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Cabanatuan

Cabanatuan, officially the City of Cabanatuan (Lungsod ng Cabanatuan; Siudad ti Cabanatuan; Kapampangan: Lakanbalen/Ciudad ning Cabanatuan), is a 1st class component city in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 327,325 people, making it the most populous city in Nueva Ecija and the fifth-most populous in Central Luzon.

The city is popular for being home to more than 30,000 motorized tricycles, making it the "Tricycle Capital of the Philippines." Its strategic location along the Cagayan Valley Road has made the city a major economic, educational, medical, entertainment, shopping, and transportation center in Nueva Ecija and nearby provinces in the region such as Tarlac, Aurora, and Bulacan. It has also earned the moniker "Gateway to the North."

Cabanatuan remained Nueva Ecija's capital until 1965 when the government created nearby Palayan City as the new provincial capital. Nueva Ecija's old capitol and other government offices are still used and maintained by the provincial administration.

After the campaign for the city's designation as a highly urbanized city failed, a motion was made to convert the city into a lone district instead.

History
Cabanatuan was founded as a Barrio of Gapan in 1750 and became a Municipality and capital of La Provincia de Nueva Ecija in 1780. Majority of the original settlers of Cabanatuan were Tagalogs from Bulacan and Morong (Rizal Province); other early settlers came from Ilocos, Pampanga and Tayabas (now Quezon Province). Tagalogs settled the barrios on the western part while the vicinity around Sangitan was the settlement of Kapampangans and Ilocanos. Cabanatuan is the site of the historical "Plaza Lucero" and the Cabanatuan Cathedral, where General Antonio Luna was assassinated by Captain Pedro Janolino and members of the Kawit battalion. Cabanatuan lost the title of provincial capital in 1850 when the capital of Nueva Ecija was moved to San Isidro, another historic town. It was only in 1917, when the administrative code was enacted, that Cabanatuan was restored as capital of the province. In 1926, the historic College of the Immaculate Conception was established within the vicinity of the Cabanatuan Cathedral by the Roman Catholic Church.

During World War II, the occupying Japanese built Cabanatuan Prison Camp, where many American soldiers were imprisoned, some of whom had been forced to endure the infamous Bataan Death March. In January 1945, elements of the U.S. Army 6th Ranger Battalion and two teams of Alamo Scouts marched 30 mi behind enemy lines to rescue the prisoners in what became known as the Raid at Cabanatuan. As a result of the raid on January 30, 1945, victorious Filipino guerrillas, American troops of the U.S. Army 6th Ranger Battalion and Alamo Scouts celebrated having obtained the freedom of 500 American POWs. Soon thereafter, Philippine and American forces re-established the presence of military general headquarters and military camp bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army, Philippine Constabulary 2nd Constabulary Regiment, and the United States Army in Cabanatuan from February 1, 1945, to June 30, 1946, during the Allied Liberation. Before long, the combined Philippine Commonwealth and American armed forces, in cooperation with local guerrilla resistance fighters and Hukbalahap Communist guerrillas, had liberated Central Luzon from Japanese Imperial forces, a campaign that lasted from January until August 1945.

In 1957, the barrios of Mataas na Kahoy, Balangkare Norte, Balangkare Sur, Sapang Kawayan, Magasawang Sampaloc, Talabutab Norte, Talabutab Sur, Platero, Belen, Pecaleon, Piñahan, Kabulihan, Pasong-Hari, Balaring, Pulong Singkamas, Panaksak, Bravo, Sapang Bato, Burol, Miller, Tila Patio, Pula, Carinay, and Acacia were separated from Cabanatuan and constituted into a separate and independent municipality known as General Mamerto Natividad.

Cityhood
Cabanatuan became a city by virtue of Republic Act No. 526, approved on June 16, 1950. In 1965, Congress created Palayan City, and transferred the capital of Nueva Ecija from Cabanatuan to the newly created city of Palayan.

Highly urbanized city (HUC)
In 1998, Cabanatuan was declared by then-president Fidel V. Ramos as a highly urbanized city however it failed ratification after the majority of votes in the plebiscite was negative.

Cabanatuan was declared as a highly urbanized city by President Benigno S. Aquino III under Presidential Proclamation No. 418 on July 14, 2012. A plebiscite scheduled in December 2012 was moved by the Commission on Elections to January 25, 2014, so as not to burden the poll body during its preparation for the 2013 local elections in the province. Incumbent Governor Aurelio Matias Umali, who had a strong voter base in the city, opposed the conversion and submitted a petition to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court issued a temporary restraining order on January 24, 2014. On April 23, 2014, voting 9–5–1, the Supreme Court granted a petition for certiorari filed by Nueva Ecija Gov. Aurelio Umali and declared as null and void Comelec Minute Resolution No. 12-0797 dated September 11, 2012, and Minute Resolution No. 12-0925 dated October 16, 2012, setting a date for the conduct of a plebiscite in which only registered voters of Cabanatuan would be allowed to vote. The province-wide plebiscite was rescheduled for November 8, 2014, but cancelled again because the Cabanatuan City government could not provide the necessary funds. No new date is to be set until the city government certifies that ₱101 million is available for the holding of the plebiscite.

1990 Luzon earthquake
Cabanatuan was near the epicenter of the infamous 1990 Luzon earthquake, which registered a 7.8 on the surface wave magnitude scale, at roughly 3 pm on July 16, 1990. It leveled some buildings, most notably the Christian College of the Philippines (Liwag Colleges) in the midst of class time, and killed 1,653 people. Around 154 people were said to be killed inside the CCP building.

Unlike in Baguio, local and international journalists were able to arrive at Cabanatuan hours after the tremor, and media coverage of the quake in its immediate aftermath centered on the collapsed school, where rescue efforts were hampered by the lack of heavy equipment to cut through the steel reinforcement of fallen concrete.

Geography
Cabanatuan is located in the rolling central plains of Luzon drained by the Pampanga River. The city stands 14 km southwest of the provincial capital Palayan City and 116 km north of Manila. It is bordered by Santa Rosa to the south, Talavera and Gen. Mamerto Natividad to the north, Palayan to the north east, Laur to the east, and Aliaga to the west.

Climate and natural disasters
Cabanatuan has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification: Aw), with year-round warm weather and distinct dry and wet seasons. It is touted as one of the hottest cities in the country; in the summer season of 2011 Cabanatuan reached its hottest temperature at 39.8 °C, also the hottest in the Philippines in that same year, and on June 4, 2015 PAGASA reported a 53 °C heat index for the city, which is the hottest yet recorded.

According to the fifth Annual Natural Hazards Risk Atlas (NHRA) report in 2015, Cabanatuan was ranked as the sixth city in the Philippines with extreme exposure to a myriad of natural hazards, especially typhoons and flooding.

Notable disasters have struck Cabanatuan in the past decades, including the 1990 Luzon earthquake, 2013 Typhoon Santi, and 2015 Typhoon Lando. The 2013 Typhoon Santi brought extreme winds measuring up to 120 km/h, causing widespread infrastructure damages and power loss to the city.

Later in 2015, Typhoon Lando caused massive damage in the form of severe flooding in Central Luzon, including Cabanatuan. The city experienced severe flooding, which hampered the operations of many establishments. Most roads going to the major districts of Cabanatuan were not passable to light vehicles for two to three days after the storm.

Recently in 2022, Typhoon Karding damaged numerous establishments, farmlands, and electric lines in the city.

Barangays
Cabanatuan is administratively subdivided into 89 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Religion
Roman Catholicism has been the predominant religion in the city, being host to a major cathedral – the St. Nicholas of Tolentino Cathedral which serves as the seat of the bishop of the Diocese of Cabanatuan. There are three other major Catholic structures located within the city: the Mother of Perpetual Help Parish, the Carmelite Sisters Convent and the Maria Assumpta Seminary. Local chapels/parishes are also present in most barangays. The Roman Catholic Church owns the College of the Immaculate Conception, the first and only Catholic higher education institute in the city. The New St. Nicholas of Tolentine Cathedral (popularly known as Crypta) has been under construction in Lakewood, Cabanatuan since 1999. The cathedral will be a type of round church, similar to churches that were prominent in Nordic countries during the 11th and early 12th century. It will become the largest church in the Philippines that shall feature a park and accommodate at least 3,000 people once it is finished.

Iglesia ni Cristo also maintains a sizable presence in Cabanatuan with its large house of worship in Barangay Zulueta that seats up to 5,000 people.

The United Methodist Church also has many local churches with a large congregation within the city. The United Methodist Church owns Wesleyan University Philippines and the Wesleyan University of the Philippines-Cardiovascular and Medical Center.

Other Philippine-based Christian denominations are also present in the city, such as Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide, Jesus Miracle Crusade and Members Church of God International.

The Islamic faith also has a presence in Cabanatuan, specifically within the districts of Imelda and Isla. Two large mosques exist in the city, with the largest located at Imelda District.

Economy
Cabanatuan is the economic heart of Nueva Ecija. More than 640,000 people live in its metropolitan area comprising the city and its adjacent municipalities. As a hub, many people in Nueva Ecija commute to the city during the day. This causes the city's daytime population to swell to about a million. Although Cabanatuan does not have significant manufacturing industries, its dynamic service and agricultural sectors drive the economy forward.

The city is a vital financial center housing a good number of banks, non-bank financial institutions, and headquarters of some of the largest rural banks in Central Luzon. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) maintains a branch in the city that performs cash operations and cash administration. , approximately 43 billion pesos in deposit liabilities is kept in the city's 65 banks. This amount constitutes more than half of the province's deposits. In terms of banking convenience, the city ranks as one of the most livable in the country together with Makati.

Water, electricity, and telecommunications
Most of the water supply of the city is provided for by the Cabanatuan City Water District (CCWD), founded in 1974 through a resolution enacted by the Honorable City Council of Cabanatuan, pursuant to PD 198. In recent years, the CCWD has entered into a JVA (Joint Venture Agreement) with PrimeWater Infrastructure Corporation, a private water service provider delivering quality services in the design of water distribution systems. It continues to provide most of the city's water supply.

Unlike the majority of Nueva Ecija, most of the electric services in the city are provided by the Cabanatuan Electric Corporation (CELCOR). Power generation companies like FCVC and FCRV operate a 12-8 MW diesel power plant and a 10-MW solar power plant, respectively. Major telecommunication companies like Globe Telecom, PLDT-Smart Communications, and Dito Telecommunity have also their respective infrastructures and business offices in the city. Local TV and Radio Stations, such as the city's main local channel CabTV 16 and radio broadcast channel, Big Sound FM 101.5, are also present.

Logistics and distribution
The city is also a distribution and logistics center for goods and commodities; a number of distribution warehouses and sales offices of various companies serve the whole of Nueva Ecija and parts of neighboring provinces. The NFA warehouses in the city play an important role in regulating Nueva Ecija's burgeoning rice industry. The city acts as a trading place or bagsakan of agricultural produce from the surrounding farming communities.

Indicators reflect Cabanatuan's economic achievements in the past few years. Annual business registrations in the city grew 31.7% last 2015 while locally sourced taxes grew 14.81% annually in the five years to 2015. Residential buildings and subdivisions, numbering more than a hundred, are taking up lands on the fringes of the downtown.

Real estate and investment
The presence of big land developers such as Santa Lucia Realty, Vista Land, and Ayala Land ensures competition and quality in the new suburban homes. New commercial buildings are springing up in the CBD and along Maharlika Highway at an average of seventy-five per year.

Vista Estates has recently planned to build Verterra Residences, Nueva Ecija's first condominium development and one of the Philippines' first "Urban Green Hubs," near Camella Cabanatuan.

Cabanatuan is gradually becoming a major investment hub and is considered one of the most competitive cities for doing business in the country. Investors in banking, real estate, retail and other business and industrial enterprises are similarly drawn to the city because of its adequate infrastructure and investor support services. Its continuing urbanization is also luring investors into its suburban municipalities as well.

To further explore its economic potentials, Cabanatuan is seeking to have a share of the IT-BPO boom. The first call center in Nueva Ecija was successfully established in the city in 2008. The city government is providing prospective investors with fast business applications processing, low business taxes, and other incentives to attract big-ticket projects.

In 2015, the city's total assets amounted to PHP 3.719 billion and the total income reached PHP 1.696 billion.

Shopping centers
Cabanatuan serves as a major shopping hub in the province and other nearby localities.

Major Philippine mall chains such as Robinsons Malls, SM Supermalls, Walter Mart, and Puregold Price Club, Inc. have established their presence in the city. Currently, major shopping centers in the city include: NE Pacific Mall; SM Megacenter; Robinsons Townville Cabanatuan; SM City Cabanatuan which is built as a regional SM Supermall with amenities such as a roof park, an indoor park, and a large-screen cinema; AllHome, and Waltermart. Cabanatuan has also multiple grocery and department stores including a chain of Savemore Supermarkets, Puregold Supermarkets, NE Supermarkets, and the warehouse club store, S&R. The city has also numerous hardware centers like Ace Hardware, Citi Hardware, and Wilcon Depot.

In terms of future developments, Robinsons Land Corp. expressed plans for their second mall in the city. The plan has since received backlash from groups that were against the decision to build it in the site of Nueva Ecija's Old Provincial Capitol.

Cabanatuan is also building a new main public market that is set to open in 2024, after its old public market burnt down in April 2020. Aside from vendor spaces, the new market will house government offices, retail spaces, restrooms, escalators, passenger and freight elevators, and lower ground parking to accommodate the growing population of consumers in the city. The new Magsaysay Market in Brgy. Sangitan is also scheduled to open in 2024.

Two temporary public markets were built in Melencio Street Ext., Brgy. Kapitan Pepe and Brgy. San Isidro, with the former planned to be converted into the city's convention center.

Hotels, restaurants, and leisure

The city has numerous accommodation and lodging establishments such as hotels, motels, inns, and resorts. In recent years, the local food scene in the city has experienced growth. Several restaurants, fast-food chains, bakery and coffee shops are also located in the city. Cabanatuan's food scene offers a variety of culinary choices such as local Filipino delicacies, Japanese cuisine, Korean cuisine, Indian cuisine and others. Food joints have also been established in Kapitan Pepe Subdivision, such as the Food Park.

Cabanatuan also houses various resorts and waterparks, such as BL Resort and Hotel, Acropolis North, and Lamarang Hotel and Resort Resort.

Public transportation
Cabanatuan is a major hub of land transportation services in Central Luzon. The city has many bus companies operating provincial and regional routes, with the Cabanatuan Central Transport Terminal serving as the terminus.

However, due to a recent boycott against SM (the private owner of the Cabanatuan Central Transport Terminal), bus companies like Baliwag Transit, Inc. and Five Star are currently departing and receiving passengers in their own garages located at Brgy. Zulueta instead.

Much of the city's population rely on public transportation such as tricycles and jeeps to get around the city. The jeepney was patterned after U.S. Army jeeps and have been in use since the years immediately following World War II. Almost all types of public road transport plying Cabanatuan are privately owned and operated under government franchise.

Jeepney, van, and mini-bus operators serve routes within the province with some reaching as far to Dingalan, Baler, and Dilasag in Aurora, Olongapo City, San Fernando, and Dau in Pampanga, Mariveles and Balanga in Bataan, Baguio in Benguet, Dagupan, and Tarlac City. Tricycle operators serve local routes in the city and sometimes to nearby towns of Santa Rosa and Talavera.Intercity and interprovincial buses from Manila serve the city, and are usually operated by Baliwag Transit, Inc., Five Star, Victory Liner, Genesis Transport Service Inc., GV Florida Transport, ES Transport Inc., and Pangasinan Solid North.

Cabanatuan is accessible via the major expressway networks such as NLEX (from either Bulacan or Pampanga), SCTEX (from either Pampanga or Tarlac) and TPLEX (from Tarlac or Pangasinan). Then, the main access roads leading to Cabanatuan are the Pan-Philippine Highway, Santa Rosa –Tarlac Road, and the Nueva Ecija – Aurora Road.

National highway
Maharlika Highway (or Pan-Philippine Highway) is the main highway traversing Cabanatuan where most vehicles going to Cagayan Valley pass through. The city's portion of the Maharlika Highway starts from the city's southernmost barangay, Brgy. Sumacab Este, and ends at Brgy. Caalibangbangan.

Another highway that traverses Cabanatuan is the Nueva Ecija - Aurora Road. The highway links Cabanatuan to Baler, Aurora, passing through rural towns in eastern Nueva Ecija.

Arterial Roads
Burgos Avenue and Del Pilar Street both serve as the city's main thoroughfare in the downtown area. Other major roads include the General Tinio and Rizal Streets that run through the city proper in an east–west direction; Mabini Street, where two of the city's three universities are situated, and the Circumferential Road that connects the downtown area to the Kapitan Pepe residential district.

Cabanatuan was previously served by the Manila Railroad Company in 1905 through the Balagtas – Cabanatuan line which was abandoned after the war because scavengers looted pieces of the rail tracks. Rail service was resumed in 1969 after the rehabilitation of the rail tracks as mandated by a government order. The service was again abandoned in the 1980s. The old Cabanatuan Railway Station is located at Barangay General Luna and is converted to a daycare center with the original structure remaining.

Expressways and Toll Roads
Cabanatuan shall also be serviced by a future expressway once completed, the Central Luzon Link Expressway (SCTEX-TPLEX to San Jose City). It will shorten the usual travel time between the neighboring provinces and Cabanatuan, also stimulating the economy of the towns that the carriageway will pass through as a direct consequence. Central Luzon Link Expressway from Tarlac City to San Juan, Aliaga was opened in 2024. It is still unknown when the said project will be completed.

Bypass Roads
During the early 2000s to decongest the Pan-Philippine Highway and to spur new developments outside the downtown area, two bypass roads were constructed in Cabanatuan: the 10.3-kilometer Felipe Vergara Highway provides a direct route to Cagayan Valley, and the 12.35-kilometer Emilio Vergara Highway which links Santa Rosa to Nueva Ecija - Aurora Road, avoiding traffic bottleneck along Pan-Philippine Highway. There are present efforts being made to extend the Emilio Vergara Highway to Talavera.

Two flyovers are currently being constructed to ease prevailing traffic congestions in the city.

 * The 278-meter Nueva Ecija - Aurora Road - Emilio Vergara Highway Flyover will be an extension of the Emilio Vergara Highway towards the Leopoldo Vergara Bridge, and will end at the boundary of Cabanatuan at Talavera, near the partially-completed CLLEX.
 * The 330-meter Emilio Vergara Highway - Lakewood Intersection Flyover aims to reduce the traffic bottleneck in the Lakewood Avenue - Emilio Vergara Highway intersection.

Another flyover will also be built from Jollibee Diversion Road to Emilio Vergara Highway in the future to alleviate traffic conditions in the Maharlika Highway.

Cabanatuan is also building major dike roads that shall serve as access roads to far-flung barangays in the city, such as Barangay Samon and Barangay Caudillo.

City Traffic
Infrastructure improvements by the administration are ongoing. A Unified Command Center (UCC) for the city's traffic light system is currently under construction at 25 major intersections. Separate tricycle lanes are also present within the perimeter of the Public Market. Road extension, and road widening of the Emilio Vergara Highway from two to six lanes is nearing its completion.

Constructions and rehabilitations of major bridges are also ongoing, such as the second Felipe Vergara, Valdefuente, and Cabu bridges, to ease traffic. The widening of all city and arterial roads from one- to two-lane highway to three-lane highway is also being considered.

Tourism
Historical sites found in the city include:
 * Cabanatuan Railroad Station is found in Barangay General Luna. It was built in early 1927 as the terminus of the now-abandoned Balagtas-Cabanatuan line. The building has since been converted into a barangay civic center and day care center, with the original structure preserved.
 * Camp Pangatian (Prisoner of War Memorial Shrine) (Now Cabanatuan American Memorial), began as a military training camp for twenty years until converted into a concentration camp for allied prisoners of war during the Japanese occupation. A popular tourist destination among war veterans by way of the WWII Veteran's Homecoming Program. Camp Pangatian's liberation of World War II American prisoners of war held by the Japanese forces in January 1945 was the most successful rescue operation ever executed by the American military aided by the Filipino guerillas who were fighting the invaders. That tactical operation was immortalized in the movie The Great Raid.
 * Freedom Park is a two-hectare provincial park located in front of the Old Provincial Capitol of Nueva Ecija, civic spaces as well as various monuments and memorials can be found inside the park which includes a monument dedicated to General Antonio Luna who was assassinated in the nearby Cathedral of San Nicolas de Tolentino.
 * Gen. Antonio Luna Statue and Marker in found in Plaza Lucero. This statue of Philippine hero General Antonio Luna astride a horse stands at the plaza in front of the cathedral on the exact spot where the brave general was assassinated in 1899 in the city that adopted him subsequently. In May 2022, alongside Plaza Lucero, the statue was renovated and re-opened to the public.
 * Old Provincial Capitol of Nueva Ecija is located along Burgos Avenue. The old provincial capitol was designed by prominent American architect William E. Parsons who also designed government buildings in Manila, Cebu and Laguna during the American Colonial Period. The old edifice has since been renovated and expanded.
 * Cabanatuan Eco Park is a future city project that will convert the Valle Cruz dumpsite into a ten-hectare eco park. Government centers, including the new Cabanatuan City Hall, are to be built within the area.

Festivals and celebrations celebrated in Cabanatuan include:
 * Banatu Festival celebrates its founding anniversary as a chartered city. From its humble beginning in 2015, "Banatu Festival" aims to showcase the history, culture, talent, beauty and craftsmanship of Cabanatueños.
 * Longganisa Festival one of the activities in "Banatu Festival" and is held in the vicinity of the public market along Paco Roman Street. Apart from the local meat traders and customers, tourists from nearby towns also join the celebration. Highlights of this festival are the cooking contests and the different preparations for longganisa (native sausage like "batutay", "longganisang bawang" and "longganisang matamis"), including spaghetti and “binagoongan”.

Local government
Cabanatuan's current seat of government, the city hall, is located at Barangay San Josef Sur. The local government structure is composed of one mayor, one vice mayor, and ten councilors. Each official is elected publicly to a 3-year term and can be re-elected up to 3 terms in succession. The day-to-day administration of the city is handled by the city administrator.

Education
Cabanatuan is a regional educational hub. The city more than forty higher education institutions including four universities, a science high school, more than fifty public and private high schools, and more than a hundred public and private primary schools.

Some prominent schools, universities and colleges within the city include:

 * ABE International College
 * Acatech Aviation College
 * AMA Computer College
 * Asian College of Science and Technology
 * Asian Institute of Computer Studies (AICS)
 * Asian Institute of E-commerce (AIE) Cabanatuan
 * Araullo University Main Campus
 * Araullo University South Campus
 * Cabanatuan East Central School
 * Cabanatuan City Senior High School
 * Camp Tinio National High School
 * Cesar E. Vergara Memorial High School
 * College for Research & Technology
 * College of the Immaculate Conception
 * Datamex Institute of Computer Technology - Cabanatuan City
 * Dr. Gloria Lacson Foundation Colleges
 * Eduardo L. Joson Memorial College
 * First Asian International Systems College
 * Good Samaritan Colleges
 * Great Values Learning Center
 * Honorato C. Perez Sr. Memorial Science High School
 * La Fortuna College
 * Lazaro Francisco Integrated School
 * Little Merry Hearts Montessori Center
 * Maria Assumpta Seminary
 * Midway Maritime Foundation
 * M.V. Gallego Foundation Colleges
 * Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Sumacab Main Campus
 * Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology General Tinio Street Campus
 * North Central Academy for Culinary Arts
 * Our Lady of Fatima University
 * Philippine Statesman College
 * Provincial Manpower Training Center
 * St. Augustine Foundation College
 * St. Bernadette Montessori Academy
 * St. John Regis Health Care Institute Inc.
 * Skill Power Institute
 * Wesleyan University (Philippines)

Healthcare
Many hospitals and clinics can be found in the city, most are private and with modern facilities which made Cabanatuan the center for medical operations and research in the province. Most residents of the province go to Cabanatuan for their check-ups and appointments in hospitals and clinics within the city.

There are three (3) notable public and six (5 fully constructed, 1 under construction) private hospitals in Cabanatuan:

Notable personalities
Some of the notable personalities whose roots originated in Cabanatuan include:
 * Kathryn Bernardo, Filipina actress, singer and dancer. She is best known for her role as Mara in the primetime Filipino drama, Mara Clara and her lead roles in The Hows of Us and Hello, Love, Goodbye, two of the highest-grossing Filipino films of all time.
 * Paolo Ballesteros, Filipino actor, TV host and model. He is also a host of Eat Bulaga.
 * Vic Sotto, multi-awarded Filipino actor, television host, comedian. He was the former vocalist for the band VST & Company, played a lead role in the sitcom Iskul Bukol and is a pioneer host of Eat Bulaga.
 * Willie Revillame, television host, actor, comedian, recording artist and businessman. Known for hostingPaolo Ballesteros.jpg variety shows Wowowee at ABS-CBN, and Wowowin at GMA Network.
 * Heber Bartolome, Filipino folk and folk rock singer, songwriter, composer, poet, guitarist, bandurria player, bluesman, and painter.
 * Manuel Chua, Filipino male model and actor.
 * Samboy de Leon, Filipino professional basketball player for TNT KaTropa of the Philippine Basketball Association.
 * Nestor de Villa, Filipino actor frequently cast in musical films and often paired with on-screen partner Nida Blanca. His dancing talent led some people to call him the "Fred Astaire of the Philippines".
 * Frederick Kriekenbeek, exorcist and priest in Cebu.
 * John Paul Lizardo, Filipino taekwondo Asian Games bronze medalist, actor and commercial model.
 * Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera, Filipino lawyer and jurist who served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 1979 to 1992. Herrera is a granddaughter of Emilio Aguinaldo.
 * Kurt Perez, former child actor.
 * Yen Santos, Filipina actress and dancer. A part of ABS-CBN's Star Magic, she has appeared in Growing Up, Pure Love and Dream Dad.
 * Xilhouete, drag performer, Drag Race Philippines (Season 1) contestant

title: Cabanatuan


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Beriev Be-12

The Beriev Be-12 Chayka (Бериева Бе-12 Чайка, NATO reporting name: Mail) is a Soviet turboprop-powered amphibious aircraft designed in the 1950s for anti-submarine and maritime patrol duties.

Design and development
The Beriev Be-12 was a successor to the Beriev Be-6 flying boat, whose primary roles were as an anti-submarine and maritime patrol bomber aircraft. Though tracing its origins to the Be-6, the Be-12 inherited little more than the gull wing and twin oval tailfin configuration of the older aircraft. The Be-12 has turboprop engines, which gave it an improved speed and range over the Be-6. The Be-12 also had retractable landing gear, which enabled it to land on normal land runways, as well as water.

The Be-12 was first flown on October 18, 1960, at Taganrog airfield, and made its first public appearance at the 1961 Soviet Aviation Day festivities at Tushino airfield. A total of 150 aircraft were produced, in several variations, with production ending in 1973.

Operational history
The Be-12 entered service with Soviet Naval Aviation, or AV-MF (Aviatcia Voenno-Morskogo Flota), in the early 1960s in the maritime patrol role, and is one of the few amphibians still in military service in the world. Initially its role was ASW patrol, but when newer missiles enabled United States Navy submarines to launch from further offshore it was converted to the search and rescue role (Be-12PS). Small numbers are still in service. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, some aircraft were converted to water bombers for the suppression of forest fires. During development of the Beriev Be-200 unique fire-fighting equipment was tested using a specially modified Be-12P, code-named "12 Yellow". After installation of the fire-fighting system, the aircraft was registered as RA-00046 and given the designation Be-12P-200. This modified Be-12 was also used to trial firefighting operations envisaged for the Be-200. According to figures released in 1993, the Russian Navy had 55 aircraft in service. By 2005 this had dropped to 12, and by 2008 there were only nine aircraft still in service. A surviving Be-12 is preserved at the Central Air Force Museum at Monino, outside of Moscow. Other examples exist at the Ukraine State Aviation Museum at Kyiv, Ukraine and at the Taganrog Air Museum, in southern Russia. It has been reported that the planes have been conducting patrols along and around the Crimean coast during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Variants

 * Be-12
 * Twin-engined maritime reconnaissance, anti-submarine warfare flying-boat. 2 prototypes and 130 production airframes built.

 * Be-12EKO
 * Projected ecological reconnaissance version. Not built.

 * Be-12I
 * Projected scientific research version designed in 1991. Not built.

 * Be-12LL
 * Conversion for testing the 3M-80 'Moskit' anti-shipping missile. Nose radar replaced with missile seeker head. One aircraft converted in 1980.

 * Be-12N
 * ASW version fitted with new sensors, avionics, MAD sensor and Nartsiss search/attack system. 27 aircraft converted.

 * Be-12Nkh
 * Utility transport, experimental passenger transport version. Military equipment removed, additional windows fitted. 2 built, both converted from Be-12.

 * Be-12P
 * Firefighting version. One 4,500 L tank and two 750 L tanks installed. Four aircraft converted in 1992.

 * Be-12P-200
 * Technology demonstrator for the Beriev Be-200. Fire-fighting configuration. One aircraft converted.

 * Be-12PS
 * Maritime Search and rescue version. Life rafts and survival equipment carried. 6 crew. 10 built new, 4 converted from Be-12.

 * Be-12SK
 * One aircraft converted in 1961 for use in SK-1 nuclear depth charge tests.

 * Be-14
 * All weather, day/night SAR version. Additional SAR and medical equipment. 6 crew. AI-20D engines. One built.

 * M-12
 * Stripped-down Be-12 used for record-setting flights. 2 Crew. Later returned to standard configuration.

Current operators

 * Russian Naval Aviation – received ex-Soviet Union aircraft. Nine Aircraft still in operation with the Black Sea Fleet.
 * Ukrainian Naval Aviation – received ex-Soviet aircraft, two still in operation.
 * Ukrainian Naval Aviation – received ex-Soviet aircraft, two still in operation.
 * Ukrainian Naval Aviation – received ex-Soviet aircraft, two still in operation.

Former operators

 * Azerbaijani Air Forces – inherited three aircraft from the Soviet Union. They were decommissioned around 2000, and scrapped in 2018.
 * Egyptian Air Force – operated two or three Be-12s circa 1970, crewed by Soviet personnel, to maintain surveillance on the United States Navy's 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean.
 * Soviet Naval Aviation – passed its aircraft to successor countries: Russia, Ukraine and Azerbaijan.
 * Syrian Air Force
 * Vietnam People's Air Force – four aircraft in 1981.
 * Soviet Naval Aviation – passed its aircraft to successor countries: Russia, Ukraine and Azerbaijan.
 * Syrian Air Force
 * Vietnam People's Air Force – four aircraft in 1981.
 * Vietnam People's Air Force – four aircraft in 1981.
 * Vietnam People's Air Force – four aircraft in 1981.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Beriev Be-12


text:
Talk:Beriev Be-12

Data quoted from http://www.aviation.ru/Be/#12 by the owner of aviation.ru

Does anyone know what the longish knobs on the fore and aft are??--87.194.230.23 (talk) 11:09, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Beriev Be-12


text: Category:Slough

title: Category:Slough


text:
Rent (film)

Rent is a 2005 American musical drama film directed by Chris Columbus. It is an adaptation of Jonathan Larson's 1996 Broadway musical of the same name, in turn based on the 1896 opera La bohème by Giacomo Puccini, Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa, which is itself based on the 1851 novel Scenes of Bohemian Life by Henri Murger.

The film, which features six of the eight original Broadway cast members reprising their lead roles, depicts the lives of several bohemians and their struggles with sexuality, drugs, paying their rent, and life under the shadow of AIDS in the gritty East Village of New York City from 1989 to 1990.

The film received mixed reviews from critics who praised the performances but criticized its writing, casting, and direction. It failed to cover its production costs at the box office.

Plot
On Christmas Eve 1989, aspiring filmmaker Mark Cohen, and his roommate, Roger Davis, learn that the rent previously waived by their old friend and now landlord, Benjamin "Benny" Coffin III, is due ("Rent"). Meanwhile, their former roommate Tom Collins shows up and gets mugged. Mark and Roger meet with Benny, who tells them he plans to evict the homeless from the nearby lot and build a cyber studio ("You'll See"). He offers them free rent if they get Maureen, Mark's ex-girlfriend, to cancel her protest against his plans, but they refuse.

A street drummer, Angel, finds Collins and they bond since they are both HIV positive. Roger, who is also HIV-positive as well as a former drug addict, tries to compose one last great song before he dies ("One Song Glory"). He's visited by his downstairs neighbor, Mimi, an erotic dancer and heroin addict who tries to convince him to do heroin together despite her own HIV+ status ("Light My Candle").

On Christmas Day, Mark and Roger are visited by Collins and Angel, now in full drag, bearing gifts ("Today 4 U"). They invite Mark and Roger to attend Life Support, an AIDS support group. Roger turns them down, while Mark goes to fix Maureen's sound equipment. He runs into Joanne, Maureen's new girlfriend, who bonds with him as they discuss Maureen's promiscuity ("Tango: Maureen"). Mark arrives at the Life Support meeting ("Life Support"). He films the meeting for the documentary that he's making about people living with HIV/AIDS.

That night, Mimi visits Roger ("Out Tonight"). Roger, whose ex-girlfriend died by suicide after discovering she (and Roger) were HIV positive, rebukes her advances and throws her out ("Another Day"). The next day, he joins Mark, Collins and Angel at a Life Support meeting ("Will I?"). Leaving the meeting, the group imagines what it would be like to move to Santa Fe, New Mexico ("Santa Fe"). Roger and Mark leave to help Maureen set up for her performance, and Angel and Collins reveal they are falling in love ("I'll Cover You"). Maureen performs her song that calls out Benny for changing who he was when he got married and blames him for trying to shut down the tent city ("Over the Moon"). The performance starts a riot because Benny called in police to make sure the protest stayed peaceful, but it escalated into violence. Once the protest is over, the group goes to The Life Cafe and celebrates Mark selling his riot footage to a local news station ("La Vie Bohème" or "La Vie Bohème A"). Roger and Mimi reveal they are falling for each other, and reveal they are HIV positive ("I Should Tell You"). They kiss, start a relationship and continue celebrating with their friends ("Viva La Vie Bohème!" or "La Vie Bohème B").

On New Years Day, Benny has padlocked the apartment, but Angel breaks the lock with a garbage can. Mark takes a job at Buzzline, the television news program that he sold his riot footage to. After another fight, Maureen proposes to Joanne; the relationship ends when Maureen flirts with another woman at the engagement party ("Take Me or Leave Me"). After being persuaded by Mimi, his ex-girlfriend, Benny gives the group back their apartment. Over the following year, Roger grows distrustful of Mimi due to her massive usage of drugs, and their relationship ends ("Without You"). Angel becomes more ill and eventually succumbs to AIDS. At Angel's funeral on Halloween, the group goes their separate ways after a bitter argument, although Maureen and Joanne reconcile in the process ("I'll Cover You/Goodbye Love").

Roger sells his guitar, buys a car, and moves to Santa Fe. He eventually returns to New York because he still loves Mimi, while Mark quits his job at Buzzline to pursue his own film ("What You Own").

On Christmas Eve 1990, Mark and Roger reunite with Collins, who reveals that he has reprogrammed an ATM to dispense cash when someone inputs the code: A-N-G-E-L. Joanne and Maureen find Mimi on the streets, near death. Mimi and Roger reconcile, and he sings the song that he has written over the past year ("Finale A/Your Eyes"). Mimi appears to die but suddenly awakens. She tells them that she was heading to the light, but Angel told her to go back. As Mark's documentary is shown for the first time, the friends reaffirm that there is "no day but today" ("Finale B").

Main characters

 * Anthony Rapp as Mark Cohen, a struggling Jewish filmmaker and Roger's roommate. He was dumped by Maureen for Joanne.
 * Adam Pascal as Roger Davis, an HIV-positive ex-addict rock musician; Mimi's love interest.
 * Rosario Dawson as Mimi Marquez, an HIV-positive heroin addict and stripper; Roger's love interest.
 * Jesse L. Martin as Thomas B. "Tom" Collins, an anarchist and gay philosophy professor with AIDS; former roommate of Maureen, Roger, Mark, and Benny; Angel's love interest.
 * Wilson Jermaine Heredia as Angel Dumott Schunard, a drag queen and street musician who is suffering from AIDS; Collins' love interest.
 * Idina Menzel as Maureen Johnson, a bisexual performance artist and Joanne's girlfriend; Mark's ex-girlfriend.
 * Tracie Thoms as Joanne Jefferson, a lesbian Harvard-graduate lawyer and Maureen's love interest.
 * Taye Diggs as Benjamin "Benny" Coffin, III, landlord of the building in which Mark, Roger, and Mimi live and ex-roommate of Collins, Roger, Maureen, and Mark.
 * Notes

Minor characters

 * Aaron Lohr as Steve
 * Daniel London as Paul
 * Wayne Wilcox as Gordon
 * Chris Chalk as Street Vendor
 * Mackenzie Firgens as April
 * Corey Rosen as Cafe Manager
 * Shaun Earl as Waiter
 * Rod Arrants as Mr. Hansen
 * Mike Garibaldi as Mr. Grey
 * Jennifer Siebel Newsom as Receptionist (at Buzzline)
 * Sarah Silverman as Alexi Darling (at Buzzline)
 * Daryl Edwards as Mr. Jefferson
 * Anna Deavere Smith as Mrs. Jefferson
 * Kevin Blackton as Mr. Johnson
 * Bettina Devin as Mrs. Johnson
 * Joel Swetow as Mr. Cohen
 * Randy Graff as Mrs. Cohen

Alternate ending
In addition to four deleted scenes, the DVD release of the film includes an alternate ending, showing all the main characters (including Benny, who was not present in the other ending) except Angel standing in the positions where they were during the "Seasons of Love" opening, all standing in a line of spotlights, with Angel's spot empty. Later in the scene, she enters from the side and walks down the line to take her place, stopping as she passes Collins to take his hand for a moment. Although this tableau is used in the finale of the musical, it was dropped from the film for fear that audiences may have wondered why Angel had returned or why the characters were lined up on stage again. In the commentary, Chris Columbus adds that he "didn't want audiences to think that everything was okay and Angel was alive again."

Differences between the stage and film versions

 * "Goodbye Love" was filmed in its entirety, but the second half was cut from the film because Columbus considered it somewhat of an emotional overload, as he states on the DVD's commentary track.
 * The film leaves ambiguous the death of Roger's girlfriend April, who dies before Rent begins. In the film, she is seen reading a doctor's report that she is HIV positive; it is stated that she has died, but nothing more is said. In the stage version, Mark explicitly states that April ended her life by slitting her wrists in the bathroom, and Roger found out about his HIV status in the suicide note. Chris Columbus states in the DVD commentary that a scene featuring April lying in the bathtub with her wrists slit was filmed, but cut because he thought it would be "too much".

Soundtrack
Rent: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2005 film of the same name. The two-disc soundtrack, containing 28 tracks, was originally packaged in eight different slipcovers, each featuring one of the eight most prominent characters in the film.

Track listing

 * 1) "Seasons of Love" – Joanne, Collins, Mimi, Roger, Maureen, Mark, Angel & Benny
 * 2) "Rent" – Mark, Roger, Collins, Mimi, Benny & Tenants
 * 3) "You'll See" – Roger, Mark & Benny
 * 4) "One Song Glory" – Roger
 * 5) "Light My Candle" – Roger & Mimi
 * 6) "Today 4 U" – Angel & Collins
 * 7) "Tango: Maureen" – Joanne & Mark
 * 8) "Life Support" – Roger, Angel, Collins, Gordon, Steve, Paul, Ali, Pam & Sue
 * 9) "Out Tonight" – Mimi
 * 10) "Another Day" – Roger, Mimi, Collins, Mark & Angel
 * 11) "Will I?" – Roger, Angel, Collins, Mark, Gordon, Steve, Paul, Ali, Pam & Sue
 * 12) "Santa Fe" – Angel, Collins, Roger & Mark
 * 13) "I'll Cover You" – Angel & Collins
 * 14) "Over The Moon" – Maureen
 * 15) "La Vie Bohème" * – Cast of Rent
 * 16) "I Should Tell You" – Roger & Mimi
 * 17) "La Vie Bohème B" * – Mimi, Mark, Angel, Collins, Maureen, Joanne & Roger
 * 18) "Seasons of Love B" – Cast of Rent
 * 19) "Take Me or Leave Me" – Maureen & Joanne
 * 20) "Without You" – Mimi & Roger
 * 21) "I'll Cover You (Reprise)" – Collins & Company
 * 22) "Halloween" – Mark
 * 23) "Goodbye Love" * – Mimi, Roger, Benny, Maureen, Joanne, Mark & Collins
 * 24) "What You Own" – Roger & Mark
 * 25) "Finale A" – Mimi & Roger
 * 26) "Your Eyes" – Roger
 * 27) "Finale B* " – Cast of Rent
 * 28) "Love Heals" – Cast of Rent

Critical response
Film critic Roger Ebert praised the film's performances but criticized its story, writing that he did not believe the film works on its own without "reference to the theatrical version." David Rooney of Variety praised the performances of Rosario Dawson, Tracie Thoms, and Jesse L. Martin, but criticized the film's decision to enlist most of the show's original cast, writing that the choice raises questions as to why these people, "some of them clearly pushing 40", are still "floundering in artsy aimlessness."

Box office
Rent grossed $29.1million in the United States and Canada, and $2.6million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $31.7million, against a budget of $40million.

title: Rent (film)


text:
Warman

Warman may refer to:

Places People with the surname
 * Warman, Minnesota, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Warman, Saskatchewan, Canada, a city
 * Warman (provincial electoral district)
 * Arturo Warman (1937–2003), Mexican anthropologist
 * Bob Warman (born 1946), British television presenter
 * Clive Wilson Warman (1892-1919), American World War I flying ace
 * Francis Warman, Archdeacon of Aston from 1965 to 1977
 * Guy Warman (1872-1953), Anglican bishop
 * Johnny Warman (born 1951), English rock and roll singer and songwriter
 * Matt Warman, British Conservative Party politician, MP for Boston and Skegness since May 2015
 * Richard Warman (born 1968), Canadian human rights lawyer

title: Warman


text: Category:Districts of Berkshire

title: Category:Districts of Berkshire


text:
User:Darked~enwiki/ABRF 2005

ABRF 2005 Savannah Feb 05-09th

Main topics:
 * Proteomics/ Mass spectrometry
 * Microarrays
 * DNA sequencing
 * Bioinformatics

Tutorials (Feb 05):

 * 1) Mascot (David Wishtar, UAlberta, Edmonton)
 * 2) Global Proteomic Machine / X!Tandem
 * 3) Sequest (Aaron Lucas )
 * 4) Spectrum Mill ( David Horn, Agilent)

Mascot

kinds of analyses:
 * PMT
 * Seq tag quering
 * MS/MS Ion searches

Price 7K$/1 CPU, 12.5K 2CPUs, down to 4K$CPU with large purchases Requirements: Linux (Windows) cluster/ recommended 2GB RAM / node

Other components:
 * Mascot Distiller
 * Mascot Deamon

Hints: - knowing estimated mass or isoelectric point helps - with Protein Fingerprintin do not use Swiss Prot -> use NR

Example files: http://gchelpdesk.ualberta.ca/ABRF2005/

Algorithm: Mowse scoring

Global Proteomic Machine / X!Tandem
 * thegpm.com

+ comments from Sunday Ron Beavis

Function:
 * IDs proteins from MS/MS data
 * permits point mutations!

 * Open source, Perl, Knoppix distro exists
 * Multithreded but also a version running on cluster (linux) in Kentucky
 * uses Open Mass Spectrometry Search Algorithm

Open Mass Spectrometry Search Algorithm Lewis Y. Geer, Sanford P. Markey, Jeffrey A. Kowalak, Lukas Wagner, Ming Xu, Dawn M. Maynard, Xiaoyu Yang, Wenyao Shi, and Stephen H. Bryant J. Proteome Res.; 2004; 3(5) pp 958 - 964; (Article) DOI: 10.1021/pr0499491

 * Uses database of reversed protein sequences to indicate getting into "bad matches area"

 * stores a database of real mass spec spectra (50 milions donated so far!) and one can compare these with actual results or a given peptide (if present)

Output of spectra as scalable vector graphic Common XML input output format

Sequest

In a standard relase: big SRF files do not work on cluster
 * requires Win2000 as a head node! even if cluster can be Windows head node/Linux slaves using PVM
 * Head 4-6 GB RAM
 * 5TB disks on head node
 * 32 CPUs in toital

General impression: Works but it is a cludge. Creates bunch of (tens of thousands) small files (1-4kb) in single dir making backups/maintenance etc. very hard on OS.

FPGA containing Linux box (Sequest Sourcerer) -> rewritten algoritm/ fast from THERMAL

Data output: LCQ 19MB LTQ 100MB LTQ-F > 250MB /run

Other notes:
 * 75% peptides after tripsin /77% with perfect chemotrypsin digest are unique
 * some people claim that Sequest algorithm is superior in accuracy than mascot on anything longer than 9AA
 * exports XML/Excel files

Spectrum Mill

 * works only on Internet Explorer/ Server on Windows.
 * used mostly for de novo sequencing
 * not much comparative data

-- Mascot Integra Lab LIMS system based on Lab Vantage oand Oracle 9 using Phoreiix exchange format

Requirements:
 * dual 3.2 Xeons
 * Win Server 2003

Pricing: depends on number of concurent users / number of CPUs (29$K entry level)

BIND database from Blueprint.org

 * Manualy curated (27 Toronto + 12 Singapore) protein-protein interaction database (JAVA + MySQL)
 * BIND ids standarised accross Science, Nature and Cell jurnalls
 * introducing an idea of 'ontogliphs" a set of 84 squiggly characters used to represent major GO terms

Tutorial on protein alignment by Kimmen Sjolander. Berkeley

programs to try and use:

 * [Satchmo]
 * [Gtree]

 * DAPHNE -> no link so far
 * [BETE]

Machine of the Year 454 sequencer: http://www.454.com/

 * sequencing on microbeads thousands of small pieces at the same time
 * cost: 500K$ /5K per kit or ca 37K per service run
 * performance: up to 35MB of raw sequence per run!

Cons:
 * very short runs so far 100-160bp
 * intensograms instead of chromatograms
 * no phred compatible phred values/ different assembler needed

title: User:Darked~enwiki/ABRF 2005


text:
Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

The Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA), previously known as the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, is an astrophysics research institute jointly operated by the Harvard College Observatory and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Founded in 1973 and headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, the CfA leads a broad program of research in astronomy, astrophysics, Earth and space sciences, as well as science education. The CfA either leads or participates in the development and operations of more than fifteen ground- and space-based astronomical research observatories across the electromagnetic spectrum, including the forthcoming Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) and the Chandra X-ray Observatory, one of NASA's Great Observatories.

Hosting more than 850 scientists, engineers, and support staff, the CfA is among the largest astronomical research institutes in the world. Its projects have included Nobel Prize-winning advances in cosmology and high energy astrophysics, the discovery of many exoplanets, and the first image of a black hole. The CfA also serves a major role in the global astrophysics research community: the CfA's Astrophysics Data System (ADS), for example, has been universally adopted as the world's online database of astronomy and physics papers. Known for most of its history as the "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics", the CfA rebranded in 2018 to its current name in an effort to reflect its unique status as a joint collaboration between Harvard University and the Smithsonian Institution. The CfA's current director (since 2022) is Lisa Kewley, who succeeds Charles R. Alcock (Director from 2004 to 2022), Irwin I. Shapiro (Director from 1982 to 2004) and George B. Field (Director from 1973 to 1982).

History of the CfA
The Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian is not formally an independent legal organization, but rather an institutional entity operated under a memorandum of understanding between Harvard University and the Smithsonian Institution. This collaboration was formalized on July 1, 1973, with the goal of coordinating the related research activities of the Harvard College Observatory (HCO) and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) under the leadership of a single director, and housed within the same complex of buildings on the Harvard campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The CfA's history is therefore also that of the two fully independent organizations that comprise it. With a combined history of more than 300 years, HCO and SAO have been host to major milestones in astronomical history that predate the CfA's founding. These are briefly summarized below.

History of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO)
Samuel Pierpont Langley, the third Secretary of the Smithsonian, founded the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory on the south yard of the Smithsonian Castle (on the U.S. National Mall) on March 1, 1890. The Astrophysical Observatory's initial, primary purpose was to "record the amount and character of the Sun's heat". Charles Greeley Abbot was named SAO's first director, and the observatory operated solar telescopes to take daily measurements of the Sun's intensity in different regions of the optical electromagnetic spectrum. In doing so, the observatory enabled Abbot to make critical refinements to the Solar constant, as well as to serendipitously discover Solar variability. It is likely that SAO's early history as a solar observatory was part of the inspiration behind the Smithsonian's "sunburst" logo, designed in 1965 by Crimilda Pontes.

In 1955, the scientific headquarters of SAO moved from Washington, D.C. to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to affiliate with the Harvard College Observatory (HCO). Fred Lawrence Whipple, then the chairman of the Harvard Astronomy Department, was named the new director of SAO. The collaborative relationship between SAO and HCO therefore predates the official creation of the CfA by 18 years. SAO's move to Harvard's campus also resulted in a rapid expansion of its research program. Following the launch of Sputnik (the world's first human-made satellite) in 1957, SAO accepted a national challenge to create a worldwide satellite-tracking network, collaborating with the United States Air Force on Project Space Track.

With the creation of NASA the following year and throughout the Space Race, SAO led major efforts in the development of orbiting observatories and large ground-based telescopes, laboratory and theoretical astrophysics, as well as the application of computers to astrophysical problems.

History of Harvard College Observatory (HCO)

Partly in response to renewed public interest in astronomy following the 1835 return of Halley's Comet, the Harvard College Observatory was founded in 1839, when the Harvard Corporation appointed William Cranch Bond as an "Astronomical Observer to the University". For its first four years of operation, the observatory was situated at the Dana-Palmer House (where Bond also resided) near Harvard Yard, and consisted of little more than three small telescopes and an astronomical clock. In his 1840 book recounting the history of the college, then Harvard President Josiah Quincy III noted that "there is wanted a reflecting telescope equatorially mounted". This telescope, the 15-inch "Great Refractor", opened seven years later (in 1847) at the top of Observatory Hill in Cambridge (where it still exists today, housed in the oldest of the CfA's complex of buildings). The telescope was the largest in the United States from 1847 until 1867. William Bond and pioneer photographer John Adams Whipple used the Great Refractor to produce the first clear Daguerrotypes of the Moon (winning them an award at the 1851 Great Exhibition in London). Bond and his son, George Phillips Bond (the second director of HCO), used it to discover Saturn's 8th moon, Hyperion (which was also independently discovered by William Lassell).

Under the directorship of Edward Charles Pickering from 1877 to 1919, the observatory became the world's major producer of stellar spectra and magnitudes, established an observing station in Peru, and applied mass-production methods to the analysis of data. It was during this time that HCO became host to a series of major discoveries in astronomical history, powered by the observatory's so-called "Computers" (women hired by Pickering as skilled workers to process astronomical data). These "Computers" included Williamina Fleming, Annie Jump Cannon, Henrietta Swan Leavitt, Florence Cushman and Antonia Maury, all widely recognized today as major figures in scientific history. Henrietta Swan Leavitt, for example, discovered the so-called period-luminosity relation for Classical Cepheid variable stars, establishing the first major "standard candle" with which to measure the distance to galaxies. Now called "Leavitt's law", the discovery is regarded as one of the most foundational and important in the history of astronomy; astronomers like Edwin Hubble, for example, would later use Leavitt's law to establish that the Universe is expanding, the primary piece of evidence for the Big Bang model.

Upon Pickering's retirement in 1921, the directorship of HCO fell to Harlow Shapley (a major participant in the so-called "Great Debate" of 1920). This era of the observatory was made famous by the work of Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin, who became the first woman to earn a PhD in astronomy from Radcliffe College (a short walk from the observatory). Payne-Gapochkin's 1925 thesis proposed that stars were composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, an idea thought ridiculous at the time. Between Shapley's tenure and the formation of the CfA, the observatory was directed by Donald H. Menzel and then Leo Goldberg, both of whom maintained widely recognized programs in solar and stellar astrophysics. Menzel played a major role in encouraging the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to move to Cambridge and collaborate more closely with HCO.

Joint history as the Center for Astrophysics (CfA)
The collaborative foundation for what would ultimately give rise to the Center for Astrophysics began with SAO's move to Cambridge in 1955. Fred Whipple, who was already chair of the Harvard Astronomy Department (housed within HCO since 1931 ), was named SAO's new director at the start of this new era; an early test of the model for a unified directorship across HCO and SAO. The following 18 years would see the two independent entities merge ever closer together, operating effectively (but informally) as one large research center.

This joint relationship was formalized as the new Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics on July 1, 1973. George B. Field, then affiliated with Berkeley, was appointed as its first director. That same year, a new astronomical journal, the CfA Preprint Series was created, and a CfA/SAO instrument flying aboard Skylab discovered coronal holes on the Sun. The founding of the CfA also coincided with the birth of X-ray astronomy as a new, major field that was largely dominated by CfA scientists in its early years. Riccardo Giacconi, regarded as the "father of X-ray astronomy", founded the High Energy Astrophysics Division within the new CfA by moving most of his research group (then at American Sciences and Engineering) to SAO in 1973. That group would later go on to launch the Einstein Observatory (the first imaging X-ray telescope) in 1976, and ultimately lead the proposals and development of what would become the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Chandra, the second of NASA's Great Observatories and still the most powerful X-ray telescope in history, continues operations today as part of the CfA's Chandra X-ray Center. Giacconi would later win the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics for his foundational work in X-ray astronomy.

Shortly after the launch of the Einstein Observatory, the CfA's Steven Weinberg won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on electroweak unification. The following decade saw the start of the landmark CfA Redshift Survey (the first attempt to map the large scale structure of the Universe), as well as the release of the "Field Report", a highly influential Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey chaired by the outgoing CfA Director George Field. He would be replaced in 1982 by Irwin Shapiro, who during his tenure as director (1982 to 2004) oversaw the expansion of the CfA's observing facilities around the world, including the newly named Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, the Infrared Telescope (IRT) aboard the Space Shuttle, the 6.5-meter Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT), the SOHO satellite, and the launch of Chandra in 1999. CfA-led discoveries throughout this period include canonical work on Supernova 1987A, the "CfA2 Great Wall" (then the largest known coherent structure in the Universe), the best-yet evidence for supermassive black holes, and the first convincing evidence for an extrasolar planet.

The 1980s also saw the CfA play a distinct role in the history of computer science and the internet: in 1986, SAO started developing SAOImage, one of the world's first X11-based applications made publicly available (its successor, DS9, remains the most widely used astronomical FITS image viewer worldwide). During this time, scientists and software developers at the CfA also began work on what would become the Astrophysics Data System (ADS), one of the world's first online databases of research papers. By 1993, the ADS was running the first routine transatlantic queries between databases, a foundational aspect of the internet today.

Research at the CfA
Charles Alcock, known for a number of major works related to massive compact halo objects, was named the third director of the CfA in 2004. Today Alcock oversees one of the largest and most productive astronomical institutes in the world, with more than 850 staff and an annual budget in excess of $100 million. The Harvard Department of Astronomy, housed within the CfA, maintains a continual complement of approximately 60 PhD students, more than 100 postdoctoral researchers, and roughly 25 undergraduate astronomy and astrophysics majors from Harvard College. SAO, meanwhile, hosts a long-running and highly rated REU Summer Intern program as well as many visiting graduate students. The CfA estimates that roughly 10% of the professional astrophysics community in the United States spent at least a portion of their career or education there.

The CfA is either a lead or major partner in the operations of the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, the Submillimeter Array, MMT Observatory, the South Pole Telescope, VERITAS, and a number of other smaller ground-based telescopes. The CfA's 2019–2024 Strategic Plan includes the construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope as a driving priority for the center.

Along with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, the CfA plays a central role in a number of space-based observing facilities, including the recently launched Parker Solar Probe, Kepler space telescope, the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), and Hinode. The CfA, via the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, recently played a major role in the Lynx X-ray Observatory, a NASA-funded large mission concept study commissioned as part of the 2020 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey ("Astro2020"). If launched, Lynx would be the most powerful X-ray observatory constructed to date, enabling order-of-magnitude advances in capability over Chandra.

SAO is one of the 13 stakeholder institutes for the Event Horizon Telescope Board, and the CfA hosts its Array Operations Center. In 2019, the project revealed the first direct image of a black hole. The result is widely regarded as a triumph not only of observational astronomy, but of its intersection with theoretical astrophysics. Union of the observational and theoretical subfields of astrophysics has been a major focus of the CfA since its founding.

In 2018, the CfA rebranded, changing its official name to the "Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian" in an effort to reflect its unique status as a joint collaboration between Harvard University and the Smithsonian Institution. Today, the CfA receives roughly 70% of its funding from NASA, 22% from Smithsonian federal funds, and 4% from the National Science Foundation. The remaining 4% comes from contributors including the United States Department of Energy, the Annenberg Foundation, as well as other gifts and endowments.

Organizational structure
Research across the CfA is organized into six divisions and seven research centers:

Scientific divisions within the CfA

 * Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMP)
 * High Energy Astrophysics (HEA)
 * Optical and Infrared Astronomy (OIR)
 * Radio and Geoastronomy (RG)
 * Solar, Stellar, and Planetary Sciences (SSP)
 * Theoretical Astrophysics (TA)

Centers hosted at the CfA

 * Chandra X-ray Center (CXC), the science operations center for NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory
 * Institute for Theory and Computation (ITC)
 * Institute for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (ITAMP)
 * Center for Parallel Astrophysical Computing (CPAC)
 * Minor Planet Center (MPC)
 * Telescope Data Center (TDC)
 * Radio Telescope Data Center (RTDC)
 * Solar & Stellar X-ray Group (SSXG)

The CfA is also host to the Harvard University Department of Astronomy, large central engineering and computation facilities, the Science Education Department, the John G. Wolbach Library, the world's largest database of astronomy and physics papers (ADS), and the world's largest collection of astronomical photographic plates.

Ground-based observatories

 * Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory
 * Magellan telescopes
 * MMT Observatory
 * Event Horizon Telescope
 * South Pole Telescope
 * Submillimeter Array
 * 1.2-Meter Millimeter-Wave Telescope
 * Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS)

Space-based observatories and probes

 * Chandra X-ray Observatory
 * Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
 * Parker Solar Probe
 * Hinode
 * Kepler
 * Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
 * Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)
 * Spitzer Space Telescope

Planned future observatories

 * Lynx X-ray Observatory
 * Giant Magellan Telescope
 * Murchison Widefield Array
 * Square Kilometer Array
 * Pan-STARRS
 * Vera C. Rubin Observatory (formerly called the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope)


text:
Talk:IEEE 802.3af

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. 802.11af → 802.3af - violet/riga (t) 01:18, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Advice against merging
I do not think that IEEE 802.3af and PoE should be merged into one article. IEEE 802.3af is a standard, but PoE in generel is a mix all kinds of PoE; good and bad. The bad ones do not probe for PD, and can damage network equipment.

I will remove paragraphs, that are better put in PoE and IEEE 802.3at. --Glenn 06:54, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Support
The reason that they should be merged is that besides PoE/802.3af/at there are no longer any other bare 802.3xx articles. They all go redirect into there various subtopics. 802.3z -> Fast Ethernet, 802.3ah -> Ethernet in the First Mile, 802.3ad into link aggreation etc.. Furthermore, no manufacture still recommend that you use their pre-standard propietary formats over the IEEE standards they helped develop. -- KelleyCook 20:59, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:IEEE 802.3af


text: Category:Reading, Berkshire

title: Category:Reading, Berkshire


text:
Talk:Asif Nawaz Janjua

Cleanup request
The article needs to be overhauled. I've tried to tidy up and clarify the English, but I think that it needs someone with more knowledge of the topic to take it in hand. There are places where the ordinary reader gets very confused about the political and historical background to the events described. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The correct name of the general, who was my elder brother, is Asif Nawaz. President Ghulam Ishaq is credited as having identified him as Asif Nawaz Janjua in public statements and hence our tribal name Janjua was attached to his name in some newspaper accounts. There is no Khan in his name. The issue of his demise is indeed controversial and I hope to shed more light on it in due course, when I complete my book on the Pakistan Army. For a useful but brief biographical sketch readers are referred to Shahid Javed Burki's excellent Historical Dictionary of Pakistan (Scarecrow Press, 1999). Shuja Nawaz 15 July 2005

Image use
The photo of the General needs to have proper copyright tags. Thanks. --Ragib 05:36, 8 August 2005 (UTC) This photo was taken by a photographer hired by the Inter Services Public Relations Directorate of the Pakistan Army at Army House, Rawalpindi on August 17, 1991. So it could be credited to ISPR Directorate, Pakistan Army. Shuja Nawaz

Biographical info
The article contains no biographical details whatsoever. Unless it is renamed to something like "General Nawaz's death", such info should be added.

And it does not say much about why his death was controversial. My recollection (mostly family gossip) at the time was that he collapsed and died after visiting the then Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and his wife believed he had been poisoned in a cup of tea after getting too close to exposing corruption. Consequently she took hair from his corpse and sent them to the USA & the UK for analysis which suggested that this was so, but subsequently his body was exhumed and tested (obviously in Pakistan). I cannot substantiate any of this so I have not posted it on the substantive article. Can anyone help? - Streona —Preceding unsigned comment added by Streona (talk • contribs) 22:36, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

MILHIST B-class checklist
First, this article needs an infobox, which can be found here: Infobox Military Person. It also needs some more sourcing, and could always use a photograph. Parsecboy (talk) 21:09, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Asif Nawaz Janjua


text:
Wojciech Jastrzębowski

Wojciech Bogumił Jastrzębowski (19 April 1799 – 30 December 1882) was a Polish scientist, naturalist, and inventor; professor of botany, physics, zoology, and horticulture at Instytut Rolniczo-Leśny in Warsaw's Marymont district; a founder of ergonomics; and an insurgent in Poland's November 1830 Uprising.

In 1831 he framed the first proposal of a constitution for a European union.

Life
Wojciech Jastrzębowski was born in Szczepkowo-Giewarty, Janowo parish, near Mława, on 19 April 1799. He was a member of a Polish noble (szlachta) family – originally from the village of Janowiec-Jastrząbki in Janowiec Kościelny, in Pobożany parish – bearing the Pobóg coat of arms.

His father, Maciej Jastrzębowski, married Marianna Leśnikowska, heiress to part of Szczepkowo-Giewarty. Soon after their wedding, he moved to his wife's estate.

Jastrzębowski passed his matura examination at the Warsaw Lyceum.

He participated in the November 1831 Uprising.

He created the sundial at the Warsaw Lyceum and "Jastrzębowski's compass", a device that allows sundials to be set in any place under any circumstances.

He was a pioneer of ergonomics.

Jastrzębowski became a member of the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning, the Kraków Science Society, the Kielce Agricultural Society, and the Lwów Agricultural Society. He was an honorary member of the Poznań Society of Friends of Learning.

He created the Zakład Praktyki Leśnej, the first institution for the improvement of professional forestry and gamekeeping, in Feliksów near Brok. In 2004 a monument in Jastrzębowski's honour was erected in Brok, in Masovian Province.

Jastrzębowski married Aniela z d’Cherów and had five daughters and two sons. His grandson, also named Wojciech Jastrzębowski (1884–1963), was an artist, senator of the Second Polish Republic, and professor.

Wojciech Bogumił Jastrzębowski died in Warsaw on 30 December 1882.

On Lasting Peace among the Nations
During the 1831 Battle of Olszynka Grochowska in defense of Warsaw, during Poland's November 1830 Uprising, Jastrzębowski framed the first proposal of a constitution for a Europe united as a single republic with no internal borders, with a unified legal system, and with institutions staffed by representatives of all of Europe's peoples.

The document, titled On Lasting Peace among the Nations (O wiecznym pokoju między narodami), comprised 77 articles and was published on 3 May 1831, the 40th anniversary of Poland's Constitution of 3 May 1791, Europe's first modern national constitution and the world's second after that of the United States.

Jastrzębowski posited that all Europe's peoples should renounce their individual sovereignties and be bound by a common system of laws, and that all heads of the republic should henceforth be guardians and executors of those laws and not be referred to otherwise than as the fathers of their peoples.

Commemorations
Poland's Mazowsze Province features a cycling path, named after Jastrzębowski, from Ostrów Mazowiecka to Brok.

A few writings

 * Traktat o Wiecznym Przymierzu Miedzy Narodami Ucywilizowanymi - Konstytucja dla Europy (A Treatise on Eternal Union among the Civilized Nations: a Constitution for Europe), 1831.
 * Rys ergonomji czyli nauki o pracy, opartej na prawdach poczerpniętych z Nauki Przyrody (An Outline of Ergonomics: the Science of Work, Based on Truths Drawn from the Natural Sciences), 1857.

title: Wojciech Jastrzębowski


text:
Talk:First Serbian Uprising

Comments
There is nothing about the first capital of modern Serbia, Kragujevac. Nothing about the first constitution that was founded in Kragujevac, and all other "first" things in Serbia that were founded in Kragujevac (The First Gymnasium, The First University "Licej", The First Parliament, The First Library...) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.2.246.195 (talk) 20:31, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Leader
Was Karadjordje chosen the leader on February 2nd or 14th in 1804 ? The page on First Serbian Uprising says it's February 14th. The page on Karadjordje says February 2nd. Can someone confirm the date, please ? -- PFHLai 17:17, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

That would probably be the same day, just different dates according to Julian and Gregorian calenders. If I'm right, the 14th would be the correct date to use. Zocky 04:57, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Zastava 1ustanak.jpg
The image Image:Zastava 1ustanak.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --11:35, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

People
Should Sima Milutinović Sarajlija (a fighter and a scribe in the Praviteljstvujušči Sovjet during the Uprising) and Dositej Obradović (the first minister of education in revolutionary Serbia) be mentioned in the People section (considering the fact that Vuk Karadžić is mentioned)? Ostalocutanje (talk) 12:17, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Belligerents
There is a serious problem with the Belligerents list in that the Serbs and the Ottoman Empire were initially on the same side against the Dahija. Only when the Dahija had been defeated did relations between the two begin to break down and up till then the Serbs were no so much rebels as Ottoman loyalists.Dejvid (talk) 21:33, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Starting date
The starting date of the First Serbian Uprising is problematic. The Uprising against the Dahije broke out in February, the Dahije being defeated by 25 July. It was only after this when the Sultan turned on the Serbs. The Serbs and the Ottomans negotiated for a year, when in August 1805 Hafuz Pasha was dispatched to destroy them. The Serbs won, and then captured several towns from the hands of the Ottomans. Serbian historiography includes the uprising against the Dahije as the beginning or prelude to the uprising. Is there any objection of removing the Dahije from the infobox (now present at the Uprising against the Dahije), as they were not belligerents in the uprising against the Ottomans?--Z oupan 18:57, 18 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Its not only Serbian historiography which treats the uprising against the Dahije as integal part of the First Srbian Uprising. --Antidiskriminator (talk) 22:44, 18 December 2015 (UTC)

Rumelian
Exactly what is Rumelian in the sidebox? Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 13:43, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:53, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Banner of Pashalik of Ioannina based on Ali Pasha's medalion.png

1863?
why is the "skull tower" picture in this article, not existing until decades after the event? HammerFilmFan (talk) 09:48, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

 * @HammerFilmFan The caption was wrong, that's when the drawing was made not when the Skull Tower was built. Aeengath (talk) 11:02, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

The first Christian population in Ottoman history to have risen up against the Sultan.
According to the article "The Serbs were the first Christian population in Ottoman history to have risen up against the Sultan, their uprising ultimately became a symbol of the nation-building process in the Balkans, inspiring unrest among neighboring Balkan peoples." citing Glenny, M. (2012). The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804-2011. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-61099-2. This comment does not take into consideration the Orlov Uprising of the Greeks in 1770. The Orlov revolt (Greek: Ορλωφικά, Ορλοφικά, Ορλώφεια, lit. 'Orlov events') was a Greek uprising that broke out in 1770. It was centered in the Peloponnese, southern Greece as well as in parts of Central Greece, Thessaly and on Crete. The revolt broke out at February 1770 following the arrival of Russian Admiral Alexei Orlov, commander of the Imperial Russian Navy during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), at the Mani Peninsula. It became a major precursor to the Greek War of Independence (which erupted in 1821). This is a out of context comment as the reference of Glenny extents his research timeline from 1804-2011 to the whole history of Ottoman Empire. I recommend to change the comment to mention that "The Serbs were the first Christian population in the 19th century to have risen up against the Sultan." or that "The Serbs were the second Christian population in Ottoman history to have risen up against the Sultan, after the Greek Uprising of 1770. Ianbak (talk) 12:35, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Hello @Ianbak, There were many revolts against the Ottomans in Greece here and in Serbia here even before the Orlov revolt; what makes the Serbian uprising the first of its kind is that it evolved into a war a independence. Glenny is not the only one to reach this conclusion "in 1804, Serbs organized a rebellion (the First Serbian Uprising), becoming the first of the Balkan peoples to begin a drive for real independence against the Turks" also "The Greeks achieved the first independent Balkan nation-state, but the first triumphal rebellion against Ottoman rule occurred among the Serbs." and "This was the first national uprising against the Ottomans among the peoples of Southeast Europe followed by the Greek Revolution" Best, Aeengath (talk) 20:32, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello @Aeengath. From your reply I assume that you agree that the statement is wrong since, as you very well cite, there were other rebellions before the First Serbian Uprising. Glenny's statement is based on the concept that the First Serbian Uprising was triumphal, meaning that it created a short lived independent state. If we want to state the facts then this was "The first Christian population in Ottoman history to have risen up against the Sultan and succeded in creating a short lived independent state.". I think in general, and not as a Greek, Glenny's statement is diminutive towards other christian population that have risen against the Ottomans but without reaching any kind of independence. Thank you for your time and our discussion. I hope we can better state the facts without any bias for or against other nations. Ianbak (talk) 11:48, 15 February 2023 (UTC)
 * @Ianbak I agree, updating the lead, thank you Aeengath (talk) 16:06, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

Referencing
I'm addressing the concern that I didn't yet cite the tidbit about Wallachian involvement. Yet I can't help notice that this article's standard of referencing is ridiculous, with standardized formats at the very least inconsistent, when not randomly disregarded, with sources "cited" with no page number (the whole book is a reference?), and with books that are entirely dedicated to the topic being cited for just one or two tidbits (would you be able to pass that as referencing in an academic paper? no? good thing Wikipedia is here for you). The most annoying thing about this is that the sort of half-assed, purely perfunctory, work done on "sourcing" this article is the hardest to fix, because many readers, being themselves just as callous and lazy, will just assume this is somehow legit work. Dahn (talk) 07:32, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, given the stereotypical and antiquated phrasing that pops up here and there, one can be reasonably sure that this article plagiarizes from Jelavich. Dahn (talk) 09:53, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

Censors and editorial voice
It appears that has made a habit of stealthily imposing his own views in this article, with no or minimal commentary as to why he is doing it. The most annoying part is when he actually removed cited references to an episode he doesn't want mentioned, namely the Wallachian involvement on the Ottoman side (which was significant enough in at least one battle of the campaign, and is mentioned with even more sources in the article on John Caradja); the info then appeared unverified, presumably in preparation for its total removal. Now he apparently labels the source used as unreliable, which is hilarious in an article that is otherwise very poorly and incompetently sourced (see the above section); to be clear: the source is a top vetted scholarly one -- yes, it was published under the Ion Antonescu regime, but by scholars critical of Antonescu (see detail on this in the Dan Simonescu article, which also notes that the editors of the journal supported Balkan cooperation). It is also the kind of source that is expected to cover this level of detail.

As his only minimal concession, Aeengath has agreed that Wallachian "volunteers" should be mentioned as participants in the revolt. However, this is grossly misleading, a toned-down, Disneyfied version of what the sources say happened, and obscuring the real agencies at work.

I am also struggling to understand why Aeengath is performing these tricks on the readers. Does he fear that mentions of Wallachia in two or three contextual and qualified sections, and at a relevant place in the infobox, are overfocused? Does he believe that Wallachia, as a client state, did not have its own agency -- when, strangely, he seems to claim that the pashaluks, actual provinces of the Ottoman Empire, did? Does he want to obscure this apparent moment of tension in what was by-and-large a solid friendship between Romanians and Serbs -- and, if so, does he not understand that this army was one of professional soldiers, answering to a Greek prince? or that Wallachians of the period often fought each other, let alone various surrounding factions? And why would the article need to reflect these peculiar qualms, instead of just spelling out the facts? Dahn (talk) 07:04, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

 * @Dahn First thank you for removing that contentious material. As for the remaining content that you want to add in the infobox: Great Banate of Craiova / fighting under / Wallachia / fighting under / Ottoman Empire (from 1813). I removed it because it was missing a citation and Wikipedia policy requires "an inline citation to a reliable source that directly supports content" see WP:WTC. It is the same with the various Pashaliks and leaders missing a citation that I also removed. Following WP:MINREF, "material may be removed and should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source". I added the tag  following one of your six refs in the article because "all content in articles must be verifiable" and the source you added for those refs "Contribuțiuni la istoria românilor din Peninsula Balcanică. Românii dintre Timoc și Morava" is inaccessible. These are Wikipedia guidelines, see WP:VERIFY and WP:INTEGRITY. I have searched on my end but have not been able to find anything in Bibliography about the Great Banate of Craiova being a belligerent on either side or about John Caradja being a leader of the First Serbian Uprising under the Ottoman Empire (I have added a  to that one). I am not against adding  Wallachia or any other co-belligerents, we just need to follow WP:POLICY. Please provide inline citations to verifiable reliable sources that directly support your edits, this way we can start improving this article. Thanks and have a nice day. Aeengath (talk) 13:50, 27 February 2024 (UTC) edited Aeengath (talk) 14:33, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

 * You are simply disingenuous by this point. Every info you keep removing or twisting is cited with an inline citation, at the proper place in the text. Enough, or I shall have to request arbitration. Dahn (talk) 22:04, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for adding an additional inline citation about the participation of "several hundreds of Caradja's Romanians" even though from the same unverifiable source; even if this came from a RS I do not think it can support the insertion of "the Great Banship of Craiova as a co-belligerent on the Ottoman side". Wallachia and the Banship of Craiova were territories under Ottoman suzerainty at that time and were expected to provide troops or support to the Ottoman Empire when called upon, just like Bosnians, Albanians..etc While Wallachia may have had some interactions with both the Ottomans and the Serbs during this period, it didn't take a direct role in the conflict on either side. Barbara Jelavich does not mention it in her reference book, There is also no citation showing that John Caradja took part to the First Serbian Uprising as a commander. This looks like WP:OR and the fact that you “won't bother providing and translating quotations” as you stated in your edit summary is not helpful and might get your edits challenged again. Please follow WP:PG. Thanks and have a nice day. Aeengath (talk) Aeengath (talk) 12:08, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Where do you get the nerve to call it "unverifiable"? Unverifiable by whom? Was it not published? And of course other sources may not mention it: other sources don't mention the Timok campaign at all, yet, lo and behold, Veljko managed to die during the Timok campaign, and, lo and behold, the troops that killed him included Wallachians. Once we, unlike Jelavich (whom you plagiarized in writing this article), go into that level of detail, it becomes idiotic and anomalous not to mention that fact, even as it is mentioned in the article. It is by no means "OR" if it is mentioned in a published source, just because you haven't read the source (just like I can't read many of the published sourced in Serbian that are presented here and taken at face value). It is also not "contentious material" if the contention is that you haven't heard of it -- your weird disputes with published sources are of no relevancy to what goes in the article, since the implication behind that would be that you are yourself a published reliable third-party source, and not some guy on wikipedia. Are you sure you even understand how wikipedia works? Dahn (talk) 12:33, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Also: I find it annoying that you keep pretending that the argument here is "John Caradja took part in the campaign". He did not personally take part, but he was the commander in chief of all Wallachian troops (few as they were in that day and age), and is clearly mentioned as the agency behind sending the hundreds of soldiers. This, may we note, is presently one of the select few articles that advance the unequivocally stupid claim that commanders are only those present on the battlefield. The article on World War II clearly mentions Hitler in the infobox as a "leader" -- to name just one example. Again, you are holding this article hostage to your very very peculiar whims. Dahn (talk) 12:40, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

I guess I should dwell a bit on the absurdity, or plain misdirection, of claims that Wallachia, a client state, had a status similar to "Albanians and Bosnians" in this regard. I don't even know where to begin: there were no "Albanians and Bosnians" with their own agencies, there were Ottoman citizens in regular pashaluks, i.e. within the very core of Ottoman territory, under unmitigated Ottoman control. The peoples themselves did not have agency, not even in Wallachia., let alone in "Albania" and "Bosnia" (none of which actually existed as political entities at the time). So why go for this evident bait-and-switch, where I am expected to discuss vague ethnic qualifiers as somehow similar in nature to a client state?

As for the client state: it had its own army. It was a pitifully small army, and it was evidently under the ultimate command of the Turks, but it was an army. Wallachia was under no obligation to participate in each and every military conflict of the Porte -- what Ottoman suzerainty actually did to it was to eliminate most military requirements, precisely so that the Phanariotes, even as the nominal lapdogs of the Turk, would still have no standing army to work with, should they get any ideas. This is precisely why the fact of a small Wallachian participation, while easily disregarded by many authors, is not just expected to be included in a more thorough review, but also historically significant on its own.

Lastly: I commented on how editors of the article have obsessively striven to remove all mention of Wallachia's carrying water for the Ottoman overlord; this removal was done silently for the most, but at times it was "explained" away under the evidently ridiculous assumption that Wallachia had no agency of its own (we get a repeat of that absurdity just above). In my comment, I also mentioned that the editors in question keep at it even as they keep in mentions of the pashaluks, who had even less agency than Wallachia -- a paradox that went "invisible" until I dropped mention of it. What was the "solution" to this paradox? The editors removed the pashaluks from the infobox, even though their presence there was justifiably encyclopedic (so was Wallachia's, to be sure). Who even imagines this is a good way to write articles? who actually believes that we are under any constrains not to mention plain, verifiable, facts? Again: who claims to have been designated as the editorial voice here? Dahn (talk) 13:29, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Serbian Uprising


text:
Talk:House of Karađorđević

Family tree section
This section is unsourced and is simply a layout like Ancestry.com. It does not appear to be encyclopedic nor is very appealing. If there is no source it needs to be removed or converted but with sourcing. -- Otr500 (talk) 13:38, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:House of Karađorđević


text: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-02-07

title: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-02-07


text: User talk:219.77.226.8

title: User talk:219.77.226.8


text:
Saint Guinefort

Saint Guinefort was a legendary 13th-century French greyhound that received local veneration as a folk saint.

Legend
Guinefort's story is a variation on the well-travelled "faithful hound" motif, similar to the Welsh story of the dog Gelert, or the Indian story of the Brahmin and the Mongoose.

In one of the earliest versions of the story, described by Dominican friar Stephen of Bourbon in 1250, Guinefort the greyhound belonged to a knight who lived in a castle near Lyon. One day, the knight went hunting, leaving his infant son in the care of Guinefort. When he returned, he found the nursery in chaos – the cradle overturned, the child nowhere to be seen and Guinefort greeted his master with bloody jaws. Believing Guinefort to have devoured his son, the knight slew the dog. He then heard a child crying; he turned over the cradle and found his son lying there, safe and sound, along with the body of a viper bloody from dog bites. Guinefort had killed the snake and saved the child. On realizing the mistake the family dropped the dog down a well, covered it with stones and planted trees around it, setting up a shrine for Guinefort. Upon learning of the dog's martyrdom, the locals venerated the dog as a saint and visited his shrine of trees when they were in need, especially mothers with sick children.

 * The local peasants hearing of the dog's noble deed and innocent death, began to visit the place and honor the dog as a martyr in quest of help for their sicknesses and other needs.
 * Stephen of Bourbon (d. 1262): De Supersticione: On St. Guinefort.

The custom was regarded as harmful and superstitious by the church, which made efforts to eradicate it and enacted a fine for the continued practice. Despite repeated prohibitions by the Catholic Church, the cult of this dog saint persisted for several centuries. Community memory of the practices was still present in the 1970s, with the last known visit by someone to Saint Guinefort Wood to effect a cure for a sick child occurring around the 1940s.

Historian John Bossy used this canine folk saint to explore medieval attitudes to sanctity.

In popular culture
The 1987 French film Le Moine et la sorcière (in the US known as The Sorceress) is a fictionalized story based on Stephen of Bourbon’s original text regarding Saint Guinefort and the local people.

Thomas of Hookton, the main character in Bernard Cornwell's The Grail Quest trilogy (2000–2003), is a mock believer in Saint Guinefort, praying to the saint and wearing a paw on a piece of leather around his neck.

In Adam Gidwitz's 2017 young adult novel The Inquisitor's Tale, the main characters' pet greyhound Gwenforte bears a strong resemblance to Saint Guinefort, especially in the manner of his death and resurrection early in the novel.

title: Saint Guinefort


text: User talk:81.83.163.8

title: User talk:81.83.163.8


text: User talk:66.210.103.226

title: User talk:66.210.103.226


text:
10,000 (disambiguation)

10,000 is the natural number following 9,999 and preceding 10,001.

10000 may also refer to:
 * 10,000 AD, the last year in the 10th millennium and 100th century, a century leap year starting on Saturday
 * Myriad
 * Ten Thousand, a group of Greek mercenary units
 * LNER Class W1, a famous experimental steam locomotive in the United Kingdom
 * British Rail Class D16/1, named LMS No. 10000 and 10001 were the first mainline diesel locomotives built in Great Britain
 * Dice 10000, a family dice game similar to Farkle
 * 10,000 Dawns, a science fiction series published by Arcbeatle Press

title: 10,000 (disambiguation)


text:
Throwing the Game (album)

Throwing the Game is the second full-length studio album by American rock band Lucky Boys Confusion, released on May 8, 2001 by Elektra Records, making it their major label debut. The album contains newly recorded versions of songs from Growing Out of It and The Soapbox Spectacle, plus five new songs.

Track listing

 * 1) "Breaking Rules" – 3:26
 * 2) "40/80" – 4:18
 * 3) "Fred Astaire" – 3:58
 * 4) "Bossman (ft. Beenie Man)" – 3:20
 * 5) "Do You Miss Me [Killians]" – 2:50
 * 6) "Child's Play" – 3:43
 * 7) "Dumb Pop Song / Left of Center" – 3:27
 * 8) "Not About Debra" – 3:55
 * 9) "Saturday Night" – 3:58
 * 10) "Never like This" – 1:09
 * 11) "3 to 10 / CB's Caddy Part III" – 3:28
 * 12) "City Lights" – 3:40
 * 13) "One to the Right" – 3:25
 * 14) "Slip" + "Perfect (Hidden Track)"  – 7:55

Personnel

 * Kaustubh Pandav – vocals
 * Adam Krier – guitars, vocals, Hammond B3 organ, piano
 * Ryan Fergus – drums
 * Joe Sell – guitars
 * Jason Schultejann – bass guitar

title: Throwing the Game (album)