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Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom

Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom encompasses over 100 television, radio and interactive services broadcast via the United Kingdom's terrestrial television network and receivable with a standard television set. The majority of digital terrestrial television (DTT) services, including the five former analogue channels, are broadcast free-to-air, and a further selection of encrypted pay TV services (such as Racing TV) are also available. Freeview is the only DTT service since Top Up TV closed in 2013.

The digital broadcasting technology adopted in the UK is the DVB-T system (Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial) carrying compressed digital audio, video and other data in a combined transport stream, using COFDM modulation. A total of eight national and one local 'multiplexes' are broadcast in the UK, guaranteed to reach over 90% of the country. Three of the multiplexes, carrying the free public service channels operated by the BBC, ITV, Channel 4, S4C and Channel 5, are guaranteed wider coverage still, reaching 98.5% of the country including areas dependent on low-power local relays.

In the UK, the switchover from analogue to digital TV started on 17 October 2007 and was completed on 24 October 2012. Each group of regional transmitters had its analogue broadcasts switched off at a certain point between those dates.

Receiving and recording
Digital Terrestrial Television is commonly received by means of a compatible set-top box or integrated digital television (IDTV), connected to an appropriate receiving antenna. In most cases, reception is possible using aerials originally used for analogue television.

Transmissions may be recorded in many ways – such as via the connection of a set-top-box to an existing 'analogue' video or DVD recorder, or by the use of newer models of such recorders which have built-in digital tuners. However, the most common option is by the use of set-top-boxes which incorporate a hard disk drive, and allow the recording of the digital signal directly to disk, for later replay. Recording on such boxes, known as Personal Video Recorders or PVRs, is more convenient, as programmes may be easily selected for recording from an on-screen programme guide, with no need to specify explicit start and end times for recordings, and no need to program more than one piece of equipment.

Many television services which incorporate DTT channels in their service offering – e.g. Top Up TV, BT TV, and TalkTalk Plus TV, offer set top boxes with such a recording facility. Non-subscription DTT PVRs are also available and are often sold under the 'Freeview+' banner (formerly Freeview Playback.)

There also exist a variety of solutions to enable the viewing and recording of DTT programmes on personal computers, with various TV cards or USB tuners available for use with a variety of software packages, including MythTV and Windows Media Center. Most cards or tuners include their own software in the package also.

Features
Digital Terrestrial Television provides many more channels. For some viewers it offers much improved reception compared to analogue broadcasts (although these had been entirely discontinued in the UK by 2012), including 16:9 anamorphic widescreen. A number of interactive services are also offered.

An eight-day Electronic Programme Guide (EPG) is available and allows viewers to see programme descriptions and broadcast times well in advance. PVRs will make use of this facility allowing recording timers to be set. This Eight-Day EPG was not an original feature of the Digital Terrestrial system, therefore some early receivers, such as receivers originally made to operate with the ONdigital service, will only display details of 'now and next' programme information.

A fourteen-day Top Up TV EPG was an alternative which was available to TUTV-branded PVRs.

Development and launch
Digital terrestrial television launched in the UK on 15 November 1998, just after digital satellite television on 1 October 1998. The technology required that the UK government license the broadcast of channels in six groups, or multiplexes (abbreviated to 'mux') labelled 1, 2, A, B, C, and D.

The Independent Television Commission (ITC) allocated each existing analogue terrestrial channel half the capacity of a multiplex each. This meant the BBC got a multiplex to themselves (Multiplex 1), ITV and Channel 4 shared Multiplex 2 (though 3% of the capacity was given to Teletext Ltd.) and Channel 5 and S4C shared Multiplex A. The remaining spectrum (Multiplexes B, C and D) was then auctioned off. A consortium made up of Granada and Carlton (members of the ITV network, which have now merged to form ITV plc) and BSkyB successfully bid for these licences, and set-up the subscription ONdigital service, though BSkyB left the consortium prior to launch.

The BBC made some use of its multiplex for three of its then four new television services; BBC Choice (which had started on 23 September 1998 with four national variations), BBC News 24 and BBC Parliament (albeit in sound only). ITV initially used their space to house ITV2 (from 7 December 1998) in England and Wales, You2 (later UTV2) in Northern Ireland and S2 in Scotland (now both ITV2), as well as GMTV2 during the early mornings. Channel 4 used their space for subscription channels FilmFour and E4 which, although not part of ONdigital, would be paid for and were only available through an ONdigital subscription. Channel 4's nationwide coverage on 'mux' 2 enabled it to be received terrestrially throughout much of Wales for the first time in its history, where previously only S4C had been available. Consequently, S4C's digital service, 'S4C Digidol' carries only Welsh-language programming, in contrast to S4C analogue which also carries English-language programmes commissioned and transmitted by Channel 4 in other parts of the UK.

Channel 5 sold its half of Multiplex A to the owners of the other half of the multiplex, S4C, who set up a subsidiary called S4C Digital Networks (SDN) to manage the multiplex and rented most of it out to ONdigital as well as some space to the BBC who launched BBC Knowledge on 1 June 1999, at a time when technical capabilities limited the number of stations it could carry on its own multiplex. S4C chose not to carry S4C Digidol and its newly launched digital Welsh Assembly station, S4C2 outside Wales, preferring to sell the space instead. Consequently, some ONdigital services were not available on Welsh transmitters.

While the BBC was seemingly concerned with delivering a service of good technical quality, other broadcasters chose to deliver a larger number of channels rather than optimise service reliability and picture quality.

ITV Digital
ONdigital had problems from the start, and renaming the service ITV Digital on 11 July 2001 failed to help the matter. All subscription services except E4 and FilmFour went off-air on 1 May 2002 after the consortium collapsed, explained as being due to paying too much for the television rights for The Football League. However, the choice of 64QAM broadcast mode, the fact that at least 40% of homes would need new aerials to receive it, a high churn rate, an insecure hackable encryption system, the cost of having to provide free set-top boxes, and aggressive competition from BSkyB all contributed to ITV Digital's spiraling costs, before shareholders Granada and Carlton called a halt to the venture.

Freeview
As ITV Digital had collapsed, the rights reverted to the regulator and the ITC invited bids for the space on Multiplexes B, C and D. The Freeview consortium was formed by the BBC, transmitter company National Grid Wireless (known at the time as Crown Castle UK) and BSkyB. This consortium (legal name DTV Services Ltd and trading under the "Freeview" brand) won and launched a new service. Dropping the failed ITV Digital business model, Freeview launched on 30 October 2002 with free television channels only, and made digital radio stations available on television receivers for the first time.

The BBC controlled one Multiplex (B) for its own services, and Crown Castle/National Grid the other two (C & D) for commercial services, though the Community Channel also operated on Multiplex B. The BBC's second multiplex has allowed it to televise BBC Parliament where it had previously only been available in sound, allowed BBC Knowledge and its successor, BBC4, to stop renting space from SDN for coverage, and allowed for special video screens in its interactive service BBCi, for use during sporting events such as Wimbledon and carrying loops of news headlines and weather, (services already provided on digital satellite)

On 11 October 2005, ITV plc and Channel 4 joined the Freeview consortium and in the same year ITV plc also bought SDN and as such they gained control of Multiplex A.

Top Up TV
The space ITV Digital had rented on other multiplexes initially became empty again, but some were rented out to allow new channels to launch. In May 2004 Top Up TV was launched to provide subscription content in hitherto unused space on multiplex A, rented from Channel 5 and additional services transmitted by Channel 4 on their own capacity on Multiplex 2.

TCM purchased its own slot throughout England, Scotland and Northern Ireland from the multiplex owner, SDN, but rents from Sit-up Ltd in Wales, timesharing with bid tv. Multiplex A is ultimately owned by ITV Plc via its SDN acquisition, but ITV only has involvement with Top Up TV channels via Channel 5. In September of the same year, Top Up TV began operating solely on Multiplex A, as Channel 4 reclaimed the bandwidth on Multiplex 2 for its own services More 4, E4, and most recently Film4.

In October 2006, Channel 5 launched two new free-to-air digital channels, Five Life and Five US, using capacity formerly leased out to Top Up TV. This left Top Up TV with a reduced number of video streams. In November 2006, the company launched Top Up TV Anytime, a service which broadcasts overnight "downloads" which are recorded by a proprietary Top Up TV Anytime personal video recorder (PVR). At the same time, they started reducing the linear service.

On 19 April 2006, Ofcom ruled that, on request of each multiplex operator, the 'free-to-air channels only' requirement put in place at the launch of Freeview in 2002 may be lifted on Multiplex B, C and D. The effect of this ruling is that if a Mux operator requests the restriction to be lifted, their multiplex may carry pay TV services. Ofcom says that the digital television market has changed significantly since 2002. Consequently, it believes that this restriction is no longer required.

During the consultation, 9 of the 12 responses from broadcasters were in favour of removing the restriction. These included the BBC. The BBC agreed that the digital television market had changed substantially since 2002, and that Top Up TV probably could not afford the current cost of DTT slots anyway. The BBC suggested that the deregulation should be conditional on a number of further changes to regulation. These included that Ofcom changes the transmission mode of broadcast on all multiplexes from 16QAM to 64QAM so more services could be squeezed onto the digital terrestrial platform. However, Ofcom rejected these suggestions, saying they were outside the scope of the consultation.

Out of the three that opposed, one was Channel 4, which has been putting in place a portfolio of free-to-air channels, among them Film4 which was made free-to-air across all platforms on 23 July 2006. Channel 4 argued that the number of free channels available has been the major driving force behind the massive success of the platform – there are now more than 10 million Freeview boxes in use.

A number of broadcasters requested that their replies were kept confidential. These include ITV and BSkyB. However, it is believed that ITV opposed the plan and BSkyB supported it. In addition to replies from broadcasters, there were 21 replies from individuals. Of these, 20 opposed the change.

The channels on Multiplexes B, C and D are those owned by the Freeview consortium and include the three Sky channels on the platform and the UKTV channels. However, Ofcom believes that in the short to medium term, it is unlikely existing free-to-air channels will convert to pay TV. This is because, firstly, Multiplex B is run by the BBC, which is not expected to request the removal of the free-to-air requirement. Secondly, due to the nature of the contracts the channel broadcasters hold with multiplex operators and content providers, it is unlikely a channel will be able to change to pay TV.

It was announced on 8 February 2007 that BSkyB intended to withdraw Sky Three, Sky News and Sky Sports News from the platform in the summer of 2007. BSkyB had said that it intended to replace them with 4 of its subscription channels. It also said that it would use an alternative (MPEG4) codec, which would enable a greater number of channels to be broadcast, but would require the purchase of new equipment for those who wished to receive the new service. On 6 October 2007 Ofcom said that the plans for a new subscription service raised competition concerns and may have to be scrapped.

2008 update issues
During 2008, a rolling programme of transmitter updates caused approximately 250,000 set-top boxes to stop working. Freeview had warned consumers in advance of the update, which was phased over a three-month period. The problem affected a specific range of older units, and was caused by an increased Network Information Table (channel list) exceeding the memory available in some set-top boxes. This had been part of the specification that was available and implemented in the very early OnDigital boxes, but not in those using the SetPal chip set. Affected consumers were advised to buy new set-top boxes.

Summary
The UK Government's intention was that digital terrestrial television would completely replace analogue terrestrial television in the United Kingdom by 24 October 2012. This process was known as "Digital Switchover", or DSO. The industry association for digital television in the UK, Digital TV Group, was responsible for co-ordination between Freeview and other digital services. DTG licensed suitable equipment to bear the Digital Tick and Freeview Playback Logos to identify PVRs and other devices designed to work through switchover, and to raise awareness of DTT product quality and standards. Digital terrestrial television is broadcast using the DVB-T international standard for standard-definition content and DVB-T2 for high definition content.

The digital switchover process involved discontinuing analogue terrestrial TV broadcasts, which in some areas allowed for greater signal strength and/or better coverage of digital multiplexes. The process concluded on 24 October 2012, when digital switchover completed in Northern Ireland (the same day as the Republic of Ireland also completed its digital switchover ).

In areas where analogue signals had terminated, older receiving equipment was likely to require replacement or upgrade. This process was subsidised by the UK Government for those on low incomes. Contracts for this operation were awarded to BSkyB in the Border Television region. Upgrading of analogue receiving equipment required a Freeview set-top box (or other DVB-T capable digital receiver). Where an analogue TV recording device was in use this ideally would require a separate Freeview set-top box, to replicate the previous functionality of recording and watching different programme sources.

History
The progress towards digital switchover in the UK was long. The then Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, Chris Smith, announced in 1999 that the Government's intention was to achieve switchover "between 2006 and 2010". Work started in earnest with the setting up of the Digital Action Plan, a body working across industry, government and consumer groups to advise on the best way to meet the switchover target date.

By 2003, however, it was becoming clear that switchover could not start by 2006. In particular, the decision taken by the International Telecommunication Union to call a Regional Radiocommunication Conference to establish a frequency plan for digital broadcasting meant that in practice, substantive steps towards switchover would need to wait until after the conference's second session, due to be held in May and June 2006.

On 15 September 2005, addressing the Royal Television Society in Cambridge, Smith's successor at the DCMS, Tessa Jowell, announced the go-ahead for switchover in the UK, coupled with support measures to ensure the disadvantaged are not left behind.

On the day after Jowell's speech, an independent not-for-profit company, Digital UK (now Everyone TV), was established to co-ordinate the switchover process. Set up by the broadcasters and the commercial multiplex operators, Digital UK was required to co-ordinate the project and ensure that the public are kept informed about progress.

Local television broadcasters, including the BBC and ITV, actively encouraged viewers to upgrade to digital television. UK broadcasters were also under additional pressure to complete migration before the Olympic Games.

Digital rollout
The British Government gave Ofcom and Digital UK jointly the task of discontinuing analogue television broadcasting. The switch-off occurred on an ITV sub-region basis. In March 2005, a technical trial in Ferryside, Wales, resulted in viewers losing three out of the four available analogue channels in favour of going digital, leaving only analogue BBC Two Wales until switchover at Preseli in August 2009 (at the time, BBC 2W on digital offered a different schedule to BBC Two Wales on analogue).

In October 2007, following a 15-month publicity and information campaign, and an early digital launch in August by Channel 5, the Whitehaven, Eskdale Green and Gosforth transmitters switched off analogue signals on the BBC Two frequency, and began broadcasting a temporary digital service for the main channels. On 14 November, all analogue signals were switched off, and the permanent three-multiplex digital service began (albeit with Channel 5 only on the Whitehaven transmitter, until 2009). Unfortunately, as had been feared, a small number of homes among the hills, which had received "fuzzy" analogue signals, particularly in Eskdale, were unable to receive a decodable Freeview signal. The only other serious problem resulted from the "rescan" command in some models of set-top box defaulting to frequencies used by the nearest main transmitter, instead of the strongest digital signals; this could be overcome by using the "add channel" option to select channels one-by-one, and in the long term by corrections to the boxes' software.

In November 2008, the full rolling programme started in the ITV Border region at the Selkirk transmitter, with the Caldbeck transmitter switching a year later (Caldbeck was rebuilt, and broadcasts Scottish multiplexes as well as English ones to improve service to viewers north of the border; the nearby Sandale transmitter ceased to broadcast TV). The programme continued across the rest of the country, with the Westcountry region, Wales and the Granada region switching over in 2009. The West, STV North, STV Central regions and the Channel Islands followed in 2010; the Central, Yorkshire and Anglia regions in 2011; and finally the Meridian, London, Tyne Tees & UTV regions in 2012.

Many decisions had to be made, including what to do about people who may find the new technology confusing, or who have no desire to receive more than the four or five channels they originally had, and who may have been reluctant to buy a digital box to view the free channels. The government arranged for the BBC to administer a Digital Switchover Help Scheme to ensure that groups such as the over-75s and recipients of disability benefits did not lose their television services when analogue transmissions were switched off.

Another issue was that the "98.5 per cent of the population" availability target could only be achieved "via rooftop aerials", while Section 134 of the Communications Act 2003 sets out the principle "that no person should unreasonably be denied access to an electronic communications network or to electronic communications services". This is taken to mean that everyone has the right to mount a television aerial on their roof. Ofcom allocated frequencies for groups of households to provide "self-help" relay transmitters at their own expense (for analogue broadcasts there were some 200 of these, serving around 13,000 households), but suggested that in such cases, terrestrial TV may no longer be the most cost-effective solution.

The switchover process
After several months of press publicity, leaflet drops, public meetings etc., captions started appearing on analogue broadcasts from the affected transmitters, warning viewers that the analogue service would shortly be switched off and that they would need to take action (for Whitehaven, the first large area to switch over, the captions started appearing some 5 months before the BBC Two analogue service was switched off ). At about the same time, details of the Switchover Help Scheme were distributed. Although viewers who lived outside existing Freeview reception areas were unable to test any digital receiving equipment they had bought at this early stage, test-screens on Ceefax (BBC One & Two) and Teletext (ITV & C4/S4C) page 284 made it possible to determine whether they were likely to need a new aerial or a signal amplifier to receive digital transmissions.

Next, detailed information booklets were delivered to all households in the area (including many on the fringe who may have been receiving their TV from other transmitters- hence the importance of the on-screen warning captions). Two or three months later, the first stage of the switchover began with the analogue BBC Two replaced with the new BBC A multiplex. At some locations, during the period between stage one and stage two, BBC One, ITV or Channel 4 moved to the analogue BBC Two frequency where that channel's frequency was required for the digital transmission of Multiplex 1. At the same time, captions appeared on the remaining analogue channels reminding viewers of the impending switchover. Finally, the second stage saw the remaining analogue transmissions switched off and the other high power multiplexes switched on. Initially, this occurred four weeks after stage one, but starting with the switchover at Mendip in April 2010 onwards, this gap was reduced to two weeks.

Three multiplexes (BBC A, D3&4, BBC B) are for public service broadcasting and are broadcast from all transmitter sites. They contain around 25 TV channels, half a dozen radio stations and half a dozen text/interactive services. These include all the television channels from the BBC, some from ITV and Channel 4, Channel 5 and S4C (in Wales only). The other three multiplexes (SDN, Arqiva A, Arqiva B) are broadcast from main transmitter sites only and are operated by their respective commercial licence-holders. To reflect the slightly changed roles, the multiplex names were also changed:

Post-switchover
The adoption of the technically superior DVB-T format occurred in each region at the date of switchover. This resulted in no reception for viewers with older '2k' only equipment, such as former ONdigital/ITV Digital boxes, and other incompatible IDTVs and set top boxes.

In the Meridian and Anglia regions, transmitters formed a single-frequency network when they were converted to all-digital operation.

Alternative post-switchover multiplex designations were used on internal documentation by the BBC switchover contractor Arqiva, but changing the designations of the multiplexes requires changes to legislation and to the multiplex licences issued by Ofcom and is not in the current draft.

When digital switchover was complete, two new sub-bands of the UHF spectrum were clear (frequencies corresponding to channel ranges 31–40 and 63–69), leaving only channels 21–30 and 41–62 for digital television multiplexes. This "digital dividend" required millions of homes to upgrade their aerials to the wideband type to receive some or all of the Freeview multiplexes. This spectrum is useful because of its trade-off between bandwidth and range. Following a consultation, in September 2011 Ofcom stated that an auction for the 600 MHz band will most likely lead to channels 31–37 being used for three new TV multiplexes; a reference transmission plan assumes two frequencies would be multiple-frequency networks, and channel 36 would be used as a national single-frequency network. The remaining reallocated frequencies can be re-used for other services, for example the provision of:

 * Mobile Television services
 * wireless (mobile) broadband services
 * wider coverage for advanced services in remote and rural areas
 * more multiplexes carrying more channels
 * high definition (HD) services

The clearing and re-allocation of these channels of the spectrum for other services caused some controversy within technical industries, such as wireless microphones, as Ofcom decided to clear channel 69 (854–862 MHz) to match the rest of Europe and make the facilitation of future services easier.

Further re-allocations of the other freed analogue television channels have not yet occurred, but when implemented will require legislation changes. It is likely that if they are sold commercially, they will not only attract interest, but may be bought for millions of pounds due to the high demand for spectrum throughout most of Europe. Ofcom have published further information about the auctioned channel in an announcement on their website.

OFCOM released their consultation of the future of the 600 MHz and 700 MHz UHF bands beyond 2018 on 16 November 2012. This document recommends that the 600 MHz UHF band is allocated to DVB-T2 MPEG-4 Freeview HD services and Whitespace services, allowing a future migration of the existing 700 MHz Freeview allocation to 700 MHz mobile data services (synchronising the bandwidth usage with many other markets in Europe and globally).

Digit Al
Digit Al is a robot character created for Digital UK in 2005, by Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO and voiced by the English comedy actor Matt Lucas, used in material publicising the digital switchover. It appeared in the public information programme run by Digital UK until 2012. The character was first transmitted simultaneously on about 100 television channels and on regional BBC television on 5 May 2006.

Digital Self-Help Relays
Terrestrial analogue relay stations have been repeating TV signals to areas not covered by broadcaster-owned transmitters since the Independent Broadcasting Authority started licensing them in 1980. Recently self-help groups have had to look into upgrading their old analogue transmitters to digital ones. The first digital self-help relay was installed at Ladram Bay, Devon by Stuart Harse and Liam Kelly (broadcast engineers from Bristol). The system was designed by Mike Rea of Taylor Transmitters, Oldham UK. The Ladram Bay TV repeater broadcasts all six mux signals from the Stockland Hill transmitter.

Post-switchover reorganisation and HD
In March 2006, the development of a new second generation digital terrestrial broadcasting standard, DVB-T2, was agreed by the DVB Group.

The BBC, ITV, Channel 4, S4C and Channel 5 agreed with the regulator Ofcom to convert one UK multiplex (B, or PSB3) to DVB-T2 to increase capacity for HDTV (High Definition Television) via DTT. The first TV region to use the new standard was Granada in November 2009 (with existing switched over regions being changed at the same time). It is expected that over time there will be enough DVB-T2 receivers sold to switch all DTT transmissions to DVB-T2, and MPEG-4 Part 10.

From 27 October 2009, Multiplex B (PSB3) was cleared of SD channels in post DSO areas, which were moved to Multiplex 1 (PSB1). In pre DSO areas, Multiplex B continued to carry BBC Four, BBC Parliament, CBeebies, BBC Radio Stations and 301 until DSO. Former streams of 302 and News Multiscreen on Multiplex B were sublet to broadcasters other than the BBC for pre DSO areas only, and were not available at all in post DSO areas because of the new DVB-T2 HD multiplex as replacement.

On 3 April 2008, Ofcom published its final decision for the HDTV transmission format: DVB-T2 and MPEG-4. Initially there were to be three HD services available: BBC HD, ITV HD/STV HD and Channel 4 HD/S4C Clirlun. Channel 5 HD was due to launch during 2010 but was unable to reach 'key criteria' to keep its slot. Spare allocation on multiplex B was handed over to the BBC, two years to the date when it was anticipated that further capacity on multiplex B would revert to the control of the BBC Trust. On 3 November 2010, BBC One HD launched on Freeview HD. It is available in addition to the existing BBC HD channel. During 2011, Ofcom gave the Commercial Public Service Broadcasters another opportunity to apply to provide an additional HD service from 2012.

The multiplexes
In 2014, Ofcom decided to reallocate the frequency band used by COM7 and COM8 to make it available for mobile communications. This project, known as "700 MHz clearance", was intended to be complete by the second quarter of 2020; the switch-off is largely complete but the remaining transmitter changes are postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Channels broadcast on the COM8 multiplex were cleared by Arqiva on 22 June 2020, with some services moving to broadcast from COM7 or PSB3.

Use of multiplexing technology
Each multiplex is an error-protected bitstream of 24, 27 or 40 megabits per second, which can be used for almost any combination of digitally-encoded video, audio and data. The DVB-T standard provides a multiplex service that can make trade-offs between the number of services and the picture and audio quality.

 * a number of services use the same bandwidth at different times. For example, CBeebies and BBC Four currently use the same space in their multiplex, with CBeebies broadcasting from 6am until 7pm and BBC Four from 7pm.
 * some multiplexes allocate more bandwidth to services, providing a smaller number of higher-quality services.
 * The modulation of the multiplexes can be varied to squeeze higher digital bitrates out of the same portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, but require a stronger signal for good reception. The modulation schemes used in the UK are, in order of bandwidth efficiency, each with a progressively higher bitrate, at the cost of progressively higher likelihood of signal degradation:
 * QPSK (only used for tests in the Oxford and London areas)
 * 16-QAM (no longer used as of digital switchover)
 * 64-QAM (only used on the DVB-T multiplex)
 * 256-QAM (only used on the DVB-T2 multiplex)
 * 1024-QAM
 * 2048-QAM (currently in development)

 * By late 2009, multiplexes 2 and A used 64-QAM and were consequently more prone to poor reception, while the other multiplexes used 16-QAM. At switchover the transmission mode was changed from 16-QAM to 64-QAM on Multiplex 1 (PSB1), increasing the effective bandwidth of the multiplex. The switch to 64-QAM mode also provided extra bandwidth on Multiplexes C (COM5) and D (COM6).

 * By late 2012, the digital switchover was complete, with all DVB-T multiplexes using 64-QAM. The switchover allowed the transmitters to broadcast at a higher power level, reducing the likelihood of reception errors when receiving 64-QAM encoded broadcasts.

 * Multiplexes can make use of statistical multiplexing at the MPEG video coder whereby the bitrate allocated to a channel within the multiplex can vary dynamically depending on how difficult it is to code the picture content at that precise time, and how much demand there is for bandwidth from other channels. In this way, complex pictures with much detail may demand a higher bitrate at one instant and this can result in the bitrate allocated to another channel in the same multiplex being reduced if the second channel is currently transmitting pictures which are easier to encode, with less fine detail.

Improvements in compression technology
Developments in statistical multiplexing, improved compression technology, and, in some cases, an acceptance of lower quality or lower resolution broadcasts, allowed gradual increases in the number of services carried on digital terrestrial television multiplexes.

As the number of homes receiving digital terrestrial grew, the interest in new channel capacity increased. In 2005, the auction for two new slots on National Grid Wireless multiplex D resulted in broadcasters bidding high prices to gain bandwidth. ITV won the bidding for the first slot (on which it launched Men & Motors on 2 May 2005, replaced by ITV Play and later ITV2+1), and Channel 4 the second. Channel 4 launched E4 +1 (not its new channel More4) on the multiplex when the slot became available on 1 June (E4 launched on Freeview on 27 May 2005). National Grid Wireless made an additional new slot available on Multiplex D using the new compression techniques. The 18-hour channel, running from 6am to midnight, became available on 1 December 2005. Companies interested had until 1 November to submit their bids, with bids said to have reached £10 million, from an entry level of £5.5 million, with 12 separate bidders covering all sectors of broadcasting. This slot was won by Channel 4; it was occupied by More4+1 until live coverage of Big Brother replaced it on 18 May 2006. Film4 took over the slot 23 July 2006.

Later compression technology, implemented in codecs like MPEG4, H.264 or VC-1, can enable a substantial increase in either quality or capacity due to their increased efficiency, but use of such technologies would again require most viewers to purchase new reception equipment, since the vast majority of standard set-top boxes support only the older MPEG2 encoding. BSkyB were the first to suggest such a move to increase the number of channels available within their own share of space using MPEG4 on a subscription service. However, BSkyB's proposals were ultimately shelved following regulatory delays.

The BBC, which ultimately broadcast high-definition television on Freeview in the DVB-T2 format adopted in 2009, initially considered an alternative method utilising spare capacity at night to allow the download of high definition programmes for later replay. In addition the BBC's Research and Development team invented a transmission method that doubles the effective bandwidth that could currently be delivered by each multiplex using "spatial multiplexing". While conventional analogue and digital terrestrial television signals are transmitted either vertically or horizontally polarised (providing protection against interference from other distant signals which may be transmitted on the same frequency, but will usually be planned to use the opposite polarisation), the proposed technique would have involved using the same frequency to transmit two different signals at once, one vertically and one horizontally polarised. A special receiving aerial, containing both vertically and horizontally polarised elements, could receive both signals simultaneously and feed these to a suitable set top box, but would require new transmitters and receiving equipment and aerials; the technique was ultimately not adopted.

Official sites

 * Digital Switchover UK
 * BBC – Digital – Homepage
 * BBC – Digital – Switchover
 * Freeview official site
 * Top Up TV
 * DigitalUK
 * Ofcom's list of the current licensed digital television services
 * Digital TV Consumer test reports UK Government-funded website to support Digital Switchover

Other sites

 * Details of all UK digital transmitters
 * Simon Blackham's DTT Page
 * Switchover guide and podcast
 * UK transmitters: history and plans
 * How to Find Your Local UK Transmitter


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Alpha Gamma Rho

Alpha Gamma Rho (ΑΓΡ; commonly known as AGR) is a social and professional agriculture-focused fraternity in the United States, currently with 71 collegiate chapters.

Founding
The fraternity considers the Morrill Act of 1862 to be the instrument of its inception. Having been signed by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862, it provided land and other financial supports to establish one institution of higher learning in the agricultural and mechanical sciences within each state. Alpha Gamma Rho, referred to as "AGR", was founded when two local fraternities from Ohio State University (Alpha Gamma Rho, founded 1904) and the University of Illinois (Delta Rho Sigma, founded in 1906) met at an International Livestock Competition in Chicago. Sixteen men originally signed the fraternity's charter at the Claypool Hotel in Indianapolis on April 4, 1908. Expansion increased dramatically over the next three decades to almost all land-grant universities in the country. The first chapter at a non-land-grant university was chartered in 1958 at Arizona State University. The first non-state (private) associated chapter (Beta Psi) was at Delaware Valley University in Doylestown, Pennsylvania.

The four pillars of Alpha Gamma Rho are recruitment, commitment, education, and recognition. These four pillars, built upon a firm foundation, support and maintain the integrity of our brotherhood. One of AGR’s earliest Grand President’s, S.K. Bjoronson (North Dakota State) said, "I want her men to be leaders of the future, not because they are my Fraternity Brothers, but because I believe them to be the strongest of character and the most honorable and resolute of the times. I want each of them, by their deeds and actions, to justify the existence of Alpha Gamma Rho." The Brotherhood Covenant pillars make up the principles that Alpha Gamma Rho brothers are expected to live by. Once initiated, each member is required to sign the Covenant.

Local chapter or member misconduct
In 2015, the chapter at Fresno State University was suspended after an investigation of property damage with a firearm uncovered evidence of hazing and underage drinking. They were fully recognized again by the university in late 2017.

In 2016, the chapter at Oregon State University was suspended following multiple hazing and harassment violations dating back to 2012. The chapter can apply for reinstatement in 2021.

In 2018, the chapter at University of Minnesota was suspended after one of its members, Dylan Fulton, was found dead following a night of drinking. After an investigation, it was determined Fulton had died of alcohol poisoning.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alpha Gamma Rho


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nuclear japan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 13:35, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nuclear japan
This is just opinion, and already exists at List_of_countries_with_nuclear_weapons in a much better form Tompagenet 18:03, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, as this is largely opinion and unencyclopedic material. If someone wants to explore it properly outside of the article noted above, it might belong under Japan. HyperZonk 18:20, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Brookie 18:38, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No verifiable content whatever. And no compelling reason to fork. Delete. Uncle G 19:11, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC)
 * Delete. Part unverifiable content, part speculation. --Trip: The Light Fantastic 20:45, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Oleg Alexandrov 00:50, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete just an opinion piece. Johntex 02:46, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV essay, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 05:04, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just... not encyclopedic at all.  Looks like a bad essay IMHO. -- EmperorBMA|話す 18:48, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's just a rant. --LostLeviathan 03:06, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, i think its about time that someone got it right. The united states' stupid, bigoted idealogy keeps them from seeing that not EVERYone wants to be like them. That some countries absolutely loathe them. That maybe Japan has been hurt, and it has taken the sixty some years for them to start to retaliate. Now, someone has finally put a remark in, about this, and they have been cruelly turned down by many people, which are no doubt all american. Shame. Shame on all of you. Its a keep, definitely. ''-- This unsigned vote by BlackerNight
 * Delete; this might have been a keep if Wikipedia were a collection of op-ed essays. But since it isn't, there's nothing "cruel" about turning down something which didn't belong here in the first place.  Shame.  Shame on people who want to exploit Wikipedia as a soapbox. -- Antaeus Feldspar 03:08, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Jhalrapatan

Jhalrapatan is a city and municipality of India in Jhalawar district in the state of Rajasthan. Its population is approximately 37,506.

A municipality was established at Jhalrapatan in 1892.

Education
Schools in Jhalrapatan include

•Government Engineering College, Jhalawar •Government Higher Secondary School •Government Girls Higher Secondary School •Vasudha Sr. Secondary School •Dr Radhakrishanan Sr Sec School •Gyan Ganga Public School

Geography
Jhalrapatan is located at 24.55°N, 76.17°W. It has an average elevation of 317 metres (1040 feet).

Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Jhalrapatan had a population of 30,103. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Jhalrapatan has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 60%. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

title: Jhalrapatan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Felix Santschi

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Deathphoenix 08:08, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Felix Santschi
Minor substub with no activity. With 15 google hits, is this a figure worthy of note? GRider\talk 17:55, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Nothing showing notability. Johntex 22:00, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * (Comment) expanded to mention one of his experiments. Kappa 22:30, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK Kappa, I'm changing to Keep thanks to the improved explanation of notability. Johntex 01:58, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Notable entomologist. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:22, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand, notable. Megan1967 06:27, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Well done kappa. Capitalistroadster 15:29, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Notable entomologist in the study of ants. That is as trendy a field as you can do in entomology. If we delete this we have to delete every entomologist. --LexCorp 23:10, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep -- Steev 08:01, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Joram

Joram may refer to:
 * Joram (given name)
 * Joram (film), an Indian thriller drama
 * Jehoram (disambiguation) (meaning "God is exalted" in Biblical Hebrew)
 * Joram, Arunachal Pradesh, a village panchayat in India
 * Joram MacRorie, a fictional character in the Deryni novels by Katherine Kurtz
 * Joram, a fictional character in the Darksword novels by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman

title: Joram


text:
Gulkana River

The Gulkana River is a 60 mi tributary of the Copper River in the U.S. state of Alaska. Beginning near the southeastern end of Summit Lake in the Alaska Range, the river flows generally south to meet the larger river 9 mi northeast of Glennallen. The Richardson Highway and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline run north–south, nearby and roughly parallel to the Gulkana River. Slightly south of Summit Lake the river passes under the east–west Denali Highway near its junction with the Richardson Highway at Paxson.

"Wild" segments
A total of 181 mi of streams in the Gulkana River watershed were designated "wild" and added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System in 1980. This included the 47 mi of the main stem between Paxson Lake and Sourdough. The other designated segments included the north and south branches of the West Fork Gulkana River, the West Fork itself, and the Middle Fork Gulkana River from Dickey Lake to the fork's mouth on the main stem. The federal Bureau of Land Management administers the "wild" river segments and their surrounds.

Recreation
The Gulkana River watershed, which includes many clearwater lakes and streams, "has one of Alaska's most productive and popular grayling fisheries...", according to Alaska Fishing. Accessible by highway, airplane, boat, and foot trails, the Gulkana system supports large populations of king and red salmon, rainbow trout, and lake trout as well as Arctic grayling. The river flows through wild country affording views of the Wrangell Mountains. Visitor services are available along the Richardson Highway.

The main stem and some of its tributaries are popular with boaters of various skill levels. Depending on which segments are being run, floats on these streams vary from Class I (easy) to IV (very difficult) on the International Scale of River Difficulty.

A float trip down the main stem of the Gulkana may take four or five days Trips starting on the forks may take much longer, depending on the chosen route. Put-in and take-out places along the main stem from source to mouth include Paxson Lake, Paxson Lake Campground, Sourdough Campground, Poplar Grove Campground, and the Richardson Highway Bridge at Gakona.

Floats on the Middle Fork Gulkana River usually start at the Delta National Wild and Scenic River Wayside along the Denali Highway and include lake segments and portages near the headwaters. It is also possible to take a floatplane to Dickey Lake and start from there. The West Fork Gulkana River and its two branches are also runnable but difficult to reach and navigate. In particular, portages on the South Branch route, which includes lakes and a segment of the Tyone River, are "arduous". Hazards on these streams include Canyon Rapids, rated Class III to IV (difficult to very difficult) on the main stem, isolation, cold water, logjams, overhanging or submerged vegetation, portages of varying difficulty, and powerboats on the lower river.

title: Gulkana River


text:
Talk:Scrutineer

Locale-specific term?
In the US, partisan witnesses to election processes are commonly called "Poll-watchers". Where is "Scrutineer" used? --Sommerfeld 18:08, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC)

The UK usage of teller seems unrelated to any form of scrutiny -- I've just rewritten/expanded the explanation of what tellers are in the UK -- so I'm not sure merging makes sense Roy Badami 21:01, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Other terms?
Is there a term for people who show up at polling places in order to intimidate voters? Surely they are not called poll-watchers, too. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 23:24, 29 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scrutineer


text:
Hogatza River

The Hogatza River (Koyukon: Hʉgaadzaat No’; Iñupiaq: Kuuġuqpak or Haukaatchiatnaaq) is a 120 mi tributary of the Koyukuk River in the U.S. state of Alaska. Beginning in the Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, it flows generally southwest to meet the larger river west of Hughes. The river's name is from the Koyukon language, but the meaning is uncertain.

title: Hogatza River


text:
Holitna River

The Holitna River (Deg Xinag: Xaletno, Yup'ik: Rruulitnaq) is a 110 mi tributary of the Kuskokwim River in the U.S. state of Alaska. Formed by the confluence of Shotgun Creek and the Kogrukluk River east of the Kuskokwim Mountains, the river flows generally northeast to meet the larger river near Sleetmute.

Operation Holitna, a federal investigation into child pornography, was named after the river. The Holitna River has many tributaries, serving as a metaphor for the fact that each time the investigation makes an arrest, several new victims and leads are discovered.

title: Holitna River


text:
Ken Nordine

Ken Nordine (April 13, 1920 – February 16, 2019) was an American voice-over and recording artist, best known for his series of word jazz albums. His deep, resonant voice has also been featured in many commercial advertisements and movie trailers. One critic wrote that "you may not know Ken Nordine by name or face, but you'll almost certainly recognize his voice."

Life and career
The son of Theresia (Danielson) and Nore S. Nordine, a contractor, Ken Nordine was born in Cherokee, Iowa. His parents were Swedish. The family later moved to Chicago, where he attended Lane Technical College Prep High School and the University of Chicago. During the 1940s, he was heard on The World's Great Novels and other radio programs broadcast from Chicago. One of which, Honore de Balzac's short story "Une passion dans le désert", was recorded for the 1955 album Passion in the Desert. In 1955, he provided the voiceover on Billy Vaughn's version of "Shifting Whispering Sands", which peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. He subsequently attracted wider attention when he recorded the aural vignettes on Word Jazz (Dot, 1957). Love Words, Son of Word Jazz (Dot, 1958) and his other albums in this vein feature Nordine's narration over cool jazz by the Fred Katz Group featuring Chico Hamilton recording under an alias.

Nordine began performing and recording such albums at the peak of the beat era and was associated with the poetry-and-jazz movement. However, it has been observed that some of Nordine's writings "are more akin to Franz Kafka or Edgar Allan Poe" than to the beats. Many of his word jazz tracks feature critiques of societal norms. Some are lightweight and humorous, while others reveal dark, paranoid undercurrents and bizarre, dream-like scenarios. Nordine's DVD, The Eye Is Never Filled was released in 2007.

Nordine hosted the weekly Word Jazz program on WBEZ, also carried on other stations, from the 1970s for over forty years.

Nordine was in demand as a voiceover artist on commercials for several companies including the First Chicago Bank, Levi's, Gallo Wine and Magnavox amongst others.

In 1988, Nordine appeared on two selections from the album Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films: "Hi Diddle Dee Dee (An Actor's Life For Me)" from Pinocchio, and "Desolation Theme", also from Pinocchio.

In 1990, Nordine was approached by Jerry Garcia of The Grateful Dead to be the anchor for their New Year's Eve radio broadcast from Oakland, California. For the broadcast he recorded some improvisations with Garcia, drummer Mickey Hart and Egyptian musician Hamza El-Din. This subsequently led to an album Devout Catalyst, released on the Grateful Dead's own label in 1991 and Upper Limbo in 1993 and an appearance with the band live at a show at Rosemont, Illinois, in March 1993.

In 2007, he was a performer at the High Line Festival in New York, curated by David Bowie.

With his wife, the former Beryl Vaughn, an actress whom he married in 1945, he had three sons. Beryl died April 26, 2016. Ken Nordine died February 16, 2019.

Films and television
Nordine appeared as the narrator, credited as "The Stranger", in Philip Kaufman's 1967 underground comedy Fearless Frank. He was also Linda Blair's vocal coach for her role in the 1973 film The Exorcist. Subsequently, Nordine filed a lawsuit, saying he was not properly compensated for his work, eventually settling in 1979.

Nordine narrated several films for classroom use, made by Coronet Instructional Films in the 1950s. In at least one, Developing Your Character, he appears on screen.

On television, Nordine did a series of readings on a show titled Faces in the Window on WNBQ, and Fred Astaire danced to Nordine's "My Baby" on a TV special. Nordine's past radio series were Now Nordine and Word Jazz. He also provided the opening narration for the music video of "Can You Feel It" by the Jacksons. In 1986, Nordine appeared on The Jay Leno Show (TV special) as the storyteller.

Nordine worked with author Maurice Sendak on Sesame Street, providing the narration for the animated segments "Bumble Ardy" and "Seven Monsters".

Nordine provided the voiceover for NewTek's Video Toaster demo reels, such as the 1991 "Revolution".

Selected discography

 * 1955 – Passion in the Desert (FM)
 * 1957 – Word Jazz (Dot)
 * 1958 – Son of Word Jazz (Dot)
 * 1958 – Love Words (Dot)
 * 1959 – Next! (Dot)
 * 1960 – Word Jazz Vol. II (Dot)
 * 1967 – Colors (Philips)
 * 1967 – Ken Nordine Does Robert Shure: Twink (Philips)
 * 1979 – Stare with Your Ears (Snail)
 * 1984 – Triple Talk (Snail)
 * 1986 – Grandson of Word Jazz (Snail)
 * 1991 – Devout Catalyst (Grateful Dead)
 * 1993 – Upper Limbo (Grateful Dead)
 * 2001 – Transparent Mask (Asphodel)
 * 2007 – The Eye Is Never Filled (DVD, Snail)

title: Ken Nordine


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Criteria/Archive1

Biochem stub

 * I was wondering if we could have a biochemistry stub? I don't know if this was discussed already, but I think it could better categorize many stubs. A lot of enzymes Also, is there a list of criteria somewhere that defines what is or isn't a medicine stub? Thanks! --jag123 18:28, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * In the process of defining that now that you've suggested it. We really need to sit down and re-think all of this. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:17, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd like to help out with this project, especially for stubs relating to biology, chemistry and medecine. I suppose you're working on the criterias for each stub, but here's my $0.02. I've briefly skimmed through the medecine stubs and apart from a few things (eg. fornix, Dorsal root ganglion, Mesenchymal cell), it all seems to relate to either diseases/conditions that affect humans and drugs used in human therapies. The chemistry category seems pretty clear-cut. If a biochem stub is added, enzymes, proteins, chemicals with a biochemical purpose (eg. Vitamin B) and processes/cycles (eg. Thermogenesis) could be added. For the biology category, how specific can things get? Are genetics, cell biology, anatomy (for instance) acceptable stub categories? Let me know if there's anything I can do. --jag123 07:21, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Back on 10 Feb, I had inadvertantly blocked inclusion of Category:Biochemistry stubs in Category:Science stubs. This is now fixed.  Apologies. Courtland 18:08, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

Criteria for medicine stub

 * 1) Medical technology
 * 2) Medical terms that can not be associated with biology, chemistry or any other stub
 * 3) The human anatomy - unless a stub is created for this, or it can be classified as something else (example, biochemistry stub for proteins, etc)
 * 4) Drugs that are used by humans, eg. 'medicine'
 * 5) Diseases
 * 6) Conditions (that can not be placed elsewhere.  For example, a psychological condition would be more approprately placed into the psychology stub)

The possible branches for this stub could be: Diseases, Drugs

And your suggestion, biochemistry. -- AllyUnion (talk) 01:11, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Science Stubs Quick Guide
All of the different pages on stubs have lots of information (e.g. Template messages/Stubs), although for any complete list I would add an extra column that goes to each stub's corresponding category. On the other hand, it would be nice if there was some quick guide that could also be used. I've tried to create a quick guide for just the science stubs as an example of what I think needs to be created. gK ¿? 19:59, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Science    Cat. WP++
 * Biology Cat. Tree of Life WP++ [not to be confused with Bio-stub (Biography)]
 * Animal Cat.
 * Plant Cat. WP+
 * Biochemistry Cat.
 * Medicine {{ {|Med-stub}} Cat. WP++
 * Psychology Cat.
 * Astronomy Cat. WP?
 * Astronomers Cat.
 * Chemistry Cat. WP+
 * Geology Cat.  [not to be confused with Geo-stub (Geography)]
 * Physics Cat.
 * Math Cat. WP++
 * Alternative math stub Cat.
 * Mathmatician Cat.
 * Numbers Cat. WP+
 * Knots Cat.
 * Agriculture Cat.
 * Archaeology  Cat. WP+
 * Economics Cat.
 * Philosophy Cat. WP++

Possible other science stubs
 * WikiProject Birds WP+
 * WikiProject Mammals WP?
 * WikiProject Ecology WP+
 * WikiProject Evolutionary biology WP+

Cat.=stub category, WP++=Very Active WikiProject, WP+=Active WikiProject WP-=Inactive WikiProject WP?=Unknown WikiProject status or multiple subprojects

Current Science stubs organization
Science   Sci-stub (6 subcategories, 189 articles)
 * Biology Biosci-stub (2 subcategories, 442 articles)
 * Animal Animal-stub (487 articles)
 * Plant Plant-stub (232 articles)
 * Biochemistry Biochem-stub (70 articles)
 * Medicine Med-stub (434 articles) [not currently under Category:Science stubs]
 * Psychology Psych-stub (30 articles)
 * Astronomy Asto-stub (1 subcategory, 309 articles) (includes astronomers)
 * Astronomers Astronomer-stub (13 articles) (under Astronomy stubs) [also People stub]
 * Chemistry Chem-stub (211 articles)
 * Geology Geol-stub (99 articles)
 * Physics Phys-stub (193 articles)
 * Math Math-stub (262 articles) (includes mathmaticians) [not currently in Category:Science stubs]
 * Alternative Math stub User:msh210/ms (14 articles) (under Math stubs)
 * Mathmatician mathbiostub (9 articles) (under Math stubs) [also People stub]
 * Numbers Num-stub (29 articles) [not currently under Category:Math stubs]
 * Knots Knot-stub (32 articles) [not currently under Category:Math stubs, although listed in Template messages/Stubs/Math]
 * Agriculture Agri-stub (19 articles) [not currently under Category:Science stubs]
 * Archaeology Archaeology-stub (57 articles) [Currently in Category:Historical stubs but not Category:Science stubs]
 * Economics econ-stub 54 articles [not currently under Category:Science stubs]
 * Philosophy philo-stub (27 articles) [not currently under Category:Science stubs]

Information from late 29 December 2004 PST
 * Category:Science stubs
 * Template messages/Stubs/Science
 * Template messages/Stubs/Math
 * Template_messages/Stubs/People

Biochemistry isn't a stub of biology. If there's some compelling reason to put it anywhere deeper than Science stubs, then it goes in chemistry. --jag123 03:39, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hong-Kong-stub and HK-stub?
I posted this comment at Wikipedia talk:Template messages/Stubs, but since this page seems to be where most of the attention is lately, I've copied it here as well.

Template:HK-stub redirects to Template:Hong-Kong-stub. All the articles with the HK-stub properly show Category:Hong Kong-related stubs, but when you go to Category:Hong Kong-related stubs, that page doesn't show any of the articles with the HK-stub. Is this a bug, or should one of the Hong Kong stub templates be deleted, with all the articles moved over to the other template? (Thank goodness there aren't too many articles using either template (see, and several of those articles should be moved to the template:Hong-Kong-geo-stub if things do get moved.) gK ¿? 03:13, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * That's a bug with categories; I think you have to resave each page for it to show up in the new category. --SPUI (talk) 20:39, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Islam, Christianity, Palestine, and Taiwan stubs
Last night I found that there already exist the following stubs: ,,  , and .

None of them had their corresponding stub categories, although I've now created the Category:Islam-related stubs for the Islam stub. In taking a quick look at Category:Religion stubs, it looks like a large percentage of them could be moved to the Islam stub. Also, if you do a Google site search for Islam+stub, there are a fair number of plain stubs that could also be converted into Islam stubs. It also looks like a good percentage of Category:Substubs may also be Islam stubs. In fact, my guess is that a fully populated Islam stub category might be rather large, so it might be a good idea to create a few subcategories now. I was thinking that an Islam-bio-stub would be a very good one to create, and possibly an Islam-geo-stub to be filled with articles like Islam in Canada. Other than creating some subcategories, I think that the Islam stub is ready to go "live".

On the other hand, I do wonder about the fish symbol for the Christianity stub. Although the Ichthys has been used as a minor symbol for Christianity for a long time (since the Roman catacombs?), at least here in the US the symbol has become fairly strongly associated with conservative born again Christian groups, so I think that image is potentially controversial and not neutral. It may be best to have a Christianity stub without any image at all. gK ¿? 03:13, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Geo-stubs
For those of you not aware of what's been going on with the geography stubs, around the end of last year I noticed that there were 4200 geo-stubs unsorted in one large category - far too many to reasonably expect anyone to go through it looking for one region's stubs. Since then I've been creating subcategories (latterly with the help of User:Aranel and a couple of others), and there are now some 30 country or region-specific subcategories, and only about 850 non-subcategorised geo-stubs. I'm now sifting through the 2400 items in Category: Stub, looking for more. As far as I'm aware, all the countries which had over 40 geo-stubs now have subcategories. Several with no subcategory have over 30 stubs (Finland, Czech Rep, Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, and Romania). Although I can see sense in continuing further, this seems as reasonable a place to slow down with the creation of new categories as any.

As things stand, people can still simply use the Template:Geo-stub or can use the subcategories. A simple sift through Category:Geography stubs moving things into the subcategories every couple of weeks should keep it at a useable level. Grutness|hello? 07:03, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Adding Stub Categories
I don't really understand the directions for creating new stub categories, so I'm reluctant to try my hand at that just yet. Even so, I've put category-stubs on a fair number of stub articles in the A's and B's today, and I saw the following possible-tags to go among the things we've got:

 * A general Culture tag, including
 * fashion
 * dance
 * drama
 * slang terms (currently I'm moving them to lang-stub)
 * children's literature
 * A general Transport tag, including
 * a Public-Transport tag
 * among the Science tags,
 * an Anatomy tag
 * a Mycology tag
 * an ocean-studies tag
 * In the Religion tags,
 * a Buddhism tag
 * a Pagan tag
 * In the Region tags,
 * a general Europe tag
 * a general South America tag
 * a Balkans tag
 * a Baltic-States tag
 * a Middle East tag
 * A general Education tag, including:
 * the existing school tag
 * the existing University tag
 * In the Technology section, a
 * tools tag

A general reorganization of Region tags in general might be very useful -- Each continent country could have a geo tag, a gov tag, a cult(ure) tag, a trans(port) tag, and a tech tag to help sort articles faster.

These are just suggestions -- not trying to rock the boat. Andrew Watt 04:24, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I realise it's no help for general articles, but as far as geographical places are concerned there is already South America geo-stub (SouthAm-geo-stub), and many of the countries of the Balkans have their own geo-stubs, too. For a full list of geo-stubs, see the top of Category:Geography stubs). As for ocean studies there is an ocean-stub (oceanography stubs).

 * Another stub tag that would be useful is politician-stub, since many of the bio-stubs seem to be politicians. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 12:06, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Geo-stubs - a quick run-down
I see that one of the items on this page is a quick summary of science stubs. Since there's been a lot of subdividing in the geo-stubs, I thought I'd add the same here.

The following countries or regions have separate geo stubs, all of the form "Countryname-geo-stub":
 * Afghanistan, Africa, Albania, Antarctica, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Caribbean, Caucasus, China*, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea*, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Oceania, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, and Ukraine.

Thus, for a stub relating to a place in France, say, you would use. Note that China-geo-stub can be used for both Chinas, mainland and Taiwan, and Korea-geo-stub can be used for both halves of that divided peninsula.

In addition, the following countries use an abbreviation or variant on their names in the same way:
 * Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH-geo-stub)
 * Central America (CentralAm-geo-stub)
 * Central Asia (CAsia-geo-stub)
 * Czech Republic (Czechia-geo-stub)
 * Hong Kong (Hong-Kong-geo-stub) (note the hyphen)
 * Middle East (MEast-geo-stub)
 * New Zealand (NZ-geo-stub)
 * Serbia-Montenegro (SM-geo-stub)
 * South America (SouthAm-geo-stub)
 * Southeast Asia (SEAsia-geo-stub)
 * United Kingdom (UK-geo-stub)
 * United States (US-geo-stub)

There are also separate stubs for the following:
 * Buildings and structures (struct-stub) (e.g., bridges, towers, etc - may be used in conjunction with country or region geo-stubs)
 * Cities (city-stub) (this one seems to be rarely used and the country or region geo-stub is preferable if one exists)
 * Geographical terms (geo-term-stub) (e.g., landforms, terms used in mapping or climate studies)
 * Oceanography (Ocean-stub) (this can be used for the likes of ocean currents and open ocean submarine features)

The general still works, it simply means a little more work for someone else later! Grutness|hello? 12:00, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Last two geo-stubs (hopefully) - "catch-all" categories
The generic geo-stubs are down to a mere handful now (less that 1% of the number there were two months ago!. The last two geo-stub categories are catch-alls: Euro-geo-stub and Asia-geo-stub, for all articles in parts of Europe and Asia not otherwise covered (unless, of course, you want me to make a Liechtenstein-geo-stub :). Grutness|hello?  02:59, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Although they wouldn't be a "true" geo-stub, do we need a stub for micronations? I haven't looked for any, but I imagine that there are probably enough of them with the stub and substub templates that a micronation-stub would be needed. BlankVerse 09:08, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * To be honest, I don't think I've found a single micronation stub! Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 12:59, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Another hopefully useful new stub
Another hopefully useful new stub template added: Template:Rocket-stub, for articles on Rocketry and/or Spacecraft. Grutness|hello? 10:51, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

another
Template:NYCS stub for New York City Subway stubs, which were being inconsistently sorted as rail or US-geo. --SPUI (talk) 03:58, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

illustrators
There are two possible places for stubs about illustrators of books: writer- or artist-. I suspect that people who know about writers will know about illustrators, whereas people who know about artists will not; if I'm right about that, then illustrators belong under writer-. But I really don't know whether I'm right. (If writer- does include illustators, then the text of the template should be modified accordingly, of course.)  —msh210 18:47, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not as to "who" should find them, but "where" they should logically go. Illustrators go under artists (rarely do they only do illustration AFAIK), and that's where I'm expecting them. At best(or is that worse?), they can be a subcat under both. --Circeus 19:09, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. I think it is a question of who should find them. That's the purpose of categorizing stubs (as I see it, at least): to allow them to be more easily expanded. No?  —msh210 19:27, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think someone actively looking for illustrator stubs (!) would be looking under writer stubs. I'd personnally check over Category:Illustrators for stub articles, which would be an easier way (since illustration might include things like journals and magazine covers), while illustrators would be drowned away within either writer or artist stubs anyway. Wikipedia stub sorting should be logical, not analogical. The project could potentially list "see also" categories for stub categories, though. --Circeus 19:36, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

Current stub templates listed for deletion:
10 February 2004: These are the current stubs listed for deletion at WP:TFD:

 * Duplicate stubs: Template:us-geo-stub (duplicate of Template:US-geo-stub), Template: Car-stub (duplicate of Template:Auto-stub)
 * Obsolete stubs: Template: City-stub
 * Joke stubs: Template:Cowstub, Template:Stub-sorting-stub

Current TFD policy is to delete a template after seven days if there is consensus to delete, or there are no objections (although User:Netoholic is trying to get that shortened to 5 days—see ). To be on the safe side, WP:TFD should probably be checked every 3-4 days, and any new templates that show up there should be listed here. BlankVerse 08:51, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * All of these except the two joke stubs are listed above (with details of how the votes appear to be going) here. Car-stub is now a redirect, so it is no longer in the probable-deletions, although its former category has been deleted. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 09:12, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

film-stub, movie-stub, mov-stub
There is a notice on the Category:Movie stubs listing that indicates mov-stub and movie-stub are deprecated in favor of film-stub. At odds with this (perhaps) is that the Category:Film stubs does not exist. If film-stub is the preferred of the three, could the table @ Stub_categories be updated to reflect this? With respect to Category:Film stubs, I created a redirect page to Movie stubs ... but that might not have been a good thing to do, I'm not sure. Thanks for the input & advice. Courtland 04:13, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)

 * Personally, I'm in favour of film, simply because that's the word I use for the things, but movie is widely used, too. I see no reason why both couldn't be used. Why there's a third (mov), though, I don't know, especially since the name makes me think more of transportation. I got a bit tangled there. What I was trying to say was that any organisation is fine by me, as long as you don't get rid of either the film-stub or movie-stub, both of which are likely to be in use by stub sorters (I tend to use film-stub)  Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 13:14, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * template likely redirect(ed) to Movie stubs, I assume. At worse, redirect mov- and movie-stubs to it. --Circeus 12:58, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * They have been redirected for awhile. -- AllyUnion (talk) 15:03, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Stubs for recorded narrative
I recently stubbed a comedy album to under the justification that I would have stubbed thusly if it had been a comedic book rather than a recording. The item in question is I_Think_We're_All_Bozos_on_This_Bus. What do you think .. appropriate? Courtland 05:37, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)
 * not album-stub? Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]]
 * D'oh! You are right, Grutness. I'll make it so. Courtland 17:47, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Are their enough stubs for a humor-stub? BlankVerse  ∅  13:55, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

City-stub is an ex-stub
...it has ceased to be, etc etc etc. Please use geo-stub or (preferably) the relevant region-specific geo-stub instead. Grutness|hello? 00:27, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm curious -- if a stub ceases to be, are all of the items stubbed to that altered automatically so they contain a general-stub, or do they retain the defunct stub template? If the latter, then they'd seem to disappear from our rader, would they not? Courtland 02:52, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC)

 * Tenmplates (and, similarly, categories) cannot be deleted unless they have been cleared of all articles in the first place. --Circeus 18:23, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Ivishak River

The Ivishak River  is a 95 mi tributary of the Sagavanirktok River in the North Slope Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. Fed by glaciers at the headwaters, the Ivishak flows northeast, then northwest, through the Philip Smith Mountains and the northern foothills of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. It enters the Sagavanirktok River on the coastal plain south of Prudhoe Bay.

On December 2, 1980, 80 mi of the Ivishak was designated a National Wild and Scenic River. The protected segments, including the headwaters, an unnamed tributary from Porcupine Lake, and all but the lowermost part of the main stem, lie within the wildlife refuge.

title: Ivishak River


text:
John River (Alaska)

The John River (Iñupiaq: Atchiiniq ) is a 125 mi tributary of the Koyukuk River in the northern part of the U.S. state of Alaska. It was named after John Bremner, a prospector and explorer who was one of the first non-native persons to go there. It flows south from Anaktuvuk Pass in Alaska's Brooks Range, into the larger river at a point near Bettles, slightly north of the Arctic Circle.

In 1980, the 52 mi segment of the John River within the Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve were designated "wild" and added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The designation means that the segment is unpolluted, free-flowing, and generally inaccessible except by trail.

The John River Valley is an important migration route for Arctic caribou.

History
In 1901, the Schrader-Peters expedition explored the John River, the Anaktuvuk River, and continued onward to Point Barrow. In 1931, Robert "Bob" Marshall explored the John River up to the Arctic Divide, and described seeing a "quadruple rainbow".

Boating
It is possible to run the John River in canoes, kayaks, and small rafts, though conditions vary from place to place. The upper 35 mi are rated Class III (difficult) on the International Scale of River Difficulty and "should be attempted only by experienced paddlers with solid wilderness skills." Below this, the river is rated Class II (medium) for the next 47 mi, then Class I on the lower reaches all the way to the mouth. Dangers on the upper river include sustained whitewater, swift currents, a difficult 4 mi portage, and the possibility of water too shallow to run.

title: John River (Alaska)


text:
Kuzitrin River

The Kuzitrin River (Kurritqiun in Inupiaq) is a stream, 95 mi long, on the Seward Peninsula in the U.S. state of Alaska. It begins at Kuzitrin Lake in the central region of the peninsula and flows 95 mi west into the Imuruk Basin. The basin drains via the bay of Port Clarence to the Bering Sea. Kuzitrin tributaries include the Noxapaga, Kougarok, Kruzgamepa (Pilgrim), and Kugruk rivers.

The river's name, from Inupiaq, was recorded in 1900 by the United States Geological Survey. The United States Board on Geographic Names officially adopted the name in 1950.

There is one former village site on the lower Kuzitrin, at Mary's Igloo. The village is abandoned but is still used for subsistence activities by people from the nearby village of Teller.

title: Kuzitrin River


text:
User talk:Lachacha

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- The Anome 18:12, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lachacha


text:
Mulchatna River

The Mulchatna River (Dena'ina: Vałts'atnaq') is a 160 mi tributary of the Nushagak River in the U.S. state of Alaska. Beginning at Turquoise Lake, it flows generally southwest to meet the larger river 65 mi northeast of Dillingham. The Mulchatna's mouth is slightly south (downstream) of the village of Koliganek on the Nushagak, which continues southwest to Nushagak Bay, an arm of Bristol Bay.

The upper 24 mi of the river, which flow through Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, became part of the National Wild and Scenic River System in 1980. Aside from scattered cabins, the Mulchatna River is undeveloped. However, there is a proposal to build a large copper/gold mine, the Pebble Mine, in the watershed of one of the Mulchatna tributaries, the Koktuli River.

Recreation
The Mulchatna River and one of its tributaries, the Chilikadrotna River, are popular Southwest Alaska destinations for floatfishing. Other Mulchatna tributaries, including the Stuyahok and Koktuli rivers, are also popular fishing streams. The main game fish frequenting the Mulchatna are king salmon, silver salmon, char, Arctic grayling, and rainbow trout.

Varying from Class I (easy) to III (difficult) on the International Scale of River Difficulty, the Mulchatna is floatable by many kinds of watercraft on the Class I water below Bonanza Creek. The upper 50 mi or so of the river, however, vary between Class II (medium) and III, may require portages, and are sometimes too shallow to float. Other dangers include ledge drops and haystack waves above Bonanza Creek and possible logjams and overhanging vegetation along the rest of the river.

title: Mulchatna River


text:
User:Robert Nickelby

I'm new here.

title: User:Robert Nickelby


text:
Ninilchik River

The Ninilchik River (Dena'ina: Niqnalchintnu) is a 21-mile-long (34 km) stream on the Kenai Peninsula of the U.S. state of Alaska. From headwaters near the west coast of the peninsula, the river flows south, parallel to the coast, then turns sharply west near Ninilchik. Ninilchik Road runs parallel to the lower river along its left bank to near the road's intersection with the Sterling Highway. At Ninilchik, the river passes under the highway, flows through Ninilchik State Recreation Area, and empties into Cook Inlet.

A small boat harbor, used mainly by fishing boats, is dredged out of the river mouth near the town. The river is a popular fishing location for king salmon in May and June, silver salmon and Dolly Varden in late summer and early fall, and steelhead in late fall. Digging for razor clams along the beaches near Ninilchik is also popular.

title: Ninilchik River


text:
User talk:Robert Nickelby

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Hadal 18:35, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've blocked you indefinitely, as it was pretty clear you had malicious intent. -- Hadal 18:37, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robert Nickelby


text:
Porcupine River

The Porcupine River (Ch’ôonjik in Gwich’in) is a 916 km tributary of the Yukon River in Canada and the United States. It rises in the Ogilvie Mountains north of Dawson City, Yukon, Canada. From there it flows north through the community of Old Crow, veers southwest into the U.S. state of Alaska, and enters the larger river at Fort Yukon, Alaska. It derives its name from the Gwich'in word for the river, Ch'oonjik, or "Porcupine Quill River".

The Porcupine caribou herd, whose range includes the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska, gets its name from its calving grounds around the Porcupine River.

Possible (but disputed) evidence of the oldest known human habitation in North America comes from a cave on one of the Porcupine's tributaries, the Bluefish River. Many apparently human-modified animal bones have been discovered in the Bluefish Caves. Radiocarbon dating has assessed them as 25,000 to 40,000 years old—several thousand years earlier than the generally accepted date for human habitation of North America.

Boating
The Porcupine River offers the possibility of "an excellent novice river trip for those experienced in remote wilderness travel," according to author Karen Jettmar. Boaters can travel by canoe, kayak, or raft, though rafters may have difficulty with upriver winds. A 500 mi float trip beginning at Summit Lake in the Yukon Territory, descending the Bell River to its confluence with the Porcupine, and continuing to Fort Yukon is all rated Class I (easy) on the international scale of river difficulty. However, in high water the difficulty may rise to Class II in Upper and Lower Rampart canyons, downstream of the international border, where the current is swift.

title: Porcupine River


text:
Black turtle bean

The black turtle bean is a small, shiny variety of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) especially popular in Latin American cuisine, though it can also be found in the Cajun and Creole cuisines of south Louisiana. Like all varieties of the common bean, it is native to the Americas, but has been introduced around the world. It is also used in Indian cuisine, Tamil cuisine, where it is known as karuppu kaaramani and in Maharashtrian cuisine, where it is known as Kala Ghevada. It is widely used in Uttrakhand India also known as "Bhatt". It is a rich source of iron and protein. The black turtle bean is often simply called the black bean (frijoles negros, zaragoza, judía negra, poroto negro, caraota negra, or habichuela negra in Spanish; and feijão preto in Portuguese), although this terminology can cause confusion with at least three other types of black beans.

The black turtle bean is the only type of turtle bean. It is called turtle because of its hard outer "shell".

It is not to be confused with douchi, the Chinese dish made with black hulled soybeans.

Background
The black bean has a dense, meaty texture, which makes it popular in vegetarian dishes, such as frijoles negros and the Mexican-American black bean burrito. It is a very popular bean in various regions of Brazil, and is used in the national dish, feijoada. It is also a main ingredient of Moros y Cristianos in Cuba, is a required ingredient in the typical gallo pinto of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, is a fundamental part of Pabellón criollo in Venezuela, and is served in almost all of Latin America, as well as many Hispanic enclaves in the United States. In the Dominican Republic cuisine, it is also used for a variation of the Moros y Cristianos simply called Moro de habichuelas negras. The black turtle bean is also popular as a soup ingredient. In Cuba, black bean soup is a traditional dish, usually served with white rice. Black beans sticky rice is a Thai dessert.

The bean was first widely grown in the present-day United States after the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). However, initially the variety was primarily grown as a snap pea (for the edible seed pod).

It is also common to keep the boiled water of these beans (which acquires a black coloring) and consume it as a soup with other ingredients for seasoning (known as sopa negra, black soup, or as sopa de frijoles, bean soup), as a broth (caldo de frijol, bean broth) or to season or color other dishes (aforementioned gallo pinto, for example).

Samples of black turtle beans were reported in 2006 to contain total anthocyanins in their dried seed coats of 0−2.78 mg/g.

title: Black turtle bean


text: User talk:67.86.195.141

title: User talk:67.86.195.141


text:
Gavin Friday

Gavin Friday (born Fionán Martin Hanvey, 8 October 1959) is an Irish singer and songwriter, composer, actor and painter, best known as a founding member of the post-punk group The Virgin Prunes.

Early life
Fionan Hanvey was born in Dublin and attended primary and post-primary schools in Ballygall, a neighbourhood on Dublin's Northside, between Finglas and Glasnevin. When he was fourteen years old and living on Cedarwood Road, between Finglas and Ballymun, he met Bono and Guggi at a party to which he had not been invited. Bono said: "We caught him trying to steal something of the house. Classic teenage stuff... but we became friends."

Career
Friday was a founding member of the post-punk group The Virgin Prunes and has recorded several solo albums and soundtracks.

In 1986, after the demise of the Virgin Prunes, Friday devoted himself to painting for a while, sharing a studio with Bono, Guggi and Charlie Whisker. This resulted in the exhibition Four Artists – Many Wednesdays (1988) at Dublin's Hendricks Gallery. He, Guggi and Whisker showed paintings, while Bono opted to exhibit photos taken in Ethiopia. Friday's part of the show was entitled I didn't come up the Liffey in a bubble, an expression often used by his father.

His main collaborator between 1987 and 2005 was multi-instrumentalist, Maurice Seezer. They signed to Island Records in 1988 and released three albums together, before parting with the company in 1996. Later, Friday and Seezer composed the score for the Jim Sheridan films The Boxer and In America which was nominated for Best Original Film Score in the 2004 Ivor Novello Awards.

He has maintained a close friendship with U2's Bono since both were children, and they collaborated on the soundtrack for the Jim Sheridan film In the Name of the Father, including the title track, "Billy Boola" and "You Made Me the Thief of Your Heart", which was sung by Sinéad O'Connor and nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Original Song. In 2003 they wrote "Time Enough for Tears", the original theme tune for Sheridan's film In America, as sung by Andrea Corr. The song was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.

In 1995 he performed "Look What You've Done (To My Skin)," one of two songs (the other sung by P.J. Harvey) written by Philip Ridley and Nick Bicat for Ridley's second feature film as writer and director, The Passion of Darkly Noon.

In 2005 Friday and Seezer collaborated with Quincy Jones on incidental music for the 50 Cent biopic Get Rich or Die Tryin'. In 2001 they scored the film Disco Pigs by Kirsten Sheridan. Two years later Friday and Seezer and their ensemble also collaborated with Bono on Peter & the Wolf in aid of the Irish Hospice Foundation.

In September 2006 a 2-CD collection of sea shanties called Rogue's Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs, and Chanteys, produced by Hal Willner, was released on the ANTI- label. Friday contributes to two tracks including the lewd "Baltimore Whores" and "Bully in the Alley" with ex-Virgin Prunes bandmates Guggi and Dave-id. The reunion of Friday, Guggi and Dave-id was the first time they had recorded together since the Virgin Prunes broke up in 1985.

Friday worked again with Hal Willner in June 2007, appearing in the concert "Forest of No Return – the Vintage Disney Songbook" as part of the Meltdown Festival presented at London's newly reopened Royal Festival Hall. Sharing a stage with artists such as Grace Jones, Nick Cave, Pete Doherty and curator Jarvis Cocker, Friday performed the Disney songs "The Siamese Cat Song" and "Castle in Spain".

Taking time out from work on his fourth solo album with Herb Macken, Friday teamed up with English composer, Gavin Bryars, the Royal Shakespeare Company and Opera North for a new interpretation of Shakespeare's Sonnets touring as part of the 2007 Complete Works Festival. Opening in Stratford-Upon-Avon, Friday presented his take on Sonnet 40 ('Take all my loves, my love, yea, take them all') and narrated Bryars' 40-minute piece 'Nothing Like The Sun'. Friday and Macken composed the music for the Patrick McCabe play, The Revenant. The Revenant opened as part of the 2007 Galway Arts Festival. The play's main theme is entitled 'Dreamland'.

In 2009, Friday and Macken worked on Friday's fourth studio album, set for release in 2010. On 6 April 2010 Record company Rubyworks announced they signed Gavin Friday and that a new album was on its way. The new CD was titled catholic and was released in Ireland on Good Friday: 22 April 2011.

Filmography
After contributing to the documentary Aidan Walsh: Master of the Universe (2000), Friday's first acting experience was in the Kirsten Sheridan film Disco Pigs (2001), in which he had a bit part.

In 2005 Gavin Friday played Billy Hatchett in the Neil Jordan film Breakfast on Pluto based on Irish author Patrick McCabe's book, which had been influenced by Friday's album Shag Tobacco. On the soundtrack he sings "Wig Wam Bam" and "Sand", a duet with Cillian Murphy.

Albums

 * Each Man Kills the Thing He Loves (1989)
 * Adam 'n' Eve (1992)
 * Shag Tobacco (1995)
 * Peter and the Wolf (2002)
 * Catholic (2011)

Singles

 * "You Can't Always Get What You Want" (1987)
 * "Each Man Kills The Things He Loves" (1988)
 * "You Take Away the Sun" (1989)
 * "Man of Misfortune" (1989)
 * "I Want to Live" (1992)
 * "King of Trash" (1992)
 * "Falling off the Edge of the World" (1993)
 * "In the Name of the Father" with Bono (1994) – IRE No. 15, AUS No. 56
 * "Angel" (1995) – soundtrack from the film William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet
 * "You, Me and World War III" (1996)

Soundtracks

 * Bad Influence (1990)
 * Short Cuts (1993)
 * In the Name of the Father (1993)
 * William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet (1996)
 * Mission: Impossible (1996)
 * Basquiat (1996)
 * The Boxer (1997)
 * Moulin Rouge! (2001)
 * Breakfast on Pluto (2005)

Scores

 * Angel Baby (1996)
 * The Boxer (1997)
 * In America (2003)
 * Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2005)

Collaborations
In 1983, Friday appeared on the title track of Dave Ball's In Strict Tempo. In 1984, he collaborated with cult English post-punk group The Fall, on three tracks: "Copped It" and "Stephen Song" appeared on the album The Wonderful and Frightening World of The Fall, and "Clear Off!" was a track on the "Call For Escape Route" EP. On all three tracks, Friday and Fall singer Mark E. Smith alternated vocals, occasionally backing each other up. In the same year Friday provided vocals for the track "The Tenderness of Wolves" on the album Scatology by Coil. Twelve years later, Friday collaborated with the Heads (former members of Talking Heads minus David Byrne) on a song called "Blue Blue Moon." This was included as the last of 12 tracks on the Heads' 1996 album No Talking, Just Head. The song is credited to Gavin Friday, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, T. "Blast" Murray and Tina Weymouth.

In 2010, Friday collaborated with David Ball again on a cover of Suicide's "Ghost Rider" for the Alan Vega 70th Birthday Limited Edition EP Series. In 2011, he contributed a cover version of "The Fly" to AHK-toong BAY-bi Covered, a tribute album to U2's Achtung Baby. In 2013, Friday collaborated with Shannon McNally on the traditional "Tom's Gone to Hilo" for the Sea shanty-compilation Son of Rogues Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs & Chanteys (2013).

Personal life
Friday lives in a house on Vico Road, Killiney, a southern suburb of Dublin, next door to Bono and his wife Ali Hewson. He is godfather to their daughter, actress Eve Hewson.

title: Gavin Friday


text: Category:Writers from Sicily

title: Category:Writers from Sicily


text:
User talk:Daniel Winter

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 18:15, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Nadine Malone
The article Nadine Malone has been speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This was done because the article seemed to be about a real person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, but it did not indicate how or why the subject is notable, that is, why an article about that subject should be included in Wikipedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the notability of the subject may be deleted at any time. If you can indicate why the subject is really notable, you are free to re-create the article, making sure to cite any verifiable sources.

Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and for specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for musicians, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. NawlinWiki (talk) 20:29, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

September 2008
Please do not add unsourced or original content. Doing so violates Wikipedia's verifiability policy. If you continue to do so, your edits will be considered vandalism and you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Kelly hi! 03:27, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, FYI Birth records are confidential info under Alaska law, so there is no public record of many/most births.--ThaddeusB (talk) 03:29, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Nomination of Congregation Tifereth Israel (Glen Cove, New York) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Congregation Tifereth Israel (Glen Cove, New York) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Congregation Tifereth Israel (Glen Cove, New York) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 13:39, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daniel Winter


text:
Salmon River (Portland Canal)

The Salmon River is a braided stream that flows through Hyder, Alaska, and empties into the Portland Canal. It is fed by meltwater from the Salmon Glacier, which is located within British Columbia approximately 13 miles north of its confluence into the Canal and is road-accessible from the town of Stewart, British Columbia. The river crosses the Canada–United States border at 56.03333°N, -130.03333°W.

title: Salmon River (Portland Canal)


text:
The Jazz Passengers

The Jazz Passengers are an American jazz group founded in 1987 by saxophonist Roy Nathanson and trombonist Curtis Fowlkes. Alongside musicians like John Zorn, Don Byron, and John Lurie, they are widely regarded as pioneering voices in the 1980s East Village jazz scene that centered around clubs like The Knitting Factory.

The band grew out of a partnership between Nathanson and Fowlkes, who met in the early 1980s while playing in the pit orchestra of the Big Apple Circus, both subsequently joining John Lurie's band The Lounge Lizards before forming The Jazz Passengers. Other regular members include vibraphonist Bill Ware, bassist Brad Jones and drummer E. J. Rodriguez; the group has often featured a violinist (Rob Thomas, Jim Nolet or, more recently, Sam Bardfeld), as well as guitarists Marc Ribot and David Fiuczynski.

The album that is perhaps their masterpiece, the Hal Willner-produced In Love (High Street, 1994), features vocal contributions from Deborah Harry of Blondie, Jeff Buckley, Jimmy Scott, Bob Dorough and Mavis Staples. Harry later became a regular member of the band, appearing on a number of follow-up albums, including Individually Twisted, which includes a duet between Harry and Elvis Costello, as well as an additional Costello solo number. Recently the Passengers have recorded infrequently as a full ensemble, though the individual members' recent side projects tend to feature many fellow Passengers, as well as a similarly skewed musical sensibility.

In 2005, Nathanson composed a work commemorating the world's oldest object, a 4.404 billion year old zircon found in Australia. The work was performed by The Jazz Passengers at a "Rock Concert" held in Madison, Wisconsin in April of that year.

Fowlkes and Nathanson participated in several intergenerational projects, including Nick Hakim's 2021 release Small Things, a collaboration between Hakim and members of Onyx Collective.

Curtis Fowlkes died from heart failure in Brooklyn, New York, on August 31, 2023, at the age of 73. His memorial was held at St Peter's Church in Manhattan on May 1, 2024, and featured artists like The Jazz Passengers, Elvis Costello, The Liberation Music Orchestra, Steven Bernstein's Millennial Territory Orchestra, and Catherine Russell.

Discography

 * 1987 – Broken Night Red Light (Les Disques du Crépuscule)
 * 1988 – Deranged and Decomposed (Les Disques du Crépuscule)
 * 1990 – Implement Yourself (New World)
 * 1991 – Live at the Knitting Factory (Knitting Factory)
 * 1993 – Plain Old Joe (Allegro/Knitting Factory)
 * 1994 – In Love (High Street, Windham Hill)
 * 1996 – Individually Twisted (32 Jazz) with Deborah Harry
 * 1998 – "Live" in Spain (32 Jazz) with Deborah Harry
 * 2005 - The Rock Concert (A Stony Muse Production/Roy Nathanson)
 * 2010 – Reunited (Justin Time)
 * 2017 - Still Life with Trouble (Enja)

title: The Jazz Passengers


text:
Sheenjek River

The Sheenjek River is a 200 mi tributary of the Porcupine River in the U.S. state of Alaska. It begins in the eastern part of the Brooks Range and flows southward to meet the larger river northeast of Fort Yukon.

Its name derives from the Gwich'in word "khiinjik," meaning "dog-salmon river"." Explorer J.H. Turner called it the Salmon River.

In the United States, the geographic location most remote from human trails, roads, or settlements is found here, at the headwaters of the Sheenjek River.

Boating
The Sheenjek is suitable for boating by wide variety of watercraft between June and late September. The upper river is rated mostly Class II (medium) on the International Scale of River Difficulty, while the lower half of the river is Class I (easy). However, just after rainstorms, the river can suddenly rise and become more difficult.

Dangers on the upper river include shallow, extremely braided channels, and aufeis. Overhanging vegetation and submerged logs pose risks along the entire course, as do bears along the lower reaches in late summer and early fall.

title: Sheenjek River


text: User talk:209.221.112.134

title: User talk:209.221.112.134