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Sorghaghtani Beki

Sorghaghtani Beki (Сорхагтани Бэхи/Chakhar Mongolian; ) or Bekhi (Bek(h)i is a title), also written Sorkaktani, Sorkhokhtani, Sorkhogtani, Siyurkuktiti (c. 1190 – 1252), posthumous name Empress Xianyi Zhuangsheng, was a Keraite princess and daughter-in-law of Genghis Khan. Married to Tolui, Genghis' youngest son, Sorghaghtani Beki became one of the most powerful and competent people in the Mongol Empire. She made policy decisions at a pivotal moment that led to the transition of the Mongol Empire towards a more cosmopolitan and sophisticated style of administration. She raised her sons to be leaders and maneuvered the family politics so that all four of her sons, Möngke Khan, Hulagu Khan, Ariq Böke, and Kublai Khan, went on to inherit the legacy of their grandfather.

Given her enormous impact at such a critical point of the mighty Mongol Empire, she is likely one of the most influential and powerful women in history. Sorghaghtani Beki was a Christian, specifically a member of the Church of the East (often misleadingly referred to as "Nestorianism"). As a moving spirit behind the Mongol Empire, Sorghaghtani is responsible for much of the trade openings and intellectual exchange of the largest contiguous empire in world history.

Life
Sorghaghtani was the daughter of Jakha Gambhu, the younger brother of the powerful Keraite leader Toghrul, also known as Ong Khan. According to the Secret History of the Mongols, around 1203, when Toghrul was a more powerful leader than Temüjin, Temüjin proposed to Toghrul that Temüjin's eldest son Jochi might marry Toghrul's daughter or granddaughter, thus binding the two groups. Toghrul refused this alliance and later attempted to kill the increasingly powerful Temüjin through an invitation to discuss this proposal. Temüjin discovered this plan and they escaped at the last moment. Eventually, the Keraites were routed in the ensuing war and Toghrul was killed, possibly by the Naimans.

Unlike his brother, Jakha usually supported Temüjin and gave his two daughters to him and one more daughter to Genghis Khan's oldest son Jochi. Genghis married the elder of the daughters, Ibaqa Beki (later handed over to the general Jürchedei), and gave young Sorghaghtani, who was still a teenager, to his son Tolui. Sorghaghtani's father Jakha was killed by Jürchedei when the Keraites revolted against Genghis Khan after 1204.

Like most Mongol women of the time, Sorghaghtani wielded great authority at home. Mongol women had far more rights than in many other cultures at the time, especially since the men were often away and they were the ones responsible for the home. Although she herself was illiterate, she recognized the value of literacy in running such a far-flung empire. Each of her sons learned a different language for different regions. Sorghaghtani, a Christian, respected other religions. Her sons, like Genghis, were all very tolerant in matters of religion, and the Mongol Empire promulgated the notion of state above religion while supporting all major religions of the time. Sorghaghtani also financed the construction of a madrasa in Bukhara and gave alms to both Christians and Muslims.

Sorghaghtani's husband Tolui, whose appanages included eastern Mongolia, parts of Iran and northern China, died at the age of 41 in 1232. Ögedei Khan, Genghis's third son who had succeeded his father, gave her enduring authority to handle Tolui's estates. The Secret History suggests that Ögedei may have consulted Sorghaghtani on various matters, and he always held her in high regard. Ogedei appointed her in charge of the Empire's administration, which meant she played a pivotal role in securing the lands won under Genghis Khan.

Ögedei sought to link her realm to his and proposed marriage, which she declined; he then proposed that she marry his son Güyük (Mongol widows often married again within the family), but she refused, claiming that her four sons needed her attention. This decision later turned out to be one of the most important ones in the formation of the Mongol Empire, as all four of Sorghaghtani's sons (grandsons of Genghis) became leaders in their own right.

When Sorghaghtani asked for part of Hebei as her appanage in 1236 after the end of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, Ögedei hesitated, but not for long. She shunned him into compliance by pointing out that the place was hers by right anyway because her husband had conquered it. However, Ögedei also expanded his appanage, seizing some territories of Tolui and taking most of Sorghaghtani's soldiers.

After Ögedei Khan died in 1241, his wife Töregene Khatun ruled as regent until 1246, when she managed to get her son Güyük elected as Khagan at a large kurultai. However, he immediately set out to undermine his mother's power as well as that of Sorghaghtani, Alaqai Beki (the Ongud ruler and daughter of Genghis Khan) and Ebuskun (the wife of Chagatai Khan, regent for the Central Asian Empire).

Meanwhile, the ambitious Sorghaghtani had secretly teamed up with Güyük's cousin Batu Khan, the senior male in the Borjigin and ruler of the Golden Horde (north of the Caspian Sea to Bulgaria). In 1248, when Güyük was setting out on a campaign to the Middle East (ostensibly for conquest, but possibly to defeat Batu Khan), he died under somewhat suspicious circumstances; some have speculated that Sorghaghtani may have taken "direct action against Güyük".

After Güyük's death, Sorghaghtani sent her eldest son Möngke to Batu Khan. Batu and Sorghaghtani championed the name of Möngke, who had fought along with Batu in the European campaign, as Khagan. Möngke was named Great Khan at a kurultai organized by Batu in Siberia sometime before 1250, but this was contested as not being properly in Mongolia. However, the ancient Mongol homeland where Genghis was born was in her regency, so she organized a kurultai here which was attended by Batu's brother Berke. Möngke was formally named the Great Khan. The Ögedei and Güyük families attempted to overthrow him but failed. Möngke arrested and drowned Güyük's widow Oghul Qaimish, and many other members of Ögedei's family.

Sorghaghtani fell ill and died in February or March 1252 around Tsagaan Sar, the Lunar New Year festival in the Mongolian calendar, a few months after Möngke's accession ceremony. She was buried in a Christian church in Gansu.

Children
Sorghaghtani bore Tolui at least four children. They included:

 * Möngke Khan: Great Khan (1251–1259) of the Mongol Empire.
 * Kublai Khan: Great Khan (1260–1294) of the Mongol Empire and the Yuan dynasty
 * Hulagu Khan: khan (1256–1264) of the Ilkhanate dynasty that ruled Persia, Turkey, Georgia and Armenia.
 * Ariq Böke, her fourth son, was also declared Great Khan (rivalling Kublai) for a short period in 1260; he fought Kublai in the Toluid Civil War and would eventually be captured by Kublai in 1264.

Legacy
In 1310, she was regarded as "Empress" in a ceremony that included a mass. Sorghaghtani was enshrined in a Christian church in Ganzhou in 1335, and sacrifices were ordered to be offered here. By 1480 a cult had been conducted for her memory at the orda that was kept by the Chahars. This ordo moved to Ordos City (in modern Inner Mongolia) in the 17th century.

She is spoken of very highly both in the Secret History, as well as by Muslim, Chinese and Christian historians. "If I were to see among the race of women another woman like this, I should say that the race of women was far superior to that of men."

- Syriac scholar Bar Hebraeus (1226–1286)

"Among the Mongols this lady is the most renowned, with the exception of the emperor Güyük's mother Töregene."

- Papal envoy Giovanni da Pian del Carpine(c. 1180–1252)

"Extremely intelligent and able...the most intelligent woman in the world. There is no doubt that it was through her intelligence and ability that she raised the station of her sons above that of their cousins and caused them to attain to the rank of qa'ans and emperors."

- Persian historian and Ilkhanid Grand Vizier Rashid-al-Din Hamadani

"The bringing of the Khanate to the house of Tolui Khan and the placing of the right in its due place were due to the competence and shrewdness of Sorqoqtani Beki and the help and assistance of Batu, because of their friendship for one another...Sorqoqtani Beki, and his sons after his [Tolui's] death until the time when they became qa'ans and rulers through the efforts and endeavors of their mother and as the result of her ability and intelligence."

- Rashid-al-Din Hamadani

"Now in the management and education of all her sons, in the administration of affairs of state, in the maintenance of dignity and prestige and in the execution of business, [Sorghaghtani] Beki, by the nicety of her judgment and discrimination, constructed such a basis and for the strengthening of these edifices laid such a foundation that no turban-wearer would have been capable of the like or could have dealt with these matters with the like brilliance. In any business which [Ogedei] Qa'an undertook, whether with regard to the weal of the Empire or the disposal of the army, he used first to consult and confer with her and would suffer no change or alteration of whatever she recommended...

For the report of her wisdom and prudence and the fame of her counsel and sagacity had spread to all parts, and none would gainsay her word. Furthermore, in the management of her household and in the ceremonial of her court she laid for kinsmen and stranger such a foundation as the khans of the world had not been capable of.""

- Persian Historian Ata-Malik Juvayni

Prester John
Sorghaghtani was the niece of the powerful Keraite leader of the Mongols, Ong Khan (often known simply as Toghrul). To Europeans, Toghrul was one of the distant Eastern rulers who was sometimes associated with the legend of "Prester John". During Mongol-European diplomacy, the Mongols sometimes played upon this perception by the Europeans, describing Mongol princesses such as Sorghaghtani and Doquz Khatun as being "daughters of Prester John".

title: Sorghaghtani Beki


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Magic System

Magic System is an Ivorian zouglou and coupé-décalé music group, formed in 1996 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. When it was created, the group had more than fifty members, the best known of whom today are A'Salfo, Goude, Tino and Manadja. The sounds drawn from zouglou ignited the African scene for more than a decade. Their songs are also used to denounce unhappiness and all forms of abuse in Ivorian society. However, dissensions arise within the group, which breaks up and gives birth to the group as it is known today with the four "magicians".

The music group is famous for its performance of festive theme songs, their biggest hits are the singles "Premier Gaou" (2002), "Un gaou à Oran" (2004), "Bouger Bouger" (2005), "C cho ça brûle" (2006), "Zouglou Dance" (2007), "Même pas fatigué !!!" (2009), "Ambiance à l'africaine" (2011), "Chérie coco" (2011) and "Magic in the Air" (2014). In 2024 their song, "Akwaba" was chosen as the anthem for the soccer tournament La Coupe Afrique des Nations and also won Manie Musicale.

History
The group originates from Abidjan, Ivory Coast, and has more than 50 members, called "magicians". The current members are part of the original group: A'Salfo (Salif Traoré), Goude, Tino and Manadja (Adama Fany). The current group is also made up of four other people who draw inspiration from the zouglou movement, an Ivorian cultural expression combining music and dance used by young people to address problems and ills in society. Divisions arose within the group from its beginnings, due to its large size and the presence of two main singers: Camso and A'Salfo. Camso and two other members decided to create the group "Les marabouts", which enjoyed considerable success in West Africa and within the African community in Europe.

Starting in 1996, the four magicians performed at local parties and events throughout the Ivory Coast. It was not until 1997 that their first album Papitou was released with the single "Momo", which was a commercial failure. They nevertheless persisted and recorded their second album, Premier Gaou, which was released two years later in Ivory Coast. Despite its local success, the group encountered difficulties obtaining distribution in France, as no label initially showed interest in producing the title.

The album is entirely financed by Ephrem Youkpo, journalist/radio and TV host (initiator of La Nuit du zouglou in 1998 in France and since then boss of the x-pol music label). Convinced of the potential of the project presented by Tony Adams, Youkpo took charge of financing the album. Faced with the refusal of the major record companies to distribute the album, Ephrem Youkpo decided to entrust the distribution of Premier Gaou to Sonima upon its release in January 2000. Also in 2000 the group was then invited to open for Bisso Na Bisso, a group of Congolese rappers led by Passi. In 2001, the third album, Poisson d'avril, had mixed success. The following year, the remix of "Premier Gaou" by Bob Sinclar relaunched the title dating from 1999 and introduced the group to the French public. Under this impetus, Magic System successively released three other albums: Un Gaou à Paris (2003), Petit Pompier (2005) and Cessa kié la vérité (2005).

On 2 April 2012, the group released its first best-of album, D'Abidjan à Paris, with the new unreleased single "Tango Tango". On 19 May 2014, the opus Africainement Vôtre was released, containing the hit "Magic in the Air", produced by RedOne in collaboration with Chawki, whose clip has several hundred million views. On 13 June 2014, the group Bana C4 performed a cover of the song "Premier Gaou", with Magic System which appears in the clip. Singer K-Reen contributes backing vocals to the song. The album Radio Afrika was released on 29 June 2015. On 1 May 2016, Didier Bonaventure Deigna, drummer and backing vocalist of the group, drowned in Jacqueville (Ivory Coast) while trying to rescue a person. On 16 June 2017, Magic System released a new album entitled Ya Foye. In 2018, the song "Magic in the Air" became the anthem of the French national football team during the 2018 FIFA World Cup, performed in the stadium with each goal of the Blues. At the end of 2020, the group left Parlophone and Warner to sign with the new label Universal Music Africa, with the aim of releasing a new album Envolée zougloutique on 21 June 2021.

Singles
*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts.

Featured in *Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Magic System


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CWL

CWL may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * California Women Lawyers, a bar association in California, US
 * Cardiff Airport (IATA code), Wales
 * Catholic Women's League, a lay organisation
 * Centralne Warsztaty Lotnicze, a Polish aircraft manufacturer
 * Compagnie des Wagons-Lits, French on-train service company
 * Company of Watermen and Lightermen, a guild of the city of London, England

Science and technology

 * Centre wavelength, for a bandpass filter
 * Common Workflow Language, for computation in the sciences

Other uses

 * Call of Duty World League, a former esports tournament

title: CWL


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Talk:Lom, Norway

Due to a page copy that happen on Jan 1 2005, the rest of the history of this page is found in the Lom article. -- Egil 19:03, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Lom, Norway


text: User talk:24.146.24.210

title: User talk:24.146.24.210


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David Milne

David Milne may refer to:

 * Sir David Milne (Royal Navy officer) (1763–1845), British admiral
 * David Milne (archer) (born 1939), Zimbabwean Olympic archer
 * David Milne (artist) (1882–1953), Canadian artist
 * Sir David Milne (civil servant) (1896–1972), Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Scotland
 * David Milne (rugby league) (born 1986), Australian rugby league player
 * David Milne (rugby union), Scottish international rugby union player
 * David Milne (Ontario politician)
 * David Milne-Home (1805–1890), Scottish advocate and geologist, born David Milne (adopted the name Home upon marriage)

title: David Milne


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Val Majewski

Walter Val Majewski (pronounced my-EFF-skee) (born June 19, 1981) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles.

Early life
Majewski grew up in Freehold Township, New Jersey, where he went to Freehold Township High School. He later attended Rutgers University. In 2001, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star.

Baltimore Orioles
Majewski was the Orioles' third-round draft pick in 2002. He began his career with the Aberdeen IronBirds, but was soon promoted to the Delmarva Shorebirds. He played at four different minor league levels in 2003, finishing the year with the high-A Frederick Keys.

After a successful stint with the Double-A Bowie Baysox, he made his MLB debut for the Orioles on August 20, 2004, but suffered a torn labrum in his left shoulder and was limited to nine MLB games. Despite this, he was named the Orioles' Minor League Player of the Year for 2004. He spent the entire 2005 season on the disabled list.

The club originally thought that the shoulder would not require surgery, but after it failed to heal on its own, Majewski had surgery on it and was sidelined for the 2005 season. In 2006, played for the Ottawa Lynx. In 2007, Majewski split the season between Double-A Bowie and Triple-A Norfolk, but was released by the Orioles in March 2008.

Newark Bears
On April 23, 2008, Majewski signed with the Newark Bears of the Atlantic League.

Houston Astros
On June 22, 2008, Majewski signed a minor league contract with the Houston Astros and was assigned to Double-A Corpus Christi. In July, he was promoted to the Triple-A Round Rock Express. He became a free agent at the end of the season.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
After starting the 2009 season with the Atlantic League's Camden Riversharks, Majewski signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on June 11, finishing the season with the Double-A Arkansas Travelers.

Oakland Athletics
In 2010, Majewski returned to the Atlantic League for the start of the season for the third straight season, this time with the York Revolution. Also for the third straight season, he hooked on with a major league organization partway through the season, signing a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics on May 27. After finishing the season with the Double-A Midland RockHounds, he became a free agent.

Texas Rangers
After returning to the York Revolution for the first half of the 2011 Atlantic League season, Majewski signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers on July 25, 2011, and was assigned to the Triple-A Round Rock Express. Following the completion of the Round Rock season, he requested and was given his release. He returned to the York Revolution which had made the Atlantic League playoffs.

title: Val Majewski


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Talk:VO2 max

Request Assessment, General Cleanup, and the Sponsorship of an Appropriate WikiProject
Could someone please tell me how to request an assessment, and perhaps the sponsorship of an appropriate wikiproject? My hope is that this will result in a clean-up and perhaps some more citations. --Zegoma beach (talk) 17:41, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Maybe someone should add that Bjørn Dæhlie not only has the highest recorded vo2max, but also is the most winning winter athlete of all time with 29 medals? Stressing that Vo2 max also has a practical consequence and does influence actual performace. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.165.75.134 (talk) 14:25, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

Clarification of units in VO2Max
Could somebody clarify what it means to measure oxygen in liters (as opposed to moles or grams) in this context? When we say "one liter of oxygen" in this context, do we mean "moles contained in one liter of pure O2 at 1 bar (14.7 psi) of pressure"? At what temperature? Volume is a bizarre unit to use here especially for a gas, but if that is the (unfortunate) convention then a brief translation for the rest of us seems in order. If nobody else clarifies, then I might follow up. Bmord (talk) 19:03, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Oxygen uptake is expressed as a rate -- volume per unit time (hence the dot over the V when it is written correctly). Expired gas is typically collected using open circuit spirometry and analyzed for O2 and CO2 concentrations; using Haldane's principle, the volumes of O2 taken up and CO2 produced can be estimated. These data must be corrected to STPD. Today's automated computer systems do all this for you! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.58.197.210 (talk) 03:01, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

I feel that the core of the posed question was not addressed; neither here nor in the article. It is understood that oxygen consumption research uses the convention "(V-dot)O2 max" for measurements. An explanation on why the convention is instead not "(n-dot)O2 max" or "(m-dot)O2 max" would be a valuable inclusion. Many of us not in this field would naturally assume n or m to be better dimensions for this type of measurement. 67.66.139.22 (talk) 23:05, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

Vo2Max also applies does not only applies to persons
In the first paragraph it is said that VO2 max is defined as the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized during exercise by a person. but in the same article it is given, by example, the VO2 max of an horse.

Reference alignment
Have the references been re-aligned since the editing together? My recollection is that the correlation was from the 'Sports Coach/Brian Mac site - ref 3.(ie Not ref 1) Please check. Linuxlad 19:07, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Training effect - still think Cooper investigated it in detail rather than identified it! And using the Cooper test to estimate VO2 max is pretty rough and ready I read. I think respectfully Mr S, I had it right :-) Linuxlad 19:24, 24 September 2005 (UTC) aka 80.177.213.144
 * I'm still waiting on materials from the Cooper Center, but my understanding from the book I read (which I should and will get a copy of) is that Dr. Cooper discovered that at a certain level of consistent exercise the body suddenly "shifted up" its metabolism. I just want to be accurate.  I'll try to get a source for this promptly. Simesa 00:08, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Tidying of references
Two changes:
 * moved "see also" to before "external links" as per style guide
 * removed comment "identified by Dr Cooper" on a "see also" link, since that assertion belongs in the article itself, not in the link to the article. (Otherwise Wikipedia would become inconsistent when people edited articles - the statements made in the article might not match the statements made in comments to the links.)

Making comments more neutral
I'm making changes to make this more neutral. Firstly I'm removing the statement that "expensive" equipment is required to measure VO2 max. Expensive is not really neutral - expensive to whom? The equipment is affordable by a sports club, for example. I'm also removing the reference to "truck mounted", since many types of equipment can be truck mounted. I'm also removing the term "huge" from the Cooper study, since this does not really add any information. How big was the study, 100 people? 1000 people? 10,000 people? The word huge doesn't inform the reader of the actual order of magnitude size of the study. -Unknown User
 * A fair comment - the Air Force study involved, as I recall, 15,000 subjects, but I'm waiting on materials so I can properly reference that. The reason I included "truck mounted" was that not just ramps are usable. I'll try to get a picture of the truck.  Simesa 14:30, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps I should clarify "ramp test". A ramp test is a test where the exercise intensity is progressively increased (if you draw a graph of exercise intensity against time, it resembles a ramp). The rate of increase of intensity is called the "ramp rate" (typically it is around 20-30 Watts/min). A ramp test can be done on a treadmill, but also on a cycling or rowing ergometer. User:Martin.Budden
 * By the way I think the 15,000 subject study was a later study performed by Cooper in the late seventies and 1980s (after Cooper left the Air Force). I don't know how big the Air Force study was, though. User:Martin.Budden

Moved from article
This was added by into the article. it belongs on the discussion page:
 * Can someone whos good at editing this stuff a)get rid of this line, and b)fix up my edit to somewhat like what it looks in source. Thanks (feel free to mess w the arrangement of info as well sry for offtopic) johnSLADE (talk) 08:31, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Alternate reference
Is everyone okay with my adding the phrase "maximal oxygen carrying capacity" to the article? It's basically the same thing and I read it used as a technical term here: in reference to VO2 max. Tyciol 13:38, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Removing Greg LeMond from the article?
Since the addition of Daehlie and Indurain effectively gives readers a sense of proportion, is LeMond's result still necessary?

Greg LeMond's AND Lance Armstrong's would add perspective to the article
Whose bright idea was it to remove LeMond's? For one notable reason Greg LeMond's is the highest recorded of ANY professional cyclist INCLUDING Lance Armstrong. Its notable in that regard. And 5-time Tour winner Miguel's is good to keep because it serves to be one way to compare and contrast these physiological parameters between two notable athletes. Greg LeMond still has the fastest time trial ever recorded in the Tour De France ... just slightly faster than Lance's fastest.

Please put Greg LeMond's VO2 Max back into the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.236.37.188 (talk) 05:24, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed, please put it back 99.153.64.179 (talk) 17:49, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

Genetics
Everything is genetically determined for the most part, but unless it's something that can't be changed very easily or by very much through nurture, then I don't think it is proper to say something is genetically determined for the most part. VO2max can change pretty dramatically in some individuals through training. So I'm removing that sentence in the first paragraph. You can revert if you strongly feel it should be kept. Jamesters 17:20, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * One interesting thing is that the degree to which it improves is also genetically determined: some people can hugely improve their VO2 max with conditioning, and others can never increase it at all no matter how much they train. Collabi (talk) 21:23, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Definition
Could somebody please revert the definition to the previous one as at 2:28, January 4, 2007? I am not sure how to do it, but I believe the current definition to be erroneous and the previous one better, although not perfect. The definition of VO2 max does not need a measurement unit, ie. millilitres. Furthermore, the "per kilogram per minute" version is not the only way of measuring it. The true definition should just be "volume of oxygen". The common measurement unit is handled further down the first paragraph anyway, so the information is doubled up. The definition should probably also include "by the working cells/muscle cells". If nobody reverts the article in a few days I'll try a manual edit myself, thanks. MattVickers 07:57, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Corrections
I corrected the definition and cleared-up some problems with the section on measuring VO2max. This page needs some major work. I will tinker at it here and there. Thanks to those who have come before. A few specifics....VO2 max is always in reference to incremental or graded exercise...it is possible to work far harder than the intensity at which VO2 max occurs...Of all the research and clinical labs I have ever had involvement with, I have never seen a multi-day protocol used.--Phairphysiology 20:15, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Uth—Sørensen—Overgaard—Pedersen
The "Uth—Sørensen—Overgaard—Pedersen" test seems to be in the wrong place - It may use estimation of VO2max, but it is still a maximal test, since it requires the subject to find their maximal heartrate. --Ozhiker (talk) 12:00, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

I see that in the abstract of the paper written by Uth-Sørensen-Overgaard-Pedersen the authors actually say the factor was found to be 15.3, not 15. Did anyone read the full paper? Is there any reason to use 15 instead of 15.3? ToK (talk) 19:39, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

True the abstract does say 15.3. It is also important to note that the test was done on only men and well trained men at that. This creates doubt as to the accuracy of the test applied to those that fall outside of this group (ie. non-athletes and women). This point is also brought up in the abstract by the authors. It is a note that is important enough to put underneath the equation as individuals will use this equation thinking it is accurate. The equation needs further evaluation on other test groups. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Elexsor (talk • contribs) 22:41, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

VO2 max: let's use a range, not a single value
According to the cited article in New Science, VO2 max in normal persons is a range between 40 and 50 ml/kg/min. Nevertheless, in our Wiki article it is given as a single value, approximately 45 ml/kg/min. Although this difference might seem minor, I believe it is critical in Sports Medicine to cite ranges as ranges, because human physiology is indeed "normal" within approximate levels. Giving a single value makes every single person that's even 1 ml/kg/min above or below that 45 deviate from this supposed normality, although in reality s/he isn't. So if I have as a result a 42 VO2 max, I might believe it might be normal but low, although it might be perfectly normal for my current physical conditions. I believe we shall revert the said entry to a range, as in the original article we cite. What do you think? --Kensai (talk) 05:13, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Also, according to other sources (e.g here: McKinley Health Center, University of Illionois at Urbana-Champain) 45 ml/kg/min would be in 60-70 percentile for young males (20-29). That is above the median. The only situation when both of them is correct, if there are more exceptionally high values than exceptionally low. This may be case, but I think we should check more than one source to verify it. Other ideas: quote the median, not the average, or meybe both. Define what "young" means. Many people at age 35 consider themselves young. Csab (talk) 17:05, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

"New Scientist" is a popular science magazine, and I think it should not be used as a reference in an encyclopedia. According to "HEYWOOD, V (1998) Advance Fitness Assessment & Exercise Prescription, 3rd Ed" and "Guyton and Hall (2011), Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Ed" the average VO2 max in a healthy man (age 30-39) is between 35.5 and 40.9 ml/kg/min. Small difference for the age range 20-29: 36.5-42.4 ml/kg/min. The values reported in this article should be changed according to more reliable bibliographical sources (like the ones I cited here). --AL458 (talk) 17:23, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Perspective?
There are some sentences that read:

"Male rowers typically score VO2 maximums over 6 litres/minute, and some exceptional individuals have exceeded 8 l/min.

To put this into perspective, thoroughbred horses have a VO2 max of around 180 ml/kg/min. Siberian dogs running in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race have VO2 values as high as 240 ml/kg/min"

I don't understand the "perspective". You can't compare l/min to ml/kg/min. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.58.167.253 (talk) 07:27, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

I think that the references to rowers are out of line with the rest of the article, and will be confusing to many readers. Everywhere else in the article (whether referring to animals or humans), VO2 max is expressed as ml/kg/min. The values for elite rowers are defined in l/min, which makes it impossible to compare such values with the values for cyclists, runners, etc. Can someone translate the claimed values for rowers into ml/kg/min? (If not, I would suggest removing these particular claims from the article altogether.) AlanD1956 (talk) 16:40, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

Explanation of removal
I recently removed a claim that one should instead scale by the 2/3 power of mass. Apart from being a completely different measure than what is intended, this was supported by the statement that the surface of the lungs scales like the square of the height. This would be true if, say, the lungs were spherical sacks. But in reality, the Hausdorff dimension of the lungs is 2.97 (see List of fractals by Hausdorff dimension), so it is probably the case that lung area actually scales about like total body volume. This makes sense if you consider that a given mass of tissue needs about the same amount of O2 regardless of body size. Sławomir Biały (talk) 14:36, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Typesetting
Surely it should be $$\dot{V}_{\mathrm{O}_{2_{\mathrm{max}}}} $$ not $$\mathrm{VO_2\; max}$$ ? Qwfp (talk) 11:07, 4 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Maybe, but Wikipedia should reflect actual usage. In sports, "chemistry isn't an exact science" scnr. I've seen $$\dot{V}{\mathrm{O}_2} {\mathrm{max}}$$ and $$\dot{V}{\mathrm{O}2} {\mathrm{max}}$$ in literature. The dot makes sense and should be mentioned in the article.--92.213.88.82 (talk) 10:18, 5 May 2017 (UTC)

VO2 as separate article?
VO2, i.e., VO2 currently redirects here. When I tried to go to that article, and it came here, I found very little (if any) discussion of VO2 in itself, just VO2 max. I am inclined to think that VO2 maybe should have its own article. What do others think? Is is sufficiently different to have an article itself, or should it just be expanded within this article? --jjron (talk) 03:54, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

Why measure VO2 max?
Article should indicate why it might be useful to measure or to know one's VO2 max. What is the practical value of knowing this number? Why would an athlete care? What could they do with it? Would knowing this somehow alter training plans? How? What about an M.D.? Under what circumstances would an MD care about measuring this?linas (talk) 17:55, 21 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Also, is vo2 max really the best incidator of cardiovascular and peak performance, or has more recent knowledge made us use OBLA instead? My Vo2 max is the same as any elite athlete's, but OBLA scores are not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)

Non-standard notation
This article displays equations that contain variables unconventionally written VO2 & CaO2, which are already commonly in use (IUPAC & IUPAP) as the chemical formulae of Vanadium(IV) oxide & Calcium peroxide... I think we can suitably represent the minutely ... Warmest Regards, :)—thecurran Speak your mind my past 06:29, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Technically, it's supposed to have a dot over it, since it's a rate, not a volume (mL/min), and 3 levels of subscript (V subscript O sub-subscript 2 subscript max). However, the "dotless" current form seems to have become more common over time, possibly because of typesetting issues in scientific journal articles. Mokele (talk) 16:07, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Genetics of VO2 responses
Timmons (2010) is an interesting study that claims a genetic basis for about half of the VO2 response to exercise, and finds 11 SNPs that account for 23% of the total response (ie about half the genetic component), some of the genes they identify include a TGFβ1 involved in angiogenesis and RNAs involved in genomic imprinting. There's some interesting papers in the references too. I'm not sure how best to incorporate this kind of material but it's interesting to read if nothing else - they found about 20% of people do not show VO2 responses to the exercise regime they studied, whereas 20% were "high responders".Le Deluge (talk) 21:15, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

Aerobic Capacity
Hello,

I found some information on the aerobic capacity article that I think would fit better here. Th information is located on this sandbox, Uniquajanae/sandbox. aerobicexercise, in case someone thinks it may be useful here or somewhere else. Uniquajanae (talk) 16:41, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

See: https://watermark.silverchair.com/milmed-d-12-00369.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAlIwggJOBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggI_MIICOwIBADCCAjQGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMkzuY0oWnh4X3flhtAgEQgIICBf-O7yvRVQblcK2Fb9FMF3-S0f0HqqFuW9Kfm2SZZAIlbE2b1TZERpfPmMtwmbUKNMhmctiFAX_qoOQabgP7S_tfKNbNSK3ZrGnhzWlEPYKiIDYuu98ELqWrQithduRF7GUF9SLP-ENAOTleM858-6xUEsxXhI87qyzilf9SSmz5XjmyKDJubrI6r0kVl_HPw2lSq_X-nfOOqG9eW0IQNBKa71SqI2ABDLP_Ut389QE0UVMe2WAAu-Z5zizigZkwj9K4t4KMTraM_jr-iIIkbWlgTmgI2aoyLTKhF37SOQusboCtjJs-3lHkZFHxnV-mk-E4om738wnegAc5p7-Q6kMAw9xBQjj90iiVeV09J6OevET_3IGovEGg5z8wPGCe-e64VV4Eb6nKQtWmvvGL1YU7-7LFmt_boC26ZxzfgvPHfp-dZ01tUGq0Aig-K4mpw7XlQoKPEryOenCC9qTwhHoqLSRhw5S08DVooxwg-nceG94iXDVj01BzebXMXjNJ-rDiFbOz9h4kVUIO0jYbt5u-b-X_0DH_C4-dRZu4QIiin3wKGGTt9Eqgo2ne5xj_R3JLACziE8svyZSxrC3lvv7AfvBkIdTFntMSdbegFILEp6nr1Afm3UifcddhSzhFivsRRf1OWSnf2xTLGZt2Blwi70Q1JwxpTRIo6JNNKFivMlfxeq4

URL is weird; you might have to search for the article in Google:Search term = rockport accuracy; go to:

"Validation of One-Mile Walk Equations for the Estimation of Aerobic Fitness in British Military Personnel Under the Age of 40 Years" Military Medicine, 178, 7:753, 2013

They re-did the equations.

2600:1700:4CA1:3C80:A100:A009:63DC:597A (talk) 04:23, 1 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:VO2 max


text:
Talk:Kalanchoe

Wetman added: "The American localism Kalancho (sic) comes from local usage among people so isolated from the cultural mainstream that they thought the final e of Kalanchoë was silent, and merely decorative. In fact, "Kalanchoë" rhymes with 'no way'."

 * I'm "American" and I've never seen it spelled this way ("Kalancho"); maybe it is just a typo? I suggest we move it to Kalanchoe. And the proper place for POV comments is not the article, but the discussion page (not that I don't share that POV %^) - Marshman 19:07, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm removing the sentence "The name is sometimes written "Kalanchoë" to indicate that the final 'e' is not pronounced." A diaeresis on the final e would specifically indicate that it is supposed to be pronounced separately.N. Pharris (talk) 04:08, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

The article refers to "The section Bryophyllum - formerly an independent genus" but in fact this group of species is still considered a separate genus by some botanists. Either way of treating Bryophyllum--as a genus or as a group within Kalanchoe--is a POV; both can be found in the botanical and horticultural literature, and there doesn't seem to be any consensus as to which way to handle this group. MrDarwin 00:47, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Refs needed for origin of name
User Apokryltaros states that Adanson named the genus after either Kalanchoe ceratophylla or Kalanchoe spathulata. We need to find a reference for this statement. Apokryltaros has referenced the GRIN data sheets for these species at and, but what we really need is a source that makes the claim that Adanson got the generic name from the Chinese vernacular name for one of these species. Does anyone have a print or web reference that makes this claim? Rupert Clayton (talk) 22:13, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for fixing the reference for me... Do we know what the type species is?--Mr Fink (talk) 18:22, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Took a bit of searching, but if I'm reading this and this  right the type species is Kalanchoe laciniata, which was originally Linnaeus's Cotyledon laciniata. Rupert Clayton (talk) 21:50, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Patents?
The article fails to mention that some Kalanchoe plants sold in supermarkets in the USA are patented varieties sold under agreement that the purchaser will not propagate the plant further. David Spector (talk) 20:39, 8 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm not an expert on the matter, but as it is "mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa" it's possible that Kalanchoe is considered an invasive species where you live and would displace parts of the native flora. This could cause all kinds of problems - not all of which would be immediately apparent. Cane toads in Australia would be a good example. --91.22.84.135 (talk) 03:45, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

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pronunciation
If the IPA is correct and the stress on the third syllable, the pseudo-phonetics should be kal-ən-KOH-ee.

title: Talk:Kalanchoe


text:
Mike Gray

Harold Michael Gray (October 26, 1935 – April 30, 2013) was an American writer, screenwriter, cinematographer, film producer and director.

Film and TV
In 1965, Mike Gray and Jim Dennett co-founded The Film Group, a Chicago film production company. In 1968, the pair along with editor Howard Alk, produced the award-winning documentary American Revolution 2 (1969), followed by the trio's The Murder of Fred Hampton (1971). The Film Group was also behind the seven part educational series, "Urban Crisis and the New Militants", consisting primarily of footage shot during the production of American Revolution 2 but also includes footage of Chicago Black Panthers members (including future Congressman Bobby Rush) and a 1966 Civil Rights march in Cicero, Illinois. This series can be streamed on Chicago Film Archives' website and.

After moving to California, Gray shot The Gift (1973), a documentary about the life and art of Marc Chagall then co-wrote, with T. S. Cook and James Bridges, the screenplay for the nuclear thriller The China Syndrome (1979), which film became notable for opening 12 days before the Three Mile Island accident (nuclear reactor meltdown). He also wrote and directed Wavelength (1983), an independent science fiction film starring Robert Carradine, Cherie Currie, and Keenan Wynn, with a soundtrack by Tangerine Dream.

Gray next co-created the television series Starman (1986–87). Following Starman, he became series writer/producer for the 1988–89 season of Star Trek: The Next Generation. Gray was a second unit director on The Fugitive (1993) and acted as Swizlard in Chain Reaction (1996). Gray scripted The Zone and Forget About Yesterday in 2008, and was working with director Andy Davis and legendary filmmaker, Haskell Wexler on an as yet untitled documentary.

Personal life
Gray grew up in Indiana and graduated from Purdue University with a degree in engineering. He later lived in Los Angeles, California with his wife, Carol, a reporter for public radio. His son, Lucas, is a storyboard artist for The Simpsons.

Death
Gray died at his desk April 30, 2013.

title: Mike Gray


text:
Talk:Lom, Bulgaria

Untitled
Some of the history of this page can also be found in the Lom article.

Demographics
Does anyone know the demographics including the population of Lom? It would make a very relevant addition? Kenallen 01:33, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Disputed statement
Article says Lom was founded in 1695 by Kara Mustafa and Murad Bey. That can't be the case, as Kara Mustafa was executed in 1683 after he failed to conquer Vienna, while the Murad Bey linked in the article was only born c 1750. We should keep in mind that there are several Murad Beys in the Ottoman narrative, so this might refer to a different person with the same name. 118.100.86.197 (talk) 01:14, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Lom, Bulgaria


text:
Campbell, South Africa

Campbell is a small town situated on the edge of the Ghaap Plateau in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. It is located 48 km east of Griquatown on the N8 road. It was originally known as Knovel Valley and then Groote Fontein, but was renamed in honour of the Reverend John Campbell who visited the Cape Colony in 1813.

Origin of the settlement
The history of modern settlement of Campbell dates back to 1805 when a group of Griqua, including Captain Andries Waterboer, travelled with missionary Jan Matthys Kok from Klaarwater (now Griquatown) to the territory of the Tswana near the modern town of Kuruman. Encountering strong springs in a valley at the edge of the Ghaap Plateau, they gave the place the name of Knovel Valley, noting its potential for future crop cultivation. It was only in 1811 that the Reverend Lambert Jansz, accompanying the traveller William Burchell, revisited the place, taking possession of the springs, by now known as Groote Fontein (Great Fountain), in the name of the London Missionary Society. Before long the name of the place would be changed again: when the Reverend John Campbell, on a tour of inspection in 1813, reached the nascent village and asked its name, he was told it was Campbell.

In 1816 Cornelis Kok II (1778-1858) was declared Griqua Kaptyn (Captain) of Campbell. Other members of the Kok family had resided there from the beginning of the settlement.

The Reverend John Bartlett was stationed as a missionary at Campbell from 1825 and supervised the construction of a mission church there between 1827 and 1831. Many missionaries and travellers of the nineteenth century passed through the valley and the settlement – including William Burchell, George Thompson, Andrew Smith, Robert Moffat, David Livingstone and G.A. Farini.

Cornelis Kok II and 34 others re-interred
The remains of Cornelis Kok II (1778-1858) were exhumed from a grave, which was threatened by agricultural encroachment, on 19 April 1961, with the intention that the remains should be reburied at the historic precinct near the mission church. Kaptyn Adam Kok IV presided over the disinterment by Prof P.V. Tobias and Dr G.J. Fock, following three years of community consultation by Basil Humphreys. Subsequently, 34 other Griqua skeletons were exhumed by Tobias and his students and all were removed for study at the University of the Witwatersrand. The exhumed remains of Cornelis Kok II and the 34 other Griqua individuals were re-interred alongside the mission church on 23 September 2007. A letter from Phillip Tobias to Adam Kok V was read at the ceremony which was presided over by Northern Cape premier Dipuo Peters.

title: Campbell, South Africa


text:
User:Tostie14

I am Kevin Tostado, born in and currently living in San Diego, California. I was part of the inaugural class of Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering in 2006 and have a Masters in Business Administration from University of the People.

I am the producer and director of Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story, a co-writer, co-producer and co-director of Yellow Lights. You can find out more about Under the Boardwalk at MonopolyDocumentary.com or on Twitter at Twitter.com/MonopolyDoc. I also produced Eternity: The Movie and the webseries Research. I was an Associate Producer on SUDS COUNTY, USA.

title: User:Tostie14


text:
Lester Grinspoon

Lester Grinspoon (June 24, 1928 – June 25, 2020) was an American psychiatrist and long-standing associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School best known for his groundbreaking works on the science and social policy of cannabis, psychedelics and other drugs, and for his commitment to changing harmful drug policies. He concurrently served as a senior psychiatrist at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center in Boston, Massachusetts, for 40 years. Grinspoon was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Psychiatric Association. He was founding editor of The American Psychiatric Association Annual Review and Harvard Mental Health Letter. Grinspoon was editor of Harvard Mental Health Letter for fifteen years.

Personal life
Grinspoon was born June 24, 1928, in Newton, Massachusetts, the son of Sally and Simon Grinspoon. His family was of Russian Jewish descent. After dropping out of high school, Grinspoon worked as a merchant mariner before resuming his education at Tufts University, earning an undergraduate degree in chemistry in 1951. He then enrolled at Harvard Medical School, where he received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1955. He was married and the father of four children, including astrobiologist David Grinspoon and physician and author Peter Grinspoon. His oldest son died of cancer when he was 15. In 2011, he revealed that he had cancer during the documentary Clearing the Smoke: The Science of Cannabis. Throughout his career, he maintained a close friendship with science popularizer and onetime Harvard colleague Carl Sagan, who was surreptitiously depicted as "Mr. X" in Grinspoon's groundbreaking book Marihuana Reconsidered; following its release, the book appeared on the front page of the New York Times Book Review.

Lester Grinspoon died in Newton on June 25, 2020, one day after his 92nd birthday.

Cannabis research
Grinspoon became interested in cannabis in the 1960s when its use in the United States increased dramatically. He "had no doubt that it was a very harmful drug that was unfortunately being used by more and more foolish young people who would not listen to or could not believe or understand the warnings about its dangers." When Grinspoon began studying marijuana in 1967, his intention was to "define scientifically the nature and degree of those dangers" but as he reviewed the existing literature on the subject Grinspoon reached the conclusion he and the general public had been misinformed and misled. "There was little empirical evidence to support my beliefs about the dangers of marijuana," and he was convinced cannabis was much less harmful than he had believed. The title of Marihuana Reconsidered "reflected that change in view." He has testified before Congress, and as an expert witness in various legal proceedings, including the deportation hearings of John Lennon.

In 1990 Grinspoon won the Alfred R. Lindesmith Award for Achievement in the Field of Scholarship from the Drug Policy Foundation. The award is now given by the Drug Policy Alliance, which was formed in the year 2000 by a merger of the Drug Policy Foundation and The Lindesmith Center. Grinspoon endorsed Washington Initiative 1068 (2010) in May 2010.

Promotion attempts
Despite "a career that included pioneering research on schizophrenia, dozens of books and papers, and leadership roles at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center and other prestigious institutions," Grinspoon was denied promotion to full professor in 1975 and 1997. Grinspoon's allies believe "an undercurrent of unscientific prejudice against cannabis among [Harvard] faculty and school leaders doomed his chances"; in 1975, a dean confided to him that the promotions committee "hated" Marihuana Reconsidered because it was "too controversial." Dan Adams of The Boston Globe has characterized Grinspoon as "no Timothy Leary [...] He was an earnest academic who wore a tie, and insisted he never promoted the use of marijuana, but rather the elimination of draconian prohibitions."

Former colleagues Ming Tsuang and Joseph Coyle have maintained that the denial of Grinspoon's promotion was likely predicated on his perceived neglect of "original research" in favor of "[synthesizing] the work of others". However, Coyle has acknowledged that Grinspoon's cannabis research "could have been an element" in the decision. In 2018, The Harvard Crimson published an editorial called Grinspoon Reconsidered that was highly critical of Harvard Medical School for retaliating against Grinspoon for his (now visionary) work on cannabis.

Tributes
Lester had a cannabis strain named after him at one point; Dr. Grinspoon is a pure sativa heirloom strain that grows very tall with large, thin sativa-typical leaves. The Australian band Grinspoon are named after him, due to his cannabis stance. The legalization group NORML has a Lester Grinspoon Lifetime Achievement Award.

Media appearances
Grinspoon appeared in an episode of the Showtime series Penn & Teller: Bullshit! The episode, which addressed America's War on Drugs, aired in the show's second season. Grinspoon discussed the way marijuana helped his young son while he was dying from leukemia in the 1970s, completely eliminating the horrible nausea and vomiting he experienced after each of his chemotherapy treatments and, thereby, making the final year and a half of the boy's life far more comfortable, for his son, and for Grinspoon and his wife by not having to endure the pain of witnessing their son suffer. Grinspoon also appeared in the Canadian documentary The Union: The Business Behind Getting High and discussed the pharmaceutical characteristics of marinol, as well as his writing experiences with Carl Sagan. He appeared in the 2011 Montana PBS documentary Clearing the Smoke: The Science of Cannabis. Australian rock band Grinspoon are named after him.

title: Lester Grinspoon


text:
B. J. Surhoff

William James "B. J." Surhoff (born August 4, 1964) is an American former catcher, outfielder, first baseman, third baseman, and designated hitter in Major League Baseball (MLB). Over his 18-year MLB career, he played every position except pitcher. After playing for the Orioles from 1996 to 2000, he rejoined the team in 2003 and played through the 2005 season. He started his career with the Milwaukee Brewers (1987–1995) and also played for the Atlanta Braves (2000–2002). Surhoff began his career as a catcher, and after playing third base in the mid-1990s, shifted to become primarily a left fielder. Surhoff was the first-overall pick in the 1985 MLB Draft.

Baseball career
Born in the Bronx, Surhoff attended Rye High School in Westchester, New York. After high school he attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In 1983, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League. Surhoff was honored as the 1985 ACC Male Athlete of the Year, and played on the first (1984) U.S. Olympic baseball team. He was a two-time first team All-American at UNC and his career batting average of .392 was a school record until Dustin Ackley set the mark at .412 in 2009.

Surhoff was selected by the Brewers with the first overall pick of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft. He was a versatile player, having appeared at every position except pitcher over the course of his career. He had 2,326 hits, 188 home runs and 1,153 runs batted in during his career. Although always a consistent hitter, having hit over .280 in 12 of his 19 seasons, Surhoff's finest season was his 1999 campaign with the Orioles, in which he led the American League in at-bats (673), ranked second in hits (207), was selected to the American League All-Star team, and ultimately won Most Valuable Oriole honors for the season, becoming one of five players to get 200 or more hits in a season for the team. He also participated in the Home Run Derby. In other notable seasons, he finished sixth in the AL in doubles in 1993 with the Brewers and finished fifth in batting average in the AL with the Brewers in 1995 with a .320 average.

In 2007, Surhoff was elected to the Orioles Hall of Fame, with the official induction ceremony occurring before the start of the Orioles–Twins game on August 25, 2007, at Oriole Park at Camden Yards.

Personal life
Surhoff's father Dick played two years in the NBA in 1952–1953 and 1953–1954 and his brother Rich appeared in nine games in 1985 as a relief pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies and the Texas Rangers. He also has a brother named Mark who lives in Rye, New York. His son, Austin, swam at the University of Texas and won the 200 individual medley and 200 backstroke at the 2010 Big 12 Championships. Then he won the 200 Individual Medley national title a month later.

Surhoff lives in Cockeysville, Maryland, with his wife Polly and their four children. He is the president of Pathfinders for Autism, a Hunt Valley support group for families with autistic children. Surhoff's son, Mason, is autistic.

Surhoff is the uncle of former UNC third-team All-American pitcher Brian Moran, and former Astro third baseman/outfielder Colin Moran. In 2008, 2009 and 2012 Surhoff was a spring training instructor for the Baltimore Orioles.

title: B. J. Surhoff


text:
Holit

Holit (חוֹלִית, lit. Dune) is a kibbutz in the Hevel Shalom region of south-west Israel. Located near Nir Yitzhak, the kibbutz is under the jurisdiction of Eshkol Regional Council. In, it had a population of.

History
The kibbutz was established in 1978 as a Nahal settlement near Yamit, in the Sinai Peninsula. However, as a result of the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty in 1979, Israel was required to evacuate all its settlements in the peninsula.

In 1982, the kibbutz was re-established in its current location.

The Holit massacre was perpetrated by Hamas militants on 7 October 2023 in kibbutz Holit, as part of the surprise attack on Israel. The attack took the lives of at least 11 kibbutz members and two migrant workers. Among the casualties were at least two American citizens. A women's tank platoon of the Caracal Battalion was crucial for recapturing the kibbutz.

Economy
Holit's economy is based on agriculture and industry, with three main sources of income: the cattle farm, factory, and crop production. The factory produces juicers, about 50 a week. Oranges, lemons, potatoes, mangos, nuts and carrots are all grown in the fields and orchards.

title: Holit


text:
Douglas, South Africa

Douglas is an agricultural and stock farming town situated near the confluence of the Orange and Vaal Rivers in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Notably the rural town has a diverse population, with mostly state institutions and the anchor private employer, GWK, an agricultural company.

History
The town was founded in 1848 as a mission station on the farm Backhouse by the Reverend Isaac Hughes, who had been working along the Vaal River since 1845. In 1867, a group of Europeans from Griquatown signed an agreement giving them the right to establish a town. The town was named after General Sir Percy Douglas, Lieutenant Governor of the Cape Colony.

Geography
Douglas lies about 100 km southwest of Kimberley the capital of the Northern Cape. These two are connected by the R357 road.

Climate
Douglas has a record of its elevation above sea level of 1030.22 meters (3379.99 feet). Comparing Douglas district’s yearly temperature to South Africa’s averages, the records show that it is 4.01% higher with a temperature 25.23ºC (77.41ºF). Douglas is known for its Subtropical desert climate with 38.78 rainy days (10.62% of the time) and precipitation of about 19.31 millimeters (0.76 inches) annually.

Notable people from Douglas

 * Ingrid Jonker, poet
 * Hannes Nienaber, journalist

title: Douglas, South Africa


text:
Talk:Schistosoma

Rewrite
OK, I've started rewriting this article, but I don't have any great experience in medical parasitology, so if anyone wants to jump in, please do. I think it's a shame that wikipedia doesn't have a good article on such an important disease. Anilocra 19:18, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no need of you rewriting this article. It is only about the organism, not the disease. A very complete article on the disease is available on schistosomiasis. Rsabbatini, 28 Feb 05.

So there is! Sorry, I hadn't looked at it since you started working on it. Nice job... Anilocra 08:41, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Images
The sharp, hook-like structure in the upper right of the picture is used for tearing through tissues. This should be mentioned in the article. Also, the egg stage picture could stand to appear on the S. mansoni page as well. Fuzzform 03:55, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Omitted information?
I just wanted to ask why the summary tries to describe the life-cycle and then omits the parasitism of gastropods between human-parasite stages(cycles) I think the text shouldnt say "....to fresh water, where larval stages can infect a new host by penetrating the skin...." but rather "...to fresh water, where eggs hatch and infect availible gastropods wherein the larvae grow until ready to go from gastropod to the water phase, and then infect a new host by penetrating the skin...." (or something in that order)

even in the summary the fact that the pressence of certain species of gastropod is a marker for at least the cleanliness of the water body in question, and therefore a very prerequesite for further infection, seems important. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.41.77.254 (talk) 08:10, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Schistosoma


text: User talk:220.255.11.4

title: User talk:220.255.11.4


text:
Beroun

Beroun (Beraun) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 21,000 inhabitants. It lies at the confluence of the Berounka and Litavka rivers. Beroun creates a conurbation with Králův Dvůr, former part of Beroun. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
Beroun is made up of seven town parts: Beroun-Centrum, Beroun-Hostim, Beroun-Jarov, Beroun-Město, Beroun-Zavadilka, Beroun-Závodí and Beroun-Zdejcina.

Geography
Beroun is located about 26 km southwest of Prague. It lies at the confluence of the Berounka and Litavka rivers, in the valley of the rivers. The surrounding landscape is hilly. The southern part of the municipal territory, including the built-up area, lies in the Hořovice Uplands. The northern part lies in the Křivoklát Highlands. The highest point is the Děd hill at 493 m above sea level. The lowest point is the river basin of the Berounka, at 212 m.

11th–15th centuries
The settlement Na Brodě ("By the Ford"), which was the predecessor of Beroun, was first mentioned in a 1088 deed. The first written mention of Beroun (under its Latin name Verona) is in a deed of King Ottokar II from 1265. Ottokar II designated a strategically important place for the establishment of a settlement, from which the town of Beroun originated, that formed the shortest and easiest connection between Prague and Plzeň.

In 1295, King Wenceslaus II decided to re-settle and expand the town. At this time, the historic core of Beroun was created, which has been roughly preserved to this day. A Dominican convent was also founded. In 1303, Wenceslaus II made Beroun a royal town.

During the reign of Emperor Charles IV, the town prospered and rapidly developed. In 1421, Hussite forces under the command of Jan Žižka stormed the town and demolished the Dominican convent, and though it was retaken and devastated after the Battle of Lipany, it has remained a mainly Czech settled town since then. During the reign of King Vladislaus II (1471–1516), Beroun reached its greatest prosperity.

16th–19th centuries
Under the rule of the House of Habsburg from 1526, the town's estates were seized. During the Thirty Years' War it was sacked in turn by the Imperial army, Saxon forces, and Swedish forces. In the First Silesian War the same fate befell it at the hands of French and Bavarian troops.

In the 18th century, Beroun became a garrison town and did not prosper again until the 1860s, with the opening of limestone quarries and iron ore mines. Beside several ironworks, Beroun became the site of textile manufacturing, and the population increased.

20th–21st centuries
Beroun was significantly transformed during communist rule. Heavy industry was expanded, and central government policy set quotas for new flats. As Beroun is situated between two rivers in a deep valley without suitable building plots, quotas were met by demolishing historical medieval buildings and erecting prefabricated high-rise buildings. The town look was changed again in the 1980s when the D5 highway was opened, running on the bridge above the town.

Králův Dvůr, together with multiple municipalities, was joined to Beroun in 1980. In 1990, Králův Dvůr and Trubín became separate municipalities.

Since the fall of communism, the town has been revitalised. Medieval buildings have been reconstructed, and town walls have been conserved. Heavy industry left the town, significantly raising the quality of living. In the 21st century, Beroun has become a popular place to live with high population growth and with an above-average quality of environment and health care.

Transport
Beroun is connected via D5 motorway (part of the European route E50) with Prague and German Bundesautobahn 6 to Nuremberg.

Several railway lines run through Beroun: Prague–České Budějovice, Prague–Klatovy via Plzeň, Beroun–Český Brod, Beroun–Rakovník and Beroun–Blatná There are two train stations: Beroun and Beroun-Závodí.

Culture
The Talich's Beroun international music festival has been held annually in Beroun since 1983. It is named in honor of violinist Václav Talich, who lived and died in the town.

Sport
The town is represented by the ice hockey club HC Berounští Medvědi. The formerly 1st league club now plays in lower tiers. There is also the ball hockey club SK Kelti 2008.

The football clubs in the town are Český Lev Union Beroun and SK Cembrit Beroun-Závodí, both playing in lower amateur tiers.

The sports club TJ Lokomotiva Beroun is dedicated to swimming, rowing, athletics and other.

Sights
Husovo Square and its surrounding are the historic centre of Beroun. The square contains many valuable and well preserved houses. The town hall is a Renaissance building from 1560–1564.

The Church of Saint James the Great is as old as the town. It is one of the most valuable building in the town. The Church of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary was built in 1525, after a new cemetery was established during the great plague.

The Beroun walls are an exceptional monument of a medieval fortification in Bohemia. They were built during the reign of Wenceslaus II. They surrounded the town with a total length of 1170 m. Plzeňská Gate (also known as "Upper Gate") and Pražská Gate ("Lower Gate") were the most significant parts of town fortifications. Until 1842, the road from Plzeň to Prague passed through the gates.

In 1724, the Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows was built.

Notable people

 * Josef Jungmann (1773–1847), poet and linguist; studied here
 * Karla Máchová (1853–1920), women's rights activist and politician
 * Karel Šimůnek (1869–1942), painter and illustrator
 * Václav Talich (1883–1961), conductor; lived and died here
 * Jiří Jeníček (1895–1963), photographer and filmmaker
 * Dolly Perutz (1908–1979), American sculptor and graphic artist
 * Ludmila Vachtová (1933–2020), art historian, critic and curator
 * Josef Jandač (born 1968), ice hockey player and coach
 * Leoš Mareš (born 1976), TV and radio presenter and singer
 * Martin Růžička (born 1985), ice hockey player
 * Tomáš Macháč (born 2000), tennis player

Twin towns – sister cities
Beroun is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Brzeg, Poland
 * 🇩🇪 Goslar, Germany

title: Beroun


text:
Hevel Shalom

Hevel Shalom (חבל שלום, lit. Shalom region) is an area in the western Negev desert close to Israel's border with the Gaza Strip and Egypt's Sinai. This area was elected to be substitutive area for evacuees from Yamit.

Villages
Villages in Hevel Shalom are mostly organised as moshavim, though they include some kibbutzim as well as one community settlement. All settlements are administered by the Eshkol Regional Council.

 * Avshalom
 * Bnei Netzarim
 * Dekel
 * Holit
 * Kerem Shalom
 * Peri Gan
 * Sde Avraham
 * Sufa
 * Talmei Yosef
 * Yated
 * Yevul

Holit, Sufa, and Talmei Yosef were settled by evacuees from Yamit.

title: Hevel Shalom


text:
Zouglou

Zouglou is a dance oriented style of music originated from Ivory Coast during the mid-1990s. It started with students from a college of Gagnoa drawing on elements of other styles of music.

Zouglou recounts the various social realities experienced by the Ivorian youth and carries messages, sometimes humorous, sometimes political, or, more often, delivers advice on life. It has since spread elsewhere, including to Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Gabon.

The export of the phenomenon
It was in 1989 that the zouglou as dance, language and philosophy, exports of the city of Yop to that of Abobo. Opokou N'ti, with real skills choreographic was blessed by Joe Christy to "liberate" (dance) to the city of Abobo to demand "teachers" who had invited them to fraternize. A few weeks later comes the demonstration zouglou in non-student in the hall of Kumasi, when the Ziguehi was a reality in Côte d'Ivoire, facilitated by Alain Gaston Lago and Tahi (Commissioner Tricot). The man of letters and culture Alain Tahi (student at the time) would already spread phenomenon.

Evolving in time, zouglou created and proposed successively dance steps without changing the truly musical form: Gnakpa, Kpaklo. Although in 1999 the zouglou achieved international renown thanks to Magic System, the genre remains relatively unknown.

It currently has several dozen groups or artists and zouglou: Yodé & Siro (Best Album 2009 Zouglou sign with Zo, Mèlèkè Lago Paulin Khunta & Cisco (Gochinago) Patterns, New Leaders, Coco Hilaire, Old gazère, Oxygen, Hope 2000, The mechanics ...

Zouglou emerged in the '90s as a musical genre and innovative Ivorian made by and for young people. If until that time singers like Bailly Spinto or Alpha Blondy much better known had managed to wear the colors of the Ivorian music, their songs were either inspired French folklore for some or all reggae for others. Rock, with such Gnahoré Jimmy at that time was also trying to get a place. Other traditional songs also drew them out of the game but this time music "Ivorian" was born, music is purely outcome of the cultural and Ivorian Abidjan.

Popularity
Popular with the youth, the lyrics are written in local languages and French street slang,

Many popular Ivorian zouglou artists are living (or have lived) in exile due to their political support to the former president Laurent Gbagbo.

Groups associated with the zouglou style include Magic System, Sur-Choc (who appeared on the soundtrack of the 2005 FIFA Street game), Petit Denis, Vieux gazeur, Les potes de la rue, Les Garagistes, Mercenaires, Yode et Siro and Espoir 2000.

This concept has evolved to inspire new musical genres and dances (Gnakpa, Mapouka, Youssoumba, and more recently the coupé-décalé) promoted by youth.

title: Zouglou


text:
Talk:Douglas TBD Devastator

Untitled
In reference to a statement near the end refering to how TBF Avengers would have likely suffered similar losses at the Battle of Midway under similar circumstances as those the TBD Devestators faced: I seem to recall from a book called "Miracle at Midway" that TBF Avengers used during the Battle of Midway also suffered severe losses, though only a handful of them (flying from Midway Island) were present. These also attacked without fighter escort, due to the fact that most of the fighters based at Midway had to defend the base from the initial attack and were unable to join the bombers. The one plane that did survive from this group landed wih over 200 bullet holes in it. I don't have the book with me, so I won't add this to the article until I can verify it (but if someone else verifies this or dis-verifies it before then, feel free to add this or refute it as you wish.)

--Jeff

I've read that story as well. The Avengers were a detachment of VT-8 based on Midway. Six attacked, one returned with the turret gunner (Jay Manning) dead. IIRC the aircraft was heavily damaged, crash-landed, and was scrapped. This is the pilot's story: http://boatcoach.tripod.com/id109.html 198.49.81.33 17:17, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

The 2nd paragraph needs a re-write. "Vastly outclassed in both speed and maneuverability by the Mitsubishi Zero"? Really? Of course it was "outclassed in speed and maneuverability" by the Zero, the Zero was a fighter, not a torpedo bomber! The Kate (Japanese TB) was equally outclassed by even the Wildcat, let alone the Hellcat or Corsair. The fact that a torpedo bomber couldn't out "dogfight" a fighter is not a valid criticism. The losses of the Devastators at Midway was far more of a leadership failure to conduct a coordinated attack with dive bombers and torpedo bombers attacking simultaneously while provided cover by fighter aircraft, than a specific failing of the aircraft. Yes, the Devastator was slow-but given the circumstances, I'm not sure that there is evidence to suggest that Avengers would have faired any better.-Brian 6/9/21

Lol
There are no surviving aircraft in museums or private collections, except for the three in al gore's garage

can this be edited? Im doing this on my phone or I would do it myself 94.3.135.22 (talk) 21:33, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:45, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

From the Lede
"The Devastator performed well in early battles, most notably in the Battle of Coral Sea"

As a contrast, Toll 2012 summarizes Coral Sea after-action reports and calls it "disastrously obsolete" and says that it "must be replaced as quickly as possible".

So is there a source for the good performance? --84.132.144.110 (talk) 21:42, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

 * It is possible for an aircraft to be both totally obsolete but also to perform well in certain circumstances. They arent totally exclusive concepts. It performed well in Coral Sea because they managed to sink a carrier and several other ships and avoided taking disastrous losses, but that doesn't mean they can't look at the enemy opposition and decide that we really need to get something better very quickly. Idumea47b (talk) 16:14, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Douglas TBD Devastator


text:
User talk:GBWik

Back the Bid | London 2012

title: User talk:GBWik


text:
The Science Fiction Forum

The Science Fiction Forum, founded in 1968 by James Frenkel, is a student club at Stony Brook University.

The club maintains a large lending library of science fiction, fact, fantasy and horror with over 22,000 volumes.

Since 1983, the Science Fiction Forum has produced "Destinies-The Voice of Science Fiction," a weekly radio show airing on Fridays at 11:30 PM on WUSB, 90.1FM. As of the spring semester of 2021, the Science Fiction Forum (often abbreviated SF4M) is located in the basement level of the newly renovated Student Union. The forum is opened in person for fall 2021.

Membership is officially obtained through registration with the currently appointed secretary, or by simply walking through the main lounge doors twice of the applicant's own free will, whichever comes first.

title: The Science Fiction Forum


text:
E. Stanley Jones

Eli Stanley Jones (1884–1973) was an American Methodist Christian missionary, theologian, and author. He is remembered for his interreligious lectures to the educated classes in India. His seminal work, The Christ of the Indian Road (ISBN 0-687-06377-9), sold more than a million copies worldwide after its publication in 1925. As of 2018, three million copies of his books have been sold. He is the founder of the Christian ashram movement. In 1938, Time called Jones "the world's greatest Christian missionary.".

Life
E. Stanley Jones was born in Baltimore, Maryland on January 3, 1884. He was educated in Baltimore schools and studied law at City College before graduating from Asbury College, Wilmore, Kentucky in 1907. He was on the faculty of Asbury College when he was called to missionary service in India in 1907 under the Board of Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He traveled to India and began working with the lowest castes, including Dalits. He became a close friend of many leaders in the Indian Independence movement, and became known for his interfaith work. He said, “Peace is a by-product of conditions out of which peace naturally comes. If reconciliation is God’s chief business, it is ours - between man and God, between man and himself, and between man and man.”.

In 1911, he married fellow missionary Mabel Lossing, whom he met in India. Their only child, Eunice, was born in 1914.

According to his and other contemporary reports, his friendship for the cause of Indian self-determination allowed him to become a friend of leaders of the up-and-coming Indian National Congress party. He spent much time with Mohandas K. Gandhi and the Nehru family. Gandhi challenged Jones and, through Jones' writing, the thousands of Western missionaries working there during the last decades of the British Raj, to include greater respect for the mindset and strengths of the Indian character in their work.

In 1925, while home on furlough, he wrote a report of his years of service - what he had taught and what he had learned in India. It was published in a book released in 1926 titled "The Christ of the Indian Road" and became a best seller. It sold over a million copies. Other books followed and certain books or single chapters became required reading in various theological seminaries or in degree courses at government colleges in parts of the world.

His work became interdenominational and worldwide. He helped to re-establish the Indian “Ashram” (or forest retreat) as a means of drawing men and women together for days at a time to study in depth their own spiritual natures and quest, and what the different faiths offered individuals. In 1930, along with a British missionary and Indian pastor and using the sound Christian missionary principle of indigenization. (God's reconciliation to mankind through Jesus on the cross. He made Him visible as the Universal Son of Man who had come for all people. This opening up of nations to receiving Christ within their own framework marked a new approach in missions called "indigenization"). Jones reconstituted the “Ashram” with Christian disciplines. This institution became known as the ”Christian Ashram.”

In the months prior to December 7, 1941, he was a confidant of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Japanese leaders trying to avert war. Stranded in the United States during World War II with his family in India (because the only overseas travel allowed was for the military), he transplanted the Christian Ashram in the United States and Canada, where it has become a strong spiritual growth ministry. During this time, Jones spent six months in North America, conducting citywide evangelistic missions, Christian Ashrams, and other spiritual life missions and the other six months overseas. He preached and held Christian Ashrams in almost every country of the world.

In 1947 in the United States, he launched the Crusade for a Federal Union of Churches. He conducted mass meetings from coast to coast and spoke in almost five hundred cities, towns and churches. He advocated a system through which denominations could unite as they were, each preserving its own distinctive emphasis and heritage, but accepting one another and working together in a kind of federal union patterned after the United States' system of federal union.

In 1950 Jones provided funds for India's first Christian psychiatric center and clinic, the now noted Nur Manzil Psychiatric Center and Medical Unit at Lucknow. The staff includes specialists from India, Asia, Africa, Europe, and America who had given up lucrative practices to serve in this Christian institution which serves thousands of patients.

In 1959 Jones was named “Missionary Extraordinary” by the Methodist missionary publication World Outlook.

In 1962, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for his missionary work in India.

In 1963, Jones received the Gandhi Peace Award. Jones had become a close friend of Mahatma Gandhi, and after Gandhi's assassination wrote a biography of his life. It is noted that later in time, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. told Jones' daughter, Eunice Jones Mathews, that it was this biography that inspired him to "non-violence" in the Civil Rights Movement.

In December 1971, at the age of 88, while leading the Oklahoma Christian Ashram, Jones suffered a stroke that seriously impaired him physically, including his speech. In spite of that, he dictated onto a tape recorder his last book "The Divine Yes" and preached from his wheelchair at the First Christian Ashram World Congress in Jerusalem in June 1972.

He died January 25, 1973, in India. He was survived by Mabel, who died five years later.

Published works
These are the British publishers' titles; American titles may be different.

Some of his books, such as Victorious Living and Abundant Living, were designed to be read either from beginning to end as a novel or as a "page-a-day" daily devotional.

In 2009 Lucknow Publishing published Living Upon The Way, a 15-hour audio series of selected sermons.

In March and July 2010 Summerside Press published Victorious Living and Abundant Living in a new "ESJ Devotional Series" edited and expanded by Dean Merrill.

Books

 * The Christ of the Indian Road (1925). German transl. Der Christus der indischen Landstraße. Jesu Nachfolge in Indien by Paul Gäbler (1928).
 * Christ at the Round Table (1928). German transl. Christus am Runden Tisch. Offene Aussprachen unter Jesu Augen in Indien by Paul Gäbler (1930).
 * The Christ of Every Road - A study in Pentecost (1930). German transl. by H[einrich] Fellmann (1931)
 * The Christ of the Mount - A Working Philosophy of Life (1931). German transl. by H[einrich] Fellmann (1933)
 * Christ and Human Suffering - Hodder & Stoughton, First English Edition, August 1933.
 * Christ’s Alternative to Communism (1935) US title
 * Christ and Communism (1935) UK title
 * Victorious Living (1936) (devotional)
 * The Choice Before Us (1937)
 * Christ and Present World Issues (1937)
 * Along the Indian Road (1939)
 * Is the Kingdom of God Realism? (1940)
 * Abundant Living (1942) (devotional)
 * How to Pray (1943)
 * The Christ of the American Road (1944)
 * The Way (1946) (devotional)
 * Mahatma Gandhi: An Interpretation (1948); 2nd ed.: Gandhi - Portrayal of a Friend (Abingdon, 1993)
 * The Way to Power and Poise (1949) (devotional)
 * How to be a Transformed Person (1951) (devotional)
 * Growing Spiritually (1953) (devotional)
 * Mastery (1953) (devotional)
 * Christian Maturity (1957) (devotional)
 * Conversion (1959)
 * In Christ (1961) (devotional)
 * The Word Became Flesh (1963) (devotional)
 * Victory Through Surrender (1966)
 * Song of Ascents (1968) (autobiography)
 * The Unshakable Kingdom and the Unchanging Person (1972)
 * The Reconstruction of the Church - On what Pattern? (1970)
 * The Divine Yes (1975) (posthumously)

Compilations

 * Sayings of E Stanley Jones - A Treasury of Wisdom and Wit (1994) Compiled and edited by Whitney J Dough
 * Selections from E Stanley Jones - Christ and Human Need Compiled by Eunice Jones Mathews and James K Mathews

title: E. Stanley Jones


text:
Blendon Township, Ohio

Blendon Township is one of the seventeen townships of Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 10,152 people in the township.

Geography
Located in the northeastern part of the county, the township has been reduced by municipal annexations to three large "islands" and many small ones. They have the following borders:

 * The small islands are surrounded by Columbus.
 * The southwestern large island borders Minerva Park to the north and west, and Columbus to the east and south.
 * The central large island borders Westerville to the north, and Columbus to the east, south, and west.
 * The northern large island borders Harlem Township, Delaware County to the north, Plain Township to the east, Columbus to the south, Westerville to the west, and Genoa Township, Delaware County to the northwest.

Much of what was once Blendon Township has since been annexed by certain municipalities:

 * The city of Columbus, the county seat of Franklin County, in the south
 * The village of Minerva Park, in the southwest
 * The city of Westerville, in the northwest

Part of western Blendon Township is occupied by the census-designated place of Huber Ridge.

Name and history

It is the only Blendon Township statewide.

Blendon Township was originally known as Harrison Township when it was organized in 1815. It received its present name of Blendon Township in 1824.

Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

Economy
Kroger operates its Columbus regional offices at 4111 Executive Parkway in the township.

title: Blendon Township, Ohio