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Battle of Appomattox Court House

The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought in Appomattox County, Virginia, on the morning of April 9, 1865, was one of the last battles of the American Civil War (1861–1865). It was the final engagement of Confederate General in Chief Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia before they surrendered to the Union Army of the Potomac under the Commanding General of the United States Army, Ulysses S. Grant.

Lee, having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, after the nine-and-a-half-month Siege of Petersburg and Richmond, retreated west, hoping to join his army with Confederate forces, the Army of Tennessee in North Carolina. Union infantry and cavalry forces under General Philip Sheridan pursued and cut off the Confederates' retreat at the central Virginia village of Appomattox Court House. Lee launched a last-ditch attack to break through the Union forces to his front, assuming the Union force consisted entirely of lightly armed cavalry. When he realized that the cavalry was now backed up by two corps of federal infantry, he had no choice but to surrender with his further avenue of retreat and escape now cut off.

The signing of the surrender documents occurred in the parlor of the house owned by Wilmer McLean on the afternoon of April 9. On April 12, a formal ceremony of parade and the stacking of arms led by Confederate Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon to Union Brig. Gen. Joshua Chamberlain marked the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia with the parole of its nearly 28,000 remaining officers and men, free to return home without their major weapons but enabling men to take their horses and officers to retain their sidearms (swords and pistols), and effectively ending the war in Virginia.

This event triggered a series of subsequent surrenders across the South, in North Carolina, Alabama and finally Shreveport, Louisiana, for the Trans-Mississippi Theater in the West by June, signaling the end of the four-year-long war.

Military situation
The final campaign for Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States, began when the Union Army of the Potomac crossed the James River in June 1864. The armies under the command of Lieutenant General and General in Chief Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) laid siege to Petersburg, south of Richmond, intending to cut the two cities' supply lines and force the Confederates to evacuate. In the spring of 1865, Confederate States Army Gen. Robert E. Lee (1807–1870), waited for an opportunity to leave the Petersburg lines, aware that the position was untenable, but Union troops made the first move. On April 1, 1865, Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan's cavalry turned Lee's flank at the Battle of Five Forks. The next day Grant's army achieved a decisive breakthrough, effectively ending the Petersburg siege. With supply railroad lines cut, Lee's men abandoned the trenches they had held for ten months and evacuated on the night of April 2–3.

Lee's first objective was to reassemble and supply his men at Amelia Courthouse. His plan was to link up with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee in North Carolina and go on the offensive after establishing defenses on the Roanoke River in southwest Virginia. When the troops arrived at Amelia on April 4, however, they found no provisions. Lee sent wagons out to the surrounding country to forage, but as a result lost a day's worth of marching time. The army then headed west to Appomattox Station, where another supply train awaited him. Lee's army was now composed of the cavalry corps and two small infantry corps.

En route to the station, on April 6 at Sailor's Creek, nearly one fourth of the retreating Confederate army was cut off by Sheridan's cavalry and elements of the II and VI Corps. Two Confederate divisions fought the VI Corps along the creek. The Confederates attacked but were driven back, and soon after the Union cavalry cut through the right of the Confederate lines. Most of the 7,700 Confederates were captured or surrendered, including Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and eight other general officers. The delay prevented Lee from reaching the Appomattox station until late afternoon on April 8, allowing Sheridan to reach the station ahead of the Southerners that evening, where he captured Lee's supplies and obstructed his path.

Following the minor battles of Cumberland Church and High Bridge, on April 7, General Grant sent a note to Lee suggesting that it was time to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia. In a return note, Lee refused the request, but asked Grant what terms he had in mind. On April 8, Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. and Brevet Maj. Gen. George Armstrong Custer captured and burned three supply trains waiting for Lee's army at the Appomattox Station. Now both of the Federal forces, the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James, were converging on Appomattox. With his supplies at Appomattox destroyed, Lee now looked west to the railway at Lynchburg, where more supplies awaited him. However, on the morning of April 8 a battalion of the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry was detached from Stoneman's Raid into North Carolina and southwestern Virginia and had made a demonstration to within three miles of Lynchburg, giving the appearance of being the vanguard of a much larger force. Despite this new threat, Lee apparently decided to try for Lynchburg anyway.

While the Union Army was closing in on Lee, all that lay between Lee and Lynchburg was Union cavalry. Lee hoped to break through the cavalry before infantry arrived. He sent a note to Grant saying that he did not wish to surrender his army just yet but was willing to discuss how Grant's terms would affect the Confederacy. Grant, suffering from a throbbing headache, stated that "It looks as if Lee still means to fight." The Union infantry was close, but the only unit near enough to support Sheridan's cavalry was Maj. Gen. John Gibbon's XXIV Corps of the Army of the James. This corps traveled 30 mi in 21 hours to reach the cavalry. Maj. Gen. Edward O. C. Ord, commander of the Army of the James, arrived with the XXIV Corps around 4:00 a.m. while the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac was close behind. Sheridan deployed his three divisions of cavalry along a low ridge to the southwest of Appomattox Court House.

Battle
At dawn on April 9, 1865, the Confederate Second Corps under Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon attacked Sheridan's cavalry and quickly forced back the first line under Brevet Brig. Gen. Charles H. Smith. The next line, held by Brig. Gens. Ranald S. Mackenzie and George Crook, slowed the Confederate advance. Gordon's troops charged through the Union lines and took the ridge, but as they reached the crest, they saw the entire Union XXIV Corps in line of battle with the Union V Corps to their right. Lee's cavalry saw these Union forces and immediately withdrew and rode off towards Lynchburg. Ord's troops began advancing against Gordon's corps while the Union II Corps began moving against Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps to the northeast. Colonel Charles Venable of Lee's staff rode in at this time and asked for an assessment, and Gordon gave him a reply he knew Lee did not want to hear: "Tell General Lee I have fought my corps to a frazzle, and I fear I can do nothing unless I am heavily supported by Longstreet's corps." Upon hearing it Lee finally stated the inevitable: "Then there is nothing left for me to do but to go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths."

Many of Lee's officers, including Longstreet, agreed that surrendering the army was the only option left. The only notable officer opposed to surrender was Longstreet's chief of artillery, Brig. Gen. Edward Porter Alexander, who predicted that if Lee surrendered then "every other Confederate army will follow suit".

Lee decided to request a suspension of fighting while he sought to learn the terms of surrender Grant was proposing to offer. A white linen dish towel was used as a Confederate flag of truce and was carried by Capt. R. M. Sims one of Longstreet's staff officers into the lines of General Custer, who was part of Sheridan's command. After a truce was arranged Custer was escorted through the lines to meet Longstreet. According to Longstreet, Custer said “in the name of General Sheridan I demand the unconditional surrender of this army.” Longstreet replied that he was not in command of the army, but if he were he would not deal with messages from Sheridan. Custer responded that it would be a pity to have more blood upon the field, to which Longstreet suggested that the truce be respected, and then added “General Lee has gone to meet General Grant, and it is for them to determine the future of the armies.”

At 8:00 a.m., Lee rode out to meet Grant, accompanied by three of his aides. Grant received Lee's first letter on the morning of April 9 as he was traveling to meet Sheridan. Grant recalled his migraine seemed to disappear when he read Lee's letter, and he handed it to his assistant Rawlins to read aloud before composing his reply:

"General, Your note of this date is but this moment, 11:50 A.M. rec'd., in consequence of my having passed from the Richmond and Lynchburg road. I am at this writing about four miles West of Walker's Church and will push forward to the front for the purpose of meeting you. Notice sent to me on this road where you wish the interview to take place."

Grant's response was remarkable in that it let the defeated Lee choose the place of his surrender. Lee received the reply within an hour and dispatched an aide, Charles Marshall, to find a suitable location for the occasion. Marshall scrutinized Appomattox Court House, a small village of roughly twenty buildings that served as a waystation for travelers on the Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road. Marshall rejected the first house he saw as too dilapidated, instead settling on the 1848 brick home of Wilmer McLean. McLean had lived near Manassas Junction during the First Battle of Bull Run and had retired to Appomattox to escape the war. (The coincidence has been written of that farmer McLean, who relocated to avoid war after one of the Civil War's first battles happened on his land, would come to have the war's end negotiated in his sitting room.)

With gunshots still being heard on Gordon's front and Union skirmishers still advancing on Longstreet's front, Lee received a message from Grant. After several hours of correspondence between Grant and Lee, a cease-fire was enacted, and Grant received Lee's request to discuss surrender terms.

Surrender

Dressed in his ceremonial uniform (according to himself, "I may be taken prisoner today. I must look my best."), Lee waited for Grant to arrive. Grant, whose headache had ended when he received Lee's note, arrived at the McLean house in a mud-spattered uniform—a government-issue sack coat with trousers tucked into muddy boots, no sidearms, and with only his tarnished shoulder straps showing his rank. Over one shoulder was a carrying case for his binoculars. It was the first time the two men had seen each other face-to-face in almost two decades. Suddenly overcome with sadness, Grant found it hard to get to the point of the meeting, and instead the two generals briefly discussed their only previous encounter, during the Mexican–American War. Lee brought the attention back to the issue at hand, and Grant offered the same terms he had before:

"In accordance with the substance of my letter to you of the 8th inst., I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of N. Va. on the following terms, to wit: Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate. One copy to be given to an officer designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental commander sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery and public property to be parked and stacked, and turned over to the officer appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside."

The terms were as generous as Lee could hope for; his men would not be imprisoned or prosecuted for treason. Officers were allowed to keep their sidearms, horses, and personal baggage. In addition to his terms, Grant also allowed the defeated men to take home their horses and mules to carry out the spring planting, and provided Lee with a supply of food rations for his starving army; Lee said it would have a very happy effect among the men and do much toward reconciling the country. The terms of the surrender were recorded in a document handwritten by Grant's adjutant, Ely S. Parker, a Native American of the Seneca tribe, and completed around 4 p.m., April 9. Lee, upon discovering Parker to be a Seneca, remarked "It is good to have one real American here." Parker replied, "Sir, we are all Americans." As Lee left the house and rode away, Grant's men began cheering in celebration, but Grant ordered an immediate stop. "I at once sent word, however, to have it stopped", he said. "The Confederates were now our countrymen, and we did not want to exult over their downfall", he said. Custer and other Union officers purchased from McLean the furnishings of the room Lee and Grant met in as souvenirs, emptying it of furniture. Grant soon visited the Confederate army, and then he and Lee sat on the McLean home's porch and met with visitors such as Longstreet and George Pickett before the two men left for their capitals.

On April 10, Lee gave his farewell address to his army. The same day a six-man commission gathered to discuss a formal ceremony of surrender, even though no Confederate officer wished to go through with such an event. Brigadier General (brevet Major General) Joshua L. Chamberlain was the Union officer selected to lead the ceremony. In his memoirs entitled The Passing of the Armies, Chamberlain reflected on what he witnessed on April 12, 1865, as the Army of Northern Virginia marched in to surrender their arms and their colors:

"The momentous meaning of this occasion impressed me deeply. I resolved to mark it by some token of recognition, which could be no other than a salute of arms. Well aware of the responsibility assumed, and of the criticisms that would follow, as the sequel proved, nothing of that kind could move me in the least. The act could be defended, if needful, by the suggestion that such a salute was not to the cause for which the flag of the Confederacy stood, but to its going down before the flag of the Union. My main reason, however, was one for which I sought no authority nor asked forgiveness. Before us in proud humiliation stood the embodiment of manhood: men whom neither toils and sufferings, nor the fact of death, nor disaster, nor hopelessness could bend from their resolve; standing before us now, thin, worn, and famished, but erect, and with eyes looking level into ours, waking memories that bound us together as no other bond;—was not such manhood to be welcomed back into a Union so tested and assured? Instructions had been given; and when the head of each division column comes opposite our group, our bugle sounds the signal and instantly our whole line from right to left, regiment by regiment in succession, gives the soldier's salutation, from the 'order arms' to the old 'carry'—the marching salute. Gordon at the head of the column, riding with heavy spirit and downcast face, catches the sound of shifting arms, looks up, and, taking the meaning, wheels superbly, making with himself and his horse one uplifted figure, with profound salutation as he drops the point of his sword to the boot toe; then facing to his own command, gives word for his successive brigades to pass us with the same position of the manual,—honor answering honor. On our part not a sound of trumpet more, nor roll of drum; not a cheer, nor word nor whisper of vain-glorying, nor motion of man standing again at the order, but an awed stillness rather, and breath-holding, as if it were the passing of the dead!"

Chamberlain's account has been questioned by historian William Marvel, who claims that "few promoted their own legends more actively and successfully than he did". Marvel points out that Chamberlain in fact did not command the federal surrender detail (but only one of the brigades in General Joseph J. Bartlett's division) and that he did not mention any "salute" in his contemporary letters, but only in his memoirs written many decades later when most other eyewitnesses had already died. Confederate General John Brown Gordon, in command of the Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, did recall there was a salute and he cherished Chamberlain's act of saluting his surrendered army, calling Chamberlain "one of the knightliest soldiers of the Federal army." Gordon stated that Chamberlain "called his troops into line, and as my men marched in front of them, the veterans in blue gave a soldierly salute to the vanquished heroes." This statement by Gordon contradicts Marvel's perception of the event.

At the surrender ceremonies, about 28,000 Confederate soldiers passed by and stacked their arms. General Longstreet's account was 28,356 officers and men were “surrendered and paroled”. The Appomattox Roster lists approximately 26,300 men who surrendered. This reference does not include the 7,700 who were captured at Sailor's Creek three days earlier, who were treated as prisoners of war.

Aftermath
While General George Meade (who was not present at the meeting) reportedly shouted that "it's all over" upon hearing the surrender was signed, roughly 175,000 Confederates remained in the field, but were mostly starving and disillusioned. Many of these were scattered throughout the South in garrisons or guerrilla bands while the rest were concentrated in three major Confederate commands. Just as Porter Alexander had predicted, as news spread of Lee's surrender other Confederate commanders realized that the strength of the Confederacy was gone, and decided to lay down their own arms.

General Joseph E. Johnston's army in North Carolina, the most threatening of the remaining Confederate armies, surrendered to Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman at Bennett Place in Durham, North Carolina, on April 26, 1865. The 89,270 Confederate troops who laid down their weapons (the largest surrender of the war) marked the virtual end of the conflict. General Richard Taylor surrendered his army, the Departments of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louisiana, at Citronelle, Alabama, on May 4, 1865. President Jefferson Davis met with his Confederate Cabinet for the last time on May 5, 1865 in Washington, Georgia, and officially dissolved the Confederate government. Davis and his wife Varina, along with their escort, were captured by Union forces on May 10 at Irwinville, Georgia.

Upon hearing about Lee's surrender, General Nathan Bedford Forrest, future leader of the Ku Klux Klan, also surrendered, reading his farewell address on May 9, 1865, at Gainesville, Alabama. General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2, 1865, in Galveston, Texas. Also on May 26, 1865, the Camp Napoleon Council of Native American tribes, including a number that had sided with the Confederacy, met in Oklahoma and decided to have commissioners offer peace with the United States. Cherokee Chief and General Stand Watie, in command of 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, surrendered the last sizeable organized Confederate force on June 23, 1865, in Choctaw County, Oklahoma.

There were several more small battles after Lee's surrender. The Battle of Palmito Ranch, east of Brownsville, Texas, on May 12–13, 1865, is commonly regarded as the final land battle of the war (ironically a Confederate victory which was followed soon after by the surrender of the Confederate forces). Commander James Iredell Waddell in command of the CSS Shenandoah, a commerce raider of the Confederate States Navy, was the last to surrender when he lowered the Confederate flag in Liverpool and surrendered his vessel to the British government on November 6, 1865 (Waddell was halfway around the world in the Pacific when he learned the war had ended).

Lee never forgot Grant's magnanimity during the surrender, and for the rest of his life would not tolerate an unkind word about Grant in his presence. Confederate General Longstreet spoke well of his old friend Grant, saying he was grateful to Grant for a cheerful greeting and providing him a cigar at Appomattox, as well as later efforts by Grant to get Longstreet a pardon and appointing him to a federal position in New Orleans after Grant became president. Likewise, General John Brown Gordon cherished Chamberlain's simple act of saluting his surrendered army, calling Chamberlain "one of the knightliest soldiers of the Federal army."

Civil War commemorative stamps

During the Civil War Centennial, the United States Post Office issued five postage stamps commemorating the 100th anniversaries of famous battles, as they occurred over a four-year period, beginning with the Battle of Fort Sumter Centennial issue of 1961. The Battle of Shiloh commemorative stamp was issued in 1962, the Battle of Gettysburg in 1963, the Battle of the Wilderness in 1964, and the Appomattox Centennial commemorative stamp in 1965.

Battlefield preservation
The American Battlefield Trust and its battlefield land preservation partners have acquired and preserved 512 acres of the battlefield.

title: Battle of Appomattox Court House


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The Winnipeg Tribune

The Winnipeg Tribune was a metropolitan daily newspaper serving Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada from January 28, 1890, to August 27, 1980. The paper was founded by R.L. Richardson and D.L. McIntyre who acquired the press and premises of the old Winnipeg Sun newspaper. It was often viewed as a liberal newspaper focused on local news and events. The paper was owned by Southam Inc at the time of its demise. It was frequently referred to as The Trib.

1890–1975
The Winnipeg Tribune began publishing on January 28, 1890, as a city newspaper, after the old Winnipeg Sun closed down. The initial edition contained four pages of local, national and international news. It was then in competition with two other newspapers: the Manitoba Free Press and the Winnipeg Telegram.

In 1914, the Tribune moved its editorial offices from the Exchange area to the Central Business District area of downtown on Smith Street. It remained there until it closed in August 1980.

During the Winnipeg General Strike in 1919, the newspaper sided with the Citizens' Committee of 1000 and declared, "Winnipeg is now under the Soviet system of government."

It was bought by Southam Newspapers in 1920.

In 1922, the Winnipeg Tribune launched a radio station, CJNC-AM, that broadcast on the frequency 410 kHz and closed down a year later, on March 9, 1923. Said the station manager at the closing:"We have some important news for you. Some of you may not consider it good news. The Tribune will give its last radio concert next Friday night. It will then dismantle its radio equipment and retire permanently from the broadcasting field."

In 1942, the newspaper published a famous army publicity photo of Mary Greyeyes, the first Indigenous woman to enlist in the Canadian Women's Army Corps. The photo was soon picked up by British newspapers overseas.

On Friday, September 5, 1969, the Tribune replaced its small user-folded TV listings printed on yellow paper with a glossy-covered 32-page booklet, TV Times, which was also featured in the Ottawa Citizen and the Montreal Gazette.

On Sunday, June 21, 1970, a new Centrex telephone system was installed for advertisers and subscribers to use when they called. This allowed direct dialing without requiring the person to contact the switchboard operator first.

1975–1980
By the mid-1970s, daily circulation began to slip to 70,000 and was falling. The Southam chain decided on a total redesign of the paper. The new design made its debut on September 6, 1975. Although the offset press could print a 112-page newspaper, the September 6 edition was 124 pages, including the 48-page Trib Classifieds. That forced the press operators to print the Trib Lifestyle section separately. Within a few months, circulation gained 30,000 paid readers, which made the upgrade a success.

A few days before the design change, on September 1, all private sale listings were made in the classified ads free in the form of a Want-Ad Free-for-All promotion. That was because of fierce competition with the Winnipeg Free Press.

In March 1979, it bought some space atop the Casa Loma building (Portage Avenue & Sherbrook Street) to hold Winnipeg's largest billboard. It read, "[logo] With the Trib, it's Winnipeg. First." The billboard was designed by the advertising firm Martel-Stewart Ltd., and was larger than any that had been billboard seen in Winnipeg; it was also the largest in Western Canada. It measured 23 feet tall by 60 feet wide and had 4,200 light bulbs. The billboard space had been used by Export A cigarettes as early as 1959.

When Southam's weekend magazine The Canadian merged with FP Newspapers' Weekend, the Tribune decided to differentiate itself from the Free Press by creating a locally-written tabloid, Trib Magazine, which started on November 24, 1979.

In the late 1970s, the Tribune started publishing the weekend color comics in booklet form as "collectible comics." It was one of the first newspapers (and one of the very few in Canada) to use that short-lived format. The first issue, Vol.1 No.1, was published September 24, 1977. The final issue, Vol.4 No. 34, was published August 23, 1978, when the strips returned to the main edition.

The trademark name is now owned by the paper's old rival, the Winnipeg Free Press.

Closure
On August 27, 1980, without warning, the Tribune was abruptly closed, and 375 people were out of work. Gene Telpner joked that he had just gotten new drapes and furniture. Val Werier, who was with the Trib for 35 years, said that it was a shocking moment. However, people in the pressroom knew that something was coming because management had stopped the presses that morning. The presses had only stopped on a rare occasion, and when they stopped, it was only for major events.

Shockwaves moved through the community also, and many Winnipeggers were angry about losing a competing public voice.

Worse yet, the closure happened at the same time as the closing of the Ottawa Journal. In 1980, the Ottawa Journal had been purchased by Thomson Newspapers and was closed. That left Southam's Ottawa Citizen as the only major newspaper in Ottawa and the Thompsons' Winnipeg Free Press the only major newspaper in Winnipeg.

The Royal Commission on Newspapers, popularly known as the Kent Commission, was created in 1980 in response to allegations of collusion following the same-day closings of the Thomson-owned Ottawa Journal and the Southam-owned Winnipeg Tribune.

The last issue, with the headline "It's Been 90 Great Years", remains a collector's item to this day.

Afterward
A number of employees from the Tribune later helped form the Winnipeg Sun.

The University of Manitoba archives and special collections holds a collection of over 500,000 photographs, 250,000 newspaper clippings arranged into morgue files, and microfilm copies of the newspaper.

In 1994, the Lion's Club announced its intention to build an 18-storey apartment tower on the old Winnipeg Tribune site. To be called Tribune Towers, it would be for seniors 55 and older and contain 132 suites. There would have been skywalk connections to the Millennium Library. The project was never completed.

In April 2013, an Ontario-based real estate investment firm, Fortress Real Development, announced a 45-storey 'SkyCity' condominium project at the old site. However, in 2018 or 2019, the project was cancelled for financial issues relating to the investment and development company.

The University of Manitoba Library digitized all the paper's pages between 1890 and 1980 and has made it freely available online.

Notable staff

 * Vince Leah (1930 to 1980), journalist, writer, sports administrator and member of the Order of Canada

Documentary
A documentary, 'The Trib: The Story of an Underdog Newspaper', was released in 2012.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Winnipeg Tribune


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Jaromír Kohlíček

Jaromír Kohlíček (23 February 1953 – 6 December 2020) was a Czech politician.

Career
He was born in Teplice. After studies at University of Chemical Technologies he ran unsuccessfully as a candidate for the Senate. He was also member of Lower Chamber of Czech Republic Parliament (from 1998 to 2004, when he was elected to European Parliament).

Member of the European Parliament for the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, a part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left party group in the European Parliament.

title: Jaromír Kohlíček


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Talk:Supper

Misc
I'm pretty sure the Tagalog word "hapon" means "afternoon", not "noon". 198.70.193.2 (talk) 22:49, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

Is the Esperanto word for "supper" really necessary? Or any of the other languages- this is an encyclopedia, not a multilingual dictionary.

I agree that the translations of the word supper are irrelevant, no other pages have that kind of thing. Hence I've deleted them. Lexy lexy 17:59, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

In Spain, supper can be as late as ten or eleven p.m., although this is partly because Spain uses a time zone that is almost two hours off true local time.

I doubt it: dinner at 10 or later was a well established custom in Spain long before the country adopted Central European Time. -- Picapica 22:39, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Am I the only one that thinks the first sentence makes no sense? How can the "last meal of the day" come "before" any other meal?

Supper is never used as a term for the evening meal anywhere in the United Kingdom. I grew up in London in the 1980s-90s, and supper was the normal term for the evening meal; indeed I rarely heard anything else. This sentence, therefore, seems misleading.

I agree. I always use the word supper for the evening meal. The differences between "dinner". "supper" and "tea" in the UK are related to area and social class - rather complicated. I've simply removed the sentence. Rueful Rabbit 11:39, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Supper is the name for the evening meal in some dialects of English - ordinarily the last meal of the day, usually the meal that comes after dinner. I'm judging by my own reaction and the previous two posters that the first line of this page is not entirely true. I've always referred to the meal of "dinner" or "tea" as supper. Suggest rewrite to be "can be either the main evening meal or a light meal after dinner" to cover both usages. Or similar. Segat1 15:43, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Which countries?
In the US and Canada, there's pretty much no such thing as supper - by far the biggest meal of the day is dinner, which can be had as late as 7pm. By contrast, in Russia supper is eaten at 8pm or so and is a lighter affair, with the biggest meal being dinner which is eaten at around 2-3pm (lunch is not eaten).

 * Some people I know from the United States refer to the main evening meal ("dinner" or "tea") as supper, in common with the United Kingdom. -- Mal 15:38, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * My family comes from the upper Midwest of the U.S., and we normally call the last meal of the day "supper" (although we'd understand "dinner" to mean the same thing and use it occasionally). Food right before bed is called a "bedtime" or "nighttime snack," though I suspect this isn't particularly regional. :) Seethaki (talk) 03:19, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I grew up in rural North Dakota and the last meal of the day, served between 6 and 7 p.m., has always been called supper. The noon meal is usually called both "lunch" and "dinner," though I always associated dinner with a big family meal and lunch with lighter fare. I would assume "supper" is the usual term throughout much of the Midwest/Plains states. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 15:58, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

I've changed the end of the sentence about the geography of the evening meal being called supper from "such as Missouri and Iowa" to "such as Midwest and Plains farm states". I don't have any resources to cite other than the two above testimonies, a friend who grew up on a farm in western Illinois, and my own Nebraska farm grandparents who always served "dinner" at noon, and "supper" as the evening meal. That is different than the vocabulary of many other places which have lunch at noon and dinner around 6 pm. The farm dinner was meant to fortify laborers for the afternoon tasks, while the more urban lunch is lighter, and meant to keep one from dozing off at one's desk, which a heavier meal might effect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Myheck (talk • contribs) 02:05, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

 * In New York (City), there seems to have been a change of usage during my lifetime. When I was a small child in the early '50's, I usually heard the evening meal referred to as "supper," though, like Seethaki, I did understand "dinner" to mean the same thing.  By the time I was ten or so, "dinner" had taken over completely.  Perhaps this was a family thing, but others I have compared notes with say the same thing.  For many years I have only heard "supper" used for the Last Supper.  What do other New Yorkers have to say about this?  Kostaki mou (talk) 04:10, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

I think that something should be mentioned about these different eating patterns. Esn 06:03, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

 * When I was a kid, my Dad and I visited farming cousins in Manitoba. What I called "Lunch" they called "Supper."  So, Breakfast, Supper and Dinner were the three meals of the day.  (They also said Grace, which was new to me.)  Has anyone else seen this use of the word "Supper" for the mid-day meal?

It says "In most parts of Canada, 'supper' and 'dinner' are considered synonyms. In some areas either term may be rarely used. It is typically served between 6pm and 8pm. The only real requirement is it must be eaten after lunch." Actually, in central Canada, "dinner" refers to the evening meal and "lunch" to the noon meal. "Supper" is almost never used. However, in Atlantic Canada, "supper" is universally the name for the evening meal, and "dinner" (and sometimes "lunch") for the noon meal. Tim from eastern Canada —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.34.225.122 (talk) 00:12, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

I see no mention that in the U.S. Deep South, supper is near-universally used to refer to the evening meal among natives. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.82.127.144 (talk) 21:38, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

Seems to me there is a lot of variation in the US, which may not be purely geographical. I grew up in Southern California and always understood "supper" to be an evening meal exclusively while "dinner" refers to the main meal if the day, which could occasionally be mid-day but unless on a weekend or holiday, usually was an evening meal. Wschart (talk) 19:32, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

The bit about "Supper is not used across Ontario" I deleted - I am born and raised Ontario (Ottawa to Toronto), with friends and family in small communities and large, from Windsor through to Peterborough, and I can tell you that "supper" is actually more common than "dinner." I don't know where people get their "facts" for Wikipedia sometimes. I have also lived in Montreal, and "Souper" is indeed common there. I haven't been East of BC or West of Manitoba, so I don't know about the Prairies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.235.132.145 (talk) 18:34, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

In Australia, social clubs that meet in the Evening - for example Lions, Rotary, School Parents and Citizens Associations and many others tend to follow similar procedures and often advertise as part of their calendars or brochures statements such as "The meeting will commence at 7 pm, and will be followed by a light supper". The "light supper" is usually cake, biscuits(cookies) and other finger foods with tea or coffee during which members can interact more informally after the meeting. --MichaelGG (talk) 12:02, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I was going to say the same thing. I went to school in Australia, and school functions in the evening sometimes provided a "supper", which was usually sandwiches and cake and that sort of thing. (I figure it helped make up for the fact that you probably wouldn't have time for a proper dinner.) That was the only time we ever used the term "supper". 24.114.228.117 (talk) 04:58, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

GOD I LOVE WIKIPEDIA
Where else can one find out where the word supper comes from! :D... Zoiros 07.05.2007 For a farmer in western Canada there are the following meals: breakfast, lunch which is a bag taken out to the field hence "bag lunch", dinner which is a meal eaten indoors at noon, and supper which is the evening meal usually around six p.m.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.142.209.23 (talk) 19:22, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Supper is always an evening meal ...
Wrong. Look it up in a dictionary, it's also the word for a midday meal. My nana used to call lunch "supper" and I looked it up because I thought she was crazy ... She was crazy, but she was right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.172.186.128 (talk) 17:29, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you thinking of the term "dinner"? My grandmother used to say "dinner" to mean a midday meal (whereas nowadays it's usually an evening meal). But I'm pretty sure "supper" is always in the evening, and every dictionary I look at says the same. 24.114.228.117 (talk) 05:04, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Use of term "Folks"
There is a section that reads: "In the South, traditionally "dinner" refers to the mid-day meal, and "supper" refers to the evening meal, though folks understand that outsiders typically are referring to supper when they say dinner." Shouldn't the term "folks" be something more appropriate like "Southern people" or "they" or simply left out altogether with something like "though it is understood that outsiders..." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.217.241.235 (talk) 02:38, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

Should Wikipedia include truistic statements?
In this article, we are told that a "fish supper" is normally a meal of fish and chips. Wow! I do not think many readers would have guessed that  - I bet that most of them thought that a "fish supper" was a meal of roast lamb and mint sauce! Well, I am speaking in jest, but I do this to highlight the truistic nature of the statement - do we really want to have truistic statements littering Wikipedia articles? ACEOREVIVED (talk) 20:48, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * There are many other meals you could have with fish as the main course of a meal. If a fish supper refers to a meal of fish and chips, as opposed to a meal of trout and asparagus, that may be sufficiently noteworthy.--RLent (talk) 22:40, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Chinese
Xiaochi includes the unsourced statement
 * Xiaochi form a large part of the traditional fourth meal of the day, the xiaoye (宵夜; "supper" or "midnight snack").

where that xiaoye link redirects to here. Which... um... peachy... But over here we have no mention of China at all, let alone the idea that it has a secret fourth meal built upon midnight streetfood nosh. (I feel like Chinese culture would gain a great deal in popularity if this became more widely known...) Could someone please

source this? include some more details over at supper? and move the Chinese characters over there per ? — Llywelyn II   02:57, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

Related to soup
The claim in the section on etymology that supper "is related to soup" does not have any citations to support it. Vorbee (talk) 14:55, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

Emily Post
Emily Post's 1945 book is cited as the basis for the Modern Usage section. I think that explains why that section seems a little... antiquated. I think there should be some kind of change here. Rlitwin (talk) 20:42, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

What's with the past tense?
The article says "supper was ..." but supper is something that I eat regularly and use the name "supper" for. If it is a meal still used in certain places should we remove the "was"? —Panamitsu (talk) 08:11, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Supper


text: Category:637 births

title: Category:637 births


text:
Jiří Maštálka

Jiří Maštálka (born 3 January 1956, in Sušice) is a Czech politician and former Member of the European Parliament for the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia; part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left party group in the European Parliament.

In March 2016 he received the Russian Order of Friendship from President Vladimir Putin for great contribution to strengthening the friendship and cooperation with the Russian Federation.

title: Jiří Maštálka


text:
David Feldman (lawyer)

David John Feldman  is a British legal academic, author and former judge. He is Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of English Law at the University of Cambridge, and served as an international judge of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the Dayton Agreement from 2002 to 2010. He is known for having shaped the development of civil liberties and human rights law in the United Kingdom.

Feldman is an Emeritus Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge, an Honorary Bencher at Lincoln's Inn and an Academic Associate at 39 Essex Chambers. He has served as Chairman of the Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge and the Faculty of Human, Social, and Political Science, and as President of the Society of Legal Scholars.

Early life and education
Feldman was born in Brighton, the grandson of immigrants from Eastern Europe, and received his early education at Brighton Hove & Sussex Sixth Form College. Upon graduating, he applied unsuccessfully to read Law and History at the University of Bristol. Having been advised that confining his application to one subject would improve his chances, he applied the following year to read law. His choice of law over history was influenced by his childhood admiration of Marshall Hall and Perry Mason. He was accepted to Exeter College, Oxford to read law and graduated in 1976 with a first-class honours B.A. in Jurisprudence. He subsequently also received his first-class honours B.C.L. and D.C.L. from Exeter College, Oxford. During his time at Oxford, he studied under Stephen Cretney, a future Dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Bristol.

Academic career
In 1976, Cretney advised Feldman of an available lectureship in law at the University of Bristol. Feldman chose to accept the lectureship over completing the Bar course, and worked as lecturer in law at the University of Bristol until 1989, when he was appointed Reader in Law. That year, he was also Visiting Fellow at the Australian National University.

In 1992, he was appointed Barber Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of Birmingham, and he served concurrently as Dean of the Faculty of Law from 1997 to 2000. In 2000, he was appointed Professor of Law, which he performed alongside his responsibilities as Legal Adviser to Parliamentary Joint Select Committee on Human Rights until 2004. He also took up his judicial appointment at the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina in this period.

In 2004, he was appointed Rouse Ball Professor of English Law at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge. From 2006 to 2009, he was Chairman of the Faculty Board of Law. Thereon, he took on a number of senior honorary visiting fellowships, including the Miegunyah Distinguished Visiting Fellowship at the University of Melbourne and the Sir John C. Smith Senior Visiting Scholarship at the University of Nottingham. From 2013 to 2016, he was Chairman of the Faculty of Human, Social, and Political Science, University of Cambridge. He was President of the Society of Legal Scholars from 2010 to 2011, and the outgoing Director of the Centre for Public Law at the University of Cambridge. Feldman retired as Rouse Ball Professor of English Law on 30 September 2018, and was succeeded by Louise Gullifer.

Parliamentary career
From 2000 to 2004, he was Legal Adviser to the Parliamentary Joint Select Committee on Human Rights of the Westminster Parliament. He was Specialist Adviser to the Joint Select Committee on the Detention of Terrorist Suspects (Temporary Extension) Bills in 2011.

Judicial career
In 2002, the President of the European Court of Human Rights appointed Feldman a judge on the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the second-highest judicial authority in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In a speech, David Clarke noted that "Professor David Feldman...has the distinction of achieving high judicial office without ever having to venture into the practice of the law beforehand. Although the post was expected to last five years, he served as judge until 2010. He was Vice-President of the court from 2006 to 2009. His work as a judge influenced his perspectives on constitutions, the rule of law, and the role and authority of courts.

Academic interests
Feldman's academic and teaching interests cover administrative law, civil liberties, constitutional law (particularly in an international and comparative perspective) and human rights. He is credited with writing or editing textbooks on public law, law in politics, civil liberties and human rights, corporate and commercial law, and criminal investigation.

Awards and recognitions
Feldman was made an Honorary Bencher at Lincoln's Inn in 2003, and elected to the British Academy in 2006. He was appointed Queen's Counsel honoris causa in 2008, "for his work in public law fields, particularly civil liberties and human rights". He was also awarded the Doctor of Laws honoris causa by the University of Bristol in 2013.

title: David Feldman (lawyer)


text:
Miloslav Ransdorf

Miloslav Ransdorf (15 February 1953 – 22 January 2016) was a Czech politician and Member of the European Parliament for the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left party group in the European Parliament.

Life
He upheld atheist viewpoints. He died in office at Prague on 22 January 2016.

Controversies
In 2013, Ransdorf was videotaped by Dutch newsblog Geenstijl, checking in at the European Parliament to claim 304 euro daily expenses fee and immediately leaving. When confronted, Ransdorf became engaged in a physical altercation with the reporter.

In 2015, Ransdorf was detained in Zürich, Switzerland, with three men from Slovakia, after attempting to withdraw 350 million euros at the Zurich Cantonal Bank with false IDs.

Ransdorf was involved in four car accidents, which led to speculation about drunk driving.

title: Miloslav Ransdorf


text: Category:651 deaths

title: Category:651 deaths


text:
Roger Caron

Roger "Mad Dog" Caron (April 12, 1938 – April 11, 2012) was a Canadian robber and the author of the influential prison memoir Go-Boy! Memories of a Life Behind Bars (1978). At the time of publishing, Caron was 39 years old and had spent 23 years in prison.

Early life
Roger Caron was born in 1938, to extremely poor parents Donat and Yvonne in Cornwall, Ontario, Canada. During his first weeks of infancy Caron could not keep food down and was constantly gasping for breath, which subsequently led to him being rushed to the local hospital on several occasions. Though no definitive diagnosis was given for his breathlessness, Caron grew up "very edgy about anything affecting [his] breathing". He could not swim or hold his head under a shower for too long because of it. Caron was a quiet and secretive child who liked to keep to himself and pass the time by taking apart clocks.

His sister Suzanne was born in 1939; younger brother Gaston followed in 1944. Caron's father Donat, 20 years older than Yvonne, had children from a previous marriage, Caron's half-brothers and -sisters, who by this time were off fighting in World War II. The family lived in an old run-down converted barn that would vibrate when a nearby train passed, rattling dishes and moving beds while the family slept. Caron's mother, Yvonne, was compulsively clean and kept the antique furniture in the house shining.

Caron was "spooked" easily as a young child. With their house full of religious articles, and the dishes rattling and bed shaking caused by the train, Caron felt ghosts were haunting him. Up until the age of eight, he was plagued by horrifying nightmares that would leave him physically ill. He would imagine shadowy apparitions coming through the bars of his bed to choke him or large waves that would crash over him making it impossible to breathe. Later, a parish priest was able to help Caron fend off his nightmares. Caron told the priest he had accidentally broken the hand off a large Saint Joseph statue in his house while playing, thinking Saint Joseph's vengeful spirit was choking him in the night. The priest had him pray to the life-size Saint Joseph statue at the church where the Father explained to the saint that the boy was only young and did not know better. He gave Caron a silver medallion to wear around his neck and said Saint Joseph would be his protector from now on. Caron's nightmares disappeared and he continued to wear the medallion through adulthood.

During the final years of World War II, Caron's father found it difficult to feed the family and turned to bootlegging as a source for income. The sale of alcohol had been made legal in Ontario in 1927, but the law at the time required that bars and liquor stores close early, which made bootlegging profitable in Ontario for decades after 1927 as many people wanted to drink past the early closing time. In the beginning the Caron family bootlegging was a small-scale operation, but it soon grew to a level at which Donat would have to rent parking for his customers and find hiding places for the surplus booze. The family's house was raided numerous times by the local police until Caron's father struck a deal with a local officer who would warn them when a raid was coming, for 25 dollars a week. When a tip was phoned in, the family would rush outside and hide all the bottles in the empty field next to their house, leaving the police empty-handed. Donat would chuckle at having outwitted the law once again, all while young Caron sat by observing everything, wondering what was "right" and what was "wrong".

Around age eleven, Caron began having altercations with his father's drunken "customers". In one instance, a man killed Caron's pet rooster claiming it was an accident. Caron flew into a rage and had to be physically pulled off the man. Caron's father beat him severely. Beatings from his alcoholic father and fighting between his parents became more common as the bootlegging business continued to grow. Donat would later give up drinking and bootlegging after realizing the damage that was being done to the family.

Caron cites this as the time when he began feeling as if he were a bad seed. He felt a tremendous drive to do something shocking. People in the community would cast scorn on Caron but, not wanting them to see they were emotionally scarring him, he would laugh it off and run away and do something bad. When Caron got into trouble, his older stepbrothers would hold him down while his father mercilessly whipped him. The whippings had little effect on Caron, and he would find other ways to punish himself, like punching a shed door until his knuckles bled.

Caron's first brush with the law came at age twelve. He and a gang of youths broke into a boxcar with the intention of stealing canned goods. The police arrived, and Caron made a daring escape, darting between an arresting officer's legs. One of the other youths gave up Caron's name, and a motorcycle officer arrived at his school and arrested him in front of his class. The class waved goodbye as Caron rode away in the motorcycle's sidecar, remarking how he "felt like [John] Dillinger". At the court appearance, Caron was let off with probation and a stern lecture by the judge.

By age fourteen, Caron had become more of a loner and had a hair-trigger temper that would get him into trouble regularly. He would appear quiet and easygoing on the surface but would launch into a full-blown rage if pushed. At fifteen, Caron had built a lengthy arrest record topped off by stealing the town's cache of Dominion Day fireworks and three kegs of gunpowder with two other boys. At age sixteen, on September 8, 1954, Caron tripped the alarm at a sporting goods store. The police caught him after he hit his head on a beam in an alley and fell while escaping. On October 17, Caron was driven to the Ontario Reformatory in Guelph, with other future inmates on a bus dubbed the "Black Maria". His memoir Go-Boy! documents the next 23 years of his life.

Roger Caron's nephew, Jay Caron, son of Roger's brother Ray, was shot dead in the back by Cornwall Police. Jay's younger brother Raymond named his son after Jay. A common mistake is that Roger's son was shot. Roger is rumoured to have two children, a son born circa 1958 and a daughter circa 1960. Their identities are unknown.

Go-Boy!
Go-Boy! Memoirs Of A Life Behind Bars (1978) is Caron's first book detailing his life growing up in reformatories, prisons, and mental institutions from the age of sixteen through his thirties. Originally sent to the Ontario Reformatory in Guelph as a teenager, for breaking and entering, his "career" in prison grew exponentially after constant bad judgments and indulgences of a personal inner rage that Caron seemed unable to stifle.

While they were being marched from the recreation centre, Caron and a handful of inmates made a break for the woods at the fringes of the Brampton reformatory, amid fellow convicts' cries of "Go-Boy!" (a prison yell used when an inmate (or inmates) break from a work detail or crew in an attempt to escape). Caron successfully eluded the stalking prison guards and fled, not fully aware of how bleak his life would become over the following decades. He was recaptured three days later and sent back to the Ontario Reformatory in Guelph, this time as a member of the general population ("gen pop").

Caron successfully broke out of thirteen prisons and jails, more than any other criminal in Canadian history, exploits he covers in vivid detail throughout the book. Go-Boy! was awarded the 1978 Governor General's Award for non-fiction and was widely acknowledged for its insights into prison life. It sold more than 600,000 copies. The Canadian journalist Catherine Forgarty described Go-Boy! as a hallowing and graphic account of how Caron was from the age of 16 onward "...whipped, stabbed, clubbed, tear-gassed, raped and subjected to years in solitary confinement".

Corporal punishment
Go-Boy! covered in graphic detail how prisoners were subjected to corporal punishment by being whipped with paddles designed to inflict physical pain. Caron was paddled on two occasions within a short time when he was 17 years old with a 1/4 in leather paddle while strapped into a device he described as "a mass of metal tubing contoured to embrace a human form and, affixed to it, shackles and restraining straps".

Adaptations
In September 2004, Canadian film company Paradox Pictures secured the rights to Go-Boy! and began work on a screenplay. The following month, Paradox entered a pitch competition at the Raindance Film Festival. The film adaptation, eponymously titled Go-Boy!, was pitched to a panel of judges that included Neil Jordan and the producer from Bend It Like Beckham, and came in first runner up out of 29 other submissions.

Bingo!
''Bingo! The Horrifying Eyewitness Account of a Prison Riot (1985), released seven years after publishing Go-Boy!'', is Caron's account of the 1971 Kingston Penitentiary riot. Originally part of Go-Boy!, Caron pieced together outtakes from the memoir, including a lengthy section about the Kingston riot, to tell the tale as a separate story. The book narrates the most violent prison riot in Canadian history at one of the oldest prisons in the country, from the perspective of Caron, himself an inmate at Kingston during the riot. Bingo is Canadian prisoner slang for a prison riot. Caron wrote that the three toughest prisoners at Kingston penitentiary in 1971 were Barrie MacKenzie, Brian Beaucage and Wayne Ford who were all "natural leaders" who were "not to be fucked with" by the other prisoners.

In Bingo!, Caron emphatically denied the claims made by the media at the time that there was a massive number of homosexual gang rapes during the riot as he declared: "No rapes occurred during the riot. Any convict caught committing such an act would have been torn apart by the prison population in much the same fashion as an undesirable [prisoner slang for a child molester] would have been treated. Of course there was sex during the riot, but only among willing parties. If a blanket was hung over the door of a cell you didn't go in".

In Bingo!, Caron wrote the prison barber, Billy Knight, who started the riot lost control as the uprising continued. Caron described a power struggle between MacKenzie, who wanted to surrender to save lives after it was made clear that the Crown had rejected most of Knight's demands vs. Beaucage who wanted the uprising to end in a bloodbath. Caron wrote about Beaucage's demands that: "What was building up inside the dome was a mass suicide pact orchestrated by the insane element". Caron wrote it was the Solicitor-General, Jean-Pierre Goyer, who was responsible for Knight losing control after he gave a speech saying that the government would not negotiate with Knight, which the other inmates such as Beaucage were aware of by listening to their transistor radios. After the riot ended, the prisoners were sent to the new Millhaven Institution where the prisoners were all beaten by the guards in violation of the Crown's promises that the prisoners at Kingston penitentiary would not be beaten if they surrendered peacefully.

Jojo
Jojo (1988) was Caron's first attempt at writing fiction. In this novel, a half-breed Indian by the name of Lloyd Stonechild begins his life on a reserve in Western Manitoba and grows up to be strong, handsome, and ominously quiet. After one bad decision after another leads him to prison in Kansas he undertakes a harrowing and daring escape to Canada. Unlike Caron's first two books, Jojo was not well received by critics who panned its lack of character depth.

Dreamcaper
Dreamcaper (1992) was Caron's last novel, a story based on a 1976 armed robbery of a Brink's truck in Montreal, Quebec.

Later life
Caron was paroled after the success of Go-Boy!. He eventually won a contract with Correctional Services Canada to give motivational talks to inmates and was considered a rehabilitation success. However, on April 1, 1992, Caron robbed a Zellers department store in Ottawa. High on cocaine and visibly shaking from the effects of Parkinson's disease, he tried to flee on a city bus only to be caught minutes later by police. Caron was denied bail and held until his trial in 1993. While awaiting trial, Caron tried to escape no less than three times. Initially sent to the Royal Ottawa Hospital to undergo a 30-day competency test, he tried to pry open the wire mesh covering a window and was immediately sent back to the Ottawa Detention Centre.

Later, Caron was sent to the Brockville Psychiatric Hospital for another attempt at a competency test. He again tried to escape through a window but was caught and placed in a padded cell. When orderlies came to administer Caron's Parkinson's medication, he fought with the staff and tried to make another break.

In autumn 1993, after a lengthy trial, Caron was sentenced to nearly eight years for the Zellers robbery. An extra nine months were added to the sentence because of the previous year's escape attempts, and a further nine months were added for an attempted escape at Gatineau Maximum Security Detention Centre in Hull, Quebec from over a decade earlier, bringing Caron's total sentence to nine years and three months. On July 15, 1994, while imprisoned at the Joyceville Institution, Caron married Barbara Prince, a legal secretary from Ottawa he had been dating prior to his latest incarceration. He also suffered two heart attacks and underwent open heart surgery on December 2, 1998 to have a triple bypass performed. Caron was paroled on December 10, 1998, partially due to his health, and moved to Barry's Bay, Ontario to be closer to his new wife's family. His parole was to last until 2003.

On October 12, 2001, police, acting on an anonymous phone tip, arrested Caron at the Rideau Centre in downtown Ottawa for allegedly carrying a loaded revolver, wig, scarf, several hats, and change of clothes. In February 2004, he was sentenced to 20 months in prison for being in possession of a loaded .32-calibre semi-automatic pistol at the Ottawa mall, which was a violation of his parole. While in prison for the parole violation, Caron was charged with fifteen more robberies that occurred in Toronto during the summer of 2001. Fourteen banks and one grocery store were robbed. Witnesses thought the robber was over six feet tall and in his thirties. Caron stands five foot eight inches tall and would have been 63 years old in 2001. The number of robberies was reduced from fifteen to five and on March 3, 2005 Caron was found not guilty on all charges.

At 67 years old, Caron was released from Maplehurst Correctional Complex in April 2005 and had been living as a free man in Barry's Bay with his wife, Barbara. He subsequently lived alone in a retirement home in Plantagenet, Ontario. He suffered from dementia and Parkinson's disease.

Death
Caron died on April 11, 2012, one day before his 74th birthday, at the Sandfield Place Nursing Home in Cornwall, Ontario.

Awards

 * 1978 Governor General's Award (English non-fiction) for Go-Boy! Memories of a Life Behind Bars

title: Roger Caron


text:
Rodrigo de Bastidas

Rodrigo de Bastidas (Triana, Seville, Andalusia, c. 1465 – Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 28 July 1527) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who mapped the northern coast of South America, discovered Panama, and founded the city of Santa Marta.

Personal life
Rodrigo de Bastidas was a well-to-do merchant and mariner from the town of Triana near Seville. Because of a mistake by historian Martín Fernández de Navarrete, Bastidas is still sometimes misrepresented as a notary. He was born around 1465 and married Isabel Rodríguez de Romera sometime before 1500.

Exploration
After sailing with Christopher Columbus during his second voyage to the New World in 1493, de Bastidas petitioned the Spanish Crown to start his own quest to be financed totally with his own money. In exchange for granting de Bastidas the right to explore various territories in the New World, the Crown required him to give them one fourth of the net profits he would acquire. The King and Queen issued a charter that is still preserved in the National Archives in Spain. He sailed to the New World from Cádiz in October 1500 with two ships; the San Antón and the Santa Maria de Gracia. He was accompanied on this voyage by Juan de la Cosa and Vasco Núñez de Balboa.

At the South American coast he sailed westward from Cabo de la Vela, Colombia, in an attempt to explore the coastline of the Caribbean basin. He discovered the mouth of a river he named the Magdalena River and the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombian coast. He reached La Punta de Manzanillo on Panama's upper Caribbean coast before having to abandon his effort. He is acknowledged to be the first European to have claimed that part of the isthmus, and therefore is credited with the discovery of Panama which includes the San Blas region of the indigenous Kuna. However, the poor condition of his ships, caused by shipworm that ate the wooden hull, forced him to turn back and head to Santo Domingo to effect repairs. Despite repeated repairs, the ships eventually sank in port at Jacaragua, leaving most of the indigenous slaves to drown, while some gold and pearls were saved. De Bastidas was forced to return overland to Santo Domingo, trading trinkets for food and supplies with Taino natives along the way. On arrival in Santo Domingo he was placed under arrest by Governor Francisco de Bobadilla, and sent back to Spain for allegedly trading with the indigenous people without permission. He was acquitted of these charges by the Spanish Crown, and rewarded with a pension. He returned to Santo Domingo with his family, and became "rich in cattle, at one time possessing 8000 head". In 1504 he undertook another expedition to Tierra Firme, raiding 600 slaves for sale in Hispaniola.

Foundation of Santa Marta
In 1520 the governorship of Trinidad was granted to de Bastidas, but this was opposed by Diego Columbus, the son of Christopher, and de Bastidas waived the grant. He received instead permission to exploit a region from Cabo de la Vela westward to the Magdalena River; however this expedition was delayed for several years. In 1524 he returned to the New World and accompanied by Juan de Céspedes founded the city of Santa Marta on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. He named the city Santa Marta because it was on Saint Martha's feast day (July 29) that the city was founded.

De Bastidas has been called Spain's Noblest Conquistador because he had a policy of respect, humanity and friendship towards the native people; he maintained pacifistic relations with his neighbors, the native Taganga, Dorsino and Gaira, although it is said he had slaves too. The following quote related to the founding of Santa Marta does not support this appellation:

"'I assure you that with the help of God I will enter powerfully against you, and I will make war on you in every place and in every way that I can, and I will subject you to the yoke and obedience of the church and their highnesses, and I will take your persons and your women and your children, and I will make them slaves, and as such I will sell them, and dispose of them as their highnesses command: I will take your goods, and I will do you all the evils and harms which I can, just as to vassals who do not obey and do not want to receive their lord, resist him and contradict him. And I declare that the deaths and harms which arise from this will be your fault, and not that of their highnesses, nor mine, nor of the gentlemen who have come with me here.'"

On a trip to the interior and the territories of Bonda and Bondigua in present-day Colombia, he traded a substantial amount of gold. De Bastidas had a policy prohibiting his troops from brutally using the indigenous people or robbing them of their goods. His troops, many of whom had gone adventuring in the hopes of obtaining gold, asked de Bastidas for a share. He refused to share it with his men, saying that he needed it to help defray the costs of the colony.

Death
De Bastidas' refusal to share the gold that he had acquired greatly angered some of his men, among them his lieutenant Villafuerte, who led a conspiracy of some fifty men to murder de Bastidas. One night, while Bastidas was asleep, he was attacked and stabbed five times. He was able to cry out, and his men rushed to his aid. Although seriously wounded, he did not die immediately.

Owing to a lack of adequate medical facilities in Santa Marta, Bastidas attempted to sail to Santo Domingo, but bad weather forced him to land in Cuba, where he died from his injuries. Later, his only son, Archbishop Rodrigo de Bastidas y Rodriguez de Romera, moved his remains to Santo Domingo where he is interred along with his wife and son at The Cathedral of Santa María la Menor in the Colonial Zone of Santo Domingo, the oldest cathedral in the Americas.

title: Rodrigo de Bastidas


text:
User talk:Faethon22

from your user page: ''Where are the admins to protect my user front page and my password? Why they let abusers to vandalize my user page and abuse my account by changing my password?.'' If you want a page protected, you should request it at: Requests for page protection. If you want to make a complaint about an administrator then see dispute resolution. If you want to make a complaint about administrators in general I suggest the Administrators' noticeboard. The noticeboard is also where I would recommend posting a message if you want an administrator to perform a task not listed at Requests for sysop attention, which changing and/or protecting passwords does not appear to be. Thryduulf 21:44, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you Thryduulf. I put a request in Administrators' noticeboard. Faethon22 21:59, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Having your username the same as your password...
...is a bad idea on Wikipedia, and that's why your account is being abused. The easiest fix is to change your password. Andre ( talk ) 22:08, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * The only thing worse than having your username and password the same is doing so and announcing the fact. That's what this guy is doing. --Carnildo 22:28, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There isn't a policy against it AFAIK. But anything done under such a public account is probably a little less accountable than things done under an IP address, so it should count for even less when voting, for example. See user talk:andrewa.

 * On another topic, I wonder is this talk page going to be moved to the next FaethonX emanation? That might be better than creating a new one every time. Andrewa 00:21, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Iasson...
...just stop it. Stop creating these pseduo-open proxies. You're not fooling anyone. --Calton 07:19, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Faethon22


text: Category:High schools in New Jersey

title: Category:High schools in New Jersey


text: User talk:83.146.12.92

title: User talk:83.146.12.92


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 8, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 8, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 8, 2005


text:
Anne-Sofie Østvedt

Anne-Sofie Østvedt (later married Strømnæs) (2 January 1920 – 16 November 2009) was one of the leaders of the Norwegian intelligence organisation XU.

She started her resistance work by publishing underground newspapers, and in December 1941 XU recruited her. The Gestapo began hunting her in the autumn of 1942, and she had to live undercover for the rest of the war.

Despite her young age, she was vital to the organisation and was second in command, but her identity was a strict secret and almost none within the XU knew her. Since one of her cover names was "Aslak" - a male name in Norway - it was a huge surprise for many to meet her after the war was over.

After the end of the war she received a scholarship and from the summer of 1945 she studied chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, graduated with a master's degree and then returned to Norway in 1951. Studying with her in California was the leader of XU, Øistein Strømnæs, whom she married.

title: Anne-Sofie Østvedt


text: Category:Education in New Jersey

title: Category:Education in New Jersey


text:
Tihany

Tihany is a village on the northern shore of Lake Balaton on the Tihany Peninsula (Hungary, Veszprém County). The whole peninsula is a historical district. The center of the district is the Benedictine Tihany Abbey, which was founded in 1055 AD by András (Andrew) I, who is buried in the crypt. The founding charter of this abbey is the first extant record of Hungarian language, preserved in Pannonhalma Benedictine Archabbey. The church itself was rebuilt in baroque style in 1754. The still functioning abbey is a popular tourist attraction due to its historical and artistic significance. It also has the best view of Lake Balaton.

The abbey also features as a footnote in Habsburg history - the last Habsburg Emperor of Austria, Charles I was briefly held prisoner here following his second attempt to regain the throne of Hungary. He was subsequently handed over to the British.

Tihany is famous for the echo, existing since the 18th century. There were poems written for this echo, like by Mihály Csokonai Vitéz and Mihály Vörösmarty, but the most famous is by János Garay, summing up the legend of the place. The echo has since abated, due to changes in the landscape. The other part of the legend concerns with the "goats' nails", washed ashore from Balaton, which are in fact corners of prehistoric clams. According to the story, there was a princess with golden-haired goats, but she was too proud and hard of heart and was punished (cursed by the king of the lake): her goats were lost in Balaton, only their nails remained, and she was obliged to answer to every passers-by. A stone, remembering the Shouting Girl, is still to be seen near the village. On the shores of Lake Balaton stands the former summer residence of the Habsburg imperial family, which remained in the private ownership of the family until the end of the Second World War. It has since been used as a hotel, but is now in private hands and not accessible to the public.

Tihany's inhabitants have the highest per capita income, and the village has the highest housing prices in the whole of Hungary.

Etymology
The name comes from the Slavic Tichoň: quiet, a silent man (derived from ticho: silence). 1055 Tihon.

title: Tihany


text: User talk:80.177.153.6

title: User talk:80.177.153.6


text: User talk:81.155.244.18

title: User talk:81.155.244.18


text:
Pony Club

Pony Club is an international youth organization devoted to educating youth about horses and riding. Pony Club organizations exist in over thirty countries worldwide.

Origins
Pony Club began in Great Britain in 1929 when the Institute of the Horse formed a youth branch of their organization called "The Pony Club." It was formed to encourage children to start riding, while providing them with opportunities in the field that they would not be able to reach on their own. The group grew rapidly, from 300 members in 1930, to over 10,000 in 1935. When the Institute of the Horse joined with National Horse Association of Great Britain to form The British Horse Society, Pony Club was incorporated into the new group.

The success of Pony Club in Britain sparked the formation of Pony Clubs in other nations, such that there are now over 100,000 Pony Club members worldwide. Australia has the largest pony club membership in the world with just under 55,000 financial members. Note they also ride horses.

Structure
Each national Pony Club organization has the ability to define its own structure. There is no strict international governing body; however, national Pony Club organizations often work together for international competitions and exchanges.

The core unit of any national Pony Club organization is the local club. Local clubs vary in size, but are generally confined to members within a relatively small geographic area. Multiple local clubs may conduct joint mounted and unmounted meetings, and usually compete together in regional competitions.

Ages of participants range from eight to twenty-five. Because of this vast age range, older Pony Clubbers are able to provide assistance to younger members, and younger members are able to be mentored.

The Pony Club's internal structure consists of many ability levels - from the Beginner: D1, D2, and D3, to the Intermediate: C1, C2, and C3, followed by the Advanced: HB, B, HA, and A.

Further structuring is dependent upon the particular national organization, but most local clubs belong to regions, in which they compete to qualify for national and international competitions.

Manuals
Pony Club manuals are books which provide all the information needed to earn certificates and achievement badges. They have a range of useful information from buying a horse to looking after it and competing with it. They teach Pony Club members horsemanship, how to care for their horses and the responsibilities and positive outcomes of owning a horse.

title: Pony Club


text:
Daniel Strož

Daniel Strož (born 4 August 1943 in Plzeň) is a Czech politician and former Member of the European Parliament for the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia; part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left party group in the European Parliament.

title: Daniel Strož


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 9, 2005


text:
Strathpeffer

Strathpeffer (Srath Pheofhair) is a village and spa town in Ross and Cromarty, Highland, Scotland, with a population of 1,469.

Geography
It lies in a strath 5 mi west of Dingwall, with the elevation ranging from 200 to 400 ft above sea level. Sheltered on the west and north, it has a comparatively dry and warm climate.

History
The strategic location of the village has led to several battles being fought in the area :

In the Victorian era Strathpeffer was popular as a spa resort, owing to the discovery of sulphurous springs in the 18th century. The pump-room in the middle of the village dates from 1819. Soon after that, a hospital and a hotel were also built. In 1942 the Spa hospital was destroyed by fire. The Strathpeffer Pavilion dates from 1880, and was built to provide a venue for entertainment of the visitors. It fell into disuse and disrepair towards the end of last century, but has now been restored as a new venue for the arts, weddings, other functions, and events of all kinds.
 * Blar Nan Ceann (battle (field) of the heads), lies at the western end of the modern village . Very little is known about the battle there, not even its date, other than the MacKenzies of Seaforth defeated the MacDonells of Glengarry and some incident took place at a well near the battlefield, subsequently called Tobar a' Chinn (well of the head).
 * Battle of Blar Na Pairce (battle (field) of the park), in approximately 1486 saw the local MacKenzies, under their chief Kenneth MacKenzie, defeat a large invading force of MacDonalds. The battlefield lies south-west of the modern village, on the banks of Loch Kinellan.  The loch contains a crannog, which remained a hunting seat of the Earls of Ross until the late medieval period and was reportedly visited by Robert The Bruce during his reign. It was from this crannog that Kenneth MacKenzie went out to meet the MacDonalds.
 * The Battle of Drumchatt, which took place in 1497 on Drumchatt (Druimchat) or "the Cat's Back", a ridge to the southeast of Strathpeffer. The Clan Mackenzie and Clan Munro defeated the invading Clan MacDonald of Lochalsh.

Coal like material was found near Castle Leod in the 1700s and was worked for a short time. The material was evaluated by well known Mining Engineer John Geddes in the mid 1800s but it is not known if his suggestion that it should be further evaluated was implemented.

Railway
The arrival of the railways in Dingwall in 1862 did much to bring more visitors to the town. In 1885 a branch line from the Kyle of Lochalsh Line was built and Strathpeffer railway station was opened on 3 June; the most logical route for the line was through the town, but disagreements with landowners initially prevented the railway from crossing their land. The branch closed in February 1946. The station now contains a variety of shops and craft outlets as well as the Highland Museum of Childhood. The station building itself is of classic Victorian architecture and still has the original platform which many shops front onto. The nearest stations are now in Dingwall and Garve.

A project is under way by the Strathpeffer Spa Railway Association to restore some of the track, buy an engine and run a short heritage line.

Tourism

Strathpeffer's distinctive Victorian architecture has added to its appeal. Strathpeffer contains several large hotels and many guest houses, holiday cottages and B&B establishments. There is a scenic golf course, which boasts the longest drop from tee to green of any course in Scotland.

Strathpeffer is the home of one of the world's most extreme mountain bike races, the Strathpuffer, a 24-hour event held in January each year. Organised by Square Wheels bike shop, it uses the local trail network and regularly attracts over 400 competitors.

The Strathpeffer and District Pipe Band and local Highland dancers perform in the square every Saturday from end May to September, and this is a popular gathering for both visitors and residents. Nearby is Castle Leod, seat of the Earl of Cromartie, Chief of the Clan Mackenzie, which is now open to the public several times a year. The annual Strathpeffer Highland Gathering, one of the longest-established Highland Games in Scotland, takes place in the grounds of Castle Leod every August.

Music
Strathpeffer Pavilion has hosted acts such as Deacon Blue, The Kaiser Chiefs and Edwyn Collins. Strathpeffer and District Pipe Band was formed in 1980 and play regularly in the square.

Sport
Strathpeffer is the home of Caberfeidh Camanachd Club who play their home games at Castle Leod. The team currently play in shinty's National Division One. They also field a reserve team in North Division Two. The team have twice won shinty's premier competition, the Camanachd Cup; in 1934 and 1939.

Notable people

 * Charles Kennedy (1959–2015) MP for the then seat of Ross, Cromarty & Skye lived here in the 1980s and early 1990s.
 * Rev William Fraser (1851–1919) minister of Strathpeffer Free Church 1908 to 1919.

title: Strathpeffer


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 9, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 9, 2005