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Bulgarian Exarchate

The Bulgarian Exarchate (Българска екзархия; Bulgar Eksarhlığı) was the official name of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church before its autocephaly was recognized by the Ecumenical See in 1945 and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was restored in 1953.

The Exarchate (a de facto autocephaly) was unilaterally (without the blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch) decreed by the Ottoman Empire on May 23 1872, in the Bulgarian church in Constantinople in pursuance of the March 12 1870 firman of Sultan Abdulaziz.

The foundation of the Exarchate was the direct result of the actions of the most extreme Bulgarian nationalists under leadership of Dragan Tsankov, himself a Catholic, against the authority of the Greek Patriarchate of Constantinople in the 1850s and 1860s. In 1872, the Patriarchate was forced to declare that the Exarchate introduced ethno-national characteristics in the religious organization of the Orthodox Church, and the secession from the Patriarchate was officially condemned by the Council in Constantinople in September 1872 as schismatic. Nevertheless, Bulgarian religious leaders continued to extend the borders of the Exarchate in the Ottoman Empire by conducting plebiscites in areas contested by both Churches.

In this way, in the struggle for recognition of a separate Church, the modern Bulgarian nation was created under the name Bulgarian Millet.

National awakening
In 1762, Saint Paisius of Hilendar (1722–1773), a monk from the south-western Bulgarian town of Bansko, wrote Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya ("History of the Slav-Bulgarians"), a short historical work which was also the first ardent call for a national awakening. In History of Slav-Bulgarians, Paisius urged his compatriots to throw off subjugation to the Greek language and culture. The example of Paisius was followed by others, including Saint Sophroniy of Vratsa (1739–1813), Abbot Spiridon Gabrovski (died 1824), Abbot Yoakim Karchovski (died 1820), and Abbot Kiril Peychinovich (died 1845).

Struggle for church autonomy
Source:

The result of the work of Paisius and his followers began before long to give fruit. Discontent with the supremacy of the Greek clergy started to flare up in several Bulgarian dioceses as early as the 1820s.

It was not, however, until the 1850 that the Bulgarians initiated a purposeful struggle against the Greek clerics in a number of bishoprics demanding their replacement with Bulgarian ones as well as other changes such as the use of Bulgarian in liturgy and fixed salaries for bishops. By that time, most Bulgarian religious leaders had realised that any further struggle for the rights of the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire could not succeed unless they managed to obtain at least some degree of autonomy from the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

As the Ottomans identified nationality (ethnicity) with confession and the majority of ethnic Bulgarians were Orthodox Christians, they were automatically included in the Rūm millet, a community ruled immediately by the Ecumenical Patriarch in his capacity of millet-bashi and dominated by Phanar Greeks (Phanariots). Thus, if the Bulgarians wanted to have Bulgarian schools and liturgy in Bulgarian, they needed an autonomous ecclesiastical organisation.

The struggle between the Bulgarians, led by Neofit Bozveli and Ilarion Stoyanov, and the Phanariotes intensified throughout the 1860s. As the Greek clerics were ousted from most Bulgarian bishoprics at the end of the decade, the whole of northern Bulgaria, as well as the northern parts of Thrace and Macedonia had, to all intents and purposes, seceded from the Patriarchate.

Establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate
In seeking to calm down the disturbances, the Ottoman government of the Sultan Abdülaziz granted the right to establish an autonomous Bulgarian Exarchate for the dioceses of Bulgaria as well as those, wherein at least two-thirds of Orthodox Christians were willing to join it, by issuing the Sultan's firman promulgated on March 12 1870. The firman envisaged a broad autonomy of the Exarchate but would leave it under the supreme canonical authority of the Ecumenical See, i.e. not full autocephaly.

The Exarchate's borders went on to extend over present-day northern Bulgaria (Moesia), most of Thrace, as well as over north-eastern Macedonia. After the Christian population of the bishoprics of Skopje and Ohrid voted in 1874 overwhelmingly in favour of joining the Exarchate (Skopje by 91%, Ohrid by 97%) the Bulgarian Exarchate became in control of the whole of Macedonia (Vardar and Pirin Macedonia). The Exarchate was also represented in the whole of Greek Macedonia and the Vilayet of Adrianople by vicars. Thus, the borders of the Exarchate included all Bulgarian districts in the Ottoman Empire.

The process of constituting the Exarchate as legal institution was important part of nation-building process. A meeting of the Bulgarian leaders in Constantinople chaired by Gavril Krastevich is convened on March 13, 1870 to elect ten civil members of the Temporary church council. The council includes also the six Bulgarian bishops which constitute the Exarchate's Synod. The role of newly found council have been to create draft for the Exarchate's Statute, which prescribes the inner administrative order of the Bulgarian autocephalous church. Over the next ten months, the council have discussed ideas about Exarchate's Statue. During the discussions two political camps emerged. The ″liberal-democratic″ camp included Petko Slaveykov, Todor Ikonomov and Stoyan Chomakov which argued about priority of democratic and representative functions of the Exarchate. From their point of view, civil members of the Exarchate's institutions should lead conduction of administrative functions, outside of strictly religious practices. The ″conservative″ camp argued about keeping strict church hierarchy in Exarchate's activities, pleaded for strict following of Orthodox traditions and insisted on more institutional powers based on the Exarch figure. Representatives of ″conservative″ camp were P.V. Odjakov and Ilarion Makariopolski. This political discussion continued ideological opposition between ″young″ and ″old″ patriotic groups, which were in the foundation of differentiation between the Conservative and Liberal political fractions in the Constituent Assembly in 1879 in Veliko Tarnovo.

Bulgarian schism

The first (after Hilarion of Lovech had to resign before being confirmed by the government) Bulgarian Exarch was Antim I who was elected by the Holy Synod of the Exarchate on February 28 1872.

On May 23 1872, in the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church in Constantinople, which had been closed by the Ecumenical Patriarch's order, Antim I, along with other Bulgarian hierarchs who were then restricted from all priestly ministries, celebrated a liturgy, whereafter he declared autocephaly of the Bulgarian Church.

The Patriarchal Synod reacted by defrocking Antim I and excommunicating others, including Ilarion Stoyanov.

The decision on the unilateral declaration of autocephaly by the Bulgarian Church was not accepted by the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

The subsequent Council in Constantinople, chaired by Ecumenical Patriarch Anthimus VI, in September 1872, wherein the Patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem (the latter declined to sign the Council's decisions) also participated, declared on September 18 (September 30 )  the Bulgarian Exarchate schismatic and declared its adherents excommunicated. The latter were accused of having "surrendered Orthodoxy to ethnic nationalism", which had been qualified as a heresy - "ethnophyletism" (εθνοφυλετισμός). Furthermore on January 21, 1872, on request of the Patriarch and under the influence of Count Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev, then an influential Russian Ambassador in Constantinople, the Ottoman government sent into exile in İzmir, Anatolia three Bulgarian clerks Hilarion of Makariopolis, Panaret of Plovdiv and Hilarion of Lovech. The energetic protests of the Bulgarian community in Istanbul, reverts the decision short after.

The Russian Most Holy Synod claimed neutrality, but the Russian government, represented by Count Nikolai Ignatiev, actively mediated in the Greek-Bulgarian dispute. The unity of the Orthodox Church was instrumental for Russian's political interests in the Orthodox world. The attempts though to satisfy the Greek Patriarchate by reducing the territories of the Bulgarian Exarchate (noticeably Vardar, Pirin and Greek Macedonia), proved fruitless and against the Bulgarian interests.

Exarch Antim I was discharged by the Ottoman government immediately after the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) on April 24, 1877, and was sent into exile in Ankara. Under the guidance of his successor, Joseph I, the Exarchate managed to develop and considerably extend its church and school network in the Bulgarian Principality, Eastern Rumelia, Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet. In 1879, the Tarnovo Constitution formally established the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as the national religion of the nation. On the eve of the Balkan Wars in 1912, in the Ottoman Macedonian vilayets and the Adrianople Vilayet alone, the Bulgarian Exarchate had seven dioceses with prelates and eight more with acting chairmen in charge and 38 vicariates, 1,218 parishes and 1,310 parish priests, 1331 churches, 73 monasteries and 234 chapels, as well as 1,373 schools with 2,266 teachers and 78,854 pupils. Almost all of the schoolmasters had been born in Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace.

The immediate effect of the partition of the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars was the anti-Bulgarian campaign in areas under Serbian and Greek rule. The Serbians expelled Exarchist churchmen and teachers and closed Bulgarian schools and churches (affecting the standing of as many as 641 schools and 761 churches). Thousands of Bulgarian refugees left for Bulgaria, joining an even larger stream from the devastated Aegean Macedonia, where the Greeks burned Kukush, the center of Bulgarian politics and culture. Bulgarian language (including the Macedonian dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished. The Ottomans managed to keep the Adrianople region, where the whole Thracian Bulgarian population was put to total ethnic cleansing by the Young Turks' army.

After World War I, by virtue of the peace treaties, the Bulgarian Exarchate was deprived of its dioceses in Macedonia and Aegean Thrace. Exarch Joseph I transferred his offices from Constantinople to Sofia as early as 1913. After the death of Joseph I in 1915, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church was not in a position to elect its regular head for a total of three decades.

Conditions for the restoration of the Bulgarian Patriarchate and the election of head of the Bulgarian Church were created after World War II. In 1945 the schism was lifted and the Patriarch of Constantinople recognised the autocephaly of the Bulgarian Church. In 1950, the Holy Synod adopted a new Statute which paved the way for the restoration of the Patriarchate and in 1953, it elected the Metropolitan of Plovdiv, Cyril, Bulgarian Patriarch.

Territory of the Bulgarian Exarchate
Until the Balkan Wars 1912/1913, the Bulgarian Exarchate disposed of a total of 23 bishoprics in Bulgaria, most of the Torlak-populated area (in 1878 partly ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Serbia) and the region of Macedonia: Vidin, Vratsa, Nish (till 1878), Lovech, Veliko Tarnovo, Rousse, Silistra, Varna, Preslav, Sliven, Stara Zagora, Pirot (till 1878), Plovdiv, Sofia, Samokov, Kyustendil, Skopje, Debar, Bitola, Ohrid, Veles, Strumitsa and Nevrokop; also it was represented by acting chairmen in charge in eight other bishoprics in the region of Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet (Lerin, Edessa, Kostur, Solun, Kukush, Syar, Odrin and Carevo).

title: Bulgarian Exarchate


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Minerva Airlines

Minerva Airlines was an airline based in Italy, which was operational from 1996 to 2003.

The airline suspended operations due to bankruptcy on 25 October 2003. It had operated eight Dornier 328-110 aircraft partly under a codeshare agreement with Alitalia. In March 2004 there were reports that Minerva Airlines might resume operations using ATR 42 aircraft operating regional services on behalf of Alitalia. A further report in March also suggested that Alitalia might take over Minerva Airlines and transfer the turboprop fleet of Alitalia Express to them. In June 2004 there was a report that they planning to resume wet-lease operations on behalf of Alitalia using up to seven ATR 42-300s in the summer.

The airline's operations were largely centralized in the northern Italy city of Milan, with some operations also from the Southeastern city of Bari. At least by October, 1998, it did not operate flights to the city of Rome.

Accidents and Incidents
Alitalia Flight 1553, a Dornier 328 operated by Minerva on behalf of Alitalia which overran the runway at Genoa Airport on 25 February 1999. Four people died and 27 survived.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Minerva Airlines


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Yelarbon

Yelarbon is a rural town and locality in the Goondiwindi Region, Queensland, Australia. It is on the border of Queensland and New South Wales. In the, the locality of Yelarbon had a population of 313 people.

Geography
Yelarbon is in south-central Queensland on the Dumaresq River, near the New South Wales border. It sits on the Cunningham Highway midway between Goondiwindi and Inglewood.

History
Bigambul (also known as Bigambal, Bigumbil, Pikambul, Pikumbul) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Bigambul people. The Bigambul language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Goondiwindi Regional Council, including the towns of Goondiwindi, Yelarbon and Texas extending north towards Moonie and Millmerran.

Yelarbon is an Aboriginal Australian word meaning "Native name for the large lagoon adjacent to the Station."

It was the first place in Queensland to grow tobacco commercially.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Yelarbon had a population of 448 people.

In the, the locality of Yelarbon had a population of 364 people.

In the, the locality of Yelarbon had a population of 313 people.

Economy
Nowadays, cattle and sheep are raised, and cereal crops are grown. A major employer in Yelarbon is the A. E. Girle and Sons sawmill.

Transport
The town is located on a branch of the narrow gauge South Western railway line; it is also proposed to be located on a section of the standard gauge Inland Railway from Moree via North Star.

Education
Yelarbon State School is a government primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 17 Eena Street (-28.5743°N, 150.7536°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 41 students with 6 teachers (3 full-time equivalent) and 6 non-teaching staff (4 full-time equivalent).

There is no secondary school in Yelarbon. The nearest secondary schools are Goondiwindi State High School in Goondiwindi (to Year 12) and Inglewood State High School in Inglewood (to Year 10 only).

Recreation
There is fishing on the Dumaresq River as well, nearly all recreational. The Murray Cod is one of the more sought-after prizes to catch.

There is some feral pig hunting as well in the region.

title: Yelarbon


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Miriam Shaviv

Miriam Shaviv (born 24 August 1976) is a columnist for the Jewish Chronicle in London. She was previously The Jewish Chronicle's Foreign Editor, and before that was their Comment and Letters Editor. Born in the United Kingdom but raised in Israel, Canada, and Australia, she has worked as both a journalist and businesswoman.

She is the former literary editor of The Jerusalem Post.

title: Miriam Shaviv


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Hazewinkel

The Hazewinkel is a 2000-meter rowing and regatta course belonging to Sport Vlaanderen in Heindonk, municipality of Willebroek, near Mechelen, Belgium. The site consists of a finish tower, boathouses, a cafeteria, and eight basic huts that house athletes using the lake. The course hosted British Rowing's final trials for some years as well as a World Rowing Junior Championships (1997), two World Rowing Under 23 Championships (1996, 2006), and two World Rowing Championships (1980, 1985).

An accessible wetland nature reserve borders the south side. Boats under 5 metres length sail on a lake just to the north at 'De Bocht' with the VVW-Hazewinkel Club (founded 1978). This lake also serves members of the Hazewinkel Windsurfing Club, which welcomes visitors for a day.

title: Hazewinkel


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Cephalothorax

The cephalothorax, also called prosoma in some groups, is a tagma of various arthropods, comprising the head and the thorax fused together, as distinct from the abdomen behind. (The terms prosoma and opisthosoma are equivalent to cephalothorax and abdomen in some groups. The terms prosoma and opisthosoma may be preferred by some researchers in cases such as arachnids, where there is neither fossil nor embryonic evidence animals in this class have ever had separate heads and thoraxes, and where the opisthosoma contains organs atypical of a true abdomen, such as a heart and respiratory organs. ) The word cephalothorax is derived from the Greek words for head (κεφαλή, kephalé) and thorax (θώραξ, thórax). This fusion of the head and thorax is seen in chelicerates and crustaceans; in other groups, such as the Hexapoda (including insects), the head remains free of the thorax. In horseshoe crabs and many crustaceans, a hard shell called the carapace covers the cephalothorax.

Fovea
The fovea is the centre of the cephalothorax and is located behind the head (only in spiders). It is often important in identification. It can be transverse or procurved and can, in some tarantulas (e.g. Ceratogyrus darlingi) have a "horn".

Clypeus
The clypeus is the space between the anterior of the cephalothorax and the ocularium. It is found in most arachnids. It is connected to the labrum of the invertebrate, between the labrum and the face.

Ocularium
The ocularium is a "turret" for the ocelli found in most arachnids. In harvestmen, it may have the ornament of spines.

Trident
The trident is a small group of (usually three) spines found in harvestmen exclusively. It is located in front of the ocularium. It varies in size amongst species; in some it is completely absent, and in others it is enlarged considerably.

title: Cephalothorax


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User talk:Sniper2233

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- The Anome 14:09, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. -- The Anome 14:12, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Yes, someone did see that you were having a laugh. That's why they placed the accuracy notice on the article.

However, you'd be amazed by what is actually possible in the latest electronically-fired and non-explosive projectile weapons under development. They can both accomplish vast firing rates, and enormous numbers of rounds per reload; the general intention is that anything they are pointing at will be torn to tiny pieces, rather than just riddled with bullets. -- The Anome 14:49, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Hi: you posted
 * Wow, sorry about that but that probably motivated you into making a correct information. (OK THIS WILL BE THE LAST TIME OF NONSENSE, CROSS MY HEARTS) AND I ALSO COULDN'T FIND THE EXACT DATES OF WHEN FLINTLOCK PISTOLS WERE INVENTED, PLEASE HELP

A better way to get a user's attention is by editing their talk page: mine's at User talk:The Anome. However, note that users come and go at will, and may not see your notice until they next log in, and are not obligated to answer your questions (although most are friendly people, like me). There are also a number of places where you can ask questions, which lots of users will look at on a regular basis. You probably want Reference desk. For help with Wikipedia itself, you probably want to look at one of the pages linked at the top of that article. -- The Anome 15:11, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sniper2233


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Elda

Elda is a city and municipality located in the province of Alicante, Spain. , it has a total population of 55,618 inhabitants, ranking as the 7th most populous city in the province. Elda joins together with the town of Petrer to form a conurbation with over 85,000 inhabitants. The river Vinalopó flows through the urban area of Elda.

Elda is known for its footwear industry, in particular for women's shoes. Tourist sites include the Footwear Museum, the Archaeological Museum, the Torre del Homenaje del castillo (a tower dating from the 12th century), Castelar Square, Count of Coloma Palace, the Town Hall and the church of Santa Ana. It also celebrates the important festival of Moros y Cristianos

Sport
CD Eldense is based in the city.

People

 * Elia Barceló, the writer, was born here in 1957
 * Ana Oncina the illustrator, was born here in 1989
 * Isabel Ortuño, handballer, was born here in 1982
 * Pedrito Rico, singer, actor and dancer
 * Alba Rico, Spanish singer and actress from Violetta, was born here in 1989.
 * Juan Pascual Azorín Soriano, former mayor
 * Antonio Gades, 1936 flamenco dancer

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Dysphoria

Dysphoria is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. It is the semantic opposite of euphoria. In a psychiatric context, dysphoria may accompany depression, anxiety, or agitation.

In psychiatry
Intense states of distress and unease increase the risk of suicide, as well as being unpleasant in themselves. Relieving dysphoria is therefore a priority of psychiatric treatment. One may treat underlying causes such as depression (especially dysthymia or major depressive disorder) or bipolar disorder as well as the dysphoric symptoms themselves.

The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) defines dysphoria as "an unpleasant mood state, which can include feelings of depression, anxiety, discontent, irritability, and unhappiness."

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes specific dysphorias in the obsessive–compulsive spectrum.

Dissatisfaction with being able-bodied can be diagnosed as body integrity dysphoria in the ICD-11.

Gender dysphoria
Gender dysphoria is discomfort, unhappiness or distress due to the primary and secondary sex characteristics of one's sex observed at birth. The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5, uses the term "gender dysphoria" where it previously referred to "gender identity disorder." Other dysphoria may include body dysmorphic or dysphoria that may be based on social constructs like nationalism.

Related conditions
The following conditions may include dysphoria as a symptom:

 * Major depressive disorder (unipolar) and dysthymia
 * Bipolar disorder and cyclothymia
 * Borderline personality disorder
 * Premenstrual syndrome
 * Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
 * Dysphoric milk ejection reflex
 * Stress
 * Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
 * Anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder
 * Dysphoric rumination
 * Dissociative disorders such as dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia and depersonalization-derealization disorder.
 * Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, defined as emotional deregulation or unbearable RSD "rejection sensitivity dysphoria"
 * Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder
 * Gender dysphoria
 * Personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder
 * Substance withdrawal
 * Body dysmorphic disorder
 * Akathisia
 * Schizophrenia
 * Sexual dysfunction
 * Body integrity dysphoria
 * Insomnia
 * Chronic pain
 * Disease

Drug-induced (dysphoriants)
Some drugs can produce dysphoria, including κ-opioid receptor agonists like salvinorin A (the active constituent of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum), butorphanol and pentazocine, μ-opioid receptor antagonists such as naltrexone and nalmefene, and antipsychotics like haloperidol and chlorpromazine (via blockade of dopamine receptors), among others. Depressogenic and/or anxiogenic drugs may also be associated with dysphoria.

In popular culture
Against Me! released the album Transgender Dysphoria Blues in which the lead singer Laura Jane Grace shares her experiences of gender dysphoria.

Shane Neilson released a book of poetry entitled Dysphoria (Erin, ON: The Porcupine's Quill, 2017) in which he explores the experience of dysphoria.

title: Dysphoria


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Talk:Cheese curd

Tasty, tasty, tasty
I removed this:
 * Curds are tasty, tasty, tasty. All Wisconsinites develop a lifelong craving for them at an early age.

I think it's a little too subjective. If it could be sourced (if a similar statement could be attributed to a writer, newspaper columnist, famous person, etc.) it could go back. Not that they aren't tasty. Dpbsmith (talk) 14:16, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

A&W status?
User:FunkyChicken! recently added:

 * In the United States, cheese curds are available at A&W Restaurants nationwide.

I am slightly skeptical. I don't know of any A&W's nearby but will be on the lookout.

Has FunkyChicken! seen them in an A&W outside WIsconsin? Has anyone actually tried them?

I am troubled by these things:

 * Despite the announcement, they are not listed anywhere in the Menus section that I can find; for example, not at sides.
 * I would like clarification of whether these are cheese curds, or fried cheese curds. (I suspect the latter).
 * And, I would like someone who has actually tried them to report on whether or not they have any true cheese curd characteristics (e.g. squeak), as I do not see how A&W could possibly have solved the shipping problems. They do not mention any special techniques used. Dpbsmith (talk) 14:48, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have had the cheese curds outside of Wisconsin at A&W's in California, Maryland, Virginia, New York and New Jersey. The press release said they were a nationwide addition.
 * They are fried cheese curds, and I changed that in the article.
 * They are as close as you can get to fried cheese curds outside of Wisconsin and do have a bit of the squeak. They are white cheddar, unlike what I am used to in Wisconsin, they are also a bit smaller. My guess is they are flash frozen and shipped akin methods used for mozzarella sticks.
 * If you want to find an A&W near you, check their store locator. FunkyChicken! 19:50, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the personal confirmation. Dpbsmith (talk) 23:59, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not a problem, and several other displaced Cheeseheads I know have reported to me that they have found them at A&Ws in their neck of the woods and they are not bad for that craving in a pinch! FunkyChicken! 04:43, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * I just made a six-mile pilgrimage to Stoughton, Massachusetts on a quest for an A&W. I have never had fried cheese curds so cannot say how they compare to fried cheese curds in Wisconsin. But I was greatly disappointed. Frankly, you could have told me they were mozzarella sticks and apart from the shape I wouldn't have known the difference. As you note, the cheese is white, which surprised me as all the (fresh) cheese curds I've had in Wisconsin were orange. The shape was ball-like, rather than peanut-like. And the taste was just that of mild, grocery-store cheddar cheese; no "fresh cheese curd" character that I could detect at all. Oh, and they cost a small fortune: $2.99 for a package about the size of small McDonald's fries. Maybe yours squeaked; mine certainly did not. But at any rate I can confirm that it does indeed seem to be a nationalwide menu item. (I bet: not for long.) Dpbsmith (talk) 21:58, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Fried cheese curds don't squeak... but the best cheese curds are in Dyckesville, WI.

They are NOT a Wisconsin-only food
Contrary to the apparent belief of its residents, cheese actually is manufactured in (U.S.) places other than Wisconsin. (Gasp!) I know, I know, what a horrid thing to say--but it's true. Sunnyside, Washington, for one. Every time I'm passing through the area (a couple times a year, maybe), I stop by the Darigold factory and pick up some fresh cheese curds. Yellow, squeaky, and insanely good. Because of my city's proximity to Sunnyside, we can actually buy curds at a couple of spots in town. (They're not quite as good as the ones purchased at the source, but still decent.)

Long story made short (too late!), the article is getting a factual makeover. Matt Yeager 23:15, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Ridiculous. Next you'll be claiming that New York produces more dairy products than Wisconsin, or some such absurdity... Dpbsmith (talk) 23:33, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

I assumed everybody knew how good cheese curds were. But then last year a friend from Iowa said he never even heard of them, and he was a chef by trade. So at the age of 30 I started to think cheese curds were like the word "bubbler", in use only in state (In actuality this concept is incorrect also, as it is actually in usage in either New Hampshire or Vermont). OH, cheese. I thought you said "cheese curds". Duh, Wisconsin people don't believe cheese is only here. It is also in Vermont. 67.53.78.15 16:18, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Notable locations of cheese curds?
So, I grew up in WI, and yea, cheese curds are great. Whenever I go up there, or relatives come down here, they bring cheese curds along with them at my request lol. So, where are some cheese factories that distribute cheese curds? Any reasoning why they aren't "big" in other parts of the U.S.?

 * They have to be fresh and that means they are really only available at cheese factories. That probably accounts for the geographical distribution. I tried some fried cheese curds at the local A&W in Canton, Massachusetts and you couldn't tell the difference between them and mozzarella sticks. Tasteless. And they were very pricey, $3.95 for a little container the size of a small order French fries. Dpbsmith (talk) 03:31, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Is the St-Albert (Ontario) yearly Curd Festival notable? You can find info on it at CurdFestival.com - it's next weekend (August 17-18-19) and multiple different flavours and types of cheese curds are available for trial, as well as a wine-and-cheese-curds shindig. I'm obviously going to try it out this year, but I'm wondering if it's really encyclopedic... redlion 01:22, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It's not notable unless you can find reliable secondary sources for it. Otherwise it's just advertizing for a small, local festival, which isn't encyclopedic.--Boffob 04:33, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * That's what I thought... although I don't know of any other celebration of The Cheese Curd, anywhere - so, if only for that, it might deserve a mention. Anyways, I'm definitely going this year (for the first time) and I'll take a bunch of pictures. At least then we could have decent pics of white cheese curds, and my 6h-round-trip there won't have been for naught. 74.56.173.49 12:53, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

I just wanted to add that fresh of the day cheese curds are sold in most grocery stores in Quebec. They are, in many cases, produced specifically to be sold as cheese curds (and are either eaten as such or included in poutine). So I guess it is possible to distribute them over fairly large areas. But the thought of eating squeaky goey cheese seems to repulse many Canadians I have met from Western provinces, so maybe there won't be a demand for it in places where people are used to them. 129.215.113.29 (talk) 13:49, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

pix
I got a coupla shots of cheese curds and finally uploaded them... I put one of them in the article, but it's not the highest quality image ever made. I'll try to do better next time I gots curd. These are the images:

Tom e rtalk 03:11, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Those photos are, simply, unacceptable. They're poorly lit, blurry, and the make cheese curds look VERY unappetizing. mrcool1122 04:56, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Kind of like the current pic on the page 67.53.78.15 16:36, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Um. what *are* they?
Ok, the article explains where you can get them, what they're like, and what you can do with them. But what the heck *are* they? How are they made? Are they a byproduct of cheese? Are they a stage in the production of cheese? What are cheese curds? spikey 23:51, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Cheese is made up of curds and whey. There's a header atop the page explaining that for an explanation of what curds are, you should go to the curd article. (But because you asked... they're basically solidified milk proteins.) Matt Yeager ♫ ( Talk? ) 23:14, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Dipping them???
Some places have marinara sauce to dip them in... particularly in Illinois. I don't see the need to dip them myself, but some people like it that way, and some places with cheap knockoffs for cheese curds (i.e. Monical's Pizza, a central illinois chain serve "cheddar nuggets" with red sauce).--69.21.146.227 02:34, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Some places also have cheap knock-offs called "mozzarella sticks" 67.53.78.15 16:22, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Other states
I added Minnesota and Iowa as locations you often find deep fried cheese curds at carnivals and fairs, as well as "occasionally" finding them in restaurants, etc. I lived in the midwest my whole life, and I nearly always seem them at a fair, but not very often in a restaurant (which is probably a good thing because I dont think I'd be able to resist them).

I also added Northern IL to the list, as I know that nearly every county has a fried cheese curd vender. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.73.233.248 (talk) 00:09, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Misinformation
The article currently claims that "cheese curds are the fresh curds of cheddar cheese." But, cheese curds are a part of the production process for all types of cheese. Also, if you freeze them, they retain their squeak indefinitely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.152.153.240 (talk) 18:36, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * You're probably looking for the curd article. The cheese curds article is exclusively about the cheedar cheese curds that are sold and eaten as such, which is essentially a North American phenomenon, and not about the n-th step in the process of making of any cheese. Also, your second statement is dubious without a reliable source.--Boffob 21:09, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Actually, I've had cheese curds that were not from cheddar in Upstate New York. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.68.48.133 (talk) 05:02, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Non-cheddar cheese curds are probably quite common in all areas in which the fresh curds are generally common. If you go to the weekly Farmer's Market in Madison, WI, you will see dozens of cheese stands selling curds (the fresh kind, not the breaded kind), only half of what they sell is orange. I've had Mozzarella, Swiss, and Montery Jack. I've also had "flavored" cheese curds, with things like dill, or sundried tomatoes, even chicken stock added to them for flavorings, the same sorts of things you see these days in the gourmet cheese sections. Almost any kind of semi-hard, non-aged cheese could probably have a cheese curd equivalent. 69.95.236.61 (talk) 22:37, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

It is true that many types of cheese could have curds, however in the case of jack, mozzarella, and swiss cheeses (and many others) there is an essential production step which would have to be added to generate cheese curds like this article references. This step is called cheddaring, and occurs when the cheese is allowed to drain completely of whey and form one large conglomerate of it's tiny curds. This process is essential for producing cheese curds in the type that this article discusses because the curds generated when producing cheese are much much smaller. Other types of cheese, such as swiss or gouda are done in a similar way, but they are allowed to press and mat together under the whey. This makes a big difference because they are salted after they are hooped, with a brine or surface salt. Jack and stirred curd gouda is drained then stirred constantly during the draining of whey to prevent this from happening. If it did... it would be cheddar. Those cheeses are salted as curds, but the curds are much too small to be a normal eatable curd (of course they are tasty and eatable, but not the same). All of these cheeses could be made then cut into curd size pieces, however cheddar is the only cheese which this happens as part of it's regular production, therefore the only cheese that normal eatable cheese curds are made with. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.115.7.130 (talk) 01:20, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

On the issue of Orange color in cheese, this is not something indigenous to cheddar cheese, but the product of a long forgotten quest to fool consumers into making your cheese look like it is of higher quality. Originally cheese was colored to give the appearance of higher beta carotine content in the milk, which was a sign of high quality. This is because good pasture vegetation contains more of these compounds. Once someone discovered that they could imitate this color by the addition of annatto (a compound derived from an achiote tree) which made their milk look like it was higher in quality, the trend took off, and is now thought of as normal in some cheddar cheeses. There are still more types (but less volume) of cheddar cheese in the world being produced without the addition of this colorant though. It is not a sign of cheddar cheese at all, but a sign of a confused cheese maker and consumers.

Not sure why the article currently mentions Paneer. Though cheese curds are arguable a form of fresh/young cheese (as is the most widly known type of paneer); so is mozarella, cottage cheese, and ricotta and thousands of other varieties. So that's not enough justification to relate paneer to cheese curds. In fact fresh Paneer isn't too similar to curds at all, though it is similar to american "farmer's cheese", and queso fresco. Although the term "cottage cheese" does get applied to paneer and similar cheeses (as does "farmer's cheese) its not very similar to the product that normal goes by that name in western anglophone countries.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.198.13.67 (talk) 05:44, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

Orange?
"The American variety is usually yellow or orange, like most American Cheddar cheese, but don't require the artificial coloring. Normal varieties, as in Quebec or New York State, will be naturally un-colored" - really? Surely the only reason American curds will be different to elsewhere is because they do something different - ie add colouring like annatto etc Snori (talk) 21:53, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

Air trapped inside their porous bodies
I am not so sure about the "air trapped inside their porous bodies" statement. I have had a lot of trouble finding any peer review sources for this information, but I believe that it has something to do with the resonance of the high intact casein matrix immediately after the cheese is made. Please help us find sources for this information! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.13.90.47 (talk) 02:19, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Possible error in manufacture info
"After the milk is pasteurized, you are left with whey and the early stages of the curd. After that you separate the whey from the curd. Next the whey and curd is cooked and then pressed to release the whey from the curd, to create the final product, cheese curd."

This appears to be contradictory. If the whey is released by cooking, then how can it be skimmed off before hand? Is it some sort of multi step process where the majority is removed before cooking and then the cooking allows the remainder to be removed?

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Merge proposal
Although this article starts with a hatnote stating that Cheese curd is about cheese curds as a regional delicacy and Curd has general information about the dairy product, that distinction doesn't seem to be reflected in the articles. Much of the information is duplicated and I don't see any particular reason for two articles, especially since Cheese also covers 'curdling' and 'curd processing'. Therefore, I am proposing to merge Curd into Cheese curd. Curd would then become a redirect to this article. Leschnei (talk) 17:50, 13 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Support merger, although I think Curd would be a better article title (with Cheese curd a ridirect). Please remember to update Curd (disambiguation) once the merger is done. — Kpalion(talk) 13:34, 14 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Someone mentioned in the talk page that this article is exclusively about the dish 'Cheddar cheese curds'. If so, it should be renamed as such. If not, merge and mention both article's names in the merged article --Ne0 (talk) 11:02, 16 July 2018 (UTC)

I'm re-thinking this merger a bit. The original intent of this page appears to have been the cheese curd snack found in Wisconsin and other places, and perhaps it would be best to return to that. Similar articles exist for other fresh cheeses like Paneer and Quark (dairy product). The problem is that the term 'cheese curd' is too generic since every cheese passes through a curd stage. It might be better to create a page titled something like Cheese curd (snack) (not to be confused with Curd snack), and make Cheese curd a redirect to Curd (disambiguation).

I placed a notice of this merge proposal at WikiProject Food and drink. Perhaps others will have something to say about it. Leschnei (talk) 21:08, 16 July 2018 (UTC)

Vancouver Sun Article Redirects
The first citation in the article (Brehaut, 2016) does not link to the right article. Instead it links to "Story of a shattered life: A single childhood incident pushed Dawn Crey into a downward spiral". Please fix with a link to an archived version of the original article, or remove the Vancouver Sun link.

Laura Brehaut (25 October 2016). "'The taste is in the squeak': Why the key to the perfect poutine is the cheese curds — just don't refrigerate them". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 25 June 2017. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.136.93.250 (talk) 16:43, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cheese curd


text:
General Tom Thumb

Charles Sherwood Stratton (January 4, 1838 – July 15, 1883), better known by his stage name "General Tom Thumb", was an American with dwarfism who achieved great fame as a performer under circus pioneer P. T. Barnum.

Childhood and early life
Born January 4, 1838, in Bridgeport, Connecticut, Stratton was the son of a carpenter named Sherwood Edward Stratton, who was the son of Seth Sherwood Stratton and Amy Sharpe. Sherwood married his first cousin Cynthia Thompson, daughter of Joseph Thompson and Mary Ann Sharpe. Charles Stratton's maternal and paternal grandmothers, Amy and Mary Ann Sharpe, were stated to be small twin girls born on July 11, 1781, or 1783, in Oxford, New Haven, Connecticut.

Born in Bridgeport to parents who were of medium height, Charles was a relatively large baby, weighing 9 lb at birth. He developed and grew normally for the first six months of his life, at which point he was 25 in tall and weighed 15 lb. Then he suddenly stopped growing. His parents became concerned when, after his first birthday, they noticed he had not grown at all in the previous six months. They showed him to their doctor, who said there was little chance Charles would ever reach normal height.

By late 1842, at almost five years old, Stratton had grown only 1 in from when he was six months old and had not gained any weight. Apart from this, he was a completely normal, healthy child, with several siblings who were of average size. His body was proportionate and functional.

Adoption by Barnum

Phineas T. Barnum heard about Stratton, and after contacting his parents, taught the boy how to sing, dance, mime, and impersonate famous people. Barnum went into business with Stratton's father, who died in 1855. Stratton made his first tour of America at the age of five, with routines that included impersonating characters such as Cupid and Napoleon Bonaparte, as well as singing, dancing, and comical banter with another performer who acted as a straight man. To market the act, Barnum gave Stratton the name General Tom Thumb, naming him after the popular English fairy tale. The tour was a huge success and soon expanded.

A year later, Barnum took young Stratton on a tour of Europe, making him an international celebrity. Along with Barnum, Stratton appeared before Queen Victoria. He met the three-year-old future King Edward VII, at that time the Prince of Wales. In 1845, he triumphed at the Théâtre du Vaudeville (France) in the play Le petit Poucet of Dumanoir and Clairville. The tour was a huge success, with crowds mobbing him wherever he went. After his three-year tour in Europe, Stratton began his rise to stardom in the United States. Stratton's fame grew at an astonishing rate, and his popularity and celebrity surpassed that of any actor within his lifetime.

On his return home from his second tour in 1847, aboard the SS Cambria, he attracted the attention of the explorer John Palliser who "was not a little surprised, on entering the state-cabin, to hear the most unnatural shrill little pipe exclaiming, 'Waiter! bring me a Welsh rabbit'." During the voyage, General Tom Thumb contributed to a collection for the relief of famine victims in Ireland.

Stratton's first performances in New York marked a turning point in the history of freak show entertainment. Before Stratton's debut, the presentation of "human curiosities" for entertainment was deemed dishonorable and seen as an unpleasing carnival attraction. However, after viewers were introduced to Stratton and performances, he was able to change the perception people held toward freak shows. Stratton's lively and entertaining performances made these types of carnival shows one of the most favored forms of theatrical entertainment in the United States.

From the age of seven, Stratton performed in grand full-length fairytale melodramas under the management of P.T. Barnum. A few of the melodramas that Stratton performed were Hop o' My Thumb and the Seven League Boots. In these melodramas, Stratton was assigned the title role, which he played on multiple occasions. While Barnum sought to capitalize on Stratton's small stature, he also aimed to highlight and showcase his many true gifts as a performer. For example, Stratton was noted to be clever in his acts. He was a talented actor, singer, dancer, and comedian. As a result, certain dramatic critics did not compare his skills to those of the freak show community of which he was a member, but preferred to judge him on his merits as a professional entertainer.

On his 13th birthday Stratton stood exactly 2 ft tall. On his 18th birthday, he was measured at 2 ft tall. On his 21st birthday, he was 2 ft tall. Stratton became a Freemason on October 3, 1862. Stratton, by now 2 ft tall, was initiated to be a Freemason alongside a man who was 6 ft.

Marriage and later life
His marriage in 1863, to Lavinia Warren, also a little person, became front-page news. The wedding took place at Grace Episcopal Church, and the wedding reception was held at New York City's Metropolitan Hotel. The couple stood atop a grand piano at the reception to greet some 10,000 guests. The best man at the wedding was George Washington Morrison ("Commodore") Nutt, another dwarf performer in Barnum's employ.

The maid of honor was Minnie Warren, Lavinia's sister. Following the wedding, the couple was received by President Lincoln at the White House. Stratton and his wife toured together in Europe as well as British India, in particular the area that later became Bangladesh.

Under Barnum's management, Stratton became a wealthy man. He owned a house in the fashionable part of New York and a steam yacht, and he had a wardrobe of fine clothes. He also owned a specially adapted home on one of Connecticut's Thimble Islands. When Barnum got into financial difficulty, Stratton bailed him out. Later, they became business partners. Stratton made his final appearance in England in 1878.

In January 1883, Stratton was staying at John F. Antisdel's Newhall House in Milwaukee when a fire broke out, which Milwaukee historian John Gurda would call "one of the worst hotel fires in American history". More than 71 people died, but Tom and Lavinia were saved by their manager, Sylvester Bleeker. In 1885 Stratton and his wife were engaged at a new dime museum in Boston called the World's Museum, Menagerie, and Acquarium.

Death and legacy
Six months after surviving the Newhall House fire, Stratton died unexpectedly of a stroke. He was 45 years old. Over 20,000 people attended the funeral. P. T. Barnum purchased a life-sized statue of Tom Thumb and placed it as a gravestone at Mountain Grove Cemetery in Bridgeport, Connecticut. When Lavinia Warren died, more than 35 years later, she was interred next to him, with a simple gravestone that read "His Wife".

In 1959, vandals smashed the statue of Tom Thumb. It was restored by the Barnum Festival Society and Mountain Grove Cemetery Association with funds raised by public subscription.

The cause of Stratton's extreme shortness, then unknown, is referred to today as pituitary dwarfism. X-rays were not discovered until 1895, 12 years after Stratton's death, and the medical techniques of the day were unable to ascertain the pathology, if any, underlying his diminutive size at the time.

He was buried with Masonic honors by Saint John's Lodge. He became Master Mason in St. John's Lodge No. 3 at Bridgeport, Connecticut on October 8, 1862. He received the Commandery degrees of Masonic Knight Templar in Hamilton Commandery No. 5, at Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1863.

Screen portrayals

 * George Brasno portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1934 film The Mighty Barnum.
 * Jimmy Clitheroe portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1967 film Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon.
 * Paul Miller portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1986 TV film Barnum!
 * Sandor Raski portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1986 TV film Barnum.
 * Ed Gale portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1995 TV film Tad.
 * Josh Ryan Evans portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 1999 TV film P.T. Barnum.
 * Sam Humphrey portrayed General Tom Thumb in the 2017 musical film The Greatest Showman.

title: General Tom Thumb


text:
Vesta Veterans International Eights Head of the River Race

The Vesta Veterans Head which often sees notable entries under the title the Vesta Veterans International Head of the River Race is a rowing race held annually on the River Thames over the Championship Course.

Course
The direction in which it is raced will be advertised as the preferred ebb tide, if that occurs fairly near the middle of the day. The direction is confirmed from many weeks ahead on the race website. It is raced from Mortlake to Putney or vice versa.

Categories and entries
It is open to veteran (also known as masters) eights and quads, who race in prize categories determined by their average ages, plus novice prizes for the least-race-points crews in the men's, women's and mixed categories, which are further sub-categories of each category. The race always takes place on the day after the Head of the River Race. There is on-water marshalling provided and an entry fee applies. Any surplus money is applied to further the sport of rowing.

Organiser
It is organised by Vesta Rowing Club.


text:
Rashtravadi Janata Party

The Rashtravadi Janata Party (Nationalist Peoples Party), is a political party in India. The RJP is led by party president Anil Bharati.

title: Rashtravadi Janata Party


text:
User talk:MyPageReddy

hi hi Rammohan is doing expnts on the name of Reddy.

title: User talk:MyPageReddy


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User talk:Kjscn

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

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title: User talk:Kjscn


text:
City-Air

City-Air was an airline based in Germany. Founded in the 1970s as TAG City-Air, it had operated a fleet of Metroliners, Saab 340s and an ATR 42-500 on domestic routes within Germany and on several international routes to Austria, Denmark, Hungary and Switzerland. It suspended operations in February 2004 and filed for insolvency.

title: City-Air


text:
Talk:Lapis Satricanus

"Conca"
The previous version had the stone found in "Conca, Italy"; apparently due to a misunderstanding of a text in Italian, on the part of the writer of the 1911 Britannica. "Conca" means "basin", "flat valley", etc. and is not the name of a town. The town, a very small one, was Borgo Montello as I state in the repaired version; it does in fact lie in an open valley. There is no town by the name of Conca (or Conca + something) anywhere in the Lazio, at least down to 100 or so inhabitants, and the name is unlikely. — Bill 14:20, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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Richard von Volkmann

Richard von Volkmann (17 August 1830 – 28 November 1889) was a prominent German surgeon and author of poetry and fiction. Some of his works were illustrated by his son, Hans, a well known artist.

Biography
He was born in Leipzig on 17 August 1830, the son of physiologist A.W. Volkmann. Richard entered medical school in Berlin and graduated in 1854. In 1867 he was appointed Professor of Surgery and Director of the Surgical Clinic at Halle where he remained until retirement. He was one of the most prominent surgeons of his day. He died in Jena.

Achievements

 * Performed the first excision of carcinoma of the rectum in 1878.
 * Described Volkmann's Ischaemic Contracture in 1881.
 * Devised a splint and a spoon which bear his name.
 * His treatment of articular tuberculosis heralded attempts at preventive surgery.
 * In 1894 he described three patients with scrotal cancer who worked with paraffin and tar.
 * He was an early supporter of Joseph Lister, and helped the introduction of antiseptic surgery throughout Germany.
 * He invented the surgical retractor, now known as the Volkmann Retractor.

Writings
He edited (1870–89) Beiträge zur Chirurgie, and contributed to Franz von Pitha and Theodor Billroth's Handbuch der Chirurgie a section on diseases of the locomotory organs (1865–72). He wrote Bemerkungen über einige vom Krebs zu trennende Geschwülste (1858).

Under the pseudonym Richard Leander, he wrote:
 * Träumereien an französischen Kaminen (Reveries at French chimneys, 1871; 24th ed. 1894), a work for young people
 * Aus der Burschenzeit (From boyhood, 1876)
 * Gedichte (Poems, 3d ed. 1885)
 * Kleine Geschichten (Little stories, 2d ed. 1888)
 * Alte und neue Troubadourlieder (Old and new troubador songs, 2d ed. 1890)

title: Richard von Volkmann


text:
Hitomi Takahashi (actress)

Hitomi Takahashi (高橋 ひとみ) is a Japanese actress.

Film

 * Fruits of Passion (1981)
 * Double Bed (1983)
 * Farewell to the Ark (1984)
 * It's a Summer Vacation Everyday (1994)
 * Rebirth of Mothra (1996)
 * Ultraman Cosmos: The First Contact (2001)
 * Honey and Clover (2008)
 * Aristocrats (2021)
 * The End of the Pale Hour (2022)
 * Baian the Assassin, M.D. 2 (2023)
 * Love Will Tear Us Apart (2023)

TV

 * Fuzoroi no ringotachi (ふぞろいの林檎たち Odd Apples) (1983, 1985, 1991, 1997)
 * Hanekonma (1986)

title: Hitomi Takahashi (actress)


text:
Talk:Petrov's Defence

Petroff
Books on this chess opening all seem to spell it 'Petroff'. Why is this page not following the academic convention? Can someone change the page spelling to Petroff please? Imnikrist (talk) 08:21, 10 April 2021 (UTC)
 * "Petrov" is the usual spelling of this common Russian name. MCO uses the "Petrov" spelling even if they're in a minority. "Petroff" is old fashioned, it reflects pronunciation but Russian names with this ending are usually transliterated as "-ov" rather than "-off" these days. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 10:13, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Cochrane Gambit
It would be interesting to see an analysis of the Cochrane Gambit with a good refutation or defense leading to equality. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Griffgruff (talk • contribs) Nov 13, 2006

 * The article contains no justification of the ?! assessment. NCO assesses the gambit as equal, and the line scores fine for white in practice. If there is a refutation (which I think less likely) it would require many, many lines with black finding an endgame advantage in each. In simple terms the question is whether 2 pawns and an exposed K on f7 is worth a bishop. Looks a fair exchange to me. I will remove the ?! unless someone can give a good reason for it. Elroch (talk) 15:17, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

Float left or float right?
For the main diagram in the openings articles do we want to float left or float right?

Float right fits in better with the way that a normal article would be formatted -- text to the left and the illustrative image to the right. But I think that chess opening articles are different and look a bit better with the diagram on the left.

What do others think about this?

(If we float right, the margin should be a margin-left rather than a margin-right to leave some space between the diagram and the text. That is, either style="float: right; margin-left: 1em" or style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;".)

The link to "Petrov's Three Knights Game" takes to the same page. Isn't it supposed to be a separate article?

Lasker-Pillsbury
"Pillsbury's game in 1896 against Emmanuel Lasker testifies to this."

I think the game was in 1895, not 1896. The database at www.chessgames.com only has two Petrov Defense games between Lasker and Pillsbury, and both were in 1895. This game Ref: http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1109091 (Lasker-Pillsbury) is probably the one referred to in the text; the opening moves are: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 5.d4 d5. --B.d.mills 02:00, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Boden-Kieseritsky Gambit
This could probably have its own page, which I could probably take on. What is the standard for which openings/variations get their own page? Is there one? --Rhododendrite 03:28, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I noticed Boden-Kieseritzky_Gambit was directed to this Petrov's page, either expand the Petrov Page or expand wikibooks chess theory Petrov's Defense ChessCreator 15:53, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There's no standard, but in general any opening that gets a separate chapter in the standard surveys like MCO and NCO gets its own article. We also have articles for all of White's first opening moves, even though many of them are classified as irregular openings and barely treated in the standard references, since the irregular openings have little in common except that they are uncommon.  Variations should be described in the parent opening article.  If the section becomes too long in the parent article, WP:SUMMARY summary style is appropriate. I think B-K could definitely support a separate article, but I recommend expanding the section here first.  When it gets out of proportion to the discussion of the rest of the Petrov, split out the more detailed part of the section to a new article.  Hope this helps.  Quale 17:18, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Another suggestion, expand it in the Two Knights Defence, Nc3 section where it is already given. ChessCreator (talk) 13:10, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Bc4
A line often encountered at club level is 3. Bc4 Nxe4 4. Nxe5, but this doesn't seem to be mentioned on the page. It seems to be less bad for White than 3. Nxe5 Nxe4 is for Black, but it's very unclear and I'd like to see some analysis. 91.105.5.71 18:38, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * 3.Bc4 Nxe4 4. Nxe5? d5 5. d3 Nf6 =+ or 5. Nxf7 Qe7 -+ 5. Bb3 Qg5 =+ ChessCreator 20:44, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Redirects
Redirects to this article are needed from Petrov defence, Petrov's defence and possibly other locations. With so many chess opening articles, it's often confusing to remember exactly what format the title of a particular one is in. 91.107.153.28 (talk) 22:19, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Is that necessary? There is already Petrov Defence, Petrov's Defence, Petroff Defence, Petroff's Defence, Petroff's Defense, Petroff Defense, Petrov Defense, Petrov's defense and also Boden-Kieseritzky Gambit and possibly others. ChessCreator (talk) 23:01, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

3. Nxe4 Qe7
what about this line?

I'm actually playing a game in which that happened. I played 4.d4 and he played d6. Now I can't decide between Nc4, Nd3 and Nf3, and I'm trying to figure out why this line isn't in any books or the net.
 * Hi, 3. Nxe4 is not possible, the Knight just went 2. Nf3.
 * I'm guessing you mean 3. Nxe5 followed by Qe7. The line is not theory(at least I can't find it in theory anywhere) and it's rarely played, but follow this. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 Qe7 4. d4 d6 (4...Nc6 5. Nxc6 Qe4+ 6. Be2 Qxc6 7. O-O White with advantage for White) 5. Nf3 Qxe4 (5...Nxe4 problem with this Knight for Black is the Black bishop is blocked in by the Queen and so Kingside castling is slow. 6. Be2 Bf5 7. O-O with Re1 better for white.) 6. Be3 Be7 7. Bd3 (or Nc3) and white is with advantage being several tempo's up. SunCreator (talk) 02:00, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

3.Nxe5 d6
Anand, V. (2790) vs. Kramnik, V. (2788) Corus A | Wijk aan Zee NED | Round 12| 30 Jan 2010 | ECO: C42 | 1-0

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 5.d4 d5 6.Bd3 Nc6 7.O-O Be7 8.c4 Nb4 9.Be2 O-O 10.Nc3 Bf5 11.a3 Nxc3 12.bxc3 Nc6 13.Re1 Re8 14.cxd5 Qxd5 15.Bf4 Rac8 Elev8torguy (talk) 18:58, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Move Boden-Kieseritzky to Two Knights Defence article?
I'm not sure which move order is the most common but it seems to me to belong more with the Two Knights Defence than the Petroff. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 11:32, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Only a few variations of the BKG include Nc6, and it's never there when the gambit is offered. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 00:34, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

Stafford Gambit
It's unsound but there's been a bit of a craze for it in the last couple of years especially in online blitz games because there are so many traps. We can probably blame IM Eric Rosen and his youtube channel for this. We'll need to take it seriously and give some properly sourced analysis. How about GM Avetik Grigoryan? MaxBrowne2 (talk) 11:03, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petrov's Defence


text:
User talk:PSYCH

 * Cyberjunkie's responce to WP:PAIN

your contributions to Wikipedia
Hi Psych, I've recently reviewed your most recent contributions. I've noticed a worrisome trend. Of your last 100 edits, 11 of them have been in the article-space (5 of those in article talk). Are you here to contribute to wikipedia? 89% of your effort is being spent on your conflict with User:Xtra. Is this because you have a grudge? Or do you find it fun? It seems to me your wasting a lot of your personal time on this. ---J.Smith 20:32, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Hi Psych and J.Smith, just as a third party comment, I am on and off wikipedia not very seriously - pretty much I only make minor corrections when I see mistakes, I don't try to write articles. As such I've never had personal encounters with editors before, yet in the last two days when I made minor corrections to two different Australian articles I have had User:Xtra constantly revert (five times) even after I put a section on the discussion pages (which so far has had positive responses outside User:Xtra). His dismissive and consistent reverting without allowing discussion has wasted more of my time on wikipedia than I have spent before, so I understand how Psych may be caught up. It is a sad indictment of wikipedia if you have to tell newcomers "don't try to improve Australian articles that touch on politics because one user will constantly revert you". Sad mouse 04:47, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:PSYCH


text:
Yarraman, Queensland

Yarraman is a rural town and locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Yarraman had a population of 1,127 people.

Geography
Yarraman is located 181 km northwest of the state capital, Brisbane on the junction of the New England and D'Aguilar highways.

Yarraman is set in a fertile valley and produces timber, grain and beef and dairy goods, which it exports to larger cities.

Yarraman is surrounded by the various components of the fragmentary Bunya Mountains and Yarraman Important Bird Area which contains the largest remaining population of the vulnerable black-breasted button-quail.

In the far west the Meandu Mine extracts coal for the nearby power station.

History
The name Yarraman means horse in the Port Jackson Pidgin English spread by Aboriginal stockmen in eastern Australia. It might derive from word yira or yera meaning large teeth.

The creek at Yarraman was used in the 1870s as a place for local graziers and stockmen to meet and trade cattle. The township was established in the late 1870s. Yarraman Creek Provisional School opened on 17 July 1901 with 10 students, some miles east of the current school site. On 1 January 1909, it became Yarraman Creek State School. On 31 August 1914, a new school site was established with a new school building. In 1935, it was renamed Yarraman State School. In 1963, the school expanded to include a secondary department with an initial enrolment of 47 students. In 1980, a pre-school was added.

As there were many large hoop pine forests in the area, a timber mill was established in 1910.

The town was connected to Brisbane and Ipswich by the Brisbane Valley Railway Line in 1913. The Brisbane Valley Railway Line was closed in 1988. The Queensland Country Women's Association established a branch at Yarraman in 1923. After raising funds a new QCWA Hall was opened in 1928. After both Blackbutt and Yarraman branches had been closed for a number of years, the Blackbutt and Yarraman QCWA branch was formed after their first meeting in 2014. The Yarraman QCWA building had already been removed and sold.

Rocky Hill Provisional School opened on 30 October 1924. A new school building was erected and in October 1929 it became Rocky Hill State School. It closed in 1963. The building was relocated to Yarraman in the 1960s and has been used for various community purposes. In 2016 it was relocated to the Yarraman Heritage House where it will be restored as classrooms with school displays.

During World War II, Yarraman was the location of RAAF No.21 Inland Aircraft Fuel Depot (IAFD), completed in 1942 and closed on 29 August 1944. Usually consisting of 4 tanks, 31 fuel depots were built across Australia for the storage and supply of aircraft fuel for the RAAF and the US Army Air Forces at a total cost of £900,000 ($1,800,000).

The Sacred Heart Convent was completed in 1945. The Sisters of Mercy opened a boarding school for boys in 1946. It closed in 1966. The building is now used as the Yarraman Heritage House.

The Yarraman Library opened in 1982 and had a major refurbishment in 2016. it is now operated by the Toowoomba Regional Council.

Between 2002 and 2018, the former Brisbane Valley railway line was redeveloped as the Brisbane Valley Rail Trail, the longest rail trail in Australia at 161 km.

Demographics
Based on data gathered through the census, Yarraman's population has grown as shown below.

Education
Yarraman State School is a government primary and secondary (Prep-9) school for boys and girls at 17 John Street (-26.8415°N, 151.9767°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 163 students with 15 teachers (13 full-time equivalent) and 19 non-teaching staff (11 full-time equivalent). In 2022, the school had an enrolment of 187 students.

The nearest secondary school providing Years 10 to 12 education is Nanango State High School in Nanango to the north.

Amenities
The Yarraman Library and Post Office are located on the corner of Toomey and Douglas Streets, and offer access to wireless internet. The Toowoomba Regional Council refurbished the library in 2016 including new furnishings, paint, and an accessible parking space and toilet.

The Yarraman Memorial Pool is located in Margaret Street, on the New England Highway.

The Blackbutt Yarraman branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the QCWA Hall at 65 Coulson Street in Blackbutt.

Yarraman has a community radio station Wild Horse FM 99.7.

Yarraman has three churches: St Philip's Anglican Church, Our Lady of Dolours Catholic Church, and Calvary Lutheran church.

Attractions
Yarraman is the northernmost destination of the Brisbane Valley Rail Trail for walking, cycling and horse riding. The trail commences at Yarraman Station Park in McNeil Street (-26.8387°N, 151.99094°W).

title: Yarraman, Queensland


text: User talk:24.222.104.136

title: User talk:24.222.104.136


text:
Charlwood Lawton

Charlwood Lawton (17 February 1659 – 12 June 1721) was an English lawyer and phrase-making pamphleteer, a Whig of Jacobite views. He invented the term "Whiggish Jacobite", used to point out the difference between those who shared his opinions (who included Sir James Montgomery, 4th Baronet and Robert Ferguson), and the nonjuror faction. After the Battle of La Hogue of 1692, the exiled James II of England became more receptive to Lawton's range of arguments. Lawton promoted "civil comprehension", i.e. the removal of all religious tests for the holding of public office. He was a prolific author of subversive literature, to whom some uncertain attributions are made. He is credited with the concept that the Glorious Revolution was a constitutional charade that fell short of its ideals.

Life
He was the son of Ralf Lawton, of Egham, Surrey, surgeon general in the army. He entered as a fellow commoner Wadham College, Oxford, 23 August 1677. He matriculated on 7 December 1677, but left university without taking a degree. He became involved in Monmouth's Rebellion of 1685, and had to lie low. For a time he then lived near Windsor Forest.

Lawton became acquainted with William Penn by a chance meeting on a coach in the summer of 1686, and the two remained friends for life. William Popple met Penn in 1687, at Windsor where he was staying with Lawton.

Lawton was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1688. Aaron Smith was a militant Whig for whom Lawton procured a royal pardon, through Penn, in 1688, and John Trenchard another in the same year; according to Lawton's memoir of Penn, the Smith pardon preceded the Trenchard pardon.

After the Revolution, Lawton met the Jacobite envoy Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston in 1690. Preston being a Protestant loyalist to King James, and Lawton's faction being a counterweight to the Catholic influence on the exile king, it was a setback when Preston and John Ashton were arrested on a journey to see him (the so-called Whig-Jacobite Plot).

Lawton corresponded with John Drummond, 1st Earl of Melfort from 1692. Subsequently, Lawton was in touch with King James's more moderate adviser Charles Middleton, 2nd Earl of Middleton. He also canvassed for support among the Green Ribbon Club, and flattered Sir William Whitlock, who was in transition to becoming a Jacobite Tory. At the time of the 1696 assassination plot against William III, Lawton was implicated by name as a go-between for James II and Parliament.

Lawton acted in 1700 as Penn's agent in London. At this point, which was during Penn's second visit to Pennsylvania, he was facing determined opposition, in particular from Jeremiah Basse and Edward Randolph. Lawton was tasked with assembling a group of Penn's supporters from his English network, and this involved contacting Robert Harley. Others to be brought in were Sir Edward Seymour, 4th Baronet, Sir Christopher Musgrave, 4th Baronet, and Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet, of Whitehaven. Penn was concerned to have his reputation boosted by a pamphlet with a show of strength from the Tory ranks. Lawton then became a close adviser to Harley.

Lawton's continuing good relations with the nonjurors were illustrated by a dedication or address of a section in Linguarum veterum septentrionalium thesaurus after 1701; this was the work of George Hickes, one of the pinnacles of nonjuror scholarship, and Lawton was substituted for the late Bartholomew Shower, a Tory lawyer. Not a practicing barrister, he knew prominent lawyers, including John Somers and George Treby; Lawton lobbied Somers over the private act on behalf of John Burke, 9th Earl of Clanricarde.

At the time of his death, on 12 June 1721, Lawton was described as "of Northampton". He is buried at St. George the Martyr Cemetery, Brunswick Square, renamed St George's Gardens.

Works
Lawton was a prolific writer of pamphlets, including an early group of Jacobite propaganda tracts. In 1693 his hope was for a bloodless restoration of James II. Lawton had the co-operation of the printer William Anderton in distributing his work. Anderton was executed on a treason charge. Related are:

 * A Short state of our condition with relation to the present Parliament (1693) This pamphlet was called the "hush-money paper" because of its criticism of the use of secret payments; Lawton has been credited with inventing the term "hush money". He alleged that £16,000 of secret service money had been paid out in bribes over three days.
 * Some Paradoxes Presented for a New-Year's-Gift from the Old, to the New Orthodox, Serving for an Index to the Revolution (1693)
 * A French Conquest neither Desirable nor Practicable (1693), printed by David Douglas.
 * The Jacobite Principles Vindicated (1693, later in Somers Tracts); here Lawton argued on contractarian grounds. The subject was topical, with John Wildman arguing that the "original contract" for monarchy had been renewed by the Bill of Rights 1689, and Anderton concluding that William III was therefore accountable to it.
 * A Letter concerning Sir William Whitlock's Bill for Trials in Cases of Treason (1694);

Another group were:

 * A Letter concerning Civil Comprehension, 1705;
 * Second Letter concerning Civil Comprehension, 1706;
 * a letter sent to John Tillotson.

These were republished in the Somers Tracts. Letters addressed by Lawton to White Kennett are in the Lansdowne MS. 990, ff. 15, 83.

Lawton planned to publish memoirs, and was said to have left papers relating to the affairs of his time. One such document, dealing with the life of Penn for a short period after Lawton knew him, was printed in 1834, in vol. iii. of the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

In literature
Lawton is referenced in Waverley, in the company of the other writers James Drake and Nicholas Amhurst.

Family
Lawton married Margaret, fourth daughter of William Lawton and Hester, who was the second daughter of Sir Edward Longueville, 1st Baronet. He left a son Henry (baptised 6 September 1690 Egham, St John, Surrey).

title: Charlwood Lawton


text:
Abercynon

Abercynon is a village and community (and electoral ward) in the Cynon Valley within the unitary authority of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales. The community comprises the village and the districts of Carnetown and Grovers Field to the south, Navigation Park to the east, and Glancynon (or Aber-taf) to the north.

The population of Abercynon was recorded as 6,428 in the 2001 Census, decreasing to 6,390 at the 2011 Census, despite more than a hundred additional households built over this period (from 2,582 in 2011 to 2,694 by 2011). The electoral ward of Abercynon includes both the community of Abercynon, but also takes into account the nearby villages of Pontcynon, Ynysboeth and Tyntetown further north.

Abercynon is approximately 16 mi north of Cardiff and approximately 40 mi from Swansea. The rivers Taff and Cynon converge at Watersmeet near Martin's Terrace. Abercynon used to have many churches, chapels and pubs. There are now only four public houses left - The Thorn Hotel, The Navigation, The Top Club and the Carne Park Hotel. The only churches still left are St. Donat's Church in Wales, its daughter church, St. Gwynno's, St. Thomas' Roman Catholic Church and the Methodist church in Martin's Lane.

Religion
The Church in Wales church is St Gwynno and the Roman Catholic church is St Thomas. A shrine and a grotto were built in 1925 on the bank of the River Taff with links to St Thomas' church. It was the idea of Father Carroll Baillie, the first priest of Abercynon who came to minister to migrant Italian and Irish miners and the small local Welsh catholic population. It was built to occupy unemployed miners during the 1926 United Kingdom general strike. The miners used crowbars and ropes to haul huge blocks of stone from the riverbed, then strengthened the banks and terraces with a sloped wall. It was based on the shrine to Our Lady of Lourdes in France.

Abercynon had a number of nonconformist chapels that were established in the nineteenth century. Most had closed by 2000, including Bethania (Independent), Calfaria (Baptist) and Tabernacle (Calvinistic Methodist).

Transport links
The village was the terminus of the world's first steam railway journey when on 21 February 1804 the inventor Richard Trevithick drove a steam locomotive hauling both iron and passengers travelled from the Penydarren ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil to the basin of the Glamorganshire Canal at Abercynon. There are memorials to Trevithick's journey at Penydarren and outside the fire station at Abercynon.

The village developed as a transport interchange being at the junction of the Merthyr and Aberdare branches of the Glamorganshire Canal and the Merthyr and Aberdare branches of the Taff Vale Railway. For a time it was known as "Navigation" and the Navigation Hotel, which was originally the headquarters of the Glamorganshire Canal, still bears this name.

Unusually for a village, until early 2008, it had two railway stations. One was on the line from Cardiff to Aberdare, namely Abercynon North. The other, Abercynon South, was on the Cardiff to Merthyr Tydfil line. Following major work, the North station was closed and its services moved to the South station, now named simply Abercynon. Trains are operated by Transport for Wales as part of the Merthyr Line service.

A park and ride scheme funded by the Welsh Assembly Government and the European Regional Development Fund and delivered by Rhondda Cynon Taf Council with capacity for 160 cars and free parking was opened in 2010. Designed by Capita Glamorgan Consultancy and supported by the then Arriva Trains Wales rail franchise and Network Rail, the park-and-ride facility was built on former scrubland situated between the River Taff and Abercynon Station. A new bridge with paved footways either side was built to link the park and ride with Navigation Business Park. A direct access through a new upgraded subway was also provided to Abercynon Station.

In 2018 Rhondda Cynon Taf Council announced proposals to expand the Park and Ride scheme at Abercynon Railway Station to provide more than 300 new parking spaces. A new parking facility will be built at Navigation Park, on the former Abercynon Colliery site a short walk from Abercynon Railway Station. It will include 310 new spaces including seven disabled bays and 15 motorcycle spaces and a bus stop will be added to the existing car park adjacent to the train station to encourage integration between bus and rail services. Rhondda Cynon Taf Council secured £787,000 from the Welsh Government's Local Transport Fund towards the overall cost of £1.2m.

Abercynon lies just off the A470 road between Pontypridd and Merthyr Tydfil. Other road links include the A472 road which provides a cross valley link to Ystrad Mynach and the A4059 road to Mountain Ash and Aberdare.

Local collieries
Abercynon Colliery was sunk by the Dowlais Ironworks in 1889 to supply a steel works in Cardiff. Employing nearly 3000 men and part of the Powell Duffryn empire pre-World War II, it was in 1973 joined with the Lady Windsor Colliery at Ynysybwl. Known as the Abercynon Lady Windsor Colliery, it closed in 1988. A memorial marks the location of the colliery in the Navigation Park.

Education
Abercynon used to have three primary schools and a secondary school but this has now been reduced to one English medium school and one Welsh medium primary school. Local secondary schools are Pontypridd High School and Mountain Ash Comprehensive School with Cardinal Newman Roman Catholic School, Rhydyfelin and St John the Baptist School, Aberdare providing faith based education. Post-16 education is provided at Coleg y Cymoedd in Nantgarw with other campuses in Aberdare, Rhondda and Ystrad Mynach.

Sport
Abercynon's rugby league side are called the Valley Cougars and play in the Welsh Conference Premier.

The local rugby union team is Abercynon RFC and during the 1970s the team won the Glamorgan County Silver Ball Trophy on two occasions.

Abercynon's suburb of Carnetown has the town's most successful football team, Carnetown FC, formally Carnetown Boys and Girls Club, with teams from mini age groups under 7's through to two senior teams.

Abercynon also has a leisure centre which opened in the 1970s. It is run by RCT Council who invested £1.7 million in 2016. Facilities include a 25-meter swimming pool, a gym, squash courts and sport halls.

An all-weather multi use 3G sports pitch at Y Parc Abercynon was opened by Rhondda Cynon Taf Council in 2018.

Buildings and locations of note
Llancaiach Fawr Manor, a Tudor manor house, lies nearby.

The village of Abercynon is also home to the Thorn Hotel, which was once used by Tom Jones to practise his performances. He also used rooms at the now demolished Ynysmeirig Hotel, known locally as "The Spy", one of a number of pubs in the village now no longer in existence.

Abercynon Workingmen's Hall was once the largest in the South Wales coalfield, but was demolished in 1995. Being built on a steep hillside the height of the pine end wall was over 70 feet from base to roof apex, whilst the front wall was just 35 feet.

1913 tornado
On 28 October 1913, a 160 mph tornado ripped through the Taff valley. It affected nearby settlements, Edwardsville, Treforest and Cilfynydd. Three deaths have been confirmed. Contemporary reports suggest that up to six people died.

Notable people

 * Vic Crowe, Welsh international footballer, who played for and later managed Aston Villa was born in Abercynon.
 * Dai Dower, ABA flyweight boxing champion.
 * George Ewart Evans, folklorist and oral historian.
 * Howard Radford, a former goalkeeper for Bristol Rovers was born in Abercynon.
 * Stephen Williams, Liberal Democrat MP for Bristol West grew up in Abercynon.
 * David Thomas Jones attended the Navigation school 1902 to 1909 and was Member of Parliament for the Hartlepools 1945 to 1959
 * Maldwyn Cooper, 6-time Canadian national wrestling champion - Commonwealth Games Bronze medalist was born in Abercynon

title: Abercynon


text:
D. J. Enright

Dennis Joseph Enright OBE FRSL (11 March 1920 – 31 December 2002) was a British academic, poet, novelist and critic. He authored Academic Year (1955), Memoirs of a Mendicant Professor (1969) and a wide range of essays, reviews, anthologies, children's books and poems.

Life
Enright was born in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, to Irish postman father George Enright - a former soldier, "obliged in early life to enlist... as the result of the premature death of his father, a Fenian" - and Welsh chapel-goer mother Grace (née Cleaver); he wrote about his "working-class, Black Country upbringing". Enright stated in his poem "Anglo-Irish" that his "father claimed to be descended from a king called Brian Boru, an ancient hero of Ireland..." but his "mother said that all Irishmen claimed descent from kings but the truth was they were Catholics."

Enright's early life was characterised by poverty, the loss of his father, and relationship with his "overworked mother". He was educated at Clapham Terrace Primary School, Leamington College and Downing College, Cambridge. After graduating he held a number of academic posts outside the United Kingdom: in Egypt, Japan, Thailand and notably in Singapore (from 1960). He at times attributed his lack of success in finding a post closer to home to writing for Scrutiny and his short association with F. R. Leavis; whose influence he mainly and early, but not entirely, rejected.

As a poet he was identified with the Movement. His 1955 anthology, Poets of the 1950s, served to delineate the group of British poets in question – albeit somewhat remotely and retrospectively, since he was abroad and it was not as prominent as the Robert Conquest collection New Lines of the following year. Returning to London in 1970, he edited Encounter magazine, with Melvin J. Lasky, for two years. He subsequently worked in publishing.

The "Enright Affair"
Enright gained some notoriety in Singapore after his inaugural lecture at the University of Singapore on 17 November 1960, titled "Robert Graves and the Decline of Modernism". His introductory remarks on the state of culture in Singapore were the subject of a Straits Times article. "'Hands Off' Challenge to 'Culture Vultures'", the next day. Among other things, he stated that it was important for Singapore and Malaya to remain "culturally open", that culture was something to be left for the people to build up, and that for the government to institute "a sarong culture, complete with pantun competitions and so forth" was futile.

Some quotes include: "Art does not begin in a test-tube, it does not take its origin in good sentiments and clean-shaven, upstanding young thoughts."

"Leave the people free to make their own mistakes, to suffer and to discover. Authority must leave us to fight even that deadly battle over whether or not to enter a place of entertainment wherein lurks a juke-box, and whether or not to slip a coin into the machine."

The following day, Enright was summoned by the Ministry for Labour and Law regarding his foreigner work permit, and was handed a letter by the Minister for Culture, S. Rajaratnam, which had also been released to the press. The letter admonished Enright for "involv[ing] [himself] in political affairs which are the concern of local people", not "visitors, including mendicant professors", and said that the government "[has] no time for asinine sneers by passing aliens about the futility of 'sarong culture complete with pantun competitions' particularly when it comes from beatnik professors". There was also some criticism that Enright had been insensitive towards Malays and their so-called "sarong culture".

With some mediation from the Academic Staff Association of the university, it was agreed that to put the matter to rest, Enright would write a letter of apology and clarification, the government would reply, and both were to be printed in the newspapers. Although the affair was "essentially dead" after that, according to Enright, it would still be brought up periodically in discussions of local culture and academic freedom. Enright gave his account of the incident in Memoirs of a Mendicant Professor (pp. 124–151).

Timeline

 * 11 March 1920: Born in Warwickshire
 * 1947–50: Lecturer in English, University of Alexandria
 * 1950–53: Organising Tutor, Extra-Mural Department, Birmingham University
 * 1953–56: Visiting Professor, Konan University, Japan
 * 1956–67: Visiting Lecturer, Free University of Berlin
 * 1967–69: British Council Professor, Chulalongkorn University
 * 1960–70: Professor of English, University of Singapore
 * 1970–72: Co-Editor, Encounter
 * 1974–82: Director, Chatto & Windus
 * 1975–80: Honorary Professor of English, University of Warwick
 * 1981: Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry
 * 1991: OBE
 * 31 December 2002: Died in London

Poetry
Collections Anthologies (edited)
 * The Laughing Hyena and other poems (1953)
 * Bread Rather than Blossoms (1956), poems
 * The Year of the Monkey (1956), poems
 * Some Men Are Brothers (1960), poems
 * Addictions (1962), poems
 * The Old Adam (1965)
 * Selected Poems (1968)
 * Unlawful Assembly (1968)
 * Daughters of Earth (1972), poems
 * Foreign Devils (1972), poems
 * The Terrible Shears – Scenes from a Twenties Childhood (1973)
 * Sad Ires (1975), poems
 * Paradise Illustrated (1978), poems (translated into Dutch by C. Buddingh' in 1982 as Het paradijs in beeld in a bilingual edition)
 * A Faust Book (1979), poems
 * Collected Poems (1981)
 * Collected Poems 1987
 * Selected Poems 1990, Oxford
 * Under the Circumstances: Poems and Prose (1991)
 * Old Men and Comets (1993) poems
 * Collected Poems: 1948–1998 (1998)
 * Poets of the 1950s (1955)
 * The Poetry of Living Japan (1958), editor with Takamichi Ninomiya
 * A Choice of Milton's Verse (1975) editor
 * Penguin Modern Poets 26 (1975) with Dannie Abse and Michael Longley
 * The Oxford Book of Contemporary Verse 1945–1980 (1980), editor

List of poems

 * In the Basilica of the Annunciation (1971), broadsheet poem
 * The Rebel (1974), poem
 * Walking in the Harz Mountains, Faust Senses the Presence of God (1979), poem

Novels

 * Academic Year (1955)
 * Heaven Knows Where (1957)
 * Insufficient Poppy (1960)
 * Figures of Speech (1965 )
 * The Joke Shop (1976), novel
 * Wild Ghost Chase (1978), novel
 * Beyond Land's End (1979), novel

Literary criticism, memoirs and general anthologies

 * A Commentary on Goethe's Faust (1949), translated into Polish by Bohdan Zadura:Ksiega Fausta, Wydawnictwo Lubelskie, Lublin 1984.
 * The World of Dew: Aspects of Living Japan (1955)
 * The Apothecary's Shop (1957)
 * Robert Graves and the Decline of Modernism (1960)
 * English Critical Texts 16th Century to 20th Century (1963), editor with Ernst de Chickera
 * Conspirators and Poets (1966)
 * Memoirs of a Mendicant Professor (1969)
 * Shakespeare and the Students (1970)
 * Man is an Onion: Reviews and Essays (1972)
 * Rhyme times rhyme (1974)
 * A Mania for Sentences: Essays on G. Grass, H. Boll, Frisch, Flaubert & Others (1983)
 * Fair of Speech: The Uses of Euphemism (1985), editor
 * Instant Chronicles: A Life (1985)
 * The Oxford Book of Death (1985), editor
 * The Alluring Problem – An Essay on Irony (1986)
 * Fields of Vision: Essays on Literature, Language, and Television (1988)
 * Ill at Ease: Writers on Ailments Real and Imagined (1989), editor
 * The Faber Book of Fevers and Frets (1989), editor
 * Oxford Book of Friendship (1991), editor with David Rawlinson
 * The Way of The Cat (1992)
 * The Oxford Book of the Supernatural (1994), editor
 * Interplay: A Kind of Commonplace Book (1995)
 * Telling Tales (1999)
 * Play Resumed: A Journal
 * Signs and Wonders: Selected Essays (2001)
 * Injury Time (2003)

title: D. J. Enright


text:
User:Whysperseed

My real name is Luke. May the WikiForce be with you.

title: User:Whysperseed


text:
Kyotaro Nishimura

Kyotaro Nishimura (西村 京太郎) was a Japanese novelist in the police procedural genre.

Career
Nishimura is best known for his "train series" mysteries, most of which feature his characters, police detectives Shozo Totsugawa, Sadao Kamei and Tokitaka Honda. He won the Mystery Writers of Japan Award in 1981 for The Terminal Murder Case.

Nishimura was married to Mizue Yajima. He died from liver cancer on 3 March 2022, at the age of 91.

Works in English translation

 * Novel
 * The Mystery Train Disappears (original title: Misuterī Ressha ga Kieta), trans. Gavin Frew (New York: Dembner Books, 1990) ISBN 0-942637-30-5

 * Short story collection
 * The Isle of South Kamui and Other Stories (original title: Minami Kamuito), trans. Ginny Tapley Takemori (Thames River Press, 2013) ISBN 978-1-78308-011-3

 * Short story
 * The Kindly Blackmailer (original title: Yasashii Kyōhakusha) ("Ellery Queen's Japanese Golden Dozen: The Detective Story World in Japan" anthology.  Edited by Ellery Queen.  Rutland Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Co. Inc.  1978.  ISBN 0-8048-1254-3  pp 147–165)

Awards

 * 1965 – Edogawa Rampo Prize: Tenshi no Shōkon (A Scar of an Angel)
 * 1981 – Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Best Novel: Tāminaru Satsujin Jiken (The Terminal Murder Case)

TV

 * Kyotaro Nishimura Travel Mystery
 * Kyotaro Nishimura Suspense -Susumu Samonji
 * Inspector Totsugawa Series

title: Kyotaro Nishimura


text:
User talk:Lobsterantlers

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 14:31, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lobsterantlers


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Mark Ruskell

Mark Christopher Ruskell (born 14 May 1972) is a Scottish Green Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP). He was elected to represent Mid Scotland and Fife from 2003−2007, then elected again in 2016 and re-elected in 2021. In the Scottish Parliament, Ruskell is the Greens' spokesperson on Climate, Energy, Environment, Food and Farming.

Early life
Mark Ruskell was born on 14 May 1972. He was educated at Stevenson College, Edinburgh, a further education college in the city. He studied environmental science and biology at the University of Stirling, graduating with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree, and sustainable agriculture at the Scottish Agricultural College and University of Aberdeen, graduating with a Master of Science (MSc) degree.

Political career
In 2003 he was elected to represent Mid Scotland and Fife. He sat on the Scottish Parliament Environment and Rural Development Committee and served as its Deputy Convenor. He lost his seat in the 2007 elections.

In May 2012 he was elected to represent the Dunblane and Bridge of Allan ward of Stirling Council in the Scottish local elections, the first time the Scottish Green Party has had a representative on the council. He stepped down at the 2017 elections to concentrate on his role as a MSP. His party colleague Alasdair Tollemache replaced him as Councillor for Dunblane and Bridge of Allan at the 2017 poll.

His political career has involved fighting numerous campaigns for the Greens including standing in the 2001, 2010 and 2015 UK Westminster General Elections for Stirling and in every Scottish Parliament election since 1999.

In March 2015, the Scottish Greens announced that Ruskell had been selected as the lead candidate for their Mid Scotland and Fife regional list, following a ballot of their members. and was subsequently elected. On 23 May he was announced as the Scottish Greens spokesperson on Climate, Energy, Environment, Food and Farming. He currently sits as a Member of the Environment, Climate Change and Land Reform Committee.

title: Mark Ruskell


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Yoshiko Tanaka

Yoshiko Tanaka (田中 好子) was a Japanese actress. She was also famous as a member of the pop group Candies. While a member of Candies, Tanaka was known by the nickname "Sue" (スーちゃん). Still at the height of its popularity, the group disbanded in 1978. Tanaka was also the sister-in-law of the well-known actress Masako Natsume.

Tanaka was born in Adachi, Tokyo. She had a role in Godzilla vs. Biollante, portraying Asuka Okouchi. She won the Best Actress Award at the 14th Hochi Film Award for Black Rain.

In 1991, she married businessman Kazuo Odate. She was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1992. In October 2010, her cancer returned. Tanaka died on April 21, 2011, at the age of 55.

Filmography

 * Film
 * Godzilla vs. Biollante (1989) – Asuka Okouchi
 * Black Rain (1989) – Yasuko

 * Television
 * Totsugeki! Hyūman!! (1972, NTV, Tokusatsu Series) - Hoshiyama Rumiko
 * Oshin (1983, NHK) - Hatsuko age 20-40
 * Tokugawa Ieyasu (1983, NHK) – Ayame
 * Byakkotai (1986, NTV) - Yamamoto Yaeko
 * Platonic Sex (2001, Fuji TV) – Kana's mother

Singles

 * 1) Cabochard (カボシャール)
 * 2) Tsumi TO ME (罪 TO ME)
 * 3) Gozen 5 Toki No DREAM (午前5時のドリーム)
 * 4) Feel My Love Inside

Albums

 * 1) Yoshiko (好子, 1984)

title: Yoshiko Tanaka