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Cyberpunk derivatives

Since the advent of the cyberpunk genre, a number of cyberpunk derivatives have become recognized in their own right as distinct subgenres in speculative fiction, especially in science fiction. Rather than necessarily sharing the digitally and mechanically focused setting of cyberpunk, these derivatives can display other futuristic, or even retrofuturistic, qualities that are drawn from or analogous to cyberpunk: a world built on one particular technology that is extrapolated to a highly sophisticated level (this may even be a fantastical or anachronistic technology, akin to retrofuturism), a gritty transreal urban style, or a particular approach to social themes.

Steampunk, one of the most well-known of these subgenres, has been defined as a "kind of technological fantasy;" others in this category sometimes also incorporate aspects of science fantasy and historical fantasy. Scholars have written of the stylistic place of these subgenres in postmodern literature, as well as their ambiguous interaction with the historical perspective of postcolonialism.

Other subgenres named after cyberpunk include elfpunk and mythpunk.

Background
American author Bruce Bethke coined the term cyberpunk in his 1983 short story of that name, using it as a label for a generation of "punk" teenagers inspired by the perceptions inherent to the Information Age. The term was quickly appropriated as a label applied to the works of William Gibson, Bruce Sterling, John Shirley, Rudy Rucker, Michael Swanwick, Pat Cadigan, Lewis Shiner, Richard Kadrey, and others. Science fiction author Lawrence Person, in defining postcyberpunk, summarized the characteristics of cyberpunk: "Classic cyberpunk characters were marginalized, alienated loners who lived on the edge of society in generally dystopic futures where daily life was impacted by rapid technological change, an ubiquitous datasphere of computerized information, and invasive modification of the human body."

The cyberpunk style describes the nihilistic and underground side of the digital society that developed from the last two decades of the 20th century. The cyberpunk world is dystopian, that is, it is the antithesis of utopian visions, very frequent in science fiction produced in the mid-twentieth century, typified by the world of Star Trek, although incorporating some of these utopias. It is sometimes generically defined as "cyberpunk-fantasy" or "cyberfantasy" a work of a fantasy genre that concerns the internet or cyberspace. Among the best known exponents are commonly indicated William Gibson, for his highly innovative and distinctive stories and novels from a stylistic and thematic point of view, and Bruce Sterling, for theoretical elaboration. Sterling later defined cyberpunk as "a new type of integration. The overlapping of worlds that were formally separated: the realm of high tech and modern underground culture.

The relevance of cyberpunk as a genre to punk subculture is debatable and further hampered by the lack of a defined 'cyberpunk' subculture. Where the small 'cyber' movement shares themes with cyberpunk fiction, as well as drawing inspiration from punk and goth alike, cyberculture is considerably more popular though much less defined, encompassing virtual communities and cyberspace in general and typically embracing optimistic anticipations about the future. Cyberpunk is nonetheless regarded as a successful genre, as it ensnared many new readers and provided the sort of movement that postmodern literary critics found alluring. Furthermore, author David Brin argues, cyberpunk made science fiction more attractive and profitable for mainstream media and the visual arts in general.

Biopunk
Biopunk builds on synthetic biology and biotechnology (such as bionanotechnology and biorobotics), typically focusing on the potential dangers to genetic engineering and enhancement. As such, this genre generally depicts near-future unintended consequences of the biotechnology revolution following the discovery of recombinant DNA.

Emerging during the 1990s, biopunk fiction usually describes the struggles of individuals or groups, often the product of human experimentation, against a backdrop of totalitarian governments or megacorporations that misuse biotechnologies as means of social control or profiteering.

As in postcyberpunk, individuals are most commonly modified and enhanced by genetic manipulation of their chromosomes rather than with prosthetic cyberware or dry nanotechnologies (albeit, like in nanopunk, bio-, nanotechnologies, and cyberware often coexist), and sometimes with other biotechnologies, such as nanobiotechnology, wetware, special bioengineered organs, and neural and tissue grafts.

Film examples include Naked Lunch (1991), Gattaca (1997), and Vesper (2022).

Nanopunk
Nanopunk focuses on worlds in which the theoretical possibilities of nanotechnology are a reality, including the use of Drexlerian 'dry' nano-assemblers and nanites.

It is an emerging subgenre that is still less common in comparison to other derivatives of cyberpunk. The genre is similar to biopunk, which focuses on the use of biotechnology, such as bionanotechnology and biorobotics, rather than on nanotechnology. (Albeit, like in biopunk, bio-, nanotechnologies, and cyberware often coexist in contrast to classical cyberpunk settings tending to heavily focus on mechanical cyberware to the point of genetic engineering and nanotechnologies being outright banned in some cyberpunk settings.)

One of the earliest works of nanopunk, Tech Heaven (1995) by Linda Nagata, looked into the healing potential of nanotechnology. The genre is often concerned with the artistic and physiological impact of nanotechnology, than of aspects of the technology itself. For instance, Prey (2002) by Michael Crichton explores a potential doomsday scenario caused by nanotechnology. One of the most prominent examples of nanopunk is the Crysis video game series; less famous examples include the television series Generator Rex (2010) and film Transcendence (2014).

Postcyberpunk
Postcyberpunk includes newer cyberpunk works that experiment with different approaches to the genre. Oftentimes, such works will keep to central futuristic elements of cyberpunk—such as human augmentation, ubiquitous infospheres, and other advanced technology—but will forgo the assumption of a dystopia. However, like all categories discerned within science fiction, the boundaries of postcyberpunk are likely to be fluid or ill-defined.

It can be argued that the rise of cyberpunk fiction took place at a time when the 'cyber' was still considered new, foreign, and more-or-less strange to the average person. In this sense, postcyberpunk essentially emerged in acknowledgement of the idea that humanity has since adapted to the concept of cyberspace and no longer sees some elements of cyberpunk as from a distant world.

As new writers and artists began to experiment with cyberpunk ideas, new varieties of fiction emerged, sometimes addressing the criticisms leveled at classic cyberpunk fiction. In 1998, Lawrence Person published an essay to the Internet forum Slashdot in which he discusses the emergence of the postcyberpunk genre:

"The best of cyberpunk conveyed huge cognitive loads about the future by depicting (in best 'show, don't tell' fashion) the interaction of its characters with the quotidian minutia of their environment. In the way they interacted with their clothes, their furniture, their decks and spex, cyberpunk characters told you more about the society they lived in than 'classic' SF stories did through their interaction with robots and rocketships.

Postcyberpunk uses the same immersive world-building technique, but features different characters, settings, and, most importantly, makes fundamentally different assumptions about the future. Far from being alienated loners, postcyberpunk characters are frequently integral members of society (i.e., they have jobs). They live in futures that are not necessarily dystopic (indeed, they are often suffused with an optimism that ranges from cautious to exuberant), but their everyday lives are still impacted by rapid technological change and an omnipresent computerized infrastructure."

Person advocates using the term postcyberpunk for the strain of science fiction that he describes above. In this view, typical postcyberpunk fiction explores themes related to a "world of accelerating technological innovation and ever-increasing complexity in ways relevant to our everyday lives," while continuing the focus on social aspects within a post-third industrial-era society, such as of ubiquitous dataspheres and cybernetic augmentation of the human body. Unlike cyberpunk, its works may portray a utopia or to blend elements of both extremes into a relatively more mature societal vision.

Denoting the postmodern framework of the genre, Rafael Miranda Huereca (2006) states:

"In this fictional world, the unison in the hive becomes a power mechanism which is executed in its capillary form, not from above the social body but from within. This mechanism as Foucault remarks is a form of power, which 'reaches into the very grain of individuals, touches their bodies and inserts itself into their actions and attitudes, their discourses, learning processes and everyday lives'. In postcyberpunk unitopia 'the capillary mechanism' that Foucault describes is literalized. Power touches the body through the genes, injects viruses to the veins, takes the forms of pills and constantly penetrates the body through its surveillance systems; collects samples of body substance, reads finger prints, even reads the 'prints' that are not visible, the ones which are coded in the genes. The body responds back to power, communicates with it; supplies the information that power requires and also receives its future conduct as a part of its daily routine. More importantly, power does not only control the body, but also designs, (re)produces, (re)creates it according to its own objectives. Thus, human body is re-formed as a result of the transformations of the relations between communication and power."

In addition to themes of its ancestral genre, according to Huereca (2011), postcyberpunk might also combine elements of nanopunk and biopunk. Some postcyberpunk settings can have diverse types of augmentations instead of focusing on one kind, while others, similar to classic cyberpunk, can revolve around a single type of technology like prosthetics, such as in Ghost in the Shell (GitS).

Often named examples of postcyberpunk novels are Neal Stephenson's The Diamond Age and Bruce Sterling's Holy Fire. In television, Person has called Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex "the most interesting, sustained postcyberpunk media work in existence." In 2007, San Francisco writers James Patrick Kelly and John Kessel published Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology.

Cyberprep
Cyberprep is a term with a similar meaning to postcyberpunk. A cyberprep world assumes that all the technological advancements of cyberpunk speculation have taken place, but life is utopian rather than gritty and dangerous. Since society is largely leisure-driven, advanced body enhancements are used for sports, pleasure, and self-improvement.

The word is an amalgam of the prefix cyber-, referring to cybernetics, and preppy, reflecting its divergence from the punk elements of cyberpunk.

Stanislaw Lem's Return from the Stars is an example.

Cyber noir
Cyber noir is a noir genre story placed in a cyberpunk setting.

Retrofuturistic derivatives
As a wider variety of writers began to work with cyberpunk concepts, new subgenres of science fiction emerged, playing off the cyberpunk label, and focusing on technology and its social effects in different ways. Many derivatives of cyberpunk are retro-futuristic: they reimagine the past either through futuristic visions of historical eras (especially from the first and second industrial revolution technological-eras), or through depictions of more recent extrapolations or exaggerations of the actual technology from those eras.

Steampunk

Steampunk is a retro-futuristic genre that is influenced by the Steam Age, ranging from the late Regency era (1795–1837; when the Industrial Revolution began) through the Victorian era (1837–1901) and the Belle Époque (1871–1914).

The word steampunk was invented in 1987 as a jocular reference to some of the novels of Tim Powers, James P. Blaylock, and K. W. Jeter. When Gibson and Sterling entered the subgenre with their 1990 collaborative novel The Difference Engine, the term was being used earnestly as well. Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill's 1999 The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen historical fantasy comic book series (and the subsequent 2003 film adaptation) popularized the steampunk genre and helped propel it into mainstream fiction. Around 2007, the term became more common, and also began to refer to a clothing style and subculture.

The most immediate form of steampunk subculture is the community of fans surrounding the genre. Others move beyond this, attempting to adopt a "steampunk" aesthetic through fashion, home decor and even music. This movement may also be (perhaps more accurately) described as "Neo-Victorianism", which is the amalgamation of Victorian aesthetic principles with modern sensibilities and technologies. This characteristic is particularly evident in steampunk fashion which tends to synthesize punk, goth and rivet styles as filtered through the Victorian era. As an object style, steampunk adopts more distinct characteristics with various craftspersons modding modern-day devices into a pseudo-Victorian mechanical "steampunk" style. The goal of such redesigns is to employ appropriate materials (such as polished brass, iron, and wood) with design elements and craftsmanship consistent with the Victorian era.

Other examples include Wild Wild West (1999), Hugo (2011), Treasure Planet (2002), Last Exile (2003), Bioshock Infinite (2013), and Arcane (2021).

Clockpunk
Clockpunk, a subgenre of steampunk, reimagines the Renaissance period (14th–17th century) to include retro-futuristic technology, often portraying Renaissance-era science and technology based on clockwork, gears, and Da Vincian machinery designs. Such designs are in the vein of Mainspring by Jay Lake, and Whitechapel Gods by S. M. Peters.

The term was coined by the GURPS role-playing system. Examples of clockpunk include The Blazing World by Margaret Cavendish; Astro-Knights Island in the nonlinear game Poptropica; the Clockwork Mansion level of Dishonored 2; the 2011 film version of The Three Musketeers; the TV series Da Vinci's Demons; as well as the video games Thief: The Dark Project, Syberia, and Assassin's Creed 2. Ian Tregillis' book The Mechanical is self-proclaimed clockpunk literature. The Games Workshop Warhammer Fantasy Battles settings, especially the Empire and the Dwarves, represent clockpunk.

For some, clockpunk is steampunk without steam.

Alita: Battle Angel (2019), based on the manga Battle Angel Alita, is mostly cyberpunk but sometimes its machines contain elements of clockpunk.

Dieselpunk
Dieselpunk is a genre and art style based on the aesthetics popular in the interwar period through the end of World War II into the 1950s, when diesel displaced the steam engine. The style combines the artistic and genre influences of the period (including pulp magazines, serial films, film noir, art deco, and wartime pin-ups) with retro-futuristic technology and postmodern sensibilities.

First coined in 2001 as a marketing term by game designer Lewis Pollak to describe his role-playing game Children of the Sun, dieselpunk has since grown to describe a distinct style of visual art, music, motion pictures, fiction, and engineering.

Examples include the movies Iron Sky (2012), Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), The Rocketeer (1991), K-20: Legend of the Mask (2008), Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004), and Dark City (1998); video games such as the Crimson Skies series, the Fallout series, Greed Corp, Gatling Gears, BioShock and its sequel, Skullgirls, the Wolfenstein series, Iron Harvest, and Final Fantasy VII; and television shows like The Legend of Korra.

Decopunk
Decopunk is a recent subset of dieselpunk, centered around the art deco and Streamline Moderne art styles. Other influences include the 1927 film Metropolis as well as the environment of American cities like New York, Chicago, and Boston around the period between the 1920s and 1950s.

Steampunk author Sara M. Harvey made the distinction that decopunk is "shinier than dieselpunk;" more specifically, dieselpunk is "a gritty version of steampunk set in the 1920s–1950s" (i.e., the war eras), whereas decopunk "is the sleek, shiny very art deco version; same time period, but everything is chrome!"

Possibly the most notable examples of this genre are games like the first two titles in the BioShock series and Skullgirls; films like Dick Tracy (1990), The Rocketeer (1991), The Shadow (1994), and Dark City (1998); comic books like The Goon; and the cartoon Batman: The Animated Series, which included neo-noir elements along with modern elements such as the use of VHS cassettes.

Atompunk

Atompunk (also known as atomicpunk) relates to the pre-digital period of 1945–1969, including mid-century modernism; the Atomic, Jet, and Space Ages; communism, Neo-Soviet styling, and early Cold War espionage, along with anti-communist and Red Scare paranoia in the United States; underground cinema; Googie architecture; Sputnik and the Space Race; comic books and superhero fiction; and the rise of the American military–industrial complex.

Its aesthetic tends toward Populuxe and Raygun Gothic, which describe a retro-futuristic vision of the world. Most science fiction of the period carried an aesthetic that influenced or inspired later atompunk works. Some of these precursors to atompunk include 1950s science fiction films (including, but not limited to, B movies), the Sean Connery-era of the James Bond franchise, Dr. Strangelove, Star Trek, The Twilight Zone, The Outer Limits, The Avengers, early Doctor Who episodes, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Green Hornet, The Jetsons, Jonny Quest, Thunderbirds, Speed Racer, and some Silver Age comic books.

Notable examples of atompunk in popular media that have been released since the period include television series like Dexter's Laboratory, The Powerpuff Girls, Venture Bros, Archer, and the web series The Mercury Men; comic books like Ignition City and Atomic Age; films like Logan's Run (1976), The Incredibles (2004), The Iron Giant (1999), Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008),  The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (2015), X-Men: First Class (2011), and Men in Black 3 (2012);  video games like Destroy All Humans! (2005), the Fallout series,   Atomic Heart (2023), and The Invincible (2023);   and books like Adam Christopher's novel The Age Atomic.

Cassette futurism/Formicapunk
Cassette futurism is a subgenre of cyberpunk that reimagines late 20th century aesthetics. Some restrict it to strictly 1970s/1980s aesthetics, while others take it to include through the late 1990s. Notable elements of cassette futurism includes loud, bright, contrasting colors and geometric shapes, a tendency towards stark plainness, a lack of powerful computers and cell phones, and the prominent usage of 1980s or 1980s-inspired technologies such as: magnetic tape data storage, cathode-ray tube displays, computer systems reminiscent of microcomputers like the Atari 400 or Commodore 64, freestanding music centres, small, monochromatic LCDs as opposed to full-color screens, floppy disks, and analog technologies. The internet, or some analogue to it, may exist in a cassette futurism work, but be used less frequently in data exchange than physical media.

Notable cassette futurism works include the designs of Syd Mead and Ron Cobb, the 2018 Netflix miniseries Maniac, works featuring Max Headroom, Blake's 7, the 1995 film Strange Days, the 2015 film Turbo Kid, and some elements of the TVA in the Disney+ series Loki.

Other proposed science fiction derivatives
There have been a handful of divergent terms based on the general concepts of steampunk. These are typically considered unofficial and are often invented by readers, or by authors referring to their own works, often humorously.

For instance, Bruce Sterling described his 2004 novel The Zenith Angle, which follows the story of a hacker whose life is changed by the September 11 attacks, as "nowpunk". The developers of the computer game Neo Cab used the same term to describe themselves. Another example is Rococopunk, a combination of Rococo and punk clothing in cosplay or theatrical costuming. Also, the term Stonepunk has been used to refer to settings based in which characters use Neolithic technology, such as the 2017 videogame Horizon Zero Dawn.

A large number of terms have been used by the GURPS roleplaying game Steampunk to describe anachronistic technologies and settings, including clockpunk (Renaissance tech), and transistorpunk (Atomic-Age tech)—the latter is analogous to atompunk. These terms have seen very little use outside GURPS.

Raypunk
Raypunk (which is also known as "Raygun Gothic") is a distinctive (sub)genre that deals with scenarios, technologies, beings or environments, very different from everything that is known or what is possible here on Earth or by science. It covers space surrealism, parallel worlds, alien art, technological psychedelia, non-standard 'science', alternative or distorted/twisted reality, and so on.

It is a predecessor to atompunk with similar "cosmic" themes, but mostly without explicit nuclear power or definitive technology. It is also distinct in that it has more archaic/schematic/artistic style, and that its atmosphere is more dark, obscure, cheesy, weird, mysterious, dreamy, hazy, or etheric (origins before 1880–1950), parallel to steampunk and dieselpunk.

While not originally designed as such, the original Star Trek series has an aesthetic very reminiscent of raypunk. The comic book series The Manhattan Projects, the animated film Fantastic Planet (La Planète Sauvage) and the pre-WWII Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon comics and serials would be examples of raypunk.

Solarpunk
Solarpunk is a movement, a subgenre, and an alternative to cyberpunk fiction that encourages optimistic envisioning of the future in light of present environmental concerns, such as climate change and pollution, as well as concerns of social inequality. Solarpunk fiction imagines futures that address environmental concerns with varying degrees of optimism.

Lunarpunk
Lunarpunk is a subgenre of solarpunk with a darker aesthetic. It portrays the nightlife, spirituality, and more introspective side of solarpunk utopias.

title: Cyberpunk derivatives


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Two-way finite state machines

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 18:01, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Two-way_finite_state_machines
A simple exercise in logic, but not encyclopedic. Radiant! 15:49, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks like an exercise set for someone's homework. Well, they're already a term late in handing it in. Delete and let the redlink at Finite state machine do its job. Uncle G 17:17, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Keep, has instinct --219.77.226.8 17:18, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * What does that mean? Carrp | Talk 17:22, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It means that has got xemself a new IP address.  WP:VIP. Uncle G 18:26, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Delete . It does look like homework. Perhaps from a "Theory of Computation" class? Carrp | Talk 17:22, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a homework problem right now, but after some thought I suppose a redirect to Finite state machine couldn't hurt. Carrp | Talk 20:02, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Finite state machine -- As I recall from my "Theory of Computation" class, a two-way finite state machine is just a variation of a Finite state machine. Zzyzx11 19:19, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Finite state machine links to this page from a list of other types of machines, all of which have their own entries and most of which are far more fully realized articles. This probably just needs to be extensively expanded. Not sure that it "shows instinct" however. :) HyperZonk 19:27, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, expand. Wyss 19:52, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, expand, and back-link to Finite state machine. — RJH 20:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. --Matteh (talk) 01:31, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Megan1967 03:25, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * DELETE, current content means nothing in context with the title. A 2-way FSM is an FSM that can move in both directions... it has nothing to do with summing numbers together. I would say that it is PATENT NONSENSE at the moment. 132.205.45.110 19:32, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, that means that it needs to be fixed, not deleted. HyperZonk 19:49, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 06:48, Feb 16, 2005 Jimfbleak deleted Two-way finite state machines (listed for speedy deletion)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics/Mathematics Collaboration of the Week/History

This page is an archive of all winners of the Mathematics Collaboration of the Week. Those entries removed due to lack of votes can be found here.

Algebra
Support:
 * 1) Gflores Talk 23:36, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Maurreen 01:38, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Walkerma 04:51, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Core branch of Mathematics. Needs more content and some clean-up.

Number
Support:
 * 1) Aaron Einstein 21:33, 10 January 2006 (UTC) -- Needs some history and such. :p
 * 2) d a r k li i g h t talk 09:15, 16 January 2006 (UTC) -- This article might be worth putting up in the AID. Any objections?
 * 3) CG 19:06, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) RexNL 00:16, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Comments:

Small-world network
Small-world networks have shown up recently in lots of literature. It's an interesting mathematical topic, but also something that is readily understood by non-mathmaticians. A good graphic, example, some better history on the subject, and some rewriting could make this a featured article.

Nominated by: Meekohi

Support:

 * 1) Meekohi 20:22, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Debivort 21:45, 5 January 2006 (UTC) This is a topic dear to my heart, and I would help push it up to Featured quality.
 * 3) Rohit_math 01:03, 7 Jan 2006 (IST) I might choose a topic i like the next time, this week i go with Debivort! ;-).
 * 4) NatusRoma 06:48, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) stochata 14:12, 14 January 2006 (UTC) I started the article, and I'd be first in line to say yes to the suggested list of improvements. I promise I'll help out elsewhere!

February 15-28, 2005
Greek mathematics

 * Nominated February 10, 2005

Support: Comments:
 * 1) ral315 17:14, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Charles Matthews 07:46, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Eddie | Talk 13:01, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) L33tminion | (talk) 15:07, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Paul August ☎ 22:29, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Michael Hardy 01:59, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Needs to be written; could be a great article if made COTW. ral315 17:14, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Such an article should link to: Archimedes, Euclid, Thomas Heath, Archimedes Palimpsest, how Archimedes used infinitesimals, stereographic projection, Hipparchus, Euclidean algorithm. Michael Hardy 21:21, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I would really love to see this article written, but this is a very broad topic — Britannica devotes ~8,000 words to Greek mathematics in its "history of mathematics" article alone. Perhaps something a bit less ambitious might be more prudent for a first go. Paul August ☎ 22:56, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

March 2 - March 14, 2005
Random permutation

 * Nominated February 10, 2005

Support:
 * 1) ral315 17:14, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Michael Hardy 21:13, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) P¤ntus 15:17, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Again, a great subject and one that could become featured.
 * Good subject, especially since the basic concept is comprehensible to someone off the street. The crypto folks should be helpful on this one. Isomorphic 18:00, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * See the article on shuffle for some mathematical detail about shuffling algorithms. -- The Anome 19:29, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * This topics intersects both probability theory and combinatorics. The number of fixed points of a random bijection of {1, ..., n} is equal to zero with a probability that can best be calculated by a very elegant application of the inclusion-exclusion principle.  Its probability distribution approaches a Poisson distribution as n grows.  Its first n moments are exactly those of the Poisson distribution.  Uniform distribution of random permutations often occurs as a null hypothesis in statistical inference. Michael Hardy 21:19, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

April 9 - April 18, 2005
Tensor

 * Nominated February 11, 2005

Support:
 * 1) ral315 05:03, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) L33tminion | (talk) 15:12, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) The Anome 19:16, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Currently unusable, yet about a key concept in modern mathematics. Just about gets over the idea of scalar -> vector -> matrix -> tensor, but does not answer newbie questions such as "are all matrices tensors?" or "does being a tensor constrain the values in the array?", and yet does not do a proper abstract treatment either or mention pseudotensors or dual spaces. We need an article which is accessible both to K-12 students and mathematicians. -- The Anome 04:07, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you support it, then, The Anome? I noticed you didn't sign it, YOU ARE ALLOWED TO SIGN YOUR OWN ARTICLE.  ral315 05:03, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Much of the problem with the article comes down to this: there are many people (perhaps a majority of those with an interest) who are much better at saying how tensors should be taught, than what they are (not the same thing, in this case). Wading in to change the article around may not help. Whether an array is a tensor is not a question that can be answered in very naive terms. I'd suggest chipping away at the problem, first. Could we have tensor density? If that were clearly written, we could write tensor excluding tensor densities, which excludes one complication. Charles Matthews 15:33, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * As I don't know much about tensors myself, it's something I'd have to look at. However, we could split the article into Tensors and Tensor Densities- it doesn't sound bad to me.  ral315 15:50, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

Manifold: 20 July 2005
I nominate manifold. It is in the process of going through a rewrite and being split up as well. Help wanted. I think we can have this up to featured in a couple of weeks.--MarSch 28 June 2005 12:13 (UTC)

Support

 * 1) MosheZadka 1 July 2005 16:14 (UTC)
 * 2) This article has already seen many edits and generated a lot of discussion, but is still not in good shape. Manifold is a central topic in mathematics with applications in physics and computer graphics, so this could become a great article. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 3 July 2005 02:44 (UTC)

Calculator: 3 August 2005
''Nominated:June 24, 2005 needs 5 votes by July 8, 2005. ''

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Falphin 01:37, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) --Zxcvbnm 17:00, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * non-existant article, about a basic math tool. Falphin 01:37, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Surely you mean Calculator, no?--Pharos 05:13, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, Yes I was in a hury to find an article and didn't check my spelling. LoL. Falphin 12:49, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I still nominate it because it lacks a history section.--Zxcvbnm 17:01, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Umm... no it doesn't. See Calculator.--Pharos 17:05, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well thats because i added one. --Zxcvbnm 00:32, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ahh, never mind.
 * Ah, you'll have to forgive my absent-mindedness; you did a pretty good job on that section too.--Pharos 02:19, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This article is long enough to be a normal article. An "attention" or "cleanup" tag would be more appropriate. Deryck C. 2005-07-05 08:32:21 (UTC)

Eigenvector 10 August 2005
This article has a reasonable base, but is missing a broad overview, and several key topic areas. linas 1 July 2005 15:07 (UTC)

Support

 * 1) This is something that many will be able to contribute to. Applications galore. My only concern is that the article is not that bad currently, but perhaps we should aim for a modest restart so that this collaboration does not collapse again. Jitse Niesen (talk) 3 July 2005 02:44 (UTC)
 * 2) De ryc  k C.  16:06, 9 August 2005 (UTC) We should collaborate on the merged article series Eigenvalue, eigenvector, and eigenspace instead.

Comments:
 * This article is being merged into Eigenvalue, eigenvector and eigenspace, so how about that instead? Josh Cherry 7 July 2005 02:30 (UTC)

Multiple comparisons 18 September 2005
A fairly important topic in applied statistics. Needs an expanded discussion of

Klonimus 03:27, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The relationship of percomparison error rate and family/experiment wise error rate
 * Explanation of Post Hoc testing and the misconcenption of the need for a signficant ANOVA before doing MCPs.
 * Expansion of the methods section, this should cover/have links to all the methods offered by SPSS/SAS
 * An explanation of the concept of step-down/up procedures wich are the basis for modern Bonferroni based methods and the SNK method.

Support:
 * 1) Klonimus 03:27, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) De ryc  k C.  08:23, 30 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Rick Rescorla

Cyril Richard Rescorla (May 27, 1939 – September 11, 2001) was a British-American soldier, police officer, educator and private security specialist. He served as a British Army paratrooper during the Cyprus Emergency and a commissioned officer in the United States Army during the Vietnam War. He rose to the rank of colonel in the Army before entering the private sector, where he worked in corporate security.

As the director of security for the financial services firm Morgan Stanley at the World Trade Center, Rescorla anticipated attacks on the towers and implemented evacuation procedures that were credited with saving thousands of lives. He died during the attacks of September 11, 2001, going back to help evacuate more people in the South Tower after he had organized the evacuation of the Morgan Stanley offices.

Early life
Rescorla was born in Hayle, Cornwall, on May 27, 1939. He grew up there with his grandparents and his mother, who worked as a housekeeper and companion to the elderly. In 1943, during World War II, Hayle served as headquarters for the 175th Infantry Regiment of the U.S. 29th Infantry Division, largely composed of U.S. soldiers from Maryland and Virginia preparing for the D-Day invasion of Normandy. A young Rescorla idolized the U.S. soldiers and wanted to become a soldier because of them.

Rescorla was a natural sportsman, setting a school record in the shot put, and was an avid boxer. When a professional boxing match was scheduled between a British boxer and a U.S. heavyweight contender named Tami Mauriello, his friends backed the Briton. Rescorla said "I'm for Tammy" [sic] and after Mauriello won the fight, everyone in Hayle knew him as "Tammy".

British military
In 1956, at age 16, Rescorla left Hayle to join the army. At the time, Britain practiced conscription (known as National Service), which required every young man to serve for two years in the Armed Forces. Rescorla, however, chose instead to volunteer. This required him to serve three years as the conditions for volunteers were considered to be better than those of conscripted soldiers. He enlisted in the British Army in 1957, training as a paratrooper with the Parachute Regiment and then serving with an intelligence unit in Cyprus during the EOKA Cypriot insurgency from 1957 to 1960.

Rescorla was awarded the General Service Medal with clasp Cyprus.

 * General Service Medal 1918 BAR.svg General Service Medal with clasp Cyprus

Northern Rhodesia and Metropolitan Police Services
At the end of his Short-Service Commission, Rescorla joined the Northern Rhodesia Police (now the Zambia Police Service) as a police inspector on a three-year contract from 1960 to 1963, experiences that made him a fierce anti-Communist. It was during the latter post that he met and forged a "life-altering friendship" with American soldier Daniel J. Hill, who encouraged Rescorla to join the U.S. Army after he chose to accept discharge from the police rather than turn his guns on fellow white colonists resisting independence.

On returning to London, he joined the Metropolitan Police. He later moved to the United States after being unable to settle down in London, being interested in fighting instead.

U.S. military
Upon arrival in the United States, Rescorla lived at a YMCA hostel in Brooklyn until he was able to enlist in the army. "Rick", as he would thereafter be known, enlisted in the United States Army in 1963 and, after basic training at Fort Dix, attended Officer Candidate School and airborne training at Fort Benning. Upon graduation, Rescorla was assigned as a platoon leader in the 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile).

Rescorla was sent to Vietnam, where he served under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hal Moore. The two participated in the 1965 Battle of Ia Drang, which Moore would later describe in a 1992 book he co-authored We Were Soldiers Once… And Young, (from which the 2002 Mel Gibson film We Were Soldiers would be adapted); Rescorla is the soldier pictured on the book jacket cover. Moore described Rescorla as "the best platoon leader I ever saw". Rescorla's men nicknamed him "Hard Core" for his bravery in battle and revered him for his good humor and compassion toward his men; Rescorla jokingly called his platoon "Hard Corps".

He is also mentioned in the book Baptism by Larry Gwin who also fought at Ia Drang. The fourteenth chapter of the book, "Rescorla's Game", describes him as the "Cornish Hawk". Despite this tough image, according to his second wife and widow Susan Rescorla in her book, Touched by a Hero, music was "so central" to Rick's life that he sang to his troops in Vietnam to calm them – something he would later employ during 9/11 evacuations. In the 1965 Vietnam battle, Rescorla sang the Australian version of "Wild Colonial Boy" to give confidence to his troops.

Rescorla's Vietnam War honors included the Silver Star, the Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Cluster, a Purple Heart and the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry.

 * Silver Star ribbon.svg Silver Star
 * Bronze Star ribbon.svg Bronze Star with one Oak Leaf Cluster
 * Purple Heart ribbon.svg Purple Heart
 * Vietnamese Gallantry Cross, with palm.svg Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry

He left active duty in 1967 and reached the rank of colonel in the United States Army Reserve before retiring from the military in 1990. In April 2001, Rescorla was chosen for induction into the Infantry Officer Candidate School Hall of Fame and was invited to participate in ceremonies at Fort Benning.

Education and teaching
After service in Vietnam, Rescorla returned to the U.S. and used his military benefits to study creative writing at the University of Oklahoma, eventually earning a Bachelor of Arts degree, followed by a Master of Arts degree in English, and his law degree from the Oklahoma City University School of Law. He then moved to South Carolina, where he taught criminal justice at the University of South Carolina for three years and published a textbook on the subject.

Corporate security
Rescorla left teaching for higher-paying jobs in corporate security. Moving to New Jersey in 1985, he joined Dean Witter Reynolds at their offices at the World Trade Center in Manhattan.

After the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, Rescorla worried about a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. Because his old American friend from Northern Rhodesia, Daniel Hill, was trained in counterterrorism, in 1990, Rescorla asked him to visit the World Trade Center to assess its security. When Rescorla asked Hill how he would attack the building were he a terrorist, Hill asked to see the basement, and after the two walked down to the basement parking garage without being stopped by any visible security, Hill pointed to an easily accessible load-bearing column, and said, "This is a soft touch. I’d drive a truck full of explosives in here, walk out, and light it off." That year, Rescorla and Hill wrote a report to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which owns the site, insisting on the need for more security in the parking garage. Their recommendations, which would have been expensive to implement, were ignored, according to James B. Stewart's biography of Rescorla, Heart of a Soldier. In the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, terrorists would detonate a truck bomb 30 feet from where Rescorla and Hill had predicted.

Following the 1993 bombing, Rescorla invited Hill to New York, where he hired him as a security consultant in order to analyze the building's security. Although no arrests had yet been made in the case, Rescorla suspected that the bomb had been planted by Muslim terrorists, probably Palestinians, or that an Iraqi colonel of engineers might have orchestrated the attack. Hill let his beard grow and visited several mosques in New Jersey, showing up for morning prayers at dawn. Speaking fluent Arabic, he took on the character of an anti-American Muslim in order to infiltrate and interview the other visitors to the mosques. He concluded that the attack was likely planned by a radical imam at a mosque in New York or New Jersey. Subsequently, followers of Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman, a Brooklyn-based radical Muslim cleric, were convicted of the bombing.

Rescorla gained credibility and authority after the bombing, which resulted in a change to the culture of Morgan Stanley. Rescorla wanted the company out of the building because he continued to feel, as did Hill, that the World Trade Center was still a target for terrorists and that the next attack could involve a plane crashing into one of the towers. He recommended to his superiors at Morgan Stanley that the company leave Manhattan office space, mentioning that labor costs were lower in New Jersey and that the firm's employees and equipment would be safer in a proposed four-story building. However, this recommendation was not followed because the company's lease at the World Trade Center would not terminate until 2006. At Rescorla's insistence, all employees (including senior executives) then practiced emergency evacuations every three months.

After Dean Witter merged with Morgan Stanley in 1997, the company eventually occupied 22 floors in the South Tower and several floors in a building nearby. Rescorla's office was on the South Tower’s 44th floor. Feeling that the authorities lost legitimacy after they failed to respond to his 1990 warnings, he concluded that employees of Morgan Stanley, which was the largest tenant in the World Trade Center, could not rely on first responders in an emergency and needed to empower themselves through surprise fire drills, in which he trained employees to meet in the hallway between stairwells and go down the stairs two by two to the 44th floor. Rescorla's strict approach to these drills put him into conflict with some high-powered executives, who resented the interruption to their daily activities, but he nonetheless insisted that these rehearsals were necessary to train the employees in the event of an emergency. He timed employees with a stopwatch when they moved too slowly and lectured them on fire emergency basics.

In a 1998 interview conducted on the 44th floor of the World Trade Center that was later incorporated into the short film Voice of the Prophet, which premiered at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival, Rescorla recounted his experiences in battle and warned that American military actions abroad could spur retaliation by enemies of the United States. He said, "Terrorist forces can tie up conventional forces and bring them to their knees. Just one man willing to give his life for what he believes in, chooses the time and place and there is no way that any soldiers can be 100% alert."

Rescorla and Hill were also critical of the police response during the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, commenting, "The police were sitting outside while kids were getting killed. They should have put themselves between the perpetrators and the victims. That was abject cowardice." Rescorla felt that if he and Hill were younger, they "could have flown to Colorado, gone in that building, and ended that shit before the law did."

September 11, 2001
At 8:46 A.M. on the morning of September 11, 2001, American Airlines Flight 11 struck the North Tower of the World Trade Center (WTC 1). Rescorla heard the explosion and saw the tower burning from his office window in the 44th floor of the South Tower (WTC 2). When a Port Authority announcement came over the P.A. system urging people to stay at their desks, and before United Airlines Flight 175 would strike the South Tower at 9:03 A.M., Rescorla ignored the announcement, grabbed his bullhorn, walkie-talkie and cell phone, and began systematically to order the roughly 2,700 Morgan Stanley employees in the South Tower to evacuate, in addition to the employees in WTC 5, numbering around 1,000. While watching the news coverage, in a phone call to his best friend, Dan Hill, Rescorla said, "The dumb sons of bitches told me not to evacuate," and, "They said it's just Building One. I told them I'm getting my people the fuck out of here." He directed people down a stairwell from a bottleneck on the 44th floor, keeping people away from elevators while telling them to remain calm.

Rescorla had boosted morale among his men in Vietnam by singing Cornish songs from his youth, and now he did the same in the stairwell, singing songs such as one based on the Welsh song "Men of Harlech":

Men of Cornwall stop your dreaming;

Can't you see their spearpoints gleaming?

See their warriors' pennants streaming

To this battlefield.

Men of Cornwall stand ye steady;

It cannot be ever said ye

for the battle were not ready;

Stand and never yield!

Between songs, Rescorla called his wife, telling her, "Stop crying. I have to get these people out safely. If something should happen to me, I want you to know I've never been happier. You made my life," and Susan replied, "You made my life, too" before the phone went dead. After successfully evacuating almost all of Morgan Stanley's 2,700 employees, he went back into the building. When one of his colleagues told him he too had to evacuate the World Trade Center, Rescorla replied, "As soon as I make sure everyone else is out." He was last seen on the 10th floor of the South Tower, heading upward, shortly before its collapse at 9:59 A.M., 56 minutes after being struck by United Airlines Flight 175. A total of 13 Morgan Stanley employees died in the September 11 attacks, including Rescorla, his deputies Wesley Mercer and Jorge Velazquez, and security guard Godwin Forde, who had collectively stayed behind to help others. Rescorla was declared dead three weeks after the attacks. Although medical examiners continued to identify victims of the attacks from recovered remains as late as September 2021, as of that date, none have been identified as those of Rescorla.

Personal life
Rescorla and his first wife, Betsy Nathan, met as students at the University of Oklahoma. They married in Dallas in 1972. Their first child was born in South Carolina in 1976. Their second child was born in 1978, while they were living in Chicago. The family then moved to New Jersey. Rescorla and Nathan divorced after their children were grown.

In 1994, Rescorla was diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent surgery to remove his prostate. Initially, the prognosis was positive, but, by 1998, the cancer had spread to his bone marrow. He underwent treatment, which involved painful injections directly into his stomach every month and taking prescribed medications that dehydrated him and caused his body to swell. He also employed traditional Chinese medicine and meditation.

In late July 1998, Rescorla met his second wife, Susan Greer, while jogging near her Morristown, New Jersey, home. She was an assistant to a dean at Fairleigh Dickinson University and a twice-divorced mother of three daughters. Rescorla had been living in the area to be near his children after his divorce. Susan first spoke to him to ask him why he was jogging barefoot, a practice common in Northern Rhodesia, where few natives wore shoes and which he had adopted out of curiosity. Rescorla also mentioned to Greer that he was writing a play, Mkubwa Junction, which was set in Northern Rhodesia and based on his time there. The two moved into a Morristown townhouse together that October. They were married on February 20, 1999, in St. Augustine, Florida, where his longtime friend Daniel Hill had lived since 1975. Hill would serve as Rescorla's best man for the second time. Rescorla also chose St. Augustine because he wanted to be married somewhere near the sea, to remind him of his homeland of Cornwall. They later honeymooned in Hayle, Cornwall, in May 2000. During this time, Rescorla exhibited a positive outlook about his cancer.

Rescorla was fond of the food and the culture of the Portuguese community in Newark, New Jersey, and was learning to speak Portuguese, in addition to Arabic. He also was fascinated with the American West and was interested in experiencing the spiritual aspects of Amerindian culture. He and Susan participated in yoga, ballroom dancing and studying Italian together.

Rescorla was survived by his wife, Susan, his two children and his three stepdaughters by Susan. Rescorla had requested that he be cremated, and his ashes be strewn in Hayle. Having revered the eagle as a symbol of both American freedom and Native American mysticism, he had also told Susan that when he died he wanted her to contribute money to an endowment for eagles.

Memorials and tributes
Rescorla was uncomfortable about being portrayed as a war hero. Although he had given some interviews to his Vietnam commander, Harold Moore, for his 1992 book, We Were Soldiers Once… And Young, Rescorla chose not to read it when he saw that its cover featured a combat photograph of him. When he learned that the book was being made into a film starring Mel Gibson, he told his wife Susan that he had no intention of seeing it, as he felt uncomfortable with anything that portrayed him or other survivors as war heroes, commenting, "The real heroes are dead."

Nevertheless, Rescorla's activities during the September 11 attacks were quickly brought to national attention by the news media, including a detailed account by Michael Grunwald in the October 28, 2001, edition of The Washington Post of Rescorla's life and "epic death, one of those inspirational hero-tales that have sprouted like wildflowers from the Twin Towers rubble." Other memorials and tributes to Rescorla include:

 * At a small, brief memorial service attended by family and a few close friends on October 27, Susan recited "The White Rose", a Cornish folk song that Rescorla was fond of, and a hawk that had recently been restored to health was released into freedom.
 * The Morristown police paid tribute to Rescorla at a fundraising dinner. Susan Rescorla donated Rick Rescorla's dark green Lincoln Mark VIII, which had been left in the station parking lot, to be auctioned off for charity as a "hero’s car."
 * The town of Hayle, Cornwall, also held a memorial service that was attended by the head of Morgan Stanley in London.
 * Several days after the Hayle service, a tribute for the attacks’ British victims was held at Westminster Abbey and attended by Queen Elizabeth.
 * Rescorla was honored with the White Cross of Cornwall/An Grows Wyn a Gernow award from his native Cornwall in 2003 by the Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament.
 * The opera Rescoria Variations by Cornish composer William Lewarne Harris received its premiere in 2006.
 * In 2009, a statue of Rescorla was unveiled on The Walk Of Honor at the National Infantry Museum at Fort Moore, Georgia.
 * On November 11, 2009, Rescorla was inducted into the Oklahoma Military Hall of Fame.
 * At the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, Rescorla is memorialized at the South Pool, on Panel S-46.
 * The Rick Rescorla National Award for Resilience was created by the Department of Homeland Security to "recognize outstanding response to a catastrophic incident and leadership in fostering resilient and prepared communities."
 * On April 13, 2019, at the Long Rock train depot in Rescorla's native Cornwall, a new class 802 train was named "Rick Rescorla" in a ceremony that also named another train the "Solomon Browne", after the lifeboat and crew lost in the Penlee lifeboat disaster.
 * On September 11, 2019, President Donald Trump announced that Rescorla would be honored with the Presidential Citizens Medal, which was presented to Susan at a White House ceremony on November 7.
 * In 2021, legislation introduced by state senator Anthony M. Bucco to designate May 27 as “Richard Rescorla Day” in New Jersey unanimously passed in the New Jersey Senate.
 * Rescorla is honored by a plaques at the Mount Soledad National Veterans Memorial in San Diego, California, and at The Raptor Trust near his home at Long Hill Township, New Jersey. The latter memorial is the only one he specifically requested before his death.

Post-9/11 media coverage

 * Rescorla was the subject of a 2002 biography, Heart of a Soldier by James B. Stewart.
 * Rescorla was the subject of a 2005 documentary entitled The Man Who Predicted 9/11. The film was shown on Channel 4 in the UK and the History Channel in the United States.
 * Amanda Ripley's 2008 book, The Unthinkable: Who Survives When Disaster Strikes—and Why, profiles Rescorla.
 * Stewart's book became the basis of an opera of the same name by Christopher Theofanidis. It was premiered by the San Francisco Opera on September 10, 2011, in a production starring Thomas Hampson as Rescorla.

title: Rick Rescorla


text: User talk:198.170.192.8

title: User talk:198.170.192.8


text:
Talk:FST

Flat Square Tube? A type of CRT?
 * Yeah... if you're British, it's mentioned in those old "Ello Tosh Gotta Toshiba" ads. 81.159.61.58 02:07, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

What does FST stand for when referring to a fan-made soundtrack? I'm pretty sure it's just that -- Fan SoundTrack -- but can't be sure. 69.143.240.243 (talk) 01:38, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:FST


text:
Crookston, Glasgow

Crookston (Baile Cruic, Cruixtoun) is a residential suburb on the southwestern edge of the city of Glasgow, Scotland.

Two distinct and geographically separate neighbourhoods about 1 mile apart on opposite sides of the White Cart Water are known by the Crookston name, owing to factors in their development. Both areas share the same main road (A736 Crookston Road) and fall within the same U.K. and Scottish Parliamentary constituencies (as of 2019 boundaries), but the northern area falls under the Cardonald ward for Glasgow City Council and is within the G52 postcode zone, while the southern area is in the Greater Pollok ward and the G53 postcode zone.

Crookston Estate
The lands of Crookston were named after the feudal Anglo-Norman lord, Robert Croc who was granted the deeds by David I of Scotland, via Walter fitz Alan, in 1170 and soon built Crookston Castle (Dùn Cruic in Scottish Gaelic) on a small knoll. In addition to the first wooden version of the castle – John Stewart of Darnley had the surviving stone version built in around 1400 – Robert Croc had a chapel constructed, as well as a hospital,  beginning a legacy of healthcare facilities in the area which continues to the present era.

The area north of the castle, between the Levern Water and the White Cart Water, was forested and known as Crookston Wood (Iron Age remains were found there during a 1959 archaeological excavation), while several farms surrounding the castle also shared the name: Crookston House and Farm to its west, Nether Crookston just to its south, Old Crookston further south and Mains of Crookston to its east. The castle was captured in the mid-1500s and its importance diminished, although it was restored in the mid-19th century by the Maxwells of Pollok and was donated by the family to the National Trust for Scotland in 1931, being the first property the organisation managed.

Crookston Station area
Although other names such as Cardonald, Hillington, Ingleston, Ralston and Rosshill were associated with the territory north of the White Cart river, in 1885 the Crookston name was still sufficiently prominent locally for it to be chosen as the name of a station on the Glasgow and South Western Railway's new route between Glasgow and Paisley – sited between the White Cart and the main road between the towns (A761 Paisley Road West), the tracks followed the trajectory of the abandoned Glasgow, Paisley and Johnstone Canal and was thus titled the Paisley Canal line). Over the next few decades, a small commuter suburb consisting mostly of large villas was constructed around the station, and inevitably this community became known as Crookston.

After the lands, previously within the parish of Paisley Abbey, Renfrewshire, were annexed by Glasgow Corporation in 1926, it was gradually surrounded by other residential neighbourhoods including South Cardonald, Hillington, Penilee and Rosshall within the city, also directly bordering the affluent suburb of Ralston, Renfrewshire. Several small developments of housebuilding took place within the area over various eras until almost all the land was built upon, ranging from concrete tenements, terraces of modest houses, semi-detached bungalows and flat-roofed apartment blocks, plus the converted buildings of the original station, which were abandoned after the line closed in 1983; it re-opened in 1990, but now uses only one track and platform for both directions (a small section of double track to the east of Crookston allows trains to pass one another).

In addition to an eponymous hotel (extended from a villa) on Crookston Road, there is a good provision of local shops and other services, including churches on Paisley Road West, and bowling clubs to the east at Cardonald and the west at Ralston. One of the very few pre-railway era remnants in the area is Cardonald Place Farm; a mill sited nearby was demolished in the 1930s. The nearest primary schools are in South Cardonald, as is the Catholic Lourdes Secondary School; the local nondenominational high school is Rosshall Academy, built in 2001 immediately south of the Paisley Canal railway lines and next to Ross Hall Hospital and Rosshall Public Park, beyond which is the Howford Bridge, carrying the main road south over the White Cart. The local community council covering this area is South Cardonald and Crookston CC.

Crookston Home and Leverndale area
In 1895, a lunatic asylum and hospital (known initially as Govan District Asylum, then as Hawkhead Asylum after the surrounding country estate on the periphery of Paisley) was built on a promontory near the left bank of the White Cart to the west of Crookston Road. It was expanded several times, including the incorporation of the old Hawkhead mansion and a farm for use by inmates, and was renamed Leverndale Hospital in 1964. In that period there was a separate Hawkhead Hospital located across fields to the west of Leverndale, another psychiatric facility south of that at Dykebar Hospital, and another hospital a short distance to the east at Cowglen. New buildings closer to the main road were constructed in the 1990s, and in the 2000s the older units (including the Category A listed Towerview Unit were converted to private housing. In 2011, a station for the Scottish Ambulance Service opened at the new Leverndale site, followed in 2014 by the NHS West of Scotland Mother and Baby Unit (relocated from the Southern General Hospital).

In 1906, Renfrewshire Combination Poorhouse was built near Old Crookston Farm to the east of Crookston Road. It was later renamed as Crookston Home Poor Law Institution, before being reconfigured as a nursing home for the elderly in 1934. Four years later, a development of 'cottage homes' (an early version of sheltered housing) was built immediately to its south, with additional care provided from the main block of the complex as required. Around the same time, a wide area of land to the east and north of the Home (within Renfrewshire's Eastwood parish) was purchased by Glasgow from the Pollok Estate for housebuilding, and after its first stage (today's 'Old Pollok') was interrupted by World War II, the large Pollok peripheral housing scheme was constructed along both banks of the Levern Water in the decade after the conflict, surrounding Crookston Castle and also occupying part of the old woodland and farms including Mains of Crookston, Byres, Nether Crookston and Crookston House – the latter, at the confluence of the White Cart and Levern Waters, became the site of Howford Special School in the mid-1960s.

In contrast to the preservation work at Leverndale, the Crookston Home facility operated until the 1990s when its functions became obsolete, and the site was then cleared for housebuilding leaving no trace of the original buildings or the cottages. There was already an existing mid-20th century development of houses at Roughmussel at the southern end of Crookston Road (along with a row of shops), and various housebuilders added clusters of suburban villas accessed from the main road from the 1990s until the 2010s, until most of the accessible land forming Glasgow's western border between Howford Bridge and Barrhead Road, a distance of over a mile, was built upon.

Despite the large number of family homes, there are no primary schools in this area itself, the closest being in west Pollok a short distance from each other, and another at a modern campus in Craigbank (Nitshill) – it incorporates the special educational needs base previously at Howford School, the vacated building for which was subjected to arson in 2018. The older local schoolchildren typically attend Rosshall Academy and Lourdes Secondary, although St Paul's High School is physically closer for many.

This southern sector of Crookston has no official recognised centre, the closest equivalent arguably being the crossroads at Bullwood Drive and Dalmellington Road where there is a supermarket and chemist in addition to Crookston Medical Centre (built in 2000) and Crookston Bowling Club, which has its origins in the 1940s as part of the recreational provision for workers at the Rolls-Royce factory in Hillington Industrial Estate. There is a local Crookston Community Group based just east of Crookston Road, but technically this falls under Pollok and is involved with providing support to deprived communities in the south-west of Glasgow, a socio-economic classification into which most of Pollok falls, but Crookston does not – some very large and grand homes have been built, particularly around Leverndale. There is also a natural barrier between the areas for the most part, formed by Haugh Hill and other elevated woodland (labelled as components of the 'Stirling Maxwell Forest Parks', a designation for the many green areas in and around the streets of Pollok, including old Crookston Wood). Echoing the area's past, a new elderly care facility, Meadowburn Home, opened in 2019 close to where Crookston Home had stood but on the Pollok side of these woods; another smaller home at Bonnyholm near Rosshall (replacing a primary school, in a part of north Pollok where most of the residences were rebuilt too) had opened in 2018.

Most amenities are located in the centre of Pollok, including the modernised 'civic realm' with district library, health centre and sports centre, adjacent to the Silverburn Centre with various retail and dining options and a cinema. The local community council covering this area is Hurlet and Brockburn CC.

Name
While the individual modern developments in this area have used various names in marketing and for their streets (Raeswood, Blacksey Burn, Langhaul, Castlewood, Leverndale, Bullwood, Parklands etc.), none have been adopted more widely as the common name for their community, with 'Crookston' used by the media in reports referring to events in all of its smaller parts. No clarifying prefixes (Old/New, north–south) have ever been adopted in official contexts in relation to the distinct areas on either side of the railway and river, although their differing history and geography would justify the usage of such distinctions.

Transport
The First Glasgow number 3 bus service between Glasgow's West End, city centre, Silverburn and Govan runs the length of Crookston Road through both the northern and southern parts of the area. The number 9 service between Paisley and Glasgow runs via Paisley Road West.

Trains from Crookston operate every half hour, or hourly on Sundays. The closest railway station to the southernmost parts is Nitshill, 1 mile from the junction of Barrhead Road. That neighbourhood is also about the same distance from Junction 2 of the M77 motorway between Glasgow and Ayrshire, whereas the northern neighbourhood is slightly further from Junction 25 of the M8 motorway between Glasgow Airport and Edinburgh.

Notable people

 * Iain Connell, writer and actor
 * Mary Lee, singer
 * Jack Milroy, comedian

title: Crookston, Glasgow


text:
Hans Sluga

Hans D. Sluga (born 24 April 1937) is a German philosopher who spent most of his career as professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. Sluga teaches and writes on topics in the history of analytic philosophy, the history of continental philosophy, as well as on political theory, and ancient philosophy in Greece and China. He has been particularly influenced by the thought of Gottlob Frege, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Michel Foucault.

Education and career
Hans Sluga studied at the University of Bonn and the University of Munich. He subsequently obtained a BPhil at Oxford, where he studied under R. M. Hare, Isaiah Berlin, Gilbert Ryle and Michael Dummett.

Since 1970, Sluga has been a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, serving from 2009 as the William and Trudy Ausfahl Professor of Philosophy until his retirement in 2020. He previously served as a lecturer in philosophy at University College London.

Philosophical work
Sluga describes his philosophical orientation as follows: "My overall philosophical outlook is radically historicist. I believe that we can understand ourselves only as beings with a particular evolution and history."

He has worked extensively on the early history of analytic philosophy. In his writings on Gottlob Frege he has sought to establish the influence of Immanuel Kant, Hermann Lotze, and of Neo-Kantians like Cuno Fischer and Wilhelm Windelband on Frege's views on the foundations of mathematics and in the theory of meaning. This historically oriented approach to Frege's thought brought him into sharp conflict with Michael Dummett's "realist" interpretation of Frege. Sluga's work in analytic philosophy has been influenced substantially by Wittgenstein to whose early and late writings he has devoted a number of studies. His writings on both Frege and Wittgenstein have contributed to the development of the study of the history of analytic philosophy as a field within analytic philosophy.

Since the early 1990s Sluga has become increasingly concerned with political philosophy. In Heidegger's Crisis he set out to explore the question why philosophers from Plato till the present get so often entangled in dangerous political affairs. Sluga analyzes Heidegger's political engagement by putting it into the larger context of the development of German philosophy in the Nazi period. He seeks to show thereby that many diagnoses of Heidegger's politics are misdirected because of their overly narrow focus on the person and work of Heidegger. He challenges, in particular, the claim that Heidegger's critique of reason is to blame for his political errors by pointing out that committed "rationalists" among the German philosophers were prone to the same errors. Sluga's book seeks to show that the willingness to involve themselves politically not only Heidegger, but also of Neo-Kantians like Bruno Bauch, Neo-Fichteans like Max Wundt, and Nietzscheans like Alfred Baeumler was ultimately due to their misconceived belief that they were living through a moment of world-historical crisis in which they were particularly called upon to intervene.

His book Politics and the Search for the Common Good seeks to re-think politics in substantially new terms. Sluga distinguishes in it between a long tradition of "normative political theorizing" that ranges from Plato and Aristotle through Kant to contemporary writers like John Rawls and a more recent form of "diagnostic practice" that emerged in the 19th century and whose first practitioners were Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche. Diagnostic political philosophy, Sluga argues, does not seek to establish political norms through a process of abstract philosophical reasoning but seeks to reach practical conclusions through a careful diagnosis of the political realities. Identifying himself with this strand of political philosophizing, Sluga proceeds to examine the thinking of Carl Schmitt, Hannah Arendt, and Michel Foucault as 20th century exemplars of the diagnostic approach. The book seeks to highlight the promise and the achievements of the diagnostic method as well as its shortcomings so far and its inherent limitations. In doing so, Sluga maps out an understanding of politics that makes use of some of Wittgenstein's methodological concepts. He characterizes politics as a family resemblance phenomenon and argues that the concept of politics does not identify a natural kind. It is therefore also mistaken to assume that there is a single common good at which all politics aims. Similarly, we must forgo the belief that there is a best form of government (as, e.g., democracy). Politics must, rather, be conceived as a continuous search for a common good which can have no final, conclusive answer. It is a sphere of uncertainty in which we operate always with a radically incomplete and unreliable picture of where we are and with only shifting ideas of where we want to go. The institutional forms that this search takes will change over time. Sluga agrees with other diagnostic thinkers that the classical institution of the modern state is now giving way to a new form of political order which he calls "the corporāte," whose challenges are defined by the growth of human populations, rapid technological changes, and an ever more pressing environmental crisis.

Wittgenstein
Sluga is a noted interpreter of Wittgenstein and has contributed significantly to Wittgenstein scholarship, including editing the 1996 volume The Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein with David G. Stern. He has argued against the relevance of increasingly more detailed and sophisticated analyses of Wittgenstein's work, even claiming that Wittgenstein himself would not have regarded this exegetical excess as a legitimate concern for philosophy. In recent years, he has endorsed Rubert Read's "post-therapeutic" or "liberatory" interpretation of Wittgenstein.

Books

 * Gottlob Frege, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1980
 * Chinese translation, Beijing 1990, 2nd ed. 1993
 * Greek translation, Athens 2010
 * Heidegger's Crisis. Philosophy and Politics in Nazi Germany, Harvard U. P. 1993
 * Chinese translation, Beijing 2015
 * Bulgarian translation, Sofia 2024
 * Wittgenstein, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011
 * Italian translation, 2012
 * Arabic translation, 2014
 * Chinese translation, 2015
 * Politics and the Search for the Common Good, Cambridge U. P. 2014
 * The Philosophy of Frege, (ed.), 4 vols., Garland Press, 1993
 * The Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein, (ed. With David Stern), Cambridge U. P. 1996
 * Licensed Chinese edition, Beijing 2007

Articles

 * "Frege and the Rise of Analytic Philosophy", Inquiry, vol. 18, 1975
 * "Frege as a Rationalist," in Studies on Frege, ed. M. Schirn, Stuttgart 1976, vol. 1
 * "Frege's Alleged Realism," Inquiry, vol. 20, 1977
 * "Subjectivity in the Tractatus", Synthese, vol. 56, 1983
 * "Frege: The Early Years", in Philosophy in History, ed. Q. Skinner et al., Cambridge U. P. 1984
 * "Foucault, the author and the discourse", Inquiry, vol. 28, 1985
 * "Frege against the Booleans", Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 1987
 * "Semantic Content and Cognitive Sense", in Frege Synthesized, Amsterdam 1987.
 * "Das Ich muss aufgegeben werden. Zur Metaphysik in der analytischen Philosophie", in Metaphysik nach Kant?, Stuttgart 1987
 * "Heidegger: suite sans fin," in Le Messager Europeen, vol. 3, 1989
 * "Macht und Ohnmacht der analytischen Philosophie", in Bausteine wissenschaftlicher Weltauffassung, ed. F. Stadtler, Vienna 1996
 * “Frege on Meaning", Ratio, vol. 9, 1996
 * "'Whose house is that?' Wittgenstein on the self", in The Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein, 1996
 * "Homelessness and Homecoming. Nietzsche, Heidegger, Hölderlin," in India and Beyond, Amsterdam 1996
 * "What has history to do with me? Wittgenstein and analytic philosophy", Inquiry, March 1998
 * "Von der Uneinheitlichkeit des Wissens", in Philosophie in synthetischer Absicht, ed. by M. Stamm, Stuttgart 1998
 * "Truth before Tarski" in Alfred Tarski and the Vienna Circle, Kluwer, Dordrecht 1999
 * "Heidegger and the Critique of Reason", in What's Left of Enlightenment?, ed. K. Baker and P. H. Reill, Stanford 2001
 * "Conflict is the Father of Everything: Heidegger’s Polemical Conception of Politics" in Heidegger’s Introduction to Metaphysics, ed. R. Polt and G. Fried, Yale U.P., New Haven 2001
 * "Frege and the Indefinability of Truth" in From Frege to Wittgenstein, ed. E. Reck, Oxford 2001
 * "Freges These von der Undefinierbarkeit der Wahrheit" in ''Das Wahre und das Falsche. Studien zu Freges Auffassung der Wahrheit, ed. by Dirk GreimannOlms 2003
 * "Wittgenstein and Pyrrhonism," in Pyrrhonian Skepticism, edited by Walter Sinnott-Arnstrong, Oxford U. P. 2004
 * "Heidegger’s Nietzsche," in The Blackwell Companion to Heidegger, ed. by Mark Wrathall and Hubert Dreyfus, Blackwell Publishing, 2005
 * "Foucault’s Encounter with Heidegger and Nietzsche," in The Cambridge Companion to Foucault, 2nd ed., ed. by Gary Gutting, Cambridge U. P., 2005
 * "Der erkenntnistheoretische Anarchismus. Paul Feyerabend in Berkeley," in Paul Feyerabend. Ein Philosoph aus Wien, edited by Kurt Fischer and Friedrich Stadler, Vienna 2005.
 * "Stanley Cavell and the Care of the Common", in The Claim of Community. Essays on Stanley Cavell and Political Philosophy, edited by Andrew Norris, Stanford U. P. 2006
 * "Family Resemblance", in Deepening our Understanding of Wittgenstein, edited by Michael Kober, Rodopi, Amsterdam 2006
 * "Glitter and Doom at the Metropolitan: German Art in Search of the Self," Inquiry, vol. 50, 2007
 * "Truth and the Imperfection of Language," in Essays on Frege's Conception of Truth. Grazer Philosophische Studien, ed. By Dirk Greimann, vol. 75, 2007
 * "The Pluralism of the Political. From Schmitt to Arendt," Telos, vol. 142, 2008, (28 pp.)
 * "I am only a Nietzschean," in Foucault and Philosophy, ed. by Timothy O’Leary and Christopher Falzon, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2010
 * "Our grammar lacks surveyability," in Language and World. Part One. Essays on the Philosophy of Wittgenstein, edited by Volker Munz, Klaus Puhl, and Joseph Wang, ontos verlag, Frankfurt 2010
 * "'Could you define the sense you give the word "political"'? Michel Foucault as a Political Philosopher," History of the Human Sciences, vol. 24, 2011
 * "Von der normativen Theorie zu diagnostischen Praxis" Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, vol. 59, 2011
 * "Simple Objects: Complex Questions," in Wittgenstein’s Early Philosophy, edited by José L. Zalabardo, Oxford U. P., Oxford 2012
 * "Beyond 'the New' Wittgenstein," in Ethics, Society, Politics, Proceedings of the 35th International Ludwig Wittgenstein Symposium, edited by Hajo Greif and Martin Gerhard Weiss, De Gruyter Ontos, Berlin/Boston 2013
 * "Der Mensch ist von Natur aus ein politisches Lebewesen. Zur Kritik der politischen Anthropologie," in Die Anthropologische Wende, Schwabe Verlag, Basel 2014

title: Hans Sluga


text:
Talk:The Cheeky Girls

Old stuff
I can't understand the success of these girls.. they are uggly and we know they have a lot of make up and sexy clothes ... We must see them i nthe morning when they woke up.. their songs are stupid ' ,all of them and they don't have voice... What do the public have i ntheir ears to buy this garbagge ? In Romania you can find beautifull girls and good singers, but these 2 girls it's a mistre ... their success I wil never understand it

As much as you may ridicule them, The Cheeky Girls are responsible for possibly the most ridiculous lyric ever concieved:

Come and smile, Don't be shy, Touch my bum, This is life.

An achievement of sorts.

Even if you don't like them there are people out there who do (myself not included) it is important to bear in mind the musical taste of other even if 12 and below (RuSTy1989 22:47, 4 August 2006 (UTC)) (what happened to people signing there posts on this page?

---> Actually they are hot, and "touch my bum" is a great lyric. :) That's what makes them somewhat beareable.

Eh?
Does this have any relevance at all to the article?

The Cheeky Girls are trained Artistes.They are fun,they look Great,and have no competition!Just remember to Smile!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Kinda Cheeky ain't they?

Evening Standard
Added the bit about the evening standard hope this is alright are you aloud to mention articles? Spelling needs work!

(RuSTy1989 22:47, 4 August 2006 (UTC))

Are the Cheeky Girls gay?
Is it just me or are the cheeky girls some kind of gay icon? they appear at 'gay pride' festivals frequently but are they actually gay?

 * Well you don't need to be gay to be a gay icon. I don't believe they're gay. garik 00:19, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * One of them appears to be going out with with a 41 year old male Welsh MP, proving that at least one of them isn't gay, but is confused about her sexuality. BennyFromCrossroads 13:32, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Photo?
Does no-one have a photo of these charming women?  SmokeyTheCat   •TALK•  22:28, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Citizenship
Do they currently hold Romanian citizenship, British citizenship, or both? Nietzsche 2 (talk) 22:17, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Tazmania?
After stating that the Cheeky Girls are from Transylvania, the text then reads that they grew up in Tazmania? If they really grew up in Australia, the name of the island Tasmania is spelled with an S (unless we're talking cartoons) but probably it should read 'Transylvania'?

80.79.40.9 (talk) 17:46, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

 * It was vandalism, and I reverted it. –  j ak s mata  19:21, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Cheeky Girls


text:
Calamites

Calamites is a genus of extinct arborescent (tree-like) horsetails to which the modern horsetails (genus Equisetum) are closely related. Unlike their herbaceous modern cousins, these plants were medium-sized trees, growing to heights of 30–50 meters (100–160 feet). They were components of the understories of coal swamps of the Carboniferous Period (around ).

Taxonomy
A number of organ taxa have been identified as part of a united organism, which has inherited the name Calamites in popular culture. Calamites correctly refers only to casts of the stem of Carboniferous/Permian sphenophytes, and as such is a form genus of little taxonomic value. There are two forms of casts, which can give mistaken impressions of the organisms. The most common is an internal cast of the hollow (or pith-filled) void in the centre of the trunk. This can cause some confusion: firstly, it must be remembered that a fossil was probably surrounded with 4-5 times its width in (unpreserved) vascular tissue, so the organisms were much wider than the internal casts preserved. Further, the fossil gets narrower as it attaches to a rhizoid, a place where one would expect there to be the highest concentration of vascular tissue (as this is where the peak transport occurs). However, because the fossil is a cast, the narrowing in fact represents a constriction of the cavity, into which vascular tubes encroach as they widen.

Further organ genera belonging to sphenophytes include:
 * Arthropitys (stems which are preserved in a mineralised form)
 * Astromyelon (permineralised rhizomes, distinguished from Arthropitys by the absence of a carinal canal)
 * Annularia and Asterophylites (form genera of leaf-whorls which are paraphyletic).

Anatomy
The trunks of Calamites had a distinctive segmented, bamboo-like appearance and vertical ribbing. The branches, leaves and cones were all borne in whorls. The leaves were needle-shaped, with up to 25 per whorl.

Their trunks produced secondary xylem, meaning they were made of wood. The vascular cambium of Calamites was unifacial, producing secondary xylem towards the stem center, but not secondary phloem.

The stems of modern horsetails are typically hollow or contain numerous elongated air-filled sacs. Calamites was similar in that its trunk and stems were hollow, like wooden tubes. When these trunks buckled and broke, they could fill with sediment. This is the reason pith casts of the inside of Calamites stems are so common as fossils.

Reproduction
Calamites reproduced by means of spores, which were produced in small sacs organized into cones. They are also known to have possessed massive underground rhizomes, which allowed for the production of clones of one tree. This is the only group of trees of their period known to have a clonal habit. This type of asexual reproduction would allow them to spread quickly into new territory, and help to anchor them firmly in the unstable ground along rivers and in newly deposited delta sediments. The rhizomes of Calamites look quite similar to the stems in most cases, but have nodes that get progressively closer together as they approach the apical area (the growth tip that spreads outward through the soil).

Different forms
Calamites come in a variety of different "form genera". One type, Calamites suckowi, is distinguishable from other Calamites forms by its prominent, swollen nodes and relatively wide-spaced longitudinal ribs. Another example, Calamites cisti, has much smaller nodes and the ribs are typically closer together.

In addition, the distance between successive node lines on a Calamites suckowi specimen is typically much wider than the diameter. In other forms like Calamites cisti, the opposite is true or the specimen is just slightly wider than the diameter.

However, the value of these form taxa is limited. The distance between nodes, for example, is highly variable, and an intercalary meristem means that this distance varied as the organisms grew.

Extinction and classification
The genus Calamites is placed in the family Calamitaceae in the plant class Equisetopsida (formerly known as Sphenophyta) in the fern allies division Pteridophyta. The Calamitaceae finally became extinct in the Lower Permian, a time which also saw the origin and diversification of the herbaceous genus Equisetum, the only living sphenophyte genus.

title: Calamites


text:
Talk:Ibrahim al-Jaafari

Untitled
I anticipate that al-Jaafari here may end up being Iraq's new Prime Minister, given that the UIA's adjusted assembly seating is now above 50%. The article should likely be expanded to the point Iyad Allawi's has in preparation. Since right now, this article is the number 1 Google hit for his name, and all.--203.214.144.3 15 Feb 2005 17:26

Neutrality
From the lead: "Some members of his own group, the United Iraqi Alliance, conspired with some of the Kurdish personalities and some of the sectarian Sunni politicians and in turn these groups involved the US President George W. Bush and the British Prime Minister Tony Blair to convince al-Jafari to withdraw his nomination. Al-Jafari refused any foreign interference in the Iraqi politics and instead gave the United Iraqi Alliance the choice to decide whom they wanted, be it him or another political figure as Prime Minister." I'm no expert on the subject, but to me this sounds definitely biased towards al-Jafari. I'm not sure whether the rest of the article is also biased. 130.64.98.51 (talk) 07:19, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ibrahim al-Jaafari


text:
Anadenanthera

Anadenanthera is a genus of South American trees in the Legume family, Fabaceae. The genus contains two species, A. colubrina and A. peregrina. These trees are known to the western world primarily as sources of the hallucinogenic snuffs vilca/cebil and yopo/cohoba.

The main active constituent of Anadenanthera is bufotenin.

Species

 * Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan
 * Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil
 * Anadenanthera colubrina var. colubrina
 * Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.
 * Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata
 * Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina

Chemical compounds
Chemical compounds contained in Anadenanthera include:
 * 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, bark
 * Serotonin
 * N-Methyl-serotonin
 * 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, bark
 * Bufotenin, seeds, bark
 * Bufotenine N-oxide, seeds
 * N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, seeds, pods, bark
 * N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-N-oxide, Seeds
 * N-Methyltryptamine, bark
 * 2-Methyl-6-methoxy-1,2,3-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole
 * 2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole
 * 1,2-Dimethyl-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole

General references

 * Constantino Torres - Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of South America (2006) ISBN 0-7890-2642-2
 * Jonathan Ott - Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines (2001) ISBN 1-888755-02-4
 * Richard Evans Schultes - Plants of the Gods (1992) ISBN 0-89281-979-0
 * Patricia J. Knobloch - Wari Ritual Power at Conchopata: An Interpretation of Anadenanthera Colubrina Iconography. Latin American Antiquity 11(4), 2000, pp. 387–402.
 * Lycaeum > Leda > Anadenanthera
 * Juan P. Ogalde, Bernardo T. Arriaza, and Elia C. Soto - Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.). Latin American Antiquity 21(4), 2010, pp 441–450.

title: Anadenanthera


text:
Ketotic hypoglycemia

Ketotic hypoglycemia refers to any circumstance in which low blood glucose is accompanied by ketosis, the presence of ketone bodies (such as beta-hydroxybutyrate) in the blood or urine. This state can be either physiologic or pathologic; physiologic ketotic hypoglycemia is a common cause of hypoglycemia in children, often in response to stressors such as infection or fasting. Pathologic ketotic hypoglycemia is typically caused by metabolic defects, such as glycogen storage disorders.

Physiologic ketotic hypoglycemia
The body's physiologic response to falling glucose levels is a suppression of insulin secretion from the pancreas, which decreases the amount of glucose available to most tissue but instead prioritizes the remaining amount for the brain. Hormones such as glucagon, cortisol, and adrenaline are then released to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, in addition to lipolysis in adipose tissue. As glycogen stores start to be depleted, the liver begins oxidizing fatty acids to ultimately yield ketone bodies, which can serve as an alternative fuel source for the brain in the absence of glucose. Therefore, the combination of low glucose (hypoglycemia) and the presence of ketone bodies yields the state known as ketotic hypoglycemia. Such a physiologic response is common in adults during periods of fasting, and is particularly common in ill younger children who cannot tolerate long periods of fasting. Episodes of physiologic ketotic hypoglycemia in children decrease with increasing age, presumably because fasting tolerance improves with increasing body mass. Such episodes are rare after the age of nine; persisting episodes past this age should raise suspicion for an underlying pathologic cause.

Pathologic ketotic hypoglycemia
Any genetic or metabolic defect that interferes with the body's ability to maintain glucose homeostasis can trigger pathologic ketotic hypoglycemia, in which episodes of ketotic hypoglycemia persist in children despite increasing age. Examples include glycogen storage diseases, disorders of fatty acid metabolism, and disorders of gluconeogenesis, among several others. Less common genetic causes, such as Russell-Silver syndrome, have also been described. A non-exhaustive list of causes of pathologic ketotic hypoglycemia is listed below:

 * Growth hormone deficiency
 * Glycogen storage diseases
 * Glycogen storage disease type IX is a particularly common cause of ketotic hypoglycemia, with the subtype IXa mainly affecting male children
 * Maple syrup urine disease
 * Prader-Willi syndrome
 * Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency

Signs and symptoms
Ketotic hypoglycemia classically presents in male young children, typically between the ages of 10 months and 6 years, in the morning after a prolonged overnight fast. Symptoms include those of neuroglycopenia, ketosis, or both. Neuroglycopenic symptoms usually include lethargy and malaise, but may include unresponsiveness or seizures. Common symptoms of ketosis are anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and nausea, sometimes progressing to vomiting. However, the diagnosis of ketotic hypoglycemia poses a challenge to clinicians, given how nonspecific symptoms can be and given that children in this age range are typically unable to describe their symptoms. Thin or smaller children may be more prone to episodes of ketotic hypoglycemia due to reduced fasting tolerance and minimal fat storage.

Diagnosis
The advocacy organization Ketotic Hypoglycemia International defines pathologic ketotic hypoglycemia as recurrent, symptomatic episodes in which patients have beta-hydroxybutyrate levels ≥ 1.0 mmol/L and blood glucose levels < 70 mg/dL in the absence of triggers that would otherwise explain ketotic hypoglycemia. Useful diagnostic tests to aid in the diagnosis include measurement of insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, and lactic acid at the time of the hypoglycemia. Plasma acylcarnitine levels and urine organic acids can help exclude other metabolic diseases that could explain the presenting symptoms.

When the episodes are recurrent or severe, the definitive test is a hospitalization for a controlled diagnostic fast. The supervising clinician can then monitor glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels throughout the course of the fast to generate an understanding of the child's fasting tolerance. If beta-hydroxybutyrate levels continue to excessively rise or remain persistently elevated, additional workup can be performed to detect ketone transporter defects.

While ketotic hypoglycemia can be definitively diagnosed in the inpatient setting, once diagnosis is established, parents can monitor frequency and duration of episodes at home using point-of-care glucose and ketone meters. If episodes are severe or frequent enough, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) or continuous gastrostomy tube feeding, in which a feeding tube is directly inserted into the stomach, may become necessary.

Treatment
The mainstay of physiologic ketotic hypoglycemia treatment typically includes management of the underlying cause, fluid resuscitation, and dietary supplementation of sugars and carbohydrates. If an episode begins, affected children should be given fluids and carbohydrate-rich foods immediately, if swallowing is not compromised. A carbohydrate gel can be applied to the inside of the mouth in children who are unable to swallow. In children with severe symptoms and who seek treatment in the emergency or inpatient setting, intravenous glucose or dextrose can be given. In addition to glucose or dextrose, alanine — a precursor in gluconeogenesis — can also be infused to rapidly increase plasma glucose levels. Associated symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain, can be addressed as appropriate.

Once ketotic hypoglycemia has been diagnosed and other conditions excluded, long-term management aims to reduce the frequency and duration of episodes. Extended fasts should be avoided. Children should be given a bedtime snack rich in carbohydrates and should be awakened and fed after the usual duration of sleep. If the child is underweight, a daily nutritional supplement may be recommended. For children with ketotic hypoglycemia due to a glycogen storage disease, overnight cornstarch can help maintain blood glucose levels and reduce the incidence of hypoglycemic episodes.

title: Ketotic hypoglycemia


text: User talk:218.169.75.207

title: User talk:218.169.75.207


text:
National Negro Network

The National Negro Network was a black-oriented radio programming service in the United States founded on January 20, 1954 by Chicago advertiser W. Leonard Evans, Jr. It was the first black-owned radio network in the country, and its programming was broadcast on up to 45 affiliates. An article in the trade publication Broadcasting said that the network was expected "to reach approximately 12 million of the 15 million Negroes in America."

Evans was the network's president. Reggie Schuebel was vice president-treasurer, and John M. Wyatt was executive vice president.

The network featured a variety of different programming, including a popular soap opera The Story of Ruby Valentine, which was based on CBS's We Love and Learn and As the Twig is Bent, and starred Juanita Hall, Ruby Dee and Terry Carter. The serial was sponsored by, among others, Philip Morris and Pet Milk. Other short-lived series included The Life of Anna Lewis with Hilda Simms, and It's A Mystery Man with Cab Calloway.

Some shows were produced by Calloway and Ethel Waters. Other fare included broadcasts of symphony concerts from black colleges, and programs hosted by black DJs at affiliate stations.

The network drew up plans for several more series, but—with the TV era exploding—fell apart within a year due to inadequate capital.

Jason Chambers wrote in his book, Madison Avenue and the Color Line: African Americans in the Advertising Industry, that Evans felt that advertising agencies were hesitant to recommend NNN to clients. "Agencies are aware of our existence and watch our growth closely," Evans said, "but ... are still reluctant to come right out and make a recommendation [for using] Negro radio, preferring to keep campaigns at a 'test' level while watching to see what others do."

title: National Negro Network


text:
Counterregulatory hormone

A counterregulatory hormone is a hormone that opposes the action of another.

Glucose Counterregulation
The action of insulin is counterregulated by glucagon, epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), cortisol, and growth hormone. These counterregulatory hormones—the term is usually used in the plural—raise the level of glucose in the blood by promoting glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, and other catabolic processes. In healthy people, counterregulatory hormones constitute a principal defense against hypoglycemia, and levels are expected to rise as the glucose falls.

As an example, the exercise-induced reduction in blood glucose is counterregulated by increases in levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone. The rise in blood concentrations of these counterregulatory hormones is dependent upon both exercise intensity and duration, and is proportional to the rate of glucose uptake by the contracting skeletal muscle.

Blood Pressure Counterregulation
Similarly, the natriuretic peptides counterregulate against renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone which elevate blood pressure.

Reproductive Counterregulation
In the reproductive system, inhibins and follistatin counterregulate activins, to control follicle-stimulating hormone and so the release of gonads. Inhibins and activins also regulate bone mass.

title: Counterregulatory hormone