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Talk:Lady

Question: is the term 'lady' used colloquially in different ways in the US, the UK, etc?

In the US, "lady" can be used interchangeably with "woman" in a strictly informal way.

I'm not sure if this holds true outside the US.

 * The term "Lady" is one of social status, and I strongly disagree with the use of it as a generic for any female. Used as such it is a euphemism and an unpleasant one at that! Does anyone object if I delete the assertion at the top of the article: ""Lady" can be used as a title, or as a (formal) form of address for any woman."? The subsection "More recent usage: social class" just about says it all. Nick Michael 21:39, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

The article makes no mention of the modern of use of the singular "lady" as a rude and sexist term. In US English, if you want to catch a woman's attention, and say, "Wait a second, lady," you'd receive a very bad glare in return. This is the equivalent of the way the sexist term "broad" was used in the 1970s. The article acts as though the term is only used in the plural in US English. I haven't made any edits to reflect this. Fungicord (talk) 10:02, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

kenny rogers
Sorry. But I think the song should be a separate entry. 70.177.68.209 00:13, 9 July 2006 (UTC

Gibson girls ladies?
I propose deleting the Gibson girl image from this article, as being a misleading "image" of a "Lady". Gibson girls were not (necessarily) ladies: they were the equivalent of today's fashion models, or high-society girls. I mean, would you call Paris Hilton a lady?

The trouble is, I believe, that British and American usages differ so much regarding this word that they probably need two different articles: Lady (USA) and Lady (Britain). I suppose that's more than we can hope for though.

For me (Brit), a lady is not necessarily beautiful, nor (like her male counterpart, who does not necessarily open doors for women), can she be defined by someone who uses a butter knife even when she is alone (this definition is a joke of Nancy Mitford's - who was most certainly a lady).

Taking it back to its roots, a Lady is a woman "of family". This makes (in my experience) for redoubtable females of personality (not necessarily pleasant), and, as far as the country version is concerned, often with the complexion of a deep-sea fisherman (Nancy Mitford again). P. G. Wodehouse knew what a lady was, and aunts Agatha and Dahlia are the best references I can think of for the animal in question.

If no one replies or comments on this, I think the rules allow me to act in a few days, whereupon I shall remove the inaccurate image - and meanwhile look for one more appropriate.

Nick Michael 06:43, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

This article is wrong in one instance, questionable in another, and self-contradictory in a third
Wrong: The paragraph on the use of the word "Lady" as a "customary" but not "proper" for the wife of a knight when the knight is also not a Lord or King and the wife has no titles, throne, or knighthoods in her own right. It's never a title (Duke, Duchess, Earl, Countess, etc., variously followed by "of" or not). It is a style of address (Sir, Your Grace, Dr.).

Questionable: Is "customary" as used here a euphemism for "wrong"? The article on "Dame" says that it was "formerly" the style of address for the wife of a knight, but was replaced by "Lady" during the 17th century. But there is no citation, no first known case of a Knight's wife who was granted the style of address "Lady". In the absence of such a citation there and no more clarity in the article here, no reader can be sure that this is not another example of heraldic inflation the most common form of which is people who have a coat of arms but no crest referring to their coat of arms as a "crest", fraudulently inflating their heraldic status. If research shows that in fact it is only in common speech and not in law that a knight's wife is a "lady", then the word "customary" should be changed to "wrong". As wrong as referring to any sweet soda as "a coke" and any photocopier as "a xerox".

Self-contradictory: As to whether "Lady" is the correct style of address for the wife of a knight as described above, this article says that "Dame" is "proper", but used only in sepulchral monuments (where, according to this Article, the form is as in "Dame Jane Smith") and in legal documents (where, according to this Article, the form is as in "Sir John and The Lady Smith".) But how can the form "Sir John and The Lady Smith" be an example of how "Dame" is used in legal documents when the word "Dame" does not OCCUR in the form "Sir John and The Lady Smith"? I do not profess to know what is correct (except that "style of address" and "title" are not the same thing), but any reader who does not know what is correct can tell that an article which contradicts itself must be incorrect in at least one place, even if the reader cannot tell which of the two contradictory statements is incorrect.

64.131.188.104 08:31, 13 October 2007 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson

 * All titelage is customary, and hence customary is, if you will, a dysphemism for right. --2001:4CA0:0:FE00:200:5EFE:81BB:D254 (talk) 16:32, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

The Dowager or just Dowager?
The section on British usage mentions in the first paragraph: A widow becomes the dowager, e.g. The Dowager Lady Smith. In the third paragraph it is stated that: If a knight dies, his widow becomes Dowager Lady Smith (no the). Which is correct? I have looked in vain for a 'ruling' but find none. However publications of prestige (who ought to know) like the Times, Guardian... certainly use the definite article. Nick Michael (talk) 07:17, 12 August 2008 (UTC) She is THE Dowager if someone else has inhereted her husband's titles, and they have married (unless the successor is a woman). A knight's wife would not use the word the because her husband's title could not have passsed to another. For example, the Duke of Rutland's mother, the Dowager Duchess of Rutland, is such because the style of Duke is inheritable, and her son has a new wife. 79.79.208.237 (talk) 08:55, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

The Yanks have landed
Just kidding. Well partly kidding. It seems to me that the main thing about the word "lady" is that it is a term of respect given to a woman. Every thing else is secondary. I.E. it is used as a title of nobility because it was first a term of respect; it is not a term of respect because it was first used as a title of nobility. Please correct me if I am wrong. I will boldly change the first sentence of the article. Disagree if you like. Steve Dufour (talk) 14:36, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

First Lady
The article seems to imply that the wife of the president of the USA is called the First Lady because she is the mistress of the White House. I don't understand it this way. She is the first lady since, because we don't have a queen or other noble ladies here, she is the woman most honored in society. Steve Dufour (talk) 14:43, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The article First Lady is quite clear on how the usage came about, and how it was applied to Buchanan's niece when she was White House hostess. It has nothing to do with the honor afforded the lady in question, it has to do with her position as the nation's preeminent hostess.  Powers T 01:36, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

American use
In the USA the word "lady" seems to be much more generally used than in the UK. See for instance Lady (Kenny Rogers song). I am not saying that the USA is more important, or that other English speaking nations should be ignored either, but the article could use a more world-wide scope. If I can find a source that discusses American use, rather than just give examples, I will add that to the article. Steve Dufour (talk) 15:59, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I doubt that is the case, & what one Kenny Rogers song demonstrates I can't imagine. For the most part sources for comparisons of use are hard to find, unless you know the specific literature. For example in the UK toilets marked "men" and "women" are I think much rarer than in the US, & mostly found in the public sector. Johnbod (talk) 16:14, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I wasn't planning on using the song as a reference. However when people heard it, and it was a major hit written by Lionel Richie BTW, I think all of us Americans knew that Kenny (and Lionel) was expressing his respect and devotion to the woman he loves.  None of us thought she was an English noblewoman, or even worried about her social class. Steve Dufour (talk) 17:30, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * That isn't what the article says - I think you're a little over-sensitive on this point. I'm actuallly dubious "respect" is really the right word; people using the term are only sometimes expressing any kind of personal judgement about the woman in question - usually they are not. The term is especially used of complete strangers of whom the speaker has no knowledge, I would have thought. "politeness" is more like it I think. And the article should not be entirely about contemporary usage.  Johnbod (talk) 17:53, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree that "polite" might be better than "respect." I also don't want to remove any of the information on "Lady" as used as a title. I just think that is secondary. If a person was to look on Google news, for instance, for the day's use of the word "lady" I don't think even 1% would be about people with the title of "Lady." Steve Dufour (talk) 19:06, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not so sure about that - in fact of course all you actually pick up is Lady Gaga, plus the odd Our Lady - both titles I suppose . Also see the incoming links here. But all need covering. Filter "gaga" out & you get a very mixed bag, and a different picture in gbooks . Johnbod (talk) 19:22, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I stand corrected. The article is much better now. Thanks. Steve Dufour (talk) 12:56, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I'll make the change to politeness. More could be added I'm sure. I actually think US/UK usage is pretty similar for the most part. Maybe I've watched too many too many B-movies, but isn't or wasn't "lady" used in the US as a direct term of address by Brooklyn taxi-drivers, policeman etc, without being considered actually offensive? Brusque maybe. Not I think ever in the UK. In both countries it is very common as a term for a 3rd person who is present: "give the lady your ticket, Timmy" and so on. The rise and fall of "lady journalist", "lady cellist", "lady doctor" and so on could be covered. Here are some ladies playing football. I notice only men seem to contribute to the article for some reason. Johnbod (talk) 13:18, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
 * In my opinion the cab driver's "Hey Lady" is an expression of respect. It's saying: "I don't want to have a personal relationship with you. Just tell me where you want to go and pay the fare." And in the USA ladies play golf, the LPGA, but other sports are played by women the WNBA. :-) Steve Dufour (talk) 15:28, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I think I was a little unclear. It's more like: "Hey Lady. You are the boss. I am your employee. So tell me what to do and pay me my wages." Steve Dufour (talk) 11:47, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is intended like ma'am. But I don't think there was ever an equivalent use in UK English; I wonder if it comes from immigrants adapting a German or Dutch usage? Ladies play tennis surely - certainly they do at Wimbledon. Johnbod (talk) 12:03, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
 * In the USA it's usually called "women's tennis", or anyway "women tennis players." Women's Tennis Association Steve Dufour (talk) 12:31, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, in normal discussion in the UK too; but the matches are always formally for ladies; same in football - the "womens'" teams are nearly all called "Foo Ladies" (or "girls" for youth teams). Johnbod (talk) 12:36, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
 * My niece's high school girls' sports teams were called the "Lady Cougers." Steve Dufour (talk) 13:27, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Well, it used to be used in English: 'Bot wolde ȝe, lady louely, þen leue me grante, (Sir Gawain) Now help me, lady, since ye may and can (Canterbury Tales) ''Lady! thy bounty, thy magnificence,'' Thy virtue, and thy great humility, There may no tongue express in no science: ''For sometimes, Lady! ere men pray to thee,'' (ibid) Nick Michael (talk) 22:38, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
 * You're right of course; I wonder when it died out. As the OED points out, in the plural the vocative is still going strong (this way please, ladies...), but in the singular they say (LADY 4b): "now confined to poetical & rhetorical use", & quote Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton & Shelley. But perhaps it was still a normal usage in Shakespeare's time? Johnbod (talk) 22:52, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Shakespeare at least uses it in his plays. Skimming through a couple: I prithee, lady, have a better cheer;

Lady, of that I have made a bold charter;  All's Well

Lady, I will commend you to mine own heart. I know the reason, lady, why you ask. Love's Labours Lost

But this doesn't mean that it was necessarily normal usage. And anyway, in all these examples, the word is used as a title: if Gawain had been a cabbie, I don't think he would have used the term for his fares... But then, what term would he have used? Nick Michael (talk) 12:37, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

Split?
In the AfD, I raised this point in passing. Lady is the female equivalent of both gentleman and lord. We have separate articles on the latter two because they are separate concepts. Likewise, we should do the same for lady. There is no good reason to have a single article on two separate concepts just because they are referred to by the same word in English. Note that this situation causes interwiki link problems; fr:Lady is a disambiguation page that refers to the English word "Lady", for instance. The correct interwiki link is fr:Dame, but that's also a disambiguation page. And we can't pick just one of the French articles listed on that disambiguation page, because this English article covers multiple senses.

Therefore, I see no recourse but to have this article split into Lady (nobility) and Lady (society) or similar titles.

-- Powers T 14:44, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I would support that. Sorry, now I'm undecided since the other side made some good points too. The article is not really a problem now, and WP is itself imperfect.Steve Dufour (talk) 20:19, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose You said in the Afd that each article should only cover one "concept". I didn't reply at the time, but imo that is clearly not the case, not least because it is often impossible and fruitless to try to slice subjects up like that - see Humanism for example. I think the same applies here - bear in mind that the use of "Lady" as a title is strictly a matter of convention only for at least the wives of knights & children of dukes etc; there is no formal award. The two concepts are pretty seamless & I see no point in splitting them other than into sections - a lot of cross-reference would be needed anyway. Johnbod (talk) 01:16, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
 * That "lord" is often used as a courtesy title is no reason to merge it into gentleman. Powers T 11:50, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Picture
Anybody else like Portrait of a Lady (van der Weyden)? Steve Dufour (talk) 02:45, 8 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes (having written some of it), although I'm not sure it is beyond doubt that the model would have been regarded as a "lady" in her lifetime. Johnbod (talk) 08:50, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Interested to know why you think Rogier's model may not be quite a lady! I notice that the Berlin van der Weyden is entitled "Portrait of a Woman". Quite right too: let us avoid using "Lady" as a euphemism for "Woman" (although it has been difficult for me to tell my children: "Say hello to the nice woman...". I mean, you wouldn't hesitate to use "man" in like circumstances, dammit). Nick Michael (talk) 09:46, 8 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, the Berlin "woman" is thought to be possibly Vrou van der Weyden & got out in more a housewifely fashion, whereas the DC lady seems aristocratic, if only from the fancy belt, which may not be much to go on. I thought we had something in the article on this but I can't see it now. In those days I don't think bourgeois women were ladies, quite.  I see vicarious immersion in Calvinist plainness is finally getting to you ..... :) Johnbod (talk) 21:23, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

No John, it was the Washington Rogier "Portrait of a Lady" that you (see above) cast aspersions upon. There is no doubt that the Berlin "Portrait of a Woman" is indeed what it describes. As for the spirit of Calvin getting to me, well yes, he walks here still (it is said that if you are invited to tea by an old Genevese family, your hostess will ask: "How many lumps of sugar? One or just a half?") but I like to think myself impervious to so miserable an attitude... Nick Michael (talk) 20:47, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

C.S. Lewis
Not sure how relevant it is (maybe it'd find a place in the article -- British Usage?), but I thought I'd share this amusing bit from C.S. Lewis' Collected Letters. "The word 'lady' now just means 'female'," he writes to an American correspondent; "for example, when I was at Holloway Prison, the guard told me it was 'a ladies' prison'." XP Flipping Mackerel (talk) 04:20, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Mackerel, I think you should add that in the "General Usage: Social Class" section. It would go well with the first paragraph, and it also reinforces the date around which this phenomenon occurred. It's a pet hate of mine how 'lady' has become a euphemism for 'woman'. You can't tell a child: "Say thank you to the nice woman" without causing some sort of offence, or at the very least, surprise. I would even hesitate to say it myself, so strong has the taboo become. Note also that 'gentleman' for 'man', although common (public lavatories etc.), is less ab/used: you can tell a child: "Say hello to the nice man" without eyebrows being raised! Nick Michael (talk) 06:03, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Hunter Hotel?
I would like to see an inline citation (photo?) of the referenced sign at the Hunter Hotel (Ireland?) that reads: "Ladies and Gentlemen will not pick the flowers; others must not". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.32.185.157 (talk) 10:39, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

The issues that "most Americans" are missing is the will not / must not difference. The sign is actually quite humorous, as it says, essentially "L&G know better than to pick the flowers, whereas others are forbidden to do so." Funny in it's own right, but doubly so with the implied understanding that one of humble stature (the sign) does not make demands upon a lady or a gentleman. 214.38.94.219 (talk) 13:59, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

"The article 'The' (written with the capital letter 'T' even when the title appears in the middle of the sentence) should be used prior to "Lady" or "Lord" in all cases"
Surely not when addressing the person. I am not English, but I suspect not in informal conversation either. Kostaki mou (talk) 00:00, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

Is "mister" condescending?
The lead says so. I thought it was synonymous with "gentleman". --ExperiencedArticleFixer (talk) 21:24, 14 January 2021 (UTC)

Usage in the British gentry and aristocracy
The rules on the correct usage of "Lady" in connection with British knights, baronets, and peers get surprisingly intricate. Yet it is helpful to be familiar with them in reading period fiction, as it helps in understanding who is related or married to whom.

I think an accompanying table would be a real help. Pithecanthropus4152 (talk) 23:40, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lady


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257 Silesia

Silesia (minor planet designation: 257 Silesia) is a large Main belt asteroid, about 73 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 5 April 1886 at Vienna Observatory, Austria.

It is named after Silesia, the province of the discoverer's birthplace (nowadays most of Silesia is in Poland, but Palisa's birthplace is in the small part of Silesia that is in the Czech Republic).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 257 Silesia


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258 Tyche

Tyche (minor planet designation: 258 Tyche) is a relatively large main belt asteroid discovered by Robert Luther at Düsseldorf-Bilk Observatory on 4 May 1886. The stony S-type asteroid measures about 65 kilometers in diameter and has a perihelion of 2.1 AU.

Tyche orbits very close to the Eunomia family of asteroids, and could be a member based on composition. However, it is larger than all family members apart from 15 Eunomia while lying at the very edge of the family group. Hence, there is a good chance that it is an unrelated interloper.

There is some uncertainty regarding Tyche's rotation period. Various authors give values from 9.983 to 10.041 hours.

It was named after Greek goddess of fortune, Tyche, which is also the name of one of the Oceanids. Tyche's Roman equivalent is Fortuna, after which the asteroid 19 Fortuna is named.

title: 258 Tyche


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259 Aletheia

Aletheia (minor planet designation: 259 Aletheia) is a very large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German–American astronomer Christian Peters on June 28, 1886, at Litchfield Observatory, Clinton, New York. The dark and heterogeneously composed X-type (Tholen: CP-type) asteroid contains primitive carbonaceous materials, responsible for its low albedo of 0.04. Aletheia measures about 185 kilometers in diameter and belongs to the largest asteroids of the main-belt. It has a semi-major axis of 3.1 AU and an orbit inclined by 11 degrees with a period of 5.55 years.

Richard P. Binzel and Schelte Bus further added to the knowledge about this asteroid in a lightwave survey published in 2003. This project was known as Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey, Phase II or SMASSII, which built on a previous survey of the main-belt asteroids. The visible-wavelength (0.435-0.925 micrometre) spectra data was gathered between August 1993 and March 1999.

Lightcurve data has also been recorded by observers at the Antelope Hill Observatory, which has been designated as an official observatory by the Minor Planet Center.

It is named after the Greek goddess of truth, Aletheia, the daughter of Zeus and one of the nurses of Apollo.

title: 259 Aletheia


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Falling in love

Falling in love is the development of strong feelings of attachment and love, usually towards another person. The term is metaphorical, emphasizing that the process, like the physical act of falling, is sudden, uncontrollable and leaves the lover in a vulnerable state, similar to "fall ill" or "fall into a trap".

It may also reflect the importance of the lower brain centers in the process, which can lead the rational, accounting brain to conclude (in John Cleese's words) that "this falling in love routine is very bizarre.... It borders on the occult".

Mental
"Factors known to contribute strongly to falling in love include proximity, similarity, reciprocity, and physical attractiveness", while at the same time, the process involves a re-activation of old childhood patterns of attachment. Deep-set psychological parallels between two people may also underpin their pairing-bonding, which can thus border on mere narcissistic identification.

Jungians view the process of falling in love as one of projecting the anima or animus onto the other person, with all the potential for misunderstanding that this can involve.

Chemical
Two chemical reactions associated with falling in love are increases in oxytocin and vasopressin; and Elisabeth Young-Bruehl has suggested that "when we fall in love we are falling into a stream of naturally occurring amphetamines running through the emotional centres of our very own brains". With regard to sociobiology, it is stressed that mate selection cannot be left to the head alone and must require complex neurochemical support.

Critics of such Neo-Darwinism point out that over-simplistic physical arguments obscure the way sexual passion often leads not to secure attachment but to attachments thwarted, as well as the sheer frightening difficulties of all falling in love.

Biologist Jeremy Griffith suggests that people fall in love in order to abandon themselves to the dream of an ideal state (being one free of the human condition).

"Sexual desire and love not only show differences but also recruit a striking common set of brain areas that mediate somatosensory integration, reward expectation, and social cognition" Neuroimaging studies show that love and sexual desire share common chemical reactions in the brain. Both love and lust show neural activation in regions such as the cortical area (e.g., middle gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, temporo-parietal junction, and occipital-temporal cortices) and the subcortical brain areas (e.g., striatum, thalamus, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, and ventral segmental area). The cortical area of the brain is correlated with a person's self-representation, goals-directed actions, and body image. Neuroimaging can also show the difference between love and desire. Some brain regions that contribute to either love or lust are the anterior insula, posterior insula, and the ventral striatum. The anterior insula activates factors that contribute to love such as integrative representations, whereas the posterior insula is involved with factors that contribute to desire such as current sensations, feelings, and responses. The ventral striatum however, becomes activated during pleasurable rewarding experiences such as sex or food.

Gender differences
Many studies indicate a positive linear correlation between romantic popularity and physical attractiveness for women more than men. Some studies indicate that men subconsciously seek slenderness and sexiness whereas women seek status, permanence, and affluence before they seek physical attractiveness. In addition, men tend to show their emotions through actions while women tend to express their feelings with words.

Timing
Stendhal charted the timing of falling in love in terms of what he called crystallization—a first period of crystallization (of some six weeks) which often involves obsessive brooding and the idealization of the other via a coating of desire; a period of doubt; and then a final crystallization of love.

Empirical studies suggest that men fall in love earlier than women and women are quicker to fall out of love than men.

Studies show when comparing men who have fallen in love, their testosterone level is much higher than those that have been in a long-lasting relationship.

title: Falling in love


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260 Huberta

Huberta (minor planet designation: 260 Huberta) is a large asteroid orbiting near the outer edge of the Main belt. It is dark and rich in carbon.

It belongs to the Cybele group of asteroids and may have been trapped in a 4:7 orbital resonance with Jupiter.

It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 3 October 1886 in Vienna and was named after Saint Hubertus.

title: 260 Huberta


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Amet-khan Sultan

Amet-khan Sultan (Crimean Tatar: Amet-Han Sultan, Амет-Хан Султан, احمدخان سلطان; Ukrainian/Russian: Амет-Хан Султан; 20 October 1920 – 1 February 1971) was a highly decorated Crimean Tatar flying ace in the Soviet Air Force with 30 personal and 19 shared kills who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. Despite having been able to avoid deportation to Uzbekistan when the entire Crimean Tatar nation was repressed in 1944 due to his father's Lak background, he refused to change his passport nationality listing to Lak or identify as one throughout his entire life despite pressure from government organs. After the end of the war, he worked as a test pilot at the Flight Research Institute in Zhukovsky and mastered piloting 96 different aircraft types before he was killed in a crash while testing a new engine on a modified Tupolev Tu-16 bomber. He remains memorialized throughout Ukraine and Russia, with streets, schools, and airports named after him as well as a museum dedicated to his memory.

Early life
Amet-Khan Sultan was born on 20 October 1920 to a Crimean Tatar mother and a Lak father in Alupka, Crimea, then part of the short-lived state of South Russia (now Ukraine) during the Russian Civil War. In 1937, he graduated from secondary school and later studied at the railworker's school in Simferopol as well as at the aeroclub based at Zavodskoe Airport, where he graduated from flight training in 1938 while he was employed as a fitter at a local railway depot. In February 1939, he joined the Red Army and was sent for further training at the Kacha Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots, which he graduated from in 1940, and was assigned to the 122nd Fighter Aviation Regiment. Amet-khan's name would occasionally attract mockery from his peers, but he himself would often poke fun at his name, joking that "I myself am both the Khan and the Sultan." Most of his friends and family would refer to him as Amet-khan, not Sultan.

In World War II
When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Amet-khan was a pilot in the 4th Fighter Aviation Regiment and immediately deployed to the front lines to carry out defensive sorties flying the obsolete Polikarpov I-153 over Rostov-on-Don. In winter 1942 after suffering high casualties the regiment was retrained and taught to fly the newer Hawker Hurricane. In March 1942, the regiment was deployed to defend the city of Yaroslavl, during which Amet-khan scored his first aerial victory on 31 May 1942. He rammed a Junkers-88 bomber with his fighter after running out of ammunition, striking it on the left wing head-on while flying upwards and slicing off the wing. He managed to jump out of his burning plane and parachute to the ground, with minor injuries to his arm and head, some from having slammed his head into the dashboard of the cockpit. He landed on a farm where a worker pointed a pitchfork at him because the worker was worried Amet-khan was one of the Luftwaffe pilots, but after folding over his pilot's coat and showing the farmer his Order of the Red Star they showed him respect and inspected the site where the planes fell. The two pilots of the Ju 88 were identified by villagers while Amet-khan rested. Amet-khan stayed on that farm for a night to recover and was visited by the regiment commissar, who woke him up and congratulated him on his successful attack. He soon returned to his regiment to fly again after a brief stay in the hospital, where he came to be teased by several of his fellow pilots for ramming his plane upwards instead of ramming downward and smashing only the landing gear of the plane against the Ju 88, which might have enabled him to make a belly-landing and walk away without a scratch. The bomber turned out to have been on a reconnaissance mission, making the sacrifice of his plane less of a loss to the Soviet Air Force. For the victory he was presented with an engraved watch in the Yaroslavl city square and later awarded the Order of Lenin.

In the summer of 1942, Amet-khan scored nine more aerial victories, most of them while flying in groups over Voronezh in a Hawker Hurricane before he was reassigned in August to Stalingrad, where he piloted a Yak-7B and was praised by his commanders for being one of the first in the regiment to engage an enemy fighter at night. He briefly piloted a Yak-1 over Voronezh that summer and did not score any aerial victories during that time, but later in the war he scored several victories while flying one. In the Battle of Stalingrad he quickly increased his tally and was reassigned in October to the prestigious 9th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, which had been reorganized to be composed entirely of flying aces to counter German air offensives in the area. The regiment included Mikhail Baranov, the most successful Soviet ace at the time, and Lydia "Lily" Litvak, the first female flying ace. Over Stalingrad in August 1942 Amet-khan had to parachute out of his plane for a second time after his Yak-7B was shot down. From November 1942 until the end of the war he remained the commander of the third squadron of the 9th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment.

After retraining to fly a Bell P-39 Airacobra in 1943 he fought over Rostov-on-Don and saw heavy combat over the Kuban area as part of the campaign to retake control of Taganrog, Melitopol, and the Crimean Peninsula. On 24 August 1943, he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for his success in contributing to the aerial defense on the Southern, Bryansk, and Stalingrad fronts, as well as over Moldova, southern Ukraine, and Yaroslavl. Although not recorded in official Soviet documents, British historians Thomas Polak and Christopher Shores attributed a second aerial ramming of a Ju 88 to Amet-khan, taking place over the Battle of Stalingrad in winter of 1943. Only seventeen Soviet pilots are known to have executed two aerial rammings; two Soviet pilots executed three rammings, and one pilot, Boris Kovzan, who committed four, holds the record for most aerial rammings.

From 18 to 20 May 1944, he was permitted to take a three-day vacation from combat to visit his family in Alupka, not long after the Soviets retook control of Crimea, bringing several of his friends, including fellow Hero of the Soviet Union Pavel Golovachev. One morning, an NKVD officer barged into the Amet-khan house attempted to force Amet-khan and his parents to leave Crimea, but they initially refused to leave and a struggle ensued until Amet-khan identified himself as a Hero of the Soviet Union to the NKVD officer who had attacked him and his status as a war hero was confirmed by Pavel Golovachev who was present at the scene. The NKVD officer then began questioning him about his ethnic background, decided that Amet-khan was technically Dagestani, and explained that there was an order to deport the entire Crimean Tatar people and that his brother Imran was wanted for collaborating with the Germans. Throughout the day the NKVD continued to deport the Crimean Tatar people, and his mother, who was a Crimean Tatar, was sent to a transportation point, but after other members of the Air Force who were friends of Amet-khan made it clear to the NKVD that she and the rest of her immediate family were exempt from deportation because she was married to a Lak and hence no longer considered a Crimean Tatar in the eyes of the law, she and her husband were spared deportation; however, they were advised to temporarily relocate to Dagestan, for the time being. Eventually Imran was sentenced in 1946, but Amet-khan's parents still were allowed to live in Crimea.

After witnessing the violent deportation, Amet-khan returned to his regiment and continued to distinguish himself in battle, but suffered from severe depression. He flew a Lavochkin La-7 in the later parts of the war in campaigns over Königsberg, Berlin, and East Prussia. In the Battle of Königsberg he and his regiment flew with a group of French pilots from the Normandie-Niemen regiment. Amet-khan saved the life of one of his comrades over Königsberg; after Chubukov and Khvostov engaged with a group of originally six fighters; two German fighters went down while taking out Khvostov, and Chubukov was surrounded by the remaining four when Amet-khan rushed toward the fighters and saved Chubukov from being shot down. His thirtieth solo and last aerial victory occurred near Berlin Tempelhof Airport when he took out a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 on 29 April 1945. For his excellence shown after his first Hero of the Soviet Union award in 1943 over various campaigns, he was awarded a second one on 29 June 1945. In total he scored 30 solo victories, 19 shared victories, flew 603 combat sorties and engaged in 150 aerial battles during the war.

Career as a test pilot

Initially after the war he studied at the Air Force Academy in Monino, as an order by the Supreme Commander of the Soviet Armed Forces required all flying aces that survived the war to attend. However, due to his minimal secondary education, he found the courses difficult and eventually requested permission to drop out of the school and was allowed to leave in 1946. After abandoning aviation for a while, he fell into a severe depression, as he could not see himself as a civil airline pilot. Eventually his friends from the war who were also a fighter pilots, including Alexander Pokryshkin, Aleksey Alelyukhin, and Vladimir Lavrinenkov encouraged him to become a test pilot at the Flight Research Institute in Zhukovsky, which he did in February 1947. Amet-khan quickly rose through the ranks at the institute, reaching the rank of test pilot first class in 1952.

In April 1949 together with Yakov Vernikov, he conducted the first flight of the two-seater Mikoyan-Gurevich I-320 fighter. In June 1949, he and Igor Shelest carried out the first fully automatic mid-air refueling in the Soviet Union; Amet-khan piloted the Yak-15 fighter jet and Shelest flew the Tupolev Tu-2 bomber involved in the procedure. From 1951 to 1953, he along with Sergey Anokhin, Fyodor Burtsev, and Vasily Pavlov flew manned tests of the KS-1 Komet, an anti-ship air-to-surface missile. During the testing process, Amet-khan was the first pilot to make a flight of the Komet from the ground, (doing so on 4 January 1951) as well as the first pilot to start the Komet from an airplane, which he did in May that same year. During one test flight, after uncoupling the KS-1, the engine of did not start, but instead of immediately parachuting out he repeated attempts to restart the engine, finally managing to do so not far from hitting the ground, saving the prototype. For his actions in testing the KS-1 he was awarded the Stalin Prize second class, but several other members of the team were awarded the gold star. When Amet-khan's nomination for a third gold star reached the desk of Stalin, who had approved the deportation of the Crimean Tatar nation, he went into a fit of rage that a Crimean Tatar was allowed to become a test pilot. When it was pointed out that Amet-khan nearly died while testing the KS-1 to save the prototype, it was decided that he would be awarded the Order of the Red Banner and Stalin Prize second class instead, since awarding a Crimean Tatar a third gold star was unthinkable to the internal ranks of the Soviet Union, regardless of merit.

Many of the flights Amet-khan carried out in his career were for tests of the bailout systems for military aircraft, a risky procedure. While flying a MiG-15 so the parachuter Valery Golovin could test the ejection seat designed for the Sukhoi Su-7 and Su-9 aircraft on 12 November 1958, the ejection mechanism fired prematurely, resulting in an explosion that ruptured the fuel tank. The explosion resulted in the ejection seat clamping down on Golovin. The cockpit filled with smoke and gas, limiting his sight while kerosene began filling the cockpit. With the threat of an uncontrollable fire imminent and Golovin unable to parachute out, he managed to make an emergency landing of the stricken fighter, refusing to abandon his comrade even after Golovin and their commander ordered him to evacuate the aircraft and save himself.

From 1958 to 1960, he flew cosmonauts-in-training including Yuri Gagarin on a modified Tu-104 for practicing tasks in weightlessness, starting off as a co-pilot for Yuri Garnaev in the procedure. His other work included testing the NM-1, which he made the first flight in on 7 April 1959, but later tests of the aircraft eventually went to Rady Zakharov after Amet-khan was briefly hospitalized and temporarily grounded from flying due to health complications of long flight work, although he was eventually barred from flying high-speed aircraft altogether. For his work as a test pilot he was awarded the prestigious title "Honoured Test Pilot of the USSR" on 23 September 1961. In his career he mastered 96 aircraft types and accumulated an excess of 4,237 flight hours.

Amet-khan died on 1 February 1971 at the age of 50 while piloting a modified Tu-16. The interior of the cabin was modified to function as a flying laboratory and the flight was conducted to test a new jet engine. All five airmen aboard the plane were killed in the crash. The cause of the crash remained classified for a long time, leading to speculation about the causes of it, and suggestions it was caused by uncontained engine failure from the new engine being tested, but the official conclusion released to the public states that is crash was caused by breakage of the outer flaps, which were in landing position when the plane was accelerating to an instrument speed of over 500 km/h, leading to the aircraft flipping and breaking up mid-air; however, the exact reason for why or how the flaps were positioned that way have not been determined, since the fire from the ensuing disaster damaged the fuselage. A memorial to the pilots killed in the crash was constructed and Amet-khan was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery with full honours. His funeral was attended by a variety of famous people from the Soviet Union, ranging from members of the Crimean Tatar civil rights movement, veterans of the war, generals, and test pilots, including Vladimir Ilyushin, Aleksey Ryazanov, and Abdraim Reshidov.

Personal life
In the summer of 1944 while in Moscow training to fly the new La-7 fighter, he met a woman by the name of Faina Maksimovna Danilchenko, and they later married in 1952. The couple had two children - Stanislav and Arslan, both of whom grew up to serve in the military. Both children's surnames were written down as Amet-khan. Faina was against her husband working as a test pilot due to the dangerous aspects of the job, but he refused to quit his job even after suggestions that he retire on his 50th birthday. Both Faina and Arslan died shortly after Amet-khan.

Involvement in politics
Amet-khan was one of the first people in the Soviet Union to publicly request the rehabilitation and right of return for the Crimean Tatars. With several other members of the Communist Party that had lived in Crimea, he signed a petition to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, but the request was rejected even though Khrushchev had condemned the deportations and granted the full right of return to other deported nations including the Chechens and Karachays in the 1950s. Amet-khan never lived to see the full right of return granted to the Crimean Tatars that occurred in the Perestroika era. In his later years he met with many Crimean Tatar activists and leaders, including Yuri Osmanov, Zekie Chapchakchi, Ablyakim Gafarov, Safie Kosse, Seitmemet Tairov, and Mustafa Selimov in Moscow as well as Ayshe Seitmuratova, Ilyas Mustafaev, and Mustafa Konsul in Samarkand.

Memorials
A bronze bust in Amet-khan's likeness made by sculptor Mikhail Olenin was installed in Alupka in 1955; it was originally installed the Rostov Oblast where Amet-khan flew in combat in 1943, despite the fact that Soviet law dictated that the bronze busts of double Heroes of the Soviet Union were supposed to be installed in their home village. It was moved to Alupka per his request after a conversation with Kliment Voroshilov. In 1974, a small bust of Amet-khan made by Sadri Akhun was added to his grave in Novodevichy Cemetery.

In 2010 a monument to Amet-khan's aerial ramming over Yaroslavl was installed on the ground below the site where he rammed the Ju 88. That same year, a bust in his likeness was added to the Walk of Glory in Kiev. Statues in his likeness are present throughout Ukraine and Russia in towns including Alupka, Makhachkala, and the small village of Tsovkra in Dagestan. The city square of Simferopol bears his name in addition to streets in Alupka, Sudak, Volgograd, Zhukovsky, Kaspiysk, Sakah, and Makhachkala. The aeroclub where he studied, a minor planet, an airport, several schools, and a peak in Dagestan were all named in his honour. In 2015 the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine voted to rename Simferopol Airport in his honor, however, due to the Russian occupation of Crimea, this vote had more symbolic character.

Amet-khan was the main protagonist in the 2013 Crimean-Tatar movie Haytarma.

On October 26, 2020, a monument Amet-Khan Sultan was unveiled in the center of Aqmescit (Simferopol).

On December 22, 2022, in the city of Cherkasy, Komunalnyi Lane was renamed Amet Khan Sultana Lane.

Detatarization of Amet-khan Sultan's memory
Despite Amet-khan Sultan's iconic status as a Crimean Tatar hero, his participation in the Crimean Tatar rights movement, and the fact that he officially listed himself as Tatar and not Lak or Dagestani in all official documents, there have been many attempts to posthumously label him as a Dagestani and de-legitimize his Crimean Tatar identity as part of a systematic campaign of detatarization of Crimea. Obituaries to him described him as a "courageous son of the Dagestani people", even though he had never claimed to be Dagestani during his life but openly identified as Crimean Tatar. During his life he was frequently told to change the nationality listing on his passport, but despite constant pressure from Chekists and colleagues he refused to dissociate himself from his Crimean origin, proudly saying "I am a son of the Crimean Tatar people!" when asked about his national identity. In 2016 the Republic of Dagestan created the "Medal of Amet-khan Sultan"; the Uytash Airport in Dagestan is named in his honor, despite repeated petitions from Crimean Tatar organizations to the Russian government that Simferopol Airport be named after him instead. Amet-khan was not born or raised in Dagestan and he did not speak any of the languages of Dagestan.

Awards and honors

 * Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (24 August 1943 and 29 June 1945)
 * Honoured Test Pilot of the USSR (23 September 1961)
 * Stalin Prize 2nd Class (3 February 1953)
 * Three Orders of Lenin (23 October 1942, 14 February 1943, 24 August 1943)
 * Four Orders of the Red Banner (31 July 1942, 13 October 1943, 20 April 1945, 3 February 1953)
 * Order of Alexander Nevsky (13 October 1943)
 * Order of the Patriotic War 1st class (20 January 1945)
 * Order of the Red Star (5 November 1941)
 * Order of the Badge of Honour (31 July 1961)
 * campaign and jubilee medals

title: Amet-khan Sultan


text:
Communist Organization of Angola

The Communist Organization of Angola (Organização Comunista de Angola; OCA) was a communist party in Angola. OCA was founded in 1975 by the Amilcar Cabral Committees (Comités Amilcar Cabral; CAC). The CAC were founded in 1974 inside the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and were excluded from the party in 1975. It opposed the MPLA government and what it called Soviet social-imperialism. It also called for withdrawal of Cuban troops. OCA was suppressed by the government.

The OCA published Vanguarda Operaria.

The group is now defunct.

title: Communist Organization of Angola


text:
Talk:Shahr Banu

The person who wrote this page should objectively explain that this is a Shia myth and no a factual description. The way the caliph Omar is depicted in this narration matches typically the opinion of the Shia on this personnage. I would appreciate more distance and objectivity.

 * That is why the sources of the info used to write the passage were given, so that people can check the factuality of the passage by referring to the sources.
 * Shahr-Banu has no significance from a Sunni perspective. She is not an important figure to them.
 * I added a comment to reflect this. (That the recount is from a Shia perspective).--Zereshk 22:28, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Myth
This is a laugh. How would Ali understand Persian anyway?!! To stop Omar from killing this woman. This article clearly shows how Persians feel towards Omar. I wouldnt believe a single letter from this article.

I think It would be best to place it under the fantasy section, not the Islamic.

Yes, merge
Though I think the English form most seen is Shahrbanu, all one word. That's the form in which I see it as a woman's name. Suggest both articles be moved to Shahrbanu. The material I gave, re the academic view of this as legend, should be given as well. I'm willing to have the Shi'a POV there -- most mentions of Shahrbanu would be incomprehensible if you didn't know the story. But it should not be presented as fact. Zora 23:22, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Agree
I told wikipedia to merge these two articles (Shahr banu and Shahrbanu binte Yazdgerd III) because I didn’t like having two articles for Bibi Shahrbanu and why wikipedians should talk about the same thing on two different pages. We should all contribute to one page and share our ideas about what we think and believe about Bibi Shahrbanu. I apologize because I wrote the article (Shahrbanu binte Yazdgerd III) about Bibi Shahrbanu on wikipedia because I thought wikipedia didn’t have any article about the wife of my 3rd Imam and the mother of my 4th Imam. I even searched on wikipedia before actually writing the article but I couldn’t find an article on her because her name was misspelled. So when I came across the other article (Shahr Banu) that as written on Bibi Shahrbanu, I told Wikipedia to merge them because I didn’t like the fact that wikipedians were writing about the same person on two different pages. So I say merge! Thank You Salman

 * Then merge it is.--Zereshk 15:02, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

I would like to change the name of the article to Shahrbanu. Google has 1120 hits for Shahrbanu and 681 hits for Shahr Banu. That's 61% for Shahrbanu and 39% for Shahr Banu. Shahrbanu is clearly more often used in English. We can set up a redirect so that anyone looking for Shahr Banu will be sent to Shahrbanu. Zora 02:47, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Please Remove the "Islam" toolbar from this page
Hi,

This character has no affliation to Islam. She was merely a royal princess, who was sent as war booty to medina, and made a concubine to Hussein, she wasnt even a muslim, and after bearing Hussiens child, Abdallah, she left and lived in Rey, Persia until she died. She never was a muslim.

 * Any evidence that she wasnt muslim?--Zereshk 21:19, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * If you believe that she's a legend, she can be Muslim or not, as you please. However -- instead of the Islam template, how about a Twelver template? A small one, not as big as the Islam one. I think the story of Shahrbanu is important to the Twelvers in a way that it isn't important to the majority Sunni Muslims. Sharbanu article could lead to other Twelver articles. Zora 21:58, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Fine with me. Sunnis dont even acknowledge the Shia holy Imams after Ali. Let alone someone like Shahrbanu who was from a Magian background.--Zereshk 22:13, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you want to make a template Zereshk? I'm sure we'll argue fiercely about what should be linked, but I think you could design a handsome looking one.

 * Links? Shi'a Islam, Twelver, beliefs, history, links to all imams and Shahrbanu, perhaps Ziyarat. Zora 22:17, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * What should the name of the template be? And what topics (articles) do you propose be on there? (I have to go now. Im running late).--Zereshk 22:19, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Tricky one. I dunno if there should be a template for ALL Shi'a (which includes many groups) or just for the Twelvers. If all Shi'a, then Shi'a Islam. If just Twelvers, then call it Twelver Shi'a Islam and subtitle Ithnāˤashariyya. Perhaps a good idea to get input from other editors on this. I could go either way. Zora 22:37, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Ill opt for the more comprehensive "Shia Islam". I wonder what striver,khaled, et al think.--Zereshk 17:14, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shahr Banu


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Weinek (crater)

Weinek is a small lunar impact crater that is located in the southeastern part of the Moon, to the south of the Mare Nectaris. It was named after Austro-Hungarian astronomer Ladislaus Weinek. It lies about one crater diameter to the east-northeast of the prominent Piccolomini. To the southeast is Neander. The outer rim of this formation has undergone some wear, but the general circular form is still distinct. A triple cluster of small craters lies across the northern rim and inner wall, and there are small craterlets along the southern rim. The inner walls are generally even and slope directly down to the interior floor, with the exception of some irregularity to the south-southeast. The interior floor is marked only by a small craterlet to the southeast of the midpoint.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Weinek.

title: Weinek (crater)


text:
John Tarnoff

John Tarnoff (born 1952) is a reinvention career coach who provides career counseling for baby boomer and late career professionals looking to defy ageism, work beyond retirement, and pivot to a new job or new business as a second act or encore career.

A 40-year veteran of the Los Angeles entertainment industry, Tarnoff's career hit a wall at age 50. The tech startup he had co-founded was wiped out by the bursting of the dot-com “bubble,” and like many late career, baby boomer professionals in similar circumstances, felt uncertain and adrift in his career. He decided to go back to school to seek a second act career, and earned a master's degree in spiritual psychology. Pivoting to a career focus on people and career counseling, he networked his way to a new role as Head of Show Development at DreamWorks Animation. from 2006 – 2009. In this position, he developed culture-changing creative leadership training and college recruiting programs that helped the company earn a place on both Forbes’ and Fortune's “100 Best Places to Work” lists.

In 2010, he joined the Carnegie Mellon University Heinz College Masters of Entertainment Industry Management graduate program, serving as a graduate level professor and Head of Industry Relations. He has also consulted for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences, the Australian Film, TV & Radio School, the ACME Network, a digital distance learning company, as well as The Boeing Company, in collaboration with BAFTA Award-winning production designer Alex McDowell.

In 2012, he launched his Boomer Reinvention® career coaching program to support late career baby boomers looking to start sustainable second act or encore careers beyond traditional retirement. He is the author of the forthcoming book: "Boomer Reinvention: How to Create Your Dream Career after 50" (Reinvention Press, Los Angeles 2017).

Tarnoff began his career in the mid-1970s working as a literary agent, and then as a film studio production executive and film producer. In these capacities, he was responsible for films including Diner, The Year of Living Dangerously, Pink Floyd The Wall, Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure and The Power of One. A co-founder of Village Roadshow Pictures in 1988, he pioneered U.S./Australian co-productions in the late 1980s and early 1990s executive producing a handful of films including The Delinquents and Prisoners of the Sun.

Branching into multimedia development in 1994, he licensed the interactive rights to Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and produced the video game Big Brother based on the book. He and director John Badham co-wrote the successful PC/PlayStation game WarGames, based on Badham's hit movie.

From 1995 to 2003, with writer and artist Robit Hairman, he co-founded Talkie, Inc., a technology company that created online conversational animated characters for marketing, brand building, lead generation, customer service and training. Talkie created "Claire," Sprint PCS' automated customer service rep.

Tarnoff holds a B.A. from Amherst College, and a M.A. in Spiritual Psychology from the University of Santa Monica. He grew up in New York and Paris, and lives in Los Angeles.

title: John Tarnoff


text:
Mönchengladbach Airport

Mönchengladbach Airport (Verkehrslandeplatz Mönchengladbach, formerly Düsseldorf Mönchengladbach Airport, ) is a small regional airport located 4.4 km northeast of Mönchengladbach and 15.2 km west of Düsseldorf. It is co-owned by the company which also runs Düsseldorf Airport (70%) and the local utility company NVV AG (30%).

History
The British Army of the Rhine undertook an exercise in 1955, in accord with the then NATO-Strategy of quick reaction. They built a basic 'field-made' airfield on the grass-covered area for an air-landing-exercise on this site. On finishing this exercise, the British Army of the Rhine handed the area over to the Mayor of Mönchengladbach for use as an airfield. The airfield was taken into service as a small airstrip for gliders. A hangar was built in 1957, and the next year a control tower and passenger terminal were constructed. The construction of the 1200 m runway that is still used today began in 1970, and it was completed in 1973.

From 1996 until 2002, the Belgian airline VLM operated direct services to London City Airport with Fokker 50 aeroplanes providing up to 24 weekly flights in each direction. From 1996 to 1999, the British Airline Debonair operated services to London Luton Airport, and when Debonair was put into administration, the services were taken over by European Air Express who also operated services to Munich and Sylt/Westerland until the airline ceased operations in 2007.

In 2016, the airport underwent a rebranding and changed its name from Düsseldorf Mönchengladbach Airport to just Mönchengladbach Airport and also changed its corporate design to match the new one of its majority shareholder Düsseldorf Airport.

Airlines and destinations
Starting on 6 November 2023 Franconia Air Service offers domestic scheduled flights to Nuremberg Airport. The airport is otherwise dominated by general aviation. Additionally, there are few business-charter passenger flights. The next major international airport is Düsseldorf Airport only 20 km away to the east.

title: Mönchengladbach Airport


text:
261 Prymno

Prymno (minor planet designation: 261 Prymno) is a somewhat large Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a B-type asteroid and probably has a primitive composition not unlike common C-type carbonaceous asteroids.

It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on October 31, 1886, in Clinton, New York and was named after the Greek Oceanid Prymno.

title: 261 Prymno


text:
Straight Outta Cashville

Straight Outta Cashville is the debut solo studio album by American rapper Young Buck. It was released on August 24, 2004 via G-Unit/Interscope Records. The album's title alludes to the N.W.A's 1988 album Straight Outta Compton and is a neologism for the artist's hometown of Nashville, Tennessee.

Recording sessions took place at Record One in Los Angeles, Soundstage Studios and Quad Studios in Nashville, The Big House in Farmington, Sony Music Studios in New York, Circle House Studios in Miami and Platinum Recordings in Atlanta.

Production was handled by DJ Paul, Dre & Vidal, Juicy J, Needlz, Sha Money XL, Chad Beat, Crown, Diverse, Doug Wilson, Felony Muzik, Kon Artis, Lil' Jon, Midi Mafia, Red Spyda and Black Jeruz, with Klasic and Sean C serving as co-producers.

It features guest appearances from his fellow G-Unit groupmates 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks, Tony Yayo and The Game, as well as D-Tay, David Banner, Kon Artis, Lil' Flip, Ludacris and Stat Quo.

Promotion
The album was supported with two singles, "Let Me In" and "Shorty Wanna Ride", and two promotional singles, "Stomp" and "Look at Me Now" b/w "Bonafide Hustler".

Its lead single, Needlz-produced "Let Me In" featuring additional vocals by 50 Cent, was released prior to the album, on July 2, 2004. The song peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 15 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 11 on the Hot Rap Songs in the United States, number 62 on the UK singles chart and number 12 on the Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart in the United Kingdom, number 70 on the ARIA Top 100 Singles Chart and number 16 on the ARIA Urban Singles Chart, and number 94 in Germany. An accompanying music video was directed by Jessy Terrero.

Its second single, Lil' Jon-produced "Shorty Wanna Ride", was released two days following the album. It reached number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 8 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 6 on the Hot Rap Songs in the US, and has become Young Buck's highest-charting song. An accompanying music video starring Malinda Williams, which was directed by Gil Green, was inspired by the film Natural Born Killers.

The song "Stomp", the original version of which featured two Atlanta-based rappers T.I. and Ludacris, caused misunderstandings from the aforementioned guests on the track. The phrase "Me gettin' beat down? That's ludicrous" from T.I.'s verse heated up the tensions between the two as Buck perceived the line as a diss towards Luda. D-Tay could serve as a replacement for T.I. on the track, but The Game's verse ended up making it onto the album version.

The music video for promotional single "Look At Me Now/Bonafide Hustler" was directed by The Saline Project.

Straight Outta Cashville received minimal promotion after November 2004 as result of the Vibe Awards stabbing incident, in which Buck was arrested for an assault. Though the case was eventually dropped, four months had passed by since Buck himself had been able to promote the album.

Critical reception
Straight Outta Cashville received generally positive reviews from music critics. Rafael Martinez of Prefix called the record "the best G-Unit release to date", giving praise to the production, featured guests and Buck delivering above-average lyricism from the hip-hop blueprint, concluding that "Cynics will criticize Straight Outta Cashville as another typical G-Unit album, only this time south of the Mason-Dixon line. But Buck is more than just a 50 flunky and can hold down an album on his own. You can’t argue with success: G-Unit is running this". Kelefa Sanneh from The New York Times said, "This album isn't revelatory, but it is convincing, and although Young Buck's subject matter never surprises, the tracks sometimes do". Jon Caramanica, writing for Rolling Stone, praised Buck for lyrically holding his own opposite the featured artists on a solid debut effort, saying that "Straight Outta Cashville is crime rap par excellence – unrepentantly grimy lyrics backed by soulful production". Robert Christgau graded the album as a "dud", indicating "a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought".

Commercial performance
In the United States, Straight Outta Ca$hville debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, with sales of 261,000 copies in its first week of release. It also peaked at number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number-one on the Top Rap Albums charts. The album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on January 26, 2005 for selling a million copies in the US.

The album also debuted atop of Canadian Albums Chart. In the United Kingdom, it made it to number 22 on the UK Albums Chart, number 18 on the Scottish Albums Chart and number five on the UK Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart.

The album did not find much success in Europe, peaking only at No. 41 in the Netherlands, No. 75 in France, No. 86 in Flanders and No. 94 in Switzerland.

Track listing

 * Sample credits
 * Track 6 contains elements from "If You Were My Woman" written by Gloria Jones, Clay McMurray and Pam Sawyer and performed by Latimore.
 * Track 7 contains elements from "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" written by Homer Banks, Carl Hampton and Raymond Jackson and performed by Bobby "Blue" Bland.
 * Track 9 contains elements from "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)" written by Sonny Bono and performed by Nancy Sinatra.
 * Track 10 contains elements from "Smokey Rainclouds" written and performed by Andrey Vinogradov.
 * Track 11 contains elements from "Que Protesten" written by Bernardo Mitnik and Mike Ribas and performed by Chucho Avellanet.
 * Track 14 contains elements from "If It's in You to Do Wrong" written by Albert J. Tribble and George Davis and performed by The Impressions.

title: Straight Outta Cashville


text:
Afro-Ecuadorians

Afro-Ecuadorians or Afroecuatorianos (Spanish), are Ecuadorians of predominantly Sub-Saharan African descent.

History and background
Most Afro-Ecuadorians are the descendants of enslaved Africans who were transported by predominantly British slavers to Ecuador from the early 16th century. In 1553, the first enslaved Africans reached Ecuador in Quito when a slave ship heading to Peru was stranded off the Ecuadorian coast. The enslaved Africans escaped and established maroon settlements in Esmeraldas, which became a safe haven as many Africans fleeing slave conditions either escaped to there or were forced to live there. Eventually, they started moving from their traditional homeland and were settling everywhere in Ecuador.

Racism, on an individual basis and societally are strongly discriminated against by the mestizo and criollo populations. As a result, along with lack of government funding and low social mobility poverty affects their community more so than the white and mestizo population of Ecuador. After slavery was abolished in 1851, Africans became marginalized in Ecuador, dominated by the plantation owners.

Afro-Ecuadorian people and culture are found primarily in the country's northwest coastal region. The majority of the Afro-Ecuadorian population (70%) are found in the province of Esmeraldas and the Valle del Chota in the Imbabura Province, where they are the majority. They can be also found in significant numbers in Guayaquil, and in Ibarra, where in some neighborhoods, they make up a majority. Many Afro-Ecuadorians have participated in sports, for instance playing with the Ecuador national football team, many of whom hail from Valle del Chota.

Culture

Afro-Ecuadorian culture may be analysed by considering the two main epicenters of historical presence: the province of Esmeraldas, and the Chota Valley. In Ecuador it is often said that Afro Ecuadorians live predominantly in warm places like Esmeraldas. Afro-Ecuadorian culture is a result of the Trans-atlantic slave trade. Their culture and its impact on Ecuador has led to many aspects from West and Central Africa cultures being preserved via ordinary acts of resistance and commerce. Examples of these include the use of polyrhythmic techniques, traditional instruments and dances; along with food ways such as the use of crops brought from Africa, like the Plantain and Pigeon pea, and oral traditions and mythology like La Tunda. When women wear their hair as it grows naturally, it is often associated with poverty, which is why successful or upwardly mobile women tended to straighten their hair.

Music
Marimba music is popular from Esmeraldas to the Pacific Region of Colombia. It was considered an Intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2010. It gets its name from the prominent use of marimbas, but is accompanied along with dances, chants, drums and other instruments specific to this region such as the bombo, the cununo and the guasá.

Sometimes this music is played in religious ceremonies, as well as in celebrations and parties. It features call-and-response chanting along with the music. Some of the rhythms associated with it are currulao, bambuco and andarele.

On the other hand, in the Chota Valley there is bomba music. It can vary from mid-tempo to a very fast rhythm. It is usually played with guitars, as well as the main local instrument called bomba, which is a drum, along with a guiro, and sometimes bombos and bongos. A variation of it played by la banda mocha, groups who play bomba with a bombo, guiro and plant leaves to give melody.

Religion
The religious practice among Afro-Ecuadorians is usually Catholic. Catholic worship is distinctive in Esmeraldas, and sometimes is done with marimba

Political framework

Numerous organizations have been established in Ecuador to for Afro-Ecuadorian issues. The Afro-Ecuadorian Development Council (CONDAE). Afro-Ecuadorian Development Corporation (Corporación de Desarrollo Afroecuatoriano, CODAE), institutionalized in 2002, Asociación de Negros Ecuatorianos (ASONE), founded in 1988, Afro-Ecuadorian Institute, founded 1989, the Agustín Delgado Foundation, the Black Community Movement (El Proceso de Comunidades Negras) and The National Confederation of Afro-Ecuadorians (Confederación Nacional Afroecuatoriana, CNA) are amongst some of the institutional frameworks in place in Ecuador. The World Bank has given loans for Afro-Ecuadorian development proposals in Ecuador since 1998, loaning $34 million for related projects between 2003 and 2007, and USAID also monitored the 2006 elections in Ecuador to ensure that Afro-Ecuadorians were not being unfairly underrepresented.

Historical

 * Alonso de Illescas (1528-1600s), African Maroon leader in Esmeraldas in colonial Ecuador.
 * María del Tránsito Sorroza, midwife and formerly enslaved woman.
 * Martina Carrillo (1750–1778), Ecuadorian activist, born enslaved, who fought for the rights of Afro-Ecuadorians.
 * Martina Carrillo (1750–1778), Ecuadorian activist, born enslaved, who fought for the rights of Afro-Ecuadorians.

Government

 * Diana Salazar Méndez, Attorney General of Ecuador
 * Lucía Sosa, Mayor of Esmeraldas from 2005 to 2013 and 2014 to 2018
 * Paola Cabezas, first Afro-Ecuadorian presenter of Ecuador TV and politician

Activism

 * Jaime Hurtado, from Guayaquil; known for fighting for the rights of the working people of Ecuador; founder and leader of the Democratic People's Movement (MPD); assassinated in the winter of 1999

Music

 * Guillermo Ayoví Erazo, Ecuadorian Marimba player and singer.
 * Karla Kanora, Ecuadorian singer.
 * Eddy More, Ecuadorian songwriter.

Literature

 * Adalberto Ortiz (1914–2003), poet, diplomat and author.
 * Nelson Estupiñán Bass (1912–2012), poet and author.

Boxing

 * Carlos Andrés Mina, Ecuadorian Light heavyweight boxer
 * María José Palacios, Ecuadorian women's Olympic lightweight boxer
 * Érika Pachito, Ecuadorian women's Olympic middleweight boxer

Judo

 * Carmen Chalá, Ecuadorian Olympic Judoka.
 * Diana Chalá, Ecuadorian Olympic Judoka.
 * Vanessa Chalá, Ecuadorian Olympic Judoka.

Discus

 * Juan José Caicedo, Ecuadorian discus thrower that competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics

Weightlifting

 * Neisi Dajomes, Gold medalist for women's weightlifting in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics
 * Tamara Salazar, Silver medalist for women's weightlifting in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics
 * Angie Palacios, Ecuadorian Olympic weightlifter and sister of Neisi Dajomes
 * Alexandra Escobar, Ecuadorian Olympic weightlifter
 * Oliba Nieve, Gold medalist for women's weightlifting in 2007 Pan American Games

Sprinting

 * Álex Quiñónez, Ecuadorian Olympic sprinter; finalist in 200-meter dash at the 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Ángela Tenorio, Ecuador Olympic sprinter
 * Yuliana Angulo, Ecuadorian Olympic sprinter
 * Virginia Villalba, Ecuadorian Olympic sprinter

Football

 * Adrian Bone
 * Alexander Domínguez
 * Anderson Julio
 * Agustin Delgado, Ecuadorian football player hailing from Juncal village; signed a $3.5 million deal with the team from Southampton, England in 2001
 * Byron Castillo
 * Carlos Gruezo
 * Christian Benítez
 * Darío Aimar
 * Sebas Méndez, football player for the Orlando City SC
 * Alberto Spencer (1937–2006), football player and all-time top scorer of the Copa Libertadores
 * Antonio Valencia, football player for Manchester United and Ecuador national team
 * Arturo Mina
 * Enner Valencia, football player for Internacional and Ecuador national team
 * Brayan Angulo, football player
 * Michael Arroyo, football player
 * Gabriel Achilier, football player
 * Jefferson Lara, football player
 * Jairo Padilla, football player
 * Juan Cazares, football player
 * Jhojan Julio, football player
 * Felipe Caicedo, football player
 * Miller Bolaños, football player
 * Álex Bolaños, football player
 * Alexander Bolaños, football player
 * Moisés Caicedo, football player
 * Moisés Ramírez
 * Giovanny Espinoza, football player
 * Gonzalo Plata
 * Janner Corozo
 * Joffre Guerron
 * Jorge Guagua
 * José Cifuentes
 * Jose Valencia
 * Juan Cazares
 * Jaime Ayoví
 * Walter Ayoví
 * Diego Palacios
 * Pervis Estupiñán
 * Ángelo Preciado
 * Ayrton Preciado
 * Fidel Martínez
 * Nilson Angulo
 * Segundo Castillo
 * Gustavo Vallecilla
 * Édison Méndez
 * Ivan Hurtado
 * Juan Carlos Paredes
 * Joao Plata
 * Renato Ibarra
 * Romario Ibarra
 * Robert Arboleda
 * Ulises de la Cruz
 * Walter Chalá
 * Djorkaeff Reasco
 * Néicer Reasco
 * Rorys Aragón
 * Frickson Erazo
 * Maximo Banguera
 * Oscar Bagui
 * Pedro Velasco
 * Kevin Rodriguez
 * Christian García (Ecuadorian footballer)

title: Afro-Ecuadorians


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262 Valda

Valda (minor planet designation: 262 Valda) is a main belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on 3 November 1886 in Vienna. The name was proposed by Bettina von Rothschild.

Photometric observations of this asteroid from the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, during 2010 gave a light curve with a period of 17.386 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.17 ± 0.02 magnitude.

title: 262 Valda


text:
263 Dresda

Dresda (minor planet designation: 263 Dresda) is a typical Main belt asteroid. It belongs to the Koronis family of asteroids.

It has a lightly coloured surface and likely is not composed of carbonaceous materials, but is similar in composition as another Koronis family member, 243 Ida.

It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 3 November 1886 in Vienna.

The asteroid's name derives from the German city of Dresden.

title: 263 Dresda


text:
Irish Cup

The Irish Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly referred to as the Irish Cup (currently known as the Clearer Water Irish Cup for sponsorship purposes) is the primary football knock-out cup competition in Northern Ireland. Inaugurated in 1881, it is the fourth-oldest national cup competition in the world. Prior to the break-away from the Irish Football Association by clubs from what would become the Irish Free State in 1921, the Irish Cup was the national cup competition for the whole of Ireland.

Since 3 October 2023, the cup has been sponsored by Clearer Water. It was previously sponsored by Nationwide Building Society, Bass Ireland Ltd, JJB Sports, Tennent's Lager and Sadler's Peaky Blinder and Samuel Gelston's Irish Whiskey.

Cliftonville are the current holders after defeating Linfield 3–1 in the 2024 final.

Format
During the cup's history, different formats and rules have been used in respect of eligibility to enter the competition, the number of teams and rounds, replays, extra time, penalties, etc. The competition is open to all IFA-affiliated clubs with intermediate or senior status. Clubs obtain such status by meeting minimum criteria laid down by the IFA in respect of facilities, etc. Each club, for example, must have its own enclosed ground. The competition usually begins in August or September with the first qualifying round, and ends with the final in May of the following year. Clubs from level 3 (the NIFL Premier Intermediate League) and all regional league entrants from level 4 and below enter in the first qualifying round. These clubs play against each other over four qualifying rounds, until 8 clubs remain. The 8 fourth qualifying round winners then join the 24 senior clubs from levels 1 and 2 of the Northern Ireland Football League in the first round of the main competition, which consists of 32 clubs and is played in January.

The competition has always been played in a randomly-drawn knock-out format. Depending on the number of entrants, the draw sometimes necessitates byes in the earlier rounds. If a team receives a bye, they automatically get drawn first in the following round to avoid the possibility of a team receiving multiple byes. The team drawn first from each tie hosts the match, except in the case of an intermediate team from level 3 or below being drawn first against a senior team from levels 1 or 2. In that scenario, the tie is played at the ground of the 'senior' team. In all ties that finish level after 90 minutes, extra time is played and (if necessary) penalties are used to decide the winner. Both semi-finals and the final are usually played at Windsor Park.

The winners qualify to represent Northern Ireland in the following season's UEFA Europa Conference League, subject to the club attaining a UEFA licence. However, if they have already qualified for a UEFA competition by finishing as champions or runners-up of the NIFL Premiership, or if they do not attain a UEFA licence, the Irish Cup's Europa Conference League berth is redistributed to the third-placed Premiership club, and the 4th–7th placed clubs participate in the Premiership's Europa Conference League play-offs.

History
The Irish Cup was inaugurated in the 1880–81 season, with seven clubs taking part. The draw for the first round took place on 10 January 1881, with the first ever Irish Cup matches being played on 5 February 1881. The trophy was first awarded to Moyola Park (from Castledawson in County Londonderry) when they beat Cliftonville (from Belfast) 1–0 in the final at Cliftonville Cricket Ground, Belfast on 9 April 1881. Since its inception, the Irish Cup has always been, and continues to be, considered the most important such competition in Northern Ireland (and, prior to 1921, Ireland), second only to the NIFL Premiership. The cup final is the climax of the domestic season in Northern Ireland and usually attracts the biggest attendance of any club match.

Since the inception of the Irish Football League in 1890–91 (and excluding the First and Second World War years when the League was suspended), the Cup has been won by Irish League clubs on every occasion except three famous ‘giant-killing’ occasions when "junior" clubs beat senior opponents in the final: in 1928, Willowfield beat Larne 1–0; in 1955, Dundela beat Glenavon 3–0; and in 1976, Carrick Rangers beat Linfield 2–1. In the early years, Army regiments stationed in Ireland entered teams such as King's Own Rifles (Cork), three of which reached the final: the Gordon Highlanders in 1890, the Black Watch (Limerick) in 1892 and the Sherwood Foresters (Curragh, County Kildare) in 1897. The Gordon Highlanders were the only Army team to win the Cup.

Between 1881 and 1921 when the Irish Cup was an all-Ireland competition, southern clubs (from what would become the Irish Free State and later the Republic of Ireland) only won the competition four times out of a possible 41: Shelbourne (from Dublin) won three times (in 1906, 1911 and 1920); and Bohemians (also from Dublin) won it in 1908. There were two all-southern finals: Bohemians defeating Shelbourne in 1908, and Shelbourne defeating Bohemians in 1911 (both ties required replays). Shelbourne, Bohemians and Derry City are the only clubs to win both the Irish Cup and the FAI Cup. Other Dublin clubs to compete in the Irish Cup were Dublin University, St. James's Gate, Dublin Association, Tritonville and Richmond Rovers.

In the second competition in 1881–82, Queen's Island became the first Belfast club to win the Cup and it did not leave Belfast again for another 24 years, when in 1905–06, Shelbourne became the first club from Dublin to win it. Of the 141 competitions played to date, Belfast clubs have won the cup 104 times; 73.8% of all competitions. The last time a club from outside Belfast won the cup was in 2018, when Coleraine beat Cliftonville 3–1 to win the cup for the sixth time. The cup's most successful club from outside Belfast is Glenavon, with seven wins.

In the early years of the competition the final was played at several different venues in Belfast, including the Oval, Solitude, Grosvenor Park and Celtic Park, as well as Dalymount Park in Dublin. Since 1996, the final has been played exclusively at Windsor Park, except for the 2015 and 2021 finals. The 2015 final had to be switched to the Oval, following the discovery of damage to a stand at the usual Windsor Park venue, while the 2021 final was moved to Mourneview Park, Lurgan for the first time due to maintenance works at Windsor Park, including a new playing surface being laid. This was the first final to be played outside Belfast since 1975, when Coleraine won the Cup with a 1–0 victory over Linfield in the second replay, after 1–1 and 0–0 draws in the first two games. The first final ever played outside Belfast took place in 1903, when Distillery won their 7th Irish Cup with a 3–1 victory over Bohemians at Dalymount Park, Dublin.

All six counties in Northern Ireland have been represented in the final. Moyola Park from County Londonderry were inaugural winners in 1881. In 1921, Glenavon became the first club from County Armagh to reach the final, but no club from Armagh won the Cup until Glenavon in 1957. County Down's first Cup finalists and winners were Ards in 1927; and County Antrim's were Ballymena in 1929. In 2007, Dungannon Swifts became the first club from County Tyrone to reach the final, and in 2019, Ballinamallard United became the first team from County Fermanagh to reach the final, completing the set.

Prior to replays being abolished in the final, a replay was required to decide the winner of 21 finals, the first in 1890 after Cliftonville and the Gordon Highlanders drew 2–2. Of the 21 finals to be replayed, eight of them required a second replay to separate the two finalists. The last time this occurred, and the last final replay ever played before they were abolished was in 1993, when Bangor defeated Ards 1–0 after two 1–1 draws. It was decided after this that there should only be one replay in which penalties would be used to determine the winner if necessary, and eventually the rules were changed to remove final replays altogether, with penalties being used if necessary after extra time in the first match. The first (and to date, only) final to be won on penalties took place in 2007, when Linfield beat Dungannon Swifts 3–2 on penalties following a 2–2 draw after extra time. In 2014, the rules were changed to abolish replays from the entire competition. All ties level after 90 minutes now use 30 minutes of extra time, and if necessary, a penalty shoot-out to determine the winner.

The final was not played on three occasions:
 * In 1912, Linfield were awarded the Cup after the other three semi-finalists (Cliftonville, Glentoran and Shelbourne) resigned from the IFA in a dispute over the amount of money paid to Linfield for hosting international matches.
 * In 1920, Shelbourne, who had beaten Glenavon in one semi-final, were awarded the Cup after the other semi-final was declared null and void as both of the clubs involved were ejected from the competition: Belfast Celtic after Celtic fans fired shots at Glentoran supporters during a riot, and Glentoran for fielding an unlisted player.
 * In 1999, Portadown were awarded the Cup when the other finalists, Cliftonville, were ejected from the competition after it was discovered that they had fielded an ineligible player, Simon Gribben, during the earlier rounds.

A total of 24 different clubs have won the Cup, but only 13 clubs have done so more than once. 34 different clubs have reached the final, with 12 of them appearing only once. Of those 12 clubs, five of them have won the Cup in their sole final appearance. On five occasions the same two clubs have reached the final in consecutive years: in 1885 and 1886, Distillery and Alexander; in 1913 and 1914, Glentoran and Linfield; in 1930 and 1931, Ballymena United and Linfield; Coleraine and Glentoran in 2003 and 2004; and in 2011 and 2012 Linfield and Crusaders. The most common final has been between Glentoran and Linfield, which has occurred 15 times. Linfield have won eight of the meetings, with Glentoran winning seven. The last time both clubs reached the final was in 2006, when Linfield won 2–1.

In 2001, the final was broadcast live on television for the first time on BBC Northern Ireland and has been on every occasion since

Windsor Park has hosted the most finals (75, including replays), followed by The Oval with 25, and Solitude with 23.

Records
Most wins: 44, Linfield

Most consecutive wins: 4, Glentoran (1985, 1986, 1987 & 1988)

Most appearances in a final: 64, Linfield

Most consecutive appearances in a final: 5, Linfield (1891, 1892, 1893, 1894 & 1895)

Most defeats in a final: 21, Linfield

Most consecutive defeats in a final: 3, Linfield (1975, 1976 & 1977)

Biggest win in a final: Linfield 10–1 Bohemians (1895)

Longest gap between wins in a final: 70 years, Cliftonville (1909 and 1979)

Longest gap between appearances in a final: 55 years, Bangor (1938 and 1993)

Most appearances in a final without winning: 6, Larne (1928, 1935, 1987, 1989, 2005 & 2021)

Most common pair of finalists: Glentoran v Linfield – 15 times (1899, 1913, 1914, 1916, 1919, 1923, 1932, 1942, 1945, 1966, 1973, 1983, 1985, 2001 & 2006)

Final results
Key:

Winners marked with ** denotes a league and cup double

Performance by club
''Clubs in italics no longer compete for the cup. Either they no longer exist, or they now play under the jurisdiction of the League of Ireland.''

Total cups won by town or city
24 different clubs have won the cup, with the overwhelming majority of winners being clubs from Belfast.

Final venues
There have been 141 Irish Cup finals contested during the 144 competitions completed thus far, as the final was not played on three occasions. In addition, 29 final replays have been contested, for a total of 170 matches played at thirteen different grounds. Windsor Park has been the most common venue, having hosted 78 finals including replays.

title: Irish Cup


text:
264 Libussa

Libussa (minor planet designation: 264 Libussa) is a Main belt asteroid that was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on December 22, 1886, in Clinton, New York and was named after Libussa, the legendary founder of Prague. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, in 2008 gave an asymmetrical, bimodal light curve with a period of 9.2276 ± 0.0002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.33 ± 0.03 in magnitude. Observation from the W. M. Keck Observatory show an angular size of 57 mas, which is close to the resolution limit of the instrument. The estimated maximum size of the asteroid is about 66 ± 7 km. It has an asymmetrical shape with a size ratio of more than 1.22 between the major and minor axes.

Between 2005 and 2021, 264 Libussa has been observed to occult five stars.

title: 264 Libussa


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265 Anna

Anna (minor planet designation: 265 Anna) is a typical Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 25 February 1887 in Vienna and was probably named after Anny Weiss (née Kretschmar), the daughter-in-law of astronomer Edmund Weiss.

title: 265 Anna


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Grzegorz Lato

Grzegorz Bolesław Lato ( Polish pronunciation : ; born 8 April 1950) is a Polish former professional football player and manager who played as a winger. He was a member of Poland's golden generation of football players who rose to fame in the 1970s and early 80s. Over a decade, he represented Poland at five major tournaments starting with gold at the 1972 Summer Olympic Games in Munich and ending with a third-place finish at the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain. He reached the peak of his career at the 1974 World Cup, where he was the leading scorer and the only Pole to-date to have won the honour. After retiring from his playing career, he had a brief stint as manager in several clubs in and out of Poland.

Lato, as a member of Democratic Left Alliance, was a Polish Senator for the Rzeszów region, between 2001 and 2005.

On 30 October 2008, he was elected president of the Polish Football Association (PZPN). As president of the PZPN he oversaw the Euro 2012 tournament, which was co-hosted by Poland. He was succeeded by Zbigniew Boniek on 26 October 2012.

Stal Mielec
Lato was born in Malbork. He arrived at Stal Mielec as a teenager in 1966. Over the next 14 years, he led Stal from the Second Division to the top tier of Polish football and its most successful era in its history. During his time there, the club would go on to win the Ekstraklasa—the Polish First-Division—twice, in 1973 and 1976, as well as be regular participants in European competitions. This era of success culminated with their appearance at the quarter-finals of the 1975-76 UEFA Cup. He inspired the club's good form with his prolific goal scoring, amassing 111 goals in 272 appearances. He was the top scorer of the Ekstraklasa during the 1972–73 and 1974–75 seasons.

Later career
In 1980, having turned 30, Lato was finally free to leave Poland to pursue his career abroad. Despite his age, his international performances had garnered him interest. Lato ended up receiving a personal invitation from Pelé to play for the New York Cosmos. However, he ultimately decided on settling in Belgium playing for K.S.C. Lokeren, scoring 12 goals over 2 seasons. By 1982, Lato decided to move on, signing for Atlante F.C. in Mexico where he amassed 15 goals. In 1984, he played in Canada in one match in the National Soccer League. He spent the rest of the 1980s playing amateur football in Hamilton, Ontario for Polonia Hamilton—a club founded by Polish immigrants. In 1991 he decided to retire from football.

International career
Lato represented the Poland national team for 13 years during the 1970s and 80s earning a total of 100 caps. He won his first cap under legendary Poland coach Kazimierz Górski in a qualifying game for the 1972 European Championships against West-Germany. The game ended as 1–3 loss. He was able to translate his prolific domestic goal-scoring record onto the international stage, where he became renowned for his striking prowess, especially in big games.

1974 World Cup
The highpoint of Lato's professional career came during the 1974 World Cup in West Germany. Poland had a tough first round, having been seeded in Group 4, along with Argentina and Italy as well as Haiti. Lato went on to have immediate impact. In Poland's first game against Argentina, he scored 2 goals leading Poland to a historic 3–2 win. Buoyed, Poland hammered Haiti in the next game 7–0, with Lato adding another 2 goals. Finally Poland beat Italy 2–1, to end the group-stage as undefeated winners of Group 4.

In the second round, Poland were seeded into Group B with West Germany, Sweden and Yugoslavia. Lato continued his great form as the tournament progressed. Poland defeated Sweden 1–0 and Yugoslavia 2–1, with Lato contributing the winning goals in both games. Poland's final game of the group of was against West Germany. The Germans had also defeated Sweden and Yugoslavia, tying both teams on points. Thus, the game would prove decisive in deciding who would finish Group B 1st or 2nd—the winner would go to the final, the loser would go to the third-place play-off. Poland played a strong game, often threatening the West-German goal. However, Lato was unable to score and Poland succumbed to a 1–0 defeat—their only loss of the tournament.

Poland's final game of the tournament was the third-place playoff against holders Brazil. In a tight game, Lato again proved to be the difference, scoring the only goal and leading the Poland national team to a Bronze finish. He ended the tournament as top goalscorer, having scored 7 goals.

1978 World Cup
Lato had arguably had been Poland's best player at the 1974 World Cup. However, by the time of the 1978 tournament in Argentina he was unable to replicate his great form. In the first round, Poland were seeded in Group 2 with West Germany, Mexico and Tunisia. Poland did well, winning the group by drawing 0–0 with West Germany, and winning against Tunisia and Mexico, 1–0 and 3–1 respectively. Lato, however, was only able to score one goal, albeit a decisive one against Tunisia.

In the second round, Poland found themselves in the "group of death" against Argentina and Brazil—both tournament favorites—and Peru. Lato couldn't resurrect his form from four years prior, only mustering a single goal against Brazil. Poland ultimately finished third place having been beaten by both the hosts Argentina and Brazil 0–2 and 1–3 respectively. Poland managed to beat Peru 1–0 but that wasn't enough to secure 2nd place in Group B and they were duly eliminated. Having played in all of Poland's 6 games, Lato ended the tournament with only 2 goals.

1982 World Cup
Lato was 32 by the time Poland qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain. His age was getting the better of him and he lacked the electrifying pace that defined his earlier career. Lato was still a first team player, but during Poland's 7 games at the tournament he managed only a solitary goal in Poland's 5–1 thrashing of Peru in the first round. However, several players had risen in a new generation of great Polish players, chief among them Zbigniew Boniek—who scored a hat-trick against Belgium—were able to fill the void. Despite his lack of goals Lato still contributed to the team play and played and important role. In the end, Poland reached the third-place playoff against France. They went on to win 3–2 and Lato added another Bronze World Cup medal to his collection.

Olympic Games
Lato won medals at two Summer Olympics football competitions: a gold medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics and a silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

His final game before retirement was on 17 April 1984, a friendly against Belgium. He was subbed off in the 85th and Poland lost the game 0–1. Lato amassed 45 goals and the third highest goal scoring total in Poland national team history, second only to that of Robert Lewandowski and Włodzimierz Lubański. He also had an impressive goal scoring record of 0.43 goals per game. He was the first Polish player to reach a century of caps.

Managerial career
In 1996 he graduated from the School of Coaches of the Polish Football Association. After finishing his football career, he became a coach. Initially, he coached in Canada where he became manager of North York Rockets(1988–1990). He then returned to his old club Stal Mielec (1991–1993 and 1996–1997) before coaching several other Polish clubs: Olimpia Poznań (1993–1995) and Amica Wronki (1995–1996). He had a brief stint in Greece as manager of AO Kavala (1997) before he finally returned to Poland and eventually retired from managing with Widzew Łódź (1999).

After football
Lato, as a member of Democratic Left Alliance, was a Polish Senator for the Rzeszow region, between 2001 and 2005.

In October 2008, he was elected President of the Polish FA (PZPN). In an 2011 interview, Lato said that if Poland didn't progress to the Euro 2012 quarterfinals he would hand in his resignation from the position of President of the Polish FA. After Poland's 0–1 defeat by the Czech Republic on 16 June 2012—which officially knocked them out of Euro 2012 in the group stages—he refused to resign. He did not seek reelection and was replaced by Zbigniew Boniek, in October 2012.

Playing style
Blessed with remarkable acceleration, the talented right-winger consistently lived up to the high expectations placed upon him at the international level. Lato was not renowned as a crowd pleaser, but rather as a consistent team player. His great awareness on the pitch, coupled with his flexibility—he often played as a forward—allowed him to achieve success at the international and club levels.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Poland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Lato goal.

Honours

Stal Mielec
 * Polish Premier League: 1973, 1976
 * Polish Cup finalist: 1976

Atlante F.C.
 * CONCACAF Champions Cup: 1983

 Lokeren SC
 * Belgian Cup finalist: 1981

Poland
 * Olympic gold medal: 1972
 * Olympic silver medal: 1976
 * FIFA World Cup – third place: 1974, 1982

Individual
 * FIFA World Cup Golden Shoe: 1974
 * FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1974
 * Piłka Nożna Polish Footballer of the Year: 1977, 1981
 * Sport Player of the Year: 1974, 1977
 * Polish Premier League top scorer: 1973, 1975
 * World XI: 1974, 1975
 * Sport Ideal European XI: 1974, 1975

National
 * Gold Cross of Merit: 1972
 * Polish Football Association Golden Badge: 1972
 * Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta: 1974
 * Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta: 1982

title: Grzegorz Lato


text:
Talk:Christo and Jeanne-Claude

Birth and death dates
It is usual in the Wikipedia biographies that I have read to provide the precise birth and death dates in parentheses immediately after the person's name., month, date, year. This article doesn’t do that, it gives only the birth and death years. The omission becomes even more jarring when the author adds the the two people here were born on the same day!Wis2fan (talk) 03:26, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The vital year range is sufficient since the full dates are covered in the article's body (MOS:BIRTHDATE). Agreed that it's distracting to mention the "same birthdate" in the lede—I've removed it as tangential to the lede, which should be an overview of the most important elements of their lives/careers. czar  05:04, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

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text:
266 Aline

Aline (minor planet designation: 266 Aline) is a fairly large main belt asteroid that was discovered by Johann Palisa on 17 May 1887 in Vienna and is thought to have been named after the daughter of astronomer Edmund Weiss. It is a dark C-type asteroid and is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material. 266 Aline is orbiting close to a 5:2 mean motion resonance with Jupiter, which is located at $109.09 km$.

Photometric observations made in 2012 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, produced a light curve with a period of 13.018 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 ± 0.01 in magnitude.

In 2001, the asteroid was detected by radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 1.41 AU. The resulting data yielded an effective diameter of 109 ± 15 km.

title: 266 Aline


text: User talk:70.16.6.211

title: User talk:70.16.6.211