text:
Studium generale

Studium generale is the old customary name for a medieval university in medieval Europe.

Overview
There is no official definition for the term studium generale. The term studium generale first appeared at the beginning of the 13th century out of customary usage, and meant a place where students from everywhere were welcomed, not merely those of the local district or region.

In the 13th century, the term gradually acquired a more precise (but still unofficial) meaning as a place that (1) received students from all places, (2) taught the arts and had at least one of the higher faculties (that is, theology, law or medicine) and (3) that a significant part of the teaching was done by those with a master's degree.

A fourth criterion slowly appeared: a master who had taught and was registered in the Guild of Masters of a studium generale was entitled to teach in any other studium without further examination. That privilege, known as jus ubique docendi, was, by custom, reserved only to the masters of the three oldest universities: Salerno, Bologna and Paris. Their reputations were so great that their graduates and teachers were welcome to teach in all other studia, but they accepted no outside teachers without an examination.

Pope Gregory IX, who, seeking to elevate the prestige of the papal-sponsored University of Toulouse, which he had founded in 1229, issued a bull in 1233, allowing Masters of Toulouse to teach in any studium without an examination. It consequently became customary for studia generalia, eager to elevate themselves, to apply for similar bulls. The older universities at first disdained requesting such privileges themselves, feeling their reputation was sufficient. However, Bologna and Paris eventually stooped down to apply for them too, receiving their papal bulls in 1292.

Arguably, the most coveted feature of the papal bulls was the special exemption, instituted by Pope Honorius III in 1219, which allowed teachers and students to continue reaping the fruits of any clerical benefices they might have elsewhere. That dispensed them from the residency requirements set out in canon law. As this privilege was granted only to those in studia generalia, certainly routinely by the 14th century, it began to be considered by many to be not only another (fifth) criterion but the definition of a studium generale . (Although the old universities of Oxford and Padua, which resisted asking for a papal bull, had sufficient reputation to be referred to as studium generale without a bull, Oxford masters were not allowed to teach in Paris without examination. Oxford reciprocated by demanding examinations from Paris masters and ignoring the papal privileges Paris enjoyed.)

Finally, the pope could issue bulls guaranteeing the autonomy of the university from the interference of local civil or diocesan authorities, a process that had begun with the issuing of the 1231 bull for the University of Paris. Although not a necessary criterion, bestowing the "privileges of Paris" to other studia generalia became customary.

The pope was not the only supplier of privileges. The Holy Roman Emperor also issued imperial charters granting much the same privileges, starting with the University of Naples in 1224.

A universal student body, one or more higher faculties, teaching by masters, the right to teach in other studia, retention of benefices, autonomy: those were common features in studia generalia. In other respects (structure, administration, curriculum etc.), studia generalia varied. Generally speaking, most tended to copy one of two old models: the student-centred system of Bologne or the master-centered structure of Paris.

History
Most of the early studia generalia were found in Italy, France, England, Spain and Portugal, and these were considered the most prestigious places of learning in Europe. The Vatican continues to designate many new universities as studia generalia, although the popular significance of this honour has declined over the centuries.

As early as the 13th century, scholars from a studium generale were encouraged to give lecture courses at other institutes across Europe and to share documents, and this led to the current academic culture seen in modern European universities.

The universities generally considered studia generalia in the 13th century were:
 * University of Bologna (founded in 1088)
 * University of Oxford (founded in 1167)
 * University of Cambridge (founded in 1209)
 * University of Palencia (founded in 1212)
 * University of Paris (founded in 1215)
 * University of Arezzo (founded in 1215)
 * University of Salamanca (founded in 1218)
 * University of Padua (founded in 1222)
 * University of Naples Federico II (founded in 1224)
 * University of Toulouse (founded in 1229)
 * University of Northampton (founded in 1261, closed in 1265)
 * University of Siena (founded in 1240)
 * University of Valladolid (founded in 1241)
 * University of Salerno (uncertain)
 * University of Montpellier (founded in 1289)
 * University of Coimbra (founded in Lisbon in 1290)
 * University of Alcalá (founded in Alcalá de Henares on May 20, 1293)

Both theological and secular universities were registered. This list quickly grew as new universities were founded throughout Europe. Many of these universities received formal confirmation of their status as studia generalia towards the end of the 13th century by way of papal bull, along with a host of newer universities. While these papal bulls initially did little more than confer the privileges of a specified university such as Bologna or Paris, by the end of the 13th century universities sought a papal bull conferring on them ius ubique docendi, the privilege of granting to masters licences to teach in all universities without further examination (Haskins, 1941:282).

Universities officially recognized as studia generalia in the 14th century were several, among them:
 * University of Lleida (founded in 1301)
 * Sapienza University of Rome (founded in 1303)
 * University of Perugia (founded in 1308)
 * University of Florence (founded in 1321)
 * University of Pisa (founded in 1343)
 * Charles University in Prague (founded in 1348)
 * University of Pavia (founded in 1361)
 * Jagiellonian University in Kraków (founded in 1364)
 * University of Vienna (founded in 1365)
 * University of Heidelberg (founded in 1386)
 * University of Zadar (founded in 1396)

Contemporary usage
Today studium generale is primarily used within a European university context as a description for lectures, seminars and other activities which aim at providing academic foundations for students and the general public. They are in line with the humanistic roots of the traditional universities to reach outside of their boundaries and provide a general education.

In the early post-war years in Germany the concept was re-introduced, for example, with a formal programme begun in 1948 at the Leibniz College of University of Tübingen.

Today the term is often used interchangeably with orientation year and may be regarded as the academic equivalent of a Gap year.

Studium particulare
A studium particulare tended to take local students. A studium generale, by contrast, would take students from all regions and all countries.

title: Studium generale


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Human behavior vs. animal behavior

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 15:07, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Human behavior vs. animal behavior
Messy essay on human psychology. Possibly literal transcription of a high schooler's text. I would suggest merging except that there's nothing here that isn't already widely covered in the psychology articles. Radiant! 11:17, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect to human behavior. dab (ᛏ) 11:54, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Personal essay. Trilobite (Talk) 14:32, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just a personal essay. Not an encyclopedia article. Zzyzx11 21:34, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Personal essay. There are partial truths in there which could be encyclopedic, but none of them are adequately sourced. There is far too much problematic material in relation to salvageable material for it to be worth cleanup. In the opening sentences:

 * "the fact that intelligence is what sets the standards of who is dominant and who is not"—is that a fact? Sez who? Who is more intelligent, humans or bacteria? Who is "dominant?"

 * "In life there are two main goals, survival and passing on your genes." First, this is a badly constructed sentence. To what does "your" refer? You could rewrite it as "All living things have two main goals: survival and passing on their genes." Then you start encountering the logical issues. What does it mean to say that a living thing has "a goal?" And are survival and genetic self-propagation separate goals? Or is survival merely an means to the single goal of genetic self-propagation?

 * Someone has been reading, and thinking about what he or she has read, but does not yet understand it with sufficient depth or clarity to explain it to others. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:58, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Hasty

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions.

You might find these pages useful:

 * How to edit a page

 * How to write a great article

 * Article naming conventions

 * Wikipedia's Manual of Style

You can always experiment in the sandbox.

If you like, you can introduce yourself at the new user log, or write something about yourself on your user page.

One more thing: if you leave a note on any kind of discussion page it's always helpful to sign your post with four tildes ( ~ ), which is automatically converted to your username and the date and time. Don't do this in articles themselves though as they are not 'owned' by any particular contributor.

If you have any questions, see help, leave a question at the help desk, or feel free to drop me a line on my talk page.

Thanks again and happy editing!

— Trilobite (Talk) 11:18, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hasty


text:
Belgian Fourth Division

The Belgian Fourth Division was the lowest nationwide division in Belgian football. The division was split into four separate leagues, A, B, C and D. The team with the most points in the four leagues together was declared the overall winner. If several league winners had the same number of points, the one with the most wins was declared champion, or if that was still tied, then the one with the best goal average was declared champion. Finally, if two teams were still equal, a single match was played on a neutral ground to determine the team to be added to the palmares. For 2016–17 the Belgian Fourth Division was replaced by the Belgian Third Amateur Division.

The competition
The competition consisted of the regular season of 30 matchdays and the promotion playoff of three matchdays.

The regular season
The four champions qualified directly for the Belgian Third Division. Each league was split into three periods (of 10 matchdays each) which determined the twelve qualifiers for the promotion playoff. If a team needed to be replaced, the best-placed team at the end of the regular season which had not yet qualified for the playoff took the free spot. A winner of a period could be replaced because:
 * it had won more than one period;
 * the champion had won at least one period;
 * it finished in 13th place;
 * it was relegated to the level below.

The bottom three teams in each league were relegated to the provincial leagues while the 13th-placed teams entered the interprovincial playoff.

As a part of changes in the Belgian league system that were implemented in 2016, the Belgian Fourth Division was replaced by the Belgian Third Amateur Division.

Fourth Division playoff
The Fourth Division playoff was played in three rounds. The first round consisted of six matches of one leg opposing the twelve qualifiers from the Fourth Division. Two teams from the third division (the two 14th-placed teams) entered the playoff in the second round that consisted of two groups of two matches. The third division teams were placed in different groups (with three teams from the first round in each group). The two winners of each group played the group final that qualified two teams for the third division. The groups were constructed to ensure that the two teams from the third division were not able to meet each other in the playoff. The matches were played in one leg at the venue of the first drawn team. When a match ended in a draw, extra time of two periods of 15 minutes was played followed by a penalty shootout if the score remained tied.

title: Belgian Fourth Division


text: Runner-up

title: Runner-up


text:
Chard (disambiguation)

Chard is a leaf vegetable.

Chard may also refer to:
 * Chardonnay or Chard, a grape variety or a varietal wine made from the Chardonnay grape
 * Chard (name)
 * Chard, Alberta an alternative name for a hamlet of Janvier South, in Canada
 * Chard, Creuse, a commune of Creuse, France
 * Chard, Somerset, a town in England
 * Chard RFC, an English rugby union team
 * South Chard and Chard Junction, nearby hamlets

title: Chard (disambiguation)


text:
User:Jcuk

new user as of feb 2005

- Copy of email from Shirley Sexton, webmistress of SLF's official site.

Hi Jcuk,

I can't figure out how to update the photo you posted of SLF on wikipedia. Would you do me a favor and replace it with their offical press photo which you can find at http://flickr.com/photo_zoom.gne?id=133249351&size=l

I would really appreciate it. Thank you!

Shirley -

One thing that really pisses me off is users following you around Wiki changing articles seconds after you create them without so much as an explanation!

title: User:Jcuk


text:
User:Robin Patterson/MaoriModelPeoplePages

=Iwi= (Don't copy that heading. Good examples are [[ )

Ko Ngāti ... he iwi o te taitokerau / hauauru / r& / tonga

o Te Ika & / Te Waipounamu o Aotearoa.

Tāngata
Hapū:

Mematanga (2001):

Rangatira:: [[

Heamana: [[

Whenua
Taiwhenua: ..,.

Awa: [[

T&: [[

Marae: [[

Urup&: [[

Taonga: [[

Titiro hoki

 * R&

Tūranga tukutuku

 * .iwi.nz/ Ngāti ...    Web Portal

http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&limit=5000&offset=250

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

=Kaitito - ie "Artist": broad meaning= (Don't copy that heading. Good examples are Witi Ihimaera, [[ )

Ko ''' ... ''' he kaitito o Aotearoa

Wh&: 1944, no [[

Ngā kura: ki [[.

Ngā whare w&:.

Ngā waiata:

Ngā pukapuka:
 * "Pounamu, Pounamu" - Akarana: Penguin, 1972

Mate: [[  ki [[

Tohutoro

 * Metcalf (LJ): "The Cultivation of New Zealand Trees and Shrubs"; Poneke, Reed, 19xx

Tūranga tukutuku
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&limit=5000&offset=250

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

=Mema Paremata= (Don't copy that heading.)

Ko Jim Anderton (James Patrick Anderton) he Mema P& o Aotearoa.

Whānautanga: 21 Hanuere 1938 ki &, Aotearoa

Ana rōpū ki te P&:

Titiro hoki

 * Mema P&

Tūranga tukutuku

 * Executive (pre-2002) - Hon Jim Anderton
 * Beehive - Hon Jim Anderton

http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&limit=5000&offset=250


text:
Talk:Cranial electrotherapy stimulation

Regulation update
The "regulation" section needs to be updated. The FDA has reclassified CES devices as Class 2 for treatment of insomnia and anxiety. It remains at Class 3 for treatment of depression.

https://www.massdevice.com/fda-reduces-controls-on-electrical-stimulation-devices-for-anxiety-insomnia/

The last paragraph of the "regulation" section is rather problematic. The titles of the four studies that are referred to (references 27, 28, 29, and 30 in the federal register document) in the quote, would indicate that these studies are not specifically intended to be evaluations of efficacy of CES for treatment of depressive disorders.

Regardless of what issues the FDA found with these studies, they are largely irrelevant to any discussion of clinical evidence supporting efficacy of CES for treatment of depressive mood disorders. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:249:603:B930:1CC3:B925:5B44:800C (talk) 16:24, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

The reason why the FDA document refers to these studies is that they were cited in public comments submitted to the FDA. It does not appear to be the intent of the FDA to single them out as "evidence for CES as a treatment for depression".2601:249:603:B930:2CA5:D97F:8166:DADC (talk) 03:02, 31 January 2021 (UTC)

If there is any doubt of what 5 studies would be relevant to a discussion of efficacy of CES for treatment of depressive mood disorders, they could be found at:

Price L, Briley J, Haltiwanger S, Hitching R, A Meta-Analyses of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression, Journal of Psychiatric Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.043 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:249:603:B930:9D23:8EF8:8711:C952 (talk) 22:54, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

Maybe it is time for a reset
I would suggest that the Wikipedia editors should rethink the editorial consensus on CES regarding depression and probably other conditions as well.

The Cochrane review makes it's determination based on 7 studies that were done more than 45 years ago.

An exact quote from this review is:

"Randomized double-blind, sham-controlled trials of CES in people with rigorously diagnosed acute depression are needed."

So they recommend NOT abandoning CES, but validating it more rigorously. The original studies did indicate CES was effective despite certain deficiencies. The deficiencies they identified mostly consisted of inadequate screening of control and placebo groups as well as inadequate blinding. But it is quite feasible to remedy these issues. If they are remedied in new trials, wouldn't that be adequate?

Fast forward to Jan 1, 2020. More rigorous RCTs have been completed. The CMS grants a HCPCS code of K1002 for CES. The CPT code is E1399. Now treatment can be billed to insurance. It is an acknowledgement that the treatment is proven to be effective.

When the FDA was considering changing the category of CES technology in 2012, they held hearings. They were trying to assess what they call "human experience".

A particularly terse and adamant testimony was given by Stephen Xanakis MD Brigadier General US Army Ret. This can be found on youtube at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYjq_-HLVz4&t=2s

Excerpts from Neurological Devices Panel of the Medical Devices Advisory Committee to the FDA found at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYlmITFkueE

CES is found to be useful, effective, and necessary by professional clinicians working in stressful, front-line situations. Ignazs0581 (talk) 22:53, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Have you got any WP:MEDRS sources that say that? If so, then we could use them in the article. As it is though, the above wont be sufficient to make us update the article. -Roxy the happy dog . wooF 15:30, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I am familiar with a lot of the ideas covered here but I will take the time to read it over carefully. Ignazs0581 (talk) 20:31, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * You are welcome. That document is the one that governs how we define acceptable sources for medical content. You should, once you have "read it over carefully", use it to guide all your editing in medical areas of the project. -Roxy the grumpy dog . wooF 20:37, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cranial electrotherapy stimulation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Skeksis

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:40, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Skeksis
Not sure if they are notable. The article is very unencyclopedic, may be just a garage band -- Chris 73 Talk 11:25, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Article does not establish notability. Vanity crud. jni 12:34, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Come back when its an established act. Inter 12:42, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 14:32, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, or possibly redirect to The Dark Crystal? -- Michael Warren | Talk 15:39, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 23:20, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for not meeting the Notability and Music Guidelines. Tuf-Kat 00:57, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Sgrunert~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Selphie 11:25, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) *talk*

Image Tagging for Image:Sgrunert.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 11:08, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sgrunert. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sgrunert~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:40, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:44, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sgrunert~enwiki


text:
User:Mollybloom

I don't need to look for Molly Bloom on the web or in Wikipedia to tell you who she is: she is a fictional character, not a real person. In James Joyce's Ulysses, Molly is Leopold Bloom's wife, so if Leopold is Ulysses, Molly is supposed to be Penelope. In the book there's a monologue by Molly which is in itself a masterpiece, according to me. In 1994 I was in Edinburgh and I had the opportunity to see it performed on stage in a wonderful way by Eartha Kitt, on Bloomsday. Joyce developed the figure of Molly Bloom after Nora Barnacle's personality, and Nora Barnacle was his wife. In fact the novel itself tells the story of one day in Leopold Bloom's life, and the day Joyce chose is exactly the day when he had his first date with Miss Barnacle, on the 16th of June 1904, which is also famous with the name of Bloomsday.

Bloom "Bloom" is a screen adaptation of James Joyce's Ulysses. It was released in cinemas in Ireland on April 16th, 2004 by Stoney Road Films and the DVD was released in September, 2004. The director of the movie is Sean Walsh. The cast is formed by: Also Known As: Ulysses (Ireland: English title) (working title)

If you can't remember who Stephen Rea is, think about "The Crying Game", by Neil Jordan. References: - www.ulysses.ie - www.imdb.com/title/tt0283096/

title: User:Mollybloom


text:
Dihydroxybenzenes

In organic chemistry, dihydroxybenzenes (benzenediols) are organic compounds in which two hydroxyl groups (\sOH) are substituted onto a benzene ring (C6H6). These aromatic compounds are classed as phenols. There are three structural isomers: 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (the ortho isomer) is commonly known as catechol, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene (the meta isomer) is commonly known as resorcinol, and 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (the para isomer) is commonly known as hydroquinone.
 * {| class="wikitable"

!Isomer !ortho !meta !para 1,2-dihydroxybenzene o-dihydroxybenzene o-benzenediol 1,3-dihydroxybenzene m-dihydroxybenzene m-benzenediol p-dihydroxybenzene p-benzenediol
 * Trivial name
 * Catechol
 * Resorcinol
 * Hydroquinone
 * IUPAC name
 * benzene-1,2-diol
 * benzene-1,3-diol
 * benzene-1,4-diol
 * Other names
 * pyrocatechol
 * Other names
 * pyrocatechol
 * pyrocatechol
 * resorcin
 * 1,4-dihydroxybenzene
 * Structure
 * align="center"|Brenzcatechin.svg
 * align="center"|Resorcin.svg
 * align="center"|Hydrochinon.svg
 * }
 * }

All three of these compounds are colorless to white granular solids at room temperature and pressure, but upon exposure to oxygen they may darken. All three isomers have the chemical formula C6H6O2.

Similar to other phenols, the hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring of a benzenediol are weakly acidic. Each benzenediol can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a type of phenolate ion.

The Dakin oxidation is an organic redox reaction in which an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde (\sCH\dO) or ketone (>C\dO) reacts with hydrogen peroxide in base to form a benzenediol and a carboxylate. Overall, the carbonyl group (C\dO) is oxidized, and the hydrogen peroxide is reduced.

title: Dihydroxybenzenes


text: User talk:80.143.254.240

title: User talk:80.143.254.240


text:
User talk:Mollybloom

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Selphie 11:31, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) *talk*

title: User talk:Mollybloom


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gentleman Jim Carter

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. dbenbenn | talk 15:20, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Gentleman Jim Carter
A disk jockey in the 70's and 80's whose claim to fame is a program called Freak Show in which listeners called in and said whatever they wanted (if I understand correctly). Doesn't seem notable enough. JoaoRicardo 11:33, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Google yields 21 hits on this also. Inter 12:44, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. Given that this was some time ago I wouldn't expect too many Google hits. It's the nature of the Google test that certain notable things barely discussed on the web appear non-notable, while anyone can release an irrelevant piece of software and there will be thousands of hits. This guy's programme seems no less notable than The Human Zoo (radio) and its presenter (but surely nowhere near as good!)*, it's just that it took place before the web and before Wikipedia. Trilobite (Talk) 14:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * * Thinking about it the Human Zoo audience was probably much greater, making it more notable.
 * If he was notable, that cannot be inferred from the article. Unless it can be expanded, delete. Radiant! 15:20, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Spinboy 21:17, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - less than 24 hits on Google. Megan1967 23:21, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep for the reasons Trilobite laid out. This is relatively minor, but especially with new frontiers in communications censorship in the United States, it's potentially growing in relevance as a cultural counterpoint. 66.82.9.54 22:54, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep adequately famous. Kappa 22:01, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, spurious notability. JamesBurns 10:33, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Outside money

Outside money is money that is not a liability for anyone "inside" the economy. It is held in an economy in net positive amounts. Examples are money that is backed by gold, and assets denominated in foreign currency or otherwise backed up by foreign debt, like foreign cash, stocks or bonds. Typically, the private economy is considered as the "inside", so government-issued money is also "outside money."

title: Outside money


text:
Inside money

In monetary economics, inside money is money issued by private intermediaries (i.e. commercial banks) in the form of debt (credit). This money is typically in the form of demand deposits or other deposits, and hence is part of the money supply. The money, which is an asset of the depositor but coincides with a liability of the bank, is inside money.

Inside money is thus a liability (equivalently a negative asset) to the issuer, so the net amount of assets associated with inside money in an economy is zero. Most money circulating in a modern economy is inside money. In contrast, gold is regarded as outside money.

title: Inside money


text:
Talk:Laurent Schwartz

Connected
It is more than a little unsettling to read that his life was "difficult during World War II" for Mr Schwartz when his countrymen from the regular army were actually fighting the germans. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.229.189.59 (talk) 16:26, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The two subjects, raised by 82.229.189.59 and by David.Monniaux, are connected.

Untitled
Schwartz wrote an autobiography, there's probably a lot to collect from it. I'll try to borrow it if I can. David.Monniaux 11:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 04:37, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Laurent Schwartz


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Blowfly

Blowfly or blow fly may refer to:

 * Calliphoridae, a family of flies
 * Blowfly (musician) (1939–2016), also known by his real name Clarence Reid
 * Blow Fly (novel), a 2003 Patricia Cornwell novel

title: Blowfly


text:
Mustapha Larfaoui

Mustapha Larfaoui (born 27 November 1932 in Algiers) is a former member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from Algeria. From 1988 – March 24, 2009 he served as President of FINA, the international federation that oversees Aquatics. He was the first African to hold the FINA presidency. He is now Honorary Life President of FINA.

Larfaoui is a member of the World Anti-Doping Agency's executive committee and part of the IOC's Olympic Games study and marketing commission. He is a member of the IOC's evaluation commission for the 2012 Olympic Games. He has been president of the African Swimming Confederation for more than 30 years.

A former hospital and public health director, he holds degrees in Arabic and French.

title: Mustapha Larfaoui


text:
Feltre

Feltre (Fèltre) is a town and comune of the province of Belluno in Veneto, northern Italy. A hill town in the southern reaches of the province, it is located on the Stizzon River, about 4 km from its junction with the Piave, and 20 km southwest from Belluno. The Dolomites loom to the north of the town.

An area incorporating Feltre and 12 contiguous municipalities is known as. In 2014, the Feltrino area was formalised in the Unione Montana Feltrina (Feltrino Mountain Community).

History
It was known in Roman times as Feltria and described as an oppidum by Pliny, who assigned its foundation to the Alpine tribe of the Rhaetians. The city obtained the status of municipium in 49 BC with its citizens inscribed into the Roman tribe of Menenia. In spite of its rigorous climate, which led a Roman author, perhaps Caesar, to write: Feltria perpetuo niveum damnata rigore Atque mihi posthac haud adeunda, vale Feltria lay on a Roman road mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary as passing from Opitergium (Oderzo) through Feltria to Tridentum (Trento).

After the fall of the Western Empire, under which it had developed into a flourishing city, it became a Lombard dominion. Later in the Middle Ages, it was ruled by Ezzelino III da Romano, by the Camino family, and then by the Scaligeri of Verona, from 1315 to 1337. Feltre was subsequently under Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, the da Carrara and the Visconti until 1404, when, together with Belluno, it was conquered by the Republic of Venice. In 1499 it received a new line of walls.

In 1509 the center of the town was mostly destroyed during battles between the Venetians and the League of Cambrai, and later rebuilt with a characteristic 16th-century style. In 1797, after the capitulation of Venice to Napoleon, it was ruled for some time by the French. Napoleon made his minister of war, Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke, Duke of Feltre in 1807. After the Congress of Vienna (1814), Feltre was assigned to the Austrian Empire, to which it remained until it was joined to the Kingdom of Italy in 1866.

It was besieged by Austria during World War I.

During World War II, Adolf Hitler demanded a meeting with Benito Mussolini to discuss his strategy for defending Italy from the Allied Armies since the Axis armies had just surrendered Tunis to the British Army, giving Allied Armies total control of North Africa. This meeting took place on July 19, 1943 in Feltre, Italy.

Notable people of Feltre include Panfilo Castaldi, printer; Bernardine of Feltre, Friar Minor, missionary and founder of Monti di Pietà; Vittorino da Feltre, humanist educator; and Morto da Feltre, painter.

Main sights

 * The Cathedral, dedicated to St. Peter and rebuilt in Renaissance times. It has maintained from the preceding buildings the apse and the 14th-century campanile. The interior has works by Pietro Marescalchi and some 17th-century wooden statues. The church is flanked by the 15th-century baptistry, housing a precious Medieval baptismal font from 1399. Under the cathedral is an excavated archaeological area of 1000 m² belonging to the ancient Roman city.
 * The Imperial Gate (1489, restored in 1545), from which the Via Mezzaterra starts. This is faced by the noteworthy Casa Crico, Casa Cantoni and Palazzo Muffoni.
 * Palazzo Salce.
 * The Palazzo della Ragione (16th century), the current Town Hall, with a Palladian style portico. It opens to the Piazza Maggiore with a fountain by Tullio Lombardo and a column surmounted by the Lion of St. Mark. In the same piazza are Palazzo Guarnieri and a Baroque staircase leading to the church of St. Roch (1576–1632), flanked by the so-called "Castle of Alboin" with the Torre dell'Orologio, once part of the Roman defensive apparatus. The Castle's attribution to the Lombard kingdom of Alboin has no historical evidence.
 * The Pinacoteca, in Palazzo Villabruna, has works by Morto da Feltre, Cima da Conegliano, Gentile Bellini, Pietro Marescalchi and others.
 * The church and the monastery of Santa Maria degli Angeli, begun in 1492, but entirely renovated in the 19th century, has maintained part of the ancient cloister. It houses a painting by Jacopo Bassano.

Outside the city are:
 * The sanctuary of SS. Vittore e Corona (12th–15th century), dedicated to Saints Victor and Corona, outside the city shows a mix of Byzantine and Renaissance styles, and is home to some 14th-century Giottoesque frescoes. Sculptures include the martyrium that houses the relics of the two Eastern saints and a small statue of St. Victor.
 * The late Renaissance Villa Pasole - Berton stands on the site of the Castle of Pedavena, destroyed by Emperor Charles IV in 1350.

Frazioni
Anzù, Arson, Canal, Cart, Cellarda, Croci, Farra, Foen, Grum, Lamen, Lasen, Mugnai, Nemeggio, Pont, Pren, Sanzan, Tomo, Umin, Vellai, Vignui, Villabruna, Villaga, Villapaiera, Zermen.

Notable people

 * Panfilo Castaldi, printer
 * Blessed Bernardine of Feltre, Friar Minor, missionary and founder of Monti di Pietà
 * Vittorino da Feltre, humanist educator
 * Morto da Feltre, painter

Twin towns – sister cities
Feltre is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
 * 🇩🇪 Braunfels, Germany
 * 🇪🇸 Carcaixent, Spain
 * 🇱🇺 Dudelange, Luxembourg
 * 🇧🇪 Eeklo, Belgium
 * 🇭🇺 Kiskunfélegyháza, Hungary
 * 🏴 Newbury, England, United Kingdom

title: Feltre


text:
Talk:Hunters Point Avenue station

This statement in the current version of the article is confusing, "It is the easternmost (railroad northernmost) underground station on the Flushing Line." I think it means that the line is designated as running north-south and therefore this station is considered to be the northernmost u/g station. Perhaps somebody who knows the station/line could clarify the point. PKT (talk) 14:48, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

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User talk:Sistero

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Selphie 11:51, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) *talk*

title: User talk:Sistero


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Larry Dimarzio

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 15:34, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Larry Dimarzio
Vanity. Radiant! 11:50, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep. Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 14:39, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity, advertisement. —Korath (Talk) 00:04, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * If yanyan is Larry Dimarzio, I would simply just move it to his profile page. Userfy. Megan1967 08:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, seems notable. JamesBurns 10:35, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:Jim Leach

untitled

 * It is believed that should the Democrats retake control of the House, Leach will switch parties. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Radicalsubversiv (talk • contribs) 11:51, 17 February 2005 (UTC)

By who? Based on what? RadicalSubversiv E 11:51, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I suspect based on his current stands (Full Disclosure: I'm not that dude and I don't have a source). 68.39.174.238 11:51, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Leach is Republican through and through. He's a Rockefeller Republican, sure, but he'll retire before he'll turn Democrat. - Jaysus Chris 05:13, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

What about Whitewater? It was Leach who led the movement in '94 to have President Clinton and his wife investigated for their involvment in the Whitewater scandal. Despite Leach's reputation for party inobedience, Bill won't tell you good things about him. :-( -Amit — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.22.216.150 (talk) 23:22, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Leach would not switch parties. DCW — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.206.230.206 (talk) 03:53, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Leach's involvement in anti-gambling movement
Check this out -Iopq 05:03, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

wrestling date
Wouldn't Jim Leach have been 26 at the time of his HS wrestling championship if that date and his birthdate are correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.190.60.57 (talk) 15:52, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

POV 2006 Election section
The section on the 2006 election uses several weasel words and violates NPOV. It is also in violation of the Biography of living persons policy because it doesn't source statements (which are accusatory in tone) about Mr. Leach. A source should also be added if the gambling bill was actually illegal - or else that qualifier should be removed. --Tim4christ17 talk 15:55, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

The article says nothing about legality of gambling. The act itself is called the "Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act", so the statement that Leach sponsored the bill is a statement of fact. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.188.172.194 (talk • contribs)

I stand corrected. However, the rest of the section still needs to be fixed. --Tim4christ17 talk 00:19, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

No problem Tim. I fixed the rest of it.

Online Poker Ban section
Tim, being the one of an evangelical bent, like Leach and the supporters of the "Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act, how can you be considered neutral in any way.

History needs to know the architects of the House and Senate versions of this bill. Why are you trying whitewash over this?

This bill was infact referred to committee; see http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HR04411:@@@C. The bill was inserted into the Port Security Act on the Senate side and not the House side so any reference or citation which purports otherwise should be removed from the Leach page.

12/06 - I feel it is still relevant to mention the bill here since it is a known fact that it was a pet project of Jim Leeach and fellow Iowa Congressman John Henry Kyl (May 9, 1919–December 23, 2002). If it hadn't been for these two spearheading the drive to ban online gambing (w/ the help of John Kyl's son Senator Jon Kyl, Senator from Arizona. See how it the conspiracy comes together across both houses of congress?

 * The grand conspiracy involving three rings, a lemur, and an evil carny, right? One 20:09, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

"Liberal"
The change labeling Leach a "liberal" appears suspiciously close to a smear directed against him after his announced support for Barack Obama yesterday. A more nuanced and much more accurate qualitative description of his political leanings is already provided in the biography section ("generally conservative on fiscal issues, moderate on social matters, and progressive in foreign policy"), so I am removing the "liberal" reference. Akulaalfa (talk) 19:45, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Use of the word progressive is fine with me--and liberal, for me, relates to liberty, and as such, is not a cuss word! Homebuilding 75.37.228.84 (talk) 02:23, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Notable Speeches and Arguments
His speech in August, 2008 at the Democratic Party National Convention was a compelling call to bi-partisanship. Can we find a link to this speech and other notable addresses? Homebuilding 75.37.228.84 (talk) 02:23, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Leach's time travel to the 1932–4 Geneva Disarmament Conference
This article currently claims that Leach, who was born in 1942, "served as a delegate to the Geneva Disarmament Conference" after he joined the U.S. Foreign Service, presumably no earlier than 1960. But our current Geneva Disarmament Conference article says that this term is another name for the World Disarmament Conference, aka the "Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments of 1932-34". It gives no indication that there was any such thing that occurred after 1934.

Unless Leach was able to make use of a time machine, this is impossible. Did he perhaps participate in a second (or later) conference also called the "Geneva Disarmament Conference"? If so, that other article should make clear that there were two (or more), and this one should make clear which one Leach participated in. Otherwise, this tidbit should be stricken from this article. In any case, we should have a clear reference citation for this information. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 01:12, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

external link?
Would an interview with transcript with James Leach from 1987 be useful here as an external link? Focus of conversation is nuclear weapons policy. http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_D5D2CDA2D2234BFE9200836D9CE7C209 (I have a conflict of interest; otherwise I would add it myself.) Mccallucc (talk) 19:01, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Latuff

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 10:51, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Latuff
Cartoonist. Notability not established. Radiant! 11:52, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not a whole lot of Google hits (about 1000), but appears to be a political cartoonist of some noteworthiness, a least in indigenous peoples advocacy circles. Though Brazilian, he's well enough known to have been solicited by various groups from around the world. HyperZonktalk 17:31, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per above, and getting over 6,000 google hits for "Latuff cartoonist" . Kappa 19:11, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable - passes Google test. Megan1967 23:22, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Probably very notable to Palestinians. Notable enough for me. -- Longhair 18:39, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Latuff


text:
Institute of Astronomy

Institute of Astronomy or Institute for Astronomy may refer to:

 * Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, England
 * Institute of Astronomy of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
 * Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
 * Institute of Astronomy, NCU, Toruń, Poland
 * Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
 * Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii), Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
 * Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
 * Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, Mount Penteli, Greece
 * Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Brussels, Belgium
 * Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan
 * Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Toronto, Canada
 * Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

title: Institute of Astronomy


text:
Robert Zajonc

Robert Bolesław Zajonc (/ˈzaɪ.ənts/ ZY-ənts; Polish: [ˈzajɔnt͡s]; November 23, 1923 – December 3, 2008) was a Polish-born American social psychologist who is known for his decades of work on a wide range of social and cognitive processes. One of his most important contributions to social psychology is the mere-exposure effect. Zajonc also conducted research in the areas of social facilitation, and theories of emotion, such as the affective neuroscience hypothesis.

He also made contributions to comparative psychology. He argued that studying the social behavior of humans alongside the behavior of other species, is essential to our understanding of the general laws of social behavior. An example of his viewpoint is his work with cockroaches that demonstrated social facilitation, evidence that this phenomenon is displayed regardless of species. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Zajonc as the 35th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Early life
Zajonc, born in Łódź, Poland on November 23, 1923, was the only child of the family. In 1939, before the German invasion of Poland reached Łódź, his family fled to Warsaw. During their short stay, the building they were living in was hit by an air raid. Both of Zajonc's parents were killed, and he was seriously injured. The rest of his time in Warsaw was dedicated to studying at an underground university in Warsaw until he was sent to a German labor camp. He escaped from the work camp, got recaptured, and then sent to a political prison in France. After escaping for the second time, he joined the French Resistance, continuing his studies at the University of Paris. In 1944, he moved to England where he became a translator for the American forces during their European Campaign.

Career
After the end of World War II, he immigrated to the United States, where he applied for undergraduate admission at the University of Michigan. Under probation, he was accepted. In 1955, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan, where he was a professor for nearly four decades, until 1994. During his time there, he held the positions of Director for the Research Center of Group Dynamics in the 1980s and Director of the Institute for Social Research in the 1990s. He then became Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Stanford University.

Personal life and death
Zajonc's first marriage, to Donna Benson, ended in divorce. He had three sons with Benson: Peter, Michael, and Joseph Zajonc. He spent the rest of his life with his second wife, his own doctoral student that was 26 years younger, Hazel Rose Markus, a social psychologist at Stanford, known for her contributions to cultural psychology. Zajonc had one child with Markus, a daughter named Krysia. He died in Stanford, California from pancreatic cancer on December 3, 2008, at the age of 85.

Mere-exposure effect
One of Zajonc's contributions to psychology is the demonstration of the mere-exposure effect. The exposure effect demonstrates a phenomenon by which people show a preference towards an object simply because they are familiar with it. He focused on processes involved in social behavior, with an emphasis on the relationship between affect, or emotion, and cognition. Zajonc claims that this phenomenon exists across cultures, species, and different stimulation. One experiment he did with fertilized chicken eggs and rats provides evidence for the mere-exposure effect. He also proposes that the mere-exposure effect proceeds unconsciously through a subliminal channel.

Social facilitation
Another contribution that Zajonc made to psychology was through demonstrating social facilitation. Social facilitation is the improvement of performance around the presence of others. Zajonc was able to provide support for social facilitation through a variety of experiments. In one experiment he sought to see if individuals would change their decisions depending on the presence of an audience. He found that in the presence of an audience, the dominant preference would be enhanced.

In another experiment on social facilitation, Robert Zajonc gave participants associations to 184 words alone and in the presence of an audience. Half of the participants worked alone, then with an audience, and vice versa. Zajonc found that participants were affected by the presence of an audience, and fewer unique responses were given when with an audience. The audience acts as a general drive energizer, in the presence of an audience there would be an increased probability of the dominant response.

Preferences need no inferences
In 1980, a speculative and widely debated paper entitled "Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences," invited in honor of his receipt of the 1979 Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association, made the argument that affective and cognitive systems are largely independent, and that affect is more powerful and comes first. This paper stimulated a great deal of interest in affect in psychology, and was one of a number of influences that brought the study of emotion and affective processes back into the forefront of American and European psychology. The nature of affective judgments can be perceived as independent of, and precede in time of, the perceptual and cognitive operations often thought of as constituting the basis of these affecting judgments. His proposals were presented to be contrary to the widely considered belief in most contemporary psychology theories that affective judgment is post-cognitive. The partial autonomy of the systems underlying cognition and affect were observed in his findings reflecting that the presence of recognition memory is not always necessary for the production of reliable affective judgments. However, it was described that these systems are not entirely independent of each other either and do affect one another in several ways, and simultaneously, contribute separate conserves of effects to the processing of information.

 Convergence in spouses appearance

Zajonc was interested in studying whether after staying together for a long time, couples display similarities in their physical features. He explored this by conducting a study where he collected pictures of married couples on the day they were married and then one from 25 years later. He then compared these two pictures to test for physical similarities. The results indicated that there were physical similarities between facial features of the couples after living together for 25 years. They also found that couples with more facial similarities indicated that they were happier and had greater marital success. Zajonc and his colleagues gave the following four explanations for this phenomenon.

(a) Diet, husbands and wives eat the same type of food, hence the fat consumed is similar and this might lead to similar facial features.

(b) Regional similarities, married couples usually live in the same region, hence experience similar weather conditions which might lead to facial similarities.

(c) People marry individuals who look like them or will eventually look like them.

(d) The theory of emotional efference (Waynbaum, 1907), one of the implications of this theory is that the similarity in facial features could be attributed to the feeling of empathy. When you are being empathetic towards someone you unknowingly mimic their expression which then leads you to feel similar emotions. So the involvement of facial motor muscles in empathy might result in similar facial features among people who have lived together for a long period of time.

These findings, according to Zajonc, tell us that social contact with others might have an effect on our facial features.

Affective neuroscience hypothesis
The affective neuroscience hypothesis posits that hedonic mood was linked to the temperature of the brain. This relationship was moderated by venous blood changes, which fluctuated according to changes in the function of the hypothalamus. Zajonc hypothesized that venous blood from the brain was moderated by facial expressions. In turn the blood drained from the brain into the sinus cavities, before flowing into the veins of the body. The heat from the blood of the cavernous sinus is able to influence the temperature of the hypothalamus due to their close proximity.

Happy facial expressions cooled the hypothalamus, causing a strengthening of positive emotions. Conversely, negative emotions were caused by the ability of the negative facial expressions to warm the hypothalamus. Zajonc studied this theory by having research participants pronounce vowel sounds that resulted in a facial expression that would result in cool blood and brain patterns. Zajonc and his colleagues found that participants assigned more positive evaluations of stimuli

This finding was also replicated in rats who had their hypothalamus experimentally cooled or warmed via a small probe.

Hypothalamic cooling in rats
Zajonc was also interested in manipulation of hypothalamic temperature to see if the attractiveness to stimuli could be moderated by changes in cephalic blood temperature. He created two experiments to examine the attractiveness and pleasure of food in rats during hypothalamic cooling or hypothalamic eating.

The first experiment screened for elicitation of feeding. There were 17 male rats with hypothalamic thermodes implanted at the anterior border of the medial hypothalamus as well as two chronic oral cannulae in order to permit taste reactivity testing. In the first experiment there was a screening procedure consisting of an initial habituation phase that lasted 10 days and a test phase that lasted 6 days,

A rat was placed once per day in a transparent chamber and its hypothalamic thermode was connected to the water flow and for a 10-minute period, the hypothalamic thermode was cooled by 2.5° in alternating On/Off bins of 15 sec each. Hypothalamic cooling was delivered on days 1,3, and 5 while a behavioral test was run on the second, fourth and sixth days. During hypothalamic cooling, many rats showed enhanced feeding. Zajonc also found that feeding was elicited during hypothalamic cooling but not heating or when the rat was left at its normal temperature.

In his second experiment, which looked at hedonic and aversive reactions to taste, Zajonc connected the hypothalamic thermode of the 17 rats to water flow, and the rat's were connected to an infusion delivery tube. Rats were infused with pure sucrose, a sucrose/quinine mixture, or distilled water, in random order through a 1-minute period, once per day. The thermode was then either cooled or heated by 2.5 °C for 0–20 seconds, then switched off for 20–60 seconds. Zajonc found that hedonic reactions to pure sucrose, sucrose / quinine mixture, or distilled water were not altered by hypothalamic cooling or heating.

Confluence model
Zajonc, along with Greg Markus, developed the Confluence Model (1975), which provided a mathematical model of the effect of birth order and family size on IQ scores quantifying the relationship between in-family dynamics variability and intellectual ability. In forming this quantitative value, the confluence forms an averages of the absolute intellectual capacities of the entire family environment. As families increase in size, the overall IQ of the family drops; children from larger families do have slightly lower IQs. The last child in the family is denied the opportunity to tutor younger children, and there is a slight "extra" detriment for being the youngest child in a family. These effects are theoretically important, but the size of the effects is fairly small (amounting to a range of about 3 IQ points), thus, birth order is not an absolute determining factor for IQ although its influence is apparent.

The capacity to which IQ is birth-order dependent was challenged by Wichman, Rodgers, and MacCallum (2006) whom claim that the observed differences were a product of between-family differences instead. Zajonc argued that this perceived conclusion as based on them incorrectly treating birth-order effects to parallel a linear relationship, in addition to shortcomings in the methods they progressed such as implementing the use of unfocused tests causing significantly significant trends to remain unrecognized. A study by Bjerkedal et al. (in press) offers support to the with-in family nature of the phenomena through its own findings showing that increasing birth rank paralleled a decline in IQ in a sample of 127,902 Norwegian same-family siblings.

 Sensory interaction on non-human animals

Zajonc wanted to test the sensory interaction hypothesis, that a stimulus response not only depends on the intensity but also depends on other aspects of the condition. For this, Zajonc conducted an experiment where he studied two male white carneaux pigeons. The pigeons were trained to distinguish between two tones. They were required to peck the left key for loud noise and the right key for soft noise. Every correct response was awarded with food to the pigeons. After each trial, there was a blackout followed by a light which indicated start of another trial. Zajonc found that the sensory interaction hypothesis does hold true, the pigeons not only used the intensity of the tone but also used the presentation of light while making a response.

Awards
Zajonc was the winner of the 1975 AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research.

Zajonc won the award for the Distinguished Scientific Contribution on September 2, 1979 at the meeting of the American Psychological Association. His Award address, published in American Psychologist as work on "Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences," was highly influential in re-focusing interest on affective processes in psychology.

title: Robert Zajonc


text:
Category:Parkways in New York City

This category lists parkways in New York City that are maintained by the state or city.

title: Category:Parkways in New York City


text:
Jonathan Davies (rugby, born 1962)

Jonathan Davies, OBE (born 24 October 1962) is a Welsh former rugby footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s, and who represented his nation in both rugby union and rugby league. A goal-kicking backline player, he played his club rugby in Wales, England and Australia. Davies has since become a television commentator for both codes and a media personality, in both the Welsh and English languages.

Biography
Jonathan Davies was born in Trimsaran, Carmarthenshire on 24 October 1962, the son of Diana and Len Davies. Davies' father worked in Trostre, Llanelli and his mother was a home-maker. Davies started school at Trimsaran Primary School, where he was part of the Welsh medium class. His teacher Meirion Davies introduced him to rugby, and he started playing Sevens. Although he did not have the strong physique for the contact sport, his talent and flair for the game was recognised by many, including local great Carwyn James. He attended Gwendraeth Grammar School, where he met his first wife Karen Hopkins, whom he married ten years later.

Rugby union
In 1974 Davies played for the very first time at Cardiff Arms Park, when he was chosen for the West Wales Under 12s. He started his career at amateur level with Trimsaran RFC. His father Len had also played for and captained Trimsaran Rugby Club. Age 17, Davies left school and became an apprentice painter and decorator. After developing at Trimsaran, he was given a trial with Llanelli but was rejected. Neath gave him another chance and he signed with them in 1982, selected to play at fly-half.

After 35 games for Neath, Davies was selected to play for Wales, against England at the Cardiff Arms Park. After scoring a try and a drop goal, Davies was named Man of the Match in the Welsh victory. He was made captain at Neath before being transferred to Llanelli. In 1988 Davies played a part in the Triple Crown success for Wales and between 1985 and 1997 he won 37 rugby union caps. Injuries during the 1988 New Zealand tour meant Davies captained the side in four games. The two tests were lost by fifty point margins, although Davies did score a 90 metre try in the second.

Davies was blamed in the media for the surprising Welsh defeat by Romania. As Llanelli placed pressure on him from the WRU to commit himself wholeheartedly to them, and despite being widely touted as the first choice fly-half for the upcoming British Lions tour to Australia, he decided for the best interests of his family to move to the rugby league team Widnes, who signed him for a record fee of £230,000.

Davies was recruited into rugby league by Jim Mills and Doug Laughton. He would later return to rugby union.

Widnes
Davies commenced his professional rugby league career during the 1989–90 Rugby Football League season with defending champions Widnes. He played for them as a in their 1989 World Club Challenge victory against the visiting Canberra Raiders. He was selected to play for Great Britain during the 1989–1992 Rugby League World Cup tournament. During the 1990–91 season Davies played left- and scored 4 conversions in Widnes' 24–18 victory over Salford in the 1990 Lancashire Cup Final at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 29 September 1990.

Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
In 1991, Davies took on a further challenge when he spent the summer in Sydney playing in the 1991 NSWRL season for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs. Davies played mostly as a for the Canterbury side who were struggling to make the Semi-finals. He made an impact with the 'Dogs, scoring 100 points in his 14 games for the club (7 tries, 36 goals), including a personal haul of 18 points (2 tries, 5 goals) in the last round of the season against Cronulla at Canterbury's home ground, Belmore Sports Ground. Needing a win to force a 5th place playoff with Western Suburbs, Canterbury-Bankstown got off to a slow start and Cronulla took a 16–0 half time lead. Canterbury scored 26 unanswered points in the second half to win 26–16. In the playoff with Wests, Davies first stint in Australia came to an end with Wests winning 19–14.

Widnes
Davies played, and scored a try, 3 conversions, and a drop goal in Widnes 24–0 victory over Leeds in the 1991–92 Regal Trophy Final during the 1991–92 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 11 January 1992.

Warrington
After Widnes got into financial difficulties, in 1993 he transferred to their local rivals Warrington. He was also named player of the 1993–94 season, winning the RFL's Man of Steel Award.

During the 1994–95 Rugby Football League season Davies played, and scored a conversion in Warrington's 10–40 defeat by Wigan in the 1994–95 League Cup Final at Alfred McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield on Saturday 28 January 1995.

North Queensland Cowboys
Davies again played in Australia when he signed with the newly formed North Queensland Cowboys in 1995. He was unable to get out to Australia until midway through the 1995 Winfield Cup Premiership. He scored a full field try against the Newcastle Knights in Newcastle. Davies finished the season as the clubs top point scorer with 43 points.

International
Davies captained Great Britain in the 30–12 win over France on 16 Feb 1992 in Perpignan.

During his time in rugby league he represented both Great Britain and Wales, scoring a solo try in Great Britain's last victory over the Kangaroos at the old Wembley in 1994 where he sprinted 50 metres to score in the corner out-pacing Australian Brett Mullins. Although he left the field with a dislocated shoulder during the second half, his efforts in both attack and defence (which on the day saw him pull off two try saving tackles) saw him named as man of the match. However the shoulder injury would keep him out of the rest of The Ashes series (eventually won 2-1 by Australia) as well as prevent him from playing for Wales in a friendly against the Kangaroos in Cardiff. With the Rugby Football League splitting the Great Britain team into individual nations (Wales, England, Scotland and Ireland) from 1995, the test at Wembley would be the last time Davies would represent Great Britain in rugby league.

Davies' last rugby league match was as captain of Wales against England in the 1995 World Cup Semi-final at Old Trafford, which Wales lost 25–10. Playing as a, Davies kicked 3 goals for Wales taking his total score for Wales to 21 points (10 goals, 1 field goal), all scored in the 1995 World Cup.

Return to rugby union
After the birth of daughter Geena in 1995, Davies' wife Karen was diagnosed with cancer. In need of family support, and as rugby union had turned professional, Davies went back to South Wales and signed to play for Cardiff RFC. On a guest appearance on A Question of Sport in 1995 he was asked what the biggest change was after returning to rugby union. Davies replied: "It's the first time I've been cold for seven years. I was never cold playing rugby league."

After rugby
Since retiring from rugby, Davies has worked in the media as a commentator and pundit in both codes, mainly for the BBC in both the English and Welsh languages. Since 2004 Davies has hosted his own rugby themed chatshow, Jonathan, on S4C, usually before Welsh international matches. Davies was also the President of Super League side Crusaders, until 2009, when he was replaced by David Watkins.

He is a supporter of the Wooden Spoon charity.

Recognition
Davies was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1995 New Year Honours for services to rugby league football. In the 2015 Birthday Honours, he was promoted to Officer of the same order (OBE), "for voluntary and charitable services to People with Cancer," in recognition of his work as President of Cardiff's Velindre Cancer Centre.

title: Jonathan Davies (rugby, born 1962)


text:
Talk:Legal psychology

New Revision
It's about time this article gets a substantial revision. I'll try to build on what is here and also make the distinction between legal psychology and forensic psychology more explicit. I welcome any comments. -Nicktalk 00:12, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

I could go in more detail about stuff, but I think for now I'm going to make stylistic edits. I don't know much about forensic psychology except that it is part witchcraft or something, and I don't know what kind of jobs are available in public policy--just that legal psychologists use them. I could also add more specific issues in legal psychology, such as eyewitness memory, but I think those work best in their own entries.

Old Stuff
I've never heard of James Oggloff, but it seems improbable that an obvious field as the crossover between law and psy was established in such an article. Verification please? Radiant! 11:55, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

James Ogloff is a noted psychologist and specifically, legal psychologist. While I am not familiar with the article this refers to, it is probable that a loose definition of legal psychology was given in such a (presumably) review article. I daresay that the article did not necessarily "establish" legal psychology, and I take offense to the mention of the field being so blasely "obvious." Legal psychology is a field which takes basic social and cognitive theories and principles and applies them to issues in the legal system such as eyewitness memory, criminal and civil jury decision-making, investigations and interviewing, just to name a few. Most notably, legal psychologists have been involved in areas such as wrongful convictions and actual innocence cases, jury and trial consulting, as well as Department of Justice guidelines on eyewitness identification. --

I've slightly expanded the article to clarify that, as the commenter above noted, Ogloff's article was a review article, not a claim to invent the field. I think this merits removing the "disputed" tag.

Psychological jurisprudence
Regarding the recent addition of psychological jurisprudence, could someone (i.e., the person who added it) explain the difference between legal psychology and psychological jurisprudence? More to the point, wouldn't those who promote psychological jurisprudence be legal psychologists to begin with? I just don't see the reason to mention PJ as a separate sub-area within psychology and law. (I see it as just one of many themes that run within psych and law research.) -Nicktalk 01:15, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Legal psychology focuses on the kind of applied research described in this article, essentially aimed at improving the legal system's ability to do its job more efficiently. In contast, psychological jurisprudence shares with other forms of jurisprudence (e.g., feminist, Marxist, strict constructionist) the goal of changing what it is the legal system tries to do in the first place. Empirical data may or may not be central to this effort, which relies more on psychologists' philosophical and political priorities about what the law should seek to accomplish. One important and controversial form of psychological jurisprudence is therapeutic jurisprudence; another, less influential, is the psychological jurisprudence of Gary B. Melton, which aims to alter the law so that human dignity is a central goal.

Just as many legal psychologists are also clinically focused, some are adherents of psychological jurisprudence as well. As noted in the removed citation, it is common to list all three as part of the field of psychology and law (which should have its own entry, since that is the term most commonly used in research and teaching). Psychological jurisprudence would be linked to more general topics in jurisprudence, but is a distinctly psychological effort. 71.215.70.202 18:31, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Dennis Fox
Is there anyone besides Dennis Fox who has much to say about this topic? Why not provide some links to academic institutions that offer Legal Psychology as a field of specialization and give a degree in it? --Mattisse 14:58, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * You're the one citing Dennis Fox. There is already a link to a list of such schools. -Nicktalk 16:30, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

In addition to the link of schools that offer legal psychology programs it may be helpful for students interested in legal psychology to have a list of prominent scholars in experimental legal psychology. It may also be interesting to have links to some specific research that has been published in different subareas of legal psychology.

Alimosser61 (talk) 20:15, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Legal psychology


text:
Kakawin Ramayana

Kakawin Ramayana is an Old Javanese poem rendering of the Sanskrit Ramayana in kakawin meter.

Kakawin Rāmâyaṇa is a kakawin, the Javanese form of kāvya, a poem modeled on traditional Sanskrit meters.It is believed to have been written in Central Java (modern Indonesia) in approximately the late ninth or early tenth century, during the era of Mataram Kingdom. According to its latest English translator, Stuart Robson: "the Old Javanese Rāmāyaṇa was written between 856 and about 930, with the likelihood that the last section was added in the period 900-930."

Among the Javanese, Kakawin Ramayana has always been considered the pinnacle of artistic expression. The large number of preserved manuscripts attest to its popularity and adaptation. It is the lengthiest of all the Old Javanese kakawins of the Hindu-Buddhist period of Java.

Divergence
The Javanese Ramayana differs markedly from the original Hindu prototype. The first half of this Ramayana Jawa is similar to the original Sanskrit version, while the latter half is divergent to the point of being unrecognizable by Indian scholars of the original Ramayana. One of the many major changes is the inclusion of the all-powerful Javanese indigenous deity dhayana Guardian God of Java Semar (in Balinese literature known as Twalen) and his misshapen sons, Gareng, Petruk, and Bagong who make up the numerically significant four Punokawan or "clown servants". This latter, altered half of the original tale is the most popular, and it is performed in all wayang performances.

Synopsis
Dasarata from Ayodya had four sons: Rama, Bharata, Laksmana and Shatrughna. One day an ascetic named Wiswamitra requested that Dasaratha help him to repel a demon attack on his hermitage. Then Rama and Laksmana departed.

In the hermitage, Rama and Laksmana destroyed the demons and proceeded to the Mithila country where a swayambara was being held. The visitor of the swayambara was to be given the king's daughter, Sinta, in marriage. The participants were told to draw the bow that had accompanied Sinta in her birth. Not a single one was successful except for Rama, then they got married and returned to Ayodya. In Ayodya, Rama was prepared to become the king, because he was the eldest son.

However Kaikeyi, another wife of the king Dasaratha, invoked the king's oath to her asking for her son Bharata to become king. Dejected, king Dasaratha granted him the kingship. Rama, Sinta and Laksmana were made to leave the palace, and, grieving intensely, king Dasaratha died.

The new king Bharata sought out Rama. He felt he did not deserve kingship and asked Rama to return to Ayodhya. Rama, however, refused and gave his sandals to Bharata as the symbol of his authority.

Bharata returned to the palace with Rama's sandals. Rama with his two companions went to the woods to live there. During their stay, a female demon called Surpanaka saw Laksamana and fell in love with him and disguised herself as a beautiful woman. Laksmana was not interested in her and even cut off the tip of her nose when she threatened to grow violent. She was enraged and told this to her brother, Rawana the demon King of Lanka. Surpanka told Rawana of the beauty of Sinta and thus persuaded him to kidnap Sinta.

Sinta saw a beautiful deer and asked Rama to catch it. Rama obliged entrusting Laksmana to protect Sinta. Rama was gone for a long period, and Sinta, growing worried convinced Laksmana to leave her and go in search of Rama. Rawana seized the moment to abduct Sinta and take her to Lanka.

Then Rama and Laksmana tried to get her back. In their endeavor they got help from the incarnation of Shiva Hanuman.

In the end Rawana was killed. Rama and Sinta then returned to Ayodya where Rama was crowned.

title: Kakawin Ramayana


text:
Ng Ser Miang

Ng Ser Miang, (born 6 April 1949) is a Singaporean entrepreneur, diplomat, and retired sailor. He founded Trans-Island Bus Services (now known as SMRT Buses) in 1982 and is a board member of Singapore Press Holdings. Since 1990, he has been the vice-president of the Singapore National Olympic Council, and since 2009, has served as a vice-president of the International Olympic Committee. In 2013, he was a candidate for the presidency of the International Olympic Committee, but eventually lost to Thomas Bach.

Early life
Ng Ser Miang was born in 1949 in Swatow, China; his family moved to Singapore the same year, right before the proclamation of the People's Republic of China. He studied at the Serangoon Garden Government High School (now Serangoon Garden Secondary School and Dunman Government High School (now Dunman High School). While in high school, Ng was a Boy Scout troop leader and head prefect. During this time he also travelled to the United States for nine months with an American Field Service scholarship. While in the US Ng first developed an interest in sailing and learned the sport.

After high school, Ng studied business administration at the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore) and graduated in 1971 with honours. While at university, in 1969, Ng won a silver medal at the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games as a part of the Singapore sailing team. Following his graduation, he completed his national service.

Career
In 1973, Ng entered the business world, working as a bank officer at the Chung Khiaw Bank. Three years later, he became the managing director of Singapore Shuttle Bus, a City Shuttle Service operator. To create competition for the Singapore Bus Service, the only bus service in Singapore at the time, Ng started the Trans-Island Bus Services (TIBS) in 1982 and acted as the company's managing director. As a result of his work with TIBS and Singapore Shuttle Bus, Ng was named Singapore's Outstanding Manager of the Year in 1993. In 2001, TIBS was purchased by SMRT Corporation and later rebranded SMRT Buses. Ng retired from the company after overseeing the sale.

In 2005, Ng took over as non-executive chairman of NTUC FairPrice, Singapore's largest supermarket chain, which is known for its philanthropy work within Singapore. In addition to these roles, Ng has been a board member of Singapore Press Holdings since 2007 and of WBL Corporation from 2005 to 2012.

Throughout his career, Ng has held a number of leadership and advisory roles in Singapore's business community. He served as President of the Automobile Association of Singapore from 1988 to 1996. In 1992, he became a faculty fellow of Business Administration in the School of Postgraduate Management Studies at the National University of Singapore. The next year, he became a member of the Trade Development Board of the China Business Information Advisory Group as well as a member of the Advisory Board of the Entrepreneurship Development Center at Nanyang Technological University.

Sports and Olympics roles
Through his interest in sailing, Ng became involved with several sailing and sports councils, including acting as President of the Singapore Yachting Association in the early 1990s and later being elected as vice-president of the International Sailing Federation in 1994, a role he held for four years.

From 1991 to 2002, he was chairman of the Singapore Sports Council (SSC). While serving as the SSC chairman, Ng helped launch the Sports for Life programme to promote sports for Singaporeans of all ages, and the Sports Excellence programme which directed national resources to supporting athletes in competitive sports. During Ng's tenure, the Singaporean government spent Singapore $500 million in supporting the different programmes.

Ng's involvement with the Olympic Movement began with roles in the local Olympic council. He was elected as vice-president of the Singapore National Olympic Council in 1990. In 1993, Ng became chairman of the Singapore Olympic Academy. He initiated and acted as chairman of Project 0812, an organisation that provided Singaporean athletes with high-level training and preparation to win medals in the Beijing and London Olympics. Through his efforts with Project 0812, Singapore received its first Olympic medal in 48 years at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

In 2005, after being the first Asian elected to the International Olympic Committee Executive Board, Ng served as President of the 117th IOC Session Organising Committee which took place in Singapore. He has also held a seat on the IOC audit and finance commissions, and was on the Coordination Commissions for the 2008 Beijing and the 2012 London Olympics.

In 2009, Ng was elected a vice-president of the IOC, a position which he still held. That same year, Ng also served as chairman of the inaugural Asian Youth Games Steering Committee. In 2010, Ng served chairman of the inaugural Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee. Two years later, he helped organise the Singapore Youth Olympic Festival, an annual event that exposes youth to the Olympic spirit. He also currently serves as chairman of the Singapore Olympic Foundation. Ng declared his candidacy to become the next president of the International Olympic Committee in May 2013 at the Sorbonne in Paris.

In 2014 Ng was named president of the Fundación Valencia CF.

Public service
In 1995, Ng and other former members of The Singapore Scout Association formed the Singapore Scout Guild. The organisation was established to serve as role models to current scouts and to demonstrate that former scouts go on to lead successful lives.

From its inception in 2001, Ng became chairman of Network China, an organisation created to assist companies in Singapore to network and find business opportunities in China. Also beginning in 2001, Ng served on the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Business Advisory Council. He held this position until 2008.

Ng has represented Singapore as a non-resident Ambassador to Norway since 2001 and was also a non-resident Ambassador to Hungary from 2000 to 2012. He has served as a Justice of the Peace in Singapore since 2005. Previously, he served as a Nominated Member of Parliament from 2002 to 2005.

Awards and recognition
In 1993, Ng was named Singapore's Outstanding Manager of the Year for his work with the Trans-Island Bus Service. In 2012 he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary after his time as Singapore's non-resident Ambassador to Hungary. He has also received a Distinguished Service Award from the United States Sports Academy. From the IOC Ng has received the Centennial Olympic Games Trophy in 1996 and the Sports and the Community Trophy in 2006. The Singaporean government awarded Ng with the Public Service Star in 1999 and the Meritorious Service Medal in 2005.

Personal life
Ng has two daughters and a son with late wife Ko Ai Choo. Elder daughter Xuan Hui is a former national sailor, three-time Singapore National Olympic Council Sportsgirl of the Year, and gold medalist at the 1991 and 1993 Southeast Asian Games.

title: Ng Ser Miang


text: User talk:194.121.90.163

title: User talk:194.121.90.163


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lithuanian cuisine

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 15:37, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Lithuanian cuisine
Pointless list of meals spelled out in Lithuanian. By definition incomplete (and there's not even a foodfoodfood on there yet). Radiant! 12:04, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC) Keep It may grow into something worthwhile -- Longhair 15:01, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A valid topic. Also, most articles of Wikipedia can be described as "by definition incomplete". Bogdan | Talk 12:06, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not true. Most articles converge asymptotically to completeness. What I meant is that this article can never feasibly be complete, because every dish could be listed here. Also if it were complete, it would be a pointless list. Wikipedia is not a Lithuanian dictionary. Radiant! 12:12, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Valid topic even if the article lacks quality at the moment. Trilobite (Talk) 14:41, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The redlinks are too much of an invitation to create Cookbook articles. There is a place for an article on Lithuanian cuisine, akin to the one on French cuisine. But this isn't that article.  This is List of Lithuanian recipes by the wrong name, and a potential invitation to put yet more burden on the TransWiki system. Transwiki this to WikiBooks:Cookbook:Cuisine of Lithuania, and start the encyclopaedia article again. Uncle G 15:30, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC)
 * Uncle G, you just took the words right out of my mouth. Delete or transwiki as the article stands now, but I'm hoping Capitalistroadster knows something about Lithuanian cuisine. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 15:42, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Changing to keep, hoping for further expansion. / u p p l a n d 10:57, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) Comment: No vote yet. Valid topic as such, and individual dishes are also valid topics of articles, as long as they don't list everybody's grandmother's particular recipe. The Polish and Russian Wikipedias have substantial articles on the Lithuanian cuisine (while the Lithuanian Wikipedia just has a stub). Maybe somebody can translate? / u p p l a n d 16:03, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete . (see below) Concur with Uncle G. "Lithuanian cuisine" would be an encyclopedic topic, but as it stands, it is not an article on the history and peculiarities of the Lithuanian cuisinie, it's just a list of meals. Unless someone expands it now, I'd vote for deletion. By the way, should there be an article for each individual meal? I would say no. Compare, for instance, Polish_cuisine, in which only the most import meals have standalone articles. vlad_mv 20:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and allow for organic deletion. GRider\talk 00:25, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Changing vote to keep after Bogdan's edits. GRider\talk 16:54, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I expanded a bit, adding two paragraphs of introduction and an English description of the meals. Bogdan | Talk 10:12, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Good work, Bogdan. Now it is a cuisine stub that may be expanded. I hereby change my vote to Keep. vlad_mv 13:37, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Vlad MV. Keep Radiant! 11:19, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to the cookbook. Megan1967 08:18, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki. JamesBurns 10:37, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Anuragjain

A Doctoral student at IIM Bangalore, India. Also a consultant to aviation industry. Interests range from adventure sports to aviation to entrepreneurship.

More at http://www.anuragjaincom http://anuragjain.blogspot.com

title: User:Anuragjain


text: Category:Expressways in New York City

title: Category:Expressways in New York City


text:
Netsky

Netsky may refer to:

 * Netsky (computer worm)
 * Hankus Netsky (born 1955), American klezmer musician
 * Netsky (musician) (born 1989), stage name of Boris Daenen, Belgian musician
 * Netsky (album), the musician's self-titled album

title: Netsky


text: Category:Long Island Rail Road

title: Category:Long Island Rail Road


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/LJ's Easkey Sligo Ireland

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 15:40, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

LJ's Easkey Sligo Ireland
POV article on a pub. Wikipedia is not a travel guide. Radiant! 12:06, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Most pubs are not notable in and of themselves. The author of this article has probably also violated the clear rule that appears above the edit box: "Please do not create an article to promote yourself, a website, a product, or a business." And yes it is written in a POV, travel guide style. Trilobite (Talk) 14:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, pub promo. Megan1967 23:23, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lycee Janson-de-Sailly

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Lycee Janson-de-Sailly
High school in France. Not encyclopedic. Radiant! 12:07, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete; doesn't even have an article in the French Wikipedia. —Korath (Talk) 17:38, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Does not belong. Not notable. — Linnwood 07:05, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 07:06, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Le schoolcruft. Gamaliel 07:07, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Le-delete. -- Riffsyphon1024 07:09, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)