text:
Talk:Arabian Sea

Alternative names
The Arabian Sea historically and geographically had many other different names by Muslim travelers and European geographers such as: Akhzar Sea, Persian Sea,, Chah Bahar, Makran Sea, Sindhu Sagar, Erythraean Sea, Dera Macran, and Sindh Sea. The name of the sea is disputed amongst some historians in Iran and Pakistan. They collectively argue and believe that the name Arabian Sea was first used on maps due to colonialism in the past 400 years. Among historians, travellers and geographers of the Islamic era, many of them writing in Arabic or persian from the 9th to the 17th century, Ibn Khordadbeh, Ibn al-Faqih, Ibn Rustah, Sohrab, Ramhormozi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al Istakhri, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Mas'udi, Al-Mutahhar ibn Tahir al-Maqdisi (d. 966), Ibn Hawqal, Al-Muqaddasi, Ibn Khaldun, Mohammad ibn Najub Bekiran, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Muhammad al-Idrisi, Yaqut al-Hamawi, Zakariya al-Qazwini, Abu'l-Fida, Al-Dimashqi, Hamdollah Mostowfi, Al-Nuwayri, Ibn Batutta, Katip Çelebi and other sources have used the terms, "Bahr-i Mohit", "Bahr-i Mohit i Ajam", "Bahr-al-'Ajami", "Bahr-i-Fars", "Dera-i-Fars"(Persian), and "Bahr-i Mokran/Mecran", "Bahr-i Al Akhzar" (green) to refer to the current Arabian sea. ("Bahr-in Arabic means Sea" and Mohit means ocean) none of them referred to as Arabian sea. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maahmaah (talk • contribs) 12:25, 14 April 2012

05:26, 19 December 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Basp1 (talk • contribs)
 * you can work at your sandbox. Currently all you have been adding is content sourced to Wikipedia and a persian blog. Read WP:RS, WP:SPS, WP:SNYTH and WP:FRINGE.--SharabSalam (talk) 06:00, 19 December 2019 (UTC

Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, Muhammad al-Idrisi,Istakhri ,Mahmud al-Kashgari ,Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad and Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi had mentioned the sea as Persian sea and sea of Mokran.there are many maps and atlases which prove the names other than Arabian sea in the past centuries .there are a lot of famous facts and documents. some of the midival map including the map by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 had mentioned the Persian sea and also Makran. thumb|The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast
 * 1) the books that have been mentioned are very important and reliable source in the world. you seem to be against any reliable source that mentioned the facts. you think that this sources Are not reliable and you are reliable ?? you should prove it :Yaqut al-Hamawi mentioned it as Akhzar sea  Ibn Khordadbeh ,

 * thumb|The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast

 * thumb|Basra bahrefars — Preceding unsigned comment added by Basp1 (talk • contribs) 06:50, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

 * 1)

[] i will bring for you many maps and documents please wait  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Basp1 (talk • contribs) 06:47, 19 December 2019 (UTC)
 * thumb|TabulaRogeriana upside-down

06:24, 19 December 2019 (UTC)
 * yep, these are not reliable sources and also original research. The sources you gave in the article were Wikipedia and this blog. The [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/miscmaps1600s/coronelli/coronelli1693.jpg map also mention the Arabian sea "Mare Arabia", I am not sure if the "Persian sea" was a small sea next to the Arabian sea( possibly the Gulf of Oman since it is located there and not mentioned in the map?). Also I went and checked these what al-Idrisi and forementioned people said and I found that they were referring to the Persian Gulf not the Arabian sea.--SharabSalam (talk) 06:42, 19 December 2019 (UTC)
 * (Just to make things clear, Basp1 has edited his first comment adding more images since I replied)
 * These are interesting maps. It appears though that the Gulf of Oman was called Sea of Persia not the Arabian sea. See the maps you posted like this one File:Basra bahrefars.jpg--SharabSalam (talk) 10:08, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Your deletion without reason proved that are not a neutral person and you should not remove my refrences

It is up to managers to decide about this part. so keep quite. look to the map in this page for example this:   []

and the maps in this page : — Preceding unsigned comment added by Basp1 (talk • contribs) 05:19, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

Recently research
It has one of the. Largest dead zone in ocean being lifeless because of depleted oxygen Personale (talk) 08:23, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

Etymology
″The Arabian Sea has repeatedly changed its name, first called in ancient times the sea of Eritrea, with reference to the sea of Eritrea which bordered it. In the 18th century it was called mar di India, as it appears from a map drawn up in 1707 by a Dutch publisher and bookseller. Article translated from French. Web link: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_d%27Arabie″ --Kiss de Băbeni (talk) 14:06, 19 October 2019 (UTC) --Kiss de Băbeni (talk) 14:06, 19 October 2019 (UTC) --Kiss de Băbeni (talk) 14:06, 19 October 2019 (UTC) --Kiss de Băbeni (talk) 14:06, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

"Persian sea" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Persian sea. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 May 18 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. -- Tamzin (she/they, no pref.) | o toki tawa mi. 07:39, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

previous Historical names
(this part is necessary to be added to Arabian sea, the sources are reliable. but it is only a matter of history should not be alternative name.)

historical names
The Arabian Sea historically and geographically has been referred to with different names by Turks, persian, Arabs and scholars of Geography and cartography in medieval Islam, European geographers and travelers, including : in Indian folklore,it is referred to as Daria, and Arabi Samudra,(Sindhu Sagar). in Pakistan it is called officially Arabian sea and unofficial Macran sea. some officials maps of the government uses both Arabian sea and Oman sea and other scholar had wrote :"old Arabic and Persian books used the Persian Sea. they did not used the term "Arabian Sea" Arabian sea first appeared in the European maps of 17 century". the geographers of Geography and cartography in medieval Islam were using the word Bahre Fars بحر فارس (persian sea) دریای فارس to mention the current body of water in the north of Indian Ocean.   Malmirian page 93-1001 Ibn al-Wardi ,Ibn Khordadbeh, Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, Muhammad al-Idrisi, Istakhri, Mahmud al-Kashgari, Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad and Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi had mentioned the sea as Persian sea and sea of Mokran. some of the medieval map including the map by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 had mentioned the Persian sea and also Makran. Cornelius Le Brun's Year 1718 Map.in the 16th century map by Abraham Ortelius in which the name of the Persian Sea and the Indian Sea appear. In the Book Documents on the Persian Gulf's name( Pages 60 to 84 are devoted to the description of the Persian Sea in the books of geographers and historians of Muslim world, All of whom had called the seas of south part of Iran, India and the Arabian Peninsula  as the Persian Sea, the book cited  description of the Persian sea from the book (Sourat Ard)Face of the Earth page 42 Written by Ibn Hawql:” … after Arabs lands then should be mentioned The Sea of Persia because Persian sea includes most of Arabs borders,and the Arabia (peninsula) connected to this sea ,the Persian  sea connected  to many countries of Islam. this sea  start from  the Qulzam(Red sea ) and ends to Eble (Basra bay), then It crosses Bandar Siraf then extends to the coasts of Hormuz then Makran to the coasts of Multan, which is the coasts of Sindh (Pakistan) which the boundaries of the countries of Islam ended then the persian sea continues to the coasts of India then connect to to the sea of China”. see original text: the book the cited others scholars of Geography and cartography in medieval Islamsuch as : Zakariya al-Qazwini, Al-Masudi ,Ibn Hawqal,, (Hafiz-i Abru),mentioned in the book History of Islam and Iran, says:"the Green Sea is also called the Sea of India and it connects with the Persian Sea.” . Arabian Sea was first used on European maps in the colonial period . Ibn Khordadbeh, Ibn al-Faqih, Ibn Rustah, Sohrab, Ramhormozi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al Istakhri, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Mas'udi, Al-Mutahhar ibn Tahir al-Maqdisi (d. 966),  Al-Muqaddasi, Ibn Khaldun, Mohammad ibn Najub Bekiran, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Muhammad al-Idrisi, Yaqut al-Hamawi, Zakariya al-Qazwini, Abu'l-Fida ,pages 26- 27  , Al-Dimashqi, Hamdollah Mostowfi, Al-Nuwayri, Ibn Batutta, Katip Çelebi and other sources have used the terms, "Bahr-e Mohit e Ajam", "Bahr-al-'Ajami", "Bahr-e-Fars", "Deria-e-Fars"(Persian sea), and "Bahr-e Mokran/Mecran", "Bahr-e Al Akhzar" (green) to refer to the current Arabian sea. ("Bahr-in Arabic means Sea" and Mohit means ocean) none of the above mentioned scholar of Geography and cartography in medieval Islam mentioned Arabian sea.         .
 * 1) Erythraean Sea
 * 2) Persian Sea.in para34-35.Periplus  ,
 * 3) Beher Macran
 * 4) Oman Sea
 * 5) Daria Fars
 * 6) Sindh Sagar.
 * 1) In Turkish language Arabinan sea is called as Oman sea, this name was used by most of the ottoman geographer such as Piri Reis and  Kâtip Çelebi in  the "Tuḥfat al-kibār fī asfār al-Bihār" ('A Gift to the Great concerning Naval Expeditions') (1656) –The History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks (1831) English translation by James Mitchell.  referred as Oman sea and also persian sea and some other Ottoman Empire maps were using Bahre Ajam (persian sea)such as  in Cihannümâ (Katip Çelebi)
 * 2) in Iran in the past it was called persian sea but now like the Turkey it is called Oman sea together with the gulf of Oman Encyclopædia Iranica also call it Oman sea
 * 1) Persian Seaبحر فارس , . According to the books:"The Persian Gulf throughout history" page 6 -7 by Dr Pirouz Mojtahedzadeh  , "The Persian Gulf, from Ancient Times until Today". and "The History of Shipping in Iran" page42 by Ahmad Eghtedari and the "Documents on the Persian Gulf's name facts" pages 58-84 ,

some maps with historical names
Many atlases had published old maps of Asia and Indian ocean such as Atlas of The Arabian Peninsula in Old European Maps.Paris, 424pp. contains 253 maps.10 maps have used persian Sea (for the body of water which is now called  Arabian sea)the maps in pages: -141-226-323-322-331-345-347-363-355• such as the hours shape map of Bunting H.S.Q34/24CM Hanover,1620. 08:00, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 May 2021
5.211.210.253 (talk) 09:29, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 11:11, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

Expert needed?
, would you care to explain what you mean ? I'm not sure i understand what you object to in the edit i deletion i. Seems to me that a section on alternate names, especially for a body of water which has had them over the years, is reasonable ~ i am quite happy to learn and to discuss, it's just that i need to know the parameters to begin with. Thanks. Happy days, ~ LindsayHello 14:30, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

Adding Persian Sea in lead.
Firstly, as every gulf has been named after its sea, this sea is technically referred to as the Persian Sea, not that 'arabian sea'. Secondly, as a massive significant minority, all Persians around the globe and the Iranian ethnic groups and their descendants, potentially more than just that, refer to this body of water as “the Persian Sea” it is necessary and unavoidable to put the term “Persian Sea” as the lead of the article or as an alternative name for it. 151.241.254.19 (talk) 10:49, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arabian Sea


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Eudialyte

Eudialyte, whose name derives from the Greek phrase Εὖ διάλυτος, eu dialytos, meaning "well decomposable", is a somewhat rare, nine-member-ring cyclosilicate mineral, which forms in alkaline igneous rocks, such as nepheline syenites. Its name alludes to its ready solubility in acid.

Eudialyte was first described in 1819 for an occurrence in nepheline syenite of the Ilimaussaq intrusive complex of southwest Greenland.

Uses
Eudialyte is used as a minor ore of zirconium. Another use of eudialyte is as a minor gemstone, but this use is limited by its rarity, which is compounded by its poor crystal habit. These factors make eudialyte of primary interest as a collector's mineral. Eudialyte typically has a significant content of U, Pb, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and rare earth elements (REE). Because of this, geoscientists use eudialyte as a geochronometer to date and investigate the genesis of the host rocks.

Associated minerals
Eudialyte is found associated with other alkalic igneous minerals, in addition to some minerals common to most igneous material in general.

Associate minerals include: microcline, nepheline, aegirine, lamprophyllite, lorenzenite, catapleiite, murmanite, arfvedsonite, sodalite, aenigmatite, rinkite, låvenite, titanite and titanian magnetite.

Alternative names
Alternative names of eudialyte include: almandine spar, eudalite, Saami blood. Eucolite is the name of an optically negative variety, more accurately the group member: ferrokentbrooksite.

Notes for identification
Eudialyte's rarity makes locality useful in its identification. Prominent localities of eudialyte include Mont Saint-Hilaire in Canada, Kola Peninsula in Russia and Poços de Caldas in Brazil, but it is also found in Greenland, Norway, and Arkansas. The lack of crystal habit, associated with color, is also useful for identification, as are associated minerals. A pink-red mineral with no good crystals associated with other alkaline igneous material, especially nepheline and aegirine, is a good indication a specimen is eudialyte. Iron (Fe2+) provides the color.

Eudialyte group
Microchemical (by electron microprobe) and structural analyses of different eudialyte (and related) samples have revealed the presence of many new eudialyte-like minerals. These minerals are structurally and chemically related and joined into the eudialyte group. The group includes Zr−, OH−, Cl−, F−, CO3− and possibly also SO4-bearing silicates of Na, K, H3O, Ca, Sr, REEs, Mn, Fe, Nb and W. Electron vacancies can be present in their structure, too.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eudialyte


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Throwed

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Transwikied. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:38, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)  This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was move to wiktionary. - Ta bu shi da yu 05:28, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Throwed
Dicdef. Inter 21:05, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Wiktionary Because it is simply a definition.Zantastik 21:28, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiktionary; dictdef. —Korath (Talk) 21:53, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki and delete. — Ливай | ☺ 23:26, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable neologism, dictionary definition. Megan1967 01:54, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Reply to Megan1967 : If the term "throwed" is not a notable "neologism", than how is the second definition of the term "skeet" still in the wikipedia?
 * Why don't you put it up for VfD then o anonymous one. Megan1967 07:40, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete and/or move to wiktionaryis a dictionary definition it just belongs on wiktionary thats all. bakuzjw (aka 578) 23:21, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Throwed


text: User talk:151.41.155.172

title: User talk:151.41.155.172


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scruff

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 06:43, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Scruff

 * Vanity page. — Brim 21:08, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, possible vanity/promo. Megan1967 01:56, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scruff


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Lomba de São Pedro

Lomba de São Pedro is a civil parish in the municipality of Ribeira Grande in the Portuguese in the archipelago of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 284, in an area of 8.25 km². Lomba de São Pedro is the least-populated parish in Ribeira Grande.

History
Lomba de São Pedro was a historically part of Fenais da Ajuda, until being elevated to the status of civil parish by regional decree 24/80/A, on 15 September 1980.

The parish of Lomba de São Pedro is the most distant parish in the municipality of Ribeira Grande. Its foundation and settlement has been lost historically, to the point that the Azorean chronicler Gaspar Frutuoso does not refer to it in his detailed descriptions of the area.

The parochial church, dedicated to Saint Peter, was constructed in the 19th century by Dr. José Maria. The interior of the temple includes an image of the patron saint, donated by António José de Lima, and an altar decorated in gilded woodwork and surmounted with royal coat-of-arms.

Geography
The parish is located along the Regional E.R.1-1ª roadway linking the municipalities of Ribeira Grande and Nordeste: Lomba de São Pedro is situated between Salga and Fenais da Ajuda. This parish is a long strip that extends from the Atlantic into the interior. The region's toponymy derives literally refers to its geographic position, situated on the lomba (hullock or plateau) dividing two ravines, and associated with the religious veneration of Saint Peter in that area. The parish contains the localities Lomba de Baixo and Lomba de Cima.

Churches

 * Church of São Pedro (Igreja de Lomba de São Pedro/Igreja de São Pedro), based on a hermitage from the 16th century, this temple was constructed in the mid-19th century;
 * Seventh-day Adventist Church of Lomba de São Pedro One of two Seventh-day Adventist churches on the island of São Miguel, with the other church being in Ponta Delgada.

title: Lomba de São Pedro


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Mitsubishi Estate

Mitsubishi Estate Company, Limited (三菱地所株式会社) is one of the largest real-estate developers in Japan and is involved in property management and architecture research and design.

As of 2018, Mitsubishi Estate has the most valuable portfolio in the Japanese real estate industry, with a total value of approx. 7.4 trillion yen, much of which is located in the Marunouchi district of Tokyo. MEC owns Japan's third tallest building, the Yokohama Landmark Tower, as well as the Sanno Park Tower and Marunouchi Building in Tokyo. Mitsubishi Estate has its headquarters in the Otemachi Building in Ōtemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is one of the core Mitsubishi companies.

History
The company was established in 1937 as a spin-off of the real estate holdings of the Mitsubishi zaibatsu. It was listed on the Tokyo and Osaka stock exchanges in 1953.

Its largest concentration of assets is around the Daimaruyū area (Ōtemachi, Marunouchi and Yūrakuchō districts) west of Tokyo and Yūrakuchō Stations, an area purchased by the zaibatsu from the Meiji government in 1890 and developed into an office district. Today, the area houses the headquarters of Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, MUFG Bank, Mitsubishi UFJ Trust & Banking, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric, Meiji Yasuda Life, Nippon Yusen and other Mitsubishi group companies, as well as numerous other firms not affiliated with the group.

In 1990 Mitsubishi Estate fully bought out Rockefeller Group in New York City, the real estate company that then fully owned Rockefeller Center. Since then the older section of the Center has been sold and the Rockefeller Group, still owned by Mitsubishi, owns the western corridor of the complex.

Mitsubishi Estate led the redevelopment of the Umekita area north of Osaka and Umeda Stations between 2010 and 2013, including the Grand Front Osaka complex.

Mitsubishi Estate stated in November 2014 that it had agreed to sell a 41-year-old office building in Tokyo back to Mizuho Financial Group for $1.35 billion.

In 2015, Mitsubishi announced that it would hold a majority stake in a redevelopment project north of Tokyo Station that would include the tallest building in Japan, a 390 m skyscraper. The targeted completion date for the project is 2027.

Investments
In 2019, Mitsubishi Estate announced a commitment of 10 billion yen in investments as part of their initiative to discover new business projects and to develop synergy with innovative businesses.

 * Mitsubishi Estate participated in the Series D round of funding for Astroscale, a Singapore-headquartered space debris removal startup with offices in Japan and the UK. The round was led by Japan's INCJ Ltd., and included funds operated by SBI Investment Co., Ltd (SBII) and totaled US$50 million.
 * In May 2019, Singapore-based proptech startup GorillaSpace announced that it had raised an undisclosed seed round of investment led by Mitsubishi Estate. This investment marked the first seed level investment for Mitsubishi Estate, as well as the first proptech startup outside of Japan to receive funding from the company.
 * Mitsubishi Estate announced on 28 January 2019, that it has accepted new shares issued by Clean Planet Inc. Clean Planet (Minato-ku, Tokyo) is a venture firm that researches and develops "new hydrogen energy".

Group companies

 * Rockefeller Group International, Inc.
 * Europa Capital
 * Mitsubishi Jisho Sekkei Inc.
 * Mitsubishi Real Estate Services Co., Ltd.
 * Mitsubishi Estate Home Co., Ltd.
 * Yokohama Royal Park Hotel Co., Ltd.
 * Aqua City Co., Ltd.
 * Marunouchi Heat Supply Co., Ltd.
 * Yokohama Sky Building Co., Ltd.
 * Royal Park Hotel Co., Ltd.

title: Mitsubishi Estate


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Mount Conner

Mount Conner, also known as Artilla or Atila, or tongue-in-cheek as Fooluru, is a mountain located in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory of Australia.

Location and description
Mount Conner is located 75 km southeast of Lake Amadeus, in the locality of Petermann. It lies within the Curtin Springs cattle station in Pitjantjatjara country, close to the site of the Kungkarangkalpa (Seven Sisters) Dreaming.

Its height reaches 859 m above sea level and 300 m above ground level.

Names
Mount Conner was named after M. L. Conner by explorer William Gosse in 1873. Its Aboriginal name is "Artilla" or "Attila", believed to be associated with the "terrible ice-man" story.

It is also known by locals as "Fool-uru" or "Fuluru", owing to tourists sometimes confusing it with Uluru.

Geology
The sides of Mount Conner are blanketed by scree (talus) and its top is blanketed by colluvium. The base of Mount Conner is surrounded by alluvium.

The summit of Mount Conner, along with the summits of low domes in the Kata Tjuta complex and summit levels of Uluru, is an erosional remnant of a Cretaceous geomorphic surface. It is considered to be a classic example of an inselberg created by erosion of surrounding strata.

title: Mount Conner


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New York City Subway chaining

New York City Subway chaining is a method to precisely specify locations along the New York City Subway lines. It measures distances from a fixed point, called chaining zero, following the twists and turns of the railroad line, so that the distance described is understood to be the "railroad distance," not the distance by the most direct route ("as the crow flies").

The New York City Subway system differs from other railroad chaining systems in that it uses the engineer's chain of 100 ft rather than the surveyor's chain of 66 ft.

Chaining zero
Chaining zero is a fixed point from which the chaining is measured on a particular chaining line. A chaining number of, for example, 243 at a specific line location (called a chaining station) identifies that the location is the length of 243 100-foot chains (24300 ft) from chaining zero, usually measured along the center line of the railroad.

Once chaining is established, it is rare but not unheard of to change the location of chaining zero or the route along which it is measured on a given line. There are several examples of chaining numbers that refer to a chaining zero location that no longer exists or along a physical line that no longer exists, because of abandonment or demolition. Notable among these are several existing chaining lines that originated near New York City Hall via the Brooklyn Bridge, discontinued since 1944. It is occasionally possible for a reroute to alter the accuracy of chaining numbers slightly.

Exceptions exist to the principle that chaining numbers represent a railroad distance to the zero point. On the original IND chaining zero for the original system is a political rather than physical location, and there is no railroad at or near the zero point. Sometimes trackage (usually but not always short distances) is chained backwards from a tie point with another line.

The three divisions each had a separate mileage zero before the 1958 opening of the Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue station. The zeros were changed after the Far Rockaway station's opening, and are now at the railroad southernmost points of each division. The IND division-wide zero is at the Far Rockaway station's bumper blocks, the IRT zero (except the IRT Flushing Line) is a northbound home signal at the north end of New Lots Avenue station, and the BMT zero is in the center of Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station. Since the IRT Flushing Line is operationally separate from the rest of the system, it uses a different zero from the rest of the IRT. The IRT Flushing Line's Mileage zero is at 34th Street–Hudson Yards, and before the 7 Subway Extension opened in 2015, the zero was at Times Square.

Chaining lines
Chaining lines are routes on physical railroad lines that are usually described by one or two letters for the purpose of identifying locations on those lines.

Chaining lines are not necessarily the same as the physical lines they run on. One physical line may have several chaining letters, and one chaining line may cover several physical lines.

The letters assigned to a chaining line have nothing to do with the letters displayed on trains, public maps and timetables. These letters are subway service letters. See: New York City Subway nomenclature and List of New York City Subway services.

For example, the BMT A chaining line begins at BMT South chaining zero north of 57th Street–Seventh Avenue on the BMT Broadway Line, but is interrupted north of the Canal Street stations, where the express tracks becomes BMT H for the trip over the Manhattan Bridge south side tracks and the local tracks become BMT B for Lower Manhattan and the Montague Street Tunnel. The BMT A line begins again in the middle of the Manhattan Bridge span on the north side tracks, passes through DeKalb Avenue and then becomes the BMT Brighton Line for that line's entire distance to Stillwell Avenue. BMT A originally traversed the entire north side of the bridge, connecting Canal to DeKalb, while H ran towards Chambers St. instead of Canal, but this was reconfigured as part of the Chrystie Street Connection. The IND B designation was extended past the portal of the new connection, to meet the BMT A in the middle, yet retained the BMT chaining numbers on the bridge itself. The tracks leading to Chambers St. were severed from the bridge and were re-designated as part of BMT J. In a few cases, the chaining lines and service letters are coincident, such as the IND A chaining line following the A service from 207th Street to Euclid Avenue, while the IND C was the IND Concourse Line, which was originally served by the C service. However, that service was later moved off of the Concourse line, while the chaining code remains.

Chaining stations
Each specific location along a line is known as a chaining station, and is identified by a number unique to that chaining line. The precision of the location depends on its usage. On engineering maps, the location of such features as curves, switches, crossings, stations and platforms are ordinarily specified to a precision of 1 ft. This is expressed as [chains plus feet]; a chaining station located 1,470 feet from chaining zero would be described as 14+70. For greater precision, or where style or protocol requires it, unit of less than a foot may be described. The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company used [chains plus feet point hundredths] without trailing zeros: thus a map location designated as P.S. 14+70.25 would indicate that the Point of a Switch at that location is 1,470 and one quarter feet (1,470 feet and 3 inches) from chaining zero.

Signals are identified by the chaining line and track number, and by the nearest 100-foot chaining station. In this usage only the number of 100-foot chains from chaining zero are displayed. Thus, a signal on the BMT with a designation of A2 / 102 would be on the BMT chaining line A, track 2, within 50 feet of the chaining station at 10,200 feet from chaining zero.

Track numbers on chaining lines
Each track on a chaining line is given a number, letter or (rarely) a combination of both to identify a particular track on a particular line.

BMT/IND practice
On the BMT and IND an odd numbered mainline track is going railroad south and an even numbered mainline track is going railroad north. In many locations a track may be going "railroad" north or south where the compass direction is different or even opposite. This may be because it is an essentially east–west line (e.g., the Jamaica Line), so railroad north means towards Manhattan and railroad south means away from Manhattan. It may also be because a line continuing from a north–south line turns in another direction (e.g., the IND Fulton Street Line) but the railroad direction remains the same.

These track numbers provide a definitive way of determining whether a particular direction on a particular line is going "railroad" north or south. Especially it shows that "south" on several lines (including the BMT Jamaica Line, the IND Fulton Street Line and the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line) that run in an easterly to northerly compass direction for their entire route are nevertheless running railroad south.

The local (usually outside) tracks on a given BMT/IND line are numbered 1 (south) and 2 (north). The express tracks are numbered 3 (south) and 4 (north). If there are an odd number of mainline tracks, the center track is (for example) track 3/4. The signals heading southbound will show the location as track 3 and northbound track 4. Additional tracks on the same chaining line are usually numbered higher by the same rules. On the four track BMT Brighton Line, the tracks from west to east are:

A1–A3–A4–A2

On the three track BMT West End Line, they are:

D1–D3/4–D2

On the two track BMT Canarsie Line, they are:

Q1–Q2

Some stations may have the same number of tracks, but a slightly different chaining. On most stations on the three-track IND Concourse Line, the chaining (from west to east) is:

C1–C3/4–C2

At Bedford Park Boulevard, the chaining is:

C1–C6–C2

IRT practice
On the IRT the signals are numbered differently. The track number for chaining purposes is added to the end of the survey number, so that the southbound signal numbers end in 4 (local) and 2 (express) and the northbounds are 1 (express) and 3 (local). On a four track line, the signal numbers end:

4–2–1–3

On a three track line, 1/2 are used signals on the middle track (1 is for signals governing northward moves, and 2 southward). 4 and 3 are still the local tracks:

4–1/2–3

And on a two-track line, there are no express tracks, so the two tracks are:

4–3

Strangely, IRT track designations differ from the signal chaining track numbers they are numbered from left to right (facing north), tracks number 1 through 4:

1–2–3–4

And on a three-track line:

1–M–4 or 2–M–3

Thus, a line will have signal numbers ending in "4–2–1–3" and tracks designated as "1–2–3–4".

Signals on the IRT governing in the opposite of the normal direction of travel will have a signal number ending N+4 from the signal numbers governing in the normal direction.

Examples of all four tracks at a particular survey location (on the signal plate, the "-" is a line break):

BMT: B1-243 | B3-243 | B4-243 | B2-243

IRT: 2434-B | 2432-B | 2431-B | 2433-B

Handling chaining junctions
When one line splits from or joins another, a decision must be made on how to measure the chaining distances on the individual lines. One way is to establish a new zero point for one or more lines, but this is inefficient. Typically a major end-point terminal will be chosen as chaining zero, and all lines that are tributary to that terminal will measure their chaining from that point. This process is called tying. For example, if one line ties to another at a certain point, and the chaining station number at that point is 135+10 (13,510 feet from chaining zero), then a location on either branch that is 1,000 feet from that will have a chaining station number of 145+10.

Tying
When a new line or branch separates from another line, and the new line "picks up" the chaining numbers of the original line, the new line is said to be "tied" at that point. For example, where the BMT Montague Street Tunnel Line (BMT B) separates from the Broadway Line (BMT A via the Manhattan Bridge) north of Canal Street and Broadway, we say that BMT B ties to BMT A at Canal and Broadway. That way (assuming BMT A ends at chaining zero, which it does) the distance from a chaining station on BMT B is measured by following the physical BMT B to its tying point, and then following the physical BMT A from there to chaining zero.

Reverse tying
Sometimes when a line leaves another line, the chaining on the branch line should be tied to the original line, but sometimes the chaining distances go down instead of up. This is almost always because the branch joins the main line coming from the same direction as the main line, and we want the chaining numbers of the branch to be derived from the main line, so as not to have to establish a separate chaining zero location for the branch. An example of this was the Fulton Ferry branch of the Fulton Street Elevated (BMT K) which split from the Brooklyn Bridge branch at a location called Kings County (KC) Junction. Chaining zero for both branches was at Park Row, over the Brooklyn Bridge. The stub end branch to Fulton Ferry (the original terminal) was chained backwards from Kings County Junction to the East River shoreline. The chaining numbers went from 0+00 (zero) at the western end of Park Row station to 77+20 (7,720 feet) at KC Junction. Then the Fulton Ferry branch was reverse tied at that point so that the chaining station at the ferry end of the line was 45+38 (4,538 feet). By this method, the distance from any point on the Fulton Street el to either terminal could be readily measured.

No tying
Sometimes two or more lines merge or abut but the chaining shouldn't be tied. For example, the Montague Street Tunnel Line BMT B is tied to Broadway Line BMT A at Canal Street, but BMT B returns to BMT A railroad south of the DeKalb Avenue station in Brooklyn. Since BMT B uses a longer route to reach the same location than BMT A does, the chaining numbers are different where the two lines rejoin. In this case, the BMT B chaining simply ends and the BMT A chaining is picked up again.

Chaining codes
Following are tables describing the chaining lines of all three divisions, including defunct lines.

Current
Many of these lines originally had individual chaining zero points as a result of the different companies that built and operated them. The BRT consolidated the chaining system subsequent to taking over these and many lines were again rechained when they were shifted from elevated to subway lines. These chaining lines and zero locations are accurate as of c. 1900 for lines chained from Park Row; as they were opened c. 1915–1920 for lines chained from 57th Street; as of line openings for other lines. Where chaining has changed since these chaining lines were established, the current chaining is shown.

All Mileage zeroes are at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue.

Former

 * BMT C: Original BMT C ran along the entire length of the Culver Line, from the lower level of Ninth Avenue over to Ditmas Avenue (elevated over the right-of-way of the South Brooklyn Railway), then along the McDonald Avenue El to West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium, where BMT A (Brighton Line) chaining took over. With the opening of the Culver Ramp, the IND acquired the Culver Line from Ditmas Avenue south and rechained it as part of IND B (from 57th Street/Sixth Avenue to West Eighth Street). The surviving portion of the northern Culver Line, which today runs from Ninth Avenue lower level to about Fort Hamilton Parkway and 37th Street, is still chained BMT C.
 * BMT G: Tracks 3 and 4, which constitute the BMT 63rd Street Line, are not to be confused with track G3-4, the single express track on the Astoria Line. Positions on the 63rd Street Line have approximately 100+00 added to the actual distance from the zero point.
 * BMT K: The Fulton Ferry spur was chained from Park Row to Kings County Junction (located east of former Sands Street station), then backwards from the junction to Fulton Ferry.
 * BMT L: Lexington Avenue Line chaining ended at the intersection of Lexington Avenue and Broadway, where the Lexington Avenue Line merged with the Broadway–Brooklyn Line (between Kosciuszko Street and Gates Avenue stations).
 * BMT P: Until recently, BMT P consisted of the Canarsie Line from Broadway Junction to Canarsie–Rockaway Parkway. The entire Canarsie Line has since been rechained as BMT Q; the only remaining P chaining is the yard lead that diverges from the main line just south of Livonia Avenue and leads to Linden Shops.
 * BMT Q: Originally, chaining for BMT Q began at Sixth Avenue—the original northern terminal of the 14th Street subway—and continued south to Broadway Junction. South of Broadway Junction, the line was chained as BMT P with chaining zero at the intersection of Pitkin and Van Sinderen Avenues, where the Canarsie Line had diverged from the former Fulton Street Line. When the 14th Street subway was extended to Eighth Avenue, the new trackage was chained as BMT QW, with chaining starting at Sixth and increasing to Eighth. The Canarsie Line has since been entirely rechained as Q, running from the zero at Eighth Avenue south to Rockaway Parkway.
 * BMT Y: This is used on yard leads.

Current
All Mileage zeroes are at Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue.

Former

 * IND zero: The zero point of the IND system was determined by extending the centerline of West Fourth Street–Washington Square station south to the New York/New Jersey border. The point of intersection—located in Lower New York Bay just north of Keansburg, New Jersey—was calculated to be 96,925 feet (18.357 statute mi or 29.542 km) from the south ends of the Eighth Avenue Line platforms at West Fourth Street; this point became chaining point 969+25. Chaining distances then increase railroad north of West Fourth and decrease railroad south. As a result, the principle that chaining stations along any line reflect the accurate distance to a chaining zero point via the physical railroad is not true on the original IND.
 * IND D (tracks 5 and 6): While the yard leads from the Forest Hills–71 Avenue station are tied to IND D, the chaining of Jamaica Yard and the World's Fair Line are not.
 * IND E: From Bergen Street to Fulton Street, the line is tied to IND A, which it shares with the Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station. North of Fulton Street, the line is reverse-tied to IND D.
 * IND F/FA: The Rockaway Line was originally part of the Long Island Rail Road and was chained from Long Island City station in Long Island City, Queens, via the old Montauk Line. When the IND acquired the Rockaway Line south of Liberty Avenue in 1956, it preserved the LIRR chaining distances. The single-track connection between the east and west legs of Hammels Wye has its own chaining, which starts at the point it branches from the east leg.
 * IND K: The Liberty Avenue Elevated, currently part of the IND Fulton Street Line, was originally the eastern portion of the BMT Fulton Street Line, which had its chaining zero at Park Row. When the IND acquired the Liberty Avenue structure, it preserved the BMT chaining letter and zero point, reverse-tying the chaining back to Euclid Avenue.
 * IND S: Ties to IND T near 2nd Avenue and 63rd Street, where the two lines intersect.

Current
All Mileage zeroes are at New Lots Avenue, except for the IRT Flushing Line, whose zero is Times Square.

Former

 * IRT A: This was the original IRT designation of the Astoria Line until it was completely transferred to BMT operations.
 * IRT Y: This chaining letter was formerly assigned to the portion of the Flushing Line from Times Square to Queensboro Plaza; this segment was later rechained as part of IRT C. Today, IRT Y constitutes the Dyre Avenue Line from Eastchester–Dyre Avenue south to East 180th Street. The Dyre Avenue Line had originally been part of the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway, which had had its chaining zero at its southern terminus at Oak Point Yard in the South Bronx. IRT Y has since been tied to IRT W under a new signal contract.
 * Broadway/44th Street: The point where the Dual Contracts section of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (from Times Square–42nd Street south) meets the Contract I section (north of 42nd Street).
 * Park Avenue/38th Street: The point where the Dual Contracts section of the Lexington Avenue Line (from Grand Central–42nd Street north) meets the Contract I section (south of 42nd Street).

title: New York City Subway chaining


text:
Kaliurang

Kaliurang is a small town in Hargobinangun, Pakem, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is located about 25 km north of the city of Yogyakarta, on the southern slopes of Mount Merapi.

Kaliurang is a resort town, popular as a weekend destination for visitors from Yogyakarta. Attractions include the cool air, views, and an extensive forested park with trails. The town charges a small admission fee to visitors, paid at a booth on the busy main road from Yogyakarta.

The town was the location of negotiations during the fighting between the Dutch and Indonesians in the 1940s, when the houses and holiday homes owned by the Sultanate of Yogyakarta were used. Kaliurang has been an important base for vulcanologists in their monitoring of eruptions of Merapi, especially when the southern slopes of the volcano become active.

Adjacent hills
In the 1970s there was an observatory on the hill Plawangan, which is closer to Merapi, but with eruptions in the 1990s Plawangan was abandoned and the observatory moved to the town itself. There are also tunnels at the western base of Plawangan that were built in World War II.

The hill to the west of Plawangan is called Turgo and has sacred graves at its peak, which are associated with the early stages of Islam in Java.

title: Kaliurang


text:
Jacob Berab

Jacob Berab (יעקב בירב), also spelled Berav or Bei-Rav, known as Mahari Beirav (1474 – April 3, 1546), was an influential rabbi and talmudist best known for his attempt to reintroduce classical semikhah (ordination).

Biography
Berab was born at Maqueda near Toledo, Castilian Spain in 1474. He later became a pupil of Isaac Aboab. After the expulsion of Jews from Spain, he fled to Fez in Wattasid-ruled Morocco. The Fez Jewish community, consisting of 5000 families, chose him for their rabbi, though he was but a youth of eighteen. From there he went to Tlemçen, then the chief town of the Barbary states. There, the Jewish community consisting of 5000 families, chose him for their rabbi, though he was but a youth of eighteen. Evidence of the great respect there paid him is afforded by the following lines of Abraham Gavison quoted by Isaiah Berlin's Omer ha-Shikḥah: "Say not that the lamp of the Law no longer in Israel burneth! Jacob Berab hath come back—once more among us he sojourneth!"

It is not known how long Berab remained in Algeria; but before 1522 he was in Jerusalem. There, however, the social and economic conditions were so oppressive that he did not stay long, but went with his pupils to Egypt. Several years later (1527) Berab, now fairly well-to-do, resided in Damascus; in 1533 he became rabbi at Cairo;  and several years after he seems to have finally settled in Safed, which then contained the largest Jewish community in Ottoman Syria. It was there that Berab conceived the bold idea which made him famous, that of establishing a central spiritual Jewish power.

Plan for ordination
Berab had a plan for the reintroduction of the old semikhah "rabbinic ordination". It is likely that his further plans included the reestablishment of the sanhedrin. Berab's model was the sanhedrin of tannaitic times which consisted of men who could trace their ordination back to Moses; yet for more than a thousand years no such men had existed, and the semikhah was lost.

According to Louis Ginzberg, Berab's undertaking was part of a larger Messianic vision. In this period, Ginsburg says,"the imaginative and sentimental persons thought that the promised Messianic time was approaching; they regarded their great sufferings as the process of purgation, as the חבלי משיח, the eschatologic 'birth-throes,' of the Messianic era'. These hopes 'afforded the right person an excellent opportunity to create for the Jews a recognized central authority, spiritual—and perhaps, in time, political—in character. There is no doubt that the man for the purpose was Berab; he was the most important and honored Talmudist in the Orient, and was endowed with perseverance amounting to obstinacy."

According to others, the purpose of Berab's plan was a resolution of certain halachic difficulties. In particular, there was a problem of Marranos returning to the Jewish faith, and in order to free them from divine punishment some rabbis of the Land of Israel considered applying to them the punishment of makkot, which can only be assigned by Sanhedrin. Jacob Berab writes about this problem in his Responsa.

Maimonides taught that if the sages in the Land of Israel would agree to ordain one of themselves, they could do so, and that the man of their choice could then ordain others. Although Maimonides' opinion had been opposed by Nahmanides and others, the scholars at Safed had confidence in Berab, and had no doubt that, from a rabbinical standpoint, no objection to his plan could be raised.

Ordination of 1538
In 1538, twenty-five rabbis met in assembly at Safed and ordained Berab, giving him the right to ordain any number of others, who would then form a Sanhedrin. In a discourse in the synagogue at Safed, Berab defended the legality of his ordination from a Talmudic standpoint, and showed the nature of the rights conferred upon him. On hearing of this event most of the other Jewish scholars expressed their agreement, and the few who discountenanced the innovation lacked the courage to oppose Berab and his following.

Berab then ordained a few other rabbis, including the Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem Levi ibn Habib, rabbi Joseph Caro, Moses ben Joseph di Trani, and Yosef Sagis. Joseph Caro later ordained rabbi Moshe Alshich, and Alshich ordained Hayyim ben Joseph Vital around 1590.

Dispute with ibn Habib
To obtain the good-will of the Jews of Jerusalem, the first use that Berab made of his new dignity was to ordain the chief rabbi at Jerusalem, Levi ibn Habib. Since the latter had for many years been a personal opponent of Berab, and the two had had many disputes in regard to rabbinical decisions and approbations, Berab's ordination of ibn Habib shows that he placed general above personal interests. Moreover, the terms in which Berab officially announced ibn Habib's ordination were kindly ones. Berab, therefore, expected no opposition from that quarter; but he was mistaken. Ibn Habib's personal animus was not appeased, but rather stimulated, by his ordination. He considered it an insult to his dignity and to the dignity of Jerusalem that so important a change should be effected without consultation of the Jerusalem scholars. He did not content himself with an oral protest, but sent a communication to the scholars of Safed, in which he set forth the illegality of their proceeding and declared that the innovation involved a risk to rabbinical Judaism, since the Sanhedrin might use its sovereign authority to tamper with the calendar.

Although Levi ibn Habib's tone was moderate, every one could read between the lines that he opposed the man Berab as well as his work. An illustration of this is afforded by the remarks made by ibn Habib when he maintained at length that the scholars of Safed were not qualified to ordain, since they were not unprejudiced in the matter, and when he hinted that Berab was not worthy to transmit ordination. Berab was surprised by the peril in which his undertaking was now placed; and, embittered by ibn Habib's personal attacks, he could not adhere to a merely objective refutation, but indulged in personalities. In answer to ibn Habib's observation, that a sacred ordination must not proceed from learning alone, but from holiness also, Berab replied: "I never changed my name: in the midst of want and despair I went in God's way"; thereby alluding to the fact that, when a youth, ibn Habib had lived for a year in Portugal as a Christian under an assumed name.

The strife between Berab and ibn Habib now became wholly personal, and this had a bad effect on the plan; for Berab had many admirers but few friends. Moreover, Berab's life was endangered. The ordination had been represented to the Ottoman authorities as the first step toward the restoration of the Jewish state, and, since Berab was rich, the Ottoman officials would have showed him scant mercy in order to lay hands on his wealth. Berab was forced to go to Egypt for a while, but though each moment's delay might have cost him his life, he tarried long enough to ordain four rabbis, so that during his absence they might continue to exercise the function of ordination. In the meantime ibn Habib's following increased; and when Berab returned, he found his plan to be hopeless. His death some years later put an end to the dispute which had gradually arrayed most of the Jewish scholars in hostile lines on the question of ordination.

It is known positively that Joseph Caro and Moses ben Joseph di Trani were two of the four men ordained by Berab. If the other two were Abraham Shalom and Israel ben Meir di Curiel, then Caro was the only one who used his privilege to ordain another, Moses Alshich, who, in turn, ordained Hayim Vital. Thus ordination might be traced for four generations.

With the exception of some short contributions to the works of others, the only one of Berab's numerous works ever published was his Sheëlot u-Teshubot (Questions and Answers), responsa, Venice, 1663; but the Amsterdam edition of the rabbinical Tanakh (1724–28) contains notes by Berab on the Book of Isaiah and the Book of Jeremiah.

title: Jacob Berab


text:
Sam Eyde

Samuel Eyde (29 October 1866 – 21 June 1940) was a Norwegian engineer and industrialist. He was the founder of both Norsk Hydro and Elkem.

Personal life
Eyde was born in Arendal in Aust-Agder, Norway. He was a son of ship-owner Samuel Eyde (1819–1902) and his wife Elina Christine Amalie Stephansen (1829–1906). He was a first cousin of Alf Scott-Hansen on the maternal side.

In August 1895 he married Countess Ulla Mörner (1873–1961), but the marriage was dissolved in 1912. In February 1913 he married actress Elly Simonsen (1885–1960).

Career
Eyde studied engineering in Berlin where he graduated in 1891. He started his career in Hamburg, working with the railways where he planned new lines, bridges and stations. In 1897 he started the engineering firm Gleim & Eyde with his previous boss from Hamburg. He soon established offices in Kristiania (now Oslo) and Stockholm. By the turn of the century the firm was one of the largest in Scandinavia, with some 30 engineers.

In 1902, Eyde acquired control over Rjukan Falls in Telemark. He also held rights to waterfalls at Arendal and Notodden. Eyde planned to use the hydropower for industrial purposes. In 1905 Rjukan Falls was producing hydro electrical power for Potassium nitrate production. This led to the development of the town of Rjukan as an industrial centre. In 1912 Eyde contributed to the development of Arendal Smelteverk at Eydehavn for the production of silicon carbide. The plant is now part of the Norwegian company Fiven ASA and one of the oldest silicon carbide producing plants worldwide.

In 1903, Eyde met with Kristian Birkeland, who was a scientist, inventor and professor of physics at the University of Christiania. Birkeland was working on developing an electric arc, while Eyde had recently bought the rights to several waterfalls in Telemark. They agreed to cooperate to develop an electric flame. This allowed Eyde to establish Det Norske Aktieselskap for Eletrokemisk Industri (today Elkem) along with members of the Wallenberg family who he had met in Sweden. The factory at Notodden opening on 2 May 1905.

In 1905 he founded Norsk Hydro-Elektrisk Kvælstofaktieselskab (now Norsk Hydro). Eyde remained director-general of both companies. He was director-general of Norsk Hydro until 1917. He was offered a position on the board, where he remained until 1925, and a compensation of NOK250,000 for ten years, and NOK100,000 for the rest of his life.

He was a member of the Norwegian Parliament in the period 1918–1920. In 1920, Eyde was appointed as Norwegian Minister to the United States.

Other sources

 * Grimnes, Ole Kristian (2001) Sam Eyde: den grenseløse gründer (Oslo: Aschehoug) ISBN 82-03-22644-2

title: Sam Eyde


text: User talk:81.77.206.195

title: User talk:81.77.206.195


text:
Gilbert Roland

Luis Antonio Dámaso de Alonso (December 11, 1905 – May 15, 1994), known professionally as Gilbert Roland, was a Mexican-born American film and television actor whose career spanned seven decades from the 1920s until the 1980s. He was twice nominated for the Golden Globe Award in 1952 and 1964 and inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.

Early years

Roland was born in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico, and originally intended to become a bullfighter like his father and his paternal grandfather.

When Pancho Villa took control of their town, Roland and his family fled to the United States. He lived in Texas until at age 14 he hopped on a freight train and went to Hollywood. After arriving there, he found menial jobs and slept in a Catholic church. He often lost those jobs because he spent time working as an extra in films. He chose his screen name by combining the names of his favorite actors, John Gilbert and Ruth Roland. He was often cast in the stereotypical Latin lover role.

Career
Roland's first film contract was with Paramount. His first major role was in the collegiate comedy The Plastic Age (1925) together with Clara Bow, to whom he became engaged. In 1926, he played Armand in Camille opposite Norma Talmadge, with whom he was romantically involved, and they starred together in several productions. With the advent of sound films, Roland frequently appeared in Spanish language adaptations of American films in romantic lead roles.

In 1933, Roland played a large supporting role in She Done Him Wrong as one of Mae West's character's lovers, along with rivals Cary Grant, Noah Beery Sr. and Owen Moore.

Roland served in the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II.

Beginning in the 1940s, critics began to take notice of his acting, and he was praised for his supporting roles in John Huston's We Were Strangers (1949), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), Thunder Bay (1953), and Cheyenne Autumn (1964). He also appeared in a series of films in the mid-1940s as the popular character "The Cisco Kid". He played Hugo, the agnostic (and fictional) friend of the three shepherd children in The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima, based on the apparitions of Our Lady of Fatima in 1917. In 1953, Roland played Greek-American sponge diver Mike Petrakis in the epic Beneath the 12-Mile Reef.

He also portrayed Howard McMahon on Bewitched, acted on December Bride and Playhouse 90, and both wrote the script for and acted in an episode of Wagon Train. He played Don Domingo Montoya, who inherits Rancho Montoya near the end of the series The High Chaparral.

His last film appearance was in the 1982 western Barbarosa.

Personal life

Roland married actress Constance Bennett on April 20, 1941, in Yuma, Arizona. They were married until 1946 and had two daughters, Lorinda "Lynda" (b. 1938) and Christina "Gyl" (b. 1941). Bennett won custody of their daughters. He had appeared with Bennett in 1933 as Pepe in George Cukor's Our Betters, and in the same year, as the romantic lead in After Tonight, a World War I drama.

His second marriage to Guillermina Cantú in 1954 lasted until his death 40 years later.

Death
Gilbert Roland died of cancer in Beverly Hills, California, in 1994, aged 88. His body was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at sea.

Accolades
Roland was nominated twice for a Golden Globe Award, for his roles in The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) and Cheyenne Autumn (1964). For his contributions to the motion picture industry, Gilbert Roland has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6730 Hollywood Boulevard.

Archives
The moving-image collection of Gilbert Roland is held at the Academy Film Archive. Home movies make up the bulk of the collection. The film material at the Academy Film Archive is complemented by material in the Gilbert Roland papers at the academy's Margaret Herrick Library.

In 1975, El Paso, Texas, held Gilbert Roland Days. Among the recognition given the actor was creation of The Gilbert Roland Newspaper Carrier Scholarships Fund by the Newspaper Printing Corporation.

Cinema

 * The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) as Extra (uncredited)
 * The Lost World (1925) as Extra (uncredited)
 * The Spaniard (1925) as Matador (uncredited)
 * The Lady Who Lied (1925)
 * The Lawful Cheater (1925) (uncredited)
 * The Midshipman (1925) (uncredited)
 * The Plastic Age (1925) as Carl Peters
 * The Campus Flirt (1926) as Graham Stearns
 * The Blonde Saint (1926) as Annibale
 * Camille (1926) as Armand Duval
 * Rose of the Golden West (1927) as Juan
 * The Love Mart (1927) as Victor Jallot
 * The Dove (1927) as Johnny Powell
 * The Woman Disputed (1928) as Paul Hartman
 * New York Nights (1929) as Fred Deverne
 * Men of the North (1930) (Spanish and French version also filmed) as Louis La Bey aka Monsieur Le Fox
 * Resurrección (1931) (Spanish version of Resurrection) as Prince Dmitri Nekhludov
 * The Passionate Plumber (1932) as Tony Lagorce
 * Hombres de mi vida (1932) (Spanish version of Men in Her Life) as Jaime Gilman
 * The Woman in Room 13 (1932) as Victor Legrand
 * Life Begins  (1932) as Tony, Rita's Husband (uncredited)
 * No Living Witness (1932) as Jerry Bennett
 * A Parisian Romance (1932) as Victor
 * Call Her Savage (1932) as Moonglow
 * She Done Him Wrong (1933) as Serge Stanieff
 * Our Betters (1933) as Pepi D'Costa
 * The Romantic Widow (1933) as Luis Felipe de Córdoba aka Prudencio González
 * Tarnished Youth (1933) (UK version of Gigolettes of Paris) as Antoine 'Tony' Ferrand
 * After Tonight (1933) as Captain Rudolph "Rudy" Ritter
 * Yo, tú y ella (1933) as Gabriel Villalba
 * Elinor Norton (1934) as Rene Alba
 * Mystery Woman (1935) as Juan Santanda
 * Juliet Buys a Baby (1935) as Jack Aranda
 * Ladies Love Danger (1935) as Ricardo Souchet aka Alonzo
 * Midnight Taxi (1937) as Flash Dillon
 * The Last Train from Madrid (1937) as Eduardo de Soto
 * Thunder Trail (1937) as Dick Ames aka Arizona Lopez
 * La vida bohemia (1938) as Rodolfo
 * Gateway (1938) as Tony Cadona
 * Juarez (1939) as Colonel Miguel Lopez
 * Isle of Destiny (1940) as Oliver Barton
 * Gambling on the High Seas (1940) as Greg Morella
 * The Sea Hawk (1940) as Captain Lopez
 * Rangers of Fortune (1940) as Antonio Hernandez Sierra
 * Angels with Broken Wings (1941) as Don Pablo Vincente
 * My Life with Caroline (1941) as Paco Del Valle
 * Enemy Agents Meet Ellery Queen (1942) as Paul Gillette
 * Isle of Missing Men (1942) as Thomas 'Dan' Bentley aka Curtis
 * The Desert Hawk (1944) as Kasim, The Desert Hawk / Hassan, The Evil Twin Brother
 * Captain Kidd (1945) as Jose Lorenzo
 * The Gay Cavalier (1946) as The Cisco Kid
 * South of Monterey (1946) as The Cisco Kid
 * Beauty and the Bandit (1946) as The Cisco Kid
 * Riding the California Trail (1947) as The Cisco Kid posing as Don Luis Salazar
 * The Other Love (1947) as Croupier
 * High Conquest (1947) as Hugo Lanier
 * Robin Hood of Monterey (1947) as The Cisco Kid
 * Pirates of Monterey (1947) as Major de Rojas
 * King of the Bandits (1947) as the Cisco Kid aka Ramon Mojica
 * The Dude Goes West (1948) as Pecos Kid
 * The Rebellion of the Ghosts (1949) as Arturo del Rosal
 * We Were Strangers (1949) as Guillermo Montilla
 * Malaya (1949) as Romano
 * The Torch (1950) as Father Sierra
 * Crisis (1950) as Roland Gonzales
 * The Furies (1950) as Juan Herrera
 * Bullfighter and the Lady (1951) as Manolo Estrada
 * The Mark of the Renegade (1951) as Don Pedro Garcia
 * Ten Tall Men (1951) as Corporal Luis Delgado
 * My Six Convicts (1952) as Punch Pinero
 * Glory Alley (1952) as Peppi Donnato
 * The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima (1952) as Hugo da Silva
 * Apache War Smoke (1952) as Peso Herrera
 * The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) as Victor 'Gaucho' Ribero
 * Thunder Bay (1953) as Teche Bossier
 * The Diamond Queen (1953) as Baron Paul de Cabannes
 * Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953) as Mike Petrakis
 * The French Line (1953) as Pierre DuQuesne
 * The Racers (1955) as Dell'Oro
 * Underwater! (1955) as Dominic Quesada
 * That Lady (1955) as Antonio Perez
 * The Treasure of Pancho Villa (1955) as Colonel Juan Castro
 * Bandido (1956) as Colonel José Escobar
 * Around the World in 80 Days (1956) as Achmed Abdullah
 * Three Violent People (1956) as Innocencio Ortega
 * The Midnight Story (1957) as Sylvio Malatesta
 * The Last of the Fast Guns (1958) as Miles Lang
 * The Wild and the Innocent (1959) as Paul
 * The Big Circus (1959) as Zach Colino
 * Catch Me If You Can (1959) (unreleased)
 * Guns of the Timberland (1960) as Monty Walker
 * Samar (1962) as Colonel Juan Sebastian Salazar
 * Cheyenne Autumn (1964) as Dull Knife
 * The Reward (1965) as Captain Carbajal
 * The Poppy Is Also a Flower (1966) as Serge Marko
 * Any Gun Can Play (1967) as Monetero
 * The Ruthless Four (1968) as Mason
 * Between God, the Devil and a Winchester (1968) as Horace
 * Johnny Hamlet (1968) as Juan Chasquisdo
 * Sartana Does Not Forgive (1968) as Kirchner
 * The Christian Licorice Store (1971) as Jonathan 'JC' Carruthers
 * Running Wild (1973) as Chief Tomacito
 * Treasure of Tayopa (1974) as Himself - Host
 * The Pacific Connection (1974) as Alan
 * Islands in the Stream (1977) as Captain Ralph
 * The Black Pearl  (1977)
 * Caboblanco (1980) as Dr. Rudolfo Ramirez
 * Barbarosa (1982) as Don Braulio (final film role)

Television

 * Zorro, episodes "El Bandido" and "Adios El Cuchillo" (1960) as El Cuchillo / The Knife
 * Gunsmoke, episode "Extradition" (1963) as Lieutenant Julio Chavez
 * Death Valley Days, episode "A Kingdom for a Horse" (1963) as Emperor Dom Pedro
 * The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1963) (Season 1 Episode 27: "Death and the Joyful Woman") as Luis Aguilar
 * The Fugitive, episode "Somebody to Remember" (1964) as Gus Priamos;
 * Combat!, episode "The Convict" (1965) as Boulanger
 * Bonanza, episode "The Lonely Runner" (1965) as Jim Acton
 * The Fugitive, episode "The Savage Street" (1967) as Jose Anza
 * The High Chaparral, episode "The New Lion of Sonora" (1971) as Don Domingo Montoya
 * Night Gallery, segment "The Waiting Room" (1972) as The Bartender
 * Incident on a Dark Street (1973, TV Movie) as Dominic Leopold
 * Kung Fu (1972 TV series), episode "The Chalice" (1973)
 * Barnaby Jones, episode "Rendezvous with Terror" (1974)
 * The Mark of Zorro (1974, TV Movie) as Don Alejandro Vega
 * The Sacketts (1979, TV Movie) as Don Luis
 * Hart to Hart, episode "The Raid" (1980) as Jorge

Short subjects

 * La Fiesta de Santa Barbara (1935)
 * Screen Snapshots Series 15, No. 8 (1936)
 * Picture People No. 2: Hollywood Sports (1941)
 * Wings Up (1943)

title: Gilbert Roland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fabini

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 06:39, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Fabini
Obvious vanity. Inter 21:15, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Either vanity or attack. In either case, Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:22, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity or prank. Megan1967 01:56, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, obvious vanity, probably also a prank. --Bart133 (t) 22:56, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fabini


text:
Rockefeller Group

Rockefeller Group is an American private company based in New York City, primarily involved in real estate operations in the United States and it is a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Estate Co. The company began with the development of Rockefeller Center.

After building the original 6000000 sqft, Art Deco complex from 1931 to 1939 (the company name was then the Metropolitan Square Corporation), the company developed several towers in the immediate vicinity from the late 1940s into the 1950s and 1960s. It entered into a partnership with Time Inc. and constructed a 48-story building for the company that opened in 1959; this spearheaded the expansion of the Center to the west of 6th Avenue, Avenue of the Americas. By the early 1970s, it had added a total of four International Style towers to Rockefeller Center, more than doubling the size of the original complex.

Today, Rockefeller Group maintains an ownership/management position in the 7700000 sqft of office space that makes up Rockefeller Center's western corridor (the newer buildings located west of Sixth Avenue). The eastern and original part of the Center is now owned by Tishman Speyer (who also serves as manager) and the Lester Crown family of Chicago, Illinois.

title: Rockefeller Group


text: User talk:66.37.67.18

title: User talk:66.37.67.18


text:
User talk:Pnh

Elise Matthesen
Please pass on to Elise that Ben Burch sends his regards. Thank you so much. --BenBurch 21:08, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

COI
Thanks for editing Wikipedia. Please be aware of our guidelines on conflict of interest and autobiography, WP:COI and WP:AUTO. Editors are strongly discouraged from editing articles about themselves, their organizations, and other topics in which they may be assumed to have a conflict. It is entirely appropriate to use the article talk pages to point out errors or omissions for other editors to correct. -Will Beback · † · 23:07, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

 * PS: Comments like this edit summary are inappropriate. Civility is a requirement.WP:CIVIL -Will Beback · † · 23:13, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

James D. Nicoll
Thanks for your input, I hope we can now encourage you to expand the article with some of the information you evidently have at your fingertips. Some references to publications would be good, I'm sure you can cite issue and page with no problem whatsoever. Also thanks for the belly-laugh; uncharitable though it may be, it is very very amusing to see an acknowledged world authority challenged to provide a source for an assertion of notability! Of course, in the end, there was a grain of a point to it, in that we can't take anyone's word for stuff in article space (not even yours, I guess) but it was a moment of surreal comedy which brightened several people's day. Guy (Help!) 18:59, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Bloggery
I left a comment on Cory Doctorow's talk page which should be of some interest to you, Mr Hayden. DS 16:29, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

The article TransAtlantic Fan Fund has been nominated for deletion
Thought you might want to weigh in on the topic. -- Orange Mike 15:46, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Ace books
Thanks for the fix to the dates for Terry Carr's freelance editorial period at Ace Books. Do you happen to have a source for that? I'd like to keep the article sourced fully if I can; I think what you replaced had a question mark because I was unable to find a definitive source originally. Also thanks for removing the assertion that Doherty was an editor at Ace -- not sure how that got in there; the web pages cited don't support it. Mike Christie (talk) 02:16, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Mike, the only sources I have to support changing Terry Carr's "freelance editorial period at Ace Books" from "1984-1988" to "1983-1987" are (1) personal acquaintance with Terry Carr and (2) the exercise of pure reason. To expand on (2), first, Terry died on April 7, 1987, as stated and sourced in the Wikipedia article about Terry Carr, so it seems unlikely that he continued to work as a freelance editor at Ace until 1988. Second, the first of Ace's "New Ace Science Fiction Specials, Edited by Terry Carr", namely, The Wild Shore by Kim Stanley Robinson, was published in March 1984. (See http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?841.) There is no way this book could have appeared in March 1984 (which means books coming off press and first appearing on retail shelves in February 1984) if Carr's period as a freelance editor for Ace began in 1984; in fact, it began in early 1983. Pnh (talk) 02:53, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * That makes sense. Your personal knowledge is obviously the underlying source here, but since other editors can't necessarily consult you for the information it's nice to have something I can cite.  I'll put something together. Thanks -- Mike Christie (talk) 08:15, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I've made the change, but it occurred to me you might know of others who have worked at Ace who are notable enough to have their own Wikipedia article. If you do, could you let me know?  Again it would be best to have an independent source, if you know of one.  Thanks -- Mike Christie (talk) 08:29, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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The article about you
Yet another disemvowelled single-purpose account popped up with a hate-on against you. They've been reverted and blocked. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  23:14, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

Good to see your initials pop up here
I'd really be better off spending more time writing paid reviews and less time here: this might be worse than fandom as an addictive way to waste one's energies and time (albeit our cons are better). I'm still thinking of loccing that zine I picked up at a con, which y'all published while still working as social workers in Seattle (if I can find it).-- Orange Mike |  Talk  15:15, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

March 2014
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Charles the Simple
Sorry, I missed that change in the article. Thanks for correcting it. --Kansas Bear (talk) 02:45, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

The Just City
Good point re: the reviews; the reason those were the only ones included is that those were the only ones I could find when I wrote the article back in November of last year.

I've expanded the Reception section as per your suggestion. Best to Teresa. DS (talk) 01:29, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Anyone for Everyone
 Anyone for Everyone Good morning,

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I would really appreciate your views on the Anyone for Everyone program.

Anyone for Everyone is a campaign to encourage and guide internet users to contribute more to Wikimedia projects. The campaign aims to encourage 19 actions/activities that anyone could do on Wikimedia projects (Commons, Wikidata, Wikibooks etc.) for the benefit of everyone. Can you help expand the list by adding bullet points?

Thanks for weaving the lines and letters that make information neutrally open to the world.

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title: User talk:Pnh


text:
Talk:Binding Triad

Rewrite
Okay, the article's been re-written from scratch to eliminate possible copyvio, so it should be ready to move from the temp page to here. 205.217.105.2 21:18, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Objection
Am I missing something? This article looks just like the original copyvio. RickK 09:13, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * The structure might be similar, and its subject is the same proposal for UN reform, but the article was written without cutting and pasting or otherwise plagiarizing from any source. The idea of the binding triad has been proposed and written about by numerous sources. Run a google search or something if you think it's still copyvio, and present your evidence. Rad Racer 19:15, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The original copyvio said:
 * The binding triad refers to a proposed amendment to the United Nations Charter to make United Nations General Assembly resolutions binding if approved by a supermajority of members.

 * By an amendment to Article 13 of the United Nations Charter, the Binding Triad system could be introduced into the global decision-making process. This amendment would enable the General Assembly to make binding decisions by resolutions which receive concurrent majority votes based on three factors:

 * One-nation-one-vote (the same as now), Population, Contributions to the U.N. budget. The General Assembly could also continue to adopt non-binding recommendations by majority vote based solely on one-vote-per-nation, as at present.

 * The rationale of the Binding Triad concept is this:

 * The one-nation-one-vote system is deeply rooted in diplomatic tradition, and this voting leg gives the smaller countries an important voice in global decisions. The population leg introduces a strong element of democracy into U.N. decision-making. The leg based on contributions to the U.N. budget, roughly based on GNP, allows the more important donor counties to have increased influence on decisions involving projects for which they will have to pay most of the bills. Under the Binding Triad proposal, a binding global law could be adopted by the General Assembly provided it had the support of most of the world's nations, nations representing most of the world's population, and nations representing most of the olitical/economic/military influence in international affairs.

 * A possible drawback of the Binding Triad is that it does not necessarily provide for global decisionmaking by directly-elected representatives.

 * Source The Binding Triad System for Global Decision-Making (http://www.cwps.org/bt.html), Center for War/Peace Studies.

How is that different from the current version? RickK 20:49, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Refutation of copyright paranoia
All right, let's compare the two. Just because an article presents similar information as that presented by a source doesn't make it a copyvio. See the checklist. "Factual or nonfiction based" is a factor favoring fair use. In any case, there are a number of articles on Wikipedia based loosely on copyrighted works. For instance, humanure is based largely on information from The Humanure Handbook. Watch out for copyright paranoia. Rad Racer 23:24, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The Binding Triad is a proposal to amend the United Nations Charter to allow the United Nations General Assembly to pass binding resolutions with the approval of a supermajority of members. For a resolution to be binding, it would require the support of nations:
 * Comprising a majority of members of the United Nations.
 * Whose combined contributions in dues comprise a majority of the U.N. budget.
 * Whose combined populations comprise a majority of the world population.

 * The Binding Triad appeals to some world federalists because it could theoretically institute a world government with only one change to the U.N. Charter. However, further amendments would be needed to secure representative government. In addition, it is unclear what impact such a change would have on the role of the United Nations Security Council, which enacts and enforces its own resolutions.

 * ==External link==
 * http://www.cwps.org/bt.html

title: Talk:Binding Triad


text:
Eason Jordan

Eason Jordan (born October 16, 1960) is an executive and entrepreneur who serves as the Rockefeller Foundation's Senior Vice President for Connected Leaders.

He previously helped launch and lead CNN, NowThis News, the Malala Fund and several of his own companies.

Biography
Jordan studied at DeKalb College and Georgia State University. Early jobs included assignment editor at WXIA-TV, and radio news correspondent at WGIG, both in Altanta. He was later a correspondent for WSBI in Brunswick, Tennessee.

At CNN, where he worked 1982-2005, he served as chief news executive and president of newsgathering and international networks. While at CNN, he helped oversee CNN's coverage of the Falklands War and the 1982 Lebanon War. In 1989 he was appointed to direct CNN's international news coverage, and in 1995 took on the added responsibility of overseeing CNN International.

He subsequently (2005-2012) founded and headed several companies, including Oryx Strategies, Poll Position, Headline Apps, and Praedict. In 2006, Jordan teamed up with journalist Robert Young Pelton and several others to launch Iraq Slogger, a clearinghouse of news and information coming out of Iraq during the Iraq War. The site was intended to aggregate articles by both foreign correspondents and Iraqi journalists, as well as nonprofessionals. According to Pelton, the site had insufficient income and ceased operations in 2009.

In 2012, Jordan joined NowThis, a digital video news service, as its founding general manager,   working there for two years.

He later (2014-2017) served as a director at the Malala Fund, the education-focused foundation launched by Malala Yousafzai, the youngest-ever Nobel Peace Prize laureate and U.N. Messenger of Peace. He initially served as the organization's director of operations and communications and later as its director of special projects.

Jordan serves on the board of trustees of the Fugees Family NGO and the advisory council of Stanford's Human Perception Lab, and he is member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the ONE Campaign.

He was portrayed by the actor Clark Gregg in Live From Baghdad (2002), a film about the team of CNN journalists who covered the first Gulf War. As CNN was the only news organization broadcasting live, firsthand reports from Baghdad, the Iraqi capital, for most of the war, this is widely considered the event that "put CNN on the map".

Controversy
On April 11, 2003, Jordan revealed in an opinion piece in The New York Times called "The News We Kept to Ourselves" that CNN knew about human rights abuses committed in Iraq by Saddam Hussein since 1990. As described in the same essay, Jordan personally met with Uday Hussein, eldest son of Saddam Hussein of Iraq, in 1995 at the Iraqi Olympic Committee headquarters, where Hussein told Jordan he intended to assassinate his two sons-in-law, Hussein Kamel al-Majid and Saddam Kamel, who had defected to Jordan and exposed the Iraqi regime. They were eventually killed upon their return to Iraq.

In response to his op-ed, Jordan was harshly criticized by The New Republic ' s Franklin Foer, in an article in The Wall Street Journal, who said CNN should have left Iraq rather than spread the regime's propaganda.

Alleged comments at 2005 World Economic Forum
On January 27, 2005, during the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, Jordan was reported to have said that American troops were targeting journalists. Although there is no transcript of Jordan's statement (the event was videotaped, but the WEF refused to release it, or make a transcript of the event), Barney Frank claimed Jordan seemed to be suggesting "it was official military policy to take out journalists", and later added that some U.S. soldiers targeted reporters "maybe knowing they were killing journalists, out of anger" — claims that Jordan denied.

On February 11, 2005, Jordan resigned from CNN to "prevent CNN from being unfairly tarnished by the controversy over conflicting accounts of my recent remarks regarding the alarming number of journalists killed in Iraq". In a press release, Jordan also stated that "I have great admiration and respect for the men and women of the U.S. armed forces, with whom I have worked closely and been embedded in Baghdad, Tikrit, and Mosul".

U.S. News & World Report editor-at-large David Gergen, who had moderated the WEF discussion, and BBC executive Richard Sambrook, defended Jordan and claimed his remarks, though controversial, were not as extreme as they were hyped and that he did not deserve to be removed from CNN. But U.S. entrepreneur Rony Abovitz, former CNN reporter Rebecca MacKinnon, U.S. journalist Bret Stephens, Swiss journalist Bernard Rapazz, U.S. Senator Chris Dodd, and French historian Justin Vaïsse were also present, and confirmed the essentials of Frank's account.

Bloggers who covered the story (most newspapers and networks chose not to) noted that Jordan had been accusing Israeli and U.S. troops of deliberately targeting journalists as early as October 2002, and had made similar specific claims about Iraq in November 2004. They also noted his earlier admission (in his New York Times Op-Ed piece, "The News We Kept to Ourselves") that CNN had deliberately downplayed the brutality of the Saddam Hussein regime in order to maintain CNN's access to the country.

Awards
Jordan is the recipient of four Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and the DuPont-Columbia Award. At the age of 31, he received the Livingston Award's "Special Citation For Outstanding Achievement" (previously only given posthumously) for coverage of the Gulf War, the Soviet crisis, and the African famine. The Livingston Awards for excellence by professionals under the age of 35 are the largest all-media, general reporting prizes in American journalism.

title: Eason Jordan


text: User talk:69.38.100.57

title: User talk:69.38.100.57