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Levant Company

The Levant Company was an English chartered company formed in 1592. Elizabeth I of England approved its initial charter on 11 September 1592 when the Venice Company (1583) and the Turkey Company (1581) merged, because their charters had expired, as she was eager to maintain trade and political alliances with the Ottoman Empire. Its initial charter was good for seven years and was granted to Edward Osborne, Richard Staper, Thomas Smith and William Garrard with the purpose of regulating English trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Levant. The company remained in continuous existence until being superseded in 1825. A member of the company was known as a Turkey Merchant.

History
The origins of the Levant Company lay in the Italian trade with Constantinople, and the wars against the Turks in Hungary, although a parallel was routed to Morocco and the Barbary Coast on a similar trade winds as early as 1413. The collapse of the Venetian empire, high tariffs, and the ousting of the Genoese from Scio (Chios) had left a vacuum that was filled by a few intrepid adventurers in their own cog vessels with endeavour to reopen trade with the East on their own accounts. Following a decline in trade with the Levant over a number of decades, several London merchants petitioned Queen Elizabeth I in 1580 for a charter to guarantee exclusivity when trading in that region. In 1580 a treaty was signed between England and the Ottoman Empire, giving English merchants trading rights similar to those enjoyed by French merchants. In 1582, William Harborne, an English merchant who had carried out most of the treaty negotiations in Constantinople to French protestations, made himself permanent envoy. But by 1586 Harborne was appointed 'Her Majesty's ambassador' to the Ottoman Empire, with all his expenses (including gifts given to the Sultan and his court) to be paid by the Levant Company.

When the charters of the Venice Company and the Turkey Company expired, both companies were merged into the Levant Company in 1592 after Queen Elizabeth I approved its charter as part of her diplomacy with the Ottoman Empire.

The company had no colonial aspirations, but rather established "factories" (trading centers) in already-established commercial centers, such as the Levant Factory in Aleppo, as well as Constantinople, Alexandria and Smyrna. Throughout the company's history, Aleppo functioned as the central hub for the entire Middle East operations. By 1588, the Levant Company had been converted to a regulated monopoly on an established trade route, from its initial character as a joint-stock company. The prime movers in the conversion were Sir Edward Osborne and Richard Staper.

In January 1592, a new charter was granted and by 1595 its character as a regulated company had become clear. In the early days of the company there were threats not just from Barbary pirates but also from Spain during the 1585 to 1604 war. In that conflict however the company with its heavily armed ships managed to repel the Spanish galleys intent on capturing the cargo in a number of pitched naval battles, in 1586, 1590, 1591 and 1600 The company as a result surrendered some of their ships to the English Crown and were used during the Spanish Armada campaign proving their worth.

James I (1603–25) renewed and confirmed the company's charter in 1606, adding new privileges. However he engaged in a verbal anti-Turk crusade and neglected direct relations with the Turks. The government did not interfere with trade, which expanded. Especially profitable was the arms trade as the Porte modernised and re-equipped its forces. Of growing importance was textile exports. Between 1609 and 1619, the export of cloth to the Turks increased from 46% to 79% of total cloth exports. The business was highly lucrative. Piracy continued to be a threat. Despite the anti-Ottoman rhetoric of the king, commercial relations with the Turks expanded. The king's finances were increasingly based on the revenues derived from this trade, and English diplomacy was complicated by this trade. For example, James refused to provide financial support to Poland for its war against the Turks.

During the English Civil War (1642–1651), some innovations were made in the government of the company, allowing many people to become members who were not qualified by the charters of Elizabeth and James, or who did not conform to the regulations prescribed. Charles II, upon his restoration, endeavored to set the company upon its original basis; to which end, he gave them a charter, containing not only a confirmation of their old one, but also several new articles of reformation.

Organisation in 1661
By the charter of King Charles II in 1661, the company was erected into a body politic, capable of making laws, under the title of the Company of Merchants of England trading to the Seas of the Levant. The number of members was not limited, but averaged about 300. The principal qualification required was that the candidate be a wholesale merchant, either by family, or by serving an apprenticeship of seven years. Those under 25 years of age paid 25 pounds at their admission; those above, twice as much. Each made an oath, at his entrance, not to send any merchandise to the Levant, except on his own account; and not to consign them to any but the company's agents, or factors. The company governed itself by a plurality of voices.

The company had a court, or board at London, composed of a governor, sub-governor, and twelve directors, or assistants; who were all actually to live in London, or the suburbs. They also had a deputy-governor, in every city and port where there were any members of the company. This assembly at London sent out the vessels, regulated the tariff for the price at which the European merchandise sent to the Levant were to be sold; and for the quality of those returned. It raised taxes on merchandise, to defray impositions, and the common expense of the company; presented the ambassador, which the King was to keep at the port; elected two consuls for Smyrna and Constantinople, etc. As the post of ambassador to the Sublime Porte became increasingly important, the Crown had to assume control of the appointment.

One of the best regulations of the company was not to leave the consuls, or even the ambassador, to fix the impositions on the vessels for defraying the common expenses—something that was fatal to the companies of most other nations—but to allow a pension to the ambassador and consuls, and even to the chief officers—including the chancellor, secretary, chaplain, interpreters, and janissaries—so that there was no pretence for their raising any sum at all on the merchants or merchandises. It was true that the ambassador and consul might act alone on these occasions, but the pensions being offered to them on condition of declining them, they chose not to act.

In extraordinary cases, the consuls, and even ambassador himself, had recourse to two deputies of the company, residing in the Levant, or if the affair be very important, assemble the whole nation. Here were regulated the presents to be given, the voyages to be made, and every thing to be deliberated; and on the resolutions here taken, the deputies appointed the treasurer to furnish the required funds. The ordinary commerce of this company employed from 20 to 25 vessels, of between 25 and 30 pieces of cannon.

The merchandises exported there were limited in quality and range, suggesting an imbalance of trade; they included traditional cloths, especially shortcloth and kerseys, tin, pewter, lead, black pepper, re-exported cochineal, black rabbit skins and a great deal of American silver, which the English took up at Cadiz. The more valuable returns were in raw silk, cotton wool and yarn, currants and raisins, nutmeg, black pepper, indigo, galls, camlets, wool and cotton cloth, the soft leathers called maroquins, soda ash for making glass and soap, and several gums and medicinal drugs. Velvet, carpets, and silk were bought by the traders.

The commerce of the company to Smyrna, Constantinople, and İskenderun, was much less considerable than that of the East India Company; but was, more advantageous to England, because it took off much more of the English products than the other, which was chiefly carried on in money. The places reserved for the commerce of this company included all the states of Venice, in the Gulf of Venice; the state of Ragusa; all the states of the "Grand Signior" (the Ottoman Sultan), and the ports of the Levant and Mediterranean Basin; excepting Cartagena, Alicante, Barcelona, Valencia, Marseilles, Toulon, Genoa, Livorno (Leghorn), Civitavecchia, Palermo, Messina, Malta, Majorca, Menorca, and Corsica; and other places on the coasts of France, Spain, and Italy.

Levantine shipping
Ships owned by the Levant Company from 1581 to 1640:

 * Alathia
 * Alcede
 * Alice and Thomas
 * Alice Thomas
 * Aleppo Merchant
 * Angel
 * Anne Frane
 * Ascension
 * Bark Burre
 * Barque Reynolds
 * Centurion
 * Charity
 * Cherubim
 * Christ
 * Clement
 * Cock
 * Concord
 * Consent
 * Cosklett
 * Darling
 * Delight
 * Desire
 * Diamond
 * Dragon
 * Eagle
 * Edward Bonaventure
 * Elizabeth and Dorcas
 * Elizabeth Cocken
 * Elizabeth Stoaks
 * Elnathan
 * Emanuel
 * Experience
 * Freeman
 * George Bonaventure
 * Gift of God
 * Golden Noble
 * Grayhound
 * Great Phoenix
 * Great Suzanne
 * Greenfield
 * Guest
 * Gyllyon
 * Harry
 * Harry Bonaventure
 * Hector
 * Hercules
 * Husband
 * Industry
 * The Jane
 * Jesus
 * Jewel
 * Job
 * John
 * John Francis
 * Jollian
 * Jonas
 * Lanavit
 * Lewis
 * Little George
 * London
 * Margaret
 * Margaret Bonaventure
 * Marget and John
 * Marigold
 * Mary
 * Mary Anne
 * Mary Coust
 * Mary Martin
 * Mary Rose
 * Mayflower
 * Merchant Bonaventure
 * Mignon
 * Paragon
 * Peregrine
 * Phoenix
 * Primrose
 * Prosperous
 * Providence
 * Rainbow
 * Rebecca
 * Recovery
 * Red Lion
 * Report
 * Resolution
 * Roebuck
 * Royal Defence
 * Royal Exchange
 * Royal Merchant
 * Saker
 * Salamander
 * Salutation
 * Samaritan
 * Sampson
 * Samuel
 * Saphire
 * Scipio
 * Society
 * Solomon
 * Suzanne
 * Suzanne Parnell
 * Swallow
 * Teagre
 * Thomas and William
 * Thomas Bonaventure
 * Thomasine
 * Toby of Harwich
 * Trinity
 * Trinity Bear
 * Triumph
 * Unicorn
 * White Hind
 * William and John
 * William and Ralph
 * William and Thomas
 * William Fortune

Governors

 * 1581–1592      Sir Edward Osborne (nominated in first & second charters)
 * 1592–1592      Richard Staper
 * 1600–1600      Sir Thomas Smith (nominated in third charter)
 * 1605–1623 Sir Thomas Lowe (nominated in fourth charter)
 * 1623–1634 Sir Hugh Hammersley
 * 1634–1643 Sir Henry Garraway
 * 1643–1653 Isaac Penington
 * 1654–1672 Sir Andrew Riccard
 * 1672–1673 John Jolliffe
 * 1673–1695 The Earl of Berkeley
 * 1696–1709 Sir William Trumbull
 * 1710–1718 The Lord Onslow
 * 1718–1735 The Earl of Carnavon
 * 1736–1766 The Earl De La Warr
 * 1766–1772 The Earl of Shaftsbury
 * 1772–1776 The Earl of Radnor
 * 1776–1792 The Earl of Guilford
 * 1792–1799 The Duke of Leeds
 * 1799–1821 The Lord Grenville

The British government took over the Company in 1821 until its dissolution in 1825.

The ambassadors at Constantinople

 * 1582–1588 William Harborne
 * 1588–1597 Edward Barton
 * 1597–1607 Henry Lello
 * 1606–1611 Sir Thomas Glover
 * 1611–1620 Paul Pindar
 * 1619–1621 Sir John Eyre (or Ayres)
 * 1621–1622 John Chapman (agent)
 * 1621–1628 Sir Thomas Roe
 * 1627–1638 Sir Peter Wyche
 * 1633–1647 Sir Sackville Crowe
 * 1647–1661 Sir Thomas Bendysh
 * Richard Salway (never sent out)
 * Richard Lawrence (agent only)
 * 1668–1672 Heneage Finch, Earl of Winchilsea
 * 1668–1672 Sir Daniel Harvey
 * 1672–1681 Sir John Finch
 * 1680–1687 James, Lord Chandos
 * 1684–1686 Sir William Soames
 * 1686–1691 Sir William Trumbull
 * 1690–1691 Sir William Hussey
 * Thomas Coke (chargé d'affaires only)
 * 1691–1692 William Harbord
 * 1692–1702 William, Lord Paget
 * Sir James Rushout, 1st Baronet (nominated only)
 * George Berkeley, 1st Earl of Berkeley (nominated only)
 * 1700–1717 Sir Robert Sutton
 * 1716–1718 Edward Wortley-Montagu
 * 1717–1730 Abraham Stanyan
 * 1729–1736 George Hay, 8th Earl of Kinnoull
 * 1735–1746 Sir Everard Fawkener
 * Stanhope Aspinwall (chargé d'affaires only)
 * 1746–1762 James Porter
 * 1761–1765 Henry Grenville
 * William Kinloch (chargé d'affaires only)
 * 1765–1775 John Murray
 * Anthony Hayes (Chargé d'affaires only)
 * 1775–1794 Sir Robert Ainslie
 * 1794–1795 Robert Liston
 * Spencer Smith (Chargé d'affaires)
 * Francis James Jackson (never took up appointment)
 * 1799–1803 Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin
 * Alexander Straton (Chargé d'affaires)
 * 1803–1804 William Drummond
 * 1804–1807 Charles Arbuthnot
 * 1809–1810 Robert Adair
 * 1810–1812 Stratford Canning Minister Plenipotentiary
 * 1812–1820 Robert Liston
 * 1820–1824 Percy Clinton, 6th Viscount Strangford.

At Smyrna

 * 1611–1624 William Markham
 * 1624–1630 William Salter
 * 1630–1633 Lawrence Green
 * 1633–1634 James Higgins
 * 1634–1635 John Freeman
 * 1635–1638 Edward Bernard
 * 1638–1643 Edward Stringer
 * 1644–1649 John Wilde
 * 1649–1657 Spencer Bretton
 * 1659–1660 William Prideaux
 * 1660–1661 Richard Baker
 * 1661–1667 William Cave
 * 1667–1677 Paul Rycaut
 * 1677–1703 William Raye
 * 1703–1716 William Sherrard
 * 1716–1722 John Cooke
 * 1722–1723 George Boddington
 * 1733–1741 Francis Williams
 * 1741–1742 Thomas Carleton
 * 1742–1762 Samuel Crawley
 * 1762–1794 Anthony Hayes
 * 1794–1825 Francis Werry

At Aleppo

 * 1580–1586 William Barrett
 * 1586–1586 James Toverson
 * 1586–1586 John Eldred
 * 1592–1594 Michael Locke
 * 1596 George Dorrington (acting vice-consul)
 * 1596–1596 Thomas Sandys
 * 1596–1597 Ralph Fitch
 * 1597–1597 Richard Colthurst
 * vacant
 * 1606 James Hawarde (acting vice-consul)
 * 1606–1610 Paul Pindar
 * 1610–1616 Bartholomew Haggatt
 * 1616–1621 Libby Chapman
 * 1621–1627 Edward Kirkham
 * 1627–1630 Thomas Potton
 * 1630–1638 John Wandesford
 * 1638–1649 Edward Bernard
 * 1649–1659 Henry Riley
 * 1659–1672 Benjamin Lannoy
 * 1672–1686 Gamaliel Nightingale
 * 1686–1689 Thomas Metcalfe
 * 1689–1701 Henry Hastings
 * 1701–1706 George Brandon
 * 1707–1715 William Pilkington
 * 1716–1726 John Purnell
 * 1727–1740 Nevil Coke
 * 1740–1745 Nathaniel Micklethwait
 * 1745–1751 Arthur Pollard
 * 1751–1758 Alexander Drummond
 * 1758–1758 Francis Browne
 * 1759–1766 William Kinloch
 * 1766–1768 Henry Preston
 * 1768–1770 William Clark
 * 1770–1772 Charles Smith (pro-consul)
 * 1770–1783 John Abbott
 * 1783–1784 David Hays (pro-consul)
 * 1784–1786 Charles Smith (pro-consul)
 * 1786–1791 Michael de Vezin (pro-consul)
 * factory closed 1791–1803
 * 1803–1825 John Barker

Decline
Membership began declining in the early eighteenth century. In its decline the company was looked upon as an abuse, a drain on the resources of Britain. The company's purview was thrown open to free trade in 1754, but continued its activities until dissolution in 1825.

The name of the bird called 'turkey' came from the Turkey merchants.

Turkish opium was bought by the Levant Company.

The Levant Company encompassed American merchants before 1811 who bought Turkish opium. These merchants would sell the opium to the Chinese, beginning in 1806. Among these American Turkey merchants were members of the famous Astor family.

Heraldry

The arms of the Levant Company were: Azure, on a sea in base proper, a ship with three masts in full sail or, between two rocks of the second, all the sails, pennants, and ensigns argent, each charged with a cross gules, a chief engrailed of the third, in base a seahorse proper. * The crest was: On a wreath of the colours, a demi seahorse saliant.
 * The supporters were: Two seahorses.
 * The Latin motto was: Deo reip et amicis.

Manuscripts

 * Harley MSS, 306 Standing Ordinances of the Levant Company (ff. 72–74) c. 1590
 * Lansdowne MSS. 60 Petition of the Turkey and Venice Merchants to be incorporated into one body (f.8) c. 1590–91
 * MSS Bodleian Library Folio 665, (i List of the Membership of The Levant Company, 1701 (ff. 97–98)
 * British Museum, 1718. Paragraphs of Some Letters to Prove the Reasonablness of The Levant Company 's late order to carry on their trade by general ships, Bodleian Pamphlets, Folio 666, ff. 288–89.
 * 1718–1719, The Case of The Levant Company, British Museum. 351–356, 6(40)
 * 1825, Proceedings of The Levant Company respecting the Surrender of their Charters, BM6/6259
 * 1825, Proceedings of The Levant Company respecting the Surrender of their Charters, BM6/6259

title: Levant Company


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Bay Area Rapid Transit/archive1

Bay Area Rapid Transit
BART is a continuos process and is the #1 transit system in America. This article properly defines BART and it's future.Romeoslion 00:08, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. Needs to discuss things like the politics that went into the creation of BART, along with criticisms of the project both before and after creation. --Michael Snow 01:28, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Just a suggestion, but I would like to know more about the funding and financing. Was it a state or local project, did different jurisdictions have to collaborate, etc.? Also, what is the governing structure of BART? Have there been any controversies? Complaints from users? What are the system's plans and prospects for the future? Meelar (talk) 01:31, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * While I would love to see more railroad-related articles reach featured status, I'm afraid I must object in its current form due to 1) lack of references and 2) ridership figures, and 3) I'd like to see more photos of the stations, trains and infrastructure. slambo 02:39, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * There's a lot of good stuff there, but it seems to have a ways to go: Beyond what is mentioned above, the history section seems sparse compared to how many pages it gets at bart.gov, and doesn't mention the Berkeley delays/lawsuits. Mention of SFBARTD seems not only late (more than halfway into the article), but incomplete--when was it created, what does it stand for (easy to guess, but should be explicitly stated) I found the spell-out in the intro, but the disconnect still seems problematic, and 'created by the state of California' is a bit ambiguous--the legislature, governor, CalTrans, or the voters? Why was the UC, Berkeley connector bus called "Humphrey Go-Bart", and why is it no longer? When did Marin and San Mateo drop out, and what reason was given? Same time/reason or different? Also seems to need an overall copyedit for grammar and flow, as it's kinda awkward and jumpy/choppy in places (eg "...and possibly north to San Ramon, Dublin, Alamo to the existing Walnut Creek station via the I-680 corridor.") Peer review might be a good idea if it hasn't already been there. Oh, and the prose should be able to stand on its own, not relying on the headers (eg ==Infill stations==These are stations that are planned to be built..." Niteowlneils 05:13, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I happened to run across this webpage, which seems to suggest at least a paragraph or two about early controversy needs to be added. The page is probably too POV to be used as the primary source, but assuming the facts can be verified elsewhere, a state commission requiring the system to run at reduced speeds for 5 years, and a public bailout that involved changing the governing structure of the organization seems to really need to be discussed. Niteowlneils 16:44, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. No references, appears too short to be comprehensive.  JYolkowski 14:46, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Agree with the above on references. Also I may have missed it, but it needs a mention of about how much it costs for some example trips and the comparison of that to other similiar systems and other methods of transportation. - Taxman 22:36, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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The Michaels Companies

The Michaels Companies is an American retail holding company, headquartered in Irving, Texas. It was formed as a parent company of Michaels in 2014. , The Michaels Companies operates its flagship brand, Michaels (in the United States and Canada), and Artistree, a manufacturer of custom and specialty framing merchandise. There are over 1,252 arts and crafts stores located in the United States and Canada.

History
The Michaels Companies debuted in June 2014 on the NASDAQ under the symbol MIK and raised about $472 million in its initial public offering, using the funds to pay down debt. The IPO valued the company at $3.45 billion. In April 2015, Rubin was named chairman, in addition to his title of CEO. In August 2015, Michaels announced a partnership with online DIY craft design and video company Darby Smart aimed at "making crafting simpler and more accessible." In February 2016, the Michaels Companies inc. completed the acquisition of Lamrite West, Inc., which included an international wholesale business under the Darice brand name ("Darice") and 36 arts and crafts retail stores located primarily in the Midwest under the Pat Catan's brand name. In August, The Michaels Companies acquired Hancock Fabrics' intellectual property and customer database as part of its bankruptcy and liquidation. In June 2017, The Michaels Companies became a Fortune 500 company. In Fall, Michaels launched a relationship with Elizabeth Jean "Busy" Philipps in fall 2017, resulting in a digital video series called The Make Off, in which Busy competes in a crafting competition against other celebrities. In 2018, The Make Off series was nominated for a Webby Award. That year the company also embarked on media partnerships with Good Morning America and Nickelodeon around the concept of promoting screen-free activities for children and teens. In March 2018, the Michaels companies announced its partnership with TV design personalities Drew and Jonathan Scott of HGTV's Property Brothers for a custom frame collection. In January 2019, the Michaels companies announced the closure of the Pat Catan Stores, a dozen or more of which were to be reopened under the Michaels Stores name. In November 2019, The Michaels Companies, Inc. announced that they would reopen up to 40 A.C. Moore stores after its bankruptcy and liquidation. In October 2019, Mark Cosby was named CEO of the Michaels Companies after being named interim CEO in February 2019. In November 2019, The Michaels Companies, Inc. announced that they would reopen up to 40 A.C. Moore stores as Michaels stores after A.C. Moore's bankruptcy and liquidation. In January 2020, former Walmart merchandising executive Ashley Buchanan joined The Michaels Companies as the chief executive officer and a member of the board of directors. In July, the company downsized its headquarters but remained in Irving, Texas. On March 3, 2021, The Michaels Companies management agreed to be acquired by venture capital firm Apollo Global Management for $22 per share, or $3.3 billion, and the company was to be taken private. In April, Apollo announced in a press release that the acquisition was completed. The Michaels Companies owns Artistree, a vertically integrated custom framing business that manufactures precut mats and framing merchandise for Michaels Stores and online ordering. Custom framing orders are processed and shipped to a Michaels store where the frame is assembled and picked up by the customer.

title: The Michaels Companies


text: User talk:66.65.189.69

title: User talk:66.65.189.69


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User talk:Grika

Upcoming Wikipedia meetups
In the area? You are invited to the upcoming Minnesota meetups.

To kick-off monthly meetups in the Twin Cities, two events will be held in Special Collections at Minneapolis Central Library this summer. These are mostly planned as opportunities for Wikipedians to discuss editing, but all are welcome!

Special Collections contains many valuable historical resources, including the Minneapolis Collection, consisting of files on hundreds of topics related to Minneapolis from neighborhoods to politicians (it's best to call or email in advance to request materials). Free wifi and several public computers are available.

Place: Minneapolis Central Library, 300 Nicollet Mall, Minneapolis

Special Collections (4th floor)

Dates: Saturday, June 1

Saturday, July 6

Time: 12:30pm–2:30pm+

For more info and to sign up (not required), see the meetup talk page.

This invitation was sent to users who were interested in past events. If you don't want to receive future invitations, you can remove your name from the invite list. —innotata 14:07, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Great American Wiknic
In the area? You're invited to the Great American Wiknic.

Place: north of Minnehaha Falls in Minnehaha Park, Minneapolis

Date: Saturday, June 22, 2012

Time: 12–4 pm

 * Accessible from the Minnehaha Park METRO station, bus, walk, bike, or car
 * If driving, free parking available on 46th Ave. S, and pay parking in the park
 * Food and drink options nearby, or bring your own... maybe even to share!

For more, and to sign up (encouraged, not required) go to the meetup talk page.

This invitation was sent to users who were interested in past events. If you don't want to receive future invitations, you can remove your name from the invite list. —innotata 03:05, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

Minnesota Wikipedia Meetup on August 3
In the area? You are invited to the upcoming Minnesota monthly meetup on August 3.

Place: Lavvu Coffee House

813 4th St SE, Minneapolis 55414

Date: Saturday, August 3

Time: 1:00pm-3:00pm+

For more info and to sign up (not required), see the meetup talk page.

This invitation was sent to users who were interested in past events. If you don't want to receive future invitations, you can remove your name from the invite list.

—innotata 23:43, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia Day Meetup on January 18
In the area? You are invited to the upcoming Minnesota meetup in commemoration of Wikipedia Day.

 * Place: Seward Cafe

 * 2129 E Franklin Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55404

 * Date: Saturday, January 18, 2014

 * Time: noon

For more info and to sign up (not required), see the meetup talk page.

This invitation was sent to users who were interested in past events. If you don't want to receive future invitations, you can remove your name from the invite list. —innotata 04:10, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Eh La Bas

A tag has been placed on Eh La Bas requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about something invented/coined/discovered by the article's creator or someone they know personally, and it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Rahat (Talk * Contributions) 01:50, 19 September 2014 (UTC)

Vesuvianite
Hi I cleaned up the Vesuvianite gemstone article a bit. Can you wikify or edit it more? Thank you. Venustar84 (talk) 18:15, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Invite to an edit-a-thon at the Loft Literary Center

 * We have also recently formed a user group for Minnesota editors. If you would like to join, please add your name to our page on meta. Thank you, gobonobo  + c 23:08, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Jeff Belanger

A tag has been placed on Jeff Belanger requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. Edward321 (talk) 05:10, 16 April 2016 (UTC)

Invite to Wiki Loves Pride MN!

 * We have also recently formed a user group for Minnesota editors. If you would like to join, please add your name to our page on meta. Thank you, RachelWex Talk c 21:23, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Time to value

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title: User talk:Grika


text:
Talk:Logical Framework Approach

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130424232428/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/units/CARR/pdf/R%26R-24-Winter-2012.pdf to http://www2.lse.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/units/CARR/pdf/R%26R-24-Winter-2012.pdf
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title: Talk:Logical Framework Approach


text:
Jeff Pezzati

Jeffrey Neal "Jeff" Pezzati (born February 6, 1960) is the lead singer of the Chicago punk band Naked Raygun. From 1983 to 1985, he also played bass for the band Big Black. In 1980 Pezzati was asked to audition for Naked Raygun (then known as Negro Commando). Pezzati passed the audition and became the band's longest-running member. The band has been credited by Dave Grohl of Nirvana/Foo Fighters fame for inspiring the then 13 year old Grohl to get into punk music.

In 1999 Pezzati founded the band The Bomb.

Big Black

 * Bulldozer (1983)
 * Racer-X (EP) (1984)
 * ''The Hammer Party LP (1986)

Naked Raygun

 * Basement Screams EP (1983)
 * Throb Throb LP (1985)
 * All Rise LP (1986)
 * Jettison LP (1988)
 * Understand? LP (1989)
 * Vanilla Blue / Slim Single (1989)
 * Home Single (1990)
 * Raygun...Naked Raygun LP (1990)
 * Last of the Demohicans DVD (1997)
 * Free Shit! live LP/CD (2001)
 * What Poor Gods We Do Make CD (2007)
 * Iron Maiden /  Single (2012)
 * Burning Red / Out of Your Mind Single (2013)
 * Can't Let Go / Just For Me Single (2014)
 * Over the Overlords LP (2021)

The Bomb

 * Arming EP (1999)
 * Torch Songs LP (2000)
 * Indecision LP (2005)
 * Speed Is Everything LP (2009)
 * The Challenger LP (2011)
 * Axis of Awesome EP (2014)

title: Jeff Pezzati


text:
Category:Schools in the United States

This category contains articles about schools in the United States up to and including high school level. See also Category:Universities and colleges in the United States.

title: Category:Schools in the United States


text: User talk:65.2.105.188

title: User talk:65.2.105.188


text:
Talk:Scopes trial/Butler Act

New York Times, 18 July 1925, page 1.

AUTHOR OF THE LAW SURPRISED AT FUSS John Washington Butler Thought All "Right-Thinking" Men Believed the Believed the Bible. THE CALMEST MAN IN COURT ''Regrets Barring Scientists, Declaring Evidence Would Be a "Right Smart" Education.

Special to the New York Times

DAYTON, Tenn., July 17.—There was only one calm man in the Dayton Court House today when Judge Raulston ruled, first, that scientific evidence could not be presented to the jury, and then that the theory of the defense that evolution does not contradict the Bible must be presented in affidavits. That man was John Washington Butler, the Macon County farmer who introduced in the Tennessee Legislature last March the bill which has become the law which caused it all.

There was a tense excitement in the court, the Fundamentalists flushed with triumph and the Modernists filled with chagrin. The crowd pressed forward, jumped on chairs and strained eyes and ears for every movement behind the bar. But Mr. Butler remained in his seat, his big-boned body still, his Indian brown face impassive, his eyes expressionless.

Would Like to Hear the Evidence.

"I'm sorry," he said later, "that the Judge wouldn't let the evidence go before the jury. I reckon he was right in holding, as he did, that the issue was only on whether the law was violated. But it seemed to me like there was some sense in what the defense was arguing, that they had a right to show that the theory of evolution didn't conflict with the Bible.

"I'd like to have heard the evidence. It would have been right smart of an education to hear those fellows who have studied the subject.

"No, I wouldn't be afraid to let the evidence come in. The prosecution could have put in evidence, too, and then everybody would have known the truth. There's no call for being afraid of the truth. I believe my Bible is right on every page, but if anybody can show me it isn't exactly the way I believe, I'm willing to listen."

And all the discussion, amusement and bitterness which this trial aroused has not made John Washington Butler regret he introduced the bill.

"If I had it to do all over again," he said, "I'd have introduced it two years earlier than I did—in my first term in the Legislature.

"No, I didn't know anything about evolution when I introduced it. I'd read in the papers that boys and girls were coming home from school and telling their fathers and mother that the Bible was all nonsense."

Minister Gave Him the Idea.

"I didn't think that was right, and then the Rev. W. L. Murray of Nashville, who comes to preach once a month at our church in Lafayette, the Primitive Baptist Church, came over one Sunday and preached a sermon saying the teaching of evolution in the schools ought to be stopped because it was attacking religion.

"I had it printed in my circulars announcing I was a candidate for re-election that I would introduce a bill to stop the teaching of evolution.

"A graduate of Vanderbilt University ran against me, the smartest man in the county. I wouldn't have run against him if he had come out earlier: I wanted him to run, but he refused at first and didn't announce himself until after my circulars were out, and I couldn't withdraw. He didn't mention evolution in his speeches. I was elected 10 to 1, and he sold his farm at auction. It was the best farm in the county, worth $50,000, but he didn't get but $37,500 for it, and he went to Memphis to live. I was right sorry to see him go. He had never made any money out of his farm, but he knew just about everything and could set a bone as good as a doctor."

Mr. Butler has had four years of schooling and is deeply religious, but there is nothing of the bigot in his manner. He speaks quietly, with a simplicity and without the suggestion that he considers his belief in the Bible the only creditable belief. Instead, his manner suggests that he had considered his belief the one held by all "right-thinking" men and that it had never occurred to him that there could be many who were not "right thinking."

"I never had any idea," he continued, "my bill would make a fuss. I just thought it would become a law and that everybody would abide by it and that we wouldn't hear any more of evolution in Tennessee."

© New York Times, used here only to rectify a dispute.

title: Talk:Scopes trial/Butler Act


text:
Arterial line

An arterial line (also art-line or a-line) is a thin catheter inserted into an artery.

Use
Arterial lines are most commonly used in intensive care medicine and anesthesia to monitor blood pressure directly and in real-time (rather than by intermittent and indirect measurement) and to obtain samples for arterial blood gas analysis. Arterial lines are generally not used to administer medication, since many injectable drugs may lead to serious tissue damage and even require amputation of the limb if administered into an artery rather than a vein.

An arterial line is usually inserted into the radial artery in the wrist, but can also be inserted into the brachial artery at the elbow, into the femoral artery in the groin, into the dorsalis pedis artery in the foot, or into the ulnar artery in the wrist. A golden rule is that there has to be collateral circulation to the area affected by the chosen artery, so that peripheral circulation is maintained by another artery even if circulation is disturbed in the cannulated artery.

Insertion is often painful; an anesthetic such as lidocaine can be used to make the insertion more tolerable and to help prevent vasospasm, thereby making insertion of the arterial line somewhat easier. Often times, this is also done after induction of General anesthesia.

title: Arterial line


text:
Frank Cadogan Cowper

Frank Cadogan Cowper (16 October 1877 – 17 November 1958) was an English painter and illustrator of portraits, historical and literary scenes, also described as "The Last Pre-Raphaelite".

Life and work
Frank Cadogan Cowper was born in Wicken, Northamptonshire, the son of an author and early pioneer of coastal cruising in yachts, Frank Cowper, and grandson of Edward Cadogan, the Rector of Wicken.

Cadogan Cowper was educated at Cranleigh before going on to study art, first at St John's Wood Art School in 1896 and then at the Royal Academy Schools from 1897 to 1902. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1899 and achieved critical acclaim two years later with his An Aristocrat Answering the Summons to Execution, Paris 1791 (1901). In 1902, Cadogan Cowper spent six months as an apprentice helping Edwin Austin Abbey RA complete a monumental canvas painting The Coronation of King Edward VII (now in the Royal Collection) before travelling to Italy to continue his studies.

Cadogan Cowper worked in oils, tempera and watercolours, and simultaneously worked as a book illustrator, providing the illustrations for Sir Sidney Lee's The Imperial Shakespeare. He contributed to a mural in the Houses of Parliament in 1910-12 along with John Byam Liston Shaw, Ernest Board and Henry Arthur Payne.

As art trends changed, Cadogan Cowper increasingly exhibited his portrait paintings and still continued to produce historical and literary works of art.

Cadogan Cowper retired from London and moved to Gloucestershire. One of his paintings, The Ugly Duckling, was voted "their favourite painting" by visitors to the Cheltenham Art Gallery & Museum in 2005.

The record price for a Cadogan Cowper painting at sale is £469,250 for Our Lady of the Fruits of the Earth (1917) at Christie's in London on 17 December, 2011.

The National Gallery of London is staging an exhibition Saint Francis of Assisi which includes the work of Frank Cadogan Cowper until 30 July, 2023.

In February 2024, the Musei di San Domenico in Forlì, Italy, will host the exhibition Pre-Raphaelites: A Modern Renaissance that will feature the work of Cadogan Cowper Vanity.

Awards

 * Royal Academy / A.R.A 1907 / R.A 1934
 * Royal Watercolour Society / A.R.W.S. 1904 / R.W.S. 1911
 * Royal Society of Portrait Painters / R.P. 1921
 * Royal West of England Academy / RWA Academician
 * The Society of Graphic Fine Art / From the early days of the Society: Hon. Member 1920
 * Royal Academy Schools Competition silver medal and Armitage Prize, 1899

Patron(s)

 * Evelyn Waugh
 * The Wills Family of Miserden Park

Studio Locations

 * 1902 (6 mos)》  Morgan Hall, Fairford, Gloucestershire
 * 1903 – 1905 》  1 Edwardes Square Studios, Kensington, London
 * 1905 – 1909 》  38 Barrow Hill Road, St John's Wood, N.W., London
 * 1909 – 1924 》  2 Edwardes Square Studios, Kensington, London
 * 1924 – 1940 》  3 Tite Street, SW3, London
 * 1940 – 1944 》  The Studio, Les Blanches, St Martin's, Jersey
 * 1944 – 1951 》  Hughenden House, Fairford, Gloucestershire
 * 1951 – 1958 》  Summerton, Berkeley Road, Cirencester, Wiltshire

List of paintings (selection)

 * Rapunzel (Singing from the Tower) (1900)
 * Hamlet - The churchyard scene (1902)
 * Lady Clare and her lily-white doe (1902)
 * Francis of Assisi and the Heavenly Melody (1904) Exhibited at the National Gallery, London in 2023.
 * St Agnes in Prison Receiving from Heaven the 'Shining White Garment' (1905)
 * La Belle Dame sans Merci (1905 ) Exhibited at the Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours the same year; The International Fine Arts Exhibition, Rome, Italy in 1911.
 * Molly, Duchess of Nona (1905)
 * A Merciless Beauty (1906)
 * Mariana in the South (1906) Exhibited at the Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours the same year.
 * Vanity (1907) Diploma Work for the Royal Academy
 * Love Potion (1907) Exhibited at the Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours the same year.
 * How the Devil, Disguised (1907) Exhibited at the Royal Academy and Fine Arts Society the same year.
 * Venetian Ladies Listening to the Serenade (1909) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * Erasmus and Thomas More Visit the Children of Henry VII at Greenwich, 1499 (1910)
 * Lucretia Borgia Reigns in the Vatican in the Absence of Pope Alexander VI (1908–14)
 * The Love Letter (1911) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * Sir William Walter Carlile, 1st Baronet, OBE, DL, JP (1862–1950) (1913)
 * The Hon. Mrs. Hanbury-Tracy (1914) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * Faust's first sight of Marguerite (1915) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * Our Lady of the Fruits of the Earth (1917)
 * The Blue Bird (1918) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year
 * The Cathedral Scene from 'Faust': Margaret tormented by the Evil Spirit (1919)
 * Vanity (1919)
 * Fair Rosamund and Queen Eleanor (1920) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * Violet Miriam Nightingale Clay, Lady Vernon (1920)
 * Mrs E.H. Evans–Combe (1920)
 * ''Lady Gordon Taylor (1923) Private Collection
 * The Damozel of the Lake, called Nimue the Enchantress (Malory's "Le Morte d'Arthur") (1924)
 * Lady Hildebrand Harmsworth (1925) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * La Belle Dame sans Merci (1926) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * Margaret, Daughter of Montague Napier, Esq. (1926)
 * The Hon. Sackville-West (1927) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * Titania Sleeps (1928)
 * Sir Havilland De Sausmarez (1930) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * Mrs. Albert S. Kerry (1930) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * Pamela, Daughter of Lieut. Col. M.F. Halford (1930) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * Lilla, Daughter of E.M. Maclaurin, Esq. Married to N.H. Signor Sacra De Jordanow. (1930)
 * Miss Mona Sayer, Grand-daughter of Sir Walter Maude, KCIE CSI (1936)
 * The Fortune–Teller: "Beware of a Dark Lady" (1940)
 * La Belle Dame sans Merci (1946)
 * The Ugly Duckling (1950)
 * The Legend of Sir Perceval (1952–53)
 * The Four Queens Find Lancelot Sleeping (1954)
 * Elizabeth, Daughter of Major General F.V.B. Willis (1955) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * The Golden Bowl (1956) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * Self-Portrait (1957) Exhibited at the Royal Academy the same year.
 * The Patient Griselda
 * Portrait of Professor Rey
 * Lancelot slays the Caitiff Knight Sir Tarquin and rescues the fair lady and the knight in captivity
 * Eve

title: Frank Cadogan Cowper


text:
Rainer Bloess

Rainer Bloess was a member of Ottawa City Council. He represents Innes Ward (Ward 2), covering some of the city's eastern suburbs. Bloess was originally a member of the city council of Gloucester, being first elected to that council in 1994 on a cost-cutting platform. When Gloucester was merged into Ottawa in 2000 he ran for Ottawa city council and was elected with a majority of the vote, defeating Ed Campbell and two other candidates. He was subsequently re-elected in 2003, 2006, and 2010.

Bloess is a member of the Liberal Party of Canada. In 2009, he lost to David Bertschi for the Liberal nomination in Ottawa—Orléans for the 2011 federal election.

Bloess lives in the suburban community of Blackburn Hamlet.

2003-2006 term
On the Ottawa council his main issue was widening Innes Road and working to encourage the spread of the booming economy of western Ottawa to the east. He is described as one of the council's fiscal conservatives and was one of three councilors to refuse the controversial 2003 pay-raise city council voted for themselves. He is generally seen as an opponent of mayor Bob Chiarelli. According to the Ottawa Citizen Bloess, along with councilor Jan Harder, are sometimes called the councils "official opposition." He once initiated a controversial motion that would have required that all residents use Ottawa in their postal address, rather than the names of their former communities. He withdrew the motion after the initiative proved unpopular.

In the 2003 Ottawa election he faced a stiff challenge from Jean-Francois Claude who argued that Ottawa East was being ignored by the city and that Bloess had failed to lobby hard enough for official bilingualism. The race was one of the closest for an incumbent councilor in 2003, but Bloess was reelected.

Light rail extension project
Bloess was an opponent of the city's O-Train light-rail extension from downtown Ottawa to Barrhaven. On December 7, 2006, council voted in favor by a margin of 12–11 to pursue the project without the downtown segment. However, Bloess, who was on holiday during the vote, could not vote against the project, which would have derailed it. He mentioned that he was not aware that the vote would have taken place during his absence. When O'Brien modified his position to be against it because of insufficient funding, a new vote was held in which Bloess was present that officially derailed the project on December 14 by a margin of 13–11.

Cycling
Bloess is an avid cyclist and cycles both in town and on holidays. He tends to vote for cycling improvements.

title: Rainer Bloess


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dave Mora

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:17, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Dave Mora
Reads like vanity. Even if not, notability not established. --BM 00:19, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sigh. It is another vanity-filled, non-notable article marked as Vfd. Zzyzx11 08:58, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - standard vanity. -- Cyrius|✎ 22:29, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Constantine Maroulis

Constantine James Maroulis (born September 17, 1975) is an American actor and rock singer. He was the sixth-place finalist on the fourth season of the reality television series American Idol, and received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical for his role in Rock of Ages. He starred in the title role in Jekyll and Hyde on Broadway, for which he received a Drama League Award Nomination for a Distinguished Performance Award.

Early years
Maroulis was born in Brooklyn, New York to Greek American parents, James Constantine and Constance P. Maroulis (born 1938). Both his maternal and his paternal grandparents emigrated to the United States from Greece in the 1920s. He was brought up in the Greek Orthodoxy and he can speak Greek. His older brother, Athan Maroulis (born 1964), is a record producer and his sister, Anastacia P. Maroulis (born 1968), is a school principal.

When Maroulis was five years old his family moved to Wyckoff, New Jersey, a suburb in Bergen County, NJ, where he grew up. At that time he developed an interest in music, following the lead of his older brother. By age eleven he was studying the trumpet at Eisenhower Middle School.

He later sang in high school garage bands, including Lady Rain and Milkbone. Maroulis graduated from Ramapo High School in 1993. He and received a B.F.A. in Music Theater from Boston Conservatory. He was in the cast recording of the 2000 musical, Suburban Dreams, which was produced by composer Stephen Thompson, Richard Kenner, and Jesse Merz. Some years before appearing on American Idol, Maroulis competed on the dating show Elimidate and was an extra in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and a voice-over artist on the Astro Boy.

He appeared in a number of off-Broadway roles from the Conservatory, along with a series of independent films. After graduating from the Conservatory, Maroulis trained as an acting apprentice at the prestigious Williamstown Theatre Festival in the Berkshires of Western Massachusetts and performed as Roger Davis in the Broadway international touring company of Rent. His role as Roger was non-equity. Since he had no agent representing him at that time, he was allowed to appear on American Idol.

American Idol
In August 2004, acting upon his then-girlfriend's suggestion, Maroulis traveled to Washington DC to audition for fourth season of American Idol. For the 2005 season, Idol producers changed the age range of contestants from 16–24 to 16–28. Along with Bo Bice, Maroulis was one of the first contestants to benefit from this change. Maroulis and Bice are also notable for being among the first contestants to compete using the rock idiom.

On April 27, 2005, Maroulis was eliminated from American Idol after he performed Nickelback's "How You Remind Me" during the 2000s music round. Less than a week before his elimination, Maroulis's pre-Idol band, Pray for the Soul of Betty, announced the 10 May release of their self-titled debut on their label, Baby Julius. Maroulis was featured on the American Idol Season 4: The Showstoppers compilation with "My Funny Valentine". His rendition of the Queen classic "Bohemian Rhapsody" earned him the praise of judges. At the personal invitation of Queen's guitarist Brian May, Maroulis later recorded a studio version of the track for Killer Queen: A Tribute to Queen, which was released on August 9, 2005 on Queen's label, Hollywood Records.

Betty frontman
Maroulis became the lead vocalist of Pray for the Soul of Betty in 2003, after winning over 150 auditioners. The band rose to national attention when Maroulis appeared on Idol. His audition clip showed him "quitting" the band amongst the displeasure of one of his bandmates, which they have claimed is an inaccurate portrayal. On March 20, 2006, after three years with the band, Maroulis announced his departure due to creative and business differences.

Solo career
In November and December 2005, Maroulis performed solo shows in Manila, Philippines and New Jersey, USA. His set list included songs he had performed previously in his theatre roles, from Hedwig and the Angry Inch Rent, and Jesus Christ Superstar, as well as from his stint on American Idol. In August 2006, Constantine completed a solo tour of 13 cities, where he debuted material to be featured on his upcoming CD, including various self-penned compositions.

Maroulis created his own independent label, Sixth place Records, a branch of Sixth place Productions, which released his 2-years-in-the-making solo album, Constantine on August 7, 2007. Maroulis' self-titled CD consisted of 12 tracks, and debuted at number 75 on the Billboard charts.

Maroulis performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the 2013 Opening Day festivities for the New York Yankees. He has sung the Anthem at additional sporting events, including at the Reality All-Star Soccer Festival (organized by Survivor: Africa winner, Ethan Zohn) in April 2007, as well as before the start of a 49ers/Bengals football game at Monster Stadium, San Francisco in December 2007. The performance was hailed by commentator Bryant Gumbel as "a stirring performance." Maroulis has also performed the Anthem at Madison Square Garden in April 2009, and he performed God Bless America at the 2009 Men's U.S. Open. On July 4, 2009, Maroulis sang the National Anthem at the official ceremonies to re-open the Statue of Liberty's crown to the public, for the first time since its closure after 9/11.

Maroulis (supported by Ben Phillips, guitarist/vocalist for the NYC-based bands Famous and The Pretty Reckless) embarked on another solo tour in February 2008, playing to sold-out venues in Boston, Philadelphia, New York City, Annapolis, Maryland, and Los Angeles. On June 22 he performed at Mattison Park in Asbury Park, NJ as part of the 3rd Annual Wave Gathering featuring 175 Emerging Musical Artists.

On October 24, 2008 Maroulis appeared on an episode of Don't Forget the Lyrics! as a contestant. As a result of his appearance on the show, $25,000 was given to the charitable organization Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS.

In September 2009, Maroulis launched his "A Night at the Rock Show" series of sold-out solo shows in New York City, featuring "Constantine's unique interpretations of some of the greatest rock songs of all time," and backed by an all-star band.

Maroulis returned to the Idol stage to perform on April 7, 2011, where he debuted his single, "Unchained Melody". At the same time he also released his rendition of Chicago's 25 or 6 to 4, as recorded live at a Night at the Rock Show performance.

Maroulis has been a regular contributor to the Loukoumi series of children's books by author Nick Katsoris, providing the voice of Gus the Bear. In July 2011, he joined forces with Disney/Fisher-Price to become spokesman for their latest interactive plush toy, Rock Star Mickey. In conjunction with this project, Maroulis released a new single, an updated version of the Kinks' classic "You Really Got Me".

Maroulis partnered with the New York-based 1980s tribute band Jessie's Girl and frequently performed with them at various concerts and private events. At a concert held on July 18, 2014, at Tanner Park, Long Island, over 8000 people came to see him perform with the band. Maroulis also regularly performed with the Rock of Ages NJ band; along with entrepreneur Barry Habib. In 2015, Maroulis recorded a version of the Lita Ford/Ozzy Osbourne duet "Close My Eyes Forever" with the New York-based band SYKA. The song was also released as a video. That September, Maroulis took part in the Rock in Rio festival in Rio de Janeiro. Maroulis formed MarKolTop Productions, with Diego Kolankowsky and Joanna Topetzes. Spring Awakening received a nomination for a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical.

Maroulis released "Here I Come", on January 29, 2016, and "She's Just Rock'n'Roll" in March. On February 18, 2016, with other American Idol alums, Maroulis returned to the show for its fifteenth season to mentor contestants and participate in Duets Week, where he performed "Bohemian Rhapsody" with Shelbie Zora and performed "My Funny Valentine" with Jenn Blosil. At the season finale, Maroulis returned with other former Idol contestants to celebrate the end of the series finale, where he performed a rock medley with Chris Daughtry, Bo Bice, Caleb Johnson and James Durbin, and a country music medley with Bucky Covington, Scotty McCreery, Ace Young and others.

Maroulis partnered with Scott Bradlee's band Postmodern Jukebox in early 2018 and performed a number of concerts with them around the United States and Canada. In spring 2018, Maroulis joined the rock band Adler's Appetite, created by Guns n'Roses' original drummer, Steven Adler, to join them on tour in Australia in May 2018 and for future dates. He headlined the "Off the Record Music Festival" in Atlantic City, New Jersey in June 2018.

Acting career
In the fall of 2005, Maroulis was in negotiations to star in a television sitcom called Brooklyn that was to be loosely based on his upbringing as the youngest of three in a large Greek-American family of New York. ABC bought rights to the show, but passed on the project before it passed the script stage.

Maroulis joined the cast of the Broadway musical The Wedding Singer in the role of Sammy in September 2006. Along with the other cast members, he contributed a recording of the Adam Sandler "Hanukkah Song" to the 8th Carols for a Cure CD to help raise funds for the Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS organization.

Beginning on January 9, 2007, Maroulis took over the role of "Young Soldier" in the Off-Broadway musical revue, Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris where he performed through the end of February. That spring, Maroulis joined the lineup on Good Day New York, serving as the show's resident American Idol expert, while simultaneously taking on the same role as Idol commentator for Yahoo! Buzz. Later that year, Maroulis joined the cast of The Bold and the Beautiful for a limited run as Constantine Parros, a singer and record producer, a role created specially for him.

March 2008 saw Maroulis joining the cast of American Idol Extra as cohost, along with fellow Idol alum Gina Glocksen and J.D. Roberto. His next major role occurred that June, when Constantine starred as Judas Iscariot in the Premier Theatre Company's production of Jesus Christ Superstar. Constantine had previously played the role of Jesus in an earlier production when he was much younger.

Maroulis achieved particular success starring as Drew in the hit Broadway musical Rock of Ages, featuring the music of 1980s rock legends including Journey, Bon Jovi, and Twisted Sister. The production began running Off-Broadway at the New World Stages in October 2008, moving to Broadway to the Brooks Atkinson Theatre on April 7, 2009. Rolling Stone stated that the "play has found a perfect lead in American Idol rocker Constantine Maroulis," while Associated Press added that Maroulis "gives a touching performance and sings powerfully as Drew, the young wannabe rock singer." Maroulis' vocal performances were particularly praised, with The New York Times describing his voice as "soulful, pure, and intense," and the Chicago Tribune singling out his "dazzling vocal pyrotechnics" as a standout in the production. On May 5, 2009, Maroulis received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical. From Broadway, Maroulis headlined the national touring production, with the first show opening in Chicago on September 21, 2010, and his last performance on July 24, 2011 at the National Theatre in Washington, DC. Maroulis had a cameo as a record producer in the film version of Rock of Ages, released in June 2012.

Maroulis was cast as Melvin Ferd the Third, in The Alley Theatre's production of The Toxic Avenger, which performed in Houston, Texas, from January 13, 2012, through February 12, 2012. The Houston Chronicle praised the production as being "brilliant," adding that "[the] casting is nothing short of miraculous" and "Mr. Maroulis' voice is a gorgeous, crystal-clear, unwavering, bright tenor instrument that will blow you away."

In 2012, Maroulis became the host of a new series on Fuse.tv.com, Unofficial Idol Forum. Maroulis interviewed Idol contestants as well as interacted with American Idol fans via social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook, soliciting questions and feedback about each week's Idol broadcast.

In autumn 2012, Maroulis took on the title role(s) in Frank Wildhorn's Jekyll and Hyde, co-starring with Deborah Cox, which arrived on Broadway after a 25-week national tour. Previews for the touring production were held at La Mirada Theatre for the Performing Arts in La Mirada, California, from September 7 to 30, 2012. It opened on Broadway at the New York Marriott Marquis Theater on April 18, 2013, after previews beginning on April 5, with its last performance on 12 May. The New York Times stated that Maroulis meets "[the] challenges of Mr. Wildhorn's score with aplomb" and "I was also impressed by Mr. Maroulis' quietly intense performance as the obsessive Dr. Jekyll." The New York Daily News adds that "[Maroulis] knows how to build drama in a song and makes the familiar "This Is the Moment" fresh. He impresses." For his performance in this dual role, Maroulis received a Drama League Award Nomination for a Distinguished Performance Award.

Maroulis has guest starred on various television programs including Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Z Rock, Unforgettable, and Madam Secretary, as well as web series such as Mozart in the Jungle and Kittens in a Cage.

On July 23, 2014, it was announced that Maroulis would be returning to Rock of Ages as Drew for a twelve-week engagement at the Helen Hayes Theater beginning August 4, 2014. As of October 21, Maroulis' return was extended to January 18, 2015; the show's final closing date on Broadway.

In 2015, Maroulis was featured in a commercial campaign for La-Z-Boy furniture portraying Brooke Shields's fictional Greek lover.

In spring 2016, Maroulis was cast as Nate in Sofia Alvarez' Friend Art from Second Stage Theatre at the McGinn/Cazale Theater. In March 2017, Maroulis joined The Most Beautiful Room in New York as Sergio, which had its world premiere in May 2017 at Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut. Maroulis portrayed Judas Iscariot in Jesus Christ Superstar for the June 2017 production at The Muny. That summer, Maroulis was cast as Che in Evita at North Shore Music Theatre in Beverly, Massachusetts, running from September 26 through October 8, 2017. Maroulis played Robert Moses in the musical, Bulldozer: The Ballad of Robert Moses in November 2017. Reprising the title role, Maroulis performed in the spring 2018 production of Jekyll and Hyde at the Sandler Center for the Performing Arts in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Maroulis returned to North Shore Music Theatre in autumn 2018, this time again reprising the title role of Jekyll and Hyde.

In 2019, he played The Wolf/Cinderella's Prince in Into the Woods at the Patchogue Theatre.

In 2023, he played Alan Freed in an Off-Broadway production of Rock and Roll Man at the New World Stages from June 3 through November 5.

In 2024, Maroulis starred in World Premiere of New Musical East Carson Street at Axelrod Performing Art Center's new Bell Theater. The musical followed a Pittsburgh family over the course of four decades featuring a book by Jonathan Rosenberg with music and lyrics by Joe Grushecky.

Awards
Maroulis was the recipient of the Hellenic Times Scholarship Fund's Humanitarian Award for Artistic Achievement in 2007. These annual awards recognizing outstanding achievement in the Greek-American community are presented to "individuals who have proven that hard work and dedication lead to achievement, thereby setting a perfect example for the HTSF scholarship recipients to emulate." That same year, he was also honored with an award from New York City Comptroller William C. Thompson, Jr. at the sixth annual Greek Heritage and Culture Celebration; honoring individuals recognized as leaders in the Greek Community.

For his performance in the role of Drew in Rock of Ages, Maroulis received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical; one of five total Tony nominations received by Rock of Ages. For this role he also received a Drama League Award Nomination for a Distinguished Performance Award.

Inside Broadway, the not-for-profit educational organization noted for its efforts in introducing musical theater to young audiences in the New York City area, presented Constantine with a Broadway Beacon Award on June 25, 2009. These awards are given to individuals in recognition of their support of theater and arts education for the inspiration of young people.

On July 1, 2009, after a matinee performance of Rock of Ages, Maroulis and the rest of the cast set a new Guinness World Record for the Largest Air Guitar Ensemble. A total of 810 participants, including audience members and fans, shattered the previous record of 440 people playing air guitar simultaneously.

Maroulis was selected as Broadway.com's "Broadway Star of the Year" for 2009, after receiving over 25,000 votes from Broadway fans and readers of the site.

In March 2010, Maroulis received the honor of being immortalized in a caricature at Sardi's, taking his place alongside other Broadway luminaries similarly honored at the legendary New York City establishment. A month later, the Rock of Ages star was immortalized in a second portrait; this time joining the ranks of the famous on the Broadway Wall of Fame at Tony's di Napoli, also in New York City. On April 26, 2010, Maroulis was honored by the New York City Council for his achievements, at a Council event celebrating the 189th year of Greek Independence.

Maroulis was selected by the Greek America Foundation as one of their "Forty Under 40" winners for 2010. This award recognizes the accomplishments of notable young Greek Americans, who stand out as leaders and who are dedicated to the Greek community.

In June 2011, Maroulis was the recipient of a Gabby Award presented by the Greek America Foundation, in the category of Performing Arts. The Gabby Awards are awarded in recognition of outstanding achievement by those considered as amongst "the best and the brightest" in the Greek community.

Maroulis received the 2011 Spotlight Award from the Elios Society, which honors the achievement of Greek-Americans in the arts and entertainment field.

In 2013, Maroulis received a Drama League Award Nomination for a Distinguished Performance Award for his performance in the title role of Jekyll and Hyde.

Maroulis was the first-ever recipient of the Loukoumi "Make a Difference" Award, in January 2015. The award recognized his contributions to the entertainment world and in particular acknowledged his ongoing efforts to support and inspire children.

Personal life
On December 23, 2010, Maroulis and his then girlfriend, former Rock of Ages chorus girl co-star Angel Reed, welcomed the arrival of their daughter, Malena James Reed-Maroulis. Maroulis and Reed met on the show in 2008. On August 12, 2015, Maroulis was arrested for domestic violence after an altercation with Reed. He was then arrested a second time on August 16, 2015 for violating a restraining order, by sending her an email. Maroulis was promptly released and alleged that he had acted in self-defense. On September 16, 2015, Reed asked that all charges be dropped and the court did so.

Singles

 * 2005: "My Funny Valentine" on American Idol Season 4: The Showstoppers
 * 2005: "Bohemian Rhapsody" on Killer Queen: A Tribute to Queen
 * 2006: "Hanukkah Song" on Broadway's Greatest Gifts: Carols For A Cure Vol. 8
 * 2009: "I'll Be Home for Christmas/Christmas in America" (duet with Orfeh) on New York City Christmas: A Benefit Album for ASTEP
 * 2011: "Unchained Melody" (released as single)
 * 2011: "25 or 6 to 4" (released as single)
 * 2011: "You Really Got Me" (released as single)
 * 2011: "Down Flew the Doves" (with Tim Prottey-Jones) on Surrounded by the Sounds
 * 2015: "All I Ask" from Kittens in a Cage (video series)
 * 2015: "Close My Eyes Forever" (with SYKA) on Stay Wild
 * 2016: "Here I Come"
 * 2016: "She's Just Rock 'n' Roll"
 * 2017: "All About You"
 * 2018: "All About You" (acoustic version)
 * 2023: "Daydream"
 * 2023: "Comeback"

Other releases

 * 2007: Growing Up With Loukoumi as Gus The Bear
 * 2009: Loukoumi's Good Deeds as Gus The Bear
 * 2009: Rock of Ages: Original Broadway Cast Recording
 * 2009: Loukoumi's Gift as Gus The Bear
 * 2012: Rock of Ages: Motion Picture Soundtrack
 * 2012: Jekyll and Hyde: 2012 Concept Recording
 * 2013: Loukoumi and the Schoolyard Bully as Gus The Bear
 * 2016: Welcome to Our Christmas Party (with Band of Merrymakers).

title: Constantine Maroulis


text:
Talk:Orbitz (drink)

Untitled
Actually, the balls were not suspended because of their equal density with the liquid, although the densities were close. In reality, according to an ACS article (http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=vc2%5C1rp%5Crp1_orbitz.html), the manufacturer used gellan gum to create an invisible 'spider web' that held the balls up in the drink.

 * I doubt that -- I have an original unopened bottle and the balls sink and move around like a lavalamp if I shake it. I don't think there's a 'web' ... -- Do lp hi nn  GoLeafsGo 14:44, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

I don't care how they did it. This is the nastiest drink I've ever had. PrometheusX303 15:18, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

I think I am one of the three people who actually loved this stuff. My ex-girlfriend and I used to buy Orbitz at Boston's Museum of Science all the time. When the drink flopped, I bought case after case of the stuff at Ocean State Job Lot for pennies a bottle. -- DocSigma 19:27, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

I actually love this stuff myself, my Fiancée bought me a case of it on eBay, and I was going to save some for my wedding night, but then I got too excited and drank it all already applepwnz 21:00, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * No, I loved the stuff too. To this day, certain other drinks remind me of the flavor of Orbitz. In fact, it wasn't until just now when I was trying to find an online distributor that I found out the drink was discontinued. I am sad! --BennyD 03:20, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I, too, loved this drink. I took one of these to school for lunch every day, as far as I can remember. The drinks tasted great, and the balls weren't like "soggy bread" as claimed on the main page... they were slighty chewy, if I remember right. *Sigh*... I could use a bottle right now for old times sake... Coolgamer 22:55, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Seriously, this drink does have a small group of folks who just love it, I'm one of them. I knew of the drink right after it came out but never tried it until college in 1998, where we could get it for a dime a bottle from a local dollar store their stock ran out in 2001.  I've contacted Clearly Canadian as to whether they have any left over stock for collectors items but they've entirely run out it. And Coolgamer is right the balls were slightly chewy and I never had any issues with choking on them.  Jhouserok 19:25, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Best Drink EVER Christastic 18:18, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

When I was 18 in 1998 I had a bottle of this to dink when I took mushrooms with some friends...If I see a bottle anywhere I still see those globs zippin around like electrons Bleeringleb (talk) 15:43, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

Availability?
I used to buy this while in Wisconsin at Mars Cheese stores, and was hoping to find them anyplace other than EBay... If anyone has an idea, I'd love to know about it!

~ Miss Randomfacts

 * Company went dead broke, bankrupt, busted... finito (well the subsidiary of Clearly Canadian that made orbitz that is). There will be no more product manufactured, and no one except for collectors have the product anymore. eBay is your only solution... sorry to burst your bubble :)  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 21:38, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I found some on EBay for you, RF, but it occured to me that it's been enough years since they were made that you might not want to drink them, y'know? ~Kylu ( u | t )  23:09, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

I remember buying this drink as a kid in 96. Was one of the most disgusting things I have ever ingested. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.66.49.200 (talk) 23:34, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * ...good point. ~ Miss Randomfacts (207.145.133.34 21:20, 7 May 2006 (UTC))

orbitz drink
i actually still have a bottle of the pineapple cherry banana coconut but it has been opened one time when i first bought it. i only took one drink so i dont really know how it would taste now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.169.54.16 (talk) 17:59, October 14, 2006
 * i have 2 Brand new bottles of Orbitz... raSpbeRry CitRus == and == bLuEBerRy mElon sTrawBery the were purchased in 1994 and they have necer been opened...Wanna Buy it??--Dani-69 19:55, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

introduced in 1996?
I remember where I was living when I drank my first couple of Orbitz-es and I'm thinking it was closer to the summer of 1994 when it was available in Vancouver Canada Could the 1996 date in the main article be wrong? Dzubint 01:55, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Well I am positive that I first had it in 1996. I vividly remember the exact circumstances.  Maybe it was released earlier in Canada, though, seeing as it was a Canadian company. Maybe someone can verify this. --BennyD (talk) 03:10, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

THEY GOTTA COME BACK!!!!
Omg they have to start making these drinks again... I loved this drink so much.. I have all the flavors still .. i wanna drink them but i dont wanna ruin the collection —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.93.13.76 (talk) 21:09, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

It should be noted that this product was marketed heavily alongside the movie Independence Day. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.200.18.37 (talk) 15:49, 28 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I never tried the stuff, but it sounds just like boba balls (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_tea). Maybe they could try again? Boba tea is extremely popular. 74.100.48.167 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 17:07, 8 August 2009 (UTC).

Fair use rationale for Image:Orbitzsoda.jpg
Image:Orbitzsoda.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:00, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

I Still Have A Bottle
''I remember drinking orbitz along time ago i was probably like 10 or 11 at the time i was addicted to it... then i remember them taki ng off the shelves and no longer selling the product... i was slightly bummed out but being 10 i quickly got over it. Anyways when i was about 17 there was a global donuts in Sarnia,Ontario that i had went to with a few friends and this was a long time after they had taken it off the shelves. All they had was the raspberry cherry kind (i think if thats what the yellow kind is) and so we each bought a bottle knowing it had been years past the expiry date but felt daring to drink it anyways because of the fact that we were such fans of the drink when it came out... well let me tell you your probably thinking it was discusting but the flavour did not change at all.. since i found this rare that they were selling this product after it has been years since its been gone i decided that i was going to purchase another bottle and just keep it (this was about 8 or 9 years ago) and i still have the bottle to this day. Lots of people that i have met thru out the years have noticed it and are all like "Oh My God I Remember that!!" and have tried offering me up to $40 just to drink it and i was always like "no way"... i will never ever drink that bottle of orbitz i will have it till the day i die.Just Thought id share that with all you wikipedia-ers Long Live Orbitz!! ~Cassandra Bray of London, Ontario, Canada'' — Preceding unsigned comment added by Twiztidchick62 (talk • contribs) 20:38, August 16, 2009

title: Talk:Orbitz (drink)


text:
Talk:Lion-man

How's it the " oldest-known zoomorphic (animal-shaped) sculpture in the world, and the oldest-known uncontested example of figurative art" Sorry please take this down. If I start giving you 10000 examples of more older animal shaped cultures and figurative arts we have in India ,that itself will take years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:900A:1C0A:1457:7463:38A4:21B0:C82 (talk) 17:10, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

Even older
A month ago more parts of the lion-human figure were found. Archaeologists now say the figure is 35,000 to 40,000 years old! http://www.swr.de/swr4/bw/regional/schwaben/-/id=259568/nid=259568/did=7920218/1tp2tvh/index.html (in German) 178.201.23.62 (talk) 23:55, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

"This article has been rated as LOW-IMPORTANCE on the project's" Yeah we got bigger priorities like Britney Spears.72.201.19.165 (talk) 07:30, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

presence deity
This looked like a typo to me, but if "presence deity" actually means something, maybe someone can explain it more clearly. Peboki (talk) 17:57, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

Other Palaeolithic hybrids
I note the article has the following text: "The sculpture shares certain similarities with French cave wall paintings, which also show hybrid creatures." - can anyone provide references for this? Thank you — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.86.144.126 (talk) 10:05, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

Narashima
I don't get why the Indian deity N. is listed under "see also". There's no connection other than the lion head. There are other human-lion hybrids in art/religion/myth/stories around the world. If this is really interesting to anyone, perhaps there should be an article that lists all those human-lion figures and that links to the Hohlenstein lion-man, Narashima, Sekhmet, and the others.Big Bene (talk) 08:18, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

The idol is related to narsimha according to Isckon. Anubhav Gangwar (talk) 09:23, 20 January 2020 (UTC)

The oldest known European God
Shamans do not pretend they are shamans. Shamans do not pretend they are humans wearing an animal mask. The mask is part of what they are. This head depicts a Lion-god and not a Lion-man!

 * If you want to change the article or the name, you must find reliable sources - academic ones- that user your preferred name and demonstrate that the usage you prefer is more common, see WP:COMMONAME. Doug Weller  talk 12:42, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

I understand that this is a representation of a medicine man/woman
I do not read any discussion about this hypothesis. Cheers Renebach (talk) 17:08, 13 December 2016 (UTC)
 * One of many theories. Johnbod (talk) 18:32, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

Article in Current World Archaeology
There is an interesting article in Current World Archaeology, issue 100, 19 March 2020.  Elle Clifford and Paul Bahn argue that the ‘Lion Man’ in fact represents a bear, and may have been made as a child’s toy. Sweet6970 (talk) 10:27, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

To revise
To revise in this article: the statement that this is "the oldest-known uncontested example of figurative art" -- the mural in the Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst (in Sulawesi, Indonesia) dates to c. 43,900 years ago. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 01:18, 26 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Wording slightly revised. Sweet6970 (talk) 14:03, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lion-man


text: User talk:81.155.6.173

title: User talk:81.155.6.173


text:
Santiago Durango

Santiago Alonso Durango (born 1957) is a Colombian–American attorney and retired musician. He is best known for his work with the 1980s punk rock groups Naked Raygun and Big Black.

Life and career
Durango is the son of a Colombian doctor. His family moved to Chicago, Illinois in the US when he was ten years old. A graduate of the University of Illinois at Chicago, Durango was an original member of Naked Raygun, one of Chicago's first punk rock bands. Naked Raygun fan Steve Albini was forming a band called Big Black and asked both Durango and Raygun lead singer Jeff Pezzati to join. Durango remained a member until the group broke up in 1987. Critic Mark Deming of AllMusic describes Santiago and Albini as a good pairing musically; "his muscular guitar sound was the ideal match of Albini's jagged, metallic tone."

After Big Black ended, Durango attended law school. During that time he formed a new band called Arsenal with bassist Malachi Ritscher. Together they released the Manipulator EP on Touch and Go Records in 1988. In 1990, Durango teamed up with Pierre Kezdy of Naked Raygun on bass to record and release a second Arsenal EP entitled Factory Smog Is a Sign of Progress.

After law school, in his first case he helped recover Cynthia Plastercaster's bronze casts of the genitalia of various rock and roll artists, including that of Jimi Hendrix. He handled some litigation for Chicago's Touch and Go Records. As of 2003, Durango was an appellate defender based in Ottawa, Illinois.

In 2006, Durango participated in a brief Big Black reunion to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Touch and Go Records.

Durango's first wife was singer Cath Carroll. His second wife was children's book author Julia Durango; they are divorced and have two sons, Kyle and Ryan.

title: Santiago Durango


title: User:Ele9699


text:
User:Ryan Reich

My Commons user page, currently just a redirect here.

I am in my fifth year at Harvard University's math department, having graduated in June 2005 from The University of Chicago (with a degree in math, of course). Therefore every page I've significantly edited is on mathematics; I'm especially proud of my contributions to:

 * Abel-Jacobi map
 * Cayley-Hamilton theorem (I wrote the proofs)
 * Exact category
 * Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm
 * Proj construction
 * Mapping cylinder (I created this, but I can't claim any credit for the current version)
 * Prime model
 * Triangulated category (mainly the diagrams of the octahedral axiom)
 * Zariski topology

I created, though I'm not sure if I should be proud of it, the page for Joe Harris.

You may be interested in a draft of Rational mapping that I have been planning to implement for a very long time. (I have now written Rational mapping based on this draft, but a little tidier.)

I am also writing an article on the Beauville-Laszlo theorem.

Rant against template syntax
My draft alterations to Template:Harvard citations: front, core. (After some reflection, it seems unlikely I'll go through with this. The Wikipedia template syntax is an embarrassment to programming, having made not even the most cursory nod towards iteration and actively suppressing recursion, in addition to simply ignoring most of the basic constructs of logic and arithmetic (meanwhile, well-meaning volunteers over at MediaWiki are busy reinventing the wheel in the form of parser extensions that will take many years to reach the stability necessary for inclusion in Wikipedia and still not address the inherent failings of the transclusion model of function calling).  Together with the lack of support for variables, these make it impossible to perform any kind of page layout or format selection which depends in a manner even slightly more than trivial upon externally-supplied parameters.  The appearance of functionality in existing templates is an illusion maintained by a massive repetition of code simulating all the unrolled loops that cannot be written rolled-up and variables which cannot be defined, as well as clumsy hacks and workarounds to effect the multitude of branching operations that are left unsupported by the "language". All of this is packaged in the eye-straining wrapping of triple-brace parameter dereferences. The result is megabytes of incomprehensible, unmaintainable, inextensible (and un-replaceable) code which is probably slower than what could be done with a real programming language.)

How to make SVG versions of LaTeX diagrams
It's easy enough, using LaTeX and perhaps the xy package, to create very intricate mathematical diagrams. Unfortuantely, they will all be output as .dvi or .pdf files, whereas the best format for uploading to Wikipedia is .svg (Scalable vector graphics). Figuring out how to make the conversion is a major pain, for reasons that the casual editor may not realize: SVG is, as the name says, both "scalable" and "vector" graphics, whereas other image formats are raster—they actually specify each and every pixel in the picture (probably with some compression afterwards). These are not scalable: changing their size will result in distortion and degradation. Although you can use various tools to convert raster images (i.e. PNG) to vector ones, you will get essentially a scalable version of the particular resolution you started with. That means that as you scale up, you will be scaling up the individual pixels of the original PNG; this is actually worse than scaling up the PNG, since at least the image manipulation programs for raster images are aware of sophisticated sampling techniques to improve the resulting quality, whereas a vector image is expected to give a precise "logical" description of how the image should look at any scale.

Another problem with LaTeX and SVG is that by default, TeX uses bitmap fonts: essentially, raster images of the letters. This does not lead to good results in SVGs even if the output is converted without being rasterized in the middle. There are Postscript versions of these fonts available; you can tell if you are using them by looking at the output of the "latex" command and checking whether the fonts which are loaded (in the jumble at the beginning of the output) have "type1" as part of their path name; these are the scalable Type 1 versions of the standard Computer Modern fonts. If you do not have these, you must install them from CTAN (they are called "bluesky" fonts). This is not all that hard, but it is intimidating. There are directions online how to install new packages in LaTeX. But you probably have them already; this is the 21st century, after all.

Yet another problem with LaTeX and mathematical diagrams is that TeX always thinks it's typesetting a paper, and we are actually typesetting pictures. The output stamps them onto a letter-sized (or A4-sized, if that's how you swing) paper with lots of superfluous space. The image must be cropped or else it will look awful. For this, we have the dedicated utility pdfcrop, which does exactly what it says.

Once you get LaTeX using the right fonts, conversion is actually quite straightforward. There are several utilities which purport to convert things into SVG. pstoedit is always recommended, but I do not advocate it, because the one and only output which it supports that is at all useful to us and that requires a commercial (read: not free) plugin is of course the SVG format. The free alternative, GNU libplot, is not that good: I have created perfectly reasonable diagrams (the ones at Cone (category theory)) which it, or pstoedit, couldn't handle properly. I recommend the small, rather alpha utility pdf2svg, which as advertised converts PDFs to SVGs. That's all it does; it doesn't do DVIs, and it doesn't change any formatting whatsoever. Despite being alpha it seems to do a good job even with really funky pictures (see mine at Triangulated category; these were all done by this method).

That said, the following three commands will give you your SVG:

pdflatex file.tex pdfcrop --clip file.pdf tmp.pdf pdf2svg tmp.pdf file.svg (rm tmp.pdf at the end)

And there you go.

The long and short of this is that you should not follow any of the other instructions you might find. They are all wrong in some way, or too long and complicated. Until someone writes a version of LaTeX that outputs directly to SVG (or until Blahtex is finally adopted on Wikipedia), this is the fastest possible way of getting such a file.

Word of warning
Watch out for editors who, in lieu of using their proper names, express their enthusiasm through a declarative handle, e.g. the former user:Topology Expert, who clashed heroically with the mathematical editing establishment and came to an unhappy end as a result. Other such users arise periodically, and have the same problems: their individual passions exist in conflict with the cooperative collective consensus-based incrementalism that pervades the culture here. Brilliant ideas are too personal for this impersonal medium, strong convictions insufficiently neutral, personal crusades too disruptive and confrontational. Wikipedia is no longer the wild American frontier, but the touchy modern politically-correct civilization. If you are one of these editors, you should consider whether your motivations are to share everything you know and love, or to write a reference work. If it is the former, you should start a blog instead.

title: User:Ryan Reich