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National Institute on Drug Abuse

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is a United States federal government research institute whose mission is to "advance science on the causes and consequences of drug use and addiction and to apply that knowledge to improve individual and public health."

The institute has conducted an in-depth study of addiction according to its biological, behavioral and social components. It has also supported many treatments such as nicotine patches and gums, and performed research into AIDS and other drug-related diseases. Its monopoly on the supply of research-grade marijuana has proved controversial.

History
NIDA's roots can be traced back to 1935, when a research facility (named the Addiction Research Center in 1948) was established in Lexington, Kentucky as part of a USPHS hospital. The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) and National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) were created in 1972. In 1974 NIDA was established as part of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration and given authority over the DAWN and NHSDA programs. The Monitoring the Future Survey, which surveys high school seniors, was initiated in 1975; in 1991, it was expanded to include 8th and 10th graders.

In October 1992, NIDA became part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States Department of Health and Human Services. At that time, responsibility for the DAWN and NHSDA programs were transferred to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). NIDA is organized into divisions and offices, each of which is involved with programs of drug abuse research. Nora Volkow, MD, has been the director of NIDA since 2003.

According to NIH: One of NIDA's most important achievements has been the use of science to clarify central concepts in the field of drug abuse...When NIDA began, correct approaches to drug policy and drug treatment were often thought to hinge on determining whether a particular drug was "physically addicting" or only "psychologically addicting." We now know that addiction has biological, behavioral and social components. It is best defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disorder characterized by compulsive, often uncontrollable drug craving, seeking, and use, even in the face of negative health and social consequences. NIDA-supported research has also shown that this compulsion results from specific drug effects in the brain. This definition opens the way for broad strategies and common approaches to all drug addiction.

The physical/psychological addiction dichotomy is reflected in the Controlled Substances Act's criteria for drug scheduling. Placement in Schedule III, for instance, requires a finding that "abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence." The view espoused by former NIDA director Alan I. Leshner, which places more emphasis on the "compulsive, uncontrollable" aspect of addictive drug use than on physical withdrawal symptoms, explains NIDA's differing treatment of morphine and cannabis. Morphine is physically addictive, and users of heroin and other opiate-derived drugs become physically and psychologically dependent on the high from the opiates, which drives them to seek the drug and perform acts they might not normally engage in (like exchanging drugs for sex acts or sharing needles with another user). In contrast, marijuana is not physically addictive, though some users do become psychologically dependent on the drug. Jon Gettman and other supporters of removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act have questioned the legality of basing scheduling decisions on such considerations rather than on physical addiction and physical harm; Gettman stated, "If the federal government wants to keep marijuana in schedule 1, or if they believe that placing marijuana in schedule 2 is a viable policy, then we're going to cross-examine under oath and penalty of perjury every HHS official and scientist who claims that marijuana use is as dangerous as the use of cocaine or heroin." NIDA's viewpoint is supported by the fact that the CSA lists not only physical addictiveness but also "history and current pattern of abuse" and "scope, duration, and significance of abuse" among the factors to be considered in drug scheduling. Indeed, cannabis' retention in Schedule I has been partly due to findings in these areas by FDA, SAMHSA, and NIDA. The January 17, 2001 document Basis for the Recommendation for Maintaining Marijuana in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act specifically cites SAMHSA's National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, NIDA's Monitoring the Future survey, SAMHSA's Drug Abuse Warning Network, and NIDA's Community Epidemiology Work Group data.

NIDA has supported many treatments for drug addiction. NIDA-supported studies led to the use of nicotine patches and gums for nicotine addiction treatment. NIDA scientists also developed LAAM, which is used for heroin addiction treatment. Other treatments that were the subject of NIDA research include naltrexone and buprenorphine. NIDA states, "By conservative estimates, every $1 spent on drug addiction saves society $4 to $7 in criminal justice and health care costs", which points to the need for spending funds on effective prevention and treatment programs based on evidence, rather than criminal sanctions that do not impact drug use.

NIDA has also conducted research into diseases associated with drug use, such as AIDS and Hepatitis. NIDA views drug treatment as a means of modifying risky behavior such as unprotected sex and sharing needles. NIDA has also funded studies dealing with harm reduction. A NIDA-supported study on pregnant drug users noted, "professionals in research and treatment must learn to settle for less because insisting on total abstinence may exacerbate the problem." This study was conducted by Marsha Rosenbaum of the Lindesmith Center, an organization that has been critical of federal drug policies.

In the 1990s, NIDA funded research by John W. Huffman that was focused on making a drug to target endocannabinoid receptors in the body; this resulted in the discovery of a variety of substances that are now being sold as Spice, K2, etc.

In 2006, NIDA received an annual budget of $1.01 billion. The U.S. government says NIDA funds more than 85 percent of the world's research about the health aspects of drug abuse and addiction.

Past directors
Past directors from 1973 – present

Publications
NIDA Notes is a bimonthly newsletter that has been published since 1985. Its scope covers drug abuse research in the areas of treatment and prevention, epidemiology, neuroscience, behavioral science, health services, and AIDS. NIDA-supported studies are also published in other journals. NIDA publishes educational materials as well which aim to provide pertinent facts to teenagers who will be making drug use decisions and to parents. This literature has sometimes been used by legalization advocates to advance their points, an example being NIDA's admittal that "many young people who use marijuana do not go on to use other drugs."

Controversial research
Drug abuse, in addition to being an area of scientific research, is also a major subject of public policy debate. Accordingly, elected officials have sometimes attempted to shape the debate by introducing legislation in reference to NIDA research. In 2004, Congressman Mark Souder introduced the Safe and Effective Drug Act, calling for a "meta-analysis of existing medical marijuana data." It was criticized for being limited to smoked cannabis (rather than vaporizers and other methods of ingestion) and not requiring any new research. In some cases, NIDA has held its ground when its more moderate stances were questioned by legislators favoring a hard-line approach. On April 27, 2004, Souder sent NIH Director Elias A. Zerhouni a letter criticizing needle exchange programs for causing increases in infection rates. The Harm Reduction Coalition responded with its concerns, and NIDA Director Nora Volkow wrote a letter stating: While it is not feasible to do a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of needle or syringe exchange programs (NEPs/SEPs) in reducing HIV incidence, the majority of studies have shown that NEPs/SEPs are strongly associated with reductions in the spread of HIV when used as a component of comprehensive approach to HIV prevention. NEPs/SEPs increase the availability of sterile syringes and other injection equipment, and for exchange participants, this decreases the fraction of needles in circulation that are contaminated. This lower fraction of contaminated needles reduces the risk of injection with a contaminated needle and lowers the risk of HIV transmission. In addition to decreasing HIV infected needles in circulation through the physical exchange of syringes, most NEPs/SEPs are part of a comprehensive HIV prevention effort that may include education on risk reduction, and referral to drug addiction treatment, job or other social services, and these interventions may be responsible for a significant part of the overall effectiveness of NEPs/SEPs. NEPs/SEPs also provide an opportunity to reach out to populations that are often difficult to engage in treatment.

NIDA will continue to work with research communities and various stakeholders to ensure that the research findings surrounding NEPs/SEPs are presented in a manner consistent with the current state of science. I would like to thank you once again for your interest and your role in reducing the health burden of these diseases on our Nation's citizens.

DAWN, or the Drug Abuse Warning Network, is a program to collect statistics on the frequency of emergency department mentions of use of different types of drugs. This information is widely cited by drug policy officials, who have sometimes confused drug-related episodes—emergency department visits induced by drugs—with drug mentions. The Wisconsin Department of Justice claimed, "In Wisconsin, marijuana overdose visits in emergency rooms equal to heroin or morphine [sic], twice as common as Valium." Common Sense for Drug Policy called this as a distortion, noting, "The federal DAWN report itself notes that reports of marijuana do not mean people are going to the hospital for a marijuana overdose, it only means that people going to the hospital for a drug overdose mention marijuana as a drug they use."

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health is an annual study of American drug use patterns. According to NIDA, "The data collection method is in–person interviews conducted with a sample of individuals at their place of residence. ACASI provides a highly private and confidential means of responding to questions to increase the level of honest reporting of illicit drug use and other sensitive behavior." Sixty-eight thousand people were interviewed in 2003, with a weighted response rate for interviewing of 73 percent. Like DAWN, the Survey often draws criticism because of how the data is used by drug policy officials. Rob Kampia of Marijuana Policy Project stated in a September 5, 2002 press release, The government reaches that exact same conclusion regardless of whether drug use is going up, down, or staying the same. If use is going up they say, 'We're in a drug abuse emergency; we need to crack down harder.' If use is going down, they say, 'Our strategy is working; we need to crack down harder.'  A cynic might think they had made up their minds before even looking at the data.

NIDA literature and National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) research frequently contradict each other. For instance, in the 1980s and 1990s, NIMH researchers found that dopamine plays only a marginal role in marijuana's psychoactive effects. Years later, however, NIDA educational materials continued to warn of the danger of dopamine-related marijuana addiction. NIDA appears to be backing off of these dopamine claims, adding disclaimers to its teaching packets that the interaction of THC with the reward system is not fully understood.

The NIDA also funded the research of John W. Huffman who first synthesized many novel cannabinoids. This compounds are now being sold all around the world as pure compounds or mixed with herbals known as spices. The fact that NIDA has allowed and paid for the synthesis of these new cannabinoids without recommending human consumption research is a topic of concern, especially since some of these JWH substances were recently put into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act via emergency legislation.

Medical marijuana monopoly
NIDA has inside the US a government granted monopoly on the production of medical marijuana for research purposes. In the past, the institute has refused to supply marijuana to researchers who had obtained all other necessary federal permits. Medical marijuana researchers and activists claim that NIDA, which is not supposed to be a regulatory organization, does not have the authority to effectively regulate who does and does not get to do research with medical marijuana. Jag Davies of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) writes in MAPS Bulletin:

Currently, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has a monopoly on the supply of research-grade marijuana, but no other Schedule I drug, that can be used in FDA-approved research. NIDA uses its monopoly power to obstruct research that conflicts with its vested interests. MAPS had two of its FDA-approved medical marijuana protocols rejected by NIDA, preventing the studies from taking place. MAPS has also been trying without success for almost four years to purchase 10 grams of marijuana from NIDA for research into the constituents of the vapor from marijuana vaporizers, a non-smoking drug delivery method that has already been used in one FDA-approved human study.

NIDA administers a contract with the University of Mississippi to grow the nation's only legal cannabis crop for medical and research purposes, including the Compassionate Investigational New Drug program. A Fast Company article pointed out, "Based on the photographic evidence, NIDA's concoction of seeds, stems, and leaves more closely resembles dried cat brier than cannabis". An article in Mother Jones describes their crop as "brown, stems-and-seeds-laden, low-potency pot—what's known on the streets as 'schwag'". United States federal law currently registers cannabis as a Schedule I drug. Medical marijuana researchers typically prefer to use high-potency marijuana, but NIDA's National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse has been reluctant to provide cannabis with high THC levels, citing safety concerns:

Most clinical studies have been conducted using cannabis cigarettes with a potency of 2–4% THC. However, it is anticipated that there will be requests for cannabis cigarettes with a higher potency or with other mixes of cannabinoids. For example, NIDA has received a request for cigarettes with an 8% potency. The subcommittee notes that very little is known about the clinical pharmacology of this higher potency. Thus, while NIDA research has provided a large body of literature related to the clinical pharmacology of cannabis, research is still needed to establish the safety of new dosage forms and new formulations.

Speaking before the National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse, Rob Kampia of the Marijuana Policy Project criticized NIDA for refusing to provide researcher Donald Abrams with marijuana for his studies, stating that "after nine months of delay, Leshner rejected Abrams' request for marijuana, on what we believe are political grounds that the FDA-approved protocol is inadequate."

In May 2006, the Boston Globe reported that: "Then again, it's not in NIDA's job description-or even, perhaps, in NIDA's interests-to grow a world-class marijuana crop. The institute's director, Nora Volkow, has stressed that it's "not NIDA's mission to study the medicinal use of marijuana or to advocate for the establishment of facilities to support this research." Since NIDA's stated mission "is to lead the Nation in bringing the power of science to bear on drug abuse and addiction," federally supported marijuana research will logically tilt toward the potential harms, not benefits, of cannabis."

Ricaurte's monkeys
NIDA has drawn criticism for continuing to provide funding to George Ricaurte, who in 2002 conducted a study that was widely touted as proving that MDMA (ecstasy) caused dopaminergic neurotoxicity in monkeys. His paper "Severe Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity in Primates After a Common Recreational Dose Regimen of MDMA ('Ecstasy')" in Science was later retracted after it became clear that the monkeys had in fact been injected not with MDMA, but with extremely high doses of methamphetamine. A FOIA request was subsequently filed by MAPS to find out more about the research and NIDA's involvement in it.

"Alan Leshner, publisher of Science and former director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), has come under fire for endorsing the botched study at its time of publication... Leshner did help NIDA bring home the bacon: NIDA's budget for Ecstasy research has more than quadrupled over the past five years, from $3.4 million to $15.8 million; the agency funds 85 percent of the world's drug-abuse research. In 2001, Leshner testified before a Senate subcommittee on "Ecstasy Abuse and Control"; critics say Leshner manipulated brain scans from a 2000 study by Dr. Linda Chang showing no difference between Ecstasy users and control subjects. But NIDA insists it is independent from political pressures. "We don't set policy; we don't create laws," says Beverly Jackson, the agency's spokesperson."

- Village Voice 2004

Effectiveness of anti-marijuana ad campaigns

In February 2005, Westat, a research company hired by NIDA and funded by The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, reported on its five-year study of the government ad campaigns aimed at dissuading teens from using marijuana, campaigns that cost more than $1 billion between 1998 and 2004. The study found that the ads did not work: "greater exposure to the campaign was associated with weaker anti-drug norms and increases in the perceptions that others use marijuana." NIDA leaders and the White House drug office did not release the Westat report for a year and a half. NIDA dated Westat's report as "delivered" in June 2006. In fact, it was delivered in February 2005, according to the Government Accountability Office, the federal watchdog agency charged with reviewing the study.

Office of Inspector General (OIG) investigations of NIDA commercial partnerships
On the 26 October 2011, the OIG published its results from an audit of a contract between the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and Charles River Laboratories, Inc., which read in part:

title: National Institute on Drug Abuse


text:
Talk:Newsweek

Sponsored the RAM team in Formula 1
The RAM team ran a March 821 car in the 1980's. See the Newsweek sponsorship.

www.grandprix.com/sponsors/history-of-sponsorship-in-formula-1.html https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_821#/media/Ficheiro:Ram-March_821_Mont-Tremblant_03.jpg

Gazetta Berlusconi Kommunisto
roumours typed - since the italian politics is not without using hand while commication, the gazzetta berlusconi said Buds Spencer is not a Film Star anymore to italia the bella in the roma editon.

Hitler diaries
Where is the "Hitler Diaries" scandal and the role Newsweek played in it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.0.30.103 (talk) 09:09, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Claims of bias
An editor has been inserting a section called "Claims of bias." Another editor has been removing it. Frankly, there is only one claim of bias there, so it's pretty much just one person's opinion. BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 21:32, 25 October 2017 (UTC)

Croatia World Cup
I reverted this. User:United Union uses the argument on my talk page that "Author did use that headline". That's wrong, journallists don't write the headlines, headline writers do (hell, I've never been a journalist but I wrote headlines for the Miami Herald when I was a PA to the city editor). We've discussed headlines at RSN, they aren't reliable sources. I'm also told that Newsweek retracted it, although I searched for a retraction before I reverted and couldn't find one. I also found sources with the same claims. And as I said in my edit summary, Croatia's president denies it but then "she has openly associated with Ustasha sympathisers,". Obviously I could have missed something but I think we should have other eyes before reinstating this, and of course better sources. Doug Weller talk 08:32, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't say that it matters who wrote it, journalist or headline writer, but rather who published it, and in this case it was Newsweek. If this was article about the C. Maza, then it would be relevant, but it's not. Headline, and a text, later removed, can be seen in the screenshot. The correction notice is under the article. Can Thompson be considered a controversial figure? Yes. But did he start this particular performance by screaming Ustashe battle cries with audience making Nazi salutes as implied in the article? No. I somehow doubt they would agree to make any change in the article if it was correct in the first place, but they did, so yeah... United Union (talk) 12:40, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

Birther Conspiracy
Is it notable that this magazine ran an editorial defending an opinion piece they ran, which claimed that questioning whether Kamala Harris was eligible to run for VP on the grounds that her parents we immigrants, saying it was not racist birtherism? 38.65.100.100 (talk) 13:59, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * That sentence makes no sense. Try again, and with a citation. O3000 (talk) 14:01, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/08/the-wikipedia-war-over-kamala-harris-race/615250/ is probably relevant, — Paleo Neonate  – 08:15, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Newsweek and the Rise of the Zombie Magazine: How a decaying legacy magazine is being used to launder right-wing ideas and conspiracy theories.
Lots of new information about Newsweek and how it is used to spread conspiracy theories here https://newrepublic.com/article/158968/newsweek-rise-zombie-magazine

Thanks

. John Cummings (talk) 21:56, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

3.2: Factual Errors
"In August 2018, Newsweek falsely reported that the Sweden Democrats, a far-right party, could win a majority in the 2018 Swedish parliamentary elections. Polls showed that the party was far away from winning a majority."

I don't think you can call it "false" that the Sweden Democrats "could win a majority" in what was at the time a future election unless there was no mathematical way for them to do so. Could someone knowledgeable about Swedish elections weigh in on whether or not that was the case? (Side note: The party's Wikipedia page indicates that there's not a consensus on whether or not it should be classified as "far-right.") — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oooooooseven (talk • contribs) 22:23, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Newsweek


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dunlop

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 15:43, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dunlop
This pagename is a brand of a musical audio effect product. The device is a brand of Wah-wah pedal which is redirected to the musical effect Wah-wah. It probably could be Merged into Wah-wah if someone thinks that it is a notable brand, otherwise Delete. Another factor is that the Dunlop brand is more highly recognized for automobile tires. hydnjo talk 02:57, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and/or Delete. hydnjo talk 03:11, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) Keep. See below
 * 25500 web hits for +Dunlop +"wah-wah". Merge and keep as disambiguation (also to John Boyd Dunlop of the tire empire and John Thomas Dunlop who was briefly in Gerald Ford's cabinet). Samaritan 04:53, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur Kappa 07:24, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nothing here worth merging. Megan1967 06:33, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup into disambig page. In addition to Dunlop tires, there's Dunlop golf balls, and lots more. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:08, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup into disambiguation. There's also prominent Australian war hero Edward "Weary" Dunlop and the suburb Dunlop, Australian Capital Territory which is named after him. Capitalistroadster 18:21, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment if someone starts a Dunlop disambib page then I think this article should be moved to Dunlop pedal -  hydnjo talk 01:01, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * See also: Dunlop Manufacturing, Inc. and Jim Dunlop for articles about this product. It seems to be pretty fragmented (spread around under several pagenames) right now and with links from musicians (eg:Jimmy Hendrix) to articles other than this Dunlop article. Is there any reason not to move this to Dunlop pedal right now, withdraw the VFD, and then try to tie the other articles together in some way?  hydnjo talk 01:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. ☺  Rewritten article.  Keep. Uncle G 20:01, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm changing my vote after the work done by Uncle G. Thanks Uncle. I still think that Dunlop Manufacturing, Inc. needs to be linked to Wah-wah and Wah-wah pedal because of its prominence as a brandname for those effects and devices. hydnjo talk 23:39, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Well done, Uncle G Capitalistroadster 23:57, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. Added some links with thanks to Uncle G for the framework. hydnjo talk 01:10, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good work! =) --Andylkl 07:39, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's nice to see a rehabilitated page. Carrp | Talk 04:09, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dunlop


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Bowed string instrument

Bowed string instruments are a subcategory of string instruments that are played by a bow rubbing the strings. The bow rubbing the string causes vibration which the instrument emits as sound.

Despite the numerous specialist studies devoted to the origin of bowing, the origin of bowing remains unknown.

Violin family

 * Cello (violoncello)
 * Pochette
 * Viola (altviol, bratsche)
 * Violin (violino)
 * Double bass (contrabasso)

 * Variants on the standard members of the violin family include:

 * Baroque violin
 * Cello da spalla
 * Five string violin
 * Hardanger fiddle
 * Kit violin
 * Kontra
 * Låtfiol
 * Lira da braccio
 * Octobass
 * Sardino
 * Stroh violin
 * Tenor violin

Viol family (Viola da Gamba family)

 * Alto viol (alto viola da gamba)
 * Bass viol (bass viola da gamba)
 * Tenor viol (tenor viola da gamba)
 * Treble viol (treble viola da gamba)

 * Variants on the standard four members of the viol family include:

 * Baryton
 * Division viol
 * Lirone
 * Lyra viol
 * Pardessus de viol
 * Vihuela de arco
 * Violone
 * Viola d'amore

Lyra and rebec type

 * Byzantine lyra
 * Calabrian lira
 * Cretan lyra
 * Gadulka
 * Ghaychak
 * Kamancheh
 * Kemençe of the Black Sea
 * Kemenche
 * Kemenche (classical)
 * Lijerica
 * Pochette
 * Rabeca
 * Rebab
 * Rebec
 * Shah Kaman

Chinese bowed instruments

 * Banhu
 * Daguangxian
 * Dahu
 * Dihu
 * Diyingehu
 * Erhu
 * Erxian
 * Gaohu
 * Gehu
 * Huqin
 * Jiaohu
 * Jinghu
 * Jing erhu
 * Laruan
 * Leiqin
 * Maguhu
 * Matouqin
 * Sanhu
 * Sihu
 * Tiqin
 * Tihu
 * Tuhu
 * Wenzhenqin
 * Xiqin
 * Yazheng
 * Yehu
 * Zhengni
 * Zhonghu
 * Zhuiqin
 * Zhuihu

Rosined wheel instruments

The following instruments are sounded by means of a turning wheel that acts as the bow:

 * Bowed clavier
 * Donskoy ryley
 * Dulcigurdy a.k.a. Vielle à roue et à manche
 * Drejelire
 * Harmonichord
 * Hurdy-gurdy
 * Kaisatsuko
 * Lira
 * Ninera
 * Organistrum
 * Tekerő
 * Viola organista
 * Violano Virtuoso
 * Wheelharp

Other bowed instruments

 * Agiarut
 * Ajaeng
 * Arpeggione
 * Bowed dulcimer
 * Bowed guitar
 * Bowed psaltery
 * Byzaanchy
 * Chuurqin
 * Crwth
 * Đàn nhị
 * Đàn hồ
 * Đàn gáo
 * Daxophone
 * Esraj
 * Fiðla
 * Gadulka
 * Ghaychak
 * Giga
 * Gudok
 * Gue
 * Gusle
 * Haegeum
 * Huqin
 * Igil
 * Imzad
 * Jouhikko
 * Kingri
 * Kokyū
 * Kobyz
 * Masenqo
 * Morin khuur
 * Musical saw
 * Neola
 * Nyckelharpa (Swedish keyed fiddle)
 * Ravanahatha
 * Salo
 * Sarangi
 * Sarangi (Nepali)
 * Sarinda
 * Saw duang
 * Saw sam sai
 * Saw u
 * Shichepshin
 * Sohaegeum
 * Sorahi
 * Sorud
 * Talharpa
 * Tautirut
 * Tro sau thom
 * Tro Khmer
 * Tro sau toch
 * Tro u
 * Umbang
 * Vielle
 * Violoncello da spalla
 * Yaylı tambur

title: Bowed string instrument


text:
Card Hero

Card Hero may refer to:

 * Trade & Battle: Card Hero, a 2000 Game Boy Color title
 * Kousoku Card Battle: Card Hero, a 2007 Nintendo DS title

title: Card Hero


text:
Talk:Timeout

VFD Result
The result of the VFD can be found here: Votes for deletion/Timeout -- AllyUnion (talk) 02:53, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Timeout


text:
Marinebrigade Ehrhardt

The Marinebrigade Ehrhardt, also known as the Ehrhardt Brigade, was a Freikorps unit of the early Weimar Republic. It was formed on 17 February 1919 as the Second Marine Brigade from members of the former Imperial German Navy under the leadership of Hermann Ehrhardt. The brigade was used primarily in the suppression of the Bavarian Soviet Republic and the First Silesian Uprising, both in the first half of 1919. In March 1920, faced with its imminent disbanding by orders of the government in Berlin, the Marine Brigade was one of the main supporters of the Kapp Putsch that tried to overthrow the Weimar Republic. After the putsch failed and the brigade was disbanded in May, many of the former members formed the secret Organisation Consul under Ehrhardt's leadership. Before it was banned in 1922, it carried out numerous assassinations and murders in a continuation of the attempts to overthrow the Republic.

Formation and structure
On 27 January 1919, during the Revolution of 1918–1919 that broke out following Germany's defeat in World War I, communist putschists from Bremen and Wilhelmshaven captured important buildings in Wilhelmshaven and declared it a socialist council republic (Räterepublik). When the putschists encountered isolated resistance, they entrenched themselves in the city's 1,000-man barracks. About 300 officers and professional soldiers of the former Imperial Navy, including Corvette Captain (Korvettenkapitän) Hermann Ehrhardt, then armed themselves and stormed the barracks using rifles and machine guns. In the morning of 28 January, the 400 putschists surrendered. The fighting had left a total of eight dead on both sides. The "storming of the 1,000-man barracks" was later considered the Marine Brigade's birth.

The Reich government then decided to raise volunteer troops in Wilhelmshaven to fight other soviet republics such as the one in Bremen that lasted until 4 February 1919. Wilhelmshaven was chosen because it was a former port of the Imperial Navy and full of soldiers, many of whom were opposed to radical leftist efforts to set up communist governments in Germany.

On 13 February 1919 an advertisement appeared in the Wilhelmshaven daily newspaper Die Republik of the Majority Social Democrats, the party that led the Reich government in Berlin. It contained in part the following: Call for the formation of a government brigade in Wilhelmshaven. The Reich government has given me the order to form a government brigade in Wilhelmshaven, which, directly subordinate to the government, will be at the government's disposal for the Grenzschutz Ost [Border Protection East].

signed by the head of the Naval Station North Sea, [Andreas] Michelsen. The advertisement was run repeatedly and later included the "prevention of internal unrest" as one of its purposes. It was mainly former members of the Imperial Navy who reported for the new force. On 17 February 1919 Ehrhardt received the order to assemble it under the name "Second Marine Brigade Wilhelmshaven". The order allowed him to determine the political orientation of the members of his brigade. It was to be a mobile unit and deployed throughout the Reich in the event of insurrections. After 24 March the Marine Brigade Wilhelmshaven was subordinate to the Guard Cavalry Rifle Division.

The brigade initially consisted of four infantry companies with a total of 367 men. In the course of further growth and the formation of new units, it was transferred on 30 March 1919 to Jüterbog south of Berlin and divided into the 3rd and 4th Marine Regiments and a brigade staff. The 3rd Marine Regiment had six infantry companies, the first made up of deck officers, the second of engineer trainees, and the third of NCOs. The other companies were formed from the enlisted ranks. Also attached to the regiment was the Sturm-Kompanie (assault company) which was made up of officers, midshipmen, and cadets. In addition to six infantry companies, the 4th Marine Regiment had a machine gun company, an engineering company, and a battery of 7.7 centimeter field guns.

After its transfer to Munich on 29 April 1919, the Second Marine Brigade Wilhelmshaven had the following organization: brigade staff; Marine Regiment 3 with 1st and 2nd battalions; Marine Regiment 4 with 1st and 2nd battalions; Wilhelmshaven company; assault company; mortar company with two medium and six light mortars; pioneer company; flamethrower platoon; 1st battery with four 7.7 centimeter field guns; and 2nd battery with four light field howitzers and 12 heavy machine guns. The strength of the brigade at the time was about 1,500 men.

Deployments
The brigade's first deployment took it to Braunschweig on 17 April 1919, where it joined units of the Maercker Free Corps in preventing the attempt to establish a soviet republic there. After the defeat of the northern communist forces, the brigade marched to the industrial cities of central Germany to fight the local communist uprisings in the region. From there it was transferred to Thuringia, where it was kept ready as part of a large contingent of government units to fight against the Bavarian Soviet Republic. The brigade's advance into Munich without command orders to do so led to fierce street fighting in which the combined government units crushed the workers' uprising. The Freikorps' brutal actions in the street battles, including looting and the mistreatment and shooting of those arrested, illustrated the increasing independence of the Freikorps movement in the fight against revolutionaries. By the summer of 1919, Navy leadership was considering disbanding the Marine Brigade.

In August 1919 it went to Upper Silesia where local free corps, reinforced by groups such as the Marine Brigade, easily repressed the First Silesian Uprising of local Poles against German control of the region. In November the brigade was transferred a camp near Berlin, and in March 1920 the German government issued orders for it to be disbanded. The order was consistent with the Treaty of Versailles, which limited the size of the Republic's army, the Reichswehr, to 100,000 soldiers. The brigade's leaders were determined to resist and appealed to Reichswehr General Walther von Lüttwitz. Lüttwitz, one of the organizers of the Freikorps in 1918 and 1919 and an ardent monarchist, appealed to Reich President Friedrich Ebert and Reich Armed Forces Minister Gustav Noske to stop the disbandment. When Ebert refused, Lüttwitz triggered the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch when he marched at the head of the Marine Brigade into Berlin. On the night of 12/13 March 1920, it occupied the government quarter of Berlin with from 2,000 to 6,000 men. It made up only a small fraction of the total free corps forces, which totaled around 30,000 men. The government issued a proclamation calling on Germany's unions to defeat the putsch by means of a general strike. It received massive support, and by 18 March the putsch had failed.

After the coup collapsed, Vice Chancellor Eugen Schiffer built "golden bridges" for Lüttwitz, Ehrhardt and Kapp to persuade them to surrender peacefully. The new Reichswehr leader Hans von Seeckt spoke highly of the brigade's discipline in a daily order issued on 18 March and the next day assured Ehrhardt in writing of protection from arrest. Only then did the brigade march out of Berlin, singing and flying flags as it had when it marched in. When boos were raised from an unfriendly crowd at the Brandenburg Gate, they summarily fired machine guns into the crowd. Twelve dead and thirty seriously wounded were left on the pavement.

The Ehrhardt Brigade was officially disbanded effective 31 May 1920. A large part of it was taken into the German Navy (Reichsmarine) as "reliable cadres"; many of the rest went underground in various organizations including the Union of Former Ehrhardt Officers, the Viking League (Bund Wiking) and the Sport Club Olympia. Ehrhardt brought many from the brigade into the new Organisation Consul, which he led. It used murders and assassinations in its continued fight to overthrow the Weimar government until it was banned in 1922. Ehrhardt fled to Switzerland in 1934 because of the Nazi internal purge known as the Night of the Long Knives. Two years later he went to Austria where he ran the manorial estate near Lichtenau im Waldviertel. He died there in 1971 without having taken part in any further political or military activity..

Uniform, insignia and standards
Members of the Marine Brigade wore the field gray uniform of the Imperial German Army, although the assault company all had crew uniforms without rank insignia. Attached to the collar of the field blouse was the Guard Star with anchor.

From about February 1919 members of the Marine Brigade wore the badge of the Second Marine Brigade Wilhelmshaven as a special insignia on the left upper arm. The badge was made of silver tinplate and showed, within an egg-shaped rope, a Viking ship sailing with a single man at the helm. At the bottom was an ornamented panel with the inscription "Wilhelmshaven" in fraktur script. Below it were two oak twigs consisting of three leaves with an acorn bound together with ribbons. After the brigade was disbanded, successor organizations continued to use the insignia in a modified form with the inscription "Wilhelmshaven" replaced by "Ehrhardt".

As field insignia, the assault company and each battalion of the Marine Brigade flew the Imperial War Flag (Reichskriegsflagge). From about October 1919 members of the brigade adorned themselves with anti-Semitic markings, such as when they wore swastikas on their helmets returning from operations against the insurgents in Upper Silesia.

Source:

The Ehrhardt song
When the brigade was demobilized in 1920, one of its members composed a song that became known as the Ehrhardt Song. It was sung wherever people wanted to demonstrate a nationalistic and anti-republican stance.

Notable members

 * Kurt Blome: Deputy Reich Health Leader under Adolf Hitler
 * Horst Böhme: SS officer involved in the Holocaust
 * Friedrich Bonte: naval officer involved in the invasion of Norway
 * Günther Brandt: anthropologist at the SS Race and Settlement Main Office
 * Franz Breithaupt: chief of the SS Court Main Office
 * Hermann Willibald Fischer: accomplice in the assassination of Walther Rathenau
 * Eberhard Godt: commanded German U-boat operations in WWII
 * Curt von Gottberg: Higher SS and Police Leader for central Russia and Commissioner-General of occupied Belarus
 * Erick-Oskar Hansen: Wehrmacht general
 * Hans Albert Hohnfeldt: Gauleiter of the Free City of Danzig
 * Dietrich von Jagow: German ambassador to Hungary under the Nazis
 * Karl Kaufmann: Reich governor of Hamburg under the Nazis
 * Werner Kempf: Wehrmacht general
 * Manfred Freiherr von Killinger: mastermind of the assassination of Matthias Erzberger and later Nazi functionary
 * Gustav Kleikamp: Vice Admiral in the Nazi Kriegsmarine
 * Hans Ulrich Klintzsch: supreme commander of the Sturmabteilung (SA)
 * Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger: Higher SS and Police Leader in German-occupied Poland
 * Franz Maria Liedig: member of the military resistance against Adolf Hitler
 * Ernst Lucht: admiral in the Kriegsmarine
 * Karl Mauss: general who commanded the 7th Panzer Division during WWII
 * Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer: admiral and naval adjutant to Hitler
 * Ernst von Salomon: novelist and screenwriter involved in the assassination of Walther Rathenau
 * Bruno Sattler: SS-Sturmbannführer and head of the Gestapo in Belgrade
 * Emanuel Schäfer: SS-Oberführer and protégé of Reinhard Heydrich
 * Otto Schniewind: General Admiral in WWII
 * Julius Schreck: early senior Nazi official and close confidant of Hitler
 * Heinrich Schulz: accomplice in the assassination of Matthias Erzberger
 * Hermann Souchon: executed Rosa Luxemburg
 * Ernst Werner Techow: took part in the assassination of Walther Rathenau
 * Heinrich Tillessen: one of the assassins of Matthias Erzberger

Literature in English
Koster, John (2018). Hermann Ehrhardt, the man Hitler wasn’t. Idle Winter Press. ISBN 9781945687051

title: Marinebrigade Ehrhardt


text:
Conn-Selmer

Conn-Selmer, Inc. is an American manufacturer of musical instruments for concert bands, marching bands and orchestras. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Steinway Musical Instruments and was formed in 2003 by combining the Steinway properties, The Selmer Company and United Musical Instruments.

Conn-Selmer is the largest manufacturer and importer of band and orchestral instruments in the United States. The company produces a large variety of musical instruments itself and through contractors under the brand names Vincent Bach, C.G. Conn, King, Holton, Selmer, Armstrong, Leblanc, Ludwig, Musser, and Scherl & Roth. Conn-Selmer is also the North American distributor of Henri Selmer Paris woodwinds and the U.S. distributor of Yanagisawa saxophones.

Origins
The origins of the Conn-Selmer company begin with the H&A Selmer company. In the late nineteenth century, brothers Alexandre and Henri Selmer graduated from the Paris Conservatory as clarinetists. They were the great-grandchildren of French military drum major Johannes Jacobus Zelmer, grandchildren of Jean-Jacques Selmer, the Army Chief of Music, and two of 16 children in this musical family. At the time, musical instruments and accessories were primarily hand made, and professional musicians found it necessary to acquire skills allowing them to make their own accessories and repair and modify their own instruments. Establishing Henri Selmer & Cie. in 1885, Henri began making clarinet reeds and mouthpieces. In 1898, Henri opened a store and repair shop in Paris and began producing clarinets, and Alexandre joined the Boston Symphony Orchestra that same year.

In 1904, Selmer clarinets were presented at the Saint Louis (USA) World's Fair, winning a gold medal, and Alexandre Selmer was First Clarinetist with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. Alexandre established himself in New York in 1909, opening a shop that sold Selmer clarinets and mouthpieces. The H&A Selmer (USA) Company grew out of that retail operation.

The H&A Selmer (USA) Company
In 1910, Alexandre returned to France and the H&A Selmer store was managed by George Bundy. The store expanded its product line, selling "Selmer" branded wind instruments and mouthpieces from manufacturers in the US in addition to Selmer (Paris) products. In 1923, the H&A Selmer Company was incorporated to expand its retail operations. A 49% share was sold to C. G. Conn Ltd while Selmer (Paris) retained a minority interest. In 1927, Bundy gained full ownership, establishing independence of the company. H&A Selmer (USA) remained the sole importer of Selmer (Paris) products, including saxophones and brasswinds once exports of such instruments to the USA commenced.

In 1936, Selmer changed its distribution strategy, abandoning most retail and becoming a wholesaler of instruments and supplies. Selmer went on to establish itself as a leading distributor of student-grade instruments under its Artley and Bundy brands.

In response to the unavailability of Selmer (Paris) instruments after the German defeat of France in 1940, Selmer sought alternate sources for wind instruments and distributed them under their new student-line Bundy and intermediate Signet brands.

In 1950, George Bundy retired and sold his shares to partners Joseph M. Grolimund, Jack Feddersen, Milt Broadhead, and Charles Bickel.

Starting in 1952, the Selmer Artist program offered special deals for musicians who agreed to perform and record exclusively with Selmer (Paris) instruments, boosting the reputation of Selmer (Paris) instruments among aspiring professionals.

In 1958 Selmer acquired the Harry Pedler and Sons brasswind plant in Elkhart, starting in-house production of Bundy student-line brasswinds. In 1961, Selmer acquired the brasswind manufacturer Vincent Bach Corporation. Selmer moved production from Bach's Mount Vernon, New York facility to Elkhart in 1965 while retaining the premium line Bach Stradivarius. The services of Mr. Vincent Bach were retained for design of student-line brasswinds.

In 1963, Selmer acquired ownership of its main supplier of student saxophones, the Buescher Band Instrument Company. Selmer continued distributing identical Bundy and Buescher instruments until it discontinued the Buescher name in 1983.

In 1966, Selmer acquired the rights to the Brilhart line of woodwind mouthpieces, with production contracted to the Runyon Company, and the Lesher Woodwind Company, a manufacturer of oboes and bassoons.

In 1970, Selmer acquired additional production facilities from C.G. Conn, who were divesting their Elkhart, Indiana operations. In 1977, Selmer acquired the stringed instrument maker Glaesel. In 1981 Selmer acquired the Ludwig Drum Company.

The era of H&A Selmer as an independent company ended in 1970, with its acquisition by the electronics firm Magnavox. Magnavox was sold to Philips Electronics in 1974 and the Selmer properties were sold to the investment firm Integrated Resources in 1989. With the 1993 bankruptcy of Integrated Resources, Selmer was sold to the investment firm Kirkland Messina and reorganized as Selmer Industries, Inc., with The Selmer Company name used for its instrument manufacturing operations.

Recent history
With the backing of Kirkland Messina, Selmer Industries acquired the Steinway Musical Properties company, the parent company of piano manufacturer Steinway & Sons, in 1995 and changed their own name to Steinway Musical Instruments. The domestically produced Bundy brand was discontinued shortly afterward, replaced with student wind instruments sourced from Asia and sold as Selmer (USA) woodwinds and Bach brasswinds.

In 2000, Steinway Musical Instruments acquired United Musical Instruments (owners of Artley, Armstrong, Benge, C.G. Conn, King, Scherl & Roth), then merged it with The Selmer Company's instrument manufacturing operations to form Conn-Selmer in 2003. In 2004, Conn-Selmer acquired the Leblanc Company, gaining their exclusive distribution rights for Yanagisawa saxophones in the US and Canada. Conn-Selmer kept Leblanc in production of clarinets but ended their brasswind production in 2007, discontinuing their Martin brand and moving production of their Holton brand to Elkhart, Indiana. Conn-Selmer retains the North American importation and distribution rights for Selmer (Paris) and Yanagisawa Wind Instruments formerly held by H&A Selmer and Leblanc, respectively.

Conn-Selmer is the largest manufacturer and importer of band and orchestral instruments in the United States. It has manufactured instruments in six domestic facilities since 2002: It has been heavily involved in outsourcing manufacturing of brands formerly associated with American manufacturers, including Ludwig drums, Glaesel, Scherl & Roth, and Wm. Lewis and Sons stringed instruments to China and Selmer (USA) wind instruments to various Asian sources.
 * Cleveland, Ohio
 * Eastlake, Ohio
 * Elkhart, Indiana
 * Kenosha, Wisconsin (closed)
 * La Grange, Illinois (closed)
 * Monroe, North Carolina

The employees at the Vincent Bach facility in Elkhart, Indiana represented by United Auto Workers Local 364, struck on April 1, 2006, and as of July 30, 2009, the union was decertified. Out of 230 workers that went out on strike approximately 70 returned with the remaining workers having been subject to recall until July 30, 2010.

In 2006, calls were made for the American Federation of Musicians to boycott the entire Steinway-Conn-Selmer instrument company due to its permanently replacing union workers at its manufacturing facilities.

The employees represented by United Auto Workers Local 2359 at the Eastlake, Ohio Conn-Selmer manufacturing plant called a strike on July 26, 2011, after working without a contract since February 2011, and settled with the company on October 21, 2011.

In 2013, the Paulson & Co. investment firm acquired Steinway Musical Instruments.

Current brands

 * Armstrong (flutes, piccolos)
 * C.G. Conn (French horns, flugelhorns, cornets, trombones, sousaphones, trumpets)
 * Glaesel (violins, violas, cellos, double basses, made in China)
 * Henri Selmer Paris (made in France)
 * Holton (trombones, horns)
 * King (Guitars, Marching brass, trombones, baritones, cornets, flugelhorns, trumpets, tubas, sousaphones)
 * Leblanc (clarinets)
 * Ludwig-Musser (percussion, timpani, drum sets, sub-brands made in China)
 * Scherl & Roth (violins, violas, cellos, double basses, made in China)
 * Selmer (USA) (saxophones, clarinets, flutes, oboes, bassoons, trumpets, trombones, baritones, tubas etc., outsourced)
 * Vincent Bach (trumpets, cornets, flugelhorns, trombones)
 * Wm. Lewis & Son (violins, violas, cellos, double basses, made in China)
 * Yanagisawa (made in Japan)

Discontinued brands

 * Artley (clarinets, flutes)
 * Avanti (flutes)
 * Benge (trumpets, piccolo trumpets, trombones)
 * Buescher (saxophones, trumpets, mellophones...)
 * Cleveland (brass instruments)
 * Emerson (flutes, piccolos)
 * Galway Spirit Flutes (flutes)
 * Hermann Beyer
 * Otto Bruckner
 * King (saxophone line)
 * Martin (trumpets and trombones)
 * Noblet (clarinets)
 * Vito (student brasswinds and woodwinds)

title: Conn-Selmer


text: Template:NYCS Archer lower

title: Template:NYCS Archer lower


text:
Celebrity gardener

Gardeners who have achieved fame through their pioneering innovations, writing or, more often, their television personas, may be classed as celebrity gardeners.

The writing of Helena Rutherfurd Ely, C. Z. Guest and Esther Deans brought them enough fame for them to be considered celebrity gardeners.

In England, the Royal Horticultural Society has described both Alan Titchmarsh and Monty Don as celebrity gardeners.

Notable gardeners on radio, television and social media

 * Craig Allison – host of The Carefree Gardener
 * Chris Beardshaw
 * Matthew Biggs – Gardeners' Question Time
 * Don Burke – host of Burke's Backyard; producer of Backyard Blitz
 * Danny Clarke - British horticulturist, host of BBC series The Instant Gardener
 * James Underwood Crockett – original host of The Victory Garden
 * Peter Cundall – host of ABC TV's Gardening Australia
 * Charlie Dimmock
 * Harry Dodson – head gardener for the BBC television show The Victorian Kitchen Garden
 * David Domoney – gardener on ITV1's Love Your Garden and ITV's This Morning
 * Monty Don – host of BBC2's Gardeners' World
 * Art Drysdale – Canadian gardener with various broadcasts
 * Jamie Durie – host of axed show Backyard Blitz on Channel Nine; now host of Australia's Best Backyards on Channel Seven
 * Kevin Espiritu - creator of Epic Gardening Youtube Channel
 * Bob Flowerdew – Gardeners Question Time
 * Alan Gardner – British Channel4 series The Autistic Gardener
 * Diarmuid Gavin – garden designer; television host of Homefront in the Garden
 * Pippa Greenwood – Gardeners' Question Time
 * Ivan Hričovský – gardener on the Slovak Television and Radio show Farmer's revue
 * Carol Klein – BBC2's Gardeners' World
 * Roy Lancaster
 * Sarah Raven – BBC2's Gardeners' World
 * P. Allen Smith
 * Joe Swift – BBC2's Gardeners' World
 * Percy Thrower – Britain's first celebrity gardener
 * Alan Titchmarsh – writer for BBC Gardeners' World magazine; celebrity television gardener
 * Brian Welch – freelance celebrity gardener
 * James Wong – BBC science presenter and obsessive foodie grower

title: Celebrity gardener


text:
Bootleg recording

A  bootleg recording is an audio or video recording of a performance not officially released by the artist or under other legal authority. Making and distributing such recordings is known as bootlegging. Recordings may be copied and traded among fans without financial exchange, but some bootleggers have sold recordings for profit, sometimes by adding professional-quality sound engineering and packaging to the raw material. Bootlegs usually consist of unreleased studio recordings, live performances or interviews without the quality control of official releases.

Bootlegs reached new popularity with Bob Dylan's Great White Wonder, a compilation of studio outtakes and demos released in 1969 using low-priority pressing plants. The following year, the Rolling Stones' Live'r Than You'll Ever Be, an audience recording of a late 1969 show, received a positive review in Rolling Stone. Subsequent bootlegs became more sophisticated in packaging, particularly the Trademark of Quality label with William Stout's cover artwork. Compact disc bootlegs first appeared in the 1980s, and Internet distribution became increasingly popular in the 1990s.

Changing technologies have affected the recording, distribution, and profitability of the bootlegging industry. The copyrights for the music and the right to authorise recordings often reside with the artist, according to several international copyright treaties. The recording, trading and sale of bootlegs continues to thrive, even as artists and record companies release official alternatives.

Definitions
The word bootleg originates from the practice of smuggling illicit items in the legs of tall boots, particularly the smuggling of alcohol during the American Prohibition era. The word, over time, has come to refer to any illegal or illicit product. This term has become an umbrella term for illicit, unofficial, or unlicensed recordings, including vinyl LPs, silver CDs, or any other commercially sold media or material. The alternate term ROIO (an acronym meaning "Recording of Indeterminate/Independent Origin") or VOIO (Video...) arose among Pink Floyd collectors, to clarify that the recording source and copyright status were hard to determine.

Although unofficial and unlicensed recordings had existed before the 1960s, the very first rock bootlegs came in plain sleeves with the titles rubber stamped on them. However, they quickly developed into more sophisticated packaging, in order to distinguish the manufacturer from inferior competitors. With today's packaging and desktop publishing technology, even the layman can create "official" looking CDs. With the advent of the cassette and CD-R, however, some bootlegs are traded privately with no attempt to be manufactured professionally. This is even more evident with the ability to share bootlegs via the Internet.

Bootlegs should not be confused with counterfeit or unlicensed recordings, which are merely unauthorised duplicates of officially released recordings, often attempting to resemble the official product as closely as possible. Some record companies have considered that any record issued outside of their control, and for which they do not receive payment, to be a counterfeit, which includes bootlegs. However, some bootleggers are keen to stress that the markets for bootleg and counterfeit recordings are different, and a typical consumer for a bootleg will have bought most or all of that artist's official releases anyway.

The most common type is the live bootleg, often an audience recording, which is created with sound recording equipment smuggled into a live concert. Many artists and live venues prohibit this form of recording, but from the 1970s onwards the increased availability of portable technology made such bootlegging easier, and the general quality of these recordings has improved over time as consumer equipment becomes sophisticated. A number of bootlegs originated with FM radio broadcasts of live or previously recorded live performances. Other bootlegs may be soundboard recordings taken directly from a multi-track mixing console used to feed the public address system at a live performance. Artists may record their own shows for private review, but engineers may surreptitiously take a copy of this, which ends up being shared. As a soundboard recording is intended to supplement the natural acoustics of a gig, a bootleg may have an inappropriate mix of instruments, unless the gig is so large that everything needs to be amplified and sent to the desk.

Some bootlegs consist of private or professional studio recordings distributed without the artist's involvement, including demos, works-in-progress or discarded material. These might be made from private recordings not meant to be widely shared, or from master recordings stolen or copied from an artist's home, a recording studio or the offices of a record label, or they may be copied from promotional material issued to music publishers or radio stations, but not for commercial release. A theme of early rock bootlegs was to copy deleted records, such as old singles and B-sides, onto a single LP, as a cheaper alternative to obtaining all the original recordings. Strictly speaking, these were unlicensed recordings, but, because the work required to clear all the copyrights and publishing of every track for an official release was considered to be prohibitively expensive, the bootlegs became popular. Some bootlegs, however, did lead to official releases. The Who's Zoo bootleg, collecting early singles by the Who, inspired the official album Odds And Sods, which beat the bootleggers by issuing unreleased material, while various compilations of mid-1960s bands inspired the Nuggets series of albums.

Pre-1960s
According to the enthusiast and author Clinton Heylin, the concept of a bootleg record can be traced back to the days of William Shakespeare, when unofficial transcripts of his plays would be published. At that time, society was not particularly interested in who had authored a work. The "cult of authorship" was established in the 19th century, resulting in the first Berne Convention in 1886 to cover copyright. The US did not agree to the original terms, resulting in many "piratical reprints" of sheet music being published there by the end of the century.

Film soundtracks were often bootlegged. If the officially released soundtrack had been re-recorded with a house orchestra, there would be demand for the original audio recording taken directly from the film. One example was a bootleg of Judy Garland performing Annie Get Your Gun (1950), before Betty Hutton replaced her early in production, but after a full soundtrack had been recorded. The Recording Industry Association of America objected to unauthorised releases and attempted several raids on production. The Wagern-Nichols Home Recordist Guild recorded numerous performances at the Metropolitan Opera House, and openly sold them without paying royalties to the writers and performers. The company was sued by the American Broadcasting Company and Columbia Records (whom at the time held the official rights to recordings made at the opera house), who obtained a court injunction against producing the record.

Saxophone player and Charlie Parker fan Dean Benedetti famously bootlegged several hours of solos by Parker at live clubs in 1947 and 1948 via tape and disc recordings. Benedetti stored the recordings and they were only rediscovered in 1988, over thirty years after Benedetti had died, by which time they had become a "jazz myth." Most of these recordings were later released officially on Mosaic Records in the 1990s.

1960s

The first popular rock music bootleg resulted from Bob Dylan's activities between largely disappearing from the public eye after his motorcycle accident in 1966, and the release of John Wesley Harding at the end of 1967. After a number of artists had hits with Dylan songs that he had not officially released himself, demand increased for Dylan's original recordings, particularly when they started airing on local radio in Los Angeles. Through various contacts in the radio industry, a number of pioneering bootleggers managed to buy a reel-to-reel tape containing a selection of unreleased Dylan songs intended for distribution to music publishers and wondered if it would be possible to manufacture them on an LP. They managed to convince a local pressing plant to press between 1,000 and 2,000 copies discreetly, paying in cash and avoiding using real names or addresses. Since the bootleggers could not commercially print a sleeve, due to it attracting too much attention from recording companies, the LP was issued in a plain white cover with Great White Wonder rubber stamped on it. Subsequently, Dylan became one of the most popular artists to be bootlegged with numerous releases.

When the Rolling Stones announced their 1969 American tour, their first in the U.S. for several years, an enterprising bootlegger known as "Dub" decided to record some of the shows. He purchased a Sennheiser 805 "shotgun" microphone and a Uher 4000 reel to reel tape recorder specifically for recording the performances, smuggling them into the venues. The resulting bootleg, Live'r Than You'll Ever Be, was released shortly before Christmas 1969, mere weeks after the tour had finished, and in January 1970 received a rave review in Rolling Stone, who described the sound quality as "superb, full of presence, picking up drums, bass, both guitars and the vocals beautifully ... it is the ultimate Rolling Stones album". The bootleg sold several tens of thousands of copies, orders of magnitude more than a typical classical or opera bootleg, and its success resulted in the official release of the live album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! later in the year. "Dub" was one of the founders of the Trade Mark of Quality (TMOQ or TMQ) bootleg record label.

1970s
During the 1970s the bootleg industry in the United States expanded rapidly, coinciding with the era of stadium rock or arena rock. Vast numbers of recordings were issued for profit by bootleg labels such as Kornyfone and TMQ. The large followings of rock artists created a lucrative market for the mass production of unofficial recordings on vinyl, as it became evident that more and more fans were willing to purchase them. In addition, the huge crowds which turned up to these concerts made the effective policing of the audience for the presence of covert recording equipment difficult. Led Zeppelin quickly became a popular target for bootleggers on the strength and frequency of their live concerts; Live on Blueberry Hill, recorded at the LA Forum in 1970, was sufficiently successful to incur the wrath of manager Peter Grant. Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band recorded numerous concerts for radio broadcast in the 1970s, which resulted in many Springsteen bootlegs.

Some bootleggers noticed rock fans that had grown up with the music in the 1960s wanted rare or unreleased recordings of bands that had split up and looked unlikely to reform. For instance, the release of Golden Eggs, a bootleg of outtakes by the Yardbirds had proven to be so popular that the bootlegger had managed to interview the band's Keith Relf for the sequel, More Golden Eggs. Archive live performances became popular; a 1970 release of Dylan's set with the Hawks (later to become the Band) at the Manchester Free Trade Hall in 1966 (incorrectly assumed to be the Royal Albert Hall for years) was critically and commercially successful owing to the good sound quality and the concert's historical importance.

In Los Angeles there were a number of record mastering and pressing plants that were not "first in line" to press records for the major labels, usually only getting work when the larger plants were overloaded. These pressing plants were more than happy to generate income by pressing bootlegs of dubious legality. Sometimes they simply hid the bootleg work when record company executives would come around (in which case the printed label could show the artist and song names) and other times secrecy required labels with fictitious names. For example, a 1974 Pink Floyd bootleg called Brain Damage was released under the name the Screaming Abadabs, which was one of the band's early names. Because of their ability to get records and covers pressed unquestioned by these pressing plants, bootleggers were able to produce artwork and packaging that a commercial label would be unlikely to issue – perhaps most notoriously the 1962 recording of the Beatles at the Star-Club in Hamburg, which was bootlegged as The Beatles vs. the Third Reich (a parody of the early US album The Beatles vs. the Four Seasons), or Elvis' Greatest Shit, a collection of the least successful of Elvis Presley's recordings, mostly from film soundtracks.

Bootleg collectors in this era generally relied on Hot Wacks, an annual underground magazine listing known bootlegs and information about recent releases. It provided the true information on bootlegs with fictitious labels, and included details on artists and track listings, as well as the source and sound quality of the various recordings.

Initially, knowledge of bootlegs and where to purchase them spread by word of mouth. The pioneering bootlegger Rubber Dubber sent copies of his bootleg recordings of live performances to magazines such as Rolling Stone in an attempt to get them reviewed. When Dylan's record company, Columbia Records objected, Rubber Dubber counteracted he was simply putting fans in touch with the music without the intermediary of a record company. Throughout the 1970s most bootleg records were of poor quality, with many of the album covers consisting of nothing more than cheap photocopies. The packaging became more sophisticated towards the end of the decade and continued into the 1980s. Punk rock saw a brief entry into the bootleg market in the 1970s, particularly the bootleg Spunk, a series of outtakes by the Sex Pistols. It received a good review from Sounds' Chas de Whalley, who said it was an album "no self-respecting rock fan would turn his nose up" at.

1980s
The 1980s saw the increased use of audio cassettes and videotapes for the dissemination of bootleg recordings, as the affordability of private dubbing equipment made the production of multiple copies significantly easier. Cassettes were also smaller, easier to ship, and could be sold or traded more affordably than vinyl. Cassette culture and tape trading, propelled by the DIY ethic of the punk subculture, relied on an honor system where people who received tapes from fellow traders made multiple copies to pass on to others within the community. For a while, stalls at major music gatherings such as the Glastonbury Festival sold mass copies of bootleg soundboard recordings of bands who, in many cases, had played only a matter of hours beforehand. However, officials soon began to counteract this illegal activity by making raids on the stalls and, by the end of the 1980s, the number of festival bootlegs had consequently dwindled.

One of the most critically acclaimed bootlegs from the 1980s is The Black Album by Prince. The album was to have been a conventional major-label release in late 1987, but on 1 December, immediately before release, Prince decided to pull the album, requiring 500,000 copies to be destroyed. A few advance copies had already shipped, which were used to create bootlegs. This eventually led to the album's official release. Towards the end of the 1980s, the Ultra Rare Trax series of bootlegs, featuring studio outtakes of the Beatles, showed that digital remastering onto compact disc could produce a high-quality product that was comparable with official studio releases.

1990s–present
Following the success of Ultra Rare Trax, the 1990s saw an increased production of bootleg CDs, including reissues of shows that had been recorded decades previously. In particular, companies in Germany and Italy exploited the more relaxed copyright laws in those countries by pressing large numbers of CDs and including catalogs of other titles on the inlays, making it easier for fans to find and order shows direct. Similarly, relaxed copyright laws in Australia meant that the most serious legal challenge to unauthorised releases were made on the grounds of trademark law by Sony Music Entertainment in 1993. Court findings were in favour of allowing the release of unauthorised recordings clearly marked as "unauthorised". The updated GATT 1994 agreement soon closed this so-called "protection gap" in all three aforementioned countries effective 1 January 1995.

By this time, access to the Internet was increasing, and bootleg review sites began to appear. The quality control of bootlegs began to be scrutinised, as a negative review of one could adversely harm sales. Bootlegs began to increase in size, with multi-CD packages being common. In 1999, a 4-CD set was released containing three and a half hours of recording sessions for the Beach Boys' "Good Vibrations", spanning seven months.

The tightening of laws and increased enforcement by police on behalf of the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and other industry groups—often for peripheral issues such as tax evasion—gradually drove the distributors of for-profit vinyl and CD bootlegs further underground. Physical bootlegging largely shifted to countries with laxer copyright laws, with the results distributed through existing underground channels, open-market sites such as eBay, and other specialised websites. By the end of the decade, eBay had forbidden bootlegs.

The late 1990s saw an increase in the free trading of digital bootlegs, sharply decreasing the demand for and profitability of physical bootlegs. The rise of audio file formats such as MP3 and Real Audio, combined with the ability to share files between computers via the internet, made it simpler for collectors to exchange bootlegs. The arrival of Napster in 1999 made it easy to share bootlegs over a large computer network. Older analog recordings were converted to digital format, tracks from bootleg CDs were ripped to computer hard disks, and new material was created with digital recording of various types; all of these types could now be easily shared. Instead of album-length collections or live recordings of entire shows, fans often now had the option of searching for and downloading bootlegs of songs. Artists had a mixed reaction to online bootleg sharing; Bob Dylan allowed fans to download archive recordings from his official website, while King Crimson's Robert Fripp and Metallica were strongly critical of the ease with which Napster circumvented traditional channels of royalty payments.

The video sharing website YouTube became a major carrier of bootleg recordings. YouTube's owner, Google, believes that under the "safe-harbor" provision of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), it cannot be held responsible for content, allowing bootleg media to be hosted on it without fear of a lawsuit. As the technology to host videos is open and available, shutting down YouTube may simply mean the content migrates elsewhere. An audience recording of one of David Bowie's last concerts before he retired from touring in 2004 was uploaded to YouTube and received a positive review in Rolling Stone. Bilal's unreleased second album, Love for Sale, leaked in 2006 and became one of the most infamously bootlegged recordings during the digital piracy era, with its songs since remaining on YouTube. Lana Del Rey's 2006 demo album Sirens leaked on YouTube in 2012. In 2010, YouTube removed a 15-minute limit on videos, allowing entire concerts to be uploaded.

Copyright
The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works has protected the copyrights on literary, scientific, and artistic works since 1886. Article 9 of the Convention states that: ''Authors of literary and artistic works protected by this Convention shall have the exclusive right of authorising the reproduction of these works, in any manner or form. ... Any sound or visual recording shall be considered as a reproduction for the purposes of this Convention.'' This means a composer has performing rights and control over how derivative works should be used, and the rights are retained at least 50 years after death, or even longer. Even if a song is a traditional arrangement in the public domain, performing rights can still be violated. Where they exist, performers rights may have a shorter duration than full copyright; for example, the Rome Convention sets a minimum term of twenty years after the performance. This created a market for bootleg CDs in the late 1980s, containing 1960s recordings.

In the US, bootlegs had been a grey area in legality, but the 1976 Copyright Act extended copyright protection to all recordings, including "all misappropriated recordings, both counterfeit and pirate". This meant bootleggers would take a much greater risk, and several were arrested. Bootlegs have been prohibited by federal law (17 USC 1101) since the introduction of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA, PL 103-465) in 1994, as well as by state law. The federal bootleg statute does not pre-empt state laws, which also apply both prior to and since the passage of the federal bootleg statute. The US v. Martignon case challenged the constitutionality of the federal bootleg statute, and in 2004, U.S. District Judge Harold Baer Jr. struck down the part banning the sale of bootleg recordings of live music, ruling that the law unfairly grants a seemingly perpetual copyright period to the original performances. In 2007, Judge Baer's ruling was overruled, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit found that the anti-bootlegging statute was within the power of Congress.

Official releases
Record companies have described bootlegs as "grey area, live recordings", describing them as "semi-condoned". Research into bootleg consumers found that they are committed fans of the artist; a study of Bruce Springsteen fans showed 80% felt some bootlegs were essential purchases despite owning every official release. Springsteen has said he understands why fans buy bootlegs, but dislikes the market due to the lack of quality control and making profit over pleasing fans. Frank Zappa hated bootlegs and wished to control his recordings, so he created the Beat the Boots! boxed sets, each containing LPs that were direct copies of existing bootlegs. He set up a hotline for fans to report bootlegs and was frustrated that the FBI were not interested in prosecuting. The first set included As An Am Zappa, in which he can be heard complaining about bootleggers releasing new material before he could.

Throughout their career, the Grateful Dead were known to tolerate taping of the live shows. There was a demand from fans to hear the improvisations that resulted from each show, and taping appealed to the band's general community ethos. They were unique among bands in that their live shows tended not to be pressed and packaged as LPs, but remained in tape form to be shared between tapers. The group were strongly opposed to commercial bootlegging and policed stores that sold them, while the saturation of tapes among fans suppressed any demand for product. In 1985, the Grateful Dead, after years of tolerance, officially endorsed live taping of their shows, and set up dedicated areas that they believed gave the best sound recording quality. Other bands, including Pearl Jam, Phish and the Dave Matthews Band tolerate taping in a similar manner to the Grateful Dead, provided no profit is involved. Because of the questionable legality of bootlegs, fans have sometimes simply dubbed a bootleg onto tape and freely passed it onto others.

Many recordings first distributed as bootleg albums were later released officially by the copyright holder. Provided the official release matches the quality of the bootleg, demand for the latter can be suppressed. One of the first rock bootlegs, containing John Lennon's performance with the Plastic Ono Band at the 1969 Toronto Rock and Roll Revival, was released officially as Live Peace in Toronto 1969 by the end of the year, effectively ending sales of the bootleg. The release of Bob Dylan's 1966 Royal Albert Hall concert on Vol. 4 of his Bootleg Series in 1998 included both the acoustic and electric sets, more than any bootleg had done.

In 2002, Dave Matthews Band released Busted Stuff in response to the Internet-fuelled success of The Lillywhite Sessions, which they had not intended to release. Queen released 100 bootlegs for sale as downloads on their website, with profits going to the Mercury Phoenix Trust. Although the recording of concerts by King Crimson and its guitarist Robert Fripp is prohibited, Fripp's music company Discipline Global Mobile (DGM) sells concert recordings as downloads, especially "archival" recordings from the concerts' mixing consoles. With an even greater investment of sound engineering, DGM has released "official bootlegs", which are produced from one or more fan bootlegs. DGM's reverse engineering of the distribution-networks for bootlegs helped it to make a successful transition to an age of digital distribution, "unique" (in 2009) among music labels. In the 21st century, artists responded to the demand for recordings of live shows by experimenting with the sale of authorized bootlegs made directly from the soundboard, with a superior quality to an audience recording. Metallica, Phish and Pearl Jam have regularly distributed instant live bootlegs of their concerts. In 2014, Bruce Springsteen announced he would allow fans to purchase a USB stick at concerts, which could be used to download a bootleg of the show.

According to a 2012 report in Rolling Stone, many artists have now concluded that the volume of bootlegged performances on YouTube in particular is so large that it is counterproductive to enforce it, and they should use it as a marketing tool instead. Music lawyer Josh Grier said that most artists had "kind of conceded to it". Justin Bieber has embraced the distribution of video clips via Twitter to increase his fanbase.

Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard have a unique approach to bootlegging. An entire section of their official website is devoted to releasing bootlegs of their shows. The band permits the distribution and sale of bootlegs, so long as they are given copies to distribute via torrenting and as hard copies on vinyl and CD.

title: Bootleg recording


text:
Keihan

In Japanese, Keihan may refer to:

 * Keihan (京阪), the Kyoto-Osaka area, part of the larger Keihanshin (京阪神) area.
 * Keihan Electric Railway (京阪電気鉄道), a Kyoto-Osaka train line, often abbreviated to Keihan.
 * Keihan rice (鶏飯), a local dish of the Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture in the south of Japan.

title: Keihan


text:
Charles Eugene Flandrau

Charles Eugene Flandrau (July 15, 1828 – September 9, 1903) was an American lawyer who became influential in the Minnesota Territory, and later state, after moving there in 1853 from New York City. He served on the Minnesota Territorial Council, in the Minnesota Constitutional Convention, and on the Minnesota territorial and state supreme courts. He was also an associate justice on the Minnesota Supreme Court.

During the Dakota War, Flandrau enlisted in the Union Army and was commissioned as a captain in 1862 to raise a force to defend settlers at New Ulm. Given his success, the governor appointed him to lead the defense of southwest Minnesota, at the rank of colonel. After unsuccessfully campaigning for a couple of positions, Flandrau moved in 1870 to St. Paul, where he had a law partnership with two men until his death in 1903.

Early life
Flandrau was born in 1828 in New York City. His father was Thomas Hunt Flandrau of New Rochelle, New York, an attorney and law partner of Aaron Burr. His mother was Elizabeth Maria Macomb, a daughter of Alexander Macomb, the wealthy New York merchant, and his wife; and half-sister of Alexander Macomb (1782–1841). Her brother became a career officer, general and hero of the War of 1812; afterward he was appointed as head of the United States Army. The Flandraus were descendants of Jacques Flandreau, a French Huguenot who came to New Rochelle in the 1690s. The spelling of their name was influenced by successive Dutch and English settlement in the region.

Flandrau was educated in Georgetown, then a separate community in the District of Columbia, until the age of 13, when he tried to enlist in the Navy. Too young to obtain an appointment, he spent three years as a common sailor under other services. In 1844, tiring of the sea, he worked for three years in the mahogany trade in New York City. He rejoined his family, then living in Whitesboro, New York, and apprenticed to "read the law" in his father's law practice. Flandrau passed the bar in 1851 and joined his father's firm as partner.

Career
In 1853, Flandrau relocated to Traverse des Sioux, Minnesota, to practice law. During the 1850s, he served on the Minnesota Territorial Council, in the Minnesota Constitutional Convention, and on the Minnesota territorial and state supreme courts. He was also appointed as U.S. Agent for the Sioux in 1856; in this region they were Dakota people.

In August 1862, learning of a violent Dakota uprising in the southwestern corner of the state (caused largely by the federal government's failure to deliver annuities in goods and payments on time, and resulting in the Dakota starving), Flandrau enlisted in the Union Army as a captain. He assembled an armed force and quickly went to the defense of settlers at New Ulm. Both Flandrau State Park and the community of Flandreau, South Dakota, are named in his honor, as he was successful in defending the community. Governor Alexander Ramsey appointed Flandrau in charge of the defense of the southwestern frontier of the state, and he served in this capacity at the rank of colonel for two years, simultaneous to his position on the Minnesota Supreme Court.

In 1864, Flandrau resigned from both positions and moved to Nevada to practice law. He returned to Minneapolis within a year to practice law with Isaac Atwater. In 1867, he ran as the Democratic candidate for governor but was defeated by William Rainey Marshall. In 1869 he ran for chief justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court, but was again defeated.

In 1870, he moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, where he began a legal partnership with Horace R. Bigelow and Greenleaf Clark. He worked with them until his death in 1903.

Personal life
Judge Flandrau was married twice. His first marriage was on August 10, 1859, to his first cousin, Isabella Dinsmore of Kentucky, the daughter of Martha Macomb and James Dinsmore. The couple had two daughters, Martha Macomb and Sarah Gibson Flandrau, before Isabella died in 1867. Martha married Tilden Russell Selmes; their daughter, Isabella Selmes, became the first woman elected to Arizona congress, known by her married name of Isabella Greenway.

Flandrau married again to Rebecca B. Riddle, a widow and daughter of Judge William McClure and his wife of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They had two sons. Charles Macomb Flandrau became a noted author, writing stories and a novel about college life, as well as short stories published in leading magazines of the day, such as The Saturday Evening Post.

Their second son William Blair McClure Flandrau in the early 1900s had a coffee plantation in Mexico. William married Grace Hodgson. She was nineteen when she first met his brother and author Charles, then 38, who served as a mentor when she first started writing. She became a popular author who was financially successful. Grace Flandrau left money in her will to a variety of institutions, including the University of Arizona, which named Flandrau Science Center for her.

Publications

 * The History of Minnesota and Tales of the Frontier (1900) Librivox audio

title: Charles Eugene Flandrau


text:
User:Ereinion~enwiki

"Remember that everyone you meet is afraid of something, loves something, and has lost something." - Anonymous

WikiLinks

 * Page Redirect
 * Using Images
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 * Votes for Deletion
 * Creating Categories
 * Uploading Images
 * Manual of Style
 * How-to Section
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 * Wikipedia Policies and Guidelines
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 * Wikipedia Glossary of Terms and Phrases
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Other

 * U.S. Copyright Laws

title: User:Ereinion~enwiki


text:
Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science

Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science (KITSW) is an autonomous college in Warangal district of Telangana in India. It was established in 1980.It is one of the top private Engineering Colleges in the state of Telangana.The college allows undergraduate students through the statewide EAMCET & JEE exam conducted every year. It offers the Bachelor and masters in Engineering and MBA courses.

History
The Government of Andhra Pradesh realized in the late 1970s the popular demand for enhancement of facilities for technical education. It decided to adopt a progressive policy of encouraging philanthropic organizations to establish and manage technical institutions.

Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science, Warangal (KITSW) was established in 1980 under the aegis of the Ekasila Education Society (EES). The former Prime Minister of India, the late P.V. Narasimha Rao Garu, laid the foundation stone for the institute. The members of the EES encompass many sections of society, including educationists, agriculturists, industrialists, doctors, and social workers.

The institution started functioning in 1980 with two B.Tech programs (Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering) in a sprawling lush green campus of 65 acres, in an area well connected by rail ( Kazipet and Warangal ) and road. It is a self-financing co-education autonomous institution and is the first private engineering college in the Telangana region. The institute was the first in the country to offer a B.Tech program in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, since 1981.

Started as an undergraduate institution, KITSW is a full-fledged postgraduate institution with nine B.Tech. programs, and seven postgraduate programs. Six academic departments are recognized as the research centres by the NIT Warangal & Kakatiya University, Warangal to offer doctoral programs.

The campus is now Wi-Fi enabled and OFC connected with 40 Mbit/s internet bandwidth.

The undergraduate programs (with an intake of 900 per year from 2017–18) leading to B.Tech are Civil Engineering (120), Computer Science & Engineering (180), Electrical & Electronics Engineering (120), Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering (60), Electronics & Communication Engineering (180), Information Technology (60) and Mechanical Engineering (180).Two more programs Computer Science & Engineering, Networks (60) and Electronics Communication and Instrumentation Engineering (60) were added from the academic year of 2019. The postgraduate programs (with an intake of 247 per year from 2012–13) leading to M.Tech are Structural & Construction Engineering (24), Design Engineering (24), Digital Communication (25), Software Engineering (36), VLSI & Embedded System Design (18), MCA (60) and MBA (60). The total number of research scholars working in the research centres of this institute is 42.

Campus and location
The KITS campus covers 65 acres with a lush green atmosphere. It is located in Hasanparthy of Hasanparthy mandal, opposite to Yerragattu Hillock in the Warangal district of Telangana, India. PIN: 506015.

Academics
The college admits undergraduate students through the statewide EAMCET & TS ECET exam conducted every year. It offers the Bachelor in Engineering (BE) courses.

Admissions
Students are admitted into the seven branches of engineering under the following categories.
 * EAMCET
 * Lateral Entry for Diploma Students
 * Foreign students (supernumerary)
 * NRI/others

The Government of Telangana allows admission of diploma holders into 2nd year under a "lateral entry scheme" to the extent of 10% of intake to each of the branches on a supernumerary basis.

Departments
The college consists of 12 departments which together offer nine undergraduate programs, ten postgraduate programs and five PhD programs.
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Civil Engineering
 * Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 * Electronics and Communications Engineering
 * Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
 * Information Technology
 * Computer Science and Engineering

SAE
Students from the Mechanical department have the opportunity to take part in the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) College Club. SAE International conducts annual events such as SAEBAJA India, including an ATV (all-terrain vehicle) race. All the SAE college clubs in India participate in various events.

Another event which this club recently started is FormulaSAE, where the student SAE college club has to manufacture a Formula 1 vehicle and take it to the BIC Buddh International Circuit to participate in various events.

IEEE
Students of the first batch formed an IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) students branch, and students of subsequent batches got the branch recognized by the IEEE. Members can access the IEEE Digital library. There are weekly meetings of IEEE student members, as well as debates, group discussions, paper presentations and guest lectures.

Student Activity Center
The Student Activity Center organizes the national level cultural consortium Sanskriti, a two-day event.

SAC clubs include Arts Club, Photography Club, Sports Club, Literary Club, Fine Arts club, Creative Design Club, Programmers Arena, Legion's F1 and IEEE chapter. There are technical and cultural events such as the Mechovision, Technoplexus, Electrocom, Parikaran, Meridian, Sristi, Electrovision, Rendezvous and Suprayog.

ISTE Student chapter
The Indian Society for Technical Education is a national, professional, non-profit society registered under the Societies Registration Act of 1860. First started in 1941 as the Association of Principals of Technical Institutions (APTI), it was converted into "Indian Society for Technical Education" in 1968 with a view to enlarge its activities to advance the cause of technological education.

Being the only national organisation of educators in the field of engineering and technology, ISTE is represented in various technical committees and boards formed by the Central Government. The ministry of Human Resource Development, and AICTE/DoE/state governments have also involved the ISTE in many of their important programmes and activities relating to technical education.

Computer Society of India
The Computer Society of India (CSI) is the country's first and largest body of computer professionals. It was started on 6 March 1965 by a few people and has grown to be the national body representing computer professionals. It has 71 chapters across India, 418 student branches and more than 90,000 members. It is a non-profit professional meet to exchange views and information learn and share ideas. The wide spectrum of members is committed to the advancement of theory and practice of computer engineering and technology systems, science and engineering, information processing and related arts and sciences. Besides the activities held at the chapters and student branches, the society also conducts conferences and seminars.

Sumshodhini
Sumshodhini, KITSW is a technical fest organised by the student activity centre of KITSW. It includes many technical events, and students from all over the state and country come to participate.

Sports
KITS has a facility for both indoor and outdoor sports, with an area of 10 acres.

Hostel facility
The institute runs a boys' and girls' hostel in the campus under the aegis of the Ekasila Education Society, which accommodates 750 students. There's a separate gym/fitness centre for Boys and girls. Other facilities include a well equipped indoor stadium

Placements
Better not to discuss

Notable alumni

 * V. Ramgopal Rao, Director of Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi


text:
Toubon Law

The Toubon Law (full name: law 94-665 of 4 August 1994 relating to usage of the French language) is a French law mandating the use of the French language in official government publications, in all advertisements, in all workplaces, in commercial contracts, in some other commercial communication contexts, in all government-financed schools, and some other contexts.

The law does not concern private, non-commercial communications, such as non-commercial web publications by private bodies. It does not concern books, films, public speeches, and other forms of communications not constituting commercial activity. However, the law mandates the use of the French language in all broadcast audiovisual programs, with exceptions for musical works and "original version" films. Broadcast musical works are subject to quota rules under a related law whereby a minimum percentage of television shows and 35% of songs on the radio must be in the French language.

The law takes its common name from Jacques Toubon, who was Minister of Culture when it was passed, and who proposed the law to the National Assembly of France. A nickname is Loi Allgood – "Allgood" is a morpheme-for-morpheme translation of "Toubon" into English ("All Good" being a translation of "Tout bon") – as the law can largely be considered to have been enacted in reaction to the increasing usage of English in advertisements and other areas in France. As the law sought to strengthen French as the dominant language within the country and its territories, the law also 'came under considerable attack from the European Commission which regarded its provisions as particularly offensive to the concept of free competition across national borders.'

Provisions of the law
One broad provision of the law applying to workplaces is that "any document that contains obligations for the employee or provisions whose knowledge is necessary for the performance of one's work must be written in French." Among other things, this means that computer software developed outside France must have its user interface and instruction manuals translated into French to be legally used by companies in France. The law includes an exception that "these provisions do not apply to documents coming from abroad", but this exception has been interpreted narrowly by the appellate courts. For example, in 2006 a French subsidiary of a US company was given a hefty fine for delivering certain highly technical documents and software interfaces to its employees in the English language only, and this was upheld by the appellate court.

Another broad provision of the law is that it makes it mandatory for commercial advertisements and public announcements to be given in French. This does not rule out advertisements made in a foreign language: it is sufficient to provide a translation in a footnote. This was justified as a measure for the protection of the consumer. Additionally, product packaging must be in French, though, again, translation in multiple languages can be provided.

A similar restriction—though implemented by primary legislation regulations and not as application of the Loi Toubon—applies to product labeling: product labels should be intelligible and in French, though additional languages may be present. Some linguistic restrictions on product labeling were found to be incompatible with European law, particularly the directives concerning the freedom of movement of goods within the European Union. The French government then issued interpretation notes and amended regulations in order to comply.

In another provision, the law specifies obligations for public legal persons (government administrations, et al.), mandating the use of French in publications, or at least in summaries of publications. In France, it is a constitutional requirement that the public should be informed of the action of the government. Since the official language of France is French, it follows that the French public should be able to get official information in French.

Under the Toubon law, schools that do not use French as the medium of instruction are ineligible for government funding. This excludes the Breton language schools of Brittany.

Other restrictions concern the use of French in academic conferences. These are largely ignored by many public institutions, especially in the "hard" scientific fields. The original restrictions on colloquia also applied to private bodies, but that was found unconstitutional prior to enactment, on grounds that they violated freedom of speech, and the final form of the law was modified accordingly.

Enforcement against French subsidiaries of US-based organizations
In the mid-1990s, soon after the Toubon Law came into force, two French lobbying groups—the Association pour la Défense de la Langue Française and the L'Avenir de la Langue Française—filed a complaint against Georgia Tech Lorraine, the Metz campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology. At the time of the complaint, all classes at this Lorraine school were conducted in English, and all course descriptions on its French Internet web site were in English only. The complaint invoked the Toubon Law to demand that the school's web site must be in French because the web site was effectively a commercial advertisement for the school's courses. Although the case was dismissed by the court on a minor legal technicality, and the lobbying groups chose to drop the matter, the school was moved to offer its French website in the French language in addition to English, although classes continued to be in English only.

In 2006, the French subsidiary of the US company General Electric Medical Systems was fined €500,000 plus an ongoing fine of €20,000 per day for not complying with the Toubon law.

title: Toubon Law


text:
Pieczarki

Pieczarki may refer to:
 * Pieczarki, Kętrzyn County, Poland
 * Pieczarki, Węgorzewo County, Poland

title: Pieczarki