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List of wartime orders of battle for the British 1st Division (1809–1945)

An order of battle is a list of the various elements of a military formation organised within a hierarchical command structure. It can provide information on the strength of that formation and the equipment used. An order of battle is not necessarily a set structure, and it can change depending on tactical or strategic developments, or the evolution of military doctrine. For example, a division could be altered radically from one campaign to another through the adding or removing of subunits but retain its identity and prior history. The size of a division can vary dramatically as a result of what forces are assigned and the doctrine employed at that time.

The 1st Division was an infantry division of the British Army, which was formed numerous times from 1809 to present. Several formations bore the name "1st Division", from 1809 through to the end of the 19th century. Per the 1st Division's official website, its lineage is described as including the Peninsular War, the Battle of Waterloo, the Crimean War, the Anglo-Zulu War, and the Second Boer War. In 1902, following reforms within the British Army, a permanent 1st Division was formed that fought in both world wars.

The original 1st Division, formed in 1809, was around 6,000 men strong. This formation did not include supporting weapons such as artillery. In comparison, when the formation fought in the Second World War, it was over 18,000 men strong, supported by 72 artillery pieces, and numerous other support weapons. Each war that the division fought in, from inception up until the end of the Second World War, has a corresponding order of battle section.

Napoleonic Wars

During the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), the British Army grew in size. On 18 June 1809, Lieutenant-General Arthur Wellesley, commander of the British forces in Spain and Portugal, ordered the creation of four divisions, including the 1st Division. During the division's first action of the Peninsular War (the name given to Napoleonic Wars fought in Spain and Portugal), the Battle of Talavera (1809), it was 5,964 men strong. It roughly maintained this strength for the rest of the Peninsular War, for example being 4,854 men strong at the Battle of Vittoria in 1813. It was disbanded when the fighting ended in 1814. It was reformed on 11 April 1815, in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium), upon the resumption of hostilities. It fought at the Battle of Waterloo, where it had a strength of 4,061 men. It then marched into France. Shortly after, the Napoleonic Wars came to a conclusion. The division remained in the restored French kingdom, as part of the British Army of Occupation. In December 1818, the Army of Occupation and the division were disbanded, and the troops returned to Britain.

Talavera campaign (July 1809)
1st Division

Campbell's Brigade:
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards
 * 5th Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment (one company)

Cameron's Brigade:
 * 1st Battalion, 61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot
 * 2nd Battalion, 83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot
 * 5th Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment (one company)

Langwerth's Brigade:
 * 1st Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 2nd Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * Light Companies, King's German Legion

Low's Brigade:
 * 5th Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 7th Line Battalion, King's German Legion

Battle of Bussaco (September 1810)
During this period, brigades were referred to by their commander's names. Due to changes in command, the brigade names fluctuated frequently.

1st Division

The division's 1st brigade:
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Scots Guards
 * 5th Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment (one company)

The division's 2nd brigade:
 * 2nd Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot
 * 2nd Battalion, 42nd Regiment of Foot
 * 1st Battalion, 61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot
 * 5th Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment (one company)

The division's 3rd brigade:
 * 1st Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 2nd Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 5th Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 7th Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * Detachment of Light Battalions, King's German Legion

The division's 4th brigade:
 * 1st Battalion, 7th Regiment of Foot
 * 1st Battalion, 79th Regiment of Foot

1810–1811, including the Lines of Torres Vedras and Fuentes de Oñoro

During this period, brigades were referred to by their commander's names. Due to changes in command, the brigade names fluctuated frequently.

1st Division

The division's 1st brigade:
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards
 * 5th Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment (one company)

The division's 2nd brigade:
 * 2nd Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot
 * 2nd Battalion, 42nd Regiment of Foot
 * 1st Battalion, 79th Regiment of Foot
 * 5th Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment (one company)

The division's 3rd brigade:
 * 1st Battalion, 50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot
 * 1st Battalion, 71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot
 * 1st Battalion, 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot
 * 5th Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment (one company) (left by 1 May 1811)
 * 3rd Battalion, 95th Regiment of Foot (one company)

The division's 4th brigade:
 * 1st Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 2nd Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 5th Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 7th Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * Light company, King's German Legion

Battle of Salamanca (1812)
During this period, brigades were referred to by their commander's names. Due to changes in command, the brigade names fluctuated frequently.

1st Division

The division's 1st brigade:
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards
 * 5th Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment (one company)

The division's 2nd brigade:
 * 2nd Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot
 * 2nd Battalion, 42nd Regiment of Foot
 * 2nd Battalion, 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot
 * 1st Battalion, 79th Regiment of Foot
 * 5th Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment (one company)

The division's 3rd brigade:
 * 1st Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 2nd Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 5th Line Battalion, King's German Legion

Vittoria campaign (1813)
During this period, brigades were referred to by their commander's names. Due to changes in command, the brigade names fluctuated frequently.

1st Division

The division's 1st brigade:
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards
 * 5th Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment (one company)

The division's 2nd brigade:
 * 1st Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 2nd Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 5th Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 1st Light Infantry Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 2nd Light Infantry Battalion, King's German Legion

Battle of Nivelle (November 1813)

During this period, brigades were referred to by their commander's names. Due to changes in command, the brigade names fluctuated frequently.

1st Division

The division's 1st brigade:
 * 1st Battalion, 1st Regiment of Foot Guards
 * 3rd Battalion, 1st Regiment of Foot Guards

The division's 2nd brigade:
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards

The division's 3rd brigade:
 * 1st Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 2nd Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 5th Line Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 1st Light Infantry Battalion, King's German Legion
 * 2nd Light Infantry Battalion, King's German Legion

Lord Aylmer's Brigade (never officially part of the division, but acted alongside it following its August 1813 arrival):
 * 76th Regiment of Foot
 * 2nd Battalion, 84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot
 * 85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)

Waterloo campaign (1815)
1st Division

First British Brigade
 * 2nd Battalion, 1st Regiment of Foot Guards
 * 3rd Battalion, 1st Regiment of Foot Guards

Second British Brigade
 * 2nd Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 2nd Battalion, 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards

Divisional Artillery:
 * Captain Sandham's British Foot Battery
 * Major Kuhlmann's Horse Battery, King's German Legion

Crimean War

In June 1854, a new 1st Division was formed following the reorganisation of a British expeditionary force that had been dispatched to Ottoman Bulgaria, to support the Ottoman Empire against the Russian Empire during the early stages of the Crimean War. The division proceeded to the Crimea, where it landed on 14 September. It was then engaged in the Siege of Sevastopol, including action at the battles of Alma and the Inkerman. At full strength, the division would have been around 4,800 men strong although at the Battle of Inkerman it contained a mere 1,200 infantry. The division remained in the Crimea until 1856, and demobilised following the conclusion of hostilities.

August–October 1854
1st Division

1st Guards Brigade
 * 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Scots Fusilier Guards

2nd Highland Brigade
 * 42nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot
 * 79th (The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders) Regiment of Foot
 * 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot (detached in October 1854)

Divisional Artillery:
 * A Field Battery (2nd Company, 8th Battalion)
 * H Field Battery (5th Company, 11th Battalion)

November 1854–May 1855
1st Division

1st Guards Brigade
 * 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Scots Fusilier Guards
 * 97th (The Earl of Ulster's) Regiment of Foot (had joined by January 1855)

Divisional Artillery:
 * A Field Battery (2nd Company, 8th Battalion)
 * H Field Battery (5th Company, 11th Battalion)

June 1855

1st Division

1st Guards Brigade
 * 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Scots Fusilier Guards

2nd Highland Brigade
 * 42nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot
 * 79th (The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders) Regiment of Foot
 * 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot

August 1855–end of the war
1st Division

1st Guards Brigade
 * 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Scots Fusilier Guards

2nd Brigade
 * 9th Regiment of Foot
 * 13th Regiment of Foot
 * 31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot
 * 2nd Battalion, Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own) (had left by September)
 * 56th (West Essex) Regiment of Foot (had joined by September)

Divisional Artillery:
 * X Field Battery (temporarily detached from the division during September fighting)

Anglo-Zulu War
The Anglo-Zulu War broke out in January 1879. After three months of back and forth fighting, which saw the battles of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, reinforcements were dispatched to Natal for a renewed offensive. This saw the creation of No. 1 Division, which was just over 9,000 men strong. The force comprised 6,508 British regulars and colonial irregular troops, supplemented by 2,707 Africans that included 151 mounted troops. The division saw little fighting and was largely engaged in engineering work. When the war ended, the division was broken-up in July.

No. 1 Division

1st brigade
 * 2nd Battalion, 3rd Regiment of Foot
 * 88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers)
 * 99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot

2nd Brigade
 * 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot
 * 3rd Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
 * 91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot

Divisional troops
 * Three batteries, Royal Artillery
 * Naval Brigade (artillery)
 * Ammunition column, Royal Artillery
 * 30th Company, Royal Engineers
 * 4th Battalion, Natal Native Contingent
 * 5th Battalion, Natal Native Contingent
 * John Robert Dunn's scouts
 * Attached mounted troops

Second Boer War
A new 1st Division was mobilised in England, following the outbreak of the Second Boer War with the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. On mobilisation, the division consisted of 10,075 men, 745 horses, and 26 guns. It was transported to southern Africa, and then fought a series of battles as part of the attempt to lift the Siege of Kimberley, with mixed results and heavy casualties. During the opening months of 1900, the division held a largely defensive role although it did commit raids to destroy farms, crops, and to seize livestock. Between April and early June, it engaged various Boer Commandos as it marched through the Orange Free State and Transvaal. In mid-June, the division was radically changed in an effort to form a more mobile force to counter the Boer guerrilla warfare tactics. By the end of the year, it had been disbanded as the counter-guerrilla strategy was further refined.

At its first engagement, the Battle of Belmont, the formation consisted of 10,012 troops, 2,299 animals, 16 pieces of artillery, and 10 machine guns. A fortnight later, the division was reinforced for the Battle of Magersfontein and mustered 14,964 men supported by 3,723 animals, 33 artillery pieces, and 16 machine guns. In June 1900, when the division was reformed into a flying column, there was a significant reduction in manpower in order to be more mobile. At that time, it consisted of 1,200 mounted troops, 2,400 infantry, 12 field guns, two 5 in howitzers, and 11 machine guns.

On mobilisation in 1899
1st Division

1st Infantry Brigade
 * 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 2nd battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Scots Guards
 * No. 1 Bearer Company
 * No. 1 Field Hospital

2nd Infantry Brigade
 * 2nd Battalion, Royal West Surrey Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, Devonshire Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, East Surrey Regiment
 * No. 4 Bearer Company
 * No. 3 Field Hospital

Divisional Troops
 * Divisional artillery, Royal Field Artillery
 * 7th Battery
 * 14th Battery
 * 66th Battery
 * Ammunition column
 * Divisional engineers, Royal Engineers
 * No. 7 Field Hospital
 * A Squadron, 1st Life Guards

Belmont to Magersfontein (November–December 1899)
1st Division

1st (Guards) Brigade
 * 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 2nd battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Scots Guards

9th Infantry Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers
 * 1st Battalion, Loyal North Lancashire Regiment (only half the battalion was present, the remainder formed part of the Kimberley garrison)
 * 2nd Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry
 * No. 1 Field Hospital

3rd (Highland) Brigade (arrived by 10 December for Magersfontein)
 * 2nd Battalion, Royal Highlanders (Black Watch)
 * 2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders
 * 1st Battalion, Highland Light Infantry
 * 1st Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
 * No. 2 Field Hospital
 * 'A' Bearer Company

Divisional Mounted Troops
 * 9th Lancers
 * 12th Lancers (arrived by 10 December for Magersfontein)
 * One company of mounted infantry, Northumberland Fusiliers
 * One company of mounted infantry, Loyal North Lancashire Regiment
 * Half a company of mounted infantry, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry
 * Detachment from the New South Wales Lancers
 * Rimington's Guides

Divisional Troops
 * Divisional artillery, Royal Field Artillery
 * 18th Battery
 * 75th Battery
 * 62nd Battery (arrived in time for Modder River)
 * 65th (Howitzer) Battery (arrived by 10 December for Magersfontein)
 * G Battery, Royal Horse Artillery (arrived by 10 December for Magersfontein)
 * Divisional engineers, Royal Engineers
 * 7th Field Company
 * 8th Railway Company
 * 11th Field Company
 * 30th Fortress Company
 * Telegraph section
 * No. 3 Field Hospital
 * Naval Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Gordon Highlanders (arrived by 10 December for Magersfontein)

Based out of Kimberley (late February–May 1900)
1st Division

9th Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers
 * 1st Battalion, Loyal North Lancashire Regiment
 * 3rd Battalion, South Wales Borderers
 * 4th Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
 * Detachment from the Army Service Corps
 * No. 1 Bearer Company
 * No. 19 Field Hospital

20th Brigade
 * 2nd Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers
 * 4th Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment
 * Detachment from the Army Service Corps
 * Ad hoc bearer company
 * No. 8 Field Hospital

Imperial Yeomanry brigade
 * 3rd Battalion
 * 5th Battalion
 * 10th Battalion
 * Kimberley Mounted Corps

Divisional Troops
 * Divisional artillery, Royal Field Artillery
 * 4th Battery
 * 20th Battery
 * 38th Battery
 * 37th Howitzer Battery
 * Diamond Fields Artillery

June 1900 onwards
1st Division (Methuen's Column)

 * 1st Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers
 * 2nd Northamptonshire Regiment
 * 1st Loyal North Lancashire Regiment
 * Imperial Yeomanry
 * 5th Battalion
 * 10th Battalion
 * 15th Battalion
 * Detachment of mounted infantry
 * Detachment of Warwick's Scouts
 * Divisional artillery, Royal Field Artillery
 * 4th Battery
 * 20th Battery
 * 38th Battery
 * Three sections, 11th Field Company, Royal Engineers

First World War
On 28 July 1914, the First World War began. On 4 August, Germany invaded Belgium and the United Kingdom entered the war against the German Empire. The division soon deployed to France, as part of the British Expeditionary Force, and it then served on the Western Front between 1914 and 1918.

The war establishment (on-paper strength), of an infantry division in 1914 was 18,179 men, 5,594 horses, 18 motor vehicles, 76 pieces of artillery, and 24 machine guns. While there was a small alteration to the number of men and horses were supposed to be in a division in 1915, the main change was the decrease in artillery pieces to 48 and an increase in motor vehicles to 54. The establishment in 1916 increased the division size to 19,372 men, 5,145 horses, 61 motor vehicles, 64 artillery pieces, 40 trench mortars, and 200 machine guns. The 1917 changes saw a decrease to 18,825 men, 4,342 horses, 57 motor vehicles, and 48 artillery pieces, although the number of trench mortars remained the same, and the number of machine guns increased to 264. By 1918, the number of front line infantry within the British Army in France had decreased because of casualties and a lack of eligible replacements, and this led to a manpower crisis. To consolidate manpower and to increase the ratio of machine guns and artillery support available to the infantry, the number of battalions in a division was reduced from twelve to nine. This resulted in the 1918 establishment of 16,035 men, 3,838 horses, 79 motor vehicles, 48 artillery pieces, 36 trench mortars, and 400 machine guns.

First World War (1914–1918)
1st Division

1st (Guards) Brigade (on 23 August 1915, brigade was renamed 1st Brigade):
 * 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards (until 23 August 1915)
 * 1st Battalion, Scots Guards (until 23 August 1915)
 * 1st Battalion, Black Watch
 * 2nd Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers (until 4 September 1914)
 * 1st Battalion, Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders (from 5 September 1914)
 * 14th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (London Scottish) (from 7 November 1914, until 8 February 1916)
 * 8th Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment (from 16 August 1915, until 2 February 1918)
 * 10th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (from 17 August 1915, until 19 February 1918)
 * 1st Trench Mortar Battery (joined late November 1915)
 * 1st Brigade Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (from 26 January 1916)
 * 1st Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) (from 7 February 1918)

2nd Brigade:
 * 2nd Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) (until 7 February 1918)
 * 1st Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
 * 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment (from 21 February until 20 August 1915)
 * 1/9th Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool) (from 29 March until 12 November 1915)
 * 1/5th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) (from 21 October 1915 until 7 January 1916)
 * 2nd Trench Mortar Battery (joined late November 1915)
 * 2nd Brigade Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (from 26 January 1916)

3rd Brigade:
 * 1st Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) (until 8 November 1914)
 * 1st Battalion, South Wales Borderers
 * 1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, Welch Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers (from 9 November 1914 until early February 1918)
 * 1/4th (Denbighshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers (from 7 December 1914 until 1September 1915)
 * 1/6th (Glamorgan) Battalion, Welsh Regiment (from 23 October 1915 until 15 May 1916)
 * 3rd Trench Mortar Battery (joined late November 1915)
 * 3rd Brigade Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (from 26 January 1916)

Divisional Mounted Troops:
 * C Squadron, 15th The King's Hussars (until 13 May 1915)
 * B Squadron, Northumberland Hussars (from 13 May 1915, until 18 April 1916)
 * 1st Cyclist Company (until 15 June 1916)

Divisional Artillery:
 * XXV Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (until 25 January 1917)
 * 113th Battery (until 4 February 1915)
 * 114th Battery
 * 115th Battery
 * D (Howitzer) Battery (1 section each from 30th and 40th (Howitzer) Batteries, from 22 May 1916)
 * XXXV Brigade, Brigade Ammunition Column
 * XXVI Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (until 14 January 1917)
 * 116th Battery
 * 117th Battery
 * 118th Battery (until 4 February 1915)
 * 40th (Howitzer) Battery (from 22 May 1916)
 * XXXVI Brigade, Brigade Ammunition Column
 * XXXIX Brigade, Royal Field Artillery
 * 46th Battery
 * 51st Battery
 * 54th Battery
 * 30th (Howitzer) Battery (from 22 May 1916)
 * XXXIX Brigade, Brigade Ammunition Column
 * XLIII (Howitzer) Brigade (broken up on 22 May 1916)
 * 30th (Howitzer) Battery
 * 40th (Howitzer) Battery
 * 57th (Howitzer) Battery (until 23 June 1915)
 * XLIII (Howitzer) Brigade, Brigade Ammunition Column
 * 26th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery (until April 1915)
 * 26th Heavy Battery Ammunition Column
 * X.1 Medium Trench Mortar Battery, Royal Field Artillery (formed during April 1916)
 * Y.1 Medium Trench Mortar Battery, Royal Field Artillery (formed during April 1916)
 * Z.1 Medium Trench Mortar Battery, Royal Field Artillery (formed during April 1916, until 9 February 1918 when distributed between X and Y batteries)
 * V.1 Heavy Trench Mortar Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery (formed 13 January 1917, until 3 January 1918)
 * 1st Divisional Ammunition Column (absorbed brigade ammunition columns from 22 May 1916)

Divisional Engineers, Royal Engineers:
 * 23rd Field Company
 * 26th Field Company
 * 1st (Lowland) Field Company (from 28 December 1914, later renumbered as 409th (Lowland) Field Company)
 * 1st Divisional Signal Company

Divisional Pioneers:
 * 1/6th (Glamorgan) Battalion, Welsh Regiment (from 15 May 1916)

Divisional Machine Guns:
 * 216th Machine Gun Company (formed on 22 March 1918)
 * No. 1 Battalion, Machine Gun Corps (formed on 28 February 1918, and assumed control of brigade machine gun companies)
 * 1st Machine Gun Company
 * 2nd Machine Gun Company
 * 3rd Machine Gun Company
 * 216th Machine Gun Company

Divisional Medical Services, Royal Army Medical Corps:
 * 1st Field Ambulance
 * 2nd Field Ambulance
 * 3rd Field Ambulance (until 24 August 1915)
 * 141st Field Ambulance (from 24 August 1915)

Divisional Veterinary Services, Army Veterinary Corps:
 * 2nd Mobile Veterinary Section

Divisional Services, Army Service Corps:
 * 1st Divisional Train
 * 7th Company
 * 13th Company
 * 16th Company
 * 36th Company
 * 8th Company (from 19 August 1915, until 25 November 1915)
 * 172nd Company (from 25 November 1915)
 * 204th Divisional Employment Company (from 19 May 1917 as 6th Divisional Employment Company and renumbered on 14 June 1917)

Second World War

In 1939, following the German invasion of Poland, the United Kingdom declared war in support of the latter and entered the Second World War. The division, now styled as an infantry division, saw combat in France in 1940. After the British Army's defeat, the division returned to—and defended—the UK. Between June and November 1942, it was reorganised as a "mixed division", which saw an infantry brigade removed replaced by a brigade of tanks. Afterwards, it reverted to an infantry division and was deployed to fight in the Tunisian campaign in 1943. It then seized the island of Pantelleria and subsequently fought in the Italian campaign until January 1945. Afterwards, it was withdrawn to Palestine, where it spent the reminder of the war.

The war establishment of the infantry division in 1939 was 13,863 men, 2,993 vehicles, 72 artillery pieces, 48 anti-tank guns, 361 anti-tank rifles, 126 mortars, and 700 machine guns. In 1941, it was changed to 17,298 men, 4,166 vehicles, 72 artillery pieces, 48 anti-tanks guns, 444 anti-tank rifles, 48 anti-aircraft guns, 218 mortars, and 867 machine guns. From 1944, the establishment was updated to 18,347 men, 4,330 vehicles, 72 artillery pieces, 110 anti-tank guns, 436 other anti-tank weapons, 359 mortars, and 1,302 machine guns.

September 1939–May 1942
1st Infantry Division

1st Infantry Brigade (Guards) (until 1 June 1941)
 * 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards (until 26 May 1940, then from 4 June 1940)
 * 2nd Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 * 2nd Battalion, Hampshire Regiment
 * Brigade Anti-tank Company (until 31 December 1940)

2nd Infantry Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)
 * 2nd Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, Gordon Highlanders (until 8 March 1940)
 * Brigade Anti-tank Company (until 28 December 1940)
 * 6th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders (from 7 March 1940)

3rd Infantry Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, Sherwood Foresters
 * 1st Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry
 * Brigade Anti-tank Company (until 31 December 1940)

210th Infantry Brigade (from 25 November 1941, renamed 38th (Irish) Infantry Brigade on 13 January 1942)
 * 2nd Battalion, London Irish Rifles (from 30 November 1941)
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers (from 12 December 1941)
 * 6th Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (from 15 January 1942)

Divisional Troops:
 * Divisional artillery, Royal Artillery
 * 2nd Field Regiment
 * 19th Field Regiment
 * 24th Field Regiment (until 31 January 1940)
 * 67th (South Midland) Field Regiment (from 31 January 1940)
 * 21st Anti-Tank Regiment (until 10 October 1941)
 * 81st Anti-Tank Regiment (from 5 November 1941)
 * 90th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment (from 27 January 1942)
 * Divisional engineers, Royal Engineers
 * 17th Field Company (until 2 November 1939)
 * 23rd Field Company
 * 26th Field Company (until 28 February 1940)
 * 248th Field Company
 * 238th Field Company (from 29 February 1940)
 * 6th Field Park Company
 * Divisional Signals, Royal Corps of Signals
 * Divisional reconnaissance
 * 13th/18th Royal Hussars (until 31 March 1940)
 * 1st Reconnaissance Battalion, Reconnaissance Corps (from 8 January 1941)
 * 4th Battalion, Cheshire Regiment (machine gun battalion, from 11 November 1941)

Mixed Division (June–November 1942)
1st Mixed Division

2nd Infantry Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)
 * 2nd Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment
 * 6th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders

3rd Infantry Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, Sherwood Foresters
 * 1st Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry

34th Tank Brigade (until 2 September)
 * North Irish Horse
 * 147th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
 * 153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps

25th Tank Brigade (from 3 September)
 * 51st (Leeds Rifles) Royal Tank Regiment
 * 142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
 * North Irish Horse

Divisional Troops:
 * Divisional artillery, Royal Artillery
 * 2nd Field Regiment
 * 19th Field Regiment
 * 67th Field Regiment
 * 81st Anti-Tank Regiment
 * 90th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment
 * Divisional engineers, Royal Engineers
 * 23rd Field Company
 * 238th Field Company
 * 248th Field Company
 * 6th Field Park Company
 * Divisional Signals, Royal Corps of Signals
 * Divisional reconnaissance
 * 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, Reconnaissance Corps
 * 4th Battalion, Cheshire Regiment (machine gun battalion, until 1 October)

December 1942–End of war
1st Infantry Division

2nd Infantry Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)
 * 2nd Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment
 * 6th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders

3rd Infantry Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, Sherwood Foresters
 * 1st Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry

24th Infantry Brigade (Guards) (until 7 March 1944)
 * 1st Battalion, Scots Guards
 * 1st Battalion, Irish Guards
 * 5th Battalion, Grenadier Guards

18th Infantry Brigade (from 8 March until 16 August 1944)
 * 9th Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry
 * 1st Battalion, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)
 * 14th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters

66th Infantry Brigade (from 19 August 1944)
 * 2nd Battalion, Royal Scots
 * 1st Battalion, Hertfordshire Regiment
 * 11th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers

Divisional Troops:
 * Divisional artillery, Royal Artillery
 * 2nd Field Regiment
 * 19th Field Regiment
 * 67th Field Regiment
 * 81st Anti-Tank Regiment (until 8 April 1945)
 * 93rd Anti-Tank Regiment (from 9 April 1945)
 * 90th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment (until 7 November 1944)
 * 11th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment (from 19 November 1944 until 17 January 1945)
 * 1st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment (from 22 March 1945)
 * Divisional engineers, Royal Engineers
 * 23rd Field Company
 * 238th Field Company
 * 248th Field Company
 * 6th Field Park Company
 * 1st Bridging Platoon (from 18 October 1943)
 * Divisional Signals, Royal Corps of Signals
 * Divisional reconnaissance
 * 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, Reconnaissance Corps (until 31 December 1943)
 * 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps (from 1 January 1944)
 * 2/7th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (support battalion from 17 August 1943 until 27 May 1944, then machine gun battalion until the end of the war)


text:
Jersey Shore BlueClaws

The Jersey Shore BlueClaws (formerly Lakewood BlueClaws) are a Minor League Baseball team of the South Atlantic League and the High-A affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies. They are located in Lakewood, New Jersey, and are named for their location on the Jersey Shore and blue crabs native to the area. The BlueClaws play their home games at ShoreTown Ballpark.

History
Following the 2000 season, the Cape Fear Crocs of the Class A South Atlantic League relocated to Lakewood, New Jersey, and became the Lakewood BlueClaws. The BlueClaws became an affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies, who moved their Class A affiliation from the Piedmont Boll Weevils in Kannapolis, North Carolina, to Lakewood beginning with the 2001 season. The team was owned by the New-Jersey-born Joe Plumeri and Joe Finley, also owners of the Trenton Thunder.

Since their arrival in New Jersey, the BlueClaws have been a success at the gate. In each of their first five seasons, they averaged over 6,500 people per game. The team led the South Atlantic League in either average or total attendance every year through 2016, and became the fastest team in league history to reach the two and three million fan attendance mark. On August 26, 2002, the BlueClaws set a South Atlantic League record when 13,003 people attended a 3–0 win over the Hickory Crawdads. This box office success comes in the absence of great success on the field. In their first five seasons, the BlueClaws failed to qualify for the playoffs. Their overall record topped the .500 mark for the first time in 2004.

On September 1, 2004, Ryan Howard became the first former BlueClaw to play in Major League Baseball, playing first base for the Phillies in a 7–2 loss to the Atlanta Braves at Citizens Bank Park. He played for the BlueClaws in the 2002 season. In 2005, he was named the National League Rookie of the Year, and in 2006 he was named the National League Most Valuable Player. In May 2007, while on the 15-day disabled list, Howard played two rehab games with the BlueClaws after suffering a hamstring injury. Each game drew over 8,000 fans and helped push the BlueClaws to a new team attendance record for the month of May. In addition to Howard, several former BlueClaws played for the 2008 World Champion Philadelphia Phillies. World Series MVP Cole Hamels was with Lakewood in 2003, and starting catcher Carlos Ruiz was a member of the original Lakewood BlueClaws' roster in 2001.

The BlueClaws were sold to Shore Town Baseball in July 2017. The new ownership group includes Minor League Baseball veteran and former Mandalay Baseball Properties CEO Art Matin, as well as local investors Bob Tamashunas and Bill Luby.

The team rebranded as the Jersey Shore BlueClaws after the 2020 season. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the BlueClaws were organized into the High-A East. In 2022, the High-A East became known as the South Atlantic League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

Postseason records
The BlueClaws won the 2006 South Atlantic League championship on September 15, first defeating the Lexington Legends in the Northern Division final, two games to none, then defeating the Augusta GreenJackets in a dramatic 5–0 victory, winning the championship series, three games to one.

In 2009, the BlueClaws won the South Atlantic League championship by first defeating the Kannapolis Intimidators, 9–0, and winning the series by two games to none in the Northern Division final. In the championship round, the BlueClaws defeated the Greenville Drive, 5–1, in game four and then took the series, three games to one.

In 2010, the BlueClaws won both halves of the season. They became the first team to do so and win the championship, defeating Hickory, two games to one, in the Northern Division final and the Greenville Drive, three games to one, in a rematch series.

In 2016, the BlueClaws opened the first half of the season in sixth place in the Northern Division but rallied to take the second half crown. The BlueClaws then defeated the Hagerstown Suns, two games to zero, but fell in the South Atlantic League final series, three games to one, versus the Rome Braves.

In 2018, the BlueClaws won both halves of the season only to lose in the South Atlantic League final against the Lexington Legends. The BlueClaws won the Northern Division championship against the Kannapolis Intimidaters.

Retired numbers
Cole Hamels' number 19 and Ryan Howard's number 29 have been retired by the BlueClaws.

Notable alumni

 * Ezequiel Astacio
 * Rod Barajas (2007)
 * Danny Bautista (1991–1992)
 * Michael Bourn (2004) 2-time MLB All-Star
 * Milton Bradley (1998) MLB All-Star
 * Eude Brito (2001)
 * Taylor Buchholz (2002)
 * Carlos Carrasco
 * Frank Catalanotto (1994)
 * Francisco Cordero (1995–1996) 3-time MLB All-Star
 * Kyle Drabek
 * Juan Encarnacion (1994–1995)
 * Gavin Floyd (2002)
 * Travis Fryman (1998) 5-time MLB All-Star
 * Greg Golson MLB All-Star
 * Cole Hamels (2003, 2006) 4-time MLB All-Star; 2008 World Series Most Valuable Player
 * J. A. Happ (2005)
 * Ryan Howard (2002, 2007, 2010) 3-time MLB All-Star; 2005 NL Rookie of the Year; 2006 NL Most Valuable Player
 * Gabe Kapler (1996) 2021 National League Manager of the Year
 * Kyle Kendrick (2004, 2006)
 * Scott Kingery (born 1994)
 * Cliff Lee (2000) 4-time MLB All-Star; 2008 AL Cy Young Award
 * Scott Mathieson
 * Lou Marson
 * Guillermo Mota (1996)
 * Brandon Phillips (2002) 3-time MLB All-Star
 * Chris Roberson
 * Carlos Ruiz (2001) MLB All-Star
 * Alfredo Simon (2003) MLB All-Star
 * Scott Strickland (1996, 1998)
 * Justin Thompson (1992, 1996) MLB All-Star
 * Robinson Tejeda
 * Shane Victorino (2007) 2-time MLB All-Star
 * Luke Williams
 * Randy Wolf (2006) MLB All-Star
 * Tim Worrell (2005)
 * Mike Zagurski
 * Josh Zeid (2010)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jersey Shore BlueClaws


text:
Talk:Hanging/to do

See Also - Choking Game External Link
 * Physiology of a hanging (see death erection)
 * More comprehensive coverage of the various "drops" used (see this external site )
 * Clarify actual causes of death as determined by postmortem examination
 * more on the suicide aspect of hanging
 * Controversies of using this form of capital punishment (why not this compared to other forms in use in the US and abroad).
 * Children Dying by Accidental hanging -

title: Talk:Hanging/to do


text:
Honda CBX750

The CBX750, or RC17 is a Honda motorcycle sold primarily in Europe, South Africa and Australia. Manufactured from 1984 to 1988, the CBX750 was developed from the CB750 while sharing technological data and certain componentry from the VF/VFR Series, which its development ran in parallel; hence the X in CBX being an acronym for City Bike eXperimental.

It is a popular model for motorcycle police in Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Turkey, Gibraltar and Ireland. A Japanese market version was offered known as the CB750SC Horizon and a North American version, the CB750SC Nighthawk S was sold alongside a tariff beating version, the Nighthawk 700S.

The pre-1988 CBX750 had a 16 in front wheel, which restricts replacement tire choice.

Police version
The Police Version, the CBX750P was kept in production until 1994.

The CBX750P is based on a Japanese CB750SC "Horizon". Which is like a CB750SC/CB700SC Nighthawk S, but with an 18-inch front wheel and shaft drive. Unlike the Honda CB700SC, the CBX750P uses a slipper clutch (back-torque limiter) and diaphragm spring to engage clutch.

Similarities between the CBX750P and the CBX750, other than the name, end at them sharing most of the engine parts.

The motorcycle also has four safety guards (two on each side), a meter-stop option (to record top speed), loud speakers, and no fuel gauge.

The Garda Síochána (Irish National Police) Traffic Corps section used the CBX750P in two generations. The only difference being that the second generation had an extendable rear blue flashing light on a pole. The CBX replaced BMW K75's and Kawasaki GT750's from 1984. It is reported that Honda restarted the production line in 1997 to fulfil an order from the Irish Police. In Ireland they began to be replaced from 1998 with the Honda ST1100 (Pan European) with the last being retired in 2002.

At least two were still in use in Gibraltar in 2016.

F2
The CBX 750 F2 (Also CBX 750 FII) is a Honda motorcycle sold primarily in Europe, Brazil and Japan. The CBX 750 F2 was developed from the CBX750, in parallel with the VF750. Until today, many spare parts can be ordered directly from Brazil.

title: Honda CBX750


text:
Caldera del Atuel

Caldera del Atuel is a caldera in Argentina. It is the source of the Rio Atuel and has dimensions of 30 x. Cerro Sosneado is a volcano (best volume estimate 244.2 km3) located outside of the Atuel caldera, Volcan Overo (best volume estimate 89 km3) and Las Lágrimas complex are located within the caldera. Holocene activity may have formed the cinder cones on the northeastern side of the caldera. After the 2010 Maule earthquake, the caldera was one of the volcanic centres that underwent subsidence, along with secondary earthquake activity.

title: Caldera del Atuel


text: User talk:68.72.134.77

title: User talk:68.72.134.77


text:
Alta Bates Summit Medical Center

Sutter Health Alta Bates Summit Medical Center is located in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. Its three hospital campuses are located in Berkeley (Alta Bates Campus, Herrick Campus) and Oakland (Summit Campus). Alta Bates Summit is a non-profit community-based medical center and is part of Sutter Health.

Alta Bates Campus
The flagship Berkeley campus of the medical center was named after Alta Miner Bates, the nurse who founded the hospital in 1905. Bates was a prominent early California nurse anesthetist. The first graduate of a nurse training program in Eureka, California, she was among the first female anesthetists in the San Francisco Bay Area, administering over 14,000 anesthetics during her career. Until her retirement in 1949, Bates served as the hospital's director and was president of its board.

Alta Bates Hospital, later renamed Alta Bates Medical Center until its merger with Summit Medical Center in 1999, is now known as the Alta Bates Campus of Alta Bates Summit Medical Center.

Proposed Alta Bates hospital closure
In 2016, Sutter Health told Berkeley's mayor that Sutter Health plans to close Alta Bates in 2030. Sutter claimed that it is infeasible to do seismic upgrades that would be required to keep the hospital open. Alta Bates served 50,000 patients in 2015 - a 21% increase from 2010. The City of Berkeley is conducting a study to assess the impact of closing Alta Bates on the region; a summary presented by Berkeley's mayor Jesse Arreguin and Berkeley Councilmember Sophie Hahn on May 20, 2024 highlighted impacts to people of color, Medi-Cal and Medicare patients, and the uninsured especially. Hospital closure could be catastrophic in a disaster scenario such as an earthquake, another pandemic, or a Chevron refinery fire. An increase in travel times to other hospitals could lead to an increase in deaths, when minutes matter for emergency care. A February 2024 article is here: https://www.berkeleyside.org/2024/02/28/berkeley-to-fund-study-on-alta-bates-closure-impact-local-health-needs

Herrick Campus
In 1904, Dr. LeRoy Francis Herrick, a graduate of the Kentucky College of Medicine (1893), purchased a Berkeley mansion known as the Hume House, located on the same block upon which the current Herrick Campus is situated, between Dwight and Channing Ways, and Milvia and Grove (now Martin Luther King Way). He converted the large home into a 25-bed hospital which he chose to name for President Theodore Roosevelt whom he admired. (President Roosevelt was an early proponent of a government-supported national public health system.) The Roosevelt Hospital was expanded to 50 beds by 1924, and renamed Berkeley General Hospital. In 1932, Dr. Herrick died, and his heirs converted the hospital into a non-profit corporation. By 1934, the hospital had 100 beds. The original Roosevelt Hospital building was demolished to accommodate additional wings and facilities which were added over time. In 1945, the hospital was again renamed Herrick Memorial Hospital, in honor of its founder. Further improvements and expansions continued through the ensuing decades.

Herrick Memorial Hospital formally affiliated with Alta Bates Hospital in 1984 and fully merged in 1988. The joint organization, spanning both sites, was briefly named Alta Bates Herrick Hospital but became Alta Bates Medical Center in 1992. The site is now known as the Herrick Campus of Alta Bates Summit Medical Center.

Summit Campus
The Summit Campus of Alta Bates Summit Medical Center was previously three separately owned and operated facilities located in the same "Pill Hill" neighborhood, generally bounded by Broadway, Telegraph Avenue and the 580 (Macarthur) freeway, immediately north of downtown Oakland: Providence Hospital (founded in 1904 by the Sisters of Providence ), Peralta Hospital (founded by local Oakland doctors in the 1920s) and Samuel Merritt Hospital. Dr. Samuel Merritt (1822–1890) was a successful San Francisco physician and also the 13th mayor of Oakland, California from 1867 to 1869. In 1867, Merritt donated to the city of Oakland the wetlands now known as Lake Merritt. Merritt left plans for a hospital and nursing school to be built in his name after his death; in 1909 Samuel Merritt College (still in operation as Samuel Merritt University and affiliated with Sutter Health) and Merritt Hospital opened. Merritt and Peralta merged in 1982; the combined Merritt merged with Providence in 1992 to form Summit Medical Center, which merged with Alta Bates in 1999.

title: Alta Bates Summit Medical Center


text:
Talk:Entamoeba coli

'''The photomicrograph on this page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entamoeba_coli#/media/File:Entamoeba_coli_01.jpg, round structure with two marginated nucleii) is NOT an E coli cyst. This photo is actually of Blastocystis. '''

(Medical advice deleted by Andjam 23:20, 10 August 2007 (UTC))

title: Talk:Entamoeba coli


text: User talk:131.111.233.109

title: User talk:131.111.233.109


text:
User:Austrosearch

Hi,

My real name is Jason de Cordoba in 1998 I created a search engine and directory called Austrosearch the website informs it's visitors about Austria. I am what is called an Austrophile, meaning I have great admiration and affection for the country Austria.  I perform what ammounts to charity work for Austria. In fact by definition one is not asked to do charity work, you simply donate you time and effort for a cause you deem worthy.  While I do not represent Austria I do represent myself. And it is very likely that here on Wikipedia that I will give new meaning to Austrosearch perhaps through work and deeds of my own.  Thanks for your visit. Austrosearch 23:14, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Austrosearch


text:
Enrico Tellini

Enrico Tellini (25 August 1871 – 27 August 1923) was an Italian General whose assassination provoked the Corfu incident of 1923.

Biography
Enrico Tellini was born in Castelnuovo di Garfagnana in the province of Lucca in Tuscany. After a childhood in Florence and enlistment in the Italian army he enrolled in classes at a local military college in Florence. In 1901 he was promoted to the rank of major. He participated in the Italo-Turkish War and during the First World War held various posts until he was badly wounded and captured in the battle of Caporetto. After the end of the hostilities, he commanded Italian troops in Albania.

Assassination
In 1923, Tellini was part of an Italian delegation sent by the League of Nations to survey the disputed border between Greece and Albania. He was shot and killed, along with four companions, when the car he was driving in was stopped by a fallen tree across the road that ran along the disputed border near the town of Ioannina on the way to the Albanian border. The responsible persons were never found. The incident occurred close to the disputed border and could have been carried out by either side. However, the Italians under Benito Mussolini, blamed the Greek side. The Greek side refused any responsibility. The Italians claimed Greece as responsible and there were anti-Greek retaliations in the country. The Greek government denied responsibility and blamed Albanian bandits in the area. Benito Mussolini demanded 50 million lira in reparations from Greece and the execution of the assassins. On 31 August 1923 Italian troops occupied Corfu in the Corfu incident.

Reginald Leeper, the British ambassador at Athens in 1945, in a letter to the British Foreign Secretary in April 1945 mentioned that the Greeks that lived in Albania blame Cham Albanians for the murder of Tellini.

title: Enrico Tellini


text:
Talk:St. Thomas (Canada) Tommies

On 27 Jan 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/St. Thomas Tommies for a record of the discussion. Rossami (talk) 23:15, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Thomas (Canada) Tommies


text:
Talk:St. Thomas University Students' Union

On 27 Jan 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/St. Thomas University Students' Union for a record of the discussion. Rossami (talk) 23:17, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: Portal:United States/Projects

title: Portal:United States/Projects


text:
WGP

WGP may refer to:
 * White gold plating:
 * White gold (when plated onto another metal)
 * Colloquially, rhodium plating of gold
 * Wales Green Party, UK political party
 * WGP Kickboxing, a Brazilian kickboxing promotion
 * Workshop on Generic Programming, computer science conference
 * Umbu Mehang Kunda Airport, Indonesia (IATA code: WGP)

title: WGP


text: Template:NYCS Lexington south

title: Template:NYCS Lexington south


text:
Tokyo Dawn Records

Tokyo Dawn Records is an independent record label based in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It began in the demoscene of 1997 as one of the first netlabels to promote "opensource music". It relaunched in 2009 with a new concept.

Tokyo Dawn Records is headed by Marc Wallowy and Fabien Schivre and publishes broken beat, neo soul, funk, house, electro, hip hop and other genres. It runs eclectic compilation series called "The Boogie", "The Heart" and "The Move".

In 2012, a subsidiary called Tokyo Dawn Labs won an award for two digital audio processors.

Releases

 * Various - Practice Avoiding Mistakes - Compilation - 2003
 * Comfort Fit - Forget And Remember - Album - 2005
 * Various - Margin London - Compilation - 2005
 * Comfort Fit - Polyshufflez - Album - 2009
 * Portformat - The Repeat Factor - Album - 2009
 * Comfort Fit - Polyshufflez Remixes - Album - 2009
 * Portformat - The Repeat Factor Remixes - Album - 2010
 * Swede:art - Emotional Colors - Album - 2010
 * Various - The Heart - Compilation - 2010
 * Swede:art - Emotional Colors Remixes - Album - 2010
 * Opolopo - Voltage Controlled Feelings - Album - 2010
 * Various - The Boogie - Compilation - 2011
 * Amalia - Art Slave - Album - 2011
 * Soulparlor - Evoluzion - Album - 2011
 * Various - The Heart Volume 2 - Compilation - 2011
 * Colonel Red - Keep Walkin - Album - 2011
 * Vindahl - Serendipity - Album - 2011
 * Various - The Boogie Volume 2 - Compilation - 2011
 * Opolopo - Mutants - Album - 2011
 * Stan Smith - The Get Up Movement - Album - 2012
 * Blaktroniks - Ready Set Blow - Album - 2012
 * Portformat - Entropy - Album - 2012
 * Various - The Move - Compilation - 2012
 * Various - The Boogie Volume 3 - Compilation - 2012
 * Positive Flow - Flow Lines - Album - 2012
 * Amalia - Makings Of - Album - 2013
 * Various - The Heart Volume 3 - 2013
 * Personal Life - Morning Light - 2013
 * Reggie B - DNA - 2013
 * Pugs Atomz – Bama Pi - 2013
 * Various - The Boogie Volume 4 - Compilation - 2014
 * Opoplopo - "Mutants Volume 2" - 2014
 * SoulParlor - "Smile" - 2015
 * Positive Flow - "Reflowed" - 2015
 * Still Weavens - "Amisana" - 2016
 * Various - "The Boogie Volume 5" - Compilation - 2016
 * Eneeks - "My Queen, My King, My God"- 2017
 * Colonel Red - "Wireless Soldier" - 2017
 * Various - "The Move Volume 2" - Compilation - 2017
 * Mowgan - "No Time For You" - 2017
 * AfriCali - "Taught Of A Culture" - 2017
 * Various - "The Heart Volume 4" - Compilation - 2017
 * Various - "The Boogie Volume 6" - Compilation - 2017
 * LyricL - "Unequivocal" - 2018
 * Colonel Red - "Rhyme Travelling" - 2018
 * Sool - "Quite Obvious" - 2018
 * Pho Que - "Sweet" - 2018
 * The Grey Area - "The Grey Area " - 2018

title: Tokyo Dawn Records


text:
Talk:Topsham, Maine

Some material that was added to this article came from an article that has been deleted. Anonymous user 207.5.196.254 was the original contributor.

Merger proposal
Both articles contain significant amounts of statistical data. It seems that the CDP is included in the town. I can not see the benefit of replicating US census data down to each CDP if the data for the town already exists.Inwind (talk) 11:37, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Support -- By all means, do the merge. It's a bit tedious to bring all the CDP data over to the town article, but it's worth it.  We're gradually doing this with all the CDPs in New Hampshire whose names duplicate the towns that they're in.  See Antrim, New Hampshire, for an example. --Ken Gallager (talk) 13:36, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Links Added
I have added links to the main page. They may be useful for future editingFusehead 30 (talk) 01:31, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Topsham, Maine


text:
Pembrey

Pembrey (Welsh: Pen-bre) is a village in Carmarthenshire, Wales, situated between Burry Port and Kidwelly, overlooking Carmarthen Bay, with a population of about 2,154 in 2011. The electoral ward having a population of 4,301. It is in the community of Pembrey and Burry Port Town.

History
The name Pembrey is an Anglicisation of the Welsh, Pen-bre. "Pen" is a Welsh word meaning head or top, and "bre" is an old Celtic word for a promontory.

The coastline began its retreat from the foot of Pembrey Mountain some 6,000 years ago, revealing land which shows human occupation since the Iron Age, with hill forts dating from around 400 BC. The population of the region was known to the Romans as Demetae. Roman pottery remains have been unearthed in the oldest parts of the village. Later, the village was part of the Welsh principality of Deheubarth. Evidence of an early Norman motte-and-bailey castle has been suggested close to the village square and buildings remain in the village from later Norman times.

The village was home to Arnold le Boteler, a Norman squire of the 12th century. His manor, Court Farm, Pembrey, subsequently extended into a Jacobean manor house and then a farm, is now derelict. The le Boteler (Butler) crest can be seen in the village church of St. Illtud, established during le Boteler's lifetime with its saint's name connected to his other estate of Dunraven, Southerndown, near Llantwit Major, Bridgend. St Illtyd's is a grade II* listed building.

Most of the village was created during the 18th and 19th century coal mining boom, when Pembrey was a port. Pembrey Mountain (Welsh: Mynydd Penbre) was thoroughly mined by both Welsh and English companies for about 100 years and some reserves are said to remain underground. Pembrey's harbour was prone to silting and was abandoned in favour of Pembrey New Harbour - soon renamed Burry Port Harbour, just a mile further upstream on the Burry Estuary. The original harbour is now known as Pembrey Old Harbour.

Pembrey's mountain and beach Cefn Sidan are reputed to have provided some villagers with careers as wreckers, known locally as Gwyr-y-Bwelli Bach (translated as People with Little Hatchets) - attracting sailing ships with fires purporting to be beacons, then raiding them when they foundered. However, no firm evidence of wrongdoing such as booty has ever been discovered. Nevertheless, a number of vessels were certainly lost around Pembrey, including "La Jeune Emma" bound from the West Indies to France and blown badly off course in 1828. 13 of the 19 on board drowned, including Adeline Coquelin, the 12-year-old niece of Napoleon Bonaparte's divorced wife Josephine de Beauharnais. She is buried at St. Illtyds Church, Pembrey. The last large ship to be lost was the four-masted windjammer, the SS Paul, carrying a cargo of timber and grounding in a storm in 1925.

Manor families
From the days of le Boteler to the early 20th century, Pembrey was generally dominated by at least one leading family. Latest of these was the Ashburnham family (Earl of Ashburnham) who lived until the 1920s at Pembrey House, lost to fire some 50 years ago. The Ashburnham Golf Club championship course is the area's main sporting attraction, Ashburnham Road is one of the village's two main thoroughfares and the Ashburnham Hotel one of its hostelries.

Military and RAF Pembrey
Military connections include the past use of areas of the Ashburnham estate as a firing range. In the 20th century, a RAF station, RAF Pembrey was situated in Pembrey and played a role in Britain's defences as home to both fighter and bomber aircraft. Close by, a Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Pembrey, provided high explosives for Britain's war effort. Both these facilities attracted a number of Luftwaffe raids over the village during World War II. One airman based and living in Pembrey, Wing Commander Guy Gibson, went on to lead the Dambusters. Flying ace Robert Stanford Tuck was at Pembrey with 92 Squadron in 1940.

An attempt to establish a munitions testing range in Pembrey was made during the 1960s but was resisted by villagers, who mounted a SOS (Save Our Sands) campaign. The opposition proved successful, leading to the establishment of Pembrey Country Park instead.

Royal Air Force training continues on a bombing range to the west of Pembrey Country Park near Kidwelly. The RAF Red Arrows aerobatics display team performed over Kidwelly's carnival, with many of their stunts taking place over the village of Pembrey itself.

Lifeboat station
Pembrey had a RNLI lifeboat station from 1863 to 1887, succeeding a station at Llanelli, when accumulation of sand at Pembrey forced a move to Burry Port.

Today
Today, the village has lost most of its former sources of employment and is largely a dormitory for the nearby urban areas of Llanelli and Carmarthen. Tourism has been successfully developed at the Country Park, along the Millennium Coastal Path and at nearby Burry Port although accommodation is limited to caravanning,a few bed & breakfasts and the Ashburnham Hotel.

In August/September 2006, Court Farm appeared in the first round of BBC2's Restoration Village programme. Experts agreed that the building mainly requires a new roof and could be restored to form a cultural centre. The manor did not progress through the competition and has subsequently been passed to the Cadw Sir Gaerfyrddin Cyf. (Carmarthenshire Building Preservation Trust) who, along with The Friends Of Court Farm, are actively seeking funds to restore the building; an in-principle Cadw grant of 40% has been awarded for consolidation works to start the restoration project.

Pembrey Burrows and Cefn Sidan are now part of extensive leisure areas run by local authorities. Attractions include the Millennium Coastal Path, Ski Pembrey, an artificial ski centre and toboggan ride, St. Illtyd's Church and village square, mountain walks and picnic areas, the traditional links golf course, Pembrey Old Harbour, Pembrey Country Park, the Pembrey Circuit - the National Motorsport Centre of Wales, horse-riding, a working airfield and flying club at Pembrey Airport, and St. Illtyds Church. The Carmarthenshire Land Sailing Club is allowed to use the beach for wind traction activities, including Land sailing, kite buggying and Kite landboarding.

On entering the country park, several abandoned bunkers are visible, these being the remains of the former Royal Ordnance Factory that closed in 1965. The woods and bunkers provided a focus point for an episode of Living TV's Most Haunted, which was aired in April 2008.

The village's name has also been applied to Pembrey, Delaware, in the United States, a short drive from Philadelphia.

Notable people

 * Edward Banks (1820–1910), an amateur cricketer who played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club
 * Sir John Ivan George Cadogan CBE FIC FRS (1930–2020), a British organic chemist.
 * Hugh Davies (1932–2017), a Welsh cricketer and a summariser for BBC Radio Cymru
 * Josh Sheehan (born 1995), a professional footballer with over 200 club caps and 5 for Wales

Transport
Actually located in Burry Port, Pembrey and Burry Port railway station is on the West Wales line with regular services to Milford Haven and Manchester via Cardiff as well as twice-daily to London. Between 1909 and 1953 Pembrey station on the Burry Port and Gwendraeth Valley Railway served the village. The village is served by bus on routes from Carmarthen and Swansea. The nearest motorway is the M4. Pembrey Airport has no scheduled services but provides facilities for visiting private and corporate aircraft, including executive jets, Pembrey Airfield is one of the most military active civil airports in Britain so PPR is often needed, Pembrey Airfield does offer facilities for passenger aircraft but only as charter flights.

title: Pembrey


text: User talk:68.91.10.88

title: User talk:68.91.10.88


text:
Talk:McGuffey Readers

Racist
I just wanted to add in the dicussion that it surprises me that the fact that the readers were horribly racist is mentioned nowhere in the article. --169.229.81.51 23:28, 9 February 2005 (UTC)

Comment on comment: The above comment does not add to the discussion. The intent appears to be to purposefully stir up hate and dissension on totally wholesome books. The writer offers no proof, and just spouts a nasty, hateful lie about McGuffey's readers being racist. The Readers offer wholesome commentary on life and living and have people helping people- even foreigners who don't speak English (page 71 3rd reader.)72.154.167.142 14:14, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

How is it that McGuffy was born in "1750" in Pennsylvania, when his parents did not arrive in the U.S until 1774. To follow that logic, he was teaching at age 14 before his parents arrived here. This is a typo that needs to be corrected. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.199.121.8 (talk) 18:18, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Gleaned from other soureces ...McGuffy's year of birth was actually 1800. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.179.228.231 (talk) 14:59, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Mcguffey's readers promoted anti-semitism
For a detailed exploration of this issue, see Chapter 1 of Henry Ford and the Jews, written by Neil Baldwin.

Adam Holland 18:14, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

How about a link to the readers themselves? They're on Project Gutenberg in plain text, but pdf's would be better for this kind of book. (Or, a mention that pdf's do not seem to be on the web)--209.180.62.254 14:20, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Not all references to Jews are negative. See "The good Son" in the Fourth Reader.--216.47.187.104 14:29, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

By the same token, one might wish to eschew all the works of William Shakespeare because his Merchant of Venice seems very anti-semitic. I disliked that play when I first read it; but it has been required reading for years, and as a result, I have come to appreciate the non-anti-semitic aspects. There seems to be a snippet from Ivanhoe in the Readers; and you know that novel is sympathetic to the Jewess Rebecca, totally not anti-semitic. There may be at least another reading that is totally not anti-semitic.

The point is whether or not the readers were completely or partially antisemitic this is an aspect that should be part of the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.230.251.244 (talk) 13:14, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

NPOV problems
This article as a whole strikes me as being rather glaringly biased, as evidenced by such choices of words as "McGuffey's Readers are regularly maligned in today's age of political correctness, hypersensitivity, and imagined grievences." --Redeagle688 04:01, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Ya think? See the comment right above yours for a good example proving this.  96.239.132.63 (talk) 00:46, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Page looks fine to me
The page looks fine to me, if anything, it never really substantiates any argument that the McGuffey Readers were racist. It should show more evidence if the claim is made. --74.135.4.150 16:36, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Citation request
The finished works represented far more than a group of textbooks; they helped frame the country's morals and tastes, and shaped the American character. - This sounds like a sweeping generalization. It would be nice to see an authoritative work cited to support this assertion. --W. B. Wilson (talk) 15:34, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I have removed the paragraph in question as a citation for its claims have not been forthcoming in three months. W. B. Wilson (talk) 15:16, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

COPYVIO
The page linked as the copyright violation seems to be a transcription of this document published by the US Federal Government's National Parks Service. In light of this general disclaimer, it seems likely that it is in the public domain, though we should probably attribute if possible to avoid further copyright worries. John Nevard (talk) 18:50, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, the first revision stored notes that it is taken from a public domain NPS source, the link to which has now vanished (as an HTML page, anyway). John Nevard (talk) 18:52, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The material has been restored and credit given as required by governing license. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 12:55, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Writer vs. Editor
"Although famous as the author of the Readers, McGuffey wrote very few other works."

While McGuffey apparently wrote the primers, the other volumes - I guess the starting place depends upon the edition you look at - are ecclectic writings taken from books and periodicals. Some of the names and sources are familiar.

McGuffey’s Fourth Reader – Mott’s Edition
Remarkable Preservation – Prof Wilson

The Maniac - Anonymous

Scene at the Sandwich Islands - Stewart

Contrasted Soliloquies – Jane Taylor

On Letter Writing - Blackwood

Ginevra – Rogers poetry

The Whale ship – Prov. Lit. Journal

The Winged Worshipers - Sprague

Death at the Mirror – Diary of a Physican

Death of Absalom – Bible, 2 Samuel 18

Absalom – Willis poetry

The intemperate Husband - Sigourney

God’s First Temples – Bryant poetry

On Elocution and Reading – N.A. Review

Necessity of Education - Beecher

The Scriptures and the Savior - Rousseau

Washington’s Birthday – Webster

Nature and Revelation – Bible, Psalm 19

Niagara Falls - Howison

Niagara Falls – U.S. Review

Character of Wilberforce – Anonymous

Pleasure in Affliction – Akenside poetry

Make Way for Liberty – Montgomery poetry

Speech of Logan Chief of the Mingoes - Jefferson

The Alhambra by Moonlight - Irving

Portrait of a Patriarch - Addison

The End of All Perfection – Mrs. Sigourney

Rest for the Weary – Montgomery poetry

Character of Mr. Brougham - Anonymous

Elevated Character of Woman – Carter

The Passions – Collins poetry

Modes of Writing - Montgomery

Joyous Devotion – Bible Psalm 148

A Night Scene in Turkey – Byron

Criminality of Dueling - Nott

Character of Napoleon Bonaparte - Phillips

The Field of Waterloo – Lady Morgan

The Splendor of War - Chalmers

The Best of Classics - Grimke

The New Song – Bible Revelation 5

The Deluge – Bible Genesis 6

A Hebrew Tale – Mrs. Sigourney poetry

External Appearance of England – A.H. Everett

Vision of A Spirit – Bible Job 4

Character of the Puritan Fathers of New England - Greenwood

Decisive Integrity - Wirt

On the Being of a God – Young

The Steam Boat on Trial - Abbott

Paine’s Age of Reason – Erskine

Divine Providence – Bible Job 5

The Righteous Never Forsaken – New York Spectator

Religion the only Basis of Society - Channing

Benevolence of the Supreme Being - Chalmers

Love of Applause - Hawes

Scripture Lesson – Bible Job 38 Ludicrous Account of English Taxes - Brougham

Christ and the Blind Man – Bible John 9

The Ocean – Anonymous poetry

The Horrors of War – Robert Hall

The Bible - Grimke

Tit for Tat Miss Edgeworth

Political Corruption - McDufie

The Blind Preacher - Wirt

Apostrophe to Light – Milton poetry

Procrastination – Young

America – Phillips

Thirsting After Righteousness – Bible Psalm 42

View from Mount Etna – London Encyc

Sublime Virtues Inconsistent with Infidelity - Robert Hall

The Alps – W. Gaylord Clark poetry

Parallel between Pope and Dryden - Johnson

Happy Consequences of American Independence – Maxcy

Satan and Death at the Gate of Hell - Milton

Evils of Dismemberment - Webster

No Excellence without Labor - Wirt

Thoughts in a Place of Public Worship – Hannah More

A Plea for Common Schools – Saml. Lewis.

Midnight Musings – Young

Omnipresence of God – Bible Psalm 139

Henry Martyn and Lord Byron – Miss Beecher

Byron – Pollok

Chesterfield and Paul - Miss Beecher

Henry First after the death of His Son – Hemans poetry

Effects of Gambling – Timothy Flint

The Miser – Pollok poetry

True Wisdom – Bible Job 28

The Wife – W. Irving

Duty of the American Orator - Grimke

The Patriotism of Western Literature – Dr. Drake

Rome – Byron poetry

Rebellion in Massachusetts State Prison - Buckingham

Prince Arthur – Shakespeare poetry

The Child’s Inquiry – Doane poetry

Christian Hymn of Triumph; from “The Martyr of Antioch” – Milman

Charles de Moor’s Remorse - Schiller

Value of Mathematics – E.D. Mansfield

Washing Day – Mrs. Hermans poetry

Capturing the Wild Horse – W. Irving

The Gods of the Heathen – Bible Psalm 115

The Fall of Babylon – Jebb’s Sacred Lit poetry

Antony’s Oration over Caesar’s Dead Body - Shakespeare

Egyptian Mummies, Tombs, and Manners – Belzoni

Address to teh Mummy in Belzoni’s Exhibition, London – New Monthly Mag. poetry

On the Value of Studies – Lord Bacon

Natural Ties Among the Western States – Dr. Drake

The Venomous Worm – John Russell

The Better Land – Mrs. Hemans - poetry

Benefits of Literature – Lord Lyttleton

Thalaba among the Ruins of Babylon – Southey poetry

William Tell – Knowles poetry

The Vision of Mirza – Addison

The Dirge – Croly poetry

Ladies’ Headdresses – Spectator

Apostrophe to the Ocean - Byron

Reflections in Westminster Abbey - Addison

The Journey of a Day: A picture of Human Life – Dr. Johnson

Morning – Anonymous poetry

Woe to Ariel – Bible Isaiah 29 poetry

The Proverbs of Solomon – Bible Proverb 10 poetry Comfort Ye My People – Bible Isaiah 40 poetry

The Celestial City – Bible, Revelation 19

America – Nationl Hymn – Mason’s Sacred Harp

 * Collapsing this long list as there is no request, start of a conversation, etc.–CaroleHenson (talk) 21:03, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

Idea
It would be nice to have versions of the McGuffey readers written with other religions in mind. Why should Christianity (and Protestantism) be the only one? — Rickyrab. Yada yada yada 18:54, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

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"The desire for... less overtly religious content"
Considering that the religious content is apparently a strong factor in its decline in popularity, could we get more detail on where/what it was in the discussions of reader content and changes between editions.

Also, it would probably be a good idea to check if the Readers were superseded by other phonics-based works or by works using the three-cueing/MSV/"whole language" methods promoted by Ken Goodman and Marie Clay in the 1960's, as changes in dominant learning theories may have been more important than text selection (as the different editions were changing their text selections, but would have more difficulty changing underlying teaching methods). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.225.39.61 (talk) 20:25, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

McGuffey biography
As an FYI, I am not understanding the section with a biography of William Holmes McGuffey because:
 * His biography is covered in his article
 * There's only one sentence with a citation, so the rest is most likely original research

Also, Alexander Hamilton McGuffey routes to this section, but there is no mention of who he is or what his role is in the McGuffey Readers.

That said, I am going to:
 * Remove the McGuffey section (see Content forking)
 * See how much of this info is in the biography and perhaps expand that article
 * Start an article for Alexander Hamilton McGuffey from a redirect
 * Add a sentence or so about the roles of the father and son brothers in the creation of the reader

Any comments - ideas about this?–CaroleHenson (talk) 21:00, 8 June 2021 (UTC)
 * edit–CaroleHenson (talk) 05:56, 9 June 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅–CaroleHenson (talk) 06:02, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

Publication section
Oh copyright-wise one, I hope you can help with this:

 * The Publication section appears to be a copy-and-paste of content from here, starting with the fourth paragraph on page 1.

 * I have been trying to sort out whether it is okay to copy-and-paste from the National Park Service webpage (.gov extension), but I haven't made progress. I must be using wrong search criteria.

 * Is this okay? Or, does the content need to be paraphrased and rev-del earlier versions?–CaroleHenson (talk) 06:10, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I just saw that the COPYVIO section above references, which does not have a clear-cut answer. The article could be copyrighted by the author of the newsletter-type article.

 * This goes back to the very first version here.

 * In 2008, said "The material has been restored and credit given as required by governing license." Still not sure what to do, though.–CaroleHenson (talk) 06:28, 9 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi Carole. I found this article which indicates that the newsletter was written by museum staff. Thus it is in the public domain.— Diannaa (talk) 09:49, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks so much, !–CaroleHenson (talk) 14:21, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:McGuffey Readers


text:
Rab concentration camp

The Rab concentration camp (Campo di concentramento per internati civili di Guerra – Arbe; Koncentracijski logor Rab; Koncentracijsko taborišče Rab) was one of several Italian concentration camps. It was established during World War II, in July 1942, on the Italian-annexed island of Rab (now in Croatia).

According to historians James Walston and Carlo Spartaco Capogeco, at 18%, the annual mortality rate in the camp was higher than the average mortality rate in the Nazi concentration camp of Buchenwald (15%). According to a report by Monsignor Jože Srebrnič, Bishop of Krk on 5 August 1943 to Pope Pius XII: "witnesses, who took part in the burials, state unequivocally that the number of the dead totals at least 3,500". According to Yugoslav estimates of the Commission for Determining the Crimes of the Occupiers, 4,641 detainees died at the camp, including 800 inmates who died while being transported from Rab to the Gonars and Padua concentration camps in Italy. However, other sources place the figure at around 2,000.

In July 1943, after the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, the camp was closed, but some of the remaining Jewish prisoners were deported by German forces to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. Yugoslavia, Greece and Ethiopia requested the extradition of some 1,200 Italian war criminals, who, however, were never brought before an appropriate tribunal because the British government, at the beginning of the Cold War, saw in Pietro Badoglio a guarantor of an anti-communist post-war Italy. In the autumn of 1943, Yugoslav Partisans, led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, rescued approximately 2,500 Jews from the island.

Establishment of the camp

Under Italian army commander Mario Roatta's watch, the ethnic cleansing and violence committed against the Slovene and Croat civilian population easily matched that of the Germans with summary executions, hostage-taking and hostage killing, reprisals, internments (both in Rab and at the Gonars concentration camp), and the burning of houses and villages. Additional special instructions, which included an edict that orders must be "carried out most energetically and without any false compassion", were issued by Roatta:

 * "(...) if necessary don't shy away from using cruelty. It must be a complete cleansing. We need to intern all the inhabitants and put Italian families in their place."

Roatta in his Circolare No.3 "issued orders to kill hostages, demolish houses and whole villages: his idea was to deport all inhabitants of Slovenia and replace them with Italian settlers" in the Province of Ljubljana, in response to Slovene partisans' resistance in the province.

Following Roatta's orders, one of his soldiers in his July 1, 1942 letter wrote home:
 * "We have destroyed everything from top to bottom without sparing the innocent. We kill entire families every night, beating them to death or shooting them."

Uroš Roessmann, one of the Rab internees, a student at the time, remembers:
 * "There were frequent razzias when the train taking us to school in Ljubljana from our village of Polje pulled in to the main station. Italian soldiers picked us all up. Some were released, and others were sent to (Italian) concentration camps. Nobody knew who decided, or on what grounds.

The camp at Rab, built near the village of Kampor, was one of a number of such camps established along the Adriatic coast to accommodate Slovenian and Croatian prisoners. Opened in July 1942, it was officially termed "Camp for the concentration and internment of war civilians - Rab" (Campo di concentramento per internati civili di Guerra – Arbe).

Inmates and camp conditions
Slovenes and Croatians, many of whom were women and children, including pregnant women and newborns, suffered from cold and hunger in open-air tents, surrounded by barbed wire fence and guard towers. At its peak there were up to 15,000 internees. Conditions at the camp were described as appalling: "filthy, muddy, overcrowded and swarming with insects". Slovene writer Metod Milač, an inmate at the camp, described in his memoirs how prisoners were quartered six to a tent and slowly starved to death on a daily diet of thin soup, a few grains of rice and small pieces of bread. Prisoners fought with each other for access to the camp's meager water supply, a single barrel, while many became infested with lice and wracked with dysentery caused by the unhygienic conditions. Part of the encampment was washed away by flash flooding.

Some Italian authorities eventually acknowledged that the treatment of the inmates was counterproductive; in January 1943, the commanding officer of the 14th Battalion of Carabinieri complained:

 * "In the last few days some internees have returned from the concentration camp in such a state of physical emaciation, a few in an absolutely pitiful condition, that a terrible impression has been created in the general population. Treating the Slovene population like this palpably undermines our dignity and is contrary to the principles of justice and humanity to which we make constant reference in our propaganda."

Jewish prisoners at Rab
By 1 July 1943, 2,118 Yugoslav Jews were recorded having been interned by the Italian army. Starting in June 1943, they were moved into a newly constructed section of the Rab concentration camp, alongside the Slovenian and Croatian section. Unlike the Slovene and Croatian prisoners, the Jewish ones were provided with better accommodation, sanitation and services; they were provided with wooden and brick barracks and houses in contrast to the overcrowded tents sheltering the Slavic prisoners.

Historian Franc Potočnik, also an inmate in the Slavic section of the camp, described the much better conditions in the Jewish section: "The [Slavic] internees in Camp I could watch through the double barriers of barbed wire what took place in the Jewish camp. The Jewish internees were living under conditions of true internment for their 'protection', whereas the Slovenes and Croats were in a regime of 'repression'. . . . They brought a lot of baggage with them. Italian soldiers carried their luggage into little houses of brick destined for them. Almost every family had its own little house.... They were reasonably well dressed; in comparison, of course, to other internees."

The difference in treatment was the consequence of a conscious policy by the Italian military authorities. In July 1943, the Civil Affairs Office at the 2nd Army HQ issued a memorandum on "The Treatment of Jews in the Rab Camp", which was enthusiastically approved by chief of the office and the 2nd Army's chief of staff.

The memorandum's author, a Major Prolo, urged that the infrastructure of the camp must be:
 * "...comfortable for all internees without risk to the maintenance of order and discipline. Inactivity and boredom are terrible evils which work silently on the individual and collectivity. It is prudent that in the great camp of Rab those concessions made to the Jews of Porto Re [ Kraljevica ] to make their lives comfortable should not be neglected."

He concluded with a clear reference to Italian awareness of the massacres of Jews that were ongoing elsewhere in German-occupied Europe:
 * "The Jews (...) have the duties of all civilians interned for protective reasons, and a right to equivalent treatment, but for particular, exceptional political and contingent reasons [emphasis added], it seems opportune to concede, while maintaining discipline unimpaired, a treatment consciously felt to be 'Italian' which they are used to from our military authorities, and with a courtesy which is complete and never half-hearted."

Some members of the Italian military also saw humane treatment of the Jews as a way of preserving Italy's military and political honour in the face of German encroachments on Italian sovereignty; Steinberg describes this as "a kind of national conspiracy [among the Italian military] to frustrate the much greater and more systematic brutality of the Nazi state." According to the Slovenian Rab survivor, Anton Vratuša, who later became Yugoslavia's ambassador to the United Nations: "We were prisoners; they were protected people. We used their assistance."''

Notable WWII-era prisoners

 * Thea Altaras (1924–2004)
 * Mihael Montiljo (1928–2006)
 * Maja Bošković-Stulli (1922–2012)
 * Alfred Pal (1920–2010)
 * Ivan Rein (1905–1943)
 * Anton Vratuša (1915–2017)
 * Jakob Finci (b. 1943)

Closure of the camp
By mid-1943 the camp's population stood at about 7,400 people, of whom some 2,700 were Jews. The fall of Mussolini in late July 1943 increased the likelihood that the Jews on Rab would fall into German hands, prompting the Italian Foreign Ministry to repeatedly instruct the General Staff that the Jews should not be released unless they themselves requested it. The ministry also began to put in place a mass transfer of the Jews to the Italian mainland. However, on 16 August 1943 the Italian military authorities ordered that the Jews were to be released from the camp, although those that wished could stay.

The island remained in Italian hands until after the Armistice with Italy was signed on 8 September 1943, when the Germans seized control. About 245 of the Jewish inmates of the camp joined the Rab Brigade of the 24th Division of the People's Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, forming the Rab battalion, though they were eventually dispersed among other Partisan units.

Although most of the Jews from the camp were evacuated to Partisan-held territory, 204 (7.5%) of them, the elderly or sick, were left behind and were sent to Auschwitz by the Germans for extermination. Ivan Vranetić was honored as one of the Croatian Righteous among the Nations for helping save the Jews evacuated from Rab in September 1943, one of whom he would later marry and retire to Israel.

Memories of survivors
Survivors of the camp include Anton Vratuša, who went on to be Yugoslavia's ambassador at the United Nations (1967–69) and was Prime Minister of Slovenia (1978–80), Jakob Finci who was born in the camp, was later Bosnia's ambassador, and Elvira Kohn, a Jewish Croatian photo-journalist who described her experiences at the camp in some detail.

Collective memory repression during the Cold War
Although a memorial and cemetery were built at the site of the camp by the Goli Otok prisoners in 1955 based on a design by Edvard Ravnikar, and the site has also been equipped with memorial signs in Croatian, Slovene, English, and Italian, during the Cold War the collective memory was repressed due to British government involvement in non-extradition of Italians accused of war crimes, especially Pietro Badoglio, in order to guarantee an anti-communist postwar Italy.

Historical revisionism
The repression of memory led to historical revisionism in Italy. A photograph of an internee from Rab concentration camp was included in 1963 anthology "Notte sul'Europa" misidentified as a photograph of an internee of a German camp, when in fact the internee was Janez Mihelčič, born 1885 in Babna Gorica, who died at Rab in 1943.

In 2003 the Italian media published Silvio Berlusconi's statement that Benito Mussolini merely "used to send people on vacation".

title: Rab concentration camp


text:
Thousand Foot Krutch

Thousand Foot Krutch (often abbreviated TFK) is a Canadian Christian rock band formed in Peterborough, Ontario, in 1995. The band has released ten studio albums, two live albums, and three remix albums. The core members consist of founding member Trevor McNevan (vocals, guitar), Steve Augustine (drums), and Joel Bruyere (bass, backing vocals).

Since forming, Thousand Foot Krutch sold over 1.1 million albums and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hard Rock Albums Chart twice.

Early years
Trevor McNevan formed the band in his hometown of Peterborough, Ontario, a city northeast of Toronto, with his childhood friend Joel Bruyere and drummer Steve Augustine. McNevan's first band was Oddball, and featured Dave Smith on guitar, Tim Baxter on bass and McNevan's good friend, Three Days Grace's Neil Sanderson, on drums. Oddball recorded only one album, Shutterbug, which was released in 1995. The band's name was conceived by McNevan "symbolizing the point in our lives that we realize we can't make it on our own strength". He has written and released seven albums with Thousand Foot Krutch to date and another four with his side project FM Static.

Shutterbug was released by Trevor McNevan in 1995 under the band name Oddball. McNevan had friends Dave Smith (guitar), Tim Baxter (bass) and Neil Sanderson (drums), play on the album. There were 27 songs on the album, the first half rock, the second half hip-hop. McNevan recorded it at Barry Haggarty's studio in his home town of Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. He worked at McDonald's and other jobs to pay for the studio time. The song "Lift It" first appeared here and was later re-recorded for Thousand Foot Krutch's first release, That's What People Do, and appeared again on Set It Off.

That's What People Do was written the year McNevan started TFK in 1997. It was released independently in 1998 and is out of print. It sold over 5,000 copies. TFK climbed the ladder of local notoriety throughout Ontario and abroad. Reaching the ears of Ontario commercial radio, CKWF 101.5 FM in their home town of Peterborough added "Rhyme Animal", the band's first single from their independent recording, to their rotation. It clicked with listeners and within two months ended up being one of the five most requested songs of the year.

In 1999, TFK was chosen by 7 Ball Magazine as one of the top 25 bands in North America. They were also awarded "Best Indie Recording" and McNevan awarded "Vocalist of the Year" by the readers of The Wire Magazine. They were then awarded "Band of the Year" at the 2000 Wire Awards. They were also voted as the No. 1 band of the millennium on 100.3 FM in Barrie, Ontario.

Set It Off was released on November 14, 2000. It was the group's first indie label release. Though the sound of the album was distinct in its heavily hip-hop influenced nu metal, a few songs from the record (including "Puppet" and "Supafly") impacted at both secular and Christian radio. The band toured it extensively across North America and ended up garnering much label attention by selling 85,000 copies of the indie release out of their van. The band also printed a limited edition, "pre-release" version of Set It Off sold only at their release party at The Gordon Best Theatre in Peterborough, Ontario for their local fans. TFK toured with Finger Eleven, Econoline Crush, Treble Charger, the Tea Party, Matthew Good Band, Gob, Sum 41 and others. Three Days Grace, which was a cover band at that time, was TFK's regular support act. McNevan helped with recordings of Three Days Grace's demo album. He is also featured on their song "This Movie" from this album. Around this same time, Dave Smith left the group, making McNevan the only original member. Smith was replaced with Myke Harrison, who parted ways about a year later. After Dave Smith's departure, McNevan began writing all the guitar lines and the band has used a live guitar player instead of officially replacing him.

Track seven from this album, "Unbelievable" – a cover of the EMF song of the same name – appeared on the soundtrack for the 2010 film Just Wright.

Tooth & Nail years
In 2003, the band signed with Seattle-based Tooth & Nail Records and released their second full-length album, Phenomenon. Though something of a departure from the rap-heavy sound of Set it Off, Phenomenon still relied on McNevan's rhythmic vocals, albeit with a solid modern hard rock sound. It was well received, and spawned four radio singles, including "Rawkfist". The album sold 200,000 units making it one of the best-selling albums in Tooth & Nail's history. They continued this success with the 2004 re-release of Set it Off through Tooth & Nail, allowing for a larger print run and adding six songs, including five from "That's What People Do", and one new song "Everyone Like Me", produced by Gavin Brown.

At this time, McNevan and Augustine started a side band called FM Static, which differentiated from TFK with its pop-punk/pop-rock sound, with the overall tone being more lighthearted. FM Static scored numerous No. 1 songs, including their songs "Crazy Mary", and "Something to Believe In". In 2004, TFK toured with Kutless on the "Sea of Faces" tour alongside Falling Up and as FM Static.

On July 19, 2005, they released their third full-length album The Art of Breaking, produced by Arnold Lanni. The album makes almost a complete break from the nu metal sound of Phenomenon, focusing more on heavy elements. It is the first album to feature short guitar solos. "Move" peaked at No. 16 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart early 2006. Other singles included "Absolute" and "Breathe You In", which was released to alternative radio and was one of the band's first slower songs. During this time the band toured extensively.

In 2006, McNevan became involved with TobyMac and helped him write the song "Ignition" found on Portable Sounds. The song has been used in media placements including Monday Night Football and NASCAR. Because of this, in the early 2007, the band was part of the TobyMac Portable Sounds tour. The tour was such a success that Toby asked them to do the year-end tour as well.

After working in the studio with producer Ken Andrews they released The Flame in All of Us on September 18, 2007, with a move to a more mainstream rock sound, with some heavy influences from bands such as fellow Canadian artists Our Lady Peace and other metal bands of the time. The album includes the singles "Falls Apart", "What do we Know?", "Favorite Disease" and "The Flame in All of Us". On January 20, 2008, "The Flame in All of Us" became the 1000th song to make it on the ChristianRock.Net Top 30 Chart. The next tour was in early 2008 with Skillet and Decyfer Down. After a lengthy summer playing festivals and one-offs, they were included in the first Creation Festival: The Tour that consisted of nine bands: Kutless, Pillar, KJ-52, Fireflight, Worth Dying For, Run Kid Run, Esterlyn, Capital Lights and themselves. They were asked to headline three tour dates, but declined. They also recorded the Christmas song "Jingle Bell Rawk" for the X Christmas compilation Christmas album, compiled by Tooth & Nail Records. For Welcome to the Masquerade, the band reunited with Aaron Sprinkle to co-produce this album, with Emery's Matt Carter assisting and Randy Staub mixing. The song "Fire It Up" was included in video games such as EA Sports NHL 10, and in the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra film trailer. The album was released on September 8, 2009 and peaked at No. 35 on the Billboard 200. In mid-2009, McNevan underwent emergency surgery on his appendix, causing the band to cancel at Creation West Festival. He returned to play shows a week later. The band appeared at other festivals that year, including their debut appearance at Soulfest. They announced a year-end tour to support the new album. They also appeared on Creation Festival: The Tour again, this time with Jars of Clay, Audio Unplugged, B.Reith, FM Static and This Beautiful Republic. They were later involved with a Christmas holiday show with Thirty Seconds to Mars, Flyleaf, After Midnight Project and The Veer Union. On September 8, 2009, TFK's three albums, Phenomenon, The Art of Breaking, and The Flame in All of Us were re-released as a three-CD set: Deja Vu: The Thousand Foot Krutch Anthology. They toured with Breaking Benjamin, Chevelle and Red in March 2010. In a concert video posted on February 1, 2010, the band was seen with a new guitarist, Ty Dietzler, who replaced Nick Baumhardt as the touring guitarist. He has also played rhythm guitar for the Letter Black. In the first week of April 2010, "Fire it Up" was released in the Rock Band music store to be used in Rock Band 2. On April 19, The Detroit Red Wings used "The Invitation" and "Welcome to the Masquerade" during the pre-game introduction. On May 11, 2010, McNevan announced on his personal Facebook page: "We [TFK] covered "The Heat Miser Song" from the old classic Christmas special, gonna do one with FM too, but that's a surprise..." referring to their upcoming appearance on the album X-Christmas 2 by Tooth & Nail Records. He also stated that a live DVD was planned for the very near future and was to be recorded at the May 28 at YC Alberta event at Rexall Place. During the 2010 NBA playoffs, "Move" was used by ABC. In 2010, TFK performed at Creation Festival: The Tour Presents the Welcome to the Masquerade Fall Tour. They headlined the tour, which also featured Disciple and Ivoryline, with Decyfer Down replacing Disciple during the last week of the tour. The band also stated that they started writing tracks for a new record.

In January 2011 TFK joined the Rock and Worship Roadshow national tour headlined by MercyMe. On March 2, 2011, Dietzler announced that he would be leaving the band at the end of the month. The band searched for a replacement guitarist, but on March 30, 2011 the band announced that Dietzler would remain with the band, and cancelled the search for a replacement. On June 7, 2011, they released a live album and DVD: Live at the Masquerade. On September 10, 2011, they headlined at the First Love Festival in Buena Vista, New Jersey along with Decyfer Down, Remedy Drive, Addison Road, Dave Pettigrew and Compelled.

Post-label, hiatus and return
The End Is Where We Begin was released on April 17, 2012.

On November 29, 2011, they announced that they would be leaving Tooth & Nail Records to release The End Is Where We Begin independently and turned to crowdfunding to release the album. The song "War of Change" was made available for free download in early December.

"War of Change" was the theme song for the 2012 edition of WWE Over the Limit.

On October 15, 2013, the band released Made in Canada: The 1998-2010 Collection, a fourteen-track collection featuring two new songs, "Searchlight" and "Complicate You".

The band launched another crowdfunding campaign to raise funds for OXYGEN:INHALE in May 2014. The first single from the album, "Born This Way", was released on July 22. The second single, "Untraveled Road", was released on August 6 on YouTube.

For live performances in September and October 2015, Joshua Sturm, husband of former Flyleaf vocalist Lacey Sturm, filled-in for Joel Bruyere who had been hospitalized due to a collapsed lung.

Three singles were released in advance of the release of their follow-up, Exhale: "Born Again" on December 11, 2015, "Incomplete" on February 1, 2016, and "Running with Giants" on February 25, 2016. The album itself was released on June 17, 2016 and debuted at No. 34 on the US Billboard 200, selling 14,000 copies. On September 15, 2017, The band released a second live album, Untraveled Roads, as a CD and DVD combo pack. After releasing the live album in 2017, TFK entered an indefinite hiatus to focus more on their families, with Trevor McNevan working on a hip-hop project in the meantime.

In 2023, the band announced their return from hiatus and their first new project since 2017, which is set to be a newly re-recorded version of their 2012 album The End Is Where We Begin entitled "The End Is Where We Begin: Reignited" while collaborating with several of their musical peers, releasing the single "War Of Change" with Adelitas Way in July 2023, "Down" with New Medicine in August 2023, "So Far Gone" with Art of Dying in October 2023 and "I Get Wicked" with Red in March 2024, "Be Somebody" with Citizen Soldier in April 2024.

Members
Current

 * Trevor McNevan – vocals, guitar (1995–2017, 2023–present; hiatus 2017–2023)
 * Joel Bruyere – bass guitar, backing vocals (1999–2017, 2023–present; hiatus 2017–2023)
 * Steve Augustine – drums (2001–2017, 2023–present; hiatus 2017–2023)

Former

 * Neil Sanderson – drums (1995–1997)
 * Tim Baxter – bass guitar (1995–1998)
 * Dave Smith – lead guitar (1995–2002)
 * Christian Harvey – drums (1997–1999)
 * Geoff "Johnny Orbital" Laforet – drums (1999–2001)

Touring
 * Andrew Welch – lead guitar (2012–2017), backing vocals (2014–2017) – currently on hiatus
 * Paul Pedosiuk – bass guitar (1998–1999)
 * Myke Harrison – lead guitar (2002–2003)
 * Jamie Aplin – lead guitar, backing vocals (2003–2007)
 * Nick Baumhardt – lead guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (2007–2010)
 * Ty Dietzler – lead guitar (2010–2012)
 * Joshua Sturm – bass (August and September 2015)

Session

 * Aaron Sprinkle – keyboards and additional guitars (Phenomenon, Welcome to the Masquerade, The End Is Where We Begin, Oxygen: Inhale, Exhale)
 * Arnold Lanni – keyboards (The Art of Breaking)
 * Ken Andrews – keyboards (The Flame in All of Us)
 * Phil X – additional guitars (The Art of Breaking, The Flame in All of Us, Exhale)
 * Randy Torres – additional guitars (Welcome to the Masquerade)
 * Pete Stewart – additional guitar on "Fire it Up" (Welcome to the Masquerade)
 * Charlotte Martin – backing vocals on "Inhuman" (The Flame in All of Us)
 * Adam Gontier – additional vocals on "Hurt", "Go", "Absolute" (The Art of Breaking) and "Let the Sparks Fly - 2023" (The End Is Where We Begin: Reignited)
 * Ian Tanner – keyboards (That's What People Do, Set It Off)

Timeline

Discography

 * Shutterbug (as Oddball) (1995)
 * That's What People Do (1997)
 * Set It Off (2000)
 * Phenomenon (2003)
 * The Art of Breaking (2005)
 * The Flame in All of Us (2007)
 * Welcome to the Masquerade (2009)
 * The End Is Where We Begin (2012)
 * Oxygen: Inhale (2014)
 * Exhale (2016)

Awards and recognition
Gospel Music Association Canada Covenant Awards

GMA Dove Awards

Juno Awards

Shai Awards (formerly The Vibe Awards)

Other

 * TFK won Taco Bell's "Feed the Beat" competition in 2008 along with Fireflight and Hit The Lights, they played the Winter X Games in Aspen with ESPN/Taco Bell.

title: Thousand Foot Krutch


text: Talk:The Brak Show

title: Talk:The Brak Show


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title: Portal:United States/Opentask