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Frederick Exley

Frederick Earl "Fred" Exley (March 28, 1929 – June 17, 1992) was an American writer. His fictional memoir A Fan's Notes received critical acclaim and awards. He followed it up with two more fictional memoirs.

Early life and education
Exley was born (Frederic) March 28, 1929, in Watertown, New York. He was the third of four children, including a twin sister, Frances, born to Earl and Charlotte. His father, who died in 1945 when Exley was 16, was a celebrated former athlete and local basketball coach whose legacy would be a dominating influence on Exley's early life. A car accident the following year injured Exley and prevented him from graduating high school on schedule. Exley had a brief stint at Katonah High School in Katonah, New York, where he was named to the conference all-star basketball team.

Exley entered Hobart College in the pre-dental program in 1949. The next year he transferred to the University of Southern California, where he began to follow the career of fellow student and future football legend Frank Gifford. Exley avoided being drafted in 1951 when he failed his Selective Service examination on account of injuries sustained in the car accident.

In 1952, Exley dropped out of USC and moved to New York City to find employment, only to return a year later to complete a BA in English.

Early career
He returned to New York to work in public relations for New York Central Railroad. After a year there he relocated to their Chicago office, then began working for Rock Island Railroad in the same capacity. Exley soon took over as managing editor of the railroad's employee magazine, The Rocket, where his first published writing appeared.

Itinerant life and instability
Exley was institutionalized three times in the 1950s after entering an itinerant period marked by acute alcoholism, obsession with New York Giants football, mental instability and schizophrenia that was to provide much of the autobiographical material for his first book, A Fan's Notes. In 1958, Exley was admitted briefly to Stony Lodge, a private mental institution in Westchester County, New York, where he met Francena Fritz, whom he began courting. Soon after, he was admitted to Harlem Valley State Hospital, the model for the Avalon Valley facility mentioned in A Fan's Notes. It was there that Exley began writing in earnest. In 1959, he was released from Harlem Valley and married Fritz on October 31. They moved to Greenwich, Connecticut and Exley was offered a teaching position at a school in Port Chester, New York. In 1960 his first daughter, Pamela Exley, was born.

In 1961 Exley received a provisional appointment as clerk and crier of the courts in Jefferson County, New York, where a lawyer friend, Gordon Phillips (the model for "the Counselor" in A Fan's Notes), asked Exley to forge a signature on a check for one of his clients, an action that led to Phillips' disbarment.

Divorce and A Fan's Notes
In 1962, Fritz obtained a divorce from Exley at her father's request. Several years of intermittent teaching jobs in Clayton, Gouverneur, and Indian River, New York followed. His alcoholism growing worse, Exley began a decade of briefly-held jobs and institutionalization, and spent time vacationing on Singer Island in Riviera Beach, Florida, while continuing to work on A Fan's Notes. In 1964, Exley sent the completed manuscript for A Fan's Notes to Houghton Mifflin who rejected it, and to Joe Fox at Random House, who suggested an agent, Lynn Nesbit. Nesbit shopped the manuscript around and, after it was rejected by at least a dozen publishers, she finally sold it to David Segal at Harper & Row.

In 1965, Exley, then 36, met the 20-year-old Nancy Glenn while on vacation in Palm Beach Shores, Florida. She was working as a bookkeeper for The Buccaneer, her husband's resort. The following year, Glenn separated from her husband and moved in with Exley, beginning a long relationship that saw many temporary separations and reconciliations. She became pregnant while Exley was employed at The Palm Beach Post's copy desk; they married on September 13, 1967, and Glenn gave birth to Exley's second daughter, Alexandra Exley, on January 12, 1968. Exley and Glenn divorced on January 8, 1971.

A Fan's Notes was published in September 1968, and although early sales were not good, its release prompted widespread critical acclaim. The novel, about a longtime failure who makes good by finally writing a memoir about his pained life, was a finalist for the National Book Award, and received the William Faulkner Award for best first novel, and the National Institute of Arts and Letters Rosenthal Award.

Pages From a Cold Island
In 1969, Exley moved into an apartment on 19th Street in Manhattan, spending much of his time at the Lion's Head bar at 59 Christopher Street. In 1970, Exley's mother purchased a small house in Alexandria Bay, New York and he temporarily moved in, though he still spent time in Florida working on Pages From a Cold Island. Charlotte's home was to become Exley's home base for the next 20 years. In the fall of that year he interviewed Gloria Steinem in Key Biscayne Florida. The resulting essay, entitled "Saint Gloria & the Troll", was published in Playboy in July 1974. It earned Exley an Editorial Award for the year's best nonfiction piece.

His second novel, Pages From a Cold Island, was published by Random House in 1975, to considerably less acclaim than his debut. The book primarily concerns Exley's life in Florida; an afternoon with Steinem; a semester spent teaching at the Iowa Writer's Workshop at the University of Iowa; and an homage to the life and career of literary critic and author Edmund Wilson, who lived near Watertown at Talcottville in upstate New York.

Last Notes From Home
Exley traveled to the Hawaiian island of Lanai, where he began work on the final novel of his semi-autobiographical trilogy, Last Notes From Home. In May 1977, Rolling Stone publisher and co-founder Jann Wenner paid Exley $20,000 to publish up to six excerpts of the work-in-progress. The magazine published three excerpts, in June 1977, October 1978 and February 1979. The following year, Exley's papers were acquired by collector Robert C. Stevens and donated to the University of Rochester. In 1984, Exley's major debt was temporarily relieved when he received a Guggenheim Foundation grant of $21,000. Frank Gifford, who was portrayed as a hero and object of Exley's envy in A Fan's Notes, invited Exley to attend Super Bowl XXI in Pasadena, California, where the New York Giants defeated the Denver Broncos.

Last Notes From Home was published by Random House in September 1988. The final volume in Exley's trilogy focuses on his relationship with his older brother, William, a Vietnam veteran who died in Hawaii in 1973 after a battle with cancer.

Soon after, Exley began work on a spy thriller to be titled Mean Greenwich Time, but he did not come close to completing it.

Final years and death
Exley moved in with his aunt Frances Knapp in Alexandria Bay, and became very ill while traveling to London for a journalism assignment. After falling into poor health in late 1990 and being hospitalized with congestive heart failure, Exley cared for his ailing aunt who eventually died in 1991. The following year Exley suffered two strokes and died at Edward John Noble Hospital in Alexandria Bay on June 17, 1992. His ashes were interred at Brookside Cemetery in Watertown, New York, next to his parents.

Film adaptation
A 1972 film adaptation of A Fan's Notes, directed by Eric Till and starring Jerry Orbach, was screened at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival and released in Canada, but never put into general release in the US. Exley stated that the film "bore no relationship to anything I'd written."

Posthumous recognition
A biography of Exley, Misfit: The Strange Life of Frederick Exley, by Pulitzer Prize-winning critic Jonathan Yardley, appeared in 1997. Yardley's central thesis is that Exley was a brilliant one-book writer. Yardley also wrote the preface to the Modern Library reissue of A Fan's Notes.

In 2010, author Brock Clarke released a novel entitled Exley. In the novel, the main character, Miller, is obsessed with Exley. Entertainment Weekly gave the novel a B+ and stated: "Frederick Exley's classic 1968 account of his epic alcoholism, A Fan's Notes, bears the oxymoronic subtitle 'A Fictional Memoir.' It is the space between those words, between real and fabricated memory, that Clarke examines. . . With humor as black as Exley's liver, Clarke picks apart the fictions we tell one another — and those we tell ourselves."

Also in 2010, and in part in recognition of Clarke's novel, Alex Kudera began a series of interviews with novelists on the topic of Exley and his influence on their work. His first interview was with Eleanor Henderson, whose Ten Thousand Saints went on to be named one of the 10 Best Books of 2011 by The New York Times. He has also interviewed The Funny Man author John Warner, among others.

In 2012, Matthew Ricke and Brandon Chamberlin opened a bar called "the Exley" in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, named after the author of their favorite book, A Fan's Notes.

Novels

 * A Fan's Notes (1968, Harper & Row)
 * Pages From a Cold Island (1975, Random House)
 * Last Notes From Home (1988, Random House)

Articles

 * "He's a Pro," SPORT, July 1969 (excerpt from A Fan's Notes).
 * "Poem from a Man at Middle Age," Esquire, May 1973.
 * "Good-bye, Edmund Wilson," The Atlantic Monthly, March 1974 (excerpt from Pages from a Cold Island).
 * "Saint Gloria & the Troll," Playboy, July 1974 (excerpt from Pages from a Cold Island).
 * "To Oahu with the 'Wild Geese'," Rolling Stone, June 30, 1977 (excerpt from Last Notes from Home).
 * Letter to the editor about William Styron in Esquire, April 11, 1978.
 * "James Seamus Finbarr O'Twoomey," Rolling Stone, October 5, 1978 (excerpt from Last Notes from Home).
 * "Ms. Robin Glenn," Rolling Stone, February 22, 1979 (excerpt from Last Notes from Home).
 * "A Fan's Notes Goes to Super Bowl XIII," Inside Sports, October 1979.
 * Review of Bill Barich's Laughing in the Hills, for New York, August 11, 1980.
 * Review of Clive James's Unreliable Memoirs, for New York, April 13, 1981.
 * "Holding Penalties Build Men," Inside Sports, November 1981.
 * "A Case for Backing Cincinnati – and for Ice Fishing," New York Times, January 24, 1982.
 * "Just Who Is 'the Game' in Professional Football?" New York Times, August 22, 1982.
 * "Football '83: Side Lines," Rolling Stone, September 15, 1983.
 * "The Natural," GQ, February 1984.
 * "The Laureate of Alexandria Bay," Esquire, March 1986.
 * "Brother in Arms," Rolling Stone, July 17 and 31, 1986 (excerpt from Last Notes from Home).
 * "A Fan's Note," American Film, September 1986.
 * "The Giants Will Fail and Here's Why," New York Times, November 30, 1986.
 * "A Fan's Further Notes," Esquire, June 1987.
 * Article (title unknown, about Alexandria Bay fishermen) for Adirondack Life, ca. 1989.
 * "Women and Football," The Cable Guide, November 1989.
 * "If Nixon Could Possess the Soul of this Woman, Why the Hell Can't I?" Esquire, December 1989.
 * "Tell 'em Frankie's here," The Sunday Correspondent, London, July 1, 1990.
 * "The Last Great Saloon" (about The Lion's Head saloon) for GQ, December 1990.
 * "Exley's Last Notes," Esquire, August 1993 (posthumous extract from unfinished spy novel).

title: Frederick Exley


text:
1923 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1923 Atlantic hurricane season featured 11 tropical cyclones, 9 of which intensified into tropical storms, the most since 1916. Four of the tropical storms intensified into hurricanes, one of which reached major hurricane intensity—Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. No tropical storms or hurricanes formed in or entered the Caribbean Sea. The first known system, a tropical depression, formed on June 19, while the last known system, a tropical storm, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 26. A total of Additionally, an October tropical depression was previously recognized as a tropical storm until reanalysis in 2009, while the first and third tropical storms were added to the Atlantic hurricane database that year. The sixth, seven, and eight storms as well as the October tropical depression existed simultaneously on October 16.

Four tropical cyclones made landfall in the United States during 1923, with three striking the Gulf Coast of the United States and the other hitting Massachusetts. The first of the four, which struck Louisiana in June, mostly produced excessive rainfall along the Gulf Coast and parts of the East Coast. A storm which formed in the eastern Pacific basin around October 12 struck Louisiana as a Category 1 hurricane on October 16. The system caused some damage to coastal areas, especially between New Orleans, Louisiana, and Pensacola, Florida. Just two days later, a tropical storm also struck Louisiana; it caused less damage, though four people died after a ship capsized in Perdido Bay. On October 19, a cyclone struck Massachusetts, but produced mostly beneficial rainfall in New England. The fifth system and the October tropical depression caused significant impact as extratropical cyclones. The former left at least 9 deaths and about $300,000 (1923 USD) in damage in Atlantic Canada, while the latter was attributed to 2 fatalities and more than $1 million in damage along the East Coast of the United States.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 49 units, well below the 1921–1930 average of 76.6. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

Tropical Storm One
Early on June 22, a broad area of low pressure was observed in the Bay of Campeche where it intensified into a tropical depression later that day. It remained at that intensity for the next three days while drifting slowly northeastward, while its pressure continued to gradually fall. By late June 25 it had begun to become better organized and move more swiftly to the north-northeast as a tropical storm. The storm clipped the southeastern Louisiana coastline and made landfall as a minimal tropical storm over extreme southern Mississippi and Alabama on June 26. The system weakened into a tropical depression while over southeastern Alabama late on June 26.

The cyclone turned in a more easterly direction under the influence of an extratropical low. On June 27, it regained tropical storm intensity as it reached the Atlantic Ocean off the Georgia–South Carolina coast. On June 28, the cyclone reached a peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a peripheral pressure of 999 mbar. At this time, the extratropical low to the northwest began to affect this tropical storm more heavily, causing it to lose tropical characteristics around 00:00 UTC on June 29. Excessive rains fell in the vicinity of the cyclone and farther up the East Coast of the United States, which mostly proved beneficial, especially for cotton crops in North Carolina and South Carolina. This storm was first introduced to the Atlantic hurricane best track in a 2009 reanalysis of the season.

Hurricane Two
Around August 31, a low-pressure area formed along the tail end of a cold front extending from the Bahamas to Bermuda. Early on the following day, a tropical depression developed roughly 510 mi east-southeast of Jacksonville, Florida. The depression moved slowly east-northeastward as the cold front dissipated. Late on September 3, the system intensified into a tropical storm, and the next day the cyclone passed northwest of Bermuda. Based on observations from the S.S. Evergreen City, the small storm likely reached Category 1 hurricane intensity early on September 5. The cyclone continued to strengthen, reaching Category 2 intensity on September 6 while drifting northward and then peaking with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) early the following day. On September 8, the system curved northwestward and weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. The storm then turned north-northeastward on September 9 and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone later that day. The extratropical low continued north-northeastward until dissipating over southern Newfoundland on September 10. Cape Race observed sustained winds of 29 mph.

Tropical Storm Three
Early on September 7, a tropical depression developed over the far eastern Atlantic about 225 mi southwest of Banjul, The Gambia. The depression moved north-northwest and intensified into a tropical storm later that day. Around 12:00 UTC on September 8, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). The storm then curved northwestward early the next day. Late on September 10, the system weakened to a tropical depression and then dissipated at 00:00 UTC on September 11 while situated about 410 mi northwest of Santo Antão in the Cabo Verde Islands. This system was not entered into the Atlantic hurricane best track until reanalysis of the season in 2009.

Hurricane Four
A low-pressure area developed into a tropical depression at 00:00 UTC on September 10, approximately 230 mi northeast of Eleuthera Island in the Bahamas. Tracking to the northeast, the depression intensified into a tropical storm about 24 hours later. Based on observations from the S.S. Emergency Aid and S.S. City of Joseph, the cyclone strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane around 12:00 UTC on September 12. The hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Accelerating rapidly northeastward, the system transitioned into an extratropical storm early on September 13 while situated about 120 mi southeast of Sydney, Nova Scotia. The extratropical low struck Newfoundland later that day and then moved eastward over the Atlantic before dissipating by September 15. In Newfoundland, Cape Race recorded a sustained wind speed of 29 mph.

Hurricane Five
Late on September 24, a tropical wave developed into a tropical storm near Great Inagua Island in the Bahamas. Moving northwestward, the storm gradually intensified and crossed Acklins early the next day. Around 00:00 UTC on September 26, the system intensified into a Category 1 hurricane near Rum Cay. Several hours later, the hurricane turned northward and passed east of the northern Bahamian islands. The cyclone curved east-northeastward early on September 28, around the time that it strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane. Reaching major hurricane intensity early on the following day, the storm peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). The system began weakening by September 30, falling to Category 2 status while passing northwest of Bermuda. Thereafter, the hurricane accelerated northeastward and lost tropical characteristics, transitioning into an extratropical cyclone roughly 155 mi south-southeast of Sable Island on October 1. The extratropical system continued northward and struck Newfoundland late on October 2, before resuming a northeastward motion and dissipating near Greenland on October 4.

In the Bahamas, a weather station in Nassau observed sustained winds of 40 mph. On September 30, a weather station on Bermuda recorded a sustained wind speed of 81 mph. The hurricane caused minor damage to the electrical and telephone plant, as well as slight impact to vessels anchored at the harbor. Additionally, several buildings "of a temporary nature" lost their roofs, according to the Montreal Gazette. The remnants of the storm brought wind gusts up to 66 mph to Nova Scotia. Winds toppled trees and power, telegraph, and telephone lines throughout the province, while also leaving sporadic damage to structures. Heavy rains fell over the province, including a total of 4.1 in in Sydney. The resultant flooding inundated low-lying areas of the city with up to 15 ft of water, submerging at least 40 homes and damaging bridges. Winds and floods caused significant damage to apple orchards, especially in Annapolis Valley. Damage in Nova Scotia alone exceeded $300,000. On Prince Edward Island, the storm damaged or destroyed 23 bridges, while winds toppled trees and knocked out communications. Winds caused mostly minor damage in Newfoundland, though rainfall washed out several roads and swept away many small bridges in the vicinity of Conception Bay. Nine deaths occurred in Newfoundland.

Hurricane Six
A tropical wave developed into a tropical storm in the eastern Pacific basin by October 12. Initially located about 340 mi southwest of San Salvador, El Salvador, the cyclone moved north-northwestward and made landfall near Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, early on the following day. The storm quickly weakened to a tropical depression later on October 13, but remained a tropical cyclone while crossing Mexico and reached the Gulf of Mexico on October 14. At the time, it was the third tropical storm to cross from the eastern Pacific basin to the Atlantic basin; it is one of only five to have done so in recorded history. Curving northeastward, the system soon re-strengthened into a tropical storm. Late on October 15, the storm reached hurricane intensity and peaked with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) early the next day. Around 06:00 UTC, the hurricane made landfall near Cocodrie, Louisiana, at the same intensity. The system weakened to a tropical storm about six hours later. Now moving quickly north-northwestward, the storm fell to tropical depression status on October 17 and dissipated over Missouri shortly thereafter.

The storm left little impact in Mexico. Storm surge and abnormally high tides were reported in all ports along the coast of Louisiana. Several washouts occurred along the Louisville and Nashville Railroad in New Orleans and eastward, causing a suspension of service. At Lake Pontchartrain, tides partially flooded Milneburg and Spanish Fort. Mississippi experienced the highest storm surge, which peaked at approximately 7 ft above mean low tide at Gulfport. Along the coast of the state, the storm surge and tides capsized rowboats and small launches and destroyed small piers. The Mississippi and Gulf Coast Traction Company reported about $35,000 in damage to its railroads. In Alabama, an observation site in Mobile recorded wind gusts up to 60 mph. Storm surge and abnormally high tides inundated low-lying coastal areas of the state, with 4 ft of water on the beachfront road in Bayou La Batre. Seafood factory buildings suffered minor damage. The storm generated wind gusts up to 64 mph in Pensacola, Florida. There, winds downed trees, telegraph, and electrical wires, and deroofed some homes, mainly those without fastened roofs.

Mid-October tropical depression
Considered a tropical storm until reanalysis in 2009, this tropical depression formed over the southwestern Caribbean around 00:00 UTC on October 15. The depression moved northwestward for about 24 hours, before decelerating and turning to the north. By October 17, the system began moving north-northeastward and passed near the Cayman Islands on the following day. The cyclone then struck Cuba on October 19 before emerging into the Atlantic. Early on October 20, the storm turned northward while situated just east of Andros Island and passed over or near several western Bahamian islands throughout the day. The system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by 12:00 UTC on October 21 about 290 mi east of Daytona Beach, Florida. However, the extratropical remnants intensified, reaching sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) early on October 23 – equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane. Moving north-northwestward, the extratropical low struck Virginia near the southern end of the Delmarva Peninsula later that day. After entering Canada, the system curved east-northeastward over Quebec and crossed the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Newfoundland before re-emerging into the Atlantic on October 26. The low was last recorded to the east-southeast of the southern tip of Greenland on October 29, though historic weather maps suggest that the system may have persisted until November 2.

In Virginia, the remnants of the depression produced sustained winds up to 56 mph at Cape Henry. Storm surge and abnormally high tides inundated parts of Norfolk, particularly at Willoughby Spit. Coastal flooding submerged many roads in the city, with up to 1 ft of water on the streets in the business district. Significant erosion occurred between Willoughby Spilt and Cape Henry. Rough seas in Ocean City, Maryland, damaged a portion of a seawall and two cottages. Approximately 50 children at a school were sent home after a wave swept over a boardwalk adjacent to the same street as the school. Coastal flooding inundated the harbor-front section of Baltimore, with two blocks inland submerged. Heavy rainfall from the storm washed out the dirt shoulders of a newly completed state highway in Delaware. Along the coast, storm tides threatened to topple the Cape Henlopen Lighthouse. Rehoboth Beach lost significant amounts of sand, while a hotel and several cottages suffered coastal flooding damage. One person in Delaware died from exposure during the storm. In Pennsylvania, winds downed trees in and around Philadelphia, some of which blocked traffic after falling onto roads and other causing electrical outages after collapsing onto power lines.

The remnants of the depression produced strong winds in New Jersey, with a gust of 82 mph in Atlantic City. The city was among the hardest hit in the state. Many trees and tree limbs, including fruit and shade trees, suffered damage or destruction throughout the city. Downed electrical wires left many power outages. Waves swept over the Atlantic City boardwalk and adjacent meadow lands. New York also experienced significant impact, especially in Brooklyn and Long Island. High winds downed numerous signs, telephone poles, and trees. A tree crashed onto a feed wire in Nassau County, leaving all of the county south of Roslyn without electricity. Heavy rainfall caused several head-on car accidents, while a pedestrian was run over and killed. The storm also capsized or wrecked many small boats and vessels and left many other watercraft missing. Waves washed away part of a portion of a seawall on Coney Island, while sections of Brooklyn experienced coastal flooding, particularly at Greenpoint. Damage in the United States totaled at least $1 million. In Canada, the extratropical cyclone dropped up to 3.4 in of rainfall in Ontario. Montreal in the province of Quebec observed 2.8 in of precipitation. The heavy rainfall flooded the Wellington Street subway station with up to 4 ft of water, delaying tramcar operations. Throughout the province, floodwaters damaged or destroyed about 60 bridges.

Tropical Storm Seven
Observations from ships first identified this tropical storm about 265 mi northeast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, early on October 15. The storm initially tracked northeastward, before curving to the north on the next day. By late on October 16, the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). The cyclone turned northwestward on October 17. The storm then weakened slightly to winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) prior to making landfall on Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts at 09:00 UTC on October 19 and then near New Bedford a few hours later. After moving inland, the system rapidly lost tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical storm over Vermont late on October 19, shortly before dissipating altogether.

In Massachusetts, Nantucket observed sustained winds of 48 mph. Due to drought conditions, rainfall produced by the storm in Massachusetts was mostly beneficial, especially in the area around the Watuppa Ponds and Quequechan River. Precipitation in New Hampshire resulted in slippery roads, which caused some minor car accidents.

Tropical Storm Eight
A tropical storm was first observed in the Bay of Campeche around 12:00 UTC on October 16. For a brief time on October 16, there were three tropical storms active in the Atlantic simultaneously. The storm tracked northeastward and progressively moved faster throughout its duration as a tropical cyclone. Late on October 17, the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) while curving northward. Around 01:00 UTC on the following day, the storm made landfall near Mississippi City, Mississippi, at the same intensity. Although the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone just 11 hours later over western Tennessee, the extratropical low moved northeastward across the Midwestern United States and eastern Canada; it was last noted over Baffin Bay late on October 21.

In Mexico, Salina Cruz observed sustained winds of 40 mph. Other locations in Mexico reported only light winds. The highest measured sustained wind speed in the United States was 56 mph at Pensacola, Florida. The city also observed 6.82 in of precipitation in a 24-hour period. In Perdido Bay, waves smashed the schooner Bluefields into a reef, forcing the eight occupants to abandon ship and swim to shore. Four survived; the other four drowned. Rough seas in Lake Pontchartrain caused a barge to crash into a draw bridge spanning the Rigolets, shifting the bridge about 3 ft from its foundation and forcing the Louisville and Nashville Railroad to suspend service between New Orleans and Gulfport, Mississippi. The storm produced heavy rains and relatively strong winds over portions of the Mississippi River Valley and Midwestern United States, with Toledo, Ohio, observing a sustained wind speed of 43 mph.

Tropical Storm Nine
The season's final tropical cyclone was first observed by ships about 170 mi northeast of Barbuda early on October 24. The storm initially moved slowly north-northwestward, before curving to the northwest on October 25. Early the next day, the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). The cyclone then curved northward late on October 26 and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone approximately 220 mi south of Bermuda.

Other system
On June 19, a weak tropical depression formed from the tail end of a dying cold front, north of western Bahamas and east of Florida. The tropical depression moved generally north after its formation. Failing to intensify further, it was absorbed by a stronger cold front sweeping down the East Coast of the United States on June 22.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1923 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Template talk:Indigenous music of North America

Please explain
Why remove tribes but keep two redirects to a third? Zuni music and Hopi music redirect to Pueblo music? Tuf-Kat 03:37, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

Update needed
Could someone with permission to edit this template please update the APCMA link to use the updated page name Indigenous Music Awards. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 14:26, 17 December 2016 (UTC)


text: User talk:67.169.167.8

title: User talk:67.169.167.8


text:
Talk:Sword of Honour

Trimmer
The "Appreciation" section mentions "the cynical Trimmer", but Trimmer spends about two thirds of the novel infatuated with Virginia Troy, and completely vanishes in the last act. I suspect whoever wrote that meant Frank de Souza, who becomes a didactic figure to Guy in the last chapters, giving him little lessons in life with respect to communism and the new politics of the postwar world. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.90.105.113 (talk) 05:04, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

Untitled
Note from Polycarp: I'm using the ending from the 1994 Everyman's Library edition, introduced by Frank Kermode. Guy has two chidren by his second wife. It may well be that this is the edtion which will survive.

Is the present tense not better for describing the plot? Is Padfield Waugh's only American character? What about The Loved One? Johnrayjr

Seperate Articles
Shouldn't the individule books get thier own articles? Currently "Men at Arms" takes you to the Terry Prachet novel without it even mentioning the Waugh book. Snowboardpunk

 * Ideally - but someone needs to write the material to justify such a development whichi in principle is the way to go. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page) / (Desk)  16:49, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Annoying feature
I find it really annoying that the plot summary doesn't explain what happens in the three novels of the trilogy: we're given an unbroken summary which seems to picture a single book. This article might work a lot better if it treated the three parts of the trilogy under separate sections or chapters. Tha way we wouldn't probably need three separate articles. The Pratchett problem mentioned above might be solved by a disambiguation page.--213.140.21.227 (talk) 16:43, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Peculiar sentence
"Even so, Waugh died in 1966 but the Penguin 1974 reprint he has two sons with (his wife) Domenica Plessington."

This multiply defective; even if "in" is added (to make it read: "Even so, Waugh died in 1966 but in the Penguin 1974 reprint he has two sons with (his wife) Domenica Plessington.") the "Even so" makes little sense given the sentence before, and the "he" in "he has two sons" appears to have Waugh as its subject. --87.115.57.135 (talk) 18:08, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

Who is Virginia?
I don't really know the book(s) so I'm not qualified to correct this, but someone called Virginia is introduced thus:

"Before being sent on active service, he attempts to seduce Virginia, secure in the knowledge that the Catholic Church still regards her as his wife, she refuses him."

The latter part of the sentence certainly identifies her as an ex-wife, I suppose but it's a bit clumsy (a lot of the article is.)

Plingsby (talk) 07:22, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sword of Honour


text:
Farm (revenue leasing)

Farming or tax-farming is a technique of financial management in which the management of a variable revenue stream is assigned by legal contract to a third party and the holder of the revenue stream receives fixed periodic rents from the contractor. It is most commonly used in public finance, where governments (the lessors) lease or assign the right to collect and retain the whole of the tax revenue to a private financier (the farmer), who is charged with paying fixed sums (sometimes called "rents", but with a different meaning from the common modern term) into the treasury.

Farming in this sense has nothing to do with agriculture, other than in a metaphorical sense.

Etymology
There are two possible origins for farm.

Derivation from classical Latin
Some sources derive "farm" with its French version ferme, most notably used in the context of the Fermiers Generaux, from the mediaeval Latin firma, meaning "a fixed agreement, contract", ultimately from the classical Latin adjective firmus, firma, firmum, meaning "firm, strong, stout, steadfast,  immoveable, sure, to be relied upon". The modern agricultural sense of the word stems from the same origin, in that a medieval land-"holder" (none "owned" land but the king himself under his allodial title) under feudal land tenure might let  it (i.e. lease it out) under a contract as a going concern (not as a sub-infeudated fee), that is to say as a unit producing a revenue stream, together with its workers and livestock, for exploitation by a tenant who was licensed by the contract, or firma, to keep all the revenue he could extract from the holding in exchange for fixed rents. Thus the rights to the revenue stream produced by the land had been farmed by the lessor. Because this was the form of the farming transaction most known to popular society, the word "farmer" became synonymous with a tenant of an agricultural holding.

Derivation from Old English
According to other sources, the word farm comes from Middle English ferme ("farm, rent, revenue; revenue collected from a farmer; factor, stewardship, meal, feast"), from Old English feorm, farm ("provision, stores of food, supplies, possessions; provisions supplied to the king or a lord by a tenant or vassal; rent, feast, benefit, assylum"), from Proto-Germanic *firmō, *firχumō ("means of living, subsistence"), from Proto-Indo-European *perkwu- ("life, strength, force"). It is related to other Old English words such as feormehām ("farm"), feormere ("purveyor, grocer"), feormian ("to provision, sustain"), and feorh ("life, spirit"). The Old English word is stated by these sources as having unusually been borrowed by Medieval Latin as firma or ferma and to have provided the Old French ferme "farm", Occitan ferma "farm". This is refuted by those sources which state firma to derive from classical Latin firmus. The word continued the same senses of "rent, farmed office, source of revenue, feast". The meaning "rent, fixed payment", which was already present in the Old English word, was further strengthened due to the word's resemblance to the unrelated (so say these sources) Latin firmus ("firm, solid"), and firmitas ("security, firmness").

Valuation of a farm
The tenant of a farm can only make a profit after carefully assessing its value. While modern financial management theory employs scientific formulae for such calculations, astute financiers of the past would have understood them well, whether done mentally or by making marks in the sand.

To determine the maximum rent they are willing to pay, the tenant estimates the long-term average yearly gross value of the revenue stream, based on past records and accounts, adjusting for any new circumstances affecting the future. They then deduct a risk element and a discount for the time value of money.

The risk is related to the possibility of some debts forming the revenue stream being defaulted on or paid late, leading to variability in the revenue. The resulting figure becomes the maximum rent the tenant offers to the farm's lessor. The tenant's profit is the excess of revenues extracted from the farm, less the rents, administration, levying, and collection expenses.

The tenant's skills lie in negotiating a favorable rent by overstating the riskiness of the cash flow stream and effectively managing the assigned debts as a skilled debt-collector and manager. They must ensure their ability to enforce debt payments, including resorting to legal action and paying standard fees for bringing a lawsuit under the government authority that is the farm's lessor. The tenant acts as a principal, not the lessor's agent.

Roman Empire
Tax farming was originally a Roman practice whereby the burden of tax collection was reassigned by the Roman State to private individuals or groups. In essence, these individuals or groups paid the taxes for a certain area and for a certain period of time and then attempted to cover their outlay by collecting money or saleable goods from the people within that area. The system was set up by Gaius Gracchus in 123 BC primarily to increase the efficiency of tax collection within Rome itself but the system quickly spread to the Provinces. Within the Roman Empire, these private individuals and groups which collected taxes in lieu of the bid (i.e. rent) they had paid to the state were known as publicani, of whom the best known is the disciple of Jesus Matthew the Apostle, a publicanus in the village of Capernaum in the province of Galilee. The system was widely abused, and reforms were enacted by Augustus and Diocletian. Tax farming practices are believed to have contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in Western Europe.

Feudal England
Medieval English kings frequently made grants "in fee-farm", a form of feudal tenure. An example is the following writ of King William II (1087–1100) granting a hundred court to be held in fee-farm by Thorney Abbey:

"William, king of the English, to all the sheriffs and barons of Huntingdonshire, greeting. Know that I have granted the Hundred of Normancross to the abbot and monks of Thorney to be held in fee-farm for an annual rent of 100 shillings which I order them to pay to my sheriff at Huntingdon. And I forbid any of my officers to do them injury or insult in respect of this."

Medieval Egypt
The Chief Rabbi of Egypt, Sar Shalom ben Moses was accused of tax farming, which led to his excommunication by Maimonides.

Ottoman Empire
The iltizam (التزام) is a non-heritable tax-farming system and was established under Sultan Mehmet II; however this changed by the 18th century and holders of grants-for-life (malikâne) developed their own landowning class. It was officially terminated in 1856 during the Tanzimat reforms.

Other uses
Besides the Romans, historical examples include the tax collection methods of the Ptolemies, Seljuks, Mamluks, Ottomans, the French State prior to Louis XVI (see ferme générale), and Russia prior to 1862 and the Dutch East Indies (see pacht) prior to the twentieth century. In many cases, such as the Abbasid practice of Iqta, these rights were granted by an authority, in this example the caliph, for services rendered or promised. In the Byzantine pronoia system, similar rights were often purchased from the crown. Though such arrangements in some respects seem similar to the feudal system, there are significant disparities, including continuance of state power and, at least in the case of pronoia, theoretical time limits on the grant. In many cases, including those mentioned, tax rights were not transferable or divisible, unlike feudal fiefdoms.

Sometimes, as in the case of Miguel de Cervantes, the tax farmer was a government employee, paid a salary, and all money collected went to the government.

Advantages
Tax farming was an important step in the history of economic development by providing a method for collecting taxes across a large area without the need for a tax-collecting bureaucracy, or during periods when such a bureaucracy is unworkable or impossible to maintain. Systems of tax farming similar to the Roman model were used in Ptolemaic Egypt, various medieval Western European countries, the Ottoman and Mughal empires, and in Qing dynasty China. As states become stronger, buoyed up by revenues brought in by tax farming, the practice was discontinued in favour of centralized tax collection systems. In part this was because tax farming systems tended to rely on wealthy individuals outside the state machinery, gangs, and secret societies.

Disadvantages
The key flaw in the tax farming system is the tension between the state, which seeks a long-term source of taxation revenue, and the tax farmers, who seek to make a profit on their investment in as short a time as possible. As a result, tax-farmers often abuse the taxpayers in various ways, tending them to switch their economic activity from strategic long-term projects to short-term revenue generation. In barter systems, tax farmers commonly undervalue taxes in kind, reselling the goods to create a second profit source. Such abuses stifle economic growth by restricting the ability of the tradesman to reinvest in his business, limiting the quantity of taxes generated over the long-term.

Indian sub-continent
In Bangladesh and India tolls on bridges and roads and dues from public properties such as lakes and forests are often leased to private persons or firms.

United States of America
After the 2008 financial crisis, the city of Chicago needed money and a deal was made to sell all 36,000[4] of the parking meter spots in the city for 75 years for 1.15 billion dollars to a firm called Chicago Parking Meters.

Privatized tax collection
Tax farming is not synonymous with modern privatized tax collection, where private individuals or companies collect taxes and pass them to the state in return for a commission or fee, without bearing any risk consequent of default by the taxpayer. Tax farming is speculative, meaning that the tenant of the farm bears the full risk of defaulted debts. In addition, a tenant is often required as a term of the lease to make an early rent payment, which must be financed from his own resources until the revenue stream subject to the farm has started to be collected.

Factoring
In the United Kingdom, some tax collection of "lower value debts" by HMRC has been outsourced to debt collection agencies from July 2010. However, debt collection agencies, like invoice factors, are not truly farmers of revenue streams, as they do not bear any risk of default. Rather they make loans in expectation of future receipts, such loans being always recoverable and secured on the income stream itself.

Simple commutation
In 1999 the National Board of Revenue in Bangladesh (NBR) negotiated with cigarette producing firms a minimum amount of value added tax (VAT) that should be paid per month even though VAT is an ad valorem tax, that is to say of variable yield. The NBR took this step because under the self-clearance system monitoring of production and sales of cigarettes proved to be difficult. It was agreed that if the cigarette producing firms paid the minimum revenue fixed by the NBR, physical monitoring would be withdrawn. The NBR resorted to this technique of financial management to avoid the large costs of monitoring while gaining more in revenue with certainty.

title: Farm (revenue leasing)


text:
Lory Bianco

Lory Bianco (born August 19, 1963) is an American singer and actress also working under the name Bonnie Bianco. She is known for her role in the 1983 miniseries Cinderella 80.

Artistic life
Bianco started her career at the age of 10, performing in musicals, fairs, convalescent homes, hospitals, conventions, and beauty pageants. She was managed by Sam Gino and her mother Helen Bianco.

Bianco sang solo and duet with her sister Holly and the two of them recorded their first single, "Give me a Minute" in 1975. Later at 16, Bianco received her first professional break with Hal White and Mark Gibbons, who released a single on RCA records, "Teenager in Love". At eighteen Bianco was discovered in a talent search by two producers from Italy, Guido and Maurizio De Angelis. The De Angelis brothers signed her and became her record label Kangaroo Records/Polygram. They changed her name to Bonnie Bianco.

From 1984 to 1985, Bianco sang and danced in the prime time Saturday Italian variety show Al Paradise.

In 1983, Bianco landed the female leading role of Cindy in the Italian film Cinderella 80, a modernized adaptation of the fairy tale Cinderella. Bianco starred along with french actor Pierre Cosso, known from his movie La Boum 2 with Sophie Marceau. Bianco also recorded the soundtrack for Cinderella 80. The film gave her further success as an actress in Italy.

In 1987, two additional hours of film footage were added to the previously two-hour film and released as a TV series named Cinderella ´87. The duet "Stay" with Pierre Cosso went straight to No. 1 on the German charts and stayed there for several weeks, while the album was in the number 2 spot for several weeks. The single became a Top 3 hit in Switzerland and Austria too.

In 1986, after several months of rest in Israel, Bianco decided not to renew her exclusive contract with the De Angelis Brothers' record label and instead signed with Christian De Walden and Steve Singer in a 1/3 business partnership. They signed a new record deal for the European market with Metronome Records. The first single of the album "Miss You So" was a Top 10 hit on the German and Austrian charts. It was produced by Gunther Mende (Alexis, Falco) and Candy DeRouge.

Bianco and her producer Christian De Walden had different views for her career so they finally mutually agreed to break away from each other. Bianco ended her contract with Metronome after a battle of seven months and signed a new deal with the German record company WEA (Warner-Elektra-Atlantic, belonging to Warner Bros records). They produced a new album, True Love, Lory, as they mutually agreed to gradually fade away from the name "Bonnie". The record company stated that she had become famous by the name "Bonnie Bianco" and people would not know who Lory Bianco was. The album failed to continue the Top 10 success of the two previous albums and failed to reach the German Top 40. Moreover, neither of the two singles off that album cracked the German charts. German hit producer Dieter Bohlen (formerly of the 80s pop group "Modern Talking") was doing the soundtrack for a TV series and persuaded Bianco to sing one of the songs, "A Cry In The Night", which became a hit single for Lory "Bonnie" Bianco, but could not help the album to climb the charts.

For the second album with WEA, Lonely Is the Night, Bianco wanted to go a little more pop, with a touch of dance. Despite being produced by international top-notch producers, such as Klarmann/Weber and some of America's most successful songwriters Diane Warren and Jeff Lorber, Lonely Is The Night flopped.

Bianco spent more time in Israel to contemplate on her career. Homesick and weary of living out of her suitcase, Bianco left WEA records, walking away from at least $300,000 that were guaranteed to her as an advance if she would make two more CDs.

In 1997, Lory recorded the duet "Send a Sign to My Heart" with Chris Norman. It was released on his CD, Into The Night.

In 2001, she produced and released the album On My Own ... But Never Alone. She distributed it through the internet and CDBaby. She promoted her new album on German television in 2001. A day later after she left Germany, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, happened and that had a devastating personal impact on Bianco. She decided not to record pop songs anymore and only sing Christian music. Bianco currently resides in the Pacific Northwestern United States and completed her latest hymn CD-project, called Jesus Paid It All in 2012.

Albums

 * 1982: Bonnie Bianco (Italy and Germany 1983)
 * 1983: Cenerentola '80 (Italy)
 * 1984: Al Paradise EP (Italy - Songs of the TV Show)
 * 1985: Un' Americana a Roma (Italy and Germany) / re-released in 1993
 * 1985: Molly 'O (Italy)
 * 1987: Cinderella ´87
 * 1987: Just Me
 * 1987: Stay (Compilation)
 * 1988: True Love, Lory
 * 1988: Too Young (Compilation)
 * 1990: Lonely Is the Night / re-released in 1996
 * 1993: Miss You So – The Very Best Of
 * 1993: Stay – The Very Best Of
 * 1993: You're the One (Compilation)
 * 2001: On My Own... But Never Alone
 * 2003: The Deluxe Edition (Double CD)
 * 2007: Best Of – Incl. Spanish Mixes (Double CD including Spanish songs)
 * 2012: Jesus Paid It All (Christian music & hymns)
 * 2017: My Star (Best of CD)
 * 2019: My Star 2.0 (Best of CD)

Singles

 * 1984: EP-Single "Al Paradise"
 * 1987: "Stay" (with Pierre Cosso)
 * 1987: "My First Love"
 * 1987: "Miss You So"
 * 1987: "The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter"
 * 1988: "When the Price Is Your Love"
 * 1989: "Straight from Your Heart"
 * 1989: "A Cry in the Night"
 * 1989: "Hold On" (Austria only)
 * 1990: "Heartbreaker"
 * 1990: "Lonely Is the Night"
 * 1992: "Talking Eyes"
 * 1993: "Stay" (The 1993 Remix)
 * 2002: "I Feel the Rhythm" (promo CD only)

Chart positions

 * 1987: "Stay" Germany: #1 Austria: #3 Switzerland and Italy(1984): #2,
 * 1987: "Miss You So" Germany: #9 Austria: #7 Switzerland: #12
 * 1987: "My First Love" Germany: #52
 * 1989: "A Cry in the Night" Germany: #41 Austria: #1

title: Lory Bianco


text:
Talk:Yakitate!! Japan

Things to add
(for H~T page too)
 * Yakitate!! Japan received the Shogakukan manga award.
 * They sell Yakitate!! Japan bread.
 * Hashiguchi employs a bread consultant to get all the bread facts right. I can't find the name right now, but I think he's quite famous actually.
 * I think he created some magical bread with icecream in it :X
 * Ah, here's a good link, http://www.akadot.com/article.php?a=252, sauce for bakery consultant Kouichi Uchimura and selling Japan bread.

 * Hashiguchi seems quite involved with other mangaka, find out more about that.
 * Hashiguchi was a comedian!
 * Takitate!! Gohan
 * Kid

--Philip Nilsson 02:13, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This article needs a beating with the grammar stick and I've not the time right now. I fixed a couple things I noticed, but I'm sure there's more. -Trent Arms 11:52, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I rarely post things on talk pages just to comment about something and that's it, but God... this series must own. Like, hard. =P
 * I hope I can get my hands on it some day.--Kaonashi 01:29, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The article does the manga no justice :p --Philip Nilsson 11:39, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Can someone mention the difference between the anime and manga? I've heard that the manga contains more materials than in the anime.

 * A spoiler warning is -very- necessary, methinks. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 200.71.42.122 (talk • contribs).

 * Look again. It has one in the perscribed place. --Kunzite 12:51, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Monica Adenauer is mentioned in the descriptor for Kai Suwabara, though she doesn't have her own write up. I've only seen the anime and haven't read the manga so I don't know how much of a role she has in that in comparison so I don't think I'm really in a position to be doing a write up on her. ArtimusClydeFrog 04:23, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * There is actually enough of a difference to justify reading the Manga. Although not particularly large compared to some other anime/manga's. In the manga, you find out that Monica isn't actually pregnant (well actually you could have assumed that from the Anime, but it wasn't as explicit) and that she used rolled up newspapers to trick Suwabara later on. I think more information on the manga is needed though. Also, I think I've read somewhere that you don't necessarily need spoiler tags on all wikipedia pages that contain some spoilers. Not sure though. Noian (talk) 06:43, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Pan is Portuguese
' pan" is the Japanese word for "bread" (a borrowed word stemming from Portuguese "pão") '

"Pan" is spanish for bread too. -Passerby

Why?
Why is the etymology for the Japanese "Pan" attributed to the Portuguese "pao"? Unless there is a specific Japanese-Portuguese cultural link, I would think that it would make more sense for pan to stem from the French word for bread - "pain". Given the series' focus on France as the center of bread making (even going so far as to parody the Coup du Monde de la Boulangerie), this would be a more precise attribution.

For reference http://www.europain.com/fr/conferences_animations/coupe_du_monde.html -Renn

 * Answer: The Portuguese got to Japan first.
 * From Gairaigo: In the past, more gairaigo came from other languages besides English. The first non-Asian countries to have extensive contact with Japan were Holland and Portugal in the 16th and 17th centuries, and Japanese has several loanwords from Portuguese and Dutch, many of which are still used in Japan today. See also:List_of_Gairaigo_and_Wasei-eigo_terms, History_of_Portuguese and offsite Japanese => English Dictionary. --Kunzite 03:15, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Ah, the link is now clear...thanks for the education! - Renn

Are you sure it's Portugese? While I am well aware of the Portugal/Holland connections with Japan, I've studied a little Japanese, and all my (native Japanese speakers) teachers claimed that "pan" came from French, not Portugese. If it is Portugese I'd hazard a guess that the general population of Japan now thinks of it as more French... Darien Shields 05:05, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Japanese Characters names
I've added Kanmuri and Yuuichi Kirisaki, as I think they are important characters in later episodes of the anime and volumes of manga. Can anyone get their Japanese names?

Sastrawan 10:32, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Shigeru Kanmuri (冠茂) seiyū : Marina Inoue (井上麻里奈) Yūichi Kirisaki (霧崎雄一) seiyū : Fumihiko Tachiki (立木文彦)

--Kunzite 03:41, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Number of Tankōbon
The summary that starts off the article says "The manga has spanned 25 tankōbon volumes, as of January, 2007, while the weekly serialization of the manga has recently ended as of January 10, 2007." And yet the information to the right says "Original run 2002 – 2007 ... No. of volumes 26 (complete)"

Which is it, 25 or 26?

Pics
This article is good, but still in need of some anime screenshots Raquel Sama 20:57, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I know it's an old comment, but I agree (sort of). Some pictures would be neat. Maybe a picture for each bread (on a seperate "list of Yakitate!! Japan breads" page maybe) or something to that effect. --CCFreak2K 07:42, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * We might be running into the "fair use" problems though. I guess some people just don't understand why images make things more clearer. Also character face pics would also be nice. not sure what the fair use rationale would hold up though.Noian (talk) 06:46, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Comment on trivia
"'In Episode 25, during Kawachi's afro training, there's a parody of the famous novel, dorama and movie Sekachu, where Kawachi has a reaction and appears on top of a bread whose crust looks a bit like the Ayers Rock (this reasoning is backed up by the fact that there are kangaroos on the crust), shouting 'afro no chushin De ai wo sakebi' ('Crying out afro in the center of the world')."

Shouldn't this be translated as "Crying out love in the [middle|center|heart] of the afro"? Héctor at 87.217.177.234 00:47, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

List of Ja-pan
Although this list would seem revelent to the article, they have to be tidied up in some way to make sense to a non-viewer. Unfortunately, they would have long expositions how and why the bread works so I don't know how to explain it without making it really wordy and overly detailed. UnfriendlyFire 06:38, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Yakitate!! japan volume 11 cover.jpg
Image:Yakitate!! japan volume 11 cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 12:13, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Characters here and the List of Characters
The Main Characters section on this article contains almost exactly the same info as on the List of Yakitate!! Japan characters, it should be cut down in here, otherwise the list article is redundant.

I also removed the listings of the other characters, they're just summaries and the info can again be found in the list article. Ninja neko 18:45, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Bad Grammar
No offense, but whoever did the Trivia section really has bad grammar. And you need to change it. You know who you are.-Zeta26 14:30, 8 August 2007 (UTC).

Translation of 太陽の手, taiyō no te
The official English language release of the manga by Viz translates the phrase 太陽の手 (taiyō no te) as "Hands of the Sun" so this should be the translation used in the article as well.

You can see this for yourself by reading the English release, by reading the blurb from Vol. 3 found here http://www.viz.com/products/products.php?product_id=5988, or by reading about it in the following review http://www.animeondvd.com/reviews2/manga/manga.php?manga_view=2336 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.28.6.245 (talk) 20:02, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

 * This is a translation problem, as the word "sun" can be translated into Japanese as 日 (hi), which also means day, and 太陽 (taiyō). When using the translation "Hands of the Sun," one may also translate this back to 日の手; whereas 太陽 (taiyō) may also be translated as "solar" when used as a "pronoun." --Chininazu12 06:25, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * As you have not replied, I'm reverting this back. By the way, considering your argument is correct, you should also change "Solar Gauntlets" and "Blizzard / Snowstorm Hands" in a similar manner. --Chininazu12 00:29, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Yakitate Japan Game?
I noticed there's a game on Yakitate Japan. Should it be added to this article? (there is minimal connections to the actual manga's plot based on the IGN page information though) See: http://ds.ign.com/objects/755/755982.html Noian (talk) 22:27, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Specifics of Azuma Kazuma Japanese spoken language
It was noticed that Azuma Kazuma often ends sentences with either "ja" or "inja" even when other Japanese people would not do it (just comparing way of speech to other personages in this and many other animes).

If anyone knows Japanese language enough, could you please tell if this is some specifics of his speech or not? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.122.111.177 (talk) 21:08, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Ja-pan #2 mentioned in New York Times
Ja-pan #2 received a passing mention in a New York Times article on rice cooker versatility: "Ms. Tokuji has even baked a sweet, buttery loaf of bread in her rice cooker, based on a recipe from a popular television show about a superhero's quest to develop a 'national loaf' for Japan. 'It took all day, but it was very interesting,' she said." Flatscan (talk) 02:55, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Review(s)

 * CBB: manga vol. 24 manga #26

--KrebMarkt (talk) 22:15, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

--Gabriel Yuji (talk) 21:12, 5 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Manga Life: vol. 5

title: Talk:Yakitate!! Japan


text:
Talk:Plant virus

Untitled
should this be moved to plant virus?
 * Done. AxelBoldt 00:34, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I could really use some help getting pictures for this. I'm rubbish at picture formatting. (a Mentally Efficient Loonies And Nice Insane Elephants creation 14:07, 17 January 2007 (UTC)}

hi i have made changes to this page adding one more content " transmission through sap" i certfiy that this is my original work. further more i have added one more link in the external links column, so that users may get an overview of the plant virus transmission.--Shekharsuman 09:08, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Someone needs to fix "Some viruses may have 2 coat proteins are the formation of the particle is analogous to a football." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.142.231.134 (talk) 03:52, 4 September 2008 (UTC) Done —Preceding unsigned comment added by Smartse (talk • contribs) 15:21, 6 February 2009 (UTC) there are only 5 noted plant viruses

I've added some internal references, but a few of the existing ones are broken. I'm not a planty person - can anyone else put in suitable alternatives or remove them? It struck me reading through this article that many of its statements are rather general. Any experts out there want to add some detail please??? Emble64 (talk) 16:39, 16 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm no expert on plant viruses, but I'll try and get round to sorting this out one day. In the mean time, don't be afraid to be bold and DIY. With google scholar + journal access anyone can be an expert. Smartse (talk) 16:52, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

I am concerned about the accuracy of the section on Direct plant-to-human transmission. In the paper referenced, they did not fulfill Koch's postulates or even detect PMMoV in epithelial cells. They did find that the titer of PMMoV decreased over time in feces, but this is not surprising as PMMoV is a Tobamovirus which are incredibly stable. All they have is a small correlation between consumption of hot sauce containing PMMoV and gastrointestinal symptoms. I don't think that this is enough to warrant a section in transmission. Dubhslaine (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 18:51, 10 June 2011 (UTC).

title: Talk:Plant virus


text:
Kaz Hirai

Kazuo "Kaz" Hirai (平井 一夫) is a Japanese businessman. He is best known as the former chairman of Sony Corporation, serving from April 2018 to June 2019, as well as president and CEO from April 2012 to April 2018. He also served as a board member of Sony Computer Entertainment and chairman and co-CEO of Sony Entertainment. He was noted by Entertainment Weekly as one of the most powerful executives in the entertainment industry. He led the Sony Computer Entertainment division between 2007 and 2012, and then became president and CEO of Sony in April 2012. Through his tenure as CEO, Sony experienced a resurgence during the 2010s. In 2018, Hirai stepped down as president and CEO, becoming chairman of Sony Corporation. He fully retired from Sony in June 2019, otherwise remaining as a senior adviser to the company.

Early life
Kazuo Hirai was born on December 22, 1960, in Tokyo, where he attended the American School in Japan. Between 1973 and 1976, Hirai attended Valley Park Middle School in Toronto, Canada. The son of a wealthy banker, Hirai often traveled with his father across the world to California, New York, Canada and around Japan—a trait which Hirai noted to be a major factor in his later multi-continental business success.

It was his interest in games that later brought him into the entertainment business. After graduating from the International Christian University in August 1984 with a Bachelor of Liberal Arts degree, Hirai was hired at CBS/Sony Inc. (now Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc.), where he was involved in marketing international music within Japan. He eventually became head of Sony Computer Entertainment Japan's international business affairs office in New York.

CBS/Sony Inc.
Kazuo Hirai began his career with Sony Music Entertainment Japan in 1984, starting out in CBS/Sony Inc.'s (now Sony Music Entertainment Japan) marketing department. Afterwards, he became the head of Sony's international business affairs department. He then moved to Sony Music Japan's New York office, leading the marketing of Sony Music Japan artists in the U.S.

Sony Computer Entertainment
In August 1995, Hirai joined Sony's computer and video game division, Sony Computer Entertainment America. He was promoted to executive vice president-chief operations officer in July 1996. One year later, in 1997, Hirai was credited on his first completed video game. With the release of the PlayStation 2 in 2000, Kazuo continued his success, utilizing second-party video game franchises such as Jak and Daxter, Ratchet & Clank, Sly Cooper and SOCOM series of games. Under his leadership, SCEA continually managed to retain high profits throughout the sixth-generation era.

On July 3, 2006, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that Hirai had been made a vice president of its corporate executive group. On November 30, 2006, just under two weeks after the launch of PlayStation 3, Hirai replaced Ken Kutaragi as president of Sony Computer Entertainment. While maintaining his positions at SCEA, Hirai also became chief operating officer of SCEI. Kutaragi himself was promoted to chairman of SCEI, and remained chief executive officer of the group. On April 26, 2007, it was announced that Hirai will be promoted to president and group CEO of SCEI, replacing Ken Kutaragi who would retire and instead take up the role of honorary chairman.

On April 1, 2009, Sony's electronics and game businesses were merged and reconfigured as two major groups: the Consumer Products & Devices Group (CPDG) and the Networked Products & Services Group (NPSG). Hirai was appointed as corporate executive officer and executive vice president of Sony Corporation, concurrently serving as president of the NPSG. He has overseen all development, production and marketing activities at the NPSG, comprising Sony's game (i.e. SCEI & Sony Online Entertainment), personal computer (VAIO), mobile devices (including Walkman and Xperia) and network service (Sony Entertainment Network, including online distributions of music, video, games, eBooks, etc.) businesses and new business incubation projects. Hirai became chairman of Sony Computer Entertainment on September 1, 2011, and was replaced by Andrew House as president and group CEO. He retired as chairman of SCEI on June 25, 2012, but remains on the board of directors.

Sony Corporation
On April 1, 2011, Hirai was promoted to representative corporate executive officer and executive deputy president of Sony Corporation. He oversaw the Consumer Products & Services Group. Hirai was speculated to become the successor to Howard Stringer, the current sitting president and CEO of Sony Corporation, who was then expected to step down in 2013.

On February 1, 2012, Sony announced that Hirai has been appointed as president and chief executive officer, effective April 1, 2012. He was appointed to the board at the annual shareholders meeting on June 27, 2012.

On February 2, 2018, Sony announced that Hirai will be stepping down as president and CEO, effective April 1, 2018, to be replaced by CFO Kenichiro Yoshida. Hirai remained as the company's chairman and served on the board of directors to help the company transition to leadership under Yoshida.

Hirai announced on March 28, 2019, that he would be retiring as chairman of Sony on June 18, 2019, though he will continue to act as a senior advisor at Sony's request. Hirai stated he was confident that Yoshida would be able to continue the leadership of Sony on his own. Following his retirement, Hirai remained as a senior advisor to the company.

title: Kaz Hirai


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Epsilon Sigma Alpha

Epsilon Sigma Alpha International (ΕΣΑ) is a community and collegiate service organization for anyone ages 18 and older. The organization states that its purpose "is to inspire leadership and service by bringing good people together to pursue programs and projects that make a positive difference locally, nationally and internationally."

The organization's mission statement reads: "ESA is Good Friends, Good Works, and Good Times… We create activities and support causes that let us surround ourselves with welcoming, positive people who enjoy making a difference and having fun together."

Established in 1929, Epsilon Sigma Alpha is a network of an estimated 10,000 members in over 1,000 community based chapters, with coordinating organizations at state and international levels. ΕΣΑ also includes United States collegiate chapters which provide charitable service to their campuses and communities. All service by members is unpaid, with membership fees covering large portions of administrative and chapter expenses.

History
Adelia Prichard of Oregon, a National President of Business and Professional Women's Clubs from 1923 to 1925, spearheaded the sorority's organization by proposing a national education and service sorority. In 1929, a group of community oriented women in Jacksonville, Texas drafted an organization charter. With ten signatures, a national charter was issued to ΕΣΑ by the state of Missouri on February 11, 1930. The organization still functions under the original charter but is now incorporated in the state of Colorado.

Prichard was appointed the first National Director, and spearheaded the sorority's early growth. She asked prominent women from around the United States to serve as members of the Founder's Chapter and to act as advisors. The chapter included Pearl Kinman; Clara Leach; Althea Terry, State President of the Business and Professional Clubs; Susan. B. Rebhan, a State Supreme Court Judge; Florence Sterling, writer and editor; Phoebe Kerrick Warner, author and National Chairman of the Rural Women's Clubs; businesswoman Florence Crawford; teacher Daisy Birchfield; and Mary Redfield Plummer, lecturer on parliamentary law at Northwestern University. The first National Headquarters office was located in Kansas City, Missouri, with a central states divisional office in St. Louis.

Director Sybil Murphy Flaherty organized the first National Convention in 1938. Two chapters in Kansas City hosted the convention with about sixty delegates attending. At that time, delegates set up a National Advisory Council (the forerunner of the present International Council), and elected Irene Copeland Lugland of Kansas City as the first National President.

During World War II, the National Headquarters sponsored an “Empty Your Purse for Uncle Sam” campaign, one of the first nationally organized activities of the organization. In this door to door campaign, members collected metal for recycling into munitions. ΕΣΑ also collected books and other reading material for distribution to soldiers around the world. Local projects to assist the war effort were encouraged, and many chapters enrolled and sponsored Red Cross courses to combat local emergencies.

In 1948, an chapter was organized in Voorsburg, in the Netherlands. The name of the National Advisory Council was then changed to the International Advisory Council. Since then, Epsilon Sigma Alpha chapters have been organized in Germany, Guam, Denmark, Peru, Australia, Mexico, the Philippines, and Scotland.

In 1988 the first collegiate chapter was formed, on the campus of Ball State University.

Emblems and symbols
Emblems associated with ΕΣΑ include the Greek letters Epsilon Sigma Alpha (ΕΣΑ). A national emblem is versioned, based on the needs of local and state chapters.

The yellow jonquil was chosen as the organization's floral emblem as it is "rich in color, perfect in form." A member magazine, The Journey, formerly The Jonquil, is published twice yearly.

A streamlined logo was adopted during a brand refresh, consisting of three joined circles surrounding the three English letters representing the name of the society.

Chapters
Epsilon Sigma Alpha has the following collegiate chapters

 * Augustana College (Rock Island, IL)
 * Ball State University (Muncie, IN)
 * Belmont Abbey College (Belmont, NC)
 * Bradley University (Peoria, IL)
 * East Carolina University (Greenville, NC)
 * Eastern Illinois University (Charleston, IL)
 * Eastern Kentucky University (Richmond, KY)
 * Elon University (Elon, NC)
 * Florida State University (Tallahassee, FL)
 * George Washington University (Washington, D.C.)
 * Illinois State University (Normal, IL)
 * Indiana State University (Terre Haute, IN)
 * James Madison University (Harrisonburg, VA)
 * Kutztown University (Kutztown, PA)
 * La Salle University (Philadelphia, PA)
 * Our Lady of the Lake University (San Antonio, TX)
 * Pennsylvania State University (State College, PA)
 * Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (Edwardsville, IL)
 * University of Florida (Gainesville, FL)
 * University of Maine at Machias (Machias, ME)
 * University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA)
 * University of South Carolina (Columbia, SC)
 * Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, VA)

Philanthropic projects
Chapters, both independently and jointly, conduct fund raising activities for charitable causes. As the care and expenses of handicapped children are a current ESA priority, the international Philanthropic Projects of Epsilon Sigma Alpha are St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and the Easter Seal Society. As of July 2006, ΕΣΑ had raised over 100 million dollars for St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital, meeting an organization goal for their 75th anniversary. As of 2019, the organization has helped raise more than $245 million in cash and pledges for the kids of St. Jude. ΕΣΑ has endowed the St. Jude Bone Marrow Transplant area in the hospital's Patient Care Center and the fourth floor of the ALSAC Tower.

Through their efforts to raise awareness and funds, ΕΣΑ helps support Easterseals and has been a supporter of Easterseals since 1982 when they were adopted as a second International Project. Since that date ΕΣΑ has raised over $6 million.

ΕΣΑ also encourages each local chapter to select and support local benevolent, charitable or civic enterprises. ΕΣΑ activities on local levels may be jointly organized with men's fraternal organizations, including the Lions Clubs International. As a whole, the chapters have created an impressive record of service. Each year, members help raise millions of dollars for philanthropic projects and give an estimated 650,000 hours of personal service.

In addition, the ΕΣΑ Foundation supports education through an ongoing Scholarship/Endowment Program and provides grants to individuals involved in charitable service for children and adults.

title: Epsilon Sigma Alpha