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Talk:Rufus Putnam

Misc comment
I've significantly expanded on this article. I don't know if this is legimate format or not, since its my first article. If you could help, I'd greatly appreciate it. Thanks. Last Pantagruelist 02:49, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think the following text is unclear "Putnam was born in Sutton, Massachusetts. Rufus's father died when he was 6 or 7, and he temporarily lived with his paternal grandfather. From Salem, he was a half-brother to Joseph Putnam, the father of Israel Putnam, who became a renowned general during the American Revolution." Who, or what is Salem and who is the "he" mentioned as being half-brother? Rijrunner (talk) 21:58, 8 July 2013 (UTC)

Rearranged order of presentation
The article was initially arranged in the following order: Revolutionary War Early Life and Career Post-War Activities

I found this an odd arrangement, since most Wikipedia biographical articles follow a chronological format. I just cut and pasted the Revolutionary War section and placed it between the other two.

I know that the author may have wished to emphasize the subjects contributions to the Revolutionary War as the most important aspect of his life, but this arrangement was strange. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ber06122 (talk • contribs) 13:53, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rufus Putnam


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File:Goo Goo Dolls Black Balloon.jpg

Rationale of fair use for Black Balloon

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this album.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the album in any way.
 * 4) For an article about an album, artist and discography, the cover artwork is very important and adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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James Augustine Healy

James Augustine Healy (April 6, 1830 – August 5, 1900) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He was the first known African American to serve as a Catholic priest or bishop. With his predominantly European ancestry, Healy passed for a white man and identified as such.

Born into slavery in the Healy family of Georgia, James Healy was the son of a White plantation owner and a mixed-race enslaved woman. He was later freed, educated overseas, and ordained a priest in 1854. He served as Bishop of Portland in Maine from 1875 until his death in 1900.

Family
James Healy was born in Jones County, Georgia, on April 6, 1830. His father, Michael Morris Healy (1796–1850), was a native of County Roscommon, Ireland who became a wealthy cotton planter after settling in Georgia. Healy owned more than 1,500 acres of land near the Ocmulgee River as well as 49 to 60 enslaved people. James's mother was a mixed-race enslaved woman named Mary Eliza (c. 1813–1850), whom Michael had purchased for $3,700 along with her family. He took Mary Eliza as his common-law wife in 1829.

James was the eldest of their ten children. His siblings were:

 * Hugh Clark Healy (1832–1853)
 * Patrick Francis Healy (1834–1910), the first African American Jesuit and president of Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.
 * Alexander Sherwood Healy (1836–1875), a priest and rector of the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston
 * Martha Ann Healy (1838–1920)
 * Michael Augustine Healy (1839–1904), a captain in the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service and the first African American to command a ship of the U.S. government
 * Eugene Healy (1842), who died in infancy
 * Amanda Josephine Healy (1845–1879), a member of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph
 * Eliza Dunamore Healy (1846–1919), a member of the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal and the first African American abbess
 * Eugene Healy (1849–1914)

In his will, Michael Healy referred to his wife as "my trusty woman, Eliza, mother of my...children." Due to the partus sequitur ventrem principle in slave law, children inherited the legal status of their mothers; therefore, the Healy children were born into slavery. Michael was unable to directly free his wife and children as manumission required an act of the Georgia General Assembly in exceptional circumstances. Before their deaths a few months apart in 1850, Michael and Eliza Healy had planned to relocate with their youngest children to a northern state that prohibited slavery.

In February 2024, Washington Post writer Bryan Greene established through DNA evidence that the Healy siblings were blood relatives of abolitionist Ellen Craft, likely first cousins based on historical accounts. DNA test results showed that a descendant of Martha Healy was the 4th to 8th cousin of three of Crafts' descendants. In 1848, Craft escaped slavery in Macon, Georgia, not far from the Healys' birthplace, disguising herself as a white man traveling with her enslaved attendant, her actual husband. According to Greene's article, S.T. Pickard, the editor of the Portland Transcript stated in 1893 that Ellen Craft told him that she was the first cousin of Bishop Healy. The 2024 DNA results suggest this 131-year old claim was true.

Racial identity
Due to their largely European ancestry, the Healy children were light-skinned enough to pass for White and they did not publicize their Black heritage. James and his siblings were recorded as White in official documents, such as census records and death certificates. In later years, James discouraged biographies and variously described his mother as the daughter of an aristocratic Virginia family or having come from Santo Domingo. However, their mixed race was known to some; writing to Archbishop John Hughes in 1859, Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatrick mentioned that James' brother Sherwood Healy "has African blood and it shews [sic] distinctly in his exterior."

Some three decades after the last of the Healy children died, Jesuit sociologist Albert S. Foley published a book in 1954 that detailed their biracial background.

Education
As enslaved people under Georgia law, the Healy children were prohibited from attending school. In 1837, at age seven, Michael Healy took James to New York and enrolled him at a Quaker school in Flushing, New York City that was associated with the Old Quaker Meeting House. James continued his education at another Quaker school in Burlington, New Jersey, where he excelled in mathematics and apprenticed to a surveyor. After Michael Healy became acquainted with Bishop John Fitzpatrick of Boston, he sent his son to the College of the Holy Cross, a newly founded Jesuit school in Worcester, Massachusetts.

James Healy entered Holy Cross in August 1844 and would later recount in his diary, "Today, 5 years ago I entered this college. What a change. Then I was nothing, now I am a Catholic." He and his brothers Hugh, Patrick, and Sherwood were baptized at Holy Cross in November 1844, alongside the sons of Catholic convert Orestes Brownson. James spent his school vacations with the families of local priests in Boston and Cambridge. He was named valedictorian of the first graduating class at Holy Cross in 1849.

Priesthood
Following his graduation from Holy Cross, Healy decided to enter the priesthood and was accepted into Saint-Sulpice Seminary in Montreal, Quebec. After three years in Canada, he went to France in 1852 to complete his theological studies at the Sulpician Seminary in Paris.

Healy was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Boston in Paris on June 10, 1854 at Notre-Dame Cathedral by Archbishop Marie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour. Healy thus became the first African American to join the Catholic priesthood; however, Augustus Tolton, who was born in 1854, would become the first Catholic priest "publicly known to be black" when he was ordained in 1886.

Healy returned to Boston in August 1854. Knowing there were rumors about his heritage in Boston, he expressed his apprehension about serving there to a confidante: "The mercy of God has placed a poor outcast on a throne of glory that ill becomes him. If I could have been as safe elsewhere as here, I should have desired never to show my face in Boston." He was appointed an assistant at St. John's Parish in the North End and at the House of the Angel Guardian for homeless boys. This was followed by appointments as personal secretary to Bishop Fitzpatrick (December 1854) and chancellor of the diocese (June 1855), which gave him a significant role in diocesan affairs. Healy also served as rector of Holy Cross Cathedral (1862-1866).

During the American Civil War, Healy supported the Union, but was opposed to the Radical Republicans' plans for Reconstruction, believing it would lead to "the super-elevation of the negro." In 1865, he helped establish the Home for Destitute Catholic Children to care for children who had been left fatherless or totally orphaned by the war.

In March 1866, the new Bishop John Williams named Healy as pastor of St. James Parish, the largest Catholic congregation in Boston. In that position, he helped found the House of the Good Shepherd for homeless girls and successfully lobbied against legislation in the Massachusetts General Court to tax Catholic churches. As both rector of the cathedral and pastor of St. James, Healy was succeeded by his brother Sherwood.

Bishop of Portland
On February 12, 1875, Healy was appointed the second bishop of the Diocese of Portland by Pope Pius IX. He received his episcopal consecration on June 2, 1875, from Archbishop Williams, with Bishop Francis McNeirny and Bishop Patrick O'Reilly serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Portland, Maine. As such, he was the first Black Catholic bishop in the United States. It would be 90 years before Bishop Harold Perry became the first publicly recognized individual to hold that distinction.

At the time of Healy's appointment, the Diocese of Portland encompassed the entire states of Maine and New Hampshire. At the beginning of his tenure in 1875, the diocese contained 52 priests and 58 churches to serve a Catholic population of 80,000. By the time of his death in 1900, there were 92 priests, 86 churches, and 96,400 Catholics. The growth of his diocese was extensive enough that he supervised the founding of the Diocese of Manchester when it was split from the Diocese of Portland in 1885.

Early into his tenure as bishop, Healy became involved in a controversy with one of his priests, Jean Ponsardin of Biddeford, Maine. Healy suspected that Ponsardin had been stealing money that the diocese gave to build a new church. After four years of construction, the building only had a basement and unfinished exterior walls. Healy refused to give Ponsardin any more money and suspended him from ministry in October 1877. Ponsardin then appealed the suspension to Rome, which created gossip among Vatican officials. Healy finally agreed to pay Ponsardin's debts on the condition that he leave the diocese. The Ponsardin matter caused such embarrassment for Healy that he submitted his resignation to Pope Leo XIII in 1878, but the pope rejected it.

Healy was one of the Catholic Church's most vocal opponents of the Knights of Labor, a national labor union. He viewed the organization as a secret society and was the only Catholic bishop in America who threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who joined its ranks. However, Healy withdrew his prohibition after Leo XIII issued Rerum novarum in 1891 and endorsed the right of workers to form labor unions.

Healy participated in the third Plenary Council of Baltimore from November to December 1884, and was appointed to serve on the Commission for the Catholic Missions among the Colored People and the Indians. However, he consistently refused the invitations of the Colored Catholic Congress, saying, "We are of that Church where there is neither...barbarian nor Scythian, slave nor freeman, but Christ is all and in all." Healy celebrated his silver jubilee as a bishop in June 1900 and was given the honorary title of assistant to the papal throne by Leo XIII on that occasion.

Death and legacy
James Healy died in Portland on August 5, 1900, at age 70. He is buried at Calvary Cemetery in South Portland, Maine, where a Celtic cross honoring his Irish heritage marks his grave.
 * Healy's papers are held by the College of the Holy Cross, the archives of the Archdiocese of Boston and the archives of the Diocese of Portland.
 * The Archdiocese of Boston, Office for Black Catholics, has designated the Bishop James Augustine Healy Award to honor dedicated black parishioners.
 * In 1975, Archbishop Thomas A. Donnellan and Bishop Raymond Lessard donated a bronze plaque to be dedicated in Jones County, Georgia, commemorating Healy.
 * The Healey Asylum in Lewiston, Maine, was named in his honor.

title: James Augustine Healy


text: User talk:68.4.39.134

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scott Webley

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Scott Webley
Vanity advert. Alba 02:54, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete vanity, not notable -- Cleduc 03:41, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Bart133 (t) 03:41, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just an ad. Zzyzx11 05:55, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete what is clearly a non-notable vanity ad. --Deathphoenix 06:30, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Self-promotion, non-notable. Trilobite (Talk) 10:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Open and shut case of nn vanity/advertising.  GRider\talk 00:22, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. See criteria for inclusion of biographies. --Pjacobi 00:51, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg (talk) 05:28, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Anime Boston

Anime Boston is an annual three-day anime fan convention held in the spring in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Anime Boston was created and is run by the New England Anime Society, Inc., a Massachusetts-based non-profit organization.

Programming
The convention features a number of events which include a masquerade, an anime music video contest, video programming rooms, an artists' alley and art show, karaoke, game shows, swap meets, Anime Unscripted, video games, RPGs, and a LARP.

History
The first Anime Boston was held in 2003 at the Boston Park Plaza, as was the 2004 convention. By Anime Boston 2005, the convention had moved to the Hynes Convention Center and Sheraton Boston Hotel. Since then, the convention has continued to be held at the convention center and adjoining hotels with attendance seeing steady growth to 14,339 people (or 35,224 turnstile) in 2008. That year also saw Japanese rock stars The Pillows finish up the east coast leg of their American tour at Anime Boston. In 2009, the convention saw the attendance rise to over 15,000 people for the first time, and the attendees who got tickets at the convention for the concert got to see Kalafina for their first-ever North American performance. Attendance jumped again to over 17,000 attendants in 2010. Nobuo Uematsu made an appearance at the convention, with the Video Game Orchestra, a Boston-based 90-piece orchestra that performs video game music with an orchestra, choir, and rock band.

In 2011, the Boston Phoenix selected Anime Boston as the city's "Best Nerd Gathering", beating out contenders such as New England Comic Con and PAX East. The convention won the award again in 2012. In 2012, Anime Boston celebrated its tenth year. In addition to its events, a museum of the convention's history was displayed; photographs and memorabilia such as mascot costumes and previous t-shirt designs, from each of the past years created the museum's exhibits; some of Anime Boston’s guests from previous years also submitted letters of congratulations. Held on the same weekend as Easter, its attendance reached a total of over 20,000 attendees. An attendance cap was announced for weekend memberships for the 2015 convention due to overcrowding concerns, despite this AB plans on being at the Hynes Convention Center through 2026. Anime Boston 2020 and 2021 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Anime Boston returned as an in-person event in 2022, although with fewer guests present.

Event history
Since 2005, Anime Boston has been held at the Hynes Convention Center. The 2003 and 2004 events were held at the Boston Park Plaza.

Mascots
The mascots for Anime Boston are A-chan and B-kun. A-chan has long blue hair and she typically wears a dress. B-kun has orange hair and red eyes. Their outfits often change to match the convention's theme for the year.

title: Anime Boston


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WCAX-TV

WCAX-TV (channel 3) is a television station licensed to Burlington, Vermont, United States, serving as the CBS affiliate for the Burlington, Vermont–Plattsburgh, New York market. It is owned by Gray Television alongside Saranac Lake, New York–licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate WYCI (channel 40). The two stations share studios on Joy Drive in South Burlington, Vermont; WCAX-TV's transmitter is located on Vermont's highest peak, Mount Mansfield. WCAX was the first television station in Vermont.

Like other network stations serving Burlington and Plattsburgh, WCAX-TV has a large audience in southern Quebec, Canada. This includes the Montreal area, which is 10 times more populous than the station's entire U.S. viewing area. Most Vidéotron cable systems in southern Quebec carry WCAX-TV as their CBS affiliate. The station is also available on every cable system in Vermont, and statewide on DirecTV and Dish Network.

History
Channel 3 traces its roots to WCAX radio, Vermont's oldest radio station, which signed on as an experimental station run by students at the University of Vermont on May 20, 1922 and began full-time operations on October 10, 1924.

By 1931, UVM realized it was in over its head operating a radio station, so it sold WCAX to the Burlington Daily News, who relaunched it that November as a commercial radio station. Charles P. Hasbrook bought the Daily News in 1939. He sold the Daily News in 1941 (the paper is now defunct), but kept WCAX.

On September 26, 1954, Hasbrook signed on Vermont's first television station, WMVT, originally licensed to the state's capital city of Montpelier. In December 1954, the stations' parent company, WCAX Broadcasting Corporation, was renamed Mount Mansfield Television, after the location of channel 3's transmitter and tower.

In May 1955, WMVT moved its community of license from Montpelier to Burlington, the state's largest city, and just a few miles from Mount Mansfield. One month later, the station's call letters were changed to WCAX-TV to match its radio sister station. In 1958, Hasbrook turned over the station's ownership to his stepson, Dr. Stuart T. "Red" Martin Jr., an engineer by trade who assisted his stepfather in building the station from the ground up. Red Martin had already been serving as general manager since the station signed on.

Red Martin sold off WCAX radio in 1963; it is now WVMT. He continued to own channel 3 until his death in 2005, and was succeeded by his oldest son, Peter R. Martin.

In September 1965, WCAX-TV became the third station in its market (after WPTZ-TV and WMTW-TV), and the first in Vermont, to broadcast in color.

WCAX radio had been a CBS Radio affiliate since 1940, so channel 3 became a CBS television affiliate and has been with the network ever since. As such, until 2017, WCAX-TV was one of the few stations in the United States (not counting network owned-and-operated stations) that has had the same owner, channel number, and primary network affiliation throughout its history. The station did hold a secondary Fox affiliation from 1994 through 1997, carrying that network's sports and children's programming; through this arrangement, WCAX-TV was able to carry Fox's NFL coverage, which consisted of the rights to NFC games that had been held by CBS (and thus aired on WCAX-TV) until 1994. The secondary Fox affiliation ended when WFFF-TV (channel 44) signed on in 1997. On October 25, 2006, WCAX-TV upgraded its digital signal to broadcast CBS programming in high definition.

On May 4, 2017, Atlanta-based Gray Television announced its intent to acquire WCAX-TV for $29 million–a handsome return on Charles Hasbrook's purchase of WCAX radio in 1939. Gray assumed operational control of the station on June 1, 2017, under a local marketing agreement. The sale was completed on August 1, ending the Hasbrook/Martin family's 62-year-long stewardship of the station.

2019 antenna fire
On November 19, 2019, WCAX-TV, NBC affiliate WPTZ (channel 5) and CW+ affiliate WNNE (channel 31) were knocked off the air by a fire at their shared antenna on Mount Mansfield. The cause of the fire was unknown. The outage affected over-the-air and satellite viewers; cable subscribers in Vermont and New York continued to receive the three stations via direct fiber feeds, while Vidéotron in Quebec temporarily replaced WCAX with Detroit CBS owned-and-operated station WWJ-TV.

WCAX-DT2
In 2007, WCAX-TV began to operate a 24-hour local weather and news channel on a new digital subchannel. Originally called "Weather 3.2", and later "WCAXtra", it featured news updates and live local weather along with the FCC-required three hours of E/I-compliant children programming per week. On weekends, if sports events ran long, the news could be found on the secondary channel, though that practice ended a few years later. A 10 p.m. newscast was seen for a while exclusively on 3.2. After it was canceled, the 5:30 program The :30 was run as a repeat in that timeslot. On April 30, 2015, the channel was replaced with the Movies! network.

Programming
WCAX-TV clears the entire CBS network schedule, albeit with some network programs airing out of pattern. The CBS Dream Team block airs an hour later than on most CBS affiliates in the Eastern Time Zone, and also airs over two days (the first two hours of the block air on Saturdays and the remaining hour airs on Sunday mornings, one program airing each at different times, respectively). The station airs an alternate live feed of the CBS Evening News at 7 p.m. because of the longtime hour-long 6 p.m. newscast; most CBS stations in the Eastern Time Zone air the network's newscast at 6:30 p.m.

Local programming
WCAX's longest-running local programs (both dating to the founding of the station) are a daily twenty-minute agricultural information program entitled Across the Fence, produced in association with the University of Vermont Extension Service, and a thirty-minute weekly public affairs show called You Can Quote Me. In September 2006, WCAX-TV introduced its third local program called Late Night Saturday. It was produced in conjunction with Champlain College for its Media Arts Department. The program was hosted by Tim Kavanagh and aired weekly on Saturday nights. It offered local musicians and artists a chance to perform in front of a live studio audience and showcase their work. It also featured local celebrities such as Rusty DeWees and national celebrities such as Luis Guzman. It ended after three seasons.

News operation
WCAX-TV grew out of a newspaper and has long been committed to local coverage. It has more of a Vermont focus compared with WPTZ which is based across Lake Champlain in Plattsburgh, New York. In 1997, WCAX-TV launched its weekday morning show that originally ran for one hour. It later expanded to a full two-hour broadcast. Overnight, it has been carrying CBS News' Up to the Minute since October 2005 following thirteen years of not airing it. In August 2006, it launched the first website designed for mobile phone browsers.

Starting July 16, 2007, WCAX-TV began to produce a weeknight 10 o'clock broadcast on "WCAXtra" known as Channel 3 News at 10. Although it was the first prime time show in the area, Fox affiliate WFFF-TV started a 10 p.m. newscast in 2008. In 2010, WCAX-TV put the 10PM newscasts on a hiatus, due to the majority of viewers not receiving WCAXtra Digital Channel 3.2 through their cable companies. On November 14, WCAX-TV relaunched its newscasts with a new look and became the first broadcaster in the area to air local news in 16:9 widescreen enhanced standard definition. However, this was not true high definition unlike WFFF-TV which has been airing its broadcasts in full 1080i resolution. In addition to its main studios, the station operates four news bureaus. An outpost in Montpelier was established in 1964 and is located on State Street (US 2) in Vermont's state capital. That was followed by bureaus located in Rutland, Vermont (on North Main Street opened in 1967), Plattsburgh (opened in 1973) and West Lebanon, New Hampshire (launched in 2002).

On December 2, 2008, the station laid off three of its employees and cut two vacant jobs. Although it declined to identify the laid-off employees, station officials stated that they were both on-air and off-air personnel. Shawna Lidsky (weekday morning sports anchor and sports reporter) and Rachael Morrow (weekday morning news producer and reporter) were two on-air personnel that were laid-off. Also, longtime "photog" Steve Longchamp was among the personalities let go. Owner Peter Martin said that declining advertising revenues due to the economic crisis caused the layoffs. Those were the first job cuts seen in the station's history.

On January 19, 2009, WCAX-TV announced that it had laid off several more employees. It specifically mentioned declining automotive commercial revenue, which is a major source of advertising for the station, as the cause of the second round of layoffs.

On May 12, 2009, at the end of the weeknight 6 o'clock broadcast, Marselis Parsons announced that he would be retiring as weeknight anchor and News Director. He stepped down as News Director at the end of May but continued anchoring the 6 p.m. newscast throughout the summer. Parsons was with WCAX-TV since 1967 and was News Director and weeknight anchor from 1984 until 2009. The station had won dozens of awards under his direction including the Radio-Television News Directors Association's "Best Television Newscast in the United States" in 2003. Parsons continued with the station as a part-time features reporter until his death in 2015. Former WCAX-TV news reporter Anson Tebbetts took over as News Director at the end of May 2009 and Senior Reporter Darren Perron began anchoring the broadcast when Parsons vacated the position.

On June 23, 2009, WCAX-TV upgraded its local news to high definition. The station switched its studio cameras to high definition (field cameras made the transition to HD later in the Fall). New graphics, flags, and intros were also put in place. The previous graphics had been used in all of its newscasts since 2000. On September 16, 2009, WCAX-TV announced that it would be hiring a full-time news reporter for the re-opening of its bureau in Rutland. During Summer 2010, WCAX-TV announced that it will be starting a weeknight 5 o'clock newscast beginning September 13. Weeknights at 5:30, a talk show was introduced, called The :30 (it has since been converted into a traditional newscast, Channel 3 News at 5:30). WCAX-TV also re-opened its Plattsburgh Bureau full-time. Although it had previously not aired newscasts in the weeknight 5 p.m. hour, WCAX-TV delays the CBS Evening News until 7 because it still airs an hour-long show weeknights at 6.

On September 7, 2013, WCAX-TV launched the area's second weekend morning newscast. The newscast airs on Saturday from 6 to 8 a.m. and Sunday from 8 to 9 a.m.

In popular culture
Longtime WCAX meteorologist and on-air personality Stuart Hall (1921–2011) was mentioned in the acknowledgements of the 1984 Rush album Grace Under Pressure.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Translator

 *  Rutland

Analog-to-digital conversion
WCAX-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 3, on February 17, 2009, the original date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station moved its digital signal from its pre-transition UHF channel 53, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to UHF channel 22 (formerly the analog channel position for ABC affiliate WVNY which now broadcasts on channel 13). Digital television receivers display WCAX-TV's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 3.

As a part of the repacking process following the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction, WCAX-TV was relocated to UHF channel 20 on October 24, 2019.

Viewership in Canada
The station has long had significant viewership in Montreal, which is more than ten times as large as its American coverage area. In the past, it has identified itself as serving "Burlington–Plattsburgh–Montreal" to acknowledge its Canadian viewership, though this practice largely ended in the 1990s.

Like other Champlain Valley stations, WCAX-TV once made a significant portion of its advertising sales across the border. However, Canadian advertising business has nearly dried up mostly due to the arrival of English-language station CKMI-DT-1, coupled with the Canadian simultaneous substitution regulations and the carriage of network affiliates from other United States markets (such as Boston and Detroit) on Canadian satellite and cable systems. Canada also discourages Canadian-based businesses from advertising on U.S.-based stations by not allowing tax deductions for commercials placed on stations outside of Canada.

title: WCAX-TV


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Gregory Abbott

Gregory Joel Abbott (born April 2, 1954) is an American singer, musician, composer and producer. Although he continues to record to date, he is best known for his singles in the mid-1980s including his platinum single, "Shake You Down", from his 1986 debut album.

Early life
Abbott was born in Harlem, New York. Abbott's parents were from Venezuela and Antigua. During his early years, Abbott's mother taught him how to play piano and encouraged him to develop vocally. Before his career as a musician, Abbott studied psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, and creative writing at Stanford; where he won a Wallace Stegner fellowship. Before becoming a musician, Abbott taught as a professor of English at the University of California, Berkeley.

Music career
One of Abbott's first opportunities in his studio was an album for an independent record label, which gave him the opportunity to do a duet with Whitney Houston. Continuing on, Abbott produced for the group EQ on Atlantic Records. In 1986, Abbott released his first solo album, Shake You Down. The title track for the album was a success, going platinum and topping the Billboard Hot 100. The album's second single, "I Got the Feelin' (It's Over)", reached Number 5 on the R&B chart. On the strength of its singles, the album reached platinum status and earned Abbott several awards.

Internationally, Abbott has also had success, winning first prize at the Tokyo Music Festival. The title track of his second album, "I'll Prove It to You", which was released in 1988, was featured on a Japanese movie soundtrack. In Belgium, he performed with Princess Stephanie of Monaco. Over the years much of his new music has been released via his own Mojo Man Entertainment label. Abbott has continued with his R&B sound, but he added a Caribbean influence to his 1996 album One World! In 2011, an album entitled Drop Your Mask was released. Abbott continues to release singles including a smooth jazz song "Chill" featuring saxophonist Gerald Albright.

Personal life
Abbott was married to American singer Freda Payne from 1976 until 1979. Their son, Gregory Joel Abbott, Jr., was born in 1977.

Compilation albums

 * Super Hits (Legacy Recordings, 1998)
 * Rhyme and Reason (Sony Music, 2006)

title: Gregory Abbott


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Tosa Mitsuoki

Tosa Mitsuoki (土佐 光起) was a Japanese painter.

Tosa Mitsuoki succeeded his father, Tosa Mitsunori (1583–1638), as head of the Tosa school and brought the Tosa school to Kyoto after around 50 years in Sakai. When the school was settled in Sakai, Mitsunori painted for townsmen. The school was not as prolific as it once was when Mitsunobu, who painted many fine scrolls (1434–1525) ran the school. Mitsuoki moved out of Sakai with his father, in 1634 and into the city of Kyoto. There, he hoped to revive the Tosa school to gain status back into the Kyoto court. Around the time of 1654 he gained a position as court painter (edokoro azukari) that had for many years traditionally been held by the Tosa family, but was in possession of the Kano school since the late Muromachi period (1338–1573).

Restoring the Tosa School
In 1634, Mitsuoki relocataed from Sakai, Osaka prefecture to the capitol at the behest of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. Mitsunori began painting ceremonial fans sensu for the court. In 1654, Mitsuoki succeeded his father, Tosa Mitsunori, when he was elevated to the title of the edokoro azukari,"head of the Imperial court painting bureau". The Tosa-ha prospered throughout the Edo period, during the years of 1600 to 1868. Tosa school works were again favored by the Kyoto elites at court. Showing influence form Chinese paintings and echoing stylistic choices of the Kano School, Mitsuoki's painting style deviated more so from Tosa style traditions than his predecessors granting him a wider audience of appeal to the changing art tastes of the imperial court. Mitsuoki descendants succeeded him in his role as edokoro azukari, starting with his son, Tosa Mitsunari (1646–1710). Many of the successors used the same techniques and style of painting as Mitsuoki, this lack of innovation by Mitsuoki's successors produced many works that could be misappropriated to Mitsuoki. This lack of adaption to the continuously evolving 17th century Japanese culture lead to the gradual disinterest in the family's work and its eventual die out in the nineteenth century. In 1690, Mitsuoki contributed to The Authoritative Summary of the Rules of Japanese Painting, Honchou gahou daiden (本朝画法大伝) a book detailing many Tosa painting techniques that had been traditionally handed down orally.

The Art Workshop
The court and political affiliated art school practices of historical Japan are far different than their contemporary counterparts in Europe and America, but more akin to a family craft, business, or workshop than academic institution where any person may apply and learn the trade. Many practices flourished during the Edo period, imploring different understandings of Japanese customs and Chinese artistic learning. Each school's practice was a closely guarded secret traditionally passed down orally or in short written documents from master to student. Unfortunately due to a multitude of circumstances many of these documents being lost or destroyed, there exists a limited wealth of written documentation. What little scattered and incomplete documentation that still exists is in the form of personal diaries, nikki, lists, letters, and inscriptions on artworks themselves. For many art workshops, labor would be divided based on seniority and skill, with the head of the workshop acting as a quasi-middleman between the aristocratic commissioner and the various craftsmen employed by the workshop; fulfilling the role of commissioner, preservationist and restorationist, appraiser, and official channel of communications.

After Death
The later Tosa style of the eighteenth century showed very little strength or promise due to loss of patrons and overshadowing from the Kanō school. The school was affected by the growing popularity of the study of Japanese history and the rise of the imperial family. Around the nineteenth century, there was a distinct revival under two artist named Tanaka Totsugen and Reizei Tamechika who specialized in repeating Mitsuoki's work. Their work reaffirmed the Japanese spirit of Yamato-e, which they made many copies. Their art reflected political philosophy and sometimes had a historical connecting because several of the artists were also faithful to the imperial cause. The two artists were revivalists, and got so caught up in painting historical figures, that they overlooked the special greatness of the early artists who specialized in movement and realism. The most successful successors invented their own artistic style but kept the predecessors tradition of painting in strong color with an intense feeling of natural beauty.

Style
Mitsuoki reinvigorated the Yamato-e(大和絵) style of classical Japanese painting. Yamato-e originated from interest in reproducing early Tang dynasty (AD 618–907) paintings, and was later reinvented and further refined to fit Japanese cultural perceptions in the late Heian period (794-1185). Yamato-e, sometimes referred to as wa-e or kazu-e (和絵) had become synonymous with the Tosa-ha by the Muromachi period as a way for Japanese artist to distinguish their works from those of mainland Chinese paintings, kara-e (唐絵). Yamato-e incorporated various visual and literary techniques for establishing narrative. Works were not always accompanied with text and may rely on heavily on period specific visual motifs, icons, and symbols to relay a story or theme. Tosa style by the time of Mitsuoki focused heavily on depicting themes of plants and nature, famous places, meisho-e (名所絵), the four seasons, shiki-e (四季絵), bird-and-flower, kachō-e (花鳥絵). Many of these popular symbols and icons from mimicking Chinese practices, treating the original Chinese masterwork as a sort of prototype to improve upon. Popular formats for Mitsuoki's pictures were wall scrolls kakemono (掛け物), or handscrolls (emakimono) that would be read from right to left with the accompanied story, sliding doors fusuma and folding screen panels byobu that featured up to six panels. Mitsuoki's style incorporated the depth and calligraphy techniques of ink wash brushwork similar to Song dynasty (AD 960–1279) and Yuan dynasty (AD 1271–1368) Chinese court paintings, used cartoon-like sketch linework, innovation of historical designs, and excellent execution of decorative elements. With the great shifts to Japanese cultural and social structures over the two hundred and fifty-odd years, new art schools and practices arose that the recently popular revival of the Tosa had to contend with. The new influences such as the Kano style and Ukiyo-e, with their reimaging of birds, beasts, and the plant life of Japan can be seen influencing Tosa Mitsuoki's practice.

One of the best Yamato-e painters of the time was Mitsuoki. His paintings reintroduced subject matter into the arts. His urbanized surroundings heavily influenced his style, with a wide angle of art ranging from "Quails and Flowers", to tree and scenery paintings on gold leaf screens. Mitsuoki reinstated the Tosa school style by incorporating the space and light touch somewhat similar to the earlier Song dynasty and Yuan dynasty (AD 960–1279) Chinese court paintings. He also put greater stress on ink brushwork. Mitsuoki had a style that was decorative, refined, and precise all at the same time, and throughout his career he maintained a consistent delivery. The birds and the landscapes were soft and delicate lines formed some inspiring pieces filled with beauty. His light-hearted linework, originality of design, and excellent execution, Mitsuoki combined tones which were bright without hardness, sometimes with touches of gold forming a harmony of color that was hard to find in his era. He became one of the most renowned Japanese exponents of bird-and-flower (kachō) painting in the Chinese court manner and is especially noted in his precise depictions of quail. His flower pieces were elegant, and given some tender sediment. Mitsuoki's sternness of his older style, never lost its dignity, but gained gentleness and tranquility. The Emperor, nobles and rich families collected and preserved his books.

The Tosa School
The Tosa school, in its own history, expressly stated that the school founded in the ninth century owed nothing to the influence of China. But the style of the Tosa school looks like it was greatly influenced by Chinese painting. Apart from religious subjects, it occupied a special position in art specializing in the taste of the Court of Kyoto. Quails and Peacocks, cherry tree branches in flower, cocks and hens, Daimyōs with their samurai in gorgeous ceremonial costumes, were painted as time went on with extreme care and patience and attention to detail. As the years went on, their style became more and more precise, almost down to a science. The Tosa painters towards the end of their popularity, lost much of their prestige to artists of the later Kanō school, whose studies included a wider scope and bigger variety of subject matter. The paintings of the Tosa school were distinguished by the elegance and precision of its design, while their counterparts, the Kanō school, was well known for its power and freedom of design.

Tosa School and Kanō School
If the past works of the Tosa school and Kanō school are closely observed, there is clear proof that both of the traditional schools have a similar way of handling their draftsmanship. Both were patronized from the Japanese courts around the same time period, and specialized in Yamato-e and ukiyo-e paintings. At the same time, they both served different uses within the Edo court. Kanō painters were usually commissioned to paint the screens and hanging scrolls displayed in official audience halls and other public spaces in shōgun and daimyō residences where men gathered and intermixed. The courtly style of the Tosa artists, on the other hand, was usually deemed more appropriate for the decorations of the private rooms occupied by women and children and for the albums and scrolls that were often included in weddings. However, there was a clear stylistic relationship among the members of the two schools. Not just the artwork was similar between the Tosa school and the Kanō school, the family line between the two has even been crossed at one time. The daughter of Tosa Mitsunobu married Kanō Motonobu. After the decline in popularity of the Tosa school during Mitsumochi's period (1496–1559), the Kano school overshadowed it and the Tosa school's artists usually worked under Kano school artists, sometimes helping sketch out final pieces for Kanō artists. The lack of innovation in the Tosa school style made a disconnection with the Japanese public because it did not capture the peoples hopes and dreams.

Arts in Edo during Mitsuoki's life
After Tokugawa Ieyasu established Edo, the city went into a long period of isolation. The third shōgun of Tokugawa, shut off Japan from the world to make his hold more secure, besides very limited contacts at the port of Nagasaki. Differences of opinion among the Christian missionaries who had been in Japan for nearly a century helped to bring about the exclusionist policy which at around 1637, closed Japan to all foreign interaction. During this time, Edo Japan flourished into a very political economic and artistic center of Japan. It slowly grew to be one of the largest cities of the world, and its art in many ways showed the spirit of the new and boisterous metropolis. This is when Edo saw an emerging middle class. Fortunately the activities of each class, as long as they did not seem to conflict with the prestige of the higher-ranked military clans, were allowed to develop their own social styles and culture. Before this, the arts were usually reserved for the upper class and the more fortunate courts. Artists were not under the Kyoto courts pressure to produce work only for the higher class. In the "floating world", artists were free to select their own style and even their own target audience. With this, arose new types of art appropriate to the interests of merchants and the middle class. Art was no longer reserved for the elite class, now it belonged to whoever could afford it. The Shōgun of Edo and the Kyoto court continued to support the Tosa school as well as the other prominent school of the time, such as the Kano school.

Ancestry
Fujiwara Yukimitsu (藤原 行光) (fl. 1352–1389) Founder of the Tosa-ha.

Fujiwara Yukihiro, Tosa Shogen (藤原 行広) (fl. 1406–1434)

Mitsunobu (光信) (1434–1525) 11th Generational Head of Family. Mitsumochi (光茂) (1496 – ca.1559) 12th Generational Head of Family.

Mitsumoto (光元) (fl. 1530–1569) 13th Generational Head of Family.

Mitsuyoshi (光吉) (1539–1613) 14th Generational Head of Family.

Mitsunori (光則) (1583–1638) 15th Generational Head of Family.

Mitsuoki (光起) (1617–1691) 16th Generational Head of Family.

Mitsunari (光成) (1646–1710) 17th Generational Head of Family.

Bibliography and references

 * Gerhart, Karen M. The Eyes of Power: Art and Early Tokugawa Authority. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999.
 * Guth, Christine. Art of Edo Japan the Artist and the city, 1615–1868. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1996.
 * Guth, Christine. The Tokugawa as patrons and collectors, in The Japan of Shoguns: The Tokugawa Collection. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, 1989.
 * Lillehoj, Elizabeth. Acquisition: Art and Ownership in Edo-Period Japan. Warren, CT: Floating World Editions Inc, 2007. 9, 172.
 * Lillehoj, Elizabeth,Screech, Timon. "Owning Edo-Period Paintings". Acquisition: Art and Ownership in Edo-Period Japan. Warren, CT: Floating World Editions Inc, 2007. 23–51.
 * Paine, Robert T. The Pelican History of Art. Penguin Books, 1975.
 * Watson, Professor William. The Great Japan Exhibition: Art of The Edo Period 1600–1868. Royal Academy of Arts/Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1981.
 * Minamoto, H. An Illustrated History of Japanese Art. Japan: Kyoto K. Hoshino, 1935.
 * Munsterberg, Hugo. Arts of Japan An Illustrated History. Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 1957.
 * Swann, Peters C. An Introduction to the Arts of Japan. 15 West 47th Street, New York, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, inc.
 * Tosa school (Japanese painting) (Britannica Online Encyclopedia).
 * Ueda, Makoto. Literary and Art Theories in Japan. Chapter 9: "In Search of the Lifelike: Mitsuoki on the Art of Painting". Ann Arbor: University of *Michigan Center for Japanese Studies, 1991.
 * Fumiko, Cranston, “Translation of Waka Poems on Tosa Mitsuoki's Flowing Cherry and Autumn Maple with Poem Slips,” Beyond Golden Clouds, ed. Katz, Janice. 48–57. Chicago, Illinois: The Art Institute of Chicago, 2009.
 * Phillips, Quitman. "Circumstances of Painting". The Practices of Painting in Japan, 1475-1500. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2000. 25–37.
 * Stern, Harold. "Edo and Modern Periods." Birds, Beasts, Blossoms, and Bugs: The Nature of Japan. New York, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishing. 30, 65–67.
 * 守屋,正彦. すぐわかる日本の絵画. 東京: 東京美術, 2002. ISBN 4-8087-0716-0
 * 吉田,友之. 桑実寺縁起. "続日本絵巻大成13　桑実寺縁起・道成寺縁起". Ed.小松茂美. 東京: 中央公論社, 1982. 122–132.
 * 宮島, 新一. 日本の美術247　土佐光信と土佐派の系譜, 至文堂. 1986.
 * 千野, 香織. 南北朝・室町時代の絵巻物 東京, ブリュッケ, 星雲社, 2010. 170–177. ISBN 9784434145834
 * 守屋,正彦. すぐわかる日本の絵画. 東京: 東京美術, 2002. ISBN 4-8087-0716-0
 * 吉田,友之. 桑実寺縁起. "続日本絵巻大成13　桑実寺縁起・道成寺縁起". Ed.小松茂美. 東京: 中央公論社, 1982. 122–132.
 * 宮島, 新一. 日本の美術247　土佐光信と土佐派の系譜, 至文堂. 1986.
 * 千野, 香織. 南北朝・室町時代の絵巻物 東京, ブリュッケ, 星雲社, 2010. 170–177. ISBN 9784434145834

title: Tosa Mitsuoki


text: User talk:69.196.230.50

title: User talk:69.196.230.50


text: User talk:81.158.132.155

title: User talk:81.158.132.155


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Talk:Venus figurine

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2019 and 6 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Allymoores, Slovett23, Dominique Ardis, Jess lorraine.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:19, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Notable specimens
At this subsection, I suggest to add an additional field on the very right side, with a small tiny screenshot or link to the specific figurine. Something small, like 25x25 or 50x50. The reason why I suggest it is is this - right now I clicked on each link, and had a look at the figurines manually one at a time. But this was a bit tedious: I think it would be easier for the visitor to have a small GRAPHICAL overview too; nothing complicated, just tiny screenshots of each figurine. 2A02:8388:1641:8D00:BE5F:F4FF:FECD:7CB2 (talk) 21:30, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

A few comments for the students
Allymoores, Slovett23, Dominique Ardis, Jess lorraine - a couple of minor guideline issues - WP:Section headings use sentence case and you need to follow our guideline on British-American spelling at WP:ENGVAR. Also if you are changing text that is already sourced, please make sure that the change is a better representation of what the source says. Thanks. Doug Weller talk 11:32, 14 November 2019 (UTC)
 * ...Or you have another good source. A comment for the instructor: assigning the same article to four students is most unusual, and looks like a bad idea. Johnbod (talk) 13:48, 14 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Students work in groups sometimes and it means they have to coordinate their efforts to decide which parts of the article they'll each work on, while perhaps overlapping in some parts. That doesn't seem particularly problematic, at least to me eyes. Richard Nevell (talk) 22:44, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

Also for the students: something on the historiography of the topic would be very useful to add. Randall White's paper on 'The Women of Brassempouy: A Century of Research and Interpretation' (currently cited in the article) gives some background and a few threads to pull on if you have time to go in search of more information. Richard Nevell (talk) 23:20, 14 November 2019 (UTC)
 * This: Vandewettering, Kaylea R. (2015) "Upper Paleolithic Venus Figurines and Interpretations of Prehistoric Gender Representations", PURE Insights: Vol. 4, Article 7, free online - is a good deal broader, & more recent, but is one of those published undergraduate papers. Not exactly a RS, but a useful pointer to stuff that is, from a feminist perspective. Johnbod (talk) 00:53, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
 * The picture of the Yeliseevichi Venus figurine in Vandewettering's article is the photo of a replica, obviously not noticed by the author. That might show that she is not acquainted with her chosen topic.  The article is a simple,  tiny bit of writing by a student, not worth to mention for any student of social sciences, anthropology or whatever. Students should be advised not to waste time reading such stuff. By the way: Wikipedia is not a place for a recommending literature or care for students. Maybe somebody should delete the whole discussion here.Mr. bobby (talk) 16:43, 17 November 2019 (UTC)

Draft page which could be assisted
There is a draft page by DA, Draft:Venus figurines of Kostjonki, which could use assistance and maybe easily mainspaced to join the ranks. Thanks. Randy Kryn (talk) 13:52, 14 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've moved it back to mainspace with some additional sources. I do wish NPPers weren't so quick to draftify articles on clearly notable topics... – Joe (talk) 13:32, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

Venus of Laussel
The Venus of Laussel is a relief. It is called "venus" but not "Venus figurine". Because it is not a figurine. Mr. bobby (talk) 08:58, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * It is technically a relief yes, but it is frequently discussed together with other Venuses and googling "Venus of Laussel" turns up plenty of sources that describe it specifically as a "Venus figurine", e.g. . As we have discussed on this talk page before, I don't think any of the sources are as exacting in defining Venuses as you are. Pedantically excluding the Venus of Laussel does not improve the article. – Joe (talk) 12:52, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree. The situation is similar, but reversed, with Palaeolithic animal images, where figurines and reliefs are the minority. Johnbod (talk) 12:57, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

"Venus of Laussel" is categorized as a "Venus figurine", as anybody can see in the article "Venus of Laussel"(scroll to the bottom und watch). It is a pity that an archeologist calls clear statements "pedantic". Mixing parietal und portable art dimisses any clear meaning of different kinds of art and its use and fuction for the paleolithic society. This archeologist also sticks to the name "Venus" - as if this term would have any significance. But he doesn't grasp the crucial differences. And he even gets somebody who simply aggrees. Mr. bobby (talk) 10:14, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

It's getting worse and worse. Now the Venus of Laussel is under the heading "notable Figurines" but connected with the hint "note as a relief ". How contradictory should it be? The V. of Laussel has to be deleted very simply. Science is always trying to avoid logical contradictions such as " a relief is a kind of figurine".Mr. bobby (talk) 12:59, 8 May 2020 (UTC) Mr. bobby (talk) 12:59, 8 May 2020 (UTC)
 * As far as I'm concerned, this is essentially art history, not "science", and it is clearly appropriate to mention similar contemporary depictions in other forms. The ones I question are the Siberian figures, whose significant differences should at least be covered. Johnbod (talk) 15:12, 8 May 2020 (UTC)
 * We're not here to do science Mr. bobby, we're here to write an encyclopaedia for general readers that summarises what reliable sources say. – Joe (talk) 08:03, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

A useful WP article has to without logical contradictions. A figurine is no relief. An therefor the Venus of Laussel is no figurine and cannot be categorized as figurine. As a consequence of logical conistency - the material is said to be "limestone, but a relief". But it is simply limestone. Mr. bobby (talk) 09:36, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Notable Figurine Dating
Venus of Willendorf has estimated dates of between 24,000 - 26,000 years ago on the list of notable figurines but when you click the link it says about 30,000 years ago on the main Venus of Willendorf page. Most other sources seem to agree with the 30,000 estimate.

A couple of other dating inconsistencies include: Brassempouy says 23,000 but its actual page says 25,000; and Dolní Věstonice says 27,000 to 31,000 but the page says between 29,000 and 25,000. Wuffles1 (talk) 08:59, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

On closer inspection I can see that some of these differences in dates come as a result of 'BCE' vs 'years ago', and so this explains a couple of them. My apologies. It still doesn't account for the difference in age of the Venus of Willendorf though. Wuffles1 (talk) 09:22, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

 * I hope the "years ago" sources aren't actually using BP, as you can't automatically make that conversion. Doug Weller  talk 10:38, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

Article appearing as "not being created"
Is anyone else having issues with the article appearing on their dashboard? Obviously the page has been made, and edits are recorded on this page but in my dashboard it states "This article has not been created yet."

Has the location been moved / is anyone having the same issues and has any tips?

Thanks!

self depiction by female artist?
Not likely. They're all ass, boobs and no head. Just the way most men would depict women today. It wasn't a woman who made these...... it was a man.

 * Women have been known to capture their form Thornfield Hall — Preceding undated comment added 09:04, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

Revert of information from an undergraduate paper
I revertet the changes using the problematic article of Vadewetering. Argument can be found in a former discussion:
 * This: Vandewettering, Kaylea R. (2015) "Upper Paleolithic Venus Figurines and Interpretations of Prehistoric Gender Representations", PURE Insights: Vol. 4, Article 7, free online - is a good deal broader, & more recent, but is one of those published undergraduate papers. Not exactly a RS, but a useful pointer to stuff that is, from a feminist perspective. Johnbod (talk) 00:53, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The picture of the Yeliseevichi Venus figurine in Vandewettering's article is the photo of a replica, obviously not noticed by the author. That might show that she is not acquainted with her chosen topic. The article is a simple, tiny bit of writing by a student, not worth to mention for any student of social sciences, anthropology or whatever. Mr. bobby (talk) 16:43, 17 November 2019 (UTC) Mr. bobby (talk) 10:58, 28 May 2021 (UTC)

No weapons found with/high concentrations of/Venus figurines
According to Merlin Stone's sources from When God Was A Woman. Would love to see some discussion of the facts & implications here; seems absolutely important to note & have Alexae1367 (talk) 01:26, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

Idol or representation
Would there be any evidence so as to decide whether the figurines were modelled after actual observation or rather an idealization? Which would heip to justify conclusions as to historic body shapes. I wish to suggest that pre-historice times frequently were times of periodical hunger and the figurines might reflect wishful thinking rather than true represenation. Ol hogger (talk) 13:40, 9 June 2022 (UTC)—
 * Evidence, no. Speculation, plenty. 14:07, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

Removal of interpretation section
I believe this section is borderline editorializing and presents a lot of potentially unbalanced opinions in a a balanced way. I think it either needs removed or completely reworked by a subject matter expert. Malnu (talk) 22:52, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * "presents a lot of potentially unbalanced opinions in a a balanced way" - is that a bad thing? What might "balance" represent in this context? The second thing would be good; the first is unlikely to happen. All the points are referenced, so how is this "borderline editorializing"? Johnbod (talk) 04:08, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is indeed a bad thing and explicitly against the manual of style.
 * Editorialization can be sourced, it's about the language used.
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view
 * "Prefer nonjudgmental language. A neutral point of view neither sympathizes with nor disparages its subject (or what reliable sources say about the subject), although this must sometimes be balanced against clarity. Present opinions and conflicting findings in a disinterested tone. Do not editorialize. When editorial bias towards one particular point of view can be detected the article needs to be fixed. The only bias that should be evident is the bias attributed to the source."
 * In my opinion, this section seems to favor these authors opinions. Any mainstream dissenting views? How do these disparate views work with each other, are they compatible or not? Are these the mainstream historical points of view or fringe theories? I think these are good questions for a historian or archaeologist who studies these figures. And maybe it all remains here in the talk page. At face value, and from a lay person point of view (the audience this encyclopedia is written for), I can't tell whether or not these opinions should be taken seriously, whether they are mainstream, or whether they are controversial.
 * I'm glad we agree that it needs reworked. I wish I knew a historian to bother about this, but this is about as much as I can say about the subject. This is mostly a matter of style and presentation of the content, not a qualm with the content itself.
 * PS. I just took another look at the article, and I like the edits you made. Seems to be a better organization and the opinions seem to be more balanced. Happy editing, and thanks for taking the time to discuss this. :) Malnu (talk) 18:41, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Venus figurine


text:
Daniel Hale Williams

Daniel Hale Williams (January 18, 1856 – August 4, 1931) was an American surgeon and hospital founder. An African American, he founded Provident Hospital in 1891, which was the first non-segregated hospital in the United States. Provident also had an associated nursing school for African Americans. He is known for having completed the first successful heart surgery.

In 1913, Williams was elected as the only African-American charter member of the American College of Surgeons.

Early life and education
Williams was born in 1856 and raised in the city of Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. His father, Daniel Williams Jr., was the son of a Scots-Irish woman and a black barber. His mother, Sarah Price, was black American. His Williams family great grandfather was listed in the 1790 U. S. census for Philadelphia City, as 'other free,' a designation that included black Americans.

The fifth born child, Williams lived with his parents, a brother and five sisters. His family eventually moved to Annapolis, Maryland. Shortly after when Williams was nine, his father died of tuberculosis. Williams' mother realized she could not manage the entire family and sent some of the children to live with relatives. Williams was apprenticed to a shoemaker in Baltimore, Maryland but ran away to join his mother, who had moved to Rockford, Illinois. He later moved to Edgerton, Wisconsin, where he joined his sister and opened his own barber shop. After moving to nearby Janesville, Wisconsin, Williams became fascinated by the work of a local physician and decided to follow his path.

He began working as an apprentice to Henry W. Palmer, studying with him for two years. In 1880, Williams entered Chicago Medical College, now known as Northwestern University Medical School. His education was funded by Mary Jane Richardson Jones, a prominent activist and leader of Chicago's black community. After graduation from Northwestern in 1883, he opened his own medical office in Chicago, Illinois.

Career
When Williams graduated from what is today Northwestern University Medical School, he opened a private practice where his patients were white and black. Black doctors, however, were not allowed to work in America's private hospitals.

Provident Hospital
As a result, in 1891, Williams founded the Provident Hospital, which also provided a training residency for doctors and training school for nurses in Chicago. This was established mostly for the benefit of African-American residents, to increase their accessibility to health care, but its staff and patients were integrated from the start.

Heart surgery
In 1893, Williams became the first African American on record to have successfully performed pericardium surgery to repair a wound. On September 6, 1891, Henry Dalton had been the first American to successfully perform pericardium surgery to repair a wound. Earlier successful surgeries to drain the pericardium, by performing a pericardiostomy were done by Francisco Romero in 1801 and Dominique Jean Larrey in 1810.

On July 10, 1893, Williams repaired the torn pericardium of a knife wound patient, James Cornish. Cornish, who was stabbed directly through the left fifth costal cartilage, had been admitted the previous night. Williams decided to operate the next morning in response to continued bleeding, cough and "pronounced" symptoms of shock. He performed this surgery, without the benefit of penicillin or blood transfusion, at Provident Hospital, Chicago. It was not reported until 1897. He undertook a second procedure to drain fluid. About fifty days after the initial procedure, Cornish left the hospital.

Public and teaching posts
In 1893, during the administration of President Grover Cleveland, Williams was appointed surgeon-in-chief of Freedman's Hospital in Washington, D.C., a post he held until 1898. That year he married Alice Johnson, who was born in the city and graduated from Howard University, and moved back to Chicago. In addition to organizing Provident Hospital, Williams also established a training school for African-American nurses at the facility. In 1897, he was appointed to the Illinois Department of Public Health, where he worked to raise medical and hospital standards.

Williams was a Professor of Clinical Surgery at Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee, and was an attending surgeon at Cook County Hospital in Chicago. He worked to create more hospitals that admitted African Americans. In 1895 he co-founded the National Medical Association for African-American doctors, and in 1913 he became a charter member and the only African-American doctor in the American College of Surgeons.

Death
His wife, Alice Johnson, died in 1924. Williams died in relative obscurity, of a stroke in Idlewild, Michigan on August 4, 1931. He was funeralized at St Anselm Catholic Church in Chicago, and there is debate about how well attended the service was.

Personal life

Williams was married in 1898 to Alice Johnson, natural daughter of the Jewish-American sculptor Moses Jacob Ezekiel and a biracial maid. His retirement home was in Idlewild, Michigan, a black community.

Williams was baptized a Catholic by Fr Joseph Eckert, SVD on his deathbed. He left $2,500 (worth $44,686 in 2021) in his will to St. Elizabeth's Church in Chicago. Williams was buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago's Uptown neighborhood.

Legacy
In the 1890s several attempts were made to improve cardiac surgery. On September 6, 1891, the first successful pericardial sac repair operation in the United States of America was performed by Henry C. Dalton of Saint Louis, Missouri. The first successful surgery on the heart itself was performed by Norwegian surgeon Axel Cappelen on September 4, 1895, at Rikshospitalet in Kristiania, now Oslo. The first successful surgery of the heart, performed without any complications, was by Ludwig Rehn of Frankfurt, Germany, who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle on September 7, 1896. Despite these improvements, heart-related surgery was not widely accepted in the field of medical science until during World War II. Surgeons were forced to improve their methods of surgery in order to repair severe war wounds. Although they did not receive early recognition for their pioneering work, Dalton and Williams were later recognised for their roles in cardiac surgery.

Honors
Williams received honorary degrees from Howard and Wilberforce Universities, was named a charter member of the American College of Surgeons, and was a member of the Chicago Surgical Society.
 * A Pennsylvania State Historical Marker was placed at U.S. Route 22 eastbound (Blair St., 300 block), Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, to commemorate his accomplishments and mark his boyhood home.
 * His home in Chicago is now known as the Daniel Hale Williams House and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
 * His retirement home in Idlewild was given a historical marker by the state of Michigan in 2008.
 * Several schools are named in his honor, including the Daniel Hale Williams Preparatory School of Medicine in Chicago; Daniel Hale Williams Elementary in Gary, Indiana; P.S. 307 Daniel Hale Williams in Brooklyn; and M.S. 180 Dr. Daniel Hale Williams in the Bronx.
 * Williams Park in Chicago is also named in his honor.

Representation in other media

 * The Stevie Wonder song "Black Man" honors the achievements of Williams, among others.
 * Tim Reid Plays Williams in the TV series Sister, Sister season 5 episode 18 "I Have a Dream" (February 25, 1998).
 * In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Daniel Hale Williams on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.
 * His life (along with Ulysses Grant Dailey) is retold in the 1948 radio drama "The Heart of George Cotton", presented by Destination Freedom

title: Daniel Hale Williams


text:
TM (cellular service)

TM (formerly known as Islacom, Touch Mobile, and Republika ng TM and also known as TM Tambayan) is a Filipino cellular service brand of Filipino telecommunications company Globe Telecom.

History
TM was launched on September 12, 2001, as Touch Mobile, initially catering to the middle income market, and has since covered lower-income groups as well, making it Globe's value brand offering. The service has gained popularity for its discounted call and messaging services, with the "All Network" offers allowing TM subscribers to communicate with users from other local networks.

Touch Mobile was started as the first mobile brand in the Philippines that introduced voice messaging system in 2001. Due to the majority of SMS users, the voice messaging system was discontinued and instead focused on SMS-based services.

Rebranding
In 2005, the brand was relaunched as TM "Ang Bagong Touch Mobile" (English: The new Touch Mobile), and then as TM "Pinalakas na Touch Mobile" (English: The stronger Touch Mobile) while keeping the slogan "Power to the People!", reaching even subscribers of low income and rural communities.

Its new name Republika ng TM (Filipino: Republic of TM) and adding three stars and the sun above the logo, and their slogan "Astig Tayo Dito!" (Filipino: We are cool here!) was introduced in 2009.

In 2019, "Republika ng TM" was rebranded as "TM Tambayan" with an updated logo heavily based on the colors on the flag of the Philippines, which the brand focused on continuous of fun and happy Filipino (also known as "FunPinoy") moments.

title: TM (cellular service)


text:
Talk:Historical race concepts

Consumer genetics and WP:DUE
before reverting again, you might want to read WP:DUE and WP:EW. --Rsk6400 (talk) 18:48, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

Your repeated edits have some problems: WP:DUE basically says that you can't answer to the declaration of an international body of scientists (AAPA) using a source by a single scientist and another one by a private company. MOS:INTRO says that the lede should summarize the body of the article, while your edits introduce an idea that is not covered in the body. Furthermore, the article is about historical concepts, not about the current debate on races. And, maybe most important: WP:BRD says that you have to join the discussion here to avoid an edit war. Please click on the links I gave to see the relevant guidelines of Wikipedia. If you repeat your changes, I will take the case to WP:AN/3RR. --Rsk6400 (talk) 05:12, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

 * You started the edit war and should have created a talk entry to express your disagreements after your initial revert. WP:DUE says nothing of the sort, this is your personal opinion. Since the article concerns historical racial concepts, then a contemporary statement from the AAPA (which is not once mentioned in the body of the article) should not be included, period. If it is included, then an opposing contemporary statement from a reliable source, such as the Harvard Reich Lab, should be included to maintain neutrality. The introductory statement that With the rise of modern genetics, the concept of distinct human races in a biological sense has become obsolete is particularly misleading and is not supported by the quote from the AAPA, which discusses the social consequences of historical racial concepts. Furthermore, at least one third of this article is dedicated to modern debunking of historical race concepts. If you wish to be this stringent, then this section should be placed in a separate article titled Criticism of Historical Race Concepts, just as the Moon Landing Conspiracies article is separate to the Moon Landing article. If not, readers should be presented with a neutral point of view that better reflects the current debate within the scientific community, which is far more nuanced than is implied by this article, as documented by contemporary studies, such as Fuerst (2015) (p.84). -- 999eggs999 (talk)
 * See this edit for an updated version of introduction with no references to contemporary sources. This is a fair and neutral compromise (for the introduction); it better summarizes the content of the article and includes many useful additional links. Do not reincorporate inappropriate contemporary sources that are not mentioned in the article body. -- 999eggs999 (talk)
 * WP:DUE says Generally, the views of tiny minorities should not be included at all .... That's why you can't trump AAPA with Reich. Of course, the AAPA is important because the debunking by modern genetics is the end of the history of those race concepts. You were right, AAPA was missing in the body of the article, that's why I added it. You should really read the AAPA text, because its focus is not the discussion of the social consequences, but of the genetic reasons why races in the biological understanding of the word don't exist. That's the reason why the narrative "UNESCO was denying the existence of races for reasons that are un-scientific" doesn't work. Regarding the edit war, I'd like to remind you that it was me who started this discussion. --Rsk6400 (talk) 18:01, 18 April 2021 (UTC)
 * The Harvard Reich Lab is not a "tiny minority." Modern genetics have not debunked the concepts, in fact modern genetics have validated many aspects of such historical concepts, as confirmed by Reich and many leading geneticists, including large global leading organizations (e.g., 23andme). Any modern racial concepts included on a Wiki regarding historical racial concepts should include the full spectrum of modern racial concepts, which are by no means as biased against the existence of racial groups as this page implies, as demonstrated by numerous comprehensive studies. There was no claim that UNESCO was denying the existence of races for reasons that were unscientific, merely that a scientific debate began after the Second World War and that it was driven by sociopolitical motives - an undeniable fact. Moreover, UNESCO did not deny the existence of biological races, which you would know, if you had read their statements. I am very familiar with the work and stances of the AAPA, they exhibit the same overt biases as yourself, as identified by your own user page. You have a personal political agenda and aim to withhold and distort information from readers. -- 999eggs999 (talk)
 * I'm wondering why you said that my user page exhibits "overt biases". Are you referring to the profound dislike of all forms of racism that I claim to have acquired ? --Rsk6400 (talk) 09:48, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

NPOV issues in terms of anthropology around the world?
It seems that while American and many (but not all) Western European anthropologists don't find validity in racial categories, the same cannot be said of those in other regions and countries—starting with Russia and Eastern Europe, plus China and other Asian countries. Just a brief survey of the scholarship reveals this to be true—see here for one obvious example, in which it's made clear that: "Race, once the central concept in physical anthropology worldwide, now varies in the degree of support it receives in different regions ." Curious if those with more expertise have concern about the article failing to include non-Western perspectives. Thanks! Elle Kpyros (talk) 19:15, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * That's not an issue - your source is nearly 17 years old. Also, it's a matter of biology, not of perspective. --Rsk6400 (talk) 19:23, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * This article cites the American Anthropological Association in the lead as the definitive view—and certainly anthropology has had more effect on historical race concepts than the relatively much-newer contributions of genetics. And even Wikipedia itself, on the subject of race, acknowledges significant variation in the views of present-day anthropologists. How familiar are you with the race concept in anthropology in Chinese or other non-Western societies? And in terms of genetics, there's no mention of new information that is challenging the current "orthodoxy" on group differences—what about the work of David Reich and others? Elle Kpyros (talk) 22:32, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
 * This kind of discussion has a tendency to go on until the heat death of the universe, e.g. Talk:Race_and_intelligence, so please excuse me from answering the same kind of question for the one thousand and first time. --Rsk6400 (talk) 05:04, 29 April 2021 (UTC)

Edit on Darwin's views on race
1."Darwin was, after all, a man of his time, class and society. True, he was committed to a monogenic, rather than the prevailing polygenic, view of human origins, but he still divided humanity into distinct races according to differences in skin, eye or hair colour. He was also convinced that evolution was progressive, and that the white races—especially the Europeans—were evolutionarily more advanced than the black races, thus establishing race differences and a racial hierarchy." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672903/

2.First, although Darwin may indeed have opposed slavery, he did not believe in racial equality. In the Descent of Man (1871) he cited the work of his generation’s leading ethnologists — J. Barnard Davis and Paul Broca — in linking cranial capacity with racial and ethnic hierarchies. Darwin was quite clear on the matter; “science” demonstrated that craniometrics allowed for the ranking of intellect accordingly: "The belief that there exists in man some close relationship between the size of the brain and the development of the intellectual faculties is supported by the comparison of skulls of savage and civilized races, of ancient and modern people, and by the analogy of the whole vertebrate series. Dr. J. Barnard Davis has proved [emphasis added], by many careful measurements, that the mean internal capacity of the skull in Europeans is 92.3 cubic inches; in Americans 87.5; in Asians 87.1; and in Australians only 81.9 cubic inches." http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F937.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=238

3.Darwin would tell the Reverend Charles Kingsley in a letter dated February 6, 1862, “It is very true what you say about the higher races of men, when high enough, replacing & clearing off the lower races. In 500 years how the Anglo-saxon race will have spread & exterminated whole nations; & in consequence how much the Human race, viewed as a unit, will have risen in rank.” https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-3439.xml

4.Divergence in mental and social characteristics, Darwin proposed, was due to the environmental conditions in which groups lived, and advancement in civilization was a by-product of competition among groups. Further, the harsher the environment, the more inventiveness was required for survival. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0013502--Katya72918 (talk) 06:12, 24 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for responding positively to my message on your talk page. Unfortunately, there seems to be a misunderstanding: This talk page is not for providing sources, but for discussing how to improve the article. The sources should be added to the article itself in the form of references, see Help:References. Since at least one of your 4 sources is a primary source, you might also want to look at WP:PSTS. Finally, I think text based on your sources should not be added to the section Historical_race_concepts, but it might be possible to add it to the section Historical_race_concepts (which I didn't check, so I'm not sure about that). --Rsk6400 (talk) 11:16, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

 * But Isn't that single line is coming from your interpretation and cherrypicking of a primary source(Darwins Book).--Katya72918 (talk) 13:09, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

 * To be honest, I didn't see that before. But I don't think it's a real problem, since the section focuses on the arguments for the rejection of distinct races by modern biology. And the sentence about Darwin and Blumenbach only states that one of the central arguments was already observed by them. --Rsk6400 (talk) 16:33, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is a big problem. First you are interpreting a primary source incorrectly. Besides there is a huge difference between Darwin's argument about race and modern anthropology.I think it should be removed or added more context.--Katya72918 (talk) 12:14, 26 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The interpretation given in the text (not by me, though) is The fact that there are no sharp distinctions between the supposed racial groups ... Please explain why that should be wrong. --Rsk6400 (talk) 13:06, 26 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Because that is not book says.The exact wording is "It may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant". This is not equal to "there are no sharp distinctions between the supposed racial groups" .Your interpretation of Darwin sentence directly contradicts his view on difference between races on cranial capacity and intelligence(as I quoted above).What he probably means that there are variations within races even for characteristics that are popularly believed to be belong to certain race--Katya72918 (talk) 17:25, 26 September 2021 (UTC)s.
 * PLease reply why you still haven't edited it back. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Katya72918 (talk • contribs) 20:11, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

Thanks for your observation and sorry for replying late. I was distracted both by real life and by other problems here on WP. I still hold that Darwin should be discussed in his own section, but I changed the critical sentence to what I think can be based on the given reference. If you see more problems, feel free to improve the article and / or to discuss. --Rsk6400 (talk) 07:43, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

Judaism and race
The section on the Middle Ages uncritically endorses the view that anti-Black racism originates from the Talmud, which is a view that not even the cited source endorses. I think that section badly needs a re-write and additional sources. Bohemian Baltimore (talk) 04:56, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Some material from Curse of Ham section can be inserted as they see fit. -- Wiki Linuz  { talk } 14:13, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Historical race concepts


text:
Food engineering

Food engineering is a scientific, academic, and professional field that interprets and applies principles of engineering, science, and mathematics to food manufacturing and operations, including the processing, production, handling, storage, conservation, control, packaging and distribution of food products. Given its reliance on food science and broader engineering disciplines such as electrical, mechanical, civil, chemical, industrial and agricultural engineering, food engineering is considered a multidisciplinary and narrow field.

Due to the complex nature of food materials, food engineering also combines the study of more specific chemical and physical concepts such as biochemistry, microbiology, food chemistry, thermodynamics, transport phenomena, rheology, and heat transfer. Food engineers apply this knowledge to the cost-effective design, production, and commercialization of sustainable, safe, nutritious, healthy, appealing, affordable and high-quality ingredients and foods, as well as to the development of food systems, machinery, and instrumentation.

History
Although food engineering is a relatively recent and evolving field of study, it is based on long-established concepts and activities. The traditional focus of food engineering was preservation, which involved stabilizing and sterilizing foods, preventing spoilage, and preserving nutrients in food for prolonged periods of time. More specific traditional activities include food dehydration and concentration, protective packaging, canning and freeze-drying. The development of food technologies were greatly influenced and urged by wars and long voyages, including space missions, where long-lasting and nutritious foods were essential for survival. Other ancient activities include milling, storage, and fermentation processes. Although several traditional activities remain of concern and form the basis of today’s technologies and innovations, the focus of food engineering has recently shifted to food quality, safety, taste, health and sustainability.

Application and practices
The following are some of the applications and practices used in food engineering to produce safe, healthy, tasty, and sustainable food:

Refrigeration and freezing
The main objective of food refrigeration and/or freezing is to preserve the quality and safety of food materials. Refrigeration and freezing contribute to the preservation of perishable foods, and to the conservation some food quality factors such as visual appearance, texture, taste, flavor and nutritional content. Freezing food slows the growth of bacteria that could potentially harm consumers.

Evaporation
Evaporation is used to pre-concentrate, increase the solid content, change the color, and reduce the water content of food and liquid products. This process is mostly seen when processing milk, starch derivatives, coffee, fruit juices, vegetable pastes and concentrates, seasonings, sauces, sugar, and edible oil. Evaporation is also used in food dehydration processes. The purpose of dehydration is to prevent the growth of molds in food, which only build when moisture is present. This process can be applied to vegetables, fruits, meats, and fish, for example.

Packaging
Food packaging technologies are used to extend the shelf-life of products, to stabilize food (preserve taste, appearance, and quality), and to maintain the food clean, protected, and appealing to the consumer. This can be achieved, for example, by packaging food in cans and jars. Because food production creates large amounts of waste, many companies are transitioning to eco-friendly packaging to preserve the environment and attract the attention of environmentally conscious consumers. Some types of environmentally friendly packaging include plastics made from corn or potato, bio-compostable plastic and paper products which disintegrate, and recycled content. Even though transitioning to eco-friendly packaging has positive effects on the environment, many companies are finding other benefits such as reducing excess packaging material, helping to attract and retain customers, and showing that companies care about the environment.

Energy for food processing
To increase sustainability of food processing there is a need for energy efficiency and waste heat recovery. The replacement of conventional energy-intensive food processes with new technologies like thermodynamic cycles and non-thermal heating processes provide another potential to reduce energy consumption, reduce production costs, and improve the sustainability in food production.

Heat transfer in food processing
Heat transfer is important in the processing of almost every commercialized food product and is important to preserve the hygienic, nutritional and sensory qualities of food. Heat transfer methods include induction, convection, and radiation. These methods are used to create variations in the physical properties of food when freezing, baking, or deep frying products, and also when applying ohmic heating or infrared radiation to food. These tools allow food engineers to innovate in the creation and transformation of food products.

Food Safety Management Systems (FSMS)
A Food Safety Management System (FSMS) is "a systematic approach to controlling food safety hazards within a business in order to ensure that the food product is safe to consume." In some countries FSMS is a legal requirement, which obliges all food production businesses to use and maintain a FSMS based on the principles of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). HACCP is a management system that addresses food safety through the analysis and control of biological, chemical, and physical hazards in all stages of the food supply chain. The ISO 22000 standard specifies the requirements for FSMS.

Emerging technologies
The following technologies, which continue to evolve, have contributed to the innovation and advancement of food engineering practices:

Three-dimensional printing of food
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is the process of using digital files to create three dimensional objects. In the food industry, 3D printing of food is used for the processing of food layers using computer equipment. The process of 3D printing is slow, but is improving over time with the goal of reducing costs and processing times. Some of the successful food items that have been printed through 3D technology are: chocolate, cheese, cake frosting, turkey, pizza, celery, among others. This technology is continuously improving, and has the potential of providing cost-effective, energy efficient food that meets nutritional stability, safety and variety.

Biosensors
Biosensors can be used for quality control in laboratories and in different stages of food processing. Biosensor technology is one way in which farmers and food processors have adapted to the worldwide increase in demand for food, while maintaining their food production and quality high. Furthermore, since millions of people are affected by food-borne diseases caused by bacteria and viruses, biosensors are becoming an important tool to ensure the safety of food. They help track and analyze food quality during several parts of the supply chain: in food processing, shipping and commercialization. Biosensors can also help with the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), to help regulate GMO products. With the advancement of technologies, like nanotechnology, the quality and uses of biosensors are constantly being improved.

Milk pasteurization by microwave
When storage conditions of milk are controlled, milk tends to have a very good flavor. However, oxidized flavor is a problem that affects the taste and safety of milk in a negative way. To prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria and extend the shelf life of milk, pasteurization processes were developed. Microwaved milk has been studied and developed to prevent oxidation compared to traditional pasteurized milk methods, and it has been concluded that milk has a better quality when it has microwaved milk pasteurization.

Education and training
In the 1950s, food engineering emerged as an academic discipline, when several U.S. universities included food science and food technology in their curricula, and important works on food engineering appeared. Today, educational institutions throughout the world offer bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees in food engineering. However, due to the unique character of food engineering, its training is more often offered as a branch of broader programs on food science, food technology, biotechnology, or agricultural and chemical engineering. In other cases, institutions offer food engineering education through concentrations, specializations, or minors. Food engineering candidates receive multidisciplinary training in areas like mathematics, chemistry, biochemistry, physics, microbiology, nutrition, and law.

Food engineering is still growing and developing as a field of study, and academic curricula continue to evolve. Future food engineering programs are subject to change due to the current challenges in the food industry, including bio-economics, food security, population growth, food safety, changing eating behavior, globalization, climate change, energy cost and change in value chain, fossil fuel prices, and sustainability. To address these challenges, which require the development of new products, services, and processes, academic programs are incorporating innovative and practical forms of training. For example, innovation laboratories, research programs, and projects with food companies and equipment manufacturers are being adopted by some universities. In addition, food engineering competitions and competitions from other scientific disciplines are appearing.

With the growing demand for safe, sustainable, and healthy food, and for environmentally friendly processes and packaging, there is a large job market for food engineering prospective employees. Food engineers are typically employed by the food industry, academia, government agencies, research centers, consulting firms, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare firms, and entrepreneurial projects. Job descriptions include but are not limited to food engineer, food microbiologist, bioengineering/biotechnology, nutrition, traceability, food safety and quality management.

Sustainability
Food engineering has negative impacts on the environment such as the emission of large quantities of waste and the pollution of water and air, which must be addressed by food engineers in the future development of food production and processing operations. Scientists and engineers are experimenting in different ways to create improved processes that reduce pollution, but these must continue to be improved in order to achieve a sustainable food supply chain. Food engineers must reevaluate current practices and technologies to focus on increasing productivity and efficiency while reducing the consumption of water and energy, and decreasing the amount of waste produced.

Population growth
Even though food supply expands yearly, there has also been an increase in the number of hungry people. The world population is expected to reach 9-10 billion people by 2050 and the problem of malnutrition remains a priority. To achieve food security, food engineers are required to address land and water scarcity to provide enough growth and food for undernourished people. In addition, food production depends on land and water supply, which are under stress as the population size increases. There is a growing pressure on land resources driven by expanding populations, leading to expansions of croplands; this usually involves the destruction of forests and exploitation of arable land. Food engineers face the challenge of finding sustainable ways to produce to adapt to the growing population.

Human health
Food engineers must adapt food technologies and operations to the recent consumer trend toward the consumption of healthy and nutritious food. To supply foods with these qualities, and for the benefit of human health, food engineers must work collaboratively with professionals in other domains such as medicine, biochemistry, chemistry, and consumerism. New technologies and practices must be developed to increase the production of foods that have a positive impact on human health.

title: Food engineering


text: User talk:164.78.252.56

title: User talk:164.78.252.56


text:
Pye-dog

Pye-dog, or sometimes pariah dog, is a term used to describe an ownerless, half-wild, free-ranging dog that lives in or close to human settlements throughout Asia. The term is derived from the Sanskrit para, which translates to "outsider".

The United Kennel Club uses the term pariah dog to classify various breeds in a sighthound and pariah group.

title: Pye-dog