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Vehicle registration plates of India

All motorised vehicles plying on public roads in India are tagged with a registration or licence number. The vehicle registration plate (known colloquially as number plate) is issued by a Regional Transport Office (RTO), the district-level authority on road matters in the respective state or Union Territory. The number plates are mandatory on both front and rear of the vehicle and are required to be in modern arabic numerals with latin letters. Complete specification of registration plates are specified under the rules.

The international vehicle registration code for India is IND.

Colour coding
Registration plates are specified in multiple combinations of text colour and background colour to distinctively identify different categories of vehicles.

Following combinations have been specified:

For colour coding no longer in use, refer section.

Private and Commercial Vehicles
The current format for the registration of private and commercial came into force on 1 July 1989 as part of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. The format consists of four parts:
 * ; two letters which indicates the State or Union Territory in which the vehicle is registered.
 * ; a two-digit number allocated to a district within the respective state or Union Territory. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, unique numbers may be allocated to multiple RTOs within a single district.
 * ; consists of one, two or three letters or may not exist at all. These show the ongoing registration series of respective RTO and can indirectly indicate the number of registered vehicles (in some cases, also indicate vehicle class). The letters 'O' and 'I' are not used here to avoid confusion with digits 0 or 1.
 * ; issued sequentially and unique to each registration.

The advantage with this format is that the state and district of a particular vehicle is immediately identifiable. This can be useful in e.g. a police investigation as witnesses usually remember the initial few characters.

Vintage series (VA) and Bharat series (BH) registration have their own unique format. For formats prior to 1 July 1989, refer section.

VA (Vintage) series

On 15 July 2021, the Ministry of Road Transport issued a notification regarding a special registration process for vintage vehicles. It was introduced to provide exemption from various pollution and scrappage norms and thus, facilitate promotion of heritage of vintage vehicles. A vehicle is eligible for this registration process if it fulfils following criteria:
 * Two-wheeler or car (specifically, categories L1, L2 and M1)
 * More than 50 years have passed since first registration
 * Vehicle is maintained in its original form

Vintage series registration however restricts free usage of the vehicle. Vehicle may only be used for specific purposes on public roads (e.g. vintage car rally) and not for generic private or commercial use. VA-series registration has a unique format: Characters are representative of following:
 * 'AB': ; two letters which indicates the State or Union Territory in which the vehicle is registered
 * 'VA': Short for ‘Vintage’
 * 'XX': Two letter sequence, starting from ‘AA’, followed by ‘AB’ and so on. 'O' and 'I' are not used here to avoid confusion with the digits 0 or 1
 * '1234':

BH (Bharat) series

On 26 August 2021, the Ministry of Road Transport issued a notification regarding a unified pan-India registration of private vehicles. This special registration process was introduced to ease inter-state mobility by eliminating the hassles of re-registering a vehicle when its owner relocates to a new state or Union Territory.

BH-series registration can be issued to public sector employees of central and state governments, and also to private sector employees of firms with offices in four or more states or union territories. BH-series registration follows a unique format: Characters are representative of following:
 * '12': Represents the last two digits of the year in which the vehicle was registered, e.g. '22' for a vehicle registered in 2022
 * 'BH': Short for Bharat (Hindi: भारत)
 * '3456': Unique number between 1 and 9999, issued randomly
 * 'XX': One or two letters. Sequence starting from ‘A’, followed by ‘B’ and so on. 'O' and 'I' are not used here to avoid confusion with the digits 0 or 1

Vehicles of Foreign Missions
Registration of vehicles belonging to a foreign mission is carried out by Indian Ministry of External Affairs. Following registration format is used: Characters are representative of following:
 * '123': Unique number of atmost 3 digits allocated to the foreign mission by the Ministry of External Affairs (see list below)
 * 'XX': Represents the type of mission to which the vehicle is registered:
 * 'CD' which is short for corps diplomatique, for vehicles registered to an embassy
 * 'CC' which is short for corps consulaire, for vehicles registered to a consulate
 * 'UN' which is short for United Nations, for vehicles registered to one of the UN missions
 * '4567': Unique number of atmost 4 digits, issued sequentially
 * Number '1' is reserved for vehicle(s) used by the head of respective foreign mission e.g. an ambassador. To distinguish multiple vehicles of the head of mission, a suffix is added e.g. '1A', '1B' and so on.

Vehicles belonging to foreign missions are granted the level of diplomatic immunity or consular immunity corresponding to whom the vehicle has been attributed to by the Ministry of External Affairs. Immunity is void if a UN, CD or CC vehicle is driven in absence of an accredited member of the diplomatic or consular corps.

Unique numbers allocated to different foreign missions for the CD and CC registrations:

Vehicles of Indian Armed Forces
Registration of vehicles belonging to Indian Armed Forces (Army, Navy and Air Force) is administered by armed forces themselves. Following registration format is used:

Characters are representative of following:
 * '↑': The first character is an upward-pointing Broad Arrow, whose origins lie in the UK Office of Ordnance.
 * '01': Represents the last two digits of the year in which the armed forces procured the vehicle, e.g. '22' for a vehicle procured in 2022.
 * 'Z': Represents the type or class of vehicle:
 * A - Two-wheel Vehicle (e.g. motorcycles)
 * B - Four-wheel Vehicle (e.g. passenger cars)
 * C - Truck (Up to 3 tonnes) or pick-up trucks
 * D - Truck (More than 3 tonnes)
 * E - Multi-Axle Vehicle (e.g. 4x4 or 6x6 truck)
 * F – Specialist Light Vehicle (e.g. Light Strike Vehicle)
 * G – Trailer
 * H – High Mobility Vehicle (HMV) (e.g. Tata LPTA 2038 6x6)
 * J – Snow Blower
 * K – Ambulance
 * P – Bus, Fire Truck, Tanker, Recovery Vehicle etc.
 * R – Missile launcher
 * X – Active Combat Vehicle (e.g. tank, armoured personnel carrier)

 * '012345': Six digit unique serial number
 * 'A': Last character is a check letter.

Format for private and commercial vehicles
Here is a detailed overview of the format for permanent registration of private and commercial vehicles.

Part 1: Two-letter State Codes

All Indian states and Union Territories have a designated two-letter code. This code referencing came into force on 1 July 1989 as part of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Before that, each district or RTO had three-letter code(s) at their disposal which did not clearly identify the state. This led to a fair degree of confusion — for example, MMC 0123 could fit in anywhere in the country. To avoid this ambiguity, a unique state code was included in format.

A specific state or union territory maybe chosen to register a vehicle due to differences in the amount of taxes involved in registration process. One such example is of Puducherry, where many luxury cars have been known to be registered by residents of other states, sometimes fraudulently, leading to crackdowns by those states.

Current codes
Two-letter codes currently in use for different states and union territories are as follows:

Former codes
Codes no longer active but legally may continued to be used on older vehicles:

Part 2: District Number
Since all states have two or more districts, the district is in charge of registering the vehicle. A vehicle bears the registration of the district in which it is bought rather than the district of residence of the owner. In many states, officials insist that the plates be changed to the local numbers if the owner shifts residence.

The number of districts in the state need not equal the number of permutations of the district field of the licence plate. Often, in districts with large cities the geographical district can be split into two or more administered regions, each governed by an RTO. A case is the 11 RTOs of Bengaluru Urban District in the state of Karnataka which has the plate bearings KA 01 for HSR Layout (Bengaluru Central), KA 02 for Rajajinagara (Bengaluru West), KA 03 for Kasturinagara (Bengaluru East), KA 04 for Yeshwanthapura (Bengaluru North), KA 05 for Jayanagara (Bengaluru South), KA 41 for Kengeri (Bengaluru West Suburban), KA 50 for Yelahanka (Bengaluru North Suburban), KA 51 for Electronic City (Bengaluru South Suburban), KA 53 for Krishnarajapura (Bengaluru East Suburban), KA 59 for Chandapura (Anekal). Certain RTOs can be set up for dedicated purposes. KA 57 in Shantinagara is dedicated for autorickshaws of Bengaluru Urban District and KA 57 F is registration of the same RTO is exclusive for KSRTC and BMTC buses plying in and out of the district.

In some states such as West Bengal, each RTO issues two numbers i.e., separate numbers for commercial vehicles and private vehicles. E.g. Asansol RTO, has the numbers WB 38 for private vehicles and WB 37 for commercial or public ones.

Also the 01 digit may reflect the capital district of the state, though it may not always be the case.

In some states (such as the state of Delhi, and previously in Gujarat and Bihar) the initial 0 of the district code is omitted; thus Delhi district 2 numbers appear as DL 2 not DL 02. The union territory of Delhi has an additional code in the registration code: DL 9 CAA 1111 where DL is the two letter code for Delhi (DL). The additional C (for category of vehicle) is the letter S for two-wheelers, C for cars and SUVs, E for electric vehicles (in some cases only), P for public passenger vehicles such as buses, R for three-wheeled rickshaws, T for tourist-licensed vehicles and taxis, V for pick-up trucks and vans and Y for hire vehicles. This system is also applicable in other states. (For example, Rajasthan, where RJ is the two letter code, P is for passenger vehicles, C for cars, S for scooters and G for goods vehicles.) Also, A for Ambulance, M for Milk Van, P for Police

Part 3: Single or multiple letters
When the initial 9999 numbers are used up, the RTO adds the letter A before the unique 4 digit number. In some states, the two letters also give the description of the make of the vehicle.

The letters may also reflect the subdivision of the district if the district is geographically large.

In Tamil Nadu, the letter G is reserved for Government (both the Union Government of India and State Governments) vehicles and the letter N is reserved for Government Transport Buses, while A to F, H to M and P to Z are for passenger vehicles of all kinds, including commercial vehicles. For e.g. TN 60 AG 3333 could be a government vehicle registered in Theni, whereas a TN 58 N 4006 could be a government Bus registered in Madurai District.

In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the letter Z is reserved for the State Road Transport (APSRTC) and TSRTC buses (AP**Z, TS**Z, and so on). The letter P (AP 18P, TS 9P, and so on;— Vijayawada RTO and Khairatabad RTO) is reserved for the state police vehicles. The letters T, U, V, W, X, Y is reserved for commercial ones, going on as TA, TB..., UA, UB... and so on whereas rest of the letters are reserved for private passenger vehicles of all kinds.

In Kerala, the number series KL 15 is reserved for the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) buses. For e.g. KL 15 3431 is an Ashok Leyland KSRTC bus with vehicle code TS-340. Otherwise, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles. Also, KL 01 (Thiruvananthapuram RTO) issues registrations for police vehicles around the state.

In Assam, AS 20 is reserved for government buses and AS 30 and AS 31 is reserved for Assam state police. To register commercial vehicles, the letter C is used and goes on like AC, BC, etc. For private vehicles of all kinds, registrations are common.

In West Bengal, there are different number codes for commercial vehicles and private vehicles. RTOs have assigned the letter T to some commercial vehicles, e.g. WB 04 TE, and so on. In areas like Alipur, Barasat, Barrackpore and Howrah, letters were assigned for different classes of vehicles for private vehicles. Now, the same letters are used for all types of vehicles. Kolkata's main RTO at Beltala (WB01, WB02, WB03 and WB04) also has separate RTO number codes for two wheelers and private cars, as well as goods and passenger vehicles

In Odisha, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles. Bhubaneswar has two registration numbers OD 02 and OD 33. The OD 02 is used for RTO jurisdiction of Old Bhubaneswar and OD 33 is used for RTO jurisdiction of Patia, Bhubaneswar.

In Jammu and Kashmir, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles. However, the letter Y is used for all government buses.

In Punjab, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles. PB 01 is used to register tourist vehicles.

In Bihar, all RTO's assigns the letter P for passenger vehicles (Commercial vehicles and SUVs) and G for goods vehicles, e.g. BR 01 PC 2433 is a BSRTC bus in Patna. However, for private vehicles, all registrations are common.

In Himachal Pradesh HP 01 and HP 02 are reserved for tourist vehicles and also the first letter of the district is used, e.g. HP 01 D refers to a taxi in Dharamshala. Otherwise, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles.

In Maharashtra, the two letters in each RTO is classified for a different kind of vehicle, e.g. MH 14 BT is assigned for MSRTC buses built in the bus building facility Pimpri, MH 02 CR is for commercial vehicles in Mumbai, MH 10 CJ is for two wheelers in Sangli, MH 04 GM is for cars in Thane, MH 12 JK is for special purpose vehicles in Pune and MH 47 D is for autorickshaws in North Mumbai. For e.g. after letter A letter B will be given after z letter AAwill be given and so on.

In Karnataka, blank, A, B, C, D is used for commercial vehicles; T for tractors and trailers; E, H, J, K, L, Q, R, S, U, V, W, X, Y for two wheelers; M, N, P, Z for private passenger vehicles. G is used for Government Vehicles and F is used for KSRTC/NWKRTC/NEKRTC/BMTC buses. Additional letters are added as each series is exhausted e.g. M, MA, F, FA and so on.

In Madhya Pradesh the numbering system is similar to other states, with a few exceptions: MP 01 are reserved for Madhya Pradesh Raj Bhavan i.e. Madhya Pradesh Governor's Secretariat and Governor's Household Establishment, MP 02 are reserved for the state government vehicles, MP 03 is reserved for the Madhya Pradesh Police, while MP 04 are reserved for state capital RTO i.e. Bhopal. This pattern is followed in Chhattisgarh also with CG 01 for vehicles of Governor's Office, CG 02 for state government vehicles, CG 03 for Chhattisgarh Police and CG 04 for state capital RTO i.e. Raipur. In Madhya Pradesh vehicles used in agricultural purpose are numbered with series A (e.g. AA, AB, AC etc.), big cars by B, small cars by C, special purpose vehicle such as ambulance, crane etc. by D, medium size goods vehicle by G, heavy vehicles by H, small loading vehicle by L, motor cycles by M, passenger buses by P, passenger auto by R, Scooter by S, taxis by T and passengers by E, F, I, J, K, N, Q, U to Z.

When a series is exhausted or reaches MZ, the RTO can start any other series. For example, Bhopal adopted AM, DM, EM following M while Indore started NA, NB, NC, and now series Q is running. This allocation is similar in Chhattisgarh also.

In Goa, the letter X is reserved for the State Road Transport (Kadamba Transport Corporation) buses (e.g. GA 03 X 0109). The letters T, U, V, W, Y, Z are reserved for commercial vehicles, whereas the letter G is reserved for government vehicles. Again, the two letter in each RTO is classified for a different kind of vehicle, e.g. GA 07 C is for cars in Panaji and GA 03 AB is for two wheelers in Mapusa.

In Uttar Pradesh, all registrations are common for private vehicles. Districts use G for government vehicles and any letter for commercial. Currently most districts use T, AT, BT, etc.; some use N, AN, BN, etc., and a few use B, H, etc.

In Uttarakhand, the letter C is reserved for goods vehicles, T for Taxis, P for public transport vehicles and G for government vehicles and A, B, D to O, Q to S, and U to Z for private passenger vehicles of all kinds, with an additional letter added later such as TA, CA, GA, PA and so on.

For example, the official vehicle of the state Home Secretary uses the number "UK 07 GF 9999" and that of the Director General (Information and Public Relations) uses the number "UK 07 GE 9000". The vehicle of the Chairman of the State Sugar Corporation has the number "UK 07 GE 0900".

The registration number of the official vehicle of the now ousted Chief Minister read "UK 07 GB 0999".

Further, UK 07 TA 0251 could be a taxi in Dehradun and UK 07 PA 0250 could be a local bus in Dehradun.

In the North East excluding Assam:

 * Meghalaya issues ML 01, ML 02, ML 03 for government vehicles, while ML 02 specifically for the Police department and ML 03 for the transport department, and registration is common for all vehicles.
 * Sikkim issues the letter P as prefix for all types of private vehicles and T for taxis, J for commercial jeeps, B for buses, and Z, D for other commercial vehicles. For state transport buses, the SK 04 XXXX series of Jorethang was used and have now gone back to register them under B series.
 * Arunachal Pradesh issues AR 02 for its government buses, otherwise all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles.
 * Nagaland issues different letters for all types of vehicles.
 * In Tripura, Mizoram and Manipur, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles.

In Gujarat, government vehicles have number plate with letter G and GJ, which is reserved for government firm vehicles. (e.g. : GJ 18 G 5123 and GJ 18 GJ 6521). All other letters except G are used by passenger vehicles. The letters T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z are reserved for commercial vehicles and goes on in the series AT, AU, ..., BT, BU, ..., and so on.

Also, the number series GJ 18 Y is reserved for the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) buses (e.g. GJ 18 Y 5432). GJ 18 V was used earlier. After the completion of this series GJ 18 Y was used (e.g. GJ 18 V 8844). Currently, GJ 18 Z is in use. All other letters used for passengers. Also a letter is prefixed for usage in all classes of vehicles, e.g. GJ 01 J to JS are for two wheelers in Ahmedabad, and GJ 01 R to RZ are reserved for private four wheelers in Ahmedabad. However, after the exhaustion of private series in Ahmedabad, vehicles are being registered with the T to Z suffix pattern to meet the demand.

In Delhi, the following letters are used for registration- A for ambulances, B for mini buses, C for cars, F for numbers on demand for private vehicles, G for trucks, K for school vehicles, L for trucks, N for NRIs (e.g. DL 3C NA, DL 2S ND), P is for buses, Q are for commercial three wheelers, R for autorickshaws and radio taxis, S for two wheelers, T for city taxis, Y for private taxis, V, W, E, U, M, Z for other commercial vehicles. DL 1 at Mall Road registers only A, E, G, K, L, M, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W, Y and Z.

In Chandigarh, the following letters are used for registration: T is for trucks, G is for government vehicles. CH 02 registers commercial vehicles. Registration for all private vehicles is common.

In Rajasthan, the following letters are used for registration: M, S, B for two wheelers, C for cars, P for buses, G for trucks, T for taxis and tourist passenger vehicles. Earlier, numbers between 1 and 50 were used, e.g. RJ 14 2M and RJ 14 6C were used for vehicles but now this system has been stopped.

In Haryana, there are different codes for commercial vehicles and different for private vehicles. Private registrations are common.

In the union territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep and Puducherry all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles.

Part 4: Unique number between 1 and 9999
The last four numbers are unique to the vehicle. Usually, the lower 100 numbers are government registered numbers, but it may not always be the case. Special "lucky" numbers (also called fancy numbers) such as 3333, 0001 or 6666 fetch a premium and may touch above ₹1,000,000.

Prior to 2005, Karnataka used to charge ₹1000 for obtaining a unique last four digit number. These numbers used to be issued either from the current running series or from one or two future series. When the numbering system was computerized, numbers could be issued from any future series. However the Karnataka RTO steeply hiked these charges to ₹6,000 if the number to be obtained is in the current series, and ₹25,000 if it was to be issued from a future series. It was increased again in 2010 from ₹6,000 to ₹20,000, and from ₹25,000 to ₹75,000.

As of 2007, Maharashtra has increased the price of unique numbers to the range of ₹25,000 to ₹1,25,000. In 2012, Maharashtra increased the price from ₹1,25,000 to ₹2,00,000.

In Uttarakhand, number 0001 and 0786 has the highest charge of ₹50,000.

In Gujarat, RTO is charging ₹500 for 2-wheeler vehicles and ₹1,000 for 4-wheeler vehicles for chosen number plate, but the chosen number plate not be unique, Ex 4521, 6523, etc. For VIP number 1 (4-wheeler vehicle), RTO distribute an application form to bid for unique number plate which will be attached with amount of money. The highest payer of the amount will get the unique number like 1. Sometimes it takes ₹2,00,000 to ₹5,00,000 (maximum) for this type of number. Currently, Gujarat RTO has revised the amount for chosen number (not unique numbers like single, double digit), which is ₹1000 for 2-wheeler vehicles and ₹5000 for 4-wheeler vehicles.

In Andhra Pradesh the RTO Follows the Auction system for unique numbers. The highest bidder gets the number. Numbers like 0909 0999 0099 0009 are in high demand always and have a high premium and maximum bidders for the auction.

Temporary Registration Format
After a new vehicle is purchased and while the permanent registration number is pending, a temporary registration number is issued by RTO of the district from where the vehicle was purchased.

On 31 March 2021, the Ministry of Road Transport issued a notification regarding amendment to Motor Vehicles Act. Rule 53C in the amendment introduced a homogenised alphanumeric format for temporary registration:

Characters are representative of following:
 * 'T': Registration number always starts with character 'T' to represent 'Temporary'
 * 'MMYY': Reperesents the month and year in which vehicle was purchased e.g. '1223' for vehicle purchase in December 2023
 * 'AA': Represents the state in which vehicle is purchased, same code as specified in is used
 * '0123': Four digit number issued sequentially
 * 'ZZ': One or two letters, sequence starting from ‘A’, followed by ‘B’ and so on. 'O' and 'I' are not used here to avoid confusion with the digits 0 or 1.

Example: T1123LA0123A for a vehicle purchased in Ladakh in November 2023

Temporary registration has a validity of up to six months, states however may use a stricter validity time. During this period owner must obtain a permanent registration from the RTO of their choosing. Some states may only allow limited use of vehicles with temporary registration.

To register a vehicle, it may need to be presented to the RTO, where a Motor Vehicle Inspector will verify the applicant's address and other details, confirm that the engine and chassis numbers are identical to what is written in the application and issues a permanent registration certificate which is usually valid for 20 years.

Trade Registration Format
Government issues trade certificate to businesses which deal with unregistered vehicles and therefore, need to be exempted from the legal requirement of plying vehicles on road with a (permanent or temporary) registration number. Business or agency which may use trade certificate can be a vehicle manufacturer, dealer, vehicle testing agency or a vehicle importer.

Registration authority allots a group of trade registration numbers to the holder of a trade certificate. Trade number is not assigned to a specific vehicle directly by the registration authority (like permanent or temporary number), the holder of trade certificate instead assigns a number to a vehicle themselves from their available allotment. Trade number can only be used on vehicles of category for which it has been issued and should not be assigned to more than one vehicle at once. Trade registration number can be valid for up to five years.

On 14 September 2022, the Ministry of Road Transport issued a notification regarding amendments to trade certificate and trade registration number. A homogenised alphanumeric format for trade registration number was also introduced:

Characters are representative of following:
 * 'AB': Represents the state in which institute is located, same code as specified in
 * '12': Represents the district or RTO which issues the trade registration number, same number as defined in
 * 'Z': Represents the category of vehicle for which the trade registration number has been issued. Character used for different categories are:
 * A – Two-wheel vehicle (e.g. motorcycle, scooter)
 * B – Invalid carriage (vehicle designed specifically for differently abled person)
 * C – Light motor vehicle (e.g. car)
 * D – Medium passenger motor vehicle (e.g. minibus)
 * E – Medium goods vehicle (e.g. truck)
 * F – Heavy passenger motor vehicle (e.g. bus)
 * G – Heavy goods vehicle (e.g. truck)
 * H – E-rickshaw
 * I – E-cart (cargo variant of E-rickshaw)
 * J – any other category not covered above
 * '0123': Four digit unique number assigned to the holder of trade certificate e.g. vehicle dealer or manufacturer
 * 'TC': Short for ‘Trade Certificate’
 * '0001': Number of up to four digits to be assigned to one specific vehicle by holder of trade certificate, as allowed by registration authority

Example: LA01C0001TC0001 for a light motor vehicle (e.g. car) registered for trade in Kargil in Ladakh.

For old format, refer section.

HSRP: High Security Registration Plate
On 1 June 2005, the Government of India had amended rule 50 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, mandating introduction of new tamper proof High Security Registration (HSRP) number plates. All new motorised road vehicles that came into the market after that needed to adhere to the new plates, while existing vehicles had been given two years to comply. Features incorporated include the number plate having a patented chromium hologram, a laser numbering containing the alpha-numeric identification of both the testing agency and manufacturers and a retro-reflective film bearing a verification inscription "India" at a 45-degree inclination. The characters are embossed on the plate for better visibility. The letters "IND" were printed in a light shade of blue on the observers left side under the hologram. However it has yet to be implemented since the various state Governments has not yet appointed an official source for manufacture of these plates, due to disputes which are currently in various Indian courts. On 8 April 2011 the Supreme Court of India summoned the transport secretaries of Delhi, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh for contempt of court proceedings regarding nonenforcement of the high-security registration plates. The Supreme Court on 30 November 2004, had clarified that all states had to comply with the scheme. Currently all of North East including Assam, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal, Karnataka, Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) and Goa are the only states which have complied in full. The states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Maharashtra have not proceeded after having called tenders. Besides these states some of the other states have also taken action to implement the new scheme.

Haryana and Punjab has launched the High Security Registration Plates Scheme in the state. High Security Registration Plates have been made mandatory in for all new and old vehicles.

Maharashtra announced that it had planned to implement new number plates soon.

Historical Colour Coding
Following colour coding have been discontinued for different reasons:

In case of changes in 2002, due to large number of vehicles and therefore slow enforcement, old colour coding was in use well after the official discontinuation date.

Pre-1940
Before the introduction of Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (enforced during 1940), a nationwide format did not exist. Initial vehicle registration format in country was simply a number of up to five digits. Gradually, a prefix of single or two alphabet(s) was introduced which was representative of province/city, and was followed by a number of (up to) four digits, e.g. K 1234 or FP 1234.

There were some exceptions as few places had already started to use three-alphabet prefix codes before 1940.

From 1940 till Independence
After the introduction of Motor Vehicles Act (1939), many three-alphabet codes were introduced and this format gradually became the most common. Characters are representative of following:
 * 'X': Represents the province, e.g. 'B' for Bombay Presidency, 'U' for United Provinces
 * 'AA': Two letter code alloted to registration authority of a specific district.
 * '1234': Unique number between 1 and 9999

In the case of Central Provinces (using province code 'C'), three-alphabet codes used for vehicle registration were:
 * CPZ — For government vehicles
 * CPP — Central Province Police vehicles
 * CPX — where 'X' represents the district code (e.g. CPJ for Jabalpur)

Format of using single alphabet prefix was also phased out.

Post-independence
By 1947 i.e. India's independence, format of using three-alphabet codes was almost standard throughout the country, with the exception of the colonies which were not yet incorporated into India. Certain states/UTs in India also remained exceptions as they continued to use two-alphabet codes for some more years: Chandigarh (CH), Pondicherry (PY), Andaman & Nicobar islands (AN) and Jammu & Kashmir (JK).

Other colonies in India
Colonies in India (other than British) had different registration formats until they were incorporated into independent India.

 * French Colonies: Pondicherry used the following formats:
 * Until the de facto incorporation into India in 1954: Alphabet 'P' as prefix followed by a number of (up to) four digits, e.g. P 1234.
 * Post-incorporation: At some point prefix was changed to 'PY'.
 * Portuguese Colonies: Goa used the following formats:
 * Until around 1957: Alphabet 'G' as prefix followed by a number of (up to) four digits, e.g. G 1234.
 * From 1957 until annexation by India in 1961: Three-alphabet prefix followed by a four digit number in style 'IGx–12–34', 'x' being the sequence alphabet i.e. A, B and so on.
 * Post-annexation: Vehicles were re-registered with new format as per Motor Vehicles Act (1939), with 'GDA' as the three-alphabet prefix.

Princely States

Princely States had a different registration format compared to rest of the country until they acceded to independent India. Colour scheme used was white text on red background and the format was state's name followed by a number.

'X' represents the name of state. Example: MYSORE 1, JODHPUR 5

Top constitutional authorities

It used to be a general practice for offices of top constitutional authorities in India (i.e. President, Vice-President, Governors and lieutenant governors and to some extent Ministry of External Affairs) to not register their official vehicles. Instead of registration plates, an embossed Emblem of India was used (sometimes in combination with a red plate). In 2018, above offices were instructed to get all their official vehicles registered as per applicable laws.

Trade Registration

Before the introduction of 2022 notification, the defined format for trade registration was more generic and only specified following:
 * 'AB', '12' and 'TC' : Same representation as in current format, detailed in
 * 'XXXX': Format consisting of alphanumeric characters, as decided by respective state or Union Territory. Most states/UTs (at the time of introduction of new format in 2022) used the following scheme:
 * '123 456' where '123' is a number (of up to 3 digits) allocated to holder of trade certificate and '456' is a unique number (of up to 3 digits) assigned to a specific vehicle. Example: UP 16 TC 020 007

Trade numbers with old format can continue to be used as per validity period.

title: Vehicle registration plates of India


text:
List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II

During his reign, Pope John Paul II ("The Pilgrim Pope") made 146 pastoral visits within Italy and 104 foreign trips, more than all previous popes combined. In total he logged more than 1,167,000 km. He consistently attracted large crowds on his travels, some among the largest ever assembled. While some of his trips (such as to the United States and Israel) were to places that were previously visited by Paul VI (the first pope to travel widely), many others were to countries that no pope had previously visited.

Countries visited
Pope John Paul II visited 129 countries during his time as pope:

 * Nine visits to Poland
 * Eight visits to France (including one visit to Réunion)
 * Seven visits to the United States (including two stopovers in Alaska)
 * Five visits to Mexico and Spain
 * Four visits to Brazil, Portugal, and Switzerland
 * Three visits to Austria, Canada, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Czech Republic (including one visit to Czechoslovakia), Dominican Republic, Germany, Guatemala, Kenya, Malta (including one stopover in Luqa, ) and Slovakia (including one visit to Czechoslovakia)
 * Two visits to Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, El Salvador, Hungary, India, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Slovenia, South Korea, Uruguay, and Venezuela
 * One visit to Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, East Timor (then part of Indonesia), Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Guam, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Palestinian territories, Panama, Paraguay, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

In addition, John Paul II made 146 pastoral visits within Italy.

1970s
Pope John Paul II's first foreign journey was a three-country visit to the Dominican Republic, Mexico and the Bahamas in January 1979. Some 18 million people were believed to have greeted the Pope during his stay in Mexico.

The Pope's second foreign visit was to his homeland, Poland, in June 1979. This was possibly the most significant of all his trips as it, according to some historians, set in train a series of events that led to the establishment of the Solidarity trade union, which was a key movement in the fall of Communism in eastern Europe. During his visit to Poland, John Paul visited Warsaw, Gniezno, Kraków, Nowy Targ, Auschwitz and Jasna Góra. The nine-day tour attracted millions of faithful.

The Pope's visit to Ireland on 29 September drew immense crowds. 1,250,000 people, one quarter of the population of the island of Ireland, one third of the population of the Republic of Ireland, attended the opening Mass of the visit in Dublin's Phoenix Park. Over 250,000 attended a Liturgy of the Word in Drogheda later that evening. Hundreds of thousands lined the streets of Dublin that night for a motorcade from Dublin Airport to the Presidential Residence in the Phoenix Park.

The following day, Sunday 30 September, included Masses in Galway (300,000), Knock (450,000) and a stop over at the monastic ruins of Clonmacnois (20,000). The final day of the visit began with a visit to the National Seminary in Maynooth (attended by 80,000). The final Mass of the visit was at Greenpark Racecourse in Limerick in the south of the country before 400,000 people which was more than had been expected.

John Paul II made his first visit to the United States in October 1979. He arrived in Boston on 1 October. The next two days were spent in New York City, where he addressed the United Nations General Assembly. There he condemned all uses of concentration camps and torture on the 40th anniversary year of World War II's start in 1939 and subsequent establishment of such camps by both the invading German Nazis and Soviet Communists, with Communism's camps and tortures continuing after the war's end in 1945. The pope later spoke to students gathered at Madison Square Garden, and conducted Mass at the original Yankee Stadium for 75,000 people as well as at Shea Stadium to an audience of over 52,000. He arrived in Philadelphia on 3 October and Des Moines, Iowa on the next day before arriving in Chicago. There he celebrated Mass in Grant Park, met with civic leaders and Chicago's Polish community. Chicago was the largest Catholic archdiocese in the United States at the time and the home of the largest Polish community outside of Poland. He concluded his pilgrimage to the U.S. in Washington, D.C. where he became the first Pope to visit the White House. He was greeted warmly by President Jimmy Carter, and they met privately in the Oval Office.

1980s
On 3 June 1980, he made a pilgrimage to Lisieux in northern France, the home town of St. Therese of the Child Jesus of the Holy Face. In 1997 he declared St. Therese the third woman Doctor of the Church. His 1980 visit to France was the first by a pope since 1814 and his journey to West Germany in November 1980 was the first since 1782.

On 18 February 1981, he beatified several martyrs, including those later canonized, St. Lorenzo Ruiz and Magdalene of Nagasaki, in Manila. This was the first beatification to be held outside Vatican City. He became the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom in 1982, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. This trip was in danger of being cancelled due to the then current Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur), against which he spoke out during the visit. In a dramatic symbolic gesture, he knelt in prayer alongside Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie, in the See of the Church of England, Canterbury Cathedral, founded by St Augustine of Canterbury. They prayed at the site of the martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket, meant as a show of friendship between the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. Pope John Paul II was the first Pontiff to visit Scotland, where about 300,000 of the Roman Catholic minority in that country celebrated Mass with the Pope at Bellahouston Park. On this visit the Pope faced protest from Protestant pastor Jack Glass and his followers. This visit had to be balanced for fairness with an unscheduled trip to Argentina that June.

Throughout his trips, he stressed his devotion to the Virgin Mary through visits to various shrines to the Virgin Mary, notably Knock in Ireland, Fatima in Portugal, Guadalupe in Mexico, Aparecida in Brazil and Lourdes in France.

In 1984, John Paul became the first Pope to visit Puerto Rico. Stands were specially erected for him at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan, where he met with governor Carlos Romero Barceló, and at Plaza Las Americas.

The pope made a pastoral trip to Singapore in 1986, and was received by the Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew in the Istana. Following that, the Pope made pastoral speeches concerning the Catholic doctrines in the National Stadium of Singapore, which was viewed by a large audience.

1990s
The Pope's foreign travel programme for 1994 was suspended due to a fall resulting in hip-replacement surgery. Visits to Belgium, the United States, and Lebanon were cancelled as a result. The visits to Belgium and the United States took place in 1995, while the visit to Lebanon was delayed until 1997.

There was a plot to assassinate the Pope during his visit to Manila in January 1995, as part of Operation Bojinka, a mass terrorist attack that was developed by Al-Qaeda members Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Sheik Mohammed. A suicide bomber dressed as a priest and planned to use the disguise to get closer to the Pope's motorcade so that he could kill the Pope by detonating himself. Before 15 January, the day on which the men were to attack the Pope during his Philippine visit, an apartment fire brought investigators led by Aida Fariscal to Yousef's laptop computer, which had terrorist plans on it, as well as clothes and items that suggested an assassination plot. Yousef was arrested in Pakistan about a month later, but Khalid Sheik Mohammed was not arrested until 2003. During this trip to the Philippines, on 15 January 1995, the Pope offered Mass to an estimated crowd of 4–5 million in Luneta Park, Manila, the largest papal crowd ever. On 19 September 1996, the Pope traveled to Saint-Laurent-sur-Sèvre, France to meditate and pray st the adjacent tombs of Saint Louis de Montfort and Blessed Marie Louise Trichet. On 22 March 1998, during his second visit to Nigeria, he beatified the Nigerian monk Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi. In 1999, John Paul II made a final trip to the United States, this time celebrating Mass in St. Louis in the Trans World Dome. Over 104,000 people attended the 27 January Mass, making it the biggest indoor gathering in the United States.

2000s
In 2000, he became the first modern Catholic pope to visit Egypt, where he met with the Coptic Pope and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria.

In May 2001, the Pope took a pilgrimage that would trace the steps of his co-namesake, Saint Paul, across the Mediterranean, from Greece to Syria to Malta. John Paul II became the first Pope to visit Greece in 1291 years. The visit was controversial, and the Pontiff was met with protests and snubbed by Eastern Orthodox leaders, none of whom met his arrival.

In Athens, the Pope met with Archbishop Christodoulos, the head of the Greek Orthodox Church in Greece. After a private 30 minute meeting, the two spoke publicly. Christodoulos read a list of "13 offences" of the Roman Catholic Church against the Orthodox Church since the Great Schism, including the pillaging of Constantinople by Crusaders in 1204. He also bemoaned the lack of any apology from the Roman Catholic Church, saying that "until now, there has not been heard a single request for pardon" for the "maniacal crusaders of the 13th century".

The Pope responded by saying, "For the occasions past and present, when sons and daughters of the Catholic Church have sinned by action or omission against their Orthodox brothers and sisters, may the Lord grant us forgiveness", to which Christodoulos immediately applauded. John Paul also said that the sacking of Constantinople was a source of "deep regret" for Catholics.

Later, John Paul and Christodoulos met on a spot where Saint Paul had once preached to Athenian Christians. They issued a "common declaration", saying, "We shall do everything in our power, so that the Christian roots of Europe and its Christian soul may be preserved. ... We condemn all recourse to violence, proselytism and fanaticism, in the name of religion." The two leaders then said the Lord's Prayer together, breaking an Orthodox taboo against praying with Catholics.

He was the first Catholic Pope to visit and pray in a Mosque, in Damascus, Syria. He visited the Umayyad Mosque, where John the Baptist is believed to be interred.

In September 2001 amid post-September 11 concerns, he travelled to Kazakhstan, with an audience of largely Muslims, and to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of the 1700 years of Christianity in that nation. The Pope's final visit was to the Marian Shrine of Lourdes in the south of France.

1970s

 * October 29, 1978: Sanctuary of the Mentorella
 * November 5, 1978: Assisi
 * May 18, 1979: Montecassino
 * August 14, 1979: Albano Laziale
 * August 26, 1979: Canale d'Agordo, Malga Ciapela, Marmolada di Rocca, Belluno and Treviso
 * September 1, 1979: Nettuno
 * September 3, 1979: Albano Laziale
 * September 8, 1979: Loreto and Ancona
 * September 9, 1979: Grottaferrata
 * September 13, 1979: Pomezia
 * October 21, 1979: Pompeii

1980s

 * March 23, 1980: Cascia and Norcia
 * April 13, 1980: Turin
 * August 30, 1980: Assergi, Traforo del Gran Sasso and L'Aquila
 * September 7, 1980: Velletri
 * September 8, 1980: Frascati
 * September 14, 1980: Siena
 * September 20, 1980: Montecassino and Cassino
 * September 28, 1980: Subiaco
 * October 5, 1980: Galatina and Otranto
 * November 25, 1980: Potenza, Balvano and Avellino
 * March 19, 1981: Terni
 * April 26, 1981: Orio al Serio, Sotto il Monte and Bergamo
 * November 22, 1981: Collevalenza and Todi
 * March 12, 1982: Assisi
 * March 19, 1982: Rosignano Solvay, Livorno and Sanctuary of Montenero
 * April 18, 1982: Bologna and San Lazzaro di Savena
 * August 29, 1982: Rimini
 * September 5, 1982: Serra Sant'Abbondio and Fonte Avellana
 * September 12, 1982: Rubano and Padua
 * September 19, 1982: Albano Laziale
 * September 29, 1982: Ghedi, Concesio and Brescia
 * November 20 and 21, 1982: Ponte Valle, Belice and Palermo
 * January 2, 1983: Rieti and Greccio
 * March 19, 1983: San Salvo, Termoli and Pescara
 * May 20–22, 1983: Milan, Desio, Seregno, Venegono, Monza and Sesto San Giovanni
 * August 18, 1983: Palestrina
 * September 3, 1983: Anzio
 * February 26, 1984: Bari and Bitonto
 * May 27, 1984: Viterbo
 * July 16–17, 1984: Mount Adamello
 * August 12, 1984: Fano
 * August 19, 1984: Rocca di Papa
 * September 2, 1984: Alatri
 * October 5 – 7, 1984: Lamezia Terme, Serra San Bruno, Paola, Catanzaro, Cosenza, Crotone and Reggio di Calabria
 * November 2 – 4, 1984: Milan, Varese, Pavia, Varallo and Arona
 * December 29, 1984: Grottaferrata
 * March 24, 1985: Fucino and Avezzano
 * April 11, 1985: Loreto
 * May 26, 1985: Salerno
 * June 15–17, 1985: Vittorio Veneto, Riese Pio X, Treviso, Venice and Mestre
 * June 30, 1985: Atri, Isola del Gran Sasso and Teramo
 * September 14, 1985: Albano Laziale
 * September 21 – 22, 1985: Genoa and Shrine of Nostra Signora della Guardia
 * October 18–20, 1985: Cagliari, Iglesias, Oristano, Nuoro and Sassari
 * March 19, 1986: Prato
 * May 8–11, 1986: Forlì, Cesena, Imola, Faenza, Brisighella, Ravenna and Cervia
 * August 9, 1986: Rocca di Mezzo and Piani di Pezza
 * August 31, 1986: Anagni
 * September 6 – 7, 1986: Aosta, Courmayeur and Mont Blanc
 * September 14, 1986: Aprilia
 * October 18 and 19, 1986: Fiesole and Florence
 * October 26, 1986: Perugia
 * October 27, 1986: Assisi
 * In this trip, the pope has an encounter with leaders of several religions in a prayer for the peace.

 * March 19, 1987: Civitavecchia
 * May 23 – 25, 1987: San Giovanni Rotondo, Monte Sant'Angelo, Manfredonia, Foggia, San Severo, Lucera, Troia, Bovino, Ascoli Satriano and Cerignola
 * July 8 – 14, 1987: Lorenzago di Cadore, San Pietro di Cadore and Fortogna
 * September 2, 1987: Rocca di Papa
 * September 5, 1987: Albano Laziale
 * September 7, 1987: Grottaferrata
 * April 16 and 17, 1988: Verona
 * May 1, 1988: Castel Sant'Elia, Civita Castellana and Nepi
 * June 3 – 7, 1988: Carpi, Modena, Fiorano, Fidenza, Piacenza, Castel San Giovanni, Reggio Emilia, Parma and Bologna
 * June 11 and 12, 1988: Messina, Tindari and Reggio di Calabria
 * July 13 – 22, 1988: Lorenzago di Cadore, Mount Adamello, Col Cumano, Sanctuary of Pietralba and Tesero
 * August 19, 1988: Albano Laziale
 * August 21, 1988: Rocca di Papa
 * September 2 – 4, 1988: Turin, Castelnuovo Don Bosco, Colle Don Bosco and Chieri
 * December 30, 1988: Fermo and Porto San Giorgio
 * May 21, 1989: Grosseto
 * June 25, 1989: Gaeta, Sanctuary of the Madonna della Civita and Formia
 * July 12 – 21, 1989: Introd, Oropa, Pollone, Quart and Turin
 * September 18, 1989: Orte and Trevignano Romano
 * September 22–24, 1989: Pisa, Cecina, Volterra and Lucca
 * October 28 and 29, 1989: Taranto and Martina Franca

1990s

 * March 18 and 19, 1990: Ivrea, San Benigno Canavese, Scarmagno and Chivasso
 * June 17, 1990: Orvieto
 * July 2, 1990: Benevento
 * July 11 – 20, 1990: Introd, Barmasc and Mont Blanc
 * September 20, 1990: Albano Laziale
 * September 22 and 23, 1990: Ferrara, Pomposa, Comacchio and Argenta
 * October 14, 1990: Genoa
 * November 9 – 13, 1990: Naples, Torre del Greco, Pozzuoli, Nocera Inferiore, Pagani, Aversa, Trentola-Ducenta, Casapesenna and Lusciano
 * March 18 and 19, 1991: San Severino Marche, Camerino, Fabriano and Matelica
 * April 27 and 28, 1991: Matera, Pisticci and Potenza
 * June 22 and 23, 1991: Mantua and Castiglione delle Stiviere
 * July 10 – 19, 1991: Introd, Susa, Sacra di San Michele and Breuil-Cervinia
 * September 2, 1991: Carpineto Romano
 * September 7 and 8, 1991: Vicenza
 * September 29, 1991: Le Ferriere
 * March 19, 1992: Sorrento and Castellammare di Stabia
 * April 30 – May 3, 1992: Aquileia, Pordenone, San Vito al Tagliamento, Concordia Sagittaria, Trieste, Gorizia, Gemona del Friuli, Udine and Redipuglia War Memorial
 * May 23 and 24, 1992: Nola, Caserta, Santa Maria Capua Vetere and Capua
 * June 19 – 21, 1992: Caravaggio, Crema, Lodi and Cremona
 * August 17 – September 2, 1992: Lorenzago di Cadore and Domegge di Cadore
 * January 9 and 10, 1993: Assisi
 * March 19, 1993: Magliano Sabina, Vescovio, Poggio Mirteto, Abbey of Farfa and Monterotondo
 * April 22, 1993: Genazzano
 * May 8–10, 1993: Trapani, Erice, Mazara del Vallo, Agrigento and Caltanissetta
 * May 23, 1993: Cortona
 * June 19 and 20, 1993: Macerata, Foligno and Gran Sasso
 * July 7 – 16, 1993: Lorenzago di Cadore and Santo Stefano di Cadore
 * September 17, 1993: Sanctuary of La Verna and Camaldoli
 * September 25 and 26, 1993: Asti and Isola d'Asti
 * August 17 – 27, 1994: Introd
 * September 17 and 18, 1994: Lecce
 * November 4 and 5, 1994: Catania and Siracusa
 * December 10, 1994: Loreto
 * March 19, 1995: Campobasso, Monte Vairano, Castelpetroso and Agnone
 * April 29 and 30, 1995: Trento
 * July 12 – 22, 1995: Introd
 * September 9 and 10, 1995: Loreto
 * November 23, 1995: Palermo
 * March 30, 1996: Colle Val d'Elsa
 * May 4 and 5, 1996: Como
 * July 10 – 23, 1996: Lorenzago di Cadore and Pieve di Cadore
 * August 14, 1996: Albano Laziale
 * August 9 – 19, 1997: Introd
 * September 6, 1997: Marino
 * September 27 – 28, 1997: Bologna
 * January 3, 1998: Annifo, Cesi and Assisi
 * May 23 and 24, 1998: Vercelli and Turin
 * July 8 – 21, 1998: Lorenzago di Cadore and Borno
 * September 18–20, 1998: Chiavari and Brescia
 * May 30, 1999: Ancona
 * July 7 – 20, 1999: Introd and Quart
 * September 4, 1999: Pontecagnano-Faiano and Salerno

2000s

 * July 10 – 22, 2000: Introd
 * July 9 – 20, 2001: Introd
 * September 16, 2001: Frosinone
 * January 24, 2002: Assisi
 * May 5, 2002: Ischia
 * July 24, 2003: Gran Sasso
 * October 7, 2003: Pompeii
 * July 5 – 17, 2004: Introd
 * September 5, 2004: Loreto

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Building 19

Store moved
Building #19 has moved from Hingam location. It can now be found in Weymouth on Rt. 18
 * Thanks for the info! DocSigma 23:06, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

founding date
The article appears to be indexed with businesses started in 1964, but no date of founding the business is given in the article; the first date mentioned is 1980. Mulp 17:25, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

No Wal-Mart in Nashua
As a resident of southern New Hampshire and a frequent customer of Building #19 1/15 (the one in Nashua, NH), I am pleased to confirm that Wal-Mart's plan to take over the Nashua location is, for all practical purposes, dead (although Wal-Mart still denies that it has given up). When the plan first appeared in the news, it met with strong opposition among locals. Also, this particular location is on a wetland, so any construction there would be subject to a variety of legalities. Mannyram24 00:32, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Title
Wouldn't "Building number 19" be a better title for this article? At least that's pronounced the same way. It seems more intuitive. --Ketsuekigata 01:32, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Nope. As it says in the article, "When pronouncing the name of the store, one does not pronounce the pound sign, although it is always written." Doc Sigma (wait, what?)  17:07, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

All Damaged Goods?
The article claims that most of the goods in the stores are damaged, but much of it isn't considering a lot of it comes from insurance companies selling off things like overstock and goods written off during a claim (that vast majority of which is undamaged). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.64.145.28 (talk) 22:13, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Point Of View / Missing Citations
Most of the information in the Corporate Culture section is lacking citations and seems to have been written by someone with an axe to grind. I suggest that it be removed or rewritten and cited. In fact, I've gone ahead and removed the offending material. Re-posting it here for consideration: B19's legendary laxness with their vendors and books made headlines a few years ago, when a buyer and warehouse worker from B19 were indicted on charges of stealing millions from the salvage specialist over several years. Apparently a rug vendor generated phony bills of lading and invoiced Building 19 for rugs they never received. These invoices were paid, and the rug vendor split the money with the two inside guys. The television news program "Chronicle" recently did a story about Jerry Ellis, the founder and CEO of Building #19. In the story, Jerry's legendary frugality was highlighted. Many of the items used to furnish his homes came from Building #19, which specializes in damaged and/or salvage merchandise. What was missing from the story, however, was Jerry's (also legendary) actual real estate holdings. Most of Building #19's stores and warehouses are owned by Jerry, and leased back to the company. In addition, Jerry and his wife Elaine own several multi-million dollar homes that they spend their time in. Reliable sources within the company put Jerry's net worth at between $75 million and $100 million. Jerry's son Bill, according to Massachusetts land records, lives in a townhouse in downtown Boston assessed at over $3 million. The Ellis (really Elovitz) family is notoriously private and secretive about their financial success. Much of this is attributable to the fact that they pay their store and warehouse associates the bare minimum that the law will allow. Handicapped and special-needs people are employed in their stores not out of a sense of altruism or philanthropy, but because they can pay them very little. Omehegan (talk) 05:47, 14 October 2009 (UTC) Everything that was removed (cited above) was put back, with still no citations. I have once again removed it. 207.180.150.36 (talk) 23:06, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

Once again, the removed, ucited edits have been put back. I will remove them AGAIN. 02132user (talk) 18:32, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

And again. 02132user (talk) 03:08, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Corporate affairs
While I admit that I am a newbie the section on Corporate affairs doesn't seem to have any content. Not Sourced and could be folded in with the Corporate Culture section in my opinion. Please let me know if I am incorrect Hasteur (talk) 17:46, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

A Short Film About Building #19
While this isn't exactly the most objective look at the chain, it does provide a look at the wares and decor of a Building #19 store. Atypicaloracle (talk) 09:40, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

How can i long in Francis kivathi (talk) 20:17, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

How can i be amember Francis kivathi (talk) 20:18, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Building 19. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140110161200/http://www.enterprisenews.com/news/x1679446961/Jerry-Ellis-of-Building-19-still-loves-a-bargain-after-all-these-years to http://www.enterprisenews.com/news/x1679446961/Jerry-Ellis-of-Building-19-still-loves-a-bargain-after-all-these-years

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Should links here be piped "Building #19"?
Most of the links to this article are as Building 19 although a handful are written Building #19. Is it proper to refer to this entity without the #? Should those links (and associated non-wikilinked second references in the same articles) be adjusted, or is it OK to talk about this entity as "Building 19"? jhawkinson (talk) 21:55, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes and has been done - somebody beat me to it! - DavidWBrooks (talk) 19:14, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * , sorry, I phrased this question poorly, as a compound with opposing senses. But either way, I cannot figure out your answer. If you mean Yes links should be adjusted, and someone has beaten you to it, then that's not the case. Walking down the first four of 23 in What Links Here, there are numerous "Building 19" references in Ocean State Job Lot and Spag's, and I imagine that would be true in several of the remaining nineteen (ha, ha). If you mean Yes, it's proper to refer without the #, then I'm not sure how "somebody" could have beat you to it, but the John Hancock Tower link is piped as "Building #19," and not recently edited either. Thanks for clarifying. jhawkinson (talk) 16:19, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I thought you meant references *in* this article - I didn't notice that you were talking about links to this article. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 12:55, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Building 19


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hard Rock Database

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 17:44, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hard Rock Database
Not notable yet. Bart133 (t) 18:31, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * This is a self-professed "small website" with a description of Led Zeppelin, a message board and an online radio station. Wikipedia is not a web directory, so delete. — Ливай | ☺ 00:48, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. LizardWizard 00:49, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, website advertisement, Wikipedia is not a Web Directory. Megan1967 01:59, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this ad. Wyss 22:40, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:65.14.32.20

title: User talk:65.14.32.20


text:
User talk:Gravitodeathdeathrivercamscooper

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --fvw *  21:33, 2005 Feb 4 (UTC)


text:
Category:Qualification awarding bodies in the United Kingdom

Those organisations allowed to award qualifications in the United Kingdom.


text:
Social mortgage

Social mortgage (Latin: pignus sociale) is a term used in Catholic social teaching. According to this body of thought, the social mortgage refers to the conditions under which people are to use the goods of the world, which as part of God's creation are intended for everyone. Use of the world's resources is bound up with responsibility towards the rest of humanity.

Description
Although there is a right to private property, this is not an absolute right; in particular, no one has the right to accumulate large amounts of private property while others in the world lack the basic requirements for survival and development. This is embodied most fully in Pope John Paul II's encyclical Laborem exercens, when he states that "Christian tradition has never upheld" the "right to ownership or property" "as absolute and untouchable. On the contrary, it has always understood this right within the broader context of the right common to all to use the goods of the whole of creation: The right to private property is subordinated to the right to common use, to the fact that goods are meant for everyone."

Pope John Paul II was the first to coin this term "social mortgage" (pignus sociale) in his encyclical, Sollicitudo rei socialis. He explains that the term has principally a social function, and this is based on the universal destination of all goods. The goods that are accumulated are not meant to be reserved or hoarded, but are "meant for all". Pope Francis refers to the term and his predecessor's teaching in his own 2015 encyclical letter, Laudato si'.

title: Social mortgage


text:
Senate House

Senate House may refer to:
 * The building housing a legislative senate
 * List of legislative buildings
 * Senate House State Historic Site, in Kingston, New York, where the state's first Constitution was ratified in 1777.
 * The building (formerly) housing an academic senate
 * Senate House, London of the University of London
 * Senate House Libraries, based in the building
 * Senate House, Cambridge of the University of Cambridge
 * Senate House (University of Madras)

title: Senate House


text:
Mozartkugel

A Mozartkugel (English: "Mozart ball"; pl. Mozartkugeln) is a small, round sugar confection made of pistachio, marzipan, and nougat that is covered with dark chocolate. It was originally known as Mozart-Bonbon, created in 1890 by Salzburg confectioner Paul Fürst (1856–1941) and named after Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Handmade Original Salzburger Mozartkugeln are manufactured by Fürst's descendants up to today, while similar products have been developed by numerous confectioners, often industrially produced.

Origins
Paul Fürst's family descended from Dinkelsbühl; he himself was born in Sierning, Upper Austria, and was raised in Salzburg. Upon the early death of his father, he lived in the house of his uncle, who owned a confectionery at No. 13, Brodgasse. Fürst took over his uncle's business and trained as an apprentice in Vienna, Budapest, Paris, and Nice. In 1884, he opened his own pastry shop at No. 13, Brodgasse, where he, by his own account, created the Mozart-Bonbon praline after lengthy trials in 1890. As his specialty became increasingly popular, Fürst established a company that continues to sell Mozartkugeln. However, he had not applied for a patent to protect his invention, and soon, other Salzburg cake shops began to sell similar products.

Recipe
The original recipe for Mozartkugeln is: A ball of marzipan combined with pistachio and covered in a layer of nougat is produced. This ball is then placed on a small wooden stick and coated in dark chocolate. The stick is then placed vertically, with the ball at the top, on a platform to allow the chocolate to cool off and harden. Finally, the stick is removed; the hole that it leaves behind is filled with chocolate coating, and the ball is wrapped in metal foil. The balls remain fresh for about eight weeks at room temperature.

Name dispute
When imitation products began to appear, Fürst initiated a court process to attempt to secure a trademark. At first, the dispute concerned only confectionery producers in Salzburg, but later spread to include the competition from Germany. The result was an agreement that obliged Fürst's competitors to use other names. The Mirabell firm, based in Grödig near Salzburg, chose the name, "Real Salzburg Mozartkugeln". Bavarian producer Reber opted for "Real Reber Mozartkugeln". In 1996, a dispute between Fürst and a subsidiary of the Swiss food producer Nestlé, which wanted to market "Original Austria Mozartkugeln", was decided in the third instance. Only Fürst's products may be called "Original Salzburg Mozartkugeln".

Dispute between Mirabell and Reber
At the end of the 1970s, another dispute arose between industrial confection producer Mirabell (today part of Mondelez International) and its competitor Reber over the Mozartkugel trademark. A provisional agreement was reached in 1981 between representatives of the Austrian and German governments, whereby only Austrian producers were to be allowed to use the label Mozartkugeln. Reber protested against this agreement, and the EC-Commissioner in Brussels charged with deciding in the affair finally declared the agreement invalid. This is why Reber may legitimately and continuously use its "Genuine Reber Mozart-Kugeln" trademark, though with a hyphen in-between.

Nonetheless, only Mirabell Mozartkugeln are allowed to be round. Other industrially produced Mozartkugeln must have one flat side. Besides Mirabell and Reber, Mozartkugeln manufacturers include Hofbauer, Vienna (part of Lindt & Sprüngli), and Manner, as well as Halloren in Germany.

Trivia
The Mozartkugel won the gold medal at a fair in Paris in 1905.

In the winter of 2006, 80 oversized polyester Mozartkugeln, each with a diameter of 1.6 m, were placed in the old town of Salzburg. They had been designed by artists. On the night of 27 March, vandals removed one of these Mozartkugeln from the Franziskanergasse, where it had been bolted to the ground. They then rolled it onto the street, causing damages of €7,000.

title: Mozartkugel


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Talk:Bird feeding

Untitled
Aside from general tidying of the English, I changed the classification from hobby to activity. The original text referred to bird-feeding as a hobby, and explained that it could also be carried out for other reasons; once the qualification had been removed by User:Arpingstone, the definition was too narrow to be accurate. I've also removed a claim that bird-feeding is primarily urban (it is, but only because populations are concentrated in urban areas), and a claim that naturalists deprecate the activity (they certainly don't in the U.K.). Both these claims might be true in the U.S.; if so, they could be put back with suitable qualifications.

I'm not sure why two suppliers of bird-food and two manufacturers of bird-feeders are mentioned in the text (especially as there's no article for any of them); should these not be removed? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:35, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Commercial mentions removed, as you suggest - Adrian Pingstone 21:38, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Top U.S. city birds
I've made a few minor changes to the part listing the most common birds in U.S. cities: -- Coneslayer 23:53, 2005 Apr 28 (UTC)
 * Replace jackdaw with crow, because that's what we have in the U.S.
 * Capitalize common names of bird species, in keeping with the normal practice in Wikipedia and elsewhere
 * Note which are introduced species
 * Specify House Sparrow, not sparrows in general. The House Sparrow is the common city pest, and is introduced from Europe.  It is not closely related to New World sparrows, so care should be taken to distinguish (when talking about North American birds)
 * Change most common birds...are to ...include because no support is given for the list, which looks "off the top of one's head". It omits several common birds (House Finch, Mourning Dove, American Robin, etc.), and obviously the prevalence of ducks and geese will depend on whether you're near water (lake, pond, marsh, etc.).  Also, different cities will clearly have different birds (think of Phoenix vs. Seattle vs. Miami)
 * There's no such thing as "domestic sparrow." Passer domesticus is called House Sparrow both in England and the U.S.

 * On the West Coast, we've got Canada geese that no longer migrate. They're near water since water is everywhere (canals are just fine) but unlike ducks, they're not water-feeding birds and they don't need it. (Geese eat grass, among other things.) All up and down the West Coast there are concentrations of Canada geese that have "settled down in the suburbs" (and the urbs, as well). There's a middle-school in my area where the geese make the ballfield very hard to use with all their droppings. So yes: common birds depend on where you are, and geese are rule-breakers. [g]. Jennifer Brooks 17:54, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

pov
I find the tone of the opening paragraph very POV. The implication is that it is somehow wrong to feed birds. Man has lived alongside wildlife for the past for the past 40,000 years or so, and to some degree influenced the evolution of species. It is not wihtout reason that we talk of House Sparrows, Barn Owls and Barn Swallows.

In the UK, the RSPB, Europe's biggest conservation organisation, gives advice and encourages feeding birds, including farmland species.Stamford spiney 6 July 2005 15:50 (UTC)

Major rewrite
I'm worried that most of this is in the form of advice, couched in authoritative terms, yet without proper citations (and some of it rather out-dated, especially in comparison with recent advice from organisations like the RSPB). I'm reluctant simply to revert (though a large-scale unilateral change like this rather calls for it), but could these matters be discussed and remedied? --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:38, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I added a good bit of how-to. I hope that's not what you find objectionable.  I'm one of those people who shouts "Wikipedia is not a how-to guide" on VfD (now AfD), so I understand if it is objectionable.  However, what I added was intended to be somewhat common sense and can be sourced from many, many locations (and therefore passes into "common knowledge").  For example: don't put a station far from cover.  Millet, in particular, will grow in your lawn below the bird feeder.  Put out water, if you're in a dry area.  Squirrels like bird seed.  That stuff is common knowledge, but it was lacking, and we got a question at the reference desk on "how do I attract birds to my house?"  I figured that the article as it was was somewhat suffering from wiki-itis (many tiny paragraphs, some repetitive, as people added their own contributions one after another).  I tried to do some tense shifting and point of view shifting (linguistic POV, not content POV) to make the English read a bit better.
 * My own problem with the article is that it gets half a toe in the water. It starts to say that bird feeding is good or bad, but then it hasn't sources for those statements and is far too blunt.  I thereby tried to say, "It's a good thing that can have unintended effects," which I think is uncontroversial, and I tried to explain that those effects are particularly the fostering of invasive species (a major problem in the US, and I imagine in Australia, too), and therefore that some people try to watch out for it.  (E.g. I set up a feeder and had house sparrows hitting it.  Once they found it, there was no way to discriminate, so I stopped feeding.  Their population needed no help.  This despite being on a major pelagian migration route.)
 * The biggest structural problem is that the article is misnamed. I know of no style sheet or dictionary that has "birdfeeding."  It's "bird feeding."  I've been too lazy and uninvolved to do a page move, though.  Anyhow, if there are objections to my addition of "how to start feeding birds," I won't mourn its loss.  Geogre 15:01, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * On the title, I assumed that that was U.S. English; isn't it?
 * My worry concerns quite a lot of the advice that you haven't mentioned above. For example, a number of sources that I've seen now say that feeding should continue through the year (though the type and amount of food will vary). (Concerning something that was added before your edits, it's also now suggested that mesh-contained fat-balls can trap the legs of small birds, causing injury.)
 * I've added undefined in the hope that it will attract other editors to check and edit. If you think that that's a mistaken move, feel free to remove it. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 20:41, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Oh, yes, a mesh suet is a very bad idea. That was before me. Year round is one of those things.... It depends on whether you're getting invasive species or not. If not, you can feed year round. If so, don't artificially prop up their populations by feeding in excess of natural food sources. Also, it depends on where you are. If you're in an urban setting, there isn't much natural food, comparatively, but if you're out near (from a bird's point of view) woods, the natural world wants birds. Birds carry seeds in their feces and help propagation. If you're in springtime, and you're near natural woods, you are at least somewhat messing with things by encouraging the birds to eat your sunflower seeds instead of the nearby mullberries. In other words, the answer is "yes, no, maybe: use your brains and know your area." I think the mesh ball for suet should be removed. It's a bad, bad idea. Further, I don't think any article ought to recommend one particular type of feeder over another. It's not the article's business, and only bad can come from it. Let's just cut any of that out. (Is "birdfeeding" one word in UK English? I've never seen it as a single word in either place. It's definitely not acceptable common usage in the US.)  Geogre 00:39, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * "Birdfeeding" is poor English here, but that doesn't stop companies using it (like "box set"). Would you prefer "Bird feeding" or something else ("Feeding birds", "Domestic bird-feeding"...)?
 * Concerning the mesh balls, I'd be reluctant to remove it altogether; I've seen mention in newspapaers/magazines of the possibility of birds getting caught, but in many years of feeding birds, and talking to people who feed birds, I've never seen or heard of it actually happening. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:44, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Two words, Bird feeding, as I suppose it's a natural formulation (better than "feeding birds," I suppose). The thing about the mesh balls is that I'd remove any particulars like that. Information like that is perishable, and it also gets us into product endorsement. (One oddity in the US is that cardinals, which many feeders want very badly to see, don't visit round feeders, but they do square ones. No one has any clue why this is.  I'd be reluctant to mention "square feeders are better" or to say "pole mounts are better for squirrel baffles," even though they are, because I just feel like we ought to be staying general.)  I know that I have that bit about sunflower seed being the best general feed, but I don't think that's overly tendentious. (If you really want to attract the birds, use a table. Just be prepared to be feeding all the squirrels, the chipmunks, the muskrats, the mooses, the bears, and the mice, too.)  Geogre 19:03, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Never mind on the name. I see that Bird feeding is a redirect to Birdfeeding.  Not the best order, but it's functional, so I don't care.  Geogre 19:05, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Hmmm, how about Feed the birds (tuppence a bag)? Where I am, the only visitors to a bird table apart from birds are likely to be mice (though I've never seen them do it); not too many chipmunks, muskrats, moose, or bears in Oxfordshire (and we don't even see many squirrels in our village). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:46, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Give it time, man. They'll show up. :-)  (In the south of the US, the woods have eyes...and feet, tails, and teeth.  "Ecology" means trying to gently persuade stuff to not grow.)  (I haven't got any mooses or muskrats, but in Minnesnowda there were mooses sometimes.)  (Muskrats were busy with muskrat love.)  Geogre 14:51, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Just a thought...
The photo on the artice shows a big fat Wood Pigeon on a small bird table. I'm all for the Wood Pigeons but dont you think that such a big bird on a small bird table is, well, how can i put this, out of proportion. Just a thought, and I dont really expect an answer (especally given my poor spelling). Thanks! Think outside the box 12:13, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That table is really not all that small. Besides, a picture where the bird is obvious is ideal, I think.-Cyanocittacristata 15:56, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Controversy?
The article describes Bird-feeding as a controversial activity, but the article does not explain how it is veiwed as such, or by whom.--Big Crow 17:08, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It seems a small edit war has started over this. The editor who keeps insterting "controversial" in the article gave the following reason in their edit summary: If you're unaware of the problems associated with bird feeding, please read the material mentioned in Par. 6. What this relates to I am unsure. There may be some controversy over feeding birds somewhere - probably to do with excess food being available to rats etc - but until a source can be found on this I think it should be removed. Think outside the box 11:29, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Even if such a controversy exists (I have yet to hear of one besides feeding pigeons in cities), it certainly does not merit inclusion in paragraph one. Also, the claim that it "causes environmental problems" should be qualified with a may until it can be proven, which I doubt will happen.-Cyanocittacristata 15:54, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I've reverted the "controversial" bit that the anon editor added again. Anon: There is no reference given claiming bird feeding is controversial. A reference was given presumably saying it has negative side effects; but saying something has negative side effects is entirely different than saying it is "controversial". You need reliable sources to back up your claim of controversy. --Nethgirb 10:46, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Nethgirb, Cyanocittacristata: Webster's Dictionary defines controversy as "a discussion marked especially by the expression of opposing views." The opposing views that you present are unsupported. Please note that Wikipedia is not a vehicle for the dissemination of propaganda. Unless you can provide sources that contradict those already identified in this article, your edits constitute Vandalism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.159.225.193 (talk • contribs)
 * The fact is you don't have a reliable source (or any source at the moment) saying that birdfeeding is controversial. You have presented some other facts which you interpret to imply controversy, but I and (it appears) Big Crow, Think outside the box, and Cyanocittacristata disagree with your interpretation. I've been through discussions similar to this before, but with our roles reversed, so I understand how you feel... but after that experience my opinion is that it's best to just find a source that explicitly says what you claim. (And of course, such sources may be challenged with other sources that say the opposite.) --Nethgirb 06:49, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * We could still have a paragraph about feeding pigeons, that may be a starting point to a controversy section. --80.99.1.94 (talk) 08:16, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

'How To'
I removed this section of the article, as it is really unencyclopedic:

"When bird feeding, be sure to take hygiene and safety precautions, as the unnatural situation of having large numbers of birds congregating in one area can lead to transmission of infectious diseases. Clean all feeding stations regularly and wash away all droppings. Wear rubber gloves when undertaking these tasks to avoid contact with bacteria and viruses that may be present in bird droppings. Other safety precautions involve not feeding whole peanuts or unsoaked dried fruit during the breeding season as this can be dangerous to nestlings, and never using net bags to feed birds, as birds may die as a result of their feet or tongues getting trapped."

It sounds like it comes directly out of a 'how-to' section, and though it's likely fine as copyvio, it's not encyclopedic. It has some good info, but I don't know enough about the subject to rephrase it in an encyclopedic fashion without it sounding awkward; I just tried a few ways. --Thespian 22:59, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Definition
"Bird feeding is the activity of feeding birds" - it's very informative… ;-))) — D V S??? 03:22, 20 February 2008 (UTC).

Additional Purpose of Bird Feeding
There exist articles on the WWW (e.g., http://www.motherearthnews.com/nature-and-environment/natural-insect-control-zmaz80jazraw.aspx?PageId=1#axzz2wL4Zreqh) which claim that bird feeding can be utilized as a means of insect control. This concept should be reviewed and added to the article. Rnabioullin (talk) 18:18, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bird feeding


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National Independent Cadres and Elites

The National Independent Cadres and Elites (NICE) is an Iraqi political party. It represents Shi'ites who do not support the approach of the United Iraqi Alliance. It is closely associated with the movement of Moqtada al-Sadr and the Mahdi Army. The party is led by newspaper editor Fatah al-Sheikh.

2005 Transitional elections
In the 2005 Iraqi elections, NICE received just under 70,000 votes, about 0.8% of those cast, earning them three seats in the transitional National Assembly of Iraq.

2005 Permanent elections
NICE did not contest the elections for the regular assembly later in 2005. Many of Sadr's supporters were part of the United Iraqi Alliance list.

title: National Independent Cadres and Elites


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John Kundla

John Albert Kundla (July 3, 1916 – July 23, 2017) was an American college and professional basketball coach. He was the first head coach for the Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and its predecessors, the Basketball Association of America (BAA) and the National Basketball League (NBL), serving 12 seasons, from 1947 to 1959. His teams won six league championships, one in the NBL, one in the BAA, and four in the NBA. Kundla was the head basketball coach at the University of St. Thomas in Saint Paul for one season in 1946–47, and at the University of Minnesota for ten seasons, from 1959 to 1968. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1995 and the College Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006.

Early life
Kundla was born in the mining town of Star Junction, Pennsylvania to parents from Jakubany, at that time Austria-Hungary, now Slovakia. He moved to Minneapolis at age 5. He attended Central High School in Minneapolis.

Playing career
After attending and playing basketball for Minneapolis Central High School (which closed in 1982), Kundla attended the University of Minnesota and was a standout for the Minnesota Golden Gophers basketball the late 1930s.

Coaching career
Following graduation, Kundla stayed on at the university as an assistant coach to Dave MacMillan. He then moved to the high school ranks as the head coach of DeLaSalle High School in Minneapolis, Minnesota. After two years there, the United States entered World War II, and Kundla joined the Navy, where he was assigned to LST units in both the European and Pacific theaters. After the war, he was hired to coach the College of St. Thomas in 1946.

Minneapolis Lakers (1947–1959)
Following the St. Paul's College of St. Thomas Tommies' 1946–47 season, the new professional franchise in town, the Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball League extended an offer to Kundla to coach the team. Kundla turned the offer down, however, as he was not impressed with the professional ranks. Team representatives returned, and this time the offer had been upped to $6,000 (twice his St. Thomas salary) and Kundla took the job at age 31.

Kundla and the Lakers were immediately successful. A month into the 1947–48 season, future Hall of Fame center George Mikan became available when the Chicago American Gears, folded. Outhustling the rest of the NBL and the teams of the rival Basketball Association of America (BAA), the predecessor of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Lakers signed Mikan. Kundla then guided the George Mikan-led Lakers, which also included star Jim Pollard, to the 1948 NBL title. The Lakers defeated the Washington Capitals and Coach Red Auerbach in the 1949 BAA Finals 4 games to 2.

Moving to the BAA for the 1948–49 season, which became the NBA in 1949–50, Kundla's Lakers won five NBA titles in six years, with 1951 being the only gap in the team's run, a season in which Mikan broke his ankle at the end of the campaign, thus allowing the Rochester Royals to defeat the Lakers in the Western Conference championship series three games to one. The first team to repeat as league champions then became the first team to three-peat, with Mikan fully healed for the 1951–52, 1952–53, and 1953–54 seasons.

Kunlda's Lakers rosters included Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame players Mikan, Pollard, Slater Martin, Vern Mikkelsen, Clyde Lovellette, Slick Leonard, Hot Rod Hundley and Elgin Baylor, as well as Arnie Ferrin, Walter Dukes, Dick Garmaker, Frank Selvy and future Pro Football Hall of Famer and Minnesota Vikings Coach Bud Grant.

Kundla briefly moved to the Lakers' front office ahead of the 1957–58 season. Coached by Mikan, the Lakers' record was 9–30, when Mikan stepped down and Kundla immediately returned to the bench, going 10–23 as the team finished 19–53, recording one of the worst seasons in its history while missing the NBA playoffs for the only time in Kundla's tenure.

Kundla then led the Lakers to a 33–39 record in his final season with an improved roster. Despite their losing record, Kundla led the 1958–1959 Lakers, with rookie Elgin Baylor, to series victories over the Detroit Pistons (2–1) and St. Louis Hawks (4–1) in the NBA Playoffs to reach the 1959 NBA Finals. The Lakers lost in the NBA Finals to Red Auerbach's Boston Celtics with Bill Russell and Bob Cousy in four games.

Overall, Kundla finished 423–302 (.583) in 11 seasons as coach of the Minneapolis Lakers, winning the BAA Championship in 1949 and NBA Championships in 1950, 1952, 1953 and 1954.

University of Minnesota (1959–1968)
In 1959, knowing that the Lakers franchise was going to be moved to Los Angeles (after being purchased by Bob Short, the team moved in 1960) and despite having future Hall of Famer Elgin Baylor on the team, Kundla chose to stay in Minnesota and resigned from the Lakers position to coach his alma mater, the University of Minnesota.

While coaching he also taught physical education at the university. He was the first Gophers coach to give scholarships to African-American players, resulting in him receiving hate mail. Kundla stayed with the Gophers for nine years before retiring from coaching after the 1967–68 season with a record of 110–105. His Gophers only finished as high as third in the Big Ten five times, and never reached the postseason.

After retiring from coaching, Kundla remained a physical education professor until retiring from the U of M in 1981.

Honors
In 1996, Kundla was voted as one of the 10 greatest coaches in the history of the NBA.

In 11 years of coaching in the BAA/NBA, he had a record of 423–302 in the regular season and 60–35 in the playoffs. Kundla's 1947–48 NBL championship season team went 43–17 during the regular season with 14 more wins in the post-season, but does not count under official NBA records.

Kundla was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1995, after being lamented as "all but forgotten" in a 1992 USA Today column.

Kundla was inducted into the College Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006.

After the Los Angeles Lakers won their 2002 championship, Kundla was awarded a championship ring along with other living Minneapolis Lakers players at a ceremony at the Staples Center.

Personal life
Kundla met his wife, Marie, while they were undergraduates; the two raised six children.

After resigning from the Lakers, he stayed close with Mikan and Vern Mikkelsen, often meeting his former players for breakfast.

Kundla is the grandfather of former Michigan State Spartans men's basketball player, Isaiah Dahlman, and former Wofford Terriers men's basketball player, Noah Dahlman, who was named the Southern Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year in 2009–10. His wife died in 2007; the following year he moved into the Main Street Lodge Assisted Living Home in Minneapolis and continued to watch and follow the NBA.

Kundla turned 100 in July 2016 and died on July 23, 2017, twenty days after his 101st birthday.

title: John Kundla