text:
Talk:Sauropsid

Comment from a non-biologist: Two articles seem to contradict each other; this article's lead paragraph lists birds as a member of the class of Sauropsida, but the article on birds lists Aves as a separate class. The taxonomic details on this page is more recent (Goodrich vs. Linnaeus), but if there is still disagreement on the issue, this should be indicated on both pages, and if the apparent disagreement has been resolved, then the two pages (and pages on individual genera and species) should use the same taxonomy. --Thorsen 05:15, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

I replaced the old taxonomic hierarchy of microphylum nanophylum etc with the one suggested by Dr Mike Benton of Bristol University, in the newest edition of his textbook Vertebrate Paleontology. Since this is a widely used and respected work, I feel this classification is more appropriate to the Wikipedia than the eccentric one previously adopted.

 * Benton, M. J. (2004), Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd

M Alan Kazlev 01:56, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I replaced the taxobox with the more userfriendly one, which I copied from Synapsida (before I saw this talk). Is Benton's classification applicable there too? Phlebas 19:06, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes his book is a standard textbook. While one might quibble with minor points of interepretation (as palaeontologists often do), overall it is an excellent guide.  It supplements (and can serve as an intro to) Carroll's Vertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution (1988), an excellent book that however was written before the cladistic approach became standard, hence Carroll in the back of his book follows the Linnean scheme of Class, Order, etc.

 * So the taxonomic hierarchy of the vertebrates, according to the 2004 edition of Benton's book is a good guideline and can certainly be used as an outline classification (although as i said one might quibble with points of detail)

 * What i have been doing, since the taxobox used here is the standard one on the wikipedia, is using an "unranked" heading, as in Archosaur, or else division and subdivion. But since our task is to summarise and present and interpret as an Encyclopaedia, not come up with new unreferenced ideas, there is no justification for using the terms "microphylum" or "nanophylum", unless there is a reference to a scientific journal or peer reviewed essay which presents this terminology (I don't know of any; in fact before coming to wikipedia I'd never heard these terms).  Of course that infraphylum and superclass are perfectly good terms M Alan Kazlev 00:18, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Sauropsid or Reptile?
While I agree that Benton's taxonomy is an excellent choise to use across the wikipedia vertebrate pages, I'm starting to think using class Sauropsida instead of the widely used and well-known Reptilia might be a little too arcane for an encyclopedia like this one. It seems like it would be far simpler to preserve Class Reptilia for all traditional reptiles except Synapsids, rahter than try to convert all the entries on living reptile species to Sauropsida and create confusion. This page should defiantely stay up as an explainatory entry, but I think adding a prominent link to Reptile and using Class Reptilia somewhere in the taxobox would be useful, since they are essentially synonyms. Dinoguy2 01:56, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * There is always a problem when applying Linnaean names and ranks to Cladistic taxa. Reptilia (Linnaean) is paraphyletic and includes non-mammalian Synapsida; Reptilia (Cladistic) is monophyletic and excludes all Synapsida.  There is also the question of whether Mesosaurus is a sauropsid but not a reptile, vice versa, or both  :-)    (latest research (according to an email from Robert Reisz) indicates it's an Anapsid/Parareptile) I guess the Phylocode will help clear up some of these ambiguities M Alan Kazlev 06:53, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Class Sauropsida has been in place on Reptile and other reptile related pages for some time now without complaint. Since "Reptile" is the common name for Class Sauropsida, I move that this page be merged with Reptile. Most of this is taxonomic history that could fit under the classification section there. Having two pages for the same clade just creates confusion when making taxobox links, etc. For example, I always code (Reptile|Sauropsida) to list the proper class but point to the more relevent page, while others just use (Sauropsid)a and point here when more relevent info can be found at Reptile.Dinoguy2 21:51, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Neither "Reptilia" nor "Sauropsida" refer to clades on wikipedia though. The paraphyletic contents of "reptilia" and "sauropsida" are quite different, so I don't think the terms are interchangeable. I would like to significantly improve this article - prominently linking to the reptile page, while explaining the different uses clearly. John.Conway 04:54, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Another point, the cladistic definition of Reptilia excludes basal sauropsids, and synapsids, and is therefor very different form the paraphyletic content. The cladistic definition of Sauropsida is only different in that it includes birds. This may avoid headaches if we start using the phylocode. - John.Conway 05:01, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Right, but the reptile article is not Reptilia, it's reptile (i.e. a common name for Sauropsida, just as the article is bird and not Aves, though Aves redirects there). The reptile article also explicitly excludes synapsids, so it matches the contents of Sauropsida pretty well.Dinoguy2 13:39, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, can we hold off while I think about this? I'm concerned that the we aren't following any scientific opinion at all here, let alone consensus. John.Conway 14:33, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Improving this Article
We really need to work on this article if it's going to replace reptile as the class rank (at least for extinct animals), as I would like it to. It's currently quite confusing, especially on the cladistic/traditional taxonomy point. We also need to draw the attention of someone that knows about basal sauropsids, because I sure as hell don't. - John.Conway 05:07, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * One, at least temporary improvement, could be to copy/paste the evolution and anatomy sections from Reptiles, modifying for Sauropsid as needed. This page at the moment focuses solely on taxonomy (which should probably be condensed into sub-headings under one Classification section), and if we're linking this from all the reptile pages, I think a much more comprehensive overview is needed.Dinoguy2 16:18, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Reptilia (Linnean) and Sauropsida (cladistic) are not the same. Therefore the latter shouldn't replace the former.  e.g. Pelycosaurs and Therapsids are Reptiles, but not Sauropsids.  I strongly support retaining both articles, with "reptile" written from a linnean point of view (ectothermic amniotes) and sauropsid from a cladistic point of view (synapomorphies and MRCA) The sauroposid page already contains a historical overview of the term "sauropsid", but needs a good cladistic coverage as well.  M Alan Kazlev 10:42, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not saying one should replace the other, just that Sauropsida should include more than taxonomy. This is a living class of animal--no other page like it, Linnean or cladistic, focusus purely on relationships. There's usually a great deal on anatomy, ecology, etc. (That said, I'm not sure having separate pages for Linnean and Cladistics is the best way to go. So far we've had a good merge, in my opinion, between the two systems, so why keep a purely Linnean page on "reptile" at all? Because many don't like that that's their common name?)Dinoguy2 14:09, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Additionally, at least the last time I checked, the Reptile page included a discussion on the fact that Synapsids are no longer considered reptiles, so that's not really an issue.Dinoguy2 14:11, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * But the average Joe has never heard of "Sauropsid", while everyone has heard of and is familiar with "reptile". Even current biology books often retain the Linnean system and hence the term Reptile.  And while yes it is true that Synapsids are no longer considered "Reptiles" in the cladistic definition of the term, they are still considered reptiles in the traditional system.  Also, Birds are Sauropsids, but they are not Reptiles.  Ichthyostega is an amphibian in the traditional classification, but a "basal tetrapod" (or even "digit-bearing animal" - cladists disagree on terminology as much as on cladograms) in the cladistic.  The two systems of taxonomy are not synonomous; even if they do overlap and agree on monophyletic taxa, they disagree as regards paraphyletic taxa, and attempts to force a uniformity only lead to an artificial and clumsy system.  And although the Cladistic system and the Phylocode are indeed gaining ground (and are certainly universal now in vertebrate paleontology!), they still do not represent a universal interpretation in biology as a whole.  But if you and other wikipedians who are familiar with issues and problems of phylogony, taxonomy, etc agree that the cladistic and traditional classifications should be merged i'll be happy to go along with the majority :-) M Alan Kazlev 05:10, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * While I can't speak for everyone, it does seem that the current merged system has been agreed upon. The seperate pages for Reptile and Sauropsid are really the only sticking points for me. My objection is mainly that in similar situations, the common name and the technical name for the taxon are merged under the common name. This is actually a wikipedia (or Project TOL) guideline--common names are used for titles unless no common name exists. Hence, Aves redirects to Bird. The title says Bird, while the taxobox (which is where one would look for technical stuff) says Aves. Everybody wins (except the poor homeless dromaeosaurids ;) ). Now, on Reptile, the taxobox makes no mention of the common name "Reptile" except in the header where common names belong, instead using Class Sauropsida. If the kind of people who bother looking at the taxobox wonder what's up, they can read the portion of the text that discusses nomenclature. In my opinion, this is a better situation than two pages, one for nomenclature and one for everything else, that use two different titles, and contain virtually the same taxa (Synapsids are synapsids, birds are aves, unless somebody goes around changing those taxoboxes to "reptile" and Sauropsida, respectively, but that's one hell of a job and would tee off the bird people to no end I imagine).Dinoguy2 16:35, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay if it's been agreed upon and is wikipedia policy i'm cool with that :-)  M Alan Kazlev 23:41, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I am sorry guys, but I think there are some formating problems in the taxonomy section.. Indentations seem off, but I do not know enough to fix it.

Contradiction - Please help
How can the following face happen? Sauropsida is a class, isn't it? Fine. Now look on the bottom of the classification- aves, which form a class themselves, happen to be taxonomically beneath Sauropsida. Now tell me- how can a class be classified beneath another class? Did I miss something? Ybk33 22:44, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The way that Benton uses the term "class" Sauropsida is paraphyletic--that is, it does not include certain descendants, namely the birds. The indent (I assume) was meant to show that Aves descended from Sauropsids. In phylogenetic taxonomy, which doesn't use ranks, Aves does belong within Sauropsida. I'll try to convert the article to use the two sytems seperately, which is more in line with how we've been doing things on paleo articles. Dinoguy2 03:58, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I understood partially. As an editor in another wikipedia, how am I supposed to rank the Sauropsida? As a class? And if I do, how can I do that and rank the aves as class as well at the same time? I am sorry for my nudging, I just have to know what to do with the sorting of those sauropsida. Ybk33 01:56, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually this shows why the Linnaean and Cladistic (Phylogenetic) methodologies are incompatable. Professor Mike Benton does try to combine the two in a single taxonomic system, and he certainly does a better job than most, but there's still these sort of unresolved problems.

 * Several options
 * Use the old-fashioned terms Class Reptilia and Class Aves
 * Use the strict phylogenetic approach and scrap the taxonomic hierarchy altogether (instead you can use indenting, or else draw or copy an ascii tree like those on Palaeos and Mikko's Phylogeny Archive)
 * Use the above two but separately, emphasising the differences in each methodology; so they complement each other.
 * Use Benton's "hybrid" version and cite him as a reference (note that Benton is widely but by no means universally recommended; Benton also opposes the PhyloCode. I've exchanged a few emails with him and he's a really decent guy) M Alan Kazlev 02:12, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * If I use Benton's hybrid, then I want to understand: Does he solve the contradiction I have shown about the aves and the sauropsida (they are both classes)? Or does he not? Ybk33 00:43, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes he does. They are listed as distinct classes.  See this page http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/benton/vertclass.html  M Alan Kazlev 00:51, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Sauropsid which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 00:34, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sauropsid


text: User talk:130.126.223.25

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:130.126.223.25


text:
WMVS

WMVS (channel 10) is a PBS member television station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. It is owned by Milwaukee Area Technical College alongside secondary PBS member WMVT (channel 36). Collectively branded as Milwaukee PBS, the two stations share studios at the Continuing Education Center on the MATC campus on North 8th Street in downtown Milwaukee, and transmitter facilities on North Humboldt Boulevard in Milwaukee's Estabrook Park neighborhood.

WMVS and WMVT operate separately from the PBS Wisconsin state network owned by the University of Wisconsin Extension and serves the rest of the state; however, WMVT runs instructional television programs from PBS Wisconsin, and Milwaukee Area Technical College and Milwaukee PBS coordinate instructional television efforts for their broadcast area.

History
The station first signed on the air on October 28, 1957, as the 28th educational television station in the United States and the second in Wisconsin (after WHA-TV in Madison). It was a service of the Milwaukee Vocational School, forerunner of MATC–hence its call letters.

Among the strongest and earliest backers of the creation of Milwaukee Public Television (over the opposition of at least some of the area's commercial stations) was Frank Zeidler, who served as the mayor of Milwaukee from 1948 to 1960. In 2007, WMVS celebrated its 50th anniversary of broadcasting. Upon a September 2010 realignment of its digital signal, the station's changed its on-air branding to "Milwaukee Public Television, Channel 10-HD". Another switch in branding occurred in December 2016, when MPTV was re-branded to Milwaukee PBS.

The two Milwaukee PBS stations, WMVS and WMVT, have the unique distinction of their studio's address number incorporating the channel numbers for both of the stations, which is in Milwaukee's street numbering system (most television and radio stations that have their channel number as an address use a vanity address or street not within a community's numbering system, e.g. KLAS-TV channel 8 in Las Vegas is located on Channel 8 Drive). The studios are in the Continuing Education Center of the MATC Downtown Campus, at 1036 North 8th Street.

WMVS has long been one of the highest-rated PBS stations in the country. In the February 2019 sweeps period, it became the highest-rated station in the PBS system.

Digital television
WMVS' digital signal on VHF channel 8 broadcasts its main channel, on virtual channel 10.1, in the 720p high definition format.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WMVS' digital signal was previously carried on digital channel 35, which is the designated digital channel of WMVT, due to interference issues with the analog channel 8 signal of WOOD-TV in Grand Rapids until a channel realignment on September 1, 2008. WMVS shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 10, at 9 a.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition VHF channel 8, using virtual channel 10.

On September 1, 2010, another channel realignment took place which added three of MPTV's digital subchannels to WMVS' signal bandwidth, while a standard definition simulcast of WMVS' 10.1 feed was added to digital subchannel 36.2 for over-the-air viewers who were unable to receive WMVS' VHF signal since the conversion (or only have UHF antennas; outside of WMVS and WIWN, all of Milwaukee's other stations transmit on UHF signals), an issue that has plagued many stations continuing to broadcast on VHF post-transition. The picture format on 10.1 was also reduced from 1080i to 720p to enable multicasting on WMVS' bandwidth. A secondary translator station for WMVS, broadcasting on UHF channel 36 and holding the calls WMVS-LD, was launched on August 14, 2012, from the MPTV Tower to better serve the main portion of WMVS' service area with UHF-only antennas, along with a boost in power to the main WMVS signal courtesy of a Public Telecommunications Facilities Program award. The secondary translator carried WMVS' main feed and all three of its subchannels, but identified each channel via PSIP as "10.1X" to reduce confusion with the main channel and allow viewers to choose which signal serves their needs better. The translator service was temporarily ended in mid-June 2020 as another after-effect of the spectrum auction where it was required to end service, as 36 is the last channel in the new UHF bandplan and will eventually be the physical channel for WMKE-CD. Milwaukee PBS currently has a construction permit active to restore WMVS-LD on VHF channel 10.

Local programming
In 1970, WMVS created its first series that would be distributed to PBS member stations, the physical fitness program Hathayoga, which ran until 1975 and hosted by Kathleen Hitchcock, which would go on to be a favorite among viewers. Since then, WMVS has produced or created a wide range of all of the station's weekly local programs, which include Black Nouveau, ¡Adelante! (a Spanish-language program with English subtitles), I Remember, Outdoor Wisconsin and Interchange. Tracks Ahead, which premiered in 1990, also is produced in HD, and was previously syndicated by Milwaukee PBS for broadcast on the HDNet (now AXS TV) cable channel.

The station's annual fundraising auction in late April/early May (which started in 1969, and is one of the oldest station auction campaigns in existence) was broadcast in high definition since 2003. After major changes in the station's fundraising arm, the sale of its production facility in 2017, and changes in overall shopping habits (and a move to WMVT that same year to reduce schedule disruptions), the auction's last edition was in 2019, with more direct fundraising appeals and PBS' pay-to-access Passport streaming video platform taking its place.

title: WMVS


text:
Talk:Jacques Chausson

Untitled
Added notice-needs translation into English/cleanup. -CunningLinguist 02:05, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I ran accros this page by chance. I have no idea of who is Jacques Chausson, but since I am approaching dual fluency English/French, I think I will try to translate the "Legal Proceedings". It is syntaxically an aberration even in Old French, but it seems it was written long before the written language had official syntax and grammar. Translating all the syntax and grammar aberrations will surely be a lot of fun :-P Fafner 08:40, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I took a crack at it, but it still needs some work. I suspect the unwieldy syntax of the legal proceedings is just due to the fact that they're legal proceedings; I wasn't able to make them a lot clearer, so much of the work left to be done could be carried about by someone with no knowledge of the French language. However, I was unsure about some particular words like cu and poteau and I may have mixed up grammar. Also, I have no sense of poetry whatsoever, so perhaps the poems could be translated more eloquently. But I think this is a good start. -- Epistaxis 08:52, Mar 10, 2005 (UTC)

In short, this needs attention from someone expert in older French. -- Jmabel | Talk 19:46, Mar 10, 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 03:46, 27 August 2007 (UTC) This page needs references and links to publication. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thereedcurtis (talk • contribs) 18:59, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Needs References
This page needs references to where the original text came from. Explanation would be helpful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thereedcurtis (talk • contribs) 19:01, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jacques Chausson


text:
Hands of the Cause

Hand of the Cause was a title given to prominent early members of the Baháʼí Faith, appointed for life by the religion's founders. Of the fifty individuals given the title, the last living was ʻAlí-Muhammad Varqá who died in 2007. Hands of the Cause played a significant role in propagating the religion, and protecting it from schism.

With the passing of Shoghi Effendi in 1957, the twenty-seven living Hands of the Cause at the time would be the last appointed. The Universal House of Justice, the governing body first elected in 1963, created the Institution of the Counsellors in 1968 and the appointed Continental Counsellors over time took on the role that the Hands of the Cause were filling. The announcement in 1968 also changed the role of the Hand of the Cause, changing them from continental appointments to worldwide, and nine Counsellors working at the International Teaching Centre took on the role of the nine Hands of the Cause who worked in the Baháʼí World Centre.

The most complete list of the Hands available is from The Baháʼí World: Vol XIV. The Universal House of Justice has said that this list may not be complete, and that a study of the letters and archives may reveal others named to this position.

Responsibilities
‘Abdu’l-Baha in his will and testament asks the Hands of the Cause of God to be "ever watchful" and "so soon as they find anyone beginning to oppose and protest against the Guardian of the Cause of God, cast him out from the congregation of the people of Baha and in no wise accept any excuse from him."

The Hands of the Cause are also referred to by Shoghi Effendi as the "Chief Stewards of Baháʼu'lláh's embryonic World Commonwealth".

Appointments
Four Hands were named by Baháʼu'lláh, four by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and forty-two by Shoghi Effendi (including ten posthumously).

Appointed by Baháʼu'lláh

 * Adíb (1848–1919)
 * Hají Ákhúnd (1842–1910)
 * Ibn-i-Asdaq (d.1928)
 * Ibn-i-Abhar (d.1917)

Appointed posthumously by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá

 * Muhammad-Ridá (Mullá Muhammad Ábádí Yazdí)
 * Nabíl-i-Akbar (1829–1892)
 * Ismu'lláhu'l-Asdaq (d. 1889) (Mullá Sádiq Khurasani)
 * Varqá (d. 1896)

Appointed posthumously by Shoghi Effendi

 * John Ebenezer Esslemont (1874–1925)
 * Hájí Amín (1831–1928)
 * Keith Ransom-Kehler (1876–1933)
 * Martha Root (1872–1939)
 * John Henry Hyde Dunn (1855–1941)
 * Siyyid Mustafá Rúmí (d. 1942)
 * 'Abdu'l-Jalil Bey Sa'd (d. 1942)
 * Muhammed Taqiy-i-Isfáhani (d. 1946)
 * Roy C. Wilhelm (1875–1951)
 * Louis George Gregory (1874–1951)

Appointed individually by Shoghi Effendi [year of appointment]

 * Amatu'l-Bahá Rúḥíyyih K͟hánum (1910–2000) [1952]
 * Jalál K͟háḍih (1897–1990) [1953] (also transliterated Jalal Khazeh)
 * Paul Edmond Haney (1909–1982) [1954]
 * ʻAlí-Muhammad Varqá (1911–2007) [1955]
 * Agnes Baldwin Alexander (1875–1971) [1957]

First contingent, appointed 24 December 1951 by Shoghi Effendi

 * Dorothy Beecher Baker (1898–1954)
 * Amelia Engelder Collins (1873–1962)
 * ʻAlí-Akbar Furútan (1905–2003)
 * Ugo Giachery (1896–1989)
 * Hermann Grossmann (1899–1968)
 * Horace Hotchkiss Holley (1887–1960)
 * Leroy C. Ioas (1896–1965)
 * William Sutherland Maxwell (1874–1952)
 * Taráz'u'lláh Samandarí (1874–1968)
 * Valíyu'lláh Varqá (1884–1955)
 * George Townshend (1876–1957)
 * Charles Mason Remey (1874–1974)

Second contingent, appointed 29 February 1952 by Shoghi Effendi

 * Siegfried Schopflocher (1877–1953)
 * S͟hu'á'u'lláh ʻAláʼí (1889–1984)
 * Músá Banání (1886–1971)
 * Clara Dunn (1869–1960)
 * D͟hikru'lláh K͟hádim (1904–1986)
 * Adelbert Mühlschlegel (1897–1980)
 * Corinne Knight True (1861–1961)

Last contingent, appointed 2 October 1957 by Shoghi Effendi

 * Hasan Muvaqqar Balyúzí (1908–1980)
 * Abu'l-Qásim Faizi (1906–1980)
 * John Graham Ferraby (1914–1973)
 * Harold Collis Featherstone (1913–1990)
 * Rahmatu'lláh Muhájir (1923–1979)
 * Enoch Olinga (1926–1979)
 * John Aldham Robarts (1901–1991)
 * William Sears (1911–1992)

Custodians
During the period between the death of Shoghi Effendi and the election of the Universal House of Justice the Hands of the Cause held a convocation from which they constituted a body of nine from among their number to serve in the Holy Land and to act as Custodians of the Baháʼí Faith, a body which functioned without officers and with a quorum of five, whose duties included taking care of Baháʼí World Center properties and other assets; corresponding with and advising National and Regional Spiritual Assemblies; acting on behalf of the Baháʼí Faith for its protection; and maintaining close contact with the rest of the Hands, who would henceforth devote their time to the successful completion of the goals of the Ten Year Crusade. The Hands of the Cause maintained the number of Custodians, replacing those who died or were unable, for health or personal reasons, to remain at the Baháʼí World Center permanently.

The idea of a group of nine elected from among the Hands of the Cause to stay at the Baha'i World Centre was referred to in the Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, one of the defining documents of Baháʼí administration. This body of nine was given the duty to validate any appointments made as Guardian:
 * "The Hands of the Cause of God must elect from their own number nine persons that shall at all times be occupied in the important services in the work of the Guardian of the Cause of God. The election of these nine must be carried either unanimously or by majority from the company of the Hands of the Cause of God and these, whether unanimously or by a majority vote, must give their assent to the choice of the one whom the Guardian of the Cause of God hath chosen as his successor."

Ministry (1957–1963)
In 1957 after the unexpected death of Shoghi Effendi while he was travelling to Britain, the living Hands of the Cause gathered in Haifa and elected nine members that would retain the leadership of the religion until the Universal House of Justice was elected in 1963. All eligible appointees as Guardian had been excommunicated and no appointment had been made by Shoghi Effendi, so they left the situation to be decided by the Universal House of Justice, which had the scriptural authority to legislate on matters that were unaddressed in the religion's texts.

In a statement released by the complete body of the Hands of the Cause they wrote:

 * We the undersigned:

 * in our capacity as Hands of the Cause of God duly nominated and appointed by the Guardian of the Baháʼí Faith, His Eminence the late Shoghi Effendi Rabbani, assembled this 25 November 1957 at the Baháʼí World Centre and constituting the supreme body of the Baháʼí World Community

 * DO HEREBY UNANIMOUSLY RESOLVE AND PROCLAIM AS FOLLOWS:

 * WHEREAS THE Guardian of the Baháʼí Faith, His Eminence the late Shoghi Effendi Rabbani, died in London (England) on 4 November 1957, without having appointed his successor;

 * AND WHEREAS it is now fallen upon us as Chief Stewards of the Baháʼí World Faith to preserve the unity, the security and the development of the Baháʼí World Community and all its institutions;

 * AND WHEREAS in accordance with the Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá) "the Hands of the Cause of God must elect from their own number nine persons that shall at all times be occupied in the important services in the work of the Guardian of the Cause of God";

 * We nominate and appoint from our own number to act on our behalf as the Custodians of the Baháʼí World Faith

 * Ruhiyyih Rabbani
 * Charles Mason Remey
 * Amelia E. Collins
 * Leroy C. Ioas
 * Hasan Balyuzi
 * ʻAlí-Akbar Furútan
 * Jalal Khazeh
 * Paul E. Haney
 * Adelbert Muhlschlegel

 * to exercise -- subject to such directions and decisions as may be given from time to time by us as the Chief Stewards of the Baháʼí World Faith -- all such functions, rights and powers in succession to the Guardian of the Baháʼí Faith, His Eminence the late Shoghi Effendi Rabbani, as are necessary to serve the interests of the Baháʼí World Faith, and this until such time as the Universal House of Justice, upon being duly established and elected in conformity with the Sacred Writings of Baháʼu'lláh and the Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, may otherwise determine.

In 1959 Mason Remey and Hasan Balyuzi found that they could no longer serve in a permanent capacity as Custodian of the Faith at the Baháʼí World Centre, and thus John Ferraby and Horace Holley were selected to replace them as Custodians. Then in 1960 after the death of Horace Holley, William Sears was elected to replace him and serve as a Custodian.

Closing of their office
The Custodians called for the election of the Universal House of Justice at the close of the Ten Year Crusade in 1963 and excluded themselves from being electable to that institution.

Upon the election of the Universal House of Justice the Custodians closed their office and turned to that newly elected body. They announced:
 * "WE, THE UNDERSIGNED, DULY NOMINATED AND APPOINTED AS CUSTODIANS OF THE BAHAʼI WORLD FAITH BY THE DECLARATION OF THE HANDS OF THE CAUSE OF GOD MADE AT BAHJI ON NOVEMBER 25TH, 1957... do now declare that the Universal House of Justice was so established and elected by action of the International Baháʼí Convention held at Haifa on April 21st, 22nd and 23rd, 1963 and we hereby release all the said functions, rights and powers which were conferred upon us under the said Declaration of November 25th, 1957 as determined by the Universal House of Justice in its communication of June 7th, 1963, and we declare that all the said functions, rights and powers now devolve rightfully and in full accordance with the Sacred Writings of the Baháʼí Faith upon the Universal House of Justice. We make this statement for the full body of the Hands of the Cause of God in accordance with the powers conferred upon us by the Declaration of November 25th, 1957, and the office of Custodians of the Baháʼí World Faith has thus ceased to exist."

title: Hands of the Cause


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rasa

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus, so keep. Deathphoenix 19:46, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Rasa
Self-described original research: "This article is an excerpt from my book of the same title. The book is a published version of the thesis submitted to the Department of Culture, Government of India...", "It is only hypothetical, presently." Niteowlneils 02:05, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete original research. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 02:38, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research/essay. Megan1967 02:40, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I concur with above. Zzyzx11 06:14, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The article was original research, but the concept is a well-known one. It was quoted in Tom Stoppard's play In the Native State. I've rewritten a stub. DJ Clayworth 04:26, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep DJ's new stub. Beautiful rescue job. - Lucky 6.9 00:01, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rasa


text:
Valley campaigns of 1864

The Valley campaigns of 1864 began as operations initiated by Union Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and resulting battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia during the American Civil War from May to October 1864. Some military historians divide this period into three separate campaigns. This article considers them together, as the campaigns interacted and built upon one another.

Background
As 1864 began, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant General and given command of all Union armies. He chose to make his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, although Maj. Gen. George G. Meade remained the commander of that army. Grant kept Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the Western armies. Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, as did Sherman and President Abraham Lincoln, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would bring the Civil War to an end. He determined to use scorched earth tactics in some important theaters.

Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions: he would join with Meade and Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler to fight against Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia near Richmond; Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel would invade the Shenandoah Valley and destroy Lee's supply lines; Maj. Gen. Sherman would attack Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee, invade Georgia and capture Atlanta; and finally Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was assigned to capture Mobile, Alabama, an important port on the Gulf Coast.

Lynchburg campaign (May–June 1864)

The first campaign started with Grant's planned invasion of the Shenandoah Valley from the Department of West Virginia, which Gen. Sigel commanded. West Virginia had been created by the Federal government as a Union state in 1863, but many of the Confederate troops defending the Valley had been recruited in the new state. Grant ordered Sigel to move "up the Valley" (i.e., southwest to the higher elevations) with 10,000 men to destroy the Confederate railroad, hospital and supply center at Lynchburg, Virginia.

New Market (May 15)
Sigel was intercepted and defeated by 4,000 troops and cadets from the Virginia Military Institute under Confederate Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge. His forces retreated to Strasburg, Virginia. Maj. Gen. David Hunter replaced Sigel. As discussed below he initiated another strike to the south, eventually burning VMI in retaliation for the Jones-Imboden Raid as well as subsequent actions of VMI cadets.

Piedmont (June 5–6)
Hunter resumed the Union offensive and defeated William E. "Grumble" Jones at the Battle of the Piedmont. Jones died in the battle, and Hunter occupied Staunton, Virginia.

On June 11 Hunter, who had continued to strike southward, fought at Lexington against John McCausland's Confederate cavalry, which retreated to the mountains around Buchanan. Hunter ordered Col. Alfred N. Duffié's cavalry division to join him in Lexington. While awaiting their arrival, Union forces burned former Governor John Letcher's home, in addition to shelling and burning the Virginia Military Institute. They seized the statue of George Washington, and nearly destroyed the campus. (VMI moved its classes to the Richmond Alms House).

Joined by Duffié on June 13, Hunter sent Averell to drive McCausland out of Buchanan and capture the James River bridge. But McCausland burned the bridge and fled. Hunter joined General William Averell in Buchanan on June 14 and on June 15 advanced via the road between the Peaks of Otter to occupy Liberty that evening. Meanwhile, Confederate Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge sent Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden and his cavalry to join McCausland. Breckinridge arrived in Lynchburg the next day. Maj. Gen. Daniel Harvey Hill and Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays constructed a defense line in the hills just southwest of the city. When McCausland fell back, Averell's cavalry pursued, engaging in the afternoon Skirmish at New London Academy. Union forces launched another attack on McCausland and Imboden that evening, and the Confederates retreated from New London.

Lynchburg (June 17–18)
Confederate Gen. Jubal A. Early and his troops arrived in Lynchburg on June 17 at 1 p.m. Although Hunter had planned to destroy railroads and hospitals in Lynchburg, and the James River Canal, when Early's initial units arrived, Hunter thought his forces outnumbered. Hunter, short on supplies, retreated back through West Virginia.

Early's Invasion of the North and operations against the B&O Railroad (June–August 1864)
Commanding General Robert E. Lee was concerned about Hunter's advances in the Valley, which threatened critical railroad lines and provisions for the Virginia-based Confederate forces. He sent Jubal Early's corps to sweep Union forces from the Valley and, if possible, to menace Washington, D.C., hoping to compel Grant to dilute his forces against Lee around Petersburg, Virginia. Early was operating in the same area where Confederate Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson had conducted his successful 1862 Valley campaign. Early got off to a good start. He drove downriver through the Valley without opposition, bypassed Harpers Ferry, crossed the Potomac River, and advanced into Maryland. Grant dispatched a corps under Horatio G. Wright and other troops under George Crook to reinforce Washington and pursue Early.

Monocacy (July 9)
Early defeated a smaller force under Lew Wallace near Frederick, Maryland. This battle delayed his progress enough to allow the Union time to reinforce the defenses of Washington.

Fort Stevens (July 11–12)
Early attacked a fort on the northwest defensive perimeter of Washington without success and withdrew across the Potomac to Virginia.

Heaton's Crossroads (July 16)
Union cavalry attacked Early's supply trains at Purcellville as the Confederates withdrew across the Loudoun Valley toward the Blue Ridge Mountains. Several small cavalry skirmishes occurred throughout the day as the Federals attempted to harass Early's column.

Cool Spring (July 17–18)

 * Also known as Snicker's Ferry

Early attacked and repulsed pursuing Union forces under Wright.

Rutherford's Farm (July 20)
A Union division attacked a Confederate division under Stephen Dodson Ramseur and routed it. Early withdrew his army south to Fisher's Hill, near Strasburg, Virginia.

Second Kernstown (July 24)
Wright withdrew, thinking Early was no longer a threat. Early attacked him to prevent or delay his return to Grant's forces besieging Petersburg. Union troops were routed, streaming through the streets of Winchester. Early pursued and burned Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, along the way in retaliation for Hunter's previous destruction in the Valley.

Folck's Mill (August 1)

 * Also known as the Battle of Cumberland

An inconclusive small cavalry battle in Maryland.

Moorefield (August 7)

 * Also known as the Battle of Oldfields

Confederate cavalry returning from the Chambersburg burning were surprised in the early morning and defeated by Union cavalry.

Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley campaign (August–October 1864)

Grant finally lost patience with Hunter, particularly his allowing Early to burn Chambersburg, and knew that Washington remained vulnerable if Early was still on the loose. He found a new commander aggressive enough to defeat Early: Philip Sheridan, the cavalry commander of the Army of the Potomac, who was given command of all forces in the area, calling them the Army of the Shenandoah. Sheridan initially started slowly, primarily because the impending presidential election of 1864 demanded a cautious approach, avoiding any disaster that might lead to the defeat of Abraham Lincoln.

Guard Hill (August 16)

 * Also known as Front Royal or Cedarville

Confederate forces under Richard H. Anderson were sent from Petersburg to reinforce Early. Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt's Union cavalry division surprised the Confederate columns while they were crossing the Shenandoah River, capturing about 300. The Confederates rallied and advanced, gradually pushing back Merritt's men to Cedarville. The battle was inconclusive.

Summit Point (August 21)

 * Also known as Flowing Springs or Cameron's Depot

Early and Anderson struck Sheridan near Charles Town, West Virginia. Sheridan conducted a fighting withdrawal.

Smithfield Crossing (August 25–29)
Two Confederate divisions crossed Opequon Creek and forced a Union cavalry division back to Charles Town; the Confederate offensive against the city was repulsed and their advance permanently halted.

Berryville (September 3–4)
A minor engagement in which Early attempted to stop Sheridan's march up the Valley. Early withdrew to Opequon Creek when he realized he was in a poor position for attacking Sheridan's full force.

Third Winchester (September 19)

 * Also known as the Battle of Opequon

After learning from Quaker Unionist Rebecca Wright that Early had dispersed his forces to raid the B&O Railroad and had removed infantry and artillery from nearby Winchester, Virginia (an important town and transportation center that changed hands 75 times in the war), Sheridan attacked Early's camp at Opequon Creek just outside the town. Sustaining ruinous casualties, Early retreated from what was the largest battle in all three of the Valley campaigns, taking up defensive positions at Fisher's Hill.

Fisher's Hill (September 21–22)
Sheridan hit Early in an early-morning flanking attack, routing the Confederates with moderate losses. Early retreated to Waynesboro, Virginia.

With Early damaged and pinned down, the Valley lay open to the Union. And because of Sherman's capture of Atlanta, Lincoln's re-election now seemed assured. Sheridan moved slowly down the Valley, conducting a scorched earth campaign that would presage Sherman's March to the Sea in November. The goal was to deny the Confederacy the means of feeding and supplying its armies in Virginia, and Sheridan's army ruthlessly burned crops, barns, mills, and factories.

Tom's Brook (October 9)
As Early began a pursuit of Sheridan, Union cavalry routed two divisions of Confederate cavalry.

Cedar Creek (October 19)
In a surprise attack, Early smashed two-thirds of the Union army, but his troops were hungry and exhausted and fell out of their ranks to pillage the Union camp. Sheridan, in a ride from Winchester, managed to rally his troops and utterly rout Early's men, and the Confederates lost everything they had gained in the morning. This victory helped Lincoln get re-elected.

Aftermath
After his missions of neutralizing Early and suppressing the Valley's military-related economy, Sheridan returned to assist Grant at Petersburg. Most of the men of Early's corps rejoined Lee at Petersburg in December, while Early remained in the Valley to command a skeleton force. He was defeated at the Battle of Waynesboro on March 2, 1865, after which Lee removed him from his command because the Confederate government and people had lost confidence in him.

title: Valley campaigns of 1864


text:
Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station

The Palo Verde Generating Station is a nuclear power plant located near Tonopah, Arizona, in western Arizona. It is located about 45 miles west of downtown Phoenix. Palo Verde generates the most electricity out of any power plant in the United States per year, being listed as the largest power plant by net generation as of 2021. Palo Verde also has the third-largest rated capacity of any U.S power plant. It is a critical asset to the Southwest, generating approximately 32 million megawatt-hours annually.

Its average electric power production is about 3.3 gigawatts (GW), and this power serves about four million people. The Arizona Public Service Company (APS) operates and owns 29.1% of the plant. Its other major owners include the Salt River Project (20.2%), the El Paso Electric Company (15.8%), Southern California Edison (15.8%), PNM Resources (7.5%), the Southern California Public Power Authority (5.9%), and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (5.7%). APS was granted a 20-year license extension to operate through 2045 for Unit 1, 2046 for Unit 2, and 2047 for Unit 3, with the option to submit a subsequent license renewal application for extended operation.

The Palo Verde Generating Station is located in the Arizona desert and is the only large nuclear power plant in the world that is not located near a large body of water. The power plant evaporates the water from the treated sewage from several nearby cities and towns to provide the cooling of the steam that it produces.

Description
The Palo Verde Generating Station is located on 4000 acre of land, and it consists of three pressurized water reactors, each with an original capacity to produce 1.27 GW of electric power. After a power up-rate, each reactor is able to produce 1.4 GW of electric power. The usual power production capacity is about 70 to 95 percent of this. This nuclear power plant is a major source of electric power for the densely populated parts of Southern Arizona and Southern California, e.g. the Phoenix, and Tucson, Arizona, Las Vegas, Nevada, Los Angeles, and San Diego, California metropolitan areas.

The Palo Verde Generating Station produces about 35 percent of the electric power that is generated in Arizona. It became fully operational by 1988, took twelve years to build and cost about 5.9 billion dollars. The power plant employs about 2,055 full-time employees.

The Palo Verde Generating Station supplied electricity at an operating cost (including fuel and maintenance) of 4.3 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2015. In 2002, Palo Verde supplied electricity at 1.33 cents per kilowatt-hour; that price was cheaper than the cost of coal (2.26 cents per kW·h) or natural gas (4.54 cents per kW·h) in the region, but more expensive than hydroelectric power (0.63 cents per kW·h). Also in 2002, the wholesale value of the electricity produced was 2.5 cents per kW·h. By 2007, the wholesale value of electricity at the Palo Verde Generating Station was 6.33 cents per kW·h.

At the time of its 2011 license renewal, the Arizona Public Service Company reported that since its commissioning, Palo Verde's electricity production had offset the emission of almost 484 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (the equivalent of taking up to 84 million cars off the road for one year); more than 253,000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide; and 618,000 metric tons of nitrogen oxide. The company noted, "If Palo Verde were to cease operation at the end of the original license, replacement cost of natural gas generation—the least expensive alternative—would total $36 billion over the 20-year license renewal period."

Bechtel Power Corporation was the Architect/ Engineer/ Constructor for the facility initially under the direction of the Arizona Nuclear Power Project (a joint APS/SRP endeavor), later managed exclusively by Arizona Public Service. Edwin E. Van Brunt was the key APS executive in charge of engineering, construction, and early operations of the plant. William G. Bingham was the Bechtel Chief Engineer for the project. Arthur von Boennighausen was one of the Owner's Representatives for Arizona Public Service.

At its location in the Arizona desert, Palo Verde is the only nuclear generating facility in the world that is not located adjacent to a large body of above-ground water. The facility evaporates water from the treated sewage of several nearby municipalities to meet its cooling needs. Up to 26 billion US gallons (~100,000,000 m³) of treated water are evaporated each year. This water represents about 25% of the annual overdraft of the Arizona Department of Water Resources Phoenix Active Management Area. At the nuclear plant site, the wastewater is further treated and stored in an 85 acre reservoir and a 45 acre reservoir for use in the plant's wet cooling towers.

The nuclear power heated steam system for each unit was designed and supplied by Combustion Engineering, designated the System 80 standard design–a predecessor of the newer standard System 80+ design. Each primary system originally supplied 3.817 GW of thermal power to the secondary (steam) side of each plant. The design is a so-called 2 × 4, with each of four main reactor coolant pumps circulating more than 60,000 gallons per minute of primary-side water through 2 large steam generators.

The main turbine generators were supplied by General Electric. When installed, they were the largest in the world, capable of generating 1.447 GW of electricity each. They remain the largest 60 Hz turbine generators. Unlike most multi-unit nuclear power plants, each unit at Palo Verde is an independent power plant, sharing only a few minor systems. The reactor containment buildings are some of the largest in the world at about 2.6 Mcuft enclosed. The three containment domes over the reactors are made of 4 ft thick concrete.

The facility's design incorporates features to enhance safety by addressing issues identified earlier in the operation of commercial nuclear reactors. The design is also one of the most spacious internally, providing exceptional room for the conduct of operations and maintenance by the operating staff. The Palo Verde 500 kV switchyard is a key point in the western states' power grid and is used as a reference point in the pricing of electricity across the southwest United States. Many 500 kV power lines from companies like Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric send power generated at the plant to Los Angeles and San Diego via Path 46, respectively. In addition, due to both the strategic interconnections of the substation and the large size of the generating station, the Western Electricity Coordinating Council considers a simultaneous loss of 2 of the 3 units the worst-case contingency for system stability.

The owners applied for a construction permit for two additional units in the late 1970s. These units were cancelled for economic-risk reasons before the permits were issued. Those two additional units would not have been on the same geometric arc as the three existing units; instead, they would have been arranged south of Unit 3 on a north–south axis.

The existing units are the only commercial reactors in use in the United States that were engineered to operate on 100% MOX fuel cores. Because nuclear fuel is not reprocessed in the United States, the reactors have always operated on fresh UOX fuel.

Security
Palo Verde was of such strategic importance that it and Phoenix were purported to be target locations in war plans of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In March 2003, National Guard troops were dispatched to protect the site during the launch of the Iraq War amidst fears of a terrorist attack.

The site and the nearby town of Tonopah remain a focus of homeland security, ranking in importance with Arizona's major cities, military bases, ports of entry, and tourist sites.

As in all nuclear power plants in the United States, security guards working there are armed with rifles. They check identification and search vehicles entering the plant. Other security measures protect the reactors, including X-ray machines, explosive "sniffers", and heavy guarded turnstiles that require special identification to open.

On 2 November 2007, a pipe with gunpowder residue was found in the bed of a contract worker's pickup truck during normal screening of vehicles. It was confirmed by the local police to contain explosives. Arizona Public Service then initiated a seven-hour security lockdown of the plant, allowing no one to enter or exit the plant. The site declared a Notification of Unusual Event, which is the lowest of four Emergency Plan event classifications.

On the nights of September 29 and September 30, 2019, the airspace over the facility was violated by aerial drones. On the first night, five or six drones were reported to be flying around Unit 3, which houses one of the site's reactors. At least four were reported during the second incursion on September 30. Subsequent investigations involved the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the FBI, the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Aviation Administration and local law enforcement. However the identity of the operator or operators, and the purpose of the incursions remains unknown.

Safety concerns
In an Arizona Republic article dated February 22, 2007, it was announced that the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) had decided to place Palo Verde into Category 4, making it one of the most closely monitored nuclear power plants in the United States. The decision was made after the INPO discovered that electrical relays in a diesel generator did not function during tests in July and September 2006.

The finding came as the "final straw" for INPO, after Palo Verde had several citations over safety concerns and violations over the preceding years, starting with the finding of a 'dry pipe' in the plant's emergency core-cooling system in 2004.

During a March 24, 2009, public meeting, the NRC announced that it cleared the Confirmatory Action Letter (CAL), and has returned Palo Verde to Column 1 on the NRC Action Matrix. The commission's letter stated that "The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has determined that the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station has made sufficient performance improvement that it can reduce its level of inspection oversight." "Performance at Palo Verde has improved substantially and we are adjusting our oversight accordingly," said Elmo E. Collins, NRC's Region IV Administrator. "But we will closely monitor the plant. We are reducing our oversight, but not our vigilance."

To address safety concerns, 58 nuclear sirens were installed within a 10-mile radius of the plant. This area is designated as the EPZ (Emergency Planning Zone). The sirens will wail periodically in the event of any nuclear emergency.

History
The selection of the site for Palo Verde was controversial. Critics claim that the site was not the first choice because it was in the middle of the desert, it had little or no water supply, and it had prevailing westerly winds. These would have put the Phoenix-Mesa metropolitan area into jeopardy in the event of a major accident. Critics claimed that that site was selected over alternatives because it was owned by a relative of Keith Turley, a person who received almost two million dollars for the land. Keith Turley was the president of APS, and also a member of the "Phoenix 40".

Units 1 and 2 went into commercial operation in 1986 and Unit 3 in 1988.

On November 18, 2005, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission announced approval of power up-rates at two of Palo Verde's reactors. According to the NRC press release, "The power up-rates at each unit, located near Phoenix, Arizona, increases the net generating capacity of the reactors from 1,270 to 1,313, and 1,317 megawatts of electric power respectively, for Units 1 and 3.

On April 21, 2011, the NRC renewed the operating licenses for Palo Verde's three reactors, extending their service lives from forty to sixty years.

Seismic risk
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Palo Verde was 1 in 26,316, ranking it #18 in the nation according to an NRC study published in August 2010.

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 mi, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 mi, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 mi of Palo Verde was 4,255, an increase of 132.9 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 mi was 1,999,858, an increase of 28.6 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Phoenix (47 mi to city center).

title: Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station


text:
User talk:SweetBabe223

sigh. Poor James Watt. Please, Britteny, stop adding nonsense to his article, it'll only get you blocked. (And you really shouldn't give out your e-mail address to all and sundry like that). –Hajor 02:06, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

OK, repeat vandalism. You've been blocked for 24 hrs. –Hajor 02:17, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC) (See also: User talk:24.31.27.77.)

title: User talk:SweetBabe223


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ComputerLand

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep (5 votes, no opposition). Mgm|(talk) 09:27, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)

ComputerLand
This was the article entitled "Vanstar", which was on VfD a few weeks ago; I have moved it to this location, but I am not sure that this company needs an article either. If it does, I hope that someone will add an actual explanation. No Vote (I'm not sure this is the right protocol for an article that has been moved.) Ben Standeven 02:21, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep. ComputerLand was very important in the history of the commoditization of the personal computer. I'm surprised the article is so utterly stubful. It was owned by Bill Millard, who had also founded IMSAI, and was the original testbed and source for WordStar (most of the original WordStar staff were ex-IMSAI). Millard essentially sucked IMSAI dry to the benefit of ComputerLand; the ensuing lawsuits resulted in Millard owing some $200 million to the plaintiffs. Then there are the est connections, as well as (get this) Grateful Dead and Courtney Love connections...Anyway, Bill deserves an article, as does ComputerLand, and for that matter IMSAI... --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 04:57, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Add that to the article please :) Radiant! 09:20, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * well, I kinda like to avoid editing articles that I have strong and perhaps irrational and not completely informed biases about. I'm still pissed off at Millard for screwing me over 25 years ago... --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 03:14, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep sounds notable Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:21, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 07:47, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand, jpgordon is correct. Gazpacho 18:48, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Jpgordon is right. Article is awful in present state but ComputerLand is notable. Millard was an EST devotee and many ComputerLand employees were, too, or good imitations of same. They would do aggressive EST things like saying to each other in a stage whisper, "Oh, looks like a paying customer" when you walked in the door. I believe for a while they answered the phone with the phrase "Good day! Every day is a good day at ComputerLand." Dpbsmith (talk) 17:39, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)


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WMVT

WMVT (channel 36) is a secondary PBS member television station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. It is owned by Milwaukee Area Technical College alongside primary PBS member WMVS (channel 10). Collectively branded as Milwaukee PBS, the two stations share studios at the Continuing Education Center on the MATC campus on North 8th Street in downtown Milwaukee, and transmitter facilities on North Humboldt Boulevard in Milwaukee's Estabrook Park neighborhood.

WMVT and WMVS operate separately from the PBS Wisconsin state network owned by the University of Wisconsin Extension and serves the rest of the state; however, WMVT runs instructional television programs from PBS Wisconsin, and Milwaukee Area Technical College and Milwaukee PBS coordinate instructional television efforts for their broadcast area.

History
The station first signed on the air on January 28, 1963. It was operated by Milwaukee Vocational and Technical School, forerunner of MATC, alongside WMVS.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WMVT shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 36, at 9 a.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 35, using virtual channel 36.

WMVT formerly did not have a digital broadcast signal, and the station's channel slot was used to broadcast a full-quality high definition digital signal of WMVS, due to the limitations of the VHF channel 8 signal within the area. WMVS-DT had to operate on limited power until the digital switchover in order to protect the analog channel 8 signal of NBC affiliate WOOD-TV across Lake Michigan in Grand Rapids, Michigan, which regularly propagated over the lake and into Wisconsin. Another shuffle occurred on September 1, 2010, which brought over three of WMVT's subchannel services onto WMVS' bandwidth, along with a standard definition simulcast of WMVS' 10.1 feed over digital channel 36.2 in 480i widescreen standard definition to address viewer complaints about reception of VHF channels post-transition. This shuffle also enabled 36.1 to eventually air programming in high definition beginning on February 7, 2011, a move that was delayed by budget concerns.

Spectrum sale, channel sharing with WMVS
On April 13, 2017, Milwaukee PBS announced that it had participated in the FCC's 2016 spectrum auction and successfully sold the UHF spectrum for WMVT for just under $85 million. On August 31, 2017, WMVT's audio channels on 36.4 and 36.5 featuring classical and jazz formats were discontinued.

Sinclair, Weigel Broadcasting, and Milwaukee PBS all decided on a switch date of January 8, 2018, for their various local spectrum moves, which took place at 9 a.m. that morning. At that time, Milwaukee PBS re-mapped their channels onto physical channel 8, with WMVT retaining their main channel on 36.1 in HD, World moving to 36.2 and MPTV's weather service mapping to 36.3. WMVS then mapped to main service on 10.1 in HD, with Create on 10.2 and PBS Kids remaining on 10.3. In early February 2018, the traffic camera footage formerly carried on 36.6 became a part of 36.3's weather maps/conditions loop.

Programming
While WMVS is billed as the area's mainstream PBS station, WMVT maintains a more educational and news format. The station's schedule is heavy on documentary, instructional, DIY, and news programming. Until October 2014, when the state's instructional programming efforts moved online-only, WMVT functioned as the Milwaukee member for the Wisconsin Educational Communications Board's instructional telecourse programs for students and teachers and most Wisconsin Badgers sports coverage from PBS Wisconsin; British drama and comedy programming, along with encores of Milwaukee PBS and PBS programming has now replaced the instructional programming in the overnight, weekend and morning timeslots. When WMVS holds its annual auction and pledge drives, WMVT takes on the responsibility of running PBS prime time programming normally seen on channel 10. The station also previously aired PBS NewsHour on a half-hour delay in lieu of WMVS for a ten-year period until September 5, 2016, when Milwaukee PBS's locally based programming moved to WMVT.

WMVT also has a "Student Operations Day" held annually on the first Saturday in May, in which students from Milwaukee Area Technical College's broadcasting department use the Milwaukee PBS facilities to produce their own shows to air on channel 36, which vary from serious educational and history programs to comedy shows.

title: WMVT


text:
Syntactic foam

Syntactic foams are composite materials synthesized by filling a metal, polymer, cementitious or ceramic matrix with hollow spheres called microballoons or cenospheres or non-hollow spheres (e.g. perlite) as aggregates. In this context, "syntactic" means "put together." The presence of hollow particles results in lower density, higher specific strength (strength divided by density), lower coefficient of thermal expansion, and, in some cases, radar or sonar transparency.

History
The term was originally coined by the Bakelite Company, in 1955, for their lightweight composites made of hollow phenolic microspheres bonded to a matrix of phenolic, epoxy, or polyester.

These materials were developed in early 1960s as improved buoyancy materials for marine applications. Other characteristics led these materials to aerospace and ground transportation vehicle applications.

Research on syntactic foams has recently been advanced by Nikhil Gupta.

Characteristics
Tailorability is one of the biggest advantages of these materials. The matrix material can be selected from almost any metal, polymer, or ceramic. Microballoons are available in a variety of sizes and materials, including glass microspheres, cenospheres, carbon, and polymers. The most widely used and studied foams are glass microspheres (in epoxy or polymers), and cenospheres or ceramics (in aluminium). One can change the volume fraction of microballoons or use microballoons of different effective density, the latter depending on the average ratio between the inner and outer radii of the microballoons.

A manufacturing method for low density syntactic foams is based on the principle of buoyancy.

Strength
The compressive properties of syntactic foams, in most cases, strongly depend on the properties of the filler particle material. In general, the compressive strength of the material is proportional to its density. Cementitious syntactic foams are reported to achieve compressive strength values greater than 30 MPa while maintaining densities lower than 1.2 g/cm3.

The matrix material has more influence on the tensile properties. Tensile strength may be highly improved by a chemical surface treatment of the particles, such as silanization, which allows the formation of strong bonds between glass particles and epoxy matrix. Addition of fibrous materials can also increase the tensile strength.

Applications
Current applications for syntactic foam include buoyancy modules for marine riser tensioners, remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), deep-sea exploration, boat hulls, and helicopter and airplane components.

Cementitious syntactic foams have also been investigated as a potential lightweight structural composite material. These materials include glass microspheres dispersed in a cement paste matrix to achieve a closed cell foam structure, instead of a metallic or a polymeric matrix. Cementitious syntactic foams have also been tested for their mechanical performance under high strain rate loading conditions to evaluate their energy dissipation capacity in crash cushions, blast walls, etc. Under these loading conditions, the glass microspheres of the cementitious syntactic foams did not show progressive crushing. Ultimately, unlike the polymeric and metallic syntactic foams, they did not emerge as suitable materials for energy dissipation applications. Structural applications of syntactic foams include use as the intermediate layer (that is, the core) of sandwich panels.

Though the cementitious syntactic foams demonstrate superior specific strength values in comparison to most conventional cementitious materials, it is challenging to manufacture them. Generally, the hollow inclusions tend to buoy and segregate in the low shear strength and high-density fresh cement paste. Therefore, maintaining a uniform microstructure across the material must be achieved through a strict control of the composite rheology. In addition, certain glass types of microspheres may lead to an alkali silica reaction. Therefore, the adverse effects of this reaction must be considered and addressed to ensure the long-term durability of these composites.

Other applications include;
 * Deep-sea buoyancy foams. A method of creating submarine hulls by 3D printing was developed in 2018.
 * Thermoforming plug assist
 * Radar transparent materials
 * Acoustically attenuating materials
 * Cores for sandwich composites
 * Blast mitigating materials
 * Sporting goods such as bowling balls, tennis rackets, and soccer balls.

title: Syntactic foam


text:
Glass microsphere

Glass microspheres are microscopic spheres of glass manufactured for a wide variety of uses in research, medicine, consumer goods and various industries. Glass microspheres are usually between 1 and 1000 micrometers in diameter, although the sizes can range from 100 nanometers to 5 millimeters in diameter. Hollow glass microspheres, sometimes termed microballoons or glass bubbles, have diameters ranging from 10 to 300 micrometers.

Hollow spheres are used as a lightweight filler in composite materials such as syntactic foam and lightweight concrete. Microballoons give syntactic foam its light weight, low thermal conductivity, and a resistance to compressive stress that far exceeds that of other foams. These properties are exploited in the hulls of submersibles and deep-sea oil drilling equipment, where other types of foam would implode. Hollow spheres of other materials create syntactic foams with different properties: ceramic balloons e.g. can make a light syntactic aluminium foam.

Hollow spheres also have uses ranging from storage and slow release of pharmaceuticals and radioactive tracers to research in controlled storage and release of hydrogen. Microspheres are also used in composites to fill polymer resins for specific characteristics such as weight, sandability and sealing surfaces. When making surfboards for example, shapers seal the EPS foam blanks with epoxy and microballoons to create an impermeable and easily sanded surface upon which fiberglass laminates are applied.

Glass microspheres can be made by heating tiny droplets of dissolved water glass in a process known as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP), and properties can be improved somewhat by using a chemical treatment to remove some of the sodium. Sodium depletion has also allowed hollow glass microspheres to be used in chemically sensitive resin systems, such as long pot life epoxies or non-blown polyurethane composites.

Additional functionalities, such as silane coatings, are commonly added to the surface of hollow glass microspheres to increase the matrix/microspheres interfacial strength (the common failure point when stressed in a tensile manner).

Microspheres made of high quality optical glass, can be produced for research on the field of optical resonators or cavities.

Glass microspheres are also produced as waste product in coal-fired power stations. In this case the product would be generally termed "cenosphere" and carry an aluminosilicate chemistry (as opposed to the sodium silica chemistry of engineered spheres). Small amounts of silica in the coal are melted and as they rise up the chimneystack, expand and form small hollow spheres. These spheres are collected together with the ash, which is pumped in a water mixture to the resident ash dam. Some of the particles do not become hollow and sink in the ash dams, while the hollow ones float on the surface of the dams. They become a nuisance, especially when they dry, as they become airborne and blow over into surrounding areas.

Application
Microspheres have been used to produce focal regions, known as photonic nanojets and whose sizes are large enough to support internal resonances, but at the same time small enough, so that geometrical optics cannot be applied for studying their properties. Previous research has demonstrated experimentally and with simulations the use of microspheres in order to increase the signal intensity obtained in different experiments. A confirmation of the photonic jet in the microwave scale, observing the backscattering enhancement that occurred when metallic particles were introduced in the focus area. A measurable enhancement of the backscattered light in the visible range was obtained when a gold nanoparticle was placed inside the photonic nanojet region produced by a dielectric microsphere with a 4.4 μm diameter. A use of nanojets produced by transparent microspheres in order to excite optical active materials, under upconversion processes with different numbers of excitation photons, has been analyzed as well.

Monodisperse glass microspheres have high sphericity and a very tight particle size distribution, often with CV<10% and specification of >95% of particles in size range. Monodisperse glass particles are often used as spacers in adhesives and coatings, such as bond line spacers in epoxies. Just a small amount of spacer grade monodisperse microspheres can create a controlled gap, as well as define and maintain specified bond line thickness. Spacer grade particles can also be used as calibration standards and tracer particles for qualifying medical devices. High quality spherical glass microspheres are often used in gas plasma displays, automotive mirrors, electronic displays, flip chip technology, filters, microscopy, and electronic equipment.

Other applications include syntactic foams and particulate composites and reflective paints.

Dispensing of microspheres
Dispensing of microspheres can be a difficult task. When utilizing microspheres as a filler for standard mixing and dispensing machines, a breakage rate of up to 80% can occur, depending upon factors such as pump choice, material viscosity, material agitation, and temperature. Customized dispensers for microsphere-filled materials may reduce the microsphere breakage rate to a minimal amount. A progressive cavity pump is the pump of choice for dispensing materials with microspheres, which can reduce microsphere breakage as much as 80%.

title: Glass microsphere


text:
Resident Aliens

Resident Aliens: Life in the Christian Colony is a 1989 book authored by the theologians Stanley Hauerwas and William Willimon. The book discusses the nature of the church and its relationship to surrounding culture. It argues that churches should focus on developing Christian life and community rather than attempting to reform secular culture. Hauerwas and Willimon reject the idea that America or any other country is a Christian nation, instead believing that Christians should see themselves as "resident aliens" in a foreign land, using the metaphor of a colony to describe the church. Instead of conforming the world to the gospel or the gospel to the world, they believe that Christians should focus on conforming to the gospel themselves.

Hauerwas and Willimon proceed to discuss ethics and the relationship between Christianity and politics, critiquing the notion that Christians, or the church as a whole, should attempt to transform secular governments or get overly involved in politics in an attempt to change society. Instead, the role of Christians is to live lives which model the love of Christ. Rather than trying to convince others to change their ethics or redefine their ethics, Christians should model a new set of ethics which are grounded in the life, death, and resurrection of Christ. Churches, therefore, should be places which help cultivate and grow disciples.

In 1996 a sequel was published entitled Where Resident Aliens Live: Exercises for Christian Practice (ISBN 0-687-01605-3).

title: Resident Aliens


text: Category:Amplifiers

title: Category:Amplifiers


text:
User talk:Ram-Man/TODO

Rambot Problems

 * External Link vs. External Links
 * Miami Gardens, Florida - CDP and city were incorporated and annexed in 2003. CDP -> Miami Gardens (Broward), Florida.
 * Interlanguage links should be kept at the bottom section.
 * Template talk:Geolinks-US-streetscale and Template:Mapit-US-cityscale
 * Talk:Attica (village), New York
 * Geneseo (village), New York == Geneseo (town), New York
 * Figure out the database with UN/LOCODE and coordinates merged, if possible.
 * UN/LOCODE -> Wikitravel
 * R from UN/LOCODE not showing in version 1.4
 * External links to http://www.city-data.com (using LOCODEs)
 * coor template
 * elevation, etc.?
 * McLeod County, Minnesota replaced w/ the text of Mahnomen County, Minnesota.

Licensing

 * You added the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Dual License category tag to my user page. That's incorrect. I've only made a blanket license grant of a multitude of other licenses for "encyclopedia articles". That deliberatey excludes talk pages, all other non-encyclopedia namespaces and multimedia files. No current plans to change that because I'm doing it to limit the potential for some conduct I don't want to accept (not yours though) and that will require a GFDL license. Good project though! Jamesday 07:33, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I like what is being done with the CC licenses, and I didn't like all the petty inconsistencies that happended in free software with GPL incompatibilities with other free licenses, so I'm very sympathetic with the motives of the dual-license drive, but......but, I just plain don't like dual licensing. I half feel like saying sorry, but there you are.  Charles Stewart 21:54, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for bringing up this point. I feel a bit ashamed of the fact you let me know that I am among the 1000 Wikipedians with most edits although I should use my time to finally get my diploma. As for the licenses I see the point for images because each image has its own page and can easily get attached its own information concerning the license. For text I do not think it makes any sense to have different users with different licenses. I do not believe in public domain for wikipedia as I have already gotten several advertisements for apparently commercial online encyclopedia that seemed to steel most of their content from wikipedia. Get-back-world-respect 19:28, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, I'm a little overwhelmed by the huge upswell of different licensing options that have appeared, and all the problems/incompatibilities they've created. Probably wouldn't have noticed but for your request to multi-license, so thanks for bringing this stuff to my attention. Do you think it will settle down or is this simply going to be a fact of life from now on? Waveguy 20:33, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your infomation about multi licencing, and sorry for the delay, I have left the wiki community alone since someone implied my work tedious. How can you licence original work if its changed the next day? The whole concept of gnu fails to account for the fact that the original work ceases to exist as soon as a single change has been made to it by another user. As far as I understand the law my items in their original context will allways be my copyright, but I allow such changes to be made under gnu terms...What difference then does it make to have multi licencing? I have found numerous websites copying my work from wikipedia, this angers me and pleases me at the same time, because I am please to share my knowledge, but at the same time feel I should be granted some acknowledgment for the effort..Tell me more and I may return to the fold, all the best. Faedra
 * Sorry for taking so long in responding to your message - I've been tied up with other things and didn't have the time really to look at licenses and decide for ages. I have realised now that I don't really care what happens to my contributions beyond the pedia and don't desire attribution just "for the sake of having your name on a site". So, I've gone for the simplest option and PDed all my contribs. Cheers, and good look with your drive. J OHN C OLLISON (An Liúdramán) 23:12, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your message. As I said on my user page I don't edit here any more - but was looking up something and I saw your note. I will happily dual license all my contributions and have added the tag to my ex-user page. I hope this helps. Secretlondon.
 * Hi, thanks for replying to my talk page about the spamming issue. I have seen some comments left by you in others talk pages about to multi-license, and you had mentioned that 90% of people asked agreed.  Is there any effort underway to add it as a checkbox when editing - it seems like something that would save a lot of people time. --Paraphelion 03:55, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree to MiltiLicense my contributions! It's a good idea. I`ve put a tag on my page. --Ce garcon 06:29, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I am happy for my text contributions to be in the public domain. I wish to retain some copyleft over my graphics (photographs, maps etc.).  I am willing to multilicence them.  Although I have been active recently, I have not made a contribution now for a couple of months.  When I return to activity I will follow this up. --CloudSurfer 02:14, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I am happy to multi-license my contributions. See User:Jor/Copyrights for details: after some deliberation I have decided upon using MultiLicenseWithCC-BySA-Any, except for article talk pages, wikipedia namespace, and my user pages. Jordi·✆ 09:37, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your note. Great idea. I have added a copyright statement to my user page using the DualLicenseWithCC-BySA-Dual template. Lyndafis 17:12, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think I'll stick with the GFDL, thanks anyways. -Frazzydee|✍ 02:17, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Basically - what Ground said! ;) Apologies for my lateness, but yeah I'm fine wiht having my edits public domain-ed. This is about sharing knowledge, not hoarding my text for no apparant reason. Though I do have one question - if I put something up in my personal userspace, that is copywrited and I state it is copywrited, does the banner about Public domain-ing affect that as well? -Erolos 17:53, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'll multi-license. CMC 01:11, Dec 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't remember making significant contributions to U.S. state/county/city articles. I agree to double licence my contributions under GFDL and CC-BY-SA. Taw 16:17, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ditto for me also. I agree to double license my contributions to US state/county/city articles and any others that you feel, under GFDL and cc-by-sa. --Numerousfalx 07:33, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree to double license my contributions to US state/country/city articles under GFDL and CC-BY-SA, although I don't quite frequently edit these articles in the English Wikipedia. (Or does that include all Wikipedias too?)--Formulax 03:24, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I would like to multi-license my contributions as well. It's sad that all the open-content places can't all share our information.  I don't think I've contributed much to the US geography.   moink 22:31, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry for not getting back to you earlier. I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article on Wikipedia under the GFDL and CC-BY-SA 1.0. I am reluctant to license all my contributions under that license, because of the warranty clause that was removed in version 2.0. Wmahan. 19:27, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * Sorry about the really late reply. I've decided to keep using the GFDL and just monitor the progress of this multi-licensing effort. Sorry and good luck! SoLando 21:12, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry for not replying earlier as I was performing Haji. However, here is it:- I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below: Yosri 13:08, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How can I find the drive? User:Patricknoddy 16:55 February 14, 2005 (EDT)
 * Okay, I've read your simplified version. How do I activate the Option 1?- B-101 16:19, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've been away from WP for a long while, so sorry for the delay on answering. I'll stay with GFDL only. User:Nabla.--Nabla 02:13, 2005 Apr 29 (UTC)
 * Sorry for taking such a long time to get back to you (multilicensing drive). I won't support multilicensing at this stage. Kokiri 01:02, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * DualLicenseWithCC-BySA-2.5, WikimediaNoLicensing Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 04:55, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I chose not to multi-license. Jgardner 16:00, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ram-Man/TODO


text:
Ottawa Normal School

The Heritage Building is today part of Ottawa City Hall. It was originally built in 1874 as Ottawa Normal School and served as a teacher's college. The Gothic Revival building stands at Elgin Street and Lisgar and several extensions were added to the rear of the building.

It was part of Ontario's normal school system of teacher's colleges that had been set up by Egerton Ryerson. When Ryerson's system was replaced by a more modern system it was renamed the Ottawa Teacher's College in 1953. In the 1960s it was decided that Ontario's teacher's colleges should be merged into universities and the teacher's college was merged into the Faculty of Education of the University of Ottawa in 1974. Four years later the building was closed and the building was sold to the federal government.

In 1986 it was purchased by the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton, to serve as part of a new RMOC headquarters. To the north of the college the main building of the new RMOC building was erected and links were created to the old school, which was re named the Heritage Building. With the creation of the new city of Ottawa in 2000 the building became part of Ottawa City Hall. The mayor has his office in this building, overlooking Elgin Street.

Notable alumni

 * Florence Dunlop (1896 – 1963), psychologist, teacher and pioneer in education for special needs children
 * Emily Julian McManus (1865-1918), poet and educator

title: Ottawa Normal School


text: Category:Electronic amplifiers

title: Category:Electronic amplifiers


text:
Motobécane

Motobécane was a French manufacturer of bicycles, mopeds, motorcycles, and other small vehicles, established in 1923. "Motobécane" is a compound of "moto", short for motorcycle; "bécane" is slang for "bike."

Motobécane is a different corporation from Motobecane USA, which imports a wide range of bicycles from Taiwan manufactured by Kinesis Industry Co. Ltd. under the Motobécane trademark.

Luis Ocaña won Tour de France on Motobecane branded bike in 1973.

In 1981, the original Motobécane filed for bankruptcy and was purchased by Yamaha and reformed in 1984 as MBK. The French company continues to make motorscooters. They also made fingerbar mowers at least up to 1981.

Motorcycles
For many years Motobecane was France's largest manufacturer of motorcycles. Charles Benoit and Abel Bardin joined in 1922 and designed their first motorcycle in 1923, a 175 cc single cylinder two-stroke-engined bike. By the 1930s Motobecane was producing a best-selling range of motorcycles. In 1933, they produced their first four-stroke machine with 250 cc capacity. During the 1930s, they manufactured a longitudinal shaft-drive inline-four engine motorcycle in 500 and 750 cc. During this period, the firm entered road racing competitions and won the Bol d'or endurance race.

After the Second World War they produced the single-cylinder D45 motorbike that filled a need for cheap transportation. The successor was the Z46, equipped with modern suspension. Like many European motorcycle manufacturers, the 1960s proved difficult for Motobécane as cars became affordable. As a result, sales decreased. The arrival of cheap, efficient Japanese motorcycles also hurt sales. They continued to produce two-cylinder 125cc motorcycles throughout the 1970s. They also manufactured a small number of two-stroke, three-cylinder 350cc and 500cc bikes.

For a time in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the company competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing claiming several victories in the 125cc class and finishing second in the 1980 125cc road racing world championship.

Bicycles
Motobécane was a major manufacturer in the French bicycle industry. Motobecane is known for designing very light weight mountain bicycles. Motobecane was the first French maker to start using Japanese parts, in the late 1970s, with Japanese derailleurs and crank sets performing far above the older French designs common on mid-priced 10-speeds. The change was largely due to the influence of their U.S. importer, Ben Lawee. The frames on Motobécane's mid-to-upper bikes were typically double-butted lugged steel made from Vitus or Reynolds 531 molybdenum/manganese steel tubing with Nervex lugs. Unlike most French makers of the era, Motobecane used Swiss thread bottom brackets for most models. Motobécane finished their frames in beautiful and high-quality paint, a practice not often followed in the French industry. Considered the second most prestigious French bicycle (after Peugeot, whose more durable design they emulated, but ahead of Gitane), Motobécane's mid-range bikes were good value; the company kept prices reasonable by matching high-quality frames with lower-priced, but higher-quality components from Japan, at a time when competitors were putting higher-priced, lower quality French components on mid-range bikes. Motobécane bicycles included the Nomade, Mirage, Super Mirage, Super Touring, Grand Touring, Sprint, Super Sprint, Jubilee Sport, Grand Record, Le Champion, and Team Champion.

In addition to the standard diamond frame bicycles, Motobécane produced mixte frame versions; the mixte frame Grand Touring had twin lateral stays in place of a top tube, extending from the head tube to the seat tube, while the Super Touring and Grand Jubilé had a single top tube sloping down towards the seat tube, but diverging into twin lateral stays just before the seat tube. Later mixte Grand Touring models also used this design. Motobécane also produced a tandem bicycle.

In the early '80s Motobécane launched a new range of bikes under the "Profil" name. These bikes were made from 2040 tubing and this had been "Ovaled" or formed into a tear-drop shape to aid aerodynamics (supposedly one of the first bikes designed in a wind tunnel). They included some hidden cabling through the top tube and full use of Shimano's Adamax 600 ax components which had been designed specifically for aerodynamics.

French bicycles before 1980 often used French-threaded bottom brackets (now difficult to find replacement parts for). French bottom brackets, like Italian ones, used right-hand threading on the fixed cups, making them subject to loosening by precession. Motobécane broke ranks with most other French manufacturers in the mid-70s, using Swiss-threaded bottom brackets (also difficult to find replacement parts for now). Swiss bottom brackets were identical to French, save that the fixed cups were reverse-threaded (like English ones), making them immune to loosening by precession. For more information, see bottom bracket specifications.

In addition, French headsets are sized and threaded slightly differently from the more common English headset.

The name Motobécane is also used for current bikes of Taiwanese manufacture. These vehicles bear no relation to the older French made bicycles, other than the name.

Mopeds and bike with auxiliary engine
Motobécane introduced a moped, the Mobylette, in 1949; over the next 48 years, Motobécane manufactured 14 million Mobylettes. In India the same model was manufactured under licence by Mopeds India Ltd under the name Suvega. In the UK Raleigh manufactured Mobylettes under licence from Motobecane as the "RM" series from 1960 until 1971. In the late 1960s these "Raleigh" mopeds accounted for 38% of UK moped sales. American retailer Montgomery Ward imported Motobecane mopeds and sold them via their catalog under the Riverside captive import brand.

The motorcycles up to the V40 version without shock absorbers. The 'bike with auxiliary engine', had a maximum speed of 25 kph and were limited to 0.23 kW. After this series and from 1961, with the use of Japanese parts and adding rear suspension, the Models V50 and higher were able to reach a speed of 45 kph hour and with a power of 1.2 kW.

In 1978, Canadian Walter Muma rode a 50V 11,500 miles on a 3-month trip that began in Toronto, brought him to Alaska, and back to Toronto.

After being acquired by Yamaha, MBK Industrie continued producing mopeds, becoming a force in French moped racing.

Cars
In 1942, responding to the disappearance of civilian fuel supplies, the directors instructed an engineer called Éric Jaulmes to look into the possibility of producing a two-seater pedal car to compete with the Vélocar. The result was a three-wheel pedal car. Pedal power reached the single rear wheel via a chain and an 8-speed cycle-style gear system. The emphasis was on weight reduction, and the vehicle weighed just over 30 kg, of which approximately 28 kg was accounted for by mechanical components and just 4 kg by the light metal lozenge style body. A single central fin on the tail-piece of the body was featured not for aerodynamic reasons but in order to accommodate the rear wheel.

During the 1950s and 1960s automobile use and ownership in France grew consistently, and much of this growth came at the expense of motorcycle producers. Long lens photographs appearing in L’Auto-Journal in December 1961 showed the results of a serious Motobécane project to fight back by developing a small “quadricycle” format automobile. One of the pictures showed the Motobécane prototype on a boulevard near the company’s plant and the Porte de Valette being overtaken by a Renault 4CV: the little Renault looked uncharacteristically large and the Motobecane, positioned between the Renault and a Paris bus, looked barely larger than a child’s pedal car. In fact the prototype was 2730 mm long and 1180 mm wide, which was enough to accommodate two people side by side in a fashionably boxy little body: from the side, at first glance, it was hard to tell which end was which: however, the cut-out sections on each side covered with a dark coloured fabric "door" was angled towards the front of the car.

Although the manufacturer was unfamiliar with automobile technology, they were happy to incorporate into the design a form of the innovative infinitely variable transmission which a few years later became a defining feature of DAF cars. Power came from a 125 cc two stroke engine installed at an angle of 7 degrees from the vertical in order to keep the flat front hood/bonnet low enough for the windscreen to be foldable forwards over it in the manner of a traditional Jeep. The prototype's motor-cycle connections were apparent from the large spoked wheels which might not have survived on a production version of the car.

Both a two-seater “KM2” microcar and a “KM2U” microvan were foreseen. In the event, however, neither passed beyond the prototype stage.

Scooters
Under the name MBK Industrie, the company continues to manufacture scooters for the European market.

title: Motobécane


text:
Talk:In-place algorithm

Proposed move
According to Naming conventions, I propose moving this page to the noun phrase In-place algorithm. Sound good? There shouldn't be a hyphen between "work" and "in" anyway. Deco 02:28, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. I vote in favour :) --Clausen 22:09, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

In-Place is ambiguous?
It seems to me that there are two different meanings for "in-place": algorithms which modify their inputs so that the output is put in the same place as where the input was, and algorithms that only require constant additional space.

In a theoretical settting, I think the latter is standard. I think we should either decide that the first one is wrong, or emphasis the ambiguity.

--Clausen 05:47, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This is a tricky ambiguity. I thought about this and added a paragraph regarding it. I think it's outright wrong to say that an algorithm which replaces its input with its output is in-place even if it uses large amounts of auxilary storage (although this is done informally). More ambiguous is whether the output space should be counted in determining the auxilary space used, which is never done in theory but sometimes done in practice. Deco 08:20, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Latin?
Why Latin? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.109.35.41 (talk) 13:53, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

QuickSort
Allo. The reason QuickSort is sometimes referred to as an in-place sort is because there's more than one definition of "in-place". Some reference materials will strictly mandate "constant" additional space, while others define it as meaning "constant or logarithmic" (O(N) or O(log N)) additional space. So, depending on which definition you use, QuickSort can be in-place, or not. 139.57.100.63 (talk) 21:37, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

Quicksort and in place
I changed the article to try to better clarify the distinctions between the different interpretations of "in place". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lurrch (talk • contribs) 16:52, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:In-place algorithm