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Talk:Peripheral

Peripheral Disambiguation Needed
I am not great with this whole thing but I think this page should be either renamed peripheral device or at least have the periphery disambiguation link at the top. I came here looking for a desciription of peripheral in the context of something in the periphery of an area. I will try my best to add the disambiguation but may not be able to. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2406:9A00:0:107:203:144:40:153 (talk) 00:26, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

Peripheral device merge
I am wondering if this article should be merged with the article "Peripheral device". They seem to mean pretty much the same thing, but the Periphery disambiguation page states that a peripheral is not to be confused with a peripheral device without giving an explanation why. The redirect page for Computer peripheral links here.

Also, Peripheral device and peripheral have a different set of other language links. I linked the Dutch version (randapparaat) to this article, but I did that before I discovered the peripheral device article so I'm wondering if I should have linked to the peripheral device article instead.

 * Yes, the two pages should be merged. There are three ways of thinking of peripherals, the "peripheral device" article, my way (the right way of course :), and the "peripheral" article.  1) "in the old days"  The veiw of the computer hardware designer, anything but the CPU.  2) Anything that does not attach directly to the main system bus.  The motherboard, and all the chips on the motherboard, and anything that plugs directly into a PCI slot are _not_  peripherals, although the CPU designer thinks of them that way.  Disk drives, CD drives, DVD drives, keyboards, monitors, mice, and so forth _are_ peripherals.  3) Anything that you don't get with a cheapo computer purchased at Best Buy is a peripheral, what comes in the package you buy is not.

 * To my mind 3 is a pretty meaningless definition, even to today's casual computer user.

 * In the future there will be confusion as to whether network attached devices are peripherals, things like network attached disk drives that you can share throughout your home network.

 * The question to answer regards peripherials is "What does it plug into?" Peripheral to what?  1) says it plugs into the CPU.  It must be very close to the CPU.  It gets power from the same wires the CPU does.  2) says it plugs into the motherboard (or backplane etc.) or an attached circut board.  It must be pretty close to the CPU, attached to a single run of cable, perhaps with power boosters to extend the cable range.  (Think USB hubs.)  Power comes from different wires than that which powers the CPU.  (Maybe not always, but I bet in a good design the keyboard and mouse don't share power with the CPU so that when you drop your mouse in the coffee you don't fry your whole computer.)  3) says nothing.  And then there's network attached devices, another sort of peripheral.  These may be anywhere on the planet or off it, and traffic to them may be routed, that is travel via multiple paths.  The routing is the distinction between things like USB peripherals, bluetooth devices, or even (to my knowledge) fiber channel attached devices, and network peripherals.  (There might be an intermediate catagory of storage area network devices in there somewhere, but these seem to me like a long complicated scsi bus -- without (usually) the simultainous sharing and certainly without the routing that you can have in network attached storage.)  --kop 20:11, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * So, there's peripherals that plug into the cpu, peripherals that plug into buses and connectors other than the main CPU bus, and peripherals that plug into the network.

 * I don't want to lump the main system bus in with other buses, not because other buses (like USB) are external to the case, but because things that plug into the main system bus are effectivly plugged into the CPU. That's the point.  They are peripherals in sense 1 -- things that plug into the CPU.  (Keyboards and mice BTW, and for that matter things like IDE drives, may plug directly into the motherboard but there's mediating electronics between them and the CPU.) --kop 20:30, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Renaming
Peripheral (this article) should be renamed to Computer peripheral. Also, I have proposed to rename Category: Computer device to Category: Computer peripherals (see Categories_for_deletion/Log/2005_December_19). Mirror Vax 19:05, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Actually I suggests not Cateogrized it or renaming it. The name you give for renaming is incorrect for IT terms. Also peripherials is one of the most commmonly confused term in PC terms, so I guess it should be Computer Device or put it like so: ] 23:39, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Sorry I wrote a bit too much - I propose on deleting the "Peripherial Device,"  because that articles is almost exactly same as Perpherial in terms of content. The only thing that can be added is possibly the specifications of internal peripherial & external peripherial specifications and portfolio such as ATAPI. I really doubt, NAS, SAS & Fiber Channel would ever be confused with peripherial, they are only an interface or most technically an architectural system interface for a server. Generally speaking most enterprise buisness consdier them as "Architectural options for SANs."

I don't think you should put the part that you said about "What does it plug into it," because strictly speaking all internal components of motherboard that is irreplaceable by technology uses power from their own internace (CPU, RAM, Graphic Card would almost 98% be limited to their design, no matter how powerful technology is, the only thing you can change is their Gate arrays and nanoarchitectural design for better transfering speeds and the nanotechnology, but no matter what CPU is still limited to the various amount of PLD packaginig avaliable).

While Components that is possibly replaceable by technology, uses power from PSU, such as Hard Drive, because HDD can have multiple interface options, so it wouldn't be too much hassle to reconfigure BIOS all the time, just for power.

PCI Express Graphic Card connnector is an exception and you can't argue about that, because the inital design wasn't intended for easy installation, it was intended for enthusiast.

Transfering power for external I/O are considered more of personal options that is why they are design to plug onto the motherboard in most cases, while portable / mobile external I/O uses port for easier transportation.

I know a lot of you guys might argue that Graphic Card, isn't an essential components, but actually it is consider to be added as one of essential components, since the current CPU-can't be regarded as a true-CPU, because it can't handle a lot of process inefficiently, due to architecture design flaw (see bottom paragraph for summary). One of the reason, is that current CPU design can't handle management efficiently like jsp, cfml applicatons and other object-related operations very well. This research actually lead to a serious of discovery on Microsoft window OS, because much of the Windows OS enviroments is design for Intel. A simple example, is the design flaw in RAM memory protected mode, that causes Buffer Overflow. (If you want to know more, go edit my User Page for questions) see CPU dicussion on CPU Architecture for details and you'll understand why.

CPU in brief In short CPU, the central = management, however, the design today are efficient (because, when you are doing things like abstraction you get 80% ALU, 15%NPU & 5% FPU) usgage, unbalancing management and causes unncessary overheating up to 40~50 degree Celsius is definately not "management" as describe in CPU expectation. Another flaw is CPU rescheduling, since components are already almost at full you can't rescheudle anything, because the more you add the probability of crashing increases. Thus the only true-CPU is MAJC, because the entire components can process anything, thus rescheduling wouldn't be a problem, because each transitor is only using partial usage (also their process in being evenly balanced across each transistor, thus it won't cause overheating and achieveing management).

The reason why MAJC isn't recognized as true-CPU yet, because processors are usually very dependant on chipset technologies stability, but Sun Microsystems (designer of MAJC) hasn't come up that technology. You can see that processor is very dependant on technologies, because Intel Dual Core + Chipset (has a lot of technology, such as speedstep, flex memory access..etc.) While AMD Athlon Dual Core has almost nothing.

Note: the scale / dimension of the components, mostly affect the heat being produced, usually doesn' affect speed, because small volume = larger surface area, but CPU doesn't uses surface area, since they aren't life therefore they don't require to interact any other components, other than the components that they are intended for(in this case is the DDR2, HyperTransport and FSB). --Ramu50 (talk) 17:42, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree, this article needs to be re-written or renamed, because "peripherials" can expand well beyond just consumer computers. For example from the perspective of a phone SOIC the IMU could be considered a "peripheral" 162.18.172.11 (talk) 16:21, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

Monitors?
I would like to draw the attention that the definition disagrees with the webopedia definition. Monitors are peripherals. Computers are able to function without the need of a monitor even though u would not be able to view the output :-) ! Maltesedog 12:32, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

CD/DVD/etc...
Aren't CDs and such storage not peripherals, but rather the individual CD DRIVE? technically aren't the CDs and DVDs used IN/WITH the peripheral? --FranzSS 03:04, 24 August 2007 (UTC) what are you talking about. no idea —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.41.204.4 (talk) 12:17, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Reverts
First I reverts a lot of the edits which are totally incorrect. First Hard Drives isn't a Peripheral, peripherals are referring to add on computer device. (I am still trying to figure out if SSD is a peripheral or not).

You guys should understand the history, before removing a lot of correctly written information.
 * The term itself was being used when multimedia technologies are still in development stage. On that note, Computer Peripheral generally refers to business, multimedia and later in 1990s / 2000 personal -related devices. If I remember correctly, in around 2001, they are some enthusiasts who started emulating Game Consoles, and emulating anything that is Hardware is expanding a computer capabilities therefore it is a computer peripherals. So you shouldn't remove that. Take note that Peripherals also includes any Hardware-related Virtualization.

The only Hardware-related Virtualization that isn't peripherals is probably VLANs. Put it in See Also only for now, because currently they are a lot of controversy in regards of whether Virtualization should be considered as a computing, a technology or it is just another generation that expands from mainframe system.

Take note of the following
 * Software are not Peripherals, since they are purpose-based.
 * I link the Iomega Zip drive, that is not an advertisement nor spamming. It is because they aren't an article for the mini-Zip Drives storage era. You guys should recognize them, since they are defined in the ARMD-HDD.

--75.154.186.241 (talk) 09:40, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * You can't invent a controversy about the subject that doesn't exist. The term peripheral is well understood in computer hardware and does include disk drives. Hard Drives are an add-on, they sit on top of the core functionality that is considered to be architecturally neccessary (Processor/Memory/Chipset triad) and the majority of computing devices (Including hand held devices, Thin Clients, Clusters etc) do not include hard drives, especially not one that serves the primary function of booting the system. SSD is a technology, not a device, there is nothing for you to "figure out".

 * I understand the history, the term has never changed, and non-physical devices are still not physical devices which is what this article is about. There is no controversy, and any dissent on the topic is purely populist, naive and novelty reactionism to what is considered "new" to people only just entering the market.

 * Software is not a peripheral no... Software is not anything related to devices, since they are not a physical device which is what a peripheral is.... - Jimmi Hugh (talk) 14:36, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

I somewhat still disagree on HDD, Flash, SSD are peripherals, since all computers need one or the either, we should clarify they are only peripherals when as a standalone add-on or external devices. We should probably consider using the term "Integrated Peripherals" since some source seem to use it.

Much of the peripherals new meaning I think generally lacks the IT attention and lack of contribution, but the terminology is being used in still used in the Hardware Virtualization fields. Look at the patents, it is not WP:OR, though the article controversy section does need some assistance.

The accessories section was just a rewrite, since it was already there on the article and we should included, since they are a lot of acessories article that pertains only to specific topics like Xbox 360, GameBoys, yet they are the same thing under the scope of Computer Peripherals. --75.154.186.241 (talk) 06:22, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Flash and SSD are technologies, not devices... still. No computer needs any of them. We have no right to enforce our opinion, I have always wanted to use peripheral in a sense to mean external only, with accesories being excessive, or auxillary. However, that is not the definition, and considering how few sources there are already, moving away from the facts presented by the sole reliable one (PC Guide), we cannot just make anything up. I have no problem with information being added about the sub-cateogry of Integrated Peripherals that appear within the primary housing of the system.

 * Again, the second term used, includes peripherals, but does not change the meaning of the original term peripherals. I also have serious issues of your reading of that patent, which does not discuss "Virtual Peripherals" but "Virtualising Peripherals", that is the virtualisation of physical devices. Notice that all devices virtualised in example, are physical, and that there is no inherent Verifiability in the text of a Patent.

 * Then, improve that article (Computer Accesories) and perhaps add a "Main Topic" section on this one, however, there is no need to repeat the concept. - Jimmi Hugh (talk) 12:00, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Off Topic
(not meant to be a serious talk page content, just side-notes for referencing)
 * Be Alert there might be a controversy on all media-related devices are peripherals, but not necessarily Computer Peripheral, because they are sort of a "viewing device" and generally speaking they are Computer Dependant. (e.g. upgrading, modding, a lot of them require downloading contents from the internet to removable media, then transfer the installation process to the Devices.
 * When I say media-related devices, I refer to Consoles Games, Handheld consoles....etc.

Networking Devices somewhat controversial, I think standalone networking devices are peripherals. However, if they are built collectively to build an infrastructure they probably belongs to others type of Computing. "SOHO Home Networking", "Multimedia Home Networking" or other networking infrastructures. --75.154.186.241 (talk) 09:40, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Stop inventing controversy. - Jimmi Hugh (talk) 14:36, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

I am looking for feedback on my new post for the MoGo mouse. User: Ericrh123. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericrh123 (talk • contribs) 21:00, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Shoddy article
This article is very poorly written indeed. It reads as though it has been written by a non-native speaker or a semi-literate native speaker. It feels like a rough draft transposed directly from a few vague pencil jottings scribbled on the side of a matchbox over after-dinner drinks. Come on folks, this may not be a properly published encyclopaedia, but surely writers here should be endeavouring to establish and maintain some degree of competence in their compositions? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.12.165.129 (talk) 13:21, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

 * My first boss told me that if you don't have a suggestion for improvement, then you should keep criticism to yourself. Words to live by I think. IMO, minimum is specifics for improvement. Better is you get off your duff and fix it. Least appreciated is hyperbolic criticism. Stevebroshar (talk) 19:20, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

Peripherals and storage
I came across the reference to storage devices as I was looking for additional sources. I wouldn't have thought of them either, but that's what the source said and it seems to make sense. Peter Flass (talk) 17:29, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Hello! As already noted in, I'd respectfully disagree that storage devices belong to peripherals.  With the latest advancements in storage technology, which include boundary-blurring technologies such as NVDIMM, it's even more clear that treating storage devices as peripherals simply doesn't make much sense.  Furthermore, such boundary-blurring technologies will probably require many textbooks to be adjusted because of the overall level of blurring between storage and main memory.  Even if storage devices could be seen as peripherals back in the old days when many devices actually had no internal storage, technology advancements in the last few decades have only widened the storage–peripheral gap.  Hope you agree. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 15:34, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Okay, I guess. Storage devices weren't there originally, and I didn't think of them until I came across the reference I cited.  I guess maybe yes and maybe no. Peter Flass (talk) 19:18, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I strongly disagree. Storage devices are peripherals. Peripherals = I/O devices. Anything you reference with read and write I/O commands is a peripheral. Doesn't matter if it's built into the main case or even on the motherboard. Jeh (talk) 21:34, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

 * IMHO, the type of I/O is the key when determining if it's a peripheral device or not. In other words, if a human user is on one side of the I/O operation, then it's about a peripheral device; otherwise, it's a "plain" I/O device.  Human users obviously can't use their senses to read or write computer storage, so storage doesn't belong to peripherals; the same applies to network interface cards, storage controllers, etc.  If we'd extend the definition so an I/O device equals a peripheral device, what I/O devices wouldn't classify as peripherals? — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 13:44, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Whether a "human user" is involved is irrelevant and your distinction of "peripheral" vs "plain I/O device" is your invention (OR). "Input" and "output" does not have to involve a "user". For example, a temperature sensor is an input device but it's not accepting data from a user; a servo motor on a CNC mill is output-only but is not sending data to a user. A paper tape punch is output-only but its output is not intended for users to read (though it is human-readable with some effort). I will be correcting your recent changes to the article accordingly.
 * Regarding your last question - none, and that's the point. Jeh (talk) 14:38, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Well, we can only respectfully agree to disagree. If there are actually no differences between I/O devices and peripherals, why don't we then name the article "I/O device" instead of "Peripheral"? — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 14:47, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Let's also have a look at this source, for example. It introduces the concept of a peripheral bus, which I would be quite happy to see incorporated into the Peripheral article.  Taking that route, everything that connects to a computer through a peripheral bus (SATA, SCSI, USB, PS/2, etc.) would be a peripheral device, so a SATA SSD would be a peripheral, but a PCI Express SSD or NVDIMM wouldn't.  On second thought, and if we agree on introducing the concept of a peripheral bus, we shouldn't say that all storage devices are peripherals, as some types certainly aren't. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 14:58, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * No replies to my examples, huh?
 * The division of buses into "peripheral bus" vs. "I/O bus", together with your example of the SSD, shows the ludicrousness of your position. If an SSD is a peripheral (which it certainly is) then it stays a peripheral even if it's moved from a SATA interface to an internal expansion bus like a PCIe slot. I don't understand how it suddenly becomes not-a-peripheral when it's removed from the processor by only one major logic block (the PCIe root complex), instead of by a PCIe root complex plus a second block, a SATA host controller. It still performs the same operations and, aside from some details in the driver stack, is used by the operating system and the user in exactly the same way. So how is the PCIe-attached device not a peripheral?
 * Is an ExpressCard slot a "peripheral bus"? (Logically, and largely electrically, it's just PCIe in a different form factor.)
 * We can agree to disagree, but the article has to say one thing or another. Jeh (talk) 15:27, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Sorry for not replying directly to your examples, introducing the concept of a peripheral bus seemed to me like a general solution and a response to all your examples. However, I don't think that I deserve to be called "ludicrous".  By the way, you also haven't answered to my question: why don't we rename the article I/O device?
 * Why a PCI Express device isn't a peripheral? The answer is simple, because it isn't connected to a computer via a peripheral bus, which PCI Express in its native form isn't.  There are some variations of PCI Express, including the one used by ExpressCard slots, which are peripheral buses because they are intended for connecting devices that aren't built into a computer system.
 * Anyway, (putting PCI Express on the side for a moment) NVDIMM is a clear example of a storage device that certainly isn't connected to a computer through a peripheral bus. Thus, saying that all storage devices are peripherals is simply wrong. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 15:41, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * That is a circular argument. The bus a device is connected to is not what matters. Any device that performs I/O operations is an I/O device. And from the computer organization and programming point of view, all I/O devices are peripherals. The only difference between a "peripheral bus" and an "I/O bus" is what sorts of devices happen to be available to be bought to plug into them this year; that is more a marketing designation than anything else. Did you know that PATA hard drives used to be directly connected to ISA? By "directly connected", I mean the hard drive's onboard controller showed up as I/O ports in the CPU's I/O port space. In those days ISA was the only I/O bus we had. Later ISA slots were implemented via a bus bridge from the PCIbus. Does that somehow change the status of devices attached to ISA slots? Nonsense. Today, an SSD does not magically transform from being a peripheral device when it's connected to USB, to not-a-peripheral when it's connected via PCI-E. Jeh (talk) 18:46, 9 April 2016 (UTC)

This discussion should probably have gone to the talkpage for Peripheral - my fault, sorry. Peter Flass (talk) 12:04, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I've copied it here. Please continue discussion here. Jeh (talk) 17:13, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Well, if any hardware device that can do I/O classifies as a peripheral, then an IMC (which is an integral part of a CPU, as we know) is also an example of a peripheral device because that's how it is configured. Now, that would be a nonsense. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 23:38, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Incorrect. The IMC is just an interface between the CPU and the main memory. It doesn't "do I/O". Jeh (talk) 01:36, 12 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Yeah, but an IMC has user-writable registers that are used for IMC configuration, which, in theory, may classify it as some kind of output device and, consequently, a peripheral. Surely, that's an absurd example, but I've used it only to prove my point that not all I/O devices are peripherals. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 02:02, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

 * No. Those registers have nothing to do with sending data out of the computer, only with configuration. So that doesn't make it an I/O device. Jeh (talk) 02:25, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Well, it seems that we can keep arguing like this forever. :) Let's wait for opinions from other editors, if you agree. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 03:55, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Or more references. References trump editors' opinions. Jeh (talk) 04:42, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Totally, that's what Wikipedia is all about. Though, unfortunately there don't seem to be too many reliable sources on this subject. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 04:52, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

two definitions
I merged the two definitions and it was reverted. Of course we can edit the quoted definition as long as the quotes are removed. That is how an encyclopedia is written. I think the main problem is that the quoted definition isn't good, and the rest of the lead tries to fix it. How about we drop the quote and the reference. A mouse isn't really inputting information, it is manipulating it. Volunteer1234 (talk) 17:56, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

 * A mouse is absolutely sending information to the computer. Jeh (talk) 18:01, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes, but it is an extremely poor description of what it is doing and why you are using it. Hard disks are sending information. Some peripherals are just getting power from the USB ports. Volunteer1234 (talk) 18:15, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Hard drives never "send" information. The computer reads information from the drive or writes information to it. The drive never initiates the transfer. Jeh (talk) 17:45, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

 * We have to stick to sources. If we don't like what our RS says, we look for more sources.  WP is low on sources in general; let's not make it worse.
 * "Peripheral" isn't as common a word now as it used to be. It came from the mainframe age, when "a computer" was made of things that occupied an entire rather large room.  Peripherals were large optional extensions that made more use of your expensive investment, not standard things.  A mouse or keyboard aren't typically called "peripherals", but "accessories", or even given no general name beyond simply "mouse" and "keyboard", as people consider them part of a computer, not something optional.
 * So, while the current def may seem a little "meh", that may well be because the concept has become a little "meh". Saying that is means "mouse" and "keyboard" isn't sourced, probably for a good reason -- few use the term that way.  It may be okay to use these as a more familiar examples of what an "I/O device" may be for modern readers, but it's not the def of a peripheral.  --A D Monroe III (talk) 20:56, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Indeed. In the "big computer room" days, disk drives were considered peripherals. By the early 70s (at the latest) they had become good enough that very few computers were shipped without at least one, but that was not always the case. Now a hard drive or equivalent (SSD) is standard in everything generally called a "computer" so we have young-uns arguing that hard drives aren't "peripherals" and even that it's part of the "CPU" (because many people think of the big box as the "CPU". But that is a recent view. If we can find references we should note this history. Jeh (talk) 21:20, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

I agree that the definition has changed over time; this probably means it's current use isn't very precise. I also agree that our current def in the article isn't great, but synthesizing a "better" def without sources isn't a solution. I'm letting the current sourced definition stand until we have more sources. --A D Monroe III (talk) 13:31, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

 * My last edit only moved the second definition (from paragraph three) to the lead paragraph. It didn't merge anything. Are you saying this second definition should be deleted? Volunteer1234 (talk) 16:11, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

 * I'll look for better sources, then propose a better def. I believe this is required to be an improvement, rather than just rearranging the various poor phrases.  (This may take me a little while, I'm traveling in RL.)  --A D Monroe III (talk) 16:00, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

Merge proposal: List of computer peripheral companies to here
List of computer peripheral companies has been in CAT:NN for over 5 years. It isn't likely to be kept if taken to AfD, but a merge here is a suitable WP:ATD, plus there is room in this article for the list. Boleyn (talk) 17:36, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * AfDed. Not really anything useful to merge, and no comments here for almost a year. See Articles for deletion/List of computer peripheral companies. BilCat (talk) 17:31, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

Ideas for expansion
Before I add these the article, I thought I would run them past the brains trust: Thoughts?--Gronk Oz (talk) 11:29, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Attachment methods, e.g. on-board card, connectors on the case, wireless...
 * Specialist peripherals, e.g.
 * medical peripherals (everything from watches that monitor the heart rate) to implanted pacemakers;
 * engineering peripherals, e.g. engine management chips;
 * farming, e.g. chips that track health and production of dairy cattle;
 * (what else?)
 * Standards for connecting peripherals to the computer, e.g. PCI, PCI Express, ISA, SCSI, USB

 * so... three lists: attaching, kinds/types, and standards for attaching (which seems somewhat same as first) ... Doesn't seem very valuable to me. I think example lists are low value in general. Stevebroshar (talk) 19:24, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peripheral


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User talk:Willkn

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List of Pomodoro Technique software
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Bruce Botnick

Bruce Botnick (born 1945) is an American audio engineer and record producer. He is best known for co-producing L.A. Woman, the sixth studio album by the Doors, after producer Paul A. Rothchild quit during production of the album. Botnick is also known for producing for Eddie Money and his platinum albums Eddie Money and Life for the Talking, as well as Steve Perry's platinum album Street Talk. Botnick also engineered for the Beach Boys and their eleventh studio album Pet Sounds, as well as producing and engineering for acts such as Love, Buffalo Springfield, Dave Mason, the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, the Rolling Stones, as well as film composer Jerry Goldsmith.

Early work
Botnick engineered Love's first two albums, and co-produced their third album, Forever Changes, with the band's singer-songwriter, Arthur Lee. He also is listed as the one of two recording engineers on the 1965 Curtis Amy LP The Sounds of Broadway - The Sounds of Hollywood - said to have been released in 1965, although it also has been said to have been released earlier. The LP back cover liner notes, written by Curtis Amy, formally thank Bruce Botnick for his work on the recordings.

The Doors
Botnick audio engineered the Doors' studio recordings starting with their first album in 1966.

In November 1970 he took over production of The Doors' L.A. Woman album, their last with lead singer Jim Morrison, after the band's long-serving producer Paul A. Rothchild fell out with the band over the album's direction. According to Robby Krieger it was Botnick's idea to record the album at the Doors rehearsal space where they were more comfortable and used to the sound, rather than at a more costly recording studio.

Additional work
Botnick has a credit as assistant engineer on the Rolling Stones' Let It Bleed album. He later produced Eddie Money's first two albums, Eddie Money in 1977 and Life for the Taking in 1978. Botnick also produced two albums for Paul Collins' rock group The Beat, including 1979's The Beat and 1982's The Kids Are The Same. He also co-produced Kenny Loggins’ 1982 album, High Adventure.

Botnick had a long-running association with film composer Jerry Goldsmith as his scoring mixer. Botnick first met Goldsmith on 1979's Star Trek: The Motion Picture and they worked together on most of Goldsmith's film projects - numbering over 100 - from the 1980s through to Goldsmith's death in 2004.

He also engineered at least two of Lonnie Mack's late-1960s Elektra albums, and is credited as Re-Recording Mixer for the movie Gremlins.

Was the producer and mixing engineer of the 1972 album Rising by the band Mark-Almond.

title: Bruce Botnick


text: Category:Welsh boxers

title: Category:Welsh boxers


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Renishaw Hall

Renishaw Hall is a country house in Renishaw in the parish of Eckington in Derbyshire, England. It is a Grade I listed building and has been the home of the Sitwell family for nearly 400 years. The hall is southeast of Sheffield, and north of Renishaw village, which is northeast of Chesterfield.

History
The house was built in 1625 by George Sitwell (1601–1667) who, in 1653, was High Sheriff of Derbyshire. The Sitwell fortune was made as colliery owners and ironmasters from the 17th to the 20th centuries.

Substantial alterations and the addition of the west and east ranges were made to the building for Sir Sitwell Sitwell by Joseph Badger of Sheffield between 1793 and 1808 and further alterations were made in 1908 by Sir Edwin Lutyens. Renishaw had two owners between 1862 (when Sir George Sitwell succeeded in his infancy) and 1965, when Sir Osbert Sitwell (brother of Edith) gave the house to his nephew, Sir Reresby Sitwell, 7th Baronet. The 7th Baronet was the eldest son of Sir Sacheverell Sitwell and owned the hall from 1965 until 2009 when he bequeathed it to his daughter, Alexandra Hayward.

Architecture
The house was built in stages and has an irregular plan. It is constructed in ashlar and coursed rubble coal measures sandstone with crenellated parapets with pinnacles. It has pitched slate roofs.

Gardens
The gardens, including an Italianate garden laid out by Sir George Sitwell (1860–1943), are open to the public. The hall is open for groups by private arrangement. The park is listed in the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England as Grade II*.

title: Renishaw Hall


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Dana Murzyn

Dana Trevor Murzyn (born December 9, 1966) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. Drafted out of the Western Hockey League (WHL), he was selected fifth overall by the Hartford Whalers in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft. He began his NHL career in 1985–86 with the Whalers and was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team. After being traded to the Calgary Flames in 1988, he won the Stanley Cup with the club in 1989. He was traded a second time in 1991 to the Vancouver Canucks, where he spent the majority of his career. Murzyn retired following the 1998–99 season after fourteen years in the NHL.

Junior
After playing in the Alberta Midget Hockey League (AMHL) with the Calgary Royals in 1981–82, Murzyn began his junior career with the Calgary Spurs of the Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL). He recorded seven goals and 27 points over 34 games in his only Junior A season.

In 1983–84, Murzyn joined the major junior ranks, playing in the WHL with the Calgary Wranglers for two seasons. After a 31-point rookie campaign in 1983–84, he enjoyed a highly prolific second year with the Wranglers recording 32 goals and 92 points to lead all team defencemen in scoring. Named to the WHL West First All-Star Team, Murzyn was the second-ranked prospect by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau for the 1985 NHL Entry Draft, behind Michigan State Spartans winger Craig Simpson. He was selected fifth overall by the Hartford Whalers at the draft on June 15, 1985.

Hartford Whalers and Calgary Flames
After signing with the Whalers to a multi-year contract in September 1985, he made the Whalers roster for the 1985–86 season. Murzyn recorded three goals and 26 points in his rookie season to be named to the NHL All-Rookie Team. The following season, he tallied nine goals and 28 points, which would remain personal bests for Murzyn throughout his NHL career. A prolific scorer in junior, Murzyn established himself as primarily a stay-at-home defender in the NHL, noted for his strength in dealing with opposing forwards in front of the net and in the corners.

After two and a half seasons in Hartford, he was dealt to his hometown Calgary Flames midway through the 1987–88 season on January 3, 1988, along with Shane Churla for Neil Sheehy, Carey Wilson and the rights to Lane MacDonald. The following season, his first full campaign with the Flames, represented the highlight of his career, as he helped Calgary to a Stanley Cup championship in 1989, defeating the Montreal Canadiens in six games. Murzyn notched a hat trick the following season in a 12–2 win over the Toronto Maple Leafs on February 22, 1990. He finished the campaign with seven goals and 20 points.

Vancouver Canucks
Murzyn remained with the Flames for two more seasons before being dealt to the Vancouver Canucks at the trade deadline on March 5, 1991, for Ron Stern and Kevan Guy. In Vancouver, Murzyn formed a partnership with the offensive Jyrki Lumme as the team's top defensive pairing. They later became the league's longest-enduring defensive pairing until Murzyn's retirement in 1999. He recorded 14 points in his first full season with the team in 1991–92. The following season in 1992–93, Murzyn was awarded the Babe Pratt Trophy, the team's fan-voted award for best defenceman. He had scored 16 points and tied for second on the team with Dixon Ward in plus-minus with a career-high +34 rating, behind Pavel Bure (Murzyn and Ward's single-season rating was also the second-highest in team history at the time).

During the 1993–94 season, Murzyn was involved in an incident with Chicago Blackhawks defenceman Chris Chelios in which Chelios scratched his eye during a game on February 2, 1994. Chelios received a consequent four-game suspension. He finished the campaign with his highest offensive totals as a Canuck at six goals and 20 points. In the subsequent 1994 playoffs, the Canucks made it to the Stanley Cup Finals, where the Canucks were defeated in seven games by the New York Rangers. Murzyn was unable to compete in what would have been his second Stanley Cup Finals, as he was injured twice over the course of the playoffs. Once in the opening round against his former team, the Flames, and a second time against the Dallas Stars, spraining his knee. He was replaced in the lineup by Brian Glynn.

During the last game of the lockout-shortened 1994–95 season, Murzyn suffered a knee injury. He returned to the lineup to play in eight post-season games in 1995, but the remainder of Murzyn's career was hampered by knee problems, eroding his mobility, which was already noted as one of his weaknesses. In the first month of the 1996–97 season, Murzyn was on the receiving end of a slashing incident with Edmonton Oilers forward Louie DeBrusk on October 6, 1996. DeBrusk received a match penalty during the game and was later suspended four games and given a $1,000 fine. Murzyn finished the campaign with eight points in 61 games.

Murzyn spent the majority of the 1997–98 season sidelined after suffering another knee injury on December 27, 1997, in a game against the Dallas Stars. The following season, Murzyn split the campaign between the Canucks and their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Syracuse Crunch, before finishing his fourteen-year NHL career by announcing his retirement in 1999 at the age of 32.

Personal life
Murzyn was born on December 9, 1966, in Calgary, Alberta. He has a wife, Kim Murzyn. After finishing his NHL career in Vancouver, he returned to Calgary, where he has lived in the same neighbourhood as two of his Flames teammates from the 1989 Stanley Cup-winning team – Joel Otto, and Colin Patterson. Jamie Macoun used to live in the neighbourhood, but eventually moved away. In his post-NHL career, Murzyn has worked as a butcher, had invested in a liquor store in Airdrie, Alberta (interests since sold) and has built spec homes in the British Columbia Interior. Murzyn has also been involved with the Calgary Flames alumni.

Awards

 * Named to the WHL East First All-Star Team in 1985.
 * Named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 1986.
 * Won a Stanley Cup with the Calgary Flames in 1989.
 * Won the Babe Pratt Trophy (Canucks' best defenceman) in 1993.

title: Dana Murzyn


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Talk:Peripheral device

For a discussion on whether this article should be merged with the peripheral article, see Talk:Peripheral

title: Talk:Peripheral device


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Harvey Martin

Harvey Banks Martin (November 16, 1950 – December 24, 2001) was an American professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys from 1973 until 1983. He starred at South Oak Cliff High School and East Texas State University, before becoming an All-Pro with the Cowboys.

Early life
In Martin's junior year (1967) in high school, he transferred to South Oak Cliff High School, which had become the first integrated high school in Dallas. That year, he overheard his father tell his mother that he was ashamed that his son did not play like his friends' children, so Martin decided to suit up for a football team for the first time in his life. The team went 9–1, though Martin was a backup offensive tackle and only played whenever they had a sizable lead.

He would change that in his senior year, when in the spring game he got a chance to fill in on defense and eventually convinced the coaches to move him to defensive tackle. By the third game of his senior season, he was a starter and became the best lineman on a 12–1 team that won the Dallas City championship and went on to the State quarterfinals. Still he was so thin and so late-blooming, that the only college that offered him a scholarship was East Texas State in Commerce (now named Texas A&M University–Commerce).

Outside of Dwight White being his roommate, his first two college seasons playing as a defensive end were undistinguished. But he evolved into the best defensive end in school history. During his senior year (1972), en route to leading the school to a national title, he was named to the NAIA All-American, All-Texas, and All-LSC teams.

Martin is one of the most recognized names in the history of Texas A&M University–Commerce athletics and was inducted into its Hall of Fame in 1987. Texas A&M University–Commerce in 2008 also started hosting the Harvey Martin Classic, where the school's football team plays against another team from the Lone Star Conference.

In 2007, he was selected to the Lone Star Conference’s 75th Anniversary football team and was named the LSC defensive player of the decade for the 1970s. In 2010, he was inducted into the Lone Star Conference Hall Of Fame.

Professional career
Martin was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round of the 1973 NFL draft. During his first years with the team, the coaching staff looked to instill in Martin a sense of aggressiveness, confidence and mental toughness, that didn't come naturally to him. He eventually improved his physical strength and his technique by practicing against future hall of famer Rayfield Wright. He also developed into an emotional player and fierce competitor, so much so, that he was nicknamed "Too Mean". By his third year in 1975, he was a full-time starter.

The NFL didn't start recognizing quarterback sacks as an official stat until 1982; however, the Cowboys have their own records, dating back before the 1982 season. According to the Cowboys' stats, Martin is unofficially credited with a total of 114 sacks, leading the Cowboys in sacks seven times during a nine-year period, with a high total of 23 sacks in 1977. Martin played only on passing downs as a rookie, but still led the team in quarterback sacks with 9, tying Willie Townes rookie team record. Martin took down the QB 7.5 times in 1974 and 9.5 times in 1975. Martin broke out with  15 1/2 sacks in 1976 and made the Pro Bowl for the first time. He still holds the team record for most sacks for a rookie (9 - 1973) and in a season (23 - 1977). His unofficial career franchise sack record lasted 30 years, before being broken by DeMarcus Ware in 2013.

His 1977 season was one of the greatest ever by an NFL player. In a 14-game season he totaled 85 tackles and a league-leading 23 sacks (more than Michael Strahan's 22.5 record in 16 games), he was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year, a consensus All-Pro selection, was a key player in the Cowboys winning Super Bowl XII, and a co-MVP of the game with Randy White.

Martin remained the team sack leader or co-leader every year, but his totals started to dwindle as his personal problems (financial problems and addictions) grew bigger. He followed up his 23-sack 1977 season with a 16-sack performance in 1978, 10 in 1979, 12 in 1980, 10 in 1981, 8 in 1982 and 2 in 1983.

As part of the famed Doomsday Defense, "The Beautiful" aka "Too Mean" went to the Pro Bowl four times. Former Cowboys GM Tex Schramm stated: "He'll be remembered as one of the great Cowboys of the golden years ... He was a great player, one of the first great pass rushers". Martin, along with Don Meredith, is among the few players to play his high school (Dallas South Oak Cliff High School), college (East Texas State University, now Texas A&M University–Commerce), and pro career (Dallas Cowboys) in and around the Dallas, Texas, area. He never played a home game, at any level, outside of North Texas.

Martin retired in 1983 after refusing to take a Cowboys ordered drug test and during a feud with the team in which he claimed he was being forced to play injured. Martin later admitted in a 1986 autobiography that he did indeed have a cocaine addiction at the time.

In 2009, he was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the Texas Black Sports Hall of Fame.

The Professional Football Researchers Association named Martin to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2016.

Personal life
Following his retirement in 1984, Martin briefly served as an NFL analyst for NBC, participated in the battle royal at WrestleMania 2 (1986) for World Wrestling Federation, and appeared several times in World Class Championship Wrestling and the Global Wrestling Federation as a ringside commentator.

With football gone, many inner demons came to light, including bankruptcies, domestic violence, and polysubstance abuse. Although coach Tom Landry sent him to rehab in 1983, Martin continued to abuse drugs and alcohol. He hit rock-bottom in 1996 when "Too Mean" was jailed on domestic violence and cocaine charges, receiving probation and spending eight months in a court-ordered rehabilitation program.

During the last years of his life, Martin turned his life around. He secured a job as a salesman for Dallas company Arrow-Magnolia. He also spoke to children, drug addicts, and other groups about drug abuse and the challenges of his life. On December 24, 2001, Martin died of pancreatic cancer at Baylor Medical Center in Grapevine, Texas. He was survived by his mother, son, and daughter. Martin never married. Many former teammates were among the 1,000 people who attended his funeral service at Prestonwood Baptist Church in Plano. Martin's sister, Mary Martin, established the Harvey Martin Dream Foundation, Inc., an organization to foster educational mentoring and financial assistance to minority high school students, in her brother's memory. Of Harvey Martin's legacy, Tex Schramm commented, “He’ll be remembered as one of the great Cowboys of the golden years.”

Martin died of pancreatic cancer on December 24, 2001, at the age of 51. Before Bart Starr's death on May 26, 2019, Martin was the only Super Bowl Most Valuable Player to have died. The surviving co-MVP, Randy White, would perform the ceremonial coin toss at Super Bowl XLVII, which, like Super Bowl XII, was played in New Orleans. White was also present to represent Martin and himself at both Super Bowl XL and Super Bowl 50, during the recognition honors for all past Super Bowl MVP's.

title: Harvey Martin


text: User talk:68.53.61.88

title: User talk:68.53.61.88


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Eva Lichtenberger

Eva Lichtenberger (born 1 July 1954 in Zams) is an Austrian politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2014. She is a member of the Austrian Green Party, part of the European Greens.

Early life and education
Lichtenberger attended the Academy of Education in Innsbruck from 1972 to 1974. At the University of Innsbruck, she studied psychology and art history from 1975 to 1982 and political science and psychology from 1982 to 1987, eventually graduating with a PhD.

Career
After finishing her university studies, she became spokesperson of the citizens’ action committee "Air of Hall". Since the mid-1980s, she has been a consulting member of the environmental committee of the city of Hall. In 1989, she became a member of the Tyrolian Landtag and was fraction leader until 1994. From 1994 to 1999 she was the first member of the Austrian Green Party to become a minister in the Landesrat (state council), with the portfolio for environmental affairs.

From 1999 to 2004 she was Member of the National Council of Austria (Nationalrat). From 2004 she was a Member of the European Parliament and occupied seat 666 in the parliament.

title: Eva Lichtenberger


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Carmen Electra (album)

Carmen Electra is the debut studio album by American actress/singer Carmen Electra, released in 1993.

Background
The album was a project designed by the American singer Prince to promote Electra, his latest protégée at the time, as a sexy female rapper. The album features music written by Prince with some input by band member Levi Seacer Jr. Lyrics were provided by Prince, along with Seacer, The New Power Generation rapper Tony M. and female rapper Monie Love.

Reception
Three singles were released from the album: "Go-Go Dancer", "Everybody Get on Up", and "Fantasia Erotica". The album was not well received and effectively ended Electra's recording career. In interviews, she has pointed out that during the time of the album's release, Prince was having problems with his label, which could have contributed to its failure.

Samples

 * "S.T." samples "Skin Tight" by Ohio Players
 * "Everybody Get on Up" samples "Get on Up" by The Esquires and "Singers" by Eddie Murphy
 * "Fun" samples the "ah yeah" part from "Here We Go (Live at the Funhouse)" by Run-DMC
 * "All That" samples "Adore" by Prince

Personnel

 * Art director – Greg Ross
 * Background vocals – Carmen Electra, Kathleen Johnson, Monie Love, N.P.G., The Steeles
 * Horns – Atlanta Bliss, Eric Leeds
 * Engineer – Joe Blaney, Mark Forrester, Coke Johnson, Michael Koppelman, Steve Noonan, Susan Rogers
 * Engineer assistants – Ray Hahnfeldt, Roy Hahnfeldt, Steve Noonan
 * Executive producer – Prince (as Paisley Park)
 * Guitar – Keith "KC" Cohen
 * Hair stylist – John Keoni
 * Keyboards – Keith "KC" Cohen, Joseph Markowitz, George Black
 * Make-up – Kasha Breuning
 * Mastering – Brian Gardner, Steve Noonan
 * Mixing – Keith "KC" Cohen, Mark Forrester, Tom Garneau, Kirky J., Rob Paustian, Junior Vasquez, Sylvia Massy, Steve Noonan
 * Mixing assistants – Airiq Anest, Dave Aron, Sylvia Massy
 * Photography – Lynn Goldsmith
 * Producing – Keith "KC" Cohen, Junior Vasquez
 * Producing assistants – Airiq Anest, Dave Aron, Sylvia Massy, Junior Vasquez
 * Rapping – Karen "K-Dean" Cover, Tony M.
 * Scratching – Brian "B-Quick" Crisp
 * Vocals – Carmen Electra, Tony M.

title: Carmen Electra (album)


text: Category:French boxers

title: Category:French boxers


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Culture of Scotland

The culture of Scotland refers to the patterns of human activity and symbolism associated with Scotland and the Scottish people. The Scottish flag is blue with a white saltire, and represents the cross of Saint Andrew.

Scots law
Scotland retains Scots Law, its own unique legal system, based on Roman law, which combines features of both civil law and common law. The terms of union with England specified the retention of separate systems. The barristers are called advocates, and the judges of the high court for civil cases are also the judges for the high court for criminal cases. Scots Law differs from England's common law system. Formerly, there were several regional law systems in Scotland, one of which was Udal Law (also called allodail or odal law) in Shetland and Orkney. This was a direct descendant of Old Norse Law, but was abolished in 1611. Despite this, Scottish courts have acknowledged the supremacy of udal law in some property cases as recently as the 1990s. Various systems based on common Celtic Law also survived in the Highlands until the 1800s.

Banking and currency
Banking in Scotland also features unique characteristics. Although the Bank of England remains the central bank for the UK Government, three Scottish corporate banks still issue their own banknotes: the Bank of Scotland, the Royal Bank of Scotland and the Clydesdale Bank.

Sports
Scotland competes in sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup. Scotland does not compete in the Olympic Games independently however, and in athletics, Scotland has competed for the Celtic Cup, against teams from Wales and Ireland, since the inaugural event in 2006.

Scotland is the "Home of Golf", and is well known for its courses. As well as its world-famous Highland Games (athletic competitions), it is also the home of curling, and shinty, a stick game similar to Ireland's hurling. Scotland has 4 professional ice hockey teams that compete in the Elite Ice Hockey League. Scottish cricket is a minority game.

Literature
The earliest extant literature written in what is now Scotland, was composed in Brythonic speech in the sixth century and has survived as part of Welsh literature. In the following centuries there was literature in Latin, under the influence of the Catholic Church, and in Old English, brought by Anglian settlers. As the state of Alba developed into the kingdom of Scotland from the eighth century, there was a flourishing literary elite who regularly produced texts in both Gaelic and Latin, sharing a common literary culture with Ireland and elsewhere. After the Davidian Revolution of the thirteenth century a flourishing French language culture predominated, while Norse literature was produced from areas of Scandinavian settlement. The first surviving major text in Early Scots literature is the fourteenth-century poet John Barbour's epic Brus, which was followed by a series of vernacular versions of medieval romances. These were joined in the fifteenth century by Scots prose works.

In the early modern era royal patronage supported poetry, prose and drama. James V's court saw works such as Sir David Lindsay of the Mount's The Thrie Estaitis. In the late sixteenth century James VI became patron and member of a circle of Scottish court poets and musicians known as the Castalian Band. When he acceded to the English throne in 1603 many followed him to the new court, but without a centre of royal patronage the tradition of Scots poetry subsided. It was revived after union with England in 1707 by figures including Allan Ramsay, Robert Fergusson and James Macpherson. The latter's Ossian Cycle made him the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation. He helped inspire Robert Burns, considered by many to be the national poet, and Walter Scott, whose Waverley Novels did much to define Scottish identity in the 19th century. Towards the end of the Victorian era a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations, including Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, J. M. Barrie and George MacDonald.

In the 20th century there was a surge of activity in Scottish literature, known as the Scottish Renaissance. The leading figure, Hugh MacDiarmid, attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature. Members of the movement were followed by a new generation of post-war poets including Edwin Morgan, who would be appointed the first Scots Makar by the inaugural Scottish government in 2004. From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival, particularly associated with writers including James Kelman and Irvine Welsh. Scottish poets who emerged in the same period included Carol Ann Duffy, who was named as the first Scot to be UK Poet Laureate in May 2009.

Art
The earliest examples of art from what is now Scotland are highly decorated carved stone balls from the Neolithic period. From the Bronze Age there are examples of carvings, including the first representations of objects, and cup and ring marks. From the Iron Age there are more extensive examples of patterned objects and gold work. From the early Middle Ages there are elaborately carved Pictish stones and impressive metalwork. The development of a common style of Insular art across Great Britain and Ireland influenced elaborate jewellery and illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells. Only isolated examples survive of native artwork from the late Middle Ages and of works created or strongly influenced by artists of Flemish origin. The influence of the Renaissance can be seen in stone carving and painting from the fifteenth century. In the sixteenth century the crown began to employ Flemish court painters who have left a portrait record of royalty. The Reformation removed a major source of patronage for art, limited the level of public display, but may have helped in the growth of secular domestic forms, particularly elaborate painting of roofs and walls. In the seventeenth century there were the first significant native artists for whom names are extant, with figures like George Jamesone and John Michael Wright, but the loss of the court as a result of the Union of Crowns in 1603 removed another major source of patronage.

In the eighteenth century Scotland began to produce artists that were significant internationally, all influenced by neoclassicism, such as Allan Ramsay, Gavin Hamilton, the brothers John and Alexander Runciman, Jacob More and David Allan. Towards the end of the century Romanticism began to affect artistic production, and can be seen in the portraits of artists such as Henry Raeburn. It also contributed to a tradition of Scottish landscape painting that focused on the Highlands, formulated by figures including Alexander Nasmyth. The Royal Scottish Academy of Art was created in 1826, and major portrait painters of this period included Andrew Geddes and David Wilkie. William Dyce emerged as one of the most significant figures in art education in the United Kingdom. The beginnings of a Celtic Revival can be seen in the late nineteenth century and the art scene was dominated by the work of the Glasgow Boys and the Four, led Charles Rennie Mackintosh, who gained an international reputation for their combination of Celtic revival, Art and Crafts and Art Nouveau. The early twentieth century was dominated by the Scottish Colourists and the Edinburgh School. They have been described as the first Scottish modern artists and were the major mechanism by which post-impressionism reached Scotland. There was a growing interest in forms of Modernism, with William Johnstone helping to develop the concept of a Scottish Renaissance. In the post-war period, major artists, including John Bellany and Alexander Moffat, pursued a strand of "Scottish realism". Moffat's influence can be seen in the work of the "new Glasgow Boys" from the late twentieth century. In the twenty-first century Scotland has continued to produce successful and influential such as Douglas Gordon, David Mach, Susan Philipsz and Richard Wright.

Scotland possess significant collections of art, such as the National Gallery of Scotland and National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh and the Burrell Collection and Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum in Glasgow. Significant schools of art include the Edinburgh College of Art and the Glasgow School of Art. The major funding body with responsibility for the arts in Scotland is Creative Scotland. Support is also given by local councils and independent foundations.

Music
Scotland is internationally known for its traditional music, which remained vibrant throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, when many traditional forms worldwide lost popularity to pop music. In spite of emigration and a well-developed connection to music imported from the rest of Europe and the United States, the music of Scotland has kept many of its traditional aspects; indeed, it has itself influenced many forms of music.

Media
Scotland's media are partly separate from the rest of the UK. For example, Scotland has several national newspapers, such as the Daily Record (Scotland's leading tabloid), the broadsheet The Herald, based in Glasgow, and The Scotsman in Edinburgh. Sunday newspapers include the tabloid Sunday Mail (published by Daily Record parent company Trinity Mirror) and the Sunday Post, while the Sunday Herald and Scotland on Sunday have associations with The Herald and The Scotsman respectively.

Regional dailies include The Courier and Advertiser in Dundee and the east, and The Press and Journal serving Aberdeen and the north. Scotland has its own BBC services which include the national radio stations, BBC Radio Scotland and Scottish Gaelic language service BBC Radio nan Gaidheal. There are also a number of BBC and independent local radio stations throughout the country. In addition to radio, BBC Scotland also runs three national television stations: the Scottish variant of BBC One, the BBC Scotland channel and Gaelic-language TV channel BBC Alba. Much of the output of BBC Scotland Television, such as news and current affairs programmes, and the Glasgow-based soap opera, River City, are intended for broadcast within Scotland, while others, such as drama and comedy programmes, aim at audiences throughout the UK and further afield.

Two ITV stations, STV and ITV, also broadcast in Scotland. Most of the independent television output is the same as that transmitted in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, with the exception of news and current affairs, sport, comedy, cultural and Scottish Gaelic-language programming.

As one of the Celtic nations, Scotland is represented at the Celtic Media Festival (formerly known as the Celtic International Film Festival). Scottish entrants have won many awards since the festival began in 1980. Scottish sponsors and partners of the event include Highlands and Islands Enterprise, BBC Scotland, MG Alba, Scottish Screen, STV and Bòrd na Gàidhlig.

Food and drink
Although the deep-fried Mars bar is jokingly said to exemplify the modern Scottish diet, Scottish cuisine offers traditional dishes such as fish and chips, haggis, the Arbroath smokie, salmon, venison, cranachan, the bannock, stovies, Scotch broth, tattie scone and shortbread.

Scotland is also known for its Scotch whisky distilleries, as well as for Scottish beer.

The soft drink Irn-Bru is cited by its manufacturer A.G. Barr as Scotland's 'other' national drink owing to its large market share in Scotland outselling major international brands such as Coca-Cola.

Philosophy
Scotland has a strong philosophical tradition. Duns Scotus was one of the premier medieval scholastics. In the Scottish Enlightenment Edinburgh was home to much intellectual talent, including Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, and Adam Smith. Other cities also produced major thinkers at that time: e.g. Aberdeen's Thomas Reid.

Folklore
Halloween, on the night of October 31, is a traditional and much celebrated holiday in Scotland. The name Halloween was first attested in the 16th century as a Scottish shortening of All-Hallows-Eve, and according to some historians it has its roots in the Gaelic festival of Samhain, when the Gaels believed the border between this world and the otherworld became thin, and the dead would revisit the mortal world. In 1780, Dumfries poet John Mayne noted Halloween pranks: "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural associations of that night, "Bogies" (ghosts). The bard of Scotland Robert Burns' 1785 poem Halloween is recited by Scots at Halloween, and Burns was influenced by Mayne's composition. In Scotland, traditional Halloween customs include: Guising — children in costume going from door to door demanding food or coins — which became established practice by the late 19th century, turnips hollowed out and carved with faces to make lanterns, and parties with games such as apple bobbing. Further contemporary imagery of Halloween is derived from Gothic and horror literature (notably Shelley's Frankenstein and Stoker's Dracula), and classic horror films (such as Hammer Horrors). Mass transatlantic Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America.

Language and religion
Scotland also has its own unique family of languages and dialects, helping to foster a strong sense of "Scottish-ness". See Scots language and Scottish Gaelic language. An organisation called Iomairt Cholm Cille (Columba Project) has been set up to support Gaelic-speaking communities in both Scotland and Ireland and to promote links between them.

Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the Scotland for more than 1,400 years. Scotland retains its own national church, separate from that of England. See Church of Scotland and Religion in the United Kingdom. There is also a large minority of Roman Catholics, around 16% of the population.

The patron saint of Scotland is Saint Andrew, and Saint Andrew's Day is celebrated in Scotland on 30 November. Saint (Queen) Margaret, Saint Columba and Saint Ninian have also historically enjoyed great popularity.

Interceltic festivals
As one of the Celtic nations, Scotland is represented at interceltic events at home and around the world. Scotland is host to two interceltic music festivals – the Scottish Arts Council funded Celtic Connections, Glasgow, and the Hebridean Celtic Festival, Stornoway – that were founded in the mid-1990s.

Scottish culture is also represented at interceltic festivals of music and culture worldwide. Among the most well known are Festival Interceltique de Lorient – held annually in Brittany since 1971 – the Pan Celtic Festival, Ireland, and the National Celtic Festival, Portarlington, Australia.

title: Culture of Scotland


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Blue Ridge Railroad (1849–1870)

The Blue Ridge Railroad was incorporated by the Commonwealth of Virginia in March 1849 to provide a state-financed crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains for the Virginia Central Railroad, which it became a part of after completion.

History
The early railroads in Virginia were privately owned, but often received partial state-funding through investments by the Virginia Board of Public Works, which was always keen to help with internal improvements in the state's transportation infrastructure. The Louisa Railroad Company (renamed Virginia Central in 1850) was chartered by the Commonwealth in 1836 and had reached a western point around Mechum's River by 1852. This railroad, which was planned to link the Piedmont region of Virginia with the Shenandoah Valley and points west, had found a planned crossing at Swift Run Gap to be financially unfeasible.

To protect its investment and enable transportation, the Virginia General Assembly then incorporated and financed the Blue Ridge Railroad to accomplish the hard and expensive task of crossing the Blue Ridge mountain barrier to the west. Rather than attempting the more formidable Swift Run Gap, the Blue Ridge Railroad built over the mountains at the next gap to the south, Rockfish Gap near Afton Mountain, from an eastern point around Blair Park to a western point near Waynesboro. Under the leadership of the great early civil engineer Claudius Crozet, the railroad bored four tunnels, from east to west: Greenwood Tunnel, Brooksville Tunnel, Little Rock Tunnel, and the 4,273-foot Blue Ridge Tunnel at the top of the pass, then one of the longest tunnels in the world. The tunnel was 'holed-through' on December 29, 1856, and was less than six inches off perfect alignment, as construction had proceeded from either end. Rail service didn't begin until April 1858, although temporary tracks over the top of the gap were placed in operation by the Virginia Central as early as 1854. This line enabled the Virginia Central to offer rail service over its entire length, which had reached a western point around Jackson's River Station, near present-day Clifton Forge, by 1857. Due to the extreme grade of the temporary tracks (approximately 5.6%), the first train to cross over the mountain wrecked on its return journey eastwards the following day. The completion of the Blue Ridge Tunnel eliminated this grade.

During the American Civil War, the tunnels on the Blue Ridge Railroad were utilized as part of the so-called foot cavalry movements of the Confederate troops of General Stonewall Jackson.

After the completion of the tunnels, the Blue Ridge Railroad was operated by the Virginia Central Railroad (which paid annual fees to the Commonwealth of Virginia for its use) until it was bought by and incorporated into the Virginia Central's successor road, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, in 1870.

Use of Slaves
At least three hundred enslaved African Americans were used to construct the Blue Ridge Railroad, either directly in the construction or indirectly making materials such as bricks. These slaves were generally hired from owners in the locality.

Aftermath
After the Civil War, the Virginia Central and former Blue Ridge Railroads became part of Collis P. Huntington's Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and helped complete Virginia's longtime dream of linking its navigable rivers of the Chesapeake Bay watershed with the Ohio River, which led to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico.

The Blue Ridge Railroad and the former Virginia Central Railroad are both now part of CSX Transportation and are operated under lease by the Buckingham Branch Railroad.

Three of the original four tunnels were either replaced by newer ones or eliminated around World War II. Over 50 years later, still passable in the early 21st century, portions of the old tunnels and route were included in a rail trail project. The $1.6 million project is planned to turn the main Blue Ridge Tunnel into a "dark, chilly and 'mystical' hiking and biking trail".

title: Blue Ridge Railroad (1849–1870)


text:
Abdallahi ibn Muhammad

Abdullah ibn-Mohammed al-Khalifa or Abdullah al-Khalifa or Abdallahi al-Khalifa, also known as "The Khalifa" (c. عبدالله بن سيد محمد الخليفة; 1846 – 25 November 1899) was a Sudanese Ansar ruler who was one of the principal followers of Muhammad Ahmad. Ahmad claimed to be the Mahdi, building up a large following. After Ahmad's death, Abdullah ibn-Mohammed took over the movement, adopting the title of Khalifah al-Mahdi (usually rendered as "Khalifa"). He attempted to create a kingdom, which led to widespread discontent, and his eventual defeat and death at the hands of the British and Egyptians.

Personal life
Abdullah was born into the Ta'aisha Baqqara tribe c. 1846 in Um Dafuq and was trained and educated as a preacher and holy man. His father, Mahommed et Taki, had determined to emigrate to Mecca with his family, but the unsettled state of the region prevented him, and he died in Africa after advising Abdullah, to take refuge on the Nile, and to proceed to Mecca at a favourable opportunity.

On his journey, Abdullah met and became a follower of Muhammad Ahmad "the Mahdi" around 1880 and was named Khalifa by the Mahdi in 1881, becoming one of his chief lieutenants. He married Hafsa Abdelsalam; she eventually bore him a son.

The other Khalifas were Ali wad Hilu and Muhammad Sharif. Abdullah was given command of a large part of the Mahdist army, and during the next four years led them in a series of victories over the Anglo-Egyptians.

He fought at the Battle of El Obeid, where William Hicks's Anglo-Egyptian army was destroyed (5 November 1883), and was one of the principal commanders at the siege of Khartoum, (February 1884 – 26 January 1885).

Ruler of Sudan
After the unexpected death of the Mahdi in June 1885, Abdullah succeeded as leader of the Mahdists, declaring himself "Khalifat al-Mahdi", or successor of the Mahdi. He faced internal disputes over his leadership with the Ashraf and he had to suppress several revolts during 1885–1886, 1888–1889, and 1891 before emerging as sole leader of the Mahdiyah or Mahdist State.

At first the Mahdiyah was run on military lines as a jihad state, with the courts enforcing Sharia law and the precepts of the Mahdi, which had equal force. Later the Khalifa established a more traditional administration. Khartoum was deserted on his orders, and Omdurman, at first intended as a temporary camp, was made his capital.

He felt the best course of action to keep internal problems to a minimum was to expand into Ethiopia and Egypt. The Khalifa invaded Ethiopia with 60,000 Ansar troops and sacked Gondar in 1887, destroying nearly every church in the city. He later refused to make peace. He successfully repulsed the Ethiopians at the Battle of Metemma on 9 March 1889, where the Ethiopian emperor Yohannes IV was killed. He created workshops to maintain steam boats on the Nile and to manufacture ammunition. But the Khailfa underestimated the strength of the Anglo-Egyptian forces and suffered a crushing defeat in Egypt. The Egyptians failed to counter up the Nile; however in the 1890s the state became strained economically, and suffered from crop failures instead. The Ashraf, in November 1891, decided to press again, but were put down one final time; they were prevented from causing any further issues. During the next four years, the Khalifa strengthened the military and financial situation of Sudan; however this was not enough, as Sudan became threatened by the Italian, French and British imperial forces that surrounded it. In 1896, an Anglo-Egyptian army under General Herbert Kitchener began the reconquest of Sudan.

Defeat and death
Following the loss of Dongola in September 1896, then Berber and Abu Hamed to Kitchener's army in 1897, the Khalifa Abdullah sent an army that was defeated at the Battle of Atbara River on 8 April 1898, afterwards falling back to his new capital of Omdurman.

At the Battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898, his army of 52,000 men was destroyed. The Khalifa then fled south and went into hiding with a few followers and was eventually caught and killed by Reginald Wingate's Egyptian column at Umm Diwaikarat in Kordofan on 25 November 1899.

Devout, intelligent, and an able general and administrator, the Khalifa was unable to overcome tribal dissension to unify Sudan, and was forced to employ Egyptians to provide the trained administrators and technicians he needed to maintain the Mahdist State.

title: Abdallahi ibn Muhammad


text: File:Mor 7vinyl cover.jpg

title: File:Mor 7vinyl cover.jpg


text:
Johannes Voggenhuber

Johannes Voggenhuber (born 5 June 1950) is an Austrian politician and former Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Austrian Green Party, which is part of the European Greens. He was vice president of the Parliament's Constitutional Affairs Committee.

From 1982 to 1987, he was member of the city council in Salzburg. From 1988 to 1992, he was federal spokesman for the Austrian Greens, and between 1990 and 1996, Member of the National Council of Austria (Nationalrat). From 1995 to 2009 he was Member of the European Parliament.

He is married and has two children.

title: Johannes Voggenhuber


text:
Original Mountain Marathon

The Original Mountain Marathon (OMM), formerly known as the Karrimor International Mountain Marathon (or KIMM), and initially simply The Karrimor, is a two-day Mountain event, held in a different region across the UK every year. It was first held in 1968 and continues today. Gerry Charnley, a skilled mountaineer and orienteer, designed the KIMM to test orienteering skills in extreme circumstances; the full-length KIMM course is a double-marathon length race. Each team must carry all their gear, including equipment for an overnight camp. Moreover, the course is not disclosed until the race begins, so each team must have good navigation skills. Some have called the KIMM the forerunner of modern adventure racing.

History
For its first 8 years, the event was known as 'The Karrimor'. In addition to the 'Elite category' double marathon, other course lengths have been added over the years to suit a greater variety of competitors (see 'Classes of competition' below). The core elements remain, however: there is always an overnight camp and the teams of two must be self-sufficient.

The KIMM name was adopted in 1976.

After Galloway in 1976 which experienced exceptionally bad weather with only 30% completing, Gerry Charnley spoke in a TV interview with the BBC: "Don't you think this event is too tough?" asked the interviewer, and Charnley responded: "Everybody knows this is the KIMM, the toughest event on the calendar and it's not a Sunday afternoon picnic". This attitude has remained throughout the event's history and places it as one of the most challenging mountain marathons in the world.

In 1977, a special map from Harvey Maps was commissioned.

In 2004 the event became known as the OMM after Karrimor's sponsorship was withdrawn.

The 2008 OMM was abandoned, for the first time in the race's history, due to ill-informed media coverage which suggested that the very challenging weather conditions (100 mph winds and extremely heavy rain) placed competitors and potential rescuers in danger. Reference was made to '1,700 people unaccounted for in the hills' though in fact all of these were still competing and unaware that anyone was concerned for them; as usual a significant number of competitors were current or former Mountain Rescue Team members. In fact only one competitor needed to be rescued after being swept away in a torrent, slightly injured and stranded on an island, though there were other unconnected rescues in the Lake District at the time which were widely assumed to be connected to the OMM. Flooding did cause considerable disruption and damage at the base camps and the high winds resulted in the abandonment of some of the staffed radio checkpoints; this and the genuine risk at river crossings were the principal reasons for cancelling the second day's competition.

In January 2010 the ownership of OMM, the event and the products was bought by Ark Consultants UK Ltd.

In 2013, the organisers of the Original Mountain Marathon revealed plans for a summer version of the event, along with a mountain biking marathon.

Classes of competition
OMM currently comprises six competition classes (three line events and three score courses) which vary in length and severity, approximately as follows:

 * 1) Elite 80 km 12 hrs
 * 2) A class 65 km 11 hrs
 * 3) B class 40 km 8 hrs
 * 4) Long Score 7+6 hrs (day 1/2)
 * 5) Medium Score 6+5hrs
 * 6) Short Score 5+4hrs

Compulsory kit list

 * Warm Trousers or Leggings
 * Shirt or Thermal Top
 * Sweater or Fleece Top
 * Waterproof Over Trousers (taped seams)
 * Waterproof Jacket (taped seams)
 * Socks, gloves & hat
 * Head Torch
 * Whistle
 * Food For 36 Hours
 * Additional Emergency Rations
 * Compass (GPS Not Allowed)
 * Sleeping Bag
 * Footwear With Adequate Grip For Fell Conditions
 * Space Blanket or large heavy gauge polythene bag
 * Rucksack
 * First-Aid, a minimum of a crepe bandage and small wound dressings.
 * Pen Or Pencil
 * Tent With Sewn-In Groundsheet
 * Cooking Stove with enough fuel at the end of day 2 to make a hot drink

OMM Brand
OMM have started producing their own branded outdoor clothing and equipment. Items required on the event, such as waterproof jackets and trousers, backpacks and sleeping bags, have been produced, specially adapted for the event. The Kamleika (from the Aleutian word for a long waterproof robe) range of jackets, smocks and trousers have become famous amongst mountain marathon runners and hikers. They are unique in that they are specially developed to be stretchy and produce minimal noise when running.

Swiss KIMM
1976 Swiss Orienteer Dieter Wolf brought the Karrimor International Mountain Marathon idea from England to Switzerland: 47 teams were at the start of the first Swiss Karrimor 2-day Mountain Marathon in Muotathal in 1976. Over the years several thousand lovers of the mountains, nature, orienteering and adventure sports from more than twenty countries have been able to participate in many different regions of the Swiss Alps.

After some structural and personnel changes at Karrimor ltd. in England and Salewa Sport ltd. in Switzerland, a new partner had to be found for the event in 1997 so as to achieve a balanced account. Arova-Mammut, a Swiss firm manufacturing mountain sport equipment, stepped in spontaneously, so that the event had to be changed only little; under a new name its organisation would be secure for the next few years. The long cooperation with Arova-Mammut ltd. came to an end in 2002.

R’adys Outdoor & Snowwear in Lachen became a new sponsor in 2004. 2013 R'adys sponsorship ended and the Event is now called SIMM (Swiss International Mountain Marathon).

This Mountain Marathon is unique in Switzerland.

title: Original Mountain Marathon


text: User talk:68.100.6.69

title: User talk:68.100.6.69


text:
M.O.R.

"M.O.R." is a song by English rock band Blur from their eponymous album. Released on 15 September 1997, "M.O.R." reached number 15 in the UK Singles Chart on its release as a single in September 1997. Worldwide, it reached number 45 in New Zealand and also charted in Australia, Canada, and the United States.

Composition and lyrics
The song's chord progression was borrowed from David Bowie's "Boys Keep Swinging" and "Fantastic Voyage". On the album Lodger Bowie and collaborator Brian Eno carried out a musical experiment in which multiple songs were written with the same chord progression, of which "Boys Keep Swinging" and "Fantastic Voyage" were the two that surfaced. "M.O.R." is both a continuation of, and tribute to that experiment, as its chorus also lifts the melody and call-and-response vocals from "Boys Keep Swinging" (Bowie and Eno both received credit for "M.O.R." after legal intervention). "M.O.R." itself stands for "middle of the road", which appears in the lyrics.

Music video
The song's music video was directed by John Hardwick. It was shot in Sydney, Australia, and follows the misadventures of the band members (or rather, stuntmen in balaclavas pretending to be them) as they try to escape from the police. It was intended that the stuntmen wear masks of the band members to make it appear that the band were performing their own stunts, but the masks created for the video were such poor representations that the decision was made to use balaclavas instead. The video also features cameos by stunt choreographer Grant Page as a helicopter pilot, and actor Noah Taylor as a truck passenger. It is included in the Blur: The Best of DVD/VHS released on 30 October 2000. The 'actors' in the video are all anagrams of the member of the band they play. They are as follows:
 * Dan Abnormal – Damon Albarn
 * Trevor Dewane – Dave Rowntree
 * Morgan C. Hoax – Graham Coxon
 * Lee Jaxsam – Alex James

"Dan Abnormal" was an alias also used by Albarn whilst playing keyboards on the first Elastica album, as well as the title of a track on The Great Escape.

Track listings
All lyrics were written by Albarn. All music was composed by Albarn, Coxon, James, and Rowntree.

UK and European CD single
 * 1) "M.O.R." (road version)
 * 2) "Swallows in the Heatwave"
 * 3) "Movin' On" (William Orbit remix)
 * 4) "Beetlebum" (Moby's minimal house remix)

UK cassette and limited-edition orange 7-inch single
 * 1) "M.O.R." (road version)
 * 2) "Swallows in the Heatwave"

German limited-edition live CD single
 * 1) "M.O.R." (live at Peel Acres) – 2:59
 * 2) "Beetlebum" (Viva Niteclub live acoustic) – 4:32
 * 3) "On Your Own" (Viva Niteclub live acoustic) – 4:10
 * 4) "Country Sad Ballad Man" (Viva Niteclub live acoustic) – 4:34
 * 5) "This is a Low" (Viva Niteclub live acoustic) – 3:29

US CD single
 * 1) "M.O.R." (road version) – 3:12
 * 2) "Popscene" (live at Peel Acres) – 2:58
 * 3) "Song 2" (live at Peel Acres) – 1:53
 * 4) "Bustin' + Dronin'" – 6:30

Australian CD single
 * 1) "M.O.R." (road version)
 * 2) "Dancehall"
 * 3) "Country Sad Ballad Man" (live acoustic version)
 * 4) "Popscene" (live at Peel Acres)
 * 5) "On Your Own" (live acoustic version)

Japanese CD single
 * 1) "M.O.R." (road version)
 * 2) "M.O.R." (karaoke version)
 * 3) "I Love Her" (demo version)
 * 4) "Death of a Party" (live at MC Vredenburg, Holland, 24 April 1997)

Personnel and credits

 * "Bustin' + Dronin'" and "Swallows in the Heatwave" produced by Blur
 * "M.O.R." (road version) and "Dancehall" produced by Stephen Street
 * Damon Albarn – guitar, vocals
 * Graham Coxon – guitar, vocals
 * Alex James – bass guitar
 * Dave Rowntree – drums

title: M.O.R.


text:
When I Have Fears

"When I Have Fears" is an Elizabethan sonnet by the English Romantic poet John Keats. The 14-line poem is written in iambic pentameter and consists of three quatrains and a couplet. Keats wrote the poem between 22 and 31 January 1818. It was published (posthumously) in 1848 in Life, Letters, and Literary Remains, of John Keats by Richard Monckton Milnes.

Themes and language
"When I Have Fears" primarily explores death, the fear of it, and what it prevents Keats from doing. Using the phrase "cease to be" shows an emphasis on the life Keats will miss out on rather than simply death itself. The repetition of "before" represents the anxieties Keats has about what he cannot achieve before death. He fears he will no longer be able to write, witness the beauty of the world, or experience love or fame once he dies. While the poem ends with a slight resolution, with "Love and Fame" no longer mattering to Keats, it is a resolution found in isolation and excessive thought. The two do not matter to Keats because death is inevitable and will prevent him from making those achievements, so they sink away from Keats.

References to nature also appear throughout the poem, including harvesting grain, the night sky, clouds, and the shore. Nature is a common theme in Romantic poetry, but in Keats' poem it demonstrates how essential and natural writing is to his being. The shore and water that love and fame sink within represent an expanse of fears that sit before Keats, giving the natural world a darker theme in those lines.

The theme of creating coincides with references to nature and beauty. The first quatrain equates writing to harvesting grain. Thoughts are tangible items to be grown into "high-piled books," as Keats feels he can allow his ideas to flourish if he only had a long enough life. The second quatrain contains more abstract concepts. Stars, cloudy symbols, shadows, reflect the intangible beauty of the world which Keats can also not attempt to understand because of a life cut short. The couplet shows abstract concepts of Love and Fame becoming tangible, though they sink to nothingness as Keats realizes he has no time to achieve them.

Analysis
The first four lines express Keats' fear that he will die before he has written all the works he hopes to, "before [his] pen has glean'd [his] teeming brain." The symbols of the night sky and clouds that Keats "may never live to trace" can represent many things. The first is simply Keats' desire for literary expression and interpretation of the world around him. Another, though, is more philosophical. Keats' use of "shadows" can connect to Plato's Allegory of the Cave, which then represents his desire to understand life itself. The "magic hand of chance" may further represent fate as a function of life. Keats is condemned to a short life by chance, and because of that he will remain unable to trace or understand how fate functions.

The "fair creature of an hour," according to Richard Woodhouse, the man who advised Keats' publishers on legal and literary matters, refers to a woman Keats encountered at Vauxhall Gardens. Keats' reflection on this woman may represent his preoccupation with beauty and his fear of no longer witnessing beauty, in the form of a woman or nature, once he dies. She also represents Keats' fear of loss and being unable to experience love once he dies.

The final three lines where Keats stands alone and contemplates the end of life may represent a passive acceptance that life must end. Love and fame do not matter and cannot be achieved anyway once Keats dies.

Rhyme scheme
"When I Have Fears" follows a rhyme scheme of ABAB CDCD EFEF GG (Shakespeare Sonnet). Shahidha Bari notes the rhyme scheme may reflect expectation. Readers expect the lines to rhyme with each other, as Keats anticipates the end of his life. The couplet and rhyme signals the end of the poem, as death signals the end of life.

Biographical connections
Keats, who died of tuberculosis at the age of 25, is often cited as fearing his own death. The fear may come from Keats' work as a medical student, where his sympathy for patients, as his friend Charles Brown believed, hindered his work. Keats was aware of the harm that could come to patients if he made any mistakes. Keats' fear of death is also present for his own life, not just his patients.

This fear is evident on his gravestone, with the words "Here lies one whose name was writ in water." The epitaph, which Keats requested on his deathbed, reflects Keats' fears of death and anger with fate, as "When I Have Fears" does. The last three lines of the poem which describe "the shore" and state, "Till Love and Fame to nothingness do sink" may relate to the reference to water in Keats' epitaph. His name will sink in water as the fame of writing will.

Similarities to Shakespeare
William Flesch notes the poem's echoes of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. Comparisons have also been made to Shakespeare's Sonnet 60 for references to time, endings, and the sea and to Sonnet 64 for references to time destroying man-made creations.

title: When I Have Fears


text: Category:Junior-lightweights

title: Category:Junior-lightweights


text: Category:British explorers

title: Category:British explorers


text:
User talk:FluffyPanda

Please feel free to comment on any edits I have made --FluffyPanda 22:02, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:FluffyPanda


text: Template:King Edward VII class battleship


text:
BlitzkriegCommander

BlitzkriegCommander is a tabletop wargame designed to re-create battles of the Second World War and the Spanish Civil War using miniatures. Originally published by Specialist Military Publishing, the rules were purchased by Pendraken Miniatures in 2015, along with Cold War Commander and Future War Commander.

BlitzkriegCommander game play
Players can command units ranging from a company up to a division. For Blitzkrieg Commander III, this was standardised to one unit = one platoon. A typical game lasts 2 or 3 hours.

BlitzkriegCommander is derived from the Warmaster family of rules and uses activation rolls to simulate command and control. Commanders can activate a single unit (or group of units) multiple times in a single turn, but each attempt is at an increasing penalty. This compels players to weigh carefully the risk and reward of each decision (e.g., should I move into firing position—which exposes my unit to fire if I fail the next activation roll—or should I wait in cover?).

Combat is resolved with one or two dice rolls, but differs from Warmaster and Warmaster Ancients in that combat is most often ranged.

BlitzkriegCommander contains a collection of army lists, allowing players to fight any engagement of the Spanish Civil War or Second World War. The Spanish Civil War lists were dropped for 3rd Edition and will be placed into a separate supplement. There are no specified basing or miniature scale requirements, although 50x25mm and 50x50mm bases were recommended in 3rd Edition.

Cold War Commander
Cold War Commander is an adaptation of the BlitzkriegCommander ruleset that is designed to re-create battles from the First Indo-China War right up to the present day using miniatures. It was also published by Specialist Military Publishing, before being purchased by Pendraken Miniatures in 2015.

Future War Commander
Future War Commander is an adaptation of the BlitzkriegCommander ruleset that is designed to create battles from a large selection of different science fiction settings using miniatures. It was also published by Specialist Military Publishing, before being purchased by Pendraken Miniatures in 2015.

title: BlitzkriegCommander


text: User talk:69.148.167.188

title: User talk:69.148.167.188