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User:Fropuff/Notes

Covers

 * The set of all open covers of a topological space is a directed set under refinement (refinement is only a preorder, not a partial order).
 * Every manifold has a good cover, every compact manifold has a finite good cover. Furthermore, every open cover has a refinement which is a good cover, i.e. the set of good covers of a manifold is cofinal in the set of all open covers.

Exponential map and vector flows

 * exponential map
 * matrix exponential
 * exponential function
 * infinitesimal generator (→ Lie group)
 * integral curve (→ vector field)
 * one-parameter subgroup
 * flow (geometry)
 * geodesic flow (→ glossary)
 * Ricci flow
 * injectivity radius (→ glossary)

Differential topology
(flow, infinitesimal generator, integral curve, complete vector field)

Let V be a smooth vector field on a smooth manifold M. There is a unique maximal flow D → M whose infinitesimal generator is V. Here D ⊆ R × M is a flow domain. For each p ∈ M the map Dp → M is the unique maximal integral curve of V starting at p.

A global flow is one whose flow domain is all of R × M. Global flows define smooth actions of R on M. A vector field is complete if it generates a global flow. Every vector field on a compact manifold is complete.

Riemannian geometry
(geodesic, exponential map, injectivity radius)

The exponential map
 * exp : TpM → M

is defined as exp(X) = γ(1) where γ : I → M is the unique geodesic passing through p at 0 and whose tangent vector at 0 is X. Here I is the maximal open interval of R for which the geodesic is defined.

Let M be a pseudo-Riemannian manifold (or any manifold with an affine connection) and let p be a point in M. Then for every V in TpM there exists a unique geodesic γ : I → M for which γ(0) = p and $$\dot\gamma(0) = V$$. Let Dp be the subset of TpM for which 1 lies in I.

Lie group theory
(exponential map, infinitesimal generator, one-parameter group)

Every left-invariant vector field on a Lie group is complete. The integral curve starting at the identity is a one-parameter subgroup of G. There are one-to-one correspondences
 * {one-parameter subgroups of G} ⇔ {left-invariant vector fields on G} ⇔ g = TeG.

Let G be a Lie group and g its Lie algebra. The exponential map is a map exp : g → G given by exp(X) = γ(1) where γ is the integral curve starting at the identity in G generated by X.
 * The exponential map is smooth.
 * For a fixed X, the map t |-> exp(tX) is the one-parameter subgroup of G generated by X.
 * The exponetial map restricts to a diffeomorphism form some neighborhood of 0 in g to a neighborhood of e in G.
 * The image of the exponential map always lies in the connected component of the identity in G.

Conformal group
The conformal group of a Riemannian manifold (M, g) is the group of conformal transformations of M. A conformal transformation is a diffeomorphism of M which locally rescales the metric by a positive function on M. Specifically, the conformal group is given by
 * $$\mathrm{Conf}(M) = \{f\in\mathrm{Diff}(M) : f^*g = e^{\Lambda}g \mbox{ for some } \Lambda \in C^\infty(M)\}$$

For example, the conformal group of the n-sphere is isomorphic to the Lorentz group SO(n+1,1).

Infinite coordinate space
Let R∞ denote the space of all terminating sequences of real numbers (i.e. sequences with only a finite number of nonzero terms).

Initial topology
R∞ is subspace of the infinite product space $$\prod_{i=1}^{\infin}\mathbb{R}$$. The topology is the initial topology with respect to the coordinate maps
 * $$p_i\colon \mathbb R^\infty \to \mathbb R$$

i.e. the coarsest topology for which these maps are continuous.

Metric topology
R∞ is a real inner product space with the standard dot product (and hence a normed vector space and a metric space). It is not a Hilbert space or Banach space as the metric is not complete.

Properties:
 * metrizable and thus
 * perfectly normal Hausdorff
 * first countable
 * paracompact
 * compactly generated
 * not locally compact
 * the unit sphere S∞ is not compact

CW topology
R∞ is a CW complex with the associated topology.

Final topology
R∞ is the direct limit limn→∞ Rn. The topology is the final topology with respect to the inclusions
 * $$\phi_i\colon \mathbb R^i \to \mathbb R^\infty$$

i.e. the finest topology for which these maps are continuous.

Articles dealing with rotations

 * rotation
 * coordinate rotation
 * coordinate rotations and reflections
 * rotation matrix
 * rotation group
 * rotation operator
 * Euler's rotation theorem
 * Rodrigues' rotation formula
 * charts on SO(3)
 * quaternions and spatial rotations
 * Euler-Rodrigues parameters
 * Euler angles
 * improper rotation

See also:
 * orthogonal group
 * spin group
 * Lorentz group
 * Clifford algebra

Quasigroups and Loops
Identities in special classes

Bol loops
A loop Q is
 * a left Bol loop if $$z(x(zy)) = (z(xz))y$$ for all x, y, and z in Q
 * a right Bol loop if $$((xz)y)z = x((zy)z)$$ for all x, y, and z in Q

Moufang loops are both left and right Bol. Moreover, any loop which is both left and right Bol is Moufang. However, the Bol identities by themselves are strictly weaker than the Moufang identities.

Every left Bol loop is left alternative and satisfies the left inverse property. In fact, a loop is left Bol iff every loop isotope of it satisfies the left inverse property. It follows that every isotope of a left Bol loop is left Bol. Dual statements apply to right Bol loops.

A left Bol loop is a Moufang loop if it satifies any of: the flexible law, the right alternative law, or the right inverse property. Similarly, for right Bol loops. Any commutative Bol loop is Moufang.

Cayley-Dickson construction
There are two variants of the Cayley-Dickson construction depending on whether you prefer to write the new imaginary unit on the left or the right:

 * $$(a + b\ell)(c + d\ell) = (ac + \lambda \bar db) + (da + b\bar c)\ell$$

and
 * $$(a + \ell b)(c + \ell d) = (ac + \lambda d\bar b) + \ell(\bar a d + c b)$$

where
 * $$\lambda = \ell^2 \in K^{\times}$$

To "derive" these one uses the manipulations: The latter three manipulations assume that x, y, and ℓ obey the Moufang identities (at least when ℓ is the doubled variable).
 * $$\overline{xy} = \bar y \bar x$$
 * $$\ell x = \bar x \ell$$
 * $$(\ell x)(y \ell) = (\ell(x y))\ell = \ell(\ell(\bar y\bar x) = \lambda(\bar y \bar x)$$
 * $$x(\ell y) = x(\bar y \ell) = \ell(\bar x y) = (\bar y x)\ell$$
 * $$(x\ell)y = (\ell\bar x)y = (x\bar y)\ell = \ell(y\bar x)$$

Solenoid group
The p-adic solenoid is the topological group defined as the inverse limit
 * $$S_p = \varprojlim ({\mathbb T}_i,q_i).$$

where each Ti is a copy of the circle group T and qi is the map that takes the pth power of its argument (and therefore wraps Ti+1 around Ti p times). Explicitly, the elements of S p can be described as infinite sequences of elements from T with each coordinate being the pth power of the next coordinate:
 * $$S_p = \left\{(a_i)_{i\in\mathbb N} : a_i \in \mathbb T \mbox{ and } a_i = a_{i+1}^p\right\}.$$

The topology of Sp is the initial topology with respect to the projection maps.

By projecting onto the first coordinate we get a homomorphism from Sp to T. The kernel of this homomorphism is isomorphic to the group of p-adic integers Zp. We then have a short exact sequence of togological groups:
 * $$0\to\mathbb Z_p \to S_p \to \mathbb T\to 0.$$

Topologically, p-adic integers form a Cantor space so the solenoid can be described as a fiber bundle over the circle with a Cantor space fiber.

Metric spaces
Every metric space is
 * perfectly normal Hausdorff
 * first countable and therefore
 * compactly generated
 * paracompact

CW complexes
Every CW complex is
 * normal Hausdorff
 * locally contractible and therefore
 * locally simply connected
 * locally path connected
 * locally connected
 * compactly generated
 * paracompact

Manifolds
Every manifold (assumed Hausdorff) is
 * first countable
 * locally compact and therefore
 * compactly generated
 * Tychonoff (completely regular Hausdorff)
 * locally contractible and therefore
 * locally simply connected
 * locally path connected
 * locally connected.

Every paracompact manifold is the above plus
 * paracompact
 * metrizable and therefore
 * perfectly normal Hausdorff

Every second countable manifold is the above plus
 * second countable and therefore
 * separable space
 * Lindelöf space

Articles dealing with curvature

 * curvature
 * curvature tensor → Riemann curvature tensor
 * curvature form
 * curvature of Riemannian manifolds
 * sectional curvature
 * Ricci curvature
 * Weyl curvature → Weyl tensor
 * scalar curvature
 * constant curvature
 * Gaussian curvature
 * principal curvature
 * mean curvature
 * differential geometry of curves
 * torsion tensor

Division algebras
A division algebra is an algebra A over a field K for which the operators $$L_a, R_a$$ are invertible for each nonzero a ∈ A. We do not assume A to be unital, associative, or finite-dimensional.

 * Every finite-dimensional associative division algebra over the reals is isomorphic to R, C, or H. (Frobenius theorem, 1878)
 * Every finite-dimensional alternative division algebra over the reals is isomorphic to R, C, H, or O. (Zorn (?), 1930)
 * Every normed division algebra over the reals is isomorphic to R, C, H, or O. (Hurwitz's theorem, 1898)

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Talk:Dancing Stage

Release Dates
Year of release is needed for each game. Month and date if possible, but year is sufficient. --Poiuytman 22:45, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

French law?
The info about France banning any product that contains the word "Revolution" seems suspicious. Could the contributer please provide a reference? --Poiuyt Man | talk 23:58, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I think you're correct; counterexample: http://www.ciao.fr/Quake_3_Revolution_PS2__122395

Australia
Is it called Dancing Stage in Australia too? Or is it just Dance Dance Revolution there.
 * The voice over at the start of the version available in Australia says "Dancing Stage", and the image on the AU cover is the same. There may be some regional differences between the US and AU, but I think they are essentially the same. glasnt  <3  01:18, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Differences between EU Dancing Stage vs US/JP Dance Dance Revolution
Besides the name, and the songlists in each mix, what other differences are there in the game? Graphics? Interface (if only slightly)? What is the announcer like?

Is it also worth noting these differences in the article here to those who are also curious?

 * I'm not absolutely sure, as I have never actually played nor seen a copy of this version myself, but as far as I know it's just another of case of where the European version of something (game or not) in which everything is pretty much the same, except the official name had been changed. I still don't even really understand why this is done in the first place, but there should not be any differences of any significance (expect that the announcer likely says "Dancing Stage" instead of the regular, and the opening screen. It's likely to be in PAL too, but that's a given as well.) --Daisenji 23:13, 7 Mar 2007 (UTC)

Merging w/ DDR page?
This wouldn't be too difficult. I may work on it later, if no one else is doing it... --Daisenji 23:13, 7 Mar 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. --AeronPrometheus (talk) 10:30, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 14:58, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

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Talk:John Pitcairn

Early inaccurate accounts
Some acounts of Major Pitcairn in 19th century American literature are known to be inaccurate. He is reported to have been shot by Salem Poor (a black volunteer), and to have been the first to storm the American fortified position. The latter disagrees with contemporary British accounts of the battle. For a discussion of the Salem Poor claim, see the talk page at Talk:Battle of Bunker Hill. Lou I 22:45, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

no known image?
the new england historic and genealogical society has an image of john pitcairn... a simple google image search turns it up on pbs.com, and it's also in reputable historical texts (Paul Revere's Ride, by David Hackett Fischer, p. 191). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.243.103.11 (talk) 05:08, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

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Category:Schools in Edinburgh

Schools located in the unitary authority of the City of Edinburgh.

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Tsuga mertensiana

Tsuga mertensiana, known as mountain hemlock, is a species of hemlock native to the west coast of North America, found between Southcentral Alaska and south-central California.

Description
Tsuga mertensiana is a large evergreen conifer growing up to 20 to 40 m tall, with exceptional specimens as tall as 59 m tall. They have a trunk diameter of up to 2 m. The bark is about 3 cm thick and square-cracked or furrowed, and purplish-brown to gray in color. The crown is a neat, slender, conic shape in young trees with a tilted or drooping lead shoot, becoming cylindric in older trees. At all ages, it is distinguished by the slightly pendulous branchlet tips. The shoots are orange–brown, with dense pubescence about 1 mm long. The leaves are needle-like, 7 to 25 mm long and 1 to 1.5 mm broad, soft, blunt-tipped, only slightly flattened in cross-section, pale glaucous blue-green above, and with two broad bands of bluish-white stomata below with only a narrow green midrib between the bands; they differ from those of any other species of hemlock in also having stomata on the upper surface, and are arranged spirally all around the shoot.

The cones are small (but much longer than those of any other species of hemlock), pendulous, cylindrical, 3 to 8 cm long and 8 to 10 mm broad when closed, opening to 12 to 35 mm broad, superficially somewhat like a small spruce cone. They have thin, flexible scales 8 to 18 mm long. The immature cones are dark purple (rarely green), maturing red–brown 5 to 7 months after pollination. The seeds are red–brown, 2 to 3 mm long, with a slender, 7 to 12 mm-long pale pink–brown wing.

Taxonomy
There are three taxa, two subspecies and a minor variety:
 * Tsuga mertensiana subsp. mertensiana. Northern mountain hemlock. Central Oregon northwards. Cones smaller, 30 to 60 mm long, 12 to 25 mm broad when open, with 50 to 80 scales.
 * Tsuga mertensiana subsp. mertensiana var. mertensiana. Northern mountain hemlock. Leaves gray-green on both sides.
 * Tsuga mertensiana subsp. mertensiana var. jeffreyi (Henry) Schneider. Jeffrey's mountain hemlock. Mixed with var. mertensiana; rare. Leaves greener, less glaucous above, paler below; cones indistinguishable from the type. At one time it was thought to be a hybrid with western hemlock, but there is no verified evidence for this.
 * Tsuga mertensiana subsp. grandicona Farjon. California mountain hemlock; syn. T. hookeriana (A.Murray) Carrière, T. crassifolia Flous. Central Oregon southwards. Leaves very strongly glaucous. Cones larger, 45 to 80 mm long, 20 to 35 mm broad when open, with 40 to 60 scales.

Etymology
Mertensiana refers to Karl Heinrich Mertens (1796–1830), a German botanist who collected the first specimens as a member of a Russian expedition in 1826–1829.

Distribution
The distribution of T. mertensiana stretches from Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, to northern Tulare County, California. Its range fairly closely matches that of T. heterophylla (western hemlock), found less than 100 km from the Pacific Ocean, apart from an inland population in the Rocky Mountains in southeast British Columbia, northern Idaho, and western Montana. The inland populations most likely established after deglaciation by remarkable long-distance dispersal of more than 200 km from the coast populations. Their ranges differ in California, where western hemlock is restricted to the Coast Ranges and mountain hemlock is found in the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada. Unlike western hemlock, mountain hemlock mostly grows at high altitudes except in the far north, from sea level to 1000 m in Alaska, 1600 to 2300 m in the Cascades in Oregon, and 2500 to 3050 m in the Sierra Nevada.

Ecology
Mountain hemlock is usually found on cold, snowy subalpine sites where it grows slowly, sometimes attaining more than 800 years in age. Arborescent individuals that have narrowly conical crowns until old age (300 to 400 years) and shrubby krummholz on cold, windy sites near timberline add beauty to mountain landscapes. Areas occupied by mountain hemlock generally have a cool to cold maritime climate that includes mild to cold winters, a short, warm-to-cool growing season and moderate to high precipitation.

Best development of mountain hemlock is on loose, coarse-textured, well-drained soils with adequate moisture, and in British Columbia, on thick and very acidic organic matter and decayed wood. Adequate soil moisture appears to be especially important in California and Montana, where summer drought is most pronounced.

Mountain hemlock will grow on most landforms, but individuals typically develop best in mixed stands of forest on sheltered slopes or in draws. From southern British Columbia south, the tree grows better on northerly exposures. The preference for relatively moist, cool sites evidently becomes a necessity as the climate becomes more continental in western Montana and more mediterranean in the central Sierra Nevada at these extremes of its range. In these locations, mountain hemlock typically grows in isolated populations in north-facing glens and cirque basins where snow collects and may remain well into summer.

Mountain hemlock is adapted to sites with long-lasting snowpacks. In the spring, mountain hemlocks emerging through 2 to 4 m of snow were transpiring, whereas nearby whitebark pines did not transpire until the soil beneath them was free of snow. Mountain hemlock is well adapted to cope with heavy snow and ice loads, with tough branches and the drooping branchlets shedding snow readily.

Mountain hemlock is tolerant of shade and other forms of competition. It is more shade-tolerant than all of its associates except Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, and Alaska cedar. Mountain hemlock is considered a minor climax species on most of its habitats, and pioneers on glacial moraines in British Columbia and Alaska. In many communities of the mountain hemlock forest in British Columbia and Washington and northern Oregon, Pacific silver fir is a major climax species. Alaska cedar, western redcedar, and western hemlock are climax associates on some sites. Mountain hemlock is more commonly the major climax species in the mountain hemlock zone south of central Oregon where Pacific silver fir does not occur.

Mountain hemlock often succeeds lodgepole pine or subalpine fir when these species pioneer on drier sites. It also tends to replace Engelmann spruce when the two species occur together, possibly because hemlock is better able to withstand the allelopathic effects of spruce than are other associated species.

The species is attacked by the root rot Phellinus weirii. Stands lost to fire can be populated by lodgepole pine, which is in turn succeeded by mountain hemlock.

Uses
Native Americans used the species less often than western hemlock, but specifically used mountain hemlock boughs as beds and bathing brushes.

Since the mid-20th century, the species has been used for lumber, often mixed with western hemlock.

Cultivation
Outside of its native range, mountain hemlock is grown as an ornamental tree. It is planted as a specimen tree in native plant landscapes in California, and particularly in gardens in northern Great Britain and Scandinavia, where it is appreciated for its blue–green color and tolerance of severe weather. Cultivation is limited by the very slow growth of young plants and its susceptibility to urban air pollution.

Several cultivars have been selected, mainly for intensely glaucous foliage color including:
 * 'Blue Star'
 * 'Glauca'Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X.

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Reaffirmation of American Independence Resolution

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:06, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Reaffirmation of American Independence Resolution
An unpassed, non-legislative "sense of the house" resolution. Gazpacho 22:49, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not yet notable. Megan1967 02:33, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If someone made a properly formatted encyclopedic article about this I'd allow it a weak keep, but it since no one has, Delete. -- Infrogmation 20:21, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * NYT Delete. Edeans 03:53, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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1938 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1938 Atlantic hurricane season produced fifteen tropical cyclones, of which nine strengthened into tropical storms. Four storms intensified into hurricanes. Two of those four became major hurricanes, the equivalent of a Category 3 or greater storm on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale. The hurricane season officially began on June 16 and ended on November 15. In 2012, as part of the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project, meteorologists identified a previously undocumented January hurricane and September tropical storm while fine-tuning the meteorological histories of several others. However, given scant observations from ships and weather stations, significant uncertainty of tropical cyclone tracks, intensity, and duration remains, particularly for those storms that stayed at sea.

Seasonal activity began with the formation of a tropical or subtropical cyclone over the northeastern Atlantic on January 3, the earliest occurrence in a calendar year (earliest start to a season) on record. In mid-August, a hurricane struck near Cameron, Louisiana, producing strong winds and water level rises that caused $245,550 in damage throughout that state and Texas. It was followed in quick succession by an even more potent hurricane that tracked through the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and into northern Mexico. There, 9 people were killed and over 400 families were left homeless. An additional 4 deaths occurred in Texas. The season's strongest and most destructive system, the "Great New England Hurricane", swept into New England, where 494–700 people were killed, over 1,700 individuals were injured, and about 23,900 structures were damaged or destroyed. The cost was estimated at $620 million. It was the strongest hurricane to hit New England in over 300 years, since 1635. Later in the season, a minimal mid-October tropical storm affected Texas and Louisiana, and a stronger early-November tropical storm caused minor damage along the eastern coastline of Florida.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 78 units, below the 1931–1943 average of 91.2. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

Hurricane One
In 2012, as part of their ongoing Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project, the National Hurricane Center identified a previously undocumented hurricane. On January 1, an extratropical cyclone formed over the northeastern Atlantic along the tail-end of a cold front. The cyclone initially moved east but soon turned south then west by January 3. Warm air coalesced in the vicinity of the storm, and the frontal boundary dissipated, leading to the formation of a tropical storm by 18:00 UTC on January 3 about 850 mi southwest of the Azores. It is possible, however, that the system existed as a subtropical cyclone before transitioning into a fully tropical entity. The storm temporarily embarked on a more westerly course before banking south-southwest, through which time it intensified into a Category 1 hurricane, peaking with winds of 80 mph. Gradual weakening ensued as the cyclone entered the deep tropical Atlantic east of the Leeward Islands, with its final point recognized at 18:00 UTC on January 6.

The cyclone is one of only two hurricanes to form in the Atlantic basin during the month of January, alongside Hurricane Alex in 2016. Hurricane Alice attained hurricane strength in January 1955 but developed the previous month. Additionally, it is one of only seven tropical or subtropical cyclones to persist during the month, including the aforementioned systems, a tropical storm in 1951, a subtropical storm in 1978, Tropical Storm Zeta in 2006, and a subtropical storm in 2023.

Tropical Storm Two
A strong tropical storm with peak winds of 70 mph was first identified just west of Antigua and Barbuda at 06:00 UTC on August 8, though it may have developed days earlier in the absence of a reliable data network. The rapidly-moving system curved west, passing north of Puerto Rico before striking the northeastern coastline of the Dominican Republic as a 50 mph cyclone at 09:00 UTC on August 9. The storm continued across Hispaniola and dissipated after 18:00 UTC that day, though the remnant tropical wave continued on to impact Cuba on August 10.

Hurricane Three
Around 00:00 UTC on August 10, a rapidly-moving tropical storm was identified southeast of Barbados. It tracked into the Caribbean Sea and intensified into the season's second hurricane, with the center of the storm narrowly missing Jamaica to the north late on August 11. Observations from Grand Cayman indicate that it strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane, reaching peak winds of 100 mph that day, before the system slowly weakened. It moved through the Yucatán Channel and into the Gulf of Mexico, making a later landfall just west of Cameron, Louisiana, at 01:00 UTC on August 15 with winds of 75 mph. The cyclone curved north-northeast and was last observed as a weak tropical depression along the Arkansas–Louisiana border at 12:00 UTC on August 15.

Along the northern fringes of Jamaica, appreciable loss to cultivation occurred. Winds at nearby Grand Cayman topped at 95 mph, destroying nine houses and injuring several people. In the United States, sustained winds southeast of Lake Charles, Louisiana, reached 55 mph and gusts peaked around 60 mph. There, windows were blown from the city hall and upper floor of several downtown structures. Small vessels were overturned, and the downing of trees and signs obstructed highways. A grandstand and fence at the American Legion ballpark were smashed, as well as two planes at the Lake Charles Regional Airport. Hurricane-force winds were estimated in nearby Grand Chenier. Squalls caused damage to structures in Benton and overturned a boat on Cross Lake, causing a man to drown. Another man was found drowned on the western edge of the Calcasieu River. Five people were rescued from their motor boat on Lake Pontchartrain. A small tornado moved through Kinder, causing $2,000 in damage after it destroyed a house and toppled two barns, fencing, and some trees. Throughout the state, the winds caused damage to buildings, wires, oil derricks, piers, and other structures totaling to $133,000. Water levels of 4 – above the mean low tide inundated the coasts of Cameron and Vermillion parishes, and lowlands were flooded to a depth of 1 –. Shrimp boats were beached near Creole, and the Intracoastal Ferry—carrying four cars amounting to 20 people—broke its cable, crashing onto a river bank. Torrential rainfall, peaking at 14.9 in in Koll, caused extensive damage to crops; the rice, cotton, and corn crops in particular were heavily affected, with total damage estimated at $110,000. Several cities saw 24-hour rainfall records. Considerable damage to highways was also noted, with detours or interruption to traffic for 20 – east of the center, particularly in Jefferson Davis Parish. In Texas, damage was confined to the Sabine Pass area, where the cost to piers and highways reached $550. Communications between Port Arthur and Galveston were severed.

Hurricane Four
A tropical storm first developed to the south of Haiti by 06:00 UTC on August 23 and moved west-northwest, a trajectory it maintained throughout its duration. The system intensified into a hurricane shortly after passing south of Jamaica and Grand Cayman on August 24. As it passed south of Cozumel, the island recorded winds of 91 mph. The storm reached its peak as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph around 02:00 UTC on August 26, while making landfall along the Yucatán Peninsula. It weakened to Category 1 intensity as it crossed land and emerged into the southern Gulf of Mexico, later moving ashore the coast of Tamaulipas with winds of 85 mph at 08:00 UTC on August 28. It is possible the storm could have been stronger given the size of the storm surge farther north in southern Texas. The cyclone curved west after tracking inland and became a remnant low after 00:00 UTC on August 29.

Thousands of banana trees were destroyed by 40 mph winds across six districts in Jamaica; this accounted for roughly 5% of the island's crop, though some areas locally saw losses as high as 20%. In Portland, Jamaica, hundreds of banana and breadfruit trees were blown down in a 15-minute period. Considerable property damage was also wrought on the island, marked by the loss of some homes and the unroofing of others. Roads were blocked by landslides triggered by heavy rains. Shipping and airmail services were disrupted as ships and planes were held during the storm's passage. Telegraph communications were also subject to disruptions as the storm passed. Winds reached 56 mph on Grand Cayman on the night of August 24. Communications with Cozumel were lost late on August 25, before the onset of the worst conditions. High winds toppled numerous trees and destroyed at least 200 homes. However, the overall damage toll on the Yucatán Peninsula was lessened by the relatively low population density of the peninsula's northeastern coast.

After the hurricane struck the coastline of northern Mexico, local observers reported a 75 – swath of damage along the beach in La Pesca. Palm-thatched huts were badly damaged or collapsed. Further inland, up to 9 in of rain in a few hours caused creeks and rivers, particularly the Rio Grande, to rapidly rise. Waters rose over 18 ft to their highest level in six years, over-spilling into farmlands near Matamoros, Tamaulipas after a levee was breached and inundating multiple areas on the Mexican side of the United States–Mexico border near McAllen, Texas. Nine people were killed, including eight who were swept away by floodwaters and one whose body was recovered from a home ravaged by wind and floodwater. The vehicles of several American tourists were engulfed by the Santa Catarina River on the road between Mexico City and Ciudad Victoria. The latter city was isolated from the remainder of Mexico. More than 400 families were left homeless. The military and local officials transformed public buildings into temporary shelters. In Texas, squalls produced winds estimated up to 45 mph. A sizable storm surge swept across Padre Island and Brazos Island and washed away a few inexpensive structures in Del Mar Heights. Rainfall across the extreme southern sections of the state was received as beneficial to dry crops. However, this rain exacerbated floodwaters within the river to breach a levee in Cameron County, where two people were drowned and swept away in Los Indios. Three more people died near El Paso in an attempted river crossing. Farther west in Albuquerque, New Mexico, rainfall totaling 1.66 in eroded unpaved side roads and inundated the basements of homes and stores.

Tropical Storm Five
A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa around September 4 and moved westward, spawning a tropical depression about 910 mi east of Barbados by 12:00 UTC on September 9. The newly formed cyclone tracked west-northwest and maintained tropical depression intensity for several days. By 00:00 UTC on September 13, data from nearby ships was sufficient to upgrade it to a tropical storm with peak winds of 40 mph. The system curved poleward and weakened while interacting with a broad trough or area of low pressure. Its final point has been analyzed a few hundred miles north of Puerto Rico after 00:00 UTC on September 14. This system was discovered the during the Atlantic reanalysis project in 2012.

Hurricane Six
A tropical depression developed off the coastline of western Africa around 12:00 UTC on September 9 and embarked on a west-northwest course, steered by a large upper-level ridge to its north. As it traversed the Atlantic Ocean for nearly two weeks, data from numerous ships was used to identify the system as a tropical storm on September 10, and as a hurricane on September 15. Later, on September 19, various ships to the east of the Bahamas reported Category 5 wind speeds of 140 kn. A large high pressure system over the Canadian Maritimes blocked the hurricane from moving out to sea, while a trough of low pressure over the East Coast of the United States caused it to curve northward and reach a rapid forward speed of over 60 mph. The powerful storm made two landfalls on September 21, first on Long Island at 19:45 UTC with winds of 120 mph and second near New Haven, Connecticut, at 20:40 UTC with winds of 115 mph. Although it is still analyzed as a hurricane at these landfalls, the system is believed to have been losing tropical characteristics. It completed extratropical transition over southern Vermont by 00:00 UTC on September 22. Its remnants then moved through Quebec and later dissipated over arctic Canada.

Residents of New England received little advanced notice of the hurricane's approach. The U.S. Weather Bureau had issued warnings for Florida on September 20, but none were issued further north up the coast, as forecasters assumed that the usual path for systems at that time of the year and turn out to sea. A storm surge of 17 ft was recorded along the Connecticut coast, while storm tides of 18 – lashed the Rhode Island coastline. The Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory in Massachusetts recorded peak sustained winds of 121 mph, gusting to 186 mph; the highest sustained wind measurement not influenced by terrain was 109 mph at Fishers Island, New York. About 20,000 mi of power and telephone lines were toppled on Long Island alone. In New York City, sustained winds of 120 mph buffeted the top of the Empire State Building; sustained winds at ground level in Central Park were 60 mph. Wave heights reached 50 ft in Gloucester, Massachusetts. Several inches of rain occurred throughout New England, peaking at 12.77 in in Gardner, Massachusetts. Across the region, approximately 8,900 homes and buildings were destroyed and an additional 15,000 were damaged, leaving about 63,000 people homeless. Around 2 billion trees were destroyed. A total of 2,605 vessels were destroyed and 3,369 more were damaged. The estimate of people killed during the hurricane ranges from 494 to 700, with more than 1,700 individuals injured. Total damage was estimated at $620 million.

Tropical Storm Seven
A tropical depression formed over the Gulf of Honduras around 18:00 UTC on October 10 and quickly intensified into a tropical storm six hours later. The system moved northwest and struck San Pedro Town, Belize, with winds of 45 mph at 08:00 UTC on October 11. It weakened to a tropical depression while moving across the Yucatán Peninsula but regained tropical storm intensity and reached peak winds of 60 mph after emerging into the Gulf of Mexico. The cyclone turned east toward the Florida Keys but began backtracking on October 15, embarking on a west-northwest trajectory that brought it ashore Galveston Island, Texas, around 13:00 UTC on October 17. It maintained winds of 45 mph at the time. Once inland, the storm continued west-northwest and was last analyzed northwest of Houston at 18:00 UTC.

The tropical storm produced brisk winds across coastal sections of Florida, downing trees, signs, and power lines in the St. Petersburg area. Heavy rains flooded streets and stalled out several vehicles. In Texas, the storm produced peak winds of 43 mph at Fort Crockett. Squalls and elevated tides affected the coastline. Rainfall throughout the region proved to be beneficial against a prolonged dry spell.

Tropical Storm Eight
A trough in the vicinity of Bermuda organized into a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on October 16. The cyclone failed to intensify for a few days as it meandered and then moved southwest. Finally, by 00:00 UTC on October 19, the depression intensified into a tropical or subtropical storm and attained peak winds of 40 mph to the north of the Turks and Caicos Islands. It moved across Little Abaco Island and Grand Bahama before turning north-northeast. An approaching cold front imparted wind shear on the storm, and the system dissipated after 00:00 UTC on October 21 as it was overtaken by a non-tropical low east of the northern Florida coastline.

The extratropical remnants continued toward Nova Scotia, where impacts were considered the worst since February 1932. Ferry services were cancelled, barns were collapsed in Antigonish, and a house was shifted off its foundation in New Waterford. Two schooners were badly damaged. In nearby Newfoundland, four people drowned after being washed overboard. Damage to a breakwater at Sandy Point was estimated between $5,000–7,000, where two vessels also went aground. Across the island, telegraph lines were downed and roads were damaged.

Tropical Storm Nine
The final cyclone of the 1938 season developed by 06:00 UTC on November 7 off the northern coast of Haiti. In its early stages, the system exhibited a broad radius of maximum winds and was in close proximity to a stationary front, suggesting it was a subtropical storm for most of its duration. High pressure to the north directed the cyclone northwest, and it made landfall on Inagua in the Bahamas with winds of 70 mph at 11:00 UTC on November 7; these winds were located well north of the center. It made a second landfall eight hours later on Crooked Island at an unchanged strength. The storm began to weaken early on November 8 and curved southwestward later that day, bringing it ashore the central coastline of Cuba with winds of 50 mph around 06:00 UTC on November 9. The system continued into the northwestern Caribbean Sea, where it merged with a former frontal boundary and dissipated after 18:00 UTC on November 10.

San Salvador Island and Antilla, Cuba, both recorded maximum winds of 49 mph on November 7 and November 9, respectively. Strong winds in heavy squalls south of the storm's center caused damage to telephone lines in the vicinity of Baracoa, Cuba. Winds just shy of tropical storm force impacted the Florida Keys and the state's mainland, and those winds were compounded by wave erosion that caused an estimated $75,000–100,000 in damage on Anastasia Island. The effects of the storm and a subsequent nor'easter necessitated the repair and extension of jetties at the mouth of the St. Johns River.

Other systems
In addition to the systems which at least attained tropical storm intensity in 1938, the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project also identified six tropical depressions. Due to their weak intensities, however, they were not added to the official database. The first was identified around 00:00 UTC on June 2 to the south of Bermuda. It moved north-northeast very near the island before degenerating to a trough. The second tropical depression may have formed south of Jamaica as soon as August 8. It moved west-northwest for a few days and was absorbed by Hurricane Three around 00:00 UTC on August 12. There is no conclusive evidence that a closed circulation existed after August 10, however. Eight days later, a possible tropical storm was identified over the central Atlantic as nearby ships recorded gale-force winds. Despite this, only three observations showed westerly winds south of the center, and this evidence was insufficient to support more than a tropical depression. The system dissipated on August 21.

On August 28, an area of low pressure formed along a front off the coastline of North Carolina. It transitioned into a tropical depression on August 29–30 as the frontal feature dissipated but once again acquired extratropical characteristics as another front approached the center. The low moved east and dissipated or was absorbed on September 4. In early September, a tropical wave crossed Florida into the Gulf of Mexico, organizing into a tropical depression on September 10 and striking the Texas coastline around 00:00 UTC the next day. It dissipated on September 12. Around that same time, an area of low pressure was identified in the Bay of Campeche. Enhanced winds in Veracruz city suggest a small tropical depression may have existed in the region around September 9–10. It dissipated the next day. On September 11, a stationary front was identified south of Bermuda. This boundary dissipated and gave way to a tropical depression on September 12–14. The next day, it was absorbed into another front. On October 10, an area of disturbed weather existed in the vicinity of the United States Virgin Islands. Cyclonic flow existed on the northern side of this feature, but only one ship recorded westerly winds south of the center, and the data from that ship is questioned. A tropical depression may have existed from October 11–12 before it dissipated the next day.

The Atlantic hurricane database originally recognized a brief tropical cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico on October 23–24. However, surface observations indicate that the low was attached to a warm front, with cold temperatures along the U.S. Gulf Coast. The extratropical low struck the Big Bend of Florida on October 24 and progressed northeast. It merged with another extratropical low north of Nova Scotia on October 25.

Season effects
The table below includes the duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damage, and death totals of all tropical cyclones in the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low.

title: 1938 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Flint (automobile)

The Flint was an automobile marque that was assembled by the Flint Motors Division, Flint, Michigan between 1923 and 1927. Flint Motors was a wholly owned subsidiary of Durant Motors Company (United States).

Assembly
The Flint was considered an assembled car because Durant Motors used components manufactured by outside suppliers to build its automobile lines. The cars were powered by a 6-cylinder Continental engine, and its body stampings were made by Budd in Philadelphia.

Design origin
The origins of the Flint can be traced back to the Willys car company, which under the direction of Walter P. Chrysler had been working on a prototype for a proposed 6-cylinder car. Willys had to sell off this prototype as part of its efforts to raise cash during a financial crisis. Once acquired, this prototype was further modified to create the Flint.

Company demise
Following financial troubles at Durant Motors, the Flint was discontinued in 1927. The Flint was priced to compete with Buick, which was also assembled in Flint, Michigan.

Production model specifications

 * Flint Six "55" Four Door Brougham

Flint Automobile Company
Automobiles produced by Flint should not be confused with those manufactured by the Flint Automobile Company, founded by A. B. C. Hardy in 1901, and which went out of business in 1903 after manufacturing only 52 automobiles in the $750–$850 price range.

title: Flint (automobile)


text: User talk:81.178.207.114

title: User talk:81.178.207.114


text:
Talk:Ordnance QF 17-pounder

Best allied gun?
The Russians too were "Allies", and they had range of high-power vehicle and towed anti-tank cannons like their 76.2, 85, 100, 122 and 152mm weapons, im pretty sure one, if not most of these were more powerful (well really all had prolly better HE performance) / had better (armor) penetration (and after armor effect) than the 17 pounder. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.248.159.240 (talk) 11:58, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Among the entries on wikipedia the largest Soviet anti-tank gun (as opposed to field gun used against tanks) is the 100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3). Its stated armour penetration is less than the QF17 pdr (with APDS). For the 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19) as used on the IS tanks, the penetration is again comparable or better; the 122mm has >150 at 1000m where the 17pdr has 176mm at 1371m. GraemeLeggett 12:22, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * That's generally correct. If we are looking for the best allied towed AT gun, the 17-pounder stands head and shoulders above all the rest; in penetrating power it is the best, and it was in service mid-war (albeit without APDS until later). The US 90mm towed was never used in combat, and even the BS-3 saw limited service in the towed role very late in the war. All guns of this class were heavy; the BS-3 is lower but that's a small advantage.

 * The "best allied gun", whatever that means, is a very different question. The 17-pounder would be a poor contender for best general-purpose tank gun or field gun, but that was not the original question. DMorpheus 17:50, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * One correction -- the 90mm US gun was used in combat against tanks -- in the Ardennes offensive. Larry Dunn (talk) 20:10, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source saying the towed 90mm was used in the Ardennes? We're concerned here with towed AT guns, not vehicle-mounted guns. Regards, DMorpheus (talk) 13:36, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Why are you attempting to limit this to towed guns? The article is not about the towed gun but about the gun itself, regardless of mount. Guns used for anti-tank roles are used from a variety of mounts, from towed mounts, self-propelled mounts, carried mounts, naval mounts, airborne mounts etc. What classifies an 'anti-tank gun' is a gun regularly intended for use by a military to combat tanks. In this role the 152mm & 122mm which both notably saw a large amount of use in their towed varieties are superior to the 17 pounder and I don't care how much you go on about armour penetration. There are plenty of reports from 17 pounder operators who will state categorically that their best penetrating ammunition was both innacurate AND inneffective after penetration yet somehow I doubt the same applies to the 152mm gun.
 * Lets put it this way, you're trying to claim that a gun with a 4,000 f/p/s muzzle velocity and a 3kg shell is better at knocking out armoured vehicles then a gun with a 2,000 f/p/s muzzle velocity and a 45+kg shell ... and you're doing so contrary to the opinions of those who served in WW2 --Senor Freebie (talk) 04:34, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The simple fact about the 17pdr with APDS ammunition was that if you could see it, you could hit it, and if you hit it, it was knocked out. That included Tiger Is and Tiger IIs hit from the front. With APDS ammunition it was in a different league than other guns of comparable calibre. That's what all the reputable military history books say. As regards its alleged 'inaccuracy' with APDS, that was only ever meant in relation to it's younger sibling the 77mm HV, which was renowned for its accuracy, and was capable of putting an aimed round through a driver's periscope at ranges approaching a mile. And as for AP shot being 'inneffective (sic) after penetration' I can only assume that the writer has never had to clear up the remains of a tank battle where the dead occupants of the vehicles have been mashed to a pulp by AP shot and then left to fester for several days in the heat of the summer. On approaching an armoured fighting vehicle hit by AP shot if it hasn't 'brewed up' there often doesn't appear to be anything wrong with it. Then one notices a small hole. Upon opening the hatch(es) one then encounters an appalling sickly and overpowering smell. Looking inside, the whole inside of the fighting compartment appears to be smeared with what looks like either strawberry or blackcurrent jam. Then there are the flies. That is what AP shot does to the crew when it enters the hull and ricochets around-and-around inside, until it dissipates its kinetic energy. Although it did happen, the likelihood of AP shot passing through both sides of a vehicle without harming the occupants was very small, and not a thing to bet your life on. And that was why APDS became THE standard British armour piercing tank-gun round right up until the 1980s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.40.249.112 (talk) 23:19, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

 * There's some contemporary test film on YouTube here: of a 17 pdr-armed Archer firing APDS at a Tiger I at short range. One shot has blown out the hull side panel on the opposite side.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.57.101 (talk) 21:06, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

What about the question of rate of fire? According to the wikipedia article the JS2 tank had a very slow rate of fire. What about the question of ammunition capacity within the tank? The JS2 also had a very limited amount of shells. Along with this the issues of producing ammunition, and the logistic issues of getting to the tank or anti tank gun. Potentially a smaller calibre gun with almost as strong armour penetration could be more useful than a larger calibre gun if it could fire more rapidly and be more readily supplied with ammunition — Preceding unsigned comment added by Livinginparadise75 (talk • contribs) 08:28, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The 17 pdr APDS projectile was a solid tungsten carbide shot of IIRC 57mm calibre - the same as a 6 pdr - and left the muzzle at around 4,000 fps, and being extremely dense and therefore heavy, whilst having less aerodynamic drag than other more normal-sized projectiles, the shot had a flat trajectory and very long range, i.e, 'carrying power', comparatively-speaking.

 * It was because of APDS that the smaller 6 pdr was still a useful AT gun in 1944-5.

 * IIRC, the first guns to get APDS were the 6 pdr, the 17 pdr, and the 77mm HV. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.31.130.17 (talk) 12:14, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Penetration of APDS projectile
I've noted a fair amount of variation in penetration quotes for the APDS projectile, for example, at 1000 yards at 30º, two quotes are 170mm (Bovington) and 231mm (Jane's Armour and Artillery 1981-82). This page seems to carry a good sample of different quotes -- the variation is striking. I wonder what is causing it, perhaps improved post-war ammunition or changes to the definition of how penetration was measured in tests of armor-piercing projectiles during and after the war. Cheers, W. B. Wilson (talk) 18:47, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The devil is usually in the details. I've not checked each of these tests, but typically it's due to: ammunition improvements, angle of target armour, composition of armour - and sometimes; misreporting, propaganda. ( Hohum @) 16:46, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Angle and probability of penetration is most likely culprit. 71.105.102.141 (talk) 08:04, 22 July 2014 (UTC)

Inaccuracy in Sherman Firefly section.
The article states the box mounted at the rear of the turret of the Firefly conversion was to allow for the recoil of the gun. It doesn't really make clear that the gun itself was a much-modified variant of the 17pdr, including a modified cradle and recoil system.

Further, The gun itself was still too long to fit inside the standard Sherma/M4 turret so the radio was moved from inside the turret into a separate armoured box welded onto the outside back of the turret. The radio was dropped into the box, a lid was welded into place and the radio was accessed by a rather crudely cut opening at the back of the turret. The recoil travel of the gun did not intrude into the space provided by the radio box, as this section of the article might imply.

Andy Loates143.167.140.112 (talk) 13:33, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I believe it's covered in adequate detail in the Sherman Firefly article, and to some extent what is in this article is just a brief summary. The movement of the radio was due to the long gun and its recoil so its not so much inaccuracy as a less than complete explanation. I'm sure a quick tweak of the text will suffice. GraemeLeggett (talk) 15:26, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * UK practice was to have the radio equipment inside the turret where it could be operated by the Commander or Loader - US practice at the time was for it to be inside the hull proper. That was why the Grant had a different turret from the US-designed Lee one, as it had to house the wireless equipment. So when the 17 pdr was modified for carriage in the Sherman turret the space in the turret bustle that had previously been used in British Shermans for the radio was no longer available. Hence the additional external box to accommodate the wireless equipment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.57.101 (talk) 21:05, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Some Pathe News 1943 footage of 17/25 pdr Pheasant guns in North Africa here on YouTube:  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.24.208.91 (talk) 16:16, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

77mm linked to Vickers 75mm HV ??
Whomever added the claim that the 77mm was based on the design of the Vickers HV needs to strongly support that claim with sources before even thinking of putting it back as it goes totally against the established facts, the 77mm shared neither barrel design, nor breach design, nor the general dimensions of the Vickers 75mm gun. Lets put it this way, If you change the handle of a broom and the head of a broom you have a new broom, If you change the barrel of a gun and the breach of a gun you have a new gun. If the barrel or breach or both come from other existing guns it is more accurate to say the new gun is based on those guns rather than the gun you have completely replaced, the 77mm is a cut down conversion of the 17pdr the 75mm HV is only relevant as the proposed gun it effectively replaced. kyphen (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 17:56, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

 * The 77mm HV was effectively a shortened 17 pdr barrel with a new shorter breech firing a shorter, fatter cartridge. The projectile fired was the same, however due to the shorter barrel of the 77mm HV, muzzle velocity was somewhat less than the 17 pdr.

 * The normal 17 pdr could not be fitted into a vehicle with a turret ring of the Cromwell's or Comet's diameter as the breech was too long. It would have hit the turret ring during recoil when fired at some elevations. That was why the 77mm HV was designed, to allow a gun with most of the 17 pdr's characteristics to be fitted to cruiser tanks, as opposed to the Sherman only - the Sherman had a larger diameter turret ring than the Cromwell or Comet which is why a conversion like the Firefly was possible.

 * As it was, with normal AP shot the 77mm HV was more than adequate in most cases, but with APDS it was well up in the performance league, albeit still below the 17 pdr.

 * Despite what you may read elsewhere, a 17 pdr firing APDS would knock out any operational 1944-45 AFV from the front (i.e. head on) at well over a thousand yards, and that included Tiger I's and Tiger II's.

 * APDS was why the next British tank gun was only an 84mm. In Korea it was reported that a 20 pdr APDS round fired from a Centurion would go right through a T-34 at over a mile. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.29.18.153 (talk) 13:58, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The 77mm case was SHORTER than the 17pdr case but NOT FATTER. It was skinnier than the 17 pdr. Scroll down to the lineup of the 6 pdr, 75, 17 pdr and 77 mm: http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/alt%20WW2%20tank%20gun.htm
 * 70.182.175.139 (talk) 22:58, 26 December 2016 (UTC)

 * The Vickers HV 75 mm and the 77 mm HV are the same gun, it was developed by Vickers based on the 17 pdr (it was actually 76.2 mm) and renamed the 77 mm HV upon acceptance to prevent confusion with the American 76 mm gun and the other 75 mm guns used by both countries. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.53.180 (talk) 14:55, 1 January 2020 (UTC)
 * The article does not say that the Vickers HV 75 mm and the 77 mm HV were the same gun. Are you saying that the article is wrong about that?  If so, do you have reliable sources?  Toddy1 (talk) 15:36, 1 January 2020 (UTC)

 * OK, it's the same gun according to: AFV Weapons Profile 25 Cromwell and Comet by Major James Bingham, Royal Tank Regiment, Profile Publications, 1971, p.31

 * For the A34 (Comet) both the Vickers HV 75 mm and the US 76 mm were considered but the longer round length of the 76 made handling the ammunition within the turret awkward, and the 76 mm loaded and was aimed from opposite sides to British practice, hence the HV 75 was selected. It was then renamed to "QF 77 mm".

 * Its possible there may be some confusion between the HV 75 mm, and the QF 75 mm based on the 6 pdr and using US 75 mm ammunition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.53.180 (talk) 15:42, 1 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ordnance QF 17-pounder


text:
Yomiko Readman

Yomiko Readman (読子・リードマン), also known as "The Paper," is the protagonist in the Japanese novel series Read or Die and its manga and original video animation (OVA) spin-offs. She is also a major player (but not the protagonist) in the sequel, R.O.D the TV. She also makes a brief cameo appearance in Read or Dream.

She is a papermaster, a person with the ability to bend paper material to her will, making it bulletproof and durable enough to use as a weapon, among other, more creative applications.

Etymology
Yomi (読) in her first name means reading in Japanese, while -ko (子) (literally 'child') is a common suffix in Japanese female names, so her first name means Reading-woman. This has the same meaning as her surname Readman if neglecting gender differences. The name is also shared by book publisher Yomiko Classics.

Character background
Through much of the R.O.D series, Yomiko works as a secret field agent for the British Library, using her papermastery to thwart the British Library's foes and collect valuable books and documents. Yomiko's code name is "The Paper" (while this is said in English even in Japanese dialogue, English dubs often turn this into "Agent Paper" or "Miss Paper" to make dialogue more smooth). She is the 19th person to serve the Library in this capacity. Yomiko is assigned her missions by the British Library special operations commander, codenamed "Mr. Joker." She often works with partners, such as the American mercenary Drake Anderson, the clumsy but capable junior field agent Wendy Earhart, and the suave wall-phasing gunslinger girl, Nancy Makuhari. When not on missions for the British Library, Yomiko works as a substitute teacher,  a job through which she meets her favorite author, Nenene Sumiregawa. She resides somewhere in Jinbōchō, a neighborhood of Chiyoda, Tokyo known for its large number of used bookstores. She occupies a small shack at the top of an apartment building called Yomiko Building (読子ビル) (the building itself is used entirely to contain her book collection).

Read or Die
Yomiko was trained by Donnie Nakajima, who served as the British Library's 18th Agent Paper. Yomiko was deeply in love with Donnie. After he failed in one of his missions (burning a British noble's book collection in the novels; refusing to find the "Book of Truth" in the manga), Donnie was killed because of the failure, which was labeled as betrayal by Joker. He was then used as a card to trigger Yomiko's power of a paper master. Yomiko recalls that she killed Donnie in her memories in both manga and novel, and is greatly troubled by that. In the manga, the "Donnie" killed by Yomiko is actually another paper master in disguise, which followed Joker's order to help Yomiko in discovering her power, and he appeared in the story later to retell the true events. This part of the story is yet to be told in the novel's last volume, and Donnie's death by Yomiko's awakening power is the only known factor, why Yomiko killed him is unknown. She became the 19th Agent named The Paper after the incident.

Read or Die OVA
The OVA does not carry on from the books or manga and picks up with her still working loyally for the British Library, where she meets a new partner in espionage, Nancy Makuhari, aka "Miss Deep" (introduced as a new character, although she existed previously in the novels). Little history is provided on Yomiko in the OVA. She aims to recover rare manuscripts for the British Library as an agent for their Special Operations Division.

R.O.D the TV
At the beginning of R.O.D the TV, Yomiko is missing in action. Four years before the start of the series, she is provoked by Joker and ends up in a moment of temporary psychosis, assaulting the library with her papermastery and causing it to go down in flames. She is later revealed to be in hiding while protecting Miss Deep's clone, also called Nancy. She has abandoned and betrayed the British Library upon learning of Joker's plot to use the second Nancy's son as a vessel to be overtaken by the mind of Mr. Gentleman, the founder of the British Library.

Appearance and personality
Yomiko is a woman of English and Japanese descent (though Nenene describes her as looking "100% Japanese" in her "missing persons" ad ). She is a light-skinned woman of average height with dark blue eyes long straight black hair. She is of slender built yet sports a noticeably curvaceous and well-endowed figure. In a series where most characters enjoy frequent changes of costume, Yomiko always wears her British Library uniform: red tie, white blouse, brown waistcoat, and brown skirt; she also usually wears a roomy buff overcoat. Even when she leaves the British Library in the TV, she still wears the same outfit, only swapping the necktie for a small red ribbon instead. Yomiko sports enormous, black, square-rimmed glasses; in the manga she reveals these were Donnie Nakajima's, and she refuses to remove them even when sleeping.

Yomiko is introverted and has bibliomania, often preferring the company of books over people. She goes to extreme lengths to hold onto and finish reading something she has started; for example, when attacked by a giant insect, she is more concerned that the insect's rider stole the book she was reading than by the insect itself. The only time she has actively rejected books was in the manga, too distraught in thinking about her past with Donnie. While a capable secret agent, Yomiko is extremely kind-hearted by nature and exceedingly polite. She is even said to be "meganekko".

Skills and powers
Yomiko's telekinetic ability to manipulate paper into bulletproof shields, swords, working giant paper airplanes, models of Big Ben, etc. surpasses the abilities of most other paper masters in the R.O.D universe. The effects she can create are limited only by her imagination. She is able to slow the burning rate of paper dramatically, and can work with paper that is slightly wet (complete and utter saturation will still disrupt her paper mastery, but only in that moment). She can command very large volumes of paper and change their shape, speed, and direction easily. Yomiko can also manipulate paper with her mouth, as evidenced in the OVA when she manages to free her hands from a pair of metal cuffs with only a thin piece of paper braided into her hair. Although Yomiko's paper mastery is her most impressive ability, she also displays great agility (with the exception of the first novel, in which she is clumsy; she explains that this is because she hasn't read any action novels recently).

Donnie Nakajima
With the manga to go by, Yomiko was head-over-heels in love with Donnie and deeply traumatized by his death at her hands. She wears his glasses, with the idea that when she reads, he sees what she is reading. Yomiko can get violent if someone touches her glasses. Often when thinking of the past she touches her glasses self-consciously. In the TV, Joker implies Donnie's fate is even worse than Yomiko thought, sparking her temporary insanity during which she destroyed the British Library.

Nenene Sumiregawa
Yomiko loved Nenene Sumiregawa before ever meeting her, sharing the joy of reading the young author's novels with her mentor and romantic partner Donnie Nakajima. When Yomiko met Nenene she begged her for her autograph, but didn't earn it until she had rescued the author from a vicious kidnapper. The two quickly became fast friends, and Nenene even followed Yomiko on her assignments for the British Library. When Yomiko disappeared before the start of R.O.D the TV, Nenene was devastated, and Yomiko came to deeply regret abandoning her. Fortunately they were able to reforge their friendship.

Nancy Makuhari ("Miss Deep")
One of Yomiko's partners at the British Library, Nancy Makuhari, codename "Miss Deep" is a somewhat mischievous, sultry agent who quickly grows close to Yomiko as the two embark in a number of missions for the library as teammates. In the R.O.D OVA, Miss Deep befriends Yomiko quickly. The two share a strong bond through the series, to the point where romantic overtones are possibly implied. Nancy appears to betray Yomiko in the second episode—but that turns out to be Nancy's clone, loyal to the I-Jin Soujun Ikkyu. Miss Deep nearly dies rescuing Yomiko from Ikkyu's trap and betrays Ikkyu in the final episode so Yomiko can escape—but remains aboard a doomed rocket as Yomiko helplessly falls away from her with a parachute. An extremely distraught Yomiko finds in her hand Nancy's last request written on a crumpled bookmark that Yomiko had given her earlier as a keepsake: "Please take care of my younger sister."

Nancy the Clone
Seen only in the animated R.O.D adventures, Miss Deep's clone is originally Yomiko's enemy, capturing her on behalf of the enemy I-jin leader, Soujun Ikkyu. However, Miss Deep nearly kills her, and the clone loses much of her memory due to brain damage caused by asphyxiation. Yomiko, honoring Miss Deep's last request, vows to protect her. She fails, however, to protect Nancy's son after his birth, and only manages to escape with Nancy and go into hiding, telling Nancy that her son died. Through much of the TV, the recovering, childlike Nancy's world revolves entirely around Yomiko. Even when Yomiko reveals that Nancy's son lives and that she lied to her, Nancy easily forgives her (though Yomiko is much less forgiving of herself). Nancy matures by the end of the series but remains devoted to Yomiko.

Wendy Earhart
In all R.O.D stories except R.O.D the TV, Wendy is Yomiko's devoted friend and fellow agent. While Wendy is a less experienced agent, it is sometimes her job to keep Yomiko from getting distracted. She worries greatly when Yomiko is in danger, even when Joker—to whom Wendy is extremely loyal—is less concerned. In the TV, an older and very jaded Wendy is bitter about Yomiko's causing the British Library fire, feeling betrayed by the woman who was once her hero. She has little difficulty fighting on opposite sides from Yomiko—although when it comes down to the wire, Wendy still cannot shoot to kill.

Anita King
In the TV, young Anita is a victim of the British Library fire and recalls Yomiko's silhouette standing out amid the flames in her most traumatic memory. When Anita learns the truth of her memory, she is extremely harsh and unforgiving toward Yomiko, although Yomiko as always remains apologetic and gentle toward the teenage girl. When forced to work together to fight the British Library, Yomiko manages to teach Anita a few things about papermastery tactics and demonstrates Anita's further potential by showing her how to fly a giant paper airplane over the mountains of Saitama. Although the meeting is much less significant compared to their interactions in the television series, Yomiko makes a brief cameo appearance in the Read or Dream manga at the end where she coincidentally encounters Anita at the park and senses Anita's close connection to books despite Anita's denial and helps the girl realize how books have helped her find the friends and family she has.

title: Yomiko Readman


text:
Talk:Fauske

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title: Talk:Fauske


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Talk:Waltham, New Zealand

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Waltham, New Zealand. The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 22:55, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

IBX image
@ Alexeyevitch Nice photo of Laurence St but not ideal. Waltham is another of those suburbs that is not defined and can cover a large area because there is no better suburb to use. Laurence St is part of a well defined area east of Lancaster Park Stadium and south of Ferry Rd that has been desribed as Charleston by locals trying to create a destinct suburb for that area, which includes Charles St, hence the name. There are signs as you enter the area saying 'Welcome to Charleston'.The point is that this area is not at the heart of Waltham and so the photo should not be used. A better area that is certainly in Waltham is along Shakespeare Rd and south towards Waltham Park west of Wilson's Rd. Why not go there and take photos? There is Waltham Park and Waltham Pool, a church on Hastings St, an ice-rink and shops on Shakespeare Rd, plus plenty of other sites for a photo of undisputed Waltham. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 21:49, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I need batteries for my high resolution camera. If you are a local here... taking images with any camera is a good place to start. Then, someone with a high-res camera will come along and finish the job. (This image is a good example) Alexeyevitch (talk) 00:19, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Use your mobile, most now give high quality photos. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 04:03, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ok. If you are in the area than you should also prioritize photographing here. Alexeyevitch (talk) 04:23, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Roger 8 Roger. The local swimming pool is not relevant here and section needs trimming. You might want to add a section for amenities. Alexeyevitch (talk) 13:07, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

Waltham Pool on Waltham Rd in Waltham Park isn't relevant? Are we talking about the same Waltham? Roger 8 Roger (talk) 22:52, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

 * That is the local swimming pool. It does not deserve its own section and should be merged to an amenities section. Alexeyevitch (talk) 23:31, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

From ref 5 - "Waltham is not just a small suburb, it also feels neglected. When Brougham St was widened in the 1980s, becoming a state highway to the Lyttelton port, the suburb was cut in two and left without a centre. It can be hard to work out where Waltham is, exactly." A good overview of the suburb. As I said, Waltham is a large non-defined area. There are streets north and south of Brougham St that now have different names but were once one streets with one name, eg Thackeray-Vienna, Goldsmith-Bronte. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 23:11, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

 * This is Waltham's boundaries. Alexeyevitch (talk) 23:35, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, and see the word Charleston in the top right corner, as a sort of suburb within a suburb. And see Laurence St in Charleston. And, Waltham Pool is not a traditional local pool - it's now too big and serves half of chc as a summer open pool. It is a major feature of Waltham. The old Edgeware Pool was a traditional local pool, but like most things now it wwas uneconomic. The CCC has tried to concentrate on only a few pools to save money - but its management of swimming pools is appalling..but I'm going off topic. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 09:46, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waltham, New Zealand