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Callander and Oban Railway

The Callander and Oban Railway company was established with the intention of linking the sea port of Oban to the railway network. This involved a long line from Callander through wild and thinly populated terrain, and shortage of money meant that the line was opened in stages from 1866 to 1880.

The line improved the economy of Oban, especially for the fishing trade and for tourism, but the winter traffic was limited. The company built a branch to Ballachulish, which included the construction of Connel Bridge, a remarkable bridge at Connel over Loch Etive. The branch opened in 1903, but although it opened up remote areas it was never commercially successful. It closed in 1966.

The main line was crossed by the West Highland Line at Crianlarich, where a connecting spur was constructed by the West Highland Line in 1897. The C&OR section between Callander and Crianlarich was closed in September 1965. However, the section between Crianlarich and Oban is still in use today, with trains using the connecting spur at Crianlarich.

Origins

The Scottish Central Railway and the Caledonian Railway were, as many others, incorporated by acts of Parliament, the Scottish Central Railway Act 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. clxi) and the Caledonian Railway Act 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. clxii), on 1 July 1845. At this stage the two companies were collaborating, with the intention of connecting Perth with Carlisle, and beyond to the emerging English railway network; the Scottish Central had immediate plans with allied companies to reach Aberdeen, and there was early on talk of reaching into the north-west Highland area.

In 1846 the Dunblane, Doune and Callander Railway was proposed for a ten-mile (16 km) line along the valley of the River Teith. This was a false start, but a second attempt was authorised on 21 July 1856. The line opened on 1 July 1858.

Callander was the western extremity of lowland terrain: beyond lay wild highland hills. Promoters now considered whether Callander would make a good starting location for a line penetrating the Highlands, and reaching the western sea at Oban 71 mi away, with relatively few settlements in between. They decided in November 1864 that the line should be built, and they called it the Callander and Oban Railway.

From Oban back to Crianlarich the route was clear; from there to the River Clyde they left the route open; they had calculated they needed £600,000 to build their line, and there was no possibility of local people investing that kind of money. The only way forward was to persuade another, established line to put some money in: the route would be determined by that fact. The Scottish Central was prepared to put up £200,000, and this was confirmed by agreement of 17 December 1864; the route from Crianlarich would accordingly go east to Callander and Dunblane. A parliamentary bill was submitted in the 1865 session and the railway was authorised by the  (28 & 29 Vict. c. cclxvi) on 8 July 1865. The authorised capital was £600,000 with loans of £200,000.

The Dunblane, Doune and Callander railway was absorbed by the Scottish Central Railway on 31 July 1865 by the Scottish Central and Dunblane, Doune and Callander Railways Amalgamation Act 1865 (28 & 29 Vict. c. cxxxiii), and the Scottish Central amalgamated with the Caledonian Railway the following day, 1 August 1865, by an act of Parliament, the Caledonian and Scottish Central Railways Amalgamation Act 1865 (28 & 29 Vict. c. cclxxxvii) of 5 July 1865.

Construction
The Caledonian had expended a lot of energy and much money in securing leases of local railways; they had committed themselves to perpetual annual lease charges; at the same time they were expanding their hold in the Lanarkshire coal and iron fields. The Scottish Central had committed to a major investment in the Callander and Oban, and the Caledonian now assumed that obligation; when they examined the situation they were not happy with what they had acquired. Local investors in the thinly populated area had to find £400,000; if they did not, the Caledonian would be asked to make up the shortfall. However, their policy of securing territory would be at risk if they cancelled the project: the rival North British Railway might pick up the scheme.

The new company needed a secretary, and the man appointed was John Anderson, formerly of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway. His remarkable energy and creativity saw the little company through. The company's act only authorised the raising of money; it did not make it happen. Many who subscribed for shares in the first place immediately defaulted on being asked for the first call, and Anderson personally hawked round the West Highlands selling shares. There was no question of starting the construction of the whole line, but a start was to be made from Callander to Glen Ogle. A contract for £124,218 was let to John MacKay on 6 November 1866.

In 1868 the Board of the Caledonian Railway came under heavy fire from shareholders; the Caledonian had inherited from the Scottish Central Railway the obligation to fund £200,000 of the C&OR's capital; many shareholders viewed honouring this as throwing good money after bad, and the board had a difficult time; but the arrangement remained in place.

The work proceeded slowly, simply because the Company did not have the funds to pay the contractor. The hostility between the original C&OR directors and the Caledonian strengthened, and considering the limited progress, cancellation of the whole project was discussed. At length a definite decision was taken to end the railway at Tyndrum. This needed a variation to the authorising act of Parliament, and the  was passed in May 1870.

Despite the negative impact of the act, the first part of the line was nearing completion: it ran to the top of Glen Ogle, at an altitude of 944 ft. The station was to be called Killin, although that town was 3 mi away down a steep mountain track; Killin had a population of 1,836 in 1871. The intermediate stations were Strathyre and Lochearnhead, which was also some distance from the place it served. The original Dunblane, Doune and Callander station at Callander was so obviously unsuitable that the C&OR built a new station behind the Dreadnought Hotel; the DD&CR station became a goods depot.

On 18 and 19 May 1870 Captain H. W. Tyler of the Board of Trade inspected the line and approved it. The line opened for business on 1 June 1870.

The line in operation
The Caledonian had agreed to work the line; there were to be two trains each way daily. The Caledonian paid the C&OR a toll for the use of the Callander station and the short section of line to the DD&CR section. Anderson had arranged for (road) coach connections at Killin for tourists and others; he described Glen Ogle as the Khyber Pass of Scotland. Summer passenger carryings were better than Anderson had expected, and soon a third daily return trip was added to the timetable.

The population of Kingshouse, between Strathyre and Lochearnhead, petitioned for a station. The C&OR refused but said the residents could build one themselves. They did so and it opened on 21 June 1871. The guards of trains were to note persons joining there to ensure that at the next C&OR station, their fare could be taken from them.

At the end of the summer, the timetable reverted to two trains daily; but the season had brought an income of £2,511 and the company was able to declare a dividend of 1%.

At this period the North British Railway ran certain excursion trains to Callander by agreement. However, the income to the C&OR was based on passenger numbers arriving, and in many cases this was two to three persons only, not compensating the C&OR for the business. Anderson asked the NBR to pay more, but the NBR discontinued the trains instead.

Extending to Tyndrum
Caledonian hostility to the C&OR had abated in time, and it was persuaded, against the wishes of some of its shareholders, to proceed with an extension to Tyndrum. Whereas the Killin station was at a wild mountain top with difficult roads, Tyndrum was strategically located in the valley of Strath Fillan, at 729 ft at the junction of good roads. 17 mi in much easier terrain posed no great engineering problem. The extension opened in August 1873. A small locomotive shed was built at Tyndrum, to service two trains a day.

Anderson continued to expend considerable energy in arranging tourist excursions by steamer and coach, making circular tours over the railway by several different routes. Coaches also completed the journey to Oban, over five hours away, and also Fort William later on.

Now to Dalmally
The extension to Tyndrum seems not to have brought about the improvement that was hoped for, so far as the financial results were concerned, and it was clear that only extending to Oban would resolve the matter. The decision was taken and on 11 July 1874 the Callander and Oban Railway (Tyndrum and Oban) Act received the Royal Assent. As before, raising the money was the problem, and as before Anderson was energetic in arranging it. The Caledonian itself subscribed £20,000. A contract was let for the section from Tyndrum to Dalmally; there were to be no intermediate stations, but the Tyndrum station was to be relocated a little further towards Oban. The earlier station was not at a location suitable for the extension and the through line would have to deviate from the terminus approach line.

The line opened as far as Dalmally, at the head of Loch Awe, on 1 May 1877. Coach connections to Oban were made with through tickets available; an overnight stay at Dalmally was required for many journeys. Complicated circular tours were arranged, even a day tour from Carlisle (leaving at 3.50 in the morning).

Finally to Oban
Soon the decision was taken to complete the line to Oban. As usual raising the money was the problem. The English London and North Western Railway had issued through tickets when the Dalmally extension started operating, and it cemented its interest in the line by taking £50,000 of shares.

The railway was to approach Oban from the south, but the steamer pier was at the north end of the town, and George Street, effectively the esplanade of Oban, was defended as having a beautiful outlook over the sea. Various schemes were put forward locally, all of which would have cost the C&OR money, and the company resolved the controversy by deciding to build its own Railway Pier at the south end of the town. Suddenly this displeased many people, including John Stuart McCaig, who was furious in his denunciation of the scheme. McCaig had an interest: he owned the existing (north) pier.

The line opened throughout to great ceremony on 30 June 1880. There were now five through trains from and to Callander daily, as well as a short working. As before, Anderson arranged a comprehensive series of connections with steamers for tourist purposes. The opening coincided with the summer season at a time when working people were getting holidays with pay, and huge numbers of passengers were carried, especially from the cities and towns of the central belt of Scotland.

Ordinary goods traffic was not so buoyant though it built up later. Despatch of smoked fish, and the fast conveyance of shellfish to London, became an important traffic.

At the end of the summer, 215,000 passengers had been carried, 250% more than previously. The winter traffic settled down; there were few tourists, just ordinary travellers, but the steamer service to the islands made the Oban railway a steady supply of trade, and Oban became the Charing Cross of the north.

Rock falls in the Pass of Brander
On 17 August 1881 a train was derailed in the Pass of Brander; there were no serious injuries, but it focussed on the risk to trains due to boulders falling on to the line from the high hillside directly above the railway. After much consideration a system of wire fences was installed, such that if a wire was broken by a falling boulder, special signals would automatically return to danger. The system was ready on 17 April 1883. The network of wires produced a humming sound in the wind, and local railway people nicknamed the system Anderson's piano. The system continues to this day and has generally worked well, although further derailments occurred in 1946 and 2010. The 2010 derailment was caused by a boulder which originated on railway land below Anderson's piano and therefore could not be detected.

More crossing places
The line was established with a limited number of crossing places for trains on the single line. Now that the route had trunk status by virtue of the steamer connections, delays to one train could expand into serious delays elsewhere. The staff and ticket system was rather inflexible, and it was replaced by the Tyer's train tablet system, with additional crossing places at Glenlochy (between Tyndrum and Dalmally), Awe Crossing between Lochawe and Taynuilt, Glencruitten Summit between Connel Ferry and Oban, and St Brides between Callander and Strathyre.

Fish
In the 1880s Stornoway was a centre of the fishing trade; the product had to be transported to market, and the Highland Railway had had a monopoly of the rail traffic. They had exploited their monopoly and the fish merchants were dissatisfied. Anderson offered cheap rates from Oban and a number of facilities for them free of charge. Notwithstanding the much longer sea crossing from Stornoway to Oban, the C&OR route attracted the traffic from the Highland. The Highland Railway reacted by improving its rates but much of the traffic remained with the C&OR.

A competing line
In 1889 interests in Lochaber proposed a railway from Fort William to the Clyde. If approved it would seriously erode the C&OR income: Fort William business came to Oban by steamer, and Tyndrum, to be served by the new line, was a railhead for considerable sheep traffic. The proposed line became known as the West Highland Railway, and despite C&OR opposition in Parliament, it received its authorising Act. The C&OR benefitted from carrying construction materials, but the competing line opened on 7 August 1894.

The West Highland Railway crossed over the C&OR line at Crianlarich and it was proposed that a connecting line be built; this was to be at the expense of the West Highland company, and it would be for the exchange of wagons, not as a through line. Much of the cattle and sheep traffic carried by the West Highland was destined for Stirling and Perth, and would be routed via Callander. The short line was quickly built, but actual commissioning was long delayed. It was suspected that the West Highland was happy to charge the traders for the considerable extra mileage via Glasgow. Eventually the line was opened on 20 December 1897.

People in Oban saw that there was a potential route to Glasgow that was 17 mi shorter over the West Highland from Crianlarich than over the C&OR via Callander, but apart from a few tourist excursions this was not agreed to until the situation was forced in the 1960s.

Killin Railway
The Killin Railway opened to passenger operation on 1 April 1886. The Callander and Oban "Killin" station was renamed Glenoglehead on the same day. It ceased to be a passenger station on 1 April 1889, but passengers could have most trains stopped there by notifying the guard. That facility was withdrawn on 30 September 1891. Until the end of 1916, passengers for Killin by the early morning down train on Sundays could alight at Glenoglehead, where the train stopped to set down mail. From then on Glenoglehead functioned as a private halt for railway servants and as a crossing place.

A branch to Ballachulish
The West Highland Railway opened to Fort William in 1894, and interest was aroused in opening up other areas of the region. Railways along the Great Glen were proposed, and attention also turned to the tract of remote terrain between Oban and Fort William. Several sea lochs made road travel in the area difficult, and Argyll County Council had indicated that it would co-operate with the C&OR if the railway were to build dual-use bridges; the C&OR was considering an ambitious railway from Oban to Inverness by way of Fort William. The C&OR decided to decline the idea, and to make the railway on its own, and to work it itself. The C&OR had difficulty in raising enough money for a survey of the proposed line, but undaunted, it presented a parliamentary bill for the line in September 1894, for the following year's session.

The autonomy of the C&OR was evidently considerable, for its owner, the Caledonian Railway, announced that they would oppose the bill in Parliament. This was an untenable situation and when Anderson consulted Lord Breadalbane it was made clear the proposal could not continue, and it was swiftly withdrawn.

The C&OR converted their proposal into a branch line to Ballachulish from Connel Ferry; the West Highland Railway also proposed a branch to Ballachulish from the north. Ballachulish had a population of 1,800 at the time, and its industry was chiefly quarrying.

Both railways were authorised by acts of Parliament on 7 August 1896, the  (59 & 60 Vict. c. cxci) and the West Highland Railway Act 1896 (59 & 60 Vict. c. ccxix), but the West Highland scheme was subject to serious limitations, and that line was never built. The C&OR line was to have a triangular junction a Connel Ferry, and to cross Loch Etive by Connel Bridge which was second in Britain only to the Forth Bridge in length of the main span, and it was the largest single-span steel bridge in Britain. The route approved north of the bridge was later changed substantially, and a hotel was built at Loch Creran to serve a proposed station there; the hotel was never opened as the railway as built did not go there. The capital was to be £210,000 of which the Caledonian Railway agreed to fund £15,000.

The Connel Bridge crossed the channel where a rapid rip ran at ebb tide, and intermediate piers or temporary staging were impossible. It was constructed by Arrol Bridge and Roofing Company, starting in 1898; it was done by building out cantilevers from each shore. There was another large bridge, Creagan Bridge, but no other large engineering work on the line, although considerable sections of bad ground were encountered. Connel Ferry station was extended to give an additional bay platform for Ballachulish trains. The western arm of the authorised triangle was never constructed. Ballachulish station had a two-platform terminal station.

The Connel and Creagan bridges had been provided with a footpath on one side, but this was not public. Anderson met Argyll County Council and offered to open the path on the Connel bridge in return for a payment of £800 per annum. The council thought this was excessive and the issue remained contentious for several years.

In 1909 the company instituted a shuttle passenger service over the bridge, between Connel Ferry and Benderloch, by motor charabanc converted with railway wheels. The service ran on Sundays also, even though the C&OR did not operate a Sunday service on the remainder of the network. The charabanc also conveyed a flat truck by request, on which private motor cars could be conveyed, for a fare of 15 shillings. The driver and any passengers remained in their own vehicle.

Private motoring increased over the years and the C&OR was pressed to permit motor cars to drive over the bridge, but the C&OR declared that it was impossible to make a roadway on the bridge. The demand to permit pedestrians to cross also continued to be declined.

The matter was resolved when in 1913 MacAlpine Downie applied to the Board of Trade to operate a chain ferry at the crossing. The C&OR immediately made arrangements to open the bridge to motor cars and pedestrians, and this was achieved on 22 June 1914; special signalling arrangements were made to secure the safety of the operation. The toll charge was between 7s 6d and 10s. The C&OR continued to make obstructions in the usage of the bridge: Thomas states that shepherds could take a flock of sheep across the bridge, but they must lead the animals one at a time. The company's policy on the bridge generated huge resentment over the years.

From the 1930s use of the railway declined, and the road network in the area was improved. As time passed the dominant use on the line was schoolchildren.

From 14 June 1965 the goods service on the line was discontinued, and on 28 March 1966 the line was closed completely. The Connel and Creagan bridges were transferred to the County Council, and became simple road bridges.

Train services
Over the years the summer passenger timetable became augmented as the tourism potential of the route enhanced. Sleeping cars to and from London were introduced from 1895, six nights a week in summer and once a week in winter. Package holidays were offered from 1905, which included hotel accommodation in Oban or certain other towns served by C&OR.

In 1903 the Lochearnhead, St Fillans and Comrie Railway completed a link between Crieff and the C&OR Lochearnhead station, and through trains were provided to and from Oban.

Goods traffic was handled by two trains each way daily in 1911, a fast and a slow service.

After World War I motor charabanc excursions became increasingly popular; roads had improved enough for these to run independently of the trains, although for some years the journey time was much slower. However, in 1928 a motor bus service was operated between Glasgow and Oban, with journey times comparable with the railway. The C&OR continued to encourage excursion traffic, often at very low fares.

On 10 June 1931 the first through passenger train was run via the West Highland line and the Crianlarich connection; it was a special excursion and made the journey in 83 minutes less than the fastest C&OR scheduled service.

The summer timetable in 1947, prior to nationalisation, shows four daily trains from Glasgow to Oban with three additional Saturday-only services. The Ballachulish branch had three daily passenger services.

Closure
The C&OR, part of the LMS railway since 1923, passed into national ownership in 1948.

In 1950s local use of the line declined heavily, and the contrast between summer and winter loadings became more extreme. As traffic declined, it was eventually decided that closure would take place between Dunblane and Crianlarich from 1 November 1965, the through traffic being diverted over the West Highland line and the Crianlarich connection.

The last excursion train was planned over the line for 27 September 1965, but in the small hours a rock fall took place in Glen Ogle. The blockage was considerable, and after engineering assessment it was obvious that re-opening for a few weeks was impracticable. The new timetable was instituted immediately, and Oban residents were pleasantly surprised to find that their journey time to Glasgow was significantly quicker; and the fares (calculated by mileage) were cheaper also. (The converse was the case for Edinburgh.) The London sleeping car was withdrawn.

The present day
The passenger service continues between Oban and Glasgow. There are six daily trains (one not running on Saturdays), taking about 3 hours 6 minutes, with an additional train from Oban to Dalmally and back primarily catering for schools traffic on Mondays to Fridays. Four trains run each way on Sundays. Some trains run combined with Fort William trains between Crianlarich and Glasgow.

Ben Cruachan Quarry Branch
A mineral branch was built to Ben Cruachan Quarry, climbing into the hill from a connection about one kilometre east of Loch awe station. Referred to as the Ben Cruachan Quarry Branch, it closed in 1916. It was built as a zig zag railway so as to reach the quarry which was situated high on the steep mountainside.

During construction of the West Highland Railway, material was taken by rail from this branch for the viaducts on that line.

The quarry and the line closed in 1910. The line itself was dismantled around 1916. Its trackbed can still be clearly traced, and many of the wooden sleepers are still in situ.

Main line
The line opened from the junction with the Dunblane, Doune and Callander Railway near their station at Callander to "Killin" on 1 June 1870. The section from "Killin" to Tyndrum opened on 1 August 1873, and from there to Dalmally on 1 May 1877. The final section to Oban opened on 1 July 1880.

The line between Callander and Crianlarich Junction closed on 28 September 1965; the section from there to Oban remains in use.

 * Junction with the Dunblane, Doune and Callander Railway near their station;
 * Callander;
 * Craig-na-Cailleach Platform; not advertised used by railwaymen and scholars; open circa 1922 closed after 1938
 * Strathyre;
 * Kingshouse; opened 21 June 1871; renamed Kingshouse Platform from 1931;
 * Lochearnhead; renamed Balquhidder 1 July 1904 on opening of the St Fillans line; facing junction for that line;
 * Killin; renamed Glenoglehead Crossing 1 April 1886; closed 30 September 1891;
 * Killin Junction; opened 1 April 1886; trailing junction from Killin; an exchange station only;
 * Luib;
 * Crianlarich; renamed Crianlarich Lower from 1953;
 * Crianlarich Junction; trailing junction for the West Highland connecting line;
 * Tyndrum; terminus station replaced by a through station a short distance west on opening of extension to Dalmally; renamed Tyndrum Lower in 1953;
 * Dalmally;
 * Loch Awe; closed 28 September 1965; reopened 1 May 1985;
 * Falls of Cruachan; used by excursionists from 1 October 1893 but not timetabled; until July 1908; closed 28 September 1965;
 * Taynuilt;
 * Ach-na-cloich; opened June 1881; closed 1 January 1917; reopened 1 March 1919; closed 1 November 1965;
 * Connel Ferry; facing junction to Ballachulish; note; the ferry is long since defunct; the local settlement is named simply Connel;
 * Oban.

The gradient from Callander was a climb of 1 in 61 for one and a half miles, and then broadly level beyond Strathyre; there a stiff climb of 1 in 60 started for five miles to Glenoglehead, a summit at 941 ft. The line then fell at 1 in 69 for five miles to Luib. Moderate undulations followed until a climb resumed after Crianlarich Junction at 1 in 61 to Tyndrum, stiffening to 1 in 49 for a mile to a second summit at 840 ft. There was then a descent at gradients up to 1 in 50 for twelve miles to beyond Dalmally. There was a third summit between Connel Ferry and Oban at 310 ft approached at 1 in 50 for three and a half miles, with a similar fall to Oban.

Ballachulish branch
The line opened on 24 August 1903 and closed on 28 March 1966.

 * Ballachulish;
 * Ballachulish Ferry; closed 1 January 1917; reopened 1 March 1919;
 * Kentallen;
 * Duror;
 * Appin;
 * Creagan;
 * Barcaldine; opened July 1914; closed 24 September 1939; reopened June 1948;
 * Benderloch
 * North Connel;
 * Connel Ferry; see above.

Residual use
Much of the eastern section has been converted to a cycle path known as the Rob Roy Way, with the Kendrum viaduct (on the Lochearnhead, St Fillans and Comrie Railway) restored in 2001 (the girders spanning the river having been scrapped).

Nearly all the stations on the Callander to Crianlarich section of the route have been demolished, with Callander station site now occupied by a car park, and Strathyre by housing. The site of Crianlarich Lower is now occupied by the Crianlarich Community Centre. Balquhidder and Luib stations are now caravan parks. The island platform at Killin Junction survives, though the area is now obscured with trees and undergrowth. Only Glenoglehead station building still stands, now in use as a private house.

Most of the underbridges have been removed or destroyed, but the impressive Glen Ogle viaduct still survives.

Parts of the trackbed between Killin Junction and Crianlarich have been obliterated by improvements to the A85 road.

The Creagan (Loch Creran) Bridge on the former Ballachulish branch was reconstructed as a road bridge in 1999, with a new deck on the retained and reconfigured stone piers. The Connel bridge is still in use as a road bridge.

Much of the track bed between Ballachulish and North Connel has been used as part of National Route 78 of the Sustrans National Cycle Network.

title: Callander and Oban Railway


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Highveld

The Highveld (Afrikaans: Hoëveld,, lit. 'High Field') is the portion of the South African inland plateau which has an altitude above roughly 1500 m, but below 2100 m, thus excluding the Lesotho mountain regions to the south-east of the Highveld. It is home to some of the country's most important commercial farming areas, as well as its largest concentration of metropolitan centres, especially the Gauteng conurbation, which accommodates one-third of South Africa's population.

Location and description
The Highveld constitutes almost the whole of the Free State, and Gauteng Provinces, and portions of the surrounding areas: the western rim of Lesotho, and portions of the Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, North West, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa. The highest part of the Highveld, around 2100 m, is its northeastern well-defined boundary, where the plateau escarpment (the Mpumalanga Drakensberg) separates it from the Mpumalanga Lowveld, (containing, amongst others, the Kruger National Park). Another well defined boundary is to its north where the Magaliesberg separates the Highveld from the Bushveld. The continuation of the Great Escarpment to the south separates the Highveld from KwaZulu-Natal. The south-eastern portion of the Great Escarpment (that portion of the Great Escarpment most commonly referred to as the Drakensberg) rises to over 3000 m and forms the boundary between KwaZulu-Natal and Lesotho. The latter mountainous region is, however, not generally referred to as Highveld, whose boundary at this point runs just inside the Lesotho-Free State border, about 2000 m. From its eastern boundary, the Highveld slopes gently downwards to be bounded by the Great Karoo to the south, the Kalahari desert to the west, the Bushveld to the north, the Mpumalanga Lowveld to the northeast, KwaZulu-Natal to the east, and the Lesotho Highlands, or Mountains, to the southeast. The Highveld covers an area of almost 400000 km2, or roughly 30% of South Africa's land area.

The Highveld terrain is generally devoid of mountains, consisting of rolling plains, especially in the Free State, sometimes interrupted by rocky ridges such as the Witwatersrand, the Magaliesberg, and Vredefort Dome. The Vaal River and its tributaries form the main water drainage system of the Highveld. Tributaries of the Orange River drain the most southerly regions of the Highveld.

The Highveld rainy season occurs in summer, with substantial afternoon thunderstorms being typical occurrences in November, December, and January. Frost occurs in winter.

Urban areas and industry
Cities located on the Highveld include Johannesburg, Pretoria, Bloemfontein, Vereeniging, Welkom, Carletonville, and the cities of the West Rand and East Rand. The diamond-mining city of Kimberley lies on the border of the Highveld and the southeastern Kalahari.

About half of the gold ever produced in the world has been mined on the Highveld since 1880. The largest deposits are located in the Witwatersrand, which centres on Johannesburg, with smaller deposits in the northern Free State near Welkom and Virginia. The Highveld is also exceedingly rich in diamonds, coal, vanadium, and manganese.

The pollution in this region is also very high principally due to coal thermal power stations producing nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide.

Agriculture on the Highveld is generally dominated by extensive grain production and the grazing of beef cattle, with more intensive production of maize, wheat, sorghum, citrus fruits, groundnuts, sunflowers, and vegetables, occurring in irrigated areas and farmland closer to urban areas. The peat base of the grassland acts as a natural filter, providing sources of clean water.

Flora
Naturally occurring vegetation in the Highveld consists of different types of well-established grassland depending on the varying amounts of rainfall across the area: subtropical and temperate grassland, with true savannah not dominating the ecosystem until more tropical latitudes. The major grass species are Hyparrhenia hirta and Sporobolus pyramidalis and among these are other grasses and herbs. Trees and shrubs never thrived due to the frequent fires that occurred in the dry season and the heavy grazing (once by wild animals and now by livestock).

Fauna
The Highveld is home to a number of endangered animals, including straw-coloured fruit bats; Africa's largest snake, the African rock python (Python sebae); mountain zebras; and South Africa's national bird, the blue crane (Anthropoides paradiseus). The only endemic bird species is Botha's lark (Spizocorys fringillaris) and the two endemic mammals – the Free State pygmy mouse (Mus orangiae) and the rough-haired golden mole (Chrysospalax villosa). As well as the python, other reptiles include the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus), rock monitor (Varanus albigularis), and giant girdled lizard or sungazer (Smaug giganteus).

Threats and preservation
Like so many areas of grassland all over the world, the Highveld is excellent agricultural land and most of the area has been converted for farming. The grassland areas now remaining in the natural state are in various nature reserves, which, although a small portion of the Highveld, are still the largest areas of remaining grassland in South Africa. The protected areas include Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, Verloren Valei Nature Reserve, Nooitgedacht Dam Nature Reserve, Bronkhorstspruit Dam Nature Reserve, Vaal Dam Nature Reserve, and Koppies Dam Nature Reserves and Willem Pretorius Game Reserve.

Popular culture

 * The Highveld is featured in Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories, "How the Leopard Got His Spots".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Highveld


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hierarchypedia

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 22:52, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hierarchypedia
Self-promotion partly from User:Hierarchypedia for 4-month old website with 17 registered users. Less than 500 hits, and an Alexa rank of 1,432,947. Niteowlneils 22:53, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete seems like a neat site, but keeping anything with so few registered users would create a very dangerous precident. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  23:53, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, advertisement. Megan1967 00:53, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep : this is not an advertisement. I started this article myself, before I had anything to do with the site.  At that time, I was planning to do articles on a number of wikis that appeared to have some content (but have been waylaid of late - too busy).  I do hope the community will be broad-minded enough to appreciate the value of the article, which does, after all, only state facts about the website.  It does not in any way promote it, in my opinion.  (I don't pretend to be neutral - I am an admin on Hierarchypedia - but that came after writing this article, not before.  At that time, I wasn't even involved with Hierarchypedia in any way).
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 18:13, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Niteowl, delete. The issue is not whether the article is neutral; the issue is that there's millions of websites, and we don't want descriptions for all or even most of them. Radiant! 12:15, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I predict that it will become pretty notable at sometime in the future, but it is not notable now.   →Iñgōlemo←   talk  05:12, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)

 * Hi, this is my website, just a note. It is not promotion, as I didn't star the article. It was started by Davidcannon. I will have no ill feeling if it is deleted --Hierarchypedia 01:38, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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California Baptist University

California Baptist University (Cal Baptist or CBU) is a private Baptist Christian university in Riverside, California. Founded in 1950 as California Baptist College, it is affiliated with the California Southern Baptist Convention, an organization affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention. CBU is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission.

1950s through 1990s
Founded in 1950 as California Baptist College in El Monte, California by the Los Angeles Southern Baptist Association, the new college enrolled 120 students during its first year under the leadership of the first president, P. Boyd Smith. In 1953, the college moved under the wing of the California Southern Baptist Convention, the same year that the first edition of the Angelos, the college yearbook, was published. In 1954, the college received its charter from the state of California.

Soon, the college outgrew its facilities, and, in 1955, moved its campus to the then-rural city of Riverside, California. The school's new 75.6-acre campus was already equipped with constructed buildings that could be used for offices, classrooms, and living areas. What is now known as the Annie Gabriel Library, was the first to be built in 1921. In 1927, the original administration building was constructed whereas the W.E. James Building was built in 1934. The building which now houses the ceramics studio and boiler was constructed in 1938. In 1958, the college named its second president, Lloyd Simmons.

In September 1998, California Baptist College officially became California Baptist University.

2000s through present day
The School of Music was established in 2002, and the Bonnie G. Metcalf School of Education following in 2003. The same year, the university complex, known as the Yeager Center, was opened housing classrooms, administration offices, the cafeteria, computer labs, and professors' offices.

In the fall of 2010, CBU added a College of Health Science and enrollment exceeded 4,700 students.

On September 8, 2015, CBU offered its first doctoral degree, a Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) through the School of Nursing.

The CBU Events Center opened in November 2017. The following year, the CBU Dennis and Carol Troesh Engineering Building was opened.

Expulsion of Domaine Javier
On August 30, 2011, California Baptist University expelled incoming nursing student Domaine Javier for being a transgender woman. CBU claimed she concealed her identity when applying to the school. Before attending classes, Javier revealed her identity on MTV's True Life, after which CBU expelled her. As a result, Javier's attorneys filed a lawsuit against the school on the grounds of discrimination, citing California's Unruh Civil Rights Act. Javier also brought suit against the university for breach of contract. Riverside County Superior Court Judge Gloria Connor Trask ruled on July 11, 2014 that as a transgender person, Javier's application violated the university's moral code and the school was within its rights to expel her. Trask, however, ruled the university should not have prohibited Javier from entering university businesses and services which were open to the public. Because of California Baptist's decision to bar Javier from their campus businesses, Judge Trask ordered the school to pay her $4,000 in statutory damages in addition to attorney's fees.

Annie Gabriel Library
The Annie Gabriel Library is named in honor of Miss Annie Gabriel, whose gifts enabled the initial development of the collection.

Architecture
In 2004, CBU was recognized in a November 2004 article in the American School and University magazine, which recognizes education design excellence, for the construction of the Yeager Center, by Kroh/Broeske Architects in Riverside. The university also won honors from the city of Riverside. The Mission Revival architectural style is a hallmark of CBU's campus.

Athletics
The California Baptist (Cal Baptist) athletic teams are called the Lancers. The university is a member of the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) for most of its sports since the 2018–19 academic year;  while the men's water polo team competes in the Western Water Polo Association (WWPA); and the women's water polo team competes in the Golden Coast Conference (GCC). The Lancers previously competed in the Pacific West Conference (PacWest) of the NCAA Division II ranks from 2011–12 to 2017–18; and in the Golden State Athletic Conference (GSAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1987–88 to 2010–11.

Cal Baptist competes in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, swimming & diving, track (distance), water polo and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, stunt, swimming & diving, track (distance), volleyball and water polo; and co-ed sports include cheerleading and dance.

Schools

 * College of Health Science
 * Department of Kinesiology
 * Department of Physician Assistant Studies
 * Department of Public Health Sciences
 * Department of Allied Health Professions
 * Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders
 * College of Architecture, Visual Art and Design
 * Department of Architecture
 * Department of Graphic Design
 * Department of Photography
 * Department of Film
 * Department of Visual Arts
 * College of Arts and Sciences
 * Department of Aviation Science
 * Department of Biological Sciences
 * Department of Chemical Sciences
 * Department of Communication Arts
 * Department of History and Government
 * Department of Mathematical Sciences
 * Department of Modern Languages & Literature
 * Gordon and Jill Bourns College of Engineering
 * Department of Aerospace, Industrial and Mechanical Engineering
 * Department of Biomedical Engineering
 * Department of Chemical Engineering
 * Department of Civil Engineering and Construction Management
 * Department of Computing, Software and Data Sciences
 * Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
 * Bonnie G. Metcalf School of Education
 * Robert K. Jabs School of Business
 * College of Behavioral and Social Sciences
 * School of Christian Ministries
 * College of Nursing
 * Shelby and Ferne Collinsworth School of Music

Incorporation, accreditations and memberships
California Baptist University is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. In March 2011, WASC awarded a 10-year accreditation reaffirmation to the university, the maximum accreditation period granted by WASC.

In addition, CBU's various schools and colleges hold accreditations from and memberships with organizations related to their specific disciplines. These accreditations and memberships currently include:
 * CBU's Robert K. Jabs School of Business is nationally accredited by the Association of Collegiate Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP).
 * CBU's Shelby and Ferne Collinsworth School of Music is accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music (NASM).
 * Teacher education programs offered by CBU's Bonnie G. Metcalf School of Educations are approved by the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing (CTC). Approval has been given for both multiple-subject and single-subject credential programs.
 * The Master of Science in Athletic Training (MSAT) program offered by CBU's Department of Kinesiology is accredited by the CAATE
 * CBU's nursing program offered by CBU's School of Nursing is approved by the Board of Registered Nurses (BRN) and is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE).
 * CBU's bachelor's degree programs in biomedical engineering (BSBME), chemical engineering (BS), civil engineering (BSCE), electrical and computer engineering (BSECE) and mechanical engineering (BSME) are accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET)
 * CBU's Master of Public Health (MPH) program is accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH).

The university is a member of the American Association of Higher Education, the Association of Independent California Colleges and Universities, the International Association of Baptist Colleges and Universities, the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, and the Servicemembers Opportunity Colleges.

CBU is affiliated with LECOM, the largest medical school in the United States, offering qualified students early acceptance to their medical, dental, and pharmacy schools.

Notable alumni

 * Rick Warren (1976) Author of The Purpose Driven Life and founding and pastor emeritus of Saddleback Church
 * Drew Shirley (1996) Guitarist of the Christian rock band Switchfoot. His first band, All Together Separate, originated at the university and was made up of members of the student body.
 * Nathan Fletcher (1997) Member of the California State Assembly (D-San Diego)
 * Dustin-Leigh Konzelman (2005) Miss California contestant in the 2006 Miss America Pageant. Also a contestant on season 10 and the All-Star edition of the CBS reality show The Amazing Race.
 * Fraser Kershaw (2006) Activist, host of the film, Behind the Water
 * Brent Kutzle (2007) Bassist and cellist for the pop rock band OneRepublic.
 * Corey Jackson (2022) Member of the California Assembly (D-Moreno Valley)

title: California Baptist University


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Las Vegas Convention Center

The Las Vegas Convention Center (commonly referred to as LVCC) is a convention center in Winchester, Nevada. It is owned and operated by the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

As one of the largest convention centers in the world, it has 2500000 sqft of exhibit space and hosts shows with an estimated 200,000 participants. The Conexpo-Con/Agg construction trade show in 2008 used the most space, 2400000 sqft.

At the end of 2010, the entire Las Vegas Valley had more than 10000000 sqft of exhibit space.

History
In the 1950s, the Las Vegas city and county leaders recognized the need for a convention facility. The initial goal was to increase the occupancy rates of hotels during low tourist months. Leaders chose a site one block east of the Las Vegas Strip at the site of the Las Vegas Park Speedway, a failed horse and automobile racing facility from the early 1950s. A 6,300 capacity, silver-domed rotunda with an adjoining 90000 sqft exhibition hall opened in April 1959. The architect of the original structure was Adrian Jennings Wilson (1898–1988) of Los Angeles. It hosted The Beatles on August 20, 1964.

The Convention Center was also the site of several major professional boxing fights in the 1960s: Gene Fullmer versus Sugar Ray Robinson on March 4, 1961; Fullmer versus Benny Paret on December 9, 1961; Sonny Liston versus Floyd Patterson on July 22, 1963; and Muhammad Ali versus Patterson on November 22, 1965.

Led Zeppelin was supposed to perform at the convention center on April 19, 1970, capping the final show of their Spring 1970 North American Tour, but the gig was cancelled due to lead singer Robert Plant falling ill the previous night.

The venue was home to the UNLV Runnin' Rebels men's basketball team from 1966 to 1982. It was demolished in 1990, creating space for expansion. Upon completion, there was vastly more space: 1.6 e6sqft, including 1.3 e6sqft for exhibitors, making it one of the largest single-level facilities in the world.

The Las Vegas Convention Center Act of 1971 authorized the use of $7 million to rebuild, remodel or expand the center. By 1985, the center had held 7,000 conventions since its opening.

The Convention Center dome hosted two Billy Graham Crusades between 1978 and 1980.

On December 19, 1993, the draw for the 1994 FIFA World Cup was held at the building.

In 1993, the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority (LVCVA) purchased the defunct Landmark hotel-casino, which was across from the convention center. LVCVA demolished the resort in 1995 to develop additional parking on the site for convention guests. An expansion in 1998 increased the center to 1.9 e6sqft.

While it functioned, COMDEX was the most attended trade show in the United States, with over 200,000 attendees on several occasions.

In 2000, early planning began for another expansion of the center. The new $150 million South Hall was topped out on February 20, 2001. It would consist of 1.3 e6sqft. Upon completion in 2004, it crossed a major roadway (Desert Inn Road), with four bridges connecting the facilities.

As of 2009, the Consumer Electronics Show is the most attended annual trade show at this location, with more than 140,000 attendees.

In 2018, the Las Vegas Convention Center released plans to undergo yet another $890 million expansion, the 14th in its history. The expansion intended to increase the center's meeting space and improve the building's overall design. Updates would feature the latest in technology, as well as to connect the Convention Center to the Las Vegas Strip. The authority has announced plans to expand the direction of the LVCC by creating a Las Vegas Global Business District. Those plans resulted in the announcement for the acquisition of the Riviera in February 2015 for $182.5 million.

Work was underway on the expansion in 2019 on land previously occupied by the Landmark and Riviera resorts. The 1.4 e6sqft expansion includes 150000 sqft of dedicated meeting space and 600000 sqft of exhibit space. The expansion was complete as of 2021.

Las Vegas Convention Center Loop
Construction of an underground Las Vegas Convention Center Loop, people mover by The Boring Company began in late 2019 to reduce walking times within the center. Twin tunnels opened in June 2021 at a cost of $53 million with three stations 40 feet below the surface, shuttling passengers in conventional, human-driven Tesla vehicles. While the long-term goal of the system is to have autonomous vehicles operating at higher speeds, as of May 2021 no date has been set for this.

In popular culture
A variety of shows have been taped in the convention center including Food Network specials and the 2009 Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions. Numerous conventions produce live shows in the facility.

In The Boss Baby, the Forever puppies got launched here via Puppyco's in-house built rocket but failed to deliver.

title: Las Vegas Convention Center


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Business object

A business object is an entity within a multi-tiered software application that works in conjunction with the data access and business logic layers to transport data.

Business objects separate state from behaviour because they are communicated across the tiers in a multi-tiered system, while the real work of the application is done in the business tier and does not move across the tiers.

Function
Whereas a program may implement classes, which typically end in objects managing or executing behaviours, a business object usually does nothing itself but holds a set of instance variables or properties, also known as attributes, and associations with other business objects, weaving a map of objects representing the business relationships.

A domain model where business objects do not have behaviour is called an anemic domain model.

Examples
For example, a "Manager" would be a business object where its attributes can be "Name", "Second name", "Age", "Area", "Country" and it could hold a 1-n association with its employees (a collection of "Employee" instances).

Another example would be a concept like "Process" having "Identifier", "Name", "Start date", "End date" and "Kind" attributes and holding an association with the "Employee" (the responsible) that started it.

title: Business object


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Talk:Kirkland House

Personal identity
Repeated posting of non-notable persons identities and information will result in measures being taken to protect the project and its contributors. Please desist. Thank you. -- Avi (talk) 16:50, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:00, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thomas Sowell cropped.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:41, 9 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thomas Sowell cropped.jpg

title: Talk:Kirkland House


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Liquid and digits

Liquid and digits is a type of gestural, interpretive, rave and urban street dance that sometimes involve aspects of pantomime. The term invokes the word liquid to describe the fluid-like motion of the dancer's body and appendages and digits to refer to illusions constructed with the dancer's fingers. Liquid dancing has many moves in common with popping and waving. ("Waving" is a style of dance where the dancer tries to make it appear that waves are rolling through their body.) The exact origins of the dances are uncertain, although they came out of either popping, raves, or both sometime from the 1970s to 1990s. The dance is typically done to a variety of electronic dance music genres from trance to drum and bass to glitch hop, depending on the dancer's musical taste.

title: Liquid and digits


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Citroën Méhari

The Citroën Méhari is a lightweight recreational and utility vehicle, manufactured and marketed by French carmaker Citroën over 18 years in a single generation. Built in front-wheel (1968–1988) and four-wheel drive (1980–1983) variants, it features ABS plastic bodywork with optional/removable doors and foldable, stowable, fabric convertible top.

The Méhari weighed approximately 535 kg, and featured the fully independent suspension and chassis of all Citroën 'A-Series' vehicles, using the 602 cc (36.7 cu in) variant of the flat twin petrol engine shared with the 2CV6, Dyane, and Citroën Ami. The car also uses the Dyane's headlights and bezels, and 4WD units differ externally by having the spare wheel on the hood, in a molded recess.

The car is named after the fast-running dromedary camel, the méhari, which can be used for racing or transport. Citroën manufactured 144,953 Méharis between the car's French launch in May 1968 and the end of production in 1988.

The Méhari and variants were built in many additional variants (under license or not), in a host of other countries, including versions with a fiberglass instead of ABS body, and 2WD version with spare wheel on the hood.

Origin
The Méhari was designed by French World War II fighter ace Count Roland de la Poype, who headed the French company SEAB - Société d'Etudes et d'Applications des Brevets. He developed the idea of using a plastic, rather than fiberglass body. De la Poype evaluated the fashionable Mini Moke and was determined to improve on its low ground clearance, hard suspension, and rust-prone body.

This company was already a supplier to Citroën, and SEAB developed a working concept of the car before presenting it to its client.

French military
The French Army purchased 7,064 Méharis – some of which were modified to have 24 V electric power to operate the two way radio.

Méhari 4x4
In 1979, Citroën launched the Méhari 4x4 with drive to all four wheels. Unlike the Citroën 2CV Sahara 4x4, this car had only one engine, rather than one engine per axle.

The body is distinguished by its spare wheel mounted on the specially designed bonnet, its additional bumpers, front and rear, its flared wheel arches (for 1982), big optional tyres (for 1982) and tail lights similar to the Citroën Acadiane van. The 4x4 version has a gearbox with four normal speeds and a three-speed transfer gearbox for crossing slopes of up to 60 percent. At the time, the Méhari 4x4 was one of the few 4x4s with four-wheel independent suspension. The car had all wheel disc brakes.

Méhari 4x4 production stopped in 1983. It only sold in small numbers as it cost twice as much as the standard, two-wheel drive car.

Limited editions
Two limited edition versions of the Méhari were sold:
 *  'Azur' : initially planned in a limited edition of 700 copies, the  Mehari Azur  was then integrated into the "normal" range given the great success achieved. The  Azur  was distinguished from the other  Méhari  by its white body with blue doors, grille and soft top. The seats were upholstered in blue and white striped fabric.
 *  'Plage' : at the same time as the  Azur  the  Plage  series was introduced, reserved for the markets of the Iberian Peninsula. The car, produced in Mangualde, in Portugal (where a new production node for the  Méhari  had been activated). It was characterized by a yellow body with white rims.

Irish military
Citroën Méhari was also in service with the Irish Defence Forces, which bought a total of 12 vehicles in the late 1970s; most were sold at auction about 1985, but one is retained at the Defence Forces Training Centre in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare, Ireland.

Portugal
The Méhari was produced at the Mangualde factory, where it built 17,500 copies.

Spain
The Méhari was produced at the Vigo factory from late 1969 to 1980, of which 12,480 copies were produced. Imported models would continue to be marketed until 1987.

UK
The Méhari was never type approved for sale in the UK. The 2CV on which it was based also had a gap in UK sales, from 1961 to 1974.

United States
Citroën marketed the Méhari in the United States for model years 1969–1970, where the vehicle was classified as a truck. As trucks had far more lenient National Highway Traffic Safety Administration safety standards than passenger cars in the US, the Méhari could be sold without seat belts. Budget Rent-A-Car offered them as rentals in Hawaii. Hearst Castle, in San Simeon, California, used them as groundskeeper cars.

Elvis Presley featured a US Model Méhari prominently in his 1973 broadcast Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite

Revisions for the US market included:
 * Altered front panel with larger 7" sealed-beam headlamps
 * Lateral side marker lights
 * Special boot lid with room for US registration plate and a lamp (Lucas) either side of it.
 * Straight rear bumper.
 * Two-speed wiper motor.
 * Reversing lights.
 * Hexagonal yellow "cats eyes" on front and rear sides.

Argentina and Uruguay
The Méhari was manufactured in two different periods: 1971 to 1980 by Citroën Argentina SA with 3,997 units produced. Citroën left Argentina following the collapse of the economy in the late 1970s.

The IES company (Industrias Eduardo Sal-Lari) in 1984 resurrected the model, this time under the name  Safari  or Gringa until 1986, maintaining practically all the technical characteristics of the original model, but with flared wheel arches and big tires. The spare wheel was mounted on the hood, thus gaining luggage space. Contrary to French units with the spare on the hood, these were only front-wheel drive.

The Argentine Méhari used the "3CV" (Citroën Ami) platform, with all its mechanics. Consequently it had drum brakes, and not discs, like its French predecessor. The bodywork also had differences, due to the fiberglass, since there was no machinery to model plastics of this size. The body of the Argentine Méhari was manufactured in Uruguay by Dasur, and the chassis were sent from Argentina so that the Nordex company could make the assembly.

In 1971 at the time of its presentation, the only color was red, although later some were made blue for the police of Tucumán. Coinciding with the launch of the 3CV M-28 in 1978, the Méhari II was launched, distinguished by its widened rims and its orange color.

This Uruguayan version of the Méhari was manufactured under license by the firm Nordex, and had a fiberglass body – instead of the French original ABS plastic (also used for refrigerator interiors). Equipment to heat ABS sheet material, and then cut with a refrigerated die, did not yet exist in Uruguay. It was decided to make the same vehicle using fiberglass reinforced polyester. Otherwise, it was mostly similar to its French sister, but the rear wheel arches have a different shape and are noticeably larger; it also featured a removable hardtop. 14,000 units were built. Of the 14,000 units, 5,000 remained in Uruguay and 9,000 went to Argentina within the CAUCE agreement. Some Méharis, built in Uruguay, were sold in Argentina under the name of Naranja Mecanica ("Clockwork Orange").

Baby Brousse & FAF
Citroën built metal-bodied variants of the A-Series, in many ways steel-bodied Méharis, in many countries around the world, including the Baby Brousse and the Citroën FAF.

Developed in Chile under the order of Salvador Allende in the year 1971 and produced between 1972 and 1974, the FAF Yagán version was inspired by the French Mèhari. At first, the possibility of importing the Mehari bodywork from Uruguay was considered, but its high price discouraged those responsible for the project. Despite being an artisanal vehicle – the Yagán was made entirely by hand and no type of dies or molds were used – some 1,500 units were produced at its factory in Arica, where other Citroën vehicles were also assembled, such as the Ami 8 and the 2CV. Distinctive about the Yagán was that the base chassis was that of the Citroën 2CV rather than the Méhari, and that the goal of 50% Chilean componentry was reached. Its failure was due to the high unit cost compared to higher quality models, in addition to the failed incorporation into the Chilean Army.

Post-production, imitations

The Méhari ended production in 1988 with no replacement. This left a gap in the market, that others have tried to address.

VanClee

The VanClee company made a number of fiberglass kit-cars. Their models 'Emmet' and 'Mungo' were based on the Citroën A-series platform and mechanicals, and were clearly inspired by the Méhari.

Fiberfab Sherpa

The Méhari was never type approved for sale in Germany, because the ABS body is flammable at 400 degrees C. In 1975, German fiberglass kit car specialist Fiberfab developed the Sherpa, using Citroën delivered platforms, and sold 250 units.

Teilhol
The Teilhol company, which had been building the recently defunct Renault Rodeo, created the Tangara using 2CV mechanicals, with bolt-on pre-dyed GRP panels. It also created a Citroën AX-based model. The company ceased operations in 1990.

Chassis restorations
Due to its mechanical simplicity, the Méhari can easily be restored to "as new" condition; all parts including the chassis are easily available, creating a thriving restoration market.

Cassis electric Méhari
Méhari Club Cassis, a specialist based in the South of France, has been rebuilding the cars for many years, and as of 2019 sells brand new Méhari cars with an electric powertrain. These qualify for exemption from French new car regulations (for the vintage 1968 design) as long as the car is not driven on the motorway (voitures sans permis).

Factory electric Méhari
The factory began selling a new electric car, the Citroën E-Méhari in 2016.

Colours
The car's colour was integrated into the ABS plastic during production, with limited colour choices. One colour, Vert Montana, remained a choice throughout the car's entire production span. Except for the limited edition Azur, the official names of colours all refer to desert regions.

As ultraviolet sunlight degrades the colourfastness of ABS plastic, unrestored cars have sometimes faded. New bodies for restorations are available in various original colours.

Criminal activity

 * In 1973–1974, 63 Citroën Méharis were burned by an arsonist in Paris for unknown reasons.

 * In 1985, the Neapolitan journalist Giancarlo Siani was murdered, hit 10 times in the head by two hitmen sent by the Camorra while in his Méhari, green with a black canvas top. Between October and December 2013, Siani's Méhari made a trip from Naples to Brussels, passing through Rome, in order to remember the life of this journalist, like all the other journalists killed by the mafia.

title: Citroën Méhari


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Category:Harvard Houses

These are the twelve upperclass undergraduate Houses of Harvard University.

See also: List of residential colleges

title: Category:Harvard Houses


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Publius Pundit

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 23:44, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Publius Pundit
3-month old blog with an Alexa rank of 1,181,476. Niteowlneils 23:23, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless supporting evidence of note is provided. Advert? I'd trust the Alexa rank over the number of Google hits anyday considering the incestuous online nature of blogging. If it breaks any news stories rather than repeating them then it will deserve an article, but there's no evidence provided of that as yet. Average Earthman 00:37, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisement. --Sn0wflake 01:26, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, blog advertisement. Megan1967 02:40, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this is actually my blog. I'm not sure why it is in here, but this was brought to my attention through my referrers counter. My blog, at this point, is definitely not notable in the grand scheme of things. Feel free to delete it if you deem so. Robert Mayer 03:00, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Musique pour Supermarché

Length correct?
The given length of 35:49 does not match the sum of the track lengths, which is 29:49!

Titles
"Overture" doesn't count. That should be part 1. Side 2 begins with part 5, which is Blah Blah Café, and not the end of side 1. It just makes so much more sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by PikaSka (talk • contribs) 16:29, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

Sources and copyright
I recently added a small text about "fan remakes" of Music for Supermarkets. I'd like to source it, however, all forum posts/web pages relating to fan remakes generally contain a download link to said remakes. I'm uncertain whether this constitutes a violation of copyright, so I just left it with a "citation needed" for now. Hotbuilder (talk) 18:32, 18 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Musique pour Supermarché


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User talk:Timberdinky

I guess that you guys didn't communicate on this issue, probably my fault for not knowing the correct method to reply. I have already apologized to Dan and promised to add NO more links. I have NOT attempted to add any more links. Feel free to check with Dan. My aplogies - NO MORE LINKS. Regards, David Woodsmall (Timberdinky) (talk) 12:13, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That's good to hear...I'd hope you still might find some other way to contribute, though ;-) Cheers, — Matt Crypto 23:28, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Timberdinky


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Ahab the Arab

"Ahab the Arab" (also written "Ahab, the Arab") is a novelty song written and recorded by Ray Stevens in 1962.

Lyrics
In the song, Arab is pronounced  to rhyme with Ahab. The hero of the story is Clyde the camel and Stevens made references to Clyde numerous times throughout his career. The song portrays a "sheik of the burning sands" named Ahab. He is highly decorated with jewelry, and every night he hops on his camel named Clyde on his way to see Fatima, who is the best dancer in the Sultan's harem. Fatima is described with a modified quote from the 1909 hit, "I've Got Rings On My Fingers": "with rings on her fingers and bells on her toes and a bone in her nose, ho ho". During the ride, Ahab "speaks" (actually, produces ululations that parody the Arabic language) to Clyde. A 1969 re-recording adds the advertising catch phrase "Sold, American!" to the end of one chant. The phrase was well known from the commercials for radio's popular The Jack Benny Program, sponsored by Lucky Strike cigarettes. The program began and ended with two tobacco auctioneers rattling off prices in a rapid-fire similar to Stevens' delivery, ending with "Sold American!"

When Ahab finds Fatima in her tent, she is ironically engaged in stereotypically Western behavior: "eating on a raisin, and a grape, and an apricot, and a pomegranate, a bowl of chittlins, two bananas, three Hershey bars, and sipping on an RC co-cola, and eating a Moon Pie, listenin' to her transistor, watchin' the Grand Ole Opry, and readin' Mad Magazine while she sang, 'Does your chewing gum lose its flavor?'" Ahab woos Fatima with another mock Arabic chant, this time a quote from the song "Let's Twist Again" by Chubby Checker. Fatima (portrayed by Stevens in falsetto) responds to Ahab's advances with laughter and an (English) utterance that Ahab is "crazy".

Ahab loves Fatima, which apparently does not sit too well with the Sultan, whose appearance prompts an escape attempt, which does succeed, because Clyde was the fastest camel in the desert, and they "lived happily ever after" (the original single version was edited and does not mention the escape attempt at all, instead ending the song with Fatima saying, "Crazy, baby!").

In Stevens' career
It followed "Jeremiah Peabody's Polyunsaturated Quick-Dissolving Fast-Acting Pleasant-Tasting Green and Purple Pills", becoming his second top 40 hit. It reached number five on Billboard's Hot 100 and number nine on the Billboard R&B chart. It remains one of the best-selling records of Stevens' career. Stevens has recorded the song at least three times and there have also been edited versions. Along with "The Streak", it was one of Stevens' biggest hits and contributed greatly to his popularity.

A later song by Stevens, a Christmas novelty number called "Santa Claus Is Watching You", features a "cameo" by Clyde. The intrepid camel is pressed into service in place of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (in different recordings of the song, the famous reindeer's reason for being absent alternates between "He's on a stakeout at your house" or being "all stove up in the hospital" after injuring himself during "a twist contest"). The song also repeats the "Ahab the Arab" schtick of reciting a random list of objects, in this case gifts for "all the good little girls and boys."

Stevens has said that Clyde the camel was named after rhythm-and-blues singer Clyde McPhatter, formerly the lead singer of The Drifters. Clyde is arguably the most memorable character of the song, due to Stevens' exaggerated imitation of a camel's braying vocalization. Clyde has become something of a mascot for Stevens, and for several years in the late 1990s and early 2000s the artist released albums and video entertainment under the label Clyde Records (complete with camel-shaped logo). Clyde Records continues to be the outlet for a lot of contemporary material from Stevens.

Stevens' music publishing company was once named Ahab Music Inc. before he changed its name in 1977 to Ray Stevens Music. His publishing company is affiliated with BMI.

Other versions

 * Stevens re-recorded the song for his 1969 album Gitarzan and again for the song's music video in 1995.
 * A cover version of Stevens' song was released in July 1962 by Jimmy Savile, backed by the English pop group The Tremeloes, featuring Brian Poole.
 * Kinky Friedman recorded the song for his 1977 album Lasso from El Paso.
 * Cledus T. Judd covered the song in his 2007 album Boogity, Boogity – A Tribute to the Comedic Genius of Ray Stevens.

title: Ahab the Arab


text:
TKO Software

TKO Software was a video game developer founded in 2002 in Santa Cruz, California, United States by Jacob Hawley and Michael Songy.

TKO Software created Medal of Honor: Allied Assault: Breakthrough (2003) and the multiplayer portion of Medal of Honor: Pacific Assault (2004), both for Electronic Arts. The company created content for EA's GoldenEye: Rogue Agent, and multiple mobile and handheld titles, including The Elder Scrolls Travels: Shadowkey for Nokia's N-Gage and mobile versions of Tenchu, X-Men 2: Battle, Gauntlet and an adventure game based on the movie The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.

The company was working on video games based upon the 2005 film Sahara, and upon Logan's Run.

In 2004, TKO Software sold back the multiplayer rights of Ashen Empires to refocus on its core business.

In January 2005 TKO Software shut down its PC and console games development studio, located in Santa Cruz, leading to the loss of around 60 jobs. The rest of the company's studios closed down shortly afterwards in August 2005.

Titles

 * Ashen Empires
 * Medal of Honor: Allied Assault Breakthrough
 * Leisure Suit Larry: Pocket Party
 * The Elder Scrolls Travels: Shadowkey
 * Gauntlet (mobile version)
 * Knuckle-Up!
 * Tenchu: Wrath of Heaven
 * X-Men 2: Battle

title: TKO Software


text:
User talk:DavidParfitt

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 23:56, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

On Macedonia
Reposted from Village Pump
 * We currrently have Republic of China for Taiwan. Surely this is as potentially inflamatory for many from the People's Reupublic to the west?  I have conceded to the naming of the article as the Republic of Macedonia (Republic of Ireland is used in a similar fashion to describe the nation entity in contrast to the whole of Ireland).  It remains down to the country itself to call itself what it wants to and whether you see the Greeks' stance as one of the most petty cases of nationalist anger or as a noble act of protecting a heritage is irrelevent.  We should be none partisan at all times.  Citing the international use of FYROM by groups who largely need the grip of diplomacy on the slipery pole of politics to suit their own agendas, is a weak defence of its use.  Heaven forbid the wrath of J. M. Barrie fans if a country calls itself Neverland Dainamo June 21, 2005

Brighton and Hove ampersand
Hi. To my knowledge, the city does not formally have an ampersand in its name. If you read the order establishing the borough, you will note that it consistently uses 'Brighton and Hove' and never 'Brighton & Hove'. The use of "Westward Ho!" here shows that they would do such things.

You imply perhaps that the borough changed its name when it achieved city status some years later? I would like to see a reference for this please. Otherwise I think it should be moved back to "Brighton and Hove", which is (a) the official name, (b) less problematic in the web and (c) anyway much nicer on the eyes. I realise the council use the term with "&", both in their own name and for the city, but the formal name of the council and the city remains, as far as i can tell, ampersand-less. To take another example, we have an article East Hertfordshire, not East Herts, despite the fact that the council informally uses the latter term. (On the other hand we have an article South Bucks, because the district really is called that in law!)

I look forward to your response.

Morwen - Talk 23:58, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Cuban espionage and related extraterritorial activity revised
I've nominated this article for being protected from edition, hope it helps in getting it more NPOV (the way it's right now is extremely anti-Castro POV). If you have time and will, could you please help me with this? Thanks in advance TrollDeBatalla

Academic art article
Hi David, I wrote the original article, and when I wrote it I understood very well the ways in which academic art appeared in countries other than France. 'Academism' as it came to be used does refer to a certain refined style where the center was even at the time considered to be in France, which was generally the center of culture at the time. Other European academies were influenced heavily by the French model, which I mentioned. Criticisms of 'academism' were also heavily influenced by French criticisms. There is no attempt to exclude anything but the French school. Mentions of Makart, Leys, Scheffer, Leighton, and other non-French academics are there. As for England, much can be said about Joshua Reynolds' writings about art and how they relate to academism, which are referenced in the article on hierarchy of genres which I wrote and is linked to in the academic art article. I also wrote the article on Hans Makart, who is a strong example of academism in Austria. Aside from England, it would be interesting to write further about what happened in Germany and Austria, and how the local traditions led to different results, partly because history painting was at first discouraged by Metternich. Its true that Pre-Raphaelites also had a revolt and this isnt discussed in the article. Its interesting to note that many highly regarded French academics themselves criticized 'academism' before there were any real revolts. So much is left out that can be discussed. There is a reason though under the Criticism and Legacy section, why that Pre-Raphaelites weren't mentioned and it leads to a neater path to modernism, because the legacy of the academic style was the modernist reaction, where pre-Raphaelites don't hold a high place. If I wrote the article longer, I could have included a lot more. Do you think its important for all of this to be worked into the article? I was actually working on writing something apart from Wikipedia to present a new history of 19th century art, where I discuss different traditions in different countries; but for the Wikipedia academism article I think I wrote enough. Brianshapiro

 * Thank you for your message back to me. You're right of course how the debate shaped up in England at the time. I understand some of this also; and how many English academics argued that the artist should work for the market. I actually mentioned it in the article I wrote for kitsch. Its also interesting how the debate shaped in different countries other than France--as I hinted, in Austria, for instance, academic art, its main figure in Makart, became very much about public decoration. Metternich as head of the Academy discouraged history painting, because other forms of painting were considered to be of more moral benefit (contrast to France), after which history painting was mainly confined to decorating public spaces. This hard stance was later given up but it led to artists like Makart, who were also decorators and designers who were united with Wagner in seeking a 'total work of art'. The revolt against academism in central Europe was the Jugenstil and other Art Nouveau movements, which were similarly oriented around decoration. I guess I neglected to mention these different traditions in countries other than France, because 'academism' was usually used to refer to the French model, which relied on strict codifications, and the French model was really the central one--the "art pompier." If you take Leighton, who was closest to French academics, was criticized sometimes for being too much like a "French academic." I think though now that this was brought up I will edit the article to be more inclusive. Brianshapiro

Image galleries
You recently commented at Wikipedia_talk:What_Wikipedia_is_not. In a related development, another, in my mind, valuable Image gallery is up for deletion (AfD). Please comment as you see fit. Dsmdgold 15:35, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Public art article
I don't know if you're still interested and I am very new to Wiki but have made some comments on the Public Art page and would like to engage in discussion. It's a topic I deal with everyday and I consider my attention to the page a part of my practice. Hope to see you there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bmccarren (talk • contribs) 01:09, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of Red Herring Artists for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Red Herring Artists is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Red Herring Artists & until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Sionk (talk) 20:25, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Red Herring Artists

The article Red Herring Artists has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Article was nominated for AfD but the discussion attracted no interest at all. Article is about an organisation that claims notability based on the achievements of a couple of its artist members. Organizations don't inherit notability from the achievements of their members. The verbal quote in the article counts for nothing, being from an unpublished verbal speech.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Sionk (talk) 04:28, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:DavidParfitt


text:
User talk:MartyHeyman

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 23:34, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:MartyHeyman


text:
User talk:Lanoitarus

 * TALK ARCHIVES: 1-50

James "Buddy" McLean
Lanoitaurus,
 * I'm unsure if you are already aware, however an anonymous user 24.34.49.160 has repeatedly removed the photo of McLean as well as an "unsourced" quote which I have provided a source for. I believe this has gone past the "Three-Revert Rule" however, as prior discussions havn't done much good, I'm not sure it its even worth bringing up on the talk page. MadMax 07:50, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Fraternity template-Mission Statement
I'm going to add that as an option to the infobox, I'll post on your talk page when I get it working. Stealthound 16:37, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Done Stealthound 17:17, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Greek template
As a member of the Fraternity and Sorority project, please check out the proposed project template and leave your feedback. Scoutersig 17:10, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Greek Life Template 2.0
OK, I've added ratings and ranking to the proposed template for Fraternities and Sororities, with the requirements to be found on the appropriate page. We're waiting on a transparent picture; is there anything else to be done to this template? I'd like to give it another week or so before making it an official template. Just leave some comments on the template talk page for the template. —ScouterSig 02:05, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

VCN request
Hi Lanoitarus. About your request in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Essjay/Verifications#Request_Queue

What is needed in that case is to link nicknames, not to add a new nick in the channel access list.

First, you have to register and identify with the nick "Lanoitarus_", and with that nick do:.

And that's all! Then freenode services will "know" that the same person owns those nicks, so you won't have to identify twice, you'll share memos, channel access lists, and some other things.

To verify you did it well, in your  you should see something like:

Linked Nicknames (first is master): 1) FrancoGG  2) FrancoGG_

See  for more information.

Bye. FrancoGG ( talk ) 03:27, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Friendly Reminder
In regards to your recent edit to the University of Rochester article, please take care not to remove content when making corrections. Thank you for the edit. -Cquan 17:00, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, didn't mean to sound condescending at all! -Cquan 18:32, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok, I looked and Harvard actually says the official color is simply "Crimson" in multiple places ( and ) and not "Harvard Crimson", which I believe is a reference to the teams and such. However, since it's best that the infobox not look crowded, I think I'll go with you on the current edit since the swatch illustrates the particular color and the name "Rochester Blue" is mentioned in the symbols section. Thanks again and sorry for misinterpreting your intentions! -Cquan 18:42, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

University of Rochester article help
Hey, I was wondering if you have any knowledge/ability/possible inclination to improve the history section on the UR article. I've attempted to read the compiled history of the university to get some good content, but I literally fell asleep reading it:-P. I'm hunting to get it up to good article status and I think that's the most deficient section. Any ideas or willing to pitch in? Thanks! -Cquan (talk, AMA Desk) 22:31, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Image:Analysis Group.gif
Hello, Lanoitarus. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:Analysis Group.gif) was found at the following location: User:Lanoitarus/Analysis Group. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 03:34, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Frank_Salemme.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Frank_Salemme.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 15:59, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Image:HowieWinter.jpg
I have tagged Image:HowieWinter.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 21:32, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Image:Stehphen_Flemmi.jpg
I have tagged Image:Stehphen_Flemmi.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 11:42, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Image:Stehphen_Flemmi.jpg
Hi, Thank you for uploading Image:Stehphen_Flemmi.jpg,however it would be much appreciated if you could expand or clarify the sourcing information you have provided in the image summary.,In particular which law enforcment agency took the photo originally? Also you state 'public domain' by virture of federal laws, can you confirm the photo was taken by a 'federal' agency? ShakespeareFan00 11:44, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Invitation to Join WikiProject Crime
Would you like to upgrade from an honorary member to a full member of the WikiProject Criminal Biography? Your work on organized crime articles has been greatly appreciated I think you would be a great asset to our project. Jmm6f488 07:24, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Image:US_Helicopters_logo.gif
I have tagged Image:US_Helicopters_logo.gif as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. Thank you. – Dream out loud (talk) 20:33, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Re: Image:US_Helicopters_logo.gif
I appreciate your message, so let me fill you in on what's missing. A rationale is an explanation of why an image qualifies for fair use, and is not to be confused with a license tag. A license tag, such as Non-free logo simply states that an image is fair use, but an explanation of why it qualifies must be included in addition. Also, simply stating "Fair use is asserted," doesn't qualify for a rationale. The reason this is important is because fair use images should only be used if they cannot be replaced. For example, a copyrighted picture of an existing building does not qualify for fair use because it is possible to create a free picture of that building yourself. On the other hand, logos cannot be replaced, but still must include a rationale of why that is the case. The template Logo fur is the easiest way to do this, and I have added it to Image:US Helicopter logo.png, so take a look at the page to see how it's used. As a I side note, I re-uploaded the image as a PNG file because GIFs should not be uploaded to Wikipedia unless they are animated images. Let me know if you have any further questions.

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Alpha Phi Crest.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Alpha Phi Crest.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 04:04, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:SDT crest.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:SDT crest.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:34, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lanoitarus