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McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union

McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky, 545 U.S. 844 (2005), was a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States on March 2, 2005. At issue was whether the Court should continue to inquire into the purpose behind a religious display and whether evaluation of the government's claim of secular purpose for the religious displays may take evolution into account under an Establishment Clause of the First Amendment analysis.

In a suit brought by the American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that the displays—in this case, a Ten Commandments display at the McCreary County courthouse in Whitley City, Kentucky and a Ten Commandments display at the Pulaski County courthouse—were unconstitutional. The appeal from that decision, argued by Mathew Staver of Liberty Counsel, urged reformulation or abandonment of the "Lemon test" set forth in Lemon v. Kurtzman, which has been applied to religious displays on government property and to other Establishment Clause issues.

The Supreme Court ruled on June 27, 2005, in a 5–4 decision, that the display was unconstitutional. The same day, the Court handed down another 5–4 decision in Van Orden v. Perry with the opposite outcome. The "swing vote" in both cases was Justice Stephen Breyer.

History
After three Kentucky counties posted large and readily visible copies of the Ten Commandments in their courthouses, and a school district in a third county posted a similar display, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) sued. In response to the suit, and before the district court responded, both counties adopted similar resolutions that clarified the purposes of the displays as acknowledging "the precedent legal code upon which the civil and criminal codes of ... Kentucky are founded." The district court, following the Lemon v. Kurtzman test, entered a preliminary injunction against the newly modified exhibits, finding that there was no secular purpose behind the inherently religious displays.

After changing counsel, the counties revised the exhibits again. The new posting, entitled "The Foundations of American Law and Government Display", consisted of nine framed documents of equal size. One set out the Commandments explicitly identified as the "King James Version", quoted them at greater length, and explained that they have profoundly influenced the formation of Western legal thought and the American nation. In addition to the Commandments, the counties added historical documents containing religious references as their sole common element. The additional documents included framed copies of the Magna Carta, the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the lyrics of the Star Spangled Banner, the Mayflower Compact, the National Motto, the Preamble to the Kentucky Constitution, and a picture of Lady Justice.

On the ACLU's motion, the district court included this third display in the preliminary injunction despite the counties' professed intent to show that the Commandments were part of the foundation of American Law and Government and to educate county citizens as to the documents. The court took proclaiming the Commandments' foundational value as a religious, rather than secular, purpose under Stone v. Graham and found that the counties' asserted educational goals crumbled upon an examination of this case's history.

The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the decision, stressing that, under Stone, displaying the Commandments bespeaks a religious object unless the display is integrated with other material so as to carry "a secular message." The Sixth Circuit saw no integration because of a lack of a demonstrated analytical or historical connection between the Commandments and the other documents.

The county petitioned for a writ of certiorari, which was granted on October 12, 2004. Oral arguments were heard on March 2, 2005. Mathew D. Staver argued the cause for the county, Solicitor General Paul D. Clement appeared on behalf the Bush administration in support of the county, and David A. Friedman, then the general counsel of the Kentucky ACLU, argued for the ACLU.

Opinion of the court
Justice David Souter wrote the opinion of the Court. First, the Court reiterated its previous holding in Stone v. Graham that the Commandments are "undeniably a sacred text in the Jewish and Christian faiths" and that their display in public classrooms "violated the First Amendment's bar against establishment of religion." Next, the Court noted that the Lemon test's "purpose prong" was rarely dispositive. Nonetheless, it emphasized that that prong "serves an important function." Indeed, anytime the government "acts with the ostensible and predominant purpose of advancing religion," or "to favor one religion over another," that advancement violates the Establishment Clause.

Although the counties asked the Court to overrule the Lemon test and, necessarily, the inquiry into governmental purpose, the Court refused to do so. The Court noted that, in several areas of the law, an inquiry into the government's purpose is an important endeavor. The Court also stated that it was confident in the inquiry into purpose, because such inquiries had not yielded a finding of "a religious purpose dominant every time a case is filed."

As to a second issue, whether the Court should consider the evolutionary purpose or the most recent purpose, the Court held that it should consider the evolutionary purpose of the display. "But the world is not made brand new every morning, and the Counties are simply asking us to ignore perfectly probative evidence; they want an absentminded objective observer, not one presumed to be familiar with the history of the government's actions and competent to learn what history has to show."

The Court, reviewing the lower court's ruling de novo, upheld the lower courts' rulings, noting that a pastor was present to testify to the certainty of the existence of God at the dedication of one of the displays, the modified displays contained "theistic and Christian references," and there was a "religious purpose" in the final modification.

Concurring opinion

Justice O'Connor expressed her own views of the controversy in a concurring opinion:

"It is true that many Americans find the Commandments in accord with their personal beliefs. But we do not count heads before enforcing the First Amendment . . .. Nor can we accept the theory that Americans who do not accept the Commandments' validity are outside the First Amendment's protections. There is no list of approved and disapproved beliefs appended to the First Amendment–and the Amendment's broad terms ('free exercise,' 'establishment,' 'religion') do not admit of such a cramped reading. It is true that the Framers lived at a time when our national religious diversity was neither as robust nor as well recognized as it is now. They may not have foreseen the variety of religions for which this Nation would eventually provide a home. They surely could not have predicted new religions, some of them born in this country. But they did know that line-drawing between religions is an enterprise that, once begun, has no logical stopping point. They worried that 'the same authority which can establish Christianity, in exclusion of all other Religions, may establish with the same ease any particular sect of Christians, in exclusion of all other Sects.' Memorial 186. The Religion Clauses, as a result, protect adherents of all religions, as well as those who believe in no religion at all."

Dissenting opinion
Justice Scalia wrote a dissenting opinion, in which he argued that public acknowledgement of the God of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam is permissible under the First Amendment:

Besides appealing to the demonstrably false principle that the government cannot favor religion over irreligion, today's opinion suggests that the posting of the Ten Commandments violates the principle that the government cannot favor one religion over another. . .. That is indeed a valid principle where public aid or assistance to religion is concerned, ... or where the free exercise of religion is at issue, ... but it necessarily applies in a more limited sense to public acknowledgment of the Creator. If religion in the public forum had to be entirely nondenominational, there could be no religion in the public forum at all. One cannot say the word "God," or "the Almighty," one cannot offer public supplication or thanksgiving, without contradicting the beliefs of some people that there are many gods, or that God or the gods pay no attention to human affairs. With respect to public acknowledgment of religious belief, it is entirely clear from our Nation's historical practices that the Establishment Clause permits this disregard of polytheists and believers in unconcerned deities, just as it permits the disregard of devout atheists.

The three most popular religions in the United States, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam–which combined account for 97.7% of all believers–are monotheistic. . .. All of them, moreover (Islam included), believe that the Ten Commandments were given by God to Moses, and are divine prescriptions for a virtuous life. . .. Publicly honoring the Ten Commandments is thus indistinguishable, insofar as discriminating against other religions is concerned, from publicly honoring God. Both practices are recognized across such a broad and diverse range of the population–from Christians to Muslims–that they cannot be reasonably understood as a government endorsement of a particular religious viewpoint.

Subsequent history
In November 2010, counties in Kentucky filed a new appeal to the Supreme Court, requesting the allowance of the display once again. The case was again titled McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky. The plaintiffs did not necessarily seek to "overrule" the decision in the original case. Instead, they claimed that the Sixth Circuit Court had failed to follow the majority's comment allowing government to reform the reasoning of a display to render it constitutional. The plaintiffs argued in their appeal that local government has given a firm secular reasoning for the display as the commemoration of historical documents and have renounced the religious motivation for the display, which was the court's reasoning for its prohibition. On the other hand, the plaintiffs also argued for an overthrow of the Lemon test, which indeed in that respect would have "overruled" the prior decision.

The Sixth Circuit Court did not discern any essential change from a religious to a secular motive for the plaintiffs' wish to display the Ten Commandments; and in February 2011, the Supreme Court without comment declined to review the case.


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Usog

Usog or balis is a Filipino superstition whereby an affliction or psychological disorder is attributed to a stranger's greeting or evil eye hex. It is usually attributed to afflictions of infants and toddlers.

In some limited areas, it is said that the condition is also caused by the stranger having an evil eye or masamang mata in Tagalog, lurking around. This may have been influenced by the advent of the Spaniards who long believed in the mal de ojo superstition.

Once affected, the child begins to develop fever, and sometimes convulsions. Supposedly, the child can be cured by placing its clothing in hot water and boiling it. In most other places, to counter the effects of the "usog" the stranger or newcomer is asked to put some of their saliva on the baby's abdomen, shoulder or forehead before leaving the house. The newcomer then leaves while saying: "Pwera usog... pwera usog..." ("Out, usog") The saliva is placed on the finger first, before the finger is rubbed on the baby's abdomen or forehead. The stranger is never to lick the child. The practice is that the stranger or visitor is asked to touch their finger with saliva to the child's body, arm or foot ("lawayan") to prevent the child from getting overpowered ("upang hindi mausog"). Protective charms may also be added to an infant's clothing to ward off usog.

Possible scientific explanation
One theory (Kristina Palacio) explains usog in terms of child distress that leads to greater susceptibility to illness and diseases. There are observations that a stranger (or a newcomer or even a visiting relative) especially someone with a strong personality (physically big, boisterous, has strong smell, domineering, etc.) may easily distress a child. Thus, the child is said to be "overpowered" or nauusog and thus may feel afraid, develop fever, get sick, etc. In usog, the child's distress is the consequence of the child's failure to adapt to change. It is, in medical terms, the consequence of the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli brought about by the stranger. Technically, the condition results from the child-environment interaction that leads the child to perceive a painful discrepancy, real or imagined, between the demands of a situation on the one hand and their social, biological, or psychological resources on the other. The stressful stimuli to the child may be mental (stranger is perceived as a threat, malevolent or demanding), physiological (loud and/or high-pitched voice of the stranger that is hurting to the child's eardrum; strong smell of the stranger that irritates the child's nasal nerves), or physical (stranger has heavy hands or is taking up too much space).

The stranger's act of gently placing his finger with his saliva to the child's arm, foot, or any particular part of the child's body, could make him more familiar to the child, and thus, reduce if not remove the stress. As the stranger keeps gently saying, "Pwera usog... pwera usog...," the child is made to feel and assured that he means no harm. The usog is said to be counteracted because the child is prevented from succumbing to an illness since the child is no longer in distress. Children or even adults who are shy or have weak personalities are more susceptible to usog in accordance with observations and theory. Some have observed that at times even praising a shy child by a visiting relative caused an usog.

The saliva from the stranger, granted that they are healthy and consistent with their oral hygiene, is relatively clean and contains enough antimicrobial compounds such as lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, and secretory immunoglobulin A which can help clear pathogens from the child and benefit the child against infection. Furthermore, human saliva has opiorphin, a newly researched pain-killing substance. Initial research with mice shows the compound has a painkilling effect of up to six times that of morphine. It works by stopping the normal breakdown of natural pain-killing opioids in the spine, called enkephalins. Opiorphin in human saliva is a relatively simple molecule, and the child's immune system may trigger a biochemical cascade (complement system) to produce other stress-reducing compounds.

Usog can also, though less commonly, affect adults, and it may induce vomiting and stomach ache rather than fever. Supposedly, it can be prevented by stopping a stranger or visitor from greeting the person.

Unlike "lihi", however, usog is not yet medically accepted. More than the superstitious folks, researchers dealing with Filipino Psychology say they have observed this phenomenon with regularity and suggest that this be added to the Psychiatric Disorders Handbook DSM-V.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Usog


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Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-02-14/Wikipedia portal redesign

A poll to redesign the Wikipedia portal closed last Friday, but the old design remained in place as the proponents of the two most popular new designs worked to combine elements from both proposals.

The Wikipedia portal page at www.wikipedia.org replaced the earlier redirect to the English Wikipedia several weeks ago (see archived story), prompting surprise and criticism from users of the English Wikipedia. The change appears to have been accepted now, but people have been looking for a more appealing design for the portal, as initial attempts at the layout were considered bland.

CatherineMunro's design
In an attempt to solve this, CatherineMunro developed a new design featuring the Wikipedia logo in the center, surrounded by a group of the largest Wikipedia languages. Below this would be a multilingual search box for these languages, followed by all remaining languages having at least 100 articles, clustered into three groups. At the bottom would be links to Wikipedia's sister projects, as in the present layout.

This effort received a very enthusiastic initial reaction on the Village pump, as virtually everyone who saw Catherine's portal design endorsed it to replace the current, basically all-text page.

However, problems cropped up with rendering the page properly in older versions of Konqueror, particularly version 3.1. Screenshots of the page in these versions showed that instead of grouping the largest languages symmetrically around the Wikipedia logo, they ended up clumped together and overlapping badly with the logo image. AlanBarrett made some efforts to improve the format to work around these problems.

Other proposals
Eventually, a couple of other proposals were brought up by Node ue and Forseti. Node's version was a variation on Catherine's design, but smaller and without the search box. It did not display properly and Node admitted that "it isn't exactly functional".

Forseti's design was closer to the current format, but brought the Wikipedia logo into the layout and added a border. It added some text from the Wikipedia article in the background behind the logo and offered different versions to resemble Wikipedia's MonoBook and Cologne Blue skins.

Poll results and possible new combinations
The poll on which design to use, which was held on the Meta site where the editable portal page is located, started 28 January and closed on 11 February. With the support generated at its reception, Catherine's version received the most votes, 75 in all. , a late addition to the poll, still managed to pick up support from 30 users over the last week of the poll. The only support for the existing version, however, came from two voters who weren't even logged in.

Given the overwhelming unpopularity of the current design, requests to implement a change started coming in even before the poll closed. No action was taken, however, and the portal wiki page itself remained protected due to an earlier edit war.

Meanwhile, Catherine, Forseti, and others discussed how their proposals might be merged to reasonably satisfy supporters of both designs. As part of this effort, Forseti posted three reworked versions that retained the MonoBook design, but moved the Wikipedia logo to the center and arranged the largest languages in various patterns around the logo. Based on this, it looks like another round of discussion will be needed to pick the final design — perhaps even another poll.


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Turck

Turck is a German manufacturer in the industrial automation sector. The sensor, fieldbus, interface and connection technology provider is represented worldwide with around 4650 employees in more than 30 subsidiaries and sales partners in a further 60 countries.

Organization
The Turck Group is mainly managed by the two companies Hans Turck GmbH & Co. KG in Mülheim an der Ruhr - responsible for sales and marketing - and Werner Turck GmbH & Co. KG in Halver - responsible for development and production. The managing directors of Hans Turck GmbH & Co. KG are Christian Wolf and Christian Pauli. Werner Turck GmbH. Co KG has been managed by Michael Gröbner since December 2019. The Turck Group is mainly managed by the two companies Hans Turck GmbH & Co. KG in Mülheim an der Ruhr - responsible for sales and marketing - and Werner Turck GmbH & Co. KG in Halver - responsible for development and production. The managing directors of Hans Turck GmbH & Co. KG are Christian Wolf and Christian Pauli. Werner Turck GmbH. Co KG has been managed by Michael Gröbner since December 2019.

In addition to the total of four locations in Germany, more than 30 other independent subsidiaries belong to the Turck Group worldwide. The largest locations include the subsidiaries in the USA (Turck Inc. in Minneapolis) and China (Turck Tianjin Sensor Co., Ltd.).

History
At the beginning of the 1960s, the brothers Hans and Werner Turck founded the company, starting off with two employees, a seed capital of 20,000 German Marks and the idea of automating manufacturing processes through electronic components. Shortly after, their partner Hermann Hermes joined the young company.

Turck's early international orientation dates back to 1975, which was marked by the foundation of Turck Inc. in Minneapolis, USA. Turck took over a measuring instrument factory in 1989, based in Beierfeld, Saxony, and thus entered into East European markets. A sales and production company was founded in 1995 in Tianjin, China, for the Asian market.

On 10 July 2015, barely three months after Werner Turck, his brother Hans Turck passed away as the second founder of the company.

Products
The automation supplier's product portfolio includes around 15,000 products from the fields of sensor and connection technology as well as fieldbus and interface technology. In addition to individual components for machine builders and end users - such as sensors, remote I/O stations or quick connectors - Turck also offers systems for image processing, radio frequency identification (RFID) or pick-to-light applications.

title: Turck


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Frank E. Vandiver

Frank Everson Vandiver (December 9, 1925 – January 7, 2005) was an American Civil War historian, the 19th president of Texas A&M University and the former president of the University of North Texas, as well as acting president of Rice University. Vandiver wrote, co-wrote, or edited 24 books, and published an additional 100 scholarly articles or reviews. One of his books was a runner-up for a National Book Award.

Early years
Vandiver was born on December 9, 1925, in Austin, Texas, to Harry Shultz and Maude Folmsbee (née Everson) Vandiver. He attended the public schools but was eventually pulled out by his parents, in favor of private tutorship. He joined the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and served as a historian. Despite not having a high school diploma, following the war, Vandiver was admitted to a graduate program at the University of Texas in Austin to study humanities and American studies through passing examinations. He was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship for his studies. Vandiver received his Master of Arts degree from the University of Texas in 1949 and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from Tulane University in 1951. He would later receive a M.A. degree (by decree) from Oxford University in 1963.

Teaching
After graduation, Vandiver accepted a teaching position as Washington University in St. Louis, but left within a few years to teach at Rice University in Houston, becoming a full professor in 1958. He taught during the summer sessions at Louisiana State University from 1953 to 1957. Over the next two decades at Rice, Vandiver was promoted to department chair, master of Brown College, provost, and vice president, serving as the acting president in 1969-1970. In 1963-1964 he served as Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University. In 1969 during his tenure as acting president, Houston Independent School District awarded Vandiver his only missing degree - a high school diploma. In 1979 Vandiver left Rice to become the president of North Texas State University, now known as the University of North Texas. He was the first chancellor of North Texas State University and the Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine in addition to his duties as president.

Texas A&M University
In 1981 Vandiver became president of Texas A&M University. During his tenure, Vandiver was a driving force behind the adoption of a law creating space-grant colleges in the United States. Colleges given this designation would gain federal funds to research space-related technologies. Vandiver believed that Texas A&M was well-positioned to become one of the first of these institutions and remarked that such a designation would "elevate Texas A&M from being an excellent institution for space-related studies to being a great one".

Vandiver resigned as president of A&M in 1988, citing a desire to spend more time on research and writing. Rather than leave the university, he established the Mosher Institute for Defense Studies, a national defense think tank, in 1988. The institute was closed in 1993. He was also named a distinguished professor in the history department.

Writing
Vandiver wrote, co-wrote or edited 24 books, most centered on the American Civil War. Almost half of his books were still in print at the time of his death, including his first book Ploughshares Into Swords: Josiah Gorgas and Confederate Ordnance (1952). His 1977 book Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing, was a runner-up for a National Book Award. He also published over 100 scholarly articles or reviews.

Vandiver was awarded many honors for his work. Among these were honors from two Civil War Round Tables (Houston and Baton Rouge). The Houston Civil War Round Table renamed their annual award of merit the Frank E. Vandiver Award in 1985. Vandiver was also awarded a distinguished service award from the Houston chapter of the Texas Society, Sons of the American Revolution, and was named an honorary professor at the National University of Asunción in Paraguay.

Personal life
The Houston Chronicle described Vandiver as "a colorful and articulate man with much personal charm". He was married twice. His first wife Carol Sue Smith died in 1979. Vandiver married Renee Aubry Carmody in 1981. He had three children.

He received several honorary degrees during his life. He was awarded an HHD degree from Austin College in 1977. In 1989 and 1994 he was awarded an honorary DHL degree and BA degree from Lincoln College.

Vandiver died at his home in College Station, Texas, on January 7, 2005.

Selected works

 * Ploughshares Into Swords: Josiah Gorgas and Confederate Ordnance (1952)
 * Rebel Brass: The Confederate Command System (1956)
 * Mighty Stonewall (1957)
 * Jubal's Raid: General Early's Famous Attack on Washington in 1864 (1960)
 * Their Tattered Flags: The Epic of the Confederacy (1970)
 * Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing (1977) — runner up for National Book Award
 * Blood Brothers: A Short History of the Civil War (1992)
 * Shadows of Vietnam: Lyndon Johnson's Wars (1997)
 * 1001 Things Everyone Should Know About the Civil War (1999)
 * 1001 Things Everyone Should Know About World War II (2000)

title: Frank E. Vandiver


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Racial Discrimination Act

Racial Discrimination Act may refer to:

 * Racial Discrimination Act 1975 – an Act passed by the Australian government making racial discrimination unlawful
 * Racial Discrimination Act 1944 – an Act passed on a provincial level prior to the Canadian Human Rights Act

title: Racial Discrimination Act


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Rocball

Rocball is a non-contact team net game derivative of volleyball and a Meso-American sport once played by the athletes of the Aztec civilization of what is now the country of Mexico. Rocball has existed since 1979 and was founded by James Feger, a Physical Education teacher at Marianas High School located in The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The sport is getting popular in many Asian countries, especially India. Delhi, the capital city of India is becoming the epicenter of development of the game. Any volleyball court can be converted into a Rocball arena by simply placing two goalposts at two sides.

Rules of the Sport
Rocball is played on a rectangular court bisected by an overhead net with goals located behind each end of the court.

The offensive team has the scoring advantage because of service and court points. However, either team has the opportunity to score from one to three points during any one play; under certain conditions, the defensive team can score one point plays, the server can score different types of two point plays, the goalies of either team can score two points, any player from either team can score a three-point goal, and there are different ways to win a set of play.

It is the first team net sport to implement offensive and defensive scoring, multiple point plays, plays in which a team can lose point, and the first team net sport to include the combination of kicking and hitting play action.

RocBall jargon

 * Court Point - the offensive team scores a point.
 * Bogey Point - The offensive team loses a point.
 * Jam - the defensive team scores a point.
 * Face - the offensive or defensive team scores one point.
 * Xunk - the defensive team loses two points.
 * Ace - the offensive team scores two points.
 * Kee - the offensive or defensive team scores two points
 * Goal - a three-point play in which a team can add points to their own score or reduce their opponent's score.
 * Juice-Out - the manner in which a team can win a game in four sets.
 * O-Kon - Rocball overtime if neither team can Juice-Out in four sets.
 * Blow-Out/Skunk/Scratch/Match - terms used to describe how teams win the different types of sets in Rocball

Rocball in the Pacific
Rocball is popular in the island of Saipan, in Micronesia. it is also played in Asian countries such as Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal.

title: Rocball


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Filipino psychology

Filipino psychology, or Sikolohiyang Pilipino, in Filipino, is defined as the philosophical school and psychology rooted on the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos. It was formalized in 1975 by the Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (National Association for Filipino Psychology) under the leadership of Virgilio Enriquez, who is regarded by many as the father of Filipino Psychology. Sikolohiyang Pilipino movement is a movement that created to address the colonial background in psychology in the country. It focuses on various themes such as identity and national consciousness, social awareness, and involvement, and it uses indigenous psychology to apply to various fields such as religion, mass media, and health.

The movement has three main areas of protest. First, it is against a psychology that promotes the colonial mentality, and decolonizes the Filipino mind. Second, it is against the imposition of a psychology that is more appropriate to industrialized countries. Finally, the movement is also against the exploitation of the masses through the use of psychology.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino is built on the idea that psychological knowledge can be derived from the culture. It also believes that foreign theories should not be completely abandoned. According to Luis Enriquez, Sikolohiyang Pilipino does not advocate for the removal of foreign ideas from the field of psychology.

In 1978, Enriquez proposed two processes that can be used to indigenize knowledge: indigenization from within and indigenization from without. Indigenization from without involves searching for local equivalents for commonly used psychological concepts. Indigenization from within is a process in which the knowledge and methods related to psychology are derived from the local culture. In the Philippines, Sikolohiyang Pilipino has been working on the concept of cultural revalidation. The process formalizes the knowledge base and the local culture as its source.

History
Filipino Psychology emerged and grew as part of the nationalist indigenization movement in the Philippines that was formalized in 1975.

The roots of Filipino Psychology can be traced back to the introduction of the American education system in the Philippines. Agustin Alonzo was among the first Filipino psychologists to return from their education in America (in 1925) to teach at the College of Education in the University of the Philippines. This team brought with them psychological knowledge rooted in the American tradition of psychology. Western psychology is taught in schools as universal and scientific despite being generally considered by some as insensitive and inappropriate to Philippine culture. This hegemony of Western American Psychology is referred to as Colonial Psychology.

During the 1960s, many Filipino intellectuals and scholars were already aware of the limitations and incompatibility of Western Psychology; western-oriented approaches in research in particular, had led scholars to paint the Filipino through the "judgmental and impressionistic views of the colonizers." It is with the use of American categories and standards that "the native Filipino invariably suffers from the comparison in not too subtle attempts to put forward Western behavior patterns as models for the Filipino." Early efforts to correct the traditional way of teaching and studying psychology in the 1960s include the translation of foreign materials and the use of the Filipino language as a mode of instruction, however, these efforts fail to address the problems brought about by colonial psychology as these efforts were sparse and not collaborated upon by psychologists.

It was only in the 1970s that a concerted effort to address colonial psychology in the form of Filipino Psychology took place. Filipino Psychology, along with advances in Filipinology and similarly History's Pantayong Pananaw, was led by Virgilio Enriquez, Prospero Covar, and Zeus A. Salazar in the indigenization movement of their respective fields.

Enriquez returned from his studies to the Philippines in 1971, and established the Philippine Psychology Research House (now Philippine Psychology Research and Training House, PPRTH). In 1975, the very first annual national conference on Filipino Psychology was held by the Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (PSSP) marking the formalization of Filipino Psychology.

Basic orientation and context
Filipino Psychology is described as largely postcolonial and as a liberation psychology. There are even some who had even argued that it is a local variant of Critical Psychology since it served as an emancipatory social science since it aims to decolonize academic neocolonialism.

Filipino psychology is usually thought of as a branch of Asian psychology, the placement, determined primarily on culture. However, there is an ongoing debate on the make-up of Philippine culture, because this will generally determine whether Philippine Psychology is to be placed under the realms of either Asian psychology or Eastern psychology.

Historical Threads of Philippine Psychological Thought
In 1985, historian Zeus A.Salazar identified four different traditions upon which Philippine psychology can be traced:
 * Academic Scientific Psychology or Akademiko-siyentipikal na Sikolohiya: This follows the American-oriented psychological tradition that can be traced back to Wilhelm Wundt in 1876. It was introduced in the Philippines through formal American education system in universities.
 * Academic Philosophic Psychology or Akademiko-pilosopiya na Sikolohiya: This was started by priest-professors at the University of Santo Tomas during the 17th century Spanish era. This tradition originally came from the writings of the preachers and friars in philosophy and "pre-scientific" Spanish elites and would later join with the American-oriented scientific psychology.
 * Ethnic Psychology or Taal na Sikolohiya: this is the Philippine indigenous psychology in the sense that this includes the frame of psychological reasoning, enculturation practices, beliefs, and proto-clinical practices that can be culled from language, literature, myths, legends, etc. This also includes psychological systems worked out by Filipinos with Filipino indigenous elements as basis (e.g. Hermano Pule, Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes, Kalaw, etc.) and Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (Psychology of the Filipino) as formulated by Virgilio Enriquez.
 * Psycho-medical Systems or Siko-medikal na mga Sistema: A psychological tradition that is closely related to ethnic psychology. The psycho-medical tradition that has religion as the basis and explanation. This includes the faith healing practices of the babaylan and the katalonan. According to Salazar, he believes that "no real healing could take place if there were no common ideology or frame of reference... understood and accepted by both healer and patient."

Core value or Kapwa (shared inner self)
Kapwa is the core construct of Filipino Psychology. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao and Hindi Ibang Tao.
 * Ibang Tao ("outsider") There are five interaction levels under this category:
 * Pakikitungo: civility – right behavior meant right demeanor towards authorities (Parents, Elders, etc.).
 * Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing – This is a social value that is primarily communitarian. It espouses the ability to adapt.
 * Pakikilahok: act of joining – This translates to participation of the entire community to help a person.
 * Pakikibagay: conformity – This runs into conflict with individuality which many Filipinos in fact willingly throw away in favor of conformity with demands of those who are in charge.
 * Pakikisama: being united with the group.
 * Hindi Ibang Tao ("one-of-us") There are three interaction levels under this category:
 * Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: it is the act of mutual trust
 * Pakikisangkot: act of joining others
 * Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others

Pivotal interpersonal value

 * Pakiramdam: Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use damdam, or the inner perception of others' emotions, as a basic tool to guide their dealings with other people.

Linking socio-personal value

 * Kagandahang-Loob: Shared humanity. This refers to being able to help other people in dire need due to a perception of being together as a part of one Filipino humanity.

Accommodative surface values

 * Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shyness' by most Western psychologists, Hiya is actually 'sense of propriety'.
 * Utang na loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return favors—whether these were asked for or not—when it is needed or wanted.
 * Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is primarily guided by conformity with the majority.

Confrontative surface values

 * Bahala na: it is translated as "determination in the face of uncertainty" and is used as an expression, almost universally, in Filipino culture. American psychologist Bostrom describes that Filipinos engage in the bahala na attitude equivalent to American fatalism and escapism. Contrary to the connotation of passive fatalism and escapism suggested by Bostrom, "bahala na" would be a confrontative attitutde. It is risk-taking in the face of the proverbial cloud of uncertainty, and the possibility of failure. It is also about an indication of an acceptance of the nature of things, including the inherent limitations of one's self.
 * Lakas ng loob: This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems and uncertainties.
 * Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy.

Societal values

 * Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in a person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge about his/her worth.
 * Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people judge a person of his/her worth. This compels a common Filipino to conform to social norms, regardless how obsolete they are.
 * Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own worth.
 * Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice, this actually refers to equity in giving rewards to a person.
 * Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).

Approaches and methods
Approaches, or lapit, and methods, or pamamaraan, in Filipino Psychology are different from that of Western Psychology. In Filipino Psychology, the subjects, or participants, called kalahok, are considered as equal in status to the researcher.

The participants are included in the research as a group, and not as individuals – hence, an umpukan, or natural cluster, is required to serve as the participants, per se. The researcher is introduced to a natural cluster by a tulay (bridge), who is a part of the umpukan and is a well-respected man in the community.

Some of the approaches and methods used in Filipino Psychology are:
 * Pakikipagkuwentuhan: In this method, the researcher engages in a story-telling with an umpukan. The researcher merely serves as the facilitator, while the kalahok or participants are the one who are to talk. The term kwento, from the Spanish word cuento, literally means 'to tell a story'.
 * Panunuluyan: In this method, the researcher stays in the home of his kalahok or participant while he conducts the research with consent by the host family, whose head serves as the tulay to an umpukan. The term tuloy, which is the root word of the term panunuluyan, literally means 'to go in'.
 * Pagdadalaw-dalaw: In this method, the researcher occasionally visits the house of his host or tulay, as opposed to staying in the house. The term dalaw literally means 'visit'.
 * Pagtatanung-tanong: In this method, the researcher undergoes a kind of questioning session with his kalahok or participants. In this method, however, 'lead questions' (those questions which directly refer to the topic being studied) are not supposed to be asked, instead the questions to be asked are supposed to have been derived from the kalahok answers themselves. The word tanong literally means 'question'.
 * Pakikiramdam: In this approach, the researcher uses entirely his/her own feelings or emotions to justify if his participants or kalahok are ready to be part of his research or not. The term damdam literally means 'inner perception of emotions'.

Psychopathology
Filipino psychopathology, or sikopatolohiya in Filipino, from Spanish psicopatologia, is the study of abnormal psychology in the Filipino context. Several mental disorders have been identified that culture-bound syndromes, and can therefore be found only in the Philippines or in other societies with which Filipinos share cultural connections. Examples of such are:
 * Amok: Malayan mood disorder, more aptly called "Austronesian Mood Disorder", in which a person suddenly loses control of himself and goes into a killing frenzy, after which he/she hallucinates and falls into a trance. After he/she wakes up, he has absolutely no memory of the event.
 * Bangungot: A relatively common occurrence in which a person suddenly loses control of his respiration and digestion, and falls into a coma and ultimately to death. The person is believed to dream of falling into a deep abyss at the onset of his death. This syndrome has been repeatedly linked to Thailand's Brugada syndrome and to the ingestion of rice. However, no such medical ties have been proven.

Manifestation of universal mental disorders
Filipino psychopathology also refers to the different manifestations of mental disorders in Filipino people. One example of such is the manifestation of depression and schizophrenia in Filipinos, which are, for the most part, less violent.

Organizations

 * Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (National Society for Filipino Psychology)
 * Bukluran sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Union of Filipino Psychology)
 * TATSULOK – Alyansa ng mga Mag-aaral sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (TATSULOK – Alliance of Students of Filipino Psychology)

title: Filipino psychology


text:
Talk:Emu War

Proposal to rename article to Emu culling

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Polyamorph (talk) 13:43, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

Emu War → Emu culling – Consensus per prior discussions[1][2][3][4][5] is that this was a largely unsuccessful wildlife management campaign, not a bona fide war against the emu population. Despite this, there still remains a vocal contingent of disruptive editors who didn't get the memo and actively refuse to take their shitposting somewhere else.

Various countermeasures have been put in place over the years in an attempt to curb the amount of vandalism this page attracts, from changing the article's infobox template from Template:Infobox military campaign to the less-permissive Template:Infobox military operation, to placing warnings against altering the infobox in the page's source code, to putting this article under indefinite semi-protection. None of them have worked, because all of them fail to address the root cause of the problem: the article's title, which these vandals use as their casus belli.[6][7][8][9][10] (That, and WP:LULZ.)

I hereby propose that this page be moved to Emu culling - they can't vandalize Emu War if there isn't a page with that name to begin with.

While "Emu War" is the most commonly-used title for this campaign by reliable sources, we are not necessarily shackled to it. WP:COMMONNAME states that "Ambiguous or inaccurate names for the article subject, as determined in reliable sources, are often avoided even though they may be more frequently used by reliable sources. Neutrality is also considered; see § Neutrality in article titles, below." This would certainly fit the bill - as previously established, this was a wildlife management campaign, not a war.

WP:NPOVNAME further states that "Notable circumstances under which Wikipedia often avoids a common name for lacking neutrality include the following:
 * 1. Trendy slogans and monikers that seem unlikely to be remembered or connected with a particular issue years later
 * 2. Colloquialisms where far more encyclopedic alternatives are obvious"

"Emu War" is a textbook example of the latter case.

Renaming the article to Emu culling will make it WP:CONSISTENT with other articles on wildlife culling (cf. Cormorant culling, Shark culling, Seal culling in South Australia), expand the article's scope to allow for more extensive coverage of other instances of emu culling, and hopefully put the WP:LAME edit warring over how the article's infobox is formatted to rest once and for all.

Summoning for comment.

— Kodiak Blackjack (talk) • (contribs) 10:39, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm not arguing that it was an emu culling, but this particular emu culling is known as the Emu War. I can see value in an article about emu culling in general, but that would not be this article. - Bilby (talk) 10:43, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I can see value in an article about emu culling in general
 * That's more or less what I'm proposing here. We'd just make the current article a subsection of a broader page on emu culling. Like the page on the Korean axe murder incident, where Operation Paul Bunyan isn't its own page, but just a subsection of that article. This is far from the only time emus have been culled in Australian history; it still happens to this day.
 * — Kodiak Blackjack (talk) • (contribs) 10:49, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'd be amazed if 'Emu War' wasn't the common name for this incident in reliable sources. 'Emu culling' is a generic term not about this incident. We don't move Wikipedia articles against policy to stop vandals - that's what the admin tools are for. If the movie on this topic causes a spike in vandalism, as seems likely, it can be fully protected for a while. Nick-D (talk) 10:54, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh, no, I'm not debating that it isn't  the common name. It is. No doubt about that.
 * But I am saying that there are provisions in WP:COMMONNAME and WP:NPOVNAME that would allow for the page to be titled something other than the common name, if the common name is inaccurate - which it is. And since there's other reasons backed by policy on why creating a page on emu culling and porting this over there would be of use (WP:CONSISTENT, making room for information that would otherwise be WP:OOS), I don't see why we can't knock out two birds (heh) with one stone and make this a less appealing target for vandals. It's been a perennial issue for what, 14 years now? If we can nip it in the bud, we should.
 * — Kodiak Blackjack (talk) • (contribs) 11:25, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. As acknowledged above, "Emu War" is overwhelmingly the common name. "Emu culling" may be a good description of what actually occurred but that is not the purpose of article titles. Vandalism can be dealt with through page protection. ITBF (talk) 13:25, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * As acknowledged above, "Emu War" is overwhelmingly the common name
 * I am aware, and I have addressed this above several times. Please read my previous statements on why WP:COMMONNAME can and should be overruled here.
 * "Emu culling" may be a good description of what actually occurred but that is not the purpose of article titles.
 * I think I might be confusing you here. The end goal here isn't to rename the page to Emu culling and change nothing else about it. The end goal would be the creation of a page on emu culling (in the vein of Cormorant culling, Shark culling, etc.) that includes this page as a subsection, and having Emu War redirect to that subsection. A page move, to my knowledge, would be the best way to facilitate that.
 * Think of it as less like a traditional rename request and more like a merge request - just that the destination page doesn't exist yet.
 * Vandalism can be dealt with through page protection.
 * Page protection hasn't been an adequate solution for this article in the past, and nothing suggests it would be in the future.
 * The page has been semi-protected since 2013, and it is still regularly inundated with 12-year-old internet pranksters with autoconfirmed accounts trying to sneak "decisive emu victory" into the infobox for Reddit karma. If we treat page protection as the only tool at our disposal to deal with persistent vandalism (and we shouldn't), the next step would be putting a WP:BLUELOCK on it, which I don't think is justifiable just yet.
 * — Kodiak Blackjack (talk) • (contribs) 16:06, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Support. One American academic calls it an "Emu War" for the reason of sensationalism and suddenly this is the common name? I think not. 14.2.193.105 (talk) 07:59, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Not remotely correct. ITBF (talk) 08:56, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Not sure where this "one American academic" claim comes from, but "Emu War" is the common name per the many sources listed in the article. And as above, we don't abandon basic naming and sourcing rules to appease vandals. As an addendum, this isn't an article about the general topic of emu culling, so renaming this article would simply be inaccurate. If we had such an article there might be some validity in a merge proposal. But this would be a discussion for that future time.  -- Euryalus (talk) 10:53, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
 * "Emu War" is the common name per the many sources listed in the article. And as above, we don't abandon basic naming and sourcing rules
 * It's not abandoning the rules. It's by the books. I've already iterated how and why - refer to the green bit in my original post.
 * to appease vandals
 * This is the opposite of appeasing vandals. Appeasing vandals would be letting them vandalize the page over and over again, as they have for the better part of two decades.
 * Let me give you a hypothetical. It's a little crude, but I think it works. Let's say there is a man who is persistently victimized by random stabbing attacks on the street. Let's say he's also fond of wearing shirts that say "PLEASE STAB ME" on the front and back. And finally, let's say that he doesn't actually want to get stabbed. What should he do to avoid getting stabbed? He has two options.
 * He can buy a stab-proof vest.
 * Or, he can just put a different shirt on.
 * This is the latter option. This is taking off the shirt that says "PLEASE STAB ME" on it. If he doesn't do either - if we don't do either - then their memes won't end here. Sure as the sun will rise, the slaughter will continue.
 * As an addendum, this isn't an article about the general topic of emu culling, so renaming this article would simply be inaccurate.
 * Have already addressed this:
 * "'I think I might be confusing you here. The end goal here isn't to rename the page to Emu culling and change nothing else about it. The end goal would be the creation of a page on emu culling (in the vein of Cormorant culling, Shark culling, etc.) that includes this page as a subsection, and having Emu War redirect to that subsection. A page move, to my knowledge, would be the best way to facilitate that."
 * "Think of it as less like a traditional rename request and more like a merge request - just that the destination page doesn't exist yet.'"
 * If we had such an article there might be some validity in a merge proposal. But this would be a discussion for that future time.
 * Does it make a difference whether the destination page exists or not beforehand? So long as it does eventually get made, the move can happen. If this discussion were to wrap around to a "support" consensus, couldn't we just put a pin on moving it for a while until the destination page is ready?
 * — Kodiak Blackjack (talk) • (contribs) 00:45, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Euryalus. -- King of ♥ ♦ ♣ ♠ 16:32, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. War is often used as a metaphor in Wikipedia article titles, see War as metaphor. SentientObject (talk) 22:43, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

Concede. I can see which way the wind is blowing here. It's not going to go through, and I don't see the point in beating a dead horse, let alone backing one. Might come back to this if a standalone article on emu culling gets written in the future, per 's comment "If we had such an article there might be some validity in a merge proposal. But this would be a discussion for that future time.", but consensus right now is opposition to the proposal, and there isn't a point in continuing as is. — Kodiak Blackjack (talk) • (contribs) 01:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Weak oppose: The article describes a series of events that is more of a story of bungling than culling. The common name for this set of incidents appears to be "Emu War", using "war" as a metaphor, as noted by SentientObject – like the War on poverty, War on drugs, War on terror, and War on cancer. When there is a well established common name for a topic, we tend to just use that, even if it seems somewhat inaccurate or non-neutral. Being a target for vandalism does not seem like a very good reason for moving an article. — BarrelProof (talk) 20:22, 28 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per User:ITBF, User:BarrelProof, et. al. See WP:COMMONNAME. 162 etc. (talk) 18:26, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emu War


text: Template:Australia-law-stub

title: Template:Australia-law-stub


text:
Talk:Pope Clement IX

Abolition of Carnival Tax
In looking for information on the abolition, in 1668, of a tax called the "Carnival Tax" levied on Jews in Rome during the 1600s, I found only this reference to Clement IX who was Pope during that time. The article states: "Nothing remarkable occurred under his short administration ..." For the Jews, this was apparently more than a "nothing remarkable" event, and I was wondering if anyone could provide more information on this. [barbarag@netvision.net.il]

"Clement IX, né Giulio Rospigliosi (January 28, 1600 - December 9, 1669) was pope from 1667 to 1669. Born Giulio Rospigliosi, he was elected pope and took the title "Clement IX" in June 1667. Nothing remarkable occurred under his short administration beyond the temporary adjustment of the disputes between the Roman see and those prelates of the Gallican church who had refused to join in condemning the writings of Jansen. He died in December 1669"

Achievement Claims
I would like to see the reference as to the claim that he might have written the first comic opera.

Also, I do not believe that he opened the first opera house in Rome, the Teatro San Cassiano, which I thought was initiated by the Tron family who owned the building. It this is true, it needs a citation.B0cean (talk) 22:42, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pope Clement IX


text:
Talk:Wikia, Inc.

Current status
3Apes redirects here, with no explanation in the article of the link. Looking at 3Apes, it says that "Wikia will replace 3apes on or about March 1st. All the work you do here until then will be imported at that time. Please Go look around over there and send feedback to me on the 3apes mailing list."

Unfortunately, it doesn't even state the year, so I'm left assuming it refers to 2006, but can't be sure. Meanwhile, looking at wikia itself doesn't provide any further hints, just links to wikicities, kennisnet, memory alpha and uncyclopedia, which appear to be projects within the wikia fold. How 3Apes fits into this is not clear.

Perhaps someone who knows could pad out this article? Jamse 16:07, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Wikia no longer replaces 3Apes. There was a suggestion Wikia would be a search directory, but it turned into a wiki hosting company instead, so 3Apes is irrelevant to it. Perhaps the redirect should be deleted. Angela. 05:40, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Angela article merge
In my opinion, Angela's article should be merged here because she is more notable as the co-founder of Wikia than her position in the board of trustees. For example Scott Jarkoff, the co-founder of deviantART is redirected to his company's article. --LBMixPro<Sp e ak 06:46, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I disagree. She's notable enough to have her own article. --badlydrawnjeff talk 10:34, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I think she's more notable as a soon to be former member of the Wikipedia board. But redirecting her to Wikimedia wouldn't make any sense.  Redirection doesn't seem reasonable at all. -anon
 * Neither merge nor redirection makes sense. Wikipedia is not a newspaper where the past is only relevant if it directly informs current events. WAS 4.250 13:44, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * She may be more notable as co-founder of Wikia, but she has other accomplishments and notability. Powers 15:38, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I profoundly disagree. Her notability is not solely confined to her work with Wikia (though it is the major determinant). She is also notable for her work on Wikipedia, which would not be well treated within the Wikia, Inc. article. Captainktainer * Talk 00:30, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * As with several others above, I feel that Beesley's article should remain a standalone, since she has grounds for notability beyond her affiliation with Wikia. -Hit bull, win steak(Moo!) 03:13, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I proposed a merge during the AFD, so it would be cowardly to cave in now. I think any notable non-Wikia Inc. info (both lines of it) on Angela could be merged into the appropriate article. This page is never going to be more than a (forgive me) boring stub. Yomangani 16:14, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I support the merge for the reasons stated against keeping the article in the 3 AfDs it's had. 2 keeps followed by a non-consensus... Maybe the community could reach consensus in merging. Big enfasis on Wikia is put in the arguments asserting she's encyclopedic, so many pro-deletion could agree in mentioning her here, not in a stand-alone article (of course, removing all the tabloid trivia, WP:OR, about her that has nothing to do with Wikia). Isn't there an AfM? --euyyn 00:50, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * There is an AfM. It's called Requested moves Proposed mergers. Angela. 08:21, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * That's for moving. If a merge discussion is warranted, one would go to Proposed mergers.  Powers 13:23, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Although I do note the following from Proposed mergers: "lengthy discussions should be confined to the talk pages of the articles involved." That'd be here.  Powers 13:26, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I meant Proposed mergers not moves. Angela. 14:02, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * When I was reading the Signpost article, I immediately thought that the article might be appropriate as a merge somewhere. After going to Angela's article, I saw the merger notice, so I came here post haste to lend my support to the proposed merger. --Deathphoenix ʕ 19:54, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * What Signpost article? Powers 21:33, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This one. Angela. 02:39, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I strongly oppose any merge for the reason badlydrawnjeff has given. She is notable enough to have her own article. This move seems very much like subtlely trying to get rid of the article, which the 3 AfD votes have already rejected. (JROBBO 03:44, 1 August 2006 (UTC))
 * I support the merge. Angela's notability as a board member is no longer applicable. She is therefore only notable because of Wikia and not noatble enough (any more) to warrant her own article. Viridae Talk 03:01, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't support this, Angela is notable enough for her own article. - Ta bu shi da yu 09:46, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge tag removed
The merge tag has been removed, there is no consensus to merge Angela Beesley with this article. - Ta bu shi da yu 09:48, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

For-profit
Are the words "for-profit" really necessary? All companies intend to generate profit, and let's face it, it's an awkward phrase. I think we can safely assume that most people can tell the difference between the words "Wikia" and "Wikimedia" - there's two extra syllables, for starters - and it says "company" not "organization". (I'm going to remove it, but no doubt someone will get pissed and probably put it back... I'm just writing my justification here.) Gorman 08:48, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Not all companies intend to generate profit. Wikimedia is an example.  Powers T 14:46, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * True, but Wikimedia is typically referred to specifically as a "not-for-profit organization" rather than as a company. GreenReaper 04:02, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wikia, Inc.


text:
Klaatu (The Day the Earth Stood Still)

Klaatu is a fictional humanoid alien character best  known from his appearances in the 1951 science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still and its 2008 remake. The character of Klaatu gained popularity partly due to the iconic phrase "Klaatu barada nikto!" associated with the character.

Farewell to the Master (1940)
Klaatu was introduced in a short story by author Harry Bates in the October 1940 issue of Astounding Science Fiction. In it, Klaatu appears only briefly before being killed. After arriving in a spaceship and introducing himself and his looming robot companion Gnut, he is shot dead. The rest of the story follows as the human protagonist, Sutherland, tries to help Gnut recreate Klaatu from an audio recording.

The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951)
In the film The Day the Earth Stood Still, Klaatu, portrayed by Michael Rennie, arrives in Washington, D.C. in a flying saucer alongside Gort, a robotic companion. Klaatu presents a device to the American President for studying life on other planets. However, a soldier misinterprets Klaatu's actions and shoots him. In response, Gort destroys the surrounding artillery to protect Klaatu.

Klaatu is taken to a hospital, where he quickly recovers. Realizing that other nations may not be willing to meet him, he assumes the alias "Carpenter" based on the name found on his clothes and suitcase. He befriends Bobby Benson, a boy staying at the same boarding house with his widowed mother, Helen Benson, played by Patricia Neal. Klaatu visits Professor Barnhardt, a renowned scientist portrayed by Sam Jaffe. When Klaatu/Carpenter is brought before Barnhardt, the professor agrees to gather scientists from all nations. He asks Klaatu for a demonstration of power to show the potential threat the extraterrestrial alliance poses if Earth disrupts the peace in space. Klaatu neutralizes electric power worldwide for 30 minutes, except in places where lives would be endangered, such as hospitals and airplanes in flight. This action is perceived as an act of war.

Betrayed by Mrs. Benson's suitor, Klaatu is fatally shot by the U.S. Army. However, before dying, he instructs Mrs. Benson to deliver the message "Klaatu barada nikto!" to Gort, saving her life. Gort retrieves Klaatu's body and revives him. In a gathering of scientists, Klaatu gives an ultimatum: Earth can join other spacefaring worlds, where peace is maintained through a powerful force of robots similar to Gort or face destruction. Klaatu departs following his declaration.

The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008)
The 2008 remake of The Day the Earth Stood Still, features Keanu Reeves as Klaatu and Jennifer Connelly as Helen Benson. In this version, it is revealed that Klaatu's biology was altered to assume a human form using DNA obtained in 1928. Initially captured by the military, Klaatu manages to escape with Helen's assistance. He meets a man named Mr. Wu, who is actually another member of Klaatu's alien race in disguise. The two plan to destroy humanity to prevent the destruction of the planet, while preserving animal species in vessels similar to the concept of Noah's Ark. Klaatu activates Gort to destroy humanity.

Throughout the course of the film, Klaatu spends time with Helen and her stepson, Jacob, and engages in conversations with Professor Barnhardt. After observing humanity, Klaatu decides to sacrifice his physical form to halt Gort's destructive actions. His spaceship then departs from Earth. In Reeves' portrayal, Klaatu exhibits minimal emotion, explaining that he is an alien entity residing within a human body. Consequently, he lacks the natural gestures and expressions of humans, appearing more stoic and detached. The filmmakers aimed to depict Klaatu as distinctly different, with a focused and unique perspective on the world. Unlike the original Klaatu, who was unfamiliar with Earth, the remake introduces the presence of another member of Klaatu's race who had been on Earth for decades prior to the events of the film.

Analysis
Science fiction scholar Gary Westfahl writes that Klaatu's planet of origin in the 1951 film must be Mars, citing Klaatu's assertion that his journey covered 250 e6mi—the approximate distance between Earth and Mars when the planets are on diametrically opposite sides of the Sun. Westfahl finds the choice of that particular distance to be highly suggestive of intentionality—in his opinion, someone giving a distance at random would be much more likely to give a more round figure, making it implausible that a somewhat-precise figure that also roughly corresponds to the maximum Earth–Mars distance is coincidental. As corroborating in-story evidence, Westfahl points to Klaatu's line about being "neighbours" and a newspaper headline that reads "'Man from Mars' escapes from army hospital!". Moreover, Westfahl writes that portraying Martians as parental figures "is a ubiquitous trope in science fiction", and "It is a tradition that Klaatu fits into quite nicely." Specifically, he finds Klaatu to be an example of the archetype of Martians as positive parental role models, with wisdom to share and stern warnings of follies to hand out—as opposed to e.g. oppressive or dependent parents. Westfahl thus concludes that Klaatu is a Martian both textually and intertextually.

title: Klaatu (The Day the Earth Stood Still)


text:
Haakon III

Haakon Sverresson (Norwegian: Håkon Sverresson, Old Norse: Hákon Sverrisson; c. 1183 – 1 January 1204) was King of Norway (being Haakon III) from 1202 to 1204.

Biography
Haakon was born as the second illegitimate son of the future King Sverre, then a Faroese adventurer. Historian P. A. Munch suggested that Haakon III's mother could have been Astrid Roesdatter, daughter of Bishop Roe in the Faroe Islands, but this has not been supported by later historians.

The civil war period of Norwegian history lasted from 1130 to 1240. During this period there were several interlocked conflicts of varying scale and intensity. The background for these conflicts were the unclear Norwegian succession laws, social conditions and the struggle between different aristocratic parties and between Church and King. There were then two main parties, firstly known by varying names or no names at all, but finally condensed into the parties of Bagler and Birkebeiner. The rallying point regularly was a royal son, who was set up as the leader of the party in question, to oppose the rule of king from the contesting party. Sverre and Håkon were leaders of the Birkebeiner party.

Håkon is first mentioned as one of the leaders of his father's armies in a battle against the Bagler in Oslo in 1197. Subsequently, he is mentioned several times as taking part in his father's wars against the Bagler. On his deathbed his father, who died on 9 March 1202, declared that he had no other son alive than Håkon. He also wrote a letter to Håkon advising him to settle the longstanding dispute with the church. When the news of Sverre's death reached Håkon and the Birkebeiner assembled in Nidaros, Håkon was first taken as chieftain by the Birkebeiner. The same spring he was taken as king at the thing in Nidaros.

The same spring the Norwegian bishops, who had been in exile in Sweden and Denmark and had supported the Bagler, returned to Norway and made a settlement with Håkon. It seems likely that he gave in to most of their demands. Norway was released from the interdict it had been placed under during the reign of Sverre. Håkon is said to have been on friendly terms with the farmers and the common people, and the Bagler party soon lost much of its support. In the autumn of 1202, the Bagler king Inge Magnusson was killed by the local farmers of Oppland and the Bagler party in Norway was dissolved. A new Bagler pretender, Erling Steinvegg, soon appeared in Denmark, but declined to renew the fighting, as he saw little chance of succeeding against Håkon. Håkon was thus the undisputed ruler of the country.

Håkon appears to have had a troubled relationship with his father's queen, Margareta Eriksdotter. After Sverre's death, Margareta attempted to return to her native Sweden with her daughter by Sverre, Kristina. Håkon's men forcibly separated her from her daughter, as he wanted to keep her at his court. Subsequently, Margareta seemingly settled with Håkon and went to his court. During Christmas in 1203, Håkon fell ill after a bloodletting, and on 1 January 1204 he died. His death was suspected as poisoning and his stepmother Margareta was suspected of the crime. In the end she had one of her men undergo a trial by ordeal on her behalf to prove her innocence, but the man was badly burned. This was taken as proof of her guilt, and she had to flee back to Sweden.

Håkon Sverresson was not married, and at his death no heirs were known. He was therefore succeeded by his 4-year-old nephew Guttorm Sigurdsson. But after his death a woman, Inga Olafsdatter of Varteig, whom Håkon had taken as a mistress for a time in 1203, appeared at the Birkebeiner court with an infant son who she claimed was Håkon's son. The child had been born in present-day Østfold after the death of the putative father. The boy, named Håkon after his father, later became King Håkon IV. In the summer of 1218, Inga underwent a successful trial by ordeal (bore iron) in Bergen to show the paternity of her son.

During Håkon's brief reign, he managed to release Norway from the church's interdict, and end the civil wars, at least for a time. Whether the peace would have lasted if he had been allowed to live is impossible to say. As it turned out, his early death sparked a renewal of the fighting, as the bagler pretender Erling Steinvegg in a matter of months gathered an army and went to Norway to claim the throne.

Håkon was buried in the old cathedral in Bergen. The cathedral was demolished in 1531, and the site is today marked by a memorial.

Our main sources to Håkon's life are Sverris saga and the Bagler sagas, both written shortly after the events, in the 13th century.

In The Last King (2016), Benjamin Helstad plays the character listed as "King", who is the infant Håkon IV's father.

title: Haakon III


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Talk:Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress

Rinko Kikuchi is missing!
Rinko Kikuchi for Babbel! 188.150.173.201 (talk) 22:56, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

 * She's listed as a nominee. Where is she missing?$chnauzer 22:58, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I checked several times and she was not there. Only 4 actresses appeared. But now she is! 80.217.1.186 (talk) 21:58, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Someone grouped her together with her also nominated co-star, Adriana Barraza. That's probably where the confusion came from. $chnauzer 23:44, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

Sidebar images / captions - Please discuss HERE to prevent edit warring!
Hello! Opening up this talk space (in response to dilemmas—that are now resolved thankfully) as per the lead acting pages, so that if anyone would like to dispute or discuss the people chosen to be represented on the sidebar, or discussing together to reach a compromise together, here's the place. We can also work together to find better free images of certain actresses. Also, if you want to include infobox captions with wikilinks, or have an issue, please talk about it FIRST. Thanks. --Cinemaniac86Dane_Cook_Hater_Extraordinaire 03:00, 11 October 2023 (UTC)