (Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq), Turkey, Iran, Israel, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, cyprus is sometimes included due to geographical reason, but the terminology is strictly political tho..

Arab League User (talk) 02:43, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

Middle East
Speaking Arabic does not make something Middle Eastern. Somalia is in sub-saharan African and any cultural similaries with the Middle East has no bearing on Geography. Only the Sinai part of Egypt is in the Middle East. North African cuisine is North African cuisine, not Middle Eastern cuisine. Arab cuisine stretches from Mauritania to Oman. This Area is does not constitute the Middle East, it constitutes the Arab World. It don't give a damn about the Bush administration's definition of things nor Pan-Arab pseudo-geography. If you look at a map you can clearly see the Middle East demarcated from Europe, Asia and Africa by the Black Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Caspian Sea, Iranian Plateau, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, Sinai Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Sea. It is almost an island and has more claim to being a seperate continent than Europe or the Indian subcontinent. The Middle East is from the Greek islands in the Aegean to central Iran and from Georgia to the Sinai to Yemen. This is the Middle East 90.193.39.114 (talk) 04:17, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Middle Eastern Cuisine
This page should not have been unilaterally moved from Middle Eastern Cuisine. English speakers who want to find this cuisine will be looking for "Middle Eastern", not "West Asian". They don't know what "West Asian cuisine" is. Look at the cookbooks on the topic--they are uniformly "Middle Eastern", not "West Asian". Wikipedia should reflect what English speakers actually use, not what one editor thinks they should use. (Taivo (talk) 15:14, 30 October 2009 (UTC))

already moved by Taivo.

West Asian cuisine → Middle Eastern cuisine — - This page had existed for a long time as "Middle Eastern cuisine". For English speakers, this is a clear and explanatory term. Nearly all English-language cookbooks refer to this as "Middle Eastern cuisine". "West Asian" is a political construct and not an actual term used by the majority of English speakers. This page was unilaterally moved without discussion. --Taivo (talk) 15:18, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Izzedine, if you want to move this again, then you need to go through the process of requesting a move at WP:MOVE. If, after discussion, a consensus of editors agree with you, then it can be moved to West Asian cuisine. But since there is (at least) one objection, you need to build consensus around the move. (Taivo (talk) 15:25, 30 October 2009 (UTC))

 * Just to demonstrate my point, I did a search at Amazon (since cookbooks are going to be the number measure for common English usage in this topic) for "Middle Eastern cuisine". It yielded this listing.  The whole first page of results contains cookbooks relevant to food of the Middle East.  I did a search for "West Asian cuisine" and got this list, the first page of which includes mostly east asian cookbooks along with a couple items on western North American cooking and a West African cookbook.  The only relevant cookbook to West Asia on that list was a cookbook on recipes from the Caucasus.  That should put the issue of what to call this article to rest.  "Middle Eastern" is the name that users will be looking for when they go to Amazon, so "Middle Eastern" is the name that we need to be using here to reflect common English usage.  (Taivo (talk) 20:30, 31 October 2009 (UTC))

Hyphen
Why is this "Middle Eastern cuisine" and not "Middle-Eastern cuisine"? I'm going to be bold and change it. -Ich (talk) 01:46, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I moved it back. If you do a few searches on Google and Google Books, you will find that the hyphenated form is essentially non-existent. --Macrakis (talk) 00:02, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
 * You are absolutely and totally in error. WikiEditorial101 (talk) 14:50, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

Quality
This article needs major work. What does "The cuisine of the region is diverse while having a degree of homogeneity." mean? Why are "pitas" [sic] listed as an ingredient? Why isn't wheat listed in the "commonly used ingredients"? Kibbeh is specifically a Levantine cuisine dish, not pan-ME. Similarly, the statement about tahini (Many Middle-Eastern dishes are made with a paste called tahini) is misleading -- tahini is mostly a Levantine thing, not popular in Egypt, Turkey, Arabia, etc. The statement "Religion has also changed the cuisine as neither Jews nor Muslims eat pork, making lamb the primary meat." is bizarre, for one thing because it doesn't mention or explain that beef is not widely used. There is the naive and silly statement that "Since the Qur'an forbids alcohol consumption, the region isn't noted much for its wine", forgetting that there is a significant number of Christians in Lebanon and Syria; and then the next section mentions arak, as though it weren't alcoholic.

Terrible article. Needs lots of work. Also needs decent sources. Globalgourmet and about.com are not Reliable Sources. --Macrakis (talk) 00:02, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

The Left Hand
Can anyone point to an article that points to why the tradition of not eating with the left hand has stuck around? I can't imagine the practice of cleaning yourself after the bathroom still is around; if it is, why? I read that there are preferences from Profects that prefer the right hand, but does that condemn the left? I'd like to read the article about the McDonald's campaign that lost sales for big macs due to the image of Ronald McDonald holding the sandwich with both hands. Thanks. Complete turing (talk) 00:20, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

Fruit?
While specific fruits are mentioned in various places there is no section on fruit as there is for meat, cereal, vegetables, etc.,and there is little mention of fruit in the "Vegetables" section. Should there be a "Fruit" section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.82.169.38 (talk) 13:30, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

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Kurdish Cuisine
Kurdish cuisine is an important ethnic food, and shouldn't be removed/replaced by Jordanian cuisine. this seems to be a contentious edit, and does a disservice to kurdish cuisine.

Saintstephen000 (talk)

 * Please provide diffs and explain precisely what edits you think are inappropriate. You're aware, correct, that Kurdish cuisine is an article? -  Julietdeltalima   (talk)  19:59, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

 * my apologies. there was a misunderstanding with an editor regarding whether or not kurdish should be included.

thank you Saintstephen000 (talk)

Italics
Hello,

Is there any particular reason many of the dish names in the lead and randomly throughout the article are italicized? The only directions I could find on the Wikipedia use of italics is from the MoS: "Italics should not be used for foreign-language text in non-Latin scripts, such as Chinese characters and Cyrillic script, or for proper names, to which the convention of italicizing non-English words and phrases does not apply; thus, a title of a short non-English work simply receives quotation marks."

Unless anyone knows the reason, I am going to remove the italics from the food titles.

Best, Apathyash (talk) 16:59, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Middle Eastern cuisine


text:
User:VFD Bot

''' As of, 08:38, 1 September 2005 (UTC), VFD Bot has been disabled. User:AFD Bot is the replacement. ''' --AllyUnion (talk) 08:38, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi. My name is VFD Bot, short for: Votes for Deletion Bot. I perform various Votes for deletion tasks. --VFD Bot 12:20, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This bot is owned, maintained and operated by User:AllyUnion. A list of tasks are below.

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This bot is currently using the pyWikipedia robot framework:

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 * 11) * Partly fixed. I think. --AllyUnion (talk) 04:05, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Depreciated tasks:
 * 1) Ensure that it is    and    for performance reasons.
 * I haven't quite figured out to how to do this one exactly either... at least for all the pages. It can check new pages, but not on the old pages unfortunately.  I could use a category temporary, but I don't want to screw anything up.  For the time being, it will only check on the recent VFD pages. -- AllyUnion (talk) 21:09, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven't exactly been running this feature. -- AllyUnion (talk) 22:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Add the Template:Vfd top and Template:Vfd bottom to all old VFD subpages as a HTML comment, once moved to VFD old.
 * This task is not implemented, and there are questions and objections to this feature at this time. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:17, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Post a new edited WP:VFDL page
 * 2) Add the new UTC day section link on WP:VFDL (in the Jump to specific days box)
 * 3) Remove the six days ago section link on WP:VFDL (in the Jump to specific days box)
 * 4) Add a new six days ago /Old section link on WP:VFDL (in the Jump to specific days box)
 * 5) Add the new UTC day transinclude on WP:VFDL
 * 6) Remove the six days ago transinclude on WP:VFDL
 * 7) VFD Daily Update on WP:NAC, requested by User:Hydnjo -- AllyUnion (talk) 22:02, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Not updating --AllyUnion (talk) 04:05, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:VFD Bot


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cousin tuny

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS; thus the article is kept. —Korath (Talk) 12:19, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

Cousin tuny
Some local radio personality in Tennessee. Same author wrote a few other pieces on local radio shows. Not notable. Delete. -R. fiend 04:33, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep needs some expansion, but she's very notable. A boadcast pioneer in her region.  There's a documentary about her (The Legend of Cousin Tuny), appeared on a 1967 telethon with Leonard Nimoy, host of many large telethons for 5 different decades now, subject of a recent published book (Cuz), very well known (regionally, not locally!) where her name is almost a household word.  Perhaps not an international superstar, but a notable figure with a decades-long career is certainly above the bar. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  17:19, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - 30 Google hits, that doesnt look above the bar to me. Article creator was the same anon user of subsequent VfD Good morning west tennessee. The documentary The Legend of Cousin Tuny returns only 1 Google hit. Book doesn't appear to be a major publication and has long since been out of print. Megan1967 23:00, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Long since been out of print? Where did that information come from?  It was published in 2004 by Main Street Publishing, and is still in print. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  20:04, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Megan, Delete. Radiant! 09:15, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What Megan said. Jonathunder 21:50, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. I'd say 30 is pretty good for regional 1960s radio personalities. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  07:25, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Passes that google test I keep hearing about.  —RaD Man (talk) 04:26, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:ShadowMagus

Teh boobeh.

To anyone reading this: feel free to vandalize my page. Heaven knows I vandalize J-L's enough. --ShadowMagus 21:09, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, the topic got really old. Especially after I went through and inserted all those line breaks. --ShadowMagus 16:25, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User:ShadowMagus


text:
Talk:Notre-Dame du Haut

Perhaps the best title would be Chapel of Nôtre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, with a redirect from Ronchamp. The link at Le Corbusier is circular. --Wetman 04:39, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is not cohesive. Grammar also seems to be a problem.

The tone of the article does not seem appropriate, being so very reverential for Le Corbusier.

Revision
I have good pictures of the Chapel, and I'll add them soon, as well as making a major revision for clarity and content. I will cite, hopefully. Is there anything wanted for this page in particular? Stakhanov 21:33, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, a couple of good photos! Santamoly (talk) 23:29, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

File:Corbu675.jpg Nominated for Deletion

 * This article is almost pointless without a picture of this unique creation. There's nothing like it anywhere on earth, and it's impossible to describe it in words.  I hope somebody will volunteer an image to replace the one that was deleted. As usual in Wikipedia, words are cheap, and photos are priceless. Santamoly (talk) 23:28, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

File:Ronchamp 005.jpg Nominated for Deletion
link at bottom of page to a slideshow appears to be about rivers in france, someone might want to remove that122.58.124.6 (talk) 11:01, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

Image
Does anyone have an image of the chapel that is fair use? It is a travesty that there is no image on Wikipedia of one of the most famous and important pieces of 20th century religious architecture. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thriley (talk • contribs) 00:08, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Notre-Dame du Haut


text:
The Other America

The Other America: Poverty in the United States is Michael Harrington's best known and likely most influential book. He was an American democratic socialist, writer, political activist, political theorist, professor of political science, radio commentator, and founding member of the Democratic Socialists of America. He believed that American Socialists could support certain Democratic Party candidates, including candidates for president.

Synopsis
The book was a study of poverty in the United States, published in 1962 by the Macmillan Publishing Company.

President Dwight Eisenhower's two terms from 1952 to 1960 had temporarily upended the New Deal Coalition, which had been begun by President Franklin Roosevelt and was temporarily revived, for the most part, by the election of John F. Kennedy as president in 1960 and expanded in the subsequent presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson.

Reception
A widely read review, "Our Invisible Poor," in The New Yorker by Dwight Macdonald brought the book to the attention of President Kennedy. The Other America argued that up to 25% of the nation was living in poverty. Many (such as historian Maurice Isserman ) believe that this book was responsible for President Lyndon Johnson's "War on Poverty." The Penguin Books paperback editions have sold over one million copies. The Boston Globe editorialized that Medicaid, Medicare, food stamps, and expanded social security benefits could partly be traced to Harrington's ideas.

With the book's acceptance, many believe Harrington became the pre-eminent spokesman for democratic socialism in America. By 1980, Harrington considered a run for President himself, but he threw his support to Democratic candidates instead.

Documentary film
The 1999 documentary film Michael Harrington and Today's Other America: Corporate Power and Inequality captured the essence of Harrington's ideas through the use of archival footage and interviews with his colleagues and opponents. Over thirty interviews were filmed, including John Kenneth Galbraith, Gloria Steinem, William F. Buckley, Charles Murray, and ordinary people who struggle to make a living or are dependent on social services.

The documentary included a brief history of socialism in America and raised questions on the merits and relevance of trade unions today; the problems of migrant workers, farmers, and big business; and the American health care system.

title: The Other America


text: Template:South Dakota

title: Template:South Dakota


text:
Arizona State Route 101

Arizona State Route 101 (SR 101) or Loop 101 is a semi-beltway looping around the Phoenix Metropolitan Area in central Arizona, United States. It connects several suburbs of Phoenix, including Tolleson, Glendale, Peoria, Scottsdale, Mesa, Tempe, and Chandler. Construction began in the late-1980s and was completed in 2002.

Loop 101 has three officially designated sections along its route:
 * Agua Fria Freeway in the west valley from I-10 to I-17
 * Pima Freeway in the east valley from I-17 to Loop 202 (Red Mountain Freeway)
 * Price Freeway in the east valley from Loop 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) to Loop 202 (Santan Freeway)

Route description
Agua Fria Freeway

Loop 101 begins as the Agua Fria Freeway at a three-level interchange with I-10 in Tolleson west of Phoenix. From that point, the route heads north entering Phoenix then Glendale, passing State Farm Stadium and Gila River Arena. Continuing northward through Peoria, it encounters the Grand Avenue portion of US 60 and passes the Peoria Sports Complex before entering northwestern Glendale and curving east just past the Arrowhead Towne Center mall. The route then heads east along the Beardsley Road alignment. The freeway enters northern Phoenix, and at milepost 23, Loop 101 intersects I-17 15 mi north of Downtown Phoenix.

Pima Freeway

Continuing east as the Pima Freeway, Loop 101 travels just south of Deer Valley Airport before intersecting the northern terminus of SR 51 at milepost 29. East of this junction, Loop 101 curves south through Scottsdale on the Pima Road alignment. The freeway then curves east and passes through the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, just south of Via Linda providing access to Downtown Scottsdale, Scottsdale Pavilions, Scottsdale Community College, two casinos, and Scottsdale Fashion Square. Continuing south, Loop 101 encounters an interchange with the Red Mountain Freeway portion of Loop 202 in Tempe at milepost 51. This interchange is partially built over the Salt River.

Price Freeway

Loop 101 then becomes the Price Freeway and continues south, passing Arizona State University to the east. The route then intersects the Superstition Freeway portion of US 60 at milepost 55 before entering Chandler. Loop 101 provides access to Chandler Fashion Center just prior to concluding at milepost 61 at an interchange with the Santan Freeway portion of Loop 202 (signs for AZ-101 Loop S).

1985–2007: Original Construction
Loop 101 was a part of the 1985 Maricopa County Regional Transportation Plan that was funded by a sales tax approved by Maricopa County voters that year. The freeway was originally assigned two different route numbers along its path: The Agua Fria Freeway portion was initially designated as SR 417, and the Pima/Price Freeway portion was initially designated as SR 117. The Loop 101 designation was first assigned on December 18, 1987, at which time the South Mountain Freeway and the portion of the San Tan Freeway between I-10 and Price Road were also designated to be part of Loop 101. On July 19, 1991, the proposed South Mountain Freeway was renumbered as part of Loop 202. The San Tan Freeway portion of Loop 101 has never officially been renumbered, though this freeway section has been signed as Loop 202 since its opening.

In 1990, after several years of negotiation with the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community, the state of Arizona paid the tribe $247 million for right of way for the nine-mile eastern leg of Loop 101 from Via Linda to the north bank of the Salt River. The resulting alignment kept all four corners of each interchange on tribal land, allowing the community to control and benefit from development. The tribe formed a development arm, Salt River DevCo, to manage these and other community developable properties.

Loop 101 was built in stages from 1988 to 2002. The first segment of Loop 101 opened in November 1988, consisting of the two-mile stretch from Peoria Avenue to Northern Avenue in Peoria. Throughout the next 14 years, the other 59 miles of the route would be built including the interchanges with I-10, I-17, both Loop 202 Freeways, and the US 60. The final segment that was built was the two-mile stretch from Scottsdale Road to Pima Road in Scottsdale that opened in April 2002, marking the full completion of the entire 61-mile route. Loop 101 was built with three general-purpose lanes in each direction along with one auxiliary lane with the exception of the three-mile stretch from Loop 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) to US 60 where there were four general-purpose lanes in each direction.

In January 2006, Scottsdale installed speed enforcement cameras along its 7.8 mile stretch of Loop 101 to lower speeds and reduce collisions. There were six cameras placed in total, three in each direction. The system was calibrated to ticket anyone traveling 76 mph or greater, as 65 mph was the predetermined speed limit. The trial phase lasted from January to October 2006 before resuming full time in February 2007. There had been much criticism of the program since its inception, and it ended in 2010.

2007–present: Recent Improvements
Between 2007 and 2011, HOV lanes were constructed along the entire route in different phases. It included construction of direct HOV ramps between Loop 101 east and SR 51 south in Northern Phoenix and Loop 101 north and Loop 202 east (Santan Freeway) in Chandler.

The Maryland Avenue HOV interchange in Glendale began construction in October 2013 and was completed in March 2014.

In August 2014, construction began to add a fourth general-purpose lane in each direction for the 11-mile segment from Shea Boulevard to Loop 202 in Scottsdale. Construction was completed in October 2016.

The 64th Street interchange in northeast Phoenix opened in May 2015 after being built in 2008.

Bethany Home Road was renamed Cardinals Way to honor the Arizona Cardinals in February 2019.

In February 2019, construction began to add a fourth general-purpose lane in each direction for the 13-mile segment from I-17 to Pima Road in Scottsdale and northeast Phoenix. Construction was completed in January 2022.

In May 2019, construction began to add a fourth general-purpose lane in each direction for the 6.4-mile segment from Baseline Road to Loop 202 (Santan Freeway) in the East Valley. Construction was completed in August 2020.

Construction began in January 2024 to add a fourth general-purpose lane in each direction for the 4.5-mile segment from Shea Boulevard to Princess Drive/Pima Road. Construction is expected to be completed in early 2026.

Future
Construction is planned to begin in fall 2024 to add a fourth general-purpose lane in each direction for the six-mile segment from 75th Avenue to I-17 in the northwest valley.

Direct HOV lane connections are planned to be constructed at the I-10 interchange between Loop 101 and I-10 east. Construction is planned to begin in 2025 and be completed in 2027.

The Northern Avenue interchange in Peoria is planned to be upgraded to a diverging diamond interchange (DDI). It will be the first DDI on Loop 101, and construction is expected to begin in 2025 and be completed in 2027.

title: Arizona State Route 101


text: Category:Geometry stubs

title: Category:Geometry stubs


text:
User talk:Kakashi Bot

Tasks and bot operation comments should be directed at User talk:AllyUnion. -- AllyUnion (talk) 04:49, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kakashi Bot


text:
User:Kakashi Bot

This bot is operated and owned by AllyUnion.

This bot purpose is for one time use tasks.

Current task:

Completed tasks:
 * 1) Rename all uses of Allaroundamazingbarnstar3.png to Allaroundamazingbarnstar.png (Completed)

title: User:Kakashi Bot


text:
Air India Express

Air India Express is an Indian low-cost airline and a wholly owned subsidiary of Indian flag carrier airline Air India. Currently, it is headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana.

It operates more than 2000 flights per week to 45 destinations across India, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. It has a primary hubs in Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Delhi & Kochi and operating bases in Thiruvananthapuram, Kannur, Tiruchirappalli, Kozhikode, Mangaluru, Kolkata, and Mumbai.

Foundation
Air India Express came into existence on 29 April 2005, with the launch of three flights that took off simultaneously from Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode. The airline was launched as a low-cost carrier with the objective of providing convenient connectivity to short-haul international routes in the Middle East and Southeast Asia for the Indian expatriate community. Air India Express was Air India's response to the growing popularity of low-cost carriers worldwide and within the region. As a low-cost carrier, the airline operates point-to-point flights with multiple hubs all over India.

In December 2012, Air India ratified the proposal to move the headquarters to Kochi in January 2013 and to establish a new maintenance base at Thiruvananthapuram. Despite rising losses for its parent entity Air India, the airline continued to thrive in the following years with constant increase in revenue while managing to stay profitable.

Privatisation
On 8 October 2021, Air India, along with its low-cost carrier Air India Express and fifty percent of AISATS, a ground handling company, were sold for ₹18,000 crores (US$2.5 billion) to Talace Private Limited, a Tata Sons' special-purpose entity. The airlines were later handed over to the Tata Group.

During early 2023, reports emerged stating that the Tata Group was seeking to consolidate its 4 airlines into 2 airlines, one full service carrier and one low-cost carrier. The group acquired its remaining stake in AirAsia India, which was rebranded as AIX Connect, and talks began to merge Air India Express and AIX Connect. The group later confirmed the merger and applied for a merger request with the necessary authorities. The merger was later approved by the Competition Commission of India. AIX Connect has started transferring its aircraft and crew to Air India Express in preparation for the merger.

During the 2023 Paris Air Show, Air India placed an order for 470 aircraft which included an order for 190 737 MAX aircraft. The airline later transferred its 737 MAX order to Air India Express with deliveries commencing from October 2023. The airline revealed its plan to have 170 aircraft within 5 years.

Rebranding and merger
The airline began focusing more on non-trunk routes and began to pull out of routes requiring high business capacity, later Air India would take over those routes. The airline and Air India also began to stay away from each other's routes, with Air India Express connecting smaller cities and feeding on Air India's long-haul network.

The Tata Group launched the rebranded Air India Express logo and livery on 18 October 2023, promising a fresh, vibrant, and visually engaging airline targeting India's budget-friendly aviation market. A new rebranded website also went live with new branding. The first flight after the rebranding, IX 5101, took off from Mumbai to Delhi on 19 October 2023. The airline later began attempts to diversify its revenue streams. It began focusing more on ancillary services by retrofitting all its aircraft with hot ovens to offer hot meals, and started selling hand bag only fares called "Xpress Lite Fares". The airline aims to increase its ancillary revenue to over 20% of its total revenue within the next few years.

Destinations
Initially, Air India Express focused on providing international flights from Tier II cities in India, to the Persian Gulf region and Southeast Asia.

The airline flies to 45 destinations as of April 2023, with a primary hubs located in Bengaluru, Hyderabad & Delhi.

On the domestic front, the airline operates from the states of Kerala, Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. In its international arena, the airline mainly connects Indian cities with Persian Gulf countries and Singapore. After the privatization and merger, the airline will domestically fly to the states of Karnataka, West Bengal, Telangana, Odisha, Assam, Goa, Manipur, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab.
 * Codeshare agreements
 * Air India

Fleet
, Air India Express operates the following aircraft:

Accidents and incidents

 * On 22 May 2010, Air India Express Flight 812, a Boeing 737–800 (registered VT-AXV) flying on the Dubai–Mangalore route, overshot runway 24 on landing at Mangalore Airport, killing 152 passengers and six crew members of the 166 people on board. The aircraft crashed into a wooded valley at the end of the runway and burst into flames. There were only eight survivors.
 * On 9 July 2012, an Air India Express Boeing 737-800 skidded on landing, during heavy rain at Calicut International Airport. Aircraft's landing gear impacted with runway beacons, breaking them. There were no casualties on board.
 * On 12 October 2018, Air India Express Flight 611 was a UAE bound Boeing 737-800 (registered VT-AYD) that suffered a tail strike on takeoff, before colliding with the localiser antenna and boundary wall of Tiruchirappalli International Airport. This resulted in severe structural damage to the undercarriage, landing gear, flight control surfaces and engine cowling. The crew continued to fly towards Dubai contrary to Boeing's tail strike checklist, reassured by normal instrumentation. When the plane was nearing the Middle East, the pilot was ordered to fly to Mumbai, India. It landed uneventfully and was repaired at a substantial cost.
 * On 7 August 2020, Air India Express Flight 1344, a Boeing 737–800 (registered VT-AXH), went into an uncontrolled skid on the runway due to heavy rain, fell into a valley and broke into three pieces after overrunning the table-top runway at Calicut International Airport. 21 people on board were killed, including both pilots, and at least 167 were injured.

title: Air India Express


text:
Reversible computing

Reversible computing is any model of computation where the computational process, to some extent, is time-reversible. In a model of computation that uses deterministic transitions from one state of the abstract machine to another, a necessary condition for reversibility is that the relation of the mapping from states to their successors must be one-to-one. Reversible computing is a form of unconventional computing.

Due to the unitarity of quantum mechanics, quantum circuits are reversible, as long as they do not "collapse" the quantum states on which they operate.

Reversibility
There are two major, closely related types of reversibility that are of particular interest for this purpose: physical reversibility and logical reversibility.

A process is said to be physically reversible if it results in no increase in physical entropy; it is isentropic. There is a style of circuit design ideally exhibiting this property that is referred to as charge recovery logic, adiabatic circuits, or adiabatic computing (see Adiabatic process). Although in practice no nonstationary physical process can be exactly physically reversible or isentropic, there is no known limit to the closeness with which we can approach perfect reversibility, in systems that are sufficiently well isolated from interactions with unknown external environments, when the laws of physics describing the system's evolution are precisely known.

A motivation for the study of technologies aimed at implementing reversible computing is that they offer what is predicted to be the only potential way to improve the computational energy efficiency (i.e., useful operations performed per unit energy dissipated) of computers beyond the fundamental von Neumann–Landauer limit of $kT ln(2)$ energy dissipated per irreversible bit operation. Although the Landauer limit was millions of times below the energy consumption of computers in the 2000s and thousands of times less in the 2010s, proponents of reversible computing argue that this can be attributed largely to architectural overheads which effectively magnify the impact of Landauer's limit in practical circuit designs, so that it may prove difficult for practical technology to progress very far beyond current levels of energy efficiency if reversible computing principles are not used.

Relation to thermodynamics
As was first argued by Rolf Landauer while working at IBM, in order for a computational process to be physically reversible, it must also be logically reversible. Landauer's principle is the observation that the oblivious erasure of n bits of known information must always incur a cost of $nkT ln(2)$ in thermodynamic entropy. A discrete, deterministic computational process is said to be logically reversible if the transition function that maps old computational states to new ones is a one-to-one function; i.e. the output logical states uniquely determine the input logical states of the computational operation.

For computational processes that are nondeterministic (in the sense of being probabilistic or random), the relation between old and new states is not a single-valued function, and the requirement needed to obtain physical reversibility becomes a slightly weaker condition, namely that the size of a given ensemble of possible initial computational states does not decrease, on average, as the computation proceeds forwards.

Physical reversibility
Landauer's principle (and indeed, the second law of thermodynamics) can also be understood to be a direct logical consequence of the underlying reversibility of physics, as is reflected in the general Hamiltonian formulation of mechanics, and in the unitary time-evolution operator of quantum mechanics more specifically.

The implementation of reversible computing thus amounts to learning how to characterize and control the physical dynamics of mechanisms to carry out desired computational operations so precisely that the experiment accumulates a negligible total amount of uncertainty regarding the complete physical state of the mechanism, per each logic operation that is performed. In other words, precisely track the state of the active energy that is involved in carrying out computational operations within the machine, and design the machine so that the majority of this energy is recovered in an organized form that can be reused for subsequent operations, rather than being permitted to dissipate into the form of heat.

Although achieving this goal presents a significant challenge for the design, manufacturing, and characterization of ultra-precise new physical mechanisms for computing, there is at present no fundamental reason to think that this goal cannot eventually be accomplished, allowing someday to build computers that generate much less than 1 bit's worth of physical entropy (and dissipate much less than kT ln 2 energy to heat) for each useful logical operation that they carry out internally.

Today, the field has a substantial body of academic literature. A wide variety of reversible device concepts, logic gates, electronic circuits, processor architectures, programming languages, and application algorithms have been designed and analyzed by physicists, electrical engineers, and computer scientists.

This field of research awaits the detailed development of a high-quality, cost-effective, nearly reversible logic device technology, one that includes highly energy-efficient clocking and synchronization mechanisms, or avoids the need for these through asynchronous design. This sort of solid engineering progress will be needed before the large body of theoretical research on reversible computing can find practical application in enabling real computer technology to circumvent the various near-term barriers to its energy efficiency, including the von Neumann–Landauer bound. This may only be circumvented by the use of logically reversible computing, due to the second law of thermodynamics.

Logical reversibility
For a computational operation to be logically reversible means that the output (or final state) of the operation can be computed from the input (or initial state), and vice versa. Reversible functions are bijective. This means that reversible gates (and circuits, i.e. compositions of multiple gates) generally have the same number of input bits as output bits (assuming that all input bits are consumed by the operation, and that all input/output states are possible).

An inverter (NOT) gate is logically reversible because it can be undone. The NOT gate may however not be physically reversible, depending on its implementation.

The exclusive or (XOR) gate is irreversible because its two inputs cannot be unambiguously reconstructed from its single output, or alternatively, because information erasure is not reversible. However, a reversible version of the XOR gate—the controlled NOT gate (CNOT)—can be defined by preserving one of the inputs as a 2nd output. The three-input variant of the CNOT gate is called the Toffoli gate. It preserves two of its inputs a,b and replaces the third c by $$c\oplus (a\cdot b)$$. With $$c=0$$, this gives the AND function, and with $$a\cdot b=1$$ this gives the NOT function. Because AND and NOT together is a functionally complete set, the Toffoli gate is universal and can implement any Boolean function (if given enough initialized ancilla bits).

Similarly, in the Turing machine model of computation, a reversible Turing machine is one whose transition function is invertible, so that each machine state has at most one predecessor.

Yves Lecerf proposed a reversible Turing machine in a 1963 paper, but apparently unaware of Landauer's principle, did not pursue the subject further, devoting most of the rest of his career to ethnolinguistics. In 1973 Charles H. Bennett, at IBM Research, showed that a universal Turing machine could be made both logically and thermodynamically reversible, and therefore able in principle to perform an arbitrarily large number of computation steps per unit of physical energy dissipated, if operated sufficiently slowly. Thermodynamically reversible computers could perform useful computations at useful speed, while dissipating considerably less than kT of energy per logical step. In 1982 Edward Fredkin and Tommaso Toffoli proposed the Billiard ball computer, a mechanism using classical hard spheres to do reversible computations at finite speed with zero dissipation, but requiring perfect initial alignment of the balls' trajectories, and Bennett's review compared these "Brownian" and "ballistic" paradigms for reversible computation. Aside from the motivation of energy-efficient computation, reversible logic gates offered practical improvements of bit-manipulation transforms in cryptography and computer graphics. Since the 1980s, reversible circuits have attracted interest as components of quantum algorithms, and more recently in photonic and nano-computing technologies where some switching devices offer no signal gain.

Surveys of reversible circuits, their construction and optimization, as well as recent research challenges, are available.

title: Reversible computing


text:
User talk:VFD Bot

All comments regarding bot operations should be redirected to User talk:AllyUnion. Please do not leave a message here, as the bot operator will not be checking this page. -- AllyUnion (talk) 04:55, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This is a automated to all bot operators
Please take a few moments and fill in the data for your bot on Bots/Status Thank you Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 19:52, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Automated message to bot owners
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title: User talk:VFD Bot