text:
Friedrich Wilhelm

The German name Friedrich Wilhelm may refer to:

Hohenzollern kings

 * Frederick William I of Prussia (1688–1740)
 * Frederick William II of Prussia (1744–1797)
 * Frederick William III of Prussia (1770–1840)
 * Frederick William IV of Prussia (1795–1861)

Other nobility

 * Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (1620–1688), Duke of Prussia
 * Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1663–1735), imperial Field Marshal
 * Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1679–1746)
 * Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1700–1771)
 * Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz (1702–1765), Supreme Chancellor of the United Court Chancery
 * Margrave Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1715–1744)
 * Friedrich Wilhelm, Graf von Wylich und Lottum (1716–1774), Prussian officer and Commandant of Berlin
 * Friedrich Wilhelm, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg (1732–1796)
 * Friedrich Karl Wilhelm, Fürst zu Hohenlohe (1752–1814)
 * Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1771–1815)
 * Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785–1831)
 * Friedrich Wilhelm, Count Brandenburg (1792–1850), Prussian general and politician
 * Frederick William, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1819–1904)
 * Prince Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel (1820–1884)
 * Friedrich Wilhelm von Hohenzollern, German Crown Prince (1882–1951)
 * Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern (1924–2010)
 * Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Lippe (born 1947)

Other people

 * Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander (1799–1875), Prussian astronomer
 * Friedrich-Wilhelm Graefe zu Baringdorf (born 1942), politician
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784–1846), mathematician and astronomer
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow (1755–1816), Prussian general
 * Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden (1759—1811), Russian general
 * Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel, (1782–1852), educationist
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Eduard Gerhard (1795–1867), archaeologist
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter (1746–1797), poet
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Hackländer (1816–1877), writer
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Hemprich (1796–1825), naturalist and explorer
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Kalkbrenner (1784–1849), pianist and composer
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Kasiski (1805–1881), officer, cryptologist, and archaeologist
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch (1840–1910), physicist
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger (1890–1947), Nazi politician
 * Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger (1894–1945), Nazi officer
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Leichhardt (1813–1848?), explorer
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau (1888–1931), silent film director
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844–1900), philologist and philosopher
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818–1888), cooperative leader
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl (1806–1876), scholar
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Rüstow (1821–1878), Swiss soldier
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow (1789–1862), painter
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854), philosopher
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Schirmer (1802–1866), artist
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin (1810–1856), classicist
 * Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz (1721–1773), Prussian cavalry general
 * Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (1730–1794), Prussian officer
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Thiersch (1784–1860), educationist
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow (1663–1712), composer

Other uses

 * SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm, Imperial German ship
 * Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, an older name of the Humboldt University of Berlin
 * Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn am Rhein, the German name of the University of Bonn

title: Friedrich Wilhelm


text:
Spanish Netherlands

Spanish Netherlands (Países Bajos Españoles; Spaanse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas espagnols; Spanische Niederlande) (historically in Spanish: Flandes, the name "Flanders" was used as a pars pro toto ) was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714. They were a collection of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries held in personal union by the Spanish Crown. This region comprised most of the modern states of Belgium and Luxembourg, as well as parts of northern France, the southern Netherlands, and western Germany with the capital being Brussels. The Army of Flanders was given the task of defending the territory.

The Imperial fiefs of the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482. The Seventeen Provinces formed the core of the Habsburg Netherlands which passed to the Spanish Habsburgs upon the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556. When part of the Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581, the remainder of the area stayed under Spanish rule until the War of the Spanish Succession.

Background
A common administration of the Netherlandish fiefs, centered in the Duchy of Brabant, already existed under the rule of the Burgundian Duke Philip the Good with the implementation of a stadtholder and the first convocation of the States General of the Netherlands in 1464. His granddaughter Mary had confirmed a number of privileges to the States by the Great Privilege signed in 1477. After the government takeover by her husband Archduke Maximilian I of Austria, the States insisted on their privileges, culminating in a Hook rebellion in Holland and Flemish revolts. Maximilian prevailed with the support of Duke Albert III of Saxony and his son Philip the Handsome, husband of Joanna of Castile, could assume the rule over the Habsburg Netherlands in 1493.

Philip as well as his son and successor Charles V retained the title of a "Duke of Burgundy" referring to their Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries and the Free County of Burgundy in the Holy Roman Empire. The Habsburgs often used the term Burgundy to refer to their hereditary lands (e.g. in the name of the Imperial Burgundian Circle established in 1512), actually until 1795, when the Austrian Netherlands were lost to the French Republic. The Governor-general of the Netherlands was responsible for the administration of the Burgundian inheritance in the Low Countries. Charles V was born and raised in the Low Countries and often stayed at the Palace of Coudenberg in Brussels.

By the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549, Charles V declared the Seventeen Provinces a united and indivisible Habsburg dominion. Between 1555 and 1556, the House of Habsburg split into an Austro-German and a Spanish branch as a consequence of Charles's abdications: the Netherlands were left to his son Philip II of Spain, while his brother King Ferdinand I succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor. The Seventeen Provinces, de jure still fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, from that time on de facto were ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs as part of the Burgundian heritage.

Eighty Years' War
Philip's stern Counter-Reformation measures sparked the Dutch Revolt in the mainly Calvinist Netherlandish provinces, which led to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War in 1568. In January 1579 the seven northern provinces formed the Protestant Union of Utrecht, which declared independence from the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands by the 1581 Act of Abjuration. The Spanish branch of the Habsburgs could retain the rule only over the partly Catholic Southern Netherlands, completed after the Fall of Antwerp in 1585. Better times came, when in 1598 the Spanish Netherlands passed to Philip's daughter Isabella Clara Eugenia and her husband Archduke Albert VII of Austria. The couple's rule brought a period of much-needed peace and stability to the economy, which stimulated the growth of a separate South Netherlandish identity and consolidated the authority of the House of Habsburg reconciling previous anti-Spanish sentiments. In the early 17th century, there was a flourishing court at Brussels. Among the artists who emerged from the court of the "Archdukes", as they were known, was Peter Paul Rubens. Under Isabella and Albert, the Spanish Netherlands actually had formal independence from Spain, but always remained unofficially within the Spanish sphere of influence. With Albert's death in 1621 they returned to formal Spanish control, although the childless Isabella remained on as governor until her death in 1633.

The failing wars intended to regain the 'heretical' northern Netherlands meant significant loss of (still mainly Catholic) territories in the north, which was consolidated in 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia, and given the peculiar inferior status of Generality Lands (jointly ruled by the United Republic, not admitted as member provinces): Zeelandic Flanders (south of the River Scheldt), the present Dutch province of North Brabant and Maastricht (in the present-day Dutch province of Limburg).

French conquests
As the power of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs waned in the latter decades of the 17th century, the territory of the Netherlands under Habsburg rule was repeatedly invaded by the French and an increasing portion of the territory came under French control in successive wars. By the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659 the French annexed most of Artois, and Dunkirk was ceded to the English. By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ending the War of Devolution in 1668) and Nijmegen (ending the Franco-Dutch War in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including Cambrai, Walloon Flanders, as well as half of the County of Hainaut (including Valenciennes). Later, in the War of the Reunions and the Nine Years' War, France annexed other parts of the region that were restored to Spain by the Treaty of Rijswijk 1697.

During the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1706 the Habsburg Netherlands became an Anglo-Dutch condominium for the remainder of the conflict. By the peace treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt in 1713/14 ending the war, the Southern Netherlands returned to the Austrian Habsburg monarchy forming the Austrian Netherlands.

Provinces
From 1581 the Habsburg Netherlands consisted of the following territories, all part of modern Belgium unless otherwise stated:
 * 1) the Duchy of Brabant, except for North Brabant part of the Generality Lands of the Dutch Republic in 1648, including the former Margraviate of Antwerp (now mostly Belgium, some in Netherlands)
 * 2) the Duchy of Limburg, except for Limburg of the States part of the Dutch Generality Lands from 1648
 * 3) the Duchy of Luxembourg, a sovereign state from 1815 (parts in modern Belgium, France and Germany)
 * 4) the Upper Quarter (Bovenkwartier) of the Duchy of Guelders (Now Netherlands and Germany: the area around Venlo and Roermond, in the present Dutch province of Limburg, and the town of Geldern in the present German district of Kleve)
 * 5) the County of Artois, ceded to France by the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees (now in France)
 * 6) the County of Flanders, except for Zeelandic Flanders part of the Dutch Generality Lands from 1648, Walloon Flanders ceded to France by the 1678 Peace of Nijmegen (now in Belgium and France French Flanders)
 * 7) the County of Namur
 * 8) the County of Hainaut, southern part with Valenciennes ceded to France by the 1678 Peace of Nijmegen (now in Belgium and France)
 * 9) the Lordship of Mechelen
 * 10) the Tournaisis
 * 11) the Prince-Bishopric of Cambrai (the Cambrésis), not part of the Seventeen Provinces, incorporated by King Philip II in 1559, ceded to France by the 1678 Peace of Nijmegen (now in France: roughly the central part of the département Nord)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Spanish Netherlands


text: Talk:Benjamin Boretz

title: Talk:Benjamin Boretz


text:
File:Amateur photo of copernicus crater.jpg

A picture I took of the Copernicus crater on the moon. It is hereby released to Wikipedia under the terms of the GFDL.


text:
Talk:Benny Lautrup

Untitled

 * Votes for deletion/Benny Lautrup

I haven't read the book, am more interested in the potential of the Continuous Matter theory.

Every common form of atomic theory (ie.- special relativity, quantum mechanics, etc.) fail where this can succeed.

Expand on this.

The definition of atoms as quanta.

.. a predictable universe... ;)

CE run
Almost tagged for lacking notability...someone still could. All the sources provided seem to be primary (maybe I missed one?). Took a look online and found this:
 * https://uniavisen.dk/en/farewell-to-knowledge/

I don't doubt the man is a physicist; however I can't find sources talking about his work other than the article above. Is he notable for Wikipedia?Curdigirl (talk) 10:51, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Benny Lautrup


text:
RX J1856.5−3754

RX J1856.5−3754 (also called RX J185635−3754, RX J185635−375, and various other designations) is a neutron star in the constellation Corona Australis. At approximately 400 light-years from Earth, it is the closest neutron star discovered to date.

Discovery and location
RX J1856.5−3754 is thought to have formed in a supernova explosion of its companion star about one million years ago and is moving across the sky at 108 km/s. It was discovered in 1992, and observations in 1996 confirmed that it is a neutron star, the closest to Earth discovered to date.

It was originally thought to be about 150–200 light-years away, but further observations using the Chandra X-ray Observatory in 2002 indicate that its distance is greater—about 400 light-years.

RX J1856 is one of the Magnificent Seven, a group of young neutron stars at distances between 130 and 500 pc of Earth.

Quark star hypothesis
By combining Chandra X-ray Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope data, astronomers previously estimated that RX J1856 radiates like a solid body with a temperature of 700,000 °C and has a diameter of about 4–8 km. This estimated size was too small to reconcile with the standard models of neutron stars, and it was therefore suggested that it might be a quark star.

However, later refined analysis of improved Chandra and Hubble observations revealed that the surface temperature of the star is lower, only 434,000 °C, and, respectively, the diameter is larger, about 14 km (with account of the effects of general relativity, the observed radius appears about 17 km). Thus, RX J1856.5–3754 is now excluded from the list of quark star candidates.

Vacuum birefringence

In 2016 a team of astronomers from Italy, Poland, and the U.K. using the Very Large Telescope reported observational indications of vacuum birefringence from RX J1856.5−3754. A degree of polarization of about 16% was measured from the visible spectrum being large enough to support evidence but not discovery due to the low accuracy of star model and the uncertain direction of the neutron magnetization axis.

Its inferred magnetic effect of 1013 G should produce a greater effect at X-ray wavelength which could be measured by future planned polarimeters such as NASA's Imaging X-ray Polarimeter Explorer (IXPE), NASA's Polarimetry of Relativistic X-ray Sources (PRAXYS) or ESA's X-ray Imaging Polarimetry Explorer (XIPE).

title: RX J1856.5−3754


text:
Talk:Propylene glycol

Use in Paintballs
Polyethylene Glycol is the main ingredient in paintballs, not Propylene Glycol. http://www.severepaintball.com/pdf/msds.pdf (link to a pdf for the MSDS for a certain brand of paintballs) http://paintball.about.com/b/a/079179.htm (about.com article that mentions polyethylene glycol as the main ingredient)

Recent stories relating to -e-cigarettes
Citation 25 relates to deaths suspected to have been related to vaping Wassup!THC derivatives - no mention at all of link to Propylene Glycol — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.168.131.146 (talk) 16:56, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

as energy source
Can the L-isomer (synonym of S-isomer?) be used as main energy souse in food instead of glucose to produce effect similar to that of keto-diet but without its negative sides? 79.181.84.239 (talk) 14:37, 12 June 2021 (UTC)

 * a) this is not a discussion forum, it's about a Wikipedia entry
 * b) the L-isomer is not a synonym of the S-isomer, they are isomers, not synonyms, but this is completely irrelevant
 * c) No. While you can get your calories from propylene glycol, foregoing sugar and fats, it is not recommended because in these amounts it would not be healthy any more. And more relevant to your question, it will not produce the same effect as to that of a keto-diet, because propylene glycol is metabolized via puryvate and lactate, which are not so called "ketone bodies". It is even used in cows to intervene when they enter a state of ketosis because it is considered to be unhealthy for them. Wolfgang.brehm (talk) 10:00, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

Acetaminophen aka Paracetamol in Cows
As a chemist I was surprised to read that cows produce paracetamol in significant quantities. Anything is possible, but better check the sources. The source indeed gives the quote, but cites another source, which does not substantiate this claim at all. The primary source shows that giving propylene glycol to hungry cows reduces their acetate, but nowhere do they mention acetaminophen. Perhaps, and this is just an educated guess, the secondary source meant to write acetoacetate or acetone, not acetaminophen, because these are common ketone bodies. In any way, the extraordinary claim that cows supposedly produce paracetamol would require extraordinary evidence. This is not substantiated by any evidence at all in my assessment. Do you agree to remove this quote and replace it with a more trivial statement as in reducing ketosis measured by acetate in their blood?

Wolfgang.brehm (talk) Wolfgang.brehm (talk) 16:34, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Propylene glycol


text:
Talk:Yerida

Untitled
I suggest to redirect to aliyah, "yerida(h)" is mentioned there. aliyah is immigration to Israel ("going up"), yerida is emigration ("going down"). Aleph4 21:03, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2021 and 17 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Danamag.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:17, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

My latest additions needs type proofing
The latest additions were translated from the paralell hebrew wiki page. grammar fixes are needed. Acidburn24m (talk) 19:39, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Halakhah Section
I deleted the halakhah bit for two important, and to my knowledge undisputed, problems. First, they are anachronisms. The article was using Israel simultaneously as referring to the halakhic entity Eretz Yisrael and to the political entity Medinat Yisrael. They do not meen the same thing, and to use them interchangeably in that section is anachronistic and misleading. For example a Jew who moves from points in southern Lebanon to Eilat has left the hlachic entity Eretz Yisrael, but immigrated to Medinat Yisrael. A Jew who leaves Ashkelon to build a home in Tyre would be considered to have made yeridah the way Israelis use the term, though he has violated no halakhah. Basejumper2 (talk) 22:07, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Latest Additions
I'm new to wikipedia and I seem to have crossed over to original research. That will eventually be deleted if I can't find the cites. I am on a learning curve regarding contributions and would appreciate any comments regarding contributions to wikipedia.Pini00001 (talk) 01:37, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe so as well but I didn't want to say anything yet not to disturb your creative writing in the article. I would advise you to refreain from general assumptions unless they are very relaible and you can cite them. Acidburn24m (talk) 05:17, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Mystifying objection
This article discusses emigration from Israel and introduces two historical claims ... at least one of which is well known to be in more than a certain amount of doubt. To this end, I added the following to the article:
 * Tel Aviv University historian, Professor Shlomo Sand, under the influence of other historians who have dealt with the same issue in recent years, argues that the (Roman) AD70 exile of the Jewish people is actually a Christian myth - divine punishment of the Jews for having rejected the gospel of Jesus. In his book "Matai ve'ech humtza ha'am hayehudi?" ("When and How the Jewish People Was Invented?"; Resling, Hebrew, March 2008) he sets out to prove that the Jews now living in Israel and other places in the world are not descendants of the ancient people who inhabited the Kingdom of Judea during the First and Second Temple period. He says that the Romans did not exile entire populations and physically could not have done so in any case.

I'd be very confident that some entry of this kind belongs in this article, that there can be no justification for objecting to, let alone reason for removing this particular addition - and certainly not with the the very nonrresponsive claim that it's a fringe theory. It's plainly not a fringe theory and I call on User:GHcool to explain himself and self-revert. PRtalk 00:09, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Every Jewish history scholar I've ever read agrees that the First Jewish-Roman War was a real event (not a "Christian myth") that left a lasting impression on the ancient Jews, which developed into today's modern Jews. Scholars who deny these facts are called Jewish history deniers.  They do not belong on Wikipedia because, like Holocaust deniers and 9/11 conspiracy theorists, they are violate WP:Fringe.  --GHcool (talk) 00:45, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Since you obviously have nothing dealing with the expulsion at issue, and have removed an excellent RS calling it a myth, I'm still waiting for you to self-revert. I would further note that the part of the section you've left is undated, unreferenced, confusing (there are 2 quite separate events with likely 100s of years between them) and badly written it is doubly puzzling why you would appeart to have followed me to an article you've never previously edited in 3 years of it's existence. PRtalk 08:39, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Hmmm. I added a reference, but I agree with you that it is rather awkward to have the exiles of antiquity in the article on yerida since the article deals almost exclusively with post-1948 emigration.  Perhaps it would be in order to delete the whole section.  What do you think? --GHcool (talk) 23:54, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree, it should be deleted. Acidburn24m (talk) 03:26, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I came to this article to improve it, to add good information, as I've striven to do throughout the project. Mysteriously, this good information was removed and a highly partisan (even propaganda) reference was added (sub-title according the Amazon review "Why Israel must maintain exclusive control over Jerusalem"). The yerida of the Roman period is of great (even central) interest to the topic. Unless you can point me to another article where this topic is dealt with in more detail, then of course the information belongs here. PRtalk 08:46, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * As per PalestineRemembered's request: Jewish diaspora, Jewish history, History of the Jews in the Land of Israel. I hope I don't see any denialist/fringe sources or anything that violates WP:Undue weight in any of these articles in the next few days.
 * Also, despite PalestineRemembered's claim, the subtitle of the book is Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City. This is what is written on the book's title page and on Amazon and is reflected in the footnote of this article.--GHcool (talk) 16:28, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The situation you appear to wish to justify is that a synopsis (taken from a Haaretz review) of a book by a Tel Aviv professor of history accessible to all of us, confirming that many historians consider this expulsion to be a myth, will be dismissed as fringe and removed, whereas a work that is clearly intended as a polemic will be inserted in its place. Perhaps you'd like to confirm my understanding and that this is your intention. Perhaps you'd also like to comment on the fact that you'd never edited this article in its three years, yet you acted to exclude the new, academic, information I wanted to see in there - almost as if you'd wiki-stalked me here. PRtalk 18:26, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I suppose the criticism that Gold's book isn't the best source for the information is a fair one. I'll try to find a better one within the next 24-48 hours.  --GHcool (talk) 20:49, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I can't believe you think that that is good enough. Even if serious historians still make the claim that you do, other historians clearly think it's a myth. Both points of view need to be in there. PRtalk 12:05, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

RfC on exile under Romans
This article discusses emigration from Israel and introduces two historical claims ... of which there seems to be some doubt. To this end, I would like to add the following to the article:
 * Tel Aviv University historian, Professor Shlomo Sand, under the influence of other historians who have dealt with the same issue in recent years, argues that the (Roman) AD70 exile of the Jewish people is actually a Christian myth - divine punishment of the Jews for having rejected the gospel of Jesus. In his book "Matai ve'ech humtza ha'am hayehudi?" ("When and How the Jewish People Was Invented?"; Resling, Hebrew, March 2008) he sets out to prove that the Jews now living in Israel and other places in the world are not descendants of the ancient people who inhabited the Kingdom of Judea during the First and Second Temple period. He says that the Romans did not exile entire populations and physically could not have done so in any case.

I'd be confident that this claim is very far from being "Fringe" and some entry of this kind belongs in this article.

This RfC is raised in order to sample the opinions on editors previously not involved in this topic, though the factual knowledge of previously involved editors will be very welcome after the uninvolved editors have an opportunity to have their say. PRtalk 14:36, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Not sure how one professor's opinion passed inclusion criteria, per WP:UNDUE. You have so far failed to provide sources for exactly who else supports this fringe theory, and even if you do, it would be difficult to assert their notability. So far, it seems that Shlomo Sand is completely non-notable, so even if he offered a non-fringe theory, his opinion would probably not be included in favor of other more known historians.
 * All of this compared to hundreds if not more historians, who have all come to the same conclusion, the one currently prevalent in the world. So, how exactly does one NN professor's opinion satisfy WP:UNDUE? His opinion on the issue isn't even as widespread as Holocaust denial, which is a fringe theory as well.
 * -- Ynhockey (Talk) 17:27, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Here from the RfC. "Yerida" is AFAIK, a fairly modern term for the opposite of "Aliya". I do not think that this article needs to discuss any emigration from the land prior to the rise of Zionism and the first Aliyas. It most certainly should not discuss exile, which is not emigration. Canadian Monkey (talk) 18:26, 12 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree with Canadian Monkey. The article seems to center around Israel. I suggest the "Emigration from the land of Israel before Zionism" and "According to the Halakha" be put together under "Background", and so it will become clear that this article is about Israel and not about Jewish history. The theory itself is a maverick one, but it's not WP:FRINGE. It is WP:UNDUE, however, and will be even more so under my suggestion. I also think Sand's theory would be more appropriate under Anti-Zionism. -- Nudve (talk) 18:48, 12 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I can't tell people what this article should cover - however, I can see a problem of this article and others containing a story that at least a portion of the academic world considers to be a myth. PRtalk 21:41, 12 May 2008 (UTC)
 * In fact, no "portion" of the academic world considers the established history of the Jewish people to be a myth. One fringe academic does not constitute a whole "portion" of the academic world.  --GHcool (talk) 22:24, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

More than Sand consider the Jewish people a myth. Nonetheless, using Sand would only show quite distinct bias. His particular claims are patently absurd. He claims that the notion (note, not the existence) of a Jewish nation is late. Clearly it is not. Whenever the Bible was written, it describes Israel as a nation in numerous places. Zionist ideology did not create the idea of the Jewish nation, it created the idea of political nationalism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bauerskates (talk • contribs) 17:58, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Let me get this straight - are you claiming that the Romans did exile the population of Israel in either 70CE or 135CE? Prof Sand claims they did not, and the Haaretz book review claims that Sand has taken his lead from other historians. (Rather like Israel Finkelstein was standing on the shoulders of his predecessors when he said that David and Solomon were "minor chieftains" - as far as I know that's 100% accepted). What is your understanding of the present knowledge? PRtalk 19:05, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Please keep in mind that this is not a discussion forum about Jewish history, but a discussion on how to improve the article - the current dispute apparently being whether Sand is a reliable source, and whether he satisfies WP:UNDUE. Another dispute is whether ancient Jewish emigration classifies as Yerida. -- Ynhockey (Talk) 20:16, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * We have the book of a Professor of History at Tel Aviv University, backed apparently by other historians, with a revised 'modern' understanding of this history, and the old one that is represented by Dore Gold (a writer who, amongst other things, tries to persuade people that the correct term is "Disputed Territory" instead of "Occupied Territory" as agreed by everyone else in the world). If this was a contest as to which one is an RS and which one isn't, then Prof Sand would be in and Dore Gold would be out. PRtalk 20:52, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how you came to that conclusion. Dore Gold is a well-known researcher and public figure, whereas Sand is completely non-notable. You have not addressed the most important points: How is Sand notable? Who are those 'other historians', and how are they notable? Regardless of whether they're notable, are there any other historians who came to the same conclusions as Sand? If so, why do you believe that they satisfy WP:UNDUE (a policy which you don't seem to address in your argument at all)? Etc. etc. -- Ynhockey (Talk) 21:23, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * PalestineRemembered has quite a task ahead of him if he plans on continuing in this line of argument. He must prove that Sand's understanding of Jewish history is held by the majority (or at least a significant minority) of scholars of Jewish history.  Another route he could take is proving that the entire body of literature on Jewish history up until Sand's book has been overturned.  I don't believe he will succeed by either route without resorting to some form of denialism or intellectual dishonesty, both of which are tactics which haven't helped him in disputes he's had in the past.  --GHcool (talk) 01:05, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Here from RfC. Sand is clearly RS, as scholars often are without having to be notable. Not sure whether this is a minority view. If it is new then the scholarly consensus may not have had time to re-form around it. My thought is that it is OK to add it attributed to "one scholar has argued". Itsmejudith (talk) 12:33, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Nope. See WP:Fringe and WP:Undue weight.  --GHcool (talk) 19:08, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Deleting a section
I propose we delete the section with the heading "Emigration from the land of Israel before Zionism." I've never heard the Hebrew word yerida used to describe pre-Zionism emigration, and the sources cited don't refer to those emigrations as yeridot either. If I do not get a response within the next day or two, I will delete it myself. --GHcool (talk) 05:10, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree, delete. -- Ynhockey (Talk) 05:13, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Sure, go ahead. -- Nudve (talk) 05:22, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree. It's a modern term for Zionist-era emigration Canadian Monkey (talk) 18:01, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * OK. I'm deleting it.  Thanks to all who responded.  --GHcool (talk) 20:37, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Derogatory term
Not sure where that came from, yedida is not a derogatory term in Hebrew, but the most widely-used term for a Jew who lived in Israel but left. There's no other term for this in Israel (same as an immigrant is called oleh). -- Ynhockey (Talk) 08:34, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * "derogatory" is too strong a word, although from a pure Zionist perspective, it is a negative term. Anyway, it shouldn't be a part of the term's definition in the lead. - Nudve (talk) 09:15, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I've previously brought excellent RS to this article, only to see my edit removed entirely, apparently in favour of a source that regularily seeks to defend an ideological interpretation of the known facts.
 * On a question of opinion (rather than fact) viz whether the word Yerida is "derogatory" or not, a lower standard of evidence applies and I'd like to offer this 2002 article quoting a "sabra" (native born Israeli) to the community for its consideration: "Twenty years ago it was taboo, shameful, for Israelis to leave the country," Tali said. "Today we hear that there are 300,000 Israelis just in New York City. No one is ashamed anymore. Even the older generation is not ashamed to tell their kids to go and to urge them not to come back." PRtalk 12:31, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The source doesn't really say that it's a derogatory term, but rather that there was, in the past, a derogatory stigma for yordim, as expemplified in the word itself. I guess something like this can be inserted in the article, but it should not be in the lead. -- Ynhockey (Talk) 13:10, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Authorities say "emigration" impermissable or unworthy?
Article says:"'According to Moses Maimonides it is only permitted to emigrate and resettle abroad in cases of severe hunger. Rabbi Joseph Trani determined that it is permissible to emigrate from Israel for marriage, to study Torah or to support oneself, including in cases where famine is not present. In any case, emigration from Israel and even temporary departure is not thought of in Orthodox or traditional Judaism as a worthy act for a man of stature.'"I find this confusing, as during the lives of Moses Maimonides and Rabbi Joseph Trani, and indeed for most of the last 2,000 years, most Jews have lived outside of Israel. Was this "normal state of affairs" specifically defined as impermissable or unworthy? -- 201.37.230.43 (talk) 15:50, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Ethnicity as a factor for emigration
I was once in a poor-tasted joke asked: "how do you tell apart an 'aussie' Jew from a yored, without either one uttering a word? the yored is the one you mistook for an arab!"

It would be interesting to see the article address what role the intra-jewish ethnic divide has on the yerida of particular segments of israel's jewish population.

At least in australia, and im pretty sure its true for the USA and Canada too, it is painfully obvious that an obscene proportion of israeli yordim are mizrahim or sephardim seeking better opportunities outside of what israel has largely offered them so far: that of bus drivers, customer service assistants, shop attendants, manual labour, blue collar worker, singers (although i gotta admit, singing is one thing i wouldnt mind if only yemenites did, divine voices :-) lol) etc... After 61 years, Israel is still yet to see the "ethnics" of Israeli Jews hold the post of prime minister, having held only symbolic posts. Outside of Israel, most are setting up small electronics busninesses, little shopping centre carts, doing what for one reason or another they couldnt see as possible to do in israel. Many also live in the "ethnic suburbs" away from the established "Jewish suburbs".

Security issues, fear of terrorism, economy, etc.... are all addressed by the article, but the intra-jewish ethnic divides is not even alluded to.

Al-Andalus (talk) 09:33, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Auburn, North Carolina

Auburn is an unincorporated community in Wake County, North Carolina, United States, just southeast of Raleigh. It lies approximately halfway between Garner and Clayton along Garner Road, a former alignment of US 70. The borders of the community are not well defined, but it is centered along Garner Road between Auburn Church Road and Guy Road.

History
The North Carolina Railroad established a depot at Auburn, halfway between Garner and Clayton. A small community grew around the depot, which was later annexed into Garner.

Landmarks
The Wayland E. Poole House is located in Auburn and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Near Auburn, there are three of the broadcast towers for Triangle area media outlets: the WRAL HDTV Tower, the WTVD Tower and the WNCN Tower. The now-closed Mount Auburn School (a former elementary school and later Wake County Sheriff's Office training site) and the Clemmons Educational State Forest also lie near Auburn. Two large churches, Mt. Moriah Church on Garner Road, and Springfield Baptist Church, located on Auburn Knightdale Road, are also prominent landmarks. Like much of Wake County, the area has undergone a development boom in recent years, anchored by the Auburn Village residential development along Auburn-Knightdale Road, just north of Garner Road. A small industrial park on Greenfield Parkway lies immediately to the west of the community.

title: Auburn, North Carolina


text:
World's Wildest Police Videos

World's Wildest Police Videos (shortened to Police Videos during its fourth season) is an American reality television series that ran on Fox from 1998 to 2001. In 2012, Spike announced that it had commissioned 13 new episodes with the revival of the original name and John Bunnell returning as host, which premiered on May 7, 2012, and ended on August 13, 2012. The series deals with police videos from across the world. Video footage of car chases, subsequent arrests, robberies, riots and other crimes appear on the show.

Production
World's Wildest Police Videos began in 1998 and ran for four seasons, comprising a total of 56 episodes, before being officially canceled in 2002. In Season 4, the name was shortened to Police Videos.

Most of the police videos featured on the show were from various U.S. police departments, but footage from other nations such as Argentina, South Korea, Brazil, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom also appeared. Video sources included police dashcams, cameras from police and news helicopters, store security systems, news reporters, and private citizens from around the world. Much of the aired footage had previously only been seen by law enforcement officials before it appeared on the show.

The show became popular with viewers. It had the highest ratings of any Fox network television special to that date. It was also featured on Entertainment Tonight and was re-aired later that month. It was the first sweeps-month special ever to run twice during a sweeps period by Fox.

Format
The series began with the series of specials entitled World's Scariest Police Chases, which was broadcast on February 2, 1997. It was narrated by actor Peter Coyote, and featured commentary by Captain C. W. Jensen of the Portland Police Bureau. Five additional episodes of World's Scariest Police Chases aired, with the second on April 27, 1997, third on November 4, 1997, fourth on February 17, 1998, fifth on April 28, 1998, and the sixth on April 29, 1999.

A further two special episodes called World's Scariest Police Shootouts aired around this time as well. It was hosted by John Bunnell, a retired police officer and former Sheriff of Multnomah County, Oregon. The two episodes focused on police shootouts rather than chases themselves, although some of the clips featured a car chase along with a shootout. The first episode of World's Scariest Police Shootouts aired on May 15, 1997, and the second episode, World's Scariest Police Shootouts 2, aired on April 23, 1998. Both episodes were narrated and hosted by John Bunnell. The episodes featured more well-known content, such as the North Hollywood shootout, the murder of Darrell Lunsford, the 1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, White supremacist Chevie Kehoe and his shootout with police, and the 1996 Honolulu hostage crisis.

Eventually, the show was broadcast weekly. Bunnell's commentary was often characterized by puns, multiple clichés, and over-dramatic descriptions of the struggle between good and evil, the police and criminals, victims and abusers, etc. Although Bunnell hosted and commented on most of the show, most police video segments were dubbed with the actual law enforcement officials acting in the situation presented. Tire screeching noises, horn beeps, automobile collision sounds and sirens are often overdubbed in these segments; this is especially noticeable in footage where vehicles are driving over dry grass or sand.

It has been widely noticed that the same voice is used in almost every helicopter footage scene, regardless of the location the footage is from. This uncredited role is said to be that of Lawrence Welk III, who usually goes by "Larry Welk", and is a reporter and helicopter traffic pilot for KCAL-TV and KCBS-TV in Los Angeles. He is also the grandson of famed musician Lawrence Welk.

Originally, a typical episode included sections entitled: "PIT Maneuver", "Car Thieves", "Rainy Chase", "Big Rig Road Block", "Jumping Off Bridge", and "Drunk Drivers". This was dropped after the first season, and replaced with a string of clips, each commentated on by Bunnell. After a few videos, a small clip of Bunnell would be shown, often describing the police mentality behind the videos that were about to appear.

Occasionally, episodes were dedicated to police officers killed in the line of duty and an episode featured the footage of the crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 in 1996.

There were home video VHS releases of the first three World's Scariest Police Chases specials with additional footage in late 1997, and a video game was released near the tail end of the series original run in June 2001.

Season 4 (2000–01)
The show's title was shortened to Police Videos for this season only.

Video game
A video game based on the series was released for the PlayStation in 2001, entitled World's Scariest Police Chases, also featuring Bunnell. The game received mixed reviews, ranging from a 3.6/10 from GameSpot.com, to a 9/10 from Official PlayStation Magazine (UK).

In popular culture
In the Family Guy episode "Quagmire's Baby", there is a sequence of Fred Flintstone fleeing from the police in the family car, in an episode of World's Wildest Police Videos. Flintstone crashes, and attempts to flee on foot, but is delayed by the Hanna-Barbera skidaddle running effect. A similar sequence was used in the episode "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side", when Star Wars' TIE fighters and a Star Destroyer were chasing the Millennium Falcon. These sequences were narrated by Bunnell himself.

It was also parodied on MADtv as "World's Queeniest Police Chases".

Some of the Alarm für Cobra 11 - Die Autobahnpolizei, Der Clown and one from Die Wache car crashing clips were used in 2 episodes in 1998.

The show appears to be the source of the in-game television show "The Underbelly Of Paradise" in the video game Grand Theft Auto V.

Americas

 * United States: April 2, 1998 – September 7, 2001 on Fox. The series was syndicated on local stations, such as UPN, both CourtTV/TruTV from 2002 to 2011, and on Spike TV/Spike until 2015. It was also seen as World's Most Dramatic Police Chases in the early morning on TNT. Spanish language re-runs were also syndicated on Telemundo.
 * Mexico: Televisa
 * Latin America: truTV Latin America
 * Canada: mentv, CourtTV Canada
 * Brazil: weekly (Sunday) mash-up show consisting of 4 shows mixed together. Aired on Universal Channel.

Europe

 * Hungary: Viasat 6
 * Sweden: Aired and rerun on ZTV.
 * Norway: Viasat 4
 * Germany: on RTL, called Im Einsatz, die spektakulärsten Polizei-Videos der Welt, commentated by former American police officer Stephan T. Rose.
 * Ireland: TV3
 * Iceland: SkjárEinn (2000–2001)
 * United Kingdom: Bravo, ITV4, Channel 5, Men & Motors and CBS Reality
 * Greece: Skai TV
 * Italy: AXN Italy

Asia

 * Indonesia: antv, NET.
 * United Arab Emirates: MBC Action
 * Malaysia: Star TV
 * Philippines: Studio 23, Maxxx
 * Thailand: UBC series

Malaysia

 * Malaysia: TV3

Oceania

 * Australia: Some premiere episodes were shown on the Seven Network and Network Ten, and re-runs of all episodes appeared on Fox8. Episodes of the 2012 series began airing on the Seven Network in 2013.

Africa

 * South Africa: DStv

Home media
There were also home video releases on VHS of the first three World's Scariest Police Chases around late 1997, which included never-before-seen footage that wasn't shown on FOX. The specials would be re-released as Deluxe Versions in the late 1990s, with minor differences.

In early April 2023, it was announced that New York-based streaming provider FilmRise had acquired the digital distribution rights to the entire series from Pursuit Productions, it was made available on their streaming service and on iTunes/Apple TV, which included some of the additional specials that premiered during the shows original run. Between April-July 2023, FilmRise would upload the entire series to their "FilmRise True Crime" YouTube channel, releasing full episodes of the show on a weekly basis. Between July-August 2023, some of the additional specials were also uploaded to the channel, with the specials (excluding World's Scariest Police Chases) being incorrectly labeled as "Season 6".

The series and its specials are also available for streaming online on The Roku Channel, Amazon Prime Video/Amazon Freevee (with the exception of fourth season), Pluto TV (United Kingdom only) and Plex (second and fifth seasons only).

It will be made available on FilmRise's streaming partners Crackle, Tubi, Peacock and Xumo Play in the future.

It is also available to stream as a FAST channel on Amazon’s Freevee, Rakuten TV and Plex streaming services.

title: World's Wildest Police Videos


text: User talk:24.128.128.14

title: User talk:24.128.128.14


text:
Damage (DC Comics)

Damage is the name of two fictional characters appearing in comic books published by DC Comics.

The Grant Emerson version of Damage first appeared in a comic book of the same name during the Zero Hour crisis. He is the son of the original Atom, Al Pratt. He has been a member of the Titans, the Freedom Fighters, and the Justice Society of America.

The Ethan Avery Jr. version of Damage appeared later in Damage (vol. 2) #1.

Publication history
The Grant Emerson version of Damage first appeared in Damage #1 and was created by Tom Joyner and Bill Marimon.

The Ethan Avery Jr. version of Damage first appeared in Damage (vol. 2) #1 and was created by Robert Venditti and Tony S. Daniel during the short-lived comic book line known as "The New Age of DC Heroes". Critics have observed a similarity between the new Damage and Marvel Comics' Hulk.

Grant Emerson
High school student Grant Emerson had just moved with his parents to a new home in suburban Atlanta. His parents moved often due to their work for the Symbolix Corporation, and Grant usually felt like an outsider among other kids. At his new school, Grant suddenly discovers he is a metahuman with incredible strength and the ability to produce explosive blasts when he accidentally levels his entire school. During the Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! event, Grant's powers became the spark that restarted the universe after Parallax destroyed it; thanks to Damage's powers, the new universe evolved along natural lines, guided by nature rather than Parallax's will.

A superhero/supervillain battle, involving Baron Blitzkrieg, Iron Munro, and others, results in extensive damage to downtown Atlanta. Damage is arrested for his part in the event. However, Sarge Steel is able to cut a deal for him: he would be banned from Georgia for the rest of his life and remanded into the custody of the then-federally sponsored Titans team, led by Arsenal (formerly Green Arrow's sidekick Speedy). Around this time, Damage deals emotionally with the murder, at the hands of a supervillain, of a schoolmate he cares for. After a while, Damage leaves the Titans to find his origins.

Damage learns that Vandal Savage was involved in an experiment at Symbolix called Project: Telemachus, where he took DNA samples he had collected from various superheroes and injected them into a fitting vessel: Grant. The heroes that Grant shares DNA with are the Al Pratt version of Atom, the Jay Garrick version of Flash, the Alan Scott version of Green Lantern, Wildcat, Hawkman, Hawkgirl, Hourman, the Dinah Drake version of Black Canary, Doctor Mid-Nite, Starman, Miss America, the Johnny Chambers version of Johnny Quick, the Libby Lawrence version of Liberty Belle, Martian Manhunter, the Barry Allen version of Flash, Aquaman, the Dinah Laurel Lance version of Black Canary, the Hal Jordan version of Green Lantern and the Ray Palmer version of Atom. Symbolix was allied with Shadowspire through Shadowspire's leader Baron Blitzkrieg. The Baron became a recurring foe in Damage's ongoing series, beginning with issue #3. Grant eventually learns that he is the son of Al Pratt, the original Atom, and his wife Mary. Grant is forced to go underground after leaving the Titans, since he violated his parole by doing so.

When the original five Titans reformed the group, Arsenal nominates Damage for membership. Arsenal managed to erase Grant's criminal records, so he was no longer a fugitive, and Grant joins the team. Grant participates in multiple adventures, including a confrontation with demons from Hell in Day of Judgment #1. Later, Damage confronts something he had buried for a long time: he had been a victim of abuse at the hands of his foster father. After opening up to Roy Harper, Grant takes a leave of absence and seeks peace and healing on the Navajo reservation where Roy was raised as a child until he became Green Arrow's ward.

He helps the current Justice Society of America against Imperiex and the villainous team of Obsidian, Eclipso, and Mordru, both times as part of a modern All-Star Squadron. He has since been seen with a new team of government-sponsored Freedom Fighters, whose activities are as yet unknown. He also has something of a brotherly relationship with Atom Smasher, the godson of his father, the original Atom. It was thought that Grant had a brother, Walter, who was recently killed by Walter's superhero daughter, Manhunter, a.k.a. Kate Spencer. However, Walter is actually the son of Iron Munro and Phantom Lady — an odd parallel to Damage's paternity search, as at one stage it appeared that Grant might be the couple's child.

Several members of the modern Freedom Fighters team are killed by the Injustice Society in Infinite Crisis #1. Damage is one of the survivors, though his face is later revealed to have been severely scarred by Zoom.

Damage appears in the relaunched Justice Society of America released in December 2006. He wears a full mask and a costume similar to that of his father and Atom Smasher, featuring a biohazard symbol. He also has a significantly gruffer and more cynical attitude, partly because, as the villain Rebel insinuates, Damage was left badly scarred, but alive, by Zoom. Zoom later encounters the Justice Society, claiming to have maimed, but not killed, the boy intentionally, to give him a defining tragedy, and the fight leads to Georgia. Damage leaps into the state, despite his ban from entering, catches up with Zoom, and holds him hostage. Liberty Belle calms Damage down, but Zoom escapes and hurls debris at his face with the intent to kill him. Liberty Belle speeds in, saves Damage, and knocks out Zoom. When the police are ready to arrest Damage for violating his ban, the Justice Society stands up for him and he is released, but it is not yet known if this action has caused the ban to be dropped. Damage remained on the team, essentially in Atom Smasher's place (Jakeem Thunder's Thunderbolt has even called him "Atom Smasher Two" jokingly).

Damage's face is later healed by the reborn Gog. This is enough to restore his former cheerful and outgoing personality, pushing him to attempt making contact with Sonia Sato, the new Judomaster. Since neither of them can understand the language spoken by the other (Grant does not know Japanese, while Judomaster cannot speak or understand more than a few words of English), their relationship is difficult, but the ongoing attraction is there (later it is implied that they are "together" in some romantic way). When the JSA learns that Gog transformed a group of people who would harm others into trees and intends to keep overkill from punishing the wicked, they are divided on the subject. Grant and Judomaster, among others, side with Gog, and keep the rest of the JSA from trying to stop him.

Damage is then sent back to America to preach the will of Gog to the masses, showing a fanatical devotion to the Old God and a strong streak of vanity about his improved looks, to the point where he concludes that even Cyclone and Stargirl just want to talk to him because he is handsome. When the concerned Stargirl is sent to speak with him, and asks him to rethink his feelings about Gog, he instead attacks her after she accuses him of hiding behind the new 'mask' of his healed face as opposed to his original scars. Atom Smasher defeats Damage in combat and brings him to Al Pratt's home. Damage was prompted to renounce Gog, and learn by the example of Al Pratt, who, despite suffering borderline dwarfism - a height handicap that was a matter of ridicule in the early days of his membership in the original Justice Society until he received his powers - led a simple lifestyle and had a fulfilling existence. Instead, he renounces Al Pratt, blowing up his home and the records of his adventures and claiming to have always been abandoned by him, while Gog will be always at his side. Called by Magog, he rejoins Gog, but there he is asked to kneel and show him his devotion (and expecting the rest of his followers to do the same). When some question this request, Gog becomes angry, even going as far as to threaten them.

The rest of the JSA arrive, having learned from Sandman that Gog is rooting himself into Earth, and if he remains for one more day, Earth will die if he ever leaves; this leaves them with the one option of killing Gog and separating his head from Earth, which is the only way to save the planet. The other Society members following Gog attempt to protect him, until they see him attempt to attack a Society member. All of the followers take up the fight, and Gog punishes them all by taking away his blessings as he threatened, including Damage's restored face, leaving him inconsolable. In retaliation, Damage unleashes a full-power blast against Gog, with little effect. Eventually, Gog is destroyed and the split in the Society is healed. After Gog's defeat, Damage, pained over losing his face again, attempts to push away Judomaster, only for her to kiss him, showing him that it does not matter what he looks like; she is attracted to him, not his face.

During the "Blackest Night" event, the JSA were attacked by their fallen members, now reanimated as Black Lanterns. Damage was saved from Black Lantern Al Pratt by Atom, but was then killed by Black Lantern Jean Loring. His death and the subsequent collection of his heart was the final one needed to bring about the rise of Nekron. Atom then made a futile attempt to stop one of the black power rings from turning Damage's corpse into a Black Lantern before Loring uses her own technology to shrink him, Mera, and herself into the fully transformed Damage's ring. While the other Black Lanterns continue their assault on the JSA headquarters, Damage claims that he has retained his original personality and mind and is not influenced by Nekron and his Corps. While he does supposedly sacrifice himself to destroy the other Black Lanterns (Mister Terrific says that Damage's explosions do not necessarily harm him and that he was probably still "alive") his sacrifice also allows Lois Lane from Earth-2 to reanimate her deceased husband, with Mister Terrific saying that he knew they had found a way to outsmart them, implying Damage was in fact just another ruse of the Black Lanterns.

Following the Blackest Night, a funeral for Damage is held, attended by the JSA and with Judomaster doing the eulogy for Damage. It is then revealed that Damage, having foreseen his death by one of Sand's prophetic dreams, had recorded his last will for Judomaster, wishing her a better life, and revealing he had planned, in the attempt of giving her a happier life, to get cosmetic surgery on his scarred face. Spurred by his will, Sonia Sato decides to fund anonymously several relief funds for the victims of collateral damage caused by Grant's powers, thus giving him closure and a legacy.

In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", Damage appeared with the Justice Society of America when Doctor Manhattan undoes the experiment that erased the Justice Society of America and the Legion of Super-Heroes.

During the "Dark Nights: Death Metal" storyline, Damage was with the Justice Society when they were preparing for the final battle against Perpetua and the Darkest Knight.

In "The New Golden Age", Damage fought Reichsmark while assisted by a de-aged Dan the Dyna-Mite. At one point, Dan the Dyna-Mite made a comment towards Damage about him wanting to take the name of TNT at some point in his life. Mister Terrific mentions that Damage and Dan the Dyna-Mite are officially partnered up.

Ethan Avery
DC introduced a new version of Damage as part of its The New Age of DC Heroes promotion in the form of US army recruit Ethan "Elvis" Avery Jr. He was turned into "a living weapon of mass destruction" through the Damage Project who, on a daily basis, becomes a hulking monster for one hour at a time. After breaking free from his confinement following a mission against the Modoran Separatist Army, Damage went on a rampage in Atlanta, Georgia before going into hiding.

After waking up in a homeless shelter, Avery saw the news about Damage and went outside to calm himself down. His position was tracked down by Task Force XL (a variation of the Suicide Squad consisting of Akando, Deadshot, Giganta, Harley Quinn, Parasite, and Solomon Grundy), who have orders to capture him. When Ethan tries to talk them out of attacking, Parasite was the first to attack where he starts to absorb his lifeforce until he collapses from absorbing too much energy. Ethan suddenly transforms into Damage and attacks Task Force XL. After easily defeating Task Force XL, Damage was confronted by Wonder Woman who advises Task Force XL to step aside and let her deal with Damage.

Wonder Woman fights Damage and uses her magic lasso on him where she learned that Damage is actually a man. Upon breaking free, Damage threw Wonder Woman into a tree and collapsed a building to get away when his time limit is up. Wonder Woman later informs the Justice League about her fight with Damage. Batman promises to continue to investigate the origin of Damage. The next morning, Ethan is at a coffee shop where he sees the news about Damage. Ethan decides to leave the city.

Powers and abilities
The Grant Emerson version of Damage can generate a power charge that enhances his strength, durability, speed, and reflexes to superhuman levels. If he does not use the energy in the aforementioned manner he is forced to expend it in a discharge, most notably the time he started another Big Bang during Zero Hour (although he only gained the energy necessary to do this thanks to other heroes such as Green Lantern, the Ray and Waverider absorbing and converting Parallax's energy into something that he could then process). The aged Damage in Young Justice: Sins of Youth had the ability to fly. While the current Damage cannot harness this ability yet, he can "leap" by firing his energy at the ground, sometimes traveling great distances, as shown most recently in Justice Society of America #8. At one point in his ongoing series, it is implied that he potentially possesses all of the powers of the heroes whose DNA he shares. Towards the end of his ongoing series, a middle-aged man in unusual clothes is shown several times quietly observing Grant. Although the series was canceled before this plotline could be addressed, it is strongly implied that this man was a future version of Grant and he is shown possessing powers, including flight, which the current version of Damage does not.

The Ethan Avery version of Damage can become a hulking monster for one hour at a time. In this form, he has super-strength enough to leap great distances and rival the strengths of Solomon Grundy and Wonder Woman. Damage has enhanced durability where he is resistant to blades, bullets, rockets, and falling from several hundred feet from the air. Besides his power limitation, a side effect of his abilities is that Ethan developed a dual personality that fights to trigger his transformation.

In other media
The Ethan Avery incarnation of Damage appears in My Adventures with Superman, voiced by Jason Marnocha. This version is an agent of Task Force X whose abilities are derived from the Kryptonian technology that is in his cybernetic arms.

title: Damage (DC Comics)


text:
Talk:Integrity (operating system)

 * Votes for deletion/Integrity (operating system)

Integrity multivisor
The hypervisor that runs on Green Hills Integrity. Check Comparison of platform virtualization software Is the hypervisor functionality built into the microkernel, or does the hypervisor run as a userspace application? Should there be a separate article for the hypervisor, or should the information about the hypervisor be on this article? WorldQuestioneer (talk) 21:07, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Integrity (operating system)


text:
COM (manga magazine)

COM (コム) was a monthly manga magazine started in December 1966 by Osamu Tezuka and published by his company Mushi Production. It was started in response to the success of Garo, and as a way for Tezuka and other artists to showcase more avant-garde and experimental works in manga. Seven arcs of Tezuka's famous series Phoenix were published in the magazine. COM was particularly influential in amateur manga circles and was a platform for many aspiring manga artists to publish their first professional work. The magazine eventually went bankrupt and its last issue was published in December 1971.

History
The first issue was the January 1967 issue, published in December 1966. Osamu Tezuka and his publishing company Mushi Production created COM in reaction to the alternative manga magazine Garo 's popularity, which at that time was around its highest circulation. Tezuka himself was a crossroads with his work, shifting to darker themes influenced by gekiga, targeting the readers who had grown up with his work and were interested in more mature narratives. He wanted to create a forum for manga artists to publish manga with experimental forms that would not be accepted in the commercial manga industry. The title of the magazine should stand for "Comics, Community and Communication". In a statement published in the first issue of the magazine, Tezuka explained: "It is said that now is the golden age of manga. So shouldn't works of outstanding quality be published? Or isn't the real situation one in which many manga artists are being worked to death, while they are forced into submission, servitude and cooperation with the cruel requirements of commercialism?" The magazine is considered to be one of the only non-commercial alternative to weekly manga mazines besides Garo, before offset printing became widely available in the early 1970s.

The audience of COM was around twenty to thirty percent female. In 1969, Mushi Production started the monthly magazine Funny for this audience. Despite its short life (it was disbanded again in 1970), Funny is often credited with influencing the development of josei manga in the 1980s.

The magazine stopped being published with the January 1972 issue, published in December 1971. Ín 1973, there was an attempt to re-start the magazine, but only one issue (August 1973) was published, before it was stopped again due to Mushi Production's bankruptcy.

Content
The magazine contained manga series and manga short stories as well as commentaries and manga criticism.

Similarly to Garo having Shirato Sanpei's series Kamui as a pillar for the magazine, COM published two longer series by major artists, Phoenix by Osamu Tezuka and Jun by Shotaro Ishinomori. Also a few chapters of Ishinomori's successful series Cyborg 009 were released in COM. Regular contributors included people from Tezuka's circle of disciples around the residential building Tokiwa-sō such as Jirō Tsunoda, Hideko Mizuno, Fujio Akatsuka and Fujiko Fujio. The series Tokiwa-sō Monogatari, published from 1969 until 1970, recounted the life at Tokiwa-sō, with each chapter being written by a different manga artist. Other regular contributors were Leiji Matsumoto, Hisashi Sakaguchi and Shinji Nagashima.

COM was also an attempt of Tezuka's to boost young talent by motivating readers to submit amateur work to the magazine's amateur section Grand Companion, or short "Gurakon", and by creating amateur manga clubs, zines and self-published manga locally around Japan. This was inspired by the approach of the magazine Manga Shōnen, which was published from 1947 until 1955 and was the career start of several influential manga artists. Shotaro Ishinomori had made his debut in this magazine and Tezuka had published Phoenix for the first time in Manga Shōnen.

The magazine made a conscious effort to have cross-gender appeal. While the founder and most editors were men, the magazine had many regular female contributors such as Masako Yashiro and Minori Kimura and was instrumental in giving women space for experimenting with narrative and form outside of the conventional norms of shōjo manga. Fumiko Okada in particular, who had been rejected by Garo and made her debut in COM, with her abstract visuals, references to European art history and mix of poetry and comic inspired other women to submit manga to the magazine.

Legacy
Many manga artists who submitted work to the "Gurakon" amateur section of the magazine went on to become successful manga artists, among them Katsuhiro Otomo, Hideo Azuma, Daijiro Morohoshi, Mitsuru Adachi and Hideshi Hino. Many women who made their debuts as professional manga artists in COM came to be influential artists in shōjo manga, like the Year 24 Group members Keiko Takemiya and Ryoko Yamagishi. Moto Hagio also submitted work to the magazine, but was not published, as editors did not see her submission until 1971. Murasaki Yamada, who got her start in the magazine, later mainly worked for Garo.

The magazine was influential in amateur manga circles also after its disestablishment in 1971. The amateur section Grand Companion was kept alive through various zines for amateur manga such as Manga Communication and Apple Core, the latter founded in 1972 by the Grand Companion club of the Kansai region to keep supporting the doujinshi community in the region. Some of these zines were sponsored by Mushi Production. The founders of the big doujinshi convention Comiket had been active in Grand Companion clubs before starting the critic circle Meikyū and then the convention in 1975. Yoshihiro Yonezawa, one of the founders, named the demise of COM as one of the reasons why he and others started Comiket.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, people around the Meikyū critic circle started new minor magazines like mixing manga criticism with innovative manga with a cross-gender appeal. This contributed to a New Wave in the manga industry. The magazine Peke, one of the signature magazines of the movement, was renamed Comic Again in 1979 in tribute to COM, as they wanted to carry on the tradition of the magazine.

title: COM (manga magazine)


text:
13 (BMT rapid transit service)

13 was the BMT's designation for service on the BMT Fulton Street Line, not to be confused with today's IND Fulton Street Line, which uses a portion of the old BMT line at its east end.

1924
When the BMT assigned numbers in 1924, 13 was assigned to trains between Park Row in Manhattan and Lefferts Avenue–119th Street, via the Brooklyn Bridge and BMT Fulton Street Line. Service patterns were rather complicated, with the following services running:

Morning rush hours

 * Trains beginning at Lefferts Avenue or Grant Avenue ran express from Atlantic Avenue to Franklin Avenue, and then local to Park Row.
 * Trains beginning at Atlantic Avenue ran local to Park Row, or used the spur to Fulton Ferry in downtown Brooklyn.

Afternoon rush hours

 * Trains from Park Row to Lefferts Avenue ran express from Sands Street (on the Brooklyn side of the Brooklyn Bridge) to Lafayette Avenue and Grand Avenue to Atlantic Avenue.
 * Trains from Park Row to Grant Avenue ran express from Sands Street to Boerum Place and Flatbush Avenue to Franklin Avenue.
 * Trains from Fulton Ferry ran local.
 * Extra trains ran from Franklin Avenue to Lefferts Avenue, express to Atlantic Avenue.

1925
By 1925, local morning trains were added from Grant Avenue to Fulton Ferry or Park Row. Between 1925 and 1931, afternoon rush hour service was changed to the following:
 * Express trains from Park Row to Lefferts Avenue ran express from Sands Street to Atlantic Avenue; local trains made all stops.
 * Trains from Fulton Ferry ran local.
 * Extra trains ran from Sands Street to Lefferts Avenue, running express from Franklin Avenue to Atlantic Avenue.

1930s
Between 1931 and 1937, local morning trains were shifted from beginning at Atlantic and Grant Avenues to beginning at Grant and Lefferts Avenues. Afternoon service became the following:
 * Some express trains from Park Row to Lefferts Avenue ran express from Sands Street to Franklin Avenue; others from Franklin Avenue to Atlantic Avenue.
 * Local trains from Park Row ended at Grant Avenue or Lefferts Avenue.
 * Trains from Fulton Ferry ran local.
 * Extra trains ran from Sands Street to Lefferts Avenue, running express from Franklin Avenue to Atlantic Avenue.

Extra service during all rush hours and Saturday mornings ran only from Lefferts Avenue to Atlantic Avenue.

Special 14th Street–Fulton Street Express service began on September 23, 1936, running over the BMT 14th Street-Canarsie Line from Eighth Avenue to Atlantic Avenue and over the Fulton Street Line between Hinsdale Street and Lefferts Avenue in Queens on weekdays and Saturdays during rush hours. These trips eliminated the need for riders to transfer at Atlantic Avenue. Ridership counts at the time found that during rush hours, 5,000 passengers transferred between Fulton Street and 14th Street–Canarsie trains. Four trips ran in each direction, running non-stop on the 14th Street Line between Lorimer Street and Myrtle Avenue. Initially, these trains bypassed all stops between Hinsdale Avenue and Hudson Street. Once the platform extensions at stations in between were completed on October 4, 1937, these trains began making these bypassed stops. This service could be run because of the introduction of lightweight Multi-section cars, which were light enough to run on the original elevated structure between Hudson Street and Hinsdale Avenue while being constructed of metal to run in the subway. These trains were carried signs reading "16–8th Ave." toward Manhattan and signs reading "13–Lefferts Ave." toward Queens.

Between 1937 and 1939, local morning trains were truncated at Sands Street (with some still going to Fulton Ferry).

Discontinuation
The BMT Fulton Street Line was closed west of Rockaway Avenue on May 31, 1940, with free transfers to the IND Fulton Street Line. Service from then on was limited to trains running the remaining length, as well as 14th Street–Fulton Street trains and the new Fulton–Lexington Avenue service provided by 12 trains).

On June 26, 1952, Rockaway Avenue was closed overnights, and on weekends. During these hours, 13 trains terminated at Eastern Parkway.

On April 26, 1956, the BMT Fulton Street Line was abandoned west of Hudson Street, and the rest became part of the IND Fulton Street Line on April 29.

title: 13 (BMT rapid transit service)


text:
Justicia (plant)

Justicia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae. It is the largest genus within the family, with over 900 accepted species. They are native to tropical to warm temperate regions of the Americas, India, and Africa. The genus serves as host to many butterfly species, such as Anartia fatima. Common names include water-willow and shrimp plant, the latter from the inflorescences, which resemble a shrimp in some species. The generic name honours Scottish horticulturist James Justice (1698–1763). They are closely related to Pachystachys.

Description
They are evergreen, perennial plants and shrubs with leaves that are often strongly veined, but they are primarily cultivated for their showy, tubular flowers in shades of white, cream, yellow, orange, violet, or pink. Excepting J. americana L., they are not hardy below 7 C, so must be grown under glass in frost-prone areas.

Selected species
915 species are accepted. Selected species include: • Justicia adhatoda L.

• Justicia aequalis Benoist

• Justicia alexandri R.Atk.

• Justicia alpina Lindau

• Justicia andrographioides C.B.Clarke

• Justicia aurea Schltdl.

• Justicia austroguangxiensis H.S.Lo & D.Fang

• Justicia bitarkarae Gómez-Laur.

• Justicia brandegeeana Wassh. & L.B.Sm.

• Justicia breedlovei T.F.Daniel

• Justicia bridsoniana Vollesen

• Justicia burchellii Hiern

• Justicia californica (Benth.) D.N.Gibson

• Justicia calliantha Leonard

• Justicia camerunensis (Heine) I.Darbysh.

• Justicia cardiophylla D.Fang & H.S.Lo

• Justicia carnea Lindl.

• Justicia chimalapensis T.F.Daniel

• Justicia chrysotrichoma (Nees) Benth. & Hook.f.

• Justicia clausseniana (Nees) Profice

• Justicia cooleyi Monach. & Leonard

• Justicia cuneata Vahl

• Justicia daidalea Leonard

• Justicia flaviflora (Turrill) Wassh.

• Justicia floribunda (K.Koch) Wassh.

• Justicia galapagana Lindau ex B.L.Rob.

• Justicia gendarussa Burm.f.

• Justicia genistiformis Nees

• Justicia glauca Rottler

• Justicia harlingii (Wassh.) Wassh.

• Justicia hatschbachii (Rizzini) Wassh. & L.B.Sm.

• Justicia ianthina Wassh.

• Justicia irwinii Wassh.

• Justicia lamprophylla Leonard

• Justicia lanstyakii Rizzini

• Justicia leucoxiphus Vollesen, Cheek & Ghogue

• Justicia longii Hilsenb.

• Justicia magdalenensis J.R.I.Wood

• Justicia nervata (Lindau) Profice

• Justicia nodicaulis (Nees) Leonard

• Justicia nuriana Wassh.

• Justicia oncodes (Lindau) Wassh. & C.Ezcurra

• Justicia orbicularis (Lindau) V.A.W.Graham

• Justicia petiolaris E.Mey.

• Justicia petraea Leonard

• Justicia phyllocalyx (Lindau) Wassh. & C.Ezcurra

• Justicia pilosella (Nees) Hilsenb.

• Justicia polita (Nees) Profice

• Justicia purpusii (Brandegee) D.N.Gibson

• Justicia pycnophylla Lindau

• Justicia rigida Balf.f.

• Justicia riojana Lindau

• Justicia riopalenquensis Wassh.

• Justicia riparia Kameyama

• Justicia romba Benoist

• Justicia sarothroides Lindau

• Justicia serrana Kameyama

• Justicia spicigera Schltdl.

• Justicia suarezensis Benoist

• Justicia takhinensis R.Atk.

• Justicia tobagensis (Urb.) Wassh.

• Justicia tocantina (Nees) V.A.W.Graham

• Justicia triloba (Lindau) E.C.O.Chagas & Costa-Lima

• Justicia uber C.B.Clarke

• Justicia venalis Benoist

• Justicia warmingii Hiern

• Justicia warnockii B.L.Turner

• Justicia wilhelminensis Wassh.

• Justicia xylosteoides Griseb.

• Justicia zarucchii Wassh.

J. brandegeeana (formerly Beloperone guttata, commonly called shrimp plant) is native to Mexico. It is hardy to −4 °C, but often recovers in the spring after freezing back in USDA Plant Zone 8a. J. carnea (formerly Jacobinia carnea, common names including Brazilian plume flower, flamingo flower, and jacobinia) is native to South America in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. It is hardy to −2 °C but often recovers in the spring after freezing back in USDA Plant Zone 8a. J. procumbens is a procumbent herb with angular stems, swollen at the nodes, with small, ovate leaves; small, purple flowers in terminal spikes; inserted didynamous stamens; and shortly bilobed stigmata.

Formerly placed here

 * Dianthera americana L. (as Justicia americana (L.) Vahl )
 * Dianthera angustifolia (Nees) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. (as Justicia angustifolia (Nees) Lindau)
 * Dianthera incerta Brandegee (as Justicia austrocapensis T.F.Daniel )
 * Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau (as Justicia betonica L.)
 * Rostellularia procumbens (L.) Nees (as Justicia procumbens L., J. hirtella Wall., J. japonica Thunb. , and J. media R.Br.)

title: Justicia (plant)


text:
Angelo Scola

Angelo Scola (born 7 November 1941) is an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church, philosopher and theologian. He was Archbishop of Milan from 2011 to 2017. He served as Patriarch of Venice from 2002 to 2011. He has been a cardinal since 2003 and a bishop since 1991.

Early life
Scola was born in Malgrate, Milan, to Carlo Scola, a truck driver, and Regina Colombo. He was the younger of two sons; Pietro, his elder brother, died in 1983. He attended high school at the Manzoni Lyceum in Lecco, where he participated in the youth movement Gioventù Studentesca (Student Youth).

He studied philosophy at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart from 1964 to 1967, obtaining his doctorate with a dissertation on Christian philosophy under the superivision of Gustavo Bontadini, master of Emanuele Severino. During this time served as vice-president and thereafter President of the Milanese diocesan chapter of the Federazione Universitaria Cattolica Italiana, the university student wing of Catholic Action.

At the university Scola met Luigi Giussani, the founder of the Catholic movement Communion and Liberation. After earning his degree in philosophy and teaching in high schools, Scola entered the Archiepiscopal seminary of Milan, studying one year in Saronno and the others in Venegono. In 1969 Scola was denied permission to be ordained subdeacon a year early. Following the advice of Luigi Giussani, in summer 1969 Scola moved to the seminary of the Diocese of Teramo-Atri where he studied one year. On 18 July 1970 Scola was ordained to the priesthood in Teramo by Bishop Abele Conigli.

He earned a second doctorate in theology from the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. He wrote his dissertation on St. Thomas Aquinas. An active collaborator in the Communion and Liberation movement from the early 1970s, Scola was the Italian editor of the journal Communio founded by Henri de Lubac, Hans Urs von Balthasar, and Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI). He conducted book-length interviews with de Lubac and von Balthasar.

After studying in Munich and Paris and doing pastoral work, Scola returned to Fribourg to work as research assistant to the chair of political philosophy from 1979 and then Assistant Professor of Fundamental Moral Theology until 1982 when he was appointed Professor of Theological Anthropology at the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family and Professor of Contemporary Christology at the Pontifical Lateran University.

From 1986 to 1991 Scola served as consultor to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. At the various institutes where he taught he promoted the establishment of bursaries to enable foreign students, particularly those from poorer countries, to study in Italy.

Bishop of Grosseto
Scola was named Bishop of Grosseto on 18 July 1991, and was consecrated by Cardinal Bernardin Gantin (with Bishops Abele Conigli and Adelmo Tacconi serving as co-consecrators) on the following 21 September. As Bishop of Grosseto he promoted a renewal of catechesis in the diocese. Scola chose as his episcopal motto Sufficit gratia tua ("Your grace suffices", 2 Corinthians 12:9).

Among Scola's chief pastoral concerns in Grosseto were the education of children and youths, vocations and clergy formation (he reopened the diocesan seminary), new approaches to parish life, the pastoral care of labourers (particularly during the difficult period of the dismantling of mines in Grosseto), culture and the family, and the opening of a diocesan mission in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. During this period he wrote and published a book aimed at young people on the subject of the educative mission of the Church. In his pastoral capacity as bishop, Scola paid particular attention to the issues of education, youth, clergy formation, renewal of parish life, pastoral care of workers, culture and the family.

Rector of Lateran University and offices in Roman Curia
Scola in 1995 resigned as bishop of Grosseto to serve as rector of the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome and President of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family in Rome, with a term spent as visiting professor at the counterpart Institute in Washington, D.C., during which time he wrote a monograph on the theology of von Balthasar.

In 1995 he became a member of the Congregation for the Clergy. He also served as member of the Episcopal Commission for Catholic Education of the Italian Bishops' Conference and, from 1996, as president of the Committee for Institutes of Religious Studies which addresses questions of the theological formation of the laity in Italy.

From 1996 to 2001 Scola was a member of the Pontifical Council for Health Workers and wrote several texts on issues around health care. In 1996 he was named a member to the Pontifical Council for the Family.

On 17 January 2009 he was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture by Pope Benedict. On 5 January 2011 he was appointed among the first members of the newly created Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelisation. He is also a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship.

Patriarch of Venice
Scola was appointed Patriarch of Venice on 5 January 2002, elected President of the Bishops' Conference of the Triveneta region on 9 April 2002 and created Cardinal-Priest of Santi XII Apostoli on 21 October 2003. As Patriarch Scola developed a reputation of openness and pastoral concern. In Venice, for instance, he set aside Wednesday mornings to meet anyone who wanted to see him, whether or not they had an appointment.

In 2004, he founded the Studium Generale Marcianum, an academic institute, and the journal Oasis, published in Italian, English, French, Arabic and Urdu as an outreach to Christians in the Muslim world.

After the death of Pope John Paul II in 2005, Scola was considered to be among the papabili in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Joseph Ratzinger, Pope Benedict XVI.

Archbishop of Milan
On 28 June 2011 he was appointed to replace Cardinal Dionigi Tettamanzi as Archbishop of Milan. On 9 September 2011 he took possession of the Archdiocese of Milan by proxy. Scola received from Pope Benedict XVI the pallium of Metropolitan Archbishop of Milan on 21 September 2011 at Castel Gandolfo. On 25 September 2011 he was enthroned in Milan.

On 7 March 2012 he was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches. On 21 April he was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.

Scola knows Italian (as well as Lecchese dialect), English, German, French and a little Spanish.

In 2013, Scola again was a leading candidate to be elected pope —and the press service of the Italian Bishops' Conference mistakenly announced Scola's election —in the conclave that elected Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio, Pope Francis.

Pope Francis accepted Scola's resignation on 7 July 2017 and appointed Bishop Mario Delpini as his successor. In retirement, Scola planned to live in Imberido, a village near Lake Annone.

2014 and 2015 Synod of Bishops
In 2018, Scola expressed his opposition to Communion for the divorced and civilly remarried unless they live in complete continence, the possibility of which has been the focus of controversy surrounding Pope Francis's apostolic exhortation Amoris laetitia. Scola said withholding Communion is "not a punishment that can be taken away or reduced, but is inherent in the very character of Christian marriage".

Scola said in December 2014 that he had "discussed with Cardinals Marx, Daneels, and Schönborn in my 'minor circle' about the possible access to Communion for the divorced and remarried, but I cannot see how to combine on one side the indissolubility of the marriage, and on the other seeming to deny de facto the same principle". The cardinal suggested that the contradiction would result in "a separation between doctrine and pastoral care and discipline" which need to coexist in order to properly function. He said it was also difficult to raise the matter with younger couples suggesting that indissolubility becomes a watered down concept "if they know there will always be a possible exit".

The cardinal is adamant that even though there are problematic marital situations, "marriage is not in crisis today" because there will always be pastoral accompaniment as well as the need to acknowledge "the deep understanding of who humankind is" and how it reflects upon both the origin and importance of the marital sacrament.

Ecumenism
Scola supports stronger ecumenical ties between Catholicism and Islam "at a grassroots level" believing that there is much common ground between the two faiths, particularly, addressing persecution of Christian communities in the Middle East which Scola focuses on. The cardinal met with the Patriarch of Moscow Kirill on 12 November 2013, and previously said the meeting was not related in any way to the visit of President Vladimir Putin to Pope Francis at the Vatican.

Scola has said in the past that it is also his duty to connect with the Orthodox faithful living in his archdiocese, "giving them churches where they can celebrate the divine liturgy and our experience of a greatly fraternal relationship". The cardinal has also said that while doctrinal and theological differences may linger, it was essential to recognize and collaborate on tackling common issues "like the family, justice, life".

Second Vatican Council
In a 2012 conference, Scola refuted the idea of the Second Vatican Council being a battle of continuity versus discontinuity, suggesting instead that the documents that were promulgated during the Council only further enriched the Church by expanding upon previous magisterial teachings. Scola said that "there is no animosity between Vatican II as an event and as a body of documents, but rather conformity".

Tridentine Mass
Scola favors celebrating the Tridentine Mass and has defended Pope Benedict's 2007 authorization of its wider use alongside other conservative cardinals such as Camillo Ruini and Carlo Caffarra. In Padua in 2017, he issued a strong defense of the Mass and when he became archbishop of Milan immediately sought to reverse his predecessor's restrictions on its use. He took similar actions as patriarch of Venice.

Works
Scola is the author of numerous theological and pedagogical works on topics such as bio-medical ethics, theological anthropology, human sexuality and marriage and the family, which have been translated into several languages. In addition, he is the author of more than 120 articles published in scholarly journals of philosophy and theology.

 * Published works

 * Online texts
 * Which Foundation? (PDF file)
 * The Nuptial Mystery: A Perspective for Systematic Theology? (PDF file)
 * Christian Experience and Theology
 * Satanic Rites in the Church's Judgement

title: Angelo Scola


text:
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