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Live Undead

Live Undead is the first live album by American thrash metal band Slayer. It was released through Metal Blade Records and recorded in New York City in front of a room of people. It has been questioned by both critics and authors that the audience sound may or may not be faked. However, in 1984, WBAB Fingers Metal Shop, a radio station, held a contest to meet and hang out with Slayer during a live recording. The album was recorded at Tiki Recording Studios in Glen Cove, NY in front of around a dozen people. The album was originally intended to be recorded in front of a live audience, but things went wrong. Nevertheless, when asked if they were fake, producer Bill Metoyer said, "I don't know if I should tell you." The album begins with an extended introduction of "Black Magic", followed by a small speech. The remaining tracks include both those of 1983's Show No Mercy and 1984's Haunting the Chapel.

Conception
The seven-track live record was recorded in front of a room full of people in New York City in the autumn of 1984. It has been rumored that the crowd noise was added in a studio rather than recorded on stage. Joel McIver, author of The Bloody Reign of Slayer, asked Live Undead producer/engineer Bill Metoyer, who had worked on the album in Los Angeles. Metoyer responded: "I don't know if I should tell you [if the crowd noises were faked]! Isn't that one of those great industry secrets? Let's just say that when you're doing a live record, you want live sound — even if perhaps the microphones didn't pick up the audience properly."

Live Undead marked the beginning of a short association between Slayer and artist Albert Cueller. Cueller would design the sleeve image, which depicts the four band members as grinning, partially decayed zombies walking through a graveyard.

Music
The EP begins with "Black Magic", with an extended introduction building alongside the audience's yelling. The song is performed faster, heavier, and more confident than its original recording in 1983. When the song is over, lead vocalist Tom Araya says, "They say the pen is mightier than the sword. Well I say fuck the pen!", and the band begins playing "Die by the Sword". The band then run-through "Captor of Sin", "The Antichrist", "Evil Has No Boundaries", and "Show No Mercy". "Aggressive Perfector" is dedicated to the Old Bridge Militia, a group of headbangers from Old Bridge, New Jersey. "Aggressive Perfector" is performed with more "power", as described by author Joel McIver, who described the entire track listing as, "a fearsome set, although the rest of the songs don't quite have the visceral power of the opening track. In fact, the Live Undead version of "Black Magic" established a career-long trend of Slayer's live songs being more powerful than the studio versions, with very few exceptions".

Reception and release
AllMusic's employee Ned Raggett gave the album a two and a half star rating, noting that "Live Undead isn't really necessary except for the hardest of hardcore fans in the end, especially in comparison to Decade of Aggression," and saying that "Evil Has No Boundaries" was the best performance of the seven songs. Raggett also wrote that despite being an unnecessary release, "it does have its 'it could only be Slayer' moments — including Araya's almost casual way of rudely introducing 'Captor of Sin'."

The album was originally released in 1984 under Metal Blade Records. In both 1993 and 1994, it was re-released with the same catalog numbers. In 2006, it was again re-released as an eleven-track record. It included the Haunting the Chapel EP and the studio version of "Aggressive Perfector".

Track listing

 * Original release

Personnel
The following personnel can be sourced from both AllMusic and the album's notes.

 * Tom Araya – bass, vocals
 * Kerry King – guitars
 * Jeff Hanneman – guitars
 * Dave Lombardo – drums

 * Mark Gaide – recording engineer
 * Bill Metoyer – producer, engineer
 * Eddy Schreyer – remastering
 * Brian Ames – layout design
 * Albert Cueller – artwork, cover art

title: Live Undead


text:
Live Intrusion

Live Intrusion is a home video by Slayer which was released in 1995 through American Recordings and filmed at the Mesa Amphitheatre in Mesa, Arizona, on March 12, 1995. The video features a cover of the Venom song "Witching Hour" performed by Slayer with assistance from Chris Kontos and Robb Flynn of Machine Head. It was reissued on DVD on August 17, 2010. Live Intrusion received positive reception from the few critics that reviewed the video.

Conception
Live Intrusion was filmed at the Mesa Amphitheatre in Mesa, Arizona, on March 12, 1995, while promoting Divine Intervention on tour. The Machine Head members Chris Kontos and Robb Flynn gave assistance to the band while performing "Witching Hour", originally recorded by Venom in 1981. The video was released as a VHS (Video High Standard) through American Recordings on October 31, 1995. The video features live footage of Slayer and exclusive unseen footage of Slayer on and off the road. The beginning of the video features a portrait of some of Slayer fans, including a picture from the mid-1990s, about a fan, who had "Slayer" carved onto their forearm. It was directed and produced by Phil Tuckett, with the audio recorded by Sylvia Massy. On August 17, 2010, Live Intrusion was remastered and released as a DVD (Digital Video Disc). It was created using the original VHS master and edited the footage with newer technology. The DVD was sold at retail and online for (USD) $13.98. The DVD was also released in the Slayer Live DVD 3-Pak, also released on August 17, 2010. It was sold for (USD) $29.98.

Critical reception
Chris Beaumont of Blogcritics recommended the DVD to consumers, giving it three and a half out of five stars. He noted that the audio quality was "pretty strong," and allows listeners to clearly hear every chord, note, and word that the band outputs, while the crowd noise proves that it is a live video, but is not so loud that it distracts viewers. Beamount also said that the video's quality "lacks a lot of the polish that more recent recordings have," but he later said that he would rather see it in low quality rather than high quality. Chad Bowar of About.com also gave the DVD three and a half out of five stars. He noted that the video is in decent quality, but, due to poor lighting and shaky camera work, he considered the DVD to be "marginal."

Track listing

 * 1) "Raining Blood" (Hanneman, King) — 4:23
 * 2) "Killing Fields" (Araya, King) — 3:56
 * 3) "War Ensemble" (Araya, Hanneman) — 4:51
 * 4) "At Dawn They Sleep" (Araya, Hanneman, King) — 5:03
 * 5) "Divine Intervention" (Araya, Bostaph, Hanneman, King) — 5:33
 * 6) "Dittohead" (King) — 2:50
 * 7) "Captor of Sin" (Hanneman, King) — 3:21
 * 8) "213" (Araya, Hanneman) — 4:51
 * 9) "South of Heaven" (Araya, Hanneman) — 4:58
 * 10) "Sex. Murder. Art." (Araya, King) — 1:50
 * 11) "Mandatory Suicide" (Araya, Hanneman, King) — 4:03
 * 12) "Angel of Death" (Hanneman) — 4:50
 * 13) "Hell Awaits" (Hanneman, King) — 4:53
 * 14) "Witching Hour" (Venom cover) — 2:54
 * 15) "Chemical Warfare" (Hanneman, King) — 5:17

 * Source: Setlist.fm

Personnel

 * Slayer
 * Tom Araya – bass, vocals, producer
 * Jeff Hanneman – guitar
 * Kerry King – guitar, producer
 * Paul Bostaph – drums

 * Additional musicians
 * Chris Kontos – drums on the Venom cover "Witching Hour"
 * Robb Flynn – rhythm guitar and vocals on the Venom cover "Witching Hour"

 * Production
 * Phil Tuckett – director
 * Rick Rubin – executive producer
 * Dexter Gresch – editor
 * Thom Panunzio – mixer
 * Wes Benscoter – front cover illustration
 * Neil Zlozower – photography
 * Kevin Estrada – photography
 * Dirk Walter – design

Source: both Allmusic and the video's notes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Live Intrusion


text:
List of military disasters

A military disaster is the defeat of one side in a battle or war which results in the complete failure of the losing side to achieve their objectives. It often, but not always, involves a high and disproportionate loss of life. The causes are varied and include human error, inferior technology, logistical problems, underestimating the enemy, being outnumbered, and bad luck.

Entries on this list are those where multiple sources dealing with the subject of military disasters have deemed the event in question to be a military disaster (or an equivalent term).

Ancient era

 * Battle of Marathon (490 BC). A large Persian force was destroyed and routed by a smaller Athenian force.
 * Battle of Salamis (480 BC). A huge Persian fleet was defeated by a united Greek force.
 * Syracuse Expedition (415–413 BC). A large force from Athens failed to conquer the city of Syracuse, weakening the Athenian military position and depriving the city of much-needed manpower.
 * Battle of Gaugamela (331 BC). Alexander the Great annihilated a much larger Persian army, thus ultimately conquering the Middle-east.
 * Battle of Cannae (216 BC). Hannibal destroyed the 16 Roman and Allied legions led by Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. In all, perhaps more than 80 percent of the entire Roman army was dead or captured (including Paullus himself).
 * Battle of Zama (202 BC). A Roman army of 34,000 under Scipio Africanus annihilated the Carthaginian army of 50,000 under Hannibal, thus bringing an end to the Second Punic War.
 * Battle of Carrhae (53 BC). Crassus with 40,000 soldiers marched into Parthia, expecting to be victorious, chose to march a direct route through the desert instead of the mountains of the north. He and his army were entirely annihilated by 9,000 Parthian soldiers.Akvy Secstievy Battle.jpg]]
 * Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (9 AD). Germanic warriors ambushed and destroyed three Roman legions.
 * Battle of Adrianople (378 AD). The Emperor Valens was killed while Gothic heavy cavalry ambushed and decimated his Roman heavy infantry.

Medieval era

 * Battle of Tours (732). The Muslim Moors marched into southern France meeting no foes, until encountering the Christian Frankish forces led by Charles Martel at Tours. Despite the Moorish advantage over the Franks militarily, they were defeated decisively by the Franks.
 * Battle of Hattin (1187). Overconfident Crusader forces from Jerusalem became trapped in a waterless desert area, and thus became easy prey for the Muslim forces of Salah-ud-din (Saladin)
 * Battle of Agincourt (1415). A large French army with a large contingent of knights was defeated by Henry V's much smaller army.

16th century

 * Battle of Flodden Field (1513). A Scottish invasion of England was defeated, resulting in the death of the popular King James IV of Scotland, as well as most of Scotland's nobles.
 * Spanish Armada (1588). An English fleet sent fire ships into the Spanish invasion fleet destroying some and scattering the rest effectively ending the invasion threat. The Armada would later run into storms and almost half the ships never returned to Spain, as well as more than half of the troops.

18th century

 * Battles of Saratoga (September–October 1777). John Burgoyne's British Army was captured after the battle by the Continental Army under Horatio Gates.

19th century

 * Charge of the Light Brigade (1854). A British cavalry unit charged an active enemy artillery position due to miscommunication and suffered heavy casualties for no real advantage.
 * Battle of Fredericksburg (1862). One-sided battle in which the Union Army advanced on entrenched Confederate Army units resulted in very high casualties during the American Civil War.
 * Battle of the Little Bighorn (June 1876). Montana Territory. Lieutenant Colonel George Custer attacked a superior force of armed Lakota Sioux warriors. He was killed and five of the twelve companies of 7th Cavalry Regiment were annihilated. 268 U.S. troopers were killed and 55 were wounded.
 * Battle of Isandlwana (January 22, 1879). In the first major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War, a Zulu impi overwhelmed and defeated two battalions armed with modern rifles and artillery. The battle was a major victory for the Zulus during the opening stages of the war.

20th century

 * Battle of Tsushima (1905) During the Russo-Japanese War, the bulk of the Russian Baltic Fleet, under Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, sailed over halfway around the world (18000 nmi) in order to relieve the blockade by Japan of the Russian Far East Fleet at Port Arthur, but was mostly sunk, scuttled, or surrendered in action against an Imperial Japanese Navy fleet under Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō, which took minimal losses.

First World War

 * Gallipoli campaign (April 1915 to January 1916). A combined British, Commonwealth and French attempt to capture Istanbul became a stalemate on the Gallipoli Peninsula and was abandoned with 300,000 casualties.

Second World War

 * Fall of Singapore (February 1942). It was the largest surrender of Commonwealth troops in history and destroyed the linchpin of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command. Although the Japanese invasion force was half of the size of the defending force, Japanese air attacks on the city and lack of water proved decisive. Prime Minister Winston Churchill considered it to be the worst defeat in British military history, and it's been credited for undermining British prestige in Southeast Asia.
 * Battle of Midway (June 1942).  One of the turning points of World War II (Pacific Theatre). Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy planned to invade the American navy base at Midway Island. U.S. Navy intelligence had broken Japan's main naval code and anticipated the attack. Japan lost four fleet carriers in three days, due to ill timing of fuelling and arming of aircraft, American fortitude and good fortune, cryptographic intelligence intercepts of Japanese signals, and, ultimately, poor planning by Yamamoto. RIAN archive 602161 Center of Stalingrad after liberation.jpg after liberation in 1943]]
 * Battle of Stalingrad (winter of 1942–43). One of the turning points of World War II (European Theater). German General Friedrich Paulus failed to keep a mobile strategic reserve and the Sixth Army was surrounded by a rapid Soviet flanking attack. Rubble caused by German bombing and artillery fire left their tanks unable to enter the city. The 250,000+ German troops in Stalingrad surrendered despite Adolf Hitler’s promise that they would never leave the city.

Cold War era

 * Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954).  The French Far East Expeditionary Corps advanced deep into northwestern Vietnam near Điện Biên Phủ to cut off the Viet Minh's supply lines from Laos and force it into a confrontation. The Viet Minh besieged the French and smuggled heavy artillery through mountain terrain, preventing resupply by air with anti-aircraft guns. The defeat forced the French Armed Forces to withdraw from North Vietnam in 1954.

title: List of military disasters


text: Category:Communes of Maine-et-Loire

title: Category:Communes of Maine-et-Loire


text:
Margot Heinemann

Margot Claire Heinemann (18 November 1913 – 10 June 1992) was a British Marxist writer, drama scholar, and leading member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB).

Early life
She was born at 89 Priory Road, West Hampstead, London NW6. Her parents were Meyer Max Heinemann, a merchant banker, and Selma Schott, both non-Orthodox Jews from Frankfurt, Germany. Heinemann was educated at Roedean School and at King Alfred School in London, and read English at Newnham College, Cambridge from 1931, later graduating from Cambridge University with a BA with first class honours. She was the lover of John Cornford while a student. The historian Eric Hobsbawm, who studied at Cambridge at the same time, wrote "she probably had more influence on me than any other person I have known."

Career
She joined the CPGB in 1934, because of its active opposition to the British Union of Fascists.

After Cambridge she taught 14-year-old girls at Cadbury's Continuation School in Bournville, now Bournville College, on day release from the chocolate factory. In the CPGB she worked in the Labour Research Department from 1937.

She stood as the communist candidate for Vauxhall Constituency in the 1950 General Election.

In 1959 she resumed teaching at Camden School for Girls and then Goldsmiths College from 1965 to 1977. In 1976 she was made a Fellow of New Hall, Cambridge (now Murray Edwards College). She was still teaching at New Hall up to 1989 and stayed with the CPGB until it was dissolved in 1991.

Personal life
She had a child (Jane, born 1953) with John Desmond Bernal.

Works

 * Britain's coal: A Study of the Mining Crisis, Left Book Club, 1944
 * Wages Front, 1947, Labour Research Department
 * Coal must come first, 1948, prepared for the Labour Research Department
 * The Tories and how to beat them, Communist Party, 1951
 * The Adventurers, 1960 (novel)
 * Britain in the Nineteen Thirties, 1971 (with Noreen Branson)
 * Experiments in English Teaching - New Work in Higher and Further Education 1976 (editor with David Craig)
 * Culture and Crisis in Britain in the 30s, 1979 (with Jon Clark, David Margolies and Carole Snee)
 * Puritanism and Theatre: Thomas Middleton and Opposition Drama under the Early Stuarts, 1980
 * History and the Imagination - Selected Writings of AL Morton, 1990 (editor)

title: Margot Heinemann


text:
List of clinically important bacteria

This is a list of bacteria that are significant in medicine. For viruses, see list of viruses.

A

 * Acetobacter aurantius
 * Acinetobacter baumannii
 * Actinomyces israelii
 * Agrobacterium radiobacter
 * Agrobacterium tumefaciens
 * Anaplasma
 * Anaplasma phagocytophilum
 * Azorhizobium caulinodans
 * Azotobacter vinelandii
 * viridans streptococci

B

 * Bacillus
 * Bacillus anthracis
 * Bacillus brevis
 * Bacillus cereus
 * Bacillus fusiformis
 * Bacillus licheniformis
 * Bacillus megaterium
 * Bacillus mycoides
 * Bacillus stearothermophilus
 * Bacillus subtilis
 * Bacillus thuringiensis
 * Bacteroides
 * Bacteroides fragilis
 * Bacteroides gingivalis
 * Bacteroides melaninogenicus (now known as Prevotella melaninogenica)
 * Bartonella
 * Bartonella henselae
 * Bartonella quintana
 * Bordetella
 * Bordetella bronchiseptica
 * Bordetella pertussis
 * Borrelia burgdorferi
 * Brucella
 * Brucella abortus
 * Brucella melitensis
 * Brucella suis
 * Burkholderia
 * Burkholderia mallei
 * Burkholderia pseudomallei
 * Burkholderia cepacia

C

 * Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
 * Campylobacter
 * Campylobacter coli
 * Campylobacter fetus
 * Campylobacter jejuni
 * Campylobacter pylori
 * Capnocytophaga canimorsus
 * Chlamydia
 * Chlamydia trachomatis
 * Chlamydophila
 * Chlamydophila pneumoniae (previously called Chlamydia pneumoniae)
 * Chlamydophila psittaci (previously called Chlamydia psittaci)
 * Citrobacter
 * Citrobacter freundii
 * Citrobacter koseri
 * Clostridium
 * Clostridium botulinum
 * Clostridium difficile
 * Clostridium perfringens (previously called Clostridium welchii)
 * Clostridium tetani
 * Corynebacterium
 * Corynebacterium diphtheriae
 * Corynebacterium fusiforme
 * Coxiella burnetii
 * Cutibacterium acnes (previously called Propionibacterium acnes)

E

 * Ehrlichia chaffeensis
 * Ehrlichia ewingii
 * Eikenella corrodens
 * Enterobacter cloacae
 * Enterococcus
 * Enterococcus avium
 * Enterococcus durans
 * Enterococcus faecalis
 * Enterococcus faecium
 * Enterococcus gallinarum
 * Enterococcus maloratus
 * Escherichia coli

F

 * Francisella tularensis (previously called Pasteurella tularensis)
 * Fusobacterium necrophorum
 * Fusobacterium nucleatum

G

 * Gardnerella vaginalis

H

 * Haemophilus
 * Haemophilus ducreyi
 * Haemophilus influenzae
 * Haemophilus parainfluenzae
 * Haemophilus pertussis
 * Haemophilus vaginalis
 * Helicobacter pylori

K

 * Kingella kingae
 * Klebsiella
 * Klebsiella granulomatis
 * Klebsiella pneumoniae

L

 * Lactobacillus
 * Lactobacillus acidophilus
 * Lactobacillus bulgaricus
 * Lactobacillus casei
 * Lactococcus lactis
 * Legionella pneumophila
 * Leptospira interrogans
 * Leptospira noguchii
 * Listeria monocytogenes

M

 * Methanobacterium extroquens
 * Microbacterium multiforme
 * Micrococcus luteus
 * Moraxella catarrhalis
 * Mycobacterium
 * Mycobacterium avium
 * Mycobacterium bovis
 * Mycobacterium diphtheriae
 * Mycobacterium intracellulare
 * Mycobacterium leprae
 * Mycobacterium lepraemurium
 * Mycobacterium phlei
 * Mycobacterium smegmatis
 * Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 * Mycoplasma
 * Mycoplasma fermentans
 * Mycoplasma genitalium
 * Mycoplasma hominis
 * Mycoplasma penetrans
 * Mycoplasma pneumoniae
 * Mycoplasma mexican

N

 * Neisseria
 * Neisseria gonorrhoeae
 * Neisseria meningitidis
 * Nocardia
 * Nocardia asteroides
 * Nocardia brasiliensis
 * Nocardia cyriacigeorgica
 * Nocardia farcinica

P

 * Pasteurella multocida
 * Peptostreptococcus
 * Porphyromonas gingivalis
 * Prevotella melaninogenica (previously called Bacteroides melaninogenicus)
 * Proteus
 * Proteus mirabilis
 * Proteus penneri
 * Proteus vulgaris
 * Pseudomonas aeruginosa

R

 * Rhizobium radiobacter
 * Rickettsia
 * Rickettsia prowazekii
 * Rickettsia psittaci
 * Rickettsia quintana
 * Rickettsia rickettsii
 * Rickettsia trachomae
 * Rochalimaea
 * Rochalimaea henselae
 * Rochalimaea quintana
 * Rothia dentocariosa

S

 * Salmonella
 * Salmonella enteritidis
 * Salmonella typhi
 * Salmonella typhimurium
 * Serratia marcescens
 * Shigella dysenteriae
 * Spirillum volutans
 * Staphylococcus
 * Staphylococcus aureus
 * Staphylococcus epidermidis
 * Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
 * Streptococcus
 * Streptococcus agalactiae
 * Streptococcus avium
 * Streptococcus bovis
 * Streptococcus cricetus
 * Streptococcus faceium
 * Streptococcus faecalis
 * Streptococcus ferus
 * Streptococcus gallinarum
 * Streptococcus lactis
 * Streptococcus mitior
 * Streptococcus mitis
 * Streptococcus mutans
 * Streptococcus oralis
 * Streptococcus pneumoniae
 * Streptococcus pyogenes
 * Streptococcus rattus
 * Streptococcus salivarius
 * Streptococcus sanguis
 * Streptococcus sobrinus

U

 * Ureaplasma urealyticum

V

 * Vibrio
 * Vibrio cholerae
 * Vibrio comma
 * Vibrio parahaemolyticus
 * Vibrio vulnificus

W

 * Wolbachia

Y

 * Yersinia
 * Yersinia enterocolitica
 * Yersinia pestis
 * Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

title: List of clinically important bacteria


text: Category:Communes of Oise

title: Category:Communes of Oise


text:
Extreme Makeover

Extreme Makeover is an American reality television series that premiered on ABC on December 11, 2002. Created by television producer Howard Schultz, the show depicts ordinary men and women undergoing "extreme makeovers" involving plastic surgery, exercise regimens, hairdressing, and wardrobing. Each episode ends with the participants' return to their families and friends, who have not been allowed to see the incremental changes during the participants' absence, and showing their reactions.

On May 15, 2007, Extreme Makeover was officially cancelled. The show's final three episodes were broadcast on Mondays starting July 2, 2007.

A spin-off series, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, debuted in 2003. The Home Edition ended up becoming far more successful than its parent series and would go on to outlast the latter's run. Another spin-off, Extreme Makeover: Weight Loss Edition, premiered in ABC's 2011 summer season. Eventually, the show excised its connection to the franchise and was retitled Extreme Weight Loss in 2013.

Controversy
Some have criticized Extreme Makeover for reinforcing unachievable body image goals among both women and men. It is believed by critics that the show implies that idealized beauty can only be found through the aid of cosmetic surgeons, placing ‘beauty’ as a relatively unachievable goal for most people. As most do not have the funds to afford cosmetic surgery, their only other means of coming close to attaining ‘beauty’ is through extreme dieting and exercise, which then has the potential of creating eating disorders, as well as exercise disorders. Furthermore, critics believe that the show exemplifies and emphasizes the importance society places on physical appearance, as opposed to thoughts or beliefs. According to critical analysis, the show places far too much importance on how a person presents themselves to society, as opposed to what they contribute to it. Alternately, others, although remaining critical of the show's overall message, acknowledge that there can be some empowerment that comes from achieving a certain set of ‘beauty’ goals. Comparisons have been drawn to how some women claim a sense of empowerment from finding themselves the object of male desire, either in general social settings or through their given profession–for example, in the pornography industry.

The issue can more or less be condensed down into examining why and how this certain set of desirable physical attributes has become the pinnacle of physical appeal. With the case of Extreme Makeover, it is understood that the show producers are not establishing these standards of desired beauty, but instead profiting from them, as well as perpetuating them. It is the further perpetuation of these difficult to achieve, and debatably unhealthy beauty standards that have given rise to the critical assessment of Extreme Makeover, as well as other shows like it.

Deleese McGee lawsuit
Extreme Makeover faced controversy after contestant Deleese McGee's makeover was canceled. McGee applied as a contestant on the show and both she and her family were interviewed for an episode in January 2004. When asked questions about Deleese, her family initially responded only with positive comments, though producers repeatedly encouraged them to say negative things about her appearance; the intention was to compare the negative comments to their reaction after Deleese's surgery was complete. Deleese was in the next room listening; her shock at hearing the comments was filmed as part of the intended episode. The night before the surgery, however, Deleese was informed the procedures had been canceled on the grounds that her estimated recovery time did not fit with the filming schedule. After the surgery was canceled Deleese's sister Kellie suffered from guilt for making the negative comments; she died from an intentional drug overdose in May 2004. Deleese sued for emotional damages; the case was settled out of court.

title: Extreme Makeover


text:
Diabolus in Musica

Diabolus in Musica (Latin for "The Devil in Music") is the eighth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer, released on June 9, 1998, by American Recordings. Guitarist Jeff Hanneman wrote most of the album's content, which has been described as Slayer's most experimental. It was the band's first album to be played mostly in C♯ tuning, and named after a musical interval known for its dissonance. Lyrical themes explored on the album include religion, sex, cultural deviance, death, insanity, war, and homicide.

Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, Diabolus in Musica peaked at number 31 on the Billboard 200, selling over 46,000 copies in its first week of sales. By 2009, it had sold over 306,000 copies in the United States.

Writing, music, and recording
Paul Bostaph returned to Slayer in early 1997 after his short-lived side project The Truth About Seafood, and the band entered the recording studio a few months later. Diabolus in Musica was recorded at Ocean Way Recording, and complete by September 1997. It was scheduled to be released the following month, but got delayed until the middle of 1998, after American Recordings was taken over by Columbia Records.

Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman described the writing process as, "When we were writing this album I was looking for something to beat; I wanted something to beat, but nothing impresses me right now. Nothing sounded really aggressive or heavy enough to inspire me to beat it, so I just had to come up with my own shit."

Adrien Begrand of PopMatters felt Slayer introduced characteristics to its music including tuned down guitars, murky chord structures, and churning beats. He believed these characteristics were adopted in response to the then-burgeoning nu metal scene. As a result, Diabolus in Musica was described as nu metal, and groove metal. and alternative metal.

Album title and lyrical themes
Diabolus in Musica is a Latin term for "The Devil in Music" or tritone. Medieval musical rules did not allow this particular dissonance. According to one mythology, the interval was considered sexual and would bring out the devil; Slayer vocalist and bassist Tom Araya jokingly said that people were executed for writing and using the interval.

Araya held concern about the lyrics that King penned to "In the Name of God", voicing his opinion to guitarist Hanneman. King's viewpoint was; "It's like, 'C'mon, man, you're in Slayer. You're the antichrist — you said it yourself on the first album!' You can't draw the line like that. Whether he agrees with it or not, he didn't write it — I wrote it. So you have to say, 'Well, it's just a part of being in this band.' Now Jeff and I, we don't give a fuck. If Jeff wrote something I had a problem with, I would never even raise a fucking finger. I'd be like, 'Fuck yeah, let's do it! Gonna piss someone off? Alright!'"

Touring and promotion
Following the release of the album, the band commenced the Diabolus in Musica tour. From 1998 to 1999, Slayer toured with Sepultura, System of a Down, Fear Factory, Kilgore, Clutch, Meshuggah, and Sick of It All. Slayer released a promotional 3-track album called Diabolus in Musica Tour Sampler. The album features 3 tracks, one from Diabolus in Musica ("Stain of Mind"), "Ship of Gold" off tourmate Clutch's The Elephant Riders and "Suite-Pee" (Clean Version) from the debut album by System of a Down.

Reception
Diabolus in Musica was released on June 9, 1998, by American Recordings. In its first week of release, the album sold 46,000 copies in the United States, and debuted at number 31 on the Billboard 200. By November 2009, it had sold over 306,000 copies in the US.

Reviewing the 2003 Slayer box set Soundtrack to the Apocalypse, Adrien Begrand of PopMatters called Diabolus in Musica "a unique record [...] It's as if they're stepping in to show the young bands how to do it right, as songs like 'Bitter Peace', 'Death's Head', and the terrific 'Stain of Mind' blow away anything that young pretenders have put out." Writing in The Guardian, journalist Joel McIver said although the album was as musically heavy and lyrically dark as any of Slayer's previous releases, it exhibited the groove-based style of the then-popular nu metal sound. Metal Hammer Ian Winwood called Diabolus in Musica "a fantastic album", writing: "It manages to combine (and this is meant in the best possible sense) both the sharpness of new school metal with the songwriting prowess and musical quality we've come to expect from [Slayer]."

However, not all reviews were positive. Reviewing a Slayer concert at Irving Plaza during the Diabolus in Musica tour, Ben Ratliff of The New York Times' panned the album for its murky production, saying: "Eight of the 11 songs on Diabolus in Musica, a few of which were played at the show, are in the same gray key, and the band's rhythmic ideas have a wearying sameness too." Reviewing Slayer's 2001 album God Hates Us All, Blabbermouth.net reviewer Borivoj Krgin described Diabolus in Musica as "a feeble attempt at incorporating updated elements into the group's sound, the presence of which elevated the band's efforts somewhat and offered hope that Slayer could refrain from endlessly rehashing their previous material for their future output." Sarah Vowell of Spin gave the album a four out of ten rating, stating that "Fifteen years into Slayer's career, they're still deploying the same fast beats and sluggish riffs and batty banter." concluding that "This is loudness without fun, blasphemy without subversion, darkness with no shades of gray. The drums are miked really well, though."

Songs from the album were rarely played live following the return of drummer Dave Lombardo in 2002, with "Stain of Mind" being the only constant.

Band members' views
Kerry King has expressed regret for the musical direction of Diabolus in Musica. In the "Nu Metal" episode of the 2011 VH1 documentary series Metal Evolution, he said the following in retrospect about the album:

That's the one record that I really paid not enough attention to because I was really bitter about what kind of music was popular. I thought it was, was very frat boy stuff, and maybe that's why it was popular, I don't know. So Diabolus didn't get as much attention from me because, you know, we didn't stay in focus. Looking back we were just saying, "alright, how do we make Slayer fit into today's society?" But, that's probably my least favorite record of our history. That's our Turbo [laughs]. Contrarily, drummer Paul Bostaph claims the album is his favorite as he thought the album was "as experimental as Slayer got".

Slayer

 * Tom Araya – bass, vocals
 * Kerry King – guitars
 * Jeff Hanneman – guitars
 * Paul Bostaph – drums

Technical personnel

 * Rick Rubin – producer
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering
 * Greg Gordon – engineer
 * Brian Davis – assistant engineer
 * John Tyree – assistant engineer
 * Sebastian Haimerl – assistant engineer
 * Allen Sanderson – assistant engineer
 * Exum – photography
 * Frank – art direction
 * Wade Goeke – assistant engineer

title: Diabolus in Musica


text:
Talk:Oxytocin

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2021 and 6 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tbl.028.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:59, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Oxytocin is a hormone
Like for Testosterone, I think the role as a hormone should be explained before explaining the use as a medication. The RedBurn (ϕ) 13:18, 29 September 2016 (UTC)
 * It is both a hormone and a medication. It is on the World Health Organizations list of essential medicine in fact. Both aspects are important. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 02:14, 30 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm sure they're both important, but it really feels jarring to get into medical details like administration protocols and side effects before any discussion of the chemical's role in neurobiology and social neurobiology—the topic of many, many books' worth of research     . If anyone has plans to improve and reorganize this article, I think this aspect is WP:DUE a much larger emphasis. FourViolas (talk) 00:35, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * There is a discussion to split the article which would solve your concern. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 00:44, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Split done. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 21:59, 9 December 2016 (UTC)
 * FWIW I wouldn't have split this article but whatever. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 20:18, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

This looks like an error
"Oxytocin is normally produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary.[5]"

"Produced" and "released" mean about the same thing. It seems more likely that it's produced and released by the pituitary, and some other chemical or signal from the hypothalamus triggers release or production.108.211.84.128 (talk) 18:21, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

"Produced" implies synthesis and "released" implies secretion, and these are very different. Oxytocin is produced (synthesized) by neurons in the hypothalamus, mainly in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. It is released (secreted) from the nerve terminals of these neurons in the posterior pituitary.129.215.83.176 (talk) 10:51, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

The dark side of oxytocin, much more than just a “love hormone”
"There’s a chemical that can subtly shift your childhood memories of your own mother. In some people, it paints mum in a more saintly light, making them remember her as closer and more caring. In others, the chemical has a darker influence, casting mum as a less caring and more distant parent..." - http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2010/11/29/the-dark-side-of-oxytocin-much-more-than-just-a-love-hormone/

For the study, see http://www.pnas.org/content/107/50/21371 Gstree (talk --Gstree (talk) 02:49, 18 November 2016 (UTC)
 * media hype over a primary source. wikipedia shrugs.  we wait for reviews, per WP:MEDRS Jytdog (talk) 02:50, 18 November 2016 (UTC)

The "dark side" of oxytocin is right there in the "ingroup bonding" part of Oxytocin. For example oxytocin probably underpins racism. See also http://www.pnas.org/content/108/4/1262 and http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018506X11002868. Author is Carsten de Dreu. --Penbat (talk) 09:24, 18 November 2016 (UTC)

See also De Dreu, C.K.W., Greer, L.L., Handgraaf. M.J.J., Shalvi, S., Van Kleef, G.A., Baas, M., Ten Velden, F.S., Van Dijk, E., & Feith, S.W.W. (2010). "The neuropeptide oxytocin regulates parochial altruism in intergroup conflict among humans." Science, 328, 1408 - 1411.--Penbat (talk) 10:23, 18 November 2016 (UTC)

infobox
This article still has the Template:Drugbox. What is the correct infobox? We could use:
 * template:infobox gene (used at Brain natriuretic peptide)
 * template:infobox neurotransmitter is used at Norepinephrine
 * template:chembox is used at Triiodothyronine
 * template:infobox protein used at Uroguanylin along with template:chembox

Thoughts? Jytdog (talk) 02:22, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

 * The easiest thing to do is just remove the clinical data from Infobox drug. The remaining information applies equally to the hormone as the drug and is equivalent to what would be found in Infobox chemical. We don't need to add Infobox protein as there is already a Infobox gene in the Oxytocin section. Infobox neurotransmitter is not appropriate since oxytocin is a hormone, not a neurotransmitter. Boghog (talk) 06:44, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I believe "infobox neurotransmitter" is most appropriate, because it contains entries for all the things that are biologically relevant for a neurotransmitter/hormone -- none of the other possibilities do. Looie496 (talk) 14:05, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I don't have any objections to Infobox neurotransmitter accept for the name. Perhaps we should create redirects from Infobox neurohormone and Infobox neuromodulator to Infobox neurotransmitter to avoid any possible confusion. We should also briefly mention the multiple purposes in the template documentation. We might even considering adding a transmitter / hormone / modulator parameter. Boghog (talk) 14:36, 10 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I boldly created the above redirects and modified the template documentation to mention the multiple purposes of this template. Boghog (talk) 15:05, 10 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we should rename the template Infobox natural neuroactive substance (NAS) leaving a redirect behind from Infobox neurotransmitter. Boghog (talk) 15:20, 10 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Also just created Natural neuroactive substance (NAS) stub. Boghog (talk) 15:38, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

Side by side comparison
Below is a comparison of what the neurotransmitter and drug box look like for oxytocin. I am wondering if it might not be better to merge the unique parameters of neurotransmitter (i.e., neuropharmacology) as a new section into drugbox. The later has some advantages (collapsable fields for IUPAC name for example). Another advantage is that many of these neurotransmitters are also used as drugs. Depending on whether the infobox is in the drug or neurotransmitter article, we could suppress the display of the neuropharmacology or clinical section respectively. Boghog (talk) 17:00, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

Since none of the parameters in the neuropharmacology section of the neurotransmitter infobox are specific to neurotransmitters (they could equally apply to non-CNS hormones), I am also wondering if we should generalize neuropharmacology section to simply pharmacology. Boghog (talk) 22:28, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

I have made a mockup of what a merged drug/neurotranmitter box would look like in the third column. Thoughts? Boghog (talk) 08:11, 11 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I like the one on the far right. I am not sure if we should call it "Pharmacological data" as we are not talking about the drug use in this case but the hormone. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 20:01, 14 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree that definition of pharmacology is usually restricted to drugs, but definition sometimes is extended to include hormones. For example, the following is a book devoted to the pharmacology of hormones:
 * I would be open to suggestions for alternatives. Boghog (talk) 20:53, 14 December 2016 (UTC)
 * That is fine with me too. Don't know where the info in the "agonists" and "antagonists" came from.  Some of those are not clinically used drugs and are very unlikely to ever be used that way. Jytdog (talk) 20:05, 14 December 2016 (UTC)
 * The list came from Oxytocin_receptor. These of course can be trimmed to include only clinically used drugs. However to state the obvious, this article is about the hormone, not the drug, hence there is no absolute requirement that the list be restricted entirely to approved drugs.  Boghog (talk) 20:53, 14 December 2016 (UTC)
 * IUPHAR maintains a list of agonists/antagonists at the oxytocin receptor. That page could be used to cite some of the entries in the agonists/antagonists parameters.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 23:08, 14 December 2016 (UTC)
 * IUPHAR maintains a list of agonists/antagonists at the oxytocin receptor. That page could be used to cite some of the entries in the agonists/antagonists parameters.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 23:08, 14 December 2016 (UTC)

My 2¢:  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 22:55, 14 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's a good idea to force the width of the drugboxes to 250px. When most of the drugbox parameters are set (i.e., not empty), using a smaller width setting than the default width causes the overall height of the drugbox to increase, despite the increased image size, due to an increased number of line breaks that can be avoided by using the default width (in some cases, templates can fix this too). Also, IMO, drugboxes with a 250px width setting look uglier compared to the default setting.
 * "Pharmacological data" is an apt descriptor for the content contained under that heading. "Pharmacology" is not a field which is confined only to the biochemistry of pharmaceuticals and exogenous compounds. The scope of pharmacology also includes the biochemistry of endogenous biomolecules.
 * I believe width is to adjust the size of the graphic, not necessarily the entire infobox, unless the width is wider than the default infobox. I also think too wide an infobox is a problem. I have simplified the names of the two of the fields and also increased the default width of the infobox to 300px. Now all the labels are on one line. Perhaps the increase of width could be made conditional and only be applied if biosynthetic or metabolism enzymes are specified. Boghog (talk) 08:12, 15 December 2016 (UTC)
 * That's how the width parameter is probably intended to function; however, the effect on the width of the infobox from setting the width of the image to 250px vs 300px (default width) is shown in Special:permalink/754983857 and Special:permalink/755221229, respectively.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 23:09, 16 December 2016 (UTC)
 * A couple of things. I did not add 250px to the transcluded infobox comparisons above.  I copied the infobox from the article and this parameter was already set. The default width of the infobox can be set within the infobox code using the bodystyle parameter (e.g., width:270px). The wrapping is a function of both the label width and the length of the fields and are dynamically adjusted in the infobox based on the content.  This dynamic adjustment can be overridden by setting setting the label style parameter to a fixed percentage of the infobox width (e.g., width:33%). Boghog (talk) 05:44, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Infobox references

Wording
"Plays a role" versus "affects"...

IMO "plays a role" is better as this is a natural substance which is involved in these processes. Not seeing how changing this to "affects" is an improvement. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 06:13, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

 * f 14.141.137.246 (talk) 09:07, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

Update oxytocins role in feeding
- Propose to update "Biological function" to include "feeding, " HeadDr (talk) 00:04, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

- Propose to update "Physiological function" to include: "Head et al. (2019) found that oxytocin (OT) does not diminish a feeling of hunger before a start of a meal. Instead OT's anorexigenic properties are manifested once consumption has already begun which is—at least to some extent—driven by changes in brain responsiveness to OT treatment in the hungry vs. fed state. OT should be viewed as a mediator of early satiation rather than as a molecule that diminishes perceived hunger. HeadDr (talk) 00:04, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

Doc James, are you arguing that Frontiers of Medicine does not meet WP:MEDRS threshold? Because there little indication of that from reading that aforementioned article. El_C 00:13, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

Thanks [User:El_C|El_C]. No, i feel Frontiers Journal DOES meet the threshold, and i feel these additions should be made to the wikipedia page, referencing the aforementioned article HeadDr (talk) 00:24, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Two issues. One is that the source is primary. Second is that Frontiers is not a very good source (are concerns it is predatory). Better to find a better source. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 11:56, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

Length of the Sections
After reading this article I noticed that some of the sections are too long and some others are missing some information. The biochemistry section talks about the effects Oxytocin has on females. However, it leaves out information about how oxytocin relates to lactation and milk production in women. The next section that concerned me was the biological function section. The social subsection it contains is too long for the information it contains. Lastly, there is a history section at the end that contains no helpful information that should be deleted. (Mgironta (talk) 04:58, 10 February 2020 (UTC))

subsection 2.2.6. Social
says: "When there is a reason to be distrustful, such as experiencing betrayal, differing reactions are associated with oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) differences. Those with the CT haplotype experience a stronger reaction, in the form of anger, to betrayal." this is unintelligible for the layperson because the expression "ct haplotype" is used only once in the whole article without ever telling what its difference from other types. also theres no mention (and therefore no clue to the meaning of) "ct haplotype" in the "oxytocin receptor" article. therefore it seems to be unnecessarily technical to start talking about a certain haplotype )without ever telling what are the other haplotypes and what their functional difference is) and obscure (because the lack of context). instead please change the article to something like "people/or rats or whatever subjects are used in the experiment related to this/ with the oxytocin receptor type that differs from the receptors of others in .../clarify in what the ct haplotype is different/ react with more anger to betrayal in the experimental situation". 89.134.199.32 (talk) 19:56, 14 April 2020 (UTC).

"TI-001" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TI-001&redirect=no TI-001] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Mdewman6 (talk) 21:16, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

Removed a paragraph based on a 1993 PhD thesis
I just removed a short paragraph (on 2024-02-22) that seems to be based entirely on a 1993 PhD thesis, which is cited. The paragraph also cites a 1960 review article, but much of the sentence preceding that citation is from the 1993 PhD thesis and not from the 1960 review article. Some parts appear in both, but I think the whole paragraph is based on the 1993 thesis.

The thesis repeatedly refers to oxytocin as an "octapeptide", but also says it is composed of "nine amino acids". I think this is because they are counting peptide bonds, not amino acids, but I'm not sure. Multiple dictionaries define "octapeptide" as containing eight animo acids, and I didn't find any dictionaries with any other definition.

The 1993 PhD thesis doesn't even include any means of measuring the reduced (non-cyclic) form of oxytocin, which it calls "oxytoceine". It also doesn't mention oxytoceine very much. So the thesis never attempts to show that this reduced form is generated during the experiments.

The entire paragraph seems unworthy of Wikipedia, because the reduced (non-cyclic) form of oxytocin certainly exists, in theory and in a lab that wishes to synthesize it, but there is no evidence it exists in vivo. There is extremely little evidence that oxytocin functions as an antioxidant or free radical scavenger in living tissue. This latter question is not investigated in any of the experiments in the 1993 PhD thesis, although the hypothetical possibility is mentioned. 209.6.225.254 (talk) 13:10, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oxytocin


text:
War at the Warfield

War at the Warfield is a concert video by Slayer which was released on July 29, 2003, through American Recordings. Recorded at Warfield Theatre in San Francisco, California, on December 7, 2001, it is the band's second video album. The DVD's contents were announced by MTV on July 25, 2003. It is the last release by Slayer with drummer Paul Bostaph (before he came back in 2013), who left due to a chronic elbow injury. Bostaph was subsequently replaced by the original Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo. War at the Warfield was well received by critics, debuting at number three on the Billboard DVD chart, and sold over 7,000 copies in its first week. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 50,000 copies in the United States. It also won a 2003 Metal Edge Readers' Choice Award for DVD of the Year.

Recording and release
The video was recorded at the Warfield Theatre in San Francisco on December 7, 2001. War at the Warfield was Slayer's second DVD. Originally set for release on February 11, 2003, and later February 13, 2003, it was delayed several times, due to unspecified "production issues". However, on May 20, 2003, it was announced that the release would be on June 17, 2003, only to be pushed back once again to July 27. Before the DVD's release, Tom Araya commented, "I don't think it's different than any other Slayer show, you got your kids doing the mosh stuff. They get crazy, they tear the place up. And then you get the one kid that's tempted to jump off the balcony. Whether he does it or not is another story. When they do, of course they get hurt, but they always insist on staying so they can watch the rest of the show, then they go to the emergency room." On July 25, 2003, four days before its release, MTV announced the DVD's contents.

Bostaph's departure
Bostaph gave the band prior knowledge of his willingness to leave before recording the DVD. "You gotta understand that the taping of that; the Warfield show was two shows before my last show with the band. I haven't watched it because you kinda go back with your scene... for the fans, they see a show; for me, I see my second to last show with the band, you know what I mean? I have it but I needed to get some distance away from the situation and move on with my life. It's like breaking up with a girlfriend."

Bostaph eventually left the band before Christmas due to a chronic elbow injury, saying it would hinder his ability to play. After his departure, Bostaph joined the band Systematic. On December 21, 2001, it was announced that the original drummer, Dave Lombardo, would "temporarily reclaim his place behind the drums on the next leg" of Slayer's God Hates Us All tour. Bostaph described his time with the band as "an unbelievable ride with Slayer, playing with these guys has been an incredible high point in my career", and that he is "really grateful for the experience".

Reception
Released through Universal Music & Video Distribution, the DVD entered the Billboard DVD chart at number three, selling over 7,000 copies in its first week. On June 2, 2004, the DVD was certified gold by the RIAA for more than 50,000 shipments in the United States. William Ruhlmann of Allmusic commented that the DVD "serves as both a fan's statement on Slayer and a good representation of the group's music and performance style." Jon Wiederhorn, an editor for MTV, said that "Slayer's new War at the Warfield DVD isn't one of those home-video concert releases meant to distract fans during a lengthy gap between records—the group already has ten songs written for its next LP, which should be out by April."

Andy Patrizio of IGN awarded the DVD seven out of ten, mentioning "the ferocity and intensity is still there, just a tad slower," and summarising with the statement, "if you're a Slayer fan, or into thrash in general, you'll love this. If you're not, this video isn't going to change your opinion on the music." Patrizio criticized the video's direction, observing that "the camerawork is full of fast, MTV-style cuts, which, combined with the flashing lights, is more headache-inducing than the music."

Track listing

 * 1) "Disciple" (Jeff Hanneman, Kerry King)
 * 2) "War Ensemble" (Tom Araya, Hanneman)
 * 3) "Stain of Mind" (Hanneman, King)
 * 4) "New Faith" (King)
 * 5) "Postmortem" (Hanneman)
 * 6) "Raining Blood" (Hanneman, King)
 * 7) "Hell Awaits" (Hanneman, King)
 * 8) "Here Comes the Pain" (King)
 * 9) "Die by the Sword" (Hanneman)
 * 10) "Dittohead" (King)
 * 11) "Bloodline" (Araya, Hanneman, King)
 * 12) "God Send Death" (Araya, Hanneman)
 * 13) "Dead Skin Mask"  (Araya, Hanneman)
 * 14) "Seasons in the Abyss" (Araya, Hanneman)
 * 15) "Captor of Sin" (Hanneman, King)
 * 16) "Mandatory Suicide" (Araya, Hanneman, King)
 * 17) "Chemical Warfare" (Hanneman, King)
 * 18) "South of Heaven" (Araya, Hanneman)
 * 19) "Angel of Death" (Hanneman)

Personnel
This list of credits can be verified by Allmusic and War at the Warfield's album-notes.

 * Tom Araya – bass guitar, vocals
 * Jeff Hanneman – guitars
 * Kerry King – guitars
 * Paul Bostaph – drums
 * Vincenzo Amato – production assistant
 * David Anthony – producer, design
 * Eric Baecht – remote technician
 * Greg Bess – sound consultant
 * Anthony Bongiovi – director, editing, camera operator
 * Eric Braverman – voices, producer
 * Marcus Buick – control engineer
 * David Caprio – production assistant
 * Rod Carmona – producer, design
 * Scott Carroll – tape operator
 * Jerry Cell – engineering supervisor
 * David Chun – camera operator
 * Jean Luc Cohen – producer, design
 * Robert Cohen – editing, camera operator
 * Leonard Contreras – engineer
 * John Crane – technician
 * Matthew Dillon – producer, design
 * Christopher Downing – producer, design
 * Jeff Fura – production coordination
 * CJ Furtado – engineer
 * Ken "TJ" Gordon – guitar technician, bass guitar technician
 * Glenis S. Gross – executive producer
 * Chuck Haifley – crew
 * Sam Harden – lighting
 * Matt Harmon – camera operator
 * Matt "Fluffy" Hartman – guitar technician
 * Jim Henderson – reprocessing
 * Kieran Hughes – camera operator
 * Tom Hutten – producer, design
 * Matt Hyde – mixing
 * Jessica Jenkins – producer
 * Nick John – executive producer
 * Ted Kujawski – engineer
 * Craig Lacombe – producer, design
 * Chris "Lumpy" Lagerborg – drum technician
 * Ann Lakato – camera operator
 * Christian Lamb – camera operator
 * Tony Leone – producer, design
 * Alex Lokey – photography
 * Gabe Lopez – camera operator
 * James C. Moore – producer, design
 * Christine Ogu – remote technician
 * Dino Paredes – executive producer
 * Lionel Passamonte – liner note producer
 * Sue Pemberton – producer, design
 * Rick Sales – executive producer
 * Greg Santos – camera operator
 * Thomas Scott – production assistant
 * Bob Skye – engineer
 * Bruce Smith – video engineer
 * David Stelzer – executive producer
 * Matthew Thayer – camera operator
 * Frank Vu – production assistant
 * Joe Weir – technician
 * Mark Weiss – photography

title: War at the Warfield


text: Category:700 births

title: Category:700 births


text:
Still Reigning

Still Reigning is a live performance DVD by the thrash metal band Slayer, released in 2004 through American Recordings. Filmed at the Augusta (Maine) Civic Center on July 11, 2004, the performance showcases Slayer's 1986 album, Reign in Blood, played in its entirety with the four original band members on a set resembling their 1986 Reign in Pain Tour. Still Reigning was voted "best live DVD" by the readers of Revolver magazine, and received gold certification in 2005.

The DVD is notable for the finale, which features Slayer covered in stage blood while performing the song "Raining Blood", leading to a demanding audio mixing process plagued by production and technical difficulties. The DVD's producer Kevin Shirley spent hours replacing cymbal and drum hits one-by-one. He publicly aired financial disagreements he had with the band and criticized the quality of the recording, and as a result was allegedly subjected to threats and insults from people associated with the band.

Conception
Reign in Blood was released in 1986 and was Slayer's first album to enter the Billboard 200—at 94 —and their first to be awarded gold certification. Music critics praised the album; Kerrang! described it as the "heaviest album of all time", while Steve Huey of AllMusic wrote that the album was a "stone-cold classic". The positive reception led to the band's European agent John Jackson, to suggest that the band play Reign in Blood in its entirety on the Jägermeister tour of 2003 and 2004, under the tour banner "Still Reigning". Original drummer Dave Lombardo, who recorded drums on the album, re-joined the band in 2001, after departing in 1991. This influenced the band's decision to play the album in its entirety, as they had the original members and all members regard the album as a high-point in their career. The band was going to enter the recording studio to record their next album (Christ Illusion). However, the band's producer Rick Rubin insisted the band not enter the recording studio due to problems between himself and the band's record label, American Recordings. The band's manager suggested they record a performance of one of the Jägermeister shows and release it on a DVD — the band agreed.

The final track of the DVD, "Raining Blood", culminates with the band drenched by stage blood. Guitarist Jeff Hanneman came up with the idea of the blood two years after Reign in Blood's release, but the band lacked the funding to do so. The beginning of the film Blade (released in 1998) features a "bloodbath" with vampires dancing in a club with blood coming from the roof via a sprinkler system. The scene revived Jeff Hanneman and guitarist Kerry King's interest, and since the band released a DVD the previous year — War at the Warfield — they decided to add something different for the new DVD — raining blood. King asserted that since Lombardo was not on the previous DVD, this one was going to be important. Due to the short length of the DVD, director Dean Karr chose an additional bonus six songs from the same show as he thought certain members excelled in the performances.

Recording and production
Still Reigning was recorded at the Augusta Civic Center in Augusta, Maine, on July 11, 2004, prior to the 2004 Ozzfest. A ten-man camera crew under the direction of Dean Karr was on hand to document the show, backstage action, and exclusive interviews inside the band's tour bus. The interview, "Slayer: In their own words", is a seventeen-minute piece which features the band talking about their early years, influences, writing lyrics, Lombardo's return, and the band's eventual retirement. At one point Lombardo rejected the possibility of a future "good-bye tour" for Slayer, and states if the band realize they have "lost a step" they will "call it a day".

The stage was converted to resemble the band's 1986 "Reign in Pain" tour, which featured the Slayer eagle and inverted crosses as part of the lighting rig. The stage was modified to absorb the "blood" and have it recirculate back down upon the band, which allowed for easier clean-up and lowered the chance of injury by slipping. The DVD was recorded in 1.85:1 video, which caused macro blocking errors such as aliasing and a murky stage when fully lit, and the audio featured English Dolby Digital 5.1 and 2.0 stereo, with no subtitles.

Kevin Shirley, who has worked with the bands Iron Maiden and Dream Theater, produced the DVD. He issued a statement describing the demanding mixing process which took place at a New York studio: "It's OK — some places it rocks hard, and others are a bit sloppy, but I'm sure they won't use the whole concert. It was tough to mix." The following day Shirley apologized for his "unprofessional comment" towards the band, and altered his post on his personal website to read: "The rest of the week I finished mixing a live Slayer set for a DVD, in stereo and surround, and it's great — it rocks hard, but it was tough to mix."

On September 30, 2006, Shirley issued a further statement claiming he had not been paid for his work, and had received threats and insults from people associated with the band: "I've just mixed a really wonderful band with one of the worst sounding recordings ever. It's kinda disgraceful that they won't spend anything on a decent recording! I won't say who, because last time I commented on a sloppy recording (on this page), they refused to pay me and I got all manner of threats and insults from people associated with the band, so I'd best be quiet!"

The stage blood caused technical difficulties as it soaked the microphone, guitars, and cymbals, which according to Shirley sounded like "coffee mugs being tapped with a spoon". A review of the DVD observed that "If it wasn't for guitarist Jeff Hanneman being out of position and missing all of the blood, the guitar might have sounded pretty bad." Hanneman missed the initial downpour due to a technical problem with his guitar, and was deluged by a light shower when coming back on-stage. Shirley replaced thousands of cymbal and drum hits with those used on previous recordings; the process took several days to complete. After recording the DVD, the band used a sprinkler system with diluted water rather than a bucket with blood that was like tar when recording the DVD. King later remarked, "My guitar didn't like it, that was the last time I played it," and he donated it to the Hard Rock Cafe after the show. Vocalist Tom Araya felt the same and admitted; "It was messy. I couldn't play because the initial dump at the beginning of the song got all over me. I couldn't hold my pick. I was slapping my bass trying to get sound out of it."

Reception
Still Reigning debuted on the Billboard DVD chart at number seven — selling 9,813 copies. It became the band's second DVD to receive gold certification on July 20, 2005, after War at the Warfield, which received gold certification a year earlier for sales in excess of 50,000. The readers of Revolver magazine voted it "best live DVD" in 2005, making it the second consecutive year the band topped the category.

Slayer received a positive reception when performing at the Augusta Civic Center. On finishing half the set list, the band briefly left the stage and returned to play the 28-minute album, Reign in Blood as an encore. On the final song, "Raining Blood" the lights were turned off and Slayer members were deluged by two buckets of stage blood. According to King, the crowd went quiet for a few seconds until they realized the blood was part of the show. King thought Araya looked like a psychotic mass murderer, which contributed to the crowd's reaction. Following the two large drops,  stage blood mixed with water was used so it looked like it was "raining blood".

Andy Patrizio of IGN awarded the DVD six out of ten commenting, "Tom Araya lost his piercing shriek that opens 'Angel of Death' and the end of 'Necrophobic'", praising Lombardo's return by saying the drummer "...hasn't lost a step at all. With barely any breathing time between songs, the underground drum legend shows that an impending 40th birthday (next month) isn't going to slow him down." Patrizio stated the production was not of the highest caliber, as the rapid "MTV-style" cuts were distracting, as was the switch from black and white to color shots. Patrizio ended the review with the comment, "This is what you get for letting Uwe Boll direct your music video", Boll being a heavily criticized film director.

Track listing

 * Reign in Blood live
 * 1) "Angel of Death"
 * 2) "Piece by Piece"
 * 3) "Necrophobic"
 * 4) "Altar of Sacrifice"
 * 5) "Jesus Saves"
 * 6) "Criminally Insane"
 * 7) "Reborn"
 * 8) "Epidemic"
 * 9) "Postmortem"
 * 10) "Raining Blood"

 * Bonus material
 * 1) "War Ensemble"
 * 2) "Hallowed Point"
 * 3) "Necrophiliac"
 * 4) "Mandatory Suicide"
 * 5) "Spill the Blood"
 * 6) "South of Heaven"
 * 7) "Slayer in Their Own Words" (interview)

Personnel

 * Slayer
 * Tom Araya – bass, vocals
 * Jeff Hanneman – guitar
 * Kerry King – guitar
 * Dave Lombardo – drums

 * Production
 * Dean Karr – director
 * Arthur Gorson – producer
 * Rick Sales – executive producer
 * Nick John – executive producer

title: Still Reigning


text:
Destination management

A destination management company (DMC) is a professional services company with local knowledge, expertise and resources, working in the design and implementation of events, activities, tours, transportation and program logistics.

There are very few destination management organizations. Management implies control, and rarely does a tourism organisation have control over the destination's resources, such as in the case of the New Zealand government's development of the resort town of Rotorua in the first half of the 20th century. The majority of these entities are regarded as destination marketing organizations.

A DMC provides a ground service based on local knowledge of their given destinations. These services can be transportation, hotel accommodation, restaurants, activities, excursions, conference venues, themed events, gala dinners and logistics, meetings, incentive schemes as well as helping with overcoming language barriers. By acting as purchasing consortia, DMCs can provide preferential rates based on the buying power they have with their preferred suppliers.

title: Destination management


text: User talk:202.131.123.30

title: User talk:202.131.123.30


text:
Talk:Bomb

==Ord(i)nances= = Take a look at the picture text. It says "ordinance" - not ordnance, which is the correct word.--JRed July 7, 2005 16:32 (UTC)

Does anyone know who so very rudely put the farting comment in the first sentence? I edited it out. Secos5 17:27, 11 April 2006 (UTC) Correction: IP address 67.189.164.148 was responsible. Secos5 17:30, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Bomb Effects
As explosive events are complex phenomena, it seemed appropriate to include a brief review of the physics with links outward to the relevant science. I took what I think is a good pass at it, working on assembling several additional cites. Cardigan379

Stylized graphic
What is the origin of the familiar stylized graphic of a black ball with a wick? , for example. — Omegatron 01:24, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * That's what the first hand grenades were. Kafziel 17:18, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Bomb guidance
There should be a section (at least) on the guidance of dropped bombs and especially modern methods, e.g. laser-guided or "smart" bombs. There are even better targeting methods available today.

 * Sorry, missed link to Precision-guided munition... -Wfaxon 08:30, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Has anyone ever tried outfitting artillery shells with advanced bomb-like guidance, with targeting done by spotter planes? Without ordnance the planes can stick around longer and artillery shells are supposedly faster even than missles. -Wfaxon 00:13, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I am not sure that artillery shells quite qualify as bombs, but to answer your question there are smart artillary shells. It is called Excaliber and they are used by the United States military.  They cost nearly one million dollars a piece but are extremely accurate and useful when air support is not availible.  If you wish to learn more here is a link.Whodoesntlovemonkeys (talk)

History
Can someone please add a history section? -- Added a small cross-ref to the Wall Street bombing incident, working on a more thorough-but-concise listing with no propaganda as noted below =)  I have some very good ref material on the subject and should be able to add some good content. Cardigan379

Can someone please add a history section that's not anti-Japanese propaganda? Japanese air attacks against Chongquing are repeatedly condemned as atrocities and mass murder when they caused something like half the number of casualties over -four years- as the RAF inflicted (conservatively) in two days over Dresden. More people in Chongquing probably died from traffic accidents. Kensai Max 15:06, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

The "bombing" section, on reflection, doesn't belong in an encyclopedic page about the explosive devices themselves, especially given that it largely deals with strategic bombardment from the air and not other uses of explosives in warfare for... just about everything. A link to Strategic Bombing would be more appropriate. I'm deleting the section and adding the link under "see also". Kensai Max 18:49, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * How can this article be a part of the Military History Project??? Where is the history? -- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  PRAISE 02:21, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
The pronunciation of the word was added which is harmless and completely intelligible, and was considered vandalism. Is pronunciation considered vandalism?

Hey there. I reverted the post in question for a few different reasons:

1. There was no edit summary, and at a quick glance appears to be jibberish.

2. It was not written in a standard pronunciation form, but in IPA phoenetics (which is less commonly used these days).

3. I did not believe that a phoenetical pronunciation was needed for a simple, common four letter word.

4. The author that added the phoenetics to the article had four previous warnings issued by other editors and bots, therefore by common sense, the user's change appeared to be nonsense also.

Chrisch 03:29, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Attentat?
I was wondering why Attentat redirects here but hten is not referred to? An Attentat does not have to involve a bomb, so although it might involve a bomb, the link is a little tenuous. If someone knows the resaon for the original redirection can they explain? Thanks

Andrew Riddles 01:24, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Concrete bomb
Perhaps someone could have a look at the following new addition, which I just removed from the article. Spelling and redlinking aside, I'm not sure what the point of the text is. -- Ec5618 14:15, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

A concrete bomb is a bomb without any explosives. They are besicly chunks of concrete weighing 227, 454 or 908 kg (500, 1000 or 2000 pounds). The advantage is that they theoreticly can knock out a target without an explotion, without chrapnel and with less collateral damage.

Watch for Vandalism
I just changed a section of vandalism, we should be watching this article more often. Alec92 22:24, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Concrete Bomb Response
Yeap, what the person was trying to explain is almost correct. The Air Force is using BDU-50 (Mk 82 Intert Bomb, 500#) and BDU-56 (Mk 84 Intert Bomb, 2000#) to take out targets with no coladderal damage. The Bombs are forged steel bombs filled with Concrete instead of explosives. There is no Mk 83 (1000#) version of the inert bomb (concrete bomb). 76.184.182.223 (talk) 22:45, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

If you look at the decription of what a bomb is on the page you will see that a concrete bomb dose not fit the decription and should therefore not be placed in the article. Incredibleman007 (talk) 16:33, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I disagree. While the concrete "bomb" may not fit the standard definition of a bomb, they are called bombs in common usage so deserve a mention.  They are certainly notable, and one looking for information about them would logically look in this article.Theseeker4 (talk) 18:18, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Origin of cartoon bombs
What's the origin of those cartoon bombs. Those black balls with a fuse coming out of them? I heard they were based on old Spanish grenades. 70.89.165.91 (talk) 22:53, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

They're based on explosive cannonballs 199.247.253.42 (talk) 03:49, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It would be nice to see a mention of these explosive cannonballs in this article, perhaps in a "History" section. Their prevalence in Western animation makes their cultural impact more enduring than their actual military use, it seems.  --Rogermw (talk) 23:16, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

I SVG-ised the diagram - Can somebody replace the JPG
Hi I'm having troubles replacing the current diagram of the timebomb with my new SVG version.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TimeBomb.svg

If somebody could help that would be grand, thanks.

Will —Preceding unsigned comment added by WillT.Net (talk • contribs) 21:01, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism removed
I just corrected some vandalism that seems to have been there for some time.

In the first paragraph I have replaced where it had said "intestinal material" with "explosive material"... text which I verified was in an earlier version of the page.

I'm posting annonymously because I'm at work and really shouldn't be here anyway.

Nogdenut —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.110.232.224 (talk) 17:45, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

List of bombs
If anyone is interested, the article List of bombs should either be merged here or re-worked so that it has some value. Pichpich (talk) 21:25, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

more sources needed
I put a note up in the article for more sources. There are many questionable claims made in the article and these need sources to back them up. For example, the concept that a bomb must have an exothermic chemical reaction - I've never come across this criterion before for classifying bombs. As far as I was aware, a bomb is basically anything made to cause destruction when it explodes. Grenades etc are types of bomb, as is a nuclear bomb. The article also needs to explain (with sources) how "improvised explosive devices" are different to bombs. It would also be good to talk about saboteurs, modern suicide bombers, the invention of dynamite, ... Owen214 (talk) 14:19, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Dipensers
Should bomb dispenser link here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.247.169.197 (talk) 05:52, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Critique
I found this article on "Bomb" to be well-written and thought out with the proper attention also paid to significant topics that need to be understood simultaneously with the understanding of the bomb. However, I feel that there are too many broad general definitions for a variety of terms and that there are no real intimate information which can help tremendously in further knowledge of this topic. The idea to delve into one specific area of this article could help this become more informative and more interesting and useful to its readers. The sources are complete and credible, but again, there are not that many of them, which shows that there is still a lot of information that can be gained on the bomb. The illustrations go well with this article because it shows a few different types of bombs, an internal diagram of how a bomb functions and the actual deployment of the device. There could definitely be more pictures and diagrams because bombs are very complicated and there are so many different types of bombs that have been made and used in the world. I wish there was a history section on the bomb and the time periods for what bombs were used when and the developing of the technology of the bomb. These are very important components for having anyone trying to understand a term and this could make this article more credible and authoritative. I do notice that it is a serious website, and there are no thoughtless reports that have been made and that everything included has been looked up and confirmed credible. I think that this wikipedia article is comparable to that of an encyclopedia edition because it does a good job on covering the basics of the broad term of a bomb. It also links out and mentions important terms and ideas with it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by HIST406-10scypen (talk • contribs) 01:43, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Too Many Articles
As far as I can tell, this article covers two significantly different topics: Both of which already have an article (3 in the case of aerial bombs!), and it seems to me that the information in this page woud be better moved to the appropirate article and this page turned into a disambiguation page, or split into two parts and the above articles moved into here. Jellyfish dave (talk) 13:09, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Aerial bombs
 * Improvised Explosive Devices

First sentence
"A bomb is any of a range (short or long distance) of explosive weapons..." - just what kind of sense does "(short or long distance)" make in this context? The "range" in question refers neither to the distance over which a bomb is deployed nor to the radius of its effect. The term "range" is used here in the sense of "variety, plurality". Is there any reason to uphold this infelicitous phrasing?--Humphrey20020 (talk) 06:57, 17 May 2011 (UTC)
 * No reason at all. I've removed it.  Rojomoke (talk) 21:52, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

High Level of IP Vandalism - Semi-Protection needed?
I have noticed extremely high level of IP vandalism on this page. Since there are many people who just type "Bomb" into the search box and press Enter, shouldn't this page be protected? ★ Oliverlyc ★ ✈✈✈  Pop me a message!  01:09, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

History
This article really needs a history section, imo 75.84.186.29 (talk) 03:45, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

First thoughts
Hi all. I'm planning additions to the article, to include these 2 types of bomb that one reads about. I'm aware that concrete bombs have been discussed in at least 2 sections already on this talk page. I feel that both inert and concrete (though they may be one and the same - I know nothing about the subject) should be somewhere on Wikipedia Indeed, I came to WP to find out what inert bombs are, having read about them today on BBC news re Australia.

There's probably insufficient scope for either of them having their own articles - certainly at this stage. So instead, I feel they should go into this article, somehow. Once I've added them, of course other editors may wish to change the format. I would, however, recommend keeping any new subsection names &/or bold text, as these will probably be the targets of redirects which I will soon create.

Further rational for having them on WP is that:
 * inert bombs are referred to in these 8 WP articles, &
 * concrete bombs are referred to in these 9 WP articles.

Surely it's best for WP to describe things it refers to - hence my changes. Military experts will doubtless expand the information in the course of time. Happy to discuss further, here, naturally. Thanks, Trafford09 (talk) 12:59, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

Second thoughts
I am now better-informed.

It transpires that there _was_ already a concrete bomb article, and inert bombs are effectively described in inert. So, I've created inert bomb as a redirect to there.

This means that:
 * My changes to this Bomb section are actually redundant. Please remove them if you feel strongly - although I still feel they serve some use.
 * What I said earlier (about not removing bold text etc. as things point here) no longer applies. All such matters are handled independently of this article.

Trafford09 (talk) 19:58, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

Automatic archiving
Per WP:ARCHIVE, I'm planning on setting up automatic archiving of this page using.

I'll use the following settings:

Any objections?

—me_and 14:03, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Good on you. Great idea, but maybe 365 days = better?
 * Good of you to ask, though I'm sure you needn't have. Cheers, Trafford09 (talk) 20:50, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * From User:MiszaBot/Archive HowTo: "Before setting up automatic archiving on an article's talk page, please establish a consensus that archiving is really needed there." So that's what I'm doing :)
 * Entirely happy with 365 days. I'll give things a day or two more to see if anyone else weighs in, and set it up then if nobody does.
 * —me_and 11:26, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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"Bomb holes" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Bomb holes. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 August 21 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 23:34, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

"German bomb" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect German bomb and has thus listed it at redirects for discussion. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 23 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 21:07, 23 December 2021 (UTC)

Confinement
Presently, the article includes this:

"Therefore, the pressure wave produced by a high explosive is not significantly increased by confinement as detonation occurs so quickly that the resulting plasma does not expand much before all the explosive material has reacted."

As a layman---i.e., someone who has never used high explosives---I'm not sure this is quite correct. I suppose, yes, that confinement is unnecessary if "confinement" be taken to mean some sort of artifact, e.g., a metal container or even a container made of heavy paper; but my sense is that a high explosive won't explode if it is not "confined" by, at least, the atmosphere, i.e., by atmospheric pressure. In fact, I wonder whether "detonation" of, say, nitroglycerin can occur if there is no surrounding air through which a shock wave can spread.

Don't know the answers. Am simply hoping someone who knows will address the questions.98.114.190.60 (talk) 98.114.190.60 (talk) 22:20, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bomb


text:
Trimeresurus

Trimeresurus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in Asia from the Indian Subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia, China, and the Pacific Islands. Currently 44 species are recognized. Common names include Asian palm pit vipers, Asian lanceheads, and green pit vipers.

Description
Most species in the genus Trimeresurus are relatively small, primarily arboreal species, with thin bodies and prehensile tails. Most Trimeresurus species are typically green in color, but some species also have yellow, black, orange, red, or gold markings.

Feeding
The diet of Trimeresurus species includes a variety of animals, including lizards, amphibians, birds, rodents, and other small mammals.

Reproduction
Like most viper species, many of the species in the genus Trimeresurus are ovoviviparous, bearing live young. However, some species such as T. flavoviridis, T. kaulbacki, and T. macrolepis are oviparous, laying eggs. Also, the reproductive biology of some Trimeresurus species is as yet unknown.

Venom
Trimeresurus venom varies in toxicity between species, but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans.

Geographic range
Species in the genus Trimeresurus are found in Southeast Asia from India (including regions of the North Chotanagpur division of Jharkhand) to Southern China and Japan, and the Malay Archipelago to Timor.

Species
*) Not including the nominate subspecies.

T ) Type species.

Taxonomy
Additional species that may be recognized by other sources include:

 * T. barati Regenass & Kramer, 1981 . Commonly called Barat's bamboo viper, found in Indonesia.
 * T. fucatus Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004 . Commonly called the Siamese peninsula pit viper and found in southern Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia.

The genus Trimeresurus (sensu lato) has been the subject of considerable taxonomic work since 2000, resulting in the recognition of additional genera within this complex. Most authors now recognise the genus Protobothrops for the species cornutus, flavoviridis, jerdonii, kaulbacki, mucrosquamatus, tokarensis, xiangchengensis, since these have been shown not to be closely related to other Trimeresurus in recent phylogenetic analyses.

In addition, Malhotra and Thorpe (2004) proposed a radical shake up of the entire genus, splitting Trimeresurus into seven genera. Their proposed arrangement (including species described since 2004) is shown in the table below:

This new arrangement has been followed by many, but not all subsequent authors.

David et al. (2011) considered some of the genera of Malhotra & Thorpe to be subgenera of the genus Trimeresurus, creating new combinations such as "Trimeresurus (Parias) flavomaculatus", "Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum", "Trimeresurus (Viridovipera) stejnegeri", etc.

title: Trimeresurus


text:
Talk:Dougla people

Untitled
move to wikitionary — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.38.124.252 (talk • contribs) 09:23, 4 February 2005

POV
This article is very biased, and the cited source describes a world which bears little resemblance to my first-hand experience (which would, of course, amount to personal research). The cited source does not seem to be based on field research, and cites only a few modern sources. In addition, the source blends Trinidad and Guyana in such a way that it is difficult to figure out which one she is talking about at several points. At the same time, since it is based on a source, I suppose I need to find some alternative source material. Guettarda 19:25, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

The article is not entirely biased as there were racial tensions between Indo and Afro descendants and the term was used as a racial slur. However, the intent of the term has changeed somewhat as racial tensions between Afro, Indo and all ethnicities of the Caribbean have become minimised as we have become more of a Caribbean people. (Negra) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.59.77.36 (talk • contribs) 15:13, 20 November 2005

The use of the term "miscegenation" both in the article and the talk page is inappropriate. This term implies disapproval of inter-racial relationships, and violates Wikipedia's neutrality policy. The term should not be used. Paransaek (talk) 14:30, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

Ishango Interjects
Where is the bias? The research seems very adequate. The term and the people have been perceived differently as a matter of Historical fact and not just as a matter of personal opinion. The fact is that people in Trinidad and Tobago have a hard time in accepting that the majority of them have mixed ancestry. Ethnicity is used in many cases merely as a performative act, a culturally specific form of technology cultivated by groups in order to gain resources of power. --Ishango 14:49, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

When I was a kid
When I was a kid in the 1950s, I remember 'dougla' being used pejoratively occasionally, but mostly it was used just to state a fact, and the same could be said about the use of 'coolie', 'white', and so on. Can someone living in T&T now please inform us what other connotations, if any, exist these days? Many thanks, John Hill (talk) 03:21, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Another origin for some of the miscegenated.
Part of the origin of many of mixed descent is an Indian cultural bias against marrying a widow. Hence Indian widows might have a second union with an Afro Caribbean.RichardBond (talk) 13:54, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Strikes me as doubtful, given the gender imbalance among immigrants. Guettarda (talk) 14:14, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Term in Jamaica
AFAIK, growing up in Jamaica in the 80s and 90s "dougla" was not a term used in Jamaica because I clearly remember having it explained to me by a Trinidadian. Also I've never seen it used in Jamaican writing. For example in the Novelization of "The Harder they Come" the term used for a mixed black/Indian character is "coolie-royal" which is a bit old school now as you'd probably say "black-head indian" or "black-head coolie" (somewhat derogatory) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.90.74.7 (talk) 12:49, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

 * My Jamaican born mum always referred to south Asian folks as “coolies”, so yes, you’re absolutely right. I’ve never heard the term “dougla” before. 75.170.100.200 (talk) 04:36, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

Douglas
Douglas 2605:A200:9301:AC94:7A36:90FF:FE79:AD2D (talk) 13:10, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dougla people