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Mainalo

Mainalo (Μαίναλο, Μαίναλος or Μαίναλον; Maenalus ) is the tallest mountain in the Menalon highlands of the Peloponnese, and is located in Arcadia, Greece. In antiquity, the mountain was especially sacred to Pan.

The mountain's highest point, known as both Profitis Ilias and Ostrakina, at a height of 1981 m, is the highest point in Arcadia. The mountain has a length of 15 to 20 km from southwest of Tripoli to northeast of Vytina, and a width of 5 to 10 km from Zygovisti to Kapsas. The mountain is part of a Natura 2000 site, designated in March 2011, covering an area of 226.4 km2. In the 19th and early 20th century, the mountain was known as Apano Chrepa.

The mountain takes its name from the ancient Mount Mainalos, which was however located about 25 kilometers further south near the town of Asea, and has been identified as the same mountain known today as Ágios Ilías. The name was mistakenly connected to the current mounaint Mainalo by early European travelers. In Greek mythology, Mount Mainalos got its name from Maenalus, son of Lykaon, king of Arcadia.

Mainalo is home to a ski resort, which is found at an elevation of 1600 m, with 7 ski slopes and 4 lifts, which are at an altitude between 1550 to 1770 m.

Geography
Mainalo's ground is primarily made of lime, among various calcareous substrates.

Mainalo has various named peaks. Listed by height, they are, among others;
 * Ostrakina (Οστρακίνα) or Profitis Ilias (Προφήτης Ηλιας) at 1981 m
 * Pateritsa (Πατερίτσα) at 1875 m
 * Aidini (Αϊδίνη) at 1849 m
 * Mavri Koryfi (Μαύρη Κορυφή) at 1818 m
 * Mourtzia (Μουρτζιά) at 1794 m
 * Mesovouni (Μεσοβούνι) at 1730 m
 * Krevatia (Κρεββάτια) at 1563 m
 * Epano Chrepa (Επάνω χρέπα) at 1559 m
 * Lioritsi (Λιορίτσι) at 1155 m
 * Sterna (Στέρνα) at 1071 m

Ecology

The mountain houses many forests of Greek fir and Crimean pine. Natura 2000 cites these forests as the "[Greek fir and Crimean pine's] best representation in Peloponnisos."

Mainalo has several ecological environments, comprising:
 * Mediterranean arborescent matorrals, covering 8.96 km2 of the mountain, this environment consists of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean sclerophyllous evergreen shrublands grouped under arborescent junipers. :59
 * Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse, covering 5.57 km2 of the mountain, this environment consists of a dry mountainous environment. Mediterranean heaths are usually dominated by Genista, while containing various other, often spined, shrubs like Acantholimon, Astragalus, Erinacea, Bupleurum, Ptilotrichum, Echinospartum, and Anthyllis. This environment also includes a variety of Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. :53
 * Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation, covering 0.22 km2 of the mountain, this environment consists of limestone cliffs and screes, featuring great ecological diversity, with many endemic plants growing in fissures within rock. :96

Many amphibians, reptiles, mammals, insects, and diurnal predatory birds inhabit Mainalo. These include, among others;
 * Reptiles such as the Balkan whip snake, marginated tortoise, Kotschy's gecko, Greek rock lizard, Peloponnese wall lizard, European copper skink, and the horned viper.
 * Mammals such as the European hare, beech marten, European badger, lesser noctule bat, edible dormouse, Thomas's pine vole, and the western broad-toothed field mice.
 * Amphibians such as the European green toad, European tree frog, and the Syrian spadefoot.
 * Birds such as the northern goshawk, Eurasian sparrowhawk, common buzzard, common kestrel, and the peregrine falcon.
 * Insects such as the Kretania sephirus butterfly, Persian skipper butterfly, eastern orange tip butterfly and the mountain small white butterfly.

Notable people
The following people were associated with the ancient city Maenalus, which may have stood near the summit of Mainalo:
 * Androsthenes of Maenalus, a pankratiast who won gold in the ancient Olympic Games in 420 and 416 BC. :27 :10
 * Damoxenidas of Maenalus, a boxer who won gold in the ancient Olympic Games in 384 BC. :159 :246
 * Ephotion of Maenalus, a pankratiast who won gold in the ancient Olympic Games in 464 BC. :60
 * Euthymenes of Maenalus, a boys' and adult wrestler who won gold in the ancient Olympic Games in 400 and 392 BC. :66
 * Nicodamus of Maenalus, a sculptor who made statues of ancient Olympic victors and Greek mythological figures.
 * Phormis of Maenalus, a distinguished fighter who became rich in service of Gelo.
 * Xenocles of Maenalus, a boys' wrestler who won gold in the ancient Olympic Games in 372 BC. :177

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mainalo


text:
Talk:The School for Scandal

Do anyone know who is the main male character of the way of the world and also the school for scandal?
 * There isn't one for The School for Scandal. I suppose the closest one could come would be Joseph and Charles Surface, for without them the play could not progress - though all of the characters play a vital role to a certain degree. It's an 18th century soap opera. I could no sooner give one character the title before another popped up and reminded me of his part in SfS. :) Voici 21:13, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Moved from article page
Suggestion by 88.111.120.46: A lot of AS level students in the UK are now taking an exam in this, so a collection of play quotes for the summary would also be useful?

Two summaries
I am working on a major revision of this article. One thing I want to change is the summary portion. I cannot see a real need for having two summaries ("short" and "by scene") so I think the short version should be deleted and the detailed one improved. Does anyone else have any opinions on this? By the way, I had thought the "by scene" version was sufficiently detailed until I started going through it and finding things that seemed to call for enhancement and/or revision. For example, the sentence "Joseph, his secret exposed, has to call Sir Peter from his hiding place" under IV.3 is inaccurate; I think something like this would be more precise:

 * "Needing to stop Charles, Joseph whispers to his brother that Sir Peter is in hiding, and Charles hauls him forth. Sir Peter tells Charles he now regrets his suspicions about the latter."

I am hopeful that improving the detailed summary will make it more helpful and sufficient than the two summaries of the article as of this writing have perhaps been. --MollyTheCat 03:46, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I have now added my extensive revisions to the article, including the summary rewrite mentioned above. I also added the "comedy" tag to this page in the hopes that eventually it can be evaluated and perhaps others can enhance it even further. I hope the information added will be found helpful. --MollyTheCat 10:26, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Detailed jejune plot summaries disfigure all Wikipedia articles on fictions, from Odyssey on down, so it's not an issue here. But "an elaborate parody of a famous speech in Shakespeare's Othello" without amplifying is an example of mystification, parading our superior knowledge without sharing it. That does need amending. --Wetman 19:41, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * This is a fair criticism, Wetman, and the only defense I can make for not amplifying is that I was trying not to give undue emphasis or weight to Colman's epilogue. The previous version of this article had the epilogue summarized as "Lady Teazle resolves to leave The School for Scandal." That of course is incorrect as she has already done this at the end of the play proper, and the epilogue is one long tongue-in-cheek statement of regret, supposedly by the character, at what the playwright (Sheridan) is making her do--"Leave London—-just as I began to taste it!" The speech being parodied is from Othello, Act III, sc. 3, which in the Bartleby.com text runs from lines 392-404 and ends with "Farewell! Othello’s occupation’s gone!" But to build this up much further makes Colman's epilogue seem more important than it really is, in my opinion. I'd be glad to know if you have any suggestions as to the best way to fix this without running into that difficulty. Thanks. --MollyTheCat 21:17, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Inspiration
It is suggested in the 2008 film The Duchess that the play takes inspiration from the marriage of the eponymous duchess and her husband, the 5th Duke of Devonshire. Does this have any basis in fact? Swanny18 (talk) 23:24, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The School for Scandal


text:
WJZY

WJZY (channel 46) is a television station licensed to Belmont, North Carolina, United States, serving as the Fox affiliate for the Charlotte area. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group alongside Rock Hill, South Carolina–licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYT-TV (channel 55). WJZY and WMYT-TV share studios on Performance Road (along I-85) in unincorporated western Mecklenburg County (with a Charlotte mailing address); through a channel sharing agreement, the two stations transmit using WJZY's spectrum from an antenna near Dallas, North Carolina, along the Catawba River.

WJZY was originally established in 1987 by a Charlotte group that included Harvey Gantt, the city's mayor. Soon after, that group sold the station, and channel 46 operated for the next 25 years as an independent station, then a UPN and CW affiliate, until it was purchased by Fox Television Stations in 2013, resulting in the station switching affiliations to Fox and the establishment of its own local news operation.

Early history
Two of the nine competing applicants for the channel 46 frequency in Belmont merged as Metro–Crescent Communications in 1985 and won the construction permit by settling with the other contenders. Metro–Crescent's shareholders included two executives of Suburban Radio Group (then-owner of WPEG), Bob Hilker and Bill Rollins; Charlotte mayor Harvey Gantt; dentist Spurgeon Webber; and Winston-Salem attorney David Wagner. Originally, the station received the call letters WMHU, but changes came even before it went on the air. Capitol Broadcasting Company of Raleigh reached a deal to buy a 49 percent stake in Metro-Crescent with an option to purchase the remainder later in February 1986; to do so, it had to divest itself of two Charlotte-market radio stations. The sale stood to make the partners, including Gantt, about $3 million; Gantt later admitted to the Charlotte city council that he had violated city ethics policy in failing to disclose his stake in the firm. Before the station went on the air, the call letters were changed to WJZY in November 1986 in order to differentiate from other Charlotte television stations, none of which had a "J" or "Z" in their call signs.

WJZY, originally an independent station, made its first broadcast on March 9, 1987. Channel 46 pushed up its launch to aid cable companies who dropped out-of-town stations to carry it. In Charlotte itself, for example, it replaced Washington, D.C.'s WDCA on Cablevision (later Time Warner Cable, now Charter Spectrum) on cable channel 8. It initially only aired a schedule of older movies in evening hours only. It began full commercial operations in July, airing a general entertainment format of off-network and first-run syndicated shows, movies, and cartoons. It was the first full-market Charlotte station since WCTU-TV (channel 36, now WCNC-TV) launched in July 1967 (WHKY-TV [channel 14] in Hickory had signed on in 1968, but mostly targeted the northwestern portion of the market).

Capitol exercised its option to buy the remainder of WJZY later that summer; a group petitioned against the sale, claiming Metro–Crescent had reneged on its promises for local programming, but the challenges were dropped, and the sale was approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in November. By that time, however, Gantt's stake had been an issue in his run for re-election; he lost in a close race to Sue Myrick and admitted that her statements on Metro–Crescent may have swung the race for her.

Under Capitol, the station grew. In 1988, it was speculated that NBC might move to WJZY from channel 36 at a time when the network was actively courting other stations to upgrade in the market and the incumbent station had a weaker signal; NBC was reported to also covet Capitol's other broadcast property, WRAL-TV, then the CBS affiliate in Raleigh. Though this change did not occur, by 1990, channel 46 was even with WCCB (channel 18), the Fox affiliate, in key dayparts. The station's rapid growth came at a time when the Charlotte market had become large enough to support what were essentially two full-market independent stations (WCCB, like most early Fox affiliates, was programmed largely as an independent until 1995).

WJZY owned a large amount of syndicated programming, but did not have nearly enough time in its broadcast day to air all of it. A solution came with the sign-on of WFVT (channel 55, later WWWB and now WMYT-TV) in September 1994. Capitol Broadcasting entered into a local marketing agreement (LMA) with WFVT's Indiana-based owner, Family 55. Under this LMA, WJZY bought WFVT's entire broadcast day and placed much of this extra programming on WFVT.

UPN and CW affiliation
The station became a charter affiliate of the United Paramount Network (UPN) when the network launched on January 16, 1995. WFVT joined The WB at the same time, creating one of the first UPN/WB partnerships in the country. For most of UPN's run, WJZY was one of the network's strongest affiliates, and by 2006, it was tied with UPN's Atlanta owned-and-operated station WUPA as the network's fifth highest-rated station.

WJZY served as the over-the-air home of NBA's Charlotte Hornets from 1992 to 1998, during the height of the team's popularity; the last two seasons were shared with WFVT. When the Hornets returned as the Charlotte Bobcats in 2004, WJZY served as the team's over-the-air flagship until the telecasts moved to WMYT in 2006.

On January 24, 2006, Time Warner and CBS Corporation announced that they would shut down The WB and UPN that fall. In place of these networks, the two companies would form The CW, a new network combining the most popular programs from both UPN and The WB with new series produced specifically for the network. On March 1, the Capitol Broadcasting Company announced that WJZY would become the Charlotte area affiliate of The CW, making it one of the first five stations outside of the core Tribune Company and CBS Television Stations groups to agree to carry the new network. WJZY affiliated with The CW upon the network's debut on September 18, 2006. Later that week, channel 55 signed with MyNetworkTV.

Sale to Fox Television Stations and switch to Fox
On January 14, 2013, Fox Television Stations entered into an agreement to acquire WJZY and WMYT from Capitol Broadcasting for $18 million (the sale was formally announced on January 28). Although Charlotte's longtime Fox affiliate, WCCB, had been one of the network's strongest performers, Fox had been interested in buying a station in a steadily growing market. According to Fox Television Stations president Jack Abernethy, another factor was that Charlotte was home to the Carolina Panthers, a National Football Conference team whose games air primarily on Fox; Abernethy said that Fox had set its sights on getting an owned and operated station in Charlotte specifically because it was an NFC market.

Another likely factor in the purchase was an option that Fox held to purchase WLFL and WRDC in the Raleigh–Durham market from Sinclair Broadcast Group; had Fox exercised the option, it would have jeopardized the affiliation of another Capitol station, WRAZ in that market. The deal included a time brokerage agreement clause that would have had Fox take over the operations of WJZY and WMYT and acquire the duopoly's non-license assets for $8.24 million if the deal was not closed by June 1. The FCC granted its approval of the sale on March 11, and the deal was consummated on April 17. By June, WJZY had dropped all references to The CW from its branding, adopting the interim brand of "WJZY 46."

On April 18, WCCB announced that it would become the new CW affiliate for the Charlotte market on July 1, the date its Fox affiliation contract ended. On that date, WJZY would become the new Fox outlet for the Charlotte market, under the on-air brand "Fox 46 Carolinas". The regional brand reflected WJZY's primary coverage area of 22 counties in North and South Carolina.

Sale to Nexstar Media Group
On November 5, 2019, Fox Corporation announced that WJZY and WMYT-TV would be acquired by Nexstar Media Group for $45 million in a deal concurrent with Fox's purchase of KCPQ and KZJO in Seattle and repurchase of WITI in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from Nexstar. Nexstar stated that WJZY and WMYT were "geographically complementary" to its existing properties in the Southeastern United States. The sale was completed on March 2, 2020.

News share agreements
From May 1994 to June 1995 and again from September 2003 to April 8, 2012, CBS affiliate WBTV produced a nightly 10 p.m. newscast for WJZY through separate news share agreements. The 1990s attempt was replaced by a five-year deal between WBTV and PBS member station WTVI (channel 42). The second iteration was placing third behind 10 p.m. newscasts aired by WCCB and WAXN-TV (from WSOC-TV); the low ratings for the program on WJZY and a more "news-friendly audience" on its sister station were cited as the reason for its move to WJZY's duopoly partner WMYT on April 9, 2012. It was simulcast by both stations for one week, before syndicated reruns of Law & Order: Criminal Intent replaced the simulcast on WJZY on April 16, 2012.

WJZY also aired the statewide weekly public affairs program NC Spin and produced a local public affairs show called Charlotte Now with Mike Collins, which was discontinued following its June 30, 2013, edition, one day before the official switch to Fox.

Building a newsroom
With Fox's purchase of the WJZY/WMYT duopoly, Fox built a standalone news department for WJZY. In the meantime, WBTV's 10 p.m. production returned to WJZY from WMYT when channel 46 officially joined Fox on July 1, 2013. While initial reports suggested that Fox would move WJZY/WMYT to a facility in Charlotte's University City section used by Fox Sports 1 and previously by Speed, it was instead decided to heavily renovate and expand the Performance Road studio to accommodate the news department. WJZY soft-launched its news operation on December 18, 2013, in the form of live webcasts nightly through year's end airing concurrently with the WBTV-produced 10 p.m. news on channel 46.

WJZY's local news service on January 1, 2014, with the debut of a nightly hour-long 10 p.m. newscast titled MyFox Carolinas Primetime. The newscast adopted an alternative format designed to target younger viewers, carrying characteristics of but being more traditional than the similarly unconventional public affairs program Chasing News from MyNetworkTV flagship WWOR-TV in Secaucus, New Jersey; however, while Chasing was patterned off the format of TMZ, WJZY's newscast still contained some conventional traits. Jack Abernethy, the head of Fox Television Stations felt that "when you're not being held by an existing show, it's much easier to do things differently". The program roamed the newsroom throughout the hour in a more "casual" style but traditional reporting; stories were introduced by anchor Cheryl Brayboy from reporters' desks or elsewhere in the newsroom, and weather reports were done from a large display near the center of the room. The differences in the operation were also reflected in differing job titles: former news director Roth's formal title was "vice president of local content" and the reporters were called "digital journalists", with lead anchor Brayboy (and later Barbara Lash) referred to as a "senior digital journalist". WJZY also operated five bureaus in Charlotte's outer suburbs staffed by reporters living in those communities to bolster its regional emphasis.

WJZY expanded its news operation on June 30, 2014, with the introduction of the hour-long evening newscast MyFox Carolinas Live, followed by the August 25, 2014, introduction of the station's morning show, Good Day Carolinas, described as having "more of a sofa-and-coffee-table production" than its competitors. Despite having the highly-viewed Fox primetime lineup as its lead-in, the station continued to lose viewers at 10 p.m. to WAXN and WCCB, while the station's morning news was in fifth place among Charlotte stations and airings of The People's Court on sister station WMYT had slightly better ratings than WJZY's evening news. Additionally, the newscast was viewed as being somewhat amateurish due to inexperienced reporters and technical problems and the length of the hour-long format. By June 2015, WJZY had begun shifting back towards a traditional format; Mark Washburn of The Charlotte Observer explained that "after aiming to re-engineer local news, Fox 46 has retreated to the formula it once mocked: chasing fire trucks and standard urban crime". On December 21, 2021, the station announced it would change its news brand to Queen City News (with the slogan "Carolinas' Own"), which took effect on January 10, 2022. The move came after Nexstar concluded that WJZY had no real brand, with viewers often confusing it with Fox News Channel.

Nick Kosir worked for WJZY for seven years and was the WJZY morning meteorologist. He was best known for humorous Instagram photos and later for dance videos. He had over 2 million followers on social media when he announced in April 2021 that he was leaving WJZY and moving to Fox Weather.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WJZY shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 46, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 47.

As part of the SAFER Act, WJZY kept its analog signal on the air in the immediate aftermath of the switch to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.

ATSC 3.0
WJZY debuted on Charlotte's new ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) service, hosted by WAXN-TV, on July 7, 2021.

title: WJZY


text:
Henri Arnaut de Zwolle

Henri Arnaut de Zwolle (c. 1400, in Zwolle – September 6, 1466 in Paris ) (often Henri Arnault, also Henricus Arnold/Arnoldus/Arnoul of/van Zwolle) was employed as a physician, astronomer, astrologer, and organist to Philip the Good. He is best known for a treatise on musical instruments.

Henri Arnaut apparently was born in Zwolle. There are no data on his education. Perhaps he became a physician first, as he was named Magister Henricus Arnault, Medicus Alemannus de Zuvolis (Zuvolis = Zwolle). He became a student of the instrument-maker Jean de Fusoris, who was employed between 1400 and 1445 by Philip the Good and later by the French king Louis XI of France. By 1432, Henri was at the court of Philip the Good in Dijon as well.

Between 1438 and 1446 (several decades before the activities of Leonardo da Vinci), he created manuscripts in Latin on a wide variety of technical subjects, including astronomy, hydraulics, astronomical instruments, and drawings of apparent inventions like a folding ladder and a gem polishing machine. Among the manuscripts is a copy (in Henri's handwriting) of Jacob of Liège's Speculum musicae. The best known part is his treatise on the design and construction of musical instruments, containing, amongst others, the earliest illustration of a harpsichord. He gave a detailed description of the action and the operation of this keyboard plucked instrument with the complex linkages between the keyboard and the strings. He also described the lute, the clavichord, the dulce melos, and the organ. His description of the organ is more practical than earlier treatises, describing the composition of the diapason chorus and the scaling of the pipes. He describes the layout of pipes, either with the longest in the middle, "in the form of a bishop's mitre", or in chromatic order, longest at the left, and he is credited with the first mention of reed pipes. All instruments in his manuscript were to be played at the court and not in churches. The manuscripts were probably only bundled in the 16th century (F-Pn Lat. 7295).

As councilor to Philip the Good, he produced a map in 1444 of the region contested between France and Burgundy, in order to define French enclaves that could be eliminated to simplify the border.

Between 1454 and 1461 he left the Burgundian court to work for the French kings Charles VII and Louis XI in Paris, where he died of the plague in 1466.

His clavichord has a compass of three octaves B–b2. A separate diagram is included showing the fretting: in this, 34 tangents are shown acting on nine courses of strings, disposed in threes and fours except that the top course has as many as five tangents. However, since the compass of the clavichord requires 37 notes, this is three tangents too few and there must be some kind of error. Most commentators have accepted the solution proposed by Ripin, which is to provide ten courses, with the fretting disposed as follows:

B-c-c#-d|e♭-e-f-f#|g-g#-a|b♭-b-c1-c#1|d1-e♭1-e1|f1-f#1-g1-g#1|a1-b♭1-b1|c2-c#2-d2|e♭2-e2-f2-f#2|g2-g#2-a2-b♭2-b2

Note that with the exception of the top and bottom courses, this is equivalent to "classic" multiple fretting.

title: Henri Arnaut de Zwolle


text: Talk:Education in Argentina

title: Talk:Education in Argentina


text: File:Total annihilation screenie 3.1415926.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Romantiphobia

BS olivier 20:07, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * You probably meant unknown neologism. Delete. Mikkalai 21:46, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It sounds like the author is thinking of fear of rejection, rather than fear of romance per se. Anyway, no Google hits for "romantiphobia", "romantiphobe", or "romantiphobic". --Angr 22:51, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -Sean Curtin 04:23, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. We should create more articles on -phobias. --Lst27 ( t a l k )  01:20, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Rhobite 02:53, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Jeff3000

Projects

 * Disambiguation: Including CFL, British, Bundesliga, Cartridge, Persian, Iranian, Basque Country, Palestine (before Palestine (region) was moved to Palestine), DAC, ADC, Antiquity, Relationship, Kansas City, Defender, La Rioja, Three dimensional, Administrator, Objective, Rolls Royce, List, Bosnia, analysis, value, source, Mendoza, San Sebastian, Chubut, Córdoba, Amazonas, UMD
 * Helped move book reference to cite book
 * Helped remove fair use sports team logos from userboxes

Barnstars

 * Some Barnstars below, and some more Barnstars here

title: User:Jeff3000


text:
LGBT culture

LGBT culture is a culture shared by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals. It is sometimes referred to as queer culture (indicating people who are queer), while the term gay culture may be used to mean either "LGBT culture" or homosexual culture specifically.

LGBT culture varies widely by geography and the identity of the participants. Elements common to cultures of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and intersex people include:
 * Works by famous gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people, including:
 * Contemporary LGBT artists and political figures like Larry Kramer, Keith Haring and Rosa von Praunheim.
 * Historical figures identified as LGBT, although identifying historical figures with modern terms for sexual identity is controversial (see History of sexuality). However, many LGBT people feel a kinship with these people and their work (particularly that addressing same-sex attraction or gender identity); an example is VictoryFund.org, dedicated to supporting homosexual politicians.
 * An understanding of LGBT social movements
 * Figures and identities present in the LGBT community; within LGBT communities in Western culture, this might include drag kings and queens, pride parades and the rainbow flag.
 * LGBT communities may organize themselves into, or support, movements for civil rights promoting LGBT rights in various places around the world.

Not all LGBT people identify with LGBT culture; this may be due to geographic distance, unawareness of the subculture's existence, fear of social stigma or a preference for remaining unidentified with sexuality- or gender-based subcultures or communities. The Queercore and Gay Shame movements critique what they see as the commercialization and self-imposed "ghettoization" of LGBT culture.

In some cities, particularly in North America, some LGBT people live in neighborhoods with a high proportion of gay residents, otherwise known as gay villages or gayborhoods—examples of these neighborhoods include Greenwich Village, Hell's Kitchen, and Chelsea in Manhattan; Castro and West Hollywood in California, United States; Le Village in Montreal, Canada; and Church and Wellesley in Toronto, Canada. Such LGBT communities organize special events in addition to pride parades celebrating their culture such as the Gay Games and Southern Decadence. On June 27, 2019, the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor was inaugurated at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village.

Lesbian culture

As with gay men, lesbian culture includes elements from the larger LGBTQ+ culture, as well as other elements specific to the lesbian community. Pre-Stonewall organizations that advocated for lesbian rights, and provided networking opportunities for lesbians, included the Daughters of Bilitis, formed in San Francisco in 1955. Members held public demonstrations, spoke to the media, and published a newsletter.

Primarily associated with lesbians in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, lesbian culture has often involved large, predominantly lesbian "women's" events such as the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival (closed after 2015) and the Club Skirts Dinah Shore Weekend. Lesbian culture has its own icons, such as Melissa Etheridge, k.d. lang (butch), Ellen DeGeneres (androgynous) and Portia de Rossi (femme). Lesbian culture since the late 20th century has often been entwined with the evolution of feminism. Lesbian separatism is an example of a lesbian theory and practice identifying specifically lesbian interests and ideas and promoting a specific lesbian culture. Examples of this included womyn's land and women's music. Identity-based sports teams have also been associated with lesbian culture, particularly with the rise of lesbian softball teams and leagues in the 1980s and 1990s. Softball and other athletic teams created social community and allowed lesbians to reject social expectations of physicality, but were typically considered separated from lesbian feminism and political activism.

1950s and early '60s stereotypes of lesbian women stressed a binary of "butch" women, or dykes (who present masculine) and "femmes", or lipstick lesbians (who present feminine), and considered a stereotypical lesbian couple a butch-femme pair. In the 1970s, androgyny, political lesbianism, and lesbian separatism became more common, along with the creation of women's land communities. The late 1980s and 1990s saw a resurgence of butch-femme, and influences from punk, grunge, riot grrrl, emo, and hipster subcultures. In the 2000s and 2010s, the rise of Non-binary gender gender identities brought some degree of return to androgynous styles, though at times with different intentions and interpretations than in the 1970s.

Gay men's culture
According to Herdt, "homosexuality" was the main term used until the late 1950s and early 1960s; after that, a new "gay" culture emerged. "This new gay culture increasingly marks a full spectrum of social life: not only same-sex desires but gay selves, gay neighbors, and gay social practices that are distinctive of our affluent, postindustrial society".

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, gay culture was largely underground or coded, relying on in-group symbols and codes woven into ostensibly straight appearances. Gay influence in early America was more often visible in high culture, where it was nominally safer to be out. The association of gay men with opera, ballet, haute couture, fine cuisine, musical theater, the Golden Age of Hollywood and interior design began with wealthy homosexual men using the straight themes of these media to send their own signals. In the heterocentric Marilyn Monroe film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, a musical number features Jane Russell singing "Anyone Here for Love" in a gym while muscled men dance around her. The men's costumes were designed by a man, the dance was choreographed by a man and the dancers (as gay screenwriter Paul Rudnick points out) "seem more interested in each other than in Russell"; however, her presence gets the sequence past the censors and works it into an overall heterocentric theme.

After the 1969 Stonewall uprising in New York City was covered on the mainstream news channels, showing images of gay men rioting in the streets, gay male culture among the working classes, people of color, street people, radical political activists and hippies became more visible to mainstream America. Groups such as the Gay Liberation Front formed in New York City, and the Mattachine Society, which had been in existence and doing media since 1950, gained more visibility as they addressed the crowds and media in the wake of the uprisings in Greenwich Village. On June 28, 1970, the first Christopher Street Liberation Day was held, marking the beginning of annual Gay Pride marches.

In 1980 a group of seven gay men formed The Violet Quill in New York City, a literary club focused on writing about the gay experience as a normal plotline instead of a "naughty" sideline in a mostly straight story. An example is the novel A Boy's Own Story by Edmund White. In this first volume of a trilogy, White writes as a young homophilic narrator growing up with a corrupt and remote father. The young man learns bad habits from his straight father, applying them to his gay existence.

Female celebrities such as Liza Minnelli, Jane Fonda, and Bette Midler spent a significant amount of their social time with urban gay men (who were now popularly viewed as sophisticated and stylish by the jet set), and more male celebrities (such as Andy Warhol) were open about their relationships. Such openness was still limited to the largest and most progressive urban areas (such as New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Boston, Philadelphia, Seattle, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, Miami, Washington, D.C., and New Orleans), however, until AIDS forced several popular celebrities out of the closet due to their illness with what was known at first as the "gay cancer".

Elements identified more closely with gay men than with other groups include: There are a number of subcultures within gay male culture, such as bears and chubbies. There are also subcultures with an historically large gay-male population, such as leather and SM. Gay critic Michael Musto opined, "I am a harsh critic of the gay community because I feel that when I first came out I thought I would be entering a world of nonconformity and individuality and, au contraire, it turned out to be a world of clones in a certain way. I also hated the whole body fascism thing that took over the gays for a long time."
 * Pop-culture gay icons who have had a traditionally gay-male following (for example, disco, Britney Spears, Madonna, Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Judy Garland, Cher, Donna Summer, Lady Gaga, Kesha, Kylie Minogue, and Diana Ross)
 * Familiarity with aspects of romantic, sexual and social life common among gay men (for example, Polari, poppers, camp, fag hags and—in South Asian LGBTQ+ culture—"evening people")
 * Beefcake, physique magazines and fitness culture

Relationships
Some U.S. studies have found that the majority of gay male couples are in monogamous relationships. A representative U.S. study in 2018 found that 32% of gay male couples had open relationships. Research by Colleen Hoff of 566 gay male couples from the San Francisco Bay Area funded by the National Institute of Mental Health found that 45 percent were in monogamous relationships, however it did not use a representative sample. Gay actor Neil Patrick Harris has remarked, "I'm a big proponent of monogamous relationships regardless of sexuality, and I'm proud of how the nation is steering toward that."

During the 1980s and 1990s, Sean Martin drew a comic strip (Doc and Raider) which featured a gay couple living in (or near) Toronto's Gay Village. His characters have recently been updated and moved to the internet. Although primarily humorous, the comic sometimes addressed issues such as gay-bashing, HIV, and spousal abuse.

An Australian study conducted by Roffee and Waling in 2016 discovered how some gay men felt like they were expected to be hyper-sexual. Participants reported how other gay men would automatically assume that any interaction had sexual motivations. Furthermore, if it was then clarified that this is not the case then these gay men would suddenly feel excluded and ignored by the other gay men with which they had been interacting with. They felt that they could not obtain purely platonic friendships with other gay men. One participant reported feeling alienated and disregarded as a person if they were not deemed by other gay men as sexually attractive. This presumption and attitude of hypersexuality is damaging, for it enforces preconceived ideals upon people, who are then ostracised if they do not meet these ideals.

Online culture and communities
A number of online social websites for gay men have been established. Initially, these concentrated on sexual contact or titillation; typically, users were afforded a profile page, access to other members' pages, member-to-member messaging and instant-message chat. Smaller, more densely connected websites concentrating on social networking without a focus on sexual contact have been established. Some forbid all explicit sexual content; others do not. A gay-oriented retail online couponing site has also been established.

Recent research suggests that gay men primarily make sense of familial and religious challenges by developing online peer supports (i.e., families of choice) in contrast to their family allies' focus on strengthening existing family of origin relationships via online information exchanges. Participants' reported online sociorelational benefits largely contradict recent research indicating that online use may lead to negative mental health outcomes.

Fashion

Notable gay and bisexual fashion designers include Giorgio Armani, Kenneth Nicholson, Alessandro Trincone, Ludovic de Saint Sernin, Patrick Church, Gianni Versace, Prabal Gurung, Michael Kors and others are among the LGBT fashion designers across the globe.

Bisexual culture
Bisexual culture emphasizes opposition to, or disregard of, fixed sexual and gender identity monosexism (discrimination against bisexual, fluid, pansexual and queer-identified people), bisexual erasure and biphobia (hatred or mistrust of non-monosexual people). Biphobia is common (although lessening) in the gay, lesbian and straight communities.

Many bisexual, fluid, and pansexual people consider themselves to be part of the LGBTQ+ or queer community, despite any discrimination they may face. Western bisexual, pansexual, and fluid cultures also have their own touchstones, such as the books Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out (edited by Lani Kaʻahumanu and Loraine Hutchins), Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution (by Shiri Eisner), and Getting Bi: Voices of Bisexuals Around the World (edited by Robyn Ochs); the British science fiction television series Torchwood, and personalities such as British singer and activist Tom Robinson, the Black Eyed Peas member Fergie, Scottish actor Alan Cumming and American performance artist and activist Lady Gaga.

The bisexual pride flag was designed by Michael Page in 1998 to give the community its own symbol, comparable to the gay pride flag of the mainstream LGBTQ+ community. The deep pink (or rose) stripe at the top of the flag represents same-gender attraction; the royal blue stripe at the bottom of the flag represents different-gender attraction. The stripes overlap in the central fifth of the flag to form a deep shade of lavender (or purple), representing attraction anywhere along the gender spectrum. Celebrate Bisexuality Day has been observed on September 23 by members of the bisexual community and its allies since 1999.

Transgender culture

The study of transgender and transsexual culture is complicated by the many ways in which cultures deal with sexual identity/sexual orientation and gender. For example, in many cultures people who are attracted to people of the same sex—that is, those who in contemporary Western culture would identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual—are classed as a third gender with people who would (in the West) be classified as transgender.

In the contemporary West there are different groups of transgender and transsexual people, such as groups for transsexual people who want gender affirming surgery, male, heterosexual-only cross-dressers and trans men's groups. Groups encompassing all transgender people, both trans men, trans women, and non-binary people, have appeared in recent years.

Some transgender or transsexual women and men, however, do not identify as part of a specific "trans" culture. A distinction may be made between transgender and transsexual people who make their past known to others and those who wish to live according to their gender identity and not reveal their past (believing that they should be able to live normally in their true gender role, and control to whom they reveal their past).

According to a study done by the Williams Institute of UCLA on "How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States?", they found that younger adults are more likely to identify as transgender than older adults. This may be a result of a newly wider acceptance of transgender people from the communities, allowing for those who identify as transgender to have a greater voice. In their research they found that an estimated 0.7% of adults between the ages of 18 and 24 identify as transgender, while 0.6% of adults age 25 to 64 and 0.5% of adults age 65 or older identify as transgender.

The pink on the transgender pride flag represents female while the baby blue on the flag represents male. The white stripe in between the baby blue and pink represents other genders besides male or female.

Transgender relationships

In the report "Views from both sides of the bridge? Gender, sexual legitimacy, and transgender people's experiences of relationships", authors Iantaffi and Bockting conducted a study with 1229 transgender individuals over 18 years old, to learn more about transgender relationships in the US. When it came to a relationships within a transgender person, it depended on if they wanted a heteronormative or mainstream culture relationship. Studies show transgender people can also be victim to heteronormativity too, and it can impact their relationships. There are also transgender people that try to challenge Western traditional beliefs in gender roles and sexual differences within relationships.

Events
Many annual events are observed by the transgender community. One of the most widely observed is the Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDOR) which is held every year on November 20 in honor of Rita Hester, who was killed on November 28, 1998, in an anti-transgender hate crime. TDOR serves a number of purposes:
 * it memorializes all of those who have been victims of hate crimes and prejudice
 * it raises awareness about hate crimes towards the transgender community
 * and it honors the dead and their relatives

Related events are the trans marches, a series of annual marches, protests or gatherings that take place around the world, often during the time of the local pride week. These events are frequently organized by transgender communities to build community, address human rights struggles, and create visibility.

Youth culture
Youth pride, an extension of the gay pride and LGBTQ+ social movements, promotes equality amongst young members (usually above the age of consent) of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual or transgender, intersex and questioning (LGBTQ+) community. The movement exists in many countries and focuses on festivals and parades, enabling many LGBTQ+ youth to network, communicate, and celebrate their gender and sexual identities. Youth Pride organizers also point to the value in building community and supporting young people, since they are more likely to be bullied. Schools with a gay–straight alliance (GSA) handle discrimination and violence against LGBTQ+ youth better than schools without it; they develop community and coping skills, and give students a safe space to obtain health and safety information. Sometimes the groups avoid labeling young people, preferring to let them identify themselves on their own terms "when they feel safe".

Gay and lesbian youth have increased risks for suicide, substance abuse, school problems and isolation because of a "hostile and condemning environment, verbal and physical abuse, rejection and isolation from family and peers", according to a U.S. Task Force on Youth Suicide report. Further, LGBTQ+ youths are more likely to report psychological and physical abuse by parents or caretakers, and more sexual abuse. Suggested reasons for this disparity are: A 2008 study showed a correlation between the degree of parental rejection of LGB adolescents and negative health problems in the teenagers studied. Crisis centers in larger cities and information sites on the Internet have arisen to help youth and adults. A suicide-prevention helpline for LGBT youth is part of The Trevor Project, established by the filmmakers after the 1998 HBO telecast of the Academy Award-winning short film Trevor; Daniel Radcliffe donated a large sum to the group, and has appeared in its public service announcements condemning homophobia.
 * youths may be specifically targeted on the basis of their perceived sexual orientation or gender non-conforming appearance.
 * "...Risk factors associated with sexual minority status, including discrimination, invisibility, and rejection by family members...may lead to an increase in behaviors that are associated with risk for victimization, such as substance abuse, sex with multiple partners, or running away from home as a teenager."

Increasing mainstream acceptance of the LGBTQ+ communities prompted the Massachusetts Governor's Commission on Gay and Lesbian Youth to begin an annual Gay–Straight Youth Pride observance in 1995. In 1997 the nonprofit Youth Pride Alliance, a coalition of 25 youth-support and advocacy groups, was founded to hold an annual youth-pride event in Washington, D.C.; Candace Gingrich was a speaker the following year. In 1999, the first annual Vermont Youth Pride Day was held. As of 2009 it is the largest queer and allied-youth event in Vermont, organized by Outright Vermont to "break the geographic and social barriers gay youngsters living in rural communities face." In 2002, a college fair was added to the event to connect students with colleges and discuss student safety. In April 2003 a Youth Pride Chorus, organized with New York's LGBT Community Center, began rehearsals and later performed at a June Carnegie Hall Pride concert with the New York City Gay Men's Chorus.

In 2004 the San Diego chapter of Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) worked with San Diego Youth Pride coordinators to organize a Day of Silence throughout the county. In 2005, Decatur (Georgia) Youth Pride participated in a counter-demonstration against Westboro Baptist Church (led by church head Fred Phelps' daughter Shirley Phelps-Roper), who were "greeting students and faculty as they arrived with words such as 'God hates fag enablers' and 'Thank God for 9/11'" at ten locations. In 2008 Chicago's Youth Pride Center, primarily serving "LGBT youth of color", opened a temporary location and planned to move into their new building on Chicago's South Side in 2010. In 2009, the Utah Pride Center held an event to coincide with Youth Pride Walk 2009, a "cross-country walk by two Utah women trying to draw attention to the problems faced by homeless LGBT youth". In August 2010 the first Hollywood Youth Pride was held, focusing on the "large number of homeless LGBT youth living on Los Angeles streets." According to a 2007 report, "Of the estimated 1.6 million homeless American youth, between 20 and 40 percent identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender". At larger pride parades and festivals there are often LGBTQ+ or queer youth contingents, and some festivals designate safe spaces for young people.

LGBT youth are more likely to be homeless than heterosexual, cisgender youth due to the rejection from their parents because of their sexual orientation, or gender identity (Choi et al., 2015; Durso and Gates, 2012; Mallon, 1992; Whitbeck et al., 2004). Out of the 1.6 million homeless people in the United States, forty percent of them identify as part of the LGBT community. In a survey of street outreach programs 7% of the youth were transgender (Whitbeck, Lazoritz, Crawford, & Hautala, 2014). Many of the transgender youth that are placed in homeless shelters do not get the type of help they need and often experience discrimination and systemic barriers that include sex-segregated programs in institutional practices that refuse to understand their gender. Many transgender youths have problems acquiring shelters because of certain policies like binary gender rules, dress codes, and room assignments (Thaler et al., 2009). Problems with classification happen when the procedures or policies of a shelter require the youth to be segregated based on their assigned sex rather than what they classify themselves as. As a result, many of the LGBT youth end up on the street instead of shelters which are meant to protect them.

LGBT youth also have a higher suicide rate in the U.S. Those who identify with the LGBT community are four times as likely to attempt suicide than those who do not. There was a study that was done to look into the difference of rates between gay high school students and their straight peers. They were asked about their sexual orientation and then about suicide. They found that about 32 percent of sexual minorities (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual) had suicidal thoughts in comparison to almost 9.5 percent of their heterosexual peers.

Pride
LGBT parades are outdoor events celebrating LGBT social and self acceptance, achievements and legal rights.

Other LGBT cultures
Several other segments of the LGBTQ+ community have their own communities and cultures.

African-American LGBT culture In the United States and Europe, some cities host black gay pride events with a focus on celebrating the black gay community and culture. The two largest in the world are Atlanta Black Pride and D.C. Black Pride. UK Black Pride is the largest celebration of its kind outside the U.S.

Movements and politics LGBT social movements are social movements that advocate for LGBT people in society. Social movements may focus on equal rights, such as the 2000s movement for marriage equality, or they may focus on liberation, as in the gay liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

LGBT conservatism is a socio-political movement which embraces and promotes the ideology of conservatism within an LGBT context.

LGBT culture in the military

In 2010, the repeal of the Don't Ask Don't Tell (DADT) was a great step in the inclusion of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals in the military. "The repeal of DADT reversed the practice of discharging LGB service members on the basis of sexual identity." Although this was a large shift in policy by the U.S. for those identifying as LGB, those who are transgender are still not fully included in this change.
 * Some challenges that transgender people face post-DADT are "changing their name to align with their gender identity, changing their sex designation in official documentation and records, encouraging appropriate pronoun use, and obtaining appropriate medical services" (Levy et al., 2015; Parco et al., 2015a, 2015b).
 * Another challenge that they face is transphobia, which is "the intense dislike or prejudice against transsexual or transgender people" (Hill & Willoughby).

Criticism
Criticism of LGBT culture comes from a variety of sources, much of which is critique from within the community itself. Some, like Michael Musto, view the culture as conforming to caricatures or stereotypes that alienate "fringe" members of the community. Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore and movements like Gay Shame have argued that LGBT culture has been depoliticized by a tiny minority of relatively privileged queer people, who participate in "institutions of oppression" at the expense of the vast majority of LGBT people. Some consider the very notion of "separatism", or a group lifestyle, alienating (including of LGBTQ+ members in the broader society).

Another problem is that bisexual and transsexual/transgender individuals experience social pressure to identify as gay or lesbian, and may face ostracism and discrimination from the mainstream LGBTQ+ culture. For bisexuals, this pressure is known as bisexual erasure. New York University School of Law professor Kenji Yoshino has written, "Gays de-legitimatize bisexuals...the lesbian and gay community abounds with negative images of bisexuals as fence-sitters, traitors, cop-outs, closet cases, people whose primary goal in life is to retain 'heterosexual privilege'".

Identity politics
Criticism has been made that the LGBT community represents an artificial separation, rather than one based on tangible customs or ethnic identification. In particular, labels that LGBT members use to describe themselves vary widely; some simply prefer to identify as loving a particular gender. Some believe that the LGBT-community concept is alienating; the term itself implies estrangement from straight people as a separate group. Further, including three groups involved with sexuality and one group exploring transsexual/transgender identity (a broader phenomenon) is artificial.

Mattilda Berstein Sycamore argues that the single-issue focus of LGBT politics, which ignores all intra-group differences, has naturally led to a movement and culture focused on the needs of white, middle-class gay cisgender men, which alienates anyone who does not fit that description.

Cultural focus on promiscuity
Some gay male commentators who are in monogamous relationships argue that mainstream gay culture's disdain of monogamy and its promotion of promiscuity has harmed efforts to legalize same-sex marriage. Yuvraj Joshi argues that efforts to legalize same-sex marriage have emphasized the sameness of gay people to heterosexuals, while privatizing their queer differences.

Racism
British journalist Mark Simpson's 1996 book, Anti-Gay, describes forms of intolerance by the mainstream gay community towards subgroups. The Times wrote that Simpson succeeded in "pointing out that oppression and prejudice do not become legitimate just because they happen to be practiced by the previously oppressed". Aiden Shaw of Time Out New York wrote that "Thank fucking God someone did this, because...whatever happened to our individuality, our differences?" Other commentators harshly criticized Simpson's argument, with Boyz declaring that "Simpson is a cunt."

title: LGBT culture


text:
John Hick

John Harwood Hick (20 January 1922 – 9 February 2012) was an England-born philosopher of religion and theologian who taught in the United States for the larger part of his career. In philosophical theology, he made contributions in the areas of theodicy, eschatology, and Christology, and in the philosophy of religion he contributed to the areas of epistemology of religion and religious pluralism.

Life
John Hick was born on 20 January 1922 to a middle-class family in Scarborough, Yorkshire, England. In his teens, he developed an interest in philosophy and religion, being encouraged by his uncle, who was an author and teacher at the University of Manchester. Hick initially went to Bootham School in York which is Quaker, and then pursued a law degree at the University of Hull, but, having converted to Evangelical Christianity, he decided to change his career and he enrolled at the University of Edinburgh in 1941.

During his studies, he became liable for military service in World War II, but, as a conscientious objector on moral grounds, he enrolled in the Friends' Ambulance Unit.

After the war, he returned to Edinburgh and became attracted to the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and began to question his fundamentalism. In 1948 he completed his MA thesis, which formed the basis of his book Faith and Knowledge. He went on to complete a D. Phil at Oriel College, Oxford University in 1950 and a DLitt from Edinburgh in 1975. In 1977 he received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Theology at Uppsala University, Sweden. In 1953 he married Joan Hazel Bowers, and the couple had four children. After many years as a member of the United Reformed Church, in October 2009 he was accepted into membership of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain. He died in 2012.

Career
Hick's academic positions included Danforth Professor of the Philosophy of Religion at the Claremont Graduate University, California (where he taught from 1979 to 1992); H.G. Wood Professor of Theology at the University of Birmingham; and Fellow of the Institute for Advanced Research in Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Birmingham. While at the University of Birmingham Hick played important roles in a number of organisations centred on community relations. Non-Christian communities, mostly Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh, had begun to form in this central England community as immigration from the Caribbean Islands and Indian subcontinent increased. Due to the influx of peoples with different religious traditions, organizations focused on integrating the community became necessary. During his fifteen years at the University of Birmingham, Hick became a founder, as well as the first chair, for the group All Faiths for One Race (AFFOR); he served as a chair on the Religious and Cultural Panel, which was a division of the Birmingham Community Relations Committee; and he also chaired the coordinating committee for a 1944 conference convened under the new Education Act with the aim of creating a new syllabus for religious instruction in city schools.

It is not widely known that between 1970 and 1974, the early Hick championed a substantially different theory of religious pluralism based not on Kant but on the twentieth-century Indian mystic Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950).

He also held teaching positions at Cornell University, Princeton Theological Seminary, and Cambridge University. During his teaching stay at Princeton Seminary, Hick began to depart from his conservative religious standings as he began to question "whether belief in the Incarnation required one to believe in the literal historicity of the Virgin Birth". This questioning would open the door for further examination of his own Christology, which would contribute to Hick's understanding of religious pluralism. He was the Vice-President of the British Society for the Philosophy of Religion, and Vice-President of The World Congress of Faiths.

Hick delivered the 1986–87 Gifford lectures and in 1991 was awarded the prestigious Grawemeyer Award from the University of Louisville and the Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary for Religion.

Hick was twice the subject of heresy proceedings. In 1961 or 1962, he was asked whether he took exception to anything in the Westminster Confession of 1647 and answered that several points were open to question. Because of this, some of the local ministers appealed against his reception into the presbytery. Their appeal was sustained by the Synod. A year later, a counter-appeal was sustained by the Judicial Committee of the General Assembly, and Hick became a member of the presbytery.

Hick's philosophy
Robert Smid states that Hick is regularly cited as "one of the most – if not simply the most – significant philosopher of religion in the twentieth century". Keith Ward once described him as "the greatest living philosopher of global religion." He is best known for his advocacy of religious pluralism, which is radically different from the traditional Christian teachings that he held when he was younger. Perhaps because of his heavy involvement with the inter-faith groups and his interaction with people of non-Christian faiths through those groups, Hick began to move toward a pluralistic outlook. He notes in both More Than One Way? and God and the Universe of Faiths that, as he came to know these people who belonged to non-Christian faiths, he saw in them the same values and moral actions that he recognized in fellow Christians. This observation led him to begin questioning how a completely loving God could possibly sentence non-Christians who clearly espouse values that are revered in Christianity to an eternity in hell. Hick then began to attempt to uncover the means by which all those devoted to a theistic religion might receive salvation.

Hick has notably been criticized by then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, later Pope between 2005 and 2013, when he was head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Ratzinger had examined the works of several theologians accused of relativism, such as Jacques Dupuis and Roger Haight, and found that many, if not all, were philosophically inspired by Hick. Therefore, the declaration Dominus Iesus was seen by many at the time as a condemnation of Hick's ideas and theories.

Kantian influences
Having begun his career as an evangelical, he moved towards pluralism as a way of reconciling God's love with the facts of cultural and religious diversity. He was primarily influenced by Immanuel Kant in this regard, who argued that human minds obscure actual reality in favor of comprehension (see Kant's theory of perception). According to Richard Peters, for Hick, "[the] construal of the relationship of the human mind to God...is much like the relationship that Kant supposed exists between the human mind and the world".

Despite this, Hick was not strictly Kantian. Peters notes "the divide between the 'noumenal' and 'phenomenal' realms (so far as nature is concerned) is not nearly so severe for Hick as it was for Kant". Hick also declares that the Divine Being is what he calls 'transcategorial', where one can experience God through categories, but God Himself obscures them by his very nature.

Pluralism
In light of his Kantian influences, Hick claims that knowledge of the Real (his generic term for Transcendent Reality) can only be known as it is being perceived. For that reason, absolute truth claims about God (to use Christian language) are really truth claims about perceptions of God; that is, claims about the phenomenal God and not the noumenal God. Furthermore, because all knowledge is rooted in experience, which is then perceived and interpreted into human categories of conception, cultural and historical contexts which inevitably influence human perception are necessarily components of knowledge of the Real. This means that knowledge of God and religious truth claims pertaining thereof are culturally and historically influenced; and for that reason should not be considered absolute. This is a significant aspect of Hick's argument against Christian exclusivism, which holds that although other religions might contain partial goodness and truth, salvation is provided only in Jesus Christ, and the complete truth of God is contained only in Christianity.

Perhaps the simplest manner in which to understand Hick's theory of pluralism of religions is to share the comparison he makes between his own understanding of religion and the Copernican view of the Solar System. Before Copernicus disseminated his views of the solar-centred universe, the Ptolemaic system ruled in which the stars were painted in the sky, and the Sun rose and set around the Earth. In short, the rest of the universe existed for and was centred on Earth. On the other hand, Copernicus asserted that the Earth, and other planets as well, circled the Sun, which in fact, did not move, but only appeared to move due to the revolution of Earth. Copernicus introduced the understanding that other planets took similar paths around the Sun; while each path differed, all served the same purpose and generated the same result: every planet makes a full path around the Solar System's central star. Rotation of a planet about its axis creates day and night for that planet, just as day and night occur on Earth. Although the time frames for a full trip around the Sun and for a full day-night cycle differs on a planet-by-planet basis, the concept remains constant throughout the Solar System.

Similarly, Hick draws the metaphor that the Ptolemaic view of religion would be that Christianity is the only way to true salvation and knowledge of the one true God. Ptolemaic Christianity would assert that everything exists and all of history has played out in specific patterns for the glory of the Christian God, and that there is no other possible path that will lead to salvation. Hick appears as Copernicus, offering the belief that perhaps all theistic religions are focused toward the one true God and simply take different paths to achieve the same goal.

A speaker on religious pluralism, Keith E. Johnson, compares Hick's pluralistic theology to a tale of three blind men attempting to describe an elephant, one touching the leg, the second touching the trunk, the third feeling the elephant's side. Each man describes the elephant differently, and, although each is accurate, each is also convinced of their own correctness and the mistakenness of the other two.

Robert Smid states that Hick believes that the tenets of Christianity are "no longer feasible in the present age, and must be effectively 'lowered'".

Moreover, Mark Mann notes that Hick argues that there have been people throughout history "who have been exemplars of the Real".

Hick's position is "not an exclusively Christian inclusivism [like that of Karl Rahner and his ‘Anonymous Christian’], but a plurality of mutually inclusive inclusivism." Hick contends that the diverse religious expressions (religions) are the result of diverse historically and culturally influenced responses to diverse perceptions of the Real. He states that "the different religious traditions, with their complex internal differentiations, have developed to meet the needs of the range of mentalities expressed in the different human cultures."

There have been many rebuttals to Hick's pluralism.

Hick's Christology
In his God and the Universe of Faiths (1973), Hick attempts to pinpoint the essence of Christianity. He first cites the Sermon on the Mount as being the basic Christian teaching, as it provides a practical way of living out the Christian faith. He says that "Christian essence is not to be found in beliefs about God...but in living as the disciples who in his name feed the hungry, heal the sick and create justice in the world." However, all of the teachings, including the Sermon on the Mount, that form what Hick calls the essence of Christianity, flow directly from Jesus' ministry. In turn, this means that the birth, life, death, and resurrection of Jesus form the permanent basis of the Christian tradition. Hick continues in this work to examine the manner in which the deification of Jesus took place in corporate Christianity following his crucifixion and questions whether or not Jesus actually thought of himself as the Messiah and the literal Son of God.

In several places (e.g. his contributions to The Myth of God Incarnate, and his book The Metaphor of God Incarnate) Hick proposes a reinterpretation of traditional Christology—particularly the doctrine of the Incarnation. Hick contends "that the historical Jesus of Nazareth did not teach or apparently believe that he was God, or God the Son, Second Person of a Holy Trinity, incarnate, or the son of God in a unique sense." It is for that reason, and perhaps for the sake of religious pluralism and peace, Hick proposes a metaphorical approach to incarnation. That is, Jesus (for example) was not literally God in the flesh (incarnate), but was metaphorically speaking, the presence of God. "Jesus was so open to divine inspiration, so responsive to the divine spirit, so obedient to God's will, that God was able to act on earth in and through him. This, I (Hick) believe, is the true Christian doctrine of the incarnation." Hick believes that a metaphorical view of the incarnation avoids the need for faulty Christian paradoxes such as the duality of Christ (fully God and fully human) and even the Trinity (God is simultaneously one and three).

"Neither the intense christological debates of the centuries leading up to the Council of Chalcedon, nor the renewed christological debates of the 19th and 20th Centuries, have succeeded in squaring the circle by making intelligible the claim that one who was genuinely and unambiguously a man was also genuinely and unambiguously God."

Problem of evil
Hick has identified with a branch of theodicy that he calls "Irenaean theodicy" or the "Soul-Making Defense". A simplification of this view states that suffering exists as a means of spiritual development. In other words, God allows suffering so that human souls might grow or develop towards maturation. For Hick, God is ultimately responsible for pain and suffering, but such things are not truly bad. Perhaps with a greater degree of perception, one can see that the "evil" we experience through suffering is not ultimately evil but good, as such is used to "make our souls" better.

Therefore, Hick sees the evils of pain and suffering as serving God's good purpose of bringing "imperfect and immature" humanity to itself "in uncompelled faith and love." At the same time, Hick acknowledges that this process often fails in our world. However, in the after-life, Hick asserts that "God will eventually succeed in His purpose of winning all men to Himself."

The discussion of evil in Hick has been challenged by a number of theologians and moral philosophers including David Griffin and John K. Roth. Using Hick's own words, Roth has stated, "Hick's theodicy is implausible to me because I am convinced that his claims about God's goodness cannot stand the onslaught of what he calls the principal threat to his own perspective: 'the sheer amount and intensity of both moral and natural evil.'" In the book Encountering Evil, Stephen Davis has stated his four criticisms of Hick, "First, while no theodicy is free of difficulties, I believe Hick's is not entirely convincing in its handling of the amount of evil that exists in the world... Second, I am dubious about Hick's hope of a gradual spiritual evolution till human beings reach a full state of God-consciousness... Third, I believe Hick also faces what I call the 'cost-effective' criticism of the free will defense... My final and most serious criticism of Hick concerns his commitment to universalism."

Major works
For a list of his books see the referenced footnote.
 * Faith and Knowledge, (1st ed. 1957, 2nd ed. 1966)
 * The Existence of God, (ed.) (1st ed. 1964), Macmillan
 * Evil and the God of Love, (1966, 1985, reissued 2007)
 * The Many Faced Argument with Arthur C. McGill (1967, 2009).
 * Philosophy of Religion (1970, 4th ed. 1990)
 * Death and the Eternal Life (1st ed. 1976); 1994 pbk edition
 * (Editor) The Myth of God Incarnate (1977)
 * (Editor with Paul F. Knitter) The Myth of Christian Uniqueness: Toward a Pluralistic Theology of Religions (1987) 2005 pbk edition
 * A Christian Theology of Religions (1995)
 * An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent (1989, reissued 2004)
 * The Metaphor of God Incarnate (1993, 2nd ed. 2005)
 * The New Frontier of Religion and Science: Religious Experience, Neuroscience and the Transcendent (2006)

title: John Hick


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kenneth Nishimoto

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:39, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Kenneth Nishimoto
Retarted article my idiot friend made about me- could be speedied, I don't know, I'm just an IP. 164.116.92.162 20:08, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted as abusive.-gadfium 22:10, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:81.243.219.165

title: User talk:81.243.219.165


text:
Province of Bari

The province of Bari (provincia di Bari; pruvincia 'e Bari; provinge de Bare) was a province in the Apulia region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Bari.

It has an area of 5138 km2, and a total population of 1,594,109 (2005). On 1 January 2015 it was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Bari.

List of comuni

 * Acquaviva delle Fonti
 * Adelfia
 * Alberobello
 * Altamura
 * Bari
 * Binetto
 * Bitetto
 * Bitonto
 * Bitritto
 * Capurso
 * Casamassima
 * Cassano delle Murge
 * Castellana Grotte
 * Cellamare
 * Conversano
 * Corato
 * Gioia del Colle
 * Giovinazzo
 * Gravina in Puglia
 * Grumo Appula
 * Locorotondo
 * Modugno
 * Mola di Bari
 * Molfetta
 * Monopoli
 * Noci
 * Noicattaro
 * Palo del Colle
 * Poggiorsini
 * Polignano a Mare
 * Putignano
 * Rutigliano
 * Ruvo di Puglia
 * Sammichele di Bari
 * Sannicandro di Bari
 * Santeramo in Colle
 * Terlizzi
 * Toritto
 * Triggiano
 * Turi
 * Valenzano
 * Andria (to Barletta-Andria-Trani in 2009)
 * Barletta (to Barletta-Andria-Trani in 2009)
 * Bisceglie (to Barletta-Andria-Trani in 2009)
 * Canosa di Puglia (to Barletta-Andria-Trani in 2009)
 * Minervino Murge (to Barletta-Andria-Trani in 2009)
 * Spinazzola (to Barletta-Andria-Trani in 2009)
 * Trani (to Barletta-Andria-Trani in 2009)

Economy
The arable land in the former province of Bari is exploited with the cultivation of olive and grapes but also cherries, peaches, and almonds. From that agricultural activity is derived olive oil, wine and table grapes. Bitonto is especially noted for its extra virgin olive oil, Corato, with its own autochthonous variety "Coratina", and Giovinazzo are along notable producing areas. The centers of wine production are mainly concentrated in Gravina and Ruvo di Puglia, in the north of Bari, and Adelfia, Noicattaro, Rutigliano and Locorotondo, in the south of Bari. Also important is the production of cherries; the Apulian red is especially prevalent in the countryside of Turi and Putignano.

title: Province of Bari


text:
Talk:Atlantic Avenue-Pacific Street (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

(for the infobox)


text: File:S and T 68.jpg

title: File:S and T 68.jpg


text:
Talk:NME

Stall at Glasto
- Have changed the bit at bottom about the paper having a stall at Glastonbury, they don't, but they do have them at most festivals.
 * They used to. Wasn't the alt stage called the NME stage in the early 90s? I remember them giving out free NMEs from their stall. --kingboyk 04:51, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * you mean the other stage —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.158.50.162 (talk) 19:56, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

POV?
"British music became dull and uninventive" - do I hear someone say POV? Joolz 20:14, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * agreed. this article is fawning of the magazine. in truth many observers are very critical of the direction that the NME has taken. Electing Pete Doherty to be the "Coolest Man of Rock" in 2004 was especially controversial as the man is a self confessed crack addict. Also, the late 90s and early 2000s the NME championed many new bands that would not get a smigin of attention now - Mogwai and Godspeed You! Black Emperor both obtained front pages during those days, something that would be unheard of for post-rock acts now. Other popular indie acts during the late 90s, such as Symposium and Idlewild, were certainly not dull or uninventive. They now tend, IMO, to establish very safe acts which sell well on MTV and on the Radio - the Libertines, The Strokes or Muse for example.

 * - Yeah, the NME briefly put much more emphasis on underground music between 'Britpop' and the 'New Rock Revolution'. Theyve lost a lot of credibility since then and websites like Pitchfork seem to be the main source of information for more discerning Indie fans now. I think the NME has successfully found a niche though.

 * This article needs a lot of work. Snooo 02:52, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I replaced the offending sentance but it still needs more work. --Moochocoogle 16:05, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't agree that the NME champions "safe acts" (who, realistically, thinks that Pete Doherty is a good role model?) - rather that any band that can be deemed new and cool is now picked up by the mainstream a lot faster than previously, and is then marketed and promoted to death because "new" and "cool" sell very well at the moment. It's not as if the NME has suddenly gone all Smash Hits and is hyping James Blunt...

 * Do agree that the article could use a bit of work - but it's fundamentally sound, IMHO.

 * 62.60.124.52

Does anyone care to mention that NME is biased leaning towards racist? Giving Nas' second album and Raekwon's Shaolin vs. Wu-Tang grades of around 5/10 is pretty brutal. I've noticed many many other low scores given to rap albums. Could the article say that NME isn't a music magazine for all genres, it is a British magazine for guitar music? Seriously, 5/10 or some shit.

Really really hot
"...even attracting a rather obsessive fanbase online because they are really really hot."
 * Yeah. Not just really hot. Really really hot. Can we fix this? Stan weller 07:43, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it was vandalism. I removed it. Thanks for pointing it out, it is often tough to spot subtle vandalism like that.--Commander Keane 07:48, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

NME tour 2006
I can assure the person who keeps editing the NME tour 2006 that the aforementioned
 * 2006: Maxïmo Park, Arctic Monkeys, We Are Scientists, Mystery Jets	will be part of the NME tour.

NPOV
The line ''However McNicholas has been criticised for dropping journalist standards and concentrating on more commercial and tabloid press aspects. In December 2005 accusations were made that the NME end of year poll had been edited for commercial and political reasons. These criticisms have not affected the sales of the paper or stopped McNicholas from winning industry awards.'' was edited as being NPOV by an anon user. Seeing as the accusation links to a news story in The Guardian and was reported elsewhere, it strikes me that this is entirely legitimate to include in the article.

Anyone else agree, if there's an obvious consensus then it should stay as it highlights the current criticisms of the paper.

This should stay if it is properly referenced to the Guardian article.--TheCooperman 23:23, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

While I broadly agree that 'journalistic' standards have been dropped in a way NME has had to move with the times. The idea of Rock Journalism seems very old fashioned now. I think if there are any legitimate criticisms then we can put a section in regarding this but I can't find any in the mainstream media. Ketha

I would agree that the standards in the NME have suffered a major drop in quality under its current ed. I think the last decent artical i read in the NME was about kasabian when they were still a small supporting act, and the best part of the interview took part in there tiny dressing room. Is it just me or does anyone see a pattern in the fact that this indie rave movment is getting alot of press when you consider the ed's prior work - steven

I think Henry Rollins' account of an interview(referred to in "Smile, you're travelling") he gave to one of the NME's "journalists" is the best illustration of said rag's ethos; the interviewer was telling him that good music was cheap, pointless, and disposable, and that "Monolithic" stuff like the Rollins band was killing music. Rollins responded by asking him how he rated the disposability factor of, say, Aretha Franklin or Al Green, to which the journo "Didnt have an awful lot to say about that".

NME Awards
The NME awards were called 'the Brat Awards' for a short time and were reinstated as a backlash against the universally derided industry yawn-fest Brit Awards. I think this should be noted.

 * I am curious at the statement in the article that the NMW poll winners concerts ceased in 1966. I helped run the PA for Charlie Watkins (WEM) at the 1970 NME Poll Winners Concert that was headlined by Cliff Richard and the Shadows, which would seem to indicate that the 1966 date is incorrect. Any cites around to clear this up? 21stCenturyGreenstuff (talk) 15:02, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I have searched the web and found programmes for sale relating to the 1958/59 and 1969/70 concerts. I am pretty certain the concerts continued at least as late as 1972 but cannot find proof yet. 21st CENTURY  GREENSTUFF 13:40, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

covering "pop" acts
NME has always covered so-called "pop" acts. Lily Allen is not an exception to this. Kylie, Mel C, Destiny's Child and many more have all featured on the cover (to the derision of indie-snob fans). Other cover stars include Aphex Twin, Mogwai, Godspeed, Napster(!) and Ken Livingstone. It is an elitist group of snobs who despise all music except "four haircuts and a guitar" droneage that are critical of NME's covering of bands and artists that sell as well as what is "cool".

POV Violation
It seems that this has been a consistent problem here. I through the tag on because, well, among some of the forementioned problems, you get this statement in the first paragraph "It gained underground popularity in particular during the punk era but has recently been making up music scenes and championing incredibly mediocre rock bands in a pathetic attempt to sell more copies." This needs some work, as well as many other things.

-It cannot be denied that they have a habit-like many influential members of the media- to decide what today will be "pop". The "indie snobs" are people who beleive that the magazine ignores anything that is not part of the "scene" at this moment or time.

 * eg:The recent emo music onslaught that was first laughed at but now seems to be the new "scene".

It does need a little work. But I find it hard to fix it without pointing out they were pushing forward Pete Doherty and the likes.

Comments removed
I've removed some of the more curious and unencyclopaedic comments, namely "these affected McNicholas' relentless self-belief" and the utterly bizarre paragraph about NME readers' hairstyles. RobinCarmody, 06:16 GMT, 12 November 2006

The Enemy
Have deleted the following statement, and slightly rewritten the paragraph in which it was included, as it suggests that the moniker was an invention of the punk movement:

The NME was seen as The Enemy and very much part of the music establishment that Punk was rebelling against.

The term was in fact already in use in the mid-60s by jazz musicians who were critical of the coverage NME was giving to pop/rock groups at the expense of jazz. 83.180.171.59 23:07, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Rock 'n' Roll Riot Tour
This started as late as 2004 - not 2006 as stated. I can;t remember who was on the lineups though - Prehaps someone can correct it. I half rememeber Razorlight doing 2004 and Kaiser Chiefs in 2005 if that will help jog any memories... --Donald V 18:11, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Criticism, anyone?
I know Wikipedia is meant to be neutral. But there is plenty of criticism that can be thrown at that awful magazine - for example, a few years back they faked there awards so bands that NME liked won rather than bands it didn't. It also has been accused of having an obscene interest in not only pop-indie bands but pop bands and selling out, so it can no longer be accused of being the word on indie music.

Many 'indie-kids' like myself have grown tired of the bullshit that feel their pages. The magazine is so vacuous that it can take less than 10 minutes to read through. So where's the criticism? It's still worth while even it's tiny. Recently wikipedia has become white-washed because of it's neutrality and ends up promoting usually brands like NME. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.6.163.65 (talk) 08:57, 20 March 2007 (UTC).

- I also think their bias is shocking. I can try to calculate what issue it was, but when the Arctic Monkey's first album came out, it was declared the 5th greatest British album of all time (in an article about the 100 best British albums ever) three DAYS after the album was released... Logic dictates that the article was written/published before the thing was even released. The reviews also contain a lot of hypocrisy, a Good Charlotte album "Chronicles of Life and Death" got 0/10, but were called a great singles band the next issue. In a recent issue, they blasted Linkin Park's latest album for stuff like talking about Mike Shinoda being a multi-millionaire talking about the price of gas, yet these "working class" British bands they champion aren't exactly poor themselves surely.

More criticism of the NME. Linkin Park's album went straight to #1 in the UK charts (http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_albums.php), yet NME.com are clearly denying it (http://www.nme.com/news/nme/28469 - they say Amy Winehouse is first). Could this be because they gave it 2/10, therefore had little affect in influencing the chart?

NME is run by imbeciles for imbeciles. I stopped reading it a long time ago. One could comply a vast list of greviances against this piss poor excuse for a magazine. And, yes, it does fabricate chart positions. Imagine - it only gave Nine Inch Nails' Year Zero 5/10. Tossers!

I think a criticism section is warranted. Seeing as there is plenty of material for it --86.136.181.209 16:12, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Agreed - at least 75% of the people I know despise and criticize NME, the other 25% don't know what it is. In fact, I could've sworn there was a criticism section in existence just a few months ago...Arkyopterix 08:15, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

There was, i remember reading it!--86.149.45.185 00:59, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

NME is a pile of crap!! I read one issue and it's nothing to do with actual music, it's just a gossip magazine surrounding the lives of celebrities involved with music. Like HEAT MAGAZINE!! Besides they conduct pointless "best album ever" lists every week. And they always have crap albums up there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.42.244.187 (talk) 16:51, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

The page reads like a badly-written official bio. There's next to no criticism, and there is plenty going about (as the above comments show). Could do with tidying up and having its POV balanced imo. 130.88.179.77 (talk) 11:50, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

How exactly does the phrase "In 2006 NME won the CocaCola best magazine this century award" count as criticism? I am removing it.3fingeredPete (talk) 19:40, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Has anyone else seen that Pitchfork review of Konk by The Kooks that got put up today? The reviewer put some critiscism of the style of artist the NME pushes (and we all know what he's on about). I'd definiely advocate putting it in this article, but I wouldn't want to go and do it just for it to be deleted by some 13 year-old Kaiser Chiefs fan. 92.4.252.197 (talk) 21:38, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

I would like to add to critiscism that an NME writer wrote "Ska-punk is the worst thing I have heard." They have received some dislike for this comment. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.141.253.74 (talk) 16:34, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Someone keeps deleting the ska-punk comment. Whoever is doing this could you explain your reasons as to why? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Disposableandy (talk • contribs) 16:04, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Morrissey posted a savage response to NME's allegations that he was a racist in 2008, where he criticized their shoddy journalism and tabloid style. I think it should be introduced to the article but I am lazy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.11.198.174 (talk) 12:34, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

I've never read it so I cant really criticize it. But Luke Lewis is.. For lack of a better word, stupid. I do know there was some contreversy with My Chemical Romance though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.102.171.169 (talk) 04:51, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

Morrissey's Outburst
What's the deal with this section..? 1337wesm (talk) 04:41, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * There's some sort of spat going on between Morrissey, the NME and one of the NME's journalists about what Morrisey did or did not say in an interview. Whatever the rights and wrongs of that, the amount of space devoted to it here is wildly over the top. BTLizard (talk) 12:41, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

The NME Forum
I removed the section on the forum as it was clearly nonsensical. Miniexcel (talk) 21:45, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

 * True though. --Disregarddill (talk) 11:59, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

When did New Musical Express become NME?
The article implies the paper was called NME from 1952. I think it was called only New Musical Express, with the initialism "NME" not appearing on the cover until the 1970s.  Randall Bart    Talk   03:46, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Do you have references for this? -- Flash flash  ;  17:47, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Editor
It says that Conor McNicholas is the editor, yet on his page, it says he is now the editor of BBC Top Gear Magazine. Any suggestions on how to solve this? -- Flash flash  ;  19:34, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Regional Role
I admit this is from my own POV ... I am a forgotten NME columnist from the early '70s, reporting to Tony Tyler. However, it is my humble opinion that NME was the first music paper to develop and support music properly from beyond London, making some brave decisions on provincial reviews, regional news and local hero interviews which the rest of the music press simply were closed to. So can I suggest that someone does the research necessary to comemmorate this - I can't 'cos I wuz there?! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peterphillips (talk • Pete (talk) 23:13, 13 June 2012 (UTC)contribs) 23:08, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on NME. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071117211938/http://tcal.net/archives/2006/10/12/nme-to-launch-irish-nme-called-nme-ireland/ to http://tcal.net/archives/2006/10/12/nme-to-launch-irish-nme-called-nme-ireland/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:51, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

Why is this article written in past tense?
There is online publishing, and magazine issues that issued online. This article should be changed to reflect that as it makes it appear that the magazine is defunct. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 14:28, 9 March 2018 (UTC)
 * There are no "online editions" - just a website. I agree the use of past tense is wrong, but I think the opening sentence should run "...is a ... website and former magazine..." 62.190.148.115 (talk) 09:10, 27 April 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ - in fact it already said it that way in the side bar. 95.150.101.86 (talk) 09:59, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

NME Australia
Is it worth mentioning that NME Australia? It appears to be the only print edition of NME now, and is likewise owned by Bandlab Singapore Pte Ltd. It launched in 2019 and is published monthly according to their website. According to this article from 2019 "Content will be command-controlled from editorial teams in London and Singapore, with input from a number of Australian contributors."Source--103.44.33.109 (talk) 01:13, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:NME


text:
Talk:James Mason

James Mason's voice and his British accent
Much of Mason's success was because he spoke so well. His speaking voice was a pleasant bass baritone and his British accent sounded like money.

I think the wikipedia entry should mention both. GuyBig (talk) 02:04, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * That his accent sounded like money? I think not. --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  03:12, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Sure; do you have a source that's discussed this? DonIago (talk) 13:54, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Mason


text:
Software Freedom Law Center

The Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC) is an organization that provides pro bono legal representation and related services to not-for-profit developers of free software/open source software. It was launched in February 2005 with Eben Moglen as chairman. Initial funding of US$4 million was pledged by Open Source Development Labs.

A news article stated: "Moglen expects — in fact, plans for — a large turnover in the staff. After five years, he anticipates 20 to 30 lawyers will have passed through the Center. By the time these alumni move on, Moglen hopes that its members will have the expertise to advise both communities and corporations alike. It will also create a loose association whose members can consult with each other as necessary."

GPL version 3
SFLC represented and advised the Free Software Foundation, one of its principal clients, throughout the process of drafting and public discussion of version 3 of the GNU General Public License (GPLv3) during 2005–2007. Along with FSF president Richard M. Stallman, SFLC director Eben Moglen and then-SFLC counsel Richard Fontana were principal authors of GPLv3, LGPLv3, and the GNU Affero General Public License.

BusyBox litigation
During 2007 and 2008, SFLC filed a series of copyright infringement lawsuits against various defendants, on behalf of Erik Andersen and Rob Landley, the principal developers of BusyBox. These lawsuits claimed violations of version 2 of the GNU General Public License (GPLv2).

On September 20, 2007, SFLC filed a lawsuit against Monsoon Multimedia, Inc. alleging that Monsoon had violated GPLv2 by including BusyBox code in their Monsoon Multimedia HAVA line of products without releasing BusyBox source code. This is believed to be the first U.S. court case in which the complaint concerned a GPL violation. On October 30, 2007, an SFLC press release announced that the lawsuit had been settled with Monsoon agreeing to comply with the GPL and pay a sum of money to the plaintiffs.

On November 20, 2007, SFLC filed a lawsuit against Xterasys Corporation and High-Gain Antennas, LLC. On December 17, 2007, SFLC announced a settlement with Xterasys; the company agreed to stop product shipments until it published complete source code for the GPL code and to pay an undisclosed sum to the plaintiffs. The suit against High-Gain Antennas was settled on March 6, 2008, with the company agreeing to comply with GPL and paying an undisclosed sum to the plaintiffs.

On December 7, 2007 SFLC filed a lawsuit against Verizon Communications, Inc. alleging that Verizon had violated GPLv2 by distributing BusyBox in the Actiontec MI424WR MoCA wireless routers bundled with the FiOS fiber optic bandwidth service, without providing corresponding source code. A settlement announced on March 17, 2008, included an agreement to comply with the GPL and an undisclosed sum paid to the plaintiffs.

On June 10, 2008, SFLC announced the filing of lawsuits against Bell Microproducts, Inc. and Super Micro Computer, Inc.

On December 14, 2009, SFLC announced the filing of a lawsuit on behalf of its clients, Software Freedom Conservancy and Erik Andersen, against 14 companies, including Best Buy, Samsung, and Westinghouse alleging these companies had violated GPLv2 by distributing BusyBox in some of their products without releasing BusyBox source code. For instance, Samsung released its LN52A650 TV firmware in 2010,  which was used later as the base for the community SamyGO project.

By 21 September 2013, all of the defendant companies had agreed on settlement terms with the plaintiffs, except for Westinghouse, against whom default judgment was entered.

Cisco lawsuit
On December 11, 2008, SFLC announced the filing of a lawsuit on behalf of its client, the Free Software Foundation, against Cisco Systems, Inc. This lawsuit was the first suit ever initiated by the Free Software Foundation,. On May 20, 2009, the parties announced a settlement.

Staff
, SFLC's staff included:
 * Eben Moglen, President and Executive Director
 * Mishi Choudhary, Legal Director
 * Tanisha Madrid-Batista, Chief Operating Officer
 * Daniel Gnoutcheff, Systems Administrator

Directors
, SFLC's directors were:
 * Eben Moglen
 * Diane M. Peters
 * Daniel Weitzner

Former staff

 * Richard Fontana, Counsel
 * Jim Garrison, Public Relations Coordinator
 * Bradley M. Kuhn, Policy Analyst and Technology Director
 * Matt Norwood, Counsel
 * Jonathan D. Bean, Counsel
 * Daniel J. Byrnes, Counsel
 * Albert Cahn, Counsel
 * Daniel B. Ravicher, Legal Director
 * Karen M. Sandler, General Counsel
 * James Vasile, Counsel
 * Rachel A. Wiener, Office Manager
 * Justin C. Colannino, Counsel
 * Aaron Williamson, Counsel
 * Marc Jones, Counsel

Clients

 * SFLC adds Wine to client list
 * Press Release: SFLC to represent the Wine project (see also Wine)
 * X.Org Foundation Hires Software Freedom Law Center
 * SFLC to represent Plone and the Plone Foundation (see Plone)

title: Software Freedom Law Center