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Theta Scorpii

Theta Scorpii (θ Scorpii, abbreviated Theta Sco, θ Sco) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87, making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is sufficiently near that the distance can be measured directly using the parallax technique and such measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission yield an estimate of approximately 101 pc from the Sun.

The two components are designated θ Scorpii A (officially named Sargas, the traditional name for the system) and B.

Nomenclature
θ Scorpii (Latinised to Theta Scorpii) is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as Theta Scorpii A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

It bore the traditional name Sargas, of Sumerian origin. Another possible origin is Persian for Arrow Head سر گز. The name 'Sar Gaz' is used in Iran as a star name, and was used for timing irrigation water shares. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name Sargas for the star θ Scorpii A on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

In Chinese, 尾宿 (Wěi Xiù), meaning Tail, refers to an asterism consisting of Theta Scorpii, Epsilon Scorpii, Zeta1 Scorpii and Zeta2 Scorpii, Eta Scorpii, Iota1 Scorpii and Iota2 Scorpii, Kappa Scorpii, Lambda Scorpii, Mu1 Scorpii and Upsilon Scorpii. Consequently, the Chinese name for Theta Scorpii itself is 尾宿五 (Wěi Xiù wǔ), "the Fifth Star of Tail".

Properties
The primary (θ Scorpii A) is an evolved bright giant star with a stellar classification of F0 II. With a mass 3.10 times that of the Sun, it is radiating 1,400 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 6,294 K, giving it the yellow-white-hued glow of an F-type star. This star is rotating rapidly, giving it an oblate shape with an equatorial radius 19% larger than the polar radius. The equatorial radius is about while the polar radius is only about. This rapid rotation suggests that it formed via the merger of a binary star system.

A magnitude 5.36 companion has been reported at an angular separation of 6.470 arcseconds, but subsequent observers have failed to detect it, so it probably does not exist. However, a secondary, designated θ Scorpii B, has been detected at an angular separation of 0.538 arcseconds in 1991 by the Hipparcos satellite.

Modern legacy
Theta Scorpii appears on the flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Alagoas.

title: Theta Scorpii


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202 Chryseïs

Chryseïs (minor planet designation: 202 Chryseïs) is a large, lightly coloured Main belt asteroid that is probably composed of silicate rocks. It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on September 11, 1879, in Clinton, New York, and was named after the mythical Trojan woman Chryseis.

The rotation period for this asteroid is close to a day long, so the construction of a complete light curve requires photometric observations from multiple locations at widely spaced latitudes. This task was completed in January and February, 2011, yielding a synodic rotation period of 23.670 ± 0.001 h, with a brightness variation of 0.20 ± 0.02 in magnitude

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 202 Chryseïs


text: User talk:149.225.40.78

title: User talk:149.225.40.78


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Manfred Symphony

Manfred is a "Symphony in Four Scenes" in B minor by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, his Opus 58, but unnumbered. It was written between May and September 1885 to a program based upon the 1817 poem of the same name by Byron, coming after the composer's Fourth Symphony and before his Fifth.

Like the fantasy-overture Romeo and Juliet, Tchaikovsky wrote Manfred at the behest of the nationalist composer Mily Balakirev, who provided him the program, which had a long history. Critic Vladimir Stasov had written it and sent it to Balakirev in 1868 hoping the latter would write such a symphony. But Balakirev had felt unable to carry out the project and instead had at first forwarded the program to French composer Hector Berlioz, whose programmatic works impressed him. Berlioz in turn had declined the project claiming old age and ill health and returned to the program, after which it had remained with Balakirev until he reestablished contact with Tchaikovsky in the early 1880s.

Manfred is the only programmatic symphonic work by Tchaikovsky in more than one movement and is larger than any of his numbered symphonies both in length and instrumentation. He initially considered the work one of his best, and in a typical reversal of opinion later considered destroying all but the opening movement. The symphony was greeted with mixed reviews, some finding much to laud in it, and others feeling that its programmatic aspects only weakened it. Manfred remained rarely performed for many years, due to its length and complexity. It has been recorded with increasing frequency but is still seldom heard in the concert hall.

History
In the first ten years after graduating from the Saint Petersburg Conservatory in 1865, Tchaikovsky completed three symphonies. After that he started five more symphony projects, four of which led to a completed symphony premiered during the composer's lifetime.

During his second and final trip to Russia in the winter of 1867–68, the French composer Hector Berlioz conducted his program symphony Harold en Italie. The work caused a considerable stir. Its subject was very much to the tastes of its audiences, whose enthusiasm for the works of Lord Byron had not exhausted itself as it had begun to do in Europe. Berlioz's use of a four-movement structure for writing program music intrigued many Russian musicians. One immediate consequence was Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's four movement suite Antar, written in 1868. Around the same time as Rimsky-Korsakov composed Antar, critic Vladimir Stasov wrote a scenario for a sequel to Harold, this time based on Byron's poem Manfred and sent it to the nationalist composer Mily Balakirev. Balakirev did not feel attracted to the idea, so he forwarded the program to Berlioz, only hinting it was not entirely his own. Berlioz declined, claiming old age and ill health. He returned the program to Balakirev, who kept it. A little over a year later, Berlioz had died, and by 1872 Balakirev was embroiled in a personal crisis that silenced him creatively.

Tchaikovsky's entrance into this story was strictly by circumstance. He finished his final revision of his fantasy-overture Romeo and Juliet in 1880, a work on which he and Balakirev had worked tirelessly together a decade earlier, and which was dedicated to Balakirev. Since Balakirev had dropped away from the music scene in the intervening time, Tchaikovsky asked the publisher Bessel to send a copy of the printed score to Balakirev, thinking he would have a current address. Whether the publisher delayed in fulfilling this request or Balakirev did not reply, no news was forthcoming as to whether Balakirev had received the score, so Tchaikovsky wrote to Balakirev in September 1881. Balakirev wrote back, thanking Tchaikovsky profusely for the score. In the same letter, Balakirev suggested another project—"the programme for another symphony ... which you could handle superbly." He presented Stasov's detailed plan, explaining it was not in his character to engage in such composition. As he explained in a letter to Tchaikovsky in October 1882, "this magnificent subject is unsuitable, it doesn't harmonise with my inner frame of mind". When Tchaikovsky showed polite interest, Balakirev sent a copy of Stasov's program, which he had amended with suggested key signatures for each movement and representative works which Tchaikovsky had already written to give some idea of what Balakirev had in mind. Balakirev also gave warning to avoid "vulgarities in the manner of German fanfares and Jägermusik," plus instructions about the layout of the flute and percussion parts.

Tchaikovsky declined the project at first. He claimed the subject left him cold and seemed too close to Berlioz's work for him to manage anything but a piece that would lack inspiration and originality. Balakirev persisted. "You must, of course, make an effort," he exhorted, "take a more self-critical approach, don't hurry things." His importunity finally changed Tchaikovsky's mind—after two years of effort. So did Tchaikovsky's rereading Manfred for himself while tending to his friend Iosif Kotek in Davos, Switzerland, nestled in the same Alps in which the poem was set. Once he returned home, Tchaikovsky revised the draft Balakirev had made from Stasov's programme and began sketching the first movement.

Tchaikovsky may have found a subject in Manfred for which he could comfortably compose. However, there was a difference between placing a personal program into a symphony and writing such a work in a literary program. He wrote to his friend and former student Sergei Taneyev, "Composing a program symphony, I have the sensation of being a charlatan and cheating the public; I am paying them not hard cash but rubbishy bits of paper money." However, he later wrote to Emilia Pavlovskaya, "The symphony has turned out to be huge, serious, difficult, absorbing all my time, sometimes to utter exhaustion; but an inner voice tells me that my labor is not in vain and that this work will perhaps be the best of my symphonic works."

Instead of following Balakirev's instructions slavishly, Tchaikovsky wrote it in his own style. Initially, he considered it to be one of his best compositions, but wanted a few years later to destroy the score, though that intention was never carried out.

The Manfred Symphony was first performed in Moscow on 23 March 1886, with Max Erdmannsdörfer as conductor. It is dedicated to Balakirev.

Key signatures
Below are the key signatures Balakirev initially envisioned for Manfred, what he later suggested, and what Tchaikovsky eventually used in the symphony:

 * Balakirev (1882)
 * I. F♯ minor
 * second subject in D major
 * II. A major (slow movement)
 * III. D major (scherzo)
 * IV. F♯ minor
 * appearance of Astarte in D♭

 * Balakirev (1884)
 * I. B♭ minor
 * (second subject in D major)
 * II. G♭ major (slow movement)
 * III. D major (scherzo)
 * IV. B♭ minor
 * (appearance of Astarte in D♭);
 * coda in B♭ major

 * Tchaikovsky (1885)
 * I. Tonally ambiguous (only establishing B minor more than halfway through the movement)
 * second subject in D major
 * II. B minor → D major → B minor (scherzo)
 * III. G major (slow movement)
 * IV. B minor
 * appearance of Astarte in D♭
 * coda in B major

I. Lento lugubre (B minor)

Manfred wanders in the Alps. Weary of the fatal question of existence, tormented by hopeless longings and the memory of past crimes, he suffers cruel spiritual pangs. He has plunged into occult sciences and commands the mighty powers of darkness, but neither they nor anything in this world can give him with the forgetfulness to which alone he vainly aspires. The memory of the lost Astarte, once passionately loved, gnaws his heart and there is neither limit nor end to Manfred's despair.

The musical embodiment of this program note is presented in five extensive musical slabs spaced out by four silences. A brooding first theme, briefly unharmonized, builds to music both spacious and monolithic. A second theme leads to a second musical slab, this time pushing forward with the loudest climax Tchaikovsky ever wrote. The music in the third slab seems calmer, while the fourth slab marks the appearance of Astarte. The fifth slab culminates in a frantic climax and a series of abrupt, final chords.

II. Vivace con spirito (B minor)

The Alpine fairy appears before Manfred in the rainbow from the spray of a waterfall.

Tchaikovsky's efforts in exploring fresh possibilities in scoring allowed him to present his music with new colors and more refined contrasts. In this scherzo, it seems as though the orchestration creates the music, as though Tchaikovsky has thought directly in colors and textures, making these the primary focus. Put simply, there is no tune and little definition of any harmonic base, creating a world alluring, fragile and magical. The point becomes clear when an actual and lyrical tune enters the central section of the movement.

III. Andante con moto (G major)

A picture of the bare, simple, free life of the mountain folk.

This pastorale opens with a siciliana, then the three-note call of a hunter. The opening theme returns. We hear a brief and lively peasant dance, then an agitated outburst, before the opening theme returns. The opening pastoral theme eventually returns more spaciously and in a fuller, more decorative scoring. The hunter sounds his horn; the music fades.

IV. Allegro con fuoco (B minor → D♭ major → B major).

The subterranean palace of Arimanes. Infernal orgy. Appearance of Manfred in the middle of the bacchanal. Evocation and appearance of the shade of Astarte. He is pardoned. Death of Manfred.

Many critics consider the finale to be fatally flawed, but the problem lies less with music than with the program. Up to this point Tchaikovsky has done well at reconciling the extramusical requirements for each movement with the music itself. Now, however, the program takes over, beginning with a fugue, which is by its nature academic and undramatic, to depict the horde's discovery of Manfred within their midst. The result, though in many ways becoming a condensed recapitulation of the latter half of the first movement, becomes a fragmented movement with musical disruption and non-sequiturs, ending with the Germanic chorale depicting Manfred's death scene.

Instrumentation
Woodwinds
 * 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo)
 * 2 oboes
 * cor anglais
 * 2 clarinets in A, B♭
 * bass clarinet
 * 3 bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon in some performances)

Brass
 * 4 horns
 * 2 cornets
 * 2 trumpets
 * 3 trombones
 * tuba

Percussion
 * timpani
 * bass drum
 * cymbals
 * tam-tam
 * triangle
 * tambourine
 * bells

Keyboard
 * harmonium (usually played on organ) featured in the climactic coda of the finale.

Strings
 * violins I & II
 * violas
 * cellos
 * double basses
 * 2 harps

Analysis

Several features make Manfred unique among Tchaikovsky's works. It is the only programmatic work he wrote in more than one movement. The first two movements do not recapitulate their middle sections. The entire work is not only long, playing up to and sometimes over an hour, but it is designed with the utmost spaciousness in mind. There is nothing else in Tchaikovsky's works that captures the long-breathed deliberation of the third movement or the practically verbatim recapitulation of the widely variegated opening section of the second movement following the equally huge middle section. At least one critic has suggested that, in its heroic but perfectly judged dimensions, Manfred resembles Richard Strauss's later tone poem Ein Heldenleben.

Musicologist John Warrack suggests that, of all Tchaikovsky's major neglected works, Manfred may be the one which least deserves this fate. He apparently felt such an impulse—if not from Byron's poem, then from the program Balakirev gave him—and that impulse brought forth a work of great originality and power. While he did not follow Berlioz in how he might have handled the program, Tchaikovsky did make use of an idée fixe recurring in all four movements. He also followed a Berliozian design of a lengthy, reflective, melancholy opening movement, two colorful interludes as inner movements, and a finale in which Berlioz' Brigands' Orgy becomes (without any hint from the poem) a bacchanal.

Here again is the description of the first movement from the program:

"Manfred wanders in the Alpine mountains. His life is shattered, but he is obsessed with life's unanswerable questions. In life nothing remains for him except memories. Images of his ideal Astarte permeate his thoughts, and he vainly calls to her. Only the echo from the cliffs repeats her name. Memories and thoughts bum and gnaw at him. He seeks and begs for oblivion, which no-one can give him."

It is not hard to see how these carefully selected elements might appeal to Tchaikovsky. Free from having to reconcile the first movement to sonata form, Tchaikovsky constructs his own form which succeeds well as an expression of the program. A massive opening motive associated with Manfred himself expresses both the strength and gloom of his character. This motive returns at crucial parts to identify Manfred's part in the action. Beneath this theme is a musical structure that, while not conforming to the traditional recapitulation of themes in sonata form, succeeds in moving forward without losing unity or degenerating into a series of episodes. It is a musical portrait of the guilty, doomed sensibility, drawn strongly as Berlioz' Harold. This was perhaps the aspect of Byron which appealed most vividly to Russians; it also may have touched closely on Tchaikovsky's own situation.

The two inner movements work as effective structural contrasts to the opening drama. The waterfall in the second movement gives Tchaikovsky the opportunity for one of his longest and most beautifully worked out scherzos, scored with a delicacy that Berlioz might have admired; Tchaikovsky's Alpine experiences might have come in handy here. For the third movement pastorale, Balakirev had hoped for a Russian version of the corresponding movement from the Symphonie fantastique. Tchaikovsky's version is more conventional, with two simple themes—one graceful, the other more roughly rustic. It forms in its static quality an idealized retreat before the turmoil of the finale. The finale reflects Harold en Italie in the exuberance of the revelling. Tchaikovsky manages to add a fugue, a return of Astarte and a death scene at the end.'

Nevertheless, musicologist David Brown considered the finale the weakest part of Manfred, not because of the music itself but of the programme. Up to this point, Brown writes, Tchaikovsky had very successfully reconciled extramusical specifications with musical structure. Now the program takes over, resulting in a fragmented movement with musical disruption and non sequiturs. The fatal flaw is the fugue, which Tchaikovsky wrote to convey the reaction of the hordes of the evil spirit Arimanes to Manfred's appearance amongst them. A fugue, Brown argues, is by nature undramatic in both its fixation on one thematic idea and its measured progress; therefore, it cannot help but sound stodgy, resulting in a misstep from which the music never fully recovers. Musicologist Ralph Wood, in contrast, stated that while the finale may have its faults, there is still much about the music that is quite good.

Critical views
Critics were divided on Manfred from the work's outset. César Cui, the member of the Russian nationalistic music group known as The Five whose reviews of Tchaikovsky's compositions were mostly negative, praised Manfred. Cui commented especially on the "masterly description of Manfred's gloomy, noble image" in the opening movement and the "ravishing refinement" of the scherzo, concluding that "we can only thank [Tchaikovsky] for his new contribution to the treasure-store of our nation's symphonic music." The composer's friend, critic Herman Laroche, was less positive, calling Manfred "among the most raw and unfinished of [Tchaikovsky's] compositions." While admitting the work was "full of melodic warmth and sincerity", Laroche criticized its programmatic aspects, which left "an impression of mystery and uncertainty cribbed from Liszt, though cribbed not in a mechanical fashion but with the addition of some of the technical sequins which cost our deft and resourceful composer so little effort."

Some regard Manfred as one of Tchaikovsky's most brilliant and inspired works; conductor Arturo Toscanini considered it the composer's greatest composition and it was one of only two Tchaikovsky symphonies (the other being the Pathetique) that he ever programmed. His admiration did not stop him from making changes in Manfred's score when he performed and recorded it, including a number of cuts. However, others despise it. According to music critic David Hurwitz, composer-conductor Leonard Bernstein referred to it as "trash" and never recorded it.

Some critics have commented that, for all Tchaikovsky's distrust of program music and Manfred's kinship to a Berlioz work he did not wish to repeat, the symphony proves its composer's capacity to infuse another composer's example with his own personality, provided the emotional nature of the work found a response in him. These critics have called Manfred one of the great program symphonies of the 19th century.

The Manfred Symphony was voted number 75 in the ABC Classic FM Top 100 Symphony Countdown in 2009.

Recordings
The symphony has been recorded many times, with recordings made by major orchestras and conductors. Conductors who have recorded the work include Arturo Toscanini, Mstislav Rostropovich, Lorin Maazel, Eugene Goossens, André Previn, Bernard Haitink, Eugene Ormandy, Yuri Temirkanov, Paul Kletzki, Constantin Silvestri, Yevgeny Svetlanov (three recordings), Riccardo Muti, Sir Neville Marriner, Igor Markevitch, Yuri Ahronovitch, Andrew Litton, Mikhail Pletnev (twice), Vladimir Fedoseyev, Riccardo Chailly, Mariss Jansons, Vasily Petrenko, Zubin Mehta, Vladimir Jurowski, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Kurt Masur and others.

In the second and third of Svetlanov's accounts, a 1989 live concert with the Berliner Philharmoniker and a 1992 concert in Tokyo with the Russian Federation State Orchestra, he replaces the closing pages of the finale with a reprise of the coda of the first movement. It creates a more triumphal conclusion, and has occasionally been repeated in concert, but was never in any score left by Tchaikovsky.

title: Manfred Symphony


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Beta Aurigae

Beta Aurigae (Latinized from β Aurigae, abbreviated Beta Aur, β Aur), officially named Menkalinan, is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Auriga. The combined apparent visual magnitude of the system is 1.9, making it the second-brightest member of the constellation after Capella. Using the parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, the distance to this star system can be estimated as 81.1 ly, give or take a half-light-year margin of error.

Along their respective orbits around the Milky Way, Beta Aurigae and the Sun are closing in on each other, so that in around one million years it will become the brightest star in the night sky.

Nomenclature
β Aurigae is the star system's Bayer designation. The traditional name Menkalinan is derived from the Arabic منكب ذي العنان mankib ðī-l-‘inān "shoulder of the rein-holder". In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Menkalinan for this star.

It is known as 五車三 (the Third Star of the Five Chariots) in traditional Chinese astronomy.

Properties
Beta Aurigae is a binary star system, but it appears as a single star in the night sky. The two stars are metallic-lined subgiant stars belonging to the A-type stellar classification; they have roughly the same mass and radius. A-type entities are hot stars that release a blue-white hued light; these two stars burn brighter and with more heat than the Sun, which is a G2-type main sequence star. The pair constitute an eclipsing spectroscopic binary; the combined apparent magnitude varies over a period of 3.96 days between +1.89 and +1.94, as every 47.5 hours one of the stars partially eclipses the other from Earth's perspective. The two stars are designated Aa and Ab in modern catalogues, but have also been referred to as components 1 and 2 or A and B.

There is an 11th magnitude optical companion with a separation of $187 "$ as of 2011, but increasing. It is also an A-class subgiant, but is an unrelated background star.

At an angular separation of $13.9 arcseconds$ along a position angle of 155° is a companion star that is 8.5 magnitudes fainter than the primary. It may be the source of the X-ray emission from the vicinity. The Beta Aurigae system is believed to be a stream member of the Ursa Major Moving Group.

title: Beta Aurigae


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Carroll's paradox

In physics, Carroll's paradox arises when considering the motion of a falling rigid rod that is specially constrained. Considered one way, the angular momentum stays constant; considered in a different way, it changes. It is named after Michael M. Carroll who first published it in 1984.

Explanation
Consider two concentric circles of radius $$r_1$$ and $$r_2$$ as might be drawn on the face of a wall clock. Suppose a uniform rigid heavy rod of length $$l=|r_2-r_1|$$ is somehow constrained between these two circles so that one end of the rod remains on the inner circle and the other remains on the outer circle. Motion of the rod along these circles, acting as guides, is frictionless. The rod is held in the three o'clock position so that it is horizontal, then released.

Now consider the angular momentum about the centre of the rod:

 * 1) After release, the rod falls. Being constrained, it must rotate as it moves. When it gets to a vertical six o'clock position, it has lost potential energy and, because the motion is frictionless, will have gained kinetic energy. It therefore possesses angular momentum.
 * 2) The reaction force on the rod from either circular guide is frictionless, so it must be directed along the rod; there can be no component of the reaction force perpendicular to the rod. Taking moments about the center of the rod, there can be no moment acting on the rod, so its angular momentum remains constant. Because the rod starts with zero angular momentum, it must continue to have zero angular momentum for all time.

An apparent resolution of this paradox is that the physical situation cannot occur. To maintain the rod in a radial position the circles have to exert an infinite force. In real life it would not be possible to construct guides that do not exert a significant reaction force perpendicular to the rod. Victor Namias, however, disputed that infinite forces occur, and argued that a finitely thick rod experiences torque about its center of mass even in the limit as it approaches zero width.

title: Carroll's paradox


text:
203 Pompeja

Pompeja (minor planet designation: 203 Pompeja) is a quite large main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on September 25, 1879, in Clinton, New York, and named after Pompeii, the Roman town destroyed in volcanic eruption in AD 79. This asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $124.592 km$ with an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.06 and a period of 1653.6 days. The orbital plane is tilted at an angle of 3.2° to the plane of the ecliptic.

Based upon photometric observations taken during 2011, it has a synodic rotation period of 24.052 ± 0.001 h, with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.10 ± 0.01 in magnitude. Because the rotation period nearly matches that of the Earth, it required coordinated observations from multiple observatories at widely spaced latitudes to produce a complete light curve. As discovered in 2021, the asteroid has a very red color due to tholins on its surface, similar to trans-Neptunian objects. It is therefore thought to have formed in the outer Solar System despite its current orbit within the asteroid belt.

title: 203 Pompeja


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Gamma Geminorum

Gamma Geminorum (γ Geminorum, abbreviated Gamma Gem, γ Gem), formally named Alhena, is the third-brightest object in the constellation of Gemini. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 1.9, making it easily visible to the naked eye even in urban regions. Based upon parallax measurements with the Hipparcos satellite, it is located at a distance of roughly 109 ly from the Sun.

Properties
Alhena is an evolving star that is exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core and has entered the subgiant stage. The spectrum matches a stellar classification of A0 IV. Compared to the Sun it has 2.8 times the mass and 3.3 times the radius. It is radiating around 123 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 9,260 K. This gives it a white hue typical of an A-class star.

Alhena is a spectroscopic binary system with a period of 12.6 years (4,614.51 days) in a highly eccentric Keplerian orbit. The secondary, with 1.07 times the mass of the Sun, is likely a G-type main-sequence star.

Etymology
γ Geminorum (Latinised to Gamma Geminorum) is the star's Bayer designation. The traditional name Alhena is derived from the Arabic الهنعة Al Han'ah, 'the brand' (on the neck of the camel), whilst the alternate name Almeisan is from the Arabic المیسان Al Maisan, 'the shining one.' Al Hanʽah was the name of star association consisting of this star, along with Mu Geminorum (Tejat Posterior), Nu Geminorum, Eta Geminorum (Tejat Prior) and Xi Geminorum (Alzirr). They also were associated in Al Nuḥātai, the dual form of Al Nuḥāt, 'a Camel's Hump'. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Alhena for this star.

In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, this star was designated Nir al Henat, which was translated into Latin as Prima του al Henat, meaning 'the brightest of Al Henat'.

In Chinese, 井宿 (Jǐng Su), meaning Well (asterism), refers to an asterism consisting of γ Geminorum, ε Geminorum, ζ Geminorum, λ Geminorum, μ Geminorum, ν Geminorum, ξ Geminorum and 36 Geminorum. Consequently, γ Geminorum itself is known as 井宿三 (Jǐng Su sān, the Third Star of Well.)

Conjunctions
Gamma Geminorum is 6° south of the ecliptic, far enough so that the Moon never occults it. Similarly, planets in conjunction with this star almost always pass several degrees to the north, but Venus will have a series of close conjunctions with Gamma Geminorum starting in August 2143, and continuing every eight years after over the remainder of that century.

The Sun passes Gamma Geminorum on or around June 30 every year.

In culture
Alhena was the name of a Dutch ship that rescued many people from an Italian cruise liner, the SS Principessa Mafalda, in October 1927. In addition, the American attack cargo ship USS Alhena (AKA-9) was named after the star.

title: Gamma Geminorum


text:
Talk:Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero

Untitled
Needs to be balanced. Corruption allegations are fine, but they should not be the substance of the article. --Sesel 21:04, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I agree. I am moving it here till it is checked out --SqueakBox 05:28, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC) accused of 7 counts of corruption during his term, including falsification of state documents, abuse of authority, and appropriation of state funds. In the latter case, it has been reported that Callejas appropriated 280,000,000 L. (approx. $22,000,000 during the time of event) from the state's petroleum stabilization fund, and distributed it amongst himself, family, and political allies. Recently declared innocent of all charges of corruption by Honduras' Supreme Court. Bribing and political manipulation by Ovidio Navarro (Callejas' former attorney during corruption trials and now the head of the country's fiscal office, which investigates corruption cases) suspected and being investigated. Highly heated investigation. Several public and private sectors of the population demand his imprisonment. Currently president of the country's soccer federation. Put here by --SqueakBox 05:28, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC)

Statement in Spanish
El fue el presidente que mas ha robado a Honduras actor intelectual del pasaportaso vendiendo ilegalmente documentacion hondurena a miles de chinos. Siendo este mismo presidente quien se encargo de subir todos los precios de la canasta familiar desde su gobernacion se ha creado el caos de pobresa en los ultimos 30 anos. El peo presidente que haya tenido Honduras se llama Leoanardo Rafael Callejas. La pregunta del millon donde esta la justicia en Honduras.Una persona quien era abogado dijo una ves que a personas se les jusga por estar en la carcel por 20 anos cometer un delito leve como robarse una gallina porque no tiene que nada para llevar a su mesa para alimentar a su familia y personas que son funcionarias publicas han robado,defarudado al pueblo hondureno estan alli haciendo leyes para los pobres porque los ricos de esta nacion no respetan ni a su madre que los trajo al mundo se mofan y escupen con sus acciones a su patria. Dios y la vida misma se encargara de ellos mismos por eso estan como estan gordos de dinero y llenos avaricia viendo su propio beneficio y no el del pueblo pero por que un pueblo que es ignorante es mas facil para tallar ala forma del alfarero en este caso el Estado de Honduras y sus ambiciosos funcionarios uno de ellos leonardo callejas y en minuscula porque no es nombre de persona que no respeta y porque lo voy a respetar. Una persona muy allegada dijo que este presidente en su gobernacion mando a pavimentar su rancho con fondo del estado de su pais un rancho mejor que el de George W. Bush, tambien confeso haber visto fotografias de un gran castillo que aduena el mismo callejas en Europa donde ni aun los mismos europeos pueden vivir. COMO UN FUNCIONARIO PUBLICO PUEDE HACERSE RIQUISIMO ASI? de tal magnitud que se haga magnate con miles de millones de dollares y euros. Yo por eso me vine de ese pais de locos y ladrones y maldigo a esos ladrones y funcionarios publicos y deberian ser jusgados con el doble de pena por sacar probecho de su puesto y valerse de la confianza del pueblo una ley mas dura hace falta en honduras.

This was left on the page by 141.156.176.100; I have brought it here as it is of interest. --SqueakBox 00:58, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC) These aré total unstained allegations, Callejas was cleared in a Court of Law,and referring to owning castles Europe are fairy tales comments,.I do not have any farm or rancho in Honduras. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rcallejas (talk • contribs) 17:39, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Allegations
There are other allegations that need to be removed. The allegation of 200,00 identities of deceased people being used is not backed by any evidence. The fact is that when Mr Callejas ran for President in the year the articles alleges 200K deceased people voted, the opposing party was in power and controlling the issuance of honduran voting documents and identities. Even if the claim is proven, there should be an additional step required, that would to prove that these votes were used towards Mr Callejas, if any logic would say that it was the opposite Wikihonduras 12:56, 19 February 2007 (UTC) This i innuendo, nothing is proven. This type of comments should not be accepted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rcallejas (talk • contribs) 17:34, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Visa Issue
The article in its part related to 2006 Visa issue lacks neutrality. It mentions that Mr Callejas had his US entry Visa revoked..."although he was not charged with any offense". 1) The US has no authorithy or jurisdiction to charge a Honduran citizen that doesn't break any US Law, thus a US charge is not relevant 2) The US as a overeign state, can allow of disallow any foreign visitor to enter US soil. The government is not required to pose any proof. The fact is that when any foreign citizen applies for a visa, it does so under the assumption that it may be denied or revoked at any time without any explanation. That is why people are required to go to interview. The State Deparment officer conducting the itnerview can make a personal call. If he or she believes that the person applying for a Visa migh in the future break US Law, by staying in the US beyond the allowed time. Therefore denying a visa under the presumption of the person may committ a crime, withouth charging him/her of it. Wikihonduras

Biased edits performed
I see today (April 9, 2007) three edits on former presidents. The Callejas edit was changed to a biased positive view, with many unsupported arguments. The Flores and Reina articles suffered the opposite, where unsupported statements and POV were added as facts. Unless someone has an argument against removing POV and anything unsupported, recent edits (April 9 2007) will be undone. Wikihonduras 20:53, 9 April 2007 (UTC) However the reason that the Visa was cancelled was corruption issues, the USA has the right to cancel Visas, but has not made public any valid documentation or proof of corruption. At issue is a due process that would give assurance that the allegations of corruption utilized to cancel Visa are sustainable  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rcallejas (talk • contribs) 17:45, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero


text:
Alpha Pavonis

Alpha Pavonis (α Pavonis, abbreviated Alpha Pav, α Pav), formally named Peacock, is a binary star in the southern constellation of Pavo, near the border with the constellation Telescopium.

Nomenclature
α Pavonis (Latinised to Alpha Pavonis) is the star's Bayer designation.

The historical name Peacock was assigned by His Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office in the late 1930s during the creation of the Air Almanac, a navigational almanac for the Royal Air Force. Of the fifty-seven stars included in the new almanac, two had no classical names: Alpha Pavonis and Epsilon Carinae. The RAF insisted that all of the stars must have names, so new names were invented. Alpha Pavonis was named "Peacock" ('pavo' is Latin for 'peacock') whilst Epsilon Carinae was called "Avior". In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Peacock for this star and Avior for Epsilon Carinae.

In Chinese caused by adaptation of the European southern hemisphere constellations into the Chinese system, 孔雀 (Kǒng Qiāo), meaning Peacock, refers to an asterism consisting of α Pavonis, η Pavonis, π Pavonis, ν Pavonis, λ Pavonis, κ Pavonis, δ Pavonis, β Pavonis, ζ Pavonis, ε Pavonis and γ Pavonis. Consequently, α Pavonis itself is known as 孔雀十一 (Kǒng Qiāo shíyī, the Eleventh Star of Peacock.)

Properties
At an apparent magnitude of 1.94, this is the brightest star in Pavo. Based upon parallax measurements, this star is about 179 ly distant from the Earth. It has an estimated six times the Sun's mass and 6 times the Sun's radius, but 2,200 times the luminosity of the Sun. The effective temperature of the photosphere is 17,700 K, which gives the star a blue-white hue. It has a stellar classification of B3 V, although older studies have often given it a subgiant luminosity class. It is classified as B2.5 IV in the Bright Star Catalogue.

Stars with the mass of Alpha Pavonis are believed not to have a convection zone near their surface. Hence the material found in the outer atmosphere is not processed by the nuclear fusion occurring at the core. This means that the surface abundance of elements should be representative of the material out of which it originally formed. In particular, the surface abundance of deuterium should not change during the star's main sequence lifetime. The measured ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in this star amounts to less than 5 × 10−6, which suggests this star may have formed in a region with an unusually low abundance of deuterium, or else the deuterium was consumed by some means. A possible scenario for the latter is that the deuterium was burned through while Alpha Pavonis was a pre-main-sequence star.

The system is likely to be a member of the Tucana-Horologium association that share a common motion through space. The estimated age of this association is 45 million years. α Pavonis star has a peculiar velocity of 13 km s−1 relative to its neighbors.

Companions
Three stars have been listed as visual companions to α Pavonis: two ninth magnitude stars at about four arc minutes; and a 12th magnitude F5 main sequence star at about one arc minute. The two ninth magnitude companions are only 17 arc seconds from each other.

α Pavonis A is a spectroscopic binary consisting of a pair of stars that orbit around each other with a period of 11.753 days. However, in part because the two stars have not been individually resolved, little is known about the companion except that it has a mass of at least. One attempt to model a composite spectrum estimated components with spectral types of B0.5 and B2, and a brightness difference between the two components of 1.3 magnitudes.

title: Alpha Pavonis


text:
File:Tynemouthbeach09042004.JPG

Longsands Beach, Tynemouth (looking towards Cullercoats)

Taken by Mark Morton on 9 April 2004

title: File:Tynemouthbeach09042004.JPG


text:
B. Joseph White

Bernard Joseph White (born April 6, 1947) is president emeritus of the University of Illinois and professor emeritus of business at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He is dean emeritus of the Stephen M. Ross School of Business and professor emeritus of business administration at the University of Michigan, where he also served as interim president, and Wilbur K. Pierpont Collegiate Professor of Leadership in Management Education. He is the author of The Nature of Leadership and Boards That Excel: Candid Insights and Practical Advice for Directors. Boards That Excel was named Governance Book of the Year for 2014 by Directors and Boards.

Education
White graduated magna cum laude from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in 1969. He then earned an MBA with distinction from Harvard Business School and a doctorate in business administration from the University of Michigan.

Career summary
White began his faculty career at Michigan in 1975. He served from 1981–1987 as an officer of Cummins in Columbus, Indiana, first as vice president for management development and then as vice president for personnel and public affairs. He returned to the University of Michigan in 1987 and was appointed dean of the business school in 1991. He was appointed Wilbur K. Pierpont Collegiate Professor of Leadership in Management Education and served as a dean for a decade. In 2002, he was appointed interim president of the University of Michigan. In 2003, he worked at Fred Alger Management Co., an asset management firm in New York City. He returned to Michigan where he was a faculty member in the Life Sciences Institute. In 2005, he was named president of the University of Illinois and was appointed president emeritus in 2010. He was a faculty member of the College of Business where he was the James F. Towey Professor of Business and Leadership. He was appointed professor emeritus of business in 2020. He serves on the boards of directors of Gordon Food Service, M Financial and the Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.

White has written, taught and spoken extensively on leadership, management and governance. He is the author of The Nature of Leadership and Boards That Excel: Candid Insights and Practical Advice for Directors. He was honored with the Martin Luther King Jr. Leadership Award from the Illinois Commission on Diversity and Human Relations in 2007, the Leadership Award from the Illinois Legislative Latino Caucus Foundation in 2005 and a Doctor of Humane Letters degree (honorary) from Wabash College in 2003. White is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Beta Gamma Sigma.

Ross School of Business deanship
White served from 1990 to 2001 as dean of the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business. During his deanship, the School's MBA, BBA, and executive education programs were highly ranked. The School's endowment rose from $30 million to more than $250 million. Endowed Chairs increased from nine to thirty-nine.

White led a major MBA curriculum overhaul, which aimed to intensify the development of students' professional and practical skills. The reforms re-defined the school's image and fueled a rise in its reputation, including being named one of the two "most innovative" business school's in the nation, according to Business Week magazine's surveys of corporate executives. Michigan became known for both innovation and action learning. The core innovation, called MAP (Multidisciplinary Action Project), puts students into "live cases" inside companies for seven weeks. White likened it to a medical school residency. Michigan was the first to integrate action learning, which is today common in business schools, into the core MBA curriculum as a requirement for all students. In addition, White's curriculum reform included cutting the 14-week semesters in half and adding executive education-style skills development seminars. Other initiatives, such as research on how to supplement the GMAT with a test of "practical intelligence," helped cement the school's reputation for concerning itself as much with the real-world performance of its graduates as their intellectual development.

Among the other highlights of White's curriculum reform was the introduction of an intensive two-day community service and corporate citizenship boot camp as the kickoff of the MBA program—a first among business schools.

Under White, Michigan's African-American enrollment was the highest among the top-ranked business schools. Enrollment of under-represented minorities hovered around 14-15 percent. The School was found to be "the best business school for blacks" by The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. He also moved to aggressively globalize the School. Most notably, he founded the William Davidson Institute to position Michigan as a leader on economies transitioning from communism to free markets.

White was an early mover on distance learning, initially creating partnerships with major companies to deliver management training to their employees. In January, 2000, White's team announced a partnership with FT Knowledge to provide open-enrollment e-learning classes. (FT Knowledge, at the time, was a division of Pearson plc, owner of the Financial Times and other major media properties.)

White built on a reputation in entrepreneurship grounded in the Michigan's long-running Growth Capital Symposium, which had started in 1981. White's team created additional opportunities for students to get venture capital and entrepreneurship experience by launching a student-run venture capital fund, called the Wolverine Venture Fund. Founded in 1997, its first investments were reported in the New York Times in 1999 and by 2004 at least one of those investments had turned into an IPO. In 1999, real estate mogul and University of Michigan Law School graduate Sam Zell joined with Ann Lurie, the widow of Zell's business partner, to provide $10 million to found the Samuel Zell & Robert H. Lurie Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies, and quickly began offering a wide array of courses, heavily oriented toward action learning.

In his second term as dean, White proclaimed that increasing female enrollment in business schools would be a top priority of his administration. This led to a major School initiative, a study of the reasons for low female enrollment at a dozen top business schools, and, ultimately a series of changes at the School. This work also ultimately led to the founding of a major new national advocacy organization, the Forte Foundation.

Under White, several of the School's other major new programs were created. In addition to the William Davidson Institute and the Zell-Lurie Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies, White also raised funds for and oversaw the creation of The Erb Institute for Sustainable Global Enterprise and The Joel D. Tauber Institute for Global Operations. His administration launched Michigan's first Executive MBA program and built Sam Wyly Hall, a new home for the school's highly ranked executive education programs.

White served as interim president of the University of Michigan in 2002. In January 2005 the board of regents recognized him as dean emeritus of the Stephen M. Ross School of Business and professor emeritus of business administration.

University of Illinois presidency
White was named the sixteenth president of the University of Illinois in 2004, succeeding retiring president James J. Stukel. As president, White oversaw the three campuses in the University of Illinois system—Urbana-Champaign, Chicago, and Springfield. (In the University of Illinois system, each campus is headed by a chancellor. Each chancellor reports to the president.)

White took office on January 31, 2005. He was inaugurated on September 22, 2005. In fiscal year 2010, the University of Illinois budget was $4.6 billion. In his inaugural address, White proposed a new "compact" among five parties - the state, tuition payers and their families, donors, faculty members with research grants and contracts, and university leaders – all doing their parts to provide the resources needed to ensure what he termed "excellence and access." In his first year, White initiated a strategic planning process for the university, its three campuses and their colleges and departments. On June 1, 2007, White announced the $2.25 billion Brilliant Futures fundraising campaign. By August 31, 2009, the campaign had achieved 76% of its goal with 72% of the campaign period elapsed.

White championed the establishment of the University of Illinois Global Campus Partnership, an initiative to make University of Illinois programs and degrees available online to qualified students. Following an extensive shared governance process with faculty on the three campuses, Global Campus launched in January 2008 with a bachelor's degree-completion program for registered nurses and a master's degree and two graduate certificate programs in education with concentrations in e-learning, and 15 more degree and certificate programs in development. On White's recommendation to the Board of Trustees, the Global Campus Partnership was terminated in 2009 due to an inadequate number of programs and students. Responsibility for on-line education was assigned to the university's campuses and colleges.

In February 2007 the University of Illinois Board of Trustees announced an end to the Urbana-Champaign campus tradition of Chief Illiniwek. White supported the board's decision saying, "While I understand many people have strong feelings about this 80-year-old tradition, for the good of our student-athletes and our university it is time to come together and move on to the next chapter in the history of this distinguished institution."

Honors
While serving as president, White was honored with the Leadership Award (December 2005) from the Illinois Legislative Latino Caucus Foundation and the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Excellence in Leadership Award (January 2007) from the Illinois Commission on Diversity and Human Relations. He served as a board member of the American Council on Education, the National Merit Honor Scholarship Program and the Argonne National Laboratory.

Clout scandal
A controversy over admissions practices ended White's presidency. The University of Illinois clout scandal resulted in most members of the university's board of trustees resigning and new members being appointed by Governor Pat Quinn. The controversy erupted when Chicago Tribune reported on May 29, 2009, that several students had been admitted to the university based upon connections or recommendations by members of the board of trustees, politicians, and members of the administration of former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich. The controversy centered on the university's Urbana-Champaign campus, headed by Chancellor Richard Herman, who was heavily implicated in the improprieties along with the university's board of trustees. According to the article, some students were being admitted despite having sub-par qualifications. Drawing on documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act, the Tribune said that, "The records chronicle a shadow admissions system in which some students won spots at the state's most prestigious public university over the protests of admissions officers, while others had their rejections reversed during an unadvertised appeal process." The investigation revealed that approximately 800 students over five years landed on the so-called "clout list" and, though not all were unworthy, the admission rate of these students was eight percentage points higher than the school average.

In response to the articles, White quickly launched an overhaul of the admissions process. As the university faculty-student senate prepared to vote on whether to call for White's removal, he appeared before the group and told them, "I stood behind every admissions denial, no matter who the advocates or how persistent they were." Nevertheless, the faculty-student senate passed a resolution on September 14 calling for his removal, along with that of the chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the campus that was at the center of the admissions controversy.

On September 23, 2009, he announced his resignation as president, effective December 31, 2009. In his resignation letter, White said he wanted to give the reconstituted Board of Trustees the freedom to choose new leadership. Saying he was sensitive to the financial sacrifices being made by faculty and staff due to difficult economic times, White timed his resignation to free the University of its obligation to pay him a $475,000 retention bonus that would have been due in February.

title: B. Joseph White


text:
Alphard

Alphard, designated Alpha Hydrae (α Hydrae, abbreviated Alpha Hya, α Hya), is the brightest star in the constellation of Hydra. It is a single giant star, cooler than the Sun but larger and more luminous. It is about 177 light-years away.

Nomenclature
α Hydrae (Latinised to Alpha Hydrae) is the star's Bayer designation.

The traditional name Alphard is from the Arabic الفرد (al-fard), "the individual", there being no other bright stars near it. It was also known as the "backbone of the Serpent" to the Arabs. In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, it was designated Soheil al Fard, which was translated into Latin as Soheil Solitarius, meaning the bright solitary one. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Alphard for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

The European astronomer Tycho Brahe dubbed it Cor Hydræ, Latin for 'the heart of Hydra'.

In Chinese, 星宿 (Xīng Xiù), meaning Star, refers to an asterism consisting of Alphard, τ1 Hydrae, τ2 Hydrae, ι Hydrae, 26 Hydrae, 27 Hydrae, HD 82477 and HD 82428. Consequently, Alphard itself is known as 星宿一 (Xīng Xiù yī), "the First Star of Star". In ancient China it formed part of an asterism called the "red bird".

Properties
Alphard has three times the mass of the Sun. Its estimated age is 420 million years and it has evolved away from the main sequence to become a giant star with a spectral classification of K3 and luminosity class III. The angular diameter has been measured using interferometry, after correction for limb darkening, it yields a value of $-1.743$. Assuming the distance of 54.3 pc, it yields a physical size of $3.2$.

Alphard's spectrum shows a mild excess of barium, an element that is normally produced by the s-process of nucleosynthesis. Typically a barium star belongs to a binary system and the anomalies in abundances are explained by mass transfer from a companion white dwarf star.

Precise radial velocity measurements have shown variations in the stellar radial velocities and spectral line profiles. The oscillations are multi-periodic with periods from several hours up to several days. The short-term oscillations were assumed to be a result of stellar pulsations, similar to the solar ones. A correlation between the variations in the asymmetry of the spectral line profile and the radial velocity has also been found. The multi-periodic oscillations make HD 81797 (Alphard) an object of interest for asteroseismologic investigations.

Modern legacy
Alphard appears on the flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

The Toyota Alphard is a minivan named after this star.

The character Roy Alphard from Japanese light novel series Re:Zero is named after this star.

title: Alphard


text:
Talk:Syllabus of Errors

Request
Request for the inclusion of a link to the original latin text. (someone, please put this where it belongs -- I have no clue -- and then remove this notice)

 * "Thus it was asserted that no critical response to the Syllabus itself could be valid."

Who asserted that? Newman, Hales, and others argue that no critical response to the Syllabus which ignored the original documents and their context could be valid, and they argued that some specific interpretations were wrong because they ignored specific circumstances of specific source documents - but that is not the same as what is asserted above. --Jim Henry 21:06, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * No, the following is actually the assertion that is unsourced:"Apologists for the Roman Catholic Church assert that the Syllabus was widely misinterpreted by readers who did not have access to or did not bother to check the original documents to which it was an index." The assertion "Thus it was asserted that no critical response to the Syllabus itself could be valid" is intended as no more than a logical extension of the stated position: it clarifies the tactic that is being used, not to Jim Henry's satisfaction. Perhaps Jim Henry would rephrase this, to make the tactic even clearer.

 * I've changed the unsourced and unclear statements you mention to:

 * "Catholic apologists such as Félix Dupanloup and John Henry Newman said that the Syllabus was widely misinterpreted ....."
 * and

 * "Thus it was asserted that no critical response to the Syllabus which did not take the cited documents and their context into account could be valid (Newman 1874)."

 * Is that better? (Newman wasn't made a cardinal until some years after his 1874 rebuttal of Gladstone.) --Jim Henry 22:01, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * And Wikipedia needs to report Cardinal Newman and Hales saying that the Syllabus could not stand on its own, that it needed "the source documents and their context" in order to be rebutted. A quote and a reference would make the tactical position of such self-confessed apologists clearer. The original edit flatly asserted the Papal position, that the Syllabus was "misinterpreted"; though it is the official position of the Papal Curia and of Jim Henry, that is moot. Neutral observers are perfectly justified in drawing simple conclusions from the wording of this document, Papal apologists to the contrary notwithstanding. I have recently added some further wording of the Syllabus to the article. --Wetman

 * I suspected that my original edit may have had some pro-Catholic bias, said so in the comment to my edit, and asked for review from non-Catholics; see the article history. At first I objected to the tone of your recent revisions as not entirely NPOV - you seemed to be exaggerating the position taken by Dupanloup, Newman, and Hales (and incidentally myself).  On further thought, and re-reading, I think I understand your position better.  Did you mean that they (Newman et al.) asserted that no criticism of the Syllabus in isolation could be valid?  If so, our disagreement was merely verbal - I meant much the same thing, but misunderstood you.  (I am relying on the summary in Hales 1954, and briefer summaries on a couple of French websites, for Dupanloup's argument; I could not find an etext.)

 * If you still think the article has serious problems after my last edit, maybe we should add a tag and leave it there until we reach some consensus about how to express these things. --Jim Henry 22:01, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not on my behalf, please. I've rarely seen that label honestly used. It's a sad subject, but I think it's more justly treated now. If we can keep the text in the article (see below). --Wetman 06:51, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
An anonymous User:67.180.61.179 is erasing blocks of text as "edited" under the justification "to make it easier for a total newbie to read". The User bears close watching. --Wetman 06:44, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree with some of the edits -- I think this revision is a misleading oversimplification of the issues. But I hesitate to assume vandalism.  I only noticed one paragraph that was simply deleted rather than moved: the part about John Henry Newman's Letter to the Duke of Norfolk.  I'll assume that was unintentional until this anonymous user says otherwise; it's easy to lose track of something when you're cutting and pasting several large blocks of text.  Later today or later in the week, when I have time, I'll try to edit this some more to fix the oversimplifications and restore the deleted stuff while hopefully making it not too difficult for a "total newbie".  --Jim Henry 15:38, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I was the one who made the edits. Previously, it seemed to be that much of the article was devoted to lots of quotes and arguments from people like Newman who attempted to "explain away" the contraversial elements of the syllabus. This is fine but this needed to be placed in its proper heading and a balanced array of quotes from other catholics fully supporting the contraversial implied teachings, and finally catholics explicitly disagreeing with them, need to be included. (Anonymously contributed from User:67.180.61.179)

 * Fine - add more quotes of the kind you describe, if you can find them. But I don't think you will, in fact, find many Catholics "fully supporting the contraversial [sic] implied teachings", if you mean e.g. the idea that disestablishing the church is always bad (rather than merely being, as a look at the context of the cited encyclicals would show, not always good).  It's easy enough to find Catholics explicitly disagreeing with the broad construal of the condemnations that Gladstone et alia drew; I've already cited two.  For those disagreeing with the condemnations even in the stricter sense in which they were intended, you might quote Lammenais, though he had left the Church by this time, or Lord Acton.  (If the Church, or Pius IX personally, really thought disestablishment and freedom of religion always a bad thing, they would have had something sharp to say about Maryland under Lord Baltimore, or New York under James Duke of York, or the United States - not just the anticlerical governments of Italy, Spain and France, whose actions were criticised or condemned in the encyclicals and allocutions cited by the Syllabus.)

 * But your edits were, as I said above, an oversimplification of the issues, and you deleted some important information in the process of extensively rewriting some paragraphs. Please try to be more careful in the future. --Jim Henry 20:41, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

"That the State must be separated from the Church is a thesis absolutely false, a most pernicious error. " "We owe God, therefore, not only a private cult, but a public and social worship to honor Him" - St. Pius X.

"Seem"
How does the Syllabus of Errors seem to condemn freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state? Isn't that like saying that the Declaration of Independence seems to declare the United States to be a separate country from Great Britain? That is its point — that these ideas are wrong and anti-Christian. While the validity of this is disputed by many (including myself), aren't we being overly politically correct here by saying that this docuemnt only "seems" to do this? It does so, whether we of a more modern era like it or not. Rlquall 11:24, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Correct me if I'm wrong, but for NPOV reasons we have to say this because of those Catholics who are embarassed by the work and attempt to water down what it says. With all the changes that have occoured both in many of the textual outputs of the church, combined with the statments of the church hierarchy, combined with what the people of the church generally believe, to go into further detail about who exactly believes what would be much more onerous then simply using the word "seem".

"Seem" is Right

 * To Rlquall
 * I'm not surprised that Propositon 55 seems wrong to you. Many people, both Catholic and non-Catholic, today and yesterday, alike also feel the same way.
 * I'm not surprised that Propositon 55 seems wrong to you. Many people, both Catholic and non-Catholic, today and yesterday, alike also feel the same way.

 * This is mainly because the Syllabus of Errors is a collection of "conclusive statements" instead of a detailed process of reasoning before arriving at a conclusion.

 * I would equate the "shock" you've received to the shock a person would have, waking up one morning and finding out that the street where he parked his car the previous night, now has a spanking brand new "NO PARKING" sign and a ticket with a hefty fine under the wiper blade. To the person in question, it would seems that a bunch of know-nothings from who-knows-where just destroyed his freedom to park his car.

 * In a perfect world, the municipal council would have taken the time out to drop by the person's home with a nice little PowerPoint presentation explaining how the street he was on was just too narrow to accept parking and still permit traffic to flow through smoothly, then repeat the process with every home in the neighbourhood. As you can see, such a scenario is extremely unlikely.

 * A more likely scenario would be that the municipal council just assumed that everyone on the street knew that traffic was a bitch and that if something was done, everyone would be happy.

 * A classic case of "Good Intentions, Poor Implementation."

 * Now let's take a look at Propositon 55. When read in non-Yoda-speech, Propositon 55 reads as:

 * The proposition that the Church ought to be separated from the State, and the State from the Church is condemned and anathematized.

 * Sounds pretty straight-forward, right?

 * Yes and no.

 * Yes to people in-the-know and no to people who have no prior explanation.

 * It may come as a shock to some people, but the Pope doesn't sit around with a Piña Colada in hand, thinking up new ways for Catholics to be different from everyone else. If you can accept this premise, then you can accept that all ex cathedra pronouncements have some logic behind them.

(Still writing... just saving then editing...)

El Caudillo 10:52, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * "Seeming right" and "seeming wrong" are red herrings, of course. Such casuistry aside, Wikipedia needn't insert "seem" where the Syllabus of Errors actually says. Direct quotes are uncontrovertible. The article quite rightly doesn't stray as far from the text as the above. --Wetman 11:00, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

An interpretation I read is you add something like "It is not correct" at the beginning of each. After all rejecting something doesn't mean accepting it's total opposite. For example I reject the statement "murderers should always be executed", but this doesn't mean I'm opposed to the death penalty. In fact I'm for the death for some murderers, but not for others. Case by case deal. So I could reject the statement "the Church ought to be separated from the State, and the State from the Church" and in a way I suppose I do. There are nations that have an established Church, like England and they seem to do okay. Although some Papal statements seem to go against this the Catholic Church still clearly believes Catholicism can be the state religion if that is what the state so desires. Vatican City is a Catholic theocracy. It has relations with many nations and therefore it is not separated from those states. The statement that the Church must be separated from the State, as in all states, is obviously not abrogated then. If it was the Vatican could not exist or have diplomatic relations with other nations.--T. Anthony 12:50, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

“Declared to be heretical”?
“Declared to be heretical” is simply false, except for a few of the propositions: one has only to see Denzinger’s “Enchiridion symbolorum ...”, or to read the text of the “Syllabus” itself, to understand that. The intention of Pius IX was to damn all the propositions, but with very different “notae”, or forms of damnation.

Only one who hasn’t got the faintest idea of Catholic theology (and of Catholic canon law) can defend, as “more accurate”, the thesis that all the propositions were declared to be heretical by the pope. Please notice: I don’t blame anybody for ignoring things: I myself am very ignorant in thousands of fields! But I’m blaming people who, though they’re clearly ignorant in a certain field, nevertheless think they have the right to make dogmatic assertions, add, delete, write, comment, whatever...

This is the problem with “Wikipedia”: one may find useful information, but it’s generally unreliable, because just everybody – even I! – can write whatever he wants to write.

I think I should stop writing here: we should rather study.

I don't know who wrote the above, but I actually made the change described, and I have degrees in both Theology and Canon Law, and I teach in a faculty of ecclesiastical history. That doesn't automatically mean that what I say must be right, but an unsigned accusation that nobody but yourself has the "faintest idea of Catholic theology) is, ummm, unfounded, uncharitable, innaccurate, self-important and silly. You want to play semantic games? A proposition cannot be "damned," only a person can be, and then only by God -- damnatio means condemned in the technical sense, not damned in the usual English sense. Denziger's enchiridion is not a compilation of findings of heresy, it is a compilation of "symbols" in the technical sense of creeds, otherwise it would have to contain every decision of the CDF, or the old HO, to be complete. I'm not a fan of the Syllabus, but there are a lot of theologians who historically took as the probabiliorist position that the Syllabus contained in and of itself an authentic Petrine teaching, and hence a declaration of doctrine, and hence an implicit declaration of heresy. Probabilists of the time held that the contents of the Syllabus relied only on the original source -- allocution, encyclical, etc. -- for the weight of their authenticity (hence Newman). If your argument is that a better phrasing would be "condemned as erroneous," I'll buy that as a good technical clarification, but please, sign your comments and do not dismiss the rest of the world as ignoramuses when compared to yourself.HarvardOxon 04:50, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry. I didn’t mean to hurt either you or anybody else, and I apologize for myself. When I wrote I was in a very bad mood, for personal reasons, and I took it out on you: sorry.

 * You’re also right that I should have signed my comment: I’m Tom Hope.

 * “Damned” was not perhaps good English: it may be, because English is not my mother tongue. So, “to condemn”, all right (“propositiones damnatae” in Latin, “condemned propositions” in English): that’s what I meant.

 * Denzinger’s “Enchiridion” is not only a collection of symbols, i. e. creeds: it’s a collection of important documents of the ecclesiastical magisterium: the full title reads (at least in Schönmetzer’s edition, the one that I have) “Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum”, “A handbook of symbols, definitions and declarations in matters of faith and morals”. Admittedly, it isn’t complete (but it could hardly be).

 * So, the intention of the bl. Pius IX was to assemble a collection (syllabus) of condemned propositions (of propositions that he had already condemned): all right. But the point is: what kind of condemnation?

 * As you’re a theologian (and a canonist), you will be familiar with the fact that, traditionally, such authoritative collections of condemned propositions (take for instance the bull Auctorem fidei of Pius VI, or the propositions of laxist moralists damned by the bl. Innocent XI, or the famous five propositions of Jansenius, or those of Michael Baius) use a wide range of words or phrases to express a condemnation: a proposition may be “falsa” (simply “false”), “male sonans” (meaning “it doesn’t sound well” – but the proposition might be true, if understood in a certain way), “piarum aurium offensiva” (“offensive to pious ears”, i.e. the ears of simple people – again, in itself the proposition can be defended, the point is that it’s ambiguous and might lead simple believers into error), etc. etc. – there are many of them; finally, it may be “haeresi proxima” (“near to heresy” – but not heretical itself: this has a special technical meaning, which it would be long to explain here), ..., or even – SOMETIMES!!! – “haeretica”: the most grievous of all the damnations, of course. (I remember there’s a good analytical explanation of the meaning of these “notae” in the “Dictionnaire de théologie catholique”: I’m not sure, but I think the title of the article was “Censures doctrinales”. For a summary, see .)

 * Sometimes the pope declared which “notae”, or forms of condemnation (“falsa”, “periculosa”, “temeraria”, “schismatica”, ...), he intended to append to each condemned proposition: one or more for each proposition. See an example here (in French; the original Latin text is in Denzinger-Schönmetzer). Sometimes he simply gave a list of “notae” that he intended to append to the propositions taken “in globo”, i. e. as a whole: for example, the “Unigenitus” condemned the 101 propositions of Quesnel as “false, captious, ill-sounding, offensive to pious ears, scandalous, pernicious, rash, injurious to the Church and its practices, contumelious to Church and State, seditious, impious, blasphemous, suspected and savouring of heresy, favouring heretics, heresy, and schism, erroneous, bordering on heresy, often condemned, heretical, and reviving various heresies, especially those contained in the famous propositions of Jansenius” “respectively” (“respective” – I found this translation in the “Catholic encyclopedia”): so, in this case the task of the theologian is to state which of these “notae” (one or more) is appropriate for each proposition “respective”. Sometimes the pope doesn’t declare the “notae” of the condemned propositions, not even “in globo”, and then the exegetical task of the theologian is even more important and difficult: this is the case with the Syllabus, if I’m not mistaken.

 * Furthermore, sometimes the propositions are condamned “in se”, i. e. “prout jacent”, in their objective meaning, sometimes “in sensu ab auctore intento”, “in the sense meant by their author”: this distinction is very important (particularly, e. g., in the much debated case of Rosmini).

 * But I think I should stop. To make a long story short, it is always necessary, and important, to make a subtle and accurate work of interpretation. The theologian (or the historian, the canonist etc.) must answer, among others, these questions: 1) What does the condemned proposition (as such!) mean? – or in other words: What is the doctrine that the pope meant to condemn?; and – even more difficult, and more important: What is the doctrine that the pope indirectly meant to assert, by condemning the opposite proposition? 2) In what sense is a proposition condemned: is it false, only ambiguous, can it be defended in some senses...?

 * This work must be made for every proposition separately.

 * The exegetical task is extremely important, and is a duty of both intellectual honesty and charity. In bygone times, people used to write in-folio volumes of many hundreds of pages to debate such subjects. But we are currently living in a mass society, alas!, and we’ve forgotten all that.

 * One of the most important aspects of every cultural work is that everything must be placed in its historical setting, if we want to understand it. I don’t mean that in the relativistic sense of modernism (be reassured, I’m NOT modernist at all!): I mean that in a methodological sense, as a necessary and fundamental rule of every serious intellectual work.

 * In the case of the Syllabus, one has to consider – as it’s clear from the text itself – the propositions in the context of the documents from which they were excerpted, of their particular historical occasion, of their different degrees of doctrinal authoritativeness, of their object (which can be, sometimes, less linked to the “res fidei et morum”, and more to, e. g., contingent political matters), etc.

 * Take, for example, proposition 62: “The principle of non-intervention, as it is called, ought to be proclaimed and observed”. This condemnation had clearly its occasion in the political events of the 1860s (the Papal States, Napoleon III, Cavour, the unification of Italy...) As the proposition is in itself very general, it is false IN A SENSE that it’s the task of the exegete to determine (but it may be defended, I think, in other senses). But anyway: can you seriously say that one who holds this proposition is a heretic?!! That would mean:

 * 1) That the following proposition: “The principle of non-intervention, as it is called, ought NOT to be proclaimed and observed” is a dogma of our faith, revealed by God. Isn’it absurd? Of course it is!

 * 2) That one who “pertinaciter” holds, “sciens et volens”, the proposition 62 of the Syllabus is out of the Church, is in mortal sin, is in a state of damnation and will go to hell for all eternity unless he repents, cannot receive the sacraments, is excommunicated “latae sententiae”... (Admittedly, even in that case most people would be excused because of their ignorance; but this would be objectively true.) My goodness!

 * Now, please note: I’m not defending the proposition 62; what I say is only: 1) That we ought to distinguish, that in some senses the proposition is or may be true, but it certainly also has a false meaning, that must be rejected not only for philosophical, i. e. merely rational, reasons, but also for theological reasons, i. e. because of the authoritative (though in this case certainly NOT infallible!) teaching of the pope (what this false and condemned sense is, I won’t discuss here: this is only an example); 2) More important: that even understood in that false sense, the proposition is certainly not heretical (and, I beg your pardon, to say the opposite would be insane: I’m sure you don’t). For, heresy is a very grievous sin indeed, and we must be very cautious and prudent in saying that a certain doctrine is a heresy: otherwise, we risk to offend both men and God, and to avert thinking people from the true faith (that’s a “rationabile obsequium”, a “reasonable act of obedience”) and the true Church of Jesus Christ our Lord.

 * Now, take proposition 1: “There exists no supreme, all-wise, all-provident divine being, distinct from the universe, and God is identical with the nature of things, and is, therefore, subject to changes [...]” It’s obvious that one who holds such a doctrine is more than a heretic: he’s an infidel (a pantheist). (Here again, I’m not insulting anybody: only, one who thinks like that can’t be a Catholic, or even a Christian.)

 * So, to conclude: we MUST DISTINGUISH!

 * You seem to agree with those who say that “[...] the Syllabus contained in and of itself an authentic Petrine teaching, and hence a declaration of doctrine, and hence an implicit declaration of heresy”. The first and the second sentences are true (with some specifications), the third is false in its, excuse me, quite uncritical generalization (it is only true, apart from the adjective “implicit”, of SOME of the eighty propositions of the Syllabus); and your second “hence” offends both theology and logics, and grievously violates the good rules of every critical method.

 * Once more: please excuse me, also for my prolixity and obscureness; and for my bad English. Please bear for me, and, for Christ’s sake, pray for me: I do need your prayers, indeed. Thank you very much. Tom Hope

Subsequent History is a mess!
It desperately needs some cleaning, as it is full of original research and speculation that doesn't belongs on Wikipedia. I thought I would make a comment here before wading into the text. Dominick (TALK) 12:49, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Syllabus of Errors


text:
204 Kallisto

Kallisto (minor planet designation: 204 Kallisto) is a fairly typical, although sizeable Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid. Like other asteroids of its type, it is light in colour. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 8 October 1879, in Pola, and was named after the same nymph Callisto in Greek mythology as Jupiter's moon Callisto.

Photometric measurements during 2009 produced a lightcurve that indicated a sidereal rotation period of $48.57 km$ with a variation amplitude of $0.208$ magnitudes. This result conflicted with previous determinations of the period, so the latter were ruled out.

title: 204 Kallisto


text:
Venda Nova

Venda Nova may refer to the following places:

 * Venda Nova (Amadora), a parish in the municipality of Amadora, Portugal
 * Venda Nova (Montalegre), a parish in the municipality of Montalegre, Portugal
 * Venda Nova (Brazil), an administrative region of the city of Belo Horizonte in Brazil

title: Venda Nova


text:
205 Martha

Martha (minor planet designation: 205 Martha) is a large main belt asteroid. It is a dark, primitive carbonaceous C-type asteroid. This object was discovered by Johann Palisa on 13 October 1879, in Pola and was named after Martha, a woman in the New Testament.

Efforts to determine the rotation period for this asteroid have produced wildly different results, in large part because the actual period is close to half of an Earth day. A study performed during 2013 showed that the light curve changed significantly during the observation period, adding to the difficulty. This study gave a synodic rotation period of 14.905 ± 0.001 h.

title: 205 Martha


text:
Hutton Roof Crags

Hutton Roof Crags is a hill in southeastern Cumbria in northwest England, located near to the village of Hutton Roof. It has extensive areas of limestone pavement as well as grassland and woodland. The hill forms the Hutton Roof Crags Site of Special Scientific Interest and is part of the Morecambe Bay Pavements Special Area of Conservation. A significant proportion of the UK's 20 km2 of limestone pavement is to be found on Hutton Roof Crags and the neighbouring Farleton Knott.

Although part of the hill is pasture grazed by sheep and part is forested, much remains open common land, and it is here that most of the limestone pavement is to be found. However, much has been removed over the years for many purposes including building, agricultural fertiliser, and production of millstones, but is now protected by law and it is an offence to remove any. The limestone is over 300 m thick, and was laid down during the Carboniferous period some 350 million years ago. The limestone pavements here occupy an intermediate position between the low-lying pavements of Gait Barrows some 8 km to the west, and those on Ingleborough, 19 km to the east.

Hutton Roof National Nature Reserve is managed by Cumbria Wildlife Trust, which leases Park Wood and Hutton Roof Common from Natural England and Hutton Roof Parish Council respectively.

Plants including angular Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum), limestone fern (Gymnocarpium robertianum), and dark red helleborine (Epipactis atrorubens) are to be found on the pavement. The nationally scarce rigid buckler-fern (Dryopteris submontana) is abundant on Hutton Roof Crags. Blue moor-grass (Sesleria caerulea) is also nationally scarce but abundant here.

The name Hutton Roof Crags is believed to derive from the Old English language, and means ‘crags on hill near farmstead of Rolf’.

Access is possible via the public footpath running across the north of the fell, but is probably easier through the woods to the south-west.

The extensive low limestone outcrops make the Hutton Roof Crags a popular site for bouldering.

title: Hutton Roof Crags


text:
Category:Rebellions in Africa

Rebellions in Africa

title: Category:Rebellions in Africa


text:
Area code 651

Area code 651 is the telephone numbering plan code for Saint Paul, Minnesota, and the eastern suburbs of the Twin Cities. A dogleg portion also extends to the southeast along the Mississippi River to include cities such as Hastings. The region was the fifth area code created in the state in 1998, when it was carved out of area code 612.

From 1954 to 1996, 612 covered all of central Minnesota, stretching from border-to-border from Wisconsin to South Dakota. In 1996, nearly all of the 612 territory outside the Twin Cities became area code 320. This was intended as a long-term solution, but within a year, the proliferation of cell phones and pagers brought 612 back to the brink of exhaustion. It soon became apparent that the Twin Cities were growing far too quickly to stay in a single area code, forcing the creation of 651.

The dividing line between 612 and 651 largely follows the Mississippi River; generally, all of the metropolitan area east of the river transferred to 651, while the western half stayed in 612. An exception is the eastern half of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities' campus, located in Falcon Heights. Due to an integrated telephone system serving both the Falcon Heights campus and the main campus in Minneapolis, the entire U of M remained in 612 after the 1998 split.

The area code splits in the Twin Cities are unusual because they split along municipal, rather than central office, boundaries. This led to a sizable number of exchanges being divided between two area codes, and a few being divided among three.

Even with the Twin Cities' continued growth, 651 is one of the few urbanized area codes without an overlay, making St. Paul one of the few large cities where seven-digit dialing would still be possible. Under current projections, it will stay that way for the foreseeable future; the latest NANPA projections do not include an exhaust date for 651.

Even with the split into four area codes (612, 651, 763 and 952), most of the Twin Cities region is still a single rate center. The four Twin Cities area codes comprise one of the largest local calling areas in the United States; with a few exceptions, no long-distance charges are applied from one part of the Twin Cities to another. Portions of area codes 320 and 507 are local calls from the Twin Cities as well.

Cities and communities

 * Afton
 * Apple Valley
 * Arden Hills
 * Bayport
 * Birchwood Village
 * Center City
 * Chisago City
 * Coates
 * Columbus
 * Cottage Grove
 * Dellwood
 * Eagan
 * Falcon Heights
 * Farmington
 * Forest Lake
 * Gem Lake
 * Goodhue
 * Grant
 * Harris
 * Hastings
 * Hugo
 * Inver Grove Heights
 * Lake City
 * Lake Elmo
 * Lakeland
 * Lakeland Shores
 * Lake St. Croix Beach
 * Landfall
 * Lindstrom
 * Lino Lakes
 * Little Canada
 * Mahtomedi
 * Maplewood
 * Marine on St. Croix
 * Mendota Heights
 * Miesville
 * New Brighton
 * New Trier
 * Newport
 * North Branch
 * North Oaks
 * North St. Paul
 * Oak Park Heights
 * Oakdale
 * Pine Springs
 * St. Marys Point
 * St. Paul
 * St. Paul Park
 * Scandia
 * Shoreview
 * South St. Paul
 * Stacy
 * Stillwater
 * Taylors Falls
 * Red Wing
 * Rosemount
 * Roseville
 * Vadnais Heights
 * Vermillion
 * Wabasha
 * Welch
 * West Lakeland
 * West St. Paul
 * White Bear Lake
 * Willernie
 * Withrow
 * Woodbury
 * Wyoming

title: Area code 651


text:
Sigma Sagittarii

Sigma Sagittarii, Latinized from σ Sagittarii; formally named Nunki, is the second-brightest star in the constellation of Sagittarius. It has an apparent magnitude of +2.05, making it readily visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star, determined using parallax measurements from the Hipparcos astrometry satellite, yields a value of approximately 228 ly from the Sun.

Properties
Sigma Sagittarii has a spectrum matching a stellar classification of B2.5 V, which indicates this is a B-type main-sequence star. Its total luminosity is 3300 times that of the Sun while it has a surface temperature of 18,890 K. X-ray emission has been detected from this star, which has an estimated X-ray luminosity of 1.2 × 1028 erg s−1.

It has a 10th magnitude optical companion located 5.2 arcminutes away.

It is 3.45 degrees south of the ecliptic, so it can be occulted by the Moon and rarely by planets. The last occultation by a planet took place on November 17, 1981, when it was occulted by Venus. This is the brightest star that can be principally occulted by an exterior planet between 5000 BC and 5000 AD. However, only Mars can do this, and only rarely; the last time was on September 3, 423.

Nomenclature
σ Sagittarii (Latinised to Sigma Sagittarii) is the star's Bayer designation. In his Uranometria star atlas, Johann Bayer placed this star in the fourth magnitude class, although it is a second-magnitude star by modern measurements.

It bore the traditional name of Nunki, which was an Assyrian or Babylonian name recovered by archaeologists and made public by R. H. Allen. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Nunki for this star on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

This star, together with :
 * Gamma Sagittarii, Delta Sagittarii, Epsilon Sagittarii, Zeta Sagittarii, Lambda Sagittarii, Tau Sagittarii and Phi Sagittarii, comprised the Teapot asterism.
 * Phi Sagittarii, Zeta Sagittarii, Chi Sagittarii and Tau Sagittarii were the Arabic Al Naʽām al Ṣādirah (النعم السادرة), the Returning Ostriches.

Zeta Sagittarii and Pi Sagittarii may have been the Akkadian Gu-shi-rab‑ba, the Yoke of the Sea.

In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi al Mouakket, this star was designated Thanih al Sadirah, which was translated into Latin as Secunda τού al Sadirah, meaning second returning ostrich.

In Chinese, 斗 (Dǒu), meaning Dipper, refers to an asterism consisting of Sigma Sagittarii, Phi Sagittarii, Lambda Sagittarii, Mu Sagittarii, Tau Sagittarii and Zeta Sagittarii. Consequently, the Chinese name for Sigma Sagittarii itself is 斗宿四 (Dǒu Xiù sì, the Fourth Star of Dipper.)

title: Sigma Sagittarii


text: User talk:129.138.30.145

title: User talk:129.138.30.145


text:
Alpha Ophiuchi

Alpha Ophiuchi (α Ophiuchi, abbreviated Alpha Oph, α Oph), also named Rasalhague, is a binary star and the brightest star in the constellation of Ophiuchus.

Nomenclature
The name Alpha Ophiuchi is a Romanisation of the star's Bayer designation, α Ophiuchi. It is also known by the traditional name Rasalhague, from the Arabic رأس الحواء raʼs al-ḥawwāʼ "the head of the serpent collector". In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two collections of approved names, formally listing Alpha Ophiuchi as Rasalhague.

Properties
Alpha Ophiuchi is a binary star system with an orbital period of about 8.62 years. The orbital parameters were only poorly known until 2011 when observations using adaptive optics produced a better orbital fit, allowing the individual masses of the two components to be determined. The primary component, Alpha Ophiuchi A, has a mass of about 2.4 times the mass of the Sun, while the secondary, Alpha Ophiuchi B, has 0.85 solar masses. Estimates of the mass of the primary by other means range from a low of 1.92 to 2.10 solar masses, up to 2.84 or even 4.8 solar masses. The mass of the secondary suggests that it has a stellar classification in the range K5V to K7V, which indicates it is a main sequence star that is still generating energy by the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core. The pair reached periastron passage, or closest approach, around April 19, 2012, when they had an angular separation of 50 milliarcseconds.

This star system has a combined apparent magnitude of +2.08 and is located at a distance of about 48.6 ly from the Earth. The stellar classification of A5IVnn indicates that the primary is a bluish-white subgiant star that has evolved away from the main sequence after consuming the hydrogen at its core. It is radiating about 25 times the luminosity of the Sun and has an effective temperature of about 8,000 K, giving it the characteristic white hue of an A-type star.

The spectrum of Alpha Ophiuchi shows an anomalously high level of absorption of the lines for singly-ionized calcium (Ca II). However, this is likely the result of interstellar matter between the Earth and the star, rather than a property of the star or circumstellar dust.

Rotation
Alpha Ophiuchi A is a rapidly rotating star with a projected rotational velocity of 240 km s−1. It is spinning at about 88.5% of the rate that would cause the star to break up. This gives it an oblate spheroid shape with an equatorial bulge about 20% larger than the polar radius. The polar radius is calculated to be and the equatorial radius.

Because of the oblateness and rapid spin, the surface gravity at the pole is higher than at the equator. An effect known as gravity darkening means that the temperature at the poles is also higher than at the equator. The polar temperature is calculated to be $3,148.4$ and the equatorial temperature $427$.

The energy radiated by an oblate star is higher along its axis of rotation because of the larger projected area and the Stefan–Boltzmann law. The axis of rotation of α Ophiuchi is inclined about 87.7° ± 0.4° to the line of sight from the Earth, so that it is being observed from nearly equator-on. The apparent bolometric luminosity seen at this angle is, but the true luminosity of the star is thought to be. Since a star's effective temperature is simply the temperature which would produce its total energy output from a black body, the true effective temperature of $0.92$ is different from the apparent effective temperature of $125$.

title: Alpha Ophiuchi


text:
List of avatar claimants

This is a list of notable people who have explicitly claimed and are considered by others to be the Avatars of the Supreme Being or of a more limited expansion of Ishvara or other expression of divinity. This list does not include the traditional Dashavatara (ten avatars of Vishnu) of Hinduism.

Claimants

 * Meher Baba - "I am the Avatar of this Age!" "You know that you are a human being, and I know that I am the Avatar. It is my whole life!" "Irrespective of doubts and convictions, and for the Infinite Love I bear for one and all, I continue to come as the Avatar, to be judged time and again by humanity in its ignorance, in order to help man distinguish the Real from the false." He maintained he was the Avatar, God in human form
 * Mother Meera - claims to be an avatar of Shakti, the primordial mother goddess. The sense of avatar as mother goddess is unique to the sect of Hinduism called Shaktism.
 * Sathya Sai Baba - claimed to be an avatar of Shiva and Shakthi.
 * Kalki Bhagawan and Amma Bhagawan - This couple from South India claim to be the Kalki avatar of Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi respectively.
 * Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri, Baháʼu'lláh (1817–1892), is regarded by his followers as the “reincarnation of Krishna” and the “Tenth Avatar” and the “Immaculate Manifestation of Krishna” according to Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith. He is also regarded as the fulfillment of the Messianic expectations of the other prophetic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism).

title: List of avatar claimants