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Peter Breggin

Peter Roger Breggin (born May 11, 1936) is an American psychiatrist and critic of shock treatment and psychiatric medication and COVID-19 response. In his books, he advocates replacing psychiatry's use of drugs and electroconvulsive therapy with psychotherapy, education, empathy, love, and broader human services.

Breggin is the author of many books critical of psychiatric medication, including Toxic Psychiatry, Talking Back to Prozac and Talking Back to Ritalin. His most recent book, Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry, discusses his theory of medication spellbinding (in which patients are said to do worse after treatment but fail to see this or recognize why), the adverse effects of drugs and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the hazards of diagnosing and medicating children, Breggin's theory of a "psychopharmaceutical complex", and guidelines for psychotherapy and counseling.

Breggin's latest book is Covid-19 and the Global Predators: We are the Prey which is critical of the global COVID-19 response and explores who profits from the pandemic.

Breggin now lives in the Finger Lakes, Central New York and practices psychiatry in Ithaca, New York.

Education and early career
He graduated from George W. Hewlett High School in 1954 and was inducted to their Hall of Fame in 2001. Breggin graduated from Harvard College in 1958 then attended Case Western Reserve Medical School. His postgraduate training in psychiatry began with an internship year of mixed medicine and psychiatry at the State University of New York Upstate Medical University in Syracuse. Breggin completed a first year of psychiatric residency at Harvard's Massachusetts Mental Health Center in Boston, where he was a teaching fellow at Harvard Medical School, and finished his final two years of psychiatric residency at SUNY. This was followed by a two-year staff appointment to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), where he worked to build and staff mental health centers and education. Breggin has taught at several universities, obtaining faculty appointments to the Washington School of Psychiatry, the Johns Hopkins University Department of Counseling, and the George Mason University Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution. Breggin has worked in a private practice since 1968.

As an undergraduate Breggin had volunteered at the state mental hospital, leading the volunteer program and co-authoring a book "College students in a mental hospital". He recalls at the age of 18 witnessing electroconvulsive therapy being practiced then in the 'shock room' and finding it barbaric. After becoming a psychiatrist in the early 70s, he also campaigned against any return of the crude brain procedure known as lobotomy. Breggin reports that he was threatened and insulted with psychiatric terms at a meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in 1972, by leading ECT advocate Leo Alexander, and won damages for libel and slander.

Career and distinctions
Breggin practiced psychiatry in Washington, DC and Bethesda, Maryland for nearly thirty-five years.

In 1972, he founded the Center for the Study of Psychiatry, which was known as the International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology until 2011, when it was renamed the International Society for Ethical Psychology and Psychiatry. In 1979 "Electroshock: Its Brain-Disabling Effects" was published.

Breggin is a life member of the American Psychiatric Association and an editor for several scientific journals. His opinions have been portrayed both favorably and unfavorably in the media, including Time magazine and The New York Times. He has appeared as a guest on shows including Oprah, 60 Minutes, 20/20, and Good Morning America.

Breggin was invited many times "to testify before federal agencies and the U.S. Congress, and he has been an expert on psychiatry drug adverse effects for the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA). He has also testified many times at FDA hearings".

He later ran The Center for the Study of Empathic Therapy, Education and Living, a 501(c) organization.

In 2002 he moved to Ithaca. In 2010, he and his wife Ginger formed a new organization devoted to speaking out against "the hazards of contemporary biological psychiatry" and promoting more "caring and empathic approaches to personal conflict and suffering". A documentary about his life, "The Conscience of Psychiatry", was released in 2009.

Research
Breggin studied mainly clinical psychopharmacology. He wrote dozens of other articles, several book chapters, and more than twenty books. He also co-founded a journal with David Cohen and Steven Baldwin, Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, where he published many of his own papers. Many of his articles discuss psychiatric medication, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug approval process, the evaluation of clinical trials, and the ethics of psychiatric practice.

Breggin published one science fiction novel, After The Good War: A Love Story, in 1972. It has a strong proportion of psychiatric subject matter.

Conventional psychiatry
His work focused on the negative side effects of psychiatric medications, arguing that the harmful side effects typically outweigh any benefit. Breggin also argues that psychosocial interventions are almost always superior in treating mental illness. He has argued against psychoactive drugs, electroshock (ECT), psychosurgery, coercive involuntary treatment, and biological theories of psychiatry.

According to Breggin, the pharmaceutical industry propagates disinformation that is accepted by unsuspecting doctors, saying "the psychiatrist accepts the bad science that establishes the existence of all these mental diseases in the first place. From there it's just a walk down the street to all the drugs as remedies." He points out problems with conflicts-of-interest (such as the financial relationships between drug companies, researchers, and the American Psychiatric Association). Breggin states psychiatric drugs, "... are all, every class of them, highly dangerous". He asserts: "If neuroleptics were used to treat anyone other than mental patients, they would have been banned a long time ago. If their use wasn't supported by powerful interest groups, such as the pharmaceutical industry and organized psychiatry, they would be rarely used at all. Meanwhile, the neuroleptics have produced the worst epidemic of neurological disease in history. At the least, their use should be severely curtailed."

In his book, Reclaiming Our Children, he calls for the ethical treatment of children. Breggin argues that the mistreatment of children is a national (U.S.) tragedy, including psychiatric diagnoses and prescription of drugs for children whose needs were not otherwise met. He especially objects to prescribing psychiatric medications to children, arguing that it distracts from their real needs in the family and schools, and is potentially harmful to their developing brains and nervous systems.

ADHD and Ritalin
The New York Times has labeled Breggin as the nation's best-known Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) critic. As early as 1991 he sardonically coined the acronym DADD, stating, "... most so-called ADHD children are not receiving sufficient attention from their fathers who are separated from the family, too preoccupied with work and other things, or otherwise impaired in their ability to parent. In many cases the appropriate diagnosis is Dad Attention Deficit Disorder (DADD)". Breggin has written two books specifically on the topic entitled, Talking Back to Ritalin and The Ritalin Factbook. In these books he has made controversial claims, such as "Ritalin 'works' by producing malfunctions in the brain rather than by improving brain function. This is the only way it works".

Together with Fred Baughman, Breggin testified about ADHD to the United States Congress. In Congress Breggin claimed "that there were no scientific studies validating ADHD", that children diagnosed with ADHD needed "discipline and better instruction" rather than psychiatric drugs, and that therapeutic stimulants "are the most addictive drugs known in medicine today." Baughman and Breggin were also the major critics in a PBS Frontline TV series about ADHD entitled 'Medicating Kids'.

Breggin has been very critical of psychologist Russell Barkley's work on ADHD, claiming that he exaggerates the benefits of stimulants and minimizes their hazards.

SSRI antidepressants
In the early 1990s Breggin suggested there were problems with the methodology in the research of SSRI antidepressants. As early as 1994 in Talking Back to Prozac, he warned that Prozac was causing violence, suicide and mania. Breggin elaborated on this theme in many subsequent books and articles about newer antidepressants. In 2005, the FDA began requiring black box warnings on SSRIs, warning of an association between SSRI use and suicidal behavior in children, and later extended it to young adults. New general warnings were added along with the aforementioned black box warnings. These warnings confirmed many of the adverse effects first emphasized by Breggin in Toxic Psychiatry with specific mentions by the FDA of drug-induced "hostility", "irritability", and "mania". In 2006, the FDA expanded the warnings to include adults taking Paxil, which is associated with a higher risk of suicidal behavior as compared to a placebo.

In 1994, Breggin said that Eli Lilly and Company (maker of the antidepressant Prozac) attempted to discredit him and his book Talking Back to Prozac by linking him to the Church of Scientology and labeling his views as "Neo-Scientology". Breggin denied any connection to Scientology. Breggin later clarified that he was still in agreement with some of CCHR's anti-psychiatric views, supporting Tom Cruise's public stance against psychiatry.

Electroconvulsive therapy
Breggin has written several books and scientific articles critical of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). He claims "... the damage produces delirium so severe that patients can't fully experience depression or other higher mental functions during the several weeks after electroshock." He was one of nineteen speakers at the 1985 NIH Consensus Development Conference on ECT. The Consensus panel (of which Breggin was not a member) found that ECT could be a useful therapy in some carefully defined cases.

Expert witness
Breggin testified as an expert witness in the Wesbecker case (Fentress et al., 1994), a lawsuit against Eli Lilly, makers of Prozac. Ultimately, the jury found for Eli Lilly. According to Breggin, this was because the plaintiffs and defendants had secretly settled behind closed doors. The Supreme Court of Kentucky concluded that the Wesbecker trial had been secretly settled by Eli Lilly before going to the jury in return for plaintiffs presenting a weakened case that was bound to lose. Trial Judge Potter was empowered by the Kentucky Supreme Court to change the verdict from a jury verdict in favor of Eli Lilly to "settled with prejudice" by Eli Lilly.

In South Carolina, Breggin testified on behalf of Peggy S. Salters, a psychiatric nurse who sued her doctors and Palmetto Baptist Hospital in Columbia after ECT left her incapacitated in 2000. A jury found in favor of her and awarded her $635,177 in actual damages.

In 2002, Breggin was hired as an expert witness by a survivor of the Columbine High School massacre in a case against the makers of an anti-depressant drug. In his report, Breggin noted that "... Eric Harris was suffering from a substance induced (Luvox-induced) mood disorder with depressive and manic features that had reached a psychotic level of violence and suicide. Absent persistent exposure to Luvox, Eric Harris probably would not have committed violence and suicide." However, the argument was rejected by the judge, and the lawsuit was eventually dropped with the stipulation that the makers of Luvox donate $10,000 to the American Cancer Society. In 2005, he testified as the medical expert in a trial in which a jury "returned a malpractice verdict against a shock doctor in favor of the injured patient". His testimony as a witness helped to win against the adherents of shock treatment and psychosurgery and it was announced as harmful.

On September 16, 2011, in Winnipeg, Canada, a provincial judge cited Breggin's testimony in concluding that Prozac caused a sixteen-year-old boy to knife a friend to death, noting that, "Dr. Breggin's explanation of the effect Prozac was having on C.J.P.'s behavior both before that day and in committing an impulsive, inexplicable violent act that day corresponds with the evidence." About the boy, Judge Robert Heinrichs determined, "His basic normalcy now further confirms he no longer poses a risk of violence to anyone and that his mental deterioration and resulting violence would not have taken place without exposure to Prozac."

On November 20, 2012, a New York State Supreme Court jury awarded $1.5 million malpractice verdict to the family of a man who committed suicide while taking psychiatric drugs, including antidepressants. Dr. Breggin was the expert witness for the family.

Criticism
In 1987, the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) brought a complaint against Breggin with the board of the State of Maryland. NAMI was upset about remarks he made on The Oprah Winfrey Show on April 2, 1987. On the TV show, Breggin stated that mental health clients should judge their clinicians in terms of their empathy and support; if they failed to show interest in them and tried to prescribe drugs during the first session, he advised such clients to seek assistance elsewhere. He also pointed out the iatrogenic effects of neuroleptic drugs. He was defended by a diverse group of psychiatrists and others who defended his right to publicly state his critical opinion. Breggin was cleared of any wrongdoing by the Maryland medical board.

Books with co-authors

 * Breggin, P. R. Breggin, G. R., and Bemak, F. (Editors) (2002). Dimensions of Empathic Therapy. New York: Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0826115133.
 * Breggin, P. R. and Cohen, D. (1999) Your Drug May Be Your Problem: How and Why To Stop Taking Psychiatric Medications. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.
 * Breggin, P. R. and Breggin, G. R. (1998). The war against children of color. Psychiatry Targets Inner City Youth. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press.
 * Breggin, P. R. (senior editor) Psychosocial Approaches to Deeply Disturbed Persons. (1996) New York: Haworth Press.
 * Breggin, P. R. and Breggin, G. R. (1994). The War Against Children: How the Drugs, Programs, and Theories of the Psychiatric Establishment Are Threatening America's Children with a Medical 'Cure' for Violence. New York: St. Martin's Press.
 * Breggin, P. R. and Breggin, G. R. (1994). Talking Back To Prozac: What Doctors Aren't Telling You About Today's Most Controversial Drug. New York: St. Martin's Press.
 * Breggin, Peter R., with co-authors Carter Umbarger, James Dalsimer, Andrew Morrison (1962). College Students in a Mental Hospital: Contribution to the Social Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill New York: Grune & Stratton.

Articles
Scientific Papers
 * Breggin, PR (2021). "Making psychiatric drug withdrawal as safe as possible". In Peter Lehmann & Craig Newnes (Eds.), Withdrawal from Prescribed Psychotropic Drugs. Berlin / Lancaster: Peter Lehmann Publishing, pp. 439–455.
 * Breggin, PR. (2016). "Rational Principles of Psychopharmacology for Therapists, Healthcare Providers and Clients". Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 46:1–13.
 * "Understanding and Overcoming Guilt, Shame, and Anxiety: Based on Theory of Negative Legacy Emotions" (2015). Chapter 5 of Promoting Psychological Well-Being in Children and Families. Edited by Bruce Kirkcaldy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
 * Breggin, PR. (2015). "The biological evolution of guilt, shame and anxiety: A new theory of negative legacy emotions". Medical Hypotheses 85, 17–24
 * Breggin, PR. (2015)."Understanding and Helping People with Hallucinations Based on the Theory of Negative Legacy Emotions". The Humanistic Psychologist, 43: 70–87
 * Breggin, PR. "TBI, PTSD, and psychiatric drugs. A perfect storm for causing abnormal mental states and aberrant behavior". In Brock, H. and Else, R.C. (Eds). The Attorney's Guide to Defending Veterans in Criminal Court. Minneapolis: Veterans Defense Project. Chapter 10, pp. 251–264, 2014.

Psychology, Life, and Overcoming Negative Emotions Peer-reviewed publications
 * Breggin (2016). "Rational Principles of Psychopharmacology for Therapists, Healthcare Providers and Clients". Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy
 * Breggin, PR. Chapter 5 of Promoting Psychological Well-Being in Children and Families. Edited by Bruce Kirkcaldy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
 * Breggin, PR. (2015). "The biological evolution of guilt, shame and anxiety: A new theory of negative legacy emotions". Medical Hypotheses 85, 17–24
 * Breggin, PR. (2015). "Understanding and Helping People with Hallucinations Based on the Theory of Negative Legacy Emotions". The Humanistic Psychologist, 43: 70–87.
 * Breggin, PR (2008). "Practical Applications: 22 Guidelines for Counseling and Psychotherapy". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 43–57, 2008.

1. Breggin, Peter. "The Psychophysiology of Anxiety". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 139, 558–568, 1964.

2. Breggin, Peter. "Coercion of Voluntary Patients in an Open Hospital". Archives of General Psychiatry, 10:173–181, 1964. Reprinted with a new introduction in Edwards, R.B. (ed):Psychiatry and Ethics. Buffalo, Prometheus Books, 1982, and in Edwards, R.B. (ed): Ethics of Psychiatry. Amherst, New York, Prometheus Books, 1997.

3. Breggin, Peter. "The Sedative-like Effect of Epinephrine". Archives of General Psychiatry,12, 255–259, 1965.

4. Malev, J.S.; Breggin, P.R. et al. "For Better or for Worse: A Problem in Ethics". International Psychiatric Clinics, 2(3), 603–24, 1965.

5. Breggin, Peter. "Psychotherapy as Applied Ethics". Psychiatry, 34:59–75, 1971.

6. Breggin, Peter. "Lobotomy: An Alert". The American Journal of Psychiatry, 129:97, 1972.

7. Breggin, Peter. "Psychosurgery". JAMA, 226:1121, 1973.

8. Breggin, Peter. "The Second Wave of Psychosurgery". M/H (Mental Health), 57:10–13, 1973.

9. Breggin, Peter. "Therapy as Applied Utopian Politics". Mental Health and Society, 1:129–146, 1974.

10. Lundy PJ and Breggin, Peter. "Psychiatric oppression of prisoners". Psychiatric Opinion. 11(3):30–7, 1974.

11. Breggin, Peter. "Psychosurgery for Political Purposes". Duquesne Law Review, 13:841–862, 1975.

12. Breggin, Peter. "Psychiatry and Psychotherapy as Political Processes". American Journal of Psychotherapy, 29:369–382, 1975.

13. Breggin, Peter. "Madness is a Failure of Free Will; Therapy Too Often Encourages It". Psychiatric Quarterly, 53:61–68, 1981. Originally published (in French) in Verdiglione A (ed): "La Folie Dans La Psychoanalyse". Paris, Payot, 1977.

14. Breggin, Peter. "Electroconvulsive therapy for depression". The New England Journal of Medicine, 27;303(22):1305–6, 1980.

15. Breggin, Peter. "Electroshock Therapy and Brain Damage: The Acute Organic Brain Syndrome as Treatment". Behavior and Brain Sciences, 7:24–25, 1984.

16. Breggin, Peter. "Neuropathology and Cognitive Dysfunction from ECT". Electroconvulsive Consensus Development Conference Programs and Abstracts, pp. 59–64, 1985. Sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health and the NIH Office of Medical Applications Research. Bethesda, Maryland, June 10–12, 1985 at the National Institutes of Health.

17. Breggin, Peter. "Neuropathology and Cognitive Dysfunction from ECT". Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 22:476–479, 1986.

18. Breggin, Peter. "Brain damage from nondominant ECT". The American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(10):1320–1, 1986.

19. Breggin, Peter and de Girolamo, G. "Ellettroshock: Tra Rischioiatrogeno e Mito Terapeutico". Quaderni Italiani di Psychiatrica, 6:497–540, 1987.

20. Breggin, Peter. "Precious the Crow". Voices (journal of the American Academy of Psychotherapists), 23:32–42, Summer 1987.

21. Breggin, Peter. "The Three Dynamics of Human Progress: A Unified Theory Applicable to Individuals, Institutions and Society". Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, 21(1–3):97–123, 1988–89.

22. Breggin, Peter. "Addiction to Neuroleptics?" The American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(4):560, 1989.

23. Breggin, Peter. "Dr. Breggin replies". The American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(9):1240, 1989.

24. Breggin, Peter. "Brain Damage, Dementia and Persistent Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Neuroleptic Drugs: Evidence, Etiology, Implications". Journal of Mind Behavior, 11:425–464, 1990.

25. Breggin, Peter. "Psychotherapy in the Shadow of the Psycho-Pharmaceutical Complex". Voices (journal of the American Academy of Psychotherapists), 27:15–21, 1991

26. Weinberg MH and Breggin, Peter. "The homeless mentally ill". The American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(5):690–1, 1991.

27. Breggin, Peter. "A Case of Fluoxetine-induced Stimulant Side Effects with Suicidal Ideation Associated with a Possible Withdrawal Syndrome ('Crashing')". International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 3:325–328, 1992

28. Breggin, Peter. "Parallels Between Neuroleptic Effects and Lethargic Encephalitis: The Production of Dyskinesias and Cognitive disorders". Brain and Cognition, 23:8–27, 1993.

29. Breggin, Peter and Breggin, Ginger Ross. "A Biomedical Programme for Urban Violence Control in the US: The Dangers of Psychiatric Social Control". Changes: An International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11(1) (March):59–71, 1993.

30. Breggin, Peter. "Psychiatry's Role in the Holocaust". International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 4:133–148, 1993. Adapted from a paper delivered at "Medical Science Without Compassion" in Cologne, Germany and published in the conference proceedings.

31. Breggin PR. "Genetics and crime". Science, 262(5139):1498, 1993.

32. Breggin, Peter. "Encephalitis lethargica". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7(3), 387, 1995.`

33. Breggin, Peter. "Campaigns Against Racist Federal Programs by the Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology". Journal of African American Men, 1(3), 3–22, Winter 1995/96.

34. Breggin, Peter. "Should the Use of Neuroleptics Be Severely Limited?" Changes: An International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14:62–66 March 1996.

35. Breggin, Peter and Breggin, Ginger Ross. "The Hazards of Treating 'Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder' with Methylphenidate (Ritalin)" Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 10:55–72, 1996.

36. Breggin, Peter. "Psychotherapy in Emotional Crises without Resort to Psychiatric Medication". The Humanistic Psychologist, 25:2–14, 1998.

37. Breggin, Peter. "Analysis of Adverse Behavioral Effects of Benzodiazepines with a Discussion of Drawing Scientific Conclusions from the FDA's Spontaneous Reporting System". Journal of Mind and Behavior, 19:21–50, 1998.

38. Breggin, Peter. "Electroshock: Scientific, ethical, and political issues". International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 11:5–40, 1998.

39. Breggin, Peter. "Does clozapine treatment cause brain disease?" Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(9):845, 1998.

40. Breggin, Peter. "Psychostimulants in the treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD: Part I—Acute risks and psychological effects". Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 1:13–33, 1999.

41. Breggin, Peter. "Psychostimulants in the treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD: Part II—Adverse effects on brain and behavior". Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 1:213–241, 1999.

42. Breggin, Peter. "Psychostimulants in the treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD: Risks and mechanism of action". International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 12 (1), 3–35, 1999. (Simultaneously published version of #24 and 25)

43. Breggin, Peter. "Empathic self-transformation and love in individual and family therapy". Humanistic Psychologist, 27:267–282, 1999.

44. Breggin, Peter. "Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". JAMA, 281(16):1490–1, 1999.

45. Breggin, Peter. "What psychologists and psychotherapists need to know about ADHDand stimulants". Changes: An International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18:13–23, Spring 2000

46. Breggin, Peter. "The NIMH multimodal study of treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A critical analysis". International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 13:15–22, 2000. Also published in Ethical Human Sciences and Services.

47. Breggin, Peter. "MTA study has flaws". Archives of General Psychiatry, 58:1184, 2001.

48. Breggin, Peter. "Empowering social work in the era of biological psychiatry". The annual Ephraim Lisansky lecture of the University of Maryland School of Social Work. Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 3:197–206, 2001.

49. Breggin, Peter. "Questioning the treatment for ADHD". Science, 291(5504):595, 2001.

50. Breggin, Peter. "Fluvoxamine as a cause of stimulation, mania, and aggression with a critical analysis of the FDA-approved label". International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 14: 71–86, 2002. Simultaneously published in Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 4, 211–227, 2002.

51. Breggin, Peter. "Psychopharmacology and human values". Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 43: 34–49, 2003.

52. Breggin, Peter. "Suicidality, violence and mania caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): A review and analysis". International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 16: 31–49, 2003/2004. Simultaneously published in Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 5:225–246, 2003.

53. Breggin, Peter. "Re: Mud Splatters". British Medical Journal, October 14, 2004.

54. Breggin, Peter. "Recent U.S., Canadian and British regulatory agency actions concerning antidepressant-induced harm to self and others: A review and analysis". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 7–22, 2005. Simultaneously published in the International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 16, 247–259, 2005.

55. Breggin, Peter. "Recent regulatory changes in antidepressant labels: Implications for activation (stimulation) in clinical practice". Primary Psychiatry, 13, 57–60, 2006.

56. Breggin, Peter. "Court filing makes public my previously suppressed analysis of Paxil's effects". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 77–84, 2006.

57. Breggin, Peter. "How GlaxoSmithKline suppressed data on Paxil-induced akathisia: Implications for suicide and violence". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 91–100, 2006.14

58. Breggin, Peter. "Drug company suppressed data on paroxetine-induced stimulation: Implications for violence and suicide". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 255–263, 2006.

59. Breggin, Peter. "Intoxication anosognosia: The spellbinding effect of psychiatric drugs". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 201–215, 2006. Simultaneously published in the International Journal of Risk and Safety and Medicine, 19, 3–15, 2007.

60. Breggin, Peter. "ECT damages the brain: Disturbing news for patients and shock doctors alike". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 9, 83–86, 2007.

61. Breggin, Peter and Breggin, Ginger Ross. "Exposure to SSRI antidepressants in utero causes birth defects, neonatal withdrawal symptoms and brain damage". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 5–9, 2008.

62. Donald Marks; Breggin, Peter; and Braslow, Derek. "Homicidal ideation causally related to therapeutic medications". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 134–145, 2008.

63. Breggin, Peter "Practical Applications: 22 Guidelines for Counseling and Psychotherapy". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 43–57, 2008.

64. Breggin, Peter. "Antidepressant-induced suicide, violence, and mania: Risks for military personnel". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 111–121, 2010.

65. Breggin, Peter. "The FDA should test the safety of ECT machines". International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 22, 89–92, 2010.

66. Breggin, Peter. "Psychiatric drug-induced Chronic Brain Impairment (CBI): Implications for longterm treatment with psychiatric medication". International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 23: 193–200, 2011.

67. Breggin, Peter. "The Rights of Children and Parents in Regard to Children Receiving Psychiatric Drugs". Children & Society, 28, 231–241, 2014.

68. van Daalen-Smith, Cheryl; Adam, Simon; Breggin, Peter; and LeFrançois, Brenda A. "The Utmost Discretion: How Presumed Prudence Leaves Children Susceptible to Electroshock". Children & Society, 28, 205–217, 2014.

69. Breggin, Peter. "The biological evolution of guilt, shame and anxiety: A new theory of negative legacy emotions". Medical Hypotheses, 85, 17–24, 2015.

70. Breggin, Peter. "Understanding and helping people with hallucinations based on the theory of negative legacy emotions". Humanistic Psychologist, 43, 70–87, 2015.15

71. Breggin, Peter. "Rational Principles of Psychopharmacology for Therapists, Healthcare Providers and Clients". Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 46, 1–13, 2016.

72. Breggin, Peter. "Extreme psychospiritual states versus organic brain disease: Bringing together science and the human factor". Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 59, 686–696, 2019.

73. Breggin, P. and Stolzer, J. "Psychological Helplessness and Feeling Undeserving of Love: Windows into Suffering and Healing". The Humanistic Psychologist, June 2020, 48 (2). InPress.

74. Breggin, Peter. "Moving past the vaccine/autism controversy – to examine potential vaccine neurological harms". International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 1 (2020) 1–15 1 DOI 10.3233/JRS-200052 IOS

title: Peter Breggin


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hume lake

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 14:18, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Hume lake
One of many private religious summer youth camps. Nothing about it appears particularly notable. Delete. Jonathunder 05:58, 2005 Feb 26 (UTC)

 * Keep, but only if the article begins with information about the geographical location, not just the camps (it is a lake in Sequoia National Forest, Fresno County, California, and an adjacent unincorporated area; not sure why Rambot didn't pick it up and create an automatic article; can also be redirected to Hume, California which is sufficiently notable to create). By the way, the correct title should probably be Hume Lake, California. Antandrus 06:13, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I added a lead paragraph. The rest of the article needs a touch of NPOVing. Oh, and try the Google test on Hume lake if you're still unsure. This place is pretty famous.  Antandrus 06:21, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I gave it a POV-ectomy; see if that helps now. 419,000 Google hits isn't too shabby.  06:45, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, reads like a POV promo eg. "Lake Hume is a place that represents the truth of Jesus Christ in a magnified manner". Megan1967 06:30, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, at least as rewritten. Real place. Kappa 10:34, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep issues raised resolved. Wincoote 11:36, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep re-write (nice work on the new intro and POV-ectomy, Antandrus, BTW). And, yeah, if/when someone wants to write about the much smaller Hume Lake (Texas) (which gets hardly any hits even searching for "Hume Lake" texas), Hume Lake should become a disambig between the two. Oh, there's an Aussie 'Hume Lake' as well (only found with "Hume Lake" -california -christian -ministries -sequoia) that also could force a disamb page, but the MoS says to only disambig when necessary, and the only article linking here, John S. Eastwood, is, indeed, looking for the CA 'Hume Lake', so it's probably not necessary yet. And, I would argue that, if anything, Hume, California should, at least for the time being, redir to Hume Lake, as it appears that the 25 (at most--census data for ZIP 93628 covers a pretty big area) year-around households there are probably all to serve the lake's camps. Niteowlneils 12:40, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the additional research, and the map, N! It is looking like the village exists to serve the recreational facilities, so a redirect from Hume, California, or Hume Lake Village, California to Hume Lake may be best. Antandrus 15:37, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree it's a much better article now than when I submitted it for deletion, when it did not tell us where the camp is or why it is notable. Thanks to those who worked on it, I would now also vote to keep. Jonathunder 18:53, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * Keep Judging from the history, it's a much better article now then it was earlier. Seems like a nice place :) Bratsche 03:28, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep newly POV-ectomied and expanded article. It's nothing short of a miraculous turnaround! - Lucky 6.9 01:42, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. /sɪzlæk  ˺/  06:09, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Alvand-class frigate

The Alvand class or Saam class  was originally a class of four frigates built for the Imperial Iranian Navy. They were renamed after the Iranian Revolution, and served in the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy during Iran-Iraq War. Three still remain in service. A fourth was sunk by the U.S. Navy in 1988.

Development and construction
The ships were built in the United Kingdom by Vosper Ltd and based on their Mark 5 design with the following arms & equipment:

 * ASuW - 1 × quintuple Sea Killer Mk2 surface-to-surface missile
 * AAW - 1 × triple Sea Cat surface-to-air missile launcher
 * ASW - 1 × 3 barrelled Anti Submarine Mortar Mark 10 Limbo launcher
 * Guns - 1 × Mark 8 Mod 0 4.5 inch general purpose & 1 × twin 35mm Oerlikon AA
 * Electronics - Plessey AWS 1 air surveillance radar with on-mounted IFF; 2 × Contraves Seahunter systems (For use with Sea cat, Sea Killer & the 35mm mount); Decca RDL 1 passive direction finding equipment

They were refitted in the UK shortly before the 1979 Iranian Revolution.

History
The ships were originally named after characters from Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. After the Islamic Revolution they were renamed after mountains in Iran.

They saw action during the "Tanker War" phase of the Iran–Iraq War and proved effective against Iraqi forces. After one was sunk, and other significant losses taken, during Operation Praying Mantis they saw little further use as the Iranian Navy proved no match for the U.S. Navy.

Upgrades
The Sea Killer missiles were replaced by Chinese made C-802s in the 1990s. The Sea Cats were replaced by the addition of a 20 mm AA gun.

Two triple 12.75 in torpedo tubes, two 81 mm mortars and two 0.50 caliber machine guns were also fitted.

Successors
The Moudge-class frigate is a modified Iranian-built version of the Alvand class, with five either in service or under construction.

title: Alvand-class frigate


text:
André de Laval-Montmorency

André de Laval-Montmorency (c. 1408 – 1485), seigneur de Lohéac, was a Marshal of France. He was the son of Guy XIII de Laval and Anne de Laval, and a leading member of the House of Laval.

In 1423 he served in the French army against England and fought in the Battle of La Brossinière where he was knighted. He wielded the sword of Bertrand du Guesclin, a symbol of Breton support for France which he had inherited from his maternal grandmother, Jeanne de Laval, who was the widow of the famous constable. In 1428 André was taken prisoner by John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, after the capitulation of Laval, which he was defending. After paying his ransom he was present with Joan of Arc at the siege of Orléans, at the Battle of Patay, and at the coronation of Charles VII. He was made admiral of France in 1437 and marshal in 1439.

He served Charles VII faithfully in all his wars, even against the dauphin (1456), and when the latter became king as Louis XI, Laval was dismissed from the marshal's office. After the War of the Public Weal he was restored to favor, and recovered the marshal's baton, the king also granting him the offices of lieutenant-general to the government of Paris and governor of Picardy, and conferring upon him the collar of the Order of St Michael. In 1472 Laval was successful in resisting the attacks of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, on Beauvais.

André married Marie de Rais, also of the House of Laval, and daughter of Gilles de Rais.

title: André de Laval-Montmorency


text:
Talk:Nothing Nice to Say

Quick Edit
I removed the mention that Mitch scrapped the book idea (he hasn't, the release date is just indefinite), and his indecision on the comic's continuance. Come on guys, that little crisis lasted what, a week? We don't need to catalogue Mitch's every breath. Try not to update this page to include every single thing he says in his livejournal, the entry is already a mile longer than it needs to be.

There's another article
there's another nn2s wikipedia article, here: Nothing Nice to Say

Someone with more time on their hands and english as native language should bring that article into this one.

--

Now it's fixed. Cool.

Quick Edit
I removed the reference to Blake ostensibly representing Mitch in the comic strip, mainly because Mitch himself appears in the comic strip as is noted in the cast section (here, for example). I've been reading NN2S for a long time (including his old blog that ran beneath the strip) and I've never seen anything that would justify this inference.

You're right that it doesn't make sense because Mitch himself is a character, but it's true that Blake generally represents Mitch. For example:
 * Both have a near-fanatical love of Jawbreaker
 * Both worship Henry Rollins
 * When Clem became vegetarian, so did Blake.

Geography
You need to say where this comic is drawn. In the States? What city? 132.159.147.78 22:33, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

I'm quite certain the comic itself takes place in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which is where Clem formerly resided. I don't konw if that is ever specifically mentioned in the comic, however Jowe27 01:30, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Proposal for deletion
Someone on Sept 14th put a tag on the page suggesting deletion of the article. I think thats a little extreme. I admit the article needs some work and a better tag should reflect the changes necessary not deletion. I've removed the tag and added a reference and copyediting to the intro. If anyone else wants to work on the article, be my guest.Chriscobar 14:25, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Removed redirection of Mitch Clem to Nothing nice to say since he has other two comics and this article mension veryfew thigs about him

Question
I have recently noticed that the character Phillip, in NN2S, is emo. Might he be named after Emo Phillips? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

title: Talk:Nothing Nice to Say


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Bonfoh Abass

El-Hadj Bonfoh Abass (23 November 1948 – 29/30 June 2021) was a Togolese politician who was the interim President of Togo from 25 February 2005 to 4 May 2005. He was the President of the National Assembly of Togo from February 2005 to July 2013.

Political career
Bonfoh was born in Kabou, Bassar Prefecture. From 1980 to 1985, he was Regional Director of Educational Planning in Kpalimé, and in August 1986 he became Regional Director of Educational Planning in Kara, serving in the latter post until 1999. He was elected to the National Assembly in the March 1999 parliamentary election, standing as the RPT candidate in the Third Constituency of Bassar Prefecture and winning the seat with 90.68% of the vote. He was re-elected from Bassar in the October 2002 parliamentary election. In the National Assembly, he served as First Rapporteur of the Socio-Cultural Development Committee and was elected First Vice-President of the National Assembly.

Abass became President of Togo when President Faure Gnassingbé resigned due to pressure from the international community in February 2005. Bonfoh, who was First Vice-President of the National Assembly at the time, was elected as President of the National Assembly and thus became acting President of Togo prior to a new presidential election. Bonfoh was a strong supporter of Gnassingbé, and was deemed a "chairwarmer" by some of his opponents because his temporary assumption of the presidency was meant to enable Gnassingbé to eventually become president in a seemingly more legitimate way. On 23 April 2005, Bonfoh dismissed the interior minister for advocating a delay in the election amidst massive street protests.

Gnassingbé officially won the election on 24 April and was sworn in on 4 May, replacing Bonfoh.

In the October 2007 parliamentary election, Bonfoh ran for re-election to the National Assembly as the first candidate on the candidate list of the ruling Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) in Bassar, and he was successful in winning a seat. On 24 November 2007, he was re-elected as President of the National Assembly.

Abass actively campaigned for Gnassingbé prior to the March 2010 presidential election. Following the election, in which Gnassingbé won a second term, Abass said in May 2010 that the people wanted "tangible achievements" and that Gnassingbé was delivering them. He particularly noted the importance of improving the availability of potable water, quality education, and medicine, and he anticipated that Gnassingbé would make continued progress on those issues. Abass also discussed the need to move forward with institutional and constitutional reforms, anticipating that relevant draft laws would soon be submitted to the National Assembly and quickly approved. He dismissed rumors of an impending dissolution of the National Assembly.

Following the July 2013 parliamentary election, Dama Dramani, another Gnassingbé loyalist, was elected to succeed Abass on 2 September 2013.

Party positions
Bonfoh was a member of the Political Bureau of the RPT and a member of the RPT Central Committee from Bassar Prefecture as of the RPT's Ninth Ordinary Congress in December 2006.

title: Bonfoh Abass


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Christopher Battalino

Christopher Battaglia (February 18, 1908 – July 25, 1977) better known as Battling Battalino, was an American World Featherweight boxing champion. Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Battalino engaged in 88 bouts during his career, of which he won 57 (23 knockouts), lost 26, and drew 3. He was managed by Hy Malley and Lenny Marello. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2003.

Early life and amateur boxing career
Christopher Battaglia was born on February 18, 1908, to an Italian family in Hartford, Connecticut. The son of Italian immigrants, he never attended high school, but worked in a typewriter factory and labored in the tobacco fields.

A good amateur boxer, Battalino won the National AAU featherweight championship in Boston in 1927. He had fifty-nine amateur bouts, knocking out forty-six of his opponents.

Professional boxer
As a professional, Battalino would become known as a courageous and rugged fighter with good inside boxing abilities. He was not known for a disciplined and studied boxing technique, but rather, a strong and relentless attack.

Taking the world featherweight championship from André Routis, September, 1929
Battalino became a professional boxer in June 1927. His first big win came on July 26, 1929, when he upset NBA world bantamweight champion "Panama" Al Brown on a 10-round decision in Hartford, Connecticut. Battalino knocked Brown down for a short count in the third. He won the first four rounds, and held his own through the remaining six.

The victory over Brown made Battalino a top contender and garnered him a title match with world featherweight champion André Routis on September 23, 1929, in his hometown, Hartford, Connecticut. The 21-year-old Battalino made the most of his opportunity and defeated Frenchman Routis over 15 rounds, becoming one of the youngest competitors to win the world featherweight title. Before an enthused audience of 13,866, Battalino outboxed and outsmarted the older Routis at both long range, and infighting, and landed more blows. In a rare occurrence, Battalino was awarded all fifteen of the rounds in the championship fight. The new champion had become a Hartford Hero when the Mayor presented him a medal the previous November for saving a child from drowning.

On April 25, 1930, Battalino defeated former world bantamweight champion Bushy Graham in a non-title fight before a crowd of 6,000, winning at least eight of the ten rounds in a points decision in Hartford, Connecticut. A stiff left hook in the fourth put Battalino to the mat for a count of eight, and Battalino piled up a comfortable points margin through the rest of the match. The referee scored nine rounds for Battalino. Graham had little chance to mount an effective offense against the continuous attack of Battalino, and his right was tied up blocking the left of Battalino. He made few effective blows with his left after his knockdown in the fourth. According to several sources, Graham took "one of the worst trouncings of his career". He had lost to former champion Graham on September 24, 1931, in a non-title split decision in Cincinnati, before later knocking out Graham on November 19, 1931, at Chicago Stadium 1:44 into the first round.

World featherweight title defenses, 1930-31
During the next two years he successfully defended his crown by defeating Ignacio Fernandez, Earl Mastro, and Hall of Famers Kid Chocolate, Fidel LaBarba and Freddie Miller.

On February 25, 1930, Battalino defeated Ignazio Fernandez in a ten round points decision in Hartford, taking eight of ten rounds. He beat Fernandez again in a title match in East Hartford, Connecticut, with a fifth round knockout, the first of Fernandez's career.

Battalino defeated Kid Chocolate in a fifteen round unanimous decision before a crowd of 15,000 at Madison Square Garden for the NYSAC world featherweight championship on December 12, 1930. Battalino, who began as a 2-1 underdog, was down in the first round from a left and right to the chin for a count of nine, but made a comeback through the rest of the furious bout. As was his custom when boxing more skilled opponents, Battalino took the offensive, never giving his opponent room to fire effective counterpunches. In a close bout, the Associated Press gave Battalino eight rounds, with only seven to Chocolate. Battalino landed body blows against Chocolate to gain a points advantage in the eleventh through the fourteenth rounds, though Chocolate led the first two rounds as well as the eighth through tenth, and the final round by a shade.

Battalino convincingly defeated Hall of Famer Fidel LaBarba at Madison Square Garden before a crowd of 9,000 in a fifteen round Unanimous Decision on May 22, 1931. In the somewhat close NYSAC world featherweight title bout, Battalino brought the battle to LaBarba throughout the contest, though some ringside felt LaBarba had landed the cleaner blows. Battalino was forced to score frequently during the infighting against the studied defense of LaBarba. LaBarba was forced to hold frequently to rest from the constant assault of his opponent. After his victory, most of the boxing world began to acknowledge that Battalino was a champion who had earned his title, as his opponent LaBarba was highly respected and a 2-1 favorite in the early betting.

Battalino defeated Earl Mastro in a ten round mixed decision NBA featherweight world championship bout on November 4, 1931, before a crowd of 14,000 at Chicago Stadium. Mastro was briefly down in the second and down for a count of nine from a left to the body in the sixth. In the last two rounds, Battalino closed strongly and battered Mastro nearly at will, extending his points margin.

Important non-title bouts while holding the world featherweight title
Battalino's best known competitors among his non-title victories included Lew Massey, Bud Taylor, Eddie Shea and Al Singer.

Battalino defeated Lew Massey on May 5, 1930, in a ten round mixed decision in Philadelphia before a crowd of 7,000. Massey was close to being knocked out in the seventh but was saved by the bell. The non-title bout was described as slow and deliberate and featured frequent clinching, though much was initiated by Massey who feared Battalino's right. Massey had defeated Battalino the previous January in a ten round unanimous decision.

Battalino defeated 1927 World Bantamweight Champion Bud Taylor in a ten round points decision before a modest 6,600 fans on August 18, 1930, in East Hartford, Connecticut. In a compelling win, Battalino was awarded eight of the ten rounds by the referee with only the eighth to Taylor. Using his right to protect his head and body, Battalino was very effective with his left, but almost always from inside, and the fight's consistent infighting and frequent clinching, did not please the crowd. It was not until the eighth that a steady flurry of punches from long range took place, and Taylor was able to land a strong left to the chin of Battalino.

In a non-title bout, Lois "Kid" Kaplan, 1925 world featherweight champion, defeated Battalino in a ten round points decision before a crowd of 7,000 on September 24, 1930, at Hurley Stadium in Hartford, Connecticut. The referee and the single judge both gave Kaplan a convincing nine of the ten rounds, in an exciting bout that featured no knockdowns. The referee gave Kaplan all but the fifth, which he scored as even. Battalino was forced to fight on the defensive most of the way, but managed a few staggering rights to the head and heart of Kaplan, though they were never sufficient to slow Kaplan's attack more than momentarily. Governor Trumball of Connecticut attended the bout and spoke briefly.

On September 15, 1931, Battalino defeated Eddie Shea before a crowd of 5000 in Hartford in a ten round points decision. Battalino took a number of hard shots in the second, third, and fourth, but he fought fiercely in the infighting and may have landed some of the hardest and cleanest blows of his later career. From the fourth round on, Battalino's infighting dominated and he was eventually credited with eight of the ten rounds.

While still holding the championship, Battalino decisively defeated 1930 world lightweight champion Al Singer, before a crowd of 17,000 at New York's Madison Square Garden on December 11, 1931. Battalino may have bobbed and weaved away from Singer's early volleys in the first, and was likely shaken by a blow or two, but his counterattack was devastating to his opponent. Though Singer started strong very early in the opening round, he was soon put down three times by Battalino, and went down in the second from a series of rights to the chin for a count of seven. After he rose, he was chased around the ring by Battalino who put him down again with a right to the chin for a count of four, just before the referee justifiably called the bout a technical knockout and helped move Singer to his corner. Singer's labored retreat from Battalino after he was first put down, his inability to defend himself, and his struggle to mount an attack, indicated a boxer who had, at least for the moment, lost most of his physical faculties. Both boxers were above the featherweight limit preventing any chance of the match being a featherweight title match.

Relinquishing the world featherweight championship, March, 1932
On January 27, 1932, Battalino once again defended the title against Freddie Miller before a small crowd of 2,000 in Cincinnati, Ohio. The champion came in three pounds overweight and did not put up a good fight. Battalino went down in the third round from what the referee considered a harmless right to the chin. When Battalino arose, Miller put him down again. The referee stopped the fight and declared Miller the winner. The National Boxing Association and the New York State Athletic Commission, however, overruled the referee and declared the bout a "no contest." Having declared the bout a no contest, the title become vacant, as Battalino did not make the featherweight limit. To end any confusion about his championship status, Battalino voluntarily relinquished the title in March and moved up a weightclass to fight at the lightweight limit.

Late career as a lightweight
As a lightweight, he lost bouts with Hall of Famers Billy Petrolle and Barney Ross.

Battalino lost to Billy Petrolle on March 24, 1932, in Madison Square Garden in a twelve round technical knockout. A crowd of 18,000 saw Petrolle cut Battalino into pieces with vicious lefts and rights to the head, tearing cuts all over his body, and finally stopping him 1:21 into the final round. When a flurry of blows landed Battalino on the ropes, the referee finally called the bout. Later on May 20, before 10,000 at Chicago Stadium, Petrolle won again by a ten round unanimous decision of the judges. Though Battalino dropped Petrolle for a count of nine with a left hook in the first round, Petrolle came roaring back. He took seven rounds with Battalino only three.

Battalino lost to the exceptional future light and welterweight champion Barney Ross on October 21, 1932, in a ten round unanimous decision at Chicago Stadium. In a decisive victory, Ross was awarded nine of the ten rounds, using his left throughout and mounting a winning defense. The Hartford Courant gave Ross only seven of the ten rounds but had a hometown bias for Battalino. In the first two rounds, Battalino was stung repeatedly by Ross's blows. Ross's defense did not preclude Battalino from mounting relentless body attacks after the first two rounds, though Ross weathered them and consistently defended against them without great effect. Ross may have even won the infighting, mounting more effective body blows than Battalino.

On October 23, 1934, Battalino defeated future World Colored Welterweight champion, Puerto Ricon boxer Cocoa Kid, in a seven round technical knockout in Hartford. As was typical of his style, Battalino mounted a successful and relentless body attack against his opponent that had him weak by the fifth round. Battalino scored with four rapid rights to the head in the fifth. In the sixth, Battalino scored with powerful body blows to the midsection.

After boxing
Battalino's last bout was with Dick Turcotte in Hartford on January 30, 1940, which he lost in a ten round points decision. When Battalino retired from boxing after the bout, he settled in Hartford, Connecticut, and worked as a construction laborer.

Battalino died on July 25, 1977, at Hartford Hospital in West Hartford, and was buried at the Mount St. Benedict Cemetery. He left a wife Lilian, two daughters, and six grandchildren.

title: Christopher Battalino


text:
Lavaur, Tarn

Lavaur (La Vaur) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

History
Lavaur was taken in 1211 by Simon de Montfort during the wars of the Albigenses, a monument marking the site where Dame Giraude de Laurac (Lady of Lavaur) was killed, being thrown down a well and stoned to death. The town was also taken several times during the religious wars of the 16th century.

Geography
Lavaur stands on the left bank of the Agout, which is here crossed by a railway-bridge and a fine stone bridge of the 1770s. It lies 36 km southwest of Albi and 32 km east of Toulouse.

Sights

 * From 1317 till the French Revolution Lavaur was the seat of a bishopric; Lavaur Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Alan, was built for this purpose, dating from the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, with an octagonal bell-tower. A second, smaller square tower contains a jaquemart (a statue which strikes the hours with a hammer) of the 16th century. In the bishops garden is the statue of Emmanuel, comte de Las Cases, one of the companions of Napoleon at Saint Helena. Historical monument since 1911.
 * Church of Saint-François. (XIV c.). Historical monument since 1996.
 * Tower of Rounds. (XIII c.) Historical monument since 1971.
 * Viaduc de Lavaur. 1884. Engineer Paul Séjourné.
 * Pont de Lavaur. Stone masonry road bridge over the Agout. Built between 1773 and 1791. Designed for the Estates of Languedoc by Joseph-Marie de Saget, known as De Saget elder.

Economy
The town carries on distilling and flour-milling and the manufacture of brushes, plaster and wooden shoes.

Notable residents

 * Pierre Fabre, founder of Laboratoires Pierre Fabre
 * Étienne de Voisins-Lavernière (1813–1898), French deputy and then senator for Tarn

Miscellaneous
There is a subprefecture and a tribunal of first instance (a lower Court of Justice).

title: Lavaur, Tarn


text:
Quintus Servilius Caepio (consul 106 BC)

Quintus Servilius Caepio was a Roman statesman and general, consul in 106 BC, and proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul in 105 BC. He was the father of Quintus Servilius Caepio and the grandfather of Servilia.

Consulship and Arausio
During his consulship in 106 BC, he passed a controversial law, with the help of the famous orator Lucius Licinius Crassus, by which the jurymen were again to be chosen from the senators instead of the equites. However, it appears this law was overturned by a law of Gaius Servilius Glaucia in either 104 or 101 BC.

After his consulship, he was assigned to Gaul, where he captured the town of Tolosa, ancient Toulouse. There, he found some 50 thousand bars of gold and 10 thousand bars of silver which were legendarily stolen from the temple of Delphi by the Scordisci in the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC. The riches of Tolosa were shipped back to Rome, but only the silver arrived; the gold was stolen by a band of marauders, rumoured to have been hired by Caepio himself. The Gold of Tolosa was never found, and was said to have been passed all the way down to the last heir of the Servilii Caepiones, Marcus Junius Brutus.

During the southern migration of the Cimbri in 105 BC, Caepio was assigned an army to defeat the migrating tribe. Also tasked to defeat the Cimbri was the consul for that year, Gnaeus Mallius Maximus, who was a novus homo ("new man"). While the sitting consul outranked Caepio, Caepio refused to cooperate with the consul and his army. Leading one of the two Roman armies into the Battle of Arausio, this refusal to cooperate with his superior officer, led to the destruction of both armies. Caepio refused to camp with Maximus and his troops; when the battle began, both Roman armies were overrun and defeated by the massively numerically superior Cimbri force, resulting in the deaths of some 60 to 80 thousand Roman soldiers.

Exile
Upon his return to Rome, Caepio was stripped of his proconsulship by the Assembly. A law proposed by Lucius Cassius Longinus stripped any person of his seat in the Senate if he had had his imperium revoked by the Senate. Based on this law, Caepio was stripped of his seat in the Senate. Then, he was tried in the courts for the theft of the Tolosa gold, but with many senators on the jury, he was acquitted.

He was then tried for "the loss of his army" by two tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Norbanus and Lucius Appuleius Saturninus. Despite being defended by the orator Lucius Licinius Crassus, Caepio was convicted, and was given the harshest sentence allowable: he was stripped of his citizenship, forbidden fire and water within eight hundred miles of Rome, nominally fined 15,000 talents (about 825,000 lb) of gold, and forbidden to see or speak to his friends or family until he had left for exile. The huge fine — which greatly exceeded the amount in the Roman treasury — was never collected.

Two versions detail what happened thereafter: according to one, Caepio died in prison and his body, mangled by the executioner, was put on display on the Gemonian stairs; however, according to the more commonly accepted version, he spent the rest of his life in exile in Smyrna in Asia Minor. Historian Timagenes claimed that he was survived only by his daughters, if true, he must have died after 90 BC since that was when his son Quintus was killed.

Family
Caepio was likely married to a Caecilia Metella with whom he had at least three children, a son named Quintus Servilius Caepio, and at least two daughters; Servilia, the wife of Marcus Livius Drusus and possibly Servilia, the wife of Catulus (although it is possible that Catulus' wife was actually his sister). His wife may have been a daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus.


text:
Talk:Treaty of Lagos

Untitled
The original content of the article was copied from http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/ecowas.html, which is a US government site. As such, the text is public domain. RedWolf 06:04, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Treaty of Lagos


text:
Death in Venice (opera)

Death in Venice, Op. 88, is an opera in two acts by Benjamin Britten, his last. The opera is based on the novella Death in Venice by Thomas Mann. Myfanwy Piper wrote the English libretto. It was first performed at Snape Maltings, near Aldeburgh, England, on 16 June 1973.

The often acerbic and severe score is marked by some haunting soundscapes of "ambiguous Venice". The boy Tadzio is portrayed by a silent dancer, to gamelan-like percussion accompaniment. The music of the opera is precise, direct and movingly understated.

Composition history
Britten had been contemplating the novella for many years and began work in September 1970 with approaches to Piper and to Golo Mann, son of the author. Because of agreements between Warner Brothers and the estate of Thomas Mann for the production of Luchino Visconti's 1971 film, Britten was advised not to see the movie when it was released. According to Colin Graham, director of the first production of the opera, some colleagues of the composer who did see the film found the relationship between Tadzio and Aschenbach "too sentimental and salacious". This contributed to the decision that Tadzio and his family and friends would be portrayed by non-speaking dancers. Ian Bostridge has noted themes in the work of "formalism in art and the perilous dignity of the acclaimed artist".

Synopsis

 * Place: Venice and Munich
 * Time: 1911

Act 1
Scene 1: Munich

Aschenbach, a famous German novelist, is weary and opens the opera bemoaning the fading of his artistic inspiration. As he walks through the suburbs of Munich, he stops before the entrance to a cemetery. He catches sight of a traveller ("from beyond the Alps by his looks") and, musing on the strange and exotic nature of foreign lands, is impulsively moved to travel south in the hope of refreshing his artistic imagination.

Scene 2: On the Boat to Venice

He takes a boat to Venice, sharing his passage with a group of libidinous youths and their leader, the Elderly Fop. Aschenbach's discovery that the fop is not young, but old and made-up ("How can they bear that counterfeit; that young-old horror. A wretched lot, a wretched boat") repulses him, and he arrives in Venice dispirited.

Overture: Venice

Scene 3: The Journey to the Lido

Aschenbach contemplates his arrival by gondola into the city ("What lies in wait for me here, Ambiguous Venice, Where water is married to stone, And passion confuses the senses?"). He intends to go to the Schiavone, but is taken towards the Lido by the Old Gondolier, who mutters that "Nobody shall bid me; I go where I choose; I go my own way". A brief argument as to their destination ensues, but the novelist soon capitulates and is taken to the Lido.

Scene 4: The First Evening at the Hotel

Aschenbach is greeted by the Hotel Manager, who shows him his room with ingratiating volubility. As the other guests assemble for dinner, Aschenbach watches them pass. His eye is taken by a young Polish boy, Tadzio, in whom he sees unnatural beauty ("Surely the soul of Greece; Lies in that bright perfection; ...Mortal child with more than mortal grace"). Aschenbach is aware of the fatuousness of his thoughts, but allows himself to indulge in his speculations.

Scene 5: On the Beach

Reading on the beach, Aschenbach observes Tadzio playing on the sands. He obtains a wry satisfaction from the discovery that Tadzio has flaws: as a Pole, the boy hates the Russian guests ("He is human after all. There is a dark side even to perfection. I like that").

Scene 6: The Foiled Departure

Walking the streets of Venice, Aschenbach is accosted at every turn by beggars, street sellers and others demanding his custom. Seeing rubbish on the streets and smelling the foul water of the canals, he feels nauseated and claustrophobic, and decides that he must leave Venice. Back at the hotel, the Manager expresses his regret over Aschenbach's departure. When Tadzio returns Aschenbach's glances, Aschenbach himself also feels regret. On arriving at the station, Aschenbach finds that his luggage has been sent on the wrong train ("I am furious because I am forced to return, but secretly I rejoice. Vacillating, irresolute, absurd"), and he realises upon seeing Tadzio again that the boy was the cause of his regret at leaving.

Scene 7: The Games of Apollo

Aschenbach sits in his chair on the Lido beach, watching Tadzio and his friends play. Aschenbach's thoughts (voiced by the chorus) are of the gods Phaedra, Apollo and Hyacinthus, their actions mirroring those of Tadzio. The boys compete in a variety of sports: running, long jump, discus, javelin and wrestling. Tadzio wins conclusively, and Aschenbach is inspired artistically by the boy's beauty, as "...thought becomes feeling, feeling thought". Aschenbach determines to congratulate Tadzio on his victory, but when the opportunity arises, he cannot bring himself to speak. Almost choking on the words, Aschenbach realises the truth: "I – love you".

Act 2
Sitting with a book but distracted by his own thoughts, Aschenbach decides to accept his feeling for the boy as it is: "ridiculous, but sacred too and no, not dishonourable, even in these circumstances".

Scene 8: The Hotel Barber's Shop (i)

Aschenbach visits the Hotel Barber, who lets slip a mention of a sickness in Venice. Aschenbach questions urgently, but the barber denies that the sickness is of any importance.

Scene 9: The Pursuit

As Aschenbach crosses the waters to Venice, he detects the smell of disinfectant. On his arrival, he finds citizens reading public notices warning them to take precautions against infection. The citizens too deny that there is any cause for worry, but Aschenbach finds a graver warning in a German newspaper: "We doubt the good faith of the Venetian city fathers in their refusal to admit to the cases of cholera in the city. German citizens should return as soon as possible." The Polish family appears and Aschenbach determines that they must not find out about the cholera outbreak for fear that they will leave. Aschenbach follows the family to a café, where the mother notices him and moves herself in between Aschenbach and her son. The family moves onward to St Mark's, with Aschenbach still following at a distance. In due course, the family leaves and takes a gondola back to the hotel, with Aschenbach in pursuit and in a state of some excitement: "Tadzio, Eros, charmer, see I am past all fear, blind to danger, drunken, powerless, sunk in the bliss of madness."

Scene 10: The Strolling Players

On the hotel terrace after dinner, the guests assemble to watch the players. Aschenbach questions the Leader of the Players about the rumours of plague, but the actor dismisses his suggestions. Aschenbach notices that Tadzio, like himself, is not laughing at the skit, and wonders "Does your innocence keep you aloof, or do you look to me for guidance? Do you look to me?"

Scene 11: The Travel Bureau

A young English clerk is dealing with a crowd of hotel guests, all urgently trying to leave Venice. As the clerk closes the bureau, Aschenbach asks him about the plague and is told that the city is in the grip of Asiatic cholera. He advises Aschenbach to leave immediately before a blockade is imposed.

Scene 12: The Lady of the Pearls

Aschenbach decides to warn Tadzio's mother of the danger posed to them by the plague, but cannot bring himself to do it. He initially chastises himself for having failed to "make everything decent and above board", but then decides that he was right not to speak out, and idly wonders "What if all were dead, and only we two left alive?"

Scene 13: The Dream

Aschenbach dreams of the gods Apollo and Dionysus, who argue their respective viewpoints of reason and beauty versus chaos and ecstasy. Apollo is overwhelmed and leaves Dionysus to a wild dance. Aschenbach wakes and realises how little of his former intellectual rigour and detachment remains. He is resigned to the change: "Let the gods do what they will with me".

(The music for Apollo in this scene derives from the First Delphic Hymn, an early Greek melody Britten heard Arda Mandikian sing at the 1954 Aldeburgh Festival.)

Scene 14: The Empty Beach

Aschenbach watches as Tadzio and his friends play a desultory game on the beach; they soon leave.

Scene 15: The Hotel Barber's Shop (ii)

Aschenbach declares "Do what you will with me!" and the barber works at beautifying him with make-up and hair dye, extolling the virtues of youthful appearance the while.

Scene 16: The Last Visit to Venice

Aschenbach boards a gondola for Venice and sings of its beauty. He realises and mocks his own resemblance to the Elderly Fop. Upon seeing the Polish family ahead of him, Aschenbach follows distractedly. Tadzio detaches himself from the family and waits for Aschenbach, who turns away when the boy looks directly at him. Aschenbach is pleased to notice that Tadzio does not betray his follower's presence to his mother. Alone again, Aschenbach buys strawberries from a street seller, but finds them musty and over-ripe. He sits down, tired and ill, and bitterly mocks himself ("Self-discipline your strength... All folly, all pretence"). He recites a paraphrase of Plato's dialogue between the old philosopher Socrates and the boy Phaedrus, speaking the parts of both man and boy. The subject of the dialogue is the paradoxical, dangerous relationship between the artist and his subject.

Scene 17: The Departure

The Hotel Manager and a porter are organising the departure of the last guests, the Polish family among them. Aschenbach inquires as to their time of departure, then leaves to sit on the deserted beach where Tadzio and another boy, Jaschiu, are playing. The game becomes rougher and Jaschiu dominates, pushing Tadzio's face into the sand. In an attempt to assist, Aschenbach tries to get up but is too weak. Jaschiu and the other children run away, leaving Tadzio on the beach alone with Aschenbach. Tadzio beckons the author, but he slumps in his chair. Tadzio continues walking far out to sea.

Film
In 1981, Tony Palmer made a film of the opera, shot in Venice. The Australian tenor Robert Gard sang the principal role as Peter Pears was too ill, but the other major roles were sung by their creators (John Shirley-Quirk and James Bowman), and the English Chamber Orchestra was conducted by the original conductor Steuart Bedford.

title: Death in Venice (opera)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arizona Peyote Foundation

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:26, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Arizona Peyote Foundation
This particular group is not encyclopedically notable. Their only minor brush with fame so far has been getting busted for growing peyote in 1999 (and possibly later). I believe it also is now defunct. And as it stands, the article is little more than an advertisement for monetary assistance. "Memberships in The Peyote Foundation are available and encouraged, as are donations of time, labor, love and other resources. Please send in our membership/subscription page to show your support." Katefan0 06:06, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Self-promotion. -- Paul Richter 06:33, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, self-promotion, essay. -- Hoary 07:08, 2005 Feb 26 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone can rewrite this self-promotion into a good encyclopedia article. Zzyzx11 19:40, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Easy meat, get rid of it. —Neuropedia 23:40, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * Keep, but rework in 3rd person so it's not "self"-promotion. There is an attempt (a red link) to connect with this article in the peyote article and so there seems to be a proper place for an article about this group.  The group doesn't seem to be defunct... Someone is paying their internet site hosting fees and monthly bills.  It is also of historical interest...  I can see what I can do.  Emyth 22:10, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)


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File:Mammillaria tetrancistra.jpg

Cactus Mammillaria tetrancistra with fruits, growing close to Arizona - Nevada border.

title: File:Mammillaria tetrancistra.jpg


text:
Bwlch

is a small village and an electoral ward in the community of Cwmdu and District, Powys, south Wales. The settlement is strung out along the A40 road which crosses a low col above the Usk Valley at this point on its route between Brecon and Crickhowell.

Geography
The village is situated about 1 mi north of the River Usk and about 100 metres above the floor of the Usk Valley at around 200 m above sea level. The geographical feature from which it derives its name separates the rolling moorland of Cefn Moel and Mynydd Llangorse in the northeast from Buckland Hill to the southwest. Various parts of the village command panoramic views across the Rhiangoll valley to the south-western flanks of the Black Mountains, west to the Brecon Beacons and south to Mynydd Llangynidr and Mynydd Llangatwg. About 2 mi to the northwest is the hill of Allt yr Esgair (commonly referred to locally as 'The Allt') whilst 3 mi to the southwest is Tor y Foel. Llangorse Lake and the village of Llangors are 3 mi to the north, Talybont-on-Usk is around 2 mi to the west. The nearest town is Crickhowell, some 5 mi to the east down the Usk Valley.

History
The remains of a defensive enclosure on the slopes of Cefn Moel to the north of the village date from prehistoric times. There is also a standing stone of unknown origin and purpose set alone in a field within the hairpin of the A40 road. A further standing stone of similarly unknown age is found at Llygad Wy on the slopes dropping down eastwards below the A40. Rising from the Roman auxiliary fort at Pen-y-gaer, east of the village, the Romans constructed a road between Abergavenny and Brecon which passed through the col before crossing the slopes of Allt yr Esgair. The pass was formerly known as Bwlch'r Allwys and was once guarded by Blaenllynfi Castle, a Norman castle, now a ruin. Three miles to the east are Tretower Castle and Tretower Court, now in the care of Cadw. The Calvinistic Methodist and English Presbyterian chapel of Penuel was first built in 1817, though the modern building dates from 1874.

Amenities
Most of the business received locally is due to tourists, with holiday accommodation being plentiful. The area is very popular for hillwalking, cycling and horseriding. Though the population of the village itself is small, the community does support a shop with a post office and a cafe. In the late 1990s Bwlch had three public houses but now there is only one bunkhouse, and one backpackers which is also a full-time village pub. There is a small park with four pieces of play equipment. The Beacons Way long-distance footpath passes through Bwlch.

Transport
Bwlch is situated on the main A40 trunk road and as such is readily accessible even during poor weather, from both Brecon and Abergavenny. The X43 bus service runs between these towns each day. Each bus stop has been fitted with electronic timetables to assist residents and visitors Note the 43 service doesn't run through Bwlch, just the X43. The bus connects with trains from Hereford and Cardiff at Abergavenny, and with Traws Cambria bus service in Brecon.

title: Bwlch


text:
Triratna

The Triratna ( or ; or ) is a Buddhist symbol, thought to visually represent the Three Jewels of Buddhism (the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Sangha).

Symbol
The Triratna symbol is composed of:

 * A lotus flower within a circle.
 * A diamond rod, or vajra.
 * An ananda-chakra.
 * A trident, or trisula, with three branches, representing the threefold jewels of Buddhism: Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha.

On representations of the footprint of the Buddha, the Triratna is usually also surmounted by the Dhamma wheel.

The Triratna can be found on frieze sculptures at Sanchi as the symbol crowning a flag standard (2nd century BCE), as a symbol of the Buddha installed on the Buddha's throne (2nd century BCE), as the crowning decorative symbol on the later gates at the stupa in Sanchi (2nd century CE), or, very often on the Buddha footprint (starting from the 1st century CE).

The triratna can be further reinforced by being surmounted with three dharma wheels (one for each of the three jewels of Buddhism: the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha).

The triratna symbol is also called nandipada, or "bull's hoof", by Hindus.

Coins
A number of examples of the triratna symbol appear on historical coins of Buddhist kingdoms in the Indian subcontinent. For example, the triratna appears on the first century BCE coins of the Kuninda Kingdom in the northern Punjab. It also surmounts the depictions of stupas, on some the coins of Abdagases I of the Indo-Kingdom of the first century CE and on the coins of the Kushan Empire, such as those coined by Vima Kadphises, also of the first century.

title: Triratna


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Pioneertown, California

Pioneertown is an unincorporated community of the Morongo Basin region of the High Desert in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is an 1880s-themed town developed as a shooting location for actors working on Western films and TV series with businesses and residences. The Mane Street Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The winding, 4 mi drive northwest to Pioneertown from Yucca Valley has been designated a California Scenic Drive and the area is now surrounded by privately and federally protected lands.

History
Actor Dick Curtis started up the town in 1946 as an 1880s themed live-in Old West living, breathing motion-picture set. The town was designed to provide a place for production companies to enjoy while also using their businesses and homes in movies.

Pioneertown's founders intended the area to be a residential area with Mane street acting as both a movie set and the towns commercial district.

Hundreds of Westerns and early television shows were filmed in Pioneertown, including The Cisco Kid and Edgar Buchanan's Judge Roy Bean. Dick Curtis, Roy Rogers and Russell Hayden were some of the original developers and investors. Gene Autry filmed his weekly show in town for five years, using the buildings and businesses as part of the film set.

The Pioneer Bowl is still an operating bowling alley. The third building to be built in Pioneertown, Pioneer Bowl was used for recreation for the residents, actors and crew after filming. Roy Rogers made the front page of the local newspaper when he opened the bowl with a strike on Lane one. He bowled a 211 game in his cowboy boots with Dale Evans and 200 town folk watching.

Bowling leagues were an active part of American culture, and dozens of businesses had leagues at Pioneer Bowl, especially after western films were no longer being made in town. Many locals remember being pin boys for the bowl until some of the first automatic pinsetters made by Brunswick were installed.

The Thompson and White family partnership built the bowl in 1946. Mrs. White volunteered to be the first postmistress of Pioneertown, and the first post office was located inside the bowling alley.

The werewolf movie Howling 7 was filmed in Pioneertown and used many of its locals as cast members.

In 2020, Pioneertown's Mane Street area was recognized as a historic district by the National Register of Historic Places.

21st century
, Pioneertown had a population of 420.

In July 2006, parts of Pioneertown were burned in the Sawtooth Complex fire, which also burned into Yucca Valley and Morongo Valley. Firefighters managed to save the historic movie-set buildings, but much of the surrounding desert habitat was damaged. Among the buildings saved was Pappy & Harriet's Pioneertown Palace, a longtime local club and landmark built within the town's original and only gas station, which counts among its regular patrons notable musicians, including Eric Burdon and Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin.

Mane Street in downtown Pioneertown is open to the public.

As Pioneertown is a working movie set, commercial production and photography is allowed by permit only.

On January 18, 2019, the Kidz Bop Kids used Pioneertown as the set for their music video for the cover of Lil Nas X's song, "Old Town Road".

In 2023, San Bernardino County officials announced plans to apply generic commercial zoning to Pioneertown's historic district.

As a tourist town, Pioneertown offers reenacted western-style gun shows, live music, a film museum, pottery classes, and horse camping.

Notable people

 * Nancy Wilson (1937–2018), jazz singer and actress

title: Pioneertown, California


text:
User talk:Kanadier~enwiki

Typically I don't know what I'm doing, as I'm still learning how to edit things. Feel free to correct me but be civilised about it.

I apologize for my comments on Talk:Liberal Party of Canada. They were unfair to you. I am a bit cranky because an irresponsible editor has been running around labelling everything "social democratic" to see what sticks. I should not have taken this out on you. Please accept my apologies. I hope that you enjoy your time on Wikipedia. Kevintoronto 20:03, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kanadier. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kanadier~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:50, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:47, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kanadier~enwiki


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Rockefeller

Rockefeller is a German surname, originally given to people from the now-abandoned village of Rockenfeld near Neuwied in the Rhineland and commonly referring to subjects associated with the Rockefeller family. It may refer to:

Rockefeller family

 * John D. Rockefeller Sr. (1839–1937), founder of the Standard Oil Company
 * Laura Spelman Rockefeller (1839–1915), wife of John D.R., namesake of Spelman College
 * William Rockefeller (1841–1922), brother of John D.R.
 * Bessie Rockefeller Strong (1866–1906), daughter of John D.R.
 * Alta Rockefeller Prentice (1871–1962), daughter of John D.R., founder Alta House (settlement house)
 * Edith Rockefeller McCormick (1872–1932), daughter of John D.R., feminist, philanthropist
 * John D. Rockefeller Jr. (Junior) (1874–1960), son of Senior
 * Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (1874–1948), wife of Junior
 * Percy Avery Rockefeller (1878–1934), son of William
 * Margaret Rockefeller Strong de Larraín, Marquesa de Cuevas (1897–1985), daughter of Bessie Rockefeller Strong, granddaughter of Laura Spellman Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller
 * James Stillman Rockefeller (1902–2004), grandson of William, a gold medal winner at the 1924 Paris Olympics, president of The First National City Bank of New York, now Citibank
 * John D. Rockefeller III (1906–1978), third-generation, grandson of John D.R.
 * Nelson Rockefeller (1908–1979), third-generation, 41st vice president of the United States and 49th governor of New York
 * Laurance Rockefeller (1910–2004), third-generation, conservationist
 * Winthrop Rockefeller (1912–1973), third-generation, governor of Arkansas
 * David Rockefeller (1915–2017), third-generation, banker and statesman, founder of the Trilateral Commission
 * John D. "Jay" Rockefeller IV (born 1937), fourth-generation, Democratic U.S. Senator for West Virginia
 * Michael Rockefeller (1938 – c. 1961), fourth-generation, youngest son of Nelson and his first wife
 * Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (1948–2006), Republican lieutenant governor of Arkansas
 * Richard Rockefeller (1949–2014), fourth-generation, physician, son of David
 * Mark Rockefeller (born 1967), fourth-generation, son of Nelson

Other people with the name

 * Alan Rockefeller, American mycologist

 * Clark Rockefeller (born Christian Karl Gerhartsreiter, 1961), convicted murderer and impostor
 * Jim Rockefeller, inventor of the Rockefeller Yankee, a fiberglass-bodied sports car
 * Lewis K. Rockefeller (1875–1948), US Representative from New York, Republican; not a member of the John D. Rockefeller branch of the family dynasty

Places

 * John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway, a road between Yellowstone National Park and Grand Teton National Park
 * Laurance S. Rockefeller Preserve, a preserved area within Grand Teton National Park
 * Rockefeller State Park Preserve, a state park in New York State

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Beto Rockfeller, a 1968 Brazilian telenovela
 * "Rockefeller Street," a song by Estonian singer Getter Jaani
 * Rockefeller Street (album), the song's parent album
 * "The Rockafeller Skank", a song by British musician Fatboy Slim

Institutions

 * Rockefeller Brothers Fund, principal third-generation philanthropy
 * Rockefeller Center, a major New York City building complex
 * Rockefeller College, a residential college at Princeton University
 * Rockefeller Foundation, principal family philanthropic organization
 * Rockefeller Group, former owner of Rockefeller Center
 * Rockefeller Institute of Government, a public policy research unit which conducts studies related to government in the United States
 * Rockefeller Museum, an archaeological museum in Jerusalem
 * Rockefeller Music Hall, a music venue in Oslo, Norway
 * Rockefeller University, a private research university in New York City

Other uses

 * Oysters Rockefeller, a dish made with oysters
 * Rockefeller drug laws

title: Rockefeller


text:
Framing hammer

A framing hammer is a form of claw hammer used for heavy wood construction, particularly house framing and concrete formwork. It is a heavy duty with a straight claw and a wood, metal, or fiberglass handle. Head weights vary from 20 to 32 ounces (567 to 907 grams) for steel, and 12 to 16 ounces (340 to 454 grams) for titanium. Heavy heads, longer handles and milled faces allow for driving large nails quickly into dimensional lumber. Other features include a sharp checkerboard "milled" face for gripping nails, and, since the 1980s, an unusually large and short face for increasing driving area without increasing weight.

Extremely straight claws, large, short face, and exceptionally long handles, including with a curved hatchet-styled grip, are traits of what is known as a "California framer".

Characteristics
The milled face of the head consists of a waffle-like grid of small four sided pyramids. Nails typically used for framing have a grid of intersecting raised metal lines on the head of the nail. The raised marks on the head of the hammer grip this grid, which helps to prevent the hammer from sliding off the nail head when striking a nail. Since the frame typically will not be seen on the finished house, the inevitable marring of wood surfaces by the milled hammer face is not an issue. A hammer with a smooth striking surface is known as a finishing hammer and is used where marring of the wood is to be avoided for cosmetic reasons. Some framing hammers have a magnetized slot along the top edge of the striking surface to hold a nail. This allows the nail to be placed and driven quickly with just one hand.

The straight claw serves the dual purpose of removing nails and acting as a crow bar to pry apart (rip) lumber. It does not have as much leverage for removing nails as a curved claw hammer when using the face of the claw as the fulcrum, but the handle can be pulled to the side to greatly increase leverage by using a very short fulcrum. For pulling nails, a wooden block can be placed under the head of the hammer close to the nail to increase leverage.

Wooden handles are usually made of hickory, an extremely tough wood, but can be readily broken if one misses the nail and hits the handle instead. Broken wooden handles can often be replaced. Single piece steel hammers are available and are the most durable, but typically do not absorb the shock of the hammer blows well. Fiberglass is becoming a common handle material due to its increased durability and shock and vibration absorbing capabilities. Steel and fiberglass handles generally have rubber or rubber-like grips for increased comfort and better grip. Low quality rubber handled hammers are known to often separate from the hammer and cause injury to the user. Wooden hammers have relatively little grip, which can allow the hammer to slide from the hand. Some carpenters and other users prefer this, as they can begin a stroke by gripping the hammer towards the center of the handle, and allow the handle to slide through their hand as they swing. This allows greater control during the beginning of the stroke, but increased leverage and more power when the hammer actually strikes the nail.

Light weight titanium heads with longer handles allow for increased velocity, resulting in greater energy delivery, while decreasing arm fatigue and risk of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Framing hammers have increasingly been replaced by nail guns for the majority of nails driven on a wood-framed house.

title: Framing hammer