text:
Rosherville Gardens

Rosherville Gardens was a 19th-century pleasure garden in a disused chalk pit in Northfleet, Kent, England. After being laid out in 1837, it stood for seventy years, and was finally closed to the public just before the First World War.

Structures currently still surviving at Rosherville Gardens are a Grade II-listed bear pit, a Grade II-listed clifftop entrance and tunnelled stairway through the cliff, a hermit cave in a chalk grotto, an Italian garden central feature which also formed part of the Broadwalk, and the Grade II-listed Enigmatic Cavern, drawdock and quay which was the river entrance to the gardens.

The gardens
The gardens were laid out in 1837 by George Jones (a businessman from Islington in north London) in one of the disused chalk pits in Northfleet, covering an area of 17 acres (69,000 m2). Their full title was the 'Kent Zoological and Botanical Gardens Institution’.

The gardens were built on a chalk pit owned by Jeremiah Rosher who, from 1830, started building a new town, Rosherville, taking advantage of Gravesend's popularity with Londoners visiting for the day by steamboat along the Thames. They became a favourite destination for thousands of Londoners during good weather, many travelling by paddle steamer down the River Thames to disembark at the pier built to service the gardens.

One of the steamboats from Rosherville Gardens met a horrific accident in 1878. The SS Princess Alice (1865) passenger steamer, after leaving Rosherville pier, was in a collision with the collier Bywell Castle at Tripcock Point, a mile downstream from Woolwich. 640 people died from the collision, 240 being children. An inquest was held at Woolwich, but no conclusive reason was ever established as to the cause of the disaster at the Devils Elbow on the Thames.

At one time the gardens were managed by Barnet Nathan, brother of the musician and 'friend of Byron' Isaac Nathan. Barnet, who was known professionally as 'Baron Nathan' (in mockery of Nathan Rothschild), was renowned for his act of dancing a hornpipe, blind-folded, across a stage laid out with eggs. On his death he merited an obituary in Punch.

In 1886 a nearby railway station opened on the Gravesend West branch railway. However, the advent of the railways led to the gardens' demise, as Londoners were then able to reach coastal resorts such as Margate and Southend.

Robert Hiscock, in his A History of Gravesend (Phillimore, 1976) describes the gardens thus:

"They were a place of surpassing beauty and a favourite resort of Londoners. Adorned with small Greek temples and statuary set in the cliffs, there were terraces, an archery lawn, the Bijou theatre, and the Baronial Hall for refreshments, and at one time a lake. At night the gardens were illuminated with thousands of coloured lights and there were fireworks displays and dancing. Famous bands such as the American Sousa were engaged during the season. Blondin, the trapeze artist, performed … In 1857 as many as 20,000 visitors passed through the turnstiles in one week. By 1880 the gardens had reached the peak of their popularity … in 1901 they were closed.

During a brief revival 1903-1911, they were used in the making of early films."

Remains
In 2012 during excavation prior to redevelopment, the original bear pit located at the centre of the gardens was exposed, and was Grade II listed in 2014. In 2016, plans for a residential estate on the site proposed to leave the pit buried and commemorate it with a plaque.

Remains of the Cliff Top Entrance designed and built by James Pulham in 1869 survive. The statues seen in some photos were moved to the nearby fountain walk estate, and the front half was sheared off for the development of the factory that was to be built on the site. The staircase that winds through the cliff is intact, with remnants of gas-lighting pipework and an iron handrail can be seen. The original path down was removed, and a metal staircase was installed to allow workers to access the factory during the war.

In literature
Rosherville is mentioned in The Newcomes (vol. 2 chapter 6) by William Makepeace Thackeray, where its Gothic Hall is singled out for its gaudiness.

It is referred to in Francis Burnand and Arthur Sullivan's 1866 comic opera Cox and Box "Visions of Brighton and back, and of ROSHERVILLE, Cheap fare excursions already the squash I feel"

It is referred to in Gilbert & Sullivan's 1877 comic opera "The Sorcerer" Act 2. Mr Wells sings "Hate me! I sometimes go to ROSHERVILLE!", to which Lady Sangazure responds "Love me! that joy I'll share!".

There is the following brief reference in Robert Louis Stevenson's reminiscence of life in Fontainebleau, Fontainebleau Village, from 1882. 'To these last, of course, Fontainebleau will seem but an extended tea-garden: a Rosherville on a by-day'.

It is referred to in P. G. Wodehouse's first Jeeves story, Jeeves Takes Charge: "There is a story about Sir Stanley Gervase-Gervase at Rosherville Gardens which is ghastly in its perfection of detail. It seems that Sir Stanley – but I can't tell you!"

It is also mentioned as a "place to spend a happy day" in chapter 13 of E. Nesbit's The Story of the Amulet.

George Gissing's short story Lou and Liz (1893) is almost entirely set in Rosherville Gardens.

It is further mentioned as "the place whereat to spend a happy day" in Chapter XV of R.S.S. Baden-Powell's 1915 Memories of India.

Mentioned in Michael Sadleir's Fanny by Gaslight, 1940, Constable pp 175–176

In the Henry James story An International Episode Lord Lambeth says to an American tourist, "I wonder you don't go to the Rosherville Gardens." James also mentions the Gardens in his travel piece "London in the Dead Season -  September 7, 1878" and describes an excursion he made to visit them.

Footnoted in Anthony Trollope “The Way We Live Now” page 565.

Key scenes in F. Anstey's novella The Tinted Venus take place in Rosherville (called Rosherwich) Gardens, where the statue of the title forms part of the sculpture garden.

“Rosherville” Parts 1 and 2 appear on the 2019 album ‘Depth of Field’ by Kaprekar's Constant. Part 1 tells of the building of the Gardens and how they fell out of favour, Part 2 includes reference to the Princess Alice Disaster

title: Rosherville Gardens


text:
Aneka

Mary Sandeman (born 20 November 1947), better known by her stage name Aneka, is a retired Scottish traditional singer.

In 1981, she reached number one in the UK Singles Chart with her song "Japanese Boy". She was well known for the Oriental image she took on for the song. After her brief foray into pop, she reverted to her real name and reestablished herself as an accomplished performer of Scottish traditional music.

Overview
Mary Sandeman recorded the song "Japanese Boy" in 1981. Impressed with the results, her record company Hansa decided to release it as a single with full promotion. Having discovered the name Aneka in a telephone directory, Aneka devised a suitable image for her performances of the song. Released in summer 1981, "Japanese Boy" climbed the charts impressively and reached no. 1 for one week in August.

Buoyed by this success, the record company commissioned an album and looked to find a follow-up single. The song "Little Lady" was chosen, but caused some concern as to what image to use, as it was felt that a Japanese look would be inappropriate for the song as well as giving the artist a limited life-span. In the event Aneka adopted an 18th-century "lady" image, but retained the same high-pitched voice as used for her hit. The song failed to chart highly in the U.K., reaching only no. 50 – securing her the label of one-hit wonder.

Aneka first pop album, entitled Aneka, was released at the same time (although she had in 1979 released an album under her own name) and featured a mix of upbeat tracks in the vein of "Japanese Boy" and a selection of slow-paced numbers, sung in her true singing voice. The album however failed to chart.

A third single was released in early 1982. This was "Ooh Shooby Doo Doo Lang", which told a light-hearted tale of a singer bemoaning the fact that she has been relegated to backing vocals; the lyrics go on to mention Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder and both "Japanese Boy" and "Little Lady". The song missed the UK chart; however in Europe it gave her a third hit and was followed there by the release of another album track, "I Was Free".

Two further singles were released over the next two years, "Heart to Beat" in 1983 and "Rose, Rose, I Love You" in 1984, but neither of them found success. Aneka then dropped the Aneka title and continued with the folk-singing career she had begun before her fame.

Aneka featured in a 2006 Channel 4 documentary titled Bring Back The One Hit Wonders. Justin Lee Collins attempted to organise a one-off performance of as many one hit wonders as possible but despite getting in touch with Aneka, she declined to take part as she did not want to travel to London from her home in Scotland, and had no desire to perform the hit that made her place in pop history. She stated though that "Japanese Boy" sold five million copies around the world.

She has since confirmed her retirement from music, and was last known to be working as a part-time tour guide for the Scottish city of Stirling.

Mary Sandeman
Under her real name, Aneka released two albums; one in 1979 titled Introducing Mary Sandeman and another in 1991, Reflections on Scotland. These albums featured many traditional folk songs sung both in English and Scots language. Aneka had been a Gold Medal winner at The Mòd. After her commercial success ended, Aneka dropped the Aneka name and returned to her Scottish folk roots and continued to perform under her real name.

In 1981, South Uist poet Dòmhnall Iain Dhonnchaidh agreed, as part of a bridge-building exercise organized by Gaelic language radio, to compose both literary translations and original lyrics set to arias from Mozart and Verdi operas. Mary Sandeman ultimately made "Nìghneagan Òga", his translation of Voi Che Sapete from Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, a regular part of her repertoire. Sandeman not only recorded the aria twice, but even sang the Gaelic words before an audience of more than 5,000 at the Royal Albert Hall.

A mezzo-soprano, she has appeared with the Scottish Fiddle Orchestra in concert and on record. In 1994 she made a documentary entitled Aite Mo Ghaoil: Mary Sandeman and Islay. She has also appeared on STV music shows such as Thingummyjig and Hogmanay celebrations.

Aneka is divorced from her husband, Angus, who was a doctor. They had two sons, Duncan and Iain. Her brother, David, was killed in a flying accident in 1975.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aneka


text:
User:Limeheadnyc/Political

Hello there. This is a public watchlist of political stuff. Enjoy.

 * Related changes.

Payola

 * Bush administration payment of columnists, Talk:Bush administration payment of columnists.
 * Armstrong Williams, Talk:Armstrong Williams.
 * Maggie Gallagher, Talk:Maggie Gallagher.
 * Michael McManus (columnist), Talk:Michael McManus (columnist).

Gannongate

 * Jeff Gannon, Talk:Jeff Gannon.
 * Talon News, Talk:Talon News.
 * James Guckert, Talk:James Guckert.
 * Robert Eberle, Talk:Robert Eberle.
 * GOPUSA, Talk:GOPUSA.

Blogosphere

 * Daily Kos, Talk:Daily Kos.
 * Weblog, Talk:Weblog.
 * Atrios, Talk:Atrios.
 * Political Wire, Talk:Political Wire.

Non-profits

 * Media Matters for America, Talk:Media Matters for America.

Fox News Empire

 * FOX News, Talk:FOX News.
 * Rupert Murdoch, Talk:Rupert Murdoch.
 * News Corporation, Talk:News Corporation.
 * Brit Hume, Talk:Brit Hume.
 * Bill O'Reilly (commentator), Talk:Bill O'Reilly (commentator).
 * Fred Barnes (journalist), Talk:Fred Barnes (journalist).
 * Roger Ailes, Talk:Roger Ailes.
 * Sean Hannity, Talk:Sean Hannity.
 * The Weekly Standard. Talk:The Weekly Standard.

Democrats
Democratic Party (United States), Talk:Democratic Party (United States).
 * Joe Biden, Talk:Joe Biden.
 * Barbara Boxer, Talk:Barbara Boxer.
 * Wesley Clark, Talk:Wesley Clark.
 * Bill Clinton, Talk:Bill Clinton.
 * Hillary Rodham Clinton, Talk:Hillary Rodham Clinton.
 * Tom Daschle, Talk:Tom Daschle.
 * Howard Dean, Talk:Howard Dean.
 * John Edwards, Talk:John Edwards.
 * Dick Gephardt, Talk:Dick Gephardt.
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 * Frank Lautenberg, Talk:Frank Lautenberg.

Independents

 * Jim Jeffords, Talk:Jim Jeffords.

Republicans
Republican Party (United States), Talk:Republican Party (United States).
 * Neoconservatism (United States), Talk:Neoconservatism (United States).
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 * List of conservatives, Talk:List of conservatives.

 * George W. Bush, Talk:George W. Bush.
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title: User:Limeheadnyc/Political


text:
Ernest Mangnall

James Ernest Mangnall (4 January 1866 – 13 January 1932) was an English football manager who started his career with Burnley and managed Manchester United between 1903–1912 and then went on to manage Manchester City from 1912–1924, and is the only man to have managed both clubs.

Burnley
Born in Bolton, Lancashire, Mangnall played amateur football as a goalkeeper and was a director at Bolton Wanderers. He started his career in football management with Burnley in March 1900, when he was hired as the club's second official manager following the departure of Harry Bradshaw almost a year earlier. The side were struggling when he joined the club, and with just one month of the 1899–1900 season remaining, relegation to the Second Division seemed almost inevitable. Their relegation was confirmed on 28 April 1900 after a 4-0 defeat away at Nottingham Forest. He signed three players, Henry Collins, Jimmy Lindsay and George Lockhart, in the close season. The team achieved a third-placed finish in their first season in the Second Division and finished ninth the following year. The team's fortunes suffered a swift decline in the 1902–03 season, and Burnley finished bottom of the Football League and were forced to apply for re-election. Burnley were re-elected and Mangnall started the next campaign as manager, but he left the club in October 1903 to join Second Division rivals Manchester United.

Manchester United
Mangnall was hired as the third secretary of Manchester United and the second after the club changed its name from Newton Heath (the term 'manager' was not used at United until the arrival of Jack Robson). He led the club to their first major trophy and first league title by winning the First Division title in 1908. With two First Division titles, one FA Cup and two Charity Shield trophies, he remains the third most successful manager at the club. He started his management at Manchester United in 1903 and saw his team narrowly miss promotion in his first two seasons before success at the third attempt, as the club finished as runners-up in the Second Division. In the first season in the First Division the club finished in mid-table. However, in only their second season in the First Division, he managed United to their first ever League Championship in 1907–08 by a nine-point margin over Aston Villa. The following year saw United drop below mid-table but the club won its first FA Cup with a 1–0 victory in the final against Bristol City, the winner scored by Sandy Turnbull. The following season saw no new silverware but the team improved its league position to fifth. In the 1910-11 season the club were champions again, beating Aston Villa into second place by just one point; it would be club's last league championship for over 40 years – its longest ever run without a league title. The next season was his last in charge at the club; he would eventually leave for a similar position at Manchester City.

Manchester City
Mangnall moved to Manchester City directly from United. His last game in charge of the Reds was the Manchester derby of September 1912 against City when it was already known he would become City manager. The Blues won 1–0 at Old Trafford and the media focused on Mangnall's delight.

He managed City from 1912 until 1924, the interruption of World War I would mean his spell there only covered eight Football League seasons however the Club did find success in wartime regional tournaments. His best season with the club was 1920–21, when City would finish runners up in the First Division, the top level of English football at the time.

Mangnall's place in Mancunian football is significant as many believe he was the instigator behind United's move to Old Trafford and City's move to Maine Road.

Manager

 * Manchester United
 * First Division (2): 1907–08, 1910–11
 * FA Cup (1): 1908–09
 * FA Charity Shield (2): 1908, 1911

title: Ernest Mangnall


text:
Citroën Jumpy

The Citroën Jumpy (badged Citroën Dispatch in some countries) is a light commercial van jointly developed by FCA Italy and PSA Group (currently Stellantis), and mainly manufactured by Sevel, a joint venture between the two companies since 1994. The Jumpy was also sold as the Peugeot Expert and Fiat Scudo beginning in 1995.

All three models were facelifted in March 2004 before being replaced by new, second-generation models in 2007. The redesigned models again shared the same design and engineering, with subtle trim changes between each brand. The second generation received a small facelift in February 2012 and from July 2013, Toyota began sales of a rebadged version called the Toyota Proace.

In December 2015, Citroën, Peugeot and Toyota unveiled their new generation of these vehicles in people carrying-specifications called the Citroën SpaceTourer and Peugeot Traveller, with Toyota retaining the Proace name. The commercial versions premiered later, retaining the Peugeot Expert and Citroën Jumpy names.

In July 2016, the Fiat Scudo was replaced by a second generation of the Fiat Talento, a rebadged Renault Trafic. From the 2019 model year, the Jumpy has been rebadged as the Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro, replacing the previous Vivaro model, which, from 1997 to 2018, had been based on the Renault Trafic. From the 2022 model year, the Jumpy has also been rebadged as the Fiat Scudo.

First generation (1994)
Citroën released the first-generation Jumpy in June 1994, naming the model "Dispatch" in English-speaking markets. Peugeot and Fiat followed with their rebadged models in July 1995 and February 1996 respectively. The vans differ little technically and visually, an example of badge engineering.

They share mechanicals and body structure with the Sevel Nord Eurovans minivans: the Citroën Evasion (Synergie), Fiat Ulysse, Lancia Zeta, and Peugeot 806. The engines available throughout the models do differ, with the Fiat getting its own engines distinct from those fitted to the Citroën and Peugeot. The Fiat Scudo replaced the first generation of the Fiat Talento.

Facelift
The model received a facelift in 2004, which changed most of the front end including the bumper and bonnet; for the first time, the headlamps were combined with the indicators rather than being a separate set of lights.

Engines
$1$ Only for Scudo Combinato

Second generation (G9; 2006)
The second generation offered increased cargo space and more body styles over the previous generation. It was launched in November 2006, with deliveries beginning in principal markets in January 2007. The Citroën is available in 90 bhp, 120 bhp and 136 bhp versions with the option of four diesel engines or one petrol engine.

The Peugeot Expert II was launched in January 2007, with the addition of a people carrier model, the Tepee. The PSA/Fiat joint venture ended in March 2016.

Facelift
The model received a slight facelift in February 2012, which changed the grille and front bumper. From July 2013, Toyota began sales of a rebadged version called Toyota Proace.

Third generation (K0; 2016)
At the 2016 Geneva Motor Show, Citroën, Peugeot and Toyota revealed their latest generation of their respective vans. With this new generation the vans became more contemporary, and the Citroën and Peugeot models gained new names for the passenger versions: Citroën SpaceTourer and Peugeot Traveller. Toyota partially retained the Proace name, calling their version Proace Verso.

Commercial variants have been released in March 2016, under the Citroën Jumpy, Peugeot Expert and Toyota Proace names.

In light of the PSA Group takeover of Opel/Vauxhall in March 2017, Renault gave formal notice of cessation of the agreement to be able to produce the then-current Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro derivative model, based on the Renault Trafic, under license. In 2019, Opel/Vauxhall switched to the PSA van platform for the Vivaro.

The Fiat Scudo and Ulysse nameplates were revived in 2022 using the PSA van platform, replacing the also Renault Trafic-based Talento.

In January 2022, Stellantis stopped marketing the internal combustion versions of its passenger vans in Europe (Switzerland and Balkan countries excepted). This decision is mainly motivated by a decision to reduce the average emissions of vehicles marketed by the company in Europe in accordance with the CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) regulations set up by the European Union. As a result, the SpaceTourer, Traveller and Zafira Life are now only offered in their 100% electric and hydrogen versions. Panel van models are not affected by this change, nor are Toyota-badged models, as the Japanese manufacturer is in line with the objectives of the CAFE regulations.

Production
Since 2017, both Citroën Jumpy and Peugeot Expert are assembled as CKD in Montevideo, Uruguay. As of October 2019, Nordex S.A. has produced 13,000 units, with most of them being exported to Brazil and Argentina.

In March 2018, PSA started the production of the Peugeot Expert and Citroën Jumpy in its Russian plant, in Kaluga. The next month began the production of the Traveller and SpaceTourer in the same factory. In December 2019, the Opel Zafira Life joined them on Kaluga assembly lines, followed by the Vivaro a few months later.

In April 2018, PSA announced that the Luton plant would begin production of the third generation Jumpy from the beginning of 2019, which would also be badged as the Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Life/Vivaro Life/Vivaro to replace the Trafic-based Vivaro.

In February 2022, Stellantis began exporting part of the production of the Russian plant in Kaluga to Western Europe, where Citroën, Peugeot, and Opel models are manufactured. In March 2022, Stellantis halted exports from Russia following Moscow's invasion of Ukraine, putting an end to the short-lived export program from Kaluga.

GS
In October 2022, the Vauxhall Vivaro received a sporty GS trim option alongside a more powerful diesel engine.

Electric versions
Electric versions are badged and sold by multiple Stellantis-owned brands as well as Toyota; they all share a common traction motor with the smaller Citroën e-Berlingo and its rebadged siblings, which has an output of 100 kW with 260 Nm torque; the motor is also used for battery-electric PSA/Stellantis passenger cars such as the Peugeot e-208. While the e-Berlingo is fitted with a 50 kW-hr battery, the e-Jumpy (and its rebadged cousins) also offer a larger 75 kW-hr battery as an option. Quoted maximum driving range changes from 144 mi under the WLTP cycle with the smaller battery to 205 mi (WLTP) with the larger 75 kW-hr battery. The vans are fitted with a 7.4 kW (AC) charger as standard, and an 11 kW (AC) charger is available as an option.

Peugeot e-Expert/e-Traveller
In 2019, Peugeot introduced an electric version of their Expert van called e-Expert which shares the same platform as the Vivaro-e. They later introduced an electric variant of the passenger Traveller called e-Traveller in June 2020.

Compared to the conventional diesel versions, there are some cosmetic changes such as blanked-off grille, instrument cluster which includes a battery charge-level gauge and new graphics for it infotainment system.

Citroën ë-Jumpy/ë-Dispatch/ë-SpaceTourer
The Citroën ë-Jumpy (ë-Dispatch) is largely similar to the Peugeot e-Expert cargo van, while the Citroën ë-SpaceTourer is similar to the Peugeot e-Traveller passenger van.

Opel Vivaro-e/Zafira-e Life
In April 2020, Opel revealed the all-electric Vivaro-e. The Vivaro-e is available in three lengths and offers a payload capacity of up to 1,275 kg (2,811 lbs). In the UK, the vehicle is sold under the Vauxhall brand.

The passenger model is called the Opel Zafira-e Life.

On 18 May 2021, Opel revealed the Vivaro-e Hydrogen. This new version has a payload of 1100 kg (compared to 1200 kg for the Vivaro-e and 1400 kg for the Vivaro). The Vivaro-e Hydrogen combines a 45 kW fuel cell with a 10.5 kW lithium-ion battery. The hydrogen storage tanks are supplied by Symbio, a joint venture between Michelin and Faurecia. Peugeot then presented its e-Expert Hydrogen. These vans are manufactured at the Valenciennes plant and converted to hydrogen at the former Opel plant in Rüsselsheim.

Toyota Proace Electric
The Proace Electric, available in passenger (Verso) and cargo versions, is a Toyota-badged twin of the electric vans from Groupe PSA described above. The Proace Electric is the first all-electric passenger vehicle offered under the Toyota brand in Europe.

Fiat E-Scudo/E-Ulysse
In March 2022, Fiat unveiled the E-Ulysse, a battery electric derivative of its passenger van. The cargo version is called the E-Scudo.

Hydrogen
On May 18, 2021, Opel presented the Vivaro-e Hydrogen. This version has a payload of 1100 kg (contrary to 1200 kg for the electric version and 1400 kg for the combustion version). The Vivaro-e Hydrogen combines a 45 kW fuel cell with a 10.5 kW lithium-ion battery. The hydrogen cylinders are supplied by Symbio, a joint venture between Michelin and Faurecia. Peugeot presented its e-Expert Hydrogen a few days later and Citroën its ë-Jumpy Hydrogen. These vehicles are manufactured at the Valenciennes plant then converted to hydrogen at the former Opel plant in Rüsselheim.

H Van inspired derivatives
In 2017, Italian company FC Automobili revealed a modern interpretation of the Citroën H Van based on the Citroën Relay. The coach built, retro inspired conversion was available either pre assembled, or as a body kit, with 70 examples to be built to mark the 70th anniversary of the Citroën Type H. FC Automobili was later renamed Caselani Carrosserie, and expanded its range with a smaller 'Type HG', based on the Citroën Jumpy. Both vans are available with either internal combustion engines or electric motors.

Type Holidays Concept
At the 2023 Caravan Salon in Germany, Citroën revealed the Type Holidays, a Spacetourer based campervan with bodywork referencing the classic Citroën H Van. Styled by Caselani, The concept vehicle featured a pop-up roof with sleeping accommodation, as well as an on board kitchenette and folding bench seat. Citroën stated that the Type Holidays previewed a new range of vehicles with 'Holidays' branding, which would be aimed at van lifers and holidaymakers.

Facelift
A facelift was revealed on October 23, 2023, introducing technological updates. The upper grill has been completely removed for reduced air resistance.

Sales and production
Fiat

title: Citroën Jumpy


text:
Tow Law Town F.C.

Tow Law Town Association Football Club is an English non-league football club from Tow Law, County Durham, currently playing in the Northern League Division One, in the ninth level of the English football league system. The team, nicknamed "The Lawyers", play their home games at Ironworks Road. The club's fans are known as "The Misfits".

The club was founded in 1890 as Tow Law F.C., before adding the Town to their name in 1905, and throughout their history they have played in a number of local leagues including the Auckland and District League, the South Durham Alliance and the Crook and District League, before joining the Northern League in 1920. They have won the Northern League's Division Two twice—in 1988 and 1992—and its Division One on three occasions—in 1924, 1925 and 1995—but they have never been promoted or demoted from the Northern League since joining it more than 90 years ago. Tow Law reached the final of the FA Vase in 1998, having progressed all the way from the first round, but were beaten by Tiverton Town in the final at Wembley Stadium.

History
There was a football team operating in Tow Law as early as 1881, when a vicar captained the team. However, the club still playing today was founded as Tow Law in 1890. The club became one of the founding teams of the Auckland and District League in 1892, and won the Durham Amateur Cup the following year. They then joined the Northern League in 1894. In 1896 they won the Durham Challenge Cup. They left the Northern League, and played in the South Durham Alliance from 1900 to 1905. In 1905 the club changed its name to Tow Law Town which they have stuck with ever since. The club played in the Crook and District League from 1912 until 1914. After the end of World War I in 1918, the club again played in the Auckland and District League until 1920, when they returned to the Northern League where they have played ever since. The club were league winners two seasons in a row, in 1923–24 and 1924–25. They were runners up in 1928–29. In the Second World War they resigned from the Northern League on 20 March 1940 and their record of the season was deleted. They rejoined the league in 1945 on its resumption after the War.

In the 1967–68 season, the club had their best ever run in the FA Cup. After reaching the first round proper, they beat Mansfield Town 5–1 at Ironworks Road, and took Shrewsbury Town to a second round replay after a 1–1 draw at home. The team went into the third round draw and were drawn against Arsenal at home. However this never happened because they were beaten 6–2 by Shrewsbury in the replay. Arsenal were said to be "saved from a fate worse than death – a trip to Tow Law in January."

In 1974, they won the Northern League Cup, beating Ashington 2–1 in the final at Crook. In the summer of 1978, Chris Waddle started playing for the club. In the summer of 1980, while Waddle was working in a sausage factory, he was sold to Newcastle United for the fee of £1,000. Tow Law Town were runners-up in the 1988–89 season, before finally winning the league again in 1994–95, sitting 14 points clear at the end of the season. They missed out on the runners up spot the following year on goal difference. Harry Hodgson had long served as Chairman of the club, but stood down at the end of 1995–96, but as of 2011 he still remains a member of the committee. John Flynn took over as chairman. At the end of 1996–97, Harry Dixon, another long standing official at the club, stood down as treasurer, but stayed on as the club's president. Kevin McCormick took over as treasurer.

The club made their first and so far only visit to Wembley Stadium on 9 May 1998, by winning through to the final of the FA Vase, under the management of Peter Quigley and his assistant Tony Heslop. They reached the final, beating Taunton Town 5–4 on aggregate in a two legged semi-final. In reaching the final, Tow Law, with its population of only 2,200, became the smallest town to ever reach a Wembley final. The team took around 4,000 supporters with them down to London, about twice the population of Tow Law at the time. They were beaten in the final 1–0 by Tiverton Town.

They finished second in the league in 1998–99 and 2001–02. With Harry Dixon's death in 2002, Harry Hodgson took up the post of President. In 2004, John Flynn stood down as chairman, and so for a year long period, Hodgson took up the title of club chairman as well. At the end of the 2004–05 season, he retired from the club. His replacement, Sandra Gordon, is still chair at the club. She is the first ever female chair of the club, and only the third in the history of the Northern League. In 2007, Bernard Fairbairn, who had followed his father and grandfather into the job, stood down as club secretary, a post he had held since 1961, giving him a total of 46 years in his position. Stephen Moralee has now taken over as club secretary.

Sir Bobby Robson was raised a few miles away from Tow Law, in the village of Langley Park. He had held the title of life president at the club, and had helped them out when they hit financial difficulties after the 2001 foot and mouth crisis, which devastated the local area. He was known to spend a lot of time on the club, attending fund raisers and giving talks. On 1 August 2009, the club held a minute's silence before their game with Workington, following his death the day before.

At the end of the 2009–10 season, manager Dave Hagan and his assistant Eric Tate left the club. Hagan felt he could not operate a competitive team on the team's small budget, and so took up an assistant job at Consett. Ian Davison, a player at the club, took up managerial duties, acting as a player-manager, and appointing Gary Innes as his assistant. Steve Murray is the current Tow Law manager, taking up the role in December 2014.

Colours and crest
Tow Law Town's home colours have traditionally been vertical black and white stripes with black shorts and socks. This is common amongst clubs in the North East of England; Premier League club Newcastle United play in black and white, but locally Spennymoor Town, Darlington, Ponteland United and Ashington also wear black and white kits. Tow Law Town's away strips consist of blue and red halves with blue shorts and socks. Between 2006 and 2009, the club were sponsored by McInerney Homes, in a £5,000 a year deal. In August 2010, local company Bodywork Direct took over the club shirt sponsorship deal. The club was then sponsored by local firm Tow Law Plastering Services ltd. As of January 2020, the club's shirt sponsor is Tow Law Plastering Services Ltd. From June 2020 onwards the YouTuber WorkTheSpace is the shirt sponsor.

The club's crest features a colliery headframe, reflecting the strong history of coal mining in County Durham.

Supporters and rivalries
Followers of Tow Law Town are known as the Misfits. In the club's run up to the FA Vase final in 1998, they left a "trail of devastation" in towns as they progressed through the rounds of competition. In 2007, a group of hooligans affiliating themselves with the Misfits caused trouble in Tow Law. However, not all of the club's fans are hooligans and on a number of occasions supporters have partaken in fund raising activities to raise money for the club. In April 2003, two supporters took part in a coast to coast bike ride in the hope of raising around £800 for the club. In July 2010, a group of the club's supporters took part in a ten-mile sponsored walk to raise £3,000 for the club, which at the time was in financial difficulty. In April 2011, two fans of the club from Genoa, Italy, traveled over 1,000 miles to Tow Law to see the club play. They said the club had "captured [their] imagination" with their cup runs in 1967 and 1998.

Tow Law's main local rivals are Consett, based only 7.5 mi away from each other, the two having played together in the Northern League since 1970.

Club records
Tow Law Town's best ever league finish has been three wins of the Northern League Division One (level 9 of the overall English football league system) in 1923–24, 1924–25 and 1994–95. The Lawyers have only ever progressed as far as the rounds proper of the FA Cup four times, reaching the first round in 1968–69, 1984–85 and 1989–90, and the second round in 1967–68 where they held Shrewsbury Town to a 1–1 draw at home but lost the replay 2–6.

The club have only reached the rounds proper of the FA Trophy on four occasions, the first round in 1977–78 and 1990–91, and the second round in 1982–83, where they were beaten 0–3 by Altrincham after taking them to a replay, and in 1989–90, when they were beaten 0–2 by Bath City. They have twice reached the third round of the FA Amateur Cup, the first in 1969–70 when they were beaten 0–4 by St Albans City, and the second the following year in 1970–71 when they took Skelmersdale United to a replay and were beaten 0–1. Tow Law reached the final of the FA Vase in 1997–98 but lost 1–0 to Tiverton Town at Wembley Stadium.

The highest attendance figure recorded at Ironworks Road came when the team played Mansfield Town in the FA Cup first round in the 1967–68 season in front of a crowd of 5,500 people.

Current staff
A list of the current backroom staff at the club.

Honours
The following are the honours Tow Law have achieved since their foundation in 1890.

League

 * Northern League Division One: 3
 * 1923–24, 1924–25, 1994–95
 * Runners-up (4): 1928–29, 1988–89, 1998–99, 2001–02

Cup

 * FA Vase
 * Runners-up (1): 1997–98

 * Northern League Cup: 1
 * 1973–74
 * Runners-up (5): 1947–48, 1951–52, 1968–69, 1988–89, 1997–98

 * Durham Challenge Cup: 1
 * 1895–96

 * Durham Amateur Cup: 1
 * 1892–93

 * J.R. Cleator Memorial Cup: 1
 * 1994–95

 * Ernest Armstrong Memorial Trophy: 5
 * 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02

 * Rothmans Overseas Cup: 1
 * 1976–77

Former players
1. Players that have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league). 2. Players with full international caps. 3. Players that hold a club record or have captained the club.
 * 🏴 Kevin Dixon
 * 🏴 Steve Howard
 * 🏴 Chris Waddle
 * 🏴 Brian Wake
 * 🏴 Joe Wilson

For a full list see the category page - Category:Tow Law Town F.C. players

title: Tow Law Town F.C.


text:
WITI (TV)

WITI (channel 6) is a television station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, serving as the market's Fox network outlet. Owned and operated by the network's Fox Television Stations division, WITI maintains studios on North Green Bay Road (WIS 57) in Brown Deer (though with a Milwaukee postal address), and its transmitter is located on East Capitol Drive (just north of WIS 190) in Shorewood.

Early history
The station first signed on the air on May 21, 1956, operating as an independent station; it was originally owned by Independent Television, Inc., to whom the channel 6 construction permit was granted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on June 29, 1955. The station was originally licensed to the North Shore village of Whitefish Bay on a technicality in order to address short-spacing concerns with Davenport, Iowa station WOC-TV (now KWQC-TV, which also broadcast on channel 6) before the FCC fully finessed spacing among television station signals in different markets. In October 1956, the station affiliated with the NTA Film Network, which provided the station with 52 films from the 20th Century Fox library and syndicated programs. Among the NTA programs aired by WITI were The Passerby, Man Without a Gun and This is Alice.

From 1956 to 1959, WITI used the DuMont Vitascan color system—which required a completely darkened set with a single strobe light, causing eye strain—for its locally produced programs. The situation was difficult for the on-air talent, according to Sid Armstrong, who worked at WITI as a news reporter during the station's early years. The station switched to monochrome cameras when it moved to the North 27th Street facility.

First tenure with CBS, and switch to ABC
On August 8, 1958, Storer Broadcasting purchased WITI in hopes of affiliating the station with CBS. Storer had very good relations with CBS; company founder George Storer was a member of the CBS board, and most of its stations were CBS affiliates. At the time, CBS owned a local UHF station, WXIX (originally channel 19, reassigned to channel 18, now WVTV) as part of a corporate effort to determine if UHF station operation and ownership would be successful. Once the disadvantages of being on a UHF frequency became clear in the days before all-channel tuning, CBS wrote off the experiment as a failure. The network concluded it was better to have its programming on a VHF station, even if it was only an affiliate. CBS sold WXIX to Cream City Broadcasting president Gene Posner; WITI-TV then began its first stint as a CBS affiliate on April 1, 1959. At that time, WITI moved from its original studio facility in Mequon to WXIX's former studios on North 27th Street in Milwaukee (which were later used by WCGV-TV from 1980 to 1994). Storer also applied to move the channel 6 allocation from Whitefish Bay to Milwaukee; the request was granted on July 30, 1959.

In 1961, WITI lost the NTA network due to its closure, and CBS decided to affiliate with WISN-TV (channel 12), as its sister radio station had been a longtime affiliate of the CBS Radio Network. As a result, WITI-TV and WISN-TV swapped networks: channel 6 became an ABC affiliate on April 2, 1961. The final CBS program channel 6 aired before it switched to ABC was the original broadcast of the Gunsmoke episode "Little Girl", which ran the evening before the switch at 9 p.m. Central Time. In August 1962, the station moved to its current 1,078 ft transmission tower located in Shorewood; for a short time, the transmitter had been the tallest free-standing tower in the world. The tower went into operation in 1963, finally putting WITI's signal on equal footing with Milwaukee's other television stations.

Second tenure with CBS
During the 1975–76 season, ABC emerged as the highest-rated broadcast network in the United States–thanks in part to the success of two Milwaukee-set sitcoms, Happy Days and its spin-off Laverne & Shirley. However, Storer Broadcasting had developed a bitter relationship with the network stemming from ABC's June 1976 decision to move its affiliation in the San Diego market from Storer-owned KCST-TV (now KNSD) to former NBC outlet KGTV. Three years earlier KCST, a UHF independent station, won a long battle to strip the market's ABC affiliation from Tijuana, Mexico-based VHF outlet XETV. Storer purchased KCST the following year, but ABC was not happy with being forced to surrender an affiliation with a VHF station in favor of a UHF outlet. Perhaps in protest, Storer announced on September 26, 1976, that it would re-affiliate WITI with CBS. Without hesitation, WISN-TV aligned with ABC, officially reversing the earlier 1961 affiliation swap; the two stations switched networks once again on March 27, 1977; the final ABC program to air on channel 6 was a rerun of the two-part Starsky & Hutch episode "Murder at Sea", which aired at 8 p.m. Central Time on the night before the station rejoined CBS.

In 1978, WITI moved its operations to a new facility located on North Green Bay Road in Brown Deer, just outside Milwaukee; the upstart WCGV-TV (channel 24), which would eventually air programming from CBS that WITI refused, purchased WITI's former studios and used them from 1980 until 1994. It was one of the few Storer stations which used a more modern and open design for its studio building, compared to Storer's traditional use of Georgian and Colonial facades on its other studio facilities.

After Storer Broadcasting was bought out by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts in 1985, the station underwent a series of ownership changes. KKR sold the stations to Racine native George N. Gillett Jr.'s Gillett Communications in 1987; shortly thereafter, SCI Television was spun off from Gillett to acquire the stations after the latter company filed for bankruptcy. After Gillett defaulted on some of its financing agreements in the early 1990s, its ownership was restructured and the company was renamed SCI Television.

Eventually, SCI ran into fiscal issues; on June 26, 1991, Gillett Holdings filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection after it failed to reach an agreement with the company's creditors before a court-imposed June 25 deadline. SCI Television also missed repayment of $162 million in bank loans before a June 30 deadline; as a consequence of its financial difficulties, Gillett/SCI decided to sell its broadcast holdings. On February 17, 1993, one day after SCI purchased WTVT in Tampa from Gillett Holdings in a separate agreement for $163 million, New World Pictures purchased a 51% ownership stake in SCI Television from Gillett for $100 million and $63 million in newly issued debt. The purchase was finalized on May 25, at which point, the film and television production company folded WITI and its six sister stations—fellow CBS affiliates WTVT, WJW-TV in Cleveland, WJBK-TV in Detroit and WAGA-TV in Atlanta, NBC affiliate KNSD in San Diego and independent station WSBK-TV in Boston—into a new broadcasting subsidiary, New World Communications.

New World Communications ownership
On May 23, 1994, as part of a broad deal that also saw News Corporation acquire a 20% equity interest in the company, New World Communications signed a long-term agreement to affiliate its nine CBS-, ABC- or NBC-affiliated television stations with Fox, which sought to strengthen its affiliate portfolio after the National Football League (NFL) accepted the network's $1.58 billion bid for the television rights to the National Football Conference (NFC) – a four-year contract that began with the 1994 NFL season – on December 18, 1993. WITI-TV was among the stations involved in the Fox agreement, which also initially included four of New World's other existing CBS-affiliated stations — WJBK-TV, WJW-TV, WTVT and WAGA-TV — and four additional stations — CBS affiliate KSAZ-TV in Phoenix, ABC affiliates WBRC-TV in Birmingham and WGHP in Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, North Carolina, and NBC affiliate WDAF-TV in Kansas City — that were part of New World's concurrent $360-million acquisition of Great American Communications's television properties. (The agreement would subsequently be amended to include four additional stations that New World acquired later that month from Argyle Television Holdings.)  At the time, Fox's owned-and-operated and affiliate stations were mostly UHF outlets that had limited to no prior history as major network affiliates, among them its existing Milwaukee outlet, WCGV-TV, which had been affiliated with Fox since the network inaugurated prime time programming in April 1987. Although WCGV had become a formidable competitor to rival independent WVTV, Fox found the prospect to having its programming carried on a VHF station too much to resist, considering that WITI had a relatively stronger market position despite its then-third place placing behind WTMJ-TV (channel 4) and WISN-TV – in total day and news viewership, though its news department has been long-respected and well-awarded.

With only a few months before WITI was set to switch to Fox, CBS began making plans to find a new Milwaukee affiliate and approached all of the market's major television stations to potentially reach an agreement, which was hampered partly because of the network's then-faltering ratings and an older-skewing programming slate. CBS first entered into discussions with WTMJ-TV for a contract; that station was subsequently eliminated as an option as NBC decided to approach Journal Communications to renew its contract with WTMJ-TV. WISN-TV was automatically eliminated as an option for CBS as it was in the middle of a long-term affiliation agreement between ABC and that station's owner, Hearst Broadcasting. The respective owners of WCGV and WVTV at the time—ABRY Communications and Gaylord Broadcasting (the latter of which had already reached deals to switch two fellow independents, KTVT in Fort Worth and KSTW in Tacoma, to CBS)—also turned the network's offers down. This left the market's lower-rated independents—commercial outlets WJJA (channel 49, now independent station WMLW-TV) and WDJT-TV (channel 58) or religious outlet WVCY-TV (channel 30)—as the only viable options with which CBS could reach an affiliation agreement; WVCY owner VCY America would eliminate itself from the running after the owner of its parent licensee, Vic Eliason (in consultation with the VCY America board), declined a $10 million offer by CBS Inc. to acquire that station directly on grounds that the bid was "unreasonably" below market value in a letter that also objected to racy programming content carried by the major U.S. broadcast networks. WJJA's owner, minister Joel Kinlow, wanted to maintain his station as a training venue for those wanting to know about the broadcasting business, but also did not want the stress of running a network affiliate, and thus also declined an affiliation offer.

With just days before WITI was to join Fox, CBS was faced with the prospect of arranging to have out-of-market affiliates in nearby areas (either WISC-TV in Madison, or its two owned-and-operated stations in the region, WFRV-TV in Green Bay or WBBM-TV in Chicago) be made available for carriage to cable subscribers throughout Southeastern Wisconsin until it could or in case it did not secure a new affiliate in Milwaukee. Virtually out of desperation, on December 6, CBS reached a ten-year agreement with Weigel Broadcasting to affiliate with WDJT, despite the mediocre quality of its broadcast signal and the absence of a news department. (CBS faced a similar situation in Detroit where CBS wound up moving to a low-profile independent station after being displaced by a longtime affiliate involved in the New World agreement; the WDJT deal was one of two eleventh-hour deals in which Weigel landed a Big Three network affiliation, followed by its South Bend, Indiana low-power outlet W58BT [now WBND], which joined ABC in September 1995 after that network's longtime affiliate, WSJV, switched to Fox.) The last CBS network program to air on WITI was a first-run episode of Walker, Texas Ranger at 9 p.m. Central Time on December 10; this led into a message by then-station president and general manager Andrew Potos shortly before the start of that evening's edition of TV-6 News at 10:00, informing viewers about the pending network changes.

WITI-TV officially became a Fox affiliate on December 11, 1994, when the network's programming lineup moved to the station from WCGV; the first Fox network program to air on the station as a full-time affiliate was Fox NFL Sunday at 11 a.m. Central Time that day, leading into that afternoon's NFL doubleheader: the 1994 Chicago Bears–Green Bay Packers game at Lambeau Field (which served as one of Fox's early regional games that day and saw the Packers win in a 40–3 blowout victory) and a mid-afternoon national game between the San Francisco 49ers and the San Diego Chargers. WCGV temporarily converted into an independent station in the run-up to affiliating with the upstart United Paramount Network (UPN) the following month (on January 16, 1995), though retaining Fox Kids, as WITI held no interest in carrying the network's children's lineup due to a successful weekday afternoon and Saturday morning lineup, as most New World stations did. As a result of CBS affiliating with WDJT, Milwaukee became one of only two television markets affected by the New World deal (along with Detroit) where the replacement Big Three affiliate did not displace some of its existing syndicated programming following the local affiliation switch.

In keeping with the branding conventions of most of the other New World-owned stations affected by the affiliation agreement with Fox, WITI-TV retained its longtime "TV-6" branding (which it adopted in 1973 as an ABC affiliate) upon the affiliation switch, with references to the Fox logo and name limited in most on-air imaging as well as the news branding it had been using before it joined Fox – in its case, TV-6 News, the base moniker of which the station adopted in November 1984 as a CBS affiliate. In addition to expanding its local news programming at the time it joined Fox, the station replaced CBS daytime and late night programs that migrated to WDJT with an expanded slate of syndicated talk shows as well as some off-network sitcoms, game shows and documentary-based reality series, and also acquired some syndicated film packages and first-run and off-network syndicated drama series for broadcast in weekend afternoon timeslots on weeks when Fox did not provide sports programming; most notably it still holds the rights to a package of colorized RKO Pictures films (now a part of the Warner Bros. Discovery library after being colorized by then-rights holder Republic Pictures in the late 1980s) as of 2023. Unburdened by having to carry Fox Kids, WITI's revamped programming schedule – as was the case with most of New World's other Fox stations – relegated children's programs to the regulatory minimum on weekends, with the station instead choosing to continue producing their popular local homebuilding and home maintenance programming (and in the case of Ask Gus, a do-it-yourself instructional program hosted by station announcer and Wake Up News contributor Gus Gnorski, expanding it to a full weekly program).

In the fall of 1995, WITI dropped its longtime branding as "TV-6" and began branding itself as "Six is News", in order to emphasize the station's newly expanded news schedule. Conversely, in a move to comply with the network's branding conventions, Fox and other entertainment programming on the station was promoted as "Fox is Six" to try to build an audience for the growing network on the stronger Milwaukee station. (Cleveland sister station WJW used a very similar branding technique at that same period, branding itself as "ei8ht is News" and "Fox is ei8ht", playing off the on-air branding that the station used as a CBS affiliate during the 1960s and 1970s.)

First Fox Television Stations ownership period
On July 17, 1996, News Corporation—which separated most of its entertainment holdings into 21st Century Fox in July 2013—announced that it would acquire New World in an all-stock transaction worth $2.48 billion. The purchase by News Corporation was finalized on January 22, 1997, folding New World's ten Fox affiliates into the former's Fox Television Stations subsidiary and making all twelve stations affected by the 1994 agreement owned-and-operated stations of the network. (The New World Communications name continues in use as a licensing purpose corporation—as "New World Communications of [state/city], Inc." or "NW Communications of [state/city], Inc."—for WITI and its sister stations under Fox ownership, extending, from 2009 to 2011, to the former New World stations that Fox sold to Local TV in 2007.) The transaction also made WITI the first Milwaukee television station to serve as an owned-and-operated station of a major network since CBS owned WOKY-TV/WXIX (now WVTV) from 1954 to 1959.

On January 26, coinciding with Fox's telecast of Super Bowl XXXI (Fox's first Super Bowl telecast, in which the Packers defeated the New England Patriots), WITI-TV changed its branding from "Fox is Six" and "Six is News" to simply "Fox Six" (with its newscasts concurrently rebranding as Fox Six News), using a logo that matched the design language of the logo for the NFL on Fox, with "SIX" in place of "NFL". Subsequently, in April 1998, WITI simplified its branding to "Fox 6", (Coinciding with this, the station introduced the "Milwaukee's Newscenter" set that would remain in use until 2011, along with a "Weather Deck" located outside of Brown Deer Road studio facility that was used as an outdoor setting for forecast segments.)

Local TV and Tribune ownership
On December 22, 2007, Fox sold WITI and seven other owned-and-operated stations – WJW, WBRC, WGHP, WDAF-TV, KTVI in St. Louis, KDVR in Denver and KSTU in Salt Lake City – to Local TV LLC (a broadcast holding company operated by private equity firm Oak Hill Capital Partners that was formed on May 7 of that year to assume ownership of the broadcasting division of The New York Times Company) for $1.1 billion; the sale was finalized on July 14, 2008. Through a management company formed between Local TV and the Chicago-based Tribune Company formed the day prior to the Fox station purchase (December 21) to handle the operation of its existing broadcast television properties and the Local TV stations as well as provide web hosting, technical and engineering services to stations run by the latter group, WITI began sharing newsgathering resources between WITI and Tribune's television flagship WGN-TV in the adjacent Chicago market. (In addition, channel 6 continues to share news footage and other resources with Fox's Chicago O&O WFLD through the Fox NewsEdge affiliate service.) Under this same agreement, WITI has also carried certain public interest programming carried by other Tribune/Local TV stations such as a May 6, 2011 telethon produced by Huntsville sister station WHNT-TV, which was carried by WITI over digital subchannel 6.2, to raise funds for organizations helping victims of the April 27 Super Outbreak that affected Alabama). On July 1, 2013, the Tribune Company announced it would acquire the assets of Local TV LLC for $2.75 billion; the sale was completed on December 27.

On August 28, 2014, WITI's affiliation with Fox officially became the longest network affiliation the station held, passing the station's 7,200 days (or near 19¾ years) over its two separate stints as a CBS affiliate.

Aborted sale to Sinclair
On May 8, 2017, Hunt Valley, Maryland-based Sinclair Broadcast Group – which owns CW affiliate WVTV (channel 18) and owned MyNetworkTV affiliate WCGV-TV at the time – entered into an agreement to acquire Tribune Media for $3.9 billion, plus the assumption of $2.7 billion in debt held by Tribune. Sinclair had already announced that it had sold WCGV's spectrum in April in the FCC's 2016 spectrum auction and it would cease operations in technicality, albeit with WCGV's main schedule and subchannel moving to WVTV's DT2 subchannel on January 8, 2018; that move effectively would have alleviated any regulatory complications involving the sale for the Milwaukee stations, outside any physical and employee assets that would have been sorted out prior to the deal's closure. The purchase of WITI would have given Sinclair control of the three Fox affiliates in Wisconsin's largest markets (Sinclair already owns WMSN-TV in Madison and WLUK-TV in Green Bay). On December 15, 2017, it was speculated that Sinclair would then re-sell WITI back to Fox Television Stations; however, on April 24, 2018, when Sinclair announced its list of the 23 stations that it would sell in order to alleviate conflicts with FCC ownership rules as well as those with Fox over the affiliate share it would have had if the purchase had not been modified, WITI was not included among them.

On July 18, 2018, the FCC voted to have the Sinclair–Tribune acquisition reviewed by an administrative law judge amid "serious concerns" about Sinclair's forthrightness in its applications to sell certain conflict properties; with the future of the deal still uncertain, 21st Century Fox reached a multi-year agreement with Tribune to renew the affiliations of WITI and five of the group's other Fox affiliates on August 6, 2018. Three days later on August 9, Tribune announced it would terminate the Sinclair deal, and concurrently filed a breach of contract lawsuit in the Delaware Chancery Court, alleging that Sinclair engaged in protracted negotiations with the FCC and the DOJ over regulatory issues, refused to sell stations in markets where it already had properties, and proposed divestitures to parties with ties to Sinclair executive chair David D. Smith that were rejected or highly subject to rejection to maintain control over stations it was required to sell.

Sale to Nexstar; resale to Fox
On December 3, 2018, Irving, Texas-based Nexstar Media Group announced it would acquire Tribune's assets for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. The deal—which would make Nexstar the largest television station operator by total number of stations upon its expected closure late in the third quarter of 2019—would give WITI temporary sister stations in nearby markets including Green Bay (CBS affiliate WFRV-TV), La Crosse–Eau Claire (Fox affiliate WLAX and satellite WEUX) and Rockford (Fox affiliate WQRF-TV and ABC-affiliated SSA partner WTVO). The sale was approved by the FCC on September 16 and was completed on September 19, 2019.

On November 5, 2019, Nexstar Media Group announced that WITI would be re-acquired by Fox Television Stations (which by then had become a subsidiary of Fox Corporation following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company) in a $350 million deal that also includes Seattle sister stations KCPQ and KZJO, and is concurrent with Nexstar's purchase of WJZY and WMYT-TV in Charlotte, North Carolina from Fox. Fox stated that Milwaukee and Seattle were "two key markets that align with the company’s sports rights" (referencing their primary carriage of Seattle Seahawks and Green Bay Packers home games, respectively). The sale was completed on March 2, 2020.

WITI-DT2
On July 23, 2009, after a series of tests of a new digital subchannel, WITI began carrying programming from the Retro Television Network on digital channel 6.2, featuring a customized schedule heavy on public domain programs as much of RTV's program rights were held locally by Weigel Broadcasting-owned MeTV on WBME-TV (channel 49, now WMLW-TV) at the time, which was then independently programmed before Me-TV's December 2010 national launch. Charter Communications began carrying the 6.2 subchannel on channel 967 (now 189) on August 11, followed by its addition to Time Warner Cable on digital channel 991 on October 13, 2009.

On December 31, 2010, the subchannel became an affiliate of Antenna TV (as part of network owner Tribune Broadcasting's co-management agreement with Local TV's stations), and was rebranded as TV 6.2 (using a modified version of the "TV 6" logomark that WITI used from 1973 to 1995). Occasionally as time permits, TV-6.2 may air the station's 9 p.m. newscast whenever it is unable to run it on the station's main channel in the event of sports overruns or extended movie broadcasts aired by Fox as well as to simulcast the station's severe weather coverage, including closings and weather warning graphics. The subchannel also aired coverage of the December 2010 funeral of Chicago Cubs legend Ron Santo from WGN-TV; it previously aired a same-day encore of Real Milwaukee at 8 p.m. weeknights.

In the fall of 2015, TV-6.2's presentation was converted to 16:9 to allow local advertising and news promotions to be presented in their native format, along with carrying Fox NFL Kickoff on Sunday mornings as mentioned below. Programming and some local advertising, along with program promos are still in the 4:3 format. During the FIFA World Cup and golf's U.S. Open in mid-June and July 2018, WITI shifted daytime news programming and Real Milwaukee to WITI-DT2 to accommodate the World Cup's morning and early afternoon scheduling. It also occasionally carries the 9 p.m. newscast in rare cases where Fox requires national coverage of a breaking news story.

Programming
WITI delays Fox's Saturday late night repeat block by a half-hour due to the station's 10 p.m. newscast. In its first period as a Fox-owned station, WITI's syndicated programming inventory largely came from 20th Television and it has served as a test station for many of the distribution unit's series, a role it has resumed with Fox First Run; 20th Television was absorbed into Disney-ABC Domestic Television in 2020. Since 2010, programs distributed by Fox have been reduced to only a small portion of channel 6's syndicated lineup (including various repeat packages of COPS until it was pulled in 2020), and shows produced by other distributors such as Sherri, a program which already has FTS as its major affiliate base. Some other syndicated programs seen on WITI include Judge Judy, TMZ on TV/TMZ Live and Extra among others, along with Access Hollywood, the latter three forming a late night entertainment news block. The station also carries Builder's Showcase, which is also carried on Madison Fox affiliate WMSN and Green Bay/Fox Cities NBC affiliate WGBA, and a longtime fixture of the station produced since July 2000 by the station's advertising department where homebuilding services are offered. Until 2019, Fox's NFL Kickoff, which precedes Fox NFL Sunday, was aired on WITI-DT2 on Sunday mornings instead due to E/I commitments and an existing syndication agreement to carry the tourism series Discover Wisconsin on Sunday mornings (in the 2019 season, the allowance by the FCC to air E/I programming in the 6 a.m. hour allowed the carriage of Kickoff on 6.1 for the first time). The station's E/I requirements are fulfilled by the Xploration Station block offered by Fox.

As an ABC affiliate, WITI preempted The Dick Cavett Show in the early 1970s, in favor of classic movies, All My Children in favor of running a noon newscast, American Bandstand for movies or syndicated fare, One Life to Live and Dark Shadows in favor of an afternoon movie, and ABC News (when it was a 15-minute broadcast) due to local news or syndicated shows; in the case of these programs, they were picked up by WVTV until 1972 when the then-independent discontinued the secondary arrangement after 12 years. Eventually, OLTL, Bandstand, and ABC News were later cleared by WITI until the switch to CBS.

As a CBS affiliate, WITI aired M*A*S*H starting with the 1977 CBS/ABC affiliation switch, in both its original CBS run and in syndication. WITI obtained the local syndication rights to the show in 1992 after a long and successful run on WISN-TV, where it likewise ran first-run locally until the end of its fifth season. WITI also continued to follow WISN's preemption of Search For Tomorrow and by 1979 dropped Love of Life (before CBS canceled the serial in 1980) as well as repeats of CBS sitcoms and underperforming daytime game shows (the lone exception was the one-week, 9 a.m. delay of The Price Is Right from 1977 to 1980) due to the success it had with Phil Donahue in the 11 a.m. hour. In 1980, it aired The Young and the Restless on a one-day delay at 9 a.m. It was also among the handful of CBS affiliates that opted not carry Pryor's Place due to concerns that parents would protest a station airing a Saturday morning program starring a comedian known for using controversial and racially insensitive material. The station also preempted the Late Show with David Letterman in favor of airing M*A*S*H reruns from the former's August 1993 debut until the December 1994 switch to Fox, continuing a long-time practice of substituting local and syndicated programming for CBS's late night offerings, including the Late Movie and Crimetime After Primetime (though it did carry The Pat Sajak Show, albeit delayed); WCGV carried the Late Show instead, under arrangement by CBS, until it moved to WDJT upon the switch. It also was one of the first CBS affiliates to discontinue airing CBS This Morning during the 7 a.m. hour in 1993 in favor of airing the locally produced WakeUp News. Back then, the network offered the option for affiliates to carry only portions of This Morning or decline it entirely.

As with most of the former New World stations that switched to Fox, WITI never aired Fox's children's programming outside of required prime time preview shows and network promotions they were technically and contractually unable to opt out of. Fox Kids and its successors remained on WCGV from December 1994 to September 2004, when the block—by that time, known as 4Kids TV—moved to WMLW-CA (channel 41, now WBME-CD), where it remained until Fox discontinued the block in December 2008 due to a contractual dispute with 4Kids Entertainment. Subsequently, WITI refused to carry Fox's Saturday morning Weekend Marketplace infomercial block (as have WCGV and WMLW), in deference to the longtime local home contractor/subdivision programming that has aired on channel 6 in that time period since the late 1980s; the block was never aired at all in the Milwaukee market. WITI finally carried some form of Fox children's programming beginning in September 2014, when the two-hour E/I-contributing Xploration Station lineup (which is syndicated primarily to Fox affiliates on a right of first refusal basis) began to air on Saturday mornings after the brokered home programming.

On March 31, 2009, WITI had its first network preemption outside of children's programming since it joined Fox in 1994 when it opted to delay Osbournes: Reloaded to 1:05 a.m., due to its inappropriate content, in favor of airing the locally produced special Dealing with Drugs (a discussion about the effects of drug abuse on southeastern Wisconsin teens) in the former's evening slot.

WITI aired its first non-network program in HD with the November 21, 2009, broadcast of the Milwaukee Downtown Christmas Parade (with training and equipment assistance from Milwaukee Public Television). The station formerly served as Milwaukee's "Love Network" affiliate for the Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon. WITI aired the program until 1996, when it moved to WDJT-TV; the telethon returned to WITI in 2011, although it lost the rights once again when the broadcast moved to ABC in 2013 (as a result, it was carried locally by WISN-TV until the telethon ended in 2014).

Local programming
On September 7, 2010, WITI debuted a local talk show, titled Real Milwaukee, which aired after the station's morning newscast at 9 a.m.; it was produced by WITI's news department, and focused on current events and community issues. The program differed from The Morning Blend on WTMJ-TV (channel 4) in that it did not feature paid demonstration segments by local businesses. The station does carry a paid advertorial segment called Fox Focus during its daytime programming, though only within the form of an extended traditional commercial break. Generally, Real Milwaukee led or placed a strong second in the ratings to all other programs in the 9 a.m. time period. In mid-March 2020, Real Milwaukee was placed on hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic making its traditional format and seating arrangement impossible to maintain through videotelephony, with a one-hour extension of WakeUp taking its place. The 9 a.m. WakeUp extension was eventually made permanent a few months later. Real Milwaukee returned again on September 27, 2021, this time airing at 10 a.m., with it now a part of 7½ consecutive hours of news and local programming in the morning.

From September 9, 2013, to July 11, 2016, WITI aired a weekday afternoon talk show, Studio A, which aired at 4 p.m. and was hosted by anchors Ted Perry and former news anchor Katrina Cravy, who left to launch a consulting firm, and former WLUM-FM (102.1) morning host Brian Kramp, the program focused mainly on community issues and events in Milwaukee, and provided breaking news coverage if needed. Upon its later cancellation, Kramp moved to features for Real Milwaukee.

Sports programming
WITI began serving as the primary television station for the Green Bay Packers as a CBS affiliate in 1959, when the network obtained the television rights to the pre-AFL merger National Football League; after the switch to ABC, no games aired until 1970 when Monday Night Football premiered on the network. WITI has aired most regional or national Packers game telecasts since returning to CBS in 1977, albeit with a three-month interruption due to CBS losing its contractual rights to the National Football Conference following the 1993 season (the games instead aired on WCGV for the first three months of Fox's NFC telecasts as a lame-duck affiliate, but without any pre-game programming). Through the transfer of the NFC television rights from CBS for the 1994 season, the station's December 1994 switch to Fox allowed WITI to retain its status as Milwaukee's "home" station for the Green Bay Packers. It also carried the team's Thursday Night Football games involving the Packers from NFL Network locally early on in that package's life before it began simulcasts on CBS (2014 and 2015), along with NBC starting in 2016, before returning to Fox exclusively in the 2018 season until the end of the 2021 season. The station has entered into an agreement with Amazon to broadcast the November 17, 2022, Packers game against the Tennessee Titans on Prime Video in the Milwaukee market.

Notably, channel 6 is the only commercial television station in the Milwaukee market never to have held the local broadcast rights to the Milwaukee Brewers. However, since CBS obtained the partial over-the-air network television rights to the league in 1990, WITI has carried most national and regional Major League Baseball (MLB) game telecasts involving the team (with the exception of a three-year break in coverage between CBS' 1993 loss of the MLB broadcasting contract and Fox's acquisition of national television rights to the league). As an owned-and-operated station or affiliate of Fox, which obtained the partial (now exclusive) over-the-air network television rights to the league in 1996, WITI has carried certain Brewers games that have been regionally televised (and, since 2013, select national telecasts scheduled during prime time) by the network during the league's regular season and postseason. In its run as an ABC affiliate, it carried coverage of the Milwaukee Bucks winning the 1971 NBA Finals, the team’s only championship until 2021.

News operation
As of January 2021, WITI currently broadcasts $66 1/2$ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with $11 1/2$ hours each weekday, four hours on Saturdays and five hours on Sundays, and five hours of Real Milwaukee on each weekday; this does not count 90 minutes of news replays in overnights); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the highest newscast output among Milwaukee's broadcast television stations, and in the state of Wisconsin overall. In addition, the station produces the Fox 6 Blitz, a Green Bay Packers wrap-up program that airs Sundays during the NFL season at 10:35 p.m. and also serves as a post-game show following Milwaukee Brewers Fox broadcasts. In 2018 and 2019, to tie into high-profile Packer games ending in prime time Sunday nights, the station delayed The Simpsons to air in late night to carry extended local postgame coverage. The practice was temporarily suspended in the 2020 and 2021 seasons due to the league's COVID media restrictions making a live postgame from the game site impossible and resumed in 2022.

WITI's newscasts overall have typically finished in third place, behind WTMJ-TV and WISN-TV, although, in the main demographic ratings that advertisers use, the three stations are much closer with any three placing first in selected newscast, and like most Fox affiliate newscasts in prime time, the 9 p.m. newscasts often can outrate the 10 p.m. newscasts on Milwaukee's other three stations, along with WITI (in addition to the 9 p.m. shows from WDJT on WMLW-TV, and WISN's newscast on their True Crime Network subchannel). The station's morning newscast, Fox 6 Wake Up News, usually places first in the 4:30–10 a.m. time period against the national morning programs airing on WTMJ, WISN and WDJT during the 7–9 a.m. slot, whereas WITI's newscast serves as a local alternative to those programs; it competes with a WDJT-produced newscast on WMLW-TV.

News department history
Channel 6's news department began with the launch of the station in 1956, its newscast was then known as Milwaukee Newsreel. When WITI became a Fox affiliate in 1994, the station adopted a news-intensive schedule, increasing its news programming output from about 25 hours a week to nearly 45 hours. It maintained a news schedule similar to its latter days as a CBS affiliate. All of its existing newscasts were retained. However, it expanded its weekday morning newscast from two hours to three (with an hour added from 8 to 9 a.m.); the weeknight 5 p.m. newscast was expanded from 30 minutes to one hour, forming a 90-minute news block from 5 to 6:30 p.m.; and an hour-long nightly prime time newscast at 9 p.m. was added, leading into the existing 10 p.m. newscast. WITI is one of several Fox stations that offer newscasts in both the final hour of prime time and the traditional late news timeslot, one of the few affiliated with the network that runs a 10 p.m. (or 11 p.m.) newscast seven nights a week and one of the few to continue its Big Three-era 10 p.m. newscast after switching to Fox.

On December 3, 2007, the station's midday newscast was moved from its longtime noon slot to 11 a.m. Two days prior on December 1, the Saturday edition of Wake-Up News was expanded to two hours beginning at 7 a.m.; the Sunday edition was also moved to 7 a.m., but remained one hour long. In addition, Gus Gnorski's Saturday morning DIY program Ask Gus, was put on hiatus, with Gnorski's segments integrated into the Saturday morning newscast; the program's former studio began serving as the new studio for Wake-Up in May 2008. On March 28, 2009, the station suspended its morning and early evening newscasts on weekends during the Great Recession; the weekend morning newscasts were briefly replaced by reruns of Ask Gus on April 4 (Gnorski was forced by his physicians to retire, ending WITI's plans to revive Ask Gus, with the program ending its 15-year run on November 24, 2007).

On December 5, 2009, WITI became the second station in Milwaukee (behind WTMJ-TV) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. It was the first (and as of June 28, 2011, the only) television station in the market to provide news video from the field in true high definition, as WITI upgraded its ENG vehicles, satellite truck, studio and field cameras and other equipment in order to broadcast news footage from the field in high definition, in addition to segments broadcast from the main studio. In February 2010, WITI expanded its weekday morning newscast a half-hour early to 4:30 a.m., extending the program to $4 1/2$ hours. WITI resumed the Saturday and Sunday morning newscasts (which now aired from 7 to 9 a.m. on both days) after a two-year absence on April 2, 2011. Weekend early evening newscasts were subsequently restored on April 7, 2012.

In December 2012, WITI began construction of a new Studio A set designed by FX Group, to replace the "Milwaukee's Newscenter" set, which had been in use since 1998 and received three refreshes over the course of its use (that set's heavy integration of its 2002 to 2006 horizontal logo resulted in WITI not using the vertical "kitebox" logo of its sister stations under Fox when it began using the standardized O&O graphics in 2007). Its newscasts and Real Milwaukee then temporarily originated from the Studio B set that houses the station's morning newscast (WakeUp News). The new Studio A was partially introduced on February 11, 2013, with modifications to the secondary set continuing for a couple of weeks after. A new graphics package and the debut of a new music package ("Extreme" by Stephen Arnold) was introduced on April 22, 2013. Studio A ended on July 8, 2016, with the 4 p.m. hour converted to a traditional newscast the next Monday, though some Studio A segments and elements will remain. Studio A was again redesigned in the summer of 2019, with updated technology and design tying into a new graphics package (debuted by former sister station WDAF-TV in Kansas City) introduced in October 2019, and by coincidence Arnold's new "Beyond" package mainly utilized by the Fox-owned stations since 2018. A few months before, the station's 20 year-old weather deck received a full-scale overhaul and redesign in a sponsored arrangement with both a deck-building company and a landscaper which handles the station's landscaping services.

Because of the sale to Fox Television Stations making a transition to Nexstar's Frankly platform superfluous, it was the last station in the defunct company to transition from that company's proprietary web platform (both Tribune Media and Fox Television Stations utilize WordPress-hosted websites), doing so on July 29, 2020. The station then transitioned to the standard FTS on-air graphics package on October 28, 2020. The station's weather system did not transition to the same graphics system until July 20, 2022.

Notable current on-air staff

 * Mary Stoker Smith – anchor

Notable former on-air staff

 * Jen Lada – weekend sports anchor (2006–2013; now at ESPN)
 * Jim Paschke – sportscaster/weekend morning anchor (retired)
 * Tom Skilling – meteorologist (1975–1978; later chief meteorologist at WGN-TV/Chicago; now retired)
 * Jane Skinner – anchor (1994–1996; former anchor for Fox News Channel, wife of NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell)
 * Anne State – anchor (2010–2014; now at KGTV/San Diego)
 * Clarice Tinsley – anchor/reporter/monthly public affairs show host (1975–1978; now at KDFW/Dallas–Fort Worth)
 * Carl Zimmermann – longest serving broadcaster in Milwaukee history (retired in 1986; died 2014)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

In May 2012, the station activated its second audio program feed three years before FCC requirements for network-provided audio description went into effect for the Milwaukee market, which was done for all Local TV stations at the master control level. The station carries all Fox programming available with Descriptive Video Service audio, along with Spanish-language audio broadcasts of Fox Sports telecasts.

Despite Tribune's purchase of the station, it never carried This TV; Tribune had assumed Weigel Broadcasting's operational responsibilities for that network on November 1, 2013 (the network was carried on WYTU-LD2 from January until September 2018 after several years on WMLW-DT3, before WIWN agreed to carry the network for their fifth subchannel in November 2018 and its sale to Entertainment Studios in 2020). Additionally, Court TV's carriage with Scripps' WTMJ-TV as under sister ownership meant WITI would not carry that network despite Tribune/Nexstar's deal with that network to launch carriage at the end of October 2019.

Fox Television Stations announced before its debut that its stations would carry the streaming service Fox Weather as a subchannel in their local markets at the start of 2022, with WITI doing so on its fourth subchannel in February 2022.

A third subchannel for HSN's over-the-air service was added before the end of 2021 for antenna viewers, with no pay-TV carriage pursued by either FTS or HSN. It was duplicative of the HSN feed formerly carried by WPXE-DT8, which also transmits from WITI's tower.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WITI shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 33, using virtual channel 6.

As part of the SAFER Act, WITI kept its analog signal on the air until June 25 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of English and Spanish public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters, although this loop was interrupted several times during the period to run severe weather coverage.

The digital transition resulted in the loss of ability to listen to WITI's audio feed over 87.7 FM; television stations broadcasting on VHF channel 6 were audible over this frequency during the analog television era, although this is no longer possible due to the transition, even for stations that broadcast their digital signals on channel 6. While at least one station offered a separate broadcast on 87.7, WITI opted to restore the audio feed via an HD Radio subchannel of WMIL-FM (106.1) in August 2009 through an agreement to provide news and weather content for WMIL owner Clear Channel Communications's Milwaukee radio cluster (a forecast-only content agreement between WITI and Entercom's three local stations and occasional check-ins during WakeUp News on WXSS and WSSP's morning shows continues without any audible forecasts from channel 6's weather staff). WITI is one of the few stations that had broadcast on VHF channel 6 prior to the digital transition to restore its audio feed legally; WRGB in Albany, New York attempted an audio subcarrier service after the transition that was subsequently pulled at the FCC's request. The rebroadcast with WMIL-HD3 was eventually ended down the line for one of iHeartRadio's automated formats.

WITI's digital signal ran at low power until November 2009, due to the digital antenna being located lower than the former analog antenna on the WITI Tower (this setup was common during the digital transition among Fox O&O-turned-Local TV stations; the station had originally transmitted its HD signal on low power from its STL tower in Brown Deer until HD equipment was installed on the main tower in late 2004). That antenna was removed in September, with the digital antenna being moved higher in October, causing some signal interruptions, along with affecting the operations of WUWM (89.7 FM), which transmits its signal on the tower.

Channel sharing with WVCY-TV
On November 22, 2017, FCC documentation was released confirming that WITI would begin to share their channel bandwidth with independent religious station WVCY-TV (channel 30) on January 8, 2018. WVCY has retained its existing FCC license and must-carry rights, and continues to identify as channel 30 over-the-air as part of the WITI channel share. It continues to broadcast one channel in a 480i 4:3 format, unusual for a station licensed as full power.

title: WITI (TV)


text:
WISN

WISN may refer to:

 * WISN-TV, a television station (channel 28, virtual 12) licensed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
 * WISN (AM), a radio station (1130 AM) licensed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
 * Workload Indicators of Staffing Needs (WISN), a tool for human resources planning in the health care sector

title: WISN


text:
Smoot (disambiguation)

A smoot is a jocular unit of measurement equal to 5 feet 7 inches (1.702 m).

Smoot or Smoots may also refer to:

Places

 * Smoots, Virginia, US
 * Smoot, West Virginia, US
 * Smoot, Wyoming, US
 * Smoots Creek, a river in Kansas
 * Smoot Rock, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica

People

 * Abraham O. Smoot (1815–1895), mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah
 * Brigham Smoot (1869–1946), Utah-Idaho Sugar Company executive and son of Abraham O. Smoot
 * Clement Smoot (1884–1963), American golfer
 * Dan Smoot (1913–2003), FBI agent and conservative political activist
 * Dawuane Smoot (born 1995), American football player
 * Fred Smoot (born 1979), American football player
 * George Smoot (born 1945), astrophysics scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Nobel prize laureate in Physics, 2006
 * Homer Smoot (1878–1928), American baseball player
 * Julianna Smoot, political fundraiser for the Democratic Party
 * L. Douglas Smoot (1934–2020), American chemical engineer
 * Lanny Smoot (born c. 1955), American electrical engineer, inventor
 * Mary Ellen W. Smoot (born 1933), Relief Society General President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * Oliver R. Smoot (born 1940), former head of ISO and ANSI, for whom the unit was named
 * Reed Smoot (1862–1941), Senator from Utah, sponsor of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff and son of Abraham O. Smoot
 * Reed Smoot (cinematographer), American cinematographer
 * Roland N. Smoot (1901–1984), United States Navy vice admiral
 * William Smoot (c. 1848–1938), American Baptist preacher

Characters

 * Smoot, half of Canadian horror clown duo Mump and Smoot
 * Midge Smoot, a fictional character from Shining Time Station
 * Snappy Sammy Smoot, American underground comix character

Law

 * Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act, 1930 US protectionist trade legislation

title: Smoot (disambiguation)