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Potez 630

The Potez 630 and its derivatives were a family of twin-engined, multirole aircraft developed for the French Air Force in the late 1930s. The design was a contemporary of the British Bristol Blenheim (which was larger and designed purely as a bomber) and the German Messerschmitt Bf 110 (which was designed purely as a fighter).

The Potez 630 was in use by several operators during the Second World War. Following the Battle of France, both the Vichy French Air Force and Free French Air Forces used the type; a number of captured aircraft were operated by several air wings of the Axis powers. After the end of the conflict in 1945, a handful of aircraft were used for training purposes for some time.

Origins
On 31 October 1934, the French Ministry of Air issued a specification for a heavy fighter. The specification demanded the aircraft be capable of performing three principal roles: fighter direction, in which it was required to lead formations of single-engine fighters with sufficient maneuverability; day attack, in which the type was also to escort friendly close air support and bomber aircraft; and nightfighter operations. Specified performance details included a maximum speed of 450 km/h at 4,000 meters, a 300 km/h cruising speed, and an endurance of at least four hours. Armament requirements included two fixed forward-firing 20 mm cannons and a single machine gun to the rear for self-defence. The sought aircraft was also required to accommodate two/three seats along with a twin-engine configuration; however, some of the performance limitations imposed upon the aircraft, such as the maximum weight, served to restrict the range of suitable engines to power the type.

The original Potez 630 was developed to meet this specification; two variants of the aircraft were originally submitted for consideration, one (the 630) powered by Hispano-Suiza 14AB radial engines and the other (the 631) with the Gnome-Rhône 14N. Other companies also produced submissions in response, including Breguet Aviation, Hanriot, Chantiers aéronavals Étienne Romano, and Loire-Nieuport. Each of the competing manufacturers were requested to produce a single prototype for evaluation at their own expense; work on the first prototype, designated as the Potez 630-01, commenced in April 1935. In addition to the Potez 630, the same specification had ultimately resulted in the successful Breguet 690 series of attack aircraft.

On 25 April 1936, the Potez 630–01, equipped with a pair of 580 hp Hispano-Suiza 14, conducted its maiden flight from Méaulte, Picardy. Initially, the prototype was equipped with an experimental feature in the form of a braced horizontal stabilizer that incorporated no dihedral. On 6 May 1936, the prototype suffered some damage due to a hard landing following the mid-air loss of a propeller blade. On 3 August 1936, after receiving repairs, the Potez 630-01 was transferred to Villacoublay Air Base, Île-de-France; it was soon refitted with an alternative tail arrangement similar to later production aircraft and long-stroke landing gear. On 20 November 1936, flight testing of the prototype resumed; it was shortly thereafter delivered to the Centre d'Essais de Matériels Aériens (CEMA) for official tests.

The original engines of the Potez 630-01 were progressively replaced with improved models of Hispano-Suiza engine, gradually increasing power to reach 700 hp on takeoff. At its maximum takeoff weight of 3,850 kg, the prototype was capable of a maximum speed of 460 km/h and a maximum range of 1,300 km when flown at an economical cruising speed of 300 km/h. In March 1937, the second prototype, designated Potez 630–02, performed its maiden flight from Méaulte. The Potez 631-01 was damaged after a landing with its landing gear not being locked into the down position; after repairs, it was handed over to CEMA for official trials in November 1937.

Production
On 23 December 1936, the Société nationale des constructions aéronautiques du Nord (SNCAN) was officially formed, grouping together five French aircraft factories; further amalgamations into SNCAN soon took place, including Potez in early 1937. Shortly following its establishment, SNCAN received a provisional order letter for ten experimental aircraft; four of these were derived from the Potez 630, three from the Potez 631 (one being the existing 631-01 prototype), two Potez 633 light bombers and one Potez 637 aerial reconnaissance aircraft. This was promptly confirmed by a contract, under which one Potez 633 was replaced by a single Potez 637 low level ground attack aircraft.

In June 1937, an order for an initial production batch of 10 two-seat and 30 three-seat Potez 631 day fighters was received, the first five of which were to be delivered by February 1938. As large-scale manufacturing of the Gnome-Rhône 14M engines had yet to be achieved and thus was not able to reach the desired production rate of the Potez 630, an additional order was placed for 80 aircraft powered by the alternative Hispano-Suiza engine. The first 48 aircraft to be produced were equipped with Hispano-Suiza 14AB02/03 engines, these were succeeded on later models by the improved Hispano-Suiza 14AB10/11. In December 1937, regular contracts took the place of the provisional letters; a further order for 50 Potez 633 light bombers was also received, bringing the total orders for the type to 180, including the ten prototypes that had been ordered.

During the late 1930s, the Potez 630 received considerable foreign interest; in addition to France, many countries were in the process of re-equipping their air forces. One such foreign venture was the acquisition of a licence to manufacture by the Czechoslovakian aircraft firm Avia to produce a variant of the aircraft, designated as the Potez 636; none were completed prior to Czechoslovakia's annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938. In 1938, a further 50 additional Potez 631s were ordered, of which 20 were to be diverted to Finland, although they never reached that country. A number of firm foreign orders was placed with SNCAN for the type; the Republic of China ordered four Potez 631 and five Potez 633, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ordered two Potez 630 and one Potez 631, the Kingdom of Romania ordered 20 Potez 633, the Kingdom of Greece ordered 24 Potez 633, and Switzerland ordered one Potez 630 and one Potez 633.

In May 1937, series production of the Potez 630 commenced. Manufacturing work on the aircraft's various sections and components was shared out across various SNCAN facilities; the fuselage and tailplanes were produced in Caudebec-en-Caux, Normandy, the wings were made at Le Havre, Normandy, and final assembly was initially performed at Méaulte; the assembly work was later transferred to Les Mureaux. In February 1938, the first production Potez 630 conducted its maiden flight; on 23 February, the French Air Force accepted their first production 630 aircraft. Early on, production of the Potez 630 was hit by considerable delays, caused by a shortage of engines, propellers, and cannons; the first batch of Potez 630s were armed with four machine guns instead of the two 20 mm Hispano-Suiza cannons. On 2 August 1938, the first Potez 631 was officially accepted.

On 15 March 1938, a major re-equipment and expansion program of the French Air Force, known as Plan V, was approved. While there had been intentions to order a more capable twin-engine aircraft, these were not ready for production, thus the Potez 631 and 633 were retained for this production program, which first involved 207 twin-engined day-and-night fighters along with 449 daytime light bombers. On 25 March 1938, the order for the Potez 633 was increased to 125 bombers, which were also requested to be three-seaters. The Potez 633 orders were subsequently cancelled, ordering additional Potez 631 aircraft in their place; further orders of the Potez 631 were placed to allow for the speedy withdrawal of the troublesome Potez 630. Between January and June 1940, an average production rate of 100 aircraft per month was maintained.

Design
The Potez 630 was a twin engine, monoplane, fully metallic three-seater with efficient aerodynamic lines and twin tailfins. The basic design allowed for the type to replace various obsolete aircraft in the French Air Force in a wide range of roles. The long glasshouse housed a crew of three, comprising a pilot, an observer or commander who was carried based upon mission requirements, and a rear gunner who manned a single flexible light machine gun. The Potez 637 featured a glazed gondola located beneath the fuselage for an observer to be carried in the prone position. Some variants, such as the Potez 631 and 633, had a vertical bomb bay located between the two crew members. The 630 was a relatively simple and sound design, requiring an average of 7,500 man-hours to assemble each aircraft. All members of the family (with the possible exception of the Potez 63.11) shared pleasant flying characteristics and were designed to allow for easy maintenance.

As a day fighter aircraft, the performance of the Potez 631 C3 was relatively disappointing, due to a low maximum speed and inadequate rate of climb compared with contemporary fighter aircraft. As a night fighter, lack of detection equipment drastically limited their effectiveness. Later models had a heavy armament (12 machine guns for the Potez 63.11). The Potez 63 family, as with the contemporary Fairey Battle and Bristol Blenheim bombers and like many French aircraft of the time, proved vulnerable to Messerschmitt Bf 109s. Their similarity to the Messerschmitt Bf 110, both being equipped with twin engines, twin fins and a long greenhouse canopy, is believed to have resulted in several aircraft being lost to "friendly fire".

Introduction
From May 1938, production Potez 630 fighters started to be delivered; the first improved Potez 631 aircraft were received in August that year. Potez 630 and 631s, in two-seater configuration, were soon used to replace obsolete ANF Les Mureaux 113 used as night fighters, while single-seat fighter groups received a number of three seat Potez 63s to act as command aircraft, from which formations of single-seat fighters would be directed and co-ordinated by radio. In July 1938, the first fifteen Potez 630 aircraft participated in the Villacoublay Air Show.

In May 1938, the Armée de l'Air (French Air Force) placed an order for 125 Potez 633 light bombers; additional orders had also being placed by Romania and Greece for 20 and 24 Potez 633s respectively. France cancelled its order for Potez 633s in the summer of 1938, but further orders for the 633 were placed by Romania (for 20 more aircraft, which had been part built under the French order), and from China, for nine. Deliveries to Romania started late in 1938, with the Greeks receiving their first aircraft in the spring of 1939. In August 1939, with the risk of war increasing the French government requisitioned 32 Potez 633s from the Greek and Romanian orders that were still in France awaiting delivery.

By September 1938, the Potez 630 had begun to supplant the obsolete Bloch MB.200 bomber in the fighter direction role; however, the Potez 630's engines proved so troublesome in service that most units were rapidly re-equipped with the Potez 631 prior to the outbreak of the Second World War. By 1 April 1939, a total of 77 Potez 630 and 88 Potez 631 aircraft had been accepted by the French Air Force. The retirement of other obsolete French aircraft, such as the Morane-Saulnier M.S.225 and Dewoitine D.510, could be accommodated for by the increasing numbers of Potez 631s. Just prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, the French Air Force had 85 Potez 630s, 206 Potez 631s, 22 Potez 633s, 63 Potez 633s, and 5 Potez 63.11 aircraft.

The Potez 633 aircraft that were exported to Greece and Romania saw greater service than their French counterparts despite their limited numbers. Greece had nine Potez 633s in service when Italy invaded Greece in October 1940. These were used for bombing attacks against Italian supply lines until shortage of spares forced their withdrawal. In June 1941, Romania joined Germany in the invasion of the Soviet Union. Two squadrons were equipped with the Potez 633 which were used to support the Romanian army as it advanced towards Odessa. In 1942, they were replaced by Junkers Ju 88 bombers, allowing the survivors to be transferred to the advanced training role.

Second World War
On 28 August 1939, the French Air Force initiated the mobilisation of its units, including those equipped with the Potez 630 series. Due to requests from French Naval Aviation some Potez 631 aircraft were soon diverted to replace their Dewoitine D.371 fighters. In February 1940, a new war plan, Plan V bis, was adopted; under this plan, nearly all Potez 630 and a number of Potez 631 aircraft were retired from front line service, with some of the 630s converted to become dual-control training aircraft. That same month, it was decided to rearm the majority of Potez 631s, replacing their original armament of one cannon and one machine gun with two cannons and four underwing machine guns for the purpose of conducting ground attack missions; however, progress on this was relatively slow.

The French Air Force found a use for the Potez 633 aircraft as conversion trainers for units that had received the Breguet 691 attack aircraft. On 20 May 1940, three Potez 633s took part in a strafing mission against German troops near Arras. This was the type's only operational mission over France as two days later the aircraft was withdrawn from front-line service. A small number of Potez 633 originally destined for China were commandeered by the French colonial administration in Indochina and saw limited action in the brief French-Thai War in early 1941. Parked in the open ground, a number of them were destroyed by Thai Hawk 75N strafing during an air raid at Siem Reap.

Once active combat had begun, the Potez 631 had quickly proved to be an ineffectual interceptor; it was slower than some German bomber aircraft and 130 km/h slower than the Messerschmitt Bf 109E fighter. Perhaps the most successful unit operating the Potez 631 was the Flottille F1C of the French Naval Air Arm; between 10 and 21 May 1940, aircraft of the unit shot down 12 enemy aircraft in exchange for 8 of their own losses prior to its withdrawal from active combat.

At one point, the Potez 637 was the only modern aircraft equipping the Groupes de Reconnaissance (GOA), which had long been equipped with obsolete aircraft. From November 1939 onwards, the first units to convert to the Potez P.63.11 were each assigned three aircraft. By mid-January 1940, there were 43 Potez 63.11s in service with 12 GOAs. By June 1940, more than 700 reconnaissance Potez 63.11 had been delivered. These aircraft encountered various fates in service: more than 220 were destroyed or abandoned. Despite the addition of extra machine gun armament, aircraft having received either six, eight, or ten machine guns, the Potez 63.11 suffered the heaviest losses of any French type. One factor contributing to the high losses was the near-complete lack of spares, rendering 70 per of all P.63.11 aircraft unserviceable even prior to the German invasion; many aircraft were destroyed on the ground by enemy bombing and strafing attacks, and entire units were wiped out without conducting a single mission.

The Potez 63.11 continued in service with the air force of Vichy France and with the forces of the Free French; this led to the two opposing sides both operating the type in the North African theatre. The Free French Air Force initially possessed as few as three Potez 630 aircraft, but further models were captured from the Vichy French Air Force. The Germans initially allowed several Potez 630-equipped units to continue under Vichy French control; these were typically stationed in Southern France and North Africa. In the latter theatre they frequently engaged in combat with Allied forces. By 1 November 1941, the Vichy Air Force had 22 Potez 630s, 82 Potez 631s, six Potex 637s, and 236 Potez 63.11 aircraft. Large numbers of Axis-aligned Potez 630s stationed in North Africa were destroyed by American bombers during Operation Torch; Allied 630s were also used during the operation to conduct ammunition supply missions and to respond to Luftwaffe aircraft.

On 27 November 1942, German military units occupied Vichy Air Force bases and seized their aircraft: around 134 Potez 630s of several variants were taken. Of the seized aircraft, 53 were refurbished and dispatched to Romania for use as trainers and target tugs; spare engines were also reused to power a number of Luftwaffe Henschel Hs 129Bs. Production of the type was resumed under German control; significant numbers of aircraft appear to have been pressed into service by the Germans, mostly in liaison and training roles. The last three Potez 631s in service were recaptured examples; these made a final contribution following the cessation of hostilities in their use as trainer aircraft at the Centre d'Essais en Vol for the revived French Air Force.

Variants
Unlike many contemporary French aircraft, production of the Potez aircraft was reasonably prompt and the first deliveries were effected before the end of 1938. The 63 had been designed with mass production in mind and as a result, one Potez 630 was cheaper and faster to manufacture than one Morane-Saulnier M.S.406. As production tempo increased, a number of derivatives and experimental models were also developed.

Fighter variants
A typical feature of the 630 and 631 was the frontal armament, which originally consisted in two 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.404 cannons in gondolas under the fuselage, though sometimes one of the cannons was replaced by a MAC 1934 light machine gun (LMG). Later in their career, 631s received four additional LMGs in gondolas under the outer wings, though it was theoretically possible to fit six.

 * Potez 635 CN2:night fighter project was cancelled
 * Potez 63.12 C3:with Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp Junior radials remained a single prototype
 * Potez 670-01:Fighter prototype
 * Potez 671:heavy fighters were on the assembly lines when the Germans captured the SNCAN Méaulte factory near Albert.

Prototypes

 * Potez 63.01:The first prototype
 * Potez 630.01:The second prototype
 * Potez 630 CN.2 No.01:Night-fighter prototype
 * Potez 631.01:The first Gnome-Rhone powered prototype.

Trainer variants

 * Potez 634:A dual control trainer aircraft derivative of the 630 was proposed, which was simply designated as
 * Potez 631 Ins: (for instruction) 630 conversion with Gnome-Rhône engines
 * Potez 63.16 T3:A crew trainer derivative of the 63.11 with different, larger wings. Only one prototype was built.

Bomber variants

 * Potez 633 B2:two-seater, light level bomber. The Potez 633 retained the fuselage, wings and engines of the 631 but the observer's position and cannon gondolas were deleted and a small bomb bay was added between the pilot and rear gunner. Front armament consisted of a single light machine gun in the nose. The bomb bay could house eight 50 kg-class or two 200 kg -class bombs. There was no bombardier position, as the rear gunner was supposed to direct the bombing run through a periscopic bombsight fitted ahead of him, a disposition that proved unworkable in the field.
 * Potez 633.01:The first two-seat bomber prototype flew in late 1937. The Armée de l'air ordered 133 Potez 633s in 1938, but two months later decided all aircraft in the light level bomber category should be 3-manned, like the Douglas DB-7 and Bloch MB.175. The French order for 633s was converted into an order for more 631s. The 633 was however offered for export and attracted orders from Romania, China and Greece.

 * Potez 632 Bp.2:One example of the dive bomber prototype was started, but completed as a 633 however with Hispano-Suiza engines. It was sold to Switzerland for evaluation.
 * Potez 639 AB2:The single two-seat attack bomber prototype was converted as a standard 633.

Reconnaissance variants
Dissatisfied with its strategic reconnaissance aircraft such as the troublesome Bloch MB.131, the Armée de l'air required the development of a derivative of the Potez 631 for this role.
 * Potez 637:Strategic reconnaissance aircraft. The observer was housed in a gondola under the fuselage; this arrangement resulted in an aircraft that retained most of the qualities of the 631. 60 examples were ordered in August 1938 and delivered.

 * At the same time, the Armée de l'Air was desperate to re-equip its army cooperation units which had particularly antiquated equipment, but since the development of the 637, had completely changed its mind about how the observer position should be arranged. Potez was therefore required to develop a variant that, while retaining the wings, engines and tail surfaces of the 631, hosted the observer in a more conventional nose glasshouse.

 * Potez 63.11:Because the pilot needed to be seated above the observer, the fuselage was taller, which resulted in reduced top speed and manoeuvrability. As a result, the 63.11 proved very vulnerable, despite being protected with some armour and basic self-sealing coating over the fuel tanks. As a secondary light bomber capability was part of the requirements (though it was rarely if ever used), the fuselage accommodated a tiny bomb bay, carrying up to eight 10 kg-class bombs. This bomb bay was replaced by an additional fuel tank on late examples. Additionally, two 50 kg-class bombs could be carried on hardpoints under the inner wings. Frontal armament was originally one, then three MAC 1934s under the nose, and many 63.11s were equipped with the same additional guns in wing gondolas as the 631s.

 * The first Potez 63.11 No.1 and second No.2 prototypes first flew in December 1938, and no less than 1,365 examples were on order in September 1939, of which 730 were delivered, making the 63.11 the most numerous variant of the family by far.

Operators

 * French Air Force (Armée de l'air)
 * French Naval Aviation (Aviation Navale/Aéronautique navale)
 * 🇫🇷 Vichy France
 * Vichy French Air Force (Armée de l'air de l'Armistice)
 * Free France
 * Free French Air Forces (Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres)
 * undefined
 * Luftwaffe
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * Royal Hellenic Air Force
 * Kingdom of Hungary
 * Royal Hungarian Air Force operated 40 Potez 63.11 advanced trainers.
 * undefined
 * Regia Aeronautica
 * Polish Air Forces on exile in France
 * Depot d'Instruction de l'Aviation Polonaise at Lyon-Bron operated two Potez 63.11 aircraft.
 * Kingdom of Romania
 * Royal Romanian Air Force
 * Swiss Air Force operated one Potez 630C3 and one 632B2 aircraft.
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Yugoslav Royal Air Force
 * Swiss Air Force operated one Potez 630C3 and one 632B2 aircraft.
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Yugoslav Royal Air Force

Civil operators

 * 🇫🇷 Air Bleu (two aircraft converted into mail carriers)

title: Potez 630


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gerald Nupa

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 13:41, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Gerald Nupa
Non-notable creator of non-notable web sites. 11 Google hits. – flamurai (t) 11:26, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Concur. jni 12:45, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 16:49, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * D. BesigedB (talk) 16:52, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, self-promotion. Wyss 17:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above.Brookie 18:49, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, probable vanity. Megan1967 01:22, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject India/links

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject India/links


text:
Category:Forests and woodlands of the United Kingdom

Articles about forests and woodland in the United Kingdom. Note that the older meaning of the word forest as an area set aside for hunting is still applied to some areas, and therefore some of these forests in fact contain very few trees.


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Coplanarity

In geometry, a set of points in space are coplanar if there exists a geometric plane that contains them all. For example, three points are always coplanar, and if the points are distinct and non-collinear, the plane they determine is unique. However, a set of four or more distinct points will, in general, not lie in a single plane. Two lines in three-dimensional space are coplanar if there is a plane that includes them both. This occurs if the lines are parallel, or if they intersect each other. Two lines that are not coplanar are called skew lines.

Distance geometry provides a solution technique for the problem of determining whether a set of points is coplanar, knowing only the distances between them.

Properties in three dimensions
In three-dimensional space, two linearly independent vectors with the same initial point determine a plane through that point. Their cross product is a normal vector to that plane, and any vector orthogonal to this cross product through the initial point will lie in the plane. This leads to the following coplanarity test using a scalar triple product:

Four distinct points, $x1, x2, x3, x4$, are coplanar if and only if,
 * $$[(x_2 - x_1) \times (x_4 - x_1)] \cdot (x_3 - x_1) = 0.$$

which is also equivalent to
 * $$(x_2 - x_1) \cdot [(x_4 - x_1) \times (x_3 - x_1)] = 0.$$

If three vectors $a, b, c$ are coplanar, then if $a ⋅ b = 0$ (i.e., $a$ and $b$ are orthogonal) then
 * $$(\mathbf{c}\cdot\mathbf{\hat a})\mathbf{\hat a} + (\mathbf{c}\cdot\mathbf{\hat b})\mathbf{\hat b} = \mathbf{c}, $$

where $\mathbf \hat a$ denotes the unit vector in the direction of $a$. That is, the vector projections of $c$ on $a$ and $c$ on $b$ add to give the original $c$.

Coplanarity of points in n dimensions whose coordinates are given
Since three or fewer points are always coplanar, the problem of determining when a set of points are coplanar is generally of interest only when there are at least four points involved. In the case that there are exactly four points, several ad hoc methods can be employed, but a general method that works for any number of points uses vector methods and the property that a plane is determined by two linearly independent vectors.

In an $d$-dimensional space where $(a, b, c)$, a set of $d$ points $$\{p_0,\ p_1,\ \dots,\ p_{k-1}\}$$ are coplanar if and only if the matrix of their relative differences, that is, the matrix whose columns (or rows) are the vectors is of rank 2 or less.

For example, given four points
 * $$\begin{align}

X &= (x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n), \\ Y &= (y_1, y_2, \dots, y_n), \\ Z &= (z_1, z_2, \dots, z_n), \\ W &= (w_1, w_2, \dots, w_n), \end{align}$$ if the matrix
 * $$\begin{bmatrix}

x_1 - w_1 & x_2 - w_2 & \dots & x_n - w_n \\ y_1 - w_1 & y_2 - w_2 & \dots & y_n - w_n \\ z_1 - w_1 & z_2 - w_2 & \dots & z_n - w_n \\ \end{bmatrix}$$ is of rank 2 or less, the four points are coplanar.

In the special case of a plane that contains the origin, the property can be simplified in the following way: A set of $m$ points and the origin are coplanar if and only if the matrix of the coordinates of the $m$ points is of rank 2 or less.

Geometric shapes
A skew polygon is a polygon whose vertices are not coplanar. Such a polygon must have at least four vertices; there are no skew triangles.

A polyhedron that has positive volume has vertices that are not all coplanar.

title: Coplanarity


text: User talk:81.152.61.161

title: User talk:81.152.61.161


text: Category:Members of the 22nd Seanad

title: Category:Members of the 22nd Seanad


text:
Portal:Religion/Selected biography

Usage
The layout design for these subpages is at Portal:Religion/Selected biography/Layout.
 * 1) Add a new Selected biography to the next available subpage.
 * 2) Update "max=" to new total for its Random portal component on the main page.

Biographies 1-20
Portal:Religion/Selected biography/1

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Biographies 21-40
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Feel free to add featured, top or high importance Religion biographies to the above list. Other Religion-related biographies may be nominated here.

title: Portal:Religion/Selected biography


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Logarithmically concave function

In convex analysis, a non-negative function $f : R^{n} → R_{+}$ is logarithmically concave (or log-concave for short) if its domain is a convex set, and if it satisfies the inequality

f(\theta x + (1 - \theta) y) \geq f(x)^{\theta} f(y)^{1 - \theta} $$ for all $x,y ∈ dom f$ and $0 < θ < 1$. If $f$ is strictly positive, this is equivalent to saying that the logarithm of the function, $log ∘ f$, is concave; that is,

\log f(\theta x + (1 - \theta) y) \geq \theta \log f(x) + (1-\theta) \log f(y) $$ for all $x,y ∈ dom f$ and $0 < θ < 1$.

Examples of log-concave functions are the 0-1 indicator functions of convex sets (which requires the more flexible definition), and the Gaussian function.

Similarly, a function is log-convex if it satisfies the reverse inequality

f(\theta x + (1 - \theta) y) \leq f(x)^{\theta} f(y)^{1 - \theta} $$ for all $x,y ∈ dom f$ and $0 < θ < 1$.

Properties

 * A log-concave function is also quasi-concave. This follows from the fact that the logarithm is monotone implying that the superlevel sets of this function are convex.
 * Every concave function that is nonnegative on its domain is log-concave. However, the reverse does not necessarily hold. An example is the Gaussian function $f(x)$ = $exp(−x^{2}/2)$ which is log-concave since $log f(x)$ = $−x^{2}/2$ is a concave function of $x$. But $f$ is not concave since the second derivative is positive for |$x$| > 1:

 * $$f''(x)=e^{-\frac{x^2}{2}} (x^2-1) \nleq 0$$

 * From above two points, concavity $$\Rightarrow$$ log-concavity $$\Rightarrow$$ quasiconcavity.
 * A twice differentiable, nonnegative function with a convex domain is log-concave if and only if for all $x$ satisfying $f(x) > 0$,

 * $$f(x)\nabla^2f(x) \preceq \nabla f(x)\nabla f(x)^T$$,

 * i.e.

 * $$f(x)\nabla^2f(x) - \nabla f(x)\nabla f(x)^T$$ is

 * negative semi-definite. For functions of one variable, this condition simplifies to

 * $$f(x)f''(x) \leq (f'(x))^2$$

Operations preserving log-concavity

 * Products: The product of log-concave functions is also log-concave. Indeed, if $f$ and $g$ are log-concave functions, then $log f$ and $log g$ are concave by definition. Therefore

 * $$\log\,f(x) + \log\,g(x) = \log(f(x)g(x))$$

 * is concave, and hence also $f g$ is log-concave.

 * Marginals: if $f(x,y)$ : $R^{n+m} → R$ is log-concave, then

 * $$g(x)=\int f(x,y) dy$$

 * is log-concave (see Prékopa–Leindler inequality).

 * This implies that convolution preserves log-concavity, since $h(x,y)$ = $f(x-y) g(y)$ is log-concave if $f$ and $g$ are log-concave, and therefore

 * $$(f*g)(x)=\int f(x-y)g(y) dy = \int h(x,y) dy$$

 * is log-concave.

Log-concave distributions
Log-concave distributions are necessary for a number of algorithms, e.g. adaptive rejection sampling. Every distribution with log-concave density is a maximum entropy probability distribution with specified mean μ and Deviation risk measure D. As it happens, many common probability distributions are log-concave. Some examples:
 * the normal distribution and multivariate normal distributions,
 * the exponential distribution,
 * the uniform distribution over any convex set,
 * the logistic distribution,
 * the extreme value distribution,
 * the Laplace distribution,
 * the chi distribution,
 * the hyperbolic secant distribution,
 * the Wishart distribution, if n ≥ p + 1,
 * the Dirichlet distribution, if all parameters are ≥ 1,
 * the gamma distribution if the shape parameter is ≥ 1,
 * the chi-square distribution if the number of degrees of freedom is ≥ 2,
 * the beta distribution if both shape parameters are ≥ 1, and
 * the Weibull distribution if the shape parameter is ≥ 1.

Note that all of the parameter restrictions have the same basic source: The exponent of non-negative quantity must be non-negative in order for the function to be log-concave.

The following distributions are non-log-concave for all parameters:
 * the Student's t-distribution,
 * the Cauchy distribution,
 * the Pareto distribution,
 * the log-normal distribution, and
 * the F-distribution.

Note that the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of all log-concave distributions is also log-concave. However, some non-log-concave distributions also have log-concave CDF's:
 * the log-normal distribution,
 * the Pareto distribution,
 * the Weibull distribution when the shape parameter < 1, and
 * the gamma distribution when the shape parameter < 1.

The following are among the properties of log-concave distributions:
 * If a density is log-concave, so is its cumulative distribution function (CDF).
 * If a multivariate density is log-concave, so is the marginal density over any subset of variables.
 * The sum of two independent log-concave random variables is log-concave. This follows from the fact that the convolution of two log-concave functions is log-concave.
 * The product of two log-concave functions is log-concave. This means that joint densities formed by multiplying two probability densities (e.g. the normal-gamma distribution, which always has a shape parameter ≥ 1) will be log-concave.  This property is heavily used in general-purpose Gibbs sampling programs such as BUGS and JAGS, which are thereby able to use adaptive rejection sampling over a wide variety of conditional distributions derived from the product of other distributions.
 * If a density is log-concave, so is its survival function.
 * If a density is log-concave, it has a monotone hazard rate (MHR), and is a regular distribution since the derivative of the logarithm of the survival function is the negative hazard rate, and by concavity is monotone i.e.
 * $$\frac{d}{dx}\log\left(1-F(x)\right) = -\frac{f(x)}{1-F(x)}$$ which is decreasing as it is the derivative of a concave function.

title: Logarithmically concave function


text:
Ergosphere

In astrophysics, the ergosphere is a region located outside a rotating black hole's outer event horizon. Its name was proposed by Remo Ruffini and John Archibald Wheeler during the Les Houches lectures in 1971 and is derived. It received this name because it is theoretically possible to extract energy and mass from this region. The ergosphere touches the event horizon at the poles of a rotating black hole and extends to a greater radius at the equator. A black hole with modest angular momentum has an ergosphere with a shape approximated by an oblate spheroid, while faster spins produce a more pumpkin-shaped ergosphere. The equatorial (maximal) radius of an ergosphere is the Schwarzschild radius, the radius of a non-rotating black hole. The polar (minimal) radius is also the polar (minimal) radius of the event horizon which can be as little as half the Schwarzschild radius for a maximally rotating black hole.

Rotation
As a black hole rotates, it twists spacetime in the direction of the rotation at a speed that decreases with distance from the event horizon. This process is known as the Lense–Thirring effect or frame-dragging. Because of this dragging effect, an object within the ergosphere cannot appear stationary with respect to an outside observer at a great distance unless that object were to move at faster than the speed of light (an impossibility) with respect to the local spacetime. The speed necessary for such an object to appear stationary decreases at points further out from the event horizon, until at some distance the required speed is negligible.

The set of all such points defines the ergosphere surface, called ergosurface. The outer surface of the ergosphere is called the static surface or static limit. This is because world lines change from being time-like outside the static limit to being space-like inside it. It is the speed of light that arbitrarily defines the ergosphere surface. Such a surface would appear as an oblate that is coincident with the event horizon at the pole of rotation, but at a greater distance from the event horizon at the equator. Outside this surface, space is still dragged, but at a lesser rate.

Radial pull
A suspended plumb, held stationary outside the ergosphere, will experience an infinite/diverging radial pull as it approaches the static limit. At some point it will start to fall, resulting in a gravitomagnetically induced spinward motion. An implication of this dragging of space is the existence of negative energies within the ergosphere.

Since the ergosphere is outside the event horizon, it is still possible for objects that enter that region with sufficient velocity to escape from the gravitational pull of the black hole. An object can gain energy by entering the black hole's rotation and then escaping from it, thus taking some of the black hole's energy with it (making the maneuver similar to the exploitation of the Oberth effect around "normal" space objects).

This process of removing energy from a rotating black hole was proposed by the mathematician Roger Penrose in 1969 and is called the Penrose process. The maximal amount of energy gain possible for a single particle via this process is 20.7% in terms of its mass equivalence, and if this process is repeated by the same mass, the theoretical maximal energy gain approaches 29% of its original mass-energy equivalent. As this energy is removed, the black hole loses angular momentum, and thus the limit of zero rotation is approached as spacetime dragging is reduced. In the limit, the ergosphere no longer exists. This process is considered a possible explanation for a source of energy of such energetic phenomena as gamma-ray bursts. Results from computer models show that the Penrose process is capable of producing the high-energy particles that are observed being emitted from quasars and other active galactic nuclei.

Ergosphere size
The size of the ergosphere, the distance between the ergosurface and the event horizon, is not necessarily proportional to the radius of the event horizon, but rather to the black hole's gravity and its angular momentum. A point at the poles does not move, and thus has no angular momentum, while at the equator a point would have its greatest angular momentum. This variation of angular momentum that extends from the poles to the equator is what gives the ergosphere its oblate shape. As the mass of the black hole or its rotation speed increases, the size of the ergosphere increases as well.

title: Ergosphere


text:
RPWL

RPWL is a German progressive rock band that consists of Jürgen "Yogi" Lang, Kalle Wallner, Marc Turiaux, and Markus Grützner. As of 2024, they have released eight studio albums, eight live albums, and three compilations.

History
RPWL was formed in 1997 in Freising, Germany, as a Pink Floyd cover band. The group's name is a combination of the first letters of the original four members' last names: Rissettio, Postl, Wallner, and Lang.

After three years, they began to write their own music, based on earlier influences. Their debut album, God Has Failed, came out in 2000.

2002 brought Trying to Kiss the Sun, which saw the band developing their own sound and relying less on previous influences. They released a compilation album called Stock a year later, consisting of tracks that didn't make it onto their previous two albums, plus a cover of Syd Barrett's "Opel".

In 2005, RPWL issued their third studio album, World Through My Eyes, with the single "Roses". The song featured ex-Genesis and Stiltskin singer Ray Wilson on lead vocals. A special edition of the album was released as an SACD hybrid disc.

Later that year, the band published their second concert album, Start the Fire (Live). The double disc contains the entirety of their Rockpalast concert, again featuring Ray Wilson on lead vocals for "Roses" and one other track, "Not About Us".

On 9 September 2007, the band released 9, an album consisting of unreleased live songs and four brand new solo tracks by Yogi Lang, Chris Postl, Manni Müller, and Kalle Wallner.

In February 2008, they released an album titled The RPWL Experience. This was followed by Beyond Man and Time in 2012 and Wanted in 2014. In 2016, the band issued a live album containing a full performance of Pink Floyd's The Man and The Journey. Their next studio album, Tales from Outer Space, came out in 2019, followed by Crime Scene in 2023.

Band members
Current
 * Jürgen "Yogi" Lang – vocals, keyboards (1997–present)
 * Kalle Wallner – guitars, bass (1997–present)
 * Marc Turiaux – drums (2008–present)
 * Markus Grützner - bass (2022-present)

Past
 * Chris Postl – bass (1997-2000, 2005-2010)
 * Phil Paul Rissettio – drums (1997-2003)
 * Stephan Ebner – bass (2000-2005)
 * Andreas Wernthaler – keyboards (2000-2003)
 * Manfred Müller – drums (2003-2008)
 * Markus Jehle – keyboards (2005–2022)
 * Werner Taus – bass (2010-2018)

Lineups

Discography
Studio albums
 * God Has Failed (2000)
 * Trying to Kiss the Sun (2002)
 * World Through My Eyes (2005)
 * The RPWL Experience (2008)
 * Beyond Man and Time (2012)
 * Wanted (2014)
 * Tales from Outer Space (2019)
 * Crime Scene (2023)

Live albums
 * Start the Fire (Live) (2005)
 * The RPWL Live Experience (2009)
 * A Show Beyond Man and Time (2013)
 * RPWL plays Pink Floyd (2015)
 * RPWL plays Pink Floyd – The Man and The Journey (2016)
 * A New Dawn (2017)
 * Live from Outer Space (2019)
 * God Has Failed – Live & Personal (2021)
 * True Live Crime (2024)

Compilations
 * Stock (2003)
 * 9 (2007)
 * The Gentle Art of Music (2010)

title: RPWL


title: User:Femto/ttest1


text:
User talk:Jovi~enwiki

This is Jovi speakin'. I'd really like to know more about wikipedia. Who had the idea for this excellent project? Where will it end? Is there some kind of chatroom here to talk directly to other user about things that are important in here and if yes, where is it? If no, could one be created? That'd be great. --Jovi 11:40, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jovi. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jovi~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:58, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:36, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jovi~enwiki


text: Category:1922 novels

title: Category:1922 novels


text:
Talk:Big Three (universities)

For a June 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/College admissions and ranking shorthands in the United States

Other permutations of the acronym
For the record I am not making this shit up. - lotsofissues

There aren't enough mentions of those other acronyms to warrant the mention of them. There are 14,000 mention in Google of "HYP" involving Harvard but less than 800 of "HYPS" and many of those that were there seemed to actually be "HYP" mention but of athletic meets of HYP, called "HYPs" and only referring to H/Y/P. The other acronyms are also dissimilar in this fashion - there are not athletic meets involving HYPS or HYPSM, etc. HYP isn't just a coined acronym, these are real events and have been for some time. Uris 08:23, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * HYP is far more common than YHP or HYPS, by two orders of magnitude. See the following Google results:

 * " " - 24000
 * " " - 667
 * " " - 886
 * " " - 657

 * Incidentally,

 * " " - 501,000, but, as can be seen from the first list of ten results, the vast majority of these are using "phy" as an appreviation (often a course name abbreviation) for the word "physics"

 * —Lowellian (talk) 06:03, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Apparently someone has created an article at HYPSM, claiming that "a google search on HYPSM will verify that this is a commonly used abbreviation". Google search:

 * " " - 224, but includes links like and
 * " " - 144

 * Hardly seems notable to me. –MementoVivere 08:16, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Within a small group of discussion I participate in - it is very notable. Please don't use Google as an the supreme editorial control mechanism.  If a reliable contributer claims to be submitting useful content but that content is limited to a small group and may fall under the scope of Google - then believe him.  Don't drag it into an already hopelessly cluttered delete page and piss off everyone. Lotsofissues 05:12, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Note on the history of this page
The page HYP (universities) was listed on Votes for deletion in December 2004; see Votes for deletion/HYP (universities). The page was deleted. On February 1, 2005, Uris recreated this page at the location HYP (Harvard-Yale-Princeton), using similar text to the old article. When I (Lowellian) noticed this in March 2005, I wondered what should be done with the old deleted page history. Angela merged the page histories of the old deleted page with the new page. —Lowellian (talk) 22:50, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)

move/rename
What would people think about moving this page to HYP and moving what's there now to HYP (disambiguation)? I asked the same question on Talk:HYP; please direct your answer there so that we can avoid having two conversations. Remes 06:05, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I would have no objection to the move. —Lowellian (talk) 04:44, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

HYPSOMETRY removed
A clever hoax addition, but usage does not exist. Not even at the citadels of obsessive UG admissions discussions (xoxohth, College Confidential.

lots of issues | leave me a message 01:48, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

HYPC
Lotsofissues has removed HYPC, stating that "I can't find a single instance of use, likely attempt by Columbia student to associate school's name with big 3". I've searched, and I cannot find anything, either. Lotsofissues' hypothesis is corroborated by the fact that both of the IP addresses who have added this purported initialism, and, are in the 160.39.0.0/16 netblock that is assigned to Columbia University. Uncle G 01:01, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Dead link removed
Dpbsmith (talk) 19:38, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposal with Harvard-Yale-Princeton
See discussion on Talk:Harvard-Yale-Princeton. --└Smith120bh/TALK┐ 02:33, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Keeping the less and more controversial topics separate
I'd like to try to keep a clear distinction between the issue of that these three schools having, special status of some kind, based on historical connection to the WASP establishment, which is as close to being an objective fact as any such thing can be, from the endlessly contentious question of whether, in the year 2006, that status is deserved or justified. I'd also like to avoid blurring the realities of what words like "prestigious," "elite," and "selective" actually mean.

This is made difficult because college guides, etc. tend to blur them and use them in a euphemistic way. U. S. News is not going to come right out and say "We don't really care about the percentage of alumnis who give as such, or the percentage of applicants admitted as such, we just use these as markers for what we really do care about. What we do care about is whatever it is that Harvard and Williams have, that MIT and Berkeley do not have, that would explain why alumni of the latter institutions have never occupied the White House."

It is also made difficult because the influence of the WASP establishment a) has almost certainly declined since the Vietnam war, but b) almost certainly still exists. If so, a case can be made for non-academic "specialness" of these three schools being less important than it was.

However, I flat out disagree with someone who made the comment on the MIT talk page that "the meme is now 'Harvard, MIT, and Stanford'" and I did a number of web and database searches that seem to bear me out. As of 2006 the Big Three are still the Big Three, whether or not they can be said to deserve it. Dpbsmith (talk) 16:08, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Page Needs Serious Editing and Reorganization
This article is too long and convoluted. It is also preachy and self-absorbed.

First off, the origins of the name 'Big Three' and also Harvard-Yale-Princeton, all come from the Athletic field and, I believe, this fact should be mentioned first and foremost. If you do a Google search, most of the references, outside of reviews of the book, "the Chosen" are all to Athletics. This is the most common usage.

Second, the use of the 'Big Three' and 'Harvard-Yale-Princeton' has aquired secondary meaning beyond the athletic field, but it is is not widely known and, at least for 'Big Three,' ambiguous. Again, apart from "The Chosen," a google search will turn up Duke, NC and NC State as often as HYP. It only becomes clear in context when either HYP or the Ivy League is mentioned (or implied) that the 'Big Three' refers to 'Harvard-Yale-Princeton'.

Third, I'm a West Coast boy (w/3years of graduate work in the Ivy League). Our view out here is it is pretty much Harvard, then the rest of the Ivy League, with Yale, Columbia, Penn and Princeton being the best of the rest. But apart from their status of being Second Violins, Yale and Princeton have no special, iconic status apart from being in the Ivy League. And yes, these schools do have a connection to the upper crust of Northeasten society (i.e., WASPs), but these schools have evolved so that they are no longer finishing schools, they are first rate academic institutions. (If they had not evolved they would now be second rate institutions). There is no way that George W. Bush would be admitted to Yale today.

Why the HYP? (pun intended). What sets these schools apart from other schools such as Stanford, MIT, Cal Tech, Duke, UChicago, Cornell, Columbia, Michigan, UC, etc, is the combination of the following factors: Private, Ultra Selective, Ivy League, General Liberal Arts and Science Education, Longevity and the Institution's history and tradition. Other schools come close, such as Stanford, which lacks the Longevity and the Ivy League, and MIT which is non-Ivy League and more specialized in the sciences. The gist should be that Harvard Yale and Princeton are the 'Big Three' of the Ivy League based on their historic athletic connection, and now, the terms 'HYP' and 'Big Three' have evolved as pseudonyms for ultra-selective admissions policies.

Fourth, let's not spend any time speculating on the conical order of their names, what is, is.

 * Something should be said. IMHO the most likely reason by far is the one given in the first paragraph--age and hence order in academic processions. The third paragraph isn't sourced ("It has been also been suggested..."), and I don't believe it... so I've tagged it and will remove it eventually if nobody can source it. The second paragraph is factual, but I agree that it's skating on thin ice. Dpbsmith (talk) 16:28, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe the typical order is based on a multitude of factors, including academic procession. But most writers don't think that way. Harvard is the big fish, Yale its rival, and Princeton the afterthought. Not only does Harvard have the top-rated undergrad program, but its Grad and Professional programs (which are bigger than its undergrad programs) are extensive and all first rate.  Although Yale's law school might have a slight edge, most everything else on the grad level is at least a step behind.  Princeton's grad programs are much smaller and it has no professional schools.

 * ''Remember to that it was Harvard and Yale that first began competeing against each other, first in rowing and then in football. The Harvard-Yale football game is "The Game" whereas, when Princeton competes, it is either Harvard v. Princeton, or Princeton v. Yale

 * There is also a bit of lyricism. The combination of "Harvard Yale Princeton" sounds pretty good, but "Yale Harvard Princeton" is more of a mouthful.

 * Of course, there is also the historic reference to HYP and also all the HYP clubs out there, both of which also skew people's minds.

 * It is like the Yankees and the Mets. Google '"Yankee Mets"' gets many more hits than '"Mets Yankees"'.  If you Google '"Harvard Yale Princeton" -club' you get 48,000 hits, and '"Harvard Princeton Yale" -club' gets 14,000, and no other combination even gets a 1,000, although Harvard in second place gets roughly twice the amount as Harvard in third ("club" is excluded from the search to avoid the HYP clubs which skew the data).  What this data shows is the unconsious working of the writers minds: they think Harvard first.

 * However, the trouble with exploring all of the reasons why the order is that the order is ancillary to the article. The best answer would be to shorten this section to read something like: "The Big Three are most often referred to in the following order: Harvard, Yale and Princeton.  (Citations: Roosevelt, HYP clubs, Williams, etc.) This related to a number of factors including their founding dates and places in the academic procession, the size of the universities, and the historic rivalry between Harvard and Yale ....  Agreed? Swlenz 5 April 2006.

Fifth, the dissertation on the 'Big Three's' historic connections to the Northeastern Upper Class should be placed in a separate article and expanded to include all of the Ivy League and the Little Three, all of which historically enjoyed the same connections. The historic WASP connection of the Big Three should not be the main focus of this article, it is not separate and distinct from the WASP connection to other universities in the Northeast. Swlenz 3/31/06

 * Don't agree. Harvard, Yale and Princeton are pretty sharply distinct from the rest of the Ivy League. I'm not sure whether this should be one article or two, but Harvard, Yale and Princeton are not just "Ivy League" schools in the public mind. Although I do take your point that Amherst/Wesleyan/Williams do have a similar connection and historically were, in fact, somewhat comparable to the Big Three at one time. It was somewhere in the 1800-1850 period that Harvard exploded into a different kind of institution in a different category.

 * But, Teddy Roosevelt wasn't talking about his Rough Riders being from Brown or Cornell. Or Williams. Burt says that (in the first part of the twentieth century) "the pattern of upper-class male college preference, as deduced from a counting of noses in the various Social Registers, can be summed up as 'The Big Three and a Local Favorite.'"

 * And they are not merely the Big Three of the Ivy League. You are going to get the same answer if you ask "what are the three most-desired schools in the Ivy League" than if you ask "what are the three most-desired schools in the U. S." And you'll get that answer regardless of whatever this year's U. S. News stats might happen to be. It's not as if the answer to the first question were "Harvard, Yale and Princeton" but the answer to the second were "Harvard, Duke and Stanford." And the answer is not "Yale, Harvard and Princeton" even though I believe Yale's acceptance percentage is lower than Harvard's. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:06, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * In any case, the "Ivy League" was not created until 1950 so the special status of Harvard, Yale and Princeton is not related to the Ivy League as such. My personal impression, but am not sure and cannot find a verifiable source, is that the phrase "Ivy League" is frequently said when it is Harvard, Yale, and Princeton that are really meant. The Ivy League aura is extended to the others almost by courtesy. That is, unless you've been looking at college admissions guides lately, or have some connection, geographical or other with the school, when you say "Ivy League" it is not Cornell that come to mind. I suspect that if you asked a Midwesterner "is Columbia a member of the Ivy League" there would be a brief pause for thought; there would be no such pause if you asked the question about Yale, or if you asked whether Michigan is a member of the Big Ten. Certainly the phrase "the Ancient Eight" is a courtesy expansion of the term "Ancient Three;" the "Ancient Three" really are ancient—by U.S. standards; the "Ancient Eight" are not. Dpbsmith (talk) 16:28, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Couple of thoughts. My own reference is yes, Harvard, Yale and Princeton are distinct, but not sharply so, from the remainder of the Ivy League.  The name the "Ivy League" has been around a lot longer than the athletic conference.  All of the Ivy League, with the exception of upstart Cornell, predate the revolutionary war, and Brown, Columbia, Princeton, Penn and Dartmouth were all founded pretty much at the same time. Ancient 3 or 8, both apply equally.

 * I was talking to a buddy of mine a couple of years ago. He had gone to Harvard, but his family had gone to Yale. I think I compared going to Yale to finishing second in the Siena horse race. To my surprize, he piped up and said his mother was in the Admissions department at Harvard, and then said embarrassingly, that of the student admitted to both Harvard and Yale, Harvard had a draw of two or three to one over Yale.

 * Admissions selectivity, in of itself, is not a great measure of a school. There are a number of variables such as the number of applicants, the number of spots available, and the percentage of admits that matriculate that all come into play. It is also possible for the admissions department to 'game' the system to get better numbers.  There is a study out there that said Princeton does exactly that in order to improve its selectivity ratio, that it actually avoids some students that it thinks would be admitted to Harvard, Yale or Stanford.  The study was on draws between schools. It turned out that there was a pretty clear order at the top: Harvard, Yale, Stanford, Cal Tech and MIT, then Princeton, then a gap down to the rest.

 * The connection between the Big Three and WASP establishment needs to be tighten down. Most of the references are good. (An exception, the Roosevelt quote only offers circumstantial support for HYP as a WASP institution -- however, it can be tied to the typical naming order). Still, it could read better. I also would avoid using the term "special status" because it is presumptive.

 * I read Roosevelt's words in a way which I think is perfectly obvious, but which I agree is not explicitly stated. Men's clubs were a prime indicator of social status at the time. First, he names the high-status colleges in canonical order. Then he names some high-status clubs, probably the top three clubs but I wouldn't know. Then he draws a contrast between them and "the men who belonged neither to club nor to college." I also think that "blue blood" is the implicit contrast with the blood that stirs with Viking impulses. Dpbsmith (talk) 23:08, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * A more readable approach might be to follow Karabel's lead and talk about the evolution of the HYP from clubby WASP institutions to their present form.Swlenz 4/5/06

 * It is funny to me to come here and see criticism of the article. I was coming to say that I think it is very well written. U$er

Statistical comparison...
I've been brooding myself about what to do with this section. Btm removed it. I was strongly tempted to do so myself. But I think it needs discussion. The material removed is appended below.

Now, my first reaction to it is that it is Stanford boosterism. (Members of universities such as MIT, Stanford, the University of Pennsylvania, etc. often resent the status of "Harvard, Yale, and Princeton," which, from certain points of view, appears to beundeserved Undeserved it may well be, but they have this special status whether deserved or not. I've seen editors of the MIT article insist that the meme is no longer "Harvard, Yale and Princeton" but "Harvard, MIT and Stanford," editors of the Penn article insist that the meme is "Big Four," including Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn, and so forth. But they have not produced convincing source citations attesting to such assertions).

There are also problems with the statistics themselves. For example, it seems utterly inappropriate to include statistics on Supreme Court clerks and law firm hires when not all the institutions being compared have law schools. Also, given the numbers of undergrads, graduate students, and faculty of the four institutions--

 * Undergraduate 6655, 5300, 4635, 6654
 * Graduate 13000, 6100, 1975, 11421
 * Faculty 2300, 2300, 1103, 1750

it would seem that many of the statistics reflect nothing more than the relative size of the institutions.

On the whole, I agree with Btm that this simply doesn't belong, and I'm also going to edit the section on "order of the names" to mention only founding date and relative size. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:23, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Statistical Comparison of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Stanford
Harvard	Yale	Princeton	Stanford

RESOURCES

1	Endowment 2004 ($billion)	22.6	12.7	9.9	9.9

2	Library (million volumes)	15.4	11.7	6.2	8.2

AWARDS AND HONORS

3	Nobel Prize winners	75	19	29	37

4	Current Faculty in National Academy of Sciences	164	62	70	124

5	Current Faculty in National Academy of Engineering	14	5	20	87

6	Current Faculty in Institute of Medicine	101	37	8	81

STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

7	2005 National Merit Scholars	287	194	180	232

8	2005 National Achievement Scholars	70	57	40	51

9	Rhodes Scholars	315	166	126	84

10	Marshall Scholars	239	112	101	74

11	Putnam Math Competition First Place Finish	25	0	0	0

12	Putnam Math Competition Top Five Finish	51	11	24	5

13	2003 College Class Enrolling in Top Graduate Schools 	358	231	174	181

ALUMNI

14	U.S. Presidents	7	5	3	1

15	Current U.S. Senators	17	7	3	5

16	Current U.S. Supreme Court Justices	6	2	1	1

LAW SCHOOL

17	Supreme Court clerks 1991-2005	128	100	0	42

18	2005 Law School Class Hired by Top 50 law firms 	166	46	0	57

MEDICAL SCHOOL

19	2005 NIH grants ($billion)	1170	300	       N/A	244

20	Current Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators	32	17	3	13

BUSINESS SCHOOL 21	Alumni among Fortune 500 CEOs with MBA 23% N/A N/A N/A

Sources: 1. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0112636.html 2. http://hul.harvard.edu/about.html http://www.yale.edu/oir/factsheet.html http://www.princeton.edu/main/library/ http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/facts/libraries.html

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_laureates_by_university_affiliation 4. http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir?sid=1011&view=basic&pg=srch 5. http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Home+Page?OpenView 6. http://www.iom.edu/CMS/2951.aspx 7. http://www.nationalmerit.org/05_annual%20report.pdf 8. http://www.nationalmerit.org/05_annual%20report.pdf 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_scholarship 10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_scholarship 11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnam_mathematical_competition 12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnam_mathematical_competition 13. http://www.wsjclassroomedition.com/college/feederschools.htm 14. http://www.americanpresidents.org/ 15. http://www.vote-smart.org/index.htm 16. http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/biographiescurrent.pdf 17. http://www.leiterrankings.com/jobs/1991scotus_clerks.shtml 18. http://www.law.com/jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1126256708738 19. U.S. News and World Report 2006 Best Graduate Schools issue 20. http://www.hhmi.org/ 21. http://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2005-04-06-cover-ceos_x.htm. Harvard is also the school with the most undergraduate alumni among the Fortune 500 CEOs (http://content.spencerstuart.com/sswebsite/pdf/lib/Statistical_Snapshot_of_Leading_CEOs_relB3.pdf#nameddest=GAedu).

verifiability issues with HYPS, HYPSM, and HYPSMC
As things stand, no sources are provided to show any significant widespread use of any of these initialisms. I find it very hard to imagine a guidance counsellor saying "if you want to get into one of the aitch why pee ess em cee schools...." The verifiability policy notes that "The burden of evidence lies with the editors who have made an edit or wish an edit to remain." So far, those editors have declined to do this.

If reasonable source citations from fairly reliable sources are not given, to show that these initialisms are truly in widespread use, not just jokes or hypothetical extensions of HYP, I'm going to remove them in about a week, and move the article back to HYP (universities).

References to blogs or online forums won't do; the question is not whether anyone has ever used these initialisms, but whether they are recognized and, in particular, widely used and understood by high-school guidance counsellors. Dpbsmith (talk) 19:38, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * P. S. I'd stress that the issue is not whether Stanford is as good as Princeton. I'm personally willing to grant that it is. Whatever that means. (Overall rankings seem silly to me. If I wanted to study hotel administration, I'd be an idiot to make Stanford OR Princeton OR Harvard my first choice, no matter how stellar their U. S. News overall ranking. If I wanted an MBA, no amount of Princeton boosting would Princeton a good choice. And, no matter how fine my alma mater may be, I would not recommend MIT to someone who wanted to major in modern languages.)

 * The issue is whether HYPSMC etc. are real initialisms in wide use.

 * I'm willing to be convinced otherwise, but my belief is that these initialisms are being used in a promotional way by people trying to make the (IMHO valid) point that Stanford, MIT and Caltech deserve to be thought of in the same category as HYP and are trying to create, establish, or promote a new meme. The question is whether or not this alleged new meme has actually taken hold. It's sort of like the Washington Monthly college rankings. It's a good idea and I'd like to see it get some traction, but has it? When the parents talk to the high school guidance counselor, does he drag out his copy of the Washington Monthly or does he drag out his copy of U. S. New and World Reports?

 * A Penn booster kept inserting "Penn is one of the Big Four" into the University of Pennsylvania article. Unfortunately, nobody was ever able to produce more than a few scrappy references to "Big Four," mostly referring to domination of particular sports at particular times... and the "fourth" member of the Big Four wasn't always Penn.

 * I could probably write "HYPP" and people might guess correctly that I meant "Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn" (or "Harvard, Yale, Penn and Princeton" if you prefer) but that doesn't make it a real initialism, either. Dpbsmith (talk) 12:28, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * P. P. S. Note too: articles on HYPS, HYPSM, and HYPSMC all were voted for deletion due mostly to verifiability problems; see Articles for deletion/HYPS, Articles for deletion/HYPSM, Articles for deletion/HYPSMC

title: Talk:Big Three (universities)


text:
User talk:Nigel Brand

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-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Hi Nigel - many thanks for your superb aircraft articles! You might like to check out WikiProject Aircraft, the effort to co-ordinate this area of Wikipedia. Hope to see much more of the same :) Cheers, Rlandmann 22:14, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'd like to give you the WikiWings award for February 2005 for your exceptional article on the Potez 630 family. --Rlandmann 13:37, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nigel Brand


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Timmy Dooley

Timmy Dooley (born 13 February 1969 ) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as a Senator since June 2020, after being nominated by the Taoiseach, and previously from 2002 to 2007 for the Administrative Panel. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Clare constituency from 2007 to 2020.

Early and personal life
Dooley was born in Limerick and was educated at Mountshannon National School and Scarriff Community College, and later at University College Dublin, where he was chairman of the Kevin Barry Cumann of Ógra Fianna Fáil in 1989. He is married to Emer McMahon and they have two daughters.

Political career
Dooley was first elected to the Dáil at the 2007 general election for the Clare constituency, after topping the poll with 10,791 votes.

He served as spokesperson for Transport, Tourism and Sport from 2011 to 2016, and as a spokesperson for Communications, Climate Action and Environment from May 2016 to February 2020.

In January 2018, Dooley voiced his support for repealing the Eighth Amendment.

In 2019, Dooley was involved in the Dáil voting scandal

He lost his seat at the general election in February 2020. He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 2020 Seanad election, but was subsequently nominated by the Taoiseach, Micheál Martin to the Seanad in June 2020.

Since 2021 he has been co-President of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.

In July 2024, it emerged that Dooley had one of the lowest voting records in the Seanad.

title: Timmy Dooley


text:
Frank Feighan

Frank Feighan (born 4 July 1962) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Sligo–Leitrim constituency since 2020, and previously from 2007 to 2016 for the Roscommon–South Leitrim constituency. He served as a Minister of State at the Department of Health from July 2020 to December 2022. He previously served as a Senator for the Administrative Panel from 2002 to 2007 and from 2016 to 2020, after being nominated by the Taoiseach.

Early and personal life
Feighan was born in Sligo in 1962, but is a native of Boyle, County Roscommon. He is married and has two children. He lives in Sligo with his family.

He took part in the RTÉ charity show, You're a Star in 2006 to raise funds for a children's charity.

In 2008, Feighan appeared on the Irish times list of TDs with notable private portfolios. Ownership of multiple properties in addition to shares in mining companies, along with shares in financial institutions are listed.

Political career
He was a member of Roscommon County Council from 1999 to 2004. Feighan was first elected to the Dáil at the 2007 general election. He was the party deputy Spokesperson on Transport and Education with special responsibility for Rural and School Transport from 2007 to 2010. In July 2010, he was appointed as party spokesperson on Community, Equality and Gaeltacht Affairs.

He was re-elected at the 2011 general election. In government he voted with Fine Gael on the Roscommon Hospital issue on 6 July 2011, when his constituency colleague Denis Naughten voted against them and lost the Fine Gael party whip. He told the Dáil he was "sincerely sorry" for breaking a pre-election promise in relation to the issue.

On 13 July 2015, he announced that he would not be contesting the 2016 general election.

Shortly before the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union he expressed his wishes for the Republic of Ireland to rejoin the Commonwealth.

He was the Fine Gael Seanad Spokesperson on Mental Health and Older People.

In July 2020, following the formation of the 32nd Government of Ireland, Feighan was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health with responsibility for Public Health, Well Being and the National Drugs Strategy.

In May 2021, Feighan's proposal to introduce minimum unit pricing for alcohol in Ireland was approved by cabinet ministers. Under this legislation, a 10 cent per gram of alcohol minimum cost would be installed, with the minister citing that for example a 70cl bottle of vodka would now cost at a minimum €20.71.

A decision by the Department of Health on the suspension of the North Inner City Drugs Task Force in July 2021 was criticized by the group's director Professor Joe Barry. Feighan, as minister with responsibility for drugs strategy, defended the decision due to "governance shortcomings" in the group. Barry contested that the decision has been carried out to "remove every shred of independence from the task force by taking over the appointment of the chair and the appointment of members".

He was criticised in July 2022 after privately meeting with an anti-cannabis lobby group, known as the Cannabis Risk Alliance. Dr. Garrett McGovern said "If Frank Feighan was willing to meet with one group, he should have met another group who are pro-cannabis legalisation and against prohibition".

He was not re-appointed as a junior minister as part of the 33rd Government of Ireland in December 2022.

In March 2024, Feighan supported Simon Harris for the 2024 Fine Gael leadership election after the resignation of Leo Varadkar.

title: Frank Feighan


text:
Camillus Glynn

Camillus Glynn (born 4 October 1941) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician. He was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1997 to 2011. A former psychiatric nurse, he was first elected to the Seanad in 1997 by the Administrative Panel, on his third attempt. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Dáil Éireann at the 1997 general election for the Westmeath constituency. He served on Westmeath County Council and Mullingar Town Council from 1979 to 2004.

On 9 October 2008, Glynn pleaded guilty to assaulting a businessman he met in a hotel in Mullingar. Glynn punched Tommy Wright, a former Fianna Fáil councillor, in the face after an exchange of words on 25 May 2008. Glynn was ordered to pay €2,500 to a local charity.

He retired from politics at the 2011 Seanad election.

title: Camillus Glynn


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Tony Kett

Tony Kett (1 June 1951 – 19 April 2009) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and member of Seanad Éireann. In 1997, he was elected to the 21st Seanad by the Administrative Panel. He was elected again in 2002 and in 2007.

Born in Woodlawn, County Galway, Kett was an administrator of the Central Remedial Clinic. He was reportedly a key member of the "Drumcondra Mafia", as Bertie Ahern's inner circle of constituency supporters are dubbed.

He was co-opted as member of Dublin City Council for the North Inner City electoral area in 1988 to replace Bertie Ahern (who had resigned when he was appointed a government minister) and was re-elected at the 1999 local elections. With the abolition of the dual mandate, he did not contest the 2004 local elections.

He died on 19 April 2009 of cancer. Tributes were led by Taoiseach Brian Cowen and Taoiseach Bertie Ahern.

Kett was succeeded in the Seanad by former County Louth councillor James Carroll.

title: Tony Kett


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Diarmuid Wilson

Diarmuid Wilson (born 20 November 1965) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as a Senator for the Administrative Panel since September 2002.

A member of Cavan County Council from 1999 to 2004, he was first elected to the Seanad in 2002 and was re-elected in 2007 and 2011. He is the nephew of John Wilson, who was a TD, Minister and Tánaiste. He is the Fianna Fáil whip in the Seanad and spokesperson for Labour Affairs, Trade and Commerce.

title: Diarmuid Wilson


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Joe McHugh

Joe McHugh (born 16 July 1971) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Chair of the Committee on European Union Affairs since September 2020. He has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Donegal constituency since 2016, and previously from 2007 to 2016 for the Donegal North-East constituency. He served as Minister for Education and Skills from 2018 to 2020 and as a Minister of State from 2014 to 2018, including as Government Chief Whip from 2017 to 2018. He was a Senator for the Administrative Panel from 2002 and 2007.

In May 2022, McHugh announced that he would not stand at the next general election.

Early life
Born in Carrigart, County Donegal, in 1971. McHugh was educated at Umlagh National School and the Loreto Convent, Milford. He attended the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, where he received an honours degree in economics and sociology, and a higher diploma in education. McHugh taught geography and mathematics at the Loreto Convent Secondary School, Letterkenny, from 1993 to 1995. From 1995 to 1996, he taught A-level economics in Dubai. In 1996, he returned to Ireland and became a youth worker in the Ballyboe area of Letterkenny.

Donegal County Council
McHugh won a seat in the Milford local electoral area in the 1999 Donegal County Council election.

Seanad Éireann
He was elected to Seanad Éireann as a Senator for the Administrative Panel in 2002, where he served as Fine Gael Spokesperson on Community, Rural, Gaeltacht and Marine Affairs. McHugh set up a full-time constituency office in Letterkenny. When he was selected as the Dáil candidate for Donegal North-East, he moved into a new constituency office, which was officially opened by Fine Gael party leader Enda Kenny on 6 October 2006.

Dáil Éireann
McHugh topped the poll Donegal North-East at the 2007 general election with 22.6% of the first preference vote. His wife Olwyn Enright also won re-election to the Dáil, making them the third married couple to sit in the same Dáil. McHugh was appointed party deputy Spokesperson for Foreign Affairs and the Department of the Taoiseach, with special responsibility for North-South Co-operation in October 2007. McHugh was re-elected to the Dáil at the 2011 general election, attaining 19.3% of the first-preference vote.

In January 2011, McHugh called for a monument, funded by the government, in Donegal, dedicated to the founding of the Ulster Volunteer Force in 1912. McHugh was criticised by Eileen Doherty, a sister of Donegal County Councillor and Provisional IRA member Eddie Fullerton, who was assassinated by loyalists in 1991. Doherty claimed McHugh and other Fine Gael councillors in Donegal had snubbed a number of commemorative events and opposed the building of a monument in Fullerton's memory in Buncrana. Fullerton was the third elected official in the Republic of Ireland to be assassinated.

In Manchester in October 2011, McHugh became the first Fine Gael TD to address delegates from the British Conservative Party. He described it as an "opportunity."

On 15 July 2014, he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources and at the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht with responsibility for Gaeltacht Affairs and Natural Resources. His appointment was met with criticism as his knowledge of the Irish language was at a basic level, although he subsequently received praise for his efforts to improve his language skills to the point where he could conduct lengthy interviews in the language. RTÉ Radio 1 produced the radio documentary Fine Gaeilgeoir, narrated and produced by Máire Treasa Ní Cheallaigh, following McHugh's efforts to improve his Irish over the course of a year. Shane Ross later wrote of his fear of having what he described as a "Joe McHugh moment", meaning being a non-Irish speaker to a Gaeltacht ministry.

In February 2016, McHugh was heavily criticised for allocating 93% of Gaeltacht grants to the Donegal Gaeltacht, which is located in and beside his constituency. This revelation led to calls for McHugh to appear before the Dáil Public Accounts Committee to explain such a disproportionate allocation of funding. McHugh subsequently denied the claims.

At the 2016 general election, McHugh was elected to the new five-seater Donegal constituency on the 11th count. The following May, he met Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, during their day visit to the county.

He was appointed as Minister for Education and Skills on 16 October 2018. He was not re-appointed to the Government of the 33rd Dáil in June 2020, and declined the offer of appointment as a Minister of State. In September 2020, McHugh became Chair of the Committee on European Union Affairs.

In May 2022, McHugh announced that he would not stand at the next general election. On 6 July 2022, McHugh resigned the Fine Gael party whip in order to vote for an opposition bill regarding the Mica scandal.

Personal life
In July 2005, McHugh married Olwyn Enright, who served as a Fine Gael TD for Laois–Offaly from 2002 to 2011. They have three children.

title: Joe McHugh


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Joanna Tuffy

Joanna Tuffy (born 9 March 1965) is an Irish Labour Party politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Mid-West constituency 2007 to 2016. She was a Senator for the Administrative Panel from 2002 to 2007.

Early life
Born in London in 1965, Tuffy was educated at Trinity College Dublin (BA) and the Dublin Institute of Technology (Legal Studies).

Political career
She was elected to South Dublin County Council for the Lucan area in 1999 and served until 2003. At the 2002 general election she unsuccessfully stood for election to Dáil Éireann for Dublin Mid-West. She was subsequently elected to the 22nd Seanad Éireann by the Administrative Panel. She was elected to Dáil Éireann for the first time at the 2007 general election.

Her father is Eamon Tuffy, a former Labour Party councillor for Lucan, he was co-opted to replace her in 2003.

Tuffy, along with TD Tommy Broughan, opposed Labour going into coalition with Fine Gael in the aftermath of the 2011 general election.

In September 2013, Tuffy publicly disagreed with the official Labour Party position supporting the abolition of the Seanad during the referendum campaign. She argued that it had played a key role in the past and could do so in the future.

Tuffy lost her seat at the 2016 general election.

She was re-elected to South Dublin County Council in the 2019 local elections. She contested the 2019 Dáil by-election in the Dublin Mid-West constituency, when she gained 6.7% of the first preference votes but was not elected. She was also an unsuccessful candidate for Dublin Mid-West at the 2020 general election, when her share of first preference votes fell to only 3.39%.

title: Joanna Tuffy