text:
Pierre Amédée Jaubert

Pierre Amédée Emilien Probe Jaubert (3 June 1779 – 28 January 1847) was a French diplomat, academic, orientalist, translator, politician, and traveler. He was Napoleon's "favourite orientalist adviser and dragoman".

Biography
Born in Aix-en-Provence, Jaubert was one of the most distinguished pupils of Silvestre de Sacy, whose funeral Discours he gave in 1838. Jaubert acted as interpreter to Napoleon Bonaparte during the Egyptian Campaign of 1798–1799, in which he was a member of the Egyptian Institute of Sciences and Arts.

On his return to Paris he held various posts in the government. In 1802 he accompanied Horace Sébastiani de La Porta on his Eastern mission, and in 1804 he was present in the Ottoman Empire, assisting Sébastiani in Istanbul.

In 1805, he was dispatched to Qajar Persia in the "Jaubert Mission", to arrange an alliance with Shah Fat′h Ali, but on the way there he was seized and imprisoned in a dry cistern for four months by the Pasha of Doğubeyazıt. Jaubert was allowed to go after the pasha died; he successfully accomplished his mission, and rejoined Napoleon in the Duchy of Warsaw (1807). Amédée Jaubert was at Finckenstein Palace for the negotiation of the Treaty of Finckenstein which formulised the Franco-Persian alliance on 27 April 1807. In 1809 he became correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands.

On the eve of Napoleon's downfall, he was appointed chargé d'affaires at Constantinople.

The Bourbon Restoration ended his diplomatic career, but in 1818 he undertook a journey with government aid to Tibet, from whence he succeeded in introducing into France 400 Kashmir goats. Jaubert spent the rest of his life in study, in writing and in teaching. He became professor of Persian in the Collège de France, and director of the École des langues orientales, and in 1830 was elected member of the Académie des Inscriptions. In 1841 he was made a Peer of France and member of the Conseil d'État. He died in Paris.

Besides articles in the Journal asiatique, he published Voyage en Arménie et en Perse (1821; the edition of 1860 has a notice of Jaubert, by M. Sdillot) and Elements de la grammaire turque (1823–1834).

title: Pierre Amédée Jaubert


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eyeroor

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 14:20, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Eyeroor
Allegedly notable hypnotist, however Google fails to confirms this. Radiant! 13:38, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete His four Google hits make him at least verifiable, but I wouldn't say that hypnotists are any more notable than psychologists and MDs (if anything, probably less so). Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:45, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. jni 15:53, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not enough notable content. Zzyzx11 20:30, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, posible promo. Megan1967 00:19, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eyeroor


text:
User talk:Noe

/archive1 archived --Niels Ø 10:01, 7 December 2006 (UTC) (including restored stuff from "history" that was previously deleted)

 * Before you post here, please note that I think most discussions
 * are more appropriately carried out at article talk pages rather than at user talk pages,
 * and that new topics (here or there) should should be posted at the bottom,
 * usually by clicking the "+" tab above the talk page!

I usually copy post made at this user talk page to the relevant article talk page, and reply there.

Pascal triangle
Dear Noe! I did not notice that there is also a history section. I think we can have a short mention like the one I just wrote. Are you happy with my recent changes ? Sangak 15:10, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Frankly I am surprised to see the history section at the end of the article! Normally we have the history section after a short introdutory paragraph in articles. I personally don't care much, but I can understand such concerns. Sangak 15:15, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion for your conditional probability example
I put a couple of suggestions in the talk section for conditional probability

Thanks for the example. I'm still having a hard time developing a good intuition for conditional probability, bayes' theorem, etc.

Clemwang 04:09, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to VandalProof!
Thank you for your interest in VandalProof, Noe! You have now been added to the list of authorized users, so if you haven't already, simply download and install VandalProof from our main page. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me or any other moderator, or you can post a message on the discussion page.  « Snowolf  How can I help? »  00:43, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Optical illusions
link:

Running-fight games
Niels: If you can, get your hands on Board Games Studies vol. 4 (2001). This is the single source in English (apart from your wiki articles) on either Daldøs or Sáhkku, and it is very informative on both counts. For abstracts, see. I am working on my own descriptions of these games for a pamphlet, so may be able to contribute something later. However, I'm new to wiki, and perhaps not editorially competent. How new? I got my account yesterday to put my comments on the Daldøs discussion page!--Phil wink 21:19, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

I have added Running-fight. Or should it have been Running-fight games? At any rate, you may want to edit or link to it.--Phil wink 23:17, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Removing citations
Utterly agree about citaitons in the Lead, but you cannot just remove them. If you are going to remove a citaiton in the Lead, you have to put it where it belongs in the body of the text. It isn't as if you were removing cruft or vandalism, so please act with more care when relocating citations, please. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  19:34, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

World population/milestones
Hi Noe! I've moved the above sub-article to User:Noe/World population milestones as it appears to be a test page. We don't create sub-articles and prefer testing to be done in userspace. Hope this helps. Thanks ➔ REDVEЯS has a new (red) iPod 16:17, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I think I should have called it talk:World population/Milestones or something like that.--Niels Ø (noe) 08:51, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Yahtzee score
Why did you delete Nipsey's yahtzee score? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.165.126.109 (talk) 17:05, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I copy this to talk:Yahtzee, and reply there.--Niels Ø (noe) (talk) 19:07, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Talk:Golden ratio
Per your notice, I have replied at the article talk page to elicit wider input and feedback. Adam McCormick (talk) 17:00, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

RPS / Impossibility
Hello--Can you come talk about it? Cretog8 (talk) 15:22, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

WP's systemic bias
Hi, back in 2007 you commented on Talk:Systemic_bias. I was the original author of the paragraph. I have now worded it differently, and I would like your feedback to have it included? -- Eiland (talk) 09:09, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Systematic bias
Noe, I posted a question for you in Talk:systematic bias. Paolo.dL (talk) 16:12, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

Spherical dice
You're correct, I've never seen such a die. I was trying to clear up the phrasing, not the content. And, If I misunderstood the content, as you seem to think, it appears that the phrasing did indeed need repair as it allowed readers to misunderstand the content.

I think your sense of things may be right (the energetics suggest the most stable situation is with the ball sitting in the dip an tan edge), but there is another possibility, which is what I think my understanding was, and that is that there is a "ledge of stability" for balls resting on a facet which suggests that a rolling die may settle with the internal ball sitting on the facet as it oscillates while losing energy of motion. I think, as in some theoretical situations, that we require resort to experiment. Science rules!

My admiration for being a high school maths teacher. There is great need, and more as superstition and similar brain-rotting dumbth becomes more and more prominent.

And last, soemthing you might be able to use with your students, do you, enjoy puzzles? If so, I'll be glad to pass one on to you. Let me know. ww (talk) 15:23, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

puzzle
OK, here goes.

Imagine a pond (still water, no currents or waves), in which there is an air bubble between the bottom and the surface. Part one is, which direction will the bubble move, and why?

Now imagine a bunch of water (endless, so issues of starting ans stopping don't arise -- think of the Missoula Floods which produced the Columbia River Gorge, or the abrupt filling of the Black Sea or the Mediterranean as sea levels rose), on a 45 deg slope (nothing special about 45, it's just 1/2 way between vertical and horizontal, though someone with a highly mathematical sense of physics might find it useful somehow). And there is again a bubble between the slope surface and the water's surface. Ignoring the translational motion of the water, (everybody understands it's rushing down the hill), part two is: which direction will the bubble move, and why?

As with many puzzles, this one is deeper (sorry!) than it at first appears. Unfortunately, it's not primarily mathematical (except perhaps for Euler or Gauss) but more a Fermi sort of thing. But nevertheless, quite fascinating.

If you inflict it one your students (Stockholm syndrome is involved in the enjoyment of student torture, I'm sure; but then maybe it's just schadenfreude), you may also find useful, if you haven't already done so, getting them to memorize (so as to be eternally readily at hand) and use (always harder) the heuristic algorithm chart in the fist few pages (left hand page, perhaps page 4 or 6?) of George Polya's How to Solve It (still in print the last time I looked, from Princeton Univ Press). It's intended for high school math teachers and may be useful, but I've been most impressed with the chart itself. There's another, longer, one in The Experience of Mathematics by Hirsch(?) et al. but it's less easy to memorize. ww (talk) 16:40, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

.9 lead
Hi, The lead paragraph here may be excessively long; a good indication is that the table of contents is mainly invisible on the first screen. Perhaps it is worth including the actual equation .9.=1 in the lead; why be coy about it? Katzmik (talk) 15:38, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Kuriki
The article was deleted long ago: it simply reappeared, and no one noticed. Joyous! | Talk 13:50, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Your Harsh Words
Dear Noe, I'm quite hurt by your scathing attack on the validity of my contributions. I fail to see what substantiates these cruel allegations, and feel that I was only putting forth valid information which I had painstakingly gathered for the purpose of expanding Wikipedia. Have I done something to warrant a grudge on your part? Summerteeth87 3:24pm, 09/11/2009 (EST)
 * At the time where I made the comments in question, User:Summerteeth87 had made no contributions to Wikipedia that in any way suggested that (s)he might have any good intentions. I am not going to spend time discussing with this user, unless (s)he can point to at least one edit prior to my comments that was in any way useful.--Noe (talk) 15:20, 9 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Dear Noe,

I still fail to see an expanation as to exactly what substantiates your attack on my intergrity. I honestly felt that my contributions to the Birdwatching article were valid and verifiable, a sentiment which obviously did not resonate with you. However, instead of discussing my amendments with me and the broader Wikipedia community, you've taken it upon yourself to relegate my contributions as invalid. I can understand a difference in opinion, but to make a personal attack on me for a valid contribution of knowledge is both confusing and hurtful. I apologize for my lack of knowledge RE: deletion of talk protocol (I'm a relatively new Wikipaedian), I have archived these as you suggested. Summerteeth87 15:11, 10 November 2009 (EST)
 * For the record, the edits in question are [these] - unsourced fringe material, if (s)he didn't just make it up. They are perhaps the least obviously disruptive of this user's [contributions].--Noe (talk) 08:12, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Cross and circle games
Noe, I've been editing cross and circle game and I see you had a hand in there somewhere. I wonder if you wouldn't mind checking me on my use of "topologically equivalent". I believe I'm using the term correctly (you'll see what I mean), but I'm not a mathematician (or geometer?). I realize that my pictures are not topologically equivalent (if I'm using the term correctly), but I think this is a necessary evil: I wanted to start out with a real Nyout board (not a notional board of a non-existent game), and when "collapsed" this does not give the even ends of a pachisi-like board, so I had to add 1 space to each quarter of the outside track. Thanks. Phil wink (talk) 18:04, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I've copied this and replied at the talk page, talk:cross and circle game.--Noe (talk) 19:28, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Noe! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 15:08, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Thorkild Grosbøll -

Hijacking?
Recently, someone (not me) has twice requested a password change for this account. If you have a legitimate reason, please discuss it with me here - and please leva a note on my current talk page User talk:nø too.--Nø (talk) 13:36, 24 June 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Pounce!

The article Pounce! has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unsourced article about a non-notable drinking game. I can find a few (unreliable) mentions of various card games called Pounce but they do not seem to be about this game.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Reyk YO!  17:47, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:12, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Noe


text:
User talk:Fodber

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:Fodber


text:
Jaubert

Jaubert is a French surname of Germanic origin : Gaut- and -berht, first used as a given name.

Notable people with the surname include:

 * George F. Jaubert, A Swiss citizen who in 1903 patented Oxylithe, a form of sodium peroxide or sodium dioxide: see rebreather
 * Hervé Jaubert (1960), French Navy officer who later worked for Exomos in Dubai
 * Hippolyte François Jaubert, (1798–1874) was a French politician and botanist
 * Maurice Jaubert (1900–1940), a French composer
 * Pierre Amédée Jaubert (1779–1847), French Orientalist and traveller

title: Jaubert


text:
User talk:Gidyn

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 13:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gidyn


text:
User talk:'s-Gravenhage

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:'s-Gravenhage


text:
User talk:Rwlane

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 13:40, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rwlane


text:
Wikipedia:Cleanup resources

De-listing cleaned articles

 * Remove any maintenance tags for fixed problems from the article.
 * If there is a listing on Cleanup, strike it and mark it as done.

Related pages

 * For images that need to be improved, see Wikipedia:Images for cleanup.

 * To request an image or map be added to an article, please see Requested pictures or Graphics Lab/Map workshop.

 * For categories that need to be improved, see Category:Wikipedia categories in need of attention.

 * For repetitive cleanup that would benefit from automation, see Bot requests.

 * For guidelines on creating new templates, see Template standardisation

Collaboration coordination
Some editors prefer that helpers work on leftovers and older articles, just to deal with them and get them out of the way. But whether your preference is new or old, all help is appreciated. If you work on cleanup regularly, consider joining a maintenance related WikiProject!

ja:Wikipedia:整理依頼 simple:Wikipedia:Cleanup zh:维基百科:清理

title: Wikipedia:Cleanup resources


text:
Category:Japanese economists

Japanese economists are Japanese people studying economics.

title: Category:Japanese economists


text:
User talk:SevenSigma

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 13:44, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SevenSigma


text:
File:Wolverine-first-claws.jpg

Summary
Wolverine uses his claws for the first time in Origin #2.

title: File:Wolverine-first-claws.jpg


text:
Williams Omnibus Bus Line

Williams Omnibus Bus Lines was the first mass transportation system in the old City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada with four six-passenger buses. Established in 1849 by local cabinetmaker Burt Williams, it consisted of horse-drawn stagecoaches operating from the St. Lawrence Market to the Red Lion Hotel in Yorkville. The bus line was a great success, and four larger vehicles were added in 1850. After a few years, even more buses were in use, and were operating every few minutes. In 1861, the city gave a 30-year franchise for to Toronto Street Railways who built a horse car line, and the gauge of the buses was modified so as to fit between the tracks. The bus system lasted only until 1862, when it was bought out by the TSR. The omnibuses were manufactured by Williams' own cabinet-making store on Yonge Street, H. Burt Williams.

Prior to Williams' operations, there were a variety of stagecoach operators in the city:

 * Marlborough Stage
 * Rossin House Hotel - King and Wellington Streets
 * Charles Thompson - Yonge Street at Elgin Mills Hotel in Richmond Hill, Ontario to St. Lawrence Market
 * Barnabas Vanderburgh's Hotel in Richmond Hill, Ontario
 * Eastern Mail Stage
 * Rouge - Scarborough, Ontario
 * Markham Village - Markham Village
 * Western Mail Stage - Lambton House to Dundas
 * Streetsville - now part of Mississauga
 * Holland Landing - from York to Holland Landing
 * Pine Grove to Weston, Ontario
 * Canadian Transfer Company
 * Samuel D. Purdy 1816 - founder of first stagecoach line in Upper Canada from York to Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake)
 * William Weller 1832 - from Coffin Block to Kingston, Ontario and also operated services in Cobourg, Ontario, Port Hope, Ontario, Peterborough, Ontario, Kingston-Prescott; Weller was mayor of Cobourg, Ontario
 * John Playter 1828-1832 from York to Newmarket, Ontario

title: Williams Omnibus Bus Line


text:
Carson and Colorado Railway

The Carson and Colorado Railway was a U.S. narrow gauge railroad that ran from Mound House, Nevada, to Keeler, California, below the Cerro Gordo Mines. It was incorporated on May 10, 1880, as the Carson and Colorado Railroad, and construction on the railroad began on May 31, 1880. The narrow gauge track was chosen to reduce cost. Much of the route now parallels U.S. Route 95 Alternate, U.S. Route 95, Nevada State Route 360, U.S. Route 6, and U.S. Route 395.

The Carson and Colorado began operations with a single Baldwin, the Candelaria. The first train arrived at Keeler on August 1, 1883. The 300 mi route reached an altitude of 7100 ft in Montgomery Pass. The railroad served an arid area heavily dependent on mineral resources for economic activity. The line was reorganized as the Carson and Colorado Railway in 1892 to reduce accumulated debt.

Sale to the Southern Pacific
From its inception, the Carson and Colorado was a hindrance to the Virginia and Truckee Railroad (V&T), the parent company of the C&C, who sold the line to the Southern Pacific Company in 1900. Darius Ogden Mills (part owner) was once quoted saying "Either we built the line 300 miles too long, or 300 years too early!" Silver and gold discoveries at Tonopah, Nevada and Goldfield, Nevada provided a major boost of revenues shortly after the Southern Pacific purchase. From the time of the purchase until 1905, all of the C&C’s freight traveled over the V&T's trackage from Mound House to Reno, and vice versa. Because of the changeover from 3 ft narrow gauge to standard gauge cars, all the freight had to be handled by hand at Mound House, which caused a great bottleneck, especially after the mining booms of Tonopah and Goldfield. Southern Pacific (SP) proffered an offer to purchase the V&T, but the price was placed too high. As a result, the SP began constructing the Hazen cutoff, which circumvented the V&T entirely after it opened. The northern 140 mi from Mound House to Mina, Nevada was converted to in 1905; and the remaining C&C was merged into the Southern Pacific's  narrow gauge subsidiary, the Nevada and California Railroad. The Nevada and California Railroad was reorganized into the Central Pacific Railroad in 1912. In the early 20th century, it operated under the name "Southern Pacific Keeler Branch". Portions of the line were abandoned in the 1930s and the 1940s, and the last narrow gauge common carrier made its final run on April 29, 1960. The rails were removed in January, 1961.

The former parent company, Virginia and Truckee Railroad, has been reconstructed from Virginia City to a station near Mound House. Passenger (tourist) service has been restored along much of the original V&T right of way, with investigations into returning service to Carson City again in the future.

Towns and railroad stations served by the C&C

 * Mound House, Nevada (V&T Railroad to Carson City and Virginia City)
 * Dayton, Nevada
 * Fort Churchill, Nevada
 * Wabuska, Nevada (Copper Belt Railway to Yerington)
 * Lux, Nevada
 * Moquist, Nevada
 * Rio Vista, Nevada
 * Schurz, Nevada
 * Stuckey, Nevada
 * Copperhill, Nevada
 * Gillis, Nevada
 * Rand, Nevada
 * Magnus, Nevada
 * Walker, Nevada
 * Thorne, Nevada
 * Hawthorne, Nevada (branch to Cottonwood)
 * Cottonwood, Nevada (branch only)
 * Kinkead, Nevada
 * Luning, Nevada
 * New Boston, Nevada
 * Mina, Nevada
 * Sodaville, Nevada (Soda Springs)
 * Rhodes, Nevada
 * Tonopah Junction, Nevada (Tonopah and Goldfield Railroad)
 * Belleville, Nevada
 * Filben, Nevada (spur to Candelaria)
 * Candelaria, Nevada (spur only)
 * Basalt, Nevada
 * Summit, Nevada (Mt. Montgomery)
 * Queen, Nevada
 * Benton, California
 * Hammil Valley, California
 * Laws, California, Owensville
 * Zurich, California
 * Monola, California (formerly Alvord)
 * Kearsarge, California
 * Manzanar, California
 * Owenyo, California (Southern Pacific Railroad to Lone Pine, Ridgecrest, and Los Angeles)
 * Alico, California
 * Dolomite, California
 * Mock, California
 * Swansea, California
 * Keeler, California

Restoration effort
In Independence, California, a non-profit group re-incorporated the Carson and Colorado Railway. They have restored locomotive #18, which was left in Independence in excellent condition by the Southern Pacific in 1955. The locomotive moved under its own power for the first time in 62 years on Saturday October 15, 2016. The locomotive is currently housed in a two stall engine house at the Eastern California Museum in Independence, CA. There is close to 1000 feet of track for it to operate on. Former SP boxcars #1C and #15 are on rail with engine #18 as part of the exhibit.

title: Carson and Colorado Railway


text:
Itatiaia

Itatiaia is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. With a 2021 population estimate of 32,312, it is the 1,097th-most populous municipality in Brazil. Located in the Mantiqueira mountain range and on the border of the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minais Gerais, it covers an area of 241,035 km2.

The oldest national park in Brazil, Itatiaia National Park (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia), is partially located within Itatiaia. The municipality also contains part of the 8036 ha Pedra Selada State Park, created in 2012.

Etymology
Itatiaia is a Guaraní term meaning "pointed stone," formed from the words itá ("stone") and atîaîa ("pointed").

History
Itatiaia's current territory was originally inhabited by the Tupi, Purí, and Coroado indigenous tribes. The first Europeans arrived in the region in the 17th century, most being bandeirantes in search of gold. The demand for gold trade routes from Minas Gerais to the ports of Angra dos Reis and Parati encouraged expeditions over the Mantiqueira mountain range through what are now the municipalities of Mauá and Itatiaia.

With the shuttering of the region's gold mines, the district's landowners transitioned to sugarcane and coffee farming. One of the municipality's largest such farms was owned by politician Irineu Evangelista de Sousa. The farm's lands are now part of Itatiaia National Park, its forests having been preserved due to Sousa's avoidance of coffee monoculture farming methods.

In 1832, a justice of the peace and notary public were installed in the district. On April 5, 1839, what is now Itatiaia was officially split off from the municipality of Resende and given the name Campo Belo ("Beautiful Field"). That same year, the district's first ecclesiastical curate was installed.

On December 31, 1943, the district's name was changed from Campo Belo to Itatiaia.

The district of Itatiaia was elevated to the status of municipality on July 6, 1988.

Tourism
Itatiaia's natural beauty and pleasant weather attract thousands of visitors each year, with many rock climbing and hiking in the surrounding mountains.

In addition to the Itatiaia National Park, Itatiaia's other tourist destinations include the former Finnish colony of Penedo and the villages of Maromba and Maringá, both located in the region of Visconde de Mauá.

Itatiaia National Park
Itatiaia National Park, located partially in the municipality, is a tourist attraction and Brazil's first national park. It was created in 1937 under then-president Getúlio Vargas.

Pico das Agulhas Negras
The Agulhas Negras peak, with a height of 2,790.94 m, is the highest point in the state of Rio de Janeiro and the fifth highest in Brazil.

Although it is located in a tropical zone, the peak usually registers negative temperatures during the winter and occasionally snow in years exceptionally more humid.

Penedo
Penedo is a neighborhood and ecological park of the municipality of Itatiaia. It is the main Finnish colony of Brazil, which still shows remarkable in the architecture of residences and commercial buildings, as well as in the local culture.

Finnish immigration in Brazil was the migration movement in the twentieth century of Finns to the interior of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where they created a settlement called Penedo at the foot of the Itatiaia National Park in the city of Itatiaia.

Tourism in Penedo is a true vocation of Penedo, with a network of 52 hotels and 39 restaurants, snack bars, and bars.

Education
The municipality of Itatiaia contains a system of public and private education, with twenty municipal schools, one state school, and five private schools.

Military police
The ostensible policing of the city is carried out by the 2nd Company of the 37th Military Police Battalion of the State of Rio de Janeiro (37º BPM / 2ªCia), with headquarters in the city center, counting Itatiaia, with a Community Policing Station in the region of Penedo.

Civil police
The Civil Police of the State of Rio de Janeiro maintains in the municipality the 99th Police Station (99th DP), subordinated to the 9th Regional Police Coordination of the Interior (9th CRPI).

Municipal Guard and Civil Defense
The city also has a Civil Defense team, to monitor and assist the population in the event of natural disasters, as well as maintains a Municipal Guard, responsible for monitoring the public patrimony and organizing the traffic in the city.

Fire Department
It was inaugurated by the Rio de Janeiro State Fire Brigade (CBMERJ), on July 27, 2016, at 1:00 p.m., an operational unit in the municipality of Itatiaia. The headquarters has a hybrid vehicle and a staff of 24 soldiers. The unit is located between the Municipal Hospital and Maternity Dr. Manoel Martins de Barros and the 99th Police Department, in the neighborhood of Jardim Itatiaia.

There are 2,615.48 m2 of land, which were ceded by the Itatiaia City Hall, with 407 m2 of total constructed area. The work, financed with resources of the fire rate, received an investment of R $647 thousand.

The unit is commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Mauro Junior and is subordinate to the 23rd GBM - Resende.

The barracks is 4.7 km from the entrance of the Itatiaia National Park, which will enable faster rescue from forest fires.

title: Itatiaia


text:
Arnail François, marquis de Jaucourt

Arnail François, marquis de Jaucourt, comte de l'Empire (14 November 1757 – 5 February 1852) was a French aristocrat and politician.

Military career and Revolution
Jaucourt was born in Tournon (Seine-et-Marne) of a Protestant family, protected by Louis Joseph de Bourbon, prince de Condé, whose Dragoon regiment he entered at the age of fifteen. He became colonel of his regiment, and made himself known for his welcoming of the French Revolution and his affiliation with the Feuillants.

A deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1791, elected by the département of Seine-et-Marne, he generally voted with the minority. As his views came to be considered too moderate by his colleagues, he resigned in 1792, and was soon after arrested on suspicion of being a reactionary. Madame de Staël obtained his release from Louis Pierre Manuel just before the September Massacres. He made his way to England, and joined the group who during 1792-93 took refuge at Juniper Hall in Surrey, supported by Madame de Stael, who later joined them. He returned to France after the execution of King Louis XVI.

Consulate and First Empire
Jaucourt took refuge in Switzerland to escape the Reign of Terror, and returned only after Napoleon Bonaparte's 18 Brumaire coup and the establishment of the French Consulate, entering the tribunate, of which he was the president for a short period.

In 1803, Jaucourt entered the French Senate, and next year, upon the establishment of the First Empire, he became attached to the household of Joseph Bonaparte. He accompanied Joseph to the Kingdom of Naples, and was created a count of the Empire by Napoleon.

Restoration, July Monarchy, and later years
During the following years, Jaucourt distanced himself from the imperial cause, and, with the Bourbon Restoration he became Minister of State and a Peer of France. After the outcome of the Hundred Days (during which he stood by Louis XVIII), he was Naval Minister in July–September 1815, but held no further office. He devoted himself to the support of the Protestant interest in France, and tried to reduce the effects of the White Terror.

A member of the upper house after the July Revolution and throughout the reign of Louis Philippe (the July Monarchy), he was driven into private life by the establishment of the Second Republic, but lived to see the 1851 coup and to rally to the government of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, dying in Paris the next year.

title: Arnail François, marquis de Jaucourt


text:
User talk:Adjam

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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Good luck with learning Spanish...but too bad about the Socialism thing. Donutz 23:40, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please don't
"Definatly news! And accidentaly should be changed to 'accidentaly'! Adjam 06:41, 13 February 2006 (UTC) " you posted this on the discussion page of the main page a few days ago. Please don't wedge your political views (and there's no other term for this) into a discussion about the newsworthiness of a story. I'm refering specifically to your comment about the accidentalness of Cheney's actions. It's naive to think that this was anything but an accident, it's rude and obnoxious to insert it where you did. In the future, your comments are welcome, as long as they are constructive. Gatherton 04:58, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Reform
Wikipedia began as an open effort to create an encyclopedia of the people, by the people, for the people. Sadly, its bureaucracy has put an end to those goals. To this end, we must promote a peaceful revolution to reform it. We must eliminate the undue influence of certain people and remake Wikipedia as a people's encyclopedia. We, the reformers, are led by TJWhite who endured only briefly before suffering an indefinite block. Visit his user page to see our ideology, roughly outlined. I for one do not condone his call to vandalism. Instead, by using the power of the people, we can reform wikipedia. Join us to recreate an encyclopedia where all are equal; an encyclopedia that does not strive to become Brittannica, but rather seeks to be a one of kind encyclopedia for all of the people of the world. Please pass this message in some form to as many people as you can. Secondly, petition for the unblock of TJWhite, the one who began our glorious movement. Finally, link to his page from your user page and express your sentiments for reform on your page. Thank You, fellow wikipedians. LaRevolution 15:21, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks for your kind words on my talk page. Nach0king 09:39, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:Calvin & Hobbes - Calvin.png
Hi Adjam. I notice you're currently using Image:Calvin & Hobbes - Calvin.png on your userpage. Could you please remove it as, per the fair use policy (item 9), fair use images are not allowed in userspace. Thanks! --Nick Boalch 18:45, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Well,Hello!
Hello Wikipedian, I hope you bunches of joy and happiness with your loved ones.Just like you,I love Albert Einstein, a cool person, and I am vegeatarian also.I am a patroller too, but in editing(when people make mistakes and stuff!)You sound like a very,very,very... nice person!Trampton 10:41, 1 March 2007 (UTC).

Nomination of Superdickery for deletion
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title: User talk:Adjam


text:
User talk:Grillo7

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 13:53, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Starr 040129 0006 gouania hillebrandii.jpg
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WP:CVU status
The Counter-Vandalism Unit project is under consideration to be moved to and/or  status. Another proposal is to delete or redirect the project. You have been identified as a project member and your input as to this matter would be welcomed at WT:CVU and at the deletion debate. Thank you! Delivered on behalf of xaosflux 16:06, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Gary Ridgway.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Gary Ridgway.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 10:54, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Re: Ridgway photo
I took a second look at this. Normally, we don't permit non-free images of living people because it would theoretically be possible to go and create a free image. However, since Ridgway's sitting in jail, we won't be getting any photos unless the Wikimedia Foundation happens to have a team of ninja photographers on retainer. ;-) So, I've restored the photo and placed it back in the article. Happy editing! east. 718 at 06:46, April 8, 2008

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Thanks!
(You wrote)

Just wanted to say thanks for your edits on Zofia Baniecka...I haven't quite worked out the proper citation format yet on here, and I really appreciate you adding those and other information. Thanks again!

Grillo7 (talk) 01:48, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

 * No problem. I intend to further expand on your article time permitting. Cheers, Poeticbent talk  04:22, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Better source request for File:Gary Ridgway.jpg
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File permission problem with File:Gary_Ridgway.jpg
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Edits
Thanks for the edits. For referencing more than the bare url is better. If you look at the top of the edit box when you are in edit mode you will notice a cite web template. Fill this in and it will help you with formatting. Best Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 18:35, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Libman Company

The article Libman Company has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No notability shown of this company; no reliable independent sources. Likely fixable, but if not then fails WP:GNG."

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A page you started (Echeandia chandleri) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Echeandia chandleri.

I have just reviewed the page, as a part of our page curation process and note that:

To reply, leave a comment here and prepend it with. And, don't forget to sign your reply with.

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Nick Moyes (talk) 02:33, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

Thanks for the review and feedback! Yeah that is confusing...I'll change it. Grillo7 (talk) 04:51, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grillo7


text:
Jaucourt

Jaucourt is the name of:

 * Jaucourt, Aube, a municipality in the Aube département in France
 * Arnail François, Marquis de Jaucourt, French politician
 * Louis de Jaucourt, French physicist and writer, a major contributor to Diderot's Encyclopédie

title: Jaucourt


text:
User talk:Raymond Hill

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Raymond Hill


text:
Obala

Obala is a town in Cameroon's Centre Province, ca 45 km north of Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon.

Overview
The town is the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese and hosts a military academy. Tourists in Obala may visit the somewhat derelict Luna Park whose main attraction is a swimming pool. Not far from Obala are the Nachtigal Falls, actually a series of rapids in the Sanaga River. It has one fairly nice hotel and a large open-air market. The town's football club is called 'Tarzan'. The language spoken is Eton, a Beti language.

title: Obala


text:
User talk:Mainbrana

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:Mainbrana


text:
Talk:Big Four Of Thrash

I don't remember Testament ever being bigger or more important than Slayer.

This page smacks of personal opinion to me.Hashimashadoo 17:45, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Flatly incorrect
This page asserts that somehow Testament "held Slayer's place" in the Big Four of Thrash before they (Slayer) broke out with the success of Reign in Blood (1986). First of all, in 1986, Testament did not exist except under their earlier moniker, Legacy. Second, Legacy had released no albums, only demos, at that point. Slayer already was a successful, world-touring group by the time they had released the "Haunting the Chapel" EP in 1984.

title: Talk:Big Four Of Thrash


text:
School bus yellow

School bus yellow is a color that was specifically formulated for use on school buses in North America in 1939. Originally officially named National School Bus Chrome, the color is now officially known in Canada and the U.S. as National School Bus Glossy Yellow.

The original pigment for this color was monoclinic lead(II) chromate ("chrome yellow") which had superior steel-protecting properties compared to other pigments. Due to lead chromate's toxicity, a result of both its lead and chromate content, and because of lead sulfide darkening after exposure to air, the pigment was initially replaced by a mixture of cadmium sulfide ("cadmium yellow") and enough cadmium orange or selenium pigments to produce the equivalent color. However, cadmium is also an expensive and toxic heavy metal, so now many saturated-color pigments are now azo-based organics.

Origin
In April 1939, Dr. Frank W. Cyr, a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University, in New York, organized a conference that established 44 uniform national design, construction, and safety standards for school buses in America, including the exterior body color. The yellow-orange color was selected because black lettering on it was most legible in semi-darkness, and because it was conspicuous at a distance and unusual enough to become associated with school buses and groups of children en route.

Transportation officials from each of the 48 states, representatives from bus chassis and body manufacturers, and paint experts from DuPont and Pittsburgh Paints participated in the conference, which was funded by a $5,000 grant (more than $100,000 today ) from the Rockefeller Foundation. The yellow-orange color, in three slight variants to allow for different paint formulations, was adopted by the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) as Federal Standard No. 595a, Color 13432.

Dr. Cyr became known as the "Father of the Yellow School Bus."

Outside North America
North American-style yellow school buses are being introduced in some parts of the United Kingdom, prompted by corporate links to the American industry, for example First Student UK, or a desire to re-brand school buses, such as West Yorkshire Metro's Mybus.

A similar shade of yellow was used in Santiago, Chile's bus lines between 1992 and 2007.

Yellow school buses are becoming more prevalent in Australia, e.g. in and around Adelaide.

title: School bus yellow


text:
Nethermost Pike

Nethermost Pike is a fell in Cumbria, England, and a part of the Lake District. At 891 m it is the second highest Wainwright in the Helvellyn range, the highest of which is Helvellyn itself. It is located close to the southern end of the ridge, with Helvellyn to the north, and High Crag and Dollywaggon Pike to the south. Nethermost Pike, along with many of the Eastern Fells, lies between Thirlmere in the west and the Ullswater catchment in the east. The closest villages are Glenridding and Patterdale on the shores of Ullswater, over 8 km away.

Like most fells in the Helvellyn range, Nethermost Pike has grassy western slopes and rocky outcrops on the eastern side. Geologically, Nethermost Pike belongs to the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. Lead was once mined on its eastern slopes, resulting in open workings and underground mines. The eastern slopes are protected as part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest because of the Pike's geological and biological features, which include some of England's best arctic-alpine and tall-herb vegetation.

Classification
Mountains are often classified according to their heights. At 891 m Nethermost Pike is listed as a Nuttall, which requires an elevation of 2000 ft. However, with a prominence of 22 m it is not counted as a Hewitt or Marilyn which require prominences of 30 m and 150 m respectively. Nethermost Pike is also counted as a Wainwright because it was given a chapter in Alfred Wainwright's Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. It is the second-highest of the Eastern Fells, and the ninth highest of all the Wainwrights. South of Nethermost Pike is High Crag 884 m, which is separated from Nethermost Pike by a very limited depression. Most guidebooks follow Alfred Wainwright in considering High Crag to be a part of Nethermost Pike. This convention is not universally followed however, with author Bill Birkett preferring to differentiate between the two fells.

Topography
The Helvellyn range runs broadly north-south for about 11 km, remaining above 600 m throughout its length. Nethermost Pike is toward the southern end of this ridge, with Helvellyn itself to the north and Dollywaggon Pike to the south. In common with much of the Helvellyn range there is a marked contrast between the western and eastern slopes of Nethermost Pike. In Wainwright's words: "The grassy western slope trodden by the multitudes is of little interest, but the fell should not be judged accordingly: it is made of sterner stuff. From the east, Nethermost Pike is magnificent, hardly less so than Helvellyn."

The western slopes fall smoothly to the head of Thirlmere reservoir, and the tiny church at Wythburn. There are rougher areas, High and Comb Crags in particular, but these do little to change the overall impression of high moorland. The lower slopes have been planted with conifers as part of the Thirlmere Forest, but above this is a sense of wide open space. Nethermost Pike's toehold on the valley is shifted a little to the south, relative to its position on the ridge. This is because Whelpside and Birkside Gills, its boundary streams, both run south-west, rather than flowing straight down the slope.

On the east, the first impression is all of rock. The long strath of Grisedale runs north-eastward to Ullswater, cutting off a series of hanging valleys which fall from the Helvellyn range. To the south east of Nethermost Pike, below the summit of High Crag, is Ruthwaite Cove. Surrounded by crag on three sides, this corrie contains Hard Tarn, a small pool on a rock shelf. This is one of the most difficult mountain tarns to locate, and its black algal bed and clear water combine to give the false impression of great depth. Ruthwaite Cove is now the site of Ruthwaite Lodge, a climbing hut. It was formerly the setting for more industrial activity, with the remains of several underground mines and some shallow open workings visible near the Lodge.

Between Ruthwaite and Nethermost Coves, Nethermost Pike sends out a fine rocky ridge. This arête, although not as imposing as Striding Edge across Nethermost Cove, ascends by a series of rocky steps for three quarters of a mile, making straight for the summit. It is from this angle, rather than from the west, that the fell earns the sobriquet of "Pike", meaning peaked mountain. At the bottom of the ridge is Eagle Crag, standing above Grisedale Beck and forcing walkers to take a detour from the ridgeline.

North from Nethermost Pike is the depression of Swallow Scarth, above the head of Nethermost Cove. From here the ridge climbs again, turning to the west as the long plateau of Helvellyn top is reached. Southwards the ridge steps down over High Crag, and narrows as it swings east around Ruthwaite Cove to Dollywaggon Pike. A heavily eroded path runs along the ridge, but actually bypasses the top of Nethermost Pike to the west, as it leads to Helvellyn.

The summit area is triangular in plan with ridges running to the north, south and east. The actual top is toward the northern corner and set back a little from the drop to Nethermost Cove. There is a rash of stones on the summit although the surroundings are mostly covered in rough grass, and several small cairns have been built. Other than northward, where the bulk of Helvellyn intervenes, the view is extensive, with much of the Lake District visible. Further ground is brought into view from the summit of High Crag.

Ascents
The Lake District receives over 12 million visitors a year, many of whom come to climb the mountains. The closest villages to Nethermost Pike are Glenridding and Patterdale, 8 km to the east, close to the shores of Ullswater. Both are common starting points for climbing Nethermost Pike or other fells in the Helvellyn range. The best ascents from the east is the east ridge, reached either from the path to Eagle Crag Mine, or via Ruthwaite Lodge and Hard Tarn. There are no settlements of note close to Nethermost Pike to the west, and many walkers start from a car park at Wythburn, close to Wythburn Church. This is a popular route which follows a wide track to Helvellyn before branching off right at Swallow Scarth. Alternatives are possible on the smooth flanks of the fell, but all are pathless.

Because of its close proximity to the higher Helvellyn, Nethermost Pike receives fewer visitors. When climbing from the west many people traverse the western slopes on their way to Helvellyn. Despite this the summit does still receive a large number of walkers, who use a large number of footpaths. The large number of footpaths causes significant disturbance to the summit vegetation, which could be greatly reduced by using fewer footpaths.

Geology
Geologically the summit of the fell forms part of the Deepdale Formation, (principally volcaniclastic sandstone) underlain by the dacitic lapilli-tuff of the Helvellyn Formation. The geology of much of the Lake District is the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, of which Nethermost Pike is part, and is late Ordovician in age. The eastern cliffs of the range, including those of Nethermost Pike, are rich in base minerals. When these rocks weather they form areas of fertile soil, which together with the area's inaccessibility and climate provide suitable conditions for plants of biological importance.

Mining was carried out in Ruthwaite Cove, and the remains of several levels and some shallow open workings are visible near Ruthwaite Lodge. These excavations were made in a search for lead-bearing galena, and are believed to have been worked in the 16th century. Further leases were taken out in 1784 and 1862; the last known operation was in 1880.

North-east of the summit the scene is repeated in Nethermost Cove, where the Eagle Crag Mine was mined for its lead and zinc. The vein which was exploited forms a visible gully on Eagle Crag, and was worked both above and below ground over an altitude of 300 m. The vein is surrounded by rocks from the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, which dates from the Ordovician. Large dumps of veinstone are found in the area as a result of the mining. They contain, among other minerals, crystallised tetrahedrite, which is not believed to be able to be seen or collected anywhere else in Britain. Eagle Crag Mine has a history of working similar to that of Ruthwaite Lodge.

Biological interest
The summit and surrounding areas of Nethermost Pike contain many species and communities which are of biological interest. North east of the summit is Nethermost Cove which contains some of England's best arctic-alpine and tall-herb vegetation, including one third of the English population of Downy Willow (Salix lapponum). Similarly Ruthwaite Cove contains Arctic-alpine and tall-herb communities, and it is believed that the cove may contain very rare species of plants in very small, and therefore precarious, populations. The lower eastern slopes form Grisedale Common, a large expanse of dwarf shrub heath. The lower slopes are grazed by sheep, which has a significant effect on the type of vegetation which grows. Certain areas, such as Eagle Crag, are inaccessible to sheep due to their steep slopes.

The summit and eastern slopes of Nethermost Pike are part of the Helvellyn and Fairfield Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). This SSSI covers 2418.8 ha centred on the Helvellyn range and Fairfield, and was designated in 1975 because of the area's geological and biological features. Natural England, which is responsible for choosing SSSIs, tries to ensure that the management and use of the area is sustainable.

Overgrazing by sheep in Grisedale Common has damaged the vegetation to the extent that it has needed careful management. Since 2003 grazing has been limited to one ewe per hectare (1 ha) in summer and 0.6 ewe in winter. In summer sheep are also flushed from the coves, (Nethermost and Ruthwaite) as they contain vegetation which is susceptible to damage from summer grazing. The vegetation structure has started to improve; however, recovery is slowest on the higher land and the summit is still heavily grazed. The summit suffers erosion from the large number of walkers who climb Nethermost Pike. The use of fewer footpaths would help reduce the disturbance to the summit species.

title: Nethermost Pike


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Toronto Street Railway

The Toronto Street Railway (TSR) was the operator of a horse-drawn streetcar system from 1861 to 1891 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its successor, the Toronto Railway Company, inherited the horsecar system and electrified it between 1892 and 1894.

Early years (1861–1873)
After the Williams Omnibus Bus Line had become heavily loaded in 1861, the city of Toronto issued a transit franchise (Resolution 14, By-law 353) for a horse-drawn street railway. The winner was Alexander Easton's Toronto Street Railway, which was required to build streetcar lines along Yonge, Queen and King Streets. Service was required to be 16 hours per day, 14 in winter with a headway of no more than 30 minutes at a speed not to exceed 6 mph. The fare was 5 cents with no transfer privileges and no discounted fare for children.

The company opened the first street railway line in Canada on September 11, 1861, operating from Yorkville Town Hall via Yonge and King Streets to the St. Lawrence Market. (There was a ceremonial opening of the line on the day before.) The second line was opened in December 1861 operating from St. Lawrence Market via King, Yonge and Queen Streets to the Queen Street Asylum at Ossington Avenue (then known as Dundas Street). By the end of 1861, the railway was operating 2 routes on 6 mi of track using 70 horses (stabled in Yorkville) and carrying 2,000 passengers per day. The first two routes were initially single-track lines with passing loops. In 1862, the railway acquired the Williams Omnibus Bus Line.

In 1868, the railway was in financial difficulty and could not pay bond interest. Thus, it passed into the hands of the bondholders under an appointed trustee. In 1873, William and George Kiely acquired the railway and obtained a new act of incorporation under the old name. The new owners operated the railway until the end of the franchise in 1891.

Expansion (1874–1890)
In 1874, the tracks on King Street were extended east to the Don River and west to Bathurst Street, becoming the city's third streetcar route. Later in that year, double track was laid on Church Street from King Street to Front Street then west to York Street in order to serve steam railway stations. The Sherbourne line followed, running on Sherbourne Street from King Street north to Carlton Street, east to Parliament Street and north to Winchester Street. In 1878, tracks were laid on Spadina Avenue between King and College Streets. By 1879, both the Yonge and Queen lines were fully converted to double track. In 1881, the King line was extended west to Strachan Avenue then south to Wellington Street. The portion south of King Street operated only during the Toronto Industrial Exhibition (today the Canadian National Exhibition) that took place annually at Exhibition Place. Also in 1881, the Church line was extended north from King Street to Bloor Street; a single track was laid on Wichester Street from Parliament to Sumach Street to serve the new nearby zoo; tracks were laid on Queen Street between Sherbourne and Parliament Streets.

In 1882, tracks were laid on Parliament Street from Queen Street to Gerrard Street, proceeding east on Gerrard to River Street. Tracks were also laid on Ossington Avenue (then considered part of Dundas Street) and west on Dundas to Dufferin Street, which was then at the city limits bordering Village of Brockton. The Queen route was created along Queen Street East with the completion of track between Yonge and Sherbourne Streets, and between Parliament and River Streets. Tracks were also laid along York Street between King and Queen Streets, and on McCaul Street between Queen and College Streets.

In 1883, after an agreement between the City and the University of Toronto to make College Street a public throughfare, tracks were laid on College from McCaul Street west to Spadina Avenue, and then north on Spadina to Bloor Street (the then-city limits). By this time, most streetcar routes terminated at or near St. Lawrence Market, the area being a major traffic source in the early 1880s. The TSR's complex of stables, carhouse and car shops was located nearby on Front Street.

In 1884, tracks on Yonge Street were extended south then west on Front Street to York Street. With this extension, every second Yonge car went to city's second Union Station, located west of York Street at Station Street, instead of St. Lawrence Market.

In 1885, track was laid on College Street between Yonge and McCaul Streets, on Bathurst Street between College and Bloor Streets, and on Dundas Street west to the new city limits (after the Village of Brockton had been annexed) at Lansdowne Avenue. The Yonge line was extended north from Scollard Street to Price Street at the Canadian Pacific Railway line; this extension displaced the tracks of the Metropolitan Street Railway. The Metropolitan had laid horsecar tracks there from 1881 to 1882, and still operated horsecar service north of the CPR line.

In 1886, track was extended on York Street south from King Street to Front Street; track was laid on Carlton Street between Yonge and Parliament Streets. After the city's annexation of the Village of Parkdale, the Queen line was extended west from Gladstone Avenue to Roncesvalles Avenue.

In 1887, the Queen line was extended 2.2 mi east over the Don River through Leslieville to Woodbine Race Course. This displaced the Kingston Road Tramway, which since 1875 had a horsecar line running from the Don River east along Queen Street and Kingston Road, terminating at Main Street, and later at Blantyre Avenue from 1878. It ceased operation in 1887. Trams would return to Kingston Road in 1893 when the Toronto and Scarboro' Electric Railway, Light and Power Company opened a radial railway line along Kingston Road.

Also in 1887, the College Street tracks were expanded west from Bathurst Street to Dovercourt Road. In 1888, after the city's annexation of the Village of Dovercourt, the tracks were extended north on Dovercourt Road to Bloor Street.

In 1889, the Queen line was further extended east from Woodbine Race Course to Lee Avenue. Track was laid on Broadview Avenue between Queen Street and Danforth Avenue, on College Street between Dovercourt Road and Dufferin Street, and on King Street from Strachan Avenue to Dufferin Street. (Due to construction of a steam railway underpass, the latter would not open until after the TSR franchise expired in 1891.) Tracks were laid on Bloor Street between Yonge and Bathurst Streets, and on Bathurst Street between King and College Streets. In 1890, tracks on Bathurst Street were extended from Bloor Street to Dupont Street.

Final year (1891)
In early 1891, the final expansion occurred: tracks on Sherbourne Street were extended from Bloor Street over the Sherbourne bridge to South Drive in Rosedale, after which the city announced that it would not extend the TSR franchise.

By 1891, the last year of the franchise, the railway was carrying 55,000 passengers using 264 horsecars, 99 buses, 100 sleighs and 1,372 horses. The railway had 80.69 mi of track and 68 mi of routes.

By mutual agreement between the City and railway, the 30-year franchise expired on March 16, 1891. Because there was no transition agreement, the streetcar system shut down for the three following days. Streetcar service resumed on March 20, with the city as the operator. By an arbitrated agreement, the City paid the Toronto Street Railway Company $1,453,788 for the railway's assets. The City operated the system briefly, but soon elected to pass on the rights to a new company, the Toronto Railway Company, on September 1, 1891, for another thirty years under William Mackenzie and associates including George Kiely from the defunct Toronto Street Railway. The TRC agreed to pay the City $1,453,788 plus a percentage of gross receipts for the franchise.

The City required the TRC to electrify the horsecar lines within three years. The first electric cars were run on August 15, 1892, and horsecars were last operated on August 31, 1894. As part of the conversion from horse to electric traction, the TRC had replaced all the horsecar tracks with heavier rails to handle the faster, heavier electric streetcars.

Track gauge
The Toronto Street Railway created Toronto's unique gauge that is still used today by the Toronto streetcar system and 3 lines of the Toronto subway. However, the original Toronto gauge may have been 4 ft, slightly wider than today's. When the Toronto Railway Company took over the horsecar system of the Toronto Street Railway in 1891, its charter mentioned a gauge of 4 ft

The 1861 agreement between the City of Toronto and the Toronto Street Railway stated: "That the gauge of the said railways shall be such that the ordinary vehicles now in use may travel on the said tracks, and that it shall and may be lawful to and for all and every person and persons whatsoever to travel upon and use the said tracks with their vehicles loaded or empty, when and so often as they may please, provided they do not impede or interfere with the cars of the party of the second part (Toronto Street Railway), running thereon, and subject at all times to the right of the said party of the second part, his executors, and administrators and assigns to keep the said tracks with his and their cars, when meeting or overtaking any other vehicle thereon."

As wagons were normally built at standard gauge, the streetcar rails were selected to be slightly wider, allowing the wagons to ride on the inside sections of the rail, and the streetcars on the outside. The Williams Omnibus Bus Line changed the gauge of their buses in 1861 to fit this gauge.

Ken Heard, Consultant Museologist, Canadian Museums Association, was reported to say: "One of the terms of these agreements was that the track gauge was to accommodate wagons. As horse car rail was step rail, the horse cars, equipped with iron wheels with flanges on the inside, ran on the outer, or upper step of the rail. Wagon wheels naturally did not have a flange. They were made of wood, with an iron tire. Wagons would use the inner, or lower step of the rail. The upper step of the rail guided the wagons on the track. In order to accommodate this arrangement, the track gauge had to be 4 feet, 11 inches. As the streets themselves were not paved, this arrangement permitted wagons carrying heavy loads a stable roadbed."

Routes
Routes with "Transferred to City" in the "Ended" column were operating on May 20, 1891, when the Toronto Street Railway Company's franchise expired and had their operations taken over by the City of Toronto.

Roster
In the first year, the TSR had only 11 horsecars on the roster. Before the end of the franchise, the TSR had 262 cars, 100 omnibuses, 100 sleighs and 1,356 horses. Among the horsecar manufacturers were John Stephenson Company of New York, New York, Jones Car Company and the shops of the Toronto Street Railway. Horsecars could be open or closed vehicles, and require one or two horses to pull, depending on car length. The sleighs (all closed vehicles) were built by Thomas Speight Wagon Works of Markham Village, Ontario

Closed cars
Closed horsecars were short, 10 ft to 16 ft feet in length, and had four wheels bolted to their bodies. Straw was placed on the floor to provide warmth in winter. There was a small coal oil lamp at one end of the car for both interior and exterior lighting at night. Larger cars had a conductor to collect fares using a hand-held box; on smaller one-man cars, a fare box was mounted on the wall by the driver. The driver had to stand on an open platform with no windshield.

Disposition
After the Toronto Railway Company completed electrification, most of the horsecars were scrapped. Some were converted into trailers hauled by a motor car, but the old horsecars were found to be unsuited for the higher speed of electric streetcar operation. The TRC repurposed two horsecars, 13 and 16, as offices at Exhibition Loop. They were both inherited by the Toronto Transportation Commission in 1921 which scrapped horsecar 12 but retained horsecar 16 as a historic relic. In 1945, car 16 participated in a parade pulled by two horses on the tracks of the Queen streetcar line. In 1968, the TTC donated the horsecar to the Canada Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa.

Car 16 was built in 1874 by the John Stephenson Company of New York City. It was used throughout the network of the Toronto Street Railway. It sat 16 passengers and could be pulled by one or two horses. According to historian Trevor Parkins-Sciberras, if the tram was overloaded, the horses would refuse to haul it.

Facilities
The TSR had separate facilities for horses versus vehicles with the exception of the King stables, which had storage space for buses.

Operations
Every two hours, horses hauling streetcars had to be changed. If the horsecar was overloaded, the horse would often refuse to pull it, and passengers would be asked to help push the car.

Drivers and conductors worked shifts of 11 to 12 hours per day, and were paid 15 cents per hour. The driver had to work on an open platform exposed to the elements. In winter, the driver was allowed to stand in a box full of straw to keep the feet warm.

Open cars were run only on warm days. If there was rain, open cars would be replaced by closed cars when the horses needed to be changed. At the three-story Front Street carhouse, a lift would bring replacement cars down to street level, and carry up the cars being replaced. If the weather changed later in the day, the process would be repeated.

When snowy conditions threatened, two horses would be assigned to each one-horse car. Work gangs would attempt to shovel the tracks clear of snow. If the tracks became unusable, horsecars were replaced by buses fitted with runners and by sleighs. Replacing larger horsecars required more buses and sleighs, and some of the conductors would become drivers; other conductors would act as fare collectors posted at busy locations.

title: Toronto Street Railway