text:
Red-violet

Red-violet refers to a rich color of high medium saturation about 3/4 of the way between red and magenta, closer to magenta than to red. In American English, this color term is sometimes used in color theory as one of the purple colors—a non-spectral color between red and violet that is a deep version of a color on the line of purples on the CIE chromaticity diagram.

In use by some artists red-violet is equivalent to purple. Since violet and purple vary so much in meaning when comparing speakers from different countries and languages, there is much confusion.

The Munsell color system includes the hue term purple, and for some (especially US) speakers of English at the maximum chroma of 12, this refers to 'Red-Purple". This convention is for chromatic purposes, since Red-Purple lies between violet and printer's magenta (the color regarded as magenta before the invention of the web color magenta for computer displays).

Relationship of red-violet to other colors
Red-violet is part of the red "analogous color group", which also includes magenta, red, red-orange, orange, gold, and yellow, i.e., those colors classified as "warm colors", or colors that produce a feeling of warmth (as opposed to "cool colors").

The color that is the complement of red-violet, mint green, lies halfway between green and spring green. It is very close to sea green but highly saturated and of a bright hue.

In some traditional usage, red-violet is the name given to an intermediate, or tertiary color that, along with yellow-orange (gold) and also green-blue (cyan), forms a color wheel triad group. Most contemporary usage, however, would list magenta as the name for the tertiary color in question.

Red-violet
Red-violet or pigment purple (pigment red-violet) represents the way the color purple (red-violet) was normally reproduced in pigments, paints, or colored pencils in the 1950s on an old-fashioned RYB color wheel. This color is displayed at right.

The normalized color coordinates for red-violet are identical to medium violet red, which was first recorded as a color name in English with the formalization of the X11 color names over 1985–1989.

By the 1970s, because of the advent of psychedelic art, artists became used to brighter pigments, and pigments called "purple" or "bright purple" that are the pigment equivalent of electric purple became available in artist's pigments and colored pencils. Reproducing electric purple in pigment requires adding some white and a small amount of blue to red-violet pigment. Even then, the reproduction will not be exact, because it is impossible for pigment colors to be so bright as colors displayed on a computer.

Kobi
At the right is displayed the color kobi.

The color name "kobi" for this light tone of red-violet has been in use since 2001, when it was promulgated as one of the colors on the Xona Color List.

Pink lavender
The color pink lavender is displayed at the right.

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #14-3207 TPX—Pink Lavender.

Puce
Puce is a medium grayish red-violet color.

Pale red-violet
The color pale red-violet (identical to the web color "pale violet red") is displayed at the right.

This color is a pale tone of red-violet.

Violet-red
The color violet red is displayed at the right. A bright tone of red-violet, it has been a Crayola color since 1958.

Cerise
The color cerise is displayed at the right. It is a deep- to vivid-reddish pink color.

Red-purple
Red-purple is the color that is called Rojo-Purpura (the Spanish word for "red-purple") in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.

Although "red-purple" is a seldom-used color name in English, in Spanish it is regarded as one of the major tones of purple.

Blush
The color blush is displayed at the right.

The first recorded use of "blush" as a color name in English was in 1590.

"Blush" has been a Crayola color since 1998. It was originally called "cranberry", until 2005.

Smitten
Displayed at the right is the color smitten.

"Smitten" is one of the colors on the Resene Color List, a color list widely popular in Australia and New Zealand. The color was formulated in 2011.

Medium red-violet
Medium red-violet is the medium tone of the color red-violet that is called "red-violet" in Crayola crayons. It has been a Crayola color since 1930.

Fandango
Displayed at the right is the color fandango.

The first recorded use of "fandango" as a color name in English was in 1919.

Flirt
At the right is displayed the color flirt.

The first recorded use of "flirt" as a color name in English was in 1928.

In 2001, "flirt" was included as one of the colors on the Xona Color List.

Popstar
Displayed at the right is the color popstar.

"Popstar" is one of the colors on the Resene Color List. It was formulated in 2006.

Jazzberry jam
The color jazzberry jam is displayed at the right.

This color, a deep shade of red-violet, was formulated by Crayola in 2003.

Wine
At the right is displayed the color wine.

The color "wine" is a representation of the average color of red wine.

The first recorded use of "wine" as a color name in English was in 1705.

Byzantium
The color Byzantium is displayed at the right.

The first recorded use of "byzantium" as a color name in English was in 1926.

Eggplant
Eggplant is a dark purple or purplish brown, color that resembles the color of the outer skin of European eggplant. Another name for the color "eggplant" is aubergine (the French and British English word for eggplant).

The first recorded use of "eggplant" as a color name in English was in 1915.

The dark grayish-red-violet color shown in the color box as "eggplant" was introduced by Crayola in 1998.

Violet-red (Per Bang)
Violet-red (Per Bang) is the bright color of red-violet.

Wrapping the spectrum into a color wheel
If the visible spectrum is wrapped to form a color wheel, red-violet appears midway between red and magenta:

title: Red-violet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Talcott Williams Seelye

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Joyous 19:22, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Talcott Williams Seelye

 * I'm actually neutral about this, but I'm not sure if there's a reason to keep it. he seems borderline in notablity, though I see the arguments for inclusion. Mostly, I've submitted this to gauge comminity opinion on this "level" of notability - Sr. Diplomat, moderately notable, but no Colin Powell. I'm tempted to suggest deletion, but perhaps his family connections make him more notable than average? Eggplant Wizard 01:42, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC) I'm experiencing login problems, so the history shows a dynamic IP, not my name. I will link to this VfD from my user page on Tuesday to confirm my identity.
 * If deleted, also delete the redirect at Talcott Seelye
 * Edit: also -- (If the community consensus is a clear "keep" here, feel free to use quick removal from VfD procedure
 * Keep. Doesn't even look borderline to me. —Korath (Talk) 02:50, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The bar of notability for people in diplomacy and foreign relations should go far below the level of Colin Powell. These are people who will often be mentioned, at least in passing, in political memoirs and published diaries, or as authors of diplomatic reports used as sources in historical research. Knowing their biography and political biases is certainly of interest to many people. / u p p l a n d 07:06, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Perhaps. Internation ambassador level should be enough. Could be set at "ambassador to major country" but then we'd have to fight about which countries are major. Kappa 07:28, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Notable career diplomat. Megan1967 08:23, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Red-violet

Untitled
Is there any single color word that this is the same color as?? Georgia guy 01:45, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Complement
If the complement of red is cyan and the complement of violet is between yellow and green, then this color's complement must be somewhere around green, obviously not yellow-orange, which has a somewhat light blue complement. Aquamarine is a good guess. Georgia guy 17:47, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Shades of...
See discussion at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Color. PaleAqua 21:04, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Are red-violet and magenta the same as dark pink?
Are red-violet and magenta the same as dark pink? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oddeivind (talk • contribs) 09:28, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

TLE
what a combination Red Ang Violet 130.105.229.104 (talk) 01:15, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red-violet


text:
User talk:Marudubshinki/Archive 1

File Systems
And thank you for tidying Talk:File system! :-) Kim Bruning 16:19, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem- I tidied it up as much for everyone else as for myself; I wouldn't be able to sleep comfortably knowing there was a such a hideous and unreadable page out there. If you know of any others that need cleaning drop me a line.  -- Maru Dubshinki

 * In the future, I would appreciate it if you would not alter my comments.

 * Darrien 11:16, 2005 Mar 9 (UTC)

 * Darrien, I'm afraid I don't know what your problem is: all I did was a) very occasionally do some spellchecking, b) get the indenting right, c) add attributions where they were omitted, or '--' in front of the name, which hardly seems worth complaining about. Kim Bruning didn't have any problem with my edits- are you complaining about the old section I removed? -- Maru Dubshinki

 * There's no problem and I'm not complaining. I just don't like people editing my comments. If you wish to ignore my request, there's nothing I can do to stop you.

 * Darrien 13:00, 2005 Mar 10 (UTC)

 * Ah- alright then: hence forth I'll either simply leave your comments alone, or ask your permission; would that be acceptable? -- Maru Dubshinki 05:16 PM Thursday, 10 March 2005

 * Yes.

 * Darrien 10:10, 2005 Mar 12 (UTC)

pong. --Avriette 22:04, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marudubshinki/Archive 1


text:
Boy's Town, Nuevo Laredo

Boy's Town, (or "La Zona" (en: the Zone) as it is known in Spanish), is a commercial district in the border town of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico, serving primarily as a "zone of tolerance" in the city for legal prostitution, and also a variety of other nocturnal entertainment. It is a walled compound containing three short east-west streets and two short north-south streets. It houses a range of brothels, bars, restaurants, small stores, a small police station, and a health clinic. It is located near the intersection of Monterrey and Anahuac Streets, about 5 km southwest of International Bridge #1. Providencia Cantu was the one who came up with the name. She used to own a place there named "El Baston".

Historical precedent
The origins of the Boy's Town concept along the Mexico–United States border can be traced in part to the relationship that developed between the United States Army and various ad hoc entrepreneurs in northern Mexico during the army's 1916–17 Punitive Expedition; specifically when General John J. Pershing's forces were pursuing General Pancho Villa in Chihuahua. While the troops were based 100 kilometers south of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, at Colonia Dublain, a small group of vendors, launderers, barkeeps, and prostitutes set up businesses next to the army camp. Eventually, General Pershing ordered that the prostitutes be restricted to the southern end of the camp where they would be inspected and certified by the military medical officers. A flat rate for sexual intercourse was also established.

Within a few decades, this concept was adopted by vice entrepreneurs and city managers elsewhere along the border. These enclosed compounds, called zonas de tolerancia or Boy's Towns, were eventually established in at least seven Mexican cities along the U.S.-Mexico border (San Luis Río Colorado, Agua Prieta, Ojinaga, Ciudad Acuña, Piedras Negras, Nuevo Laredo, and Reynosa). Later, several other cities, not located on the border, established enclosed zonas as well, including Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León, and Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. The government of Ciudad Victoria, Mexico, has considered establishing a similar zone.

The current enclave in Nuevo Laredo was constructed in the 1960s, during the municipal administration of Ernesto Ferrara Ferrara, to concentrate prostitution activities within a controlled zone. A number of brothels and bars catering to prostitution still operate in the downtown area outside Boy's Town with the tacit approval of the government.

Description

The commercial activities can be differentiated into a number of broad categories, and their spatial organization is outlined in the map. The categories include: (1) primary or major brothels, (2) secondary brothels, (3) "cribs" of freelance prostitutes, (4) cantinas and bars catering to local patrons, (5) transvestite bars, (6) other commercial services, and (7) residences. Furthermore, Boy's Town is protected by a substation of the municipal police complete with jail, and there is a health clinic that performs blood tests and weekly screenings of sex workers for venereal diseases.

Establishments and services exhibit a typical distance decay pattern. All but one of the primary brothels are located near the entrance, secondary brothels and cantinas are located farther from the entrance, and the transvestite bars are concentrated at the far end of the compound. Even the cribs exhibit a distance-decay pattern in that the younger more attractive prostitutes occupy cribs on the central lane (Cleopatra Street), whereas older, or less attractive women rent cribs on the south most lane or in the back near the transvestite bars. This pattern is primarily a function of rental rates for the cribs, being less expensive in the southwest corner of the compound.

Cantinas and bars
The cantinas and bars constitute a significant component of the economy. Most do not operate as brothels, but are instead venues for inexpensive drinks (usually just beer and tequila), live music, and dancing. Some are staffed with women who dance with customers for a few pesos. They provide an inexpensive environment for local males (and occasionally couples) to relax, listen to Cumbia, Norteño, or Ranchera music, and dance late into the night. Several are patronized by off-duty prostitutes and their boyfriends or husbands after working hours in the early morning.

Some transvestite bars also serve as brothels catering to clients who seek to have sex with transvestites, transgender individuals, or homosexual men. They also serve as social entertainment venues for local transvestites and homosexual men themselves. Customers are almost exclusively local males.

Other commercial services
In addition to entertainment facilities, a number of small restaurants and street eateries cater to patrons visiting the bars and brothels and to the individuals who live and work there. Other services include small convenience stores, clothing stores, seamstress shops that tailor outfits for the sex workers, and a photo studio.

While accurate figures of the total number of individuals residing in Boy's Town are not available, they range into the hundreds. Many sex workers reside in the brothels, cribs, or other rented rooms. Some workers live with their boyfriends or husbands in these rooms. Furthermore, several bar owners or managers live there.

Employment patterns
Employment in prostitution is more transitional and seasonal than other occupations within Boy's Town. For example, most of the waiters, bartenders, and shopkeepers retain their jobs for years, if not decades. These individuals also have fairly set schedules, and their employment reflects little seasonality. In contrast, most prostitutes work in Boy's Town for no more than two or three years, usually in times of severe economic need. Approximately 30% stay between 5 and 8 years, and only 5% may stay for as many as ten years. Prostitutes tend to work during specific periods and to travel frequently between their home states in Mexico and Nuevo Laredo. Many work only on weekends and commute via bus to homes in interior Mexico. Some work for several weeks each month, while others come for several months each year. Generally, prostitutes from Monterrey adopt the weekly schedule, whereas those from farther south employ longer-interval patterns. Most prostitutes arrive as a result of chain migration, following the migration of family members (e. g., sisters or cousins) or acquaintances who already work in Boy's Town. According to one local municipal health official, approximately 800 prostitutes work in Boy's Town (albeit not at the same time).

Significance
Boy's Town was referenced during the 1990 Texas gubernatorial race when Republican candidate Clayton Williams admitted that he had made visits for "servicing."

Scholarly analysis of Boy's Town has been limited to a sociological study in the 1970s (Stevenson 1975) and several geographical surveys in the early 1990s (Arreola and Curtis 1993, Curtis and Arreola 1991a, Curtis and Arreola 1991b).

title: Boy's Town, Nuevo Laredo


text:
F-Minus

F-Minus was an American hardcore punk band formed in 1995 in Huntington Beach, California, United States, started by Jen Johnson and Brad Logan. F-Minus was known for their dueling male and female vocals in songs that were sometimes as short as 12 seconds ("Fuck You O.C."). Before breaking up in 2004, their last album was recorded by Steve Albini. Throughout their career, they covered such bands as Antidote, Black Randy and the Metro Squad, 7 Seconds, Negative Approach, and Agnostic Front. Brad Logan currently runs his own record label Blacknoise, and is also member of the New York band Leftöver Crack. Jen Johnson currently is the designer and owner of clothing label E.C. Star, and also is a member of the California band Ammunition Affair.

Final line up

 * Brad Logan- vocals, guitar
 * Erica Daking- vocals, guitar
 * Joe Steinbrick- bass
 * Adam Zuckert- drums

Former members

 * Jen Johnson- vocals, bass
 * Sarah Lee- guitar
 * Chris Lagerborg- drums
 * John Guerra- drums
 * JP Otto- drums

Albums

 * Self Titled LP/CD (Hellcat, 1999)
 * Suburban Blight LP/CD (Hellcat, 2001)
 * Wake Up Screaming LP/CD (Hellcat, 2003)
 * Won't Bleed Me / Failed Society CD (Alternative Tentacles, 2005)

EPs

 * Voice of Treason Cassette (Self Released, 1996)
 * Failed Society 7" (Hellcat, 1997)
 * Won't Bleed Me 7" (Pelado, 1997)
 * Failed Society / Won't Bleed Me Cassette (Self Released, 1997)
 * Split With Crack Rock Steady 7 - Baby Jesus Sliced Up In The Manger 10" (Knife or Death, 2001)
 * Sweating Blood 7" (Bridge 9, 2003)

Compilations

 * Give Em' The Boot Volume 1 CD (Hellcat, 1997)
 * Old Skars and Upstarts CD/LP (Alive, 1997)
 * Give Em' The Boot Volume 2 CD (Hellcat, 1999)
 * No Time To Kill (Checkmate, 1999)
 * Vans Off The Wall Volume 3 CD (Vans, 2000)
 * Tomorrow Seems So Hopeless CD (Eyeball, 2000)
 * Give Em' The Boot Volume 3 CD (Hellcat, 2002)
 * Against Police Injustice CD (Non-Commercial, 2003)
 * Punk O' Rama Volume 8 CD (Epitaph, 2003)
 * Give Em' The Boot Volume 4 CD (Hellcat, 2004)
 * Give Em' The Boot DVD (Hellcat, 2005)
 * The Kids Are Gonna Pay Split (In Your Face (7 Seconds Cover))(2006)

title: F-Minus


text:
1925 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1925 Atlantic hurricane season was a below-average Atlantic hurricane season during which four tropical cyclones formed. Only one of them was a hurricane. The first storm developed on August 18, and the last dissipated on December 1. The season began at a late date, more than two months after the season began. The official start of the season is generally considered to be June 1 with the end being October 31; however, the final storm of the season formed nearly a month after the official end. Due to increased activity over the following decades, the official end of the hurricane season was shifted to November 30.

The final two storms of the season impacted several areas, with the final storm affecting areas from Cuba to Rhode Island. The third storm caused little or no damage along the Texas coastline with gale-force winds being recorded only along the coast. The last storm caused severe damage along the beaches of the Florida Peninsula, with damages estimated in the millions along with four fatalities near Tampa. At least $600,000 was lost in damages dealt to the citrus industry and several maritime incidents resulted in over 55 fatalities.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 7, one of the lowest totals ever and far below the 1921–1930 average of 76.6. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

Hurricane One
The first indications of a tropical cyclone developing were on August 17. A ship in the vicinity of the developing system reported winds of 40 mph over 78 °F waters. Around 0000 UTC the next day, the system was classified as a modern-day tropical depression with sustained winds estimated at 30 mph. Roughly 18 hours later, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm, the first of the season while located to the north-northeast of the Bahamas. Gradual intensification took place throughout most of the storm's life as it traveled towards the northeast until becoming a hurricane around 0600 UTC on August 20. About 30 minutes later, a ship recorded winds of 45 mph and a pressure of 993.6 mbar (hPa), the lowest pressure recorded in relation to the small storm. Shortly after, the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 80 mph. Increasing in forward motion, the storm became extratropical early on August 21 after turning towards the north.

Tropical Storm Two
The second storm of the season was first identified on August 25 to the east of Florida as a tropical depression. Around this time, several ships were reporting winds up to 25 mph in the vicinity of the system. Traveling towards the northeast, the storm gradually intensified, attainting tropical storm status around 0600 UTC the next day. Several hours later, a ship recorded a pressure of 1010 mbar (hPa) while located in the vicinity of the system. The storm turned towards the west-northwest later that day and forward motion began to increase.

Early on August 27, the storm weakened below tropical storm status and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while moving over cooler waters. The system dissipated shortly after over open waters. Although the storm remained over water for the duration of its existence, the outer reaches of the system brought rain and light winds to Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas. In Jacksonville, Florida, the storm produced 0.47 in of rain on August 25. Between August 26 and 27, Cape Hatteras received 2.06 in of rain from the storm.

Tropical Storm Three
The third storm of the season was first identified as tropical depression off the northwestern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula early on September 6. The system moved at a steady pace to the northwest towards the Rio Grande Valley. Shortly after forming, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm. At this time, a ship in the vicinity of the storm recorded a pressure of 1012 mbar (hPa). By 1800 UTC that day, the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 50 mph. Around 9 pm CST (0300 UTC on September 7) that night, storm warnings were issued for areas between Brownsville and Corpus Christi, Texas. These warnings were later expanded to include the entire Texas coastline.

The storm made landfall in northern Mexico, just south of the Texas border, shortly after the warnings were extended. Around the time the storm made landfall, a pressure of 1002 mbar (hPa) was recorded in Brownsville, Texas. The storm dissipated later that day over southwestern Texas. No known damage was caused as a result of this storm and storm-force winds were only recorded over a small area on the Texas coastline. The storm produced minor rainfall over south Texas with Brownsville recording 0.56 in and Corpus Christi recording 0.95 in (24.1 in). Winds up to 43 mph were reported in Brownsville around 1 am CST (0800 UTC) on September 7.

Tropical depression
In late September, a low-pressure area detached from a dissipating frontal system and gradually organized into a tropical system over warm sea surface temperatures in the central Atlantic. A tropical depression formed by late on September 29. However, the depression transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 1 as it merged with another frontal system.

Tropical Storm Four
A tropical depression developed near the Yucatan Peninsula early on November 27. The depression drifted southeastward and gradually strengthened into a tropical storm. Once in the gulf, it accelerated and intensified to winds of 65 mph. Early on December 1, the storm made landfall near Fort Myers, Florida, at the same intensity. The system weakened and soon became extratropical. The extratropical cyclone emerged over the eastern Atlantic several hours later and regained hurricane-force winds. By 0000 UTC, the extratropical system peaked with winds of 90 mph and a minimum pressure of 980 mbar. Around this time, the U. S. S. Patoka, which was in the vicinity of the storm, recorded a pressure of 978.5 mbar. The northeastward movement slowed shortly after crossing Florida. Around 2300 UTC, it made landfall between Wilmington and Cape Hatteras with winds equivalent to a minimal hurricane. Shortly after landfall, maximum sustained winds in the storm dropped below 75 mph. A strong area of high pressure located over the Canadian Maritimes caused the system to turn east-southeastward. On December 5, the storm weakened further to the equivalent of a tropical depression as the system began to move towards the south. The remnants of the storm continued eastward, passing several hundred miles north of Bermuda later that day. The cyclone was reported near the Azores on December 9, before finally merging with another cyclone over the North Atlantic.

The storm caused significant property and crop damage along the Gulf Coast of Florida. Trees, power lines, and telegraph wires were uprooted or knocked down by high winds along the Suwannee River. Structures which were previously considered to be safe from storms, being over 100 ft inland, sustained significant damage from what was likely storm surge. The beaches along the Atlantic coast also sustained considerable damages from the storm. Four people were killed near Tampa in two separate incidents. The first occurred when a house collapsed on three men, pinning them to the ground. The second incident occurred after a woman ran outside her home and was struck by a tree limb. In North Carolina, heavy rains and strong winds were reported along the coast. Near record high water rises were recorded around Wilmington. Cape Hatteras was temporarily isolated from the surrounding areas as the high winds from the storm knocked down power lines throughout the area. Several buildings along the coast and numerous boats sustained considerable damage. Property loses were estimated in the millions, with $1 million in Jacksonville alone. Damages to the citrus industry were also significant, with total losses exceeding $600,000. In addition to the severe impacts on land, numerous shipping incidents resulted in several deaths. A schooner carrying seven people sunk with no survivors. A tug boat sank off the coast of Mobile, Alabama, while towing a lumber barge, the fate of the crew is unknown. A ship named the American SS Cotopaxi sank between Charleston, South Carolina and the northern coast of Cuba; all 30 crew members drowned. A ship carrying about 2,000 cases of liquor with a crew of six sank near Daytona Beach. Near Savannah, Georgia, a yacht sank, drowning 12 crew members. At least 55 deaths occurred at sea.

title: 1925 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
User:Jijinmachina

UserBoxen

My Blog

Current Project
None for right now.

Note
I normally edit articles other then current project under anon IPs. So It may not look like I'm very experienced but I have been editing for about well over year now.

Stuff
My Sandbox

This Page's Last Edit
Last edit: -- × × × jijin+machina | Chat Me! ×× × -- 05:50, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Jijinmachina


text:
Giulia

Giulia may refer to:

People

 * Giulia (given name)
 * Giulia (wrestler) (born 1994), English-born Italian-Japanese professional wrestler

Places

 * Cappella Giulia, a chapel in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome
 * Friuli-Venezia Giulia, one of the 20 regions of Italy
 * Friuli Venezia Giulia Airport, an airport near Trieste
 * Il Quotidiano del Friuli Venezia Giulia, a free newspaper 2011–14
 * Milano Santa Giulia, a green and residential district (quartiere) in Milan, Italy
 * Santa Giulia (Brescia), Lombardy, a former monastery
 * Santa Giulia, Lucca, a church
 * Valle Giulia, a valley near Rome
 * Battle of Valle Giulia, a violent confrontation between demonstrators and police in 1968
 * Fountain of Valle Giulia
 * Venezia Giulia, an area of southeastern Europe, today split among Croatia, Italy and Slovenia
 * Venezia Giulia Police Force, operational 1945–1961
 * Via Giulia, a street in the historic centre of Rome
 * Santa Caterina da Siena a Via Giulia, a church on Via Giulia
 * Villa Giulia, Rome, home of the National Etruscan Museum
 * Villa Giulia (Naples), a historic villa
 * Villa Giulia (Palermo), a park
 * Fontana del Genio a Villa Giulia, a fountain in Palermo

Transport

 * Alfa Romeo Giulia, a large family car of the 1960s and 1970s
 * Alfa Romeo Giulia TZ, a sports car manufactured between 1963 and 1967
 * Alfa Romeo Giulia (952), a compact executive car introduced in 2016
 * SS Santa Giulia, an Empire-class ship built in 1944, originally named Empire Bute

Film and television

 * Disperatamente Giulia (Julia Forever), a 1989 Italian romance-drama mini series
 * Giulia Doesn't Date at Night (Italian: Giulia non esce la sera), a 2009 Italian drama film
 * The Legendary Giulia and Other Miracles (Italian: Noi e la Giulia), a 2015 Italian comedy film

title: Giulia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/United Statish English

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

United Statish English
This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. This is a Wikipedia neologism. Georgia guy 01:49, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Basically a duplicate of American English. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-20 01:58 Z
 * Delete. He even copied the discussion page, impressive copy paste job.. Preisler 02:04, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * And silly me, after seeing the talk page I read it and responded to one of the comments. D'oh! Moving it to Talk:American English now... — Ливай | ☺ 07:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "United Statish English" gets no Google hits. Since this is a word-for-word copy of American English, no merge or redirect is necessary. Szyslak 02:14, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete' Yuckfoo 04:17, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete useless fork. Rhobite 04:46, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, duplicate information. — Ливай | ☺ 07:12, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. First, it is mostly a duplicate article. Second, he does not cite a reference for the following statement: "It is commonly called American English, but United Statish English is a more appropriate term to avoid offending the Canadians." That is news to me... Zzyzx11 09:04, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this is alluding to the objection some have over "American" referring solely to the United States and not to the Americas as a whole. But there are no commonly accepted substitutes; United Statish just sounds silly, and other terms like USian and Yankee are questionable in an encyclopedia. Best just to stick with "American", which refers to just the U.S. for the vast majority of speakers of all varieties of English. — Ливай | ☺ 10:04, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I was only referring to the words "United Statish" which do sound silly. I just happened to quote the entire sentence. I do know that some people do object to have "America" refer solely to the USA. Zzyzx11 20:12, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all useless forks. Jayjg (talk) 05:06, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete idiocy. Neutralitytalk 07:38, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Useless.  ComCat 08:49, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, basically for all the reasons given above. Grstain 16:36, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as amply testified above. --Angr 20:26, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Pharkie

Hi

I'm Adam Knowles, a web developer from Manchester, UK.

My website is http://www.adamknowles.co.uk/

--Pharkie 01:53, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)Adam

Welcome!
Hello, Pharkie, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: Please remember to sign your messages on talk pages by typing four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question on this page and then place  before the question. Again, welcome! —Tom Morris (talk) 21:20, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Introduction to Wikipedia
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page and How to develop articles
 * How to create your first article
 * Simplified Manual of Style

WikiProject invitations
I see that you recently moved and edited Galha LGBT Humanists. You may wish to join the WikiProjects for LGBT Studies and Atheism. Again, welcome to Wikipedia. —Tom Morris (talk) 21:21, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pharkie


text:
Spear of Destiny (band)

Spear of Destiny are a British rock band, formed in London in 1982 by lead vocalist, guitarist and principal songwriter Kirk Brandon and bassist Stan Stammers. It has had an ever-changing line-up through the years.

They have had 10 UK Singles Chart entries. Four reached the Top 50 but only one made the Top 20 – "Never Take Me Alive" (1987).

History
Formed in 1982, the band's original line-up consisted of Kirk Brandon, Stan Stammers, Chris Bell and Lascelles James. In late 1983, this line-up was superseded by Dolphin Taylor on drums, Alan St. Clair on guitar, John Lennard on saxophone and Neil Pyzer on keyboards and additional saxophone. In 1984, John Lennard was replaced by Mickey Donnelly on saxophone.

Spear of Destiny recorded one session for John Peel (recorded 22 November 1982, transmitted on BBC Radio 1 on 29 November 1982).

"The band played a punk-influenced form of power rock, which often had an anthemic feel."

Their second studio album, One Eyed Jacks was released in 1984. It reached No. 22 in the UK Albums Chart Spear of Destiny’s reputation in the mid-1980s depended to a greater extent on their live performances.

In 1985, their third studio album, World Service reached the UK Top 20.

On 22 June 1985 they were one of five bands supporting U2 at the Longest Day concert at the Milton Keynes Bowl. The other acts were the Faith Brothers, Billy Bragg, the Ramones and R.E.M.

Founding member Stan Stammers left the band in 1986. In the wake of the release of the fourth studio album, Outland (1987) and its Top 15 hit "Never Take Me Alive", the band began achieving some chart success and staging sell-out concerts, including a support slot to U2 at Wembley Stadium. However, ill fortune struck on the eve of the band's appearance at the Reading Festival, as Brandon developed reactive arthritis which obliged the band to put all their plans on hold for nearly a year.

In addition to Brandon and Stammers, past members of the band in the 1980s included former Gillan drummer Pete Barnacle, former JoBoxers bassist Chris Bostock, former Adam and the Ants guitarist Marco Pirroni, former Tom Robinson Band and Stiff Little Fingers drummer Dolphin Taylor, and in the 1990s included guitarist Mark Gemini Thwaite of The Mission.

Brandon was also a member of the supergroup Dead Men Walking.

Discography

 * Grapes of Wrath (1983) – UK No. 62
 * One Eyed Jacks (1984) – UK No. 22
 * World Service (1985) – UK No. 11
 * Outland (1987) – UK No. 16
 * The Price You Pay (1988) – UK No. 37
 * Sod's Law (1991)
 * Religion (1997)
 * Volunteers (2000)
 * Morning Star (2003)
 * Loadestone (2005)
 * Imperial Prototype (2007)
 * Omega Point (2010)
 * 31 (2014)
 * Tontine (2018)
 * Ghost Population (2022)

title: Spear of Destiny (band)


text:
Advanced chess

Advanced chess is a form of chess in which each human player uses a computer chess program to explore the possible results of candidate moves. Despite this computer assistance, it is the human player who controls and decides the game.

Also called cyborg chess or centaur chess, advanced chess was introduced for the first time by grandmaster Garry Kasparov, with the aim of bringing together human and computer skills to achieve the following results:
 * increasing the level of play to heights never before seen in chess;
 * producing blunder-free games with the qualities and the beauty of both perfect tactical play and highly meaningful strategic plans;
 * offering the public an overview of the mental processes of strong human chess players and powerful chess computers, and the combination of their forces.

A variant or superset of advanced chess is freestyle chess, in which teams are also allowed and, within the established time limits, every possible form of consultation. Freestyle chess was introduced by Ingo Althoefer and Timo Klaustermeyer with a Blitz tournament in August 2004.

History
The concept was already common in the 1970s: "An interesting possibility which arises from the 'brute force' capabilities of contemporary chess programs is the introduction of a new brand of 'consultation chess' where the partnership is between man and machine." The concept of computer-assisted chess tournaments originated in science fiction, notably in The Peace War written by Vernor Vinge in 1984.

The former world champion grandmaster Garry Kasparov, who retired from competitive chess in 2005, has a long history in playing "Man vs. Machine" events. Among the most important are his matches against IBM's computer Deep Blue, which Kasparov defeated in February 1996, scoring 4–2 in a 6-game match, and lost to, $3 1/2$–$2 1/2$, in a May 1997 rematch. This 1997 match was famous, as it was the first time in the history of chess in which a world champion had been defeated by a computer. After this spectacular match, and many other matches against computers, Garry Kasparov had the idea to invent a new form of chess in which humans and computers co-operate, instead of contending with each other. Kasparov named this form of chess "advanced chess".

The first advanced chess event was held in June 1998 in León, Spain. It was played between Garry Kasparov and Veselin Topalov, who both used Fritz 5 and ChessBase 7.0. It was a 6-game match, and it was arranged in advance that the players would consult the built-in million games databases only for the 3rd and 4th game, and would only use analytical engines without consulting the databases for the remaining games. The time available to each player during the games was 60 minutes. The match ended in a 3–3 tie. After the match, Kasparov said:

"My prediction seems to be true that in Advanced Chess it's all over once someone gets a won position. This experiment was exciting and helped spectators understand what's going on. It was quite enjoyable and will take a very big and prestigious place in the history of chess."

Even in the following years advanced-chess events were held in León. The Indian grandmaster Viswanathan Anand won three consecutive tournaments in 1999, 2000 and 2001, before losing the title to Vladimir Kramnik in 2002. After the loss to Kramnik, Anand said:

"I think in general people tend to overestimate the importance of the computer in the competitions. You can do a lot of things with the computer but you still have to play good chess. I more or less managed to do so except for this third game. In such a short match, against a very solid and hard to beat opponent, this turned out to be too much but I don’t really feel like that the computer alone can change the objective true to the position."

Gameplay
Both players sit in a typical chess-playing room, equipped with fast computers of equal hardware strength. It is the duty of the tournament organizers to make sure that the players are familiar with the pertinent hardware and software. Unlike the traditional face-to-face chess, the players usually face their respective computers. Each player is typically allotted one hour of thinking time (as was the time control used in all advanced-chess events in León), though the particular tournament regulations may vary regarding this matter.

During the match, the players will typically form strategic plans in their minds, then enter the candidate sequences of moves into the computer to analyze and make sure there are no blunders and other possible holes. The human player will compare the merits of each candidate sequence after having seen the computer's analysis, and may even introduce a new variation if time permits. The player will typically play out the move which he or she has established (with computer help) to be strongest. If there are two or more moves which the computer considers to be of equal strength (such situations are frequent), the human player will use their own strategic skills and experience and analytical judgment capabilities to decide which move to play. The humans are in charge during the whole match, and are formally free to play any moves they consider the best, at their own discretion. During the opening, the players may consult a large database of opening moves and variations, containing information about who played a particular variation, when it was played, and with what success, though a particular tournament's rules may prohibit using databases in such manner.

During the whole game, the players' computer monitors are projected onto large screens, making it possible for the viewing audience to watch how the strongest players decide about their moves and make their plans. Typically there will be a commentator in a separate room, equipped with the identical hardware as players, which will be used to help provide a commentary to the audience—this way the audience is given the real insight into the thought processes of the strongest players.

Although advanced-chess play is at the highest Elo rating level when performed by the top grandmasters, it is not limited to them. Anyone can play advanced chess, sometimes with the same success as the strongest grandmasters. Occasionally, average players have been able to achieve a performance higher than computer programs and top grandmasters.

Teams
It has been debated, due to the peculiarities of the human–computer team, whether the human should be considered the advanced-chess player, or rather the team itself should be considered the player. It is the prevailing view that, because the human subordinates the computer in a meaningful intent to win a chess game, and that the human is the one who makes the final decision about the move to be played, the human should be considered the advanced-chess player.

On the Internet
In the wake of León, the ubiquity of the Internet and a high number of commercial and free Internet chess servers has made it possible for anyone to play advanced chess over the Internet.

The first was CCO (Computer Chess Organization), which organized advanced chess events, most of which took place on Free Internet Chess Server (FICS) or on the correspondence website. It was not necessary to be a member of the CCO to participate in its tournaments, although the organization pointed out that membership was highly desirable. Internet chess events usually used unrated games, but CCO did propose the introduction of chess on the Internet of a third category of players: the "advanced-chess player", called (C), with a special advanced-chess rating category, since most chess servers on the Internet already had suitable mechanisms.

At the same time that CCO ended (2005), the PAL/CSS Freestyle Tournament was born, sponsored by the PAL Group on Abu Dhabi and implemented by CSS (Computer-Schach und Spiele) on the Playchess server run by the German company ChessBase. Cash prizes were awarded (totaling 132,000 euros between 2005 and 2008) for the top finishers. Thus the famous freestyle chess tournaments were born with the participation not only of the great GMs but also of any other player who wanted to register for the tournament. To the surprise of many who were certain that the GMs would prove superior, it was an amateur player – expert in the use of chess software – who won the challenge.

Advanced chess then evolved into freestyle chess with rules very different from those of León, and a new category of chess players was created: the "freestyle chess player", called the centaur (a mythological term chosen to imply joint work by human and computer). In this new type of chess, the integration between man and machine has become fundamental and constant. The freestyle chess sets for centaurs have recently been defined as the "Formula 1" of chess.

Some rules of the game have since changed. Advanced freestyle chess meetings no longer take place in dedicated rooms, but rather at home, live in front of an internet-connected computer via a web server like Playchess or Infinity Chess, and chess players at every level and from all over the world can participate. Meetings usually begin with the elimination stages, with couplings according to the Swiss system, and the top finishers access the next and final stages. The centaur finalists, who generally use a pseudonym (nickname) usually challenge each other in a round-robin tournament for the title.

Online tournaments
There were, therefore, a number of advanced chess tournaments online, called centaur freestyle chess tournaments. The most important were the aforementioned PAL/CSS Freestyle Tournament, which had a very high level of play and the winners, in chronological order, were: Zacks (Steven Cramton and Stephen Zackery, USA), Zorchamp (Hydra, UAE), Rajlich (Vasik Rajlich, Hungary), Xakru (Jiri Dufek, Czechia), Flying Saucers (Dagh Nielsen, Denmark), Rajlich (Vasik Rajlich, Hungary), Ibermax (Anson Williams, England) and Ultima (Eros Riccio, Italy). Similar tournaments have been organized by FICGS, ChessBase, ICC and especially Infinity Chess.

FICGS organized the Chess Freestyle Cup, which was won by Eros Riccio (1st and 3rd editions), David Evans (2nd edition) and Alvin Alcala (4th and 5th edition).

ChessBase, for the 2008 Dresden Chess Olympics, organized the Computer Bild Spiele Schach Turnier, which was won by the Italian Eros Riccio.

The Internet Chess Club also held their own freestyle tour dubbed as 1st Ultimate Chess Championship 2015, won by Alvin Alcala.

Infinity Chess, the server directed by the CCGM Arno Nickel, has organized multiple tournaments. The most important were the following: Welcome Freestyle Tournament, Christmas Freestyle Tournament, IC Freestyle Masters, Infinity Freestyle Tournament, Infinity Chess Freestyle Battle 2014, 8-legs of Centaur Weekend Tours, IC Team Cup and Ultimate Challenge. A computer engine (Zor) ended first in the freestyle Ultimate Challenge tournament (2017), while the first centaur (Thomas A. Anderson, Germany) ranked in 3rd place. The total prize money for the 2017 tournament was $20,000.

Infinity chess has developed two special Elo rankings for the centaurs. The first, based on results achieved in advanced-chess tournaments from 2005 to 2013, lists Sephiroth (Eros Riccio) in first place with 2755 points. The second, based on tournaments played from 2010 to 2014, lists Intagrand (David Evans, Anson Williams, Yingheng Chen and Nelson Hernandez) in first place with 2689 points.

In future studies
Centaur chess is sometimes invoked to argue that humans will continue to remain relevant as AI progresses. U.S. Deputy Defense Secretary Robert O. Work invoked in 2016 the concept of "centaur warfighting", extending the centaur concept beyond the chess world. Tyler Cowen and others assessed in 2013 that, due to chess engine advances, it was getting difficult to see any major advantage to centaurs over computers by themselves in chess, and that it seemed unlikely that centaurs would retain a significant advantage for much longer. In contrast, as recently as 2017, Kasparov has stated that, given an appropriate operator, he is confident that a centaur team could outperform the top supercomputers, while James Bridle states in 2018 that "an average player paired with an average computer is capable of beating the most sophisticated supercomputer".

title: Advanced chess


text:
2006 Illinois gubernatorial election

The 2006 Illinois gubernatorial election took place on November 7, 2006. Incumbent Democratic Governor Rod Blagojevich won re-election to a second four-year term scheduled to have ended on January 10, 2011. However, Blagojevich did not complete his term, as he was impeached and removed from office in 2009. This was the first election since 1964 that a Democrat was re-elected governor.

Many observers expected the race to be close, especially considering the polling, which had shown Governor Blagojevich to have a high disapproval rating. However, the Republicans had fared poorly due to scandals involving prior Governor George Ryan, and the increasingly unpopular presidency of George W. Bush. Exit polls showed Topinka won white voters (46%-41%-13%), while Blagojevich performed well among African Americans (80%-16%-2%) and Latinos (83%-12%-4%). Democrats won Will County for the first time since 1964, and Lake County for the first time since 1960.

This was the second and last time in Illinois that a woman was a major party's nominee for Governor, the other being 1994. This was also the last time a male lieutenant governor was on the winning ticket.

Election information
The primaries and general elections coincided with those for Congress and those for other state offices. The election was part of the 2006 Illinois elections.

Turnout
For the primaries, turnout for the gubernatorial primaries was 23.13%, with 1,680,207 votes cast and turnout for the lieutenant gubernatorial primaries was 20.60% with 1,496,453 votes cast. For the general election, turnout was 47.29%, with 3,487,989 votes cast.

Candidates

 * Rod Blagojevich, incumbent Governor of Illinois
 * Edwin Eisendrath, former Chicago Alderman and former HUD official

Candidates

 * Pat Quinn, incumbent Lieutenant Governor of Illinois
 * Pamela R. Schadow

Candidates

 * Bill Brady, Illinois State Senator
 * Ron Gidwitz, businessman and former Chairman of the Illinois State Board of Education
 * Andy Martin, perennial candidate
 * Jim Oberweis, owner of Oberweis Dairy
 * Judy Baar Topinka, Illinois State Treasurer

Declined

 * Jim Edgar, former governor

Campaign
On November 7, 2005, Topinka announced that she would not seek re-election as state treasurer — instead, she entered the gubernatorial primary, hoping to challenge Democratic Governor Rod Blagojevich. The Republican primary was deeply divisive; her tenure as Party Chairman destroyed her support from the conservative wing of her party, and it was feared that her pro-choice and positive gay rights positions would be detrimental to her standing with the same conservatives. In December she announced that she would join forces with DuPage County State's Attorney Joe Birkett as a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Illinois.

In February 2006, the candidates for the Republican nomination for Illinois Governor began running their first TV ads for the March statewide primary election. Rival candidate Ron Gidwitz's advertisements, attacking Topinka, were rebuked in the same week by the Illinois Republican Party: "In an unprecedented action, the Illinois Republican Party has officially rebuked the Gidwitz campaign for this ad because the Party found that the ad violates the Party's "Code of Conduct", which was enacted to police proper conduct among Republican candidates."

Later in February, candidate Jim Oberweis, another rival for the Republican Gubernatorial nomination, started a series of attack ads for television markets, against Topinka, that were even more widely criticized, mostly for using "fake" headlines on the images of actual Illinois newspapers. These ads, like Gidwitz's ads, also came under review by the Illinois Republican Party. Because of the controversy generated, several television stations withdrew Oberweis's ads.

Results
[[File:2006 Illinois gubernatorial Republican primary results map by county.svg|thumb| {{legend|#e27f7f|Baar Topinka}}

{{legend|#ffc8cd|30–40%}}

{{legend|#ffb2b2|40–50%}}

{{legend|#e27f7f|50–60%}}

{{legend|#d75d5d|60–70%}} {{legend|#5bc75b|Oberweis}}

{{legend|#aae5aa|30–40%}}

{{legend|#87de87|40–50%}}

{{legend|#5bc75b|50–60%}}

{{legend|#41b742|60–70%}} {{legend|#ff7644|Brady}}

{{legend|#ffac8e|30–40%}}

{{legend|#ff8e65|40–50%}}

{{legend|#ff7644|50–60%}}

{{legend|#dc6134|60-70%}} ]]

Candidates

 * Joe Birkett, DuPage County State's Attorney
 * Lawrence Bruckner, lawyer
 * Jeremy Bryan Cole
 * Steve Rauschenberger, member of the Illinois Senate
 * Sandy Wegman, Kane County Recorder

Results
[[File:2006 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial Republican primary results map by county.svg|thumb| {{legend|#e27f7f|Birkett}}

{{legend|#ffc8cd|30–40%}}

{{legend|#ffb2b2|40–50%}}

{{legend|#e27f7f|50–60%}}

{{legend|#d75d5d|60–70%}} {{legend|#5bc75b|Rauschenberger}}

{{legend|#aae5aa|30–40%}}

{{legend|#87de87|40–50%}} ]]

On ballot

 * Rod Blagojevich (Democratic Party), incumbent Governor of Illinois
 * Judy Baar Topinka (Republican Party), Illinois State Treasurer
 * Rich Whitney (Green Party), attorney

Write-ins
The following candidates were write-in candidates.
 * Marvin Koch, Chicago-area property manager and naval reservist.
 * Mark McCoy (Libertarian Party), legal Scholar and Rights Defender
 * Angel Rivera, lung transplant procurement coordinator at the University of Chicago Medical Center
 * Mike Shorten

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Will (Largest city: Joliet)
 * Williamson (Largest city: Marion)
 * Boone (largest city: Belvidere)
 * Mercer (largest city: Aledo)
 * Monroe (largest city: Waterloo)
 * Henderson (Largest village: Oquawka)
 * Knox (Largest city: Galesburg)
 * Lake (largest city: Waukegan)

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Jackson (largest city: Carbondale)
 * Cass (Largest city: Beardstown)
 * Christian (Largest city: Taylorville)
 * Clinton (Largest city: Breese)
 * Marion (Largest city: Centralia)
 * Mason (Largest city: Havana)
 * Greene (Largest city: Carrollton)
 * Macoupin (largest city: Carlinville)
 * Macon (largest city: Decatur)
 * Montgomery (largest city: Litchfield)
 * Crawford (largest city: Robinson)

Aftermath
The Green Party became an established political party statewide, according to Illinois state election law, when Rich Whitney received more than 5% of the total vote for governor. The new status provided the party with several new advantages, such as lower signature requirements for ballot access, primary elections, free access to additional voter data, the ability to elect precinct committeemen, run a partial slate of candidates at any jurisdictional level, and slate candidates without petitioning. The only other statewide established political parties were the Democratic and Republican Parties. It is rare for a new political party to become established statewide in Illinois, the last to do so being the Solidarity Party in 1986 and the Progressive Party before that.

title: 2006 Illinois gubernatorial election


text:
United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka

United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka (横須賀海軍施設) or Commander Fleet Activities Yokosuka (司令官艦隊活動横須賀) is a United States Navy base in Yokosuka, Japan. Its mission is to maintain and operate base facilities for the logistic, recreational, administrative support and service of the U.S. Naval Forces Japan, Seventh Fleet and other operating forces assigned in the Western Pacific. CFAY is the largest strategically important U.S. naval installation in the western Pacific.

Fleet Activities Yokosuka comprises 2.3 km2 (568 acres) and is located at the entrance of Tokyo Bay, 65 km (40 mi) south of Tokyo and approximately 30 km (20 mi) south of Yokohama on the Miura Peninsula in the Kantō region of the Pacific Coast in Central Honshu, Japan.

The 55 tenant commands which make up this installation support U.S. Navy Pacific operating forces, including principal afloat elements of the United States Seventh Fleet, including the only permanently forward-deployed aircraft carrier, USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76), the group she heads, Carrier Strike Group Five, and Destroyer Squadron 15.

History
When Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan in 1853, using naval pressure to open up Japan to foreign trade, Yokosuka was a quaint, native fishing village. In 1860, Lord Oguri Kozukenosuke, Minister of Finance to the Tokugawa Shogunate Government, decided that "If Japan is to assume an active role in world trade, she must have proper facilities to build and maintain large seagoing vessels." He called upon the French Consul General, Léon Roches, and asked for the assistance of the French government to build a shipyard and various basing facilities capable of handling large ships. French engineer Léonce Verny was sent to Japan to accomplish the task.

After the inspection of several sites, it was discovered that Yokosuka topographically, if on a smaller scale, resembled the port of Toulon, France. It was decided to establish the shipyard here. It would be called the "Yokosuka Iron Works". In 1871, the name was changed to the "Yokosuka Navy Yard". It was French engineer Louis-Émile Bertin who reorganized "Yokosuka Navy Yard" completely from 1886.

Yokosuka was to become one of the main arsenals of the Imperial Japanese Navy into the 20th century. Battleships such as Yamashiro, and aircraft carriers such as Hiryu and Shokaku were built there. Major naval aircraft were also designed at the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal. In addition, numerous other facilities, including the headquarters of various naval units, administration buildings, military training schools, airfields, communication facilities, barracks, armories and a military hospital were established nearby in the course of its history, turning the area around the arsenal into a major fleet base.

During World War II, activities at the Yokosuka Navy Yard reached their peak. By 1944, it covered 280 acre and employed over 40,000 workers. In addition to the shipbuilding plant, the yard also had a gun factory, ordnance and supply depots, a fuel storage facility, a seaplane base, and a naval air station.

U.S. Navy base

On 30 August 1945, Vice Admiral Michitaro Totsuka, last Japanese commander of the Yokosuka Naval District, surrendered his command to Rear Admiral Robert Carney, and the base was peacefully occupied by U.S. Marines of the 6th Marine Division, British Royal Marines, and U.S. Naval personnel. Commander Fleet Activities (COMFLEACT) Yokosuka was created shortly after the occupation in 1945.

As the Base became organized, the shipyard was deactivated and much of the equipment was sent to other countries as part of reparations. The repair ship USS Piedmont (AD-17) took charge of ship repair and maintenance, the hospital became a Naval Dispensary, later Naval Hospital Yokosuka Japan, and the Supply Department was organized to provide support to the fleet and shore-based activities. The Public Works Department was established. Yokosuka Submarine Base was founded in September 1945.

In May 1946, the Marines at Yokosuka were redesignated Marine Barracks, U.S. Fleet Activities, Yokosuka. In April 1947, the Ship Repair Department was organized, and the shops and dry docks were reactivated to maintain the ships of the U.S. Fleet in the Pacific. With the onset of the Korean War on 25 June 1950, Yokosuka Navy Base suddenly became very important and extremely busy.

The U.S., still an occupying power in Japan, turned its full efforts to the support of South Korea. The Navy Dispensary was enlarged and expanded and was commissioned a U.S. Naval Hospital in 1950. The Naval Communications Facility, Yokosuka, was commissioned in January 1951. In April 1951, the Ship Repair Department became a component command. It was redesignated the Ship Repair Facility. As the major naval ship repair facility in the Far East, the Yokosuka Facility assumed a vital role in maintenance and repair of the U.S. Seventh Fleet during both the Korean War and Vietnam War.

In March 1952, the geographical boundaries of Naval Forces Far East were changed to exclude the Philippines, Marianas, Bonin and Volcano Islands. In December 1952, the headquarters were shifted from Tokyo to Yokosuka. The expanded Supply Department of Fleet Activities became Naval Supply Depot, Yokosuka in August 1952. In 1960, the Naval Communications Facility was redesignated U.S. Naval Communications Station, Japan.

In 1952, US occupation of Japan formally ended and Japanese rearmament commenced, with its naval forces formally organized as Japan Maritime Self Defense Force by 1954. Some parts of the former Yokosuka Naval District were ceded back to house a new base for JMSDF, now known as JMSDF Yokosuka Naval Base.

On 5 October 1973, USS Midway (CV-41), with Carrier Air Wing Five and her accompanying task group, put into Yokosuka, marking the first forward deployment of a complete carrier task group in a Japanese port. This was the result of an accord reached on 31 August 1972 between the U.S. and Japan. In addition to the morale factor of dependents housed along with the crew in a foreign port, the move had strategic significance because it facilitated the continuous positioning of three carriers in the Far East at a time when the economic situation demanded the reduction of carriers in the fleet. In August 1991, Midway departed Yokosuka and was replaced by USS Independence (CV-62) as the forward-deployed carrier in Yokosuka. In August 1998, USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) relieved Independence as the 7th Fleet forward-based carrier.

On 1 December 2005, the U.S. Navy announced that in 2008 Kitty Hawk would be replaced by the nuclear-powered Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George Washington (CVN-73). A U.S. Navy spokesman said the decision was a mutual agreement between the United States and Japan. Hiroyuki Hosoda, spokesman for Japan's government, said, "We believe that the change (of the carriers) will lead to maintaining the solid presence of the U.S. Navy and contribute to keeping Japan's security and international peace into the future." On 25 September 2008, George Washington arrived in Yokosuka, making it the only forward-deployed, nuclear-powered aircraft carrier in the U.S. Navy.

In recent years, a number of high-profile international incidents involving U.S. sailors occurred around the base. The most notable were two murders which occurred in 2006 and 2008. One of them was the murder was committed by Seaman Olantunbosun Ugbogu, a Nigerian citizen who had joined the U.S. Navy, but had not yet received citizenship. Ugbogu stabbed a taxi driver to death in order to avoid paying a $200 fare, which he had incurred returning from Tokyo. He had been stationed aboard the guided missile cruiser USS Cowpens (CG-63), but was absent without leave at the time of the murder and considered a deserter. Both murders resulted in the U.S. Navy severely restricting the liberty of all sailors in the fleet.

Personnel and ships from the base assisted with Operation Tomodachi following and during the March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and Fukushima I nuclear accidents. During the crisis, around 3,000 U.S. family members left the base, preferring to be outside Japan during a time of uncertainty.

Command ship

 * USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19) – flagship, United States Seventh Fleet. [1979 - Present]

Aircraft carrier

 * USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) – flagship, Carrier Strike Group Five.

Cruisers

 * USS Robert Smalls (CG-62)

Destroyers
Destroyer Squadron 15 (COMDESRON 15)
 * USS Benfold (DDG-65)
 * USS Milius (DDG-69)
 * USS Higgins (DDG-76)
 * USS Howard (DDG-83)
 * USS McCampbell (DDG-85)
 * USS Shoup (DDG-86)
 * USS Dewey (DDG-105)
 * USS John Finn (DDG-113)
 * USS Ralph Johnson (DDG-114)
 * USS Rafael Peralta (DDG-115)

Ships formerly forward-deployed

 * USS Pollux (AKS-4) 1958 – December 1968
 * USS Vandegrift (FFG-48) 1998 - 2006
 * USS Gary (FFG-51) 1999 -2007
 * USS Mobile Bay (CG-53) 1990 - 2003
 * USS Cowpens (CG-63) 2000 - 2013
 * USS George Washington (CVN-73) 2008 – 2015
 * USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) 1998 - 2008
 * USS Independence (CV-62) 1991 - 1998
 * USS Vincennes (CG-49) 1997 – 2005
 * USS Hewitt (DD-966)
 * USS McClusky (FFG-41) 1990 – 1996
 * USS O'Brien (DD-975) August 1992 – 2004
 * USS Cushing (DD-985) March 1998 – 2005
 * USS Fife (DD-991) 1988 - 1998
 * USS Knox (FF-1052) August 1977 – July 1988
 * USS Lockwood (FF-1064) May 1975 – July 1988
 * USS Midway (CV-41) 1973 – 1991
 * USS Rodney M. Davis (FFG 60) March 1988–? 1995
 * USS Reeves (DLG-24) 1980 - 1991
 * USS Bunker Hill (CG-52) August 1988 – July 1998
 * USS Towers (DDG-9) October 1980 – October 1990
 * USS Cochrane (DDG-21) 1983 – October 1990
 * USS White Plains (AFS-4)
 * USS Parsons (DDG-33)
 * USS Henry W. Tucker (DD-875) 1968 – August 1970
 * USS Rupertus (DD-851) 1968 – August 1970
 * USS Mahopac (ATA-196)
 * USS Francis Hammond (FF-1067)
 * USS Oklahoma City (CG-5)
 * USS Worden (CG-18)
 * USS Waddell (DDG-24)
 * USS Oldendorf (DD-972) 1984 - 1995
 * USS Rowan (DD-782)
 * USS Thach (FFG-43)
 * USS Bausell (DD-845)
 * USS Richard B. Anderson (DD-786)
 * USS Castor (AKS-1) 1954–1968
 * USS Curts (FFG-38) 1988 - 1997
 * USS Kirk (FF-1087)
 * USS Lassen (DDG-82) 2005 - 2016
 * USS Fitzgerald (DDG-62) 2004 - 2019
 * USS Curtis Wilbur (DDG-54) 1996 - 2021
 * USS McCampbell (DDG-85) 2007 - 2020
 * USS Gurke (DD-783)
 * USS Stethem (DDG-63) 2005 - 2019
 * USS Carronade (IFS-1)
 * USS White River (LSM(R)-536)
 * USS Clarion River (LSM(R)-409)
 * USS St. Francis River (LSM(R)-525)
 * USS John S. McCain (DDG-56) 1997 – 2021
 * USS Mustin (DDG-89) 2006 - 2021
 * USS Barry (DDG-52) 2016 - 2023

Landmarks
During the late 1960s and 1970s, the Yokosuka Microwave Communications Site was part of the telephone communications network in the Tokyo area. The building and 106.7 meter tall microwave tower was on the highest hill on the U.S. Navy base.

Komatsu, a historic restaurant near the naval base, became famous for serving Japanese navy personnel before 1945 and the U.S. Navy after. It was destroyed by fire in 2016.

title: United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka


text:
Speaker of the Lok Sabha

The speaker of the Lok Sabha (IAST: ) is the presiding officer and the highest authority of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. The speaker is elected generally in the first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. The speaker does not enjoy a security of tenure and his term is subjected to the pleasure of the house i.e. can be removed anytime by a resolution of the Lok Sabha by a majority of the all the then members of the house. The longest-serving speaker was Balram Jakhar, whose tenure lasted 9 years and 329 days.

Election of the speaker
Newly elected Members of Parliament from the Lok Sabha elect the Speaker among themselves. The Speaker should be someone who understands how the Lok Sabha functions and the speaker should be someone accepted among the ruling and opposition parties.

After the general elections, the President of India notifies the first meeting of the Lok Sabha as well as the date for the election of the Speaker. Generally either on the day of the election of the Speaker or a day before it, the Prime Minister or the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs proposes the name of the candidate. Any other candidate may also submit their names. There have been three instances viz. 1952, 1967, 1976 when there were elections to the speaker post. If only one name is proposed, the Speaker is elected without any formal vote. However, if more than one nomination is received, a division (vote) is called. The successful candidate is elected as Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

Powers and functions of the speaker
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house, and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for unruly behaviour with respect to law after suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the Speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the Speaker. The Speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both houses of the Parliament of India. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States) is its Chairperson; the Vice-President of India is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. On the order of precedence, the Speaker of Lok Sabha ranks sixth, along with the Chief Justice of India. The Speaker is answerable to the House. Both the Speaker and Deputy Speaker may be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members. Lok Sabha Speaker can be elected by President on a nomination basis.

All bills passed requires the speaker's signature to go to the Rajya Sabha for its consideration. The Speaker also has a casting vote in the event of a tie. It is customary for the Presiding Officer to exercise the casting vote in such a manner as to maintain the status quo.

Removal of the speaker
Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by the majority of all the then members of the house as per Constitution of India [Articles 94].

The Speaker is also removed on being disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 and 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951. This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution. When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under section 8K of Representation of the People Act, 1951. However, the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122.

Pro tem speaker
After a general election and formation of a new government, a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who forwards the name to the President of India. The President of India appoints the Protem Speaker.

The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six members selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority.

Eligiblilty for Speaker of the Lok Sabha include:

 * Being a citizen of India;
 * Not be less than 25 years of age;
 * Not holding any office of profit under the Government of India, or a state government; and
 * Not being a Criminal Offender.

List of speakers
Note:
 * Died in office
 * Resigned

title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha