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User talk:L-Bit

Welcome!
Good afternoon, apparent newcomer! I saw (on my watchlist) that someone had done something to our 4th-largest island, so I had a look, and there was this mass of detail looking as if it had to have been written by someone who had been there and possibly still was there.

I was not impressed at the change that suggested that councils have boundaries; their territories do; but I'll let that pass for a while.

I hope you can add your name to one or more of the Wikipedians-related lists, including the NZers, and eventually tell us a bit about yourself on your User page (which is also useful for keeping "to do" lists and other links and reminders).

If you have any feeling for te reo Maori, please visit the Maori language page and the corresponding WP.

Best wishes. Robin Patterson 00:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Welcome from me as well. Robin is away from the internet for a few days, so don't expect any immediate answers to questions on his talk page.

With regard to your images (specifically Image:Cococrb2.jpg): I see some mixed messages. The image was originally marked as public domain, and you initially stated "All images on this webpage are free to use this picture however you wish" which means the same thing, but then when fixing the typos you changed it to say "for non-commercial purposes". Wikipedia is licenced under the GFDL which is not strictly compatible with non-commercial. We allow non-commercial images at present in the English Wikipedia, but not on the Wikimedia Commons, and we'll probably ban non-commercial images entirely at some point. It would be a shame to lose yours; would you consider licencing it as GFDL instead? Thanks.-gadfium 04:52, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for filling in, Gadfium. I know next to nothing about images, so it's just as well you came along!

 * I also wondered about the licensing stuff. See my comment on that image's talk page.  It's a great photo, btw.  A-giau 23:10, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, thanks for the clarification. Hopefully I (or someone) will be able to upload a copy of the crab image to the "no-non-commerical" land known as the Commons:, so we can all point to it.  I'm currently working on an article that would benefit from your image.  Thanks.  A-giau 03:16, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Glanced at your pages, L-Bit. You're the one with even less hair than I have. Keep up the good contributing. How much is too much? Well, have a look at Plimmerton, which has a mere 3,000 residents and a lot more stuff I could write about it (much of which is on my Webspawner page about it).

Robin Patterson 10:36, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks - I love your photos!
!!!!

Westies
No wucking furries, bloke ;-) I've also changed the name to Westies (people) because it seems more in keeping with Wiki style.Grant65 (Talk) 14:21, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

RN Ensign
Thanks for helping with the RN ensign cleanup task. There's one small matter I'd like to bring to your attention. You've been changing over some of the USN destroyers that ended up in the RN thanks to the destroyers-for-bases deal. Those have both the RN ensign and the USN jack as they served in both fleets. When you've replaced the RN ensign you've put the link code for the image on a separate line to that for the USN image link code. That means that the flags end up on different lines in the table. What we've usually done with tables like that, for those destroyers, the escort carriers transferred under similar circumstances and other ships that served in two or more navies is to have the flag code and thus the flags without a line break in between. A space is probably a good idea, to provide a separation between the images. However, having a link break in there increases the size of the table cell and, at least to my mind, makes it look ugly.

I'd appreciate it if you could put the two flag links on the same line after changing in the future. David Newton 20:57, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks David Newton. I got this wrong as I read somewhere (can't find it now) that part of the cleanup job was to ensure wikilinks were typed on one line. I think I might even have gone back through some of the ensign changes and already made and then made them worse. The one thing I obviously didn't do was check my work. It is good that even through contributing badly, there's always an eye out for the good of the Wiki. Cheers L-Bit 11:02, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't make it clear in the cleanup task that it would be a good idea to keep the ensigns/jacks on one line, so it's at least partially my fault. I would have done this sort of thing with a bot using human interaction, but I have yet figured out how to use the Wikipedia bot framework, despite looking at the FAQ pages and the mailing list!

 * As for contributing 'badly', all that has to be done now is to have a quick look through the list of destroyers and escort carriers that served in both the USN and RN and replace the line break between the two flag images with a space. That's hardly a catastrophe. The important thing in this matter is getting rid of all the links to those files with dubious copyright situations that also have replacements available so that the dubious files can be deleted when that process is complete. I did it myself for the RAN and RNZN ensigns, but the RN and USN images are linked to so many ships (hundreds each) that I felt some help for the task would be useful. I think I've also seen someone adding new USN jack images after the point about the potential copyright problems was raised, so I'll have to stick a note on their talk page about the matter. David Newton 12:09, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

alphabetic lists for birds
Hi! I noticed you alphabeticised the page Honeyeater. Just so you know, the random order of the bird lists is actually the taxonomic order, showing relationships within the family. I am trying to figure out how to revert the page, but I thought I'd tell you why before I did. Sabine's Sunbird 02:04, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No worries. It isn't obvious and no harm done anyway. Sabine's Sunbird 15:04, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Auckland edits
Hi L-Bit. Thanks for the nice and significant addition to Auckland. Can I suggest though that you don't tick the "minor edit" box for such edits. For guidance as to when to flag or not flag minor edits, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Minor_edit. cheers Nurg 10:53, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Auckland meetup
Just to let you know that a meetup is planned in Auckland for the 25th of June (see Meetup/Auckland for more details), and that you are cordially invited. GeorgeStepanek\talk 00:21, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Your AfD for Eleana Apartments
It seems you forgot the third step of Articles_for_deletion for Articles for deletion/Eleana Apartments. I did this, and the AfD is now listed at Articles_for_deletion/Log/2006_May_29. Deleteme42 16:40, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Tohunga Suppression Act
Hey there L-Bit. I have removed most of the info you added to 1907 in New Zealand because only brief mentions are included on those types of pages, with links to further info. You clearly have the basis for an interesting standalone article which would be very informative. If you want to create it, simply click on Tohunga Suppression Act and start typing. Cheers. Moriori 22:11, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Auckland Meetup - 11 August 2007 1pm
You are invited to Auckland Meetup 3 on the afternoon of Saturday 11 August 2007 at Ironique in Mt Eden. Please see Meetup/Auckland 3 for details. You can also watch Meetup/Auckland to be informed of future NZ meetups. Linnah 22:23, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Publishing Project in Cambodia (with section on Champa)
Hello,

My name is Kheng Pytou Kethya, Director of Sastra Publishing, a publisher of textbooks and other academic materials based in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

I am writing you today because we would like to pursue our efforts in making academic material in Khmer language more accessible to Cambodian students and faculty as well.

Sastra Publishing is currently working on a book project about ethnicity in Cambodia in which we have a section on Champa. We have come across your picture on Wikipedia website taken in My Son and entitled [The towers of Po Sa Nu (Pho Hai) near Phan Thiết may be the oldest extant Cham buildings. In style, they exhibit the influence of pre-Angkorian Cambodia].

We are contacting you to see whether there would any possibility for you to send us the original picture (with the highest possible resolution). We would, of course, acknowledge your contribution as part of the book's photography credits.

Please let us know your thoughts. You can contact us at the following email address:

kethya@gmail.com kethya@khmerstudies.org

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Best regards

Kethya —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.94.150.165 (talk) 01:28, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

NowCommons: File:Giant Gourami Golden.jpg
File:Giant Gourami Golden.jpg is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Commons:File:Giant Gourami Golden.jpg. This is a repository of free media that can be used on all Wikimedia wikis. The image will be deleted from Wikipedia, but this doesn't mean it can't be used anymore. You can embed an image uploaded to Commons like you would an image uploaded to Wikipedia, in this case:. Note that this is an automated message to inform you about the move. This bot did not copy the image itself. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 20:27, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Your note on my talk
Hi - are you sure about what you say - the additions I removed were not made by you, but were additions made by another user that same day about suppression of traditional sports. Suggest you bring up the veracity of McLaughlins encyclopedia with User:Gadfium. Kahuroa (talk) 08:56, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Auckland Meetup 5 on 9 May 2010
You are invited to Auckland Meetup 5 on the afternoon of Sunday 9th May 2010 at Esquires Cafe, Ground Floor, Auckland Central City Library, Lorne St, Auckland. Please see Meetup/Auckland 5 for details and RSVP. You can also bookmark Meetup/Auckland to be informed of future NZ meetups. - Linnah (talk) 08:30, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification
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 * in this case it was correct as there is no current Ground Parrot page (by common or scientific name). This particular Disamb page lists the three species extant (well it does now that I've added the third one) L-Bit (talk) 05:33, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

War boat
Go back and fix your typo! Amandajm (talk) 07:48, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

 * No, Go back and look! It has been moved upwards, into a better place, giving it the same status as the Dunkirk vessels and getting it away from the more generic craft and the "little jolly boat'. If it is really important, then it needs to be treated as such.  Amandajm (talk) 11:06, 5 June 2012 (UTC)
 * "treaty" won't work if you leave it as "Treat". That's why I told you there was a typo. Treaty of Waitangi remained in the red, not because it doesn't have a page, (of course it has a page!) but because you left the "y" off, on both occasions. You've got to use that Show preview option, and if something doesn't work that obviously should work, the first step in the procedure is to see if you, as the editor, made a mistake. Amandajm (talk) 11:18, 5 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you for correcting my errors. I always use preview (if you don't believe me check my "contributions"), but between my mismanagement in this case, and my browsers cache, I got totally buggered up. L-Bit (talk) 11:26, 5 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Well I hope you're happy with what I have done with it. I didn't realise, when I saw the boat in the pageant, that it was quite so historically significant. I must say that it looked just magnificent, and was a highlight of the parade. The BBC commentators kept waffling on!  The other broadcast I was watching had no commentary whatsoever.
 * The BBC did some truly unforgivable things. Just as the Choir were singing Jerusalem, they proceeded to interview the rather nutty chap from "Horrible Histories", who was so loud and animated that he drowned out the music. Well, it was a crowd pleaser, I suppose, but actually the crowd seemed quite happy to watch and make their own fun, without having comedians on the scene! Amandajm (talk) 14:59, 5 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Snip chat

Disambiguation link notification for April 28
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 * This is going to take some sorting out :-( L-Bit (talk)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Disambiguation link notification for March 27
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Durian, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Pontianak. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

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 * Corrected - thanks Bot! L-Bit (talk) 10:52, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

New Challenge for Oceania and Australia
Hi, WikiProject Oceania/The 10,000 Challenge and WikiProject Australia/The 5000 Challenge are up and running based on The 10,000 Challenge which has currently produced over 2300 article improvements and creations. The Australia challenge would feed into the wider region one and potentially New Zealand could have a smaller challenge too. The main goal is content improvement, tackling stale old stubs and important content and improving sourcing/making more consistent but new articles are also welcome if sourced. I understand that this is a big goal for regular editors, especially being summertime where you are, but if you'd like to see large scale quality improvements happening for Oceania and Australia like The Africa Destubathon, which has produced over 1700 articles in 5 weeks, sign up on the page. The idea will be an ongoing national editathon/challenge for the region but fuelled by a series of contests to really get articles on every province and subject mass improved. The Africa contest scaled worldwide would naturally provide great benefits to Oceania countries, particularly Australia and attract new editors. I would like some support from existing editors here to get the Challenges off to a start with some articles to make doing a Destubathon worthwhile and potentially bring about hundreds of improvements in a few weeks through a contest! Cheers.♦ --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:12, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

Interview invitation from a Wikipedia researcher in the University of Minnesota
I am Weiwen Leung, a student at the University of Minnesota. I am currently conducting a study on how people on the LGBT+ Wikipedians group use and contribute to Wikipedia.

Would you be willing to answer a short 5 minute survey? If so, please email me at leung085@umn.edu. It would be helpful if you could include your Wikipedia username when emailing.

Thank you, Weiwen — Preceding unsigned comment added by Weiwensg (talk • contribs) 17:52, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

ESEAP Conference 2018
Hello L-Bit,

I’m Irvin from PhilWiki Community, a member of the Communication Committee of the ESEAP Conference. ESEAP Conference 2018 is a regional conference for Wikimedia communities throughout the ESEAP region: ESEAP stands for East, Southeast Asia, and Pacific. Taking place in Bali, Indonesia on 5–6 May 2018, this is the first regional conference for these Wikimedia communities.

East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific are the most under-represented regions within the Wikimedia community. There is a significant number of Wikimedia contributors in our regions, yet we continue to struggle in establishing a well-managed community. This conference will bring participants from various ESEAP communities together in order to better understand the issues and to look for solutions. It also aims to connect people of the Wikimedia movement within ESEAP regions, to share ideas, and to build regional collaborations that are impossible to achieve through online communication.

We’ve got a lot of participation from several countries, but we’re lacking from your country. As we need more participants from your country, we believe that your contribution and participation would be a valuable asset to the success of this event. If you would like to participate in the conference, please do fill the form as soon as possible (by April 5, 2018) and we’ll inform you if you get selected for the conference.

Thank you and we hope to see you soon. --Filipinayzd 01:43, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

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Invitation to an in-person meetup in Mohua / Golden Bay
Thinking about your summer break? Think about joining other Wikipedians and Wikimedians in Golden Bay / Mohua! Details are on the meetup page. There's heaps of interesting stuff to work on e.g. the oldest extant waka or New Zealand's oldest ongoing legal case. Or you may spend your time taking photos and then upload them.

Golden Bay is hard to get to and the airline flying into Tākaka uses small planes, so we are holding some seats from and to Wellington and we are offering attendees a $200 travel subsidy to help with costs.

Be in touch with Schwede66 if this event interests you and you'd like to discuss logistics.  Schwede 66  09:14, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

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title: User talk:L-Bit


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Unknown Armies

Unknown Armies is an occult-themed roleplaying game by John Scott Tynes and Greg Stolze, published by Atlas Games. The first edition was published in 1998, with the second and third editions being released in 2002 and 2017 respectively. The game is set in a postmodernist occult underground where characters wield magick by personal belief.

System
Unknown Armies uses a percentile dice system where checks are made by rolling two 10-sided dice, with one representing the "tens" and the other representing the "singles" digit (d100 for short). The game uses a 'roll-under' system, where the goal is to roll below the target number, rather than above as for games like Dungeons & Dragons. Similarly, a roll of 1 is a critical success, while a roll of 00 (100) is a critical failure.

Players can start off as mundanes, Avatars, or Adepts. The benefit of the latter two is that one finds themselves in tune with some mystic force, and are most likely clued in to the Occult Underground. An Avatar is a person that channels an "Archetype", a powerful and universal role in culture. Examples include the mystic hermaphrodite, the hunter, and the demagogue. Adepts have spells related to certain obsessions, and must power themselves with related activities. However, playing mundanes also has its advantages as one can spend their points on aspects other than an Avatar's or Adept's power.

Each character's statistics are split into 4 main categories:
 * Body – deals with main physical skills
 * Speed – deals with dexterity based skills
 * Mind – deals with mental skills
 * Soul – deals with personality and "spiritual" based skills

The system is considered flexible in that players can choose their own skills.

Each player's character also starts off with an obsession (something the character is passionate about) and assigns a relevant skill. (For example, an obsessive stamp collector will most likely have the appraise skill as an obsessive skill.)

The system also introduces the concept of flip-flopping, where players who are using their obsession skill can choose to switch the "tens" and "singles" of their dice rolls (for example, turning 74 into 47.)

There are also 5 madness meters, which help catalogue your character's sanity:
 * Violence – Represents your character's reaction to violent acts
 * Unnatural – Represents your character's reaction to the unnatural
 * Helplessness – Represents your character's reaction in helpless situations
 * Isolation – Represents your character's reaction in periods of isolation/loneliness
 * Self – Represents your character's ability to deal with issues relating to identity

The madness meter is considered one of the best game-mechanics for handling the issue of a PC's sanity in a game of literally mind-destroying horror. They reappear in the NEMESIS RPG, albeit without the Isolation meter.

Reception
A reviewer from the online second volume of Pyramid wrote "Picture a world built of the magical illumination of Tim Powers and the gritty, brutal action of James Ellroy. Picture it filmed by an alchemical blend of John Woo and Quentin Tarantino. Add a hard-charging Steve Earle/Nick Cave soundtrack, and watch the movie in the rattiest, creepiest theater you can think of in the baddest part of town. Multiply all that by eleven, and you'll be close to Unknown Armies."

Kenneth Hite states that "Unknown Armies tells us that the only reality is what human beings choose to make of it, and frightens us with the thought that only insane people care enough to really change it. But for all that, it remains a game of alchemical optimism at its heart—from madmen and loners on the margins of society, a better world can come. If they want it enough to fight all the other madmen and loners to the death, and risk losing the rest of themselves, that is."

Unknown Armies 2nd edition won the 2003 Gold Ennie Award for "Best Non-Open-Gaming Product".

Reviews

 * Pyramid – Second Edition
 * Backstab #12
 * InQuest 50
 * Casus Belli #116

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Unknown Armies


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Yellowhead Pass

The Yellowhead Pass is a mountain pass across the Continental Divide of the Americas in the Canadian Rockies. It is on the provincial boundary between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia, and lies within Jasper National Park and Mount Robson Provincial Park. Due to its modest elevation of 1,131 m and its gradual approaches, the pass was recommended by Sir Sandford Fleming as a route across the Rocky Mountains for the planned Canadian Pacific Railway. The proposal was rejected in favour of a more direct and southerly route, through the more difficult Kicking Horse Pass, which was opened in 1886. Later the Grand Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways used the Yellowhead Pass for their main lines, built c. 1910–1913, and the main line of their successor, the Canadian National Railway, still follows the route. Via Rail's premier passenger train, the Canadian; the Jasper – Prince Rupert train; and the Jasper section of the Rocky Mountaineer use the Yellowhead Pass, which is now used also by the Yellowhead Highway.

It is believed that the pass was named for Pierre Bostonais (nicknamed Tête Jaune, French for "yellow head", because of his blond hair), an Iroquois-Métis trapper employed as a guide by the Hudson's Bay Company. Bostonais led one of the first expeditions for the company to what is now the interior of British Columbia through the pass in 1820.

title: Yellowhead Pass


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gary Oak

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Deathphoenix 22:35, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Gary Oak
Is it absurdly ridiculous that we have an article about the grandson of a Pokémon professor, or is this encyclopedic information which makes Wikipedia a more valuable resource? Gary Oak +pokemon returns 313 google hits while his grandfather, Professor Oak returns over 16,500 in contrast. Should this article remain or be deleted? GRider\talk 00:49, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, minor fictious character, pokemon fancruft. Megan1967 01:26, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. Gary is a major character in the cartoon version of Pokemon. He is the arch-rival of Ash (the main character). See Template:Anime characters. Carrp | Talk 01:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Would justifying the existence of an article by referring to a Wikipedia template (Template:Anime characters) be an exercise in circular reasoning? Why or why not?  GRider\talk 18:28, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't believe that would circular reasoning. Circular reasoning would be if I justified the Gary Oak article by pointing out the fact that he has an article on Wikipedia. However, what I actually did was to show that Gary is one of the main Pokemon characters. He is the main character's arch-rival and is prominently featured in many plots. There's plenty of Pokecruft on Wikipedia, but Gary isn't part ot it. Carrp | Talk 15:36, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. ✏ Oven Fresh  ²  02:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. "Gary + Pokémon" gets over 40,000 Google hits; it seems that the character is rarely referred to by his full name, and anyone anal enough to spell out his full name when using it would likely also remember to put the accent over the e in "Pokémon".  -Sean Curtin 04:17, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Invalid search phrase. "Greg +Pokémon" gets over 15,000 Google hits .  For the record, I am not a character in the Pokémon world.  Pulling a random name from a hat, "Dave +Pokémon" receives over 45,000 Google hits; . GRider\talk  18:35, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable information.  ComCat 09:03, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Has no relevence whatsoever separate from the Pokemon series (i.e. isn't a wider cultural figure in the way that, say, Darth Vader or Hannibal Lecter are). Personally, I'd rather redirect to Oregon white oak, which is also known as the Garry oak and will be of longer significance. Average Earthman 11:08, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - I'm undecided about this, but this isn't some random character, it's the main antagonist in the series so basically every other character except Ash Ketchum is less notable than him and would have to go if he went. DopefishJustin (・∀・) 08:50, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep - Gary Oak is the nemesis of the main character in the Pokemon anime series, and has been in it for some 9 years now, has 198,000 google hits. To be replaced with an article about an obscure type of tree? Don't make me laugh. Oregon white oak should not have an article to itself anyway. Wikipedia is not an encyclopedia of trees. Trip: The Light Fantastic 15:49, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Very Strong Keep - Gary is one of the core (semi)regular characters in Pokémon, both at the start and end of the series. Furthermore, he is very important in terms of the story. kelvSYC 17:55, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - the character is more important to the series than the aformentioned grandfather. Not that I watch Pokeman... --BD2412 20:45, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - the character has had an important role in the series for a long time and is also represented in some of the franchise's video games as the game's main rival.Sinistro 00:14, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - give a disambiguation line at the top for the Oregon White Oak. Why shouldn't Wikipedia have trees in it? Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  07:03, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Googling for "Gary Oak" + pokémon gets over 7,000 hits. Bart133 (t) 01:49, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable fancruft.  Just becasue something that is popular among one segment of the population of the world and can therefore show many google hits does not make it notable.  In fact, I would imagine that 7,000 hits is a very low total for a pokemon topic. Indrian 04:36, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's likely because his last name is rarely used. Since "Gary" is a common name, a search for "Gary" + pokemon will result in too many unrelated hits. Carrp | Talk 12:52, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: I cannot believe this. -- unsigned comment by 64.172.25.87, whose second edit this vote is.
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:40, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Strong keepp.  I do not watch Pokemon but I know that this person is very important! 67.110.225.100 17:20, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Category:Jeopardy!

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Jeopardy!


text:
Daughter (disambiguation)

A daughter is a female offspring.

Daughter may also refer to:

Films

 * Daughter (2014 film), a South Korean film
 * Daughter (2016 film)
 * Daughter (2019 film), aka Dcera, a 2019 Czech animated short film
 * Daughter 2, a 1996 Thai film
 * Daughters (1997 film), aka Our Mother's Murder, a 1997 American made-for-TV film
 * Daughters (2024 film), a 2024 documentary and winner at the Sundance Film Festival
 * Dukhtar, aka Daughter, a 2014 Pakistani film
 * The Daughter (2012 film), a 2012 Greek film
 * The Daughter (2015 film), a 2015 Australian film
 * The Daughter (2021 film), a 2021 Spanish film

Literature

 * The Daughter (play), an 1836 play by James Sheridan Knowles
 * The Daughter (novel), a Greek novel

Groups

 * Daughter (band), London-based band
 * Daughters (band), an American rock band

Albums and EPs

 * Daughter, a 2022 album by Janice Vidal
 * Daughters (album), the self-titled 2010 studio album by band Daughters
 * Daughters (EP), the self-titled 2002 EP by band Daughters

Songs

 * "Daughter" (song), from Pearl Jam's album Vs., 1993
 * "Daughter", by Beyoncé from Cowboy Carter, 2024
 * "Daughter", by Daughters from You Won't Get What You Want, 2018
 * "Daughter", by Loudon Wainwright III from Strange Weirdos, 2007
 * "Daughter", by Sleeping at Last from Atlas: Life, 2015
 * "Daughter", by Status Quo from Ma Kelly's Greasy Spoon, 1970
 * "Daughter", by The Blenders August 1963
 * "Daughters" (John Mayer song), from the album Heavier Things, 2003
 * "Daughters" (Nas song), from the album Life Is Good, 2012
 * "Daughters", by The Story So Far from Under Soil And Dirt, 2011
 * "The Daughters", by Little Big Town from Nightfall, 2019

Science

 * Daughter cell, the biological cells resulting from cell division
 * Daughter isotope, in physics, a nuclide formed by radioactive decay of another

Other uses

 * Daughter language, in linguistics, any later language derived from an earlier language, or a subordinate node in a phrase structure tree
 * Daughterboard, in computing, a subordinate extension of a motherboard

title: Daughter (disambiguation)


text:
Bernadette Mayer

Bernadette Mayer (May 12, 1945 – November 22, 2022) was an American poet, writer, and visual artist associated with both the Language poets and the New York School.

Early life and education
Bernadette Mayer was born in a predominantly German part of Brooklyn, New York, in 1945. Her parents were, as she writes in the autobiographical piece, "0–19", "a mother-secretary & father draft dodger WWII electrician". Mayer's parents died when she was in her early teens and her uncle, a legal guardian after the passing of her parents, died only a few years later. She had one sister, Rosemary Mayer, a sculptor who was a member of similar conceptual art communities during the 1970s and 1980s, in addition to being a founding member of the feminist art space A.I.R. Gallery. Mayer attended Catholic schools early on, where she studied languages and the classics, and she graduated from the New School for Social Research in 1967.

Mayer's work first caught public attention with her exhibit Memory, a multimedia work that challenged ideas of narrative and autobiography in conceptual art and created an immersive poetic environment. During July 1971, Mayer photographed one roll of film each day, resulting in a total of 1200 photographs. Mayer then recorded a 31-part narration as she remembered the context of each image, using them as "taking-off points for digression" and to "[fill] in the spaces between." In the first full-showing of the exhibit at the 98 Greene Street Loft, the photographs were installed on boards in sequential rows as Mayer's seven-hour audio track played a single time between the gallery's open and close. Memory asked its observer to be a critical student of the work, as one would with any poetic text, while putting herself into the position of the artist. An early version of Memory, remembering, toured seven locations in the U.S. and Europe from 1973 to 1974 as part of Lucy R. Lippard's female-centric conceptual art show, "c. 7,500". Memory's audio narration was later edited and turned into a book published by North Atlantic Books in 1976. Memory served as the jumping off point for Mayer's next book, a 3-year experiment in stream-of-conscious journal writing Studying Hunger (Adventures in Poetry, 1976), and these diaristic impulses would continue to be a significant part of Mayer's writing practice over the next few decades.

Writing
Mayer's record-keeping and use of stream-of-consciousness narrative are two trademarks of her writing. In addition to the influence of her textual-visual art and journal-keeping, Mayer's poetry is widely acknowledged as some of the first to speak accurately and honestly about the experience of motherhood. Mayer edited the journal 0 TO 9 with Vito Acconci, and, until 1983, United Artists books and magazines with Lewis Warsh. Mayer taught at the New School for Social Research, where she earned her degree in 1967, and, during the 1970s, she led a number of workshops at the Poetry Project at St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in New York City. Writers who attended or sat in on her workshops included Kathy Acker, Charles Bernstein, John Giorno, and Anne Waldman. From 1980 to 1984, Mayer served as director of the Poetry Project. Her influence in the contemporary avant-garde is felt widely.

Mayer received a Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists award (1995). She was also a 2015 Guggenheim Fellowship Recipient, a 2009 Creative Capital Awardee, and received a National Book Critics Circle Nomination for her most recent book, 2016's Works and Days.

In 2016, the critic Stephanie Burt characterized Mayer's work as showing "by effusive, charming, sometimes hyperbolic example how to reject any model of poetry that requires perfection and uptight isolation."

Involvement with The Poetry Project at St. Mark's Church
Like many younger poets, Mayer found a home in the community surrounding The Poetry Project at St. Mark's Church. The workshops Mayer taught there were "renowned for the variety of textual approaches deployed, and for their emphasis on nonliterary (or not primarily literary) texts," according to a history of the project published online in 2012. She taught regularly from 1971 to 1974 and sporadically during the later 1970s. From 1972 to 1973, Mayer co-edited the publication Unnatural Acts, a "collaborative writing experiment" that arose from one of her workshops. Only two issues were published, though a third—a postcard issue with work by visual artists—was planned.

Mayer was elected director of The Poetry Project in 1980 and served until Eileen Myles took over in 1984. As director, Mayer retooled the marathon reading and worked to get more funding for The Project's programming, including a $10,000 donation from The Grateful Dead. Mayer was partly responsible for starting a lecture series and a Monday night reading series.

Editing
Mayer created and edited 0 to 9 magazine with Vito Acconci from 1967 to 1969, and published six issues full of content by artists including Robert Barry, Ted Berrigan, Clark Coolidge, John Giorno, Dan Graham, Michael Heizer, Kenneth Koch, Sol LeWitt, Jackson Mac Low, Harry Mathews, Adrian Piper, Bern Porter, Yvonne Rainer, Jerome Rothenberg, Aram Saroyan, Robert Smithson, Alan Sondheim, Hannah Weiner, and Emmett Williams. 0 to 9 also had unfulfilled plans to publish a book by Adrian Piper.

From 1978 to 1984, Mayer co-edited United Artists books and magazine with her then-partner Lewis Warsh. United Artists published some of the most significant books of Mayer's peers, in addition to several of her own volumes. In an interview with Susan Howe in the late 70s, Mayer spoke on the topic of self-publishing: "I think it's great to publish one's own work. I never felt any vacillating about that whole thing.... It seems like a way to disseminate writing in a very efficient way. You can get it to all the people who you know are going to read it. There's no fooling around. You can do it the way you want it done." United Artists remained an active press after Mayer and Warsh split in the mid-1980s.

Personal life
Early in her life Mayer lived in Lenox, Massachusetts.

Mayer was in a relationship with poet Lewis Warsh, with whom she had three children. She and Warsh began living together spring 1975. They initially moved from New York to an old farmhouse in Worthington, Massachusetts, and later to an apartment in Lenox. During this time their two daughters were born, Marie in 1975 and Sophia in 1977. In 1979, Warsh and Mayer and family moved to Henniker, New Hampshire, where they taught at New England College, and where their son Max was born. Of her romantic life, Mayer wrote, "Left a beautiful anarchist lover of 10 years because he wanted no responsibility for children, I chose to have three with another, now living 'alone' with them." Mayer later lived with her partner the poet Philip Good in Upstate New York.

In 1994, Mayer suffered a temporarily debilitating stroke. Although she recovered, it altered her motor skills and continued to affect her writing process.

Mayer corresponded extensively with many writers, including poet Clark Coolidge with whom she collaborated on The Cave, a project revolving around a trip the two of them took to Eldon's Cave in western Massachusetts. Mayer also collaborated with poets Anne Waldman, Alice Notley, Lee Ann Brown, and Jen Karmin.

Death
Mayer died on November 22, 2022, at the age of 77.

Publications

 * Story, New York: 0 to 9 Press, 1968.
 * Moving, New York: Angel Hair, 1971.
 * Memory, Plainfield, VT: North Atlantic Books, 1976.
 * Ceremony Latin (1964), New York: Angel Hair, 1975.
 * Studying Hunger, New York: Adventures in Poetry/ Bolinas, CA: Big Sky, 1976.
 * Poetry, New York: Kulchur Foundation, 1976.
 * Eruditio Ex Memoria, Lenox, MA: Angel Hair, 1977.
 * The Golden Book of Words, Lenox, MA: Angel Hair, 1978.
 * Midwinter Day, Berkeley, California, Turtle Island Foundation, 1982.
 * Utopia, New York: United Artists Books, 1984.
 * Mutual Aid (Mademoiselle de la Mole Press, 1985)
 * Sonnets, New York: Tender Buttons, 1989.
 * The Formal Field of Kissing, New York: Catchword Papers, 1990.
 * A Bernadette Mayer Reader, New York: New Directions, 1992.
 * The Desires of Mothers to Please Others in Letters, West Stockbridge, MA: Hard Press, 1994.
 * Another Smashed Pinecone, New York: United Artists Books, 1998.
 * Proper Name & other stories, New York: New Directions, 1996.
 * Two Haloed Mourners: Poems, New York: Granary Books, 1998.
 * Midwinter Day, New York: New Directions, 1999 (reprint of 1982 edition).
 * Scarlet Tanager, New York: New Directions, 2005.
 * What's Your Idea of a Good Time?: Letters and Interviews 1977–1985 with Bill Berkson, Berkeley: Tuumba Press, 2006.
 * Poetry State Forest, New York: New Directions, 2008.
 * Ethics of Sleep, New Orleans: Trembling Pillow Press, 2011.
 * Studying Hunger Journals, Barrytown, NY: Station Hill Press, 2011.
 * The Helens of Troy, NY, New York: New Directions, 2013.
 * At Maureen's (with Greg Masters), New York: Crony Books, 2013.
 * Eating the Colors of a Lineup of Words: The Early Books of Bernadette Mayer (Station Hill Press, 2015, ed. Michael Handler Ruby and Sam Truitt)
 * Works and Days (New Directions, 2017)
 * Memory (Siglio Press, 2020)
 * The Basketball Article Comic Book, with Anne Waldman, illustrated by Jason Novak (Franchise, 2021)
 * Milkweed Smithereens (New Directions, 2022)

title: Bernadette Mayer


text:
2005 Dutch European Constitution referendum

A consultative referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was held in the Netherlands on 1 June 2005 to decide whether the government should ratify the proposed Constitution of the European Union. The result was a "No" vote.

The vote was the first national referendum for over two hundred years, and was not binding on the government, meaning that despite the electorate rejecting the Constitution it could theoretically still be ratified by the States-General. The government did say, however, that it would abide by a decisive result, provided turnout exceeded 30%. Official results say that 61.6% of voters rejected the Constitution, on a turnout of 63.3%.

The question put to voters was:
 * Bent u voor of tegen instemming door Nederland met het Verdrag tot vaststelling van een grondwet voor Europa?
 * "Are you For or Against approval by the Netherlands of the treaty establishing a constitution for Europe?"

The possible answers were voor (For) or tegen (Against). At some polling stations in the larger cities it was also possible to cast a blank ballot. The latter did not count for the result, but allowed voters to make an affirmative abstention.

The referendum came just three days after the French referendum on the Constitution resulted in its rejection. Because all EU member states needed to ratify the treaty for it to take effect, some regarded the Dutch referendum as irrelevant. However, Dutch campaigners for a "Yes" vote appealed to the electorate to avoid damaging the Netherlands' standing in Europe in the way that the French result was perceived, in some quarters, to have weakened the position of France. Before the plebiscite, many "No" campaigners expressed the view that French rejection of the treaty would encourage Dutch voters to follow suit. A second "No" vote in a referendum in another of the founding countries of the European Communities was widely regarded as having the power to "kill off" the treaty. Opinion polls in the days leading up to the referendum gave the "No" campaign a clear lead.

Debate in Parliament
The bill that led to the referendum was drafted by Members of the Dutch parliament: Farah Karimi (GreenLeft), Niesco Dubbelboer (Dutch Labour Party) and Boris van der Ham (D66). The government was not in favor of this bill. During and after the debate about the bill several political parties made clear how they would act with the different possible outcomes of the referendum. While the referendum was officially non-binding most parties were willing to follow the outcome.

Campaign
The governing and major opposition parties, making up 80 percent of the country's members of parliament, all backed the Constitution, along with the major newspapers. The parties of the coalition—Christian Democratic Appeal, People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, and Democrats 66—all campaigned for a "Yes" vote, as did the opposition Labour Party and GreenLeft. The Socialist Party, Pim Fortuyn List, Group Wilders, Reformed Political Party and ChristianUnion all campaigned for a "No" vote.

The result is notable, since the largest party to campaign a "No" was the Socialist Party, with 6 percent of the votes during the last elections. The "Yes" campaign was supported by all major parties (most of which were before and directly after the no-vote at loss in the polls).

Opinion polls in the months before the vote tended to show the public split on the issue, with the "No" campaign taking a clear lead as the referendum approached; but as many as half of the electorate admitted to having little or no knowledge of the contents and provisions of the Constitution.

A popular Internet vote test called Referendumwijzer was launched on 21 April, but critics argued that it was biased towards the Constitution, pointing out that even those most strongly against the treaty were receiving results in favour of it because of questions regarding democracy and the environment which were not necessarily relevant to the Constitution. Television broadcasts by the "Yes" campaign provoked controversy for raising the spectre of war and chaos in Europe if the Constitution was rejected. The most emotive of the adverts, which featured emotive images of the Holocaust and Srebrenica Massacre, were never aired by the "Yes" campaign, but received national news coverage and were received very poorly.

A TNS–NIPO poll on 19 May indicated that 38% of people intended to vote, with 27% in favour, and 54% against the Constitution. A poll by the same organisation on 30 May—two days before the referendum—concluded that 58% of those who intended to vote would reject the treaty. As the referendum approached, many "Yes" campaigners began to predict defeat, and some even expressed relief after the French rejection of the treaty, taking the view that this would prevent the Netherlands from being the first or only country to obstruct the course of ratification, even though they also expressed dismay that the French result had given the "No" campaign greater legitimacy and acceptance, and had suggested to the public that the Netherlands' standing in Europe would not be significantly damaged by a "No" vote, with some going as far as saying that the Netherlands would look like a fool in front of the rest of Europe.

By region
Only in 26 of the 467 Dutch municipalities was there a majority on the subject. In 446 municipalities, the majority voted against. Local context such as the average disposable income, unemployment rate, the percentage of non-Western immigrants and the address density were associated with local differences in referendum outcome.

Municipalities with the largest share of "No" voters:
 * Urk (91.6%)
 * Reiderland (84.6%)
 * Staphorst (83.6%)

Municipalities with the largest share of "Yes" voters:
 * Bloemendaal (60.6%)
 * Bennebroek (55.3%)
 * Bunnik (52.8%)

Reasons for rejection
According to a poll by Maurice de Hond, 30% of the Constitution's opponents used the referendum as an opportunity to demonstrate their dissatisfaction with the government, instead of confining their deliberations to the contents of the treaty that was put before them. At the time of the referendum, the Netherlands' centre-right coalition government, led by Jan Peter Balkenende, was suffering a period of unpopularity as it tried to push through cuts in public spending, and there was widespread disillusion with the country's political elite.

Some matters relating to the European Union that motivated the "No" vote were also not strictly connected to the provisions of the Constitution. The debate over the accession of Turkey to the European Union, as well as countries of Eastern Europe, led to fears of an increase in immigration, or an outsourcing of jobs to new member states. Furthermore, the Netherlands had not held a referendum on the euro, and amidst concern that its adoption had led to an increase in the cost of living (combined with Dutch citizens' status as the largest net per capita contributors to the EU), around 30% of the voters took the opportunity to "take revenge" on the political establishment for seeking to advance European integration in a manner that did not engage the public to the extent that it could have done.

A larger group of voters, however, voted "No" for reasons that were connected to the Constitution itself. 48% thought the new Constitution was worse than the existing treaties, and 44% cited the declining influence of the Netherlands in the EU, with the treaty as an important motivation. Linked to this was a fear of being dominated by the powerhouses of the European Union (particularly the United Kingdom, France and Germany). The perception of an aggressive and ruthless style on the part of the "Yes" campaign also put off many. The Minister of Justice, Piet Hein Donner, warned that a rejection would raise the chances of war and stated that "the C in CDA [for 'Christian'] implies that you vote in favour of the constitution." The Minister for Economic Affairs, Laurens Jan Brinkhorst, said that "the lights would go off" in the case of a rejection and that the Netherlands would become "the Switzerland of Europe." The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy withdrew a controversial television broadcast, in which rejection was connected with the Holocaust, the genocide in Srebrenica and the terrorist attacks on March 11, 2004 in Madrid. This seriously damaged the "Yes" campaign.

External links and references
News and analysis: Further discussion and information:
 * Official government website for the Constitution (in Dutch)
 * Referendum Commission (in Dutch)
 * VVD Propaganda The (withdrawn) controversial television broadcast from the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy.
 * Dutch say 'devastating no' to EU constitution (2 June 2005). The Guardian.
 * Sage, Adam (2 June 2005). Discontented Dutch seize on chance to deliver protest vote. The Times.
 * Traynor, Ian & Watt, Nicholas (2 June 2005). Crushing defeat leaves EU vision in tatters. The Guardian.
 * Dutch press scolds politicians (2 June 2005). BBC News.
 * Dutch say 'No' to EU constitution (2 June 2005). BBC News.
 * Beunderman, Mark (1 June 2005). Dutch say strong No to EU Constitution. EUobserver.
 * Mulvey, Stephen (1 June 2005). Varied reasons behind Dutch 'No'. BBC News.
 * Parker, George; Bickerton, Ian & Atkins, Ralph (1 June 2005). Europe in turmoil as the Dutch vote No. Financial Times.
 * Dutch vote on Europe constitution (1 June 2005). BBC News.
 * Mahony, Honor (1 June 2005). High turnout for Dutch vote. EUobserver.
 * Simons, Marlise (1 June 2005). Dutch have own reasons to balk. International Herald Tribune.
 * Beunderman, Mark (31 May 2005). Polls point to a strong Dutch No. EUobserver.
 * Bickerton, Ian (31 May 2005). Dutch begin voting on European constitution. Financial Times.
 * Browne, Anthony (31 May 2005). Dutch expected to land final blow. The Times.
 * Mulvey, Stephen (31 May 2005). Dutch argue over EU future. BBC News.
 * Johnson, Brian (30 May 2005) Balkenende: Ignore French EU constitution 'non' . EUpolitix.
 * Mahony, Honor & Beunderman, Mark (30 May 2005). Dutch vote takes on greater significance. EUobserver.
 * Smith, Nicola & Sparks, Justin (29 May 2005) Dispirited Dutch plot revenge with a no vote on Europe. The Times.
 * Morris, Chris (27 May 2005). Dutch doubters defy EU project. BBC News.
 * Johnson, Brian (12 April 2005) Dutch in disarray over EU constitution . EUpolitix.
 * Dutch plan June vote on EU treaty (23 February 2005). BBC News.
 * Clark, Andy (26 October 2004). EU faces Dutch grudge test. BBC News.
 * Nijeboer, Arjen (2005). The Dutch referendum. European Constitutional Law Review.
 * Coverage from prominent weblog A Fistful of Euros with discussion and analysis of the vote.
 * Have Your Say: What will the Dutch EU vote mean? (moderated BBC forum)
 * In pictures: Dutch polling station from BBC News

 * Specific


text:
Egino (bishop of Dalby)

Egino (died 1072) was the only bishop of Dalby in Scania, from 1060 to 1066. He was ordained by archbishop Adalbert of the Archbishopric of Bremen. The bishopric was separated from Roskilde in 1060, when the church in Denmark was reorganized in nine episcopal sees, but practically united with the see of Lund in 1066, after the death of bishop Henry of Lund. Thereby all of Terra Scania was subordinated to Hamburg-Bremen.

Egino probably initiated the erection of Dalby Church, perhaps the first stone church in Scandinavia, and is known to have visited Rome in 1071. Egino is also known as a successful missionary in Bornholm and Blekinge.

title: Egino (bishop of Dalby)


text:
Brighton Main Line

The Brighton Main Line is a railway line in southern England linking London to Brighton. It starts at two termini in the capital, London Victoria and London Bridge, and the branches from each meet at East Croydon, from where the route continues southwards via Gatwick Airport to the coast. The line serves the suburbs of South London, as well as the towns of Redhill, Horley, Crawley, Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill.

The distance from the London termini to Brighton is around 50 mi and the fastest end-to-end journey time is about an hour. A variety of passenger services operates on the line, including limited-stop airport expresses, semi-fast regional and outer-suburban trains, and shorter-distance commuter services. Four different train operating companies (Southern, Thameslink, London Overground and Great Western Railway) run services on the route.

The first part of the Brighton Main Line to be built was the section from London Bridge to Croydon, which was opened by the London and Croydon Railway (L&CR) in 1839. Two years later, a separate company, the London and Brighton Railway (L&BR), extended the line to the south coast. In 1846, the L&CR and the L&BR merged to form the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR), which began to run trains to London Victoria via the West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway in 1848. The Brighton Main Line was completed in December 1862, when the LB&SCR opened the direct route between Croydon and Victoria via Thornton Heath.

The Brighton Main Line is electrified using the 750 V DC third-rail system and the majority of the route has four tracks. There are seven tunnels, including two on the Quarry Line, which allow express services to bypass the junction at Redhill station. The most serious accident on the Brighton Main Line occurred in October 1947, when two trains collided in fog near South Croydon station, killing 32 people. The listed structures on the route include the Ouse Valley Viaduct, the north portal of Clayton Tunnel and all three termini.

Overview
The Brighton Main Line is a railway line in southern England. It links the capital to Brighton and passes through Greater London, Surrey and West Sussex. It serves Gatwick Airport and the towns of Redhill, Horley, Crawley, Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill, as well as the South London suburbs. The line starts at two central London termini: the western branch runs from London Victoria while the eastern branch originates at London Bridge. The two branches join at Windmill Bridge Junction, to the north of East Croydon station. The distance from London Victoria to Brighton is around 50 mi and the line is electrified using the 750 V DC third-rail system.

London Victoria to Windmill Bridge Junction
The London Victoria to Windmill Bridge Junction section of the Brighton Main Line is 10 mi in length and has nine stations in total. Victoria and Clapham Junction stations are managed by Network Rail and have 19 and 17 operational platforms respectively. The other stations (Battersea Park, Wandsworth Common, Balham, Streatham Common, Norbury, Thornton Heath and Selhurst) are managed by Southern and have four operational platforms each. Train services that use this section of the Brighton Main Line are:
 * Victoria to Gatwick Airport and Brighton services, operated by Gatwick Express
 * Victoria to East Grinstead, Reigate and the South Coast, operated by Southern
 * Suburban services from Victoria via Sutton or Streatham Hill, operated by Southern
 * London Bridge to East Croydon stopping services via Norbury, operated by Southern
 * Hemel Hempstead to East Croydon via Kensington (Olympia), operated by Southern

With the exception of the line between Victoria and Battersea Park, this part of the Brighton Main Line has four parallel tracks. The fast lines for longer-distance express services are on the western side of the formation and the slow lines are to the east. In general fast services stop at Victoria and Clapham Junction and do not make scheduled calls at the other stations. The maximum permitted speed is 70 mph on the fast lines and 60 mph on the slow lines. Signalling is controlled from Three Bridges rail operating centre.

London Bridge to Windmill Bridge Junction
The London Bridge to Windmill Bridge Junction section of the Brighton Main Line is 9 mi in length and has nine stations in total. London Bridge station is managed by Network Rail and has 15 platforms. All other stations (New Cross Gate, Brockley, Honor Oak Park, Forest Hill, Sydenham, Penge West, Anerley and Selhurst) are managed by London Overground. Both New Cross Gate and Norwood Junction have five operational platforms, but the intermediate stations have two platforms each, which serve the slow lines only. Train services that use this section of the Brighton Main Line are:
 * Thameslink services to destinations in Sussex (including Brighton, Horsham and East Grinstead)
 * Outer suburban services from London Bridge to destinations in Surrey (including Epsom, Caterham and Tattenham Corner) operated by Southern
 * VictoriaLondon Bridge and VictoriaWest Croydon via Crystal Palace, operated by Southern
 * London BridgeUckfield, operated by Southern
 * London Overground Windrush line services to Crystal Palace and West Croydon

The Brighton Main Line between London Bridge and Windmill Bridge Junction has four parallel tracks. The fast lines for longer-distance express services are in the centre of the formation and the slow lines are to the outside. The maximum permitted speed is 70 mph on the fast lines and 60 mph on the slow lines. Signalling is controlled from Three Bridges rail operating centre.

Windmill Bridge Junction to Balcombe Tunnel Junction
The Brighton Main Line between Windmill Bridge Junction and Balcombe Tunnel Junction is 21 mi long and has twelve stations in total. Gatwick Airport station is managed by Gatwick Express, but the other stations are managed by Southern. Gatwick Airport has seven operational platforms, East Croydon and Purley have six, South Croydon and Three Bridges have five, Purley Oaks, Redhill and Horley have four, and the remaining stations (Coulsdon South, Merstham, Earlswood and Salfords) have two platforms each. Train services that use this section of the Brighton Main Line are:
 * Thameslink services to destinations in Sussex (including Brighton, Horsham and East Grinstead)
 * Outer suburban services from London Bridge to Caterham and Tattenham Corner, operated by Southern
 * Victoria to East Grinstead, Reigate and the South Coast, operated by Southern
 * London Bridge to Uckfield, operated by Southern
 * Hemel Hempstead to East Croydon via Kensington (Olympia), operated by Southern
 * Reading to Gatwick Airport via Guildford, operated by Great Western Railway

Between Windmill Bridge Junction and South Croydon there are five parallel tracks, but for the remainder of this section there are four parallel tracks. Between Stoats Nest Junction and the south of Redhill station, the fast and slow lines diverge. The fast tracks are generally known as the Quarry Line, which provides a bypass route to avoid the junctions at Redhill. There are changes in track mileage on both the fast and slow lines to the south of Redhill. The maximum speed on this section of the Brighton Main Line is 90 mph.

The Brighton Main Line passes in tunnel beneath the North Downs. The slow lines run through the 1 mi Merstham Tunnel and the fast lines pass through the longer, 1 mi Quarry Tunnel. There is one additional tunnel on the Quarry Line, Redhill Tunnel, which is 649 yd long.

Balcombe Tunnel Junction to Brighton
The section of the Brighton Main Line from Balcombe Tunnel Junction to Brighton is 19 mi long. All seven stations on this section are managed by Southern. Brighton has eight platforms, of which six are connected to the Brighton Main Line. Haywards Heath has four platforms and Preston Park has three. The other four stations (Balcombe, Wivelsfield, Burgess Hill and Hassocks have two operational platforms each. Train services that use this section of the Brighton Main Line are:
 * Thameslink services to Brighton
 * Victoria to the South Coast, operated by Southern

Between Balcombe Tunnel Junction and Brighton, the Brighton Main Line generally has two tracks, signalled for bi-directional working. There are short three- and four-track sections at Preston Park and Haywards Heath stations respectively. The maximum line speed is 90 mph.

There are four tunnels on this section of the line: Balcombe tunnel is 1141 yd long; Haywards Heath Tunnel is 249 yd long; Clayton Tunnel, at the summit of the line, is 1 mi long; Patcham Tunnel is 1 mi long. There are two viaducts on this part of the Brighton Main Line: The 22 ch Ouse Valley Viaduct crosses the River Ouse on 37 brick arches and the shorter Vale Viaduct is 3.5 ch long.

London and Croydon Railway (18341846)
The first part of the Brighton Main Line to be constructed was the section between London Bridge and Croydon. It was proposed in 1834 by the London and Croydon Railway (L&CR) company. Much of the route, surveyed by Joseph Gibbs, followed the course of the Croydon Canal, the southern terminus of which would be used for Croydon station (now West Croydon). The line would diverge from the London and Greenwich Railway (L&GR) around 1.75 mi east of London Bridge station and the L&CR would have running powers into the terminus.

Passenger trains began running on the L&GR between Deptford and its temporary London terminus at Spa Road on 8 February 1835. London Bridge station, the first permanent terminus in the capital, opened on 14 December the following year. The L&CR was authorised by act of parliament on 12 June 1835 and a second act, permitting the company to build its own terminus at London Bridge, was given royal assent on 14 July 1836. The line between the capital and Croydon was built by the engineer, William Cubitt, and construction began in 1838. The cost of the line was originally estimated to be around £400,000, but difficulties encountered during the excavation of the cutting at New Cross, meant that an additional £216,000 was required. The route originally surveyed by Gibbs was also modified to ease curves and to reduce the maximum gradient from 1 in 80 to 1 in 100.

The official opening ceremony for the L&CR took place on 1 June 1839, although passenger trains for the general public did not start until four days later. Since the area between New Cross and Croydon was sparsely populated and largely undeveloped countryside, the majority of passenger journeys on the line were between the two termini. Nevertheless, when the line opened, intermediate stations were provided at New Cross (now New Cross Gate), Dartmouth Arms (now Forest Hill), Sydenham, Penge (now Penge West), Anerley Bridge (now Anerley) and Jolly Sailor (now Norwood Junction). Initially nine steam locomotives operated on the line: five Sharp, Roberts and Co. and two J. and G. Rennie 2-2-2 engines were used to haul trains and two 0-4-2 locomotives were used as banking engines for the steep climb to New Cross from the junction with the L&GR.

London and Brighton Railway (18371846)
In the early 1830s, several different routes for a railway between London and Brighton were proposed. John Rennie the Younger favoured a line via Merstham and Horley, while the engineers Robert Stephenson and Nicholas Cundy preferred longer, but cheaper routes via Dorking and Shoreham-by-Sea. The London and Brighton Railway (L&BR) company, formed to promote Rennie's more direct route, received parliamentary approval for its scheme on 15 July 1837. The line was to leave the L&CR about a mile from its southern terminus, to head southwards towards Brighton. The L&BR purchased the defunct Croydon, Merstham and Godstone Railway in order to use part of its abandoned trackbed for the new railway.

The first construction contracts were let in 1838 and the first track was laid at Hassocks on 4 February the following year. The engineer was John Urpeth Rastrick and the stations were designed by David Mocatta. In total, around 6000 navvies are thought to have worked to build the railway. The line, which required five tunnels and a viaduct over the Ouse valley, cost £2.63M (around £57,000 per mile). Completion was delayed due to bad weather during the winter of 1840-41 and the first section, from Croydon to Haywards Heath, did not open until 12 July 1841. The initial timetable included four trains each way on weekdays between the capital and Haywards Heath, with intermediate calls at Red Hill, Horley and Three Bridges (calls were made at other stations on request). The journey time was two hours from London and a coach, taking a further two hours to reach Brighton, was provided for onward travel.

The final section of the Brighton Main Line, between Haywards Heath and Brighton, opened on 21 September 1841. The initial service on the whole line was six trains per day in each direction, with most trains taking $2 1/4$ hours to complete the journey and one non-stop service in each direction taking $1 3/4$ hours. The station at Merstham opened on 1 December 1841, but was closed two years later. A station was opened at Stoats Nest (later Coulsdon North) in the spring of 1842 to cater for racegoers at Epsom. Work to widen the shared section of the L&GR viaduct was completed on 10 May that year. The new L&CR London Bridge station, designed by Henry Roberts, opened in 1844. Since the new terminus was not designed to handle freight, a spur line primarily for goods trains was built to Bricklayers Arms and opened on 1 May that year.

The South Eastern Railway (SER) company was formed to promote a railway from London to Dover. Under the terms of the act of parliament passed on 21 June 1836, the company was empowered to build a line that left the L&CR at Penge, but the following year, parliament instructed the company to instead form a connection to the L&BR at Redhill. The Redhill to Tonbridge section of the SER opened on 26 May 1842. In 1839, anticipating that disputes might arise over the use of the line north of Redhill, parliament instructed the L&BR to sell the CoulsdonRedhill section to the SER. A price of £340,000 was agreed and the transfer of ownership took place in July 1845.

On 27 July 1846, parliamentary authority was granted to merge the L&CR and L&BR to form the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR).

London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (18461922)
A branch line from Sydenham to Crystal Palace was opened 10 June 1854 by the West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway (WELCPR). The company extended its line to Balham on 1 December 1856 and to Pimlico in March 1858. A westsouth spur linking Crystal Palace and Norwood Junction stations was opened in 1857, allowing trains from Brighton to reach the Pimlico terminus. The LB&SCR purchased the WELCPR in 1859. In 1860, the Victoria Station and Pimlico Railway constructed Grosvenor Bridge across the River Thames, opening Victoria station on 1 October that year.

Although LB&SCR trains could access Victoria station via Crystal Palace, John Rastrick advised that a shorter route to the West End of London would be "most desirable". The company therefore decided to build a "cut-off" line between Croydon and Balham via Streatham Common. The proposal was authorised by parliament on 3 July 1860 and the new double-track line opened on 1 December 1862 with intermediate stations at Thornton Heath and Streatham Common. A further act of parliament was passed on 18 July 1864 authorising a link between the Victoria and London Bridge arms of the Brighton Main Line that allowed trains to travel between Norwood Junction and Thornton Heath without a reversal. Selhurst station, on the Victoria arm, opened on 1 May 1865 and South Croydon opened that September.

A third track had been laid between New Cross and Croydon in August 1844 for atmospheric trains. This method of train propulsion was abandoned by the LB&SCR in 1847, but the extra track was retained to provide additional capacity for northbound locomotive-hauled trains. A fourth track, used for southbound services, was added to this section of line by 1854.

Between Stoats Nest and Redhill, the Brighton Main Line was owned by the SER. Congestion at the junctions at the south end of Redhill station prompted the LB&SCR to propose a two-track bypass of this section of line. The new line, which included two new tunnels and extensive cuttings, was authorised by parliament on 20 July 1894. A second act, permitting minor changes to the route, was given royal assent on 20 July 1896. The Quarry Line, as the bypass became known, opened to freight services on 5 November 1899 and to passenger trains on 1 April the following year.

Five stations opened on the Brighton Main Line in the 1870s and 1880s. Brockley opened on 6 March 1871 to serve a new area of residential development. Norbury was built on a speculative basis, with one third of the cost being contributed by developers, and opened on 1 January 1878. Similarly, the cost of Honor Oak Park station, which opened on 1 April 1886, was also part-paid by developers. On 1 August that year Wivelsfield opened and trains began calling at Coulsdon South on 1 October 1889. The final station to be built on the line in the 19th century was Purley Oaks, which opened on 5 November 1899.

Work to quadruple the Brighton Main Line continued in the first decade of the 20th century. Two additional tracks were brought into use between Streatham Common and Windmill Bridge Junction (north of Croydon) in July 1903. The line between Redhill and Three Bridges was quadrupled in 1907 and from Three Bridges to the southern limit of four-tracking at Balcombe Tunnel Junction in 1911.

The first parts of the Brighton Main Line to be electrified, were the approaches to London Bridge and Victoria stations. The chosen system used overhead wires, energised to 6,700 V AC, and multiple units equipped with pantographs for current collection. The new infrastructure allowed electric trains to start running between the two termini via the South London Line on 1 December 1909. On 12 May 1911, the electrification was extended from Battersea Park to Crystal Palace via Balham and to Norwood Junction and Selhurst on 3 March 1912.

During the First World War, the Brighton Main Line was the target of two Zeppelin attacks. The line at the south end of East Croydon station was damaged on 13 October 1915 and Streatham Common station was hit by a bomb in September 1916. Salfords station was opened on 8 October 1915 initially for the use of workers at the nearby Monotype Corporation factory. It continued to operate as a private halt after the war and was not opened to the general public until 1932.

Grouping (19231948)
Under the Railways Act 1921, the Brighton Main Line became part of the Southern Railway in 1923. The overhead electrification of the line as far south as Coulsdon North was completed in April 1925, but in August the following year, the company decided that all future electrification projects would use the DC third-rail system and that the existing overhead wire system would be replaced. The conversion of the existing electrified sections was completed in September 1929 and third-rail electrification reached Three Bridges in July 1932. The electrification of the entire line was completed on 1 January 1933, when the section between Three Bridges and Brighton was commissioned.

A major resignalling project on the southern part of the Brighton Main Line was undertaken in 1932. Colour light signalling was commissioned between Coulsdon North and Balcombe Tunnel Junction on 4 June 1932. Six signal boxes were closed and control of this section of line was transferred to Three Bridges. In October 1932, colour light signalling was commissioned between Balcombe Tunnel Junction and Brighton. Haywards Heath station was rebuilt with two island platforms, each with two platform faces able to accommodate 12-car trains. Platforms 3 to 6 at Brighton were also lengthened as part of the same project.

Redhill station was substantially rebuilt in 1932 as part of the electrification programme. A new sorting office was opened in the town in 1933, replacing the previous facility which had been built in 1884. Further upgrades to enable larger volumes of mail to be handled at the station were undertaken in 1935 and 1938. Rail transport of Post Office mail ceased following the opening of the Willesden postal rail hub in 1996.

A Pullman dining service between London and Brighton, nicknamed the Brighton Belle, was launched on 29 June 1934. It used five-car 75 mph capable Class 403 (5-BEL) units, the first all-electric Pullman trains in the world. Initially, three return trips ran each day, but the service was increased to four in 1963. The Class 403 sets were withdrawn on 30 April 1972.

The Beehive, the original terminal building at Gatwick Airport, opened in mid-1936. It was served by Tinsley Green station, which had opened in September the previous year and which was renamed Gatwick Airport on 1 June 1936. The station was relocated northwards to its current site at the South Terminal on 27 May 1958.

During the Second World War, the Brighton Main Line was a target for enemy bombing. Bombs caused damage to the tracks at Norbury on 19 October 1940 and outside Victoria station on 21 December that year. Both London termini were damaged in a raid on 11 May 1941 and a V-1 flying bomb caused extensive damage to the station offices at Victoria on 12 June 1944. Further bomb damage occurred at Forest Hill on 23 June 1944.

Nationalisation (19481996)
Under the Transport Act 1947, the Brighton Main Line became part of the Southern Region of British Railways. During the 1950s, work continued to modernise the signalling system, which included the installation of colour lights between Selhurst and East Croydon in March 1954. In the same decade, the number of signal boxes on the line was reduced and new boxes were commissioned at Balham, Norwood Junction, Gloucester Road Junction and Purley.

The South Terminal at Gatwick Airport was opened on 9 June 1958. The new terminal was directly linked to a new railway station on the Brighton Main Line, which had opened on 27 May that year. The former airport station, located close to the redundant Beehive terminal, had closed on 18 May 1958.

On 4 January 1982, the Brighton Main Line and the majority of the Southern Region of British Railways, became part of the new "London & South Eastern" sector of British Rail. Four years later, on 10 June 1886, the sector was rebranded to become Network SouthEast.

In the early 1980s, a major resignalling project was undertaken that involved the closure of the majority of the signal boxes on the line and the transfer of control to Victoria and Three Bridges signalling centres. London Bridge panel box, which had opened in 1975, retained control of the line north of Norwood Junction. Remodelling of Windmill Bridge Junction was undertaken, with the creation of an additional flyover to eliminate conflicting movements between trains on the slow lines. The arrangement of the tracks at East Croydon was changed to route all fast services through platforms 1, 2 and 3 on the west side of the station.

Gatwick Express services were launched by Network SouthEast on 14 May 1984 using 90 mph capable Class 73 locomotives in push-pull mode, each hauling a rake of Mark 4f coaches and a Class 414 (2-HAP) driver motor brake unit. The journey was timetabled to take 30 minutes and seven trainsets were required to operate the service. In the first seven months of the service, the number of passengers travelling by rail to Gatwick Airport went up by 38% and revenue on the route increased by 52%. Responsibility for running the Gatwick Express was transferred to the InterCity sector of British Rail in April of the following year. A service from Reading to Gatwick via Guildford and Redhill, later branded the North Downs Line, was introduced in May 1980. A third new route launched by Network SouthEast was the BedfordBrighton Thameslink service via the Snow Hill tunnel under central London, which began on 16 May 1988.

Two major stations on the Brighton Main Line were rebuilt in the early 1990s. A new circular station building at Redhill station, designed by the architecture firm, Troutham & Macasum, was completed towards the end of 1990. East Croydon station, designed by Alan Brookes Associates, opened on 19 August 1992.

Privatisation (1996present)
The Gatwick Express franchise was one of the first parts of the UK rail network to be transferred to a private operator, when National Express began running the trains on 28 April 1996. The company introduced Class 460 units to their services in 1999, although the final locomotive-hauled trains were not withdrawn until 2005.

Connex was awarded a seven-year franchise in 1996 to operate passenger trains on the Brighton Main Line as Connex South Central. The company introduced a Gatwick AirportRugby service, which ran via the West London Line, and also deployed Class 319 units to VictoriaBrighton express services. Following concerns over Connex's management and performance, the Shadow Strategic Rail Authority decided to re-tender the franchise in 2000. In October that year, the competition was won by Govia, which took over the running of trains in August 2001, having bought out the final two years of Connex's contract for £30M.

Govia's ten-year franchise formally began in May 2003, when it introduced the "Southern" brand name. The agreement required the company to retire the final slam-door trains, achieved in 2005, and to invest £853M in new rolling stock. The Gatwick Express and Southern franchises were merged in May 2008, to allow capacity increases and better use of train paths on the Brighton Main Line. The new arrangement allowed Gatwick Express services to be extended to Brighton, initially during peak periods, but required the replacement of the ten Class 460s with seventeen Class 442 units. The third South Central franchise, awarded again to Govia, began in 2009 and required the operator to increase capacity on its routes by 10% by December 2013. In 2014, 700 more services were running on the South Central network on weekdays than at privatisation in 1996. In May 2010, London Overground began running stopping services on the Norwood JunctionNew Cross Gate section of the Brighton Main Line, allowing trains that had previously terminated at London Bridge to run via the East London Line to Dalston Junction.

The Thameslink franchise, which included services from Brighton to Bedford, was awarded to Govia in 1997. It was initially due to end in 2004, but delays in the Thameslink 2000 project resulted in the company being awarded a two-year extension to 2006. The new franchise, also incorporating services on the Great Northern Route, was awarded to FirstGroup, which began operating trains under the First Capital Connect brand on 1 April 2006. The company introduced 12-car trains to the Brighton Main Line in December 2011.

The South Central franchise was terminated two years early in 2014, allowing Southern- and Gatwick Express-branded services to be combined with those run by First Capital Connect, to create the Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern franchise. Awarded to Govia, the new franchise took the form of a management contract, reducing the risks to the operator arising from the introduction of new services as part of the Thameslink programme. During the lifetime of the franchise, the Bermondsey dive-under was constructed, reducing the conflict between Southern trains departing from London Bridge and northbound Thameslink services heading towards London Blackfriars, and an extensive refurbishment of London Bridge station was completed. Govia was heavily criticised for the poor implementation of a new timetable in May 2018, which routed additional services from the Brighton Main Line via the Thameslink core. The company was also criticised for its role in the 2016–2019 United Kingdom railway strikes. In 2022, Govia was awarded a three-year extension to its management contract, which took effect on 1 April that year.

Major accidents

 * 21 August 1854: An SER excursion train collided with an LB&SCR locomotive hauling ballast waggons between East Croydon and Windmill Bridge. Three passengers sustained fatal injuries.
 * 25 August 1861, Clayton Tunnel rail crash: Two trains collided in the tunnel due to a signaller's error, killing 23 passengers.
 * 30 April 1866: An SER passenger train collided with an LB&SCR goods train near Caterham Junction station (now Purley), killing two passengers and a guard. The fireman of the passenger train later died of his injuries.
 * 23 December 1899: A Pullman express from Brighton ran into the back of a train from Newhaven in fog at Wivelsfield. Six people were killed.
 * 29 January 1910: A passenger express train from Brighton to Victoria derailed at Stoats Nest station (later Coulsdon North). Five passengers and two people standing on the station platform were killed.
 * 2 April 1937, Battersea Park rail crash: Two passenger trains, one from Coulsdon North to Victoria and the other from Victoria to London Bridge, collided at Battersea Park due to a signaller's error, killing six passengers and the guard of the London Bridge train. A further three passengers subsequently died of their injuries.
 * 24 October 1947, South Croydon rail crash: Two passenger trains, both travelling to London Bridge, collided in fog due to a signaller's error. A total of 32 people died, including the driver of the second train.
 * 4 March 1989 Purley station rail crash: Two passenger trains, both travelling to Victoria, collided north of Purley station. Part of the front train fell down the embankment, killing five people.

Listed buildings
There are 13 listed structures associated with the Brighton Main Line.

 * }

title: Brighton Main Line


text:
Raffaele Marcellino

Raffaele Marcellino (born 1964) is an Australian composer.

Education
Raffaele Marcellino graduated from the Sydney Conservatorium of Music with merit in 1985. His teachers included Richard Vella, Richard Toop, Gillian Whitehead, Martin Wesley-Smith and.

Career
In 1995 Marcellino joined the staff of the Tasmanian Conservatorium of Music where he served as director from 1996 to 1998 and resumed teaching duties in 1999. In 1999 Arts Tasmania funded the Mountain Orchestra Project, a community arts project with Marcellino as composer and music director, and Strato Anagnostis as instrument maker and performer. The Mountain Orchestra was made up of community members who constructed instruments from found objects and other materials and then performed newly composed works in a concert on Mt Wellington in Hobart. During his time in Tasmania Marcellino also served on the Board of the Inaugural 10 Days on the Island Festival and Zootango.

At the end of 2001 he left the University of Tasmania and returned to Sydney to pursue a freelance career and sessional teaching at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music. In 2003 Marcellino was Composer-in-Residence with eminent Australian vocal ensemble The Song Company directed by Roland Peelman, who had previously commissioned several works. This residency culminated in the choral cycle The O Antiphons and was released on CD, widely performed and broadcast. Other collaborations with the Song Company resulted in Via Dolorosa (1994), a collaborative work with artist Mark Titmarsh performed at the Sydney's Museum of Contemporary Art with other artist-composer collaborations; FishTale (1995), concert work for voices; Sprung! (2000), for Musica Viva Schools performances; and Mrs Macquarie's Cello (2004), for broadcast on ABC Radio and live performance with texts from Donna Abela and Lisa Morrisett.

From 2003 until 2009 Marcellino was the Principal of the Australian Institute of Music in Sydney. In 2010 he became Foundation Dean of the Australian College of the Arts Collarts in Melbourne. After establishing Collarts as a degree-granting institution he was appointed Dean of Macleay College in Sydney in 2011. In 2013 he was appointed Director of Academic and Student Services for SAE Australia. In 2015 Raffaele was appointed Chief Academic Officer for SAE Global based in Oxfordin the UK. In 2017 Raffaele returned to Sydney to take up the role of Provost for the Navitas Careers and Industry Division. Recent creative collaborations have included prominent Australian artists including Greg White (composer), Robert Jarman (actor and theatre-maker), Anna Messariti (producer and theatre maker), The Song Company, Sirens Ensemble, Tom O'Kelly (percussionist), Michael Bates (filmmaker) and Jordie Albiston (poet).

Among his early public performances are Incunabula (1985) performed by the Sydney Symphony Orchestra conducted by Patrick Thomas and Masquerade commissioned and premiered by the Windbags Wind Quintet (1986) led by Sue Newsome. Antipodes (1987), an orchestral work inspired by David Malouf's collection of short stories, was performed by the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra conducted by Dobbs Franks.

Collaborations and publications
Raffaele collaborated with the Seymour Group, an Australian new music ensemble, with music directors Anthony Fogg, then Mark Summerbell. The result of these collaborations were the ensemble works Whispers of Fauvel (1988), The Lottery in Babylon (1995) and Maze 1998. In 2000 Raffaele partnered with Greg White and the Seymour Group to create Sonic Bach (2000) for ABC Classic FM's The Listening Room produced by Andrew McLennan. Sonic Bach was produced for radio broadcast and also performed as a live show at the New Theatre (Newtown, NSW) and the Performance Space (when it was located at Cleveland St Redfern).

Marcellino's music has been published by Reed Music, Currency Press, Opus House Press, Red House Editions, Grevillea Press and ABC Classics/Universal Music.

Selected works
Chamber ensemble and solo works
 * The Lottery in Babylon - performed by The Seymour Group
 * Zerfliesse mein Herze – performed by Ian Munro, Christian Wojtowicz, Tom O'Kelly and David Malone and featured in A Fork in the Road episode featuring Tasmania
 * Q – performed by David Malone at the Darwin International Guitar Festival
 * The Dædalus Sequences – cycle for solo piano, performed by Ian Munro in Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
 * The Pluperfect Square Dances – performed by Tom O'Kelly in Kunazawa, Japan.
 * The Art of Perception – performed by the Australia Ensemble at the International Music and Psychology Conference, Sydney
 * Clarion Call, – a site specific work for the Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University.
 * Prelude and Blues performed by Rachel Scott cello and Anthony Schulz accordion as part of Bach in the Dark series.

Choral and vocal
 * O Antiphons performed and recorded by the Song Company and directed by Roland Peelman
 * Responsorio – for SATB choir; premiered in Sydney by The Contemporary Singers in 1988, also performed by the Sydney Chamber Choir.
 * FishTale – for chamber choir, performed by The Song Company.
 * Logos – for choir and digital delay, performed by Sydney Chamber Choir.
 * Canticle – for singers, actors and large ensemble premiered at the Brisbane Cathedrals Festival.
 * Sprung! – performed by The Song Company.
 * Ein Psalm Davids – SATB choir and solo violin, performed by the Sydney Philharmonia Motet Choir and Rachael Beesley as part of the Immortal Bach series at the Eugene Goosens Hall, ABC Centre Ultimo.
 * A Strange Kind of Paradise with texts by Jordie Albiston performed by Sirens Ensemble recording released on Halcyon's Waves III

Orchestra and large ensemble
 * The Art of Resonance – tuba concerto, performed by Steve Ross and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra conducted by Marin Alsop.
 * On Eagles Wings – at the International Tuba Conference University of Minnesota
 * Iniquitous Symmetries – performed by Nouvel Ensemble Moderne directed by Lorraine Vaillancourt as part of UNESCO Forum93 in Montreal.
 * Maze for 15 musicians – performed by Ensemble Modern during the International Society of Contemporary Music World Music Days in Luxembourg.
 * The Art of Memory – performed by Marina Phillips and the Australian Brandenburg Orchestra at the City Recital Hall, Sydney.
 * L'arte di volare – performed by the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra directed by Christian Wojtowicz
 * Corbaccio for orchestra and Corbaccio III for three concertante trombones and orchestra performed by the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra conducted by David Porcelijn.
 * On the Passing of Time for mixed concertante ensemble and orchestra performed by Simone de Haan, Chrsitian Wojtowicz and Daryll Pratt and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra conducted by David Porcelijn.

Opera, theatre and broadcast
 * Don Juan – with Greg White; performed by The Sydney Front at Performance Space, Sydney and released on CD featuring Annette Tesoriero.
 * Thirst – with Greg White at the Australian Museum for director Yaron Lifschitz and designer Genevieve Blanchett
 * Remedy – an opera in one act; libretto by Marguerite Bunce.
 * Voicejam and Video – at the Adelaide Festival
 * Musica Viva – performed by Tom O'Kelly (Percussion) in Japan.
 * Bach: a sonic exhibition – co-curated with Greg White, performed by the Seymour Group.
 * Heart of Fire; commissioned by ABC Sport as the theme for the 2000 Summer Paralympics; released as a CD single on ABC Classics.
 * The Flight of Les Darcy – an opera, premiered at the 10 Days on the Island festival, Hobart, Tasmania. Libretto by Robert Jarman.
 * Midnite – performed by the Australian Opera at Melbourne Festival.
 * Mrs Macquarie's Cello – a music theatre work for The Song Company directed by Roland Peelman and produced for broadcast by Anna Messariti.
 * Hekuba's Lament – voice and chamber ensemble commissioned by Much Ado Productions.
 * War is not the Season for Figs – voice, accordion and cello commissioned and broadcast on ABC Radio National on its Poetica program featuring the poetry of Linda Cvetkovic produced by Michael Bates.

Awards

 * Music Fellowship awarded by the Music Board of the Australia Council (April 2003)
 * Paul Lowin Song Cycle Prize (1999), First Prize for Canticle
 * Paul Lowin Song Cycle Prize (1997), Highly Commended for FishTale

title: Raffaele Marcellino


text:
Carl Goldenberg

Hyman Carl Goldenberg, (October 20, 1907 – July 22, 1996) was a Canadian lawyer, arbitrator, mediator, and senator who is best known for his work as an arbitrator in major labour management disputes.

Born in Montreal, Quebec, Goldenberg received a Master of Arts degree in Economics and Political Science in 1929 and a Bachelor of Civil Law degree in 1932 from McGill University. He was called to the Quebec Bar in 1932. He was a lecturer at McGill from 1932 to 1936 and from 1944 to 1948.

He was appointed to the Senate by Pierre Elliott Trudeau in 1971 and served until his retirement in 1982. He was a constitutional advisor to three prime ministers—Mackenzie King, Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Jean Chrétien—and participated in 20 royal commissions and led numerous boards and special inquiries. He was the chairman of the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs and a member of the Senate–House of Commons committee on the Constitution of Canada, which at that point he co-chaired.

Honours
In 1946, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his work during World War II. In 1967 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1974, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of British Columbia.

Archives
There is a Carl Goldenberg fonds at Library and Archives Canada. There is an H. Carl Goldenberg fonds at Queen's University Archives.

title: Carl Goldenberg


text:
User talk:Mkn1234

Thanks! It's valuable when people review articles, even if they don't have time to fix problems themselves. — Matt Crypto 01:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mkn1234


text:
Early Winters

Early Winters, Ltd. of Seattle, Washington, United States was founded in 1972 by William S. Nicolai, who formed the company after creating a tent called the Omnipotent. Early Winters was the first company to create and sell a consumer product made with Gore-Tex laminates produced by W. L. Gore & Associates in Elkton, Maryland. The first product made with Gore-Tex fabric debuted in 1976 and was a streamlined, two-person tent called The Light Dimension. The tent was created by Nicolai and William H. Edwards and was marketed by Ron Zimmerman.

In 1975, Gore salesman Joe Tanner introduced Early Winters to the fabric product, which at that time was still without a name. Over a two-year period, Tanner had made numerous sales calls and had been turned down by companies such as REI, Eddie Bauer, and The North Face. Early Winters was the first company to realize the significance of Gore-Tex fabrics for outdoor applications. In fact, the timing of Tanner's visit was fortuitous since Early Winters had a lightweight, single-walled tent design for which they were seeking a waterproof and breathable fabric solution.

When Tanner showed Early Winters the product sample, the Early Winters staff tried it out by using a rubber band to secure a sample of the fabric over a coffee cup filled with boiling water. This allowed visible steam to pass through the Gore-Tex fabric, but when the cup was turned over, no liquid was claimed to come through. This consumer demonstration became known at W.L. Gore & Associates as the "Z Square" test, named after Zimmerman. This "coffee cup" demonstration has become well known in the outdoor industry because it is an effective way to convey the concept of fabric that is waterproof, yet breathable.

After learning about the product, Nicolai, Edwards, and Zimmerman requested sample material for experimentation, and in Winter 1975, they produced a prototype tent that they subjected to testing in extreme outdoor conditions. After success with the prototype tent, Early Winters became the first commercial company to place an order for Gore-Tex fabric. Early Winters introduced The Light Dimension tent in May 1976. This tent, along with other items made with GORE-TEX fabric, debuted in the first official Early Winters catalogue.

Early Winters approached $20 million (USD) in annual sales, mostly through catalogs, before being sold to the Orvis company in 1984. It was later purchased by the Norm Thompson group in Portland, Oregon. In 2004, Norm Thompson renamed the company Sahalie who still sells Early Winters branded clothing.

title: Early Winters