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1936 in the Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) broke out with a military uprising in Morocco on July 17, triggered by events in Madrid. Within days, Spain was divided in two: a "Republican" or "Loyalist" Spain consisting of the Second Spanish Republic (within which were pockets of revolutionary anarchism and Trotskyism), and a "Nationalist" Spain under the insurgent generals, and, eventually, under the leadership of General Francisco Franco.

By the summer, important tendencies of the war become clear, both in terms of atrocities on both sides and in the contrast between the Soviet Union's intermittent help to the Republican government and the committed support of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany for the Nationalists.

In the early days of the war, over 50,000 people who were caught on the "wrong" side of the lines were assassinated or summarily executed. In these paseos ("promenades"), as the executions were called, the victims were taken from their refuges or jails by armed people to be shot outside of town. Probably the most famous such victim was the poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca. The outbreak of the war provided an excuse for settling accounts and resolving long-standing feuds. Thus, this practice became widespread during the war in areas conquered. In most areas, even within a single given village, both sides committed assassinations.

Any hope of a quick ending to the war was dashed on July 21, the fifth day of the rebellion, when the Nationalists captured the main Spanish naval base at Ferrol in northwestern Spain. This encouraged the fascist and other sympathetic regimes of Europe to help Franco, who had already contacted the governments of Germany and Italy the day before. On July 26, the future Axis Powers cast their lot with the Nationalists. German assistance, channeled through Franco rather than to the Nationalists in general, consolidated his leadership position of the insurgency.

In the north, a rebel force under Colonel Beorlegui, sent by General Emilio Mola, advanced on Gipuzkoa. On September 5, after heavy fighting, it took Irún, closing the French border to the Republicans. On September 13 the Basques surrendered San Sebastián to the Nationalists, who then advanced toward their capital, Bilbao, but were stopped at the border of the province. The capture of Gipuzkoa had isolated the Republican provinces in the north.

Nationalist forces under Franco won a great symbolic victory on September 27 when they relieved the besieged Alcázar at Toledo. Two days after relieving the siege, Franco proclaimed himself Generalísimo and Caudillo ("chieftain"); he would forcibly unify the various Falangist and Royalist elements of the Nationalist cause.

In October, the Nationalists launched a major offensive toward Madrid, reaching it in early November and launching a major assault on the city on November 8. The Republican government was forced to shift from Madrid to Valencia, out of the combat zone, on November 6. However, the Nationalists' attack on the capital was repulsed in fierce fighting between November 8 and 23. A contributory factor in the successful Republican defence was the arrival of the International Brigades, though only around 3,000 of them participated in the battle. Having failed to take the capital, Franco bombarded it from the air and, in the following two years, mounted several offensives to try to encircle Madrid.

On November 18, Germany and Italy officially recognized the Franco regime, and on December 23, Italy sent "volunteers" of its own to fight for the Nationalists.

Detailed chronology: 1936

 * February 16: Popular Front electoral victory.

July
Casares Quiroga resigns as chief of the Republican government. Diego Martínez Barrio tries to form a new government, but cannot obtain broad enough parliamentary support. José Giral forms a government, which orders that arms be issued to the general populace. Seville, one of the most important cities in the south, is unsuccessfully defended by local police troops and a poorly armed workers' militia. While the heaviest weapons police possess are machine guns, the rebel General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano sends in artillery and heavily armed troops. Seville falls to the rebels. This is the day the People's Olympiad was scheduled to open in Barcelona, as a protest against the official 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, the capital of Nazi Germany. The games have now been cancelled due to the war. In Barcelona, heavy street-fighting breaks out between police, workers militias and loyal troops on one side and around 12,000 rebel soldiers on the other. After it becomes obvious that Civil Guard, Guardia de Asalto and City Police would not be enough to keep control of the city, the Generalitat (regional government of Catalonia), decide belatedly to arm loyal civilians. Barcelona: The combined forces of local police troops, workers' militias and citizens gain back control over the city in a dramatic two-day barricade fight. Majorca: After heavy resistance, especially at the air base, the rebels gain control over Majorca. The official leader of the uprising, General José Sanjurjo, dies in an air accident in a small aircraft bringing him back to Spain from his exile in Portugal. He had insisted, against the advice of the pilot, on taking all of his possessions with him. The overloaded aircraft crashed taking off. The Nationalist insurgents have control of the Spanish zones of Morocco, the Canary Islands, the Balearic Islands except Menorca, the part of Spain north of the Sierra de Guadarrama and the Ebro (except Asturias, Cantabria, the north of the Basque Country, and Catalonia). Among the major cities, the insurgents hold Seville, but the Republicans retain Madrid and Barcelona. Toledo: After three days of street battles against forces loyal to the government, about 1000 Civil and Assault Guards, falangists and a handful of infantry cadets, under the leadership of Colonel José Moscardó Ituarte, retreat into the Alcázar of Toledo, a stone fortress set on high ground overlooking the Tagus and the city. They take with them their own families, plus a few hundred women and children as hostages, most of them families of well-known leftists. The navy and air force remain loyal to the government. Thanks to the initiative of noncommissioned officer Benjamin Balboa, most of the Navy stayed loyal to the Republic. He was on duty in the central military radio station. As soon as he got notice of the uprising he informed the Naval Ministry and arrested his commanding officer, Captain Castor Ibáñez, then spent the night informing navy ships about the uprising. The sailors on the ships formed councils and gained control of the ships, despite heavy resistance from the officers. Spain lost three quarters of its navy officers that night, but the Navy was saved for the Republic. The officers of the Spanish Air Force are traditionally very Republican, but the air force has only a few obsolete planes. The Durruti Column, around three thousand men, mostly workers, led by Buenaventura Durruti are the first volunteer militia to leave Barcelona, heading for the Aragon front.
 * July 12: In Madrid, Lieutenant José Castillo of the Guardia de Asalto is murdered by four falangist gunmen who awaited the recently married lieutenant in the afternoon hours in front of his house. He was a member of the Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista, an anti-fascist organization for military members, and also helped to train socialist militia.
 * July 13: In retaliation, around 3am, José Calvo Sotelo, leader of the right-wing monarchist party, is murdered by police officers. Only a few hours after the assassination of Castillo, his close friend Police Captain Fernando Condés and other police officers arrest Calvo Sotelo in his house. Paul Preston has speculated that the police officers may have acted of their own accord. This was a factor in the uprising of 18 July, though the Nationalist revolt had been in planning for months. Driving with him in a police car of the Guardia de Asalto, Officer Luis Cuenca shot him in the back of the neck in summary execution.
 * July 14: Shootout between the Guardia de Asalto and falangist militias in the streets surrounding the cemetery of Madrid, where the burials of José Castillo and Calvo Sotelo are taking place. Four people killed.
 * July 17: Army uprising in Morocco. Military uprising of the Spanish Legion in Morocco. General Manuel Romerales, commanding officer of the East Army, is murdered by rebels, who also imprisoned commanding General Gomez in the late afternoon. Loyal police troops from the Guardia Civil and Guardia de Asalto hold the cities Tetouan and Larache, but come under heavy attack by the rebels. General Franco orders the killing of his own nephew, a major in Tétouan, for staying loyal to the government. By late evening, all of Morocco is in the hands of the rebels. From the Canary Islands, Franco declares a "state of war" for all of Spain. Prime Minister Santiago Casares Quiroga spends the whole day telephoning different regional military administrations to clarify the situation. Pamplona, Zaragoza, Oviedo, Salamanca, Ávila, Segovia, and Cádiz are already in rebel hands.
 * July 18: The rebels gain control over about one third of Spain.
 * July 19: Franco flies from the Canary Islands to Tétouan and takes command of the army in Africa.
 * July 20: Rebels defeated in Madrid and Barcelona, but they take Majorca. In Madrid, around 10,000 citizens, among them police officers and soldiers, attack the Montaña Barracks, held by rebel General Fanjul and around 2500 soldiers. Some soldiers in the Barracks want to surrender and wave a white flag. The crowd moves towards the barracks, while the soldiers who wanted to surrender are overwhelmed by the rebels. The rebels then immediately fire heavy machine guns and throw hand grenades into the masses, leaving many wounded or dead. The crowd storms the barracks and massacres the defenders. General Fanjul is among the few captured alive.
 * July 21: Start of the Siege of the Alcázar de Toledo.
 * July 22: Vallehermoso, Santa Cruz de Tenerife in la Gomera, a village of 4000, is the last place in the Canary Islands to fall to the rebels. Police Officer Francisco Mas García organized the hopeless resistance. The actual battle for the town lasted several hours. The councilor, the police officers and the leader of the local workers' council were condemned to death. In the hour before his execution, police chief Don Antonio wrote to his wife: "I die calm, because I believe in the justice of God".
 * July 23: The Nationalists declare a government in the form of the National Defense Council, which meets for the first time in Burgos.
 * July 24: Start of French aid to the Republican side. For the moment, the help only involves sending a handful of obsolete aircraft for the Spanish Republican Air Force, but the very fact that France seems willing to help is eminently morally important for the supporters of the Republic.
 * July 28: First arrival of German and Italian planes in aid of the Nationalist side. In the world's first major military airlift, German and Italian planes transport troops from Morocco to Spain, bypassing the naval blockade.
 * July 31: Great Britain bans sale of arms to the Spanish Republic.

August
The social revolution, collectivizations. (See Spanish Revolution of 1936)

At the pleading of the Marqués de Viana and the exiled ex-king of Spain, Alfonso XIII, Benito Mussolini sends aircraft in support of the rebels. Mussolini wants money for this help; the Spanish billionaire Juan March Ordinas pays for the Italian aircraft. Because Franco has no air personnel or pilots, Mussolini sends the aircraft with Italian pilots. After two of the aircraft crash on their way in the French protectorate in Morocco, the world becomes aware of this clear breach of nonintervention. General Franco arrives in Seville. While Majorca is still in hands of the nationalists, Ibiza and Formentera are back in Republican hands.
 * August 1: Under British pressure, France reverses its policy of helping Republican Spain, and together the two nations found the Non-Intervention Committee.
 * August 2: Troops of the rebellious Spanish Legion, led by Colonel Carlos Asensio Cabanillas and Major Antonio Castejón Espinosa, start their advance from Seville towards Madrid.
 * August 6: Josep Sunyol, a Republican Left of Catalonia deputy and president of FC Barcelona, is caught in an ambush in the Guadarrama and is killed by pro-Franco troops.
 * August 8: France closes its border with Spain.
 * August 10: The Nationalists take Mérida on their way to Madrid cutting off the Republicans in Badajoz. The well-known female Republican activist Leiva is executed by the Nationalists. Major Heli Rolando de Tella y Cantos defeats a Republican counterattack on the city.
 * August 14: Nationalist forces under Colonel Juan Yagüe attack and conquer Badajoz, uniting the two parts of the Nationalist territory. The Republican commander, Colonel Ildefonso Puigdendolas, flees to Portugal. Around 4000 people die during and after the attack in Badajoz. In the local bullring, thousands of people are shot down by the Nationalists with machine guns. See Massacre of Badajoz.
 * August 16: Battle of Majorca begins: The Spanish Republican Army lands on the coast of Majorca under heavy bombardment by Italian planes. Captain Alberto Bayo establishes a small base on the coast.
 * August 19: Viznar, Granada: Federico García Lorca, among others, is murdered by members of the falangist Escuadra Negra. Before being killed, they are forced to dig their own graves. Later, the official excuse for the brutal assassination of García Lorca will be that he was homosexual.
 * August 24: Italy and Germany join officially the Non-Intervention agreement. This gives them the possibility to participate in the international blockade of Spain: Italian and German warships are now allowed to stay in Spanish territorial waters and prevent other ships from reaching the Spanish shore.

September
Nationalists have been under siege in the Alcázar de Toledo since July 21. Today, Lt. Colonel Vicente Rojo Lluch enters the Alcázar under a flag of truce to try to obtain its surrender, and failing that, the release of the hostages. Colonel Moscardo refuses both proposals. The government agree to send part of the national gold reserves to the Soviet Union. The gold is sent as security for future buying of war material from the Soviet Union. The Nationalist Junta annuls all agrarian reform that took place after the February 1936 elections. Comintern approves the creation of the International Brigades.
 * September 3: The Republican forces under Captain Alberto Bayo retreat from Majorca. After establishing a small base on the shore of Majorca two weeks earlier, the Republican troops could not make it to the inner area of the island. Under permanent attack by enemy land and air forces, the retreat was more of a flight, leaving behind many men, weapons and valuable material.
 * September 4: Prime Minister Francisco Largo Caballero presents new government: six Socialists, four Republicans, two Communists, one Catalan Republican, and one Basque Nationalist.
 * September 5: After heavy fighting, the Basque city of Irún is taken by the Nationalists. Anarchist militias, defending the city, destroy most of the government buildings with dynamite to prevent their use by the Nationalists. The Nationalists control now a large and contiguous portion of Spain. The Basque Country is separated from the rest of the Republic, the Basque coastline is already blocked by warships of the "Non Intervention" states, and eventually even its supply lines over the French border are cut off.
 * September 8: In Portugal, sailors on two naval vessels mutiny, apparently intending to take the ships to join the republicans in Spain. The revolt is crushed by forces loyal to the Portuguese dictator António de Oliveira Salazar and anti-communist repression intensifies.
 * September 9: 23 countries attend first official meeting of the Non-Intervention committee in London. The psychological effect on the Republican side is grave. Only Mexico "supported fully and publicly the claim of the Madrid government.[...] Mexico's attitude gave immense moral comfort to the Republic, especially since the major South American governments - those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru - sympathized more or less openly with the Insurgents." But Mexican aid means relatively little in practical terms if the French border is closed and if the dictators remain free to supply the Nationalists with a quality and quantity of weapons far beyond the power of Mexico.
 * September 13: The Basques surrender San Sebastián to the Nationalists rather than risk its destruction. Anarchist militias wanting to set the town ablaze are shot. The Nationalists now advance in the direction of the Basque main city, Bilbao.
 * September 14: Pius XI condemns the Republican Government for their "satanic hate against God", reacting to the news that Father Josep Samsó PP of Santa María de Mataró near Barcelona, who had been imprisoned for being a priest, was taken from jail and executed in the local cemetery on the 1 September.
 * September 19: The Nationalists take the island of Ibiza while the rebellion succeeds in the island of Fernando Poo (Spanish Guinea).
 * September 24: Against the recommendation of his German advisors, Franco postpones the advance on Madrid in order to aid the insurgents in the Alcázar of Toledo. The siege has taken on immense symbolic importance for both sides.
 * September 26: The new Catalan government (Generalitat de Catalunya) includes now the groups who gained power resisting the military rebellion. The Trotskyist POUM and the Anarchist CNT/FAI send ministers.
 * September 27: Toledo falls to the Nationalists. Some hundred militia man try to stop the Nationalist advance into the city and were all killed by Legionnaires and Moroccan mercenaries, the "Moros". Around 40 anarchists, running out of ammunition, set fire to the building they were defending and are burned alive rather than be taken as prisoners. The Nationalists murder the doctor and the nurses in the hospital of Toledo; unarmed, wounded militiamen are killed in their beds. It transpires that the hostages taken by Nationalist Colonel Moscardo were killed in the beginning of the siege, which explains why Moscardo refused to hand them over on September 9.
 * September 27: The Non-Intervention committee refuses to hear charges against Portugal for its open support of the insurgents and the clear defiance of the blockade.
 * September 29: The Nationalist junta in Burgos declare Franco Generalísimo. A Nationalist naval squadron breaks the Republic's hold over the Strait of Gibraltar at the Battle of Cape Espartel; a Republican destroyer is sunk and another one is damaged.

October
The Republican government concedes autonomy to the Basque Country (in practice, Biscay and Gipuzkoa) as Euzkadi, with José Antonio Aguirre as its president.
 * October 1: Franco declares himself head of state and Generalísimo.
 * October 3: In order to legitimise the rebellion inside and outside Spain, Franco establishes a civil government for the "National Zone". This Civil Junta has practically no say in any matter, because at the beginning of their uprising the insurgent generals declared a State of War covering all of Spain.
 * October 6: The Soviet Union declares it will be no more bound by Non-Intervention than are Portugal, Italy, and Germany. The Spanish Republic will now, three months into the uprising, be able to buy armaments and ammunition. Unlike the "National Zone", which is supplied openly over the Portuguese border, the Republic still suffers under the closed French border and the "Non-Intervention" blockade at sea.
 * October 7: The first International Brigades are founded in Albacete. The Italian Communist chief Palmiro Togliatti and the French Communist André Marty are the effective organizational heads.
 * October 9: Foundation of the "Popular Army" in the Spanish Republic. The plan is to organize the loyal portion of the former army, along with the militias, under a modern and efficient officers corps with a central command.
 * October 12: During a celebration in the University of Salamanca (National Zone), with guests including Franco's wife present, Miguel de Unamuno, the world-famous philosopher and chairman of the university, speaks out against General Millán Astray, first commander of the Spanish Legion. Until now a supporter of the Nationalist rebellion, he says that listening to the official speech of Millán Astray he has come to realize the inhuman and ignoble nature of the uprising. Unamuno is later removed as rector of the university and confined to his house. He will die of chagrin in December.
 * October 14: Nationalist troops from the Canary Islands disembark at Bata and take control of the continental part of Spanish Guinea.
 * October 24: First shipment of the Spanish Gold Reserves to the Soviet Union. Spain will ultimately send more than half its gold reserve to the USSR; at $35 per troy ounce the shipment was worth US$578,000,000.
 * October 27: The first Russian tanks arrive in Madrid. The heavily armored T-26 tanks, which weigh more than 10 tons apiece, drive from the central train station directly into battle. The defenders of Madrid, who until now had to use Molotov cocktails (glass bottles filled with gasoline and burning cloth) against the German and Italian tanks on the Nationalist side, gain the ability to slow the Nationalist advance.
 * October 27: 16 people dead and 60 wounded in Nationalist air raid against Madrid. Six bombs detonate in the Plaza de Colón, in the middle of the city. One bomb falls into a queue of women waiting for milk for their children. This is the first bombing in modern history without any military purpose, other than to spread terror among the civilian population. The air raid was made by German pilots in Junkers Ju 52s. Madrid has no air defenses to prevent enemy aircraft from flying over the city.

November–December
The Nationalists take the Madrid suburb Getafe. After a heavy attack by Moorish cavalry, tanks, and aircraft, the defenders are completely defeated. The wounded are walking disorientated over the battlefield, the organization of the defense in this area breaks down. Falangist General Varela tells foreign journalists in a press conference: "You can tell the world, Madrid will fall within one week." General Mola plans the attack route: over the Casa de Campo and the practically unpopulated University City (Ciudad Universitaria), to avoid heavy losses in the fierce street fight he would anticipate if he had to enter through the south suburbs, traditionally strong districts of the working class. Nationalist casualties are mounting but still tolerable: 115 men today. Around 1000 mostly political prisoners are massacred by their Republican Militia guards today in Paracuellos del Jarama. The prisoners, most of them accused Nationalists, were to be evacuated to Valencia from Madrid to prevent their liberation by Nationalist troops. Their Guards decide to join the defense of Madrid, kill all of the prisoners and return to Madrid.
 * November 1: The Nationalist army arrive in Madrid. An army of roughly 25,000 men arrive the suburbs of Madrid. Italian planes drop leaflets demanding the citizens to help them to take the city, "otherwise the National aviation will wipe Madrid off the earth".
 * November 2: The first Russian aircraft over Madrid surprise the Nationalist bombers. The Republican aviation had till now only a handful of obsolete machines, but today the people of Madrid can see the first Russian "Chatos" defending the city. Citizens stand in the streets and watch the sky, ignoring the alarms and the calls for shelter. Several attacking aircraft are shot down; some Russian aircraft are also shot down by Italian Fiats guarding the bombers. One Russian pilot suffers a horrible death: After his machine is destroyed by an Italian Fiat he saves himself with a jump out of his burning plane, his parachute brings him safely to the city, but he is lynched by a mob of furious citizens, who think he is a German Nazi from the Condor Legion.
 * November 4: Four Anarchist ministers join the Republican government: Federica Montseny - portfolio of education, Juan Garcia Oliver - law, Juan López Sánchez, and Joan Peiró. By this means, Largo Caballero brings figures from what is by far Spain's largest mass movement into the government.
 * November 5: For the first time, the Republican air force forces attacking bombers and their escort to break up the attack on Madrid before they even reach the city.
 * November 6: After heavy fighting which causes his forces 426 casualties, Yague occupies the suburb Carabanchel and the strategically important hill Cerro de los Angeles. With that, the Nationalists are standing on the door to Madrid, whose defense is organized under the newly created Junta de Defensa de Madrid directed by General Jose Miaja. The Republican government moves to Valencia.
 * November 7: The attack on Madrid. Nationalists gain important bridges on the way to the inner city. General Varela's troops enter Casa de Campo and the University City in fierce man-to-man and house-to-house combat. Both sides suffer heavily. Yague loses today 313 men, mostly Legionnaires and Moors; he is seriously worried by the mounting casualties to his Africa veterans. Franco declares that he will be listening the very next day the holy measures in the cathedral of Madrid.
 * November 8–9: All-out assault on Madrid. The International Brigades arrive. The defenders are running out of ammunition; on several points the front is close to breaking; in the University City the enemy pushes through the Republican lines. This is the moment when the first "Internationals" arrive in Madrid. The shocked citizens think in the first moment that the Nationalists are in the inner city when they see 3,000 uniformed and disciplined soldiers marching in. The members, mostly German, Polish, and Italian veterans of World War I and of German concentration camps, start to sing revolutionary songs and the "Internationale". The citizens rush out of their houses and sing and shout for joy. The "Brigadistas" march immediately to the front, and throw themselves unflinchingly into battle. 2,000 of them die or are wounded within 48 hours. In the War Ministry of Madrid, telegrams are arriving congratulating General Franco on his victorious entry, but only Republican officers are there to read them. When the Moroccan mercenaries of Franco break through the Republican lines in direction of the Model Prison, General Miaja himself drives to the threatened sector, takes his pistol in one hand and shouts at the retreating soldiers: "Cowards! Die in your trenches. Die with your General." This encourages his men, the gap is closed. All over the city, citizens, women as well as the men, are reinforcing the trenches, taking the rifles from dead or wounded soldiers. The Nationalist Ejército de África loses a further 282 veterans in these two days.
 * November 10: Front line established in Madrid, the University City back under Republican control. Nationalist casualties are 155. The famous Anarchist Buenaventura Durruti arrives today with the 3,000-man "Durruti Column". They left the Saragossa Front to help defend Madrid.
 * November 18: Italy and Germany recognize the Franco government. Everybody expects the fall of Madrid within hours. Franco throws everything he has into the battle, German aircraft are fighting over Madrid, and both countries expect this diplomatic step to strengthen the position of Franco and weaken the stand and the morale of the Republic. The Durruti Column has been fighting in the University City without rest since the 15th, only 400 of the 3,000 survive, and those are completely exhausted. Durruti will launch an attack at the university hospital the next day. Between the 11th and the 18th, the Nationalist attackers have suffered 1,290 casualties; they have forced a wedge inside the Ciudad Universitaria but failed to control it or to advance into the capital.
 * November 19: Anarchist leader Buenaventura Durruti is gravely wounded during the fighting in Madrid. The Durruti Column launches their attack on the university hospital, held by the Nationalists. Around 2 p.m., Durruti is hit by a bullet on the right side of his breast, which passes through his chest and lungs. It is suspected that he may have shot from behind by one of his men, either by accident or possibly in an intentional effort to stop the suicidal attack. What actually happened remains controversial. Nationalist casualties today are 262 with no terrain won at all; the offensive has stalled and turned into what Mola and Yague most feared, a close-quarters fight in urban environment.
 * November 20: Buenaventura Durruti dies at 6 a.m. The Nationalists suffer a further 294 casualties while repulsing furious counter-attacks against Carabanchel and Vertice Basurero. José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera and founder of the Falange, is tried by a civil court and executed in Alicante, where he has been a prisoner since before the insurgency. The execution is carried out by the new Communist civil governor of Alicante, without awaiting the confirmation of sentence by the government. This breaking of the law and insubordination angered Largo Caballero, but the Republic is already dependent on Soviet supplies and the Spanish Communist Party. This Party starts to act as a state within the state.
 * November 23: Battle of Madrid ends; with both sides exhausted, a front stabilizes. After 2 weeks, Franco has to give up his plans of taking the city. He now begins preparing himself and his allies for a long and expensive war.
 * December 11: Julio Álvarez del Vayo complains today before the League of the Nations in Geneva about the support of Portugal, Italy and Germany for the Rebels and the political and economic isolation of the Spanish Republic by the Democratic Nations and the Non-Intervention Committee.
 * December 17: New government constituted in Aragon. The new Consejo de Aragon has a clear majority of Anarchists. The front-line in Aragon is basically formed by Anarchist and Socialist militia. Some areas and villages in Aragon start immediately with the "revolution", what means the reorganization of public life under Anarchist ideals, foundation of communes and self-organization of factories and farms. Some of the villages replace money with coupons handed out by the local authorities. In Aragon, the world can see the most radical reformation of public life and a true people's revolution.
 * December 22: Thousands of Nationalist Italian volunteers land in Cádiz, the Nationalist port.
 * December 24: Thousands have to spend the Christmas days in the trenches on the front. Many refugees have nowhere to go and have to stay at subway stations and refugee camps.
 * December 30: George Orwell enlists himself in a Republican POUM militia to fight against fascism.
 * December 31: Miguel de Unamuno dies in his house in Salamanca. As soon as they got notice of the death of their father, his two sons enlist themselves in the Antifascist Militias.

title: 1936 in the Spanish Civil War


text:
1937 in the Spanish Civil War

In 1937, the Nationalists, under the leadership of Francisco Franco began to establish their dominance. An important element of support was their greater access to foreign aid, with their German and Italian allies helping considerably. This came just as the French ceased aid to the Republicans, who continued, however, to be able to buy arms from the Soviet Union. The Republican side suffered from serious divisions among the various communist and anarchist groupings within it, and the communists undermined much of the anarchists' organisation.

With his ranks being swelled by Italian troops and Spanish colonial soldiers from Morocco, Franco made additional attempts to capture Madrid in January and February 1937, but failed again.

On February 21 the League of Nations Non-Intervention Committee ban on foreign volunteers went into effect. The large city of Málaga was taken on February 8. On March 7, the German Condor Legion equipped with Heinkel He 51 biplanes arrived in Spain; on April 26 they bombed the town of Guernica (Gernika) in the Basque Country; two days later, Nationalist General Emilio Mola's men entered the town.

After the fall of Guernica, the Republican government began to fight back with increasing effectiveness. In July, they made a move to recapture Segovia, forcing Franco to pull troops away from the Madrid front to halt their advance. Mola, Franco's second-in-command, died in a plane crash on June 3, and in early July, despite the fall of Bilbao in June, the Republican government launched a strong counter-offensive in the Madrid area, which the Nationalists repulsed with some difficulty. This was the Battle of Brunete (Brunete is a town in the province of Madrid).

Franco soon regained momentum, invading Aragon in August and then taking the city of Santander (now in Cantabria). On August 28, the Vatican recognized the Franco government. Two months of bitter fighting followed and, despite determined Asturian resistance, Gijón fell in late October, effectively ending the war in the North. At the end of November, with the Nationalists closing in on Valencia, the government moved again, from Valencia to Barcelona.

January–March

 * January 5: Nationalist General Orgaz with 18,000 men attacks the roads north west of Madrid in an attempt to cut the city's supply lines. Madrid is suffering several air raids daily, and sometimes nighttime raids as well.

 * January 6: Nationalists take Boadilla del Monte. The International Brigades (IBs) defended the town; one of the few survivors of the Internationals is Esmond Romilly, 18-year-old nephew of Winston Churchill. Romilly volunteered despite his famous uncle's open sympathy for Francisco Franco, like that of most of his colleagues in the ruling British Conservative Party.

 * January 11: The Nationalist offensive northwest of Madrid is stopped. Both sides, temporarily exhausted after heavy casualties, start to build trenches and dig themselves in.

 * January 17: The Nationalists begin the battle to take Málaga. Three Nationalist columns converge on the city from Sevilla and Granada.

 * January 19: General Enrique Líster with the IBs gains back the Cerro de los Ángeles next to Madrid. This hill overlooks the city; the heavy Nationalist artillery there had been shelling the city. The IBs become more and more the key units in the Spanish Republican Army.

 * February 5: A Nationalist army approaches Málaga. The situation in Málaga epitomizes the worst conditions existing in the Republican zone: perhaps 600 hostages are held on a prison ship in the harbor, and groups of them are shot in reprisal for the air raids over the port. The sailors' committees in the fleet and the city administration are divided in mortal rivalry between the CNT and the Communist Party of Spain. Like all Republican cities, there is no anti-aircraft defense. Its militiamen, mostly anarchists, and not yet reorganized into the new Popular Army, built no trenches or roadblocks, because they consider this cowardice. The government assigns Colonel Villalba, a professional officer, to organize the defense, but without guns to place on the heights, without ammunition to give his soldiers, and without the slightest possibility of controlling the rivalries within the city, there is virtually nothing he can do. The invading force consists of some 10,000 Moors, 5,000 Requetés (right-wing militiamen), 5,000 Italians and plentiful supplies of trucks and artillery. They have only a few tanks and planes, but they can use these with maximum effectiveness in the virtual absence of effective deterrents.

 * February 6: Nationalists start a powerful offensive in the Jarama Valley. Nationalist General Orgaz is in command of around 40,000 troops, most of them Spanish Foreign Legion and Moroccan cavalry, supported by anti-tank artillery, two battalions of German-operated heavy machine guns (German ground troops under the command of the Condor Legion), German-operated tanks and planes (Condor Legion), and 600 Blueshirts under the command of the right-wing Eoin O'Duffy. The Nationalists want to cut the main Madrid-Valencia highway. General Pozas, commander of the new Central Army of the Republic, is planning his own offensive against the Nationalist line and is therefore massing men and material in the same area. Due to their own planned offensive, the Republicans fail to fortify their high ground, and the Nationalist offensive takes them completely by surprise. The hills are quickly lost, as are the two principal bridges. The Republican guards on the bridges are killed in the night by Moorish commando units. The guards on the Pindoque Bridge manage to mine the bridge during the attack, but it remains usable for enemy tanks and trucks. Citizens flee Málaga. About 100,000 people begin a disorganized mass exodus along the coastal road to Almería. The road is blocked by slow vehicles and wounded people; for the next two weeks, the Nationalist air force and navy bomb the road at will. German warships of the Non-Intervention Committee participate in the shelling, sometimes in the presence of Royal Navy vessels which do nothing to intervene. (Until the 1960s, truck drivers continued to find skeletons of those who fled Málaga in February 1937)

Nationalists advance in the Jarama Valley. Soviet tanks slow down the advance for brief periods, but the Nationalists quickly concentrate heavy artillery fire and force their withdrawal. The planes of the Condor Legion control the air.
 * February 8: Málaga taken by Franco's troops. The militiamen resisted rifle and grenade fire, but broke at the totally unfamiliar sight of tanks. The Nationalists start immediately to take an enormous number of prisoners and to execute them. For example, participation in a strike several years previously is grounds for execution. The Italian military authorities are horrified at the number of executions and the mutilations practiced on the corpses and those who were wounded, as well as the mass rape of women.

 * February 10: The XIV and XV IBs fortify the Republican army in the Jarama. The troops stop the Nationalist advance, but take horrible losses in doing so. At one point the Nationalists force approximately 30 survivors of a captured British machine gun group to advance in front of their attack; half of these men die under fire of their own comrades.

 * February 12: Air supremacy for the Republic at the Jarama front, all-out attack on the last Republican positions. 40 new Russian airplanes arrive at the Jarama front, giving the Republic air supremacy in the area. These planes consist of 15 ground strafers and 25 fighters, the fighters are nicknamed "Chatos". The arrival of these planes forces the enemy planes to retreat. On the night of February 12, Nationalist General Orgaz commits all his reserves to gain control over the last key positions that still prevent his forces from cutting the Valencia highway. Several companies of the IBs — including British and Polish — as well as Spanish companies, were "cut to pieces" attempting to hold these positions.
 * February 15: The force of the offensive in the Jarama had spent itself. As in the Battle of the Corunna Road, the Nationalists have gained ground, but strategic victory had escaped them. The Foreign Legion is broken. Around 20,000 men died in the 10 days of the Jarama Battle, two thirds of them Republicans.

 * February 17: The anarchist writer Pedro Orobon dies in an air raid at Madrid.

The League of Nations Non-Intervention Committee's ban on foreign national and stateless "volunteers" went into effect.
 * February 21: Republican General José Asensio Torrado dismissed, after the fall of Málaga.

 * February 27: The newly formed Abraham Lincoln Battalion, part of the IBs, consisting mostly of North Americans had arrived at the Jarama front February 13; they are ordered to carry out a suicidal attack. 127 men die and more than 200 are wounded. Responsibility for poorly planned attack lies on Brigade Commander Copic, who refuses to see the wounded leader of the "Lincolns", Robert Hale Merriman, after the disastrous, failed action.

 * March 5: First council of the PCE (Communist Party of Spain) in the war. The PCE makes a declaration in favor of democracy and against revolution and Trotskyism. The delegates sharply attack the government and the CNT.

 * March 8: Strong Nationalist attack in the Guadalajara starts at 7 a.m. Italian troops quickly break the front and, by the end of the day, dominate the heights, from which they can "roll" downhill to Madrid. Their plan is to advance to Madrid via Brihuega and Guadalajara. The attacking force includes 250 tanks, 180 pieces of artillery, 4 motorized machine gun companies, about 70 planes and a large number of trucks.

 * March 9–March 11: The Italians are moving too rapidly for their units to preserve communications and supply lines. A sudden turn in the weather catches the Italian trucks in a snow and sleet storm, just as the Republicans begin to hold firm south of Brihuega and Trijueque. While the Italian planes are grounded by the weather, the Republican air force is operating at considerable risk from airfields outside of the bad weather zone. Low-flying fighters are machine-gunning the stalled truck columns while vintage 1918 Breguets, which had survived the summer air battles, run bombing missions. Vittorio Vidali and Luigi Longo, the political leaders of the IB Garibaldi battalion (Italian volunteers on the Republican side), mount a propaganda campaign intended to destroy the morale of the CTV, pulling loudspeakers up to the lines and dropping leaflets from the air, exhorting the Italian soldiers not to shoot against their brother workers and to leave the Fascists.

 * March 12: The Republican forces start a massive counterattack, with the support of 70 Russian tanks and strong air cover. The CTV has no AA artillery, and it suffers heavily from air attack; most casualties belong to XI Gruppo de Banderas, whose commander (Console Liuzzi) is killed.

 * March 13: Improving weather allows the Italian planes to cover the withdrawal of Division III "Penne Nere" from the Trijueque sector, and the battle is more or less stabilized.

 * March 18: Republican divisions under Cipriano Mera and Enrique Líster with 60 T-26 tanks of the Pavlov Brigade take back Brihuega, causing the collapse of the Italian front and the rout of Division I "Dio lo Vuole", which in turn forces Division IV "Littorio" to abandon its positions. The rout is not stemmed until the morning of next day.

Ernest Hemingway is reporting for United States newspapers from the battle and the war. He collected US$40,000 in the US to buy ambulances for the Republic. U.S. public opinion tends strongly in favor of the Republic, but right-wing and anti-Communist forces in the government control U.S. foreign policy.
 * March 19: The Guadalajara battle ends, the rout stops short of the bases from which the Nationalist attack started. The Italians admit the loss of 650 killed, 1,994 wounded and some 500 prisoners, plus 90 vehicles and 25 guns. During the retreat of the Nationalists, the Republicans capture large stocks of equipment, and a mass of documentary evidence about the Italian intervention in Spain. The government is hoping to lay this evidence before the Nonintervention committee. The so-called "London Committee" will declare itself incompetent to receive this evidence from any source not represented in the Committee itself. Thereupon the Spanish Foreign Minister, Alvarez del Vayo, will exhibit the documents before the League of Nations Assembly in Geneva.

 * March 31: Nationalist General Mola starts a new offensive in the north with 50,000 troops. After failing in the capture of Madrid, the Nationalist army is concentrating in a campaign against the Basques. In the morning hours the Condor Legion starts a new tactic: massive terror strikes against nonmilitary targets, the annihilation of complete villages. The small town Durango suffers the first attack; some of the first bombs fall into the church during the well attended morning Mass. Fighters fly low and machine-gun the fleeing population. The Nationalists also attack a nearby cloister, killing 15 nuns. Around 300 people die in this air raids, 2,500 are wounded, practically all of them civilians. A second air attack takes place as fire brigades, police and ambulances from Bilbao try to help the victims.

April–June

 * April 3: The CNT declares that the revolution must continue. In opposition to the declaration of the Spanish Communist Party (PCE) last month, which was pro-parliamentary democracy and against social revolution, the anarchist CNT declares that "revolution must go on" and that such a policy constitutes the greatest strength against fascism. The anarchists control the province of Aragon and are strong throughout all of Spain.

 * April 5: To tie down Nationalist forces and to help therefore the Basque Army in the north, the Republican Army initiates a big offensive in Brunete.

General Miaja's troops attack Nationalist positions in Garabitas and Casa de Campo.
 * April 8: The PCE and the PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) sign a pact, committing them to work together. This creates tensions between the socialist unions and Spain's strongest union, the anarchist CNT.

 * April 11: Republican army attacks Nationalist positions in Santa Quitera.

 * April 14: 6th anniversary of the Second Spanish Republic

 * April 16: The Republican government restricts the attributions of war commissars, made under pressure of the Soviet advisors and the PCE.

 * April 19: Decree of Unification: Franco declares the amalgamation of the hard right Falange and the conservative Catholic Carlists, creating the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS). With this Franco is not only the military leader of the rebellion, but also its political leader.

 * April 23: Dissolution of Madrid "Junta de defensa"; the high command of the Republican army, under the ministry of war, resumes command of the frontlines at Madrid.

 * April 26: Bombing of Guernica, the Condor Legion's terror bombing of the city most strongly identified with Basque national identity. Gernika is nearly destroyed by close to three hours of bombing; civilian targets hit and the retreating Basque Army are hit; military factories are specifically not targeted, presumably because the Nationalists intend to capture these intact. Also spared are the Gernikako Arbola, traditional seat of the Biscayne assembly, and the adjoining neoclassical Casa de Juntas, its modern seat. The attack comes on a market day, so the human carnage is vast. Initially proud of the attack, the Nationalists soon realize that they have shocked the world; they soon spread the tale that the retreating Basque Army destroyed the city themselves.

 * April 30: The Nationalist battleship España (formerly the Alfonso XIII) hits a mine and sinks off the coast of Santander.

 * May 1 : This year's parade for the international labour day is prohibited in Barcelona. In recent weeks in Barcelona, confrontations between city police and worker-organized Control Patrols (a sort of police militia, in duty since the outbreak of the military rebellion in June 1936), have led to such a tense atmosphere that the regional Catalan Government prohibits the traditional May Day parade.

 * May 3 : Violent incident at the Barcelona central telephone office. Without knowledge of the Catalan government, the Catalan councilor for public order, the Communist Rodriguez Salas, tries to take control over the city's central telephone office, which has been controlled since the beginning of the war by the CNT and UGT. Salas got this order directly from the Catalan minister for inner affairs, Ayguade, also a Communist. A company of Assault Guards storms the building around 3 p.m., arresting everybody they can. The armed guards on the machine gun post at the stairs on the second floor are not informed in advance, nor is anyone else in the building. When they see armed uniformed men coming up the stairs and hear the yells and shouting from the first floor they shout "stop there and don't come up" at which point a gunfight breaks out. The anarchist guards resist their attackers and keep control of the upper floors of the building. This skirmish leads to fighting throughout the city. Several hundred barricades are built; Communist-controlled police units occupy high buildings and church towers, shooting at everything that moves. The Communists attack not only the CNT, they also arrest the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) members. The actions are obviously well planned. Some police units and the Republican army stay neutral in the fighting, although army officers, if members of CNT/Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) or POUM, are also arrested if caught at Communist-controlled check points. The police director of Barcelona — a member of the CNT — together with the leader of the Control Patrols comes to the telephone central in an attempt to get the occupying police forces to leave the central peacefully. They have no success, instead Catalan prime minister Lluis Companys declares that he, like everyone else, was not informed in advance by his minister for internal affairs, but that he agrees all in all with the police action. The radio stations of the CNT and FAI call hourly upon their members to maintain public order and keep calm.

 * May 4: General strike in Barcelona. Gunfights throughout the city.

 * May 5: Companys obtains a fragile truce between the different fighting groups, on the basis of which Rodriguez Salas, now blamed for the police action against the telephone central, has to resign. Communist commandos are still arresting people and the Communist/Socialist official Antoni Sese is murdered, probably by anarchist gunmen.

 * May 6: "Neutral" police troops from Valencia arrive in Barcelona to stop the fighting. The 5,000 Assault Guards (chosen more or less carefully for their political opinions, to ensure a "neutral" force and the trust of both sides) occupy several strategic points throughout the city. The workers abandon the barricades and the telephone central is handed over to the government. When the Assault Guards enter the city and passed by the central building of the anarchist CNT, several hundreds of them salute the black and red anarchist flag on the building. Nevertheless, reprisals against the anti-Stalinist left are starting throughout the Republic.

 * May 7: The fighting in Barcelona concludes, with more than 500 dead and over 1500 wounded. Many are still under illegal arrest in several Communist-controlled police stations, militia barracks and secret prisons.

 * May 8: In Barcelona, police find the horribly mutilated bodies of 12 murdered young men. Eight of the bodies are so mutilated that they cannot be identified. The four identified bodies belong to young anarchists, illegally arrested together with eight friends on May 4 outside the Communist militia barracks in Barcelona, when they were passing by on a truck with "CNT" written on it. The names of the identified young men are: Cesar Fernández Neri, Jose Villena, Juan Antonio, and Luis Carneras. Police also found the dead bodies of the Italian anarchist professor Berneri and two of his friends, who were arrested during the May incidents by Communist militias.

 * May 11: The Communist parties (PCE, PSUC) accuse the POUM of responsibility for the May incidents in Barcelona. While Spanish prime minister Caballero opposes accusation and the concurrent demand of the immediate removal of the Spanish minister of the Interior, Angel Galarza for failing to uncover the "Trotskyite plot" in Barcelona, he continues to lose power to the Communists.

 * May 13: The Communist ministers demand the suppression of the POUM, calling them a Fascist organization working for Franco, an accusation the Communist press has made for several months in propaganda campaigns against political opponents such as the Anarchist councils in Aragon.

 * May 15: Largo Caballero resigns, Juan Negrín becomes prime minister of the Spanish Republic. After fighting against domination of Spain by any one faction — Communist, anarchist, or left Socialists — Caballero is left alone with no one on his side. Juan Negrín is presented as the man of the hour, leader of the "Government of the Victory", as the press presents him and his cabinet. There are no CNT ministers in this new government.

 * May 27: The new Negrín government accepts the accusations against the POUM and prohibits their newspaper La Batalla.

During an attack by the Republican air force against Nationalist air bases and the port of Ibiza, the German heavy cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Deutschland enters the area of the port to threaten the Republican planes. Two Russian pilots, Captain Anton Progrorin and Lieutenant Wassily Schmidt, drop their bombs on the Deutschland, causing severe damage on the ship and killing 31 seamen.
 * May 29: Daily air raids on Madrid continue, with the Nationalist air force again superior to the Republican. The German airplanes piloted by members of the Condor Legion are technically more advanced than the Russian airplanes used by the Republic. Spanish pilots are invited to Russia for training in Russian airplanes.

 * May 30: German forces bomb Almería to repress Republican air attacks on the cruiser Deutschland. Because of the Deutschland incident, Germany and Italy leave the meetings of the Nonintervention committee. The German heavy cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Scheer shells the port and the city of Almería with 200 shells, causing 19 deaths, 55 wounded, and destroying 150 houses. German and Italian capital ships are concentrated in the Mediterranean Sea next to Spain.

 * June 3: Nationalist General Mola dies in an airplane accident. Fidel Dávila takes over as commander of his troops, attacking Bilbao.

 * June 6: The Basque Army loses the last of its air force: the last Basque air fighters are shot down, the culmination of a suicidal resistance against the Condor Legion. Totally outnumbered, the pilots were flying day by day to relieve the soldiers in the trenches, and being destroyed one after the other by the enemy.

 * June 7: Falange official Manuel Hedilla, leader of the left wing of the fascist Falange, is condemned to death by a court martial. He had opposed Franco over aspects of his leadership of the war effort and the administration of the Nationalist occupied zone.

The "Iron Ring", el cinturón de hierro, is a vast, labyrinthine fortification around Bilbao, consisting of bunkers, tunnels, and fortified trenches in several rings, protected by artillery. The Basque Army had hoped to position themselves in the Iron Ring to resist constant air raids and prevent the enemy from reaching the Basque capital. However, the layout of the Ring was betrayed to the Nationalist army, and since the first days of June the Condor Legion have been able to target so accurately that the Ring is bombed to pieces. Basque President Aquirre comes to the front; he witnesses a horrible event at Mount Urcullu: A dried-out forest just behind part of the Iron Ring is shelled with fire bombs from enemy airplanes and artillery. Along a length of three kilometers, the defenders on this part of the Ring are overcome by the smoke. The attackers break through and occupy the heights near Bilbao, around 10 kilometers from the city. Basque General Gámir and the Basque government decide to organize a slow retreat to Santander.
 * June 11: General Paul Lukacs, also known as Zalka Mate, born Bela Fankl, dies during an inspection of the Republican lines at Huesca. His car is hit by an artillery shell, the driver dies immediately. General Lukacs himself is mortally wounded on his right temple and dies several hours later.

 * June 12: The Nationalist troops breach the "Iron Ring".

 * June 13: Street fights in Bilbao, uprising of Nationalist supporters. As the army retreats, fifth columnists favoring the Nationalist side start a riot in the city to take over control of strategic buildings and are defeated under heavy losses by anarchist militias (the army is already retreating). Afterwards, Basque police prevent the militias from attacking Bilbao's prisons and killing imprisoned Nationalists.

 * June 16: The POUM is outlawed and its leaders are arrested. The secret police arrest most of the POUM leaders, though its head, Andreu Nin, cannot yet be found.

An explosion aboard the Republican battleship Jamie I at Cartagena causes about 300 deaths and the total loss of the ship. Bilbao shelled by 20,000 shells. President Aquirre gives the secret order to send 900 Nationalist prisoners over to the enemy, fearing for their lives in the city after the total retreat of the Basque Army. Juan Manuel Epalza leads the prisoners to the Nationalists in the night to June 19.
 * June 17: Nin is arrested in Barcelona. His arrest is not announced in public; Communist agents take him secretly to an illegal prison in Alcalá de Henares, near Madrid. Nin is interrogated under torture by NKVD agent Alexander Orlov.

 * June 18: The Basque government refuses the order to destroy factories in Bilbao that are of value to a war effort. The Republican government want to prevent the Nationalists from gaining control of these plants. The Basque government refuses and is counting on the outbreak very soon of a general European war, in which the Nationalists will be beaten and they can gain back the plants.

 * June 19: The Nationalists enter Bilbao without opposition and begin immediately to distribute food to thousands of women lining the streets. Around 200,000 people flee the city. Thousands try to reach the French coast by sea, but the Nationalist navy is waiting for them in the Bay of Biscay. The bay is full of fugitive's overcrowded boats, some sinking. The ships from the Nonintervention Committee (in the Bay of Biscay, mostly British) are watching the scene. Franco concedes two thirds of the production from the mines and steel factories of the Basque country to his German ally. Hitler needs these resources for his own war preparations.

 * June 20: Soviet agents assassinate the POUM leader Andreu Nin.

July–September

 * July 6: The International Brigades (IBs) under General Lister launch an offensive at Brunete, 25 km west of Madrid, to lift the siege of Madrid and to draw some pressure off of the Basque army in the north. The Republic launches this attack with their best troops and equipment: around 50,000 men of four IBs (mostly the divisions of generals Lister, Kleber and Campesino), 100 modern Russian tanks and 100 Russian planes (about half the Republican air force). The armament of the soldiers themselves is poor: they are supplied with machine guns, grenades and artillery dating from World War I.

 * July 8: Franco sends reinforcements to the Brunete front. With this the Brunete offensive achieves one of it main goals, the relief of the Basque army, giving the Republican troops in the north the possibility of reorganizing their resistance. Franco sends 31 battalions, 7 batteries of artillery and the entire Condor Legion (around 70 planes and several motorized units). The Condor Legion uses their new and improved Bf 109s and Heinkel He 111s, superior to the Russian planes.

 * July 9: IBs take Quijorna.

 * July 11: Republican troops take Villanueva del Pardillo. Nationalist reinforcements reach the Brunete Front, artillery and Condor Legion hammering the Republican troops without pause; both sides are suffering horrible losses.

 * July 12: France opens the border. Angry at the permanent and obvious breaks of the Nonintervention by the Fascist states, France opens its border for several days, allowing a large amount of armaments from several countries to pass into the Spanish Republic.

 * July 14: The Republic bans criticism of the Soviet Union. This censorship is aimed especially against the anarchist and POUMist press and follows a large number of complaints by the Communist party and their press.

 * July 19: The Republican army retreats at Brunete, overwhelmed by the Nationalist forces. Until today the Republic, at terrible cost, held the bulge they created in taking Brunete. During this period, the Nationalists concentrated overwhelming artillery and air power on the bulge, drawing upon supplies that had been accumulated for the Santander offensive; the Republican had no uncommitted reserves of men or weapons upon which to draw. Hundreds of retreating Republican soldiers, whose lives could have been saved by retreating while the Republican air force was still able to limit the freedom of the Condor Legion, die under the machine-gun fire of Heinkels and Messerschmitts. Gerda Taro, companion of Robert Capa, is heavily injured by an accident during the retreat.

 * July 26 : End of Battle of Brunete: Republican forces are thrown back to a position only 5 km from where they started the offensive. The Republic lost around 20,000 men and half their air force, the Nationalists lost around 17,000 men.

 * August 2: Nationalist militia leader Hedilla, sentenced to death for opposing General Franco, is imprisoned in Las Palmas. The death sentence against him is suspended by General Franco.

 * August 6: A fierce dogfight over the town of Torrelavega results in the loss of a dozen republican fighters, worsening the aerial support of republicans in the North.

 * August 7: Private Catholic worship is permitted in the Republic.

 * August 10: Consejo de Aragón (Council of Aragon) dissolved. Prime Minister Negrín is working steadily to affirm the authority of his government against all forms of regional and political dissidence. Today the government announces the dissolution of the anarchist-dominated Consejo de Aragón administration which had been recognized by Largo Caballero in December 1936. The Anarchist officials are arrested and the troops of General Lister, mostly Communists, behave like invaders. The revolutionary efforts and changes made by the Anarchists will be undone. The arrested officials will be released in a couple of weeks, after the authority of the council has been broken and central government authority established.

 * August 13: Nationalist under the command of General Dávila start their offensive against Santander, the next big city in their race towards Gijón. The Republican forces were the XIV Corps of the Army (Basque), XV Corps of the Army (Cantabrian), and the XVI and XVII Corps of the Army (Asturian). They lack an airforce and are further weakened by a dispute between the Basque prime minister Aguirre and the commanding general of the army, Gamir Ulibarri.

 * August 15: SIM created; political meetings in Barcelona forbidden. The SIM (Servicio de Inteligencia Militar) gives back the control of secret police activities to the government, rather than leaving it in the hands of Soviet and Communist intelligence organizations. Political meetings are forbidden in Barcelona from now on. The mixture of regionalism, anarchism, and defeatism, constituted a steady drain of the Republican war effort. Also the situation was unstable after the May incidents.

 * August 17: Socialist Party and Communist Party unity pact. The Communist party had demanded the fusion of the Socialist Party with the Communist Party, as would later happen in all Communist-controlled countries. The government refuses this demand as not appropriate for a democratic country. To put an end to this demand, the government moved the involved parties to declare a unity pact instead, leaving them independent.

 * August 24: The Republican Army, including International Brigades, starts a major offensive at Belchite and Quinto. The intent is to lay the ground for a later recapture of Zaragoza, a pro-Republican city in the hands of the Nationalists. Belchite and Quinto, the most important towns in their area, are defended by around 7,000 Nationalist militiamen, who turn out to be fanatically brave and resourceful defending the towns, involving the Republican troops in heavy streetfights.

 * August 26: The Republican Army at Santander breaks down under continual attack from troops, artillery and around 250 airplanes. Ten thousands of soldiers and civilians flee to the port of Santander. Only a few, among them General Gamir Ulibarri and the leader of the Basque government, Aguirre, can escape over the stormy Bay of Biscay, where overcrowded boats are sinking. In secret consultations the Autonomous Basque Government agreed with the Italian allies of General Franco to surrender in Santoña, east of Santander, on condition that the Basque heavy industry and economy was left untouched. Around 25,000 soldiers, 3,000 officers and several hundred officials of the Basque army and administration surrender themselves and hand over their weapons, the Italians agreeing to allow the Basque officers and civil servants to go aboard two British ships waiting in the port. For many Republicans in Spain this event is known as the Treason of Santoña, as many of the Basque soldiers went then to join the Francoist army in the rest of the Northern front

 * August 27: The troops at Santoña are captured by Franco's troops, while embarking to the British ships, Nationalist battle cruisers enter the port and force the Basques to disembark. The Italians withdraw from the port and the Eusko Gudarostea are made to choose between being imprisoned or joining Franco's army. The International Brigades attack at Fuentes de Ebro to establish a third position, besides Belchite and Quinto, from which to retake Zaragoza.

 * September 1: The Republican Army attacks Peñarroya and Córdoba.

 * September 4–5: Nationalists cross the river Deva and invade Asturias from the East; Nationalists capture Llanes.

 * September 6–22: The Battle of El Mazuco; fewer than 5,000 Asturians and Basques hold off more than 33,000 Nationalists and the Condor Legion in and around the Sierra de Cuera.

 * September 7: Battle of Cape Cherchell between the Nationalist heavy cruiser Baleares and the Republican light cruisers Libertad and Méndez Núñez. In the early morning hours Baleares unexpectedly meets a Republican convoy consisting of several merchant ships escorted by Republican battleships. The biggest danger for the convoy is not the Baleares itself, but Nationalist airplanes who might approach after their sighting. While the convoy flees, along with most of the escorting ships, Libertad and Méndez Núñez engage Baleares. After losing contact with each other, they meet again in the afternoon, and Libertad hits Baleares twice. While Baleares then waits for her sister-ship Canarias, the retreating Republican ships are attacked, ineffectively, by several Nationalist airplanes, including Italian airplanes from the Non-Intervention-Committee blockade on Spain.

 * September 22: The Nationalist 6th Brigade of Navarre overruns Peñas Blancas. The battle of Sella begins.

 * September 27: Solchaga's forces enter Ribadesella.

October–December
The new main board of the UGT expels their member and former prime minister Francisco Largo Caballero. Caballero is traveling the country holding lectures against communist synchronizing and Stalinism. The Cortez, the Spanish parliament, also expels parliamentarians known to be close to Caballero. Prime Minister Negrn is not willing or not able to back Caballero.
 * October 1: Nationalist forces occupy Covadonga.

 * October 5 : Franklin Delano Roosevelt, president of the United States condemns the 'Nazi-Fascist aggressors' in Spain.

International Brigades and Republican army launch new attacks in the South Ebro region.
 * October 10 : The Brigades of Navarre enter Cangas de Onis.

 * October 13 : The Madrid council of socialist parties, unions, etc., unhappy with the overwhelming influence of the PCE (Spanish Communist Party) on the Spanish government, confronts the Spanish Cortez over the expulsion of "Caballeristas".

Largo Caballero arrested during a speech in the Madrid cinema 'Pardinas', in which he criticized the PCE; he is placed under house arrest.
 * October 17: The Consejo Soberano decides to evacuate Asturias. The Nationalists are gaining absolute control of Asturias and closing in on Gijón. Asturian officials, their families and members of the Republican army have to be evacuated quickly. Many Asturian fighters organize a guerilla campaign from the high and inaccessible mountains. With memories of the 1934 workers' revolt and its bloody suppression still fresh, Asturian villages empty in terror at the approach of the Nationalists. The Asturian miners practice a scorched earth policy, and from the ruins of their houses often fight to the death with dynamite charges.

 * October 21: The fall of Gijón. Nationalists enter Gijón and plunder the city for days; death sentences over Asturians are so frequently imposed and carried out that the Nationalists themselves call their jurisdiction "the machine gun". Rapes and murders are tolerated by the Nationalists leadership for several days. There is no reliable count of the thousands of civilians murdered during these days.

 * October 30: The Republican government abandons Valencia for Barcelona.

 * December 15: Start of the Battle of Teruel.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1937 in the Spanish Civil War


text:
Talk:Beijing Treaty

Untitled
I personally think that these pages can be combined. Each country's specific terms can be a different section. Zscout370 20:57, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. While both treaties are occasionally referred to as "Beijing Treaty", they were completely separate otherwise.  They covered completely different issues; plus, one is better known as the "Convention of Peking", while the other is called either as "the Treaty of Beijing" or "Beijing Treaty".  The only thing common about these treaties is the place where they had been signed.
 * I would suggest making this page into a disambiguation page, and refer the reader to appropriate articles, keeping the synopses here (there surely is much more to write about these treaties than information currently in the article, wouldn't you agree?).—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 21:34, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * This is why I want to merge the pages: "The Convention of Peking (18 October 1860), also known as the First Convention of Peking, was a treaty between the Qing Government of China and the British Empire, and between China and France, and China and Russia." The Beijing Treaty was also signed in 1860 and it also refers to the treaty mentioned above signed by China and Russia.  The Chinese gave areas to the British in that one, this one, the Russians get areas from the Chinese.  I agree that there could be more information that should be added, yet, I still think it should be on one page. Zscout370 21:44, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beijing Treaty


text:
Dolphins (2000 film)

Dolphins is an IMAX documentary produced in 2000. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Subject. Directed by Greg MacGillivray, with Chris Palmer serving as executive producer, this feature follows a few scientists studying dolphins (chiefly Kathleen Dudzinski, Dean Bernal, and Alejandro Acevedo-Gutiérrez, as well as Louis Herman and Bernd Wursig) as they work to learn more about dolphins. The main focus is on research into dolphin communication and intelligence, along with some exploration of feeding habits and human interaction. Several species of dolphins are shown, primarily the bottlenose dolphin, the dusky dolphin, and the Atlantic spotted dolphin. Dolphins is narrated by Pierce Brosnan with music by Sting.

title: Dolphins (2000 film)


text:
User:Honolulu~enwiki

''Ibeat BOXIN DROPPN SCm. (abbreviation) SCIEMCE - > SMELINSALTZ'' READY GO READY GO!

i shot a stoat in reno just to watch it die
ACTUALLY NO I DON'T NO I WON'T

i DON'T like music, i DON't like animals, i DON'T like to learn, i DON"T LIKE PEOPLE, I DON"T LIKE THE ENVIRONMENT, THAT'S ALL I CAN THINK OF BUT I'M SURE THERE IS MORE

ĦĦĦ I HAVE ATHLETE'S ASS ĦĦĦ (HAD TO KEEP THAT IMPOFTANT IMFO WITHIN THE JAPANESE GATES YOU SEE SURROUNDING IT. JAPANESE GATES ARE MUCH MUCH DISSIMILAR FROM CHINESE GATES WHICH ARE MORE CHINESE.)

title: User:Honolulu~enwiki


text:
EMI Music Japan

EMI Music Japan Inc. (株式会社EMIミュージック・ジャパン), formerly Toshiba EMI (東芝イーエムアイ株式会社), was one of Japan's leading music companies. It became a wholly owned subsidiary of British music company EMI Group Ltd. on June 30, 2007, after Toshiba sold off its previous 45% stake. Its CEO and president was Kazuhiko Koike. When EMI Music Japan was trading as Toshiba-EMI, it was involved with the production of anime. On April 1, 2013, the company became defunct, following its absorption into Universal Music Japan as a sublabel under the name EMI Records Japan.

History
The company was founded on October 1, 1960, as Toshiba Musical Industries (東芝音楽工業株式会社). From 1962, it licensed Columbia (UK) titles for release in Japan. After an injection of capital by Capitol EMI, EMI acquired 50% of the company in October 1973, and the name was changed to Toshiba EMI Limited. On October 3, 1994, the equity ratio of the company was changed, in which EMI obtained 55% with Toshiba owning the remaining 45%. On June 30, 2007, Toshiba Corporation sold the remaining 45% stake in the company to EMI, giving EMI full ownership of the company. The name was then changed to EMI Music Japan, reflecting Toshiba's divestiture from the business. In 2012, EMI Music Japan and Universal Music Group's Japanese branch was scheduled to hold a corporate swap in response to the merger by January 15, 2013, with Kazuhiko Koike serving as EMIJ's president. On April 1, 2013, EMI Music Japan was officially absorbed into Universal Music Japan, became defunct as a company and was renamed to EMI Records Japan. The label continued to use the TOCT catalog code until October 2013, when it started to use the TYCT catalog code. The official website was shut down as of October 23, 2013.

After the dissolution and absorption, some of the former EMI staff and executives have been into different companies away from Universal Music. Then-executive producer San-e Ichii was named the managing director of Japan Content Expansion Department. Kazuhiko Koike (also former CEO of Universal Music Japan) has stepped down from his position as CEO by the end of 2013, nine months after the merger, and became non-executive chairman by the beginning of 2014. He was replaced by Naoshi Fujikura.

Advertising slogan
EMI Music Japan's present slogan is "Music for all, All for music".

Labels

 * Awake Sounds
 * EMI Records (Japan)
 * Apple Records
 * Capitol Records
 * Capitol Music (Japan)
 * Virgin Records
 * Virgin Music (Japan) - not to be confused with Media Remoras, a Pony Canyon label formerly known as "Virgin Japan"
 * Eastworld
 * Express
 * Foozay Music
 * i-Dance
 * Reservotion Records
 * SakuraStar Records
 * SoundTown (EMI Strategic Marketing)
 * Suite Supuesto!
 * TM Factory
 * Unlimited Records

title: EMI Music Japan


text: User talk:68.18.24.191

title: User talk:68.18.24.191


text:
Rhode Island Route 33

Route 33 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It runs approximately 6.8 mi from Route 3 in Coventry to Route 2 in Cranston.

Route description
Route 33 starts at an intersection with Rhode Island Route 3 in Coventry. It runs north and crosses the South Branch Pawtuxet River before turning east to form a concurrency with Rhode Island Route 117. Route 33 splits off to the northeast and continues along the bank of the South Branch Pawtuxet River. It forms a concurrency with Rhode Island Route 115, crosses over the river, leaves Route 115, and then continues north over the Pawtuxet River. Route 33 crosses over I-295 without an interchange, and ends at Rhode Island Route 2 in Cranston. From the split with New London Avenue in Cranston to the Pawtuxet River, Route 33 runs on the Warwick/West Warwick town line. Route 33 northbound runs in Warwick and Route 33 southbound runs in West Warwick.

History
Most of Route 33, excluding Sandy Bottom Road in Coventry, was an old alignment of Route 3 and Route 1A.

title: Rhode Island Route 33


text: Template:AND

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Talk:Assam/OriginDisputeResolution

This page has been set up to resolve the disputes in the section Assam. It is probably best to first agree on an reiterate some of the Wikipedia policies.
 * Please cite your sources: Cite_your_sources
 * Wikipedia is not a place to publish original research: No_original_research
 * Please adopt a neutral point of view: Neutral_point_of_view
 * Civility

Please add other rules from Wikipedia that you think are relevant here.

Also, please do not argue your cases here. Instead, give a brief account of the dispute.

Beginning of the dispute
The dispute began in the following way: On Dec 14, 2004, User:65.38.226.56 added four paragraphs to the section Assam which were completely at variance with the existing text. On Dec 15/16, [User:Chaipau]] added more text that critically examined the newly added text but kept the newly added texts in place. That same day, User:65.38.226.42 (probably the same person as above), removed the edits of User:Chaipau, and added some more text. User:Chaipau then flagged the article as disputed. Some more edits by different contributors continued for some time. On Feb 27, 2005, an edit war ensued between User:65.38.226.203 and User:Psneog. On Feb 28, 2005, User:Chaipau reverted the article to the Feb 25 version, the version before the edit war began.

In these exchanges, it seems User:65.38.226.56, User:65.38.226.42, User:65.38.226.203, User:Kamrupi are the same person. We will call this person User:Kamrupi below.

In the meantime, the presentation of evidence began in Talk:Assam. The disputes and summaries are given below:

Dispute 1: Assam from Ahom
Some consider Assam to be a corruption of the Sanskrit word asama or     assama meaning uneven. This word well describes the hilly region, as     the Indo-Burmese corridor consists of a number of mountainous chains of the lower Himalayan region and valleys between them. Others believe the word is related to the Ahoms who ruled Assam for 600 years, as there is no record of the use of this name before their advent in 1228, and because historical texts have occasionally used the word asam for the Ahoms. --Please cite a reference for a historical texts.

 * Objection: User:Kamrupi has protested that a connection of the name Assam cannot be made with the Ahom rulers, because their chronicles (Buranjis) did not contain either the word Ahom or Asam.
 * Reply: User:Chaipau has replied that the dominant scholarly view today is that the appelation Asam was given by the natives to the new invaders, from which both the name Assam and the name of the rulers Ahom were derived (quote from Satyendra Nath Sarma, Assamese Literature).

Dispute 2: Meaning of Assama in Kamrupi
The word asama or assama was used during the time while Bhaskarvarman ruled Kamarupa. Then the present upper Assam used to emit poisonous gasses and was uninhabitable. Some of the Kamrupi criminals escaped to this land during those days in order to avoid punishment, as reported in the travel notes of the Chinese traveler Xuanzang. Those people were also called asama or assama. Xuanzang not traveling back via this route returning to China was because he was worried about attacks from asama or assama people. In Kamrupi, the term can also mean one who is not comparable with, in addition to     weird/sinner, but no yester year Kamrupi scriptures referred the land asama or asam or asom.

 * Objection: User:Chaipau requested reference to scholarly work in which a connection is made between asama used in the 7th century and the modern name Assam.
 * Reply: Not given yet.

 * Objection: User:Chaipau has requested reference to scholarly work in which Xuangzang is said to have returned to Harshavardhana's country and not proceeded to China because of "weird/sinner" people.
 * Reply: Not given yet.

Dispute 3: Assam from Antheraea assamensis
The British general did not choose the name from any of the above, but concatenated it from the scientific name “Anthera Assama”, i.e., he dropped “Anthera” and “a” of “Assama”. This was done for the first time while British created “Upper Assam State” after the “Yandabu Accord”.

This contention is however unlikely. Antheraea Assama is the biological name of the species of silkworm that produces the Muga silk. The species is endemic to the Assam region, and it is likely that the species is named after the region it belonged to and not the other way around.

Anthera Assama was discovered long before the Yandabu Accord, and assama here implies unequal or not comparable with – assama was chosen as part of the scientific name because the silkworm can only live in the climate of foothills of Eastern Himalaya.

 * Objection: User:Chaipau Assam could not have been named from assamensis because the first use of the Latin name for the Muga silkworm was made in 1837 whereas Europeans and others have been using Assam for a few hundred years before that.
 * Reply: Use of the name Assam by outsiders is not relevant.

Alternative Text
The text below is suggested as a compromise. It is neutral, and just states what is known in the academic community, and puts forwards those view which are substantiated with evidence as well as objections.

Sample
The origin of the name Assam is not clear. Edward Gait [History of Assam, 1906] suggests the name comes from the Sanskrit word asama meaning "uneven", which describes the geographical region with its mountains and valleys. Banikanta Kakati [Aspects of Early Assamese Literature, 1953] suggests that the word is rooted in the Tai word cham (to be defeated). Since the Tai conquerors were undefeated, the indigenous people called them a-cham (undefeated). This word morphed into asama with a Sanskritized meaning "peerless", which formed the root for both the names: Assam as well as Ahom. Kakati's assertion, that the word asam was used originally by the local people to call the Ahoms, is now accepted widely in the academic community. There are some who dispute this interpretation and claim that Assam and Ahom can only be associated if the word Assam is found in the buranjis, the Ahom chronicles.

Comments

 * This is excellent. Approved from my side. Prabhakar 06:37, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Assam/OriginDisputeResolution


text:
Talk:Frederic Rzewski

The Copyleft
Comment moved from the main article(This is the same comment as found on Jenny Lin's Website:

I first came across the term "Copyleft" in "Le Monde Diplomatique" about two years ago and found the idea intriguing. It seems to originate in the world of software, but clearly has implications in every area of "spiritual property."

But here is how I understand it, in a nutshell: anyone can copy my music (those pieces that are not already published, that is) as long as they identify the composer, don't claim authorship themselves, and allow others freely to make copies of their copies.

I think that this is the best way for the music to get around. I don't think publishers are very useful in this, and may even make it more difficult; and I don't particularly want to be a publisher myself.

If anyone does wish to get a score, they can get in touch with my manager, Esther Freifeld ( egf.eprc@systechconsult.com), who will send the material at cost (copying, mailing, her time), or (preferably) will direct them to someone in their neighborhood who already has a copy.

And anyone who (like Jenny Lin) wants to make the music available through the internet or other media can do so also. --Frederic Rzewski

 * Based on this note I'm planning to do some typeset versions of some works. I then put them as pdf on the web. Maybe I will also do a recording of some of his work and give it available for free download. helohe 09:23, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Based on this note I'm planning to do some typeset versions of some works. I then put them as pdf on the web. Maybe I will also do a recording of some of his work and give it available for free download. helohe 09:23, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Almost Complete Worklist
I received this Worklist from Rzewski. I tryed to order it by instrument. Maybe it can be merged with the main article:

Piano Solo

 * Chain of Thought (piano solo, 5', 1953)
 * Tabakrauch (piano solo, 15'; 1954)
 * Preludes (piano solo, 15'; 1957)
 * Poem (piano solo, 15'; 1958)
 * Study 2 (Dreams) (piano solo, 15'; 1961)
 * Falling Music (piano solo, or amplified piano with tape, 18'; 1971)
 * No Place To Go But Around (piano solo, 15'; 1974)
 * The People United Will Never Be Defeated! (piano solo, 55'; 1975)
 * Four Pieces (piano solo, 30; 1977)
 * Squares (piano solo, 15'; 1978)
 * North American Ballads (piano solo, 25'; 1979)
 * Eggs (piano solo, 15'; 1986)
 * Steptangle (piano solo, 3'; 1986)
 * The Turtle and the Crane (piano solo, 15'; 1988)
 * Mayn Yingele (piano solo, 10'; 1988)
 * Fantasy (piano solo, 5'; 1989)
 * Bumps (piano solo, 15'; 1990)
 * Ludes (piano solo, 25'; 1990-91)
 * Sonata (piano solo, 30'; 1991)
 * Andante Con Moto (piano solo, 15'; 1992)
 * De Profundis (piano solo, 25'; 1992)
 * A Life (piano solo, 4' 33"; 1992)
 * Fougues (piano solo, 20'; 1994)
 * Turns (The Road, Part 1) (piano solo, 25'; 1995; 17 p.)
 * Tracks (The Road, Part 2) (piano solo, 25'; 1996; 25 p.)
 * Tramps (The Road, Part 3) (piano solo, 25'; 1997; 26 p.)
 * Stops (The Road, Part 4) (piano solo, 25'; 1998; 16 p.)
 * A Few Knocks (The Road, Part 5) (piano solo, 55'; 1999; 74 p.)
 * Travelling With Children (The Road, Part 6) (piano solo, 55'; 1999)
 * Final Preparations (The Road, Part 7) (piano solo, 100'; 1999-2001)
 * The Big Day Arrives (The Road, Part 8) (piano solo, 160'; 2002-3)
 * The Road (complete, ca. 8 hours, 1995-2003 ; 539 pp.)
 * Johnny Has Gone for a Soldier (piano solo, 10'; 2003 ; 21 pp.)
 * Cadenza (piano solo, 8'; 2003 ; 16 pp.)
 * Dust (piano solo, 12'; 2003 ; 27 pp.)

Two Pianos

 * Introduction and Sonata (two pianos, 35'; 1959)
 * Winnsboro Cotton Mill Blues (2 pianos, 10; 1980)
 * A Machine (2 pianos, 12'; 1984)
 * Night Crossing with Fisherman (two pianos, 22'; 1994)

Voice and Piano

 * Jefferson (voice and piano, 15'; 1970)
 * Songs (voice and piano, ca. 20'; 1973-83)
 * Antigone-Legend (voice & piano, 60'; 1982)
 * Snippets (piano & speaking voice, 10'; 1994)

Harpsichord

 * The Housewife's Lament (harpsichord solo, 12'; 1980)

Voice

 * Freud (voice solo, 8'; 1970)

Chamber Orchestra

 * Nature Morte (chamber orchestra, 16'; 1964)

Trombone

 * Last Judgment (solo trombone, or any number of trombones in unison, 10'; 1969)

Flute

 * Aria (flute solo, 8'; 1981)

Recorder

 * Pennywhistlers (recorder solo, 20'; 1981)

Misc

 * Requiem, Part 1 (speaker, men's choir, piano, tubular chimes, woodblock, radio, bull-roarer, organ [or electronic simulation], jew's harp; 1963-7)
 * Speculum Dianae (8 players [semi-improvisational, any instruments], 16'; 1964)
 * Selfportrait (one player, any sounds, indeterminate duration; 1964)
 * Zoologischer Garten (electronic tape, 23'; 1965)
 * Prose Pieces (for improvising ensemble, any duration; 1967-68)
 * Les Moutons de Panurge (any number of melody instruments, 20' ca.; 1968)
 * Coming Together (speaker and variable instrumental ensemble, 20'; 1971)
 * Attica (speaker and variable instrumental ensemble, 10'; 1972)
 * Second Structure (prose text for improvisation, ca. 20'; 1972)
 * Struggle Song (voice and variable instrumental accompaniment, 6'; 1973)
 * Struggle Song (arranged by Gregory Rose for chorus [SATB]; 1983)
 * Thirteen Instrumental Studies (variable instrumental ensemble, ca. 60'; 1972-77)
 * Song and Dance (fl-bass cl-vibr-cb, 22'; 1976)
 * Moonrise With Memories (bass tbn & any 6 soprano range instruments, 12'; 1978)
 * Three Pieces (soprano sax, tbn, piano, 15'; 1979)
 * A Long Time Man (piano & orchestra, 25'; 1979)
 * The Price of Oil (2 voices or vocal groups, 8 groups of amplified pipes, 2 similar instrumental ensembles, 35'; 1980)
 * Le Silence des Espaces Infinis (any solo instrument, women's chorus, 7 orchestral groups, tape, 22'; 1980)
 * Snacks (solo voice with or without chorus and instruments, 15'; 1981)
 * Satyrica (concert band [fl-cl-4 saxophones {SATB}-5 tpts-2 hns-4 tbns-bass tbn-tuba-gt-pno-vibes-synth-perc-bass], 20'; 1983)
 * Una Breve Storia d'Estate (3 flutes & orchestra, 15'; 1983)
 * Mayakovsky (speaker, piano, string quartet, 15'; 1984)
 * Mary's Dream (soprano voice, contrabass clar, vc, perc, piano, 15'; 1984)
 * Wails (bass clar [also sopranino saxophone in E-flat]-2 perc-piano, 13'; 1984)
 * The Persians(Les Perses)(Die Perser) (music theater, based on Aeschylus, 4 singers, 5 actors, bass clar [also contrabass clar & sopranino sax], 2 perc, tbn, cb [also e-bass], piano, 90'; 1985)
 * Lost and Found (solo speaking percussionist, 7';1985)
 * To the Earth (solo speaking percussionist, 10'; 1985)
 * Force ("Misukspiel" for 2 speakers, single or double trio [plucker, blower, noisemaker], and weigher [optional], 16'; 1985)
 * Chains (12 "TV-operas" for voice & 6 musicians, 40'; 1986)
 * Spots (13 pieces for any four instruments, 15'; 1986)
 * Don't Have It Today (speaking contrabass solo, 6'; 1986)
 * Tinkleberries (a collection of ditties, for voice, with & without accompaniment, 15'; 1980-90)
 * The Triumph of Death (staged oratorio, adapted from Peter Weiss, 4 voices & string quartet, 110'; 1987-88)
 * The Lost Melody (clar, piano, 2 perc, 15'; 1989)
 * The Waves (speaker & variable instrumental ensemble, 15'; 1988)
 * Roses (fl-cl-tpt-tba-perc-vln-vc-accordeon, 15'; 1989)
 * Aerial Tarts (fl-cl[or sax]-vln-vc-2 perc-piano, 12'; 1990)
 * Whangdoodles (vln-hammered dulcimer [and other optional mallet instruments]-piano, 20'; 1990)
 * Shtick (clarinet or soprano saxophone solo, 14'; 1990)
 * Knight (cello solo, 5'; 1992)
 * The Burghers of Rostock (voice & piano, 6'; 1992)
 * Holes (4-8 players, any instruments, variable duration; 1993)
 * Crusoe (4-12 players, any instruments, 20"; 1993)
 * Histories (saxophone quartet, 18'; 1993)
 * Whimwhams (marimba & string quartet, 14'; 1993)
 * Family Scenes (Fl-3 sax- Hn- 3 Tpt- 3 Tbn- Pno- Bass, 15'; 1995)
 * Stop the War! (chorus, 5'; 1995; 2 p.)
 * Stop the Testing! (chorus, 5'; 1996; 2 p.)
 * When the Wind Blows (Fl-3 sax (S-T-Bar)-Flugelhn-Tbn-gt-pno-bass, 6'; 1996; 3 p.)
 * Scratch Symphony (2-2-2-2/2-2-2/pno-hp-2 perc-str, 20'; 1997; 47 p.)
 * Spiritus (recorder quartet & percussion, 15'; 1997; 51 p.)
 * Logique (text: Verlaine; voice, flute, cello, piano, 5'; 1997; 14 p.)
 * ForHanns (flute, clarinet, cello, piano, 5'; 1998; 14 p.)
 * Trio (violin, cello, piano; 25'; 1998; 100 p.)
 * Main Drag (9 players, open instrumentation; 15'; 1999)
 * Cradle Rock (Fl-3 sax (S-T-Bar)-Flugelhn-Tbn-gt-pno-bass, 10'; 1999)
 * Movable Types (orchestra, 5'; 1999)
 * Pocket Symphony (Fl-Cl-V-Vc-Pno-Perc,,25';2000)
 * 96 (canon for five instruments, 4’, 2003 ; 2 pp.)

Yahoo Group for Rzewski
Hi

Maybe it would be helpful to create a Yahoo Group about the music of rzewski as there is one of Sorabji. This would help to inform about new releases of his music and also attract interest of pianists to perform his music.

helohe 09:04, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I created a inofficial group and linked it on the main article helohe 12:08, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I created a inofficial group and linked it on the main article helohe 12:08, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Il Gruppo
I have just noticed that Rzewski also played in a group called "Il Gruppo" on a album named "THE PRIVATE SEA OF DREAMS" but there is not much information available besides that some one trys to sell this album for about 200$ on ebay. (RCA LP LSP-3846)

Catalog of works and Discography sections
I've removed the catalog of works and the bulk of the discography section. There were copied from this page. The permissions provided on this page are not clear on derivative works. In particular, the phrase "for legitimate purposes" isn't very specific as to what is meant. -- Whpq (talk) 02:22, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

IPA Pronunciation
I see under the first subject header a pronunciation for Rzewski's last name, but it is not in IPA, like Wikipedia normally would be. I was hoping someone could update that. --159.118.223.177 (talk) 21:55, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 15:34, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Minimalist connection
I don't see any mention here of Steve Reich or anyone associated with him, but it's quite striking how much Coming Together sounds like something Steve Reich might have written precisely at this time. Even the title Coming Together strongly evokes the title of Reich's sixties tape piece Come Out. TheScotch (talk) 23:32, 14 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Death
His death was just announced here, before it was immediately reverted. For what it's worth: the news of his death does circulate on Twitter, though I haven't been able to retrieve a reliable source yet. Steinbach (talk) 12:46, 26 June 2021 (UTC)
 * We need a reliable source before it can be included here, and if a source is found he should be removed from the "living people" categories too. --188.30.22.23 (talk) 13:24, 26 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm looking for credible sources, and some are quoting Wikipedia as their source. We could end up going round in circles. --188.30.22.23 (talk) 13:47, 26 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I know. I'm a long time Wikipedian. I'm just saying: take this seriously and look for sources. Steinbach (talk) 14:14, 26 June 2021 (UTC)
 * At last: Gramophone. Steinbach (talk) 14:16, 26 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks! That's a good source! --188.30.22.23 (talk) 15:07, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

Somebody added place and cause of death, which I removed because they were not mentioned in the source. I have now re-added them, citing the Washington Post obituary in place of the Gramophone announcement. I don't mean to imply there was anything wrong with Gramophone, but the Washington Post article gives much more detail. The place of death is given as "Montiano, Italy". I have not attempted to link this as there seem to be multiple places with this name and it is not clear which is meant. --188.30.22.23 (talk) 12:56, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frederic Rzewski


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French Creek (Allegheny River tributary)

French Creek (also known as the Venango River) is a tributary of the Allegheny River in northwestern Pennsylvania and western New York in the United States.

Name
The stream has been sometimes called a river and sometimes a creek. It is thought that the stream's Seneca name, in nungash, was modified over time to Venango. The phrase in nungash may have derived from Onenga, the Seneca word for mink, or it may have stemmed from Winingus, the Delaware (Lenape) word for the same animal. Interpretations of Venango have included "crooked", and the Seneca chief Cornplanter suggested that in nungash referred to a particular carving on a tree along the stream. Venango was likewise the name of a native settlement at the creek's mouth, later the site of Franklin, Pennsylvania.

In the 18th century, the stream was an important link between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River. The French built Fort Presque Isle and Fort Le Boeuf to control the portage from the stream's headwaters to Lake Erie. They called the stream Rivière aux boeufs (Cattle River) because the bison in the vicinity reminded them of French cattle. In 1753, George Washington, still a British subject, was sent to deliver a message to Fort Le Boeuf asking the French to leave the region, as tensions increased before the French and Indian War. Washington called the stream French Creek rather than Beef Creek (another common rendering of Rivière aux Boeufs), and his version prevailed after the British won the Seven Years' War and took control of former French colonies in North America east of the Mississippi River.

Course
French Creek begins near French Creek, New York, and flows about 117 mi to the Allegheny River at Franklin, Pennsylvania. The creek's drainage basin covers 1270 mi2. The watershed includes parts of Erie, Crawford, Venango, and Mercer counties in Pennsylvania as well as Chautauqua County in New York. Cities and towns along its main stem include Mill Village, Wattsburg, Cambridge Springs, Venango, Saegertown, Meadville, Cochranton, Utica, Sugarcreek, and Franklin, all in Pennsylvania.

Fauna, water quality
Providing habitat to more than 80 species of fish and 26 species of freshwater mussels, French Creek is among the most biologically diverse streams in the northeastern United States.

Environmental concerns about the creek's water quality have been raised since at least the 1990s. Improvements to sewage treatment plants in Meadville, Cambridge Springs, and Saegertown have helped reduce the amount of chlorine and other chemicals entering the stream. Farm and highway runoff, malfunctioning septic systems, erosion, sedimentation, invasive species, and damaged riparian zones are other problems affecting the creek. The French Creek Project, organized in 1995, sponsors French Creek music festivals, ecology tours, and watershed classes for the public.

Awards
The creek won the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources award for River of the Year in 2003.

The creek was again named River of the Year for 2022. The citation reads:

"French Creek is one of the most biologically diverse waterways of its size in the United States, meandering 117 miles from its headwaters in southern New York through four Pennsylvania counties to the Allegheny River,” according to the release. “The creek is home to 27 species of freshwater mussels, more than 80 species of fish, and numerous waterfowl and songbird species, including bald eagles and four Audubon-designated Important Bird Areas (IBAs). French Creek is also home to the Eastern Hellbender, the largest species of salamander in North America, which was recently named the official amphibian of Pennsylvania.”