text:
Giovanni van Bronckhorst

Giovanni Christiaan “Gio” van Bronckhorst (born 5 February 1975) is a Dutch football manager and former player who is currently the manager of Turkish club Beşiktaş. Formerly a midfielder, he moved to left-back later in his career.

During his club career, Van Bronckhorst played for RKC Waalwijk, Feyenoord, Rangers, Arsenal, Barcelona and again with Feyenoord. He was an instrumental player in Barcelona's 2005–06 UEFA Champions League victory, being in the starting line-up of the final, having played every Champions League match for Barcelona that season.

Van Bronckhorst earned 106 caps for the Netherlands national team, and played for his country in three FIFA World Cups, in 1998, 2006 and 2010, as well as three UEFA European Championships, in 2000, 2004 and 2008. After captaining the Oranje in the 2010 World Cup final, he was elected into the Order of Orange-Nassau. The 2010 World Cup final was the last match in his career.

After assisting the Dutch under-21 team and Feyenoord, Van Bronckhorst became Feyenoord manager in May 2015. He won the KNVB Cup in his first season and the club's first Eredivisie title for 18 years in 2017. In November 2021, he returned to Rangers as manager, reaching the Europa League final and winning the Scottish Cup in his first season.

Childhood and early career
Van Bronckhorst was born in Rotterdam to Victor van Bronckhorst, an Indonesian-Dutch father, and Fransien Sapulette, an Indonesian mother of Moluccan descent. He began playing for a local amateur youth team in Rotterdam, Linker Maas Oever, from age six. He joined the youth academy at Feyenoord the following year. In 1990, aged 15, the club offered him a professional contract, which he accepted. He won the Dutch Youth League with Feyenoord in 1991, but struggled to break into the first team. He was loaned out to RKC Waalwijk, making his league debut in 1993. He returned to Feyenoord for the 1994–95 season, but was used as a fringe player, making only ten appearances for the club. 1995–96 was his breakthrough season, as he started almost every match for Feyenoord, playing alongside the likes of Regi Blinker and Henrik Larsson.

Domestically, with Feyenoord failing to break the PSV–Ajax stranglehold on the Eredivisie for the fourth-straight year, and major players such as Henrik Larsson leaving the team, Van Bronckhorst began to search for a new club. He chose to join Dick Advocaat (his former manager at international U-16 and U-18 level) at Rangers, joining the club in 1998 for a reported transfer fee between £5–5.5 million.

Rangers
In Van Bronckhorst's first competitive game for Rangers on 22 July 1998, he scored as they came from 3–0 down to win 5–3 over League of Ireland side Shelbourne at Prenton Park in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Cup. He went on to score 22 goals for Rangers (13 in the league, three in the Scottish Cup, one in the Scottish League Cup, three in the UEFA Champions League and two in the UEFA Cup), mostly in midfield, before joining Arsenal for a fee of £8.5 million, signing a five-year contract.

One of his goals was in the 2000 Scottish Cup Final which Rangers won 4–0 against Aberdeen. Opposition goalkeeper Jim Leighton was injured in the third minute without a substitute available, and striker Robbie Winters had to take his position. He injured his groin on international duty that October, and returned on 3 March 2001 against Heart of Midlothian, playing for just 23 minutes of the 2–0 home win before being injured by Colin Cameron.

Arsenal
Arsène Wenger had signed Van Bronckhorst in June 2001 for £8 million. He sought to replace the midfield void from by the departure of Emmanuel Petit from Arsenal, and so partnered Patrick Vieira in the centre. However, Van Bronckhorst's start at Highbury was marked by a cruciate knee ligament injury which saw him sidelined after only a few months at the club. Despite this, Van Bronckhorst went on to win the Premier League title in 2001–02 and the FA Cup in 2002–03 with Arsenal. In all, he made 64 appearances for the Gunners, scoring twice.

Barcelona
As the 2003–04 season approached, Van Bronckhorst had the opportunity to move to Barcelona and work with its new head coach Frank Rijkaard on a one-year loan, with a view to a permanent transfer. After adapting to his new role as a left-back, he helped Barça to a revival in the second half of the season. In May 2004, Van Bronckhorst completed his move from Arsenal to Barcelona for a fee of €2 million, signing a three-year deal. He won the Liga title in the 2004–05 season after some of his finest displays together with four goals to his credit. In 2005–06, he helped his club repeat as Liga champions while winning the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League as well (he was the only player who participated in all Champions League matches that season). In Spain, he used "Gio" as the name on his shirt.

Return to Feyenoord
Van Bronckhorst had a year remaining on his Barcelona contract in 2007, but returned to Feyenoord on 27 June 2007 due to a clause in his contract stipulating he could join Feyenoord on a free transfer. Shortly after, head coach Bert van Marwijk made him captain of the club. He would go on to become a pivotal member of the squad, providing stability in an injury-hit side. At the end of his first season, he led "De Stadionclub" to win the 2007–08 KNVB Cup following a 2–0 victory in the final against Roda JC.

Early years
Van Bronckhorst made his debut for the national Olympic team in 1996, although the Netherlands failed to qualify for the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta. He was given his first full international cap in August 1996, being given a starting place by Guus Hiddink in the Oranje's lineup to face Brazil in a friendly at the Amsterdam Arena. Van Bronckhorst scored his first goal for Ons Oranje in August 1996 at the FNB Stadium against South Africa. He was part of the Netherlands squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, but did not play during the tournament. He only saw limited action in Euro 2000 on home soil, as cover for left-back Arthur Numan.

Euro 2004 and 2006 World Cup
Van Bronckhorst (who was regularly played as a midfielder at club level at the time) was deployed by manager Dick Advocaat as a left-back at Euro 2004. The Netherlands reached the semi-finals of the tournament, only to fall to hosts Portugal.

Van Bronckhorst was a regular in the national team for the 2006 World Cup qualification campaign. In the round of 16 match against Portugal (see Battle of Nuremberg), he received a red card in a match that saw four red cards given, a World Cup record.

Euro 2008
Van Bronckhorst scored in a Euro 2008 qualifying match against Slovenia on 28 March 2007. The Netherlands went on to win the match by 1–0.

On 9 June 2008, in a group match against Italy, he cleared the ball off his own line, ran deep into the Italian half, then delivered a cross to Dirk Kuyt. Kuyt then headed down to Wesley Sneijder who slotted the ball past the advancing Gianluigi Buffon. Van Bronckhorst later scored another goal to condemn the then World Cup champions to a 3–0 defeat.

Prior to Euro 2008, captain Edwin van der Sar announced his intention to retire from international football after the tournament; he played his last match as captain in the 3–1 quarter-final loss to Russia. Van Bronckhorst was named Van der Sar's replacement as captain.

2010 World Cup
Van Bronckhorst was included in the Netherlands' preliminary squad for the tournament, and on 27 May 2010, Dutch manager Bert van Marwijk announced he would be part of the final squad of 23 and would serve as team captain. In the semi-final against Uruguay, he scored the opening goal of a 3–2 win. The powerful long-range strike – which rose into goalkeeper Fernando Muslera's top left-hand corner – was widely considered one of the best goals in World Cup history.

Van Bronckhorst's final match for the Netherlands and as a professional footballer came in the World Cup final against Spain. He was substituted in the 105th minute for Edson Braafheid with the score 0–0, only for Andrés Iniesta to condemn the Dutch to a defeat, scoring the only goal of the match in the 116th minute. After ending the tournament as runners-up, Van Bronckhorst stated he was proud of what the team had achieved.

Feyenoord
Having retired at the end of the 2009–10 season prior to the 2010 World Cup, it was announced on 21 July 2011 that Van Bronckhorst would assist newly appointed Feyenoord manager Ronald Koeman, alongside fellow ex-Feyenoord player Jean-Paul van Gastel. Feyenoord finished the season second behind Ajax, thereby qualifying for the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League. On 23 March 2015, it was announced Van Bronckhorst would be the new manager of Feyenoord after Fred Rutten would leave at the end of that season.

On his managerial debut on 8 August 2015, Van Bronckhorst won 3–2 at home to Utrecht, with the winning penalty coming from Dirk Kuyt, who had been brought back after nine years abroad. In his first full season, Van Bronckhorst led Feyenoord to win the 2015–16 KNVB Cup after the club defeated Utrecht 2–1 in the final. In his second season, Van Bronckhorst won the Eredivisie title, Feyenoord's first in 18 years.

In 2017–18, Feyenoord opened the season by winning the 2017 Johan Cruyff Shield on penalties against Vitesse. On 17 December 2017, the team won 7–0 away at Sparta Rotterdam in the Rotterdam derby. The team again won the KNVB Cup, with a 3–0 final victory over AZ Alkmaar on 22 April 2018; it was the tournament's 100th final.

On 24 January 2019, Van Bronckhorst announced that he would be leaving Feyenoord after the 2018–19 season.

Guangzhou R&F
On 4 January 2020, Van Bronckhorst signed with Chinese Super League side Guangzhou R&F. He came 11th in his only season, then quit in December so he could return to his family.

Rangers
On 18 November 2021, Van Bronckhorst was appointed manager of Rangers, 20 years after leaving as a player. He replaced Steven Gerrard, who had moved to Aston Villa. On his Rangers managerial debut, he won 2–0 at home to Sparta Prague in the UEFA Europa League group stage; on his Scottish Premiership debut on 28 November, he won 3–1 at Livingston. A run of seven consecutive league wins from his debut ended with a 1–1 draw at Aberdeen on 18 January 2022, and a series of ten unbeaten league games under his management ended on 2 February with a 3–0 loss at Celtic, ceding first place to the rivals.

Van Bronckhorst's Rangers did not recover first place in the league, which went to Celtic under their new manager Ange Postecoglou. On the European front, the team made their first continental final since 2008 with knockout victories over Borussia Dortmund, Red Star Belgrade, Braga and RB Leipzig. They lost the 2022 final to Eintracht Frankfurt on penalties. Days later, Rangers won the Scottish Cup final 2–0 against Hearts for their first such trophy since 2009, having earlier beaten Celtic in the semi-finals.

Rangers qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League group stage under van Bronckhorst, but then suffered six consecutive defeats in that tournament and fell nine points behind Celtic in the 2022–23 Scottish Premiership. Van Bronckhorst was sacked by Rangers on 21 November, during the World Cup break.

Beşiktaş
On 5 June 2024, Van Bronckhorst became the head coach of Turkish side Beşiktaş, by signing a two-year deal with an option for another one-year extension.

Personal life
Van Bronckhorst and his wife Marieke have two sons.

International

 * Scores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each van Bronckhorst goal.

Player
Feyenoord
 * KNVB Cup: 1994−95, 2007−08

Rangers
 * Scottish Premier League: 1998−99, 1999−2000
 * Scottish Cup: 1998–99, 1999–2000
 * Scottish League Cup: 1998–99

Arsenal
 * Premier League: 2001−02
 * FA Cup: 2002–03

Barcelona
 * La Liga: 2004–05, 2005−06
 * Supercopa de España: 2005, 2006
 * UEFA Champions League: 2005−06

Netherlands
 * FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2010

Manager
Feyenoord
 * Eredivisie: 2016–17
 * KNVB Cup: 2015–16, 2017–18
 * Johan Cruyff Shield: 2017, 2018

Rangers
 * Scottish Cup: 2021–22
 * UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2021–22

Personal

 * Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau: 2010

title: Giovanni van Bronckhorst


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thematic Theory of Irish Music

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:51, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Thematic Theory of Irish Music
original research Uncle G 20:02, 2005 Feb 4 (UTC)

 * Keep. It refers to a paper that was circulated. It's not original research.--Dzimmer6 21:45, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * (Special:Contributions/Dzimmer6) Prove it. Cite your sources.  It's strange that none of the "members the academic community in Boston" who saw this purported electronic mail message have never breathed a word about it on Usenet or on the Web in the years since, isn't it?  It's almost as if this were a hokey theory that two drunk students thought up in a pub one day and decided to put on Wikipedia. Uncle G 23:24, 2005 Feb 4 (UTC)
 * Hey genius, take a closer look at that contributions link you so helpfully cited. I didn't write the article. I went into the edit mode one time well after it was written. I don't know these guys from Adam. It's an interesting article, and there's certainly something to the theory. And it's sad that I have to tell you this, but the number of times something shows up on Google is not always determinative of its legitimacy. Try googling Hungarian painter Samu Beregi.--Dzimmer6 20:53, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Interesting article, but it gets zero Google hits. --Idont Havaname 22:47, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think there some way to expand this by adding more references to songs. --Neigel von Teighen 22:50, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme delete. Not only original research, but racist.  RickK 23:38, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV original research, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 02:02, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Definite keep. Wikipedia takes itself too seriously most of the time. This article is a breath of fresh air. -- RHaworth 13:12, 2005 Feb 5 (UTC)
 * We almost have to take ourselves seriously, this is and encyclopedia, after all. Delete. humblefool® 00:08, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Josh Cherry 20:20, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete near-joke of no particular value. This wouldn't even merit mention in Music of Ireland, certainly doesn't merit an article of its own. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:12, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unmusicological, original research, drinking rant, trivial, not encyclopedic, drinking rant, possible vanity, drinking rant. Wyss 22:36, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for reasons stated above. Besdies, "Spancil Hill", "Paddy on the Railway", "Kilkelly", "The Auld Orange Flute", "The Rocks of Baun", "Darby O'Leary", and plenty of others contradict this theory. I have to admit it does hold true for many though. -R. fiend 23:40, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * FYI, "Spancil Hill" contains the following lyrics:

I payed a flying visit to me first and only love / She´s as white as any lily, she´s as gentle as a dove / She threw her arms around me, saying "Johnny, I love you still" / Ah, she´s Ned, the farmer´s daughter, the pride of Spancil Hill /

If that's not a reference to women, I don't know what is. Similarly, "Auld Irish Flute" is about religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants, and talks about a Protestant fellow who marries a Catholic girl (Women AND fighting). "Darby" contains the memorable line "I was hungry and tired and my spirits were low /for I got neither whiskey nor water."

--Dzimmer6 19:53, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, but it does not say that "women" is an element, but "the courting of women". Dreaming about a lost love is close, but not actually courting. Mentioning someone had got married in a single line of a song doesn't count either. And while there is rivalry betwen Catholics and Protestants in the Auld Orange Flute, there is not any actual fighting. Having low spirits and thirst from not drinking doesn't really make it a song about drinking, in my view. If you take there rules too widely you probably won't find a song anywhere that doesn't reference these elements. -R. fiend 00:28, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. Yuckfoo 01:19, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete -- but let it join the rest of the Bad Jokes etc. It reminds me of a fanous country music song by David Allan Coe that has meta-lyrical references to how all great country music songs are about trains, trucks, getting drunk, or getting out of prison. To make sure that his own song is the perfect country music soung, the narrator inserts the following verse. "I was drunk when my Mamma got out of prison/ I went to pick her up in my pick up truck. But before I could get to the railroad station, she got run oer by the gol darned traaaain."
 * I remember so well the first version I heard... Mama was drunk when she picked me up from prison in my pickup truck with my dog, but on the way home we got hit by a slow movin' freight train, my truck was wrecked and my pooooor dawg died... Wyss 19:38, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete; good for a chuckle, but now I need a drink. Antandrus 04:57, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Good for a laff I guess. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:09, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't see how this qualifies as "racist", although it is, I admit, a weak attempt at ethnic humour. Edeans 05:09, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Ady~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Oh, you might want to look at Categorization... "FreeBSD User Groups" should probably be renamed to "FreeBSD user groups" lower-case :). 68.81.231.127 20:05, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wiki:RP
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. I am introducing a product, a Wikipedia implemented "RP". Hopefully, you would like to join our little mini Wikipedia RP Game, and that you will support it. There are no Terms and Conditions; rest assured. Rules are here, as well as registration.

Is "zheliel" me? 15:33, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of FreeBSD User Group
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article FreeBSD User Group, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * No evidence the group os notable.

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. StarM 04:04, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of ROFUG

The article ROFUG has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Organizational with no evidence or claim of notability

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Pnm (talk) 02:08, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

WikiProject Romania
--Codrin.B (talk) 03:53, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ady. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ady~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:40, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:12, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ady~enwiki


text: User talk:67.209.8.244

title: User talk:67.209.8.244


text:
Binding (linguistics)

In linguistics, binding is the phenomenon in which anaphoric elements such as pronouns are grammatically associated with their antecedents. For instance in the English sentence "Mary saw herself", the anaphor "herself" is bound by its antecedent "Mary". Binding can be licensed or blocked in certain contexts or syntactic configurations, e.g. the pronoun "her" cannot be bound by "Mary" in the English sentence "Mary saw her". While all languages have binding, restrictions on it vary even among closely related languages. Binding has been a major area of research in syntax and semantics since the 1970s and, as the name implies, is a core component of government and binding theory.

Some basic examples and questions
The following sentences illustrate some basic facts of binding. The words that bear the index i should be construed as referring to the same person or thing.

 * a. Fredi is impressed with himselfi. – Indicated reading obligatory
 * b. *Fredi is impressed with himi. – Indicated reading impossible

 * a. *Susani asked Arthur to help herselfi. – Indicated reading impossible, sentence ungrammatical
 * b. Susani asked Arthur to help heri. – Indicated reading easily possible

 * a. Suei said shei was tired. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. *Shei said Suei was tired. – Indicated reading impossible

 * a. Fred'si friends venerate himi. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. ?Hisi friends venerate Fredi. – Indicated reading unlikely

These sentences illustrate some aspects of the distribution of reflexive and personal pronouns. In the first pair of sentences, the reflexive pronoun must appear for the indicated reading to be possible. In the second pair, the personal pronoun must appear for the indicated reading to be possible. The third pair shows that at times a personal pronoun must follow its antecedent, and the fourth pair further illustrates the same point, although the acceptability judgement is not as robust. Based on such data, one sees that reflexive and personal pronouns differ in their distribution and that linear order (of a pronoun in relation to its antecedent or postcedent) is a factor influencing where at least some pronouns can appear. A theory of binding should be capable of predicting and explaining the differences in distribution seen in sentences like these. It should be able to answer questions like: What explains where a reflexive pronoun must appear as opposed to a personal pronoun? When does linear order play a role in determining where pronouns can appear? What other factor (or factors) beyond linear order help predict where pronouns can appear?

Binding domains
The following three subsections consider the binding domains that are relevant for the distribution of pronouns and nouns in English. The discussion follows the outline provided by the traditional binding theory (see below), which divides nominals into three basic categories: reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, personal pronouns, and nouns (common and proper).

Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns ("anaphors")
When one examines the distribution of reflexive pronouns and reciprocal pronouns (which are often subsumed under the general category of "anaphor"), one sees that there are certain domains that are relevant, a "domain" being a syntactic unit that is clause-like. Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns often seek their antecedent close by, in a binding domain that is local, e.g.

 * a. Fredi praises himselfi. – Indicated reading obligatory
 * b. *Fredi praises himi. – Indicated reading impossible

 * a. The girlsi like each otheri. – Indicated reading obligatory
 * b. *The girlsi like themi. – Indicated reading impossible

These examples illustrate that there is a domain within which a reflexive or reciprocal pronoun should find its antecedent. The a-sentences are fine because the reflexive or reciprocal pronoun has its antecedent within the clause. The b-sentences, in contrast, do not allow the indicated reading, a fact illustrating that personal pronouns have a distribution that is different from that of reflexive and reciprocal pronouns. A related observation is that a reflexive and reciprocal pronoun often cannot seek its antecedent in a superordinate clause, e.g.

 * a. Susan thinks that Jilli should praise herselfi. – Indicated reading (almost) obligatory
 * b. ??Susani thinks that Jill should praise herselfi. – Indicated reading very unlikely

 * a. They asked whether the girlsi like each otheri. – Indicated reading (almost) obligatory
 * b. ??Theyi asked whether the girls like each otheri. – Indicated reading very unlikely

When the reflexive or reciprocal pronoun attempts to find an antecedent outside of the immediate clause containing it, it fails. In other words, it can hardly seek its antecedent in the superordinate clause. The binding domain that is relevant is the immediate clause containing it.

Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns have a distribution that is different from reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, a point that is evident with the first two b-sentences in the previous section. The local binding domain that is decisive for the distribution of reflexive and reciprocal pronouns is also decisive for personal pronouns, but in a different way. Personal pronouns seek their antecedent outside of the local binding domain containing them, e.g.

 * a. Fredi asked whether Jim mentioned himi. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. *Fred asked whether Jimi mentioned himi. – Indicated reading impossible

 * a. Ginai hopes that Wilma will mention heri. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. *Gina hopes that Wilmai will mention heri. – Indicated reading impossible

In these cases, the pronoun has to look outside of the embedded clause containing it to the matrix clause to find its antecedent. Hence based on such data, the relevant binding domain appears to be the clause. Further data illustrate, however, that the clause is actually not the relevant domain:

 * a. Fredi likes the picture of himi. – Indicated reading possible

 * b. Ginai has heard the rumor about heri. – Indicated reading possible

Since the pronouns appear within the same minimal clause containing their antecedents in these cases, one cannot argue that the relevant binding domain is the clause. The most one can say based on such data is that the domain is "clause-like".

Nouns
The distribution of common and proper nouns is unlike that of reflexive, reciprocal, and personal pronouns. The relevant observation in this regard is that a noun is often reluctantly coreferential with another nominal that is within its binding domain or in a superordinate binding domain, e.g.

 * a. Susani admires herselfi. – Indicated reading obligatory
 * b. #Susani admires Susani. – Indicated reading possible, but special context necessary

 * a. Fredi thinks that hei is the best. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. #Fredi thinks that Fredi is the best. – Indicated reading possible, but special context necessary

The readings indicated in the a-sentences are natural, whereas the b-sentences are very unusual. Indeed, sentences like these b-sentences were judged to be impossible in the traditional binding theory according to Condition C (see below). Given a contrastive context, however, the b-sentences can work, e.g. Susan does not admire Jane, but rather Susani admires Susani. One can therefore conclude that nouns are not sensitive to binding domains in the same way that reflexive, reciprocal, and personal pronouns are.

Linear order
The following subsections illustrate the extent to which pure linear order impacts the distribution of pronouns. While linear order is clearly important, it is not the only factor influencing where pronouns can appear.

Linear order is a factor
A simple hypothesis concerning the distribution of many anaphoric elements, of personal pronouns in particular, is that linear order plays a role. In most cases, a pronoun follows its antecedent, and in many cases, the coreferential reading is impossible if the pronoun precedes its antecedent. The following sentences suggest that pure linear can indeed be important for the distribution of pronouns:

 * a. Jim'si grade upsets himi. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. ?Hisi grade upsets Jimi. – Indicated reading unlikely

 * a. Larry'si family avoids himi. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. ?Hisi family avoids Larryi. – Indicated reading unlikely

 * a. We spoke to Tina'si mother about heri. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. ?We spoke to heri mother about Tinai. – Indicated reading unlikely

While the coreferential readings indicated in these b-sentences are possible, they are unlikely. The order presented in the a-sentences is strongly preferred. The following, more extensive data sets further illustrate that linear order is important:

 * a. Sami mentioned twice that hei was hungry. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. *Hei mentioned twice that Sami was hungry. – Indicated reading impossible
 * c. That Sami was hungry, hei mentioned twice. – Indicated reading possible
 * d. ?That hei was hungry, Sami mentioned twice. – Indicated reading unlikely

 * a. You asked Fredi twice when hei would study. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. *You asked himi twice when Fredi would study. – Indicated reading impossible
 * c. When Fredi would study, you asked himi twice. – Indicated reading possible
 * d. ?When hei would study, you asked Fredi twice. – Indicated reading unlikely

While the acceptability judgements here are nuanced, one can make a strong case that pure linear order is at least in part predictive of when the indicated reading is available. The a- and c-sentences allow the coreferential reading more easily than their b- and d-counterparts.

Linear order is not the only factor
While linear order is an important factor influencing the distribution of pronouns, it is not the only factor. The following sentences are similar to the c- and d-sentences in the previous section insofar as an embedded clause is present.

 * a. When the boysi are at home, theyi play video games. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. When theyi are at home, the boysi play video games. – Indicated reading possible

 * a. If Susani tries, shei will succeed. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. If shei tries, Susani will succeed. – Indicated reading possible

While there may be a mild preference for the order in the a-sentences here, the indicated reading in the b-sentences is also available. Hence linear order is hardly playing a role in such cases. The relevant difference between these sentences and the c- and d-sentences in the previous section is that the embedded clauses here are adjunct clauses, whereas they are argument clauses above. The following examples involve adjunct phrases:

 * a. Rosai found a scratch in Ben's picture of heri. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. *Shei found a scratch in Ben's picture of Rosai. – Indicated reading impossible
 * c. ?In Ben's picture of Rosai, shei found a scratch. – Indicated reading unlikely
 * d. In Ben's picture of heri, Rosai found a scratch. – Indicated reading possible

 * a. Zeldai spent her sweetest hours in heri bed. – Indicated reading easily possible
 * b. *Shei spent her sweetest hours in Zelda'si bed. – Indicated reading impossible
 * c. ??In Zelda'si bed, shei spent her sweetest hours. – Indicated reading very unlikely
 * d. In heri bed, Zeldai spent her sweetest hours. – Indicated reading possible

The fact that the c-sentences marginally allow the indicated reading whereas the b-sentences do not at all allow this reading further demonstrates that linear order is important. But in this regard, the d-sentences are telling, since if linear order were the entire story, one would expect the d-sentences to be less acceptable than they are. The conclusion that one can draw from such data is that there are one or more other factors beyond linear order that are impacting the distribution of pronouns.

Configuration vs. function
Given that linear order is not the only factor influencing the distribution of pronouns, the question is what other factor or factors might also be playing a role. The traditional binding theory (see below) took c-command to be the all important factor, but the importance of c-command for syntactic theorizing has been extensively criticized in recent years. The primary alternative to c-command is functional rank. These two competing concepts (c-command vs. rank) have been debated extensively and they continue to be debated. C-command is a configurational notion; it is defined over concrete syntactic configurations. Syntactic rank, in contrast, is a functional notion that resides in the lexicon; it is defined over the ranking of the arguments of predicates. Subjects are ranked higher than objects, first objects are ranked higher than second objects, and prepositional objects are ranked lowest. The following two subsections briefly consider these competing notions.

Configuration (c-command)
C-command is a configurational notion that acknowledges the syntactic configuration as primitive. Basic subject-object asymmetries, which are numerous in many languages, are explained by the fact that the subject appears outside of the finite verb phrase (VP) constituent, whereas the object appears inside it. Subjects therefore c-command objects, but not vice versa. C-command is defined as follows:

 * C-command
 * Node A c-commands node B if every node dominating A also dominates B, and neither A nor B dominates the other.

Given the binary division of the clause (S → NP + VP) associated with most phrase structure grammars, this definition sees a typical subject c-commanding everything inside the verb phrase (VP), whereas everything inside the VP is incapable of c-commanding anything outside of the VP. Some basic binding facts are explained in this manner, e.g.

 * a. Larryi promoted himselfi. – Indicated reading obligatory

 * b. *Himselfi promoted Larryi. – Indicated reading impossible; sentence ungrammatical

Sentence a is fine because the subject Larry c-commands the object himself, whereas sentence b does not work because the object Larry does not c-command the subject himself. The assumption has been that within its binding domain, a reflexive pronoun must be c-commanded by its antecedent. While this approach based on c-command makes a correct prediction much of the time, there are other cases where it fails to make the correct prediction, e.g.

 * The picture of himselfi upsets Larryi. – Indicated reading possible

The reading indicated is acceptable in this case, but if c-command were the key notion helping to explain where the reflexive can and must appear, then the reading should be impossible since himself is not c-commanded by Larry.

As reflexive and personal pronouns occur in complementary distribution, the notion of c-command can also be used to explain where personal pronouns can appear. The assumption is that personal pronouns cannot c-command their antecedent, e.g.

 * a. When Alicei felt tired, shei lay down. – Indicated reading easily possible

 * b When shei felt tired, Alicei lay down. – Indicated reading possible

In both examples, the personal pronoun she does not c-command its antecedent Alice, resulting in the grammaticality of both sentences despite reversed linear order.

Function (rank)
The alternative to a c-command approach posits a ranking of syntactic functions (SUBJECT > FIRST OBJECT > SECOND OBJECT > PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT). Subject-object asymmetries are addressed in terms of this ranking. Since subjects are ranked higher than objects, an object can have the subject as its antecedent, but not vice versa. With basic cases, this approach makes the same prediction as the c-command approach. The first two sentences from the previous section are repeated here:

 * a. Larryi promoted himselfi. – Indicated reading obligatory

 * b. *Himselfi promoted Larryi. – Indicated reading impossible; sentence ungrammatical

Since the subject outranks the object, sentence a is predictably acceptable, the subject Larry outranking the object himself. Sentence b, in contrast, is bad because the subject reflexive pronoun himself outranks its postcedent Larry. In other words, this approach in terms of rank is assuming that within its binding domain, a reflexive pronoun may not outrank its antecedent (or postcedent). Consider the third example sentence from the previous section in this regard:

 * The picture of himselfi upset Larryi. – Indicated reading possible

The approach based on rank does not require a particular configurational relationship to hold between a reflexive pronoun and its antecedent. In other words, it makes no prediction in this case, and hence does not make an incorrect prediction. The reflexive pronoun himself is embedded within the subject noun phrase, which means that it is not the subject and hence does not outrank the object Larry.

A theory of binding that acknowledges both linear order and rank can at least begin to predict many of the marginal readings. When both linear order and rank combine, acceptability judgments are robust, e.g.

 * a. Barbarai hopes that shei will be promoted. – Linear order and rank combine to make the indicated reading easily possible.
 * b. *Shei hopes that Barbarai will be promoted. – Linear order and rank combine to make the indicated reading impossible.

 * a. Bill'si grade upset himi. – Linear order alone makes the indicated reading possible; rank is not involved.
 * b. ?Hisi grade upset Billi. – Linear order alone makes the indicated reading unlikely; rank is not involved.

This ability to address marginal readings is something that an approach combining linear order and rank can accomplish, whereas an approach that acknowledges only c-command cannot do the same.

The traditional binding theory: Conditions A, B, and C
The exploration of binding phenomena got started in the 1970s and interest peaked in the 1980s with Government and Binding Theory, a grammar framework in the tradition of generative syntax that is still prominent today. The theory of binding that became widespread at that time serves now merely as reference point (since it is no longer believed to be correct). This theory distinguishes between 3 different binding conditions: A, B, and C. The theory classifies nominals according to two features, [±anaphor] and [±pronominal], which are binary. The binding characteristics of a nominal are determined by the values of these features, either plus or minus. Thus, a nominal that is [-anaphor, -pronominal] is an R-expression (referring expression), such as a common noun or a proper name. A nominal that is [-anaphor, +pronominal] is a pronoun, such as he or they, and a nominal that is [+anaphor, -pronominal] is a reflexive pronoun, such as himself or themselves. Note that the term anaphor here is being used in a specialized sense; it essentially means "reflexive". This meaning is specific to the Government and Binding framework and has not spread beyond this framework.

Based on the classifications according to these two features, three conditions are formulated:

 * Condition A
 * An anaphor (reflexive) must have a local (nearby) antecedent. Thus, Johni washed himselfi obeys Condition A: the antecedent of himself, which is John, is nearby. In contrast, *Johni asked Mary to wash himselfi is unacceptable, because the reflexive and its antecedent are too far away from each other.

 * Condition B
 * A pronoun can have an antecedent as long as the antecedent is not local or does not c-command the pronoun. Thus Johni asked Mary to wash himi obeys Condition B; John is the antecedent of him, and him is sufficiently far away. Hei washed himselfi also obeys Condition B; the antecedent himself is local but does not c-command the pronoun He. On the other hand, *Johni washed himi is unacceptable; the antecedent John is local and c-commands the pronoun him.

 * Condition C
 * An R-expression cannot be the antecedent of an anaphor or pronoun that c-commands it. Thus *Hei asked Mary to wash Johni is unacceptable; the pronoun He c-commands its antecedent, the R-expression John.

While the theory of binding that these three conditions represent is no longer held to be valid, as mentioned above, the associations with the three conditions are so firmly anchored in the study of binding that one often refers to, for example, "Condition A effects" or "Condition B effects" when describing binding phenomena.

title: Binding (linguistics)


text:
Boudewijn Zenden

Boudewijn Zenden (born 15 August 1976) also known by his nickname Bolo, is a Dutch former footballer who played as a left winger or as an attacking midfielder.

Named the 1997 Dutch Football Talent of the Year, Zenden played for four teams in the English Premier League, totalling 180 games and 19 goals. He also played in the highest leagues in the Netherlands, Spain and France, for PSV, Barcelona and Marseille respectively. Internationally, Zenden earned 54 caps and scored seven goals for the Netherlands, whom he represented at two UEFA European Championships and the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

Early life
Zenden was born in Maastricht, Limburg. His father Pierre Zenden is a former judoka who worked as a sports broadcaster for the public NOS broadcasting system from 1968 to 2005. Zenden played football and was also competitive in judo as a child. In 1985, Dutch club MVV Maastricht signed Zenden after watching him play for amateur club Leonidas. Two years later, he joined the youth academy of PSV.

Zenden earned his judo black belt at age 14 and was three times judo champion of his home province of Limburg. Zenden has been a strict vegetarian since age 19.

PSV
As his career developed at PSV, Zenden made the left wing position his own, displacing Peter Hoekstra and finally becoming a firm member of the starting line-up after the departure of Dutch national team player Jan Wouters. Zenden was an important part of the PSV team that won the Eredivisie championship in 1996–97, where he also received the 1997 Dutch Talent of the Year award. After another season at PSV, in which he scored 12 goals in 23 games, he moved to Spanish club Barcelona in 1998.

Barcelona
At Barcelona, Zenden became part of a large contingent of Dutch players under Barcelona's Dutch coach Louis van Gaal. He found his first-team opportunities at Barcelona limited by the form of fellow Dutchman Marc Overmars, however, who played in Zenden's favoured left wing position for both club and country. Instead, Zenden was deployed as a left wing-back, a defensive role which he took on successfully, as he displaced Spanish international and local favourite Sergi. Zenden helped Barcelona win the 1998–99 La Liga championship, and in the 1999–2000 season, he scored his only three goals for the club. After Van Gaal's resignation as coach in 2000, however, first team appearances became more scarce for Zenden. At the end of the 2000–01 season, English club Chelsea bought him for £7.5 million.

Chelsea
In his two years at Chelsea, Zenden played in the 2002 FA Cup final, a 2–0 defeat to Arsenal; however, he struggled to maintain a constant place in the starting line-up mainly due to persistent injuries.

Middlesbrough
Zenden was loaned out to Middlesbrough for the 2003–04 season. Here he found playing success, as he scored the winning goal in the 2004 League Cup final against Bolton Wanderers to secure Middlesbrough their first major trophy in club history. When his contract with Chelsea expired in the summer 2004, he moved to Middlesbrough on a free transfer, signing a one-year contract for the 2004–05 season. He was deployed in a central midfield position, where he played 36 of 38 league games, scoring five goals in the process, and was voted the Middlesbrough fans' 2005 Player of the Year. However, it would be his last for Middlesbrough, as he left in the summer of 2005 when his contract ran out.

Liverpool
Zenden joined newly crowned UEFA Champions League champions Liverpool on 4 July 2005. He started his Liverpool career being used regularly as a left midfielder, and was in the starting line-up as Liverpool won the 2005 UEFA Super Cup. However, he suffered a serious cruciate ligament injury in his right knee in December 2005, which ruled him out for the rest of the season. He recovered for the start of the 2006–07 season and was part of the Liverpool team that won the 2006 FA Community Shield. After the departure of German central midfielder Dietmar Hamann in the summer of 2006, Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez indicated that he saw Zenden as an option in the central midfield.

Zenden suffered a further knee injury playing against Manchester City on 25 November 2006, for which he underwent corrective surgery.

Zenden played in both legs of Liverpool's Champions League semi-final against former club Chelsea, scoring Liverpool's first penalty in the penalty shootout at the end of the second leg, which Liverpool won 4–1. He went on to start in the final, which Liverpool lost to Milan. Zenden scored twice during his spell at Liverpool with goals against West Ham United and Portsmouth in the Premier League.

Marseille
On 24 May 2007, it was announced by Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez that Zenden's contract would not be renewed and that he was allowed to talk to other clubs, and on 6 July 2007, Zenden signed a two-year contract with Marseille. He made his competitive debut for Marseille on 11 August 2007, starting and eventually being substituted in a 0–0 stalemate with Rennes. At Marseille, Zenden struggled for regular football. In the 2008–09 Ligue 1 season, he featured 13 times (predominately as a substitute) scoring three goals.

After being released, Zenden revealed that he wanted to end his career in England, with Blackburn Rovers and Portsmouth interested in the player. In October 2009, he went to Sunderland on trial. He signed after impressing Sunderland manager Steve Bruce.

Sunderland

In October 2009, Zenden signed a contract with Sunderland which tied him down until the end of the 2009–10 season. Zenden signed in time to make his debut against former club Liverpool and he did an excellent job helping Sunderland to retain their one-goal lead after coming on as a substitute for the injured Lee Cattermole. His Sunderland career often saw him play as a substitute without starting any matches and he had suffered an injury in between, but after recovery he was named in the squad to face his old club Chelsea at Stamford Bridge on 16 January 2010, and within less than ten minutes of coming on as a second-half substitute he scored his first goal for the club, a fine half-volley to reduce his team's deficit to 5–1, having been 4–0 down at half-time. The Black Cats eventually succumbed to a 7–2 defeat. On 3 April 2010, Zenden scored his second goal for Sunderland, a left-footed volley in a 3–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at the Stadium of Light.

On 17 May 2010, Zenden signed a new one-year contract at the club. Zenden's first start of the season came in Sunderland's 0–0 draw with Manchester United, where he hit the post. Zenden became a YouTube hit after celebrating a goal with Asamoah Gyan in Sunderland's 3–0 victory at Chelsea. Zenden notched his first of the season against Bolton in a 2–1 away win, on 7 May, which he dedicated to his ill father. Following the match, manager Steve Bruce confirmed Zenden would be offered a new contract at the club. Zenden, however, revealed he would quit the club at the end of the season to prolong his career. On 22 May 2011, his last game for Sunderland, he scored the opening goal in a 3–0 win over already-relegated West Ham on the final day of the 2010–11 Premier League season.

International career
Zenden made his debut for the Netherlands national team in a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification match against San Marino on 30 April 1997. He was included in the starting formation and played the entire match as the Netherlands won 6–0. He was called up to represent the Netherlands at the 1998 World Cup finals in France, where Zenden started the tournament as a substitute. Coming on twice as a substitute, he was selected to start in the semi-final loss to Brazil. He was once more selected to play in the third-place playoff against Croatia, where he scored a goal after a solo run and a powerful long-range shot. After scoring, he attempted to celebrate with an acrobatic somersault, but failed, throwing himself head first to the ground.

It was during the run-up to UEFA Euro 2000 that he gained acclaim, with the tournament itself providing the platform some of his finest performances. His raw pace and acceleration down the flank, coupled with his ability to function both as a wing-forward and as a wing-back made him a versatile player to have in the squad. His man of the match performance in a friendly against Germany at the turn of the millennium cemented his position in the national team – he set up the opening goal for Patrick Kluivert, then added his own name to the scoresheet with a thunderous volley from Ronald de Boer's corner, before nearly putting the gloss on the finish when he left the entire German defence for dead with his raw pace, beat the goalkeeper with his shot, only for it to rebound off the upright.

Zenden played in all five Dutch matches at Euro 2000. Carrying his pre-tournament form into the tournament proper, Zenden grabbed a goal against Denmark and the winner against France to help the Netherlands finish top of Group D. The Dutch annihilated Yugoslavia 6–1 in the quarter-final; Zenden once again put in a stellar performance, including the assist for what turned out to be Kluivert's hat-trick goal. He started the semi-final against Italy, but he was substituted in a game that would see the Dutch be eliminated on penalties.

Zenden featured again in Euro 2004, though he only played the first half of the first match against Germany. Following the tournament, Zenden, like other experienced players including Clarence Seedorf and Edgar Davids, found himself excluded from the national squad selection by new Dutch national team coach Marco van Basten.

Managerial career
On 22 November 2012, Zenden replaced Eddie Newton as ex-club Chelsea's new assistant manager when Rafael Benítez took over as manager.

International

 * Scores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zenden goal.

Honours
PSV
 * Eredivisie: 1996–97
 * KNVB Cup: 1995–96
 * Johan Cruyff Shield: 1996, 1997

Barcelona
 * La Liga: 1998–99

Chelsea
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2001–02

Middlesbrough
 * Football League Cup: 2003–04

Liverpool
 * FA Community Shield: 2006
 * UEFA Super Cup: 2005
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2006–07

Individual
 * Dutch Young Player of the Year: 1997

title: Boudewijn Zenden


text:
Template talk:Cite journal/Template:Journal reference talk archive

=Documentation =

Purpose
To format references to articles in academic journals in a consistent and legible manner.

Usage

Without author first,last name:

 * Author: Last name, First name. The First, Last parameters are preferred. Also used for multiple authors.
 * First: First name of author (ignored if Author field is used).
 * Last: Surname of author (ignored if Author field is used).
 * Date: January 1, 2006. Full date of publication.
 * Year: 2006. Year of publication (ignored if the Date field is used).
 * Month: January. Month of publication (ignored if the Date field is used, or if the Year field is not used).
 * Title: Title of article. This is the only required parameter.
 * Journal: Name of the journal.
 * Volume: Volume number of the journal in which the article is found
 * Issue: Issue number of the journal in which the article is found
 * Pages:  45–47 : first page, and optional last page.
 * ID: Identifier such as
 * URL: URL of a copy of the article, if available online.

Examples
↓

↓

↓

You can use the doi template in the ID parameter to provide an ISBN-like functionality: ↓

History
Added documentation: Phil | Talk 13:30, 17 October 2005 (UTC) Added ID field: surueña 17:27, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

= Discussion = This template is for a reference to a journal, with no issue number. Changes to this template should be synchronized with Template:Journal reference issue. dbenbenn | talk 20:10, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Also sync it with Template:Journal reference novolume --SFoskett 14:12, Mar 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * These templates have got out of sync due to recent edits to Template:Journal reference which have not been done to Template:Journal reference novolume and Template:Journal reference issue. Not sure which is "correct". Template:Journal reference now does not match Cite_sources but I think I'm not bold enough to change it back. Muntfish 09:40, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Got them into sync now, and in agreement with the style used by most journals - MPF 10:22, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Punctuation
There should be a period ("full stop") at the end. I'd add it myself, but the template is so complicated I'm afraid of screwing it up. --Angr/undefined 17:34, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Also, the title should be between quotes (“ ”), doesn't it? --surueña 17:03, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Full stop added. --surueña 08:48, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

The Authorlink, and First & Last parameters
Just removed from the documentation the parameters Authorlink, First and Last. IMHO they aren't needed and introduce too much complexity to the template. The Author and Ref are enough, and can be when the article has multiple authors. Have I missed something? Maybe we can use a bot for updating the articles using this template to completely removed these three parameters. --surueña 08:48, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Note: I recently proposed something quite similiar at book reference (see Template talk:Book reference) and received opposition from SEWilco. In the thread "Book reference First Last" on SEWilco's talk, I tried to attack the problem from the other side and presented the idea of a new parameter "Coauthors", which SEWilco picked up promptly and built it into book reference. – Adrian | Talk 22:15, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I would like to implement the First, Last, Coauthors, Authorlink fields, to conform with the usage with the Book Reference template. As I understand it, it is important to have the Last field (and year) for indexing purposes, but if you want to link to the Wikipedia article on that author, or there are multiple authors, all that is ruined. Is this right? PAR 10:12, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

There is something wrong
I came here by way of Filipino people. I was looking at the references and they were all mixed up. I took a look at Ayn Rand and it was the same thing. Is this template no longer good, and if so which template should be used now? Thanks. --Chris S. 19:50, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * We tried a new template, but was not fully working, it's all reverted now → Aza Toth 19:58, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Case of par names
Can the template Gods prevail upon this template to understand lowercased parameter names? It's very irritating having to remeber to capitalise them, and very non-standard compared to other parameterised templates. -Splash talk 01:26, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Everybody is his own god here, this is a wiki :-). I agree with the lowercase names. At the moment we have bigger fires: Templates for deletion. Adrian Buehlmann 08:27, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I made a new backwards-compatible version with lower case params on User:Adrian Buehlmann/work/jref-lowercase-060207. Test inclusions can be seen at User talk:Adrian Buehlmann/work/jref-lowercase-060207. If there are no objections, I will put that here and declare the upper case params deprecated. --Adrian Buehlmann 14:14, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I think I have a better idea: I propose to deprecate this template here and replace all calls with a new template under the name template:Cite journal. The new Cite journal shall provide lowercased params only. Then we can switch over all calls article by article to the new Cite journal, thereby switching the parameters. I think this is much better and safer than providing both (upper/lower) case in the same template, as done on web reference. It is difficult to update all calls in articles while depending on the same template (protected articles, incomplete "what links here", new calls are added while updating, ...). --Adrian Buehlmann 22:24, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I've prepared the new code at User:Adrian Buehlmann/work/cite journal/1 (diff). Ready for moving. --Adrian Buehlmann 23:02, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * See also the discussion at Template talk:Book reference --Adrian Buehlmann 15:00, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Article title in quotation marks
Isn't it pretty standard to put an article title in quotation marks, or at least to write "in", as in the example below? Without this, in a list of mixed types of references it can be hard to tell what is a book and what is an article. —Michael Z. 2006-01-8 08:16 Z

 * Last, First (2006). "Article title" in Journal title (1).

Volume title should be bold?
In physics, at least, it is standard for the volume number in a reference to appear in boldface. Is this not the case in other fields? Can this be added to the template?--Srleffler 07:05, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I concur. –Joke 18:16, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Junk code
I was looking at the source of the article "T-34", and found that this template puts a bunch of meaningless junk into its content, hidden from visual browsers using spans and CSS. The code for a single reference looks like this:

 *  | Para , Carl ,     ( April  2002) .  [ Military Heritage feature on the T-34 ] .  Military Heritage  3  (5) : pp.18-20, 22-23.  .

And the actual content within that, leaving out the spans and cite elements, is this:

 * |Para, Carl,   (April 2002). [ Military Heritage feature on the T-34]. Military Heritage 3 (5): pp.18-20, 22-23. .

Hiding content with CSS is not the same as leaving the content out! Not all web browsers use the CSS. Readers using alternative browsers, especially handicapped web page readers, will see or hear this junk code read to them. This is obviously a workaround for something, but it's not an acceptable way to leave the page content. This must be changed ASAP. —Michael Z. 2006-01-16 00:00 Z

 * Hi. This is related to 'meta-templates'. The way 'Journal reference' and many other templates used to work was by calling sub-templates to evaluate conditional parameters, which then called other sub-templates to evaluate different conditions, et cetera. When one of those 'bottom' level templates was updated it then required all of the templates calling it, and all of the pages calling those templates, to be updated as well... which apparently causes significant server load and thus a directive came down from the developers to stop doing things that way.
 * Two alternative options for evaluating complex conditions have since been developed. One is based on CSS and was used here. The other requires a blank parameter to be set in the call to the template (usually "|if=") and then uses parameter default tricks in the single template to evaluate conditions. I tend to prefer the latter version (and indeed first developed a replacement for this functionality in that format) due to the same problems you describe above and a couple of other limitations. However, to date, most people have advocated strongly for the CSS version - largely on the grounds that there aren't enough people with non-CSS browsers and adding the extra parameter to the template calls can take a while on heavily used templates. Note that the 'CSS style' is currently being considered for implementation at Template:Book reference and has already been used to convert Template:Taxobox and many others. People with non-CSS browsers are already seeing alot of this. --CBD ☎ ✉ 00:23, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I fully agree with CBD and I am sad about that "Junk" too. It is a consequence from WP:AUM and the refusal of developers to implement template:qif (which violates WP:AUM) in code and the additional refusal of an alternative methode invented by MrWeeble (and thus sailed under the name "Weeble code" or "Weeble trick") which needs an extra parameter |if= to work on each and every call. An example for a weeble style WP:AUM compliant template can be seen at User:Adrian Buehlmann/work/Infobox TV channel/2006-01-02 with a test transclusion at User talk:Adrian Buehlmann/work/Infobox TV channel/2006-01-02. Given to all these refusals, the ultimate option of last resort would be to remove these template calls entirely, which seems to be on the line of some Wikipedians. On the other hand one important proponent of WP:AUM, Netoholic (inventor of the CSS trick), added that CSS-trick to a bunch of templates already, so we already have it in articles, which is a strong argument not to avoid that CSS trick on other templates. Please also take a thorough look at all those lengthy discussions on the theme at the talk of WP:AUM (alert: long) before making your definite own opinion. Thank you. --Adrian Buehlmann 09:14, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't expect to learn all the ins and outs of conditionals in templates, but I definitely won't change the opinion that reducing accessibility of pages is absolutely unacceptable. The fact that the people who need assisting technology just to read Wikipedia is a very small minority in no way excuses this.  I can't emphasize enough how very bad this practice is, especially in a so-called open web site.  It's lame enough that old web sites retain inaccessible code, but to actually add it, using back-end technology changes as an excuse, is appalling.  I will try to make this opinion heard in the places where it belongs.  —Michael Z. 2006-01-16 17:32 Z

 * Just to clarify: is the CSS hack being chosen because the other alternative is more work to implement? Is this being implemented as a temporary fix for visual browsers, or a permanent solution?  —Michael Z. 2006-01-16 17:40 Z

 * I've responded on your talk. Please follow me :-). --Adrian Buehlmann 17:58, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

EVERYONE - in order to quash this ForestFire, please follow-up discussion at MediaWiki talk:Common.css. -- Netoholic @ 19:12, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

References to recurring columns and journals referenced by their publication date
Consider the following journal reference (taken from Non-measurable set): How would Dewdney's column "Computer recreations" be referenced with the journal reference template (if at all)? What about volume and issue? As far as I know, single issues of Scientific American are referenced by month and year, so would I use the template parameters Year and Month or should I use Issue and Volume instead? (The first variant looks somewhat goofy to me.) —Tobias Bergemann 15:47, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * A. K. Dewdney, A matter fabricator provides matter for thought, Computer recreations, Sci. Am. April 1989, 116-119.
 * Dewdney, A. K.,  (April 1989). [A matter fabricator provides matter for thought]. Sci. Am.  : 116–119..
 *  Dewdney, A. K.,  . [A matter fabricator provides matter for thought]. Sci. Am. 1989 (April): 116–119..
 * Scientific American is a magazine, not a journal. Isn't there an alternative template? --Oldak Quill 23:44, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * None that I am aware of, i.e. none in Category:Citation templates and none referenced from Template messages/Sources of articles. —Tobias Bergemann 09:03, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * If I were you, I'd make a template specific to magazines and papers of record. Off the top of my head the following fields would be included: Publication name, author name, date of publication, column name, URL, author link, an issue number if the newspaper/magazine uses one. --Oldak Quill 16:35, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * That would be useful.--Nectar 05:45, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

CSS hack reduces accessibility
I just learned about the CSS hack being added to a number of templates, to compensate for a changed policy on template transclusion. I understand that there is an alternative, but this is being implemented because its easier.

This hack injects junk code into the body of the page, then hides it from most visual browsers using CSS. This makes Wikipedia less accessible for users of assistive technologies, like web page readers for the handicapped, and text readers. This is sloppy programming and bad practice from the point of view of usability and accessibility. Wikipedia is an open encyclopedia; please lets not start treating the minority who has the most difficult time reading like second-class citizens. —Michael Z. 2006-01-16 17:51 Z

 * I've responded on your talk. Please follow me :-). --Adrian Buehlmann 18:00, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

EVERYONE - in order to quash this ForestFire, please follow-up discussion at MediaWiki talk:Common.css. -- Netoholic @ 19:33, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Bug report
Sorry if this has been mentioned before, but there is a bug of some sort in this template. If the Journal field is left blank the ID field doesn't show up. For example creates

The journal field isn't listed as required and might often be omitted for preprint references. -- Fropuff 03:15, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what was causing the problem, but this seems to have fixed it. All of the conditions appearing after 'Journal' (Volume, Issue, Pages, and ID) were being ignored, though nothing in the syntax should have caused that. --CBD ☎ ✉ 13:59, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Probably helped that you replaced improperly-"nested" <i> tags with wiki-markup: take a close look again [[Image:Smile_eye.png|16px]]. The improper markup probably triggered HTML Tidy which is used by Mediawiki to clean up just this sort of thing. Or not. HTH HAND —Phil | Talk 18:12, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I did miss a '/' there, but that wasn't the problem. The same thing was happening here... and then I changed it TO the  version trying to fix that. Seems to have been related to the non-blanking space or having a default for the Journal parameter... neither of which should have mattered. Whatever, it works now. --CBD ☎ ✉ 18:17, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Removing this template is easy
Since the CSS hack has been added, I've replaced book reference and journal reference with literal text in the references section of "T-34". The change was pretty easy, although to approximate the template's previous output I added something like  to each item on the page.

Removing the template actually allowed me to improve the format slightly, adding quotation marks around article titles, avoiding double punctuation after an article title ending with a question mark, and avoiding an undesirable space between the issue and page numbers.

This could be made even easier by using a simple template that wrapped the citation tag around the literal content and added a backlink, but it's not necessary. —Michael Z. 2006-01-23 21:22 Z

 * I've created wikicite and wikiref to make this easier. Example of use: T-34.  —Michael Z. 2006-01-24 04:19 Z

A complaint
Why do you guys make the simple things complex? Why do you apply this cumbersome template for something so simple as a reference notation? 10 or so different variables in a decision making template. Totally unnecesary. No need for this extravaganca. -- Boris 22:29, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I find this template to be extremely useful. Most of the parameters are optional. --Rikurzhen 23:04, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * How would you write in you code this text:

1. Novel GLUD expressed in neural and testicular tissues and encoded by an X-linked intronless gene. ''JBC. 1994; 269: 16971-76;'' Free text (PDF - 3.2 MB);

-- Boris 07:13, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

If I were doing it, this is what I'd write: I setup EndNote so I can download/export the citations easily, which is what I did here. --Rikurzhen 07:45, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * How do you set up an EndNote? What do you mean by saying I can download/export the citations easily? From where i sit i don't see any benefit. I'm not familiar with the techniques so i don't understand what you are talking about. Why do you have to download/export a citation? Do you use a javascript or something? -- Boris 09:02, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Boris. You can just type the text into the article the way you did above. The template is meant to be a way of putting such references into a standard format. Everyone could type those formatted messages in as well, but it would be difficult to get everyone doing it precisely the same way and if there was later a group decision to change the format every reference would have to be updated manually... whereas with the template we can just change the format there and it automatically updates in all articles. Since the template call requires each element of the citation to be identified (as the 'title', 'author', 'pages' or whatever) it is longer than just typing in the straight text, but the standardization/update benefits are worth it to some people. Use whichever citation method works for you. People may come along and convert your citations to this format later, but the important thing is to get the citations into the article in whatever form works for the person making the updates. --CBD ☎ ✉ 11:52, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. -- Boris 16:00, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

To Boris: EndNote is a commercial reference management software package. It can be configured to output references in various formats. Rikurzhen is saying that he has set it up to export references in {{subst:tl|Journal reference}] format. Gdr 16:36, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Title mandatory
Why is the title mandatory? If something has to be mandatory, can't it be the author? The reason I ask, is in physics (at least) it is conventional in most journals to cite without the title (just journal, volume, page). I always try to include it, but sometimes for really old articles (e.g. 1950) it can be hard to find. Of course, usually if you're citing something you actually have it, but if you know a certain paper was where an idea was first proposed, you ought to cite it whether you have access to the paper or not (see the reference to Peter G. Bergmann in canonical gravity for an example). –Joke 13:40, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The title and the source shoud be mandatory. -- Boris 19:34, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Why? –Joke 20:20, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Because Boris said so.Travb 04:33, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Confusing
This set up for this journal refernce is confusing to saw the least: "This template has been deprecated."??? Deprecated???

 * 1. To express disapproval of; deplore.
 * 2. To belittle; depreciate.

This is a really poor word to use.

Worse, replacing a descriptive * with an article's title only seems like a bad joke. What about the author, year etc.

Where was this decided, and who decided to do this? whoever did, it appears on its face like a really ill concieved and foolish idea.Travb 04:38, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, reading over this page I think I understand now, why not replace the with the new template so as not to confuse users new to this idea.Travb 04:44, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm. I think there might be some important misunderstanding. This template here has a lot of optional parameters. I've deprecated the template after discussing with user:Splash (see this talk page here and on my talk). The goal is to have a new version of Journal reference with identical functionality but with lower case param names for simplicity and easy of use at template:cite journal. All functionality is kept. There is not the slightest intention to let journal references go down, it just will continue to flourish on template:cite journal. It's the same thing, with a new name and lower case parameters. It is just a technical process as it makes the migration to lower case parameters possible. You might want to consider this just as a special form of move or rename. Hope I correctly understood your concerns. Please correct me, if I'm wrong. Sorry if all this is a bit confusing. You may also ask on my talk. I'm happy to explain as much I can. I'm currently migrating calls of Journal reference to cite journal. Everything is kept as it was. Just a new name and lower case params. --Adrian Buehlmann 09:16, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Adrian, if this template is deprecated, shouldn't Template messages/Sources of articles/Generic citations be updated? It is still listed there. Best wishes, Walter Siegmund (talk) 05:05, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure. Thanks for pointing this out! I'm going to do that right now. --Adrian Buehlmann 08:32, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

TfD
See (just for reference) --Ligulem 13:52, 7 April 2006 (UTC)


text: User talk:200.141.89.13

title: User talk:200.141.89.13


text:
Triquetra

The triquetra (from the Latin adjective triquetrus "three-cornered") is a triangular figure composed of three interlaced arcs, or (equivalently) three overlapping vesicae piscis lens shapes. It is used as an ornamental design in architecture, and in medieval manuscript illumination (particularly in the Insular tradition). Its depiction as interlaced is common in Insular ornaments from about the 7th century. In this interpretation, the triquetra represents the topologically simplest possible knot.

Iron Age
The term triquetra in archaeology is used of any figure consisting of three arcs, including a pinwheel design of the type of the triskeles. Such symbols become frequent from about the 4th century BC ornamented ceramics of Anatolia and Persia, and it appears on early Lycian coins.

The triquetra is found on runestones in Northern Europe, such as the Funbo Runestones, and on early Germanic coins. It bears a resemblance to the valknut, a design of three interlacing triangles, found in the same context.

Insular art
The triquetra is often found in insular art, most notably metal work and in illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells. It is a "minor though recurring theme" in the secondary phase of Anglo-Saxon sceatta production (c. 710–760). It is found in similar artwork on early Christian High Crosses and slabs. An example from early medieval stonework is the Anglo-Saxon frithstool at Hexham Abbey.

The symbol has been interpreted as representing the Holy Trinity, especially since the Celtic revival of the 19th century. The original intention by the early medieval artists is unknown and experts warn against over-interpretation. It is, however, regularly used as a Trinitarian symbol in contemporary Catholic iconography.

Buddhist tradition
The triquetra has been a known symbol in Japan called Musubi Mitsugashiwa. Being one of the forms of the Iakšaku dynasty signs, it reached Japan with the dynasty's Kāśyapīya spreading technology and Buddhism via the Kingdom of Khotan, China, and Korea.

Modern use
The triquetra is often used artistically as a design element when Celtic knotwork is used, especially in association with the modern Celtic nations. The triquetra, also known as a "Irish Trinity Knot", is often found as a design element in popular Irish jewelry such as claddaghs and other wedding or engagement rings. To Christians, the Triquetra symbolizes Trinity. This represents one god and three persons.

Celtic pagans or neopagans who are not of a Celtic cultural orientation may use the triquetra to symbolise a variety of concepts and mythological figures. Due to its presence in insular Celtic art, Celtic Reconstructionists use the triquetra either to represent one of the various triplicities in their cosmology and theology (such as the tripartite division of the world into the realms of Land, Sea, and Sky), or as a symbol of one of the specific Celtic triple goddesses – for example the battle goddess, The Morrígan. The symbol is also sometimes used by Wiccans, White Witches, and some New Agers to symbolise the Triple Goddess, or as a protective symbol.

In the 1998–2006 American fantasy drama Charmed, that ran on the now-defunct The WB network, the triquetra was prominently used as a symbol on the Halliwells' Book of Shadows, the book of spells, potions, and other information the sisters used to fight evil. The triquetra was also used as a symbol of the Charmed Ones and their collective Power of Three. The triquetra on the Book of Shadows would be seen to fracture and pull apart when their bond was temporarily broken by a demon. It was also featured prominently in the opening credits of each episode throughout its eight-season run. The symbol was also used in the 2018 reboot that ran on The CW.

In the TV series The Walking Dead (2010), Michonne's katana features a triquetra, chosen for its meaning as a "triple goddess symbol".

In the German Netflix series Dark (2017), it symbolizes the caves' closed time loops with each loop being 33 years apart, with the past affecting the future and the future influencing the past. The Triquetra is of significant symbolic value to the time travelers. This symbol can be seen on the Cave's metal door, on the Emerald Tablet, in The Stranger's papers, and in the Sic Mundus photo.

The Triquetra is shown on Thor's hammer, Mjölnir, in the 2011 film Thor. After Odin utters to Mjölnir the words "Whosoever holds this hammer, if he be worthy, shall possess the power of Thor", the Triquetra vanishes. It represents Asgard, Midgard, and Utgard.

title: Triquetra


text:
Douglas Knight

Douglas Maitland Knight (June 8, 1921 – January 23, 2005) was an American educator, businessman, and author. He was a former professor of literature at Yale University prior to his presidency at Lawrence College from 1954 to 1963. Stemming from his work at Lawrence College was his subsequent term as president of Duke University, where he served until he resigned in 1969 following student protests and the takeover of the university's main administrative building by students calling for a black cultural center and African-American studies program, among other things. Controversy over these issues led to his transition into the business world at RCA and Questar Corporation. Knight never fully retired, and was known to consult for Questar's Board of Trustees years after his departure.

Early life and education
Douglas Maitland Knight was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He attended Yale University in 1938 and earned all three of his degrees in English there: his B.A. in 1942, his M.A. in 1944, and finally his Ph.D. in 1946. After completing his doctoral studies, Knight remained at Yale undertaking research and would eventually make tenure. Knight was particularly interested in Alexander Pope, the great 18th-century poet and translator of Homer. Knight studied Pope's use of the heroic couplet and his translations of Homer's Illiad and Odyssey. In one work, Knight compared Pope to Homer and found that Pope was more a student of Homer's than he was a mere translator. Dr. Knight also received 12 honorary degrees from colleges and universities throughout the country, including degrees from both of his former homes, Lawrence College and Duke University, as well as institutions such as Knox College and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Presidency at Lawrence College
In 1954, 32-year-old Knight was chosen to succeed Dr. Nathan M. Pusey as the President of Lawrence College. At the time, Knight was the youngest college president in the nation. For the next nine years, Knight would leave his Midas touch all over Lawrence College's 48-acre campus, eventually attracting the attention of Duke University's nationwide search for a new president. During Knight's office, Lawrence saw a 100% increase in the book value of the physical plant and a 150% increase in the value of the endowment. Faculty salaries were doubled and the curricular structure was revolutionized to create a "three-term, three-course plan". Knight impacted Lawrence College in a hugely positive way during his stay there, but would go on to experience more controversial success at Duke University.

Presidency at Duke University
On January 1, 1964, Knight assumed his duties as President of Duke University. One of the first actions Knight took as president was the creation of the Fifth Decade Program. The Fifth Decade Program was a ten-year plan to expand educational and research programs, strengthen the faculty, and upgrade the physical plant.

The Duke Vigil
The Duke Vigil was a weeklong silent demonstration that began on April 5, 1968, following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 450 students marched 3 miles to Dr. Knight's home to deliver the following list of demands for a restructuring of the university into something less threatening to African-American students: "'(1) That he [Knight] sign an advertisement to be published in the Durham Morning Herald calling for a day of mourning; (2) That he press for the $1.60 wage for University employees; (3) That he resign from the then-segregated Hope Valley Country Club; (4) That he appoint a committee of students, faculty and workers to make recommendations concerning collective bargaining and union recognition at Duke.'"

Knight invited students into his home and spent the entire night negotiating the terms of their demands. Knight faced criticism from the Board of Trustees over his "permissiveness", but weathered the storm.

Takeover of the Allen Building
The timing of the Allen Building takeover coincided perfectly with a week-long campus event known as Black Week. In the Black Week of 1969, Duke University's own African-American paper, the Harambee, made its debut, featuring many incendiary articles on the standing of the Black students at Duke. The debut was spurred by the administration's sham "involvement" in the activities of Black Week. Neither President Knight nor his staff appeared at events celebrating African-American culture and diversity. In a statement of purpose by the editorial board of the Harambee, the paper's message as well as the message behind Chuck Hopkins's abstract letter was summarized: "Blacks believe that the blatant racism, subtle bigotry, dehumanizing effects of shallow liberalism, and the belief that a white "superior" culture is liberating the minds of Black people, generated our present mentality. Moving from this point, Blacks believe that if the university community recognizes their acts of indignation and the students' frustrations, we can solve the problem."

The majority of African-American students at Duke were of the belief, however, that discussion could do no more for their complaints. It was with this in mind that the group of seventy-some-odd students invaded the offices of the Allen Building and barricaded the doors. In their list of demands, included below in Figure 1, the "Malcolm X Liberation School," as the group referred to themselves, cited additional reasons for the takeover. Among these, two major points were the admission criteria for Black students and the rumored budget cuts to Black scholarships coming in the following Fall. Declaring that the SAT was aimed at measuring the aptitude of the white middle class and that it failed when applied to students from different socioeconomic backgrounds, the students demanded that academic achievement in high school be the sole criterion for the admission of Black students. They hoped that this would increase the number of African-American students at Duke, which at the time sat at a meager 100 students, to something more representative of the Black population of the Southeast.

The response to the Takeover differed among the three main corpora of the school's community: the students, faculty, and administration. The student body's response was largely supportive of the movement. At the time of the expiration of the administration's one-hour ultimatum to the occupants, over 2000 white students surrounded the Allen Building to protect the black students inside. These 2000 students battled the platoon of 75 police officers up and down the quad that night, enduring tear gas and baton beatings. That night, over 1500 assembled in Page Auditorium to discuss the ensuing protests and a moratorium on classes.

National Commission on Libraries
Knight chaired the National Commission for Libraries appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The book he co-edited based on Commission work, Libraries At Large: Tradition, Innovation, and the National Interest, was the foundation for (PL 91-345) that established the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS).

Recoil from academia
After leaving Duke University, Knight shied away from other offers for administrative positions. Less than a year after his resignation, Knight took a position as vice president of educational development for RCA Corp., an American electronics company. Knight found immediate success at RCA; two years later he became the president of RCA Iran.

In 1976, Knight continued his new career in business as president of Questar Corporation, a company that manufactured high-precision lenses for astronomical, industrial, and medical applications. Knight stayed with Questar for the next three decades, coming to be the owner of the company when its previous owner Marguerite Braymer died in 1996. In 2001, Knight sold Questar to Donald Bandurick but stayed on as a consultant throughout his brief retirement.

Authorship
Douglas Knight is the author of several published books as well as many other scholarly articles and letters. See the table below for a complete list of his works.

Death
Douglas Knight died in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, on Sunday, January 23, 2005, from complications arising from pneumonia. His wife, Grace Nicholas Knight—an extraordinary woman in her own right, died in 2008. He is survived by his four sons, Christopher, Douglas Jr., Thomas, and Stephen.

title: Douglas Knight


text:
LSE Group (Pakistan)

LSE Group, formerly known as Lahore Stock Exchange is a Pakistani investment company based in Lahore, Pakistan. LSE Group consists of three companies: LSE Capital, LSE Financial Services, and LSE Ventures, all of them are listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange.

History
The Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) was established in October 1970, under the Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969 by the Government of Pakistan in response to the needs for the provincial capital of Punjab. It initially had 83 companies listed and was headquartered at Bank Square in Lahore. The number of listed companies increased to 519 since its inception.

In 2000, LSE froze accounts following an unprecedented market crash, resulting in a two-day closure and a one-day trading suspension. The crisis allegedly began when LSE members working for investor Nisar Danka exceeded their exposure limits and failed to settle their clearings. Subsequently, Mian Nisar filed a damages suit under the Central Depository Act, 1979, against the LSE, Central Depository Company (CDC), and the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP), claiming illegal sale of his shares by the LSE. On 18 December 2006, Justice Jawwad S. Khawaja, in a single bench decision, held the LSE and CDC liable for damages to Mian Nisar Elahi. In January 2007, a division bench of the Lahore High Court suspended the single bench's order, which had mandated the LSE and CDC to pay Rs500 million to Mian Nisar Elahi and other investors.

In 2014, the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) uncovered an alleged illegal hundi and hawala operation run by dealers at the Lahore Stock Exchange. The FIA received information about an organized gang operating on the ground floor of the exchange and conducted a raid with the approval of the FIA Punjab Director. Three suspects were arrested during the raid: Syed Alamdar Hussain, Nadeem Khawar, and Sami Aslam. The FIA confiscated assets including prize bonds, cash in various currencies, and gold biscuits. They also seized hundi receipts, electronic devices, weapons, and ammunition. According to the seized records, approximately Rs24.75 billion had been transferred abroad through hawala transactions. The receipts only contained the names of the sender and receiver, along with the amounts involved, without proper documentation.

The Lahore Stock Exchange opened branches in the industrial cities of Faisalabad and Sialkot for trading. The Sialkot branch was referred to as the Sialkot Trading Floor.

With effect from 11 January 2016, the Lahore Stock Exchange was integrated with the Karachi Stock Exchange and Islamabad Stock Exchange under the Stock Exchanges (Corporatisation, Demutualization and Integration) Act, 2012 to form the Pakistan Stock Exchange.

List of chairmen

 * Noshir F. Dastoor

LSE-25
LSE-25: The Lahore Stock Exchange Twenty Five company index calculates the performance of stocks assuming that all rights issues and bonus share issues only increase the listed capital so that the prices of the shares are not adjusted as they are in the case of the LSETRI. The LSE25 also assumes that dividends paid out by a component company are not reinvested. In summary, in the LSE25, no price adjustments are made when any component company issues cash dividends.

LSETRI
The Lahore Stock Exchange Total Return Index calculates the performance of stocks assuming that all payouts are reinvested in the index on the ex-date. The LSETRI assumes that if a component company issues bonus shares or announces a rights issue it will increase the listed capital. Additionally, the LSETRI also assumes that all pay-outs by a component company are 100% reinvested in the index. Therefore, the LSETRI is adjusted against such payouts announced by any of index constituents on its ex-date allowing the index value to remain comparable over time.

title: LSE Group (Pakistan)


text: User talk:82.32.17.219

title: User talk:82.32.17.219


text:
Phalangerida

Phalangerida is one of the two former suborders of the large marsupial order Diprotodontia. This large and diverse suborder included kangaroos, wallabies, quokkas, possums, gliding possum-like marsupials and others. The much smaller suborder Vombatiformes encompasses only the koalas and wombats. This suborder is no longer considered to accurately describe the diversity in Diprotodontia.

Phalangeriformes has come to replace Phalangerida but does not include the potoroos (Potoroidae), kangaroos and wallabies (Macropodidae) or the musky rat-kangaroo (Hypsiprymnodontidae). These families are now placed in a new suborder named Macropodiformes.

title: Phalangerida


text:
Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg

Friedrich Eugen, Duke of Württemberg (21 January 1732 – 23 December 1797) was the fourth son of Karl Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, and Princess Maria Augusta of Thurn and Taxis (11 August 1706 – 1 February 1756). He was born in Stuttgart. From 1795 until 1797 he was Duke of Württemberg.

Soldier
After serving with Frederick the Great during the Seven Years' War, he took up residence in 1769 at his family's exclave, the County of Montbéliard, of which he was also made lieutenant-general in March 1786 by his eldest brother, Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, who had begun to come into the inheritance of portions of the County of Limpurg in the 1780s. He bought the castle and lordship of Hochberg in 1779, but re-sold it in 1791 to his brother. The next year he was named governor of the margraviate of Ansbach-Bayreuth by King Frederick William II of Prussia, to whom it had been sold by the last prince of that branch of the House of Hohenzollern. Montbéliard was taken over by the short-lived Rauracian Republic in 1792, then annexed by the French Republic in 1793.

Duke
His elder brothers had only daughters, so following Charles Eugene's death in 1793 and then that of their brother Duke Ludwig Eugen (1731–1795), Frederick Eugene became reigning duke until his own death two years later. He acquiesced to the Treaty of Paris (7 August 1796) with revolutionary France, in which his claims to Montbéliard and all other territories on the left bank of the Rhine River were renounced. Frederick Eugene retained, however, France's recognition of the integrity of the Duchy of Württemberg itself.

Marriage and children
Frederick Eugene married Friederike Sophia Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt, a niece of Frederick the Great, by whom he had twelve children:
 * 1) Frederick I (6 November 1754 – 30 October 1816), his successor, who would later become the first King of Württemberg;
 * 2) Louis (30 August 1756 – 20 September 1817), commander of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's army, married Polish princess Maria Anna Czartoryska;
 * 3) Eugene (21 November 1758 – 20 June 1822);
 * 4) Sophie Dorothea (25 October 1759 – 5 November 1828), married to Paul I, Emperor of Russia and became Empress Marie Feodorovna;
 * 5) William Frederick Philip (27 December 1761 – 10 August 1830); father of Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach;
 * 6) Ferdinand Frederick Augustus (22 October 1763 – 20 January 1834), married firstly Princess Albertine of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1771–1829) and secondly Princess Pauline von Metternich-Winneburg (1771–1855), sister of Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich;
 * 7) Friederike Elisabeth Amalie (27 July 1765 – 24 November 1785), married to Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg;
 * 8) Elisabeth Wilhelmine Luise (21 April 1767 – 18 February 1790), married to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor;
 * 9) Friederike Wilhelmine Katharina (3 June 1768 – 22 October 1768);
 * 10) Charles Frederick Henry (3 May 1770 – 22 August 1791);
 * 11) Alexander Frederick Charles (24 April 1771 – 4 July 1833), the founder of the fifth branch of Württemberg, to which today's head of the House, Duke Wilhelm of Württemberg, belongs;
 * 12) Charles Henry (3 July 1772 – 28 July 1838), married under the name "Count von Sontheim" in 1798 Christianne-Caroline Alexeï (1779–1853), who was created Baroness von Hochberg und Rottenburg in 1807 and was raised, along with her children, to the rank and title of Countess von Urach on 12 November 1825. Of their five daughters three died young, while Countess Marie von Urach (1802–1882) wed Karl, Prince of Hohenlohe-Kirchberg (1780-1861) in 1821 and Countess Alexandrine von Urach (1803–1884) married Charles, Count Arpeau de Gallatin (1802–1877) in 1825, from whom she was divorced in 1843.

The duke died at Hohenheim, aged 65.