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Entropic explosion

An entropic explosion is an explosion in which the reactants undergo a large change in volume without releasing a large amount of heat. The chemical decomposition of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) may be an example of an entropic explosion. It is not a thermochemically highly favored event because little energy is generated in chemical bond formation in reaction products, but rather involves an entropy burst, which is the result of formation of one ozone and three acetone gas phase molecules from every molecule of TATP in the solid state.

This hypothesis has been questioned as opposing to other theoretical investigations as well as actual measurements of the detonation heat of TATP. Experiments have shown that the explosion heat of TATP is about 2800 kJ/kg (about 70% of TNT) and that it acts as a usual explosive, producing a mix of hydrocarbons, water and carbon oxides upon detonation.

The authors of the 2005 Dubnikova et al. study confirm that a final redox reaction (combustion) of ozone, oxygen and reactive species into water, various oxides and hydrocarbons takes place within about 180 ps after the initial reaction - within about a micron of the detonation wave. Crystals of TATP ultimately reach a temperature of 2300 K and pressure of 80 kbar.

title: Entropic explosion


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Talk:Chula the Tarantula

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Chula the Tarantula. dbenbenn | talk 21:36, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Chula the Tarantula


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Talk:Miss Kitty (disambiguation)

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Miss Kitty. dbenbenn | talk 21:40, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miss Kitty (disambiguation)


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List of parks in Singapore

There are numerous parks throughout the sovereign island country of Singapore. This is a list of parks in Singapore that are currently existing and have articles on Wikipedia. Most parks in Singapore are managed by the National Parks Board, although smaller neighbourhood parks are managed by the Housing Development Board. Most of these parks are connected via the Park Connector Network (PCN).

title: List of parks in Singapore


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Talk:Mama Mousekewitz

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Mama Mousekewitz. dbenbenn | talk 21:40, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mama Mousekewitz


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Talk:Papa Mousekewitz

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Papa Mousekewitz. dbenbenn | talk 21:42, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Papa Mousekewitz


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2000 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 2000. For video games, see 2000 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 2000
• 1898: The Spanish American War

• Aladdin's Dragons

• Apples to Apples Expansion Set #2

• Battle Cry

• Battleline

• Bible Tribond

• Blokus

• Blue Planet 2nd Edition (role-playing game)

• Carcassonne

• Cartagena

• Castle

• Chez Geek 2: Slack Attack

• Chrononauts

• Citadels

• Confrontation

• Cranium Booster Box 2

• Deadwood: Another Day, Another Dollar: Horror

• Deadwood: Another Day, Another Dollar: Kung Fu

• Deadwood: Another Day, Another Dollar: Musicals

• Deadwood: Another Day, Another Dollar: Space

• Diomin (role-playing game)

• Dragonball Z Collectible Card Game

• The El Grande Expansions

• Fairy Meat

• Full Thrust Fleet Book: Volume 2 (The Xeno Files)

• Gother Than Thou

• The Great Brain Robbery

• High Bohn

• Java

• Jenga Truth or Dare

• Lord of the Rings (board game)

• Magi-Nation Duel

• MLB Showdown

• Myths and Legends

• Pantheon (role-playing game)

• Pez Card Game

• The Pokéthulhu Adventure Game (1st edition)

• The Princes of Florence

• Rome at War I: Hannibal at Bay

• Sailor Moon Collectible Card Game

• The Star Wars Roleplaying game (Wizards of the Coast version)

• Thunder on South Mountain

• Warangel

• X-Men Trading Card Game

Game awards given in 2000

 * Spiel des Jahres: Torres
 * Games: Aladdin's Dragons

Significant games-related events in 2000

 * Privateer Press founded by Brian Snōddy, Matt Staroscik and Matt Wilson.

title: 2000 in games


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Talk:Tanya Mousekewitz

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Tanya Mousekewitz. dbenbenn | talk 21:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tanya Mousekewitz


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Talk:The Yiddish King Lear

This is not a film. This is a play. I have removed wikiproject film. Scotchisgood77 (talk) 21:45, 25 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Not sure if it matters at this point, but there is a 1934 film adaptation mentioned towards the end of the article. --Dan Carkner (talk) 01:06, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Yiddish King Lear


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hatchite

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 00:15, Mar 11, 2005 (UTC)

Hatchite

 * Slang dictdef for a group that is not encyclopedically notable. Someone else nominated it to be transwiki'ed but since that only solves the dictdef problem, I recommend deletion instead. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and transwiki, if you want. --Neigel von Teighen 21:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Do not Transwiki.  RickK 22:15, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable slang. Megan1967 02:48, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hatchling

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete and rewrite -- AllyUnion (talk) 23:47, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hatchling

 * Slang dictdef for a group that is not encyclopedically notable. I think the current content should be deleted.  Isomorphic may have a point about making a redirect with the title but I don't know which article is most appropriate as a target.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Idiosyncratic slang that definitely doesn't need an article. My first inclination is that this should be a redirect but I don't know to where.  Newborn is already a redirect to infant, which is quite inappropriate... Isomorphic 21:43, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and rewrite as the biological definition of hatchling, current article is unrelated non notable slang. Megan1967 02:54, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I've placed a tentative definition on the articles talk page (since some users have objected to articles up for VfD being altered), perhaps move to Wiktionary after voting closes. Megan1967 03:38, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Egg (biology), and add a definition of the notable sense of hatchling to that article. The egg article could use a bit of expansion, and perhaps a link to incubate as well. -- Smerdis of Tlön 14:33, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and rewrite, or just rewrite immediately and then keep, using Megan's post on Talk:Hatchling as a first draft. There's more to be written about hatchlings beyond the bare meaning of the word, so it shouldn't be relegated to Wiktionary.  The hatchling stage is post-egg so it should be a separate article, although with an appropriate link from Egg (biology). JamesMLane 05:41, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Raymond Cho

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 14:19, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

Raymond Cho
If local city councillors are not inherently noteworthy, what makes this council member who has lost multiple Canadian Federal Elections encyclopedic and worthy of inclusion on Wikipedia? Have I just answered my own question? GRider\talk 21:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, 420 Google hits ("Raymond Cho" + "Toronto" ) - just under the bar of notability. Megan1967 02:35, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep--This article passes (barely) the threshold required to have a separate article about a local elected official of a large city. And I challenge you to show me any sort of consensus that local city councillors are not inherently worthy article topics; Deletion policy/Local politicians seems to be split in a poorly attended vote. Meelar (talk) 06:55, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's not a vote, Meelar, it is a discussion to form consensus. Anyway I'll have to agree with Megan on this Cho guy, and delete. Radiant! 09:41, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * GRider seemed to taken as a given that city councillors aren't inherently notable, so I was addressing the comment more to him. Best, Meelar (talk) 04:53, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I agree that since that discussion isn't complete yet, it cannot be taken as consensus either way yet. Radiant! 10:58, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: I've cleaned up the article and added more information. Cho is quite a character. I'll see if I can find more about his run in the 2004 federal election. That certainly made him notable in Toronto. Kevintoronto 14:03, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Wikipedia does not have a notability requirement, only a verifiability requirement. All the information here is easily verifiable. - SimonP 15:40, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it does. 'Not notable' is a common argument on VfD. Deletion policy links to What Wikipedia is not which discusses it. Quote, "Biography articles should only be for people with some sort of notoriety or achievement." Also, apart from verifiability, an article needs to be informative and neutral (that's stated in the page on verifiability). Radiant! 10:58, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Being elected to city council is pretty clearly an achievement. - SimonP 15:50, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, mabye there should be a notability requirement--nixie 00:06, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Spinboy 23:31, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep in its current form. Wikipedia is not paper and city councillors are notable enough, especially for large cities where they are known by more people. --Deathphoenix 04:53, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Even if city councillors aren't inherently notable (and I'd say they should be, in the case of Canada's largest city), Cho is.  His decision to run as an Independent Liberal in 2004 was related to a broader series of divisions affecting the Liberal Party of Canada in the same period (albeit that Cho's "involvement" in the Liberal Party was dubious to begin with; some have said he was just trying to confuse people).  The fact that he placed second in one of Canada's safest Liberal seats is enough to raise him about the bar. CJCurrie 06:16, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:54, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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New York-class battleship

The New York class was a pair of super-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy between 1911 and 1914. The two ships of the class, USS New York (BB-34) and USS Texas (BB-35), saw extensive service beginning in the occupation of Veracruz, World War I, and World War II.

Designed as a more heavily armed improvement over the previous Wyoming-class battleship, the New York class was the first battleship to feature the 14 in/45 caliber gun and the first American super-dreadnought, but was one of the last battleship classes designed with a five-turret layout and coal for fuel. The class also suffered several deficiencies such as a lack of anti-aircraft weaponry and armor layout, which were addressed with the subsequent Nevada-class battleship. Because of these deficiencies, both ships saw several extensive overhauls over the course of their careers which greatly changed their appearance.

Both New York and Texas entered service in 1914 and immediately served in the occupation of Veracruz, and service reinforcing the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet in the North Sea during World War I, during which time New York is believed to have sunk a U-boat in an accidental collision. Both ships undertook numerous training exercises and overhauls during the interwar era, and joined the Neutrality Patrol at the beginning of World War II. Outmoded by more advanced battleships in service, both ships served primarily as convoy escorts and naval artillery during the war. New York supported Operation Torch in North Africa, undertook convoy patrols and training in the Atlantic, and supported the Battle of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa. Texas supported Operation Torch, Operation Overlord, the bombardment of Cherbourg, Operation Dragoon and the battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Following the war, New York was used as a target ship in Operation Crossroads and sunk as a target in 1948, while Texas was converted into a museum ship, and was moored in San Jacinto State Park until being moved to a drydock in Galveston, Texas in August 2022 for restoration operations.

Background
The New York class was the fifth of 11 separate classes planned by the United States Navy between 1906 and 1919, a total of 29 battleships and 6 battlecruisers. Virtually the entire American battle line was being designed from pre-dreadnought experience and observation of foreign designs. The design of the New York-class battleship originated in the 1908 Newport Conference, which resulted in a new method for battleship design, with the General Board taking a more active role in the design process of ships, and the navy's Board on Construction would implement the design instead of creating it. While the New York class was mostly designed by the Board on Construction, lessons learned on the class allowed the General Board to take the lead on the following Nevada-class battleship s.

The Newport Conference established a general consensus among leaders that US Navy ships should carry larger batteries in response to the increasing caliber of battleships in other countries, notably the BL 13.5 inch Mk V naval gun which had been introduced by the Royal Navy's Orion-class battleship, as well as the German Navy's shift from 28 cm to 30.5 cm guns. There was debate at the time as to whether the Florida-class battleships, laid down in 1909, should carry heavier armament than the 12 in/45 caliber Mark 5 gun. Ultimately, on 30 March 1909, US Congress approved the construction of two "Design 601" battleships, also known as Battleship 1910 with six 12-inch turrets, which the General Board had selected over two 14-inch designs in 1909. These would become the Wyoming-class battleship. At the same time, the General Board began planning for the next class of ships, and on 21 April 1909 decided on two battleships with similar sizes, and after some debate about main guns approval of two battleships was granted on 24 June 1910. In 1911 the US Senate's Naval Affairs Committee suggested reducing the size of the ships as part of a $24,000,000 budget reduction, but Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer fought to keep the original design and the ships were not altered.

The class is generally referred to as the New York class, but it is also occasionally called the Texas class because New York was completed several months after her sister, Texas.

General characteristics
As designed, the ships had a standard displacement of 27000 LT and a full-load displacement of 28367 LT. They were 573 ft in length overall, 565 ft at the waterline, and had a beam of 95 ft and a draft of 28 ft. The ships underwent significant changes and increases in armor and armament over their operational lives. Following her fourth and final refit in 1943, New York increased her displacement to 29340 LT standard and 34000 LT full-load. The final refit for Texas came in 1945, after which she displaced 29500 LT standard and 32000 LT at full load. As designed, the ships had a crew complement consisting of 1,042 officers and enlisted men. By 1945, Texas was carrying 1,723 officers and enlisted men with the addition of crews for additional weapons as well as a new complement of Marines.

Armament

The main battery of the class consisted of ten 14-inch/45 caliber guns, arrayed in five 2-gun turrets designated 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and able to elevate to 15 degrees. The class was the last to feature a turret mounted amidships. In 1910 the US Navy's Bureau of Ordnance had successfully designed and tested its 14-inch naval gun. The gun proved to have remarkable accuracy and uniformity of pattern. The New York class was the fifth class of US dreadnought battleship design created, and work had already started on the sixth design, the Nevada class. By 1910 no US dreadnought type battleship had yet hit the water, as all were either at some stage of building or in design. Virtually the entire US Navy battle line was being designed by drawing on experience from pre-dreadnought designs or from observation of foreign battleship designs.

As built, both ships also carried 21 5 in/51 caliber guns arrayed ten to a side with one in the stern, primarily for defense against destroyers and torpedo boats. Many of the 5-inch guns were poor in accuracy in rough seas due to being mounted near the ends of the ship and below the main deck. The ships were not designed with anti-aircraft (AA) defense in mind, and with the development of naval aviation, this was seen as a serious drawback to the class. The New York class was the first US battleship to mount anti-aircraft guns, with two 3 in/50 caliber guns mounted on platforms on top of the boat cranes of Texas in 1916. In 1918, the secondary armament was reduced to 16 5-inch/51 caliber guns, eight to a side, as the guns near the ends of the ship were difficult to work in any kind of sea. When both ships were refitted 1925–26, AA defense was increased with eight 3-inch/50 caliber guns arrayed four to a side. Six of the sixteen remaining 5-inch guns were relocated higher in the ship to new casemates on the main deck. The New York class also initially featured four torpedo tubes, 1 each on the port side bow and stern and starboard bow and stern, for the Bliss-Leavitt Mark 3 torpedo, instead of the previous two, because of advances in torpedo performance increasing the prominence of the weapon. The torpedo rooms held 12 torpedoes total, plus 12 naval defense mines. However, the torpedo tubes were removed in the 1925-26 refit.

Magazine and machinery spaces were enclosed in the protected hull. Magazine volume was reduced for increased machinery, with each magazine accommodating 75 to 80 shells and charges, while more shells were carried in their turrets and handling rooms.

In 1937 eight 1.1 in/75 caliber AA guns in two quadruple mounts were added to improve the light AA armament. The ships were more extensively refitted with large amounts of light AA guns at the expense of the 5-inch/51 caliber guns in 1942, as the attack on Pearl Harbor had shown pre-war light AA armament to be inadequate. The 1.1 inch quad mounts were removed and 24 Bofors 40 mm guns were added in six quadruple mounts (later increased to 40 guns), while 42 Oerlikon 20 mm guns in single mounts were also added. The 3-inch AA gun armament was increased to 10 guns, while the 5-inch gun armament was reduced to 6 guns.

Armor
The ships continued the armor suite of the Wyoming class with minor improvements. The deck armor scheme would continue to remain distinctly inferior to the succeeding Nevada class with their all or nothing armor scheme. However the leap forward in range provided by improved fire control was not yet envisioned and had it been there would not have been time to include it within the current design. The ship provided a 12 in belt tapering to 10 in and 6.5 in casemate armor with internal partitioning. The New York class was the first to incorporate an armored central plotting room below decks, but atop the protective deck, and enclosed in a thin box of splinter armor.

Armor on the New York class consisted of belt armor from 10 to 12 inches thick. Their lower casemates had between 9 in and 11 in of armor, and their upper casemate had 6 in of armor. Deck armor was 2 in thick, and turret armor was 14 inches on the face, 4 in on the top, 2 inches on the sides, and 8 in on the rear. Armor on her barbettes was between 10 and 12 inches. Conning towers were protected by 12 inches of armor, with 4 inches of armor on the tops. In all, the armor totaled 261.67 t on the upper casemate, 1680.33 t on the lower casemate, 1549.16 t along the belt, 127.42 t on the bulkheads, 1,322.11 t on the splinter deck, 2,085.39 t on the barbettes, and 856.11 t on the conning tower for a total protection of 8,120.62 t.

Propulsion
The ships were powered by 14 Babcock & Wilcox coal-fired boilers driving two dual-acting triple expansion reciprocating steam engines, with 28100 shp producing a maximum speed of 21 kn. They had a range of 7060 nmi at 10 kn. Initially, designs called for a 14 percent increase in power to 32000 shp over the 28000 shp of the preceding class. However, it was discovered that greater propulsive efficiency of the reciprocating engine allowed a reduction in installed power, needing only 28,100 shp to make 21 knots.

The New York class was the final class of US battleship to be powered by coal. The class was designed to carry 2850 LT of coal, the most of any battleship class. In 1910, the succeeding battleships of the Nevada class were designed with fuel oil in mind. Both ships were converted to carry fuel oil in 1926, and had a capacity of 5200 LT of oil. Six new Bureau Express oil-fired boilers replaced the fourteen older design coal-fired boilers at that time with no loss of power.

Construction
Funding for the battleships was authorized by a 24 June 1910 act, which called for the ships to cost no more than $6,000,000. The act also specified new labor policies for their construction which put strict limits on labor hours and working conditions for shipyard employees. Bids were solicited only for Battleship No. 35, Texas, on 27 September 1910, while Battleship No. 34, New York, was to be built by New York Navy Yard. Bids opened for No. 35 on 1 December. Ultimately Newport News Shipbuilding Company won the contract with a bid of $5,830,000. Battleship No. 35 began construction first, on 17 April 1911, launched 18 May 1912, and completed on 12 March 1914. Battleship No. 34 was laid down on 11 September 1911, launched on 30 October 1912, and completed on 15 April 1914.

By 1926, the New York class was considered obsolete compared with other battleships in service, so both ships received a complete refit. While several other battleships in service, including USS Utah (BB-31) and USS Florida (BB-30), were converted to training ships or scrapped, New York and Texas were chosen to be overhauled to increase their speed, armor, and armament, in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922.

An additional 3000 LT were added for defense against aerial targets and submarines. Her fourteen coal-fired boilers were replaced by six Bureau Express oil-fired boilers and the twin funnels were trunked into one, aft of the forward superstructure. Tripods were fitted in place of the lattice masts, and atop the forward tripod a control tower was installed. A tower was built amidships that contained additional fire control to backup the system on the foremast. A new aircraft catapult was installed atop turret Number 3, and cranes were installed on either side of the funnel for boat and aircraft handling. Additional deck protection was added, and each ship's beam was widened. The ships were fitted with anti-torpedo bulges, though these made maneuvering harder at low speeds and both rolled badly, and gunfire accuracy was reduced in rough seas.

USS New York

Shortly after commissioning, New York became flagship for the United States occupation of Veracruz in 1914. During World War I, she became flagship of Battleship Division 9, commanded by Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman. Sent to reinforce the British Grand Fleet in the North Sea, she conducted blockade and escort duties. She twice came into contact with German U-boats, and is believed to have accidentally sunk one. She returned to the United States at the end of the war, and began taking on patrol and training duties. New York was fitted with XAF RADAR in February 1938, including the first United States duplexer so a single antenna could both send and receive.

She was a part of the Neutrality Patrol following the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, and spent the beginning of the war escorting convoys between New York and Iceland. She saw action supporting Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, where she targeted shore batteries threatening the landings in November 1942. She remained in convoy patrol and training for several years, until she was moved to the Pacific Fleet late in the war and supported landings on Iwo Jima in February 1945, and later the invasion of Okinawa in April 1945. She was lightly damaged by a kamikaze attack in this battle. Following the war, she was used as a target ship during the two atomic bomb tests of Operation Crossroads, and was subsequently studied for its effects, before being sunk as a target off Hawaii in 1948.

USS Texas

Texas also participated in the occupation of Veracruz for several months in 1914, before conducting training and upgrades to become the first ship of the US Navy to mount anti-aircraft weapons. She conducted convoy patrols early in World War I and was the first US ship to fire on a German one during a convoy mission in 1917. She joined other US battleships in reinforcing the British fleet near the end of the war and was present for the German surrender. In the inter-war period she became one of the first battleships to launch and operate aircraft, and frequently alternated her time between the Atlantic and Pacific waters on training exercises.

She was part of the Neutrality Patrol at the beginning of World War II and supported Allied landings at North Africa, and then conducted convoy patrol duty to North African and European ports throughout 1943. On 6 June 1944, she supported Operation Overlord, covering Allied landings on the beaches of Normandy, France, in particular the battle at Pointe du Hoc. Later that month on 25 June, she supported the bombardment of Cherbourg and there was damaged when she was hit with a German artillery shell. In July she moved to support Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of southern France. Following extensive repairs and training, she moved to the Pacific and supported the invasion of Iwo Jima in February 1945. She then moved to support landings on Okinawa in April. Following the end of the war, Texas was decommissioned, and in 1948 she was moved to San Jacinto State Park and converted into a museum ship, where she remained till August 31, 2022. She was floated to a drydock in Galveston, Texas for $35,000,000 restoration project estimated to last for 12–18 months. In 2024, it was announced that the ship will stay in Galveston as a museum ship when restoration is completed.

title: New York-class battleship


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2002 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 2002. For video games, see 2002 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 2002
• 1313 Dead End Drive

• 30 Seconds

• A Game of Thrones collectible card game

• Age of Steam

• Apples to Apples - Expansion Set #4

• Apples to Apples Junior

• Arimaa

• BattleDragons (role-playing game)

• Brain Chain

• The Burning Wheel (role-playing game)

• Car Wars (5th Edition)

• Carcassonne - Hunters and Gatherers

• Carcassonne - Inns and Cathedrals

• Cartoon Action Hour (role-playing game)

• Chez Greek

• Children of the Sun (role-playing game)

• Clans

• d20 Modern (role-playing game)

• Deadlands: Lost Colony

• Demon: The Fallen (role-playing game)

• Diceland (tile game)

• Diceland - Deep White Sea

• Donjon (role-playing game)

• DragonStrike

• Dread: The First Book of Pandemonium

• Dungeons & Dragons: The Fantasy Adventure Board Game

• Dust Devils (role-playing game)

• Engel (role-playing game)

• EverQuest Role-Playing Game

• Fairy Meat - Wicked Things

• Farscape Roleplaying Game

• Fightball

• Flames of War (first edition)

• Frag Fire Zone

• Frag PVP

• Freeloader

• The Game of Life Card Game

• A Game of Thrones

• Give Me the Brain (full color "Special Edition")

• Godlike (role-playing game)

• Great War at Sea: Great White Fleet

• Great War at Sea: U.S. Navy Plan Red

• Hammer of the Scots

• HeroClix

• I Ain't Been Shot, Mum!

• InSpectres (role-playing game)

• Jadeclaw (role-playing game)

• The Judge Dredd Role-playing Game

• Killer Bunnies and the Quest for the Magic Carrot

• Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game

• Lord of the Rings - Sauron

• MechWarrior: Dark Age

• Mexica

• Munchkin 2: Unnatural Axe

• Mutants & Masterminds (role-playing game)

• Nanofictionary

• NBA Showdown

• Night Wizard! (role-playing game)

• Paladin (role-playing game)

• Panzer Grenadier: Afrika Korps - The Desert War

• Panzer Grenadier: Arctic Front

• Panzer Grenadier: Battle of the Bulge

• Pirate's Cove

• Puerto Rico

• The Riddle of Steel (role-playing game)

• RollerCoaster Tycoon

• Rome at War II: Fading Legions

• Save Doctor Lucky on Moon Base Copernicus

• The Settlers of Canaan

• The Settlers of the Stone Age

• Silver Age Sentinels (role-playing game)

• Sorcerer (role-playing game)

• Spaceship Zero (role-playing game)

• Star Hero (role-playing game)

• Star Munchkin (role-playing game)

• Star Trek Roleplaying Game (Decipher, Inc. version)

• Star Wars Trading Card Game

• Terra Primate (role-playing game)

• Transhuman Space (role-playing game)

• Trias

• Trollbabe (role-playing game)

• Universalis (role-playing game)

• Wallenstein

• Xactika

• Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game (English version)

• Zombies!!! 2: Zombie Corps(e)

Game awards given in 2002

 * Spiel des Jahres: Villa Paletti
 * Games: DVONN

Significant games-related events of 2002

 * Paizo Publishing founded.

title: 2002 in games


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Talk:Yasha Mousekewitz

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Yasha Mousekewitz. dbenbenn | talk 21:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yasha Mousekewitz


text:
Talk:Tiger (An American Tail character)

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Tiger (An American Tail character). dbenbenn | talk 21:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tiger (An American Tail character)


text:
Talk:Cat R. Waul

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Cat R. Waul. dbenbenn | talk 21:42, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cat R. Waul


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Tantum ergo

"Tantum ergo" is the incipit of the last two verses of Pange lingua, a Medieval Latin hymn generally attributed to St Thomas Aquinas c. 1264, but based upon various earlier fragments. The "Genitori genitoque" and "Procedenti ab utroque" portions are adapted from Adam of Saint Victor's sequence for Pentecost. The hymn's Latin incipit literally translates to "Therefore so great".

The singing of the Tantum ergo occurs during adoration and benediction of the Blessed Sacrament in the Catholic Church and other denominations that have this devotion. It is usually sung, though solemn recitation is sometimes done, and permitted.

Latin

 * Tantum ergo sacramentum Veneremur cernui, et antiquum documentum novo cedat ritui. Præstet fides supplementum sensuum defectui.
 * Genitori genitoque laus et jubilatio, Salus, honor, virtus quoque sit et benedictio! Procedenti ab utroque compar sit laudatio! Amen.
 * }
 * Genitori genitoque laus et jubilatio, Salus, honor, virtus quoque sit et benedictio! Procedenti ab utroque compar sit laudatio! Amen.
 * }

 * ℣. Panem de cælis præstitisti eis (in Paschaltide and on Corpus Christi, 'Alleluia' is added).
 * ℟. Omne delectamentum in se habentem[Wis 16:20] (in Paschaltide and on Corpus Christi, 'Alleluia' is added).

 * ℣. Oremus: Deus, qui nobis sub sacramento mirabili passionis tuæ memoriam reliquisti: tribue, quæsumus, ita nos corporis et sanguinis tui sacra mysteria venerari, ut redemptionis tuæ fructum in nobis jugiter sentiamus. Qui vivis et regnas in saecula saeculorum.

 * ℟. Amen.

Literal translation

 * Therefore, so great a Sacrament
 * Let us venerate with heads bowed [cernui]
 * And let the old practice [documentum]
 * Give way to the new rite;
 * Let faith provide a supplement
 * For the failure of the senses.

 * To the Begetter and the Begotten [both masculine gender],
 * Be praise and jubilation,
 * Hail, honour, virtue also,
 * And blessing too:
 * To the One proceeding from Both
 * Let there be equal praise.

 * Amen.

 * ℣. You have provided them bread from heaven.
 * ℟. Having in itself [in se] all delight [delectamentum].

 * ℣. Let us pray: O God, who to us in this wonderful Sacrament, bequeathed a memorial of Your Passion: grant, we beseech, that we, in worshipping [venerari; in addition to simple worship, may also mean worshipping in order to receive favour] the Holy Mysteries of Your Body and Blood, may within ourselves continually [iugiter], sensibly perceive [sentiamus] the fruit of Your redemption. You who live and reign into ages of ages.

 * ℟. Amen.

English translation
A century-old translation, still used in Catholic churches liturgically, renders the hymn in a form which can be sung to the same tune as the Latin:

 * Down in adoration falling,
 * Lo! the Sacred Host we hail,
 * Lo! o'er ancient forms departing
 * Newer rites of grace prevail;
 * Faith for all defects supplying,
 * Where the feeble senses fail.

 * To the Everlasting Father,
 * And the Son Who reigns on high
 * With the Holy Ghost proceeding
 * Forth from Each eternally,
 * Be salvation, honour, blessing,
 * Might, and endless majesty.

 * Amen.

 * ℣. Thou hast given them bread from heaven.
 * ℟. Having within it all sweetness.

 * ℣. Let us pray: O God, who in this wonderful Sacrament left us a memorial of Thy Passion: grant, we implore Thee, that we may so venerate the Sacred Mysteries of Thy Body and Blood, as always to be conscious of the fruit of Thy Redemption. Thou who livest and reignest forever and ever.

 * ℟. Amen.

Other, more modern, English translations exist and are also used in Catholic churches liturgically.

Theological aspects
The words "procedenti ab utroque / compar sit laudatio"—literally, "May equal praise be to the One proceeding from both"—refer to the Holy Spirit, which according to version of the Nicene Creed used in Western Christianity proceeds from both the Father and the Son.

A partial indulgence is granted to the faithful who devoutly recite the Tantum ergo. But a plenary indulgence is granted on Holy Thursday and on the feast of Corpus Christi, if it is recited in a solemn manner.

Musical settings
The basic text has been set by numerous composers: from the Classical period John Francis Wade, the Renaissance (Palestrina), the Romantic period (Anton Bruckner, Hector Berlioz (H142), Gabriel Fauré, Franz Schubert, Louis Vierne), and modern composers (Maurice Duruflé, David Conte, Crys Armbrust).

Déodat de Séverac composed a motet set to the text.

Bruckner wrote eight settings of the text: WAB 32, WAB 43, WAB 41 (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4), WAB 42, and WAB 44. Fauré wrote two settings: Op. 55, and Op. 62 No. 2. Schubert wrote six settings: D. 460, D. 461, D. 730, D. 739 (Op. 45), D. 750, and D. 962. Vierne's treatment of it is his Opus 2. Duruflé's setting is contained as No. 4 of his Op. 10, Quatre Motets sur des thèmes grégoriens, published in 1960, and uses the plainchant melody.

Samuel Webbe composed a motet in 87 87 meter, widely used in the English and American Catholic churches.

Philippine use
The Church in the Philippines uses a separate hymn tune [another video ] from the Pange lingua, whose first three strophes are otherwise sung to the melody used elsewhere. This particular tune, which is of Spanish origin, is credited to a "J. Carreras" and was originally published with a time signature of but is now sung in quadruple metre in Luzon and in quadruple then triple metre in the Visayas.

Let Us Raise Our Voice
This tune is also used to sing "Let Us Raise Our Voice", a loose English adaptation of the Tantum ergo. The hymn, whose lyrics paraphrase the first two forms of the Memorial Acclamation of the Mass, is sung during the Wednesday Novena Service to Our Lady of Perpetual Help and Benediction at Baclaran Church (the icon's principal shrine in the country).

 * Let us raise our voice to proclaim our Faith:
 * Christ the Lord, for us has died;
 * Dying, He destroyed our death,
 * Rising, He restored our life.
 * O Lord Jesus, we await
 * Your last return in glory.

 * When we eat the bread and we drink the cup
 * In the blessed Eucharist
 * We meet You, our Risen Saviour,
 * Giving life to us anew.
 * Through life’s journey be with us,
 * To strengthen us forever.

 * Amen, Amen.

 * ℣. You have given them bread from heaven [Alleluia].
 * ℟. The source of all happiness [Alleluia].

 * ℣. Let us pray: Lord God, by the Paschal Mystery of the Death and Resurrection of Your only Son, You accomplish the work of man’s redemption. Full of trust, we proclaim the Paschal Mystery in the sacramental signs of the Eucharist. Help us to see ever growing in us the fruits of Your saving work; through Christ Our Lord.

 * ℟. Amen.

title: Tantum ergo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trade Federation PAC

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. By the way, voting to merge without specifying a target is not terribly helpful. dbenbenn | talk 17:56, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Trade Federation PAC
Apparantly this carries the Battle droid rack of an MTT. It was seen briefly in Episode I. While I'm usually pro-fancruft, this only gets 3 Google hits, from the same non-official site.-LtNOWIS 21:43, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not remotely needed in a general reference work. Isomorphic 21:46, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * So this vehicle is not the MTT? Is this larger or smaller than a MTT? -- Riffsyphon1024 21:48, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Found what I needed to see after a Google search of "Trade Federation Platoon Attack Craft", which only pulled up two hits to Geocities sites. However the illustration of the PAC is from either the "Cross Sections" or "Inside the Worlds of" books. -- Riffsyphon1024 21:53, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Damn, I was about to link that site, but you beat me to it. I don't own the Episode I cross section (yet).  If it's mentioned in there, than there's a bit more notability, but still not enough for Wikipedia.-LtNOWIS 22:02, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

A.L.
 * Keep but with reservations. Article needs expansion. Megan1967 02:45, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you seriously want to keep an article with 3 Google hits? I would probably want it kept, but I'm really not convinced it's even a real vehicle.-LtNOWIS 03:10, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's in the movie, and illustrated in a LucasArts-backed book, then it is notable, even if it makes a one second appearance. -- Riffsyphon1024 06:11, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In a general encyclopedia it's not. Delete -- Paul Richter 06:39, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There's no consensus that wikipedia has to restrict itself to being a general encyclopedia, instead of a pan-specialist one. Kappa 12:15, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed. "The sum of all human knowledge" mission statement would necessarily imply being a pan-specialist encyclopedia. - David Gerard 14:33, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The phrase "The Sum of Human Knowledge" didn't originate with Jimbo or the Wikipedia. It was the marketing slogan of the 1911 Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica.   Clearly, it didn't "necessarily imply" that EB 1911 was a pan-specialist encyclopedia, and it does not "necessarily imply" that Wikipedia is that now.  --BM 17:06, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That's 'cos they ran out of paper. We could ask Jimbo what he thought he meant when he said it, or would you not believe him either if he disagreed with you? - David Gerard 01:58, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * They described the EB that way after they published it in all its paper-imposed finitude. I'd believe Jimbo's statement as to what he meant, of course. Why wouldn't I?  He's the world expert on what Jimbo Wales means when he says things, unless its his shrink (or his wife).   As for whether I'd agree with his (current) definition, that would depend on what the definition was.  It would be nice if he were clear enough on its meaning that it would have some operational meaning -- so that one could determine, for example, that the "sum of human knowledge" includes or does not include an article on the "Trade Federation Platoon Attack Carrier" from Star Wars.  If "sum of human knowledge" means that Wikipedia is a "pan-specialist encyclopedia" with indefinite drill-down on specialized interests, then why do we have the statement in What Wikipedia is not that it is not a "general information base"?   But I dare say that if Jimbo were ever clear on the subject, that would have more influence in forming consensus amongst Wikipedians than my opinion, or yours.  --BM 12:46, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to an appropriate title. Incidentally, I read this and thought "Star Wars fans formed a political action committee?!"
 * Merge and redirect - David Gerard 14:33, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It is not encyclopedic to have a full article on every artifact or vehicle that appears fleetingly in one of the Star Wars movies.  We don't have articles on every type of troop carrier that has carried real human soldiers into real battles. And we shouldn't: Wikipedia is not a general information base, and it certainly is not a general information base about the fictional universe of Star Wars.  --BM 17:06, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I will vote for it to be merged with an article that combines several (possibly many) vehicles that are not capable of maintaining their own articles, just like all the minor characters that have to be merged with the big list of minor characters. -- Riffsyphon1024 21:03, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Why not start up a Star Wars wiki? TheBattlestar Galactica Series has its own wiki. If we have a Star Wars wiki, then Star Wars fans can get do start or edit articles. Don't deleat the Trade Federation PAC article, just relocate it to the Star Wars wiki as soon as it starts. --
 * Delete. This article will never grow beyond one paragraph of fancruft; there just isn't sufficient information out there. (A merge into a suitable collection of Star Wars vehicles would be acceptable if such an article exists.) --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 16:30, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:54, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Zone 2

Zone 2 may refer to:
 * Travelcard Zone 2, of the Transport for London zonal system
 * Hardiness zone, a geographically defined zone in which a specific category of plant life is capable of growing
 * Zone 2 of Milan
 * NBA In the Zone 2
 * Zone 2, Rodrigues
 * Zone 2 (rap group) - UK drill collective based in London.

title: Zone 2


text:
Zone 1

Zone 1 may refer to:

 * Hardiness zone, a geographically defined zone in which a specific category of plant life is capable of growing
 * Fare Zone 1, of the Transport for London zonal system
 * Zone 1 (Manchester Metrolink)
 * Zone 1 of Milan
 * Zone 1 (Nova Scotia health region)
 * Zone 1, usually written with Roman numeral as "Zone I", lies in the 0 to X range of the photographic Zone System
 * Zone 1 is the lowest of the 5 zones in the Zoladz method for rating exercise intensity

title: Zone 1


text:
St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore

Saint Andrew's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Singapore. It is located near City Hall, Downtown Core, within the Central Area in Singapore's central business district. It is the cathedral church of the Anglican Diocese of Singapore and serves as the mother church to 27 parishes and more than 55 congregations. The church has existed on the site since 1836, although the current building was constructed in 1856–1861. The logo of the cathedral is the St Andrew's Cross.

In 2006, it marked the 150th anniversary of the St Andrew's Church Mission, which was initiated in 1856. After a period of more than 2 years of restorative works, the Cathedral Nave was reopened and dedicated by Bishop Titus Chung on 24 December 2023.

History

A piece of land between Hill Street and North Bridge Road was originally allocated by Sir Stamford Raffles in his Town Plan of 1822 for the siting of an Anglican church. However, construction of the church did not begin until funds were raised by the community in 1834. The church was built between North Bridge Road and St Andrew's Road. The church was named Saint Andrew after the patron saint of Scotland in honour of the Scottish community who had donated to the building fund.

First church
The first Saint Andrew's Church was designed by George Drumgoole Coleman in the neo-classical style. The foundation stone was laid on 9 November 1835, and the building constructed by 1836. The first church service was conducted on 18 June 1837 by the first chaplain, Reverend Edmund White, and the church was consecrated on 10 September 1838 by Bishop Daniel Wilson of Calcutta.

After complaints that the church resembled a "Town Hall, a College or an Assembly Room", a spire was added by John Turnbull Thomson in 1842. The spire was built without a lightning conductor, however, and the church suffered two lightning strikes in 1845 and 1849. It was then declared unsafe and closed in 1852, and subsequently demolished in 1855.

The church had a bell known as the Revere Bell, named after Mrs Maria Revere Balestier, the wife of American Consul Joseph Balestier, who donated it in 1843.

Second church
The construction of a second church was initiated by the then Governor of the Straits Settlements William Butterworth. Colonel Ronald MacPherson, the Executive Engineer and Superintendent of convicts, designed the new church in the Gothic Revival style. The tower was originally designed to be twice the height of the previous tower and without a spire, but during the construction, it was discovered that the foundation could not support such a heavy structure, and a lighter spire was used instead. The plan was also simplified so that it could be more easily built by Indian convict labourers, who were commonly used in building construction in early Singapore. John Bennet was the engineer responsible for the construction. After MacPherson was transferred to Malacca, the completion of the building was overseen by Major John F. A. McNair, John Bennett and W. D. Bayliss.

The Rt Rev. Dr Daniel Wilson, Lord Bishop of Calcutta, laid the foundation stone on 4 March 1856, and the building was completed in 1861. The first service was held on 1 October 1861. Dr George Cotton, who succeeded Bishop Wilson, had the honour of consecrating the church on 25 January 1862.

The Saint Andrew's Mission was initiated on 25 June 1856, and the first Anglican evangelical outreach in Singapore was launched from the church.

Consecration as cathedral
In 1869, the church was transferred from the Diocese of Calcutta to the Diocese of Labuan and Sarawak. In 1870, Archdeacon John Alleyne Beckles consecrated it as the Cathedral Church of the United Diocese.

The Revere Bell was replaced by a chime of bells in 1889. The Revere Bell is currently placed in the National Museum of Singapore. The cathedral is currently owned by the Synod of the Diocese of Singapore, established in 1909. The first Anglican bishop, The Right Reverend Charles James Ferguson-Davie, was appointed that year.

In 1942, shortly before the Fall of Singapore to the Japanese, the cathedral served as an emergency hospital. A Memorial Hall dedicated to those who died in the Second World War was added in 1952.

The north and south transepts of the cathedral was originally built as porches for carriages. Both transepts have been extended to provide halls, meeting rooms and offices: the North Transept in 1952, and the South Transept 1983.

Saint Andrew's Cathedral was gazetted as a Singaporean national monument on 28 June 1973.

A project to extend the building was initiated in 2003. An archaeological excavation was conducted on its grounds in 2004 by the National University of Singapore before building commenced. The extension, called the Cathedral New Sanctuary, was completed in November 2005. It was largely built underground to comply with conservation guidelines for a gazetted national monument, and features a new worship hall within two underground levels of new floor space.

The cathedral bells, cast in 1888 by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough, England, were originally hung as a chime of eight in the key of E-flat. These were designed to be hung for change ringing. However, contemporary surveys found that the tower had unsuitable foundations to support a swinging peal of bells, and they were hung dead for chiming via the Ellacombe system.

In 2018, a further survey found that the tower was perfectly capable of withstanding change ringing, and a project was launched for them to be hung properly. The bells were taken out of the tower in November of that year for tuning and cleaning. The new ringing arrangement (a peal of twelve in D, retaining six of the original eight bells) was also made by John Taylor & Co. The first change ringing on the twelve took place on August 7, 2019, and the bells were dedicated on Sunday 11 August.

Architecture
The existing cathedral was designed in a Neo-Gothic architectural style, and was finished with Madras chunam. The architect MacPherson is said to have drawn inspiration for aspects of the design from Netley Abbey, a ruined thirteenth century church in Hampshire, England. The piers of the nave of Saint Andrew's closely resemble the surviving piers at Netley. Three stained glass windows located at the apse are dedicated to three figures in Singapore's early colonial history and who are represented on the windows by their coats of arms. The window at the centre is dedicated to Sir Stamford Raffles, the windows on the left to John Crawfurd, the first major Resident of Singapore, and the windows on the right to Major General William Butterworth, the governor who initiated the construction of the second church building. However, the original stained glass windows were damaged during the Second World War. MacPherson is remembered in the grey and red granite memorial monument surmounted by a Maltese cross in the grounds, and by the stained glass window over the west door. Jalan Klapa was also renamed MacPherson Road in his honour. The gallery at the West end was not part of MacPherson's plan but added after the Cathedral opened. It has the only decorated elements in the church, with foliated pillars and pilasters, and crocketed arches.

Three objects in the Saint Andrew's Cathedral symbolise the affiliation of the Church with the Anglican Communion in England and its allegiance to the worldwide See of Canterbury. The Canterbury Stone, set in a pillar by the lectern and bearing a bronze replica of the Canterbury Cross, was sent from Canterbury Cathedral in 1936. The Coventry Cross, on the column supporting the pulpit, is made from three silver-plated iron nails from the ruins of the 14th century Coventry Cathedral destroyed by bombing during the Second World War. The Coronation Carpet in the Epiphany Chapel comes from the carpet that was used in the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey.

St Andrew's Cathedral Choir
The St Andrew's Cathedral Choir is the oldest musical institution in Singapore. Lim Chin Kai serves as the music director since 1992.

title: St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore


text:
Zone 4

Zone 4 may refer to:

 * Hardiness zone, a geographically defined zone in which a specific category of plant life is capable of growing
 * Marcory Zone 4, one of the four zones of Marcory, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
 * Travelcard Zone 4, of the Transport for London zonal system
 * Zone 4 (record label), a record label created by producer Polow da Don
 * Zone 4 of Milan

title: Zone 4


text:
Zone 5

Zone 5  may refer to:

 * Travelcard Zone 5, of the Transport for London zonal system
 * Hardiness zone, a geographically defined zone in which a specific category of plant life is capable of growing
 * Zone 5 of Milan

title: Zone 5


text:
Amanda Stott

Amanda Stott (born May 6, 1982) is a Canadian singer and songwriter from Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.

Early life and career
Stott was born in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada to Cyril and Tiena Stott. She grew up on her family farm in rural Manitoba, Canada. She has an older brother named Conrad. Her father was a saxophonist and pianist. She started singing in the church choir at Brandon Calvary Temple when she was just three years old. She first gained prominence as a country singer at the Dauphin Country Fest in 1994. In 1999, she signed with Warner Music Canada and her first self-titled album was released in 2000. This album prompted the single "Black Is Black" which quickly became a hit on country radio and television. She was also nominated for a Juno Award for Best New Solo Artist.

After a few years away from the spotlight, Stott returned with a more adult pop sound and her first single, "Paper Rain", reached No. 1 on the Canadian Singles Chart. On March 8, 2005, her second album, Chasing the Sky, was released. It included "Paper Rain" and follow up singles "Homeless Heart" and "She'll Get Over It".

On April 13, 2005, Stott performed at the Yukon Arts Centre in Whitehorse, Yukon.

Stott performed on July 1, 2005 as part of the Canada Day celebrations, taking place on Parliament Hill in Ottawa. In the summer of 2005 she toured Canada with fellow female Canadian singers Keshia Chanté, Christine Evans and Cassie Steele. In December 2005 she was a part of the Holiday Train cross-Canada tour along with Wayne Rostad and the Moffatts.

She was a featured singer in the travelling Cirque du Soleil arena show called Delirium, touring North America.

In 2012, she released a single called "Now's Our Time" which features her husband, Matt Young.

After nine years of hiatus on music, On January 9, 2023, Stott announced she was traveling to Israel for co-hosting the Back to the Bible Canada organization in Abbotsford, BC for their event known as "The Israel Experience 2023".

Personal life
In October 2010, Stott married musician Matt Young. They live in Mount Horeb, Wisconsin with their two sons, who were born in 2013 and 2015.

title: Amanda Stott


text:
Category:Churches in Singapore

Includes all Churches and Cathedrals in Singapore.

title: Category:Churches in Singapore


text:
Zone 6

Zone 6 may refer to:

 * Travelcard Zone 6, of the Transport for London zonal system
 * Hardiness zone, a geographically defined zone in which a specific category of plant life is capable of growing
 * Zone 6 of Milan, one of the 9 administrative zones of Milan, Italy

title: Zone 6


text:
Dharmaśāstra

Dharmaśāstra (धर्मशास्त्र) are Sanskrit Puranic Smriti texts on law and conduct, and refer to treatises (śāstras) on Dharma. Unlike Dharmasūtra which are based upon Vedas, these texts are mainly based on the Puranas. There are many Dharmashastras, variously estimated to number from 18 to over 100. Each of these texts exists in many different versions, and each is rooted in Dharmasutra texts dated to the 1st millennium BCE that emerged from Kalpa (Vedanga) studies in the Vedic era.

The textual corpus of Dharmaśāstra were composed in poetic verse, and are part of the Hindu Smritis, constituting divergent commentaries and treatises on ethics particularly duties, and responsibilities to oneself and family as well as those required as a member of society. The texts include discussion of ashrama (stages of life), varna (social classes), purushartha (proper goals of life), personal virtues and duties such as ahimsa (non-violence) against all living beings, rules of just war, and other topics.

Dharmaśāstra became influential in modern colonial India history, when they were formulated by early British colonial administrators to be the law of the land for all non-Muslims (Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs) in the Indian subcontinent, after Sharia set by Emperor Aurangzeb, was already accepted as the law for Muslims in colonial India.

History
The Dharmashastras are based on ancient Dharmasūtra texts, which themselves emerged from the literary tradition of the Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sāma, and Atharva) composed in 2nd millennium BCE to the early centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. These Vedic branches split into various other schools (shakhas) possibly for a variety of reasons such as geography, specialization and disputes. Each Veda is further divided into two categories namely the Saṃhitā which is a collection of mantra verses and the Brahmanas which are prose texts that explain the meaning of the Samhita verses. The Brāhmaṇa layer expanded and some of the newer esoteric layers of text that explore the hidden meanings behind Vedic rituals were called Aranyakas while the philosophical sections came to be called the Upanishads. The Vedic basis of Dharma literature is found in the Brahmana layer of the Vedas.

Towards the end of the Vedic period, after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE, the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time. This led to the formation of Vedic Supplements called the Vedangas which literally means 'limbs of the Veda'. The Vedangas were ancillary sciences that focused on understanding and interpreting the Vedas composed many centuries earlier, and included Shiksha (phonetics, syllable), Chandas (poetic metre), Vyakarana (grammar, linguistics), Nirukta (etymology, glossary), Jyotisha (timekeeping, astronomy), and Kalpa (ritual or proper procedures). The Kalpa Vedanga studies gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras.

The Dharmasutras
The Dharmasutras were numerous, but only four texts have survived into the modern era. The most important of these texts are the sutras of Apastamba, Gautama, Baudhayana, and Vasistha. These extant texts cite writers and refer opinions of seventeen authorities, implying that a rich Dharmasutras tradition existed prior to when these texts were composed.

The extant Dharmasutras are written in concise sutra format, with a very terse incomplete sentence structure which are difficult to understand and leave much to the reader to interpret. The Dharmasastras are derivative works on the Dharmasutras, using a shloka (four 8-syllable verse style chandas poetry, Anushtubh meter), which are relatively clearer.

The Dharmasutras can be called the guidebooks of dharma as they contain guidelines for individual and social behavior, ethical norms, as well as personal, civil and criminal law. They discuss the duties and rights of people at different stages of life like studenthood, householdership, retirement and renunciation. These stages are also called ashramas. They also discuss the rites and duties of kings, judicial matters, and personal law such as matters relating to marriage and inheritance. However, Dharmasutras typically did not deal with rituals and ceremonies, a topic that was covered in the Shrautasutras and Grihyasutras texts of the Kalpa (Vedanga).

Style of composition
The hymns of Ṛgveda are one of the earliest texts composed in verse. The Brāhmaṇa which belongs to the middle vedic period followed by the vedāṇga are composed in prose. The basic texts are composed in an aphoristic style known as the sutra which literally means thread on which each aphorism is strung like a pearl.

The Dharmasūtras are composed in sutra style and were part of a larger compilation of texts, called the Kalpasūtras which give an aphoristic description of the rituals, ceremonies and proper procedures. The Kalpasutras contain three sections, namely the Śrautasūtras which deal with vedic ceremonies, Gṛhyasūtras which deal with rites of passage rituals and domestic matters, and Dharmasūtras which deal with proper procedures in one's life. The Dharmasūtras of Āpastamba and Baudhāyana form a part of larger Kalpasutra texts, all of which has survived into the modern era.

The sūtra tradition ended around the beginning of the common era and was followed by the poetic octosyllable verse style called the śloka. The verse style was used to compose the Dharmaśāstras such as the Manusmriti, the Hindu epics, and the Puranas.

The age of Smṛtis that ended around the second half of the first millennium CE was followed by that of commentaries around the 9th century called nibandha. This legal tradition consisted of commentaries on earlier Dharmasūtras and Smritis.

Authorship and dates
About 20 Dharmasutras are known, some surviving into the modern era just as fragments of their original. Four Dharmasūtras have been translated into English, and most remain in manuscripts. All carry the names of their authors, but it is still difficult to determine who these real authors were.

The extant Dharmasūtra texts are listed below:
 * 1) Apastamba (450–350 BCE) this Dharmasūtra forms a part of the larger Kalpasūtra of Apastamba. It contains 1,364 sutras.
 * 2) Gautama (600–200 BCE) although this Dharmasūtra comes down as an independent treatise it may have once formed a part of the Kalpasūtra, linked to the Samaveda. It is likely the oldest extant Dharma text, and originated in what is modern Maharashtra-Gujarat. It contains 973 sutras.
 * 3) Baudhāyana (500–200 BCE) this Dharmasūtra like that of Apastamba also forms a part of the larger Kalpasūtra. It contains 1,236 sutras.
 * 4) Vasishtha (300–100 BCE) this Dharmasūtra forms an independent treatise and other parts of the Kalpasūtra, that is Shrauta- and Grihya-sutras are missing. It contains 1,038 sutras.

The Dharmasūtra of Āpastamba and Baudhayana form a part of the Kalpasūtra but it is not easy to establish whether they were historical authors of these texts or whether these texts were composed within certain institutions attributed to their names. Moreover, Gautama and Vasiṣṭha are ancient sages related to specific vedic schools and therefore it is hard to say whether they were historical authors of these texts. The issue of authorship is further complicated by the fact that apart from Āpastamba the other Dharmasūtras have various alterations made at later times.

There is uncertainty regarding the dates of these documents due to lack of evidence concerning these documents. Kane has posited the following dates for the texts, for example, though other scholars disagree: Gautama 600 BCE to 400 BCE, Āpastamba 450 BCE to 350 BCE, Baudhāyana 500 BCE to 200 BCE, and Vasiṣṭha 300 BCE to 100 BCE. Patrick Olivelle suggests that Apastamba Dharmasutra is the oldest of the extant texts in Dharmasutra genre and one by Gautama second oldest, while Robert Lingat suggests that Gautama Dharmasutra is the oldest.

There is confusion regarding the geographical provenance of these documents. According to Bühler and Kane, Āpastamba came from South India probably from a region corresponding to modern Andhra Pradesh. Baudhāyana also came from south although evidence regarding this is weaker than that of Āpastamba. Gautama likely came from western region, nearer to the northwestern region to which Pāṇini belonged, and one which corresponds to where Maratha people in modern India are found. Nothing can be said about Vasiṣṭha due to lack of any evidence.

Scholars have varied opinions about the chronology of these documents. Regarding the age of Āpastamba and Gautama there are opposite conclusions. According to Bühler and Lingat Āpastamba is younger than Baudhāyana. Vasiṣṭha is surely a later text.

Literary structure
The structure of these Dharmasūtras primarily addresses the Brahmins both in subject matter and the audience. The Brahmins are the creators and primary consumers of these texts. The subject matter of Dharmasūtras is dharma. The central focus of these texts is how a Brahmin male should conduct himself during his lifetime. The text of Āpastamba which is best preserved has a total of 1,364 sūtras out of which 1,206 (88 per cent) are devoted to the Brahmin, whereas only 158 (12 per cent) deals with topics of general nature. The structure of the Dharmasūtras begin with the vedic initiation of a young boy followed by entry into adulthood, marriage and responsibilities of adult life that includes adoption, inheritance, death rituals and ancestral offerings. According to Olivelle, the reason Dharmasutras introduced vedic initiation was to make the individual subject to Dharma precepts at school, by making him a 'twice born' man, because children were considered exempt from Dharma precepts in the vedic tradition.

The structure of Dharmasūtra of Āpastamba begins with the duties of the student, then describes householder duties and rights such as inheritance, and ends with administration of the king. This forms the early structure of the Dharma texts. However, in the Dharmasūtras of Gautama, Baudhāyana and Vasiṣṭha some sections such as inheritance and penance are reorganized, and moved from householder section to king-related section. Ollivelle suggests that these changes may be because of chronological reasons where civil law increasingly became part of the king's administrative responsibilities.

The meaning of Dharma
Dharma is a concept which is central not only in Hinduism but also in Jainism and Buddhism. The term means a lot of things and has a wide scope of interpretation. The fundamental meaning of Dharma in Dharmasūtras, states Olivelle is diverse, and includes accepted norms of behavior, procedures within a ritual, moral actions, righteousness and ethical attitudes, civil and criminal law, legal procedures and penance or punishment, and guidelines for proper and productive living.

The term Dharma also includes social institutions such as marriage, inheritance, adoption, work contracts, judicial process in case of disputes, as well personal choices such as meat as food and sexual conduct.

The source of Dharma: scriptures or empiricism
The source of dharma was a question that loomed in the minds of Dharma text writers, and they tried to seek "where guidelines for Dharma can be found?" They sought to define and examine vedic injunctions as the source of Dharma, asserting that like the Vedas, Dharma is not of human origin. This worked for rituals-related rules, but in all other matters this created numerous interpretations and different derivations. This led to documents with various working definitions, such as dharma of different regions (deshadharma), of social groups (jatidharma), of different families (kuladharma). The authors of Dharmasutras and Dharmashastra admit that these dharmas are not found in the Vedic texts, nor can the behavioral rules included therein be found in any of the Vedas. This led to the incongruity between the search for legal codes and dharma rules in the theological versus the reality of epistemic origins of dharma rules and guidelines.

The Hindu scholar Āpastamba, in a Dharmasutra named after him (~400 BCE), made an attempt to resolve this issue of incongruity. He placed the importance of the Veda scriptures second and that of samayacarika or mutually agreed and accepted customs of practice first. Āpastamba thus proposed that scriptures alone cannot be source of Law (dharma), and dharma has an empirical nature. Āpastamba asserted that it is difficult to find absolute sources of law, in ancient books or current people, states Patrick Olivelle with, "The Righteous (dharma) and the Unrighteous (adharma) do not go around saying, 'here we are!'; Nor do gods, Gandharvas or ancestors declare, 'This is righteous and that is unrighteous'." Most laws are based on agreement between the Aryas, stated Āpastamba, on what is right and what is wrong. Laws must also change with ages, stated Āpastamba, a theory that became known as Yuga dharma in Hindu traditions. Āpastamba also asserted in verses 2.29.11–15, states Olivelle, that "aspects of dharma not taught in Dharmasastras can be learned from women and people of all classes".

Āpastamba used a hermeneutic strategy that asserted that the Vedas once contained all knowledge including that of ideal Dharma, but parts of Vedas have been lost. Human customs developed from the original complete Vedas, but given the lost text, one must use customs between good people as a source to infer what the original Vedas might have stated the Dharma to be. This theory, called the 'lost Veda' theory, made the study of customs of good people as a source of dharma and guide to proper living, states Olivelle.

The sources of dharma according to Gautama Dharmasutra are three: the Vedas, the Smriti (tradition), acāra (the practice) of those who know the Veda. These three sources are also found in later Dharmashastra literature. Baudhāyana Dharmasutra lists the same three, but calls the third as śiṣṭa (शिष्ट, literally polite cultured people) or the practice of cultured people as the third source of dharma. Both Baudhāyana Dharmasutra and Vāsiṣṭha Dharmasutra make the practices of śiṣṭa as a source of dharma, but both state that the geographical location of such polite cultured people does not limit the usefulness of universal precepts contained in their practices. In case of conflict between different sources of dharma, Gautama Dharmasutra states that the Vedas prevail over other sources, and if two Vedic texts are in conflict then the individual has a choice to follow either.

The nature of Dharmasūtras is normative, they tell what people ought to do, but they do not tell what people actually did. Some scholars state that these sources are unreliable and worthless for historical purposes instead to use archaeology, epigraphy and other historical evidence to establish the actual legal codes in Indian history. Olivelle states that the dismissal of normative texts is unwise, as is believing that the Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras texts present a uniform code of conduct and there were no divergent or dissenting views.

The Dharmaśāstras
Written after the Dharmasūtras, these texts use a metered verse and are much more elaborate in their scope than Dharmasutras. The word Dharmaśāstras never appears in the Vedic texts, and the word śāstra itself appears for the first time in Yaska's Nirukta text. Katyayana's commentary on Panini's work (~3rd century BCE), has the oldest known single mention of the word Dharmaśāstras.

The extant Dharmaśāstras texts are listed below:
 * 1) The Manusmriti (~ 2nd to 3rd century CE) is the most studied and earliest metrical work of the Dharmaśāstra textual tradition of Hinduism. The medieval era Buddhistic law of Myanmar and Thailand are also ascribed to Manu,  and the text influenced past Hindu kingdoms in Cambodia and Indonesia.
 * 2) The  (~ 4th to 5th-century CE) has been called the "best composed" and "most homogeneous" text of the Dharmaśāstra tradition, with its superior vocabulary and level of sophistication. It may have been more influential than Manusmriti as a legal theory text.
 * 3) The  (~ 5th to 6th-century CE) has been called the "juridical text par excellence" and represents the only Dharmaśāstra text which deals solely with juridical matters and ignoring those of righteous conduct and penance.
 * 4) The  (~ 7th-century CE) is one of the latest books of the Dharmaśāstra tradition in Hinduism and also the only one which does not deal directly with the means of knowing dharma, focusing instead on the bhakti tradition.

In addition, numerous other Dharmaśāstras are known, partially or indirectly, with very different ideas, customs and conflicting versions. For example, the manuscripts of and the  have not been found, but their verses have been cited in other texts, and scholars have made an effort to extract these cited verses, thus creating a modern reconstruction of these texts. Scholars such as Jolly and Aiyangar have gathered some 2,400 verses of the lost Bṛhaspatismṛti text in this manner. Brihaspati-smriti was likely a larger and more comprehensive text than Manusmriti, yet both Brihaspati-smriti and Katyayana-smriti seem to have been predominantly devoted to judicial process and jurisprudence. The writers of Dharmasastras acknowledged their mutual differences, and developed a "doctrine of consensus" reflecting regional customs and preferences.

Of the four extant Dharmasastras, Manusmriti, Yajnavalkyasmriti and Naradasmriti are the most important surviving texts. But, states Robert Lingat, numerous other Dharmasastras whose manuscripts are now missing, have enjoyed equal authority. Between the three, the Manusmriti became famous during the colonial British India era, yet modern scholarship states that other Dharmasastras such as the Yajnavalkyasmriti appear to have played a greater role in guiding the actual Dharma. Further, the Dharmasastras were open texts, and they underwent alterations and rewriting through their history.

Contents of Dharmasutras and Dharmaśāstra

All Dharma, in Hindu traditions, has its foundation in the Vedas. The Dharmashastra texts enumerate four sources of Dharma – the precepts in the Vedas, the tradition, the virtuous conduct of those who know the Vedas, and approval of one's conscience (Atmasantushti, self-satisfaction).

The Dharmashastra texts include conflicting claims on the sources of dharma. The theological claim therein asserts, without any elaboration, that Dharma just like the Vedas are eternal and timeless, the former is directly or indirectly related to the Vedas. Yet these texts also acknowledge the role of Smriti, customs of polite learned people, and one's conscience as source of dharma. The historical reality, states Patrick Olivelle, is very different from the theological reference to the Vedas, and the dharma taught in the Dharmaśāstra has little to do with the Vedas. These were customs, norms or pronouncements of the writers of these texts that were likely derived from evolving regional ethical, ideological, cultural and legal practices.

The Dharmasutra and Dharmaśāstra texts, as they have survived into the modern era, were not authored by a single author. They were viewed by the ancient and medieval era commentators, states Olivelle, to be the works of many authors. Robert Lingat adds that these texts suggest that "a rich literature on dharma already existed" before these were first composed. These texts were revised and interpolated through their history because the various text manuscripts discovered in India are inconsistent with each other, and within themselves, raising concerns of their authenticity.

The Dharmaśāstra texts present their ideas under various categories such as Acara, Vyavahara, Prayascitta and others, but they do so inconsistently. Some discuss Acara but do not discuss Vyavahara, as is the case with Parasara-Smriti for instance, while some solely discuss Vyavahara.

Ācāra
Ācāra (आचार) literally means "good behavior, custom". It refers to the normative behavior and practices of a community, conventions and behaviors that enable a society and various individuals therein to function.

Vyavahāra
Vyavahāra (व्यवहार) literally means "judicial procedure, process, practice, conduct and behaviour". The due process, honesty in testimony, considering various sides, was justified by Dharmaśāstra authors as a form of Vedic sacrifice, failure of the due process was declared to be a sin.

The Vyavahara sections of Dharma texts included chapters on duties of a king, court system, judges and witnesses, judicial process, crimes and penance or punishment. However, the discussions and procedures in different Dharmasutra and Dharmaśāstra texts diverge significantly.

Some Dharmaśāstra texts such as that attributed to Brihaspati, are almost entirely Vyavahāra-related texts. These were probably composed in the common era, around or after 5th-century of 1st millennium.

Prāyaścitta
Prāyaścitta (प्रायश्चित्त) literally means "atonement, expiation, penance". Prāyaścitta is asserted by the Dharmasutra and Dharmashastra texts as an alternative to incarceration and punishment, and a means of expiating bad conduct or sin such as adultery by a married person. Thus, in the Apastambha text, a willing sexual act between a male and female is subject to penance, while rape is covered by harsher judicial punishments, with a few texts such as Manusmriti suggesting public punishments in extreme cases.

Those texts that discuss Prāyaścitta, states Robert Lingat, debate the intent and thought behind the improper act, and consider penance appropriate when the "effect" had to be balanced, but "cause" was unclear. The roots of this theory are found in the Brahmana layer of text in the Samaveda.

Secondary works
The Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras attracted secondary works called commentaries (Bhashya) would typically interpret and explain the text of interest, accept or reject the ideas along with reasons why.

Another category of secondary literature derived from the Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras were the digests (nibandhas, sometimes spelled nibhandas). These arose primarily because of the conflict and disagreements on a particular subject across the various Dharma texts. These digests attempted to reconcile, bridge or suggest a compromise guideline to the numerous disagreements in the primary texts, however the digests in themselves disagreed with each other even on basic principles. Geographically, the medieval era digest writers came from many different parts of India, such as Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat, Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh.

Some important nibandhas are
 * 1) Caturvargacintāmaṇi of Hemādri, composed around A. D. 1260-1270
 * 2) Kṛtya-kalpataru of Lakṣmīdhara, a minister of the king Govindacandra of Kanauj
 * 3) Nirṇayasindhu of Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa, composed around A. D. 1612
 * 4) Smṛticandrikā of Devaṇṇabhaṭṭa (A. D. 1150-1225)
 * 5) Smṛtikaustubha of Anantadeva (grandson of Eknāth), composed around A. D. 1645-1695
 * 6) Smṛtiratnākara of Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura, composed around A. D. 1314
 * 7) Smṛtitattva or commonly referred to as Astāviṃśati-tattva of Raghunandana
 * 8) Vīramitrodaya of Mitramiśra (A. D. 1610-1640)
 * 9) Dāyabhāga of Jīmūtavāhana, composed around A. D. 1100
 * 10) Vyavahāra-mayūkha & Bhagavanta-bhāskara of Nīlakaṇṭha Bhaṭṭa (17th century)
 * 11) Smṛtisindhu and its summary Tattvamuktāvalī, Dattaka-mīmāṁsā of Nandapaṇḍita (A. D. 1580-1630)
 * 12) Ṭoḍarānanda of Rājā Ṭoḍaramal, composed around A. D. 1572-1589, sponsored by the Mughal emperor Akbar
 * 13) Dharmasindhu of Kāśīnātha Upādhyāya, composed around A. D. 1790-91

The nibandhakāras discussed almost all aspects of society, but specialised in certain topics compared to others.

Women jurists
A few notable historic digests on Dharmasastras were written by women. These include Lakshmidevi's Vivadachandra and Mahadevi Dhiramati's Danavakyavali. Lakshmidevi, state West and Bühler, gives a latitudinarian views and widest interpretation to Yajnavalkya Smriti, but her views were not widely adopted by male legal scholars of her time. The scholarly works of Lakshmidevi were also published with the pen name Balambhatta, and are now considered classics in legal theories on inheritance and property rights, particularly for women.

Dharma texts and the schools of Hindu philosophy
The Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy developed textual hermeneutics, theories on language and interpretation of Dharma, ideas which contributed to the Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras. The Vedanga fields of grammar and linguistics – Vyakarana and Nirukta – were the other significant contributors to the Dharma-text genre.

Mimamsa literally means the "desire to think", states Donald Davis, and in colloquial historical context "how to think, interpret things, and the meaning of texts". In the early portions of the Vedas, the focus was largely on the rituals; in the later portions, largely on philosophical speculations and the spiritual liberation (moksha) of the individual. The Dharma-texts, over time and each in its own way, attempted to present their theories on rules and duties of individuals from the perspective of a society, using the insights of hermeneutics and on language developed by Mimamsa and Vedanga. The Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy, and its insights into the theories on logic and reason, contributed to the development of and disagreements between the Dharmasastra texts, and the term Nyaya came to mean "justice".

Influence
Dharmaśāstras played an influential role in modern era colonial India history, when they were used as the basis for the law of the land for all non-Muslims (Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs).

In 18th century, the earliest British of the East India Company acted as agents of the Mughal emperor. As the British colonial rule took over the political and administrative powers in India, it was faced with various state responsibilities such as legislative and judiciary functions. The East India Company, and later the British Crown, sought profits for its British shareholders through trade as well as sought to maintain effective political control with minimal military engagement. The administration pursued a path of least resistance, relying upon co-opted local intermediaries that were mostly Muslims and some Hindus in various princely states. The British exercised power by avoiding interference and adapting to law practices as explained by the local intermediaries. The colonial policy on the system of personal laws for India, for example, was expressed by Governor-General Hastings in 1772 as follows,

"That in all suits regarding inheritance, marriage, caste and other religious usages or institutions, the law of the Koran with respect to Mohamedans, and those of the Shaster [Dharmaśāstra] with respect to Gentoos shall be invariably be adhered to."

- Warren Hastings

For Muslims of British India, the Sharia or the religious law for Muslims was easily available in al-Hidaya and Fatawa al-Alamgir written under the sponsorship of Aurangzeb. But for non-Muslims (followers of Dharmic religions and others such as Tribal people and Parsis), this information was not readily available. Hence the British colonial officials extracted from the Dharmaśāstra, the legal code to apply on non-Muslims for the purposes of colonial administration.

The Dharmashastra-derived laws for non-Muslim Indians were dissolved after India gained independence, but Indian Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act of 1937 continued to be the personal and family law for Indian Muslims. For non-Muslims, a non-religious uniform civil code was passed by Indian parliament in the 1950s, and amended by its elected governments thereafter, which has since then applied to all non-Muslim Indians.

For beginners

 * Olivelle, Patrick. 1999. Dharmasūtras: The Law Codes of Āpastamba, Gautama, Baudhāyana, and . New York: Oxford UP.
 * Olivelle, Patrick. 2004. The Law Code of Manu. New York: Oxford UP.

Other major translations

 * Kane, P.V. (ed. and trans.) 1933.  on Vyavahāra (Law and Procedure). Poona: Oriental Book Agency.
 * Lariviere, Richard W. 2003. . 2nd rev. ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
 * Rocher, Ludo. 1956. Vyavahāracintāmani: a digest on Hindu legal procedure. Gent.

Early translations with full-text online

 * Jha, Ganganath (trans.), Manusmṛti with the Manubhāṣyya of Medhātithi, including additional notes, 1920.
 * Bühler, Georg (trans.), The Laws of Manu, SBE Vol. 25, 1886.
 * Bühler, Georg (trans.), The Sacred Laws of the Āryas, SBE Vol. 2, 1879 [Part 1: Āpastamba and Gautama]
 * Bühler, Georg (trans.), The Sacred Laws of the Āryas, SBE Vol. 14, 1882 [Part 2: and Baudhāyana]
 * Jolly, Julius (trans.), The Institutes of, SBE Vol. 7, 1880.
 * Jolly, Julius (trans.), The Minor Law-Books, SBE Vol. 33. Oxford, 1889. [contains both ' and ']

title: Dharmaśāstra


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Zone A

Zone A may refer to:

Fare zones

 * Fare Zone A, see List of stations in London fare zones 7–9, G and W
 * Fare Zone A, see Metro Bilbao

Other

 * Free Territory of Trieste
 * Morgan Line, a region of Italy under Allied military administration 1945-47
 * Guthrie classification of Bantu languages
 * Zone A hurricane evacuation zone, see Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York

title: Zone A


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User:Voxexmachina

Hello hello hello
I'm a very very new wikipedian (but I read the wiki for fun at work!)

I'm working on expanding the Peter Milligan page, as well as putting together a page for "The Enigma" (what _I_ consider to be Milligan's best work (though you won't catch me saying so on the page itself.))

I'd love comments and stuff!

title: User:Voxexmachina


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2005 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 2005. For video games, see 2005 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 2005
• Arkham Horror (originally released in 1987 by Chaosium)

• Anachronism

• Australia: Aufbruch ins Abenteuer

• Axis & Allies Miniatures

• Beowulf: The Legend

• Bonaparte at Marengo

• Breakscore

• Case Closed Trading Card Game

• Caylus

• ChiZo Rising

• Codename: Kids Next Door Trading Card Game

• Cyberpunk V3 (role-playing game)

• d20 Apocalypse (role-playing game supplement)

• d20 Past (role-playing game supplement)

• Dark Millennium

• Dawning Star (role-playing game)

• Descent: Journeys in the Dark

• Diamant

• Diceland: Cyburg

• Diceland: Dragons

• ’’Dinosaur King’’

• Dragon Booster Trading Card Game

• Dragons of Kir

• EcoFluxx

• EinStein würfelt nicht

• Embassy chess

• Epic Battles

• Euphrates and Tigris Card Game

• Fairy Tale

• Federation Commander: Klingon Border

• Family Fluxx

• Fjords

• Fullmetal Alchemist Trading Card Game

• Glory to Rome

• Gundam War Collectible Card Game

• GURPS Infinite Worlds

• Hecatomb (collectible card game)

• Hollyworld (role-playing game)

• Infinite Armies

• Infinity (wargame)

• Inkan aarre

• Key Largo

• Khet: The Laser Game

• Kruzno

• Louis XIV

• Manila

• Nexus Ops

• The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game

• Panzer Grenadier: Eastern Front

• Panzer Grenadier: Road to Berlin

• Parthenon: Rise of the Aegean

• Pentago

• Pimp: The Backhanding

• PÜNCT

• Railroad Tycoon

• RoboRally (second edition)

• Rocketmen: Axis of Evil

• Runebound

• Saganami Island Tactical Simulator

• Serenity (role-playing game)

• Shadow Hunters

• Shadows over Camelot

• Sleeping Queens

• Sonic X Trading Card Game

• Starship Troopers: The Miniatures Game

• Starship Troopers: The Roleplaying Game

• Star Wars Risk: The Clone Wars Edition

• Terakh

• Ticket to Ride Europe

• TransEuropa

• Truth & Justice (role-playing game)

• Tsuro

• Twilight Imperium (third edition, first released in 1998)

• Twilight Struggle

• Usagi Yojimbo Role-Playing Game

• Vegas Showdown

• WARMACHINE Apotheosis

• Weapons of the Gods (role-playing game)

• Werewolf: The Forsaken (role-playing game)

• Wits and Wagers

• World of Warcraft: The Board Game

• Xiaolin Showdown Trading Card Game

• Zatch Bell! The Card Battle

Game awards given in 2005

 * Game of the Year and Gamers Choice for Best Miniatures (Origins Awards): WARMACHINE Apotheosis
 * Games: Australia

title: 2005 in games


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Neufchâtel cheese

Neufchâtel (, ; Norman: Neu(f)câtel) is a soft, slightly crumbly, mold-ripened, bloomy-rind cheese made in the Neufchâtel-en-Bray region of Normandy. One of the oldest kinds of cheese in France, its production is believed to date back as far as the 6th century AD, in the Kingdom of the Franks. It looks similar to Camembert and Brie, with a dry, white, edible rind, but the taste is saltier and sharper. Unlike other soft-white-rinded cheeses, Neufchâtel has a grainy texture. It is usually sold in heart shapes but is also produced in other forms, such as logs and boxes. It is typically matured for 8–10 weeks and weighs around 100-600 g.

This AOC product should not be confused with the American version of the cheese, which is a factory manufactured lower fat, higher moisture content, unaged alternative to American cream cheese.

History
Neufchâtel is the oldest of the Norman cheeses, having likely been made as early as the 6th century, and known to have been made between 1050 and 1543. For the end-of-year festivals during the Hundred Years' War, stories say that young girls offered heart-shaped cheeses to English soldiers to show their affection. During the 17th century it was sent to Paris and Rouen, and exported to Great Britain.

In 1880 Isidore Lefebvre, a farmer, constructed a dairy in Nesle-Hodeng, where he could mould and ripen cheese curds made by farmers in the surrounding area. Among Lefebvre's distributors were stores such as Harrods.

A quality label was granted for Neufchâtel from 1949 to 1953. In 1957 the agricultural assembly of the Neufchâtel district created a federation for protecting the quality of the cheese, working to demand an appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC, "controlled designation of origin"). This was put into law May 3rd, 1969, and modified December 29th, 1986. The AOC was reviewed again in 2006 under higher scrutiny, requiring that 65% of a manufacturer's cows be of the Normande breed.

Production of the cheese decreased after World War II. In 1993 there were 31 farms and one factory producing 45% of all Neufchâtel.

Shapes
There are six different shapes of Neufchâtel:

 * Carré (square-shaped), (100 g )
 * Briquette (brick-shaped), (100 g )
 * Bondon or bonde (bung or plug-shaped), (100 g )
 * Cœur (heart-shaped), (200 g )
 * Double bonde (double plug-shaped, twice the weight of a bondon), (400 g)
 * Grand cœur or gros cœur (large heart-shaped, thrice the weight of a cœur), (600 g)

American "Neufchâtel"
In 1872, William Lawrence, a New York dairyman of the township of Chester, created the first American cream cheese as the result of adding cream to a traditional recipe for Neufchâtel.

American "Neufchâtel" is softer than regular cream cheese due to its approximately ~33% lower fat and higher moisture content. Due to this reduced fat content, it is found in most grocery stores as a reduced-fat alternative to cream cheese.

title: Neufchâtel cheese


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Category:Buddhist temples in Singapore

This category contains articles pertaining to Buddhist temples in Singapore.

title: Category:Buddhist temples in Singapore


text:
Ermita metro station

Ermita is a station on Line 2 and Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro system. According to the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, Ermita serves as a transfer station of Line 12. It is located in the Benito Juárez borough of Mexico City, directly south of the city centre on Calzada de Tlalpan.

General information
It is a surface station. The station logo depicts a chapel: the Spanish word ermita means a small chapel constructed outside a church. The name of this station refers to San Cosme ermita, constructed in 1526. The station was opened on 1 August 1970. The Line 12 station was opened on 30 October 2012 as a part of the first stretch of the line between Mixcoac and Tláhuac.

Ermita provides a transfer with trolleybus Line "D", which also connects with Metro Mixcoac, Metro Zapata, and Metro Portales. Ermita is also not far from trolleybus Line "E".

Line 2

 * East: Calzada de Tlalpan between Av. Repúblicas and Pirineos street, Colonia Miravalle
 * West: Calzada de Tlalpan between Av. Repúblicas and Pirineos street, Colonia Portales

Line 12

 * Northeast: Ermita Iztapalapa and Miravalle street, Colonia Miravalle
 * Southeast: Ermita Iztapalapa and Francisco Rojas González street, Colonia Ermita
 * East: Calzada de Tlalpan and Ermita Iztapalapa, Colonia Ermita

title: Ermita metro station


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Transportation Corridor Agencies

Transportation Corridor Agencies (TCA) are two joint powers authorities formed by the California State Legislature in 1986 to plan, finance, construct, and operate Orange County's toll roads. TCA consists of two local government agencies:

 * The San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor Agency which oversees the San Joaquin Hills Toll Road (State Route 73).
 * The Foothill/Eastern Transportation Corridor Agency which runs both the Foothill Toll Road (State Route 241) and the Eastern Toll Road (State Route 241 and State Route 261).

The toll roads maintained by TCA are financed with tax-exempt bonds on a stand-alone basis -- taxpayers are not responsible for repaying any debt if toll revenues fall short.

Some California lawmakers and toll road advocates favor using similar local agencies to build and maintain future tollways, especially after the controversy of authorizing a private company to run the 91 Express Lanes. Others oppose them, arguing that new toll roads will just facilitate and perpetuate sprawl.

The Transportation Corridor Agency funded studies which argued that the California gnatcatcher was not a distinct species, in order to argue for delisting of the species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and enable extension of the State Route 241.

History
The toll roads managed by Transportation Agencies were originally supposed to be free roads by 2033. But TCA refinanced the debt in 2014, thus extending the agency's authority of the toll roads until 2053.

By 2020, Transportation Corridor Agencies had a budget of 400 million per year

By March 2020, Transportation Corridor Agencies officially abandoned plans to extend state route 241 through San Clemente

In 2021, the city of San Clemente voted to leave the Transportation Corridor Agencies because the city lost faith that the agency will be able to pay off their debt in a timely manner

Roadways

 * This list does not include the high-occupancy toll lane facilities of the 91 Express Lanes from SR 55 in Anaheim to the Riverside County line and the I-405 Express Lanes between SR 73 in Costa Mesa to I-605/SR 22 interchange in Seal Beach. These facilities are owned and operated by the Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA).

Criticism
In 2020, Transportation Corridor Agencies were criticized for trying to convert a non tolled road into a toll road. Transportation Corridor Agencies, also objected to state legislation that forbid them from expanding the toll system in orange county after TCA was caught using toll money to pay lobbyist.

In 2020, the Orange County Grand Jury released a report that stated that the Transportation Corridor Agencies has completely fulfilled its original mandate, while criticizing them for trying to involve itself in future toll planning by claiming that, "much of the planning is being performed by consultants and TCA staff, who have a financial interest in seeing the TCA continue beyond its original mandate, and out of view of many of the TCA board members and the public thus creating a conflict of interest issue,”

In 2021, the Transportation Corridor Agencies were criticized by the Orange County Grand Jury for collecting over 28 billion dollars on a highway system that cost 2.8 billion dollars to build. The grand Jury's main argument is that TCA has no excuse to wait to pay off the debt in 2053

In 2022, TCA CEO resigned due to a misconduct investigation

title: Transportation Corridor Agencies


text:
OFP

OFP can refer to:

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 * Operational Flight Program (military aviation)
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 * Overall fibrinolytic potential, a parameter of the overall hemostatic potential test
 * Overall Future Potential, a scouting assessment used in baseball to rank young players' potential in the major leagues

title: OFP