text:
Robert Banks (filmmaker)

Robert C. Banks, Jr. (born September 7, 1966) is an American experimental filmmaker.

Biography
Banks attended the Cleveland School of the Arts and has taught film at Cuyahoga Community College, the Cleveland Institute of Art, and Cleveland State University.

His best known work is the 1992 the mixed media film essay, X: The Baby Cinema, a 4.5 minute, 16 mm short film which chronicled the commercial appropriation of the image of Malcolm X. It was met with disdain from director Spike Lee who made the biopic that same year.

The 1994 feature documentary film, You Can't Get a Piece of Mind explores the world of Cleveland musician and Vietnam veteran, Dan "Supie T" Theman.

Banks has had his films shown at the Sundance Film Festival, was named Filmmaker of the Year at the Midwest Filmmakers Conference, and in 2000, he was the honored guest filmmaker in London at the BBC British Short Film Festival.

Banks lives in Cleveland, Ohio.

Filmography

 * (1989) Untitled (16 mm)
 * (1990) Froggy Central (16 mm)
 * (1992) Eyes (16 mm)
 * (1993) X The Baby Cinema (16 mm)
 * (1994) My First Drug....The Idiot Box (16 mm)
 * (1996) You Can't Get a Piece of Mind (16 mm)
 * (1997) MPG: Motion Picture Genocide (35 mm)
 * (1998) Jaded (35 mm)
 * (1999) Outlet (35 mm)
 * (1999) Embryonic (35 mm)
 * (1999) Gold Fish Sunflowers (35 mm)
 * (1999) Bone Face (35 mm)
 * (1999) Love Rusty (8 mm/16 mm/35 mm)
 * (2000) Rage Against the Dying Light
 * (2002) Autopilot
 * (2003) The Devil's Filmmaker: Bohica (cinematographer only)
 * (2004) A.W.O.L. (35 mm)
 * (2004) Banks vs. Barney (parody of Matthew Barney's Cremaster)
 * (2006) Cordoba Nights (A.K.A. 'A Corboba in Bronston') Directed by Luke and Andy Campbell-(16 mm) (co-director of photography only)
 * (2019) Paper Shadows (16 mm)
 * (2022) Color Me Bone Face

Awards

 * Filmmaker of the Year (2001), Midwest Filmmakers Conference
 * Jury Citation Award for Outlet, Black Mariah Film Festival
 * Prize Pieces Award, National Black Programming Consortium
 * Best Experimental for X-The Baby Cinema (1993), The First NY Underground Film Festival
 * Won Audience Choice Award for Paper Shadows (2019), at the Chicago Underground Film Festival 2020

title: Robert Banks (filmmaker)


text:
User talk:Allen3/Archive1

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(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 13:36, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

VfDs
Hi. I'm not overly fussed about those articles listed on VfD. They were added when I was still quite new around here and in an inclusionist state of mind. We'll see how they go. They're probably better suited as redirects anyway. Thanks for helping keep the wiki clean. :) -- Longhair | Talk 01:07, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Naming conventions
Hi Allen,

Regarding Votes_for_deletion/X-play, I thought I should follow up on your comment regarding Naming conventions. Although normally second and subsequent words in a title are lowercase, an exception is made for proper nouns: Naming_conventions. In the case of X-Play the show's formal name includes the capital P, thus our article title should too.

Cheers, --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 15:48, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I stand corrected. My primary concern was creating a redirect, and on this we appear to be in agreement.  --Allen3 17:47, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)

Springald
Exactly, Allen :) I posted some similar information in JeremyA's talk page a few days ago, and I added it as footnote 3 on the article. Do you think that information should be moved into the article itself? *hugs!* - Shauri 14:47, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

User:Allen3/Templates/Gray2
I don't think it's a particularly good idea to have black text on a black background. You might want to change the color of the text to white or something. Mgm|(talk) 21:33, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem here is that some browsers (most versions of IE included) require a six-digit hex colour code for tables but can cope with three-digit ones for divs. The simple solution is to change, for example, #eee to #eeeeee.  This fixes the black on black problem and makes the templates look very good. violet/riga (t) 21:26, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That is what I get for not testing with different browsers. The needed changes have been made. --Allen3 talk 22:42, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

Stubs and sub-stubbed
Have we stopped using 'substub'? I'd marked a one-line article as a substub, and I notice that you've re-marked it a stub. (This isn't a complaint, I just need to know for the future.) Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Daedalus_%28fictional_inventor%29 isn't about the mythical character Daedalus, but a fictional inventor. I switched the stub back. --Kross 03:34, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

I had marked 2 articles (Irakli Alasania and Glomerulitis) as substubs, each approximately 1 sentence long, and then noticed you marked them as stubs. тə zє ті

 * I sorted the two articles you mentioned as stubs based on the fact that both contained enough information to be viable stubs. I have searched any definitions that show a byte count as the basis for differentiating between stubs and substubs and have not found any other than the general phrase "a substub is a short stub". There is however a number of sources that make the defining difference the existence of usable information within the article. If you can point me to a better method of determining the difference between the two categories I will make appropriate changes. --Allen3 talk 19:27, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

For your good work on Peer Review... (WikiThanks)
Hi Allen. I see you regularly popping up on my watchlist, keeping Peer Review tidy by archiving old and gone-to-FAC requests. You get a sunflower of thanks for your help in making Peer Review work like a well-oiled machine. Keep up the good work! — mark ✎ 12:32, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd like to second that - in particular, for archiving the nondimensionalization peer review! HappyCamper 15:26, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll jump on the well deserved bandwagon here. And special thanks for keeping at it. I tended to only do it once a week, but more often seems better. - Taxman Talk 20:19, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Note on stub creator's page
Hi Allen - I just saw your note to the creator of the Inca-stubs. Looks remarkably like some of my comments to stub creators... do I spot a copy-vio? ;) Grutness|hello?  23:19, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Basalt fiber = SUBSTUB
The article Basalt fiber is not a stub, so please do not categorize it as a stub. It is "about a specific mineral, mineraloid, or type of rock" but isn't a stub. If the Stub sorting project hasn't come up with a way to categorize substubs, I encourage them to do so, as it is very important to consider whether an article is stub or substub. --Randy 20:44, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

news-stub image?
There seems to be a missing image, news.png, on the news-stub - DavidWBrooks 14:27, 13 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the resonse. I have run across a couple other missing images since I posted this, so I suspect you are right. - DavidWBrooks 14:51, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Asking for help
I am asking for help as I am running out of options. User:Viriditas is continually reverting almost everything I do, and refusing to discuss it on the talk page. I don't know how to respond to this, because he simply won't explain what he is doing. It looks to me like he is pushing a pretty extreme agenda at the expense of other points of view, but I'm willing to try to see it from the other side. In the past you've commented on this issue, and I need your help if you have a few minutes. Thank you, Guttlekraw3 06:15, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * As my involvement with the articles in question has been limited to archiving of peer review requests, I am not in a position to make an informed decision on this issue. --Allen3 talk 07:50, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

Six SSSSSigma
Thanks for straightening this out. Typical newbie error. Another couple of years, and maybe I'll stop making them. Dandrake 06:50, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
..for fixing the mess I made with the WP:WSS/C shortcut. I must get a better browser (one that doesn't limit me to 32k of editing...) Grutness...  wha?  13:32, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Devil's Belt
Nice work finding a better stub category, but I'm wondering if this really should be a stub at all. It's certainly short enough, but marking it as a stub implies there's more to write about it. Long Island Sound is quite extensive; this is really just a glorified redirect to that article, with an explanation of where the name came from. Maybe it makes sense to just drop the stub tag completely? --RoySmith 17:27, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Adminship?
Any interest in becoming an admin? You do a lot of good work and certainly seem trustworthy. I usually like to see more community involvement, but I think you have enough to show you are level headed an conscientious. With your ok I will nominate you. Once I do, go to the nomination, accept, and provide some responses to the questions. - Taxman Talk 20:22, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your offer to nominate me for admin status, I accept. I hope I am able to live up to the trust you are showing me. --Allen3 talk 01:23, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sure you'll do fine. The nomination is now live, please accept, answer the standard questions and spend some time on the admin reading list. Good luck. - Taxman Talk 14:54, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

Indeed, you are welcome. As you may have discerned the reason you didn't get more overwhelming support is the lack of community involvement. But no matter, as long as you follow the relevant guidelines you'll be fine. - Taxman Talk July 1, 2005 15:04 (UTC) You're quite welcome! -- M e r o v i n g i a n (t) (c) July 1, 2005 15:16 (UTC)

My peer review archiving blunder
When I was in the bus on my way back home, I remembered I forgot to replace all the peerreview tags on talkpages with oldpeerreview. I was glad to see you cleaned up behind me and spared me the the tedious job, not to mention the humiliation I could have faced. In recognition of this, I award you a mouldy sandwich. Enjoy! - Mgm|(talk) 15:59, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Glad to have been of service. --Allen3 talk 16:03, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Anon noms
Are you sure about this? I am not aware of any such policy. Guettarda 17:06, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, thanks. I was trying to find that line even before you reverted, couldn't find it.  Of course it's actually a self-nom, and one that is about to go down in flames.  Guettarda 17:19, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rum image
The image on the rum page was marked "fair old". That's ususally not a reason to remove it from the page. However if you have reason to believe the image is under copyright, perhaps you could list it on WP:PUI. If not perhaps you could put it back Zeimusu | (Talk page) July 1, 2005 03:41 (UTC)

 * The reason I removed the image from rum is that I am planning to submit the article to WP:FAC. Having an image of unknown source is a common objection given against candidate articles, and I felt it was better to avoid the problem entirely. --Allen3 talk July 1, 2005 11:18 (UTC)

 * Ok, can we leave the image in comments for the moment. Just so it isn't forgotton. Actually I think the source looks ok for a 1905 image, and the tag is correct. I might mention it at FAC. Thanks Zeimusu | (Talk page) July 1, 2005 14:10 (UTC)

Congratulations!
Congratulations! It's my pleasure to let you know that, consensus being reached, you are now an administrator. You should read the relevant policies and other pages linked to from the administrators' reading list before carrying out tasks like deletion, protection, banning users, and editing protected pages such as the Main Page. Most of what you do is easily reversible by other sysops, apart from page history merges and image deletion, so please be especially careful with those. You might find the new administrators' how-to guide helpful. Cheers! -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 1 July 2005 15:25 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your nice message on my talk page. Congrats on becoming an administrator! :D --HappyCamper 1 July 2005 21:56 (UTC)
 * Congrats from me to. And no problems with the support - you'll do well. Grutness...  wha?  2 July 2005 01:03 (UTC)
 * Congratulations. You will be a fine admin. I wish I had your consistency in edit summaries :P. Cheers, — mark ✎ 3 July 2005 10:27 (UTC)

 * Congrats! violet/riga (t) 3 July 2005 10:28 (UTC)

Stubs
Thank you for helping me sort stubs in Aesthetics. I'm still somewhat new to Wikipedia and I am stupified by all the many templates, especially those for stubs. --Slac 2 July 2005 16:32 (UTC)

Rum
Thanks. I was thinking that the Origins section could read a little better. Anyway, the article overall is very good and I think it definently deserves FA status. ike9898 July 3, 2005 00:05 (UTC)

Scotchgard bong
This should be deleted too, since Scotchguard Powered Bong is gone too (thanks to you, I guess). See Votes_for_deletion/Scotchgard_bong. Thanks Rangek July 6, 2005 05:14 (UTC)

VfD - scripts
If you would like, you might want to look at my monobook.js for some ideas on how to speed up the tedious process of closing VfD's. – ABCD 7 July 2005 00:18 (UTC) (by the way, keep up the good work! :-) )

VfD
Hiya, you recently closed the vfd Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Matthew 1:verses

In your calculation of votes you state that the votes are

19 Merge votes, 16 Keep votes, and 9 Delete votes

However, this includes 2 votes (the less noticable of which was by Tupsharru) which were "keep or merge" as keep votes, which I feel is quite misleading.

The tally should be either or
 * 21 Merge votes, 16 Keep votes, and 9 Delete votes,
 * 19 Merge votes, 14 Keep votes, 2 "keep or merge" votes, and 9 Delete votes

It is also worth pointing out that the delete votes are probably equatable to merge votes in this particular vfd, which would make it 28 merge, 14 keep - a 2:1 ratio. 9 July 2005 14:22 (UTC)

Thanks, it reflects the vote accurately now.

VFD - Please take a look
Can you count the valid votes at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Gil_Student and take appropiate action, since you are an admin. It has been up for more than 5 days and is attracting too many unregistered voters. --PinchasC 12:55, 10 July 2005 (UTC) Someone else took care of it, thanks anyways. --PinchasC 14:47, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Miachel Keaton
Thanks Allen3, with your changes I doubt if this page needs to be in vfd anymore ! Manik Raina 12:23, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Vandal
Allen3, I know of a user's IP address which is a chronic vandal and erases pages/writes nonsense or profanities in pages. How does Wikipedia deal with such people ? Do let me know. Manik Raina 10:30, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

VfU and toes...
Don't sweat the toes. (ick, toe sweat...) Everyone has a different view of how to deal with sock puppets. - Tεx  τ  urε  19:15, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Kinsella -- VfD
You voted to delete Stephan Kinsella. I don't agree with your standards, but applying those standards consistently, wouldn't you also vote against Tom G. Palmer, which is even worse vanity (and mine is now completely objective, not vanity at all). Stephan Kinsella 15:50, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

World Community Grid
'''Hello, before you read on I would just like to say that I have so far only posted this to a limited amount of administrators for consultation. If you have any objections to its wider distribution or suitability for Wikipedia please let me know.'''

Hi, I would just like to invite you to find out about the World Community Grid Human Proteome Folding Project. This is a purely philanthropic project and supported by a "blue chip" corporation in IBM. There is an ability to join a team once you have downloaded the software and another user has already established the Wikipedia team.

I would like to emphasise that I do not want to pressure anybody into feeling obligated and I understand the limited computer resources/access available to some. Feel free to pass this message on and thank you very much for your time, Mark 21:52, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

VfD Category:Soviet Spies
Thanks for bailing me out. I was totally confused.--Cberlet 22:33, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

PythonMOO is back
On July 22, you processed a VfD deletion. The article seems to have been re-created today. Could you take a look at it? --RoySmith 17:44, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks! --RoySmith 18:29, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

"I have speedied the recreated article as a substantially identical copy of previously deleted material." - Incorrect - It was entirly different in its structure and its content, therefore I request you look at old and new and consider undeleating it. Kipper2258 20:43, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for restoring the old one for comparison. By the time I saw your message, however, another admin had already re-speedied it, which is just fine by me. --RoySmith 13:05, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Okay - Thanks for looking into it - My only consern with why the page was ever deleated remains the same -The other seperate pages of MOOs are basiclly the same as PythonMOOs was - maybe the mass delete should be considered (Bar LambdaMOO as this does seem worthwhile) - and maybe a section for each of the MOOs listed in Popular MOOs (or were atleast) to provide a reference of the different braches of MOO that exist. Please consider this and have a glance through the approate pages. Kipper2258 11:50, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

A vandal has copied your name.
Allen3, thank you very much! :) Sigh...and I thought the coming of Unicode would be a good thing. ;-) Take care, Func( t, c ) 15:25, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Rktect 8/11/05

 * Hi Allen,

 * Feel free to let me know if you personally feel
 * there are any valid objections to collecting references
 * to standards of measure on Wickipedia.

Rktect 15:16, August 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have a number of webpages which have been attacked, and marked for deletion
 * by user Egil et al. The issue is presently in mediation and supposedly he has agreed
 * not to make any further modifications until it is resolved.

 * Unfortunatly, some of the people he contacted to ask for assistance
 * continue to systematically do as much damage as possible, even to
 * lists of references, citations and sources.

 * I would appreciate it if you might like to cooperate with the mediation
 * in the spirit of truce and cease fire and cooler heads to prevail and
 * undelete all the standard of measure files you have deleted.

 * As a competent administrator I am sure you would rather be guided
 * by the content of the pages themselves rather than the spurious
 * allegations of a few spoilers

Func's RfA :)
Allen3, I appreciate your support in my adminship, and I especially appreciate your assistence in dealing with the "Unicode Username Vandal". :) Thank you very much! :)

Please never hesitate to let me know if you have concerns with any administrative action I may make.

Func( t, c, e, ) 19:12, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Sheepish sneaks in
Allen, you closed a VfD for this article here. User:RubenWiki, who has not made a single other edit to WP, has just placed an article in the namespace. A google search ("Sheepish Productions") returns not a single mention of this supposed company that is not a mirror.

The article is also very deceptive: the author has written "A subsidiary of Sheepish Productions, Sheepish News, has its own regular news bulletin and associated website [1] with up-to-the-minute information on local, national and international events..."

The website that is referred to is a ridiculous geocities page; the only things on it are a bunch of goofy photos. There is no news service at all, much less an "up-to-the-minute" one.

I'd like to know how similar the current page is to the original deleted one. If it's similar, it should be speedied. If it is not, it really should be considered in VfD for WP:N, WP:V, and WP:NOT. Regards— Encephalon | ζ  04:59:08, 2005-08-20 (UTC)

Can you believe these guys? The link's blue again.— Encephalon |  ζ   12:09:13, 2005-08-20 (UTC)

You missed one: Production_de_sheep. --GraemeL (talk) 13:22, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I have been trying to zap them as they pop up in various locations. --Allen3 talk 13:37, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/WikiProject Wikipedians for Decency
A heads up, User:152.163.100.7 talk contribs, has signed your name on, and closed the vfd, you might want to check it out. Cursive 01:16, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes, was about to ask. I initially reverted because I didn't realize it really was the VfD, then re-reverted under the assumption it might be you not-logged-in. Please log in and identify to remove doubt, or confirm we're dealing with an imposter. JRM · Talk 01:19, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Though I dislike the project immensly I agree with your closing decision since there there wasn't a consensus to delete, I do however think that the result of the debate wasn't really keep, it was no consensus {keep} since there wasn't really a consensus to keep either. I could be wrong though and I applaud your courage in taking on the closing of such a controversial VFD. Jtkiefer T - 01:23, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * The initial closure by anon was not performed by me. The VfD has since been closed with a more appropriate ruling of No consensus defaulting to keep.  Thanks everyone for the heads up on an anon signing my name to this VfD with an incorrect ruling of Keep. --Allen3 talk 02:58, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Question on VFDs
What is the rule on how often VFDs may be proposed? So far one of the pages I've worked on has been nominated for VFDs twice and survived both and someone is attempting to nominate it for a third VFD in as many months. It survived its last VFD attempt just 22 days ago and now the third VFD attempt appears to be begining. People are nominating the page without checking its history and just use their dislike of the focus of the article as their reason to nominate it. This is the page in question
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardestroyer.net

Alyeska 00:45, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Another question. Someone removed the content from both the article and the discussion page and redirected them to a bad listing (changed from SD.net to SD.org). While the content has been restored, all the edit histories are gone. The old edit histories show up in the SD.org but not SD.net even with the old content merged. Is there anything that can be done about this? Alyeska 08:38, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Help. You blanked Stardestroyer.net and ereased it's history. Please revert and restore this article as you've left a redirect loop in the article's place.Gateman1997 19:31, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Some information has come to light. The user who nominated the SD.net entry for VFD nominated it on his 8th edit. This very same user is banned from SD.net and has a clear conflict of interest in this process. Before attempting to nominate the SD.net entry for VFD he attempted to vandalize it. Furthermore, after nominating SD.net for VFD he edited the VFD to remove his name as being the name of the person who started the VFD and placed a non-existant username instead. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Stardestroyer.net2 In my book this is a clear case of a bad faith VFD nomination (especialy when you consider SD.net survived two previous VFDs already, one just 3 weeks prior to the newest VFD) on the part of someone carrying out a personal vendetta. Furthermore this very same user ( User:Tanizaki ) then instated a VFD against the Trek BBS entry on Wikipedia citing false reasoning as the grounds for the VFD. I believe something must be done to stop this nonsense. Alyeska 21:15, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the help, Allen 3. I want to submit the article Vishnu sahasranama for featured article status.

Raj2004 19:49, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Request for arbitration, rktect
For your information, I have now submitted a request for arbitration: User:rktect -- Egil 11:34, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Gygax peer review
Thanks for noticing. The text instructions weren't that clear so I ended up on a wrong page apparently. I will repost on the correct page. --None-of-the-Above 12:32, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, now I know it wasn't my imagination, just happened again. When I pushed edit to make the instructions clearer, I got to the page Template:PR-instructions which only extends to the archive section. That is why I was confused and thought you needed to enter the article in the archive section. If you don't edit the instructions you stay on the peer review page, duh. I guess I just shouldn't edit the instructions. ;) --None-of-the-Above 12:42, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * No no. Not too much confusion. Just wasn't aware while I was trying to do two things at once. I will be awake for it in the future. Cheers and Thanks! --None-of-the-Above 13:40, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

VfD's again
Still sifting through Category:Pages on votes for deletion I came across Trackster, which was added to Votes for deletion/Mytrackster, which you concluded as 'delete'. You may have overlooked it. --Doc (?) 21:28, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Samuel Krafsur votes for deletion...
Allen3,

Could you tally the vote on the Samuel Krafsur Votes for deletion page? I believe it's been listed the recommended length of time! Thank you much! ClownBoy 16:51, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Missing days on AFD
My bot should be in full operation, in respect to adding old days and new days. If, any reason, it does not, please notify me. Also, if you have any suggestions for the format change of how it places the link for the pages automatically, drop a note. Thank you. --AllyUnion (talk) 01:52, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Demarest Hall
Hey, I have copyright permission for my entry on Demarest Hall, I live with Enon Avital, the creator of the webpage with the "possible copyright infringement," it's fine by him that I'm using the information, he lives done the hall from me, email him here: dewfather@gmail.com Or sabrina.vargas@gmail.com and khennessey@echo.rutgers.edu who I both work with as Culture Studies leader of Demarest Hall. I'm Brian Zimmerman by the way, I run Culture Studies at Demarest Hall.

Hi Allen!
Hi there! How have are you doing? :) I just wanted to invite you to have look at the last work of mine, a massive expansion of Texas Ranger Division, if you have the time. I've just submitted it to Peer Review, and I'd love to have your input as a Texan and a serious critic, not to mention as a friend. *Kisses*! - Shauri   Yes babe?  02:21, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Your comment:
I have carefully reviewed your comment here, in which you say that I should accept concensus of others before thinking to be promoted.

While I think I had explained my actions in my reply on that page, I honestly could have made a mistake in judgment in that case. However, I feel that you and other editors are not treating applicants for admin in the same way you treat current admins:

Here, for example, at least seven admins and bureaucrats got into a prolonged edit war, on the Front Page of Wikipeida, not just some obscure FA-page; and, I did not hear any criticism from you or your friends -while minor questionable judgments by me are reason to deny adminship. Why?

I too am a Christian, and I believe in adhering to the highest principals, and that is why my disappoiintment is exaggerated: Further, these double standards happen not just to me but to others, and that is why we must follow Christ's example (John 13:15) and then go above and beyond and do greater works: John 14:12, with reference to your user page.

Those "greater works" surely included you speaking out about "double standards" for "the privileged." So, while I'm not perfect, I do think I'm at least as qualified as the next person User_talk:GordonWatts/RfA to get a few extra tools to help me help my community, since the policy is quite clear that those with my qualifications are permitted these extra tools.

On a side note, while I was very upset at your post, it has caused me to dig deeper for answers, and I am very grateful: Thank you for your comments in this manner.--GordonWatts 21:35, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Reference Desk
I think I need an extra hand. If you get a chance later in the week, do you think you could help me out with archiving the reference desk subpages? There are some simple guidelines on the talk page. I hope you can help out! --HappyCamper 02:41, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * [[Image:WikiThanks.png]] This flower says it all. Thanks Allen3! :-) --HappyCamper 01:01, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/John D. Curnow
It's very hard to find out how a person is to defend themselves in Wikipedia. This may be the wrong place, and if it is I'm sorry. My name is John D Curnow and I'm not a hoax, as one person suggested. I was one of the first people to record bird songs in the midwest. My tapes were sold by the Audubon Camp here in Wisconsin. The NASCO Corp of Fort Atkins, WI sold my tapes to high schools all over the US and Canada for ten years. A copy of my book "Plavt Communities - Ecological Studies Of The Upper Midwest" was copyrighted and sent to the Library Of Congress. I was also awarded the outstanding alumni award from the University Of Wisconsin-Platteville and I did teach from 1951 - 1999. I may not be important enough to be found in Google and I can accept that, but I'm certainly not a hoax! John D Curnow
 * As the closing admin, I can say that the discussion was fairly straight forward on this article. The deletion policy does have a provision for cases were verification is provided after a debate has occured.  If you are able to cite appropriate references to back up the article then please request an undeletion of the article at WP:VFU, including your references as part of the request. --Allen3 talk 16:47, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

My guardian angel
Words can't say how grateful I am to you, Allen. Ever since my first day on WP, you've always watched over me. You've supported me all the way, silently, yet always present. You're a hard working, brilliant editor, but that pales in comparison to the beautiful person that you are. I merely wanted to thank you from my heart for once again being there when I needed you, like you've always had. My dearest friend, THANK YOU! I'll always be here if the day when you need me arrives. Hugs, Shauri  Yes babe?  23:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Hello
Heya, you seem to have appeared around the time when I went on my extended wikibreak, but since I'm back I've noticed you do lots of good work. Thanks, and keep it up! --fvw *  00:10, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support on my RfA!
Thanks for your support of my adminship!! I was surprised at the turnout and support I got! If you ever have any issues with any of my actions, please notify me on my talk page! Thanks again! Was pretty surprised to see you there! Ryan Norton T 03:45, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Thank you!
For fixing my redirect snafu on Ahmed Mehalba. Much appreciated. Joaquin Murietta 15:30, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Glad to help. --Allen3 talk 16:00, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

TOTSE
I would just like you to know that 32,406 people hate you now. Everyone at TOTSE, minus one traitor.

Have a nice day sir. I hope you're better at software engineering than life.

Suggestion for Peer Review advice
Hi there, In the FAC list, I see that a number of nominators have said that they received little feedback on peer review, and 'I wish people had told me about x and y there, before it got to FAC nomination' etc.

I wonder whether it would be appropriate to add a note at the top of the PR page encouraging nominators to (nicely) ask a few contributors in the general area of their article in question to provide feedback. Tony 05:02, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Christian Avery Bryant
Hi, I noticed you reverted the blanking exactly the same time as I moved it. What do you think, should this be send to AfD as a non-notable author? It is clearly an autobiography and already userfied to User:ChristianBryant. jni 11:06, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Peer review of acetic acid
Hi,

I noticed that you archived the current peer review of acetic acid. Is this always done after a month, automatically? We are working towards this being an FA article, and although we are getting close, as I understood it the peer review is still going on (see Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Chemicals for some recent discussion). Once the FA status is achieved (hopefully!) then the peer review will become inactive. I recall that with our last FA article on hydrochloric acid the peer review also lasted about 6 weeks, we fuss over things a lot in chemistry! Should it be "unarchived" until we're finished? Thanks, Walkerma 04:04, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Advogato
You executed the delete on the above speedy: there were 2 delete votes, 1 keep vote, and one comment (no vote) observing that the reason for the speedy were probably not valid. That doesn't look like a consensus to me. I put a request to reinstate the article on User talk:Radiant! --- Charles Stewart 14:34, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You are quite right and I apologise: I thought the article was CSD'd because the link in my user space (User:Chalst/advogato) was CSD'd. I guess there is a policy to CSD links to AfD articles.  I will put together an undelete request. --- Charles Stewart 17:59, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

The whole Python thing
I see it is gone again, where is the voting system these days? Is it once an article is deleted, all new ones and reformed useful ones will also be removed.

 * The article PythonMOO was taken to VfD (now WP:AFD) twice, Articles for deletion/PythonMOO and Votes for deletion/PythonMOO 1, both times being deleted as a non-notable website. Attempts to recreate the article without showing that the subject is something other than a website may be deleted under speedy delete criteria G4 (substantially identical copy of previously deleted material).  If you have new information that indicates that PythonMOO has achieved a level of importance justifying an article, please submit a request for undeletion at Deletion review. --Allen3 talk 12:18, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, but as you should know, and I have had to state many times, a MOO is not a website, but there may be a website as a portal to the MOO telnet connection. "...has ongoing MSN and AIM developments to expand connection methods for MOOs..." - That seems a deveopment to me. Other MOOs seem to have no notable reason for being allowed - However the suggestion that all the Sub MOO articles (are lambdamoo) are merged into the main MOO article, was never followed up by yourself or another admin, dispite being asked by myself and RoySmith, therefore please accept this message as a notice of that.
 * And I also ask, why is it possible for people to recreate the article on the PythonMOO site, if it is just destroyed, and told upon request that it should be loged at Deletion Review - why allow people to create it for seeing fit, if you are just going to be facists over the matter.

 * Please also note (whether you choose to ignore me is your choice, I would have to speak to another admin - but since you are the enforcer), inline with recent suggestions, a merge of the seperate MOO articles has been placed foward, if this is completed, and relevent pages are moved and redirected, then I ask that the Python article is unblocked and a redirect put in place to guide usrs to the relevent section for that MOO.

 * Checking Talk:MOO, I see that the merge was proposed earlier today. If such a merge does actually take place I will be glad to remove the current page protection and replace the contents of PythonMOO with redirect. I would even be inclined to perform a history merge of the old versions of PythonMoo into the merged article.  It is just the repeated recreation of previously deleted material outside of Wikipedia procedures that I have an objection with. --Allen3 talk 16:21, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, but it has been suggested many times, and it prevents all thehuge reams of possible pages, and makes a better overall MOO article. Generally, I think the MOO article itself needs a cleanup.

Merge is now completed, and article is labled for cleanup (probably since I'm nt going to do a good job myself - and I know it). Please feel free to consider addition of a Redirect to PythonMOO directing to MOO. 172.188.21.72 19:40, 28 October 2005 (UTC) The bold one! (Oh, and the IP shift thing is due to having a very unstable AOL DSL connection, highlighting their rather individual IP assigning system.
 * PythonMOO has been unprotected and changed to a redirect. I have also performed a history merge of the old PythonMOO articles into MOO. --Allen3 talk 20:29, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Many thanks - Maybe once and for all this issue will be resolved.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Allen3/Archive1


text:
The Tower (poetry collection)

The Tower is a book of poems by W. B. Yeats, published in 1928. The Tower was Yeats's first major collection as Nobel Laureate after receiving the Nobel Prize in 1923. It is considered to be one of the poet's most influential volumes and was well received by the public.

The title, which the book shares with the second poem, refers to Ballylee Castle, a Norman tower which Yeats purchased and restored in 1917. Yeats Gaelicized the name to Thoor Ballyllee, and it has retained the title to this day. Yeats often summered at Thoor Ballylee with his family until 1928.

The book includes several of Yeats' most famous poems, including "Sailing to Byzantium," "Leda and the Swan," and "Among School Children."

The book entered the public domain in the United States in 2024.

Previous Publication of Select Poems
All of the poems included in The Tower had previously appeared elsewhere in print collections and periodicals. Many of the poems featured in Seven Poems and a Fragment, The Cat and the Moon and Certain Poems, and October Blast released by Cuala Press. Other poems had been collected in A Vision.

Cover design
Yeats commissioned Thomas Sturge Moore to create the cover for the volume in 1927. The gold wood-cut style image depicts Thoor Ballylee and its reflection in waters below the tower all on a light green background. The poet praised Moore's artwork, noting that the cover was both a true representation of Thoor Ballylee and a successful symbolic design for the collection. Moore's work on The Tower and other collections solidified Yeats's modern image in both American and English print editions

Literary Topics and Content
Many of the poems in The Tower demonstrate Yeats's disillusionment with the limitations of the physical world and his withdrawal from ordinary life. The poet seeks to transcend the conflicts between the dichotomies of mind/body and thought/action by allowing poetry to exist in the world of vision rather than the world of reality.

Contents

 * 1. "Sailing to Byzantium"
 * 2. "The Tower"
 * 3. "Meditations in Time of Civil War"
 * 4. "Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen"
 * 5. "The Wheel"
 * 6. "Youth and Age"
 * 7. "The New Faces"
 * 8. "A Prayer for My Son"
 * 9. "Two Songs from a Play"
 * 10. "Fragments"
 * 11. "Leda and the Swan"
 * 12. "On a Picture of a Black Centaur by Edmund Dulac"
 * 13. "Among School Children"
 * 14. "Colonus' Praise"
 * 15. "Wisdom"
 * 16. "The Fool by the Roadside"
 * 17. "Owen Aherne and His Dancers"
 * 18. "A Man Young and Old"
 * 19. "The Three Monuments"
 * 20. "All Souls' Night"
 * 21. "The Gift of Harun Al-Rashid"

title: The Tower (poetry collection)


text:
Gammon bomb

The Gammon bomb, officially known as the No. 82 grenade was a British hand grenade used during World War II.

Overview
Designed by Capt. R. S. Gammon of the 1st Parachute Regiment, the Gammon bomb was developed as a replacement for the temperamental and highly dangerous "sticky bomb" grenade. It consisted of an elasticized stockinette bag made of dark coloured material, a metal cap, and an "all ways" fuze, the same fuze as was found in the No. 69 grenade and No. 73 grenade.

The Gammon bomb or grenade was an "improvised hand-thrown bomb used by the Home Guard, the Special Air Service and the Resistance, especially suitable for the destruction of parked aircraft or vehicles. An explosive charge was wrapped in fabric and sewn to an impact fuse that detonated on sharp contact".

Unlike conventional grenades, the Gammon bomb was flexible in the amount and type of munition that could be delivered to a target. For anti-personnel use, a small amount of plastic explosive (about half a stick), along with shrapnel-like projectiles, if available, would be placed in the bag. Against armoured fighting vehicles or other armoured targets, the bag could be completely filled up with explosives, making an unusually powerful grenade which could only be thrown safely from behind cover.

Using the Gammon bomb was very simple. After filling the stockinette bag with explosive, the screw-off cap was removed and discarded. Removing the screw-off cap revealed a stout linen tape wound around the circumference of the fuze. The linen tape had a curved lead weight on the end. While holding the lead weight in place with one finger (to prevent the linen tape from unwinding prematurely) the grenade was then thrown at the target. When the Gammon grenade was thrown, the weighted linen tape automatically unwrapped in flight, pulling out a retaining pin from the fuze mechanism. Removal of the retaining pin freed a heavy ball-bearing and striker inside the fuze, which was then held back from the percussion cap only by a weak creep spring. In this manner the always fuze became armed in flight. Impact with the target gave the heavy ball-bearing a sharp jolt - overcoming the weak resistance of the creep spring - that slammed the striker against the percussion cap. The percussion cap fired directly into the adjacent detonator, which in turn sent a violent shockwave into the main explosive filling contained inside the stockinette bag. Detonation of a Gammon grenade was instantaneous on impact with the target, i.e. there was no time-delay.

Gammon bombs were primarily issued to special forces such as paratroopers who were issued plastic explosive routinely. These units found the Gammon bomb to be particularly useful due to its small size and weight when unfilled, as well as its adaptability. It was even effective against armoured vehicles, and paratroopers called it their "hand artillery". It was also popular as a small amount of the C2 fast-burning explosive could heat a mug of coffee or K-rations without giving off any smoke from the bottom of a foxhole.

Gammon bombs were declared obsolete in the early 1950s, at which point many stocks were destroyed, though some continued in service up to at least 1957, even later in some other countries. Typically, most examples encountered today are in the form of drill, inert or UXO.

title: Gammon bomb


text:
Shaktipata

Shaktipata (शक्तिपात) or Shaktipat refers in Hinduism to the transmission (or conferring) of spiritual energy upon one person by another or directly from the deity. Shaktipata can be transmitted with a sacred word or mantra, or by a look, thought or touch – the last usually to the ajna chakra or agya chakra or third eye of the recipient.

Shaktipata is considered an act of grace (Anugraha) on the part of the guru or the divine. It cannot be imposed by force, nor can a receiver make it happen. The very consciousness of the god or guru is held to enter into the Self of the disciple, constituting an initiation into the school or the spiritual family (kula) of the guru. It is held that shaktipata can be transmitted in person or at a distance, through an object such as a flower or fruit.

Etymology
The term shaktipata is derived from Sanskrit, from shakti "(psychic) energy" and pāta, "to fall".

Levels
In Kashmir Shaivism, depending on its intensity, shaktipata can be classified as:

 * tīvra-tīvra-śaktipāta - the so-called "Super Supreme Grace" - produces immediate identity with Shiva and liberation; such a being goes on to become a siddha master and bestows grace from his abode (Siddhaloka), directly into the heart of deserving aspirants
 * tīvra-madhya-śaktipāta - "Supreme Medium Grace" - such a being becomes spiritually illuminated and liberated on his own, relying directly on Shiva, not needing initiation or instruction from other exterior guru. This is facilitated by an intense awakening of his spiritual intuition (pratibhā) which immediately eliminates ignorance
 * tīvra-manda-śaktipāta - "Supreme Inferior Grace" - the person who received this grace strongly desires to find an appropriate guru, but he does not need instruction, but a simple touch, a look or simply being in the presence of his master is enough to trigger in him to the state of illumination
 * madhya-tīvra-śaktipāta - "Medium Supreme Grace" - a disciple who receives this grace desires to have the instruction and initiation of a perfect guru; in time he becomes enlightened. However, he is not totally absorbed into this state during his lifetime and receives a permanent state of fusion with Shiva after the end of his life
 * madhya-madhya-śaktipāta - "Medium Middle Grace" - such a disciple will receive initiation from his guru and have an intense desire to attain liberation, but at the same time he still has desire for various enjoyments and pleasure; after the end of his life, he continues to a paradise where he fulfills all his desires and after that he receives again initiation from his master and realizes permanent union with Shiva
 * madhya-manda-śaktipāta - "Medium Inferior Grace" - is similar to "Medium Middle Grace" except that in this case the aspirant desires worldly pleasures more than union with Shiva; he needs to be reincarnated again as a spiritual seeker to attain liberation
 * manda - "Inferior Grace" - for those who receive this level of grace, the aspiration to be united with Shiva is present only in times of distress and suffering; the grace of Shiva needs to work in them for many lifetimes before spiritual liberation occurs

Descriptions
Swami Muktananda, in his book Play of Consciousness, describes in great detail his experience of receiving shaktipata initiation from his guru Bhagawan Nityananda and his spiritual development that unfolded after this event.

Paul Zweig has written of his experience of receiving shaktipata from Muktananda. In the same book Itzhak Bentov describes his laboratory measurements of kundalini-awakening through shaktipata, a study held in high regard by the late Satyananda Saraswati, founder of the Bihar School of Yoga, and by Hiroshi Motoyama, author of Theories of the Chakras.

Barbara Brennan describes shaktipata as the projection of the guru's "aura" on the disciple who thereby acquires the same mental state, hence the importance of the high spiritual level of the guru. The physiological phenomena of rising kundalini then naturally manifest.

In his book, Building a Noble World, Shiv R. Jhawar describes his shaktipata experience at Muktananda's public program at Lake Point Tower in Chicago on September 16, 1974 as follows:

"Baba [Swami Muktananda] had just begun delivering his discourse with his opening statement: 'Today's subject is meditation. The crux of the question is: What do we meditate upon?' Continuing his talk, Baba said: 'Kundalini starts dancing when one repeats Om Namah Shivaya.' Hearing this, I mentally repeated the mantra, I noticed that my breathing was getting heavier. Suddenly, I felt a great impact of a rising force within me. The intensity of this rising kundalini force was so tremendous that my body lifted up a little and fell flat into the aisle; my eyeglasses flew off. As I lay there with my eyes closed, I could see a continuous fountain of dazzling white lights erupting within me. In brilliance, these lights were brighter than the sun but possessed no heat at all. I was experiencing the thought-free state of "I am," realizing that "I" have always been, and will continue to be, eternal. I was fully conscious and completely aware while I was experiencing the pure "I am," a state of supreme bliss. Outwardly, at that precise moment, Baba shouted delightedly from his platform, "Mene kuch nahi kiya; kisiko shakti ne pakda" ("I didn't do anything. The Energy has caught someone"). Baba noticed that the dramatic awakening of kundalini in me frightened some people in the audience. Therefore, he said, 'Do not be frightened. Sometimes kundalini gets awakened in this way, depending upon a person's type.

Related concepts
In Sahaj Marg, yogic transmission is named Pranahuti (Devanagari: प्राणाहूति, IAST: ) from prāṇā, "life force" and āhūti, "offering". It is described as "the gracious and conscious offering of the life force or spirit by the Guru into the disciple’s heart."

title: Shaktipata


text:
Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research

The Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research (LDF) – a department of the National Anti-Vivisection Society, the world's first anti-vivisection organisation – awards grants to scientists undertaking medical research which benefits humans, without the use of animals.

Founded in 1974, the name of the Fund is in honour of the Battle of Britain's Air Chief Marshal the Lord Dowding, a past President of the National Anti-Vivisection Society.

To date, the Fund has awarded grants approaching £2 million to researchers working in a wide range of research fields including microsurgery, toxicity testing of dental fillings, breast and lung cancer, product safety testing, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, cot deaths, cataracts, kidney research, cell culture, computer-aided drug design, biotechnology, brain damage and computer teaching packages which replace the use of animals in education of students at school and university level.

LDF grant around £300,000 per year for projects which show that medical progress is possible without the use of animals. LDF recognises that modern research techniques offer superior replacements to animal procedures. The major advantage is that, without the use of animals, there are no problems of species differences; the results can be directly applied to the human condition. LDF therefore aims to:

 * Support and fund better methods of scientific and medical research for testing products and curing disease which replace the use of animals.
 * Fund areas of fundamental research which lead to the adoption of non-animal research methodology.
 * Fund, promote and assist medical, surgical, and scientific research, learning, and educational training and processes for the purpose of replacing animals in education and training
 * Promote and assist any research for the purpose of showing that animal research is harmful or unnecessary to humanity.

The LDF publishes a magazine New Science, exploring the latest developments in the world of research without animals, as well as featuring reports on the research they fund.

They are also a member of Focus on Alternatives, a coalition established in 1998 for organizations funding non-animal scientific and medical research to work together.

Studying neurological disorders

The LDF has committed funding until the end of the decade towards running costs of the functional Magnetic Resonance Images (fMRI) scanning facility at Aston University. The fMRI scanner is twice as powerful as those found in hospitals, so allows detailed study of the human brain. Whilst animal researchers study neurological disorders in primates, this facility shows that it is better to use non-invasive methods to study people; results are more reliable and avoid the potentially catastrophic consequences of species differences.

Aston was the first site in the UK to marry both MEG (employing the UK's only whole-head Magnetoencephalography system) and fMRI, putting the Academy of Life Sciences at the forefront of world scientific endeavour. fMRI can be combined with MEG scanning to increase understanding of the human brain by enabling researchers to clearly track, in human volunteers, not just which areas of the brain are active, but when.

Unlocking the secrets of human neurotoxicity

In another department at Aston University, the LDF is supporting the work of Dr Michael Coleman to develop new methods for studying neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity, or nerve toxicity, is a potential side-effect of new drugs. By studying which substances cause neurotoxicity and why, we can gain clues about illnesses such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Motor Neurone Disease.

Most neurotoxicity research is carried out on some two million rodents and over 10,000 primates every year but the LDF is supporting research using human brain cells grown in culture. So far, Dr Coleman and his team have focused on creating a model for a group of cells known as the astrocytes – human brain cells which protect nerves in the CNS from toxins or injury. These cells may play a crucial role in neurodegenerative disease but there has been no model on which to perform tests – but this may be about to change. Dr Coleman's team has identified three human cell lines which might act as a suitable model for the astrocytes – in preliminary tests all behave similarly to astrocytes.

Tackling a hospital killer

Over the past 20 years, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, or MODS, has emerged as a leading cause of death among critically ill patients in intensive care units. Triggered by an excessive and uncontrolled response to illness or injury, MODS causes organs to dysfunction gradually over a period of weeks or even days. Of those affected, 90% of adults and 54% of children die.

Conventional MODS research has entailed forcing rats and mice to endure this excruciating disease. However, the LDF is supporting the development of a technique that makes use of artificially grown human tissue.

Dr Karl Wooldridge, of the University of Nottingham, and his team have created an artificial human Blood Brain Barrier – a defence mechanism set up by blood vessels to protect the brain. They have subjected this to known MODS-causing organisms, to study how the disease takes hold and develops.

Replacements for animals in education for China & India

Computer simulations by Professor David Dewhurst with LDF funding have saved tens of thousands of animals from being used in education every year in the UK alone. The simulations replace the animals in university science practicals.

The LDF is currently supporting the development of these programmes to enable teachers to assemble their own teaching materials on-line. This will include upgrades of existing tools and programmes in different languages.

title: Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research


text:
File:Tta nes screenshot1.gif

Description
Tiny Toon Adventures for the NES Screenshot.

title: File:Tta nes screenshot1.gif


text:
Victoria Gardens Shopping Centre

Victoria Gardens is a shopping centre located in Richmond, Victoria, Australia approximately 4 km east of Melbourne's central business district. It is located on the corner of Victoria and Burnley Streets, Richmond at the eastern end of the Richmond commercial, retail and residential precinct. The shopping centre has a Gross Lettable Area of 37,699 m2, 2,173 parking spaces and approximately 80 specialty retailers.

History
Victoria Gardens was officially opened on 3 April 2003. It occupies the site of the former Vickers Ruwolt engineering works which manufactured large industrial components and was the location of some iconic photography by Wolfgang Sievers. The site was an undeveloped "bomb site" for nearly 20 years prior to the construction of the centre. Victoria Gardens shopping centre is part of the greater Victoria Gardens Precinct Development a joint venture by Salta Properties and Vicinity Centres.

Anchors
There are several major stores anchored in the centre, most notably an IKEA furniture store. Other major anchors include Coles and Kmart, while mini majors include Freedom, Rebel Sport, JB Hi-Fi and Chemist Warehouse. The centre also comprises a large food court to go along with a Hoyts cinema complex and a fresh food market located near Coles.

Transport
Victoria Gardens is accessible by tram route 12 (which terminates there) and route 109.

title: Victoria Gardens Shopping Centre


text:
First Pacific Bank

First Pacific Bank Limited was a bank based in Hong Kong. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of the investment holding company FPB Bank Holding Company Limited (FPB Bank Holdco). Its headquarters were in the First Pacific Bank Centre in Wan Chai.

The company's major shareholders were First Pacific Company Limited (FP Company) and MIMET FOTIC Investment Limited (MIMET FOTIC). The company was incorporated in Bermuda in 1993.

Hong Nin Savings Bank was acquired by First Pacific Group from the Government of Hong Kong in 1969.

title: First Pacific Bank


text:
Michael Craig-Martin

Sir Michael Craig-Martin (born 28 August 1941) is an Irish-born contemporary conceptual artist and painter. He is known for fostering and adopting the Young British Artists, many of whom he taught, and for his conceptual artwork, An Oak Tree. He is an emeritus Professor of Fine Art at Goldsmiths. His memoir and advice for the aspiring artist, On Being An Artist, was published by London-based publisher Art / Books in April 2015.

Early life and career
Michael Craig-Martin was born in Dublin, but spent most of his childhood in Washington, D.C. For eight years, he attended a Roman Catholic primary school, which was operated by religious sisters, followed by the English Benedictine Priory School (now St. Anselm's Abbey School), where pupils were encouraged to look at religious imagery in illuminated glass panels and stained-glass windows. He gained an interest in art through one of the priests, who was an artist, and was also strongly impressed by a display in the Phillips Collection of work by Mark Rothko.

Craig-Martin studied in Lycée Français in Bogotá, Colombia, where his father had employment for a while. Drawing classes in the Lycée by an artist, Antonio Roda, gave him a wider perspective on art. His parents had no inclinations towards art, although they did have on display in their home Picasso's Greedy Child. Back in Washington, he attended drawing classes given there by artists, then in 1959 attended Fordham University in New York for English Literature and History, while also starting to paint.

In mid-1961 Craig-Martin studied art at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Paris, and in the autumn he began a painting course at Yale University, where the teaching was strongly influenced by the multi-disciplinary experimentation and minimalist theories on colour and form of Josef Albers, a former head of department. Craig-Martin later said, "Everything I know about colour comes from that course". Tutors on the course included artists Alex Katz and Al Held.

Work
Craig-Martin has lived and worked in London since 1966. From his early box-like constructions of the late 1960s, he moved increasingly to the use of ordinary household objects. In the late 1970s he began to make line drawings of ordinary objects, creating over the years an ever-expanding vocabulary of images which form the foundation of his work to this day. During the 1990s the focus of his work shifted decisively to painting, with the same range of boldly outlined motifs and vivid color schemes applied both to works on canvas, and to increasingly complex installations of wall paintings.

An Oak Tree
In 1973, he exhibited the seminal piece An Oak Tree. The work consists of a glass of water standing on a shelf attached to the gallery wall, next to which is a text using an argument to explain why it is in fact an oak tree. Nevertheless, on one occasion when it was barred by Australian Customs officials from entering the country as vegetation, he was forced to explain it was really a glass of water. The work was bought by the National Gallery of Australia in 1977, and the Tate gallery has an artist's copy.

Young British Artists
From 1973, Craig-Martin was a tutor at Goldsmiths College and, during the 1980s, was a significant influence on the emerging YBA generation, including Damien Hirst. He was also helpful in promoting the Freeze show to established art-world figures. In 1995, he curated Drawing the Line: a comprehensive touring exhibition on the history of line drawing at the Southbank Centre, London. Craig-Martin and his influence were described in an article in the Observer regarding the mentors of British art, entitled Schools of Thought. Craig-Martin has been a trustee of the Tate Gallery and is a trustee of the National Art Collections Fund.

Later work

Since 2011, Craig-Martin has been working on powder-coated steel forms that describe everyday objects and appear like line drawings in the air. The first series was shown in the gardens of Chatsworth House in Derbyshire, in 2014, where the sculptures were sunk into the soil of the grounds.

Exhibitions
Craig-Martin had his first one-man exhibition at the Rowan Gallery in London in 1969. Since then, he has shown regularly both in the UK and abroad. He represented Britain at the São Paulo Art Biennial in 1998. His solo museum exhibitions include “Always Now,” Kunstverein Hannover (1998); IVAM, Valencia (2000); “Living,” Sintra Museum of Modern Art, Portugal (2001); “Signs of Life,” Kunsthaus Bregenz, Austria (2006); and “Less Is Still More,” Museum Haus Esters, Krefeld, Germany (2013). He made his American debut in the "Projects" series at the Museum of Modern Art.

A retrospective of Craig-Martin's work took place at the Whitechapel Gallery in London in 1989. In 2006, the Irish Museum of Modern Art presented "Michael Craig-Martin: Works 1964–2006" which included works from over 40 years of Craig-Martin's career. The exhibition showed around 50 paintings, sculptures, wall drawings, neon works and text pieces by the artist, covering everything from his sculptures to digital works. One of his works called On the Table (1970) involved four metal buckets suspended on a table, exemplifying the influence of Minimalism and Conceptualism on Craig-Martin. An Oak Tree (1973), consisting of "an ordinary glass of water on an equally plain shelf, accompanied by a text in which Craig-Martin asserts the supremacy of the artist's intention over the object itself ... is now widely regarded as a turning point in the development of conceptual art".

In 2015, Craig-Martin's exhibition "Transience" at the Serpentine Galleries brought together works from 1981 to 2015, including representations of once familiar yet obsolete technology; laptops, games consoles, black-and-white televisions and incandescent lightbulbs that highlighted the increasing transience of technological innovation.

Collections
Craig-Martin's work is represented in public collections worldwide, including:
 * Australian National Gallery, Canberra, Australia
 * Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
 * Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France
 * Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland
 * Arts Council of Great Britain, United Kingdom
 * British Council, United Kingdom
 * Government Art Collection, United Kingdom
 * Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United Kingdom
 * Tate, London, United Kingdom
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA
 * Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, USA
 * Yale Center for British Art, Connecticut, USA

Personal life
Craig-Martin met Jann Hashey while at Yale University, and married her in 1963. The couple had a daughter, Jessica Craig-Martin, now a photographer. The marriage ended in 1976 when Craig-Martin came out as gay. Craig-Martin is one-eighth Chinese, as his great-grandmother was a native of Wuhan, China.

Craig-Martin was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2001 Birthday Honours. Craig-Martin was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to art.

title: Michael Craig-Martin


text: File:League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (Absolute edition, vol. 1) (cover art).jpg


text:
Strassen, Luxembourg

Strassen (Stroossen ) is a commune and town in central Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.

In 2023, Strassen's had a population of 10,539 inhabitants. The current mayor of Strassen is Nico Pundel (CSV).

Populated places
The commune consists of the following villages:
 * Strassen
 * Reckenthal (lieu-dit)

 * Notes:

History
Strassen was formed on 6 January 1851, when it was detached from the commune of Bertrange. The law forming Strassen was passed on 6 August 1849.

The origins of the town began in Roman times. The name of Strassen comes from the Latin "strata," which means military road. In Roman times, the Roman road led from Trier through Arlon Strassen and Mamer upwards. Remains of the road were found in 1960 during the widening of Kiem Street. The seal of Johann Strassen (1411) and religious piety dating from 1500 (currently on display at the National Museum of the State), provided the basis for the municipal coat of arms created in 1976 and heraldic description of "Cloche d'or".

Due to a historical plague, one-third of the population of Strassen disappeared. With the cadastral maps during the time of Maria Theresia (1766) the area of Strassen was 2594.65 acres and the population was 417.

Strassen, along with some houses in Reckenthal, became a parish in 1804. In 1823 the town of Strassen was united with the town of Bertrange, but by a law of August 6, 1849, Strassen was again separated from Bertrange effective 1 January 1850. Thus it became a separate municipality from Reckenthal. At that time, the population consisted of 1300.

In 1850, natives of Luxembourg including some from Strassen, began to emigrate to the United States, The emigrants from Luxembourg started experiencing a high death rate in the US, which discouraged further emigration.

In 1854 the national poet Michel Rodange married a citizen of Strassen, by the name of Leysen Magdalene and they moved to Fels where he was a teacher.

The first water main was laid in 1908.

For an entire century, the population did not change much. Strassen in 1946 had 1400 citizens and 332 houses. In 1960 there were 1900 inhabitants and 20 years later 4200. In 1997 there were about 5000 inhabitants, and that number had doubled by 2023.

Urbanism
Strassen is considered to be one of the smallest communes of the country.

Due to a strong increase of Luxembourg's population, new districts are seeing the day in Strassen. Strassen has been classified as the 3rd most expensive commune in Luxembourg Average real estate cost is €7592/m2. Strassen is also appreciated by expatriates, given its proximity to Luxembourg City, and its quality of life.

As in many other communes in Luxembourg, Strassen has a private aquatic center (built in October 2009) named Les Thermes, with a cost of €35,000,000. Luxembourg's national center of archery and the center of martial arts are also located in Strassen.

Culture
In September the biennial Stroossefestival takes part in central Strassen, with performances, food stalls, and attractions for all ages.

Transport
Like elsewhere in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, public transport is effective and fast. There are buses (ecological hybrids) that connect to Luxembourg City. Strassen has provided for its citizens, a city night shuttle bus service.

Education
In the municipal area, there are 4 schools, all modern and well equipped. In primary school, students lessons are in the three official languages of the country. The primary in Luxembourgish and the secondary language is German, while studying the prospect of having the second language cycle in French and the third language cycle in English.

Notable Person

 * Bernard of Luxemburg (d. 1535), Dominican theologian

title: Strassen, Luxembourg


text:
The Winding Stair and Other Poems

The Winding Stair is a volume of poems by Irish poet W. B. Yeats, published in 1933. It was the next new volume after 1928's The Tower. The title poem was originally published in 1929 by Fountain Press in a signed limited edition, which is exceedingly rare.

The title is linked to the staircase in an old Norman tower in County Galway which Yeats bought and gave it the Gaelicized name Thoor Ballylee castle; Yeats would spend the summers there for about a decade, beginning in 1919. He saw the castle as a vital connection to the aristocratic Irish past which he admired. This volume capitalizes on the symbolic potential of the tower while examining the tower from the convoluted spaces within it.

The Tower and The Winding Stair are two collections which are carefully parallel with opposing points of view. The two volumes and their poems share the complementary symbols of Thoor Ballylee and the winding stair within. Six of the poems in the latter volume were written before the publication of the former, therefore they are often discussed as a single unit. In a complete turnaround from his bleak outlook of eternity expressed in his previous volume (which the poet admitted that he was "astonished at its bitterness" ), Yeats now ponders over the possibility and desire of reincarnation after death. Yeats was in poor health during this period; In a letter to Olivia Shakespear, Yeats admitted that "Perhaps if [he] was in better health [he] should be content to be bitter". Though this volume includes more poems than The Tower, its contents are generally less well-known and thus less frequently anthologized. Among the best-known and anthologized are "A Dialogue of Self and Soul" and "Byzantium."

"Byzantium"
"Byzantium" is a sequel to "Sailing to Byzantium" (from The Tower), meant to better explain the ideas of the earlier poem. An important insight on Yeats's concern of death lay in the poem "Byzantium" which further exploits the contrast of the physical and spiritual form and the final stanza concludes by differentiating the two. Yeats displays his desire for spiritual wisdom in this poem as he creates a path on earth to the spiritual world; he does this through the image of the dolphin's constant trip between the physical and spiritual worlds. This poem not only shows the poet's change of belief but also provides him with the comfort he desired while aging as he concludes with the vivid image of the spiritual world being connected with the sea of life.

"A Dialogue of Self and Soul"
The indecisive questions posed in "Sailing to Byzantium" are answered in "A Dialogue of Self and Soul" where Yeats chose reincarnation rather than resting in eternity. Yeats reflects upon the paradoxical reality of life whereby he uses two figures, "Self" and "Soul" to represent his opposed attitudes towards life and death. "A Dialogue" opens with "Soul" climbing up the "winding ancient stair" which portrays the progression through life and the descent to non-existence. Yeats's view of heaven and religion is quite different at this point as he became more intrigued by Buddhist thought which can be seen throughout this poem in particular. Very different to his previous interpretation in The Tower, he now portrays the kind of afterlife he sought in "Sailing to Byzantium" as a dark and "breathless" eternity. Self is given the final word, which includes an affirmation of temporal life, a preparedness to "live it all again".

Contents

 * In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz
 * Death
 * A Dialogue of Self and Soul
 * Blood and the Moon
 * Oil and Blood
 * Veronica's Napkin
 * Symbols
 * Spilt Milk
 * The Nineteenth Century and After
 * Statistics
 * Three Movements
 * The Seven Sages
 * The Crazed Moon
 * Coole Park, 1929
 * Coole Park and Ballylee, 1931
 * For Anne Gregory
 * Swift's Epitaph
 * At Algeciras—a Meditation upon Death
 * The Choice
 * Mohini Chatterjee
 * Byzantium
 * The Mother of God
 * Vacillation
 * Quarrel in Old Age
 * The Results of Thought
 * Gratitude to the Unknown Instructors
 * Remorse for Intemperate Speech
 * Stream and Sun at Glendalough

title: The Winding Stair and Other Poems


text:
Schlagintweit

Schlagintweit is a surname. Notable persons with that surname include:

 * A German family of 5 brothers, all explorers and scholars, born to Joseph Schlagintweit in Munich:
 * Hermann Schlagintweit (1826–1882), German explorer of Central Asia
 * Adolf Schlagintweit (1829–1857)
 * Eduard Schlagintweit (1831–1866)
 * Robert Schlagintweit (1833–1885)
 * Emil Schlagintweit (1835–1904)

title: Schlagintweit


text:
Christianity in Bangladesh

Christians in Bangladesh account for 0.30% (roughly 500,000 believers) of the nation's population as of 2022 census. Together with Judaism and Buddhism (plus other minority religious groups such as Atheism, Sikhism, the Bahá'í Faith and others), they account for 1% of the population. Islam accounts for 91.04% of the country's religion, followed by Hinduism at 7.95% as per 2022 census.

History

The introduction and development of Christianity in the Indian subcontinent can be traced back to several periods, with the help of several countries and denominations. The earliest connection to Christianity can be linked back to the arrival of the Apostle Thomas to the Malabar Coast during the first century, in 52 A.D. In addition, the Apostle had managed to convert several thousands of Hindu Brahmins, as they were "attracted" to the lifestyle and were "impressed" by Jesus' sacrifice.

Christianity did not have a presence in Bangladesh until the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510 with individuals like Alfonso de Albuquerque and Portuguese missionaries. Albuquerque attempted to spread Christianity by encouraging inter-marriage with native Bengali women, therefore their descendants were the first generations of Christians. By 1514, the Portuguese had obtained the right to preach Christianity in Bengal, thanks to the agreement between the Catholic Pope and the King of Portugal.

In 1672, Dome Antonio da Rozari, a young Bengali convert, had managed to convert 20,000 low-caste Hindus into Christianity. Afterwards, between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Portuguese missionaries were evangelising and preaching in the Bengali language. Soon on, evangelical books and Christian theology were being written in Bengali.

In 1740, the first Protestant, Reverend John Zachariah Kiernander, arrived in Bangladesh. In 1770, he funded and built a Protestant church called "Mission Church" in West Bengal.

By the 18th century, British missionaries, such as William Carey, had built more churches, translated the Bible and other Christian books, and had set up religious schools. British missionaries had also developed Christian newspapers (such as "Digdarshan", "The Gospel Magazine", and "The Christian Mohila") in an effort to spread the gospel.

In more recent times, the rise of Christianity in Bangladesh can be credited to Western NGOs and Christian charities, who provided humanitarian work after the Liberation War in 1971.

Since then, these NGOs and charities (see Contributions) have not only assisted with support for emergency relief, healthcare, and education in Bangladesh, but they have also encouraged the practice of reading the Bible. Currently, it is estimated that there are approximately 17 000 to 23 000 NGOs in Bangladesh.

In the Bangladesh Liberation War (March–December 1971), a significant number of Bangladeshis left Islam to join Christianity (because missionaries stood with them during their difficult times during the civil strife) or to atheism after 1971 due to their experience of oppression conducted by fellow Muslims from West Pakistan.

History of churches
The first church (in present-day Bangladesh) was officially inaugurated in Jessore, erstwhile Chandecan (now Jashore). The church was named "The Church of the Holy Name of Jesus" and was built by the Jesuits, who were not only given permission, but also financial support and land by the King of Jessore.

The second church was financially supported by the Arakanese King and was built by Andre Boves on June 24, 1600. This church was built in Chittagong and was called "St. John the Baptist Church".

In 1601, the third church was built by Dominicans in the south-east of Chittagong. Eventually these churches were burnt down from the attacks by the Arakanese.

William Carey and missionaries
According to religious studies scholar Sufia M. Uddin, William Carey can be seen as "one of the most important early Christian missionary figures". Carey had arrived in Bangladesh in 1773, where he was financially supported by the Baptist Missionary Society to carry out missionary work. Carey believed his success as a missionary, was due to him learning the Bengali language and therefore being able to translate the gospel.

In 1801, he was able to publish a translation of The New Testament, which was the first translation in any South Asian language. Carey then published a Bengali grammar that same year and was also appointed as a professor at Fort William College. Carey, with the assistance of Joshua Marshman and William Ward created Serampore College.

Carey's colleagues and missionary team built a Bengali boys' school and by 1817, they were operating 45 boys' schools. As for girls, in 1818 they opened their first Bengali girls' school and by 1824, they were running 6 girls' schools. These mission-run schools would often attract students with scholarships and accommodation.

Carey also oversaw the works the Bible being translated into more than 34 Indian languages, while the missionaries wrote books and tracts favouring the Christian lifestyle. These books and tracts (such as "Prophet's Testimony of Christ", "God's Punishment of Sin", and "Krishna and Christ Compared") not only emphasised the benefits of Christian life, but reportedly condemned Hindu and Islamic beliefs.

According to scholars Khalil Bilici, during the Bangladesh Liberation War (March–December 1971), a significant number of Bangladeshis left Islam to join Christianity (because missionaries stood with them during their difficult times during the civil strife) or to atheism after 1971 due to their experience of oppression conducted by fellow Muslims from West Pakistan.

Female missionaries
In 1822, Miss Mary Anne Cooke was one of the first English female missionaries. Prior to this in 1820, missionary William Ward had encouraged for English women to preach Christianity, in order to connect more with Bengali women. With help from the Christian Missionary Society, Cooke founded 15 girls' schools with around 300 students within the Calcutta area.

Sister Argerita Bellasiny, Sister Brigida Janella, and Sister Agostina Bigo from Italy were called upon Father Marietti on 17 May 1868 to help with missionary outreach. The three would spread Christianity by going door to door, particularly focusing on poor and vulnerable widows.

First Christian martyr
Father Francisco Fernandez was the first martyr in Bangladesh; he died on 14 November 1602. He was led to his death because he had attempted to save Christian women and children from being captured and used as slaves by the Arakanese who are Buddhists. He was detained, chained, and beaten to death.

Contributions
Christians have greatly served the education and health sectors. This tiny community has some 1000 schools and about 100 health care centers and hospitals. In Bangladesh, the Christian community runs the country's largest cooperative bank in Dhaka.

Having worked in Bangladesh as a missionary since 1952, Father Richard William Timm, C.S.C. won the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding, the Asian Nobel Prize, in 1987 in recognition of his work as a teacher, as a biologist studying plant-parasitic worms, and with Caritas on relief efforts.

In the 1990s, many people opposed the aid of Christian NGOs, and therefore there was a spike in the number of protests and violence opposing the religious influence of Christian NGOs. Up to 52 NGOs were considered to be "anti-Islamic", with the intentions of "proselytising" the Islamic nation to Christianity, targeting the vulnerable; the outcasts, the uneducated, and the poor.

Persecution
With the rise of Islamic fundamentalist movement Christians in Bangladesh often face the pressure from radical Islamic groups or threats (such as persecution and harassment) from the wider community. In 2019, several churches, such as Mohandi Assemblies of God church, were either burnt down or destroyed. To combat this, Christians would gather in secret or in small houses to practice their religion. Additionally, in 2020, it's alleged that several Christians have been detained by police for "unlawful conversion".

Conditions have improved in recent years as Bangladesh moved from place 35 on the World Watch List of Christian persecution in 2015 to place 48 in 2019. However, a rise of violence against Christians sent the country to number 30 on the list in 2023.

In 2023, the country was scored 2 out of 4 for religious freedom; this was mainly due to threats of violence to non-Muslims.

Other attacks on Christians
On 3 June 2001, there was a bomb attack during mass in a Catholic church located in Baniarchor; the attack had killed nine people.

An Italian aid worker, Cesare Tavella was shot and killed in 2015. Parolari Piero, an Italian priest and doctor was shot several times in 2015.

In 2016, a Christian businessman named Sunil Gomes was hacked to death.

On 1 July 2016, 20 hostages were massacred by a group of Islamic militants.

Pastor Luke Sarkar of Faith Bible Church was attacked on 5 October 2015 and his throat was cut with a sharp knife but he survived.

In the early 2020s, most attacks on minorities were focused against Hindus.

Catholic Dioceses
There are two Catholic archdioceses and six Catholic dioceses in Bangladesh with some 400,000 Catholics. Each diocese is led by its own local bishop. Cardinal Patrick D'Rozario is the highest Catholic official.

The Archdiocese of Dhaka comprises:
 * The diocese of Dinajpur
 * The diocese of Mymensingh
 * The diocese of Rajshahi
 * The diocese of Sylhet

The archdiocese of Chittagong comprises:
 * The diocese of Barisal
 * The diocese of Khulna

The diocese of Dhaka was created in 1952 and Rev. James D. Blair was assigned as the first Bishop (Markham, Hawkins IV, Terry & Steffensen, 2013). Following Blair, the first indigenous Bishop of the Diocese of Dhaka was assigned to Rev. B.D. Mondal. By the late 1980s, it was decided that a second diocese was needed, and this was established in Kusthia in 1990; a third diocese was established in 2017.

List of Protestant denominations

 * Assemblies of God
 * Bangladesh Evangelical Revival Church
 * Bangladesh Baptist Sangha
 * Bangladesh Lutheran Church
 * Christian Brethren
 * Church of Bangladesh (united church of Anglicans, Presbyterians, and others; member of the Anglican Communion)
 * Church of God (Anderson)
 * Garo Baptist Convention
 * Seventh-day Adventist Church
 * Church of the Nazarene
 * Bangladesh Evangelical Church
 * Presbyterian Church of Bangladesh
 * Isa-e Church

List of Baptist Churches

 * Bangladesh Baptist Church Sangha
 * Bangladesh Baptist Fellowship
 * Garo Baptist Convention

National Council of Churches in Bangladesh
The National Council of Churches in Bangladesh (or, Jatiya Church Parishad of Bangladesh) is a Christian ecumenical organization founded in Bangladesh in 1949 as the East Pakistan Christian Council. The organization serves as a unifying platform for Christians of various denominations, working towards solidarity, cooperation, and the well-being of the Christian community in the context of Bangladesh's diverse religious landscape. It is a member of the World Council of Churches and the Christian Conference of Asia. In 2002 it led public debate on the reform of Bangladeshi personal law applied to Christians.

Christian theological education
There are 16 Christian theological institutions in Bangladesh.
 * A G Bible College (Assemblies of God) was created in 1995.
 * Agape College (Baptist) was created in 2003.
 * Bangladesh Institution of Christian Theology (inter-denominational) was created in 1996.
 * Bangladesh Theological Seminary (inter-denominational) was created in 1989.
 * Center for Religious Studies (Presbyterian) was created in 2004.
 * Christian Discipleship Centre (inter-denominational) was created in 1979.
 * College of Christian Theology in Bangladesh (inter-denominational) was created in 1968.
 * Faith Bible School was created in 2002.
 * Gloria Theological Seminary (inter-denominational) was created in 1996.
 * Grace Presbyterian Theological Seminary (inter-denominational) was created in 2004.
 * Holy Spirit Major Seminary (Catholic) was created in 1973.
 * Isa-e Training Institute (Protestant) was created in 2006.
 * Methodist Theological Seminary (Methodist) was created in 1992.
 * St. Andrews Theological Seminary (Anglican) was created in 1978.
 * St. Joseph Seminary (Roman Catholic) was created in 1948.
 * The Salvation Army Officer Training College was created in 1993.

Christian media
The Catholic weekly magazine, Pratibeshi, was founded in 1941 as Ranikhong Mission Chithi, a monthly parish bulletin. In the mid-1940s, it took its present name and moved to Dhaka. The magazine is one of the oldest Bengali and Catholic newspapers. In 2013, Pratibeshi launched an online news site with a focus on broad news coverage.

Radio Veritas Asia began their Bengali service in 1980. It is jointly produced in Dhaka and Kolkata.

Culture adoptions
The Catholic community have adopted the Hindu use of the sindhur.

Christian education in Bangladesh

 * Notre Dame University Bangladesh
 * Notre Dame College, Dhaka
 * Notre Dame College, Mymensingh
 * St. Joseph Higher Secondary School
 * YWCA Higher Secondary Girls School
 * St. Gregory's High School and College
 * St. Francis Xavier's Girls' High School
 * A. G. Church School
 * Bangladesh Adventist Nursing College - BANC
 * Holy Cross College, Dhaka
 * Holy Cross Girls' High School (Dhaka)
 * Saint Philip's High School and College
 * Saint Placid's High School
 * St. Peter International Mission School

Industry

 * Samson Chowdhury, founder of Square Pharmaceuticals, Bangladesh
 * Tapan Chowdhury, Bangladesh
 * Anjan Chowdhury, Bangladesh

Arts

 * Andrew Kishore, Bangladeshi playback singer
 * Robin Ghosh, Bangladeshi playback singer and film music composer
 * Tony Dias, Bangladeshi television actor and director
 * George Lincoln D'Costa, Bangladeshi Metal Singer

Bangladesh Army

 * Brigadier John Gomes

Sports

 * Hemanta Vincent Biswas, Bangladesh national team footballer

Politicians

 * Hubert Costa, Bangladeshi-Polish Member of Parliament
 * Promode Mankin, the First Catholic and the first member of the country's Christian community to become a government minister in Bangladesh (as a member of the Bangladesh Awami League) and formerly representing Mymensingh-1 (constituency) (whom his son became his successor).
 * Jewel Areng, son of Promode Mankin. He is the youngest member of parliament (as a member of the Bangladesh Awami League) and the only Catholic, currently representing Mymensingh-1 (constituency) (whose father was also his predecessor).
 * Gloria Jharna Sarker, Bangladesh's first Christian Woman MP (2019)

Professor
Dr. Milton Biswas, Department of Bangla, Jagannath University

Media

 * Patrick D'Costa, News Editor, MyTV
 * Nikhil Mankhin, Senior Reporter, The daily Janakantha
 * Parimal Palma, Senior Reporter, The Daily Star
 * Dola Rozario, Senior News Presenter, Deepto TV
 * Rev. Bulbul Augustine Rebeiro, Editor, The weekly Pratibeshi

title: Christianity in Bangladesh


text:
Humane Research Trust

The Humane Research Trust (HRT) is a British medical research charity with the aim of spreading the practice of humane research. They work with scientists as well as students to further the commitment of non-animal based research.

History
The HRT began life in 1961, after two years of discussions between the National Anti-Vivisection Society (NAVS), the Scottish Society for the Prevention of Vivisection (SSPV), and the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV), as "The Lawson Tait Memorial Trust". These discussions were chaired by Wilfred Risdon, Secretary of the NAVS, who also became Secretary of the new Trust, set up to honour the memory of the Scottish surgeon and anti-vivisectionist, Robert Lawson Tait (1845-1899). The Trust started with capital of £5,000, donated by the three participating Societies, with the intention of awarding “substantial” annual prizes to teams of researchers who published results that would do away with the ‘necessity’ “so often quoted by the apologists in the past as a ‘regrettable necessity’” for the use of living animals in their own line of research. After Risdon's death in 1967, the Trust became the Lawson Tait Medical and Scientific Research Trust. A few years later, “Diehard anti-vivisectionists [who] were unable to bring themselves to agree to a Trust that would do business with any scientist involved in any way with animal research … [w]ith the help of the Commissioner of Charity, the Trustees of the Lawson Tait formed the Humane Research Trust in 1974 to give the wider scope that was needed while retaining the original aims. This was very much welcomed by many far-sighted supporters of the Lawson Tait and has encouraged many lay people, not necessarily involved in the anti-vivisection scene, to applaud and support the HRT.”

title: Humane Research Trust


text:
Saltee Islands

The Saltee Islands (Irish: Oileán an tSalainn; Old Norse: Salt ey ) are a pair of small islands lying 5 kilometres off the southern coast of County Wexford in Ireland. The two islands are Great Saltee (89 hectares) and Little Saltee (37 hectares). They have been largely unoccupied since the early 20th century and have been privately owned by the Neale family since 1943. Together, the islands cover an area of 1.2 square kilometres.

Protected status
The islands are a breeding ground for fulmar, gannet, shag, kittiwake, guillemot, razorbill, puffin and grey seal. An area surrounding both islands and extending approximately 500 m off shore was granted the status of a Special Protection Area to protect the bird habitat. The islands are also at the centre of a related Special Area of Conservation, named after them, which extends to the mainland coastline east of Kilmore Quay. The conservation area specifically addresses: the mud and sand flats on the mainland coastline as well as those surrounding the mainland facing sides of Little Saltee; large shallow inlets and bays to the west of an imaginary line joining Kilmore Quay and Great Saltee; reefs throughout the entire area; the vegetated sea cliffs which surround both islands; sea caves along the south coast of Great Saltee and the entire area as a grey seal habitat with specific reference to both islands as important sites, including for breeding, along with some areas further out also of interest as moult and resting haul-out sites.

Geology and geography
The islands are based on Pre-Cambrian bedrock between 600 million and 2 billion years old. The highest point in the Saltees is South Summit on Great Saltee at 198 feet (60 metres). The waters around the islands can be treacherous, hence the area is known as the "Graveyard of a Thousand Ships and the islands their tombstones".

History
While there may have been earlier occupation on Great Saltee, and an Ogham stone is recorded as being found on the island, the first written record of the island dates to c. 1177, when Hervey de Montmorency is recorded as granting the islands to Christchurch, Canterbury. The islands were subsequently granted to the monks of Tintern Abbey and the "two islands of Salteye" are mentioned in Tintern charters dated to 1245. The northeastern point of Great Saltee (closest to the mainland) was historically known known as "Abbey Point" and ruined buildings close to it sometimes associated with a "religious house". A nearby field is marked in some maps as "Abbey Field".

By the 16th century, the islands had been leased by John Isham of Bryanstown. They were subsequently acquired by the Grogan-Morgan family of Johnstown Castle. Following the Battle of New Ross in 1798, the United Irishman commander, Bagenal Harvey, fled to Great Saltee. However he was betrayed and arrested and executed in Wexford town. The Grogan-Morgans, who were in posession of the islands as of 1837, leased the islands to several families associated with nearby Kilmore Quay. According to A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland, published by Samuel Lewis in 1837, there were then approximately 20 inhabitants on Great Saltee and Little Saltee was "inhabited by a family consisting of three persons". The islands, which were largely abandoned by the early 20th century, contain a number of (mainly 19th century) ruins.

Michael Neale, originally of Kilmore Quay, purchased Great Saltee in the 1940s. The Neale family, who still own the island, built a number of small commemorative structures on Great Saltee. While the Neale family are periodically in residence on Great Saltee, it is otherwise largely unoccupied.

Popular culture

 * The Saltee Islands are the setting for Eoin Colfer's book Airman as a powerful sovereign state based around diamond industry. However, the book is a work of fiction and no significant natural resources have been found.

title: Saltee Islands