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WOXY.com

WOXY.com was a modern rock internet radio station based in Oxford, Ohio, and later Austin, Texas. WOXY.com relied mainly on its own website to reach its listeners. WOXY.com programming at one time was also available at lala.com and WVXU HD Radio.

Originally transmitted solely from WOXY (FM) at 97.7 FM in Oxford, Ohio, the station went by the 97X moniker as well as the tag line "the future of rock and roll." In 2004, WOXY became one of the first commercial radio stations in the United States to completely transition from terrestrial FM radio to broadcasting solely as an Internet radio station at WOXY.com. The station moved its studios from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Austin in 2009. In 2010, due to financial challenges, the station ended its online feed. On November 23, 2011, the station's remaining WOXY.com website and discussion forums were taken offline by owner Future Sounds.

The birth of 97X

In 1981 the station was purchased by Doug and Linda Balogh for $375,000. Soon after the station adopted the moniker "97X." Based on feedback from focus groups of college students, the station switched to a modern rock format in September 1983, reportedly the sixth modern rock station in the country. The station benefited from a large youthful audience at adjacent Miami University as well as listeners in urban and suburban areas of Cincinnati and Dayton, but the majority of its broadcast area was rural.

WOXY's tagline, "97X, Bam! The future of rock and roll," was quoted by Dustin Hoffman's character Raymond Babbitt in the 1988 film Rain Man.

In 1988, Cincinnati magazine named 97X the best "cutting edge" radio station in the Cincinnati area. WOXY placed in the Rolling Stone reader's poll "best radio station" category four times between 1990 and 1995. Rolling Stone also recognized WOXY as one of ten "stations that don't suck" in 1998 and one of four "last great independent" radio stations in 2003.

Webcast (1998–2010)
In 1998, WOXY began to experiment with webcasts, and listeners tuned in from around the world; the Internet listenership continued to grow. The station continued to broadcast online while building a website with message boards and information to create a community of modern rock. The station was also one of a number of stations offered in the Internet radio section of iTunes.

End of FM broadcast
In January 2004, the Baloghs sold the license to 97.7 FM to Dallas, Texas-based First Broadcasting Investment Partners for $5.6 million but retained the station's music library and 97X brand with the intention of continuing broadcasting as internet-only WOXY.com. 97X ended its terrestrial broadcasting on 97.7 FM on May 13, 2004.

The future of "The Future of Rock and Roll" was to be on the Internet, broadcasting exclusively from the WOXY.com website. The staff committed to staying with the WOXY.com venture worked feverishly over the following five months to secure funding and advertisers for what was at the time an unheard of business venture; an Internet-only commercial radio station. However, appropriate funding for the transition did not initially appear, so the station was forced to shut down operations on Thursday, May 13, 2004 and terminate its broadcast, not only via its 97.7 FM transmission, but also via WOXY.com.

Background
One day after 97X left the FM airwaves, on Friday, May 14, 2004, representatives of anonymous angel investors contacted the station staff, intent on funding the WOXY.com venture. After two months of legalities, on July 12, 2004, "The Future of Rock and Roll" resumed its WOXY.com broadcast. As a subtle nod to its 1983 FM debut ("Sunday Bloody Sunday" by the Irish band U2), the first song played on the resumed WOXY.com broadcast was "Orpheus" by the Irish alternative rock band Ash.

Because of the nature of the 97.7 FM sale to First Broadcasting out of Texas, "The Future of Rock & Roll" was able to continue broadcasting from the Oxford, Ohio building until a more touring musician friendly location could be found. In September 2004, WOXY.com operations were relocated to Cincinnati's Longworth Hall, a building at the intersection of three interstate highways and close to multiple concert venues.

Publicity
To herald its return to broadcasting, "The Future of Rock & Roll" relied on a viral campaign to be carried out by its loyal listeners. WOXY provided via its website, avatars, banners, buttons, PDF files, etc., all with the intention of getting the word out; "The Future of Rock & Roll" is back! The station also purchased some well placed ads in music oriented magazines.

Programming
The internet definitely allowed for more programming avenues and outlets than standard FM radio ever did. "The Future of Rock and Roll" continued to find innovative ways to program the station.

 * BAM! Modern Rock: Even with a new engine driving the music, "The Future of Rock and Roll" remained true to its roots; real DJs programming the music they choose from the Modern Rock library they have been building upon since the beginning.
 * WOXY Lounge Acts
 * WOXY Vintage: In 2005, "The Future of Rock & Roll" also looked fondly towards their past and launched a secondary stream of audio, WOXY Vintage. This additional channel featured a 30-year mix of music that spotlighted the history of modern rock and alternative music.
 * Unsigned@WOXY.com
 * X-trabeats: Revisiting the popularity of "97X-trabeats", "The Future of Rock and Roll" revived the dance/electronica showcase. The only minor changes being the dropping of the '97' and making the program available on demand in addition to the scheduled airings.
 * Local Lixx
 * Artrocker Radio
 * Friends Of The Futurist: An interview and music showcase, in which a member of the music community (music blogger, podcast host, etc.) would spend time speaking with host Joe Long discussing the artist, venues and anything else on the topic of music as it represents the guest's locale. "Friends Of The Futurist" aired bi-weekly on Tuesday evenings. Early "Friends Of The Futurist" episodes were broadcast under the original name, "The Blogger Hour".
 * The Waiting Room: An eclectic mix of folk and acoustic tunes from around the globe, hosted by "one half of Drunk Country & The Woman of The House", still presently alive on AndHow.FM from Mangaroa, New Zealand.

Commercial
Most closely resembling the FM 'Future of Rock and Roll', WOXY.com, or WOXY (wox-IE) as it came to be known, sold banner ads on the pages of WOXY.com along with advertised sponsorship of some its mainstay programming to cover costs. Not only did this practice not yield a profit, it did not even cover operational costs. Accepting that their investor money was eroding faster than they hoped, "The Future of Rock & Roll" tried a new approach.

Subscription-based
On February 6, 2006, WOXY.com announced it would be moving to a subscriber-based model. In an effort to counteract a lack of advertising revenue, subscribers were to pay $9.95 per month for 128 kbit/s streams (both the main channel and the vintage channel) as well other perks including special content and contests.

Despite popularity with listeners, the station's capital was running out, and the costs to operate far exceeded any income from subscriptions, fund raising, or from Internet advertising. On August 31, 2006, WOXY.com released a statement announcing that they would cease broadcasting. The last broadcast was September 15, 2006, and transmission ended around 5:38 p.m. EDT.

Bryan Jay Miller, the station's general manager, stated in a written announcement on the station's website that "barring something exceptional happening in the next two weeks, we will silence our broadcasts." The last few songs the station played underscored what they believed to be the finality of the suspension of broadcasting, including the songs "Mourning Air" by Portishead, "Acquiesce" by Oasis, "Fight the Power", by Public Enemy, and the final track, MC5's song "Kick Out the Jams".

Lala.com
On September 19, 2006, Silicon Valley entrepreneur Bill Nguyen expressed interest in purchasing the station and resuming online broadcasting. A fan of modern rock, Nguyen was contacted by a station listener through his music trading website Lala. In an unusual approach, Nguyen not only met with staff members and the station's current anonymous owners/investors, but also used the station's message boards to get feedback from listeners before formally making an offer.

Nguyen's proposal was to invest between $5 million and $10 million into WOXY.com, and allow the station to remain in Cincinnati. The DJs would retain editorial control. He would also link lala.com to WOXY.com, to allow WOXY.com listeners to purchase music that they've heard on the station directly from his existing site. Among his many initial proposals, he also proposed coordinating live performances in San Francisco and other locations that would subsequently be broadcast on WOXY.com. A deal was reached, and the station resumed online broadcasting as of 10:10 am EST on October 10, 2006.

Lala.com was quietly purchased by Apple in December 2009 and was shuttered by Apple on May 31, 2010.

Future Sounds Inc.
On February 5, 2009, the station announced that it had been sold by Lala.com and would join Future Sounds, Inc. a company specializing in the discovery and exposure of new and unsigned bands and artists. The Futuresounds.com website is currently up for sale with no other active web presence known.

WVXU-HD2 simulcast
In August 2007, a deal was finalized between WOXY.com and Cincinnati public radio station WVXU where in, WVXU would partner with "The Future of Rock & Roll" and broadcast WOXY.com main channel programming on their second HD Radio channel. The availability of WOXY.com on HD Radio marked The Future of Rock and Roll's return to the local terrestrial airwaves since the 97.7 FM transmission was terminated.

Austin, TX relocation
On July 16, 2009, the WOXY staff formally announced that the station's broadcast facilities would be relocated to Austin, Texas. Reasons cited include increased access to artists for live Lounge Act sessions and proximity to the thriving Austin music scene, including the SXSW festival. The station move FAQ has indicated that the formatting and live DJ lineup will remain the same. The station will continue broadcasting on the air in Cincinnati via WVXU 91.7 FM on the HD-2 sideband channel.

Shutdown
At approximately 9:13 CDT on March 23, 2010 WOXY.com stopped streaming audio, and posted the following on their main page:

WOXY Listeners, Fans and Friends...

''Due to current economic realities and the lack of ongoing funding for WOXY's operations, we've been forced to suspend our live broadcasts as of March 23. We're continuing to explore options to keep The Future of Rock and Roll alive. For business inquiries, please contact Bryan Jay or John at Future Sounds.''

Thanks for your years of dedicated support.

- Mike, Shiv, Joe, Paige, Brian and Bryan Jay

The song playing when they halted streaming was "Answer to Yourself" by The Soft Pack.

DJs
The regular DJs were Mike Taylor (Program Director) now a DJ on Amazing Radio, Matt Shiv (Music Director) and Joe Long (editor of WOXY's The Futurist blog).

Also included in this list were Robin Plan, Steve Baker, Dan Reed, Michelle Topham, Ken Glidewell, and John Jesser who were all present in the station's prime during the mid-80s.

Since 2019 there has been a podcast from two former station employees titled "97X Rumblings From the Big Bush" (big bush is a reference of the large bush that grew by the station parking lot) featuring interviews with Doug and Linda Balogh, many of the station personalities, record company executives. It is available at most major podcast centers or on the website www.97Xbam.com.

40th Anniversary Broadcast
On May 27, 2023, Internet radio station Inhailer Radio hosted an all new 3 day broadcast of the Modern Rock 500, a WOXY Memorial Day weekend tradition, featuring many of the original staff sharing memories of the station.

List of awards
The Internet-only incarnation of the station has won multiple times at the PLUG Independent Music Awards:
 * 2005 Internet radio station of the year
 * 2007 Internet radio station of the year
 * 2007 Podcast of the Year: WOXY.com Lounge Acts

title: WOXY.com


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File:Train Drops of Jupiter single.jpg

Summary
The album art for Train's single Drops of Jupiter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Train Drops of Jupiter single.jpg


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Talk:Constitution of the Republic of China

Criticism
The criticism in the current article is close to nothing. There are more could be extracted from HISTORY'S IMPLICATIONS FOR TAIWAN'S CONSTITUTION.Mababa 04:19, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC). The correct link is -- https://jamestown.org/program/historys-implications-for-taiwans-constitution/  Hmortar (talk) 10:13, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

 * I removed "Criticism from Chinese Communist Party" because all the information has already been stated in the lead section. No new information was given by the quotation. I also removed
 * "A number of criticisms have been leveled at the ROC constitution. One which has been leveled by supporters of Taiwan independence argues that the constitutional while valid as law, is still illegitimate in that it has never been ratified by people within Taiwan."
 * This is duplicated elsewhere.
 * "Another criticism, which has more broad support is that the constitution produces deadlock between the legislature and the executive. Because it was written in the context of an authoritarian government, it is not explicit as to whether the ROC government is presidential or parliamentary."
 * These sentences contradict. If the first applies, then the system is obviously presidential. If the second applied, then the first is not true. The reforms by Lee Teng-hui (removal of legislative approval of the premier/ministerial appts) clearly made the system presidential. I added info on debate over whether to use a three branch structure, five branch structure, or parliamentary structure.

 * I also shortened a few things here and there... --Jiang 22:45, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the proofreading. I am not really an expert on this topic. I do not recall reading articles connecting the establishment of Taiwan province with the application of the ROC constitution. It might as well be true, I just wonder if that is really the case. Thank you. :)Mababa 05:16, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Split introduction into historical background
I segregated the introduction with the historical background. Though the communist party would probably object this constitution even without reason, CPC still have the legitimate reasons by challenging the legaility of the members of the National Assembly. Thus, I partially reverted that back. The un-democratic process of selecting the Taiwanese delegates was also an important footage of the history and also the argument on the legitimacy of this constitution over Taiwan. Thus I added this piece of information back along with the photos of them. Please let me know if there is any better way to put them together. Thank you.Mababa 07:32, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Taiwanese delegates selected by KMT party or regime?
To party or not to party.....

"Until October 1946 it was the prerogative of the Central Government in Nanking to select representatives from Taiwan for the National Assembly." -- Dispatch No.25 from the American Consulate Taipei (Taihoku) to the U.S. Ambassador in Nanking, November 1, 1946, p. 46.

I think the evidence directs to the government, not the party. It was the ROC government deliberately failed to establish the legitimacy of these Taiwanese National Assembly member to represent the Taiwanese people, not the fault of the party. We do not know what is the role of the KMT party in this process, even though Cho Enlai criticized the rest of the National Assembly members to be chosen by the KMT party. I would suggest that we attribute it to the government.Mababa 04:16, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * if it's the government, then use the term "ROC government". "KMT regime" is ambiguous and not neutral. --Jiang 04:29, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Duly changed as suggested. Thanks for the comment.Mababa 04:42, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Old constitutions
Information on older ROC constitutions should be put in historical development section.--Countakeshi 10:14, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Past constitution amendments
Could anyone add the details and reasons for the past constitution amendments of POC? I believe the development of the constitution is also vitally important. Salt 04:00, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

The name is the Constitution of the Republic of China
NO where does anyone say Republic of China (Taiwan) Constitution. 中華民國(台灣) 憲法.TingMing 20:42, 21 April 2007 (UTC) official title is "Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan)" http://www.president.gov.tw/en/prog/news_release/document_content.php?id=1105498684&pre_id=1105498701&g_category_number=409&category_number_2=373&layer=on&sub_category=455 BlueQ99 (talk) 15:44, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed, legally, Taiwan is a province of ROC. 24.14.89.219 (talk) 00:26, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

Territories in Introduction
Why is the area governed by the constitution so laboriously listed in the first paragraph? Why start off with something more informative and introductory like "The Constitution of the Republic of China is the governing document for the Republic of China. It was written in 1947 in for the Republic of China when it was attempting to govern China." Then say somthing about how it was rarely or never fully implemented due to the Chiang dictatorship, and due to the difficulty of applying a document written for China to a small country like Taiwan. Then point out that in recent years it has been modified to fit Taiwan's recent change to democracy. That would make a lot more sense than listing territories.

I'm not a good writer, but if no one else will make the changes I'll try to. Readin (talk) 01:45, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

It seems to me that more interesting than just the areas currently using the ROC Constitution is the fact the same constitution served both large China under dictatorship during civil war, and small Taiwan in peace and prosperity under democracy. I've rewritten the intro to try to capture that. Readin (talk) 03:20, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Nice rewrite, Jiang! Readin (talk) 03:10, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Content
The content section is very small. I came to this page hoping to learn how the ROC Constitution says the government is supposed to work, but didn't learn much about that. Does anyone know enough about the constitution to provide more details? Readin (talk) 00:56, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

New Constitutional Proposal
"However, there are proposals being floated, particularly by supporters of Taiwan independence and the supporters of Taiwan localization movement, to replace the current Constitution with a document drafted by the Taiwanese constituencies in Taiwan."

Is this meant to be in reference to ethnically Taiwanese or Taiwanese nationals?

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:National Anthem of the Republic of China which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 19:27, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Edit Request
I propose to make this edit.

"Constitution of Taiwan" is used in various sources . Following Manual_of_Style/Lead_section it should usually be mentioned in the beginning of the article.

Also according to Manual_of_Style/Lead_section, the first sentence should tell the nonspecialist reader what or who the subject is in plain English. However, a nonspecialist might struggle understanding that the Republic of China is not the commonly known "China" but "Taiwan" instead, as this is very conterintuitive. The current article does not make it clear that this article is about the current constitution of Taiwan, which can be easily clarified through my proposed changes. In the current version, a reader can only indirectly infer it from the history discription in the third paragraph, which is not clear and concise. --2603:8080:1300:664B:9C86:4939:83A7:E4B5 (talk) 20:34, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Semi-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 20:52, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Constitution of the People's Republic of China which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:17, 4 July 2024 (UTC)


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Kummer's function

In mathematics, there are several functions known as Kummer's function. One is known as the confluent hypergeometric function of Kummer. Another one, defined below, is related to the polylogarithm. Both are named for Ernst Kummer.

Kummer's function is defined by

 * $$\Lambda_n(z)=\int_0^z \frac{\log^{n-1}|t|}{1+t}\;dt.$$

The duplication formula is

 * $$\Lambda_n(z)+\Lambda_n(-z)= 2^{1-n}\Lambda_n(-z^2)$$.

Compare this to the duplication formula for the polylogarithm:

 * $$\operatorname{Li}_n(z)+\operatorname{Li}_n(-z)= 2^{1-n}\operatorname{Li}_n(z^2).$$

An explicit link to the polylogarithm is given by

 * $$\operatorname{Li}_n(z)=\operatorname{Li}_n(1)\;\;+\;\;

\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} (-1)^{k-1} \;\frac{\log^k |z|} {k!} \;\operatorname{Li}_{n-k} (z) \;\;+\;\; \frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!} \;\left[ \Lambda_n(-1) - \Lambda_n(-z) \right].$$

title: Kummer's function


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Adobe Encore

Adobe Encore (previously Adobe Encore DVD) was a DVD authoring software tool produced by Adobe Systems and targeted at professional video producers. Video and audio resources could be used in their current format for development, allowing the user to transcode them to MPEG-2 video and Dolby Digital audio upon project completion. DVD menus could be created and edited in Adobe Photoshop using special layering techniques. Adobe Encore did not support writing to a Blu-ray Disc using AVCHD 2.0.

Encore is bundled with Adobe Premiere Pro CS6. Adobe Encore CS6 was the last release. While Premiere Pro CC has moved to the Creative Cloud, Encore has now been discontinued.

Licensing
All forms of Adobe Encore used a proprietary licensing system from its developer, Adobe Systems. Versions 1.0 and 1.5 required a separate license fee (rather than making 1.5 available as a free update). Version 3, also known as CS3, was sold only in bundle with Premiere CS3. Encore CS4, CS5, CS5.5 and CS6 were only sold in the Premiere Pro CS4, CS5, CS5.5 and CS6 bundles, respectively. Adobe CC subscribers no longer have access to Adobe Encore CS6. Adobe Encore is not included with Premiere Pro CC.

Functionality
Adobe Encore allowed for creating interactive DVD menus from Photoshop documents, which could be tweaked from within Encore. Video and audio streams could be embedded in the DVD and be made to play when certain elements of the menu are interacted with. It had similar functionality to Adobe Flash and Premiere Pro, due to its ability to both edit video on a timeline and embed interactive content.

title: Adobe Encore


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Badami

Badami, formerly known as Vātāpi (Sanskrit: from āpi, ‘friend, ally’; ‘having the wind (vāta) as an ally’; Kannada script: ವಾತಾಪಿ), is a town and headquarters of a taluk by the same name, in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. It was the regal capital of the Badami Chalukyas from 540 to 757. It is famous for its rock cut monuments such as the Badami cave temples, as well as the structural temples such as the Bhutanatha temples, Badami Shivalaya and Jambulingesvara Temple. It is located in a ravine at the foot of a rugged, red sandstone outcrop that surrounds Agastya lake.

Badami has been selected as one of the heritage cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of Government of India.

Prehistoric and epic
The Badami region was settled in pre-historic times, as is evidenced by megalithic dolmens.

In the local tradition, the town of Badami is linked to the Agastya legend of the epics. In the Mahabharata, the asura Vatapi would become a goat, be cooked by his brother Ilvala, and be eaten. Following this, he would recollect in the stomach and tear himself out from the inside of the victim, killing the victim. When the sage Agastya arrives, Ilvala offers the goat to him. However, Agastya, who is known for his enormous powers of ingestion and digestion, kills Vatapi by digesting the meal and giving Vatapi no time to recollect. Agastya thus kills the demons Vatapi and Ilvala. This legend is believed to have played out near Badami, hence the names Vatapi and Agasthya lake.

History

Pulakeshin I an early ruler of the Chalukyas, is generally regarded as having founded the Badami Chalukya dynasty in 540. An inscription record of this king engraved on a boulder in Badami records the fortification of the hill above 'Vatapi' in 544. Pulakeshin's choice of this location for his capital was likely due to strategic considerations, as Badami is protected on three sides by rugged sandstone cliffs. His sons Kirtivarman I and his brother Mangalesha constructed the cave temples located there. The Agastya lake (formerly Vatapi lake) is a man-made lake, a water infrastructure project completed in the 7th century, likely as a strategic source of water for the capital and around which many Hindu temples were constructed.

Kirtivarman I strengthened Vatapi and had three sons, Pulakeshin II, Vishnuvardhana and Buddhavarasa, who were minors at the time of his death. Kirtivarman I's brother Mangalesha ruled the kingdom, as is mentioned in the Mahakuta Pillar inscription. In 610, the famous Pulakeshin II came to power and ruled between up to 642. Vatapi was the capital of the Early Chalukyas, who ruled much of Karnataka, Maharashtra, parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh between the 6th and 8th centuries.

Under the Badami Chalukyas, Badami emerged as one of the regional centres of art in the Malprabha valley – a cradle of Hindu and Jain temple architecture schools. Both Dravida and Nagara styles of temples are found in Badami, along with those in Aihole, Pattadakal and Mahakuta. Many of the temples in Badami, such as the Eastern Bhutanatha group and the Jambulingesvara temple, were built between the 6th and 8th century. They are key to understanding the development of temple architecture and arts, as well as the Karnata tradition of arts around the mid 1st-millennium CE.

These sites also contain many increasingly sophisticated temples and arts from the Rashtrakutas and Later Chalukyas, such as the Northern Bhutanatha group of temples and the Yellamma Temple, completed through the early 13th-century. Thereafter, states George Michell, this region was ravaged and temples ruined by invading armies of the Turko-Persian Delhi Sultanate.

Badami and other sites in the Malprabha region were fought over by the Hindu monarchs of the Vijayanagara Empire and the Turko-Persian Sultans of Deccan. The Vijayanagara emperors commissioned expanded fort walls in Badami and elsewhere. Many ruins, the fort and some well preserved temples in high hillocks survive and attest to the rich heritage of Badami and nearby sites from these centuries. The Turko-Persian sultanate rule that followed the Vijayanagara period forcefully and aggressively islamized the site. This is attested by two monuments here. One is the Markaj Jumma near the entrance of the cave temples and structural temples. It has the 18th-century tomb of Abdul Malik Aziz. The other Islamic monument is also of modern era – the dargah of Sayyid Hazrat Badshah near the Upper Shivalaya.

Inscriptions
Badami has eighteen inscriptions, with important historical information. The first Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script, on a hillock dates back to 543 CE, from the period of Pulakeshin I (Vallabheswara), the second is the 578 CE cave inscription of Mangalesha in Kannada language and script and the third is the Kappe Arabhatta records, the earliest available Kannada poetry in tripadi (three line) metre. one inscription near the Bhuthanatha temple also has inscriptions dating back to the 12th century in Jain rock-cut temple dedicated to the Tirtankara Adinatha.

Paintings
The Badami cave temples were likely fully painted inside by the late 6th century. Most of these paintings are now lost, except for the mural fragments, bands and faded sections found in Cave 3 (Vaishnava, Hindu) and Cave 4 (Jain). The original murals are most clearly evidenced in Cave 3, where inside the Vishnu temple, there are paintings of secular art as well as murals that depict legends of Shiva and Parvati on the ceiling and in parts less exposed to the natural elements. These are among the earliest known paintings of Hindu legends in India that can be dated.

In literature
Badami is predominantly featured in the Tamil language historical fiction novel series Sivagamiyin Sapatham, written by Kalki Krishnamurthy. A part of the Tamil film Taj Mahal was shot in Badami, with a part of the song 'Adi Manja Kilange' shot at Agastya Teertha.

Government
It is a town in the Bagalkot District in Karnataka state, India. It is also headquarters of Badami Taluk in the district.

Taluka
The Badami Taluka has thirty-four panchayat villages:

Geography
Badami is located at 15.92°N, 75.68°W. It has an average elevation of 586 metres (1922 ft). It is located at the mouth of a ravine between two rocky hills and surrounds Agastya tirtha water reservoir on the three other sides. The total area of the town is 10.3 square kilometers.

It is located 30 kilometers from Bagalkot, 128 kilometers from Bijapur, 132 kilometers from Hubli, 46 kilometers from Aihole, another ancient town, and 589 kilometers from Bangalore, the state capital.

Climate

 * Summer – March to June
 * Spring – Jan to March
 * Monsoons – July to October that contributes to rainfall
 * Winter – November to February

The temperature ranges from a minimum 22 degrees to a maximum 40 degrees in summer and from 14 to 29 degrees in winter. The average rainfall is around 68 cm (680 mm). The best time to visit Badami is considered to be between the low-humid season from November to March.

The climate of Badami has made it a safe haven for the monkeys of southern India. Tourists often flock to Badami for the opportunity to see monkeys interact in a natural environment.

Demographics
As of the 2011 Indian Census, Badami had a total population of 30,943, of which 15,539 were males and 15,404 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 3,877. The total number of literates in Badami was 22,093, which constituted 71.4% of the population with male literacy of 78.1% and female literacy of 64.7%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Badami was 81.6%, of which male literacy rate was 89.7% and female literacy rate was 73.6%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 4,562 and 1,833 respectively. Badami had 6214 households in 2011.

, Badami had a population of 25,851. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Badami had an average literacy rate of 64.8%, comparable to the national average of 65%; with 59% of the males and 41% of females literate. 14% of the population was under 6 years of age.

The main language spoken is Kannada.

Transport
The nearest railway station to Badami is Badami Railway Station, which is located 5 km from Badami city. The nearest airport is Hubli Airport, which is 105 km away from Badami. The town is located on the Hubli-Solapur rail route, and is connected to Hubli and Bijapur by road.

Badami can be reached from Bangalore by a 12-hour bus ride, by a direct train (Solapur Gol Gumbaz Exp - 16535), or by a combination of an overnight train journey from Bangalore to Hospet followed by a bus ride from Hospet to Badami. Another possible route is to go by train from Bangalore to Hubli (8–9 hours) followed by a bus ride to Badami (3 hours). Badami is around 110 km from Hubli.

Local transport is by auto-rickshaws and city buses.

Climbing
Badami's red sandstone cliffs are popular amongst local and international climbers. This is popular location for free sport climbing and bouldering. The cliffs have a horizontal crack systems, similar to Gunks. There are over 150 bolted routes and multiple routes for free climbing. Gerhard Schaar, a German Climber and Pranesh Manchaiah, a local climber from Bangalore, were instrumental in setting up the sport routes by driving a project called 'Bolts for Bangalore'.

The National Rock Climbing Centre, whose manager is Rajendra Hasabavi in Banshankari Road by the General Thimayya National Academy of Adventure, Department of Youth Empowerment and Sports, Govt.of Karnataka is conducting various rock climbing and adventure camps for the youth and school children.

title: Badami


text:
Electoral roll

An electoral roll (variously called an electoral register, voters roll, Voters list , poll book or other description) is a compilation that lists persons who are entitled to vote for particular elections in a particular jurisdiction. The list is usually broken down by electoral districts, and is primarily prepared to assist election officials at polling places. Most jurisdictions maintain permanent electoral rolls, which are updated continuously or periodically (such as France which updates them annually), while some jurisdictions compile new electoral rolls before each election. Electoral rolls are the result of a process of voter registration. In most jurisdictions, voter registration (and being listed on an electoral roll) is a prerequisite for voting at an election. Some jurisdictions do not require voter registration, and do not use electoral rolls, such as the state of North Dakota in the United States. In those jurisdictions a voter must provide identification and proof of entitlement to vote before being permitted to vote.

Electoral rolls and voter registration serve a number of functions, especially to streamline voting on election day. Voter registration can be used to detect electoral fraud by enabling authorities to verify an applicant's identity and entitlement to a vote, and to ensure a person doesn't vote multiple times. In jurisdictions where voting is compulsory, the electoral roll is used to indicate who has failed to vote. In some jurisdictions, people to be selected for jury or other civil duties are chosen from an electoral roll.

Most jurisdictions close updating of electoral rolls some period, commonly 14 or 28 days, before an election, but some jurisdictions may allow registration at the same time as attending a polling station to vote; Australia closes its rolls seven days after an election is called, rather than with reference to the election day.

Traditionally, electoral rolls were maintained in paper form, either as loose-leaf folders or in printed pages, but nowadays electronic electoral rolls are increasingly being adopted. Similarly, the number of countries adopting biometric voter registration has steadily increased. , half of the countries in Africa and Latin America use biometric technology for their electoral rolls.

Australia
Australia maintains a permanent electoral roll, which is used for federal elections, by-elections and referendums. It also forms the basis of state (except in Western Australia, which compiles its own) and local electoral rolls.

Enrolment is compulsory for all Australian citizens over the age of 18 years (with the exception of Norfolk Island, where enrolment is voluntary). Residents in Australia who had been enrolled as British subjects in 1984, though not Australian citizens, can continue to be enrolled. (These comprise about 9% of the electoral roll.) Normally, enrolment and change of details requires the lodgement of a form; but since 2009, New South Wales automatically updates enrolment details onto the state roll, but not the federal roll, from various government departmental sources. State civil registrars are required to supply information, for example relating to death of a person, to enable names of deceased persons to be removed from electoral rolls.

When an election is called, a date for the "close of roll" is also announced, on which date processing of enrolments and changes of details to the roll is suspended. Enrolment or change of details can be done online or by completing a form and sending it using regular mail, which must arrive by the deadline.

Currently, the electoral roll records just the name and address of the voter, although in previous years occupation was also recorded. Since 21 July 2004 the Commonwealth electoral roll cannot be sold in any format. It has not been produced in printed format since 1985, when it changed to publication on microfiche. Today, it is only produced in an electronic format, and can only be viewed at an Australian Electoral Commission or state electoral commission offices, each of which holds a copy of the electoral roll for the entire country. These arrangements try to strike a balance between privacy of the voters and the publication of the roll, which is integral to the conduct of free and fair elections, enabling participants to verify the openness and accountability of the electoral process and object to the enrolment of any elector. The elector information is provided to political parties, members of Parliament and candidates.

Belgium
Belgian citizens over the age of 18 who are registered in the population registers of each municipality are included on a voters' list.

Foreign nationals may apply to be registered on the voters' list for municipal elections, and nationals of the European Union may register for elections for the European Parliament. Approval as a voter remains valid for subsequent elections (unless waived in writing) and in the event of a change of residence in Belgium.

France
Each municipality maintains a permanent electoral list which is updated annually. Only registered voters can vote. A complementary list is prepared for nationals of a Member State of the European Union for French ballots open to them, namely for European and municipal elections. Each voter has an obligation to be registered on only one electoral list, but there is no penalty, other than being prevented from voting.

Since November 2009, pilot online registration has been permitted for a few municipalities, but was expected to expand.

Hong Kong
The electoral roll in Hong Kong is maintained by the Registration and Electoral Office (REO). The final register is available every year on 25 July, except for years in which elections for the territory's district councils are held, when the final register is available on 15 September. All permanent residents of the territory, a status which required seven years of continuous residence, are eligible to be registered voters regardless of nationality or citizenship.

India
In India, publishing and updating of the electoral roll is the responsibility of the Election Commission of India, each state's chief electoral officers, and each state's election commission. These government bodies update and publish the electoral roll every year, making it available for download from official government websites.

Total voters in India as on 1 January 2019

 * Total voters: 866,913,278.
 * Men: 451,966,704.
 * Women: 414,912,901.
 * Third gender: 33,673.

State wise electoral details for Lok Sabha election 2019:-

Ireland
The electoral register in Ireland is maintained by the local authorities and all residents that have reached 18 years of age in the state may register at the address in which they are 'ordinarily resident'. Each November a draft register is published after house-to-house enquiries. The register then comes into force the following February after time for appeals and additions. A supplementary register is published which allows voters to make alterations (usually change of address or becoming 18 years of age) prior to voting day. Postal votes are restricted to certain occupations, students and the disabled or elderly resident away from their home. There is also provision for special voters that are usually physically disabled.

While all residents can be registered voting in Ireland depends on citizenship. All residents are entitled to vote in local authority elections. Irish and EU citizens may vote in European parliament elections. Irish citizens and such other persons as are defined by law may vote in elections to Dáil Éireann,(any person entitled to vote for members of Dail Eireann i.e. entitled to vote for the president) for the President and in constitutional referendums.

The electoral register for elections to the six university seats in Seanad Éireann is maintained by the National University of Ireland and University of Dublin. Irish citizens that are graduates of these universities over 18 years of age may register. Voting is by postal vote and residence in the state is not required.

New Zealand
Electoral rolls have been used in New Zealand since the late nineteenth century, and some are available in public libraries for genealogical research. Traditionally, the Māori indigenous people have had separate electoral registration; electoral rolls for the Māori were introduced in 1948. In 1975 electors of Māori descent were given the choice of whether to register on the Maori or "general" electoral registers, a choice which allows those who wish for the former to vote for MPs from Māori electorates.

United Kingdom
Within the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom, the right to register for voting extends to all British, Irish, and Commonwealth citizens. British citizens living overseas may register for up to 15 years after they were last registered at an address in the UK. Before Brexit, EU citizens (who are not Commonwealth citizens or Irish citizens) could vote in European and local elections in the UK, elections to the Scottish Parliament and Welsh and Northern Ireland Assemblies (if they live in those areas) and some referendums (based on the rules for the particular referendum); they were not able to vote in British Parliamentary general elections. The minimum age for voting in Scotland, and Wales (for the devolved administration and local government elections only) is 16. In England and Northern Ireland, the minimum voting age is 18. It is possible for someone to register to vote before this birthday, as long as they will reach the voting age before the next revision of the register.

The register is compiled for each polling district, and held by the electoral registration office. In the United Kingdom, this office is located at the local council (district, borough, or unitary level). In Scotland, the offices are sometimes located with councils, but may also be separate. Northern Ireland has a central Electoral Office run by the government.

As of 2019, the register is compiled by sending an annual canvas form to every house (a process introduced by Representation of the People Act 1918). A fine of up to £1,000 (level 3 on the standard scale) can be imposed for giving false information. Up to 2001, the revised register was published on 15 February each year, based on a qualifying date of 10 October, and a draft register published on 28 November the previous year. From 2001 as a result of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000, the annual 'revised' register is published on 1 December, although it is possible to update the register with new names each month between January and September.

The register has two formats. The full version of the register is available for supervised inspection by anyone, by legal right. It is this register that is used for voting, and its supply and use is limited by law. Copies of this register are available to certain groups and individuals, such as credit reference agencies and political parties.

An 'edited' or 'open' version of the register, which omits those people who have chosen to 'opt out', can be purchased by anyone for any purpose. Some companies provide online searchable access to the edited register for a fee.

The Information Commissioner's Office, Electoral Commission, Local Government Association and the Association of Electoral Administrators have called for the abolition of the edited register. The organisations believe that the register should only be used for purposes related to elections and referendums, and that the sale of voters' personal details is a practice that may discourage people from registering to vote. The Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee recommended the abolition of the edited register in its report on the Government's proposals for individual electoral registration and other electoral administration provisions. Other organisations, including credit reference agencies, debt collection agencies and direct marketing companies, have argued for the retention of the edited register. However, notwithstanding the above, Mark Harper MP, as Minister for Political and Constitutional Affairs in the Cameron–Clegg coalition, announced during the committee stage of the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 on 25 June 2012 that the edited register will be retained.

The full register contains the following information:
 * elector number (one or more characters indicating the polling district, followed by a number)
 * elector's name and address
 * date of birth (if the voter will become eligible to vote during the time period that the register covers)
 * if the elector has requested a postal vote

A 'Marked Register' is a copy of the register that has a mark by the name of each elector who has voted. It serves as the record of who has voted in the election, and it is kept for a year after the election. After an election anyone can inspect the marked register, and certain people can purchase a copy of it. The marked register does not indicate who electors voted for, nor does it contain ballot paper numbers.

It was suggested that the register data could be taken from the data that was to be held on the proposed Citizen Information Project or on the National Identity Register. In January 2005 the Constitutional Affairs Committee and the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister began a joint inquiry into reforming the registration system. In January 2010 the Identity Documents Act 2010 repealed the Identity Cards Act 2006 which set up the National Identity Register.

Despite widespread calls for its introduction, the Electoral Administration Act 2006 did not provide for individual elector registration, on the justification that registration levels would fall. However, the Political Parties and Elections Act 2009 introduced a move from a system of household registration to a system of individual electoral registration in Great Britain.

United States
In the United States electoral rolls are commonly referred to as poll books. They have been used since the founding to determine voting eligibility. Today, poll books are a list of persons who are eligible to vote in an election. In the United States, the roll is usually managed by a local entity such as a county or parish. However, the data used for electoral rolls may be provided by statewide sources. While traditional poll books are printed voter rolls, more recently electronic pollbooks have come into favor. Computerized electoral rolls allow for larger numbers of voters to be handled easily and allows for more flexibility in poll locations and the electoral process.

A number of states, and the District of Columbia, have automatic voter registration.

title: Electoral roll


text:
Category:Radio stations in Nebraska

Radio stations in the U.S. state of Nebraska.

title: Category:Radio stations in Nebraska


text:
Else Lasker-Schüler

 Else Lasker-Schüler (née Elisabeth Schüler) (11 February 1869 – 22 January 1945) was a German poet and playwright famous for her bohemian lifestyle in Berlin and her poetry. She was one of the few women affiliated with the Expressionist movement. Lasker-Schüler, who was Jewish, fled Nazi Germany and lived out the rest of her life in Jerusalem.

Biography
Schüler was born in Elberfeld, now a district of Wuppertal. Her mother, Jeannette Schüler (née Kissing) was a central figure in her poetry; the main character of her play Die Wupper was inspired by her father, Aaron Schüler, a Jewish banker. Her brother Paul died when she was 13.

Else was considered a child prodigy because she could read and write at the age of four. From 1880 she attended the Lyceum West an der Aue. After dropping out of school, she received private lessons at her parents' home.

In 1894, Else married the physician and chess master Berthold Lasker (the elder brother of Emanuel Lasker, a World Chess Champion) and moved with him to Berlin, where she trained as an artist. On 27 July 1890 her mother died, her father followed 7 years later. On 24 August 1899, her son Paul was born and her first poems were published. She published her first full volume of poetry, Styx, three years later, in 1902. On 11 April 1903, she and Berthold Lasker divorced and on 30 November, she married Georg Lewin, artist, and founder of the Expressionist magazine Der Sturm. His pseudonym, Herwarth Walden, was her invention.

Lasker-Schüler's first prose work, Das Peter-Hille-Buch, was published in 1906, after the death of Hille, one of her closest friends. In 1907, she published the prose collection Die Nächte der Tino von Bagdad, followed by the play Die Wupper in 1909, which was not performed until later. A volume of poetry called Meine Wunder, published in 1911, established Lasker-Schüler as the leading female representative of German Expressionism.

After separating from Herwarth Walden in 1910 and divorcing him in 1912, she found herself penniless and dependent on the financial support of her friends, in particular Karl Kraus. In 1912, she met Gottfried Benn. An intense friendship developed between them which found its literary outlet in a large number of love poems dedicated to him.

In May 1922 she attended the International Congress of Progressive Artists and signed the "Founding Proclamation of the Union of Progressive International Artists".

In 1927, the death of her son sent her into a deep depression.

Despite winning the Kleist Prize in 1932, as a Jew she was physically harassed and threatened by the Nazis. She emigrated to Zürich but there, too, she could not work and subsequently went to British-ruled Palestine in 1934, and finally settled in Jerusalem in 1937. In 1938 she was stripped of her German citizenship and the outbreak of World War II prevented any return to Europe.

According to her first Hebrew translator, Yehuda Amichai, she lived a life of poverty and the children in the neighborhood mocked her for her eccentric dress and behavior.

She formed a literary salon called “Kraal,” which philosopher Martin Buber opened on 10 January 1942 at the French Cultural Center.

Some leading Jewish writers and promising poets attended her literary programs, but Lasker-Schüler was eventually banned from giving readings and lectures because they were held in German. She begged the head of the German synagogue in Jerusalem to let her use his Gotteshaus ('house of worship, lit. 'house of God') one more time:

"Wherever I was, German is not allowed to be spoken. I want to arrange the last Kraal evening for a poet who is already broken, to recite from his translations [into German] of a great Hebrew" (Letter to Rabbi Kurt Wilhelm, Else Lasker-Schüler Archive, Jerusalem, cited in Bauschinger, p. 270).

In her final years, Lasker-Schüler worked on her drama IchundIch (IandI), which remained a fragment. She finished her volume of poems, Mein Blaues Klavier (1943, "My Blue Piano"), printed in a limited edition of 330 copies.

"[H]er literary farewell became her last attempt to overcome loneliness. Significantly, she dedicated the work to "my unforgettable friends in the cities of Germany and to those, like me, exiled and dispersed throughout the world, in good faith." In one of her final acts, she asked that her hometown of Wuppertal and its surrounding area be spared from Allied bombing."

She tended to spend whatever money she had all at once which made her go for days without food or shelter. Heinz Gerling, secretary of the Hitachdut Olei Germania (Association of Immigrants from Germany, later renamed to cover all of Central Europe ) and the poet Manfred Sturmann came to her aid. Gerling opened a bank account for her and arranged for regular payments to cover her expenses whereas Sturmann edited her work and helped with her dealings with publishers. After her death, Sturmann became the trustee of her legacy and during the 1950s and 1960s dealt extensively with publishers in East and West Germany, Switzerland and Austria who wished to publish her works.

In 1944, Lasker-Schüler's health deteriorated. She suffered a heart attack on 16 January, and died in Jerusalem on 22 January 1945. She was buried on the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery.

Literary career
Lasker-Schüler left behind several volumes of poetry and three plays, as well as many short stories, essays and letters. During her lifetime, her poems were published in various magazines, among them the journal Der Sturm edited by her second husband, and Karl Kraus' literary journal Die Fackel. She also published many anthologies of poetry, some of which she illustrated herself. Examples are:
 * Styx (first published volume of poetry, 1902)
 * Der siebente Tag (second volume of poetry, 1905)
 * Meine Wunder (first edition, 1911)
 * Gesammelte Gedichte (complete poetry) (1917)
 * Mein blaues Klavier (1943)

Lasker-Schüler wrote her first and most important play, Die Wupper, in 1908. It was published in 1909 and the first performance took place on 27 April 1919 at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin.

A large part of her work is composed of love poetry, but there are also deeply religious poems and prayers. Transitions between the two are often quite fluid. Her later work is particularly rich in biblical and oriental motifs. Lasker-Schüler was very free with regard to the external rules of poetic form, however her works thereby achieve a greater inner concentration. She was also not averse to linguistic neologisms.

A good example of her poetic art is her 1910 poem Ein alter Tibetteppich (lit. "An old Tibetan rug"), which was reprinted many times after its first publication in Der Sturm, the first of these being in Fackel.

Influence
The 20th-century Scottish poet Hugh MacDiarmid included a translation of an extract from Lasker-Schüler's work in his long poem A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, 1926. (Lines 401–410.) German composers Margarete Schweikert and Luise Schulze-Berghof set Lasker-Schuler's poems to music.

Commemoration

There is a memorial plaque to Else Lasker-Schüler at Motzstraße 7, Berlin-Schöneberg, where she lived from 1924 to 1933. Part of this street was renamed Else-Lasker-Schüler-Straße in 1996. In Elberfeld in Wuppertal there is now a school named after her (The "School without Racism"), and a memorial stele was erected on Herzogstraße, Wuppertal.

The Else-Lasker-Schüler-Society was founded 1990 in Wuppertal by journalist Hajo Jahn. In more than 20 international symposia from Breslau to Tel Aviv, the works of the poet were introduced and discussed in relation to the relevance for the presence and future.

In Jerusalem, there is a small street named for Else Lasker-Schüler in the neighborhood of Nayot – Rehov Else. Perched on a ridge in the Jerusalem Forest, very close to the Kennedy Memorial (Yad Kennedy), was a sculpture in her honor resembling a slender tree trunk with wings. It was placed there in 1997, and was stolen, probably by metal thieves, in July 2007.

In 2007, her final days in Jerusalem were commemorated in the BBC radio play My Blue Piano by the Scottish playwright Marty Ross (Radio 4 2007) which combined the facts of her dying days with the fantasies of her inner life.

On 7 February 2020, Google celebrated her with a Google Doodle.

Film

 * Ich räume auf ("Putting Things Straight") Germany 1979, German actress Gisela Stein plays the part of Else Lasker-Schüler fighting against her editors. The film was first broadcast by: Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln, director: Georg Brintrup
 * Mein Herz – niemandem! (1997) by Helma Sanders-Brahms features Lena Stolze as the poet. It climaxes with the paradox of her deep bond with Gottfried Benn, an acclaimed poet and physician, who publicly supported the Nazi regime even as Lasker-Schüler was forced into exile.

Poetry

 * Translated poems from nine poets including Lasker-Schüler.
 * Claimed to be the first publication of translations in English.
 * Bilingual edition.
 * Bilingual edition.
 * Bilingual edition.
 * Bilingual edition.
 * Bilingual edition.

Prose

 * Translation of the novel Mein Herz.
 * Translation of Konzert.

Plays

 * Translations of Die Wupper, Arthur Aronymus : die Geschichte meines Vaters, and Ich und ich: Ein nachgelassenes Schaauspiel.

title: Else Lasker-Schüler


text: User:Absurdist

title: User:Absurdist


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Valerie barr

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 18:08, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Valerie barr
Hoax/prank. Szyslak 04:30, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even if it were true, I would not want this posted anywhere for security reasons. Zzyzx11 06:08, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax or a threat to national security. --Deathphoenix 06:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and rewrite. Valerie Barr is Chair of the Advisory Board for the Institute for Women and Technology. This existing article is nonsense. Megan1967 06:47, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsensical. Trilobite (Talk) 10:48, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur. Stupid hoax. Delete. Radiant! 12:00, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Deb 12:56, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted. Gamaliel 17:46, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Chinese linking rings

Untitled
I'm removing the scrolling to the Magician's Oath and further scrolling to details about magic tricks. In my opinion, there is not enough information here for someone to actually learn how to do the trick, and knowing the psychological principles behind an illusion does not necessarily spoil a performance, since a good performer should be able to cause the audience to suspend belief, and surprise the audience with what happens next. It is actually more surprising when someone thinks they know how it's done, and the magician invents a new technique that appears to contradict it. GUllman 04:30, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Request for comment
Please take a look at Talk:Out of This World (card trick). Bovlb 2005-07-06 04:42:41 (UTC)

Get rid of theses sections exposure is bad??!?!??!?!?!??!?!

 * An encyclopedia's job is to inform, not to keep secrets. The spoiler warnings are more than sufficient. Hiding magic secrets is as unencyclopedic as hiding Scientology secrets or using censorship. As soon as we start being cowed by interest groups in what we will or won't include in our encyclopedia, Wikipedia immediately loses all credibility. -Silence 18:20, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

No key ring?
I've been wondering if the illusion could be preserved without a key ring. Hackwrench 16:07, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

I used to do a routine with no key ring. I would link them by in and out flexing of the metal. They would appear to be in a cluster ball of linked rings but they would not actually be linked inside out but would appear that they were. It involved a special set I can't find anymore (stolen). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.151.24.113 (talk) 22:50, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Wrong Links to Other Language Wikis
I noticed that the link of this page to the Chinese and Japanese pages is not quite right. This is a page about a magic trick, but the Chinese and Japanese articles linked here are about a ancient puzzle that involves some (usually nine) metal rings and taking them all out of a metal bar which they are chained to. Although both these articles are about rings and both are of Chinese origin, they are not the same! Please de-link those pages from here, so as to not confuse people. I'm not sure what are the correct articles they should link to, but it's definitely not this one.

Hikari no sakura 12:58, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, you're true. They are talking about entirely different things. I'll remove the cross language links. AbelCheung (talk) 21:30, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Method Erroneous
The 'method' was not only badly written and confusing, but also made erroneous assumptions, speculation and was full of original research (OO and C rings, indeed!). I've removed repetitions and overly complex explanations that serve no one. If Wikipedia insists on publishing exposure of magical effects, at least get it right! Kosmoshiva 00:25, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Newer method
The Method that I just added is the method most commonly used by magicians today. Most magicians do not use other methods because they are too obvious.

 * Radio controlled rings? Where can I buy a set? Can they fly, too? --Kosmoshiva 04:04, 1 December 2007 (UTC)
 * This set is readily available at most magic stores in Europe and the United States. You can check out these stores if you would like proof, here are only a few (mind you of course they do not reveal the secret but I have bought the trick from browsers den and they are built like I described with mechanisms and no remote).

http://www.abra4magic.com/Merchant2/merchant.mv?&Screen=PROD&Product_Code=V017

http://www.browsersden.com/welcome.htm

http://www.stevensmagic.com/featuredstory/capaul/ps3.asp

These rings that I have bought that use remote controls:

http://www.hanklee.org/xcart/product.php?productid=9157&cat=0&page=3

Also I would like you to know that I have been performing for magic semi-professionally for 30 years. I only came across this set about 6 months ago. The reason this set works so well is because of how ridiculous the explanation sounds. You said it yourself. The method that you describe, although it has merit in the fact the gimmicked rings are easy to acquire, is far too obvious. The set is fine for the beginner, but professional magicians need to move with the times and take advantage of the fact that everybody thinks they know how the trick is done, only to be proven wrong. I have tested this method in restaurants and bars and I have never been caught. Once I even told the fellow I was performing for how the trick was done. He just laughed in my face and thought he was being taken for a chum. He never considered the possibility that I had told him the truth. Finally the rings are not radio controlled as you said, but, rather are remote controlled (using basically the same method as remote control cars. I also forgot to mention that the remote can also be attached to the normal ring so that when they are knocked together at the correct place they link together.
 * I have to agree with user 209.105.196.19. I own a set of rings with mechanisms like he described. I also must say that I have not seen the older method used for a long time.Jameskgordon

Method removed
I have removed the method from the article as it is unsourced. This is following the guidelines laid out in WikiProject_Magic. If the method can be properly sourced, then it can be re-added. StephenBuxton (talk) 16:04, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

NB: The material was removed in this diff and contained the following information:

/==A possible method==

One method of performing this illusion would be that the magician appears to show several separate and solid rings, but some of the rings are gimmicked, for example:
 * 1) A key ring: This ring contains an opening.  In simple sets this may be a gap which is concealed by the magician's hand. Professional rings have a diagonal split that opens when tapped correctly by another ring, leaving no obvious 'gap' to be seen by the audience. Most recently some key rings have a secret mechanism for closing the gap mechanically.
 * 2) Linked rings: two or more solid rings already linked together. They cannot be separated.

The ability to show that the rings are all separate and solid is usually done using a false count. The illusion of the joining and unjoining of the rings is achieved by sleight of hand and optical illusion. Performers strive to make the penetration of one ring by another appear smooth, plain, and clear.

Editors are encouraged to restore the material when they find appropriate sources, or to restore the content if the original removal of the material was in error, and to correct any errors in the method described. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 21:21, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

The source cited does not appear to be a treatise dedicated to the subject of Linking Rings, I've been unable to verify the cited source does indeed disclose the entire method described. Has anyone verified it? Would it not be better to include a source that is more easily accessible and dedicated to the subject to provide those seeking tutorial material a decent source? PBMagi (talk) 12:31, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

I asked for verification 8 months ago, none has been provided, therefore I have removed the method. When editing Wikipedia you'll see: "Encyclopedic content must be verifiable." above your edit box. This citation wasn't verifiable. In accordance with wikipedia's magic rules methods can only be included with a reliable citation. PBMagi (talk) 22:46, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese linking rings


text:
Pylon (architecture)

A pylon is a monumental gate of an Egyptian temple (Egyptian: bxn.t in the Manuel de Codage transliteration ). The word comes from the Greek term πυλών 'gate'. It consists of two pyramidal towers, each tapered and surmounted by a cornice, joined by a less elevated section enclosing the entrance between them. The gate was generally about half the height of the towers. Contemporary paintings of pylons show them with long poles flying banners.

Egyptian architecture
In ancient Egyptian religion, the pylon mirrored the hieroglyph akhet 'horizon', which was a depiction of two hills "between which the sun rose and set". Consequently, it played a critical role in the symbolic architecture of a building associated with the place of re-creation and rebirth.

Pylons were often decorated with scenes emphasizing a king's authority since it was the public face of a building. On the first pylon of the temple of Isis at Philae, the pharaoh is shown slaying his enemies while Isis, Horus and Hathor look on. Other examples of pylons can be seen in Karnak, Luxor Temple and Edfu. Rituals to the god Amun were often carried out on the top of temple pylons. A pair of obelisks usually stood in front of a pylon.

In addition to standard vertical grooves on the exterior face of a pylon wall which were designed to hold flag poles, some pylons also contained internal stairways and rooms. The oldest intact pylons belong to mortuary temples from the Ramesside period in the 13th and 12th centuries BCE.

Revival architecture

Both Neoclassical and Egyptian Revival architecture employ the pylon form, with Boodle's gentlemen's club in London being an example of the Neoclassical style.

The 19th and 20th centuries saw pylon architecture employed for bridges such as the Sydney Harbour Bridge and as stand-alone monuments such as the Patcham Pylon in Brighton and Hove, England.

title: Pylon (architecture)


text:
Talk:Pylon (architecture)

Untitled

 * see also: Talk:Electricity pylon

Article location?
We have to be able to do better than Pylon (obelisk). Suggestions: Others? Thoughts? –Hajor 22:09, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Pylon (architecture)
 * Pylon (gateway)
 * Pylon (temple)
 * Pylon (Egypt)

 * I know what you mean - I wasn't terribly impressed with 'obelisk' either. I would go with Pylon (architecture). At first I worried that Electricity pylons were also architecture, but they are closer to structures. -- Solipsist 22:57, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * A quick glance at my dictionary shows several definitions of "Pylon" that do not even mention obelisk. (Although they all refer to a connotation of "tower" in their definitions.) Pylon (architecture) would appear to be a good choice, unless this word is also used in a non-Egyptological context. -- llywrch 23:48, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pylon (architecture) it is, then. –Hajor 20:05, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pylon, Egypt, Electrical, Ancient vs Modern
Since a pylon in ancient Egypt is used as an entrance (or gateway) and is also an architecture structure I don't mind what solution has been made.

I don't agree with the idea of an obelisk. An obelisk is standing before the actual gateway or pylon (See the Temple of Luxor, one obelisk is still there, the other stands on the Place de la Concorde, Paris).

Further more is the english first meaning for the word 'Pylon': 1. Entrance, entry to an Egypt temple. 2. Honour entrance gate. 3. Pillar or column, like the electical pylon.

So what shall be the verdict? - User:Harm 00:06, 13 Jun 2005 ( Solipsist 20:33, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC) )

title: Talk:Pylon (architecture)


text:
User:Emilianodelau

In 1981 Emiliano De Laurentiis founded Arrakis Systems Inc., a company that developed SOCRATES, the first adaptive computer learning environment. Arrakis went on to develop over twenty-four educational software products for high school that were published in partnership with Simon & Schuster, Inc. and Prentice-Hall, Inc.

In 1991 he founded LifeLong Software, Inc. (later to become Lifelong.com) which produced award-winning Internet content such as Monster Math. Monster Math was in use by over 6,000 students a month in four different languages. Lifelong.com reached a million hits a month. Lifelong.com also developed a Learning Management System (LMS) based on his teaching and learning methodologies, and is in use in schools in the People's Republic of China.

Knowledge Environments, Inc. has recently developed and published interactive online content in the fields of technology, history, science, environmental education, and management.

Lately Emiliano founded Knowledge Avatars Incorporated that developed Knowledge Avatars, an intelligent, adaptive learning environment where anyone can create and publish educational content.

title: User:Emilianodelau


text:
Operating cash flow

In financial accounting, operating cash flow (OCF), cash flow provided by operations, cash flow from operating activities (CFO) or free cash flow from operations (FCFO), refers to the amount of cash a company generates from the revenues it brings in, excluding costs associated with long-term investment on capital items or investment in securities. Operating activities include any spending or sources of cash that’s involved in a company’s day-to-day business activities. The International Financial Reporting Standards defines operating cash flow as cash generated from operations, less taxation and interest paid, gives rise to operating cash flows. To calculate cash generated from operations, one must calculate cash generated from customers and cash paid to suppliers. The difference between the two reflects cash generated from operations.

Cash generated from operating customers:
 * revenue as reported
 * − increase (decrease) in operating trade receivables (1)
 * − investment income (Profit on asset Sales, disclosed separately in Investment Cash Flow)
 * − other income that is non cash and/or non sales related

Cash paid to operating suppliers:
 * costs of sales − Stock Variation = Purchase of goods. (2)
 * + all other expenses
 * − increase (decrease) in operating trade payables (1)
 * − non cash expense items such as depreciation, provisioning, impairments, bad debts, etc.
 * − financing expenses (disclosed separately in Finance Cash Flow)

Notes
 * 1) Operating:  Variations of Assets Suppliers and Clients accounts will be disclosed in the Financial Cash Flow
 * 2) Cost of Sales = Stock Out for sales. It is Cash Neutral. Cost of Sales − Stock Variation = Stock out − (Stock out − Stock In) = Stock In = Purchase of goods: Cash Out

Operating Cash Flow vs. Net Income, EBIT, and EBITDA
Interest is a financing flow. It takes into consideration how the operations are financed or taxed. Since it adjusts for liabilities, receivables, and depreciation, operating cash flow is a more accurate measure of how much cash a company has generated (or used) than traditional measures of profitability such as net income or EBIT. For example, a company with numerous fixed assets on its books (e.g. factories, machinery, etc.) would likely have decreased net income due to depreciation; however, as depreciation is a non-cash expense the operating cash flow would provide a more accurate picture of the company's current cash holdings than the artificially low net income.

Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization or just EBITDA is a kind of operating income which excludes all non-operating and non-cash expenses. With it, factors like debt financing as well as depreciation, and amortization expenses are stripped out when calculating profitability. Thus, it can be used to analyze and compare profitability among companies and industries, as it eliminates the effects of financing and capital expenditures (which may also be deemed a demerit of the EBITDA measure). It is also a useful metric for understanding a business’s ability to generate cash flow for its owners and for judging a company’s operating performance. The difference between EBITDA and OCF would then reflect how the entity finances its net working capital in the short term. OCF is not a measure of free cash flow and the effect of investment activities would need to be considered to arrive at the free cash flow of the entity.

title: Operating cash flow


text:
KIBZ

KIBZ (104.1 MHz, "104.1 The Blaze") is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Crete, Nebraska, and serving the Lincoln metropolitan area. It airs an active rock radio format and is owned by Alpha Media. In morning drive time, it carries a regionally syndicated wake-up show, The Todd and Tyler Radio Empire. KIBZ's studios are on Cornhusker Highway (U.S. Route 6) in Northeast Lincoln.

KIBZ is a Class C2 station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 31,000 watts. The transmitter is off SW 29th Road near West Gage Road in Hallam.

Early years
The station signed on the air on. The original call sign was KTAP, targeting Saline County. It was owned by Airwaves Broadcasting Service and it originally broadcast on 103.9 FM, a Class A frequency with only 3,000 watts of power.

In 1986, the call letters changed to KBVB. In January 1989, after the station was sold to new owners, KBVB moved to 104.1 FM, which allowed it to increase its power as a Class C2 station. After an 82-hour stunt with a loop of "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley & His Comets, on January 10, the station relaunched as KKNB, "B104", and began airing a Top 40 (CHR) format, competing with KFRX. In March 1993, it flipped to alternative rock as "The Planet". On June 20, 1996, KKNB shifted to modern AC as "The Point", and would network with its then-sister station KTNP in Omaha.

On November 24, 2000, at 8 a.m., after three days of stunting with a loop of "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" by Thurl Ravenscroft, KKNB flipped back to Top 40/CHR as "Kiss 104 FM", and changed call letters to KSLI-FM.

The Blaze
On March 17, 2004, at noon, KIBZ and its active rock format known as "The Blaze" moved to 104.1 from 106.3 FM. After two days of simulcasting, the 106.3 frequency would stunt with construction sounds ahead of a flip to adult contemporary as KLMY on March 24.

Clear Channel Communications sold KIBZ to Three Eagles Communications on April 10, 2007. Three Eagles Communications sold KIBZ to Digity, LLC on February 10, 2014. The sale, which included KIBZ and 47 co-owned stations, was consummated on September 12, 2014 at a price of $66.5 million.

New transmitter and owners
On January 23, 2012, KIBZ was granted a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) construction permit to move to a new transmitter site, increase ERP to 40,000 watts and decrease HAAT to 116.1 meters. It later increased its HAAT to 187 meters (614 feet) while dropping power to 31,000 watts.

Effective February 25, 2016, Digity, LLC, and its 124 radio stations including KIBZ, were acquired by Alpha Media for $264 million.

title: KIBZ


text:
Alexander Abaza

Alexander Ageevich Abaza (Александр Агеевич Абаза 1821–1895) was one of the most liberal of the advisors of Alexander II of Russia. He served as minister of finance from October 27, 1880, to May 6, 1881, and unsuccessfully urged the tsar to transform Imperial Russia into a constitutional monarchy. After Alexander II's assassination and the accession of Alexander III, reformers like Abaza were removed from power. In his career he also served as State Comptroller (1871–1874) and as chairman of State Council's Department of the State Economy (1874–1880 and 1884–1892). He was a recipient of the Order of the White Eagle, the Order of Saint Vladimir, the Order of Saint Anna and the Order of Saint Stanislaus.

Biography
Alexander Abaza was born on July 24, 1821, in the Borovinsky distillery in Vyshnevolotsk County, Tver province, in the family of a major landowner and sugar refiner Aggei Vasilievich Abaza and his wife Praskovia, daughter of State Councilor Loggin Mikhailovich Manzey, a Scotsman by birth. Baptized July 31, 1821. Godson of Ivan Alexeevich Melnitsky.

In 1839 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Imperial Saint Petersburg University. Since December 13, 1839, he was in military service: in the cavalry pioneer squadron and Leib-Guards at hussar regiment. Abaza took part in hostilities in the Caucasus and was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class, with swords,[7] in 1843. On July 17, 1847 retired with the rank of major.

Since 1847 he lived on his mansion, engaged in agriculture and studying financial law. In 1857, he entered the civil service with the rank of collegiate assessor. He joined the enlightened circle grouped around the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna and became one of the preachers of the "great reforms".

In 1865–1868, he was a member of the Council of the minister of finance and the first council of the Main society of Russian railways. He took active part in the construction of the Kharkov-Kremenchug railway. Also Abaza was awarded the orders of St. Stanislav, 1st class (1865) and St. Anna, 1st class (1868), as well as the order of Adolph Nassau commander's cross, 1st class, with a star.

Since 1871 was a member of State union of Russian empire. In 1871—1874 was governmental controller and in 1874—1880 was chairman in economy department of State union; 25 May 1879 was established as member of criminal trial, established over revolutionary A.K. Solovyev, who was attempting to kill emperor Alexander II.

In 1872 was given order of St. Vladimir 2-nd degree; in 1876 - order of White eagle; in 1878 - order Saint Alexandr Nevskiy (in 1883 - brilliant signs for order); in 1880 - order of St. Vladimir 1-st degree.

In October 1880 - May 1881, minister of finance of Russia: initiated the abolition of the salt excise tax, insisted on the state construction of railroads and their redemption from private owners; carried out an increase in customs duties. Together with M. T. Loris-Melikov and N. K. Bunge he developed the program of social and economic transformations in the sphere of taxation, currency circulation, railway building and financial management. He actively supported the draft constitution of Loris-Melikov.

He resigned after the manifesto "On the firmness of the autocracy" given by the new emperor Alexander III; dismissed on May 6, 1881.

In 1884-1892 he was again сhairman of the department of economy of the State Council. In 1890-1892 he was chairman of the finance Committee. In 1876 he was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1881 he became an honorary member of the Moscow society of nature testers. In 1889 he was awarded the order of St. Andrew.

He was bestowed court ranks "as a ceremonial master" (1857), chamberlain (1859), "status of hofmeister" (1861), the rank of a civil councilor (1863), hofmeister and privy councilor (1867), and full privy councilor (1874).

Abaza was considered as passionate gamer and in English club played on the biggest amounts of money. In 1892 S.U. Vitte got information that Abaza made operation on the stock market for reducing cost of ruble's exchange rate. According to data of S.U. Vitte Abaza used for this operation confidential information and got 1 mln.rubles of profit. So after publicity of incident Abaza was forced to resign. 10 of Mart 1893 was fired from all posts and sent to vaccation on indefinite period, but was stayed as member of State Council.

Abaza was living in mansion on str. quay of Fontanka, 23. Died in Nice on 24 of January (5 February) 1895. Buried on Tihvinsky cemetery of Aleksadr-Nevskiy's church in St. Petersberg (tombstone is lost).

Family
He was married twice. His first wife was the daughter of millionaire Dmitriy Benardaki, so she brought to Abaza big trousseau and made him wealthy. She died of phthisis in Berlin, buried in Petersberg. Their daughter Praskovya (04.04.1852, Naples — 1928), maid of honor was married to prince Lev Pavlovich Urusov (married from 12 January 1876, Paris).

His second wife (from 01.02.1862) - Julia Fedorovna Staube (1830–1915), about her prince S.M Volkonsky recalled: "There was a figure that does not repeat ... The drawing room of Julia Fedorovna Abaza for many years was the music center in St. Petersburg ... She was very straightforward in their reviews, strict in her musical and artistic assessment. The artists valued her opinion." F. I. Tyutchev dedicated his poem to her. In the 1870s and 1880s Abaza was living almost openly in the house of his mistress Elena Nelidova (1837–1904). L. Lurie writes that he put Nelidova in a house on Fontanka, and his wife had to move into the house on Sergievskaya.

Brothers: Erast Ageevich Abaza (1819–1855), major, amator musician, the author of romance to the poems of I.S Turgenev "Foggy morning", was mortally wounded during the Crimean war. Mihail Ageevich Abaza (1825–1859). Nephew, admiral Aleksey Mihailovich Abaza (1853–1917), was killed during the duel.

title: Alexander Abaza


text:
Talk:Gaussian quadrature

First Comment(s)
It seems like the J matrix may have Bn and An switched! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.64.221.179 (talk) 00:46, 1 November 2012 (UTC) We need an expert here please! the part of Computation of Gaussian quadrature rules is a mess. What is A, what is B? somebody needs to define these;  also, we define k as an index variable and instead of it we use i and so on. Wihenao Nov 1, 2009 —Preceding undated comment added 22:06, 1 November 2009 (UTC).

This page isn't linked from Quadrature, although that page does link to Numerical integration. I suspect a cleanup/merge is in order.

Also, somewhere should be mentioned quadrature over a simplex, which is useful for Finite element analysis. BenFrantzDale 04:37, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess I'm not seeing what should be merged. Numerical integration is an overview of the topic, and mentions Gaussian quadrature in passing, along with several other techniques. Further detail is in the Gaussian quadrature article. This is as it should be, no? Wile E. Heresiarch 07:54, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The formula (eq. 25.4.45 of Abramowitz and Stegun) referred to for Laguerre quadrature is incorrect. Or rather it is if the formulae for the Laguerre polynomial in chapter 22 of the same book are used. I suspect the authors of the two chapters have adopted different definitions of the Laguerre polynomials. GeordieMcBain 01:24, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * What printing of A&S? In the tenth printing, eqn 25.4.45 is marked with an asterisk, indicating a correction. And what is wrong about the formula? -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 09:32, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

When it says : ... "which make the computed integral exact for all polynomials of degree up to 2n − 1" ..., is it including or excluding all the polynomials of degree 2n-1 ?

132.69.230.37 15:58, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Including. I think "up to" always means including. Anyway, I reformulated it to say "all polynomials of degree 2n − 1 or less", which is definitely clearer. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 01:33, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Divide by zero?
In the Gauss-Lobatto section, we have Weights: $$w_i = \frac{2}{n(n-1)[P_{n-1}(x_i)]^2} \quad (x_i \ne \pm 1)$$ What happens when $$x_i = 0$$, as it does once for every second legendre? --naught101 (talk) 01:57, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Gauss-Legendre
I am no expert in this but is this also not known as gauss legendres method ? Poticecream (talk) 10:03, 28 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, the case with $W(x) = 1$ given at Gaussian quadrature is often called Gauss-Legendre quadrature. Qwfp (talk) 12:43, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

n=5 quadrature wrong?
I think the abscissas for the n=5 quadrature rule are wrong. I implemented it in my code and it gave incorrect answers, so I checked on mathworld, and their abscissas are slightly different, http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Legendre-GaussQuadrature.html 128.83.68.153 (talk) 18:30, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

Error estimate wrong?
I can't quite believe the error estimate:

 * $$ \int_a^b \omega(x)\,f(x)\,dx - \sum_{i=1}^n w_i\,f(x_i)

= \frac{f^{(2n)}(\xi)}{(2n)!} \, (p_n,p_n) $$

The normalisation for the orthogonal polynomials is unspecified (monic, normalised, whatever, ...) thus the right hand side can have *any* dependence on $n$ here. Just take $\tilde p_n(x)=g(n) p_n(x)$, which also defines orthogonal polynomial for the given weighting function, and you get a factor of $g(n)^2$ in the estimate. (ezander) 89.182.48.90 (talk) 09:22, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok. I checked it in Bulirsch-Stoer. Must be the monic polynomials. I'll edit the article accordingly. (ezander) 89.182.48.90 (talk) 09:56, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

where ω is a known function?
Known to whom? I would say, $f(x) = ω(x) · g(x)$ always, where $ω = f$ and $g ≡ 1$. I suppose it should mean one of the a priori supported functions; the text is unclear. Moreover, I suppose the preferred points of evaluation change as well. --Yecril (talk) 11:05, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

Example
This website rosettacode has a worked example in nearly 30 different programming languages.--Billymac00 (talk) 01:12, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

Picture
I think the example in the picture at the beginning might need some more explanation. It will, for instance not be clear to the reader, even with some experience, that the integral of the black dashed line just equals $$y(-w)+y(w)$$ with $$w = \scriptstyle{-\sqrt{1/3}}$$. Madyno (talk) 16:51, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

Alternative names
Can we add the alternative names to the first part of the title similar to here? (e.g. Gauss-Legendre quadrature, Legendre quadrature) The WP:LEDE and table of contents is a bit confusing: On first reading, I thought Gauss-Legendre quadrature was a special case of Gauss quadrature rather than an alternative name. --David Tornheim (talk) 02:11, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

Typesetting
I read about as much of MOS:FORMULA as I could before my eyes glazed over. When I tried to read the article, I found sections with inconsistent formatting for variable and functions quite distracting:

 * For the simplest integration problem stated above, i.e., f(x) is well-approximated by polynomials on $$[-1,1]$$, the associated orthogonal polynomials are Legendre polynomials, denoted by Pn(x). With the $n$-th polynomial normalized to give Pn(1) = 1, the $i$-th Gauss node, $x_{i}$, is the $i$-th root of $P_{n}$ and the weights are given by the formula

Because we have some things that are formatted with LaTex:
 * $$[-1,1]$$

or

and others that are similar that are simply italicized (and might use undefined ):
 * f(x)
 * Pn(x)

Other places in the article text I have seen [-1, 1] rather $$[-1,1]$$ or $$h(x)$$ rather than h(x). It's somewhat unclear what is preferred in a complex article like this one, but I suggest we keep it consistent, whichever we choose.

--David Tornheim (talk) 02:55, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Hello. As required, here are some of my opinions.
 * Latex everywhere, i.e. $$...$$ everywhere. A same thing is to be uniformly typesetted across a whole article. In any case, this only requires a batch latex --> wiki, written once in a life.
 * Normalization. We have a large choice: monic polynomials ($$k_n$$=1), global weight ($$h_n$$=1), evaluation at some point, etc. (where $$k_n, h_n$$ are the A.S. notations). We have to live with this variability: each normalization is "the best one" in at least one situation. Moreover, we have to synchronize each set of orthogonal polynomials in order to obtain handy generating functions. The usual choices are:
 * $$ \exp \left( xz- \frac 1 2 \,{z}^{2}\right), \frac {1}{1+z}\,\exp \left( \frac {xz}{1+z} \right),   {\frac {1-xz}{1-2\,xz+{z}^{2}}},

\sqrt {\frac 1 { 1-2\,xz+{z}^{2} } } $$
 * so that all the normalization conventions are put aside.
 * There are situations where the $$n$$ roots of $$P_n$$ are to be considered as an ordered list of real numbers. And other situations where we better select a random root $$\xi$$, and use $$\left\{ x_{1},x_{2},\cdots,x_{n-1}\right\} $$ to denote the unordered set of the other roots.
 * And therefore, the best way of writing the theorem is:
 * $$w\left(\xi\right)=\dfrac{\left\Vert P_{n-1}\right\Vert ^{2}}{P'_{n}\left(\xi\right)P_{n-1}\left(\xi\right)}\times\frac{k_{n}}{k_{n-1}}$$ where $$k_n=k_{n-1}=1$$ when using monic polynomials.
 * Once again, this is only how I would write all these things !!!
 * Pldx1 (talk) 15:17, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comments about typesetting, specifically, " $$...$$ everywhere". One question on that, which do you prefer:
 * (1) For the simplest integration problem stated above, i.e., $$f(x)$$ is well-approximated by polynomials on $$[-1,1]$$
 * or
 * (2) For the simplest integration problem stated above, i.e., $$f(x)$$ is well-approximated by polynomials on $$[-1,1]$$
 * I prefer the second, because the font size is closer to the main text, even though it is a bit cumbersome in code. What do you think? I have no opinion at this time about your ideas on normalization. --David Tornheim (talk) 06:21, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

LEDE -- confusing
I keep re-reading the lede and find it confusing, partly because of redundancies. Here is part of the WP:LEDE with my comments and questions as notes:

 * An n-point Gaussian quadrature rule, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a quadrature rule constructed to yield an exact result for polynomials of degree $2n − 1$ or less by a suitable choice of the nodes $P_{n}$ and weights $x_{i}$ for $i = 1, ..., n$. The most common domain of integration for such a rule is taken as [−1,1], so the rule is stated as

 * $$\int_{-1}^1 f(x)\,dx \approx \sum_{i=1}^n w_i f(x_i),$$

 * which is exact for polynomials of degree $2n-1$ or less.   This exact rule is known as the Gauss-Legendre quadrature rule.    The quadrature rule   will only be an accurate approximation to the integral above if f(x) is well-approximated by a polynomial of degree $2n-1$ or less on $[-1,1]$.

Suggested re-writes
Here is a possible re-write (assuming Gauss-Legendre = Gauss quadrature):

 * An n-point Gaussian quadrature rule (also called the Gauss-Legendre quadrature rule), named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a quadrature rule that approximates the definite integral of a function, typically over the interval [-1,1], by a suitable choice of the nodes $w_{i}$ and weights $x_{i}$ for $i = 1, ..., n$:

 * $$\int_{-1}^1 f(x)\,dx \approx \sum_{i=1}^n w_i f(x_i)$$

 * If f(x) is a polynomial of degree $2n − 1$ or less, the result is exact. For other functions, the quadrature rule will only be an accurate approximation to the integral above if f(x) is well-approximated by a polynomial of degree $2n-1$ or less on $[-1,1]$.

Here is a possible re-write (assuming Gauss-Legendre quadrature is only for the exact case):

 * An n-point Gaussian quadrature rule, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a quadrature rule that approximates the definite integral of a function, typically over the interval [-1,1], by a suitable choice of the nodes $w_{i}$ and weights $x_{i}$ for $i = 1, ..., n$:

 * $$\int_{-1}^1 f(x)\,dx \approx \sum_{i=1}^n w_i f(x_i)$$

 * If f(x) is a polynomial of degree $2n − 1$ or less, the result will be exact. For these polynomials, the process is called the Gauss-Legendre quadrature rule.  For other functions, the quadrature rule will only be an accurate approximation to the integral above if f(x) is well-approximated by a polynomial of degree $2n-1$ or less on $[-1,1]$.

--David Tornheim (talk) 04:00, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, version 1 is better... because it avoids the naming quarrel. In the lede, on can add that
 * This can be generalized in various contexts, to take into account infinite intervals or various kind of singularities by incorporating them into a so called weight function. This leads to Chebyshev–Gauss, Gauss-Jacobi, Gauss-Laguerre and Gauss–Hermite quadrature formulas to name the most known of them (see below).
 * and expel everything else in the body of the article.
 * This would make the room required to underline that $$n$$ points and $$n$$ weights are $$2n$$ degrees of freedom... exactly what is required to face the freedom provided by chosing at random a polynomial whose degree is at most $$2n-1$$.
 * Best regards. Pldx1 (talk) 15:53, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comments here and above. I'll get to some of of those changes soon.  So I assume when you same "version 1" you mean that you are okay with the my first revision (rather than the original), right?  --David Tornheim (talk) 06:14, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

Obtaining the weights
Once the existence of the $$x_i,\,w_i$$ families is proven, the $$w(\xi)$$ are easily obtained from the special case $$Q\left(z\right)=P_{n-1}\left(z\right)\,\prod_{j=1}^{n-1}\left(z-x_{i}\right)$$. This dramatically reduces the length of the proof. Pldx1 (talk) 10:04, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

Split Gauss-Legendre quadrature page
Gauss-Legendre quadrature deserves a separate page from the general Gaussian quadrature page. The other cases of Gaussian quadrature rules listed on the general each have their own pages. The sections on Gauss-Legendre in the general Gaussian quadrature page do not detail the state-of-the-art algorithms, which are orders of magnitude more efficient than the Golub-Welsch algorithm and allow for computation of much larger quadrature rules. There has been much work in this area. We have an applied functional analysis class of students that plan to contribute the rest of the content to the Gauss-Legendre quadrature page. Cpt49 (talk) 17:35, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

Convergence rate
The article really needs some information on the convergence rate — which is *exponential* for functions that are analytic in a neighborhood of the integration domain. Trefethen's review article is a good starting place. — Steven G. Johnson (talk) 14:04, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gaussian quadrature