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Castle Mountain

Castle Mountain (Miistukskoowa) is a mountain located within Banff National Park in the Canadian Rockies, approximately halfway between Banff and Lake Louise. It is the easternmost mountain of the Main Ranges in the Bow Valley and sits astride the Castle Mountain Fault which has thrust older sedimentary and metamorphic rocks forming the upper part of the mountain over the younger rocks forming its base. The mountain's castellated, or castle-like, appearance is a result of erosive processes acting at different rates on the peak's alternating layers of softer shale and harder limestone, dolomite and quartzite.

The mountain was named in 1858 by James Hector for its castle-like appearance. From 1946 to 1979 it was known as Mount Eisenhower in honour of the World War II general Dwight D. Eisenhower. Public pressure caused its original name to be restored, but a pinnacle on the southeastern side of the mountain was named Eisenhower Tower. Located nearby are the remains of Silver City, a 19th-century mining settlement, and the Castle Mountain Internment Camp in which persons deemed enemy aliens and suspected enemy sympathizers were confined during World War I.

While looking nearly inaccessible from the Trans-Canada Highway, the peak can be ascended from the backside on the northeastern slopes. The trail to Rockbound Lake leads hikers around the eastern side. The massif contains several high points including Helena Ridge (2862 m), Stuart Knob (2850 m) and Television Peak (2970 m), the latter being named for the TV repeater located on top. Technicians use a helicopter rather than hiking the long ascent to the top.

Geology
Castle Mountain is the easternmost member of the Main Ranges in the Bow Valley. Passing through the mountain is the Castle Mountain Fault, a thrust fault which separates it and the other nearby peaks of the Main Ranges from the Sawback Range to the northeast, the westernmost of the Front Ranges in the region. Castle Mountain's upper sections, including its cliff faces, consist of late Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian age sedimentary rocks such as limestone and shale along with some metamorphic quartzite. Originally deposited in an ancient shallow sea, these deposits were later thrust over younger layers of late Paleozoic and Mesozoic age which now form the forested, gently sloping, base of Castle Mountain. It is an example of a castellated mountain in which erosion has sculpted a series of flat or gently sloping terraces composed of softer shale and sharp cliffs which reveal alternating layers of shale interspersed by harder layers of quartzite, dolomite and limestone.

First Nations land claim
On January 25, 2017, the Government of Canada and the Siksika Nation announced an agreement to settle a land claim in the region of Castle Mountain, known as Miistukskoowa to the Siksika. The agreement ended an outstanding claim dating back to the 1880s when land located at Castle Mountain was set aside as a timber berth for the use and benefit of the First Nation. The basis of the claim was that these lands were wrongfully taken from the First Nation in 1908 without their consent and without proper compensation. In 1911, these lands at Castle Mountain were added to Rocky Mountain Park, now known as Banff National Park. The agreement provides the Siksika Nation with approximately $123 million in financial compensation, the option to purchase on the open market up to 17,491 acres of land outside of the boundaries of Banff National Park and apply to Canada to have the lands added to its reserve, economic opportunities inside Banff National Park, and ongoing park access for cultural, traditional and educational purposes. First Nation members voted to approve the settlement on March 4, 2016. Canada gave its final approval on August 15, 2016.

History
James Hector, who accompanied the Palliser Expedition, encountered Castle Mountain in August 1858 while leading a side expedition to find the headwaters of the Bow River. He noted that it "...looks exactly like a gigantic castle" and named it Castle Mountain. He also made the first recorded ascent of its slopes, but is not believed to have reached its summit. The official journal of the Palliser Expedition records his ascent:

"At 1,000 feet above the valley, before we had got quite out of the woods, we came to a cliff, about 80 feet high, composed of quartzite and indurated sandstone of a pinkish hue; the beds were nearly horizontal, and as they seem to continue so all the way to the top of the mountain, which is at least 3,000 feet higher, these quartzites must be the lowest beds I saw. [...] Above the point is a grassy slope, having an inclination of 33°, and so slippery that it was only with great trouble that we got over it; it would seem to indicate the occurrence of some soft beds that have weathered into the slope. After this we reached the first of the cliff ranges that are so conspicuous from the valley below; it was composed of quartzite, passing into a conglomerate of pebbles of milk quartz and other rocks.  When 2,000 feet above the valley we passed round to the N[orth] side of the mountain, and found that a deep valley separated it from a lower spur composed of splintery shale of a dull red colour. The mass of the mountain, which yet rose more than 2,000 feet above us, seemed to be composed of thick-bedded limestones, and these breaking away as the soft shales below them have been destroyed has given rise to the castellated appearance."

The first known climber to reach the top of Castle Mountain was Arthur P. Coleman, a professor at the University of Toronto, in 1884. Lawrence Grassi and P. Cerutti, both from Canmore, were the first to climb Eisenhower Tower in 1926.

In 1881, Joe Healy received some ore in trade from an Indigenous person which was discovered to contain a relatively high silver content. The following year he settled at Castle Mountain as a prospector. News of Healy's ore soon spread; others began to arrive and the settlement of Silver City, situated near Castle Mountain, quickly developed. It was already thriving when the Canadian Pacific transcontinental railroad was built through the area in 1884. Over three thousand people lived there at its height, but it was almost entirely abandoned in 1885 because the mines failed to yield a significant profit.

Situated nearby is Castle Mountain Internment Camp, a First World War internment camp where Ukrainian immigrants to Canada were confined. Life in the camps was often described as 'grim'; with its isolated location far from the roads of the time, the Castle Mountain camp was an ideal place to confine 'enemy aliens' and 'suspected enemy sympathisers'. The forced labour of these men helped build much of the infrastructure of Banff National Park. Internees were held at the Cave & Basin site during the winter months.

Construction began in 1910 at Castle Junction on a highway connecting British Columbia to Calgary that would, upon its completion in the early 1920s, make Castle Mountain more accessible to climbers, hikers and other tourists.

At a meeting of the Ottawa Canadian Club in January 1946 at which World War II general Dwight D. Eisenhower was a guest speaker, Prime Minister Mackenzie King renamed Castle Mountain in his honour. Alluding to Scotland's recent gift to Eisenhower of a castle, King said, "We haven't any ancient castles, but we have something more enduring, we have ancient mountains ... we have a mountain named Castle and we have thought that to change the name to Mount Eisenhower we would pay a tribute in the form of permanency expressing our admiration years after the castle in Scotland has completely disappeared." Immediate reaction was mixed; many Banff residents approved, but a telegram sent to King in the name of "members of the ski clubs and climbing clubs of the Rocky Mountains" protested the "inappropriate name of Eisenhower Peak". By the 1970s, increasing displeasure at the new name was being voiced by Banff area residents through petitions submitted to the Alberta Heritage Sites Board for the restoration of the original name. A change of name was already planned by 1976, but its implementation was delayed to avoid causing offense on account of the United States Bicentennial commemorations taking place that year. The mountain was officially renamed Castle Mountain in November 1979, but an isolated pinnacle at the southeastern end was designated Eisenhower Tower.

Scramble route
While the peak presents a formidable challenge to climb when viewed from the highway, the mountain can be ascended by first hiking to Rockbound Lake which is located on the easier backside. A break in a cliff band provides access to a route above the lake. The ascent is a very long day when undertaken from the trailhead and can easily require 12 hours for a return trip. This cannot be shortened as random backcountry camping is not permitted in the area. The Castle Mountain Hut on the southern side could be used but requires technical rock climbing skills and possibly a rope to access it. While the normal scrambling route reached via Rockbound Lake is primarily a long slog, there is no discernible trail once one reaches the top of the "big hill" overlooking the lake and requires moderate scrambling abilities and a bit of route finding to ascend the gully leading to the upper bench. If pressed for time or a different objective, Helena Ridge is basically a scree slog straight up although a lingering snowfield in the gully above the big hill may provide some relief. Snow patches often linger on the upper routes even in late summer so an ice axe should be considered.

Climbing routes
There are numerous rock climbing routes available on the mountain, the most common routes being:
 * Bass Buttress
 * Brewer Buttress
 * Ultra Brewers
 * Eisenhower Tower

title: Castle Mountain


text:
User:Smegalicious

It's-a me-a. My name is actually Alex.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Smegalicious


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Goddess Rinoa

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:02, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Goddess Rinoa
Vanity article about an administrator of a message board that does not (and should not) have its own article. -- Antaeus Feldspar 19:59, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Seeing as this is an anniversary present for the said person, (whom know's nothing of this as of yet) and that it would probably be temporary, I do not see a reason for it to be taken down (at least not just yet). And just what says and/or qualifies our message board ineligable for an article? The fact that its not the biggest and the best of them all? Please enlighten us on your decision. - Trent Nomagi 2:45 PM 19 Feb 2005

 * Please read What Wikipedia is not. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:42, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. I appreciate what you're trying to do, but as Antaeus points out, Wikipedia is not a web hosting service.  Note the fundraising banner at the top of the page—there are real dollar costs associated with maintaining Wikipedia, and maintaining fan pages isn't where those dollars are meant to be going.  If a sound argument can be made that the message board is encyclopedic, then some of its admins might be mentioned in the message board's article. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 22:09, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Apparently the  Zelda Infinite Message Board is not considered worthy of an encyclopedia article by (there is none at the moment), so why should an administrator be more important?   Also, the "information" given in the article is just chitchat, and does not belong in an encyclopedia.   --   If it is indeed an anniversary present for the said person, that is exactly a reason for the article to be deleted.  Aleph4 21:18, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Vanity, and article is nonencyclopedic. Trent, it's not that your message board isn't the largest and best; I'm sure it's a great board. But we try to limit articles to truly encyclopedic material here. Granted, we are able to include far more information than traditional paper encyclopedias, but Wikipedia is not a web directory. A few message boards do have articles here, but it does not appear that Zelda Infinite has so far had the kind of reach or impact that those few have had. Please don't let this discourage you from contributing in other areas. — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 23:55, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 23:57, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Prince Kan'in Kotohito

Prince Kan'in Kotohito (閑院宮載仁親王) was the sixth head of a cadet branch of the Japanese imperial family, and a career army officer who served as Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff from 1931 to 1940. During his tenure as the Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, the Imperial Japanese Army committed numerous war crimes against Chinese civilians including the Nanjing massacre and the systemic use of chemical and bacteriological weapons. Prince Kan'in Kotohito died several months before the end of the Second World War and was not tried for war crimes.

Early years
Prince Kotohito was born in Kyoto on November 10, 1865, as the sixteenth son of Prince Fushimi Kuniye (1802–1875). His father was the twentieth head of the Fushimi-no-miya, one of the four shinnōke, branches of the Imperial Family which were eligible to succeed to the throne if the main line should die out. Since the infant mortality rate in the main imperial household was quite high, Emperor Kōmei, the father of Emperor Meiji, adopted Prince Kotohito as a potential heir. Prince Kotohito was thus the adopted brother of Emperor Meiji and a great uncle to both Emperor Shōwa and his consort, Empress Kōjun.

Prince Kotohito was initially sent to Sambō-in monzeki temple at the age of three to be raised as a Buddhist monk, but was selected in 1872 to revive the Kan'in-no-miya, another of the shinnōke households, which had gone extinct upon the death of the fifth head, Prince Naruhito.

Marriage and family
On December 19, 1891, Prince Kotohiko married Sanjō Chieko (January 30, 1872 – March 19, 1947), a daughter of Prince Sanjō Sanetomi. The couple had seven children: five daughters and two sons.

 * 1) Prince Kan'in Atsuhito (篤仁王)
 * 2) Princess Kan'in Yukiko (恭子女王)
 * 3) Princess Kan'in Shigeko (茂子女王)
 * 4) Princess Kan'in Sueko (季子女王)
 * 5) Prince Kan'in Haruhito (閑院宮春仁王)
 * 6) Princess Kan'in Hiroko (寛子女王)
 * 7) Princess Kan'in Hanako (華子女王)

Early military career

Prince Kan'in entered the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1877 and graduated in 1881. Emperor Meiji sent him as a military attaché to France in 1882 to study military tactics and technology. He graduated from the Army Staff College in 1894, specializing in cavalry. He commanded the 1st Cavalry Regiment from 1897 to 1899.

Kan'in became a veteran of both the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). He was appointed to command the 2nd Cavalry Brigade in 1901. He rose to the rank of lieutenant general in 1905 and became the commander of the IJA 1st Division in 1906, and the Imperial Guard Division in 1911. He was promoted to the rank of full general and became a Supreme War Councilor in 1912. He was further promoted to become the youngest field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army in 1919. In 1921, he accompanied then-Crown Prince Hirohito on his tour of Europe.

Career in the Imperial General Headquarters
On December 1, 1931, Prince Kan'in became Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, replacing General Kanaya Hanzo. During his tenure, the Imperial Japanese Army committed many war crimes against Chinese civilians including the Nanjing massacre and the systemic use of chemical and bacteriological weapons. Chemical weapons, such as tear gas, were used only sporadically in 1937, but in the spring of 1938, the Imperial Japanese Army began full-scale use of sneeze and nausea gas (red), and from summer 1939, mustard gas (yellow) was used against both Kuomintang and Communist Chinese troops. Prince Kan'in transmitted to the Army the emperor's first directive (rinsanmei) authorizing the use of chemical weapons on July 28, 1937. He transmitted a second order on September 11 authorizing the deployment of special chemical warfare units to Shanghai. On April 11, 1938, Directive Number 11 was issued in his name, authorizing further use of poison gas in Inner Mongolia.

Kan'in, among others within the army, opposed Prime Minister Yonai Mitsumasa's efforts to improve relations with the United States and the United Kingdom. He forced the resignation of War Minister General Hata Shunroku (1879–1962), thus bringing down the Yonai cabinet in July 1940. The Prince was a participant in the liaison conferences between the military chiefs of staff and the second cabinet of Prince Konoe Fumimaro (June 1940–July 1941). Both he and Lieutenant General Hideki Tojo, the newly appointed War Minister, supported the Tripartite Pact and Anti-Comintern Pact between the Empire of Japan, Nazi Germany, and Fascist Italy.

Final years and death
Kan'in retired as Chief of the General Staff on October 3, 1940, and was succeeded by Sugiyama Hajime. He remained a member of the Supreme War Council and a senior advisor to the emperor on army matters. Field Marshal Prince Kan'in died in Odawara, Kanagawa at the Kan'in summer residence, possibly due to an infection caused by inflamed hemorrhoids on May 21, 1945, and was accorded a state funeral.

The Prince was a strong supporter of State Shinto; with Hiranuma Kiichirō he set up the Shintoist Rites Research Council to research all ancient Shinto rites and practices. Other associates were Kuniaki Koiso, Lieutenant General Heisuke Yanagawa, who directed the Taisei Yokusankai and Chikao Fujisawa, member of the Diet of Japan, who proposed a law that Shinto should be reaffirmed as Japan's state religion.

His only son, Prince Kan'in Haruhito, succeeded him as the seventh and last head of the Kan'in-no-miya (閑院宮) household.

Honours
He received the following orders and decorations:
 * Empire of Japan:
 * Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
 * Order of the Golden Kite, 1st Class
 * undefined: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 5 October 1895
 * Russian Empire: Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, 2 November 1898
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Royal Order of Leopold, with Swords, 28 April 1900
 * Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Order of the Annunciation, 20 May 1900
 * Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class, 29 May 1900
 * Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, 7 June 1900
 * German Empire:
 * Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, 23 June 1900
 * Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown, with Swords, 22 June 1906
 * Hohenzollern: Cross of Honour of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern, 1st Class, with Swords, 18 November 1905
 * Qing dynasty: Order of the Double Dragon, Class I Grade II, 27 January 1904
 * undefined: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1921

title: Prince Kan'in Kotohito


text:
Talk:Castle Mountain

Outside Banff NP?
Since when is Castle Mountain located outside of Banff National Park? I'm looking at my MapArt Alberta Road Atlas and it clearly shows Castle Mountain nestled midway between Lake Louise and Banff, well within the park. I'm puzzled. 23skidoo 15:38, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It clearly is, right in the middle of the park, also confirmed by mapquest. Just go ahead and change that (there was no controversy on the subject). - Qyd(talk)15:53, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Shall do. There is precedent for Alberta to have different geographical features with the same name (though I can't think of any offhand), so I didn't want to jump into it and find the article might have been about another Castle Mtn. 23skidoo 16:01, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Castle Mountain


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Institute of Applied Economic Research

The Institute of Applied Economic Research (Portuguese: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Ipea) is a Brazilian government-led research organization dedicated to generation of macroeconomical, sectorial and thematic studies in order to base government planning and policy making.

It was created as EPEA in 1964 with as its first director Joao Paulo dos Reis Veloso, who later became Minister of Planning. It received support in its early years from the so-called Berkeley Group under the leadership of Albert Fishlow. As of January 2005, it had about 560 employees. It maintains libraries in Brasilia and Rio de Janeiro.

title: Institute of Applied Economic Research


text:
André Rouvoet

André Rouvoet (born 4 January 1962) is a retired Dutch politician of the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) party and later the Christian Union (CU) party and jurist. He is the chairman of the executive board of the Healthcare Insurance association (ZN) since 1 February 2012.

Rouvoet applied at the Free University Amsterdam in June 1982 majoring in Philosophy of law and obtaining a Bachelor of Laws degree in July 1984 and worked as a student researcher before graduating with a Master of Laws degree in July 1986. Rouvoet worked as a political consultant for the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) from September 1986 until November 1987 and for the Marnix van St. Aldegonde Foundation from November 1987 until May 1994 as a researcher from November 1987 until January 1989 and as director from January 1989 until May 1994. Rouvoet also worked as a political science teacher at an Evangelical School for Journalism in Amersfoort from September 1989 until July 1993. Rouvoet was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1994, taking office on 17 May 1994. On 22 January 2000 the Reformatory Political Federation and the Reformed Political League (GVP) choose to merge in a political alliance to form the Christian Union. Member of the Senate Kars Veling of the Reformed Political League was choose as the first Leader of the Christian Union and became the Lijsttrekker (top candidate) of the Christian Union for the election of 2002. The Christian Union had 5 seats in the House of House of Representatives previously held by the Reformed Political League and the Reformatory Political Federation and suffered a small loss, losing 1 seat and now had 4 seats in the House of Representatives with Veling being partially blamed for the defeat. Veling took responsibility for the defeat and subsequently announced his retirement from national politics and that he was stepping down as Leader and Parliamentary leader of the Christian Union in the House of House of Representatives in November 2002. Rouvoet soon thereafter announced his candidacy for the Christian Union leadership and won unopposed and succeeded Veling as Leader and Parliamentary leader in the House of House of Representatives on 12 November 2002.

For the election of 2003 Rouvoet served as Lijsttrekker of the Christian Union. The Christian Union suffered a small loss, losing 1 seat and now had 3 seats in the House of Representatives. For the election of 2006 Rouvoet served again as Lijsttrekker. The Christian Union made a win, gaining 3 seats and now had 6 seats in the House of Representatives. The following cabinet formation of 2006-2007 resulted in a coalition agreement between the Christian Union, the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the Labour Party (PvdA) which formed the Cabinet Balkenende IV with Rouvoet appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Youth and Family Policy, taking office on 22 February 2007. The Cabinet Balkenende IV fell on 20 February 2010 and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity with Rouvoet appointed as Minister of Education, Culture and Science following the resignation Ronald Plasterk dual serving in both positions, taking office on 23 February 2010. For the election of 2010 Rouvoet served for a third and last time as Lijsttrekker. The Christian Union suffered a small loss, losing 1 seat and now had 5 seats in the House of Representatives. Rouvoet subsequently returned as a Member of the House of Representatives and as Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives, taking office on 17 June 2010. The Cabinet Balkenende IV was replaced by the Cabinet Rutte I on 14 October 2010. On 28 April 2011 Rouvoet unexpectedly announced his retirement from national politics and that he was stepping down as Leader and Parliamentary leader in the House of House of Representatives and was succeeded by his long serving Deputy Arie Slob but retained his seat in the House of Representatives and continued to serve as a backbencher until his resignation on 19 May 2011.

Rouvoet retired from active politic and became active in the public sector and occupies numerous seats as a nonprofit director on several boards of directors and supervisory boards (International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Netherlands, Present Foundation, Bartiméus Fonds and STUDIO'van De Balie) and served on several state commissions and councils on behalf of the government (Divorce Challenge Comité and the Youth-care Abuse Investigation). On 24 October 2011 Rouvoet was nominated as chairman of the executive board of the Healthcare Insurance association (ZN) serving since 1 February 2012.

Early life
Rouvoet was born in Hilversum. After attending a Protestant primary school in Hilversum, Rouvoet continued at a Protestant gymnasium, specializing in humanities until 1980. In 1981 he began to study law at the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam where he received his LL.M. degree in philosophy of law in 1986. During his study he became assistant to the Reformatory Political Federation party. He also was chairperson of the Reformatory Political Federation branch in Hilversum and later in Maarssen.

Between 1986 and 1987 he combined working for the Foundation of Schools of Protestant Christian Children's Homes, and an assistantship at the RPF parliamentary party. After that he became an employee and later director (in 1989) of the Marnix van St. Aldegonde Foundation, the scientific foundation linked to the RPF, as such he was member of the committee on the party's election manifesto for 1989 elections. During this period he also taught political science at the Evangelical School for Journalism in Amersfoort.

Politics
In the Dutch general election of 1994 Rouvoet was heavily involved in the programmatic preparation of the election. He was editor of the party's election manifesto and the party's manifesto of principals. Rouvoet was also a candidate in these elections. The RPF won considerably and Rouvoet was elected to the House of Representatives. He immediately became secretary of the RPF political party. Rouvoet was member of the parliamentary research committee on the IRT affair, which involved failures in a criminal investigation unit. In 1997 he was made fellow of the Marnix van Sint Aldegonde Foundation.

After the Dutch general election of 1998 Rouvoet became a member of the presidium of the House of Representatives. In 2000 Rouvoet published the book "Politics with a Heart. a reflection on politics and morality". In 2001 the RPF united with another Protestant-Christian party, the Reformed Political League, to become the ChristianUnion. When its parliamentary party was formed Rouvoet became secretary of the parliamentary party. After the unexpected Dutch general election of 2002, Rouvoet became party leader of the ChristianUnion. He led the party in the Dutch general election of 2003, which also ended in defeat.

In 2005 Rouvoet's star rose as his party, together with the Pim Fortuyn List, Geert Wilders and the Socialist Party, opposed the European Constitution in the 2005 referendum. This proposal was subsequently rejected by the Dutch electorate, three days after the French had turned it down.

As a member of parliament, Rouvoet served as spokesperson for Justice, Finance, Health, Antillian and European Affairs. He was particularly involved in the debate on moral values and norms, which was initiated by Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende.

In 2007 he became Minister of Youth and Family and deputy prime minister of the Netherlands. As minister he was responsible for Youth, Children and Family affairs. His post was one of the two newly formed 'programme ministers'. His office was housed at the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, but civil servants of other departments also worked directly for the programme ministry. The ministry had a budget of its own, among which were the child benefits and youth care budget.

Rouvoet in 2003 received the Johan Rudolph Thorbecke award for eloquence and was elected "Politician of the Year 2004" by the parliamentary press.

Personal
Rouvoet is married to Liesbeth Rouvoet, a medical doctor; they have been married since 1986 and have 4 daughters and 1 son. He lives in Woerden and is a member of the Christian Reformed Churches. His hobbies include snooker.

title: André Rouvoet


text:
A Treatise on White Magic

A Treatise on White Magic is a book by Alice Bailey. It is considered to be among the most important by students of her writings, as it is less abstract than most, and deals with many important subjects of her works in an introductory, even programmatic fashion. It was first published in 1934 with the subtitle 'The Way of the Disciple'. She promulgated White Magic as a discipline to serve humanity.

It is an esoteric text, which Bailey said was dictated telepathically by the Tibetan Master, Djwal Khul. It is offered as a "basic textbook" for the Western aspirant to initiation, and is divided into fifteen rules of magic, each one taking the reader further into the mysteries of spirituality.

Topics discussed include: how an aspirant can best prepare himself for service, the various ray types of their influences, the relationship between the macrocosm and microcosm, the spiritual, causal, astral and physical realms and their interactions, the spiritual psychology of man (although this is dealt with much more fully in the Esoteric Psychology volumes), The Hierarchy of Masters, esoteric groups and schools, the spiritual centres (or chakras), the occult concept of the Seven Rays, meditation work and much more. One of the main themes is that of soul control.

Ultimate purpose of White Magic
Students of the works of Alice A. Bailey and Theosophy believe that the ultimate purpose of White Magic is furtherance of the spiritual and material evolution of humanity. Specifically, this evolution is conceived in terms of the increased benevolent manifestation of seven spiritual energies or Seven Rays. It is further believed that adept practitioners of White Magic, wielding the power of the Seven Rays, can contribute to this evolution.

The seven rays antific, philosophical, or practical. Students of these schools of thought think that the primary purpose of White Magic is the evolution of culture through the energy of Love-Wisdom (The second ray—the primary ray of which the other six rays are secondary expressions, because the second ray of Love-Wisdom is the ray of the Solar Logos, the governing deity of the Solar System.)

In the Theosophical Movement FAQ, Katinka Hesselink says of the founder of Theosophy [H. P. Blavatsky] that "She considered there to be two kinds of magic: black and white. White magic could only be performed by those pure of heart, mind and body - anything else was by definition black, because tinged with selfishness."

title: A Treatise on White Magic


text: Category:World Heritage Sites in Ukraine


text:
User talk:Cathedral

Hello,

and welcome to my artical. Today I am going to discuss a... prety much world wide problem. President Bush, in my opinion he is terrible. Have you seen how many people are dead or injured because of this war? Some people tell me it cant be helped so just give up in four years there will be a new president. Whell they told me that four years ago to. BUSH IS STILL OUR PRESIDENT. I think this is terrible. But I am going to pretend to act like two people and have a discusion about Bush. Please finish the disscusion and think about America... and the rest of the world.

DISCUSION

1:I think BUsh is terrible, have you seen how many people are losing jobs. 2:Yes, but that happened to help our country and the world. 1:So, this is what you are telling me; Bush is making our country weak... to help us. How is that? 2:He is stopping terorists and showing others don't mess with america! 1: It dosent matter he is spennding all of Americas $ on Iraq; Bush worrie about Ameica your not president of Iraq!!!

pleas finish discusion

no info from websites

title: User talk:Cathedral


text:
Talk:Herodotos

Herodotos: authentic without authenticity

 * Sotos: Oh, why is this template empty? Granpa, are you lonely?

 * Herodotos: My son, I sit here all day and eat my nails. Nobody cares about me. I wrote a hole book of history. I travelled to the devil's horn to collect data. Didn't have P.C. or at least a typewriter. Thought I was doing something important, look where I am now. The Anglo-Saxons have taken the lead and they care only for their own people...

 * Sotos: Worry not, old man. I'm free until 01.35. I've got cigarettes and a glass of brandy. I'll keep you company and say something for you.

 * Herodotos: But, my son, you are no historian...

 * Sotos: Why, were you?

 * Herodotos: (...)

He was called the "father of history". The fact is that he has nothing to do with history as we consider it today. Literature would be closer, but not even that. These are just labels.

Imagine a man to wake up. It's the dawn of history. Everything is new and unknown. Nothing is certain. Anything is possible to happen. God may exist and appears too. Satan the same.

The man starts to invent names to describe the world. He is innocent and pure in his heart. So he believes anything he is told. Someone meets him, see how frail he is and makes fun at him. Or maybe he himself doesn't know what this world is about. Our man writes down everything he hears so that they will not get lost.

Future people will decide which is which, true from lies. There is a philosophy that deals with that need. Phenomenalism?

Nothing is wasted — everything is collected, no matter how futile, and stored. We have time more than we need.

He wrote about people born bold (as without hair), and about aunts big as dogs, chasing humans and eating them. We laugh today. But could he really have known back then? Of course he was no historian, but he was the best historian he could be at the time and he made a start. Some of what he wrote turned out to be true. Habbits of people — Egyptians and others. Today these people do no longer exist. Sometimes he became a geographer, trying to find out how the Nile flows inside the desert.

Where were his sources?

Wow, it's limitted...

--213.5.49.216 20:01, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia policy
It is Wikipedia policy that things be under their MOST COMMON name. Please move "Herodotos" back to "Herodotus" where it was and where by Wikipedia policy it is supposed to be. In the article itself, he should also be called "Herodotus" as that is the way he is generally refered to in English (this IS the ENGLISH Wikipedia). But, by all means, include in the article all the data about the word "Herodotos" and how it relates to this guy. Thanks. 4.250.168.94 18:52, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Herodotos


text:
Dalton McGuinty Sr.

Dalton James Patrick McGuinty (August 13, 1926 – March 16, 1990) was a Canadian politician from Ontario. A member of the Ontario Liberal Party, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 1990. He represented the riding of Ottawa South. He had 10 children, including Dalton McGuinty who was Premier of Ontario from 2003 to 2013, and David McGuinty who has been a member of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Canada since 2004.

Background
McGuinty was born in Osceola, Ontario, to Charles McGuinty and Dora (Foley). The family later moved to Ottawa, Ontario. He was educated at Colgate University in Hamilton, New York, the University of Ottawa and Harvard Business School. He worked as professor of English at the University of Ottawa and served as a separate school trustee on the Ottawa Board of Education from 1972 to the end of 1986. His position as a separate school trustee ended in December 1986 when full funding for separate schools was implemented.

He was married to a nurse, Elizabeth Pexton, with whom he had six sons and four daughters. Two of his sons were notable politicians in their own right – former Premier of Ontario, Dalton McGuinty, and David McGuinty, a member of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Canada.

Politics
He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1987 provincial election, easily defeating his Progressive Conservative opponent in the constituency of Ottawa South. He served as a backbench supporter of David Peterson's government. From 1988 to 1989 he served as Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Skills Development.

He died on March 16, 1990, after suffering a heart attack while shoveling snow in his driveway. He was 63 years old.

His son, Dalton Jr., said his father entered politics because be believed he could do something for the average person. He said his father was interested in environmental and educational issues and taking care of seniors.

title: Dalton McGuinty Sr.


text:
Talk:Thirty Years of Maximum R&B

Wrong track name
I'm fairly certain track 21 on disc 2 is "Underture", not "Sparks" as listed. -Ryan —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * Thanks. I've changed the track name. I also removed the credits for the track, as I didn't know if they were still correct or not. Feel free to restore them if you know them to be correct. --PEJL 08:32, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

LP version
Wasn't there also an LP compilation released around 1985 of a similar title (25 Years of Maximum RnB, rather than 30) with many of their songs? It was a double-LP, but of course didn't include nearly as many songs as does this 4-CD box, with only about 20 minutes on each side of vinyl. It also had a similar cover shot, only with Roger standing at the front of the stage, looking down towards the audience, and Pete more in the background. It included stereo versions of Dogs, Doctor doctor, and Whiskey man, plus a version of I'm a boy very different from the one on My Generation: The Very Best of The Who (drums faster and less prominent, vocals, especially in the chorus, about a key higher). I think I could still dig this LP up from somewhere in my basement. --79.193.25.122 (talk) 12:25, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

 * My bad. After a few hours of googling, I found it's actually called The Who: The Best of the Last Ten Years '64-'74. See cover and tracklist here, and some more pictures of the inside here. In any case, it might be noteworthy as probably the first stereo releases of Dogs (with a longer outro fade than on Thirty Years of Maximum R&B), Doctor doctor, and Whiskey man, and with notably different mixes at least on both Whiskey man and Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde. --79.193.43.39 (talk) 21:37, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

Conflicts with CD liner notes
I have found several conflicts between track info here and those in the liner notes for the actual CD release from 1994. For example, the liner notes say the song "Twist And Shout" was recorded at Toronto CNE Stadium, not Shea Stadium in New York. Which is correct? And which is the correct track title for another track... Sparks or Underture? The liner notes say Underture. Joey.J (talk) 22:58, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Underture was never performed live, so it's probably a misprint. I don't know about Twist and Shout, though. Middle Eye 512 (talk) 20:27, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

Conflict with performance online
The performance online of "I'm a Man" from the 1989 tour (link below) features two horn players, no Steve "Boltz" Bolton, and no Jody Linscott. Are we sure the one on the set does not feature the horn players and does feature Bolton and Linscott? Here's the one online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPYBrwBtVz4

title: Talk:Thirty Years of Maximum R&B


text: Template:Website-stub

title: Template:Website-stub


text:
Aldo Buzzi

Aldo Buzzi (10 August 1910 – 9 October 2009) was an author and architect.

Born in Como, Italy, Buzzi graduated from the Milan School of Architecture in 1938. Though primarily an author of travel and gastronomy books, he also worked as an architect; as assistant director, scene writer, and screenwriter for various film production companies in the former Yugoslavia, and in Rome, Italy, and France. He edited the following films: La Kermesse héroïque, Ridolini e la collana della suocera e Ridolini esploratore, and Sette anni di guai, all produced by Editoriale Domus, 1945.

He was part of the third generation of Lombard line.

Publications

 * Taccuino dell'aiuto-regista (1944)
 * Quando la pantera rugge (1972)
 * Piccolo diario americano, illustrated by Saul Steinberg (1974)
 * L'uovo alla kok: ricette, curiosita (1979)
 * Viaggio in Terra delle mosche e altri viaggi (1994); translated into English by Ann Goldstein and published as Journey to the Land of the Flies (1996)
 * Cechov a Sondrio (1991)
 * A Weakness for Almost Everything (1999); translated by Ann Goldstein
 * The Perfect Egg and Other Secrets (2005); translated by Guido Waldman, illustrated by Saul Steinberg
 * Parliamo d'altro (2006)

title: Aldo Buzzi


text:
Category:Website stubs

Please consider adding an article to one of these other stub types; use from the list below:

 * Commerce websites: commerce-website-stub
 * Educational websites: edu-website-stub
 * Entertainment websites: entertainment-website-stub
 * Film websites: film-website-stub
 * Music websites: music-website-stub
 * Sports websites: sport-website-stub
 * Internet forums: internet-forum-stub
 * Literature websites: lit-website-stub
 * News websites: news-website-stub
 * Online dictionaries: online-dict-stub
 * Online magazines: webzine-stub
 * Political websites: poli-website-stub
 * Search engine websites: searchengine-website-stub
 * Social network services: socialnetwork-stub
 * Technology websites: tech-website-stub
 * Travel websites: travel-website-stub
 * Videogame websites: videogame-website-stub
 * Webcomics: webcomic-stub
 * Web portals: web-portal-stub
 * Wikimedia-related: Wikimedia-stub

title: Category:Website stubs


text:
User:Phronk

=General=

 * Linux distributions
 * List of GNU packages
 * GNU project software

 * The Embedded Linux Overview Quick Reference Guide
 * Embedded Linux Distributions Quick Reference Guide

Categories

 * Wikipedia: Linux ( user groups, companies, conferences, distributions ), free operating systems in general, other free software
 * Wikibooks: Linux

=Architectures=

 * Embedded Processor and System-on-Chip Quick Reference Guide

The Linux kernel has been ported to a variety of microprocessor families, including ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, SPARC, UltraSPARC, x86, 68000, IA-64. For a comprehensive listing, click here

Overview of each of the architectures

=Kernels=
 * Versions 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6
 * Architecture specific

=Device drivers=

=Toolchains=

=Real time=

 * Real-time Linux Software Quick Reference Guide

=Applications=

=Windowing and graphics=
 * The Embedded Linux GUI/Windowing Quick Reference Guide
 * X11
 * GNOME
 * KDE
 * Other pointers

=News=

 * Linuxdevices.com

title: User:Phronk


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anuzutica

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE.

Anuzutica
The article is a prank, created by anonymous AOL user. If there is such thing as an "Anuzutica," it is not central to Ethiopian culture, as the author asserts. Derg and Ethiopia both link to this article, after links added by anonymous AOL users (though with different IPs.) -- Gyrofrog 20:04, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC). Oh yeah, Delete. -- Gyrofrog 01:32, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC).
 * Delete. Appears to be a prank. Be sure to remove links from Ethiopia and Derg when it goes. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:23, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I had already done this, think I should I leave them as they were until the deletion? - Gyrofrog 01:29, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, no problem there; I just wanted to make sure that we have covered all the bases. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:21, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible hoax. Megan1967 01:43, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Why is this topic being deleted? So I sense ribald racism against the colored people of Ethiopia here? It truly saddens my heart that such archaic sentiments should rear their ugly head in an inclusive community like Wikipedia. - Anonymous Black Contributor
 * Above post is from 198.81.26.46, who linked to Anuzutica from the Ethiopia article on Feb. 19, and has already been listed at WP:VIP for vandalizing Ethiopia article on Feb. 20. -- Gyrofrog 04:01, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * My apologies. The edit actually originated from 198.81.26.42, which also happens to be an anonymous AOL address.  However, I somehow doubt that I've made a baseless accusation, and suspect that both IPs are the same user (or co-horts). In any case, if I'm not mistaken, anonymous votes here are not counted. -- Gyrofrog 04:52, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

My white brother, let me say this only once. For hundreds of years, the black man's votes didn't count. This is nothing new. Oh no, there is no new thing under the sun, just as Solomon wrote in Ecclesiastes when the man was holding him down because he was black. See, he knew that there was nothing new about racism, nothing new about hate - but that didn't stop him from raising his voice and saying that there's a time for the brother man to speak out. There's nothing new about racism, but that didn't stop Malcom X or Martin Luther King or Rosa Parks or Jesse Jackson or Louis Farakon or Al Sharpton. And I'm not about to let it stop me from speaking up for my rights as a person, either. So you can say all you want that votes from the black man don't count. But let me tell you something, brother. Jesus was a black man, and its a black man who'll be your judge at the Judgement Seat. Then we'll see whether or not votes from the black man are counted, then we'll see. In the meanwhile, I'm gonna keep on speaking up when I see articles on my heritage being deleted for no other reason other than their race. I thank you all for reading this and pray that you'll make the right decision and let this article stand. Oh, let it stand, brothers, like Shadrach, Mesech, and Abednigo in the sea of fire - let it stand and be unharmed!

- Anonymous Black User

 * Delete. Zero Google hits. Your paragraph above failed to provide any evidence that this is not a prank; most likely it itself is part of the prank. -- Curps 18:01, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

So now my voice is a prank, eh? Well, don't expect me to laugh, brother, no, don't expect me to laugh, because this ain't no "Amos and Andy" show!

- Anonymous Black Contributor

 * Delete. Zero hits, unless it is given a believable reference about it. Bogdan | Talk 16:12, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - I may not be black or particularly religious (ok, not at all) but if something is important to a specific group of people, then it should be kept. What if a fan-of-pop-hater-of-everything-else put Metallica, or Slayer on the VfD?  We would then tell them that a lot of people like them and thus it is an important article, or would we go through the VfD process?? Should this be any different?Selphie 16:40, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC) *talk*

May I say that I feel where you're at, my FInal Fantasy playing sister. I feel where you're at, and I say Amen! Just this morning, I posted on the community forum, asking my brothers and sisters for help against the waves of racism that appear to be sweeping this site, and the man took my message down. But that didn't keep my message from reaching your ears, sister! That didn't keep my message from reaching your ears! For its not my message that speaks against racism, its the message of Jesus! See, you can hold the black man down now by deleting his messages all you want, but there is one black man's message you can't hold down! Yes, my sister, that black man from the hood of Nazareth spoke mighty words that can never be clicked away by the white man's keyboard. Let me just say, that nobody will be hitting "backspace" at the judgement seat, sister, nobody will be hitting "backspace" and deleting the words of the Book of Life. So that's why I still have hope, that in spite of all of this vile persecution, my article will be lead into the promised land.

- Anonymous Black Contributor
 * Delete unless someone can cite sources. Susvolans (pigs can fly) Did you know that there is a proposal to treat dissent from naming conventions as vandalism? 19:13, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Brother, my souce is first-hand experience living in Ethiopia. Twelve years of my life were spent in this country, and I vouch for this information. If you will not listen to the Ethiopians in regards to their own culture, who will you listen to? You want a white man to act as the authority on the black man's heritage?

- Anonymous Black Contributor

Comment: The anonymous comments defending this article are originating from IP addresses 198.81.26.42 and 64.12.116.74, both of which are AOL. Both IP addresses are also defending Muddy joy on its VfD page (where he made a similar accusation of racism, only this time claimed to be American Indian (why not claim both, if applicable?)). Note that both articles Anuzutica and Muddy joy were originally created from the same IP address 64.12.116.138, which is also AOL. I strongly suspect all three IP addresses are the same person (or persons, coordinating their efforts). I also believe the same user may have used 198.81.26.15 (added link to Anuzutica from Derg) and 198.81.26.46 (added a link to Anuzutica from Ethiopia, and then vandalized Ethiopia following the link's removal.) -- Gyrofrog 22:20, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The rants by the supporter(s) of this article do not exactly inspire confidence. Whether it be humour, vandalism or political statement, this material has no place in Wikipedia. I have not yet seen any third-party evidence that subject of this article has any basis on reality. GeorgeStepanek\talk  21:11, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence for existence. Even if it does exist, it must be very obscure not to have a single web reference.-gadfium 21:17, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Also suspect this person has used (or was in cahoots with) 198.81.26.73: see here, this is similar to the "proverb" in Anuzutica.     Also  198.81.26.11 may be same user, as this edit refers to Muddy joy. -- Gyrofrog 07:10, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Trolled "Village pump (news)" 15:44, 23 Feb 2005 concerning this VfD, using IP address 198.81.26.103 (AOL again) -- Gyrofrog 21:43, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Completely at odds with the documented culture of Ethiopia. Until a few decades ago, it was ruled by an emperor, and a hierarchy of aristocrats; chieftains & tribal membership play a minor if any role in that land. The responsible editor needs to either furnish documented proof of this custom's alleged existence, or knock off the silliness. -- llywrch 23:31, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and block the anon. RickK 00:37, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: All IPs suspected to be connected w/ user have been reported at WP:VIP. (FWIW...) --Gyrofrog 07:10, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonnotable and/or hoax. -R. S. Shaw 06:34, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)\

This is not a hoax. This is my culture.
 * Well then why don't you go to the library (you must have one at Concordia, no?) and provide us with some references.

Try: "Jewels of Northern Africa," by J.P. Kiloma;Pages 346-349; 437; Appendix A "Pre-imperial Ethiopic Customs"

Also try: "They Shall Come from the East" by Brenda Holman for a brief mention of Anuzutica in a literary context (note the scene in the novel where the missionaries Miriam and James bicker with an Ethiopian envoy. They talk about "arcane riddles in which you've buried God as though he were a reeking body, to be dug up by your graverobbing sons when they ascend to power." Sounds a bit like the Anuzutica, no?). (preceding comments from AOL address 64.12.116.74 -- Gyrofrog (talk) 04:43, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC))

Two more books that explicitly mention the Anuzutica:

"When the World Began: Stories Collected from Ethiopia" by Elizabeth Laird

and

"Ethiopia, the Unkown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide" by Stuart Munro-Hay (preceding comments from AOL address 198.81.26.42 -- Gyrofrog (talk) 04:43, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC))

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Swallowing the bait here... Zero Google hits on either the Holman or Kiloma titles.  Same goes for the authors themselves. Also unable to find books or authors on Amazon.com. But assuming good faith, I searched the databases of several college libraries for this book or its author, starting with Concordia University, Irvine, CA, from where previous anonymous comments found here were made:
 * Search for author "Kiloma" produces zero hits at Concordia - Irvine, Univ. of Texas, Oxford Univ.
 * Search for title "Jewels of Northern Africa" produces zero hits at Concordia - Irvine, Univ. of Texas, Oxford Univ.
 * Search for title "They Shall Come from the East" produces zero hits at Concordia U. - Irvine, Univ. of Texas, Oxford Univ.
 * Search for author ""Holman Brenda"" produces zero hits at libraries of Concordia U. - Irvine, Univ. of Texas, Oxford Univ. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 04:43, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The Laird and Munro-Hay books exist, but at this point I won't check either of them without relevant page numbers.
 * Note to admins: This has been on VfD for over a week, would someone please put an end to this? -- Gyrofrog (talk) 04:43, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Large panel system building

Photo
We should get a photograph of these. David.Monniaux 20:04, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Done. abelson 12:00, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Merger?
Plattenbau is not English at all and therefore does not deserve an entry in the English Wikipedia. It does not matter that some people think it is somehow part of Eastern Germany -- the text itself explains that it is not. Furthermore, there are plenty of Plattenbauten in other countries, such as large parts of Strasbourg, France. In fact, there probably isn't a large city in Europe (they areb all over the east as well) that does not have Plattenbauten. We simply need to link to the actual English term for this, not use a German word in English that suggests the thing is that German when it is not. One person writes: "The term has come to identify a very specific subset of prefab concrete buildings built in East Germany between 1950 and 1989 and differentiates them from the general heading of prefabricated concrete, and indeed, tower buildings generally." But that is true in German, not in English. So do what you want in the German Wikipedia -- we are doing English here, and this term is not common in English, to put it mildly, and the construction technique is not associated with Germany at all, much less Eastern Germany. Another person writes: "Plattenbau is a term very specific to east germany" - right, in German -- and not in English. In English, Plattenbau is not used at all. Whoever wrote this is racist. Germans live in america and I need to look up German stuff for German class DAMMIT Another person writes: "the status of Plattenbau as a nation and culture specific concept in its own right warrants maintaining the separate listing for this term. The term has come to identify a very specific subset of prefab concrete buildings built in East Germany between 1950 and 1989" -- but the point is that Plattenbau is a German term, not an English one, so it actually is no specific concept at all in English. It's just this weird word that nobody knows. If we start insisting that foreign words that have some special cultural meaning in other languages should also have an entry in the English Wikipedia, where do we stop? Cathedral in northern Germany is called a Dom; in southern Germany, a Münster. Who cares? If I click on Dom or Münster in the German, I want to be taken to the Cathedral entry in English. Because cathedrals are not anything specific to Germany, I also probably am not interested in the fact that these things have two different regional names in the German-speaking world. In conclusion, if I look up Plattenbau in the German Wikipedia and want to see how that is said in English, it does not help to have the same word thrown at me in English when that word is actually not used in English. If we are going to talk about these buildings, which exist everywhere and are not special to Germany at all, then we might want to talk about large-panel construction or whatever, and if you want to serve a German audience on the English Wikipedia (I cannot imagine why you would want to do that, however) you could add a section on Plattenbauten (or should that be plattenbaus in English?), explaining that Germans who speak English mistakenly believe that this type of architecture is somehow German or Eastern German. I'd be the first to find that section pointless.Petiteplanete (talk) 11:39, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Plattenbau is a term very specific to east germany and in many ways is different from the more general 'tower block.' A link suffices to make the connection. Merging these two articles would be like erasing the article for 'Germany' and instead putting everything for Germany under the article for 'Europe.' Not a good idea. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.83.27.187 (talk) 13:32, July 7, 2006

I don't see why the East German use of prefabricated concrete construction techniques warrants a separate article. It should be made a part of a larger article on prefabricated housing, however the article on Tower Blocks needs changing. It either should be renamed British Tower Blocks or should be rewritten to include other examples. Also the article only really discusses high-rise prefab housing and not low-rise. A lot of GDR Plattenbau was low-rise in central East Berlin. Not only that there were (and still are) some quite nice looking examples of what Plattenbau can be when they bothered to make an effort. I think the Plattenbau article should be merged into an improved article on prefab housing but not into the Tower Block article as it stands. Perhaps for now the Plattenbau article should be expanded. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Per1892 (talk • contribs) 18:33, March 2, 2006

I would strongly oppose a merger of Plattenbau into sections on Tower Blocks and/or prefabricated concrete buildings. I believe that the status of Plattenbau as a nation and culture specific concept in its own right warrants maintaining the separate listing for this term. The term has come to identify a very specific subset of prefab concrete buildings built in East Germany between 1950 and 1989 and differentiates them from the general heading of prefabricated concrete, and indeed, tower buildings generally. There could be a link to the section on Ostalgie too, as the revitalisation of Plattenbau settlements can be seen as part of the rediscovery of (and renewed nostalgia) for East German culture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.50.143.22 (talk) 21:48, March 8, 2006

 * Merger: I don't see any sense in a specific article about East German precast concrete construction. It's a kind of building construction that has deep roots in modern architecture itself, thus all over the world. Actually, precast concrete construction was the favored kind of construction in most former communist countries, but this applies to all countries of the former Warsaw Pact. You'll find, for instance, large residential areas of this kind in any russian city, much bigger than, for instance, Marzahn in Berlin. There is by no means anything special about the bygone GDR about it. Gamgee 15:39, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Support merge - Plattenbau is just the German name for a global phenomenon. I don't think there's enough here to justify a separate article (yet). All these articles, including Panelák and similar, should be merged together. However, I don't think the UK-centric "Tower block" is the best title; not all such apartments are towers. I'd suggest "Apartment block," the closest to a universal term I can think of (not all such standardized apartments were prefabricated, so it can't be based on that term).  Pr oh ib it O ni o n s   (T) 11:42, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose - It would be better to keep the distinction between construction technique and application - stongly suggest a merge with Shear wall though.--Mcginnly | Natter 14:53, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I believe the subject deserves a separate article on its own merits. Regards, E    Asterion  u talking to me? 16:21, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose regarding merger of Plattenbau and tower block. I even oppose merger of Plattenbau and Panelák. Plattenbau, Panelák etc. should be treated as extended sub sections of tower block. JanSuchy 23:25, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. For a native German speaker, the word 'Plattenbau' is unique. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.50.36.26 (talk) 09:59, October 12, 2006

 * dont merge. this is term belongs especially to East Germany. please, do not merge. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.0.209.173 (talk) 02:57, December 3, 2006

 * Strong oppose - Plattenbau describes a method of construction just as "brick building" or "timber framed" do. It does not describe a single design style. A Plattenbau can be anything from a single detached family bungalow, a row of 3-storey town houses, a (longer than high) Appartement Building or a Tower block. The german term "Plattenbau" has a different scope than the english "Tower block" just as the czech "Panelák" may be considered as one of many sorts of buildings constructed in the "Plattenbau" method and may be designed as a "Tower block". Not all "Tower blocks" though are build using prefabricated concrete slabs und thus are not always constructed like "Plattenbauten" or "Panelák"s. Remembering some long winding "Panelák"s, I don't think I would refer to all these buildings as towers as they can be a lot longer than high. "Plattenbau" could be considered a subgroup of "Prefabricated housing", but I guess no one in Germany would normally think of a prefabricated wooden house as a "Plattenbau". Think of the english word "wood", this can be translated to german either as the material "Holz" or a larger group of living trees "Wald"; sometimes there is no one to one translation that is identical to the scope of the meaning in different languages.--T.woelk 03:03, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * How about Prefabricated mass housing? This would be a bit clearer as the main article, and then national variants (Plattenbau, panelák, tower block, etc.) could have their specific articles as required. Pro hib it O ni o ns  (T) 15:18, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

8:3 oppose:support merge (although half the oppose votes are from anons). It looks like there's consensus to keep. Plus the article is a little more substantial than it was when the merge was first proposes, so I've removed the merge tag. I think ProhibitOnion's idea is good. There should be a page (and a category) that incorporates this. They could be split off from the tower block article and only the main page would need to have the long list of translations. I'll put a "split" tag on Tower block. Tocharianne 20:04, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

A reason for the anons may be that the authors base is not the english wikipedia but rather that of their own language. I myself have only signed into the English and german Wikipedia, although I have edited in the french, malaysian, italien, danish, indonesian, spanisch and others I can't remember. It would be great if I could sign in only once and could sign in whatever language I hapen to browse. --T.woelk 12:27, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * That makes sense, I didn't think about that. Tocharianne 15:59, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

I think the correct term is Large Panel System building (or should we use Large Panel System?) // Liftarn (talk)

 * some comments try to argue to remove "Plattenbau" because it is "being build cheap" which is a weird argument. Calling for removal because it is a german term is even more stupid, next we delete the articles about "Bauhaus" and "Kindergarden"? Plattenbau isn't as much about building houses in a specific way but about a pretty unique political urban development project. Would anyone suggest to move "One World Trade Center" into the article about "Skyscrapers" because it is just a skyscaper? Crass Spektakel (talk) 16:57, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

 * No, because One World Trade Center is a specific building. Unlike, large panel system-building or "Plattenbau", which is a type of building defined by specific way of its construction, and there were thousands of buildings build in this style. And it's not limited to Germany.Artemis Andromeda (talk) 17:07, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:30, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Large panel system building


text:
User talk:Phronk

Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Finally, here are some open tasks:

Hope to see you around the Wiki! And if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! Neutralitytalk 20:05, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phronk


text: Category:French alpine skiers

title: Category:French alpine skiers


text:
The Princess and the Goblin

The Princess and the Goblin is a children's fantasy novel by George MacDonald. It was published in 1872 by Strahan & Co., with black-and-white illustrations by Arthur Hughes. Strahan had published the story and illustrations as a serial in the monthly magazine Good Words for the Young, beginning November 1870.

Anne Thaxter Eaton writes in A Critical History of Children's Literature that The Princess and the Goblin and its sequel "quietly suggest in every incident ideas of courage and honor." Jeffrey Holdaway, in the New Zealand Art Monthly, said that both books start out as "normal fairytales, but slowly become stranger", and that they contain layers of symbolism similar to that of Lewis Carroll's work.

Summary
Eight-year-old Princess Irene lives a lonely life in a castle in a desolate, mountainous kingdom, with only her nursemaid for company. Her father, the king, is normally absent, and her mother is dead. Unknown to her, the nearby mines are inhabited by a race of goblins, long banished from the kingdom and anxious to take revenge on their human neighbours. One rainy day, the princess explores the castle and discovers a mysterious lady who identifies herself as Irene's namesake and great-great-grandmother. The next day, Princess Irene heads outside but is chased by goblins and rescued by a young miner, Curdie.

At work in the mines, Curdie overhears the goblins talking and learns their weakness: they have very soft, vulnerable feet. He also hears that the goblins intend to flood the mine. Irene is about to see her great-great-grandmother again, but is frightened by a cat and escapes up the mountain; the light from her great-great-grandmother's tower leads her home. Her great-great-grandmother gives Irene a ring attached to an invisible thread, which connects her constantly to home.

When Curdie explores the goblins' domain, he is discovered by the goblins and stamps on their feet with great success; when he tries to stamp on the Queen's feet she is uninjured due to her stone shoes. The goblins imprison Curdie and Irene's magic thread leads her to his rescue. Curdie steals one of the goblin queen's stone shoes. Irene takes Curdie to see her great-great-grandmother but she is visible only to Irene. Curdie learns that the goblins are digging a tunnel in the mines toward the king's palace, where they plan to abduct the Princess and marry her to goblin prince Harelip. Curdie warns the palace guards about this, but is imprisoned instead and contracts a fever through a wound in his leg, until Irene's great-great-grandmother heals the wound.

The goblins come to abduct the princess, but Curdie escapes from his prison and stamps on the goblins' feet. He follows the magic thread to Irene's refuge at his own house, and restores her to the king. When the goblins flood the mines, the water enters the palace, and Curdie warns the others; the goblins drown. The king asks him to serve as a bodyguard; but Curdie refuses, saying he cannot leave his mother and father. Instead he accepts a new red petticoat for his mother.

Film adaptations
In the 1960s, the novel was adapted in animated form by Jay Ward for his Fractured Fairy Tales series. This version involved a race of innocent goblins who are forced to live underground. The ugly goblin king falls in love with a beautiful princess, but a prince saves her by reciting poetry because goblins hate it.

A full-length animated adaptation of the book, directed by József Gémes, was released in 1992 in the United Kingdom, and in June 1994 in the United States. This Hungary/Wales/Japan co-production, created at Budapest's PannóniaFilm, Japan's NHK, and S4C and Siriol Productions in Great Britain, starred the voices of Joss Ackland, Claire Bloom, William Hootkins and Rik Mayall. The film's producer, Robin Lyons, also wrote the screenplay and voiced the Goblin King. However, it was not well received commercially nor critically upon its US release from Hemdale Film Corporation in summer 1994, reportedly grossing only $1.8 million domestically and receiving mainly negative reviews (compared to Disney's very successful The Lion King that was released during the same month in the United States).

The film's title is "De Prinses van het Zonnevolk" in Dutch (English: The Princess of the Sun-people), "Prinsessan og durtarnir" in Icelandic (The Princess and the Trolls), and "La princesse et la forêt magique" (The princess and the magic forest) in French.

Other adaptations

 * The Princess and the Goblins is also a poem by Sylvia Plath (1932–1963).
 * Shirley Temple played Princess Irene in a production on an episode of her television show. Although the plot follows the basic outline of Macdonald's story, it glosses over the darker elements and is played primarily as comedy.  Irene and Curdie are portrayed as young adults instead of children (with hints of a budding romance), and the goblins are forgiven their evil deeds and reform.
 * It was a book in the "100 Classic Books" collection for the Nintendo DS.
 * Twyla Tharp used the story in the full-length ballet of the same title. It was her first to incorporate children and was co-commissioned by Atlanta Ballet and Royal Winnipeg Ballet in 2012.

Legacy
The sequel to this book is The Princess and Curdie.

 * J. R. R. Tolkien's depictions of goblins within Tolkien's legendarium was heavily influenced by the goblins within The Princess and the Goblin.
 * In C. S. Lewis' novel That Hideous Strength, Elwin Ransom says that he lives 'like the king in Curdie', and later in the novel, Jane Studdock reads the 'Curdie books'.
 * G. K. Chesterton wrote of The Princess and the Goblin:

"I for one can really testify to a book that has made a difference to my whole existence, which helped me to see things in a certain way from the start; a vision of things which even so real a revolution as a change of religious allegiance has substantially only crowned and confirmed. Of all the stories I have read, including even all the novels of the same novelist, it remains the most real, the most realistic, in the exact sense of the phrase the most like life. It is called The Princess and the Goblin, and is by George MacDonald, the man who is the subject of this book."

title: The Princess and the Goblin


text:
Anput

Anput is a goddess in ancient Egyptian religion. Her name is written in hieroglyphs as jnpwt (reconstructed in Middle Egyptian as /ʔan.ˈpa.wat/ or /jan.ˈpa.wat/). In English, her name also is rendered as Anupet, Input, Inpewt, and Yineput. As the female counterpart of her husband, Anubis, who was known as jnpw to the Egyptians, Anput's name ends in a feminine "t" suffix when seen as jnpwt.

She also is depicted as a woman, with a headdress showing a jackal recumbent upon a feather, as seen in the statue of the divine triad of Hathor, Menkaure, and Anput. She is occasionally depicted with the body of a woman and the head of a jackal, but this is very rare.

As the consort of Anubis, Anput is a goddess of the dead, presiding over funerals and mummification. Additionally, she is a goddess of protection and also represented in relation to the desert, which was the realm of the dead for Ancient Egyptians. Unlike Anubis, Anput does not have a prominent role in Egyptian mythology, but she is thought to watch over the body of the god of the afterlife, Osiris, assuming the role of his protector for the duration of his death.

Together with Anubis, Anput has a daughter named Kebechet. She is depicted in the Pyramid Texts as the serpent who "refreshes and purifies" the pharaoh and is believed to bring water to the spirits of the dead, as they wait for the completion of their mummification.

Mythology
Anput is the female counterpart of the god Anubis. She is also a goddess of the seventeenth nome of Upper Egypt. She is also considered the protector of the body of Osiris, the god of the afterlife.

title: Anput


text:
Talk:Sprite (computer graphics)

Terrible article
For example, the sentence "... how many can be displayed per scan line (often a lower number) ..." doesn't even make sense.

Article quality is poor, and scope is too wide.
This article tries to describe many possible meanings of "sprite", frequently confusing one with another. Even when talking strictly about hardware sprites, there are actually many implementations, gradually growing in complexity. Overlay with priorities, linebuffer blitter, framebufer blitter. No display list, CPU/coprocessor-based display list, or opaque, hardware-driven display list.

Sprite hardware table is ugly. Looks like people just copied various tech specs from different sources, as result having different descriptions and measures for essentially similar hardware properties and capabilities. For example, why Amiga sprite height is "arbitrary" and 2600 sprites are 262 lines? Also, Amiga has several very different hardware facilities for manipulating 2D images and neither was originally called a sprite.

3D sprites is potentially a big entry by itself, as you can use 2D images in various ways, with different orientations and rendering approaches.

80.249.84.110 (talk) 07:46, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

This article is ridiculous. The table comparing various systems' hardware doesn't belong here. Anyone that says anything like "Mario is my favorite sprite" needs to be blocked from contributing. Real sprite technology (as distinguished from sprite sheets drawn by fanboys) is not such a broad topic that a coherent article can't be written.--Drvanthorp (talk) 04:50, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Sprites on Wikipedia
Wikimedia feature request: Support for sprites in order to show cropped views of large images. For example, zooming in on Mona Lisa's smile instead of showing the whole canvas. See bug 7757.Heyzeuss (talk) 17:40, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

This might be a function supported by some software sprite engines, but it is not a characteristic of sprites.--Drvanthorp (talk) 00:06, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

I'm Going to Gut the Entire Article
No kidding. This thing needs to be butchered like livestock. The beef will be an article on real hardware sprites, the workings and history of the hardware devices, and maybe a little info on how it lead to the development of software sprites. The beef -byproducts will be separate pages about spritesheets, web-based sprite-designed subcultures, spritesheets, and a list page for that badly designed table of various machines' graphic capabilities. Hope that this doesn't piss off the Mario fans; I'm guessing that it will be an uphill battle undoing the reverts from editors that prefer this muddled page as it is.--Drvanthorp (talk) 01:46, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

Should horizontal/vertical mirroring count as rotation?
Horizontal/vertical mirroring is included for Atari 2600 and NES under 'Rotation', but other systems that are currently listed as having no rotation support probably support mirroring as well. Should mirroring be included? 85.228.198.150 (talk) 15:22, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

Mirroring is not rotation.performing a horizontal and a vertical mirror is equal to 180 degree rotation. No other form of rotation is accomplished by mirroring. 74.211.58.201 (talk) 07:56, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

Split
I propose the material about "sprites" in CSS should be moved to a separate article called Sprite (CSS) or similar. All these "sprites" have in common with traditional sprites, which this article is mostly about, categorised as, and pretty much referred to in all incoming links, is that they're small rectangular pictures. The CSS material even talks about cutting down HTTP loading time, when sprite graphics doesn't exactly have anything to do with network communications at all. If this trend continues, this article will become a jumble that throws the word "sprite" around to mean any kind of small picture. J I P | Talk 19:29, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment: I think splitting is a bad idea. Contra many of the other comments, I think it's very useful to have a single point of entry that talks about hardware, software, CSS, etc. The idea surely transcends its implementation, and that's why the name rolls along as the techniques change. If you're interested in animation, it's all interesting. Frankly I think it's v usable as is, so thanks to its authors. BenM 18:42, 7 December 2014 (UTC) benm — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wordmatter (talk • contribs)

 * Support. The page is just too long to read. Stranger195 (talk) 07:46, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

What is "analog scaling"?
I saw it here first: List_of_Sega_arcade_system_boards and it seemed nonsensical to me. Googling "Sega VCO object analog" is not helpful, I get few results and they (all?) seem to be from here. comp.arch (talk) 10:21, 26 November 2014 (UTC)

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Smooth X/Y movement.
One thing I've never been able to understand about sprites is how smoothly they can move across a screen. Even if the display resolution is quite low (like the blocky Atari 2600 graphics), they can translate from one coordinate to another in a much finer resolution than I would think possible. Why is this? --Navstar (talk) 23:21, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

It's all a matter of resolution. Atari 2600 backgrounds can be very low res, but that doesn't affect the sprite resolution at all, and it can jump to any coordinate. they also can be animated, which causes the transition to look more realistic. 74.211.58.201 (talk) 18:58, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

 * That's an absurd answer that doesn't address the question.

Not sure what the machines did. If Sprites are merged into the screen's frame buffer, then they can't move more smoothly than anything else (they're still bound by frame buffer resolution). However, the hardware Sprite processor is focused only on sprites, so isn't slowed down by other stuff running on it like the CPU is, which might give the illusion of being smoother because it doesn't have to skip pixels to maintain speed while other operations hog the CPU.

I could imagine smoother movement to work if sprites are just "tiny separate frame buffers" that override the info from the main frame buffer, and are composited at the same time the video chip selects the pixel value to send to the CRT. In that case, given a CRT is analog along the horizontal axis, and had probably 2x-4x what most PCs had memory for at the time in vertical scan lines (NTSC has 480 lines, PAL even 576, computers only had memory for e.g. 240 pixels height), the cathode ray might visit each frame buffer pixel several times. It would therefore be possible to store the sprite position with a higher resolution than the actual image, and position sprites on half pixels or even finer granularity. Not sure if any computer actually did that, though. -- Uliwitness (talk) 13:52, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

 * OK, a friend just pointed out to me that the 480 lines are split into half-frames of course, so that means at 60Hz, each individual frame contains only 240 lines. Also, apparently no computer ever actually sent different images in half-frames like TVs did, they just sent the same picture twice (effectively 30fps with double-height pixels), as they weren't fast enough for 60fps. So my theory is nonsense. No idea what Navstar was referring to with smoother scrolling. -- Uliwitness (talk) 14:14, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

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Hillis and TI
The text says "It was also used by Danny Hillis at Texas Instruments in the late 1970s."

I believe that "at Texas Instruments" should be "for Texas Instruments."

According to his bio, Danny Hillis apparently never worked at Texas Instruments. The cited source ("Never Mind the Laptops: Kids, Computers, and the Transformation of Learning") says Hillis designed the chip for sprites, and it was for a TI project, but it never says he did it at Texas Instruments.

Quoting R. W. Lawler :

"Texas Instruments supported the development of Logo for the TI-99 at the MIT Logo Project. The turtle geometry component of the system was quite inadequate. The sprite graphics system, which originally had been an uninteresting feature of the hardware, proved in the end to be a liberating addition to the repertoire of tools which could be used for educating children with computers."

And according the section TI Sprite Logo 1978-9:

"Seymour was approached by Texas Instruments founder Cecil Green. Green had a grandchild in the Lamplighter School in Dallas. He wanted Logo on the new personal computers TI was building. Ed Hardebeck became the chief implementer of Sprite Logo – color and sprites (turtles)."

This seems very much like TI worked with MIT to product TI Sprite Logo, and Hillis was involved through the MIT connection, working ``at`` MIT rather than working ``at`` TI.

Follow-up
According to this video of Hillis (https://www.webofstories.com/play/danny.hillis/111), he was working for Milton Bradley on electronic toys and was sent to TI to "design a chip for a video game." So he was at TI, but not working for them. Dgpop (talk) 21:07, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Impostor (computer graphics) needs its own article not a redirect into nonsense
Impostors are not just sprites and are definitely not a part of 2D engines, which is what this article is exclusively about. Impostors need their own article as it is a 3d technique for 3d engines using sprites, which are in this case called imposters. This article doesn't even mention the Impostors in the text! I therefore suggest editing the redirect Impostor (computer graphics) and making it its own article. The computer game Trespasser was btw. one of the first 3d games, that used this technique. 93.229.163.76 (talk) 05:05, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sprite (computer graphics)