text:
User talk:64.251.51.194

February 2012
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Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you may be blocked from editing. --Bongwarrior (talk) 15:56, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

March 2012
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Civil disobedience with this edit, did not appear to be constructive, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Clarince63 (talk) 17:20, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Civil disobedience with this edit. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Clarince63 (talk) 17:23, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Someone Like You (Adele song), you may be blocked from editing. --   Luke      (Talk)   14:27, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
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This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Turtles Can Fly, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. --   Luke      (Talk)   14:28, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
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April 2012
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Art Tatum with this edit, did not appear to be constructive, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Monty 845  16:24, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

May 2012
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Dirk Nowitzki with this edit, did not appear to be constructive, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Monty 845  17:06, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Dirk Nowitzki with this edit. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Zad68 (talk) 17:22, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did to William the Conqueror with this edit, you may be blocked from editing. Monty 845  17:26, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Roger Federer, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. -- XonqNopp Tk 05:49, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

You have been blocked temporarily from editing for abuse of editing privileges. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you would like to be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding the text, but you should read the guide to appealing blocks first. -- Ed (Edgar181) 17:37, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

Recent edit to Ifo Ekpre-Olomu
Hello, and thank you for your recent contribution. While the content of your edit may be true, I have removed it because its depth or nature of detail are not consistent with our objectives as an encyclopedia. I recognize that your edit was made in good faith and hope you will familiarize yourself with what Wikipedia is not so we may collaborate in the future. Thank you! Epicgenius (talk) 17:15, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.251.51.194


text:
Fong

Fong may refer to:
 * the Bulu tribe of the Beti–Pahuin people of Cameroon
 * various Chinese surnames
 * the Hong Kong Government Cantonese romanization of the surname Fāng
 * the Taishanese pronunciation of the Chinese surname Kuàng
 * a Malaysian–Singaporean form of Féng (
 * a Taiwanese form of Fèng

List of people with the surname

 * Ching-Yao Fong, Chinese physicist
 * Cory Fong (born 1972)

Unspecified

 * Adam Fong (born 1980), California futuristic composer
 * Alec Fong Lim (1931–1990)
 * Angela Fong (born 1985)
 * Christian Fong (born 1977)
 * Craig Fong (born 1970)
 * Danielle Fong (sport shooter) (born 1991)
 * Danielle Fong (born 1987), co-founder and chief scientist of LightSail Energy
 * Evan Fong (born 1992)
 * Fong Chi Chung (born 1968)
 * Fong Yee Pui (born 1991), Hong Kong sprinter
 * Gary Fong (born 1960)
 * Grace Fong
 * Harold Fong (actor) (1911-1982)
 * Harold Michael Fong (1938–1995)
 * Heather Fong (born 1956)
 * Ivan K. Fong (born 1961)
 * JJ Fong (born 1985 or 1986)
 * Katrina Fong Lim (born 1961)
 * Larry Fong
 * Leo Fong (1928-2022)
 * Les Fong (born 1956)
 * Luise Fong (born 1964), Malaysian-born New Zealand artist
 * Martin Fong
 * Mei Fong
 * Nathan Fong (1959-2020), Canadian chef
 * Neale Fong
 * Nickson Fong (born 1969)
 * Robert Fong (born 1960)
 * Sandra Fong (born 1990)
 * Sunny Fong (born 1976)

芳-方(Fāng)

 * Adderly Fong (born 1990)
 * Alex Fong (actor) (born 1963)
 * Alex Fong (singer) (born 1980), professional swimmer-turned-actor and singer based in Hong Kong
 * Allen Fong (born 1947)
 * Ben Fong-Torres (born 1945)
 * Dennis Fong (born 1977)
 * Edsel Ford Fong (1927–1984)
 * Fong Kui Lun (born 1946)
 * Fong Pak Lun (born 1993)
 * Fong Sai-yuk
 * Fong Sai-yuk
 * Hiram Fong (1906–2004), U.S. Senator from Hawaii (1959–1977)
 * Kevin Fong (born 1971)
 * Khalil Fong (born 1983), soul music singer-songwriter signed to the Warner Music label in Hong Kong
 * Lung Fong (1954–2008)
 * Margaret Fong (born 1963)
 * Matt Fong (1953–2011), California politician
 * Mona Fong (1934–2017)
 * Nellie Fong (born 1949)
 * Paul Fong (born 1952), California politician
 * Shirley Fong-Torres (1946–2011)

鳳 (Fèng)

 * Fong Fei-fei (1953–2012)

冯 (Féng)

 * Fong Chan Onn (born 1944)
 * Fong Po Kuan (born 1973)

邝 and 鄺 (Kuàng)

 * Arthur Fong (born 1964)
 * Benson Fong (1916–1987)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fong


text:
User talk:Unism

gfyiqgiegidbjxqsbkjx

title: User talk:Unism


text:
Emilio Materassi

Emilio Materassi (October 30, 1894 – September 9, 1928 ) was an Italian Grand Prix motor racing driver.

Early life
Born in Borgo San Lorenzo, near Florence, Italy, Emilio began working in a bicycle shop, learning the basics of applied mechanics. Later, he went to work in a car garage, where he developed a strong love for engines and cars.

When he was in his twenties Materassi took over the administration of his family business, selling wine, ropes and twine.

Poor economic condition forced him to work as a bus driver for local services.

Racing career
The racing debut came at the Gentlemen Grand Prix at Brescia, September 11, 1921, driving an aged car from the Turin automaker Itala. Unfortunately the car broke down after three laps. Materassi had better fortune the following June when he finished 8th overall at the Mugello Circuit

In 1923 Materassi, with the help of some wealthy friends, opened his own workshop in Via dei Poggi 12, in Florence. He called it "L’Autogarage Nazionale", and signed a dealership contract with Itala. During World War I Itala had built Hispano-Suiza aircraft engines under license. After the war the company had a surplus of spare engines, and Materassi succeeded in buying one of those at a very low price. Materassi heavily modified the engine converting it from V8 configuration to inline 4 cylinder by removing one of the cylinder blocks, and built a car based on an Itala chassis around it, calling his construction "Italona". The car was quite heavy, weighing over 2 tons. Nevertheless, the ~5.8 liters aviation engine was powerful enough to allow good performances even in hill climbing races.

With the Italona, Materassi won a lot of important, but local, races from 1924 to 1926, including two Mugello Grand Prix and three hillclimbs at the Pistoian Hills (Coppa della Collina Pistoiese). In 1926 he managed to get a fourth place in the prestigious Targa Florio. He won the Coppa Montenero at the difficult Montenero Circuit in 1925 and 1926, earning the nickname "King of Montenero”.

Materassi had become close friends with Alfieri Maserati and was given the opportunity to race with the Maserati team on a number of occasions, among them the 1925 and 1926 Italian Grand Prix. Sadly, he had to retire from all of those races, most of the time due to mechanical failures.

Impressed by the skills of the young pilot the team manager of the Bugatti racing team asked Materassi to join them in 1927. In his first race with the brand new Bugatti T35C, he won the Tripoli Grand Prix, with an average speed of 132 km/h, and in April the same year he finally won the Targa Florio. He also won another Coppa Montenero. Those victories, along with others, gained him the title "Absolute Champion of Italy".

In 1928 Materassi founded his own racing team, buying cars and material from the bankrupt Talbot team. Materassi worked on the engines and the chassis himself, modifying the old cars to make them 30 kilograms lighter. Apart from himself, Luigi Arcangeli, Antonio Brivio, Gastone Brilli-Peri and Gianfranco Comotti became drivers for Scuderia Materassi.

In June 1928 he won the Grand Prix of Mugello driving a Talbot and finished second in the Coppa Acerbo in August then that same month he won his fourth Coppa Montenero, beating both Tazio Nuvolari and Giuseppe Campari.

Death
On the 17th lap of the 1928 Italian Grand Prix held at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Materassi lost control of his Talbot 700 when he tried to overtake Giulio Foresti’s Bugatti T35C on the main straight at over 200 km/h. The Talbot swerved to the left, jumped over a three-meter deep and four-meter wide protection ditch and a fence, and crashed into the grandstand.

Materassi was killed instantly along with twenty spectators, and a large number of people were injured. The other drivers of the Scuderia Materassi withdrew from the race immediately after the accident, but the event continued and it was won by Louis Chiron. Three days later one of the injured spectators died in hospital, making the total death toll 22. Other sources state that 27 spectators were killed all in all.

By either estimation this is the worst accident, with respect to the number of lives lost, to occur at a Grand Prix and it is only surpassed by the 1955 Le Mans disaster in the history of motor racing. As a result the Italian Grand Prix was cancelled in 1929 and 1930.

Notable race victories

 * Coppa della Consuma : 1924
 * Coppa della Collina Pistoiese : 1924, 1925, 1926
 * Coppa Perugina : 1924, 1926, 1927
 * Circuito del Savio : 1925
 * Grand Prix of Mugello : 1925, 1926, 1928
 * Coppa Montenero : 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928
 * Tripoli Grand Prix : 1927
 * Targa Florio : 1927
 * Bologna Grand Prix : 1927
 * San Sebastian Grand Prix : 1927

title: Emilio Materassi


text: Category:Renaissance music

title: Category:Renaissance music


text:
Zaman

Zaman, an Arabic and Hebrew word (زمان or זמן) for time, era, or life may refer to:

Organizations

 * Zaman International School, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
 * Zaman (newspaper), a Turkish newspaper with international editions
 * Today's Zaman, the English-language edition
 * Zaman (Cyprus), Turkish Cypriot newspaper

People

 * Akramozzaman (Akram uz-Zaman), Meghalayan Bengali politician
 * Arif Zaman, Pakistani mathematician
 * Atiq-uz-Zaman (born 1975), Pakistani cricketer
 * Azad Zaman (died 2021), Meghalayan Bengali politician
 * Baby Zaman (1923–2013), Bengali actor and producer
 * Badar uz Zaman (born 1940), Pakistani classical musician
 * Badruzzaman Badol (born 1969), Bangladeshi High Court justice
 * Daulat Zaman (1947–2002), Bengali cricketer
 * Dilara Zaman (born 1943), Bangladeshi actress
 * Dina Zaman (born 1969), Malaysian writer
 * Fakhar Zaman (poet) (born 1943), Pakistani poet and novelist
 * Fakhar Zaman (cricketer) (born 1990), Pakistani cricketer
 * Fakhruzzaman Chowdhury (1940–2014), Bangladeshi author
 * Farhan Zaman, (born 1992), Pakistani squash player
 * Farrukh Zaman (born 1956), Pakistani cricketer
 * Hisham Zaman (born 1975), Kurdish-Norwegian filmmaker
 * Mansoor Zaman (born 1980), Pakistani squash player
 * Mian Yawar Zaman (born 1961), Pakistani politician
 * Mohammed Zaman (1965–2010), Afghan military leader and politician
 * Muhammad Zaman (fl. 1680–1700), Persian calligrapher and painter
 * Munawwaruz Zaman (1950–1994), Pakistani field hockey player
 * Niaz Zaman, Bangladeshi academic
 * Qamar Zaman (born 1952), Pakistani squash player
 * Qazi Syed Mohammad Zaman (fl. 1722–1756), Indian judge
 * Raja Sikander Zaman (1935–2007), Pakistani politician
 * Rustam Zaman (fl. 1659), Bijapuri general
 * Sabah uz Zaman, Pakistani State Bank officer
 * Salman Zaman (born 1979), Bahraini rifle sport shooter
 * Shahid Zaman (born 1982), Pakistani squash player
 * Tahir Zaman (born 1969), Pakistani field hockey player
 * Zaman Molla (born 1979), Iranian table tennis player
 * Zaman Shah Durrani (1770–1844), ruler of the Durrani Empire from 1793 to 1800
 * Mir Zaman Khan (1869–1929), Afghan hero of the 1919 Anglo-Afghan War

Arabic-based compound names with Zaman as an element

 * Asaduzzaman (disambiguation), meaning lion of the era
 * Badi' al-Zaman (disambiguation), meaning wonder of the era
 * Hasanuzzaman (disambiguation), meaning benefactor of the era
 * Nuruzzaman (disambiguation), meaning light of the era
 * Qamar al-Zaman (disambiguation), meaning moon of the era
 * Saifuzzaman (disambiguation), meaning sword of the era
 * Shamsuzzaman (disambiguation), meaning sun of the era

Places

 * Zaman-e Sofla, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
 * Zaman Town, a neighborhood of Korangi Town, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

Other uses

 * Shah Zaman (One Thousand and One Nights), a character in the folk tale One Thousand and One Nights
 * Zaman (album), a 2002 album by Lebanese singer Amal Hijazi
 * "Zaman" (song)
 * Zaman people, one of the Beti-Pahuin ethnic groups of Cameroon

title: Zaman


text: Category:Baroque music

title: Category:Baroque music


text: Category:History of Gibraltar

title: Category:History of Gibraltar


text:
Allee effect

The Allee effect is a phenomenon in biology characterized by a correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness (often measured as per capita population growth rate) of a population or species.

History and background
Although the concept of Allee effect had no title at the time, it was first described in the 1930s by its namesake, Warder Clyde Allee. Through experimental studies, Allee was able to demonstrate that goldfish have a greater survival rate when there are more individuals within the tank. This led him to conclude that aggregation can improve the survival rate of individuals, and that cooperation may be crucial in the overall evolution of social structure. The term "Allee principle" was introduced in the 1950s, a time when the field of ecology was heavily focused on the role of competition among and within species. The classical view of population dynamics stated that due to competition for resources, a population will experience a reduced overall growth rate at higher density and increased growth rate at lower density. In other words, individuals in a population would be better off when there are fewer individuals around due to a limited amount of resources (see logistic growth). However, the concept of the Allee effect introduced the idea that the reverse holds true when the population density is low. Individuals within a species often require the assistance of another individual for more than simple reproductive reasons in order to persist. The most obvious example of this is observed in animals that hunt for prey or defend against predators as a group.

Definition
The generally accepted definition of Allee effect is positive density dependence, or the positive correlation between population density and individual fitness. It is sometimes referred to as "undercrowding" and it is analogous (or even considered synonymous by some) to "depensation" in the field of fishery sciences. Listed below are a few significant subcategories of the Allee effect used in the ecology literature.

Component vs. demographic Allee effects
The component Allee effect is the positive relationship between any measurable component of individual fitness and population density. The demographic Allee effect is the positive relationship between the overall individual fitness and population density.

The distinction between the two terms lies on the scale of the Allee effect: the presence of a demographic Allee effect suggests the presence of at least one component Allee effect, while the presence of a component Allee effect does not necessarily result in a demographic Allee effect. For example, cooperative hunting and the ability to more easily find mates, both influenced by population density, are component Allee effects, as they influence individual fitness of the population. At low population density, these component Allee effects would add up to produce an overall demographic Allee effect (increased fitness with higher population density). When population density reaches a high number, negative density dependence often offsets the component Allee effects through resource competition, thus erasing the demographic Allee effect. Allee effects might occur even at high population density for some species.

Strong vs. weak Allee effects

The strong Allee effect is a demographic Allee effect with a critical population size or density. The weak Allee effect is a demographic Allee effect without a critical population size or density.

The distinction between the two terms is based on whether or not the population in question exhibits a critical population size or density. A population exhibiting a weak Allee effect will possess a reduced per capita growth rate (directly related to individual fitness of the population) at lower population density or size. However, even at this low population size or density, the population will always exhibit a positive per capita growth rate. Meanwhile, a population exhibiting a strong Allee effect will have a critical population size or density under which the population growth rate becomes negative. Therefore, when the population density or size hits a number below this threshold, the population will be destined for extinction without any further aid. A strong Allee effect is often easier to demonstrate empirically using time series data, as one can pinpoint the population size or density at which per capita growth rate becomes negative.

Mechanisms
Due to its definition as the positive correlation between population density and average fitness, the mechanisms for which an Allee effect arises are therefore inherently tied to survival and reproduction. In general, these Allee effect mechanisms arise from cooperation or facilitation among individuals in the species. Examples of such cooperative behaviors include better mate finding, environmental conditioning, and group defense against predators. As these mechanisms are more-easily observable in the field, they tend to be more commonly associated with the Allee effect concept. Nevertheless, mechanisms of Allee effect that are less conspicuous such as inbreeding depression and sex ratio bias should be considered as well.

Ecological mechanism
Although numerous ecological mechanisms for Allee effects exist, the list of most commonly cited facilitative behaviors that contribute to Allee effects in the literature include: mate limitation, cooperative defense, cooperative feeding, and environmental conditioning. While these behaviors are classified in separate categories, they can overlap and tend to be context dependent (will operate only under certain conditions – for example, cooperative defense will only be useful when there are predators or competitors present).

 * Mate limitation: Mate limitation refers to the difficulty of finding a compatible and receptive mate for sexual reproduction at lower population size or density. This is generally a problem encountered by species that utilize passive reproduction and possess low mobility, such as plankton, plants and sessile invertebrates. For example, wind-pollinated plants would have a lower fitness in sparse populations due to the lower likelihood of pollen successfully landing on a conspecific.

 * Cooperative defense: Another possible benefit of aggregation is to protect against predation by group anti-predator behavior. Many species exhibit higher rates of predator vigilance behavior per individual at lower density. This increased vigilance might result in less time and energy spent on foraging, thus reducing the fitness of an individual living in smaller groups. One striking example of such shared vigilance is exhibited by meerkats. Meanwhile, other species move in synchrony to confuse and avoid predators such as schools of sardines and flocks of starlings. The confusion effect that this herding behavior would have on predators will be more effective when more individuals are present.

 * Cooperative feeding: Certain species also require group foraging in order to survive. As an example, species that hunt in packs, such as the African wild dogs, would not be able to locate and capture prey as efficiently in smaller groups.

 * Environmental conditioning / habitat alteration: Environmental conditioning generally refers to the mechanism in which individuals work together in order to improve their immediate or future environment for the benefit of the species. This alteration could involve changes in both abiotic (temperature, turbulence, etc.) or biotic (toxins, hormones, etc.) environmental factors. Pacific salmon present a potential case of such component Allee effects, where the density of spawning individuals can affect the survivability of the following generations. Spawning salmon carry marine nutrients they acquired from the ocean as they migrate to freshwater streams to reproduce, which in turn fertilize the surrounding habitat when they die, thus creating a more suitable habitat for the juveniles that would hatch in the following months. While compelling, this case of environmental conditioning by salmon has not been rigorously supported by empirical evidence.

Human induced
Classic economic theory predicts that human exploitation of a population is unlikely to result in species extinction because the escalating costs to find the last few individuals will exceed the fixed price one achieves by selling the individuals on the market. However, when rare species are more desirable than common species, prices for rare species can exceed high harvest costs. This phenomenon can create an "anthropogenic" Allee effect where rare species go extinct but common species are sustainably harvested. The anthropogenic Allee effect has become a standard approach for conceptualizing the threat of economic markets on endangered species. However, the original theory was posited using a one dimensional analysis of a two dimensional model. It turns out that a two dimensional analysis yields an Allee curve in human exploiter and biological population space and that this curve separating species destined to extinction vs persistence can be complicated. Even very high population sizes can potentially pass through the originally proposed Allee thresholds on predestined paths to extinction.

Genetic mechanisms
Declines in population size can result in a loss of genetic diversity, and owing to genetic variation's role in the evolutionary potential of a species, this could in turn result in an observable Allee effect. As a species' population becomes smaller, its gene pool will be reduced in size as well. One possible outcome from this genetic bottleneck is a reduction in fitness of the species through the process of genetic drift, as well as inbreeding depression. This overall fitness decrease of a species is caused by an accumulation of deleterious mutations throughout the population. Genetic variation within a species could range from beneficial to detrimental. Nevertheless, in a smaller sized gene pool, there is a higher chance of a stochastic event in which deleterious alleles become fixed (genetic drift). While evolutionary theory states that expressed deleterious alleles should be purged through natural selection, purging would be most efficient only at eliminating alleles that are highly detrimental or harmful. Mildly deleterious alleles such as those that act later in life would be less likely to be removed by natural selection, and conversely, newly acquired beneficial mutations are more likely to be lost by random chance in smaller genetic pools than larger ones.

Although the long-term population persistence of several species with low genetic variation has recently prompted debate on the generality of inbreeding depression, there are various empirical evidences for genetic Allee effects. One such case was observed in the endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi). The Florida panther experienced a genetic bottleneck in the early 1990s where the population was reduced to ≈25 adult individuals. This reduction in genetic diversity was correlated with defects that include lower sperm quality, abnormal testosterone levels, cowlicks, and kinked tails. In response, a genetic rescue plan was put in motion and several female pumas from Texas were introduced into the Florida population. This action quickly led to the reduction in the prevalence of the defects previously associated with inbreeding depression. Although the timescale for this inbreeding depression is larger than of those more immediate Allee effects, it has significant implications on the long-term persistence of a species.

Demographic stochasticity
Demographic stochasticity refers to variability in population growth arising from sampling random births and deaths in a population of finite size. In small populations, demographic stochasticity will decrease the population growth rate, causing an effect similar to the Allee effect, which will increase the risk of population extinction. Whether or not demographic stochasticity can be considered a part of Allee effect is somewhat contentious however. The most current definition of Allee effect considers the correlation between population density and mean individual fitness. Therefore, random variation resulting from birth and death events would not be considered part of Allee effect as the increased risk of extinction is not a consequence of the changing fates of individuals within the population. Meanwhile, when demographic stochasticity results in fluctuations of sex ratios, it arguably reduces the mean individual fitness as population declines. For example, a fluctuation in small population that causes a scarcity in one sex would in turn limit the access of mates for the opposite sex, decreasing the fitness of the individuals within the population. This type of Allee effect will likely be more prevalent in monogamous species than polygynous species.

Effects on range-expanding populations
Demographic and mathematical studies demonstrate that the existence of an Allee effect can reduce the speed of range expansion of a population   and can even prevent biological invasions.

Recent results based on spatio-temporal models show that the Allee effect can also promote genetic diversity in expanding populations. These results counteract commonly held notions that the Allee effect possesses net adverse consequences. Reducing the growth rate of the individuals ahead of the colonization front simultaneously reduces the speed of colonization and enables a diversity of genes coming from the core of the population to remain on the front. The Allee effect also affects the spatial distribution of diversity. Whereas spatio-temporal models which do not include an Allee effect lead to a vertical pattern of genetic diversity (i.e., a strongly structured spatial distribution of genetic fractions), those including an Allee effect lead to a "horizontal pattern" of genetic diversity (i.e., an absence of genetic differentiation in space).

Mathematical models
A simple mathematical example of an Allee effect is given by the cubic growth model.
 * $$ \frac{dN}{dt} = -r N \left( 1 - \frac{N}{A} \right) \left( 1 - \frac{N}{K} \right),$$

where the population has a negative growth rate for $$ 0< N < A $$, and a positive growth rate for $$ A < N < K $$ (assuming $$ 0 < A < K $$). This is a departure from the logistic growth equation
 * $$ \frac{dN}{dt} = r N \left( 1- \frac{N}{K} \right)$$

where
 * N = population size;
 * r = intrinsic rate of increase;
 * K = carrying capacity;
 * A = critical point; and
 * dN/dt = rate of increase of the population.

After dividing both sides of the equation by the population size N, in the logistic growth the left hand side of the equation represents the per capita population growth rate, which is dependent on the population size N, and decreases with increasing N throughout the entire range of population sizes. In contrast, when there is an Allee effect the per-capita growth rate increases with increasing N over some range of population sizes [0, N].

Spatio-temporal models can take Allee effect into account as well. A simple example is given by the reaction-diffusion model
 * $$ \frac{\partial N}{\partial t} =D \frac{\partial^2 N}{\partial x^2}+ r N \left( \frac{N}{A} - 1 \right) \left( 1 - \frac{N}{K} \right),$$

where
 * D = diffusion coefficient;
 * $$\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} ={}$$one-dimensional Laplace operator.

When a population is made up of small sub-populations additional factors to the Allee effect arise.

If the sub-populations are subject to different environmental variations (i.e. separated enough that a disaster could occur at one sub-population site without affecting the other sub-populations) but still allow individuals to travel between sub-populations, then the individual sub-populations are more likely to go extinct than the total population. In the case of a catastrophic event decreasing numbers at a sub-population, individuals from another sub-population site may be able to repopulate the area.

If all sub-populations are subject to the same environmental variations (i.e. if a disaster affected one, it would affect them all) then fragmentation of the population is detrimental to the population and increases extinction risk for the total population. In this case, the species receives none of the benefits of a small sub-population (loss of the sub-population is not catastrophic to the species as a whole) and all of the disadvantages (inbreeding depression, loss of genetic diversity and increased vulnerability to environmental instability) and the population would survive better unfragmented.

Allee principles of aggregation
Clumping results due to individuals aggregating in response to: local habitat or landscape differences, daily and seasonal weather changes,  reproductive processes, or  as the result of social attractions.

title: Allee effect


text:
Talk:Hereditary fructose intolerance

Move
I moved this article from fructose intolerance to hereditary fructose intolerance because that is what the article is about, the full name is commonly used and full, specific names are preferred by naming conventions. Also, it disambiguates the article from dietary fructose intolerance. I did not make fructose intolerance a disambiguation page or put a disambiguation link at the top of this article because dietary fructose intolerance does not currently have an article. Once it does have an article, one of those options should be chosen. If "fructose intolerance" usually refers to the hereditary type, then a disambiguation link should be used. Otherwise, a disambiguation page should be created. -- Kjkolb 22:08, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Medical Concerns
I have Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) and am a part of a large (online) group of people who have HFI. There is very little known about this condition and the articles that have been sourced have inaccurate information. This information is inaccurate to the point that it can cause a patient with HFI severe medical issues. I regularly attempt to remove the dangerous information, but a bot continues to revert my changes. 50.73.174.54 (talk) 15:30, 30 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I reverted your edits, not a bot. The information you changed / added was not supported by the citation I used for my information, nor did you add another cite.  Check out WP:MEDRS for guidelines on how to source your additions so they are not reverted.  If I compare our two versions, I see some minor wording changes, the removal of sections relating to management by a dietician and the addition of a blog.  Can you please expand upon the changes you consider dangerous?  And provide some sources for your changes.  Canada Hky (talk) 23:16, 30 August 2012 (UTC)
 * The problem with citing articles is that even doctors and dieticians don't know how to properly treat this condition. There are very few medical articles that are 100% accurate. The other issues with finding sources is that most are restricted and you either have to pay for access or have access through work. The sentence referring a patient (or parent of a child with HFI) to a dietitian is particularly dangerous. There have been many reports of parents who have received recommendations from dietitians to feed their HFI children fruit and vegetables (like bananas and tomatoes). The upper limit for fructose/sucrose(etc) ingestion for adults with HFI has been measured at 100mg. A banana alone has 10912mg of fructose AND 5377mg of sucrose. One banana is over 160x the daily limit. Children, being much, much smaller than adults, can tolerate even less. This is why doctors don't expect children with HFI to survive without diagnosis. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.73.174.54 (talk) 21:23, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

 * You are highlighting one of the real, abysmal problems with this website. People are gonna die because of this, and likely already have. 2A00:23C8:9F93:FB01:8C09:C121:13D2:FF7E (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 22:17, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

 * PS I also have HFI. Keep up the good work. 2A00:23C8:9F93:FB01:8C09:C121:13D2:FF7E (talk) 22:21, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

Fructose malabsorption
Please do not remove the See Also link to Fructose_malabsorption.

The two topics should distinguish the two conditions on an agreed best science evidence basis.

G. Robert Shiplett 10:30, 3 August 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hereditary fructose intolerance


text: Category:Places in Gibraltar

title: Category:Places in Gibraltar


text:
User:Gaf.arq

Gaf.arq - I'm a Brazillian user of the Portuguese Language Wikipedia. I´m here to mostly add interwikis and make minor changes.

Other user pages: My main user page at the Portuguese Wikipedia | Meta | Commons |

If you need to talk to me, I'd ask you to contact me at my Portuguese talk page. E-mail messages are also welcome.

pt:Usuário:Gaf.arq

title: User:Gaf.arq


text:
Rib (professional wrestling)

In professional wrestling, a rib is a prank played on a wrestler, or backstage employee of a wrestling promotion, by another wrestler. Ribs may be practiced as a form of stress relief from the grueling schedule of traveling, experiencing the physical exertion of wrestling, and sleeping in a different town most nights. The largest wrestling company, WWE, are reported to require their wrestlers to perform 4 nights per week, so the backstage environment can become tense and in need of the relief that could be found in ribbing.

Examples of Ribs
Ribs are not necessarily strictly good natured. Scott Hall cites wrestlers including Mr. Fuji, "Mr. Perfect" Curt Hennig, and X-Pac as having defecated in another wrestler's bag or belongings. The situation involving X-Pac has become very well known amongst wrestling fans. He defecated in Sable's bag, ostensibly because she was poorly liked backstage. Hall further states that the same prank was pulled on Alundra Blayze and Sunny and Skip. There is also an enduring legend that Mr. Fuji once cooked another wrestler's dog and served it to him to eat, though the story may be apocryphal. Roddy Piper claimed in an interview that the unnamed wrestler had taken work from Fuji, while Hulk Hogan recalled, on Eric Bischoff's podcast, that Tor Kamata was the victim of the rib, and that his pet cat was cooked, not his dog. Mr. Fuji was notorious for his mean-spirited ribs, as he has been alleged to have slipped laxatives into other wrestlers' drinks, nailed and glued their clothes to the ceiling, cancelled their flights, removed the engine from Bobby Eaton's car, and many others. Jules Strongbow allegedly got his revenge on Mr. Fuji. He had heard that Mr. Fuji was very ticklish, so he tickled Fuji's feet to the point that he (Fuji) was in pain.

Some ribs do not pertain to one particular prank, as such. For example, the ring name of wrestlers Simon Dean and Virgil were considered ribs. Simon Dean's name came from "Dean Simon," which is the real name of fellow professional wrestler Dean Malenko. As for Virgil, he was ribbed by being given the first name of Virgil Runnels, better known by his ring name, Dusty Rhodes, as Rhodes worked for a variety of promotions that tried to compete against the WWE. When Virgil left WWE and went to wrestle in WCW, executives got their revenge by giving him the ring name "Vincent" and making him "Head of Security," as a reference to WWE owner and CEO Vince McMahon.

As with any type of prank, ribs do not always go as planned. When Don Jardine arrived in the Florida wrestling territory, his new colleagues decided to pull a rib on him that they referred to as "The Mabel." The plan was to have a female convince Jardine that she was romantically/sexually interested in him, but that she had a jealous husband. She would then invite Jardine to her house, allegedly surreptitiously. One of the other wrestlers would then pretend to be the jealous husband and scare Jardine off with a shotgun. Jardine had the last laugh, though, when he was able to wrestle the gun away from the "husband" and began assaulting him and destroying the house instead. Another was when Vince McMahon decided to rib Mark Henry by scheduling a match between him and Sin Cara. When Henry discovered that there wasn't an actually a match occurring between the two, he went on a complete meltdown backstage and almost quit the WWE.

Some wrestlers have made it through their whole career without being the victim of a rib, such as WWE Hall of Famer Trish Stratus. Although the examples cited largely occurred in the last century, ribbing is a wrestling tradition that continues. Prior to their WrestleMania 36 boneyard match, The Undertaker attempted to pull a rib on AJ Styles. Undertaker told Vince McMahon that he would participate in the match, but asked McMahon to call Styles and lie to him, claiming that the Undertaker had decided to wrestle someone else at WrestleMania. William Regal is another wrestler who experienced a more recent rib - during his entrance at the November 8, 2011 edition of WWE Superstars, Regal's original music in the WWE was played instead of his current theme. The song played was Regal's "Real Man's Man" theme, a theme he used when portraying a different character: "Real Man's Man" Steven Regal.

Owen Hart
In the WWE, Owen Hart was well-known for the various ribs he pulled on other WWE employees, so much so that a book has been written on the subject. Hart often called wrestler's hotel phone number at any hour of the night, claiming to be an employee at the hotel's front desk. He would tell the wrestler that their credit card had been denied, and the wrestler would often emerge from their room and proceed to let out their anger on the front desk employee, who had no idea what the wrestler was talking about. Jim Ross reports that Owen would call him and impersonate his father, wrestling promoter Stu Hart, in an effort to trick Ross into believing he was speaking with Stu. Ross was also the victim of another of Owen's ribs: it had been revealed that one of the wrestlers had been using cocaine, and it was Jim Ross's job, as Head of Talent Relations in the WWE at that time, to issue an appropriate punishment. That day, Ross spotted Owen with white powder around his nose, in an effort to fool Ross into thinking it was cocaine. It was actually powdered sugar from a donut. Owen also performed a rib on aforementioned notorious ribber Mr. Fuji, in which he put on a fake voice and called Fuji's hotel room, calling him a variety of names and curse words, ending in telling Fuji to come to the lobby, where the "unknown caller" would be waiting to "kick (Fuji's) ass." When Fuji made it to the lobby, in the middle of the night and dressed in a kimono, he was confused, as only Owen was there, who questioned Fuji as to what he was doing roaming the hotel at that hour.

Not all of Owen's pranks were friendly. In a shoot interview, Owen's brother Bret Hart recalled issues they had with George "The Animal" Steele when he was an agent for the WWE. Steele would allegedly charge wrestlers for being late, even by only a couple of minutes. When this happened to Owen and Bret, they stole Steele's expensive watch and threw it into a river. Owen Hart's malicious "ribs" against George Steele continued when he pushed Steele down the steps of a bus. James Romero, in his "Owen Hart: King of Pranks", asserts that Owen forced another driver to lose control of their car at high speed as a rib.

title: Rib (professional wrestling)


text:
Surgeon's knot

The surgeon's knot is a surgical knot and is a simple modification to the reef knot. It adds an extra twist when tying the first throw, forming a double overhand knot. The additional turn provides more friction and can reduce loosening while the second half of the knot is tied. This knot is commonly used by surgeons in situations where it is important to maintain tension on a suture, giving it its name.

Surgeon's knots are also used in fly fishing, in tying quilts, and for tying knots with twine; it is particularly useful in tying raw meat with butcher's twine, as the wet meat creates similar risks of loosening as surgery. Some sources categorize the surgeon's knot as a bend, since it can be effective as such.

Like the reef knot, the surgeon's knot capsizes and fails if one of the working ends is pulled away from the standing end closest to it.

title: Surgeon's knot


text: User talk:82.32.13.100

title: User talk:82.32.13.100


text:
Emil J. Brach

Emil Julius Brach (May 11, 1859 − October 29, 1947) was the founder of Brach's Confections, an American candy company.

Brach was born in 1859 in Schoenwald, Grand Duchy of Baden, to Martin and Wilhelmina Brach. The family migrated to Burlington, Iowa, in 1866. As a young man, he attended Burlington Business College and then managed a restaurant and confectionery store.

In 1880, he moved to Chicago, where he got his first major job at a candy-making company. He eventually became a very high-income salesman, managing to save up $15,000 to invest in a failed candy manufacturing company.

Brach started his own candy store and factory, Brach's Confections in 1904. Brach's business acuity and the quality of his candy quickly led to his company's success. His fourteen-year-old son, Frank, was the company's first salesman, securing their first large customer, Siegel, Cooper & Co. The company also sold candy to A. M. Rothschild & Company Store, another major department store. By 1911, the company produced 25 tons of candy a week, a figure that rose to 1,000 tons in 1918.

In 1913, the Brach Company was the first candy manufacturer to establish a food safety laboratory. Ingredients and samples were scientifically tested to ensure their purity. In 1922, Brach built the largest candy factory of its time on Chicago's West Side, providing employment to thousands. During World War II, Brach supplied much of the candy in emergency rations and for army post exchanges. During the war, the company underplayed the German heritage of its founder.

Brach retired in 1924 when he moved to Florida with his second wife. He remained an important part of the company's marketing strategy and appeared in many advertisements to emphasize the candy manufacturer's humble origins and the importance of family. He died in 1947.

title: Emil J. Brach


text:
Round turn and two half-hitches

The round turn and two half hitches is a hitch used to secure the end of a rope to a fixed object. The name refers to the components used to form the knot: a round turn wraps the rope around the object (completely encircling it) and the two half hitches secure the end around the standing part. Variations of this hitch can be made with differing numbers of turns and half-hitches; an example is illustrated below. With additional turns, it becomes a pipe hitch.

title: Round turn and two half-hitches


text:
Josef Breuer

Josef Breuer (, ; 15 January 1842 – 20 June 1925) was an Austrian physician who made discoveries in neurophysiology, and whose work during the 1880s with his patient Bertha Pappenheim, known as Anna O., developed the talking cure (cathartic method) which was used as the basis of psychoanalysis as developed by his protégé Sigmund Freud.

Early life
Born in Vienna, his father, Leopold Breuer, taught religion in Vienna's Jewish community. Breuer's mother died when he was quite young, and he was raised by his maternal grandmother and educated by his father until the age of eight. He graduated from the Akademisches Gymnasium of Vienna in 1858 and then studied at the university for one year before enrolling in the medical school of the University of Vienna. He passed his medical examinations in 1867 and went to work as assistant to the internist Johann Oppolzer at the university.

Neurophysiology
Breuer, working for Ewald Hering at the military medical school in Vienna, was the first to demonstrate the role of the vagus nerve in the reflex nature of respiration. This was different from previous physiological belief, and changed the way scientists considered the relationship of the lungs to the nervous system. The mechanism is now known as the Hering–Breuer reflex.

Independent of each other in 1873, Breuer and the physicist and mathematician Ernst Mach discovered how the sense of balance (i.e. the perception of the head's imbalance) functions: that it is managed by information the brain receives from the movement of a fluid in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. That the sense of balance depends on the three semicircular canals was discovered in 1870 by the physiologist Friedrich Goltz, but Goltz did not discover how the balance-sensing apparatus functions.

Anna O.
Breuer is known best perhaps for his work during the 1880s with Anna O. (the case pseudonym of Bertha Pappenheim), a woman suffering from "paralysis of her limbs, and anaesthesias, as well as disturbances of vision and speech". Breuer observed that her symptoms reduced or ended after she described them to him. Anna O. humorously called this procedure chimney sweeping. She also invented the more serious appellation for this form of therapy, talking cure. Breuer later referred to it as the “cathartic method”.

Breuer was then a mentor to the young Sigmund Freud, and had helped establish him in medical practice. Ernest Jones recalled, "Freud was greatly interested in hearing of the case of Anna O, which ... made a deep impression on him"; and in his work of 1909, Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Freud stated, "I was a student and working for my final examinations at the time when ... Breuer, first (in 1880-2) made use of this procedure ... Never before had anyone removed a hysterical symptom by such a method."

Freud and Breuer documented their discussions of Anna O. and other case studies in their 1895 book, Studies in Hysteria. These discussions of Breuer's treatment of Anna O. became "a formative basis of psychoanalytic practice, especially the importance of fantasies (in extreme cases, hallucinations), hysteria [...], and the concept and method of catharsis which were Breuer's major contributions". Louis Breger has observed that in the Studies, "Freud is looking for a grand theory that will make him famous and, because of this, he is always fastening on what he thinks will be a single cause of hysteria, such as sexual conflict...Breuer, on the other hand, writes about the many factors that produce symptoms, including traumas of a variety of kinds. He also gives others, such as Pierre Janet, credit and argues for “eclecticism”; he is open to many different ways of understanding and treating hysteria."

The two men became increasingly estranged. From a Freudian consideration, "while Breuer, with his intelligent and amorous patient Anna O., had unwittingly laid the groundwork for psychoanalysis, it was Freud who drew the consequences from Breuer's case". However, Breger notes that Breuer, while he valued Freud's contributions, didn't agree that sexual issues were the only cause of neurotic symptoms; he wrote in a 1907 letter to a colleague that “Freud is a man given to absolute and exclusive formulations: this is a psychical need which, in my opinion, leads to excessive generalization”. Freud later became hostile to Breuer, no longer giving him credit and helping spread a rumour that Breuer had been unable to manage erotic attention from Anna O. and had abandoned her case, though research indicates this never happened and Breuer remained involved with her case for several years while she remained unwell.

In 1894 Breuer was elected a Corresponding Member of the Vienna Academy of Sciences.

Family
Breuer married Mathilde Altmann in 1868, and they had five children. His daughter Dora later committed suicide rather than be deported by the Nazis. Another one of his daughters, Margarete Schiff, perished in the ghetto of Theresienstadt on September 9, 1942. Breuer's granddaughter, Hanna Schiff, died while imprisoned by the Nazis.

Works

 * Zwei Fälle von Hydrophobie. In: Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift 18 (1868). Sp. 178 f., 210-213.
 * Das Verhalten der Eigenwärme in Krankheiten. In: Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift 18 (1868). Sp. 982-985, 998-1002.
 * Die Selbststeuerung der Athmung durch den Nervus vagus. In: Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, math.-naturw. Kl. 58/2 (1868), S. 909-937.
 * Bemerkungen zu Senator's „Beiträge zur Lehre von der Eigenwärme und dem Fieber“. In: Arch. path. Anat., Berlin 46 (1969), S. 391 f.
 * Über Bogengänge des Labyrinths. In: Allg. Wien. med. Ztg. 18 (1873), S. 598, 606.
 * Über die Function der Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinthes. In: Med. Jb., Wien 1874. S. 72-124.
 * Zur Lehre vom statischen Sinne (Gleichgewichtsorgan). Vorläufige Mittheilung. In: Anz. Ges. Ärzte, Wien 1873. Nr. 9 (17. Dezember 1873), S. 31-33.
 * Beiträge zur Lehre vom statischen Sinne (Gleichgewichtsorgan, Vestibularapparat des Ohrlabyrinths). Zweite Mittheilung. In: Med. Jb., Wien 1875. S. 87-156.
 * Neue Versuche an den Ohrbogengängen. In: Arch. Physiol. 44 (1889), S. 135-152.
 * Über die Funktion der Otolithen-Apparate. In: Arch. Physiol. 48 (1891), S. 195-306.
 * Über Brommastitis. In: Wien. med. Presse 35 (1894), Sp. 1028.
 * Über Bogengänge und Raumsinn. In: Arch. Physiol. 68 (1897), S. 596-648.
 * Die Krisis des Darwinismus und die Teleologie. Vortrag, gehalten am 2. Mai 1902. In: Vorträge und Besprechungen. (1902), S. 43-64. Nachdruck der Ausgabe 1902: Edition discord, Tübingen 1986.
 * Über Galvanotropismus bei Fischen. In: Zbl. Physiol., Wien 16 (1902), S. 481-483.
 * Studien über den Vestibularapparat. In: Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, math.-naturw. Kl. 112/3(1903), S. 315-394.
 * Über den Galvanotropismus (Galvanotaxis) bei Fischen. In: Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, math.-naturw. Kl. 114/3 (1905), S. 27-56.
 * Über das Gehörorgan der Vögel. In: Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, math.-naturw. Kl. 116/3 (1907), S. 249-292.
 * Bemerkungen zu Dr. H. Abels Abhandlung „über Nachempfindungen im Gebiete des kinästhetischen und statischen Sinnes“. In: Zschr. Psychol. Physiol. Sinnesorg. 45 (1907), 1. Abt., S. 78-84.
 * Über Ewald's Versuch mit dem pneumatischen Hammer (Bogengangsapparat). In: Zschr. Sinnesphysiol. 42 (1908), S. 373-378.
 * Curriculum vitae [1923]. In: Dr. Josef Breuer 1842-1925. Wien o. J. [1927]. S. 9-24.
 * Ein telepathisches Dokument. In: Umschau 28 (1924). S. 215 f.
 * Josef Breuer / Rudolf Chrobak: Zur Lehre vom Wundfieber. Experimentelle Studie. In: Med. Jb., Wien 22/4 (1867). S. 3-12.
 * Josef Breuer / Sigmund Freud: Über den psychischen Mechanismus hysterischer Phänomene. Vorläufige Mittheilung. In: Neurol. Zbl. 12 (1893), S. 4-10, 43-47; zugleich in: Wien. med. Blätter 16 (1893), S. 33-35, 49-51.
 * Sigmund Freud / Josef Breuer: Studien über Hysterie. Franz Deuticke, Leipzig + Wien 1895. Neudruck: 6. Auflage. Fischer, Frankfurt a. M. 1991. ISBN 3-596-10446-7
 * Josef Breuer / Alois Kreidl: Über die scheinbare Drehung des Gesichtsfeldes während der Einwirkung einer Centrifugalkraft. In: Arch. Physiol. 70 (1898), S. 494-510.
 * Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach / Josef Breuer: Ein Briefwechsel. 1889-1916. Bergland-Verlag, Wien 1969

title: Josef Breuer


text: User talk:207.193.126.66

title: User talk:207.193.126.66


text:
User:Nyghtryder00x

User page

My name is Vincent and I am a junior at DaVinci High school. I run track and field for Davis High school. In my spare time I like to workout and hangout with my friends. I listen to all kinds of music except country I can’t stand country music. Almost every Friday I go out to the memorial union at UC Davis to go bowling and play pool with a group of my friends. I am just a normal teenager in the town of Davis.

title: User:Nyghtryder00x


text:
Kebaran culture

The Kebaran culture, also known as the 'Early Near East Epipalaeolithic', is an archaeological culture of the Eastern Mediterranean dating to c. 23,000 to 15,000 Before Present (BP). Its type site is Kebara Cave, south of Haifa. The Kebaran was produced by a highly mobile nomadic population, composed of hunters and gatherers in the Levant and Sinai areas who used microlithic tools.

Overview
The Kebaran is the first phase of the Epipalaeolithic in the Levant. Kebaran stone tool assemblages are characterized by small, geometric microliths, and are thought to have lacked the specialized grinders and pounders found in later Near Eastern cultures. Small stone tools called microliths and retouched bladelets can be found for the first time. The microliths of this culture period differ greatly from the Aurignacian artifacts.

The Kebaran is preceded by the final phase of the Upper Paleolithic Levantine Aurignacian (also known as the Athlitian or Antelian) and followed by the proto-agrarian Natufian culture of the Epipalaeolithic. The appearance of the Kebaran culture, of microlithic type implies a significant rupture in the cultural continuity of Levantine Upper Paleolithic. The Kebaran culture, with its use of microliths, is associated with the use of the bow and arrow and the domestication of the dog. The Kebaran is also characterised by the earliest collecting of wild cereals, known due to the uncovering of grain grinding tools. It was the first step towards the Neolithic Revolution. The Kebaran people are believed to have practiced dispersal to upland environments in the summer, and aggregation in caves and rock shelters near lowland lakes in the winter. This diversity of environments may be the reason for the variety of tools found in their kits.

Situated in the Terminal Pleistocene, the Kebaran is classified as an Epipalaeolithic society. They are generally thought to have been ancestral to the later Natufian culture that occupied much of the same range, who advanced the use of wild grains, building on the Kebaran traits to acquire some symptoms of permanent settlements, agriculture, and hints of civilization.

Artistic expression
Evidence for symbolic behavior of Late Pleistocene foragers in the Levant has been found in engraved limestone plaquettes from the Epipaleolithic open-air site Ein Qashish South in the Jezreel Valley, Israel. The engravings were uncovered in Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran deposits (ca. 23,000 and ca. 16,500 BP), and include the image of a bird, the first figurative representation known so far from a pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic site, together with geometric motifs such as chevrons, cross-hatchings and ladders. Some of the engravings closely resemble roughly contemporary European finds, and may be interpreted as "systems of notations" or "artificial memory systems" related to the timing of seasonal resources and related important events for nomadic groups.

Similar looking signs and patterns are well known from the context of the local Natufia, a final Epipaleolithic period when sedentary or semi-sedentary foragers started practicing agriculture.

The engravings found in Ein Qashish South involve symbolic conceptualization. They suggest that the figurative and non-figurative images comprise a coherent assemblage of symbols that might have been applied in order to store, share and transmit information related to the social activities and the subsistence of mobile bands. They also suggest a level of social complexity in pre-Natufian foragers in the Levant. The apparent similarity in graphics throughout the Late Pleistocene world and the mode of their application support the possibility that symbolic behavior has a common and much earlier origin.

title: Kebaran culture


text:
Franz (crater)

File: Franz is a small lunar impact crater identified during the Apollo mission in August 1971 and located along the eastern edge of the Sinus Amoris, a bay that forms a northern extension to the Mare Tranquillitatis. Its diameter is 25 km. It was named after German astronomer Julius Heinrich Franz. It lies to the southwest of the prominent crater Macrobius. To the north is the smaller Carmichael, and to the northwest is the diminutive Theophrastus.

The rim of this crater has been eroded due to subsequent impacts, although it retains a generally circular form. The interior has been flooded, leaving only a narrow inner wall and a low surviving rim. This floor has the same albedo as the surrounding terrain, and is not as dark as the lunar mare surface to the north and west. Attached to the exterior of the eastern rim is Proclus E, a merged double-crater formation. Proclus lies to the east across the Palus Somni, or Marsh of Sleep.

title: Franz (crater)


text:
Talk:BMW 5 Series

Translation problem?
"Most of models have been decline on version most sporty by the division Motorsport, called BMW M5." Is this some kind of translation problem?

Other manufacturing locations?
This article says that the 5-Series is manufactured in Germany. Has there been any exceptions to this? SamH|Talk 18:07, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

There are probably CKD models assembled in countries with high tariffs for imports. --202.7.190.131 12:36, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Competitors
Ive added the CTS-V. But Im having 2nd thoughts. Is it a competitor ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.93.174.106 (talk) 09:41, 18 April 2005

 * To be honest, the competitors sections have always made me a bit nervous—they're subjective and generally suffer from list bloat. In fact, looking through my Watchlist, something similar has just happened to the Audi A4 page.  It takes a keen editor to keep these trimmed and meaningful, and in general, I lean towards dumping them altogether.

 * That being said, the CTS-V was designed to compete directly with the M5, and the entire CTS line seems positioned similarly to the 5. The CTS seems like a reasonable addition here. --Milkmandan 13:12, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC)

 * The 550i is now a reality in the E60 line but I don't know enough about it to add it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.17.228.239 (talk) 05:40, 25 November 2005

E60 (2004-present)
''The "Active" or "Active Comfort" seat, already available on the flagship 7 series, is made available on driver and front passenger seats of the newly engineered 5 Series in many markets. The Active seat is an innovative motion comfort system invented by Richard D. Harza, renowned civil engineer and former Chairman of the Harza Engineering Company (now known as MWH Global), and developed by Robert Kallman. The invention was conceived to provide Mr. Harza's daughter with relief from lower back pain while seated for prolonged periods of time due to her struggles with cystic fibrosis. A pair of bladders inside the seat base alternately raise and lower the pelvis from left to right to impart a natural walking-like motion to the lower back in order to provide many comfort and health benefits of walking without the need to stand up and walk about.''

In my opinion the "Active Comfort" system is hardly such a revolution that it should be included here and in any case there is no reason to elaborate on who the inventor is and why he invented it. Numerous engineering miracles happen each time a new car is invented, I don't see why this one should get such special attention. This paragraph really comes off as an advertisement for Mr. Harza and MWH Global. The exact same paragraph can also be found in the article about the BMW 7 Series.

The I-drive would be much more suitable for inclusion because it has been so controversial. It is however already covered in the article about the BMW 7 Series.Hamstro 16:36, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Dear Hamstro:

I agree that the name of the inventor and development history of the Active seat don't need to be included in this, or any other Series section. The background information was not intended to be an advertisement, and in fact serves no advertising value to Mr. Harza nor to his company. As a retired engineer and builder of many of the world's largest dams, neither his own nor his company's commercial interests are impacted by Wikipedia knowledge of this automotive seating feature. It is only to BMW's benefit to include mention of this innovation, not as advertising but as one of many descriptions of the various features, technologies and innovations available on BMW automobiles. I included the background information because I found it to be a compelling story about the nature of invention and the sort of story not often known by the general public. It was published in an internal company document. Perhaps this is the sort of information one could only find on Wikipedia and part of why this encyclopedia is so special.

It is not granting special attention to include mention of an engineering advance in seating comfort introduced to the automotive industry by BMW. Please note that the Active seat feature was deemed worthy of recognition by Popular Science magazine as one of the best inventions of the year in 1998. Also, the migration of features from the flagship 7 series to the 5 series reveals much about the marketing and development of BMW's technologies. There is no reason to exclude mention that a feature is available on any particular series, and in fact many other feature descriptions are repeated in sections for the various series.

Rather than remove the all mention of the Active seat, you had the option of just removing details about the inventor. If you feel that other BMW features are more deserving of elaboration, then do some research and add information and enhance the knowledge base held within Wikipedia. To completely remove all mention of the Active seat unnecessarily restricted the availability of accurate and detailed information about features available on the 5 Series. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.148.77.25 (talk) 06:44, 1 May 2006

 * As I stated above it didn't seem noteworthy to me - I haven't seen it mentioned as a technological breakthrough anywhere. Furthermore the elaborate description of how the seat was invented made me think that it was advertising - this is after all an article about the BMW 5 series, not every new feature brought to life along with it.

 * Because I still wasn't completely sure that it wasn't worth keep, I made the comment on this talk page and waited. After noone came around to comment for a while I decided to remove the information.

 * I have just looked over the new section in the article about the BMW 7 Series and I like it now. It's short and to the point and as such doesn't stray too far from the main topic of the article.

 * I suggest that you make a page about the Active Seat and link to it if it is such a technological leap. Verifiable stories about how it was invented would be ideal to put in an article like that. Hamstro (Talk) 20:59, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Dear Hamstro:

Thank you giving consideration to my reasons for including mention of BMW's use of the Active Seat feature. If you are satisfied with the new section in the article, then so am I.

Please understand that I do not consider myself to be an individual arbiter of what is noteworthy. I thought that the Best Invention recognition of the technology by Popular Science magazine supported the notion that it the Active seat is, in fact, noteworthy. In addition, in its first year of introduction in Europe, the Active Seat received widespread acclaim in numerous European newspapers and magazines. The feature was introduced as standard equipment on the 750/760 Series and according to Bloomberg was selected as an option on more than 70% of the 740/745 Series at prices up to $2,500 for drive and front passenger seats. This feature was not treated as a gimmick, but rather as an innovation which provides substantive benefits. BMW advertisements in Forbes and other magazine featured the Active Seat, as did an impressive two-page spread the BMW printed brochures. I know some of the people in Germany involved in this project and know how important this feature was to seating comfort and competion with other auto manufacturers.

Thank you for the suggestion that there be a page about he Active Seat technology. I will ask someone who worked on this project at BMW or Johnson Controls (the other automotive OEM supplier of the device) to write for me a brief account of Mr. Harza's development of the invention prior to its license to BMW.

On a related matter, in case you're interested in the technology, there's a link at the end of this article to the bmwworld website that describes the Active seat's function. Another page is on BMW's 7 Series web pages worldwide and the 5 Series web pages in most countries other that the US.

BMW supplied a 7 Series car that was displayed at an international private and business jet convention to demonstrate the Active seat feature alongside a Gulfsream seat into which the Active seat, (AKA. Aerovit for aviation) was also installed. Although the feature used in aviation is called the Aerovit, Mr. Harza is cited as inventor and the motion is identical to that provided on the BMW.

The technology is marketed by auto and aviation industry leaders as a genuine technology breakthrough that provides a substantive comfort benefit. As someone who has test driven the BMW Active Seat, I can tell you that my lower back and rear-end have never before been so pain-free after a 6 hour drive. When I reached my destination and got out of the car, I was pleasantly surprised to find that I felt none of the pain and stiffness I would normally experience after sitting for so long, Let me add, I'm usually quite stiff and uncomfortable after even just one hour in the same seat. Previously I thought that only standing up and walking would ease the pain, but this Active seat device provided the same walking benefits without the need to get up and leave the seat. I don't know of any other seating product on the market that works to provide the benefits of walking. Thanks again for the idea of an Active Seat page. Please let me know if you learn anything you would like to add. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.148.77.25 (talk) 06:01, 5 May 2006

 * Please sign your posts by following your edit with four tildes. Nicholas SL Smith chatter 15:54, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

E39
The article states that The very first E39 BMW 5 Series rolled off the assembly line on June 18, 1996.

 * Since I own an E39 BMW 523iSE made in April 1996, I have to say I disagree with that statement. It may be that the first one bound for the USA was made on that day I guess. 195.212.29.83 10:26, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * According to RealOEM.com[|RealOEM.com] (for the European E39 523i), which is fed by BMW parts databases, the first E39 was produced in Feb 1995. This marks a slight overlap with E34 production, but is not too far a reach. I'll add this.   Nicholas SL Smith 01:36, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Assembly is Dingolfing
The fact box says that assembly is Munich, Germany. This is not correct. Current 5 series are built at BMW's Dingolfing plant. Dingolfing is about 100 KM northeast from Munich. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.142.25.239 (talk) 07:06, 21 June 2007

5er image
Shouldn't the 5 series page header contain an image of the most current 5 series model? I like the E39 image (the E39 is by far my favorite 5er ever made, we have two) but it's not appropriate to pick that particular car as an example of a current 5er. Nicholas SL Smith chatter 15:57, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Generally the best available image is used for the lead info box. It looks like both the E39 and E60 are of similar quality (the E60 is slightly better lit in my opinion) in this case I agree that we should use the most current model.  I will switch it if no one objects. --Daniel J. Leivick (talk) 20:38, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't object, but this is has been a sensitive issue as of late. I agree with a current image, and would like to give deference to it because image quality can become very subjective when images are of a very similar quality.  I by no means wish to offend anyone by judging the quality of images, and a survey doesn't seem appropriate, so let's stick with a current image.  Nicholas SL Smith chatter 23:18, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The way the page is now, the same image is twice in the article, which is much less helpful than a better variety. Even if you do think the E60 image is better quality (I don't, because of the reflections from the parking lot stripes), I don't know of any other particularly good E60 images to fill that infobox. IFCAR (talk) 23:42, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * That's also a good point (about the image redundancy), but it is still more helpful than displaying an arbitrary model simply because the image isn't on the page yet. I think we really ought to go out and take a better image (and use it when we take it) --  Nicholas SL Smith chatter 04:10, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

New model is out, pics are here: http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/245416/bmws_new_5series.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.131.0.218 (talk) 00:14, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

Ambiguous geography
The article states "BMW has decided to only offer 1 4 cylinder engine here: the 520d". Where is "here"? Not clear if it is US, North America, UK...? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.196.192.162 (talk) 04:57, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Similarly the description of the F10 uses 'here' twice without defining where 'here' is. Possibly the USA but it's impossible to tell. 'It is not known what engine BMW will use here for markets outside of Europe due to fuel quality problems, most likely the BMW N52 will continue here.' —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ashleystevens (talk • contribs) 20:02, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

E39 and E60 infobox photos
In the case of the E39, the photo preferred by User:Roguegeek has a less appealing background -- including another car visually "touching" the subject -- and the car looks like it may have been lowered. In the case of the E60 photo, the photo he prefers is low-resolution and very harshly lit.

For the benefit of any users who would like to weigh in, the photos in question:

In the gallery above, the first photo is the one currently in the article as edited by Roguegeek, and the second is the original photo that I feel should be restored. IFCAR (talk) 19:08, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

3-digit nomenclature did not begin with the 5 Series
"The 5 Series began the BMW tradition of being named with a three-digit number."

This is a strange statement when one considers:
 * the BMW 303 of the early 1930s
 * all BMW cars between the 303 and the BMW 335 (1939 – 1941), up to (and into) World War II
 * the BMW 501, BMW's first postwar production car
 * the BMW 502, 503, and 507, derived from the 501

The use of displacement to name BMWs began with 1955 with the BMW Isetta 250, the use of displacement with codes began with the 3.2 Super in 1957, and the early postwar three-digit number system (different systems were used prewar) ended with the 503 and 507 in 1959. Sincerely, SamBlob (talk) 12:21, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Lead infobox photo
As per the convention of WP:CARPIX to use the best-quality image in the top infobox, based on the series of photography standards spelled out there, this article currently uses a photo of the E60 generation. The photo is especially clean, with minimal distractions on or around the car, and is of the proper 3/4 front view.

An anonymous user prefers a photo of the F10 generation, a photo that is more front-heavy, has other vehicles in the background and is covered with distracting reflections -- clearly not the best available photo of a BMW 5-Series. This user's only justification for the proposed switch is a personal preference for the current generation to appear in the lead infobox, despite WP:CARPIX stating clearly that is not a factor.

I was inclined to treat the user's behavior as vandalism, because there was only one explanation given for a reverted edit (with a personal attack at that), ignoring my own explanations. Posting here is something I clearly should have done sooner, but are there are any other thoughts? IFCAR (talk) 20:11, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I have changed the lead box photo to the current BMW 5 series sedan. I believe the lead box photo should be the current generation without question. The image i have uploaded meets WP:CARPIX standards. The image is clear with a plain background that focuses on the vehicle with little reflections outlining the cars new shape.

 * I have replaced the main image with a good quality version of the F10 generation as a compromise. I don't think these image battles are worth the effort fighting for as new images get uploaded all the time. OSX (talk • contributions) 12:46, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The other is better. Someone saying "I believe it should be x" without a legitimate reason is not a precedent I would like to see. IFCAR (talk) 16:28, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * That image is nice, but the other image is better as that one has a vehicle in the background. Also I don't mean to get technical here, but that 5er has the shadow line high gloss trim as an option which is not on a standard 5er. The image should be of a high quality stock F10 5 series. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tobytoblerone (talk • contribs) 20:41, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The E60 image used previously (File:BMW E60 front 20080515.jpg) is actually quite grainy, and of low quality with shadows over the front of the car. The low resolution of File:F105er.jpg leads me to believe it may be a copyright violation, but I cannot confirm this. It is also very grainy, and has obvious reflections all over the paintwork. Also, if the accessories fitted to the car are factory-fitted, then that is okay. OSX (talk • contributions) 23:21, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

Tobytoblerone, there's no need for any particular generation to be illustrated, but I share your concerns about lack of factory spec and having another car in the background. OSX, I think "low quality" is a great exaggeration to describe the other photo, but I do see the shadow if not the grain. It

It does look like there's another angle of the photo currently in place that doesn't have anything distracting in the background, so if we can establish it's a stock vehicle I'd be okay with that one.

But again, the discussion in such cases should be entirely on the merits of the photograph, not of which generation of car is in the picture. IFCAR (talk) 23:37, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I have replaced the lead infobox image again, using the image that you have suggested for the time being. On my computer, the File:BMW E60 front 20080515.jpg is not very sharp and suffers from graininess. Tobytoblerone says that the paint work of File:BMW 530d (F10) front-1 20100821.jpg and File:BMW 530d (F10) front 20100821.jpg is a high-gloss option. I would assume, this means a factory option, not an aftermarket one.

 * No i am referring to the black trim around the windows etc. The black trim is a factory option you pay extra for, not on a standard 5 series which is a chrome trim. This image is much better http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BMW_530d_(F10)_front-1_20100821.jpg

 * Also, I agree that the infobox image does not have to be of the most recent generation, but this is not an opinion shared by all other editors (there are constant debates of this nature). Because you and I, along with other editors are always uploading new images, I don't think it is worth arguing the point if a suitable image exists of the current generation (even if not quite as nice as another image). OSX (talk • contributions) 00:18, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Considering the low standards many accept as "suitable," I'm more than willing to make use of the consensus we expended so much energy in creating the WP:CARPIX standards. There's just no merit for the personal preference of a particular generation, and as you may have seen on the Lincoln Continental or Buick Roadmaster articles, some users just as vehemently prefer to see older cars for no better reasons. IFCAR (talk) 00:23, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Point accepted. OSX (talk • contributions) 00:29, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

IFCAR
Just_drop_it —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.121.124.15 (talk) 23:17, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * why? -- Daniel 19:53, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

THIS THING IS FULL-SIZED
IF YOU LIVE IN AUSTRALIA, A CAR WITH 189 INCHES OR MORE IN LENGTH IS CONSIDERED A FULL-SIZE, BUT IF YOU LIVE IN THE UNITED STATES, IT'S A CAR WITH 110 OR MORE INCHES IN WHEELBASE THAT MAKES IT FULL-SIZED. I DO NOT KNOW WHY YOU REVERTED MY EDIT. :LOL: --198.228.216.27 (talk) 04:08, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

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Awards section
Hello. Since any awards relate to individual generations, I propose that the Awards section is removed from this article. Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 00:45, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree. Toasted Meter (talk) 08:54, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writing 2 - Digital Futures
— Assignment last updated by Zmuhl (talk) 22:33, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

Bmv sria 5 vit 2011 79.106.66.54 (talk) 05:40, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:BMW 5 Series


text:
Langhus

Langhus is a suburban area in the municipality of Nordre Follo in Akershus, Norway. With a population of about 13,000, Langhus includes the local areas of Bøleråsen, Vevelstad and Langhus.

Transport
The village is stretched along the Østfold railway line, which runs between Oslo S and Ski and includes Langhus and Vevelstad railway stations. The distance between Langhus and Vevelstad stations is 650 metres.

Education
There are three primary schools in Langhus (Bøleråsen Skole, Vevelstadåsen Skole and Langhus Skole) and one Secondary School (Haugjordet Ungdomsskole). Another secondary school, Vevelstad Ungdomskole, was located near the church but is now no longer in use.

Other facilities
The commercial centre of Langhus is known as Langhussenteret and includes Langhus Post Office, a supermarket, cafes and other stores. A gas station is located north of Langhussenteret. Following release of new residential land, Langhus has grown significantly since 1980. The local church built on the higher ground above Langhussenteret was opened in 1990. A retirement home was built in Langhus in 2009, near the lake Fosstjern. PostNord has its hub for package deliveries in Langhus.

Notable Langhus locals
Several well-known musicians began their careers in the Langhus area during the mid to late 1980s, playing at the local practice room, including the black metal band Mayhem and black metal artist Simen Hestnæs. The opera singer and conductor Rolf Nykmark began his career in the Langhus area.

title: Langhus


text:
Newcomb (lunar crater)

Newcomb is a lunar impact crater that is located in the rugged Montes Taurus mountain range, to the east of the Mare Serenitatis. It lies to the northeast of the prominent crater Römer, and north-northwest of Macrobius.

This crater has a sharp-edged and somewhat irregular rim that appears polygonal more than circular. There are terraces along the inner sides, with some slumping along the northern and western inner edge. The south-southwestern part of the rim is overlaid by the smaller crater Newcomb A. The interior floor is uneven, particularly near the rim of Newcomb A. Just to the south-southeast of the crater is the satellite crater Newcomb J. This feature is named after the American astronomer Simon Newcomb.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Newcomb.

title: Newcomb (lunar crater)


text:
User:Guidoverboom

See InMongolia Profile

title: User:Guidoverboom


text:
User:JensBenecke

See http://de.wikipedia.org/Benutzer:JensBenecke. :-)

title: User:JensBenecke


text:
8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture

8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture is the official soundtrack album to the 2002 film of the same name. The album, performed by various artists, was released by Universal Pictures' then subsidiary Universal Music, through Interscope and Shady/Aftermath. It spawned the hit single "Lose Yourself" by Eminem, who also stars in the semi-autobiographical movie.

The album also spawned a follow-up soundtrack, More Music from 8 Mile, consisting of songs that appear in the film and were released as singles during the film's time setting of 1995. One of the songs was performed by 2Pac, who would be the subject of a documentary with a soundtrack produced by Eminem, who also produced a posthumous album by 2Pac. The album also features four songs by Wu-Tang Clan and its members, and two songs by Mobb Deep, who eventually signed to G-Unit Records. Both albums were also made available in censored versions, removing most of the strong language and sexual and violent content.

8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture debuted at number one on the  Billboard 200, selling over 700,000 copies in its first week. It sold 510,000 copies in its second week and eventually became the fifth best-selling album in the US of 2002, with sales of 3.4 million copies. It is certified sextuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The album featured the universal number-one hit "Lose Yourself", which won the Oscar for Best Original Song.

Singles

 * "Lose Yourself" was released as the soundtrack's lead single on October 28, 2002.
 * "Wanksta" was released as the soundtrack's second single on "12 on November 5.
 * "8 Mile" was released as a promo single on December 15.
 * "Rap Name" by Obie Trice was released as a single on "12 on October 22, 2002 and was included on the album's special edition bonus CD.

Content and censorship
The clean version of the 8 Mile soundtrack removes most of the strong language and sexual and violent content. The only word left uncensored on the soundtrack, is the word "ass" (except on "Places to Go" by 50 Cent, where the word "ass" is used twice, but the word was only censored once). No other words are uncensored on the clean version of "8 Mile".

"That's My Nigga For Real", by rapper Young Zee, is listed as "That's My ***** For Real" on the clean version. In "Rap Game" by D12 featuring 50 Cent in Proof's verse, the word "shit" is uncensored (even on the clean version), and in Eminem's verse, the words "White House" and "Cheney" are censored on both edited and explicit versions. A very rare version of "Rap Game" can be heard on the internet, in which the words "White House" and "Cheney" are left uncensored. In "Rabbit Run" by Eminem, the word "fuck" was left uncensored once in the clean version of the soundtrack. In "Love Me" by Obie Trice, Eminem and 50 Cent, the word "goddamn" is left uncensored in 50 Cent's verse.

Critical reception
8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 74, based on 20 reviews.

Eminem received praise from hip-hop producers and pundits  for including authentic, era-appropriate beats in the film, despite the expense associated with clearance relative to original music bearing a similar sound.

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with over 702,000 copies sold in the 1st week and 510,000 copies sold in the 2nd week also finishing the year as the 5th best-selling album of 2002 with US sales of over 3.4 million. As of July 2013, it has sold 4,922,000 copies in the U.S. As of January 2016, the soundtrack has sold 11 million copies worldwide.

It debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart with sales of 45,000 copies. It also reached number one on the UK Compilations Chart Australian ARIAnet Albums Chart.

More Music from 8 Mile
Notes
 * $undefined$ signifies an additional producer
 * $undefined$ signifies a co-producer

Other songs

 * These songs did appear in the film but were not released on any soundtrack:

 * 1) "Last Dayz" by Onyx
 * 2) "Time's Up" by O.C.
 * 3) "Unbelievable" by The Notorious B.I.G.
 * 4) "Sweet Home Alabama" by Lynyrd Skynyrd
 * 5) "Insane in the Brain" by Cypress Hill
 * 6) "This Is How We Do It" by Montell Jordan
 * 7) "Gang Stories" by South Central Cartel
 * 8) "Who Shot Ya?" by The Notorious B.I.G.
 * 9) "Temptations" by 2Pac
 * 10) "Next Level (Nyte Time Mix)" by Showbiz and A.G.
 * 11) "Player's Anthem" by Junior M.A.F.I.A.
 * 12) "Da Mystery of Chessboxin'" by Wu-Tang Clan

Decade-end chart
Notes:
 * A^ In the UK, compilation albums were excluded from the main album chart from January 1989. 8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture was classified as a compilation album for chart purposes and peaked at #1 on the compilations chart, not the main albums chart.


text: User talk:209.175.47.162

title: User talk:209.175.47.162


text:
Celia S. Friedman

Celia S. Friedman (born January 12, 1957) is an American speculative fiction author who often writes as "C. S. Friedman." Originally a costume designer, Friedman began her publishing career in 1986. She quit costuming in 1996 to write full-time. As of 2022, she has published fourteen novels, numerous short stories—several of which were included in her 2021 collection, The Dreaming Kind, and a sourcebook for White Wolf's Vampire: The Masquerade role-playing game.

Friedman was nominated for the John W. Campbell award for Best New Writer in 1988 (now called the Astounding Award, and her novel This Alien Shore was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year in 1998.

In August 2022, Deadline reported that Bohemia Group, a global management firm, was shopping a potential television series based on The Coldfire Trilogy, which was a finalist for NPR's Science Fiction and Fantasy Vote in 2011.

title: Celia S. Friedman


text: Category:Communications in Canada

title: Category:Communications in Canada


text:
Mundo (river)

The Mundo is a river in south-eastern Spain. It originates slightly south of Riópar in the mountain plateau Calar del Mundo. From there it flows towards Riopar and then westwards until it joins the Segura south of Hellín.

Description
The Mundo has a length of 150 km and a drainage area of 766 km2. The river receives most of its tributaries in its upper course. They include the Rio de la Vega, the Rio de los Vadillos and the Rio de Bogarra. The Arroyo de Tobarra is the only significant tributary in its lower course. There are two reservoirs along the course of the Mundo: the Talave reservoir with a volume of 34 hm3 and the Camarillas reservoir with a volume of 36.5 hm3. At the Talave reservoir the Mundo receives additional water via a 250 km long aqueduct coming from reservoirs of the Tagus river. The Camarillas reservoir triggered a series of small quakes when it was first filled in spring 1961, but the seismic activity finally ceased in spring 1962.

The Mundo river is well known for its picturesque source (Reventón del Rio Mundo), which is considered to be one of the world's most beautiful river sources. The river originates from a cave in the middle of a tall cliff and forms a waterfall with a height of almost 100 meters. Subsequently, it forms a series of smaller cascades and pools. The cave itself is about 15 meters wide and 25 meters high and constitutes the end of a large cave system under the Calar del Mundo.

title: Mundo (river)