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Generalized extreme value distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions developed within extreme value theory to combine the Gumbel, Fréchet and Weibull families also known as type I, II and III extreme value distributions. By the extreme value theorem the GEV distribution is the only possible limit distribution of properly normalized maxima of a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables. Note that a limit distribution needs to exist, which requires regularity conditions on the tail of the distribution. Despite this, the GEV distribution is often used as an approximation to model the maxima of long (finite) sequences of random variables.

In some fields of application the generalized extreme value distribution is known as the Fisher–Tippett distribution, named after Ronald Fisher and L. H. C. Tippett who recognised three different forms outlined below. However usage of this name is sometimes restricted to mean the special case of the Gumbel distribution. The origin of the common functional form for all 3 distributions dates back to at least Jenkinson, A. F. (1955), though allegedly it could also have been given by von Mises, R. (1936).

Specification
Using the standardized variable $$\ s \equiv \frac{\ x - \mu\ }{\sigma}\ ,$$ where $$\ \mu\ ,$$ the location parameter, can be any real number, and $$\ \sigma > 0\ $$ is the scale parameter; the cumulative distribution function of the GEV distribution is then

 * $$ F(\ s;\ \xi\ ) = \begin{cases} \exp\! \Bigl( -e^{-s} \Bigr) & \text{ for }  \xi = 0\, \\ {} \\

\exp\! \Bigl( - \bigl( 1 + \xi s \bigr)^{-\tfrac{\ 1\ }{ \xi } }\Bigr) & \text{ for }  \xi \neq 0  \text{ and }  \xi\ s > -1\, \\ {} \\ 0 & \text{ for }  \xi > 0  \text{ and }  s \le -\tfrac{\ 1\ }{\xi}\, \\ {} \\ 1 & \text{ for }  \xi < 0  \text{ and }  s \ge \tfrac{ 1 }{\ |\ \xi\ |\ }\ ; \end{cases}$$

where $$\ \xi\ ,$$ the shape parameter, can be any real number. Thus, for $$\ \xi > 0\ ,$$ the expression is valid for $$\ s > -\tfrac{\ 1\ }{\xi}\ ,$$ while for $$\ \xi < 0\ $$ it is valid for $$\ s < - \tfrac{\ 1\ }{\xi} ~.$$ In the first case, $$\ -\tfrac{\ 1\ }{\xi}\ $$ is the negative, lower end-point, where $$\ F\ $$ is $μ ∈   ℝ$ ; in the second case, $$\ -\tfrac{\ 1\ }{\xi}\ $$ is the positive, upper end-point, where $$F$$ is 1. For $$\ \xi = 0\ $$ the second expression is formally undefined and is replaced with the first expression, which is the result of taking the limit of the second, as $$\ \xi \to 0\ $$ in which case $$\ s\ $$ can be any real number.

In the special case of $$\ x = \mu\ ,$$ so $$\ s = 0\ $$ and $$\ F(\ 0;\ \xi\ ) = e^{-1}\ \approx 0.368\ $$ for whatever values $$\ \xi\ $$ and $$\ \sigma\ $$ might have.

The probability density function of the standardized distribution is

 * $$f(\ s;\ \xi\ ) = \begin{cases} e^{-s} \exp\! \Bigl( -e^{-s} \Bigr) & \text{ for }  \xi = 0, \\ {} \\

\Bigl(\ 1 + \xi s\ \Bigr)^{-\left( 1 + \tfrac{\ 1\ }{\xi} \right)}\ \exp\! \Bigl( -\left( 1 + \xi s \right)^{\tfrac{\ -1\ }{\xi}} \Bigr) & \text{ for }  \xi \neq 0  \text{ and }  \xi\ s > -1\, \\ {} \\ 0 & \text{ otherwise; } \end{cases}$$

again valid for $$\ s > -\tfrac{\ 1\ }{\xi}\ $$ in the case $$\ \xi > 0\ ,$$ and for $$\ s < -\tfrac{\ 1\ }{\xi}\ $$ in the case $$\ \xi < 0 ~.$$ The density is zero outside of the relevant range. In the case $$\ \xi = 0\ $$ the density is positive on the whole real line.

Since the cumulative distribution function is invertible, the quantile function for the GEV distribution has an explicit expression, namely

 * $$\ Q(\ p;\ \mu,\ \sigma,\ \xi\ ) = \begin{cases}

\mu - \sigma\ \ln\! \Bigl( -\ln(p)\ \Bigr) & ~ \text{ for } ~ \xi = 0 ~ \text{ and } ~ p \in (\ 0\ ,\ 1\ )\, \\ {} \\ \mu + \displaystyle{ \frac{\ \sigma\ }{\ \xi\ }} \left( \Bigl( -\ln(p)\ \Bigr)^{-\xi} - 1 \right) & ~ \text{ for } ~ \xi > 0 ~ \text{ and } ~ p \in [\ 0\ ,\ 1\ )\, \\ {} & \text{ or } ~ \, \xi < 0 ~ \text{ and } ~ p \in \ (\ 0\ ,\ 1\ ]\ ; \end{cases}$$

and therefore the quantile density function, $$\ q \equiv \frac{\;\mathrm{d}\ Q\;}{\mathrm{d}\ p}\ ,$$ is

 * $$\ q(\ p;\ \sigma,\ \xi\ ) = \frac{\sigma}{\ \Bigl( - \ln(p)\ \Bigr)^{\xi + 1}\ p \;} \quad \text{ for } p \in (\ 0\ ,\ 1\ )\ ,$$

valid for $$\ \sigma > 0\ $$ and for any real $$\ \xi ~.$$

Summary statistics
Some simple statistics of the distribution are:

 * $$\operatorname{\mathbb E}(X) = \mu + (g_1-1)\frac{\sigma}{\xi}$$ for $$\xi < 1$$
 * $$\operatorname{Var}(X) = (g_2-g_1^2)\frac{\sigma^2}{\xi^2} ,$$
 * $$\operatorname{Mode}(X) = \mu+\frac{\sigma}{\xi}[(1+\xi)^{-\xi}-1] .$$

The skewness is for ξ>0
 * $$\operatorname{skewness}(X) = \frac{g_3-3g_2g_1+2g_1^3}{(g_2-g_1^2)^{3/2}} $$

For ξ < 0, the sign of the numerator is reversed.

The excess kurtosis is:
 * $$\operatorname{kurtosis\ excess}(X) = \frac{g_4-4g_3g_1+6g_2g_1^2-3g_1^4}{(g_2-g_1^2)^2}-3 ~.$$

where $$\ g_k = \Gamma(1 - k\ \xi)\ ,$$ $$\ k=1,2,3,4\ ,$$ and $$\ \Gamma(t)\ $$ is the gamma function.

Link to Fréchet, Weibull, and Gumbel families
The shape parameter $$\ \xi\ $$ governs the tail behavior of the distribution. The sub-families defined by three cases: $$\ \xi = 0\ ,$$ $$\ \xi > 0\ ,$$ and $$\ \xi < 0\ ;$$ these correspond, respectively, to the Gumbel, Fréchet, and Weibull families, whose cumulative distribution functions are displayed below.

 * Type I or Gumbel extreme value distribution, case $$~ \xi = 0\, \quad$$ for all $$ \quad x \in \Bigl(\ -\infty\ ,\ +\infty\ \Bigr)\ :$$
 * $$ F(\ x;\ \mu,\ \sigma,\ 0\ ) = \exp \left( - \exp \left( -\frac{\ x - \mu\ }{\sigma} \right) \right) ~. $$

 * Type II or Fréchet extreme value distribution, case $$~ \xi > 0\, \quad $$ for all $$ \quad  x \in \left(\ \mu - \tfrac{\sigma}{\ \xi\ }\ ,\ +\infty\ \right)\ :$$
 * Let $$\quad \alpha \equiv \tfrac{\ 1\ }{ \xi } > 0 \quad $$ and $$ \quad y \equiv 1 + \tfrac{\xi}{\sigma} (x-\mu)\ ;$$
 * $$ F(\ x;\ \mu,\ \sigma,\ \xi\ ) = \begin{cases} 0 & y \leq 0 \quad \mathsf{~ or\ equiv. ~} \quad x \leq \mu - \tfrac{\sigma}{\ \xi\ } \\ \exp\left( -\frac{1}{~ y^\alpha\ } \right) & y > 0 \quad \mathsf{~ or\ equiv. ~} \quad x > \mu - \tfrac{\sigma}{\ \xi\ } ~. \end{cases}$$

 * Type III or reversed Weibull extreme value distribution, case $$~ \xi < 0\, \quad $$ for all $$ \quad x \in \left( -\infty\ ,\ \mu + \tfrac{ \sigma }{\ |\ \xi\ |\ }\ \right)\ :$$
 * Let $$ \quad \alpha \equiv - \tfrac{1}{\ \xi\ } > 0 \quad $$ and $$ \quad y \equiv 1 - \tfrac{\ |\ \xi\ |\ }{\sigma} (x - \mu)\ ;$$
 * $$ F(\ x;\ \mu,\ \sigma,\ \xi\ ) = \begin{cases} \exp\left( -y^{\alpha} \right) & y > 0 \quad \mathsf{~ or\ equiv. ~} \quad x < \mu + \tfrac{ \sigma }{\ |\ \xi\ |\ } \\ 1 & y \leq 0 \quad \mathsf{~ or\ equiv. ~} \quad x \geq \mu + \tfrac{ \sigma }{\ |\ \xi\ |\ } ~. \end{cases}$$

The subsections below remark on properties of these distributions.

Modification for minima rather than maxima
The theory here relates to data maxima and the distribution being discussed is an extreme value distribution for maxima. A generalised extreme value distribution for data minima can be obtained, for example by substituting $$\ -x\;$$ for $$\;x\;$$ in the distribution function, and subtracting the cumulative distribution from one: That is, replace $$\ F(x)\ $$ with $\ 1 - F(-x)\ $. Doing so yields yet another family of distributions.

Alternative convention for the Weibull distribution
The ordinary Weibull distribution arises in reliability applications and is obtained from the distribution here by using the variable $$\ t = \mu - x\ ,$$ which gives a strictly positive support, in contrast to the use in the formulation of extreme value theory here. This arises because the ordinary Weibull distribution is used for cases that deal with data minima rather than data maxima. The distribution here has an addition parameter compared to the usual form of the Weibull distribution and, in addition, is reversed so that the distribution has an upper bound rather than a lower bound. Importantly, in applications of the GEV, the upper bound is unknown and so must be estimated, whereas when applying the ordinary Weibull distribution in reliability applications the lower bound is usually known to be zero.

Ranges of the distributions
Note the differences in the ranges of interest for the three extreme value distributions: Gumbel is unlimited, Fréchet has a lower limit, while the reversed Weibull has an upper limit. More precisely, Extreme Value Theory (Univariate Theory) describes which of the three is the limiting law according to the initial law $X$ and in particular depending on its tail.

Distribution of log variables
One can link the type I to types II and III in the following way: If the cumulative distribution function of some random variable $$\ X\ $$ is of type II, and with the positive numbers as support, i.e. $$\ F(\ x;\ 0,\ \sigma,\ \alpha\ )\ ,$$ then the cumulative distribution function of $$\ln X$$ is of type I, namely $$\ F(\ x;\ \ln \sigma,\ \tfrac{1}{\ \alpha\ },\ 0\ ) ~.$$ Similarly, if the cumulative distribution function of $$\ X\ $$ is of type III, and with the negative numbers as support, i.e. $$\ F(\ x;\ 0,\ \sigma,\ -\alpha\ )\ ,$$ then the cumulative distribution function of $$\ \ln (-X)\ $$ is of type I, namely $$\ F(\ x;\ -\ln \sigma,\ \tfrac{\ 1\ }{\alpha},\ 0\ ) ~.$$

Link to logit models (logistic regression)
Multinomial logit models, and certain other types of logistic regression, can be phrased as latent variable models with error variables distributed as Gumbel distributions (type I generalized extreme value distributions). This phrasing is common in the theory of discrete choice models, which include logit models, probit models, and various extensions of them, and derives from the fact that the difference of two type-I GEV-distributed variables follows a logistic distribution, of which the logit function is the quantile function. The type-I GEV distribution thus plays the same role in these logit models as the normal distribution does in the corresponding probit models.

Properties
The cumulative distribution function of the generalized extreme value distribution solves the stability postulate equation. The generalized extreme value distribution is a special case of a max-stable distribution, and is a transformation of a min-stable distribution.

Applications

 * The GEV distribution is widely used in the treatment of "tail risks" in fields ranging from insurance to finance. In the latter case, it has been considered as a means of assessing various financial risks via metrics such as value at risk.
 * However, the resulting shape parameters have been found to lie in the range leading to undefined means and variances, which underlines the fact that reliable data analysis is often impossible.
 * In hydrology the GEV distribution is applied to extreme events such as annual maximum one-day rainfalls and river discharges. The blue picture, made with CumFreq, illustrates an example of fitting the GEV distribution to ranked annually maximum one-day rainfalls showing also the 90% confidence belt based on the binomial distribution. The rainfall data are represented by plotting positions as part of the cumulative frequency analysis.

Example for Normally distributed variables
Let $$\ \left\{\ X_i\ \big|\ 1 \le i \le n\ \right\}\ $$ be i.i.d. normally distributed random variables with mean $σ >   0$ and variance $ξ ∈   ℝ$. The Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem tells us that $$\ \max \{\ X_i\ \big|\ 1 \le i \le n\ \} \sim GEV(\mu_n, \sigma_n, 0)\ ,$$ where

$$ \begin{align} \mu_n &= \Phi^{-1}\left( 1 - \frac{\ 1\ }{ n } \right) \\ \sigma_n &= \Phi^{-1}\left( 1 - \frac{ 1 }{\ n\ \mathrm{e}\ } \right)- \Phi^{-1}\left(1-\frac{\ 1\ }{ n } \right) ~. \end{align} $$

This allow us to estimate e.g. the mean of $$\ \max \{\ X_i\ \big|\ 1 \le i \le n\ \}\ $$ from the mean of the GEV distribution:

$$ \begin{align} \operatorname{\mathbb E}\left\{\ \max\left\{\ X_i\ \big|\ 1 \le i \le n\ \right\}\ \right\} & \approx \mu_n + \gamma_{\mathsf E}\ \sigma_n \\ &= (1 - \gamma_{\mathsf E})\ \Phi^{-1}\left( 1 - \frac{\ 1\ }{ n } \right) + \gamma_{\mathsf E}\ \Phi^{-1}\left( 1 - \frac{1}{\ e\ n\ } \right) \\ &= \sqrt{\log \left(\frac{ n^2 }{\ 2 \pi\ \log \left(\frac{n^2}{2\pi} \right)\ }\right) ~}\ \cdot\ \left(1 + \frac{ \gamma }{\ \log n\ } + \mathcal{o} \left(\frac{ 1 }{\ \log n\ } \right) \right)\ , \end{align} $$

where $$\ \gamma_{\mathsf E}\ $$ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant.

Related distributions

 * 1) If $$\ X \sim \textrm{GEV}(\mu,\,\sigma,\,\xi)\ $$ then $$\ m X + b \sim \textrm{GEV}(m \mu+b,\ m\sigma,\ \xi)\ $$
 * 2) If $$\ X \sim \textrm{Gumbel}(\mu,\ \sigma)\ $$ (Gumbel distribution) then $$\ X \sim \textrm{GEV}(\mu,\,\sigma,\,0)\ $$
 * 3) If $$\ X \sim \textrm{Weibull}(\sigma,\,\mu)\ $$ (Weibull distribution) then $$\ \mu\left(1-\sigma\log \tfrac{X}{\sigma} \right) \sim \textrm{GEV}(\mu,\,\sigma,\,0)\ $$
 * 4) If $$\ X \sim \textrm{GEV}(\mu,\,\sigma,\,0)\ $$ then $$\ \sigma \exp (-\tfrac{X-\mu}{\mu \sigma} ) \sim \textrm{Weibull}(\sigma,\,\mu)\ $$ (Weibull distribution)
 * 5) If $$\ X \sim \textrm{Exponential}(1)\ $$ (Exponential distribution) then $$\ \mu - \sigma \log X \sim \textrm{GEV}(\mu,\,\sigma,\,0)\ $$
 * 6) If $$\ X \sim \mathrm{Gumbel}(\alpha_X, \beta)\ $$ and $$\ Y \sim \mathrm{Gumbel}(\alpha_Y, \beta)\ $$ then $$\ X-Y \sim \mathrm{Logistic}(\alpha_X-\alpha_Y,\beta)\ $$ (see Logistic distribution).
 * 7) If $$\ X\ $$ and $$\ Y \sim \mathrm{Gumbel}(\alpha, \beta)\ $$ then $$\ X+Y \nsim \mathrm{Logistic}(2 \alpha,\beta)\ $$ (The sum is not a logistic distribution).
 * Note that $$\ \operatorname{\mathbb E}\{\ X + Y\ \} = 2\alpha+2\beta\gamma \neq 2\alpha = \operatorname{\mathbb E}\left\{\ \operatorname{Logistic}(2 \alpha,\beta)\ \right\} ~.$$

Proofs
4. Let $$\ X \sim \textrm{ Weibull }(\sigma,\,\mu)\ ,$$ then the cumulative distribution of $$\ g(x) = \mu\left(1-\sigma\log\frac{X}{\sigma} \right)\ $$ is:

\begin{align} \operatorname{\mathbb P}\left\{\ \mu \left(1-\sigma\log\frac{\ X\ }{ \sigma } \right) < x\ \right\} &= \operatorname{\mathbb P}\left\{\ \log\frac{X}{\sigma} > \frac{1 - x/\mu}{\sigma}\ \right\} \\ {} \\ & \mathsf{\ Since\ the\ logarithm\ is\ always\ increasing:\ } \\ {} \\ &= \operatorname{\mathbb P}\left\{\ X > \sigma \exp\left[ \frac{1 - x/\mu}{\sigma} \right]\ \right\} \\ &= \exp\left( - \left(\cancel{\sigma} \exp\left[ \frac{1 - x/\mu}{\sigma} \right] \cdot \cancel{\frac{1}{\sigma}} \right)^\mu \right) \\ &= \exp\left( - \left( \exp\left[ \frac{\cancelto{\mu}{1} - x/\cancel{\mu}}{\sigma} \right] \right)^\cancel{\mu} \right) \\ &= \exp\left( - \exp\left[ \frac{\mu - x}{\sigma} \right] \right) \\ &= \exp\left( - \exp\left[ - s \right] \right), \quad s = \frac{x - \mu}{\sigma}\ , \end{align} $$
 * which is the cdf for $$\sim \textrm{GEV}(\mu,\,\sigma,\,0) ~.$$

5. Let $$\ X \sim \textrm{Exponential}(1)\ ,$$ then the cumulative distribution of $$\ g(X) = \mu - \sigma \log X\ $$ is:

\begin{align} \operatorname{\mathbb P}\left\{\ \mu - \sigma \log X < x\ \right\} &= \operatorname{\mathbb P}\left\{\ \log X > \frac{\mu - x}{\sigma}\ \right\} \\ {} \\ & \mathsf{\ Since\ the\ logarithm\ is\ always\ increasing:\ } \\ {} \\ &= \operatorname{\mathbb P}\left\{\ X > \exp\left( \frac{\ \mu - x\ }{ \sigma } \right)\ \right\} \\ &= \exp\left[- \exp\left( \frac{\ \mu - x\ }{ \sigma } \right) \right] \\ &= \exp\left[- \exp(-s) \right]\, \quad ~\mathsf{ where }~ \quad s \equiv \frac{x - \mu}{\sigma}\ ; \end{align} $$
 * which is the cumulative distribution of $$\ \operatorname{GEV}(\mu, \sigma, 0) ~.$$

title: Generalized extreme value distribution


text: Category:Miami University

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Miami University


text:
Ryoichi Ikegami

Ryoichi Ikegami (池上 遼一) is a Japanese manga artist that usually works as the illustrator in collaboration with a writer. He is best known for Crying Freeman (1986–1988), written by Kazuo Koike, and Heat (1999–2004), written by Buronson. The latter won the 2001 Shogakukan Manga Award for general manga. Ikegami received the Fauves d'Honneur at the 2023 Angoulême International Comics Festival. Yoshihide Fujiwara is a former assistant of Ikegami's.

Career
After graduating from junior high school, Ikegami moved to Osaka and drew manga while working as a billboard sign painter, debuting at the age of 17 writing rental comics. In 1966, he published a story called Tsumi no Ishiki (罪の意識) in the gekiga magazine Garo that caught the eye of fellow Garo contributor, Shigeru Mizuki, who offered him a job as his assistant. Ikegami accepted and moved to Tokyo where he worked as Mizuki's assistant for two and a half years. From a young age Ikegami had admired Takao Saito and Yoshiharu Tsuge, so he was delighted to work with Tsuge as Mizuki's assistant. Ikegami is also a fan of American comics, particularly Neal Adams.

Ikegami has worked on several popular series, such as Mai, the Psychic Girl with writer Kazuya Kudo, Crying Freeman, with writer Kazuo Koike, as well as Sanctuary and Heat with writer Sho Fumimura. He also wrote and drew Spider-Man: The Manga, a manga version of Spider-Man and collaborated with Garon Tsuchiya for the manga Box.

In 2001, he won the Shogakukan Manga Award for general manga as the artist of Heat. He became a professor at Osaka University of Arts in 2005.

From 2016 to 2020, he and Sho Fumimura created Begin in Big Comic Superior. Ikegami teamed up with writer Richard Woo for M no Shirushi -MacArthur Ansatsu Keikaku- (2020) for Big Comic Superior. It tells the story of a plot to assassinate Douglas MacArthur.

A character called Kēichi Kurata (played by Masataka Kubota) in the TV-drama GeGeGe no Nyōbō is modeled after him. He did a collaboration manga for the anime Girls und Panzer.

Selected works

 * Spider-Man: The Manga (スパイダーマン) (1970–1971): Written by Kōsei Ono and Kazumasa Hirai
 * I Ueo Boy (I・餓男 アイウエオボーイ) (1973–1977): Written by Kazuo Koike, serialized in general-interest magazine Shūkan Gendai
 * Otoko Gumi (男組) (1974–1979): Written by Tetsu Kariya, serialized in Weekly Shōnen Sunday
 * Otoko Oozora (男大空) (1980–1982): Written by Tetsu Kariya, serialized in Weekly Shōnen Sunday
 * Wounded Man (傷追い人) (1981–1986): Written by Kazuo Koike
 * Mai, the Psychic Girl (舞) (1985–1986): Written by Kazuya Kudō, serialized in Weekly Shōnen Sunday
 * Nobunaga (信長) (1986–1987): Written by Kazuya Kudō
 * Crying Freeman (クライングフリーマン) (1986–1988): Written by Kazuo Koike
 * Offered (オファード) (1990–1991): Written by Kazuo Koike
 * Sanctuary (サンクチュアリ) (1990–1995): Written by Sho Fumimura
 * Samurai Crusader (王立院雲丸の生涯) (1991–1992): Written by Oji Hiroi
 * Strain (ストレイン) (1996–1998): Written by Buronson
 * Heat (HEAT-灼熱-) (1998–2004): Written by Buronson
 * Bestia - ryūgetsushō (ベスティア～流月抄) (2000–2004)
 * Lord (覇-LORD-) (2004–2011): Written by Buronson
 * Rokumonsen Rock (六文銭ロック) (2013–2015): Written by Buronson
 * Adam and Eve (アダムとイブ) (2015–2016): Written by Hideo Yamamoto
 * Begin (2016–2020): Written by Sho Fumimura
 * Trillion Game (トリリオンゲーム) (2020–present): Written by Riichiro Inagaki

title: Ryoichi Ikegami


text:
Johann Julius Walbaum

Johann Julius Walbaum (30 June 1724 – 21 August 1799) was a German physician, naturalist and fauna taxonomist.

Works
Walbaum was from Greifswald. As an ichthyologist, he was the first to describe many previously unknown fish species from remote parts of the globe, such as the Great Barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), the Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) from the Kamchatka River in Siberia, and the curimatá-pacú (Prochilodus marggravii) from the São Francisco River in Brazil.

Walbaum was one of the first to observe gloves as a preventative against infection in medical surgery. As early as 1767, he used gloves made from sheep intestines for vaginal exams.

Legacy
The Natural History Museum in Lübeck, opened in 1893, was based on Walbaum's extensive scientific collection. The museum's collection was, however, destroyed during the Bombing of Lübeck.

title: Johann Julius Walbaum


text:
Donemana

Donemana or Dunnamanagh (named after the townland of Dunnamanagh, ) is a village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is 7 miles or 11 kilometres north-east of Strabane, on the banks of the Burn Dennett and at the foothills of the Sperrins. In 2001, it was the largest of the thirteen villages in the former Strabane District Council area and it had a population of 586 in the Census that year.

Other anglicised spellings of its name include Dun[n]amana[gh] and Don[n]amana[gh].

History
The village was established in the early 17th century as part of the Plantation of Ulster, instigated by James I in 1609. Land in the area was granted to John Drummond who established the village; building a bawn (an enclosed, fortified farmyard, designed as a place of refuge for settlers in case of attack), 10 wicker-work houses, and a watermill for grinding corn.

Transport
The two main roads running through Donemana are the B49, which runs from Strabane through Donemana to Claudy (near the A6 dual carriageway between Derry and Belfast); and the B48, which runs from Derry to Omagh through the countryside (via Newbuildings, Plumbridge and Gortin). This serves as an alternative to the A5 road that forms the northern part of the route from Derry to Dublin.

Translink's Ulsterbus serves Donemana solely via its 102 route, which runs between Derry and Strabane, stopping in Prehen, Newbuildings, Donemana, Artigarvan and Glenmornan. From Derry and Strabane, passengers can avail of onward travel to villages, towns and cities across the island of Ireland via Translink's Goldline coach service towards Belfast, Dublin, and Coleraine, and via Bus Éireann's Expressway coach service towards Galway.

Donemana railway station was part of the County Donegal Railway and opened on 6 August 1900, but this was shut on 1 January 1955. The All-Island Strategic Rail Review published in 2023 did not contain any commitment to reviving this line.

Education
It has two primary schools, Donemana County Primary School and St. Michael's Primary School. Local children generally attend secondary school in Strabane or Derry.

Sport
Donemana has been called a "cricket-mad village" whose local cricket team was "the first team in more than 100 years to win four successive Senior Cup finals."

Football is also popular in the area. Clann na nGael is the local GAA club.

Notable people
Notable people who were born or have lived in Donemana include:
 * George Fletcher Moore, 19th century writer, barrister and explorer
 * Allan Bresland, politician
 * William Porterfield, Irish cricketer
 * Andrew McBrine, Irish cricketer
 * Stephen O'Neill, Tyrone All-Ireland-winning GAA
 * Brian Dooher, Tyrone All-Ireland-winning GAA captain

19th century population
The population of the village increased during the 19th century:

The village stands in the townlands of Dunnamanagh and Stonyfalls, and in 1891, had an estimated area of 11 acres.

21st century population
Donemana is classified as a small village or hamlet by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 500 and 1,000). On Census day (27 March 2011) there were 586 people living in Donemana. Of these:
 * 23.21% were aged under 16 and 13.14% were aged 65 and over
 * 48.46% of the population were male and 51.54% were female
 * 15.19% were from a Catholic background and 83.79% were from a Protestant background
 * 7.8% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed.

Dunnamanagh Townland
The townland is situated in the historic barony of Strabane Lower and the civil parish of Donaghedy and covers an area of 130 acres.

The population of the townland increased overall during the 19th century:

Politics
Since 1996, Donemana has formed part of the West Tyrone constituency for Parliamentary elections, with this constituency also used for the Assembly and other devolved bodies. In Parliament, West Tyrone has been represented by the abstentionist Sinn Féin since 2001, and in devolved elections Sinn Féin has been the largest party since the 1998 Assembly election, currently holding three out of the five Assembly seats in West Tyrone.

Local government
In local government, Donemana has been part of Derry City and Strabane District Council since it succeeded Strabane District Council in 2015. Donemana sits within Sperrin DEA, having previously been part of Glenelly DEA from 1985 to 2015, and before that Strabane Area B from 1973 to 1985. Councillors for Sperrin DEA were first elected in 2014 and sat as part of a shadow council until the new Derry and Strabane authority formally took over in 2015.

Historically, Strabane Area B and Glenelly DEA were unionist-dominated - in these areas, the UUP was the largest party from 1973-1981, followed by the DUP from 1981 onwards. In fact, in 1993, 4 of the 5 councillors were unionist, with nationalists represented only by a single SDLP councillor. These DEAs comprised the Glenelly Valley and environs, including the predominantly-unionist villages of Artigarvan and Donemana.

However, the creation of the Sperrin DEA saw most of the Glenelly DEA merged with most of Strabane town, which had previously been part of the Mourne DEA. While Glenelly had a unionist majority, Mourne had been represented solely by nationalist councillors since 1997, and had a Sinn Féin majority since 2001.

As a result, since the first election to the Sperrin DEA in 2014, Donemana has been represented primarily by Sinn Féin councillors. The election that year saw Sinn Féin win 3 of the 7 seats and become the largest party in the new Sperrin DEA. Despite losing one of their Sperrin seats to an independent republican in 2019, Sinn Féin gained a third seat again in 2023, at the expense of DUP ex-MLA Maurice Devenney, leaving Donemana represented by only one unionist councillor for the first time, with nationalists holding six of the seven seats in Sperrin.

Councillors for Donemana that have actually been from the village itself include Allan Bresland, who served as a DUP councillor from 1993 to 2023 and as a DUP MLA from 2007 to 2011; his successor Gary Wilkinson, who was co-opted by the DUP in 2023; and Hughes Colhoun, who was elected as an Alliance councillor in 1989, serving until 1993.

Since 1973, Donemana has been represented by the following councillors:

title: Donemana


text:
Philip Hobsbaum

Philip Dennis Hobsbaum (29 June 1932 – 28 June 2005) was a British teacher, poet and critic.

Life
Hobsbaum was born into a Polish Jewish family in London, and brought up in Bradford, Yorkshire, where he attended Belle Vue Boys' Grammar School. He read English at Downing College, Cambridge, where he was taught and heavily influenced by F. R. Leavis. At Cambridge he took over the editing of the magazine delta from Peter Redgrove. After Cambridge, he worked as a school teacher in London from 1955 to 1959, when he moved to Sheffield to study for a PhD under William Empson. In 1962, he took up an academic position at Queen's University, Belfast, and moved again in 1966, to take up a post in the University of Glasgow. He was awarded a personal chair in 1985, and retired from the University in 1997; he remained in Glasgow until his death in 2005.

The Group(s)
Hobsbaum's most direct impact on literature was as the animating force behind The Group, a sequence of writing workshops in Cambridge, London, Belfast and Glasgow, in turn. Although there was some slight overlap in personnel with The Movement, the various incarnations of the Group had a more concrete existence and a more practical focus.

The Cambridge Group was initially concerned with the oral performance of poetry, but soon turned into an exercise in practical criticism and mutual support for a network of poets. This Group relocated to London when Hobsbaum moved there in 1955, becoming The Group, and continuing until 1965, chaired by Edward Lucie-Smith after Hobsbaum's departure for Sheffield.

On arriving in Sheffield (c.1959–1962), he immediately organized the "Writers' Group" for the university's undergraduates and started Poetry from Sheffield, a magazine for their poetry but which also had poems by George MacBeth, Peter Redgrove and Francis Berry. He wrote about the group in The Times Literary Supplement, published on 14 April 1961. Barry Fox took over the chair when Hobsbaum left to concentrate on his thesis.

In Belfast (1962–1966), Hobsbaum organised a new weekly discussion group, which became known as The Belfast Group and included the emerging authors John Bond, Seamus Heaney, Michael Longley, Derek Mahon, Stewart Parker and Bernard MacLaverty.

In Glasgow, Hobsbaum became once again the nucleus of a group of new and distinctive authors, including Alasdair Gray, Liz Lochhead, James Kelman, Tom Leonard, Aonghas MacNeacail and Jeff Torrington. This group continued to meet until 1975, and unlike the previous groups developed a more pronounced focus on prose than on poetry. As an encore, Hobsbaum was instrumental in setting up, in 1995, the successful MLitt in creative writing at the University of Glasgow.

Work
Though he was a poet as well, it was as a critic that Hobsbaum was best known. Although as one of his obituarists noted, "[h]e was famously not a man who felt a pressing need to endear himself to students", he was a charismatic teacher, and fiercely committed to those with a commitment to literature. The dedication of Alasdair Gray's The Book of Prefaces is "to Philip Hobsbaum poet, critic and servant of servants of art". Seamus Heaney also dedicated the poem "Blackberry-Picking" (from Death of a Naturalist, 1966) to Philip Hobsbaum.

Poetry

 * A Group Anthology (Oxford University Press, 1963), edited with Edward Lucie-Smith
 * The Place's Fault, and other poems (Macmillan, 1964)
 * Snapshots (Belfast: Festival Publications, 1967)
 * In Retreat and Other Poems (Macmillan, 1966)
 * Coming Out Fighting (Macmillan, 1969)
 * Women and Animals (Macmillan, 1972)
 * The Pattern of Poetry (1962)

Criticism and other academic writing

 * Ten Elizabethan Poets (Longmans, 1969), editor
 * A Theory of Communication (Macmillan, 1970), in US as Theory of Criticism (Indiana University Press, 1970)
 * A Reader's Guide To Charles Dickens (Thames and Hudson, 1972)
 * Tradition and Experiment in English Poetry (Macmillan, 1979)
 * A Reader's Guide to D H Lawrence (Thames and Hudson, 1981)
 * Essentials Of Literary Criticism (Thames and Hudson, 1983)
 * A Reader's Guide to Robert Lowell (Thames and Hudson, 1988)
 * William Wordsworth: Selected Poetry and Prose (Routledge, 1989), editor
 * Channels of Communication: Papers from the Conference of Higher Education Teachers of English (Dept Eng Lit, University of Glasgow, 1992), edited by Hobsbaum, Paddy Lyons, and Jim McGhee
 * Metre, Rhythm And Verse Form (Routledge, 1996)
 * Entries in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography for Peter Alexander, William Burnaby, Richard Thomas Church, Everard Guilpin, Alfred Noyes, (James) Stewart Parker, and William Stewart Rose (2004).

title: Philip Hobsbaum


text:
The Group

The Group may refer to:

Film and television

 * The Group (Australian TV series), 1971 situation comedy produced by Cash Harmon Television for ATN7
 * The Group (Canadian TV series), 1968–70 music variety on CBC Television
 * The Group (film), 1966 feature directed by Sidney Lumet, based on the novel

Literature

 * The Group (literature), a group of British poets of the late 1950s and early 1960s
 * The Group (novel), 1963 book by Mary McCarthy
 * The Group, a play by Mercy Otis Warren of 1775

Other

 * The Group, a 1978–1981 Finnish prog band led by Pekka Pohjola
 * The Group (theater), a theatrical company formed in 1964
 * The Group, a collection of non-player characters in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
 * The Group, an intentional community based on G. I. Gurdjieff's Fourth Way
 * The Group, a religious sect led by Theodore Rinaldo in Snohomish, Washington, USA
 * The Group (New Zealand art), a circle of influential New Zealand artists of the 1920s to 1970s

title: The Group


text:
Relay valve

A relay valve is an air-operated valve typically used in air brake systems to remotely control the brakes at the rear of a heavy truck or semi-trailer in a tractor-trailer combination. Relay valves are necessary in heavy trucks in order to speed-up rear-brake application and release, since air takes longer to travel to the rear of the vehicle than the front of the vehicle, where the front service brakes, foot-valve, parking-control valve, and trailer-supply valve (if applicable) are located.

Without relay valves, it would take too long for sufficient air to travel from the brake pedal valve to the rear of the truck or trailer in order to apply the rear service brakes concurrently with the front service brakes, resulting in a condition known as brake lag. To correct this condition on a long-wheel-base vehicle, a relay valve is installed near the rear service brake chambers. In tractors as well as straight-trucks, a remote air-supply is provided in the form of a large diameter pipe connected between the primary reservoir and the relay valve for remote service brake application.

In a truck’s air brake system, relay valves get a signal when a driver presses the treadle, which then opens the valve and allows air to enter the brake chamber via air inlet. The diaphragm gets pushed, then the rod, then the slack adjuster which twists to turn the brake camshaft. Next, it moves the disc, wedge or s-cam, which pushes the brake shoes and lining, creating friction. This friction slows and eventually stops the brake drum’s turning, which stops the wheel.

Trailers
In trailers, this remote air-supply is in the form of a tank, which is charged whenever the emergency brakes are released via the red trailer-supply valve on the dashboard. In a dual-circuit air brake system, this tank actually receives its air from both the primary and secondary reservoirs of the tractor; the air from both of these reservoirs is merged via a two-way check valve. The two-way check valve is a pneumatic device that has two inputs and one output; each input is connected to one these reservoirs. Only the air that is at the higher pressure is allowed to pass through to the check valve's output, which then passes through the tractor-protection valve, and then travels onward towards the trailer's air-tank and spring brake valve via the red trailer-supply line (a.k.a., the emergency line); this releases the trailer's emergency brakes (a.k.a. spring brakes). The tractor-protection valve is a device that prevents air from being lost from the tractor's braking system in the event of the air-lines becoming separated or broken. The tractor's air-lines connect to the trailer's air-lines via metal connectors known as gladhands. The merged air from both reservoirs of the tractor prevents air-loss from only one tractor braking circuit from causing the trailer's spring brakes to automatically apply. This gives the driver more control, and prevents the vehicle from grinding to a halt in an unsafe location, such as in the middle of an intersection.

Service brake relay valve
With a service brake relay valve installed, the hose that connects to the primary delivery-port output of the foot-valve becomes a control-line (i.e., The air from the foot-valve “dead ends” at the relay valve's control-port.). Only low-volume air-signals are required to travel back and forth between the foot-valve's delivery port and the relay valve's control port; therefore, the air-volume supplied by the delivery port is now only a tiny-fraction of what otherwise would have been required had the relay valve not been installed. This reduces the delay between the application of the front and rear brakes to only a fraction of a second. When the driver depresses the brake pedal, a small amount of air momentarily opens the relay valve's supply port, which then directs air from the remote air-supply directly to the rear service brake chambers, and quickly applies the rear service brakes. The pressure delivered to the service brake chambers in this manner will equal the control-pressure delivered by the foot-valve to the relay valve. When the driver partially or fully releases the brake pedal, the control-pressure delivered by the foot-valve decreases; this causes the relay valve's supply port to close, and its exhaust port to momentarily open, thus preventing a pneumatic short-circuit from occurring while the air exhausts from all rear service brake chambers.

In order to control the trailer service brakes, the merged outputs (i.e., merged via 2 two-way check valves connected in-series to give three inputs) of the foot-valve and trailer-hand-valve (if applicable) are directed through the tractor-protection valve, and onward towards the trailer relay valve via the blue service line. In tractors that are not equipped with a trailer hand valve, only the merged outputs of the foot-valve (i.e., via a single two-way check valve) are directed towards the trailer relay valve; however, the fact that the foot-valve's delivery-port outputs are still merged enables the trailer's service brakes to still be controlled even if there is failure within one braking circuit of the tractor.

Spring brake relay valve
A spring brake relay valve works on the same principle as the service brake relay valve, although it has the opposite effect. This type of relay valve responds to a major drop in pressure at its control-port by opening its exhaust port, which causes the air from each spring brake chamber under its control to remotely exhaust, thus applying the spring brakes much-more-quickly than would otherwise be possible if the air were required to discharge via the yellow parking-control valve on the dashboard. In a dual-circuit air brake system, air from both the primary and secondary reservoirs is fed into the supply-port of the parking-control valve, as well as the supply-port of this relay valve; it is merged via yet another two-way check valve. The delivery-port output of the parking-control valve connects to the control-port of this relay valve; this enables the spring brakes to be controlled via this valve. The merged air from the parking-control valve prevents air-loss from only one braking circuit from causing the spring brakes to automatically apply. This gives the driver more control, and prevents the vehicle from grinding to a halt in an unsafe location. However, with this increased control, comes increased responsibility on the part of the driver: If air is lost from the primary circuit alone, the spring brakes must be manually applied by the driver via the parking-control valve; otherwise, the front service brakes may not be enough to stop the vehicle safely in an emergency—especially if the vehicle is heavily loaded, and/or traveling at a high-speed. In fact, the driver's failure to manually apply the spring brakes in this situation could lead to catastrophic failure of the front brakes due to overheating, since it could cause the front service brakes to exceed their design-limit for energy absorption. QR1C air valve speeds up the process, with anti compounding, meaning trailer and service brakes will function 1 second between each other. The relay valve's function is analogous to the transistor used in electronic circuits.

Testing Relay Valves
Relay valves are tested for durability before use through a seat test with air. In pressure at 80 psig or more, a 2-inch or smaller relay valve should not be tested for less than 15 seconds under pressure or for less than 30 seconds if it is at 3 inches in size.

title: Relay valve


text:
Dunbar Cave State Park

Dunbar Cave State Park is a 110 acre (450,000 m²) protected area in Clarksville, Tennessee. Dunbar Cave is the 280th largest cave complex in the world, stretching 8.067 miles (13 km) inward. The cave is located in an area of karst topography, including sinkholes, springs, and limestone bedrock. In front of the cave entrance is a large concrete poured structure with three distinct arches and the manmade Swan Lake. In March 2010 the cave was temporarily closed to tours and visitors because a bat infected with White nose syndrome was found in the cave.

History
In the late 1970s a team of archaeologists found artifacts dating back to the Paleo Indian time, which was from 10000–8000 B.C. The bulk of artifacts found were dated to the Archaic time, which was from 8000–1000 B.C. The area, while still inhabited during the Woodland time, which was from 1000 B.C. – 800 A.D., was not as populated due to the fact that the Native Americans at this time had started to rely heavily on growing crops, and the land around the Red River and Cumberland River were more conducive to growing crops than the rocky terrain around the cave. During the Mississippian era, which was from 800–1550 A.D., the cave was used by Native Americans for ceremonial purposes. There have been pictographs found in the cave depicting religious symbols indicating that the cave was believed to be an important spiritual location. By 1784 it had been claimed by Thomas Dunbar, who paid for the land but never got the deed. Sometime around 1790, a land surveyor named Robert Nelsen realized this and claimed the land for his own. A legal battle ensued, and in 1792 the US Government awarded the land to Robert Nelsen, and the Dunbar family was removed from the land. During the Mexican–American War, the cave was used to mine saltpeter for gunpowder. In 1858, developers saw the potential in the area, along with nearby Idaho Springs, and the first cabins were built there. After the Civil War, the springs and the cave were acquired by J. A. Tate, who constructed a two-story hotel on the site.

By 1931, the area had hosted numerous social events, including dances, concerts, and fairs, and was in need of repair and renovation. At the time, the state had just completed a new road in front of the hotel and an opportunity arose. A couple of local businessmen cleaned up the site, adding additional recreational facilities, including a concrete swimming pool, bathhouse, and tennis courts, and restoring and expanding the size of the hotel. The existing lake was also dammed up, increasing its size to 20 acres (81,000 m²).

Dunbar Cave was purchased by Roy Acuff on April 26, 1948, for $150,000. The cave was the site of musical festivities and entertainment shows, which would host big bands like Benny Goodman's and Tommy Dorsey's. Acuff also added a golf course adjacent to the lake. Over time the popularity of the cave and surrounding area declined, and the hotel burned in 1950 and was not rebuilt.

Dunbar Cave was purchased by McKay King in 1963. King operated the Dunbar Cave property until his death in 1971. The swimming pool was closed in 1967. The cave was inherited by his widow.

In 1973, the State of Tennessee, under then Governor Winfield Dunn, purchased Dunbar Cave from Mrs. McKay King, to become a State Natural Area.

In 1997, Paul Dennis Reid left the bodies of Angela Holmes and Michelle Mace at the park.

In 2002, the park shut down briefly during the state's budget cutting crisis.

Petroglyphs
The more than 30 drawings and etchings found in the cave were dated to the Mississippian era (700 to 1300 CE) using torches and other artifacts found nearby. Some of the pictographs are religious symbols, with one depicting a Mississippian supernatural warrior. Park specialist Amy Wallace, geologist and author Larry E. Matthews, local historian Billy Frank Morrison, and history professor Joe Douglas discovered the Native American pictographs and petroglyphss in January 2005. Their existence was announced to the public by the State of Tennessee on July 29, 2006, during the Second Annual Dunbar Cave Day.

2010 White Nose Syndrome shutdown
Dunbar Cave has a small bat population and is closed from September through April to allow the bats undisrupted hibernation. In March 2010, a bat with White nose syndrome was discovered by researchers from Austin Peay State University doing assessments of species diversity and roosting patterns. Based on finding the infected bat, the State of Tennessee announced on March 24, 2010, that Dunbar Cave was closed to all visitors and tours were discontinued. Since 2006 when the disease was first discovered in New York, it has spread to Ontario, New Jersey, New Hampshire, and Tennessee, causing the death of over a million bats. The US Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) has called for a moratorium on caving activities in the affected areas, and strongly recommends that any clothing or equipment used in such areas be decontaminated after each use.

title: Dunbar Cave State Park


text:
Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives

Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives is a 2001 studio album by Guillermo Scott Herren, the first released under the name Prefuse 73. The album was released on June 11, 2001 on Warp. The music was created by Herren alone, with some tracks featuring guest vocals from MCs Mikah 9, MF Doom and Aesop Rock as well as vocalist Sam Prekop from The Sea and Cake. Inspired by Miami bass and early 90s hip hop, Herren had been recording music with his Music Production Center (MPC) for Schematic Records, a label known primarily for intelligent dance music (IDM). After working with various local hip hop artists making what he described as "very boring rap beats", Herren was inspired to take his music in a more left-field direction.

Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives's music is primarily instrumental and features unintelligible cut-up vocals. Originally inspired to sample the hip hop artists he was signed to work with in the studio, the album consists of samples by more popular hip hop artists including Nas, Ol' Dirty Bastard and Erykah Badu. Despite being described as electronic music, IDM and glitch and not the kind of music a hip hop audience is used to hearing, Herren felt that his music was closer to hip hop.

The album's release after a tour that included a performance at All Tomorrow's Parties in the United Kingdom as well as opening for the group Tortoise in the United States. The album did not chart in either the United Kingdom or United States, but received positive reviews from various sources including AllMusic, Spin and Uncut. It was later named as one of the best albums of the year by Rolling Stone and The Globe and Mail and one of the best albums of the first half the 2000s by Pitchfork.

Background and production
In the mid- to late 1990s, Guillermo Scott Herren returned to Decatur, Georgia, from New York and worked at a recording studio. Unsatisfied working with the studio's clients, who he felt made "pre-historic trap music", Herren was encouraged to take his music in a more left-field direction, as he was "bored with people barking orders at me to make them these really boring rap beats." In return for Herren handling the studio's hip hop clients, the studio owner bought him a Music Production Center (MPC) which Herren would use to create his Prefuse 73 material. While working at the studio, Herren met Joshua Kay and Romulo del Castillo, two Miami-based producers who had founded Schematic Records, a label known for IDM. Herren recorded and composed music on his MPC and manipulated it to fit Schematic's aesthetic. While working at the recording studio, Herren felt that the hip hop musicians coming in had very trite lyrics, and felt he could use them for his own Prefuse 73 material. For Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives, Herren sampled more famous hip hop records by artists including Nas, Ol' Dirty Bastard and Erykah Badu. Herren stated that he used some of his favorite MCs instead of the musicians he worked with, as he felt these artists were "saying totally relevant stuff, but I guess it was just my excitement to make it happen. But a vocal doesn't have to say anything. Why not challenge people's imagination and let it say whatever they want it to?" For Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives, Herren created the music using two turntables plugged into his MPC. To create the glitch sounds through the MPC, Herren switched between different sample sources by instantaneously silencing groups of audio channels at the same time.

In 1999, Herren signed to the British label Warp under two aliases, Prefuse 73 and Savath & Savalas, after Warp staff had heard a previous record of Herren's which had sparked their interest in his work. Herren was familiar with the label through artists Aphex Twin and Boards of Canada, but chose to sign to Warp as he was a fan of the group Broadcast who had released an EP through the label. Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives features rapping from Mikah 9, Aesop Rock and MF Doom, and vocals from Sam Prekop of the indie rock band the Sea and Cake. The vocalists did not work directly with Herren, but sent him audio tapes of their own vocal recordings. Herren later commented on having Prekop sing on the album, noting that having an indie rock artist on the album was his way of trying to get his sound out to a new audience.

Music
Herren described the album as an attempt to bridge hip hop instrumentals with vocal-orientated hip hop tracks, saying that the chopped and edited raps were "another layer of music" and that he was "into creating a whole new mangled language [...] it's a form of communication without communicating, a new flow when you feel like you're listening to a standard hip hop track but there's something in it that's not right." The cut-up vocals were also described by Herren as a tribute to Miami bass music and the group Mantronix. Herren said: "Old school dirty south and booty shake shit, just the way stuff was edited back then, all the bass music and edit records... that's what inspired me. I wanted to make edit records, but bring all the shit that happened afterwards into it, hip hop from the early 90s through the present day." The song "Nuno" features chopped-up vocals with only the phrase "fuck words of wisdom" intelligible; the title is a reference to the Portuguese musician Nuno Canavarro, whose 1988 album Plux Quba also features manipulated vocals including randomly-reassembled tapes of children singing. Herren used a sample from Canavarro's song "Wask" for "Nuno".

The Sydney Morning Herald stated that "journalists obsessed with labels" had described the music in a range of genres "from 'glitch' to 'click-hop'." Music journalists made other comparisons of the music in context of both electronic and hip hop, with Exclaim! describing this sound as "not exactly what the hip hop world is used to hearing." Fact expanded on the description of the two genres, stating that "the sonic cut-ups that characterize Vocal Studies have often been linked to the IDM scene, but they can just as well be understood within the context of scratching and turntablism, where snatching small elements of records and re-contextualizing them was key." Herren has only described his style as hip hop, saying that he does not listen to electronic music and that "some people have a hard time accepting what I do."

During promotion of his next album One Word Extinguisher, Herren stated that Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives did not have a particular theme as he was primarily focusing on and developing an editing style. In contrast, his follow-up One Word Extinguisher was about his relationship with a woman and the vast spectrum of emotions felt during a break-up.

Release and promotion
Prior to the release of Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives, Herren performed at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival at Camber Sands in April 2001. The festival was curated by the band Tortoise, with whom Herren toured as the opening act in May 2001. Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives was released on June 11, 2001 through Warp on vinyl, compact disc and download. It was Warp's second release by an American musician, following Richard Devine's Lipswitch which had been released in the previous January. The album did not chart in the United States or United Kingdom. Herren was not happy on how the album was promoted, saying: "I couldn't understand why they were treating me like I was 10. They were ignoring all the cultural references that were to be found throughout that first record." He felt the album "would have been easier to package if I'd been from the Bronx. Instead I was from Miami, and lived in Decatur."

Critical reception
John Bush of AllMusic described the album as "one of the most enjoyable works of experimental techno heard in several years, a combination of tough, underground hip hop and the fractured neo-electro of Warp favorites Autechre and Plaid." Noel Dix of Exclaim! described the album as "a truly remarkable and creative record", praising its unpredictability. Tedd Kessler of the NME called the album "teeth-clattering but exhilarating", writing that "behind every wall of hip hop noise ... there lurks a heart-bursting tune and that's what makes it alluring." Pitchfork wrote that Herren had "painted a portrait of the peculiar state of our urbanity." Reviewing the album alongside two other Warp releases (Plaid's Double Figure and Squarepusher's Go Plastic), Uncut described Vocal Studies as "the pick of this crop" and concluded that it "genuinely seems like a next step for a genre in perpetual need of reinvention."

The BBC gave the album a mixed review, stating that "taken as a whole the album is pretty relentless" and the album was "best taken in small doses". PopMatters gave the album a negative review, writing that "the new sounds Herren creates are innovative and entertaining; he simply overdoes it."

Legacy and influence
Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives was named as one of the best albums of 2001 by several publications, including Pitchfork, Ottawa Citizen and Rolling Stone. The Globe and Mail named it the seventh best album of the year, with Carl Wilson writing that "of all the electronica-glich-IDM this year, [the album] is the only one I go back to as if it were the Rolling Stones." In 2005, Pitchfork ranked the album the 84th best of 2000–2004. Herren was overwhelmed with the positive reception the album received, exclaiming that "Most of it was so positive, but I'd also get a really strong reaction from people- some that want to kill me, 'cause they're under the impression that I'm trying to kill hip hop or something, and I'm like 'uh see ya, whatever man.'"

According to Pitchfork, the album was important for Warp, which had been seeking credibility after relocating their offices to New York City. Herren began acting as A&R member for the label, which had a reputation only for IDM, by introducing it to artists including Anti-Pop Consortium, Battles, and Flying Lotus. In 2011, after releasing The Only She Chapters, his eighth album for the label, Warp ended their relationship with Herren. The master recordings of his material stayed with the label.

Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives was an influential album for contemporary musicians Amon Tobin and Nick Sanborn of Sylvan Esso. Tobin stated that his single "Verbal", from his acclaimed 2002 album Out from Out Where, was influenced by Prefuse 73. Sanborn spoke on the influence of Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives, referring to it as one of the records that "gave me a doorway into hip hop. I know it's weird, but he was my entry point into instrumental hip hop, starting a domino effect that led me to Dilla, Madlib and the rest."

Track listing
All tracks written by Scott Herren

Personnel
Credits adapted from Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives liner notes.
 * Scott Herren – performer, writer
 * Estrada / Mofungo – design

title: Vocal Studies + Uprock Narratives


text:
Slaný

Slaný (Schlan) is a town in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 17,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The villages of Blahotice, Dolín, Lotouš, Kvíc, Kvíček, Netovice, Otruby, Trpoměchy and Želevčice are administrative parts of Slaný.

Etymology
The word slaný literally means 'salty' in Czech. According to the Wenceslaus Hajek's chronicle records, Slaný was founded at the site of a salt spring below the hill of Slánská hora.

Geography
Slaný is located about 9 km north of Kladno and 25 km northwest of Prague. It lies in the Prague Plateau. The highest point and a dominant feature of the town's panorama is the hill Slánská hora at 330 m above sea level. The stream of Červený potok flows through the municipal territory from the southwest to the northeast.

History
The first written mention of Slaný is from 1262. The town grew as a result of its location on the trade route between Prague and Saxony. The Benedictines established a hospital here in 1136, together with a church dedicated to St. Gotthard. It was this large presence of the church, and the unconsolidated state of landed property that went with it, that allowed King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia to charter Slaný as a town and give his royal assent to its Magdeburg rights only sometime in the decade after 1295. In 1348, an earthquake damaged the now-fortified town; in 1371, a large fire broke out, and the church had to be rebuilt.

Slaný was captured by the Taborites in 1425 during the Hussite Wars, and remained in their hands until 1434. Not only did the Benedictine monks have to leave — this town by the hill was also one of Hussite holy cities, and their preachers expected it to survive the anticipated end of the world. Later, King George of Poděbrady gave Slaný many privileges, after the town had supported his election to the throne. The town also participated in the Bohemian Revolt that opened the Thirty Years' War, housing the family of King Frederick V. After the Battle of White Mountain, that meant a defeat for the cause, the town suffered as a result of the ravages of war. Afterwards, the new Catholic possessors of Slaný, the Martinic family, erected a Baroque church and edifice that, together with a new monastery, adorn the town to this day.

From the middle of the 19th century, Slaný began to be industrialized. The industry focused primarily on the needs of agriculture.

Transport
Slaný is situated at the crossing of the Prague–Louny and Mělník–Karlovy Vary roads, near the end of the unfinished D7 motorway.

Slaný is the terminus and starting point of the railway line from/to Kralupy nad Vltavou. The town is served by two train stations.

Education
Slaný is home to three secondary schools: Václav Beneš Třebízský Gymnasium, Dr. Edvard Beneš Business Academy, and Secondary Vocational School Slaný. There are five primary schools and also one primary art school.

Sport
Slaný is the home venue of the motorcycle speedway club AK Slaný. Motorcycle speedway is held at the Slaný Speedway Stadium in the southeast of the town. It was opened in 1950. The venue hosted the final of the 1962 Speedway World Team Cup.

Sights
The former town hall on the town square is the main landmark of the town. it is located on the site of a house, which donated King Charles IV to the town in 1378. It was burned and then rebuilt several times and its present neo-Renaissance appearance dates from 1895–1896. It has a 43 m high clock tower. Today it is the seat of the police and of a gallery.

The second landmark of the town square is the former Piarist college. It was built in 1658–1665. It served students until 1939. Today it is a museum, library and cinema. The Chapel of the Espousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary is used for social events.

Velvary Gate is one of the last remnants of the town fortifications. It dates from the second half of the 15th century. Today it houses an exhibition of the town museum.

The formerly Franciscan monastery was founded in 1655 and completed in 1662. Since 1996, it has been home to the Order of Discalced Carmelites. The Church of the Holy Trinity was built in 1581–1602. The core of the church is the Loreto Chapel with a statue of the Black Mother of God, which was built in 1657.

The deanery Church of Saint Gotthard is a Gothic church located on the site of a former Romanesque basilica from the 13th century. The original Renaissance baptistery dates from 1511.

Notable people

 * Josef Matěj Navrátil (1798–1865), painter
 * Václav Beneš Třebízský (1849–1884), priest and novelist; studied here
 * Jan Malypetr (1873–1947), politician, prime minister of Czechoslovakia
 * Oskar Fischer (1876–1942), psychiatrist and neuropathologist
 * Olga Scheinpflugová (1902–1968), actress and author
 * Karel Smyczek (born 1950), film director and screenwriter
 * Eva Urbanová (born 1961), operatic soprano
 * Roman Matoušek (1964–2020), national champion speedway rider
 * Martin Procházka (born 1972), ice hockey player
 * Jiří Tlustý (born 1988), ice hockey player

Twin towns – sister cities
Slaný is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Pegnitz, Germany
 * 🇸🇰 Skalica, Slovakia

Friendly towns
Slaný also cooperates with:
 * 🇨🇿 Bolatice, Czech Republic
 * 🇫🇷 Guyancourt, France
 * Linlithgow, Scotland, United Kingdom

Slaný is a part of the Commonwealth of Towns With Hussite Past and Tradition, along with other 11 Czech and 6 German municipalities.

title: Slaný


text:
Helmbrechts concentration camp

As a Nazi concentration camp for forced labor, Helmbrechts concentration camp was a women's subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp founded near Helmbrechts near Hof, Germany in the summer of 1944. The first prisoners who came to the camp were political prisoners from the Ravensbrück camp in northern Germany. Later Jewish prisoners were brought.

History
In the beginning, no barracks were completed so the women slept in the factory hall. Eventually twelve barracks were completed, but only four were for prisoners living quarters. Fifty-four guards served at the camp; twenty-seven men and twenty-seven women. Most of the women guards served at other camps; many trained at Flossenburg, two at Gross Rosen and some in Ravensbrück concentration camp before they arrived at Helmbrechts. The male guards were mostly older Germans or ethnic Germans who were no longer combat worthy.

Herta Haase, Erna Achtenberg, Ellia Mains, Ingeborg Schimming-Assmuss, and Ruth Hildner were some of the female SS troops stationed in the camp. The male guards profiles however are unknown by the most part. According to a postwar testimony of overseer Elli Mains, relations between the male and female guards were "very good." The camps population was mainly non-Jews, but in March 1945, a group of over 500 Jewish women arrived on foot from the Grünberg subcamp in Poland.

Conditions for the Jewish prisoners at Helmbrechts were brutal with vicious guards and primitive facilities. One prisoner who stayed there a month on the Volary death march writes of sleeping on dirt floors with no blankets. Nor was there access to toilets; only two barrels in the corner of the barracks served 400 women in the barracks, many of whom suffered from dysentery. The guards regularly beat them in the morning for the mess. Weissman Klein reports that each morning the guards came by with a wheelbarrow to haul away the bodies of those who died in the night. Many also died as a result of beatings.

Evacuation (death march)

In early April 1945 the front closed in on Germany. Commandant Doerr ordered the women and a few men, one being a rabbi, to depart on a death march to the Dachau concentration camp. The extra clothing in the camp was given to the non-Jewish prisoners. Along the way the Nazi guards learned that the US Army liberated the camp and turned the march into (then still occupied) Czechoslovakia. The Germans left all the non-Jewish women at the Zwodau (Svatava) subcamp on the seventh day of the march but took with them the more than 500 Jewish women. Those women marched another two weeks, until May 6, most of them dying from starvation, disease, and the beatings and shootings of the guards. On May 6, they were liberated at Volary, Czechoslovakia. The camp at Helmbrechts was liberated the same day as Bergen Belsen, April 15, but no inmates remained behind.

Postwar fates of one of the camp guard
In 1996 renewed attention focused on the Helmbrechts sub-concentration camp. Two stories broke about former SS-Aufseherin ("Overseer") Ingeborg Schimming-Assmuss who was accused of killing four prisoners at the camp and on the death march into Czechoslovakia. One article began "DEATH FORSTALLED the LAW." "The [camp] called her 'the Terrible Inge'- Inge Assmuss, earlier Schimming, one of 27 [female guards] inside the external bearing Helmbrechts." She was hidden from prosecution by the State Security Service in Berlin for over 50 years. The first record of murder was done by Ingeborg, as well as the other female guards in Helmbrechts on February 24, 1945. She and the other overseers flogged to death a female inmate, Dr. Alexandra Samoylenko, as punishment for having escaped. The act was tolerated and ordered by camp commandant Alois Doerr. Another former prisoner related, "...on the first day after the march [began] an Aufseherin--she was called Inge--tore my completely weakened friend Bassia from my arms with a switch and dragged her into the forest. I heard a shot. Subsequently, the Aufseherin returned alone." Two other inmates also related to Allied forces that the Aufseherin killed other internees. In 1951 a warrant was issued for Ingeborg's arrest to the GDR. Authorities in East Berlin refused to hand over the former SS employee, saying that 'she works for us.' In 1989 the Berlin Wall fell and Inge was still living in East Berlin, scarcely fifty meters from the former wall. In 1994 she was discovered living in Berlin-Pankow. In 1996 Ingeborg Schimming-Assmuss died, a free woman. The German government was in the process of prosecuting the former female guard, but as the title of the article stated, death stopped all proceedings. She was seventy-four years old.

title: Helmbrechts concentration camp


text:
Talk:Word play

Incolomity
What on earth is "A incolomity " ???

There are a lot of personal names matching "Colom".

Encolomnity might mean a kind of poem where the words are aligned in "columns", as in a table or spreadsheet. Wimbledon32 (talk) 03:29, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

Before (prose):

Hunter/Gatherer: harvests what he does not sow. Farmer: harvests what he does sow.

Before (poem):

Hunter/Gatherer: harvests what he does not sow.

Farmer: harvests what he does sow.

After encolomnisation:

Hunter/Gatherer: harvests what he does not sow.

Farmer_ _ _ _ _: harvests what he does _ _ sow.

See how similarities and differences are emphasized. Wimbledon32 (talk) 03:29, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

See incolumity meaning safety, uninjured, secure.

Apronym
I think apronym is not identical to aptronym. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Apronym -- 217.184.104.13 17:21, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Confusing
Word play is a literary technique in which the nature of the words used themselves become part of the subject of the work.--suggests that word play only exists where the words are the *subject* rather than the *medium*.

All writers engage in word play to some extent--contradicts this.

James Joyce--whose Ulysses, and even more so, his Finnegans Wake, are filled with brilliant writing and brilliant word play--and this is just flagrantly POV.

LogicalDash Barbara Shack 14:56, 21 March 2006 (UTC)The words can be the subject As well as the medium. Barbara Shack 16:40, 22 )I had to put David in as well. Having only a woman displaying herself is Politically Incorrect.

I don't think the Joyce bit is POV. You just need a citation, as virtually every scholar will agree on this. Anyway, even if you think there's no way this isn't POV, we must tell people that Joyce's word play is the focus of Finnegans Wake much more than any other book ever written ( until then ). --187.54.98.138 (talk) 20:45, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Pictures
Removed the pictures, I think the picture of the woman was added to graffiti this page and appears to be a recent addition. There was nothing in the article or the description of the picture that showed this was a "play on words" except that the person who ADDED the picture MADE a play on words. If this picture is considered the best example of a word play for this page, it needs to be clearly explained. Yes, artwork certainly has a place here on Wiki, on pages that are relevant. I don't think the picture had any relevance to this article. Denaar 13:33, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Overuse
A google search for the term "foil music" does not turn up any use of the term by critics, so the following comments violate Wikipedia NPOV guidelines:

 * Overuse of wordplay can occur to mask a lack of actual creativty or wit. For example, one might name their "Rap" music as "foil" music (wrap instead of wrap, then foil) to make themselves appear witty.

Canon 21:15, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Chicken & kitchen
What is the name of the words like chicken <-> kitchen? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.245.110.63 (talk • contribs) 20 November 2007

 * I think it's called a metathesis, like when people pronounce "ask" as "axe".Keith Galveston (talk) 07:23, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

See also section
Doesn't anybody feel that the "see also" section is way too long? If there are no objections, I would like to make it into an independent list.

Keith Galveston (talk) 07:24, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * This has been tried before, but a lot of the entries were left out, so it was reverted. I think it is a good idea as long as the resulting list is at least as long as the current list.  Preferably it would be even longer.  Canon (talk) 12:06, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. I'm going to improve the article ASAP, which at present is just a copy from the origianl article. Any thoughts on the article itself or on the title of the article is welcomed. Keith Galveston ~sign your posts on the talk page!~ (talk) 09:10, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

What does this sentence mean
"The Hungarian term for wordplay, occasionally used in the circle for its diaeres is Szójáték." What's "diaeres"? What does "in the circle" mean? What exactly does this sentence mean? More importantly, what makes it important to include a translation for wordplay in Hungarian only? Keith Galveston (talk) 14:26, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Word play or Wordplay
I've looked up some dictionaries and found out that Oxford English Dictionary as well as Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary list that the form "wordplay" in their book as a headword for the term. I'm not suggesting a move of this article, but I really should think that form deserves to be added in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Davidmjeong926 (talk • contribs) 07:14, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Word play. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081216103612/http://www.mania.com:80/scifi-legend-forrest-j-ackerman-passes-away_article_111612.html to http://www.mania.com/scifi-legend-forrest-j-ackerman-passes-away_article_111612.html

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title: Talk:Word play


text:
Solomon Van Rensselaer

Solomon van Vechten van Rensselaer (August 9, 1774 – April 23, 1852) was a United States representative from the state of New York, a lieutenant colonel during the War of 1812, and postmaster of Albany for 17 years.

Early life
Solomon van Rensselaer was born on August 9, 1774, in Greenbush in the Province of New York, the son of Hendrick Kiliaen "Henry" Van Rensselaer (1744–1816) and Alida Bratt. He completed preparatory studies in East Greenbush.

Career
He appointed as a cornet in the United States Army in 1792, was promoted to captain in July 1793, and then to major in January 1799, before being honorably discharged in June 1800. He was Adjutant General of New York from 1801 to 1809, 1810 to 1811, and 1813 to 1821. He served in the War of 1812 as a lieutenant colonel of New York State Militia.

He was elected as a Federalist to the Sixteenth and Seventeenth United States Congresses, and served from March 4, 1819, to January 14, 1822, when he resigned. He was postmaster of Albany, New York from 1822 to 1839, and from 1841 to 1843 and a delegate from New York at the opening of the Erie Canal on November 4, 1825. He owned slaves; though he was opposed to the extension of slavery into newly-acquired territories, Van Rensselaer continued to own slaves until New York's gradual emancipation law ended the practice in 1827.

Personal life
In January 1797, he married his cousin, Harriet "Arriet" Van Rensselaer (1775–1840), the daughter of Philip Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1747–1798), granddaughter of Robert Sanders, and the owner of the Cherry Hill mansion. Of their many children, only five daughters and one son survived to maturity: Van Rensselaer died near Albany, aged 77. He was interred in the North Dutch Church Cemetery, in Albany, and reinterred in Albany Rural Cemetery. His home at Albany, Cherry Hill, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. As his sons had all predeceased Solomon, his daughter, Harriet Maria Elmendorf inherited Cherry Hill.
 * Adaline "Alida" Van Rensselaer (1797–1858)
 * Elizabeth Van Rensselaer (1799–1835), who married Richard Van Rensselaer (1797–1880)
 * Rensselaer Van Rensselaer (1802–1850), who married Mary Euphemia Forman in 1840.
 * Van Vechten Van Rensselaer (1806–1812), who died aged 6.
 * Rufus King Van Rensselaer (1809–1809), who died aged 3 months.
 * Margarita Van Rensselaer (1810–1880)
 * Stephen Van Rensselaer (1812–1813), who died aged 10 months.
 * Harriet Maria Van Rensselaer (1816–1896), who married Dr. Peter Elmendorf (1815–1881)
 * Catharine Visscher Van Rensselaer (1817–1891), who married Rev. Samuel W. Bonney (1815–1864) in 1856.

title: Solomon Van Rensselaer


text:
Red Planet (film)

Red Planet is a 2000 science fiction action film directed by Antony Hoffman. The film stars Val Kilmer, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Tom Sizemore.

Red Planet was released in the United States on 10 November 2000. The film was a critical and commercial failure and is Hoffman's only feature film to date.

Plot
Due to the 21-century ecological crisis on Earth, humankind has been terraforming Mars by sending atmosphere-producing algae to its surface. When the oxygen begins decreasing, Mars-1 is sent to investigate.

A gamma-ray burst damages Mars-1 as it reaches Mars. Commander Kate Bowman remains on board for repairs, while the other crew members Quinn Burchenal, Bud Chantilas, Robby Gallagher, Ted Santen, and Chip Pettengill head towards the automated habitat (HAB 1). The landing craft is damaged and tumbles to the wrong location, and AMEE, the military robot navigator, is jettisoned. Chantilas is mortally wounded and asks the others to leave without him. Bowman puts out a shuttle-wide fire and communicates with Houston. Houston tells her that Mars-1 may be able to return to Earth.

The landing party finds HAB 1 destroyed and prepares to die when oxygen runs out. Santen walks off. Pettengill follows him and starts an argument, then accidentally knocks him into the canyon. Petengill tells the others that Santen committed suicide. As he's asphyxiating to death, Gallagher opens his helmet and discovers that Mars's atmosphere contains oxygen, more than the terraforming would have produced. The trio set fire to the ruins of HAB 1 to warm them during the night.

AMEE rejoins the crew, but when crew discusses shutting it down and taking its guidance device, AMEE wounds Burchenal and leaves. Gallagher builds a radio from the Mars Rover Pathfinder. Houston picks up their signal on a long-unused frequency and alerts Bowman. Bowman tells them to reach a failed Russian probe 100 km away and launch themselves in its rock sample return system.

As they weather an ice storm, Gallagher and Burchenal argue with Pettengill, who later flees with the radio but is killed by AMEE. Gallagher and Burchenal recover the radio and find Pettengill's body full of Martian nematodes. Nearby, they see a field of algae being eaten by nematodes. Burchenal deduces that the nematodes have been eating the algae and excreting oxygen, and he captures a few in a sample vial. Drawn to Burchenal's wounds, the nematodes swarm him. He gives Gallagher the vial and immolates himself.

Gallagher discovers the Russian probe needs a power source. After he tells Bowman he should have kissed her, he realizes he could use AMEE's power core. He lures AMEE over and disables her with one of the probe's sample launchers, then launches himself into orbit. Bowman tethers out to retrieve and revive him, and they finally kiss.

Cast

 * Val Kilmer as Robby Gallagher, Engineer
 * Carrie-Anne Moss as Lieutenant Commander Kate Bowman, Mission Commander
 * Tom Sizemore as Dr. Quinn Burchenal, Geneticist
 * Benjamin Bratt as Lieutenant Ted Santen, Pilot
 * Simon Baker as Dr. Chip Pettengill, Terraforming Specialist
 * Terence Stamp as Dr. Bud Chantilas, Chief Science Officer
 * Bob Neill as Houston (voice)

Production
The production of the film (which was filmed in Wadi Rum in Southern Jordan and in Outback Australia) was the subject of numerous reports about the bad working relationship between co-stars Tom Sizemore and Val Kilmer. Kilmer's reputation for being "difficult" was already well-established, and although the two stars had been friends, they fell out after Kilmer reportedly became enraged when he discovered that production had paid for Sizemore's exercise machine to be shipped to the set. Kilmer shouted, "I’m making ten million on this; you’re only making two", to which Sizemore responded by throwing a 50 lb weight at Kilmer. The two were soon refusing to speak to each other or even come onto the set if the other was present, necessitating the use of body doubles to shoot scenes involving both actors, and their relationship became so bad that one of the producers is said to have asked Sizemore not to hit Kilmer in the face when the big fight finally happened – in the event, Sizemore purposely punched Kilmer in the chest. Sizemore has since described the film as one of his career regrets, but also stated that he and Kilmer have since reconciled.

Box office
Red Planet opened at No. 5 at the North American box office behind Charlie's Angels, Little Nicky, Men of Honor and Meet the Parents, making $8.7 million USD in its opening weekend. The film made $33 million worldwide against an estimated budget of $80 million.

Critical response
Red Planet received negative reviews. , the film holds a 14% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 103 reviews, with an average rating of 3.90/10. The site's consensus states: "While the special effects are impressive, the movie suffers from a lack of energy and interesting characters." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 34% based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade C on scale of A to F.

Stephen Holden's review in The New York Times was almost entirely negative, calling the film "a leaden, skimpily plotted space-age Outward Bound adventure with vague allegorical aspirations that remain entirely unrealized."

However, in his positive three thumbs up (of four) review, Roger Ebert said that he "like[s] its emphasis on situation and character" and that he's "always been fascinated by zero-sum plots in which a task has to be finished within the available supplies of time, fuel and oxygen". He notes that "like in 1950s sci-fi, the story's strong point isn't psychological depth or complex relationships, but brainy scientists trying to think their way out of a box that grows smaller every minute."

Music
The music for Red Planet was composed by Graeme Revell, Peter Gabriel, Sting, Kipper, Joe Frank, William Orbit, Rico Conning and Melissa Kaplan with performances from Graeme Revell, Peter Gabriel, Emma Shapplin, Sting, William Orbit, Melissa Kaplan and Different Gear vs. Police.

title: Red Planet (film)


text:
Giovanni Brusca

Giovanni Brusca (born 20 February 1957) is an Italian mobster and former member of the Corleonesi clan of the Sicilian Mafia. He had a major role in the 1992 murders of Antimafia Commission prosecutor Giovanni Falcone and businessman Ignazio Salvo, and once stated that he had committed between 100 and 200 murders. Brusca had been sentenced to life imprisonment in absentia for Mafia association and multiple murder. He was captured in 1996, turned pentito, and his sentence reduced to 26 years in prison. In 2021, Brusca was released from prison.

A pudgy, bearded, and unkempt mafioso, Brusca was known in Mafia circles as u verru (in Sicilian), il porco or il maiale (in Italian; "the pig", "the swine"), and u scannacristiani ("the people-slayer"; in the Sicilian language, the word cristianu means both "Christian" and "human being"). Tommaso Buscetta, the Mafia turncoat who had cooperated with Falcone's investigations, remembered Giovanni Brusca as "a wild stallion but a great leader".

Early life
Brusca was born on 20 February 1957 in San Giuseppe Jato. His grandfather and great-grandfather, both farmers, were made members of the Mafia. His father Bernardo Brusca (1929–2000), a local Mafia patriarch, served concurrent life sentences for numerous homicides. Bernardo allied himself with the Corleonesi of Salvatore Riina, Bernardo Provenzano and Leoluca Bagarella when he replaced Antonio Salamone as capomandamento of San Giuseppe Jato. He paved the way for his three sons' careers—Giovanni, his younger brother Vincenzo and elder brother Emanuele. When Bernardo was sent to prison in 1985, Giovanni became head of his San Giuseppe Jato district.

Murders
In 1992 Brusca murdered the anti-Mafia prosecutor Giovanni Falcone by planting half a tonne of explosives under a road. Brusca detonated the explosives as Falcone's car drove along the road, killing Falcone, Falcone's wife and his three bodyguards. Months after the Falcone's death, he also murdered the boss Vincenzo Milazzo and the businessman Ignazio Salvo. After Santino Di Matteo was arrested on 4 June 1993, he became the first of Falcone's assassins to become a government witness – a pentito. He revealed all the details of the assassination: who tunnelled beneath the motorway, who packed the 13 drums with TNT and Semtex, who hauled them into place on a skateboard, and who pressed the button.

In retaliation for Di Matteo becoming an informant, the Mafia kidnapped his 11-year-old son, Giuseppe Di Matteo, on 23 November 1993. According to a later confession by one of the kidnappers, Gaspare Spatuzza, they dressed as police officers and told the boy he was being taken to see his father, who was at that time being kept in police protection on the Italian mainland.

Di Matteo made a desperate trip to Sicily to try to negotiate his son's release, but on 11 January 1996, after 779 days, the boy, who by now had also become physically ill due to mistreatment and torture, was finally strangled; his body was subsequently dissolved in a barrel of acid — a practice known colloquially as the lupara bianca. The boy's executioners were Enzo Brusca (brother of Giovanni), Vincenzo Chiodo and Salvatore Monticciolo, acting on the orders of Giovanni Brusca. Shortly before he ordered the murder of Giuseppe Di Matteo, Brusca had discovered that he had been sentenced in absentia to a life sentence for the 1992 murder of Ignazio Salvo.

Brusca was involved in the campaign of terror in 1993 against the state during their crackdown against the Mafia after the murders of Anti-mafia magistrates Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino. Following the months after Riina's arrest in January 1993, there were a series of bombings by the Corleonesi against several tourist spots on the Italian mainland – the Via dei Georgofili bombing in Florence, Via Palestro in Milan and the Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano and Via San Teodoro in Rome, which left 10 people dead and 71 injured as well as severe damage to centres of cultural heritage such as the Uffizi Gallery.

Arrest
On 20 May 1996, then aged 39, Brusca was arrested in a small house in the Sicilian countryside near Agrigento, where he was dining with his girlfriend, their young son and his brother Vincenzo, his sister-in-law and their two children. The investigators were able to pinpoint their exact location when the noise of a plainclothes officer driving by the house on a motorbike was picked up by officers listening to a call intercepted on Brusca's mobile phone.

When Brusca was hurried into Palermo's police station some 90 minutes after the arrest, dozens of police officers cheered, honked their horns and embraced each other. As the scruffy-bearded Brusca emerged from a car, clad in dirty jeans and a rumpled white shirt, some ripped off their ski masks, as if to say they no longer had anything to fear from the Mafia. One reportedly managed to slip past guards and punched Brusca in the face.

In 1997, Di Matteo and Brusca met face to face during court proceedings. Bursting into tears Di Matteo told the judge: "I guarantee my collaboration, but to this animal I guarantee nothing. If you leave me alone with him for two minutes I'll cut off his head." The confrontation threatened to become violent, but court security guards restrained Di Matteo. Brusca had also asked Giuseppe Di Matteo's family for forgiveness. In 1999, Brusca was sentenced to 30 years in prison for Di Matteo's murder.

In 1997, Brusca was sentenced to 26 years in prison for the bomb attack that killed the Anti-Mafia magistrate Giovanni Falcone near Capaci. In court, Brusca admitted to detonating the bomb, planted under the motorway from the airport to Palermo, by remote control while watching the magistrate's convoy through binoculars from a hill. Brusca was given another life sentence in 2009, for the murder of Salvatore Caravà.

Collaborating with Italian justice and release
After his arrest, Brusca started to collaborate with police. Initially his collaboration was met with skepticism, fearing his "repentance" could be a ruse to escape the harsh prison terms reserved for ranking Mafia bosses. In the first three months, much of what Brusca said turned out to be either unverifiable or false, and a growing chorus of politicians called for a tightening of the collaboration system.

Brusca had offered a controversial version of the capture of Totò Riina: a secret deal between Carabinieri officers, secret agents and Cosa Nostra bosses tired of Riina's dictatorship. According to Brusca, Bernardo Provenzano "sold" Riina in exchange for the valuable archive of compromising material that Riina held in his apartment in Via Bernini 52 in Palermo. Brusca also claimed that Riina had told him that after the assassination of Falcone, he had been in indirect negotiations with interior minister Nicola Mancino in a deal to prevent any further killings. Mancino later said this was not true, but in July 2012, Mancino was ordered to stand trial for withholding evidence on 1992 talks between the Italian state and the Mafia and the killings of Falcone and Borsellino.

Brusca was imprisoned in Rebibbia, Rome, and though he requested house arrest nine times since 2002, all of these requests had been refused. In 2004, it was reported that Brusca was allowed out of prison for one week every 45 days to see his family, a reward for his good behaviour as well as becoming an informant and co-operating with the authorities. As a result of his collaboration with police, his sentence was reduced to 26 years in prison. On 31 May 2021, Brusca was released, 45 days before the conclusion of his sentence, on parole for four years. Amid public backlash, politicians Matteo Salvini of the Lega Nord and Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party were also critical of the decision to release Brusca.

Confiscated assets
The Brusca family land was seized by the government and in 2000, handed over to an organization called the Consortium for Legal Development. It restores property confiscated from imprisoned mafiosi and gives them back to the community. The small stone farmhouse at San Giuseppe Jato 40 minutes from Palermo was renovated in 2004. It is Sicily's first anti-mafia agriturismo – or farmstay. Tourists can enjoy organic pasta milled from wheat grown on Brusca's land and organic wine made from his vineyards by the Placido Rizzotto cooperative, named after the union leader from Corleone, who was shot by the mafia in 1948.

In popular culture
Giovanni Brusca was portrayed in the 2007 Italian TV series Il Capo dei Capi, the 2018 TV series Il cacciatore (The Hunter), and the 2019 film Il traditore.

The Italian series Il cacciatore covers the entire period over three seasons following the period after the deaths of Falcone and Borsellino right up to the arrest and imprisonment of Brusca.

Biographies

 * Lodato, Saverio (1999). Ho ucciso Giovanni Falcone: la confessione di Giovanni Brusca, Milan: Mondadori ISBN 88-04-45048-7
 * "La deposizione" del collaboratore Giovanni Brusca.

title: Giovanni Brusca


text:
Les Luthiers

Les Luthiers is an Argentine comedy-musical group, very popular also in several other Spanish-speaking countries including Paraguay, Guatemala, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Spain, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, Bolivia, Cuba, Costa Rica and Venezuela. They were formed in 1967 by Gerardo Masana, during the height of a period of very intense choral music activity in Argentina's state universities. Their outstanding characteristic is the home-made musical instruments (hence the name luthiers, French for "musical instrument maker"), some of them extremely sophisticated, which they skillfully employ in their recitals to produce music and texts full of high class and refined humor. From 1977 until his death in 2007, they worked with Roberto Fontanarrosa, a renowned Argentine cartoonist and writer.

Musical stylings
Les Luthiers began writing humorous pieces primarily in a Baroque style, especially imitating vocal genres such as cantatas, madrigals and serenatas. Later, they diversified into humorous renditions of music in other genres, from romantic lieder and opera to pop, mariachi, rock and even rap. Their stage show is often intermingled with humorous skits, frequently involving absurd situations, the music and biography of fictional composer Johann Sebastian Mastropiero and a heavy reliance on fairly sophisticated puns and word play. Much of the humor derives from the basic contradictions between the formality and highly developed vocal and instrumental technique of classical musicians and the sheer silliness of their show. All members of the group provided their voices for the pigeons in the Latin American and Spanish dubbings of the 2008 Disney film, Bolt.

Les Luthiers have acknowledged the influence of Gerard Hoffnung and Peter Schickele in their work. "Professor" Schickele invented in 1965 the fictional character of P.D.Q. Bach, son of Johann Sebastian Bach. He also invented many unusual instruments based on real ones, in the same style of the group. He also used the fictional biography of his imaginary composer as a running gag in his musical act.

Mr. Hoffnung predated both acts, starting in 1956 the Hoffnung Music Festival and publishing many cartoons with imaginary instruments for a classical orchestra. Malcolm Arnold probably was the first person to write a parody of classical music using odd instruments when he wrote for a Hoffnung Concert the score of A Grand, Grand Overture, a piece for orchestra and vacuum cleaners dedicated to US President Herbert Hoover.

Informal instruments
Les Luthiers are known in particular for employing a diverse ensemble of invented instruments created from common, everyday materials. The group's first home-made musical instrument, the bass-pipe a vara (a sort of trombone), was created by Gerardo Masana, the founder of the group, by joining paperboard tubes found in the garbage and miscellaneous items. Forty years later, this instrument is still being used on stage.

The first informal instruments were relatively simple, like the Gum-Horn, made with a hose, a funnel and a trumpet's mouthpiece, and some of them were born as a parody of musical instruments, which is the case of the latín (referred to in English as fiddlecan) and the violata, bowed instruments whose resonating chambers are made out of a large tin for processed ham and a paint can respectively, the marimba de cocos, a marimba made out of coconuts, and others.

Inventor and instrument-maker Carlos Iraldi (1920–1995), as "Les Luthiers' luthier", was responsible for inventing several more sophisticated instruments, including the mandocleta, a wheel moves the strings of a mandolin, the bajo barríltono, a double bass whose body is a giant barrel, and others.

After Iraldi's death in 1995 Hugo Domínguez took his place, and made instruments such as the desafinaducha, the nomeolbídet etc.

Current members

 * Carlos López Puccio: Bowed Strings (violin, viola, cello), synthesizers, piano, vocals, percussion (in some jazz songs), dactilophone, etc.
 * Jorge Maronna: Vocals, fretted strings (guitar, bass, banjo, charango, lute, cuatro...), cello, synthesizers, etc.
 * Roberto Antier: Vocals
 * Tomás Mayer-Wolf: Piano, vocals
 * Martin O'Connor: Vocals
 * Horacio Turano: Vocals, drums, bass pipe, bass guitar, piano, saxophone

Former members

 * Gerardo Masana, founder (died in 1973): Guitar, bass-pipe, vocals, percussion, etc.
 * Ernesto Acher (left the group in 1986): Piano, horn, trumpet, clarinet, drums, synthesizers, cello, vocals, etc.
 * Daniel Rabinovich (died in 2015): Vocals, guitar, violin, bass-pipe, sousaphone, recorder, drums, etc.
 * Carlos Núñez Cortés (left the group in 2017): Piano, vocals, recorder, accordion, piccolo, Bunsen flute, synthesizer, dactilophone, tambourine, washboard, etc.
 * Marcos Mundstock: (died in 2020): Vocals, percussion, trumpet, synthesizer, etc.

Shows

 * Les Luthiers cuentan la ópera (1967)
 * Todos somos mala gente (1968)
 * Blancanieves y los siete pecados capitales (1969)
 * Querida condesa (1969)
 * Opus pi (1971)
 * Recital '72 (1972)
 * Recital sinfónico '72 (1972)
 * Recital '73 (1973)
 * Recital '74 (1974)
 * Recital '75 (1975)
 * Viejos fracasos (1976)
 * Mastropiero que nunca (1977)
 * Les Luthiers hacen muchas gracias de nada (1979)
 * Los clásicos de Les Luthiers (1980)
 * Luthierías (1981)
 * Por humor al arte (1983)
 * Humor dulce hogar (1985)
 * Recital sinfónico '86 (1986)
 * Viegésimo aniversario (1987)
 * El reír de los Cantares (1989)
 * Grandes Hitos (1992)
 * Unen canto con humor (1994)
 * Bromato de armonio (1996)
 * Todo por que rías (1999)
 * ¡Do, Re, Mi, Já! (2000)
 * El Grosso Concerto (2001)
 * Las obras de ayer (2002)
 * Con Les Luthiers y sinfónica (2004)
 * ¡Aquí Les Luthiers! (2005)
 * Los premios Mastropiero (2005)
 * 40 años (2007)
 * Lutherapia (2008)
 * ¡Chist! (2011)
 * Viejos hazmerreíres (2014)
 * Gran reserva (2017)
 * Más tropiezos de Mastropiero (2022)

Discography

 * Sonamos Pese A Todo (1971)
 * Cantata Laxatón (1972)
 * Les Luthiers (volumen 3) (1973)
 * Les Luthiers (volumen 4) (1976)
 * Mastropiero que nunca (1979)
 * Muchas gracias de nada (1980)
 * Les Luthiers (volumen 7) (1983)
 * Cardoso en Gulevandia (1991)
 * Les Luthiers En Vivos (2007)
 * Les Luthiers Mas Vivos (2013)

Awards

 * 2017 Princess of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities.
 * 2011 Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

title: Les Luthiers


text:
Arc (Neil Young & Crazy Horse album)

Arc is an album by Neil Young and Crazy Horse, recorded early 1991 and released in October 1991.

The album consists of feedback, guitar noise, improvisations and vocal fragments which were recorded during various live shows on the 1991 US tour, and then re-edited into a 35-minute composition. Arc was originally released with the live album Weld in a special-edition 3-CD set called Arc-Weld. Separate releases of Arc and of Weld soon followed.

Background
According to an interview with Steve Martin of Agnostic Front that appeared in the December 1991 issue of Pulse! magazine, Arc had its genesis in a film that Young made called Muddy Track (referred to in an interview with David Fricke in the November 28, 1991, issue of Rolling Stone), which consisted of the beginnings and endings of various songs from his 1987 European tour. Young placed a video camera on his amplifier during the 1987 tour and recorded the beginnings and endings of various songs, and later edited them down into the film's soundtrack. "It was the sound of the entire band being sucked into this little limiter, being compressed and fuckin' distorted to hell," Young said to Martin, referring to the soundtrack of Muddy Track. Young then showed the video to Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore, who suggested that he record an entire album in a similar manner. However, Arc was not recorded through video camera microphones, as was the case with Muddy Track, but instead was compiled from various professional multi-track recordings made throughout the tour.

Young's use of experimental guitar feedback was also inspired by Sonic Youth, the noise rock band who opened for parts of his live tours in 1990 and 1991.

Track listing

 * 1) "Arc (A Compilation Composition)" – 35:00

Personnel

 * Neil Young – guitar, vocals, computer, feedback, production, mixing
 * Frank "Poncho" Sampedro – guitar, univox stringman, vocals
 * Billy Talbot – bass, vocals, production, mixing
 * Ralph Molina – drums, vocals
 * Sal Trentino – electronics

Additional roles
 * David Briggs – production, recording
 * Joel Bernstein, Mark Mauriello – photography
 * Janet Levinson – art direction
 * Tim Mulligan – mixing, editing, mastering
 * Dave Hewitt – recording
 * Phil Gitomer, Dave Roberts, Brian Leskowicz – assistant engineering
 * Elliot Roberts – direction

title: Arc (Neil Young & Crazy Horse album)