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Brussels Park

Brussels Park (Parc de Bruxelles, ; Warandepark) is the largest urban public park in central Brussels, Belgium. Formerly known and still sometimes colloquially referred to as the Royal Park (Parc royal, Koninklijk Park), it was the city's first public park, being originally laid out between 1776 and 1783 in a neoclassical style by the French architect Gilles-Barnabé Guimard and the Austrian landscape architect Joachim Zinner, as part of an urban project including the Place Royale/Koningsplein. The area of the rectangular park is 13.1 ha.

The park is surrounded by the Place des Palais/Paleizenplein to the south, the Rue Royale/Koningsstraat to the west, the Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat to the north and the Rue Ducale/Hertogstraat to the east. The main entrance is on the northern side, opposite the Belgian House of Parliament (Palace of the Nation). An avenue leads to the main pond, from which three other avenues offer views of three important places in Brussels: the Palace of Justice, the Royal Palace and the Place du Trône/Troonplein. This area is served by Brussels-Central railway station, as well as by the metro stations Parc/Park (on lines 1 and 5) and Trône/Troon (on lines 2 and 6).

Origins
Brussels Park lies on the site of the gardens of the former Palace of Coudenberg, which had been used since the Middle Ages as a hunting ground by the Dukes of Brabant. These grounds were divided into two parts: a large park known as the Warande (game reserve), which extended, towards the end of the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, as far north as the Rue de Louvain/Leuvensestraat and south as the ramparts at the Namur Gate; and a small park, located in the Koperbeek valley, between the back of the palace and the Sonian Forest. This small park included a private ornamental garden, which, in the course of its successive redevelopments, was sometimes called leafy, sometimes labyrinth because its landscaping, porticos and basins evoked the Corinthian labyrinth. The opposite hill was occupied by a vineyard that was used until the 16th century, an orangery and aviaries with exotic birds. Further in the valley, the park was embellished with a flower garden and a pond. With its water basins, fountains, imitation rock caves and numerous statues, this Warande Park, as Governor-General Maria Elisabeth of Austria would have known it, was one of the most beautiful in Europe.

Destruction and redesign
The palace burned down on the night of 3 February 1731 in a fire that took much of the original royal complex. This left behind a field of ruins and a neglected park. Some proposed a partial reconstruction of the site, but the money was lacking. It was not until April 1775, in commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine's reign as Governor-General of the Austrian Netherlands, that the States of Brabant, the representation of the three estates (nobility, clergy and commoners) to the court of the Duke of Brabant, proposed to erect a statue in his honour. Georg Adam von Starhemberg, minister plenipotentiary to Empress Maria Theresa, suggested placing it before the ruins that had been levelled for the occasion. In the process, he proposed enlarging the former square in front of the palace, lining it with regular buildings and redesigning the park.

At the same time, the Viennese representative informed the Brussels' authorities of the governor's wish for the old park to be given a new shape "in order to increase the comfort of the public in this way and at the same time contribute to the embellishment of the capital and to make it by this means worthy of the stay of the Court and the curiosity of foreigners". The Empress granted conditional approval on 1 July 1775, provided that the City of Brussels would bear the costs. The city undertook the levelling of the ground for the construction of the park and the three adjacent roads—the Rue Royale/Koningsstraat, the Rue du Brabant/Brabantstraat (now the Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat) and the Rue Ducale/Hertogstraat—while the government took charge of the development of the park itself.

The new park was designed and laid out between 1776 and 1783 in a neoclassical style by the French architect Gilles-Barnabé Guimard and the Austrian landscape architect Joachim Zinner, as part of an urban project including the Place Royale/Koningsplein. This park resolutely marked a break with the past, everything having been flattened and redone for the occasion; 1218 trees were felled to trace the new paths and another 3284 were planted. This marked the first major work of proactive urban planning carried out in Brussels to completely renew an entire district of the city.

Later history
The park witnessed many events unfold during its history. In 1793, French Revolutionaries known as the sans-culottes destroyed the sculptures and overthrew the busts of the Roman emperors that adorned it. The City of Brussels, which had managed the park since 1797 before becoming its owner by royal decree of 23 April 1817, took it upon itself to repair the damage and soon repopulated the park with its current statues and busts. Lack of money led the city to organise a public subscription, after which management of the park's maintenance was entrusted to the good care of the thirty most generous donors. The results greatly exceeded expectations and the victorious patrons elected seven representatives to form the park's management committee. In 1830, during the Belgian Revolution, which led to the separation of the Southern Netherlands, it served as a refuge for the army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Since the 19th century, the park has been surrounded by a double row of lime trees, which emphasises the perspectives on either side. The establishment of the Academy Palace and the Royal Palace modified its western flank in the 1820s. The monumental neoclassical railings surrounding the park were installed in 1849, using public funding and based on the designs by the architect Tilman-François Suys. The southern entrance to the central path was designed by the architect Joseph Poelaert in 1857 and executed in 1858, before being moved further north in 1904–1908.

In the 20th century, a large number of buildings surrounding the park were demolished and rebuilt, sometimes without respecting their original appearance and swapping the painted coating for a white stone facing. The first sports activities were organised in the park in 1920. In the 1930s, it was fitted with Art Deco lampposts and a bunker was built underneath it, connected by tunnels to the House of Parliament. In the 1960s, an entrance was built in the north-western corner to access the underground Parc/Park metro station. Classified as a protected site in 1972, the park now belongs to the Brussels Region, which manages and maintains it. It was most recently renovated between 2000 and 2002.

Buildings and monuments
Brussels Park is home to several public buildings and monuments:

Royal Park Theatre
The Royal Park Theatre, a theatre built in 1782, is located at the park's northern end. It originally served both as a banquet hall and a literary cabinet, where newspapers and novels were made available to the public for a penny. To the chagrin of the bishopric of Mechelen children and student actors gave various performances there: pantomimes, ballets, proverbs, burlesque comedies, as well as small operas. The institution changed vocation around 1890, moving from variety and operettas to classical theatre. In December 1998, the stage was the prey of a fire, which was quickly brought under control. This fire contained in the stage cage did not affect the room. Redesigned several times with the addition of an awning, balconies and a portico, the building underwent a major renovation in 2000.

Vauxhall of Brussels
The Vauxhall of Brussels (or Waux-Hall), a meeting and concert venue, built in the 1780s, is located behind the Park Theatre. Its foundation was an initiative of the Bultos family. From 1820 to 1870, its premises housed the Concert Noble, a noble society of Brussels' Music Academy. The aristocratic society organised balls and concerts there and had a new banquet hall built against the existing building by the architect Charles Vander Straeten, nowadays occupied by the exclusive French-speaking club Cercle Gaulois. The rest of the Vauxhall was extensively renovated in 1913 by the City of Brussels' architect François Malfait. Striking is the green trelliswork of the gallery, with its dome à l'impériale.

Vauxhall bandstand
The Vauxhall's wooden bandstand, built in 1913, is located along the enclosure at the building's rear end. It is a refurbished bandstand in neo-Moorish style that housed the summer concerts of the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie from 1852. At the request of the City of Brussels, which was seeking to relaunch a breathless entertainment venue, the stage pavilion topped with an imperial dome and decorated with wooden trellises was rebuilt in 1913 by the architect Malfait. Lacking the expected success, it was abandoned ten years later. An enlightened amateur, Éric d'Huart, undertook the restoration from 1987 to make it his home.

Bandstand
The park's main bandstand was built in 1841 by the architect Jean-Pierre Cluysenaar for national holiday celebrations. This ornate twelve-sided cast iron kiosk was initially intended for the roundabout in the park opposite the Palace of the Nation, but was soon moved to a higher spot within the park. For more than a century, it has been used regularly for concerts and fanfare orchestras.

Water basins
Two water basins with fountains are located in the park: a main one, constructed in 1855, and an octagonal one, constructed in 1780, whose sides are located for one half in the extension of the paths and for the other in front of the cut sides separating the paths. The eight busts of Hermes surrounding it were formerly powered by the hydraulic machine of Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.

Sculptures
Brussels Park contains around sixty sculptures, primarily inspired by Greco-Roman mythology, created by sculptors including Gabriël Grupello, Jan-Baptiste van der Haeghen, Laurent Delvaux, François-Joseph Janssens, Gilles-Lambert Godecharle, Thomas Vinçotte and Jean-Michel Folon. The oldest, for the most part, come from the park of the Castle of Tervuren from which they were moved at the time of the death of its owner, Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine. Paying a heavy price for wars, vandalism and pollution, they have mostly been replaced by copies.

Originally, the statues were painted in grey or French stone tones. It was not until 1921 that, yielding to a fashion, a systematic stripping programme was put in place.

Remarkable trees
The park's central path is mainly lined with plane trees. As for the two paths leading to Place Royale and Place du Trône, they are respectively planted with chestnut trees and a varied mixture of high-stemmed trees (e.g. maples, beeches, plane trees, chestnut trees, etc.). The two transverse paths are adorned with elms and beeches. All around the park, there is also a double row of trellised lime trees, which reinforces the elaborate appearance of this green ensemble.

Below are some of the park's remarkable trees listed by the Monuments and Sites Commission:

title: Brussels Park


text:
Mac OS Central European encoding

Mac OS Central European is a character encoding used on Apple Macintosh computers to represent texts in Central European and Southeastern European languages that use the Latin script. This encoding is also known as Code Page 10029. IBM assigns code page/CCSID 1282 to this encoding. This codepage contains diacritical letters that ISO 8859-2 does not have, and vice versa (This encoding supports Estonian, Lithuanian and Latvian while ISO 8859-2 supports Albanian, Croatian and Romanian).

Although a few of the characters which are in Mac OS Central European but not Mac OS Roman are also supported by Mac OS Croatian, these are not encoded at the same positions.

Code page layout
The following table shows the Macintosh Central European encoding. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as MacRoman or ASCII.

{{legend|#FFD|Differences from MacRoman}}

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mac OS Central European encoding


text:
User talk:212.219.117.82

September 2012
Hello, I'm Klilidiplomus. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions to Nihilist movement because it didn't appear constructive. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks! Klilidiplomus+Talk 09:45, 21 September 2012 (UTC)
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Hello, I'm Brookie. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions to Nihilist movement because it didn't appear constructive. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks!  Brookie :) { - he's in the building somewhere!}  (Whisper...) 09:48, 21 September 2012 (UTC)
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You have been blocked from editing for a period of 2 weeks for abuse of editing privileges. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you think there are good reasons why you should be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding below this notice the text, but you should read the guide to appealing blocks first.  Brookie :) { - he's in the building somewhere!}  (Whisper...) 09:49, 21 September 2012 (UTC)
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College has been notified
In accordnace with the request in the banner above, I have reduced the block to 2 weeks and I have notified the IT team at the college to investigate this editing.  Brookie :) { - he's in the building somewhere!}  (Whisper...) 10:50, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

January 2013
Please refrain from making test edits in Wikipedia pages, such as those you made to Alan Dzagoev, even if you intend to fix them later. Your edits do not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 12:26, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

September 2014
Hello, I'm John of Reading. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to Portal:Science/Featured article/4 because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks! John of Reading (talk) 17:18, 16 September 2014 (UTC)
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Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. Thank you. John of Reading (talk) 17:19, 16 September 2014 (UTC)
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Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to blank out or remove portions of page content, templates, or other materials from Wikipedia, as you did at James VI and I and the English Parliament, you may be blocked from editing. Thank you. VeryCrocker (talk) 11:28, 19 September 2014 (UTC)
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October 2018
Hello, I'm Oshwah. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —specifically this edit to Alois Hitler— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help Desk. Thanks.  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   14:13, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

November 2022
Please do not remove content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to 2022 West Java earthquake, without giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your content removal does not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. If you only meant to make a test edit, please use the sandbox for that. Thank you. Dora the Axe-plorer (explore) 12:55, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.219.117.82


text:
Non-circular gear

A non-circular gear (NCG) is a special gear design with special characteristics and purpose. While a regular gear is optimized to transmit torque to another engaged member with minimum noise and wear and with maximum efficiency, a non-circular gear's main objective might be ratio variations, axle displacement oscillations and more. Common applications include textile machines, potentiometers, CVTs (continuously variable transmissions), window shade panel drives, mechanical presses and high torque hydraulic engines.

A regular gear pair can be represented as two circles rolling together without slip. In the case of non-circular gears, those circles are replaced with anything different from a circle. For this reason NCGs in most cases are not round, but round NCGs looking like regular gears are also possible (small ratio variations result from meshing area modifications).

Generally NCG should meet all the requirements of regular gearing, but in some cases, for example variable axle distance, could prove impossible to support and such gears require very tight manufacturing tolerances and assembling problems arise. Because of complicated geometry, NCGs are most likely spur gears and molding or electrical discharge machining technology is used instead of generation.

Mathematical description
Ignoring the gear teeth for the moment (i.e. assuming the gear teeth are very small), let $$r_1(\theta_1)$$ be the radius of the first gear wheel as a function of angle from the axis of rotation $$\theta_1$$, and let $$r_2(\theta_2)$$ be the radius of the second gear wheel as a function of angle from its axis of rotation $$\theta_2$$. If the axles remain fixed, the distance between the axles is also fixed:

 * $$r_1(\theta_1)+r_2(\theta_2)=a\,$$

Assuming that the point of contact lies on the line connecting the axles, in order for the gears to touch without slipping, the velocity of each wheel must be equal at the point of contact and perpendicular to the line connecting the axles, which implies that:

 * $$r_1\,d\theta_1=r_2\,d\theta_2$$

Each wheel must be cyclic in its angular coordinates. If the shape of the first wheel is known, the shape of the second can often be found using the above equations. If the relationship between the angles is specified, the shapes of both wheels can often be determined analytically as well.

It is more convenient to use the circular variable $$z=e^{i\theta}$$ when analyzing this problem. Assuming the radius of the first gear wheel is known as a function of z, and using the relationship $$dz=iz\,d\theta$$, the above two equations can be combined to yield the differential equation:

 * $$\frac{dz_2}{z_2}=\frac{r_1(z_1)}{a-r_1(z_1)}\,\frac{dz_1}{z_1}$$

where $$z_1$$ and $$z_2$$ describe the rotation of the first and second gears respectively. This equation can be formally solved as:

 * $$\ln(z_2)=\ln(K)+\int\frac{r_1(z_1)}{a-r_1(z_1)}\,\frac{dz_1}{z_1}$$

where $$\ln(K)$$ is a constant of integration.

title: Non-circular gear


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BINAP

BINAP (2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl) is an organophosphorus compound. This chiral diphosphine ligand is widely used in asymmetric synthesis. It consists of a pair of 2-diphenylphosphinonaphthyl groups linked at the 1 and 1′ positions. This C2-symmetric framework lacks a stereogenic atom, but has axial chirality due to restricted rotation (atropisomerism). The barrier to racemization is high due to steric hindrance, which limits rotation about the bond linking the naphthyl rings. The dihedral angle between the naphthyl groups is approximately 90°. The natural bite angle is 93°.

Use as ligand in asymmetric catalysis
BINAP is used in organic synthesis for enantioselective transformations catalyzed by its complexes of ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium. As pioneered by Ryōji Noyori and his co-workers, rhodium complexes of BINAP are useful for the synthesis of (–)-menthol.

Silver complexes are also important; BINAP-AgF can be used to enantioselectively protonate silyl enol ethers.

Subsequent studies revealed that related diphosphines with a narrower dihedral angle between the aromatic faces give catalysts that are more enantioselective. One such ligand is SEGPHOS.

Preparation
BINAP is prepared from BINOL via its bistriflate derivatives. Both the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers, as well as the racemate, are commercially available. One of the wide applications include chemoselective hydrogenation, where BINAP is conjugated to rhodium.

title: BINAP


text:
The Goldwyn Follies

The Goldwyn Follies is a 1938 Technicolor film written by Ben Hecht, Sid Kuller, Sam Perrin and Arthur Phillips, with music by George Gershwin, Vernon Duke, and Ray Golden, and lyrics by Ira Gershwin and Sid Kuller. The Goldwyn Follies was the first Technicolor film produced by Samuel Goldwyn.

The movie, which features Adolphe Menjou, Vera Zorina, Edgar Bergen (with Charlie McCarthy), Andrea Leeds, Kenny Baker, Ella Logan, Helen Jepson, Bobby Clark and the Ritz Brothers, depicts a movie producer who chooses a simple girl to be "Miss Humanity" and to critically evaluate his movies from the point of view of the ordinary person. The style of the film is very similar to other musicals of its era, including the "Gold Diggers" series and others. The film is an effective satire on Hollywood and has some excellent numbers choreographed by George Balanchine.

This was the last film score written by George Gershwin before his death on 11 July 1937. The Goldwyn Follies was released on 20 February 1938. The movie was nominated for an Oscar for Best Score as orchestrated by Edward B. Powell under the musical direction of Alfred Newman, as well as Best Interior Decoration.

Cast

 * Adolphe Menjou as Oliver Merlin (as Adolph Menjou)
 * The Ritz Brothers as Themselves
 * Vera Zorina as Olga Samara
 * Kenny Baker as Danny Beecher
 * Andrea Leeds as Hazel Dawes
 * Edgar Bergen as Himself
 * Charlie McCarthy as Himself
 * Helen Jepson as Leona Jerome
 * Phil Baker as Michael Day
 * Bobby Clark as A. Basil Crane Jr.
 * Ella Logan as Glory Wood
 * Jerome Cowan as Director Lawrence
 * Charles Kullmann as Alfredo in 'La Traviata'
 * The American Ballet of the Metropolitan Opera as Ballet Dancers
 * Nydia Westman as Ada
 * Alan Ladd as First Auditioning Singer (uncredited)
 * Francis Xavier Shields Assistant Director (uncredited)

Soundtrack
Songs include:
 * "Love is Here to Stay"
 * "I Was Doing All Right"
 * "Spring Again"
 * "Love Walked In"
 * "I Love to Rhyme"
 * "Where's The Gosh-Darn Cat?"

Reception
The film was nominated for the American Film Institute's 2006 list AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals.

However, the film was included in the 1978 book, The Fifty Worst Films of All Time (and How They Got That Way), by Harry Medved, Randy Dreyfuss, and Michael Medved.

title: The Goldwyn Follies


text:
Achelata

The Achelata is an infra-order of the decapod crustaceans, holding the spiny lobsters, slipper lobsters and their fossil relatives.

Description
The name "Achelata" derives from the fact that all the members of this group lack the chelae (claws) that are found on almost all other decapods (from the Ancient Greek, a- = "not", , chela = "claw"). They are further united by the great enlargement of the second antennae, by the special "phyllosoma" form of the larva, and by a number of other characters.

Classification and fossil record
The infraorder Achelata belongs to the group Reptantia, which consists of the walking/crawling decapods (lobsters and crabs). The cladogram below shows Achelata's placement within the larger order Decapoda, from analysis by Wolfe et al., 2019.

Achelata contains the spiny lobsters (Palinuridae), the slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) and the furry lobsters (Synaxidae, now usually included in Palinuridae), as well as two extinct families, Cancrinidae and Tricarinidae.

Both Palinuridae and Scyllaridae have a fossil record extending back to the Cretaceous. The two fossil families contain a single genus each; Tricarina is known from a single Cretaceous fossil, while Cancrinos is known from the Jurassic and Cretaceous. One estimate of the divergence between Achelata and its closest relatives places it at about.

title: Achelata


text:
Macao Daily News

The Macao Daily News (, Portuguese: DIÁRIO DE MACAU), established on 15 August 1958, is a daily newspaper published in Macau with the backing of the Chinese Communist Party. It was launched on August 15, 1958, and is now the largest newspaper in Macau, accounting for 70% to 80% of the city's newspaper circulation. It is one of two popular Chinese language dailies.

title: Macao Daily News


text:
Osman Pazvantoğlu

Osman Pazvantoğlu (عثمان پازوانتوگلو; 1758 – January 27, 1807 in Vidin) was an Ottoman Bosnian soldier, governor of Vidin after 1794, and a rebel against Ottoman rule.

He is also remembered as the friend of Rigas Feraios, a Greek revolutionary poet, whom he tried to rescue from the Ottoman authorities in Belgrade. His father was a janissary agha of the 31st janissary orta.

Biography
His grandfather was originally from the Eyalet of Bosnia, and part of the guards of the city of Sofia, hence Osman's name: pasban-oğlu, "son of the guard". Initially a mercenary in service to the Wallachian prince Nicholas Mavrogenes, Osman Pazvantoğlu disobeyed the latter on one occasion, and was saved from reprisals through Feraios' intervention.

Having gathered a large army of mercenaries, he rebelled against the Ottoman sultan Selim III, and, acting as an independent ruler, he minted his own coins and had diplomatic relations with foreign states (including the French Republic). In 1798, he held territories which spread from the Danube to the Balkan Mountains and from Belgrade to Varna. In 1793, he undertook a military expedition to the Pashaluk of Belgrade but was soundly defeated by the Serbs in Ottoman service at the Battle of Kolari.

The 1797-8 military expedition of Hüseyin Küçük (having 100,000 soldiers) failed in its goal to conquer Vidin and capture Pazvantoğlu partially due to the French invasion of Egypt, and indirectly resulted in the fall and execution of Prince Constantine Hangerli, after Küçük accused him of not having provided the Ottoman Army with enough funds. His power had grown to the point that Napoleon and Talleyrand had hoped to have him become the Ottoman Sultan under French Protection. He also attempted to annex the Sanjak of Smederevo but was stopped by Stanko Arambašić and his 16,000 Serbian soldiers in Ottoman service. In 1799, the Ottoman sultan forgave Pazvantoğlu's rebellion and agreed to make him a pasha.

Pazvantoğlu often made violent raids in Wallachia, where he often set on fire the cities which he plundered. In 1800, his troops, colloquially known as pasvangii, set on fire a large portion of the city of Craiova: out of 7,000 houses, only around 300 were still standing after the fire stopped. This caused Prince Alexander Mourousis to hand in his resignation to Sultan Selim, a rare statement of defeat in the context of Phanariote reigns.

In late January 1802, Bucharest was gripped by panic after rumors spread that the pasha had sent his army in its direction. Prince Michael Soutzos left the city and ordered its defense by the remaining garrison of Albanians, but disagreements over payment owed led the troops themselves to discard the place; the city soon fell to widespread disorder and the brief rule of beggars and vagabonds (who apparently mimicked a coronation ceremony) — this episode was ended by the violent intervention of Ottoman troops stationed in the vicinity, and ultimately led to Soutzos' deposition.

In 1809, retaliation campaign of Oltenian hajduks led by Iancu Jianu culminated in the attack and partial destruction of Turnu Măgurele (which was officially administered as an Ottoman kaza, but had become a base for the rebellion leader).

Pazvantoğlu's incursions soon became infamous in all of Wallachia. The expression "as in the time of Pazvante Chioru' ", rather common in Romanian, was meant to indicate a time of trouble and ill-government; in time, it simply came to mean "extremely old".

Legacy
In Vidin, Bulgaria, the capital of Pazvantoğlu's domain, there are several landmarks built during his rule that still stand today. These include the military facility Krastata Kazarma (from Bulgarian: Cross-shaped Barracks), built in 1801, and a mosque (1801-1802) with a library building (1802–1803), dedicated to the pasha's father. All of them are classed as monuments of culture.

The mosque-library compound is thought to have also included a madrasah (Islamic school) and a small Muslim cloister, both of which have not survived until today.

title: Osman Pazvantoğlu


text: Category:1045 deaths

title: Category:1045 deaths


text: Category:1046 deaths

title: Category:1046 deaths


text:
Talk:Origins Awards

Bad Links
Several of the links on the External Links are currently bad. Is there another page we can link to? --24.116.146.198 (talk) 23:49, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Possible link spam
One user is adding links to http://www.originsgames.com/ in many different game pages. I think this amounts to link spam. See also User talk:Percy Snoodle. My proposal is not to do this, but just make sure that Origins Awards is linked from these articles, and add a single link to http://www.originsgames.com/reference/oa_winners/ (which gives all the various winners in previous years) in this article. Comments, anyone? Lupo 12:20, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It should be noted that my intention is not to link spam but to cite my sources. I shaln't add any more citations until this is resolved.  Note also the above link does not include 2003 winners (though it should; the link is to the wrong year). Percy Snoodle 12:39, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thinking about it, if I don't add them now, I'll probably never go back and replace them, so I may as well take them off the ones that are on there now. I'll update them today and consider my hand slapped.  Perhaps there should be a note on Cite your sources explaining the amount of citation wanted. Percy Snoodle 10:22, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

hall of fame
I've added the Hall of Fame games, but just in case someone wants to check them, please note that the http://www.originsgames.com/reference/oa_winners/prevwinners.html page is significantly out of date, apparently last updated in 2001. GURPS (1999) and Champions (1999) are not in the list at the top of that page, but are in the descriptions below. Warhammer (2002), Vampire (2002), Squad Leader (2003), and Mage Knight (2004) are the four most recent inductees. Note that the Academy's main page has Warhammer 40,000 listed instead of Warhammer in general, but that appears to be a typo. Mike Selinker 09:05, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

The link to Loren Coleman redirects to a cryptozoologist, not to the Loren L. Coleman that wrote fiction for FASA, TSR, and WOTC. I've been unable to determine if that is correct or not, but it seems wrong. June 14, 2020

List of Mensa Select recipients
List of Mensa Select recipients, the game award by American Mensa, just got a RFD. Could you peek in, and give your opinion? I just created the category Mind Games (Mensa), mentioned it on the Mensa discussion page, and the RFD popped up. samwaltz 18:06, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Voting?
Can someone knowledgeable about the industry / with a reference to cite put something in about how the awards are voted for? I think this is an industry-insider thing, in contrast to the public-voting ENnies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.231.250.224 (talk) 01:42, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

H.G. Wells Award
The article says "1978, the awards also hosted the 1977 H. G. Wells awards for Roleplaying games and Miniature wargaming.", but on "Heroic Worlds - History and Guide to Role-Playing Games" by Lawrence Schick there is a list of winner from 1977 to 1989, and the award is called "H.G. Wells Award" until 1986, then it became "Origins Award")--Moroboshi (talk) 21:57, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Origins Award Years
It seems that the years are incorrect. Wouldn't it be best to make the award years reflect those set by Origins itself. Example: the winners announced on June 6, 2015 are winners of the 2015 Origins Award, not 2014. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MightyRocket (talk • contribs) 22:56, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

Notability of "by year" subpages like 2004 Origins Award winners
I think all of those should be merged into one list. I don't think they receive significant coverage to justify their own pages year by year. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:40, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Origins Awards


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Light Regional Council

Light Regional Council is a local government area north of Adelaide in South Australia. It is based in the town of Kapunda, and includes the towns of Freeling, Greenock, Hansborough, Hewett, Roseworthy and Wasleys.

The council is named for the River Light, the south bank of which forms much of the council area's northwest border. The river is named after William Light, the first Surveyor-General of South Australia.

History
The council came into existence on 1 March 1996 as the District Council of Light and Kapunda by the amalgamation of the District Council of Light and the District Council of Kapunda. The council changed to the current name of Light Regional Council on 1 July 2000.

Geography
The council includes the localities of Allendale North, Bagot Well, Bethel, Daveyston, Ebenezer, Fords, Freeling, Gawler Belt, Gawler River, Gomersal, Greenock, Hamilton, Hewett, Kangaroo Flat, Kapunda, Kingsford, Koonunga, Linwood, Magdala, Marananga, Moppa, Morn Hill, Nain, Pinkerton Plains, Roseworthy, Seppeltsfield, Shea-Oak Log, St Johns, St Kitts, Stone Well, Tanunda, Templers, Ward Belt, Wasleys and Woolsheds, and parts of Hamley Bridge, Hansborough, Lyndoch, Nuriootpa, Reeves Plains, Rosedale, Rowland Flat, Stockwell and Truro.

Transport
The council district is crossed by the Horrocks Highway, Thiele Highway and Sturt Highway, all radiating from the northern end of the Gawler Bypass Road which forms the boundary between Light Regional Council and the Town of Gawler. Light also contains the northern end of the Max Fatchen Expressway.

The council was also spanned by the Morgan railway line (Gawler, Roseworthy, Freeling, Kapunda toward Eudunda) and Peterborough railway line (from the junction at Roseworthy through Wasleys toward Hamley Bridge). Both lines closed in the early 21st century.

Councillors
The Light Regional Council has a directly elected mayor.

title: Light Regional Council


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Gábor Kuncze

Gábor Kuncze (born 4 November 1950 in Pápa) is a Hungarian liberal politician, former chairman of the Hungarian Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). He became anchorman at the radio channel Klubrádió in 2008 while he was still an SZDSZ member of Parliament. Later, in 2010, he also became a host for the television channel ATV. Kuncze was later dismissed from ATV's morning program, which was taken over by Egon Rónai.

Biography
Kuncze was born in Pápa in 1950. After graduating from the piarist grammar school in Kecskemét he studied geotechnical engineering in the Ybl Miklós Technical College in Budapest and graduated from there in 1974. Later he got a degree of Economics specialized in Industry Management and Organization. Kuncze is married to mathematics teacher Katalin Fellegi.

Political career
Kuncze joined the party in August 1992, two years after the first free and democratic parliamentary elections following the collapse of the Communist system. In November 1992 he was elected a member of the National Assembly and in October 1994 a member of the National Executive Committee of the party. From April 1997 until June 1998 he was the chairman of the Alliance of Free Democrats. He retired from his position following the party's relatively weak results on the 1998 parliamentary elections. However, he took over the liberal party again on 1 July 2001 and was reelected as party chairman in 2003 and 2005. In 2006 Kuncze announced not to run for the chair in the following year or any executive positions in the future.

Kuncze was a member of parliament since 1990. He was the leader of the Parliament group of the party from 1993 to 1994, and from 1994 until 1998 Minister of Interior and Deputy Prime Minister. After 1998 - as one of the leading opposition politicians in the parliament - he heavily criticised the work of Orbán's government. He initiated the introduction of a two-level minimum salary system, but his proposal was not negotiated by the National Assembly - that time with a right-wing majority. He also heavily criticised the governing Fidesz for their decision to hold plenary sessions of the unicameral National Assembly only every third week.

In 2006 he called Fidesz parliamentarian Máriusz Révész, who was attacked and injured by police during the 2006 protests in Hungary "Marytirius". Révész had parliamentary immunity at the time and as such police had no right to use force against him.

In February 2009, Kuncze again made a controversial statement. In Klubrádió he was speaking with Tibor Dessewffy, an advisor to prime minister Ferenc Gyurcsány. In the program, while talking about the very low level of public mood (according to Kuncze, completely unjustified), recommended handing out cyanide tablets to the people who were feeling miserable.

"Gábor Kuncze: (...) I know a great number of people who are living much much better than say ten, fifteen years ago, and they are in such a lethargy from this horrible country and this horrible situation that one would very much like to give cyanide tablets to them so they could get over their problems already. Of course this would not be a solution.

Tibor Dessewffy: And this whole thing is a really great problem, since the middle class cannot understand that they are moving higher, just because there are still a very large group of people who are in really big trouble"

- from the Klubrádió program

The Hungarian media authority, ORTT, have declined to investigate the matter. Kuncze later apologised for his remarks, saying they were ill-conceived.

Personal life
He is married. His wife is Katalin Kunczéné Fellegi.

title: Gábor Kuncze


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Four Winds hat

The Four Winds hat (in Northern Sami čiehgahpir) is one version of traditional man's hat of the Sami. The basis is a simple blue cylinder, decorated with a band with braid patterns, but the top is a large, four-cornered star, colored bright blue with parts bright red and yellow. The decoration in an actual Sami hat is, like the rest of the Sami garb, indicative of the person's place of origin or even his clan or marital status, a little like the Scottish tartan.

Description
The hat is four-cornered to represent the four corners of the earth, which the early Sámi believed to be square. Traditionally, the hat was blue to represent the sky and had white, yellow, or red trim. The corners were stuffed with down for warmth and to allow the hat to keep its shape. Small items could also be stored in the corners of the hat.

History
The hat was originally based on a Russian pattern learned in contact with Russians on the coast of the Barents Sea, but the top was exaggerated and the hat decorated with the traditional bright-colored embroidery to produce the Four Winds hat.

Today, the hat is a common souvenir for visitor to the Laplands, which scholar Maaria Niskala cites as an example of how Sáminess is 'othered' in promotional tourism materials.

title: Four Winds hat


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Cube Gallery

The CUBE (Centre for the Urban Built Environment) Gallery on Portland Street, in Manchester city centre, England, was a gallery for architecture and the built environment. It hosted regular exhibitions featuring mostly photography and architectural models (but also multimedia). It also contained a bookshop selling books on architecture, the built environment, planning, and other forms of design.

CUBE was supported through the University of Salford's School of the Built Environment but closed in October 2013 as funding was withdrawn.

title: Cube Gallery


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Mount Amukta

The undissected stratovolcano of Amukta volcano makes up most of nearly circular, 7.7-km-wide Amukta Island (Amuux̂tax̂ in Aleut). It is the westernmost of the Islands of Four Mountains chain. The cone, about 5.8 km in basal diameter and topped by a 0.4 km wide summit crater, appears on synthetic-aperture radar imagery to be built upon a 300+ meter high, east-west trending arcuate ridge. Extensions of that ridge on the southwest and east sides of the island indicate an older caldera approximately 6 km in diameter and open to the sea on the south side. No hot springs or fumaroles have been reported from Amukta. Sekora (1973, p. 29) reports the presence of a cinder cone near the northeastern shore of the island.

Volcanic activity
Well documented reports of historical Amukta volcanism are sparse; activity was noted from 1786 to 1791, and again in 1876 (Coats, 1950). Petroff (1884, citing Grewingk, 1850) lists activity at Amukhton in 1770, presumably the same volcano; conversely, Dall (1870, citing Grewingk, 1850) describes a cessation of activity at Amukta in 1770. On February 13, 1963 an eruption occurred involving the central crater and one or more parasitic vents; both ash and lava were produced (Anchorage Times, February 11, 1963; Decker, 1967). Persistent low clouds obscured the exact source of the lava, but the flow was seen to extend from the west side of the cone southwest into the sea at Traders Cove (Bulletin of Volcanic Eruptions, 1963).

In late August and early September, 1987, a commercial pilot observed a 10.5 km high eruption plume rising through cloud cover near Amukta Island. On September 4, another pilot observed a small dark ash plume issuing from the summit of Amukta (Smithsonian Institution, 1987). On Sept. 18, yet another pilot reported a 300m-high ash plume.

In early July 1996, a passing ship reported a 1-km high plume of "ash and smoke" (Neal and McGimsey, 1997). On August 28 Mt. Cleveland, 100 km to the northeast, was also active and winds were blowing towards Amukta.

Composition
Igneous rocks produced by this volcano range from granite to monzonite, however the most common rock found in/around Mt. Amukta is basalt.

title: Mount Amukta


text:
Talk:Touch screen

What is the benefits of touch screen compare to mouse?
 * Mice gets dirty and wears out more easily. Then again, large touch screens are surceptible to the gorilla arm phemonenon.

Please Do Merge
I think it is essential to move the two words, touch & screen into one word and to merge the two wiki pages into one named touchscreen. Later on, in a year or five we'll also have to do the same for the words touch & terminal, I'll venture. GeneMosher

title: Talk:Touch screen


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Old Parliament House, Canberra

Old Parliament House, formerly known as the Provisional Parliament House, was the seat of the Parliament of Australia from 1927 to 1988. The building began operation on 9 May 1927 after Parliament's relocation from Melbourne to the new capital, Canberra. In 1988, the Commonwealth Parliament transferred to the new Parliament House on Capital Hill. It also serves as a venue for temporary exhibitions, lectures and concerts. Old Parliament House is, looking across Lake Burley Griffin, situated in front of Parliament House and in line with the Australian War Memorial.

On 2 May 2008, it was made an Executive Agency of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. On 9 May 2009, the Executive Agency was renamed as the Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House (MoAD), reporting to the Special Minister of State.

Designed by John Smith Murdoch and a team of assistants from the Department of Works and Railways, the building was intended to be neither temporary nor permanent—only to be a "provisional" building that would serve the needs of Parliament for a maximum of 50 years. The design extended from the building itself to include its gardens, décor and furnishings. The building is in the Simplified or "Stripped" Classical Style, commonly used for Australian government buildings constructed in Canberra during the 1920s and 1930s. It does not include such classical architectural elements as columns, entablatures or pediments, but does have the orderliness and symmetry associated with neoclassical architecture.

Façade and design elements

Old Parliament House is a three-storey brick building with the principal floor on the middle level. Murdoch designed it to be simple and functional, and this is reflected throughout the design, extending to the interior fittings and furnishings.

The facade originally incorporated a grid of recessed openings and balconies, with four bays having arched bronze windows and stepped parapets. The building's front façade has strong horizontal lines, displaying only two storeys, with higher massed elements behind the façade on either side of the centre, indicating the location of the two debating chambers, with a lower mass in the centre where King's Hall is located. Murdoch's simplified classical design is based on a basic square, which provides the building with a regular proportion in terms of fenestration and other elements, including the (now enclosed) verandas and colonnades. The height of the building at the roof of the chambers is 18.5 m (excluding the flagpole).

The building was constructed from Canberra clay brick, with timber and lightweight concrete floors. It was rendered originally in white concrete, since painted, except for a pedestal of bricks left with their natural colour. The original roofs were constructed of flat concrete slabs with a membrane waterproofing and finished with a bituminous coating which was designed to be walked on. At the roofline, on either side of the main entrance, are large painted reliefs of the Royal and Commonwealth coats of arms. The railings on the front steps were installed after the federal parliament had left the building and were not present during its active lifetime. The interior continues the stripped-classicism of the exterior, with the use of common motifs and simple lines, in both the decor and furnishings. To represent the federal nature of the Commonwealth of Australia, the building also makes extensive use of timbers from various parts of Australia, with a timber native to each state, (except South Australia), being used for different purposes. The building is also designed to make good use of natural light from windows, skylights and light-wells.

Maintenance and restoration activities are being performed as detailed in a Heritage Management Plan.

Plan
In keeping with its classicised forms, the building has strong symmetrical planning based on a number of major spaces. The major axis through the building, which is part of the land axis of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin's design, is through King's Hall, the Parliamentary Library and the dining rooms at the back. The cross-axis features the House of Representatives and Senate chambers on either side of King's Hall.

Originally having an H-shape, the building now forms a large rectangle as a consequence of various extensions, with a small rear projection. The building now contains four courtyards and some light-wells. The courtyards are surrounded by colonnades at ground level and (now enclosed) verandas on the main floor.

At the centre is King's Hall. It is named for King George V, whose statue is in the room. Directly adjacent to King's Hall are the chambers of the House of Representatives (to the south-east) and the Senate (to the north-west). To the rear is the Parliamentary Library (occupied from 1998 to 2008 by the National Portrait Gallery) and behind it the dining rooms.

The rest of the main floor of the building was given to offices and meeting rooms. On either side of each of the parliamentary chambers are meeting rooms for the government and opposition parties and—at the end of each block—what were intended originally to be suites for the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate. At the rear of the building were dining rooms for members and senators and for 'strangers'. On the basement level were service areas and some offices; on the top floor were more offices and the facilities of the parliamentary press gallery.

King's Hall
From the entrance, a flight of stairs leads up to King's Hall. King's Hall is a large square room, with an ambulatory around the outer edges. It is entered from the main central entrance and up a flight of stairs. The central space has a coffered ceiling and is lit from above by clerestory windows on all four sides. The floor is parquetry, made of jarrah and silver ash woods. Dominating the room is a larger than life bronze statue of King George V, monarch at the time the building was completed, but who, as Duke of York, also represented his father King Edward VII at the opening of the first Commonwealth Parliament on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne.

On eight of the columns surrounding the room are bronze reliefs of persons prominent in the formation of the Commonwealth. In the ambulatory are portraits of Australian Governors-General, Prime Ministers, Speakers of the House of Representatives and presidents of the Senate, and pictures of events associated with the building, such as the opening ceremony of 1927.

Chambers
The chambers of the Senate and House of Representatives are large internal spaces, with ceilings considerably higher than that of King's Hall. Both chambers are the same size, despite the requirement of section 24 of the Australian Constitution that the House of Representatives should have, as nearly as practicable, twice the number of members as the Senate. Both are lined with timber panelling, again representative of Murdoch's simplified classical style, with furnishings in a similar style. The timber used in the wall panelling, the desks, seats and tables is all Australian black bean wood and Tasmanian blackwood. The hand-woven carpets in each chamber have a pattern of eucalyptus leaves and wattle blossom.

The Senate is characterised by the predominance of the colour red, in both the carpet and the red leather of the seating and desks. This reflects its role as the upper house and as a deliberative house like the House of Lords at Westminster. The seating is in a horse-shoe pattern, around a central table. Each senator had a seat and a desk, including those sitting on the front benches (i.e., ministers). At the end of the table is a desk for the clerks and behind them a large chair for the president. Behind it are two thrones, to be used by the monarch and consort or, in their stead, the Governor-General and spouse, at official occasions such as the State Opening of Parliament. The furnishings conform to Murdoch's simplified classical style.

The walls of the Senate chamber are lined with blackbean timber (which is also used for the furnishings) and above this are located galleries on each side. The gallery above the throne was reserved for the press, with others used by the guests of senators, members of the House of Representatives and the general public.

The House of Representatives largely corresponds, in terms of design elements, to the Senate. However, the chamber is characterised by the colour green, representing the historic inheritance of the Representatives, as the lower house and the house in which governments are formed, from the House of Commons in the Palace of Westminster.

There are three basic differences between the House of Representatives chamber and that of the Senate. Firstly, the House is more crowded with seating than the Senate, reflecting the requirement for double the number of members. Secondly, the front benches are long, continuous benches with no desks, similar to the front benches of the House of Commons. Thirdly, the Speaker's Chair presents a significant stylistic contrast, as it is a copy of A.W.N. Pugin's Speaker's Chair in the British House of Commons, presented to the Australian Parliament by the British branch of the Empire Parliamentary Association in 1926. This chair was then copied for the replacement of the original Speaker's Chair in the House of Commons, destroyed in an air raid during the Second World War, which was a gift of the Australian Parliament to the House of Commons. The Royal coat of arms over the chair is carved in oak from timber originally built into Westminster Hall in 1399. The hinged flaps of the armrests are of oak from Nelson's flagship HMS Victory, in the Battle of Trafalgar (1805). The chair symbolises the Australian Parliament's associations with British history and the Parliament at Westminster.

Interiors
The Murdoch-designed interiors remain in substantial areas of the building, sometimes with their original furnishings. The three best-preserved interiors, other than King's Hall and the Chambers, are the Government party room (on the House of Representatives side), the Senate club room (also called the Senate Opposition party room) and the Clerk of the Senate's office (which was originally the President of the Senate's office). All retain their original fittings and furnishings, designed by Murdoch and his team in accordance with the simplified classical design scheme. These are characterised by simple forms, based on Murdoch's square motif.

The original building was small and did not provide individual offices for all members. To an extent, this was to be mitigated by ministers having offices in their own departments, originally in the east and west blocks (also designed by Murdoch). For this reason, the party rooms are not just meeting rooms but contain private phone booths, washbasins, desks and small areas for more intimate discussions.

Gardens

Originally, the rear courtyards of the building were open to the gardens through a colonnade, Murdoch's intention being that members and Senators should be able to use the gardens as an integral part of the building. Later this intention was lost, as extensions were added to the back part of the building to provide more offices.

Murdoch also envisaged the adjacent gardens as a continuation of the House’s courtyards. These parliamentary gardens are situated on either side of the building, they are enclosed by hedges and contain minimal trees. In both cases, each garden has been divided into four quadrants, with two being occupied by rose gardens and the remaining two by recreational facilities. On the Senate side, these are tennis courts and a cricket pitch. On the Representatives' side, they are tennis courts and a bowling/croquet green. In the 1970s much of the Representatives' gardens were covered by an annex extension to the main building, but this has now been removed and the gardens have been restored. The official reopening was in 2004.

The rose gardens contain a wide variety of specimens, including many old roses and roses donated by prominent Australians and overseas bodies and individuals. Much of the inspiration (and organisation) for this came from the Usher of the Black Rod and later Clerk of the Senate, Robert Broinowski, and the gardens were designed by Rex Hazlewood. They also played major roles in the development of the National Rose Gardens on the other side of King George Terrace.

Extensions
Old Parliament House was only intended to be 'provisional' and so office space was not provided for all members. This shortage of space was compounded by the decision of Prime Minister James Scullin to relocate his principal office from West Block to the building in 1930. This eventually resulted in all ministers, with their departmental staff, being accommodated in the building over time, compounding the office space problem.

The first extensions were made to the rear of the building in 1947 to provide more office space for members. Some further extensions were constructed in 1964. In the 1970s, large extensions were added to both sides of the building and the south-west corner. The front façade was extended in a sympathetic fashion to conform with Murdoch's design. On the Representatives side, larger extensions were required, and a substantial part of the gardens were built over and linked to the main building by a bridge.

The interiors of the 1972–73 extensions reflect fashions of the time, although wooden panelling was used for the walls, in keeping with the older parts of the building, but with an unequivocally 1970s style. On the Representatives side, the extensions necessitated the demolition of the Prime Minister's suite of offices (originally intended for the Speaker) and the original Cabinet Room. The rooms are now left in the condition they were in at the time they were occupied by Bob Hawke, immediately prior to the move to New Parliament House in May 1988. Similar extensions were made on the Senate side, with a new suite of rooms being constructed for the President of the Senate in a similar style.

Building a new Parliament
A competition was announced on 30 June 1914 to design Parliament House, with prize money of £7,000. However, due to the start of World War I the next month, the competition was cancelled. It was re-announced in August 1916, but again postponed indefinitely on 24 November 1916. In the meantime, John Smith Murdoch, the Commonwealth's chief architect, worked on the design as part of his official duties. He had little personal enthusiasm for the project, as he felt it was a waste of money and expenditure on it could not be justified at the time. Nevertheless, he designed the building by default. The construction of Old Parliament House was commenced on 28 August 1923 and completed in early 1927. It was built by the Commonwealth Department of Works, using tradesmen and materials from all over Australia. The final cost was about £600,000, which was more than three times the original estimate. It was designed to last for a maximum of fifty years until a permanent facility could be built.

In 1923, Canberra was a small, dispersed town with few facilities and no administrative or parliamentary functions. The building of Old Parliament House effectively doubled the town's (very small) population. The workers required for the project and their families were housed in camps and settlements and endured Canberra's harsh weather conditions. Once Parliament commenced sitting in Canberra the transfer of Commonwealth public servants from Melbourne required the construction of suitable housing in the areas of, , (formerly called Blandfordia),  and.

First decades
The building was opened on 9 May 1927 by the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). The opening ceremonies were both splendid and incongruous, given the sparsely built nature of Canberra of the time and its small population. The building was extensively decorated with many Union Jacks and Australian flags and bunting, with similar schemes used at later events, most notably in 1954 when Queen Elizabeth II visited Canberra for the first time and opened Parliament. Temporary stands were erected bordering the lawns in front of the Parliament and these were filled with crowds. A Wiradjuri elder, Jimmy Clements, was one of only two Aboriginal Australians present, having walked for about a week from Brungle Station (near Tumut) to be at the event. Walter Burley Griffin had relocated to Melbourne, and was not given an official invitation to attend the opening. Dame Nellie Melba sang the national anthem (at that time God Save the King). The Duke of York unlocked the front doors with a golden key, and led the official party into King's Hall where he unveiled the statue of his father, King George V, Emperor of India. The Duke then opened the first parliamentary session in the new Senate Chamber.

A large memorial to King George V located immediately opposite Parliament House was unveiled in 1953. This memorial was moved to a nearby location in 1968 to allow a direct line of sight to the Australian War Memorial.

Prime Minister John Curtin, who died in office, and Ben Chifley, a former Prime Minister, both lay in state in King's Hall after their deaths in 1945 and 1951 respectively.

Last decades
On 26 January 1972 four Aboriginal men set up tents and signs in protest about Indigenous land rights in Australia and other Aboriginal rights issues, and called the assemblage the Aboriginal Tent Embassy. In 2022, the embassy celebrated its 50th anniversary and became the longest continuous protest for Indigenous land rights in the world.

In early 1973, the rise of global terrorism in Australia – a particular concern of the new Whitlam government – resulted in considerable angst for the security situation at Parliament. At this time the Prime Minister's office was fitted with bulletproofed glass.

On 11 November 1975, David Smith, Official Secretary to the Governor-General, read a proclamation from the front steps announcing the dissolution of Parliament that followed the dismissal of the Whitlam government by Sir John Kerr; afterwards, Gough Whitlam addressed the crowd and their remarks have become a famous part of Australia's political history.

By the 1970s Old Parliament House had exceeded its capacity and was in need of considerable repair and renovation, especially considering that it was never intended to be a permanent facility and was nearing the end of its useful life. For this reason, in the late 1970s Malcolm Fraser's government committed to the building of a new Parliament House. After the opening of new Parliament House by Queen Elizabeth II on 9 May 1988, Old Parliament House continued to be used for a few weeks. The final session ended when the Senate was adjourned at 12:26 am on Friday 3 June, by the president, Senator Kerry Sibraa. After this, the Old Parliament House was left vacant for several years.

Life after New Parliament House
After Parliament relocated to the new building in 1988, the question of whether to demolish Old Parliament House was debated at length. During the 1920s some, including Walter Burley Griffin, had argued that the building's position would interfere with the vista of a permanent Parliament House. Griffin had likened the placement of the Old Parliament House to "filling the front yard with outhouses" because the building would interfere with the land axis from Mount Ainslie to Capital Hill. After considering the building's significance in the history of twentieth century Australia, however, the government decided that it should remain. It was eventually decided that its most suitable use would be a "living museum of political history".

Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House
The building re-opened in 2009 as the Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, an executive agency of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Its role is to celebrate democracy and Australia's political history.

The Australian Prime Ministers Centre was the first stage of the Museum of Australian Democracy. It "supports research into the history, origins and traditions of Australian democracy, with a particular focus on Australian prime ministers". The Centre offers fellowships to "established researchers and artists interested in the history, origins, traditions and contemporary practice of Australian democracy, with special reference to Australian prime ministers". After funding cuts, the Australian Prime Ministers Centre transferred to an online-only presence in 2016.

Interim National Portrait Gallery
The Library of the Parliament House was opened as the interim National Portrait Gallery, before it moved to a new building in 2009.

Arson attacks
The building was set alight twice during protests staged by so-called sovereign citizens, a movement that rejects elected officials and law enforcement, including the courts. The protesters had tried to infiltrate the Aboriginal Tent Embassy group. Ngunnawal elder Matilda House-Williams, who was present when the site was established in 1972, condemned the fire and said the protest did not represent the embassy or the Indigenous people of Canberra. On 21 December 2021, the front doors were scorched by a fire whose cause was originally thought to be accidental or intentional lighting by protesters. Nine days later, the doors, portico, and façade were all substantially damaged by a larger fire, which was intentionally lit., repairs were under way at an expected cost of more than $5.3 million. Some of those responsible were charged.

Engineering heritage award
Both the old and new Parliament House received an Engineering Heritage National Marker from Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program.

title: Old Parliament House, Canberra


text:
Va Kio Daily

Va Kio Daily is an independent Chinese-language daily newspaper published in Macau, China.

History
The newspaper was established in 1937 in Portuguese Macau.

title: Va Kio Daily


text:
Dishonesty

Dishonesty is acting without honesty. The term describes cheating, deficient probity, lying, deliberate withholding of information, being deliberately deceptive, or showing knavishness, perfidiousness, corruption, treachery, or deficient integrity.

Dishonesty is a basic feature of most offences defined in criminal law, such as fraud, which relates to the illicit acquisition, conversion, or disposal of property, tangible or intangible.

English law
Dishonesty has had a number of definitions. For many years, there were two views of what constituted dishonesty in English law. The first contention was that the definitions of dishonesty (such as those within the Theft Act 1968) described a course of action, whereas the second contention was that the definition described a state of mind. A clear test within the criminal law emerged from R v Ghosh (1982) 75 CR App. R. 154. The Court of Appeal held that dishonesty is an element of mens rea, clearly referring to a state of mind, and that overall, the test that must be applied is hybrid, but with a subjective bias which "looks into the mind" of the person concerned and establishes what he was thinking. The test is two-stage:
 * "Were the person's actions honest according to the standards of reasonable and honest people?" If a jury decides that they were, then the defendant's claim to be honest will be credible. But, if the court decides that the actions were dishonest, the further question is:
 * "Did the person concerned believe that what he did was dishonest at the time?"

But this decision was criticised, and over-ruled, by the UK Supreme Court in the case of Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd t/a Crockfords [2017] UKSC 67. The position as a result is that the court must form a view of what the defendant's belief was of the relevant facts (but it is no longer necessary to consider whether the person concerned believed that what he did was dishonest at the time).

Baker argues against Ivey v Genting. Baker argues that genuine mistakes about what is honest provides a mistake defence. "The mistaken honesty constraint is an excusatory defence that is raised to show that the requisite fault for the offence was negated. It works as a defence because property harm has been done (someone has lost their property), but D is excused because she has an honest state of mind due to her mistaken belief. It has long worked as an normative excuse—it excuses those who mistakenly believe they have a moral or legal right to the property. A mistaken moral claim of right needs to be reasonable, but a claim of right based on a mistake of fact or civil law can be unreasonable, if it was genuine."

In relation to bribery, Baker argues: "Like the test of dishonesty for property offences, the normativity of the way the function or activity is performed is measured against contemporary British norms. If the conduct is against normal business practice and is generally regarded as improper, then it will be deemed as such by following a reasonable person assessment of what to expect in the UK. While local custom in the jurisdiction where the bribe might be offered is ignored, local law can be taken into account. Hence, if the practice is legal in the relevant jurisdiction and is a norm, then that can help demonstrate that the person making the offer was not intending to influence another to act improperly or did not believe it was improper for that person to accept the advantage."

Where dishonesty is an issue in civil cases, the trend in English Law is for only the actions to be tested objectively and not to apply any test as to the subjective state of mind of the actor. Now that the decision in Ghosh has been over-ruled, the same legal test applies in English law in civil and criminal cases.

Theft Act 1968
The Theft Act 1968 contains a single definition for dishonesty which is intended to apply to all the substantive offences. Yet, rather than defining what dishonesty is, s. 2 describes what it is not, allowing a jury to take a flexible approach, thus:

s. 2(1). A person's appropriation of property belonging to another is not to be regarded as dishonest:

 * (a) if he appropriates the property in the belief that he has in law the right to deprive the other of it, on behalf of himself or of a third person; or
 * (b) if he appropriates the property in the belief that he would have the other's consent if the other knew of the appropriation and the circumstances of it; or
 * (c) (except where the property came to him as trustee or personal representative) if he appropriates the property in the belief that the person to whom the property belongs cannot be discovered by taking reasonable steps.

s. 2(2). A person's appropriation of property belonging to another may be dishonest notwithstanding that he is willing to pay for the property.

 * The s. 2(1)(a) claim of right is a difficult concept in that it represents a statutory exception to the fundamental public policy principle that ignorance of the law is no excuse and allows a limited mistake of law defence. According to R v Turner (No. 2) [1971] 2 All ER 441, a case in which a man was charged with the s. 1 theft of his own car, the test was one of honest belief in a right, not a mere permission, to act in the particular way. In this, the test is subjective and a matter of fact for the jury to decide.
 * If the owner, or some person able to give a valid consent, actually consented to the taking, the property would not belong to another and no actus reus would exist. This provision applies to the situation in which either the consent is void ab initio or is subsequently voided. If the existence or effect of the vitiating factor is not recognised by the defendant, then he would not be dishonest – for example, if a contract was affected by a common or mutual mistake. But if the defendant is initially innocent, he may become dishonest if he later realises the mistake and decides to keep the property (i.e. an omission). Similarly, if he has knowingly misrepresented a material fact and this has induced a consent that he knows or ought to know would not have been freely given, he will be dishonest.
 * Defendants who are in a fiduciary relationship are expected to make even unreasonable efforts to identify where the relevant property has come from, but the ordinary defendant who finds property apparently abandoned on the street may not be dishonest if there are no serial numbers or marks that would help to identify the owner. Note that to be abandoned, the owner must have intended to give up all rights in the property and not to pass those rights to another. For example, material discarded in a rubbish bin is not abandoned. The owner intends another to come, empty the bin and dispose of the property without stealing it in the process. Hence, it will be theft to remove any property from a bin or legal disposal site.
 * If the defendant knows that the owner will not sell the property, so takes the property in any event but leaves a realistic sum of money by way of payment, this will be a dishonest appropriation.

For the purposes of the deception offences, dishonesty is a separate element to be proved. The fact that a defendant knowingly deceives the owner into parting with possession of property does not, of itself, prove the dishonesty. This distinguishes between "obtaining by a dishonest deception" and "dishonestly obtains by a deception".

Debtors
Debtor's dishonesty or dishonesty to creditors is a crime in Finland and Sweden. It is an abuse of the bankruptcy process, where the debtor attempts to prevent the recovery of assets.

In Finnish law, the crimes of debtor's dishonesty (velallisen epärehellisyys) and aggravated debtor's dishonesty (törkeä velallisen epärehellisyys) are defined. A debtor is dishonest if "1) he destroys his or her property, 2) gives away or otherwise surrenders his or her property without acceptable reason, 3) transfers his or her property abroad in order to place it beyond the reach of his or her creditors or 4) increases his or her liabilities without basis, and thus causes his or her insolvency or essentially worsens his or her state of insolvency". The crime is considered aggravated if "1) considerable benefit is sought, 2) considerable or particularly substantial damage is caused to the creditors, or 3) the offence is committed in a particularly methodical manner". The punishment is fine or imprisonment for at most two years, and four months at minimum and four years at maximum if aggravated. It is essential that there is a direct cause and effect between a debtor's deliberate action and the insolvency; mere poor management or accidental losses are not grounds for conviction. Taking into account judicial practice, the best defense is to claim a lack of deliberate intent, and demonstrate that the actions were reasonable at the time and not intended to cause insolvency. Explicit fraud and embezzlement, involving concealment or presenting fraudulent liabilities, are defined separately, as are the less serious deceitfulness and violation by a debtor.

An example was a case involving the former CEO of the National Workers' Savings Bank as the debtor. The debtor was ordered to pay FIM 1.8 million in damages due to reckless lending that had led to a bankruptcy of the bank. However, the debtor kept multiple credit accounts overdrawn by withdrawing large sums of cash, which he claimed were for daily expenses and frequent travel abroad. Thus, garnishment was not possible, because he could claim that he had no net worth. The court found it unlikely that such sums could be spent on daily expenses, but were in fact stashed somewhere, and convicted the debtor of aggravated debtor's dishonesty.

In Swedish law, dishonesty to creditors (oredlighet mot borgenärer) and aggravated dishonesty to creditors (grov oredlighet mot borgenärer) carry a sentence of up to two and a half years and six years of imprisonment, respectively.

Studies
A 2021 study by Fixgerald which tested academic cheating found that the USA was the most dishonest country.

title: Dishonesty


text:
Talk:Anal

Anal = Analysis?
Anal = Analysis? -- revision as of 05:59, 17 July 2008 Ant6n

 * I agree with him. CMU's registering subjects program (www.reg.cmu.ac.th) (second semester enrollment) using short name "SYS ANAL & CONTROL" for "System Analysis and Control" subject. --Love Krittaya (talk) 08:34, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

"Related to the anus"
Currently, it has three internal links in a "Related to the anus" section. But it does not (yet) link to Anus and/or Human anus. --143.176.30.65 (talk) 13:25, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. I've added links to Anus and Human anus. If you prefer them to be arranged in a different way, let me know. – Uanfala (talk) 23:51, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks. --143.176.30.65 (talk) 13:24, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anal


text:
Individual Computers

Individual Computers is a German computer hardware company specializing in retrocomputing accessories for the Commodore 64, Amiga, and PC platforms. Individual Computers produced the C-One reconfigurable computer in 2003. The company is owned and run by Jens Schönfeld.

Products

 * Catweasel – Universal format floppy disk drive controller card
 * Retro Replay – Improved version of the C64 Action Replay cartridge
 * Clone-A – Amiga in FPGA website (coming soon?)
 * See the PDF extract of Total Amiga Magazine issue 25
 * MMC64 – MMC and SD Card reader cartridge
 * MMC Replay – MMC64 and Retro Replay combined in one cartridge, with some improvements
 * Micromys – An adapter that allows connecting PS/2 compatible mice (including wheel-support) to C64 and Amiga joystick-ports (and all other computers that share the same pin-configuration).
 * Amiga clock port compatible addons for MMC64, Retro Replay and MMC Replay:
 * RR-Net: A C64-compatible Network-Interface. Comes in 2 shapes, the old long RR-Net fits Retro Replay and MMC64 (though partly blocking the latter's passthrough expansionport), the new L-shaped RR-Net2 fits MMC64 and MMC Replay and was built with MMC Replay in mind.
 * Silver Surfer: Highspeed RS232 Interface for Amiga 1200 and 600 (with adapter ). Fits onto Retro Replay, MMC64/Replay compatibility unknown.
 * mp3@c64: hardware mp3 decoding from SD card. Made for MMC64, Retro Replay and MMC Replay compatibility unknown.
 * Keyrah – An interface that allows the connection of Commodore keyboards to USB-capable computers
 * C-One – reconfigurable computer
 * X-Surf – network card
 * C64 Reloaded - A 1:1 rebuilt C64 motherboard with less power consumption
 * Indivision – Flicker fixer for Amiga computers
 * ACA boards - CPU expansion cards for Amiga computers

title: Individual Computers


text:
Asrah levitation

The Asrah levitation, sometimes called Lighter than Air, is a classic levitation illusion.

Effect
The magician hypnotizes an assistant and commands them to recline on a table or couch. The assistant is then fully covered with a cloth and levitated under the cloth. The form of the assistant is still visible while levitating. Moments later, the assistant slowly floats down. As the magician pulls off the cloth, the assistant vanishes instantly. The assistant sometimes reappears in a different location, often in the audience.

History
This illusion is credited to Servais Le Roy and was first performed with his wife as assistant in 1902.

Method
The trick uses a form made of thin wire that is hidden behind the couch and suspended from above on fine wires. When the assistant lies down on the couch the form is quickly moved on top of her while the cloth cover is being deployed with a flourish. The form is then raised while the assistant escapes through a trap in the couch or the couch is removed offstage by stagehands. The wires making up the form are thin enough that when the cloth is removed, they cannot easily be seen against a complex backdrop.

title: Asrah levitation


text:
User talk:Hetch

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Good work on the Gaelic handball article :) ... but I'm not clear how it's different from fives and American handball. A short discussion of how it's related to team handball might also be useful. 68.81.231.127 13:04, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

DYK
 Did you know has been updated and a fact from the article Gaelic handball, which you recently created, has been featured in that section on the Main Page. If you have another interesting fact to submit, then please suggest it at the section's talk page. I thought it was worth mentioning :) 68.81.231.127 18:31, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia UK/Wikimania 2006
Hi, this is a circular to Wikipedians in Ireland to draw your attention to Wikimedia UK, where the establishment of a local Wikimedia chapter for the United Kingdom (and possibly for the Republic of Ireland) is being discussed. See the talk page, as well as the mailing list; a meetup will take place to discuss matters in London in September, for anyone who can get there. On another topic, plans are being drawn up for a UK bid for Wikimania 2006, which would be conveniently close to Ireland. On the other hand, Dublin's bid was one of the final three last year - might we bid again? --Kwekubo 04:00, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Gaelic Games
Hi, i have noticed that you have previously edited articles related to the subject of Gaelic Games. Several users, including my self, have start work on a WikiProject to collaborate and pool our work on the subject to create, expand and improve listings about Gaelic Games and related subjects. With your previous edits i was wondering if you would be willing to join us and help out in this project. Their is no commitment necessary, and you can assists the project as your time permits. If your interested you can check out the project at WikiProject Gaelic Games, and if you have any questions about the project feel free to drop a line on the project talk page, or you can drop me a line directly. Thank you, and i look forward to your assistance. --Boothy443 | trácht ar 09:13, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Claremorris Community Radio Logo.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Claremorris Community Radio Logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:14, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hetch


text:
User:Asbestos/Links

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title: User:Asbestos/Links


text:
Town of Gawler

The Town of Gawler is a local government area located north of Adelaide city centre in South Australia containing Gawler and its suburbs. The corporate town was established in 1857 due to the township's residents' dissatisfaction at being governed by three different district councils.

The Town of Gawler is located within the officially declared boundaries of the Adelaide metropolitan area. 1.0% of the population were Indigenous Australian, and 76.3% were born in Australia.

The current mayor of Gawler is Karen Redman (elected November 2014), the first elected female mayor in the town's history. In November 2022, Redman was elected to her third term in office.

History
Local government was established in the area from 1853 with the creation of the District Council of Barossa West (covering the western half of the Hundred of Barossa). Residents of the township of Gawler, at the confluence of the North and South Para rivers, were dissatisfied with the state of local governance. The township intersects four separate cadastral divisions, being at the corners of the hundreds of Mudla Wirra, Nuriootpa, Barossa and Munno Para. As such, the east half of the township was locally governed by the Barossa West council, the western half by the District Council of Mudla Wirra and the southern outskirts by the District Council of Munno Para West. The Barossa West council was seated at Lyndoch some 13 km east of the township. The Gawler ratepayers petitioned for their own local government, centred in Gawler, and the Corporation of the Town of Gawler was established on 9 July 1857.

Council
Council consists of 11 Elected Members comprising a Mayor, and 10 Area Councillors. The current council is:

Mayors
As of 2023, 41 people have served as mayor of Gawler in 58 terms of office since the first to hold the position, Richard James Turner, in 1857.

 * 1857–1860: Richard James Turner
 * 1861–1864: James Martin
 * 1865: George Nott
 * 1866: John Mitchell
 * 1867: Thomas Flett Loutit
 * 1867: Thomas Oliver Jones
 * 1868: James Martin
 * 1869–1870: Edward Clement
 * 1871–1872: Thomas Oliver Jones
 * 1873–1874: William Faulkner Wincey
 * 1875–1876: John Jones
 * 1877: James Dawson
 * 1877–1878: James Martin
 * 1879–1880: Henry Edward Bright Jr
 * 1881–1882: Herbert Dean
 * 1883: John Charles Wilkinson
 * 1884–1885: Leonard Samuel Burton
 * 1886: Benjamin Edward Deland
 * 1887: James Martin

 * 1888: Leonard Samuel Burton
 * 1889–1890: John Jones
 * 1891–1893: William Henry Cox
 * 1894–1895: Edward Lucas
 * 1896: William Henry Cox
 * 1897–1898: Frank Dixon Harris
 * 1899: William Henry Cox
 * 1900: Robert King Thomson
 * 1901–1902: Charles George Rebbeck
 * 1903–1904: George Bright
 * 1905–1906: James Fergusson
 * 1907: Arthur Smith
 * 1908–1909: William M. Dawkins
 * 1910–1911: Charles George Rebbeck
 * 1912–1913: Frederick David Temby
 * 1914–1917: William Henry Cox
 * 1918–1919: Hermann Ludwig Marsh
 * 1920–1921: James Busbridge Jr
 * 1922–1924: William Henry Cox

 * 1925–1926: Michael Lynch
 * 1927–1929: Dashwood Charles Connor
 * 1930: James Busbridge Jr
 * 1931–1934: William Henry Cox
 * 1934–1938: William Rice
 * 1938–1946: William Antwis
 * 1946–1952: Adolph Louis Ferdinand Ey
 * 1952–1959: Elliott Chivell Goodger
 * 1959–1960: Adolph Louis Ferdinand Ey
 * 1960–1968: Elliott Chivell Goodger
 * 1968–1972: Bruce Charles Eastick
 * 1972–1978: Cecil William "Cec" Creedon
 * 1978–1989: Gilbert Barry "Gil" Harnett
 * 1989–1992: Robert Lethbridge Bartlett
 * 1992–1993: Antonio "Tony" Piccolo
 * 1993–2000: Bruce Charles Eastick
 * 2000–2006: Antonio "Tony" Piccolo
 * 2006: Helena Mary Dawkins
 * 2006–2014: Brian Donald Sambell
 * 2014–present: Karen Redman

Suburbs

 * Bibaringa (5118) (part; shared with City of Playford)
 * Evanston (5116)
 * Evanston Gardens (5116)
 * Evanston Park (5116) (part; shared with City of Playford)
 * Evanston South (5116)
 * Gawler (5118)
 * Gawler East (5118)
 * Gawler South (5118)
 * Gawler West (5118)
 * Hewett (5118)
 * Hillier (5116) (part; shared with City of Playford)
 * Kudla (5115)
 * Reid (5118) (part; shared with Light Regional Council)
 * Willaston (5118)

Waste management and recycling
Garbage, recycling, and green waste collection services are provided by the Northern Adelaide Waste Management Authority.

title: Town of Gawler


text: User talk:131.109.81.223

title: User talk:131.109.81.223


text: Category:1062 deaths

title: Category:1062 deaths


text: User talk:81.86.148.112

title: User talk:81.86.148.112


text: Category:1064 deaths

title: Category:1064 deaths