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Talk:Gliding action/Archive/1

Inaccuracy of the "gliding action" image
The "gliding action" image appears to be seriously inaccurate, as it does not show the most dramatic anatomical feature of coition, namely the penis bending during vaginal insertion. Actual NMR imaging of sexual intercourse shows that the penis bends into a rather surprising boomerang shape inside the vagina. See for a comparison of previous visualizations of sexual intercourse with actual NMR images of coition.

Given that this major feature is completely missing in the image makes me wonder about the accuracy of the more minor features in the image, and what, if any, actual evidence was used as a basis for creating the image. Comparison of the image above with the NMR images shows that it is mostly a work of imagination.

Note that I am not taking any stance on either side of the "gliding action" issue, although I would like to point out that NMR imaging is accurate enough to resolve the prepuce: actual clinical imaging should be able to resolve this issue once and for all.

Reference:
 * W. W. Schultz, P. van Andel, I. Sabelis, E. Mooyaart. Magnetic resonance imaging of male and female genitals during coitus and female sexual arousal. BMJ 1999;319:1596-1600 ( 18 December ).

-- The Anome 09:39, Jan 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course it is a nonsense. But it is crucial to the anti-circumcision cause. It has been stated that the sheer number of possible variations and the incorrect (and probably dishonest depiction of the internal movement of the penis) all contributes to making this sexual fantasy a sad joke. The question is how to present this nonsense as a minority and somewhat off the wall view. - Robert the Bruce 18:29, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The degree and angle of direction and extent of bending depends on which position and the specific angle at the hips   --  I do not know about you, but reverse cowgirl hurts me.    All and all, the neutralness of the bend does not effect the accuracy of this image.  if the couple in the NMRI could have one of them go into a more vertical angle  (impossible in the imaging chamber),  then the bowing would be less.  As it is, the bowing can hardly be called  "boomerang-shape."    I see no reason not to restore the image. Ŭalabio 16:37, 2005 Jan 17 (UTC)

 * Well the point is obviously that this is yet another aspect of vaginal sex that has been misrepresented on anti-circumcision websites. Those who have (significant) experience in vaginal sex are fully aware of what a crock this all is. - Robert the Bruce 18:29, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

It is unclear whether the penis in the BMJ illustration is naturally bent. If it is, then the vagina may have bent to fit the penis. In any event, the bending would not effect the gliding action. One, of course, could not experience the gliding action unless one had a foreskin.

The gliding action is well documented in the literature. Robert Blair 22:07, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The Anome's evidence is persuassive. We should remove the image and look for one that is more anatomically correct that we can use. This does not mean we need to make any changes to the text. Johntex 00:13, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I support the deletion. - Robert the Bruce 01:58, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I understand that the reason The Anome wants this removed is a matter of POV.

 * The direction and angle of bending of the penis during sex depends on many factors:

 * The innate vertical bend of the penis (most men have a penis which bends upward)
 * The innate bend of the penis in the horizontal plane
 * Iatrogenic bend caused from circumcision (hundreds of millions of men suffer from this)
 * The innate bends of the vagina  (I never noticed any bend, for as far as I can tell both with women who had children and not, vaginas seem to go straight back into the pelvis)
 * Position  (this really matters because, for me, positions like reverse cowgirl hurts the base of my penis)
 * Et cetera

The NMRI is a combination of natural upward bend of the penis and position  he tries to position his hips between her legs so that his butt should not hit the top of the imaging chamber while remaining in her   --  I never understood why people like having sex in confined spaces).      At any rate, the penis is not boomerang-shaped  (a boomerang is a bell-curve    -- if his  erect  penis truly would be boomerang-shaped, he would scream to get out of the imaging chamber).

The artist drew the image the way it is because:

 * 1) 	The natural bend is not great
 * 2) 	Bending of the penis is irrelevant for the discussion of gliding action
 * 3) 	It is more easy to draw a straight penis than a bent penis

If you really want, I can try to edit the image and add an upward bend at the base and a slight upward curve. That would be accurate. What would be inaccurate would be to treat the  erect  penis like a balloon-animal   --  I have no intention of making it shaped like a boomerang, banana, et al.

--

Ŭalabio 01:18, 2005 Jan 19 (UTC)

I worked on the image for ten hours. I just am not a sufficiently good artist. I did optimize the image in other ways, but do to latency, I have trouble uploading the image. I shall get some help from peer review. ¡This is a silly tempest in a teapot over an upward bend of the penis at the base and an upward curve! Ŭalabio 09:01, 2005 Jan 19 (UTC)
 * Shall we then just delete this "silly tempest in a teapot" then? - Robert the Bruce 01:58, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Sheer vandalism of this article
Looking closely at the current status of this article: existence of any such a gliding action is an important component of the anti-circumcision argument. I can't envision a purer example of pro-mutilation filth that has polluted wikispace. Instead of treating this article with equal respect as other article, it has simply become a political toy for vile pro-circumcision hate speech. For that reason I am reverting many of the judgemental changes and hope you folks can discuss this rationally. DanP 19:43, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hi Dan:

I agree and second your remarks. Robert Blair 21:21, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Again folks, we should follow Wikipedia's rules. The ongoing "hypothesized" and "for what it's worth" contains hidden connotations and is against Words to avoid. If this article is hit-and-run-reverted again to pro-mutilation propaganda with zero discussion points, it can only be interpreted as vandalism. Jakew and RTB, there is plenty of room in Wikipedia for both perspectives without trashing articles. DanP 18:21, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * You might have a point on "for what it's worth", Dan, but a hypothesis is a hypothesis. It is inappropriate and POV to describe something as factual that has not been established. - Jakew 19:16, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right. But why is "hypothesized" and "theoretically" blended in the same sentence on different verbs?  And it is not the "motion" that was hypothesized, but it's effect or potential benefit.  If you want to use these qualifiers, use them correctly instead of fraudulently applying them.DanP 19:24, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I approve of your change to the wording in the introduction, so I've kept it. I disapprove of your revert, so I haven't. And if you read this very page, you'll find out that even the motion is hypothetical. - Jakew 19:35, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * My revert is due to the "anti" prefix under Loaded words. Are you suggesting that the foreskin doesn't move?  This debate is about it's effect or benefit, is it not?  Perhaps in your loose-skin, British, adult-chosen circumcision, skin might be mobile.  American-style, it's often not and only a tube of KY jelly does the job, especially with some older guys.  DanP 19:49, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * You need to justify your hatred of the 'anti-' prefix. It has not been proven that the foreskin moves - that's the point. My own experience tells me that in men with a long foreskin, it does move to the extent shown in the diagram, but these are in a minority. When I had a foreskin, there was a little movement when erect, but not much more than the skin on my arm. As for my circumcision, I assure you that there is no movement of skin. - Jakew 23:18, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh Jake! Now you are putting a few facts in the way of a cute little "fantasy" some promote. How unkind. - Robert the Bruce 04:30, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Jake, I have no hatred of the anti- prefix per se. Only the alleged opposition to adult circumcision which you imagine exists among groups who are anti-circumcision only regarding involuntary practice.  Even with my limited restored foreskin there is some "give" making penetration possible.  So how can you claim there is no gliding action for any man at all, especially given that you admit its existance for long foreskins?  DanP 23:38, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

O'Hara provides important explanations about the gliding action. There now seems to be little doubt about it. Perhaps men who were circumicised at birth have difficulty grasping the concept, but O'Hara's very clear explanation should make it clear.

If anyone wants to challenge this evidence, solid evidence to the contrary is needed. Robert Blair 02:38, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * O'Hara's "explanations" are more accurately termed "hypotheses". The source is nothing more than her imagination. After she had formed her opinions, she performed her "study", essentially asking other activists whether they agree. Unsurprisingly, they did. Now, obviously it is possible for a hypothesis to be correct by accident, and it is possible that proper research may yet validate her theories, but to point to her as some kind of authority on the subject is utterly laughable. You do understand the difference between science and fiction, don't you? - Jakew 16:01, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes isn't she just the most horrible person. Nowdays she is all over the web trying to sell her book ... smacks like money grabbing to me. Disgraceful. - Robert the Bruce 16:26, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Jakew, while I respect your right to object to OHara's work, you should do so by citing criticism of it. Not by inventing criticism and dropping it here.  That is not a valid contribution in Wikipedia according to our policies.  DanP 18:32, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Such arguments are invalid because they are arguments against the person. If one wants to provide an alternative POV one has to come up with evidence to support an alternative POV. So far this has not happened. There are now three book references to support gliding action. Let us have a  book reference to show the non-existence of glding action if you have one or a medical journal article to support the non-existence of gliding action. If one can't do that perhaps one should simple concede that gliding action does exist so we can get on to other things.

This article is getting better and better as more data are added. Simply deleting data that one does not like is unacceptable. Robert Blair 12:24, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm unconvinced that references to books written by authors who invariably cite the same damn sources is helpful. What does it prove, other than the fact that the authors have all been duped? Can we prove that the world was created in 4004BC by some guy with a really cool beard by citing lots of books? - Jakew 00:27, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Then it is up to you to produce alternate authorities to provide evidence that the foreskin does not glide. My foreskin is movable and glides very nicely, but I have not written a book about it. I think any argument that the foreskin does not glide is going to look pretty silly to the billions of males with intact foreskins on this earth.

Robert Blair 23:27, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Removal of TotallyDisputed tag
DanP, in your most recent edit, you have removed the TotallyDisputed tag from the beginning of the article. This was the only change made in your edit. However, in your edit summary, you misleadingly claimed "rv due to POV edit and uncited sources".

Would you care to explain how inserting a tag that states that "the neutrality and factual accuracy of this article is disputed" is described as a "POV edit and uncited sources"?

Please justify your attempt to censor the fact that the article is disputed, or restore the tag. - Jakew 19:34, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

My apologies. That was total inadvertent on my part. I will voluntarily refrain from editing this article for a while, even though there have been clear false statements in the article with regard to O'Hara's work which I have on-hand. DanP 01:42, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

-- Removal of valid objective information on the grounds that it is POV is not helpful. It is simply censorship to prevent the public from getting information. NPOV requires that competitive viewpoints be presented without favoritism.

The proper action is to present credible references to support an alternative point of view.

Robert Blair 22:28, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Fleiss and Hodges contribute to our understanding of the gliding action.

Robert Blair 23:22, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * How so? - Jakew 23:41, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

By providing additional descriptive narrative.

207.69.137.202 01:12, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC) --- Consensus having been reached, I have removed the totally disputed tag.

Robert Blair 04:21, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

More reverts
Robert Blair, you've removed the disputed message and have once again failed to explain your revert. Please? - Jakew 23:41, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I have reverted but preseved the disputed message. Jakew, your version is mostly a subset of Robert's.  That is why I used Robert's for now until we can remove what we agree is non-relevant. DanP 23:57, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Discussion of objections
Please do not revert again without discussion. - Jakew 00:21, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Replace "normal motion of the foreskin" with "possible motion of the foreskin". It is unproven.
 * Inclusion of ", though dulling sensation according to others." - proof on request (& provision of matching proof)
 * Inclusion of "is unproven, and it not clear whether it affects all men, or only those with long foreskins." - extra info.
 * Inclusion of "Proponents of the theory argue that it" before "is an important part of sexual intercourse." This is more neutral.
 * Inclusion of explanatory "(often known as anti-circumcision)" note for genital integrity (since this is non-intuitive to the layperson), but only once.
 * Rewording of "A survey by genital integrity activists Bensley & Boyle provides some confirmation of the suggestion that gliding action provides protection of vaginal lubrication." and inclusion of author-admitted limitations: "The authors explain, however, that their subjects were self-selected and a larger sample size is needed."
 * Inclusion of "Genital integrity activist O'Hara" and Fleiss and Hodges
 * Removal of strange pseudo-subheadings
 * Restoring lost material about Taves: "to penetrate a styrofoam cup"
 * Including relevant info about Schoeberlein: "Schoeberlien also reports a wide variety of foreskin length, possibly affecting the degree or existence of gliding action in these individuals."
 * Moved "The presence of a gliding action is assumed by some" and removed unnecessary and misleading heading (mainstream view is that circumcision has no effect on sex - this article is an alternative view).
 * Added Masters & Johnson ref.
 * OK. I changed few things -- please review for NPOV from your angle.  I removed some of the double-qualifiers ("X claims Y might be").  The bottom section was duplicated and you should review for clarity (I apoligize if I didn't get the pro-circ nuance you're going for, but it was just too confusing and repetitive).  I do question the use of "to penetrate a styrofoam cup".  Are we including research apparatus descriptions now? DanP 00:43, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I've made some minor changes:

 * Wording of the first sentence (sorry, Dan, but your version was awkward)
 * ", though dulling sensation according to others, and may" - I'm not just talking about the frenulum.
 * Change to: "unproven and may be variable"
 * Reinclusion of "(often known as anti-circumcision)" - I really think that a casual reader will be confused by "genital integrity", though anti-circumcision is blindingly obvious. I'm only including it the once. Isn't this a fair compromise? - Jakew 00:47, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * OK. I'll take a look.  But I question the following:

 * "dulling sensation", sorry. I'll be less awkard.
 * "unproven and may be variable" Of this I question the relevance of unproven, as there is adequate depictions during intercourse with mobile shaft skin.
 * "often known as anti-circumcision" - you raise a good point. However "blindingly obvious" is not the whole truth. In some cases "anti-circumcision" is opposition to circumcision in general, or even bias against circumcised men (not the meaning of genital integrity at all).  But I'll take a look at it, because you have a valid point. DanP 00:57, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not you being awkward, Dan, just the text. :)
 * Can I draw a diagram of a dragon and claim that dragons are proven?
 * Please see genital integrity for discussion of the need for a standard explanation for this.

- Jakew 01:00, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Just a minor change to the 2nd sentence, to give equal weight to reports on each side. Otherwise, no objections. - Jakew 01:10, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Understood. I just made the changes which I'm sure you'll review.
 * Dragons? I guess I was referring to video (ie. porno), not so much drawings.  But I agree that drawings showing the interior are not evidence.  Whereas mobile skin during penetration counts for something, even without quantitative analysis.
 * I clarified "genital integrity activists, who oppose infant circumcision" instead of broadband anti-circumcision which is a looser term.
 * I noted ejaculation, as frenulum coverage is noted by intact and restored men as a dulling sensation necessary for sexual duration. DanP 01:17, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dragons was a reference to the drawing, yes. I'm not totally happy about "who oppose infant circumcision", but not totally unhappy either, so I guess I won't object to it until I can think of something better. No major objection to ejaculation, as you have said 'possibly'. However, Senkul and Fink found the opposite effect, so it seems unlikely to me. In the long term, I wonder if we ought to move the discussion of 'pleasantness vs dulling' out of the introduction, and incorporate a lengthier discussion.

Additional (since I've got an edit conflict with Johntex): Agree to remove later links, and it seems that Johntex and I agree on conflicting claims. Let's make it a priority to either move claims below or link to a full discussion (med. analysis?). - Jakew 01:48, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry Jakew - I realy should have put my comment in a new section since it is off topic to what is being discussed here. I have moved it below.  I hope no one minds.  Johntex 01:52, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem, Johntex. I've removed the section heading, though, and retitled this one, since it's effectively the same topic. - Jakew 01:57, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hi folks - I've not been by for a while. It seems like some progress has been made at keeping the article more neutral than it was before. Two things I'd like to bring up: Johntex 01:42, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I have seen claims here at various times that an intact foreskin delays the male climax, and I've seen the opposite claim, that it speeds male climax.  I don't think this debate is dealt with very well yet.
 * 2) We need to quit linking Genital integrity every time it appears.  Guidelines are to link the first appearance.

-

I am wondering what Masters and Johnson have to say about gliding action. Is this an appropriate reference? I don't have a copy of their book handy.

Also, I have made some non-substantive edits mainly conform to Wiki style.

Generally, I am satisfied with the article as its stands, but I think Baby watching could be removed elsewhere.

Robert Blair 14:58, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Morris example
I raise objection to the following sentence that was added: ''For example in "Babywatching", Desmond Morris claims circumcision "has no effect, one way or the other, on the sexual performance of the adult male." ISBN 0224060112'' This article is about gliding action, not sexual performance in general. Such a statement is more appropriate to the circumcision article, and will no doubt invite broader debate into this article. DanP 08:04, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I note that Robert Blair also objects. I think it is appropriate to have it here, because proponents of gliding action theory argue that it is a very significant difference. While he doesn't address this directly, Morris directly opposes that, in effect saying that there is no difference.
 * Imagine that we were talking about little green men. Does Morris have to say that each individual little green man doesn't exist, or can he make a blanket statement that little green men, in general, do not exist? I argue that the latter statement is just as relevant to the question of the existence of any individual little green man. - Jakew 23:05, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The statement by Desmond Morris that circumcision "has no effect, one way or the other, on the sexual performance of the adult male" is beyond belief! How on earth can you cut off from an adult male's penis approximately 15 square inches of skin and mucosal tissue with a high concentration of nerve cells and not have some effect on sexual performance? Not just opponents of non-therapeutic circumcision of children disagree with Morris, circumcision enthusiasts also disagree. The men at Circlist discuss in great detail how circumcision affects sexual performance. In my opinion the quote from Desmond Morris is nonsense and should not be included in any article at Wikipedia. -- DanBlackham 23:58, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * DanBlackham, you can't just censor a respected author because you happen to disagree with him. It is completely inappropriate. - Jakew 00:15, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I agree his position is nonnsense but under NPOV he is entitled to be represented. But did he actually say anything about "gliding action". After all his book was published in 1991. It is 15 years out of date.

If we are more or less in agreement now, perhaps it is time to remove the totally disputed tag and leave this article alone.

Please tell me what Masters and Johnson said about gliding action in their 1966 book?

Robert Blair 03:12, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree that it's nonsense. After my adult circumcision, I noticed a small improvement, but nothing like the huge loss or huge gain claimed by some. Of course, that's anecdotal. We should stick to the evidence. I don't think we're in complete agreement yet, but perhaps we should replace TotallyDisputed with NPOV. My copy of M & J is on loan to a friend at present. From memory, they said something along the lines of "during intercourse, the foreskin effectively gets out of the way." - Jakew 13:37, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * That is not the point. If a broad Morris statement on sexual performance can be included here, so can broad statements of sexual performance by our side (O'Hara, Goldman, etc.).  It is not the perspective I object to (well it is, but that's not good enough to recommend deletion in this case), but the statement has broad reach beyond gliding action.  I hope you can see my point. DanP 14:51, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Doesn't hold water, logically. The article is about claim A. If broad claim B says that set C (which includes claim A) is null and void, then it is relevant. However, if broad claim D doesn't address claim A, but does not refute it either, it adds nothing of value. - Jakew 14:57, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * First, if claim D actually does support claim A, one could say it is relevant. One only needs claim D to be that circumcisions have broad negative consequence, one of which happens to be suppression of gliding action.  Second, based on the derivation you present, let D be men tested in the Kenyan HIV study, and let A by American men and their AIDS rates.  Suddenly you feel compelled to abandon your principle that no water is held. DanP 15:22, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

This is really very simple. This article contains claims that (1) circumcision affects Gliding Action and that (2) Gliding Action affects sexual performance. If those claims are both true, then logic dictates that circumcision must affect sexual performance. The Morris reference is directly on point. In that book, he claims that circumcision has no effect, one way or the other, on sexual performance. Whether any of us believe it is "nonsense" is not germaine. The book represents one published viewpoint on the issue. It is an appropriate counterpoint to the references (currently 7) quoted here that are addressing one or both of the claims. Johntex 16:44, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a finer point you miss. Several other authors take a firm view that sexual performance is affected, with gliding action being only one component.  If we state some broader version here that sexual performance is impacted (not just gliding action), the scope of the article grows.   I'm sure the pro-mutilation side doesn't want that either.  Bottom line: If a broad statement accepting of circumcision can be stated, so too can one be added that is broadly opposed to it.  Since this particular discussion has been going in circles, I will assume that adding such a broad statement is acceptable on the same grounds that it is merely inclusive of gliding action.  An opposing view specifically aimed at the the Babywatching sentence is available at .  It refers to O'Hara, and the vaginal interactions taking place, whereas the Morris does not cover that.  The case for including Morris, but not broad statements from other authors, right in this article is very weak.  DanP 18:32, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * An even finer point is that a quote broadly in favor of intactivism is not logically the same as Morris' quote. You are missing a point of logic similar to the well known logic statement concerning subsets: "all nickels are coins but all coins are not nickels".  Imagine if Morris had said, "all coins can be made out of silver".  Clearly, his quote includes nickels and would be relevant in an article on nickels.  On the other hand, if someone else said, "quarters can only be made out of gold", this quote clearly has no bearing on nickels and would therefore be out of place in an article about nickels.   A more subtle point is that a third person may say, "Some coins conduct electricity".  You don't know what type of coin the person is referring to, so this quote is out of place in an article on nickels.  Likewise, a quote saying "circumcision provides benefits to sexual performance" or "circumcision detracts from sexual performance" does NOT belong in an article on gliding action because you don't know if the author is claiming that the impact was due to a change in gliding action, or to some other feature of cicumsision.  Inclusive negations are logically different than inclusive affirmations.  In the coin metaphor, a quote directly on "gliding action" equates to quote about nickels.  A quote on some other aspect of circumsicion, such as "cancer of the penis" equates to a quote about quarters.  A quote broadly on cicumcision would be like a quote broadly about coins.  Johntex 19:49, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I don't have access to "Babywatching" and am just wondering where Morris gets his claim from? What kind of study did he carry out, what are the exact figures etc. Since the article does not mention this, whereas it does with the other studies mentioned, it sounds it is just Morris' POV! Aside from this, I agree that the Morris example does not belong in this article anyway, for the convincing reasons others have already given. --Raye 22:12, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Johntex, I have to disagree with you with regard to inclusive negations and inclusive affirmations. DeMorgan's law is being misapplied. While I see your point if it were based on actual fact and not a quote, it is not the nature of existential quantifiers that is the problem here. The problem is the fact that the Morris sentence is an opinionated universal quantifier which ought to be instantiated to only one form of harm. Instead it is overreaching (for all X, X is false -- even though the article is only about X-sub-1), so the inclusion of that sentence (intentionally or not) is automatically denying the existence of other forms of harm (such as loss of sensory nerve endings, and glans protection). I am not proposing the use of an existential quantifier to remedy this (ie. X-sub-2 is true,etc.) to separately affirm anything, but instead I'm proposing that mention of O'Hara might include a broader statement of equal universality (for all X). If we can overreach to unrelated topics beyond gliding actions in one viewpoint, then you need to permit all viewpoints to do this. To use your analogy, you are permitting some arbitrary opinion "no coins have monetary value" to justify the claim that pennies have no monetary value, which serves to further hint that nickels do not have value either as though saying so is merely a disjoint subset of no impact. This is clearly beyond attacking the penny, and the claim that "all coins have monetary value" is not magically less valid quotation, and asserts the value existance of nickels just as well as the other opinion discards them. How dare you devalue our nickel during your campaign against the penny! Seriously both statements are inclusive, not exclusive in their assertion. The negation is inside the quantifier, not outside. DanP 23:31, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi DanP, thanks for your explanation, and for giving me a flashback to classes I took long, long ago. I think a simple explanation of DeMorgans law is:
 * not (x and y) = (not x) or (not y)
 * not (x or y) = (not x) and (not y)
 * I do agree with you on two of your points. The first case "not (x and y)" is essentially what Morris is saying.  Or more accurately "not (x1 and x2... and y1 and y2...) if we take x1=benefit to sexual function of gliding action and x2=benefit to sexual function of preserving lots of nerve endings and y1=downside to sexual function due to quicker ejaculation and y2=downside to sexual function due to ___, and whatever else might be alleged to change for men who are circumcized.  This is similar to your "for all X, X is false" description of Morris.  I am glad that you see that Morris includes Gliding Action in his statement.  Others who have discussed Morris here have not understood that.
 * I also agree with you that the statement "all coins have monetary value" would be equally applicable, logically, to the article on the nickel as "no coins have monetary value".
 * To bring it back to this article, however, we don't have that situation. No one has suggested including the equivalent of the "all coins have monetary value" quote.  A quote like that would need to say "Every known aspect of male circumcision affects sexual performance".  Were such a quote as that proposed, I would agree that it would logically be inclusive of Gliding action. However:
 * In an encyclopedia article such as this, one would tend to find the most applicable quotes. Therefore, since there is a finely tuned O'Hara quote available, one would use it over a broader O'Hara quote.  If someone produces a quote that makes a more narrow counter claim, such as "Gliding action has no impact on sexual performance", I would certainly favor using it over the Morris quote.
 * An encyclopeia must also strive to strike an appropriate balance. Including 1 or 2 contrarian quotes is a service to the reader.  Taking the inclusion of such a quote to mean (n) additional quotes in support should be included is not a good service.  Likewise, matching quote for quote with each "side" getting (n) quotes is not the right answer either.
 * On a seperate note: I want to point out that Morris is no more "accepting of circumcision" than he is "accepting of intactivism".  His claim is that there is no difference either way.  He does not support one side or the other.  Johntex 01:41, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Johntex, you cannot allow Morris to define the universe of discourse any more than O'Hara. Set U is not every imaginable form of harm.  If U is the collection of sexual harms as indicated by O'Hara, the article should allow her quote equally, as U is the set of harms, not "every aspect". Morris is not saying "not (x and y)", but rather "(not X) and (not y)", denying all of them, not just the conjunction.  Morris is firmly denying those elements of O'Hara's (set U).  Therefore a statement like "O'Hara mentions many aspects of male circumcision that greatly harm sexual performance, and loss of gliding action is one of them" is an equivalent statement to Morris's equally wide-reaching claim which serves to deny these other sexual harms.  At this point, the article is one-sided and attempts to quote nothing asserting sexual harm beyond gliding action, but it does have the Morris quote denying all of them.  While Morris does not have a finely tuned quote, you can bet that a wide-reaching quote of any opponent that "circumcision has no medical benefit" inserted by our side in a more-specific article (say on penile cancer) would be instantly deleted by the pro-mutilation side.  The quote cannot over-reach, no matter the intent.  Morris is flatly denying every form of sexual harm, that much is clear.  We can find authors that flatly deny every form of medical benefit, and I would love to quote them in articles even where the author never addressed the specific topic like you describe-- they are routinely deleted as POV!  Are you saying you support this behavior and will defend such quotes?  It sounds, by your reasoning, that you are. DanP 18:33, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This is an article on gliding action. Desmond Morris doesn't even mention gliding action. If we're going to include him, we should say that he doesn't actually mention gliding action. As it is, including his reference in the article suggests that Morris has examined it, and there's no evidence he has. —Ashley Y 10:09, 2005 Feb 4 (UTC)

 * In any case, this is a generalised statement not specific to the subject of the article and should be removed unless something specific can be found. —Ashley Y 10:32, 2005 Feb 4 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gliding action/Archive/1


text:
Whitefish Bay High School

Whitefish Bay High School is a comprehensive public secondary school located in the village of Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, United States. Enrollment is around 950 students, in grades 9 through 12.

The school newspaper, the Tower Times, and the school yearbook, The Tower, both refer to the school building's five-story tower and facade that rise over the main entrance. The central original building and tower, completed in 1932, were designed by Herbert W. Tullgren, a prominent Milwaukee architect.

The school colors are blue and grey. The school's mascot is the "Blue Duke". Whitefish Bay is a member of the North Shore Conference for athletic competition.

Activities
Student extracurricular activities include student government, forensics (individual events), debate, drama, and sports. A student activity fair is held in September to publicize clubs and activities.

Music
Whitefish Bay High School offers choir, orchestra and band programs to its students in all grades. The orchestra has biennial overseas concerts/trips and the band has an annual stateside trip for seniors.

Athletics
The school sports program offers the following sports:
 * Boys: football, cross country, soccer, volleyball, skiing, basketball, track and field, tennis, baseball, swimming and diving, golf, and wrestling
 * Girls: cross country, soccer, volleyball, skiing, basketball, track and field, tennis, softball, swimming and diving, golf, gymnastics, and wrestling

WFBHS won state championships in boys' cross country in 1955, 1957, 1961 and 1962.

Notable alumni

 * Nick Bellore - NFL football player
 * Craig Counsell - Manager of the Chicago Cubs Baseball Team
 * Richard W. Conway — industrial engineer, computer scientist, and emeritus in the Grad School of Management (Cornell)
 * Randy Dean - NFL player, handball player at the 1976 Summer Olympics
 * Robert Dean - handball player at the 1976 Summer Olympics
 * Bernardine Rae Dohrn - co-founder of the Weather Underground
 * Matthea Harvey - poet
 * Daniel Hirsh - actor and filmmaker
 * Jeffrey Hunter - actor
 * Kristen Johnston - actress
 * Dennis Kois - museum director
 * Niels Mueller - screenwriter, director, producer
 * Samuel Page - actor
 * Mike Schneck - NFL player
 * Donald K. Stitt - chair of the Republican Party of Wisconsin
 * Meredith Tax - writer and political activist
 * Chip Zien - actor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Whitefish Bay High School


text:
TLU

TLU may mean:

Computing

 * Tape Library Unit, an individual computer storage tape library
 * Threshold Logical Unit in neural networks

Universities

 * Tallinn University
 * Texas Lutheran University
 * "The Lords University", a jocular acronym referring to BYU, Brigham Young University

Transportation

 * Golfo de Morrosquillo Airport (IATA airport code: TLU; ICAO airport code: SKTL) in Tolú, Sucre, Colombia
 * Aero Toluca Internactional (ICAO airline code: TLU), see List of airline codes (A)
 * The London Underground, the subway of London, England, UK

Other uses

 * The Last of Us (series), a video game series and media franchise
 * The Last of Us (2013 videogame) first game in the series
 * Tulehu language (ISO 639 language code: tlu)
 * St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union
 * Tropical Livestock Unit

title: TLU


text:
Talk:Compartment (heraldry)

What's a "main in chains"? No such meaning in http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main. Sebastian 02:25, 2005 Feb 5 (UTC)

Arms of Gisborne
"The arms of Gisborne, New Zealand contain another unique compartment.[6]" Any chance of telling us what this compartment contains and why it is unique, as the link is broken? Kiltpin (talk) 11:38, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

I have found a good link, but do not know how to incorporate it into the article. It is: http://www.ngw.nl/int/nzl/gisborne.htm I will keep trying, but in the mean time there it is if anyone else knows how. Kiltpin (talk) 15:33, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

Seems I found a way of edditing it. Kiltpin (talk) 15:40, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Compartment (heraldry)


text:
Trégorrois Breton dialect

Trégorrois Breton is the dialect of Breton spoken in Trégor (Bro-Dreger in Breton).

Distinguishing characteristics
Trégorrois differs from other varieties of the language in a number of ways:

 * It always uses the possessive hon (often pronounced hom) whereas the other dialects use hol before l, hon before n,d,t,h and vowels, and hor before all others (these other forms are nonetheless understood because of exposure to hymns and songs, for instance)
 * After the possessive hon, Trégorrois makes a sibilant variation (e.g., where Vannetais uses /hon tu/, or Cornouaillais and Léonard hon ti, Trégorrois says hon zi)
 * The h is very aspirated (e.g., in he)
 * Different from Léonard, z is generally not pronounced (nor is it in Cornouaillais and Vannetais)
 * The tonic accent is very strong (for example, bihan is pronounced /b:in/)
 * Certain constructions are preferred. For instance, me a wel ac'hanout or plijet on ouzh da welout instead of plijet on o welout ac'hanout
 * Frequently the 'd' will not mutate into a z where it would in the other dialects (for example, ar paotr a dañs)
 * The glyph w is generally pronounced ou (e.g., war is pronounced /uar/), unlike Léonard dialect where it is pronounced /v/

There are several other pronunciation details. For example, an heol is pronounced /ãn heul/ (compare to the /ar mur/ of Kemper). This is possible in Trégorrois because the very strong aspiration of /h/ avoids any confusion with the word 'oil' (eoul).

Finally, future endings are different. The future of Middle Breton was -homp, -het, -hont. Trégorrois moved from h to f (forms in -fomp, -fet, -font, etc.). (Compare with the forms -ahomp, -ahet, -ahont of Vannetais, due to the appearance of an -a- elision (pronounced /e/).

Source
This article is based on the French-language Wikipedia's article: Breton trégorrois.

title: Trégorrois Breton dialect


text:
Category:Photographic films

This category contains different makes of photographic films.

title: Category:Photographic films


text:
User:Stolethis

Stolethis
Stolethis, otherwise known as That Guy or Shut Up, Dumbass is a user on Wikipedia. He also frequents other sites such as Newgrounds and Gamefaqs. He enjoys writing about himself in the third person because it makes him fell superior to the rest of you. He also realizes these are some pretty lame excuses for jokes so to add someting mildly funny and extrodinarily random to this otherwise mundane page, here is a picture of Towelie.

title: User:Stolethis


text:
Talk:Achelous

Comments
I've added some more information and have included my references. Mainly, I've added the bit about how Achelous looked like (at least according to myth), and have added a bit more about the myths and legends surrounding him. Ekpardo 02:34, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

"He was also considered a storm-god." This has been in the text since the Stone Age. I doubt that a rivergod is a stormgod (it doesn't work in the Greek vision of the hydrological cycle, but seems modern: "rains fill the rivers, right?" Can anyone come up with a scrap of quote to link Achelous to a storm? --Wetman 02:29, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I couldn't find any references for this either, and I think it might be a good idea to delete this reference. Ekpardo 02:34, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Eleven months' notice should be enough. Out it goes. --Wetman 14:55, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

paternity
The former unsourced statement that Achelous was the son of Poseidon may have simply confused Poseidon with Okeanos. A request for a citation produced no response. I deleted it. --Wetman 23:39, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 06:36, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Natalis Comes
, You reverted my removal of the sentence beginning "According to the Renaissance mythographer Natalis Comes". I'd rather hoped you'd seen the discussion at Talk:Zeus with and  and would join in if you didn't like the way it was going, or had seen the discussion at Talk:Ares just after you and I and  had been talking about sourcing needs. Do we need a yet more central location to discuss whether we treat Natalis Comes as a reliable source or his theories as worthy of mention? NebY (talk) 00:26, 7 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing this discussion here. Unfortunately I haven't followed either of the discussions you mention, but if anyone is saying that Natalis Comes is an inherently unreliable source, and should never be used on Wikipedia, than I would have to respectfully but strongly disagree. It's my opinion that the statement removed is verifiably correct, relevant, and presented in the appropriate context with the appropriate weight. If you would like to present any arguments as to why any of that is untrue I would be very interested and hope to be persuaded ;-) Or if you would simply like me to elaborate on why I think all these things are true, I would be happy to expound at length ;-) However, just at the moment, I am very busy, and will be for the next few days, and unfortunately will have limited time for discussing any of this. Regards, Paul August ☎ 10:48, 7 January 2022 (UTC)
 * , that's fine, I can take the time too. For starters, Comes is a primary source in Wikipedia's terms but of course not a contemporary one. We do use primary sources extensively in our mythology articles in an implicit WP:LOCALCONSENSUS, true, and often indiscriminately, but at least they usually have the benefit of coming from the period of Greek and Roman paganism. Even if we ignore that, he's largely decried as unreliable, to put it mildly; do we have sources saying he is reliable? Even as unreliable, it might be relevant to mention him in describing, for example, Renaissance or later artworks that were influenced by his depiction of classical mythology, especially if they would otherwise be mysterious and inexplicable, but that's not what we have in this article. Anyway, I'll look forward to your exposition! NebY (talk) 20:27, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

 * It occurs to me that perhaps there is some confusion here. The sentence being discussed is this:
 * According to the Renaissance mythographer Natalis Comes, Alcaeus had Achelous as the son of Ocean and Earth.

 * This is asserting that Natalis Comes wrote that the 7th-6th-century BC poet Alcaeus, wrote (somewhere) that Achelous, the river god, was the son of "Ocean and Earth" The citation being given here, for this assertion, is: "Alcaeus fr. 450 Campbell", which is taken from this work, listed in the "Reference" section as:

 * Campbell, David A., Greek Lyric, Volume I: Sappho and Alcaeus, Loeb Classical Library No. 142, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-674-99157-5. Online version at Harvard University Press.

 * This text is a compilation of the fragments of the lost works of the ancient poets Sappho and Alcaeus of Mytilene. Here is it's entry for what it lists as Alcaeus fragment 450:

 * 450 (Voigt) Comes Natalis Myth. 7. 2 (p. 714 ed. Francof. 1581)
 * Alcaeus Oceani et Terrae filium esse (Acheloum) sensit.

 * which Campbell translates as:
 * Alcaeus saw that Achelous1 was the son of Ocean and Earth.
 * 1 River, boundary between Acarnania and Aetolia; cf. Sa. 212.

 * So, Natalis Comes, is *not* the source being used here (by us), rather the source being used is Campbell. Paul August ☎ 12:39, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you for quoting all that; I don't have full access to the Loeb page. I'm hardly familiar with Renaissance Latin but I don't see how we can translate "sensit" as "had" or "wrote (somewhere)". Campbell gives "saw", and it seems to me that Comes claims Alcaeus understood Achelous to be etc., which is a much weaker and less explicit claim, perhaps deliberately so - rather more like "Alcaeus doesn't come right out and say it, but t think he understands that..." Am I going to have to read Comes to find out how he argued it?
 * Secondly, Campbell (or his predecessors) is diligently compiling and presenting every fragment concerning Alcaeus. Is our task to compile every mention of Achelous likewise, however weak or minor? I like our term "editors"; we choose what to present; we're discriminating about our subjects and our sources, about due weight and ultimately about encyclopedic value. We leave out all sorts of details not just outright trivia. Why should we choose to include and give credit to Comes' supposition? NebY (talk) 16:11, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes, after establishing whether the statement in question is verifiably accurate (which I think we have done), the next question is, is that statement worth having in the article? Hesiod has Achelous, along with all of the other river-gods, as the son of Titans Oceanus and Tethys. However, according to Sevius, Achelous was said to be the son of Gaia (Achelous Terrae fuisse filius dicitur). So Natalis Comes' report that Alcaeus of Mytilene, also had Achelous as the son of Gaia (and Oceanus), gives some important contex for Servius' statement, and suggests that there was, perhaps a much earlier tradition, of a differerent parentage for Alcaeus, than that of Hesiod, reaching at least as far back as Alcaeus (late 7th century BC)! This becomes particularly important when considering that, in some contexts apparently, Achelous was identified  with Oceanus (see Fowler 2013, p. 12), as well as when considering the possibility that Achelous may even have predated Oceanus as the original Greek water-god (see section "Possible Origins"). Notice that Smith s.v. Achelous, thought enough of the importance of Comes' statement to cite it in his second sentence! Surely, then, it can find a place in our order of magnitude larger article.

 * How to best express Campbell's "Alcaeus saw" is, of course, another matter. I wouldn't object to your "Alcaeus understood ...", but in my opinion "Alcaeus had" is better, since it is almost certainly the case that Natalis Comes had before him the text of a poem by Alcaeus in which there was a passing poetic reference to Alcaeus such as: "O Achelous, son of Gaia and Oceanus, you king of rivers ..." (see Homer, Iliad 21.194–199).
 * Paul August ☎ 12:56, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Apologies for going AWOL mid-conversation; I'm not going to be able to do much on Wikipedia for some time.
 * Yes, about 175 years ago, Schmitz (L.S.) mentioned Comes in his second sentence. We can be more particular about our sourcing and recognise that though the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology is conveniently available online, that is due to its antiquity. Wikipedia prefers more modern scholarship.
 * We don't have evidence that Comes had Alcaeus's text in front of him; rather the contrary. In de Achelous, a chapter of about 100 lines in a 1567 Venetian edition, Comes quotes six lines of Sophocles in Greek, followed by a six-line Latin translation, and four lines of Euripides alongside a Latin translation, as well as two lines of Ovid and one of Virgil, specifying the play or poem in each case, but only "Achaeus (sic) Oceani & Terrae filium esse sensit, at Hecataeus Solis et Terrae."
 * I notice the Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd edition) has "Achelous was personified early as a water and river-god ((the son of Oceanus and Gaia (Ge)) .... For his mythology and widespread depiction in art, see H.P.Isler, LIMC 1/1 (1981) 12-36." We have other LIMC and Isler references in the article but not that, which might be worth reading; perhaps it contains a more secure and WP:RS foundation, whether for accepting Comes' claim or by another route. It might at least explain why William M Murray chose to mention that parentage alone in his OCD article. NebY (talk) 13:44, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
 * , Oops, can't assume you're still watching this and should have pinged you. NebY (talk) 13:50, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Achelous


text:
Talk:Honesty (plant)

Convert to redirect to Lunaria - MPF 02:29, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Honesty (plant)


text:
Nova (eikaiwa)

Nova (formerly Nova Group) is a large eikaiwa school (private English teaching company) in Japan. It was by far the largest company of this type until its widely publicized collapse in October 2007. Before its bankruptcy, Nova employed approximately 15,000 people across a group of companies that supported the operations of and extended out from the "Intercultural Network" of its language schools. The scope of its business operations reached its peak in February 2007 following a rapid expansion of its chain to 924 Nova branches plus a Multimedia Center located in Osaka.

Nova, known for high-priced lesson packages and later plagued by lawsuits and negative publicity, began to decline in earnest almost immediately after the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry placed a six-month ban against soliciting new long-term contracts from students on the company on 13 June 2007. The impending financial crisis facing Nova related to a rapid increase in refund claims, significant drops in sales figures, and deterioration of its reputation, came to a head in September 2007 when Nova began to delay payment of wages and bonuses to staff. The NAMBU Foreign Workers Caucus in Tokyo estimated that up to 3,000 staff had not received their salaries on time. A solution for Nova's failure to pay wages was promised by 19 October in a fax sent to branch schools. On 23 October the Osaka Labor Standards office accepted a demand by unionized Nova instructors to investigate criminal charges against Nova President and founder, Nozomu Sahashi, over delayed and unpaid wages, but Sahashi was ultimately not charged.

It took roughly eight months for the company to reach the point where it filed for bankruptcy protection on 26 October 2007, whereupon the trading of its stock was suspended and was delisted on 27 November 2007. On 6 November 2007 court-appointed receivers announced that Nagoya-based G.Communication would sponsor Nova. Initial plans by G.com were to start with reopening up to 30 schools in various locations including Tokyo and Osaka by the end of November 2007. G.com later sold off its 490 Nova and 167 GEOS English schools on 1 October 2010 to Inayoshi Holdings, with 50 of the GEOS schools slated to join the Nova group under the name "Nova x Geos" on 1 November 2010. As of 1 February 2012 Nova is owned by Jibun Mirai Associe Co. Ltd. On 2 September 2013 Jibun Mirai established a wholly owned subsidiary called Nova and fully reinstated the name Nova.

As of January 2014 Nova operates 310 branches, with 66,000 students. In January 2020, Monogusa introduced the learning app "Monoxer", which will be provided by the company to all school buildings of Nova in the Business Course/TOEIC Course starting in January 2020.

History
The Nova Group was founded in August 1981 and was led by CEO Nozomu Sahashi. Nova's corporate headquarters were in Osaka. The company was the largest employer of foreign nationals in Japan, employing 7,000 foreign workers, 5,000 of whom were employed as language instructors. Each year, Nova hired between 2,500 and 2,600 foreign teachers to replace those who had left. Although instructors were not required to have actual educational training, the company provided a salary bonus for teachers with an accredited TEFL certificate, any master's degree, or a degree in education. Teachers were admitted directly after university graduation with any degree that allowed them to obtain a work visa. Instructors from participating countries who can obtain a Working Holiday Visa were admitted without a degree. They worked fewer hours and earned less pay than full-time instructors.

Sahashi originally established the company with two high school graduates from Sweden and Canada whom he met via a friend who was studying abroad in Paris. They opened the first classroom in Shinsaibashi, Osaka. The name Nova (an astronomical term for a stellar explosion) was chosen by Sahashi as he felt it would appeal to prospective students. In November 1996, Nova's initial public offering was met with several demonstrations in front of Nomura Securities and the Tokyo Stock Exchange. A complaint filed by The Nova Union stated that the company was violating Japanese exchange laws by falsely stating that there were no unions at Nova, nor pending litigation, and that labor relations between the company and its employees were amicable and untroubled.

Since 1997, Nova steadily expanded the number of its schools as its business grew, going from 239 schools to 623 in 2004. By 2002, Nova had captured 50% of total market share by revenue (61.5 billion yen) and in 2003, Nova had gained a 66% market share by number of students, some 410,000 students in total. However 2005 saw Nova lose ground in total sales revenue.

The company was in the red in the business year ending in March for the second consecutive year, posting net losses of 3 billion yen in fiscal 2005 and 2.4 billion yen in fiscal 2006 after a failed expansion attempt. The number of students fell to 418,000 by the end of March: down 12.1 percent from a year earlier. On 20 September 2007, NOVA announced it was considering a large-scale closure of up to 200 branches.

Events after the collapse
The announcement of court protection and the admission that operations at all Nova branches would be temporarily shut down shocked the estimated 420,000 Nova students as some of them had paid their tuition in advance and feared their money might not be refunded. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry asked the Japan Association for the Promotion of Foreign Language Education, an industry body, to call on its member schools to accept Nova students. METI also requested consumer credit companies not to seek loan repayments from the 20% of Nova students who paid their tuition with loans because Nova has ceased operations and they could not take lessons.

Nova President Nozomu Sahashi, missing since before his dismissal, was officially replaced by three board members, including co-founder Anders Lundqvist. The Osaka Labor Bureau, a local branch of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, launched a consulting counter with five interpreters for foreign Nova instructors.

The immediate effect of collapse of Nova was the sudden unemployment of approximately 4,500 foreign teaching staff and 2,000 Japanese workers. The desperate situation of many of the foreign teachers raised concerns over an apparent lack of an adequate safety net for foreign workers in Japan. Some teachers could not even afford a plane ticket home. The Australian and British embassies in Japan set up information pages on their websites to assist their nationals and Qantas airline offered reduced airfares for Australian Nova employees wishing to return to Australia. The collapse led to huge increases in union membership, particularly in NUGW Tokyo Nambu (future Tozen Union) and in Osaka's General Union. The unions had a chance to appeal their case to the public thanks to extensive coverage on TV, radio and newspaper. The unexpected influx of ex-Nova teachers on the job market led to immense numbers of applicants vying for a much smaller number of employment opportunities. Language education companies, even some outside Japan, attempted to tap into this labor force.

The publicity, generated by the collapse in Japan and in other countries, also threatened to damage the reputation of Japan's foreign language industry although the Japanese government attempted to minimize the damage by pledging non-specific support despite remaining essentially uninvolved in the chaotic collapse. The government did set up a special consultation booth briefly at the Hello Work public employment office in Shinjuku in Tokyo for Nova instructors seeking advice but maintained its distance as its position was that the bankruptcy of Japan's biggest foreign language school chain was a private sector matter.

Although Nova was unable to successfully attract a corporate partner to stave off the bankruptcy, twelve companies quickly applied for sponsorship to rebuild Nova Corp, some of which made specific proposals to turn around the company.

Restructuring
On 7 November 2007, G.Communication, a Nagoya-based operator of cram schools, language schools and restaurant chains announced it had been unofficially selected to take over part of the operations of failed Nova Corp before any official decision by the board of trustees had been released. G.Education Co, a subsidiary of G.communication, would take over part of Nova's operations in addition to the chain of EC Inc English conversation schools of Hokkaido it runs. Nova Corp assets not absorbed by G.communication would be liquidated by court appointed administrators. The administrators claimed they had to select a sponsor quickly even before the court approved Nova's reconstruction program as value of Nova corporate assets were eroding each day as employees and students left.

Initial plans by G.communication were to start with reopening the Nova Kurokawa school in Nagoya's Kita Ward with the intention to reopen up to 30 schools in various locations including Tokyo & Osaka by the end of November 2007. G.communication held several briefing sessions for Nova employees and foreign teachers about their reemployment. Although many of the foreign teachers were not subsequently re-employed, G.communication has opened 465 schools as of January 2010.

G.communication Co. sold off the Nova and Geos chains of English schools on 1 October 2010. An investment company led by Masaki Inayoshi, who formerly served as chairman of G.communication, purchased the subsidiary of the Nagoya-based firm that ran both GEOS and Nova. At the time of sale, Nova had 490 locations and Geos 167.

Nova changed ownership again in 2012, being purchased by Jibun Mirai Associe Co. Ltd. However G.communication continues to operate some Nova schools through its subsidiaries G.networks and G.taste, under license from Jibun Mirai Associe.

Branches as of 2012
As of May 2012 there are 212 Nova branches operating. 211 are located across Japan: nineteen in Hokkaido, nineteen in Kyushu, ten in Chugoku, six in Shikoku, thirty-six in Kansai, seventy-six in Kanto, and forty-five in Chubu; Nova has one branch located in Hawaii.

Marketing and services
Prior to its 2007 bankruptcy, the language school chain aggressively operated extensive advertising campaigns in print and on television and had a very high profile and strong brand recognition. Until a short time before its collapse, Nova used an animated pink rabbit (the "Nova Usagi") as the popular face of the company, which appeared often as the focus of Nova's TV commercials and other advertisements. The rabbit appealed strongly to children and became extremely popular. The introduction of "Nova Usagi" merchandise saw sales of over 260 million yen in the first two weeks of availability. Nova partially discontinued using the rabbit in January 2003 after JSPCA animal rights activists lodged a protest over a commercial that featured the rabbit getting its ears ripped off, citing concerns of its impact on children's awareness of death.

Many Nova branches were (and still are) located near train stations, and the company used the term ekimae ryūgaku ("study abroad near the train station": 駅前留学) in its promotional materials. The catch phrase helped Nova to become the nation's biggest chain of English language schools. It similarly promoted its interactive multimedia network as ochanoma ryūgaku ("study abroad from the living room": お茶の間留学).

Nova's success was also attributed to its promises of a foreign teacher, smaller class sizes than its rivals, and an appointment system that allowed students to schedule and attend class at their convenience. However, in 1997, 18 students filed a grievance with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government claiming they were unable to make lesson appointments when they wanted, despite the school's advertisements that its students could reserve classes "at any time". The students said they had purchased hundreds of tickets when joining the school, but found it impossible to use them all by the expiry date due to inflexible scheduling procedures. Nova agreed to a proposal by the Damage Relief Committee to repay a total of 3.8 million yen and said the dispute had been the result of a misunderstanding.

Services
The company offered English courses for adults, children, business English and test preparation (TOEFL, TOEIC) as well as Chinese, French, Spanish, Italian, and German instruction. Through subsidiaries, the company also offered telecommunications and travel agency services and in-house English instruction, translation and interpretation services for Japanese corporations. While Nova's main product was English language services, the company shifted some of its focus toward China, as 100,000 of its students studied Chinese.

Instructor employment system

 * Full-time instructor
 * Five day work week of eight 44-minute lessons per day. Duties may include cleaning or distributing tissues during free lessons.
 * 200,000 yen monthly salary which may vary depending on class capacity. Teachers are paid more for full or one on one classes, less for one or two student classes.
 * Transport allowance included in salary.
 * 10 paid holidays per year in the first 12-month contract. Different schools vary in whether they give public holidays or not.

Drug testing
In 1994, after two instructors were arrested on drug charges in August and September, Nova asked all 3,100 instructors to sign an agreement to have a mandatory drug test, the results of which would be reported to the police. The drug test only applied to foreign staff. The Osaka Bar Association wrote an opinion that the policy was a violation of the teachers' right to privacy. Nova claimed consent forms had been received from more than 90 percent of employees. According to the union, no instructors were ever required to take a drug test.

Shakai hoken
In March 2005, after NUGW Tokyo Nambu and the General Union filed a complaint, Nova and other English schools in Japan were investigated by the Social Insurance Agency for not enrolling employees in Social Insurance (社会保険,). The law stipulates that companies with full-time workers who have been in Japan for more than two months must enroll them in the system. Payment is split between employer and employee, each paying about half the monthly premium amount.

In June 2005, Nova amended its working times for instructors and standardized lesson length to 40 minutes, with two minutes either side for lesson planning and student evaluation, resulting in a total lesson time of 44 minutes. Six to eleven minutes of unpaid time was left between classes. As a result of changes to working hours, regular non-titled teachers whose work weeks were reduced to slightly under 30 hours became ineligible for shakai hoken, giving an estimated savings to the company of over one billion yen in annual premium payments. Such employees can register for National Health Insurance (a different system to Shakai Hoken), although this system does not offer coverage for time taken off work due to illness. Nova also offered its own private insurance program.

Anti-fraternization policy
After six employees were fired for violating a clause in their contracts that forbade interaction between students and instructors outside the classroom, a complaint was filed with the Osaka Bar Association by two employees who were members of the General Union, one of whom had been dismissed as a result of the policy. The two instructors claimed the policy violated their human rights and argued it was racial discrimination since it only applied to foreigners. The clause in Nova's labor contract stated that foreign teachers "should not have a relationship with customers outside the workplace." The Osaka Bar Association subsequently issued a non-binding recommendation that the company drop the clause, saying that it restricted instructors' freedom of association and discriminated between foreign and Japanese staff. The company said the clause was there to "protect both the teachers and the students from trouble, as they do not know each other's cultures and customs."

On 11 December 2005, an Australian who had been teaching in an Osaka Nova branch reached an out-of-court settlement of ¥400,000 and a letter of commendation after claiming that the policy had interfered with his life. The then 30-year-old teacher had been demoted and transferred to another school branch in 2004 when Nova found out he had a relationship with a 21-year-old student.

Contested dismissals
In November 2004, union supporters gathered outside Nova's Shinjuku Honko school, protesting dismissals of five teachers, three of whom had been working at Nova for more than 10 years. All were members of the Nova union (a branch of the NUGW). The union alleged they were dismissed due to their union activities.

In March 2006, Kara Harris reached a financial settlement with Nova for approximately 7 million yen after she had been dismissed following her request to be made a permanent employee during negotiations with Nova over her sixth consecutive contract. Nova had originally offered her a 12-month extension and, after disputes with her manager over several issues, she sued Nova for wrongful dismissal. Successive courts found that Harris was unfairly treated by Nova.

Unions
Throughout Japan staff at Nova are represented by various unions. In Kyushu some staff belong to the Fukuoka General union, in Kansai some instructors belong to the General Union. Both of these unions belong to the National Union of General Workers, which is itself a member of the confederation Zenrokyo (National Trade Union Council).

Concerns about refund policy
On 14 February 2007, the Ministry of Trade, Economy and Industry and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government conducted on-the-spot inspections at Nova Headquarters in Osaka and several other branches. Officials said that several Nova schools failed to give full refunds to students who canceled their remaining lessons after paying in advance. Other clients said that Nova refused to accept unconditional cancellation of lessons, claiming the eight-day "cooling-off" period had expired, and had also deceived students by giving false information about their cancellation procedures. The Kyoto Consumers Contract Network NPO also expressed similar concerns. Reductions in the number of teaching staff since 2004 had created a situation where students found it increasingly difficult to schedule classes, precipitating a substantial increase in complaints. During the February office inspections the Ministry discovered a memo in which Sahashi stated there was no need to stop pushing sales despite difficulties meeting student reservations due to teacher shortages. Consumer centers nationwide received more than 1,000 complaints and queries regarding Nova annually and the National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan says it received some 7,600 complaints or inquiries about Nova's contract and cancellation policies between 1996 and March 2007.

Under Nova's system, students bought points in advance to pay for their lessons. The larger number of points they bought, the smaller the individual class fee became. The case taken to the top court involved a former student who had purchased 600 points at a rate of 1,200 yen per lesson. The student canceled the contract after using 386 points, Nova offered a refund based on a calculation that 300 points were bought, resulting in a price of 1,750 yen per lesson. Nova said the value of the used points should be calculated as having been bought in smaller lots.

The Asahi Shimbun cites an example of a contract for 100 lessons, which would cost 230,000 yen in advance, for a per-lesson fee of 2,300 yen. A contract for 600 lessons would require an advance payment of 720,000 yen, or 1,200 yen per class. But if a person with a contract for 600 lessons canceled after taking only 100 classes, Nova would apply the fee of 2,300 yen per lesson, and the student would receive a refund of 490,000 yen. Such students say the contract for 1,200 yen per lesson should have applied in these cases, which would result in a refund of 600,000 yen.

Supreme Court appeal rejected
On 4 April 2007, Nova's appeal on two lower court rulings was rejected by the Supreme Court which described Nova's refund policy as invalid and in violation of specified commercial transaction law. The ruling prompted the Ministry of Trade, Economy and Industry to revise the regulations for the specified commercial transaction law to prevent a recurrence of trouble.

On 13 June 2007, LDP Lower House member Yasuhide Nakayama acknowledged he was accompanied by Sahashi and vouched for the company during a meeting with Osaka Mayor Junichi Seki on the morning of 22 May 2006, during the court dispute over the company's refund system. Nakayama, who was elected from an Osaka constituency (of which Sahashi was a member of the lawmaker's support organization) recalled saying at the time that it was "not right by social norms that Nova's refund rule is unacceptable" and explained "it is a politician's job to help out when a supporter is in trouble." Nakayama stated it was not his intention to exert pressure and Mayor Seki said he did not think the judgment of city officials was swayed by the lawmaker's visit.

Industry minister Akira Amari also admitted on 22 June 2007 that he met with Yasuhide Nakayama earlier that year in February shortly after his ministry began investigating the school. Nakayama sought a meeting with Amari to express concern that the ministry might discipline the school over its fee discount system. Amari stated that Nakayama did not try to sway him from punitive action.

Business restrictions imposed
On 13 June 2007, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry imposed a six-month ban on Nova from soliciting, accepting or finalizing new contracts for long-term courses that last for over a year or 70 hours. The ban was imposed because of issues regarding refunds for the cancellation of contracts. The six months suspension order did not affect those who had already signed up for lessons, meaning that Nova's students were able to continue taking classes.

The ministry also said that Nova failed to comply with a "cooling-off" system provided for in the specified commercial transaction law. Under this system, consumers can cancel a contract without conditions if the cancellation is made within eight days from when the contract was signed. At Nova, potential students first registered their name, address and other data before finalizing their contracts. An official application to the school was made several days later, after the details of the contract are decided upon. Nova told students who wanted to quit that they could not use the cooling-off system, claiming that the day students registered their data was the first day of the contract.

On 15 June 2007, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare said that Nova's English language courses would no longer qualify for government subsidies for those engaged in educational training authorized by the welfare ministry to improve the abilities of the unemployed and other people. In 1999, Nova's 32 courses were approved for the subsidies program. In fiscal 2006, about 4,700 people received a total of 560 million yen in subsidies under the program. Since 1999, around 71,000 Nova students received a total of about 16.1 billion yen in such subsidies. Nova submitted a business improvement plan to the Tokyo government in late June 2007 as required by the METI conditions. Originally instructed to submit the plan on 10 June, Nova postponed the submission until 24 June. The plan was rejected on the basis that it was lacking in concrete details and the planned improvement measures were deemed "insufficient". Nova was requested to submit an additional report.

Events following restrictions
In an interview in The Daily Yomiuri on 16 June 2007, Sahashi said he was considering offers of capital and business alliances from several companies in various industries, including retail firms, to deal with an expected drop in sales and to restore trust in the company and possibly selling off properties and real estate in Osaka estimated to be worth several billion yen. A capital alliance would have served to improve its creditworthiness and secure operating expenses.

In July 2007, Sahashi met with Hideo Sawada, chairman of H.I.S. travel agency, to discuss a financial assistance as well as a business tie-up but the meeting did not conclude with a decision. Although Sahashi had rejected the possibility of a business affiliation with another English school, Benesse Corporation (parent company of Berlitz Language Schools and provider of home nursing services) announced that it would not be undertaking any business relationship with Nova and saw no synergy between the two companies.

Sahashi indicated the company might have issued new shares to strengthen its capital and that Nova management "[would have to] take responsibility," stating the company would set up an internal inquiry and management reform committee to investigate the scandal, consider disciplinary measures of its executives (including himself), and examine how best to avoid scandals in the future. Sahashi also said that the company would not need assistance from financial organizations During its annual stockholder meeting in June, he apologized for causing the disciplinary action by the government and told the shareholders, "We'd like to regain your trust as soon as possible". Forty-six shareholders attended, and one shareholder who had apparently lost faith in the current Nova management called on them to resign. In response to this call, Sahashi refused stating "If I resign, the company will collapse,". On 14 August 2007 Nova announced and subsequently sold 170,000 new shares on 30 August.

2007 financial crisis
Indications of an impending financial crisis stemmed from a rapid increase in refund claims that total nearly 5,000,000,000 yen nationwide. A 21 August 2007, article in the Toyo Keizai, Nova was described as repeatedly delaying payment to business partners and banks, falling into arrears for printing costs at the end of July, asking an ad agency to defer a payment. Nova's 2007 first quarter financials showed a loss of 4,300,000,000 yen, a 19% decrease in sales compared to the previous year period, and an overall 19% decrease in recurring profit. Nova cited the decrease in the number of students and deterioration of its image as an explanation. The Asahi Shimbun reported on 11 September 2007, that Nova had made a request to an asset management consulting company, requiring them to return an outstanding amount of 8 million shares that were loaned to them on 30 July 2007. Nova had previously used the asset management consulting company to arrange short term financing with an 11 million share stock loan on 29 July 2007. BNP Paribas had obtained the 8 million shares from a third party on 30 July selling them on 4 September. Commenting on its temporary possession of Nova shares, BNP said it had been the result of the asset management consulting company exercising its option.

Unpaid/delayed wages
A decline in the stock price following the release of Nova's 2008 fiscal year first quarter financials was preceded by news of a delay in payment of wages and bonuses to some employees. Nova explained that the delay in the monthly wages was due to change in its payment system and personnel management and accounting sections that had not been completed on time and that the summer bonus delay until October was a business necessity that required employee co-operation. On 14 September 2007, Nova delayed wages to many of its teaching staff. Many teachers who had previously resigned never received salary payments from the month of July.

The NAMBU Foreign Workers Caucus in Tokyo estimated that up to 3,000 had not received their salaries on time. According to The Sydney Morning Herald, some teachers said they were owed "thousands of dollars" and others posted messages expressing the intent to quit. Sahashi issued a statement saying it had not been possible to complete all the necessary operations to deposit instructor salaries. As a result of Nova delaying the payment of salaries, the Sankei Shimbun reported that insecurity spread amongst both staff and students surrounding the possible closures of Nova branches. On 20 September one teacher who demonstrated outside of Nova's office in Osaka was quoted as saying "I've already heard about the possible closures of 200 to 300 branches across the country. Nova no longer has the ability to pay the salaries of teachers and staff." By 25 September the cash flow problems had not improved and Sahashi mortgaged 9 million shares of company stock (which included 1.18 million of his own personal shares) for the purposes of raising working capital. Nova Corporation said that they were not involved in planning the transaction. A fax sent to branches after 9 pm on Friday 12 October informed all instructors that salaries would not be met on 15 October as scheduled. The fax promised a solution for 19 October, the day Nova was required to submit its new business plan to JASDAQ after its previous plan was rejected by the Securities Exchange on 5 October for being insufficient.

When salaries were not disbursed on 15 October, union representatives from both Tokyo based NAMBU Foreign Workers Caucus and the Osaka-based General Union approached the Labor Standards Inspection Office to file a report and request an inquest in unpaid wages. The Unions estimated that about 4,000 foreign teachers to salary went unpaid of which about 2,000 employees were still awaiting wages from the previous month that had been delayed since 27 September. The Unions also filed complaints reporting that Nova had withheld member's rent payment and the landlords had tried ask teachers to leave repeatedly.

By 20 October there had been both union organized and wildcat strikes over the unpaid wages. The numerous delays of wages also led individual teachers also to boycott classes. On 23 October, the Osaka Labor Standards office accepted a demand by Nova instructors to investigate criminal charges against Sahashi over delayed and unpaid wages.

One example of the employment fallout after the collapse was the experience of small private school in Higashinari Ward of Osaka, which said 400 people applied in October for a single job opening. The collapse caught some former teachers in such dire financial straits that they had to rely on their former students to feed them.

Sahashi's removal
On 26 October 2007, Nova's stock was delisted and all branches closed, following an emergency board meeting that removed Sahashi from his position as head of the company.

In June 2008, after a volunteer questioning with Osaka Prefectural Police, a warrant was served and Sahashi was arrested on charges of embezzlement. Sahashi denied charges of wrongdoing and insisted that the 320 million yen reserve fund personally created through a firm affiliated with Nova effectively under Sahashi's control had been set up to refund tuition fees to students who had canceled their lessons.

Nonpayment of employee housing rent
Foreign staff risked losing company-sponsored housing after Nova stopped paying their rent, which they did well before the official announcements of impending bankruptcy. Paul Dorey, an official of the General Union, said: "Some teachers have already received eviction notices. It’s a total mess."

Lawsuits
The parents of a Nova employee who committed suicide in 2004 filed a suit against the company on 31 August 2007. Their son, age 28 at the time, was employed by Nova to design and supervise the construction of new classrooms. During that period Nova was engaged in a rapid expansion meant to increase the number of Nova branches by 300 in an attempt to reach a total of 1,000. The parents' suit alleges that their son was required by Nova to work up to 80 hours of overtime in one month, and even through the night on seven occasions, despite his inexperience. At one point he had requested to be relieved but was persuaded to stay, which eventually led to overwhelming stress shortly before his suicide.

On 3 September 2007, an Osaka woman filed suit against Nova over a refund related issue. Unlike previous complaints about how Nova adjusted the value of unused lesson points on which the Supreme Court ruled in June 2007, this suit contested Nova's decision not to refund lesson points that were extended after the woman purchased additional points. The woman claims that while Nova explained that her unused points (worth approximately 400,000 yen) from the first contract would carry over after signing a new contract, she was not told that they could not be refunded if she chose to cancel.

In October 2008, approximately a year after the collapse, 24 former students filed a class action lawsuit against accounting firms KPMG AZSA & Co, former Nova president Sahashi, and five of the directors of the company claiming that the rapid expansion was pursued in a reckless manner, and that upfront lesson fees were being misappropriated. The suit further claims that Sahashi and his directors were negligent in their duties to fulfill obligations to customers. It also accuses five directors and two accounting firms of participating in the bankruptcy of Nova by allowing it to continue to use illicit accounting practices. Those accused allegedly inflated profit reports by recording 45% of the paid-in-advance tuition fees as part of its sales. The suit seeks a total of 16 million yen in compensation.

Lindsay Ann Hawker murder
On 24 March 2007, Lindsay Ann Hawker, a 22-year-old British Nova teacher from Brandon, a village near Coventry, was murdered by 28-year-old Tatsuya Ichihashi. Her body was found three-days later in a sand-filled bathtub on the balcony of Ichihashi's apartment in Ichikawa, Chiba. Police went to Ichihashi's apartment after Hawker's flatmates had indicated she had gone there to teach an English lesson, but he managed to escape. He was captured in Osaka on 10 November 2009. During Ichihashi's time as a fugitive, he had altered his appearance, resorting to self-performed cosmetic surgery to avoid detection. He later confessed to the murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment.

title: Nova (eikaiwa)


text:
User talk:Stolethis

Image:Towelie.jpg
Hello Stolethis, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:Towelie.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Stolethis. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not re-add the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 04:22, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stolethis


text:
Islamic Action Organisation

The Islamic Action Organisation (IAO; منظمة العمل الإسلامي) is a Shia political party in Iraq. It was founded by religious cleric, grand Ayatollah Mohammed Taqi al-Modarresi in the 1960s, as the Message Movement (الحركة الرسالية), and in 1979, was changed to the Islamic Action organisation.

Reference

 * Profile from MER

title: Islamic Action Organisation


text:
Crookesite

Crookesite is a selenide mineral composed of copper and selenium with variable thallium and silver.

Characteristics
Its chemical formula is reported either as or. It is formed by precipitation from hydrothermal fluids, and contains by mass: 16.3% Tl, 47.3% Cu, 2.9% Ag, and 33.6% Se.

Crookesite is an opaque, bluish grey to pink toned brown metallic mineral crystallizing in the tetragonal system. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and a specific gravity of 6.9.

Name and discovery
It was discovered in 1866 in Skrikerum, Sweden and named for Sir William Crookes (1832–1919), the discoverer of the element thallium.

title: Crookesite


text:
Big Blow

The Big Blow may refer to:

Storms

 * An 1880 storm on the Great Lakes
 * Great Lakes Storm of 1913
 * Great Olympic Blowdown of 1921
 * Columbus Day Storm of 1962

Other instances

 * The Big Blow (novel), a 2000 novel
 * "The Big Blow Out" episode of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
 * Operation Big Blow in World War II
 * "The Big Blow-Up" episode of Arthur
 * "The Big Blow Up" episode of ChalkZone
 * An altercation between Billy Joe Mantooth and Dan Fowler (1981)

title: Big Blow


text: User talk:68.169.209.81

title: User talk:68.169.209.81


text:
White Hurricane

White Hurricane can refer to these weather events:

 * Great Blizzard of 1888, a powerful blizzard that affected the Northeast United States
 * Great Lakes Storm of 1913, a blizzard that affected the Great Lakes region of the U.S. and Canada
 * Great Blizzard of 1978, a blizzard that affected the Great Lakes region of the U.S. and Canada
 * Storm of the Century (1993), a large storm system that affected the eastern third of the North America

title: White Hurricane


text:
1st East Anglian Regiment

The 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk) was an infantry regiment of the British Army.

History
As a result of the Defence Review, the 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment and the 1st Battalion, Suffolk Regiment amalgamated on 29 August 1959 to form the 1st Battalion, 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk).

On formation the regiment was based in West Berlin (the location of the 1st Royal Norfolks). In 1961 the Regiment was posted to the United Kingdom for the first since its creation, being based in Harwich. The following year the 1st East Anglians deployed to the South American colony of British Guiana (now the state of Guyana) after violence erupted between the African and Indian ethnic groups there. The Regiment returned to the UK later that year.

In February 1964 the Regiment arrived in Aden as part of the Aden Brigade, seeing active service in the Radfan on the border with South Yemen as part of Radforce, fighting Egyptian-supported guerillas, losing a number of its soldiers in the process. In September that year, while still based there, the Regiment amalgamated with the three other remaining regiments of the East Anglian Brigade (2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire), 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot) and the Royal Leicestershire Regiment) on 1 September 1964 to form one of the new 'large' regiments, the Royal Anglian Regiment; the 1st East Anglians became the 1st Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk).

Alliances
The regiment's alliances were as follows:
 * 🇦🇺 12th Infantry Battalion (The Launceston Regiment)—Australia (1959-1960)
 * 🇦🇺 Royal Tasmania Regiment—Australia (1960–64)
 * The Auckland Regiment (Countess of Ranfurly's) Own—New Zealand (1960–64)

Associated Cadet Forces
The Army sections of some contingents of the Combined Cadet Force were associated with the Regiment, as follows:

 * Gresham's School
 * Ipswich School
 * Woodbridge School
 * Wymondham College

title: 1st East Anglian Regiment


text:
St Ives Bay Line

The St Ives Bay Line is a 4.25 mi railway line from St Erth to St Ives in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It was opened in 1877, the last new broad gauge passenger railway to be constructed in the country. Converted to standard gauge in 1892, it continues to operate as a community railway, carrying tourists as well as local passengers. It has five stations including the junction with the Cornish Main Line at St Erth.

History
The St Ives Junction Railway applied for an Act of Parliament in 1845, but as the West Cornwall Railway failed in its application for an Act in that session of Parliament, the St Ives company withdrew its proposal. A new Act was successfully applied for in 1873 to authorise a St Ives branch line as an extension of the West Cornwall Railway, although by that time this was controlled by the Great Western Railway. It was opened on 1 June 1877, the last new broad gauge passenger railway route to be built in Britain. A third rail was added to the southern section of the line in October 1888 to allow standard gauge goods trains to reach the wharf at Lelant. The last broad-gauge train ran on Friday 20 May 1892; since the following Monday all trains have been standard gauge.

Although there was heavy traffic in fish in the early years, this declined during the first half of the twentieth century. Goods traffic was withdrawn from the intermediate stations at Lelant and Carbis Bay in May 1956 but continued at St Ives until September 1963.

All the sidings were taken out of use at St Ives by 1966, when trains on the branch were operated by diesel multiple units. The line was proposed for closure in the Reshaping of British railways report which prompted it to be one of the lines featured in Flanders and Swann’s Slow Train, but Minister of Transport Barbara Castle reprieved it. On 23 May 1971, the platform at St Ives was moved to make way for a car park but seven years later, on 27 May 1978, a new station was opened at Lelant Saltings between St Erth and Lelant. This was given a large car park so that it could operate as a Park and Ride facility for St Ives. In June 2019, the Park and Ride facility was moved to St Erth and services at Lelant Saltings were reduced.

Route

 * The communities served by the route are: St Erth – Lelant – Carbis Bay – St Ives

The branch line is single track for its whole length with no passing places. It runs alongside the Hayle estuary and then the sea coast and is promoted as a good place to see birds from the train. It has also been listed as one of the most picturesque railways in England.

The line diverges from the Cornish Main Line at St Erth. After the line goes through a short cutting and underneath two road bridges which carry the A30 roundabout outside the station, the line follows the western side of the estuary past Lelant Saltings. Beyond Lelant railway station the line enters a cutting and climbs onto the sand dunes above Porth Kidney Sands on St Ives Bay, with the church of St Uny and Lelant golf course on the left; the church's cemetery was disturbed when the railway cut through the hill. The South West Coast Path crosses the line here and then follows close by all the way to St Ives. The railway continues to climb up and onto the steep cliffs at Hawkes Point, about 30 m above sea level. Soon after the line comes around the headland at Carrick Gladden and into Carbis Bay. Perched on the hillside above the beach, this resort only developed after the railway arrived in 1877. The line now crosses 78 yd long Carbis Viaduct then continues on the cliff's edge until it emerges at Porthminster Point, from where it drops down across the 106 yd St Ives Viaduct to reach St Ives railway station which is situated above Portminster Beach.

Services
The line initially saw just five trains a day, but by 1909 this had grown to nine and in 1965 it was 17 with up to 24 on summer Saturdays. Some trains included through carriages from London Paddington station and in the 1950s the Cornish Riviera Express ran from St Ives through to Paddington on summer Saturdays. The number of services continued to increase following the opening of Lelant Saltings and the summer of 2006 saw 26 daily services operated by Wessex Trains. Great Western Railway (train operating company) took over the operation later in the year and the winter timetable was reduced to 16 trains which caused some concern but the summer of 2007 saw a return to the previous service level.

As of August 2016, trains run at approximately 30-minute intervals in each direction for most of the day, including Sundays.

In the summer months when traffic levels are high, most services are now operated by 2 x two-car Class 150 sets, but in the winter a two-car Class 150 set is used. On particularly busy days additional sets are added; St Ives can handle six carriages but the bay platform at St Erth is long enough for just five. Two or three trains are extended to and from Penzance on most days to facilitate crew changes and to get the stock to and from Penzance Traction Maintenance Depot (TMD).

As of May 2019, there continues to be trains running every 30 minutes. All these services call at Carbis Bay with trains serving Lelant mostly every two hours with some hourly gaps between services. Lelant Saltings is now served by just one train per day in each direction due to the relocation of the Park and Ride facility to St Erth.

Since the line has no passing loops and before May 2019, the average journey time along the full length of the line was just under 15 minutes, services on the line used to suffer from very short turnaround times (about 1 minute) at both St Erth and St Ives stations. As of May 2019, the journey time has decreased due to the majority of trains no longer stopping at Lelant Saltings. As a result, the turnaround time has been increased to roughly 4 minutes.

Signalling
The line is controlled from the signal box at St Erth; only one train is allowed to operate on the line at any time. Trains travelling towards St Ives are described as 'down trains' and those towards St Erth as 'up trains'. There are three public crossings on the line. 'Western Growers Crossing' is a crossing at St Erth which the signaller can see from the signal box. 'Towan Crossing' is a user-worked crossing north of Lelant, and there is a foot crossing at Hawke's Point as the line approaches Carbis Bay.

Community rail
The St Ives Bay Line is one of the railway lines supported by the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership, an organisation formed in 1991 to promote railway services in the area. The line is promoted by many means such as regular timetable and scenic line guides, as well as leaflets highlighting leisure opportunities such as walking, birdwatching, and visiting country pubs.

A St Ives Bay Line rail ale trail was launched in 2005 to encourage rail travellers to use the railway and visit 14 participating pubs near the line.

During the period that Wessex Trains operated the service (2001-05), one of their Class 153 trains carried the name St Ives Bay Line and a blue livery with large coloured pictures promoting the line.

The branch was designated as a community railway line in July 2005, being one of seven pilots for the Department for Transport's Community Rail Development Strategy. This aims to increase the number of passengers and reduce costs to make lightly used railways more economically sustainable. Among its aims are a higher-frequency of service, to introduce local tickets and ticket vending machines, and public art on the stations promoting the line as the artistic gateway to St Ives.

Passenger volume
From 2001 to 2011 journeys on the St Ives Bay Line increased by 68%.

The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.

title: St Ives Bay Line