text:
Kick 'em Jenny

Kick 'em Jenny (also: Kick-'em-Jenny or Mt. Kick-'Em-Jenny) is an active submarine volcano or seamount on the Caribbean Sea floor, located 8 km north of the island of Grenada and about 8 km west of Ronde Island in the Grenadines. Kick-'em-Jenny rises 1300 m above the sea floor on the steep inner western slope of the Lesser Antilles ridge. The South American tectonic plate is subducting the Caribbean tectonic plate to the east of this ridge and under the Lesser Antilles island arc.

Etymology
The volcano was unknown before 1939, although "Kick 'em Jenny" appeared on earlier maps as either the name of a small island now called Diamond Rock (or Île Diamante), or the name of the strait between Grenada and Ronde Island (or Île de Ronde). The name itself may be a reference to the waters sometimes being extremely rough.

Activity
The first record of the volcano was in 1939, although it must have erupted many times before that date. On 23–24 July 1939 an eruption broke the sea surface, sending a cloud of steam and debris 275 m into the air and generating a series of tsunamis around 2 m high when they reached the coastlines of northern Grenada and the southern Grenadines. A small tsunami also reached the west coast of nearby Barbados, where "a sea-wave" suddenly washed over a coastal road, most likely at Paynes Bay.

The volcano has erupted on at least twelve occasions between 1939 and 2017 (the last being on April 29, 2017), although no subsequent eruption has been as large as the 1939 one, and most were only detected by seismographs. The larger eruptions have also been heard underwater or on land close to the volcano as a deep rumbling sound.

A submersible survey in 2003 detected a crater with active fumaroles releasing cold and hot gas bubbles. Samples of fresh olivine basalt were collected. An arc-shaped collapse structure appears on the west flank and was the apparent source of a submarine debris avalanche extending 15 km down the ridge slope to the west toward the Grenada Basin. The Global Volcanism Program reports the summit to be 185 m below the sea surface.

Signs of elevated seismicity began July 11, 2015, and on July 23 a strong continuous signal was recorded by instruments observing Kick 'em Jenny, prompting authorities to raise the alert level to orange, which is the second-highest level. The following day, July 24, at 02:00 an hourlong explosion event was recorded, scientists from the University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre observed nothing out of the ordinary at the surface above the volcano during an overflight on 25 July, and by 18:00 no activity was recorded. On 26 July the Alert Level was lowered to Yellow.

Maritime exclusion zone
The volcano is on the shipping route from St Vincent to Grenada. There is a Maritime Exclusion Zone monitored by the Seismic Research Centre of the University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago. The zone normally encompasses a circle with a radius of 1.5 km from the centre of the volcano. Bubbles of volcanic gases can lower water density, creating a sinking hazard. This is marked on marine charts. During periods of high seismic activity, the zone is expanded to a 5 km radius.

title: Kick 'em Jenny


text:
Talk:Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française

[Untitled]
"ORTF stereo microphone system" probably should have its own article but in its current form is far too technical. Lee M 03:23, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It now seems to have its own article but is here anyway? Will remove. And maybe rewrite article which is a bad translation or something. Robin726 12:40, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Membership of the European Broadcasting Union
I've tried in this section to put some shape on the material previously included under the previous (rather cryptic) heading "The New Consortium". Mostly, though, it's a little bit about the situation before and a lot about what happened after the formation of the ORTF, so I'm not sure it sits well in this article. -- Picapica (talk) 13:20, 22 October 2012 (UTC) Incidentally, it's now nearly four years (!) since someone, from a now blocked account, incorrectly changed the abbreviation OFRT (Organisme français de radiodiffusion et de télévision) into ORTF. Perhaps an indication of how much (or rather, little) attention this article has received. -- Picapica (talk) 13:40, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Galileo thermometer

INVENTOR
So, who invented this thing? Shouldn't that be a BASIC piece of information provided by the article?190.193.201.215 (talk) 04:05, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

 * So far as I can tell, it was on sale from the Natural History Museum in London in 1993 - I can find no earlier reference. It is totally different from Galileo's thermometer.Chemical Engineer (talk) 21:07, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Minor Edit
Changed "How to tell time with a Galilean Thermometer" to "How to read temperature with a Galilean Thermometer:" Also, it states that as temperature increases density increases... this is incorrect! Absolutecaliber 01:00, 12 November 2006 (UTC) Question not answered. I have the condition that one day the bulbs are all in a sequence at the top of the glass and then later on they are all at the bottom. No gap so how do you read the temperature? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Froglips (talk • contribs) 23:04, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Invented by Galileo?
I think this page definitely needs to mention spongebob as the inventor. Apathetic 18:48, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * If that is true, then yes, I very much agree, and it should be within the first few seentances, if not in the first. Does anyone know if Galileo actually invented the thermometer, or if he just discovered the principles that allowed some other person to invent the actual device???

 * I don't know how to edit the very top part of the page or the redirect, or I would. . . but Galileo did not invent the Galileo thermometer, he invented something called the thermoscope. Which this article erroneously states is the same thing.  The thermoscope couldn't tell temperature, it could only  (as is mentioned in another post on this page) show the change in density of water to show that temperature CHANGED.  The modern day Galileo thermometer is nominally based on that thermoscope.  An old thermoscope image is here http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Thermoscope.html

I would happily write up a correct thermoscope article should anyone let me know how to get rid of the redirect on that page.

71.163.210.209 (talk) 13:58, 13 December 2007 (UTC)KC

 * No, Galileo did not invent this, it is named after him.Chemical Engineer (talk) 21:07, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The answer may be in this paper:
 * American Journal of Physics -- September 1989 -- Volume 57, Issue 9, pp. 845
 * A thermometer based on Archimedes’ principle
 * George D. Nickas
 * Department of Physics, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York 14850
 * but I'm not paying $30 to find out. Perhaps someone has who has access to the journal can help us out. --Heron (talk) 18:36, 10 November 2012 (UTC)
 * P.S. There is also a paper called Das Galilei-Thermometer / Termometro Lento (in German) that mentions some old examples in museums.

 * The edits seem to indicate this was resolved. But I wanted to close the loop on this comment thread.
 * The Am J Phys article only says "The original idea of the device is attributed to Galileo, although a search of his writings failed to substantiate this claim".
 * But is more informative.  It states Middleton's "A History of the Thermometer" credits the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II (of the Medici family) for the invention and "later adduces evidence dating it to in or before 1641". --Karnesky (talk) 20:45, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

Mass of glass bulb
I'm not signed up for this site but i would really like to know is what the mass is for one of those glass bulbs that hold the different amounts of liquid? Does any one know?

Misc. comments
Wow, people! Hi. At my school, we had to research an invention that involved math. I chose the Galileo thermometer as my invention, and it is really cool! It even led my dad to buy me one! Galileo thermometers may seem a bit (okay, maybe really) boring, but for people like me, it's, well, totally awesome. I don't want people to think i'm a geek or anything, but hey, science is cool.

--KiraNerrice 03:01, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

How it really works
The basic facts in the previous dicussio,n are correct, but the conclusions are wrong!

The Galileo Thermometer actually measures pressure in the first instance, the pressure being caused by the change in ambient temperature.

The AIR in the top of the sealed container is heated by the outside temperature and it expands, applying pressure to the surface of the liquid, which is incompressible. This in turn compresses the oval floats which then start to sink because of their increased density. (their weight stays constant but their volume decreases)

To demonstrate this, take a thermometer, ensure it is stable and then wrap a piece of ice in a wet cloth and hold it against the glass where the air is. The air will cool down and the floats will begin to rise. There will not have been time or sufficient energy outflow to change the liquid temperature.

 * Afraid not. Buoyancy has to do with relative densities, and since most fluids are relatively incompressible, more or less pressure at the surface is not going to change the density of the liquid or the bulb. Of course, if the bulbs were not sealed on the underside, and had some air on the inside, their effective density would change with a change of pressure at the surface and they would rise or sink. There used to be some toy like that, where the position of a diving man was controlled by pressure on a flexible membrane. Paul venter 14:52, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
Any chance of getting this page partially locked? There seem to be an odd number of random vandals about. -SabineLaGrande 07:58, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Missing logic.
Although the statement comes close to reflecting the logic of the operation of the thermometer does it or should it include the following.

"As the temperature of the solution in the thermometer increses, the density decreases, and the weight of the water displaced by the floating piece also decreases. Eventually passed a certian point, when the weight of the water displaced becomes  less than the weight of the float, then it will sink.  The converse also holds true.

This is an example of a relative/absolute truth.

--Caesar J.B. Squitti: Son of Maryann Rosso and Arthur Natale Squitti (talk) 22:15, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

In the second paragraph, the article states, "that the density of a liquid changes in proportion to its temperature". At least change this to "that the density of a liquid changes in inverse proportion to its temperature" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.25.91.165 (talk) 18:47, 8 April 2015 (UTC)

More?
Can you please put in more history in this article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.14.219.223 (talk) 17:03, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Thermoscope
What we now call a Galileo thermometer is quite different from his thermoscope.

See http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/thermometer.html for a picture of a thermoscope.Chemical Engineer (talk) 22:48, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

I've added a dubious tag to the claim that the Galileo Thermometer is, in fact, a thermoscope in the introduction. It seems to me that even if it is a thermoscope, it is also a thermometer. The thermometer article certainly claims it is, at least.Forbes72 (talk) 01:33, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

ARTICLE NEEDS SERIOUS WORK
This Wiki really surprised me, as far as it's length it seems about right. But it is structured incorrectly, the explanation of how the Water Thermometer works is entirely to long and despite the very lengthy explanation, it is accurate but not a good explanation. It also is not a Theory, we know how it works. I am quite surprised this Wiki has not been attacked by the usual suspects who hit nearly every scientific Wiki I have ever read, you know, the guys that comb over every word, punctuation, required structure, etc. If you don't know what I mean you don't visit many Wiki Discussions. Unlike the usual suspects I'm not into this part of it enough to "report" this Wiki for review or whatever other threat they use, but this Wiki should be cleaned up and restructured. Two sections is not the norm. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.17.209.222 (talk) 16:18, 7 November 2010 (UTC) Edit: I am not trying to be harsh here, and only just realized having closed the edit and read the status of this Wiki, i.e. Start Class and must thank those that started this, it just needs refinement and perhaps this should be mentioned. If those that started this could look at some long term Wiki's for guidance it might benefit us all. This is a perfect example: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer. If you look in the revisions,(View History) this thing has been slowly molded and shaped into it's present form, yet as late as 25 February 2010 Thegreatdr (one of the Usual Suspects)knocked the Wiki down from Class B to Class C because of it's structure. It seems a never ending process.

Figures
Although it can be illustrated both ways, I believe the figures would be more clear if the vapor space inside the hollow objects were drawn clear (white) rather than blue which implies there is liquid inside the object. Figure 2, for instance, would look like it were displacing the blue liquid if drawn without the blue rectangle within the green object. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.99.19.8 (talk) 17:19, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

The figures demonstrating Archimedes' Principle are incorrectly labeled. The floating/sinking masses should be labeled by density, not mass. I.e., a 1 Kg mass will not necessarily float in a 1.001 Kg/L fluid, but a 1 Kg/L density will float in a 1.001 Kg/L fluid. -R.L. Topp, 1 Apr 2014 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.45.216.254 (talk) 13:41, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

Consistency
I find it confusing that we have conflicting statements. in the article on Galileo Galilei it mentions under 'career as a scientist' that he 'created a grossly inaccurate thermoscope', and links to this page. In this page it mentions that it is simply a namesake, which is a bit confusing. I think someone should fix this. Carnivorousfungi (talk) 12:26, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I have corrected the Galileo entry, which was in any case poorly phrased as well as incorrect.Chemical Engineer (talk) 15:16, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

Impression
The Dutch Wikipedia gives the impression that Galileo invented the only accurate thermometer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.7.192.143 (talk) 13:22, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

Details
I think that this Galileo thermometer works mainly because of the small expansion coefficients of glass relative to whatever liquid is used in the tube. Sealed glass bulbs of fixed mass and approximately fixed shape regardless of temperature and pressure would rise to top or drop to the bottom depending on the temperature-dependent density and therefore pressure gradient of the liquid. Finer details as to the position of a bulb that becomes suspended between surface and bottom may reflect (1) the slight dependence of the bulb shape on temperature and pressure and (2) the deviation from linearity in the pressure increase in the liquid from top to bottom.David in Cincinnati (talk) 15:19, 11 December 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by David in Cincinnati (talk • contribs) 15:16, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Galileo thermometer


text:
Talk:RMS Caronia (1947)

This text 'She was nicknamed the "Green Goddess" by the people of Liverpool because her livery resembled that of the local trams, also known as "Green Goddesses".' has been shortened to just the nickname. This is misleading in that at the time the ship was extant this nickname was only ever used by crew members. I know because I served aboard the ship for 3 years. The name was never adopted by Cunard in any way! I feel it's important to replace this removed text and its associated reference. Also, there are other, incorrectly recorded and published, stories of how the ship was nicknamed, so this re-inforces the importance of correctly reporting it here. I don't possess the tech know-how on replacing this text, can someone please step in - thanks Peter_LT  —Preceding undated comment added 04:42, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Moved from Copyright problems: End moved text
 * Please could I have a second opinion on RMS Caronia - aleged copyvio text was commented out, then restored to the article as "widely published in the Public Domain". --rbrwr± 15:28, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * On the net, it's only published by (which asserts copyright) and our mirrors.  (Though I'm sure you already knew that.)  The 1950 brochure mentioned in the article's current version is still under copyright unless it was explicitly released into PD, and in any event, no such brochure is mentioned in the site's bibliography.  "RMS Caronia" has enough google hits that if it were public domain, I think it's reasonable to expect at least one other non-WP hit for specific phrases. —Korath (Talk) 16:06, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * There's a reply on my talk page. —Korath (Talk) 08:32, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)

I'm not buying the argument that this is public domain. Removed as a copyright violation. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:26, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Cyrius, you could perhaps explain your reasoning - from Peter Stevens - the person who took the trouble to explain his reasoning! Please see (Talk)

 * Copyright has been retroactively extended in both scope and duration. Virtually nothing published after January 1, 1923 is in the public domain unless explicitly placed there. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:57, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * ...and Cunard gave up any commercial interest in this material by donating their entire archive to the University of Liverpool - thereby cancelling any claim to Copyright - that action alone places their material into the public domain. (I've checked this with a Senior Librarian at our County Record Office) Peter_LT

 * A super-handy place to mention this important tidbit is at our very own Cunard Line, with citation of authority of course, thus forestalling future argument. Stan 23:52, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Apra Harbor wreck site?
Where in Apra Harbor did it wreck at? There's no placemarker for it. Anybody know the coordinates? Thanks. --Ragemanchoo (talk) 08:16, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * There's a page about that on the Corps of Engineers site: http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/HistoricalVignettes/CivilEngineering/093ShipSalvage.aspx. It says that Carnia "partially blocked the entrance to Apra Harbor". That's consistent with the coordinates that the article now has.

 * The thing is, though, that after its sinking, Caronia was scrapped. So it doesn't seem appropriate for this article to have any geographical coordinates at all. I think that tag should be removed. Does anybody think otherwise? TypoBoy (talk) 19:28, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:RMS Caronia (1947)


text:
Indo-Saracenic architecture

Indo-Saracenic architecture (also known as Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal, in the 19th century often Indo-Islamic style ) was a revivalist architectural style mostly used by British architects in India in the later 19th century, especially in public and government buildings in the British Raj, and the palaces of rulers of the princely states. It drew stylistic and decorative elements from native Indo-Islamic architecture, especially Mughal architecture, which the British regarded as the classic Indian style. The basic layout and structure of the buildings tended to be close to that used in contemporary buildings in other revivalist styles, such as Gothic revival and Neo-Classical, with specific Indian features and decoration added.

The style drew from western exposure to depictions of Indian buildings from about 1795, such as those by William Hodges and the Daniell duo (William Daniell and his uncle Thomas Daniell). The first Indo-Saracenic building is often said to be the Chepauk Palace, completed in 1768, in present-day Chennai (Madras), for the Nawab of Arcot. Bombay and Calcutta (as they then were), as the main centres of the Raj administration, saw many buildings constructed in the style, although Calcutta was also a bastion of European Neo-Classical architecture fused with Indic architectural elements. Most major buildings are now classified under the Heritage buildings category as laid down by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), and protected.

The style enjoyed a degree of popularity outside British India, where architects often mixed Islamic and European elements from various areas and periods with boldness, in the prevailing climate of eclecticism in architecture. Among other British colonies and protectorates in the region, it was adopted by architects and engineers in British Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) and the Federated Malay States (present-day Malaysia). The style was sometimes used, mostly for large houses, in the United Kingdom itself, for example at the royal Brighton Pavilion (1787–1823) and Sezincote House (1805) in Gloucestershire.

The wider European version, also popular in the Americas, is Moorish Revival architecture, which tends to use specific South Asian features less, and instead those characteristic of the Arabic-speaking countries; Neo-Mudéjar is the equivalent style in Spain. In India there had been an earlier inversion of the style in Lucknow before the British takeover in 1856, where Indian architects rather "randomly grafted European stylistic elements, as details and motifs, on to a skeleton derived from the Indo-Islamic school." This is known as the "Nawabi style." Saracen was a term used in the Middle Ages in Europe for the Arabic-speaking Muslim people of the Middle East and North Africa, and the term "Indo-Saracenic" was first used by the British to describe the earlier Indo-Islamic architecture of the Mughals and their predecessors, and often continued to be used in that sense. "Saracenic architecture" (without the "Indo-") was first used for the architecture of Muslim Spain, the most familiar Islamic architecture to most early 19th-century writers in English.

Characteristics
With a number of exceptions from earlier, most Indo-Saracenic public buildings were constructed by parts of the British Raj government of India, in place between 1858 and 1947, with the peak period beginning around 1880. They partly reflected the British aspiration for an "Imperial style" of their own, rendered on an intentionally grand scale, reflecting and promoting a notion of an unassailable and invincible British Empire, The style has been described as "part of a 19th-century movement to project themselves as the natural successors of the Mughals".

At the same time they were built for modern functions such as railway stations, government offices for an increasingly wide-reaching bureaucracy, and law courts. They often incorporated modern construction methods and facilities. While stone was typically used, at least as a facing, these included substructures composed of iron, steel and poured concrete, and later reinforced concrete and pre-cast concrete elements.

The style has been said, by a native of Kolkata, to be most common in "Southern and Western India", and of the three main cities of the 19th-century Raj, it was and is much more evident in Mumbai and Chennai rather than Kolkata, where both public government buildings, and the mansions of wealthy Indians tended to use versions of European Neoclassical architecture. Madras (now Chennai) was a particular centre of the style, but still tended to use details from Mughal architecture, which had barely ever reached Tamil Nadu before. This was partly because English authorities such as James Fergusson especially deprecated Dravidian architecture, which would also have been harder and more expensive to adapt to modern building functions.

Typical elements found include:
 * onion (bulbous) domes
 * Chhajja, overhanging eaves, often supported by conspicuous brackets
 * pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches
 * horseshoe arches, in fact characteristic of Islamic Spain or North Africa, but often used
 * contrasting colours of voussoirs round an arch, especially red and white; another feature more typical of North Africa and Spain
 * curved roofs in Bengali styles such as char-chala
 * domed chhatri kiosks on the roofline
 * pinnacles
 * towers or minarets
 * open pavilions or pavilions with Bangala roofs
 * jalis or openwork screens
 * Mashrabiya or jharokha-style screened windows
 * Iwans, in the form of entrances set back from the facade, under an arch.

Chief proponents of this style of architecture included Robert Fellowes Chisholm, Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, Charles Mant, Henry Irwin, William Emerson, George Wittet and Frederick Stevens, along with numerous other skilled professionals and artisans throughout Europe and the Americas.

Structures built in Indo-Saracenic style in India and in certain nearby countries were predominantly grand public edifices, such as clock towers and courthouses. Likewise, civic as well as municipal and governmental colleges along with town halls counted this style among its top-ranked and most-prized structures to this day; ironically, in Britain itself, for example, King George IV's Royal Pavilion at Brighton, (which twice in its lifetime has been threatened with being torn-down, denigrated by some as a "carnival sideshow", and dismissed by threatened nationalists as "an architectural folly of inferior design", no less) and elsewhere, these rare and often diminutive (though sometimes, as mentioned, of grand-scale), residential structures that exhibit this colonial style are highly valuable and prized by the communities in which they exist as being somehow "magical" in appearance.

Typically, in India, villages, towns and cities of some means would lavish significant sums on construction of such architectural works when plans were drawn up for construction of the local railway stations, museums and art galleries.

The cost involved in the construction of buildings of this style was high, including all their inherent customization, ornament and minutia decoration, the artisans' ingenious skills (stone and wood carving, as well as the exquisite lapidary/inlaid work) and usual accessibility to requisite raw materials, hence the style was executed only on buildings of a grand scale. However the occasional residential structure of this sort, (its being built in part or whole with Indo-Saracenic design elements/motifs) did appear quite often, and such buildings have grown ever more valuable and highly prized by local and foreign populations for their exuberant beauty and elegance today.

Either evidenced in a property's primary unit or any of its outbuildings, such estate-caliber residential properties lucky enough to boost the presence of an Indo-Saracenic structure, are still to be seen, generally, where in instances urban sprawl has not yet overcome them; often they are to be found in exclusive neighborhoods' (or surrounded, as cherished survivors, by enormous sky-scarpers, in more recently claimed urbanized areas throughout this "techno" driven, socio-economic revolutionary era marking India's recent decade's history), and are often locally referred to as "mini-palaces". Usually, their form-factors are these: townhouse, wings and/or porticoes. Additionally, more often seen are the diminutive renditions of the Indo-Saracenic style, built originally for lesser budgets, finding their nonetheless romantic expression in the occasional and serenely beautiful garden pavilion outbuildings, throughout the world, especially, in India and England.

Indian context

Confluence of different architectural styles had been attempted before during the mainly Turkic, Delhi Sultanate and Mughal periods. Turkic and Mughal incursions in the Indian subcontinent, introduced new concepts in the architecture of India. The prevailing style of architecture was trabeate, employing pillars, beams and lintels, with less emphasis on arches and domes used during earlier Buddhist periods. The Turkic invaders brought in the arcuate style of construction, with more emphasis on arches and beams, which flourished with Mughal and Taluqdars by building and incorporating Indian architecture, especially Rajasthani temple architecture and Imperial Indian palace/fort/urban architecture as well.

Local influences also led to different 'orders' of the Indo-Islamic style. After the disintegration of the Turkic Delhi Sultanate, rulers of individual states established their own rule and hence their own architectural styles which were imitations of local/regional Indian architectural schools. Examples of these are the 'Bengal' and the 'Gujarat' schools. Motifs such as chhajja (a sunshade or eave laid on cantilever brackets fixed into and projecting from the walls), corbel brackets with richly carved "stalactite" pendentive decorations, balconies, kiosks or chhatris, and minars (tall towers) were characteristic of the imitation-Mughal architecture style, which was to become a lasting legacy of the nearly four hundred years of the Mughal presence in these areas.

Mughal style
Mughal architecture developed the Indo-Islamic architecture of the Delhi Sultanate with a further addition of Timurid and Persian elements. The height of the style was perhaps reached under Akbar, the third Mughal emperor. Some of the significant architectural works of the Mughals are Humayun's Tomb, the Taj Mahal, the Forts of Agra and Lahore, the city of Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar's Tomb.

Decline and revival

Shah Jahan was succeeded by his son, Aurangzeb, who had little interest in art and architecture. As a result, Mughal commissioned architecture suffered, with most engineers, architects and artisans migrating to work under the patronage of local rulers. By the early 19th century, the British East India Company (EIC) controlled large portions of the Indian subcontinent. In 1803, their control was further strengthened after defeating the Maratha Empire which was led by Daulat Rao Sindhia. The EIC legitimized their rule by taking Mughal emperor Shah Alam II under their protection, and ruling in conjunction with him. However, their power was yet again challenged when in 1857 Indian soldiers in their employ, together with rebellious princes including Rani of Jhansi, launched the Indian Rebellion of 1857. However, this uprising was suppressed within a year and marked the end of the Mughal Empire, which was formally dissolved by the British. After the rebellion, the EIC's territories in India were formally transferred by the British government to Crown rule; the EIC dissolved soon after. In 1861, the new British colonial administration established the Archaeological Survey of India, gradually restoring several important Indian monuments (such as the Taj Mahal) over the following decades.

To usher in a new era, the British "Raj", a new architectural tradition was sought, marrying the existing styles of India with imported styles from the West, such as Gothic (with its sub styles of French gothic, Venetian-Moorish), Neoclassical and, later, new styles such as Art Deco. This produced a number of buildings with mixed influences. By doing this they kept Indian architecture while adding elements of British and European architecture; this, coupled with the British allowing regional Indian princes to stay in power under various agreements, made their presence more "palatable" for the Indians. The British attempted to encapsulate South Asia's past within their new Indic buildings and so represent Britain's Raj as legitimate to the Indian public.

The main building of Mayo College, completed in 1885, was built in the Indo-Saracenic style. Examples in Chennai include the Victoria Public Hall, Madras High Court, Senate House of the University of Madras, and the Chennai Central railway station. The building of New Delhi as the new imperial capital, which mostly took place between 1918 and 1931, led by Sir Edwin Lutyens, brought the last flowering of the style, using a deeper understanding of Indian architecture. The Rashtrapati Bhavan (Viceroy's, then President's Palace) uses elements from Buddhist-era Indian architecture as well as those from later periods. This can be seen in the capitals of the columns and the screen around the drum below the main dome, drawing on the railings placed around ancient stupas.

In British Malaya
According to Thomas R. Metcalf, a leading scholar of the style, "the Indo-Saracenic, with its imagined past turned to the purposes of British colonialism, took shape outside India [ie the subcontinent] most fully only in Malaya". British Malaya was a predominantly Muslim society, where there was hardly any recent tradition of building in brick or stone, with even mosques and the palaces of the local rulers built in the abundant local hardwoods. Kuala Lumpur was only a small settlement when in 1895 the British decided to make it the capital of their new Federated Malay States; it needed a number of large public buildings. The British decided to use the Islamic style they were used to from India, despite its having little relationship to existing local architectural styles.

Unlike in India, the British also built some palaces for the sultans of the several states into which modern Malaysia remains divided, and in some places where the population was greatly expanded, mosques, such as the Jamek Mosque and Ubudiah Mosque. These were both designed by Arthur Benison Hubback, the leading architect in the style between his arrival in 1895 and retirement in 1917, during which it experienced its peak in popularity. The lack of local precedents allowed the English architects to create "an architecture defined purely by Orientalist fantasy", according to Metcalf, who says Hubback's Ubudiah Mosque (Kuala Kangsar, 1913) "conjures up nothing less than a Victorian illustrator's fantasy from the Arabian Nights".

Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, the leading figures were English professional architects (whereas in India former soldiers or military engineers were often used) who had never worked in India. Usually they could design in both Indo-Saracenic and European styles. For example, the major buildings by Regent Alfred John Bidwell, who left his career in London at the age of 34 in 1893 to take a public appointment in Malaysia, include Kuala Lumpur's Sultan Abdul Samad Building (originally the "Government Offices", 1894), in a free Islamic style, perhaps more Egyptian than Mughal, and with many horseshoe arches. After moving to private practice in Singapore, Bidwell designed the thoroughly European Raffles Hotel (1899). In Singapore European styles had been the norm since the first British public building there in 1827, both copying Calcutta and reflecting a smaller proportion of Muslim Malays in the population, and the role of the city as a military and trade base. Metcalf notes that despite a large Chinese population, neither in Singapore nor in Hong Kong were public buildings with influences from Chinese architecture built in this period.

The Government Offices were the first major British commission in Malaya, and Bidwell had proposed a European style, but was over-ruled by C. E. Spooner, then State Engineer of the Public Works Department, a military engineer with many years experience in Ceylon, who told those assembled for the opening ceremony "I then decided on the Mahametan style". He did not design buildings himself, but was a key figure in approving designs. The commission brought together Spooner, A.C. Norman, Bidwell, and the newly arrived Hubback (from 1895). The building's construction inspired additional civic buildings in the vicinity to be built in a similar style, while the style's elements would see more limited adoption among private buildings in Malaya. However artificial a creation the Malayan British Islamic style is, it is noticeable that most major public buildings survive long after Malayan independence in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963, remaining well-cared for on their prime city sites, many re-purposed as their original functions are now carried out in more modern buildings elsewhere.

title: Indo-Saracenic architecture


text:
You Forgot It in People

You Forgot It in People is the second studio album by Canadian indie rock band Broken Social Scene, released on October 15, 2002. It was the band's commercial breakthrough. You Forgot It in People features intricate, experimental production techniques and a large number of instruments coinciding with the band's vastly expanded size. Local excitement for the album was so big that initial pressings sold out quickly, causing the need for a 2003 reissue.

Music videos were made for "Stars and Sons", "Cause = Time", "Almost Crimes (Radio Kills Remix)", "Lover's Spit", and "I'm Still Your Fag".

The songs that did not make it onto the album were featured in a B-sides compilation entitled Bee Hives, released in 2004.

Music
After releasing Feel Good Lost, Broken Social Scene changed their style from making ambient instrumental songs to full-blown rock songs. As they expanded to an 11 piece collective, Broken Social Scene used a variety of sounds for the album. Reflecting on this, frontman Kevin Drew said "I was scared to see if people were going to embrace the idea of a whole shitload of sounds on one album." You Forgot It in People also progresses to "proper" song style with defined verses and choruses.

Reception
On review aggregate site Metacritic, it earned a normalized score of 86 out of 100, based on 18 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Critics were almost unanimously enthusiastic. Pitchfork's Ryan Schreiber gave the album a 9.2 out of 10 saying "You Forgot It in People explodes with song after song of endlessly re-playable, perfect pop." The songs "Cause = Time" and "Stars and Sons" are listed at No. 145 and No. 275 on Pitchfork Media's Top 500 Songs of the 2000s list, respectively. A Kludge writer called it a "majestic" album, in which the group created a "unique sound of lush instrumentation." A PopMatters review for the album was positive, although criticized the song "I'm Still Your Fag" for its "uncomfortably graphic lyrics". Conversely, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice selected "Almost Crimes (Radio Kills Remix)" as a "choice cut", indicating a "good song on an album that isn't worth your time or money." In 2003, the album won the Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year. The album received the following accolades:

By 2005, sales in the United States had exceeded 77,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

In 2018, the album won the Polaris Heritage Prize Audience Award in the 1996-2005 category.

"It's a very balmy and hungover post-rock record," observed Bloc Party frontman Kele Okereke. "Really tender."

Track listing
On the 2003 re-release, track 4 is listed as "Almost Crimes", track 7 as "Anthems for a Seventeen Year Old Girl" and track 9 as "Late Night Bedroom Rock for the Missionaries".

Personnel

 * Kevin Drew – keyboards, vocals, guitar, feedback, bass, drums, piano
 * Brendan Canning − bass, double bass, vocals, organ, acoustic guitar, drum machine, guitar, piano, keyboards
 * Andrew Whiteman − guitar, tres, organ, vocals, bass, keyboards, tambourine
 * Charles Spearin − guitar, bass, percussion, drum machine, harmonica, effects, acoustic guitar, organ, sampler
 * Justin Peroff − drums, percussion, shaker, artwork
 * John Crossingham − guitar, feedback, drums, bass
 * Evan Cranley − trombone, strings, percussion
 * James Shaw − trumpet, guitar, acoustic guitar
 * Feist − vocals
 * Emily Haines − vocals
 * Jessica Moss − violin
 * Ohad Benchetrit − flute
 * Bill Priddle − guitar
 * Brodie West − saxophone
 * Susannah Brady − speaking
 * David Newfeld − producer, mastering
 * Noah Mintz − mastering
 * Louise Upperton − artwork design

title: You Forgot It in People


text: User talk:69.162.60.23

title: User talk:69.162.60.23


text:
Khabarovsk war crimes trials

The Khabarovsk war crimes trials were the Soviet hearings of twelve Japanese Kwantung Army officers and medical staff charged with the manufacture and use of biological weapons, and human experimentation, during World War II. The war crimes trials were held between 25 and 31 December 1949 in the Soviet industrial city of Khabarovsk (Хабаровск), the largest in the Russian Far East.

Both Soviet Union and United States allegedly gathered data from the Unit after the fall of Japan. While twelve Unit 731 researchers arrested by Soviet forces were tried at the December 1949 Khabarovsk war crimes trials, they were sentenced lightly to the Siberian labor camp from two to 25 years, seemingly in exchange for the information they held. Those captured by the US military were secretly given immunity, while being covered up with stipends to the perpetrators. The US was purported to had co-opted the researchers' bioweapons information and experience for use in their own warfare program (resembling Operation Paperclip), so did the Soviet Union in building their bioweapons facility in Sverdlovsk using documentation captured from the Unit in Manchuria. In 1956, those still serving their sentences were released and repatriated to Japan.

History
During the trials, the accused, including Major General Kiyoshi Kawashima, testified that as early as 1941, some 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on Changde, China, causing epidemic plague outbreaks.

Judges found all twelve accused war criminals guilty, sentencing them to terms ranging from two to twenty-five years in labour camps. In 1956, those still serving their sentences were released and repatriated to Japan.

In 1950, the Soviet Union published official trial materials in English, titled Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons. These included documents from the preliminary investigation (the indictment, some of the documentary evidence, and some interrogation records), testimony from both the accused and witnesses, final pleas of the accused, some expert findings, and speeches from the state prosecutor and defense counsel, verbatim.

Published by state-run Foreign Languages Publishing House, the Soviet publication has long been out of print. But in November 2015, Google Books determined it was now in the public domain and published a facsimile of it online, also offering it for sale as an ebook.

Trial controversies
Speaking to the overall judicial integrity of the proceedings, bioethics expert Jing-Bao Nie said the following:

"Despite its strong ideological tone and many obvious shortcomings such as the lack of international participation, the trial established beyond reasonable doubt that the Japanese army had prepared and deployed bacteriological weapons and that Japanese researchers had conducted cruel experiments on living human beings. However, the trial, together with the evidence presented to the court and its major findings—which have proved remarkably accurate—was dismissed as communist propaganda and totally ignored in the West until the 1980s."

Historian Sheldon Harris described the trial in his history of Unit 731:

"Evidence introduced during the hearings was based on eighteen volumes of interrogations and documentary material gathered in investigations over the previous four years. Some of the volumes included more than four hundred pages of depositions.... Unlike the Moscow Show Trials of the 1930s, the Japanese confessions made in the Khabarovsk trial were based on fact and not the fantasy of their handlers."

Yet the very wealth of trial documentation that tended to confirm that the Khabarovsk proceedings were no mere show trial also led Harris to question the relatively light punishment meted out there. All of defendants (aside from one who died in prison and another who committed suicide) had been freed by 1956, a mere seven years after the trial took place. Chief trial translator Georgy Permyakov alleged that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin may have initially feared that Japan would execute Soviet prisoners of war if the Khabarovsk defendants were hanged. But Harris also claimed that "the Soviets made a deal with the Japanese similar to the one completed by the Americans: Information [in exchange] for... extremely light sentences": "The Soviets and their successors never released the interrogation reports of the Japanese, some 18 volumes. This leads me to believe that the Japanese did arrange a deal, did yield some information, and the Soviets settled for the best goodies they could get."Harris also noted other controversies unleashed by the trial, which linked Emperor Hirohito to the Japanese biological warfare program, as well as allegations that Japanese biological warfare experiments had also been conducted on Allied prisoners of war.

One of the experts called upon by Soviet prosecutors during the trial, N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov, later served on the panel of scientists, led by Joseph Needham, investigating Chinese and North Korean allegations of US biological warfare in the Korean War.

Accused and their sentences

 * 25 years imprisonment:
 * General Otozō Yamada (born 1881), former Commander-in-Chief of the Kwantung Army (released from prison in 1956)
 * Lieutenant General Kajitsuka Ryuji (born 1888), former Chief of Medical Administration (released from prison in 1956)
 * Lieutenant General Takahashi Takaatsu (born 1888), former Chief of Veterinary Service (died in prison in 1951)
 * Major General Kawashima Kiyoshi (born 1893), former Chief of Unit 731 (released from prison in 1956)
 * 20 years imprisonment:
 * Major General Sato Shunji (born 1896), former Chief of Medical Service, 5th Army (released from prison in 1956)
 * Major Karasawa Tomio (born 1911), former chief of a section of Unit 731 (killed himself in prison in 1956)
 * 18 years imprisonment:
 * Lieutenant Colonel Nishi Toshihide (born 1904), former chief of a division of Unit 731 (released from prison in 1956)
 * 15 years imprisonment:
 * Senior Sergeant Mitomo Kazuo (born 1924), former member of Unit 100 (released from prison in 1956)
 * 12 years imprisonment:
 * Major Onoue Masao (born 1910), former chief of a branch of Unit 731 (released from prison in 1956)
 * 10 years imprisonment:
 * Lieutenant Hirazakura Zensaku (born 1916), former researcher of Unit 100 (released from prison in 1956)
 * 3 years imprisonment:
 * Kurushima Yuji (born 1923), former lab orderly of Branch 162 of Unit 731 (released in 1952)
 * 2 years imprisonment:
 * Corporal Kikuchi Norimitsu (born 1922), former medical orderly of Branch 643 of Unit 731 (released in 1951)

title: Khabarovsk war crimes trials


text:
Chevron Championship

The Chevron Championship is a professional women's golf tournament. An event on the LPGA Tour, it is one of the tour's five major championships, and has traditionally been the first of the season since its elevation to major status in 1983. Since 2023, it has been played on the Jack Nicklaus Signature Course at The Club at Carlton Woods in The Woodlands, Texas.

Founded in 1972 by singer and actress Dinah Shore and Colgate-Palmolive chairman David Foster, it was played at the Mission Hills Country Club in Rancho Mirage, California from its inception through 2022. In 2023, the championship was played in The Woodlands, Texas for the first time at The Club at Carlton Woods - Jack Nicklaus Signature Course. Sometimes referred to as The Dinah Shore in deference to its founder, the tournament has had many official sponsored titles, all of which included Shore's name until 2000. The tournament relocated to the Greater Houston area in 2023 due to a new sponsorship agreement with Chevron Corporation.

The championship's time at Mission Hills is associated with several traditions; in 1988, Amy Alcott established a tradition of the event's champion diving into the pond that surrounds the 18th hole (a tradition that would be carried over to The Woodlands), while an annual women's festival that originally coincidined with the championship has been held since 1991, attracting a large number of female tourists to the Rancho Mirage area.

History
Founded in 1972 by Colgate-Palmolive chairman David Foster, and entertainer Dinah Shore, the championship has been classified as a major since 1983. Since its inception, it has been held annually at the Mission Hills Country Club in Rancho Mirage, California, southeast of Palm Springs. It is the first major of the year, usually played in late March or early April.

At its debut in 1972 as a 54-hole event, it was the richest event in women's golf; its purse was more than double that of the LPGA Championship or the U.S. Women's Open. The first edition invited all winners of tour events from the previous ten seasons.

After over twenty years of sponsorship by Nabisco, and parent company Kraft Foods, Japanese airline All Nippon Airways became the title sponsor of the tournament in late 2014, renaming the tournament the ANA Inspiration (in reference to its slogan "Inspiration of Japan").

In October 2021, a six-year sponsorship agreement with energy company Chevron Corporation was announced that would see the tournament renamed The Chevron Championship, with an increased prize fund of $5 million in 2022, up from $3 million in 2021. It was also announced that the tournament will be moved to the Jack Nicklaus Signature Course at The Club at Carlton Woods in the Greater Houston area in 2023, with a change of dates. Dinah Shore's daughter Melissa Montgomery established an advisory board to oversee the tournament's transition.

Officials intend the date change to allow for network television coverage on NBC, it has also been suggested that the tournament was moved in deference to the Augusta National Women's Amateur, which had begun to conflict with the tournament in 2019.

Tournament names

 * Informally, it is commonly referred to as "the Dinah Shore," even though her name was removed from the official title in 2000. The winner's trophy bears Shore's name.

"Poppie's Pond"
From 1988 to 2022, the winner traditionally celebrated her victory by jumping in the pond surrounding the 18th green. The pond is known as Champions Lake or "Poppie's Pond" as it was dubbed in 2006 honor of Terry Wilcox, the tournament director from 1994 through 2008; Wilcox is known as "Poppie" to his grandchildren.

Amy Alcott established the tradition in 1988 to celebrate her second win here, and repeated in 1991, including tournament host Dinah Shore. It was not embraced by others until 1994, when Donna Andrews made the leap, followed by Nanci Bowen the next year, and it became an annual tradition. In 1998, winner Pat Hurst waded in only up to her knees, as she could not swim. Originally a very natural water hazard, the portion near the bridge was later lined with concrete and has treated water, more like a swimming pool.

The tradition was carried over to The Woodlands; the lake between the 9th and 18th holes was dredged, cleaned, and had netting installed to protect against alligators, and a dock and ladder was built on the 18th hole. Prior to the 2023 tournament, several players expressed uncertainty over whether they would take the jump—now into a natural lake instead of the treated pool used in Mission Hills. Its first champion, Lilia Vu, would take the jump into the lake.

Associated events
A women's festival known as the Club Skirts Dinah Shore Weekend has been held in the city of Palm Springs, California, featuring concerts by female musicians, comedy shows, parties, and other events and networking opportunities. The Dinah Shore Weekend was first organized in 1991 by promoter Mariah Hanson; it expanded upon afterparties that had become associated with the Dinah Shore tournament, and, until 2021, was held in the same week.

A large number of lesbians and bisexual women visited the Palm Springs area for the festival and tournament; the Dinah Shore Weekend was described by Los Angeles as the "largest annual gathering of queer women and their female allies", while the tournament as a whole had been described as "spring break for lesbians." The event continues to be held annually in Palm Springs; ahead of the tournament's relocation, the festival moved to an autumn scheduling beginning in 2021 due to weather conditions and lower hotel costs.

Winners
^ Play extended one day due to darkness. Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.

Multiple champions
Multiple winners of the event as a major championship.

Through 2024, the only successful defense of the title (as a major) was by Sörenstam in 2002.
 * As a non-major (1972–1982), the only multiple winner was Sandra Post (1978, 1979).

title: Chevron Championship


text:
Roger Crozier

Roger Allan Crozier (March 16, 1942 – January 11, 1996) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played fourteen seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Detroit Red Wings, Buffalo Sabres and Washington Capitals. During his career, Crozier was named to the NHL First All-Star Team once, was a Calder Memorial Trophy winner, and was the first player to win the Conn Smythe Trophy while playing for the losing team in the Stanley Cup Finals. He was the last goaltender in the NHL to start all of his team's games in the regular season, in 1964–65.

From his junior hockey career until his death, Crozier was plagued by pancreatitis and other health problems. Despite them, he helped his junior team win the Memorial Cup in 1959–60, played in over 500 NHL regular season games and participated in three Stanley Cup Finals. His health problems led to his retirement in 1976–77 and he joined the Capitals' front office shortly after. Crozier left the Capitals in 1983 to work for MBNA bank. In 2000, MBNA unveiled a new trophy called the Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award which was awarded annually from to  to the goaltender with the best save percentage during the regular season in the NHL.The Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame inducted Crozier in 2009.

Background
Crozier was born and raised in the town of Bracebridge, Ontario. He was one of fourteen children of Lloyd and Mildred Crozier (née Austin). At the age of six, Crozier began playing goaltender, a position that he would grow to "like". Identified as a "special goaltending talent" by his town's senior hockey team, the Bracebridge Bears, he became their starting goaltender at the age of 14. In 1958–59, he helped the Bears become district champions in the Intermediate C playoffs.

Early career
Crozier spent his junior career with the St. Catharines Teepees of the junior Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) from 1959 to 1962. At the time, the Teepees were sponsored by the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League. The sponsorship system gave the Black Hawks the rights to all of the Teepees' players. In 1959–60, Crozier helped the Teepees win the Memorial Cup. During his time with the Teepees, Crozier developed his first ulcer, a problem that would plague him for the rest of his career.

Crozier spent most of the 1960–61 season in the OHA. Because of his small frame and size, he was not a favourite with scouts or critics. Despite this, the Buffalo Bisons of the American Hockey League (AHL) recruited Crozier to fill in for their injured starting goaltender, Denis DeJordy, that year. In three games, Crozier recorded two wins and a 2.31 goals against average (GAA). He returned to the Teepees for the 1961–62 season, during which he also had short stints with the Bisons and the Sault Ste. Marie Thunderbirds of the Eastern Professional Hockey League (EPHL).

While playing in the minors, Crozier adopted the butterfly style of goaltending, which he used during his NHL career. At first, his coaches in the minors tried to convince him to abandon this style, thinking that it would never succeed in the NHL. Crozier also added an element of acrobacy in his game.

Detroit Red Wings (1963–70)
The Black Hawks traded Crozier to the Detroit Red Wings in 1963. The young goaltender, now a full-time professional, spent the season in the minors mostly with the St. Louis Braves in the EPHL; he also played four games for the Buffalo Bisons in the AHL. In 1963–64, he played 44 games with the Pittsburgh Hornets, Detroit's AHL affiliate. He won numerous awards that year, including the Hap Holmes Memorial Award for the fewest goals given up, the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award for top rookie, and a spot on the Second All-Star Team. Crozier also made his NHL debut that season. The Red Wings' starting goaltender, Terry Sawchuk, was injured and Crozier was called up as a substitute. In only 15 games, he impressed management so well that he was made the Wings' new starting goaltender.; Sawchuk was left unprotected by the Red Wings during the intraleague waiver draft in the off-season and was picked up by the Toronto Maple Leafs. This made Crozier the Red Wings' starting goaltender at the age of 22.

In 1964–65, his rookie season, Crozier started all of his team's games, the last goalie to do so in the NHL, and he led the league in wins and shutouts with 40 and six respectively. His 2.42 GAA was the second lowest in the league. He was awarded the Calder Memorial Trophy as the NHL's top rookie and he was named to the NHL First All-Star Team. During his sophomore season, Crozier missed the team's couple of games due to pancreatitis. In 64 games that year, he posted 27 wins and led the league with seven shutouts, and the Red Wings clinched a spot in the playoffs. After eliminating the Black Hawks in the semi-finals, the Red Wings squared off against the Montreal Canadiens in the 1966 Stanley Cup Finals. The Red Wings won the first two games, but the Canadiens came back and won the next two. In the fourth game, Crozier suffered a leg injury. He played in game five, but the injury curbed his mobility. The Canadiens won the Stanley Cup in game six. Even though the Red Wings lost, Crozier was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy for being the most valuable player in the playoffs. He was the first goaltender to win the award and the first player to win it in a losing effort.

Due to pancreatitis, Crozier missed twelve games out of 70 in 1966–67. His numbers were down as he won only 22 games and recorded a 3.35 GAA. The Red Wings missed the playoffs. After another bout of pancreatitis at the beginning of the 1967–68 season, Crozier announced his retirement due to stress and depression. Six weeks later, however, he returned to the ice; he played five games with the Fort Worth Wings of the Central Professional Hockey League (CPHL) as conditioning, then returned to Detroit. After two more seasons on a mediocre Red Wings team, he was traded to the newly formed Buffalo Sabres in 1970.

Buffalo Sabres (1970–77) and Washington Capitals (1977)
In the 1970 NHL Expansion Draft, Buffalo Sabres General Manager Punch Imlach drafted Tom Webster from the Boston Bruins and promptly dealt him to the Red Wings for Crozier. Crozier started the Sabres' first NHL game on October 10, 1970, against the Pittsburgh Penguins. He stopped all but one of 36 shots to earn the franchise's first victory, 2–1. On December 6, 1970, Crozier earned the franchise's first shutout in a 1–0 win over the Minnesota North Stars. By late December however, Crozier was deeply exhausted and most of the Sabres' goaltending duties fell upon Joe Daley and Dave Dryden. Crozier finished the season with a 9–20–7 record and a 3.68 GAA. The Sabres also missed the playoffs, finishing fifth in the East Division. Adding to Crozier's continual health problems, his gallbladder was removed during the off-season.

The 1971–72 season was even worse for the Sabres as they finished with the fewest wins in the league with 16. Crozier posted a 13–34–14 record and a 3.51 GAA. He faced 2,190 shots during the season, a team record which stands to this day. The Sabres improved in 1972–73 and made the playoffs for the first time in their history. In 49 games, Crozier had his first winning record with the Sabres and he posted a much improved 2.76 GAA. In the first round, the Sabres faced the Montreal Canadiens. Crozier played four games and won two, but the Sabres were dispatched in six games.

Still suffering from pancreatitis and now afflicted by ulcers and gallbladder problems, Crozier saw his playing time greatly reduced. In 1974–75, he posted 17 wins and two losses, helping the Sabres rank first in the Adams Division. During the playoffs, Crozier played five games, including two in the Stanley Cup Finals. After eliminating the Black Hawks and the Canadiens, the Sabres faced the Philadelphia Flyers in the Stanley Cup Finals. Game three of the Finals in Buffalo was known as the "Fog Game"; a heat wave in May hit the arena and with no air conditioning inside, the temperature increased. Fog started to develop and soon visibility decreased. Gerry Desjardins was the starting goaltender but after allowing three goals in the first period, he was replaced by Crozier. Crozier allowed one goal during the rest of the game and helped the Sabres win 5–4 in overtime. With the Sabres trailing in the series 3–2, Crozier was selected to start game six and he shut out the Flyers in the first two periods. In the third period the Flyers score the only goals of the game, and they won the Stanley Cup. For the third time, Crozier's team lost in the finals.

In 1975–76, Crozier played in only 11 games due to his persisting ailments. The Sabres traded him to the Washington Capitals in exchange for cash on March 3, 1977. He played only three games with the Capitals before retiring after 14 seasons in the NHL.

Post-career
After retiring, Crozier served in the Capitals' front office. He served as interim general manager during the 1981–82 season and served as head coach for one game during the season. Under his watch, the Capitals picked future Hockey Hall of Fame defenceman Scott Stevens in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft. He left the Capitals in 1983 and moved to Wilmington, Delaware to work at MBNA Bank. He rose to the level of executive vice president and facilities manager of Worldwide Facilities and Construction.

Roger Crozier died after a battle with cancer on January 11, 1996, at the age of 53. He was survived by his wife Janice, and his two daughters, Katie and Brooke. In 2000, the NHL unveiled the Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award, which was given annually to the goaltender who posted the best save percentage in each season from to. The award was co-sponsored by Crozier's last employer, MBNA. In 2009, he was inducted into the Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame.

Awards

 * OHA

 * AHL

 * NHL

title: Roger Crozier


text:
Bhadase Sagan Maraj

Bhadase Sagan Maraj (29 February 1920 – 21 October 1971) was a Trinidadian and Tobagonian politician, Hindu leader, civil rights activist, trade unionist, landowner, businessman, philanthropist, wrestler, and writer. He founded the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha in 1952, which grew to be the largest and most influential Hindu organization in Trinidad and Tobago and the wider Caribbean. He also founded the Caroni East Indian Association, the People's Democratic Party, the Democratic Labour Party, the Democratic Liberation Party, the Federation of Unions of Sugar Workers and Cane Farmers, and The Bomb newspaper.

Early life
Bhadase Sagan Maraj was born on 29 February 1920 into a Brahmin Hindu Indo-Trinidadian family who lived on Sagan Street in Caroni Village in the county of Caroni in central Trinidad in the British colony of Trinidad and Tobago. His parents were Baboonie and Mathew Sagan Maraj. His mother Baboonie was the daughter of Parmesar Maharaj. His father, Mathew Sagan Maraj, was a devout Hindu, a mukhiya (village head), and a leader in the Hindu and Indian community of central Trinidad. Maraj's paternal grandparents were Jasoda and Ramsubhag Misir, who were from the village of Chateya in Basti district in the then North-Western Provinces in the Awadh and Bhojpuri regions of the Hindi Belt in North India (in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India). In Calcutta they were tricked into indentureship and brought to Trinidad abroad the ship Rhine. At the time there was much tension between Hindu and Muslim Indo-Trinidadians in Caroni, and when Maraj was thirteen years old his father had been shot and killed by a Muslim gang while he was on his hammock on the porch of his home reading the Bhagawad Gita. His uncle was also killed when a Muslim gang had tied him to a stone and threw him into the Caroni River. After his father's death, Maraj went to live with his aaji (paternal grandmother). Many attempts were made on Maraj's life, so he took up wrestling and by the age of twenty he became an accomplished wrestler. He had attended the Caroni Canadian Mission School and the Pamphylian High School in Tunapuna.

Maraj started off digging sand for construction purposes in the Caroni River.

This was only the beginning, for soon the young Maraj had bought a truck and was in the transport business. The advent of the Second World War and the arrival of the American Armed Forces in the British colony threw Maraj into the big league.

He was one of the biggest contractors on the American naval base at Chaguaramas and when the order came for the Americans to pull out their task force from that country, Maraj was able to buy out large areas of the base that were being deactivated. Maraj was not yet 30 when he counted his first million dollars. When Maraj was elected to the Legislative Council in 1950 there was no Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha. Hindu schools were only a dream and illiteracy among Hindus was about 50%.

Maraj's guru was Pundit Basdeo Misir.

Civil society activism
In early 1952, the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha was formed and this organisation was given permission to build and operate their own schools and Bhadase declared "By September, we will have six: schools." The cynics laughed because Maha Sabha did not even have a plan for a school but September saw the establishment of six Hindu Schools.

Hindu schools were mushrooming everywhere to the charge that Bhadase was building cowshed schools, which were unhealthy and physically unfit for children to be educated, he declared, "It is better to have a child receive an education in a cowshed than none at all". The then government arranged to assist and fund the building and operations of Hindu and other religious schools in Trinidad and Tobago.

Politics
He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1950, founded the People's Democratic Party in 1953, and later merged it into the Democratic Labour Party in 1957, which he led between 1957 and 1960 (when he lost control of the party to Rudranath Capildeo). Bhadase (as he was most widely known) continued to be active in politics until his death, often opposing Capildeo and other members of the DLP. After Capildeo's Chaguanas seat was declared vacant in 1967 Bhadase won the seat in a by-election boycotted by the DLP.

In 1958 Bhadase Maraj  won the Federal Election with his newly formed Democratic Labour Party. He also led a sugar union, All Trinidad. However, Bhadase soon succumbed to ill health. The strenuous battle of the 1958 Federal Election had by then taken its toll. In 1959, the cry was soon heard, "Bhadase is dying."

Bhadase was able to survive this first bout of illness but he was never again the same driving and dynamic Hindu force. And when he finally died on 21 October 1971 the headlines said, "WILL THE MAHA SABHA SURVIVE BHADASE?"

When the DLP boycotted the 1971 general elections Bhadase organised the Democratic Liberation Party to contest 21 seats in the election. He ran for the Oropouche constituency against George Williams of the PNM. However, all of his party's candidates, including himself, were defeated when the DLP leadership brought out their supporters to vote for the People's National Movement candidates rather than see Bhadase's party win. However, his party did receive close to 15,000 votes and 12.61% percent of the national vote. He died several months after the election. His son-in-law, Satnarayan Maharaj succeeded him as the de facto leader of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha.

Personal life
Bhadase Maraj was first married at the age of fifteen to Vijanti Maraj, however the marriage did not last long because her father took her back home fearing for her life due to the constant threat on Bhadase Maraj's life. Maraj was later married to Hilda Chinibas and Rachel Chinibas who were sisters. He had a total of nine children: six with Hilda and three with Rachel, whom he spent his latter years with till he died. His daughter Shanti Maharaj was married to Satnarayan Maharaj, who went on to succeed him as the de facto leader of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha. After Satnarayan Maharaj's death in November 2019, Vijay Maharaj, who was the son of Satnarayan Maharaj and grandson of Bhadase, took over as the acting leader of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha.

Legacy
Today after his death, the Maha Sabha to which he devoted so much of his life and personal wealth still lives on trying to provide the Hindu leadership which Maraj gave them during the nineteen-fifties. The greatest obituary to Big Bhadase came from Augustus Ramrekersingh who wrote in the Trinidad Express on 21 October 1971 "More than any other single individual, Bhadase made the Indians proud of their heritage in a society which was Christian and Afro-Saxon, hence hostile to them." The Shri Bhadase Sagan Maraj Lakshmi Girls' Hindu College is named after him.

title: Bhadase Sagan Maraj