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Frederick of Naples

Frederick (April 19, 1452 – November 9, 1504), sometimes called Frederick IV or Frederick of Aragon, was the last king of Naples from the Neapolitan branch of the House of Trastámara, ruling from 1496 to 1501. He was the second son of Ferdinand I, younger brother of Alfonso II, and uncle of Ferdinand II, his predecessor.

A combination of King Louis XII of France and Frederick's famous cousin King Ferdinand II of Aragon had continued the claim of Louis's predecessor, King Charles VIII of France, to Naples and Sicily. In 1501, they deposed Frederick; Naples initially went to Louis, but by 1504 a falling-out led to Naples' seizure by Ferdinand, after which it remained part of the Spanish possessions until the end of the War of the Spanish Succession.

Early life and education
Born in Naples to Ferdinand I and his first wife, Isabella of Clermont, Princess of Taranto, he succeeded his childless nephew Ferdinand II after the latter's early death in 1496, at the age of 27.

He was baptized on April 19, 1452, in Castel Capuano and his godfather was the Emperor Frederick III, who was then sent to Alfonso the Magnanimous on a diplomatic visit.

His father ascended to the throne of Naples, upon the death of Alfonso the Magnanimous on June 27, 1458, and gave his son the best mentors: Andrea da Castelforte, Giovanni Elisio Calenzio, Girolamo Baldassare, and Offeriano Forti

Service to King Ferrante
In 1464, while residing in Taranto with his father, he was ordered to lead an escort for Ippolita Maria Sforza, eldest daughter of the Duke of Milan and fiancée of his brother Alfonso, from Milan to Naples. He left Naples on 18 March 1465 with 320 riders and learned while en route on March 30 about the death of his mother. He was received at Rome on April 2, 1465, by Pope Paul II who presented him with the golden rose. He then went to Siena and Florence, where he was received on April 17 by Lorenzo the Magnificent. He then journeyed to Milan, and stayed until June 7, ordered by the bride to return to Naples. He followed the same route when he was stopped by the Duke of Milan, who threatened to break up the wedding in Siena until diplomacy was opened up. He returned to Naples on 14 September. From 1464 to 1473, he served as a lieutenant of the King of Naples in Capitanata, Terre de Bari and Terre d'Otrante, his roles receiving liege homage, overseeing the collection of taxes and enforcing trade agreements with the Republic of Venice. He also participated in the diplomatic activity that his father led, especially in receiving the lords the King of Naples wished to enter into an alliance with. He welcomed in March 1472 in Aversa and Naples, Jean della Rovere, prefect of Rome, lord of Senigallia and nephew of Pope Sixtus IV (della Rovere François), and on August 30, 1473, received Charles Manfredi, lord of Faenza.

Diplomacy and marriage arrangements
As early as April 1470, Charles the Bold proposed to marry his daughter and sole heiress Mary to Frederick, and the plans took shape in November 1471, after the signing of an alliance between the Duke of Burgundy and the King of Naples.

As one of the richest heiresses of her time, many nobles were attempting to marry Mary of Burgundy. Her suitors included princes and lords such as Ferdinand the Catholic, Duke Nicholas I of Lorraine, Philibert of Savoy, George of England, and Charles de Guyenne. Louis XI himself expressed interest in nominating a prince of Aragon or Naples, with whom he could exchange the claims of Anjou against the Burgundian territories he sought to inherit in Maine. In February 1472, King Ferdinand received Frederick with the aim to aid in the project, a Burgundian delegation insisted that Charles the Bold, for its part, had not stopped his choice. Frederick's sister Eleanor expressed confidence in the idea that the Duke of Burgundy sought to join in alliance before Easter. But these hopes were shattered during the summer when they learned, at the court of Naples, of the engagement of Mary of Naples to Nicholas of Lorraine, a claimant to the Kingdoms of Naples and Aragon, resulting from the alliance concluded between the dukes of Burgundy and Lorraine, and Charles the Bold initialled by Arras on May 25, 1472, and signed by Nicholas, in turn, on May 27, 1472. Mary gave her consent to the promise of marriage on June 13, 1472, and Nicolas sent her his "Mons-en-Hainaut" the same day.

In October 1472, a new Burgundian embassy arrived at Naples reassuring about the arrangement of Mary of Burgundy and the relationship between Charles the Bold and the King of Naples. On leaving, they left behind two squires responsible for teaching Frederick better French. Charles the Bold used the eventual marriage of his daughter as an instrument of his diplomacy.

The engagement of Mary and Nicholas never came to fruition. On November 5, 1472, at the camp of Charles the Bold in Beaurevoir, Nicholas waived his promise of marriage without jeopardizing the alliance between the two dukes. Mary renounced her betrothal on 3 December.

In 1473, due to both sides failing to meet the commitments of the alliance, along with the rumor of Charles's reckless plan to marry his daughter to Maximilian, the son of Emperor Frederick III, King Ferdinand began exploring the possibility of a union between Frederick and Joanna, daughter of John II of Aragon. He also raised the possibility of a marriage with a daughter of Luca Sanseverino, Prince of Bisignano, before returning to his original wedding arrangements.

At the court of Charles the Bold
King Ferdinand decided to promote the possibility of marriage between Frederick and the daughter of Charles the Bold and sought any opportunity that would require the Duke of Burgundy to accept the offer. On November 26, 1474, in Foggia, Ferdinand gave Francesco Bertini, Bishop of Capaccio, as ambassador to the court of Burgundy, full powers to conduct the negotiations. On November 28, Alphonse, Duke of Calabria, was confirmed as an ambassador for the negotiations by his father and his brother the bishop of Capaccio.

Frederick left Naples on October 26, 1474, with a princely retinue and many visits in Italy, awaited the opportunity to go to Dijon. He was received in Rome, Urbino, and Ferrara with his brother-in-law Ercole d' Este. On January 5, 1475, accompanied by 400 members of his retinue, he was welcomed by the Doge of Venice Pietro Mocenigo in an elaborate reception, during which the delegations of the Serenissima Republic were welcomed at Bucentaure.

The opportunity to join the court of Charles the Bold was furnished by the signing of a military agreement between Charles and Galeazzo Maria Sforza on 30 January. In early February, he left Milan for Turin where Yolande de France, who was the major broker of the alliance between the Dukes of Burgundy and Milan, entrusted him as the master of arms and archery. He was stationed at Besançon at the end of February, when Charles the Bold besieged Neuss. News spread quickly among the Italian courts, and Guy de Brimeu, counselor of the Duke of Burgundy, was particularly surprised about the developing news of the marriage. Ferdinand knew that the wedding plans were fluctuating and subject to political uncertainties and questions, and this was even more true elsewhere like in the Court of Burgundy. He confided in his son with two major tasks: the first was to give to Charles the Bold the collar of the Order of the Ermine he had created, and welcome him to the Order of the Knights of the Fleece or, the second was to replace, in the entourage of Charles, Nicola di Monforte Pietravalle, Count of Campobasso, a former vassal of Ferdinand who served René of Anjou and had ties to John of Calabria, who recruited mercenaries in Piedmont, Lombardy and Emilia to serve in the army of Burgundy.

While Frederick of Aragon arrived at the court of Burgundy, Antoine de Bourgogne, the half- brother of Charles the Bold, set off to Naples with his son Philippe, François d'Este, an illegitimate son of Lionel Este and Guillaume de Rochefort and a hundred men to submit to King Ferdinand the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece in which he was admitted to the Chapter of Valenciennes in 1473 at the request of Charles the Bold. Arriving at Mechelen around 15 February, Antoine de Bourgogne stayed at Moncalieri from March 4 to March 6 at the Duchess Yolande's estate. He likely met with Frederick at this time at the estate of Chambéry.

Antoine de Bourgogne was received at the Milanese court from 9 March to 16 March 1475, then traveled to Naples where he was welcomed by the Duke of Calabria Alphonse on April 15. On April 20, King Ferdinand was ordained in the Order of the Golden Fleece, and had sworn to abide by its statutes. The arrival of the Burgundian embassy became an occasion for great festivities including jousts.

Court of Louis XI
In the summer of 1479, Frederick married Anne of Savoy, daughter of the Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy, and Yolande of France. He lived with his young wife at the court of her maternal uncle, King Louis XI of France. After the death of his wife in 1480, he returned to Naples.

In 1485, Frederick received the title of Prince of Squillace, and was sent by his father on several diplomatic missions.

King of Naples
He succeeded his nephew as king and soon was forced to fight the claims of Louis XI 's successor, King Charles VIII of France, to his kingdom. He was crowned on June 26, 1497. Louis XII of France took these claims on his own and began the conquest of the kingdom from 1499 to 1501. Frederick had to call upon his cousin Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, to repel the French, but the latter, after defeating Louis XII, retained the kingdom for himself. Stripped of his dominions, Frederick was forced to implore the generosity of the King of France, who had made him an annuity of thirty thousand pounds on the duchy of Anjou.

Loss of Naples
The representatives of Louis XII of France and those of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain signed a secret treaty in Granada on November 11, 1500. The French and Aragonese sovereigns agreed to attack the Kingdom of Naples, conquer it and immediately divide it between themselves. Louis XII would receive Naples, Terra di Lavoro and Abruzzo and the titles of King of Jerusalem and King of Naples; Ferdinand of Aragon would become Duke of Apulia and Duke of Calabria. Each of the two sovereigns sought the endorsement of Pope Alexander VI, the overlord of these hypothetical territories.

In Malaga, Ferdinand armed a fleet of 50 vessels carrying 1,200 horses and 8,000 infantry under the command of Gonzalo de Córdoba. These forces sailed to support the Venetians in the battles against the Turks, then returned after the campaign around 1500–1501 to Sicily. French and Aragonese forces occupied Naples in 1501.

Death
In August 1501, Naples fell to the invading French army forcing Frederick, now in Blois, to negotiate with Louis XII of France. In return for an annual pension and the county of Maine, he forfeited his rights to Naples. Frederick accompanied Louis into Italy, but returned to Tour in March 1503. He died in Tours in 1504.

Marriages and children
Frederick married twice. His first wife was Anne of Savoy—daughter of Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy, and Yolande of Valois, daughter of Charles VII, King of France—whom he married on September 11, 1478, in Milan. With Anne he had one daughter:
 * Charlotte (c. 1479/1480–1506), who married Guy XVI, Count of Laval

His second wife was Isabella del Balzo. He also had five children from his second marriage to Isabella:
 * Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria (15 December 1488 – 1550), who married first Germaine of Foix (her third marriage) and secondly Mencía de Mendoza
 * Julia (1492 – 10 March 1542), who married John George of Montferrat
 * Alfonso (1499–1515)
 * Isabella (1500–1550)
 * Caesar (1501–1501/1503)

title: Frederick of Naples


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Talk:Valhalla, New York

Population and density
It cannot both be true that Valhalla's population has precipitously declined and its population density has vastly increased, unless of course Valhalla's area has vastly decreased (or its population is incredibly obese, maybe?). Which it is, I don't know, but research must be done. The decline from 5,379 to 3,162, 2000 to 2010, can't possibly correlate to 704.9/ previous density and 3,900/ something current density.

Dstlascaux (talk) 14:45, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
Vahalla and mythology: The last edit on this page was a mere deletion and not a contribution. But the deleting tag suggested that there is no link between mythology and Vahalla. However, the name itself comes from mythology and there is a section in the article about links to Norse legends (mythology). So what's with the removal of the link? MPLX/MH 16:26, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The mere fact that Valhalla, New York, was named after something in mythology does not make the article about mythology anymore than an article about Nike tennis shoes would be an article about mythology. The alleged links to Norse legends section of this article also contains no mythology. At most it has some bits of folklore here and there, but there is no mythology content in this article to speak of. Even if there were a sentence or two of mythology it wouldn't elevate the whole article into something that should be mentioned on the mythology category page. DreamGuy 18:37, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well that is your opinion, but it flies in the face of the obvious: Valhalla is mythology and the reason why this place was named Valhalla is based upon mythology. This action resulted in at least one person from the area carrying that mythology a stage further by incorporating it into a murder. Clive Cussler also embellished the same mythology to create his novel. So according to your opinion Cussler's work is not a novel based upon mythology? That raises a chicken and the egg question: which came first, the mythology imported to name the place, or Cussler's novel which could not have been written without the first act having taken place? There is no suggestion that the primary link is to mythology, that is why any article can be listed under several categories and mythology is certainly one of them. Perhaps other editors should be asked about how expansive the category section should be with regards to any article on Wikipedia? I thought that the idea was to make as many related links as possible show up for search purposes. It is up to the searcher whether they think that the material is useful to them, but at least they should know that it exists. With your strict interpretation all interesting links would be removed. But as I stated = that is your opinion, but should you force it upon everyone else? Let's see how others interpret the application of the category section. MPLX/MH 19:01, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * "Valhalla is mythology and the reason why this place was named Valhalla is based upon mythology" -- And the article on Valhalla can and should have a Mythology category of come sort, but this one obviously should not. Your other arguments about it inspiring a book and so forth still do not show anything about actual mythology... unless any and every book, TV show, movie and so forth inspired in some small part by mythology should also be tagged with a mythology cateogry. What you are proposing is highly impractical and counterintuitive for finding relevant information in this encyclopedia. DreamGuy 19:13, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Usually searches come up on search engines by relevance. So the fact that there are other categories listed indicate that it is not a primary source. But sometimes secondary sources can be very useful. With your approach only primary sources are available. With regards to your other comments, yes indeed, many books are tagged in exactly this way to give a reader an idea of what the contents of the book are all about. Besides which, none of this would have been possible if the postmaster's wife had simply picked the name of a real place or made up a name with no meaning. Valhalla has a very specific meaning and the fact that this unincorporated area is littered with graveyards only expands the mythology of Valhalla itself as a subject. When you add a best selling novel that features Valhalla in its title and which refers to Valhalla, New York, then this place is taking on a mythology all of its own. Now compound all of that with a weird murder in which the corpse is transported hundreds of miles from the crime scene so that it can be disposed of according to Viking mythology with reference to Valhalla, then it seems pretty clear to me that Valhalla, New York should be linked to the category of mythology. But let's hear from others about how extensive category listing should be on any Wikipedia article. MPLX/MH 19:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not going to waste my time arguing with you, because what you are arguing is so outrageously wrong that if you don't already see it, you probably never will. Articles I have seen that are losoely based upon mythology but not mythology are not labeled the way you claim, and any that are will eventually get changed as other editors take a look at them. I look forward to other editors showing up here to set you straight. DreamGuy 21:33, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Of course I should probably add that other editors have already weighed in on how categories should be applied and wrote the FAQ document Categorization in which we learn that "If you go to the article from the category, will it be obvious why it's there? Is the category subject prominently discussed in the article? If the answer to either of these questions is no, then a category is probably inappropriate." and "Unless it is self-evident and uncontroversial that something belongs in a category, it should not be put into a category." DreamGuy 21:44, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * I will leave the subject alone after these two observations. 1) Please don't start getting shrill and personal when discussing something: ("I'm not going to waste my time arguing with you, because what you are arguing is so outrageously wrong that if you don't already see it, you probably never will.") That was uncalled for.
 * 2) Your second comment with a quotation seems to agree with my own position: ("Unless it is self-evident and uncontroversial that something belongs in a category, it should not be put into a category.") So now we are faced with your interpretation and my interpretation of "self-evident". I believe that the contents and sub-head of the article are indeed "self-evident" in this regard. MPLX/MH 22:25, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Uncalled for? It was simply stating what was obvious. If you choose to be offended, that's your issue, not mine, and that's apparently been the problem from the very start with your first comments to this page.

 * I would argue that it's more self-evident that the category clearly does not belong, but the fact that there's any controversy at all means it shouldn't be there, by Wikipedia policy. No matter how you argue it, the category tag shouldn't be there, either by common sense or by policy. The only way you would be right would be if the policy said that in a controversy the category should remain, or that the policy said feel free to label anything and everything with a category no matter how tenuous and thin the rationale. Policy and commmon sense both contradict your view, so you never had a leg to stand on. DreamGuy 00:29, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Removed John Pierce from notable people
John Pierce was listed as a Notable Person because he had been an honorary mayor of Valhalla. His entry linked to a disambiguation page. Despite a thorough search, I was unable to find any John Pierce identified with this town.

Curious
Hello! I'm curious as to why there's an emergency vehicle gallery here...just thought it was a bit bizarre! FoCuS contribs ;  talk to me!  19:11, 9 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Why not? It's part of the hamlet's services, and because it doesn't have it's own government, its fire services are actually one of very few things that distinguish the community officially by name.  ɱ    (talk  ·  vbm)  20:31, 9 September 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Valhalla, New York


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Il Tempo Gigante

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge with Flåklypa Grand Prix. Sjakkalle 10:34, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Il Tempo Gigante
Fictional racecar from a puppet movie. Radiant! 16:27, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

Relisted due to lack of consensus. There is not enough consensus to do anything with this article. This debate is considered to be continuing, and has been relisted on VfD. -- AllyUnion (talk) 15:35, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Merge with the movie (Il Tempo Gigante) or keep. Wikipedia has plenty of space. Kappa 19:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with the movie (which is Flåklypa Grand Prix), which is currently woefully stubby. —Korath (Talk) 16:33, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep much like Herbie the Love Bug or Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, the car itself is more or less the star of the movie, which is widely considered the most popular/successful Norwegian film of all time (the more common title is "Pinchcliffe Grand Prix"). It's been made into toys, models, and at least two full-sized drivable versions.  If a similar car from an American or British movie were VfDed, there's be overwhelming Keep votes.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  17:45, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Flåklypa Grand Prix, as both articles are quite short. -- Infrogmation 18:37, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge for now. The redirect should keep anyone from getting lost, and the movie article is woefully stubby.  --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 19:11, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Flåklypa Grand Prix. I would have voted Delete without Starblind's added information.  I was a fan of Herbie the Love Bug and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, but I had never heard of this car or the movie under any of its titles.  Barno 19:34, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment:Lack of consensus is the same as consensus to keep. RickK 19:54, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Miss Pippa 10:43, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect - David Gerard 15:27, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)


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Hardy–Ramanujan–Littlewood circle method

In mathematics, the Hardy–Ramanujan–Littlewood circle method is a technique of analytic number theory. It is named for G. H. Hardy, S. Ramanujan, and J. E. Littlewood, who developed it in a series of papers on Waring's problem.

History
The initial idea is usually attributed to the work of Hardy with Srinivasa Ramanujan a few years earlier, in 1916 and 1917, on the asymptotics of the partition function. It was taken up by many other researchers, including Harold Davenport and I. M. Vinogradov, who modified the formulation slightly (moving from complex analysis to exponential sums), without changing the broad lines. Hundreds of papers followed, and the method still yields results. The method is the subject of a monograph by R. C. Vaughan.

Outline
The goal is to prove asymptotic behavior of a series: to show that $a_{n} ~ F(n)$ for some function. This is done by taking the generating function of the series, then computing the residues about zero (essentially the Fourier coefficients). Technically, the generating function is scaled to have radius of convergence 1, so it has singularities on the unit circle – thus one cannot take the contour integral over the unit circle.

The circle method is specifically how to compute these residues, by partitioning the circle into minor arcs (the bulk of the circle) and major arcs (small arcs containing the most significant singularities), and then bounding the behavior on the minor arcs. The key insight is that, in many cases of interest (such as theta functions), the singularities occur at the roots of unity, and the significance of the singularities is in the order of the Farey sequence. Thus one can investigate the most significant singularities, and, if fortunate, compute the integrals.

Setup
The circle in question was initially the unit circle in the complex plane. Assuming the problem had first been formulated in the terms that for a sequence of complex numbers $a_{n}$ for $n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...$, we want some asymptotic information of the type $a_{n} ~ F(n)$, where we have some heuristic reason to guess the form taken by $F$ (an ansatz), we write

 * $$f(z)= \sum a_n z^n $$

a power series generating function. The interesting cases are where $f$ is then of radius of convergence equal to 1, and we suppose that the problem as posed has been modified to present this situation.

Residues
From that formulation, it follows directly from the residue theorem that

 * $$I_n=\oint_{C} f(z)z^{-(n+1)}\,dz = 2\pi ia_n$$

for integers $n ≥ 0$, where $C$ is a circle of radius $r$ and centred at 0, for any $r$ with $0 < r < 1$; in other words, $$I_n$$ is a contour integral, integrated over the circle described traversed once anticlockwise. We would like to take $r = 1$ directly, that is, to use the unit circle contour. In the complex analysis formulation this is problematic, since the values of $f$ may not be defined there.

Singularities on unit circle
The problem addressed by the circle method is to force the issue of taking $r = 1$, by a good understanding of the nature of the singularities f exhibits on the unit circle. The fundamental insight is the role played by the Farey sequence of rational numbers, or equivalently by the roots of unity:

 * $$ \zeta\ = \exp \left ( \frac{2 \pi ir}{s} \right ). $$

Here the denominator $s$, assuming that $r⁄s$ is in lowest terms, turns out to determine the relative importance of the singular behaviour of typical $f$ near $ζ$.

Method
The Hardy–Littlewood circle method, for the complex-analytic formulation, can then be thus expressed. The contributions to the evaluation of $I_{n}$, as $r → 1$, should be treated in two ways, traditionally called major arcs and minor arcs. We divide the roots of unity $ζ$ into two classes, according to whether $s ≤ N$ or $s > N$, where $N$ is a function of $n$ that is ours to choose conveniently. The integral $I_{n}$ is divided up into integrals each on some arc of the circle that is adjacent to $ζ$, of length a function of $s$ (again, at our discretion). The arcs make up the whole circle; the sum of the integrals over the major arcs is to make up $2πiF(n)$ (realistically, this will happen up to a manageable remainder term). The sum of the integrals over the minor arcs is to be replaced by an upper bound, smaller in order than $F(n)$.

Discussion
Stated boldly like this, it is not at all clear that this can be made to work. The insights involved are quite deep. One clear source is the theory of theta functions.

Waring's problem
In the context of Waring's problem, powers of theta functions are the generating functions for the sum of squares function. Their analytic behaviour is known in much more accurate detail than for the cubes, for example.

It is the case, as the false-colour diagram indicates, that for a theta function the 'most important' point on the boundary circle is at $z = 1$; followed by $z = −1$, and then the two complex cube roots of unity at 7 o'clock and 11 o'clock. After that it is the fourth roots of unity $i$ and $−i$ that matter most. While nothing in this guarantees that the analytical method will work, it does explain the rationale of using a Farey series-type criterion on roots of unity.

In the case of Waring's problem, one takes a sufficiently high power of the generating function to force the situation in which the singularities, organised into the so-called singular series, predominate. The less wasteful the estimates used on the rest, the finer the results. As Bryan Birch has put it, the method is inherently wasteful. That does not apply to the case of the partition function, which signalled the possibility that in a favourable situation the losses from estimates could be controlled.

Vinogradov trigonometric sums
Later, I. M. Vinogradov extended the technique, replacing the exponential sum formulation f(z) with a finite Fourier series, so that the relevant integral $I_{n}$ is a Fourier coefficient. Vinogradov applied finite sums to Waring's problem in 1926, and the general trigonometric sum method became known as "the circle method of Hardy, Littlewood and Ramanujan, in the form of Vinogradov's trigonometric sums". Essentially all this does is to discard the whole 'tail' of the generating function, allowing the business of $r$ in the limiting operation to be set directly to the value 1.

Applications
Refinements of the method have allowed results to be proved about the solutions of homogeneous Diophantine equations, as long as the number of variables $k$ is large relative to the degree $d$ (see Birch's theorem for example). This turns out to be a contribution to the Hasse principle, capable of yielding quantitative information. If $d$ is fixed and $k$ is small, other methods are required, and indeed the Hasse principle tends to fail.

Rademacher's contour

In the special case when the circle method is applied to find the coefficients of a modular form of negative weight, Hans Rademacher found a modification of the contour that makes the series arising from the circle method converge to the exact result. To describe his contour, it is convenient to replace the unit circle by the upper half plane, by making the substitution $z = exp(2πiτ)$, so that the contour integral becomes an integral from $τ = i$ to $τ = 1 + i$. (The number $i$ could be replaced by any number on the upper half-plane, but $i$ is the most convenient choice.) Rademacher's contour is (more or less) given by the boundaries of all the Ford circles from 0 to 1, as shown in the diagram. The replacement of the line from $i$ to $1 + i$ by the boundaries of these circles is a non-trivial limiting process, which can be justified for modular forms that have negative weight, and with more care can also be justified for non-constant terms for the case of weight 0 (in other words modular functions).


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Odoric of Pordenone

Odoric of Pordenone (c. 1280–14 January 1331), was a Franciscan friar and missionary explorer from Friuli in northeast Italy. He journeyed through India, Sumatra, Java, and China, where he spent three years in the imperial capital of Khanbaliq (now Beijing). After more than ten years of travel, he returned home and dictated a narrative of his experiences and observations called the Relatio, highlighting various cultural, religious, and social peculiarities he encountered in Asia.

His manuscript was copied multiple times and distributed widely across Europe, both in the original Latin and several vernacular translations including Italian, French, and German. The Relatio was an important contribution to Europe's growing awareness of the Far East.

Odoric's account was a primary source for the account of Mandeville's Travels. Many of the incredible reports about Asia in Mandeville have proven to be versions of Odoric's eyewitness descriptions.

After his death, Odoric became an object of popular devotion and was beatified in 1755.

Early life
Little is known about the life of Odoric and many details are confused by the mythology that evolved after his death. He was born at Villanova, a hamlet now belonging to the town of Pordenone in Friuli. One tradition says that he was the son of a soldier fighting for Ottokar II of Bohemia, who seized control of Pordenone in the early 1270s. For this reason he has sometimes been called "the Bohemian". Another tradition says that Odoric was the son of a prominent local family but recent historians tend to discount this version. Estimates of his birth year have ranged from 1265 to 1285 but a forensic examination of his partially mummified body in 2002 showed he was about 50 when he died in 1331, indicating that he was born around 1280.

His 14th-century ecclesiastical biographers said that he took the vows of the Franciscan order at a very young age. The earliest record of his association with the order is a legal document he signed as a member of the Order of Friars Minor in 1296. He signed other documents in 1316, 1317 and 1318, indicating his presence in Friuli during this period. The nature of these documents also suggests the prestige and the high-level social and institutional relationships he maintained.

Odoric in context
Odoric's journey had been preceded by a period of Papal diplomatic missions that began nearly a century earlier when Mongols had entered Europe in the Mongol invasion of Europe. Between 1237 and 1238 they pillaged most of Russia, and by 1241 they had devastated Poland and Hungary. Then they suddenly retreated. At the First Council of Lyon, Pope Innocent IV organized the first missions to the Great Khan Tartary in 1245, entrusted to the Franciscans, as were subsequent Papal missions over the next century.

By 1260, the fear of another Mongol invasion had subsided and during the next 100 years there were numerous contacts between Europe and China focused on trade opportunities and religious conversion. Travel was facilitated by a united and peaceful Mongolian empire under the Yuan dynasty. Mongolian polytheism was tolerant of the Christian religion and welcomed foreign divinities into its pantheon. Niccolò, Matteo, and Marco Polo made two voyages in 1260 and 1271, and in 1294 the missionary John of Monte Corvino made a similar journey for Pope Nicholas IV. As a result of these and other travelers, information about the Far East started to circulate in Europe.

There is no evidence that Odoric had any diplomatic responsibilities when he undertook his journey. He was motivated to evangelize and perhaps satisfy his own curiosity. In the opening chapter of his chronicle, he states "according to my wish, I crossed the sea and visited the countries of the unbelievers in order to win some harvest of souls."

Journey to China
Sometime after 1318, Odoric left Venice to begin his multi-year journey across Asia. In the introduction to his travel journal, Odoric says that he went as a missionary and never alludes to any other capacity such as an ambassador or emissary. No records have been found to indicate whether he was sent by some ecclesiastical authority or simply received permission to undertake a journey of his own choosing.

There is little chronological information regarding the exact sequence and duration of the stops on his travel. His narrative and other evidence only tells us that he was in western India soon after 1321 (pretty certainly in 1322) and that he spent three years in China between the opening of 1323 and the close of 1328. Along the way he provided brief descriptive notes for each of the places he visited, highlighting various cultural, religious, and social peculiarities.

During at least a part of his journey, the companion of Odoric was Friar James of Ireland, who assisted at Odoric's funeral and subsequently received a payment of two marks from the city of Udine, recorded with the Latin notation, Socio beati Fratris Odorici, amore Dei et Odorici ('companion of the Blessed Brother Odoric, for the love of God and Odoric').

From Venice he first went to Constantinople and then crossed the Black Sea to Trebizond. From Trebizond he traveled southeast along the caravan route to Erzerum, Tabriz, and Soltania. It is likely that he spent time at the Franciscan monasteries established in these cities. From Soltania his travels become somewhat confused. He seems to have wandered through Persia and Mesopotamia, visiting Kashan, Yazd, Persepolis, and Baghdad. From Baghdad he traveled along the Persian Gulf, and at Hormuz embarked for India.

Odoric landed on the Indian coast at Tana where Thomas of Tolentino and his three Franciscan companions had recently been martyred for "blaspheming" Muhammad before the local magistrate or qadi. Their remains had been interred by Jordan of Severac, a Dominican missionary. Odoric relates that he recovered these relics and carried them with him on his further travels. From Tana, he travelled down the Malabar coast, stopping at Kodungallur and Quilon. From there, he proceeded around the southern tip of India and up along the southwest coast, where he visited the shrine of Thomas the Apostle, which tradition places near Chennai.

From India, Odoric sailed in a junk to northern Sumatra, Java, and Borneo where he became the first European to make a recorded visit to the island. At this point, his journey becomes somewhat confusing and it is not clear whether it is recorded in the correct chronological order. After visiting Champa, an ancient kingdom in Vietnam, Odoric says that he travelled to the islands of Nicobar and then on to Ceylon. After Ceylon, Odoric writes about 'Dondin', an island associated with the Andaman Islands by some historians while others believe it to be entirely fictional.

Next he travelled to Guangzhou (which he knew as "Chin-Kalan" or "Mahachin"). From Guangzhou, he travelled overland to the great port of "Zayton" (possibly Quanzhou ) where there were two houses of his order. In one of these, he deposited the remains of the martyrs of Thane. A letter from the bishop, Andrea da Perugia, dated 1326, confirms their reception.

From Fuzhou Odoric struck across the mountains into Zhejiang and visited Hangzhou ("Cansay"). It was at the time one of the great cities of the world and Odoric —like Marco Polo, Marignolli, and Ibn Batuta—gives details of its splendors. He mentions Hangzhou as "greater city than any other in the world, being 100 miles around, with everywhere within inhabited; often a house has 10 or 12 families. The city has twelve gates and at each gate at about eight miles are cities larger than Venice or Padua". Passing northward by Nanjing and crossing the Yangzi, Odoric embarked on the Grand Canal and travelled to the imperial city of the Great Khan (probably Yesün Temür Khan) at Khanbaliq (within present-day Beijing). He remained there for three years, probably from 1324 to 1327. He was attached, no doubt, to one of the churches founded by the Franciscan Archbishop John of Monte Corvino, at this time in extreme old age. He also visited Yangzhou where Marco Polo had served as governor for three years.

After three years in Khanbaliq, Odoric elected to travel back to Europe, possibly in response to the emperor's request for more missionaries. His return journey is less clearly described. Traveling overland across Asia, he passed through what he called the kingdom of Prester John (possibly Mongolia), and then 'Kansan' (possibly Shaanxi). Some commentators have suggested that he may have been the first European to have reached Tibet, but a number of modern scholars have contested this interpretation. Beyond here, the friar likely proceeded through Kashmir, Afghanistan, Persia, Armenia and Trebizond, where may have caught a ship home to Venice.

Return to Friuli
Odoric reached home sometime around the end of 1329 or the beginning of 1330. After a journey of more than ten years, he had travelled approximately 50,000 kilometers. Shortly after his return Odoric was at his Order's house attached to the Friary of St. Anthony at Padua, and it was there in May 1330 that he related the story of his travels, which was taken down in simple Latin by Friar William of Solagna.

From Padua he is thought to have proceeded to Pisa in order to take ship for the Papal Court at Avignon, where he wanted to report on the affairs of the church in the far East, and request recruits for the missions in Cathay. However, he fell ill in Pisa and returned home to Friuli where he died on January 14, 1331.

The friars of the convent were about to bury him the same day privately, but when this became known in the city, Conrad Bernardiggi, the chief magistrate of Udine, who had a great regard for Odoric, intervened and appointed a solemn funeral for the next day. Rumours of his travels and the posthumous miracles attributed to Odoric spread rapidly through the population. The ceremony had to be deferred more than once, and at last took place in presence of the patriarch of Aquileia and many local dignitaries.

As public veneration for Odoric grew, the patriarch ordered the body of the friar to be moved into a stone tomb, commissioned and paid for by the community of Udine and sculpted by a Venetian artist, Filippo de Sanctis. Odoric was placed in the church of San Francesco and the chapel dedicated to him was frescoed in the fifteenth century with episodes of his journey and his miracles. The tomb was removed due to the Venetian suppressions (1769) and after some wanderings it was placed in the church of San Maria del Carmine, where it is still to be found.

Contemporary fame of his journeys

Popular acclamation made Oderic an object of devotion, the municipality erected a noble shrine for his body, and his fame as saint and traveller had spread far and wide before the middle of the century, but it was not until four centuries later (1755) that the papal authority formally sanctioned his beatification. A bust of Odoric was set up at Pordenone in 1881.

There are a few passages in the book that stamp Odoric as a genuine and original traveller. He is the first European, after Marco Polo, who distinctly mentions the name of Sumatra. The cannibalism and community of wives which he attributes to certain people of that island do certainly belong to it, or to islands closely adjoining. His description of sago in the archipelago is not free from errors, but they are the errors of an eye-witness.

Regarding China, his mention of Guangzhou by the name of Censcolam or Censcalam (Chin-Kalan), and his descriptions of the custom of fishing with tame cormorants, of the habit of letting the fingernails grow extravagantly, and of the compression of women's feet, are peculiar to him among the travellers of that age; Marco Polo omits them all. Odoric was one who not only visited many countries, but wrote about them so that he could share his knowledge with others.

Beatification
Moved by the many miracles that were wrought at the tomb of Odoric, Pope Benedict XIV, in the year 1755, approved the veneration which had been paid to Blessed Odoric. In the year 1881 the city of Pordenone erected a magnificent memorial to its distinguished son.

Manuscripts and published editions
The original manuscript of Odoric's narrative has been lost, but researchers have traced at least 117 copies, seventy-nine of them in Latin, twenty-three in Italian, eight in French, five in German, one in Castilian, and one in Welsh. Most of the copies do not have a name so, by convention, scholars use the title Relatio.

The work was read widely in Europe and manuscript copies can be found in libraries across the continent. The oldest surviving text is preserved in Assisi and three more copies nearly as old can be found in the Vatican library.

The events narrated by Odoric after his return to Italy may have been transcribed several times. The most widespread version was made by William of Solagna who states in an introduction that he took down the dictation of Odoric while they were in Bologna in May 1330. Other compilations of the narrative were prepared in Latin or Italian and some of them were very dissimilar.

Another contemporary version was made by Heinrich of Glatz (Silesia) who said he copied the text from a version he accessed in the papal library at Avignon (likely in 1331). Each subsequent compiler or copyist modified the text as they saw fit. Some simply attempted to improve on the original Latin grammar while others added details or entirely new sections. In one German manuscript, for example, comparisons that Odoric frequently made between Chinese cities and Italian ones were replaced by comparisons with German cities. In France, comparisons were made to French cities and rivers. In other versions stories of miracles attributed to Odoric after his death were added in an effort to bolster the case for his beatification.

A comprehensive study of all versions and their histories has not yet been done.

The narrative was first printed at Pesaro in 1513, in what Apostolo Zeno (1668–1750) calls lingua inculta e rozza.

Giovanni Battista Ramusio first includes Odoric's narrative in the second volume of the second edition (1574) (Italian version), in which are given two versions, differing curiously from one another, but without any prefatory matter or explanation. Another (Latin) version is given in the Acta Sanctorum (Bollandist) under 14 January. The curious discussion before the papal court respecting the beatification of Odoric forms a kind of blue-book issued ex typographia rev. camerae apostolicae (Rome, 1755). Friedrich Kunstmann of Munich devoted one of his papers to Odoric's narrative (Histor.-polit. Blätter von Phillips und Görres, vol. xxxvii. pp. 507–537).

Some editions of Odoric are:

 * Giuseppe Venni, Elogio storico alle gesta del Beato Odorico (Venice, 1761)
 * Henry Yule in Cathay and the Way Thither, vol. i. pp. 1–162, vol. ii. appendix, pp. 1–42 (London, 1866), Hakluyt Society
 * Henri Cordier, Les Voyages ... du frère Odoric ... (Paris, 1891) (edition of Old French version of c. 1350). Available at the Internet Archive
 * Teofilo Domenichelli, Sopra la vita e i viaggi del Beato Odorico da Pordenone dell'ordine de'minori (Prato, 1881) (includes a Latin and an Italian text) (available at the Internet Archive)
 * text embedded in the Storia universale delle Missione Francescane, by Marcellino da Civezza, iii. 739-781
 * text embedded in Richard Hakluyt's Principal Navigations (1599), ii. 39-67.
 * John of Viktring (Johannes Victoriensis) in Fontes rerum Germanicarum, ed. JF Böhmer
 * Luke Wadding, Annales Minorum, A.D. 1331, vol. vii. pp. 123–126
 * Bartholomew Rinonico, Opus conformitatum ... B. Francisci ..., bk. i. par. ii. conf. 8 (fol. 124 of Milan, edition of 1513)
 * John of Winterthur in Eccard, Corpus historicum medii aevi, vol. i. cols. 1894-1897, especially 1894
 * C. R. Beazley, Dawn of Modern Geography, iii. 250-287, 548-549, 554, 565-566, 612-613.

Legacy
Minor planet 4637 Odorico is named after him.

Popular translations

 * Odoric of Pordenone, translation by Sir Henry Yule, introduction by Paolo Chiesa, The Travels of Friar Odoric: 14th Century Journal of the Blessed Odoric of Pordenone, Eerdmans (December 15, 2001), hardcover, 174 pages, ISBN 0802849636 ISBN 978-0802849632. Scan at Archive.org.

title: Odoric of Pordenone


text:
Talk:Apomorphy and synapomorphy

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kmrunge.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:32, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Removed Wiktionary tag. Apomorphies are very important concept in cladistics. Phlebas 16:28, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Article should be renamed
This article should be renamed "Apomorphy and synapomorphy" as apomorphy is the more general term (derived trait) that is often explained first. In fact, the lead sentence of this article lists apormophy first and it is also described first in the next sentence and in the first section (Description) of this article. danielkueh (talk) 12:51, 13 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree. Peter coxhead (talk) 06:16, 14 October 2021 (UTC)
 * ok, great. We can do the move first. That would be easiest. danielkueh (talk) 07:17, 14 October 2021 (UTC)

Translate?
The Short description Derived characters of a clade does not make sense to me. Please could somebody add a simpler introduction to the subject for the lead and a clearer SD? — GhostInTheMachine talk to me 12:17, 15 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I took a stab. Let me know if it's more helpful. danielkueh (talk) 12:45, 15 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes it helps thanks. Any chance you could also have a go at the opening sentence?  — GhostInTheMachine talk to me 14:21, 16 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I’ve removed an unnecessary term, defined apomorphy more clearly, and used a simpler example. Hope that helps a little. :) danielkueh (talk) 14:38, 16 October 2021 (UTC)
 * It does. Thanks — GhostInTheMachine talk to me 08:50, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apomorphy and synapomorphy


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gurgty

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Gurgty, Malaty, Otloy, Chinyik ( Yuit confirmed)
Delete.I've never heard of such native people of northern Siberia. Created by anon. Mikkalai 16:29, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

WARNING: When checking by google, please keep in mind that this info diffused from wikipedia all over the net. Mikkalai 02:55, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The Yuit, at least, are real (see, among others). I didn't find any non-Wiki references to the others (although "Malaty" is a widely-used string). Vote keep on Yuit, not sure yet about the others. DS 20:56, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've finally found Yuhyt (Yuity)The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Mikkalai 21:37, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I understand that this is a pretty obscure topic and hardly we can find experts quickly in wikipedia (otherwise the Northern indigenous peoples of Russia article wouldn't be in a so sorry state), but I am with all my reluctance applying the verifiability criterion here. Tonight I will try to search thru all possible (mis)spellings in Eng and Ru laguages. I don't exclude the possibility that I am wrong. Mikkalai 22:08, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article(s) does no establish notability. Megan1967 23:23, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You may want to pick another reason. If the people do exist after all, notability issue is out of question. Mikkalai 00:23, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Good luck Mikkalai. Kappa 01:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the Yuit. Keep the Malaty as Columbia's article on the Sakha mentions them as an indigenous tribe of hunter-gatherers. Our article on the Nenets people mentions the Otloy. As that is taken from the 1911 Britannica, I would vote Keep for them as well. I can't find anything on the Gurgty so I will abstain on that vote. Capitalistroadster 09:27, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Your "Columbia" link is a wikipedia mirror. Kappa 09:44, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right it is. Apologies. Abstain on the Malaty. Capitalistroadster 12:57, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * And the Otloy was not in EB1911. Someone added it later, an I deleted it yesterday as unverified. If the issue clarifies, I will gladly add it back. Mikkalai 00:45, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yuit is confirmed and redirected where it belongs. Mikkalai 00:47, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It is quite possible that the author acted in good faith an entered the names of tribes he read in some obscure book. At least the Yuit case speaks in his/her favor. But anfortunately he was anonynous, and without further reference... Mikkalai 02:48, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * This link may provide some help: -- Hedley 20:32, 20 Feb 2005

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gurgty


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John Montgomery

John Montgomery or Montgomerie may refer to:

Politicians

 * John Montgomery (Leominster MP), 14th-century MP for Leominster
 * John Montgomerie (Ayrshire MP) (1680–1731), MP for Ayrshire 1710–27
 * John Montgomerie (died 1725), Scottish businessman and politician, MP for Linlithgowshire 1704–7, for Buteshire 1710
 * John Montgomery (Continental Congress) (1722–1808), U.S. merchant, continental congressman for Pennsylvania
 * John Montgomery (Maryland politician) (1764–1828), U.S. lawyer, congressman from Maryland
 * John Montgomery (Oklahoma politician), member of the Oklahoma Senate
 * John Montgomery (shipbuilder) (1800–1867), Canadian shipbuilder, merchant and politician in New Brunswick
 * John Flournoy Montgomery (1878–1954), U.S. ambassador to Hungary during World War II
 * John Gallagher Montgomery (1805–1857), U.S. lawyer, congressman for Pennsylvania
 * John M. Montgomery (1843–1895), Canadian politician from Prince Edward Island
 * John Montgomery (died 1733), Irish M.P. for County Monaghan, Ireland
 * John Montgomery (1747–1797), Irish soldier and M.P
 * John Montgomery (died 1741) (1719–1741), M.P. for County Monaghan, Ireland

Military

 * John Montgomery (pioneer) (1750–1794), American Revolutionary officer and pioneer in Illinois and Tennessee
 * John B. Montgomery (1794–1872), United States Navy admiral

Sports

 * John Montgomery (footballer), Scottish footballer
 * John Montgomery (equestrian) (1881–1948), American horse rider and Olympic medalist
 * John Montgomerie (chess player) (1911–1995), Scottish chess player

Others

 * John Montgomery (tavern-keeper) (1788–1879), Canadian tavern-keeper in 1837 Rebellion
 * John Joseph Montgomery (1858–1911), U.S. pioneer in aviation
 * John Warwick Montgomery (born 1931), American legal academic
 * John Montgomery (art historian) (1951–2005), Pre-Columbian art historian
 * John R. Montgomery, advertising industry veteran and television producer
 * John Michael Montgomery (born 1965), country singer
 * J. Alastair Montgomerie (1914–1989), Scottish businessman and Royal Navy officer
 * John Leslie Montgomery (aka Wes Montgomery) (1923–1968), American jazz guitarist

title: John Montgomery


text:
Carolivia Herron

Carolivia Herron (born Carol Olivia Herron; July 22, 1947 ) is an American writer of children's and adult literature, and a scholar of African-American Judaica.

Personal life
She was born to Oscar Smith Herron and Georgia Carol (Johnson) Herron, in Washington, D.C.

Herron converted to Judaism in adulthood, and she has paternal-line Jewish descent from her grandmother via Jewish Geechees.

She is a founding member of "Jews of African Descent".

Education
She has a BA in English from Eastern Baptist College in Pennsylvania (now Eastern University). She earned an M.A. in English from Villanova University in 1973, and an MFA in creative writing and a PhD in comparative literature and literary theory from the University of Pennsylvania.

Herron spent a postdoctoral research year at Brandeis University investigating the subject of African-American Jews.

Writing
Her debut novel, Thereafter Johnnie, a semi-autobiographical portrayal of African-American life, was critically well received.

Her critically acclaimed picture book Nappy Hair, a call-and-response story based on her own experiences as a child, was the cause of massive controversy when a New York City public school teacher was accused of racism after using it in the classroom. Nappy Hair was originally planned as a chapter of an adult book, is influenced by the epic tradition and African praise tradition.

Herron edited the papers of Angelina Weld Grimke for Oxford University Press.

Many of her writings, including her multimedia novel in progress, "Asenath and Our Song of Songs", refer to the intersections between Judaic and African cultures. Textual portions of "Asenath and Our Song of Songs" were published as separate novels in 2014, "Asenath and the Origin of Nappy Hair," and 2016, "PeacesongDC."

Her children's book Always an Olivia recounts the coming of Herron's Jewish ancestors from Tripoli, Libya, to the Georgia Sea Islands in the Americas.

Herron wrote the libretto of the opera Let Freedom Sing: The Story of Marian Anderson, composed by Bruce Adolphe, which was commissioned and premiered by the Washington National Opera and the Washington Performing Arts Society in 2009.

Teaching
Herron has taught literature at many institutions, including Harvard University, Mount Holyoke College, Brandeis University, California State University, Chico, William and Mary, and Marien N'Guabi University in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo. In 2017 Herron joined the Classics Department at Howard University, and currently teaches undergraduate courses in Humanities (mostly epics) and Blacks in Antiquity.

She also teaches children directly working directly in Grecian epics with her vast understanding of ancient Greece mythology. She also has the ability to translate the ancient language.

Scholarship
Her scholarship includes work on African-American Judaica. Her scholarship also includes work on children's literature, multicultural literature, and Star Trek. Herron is currently developing Epicenter Stories to assist in her work with children, literacy, and multiculturalism.

Adult

 * Thereafter Johnnie, 1991
 * Asenath and the Origin of Nappy Hair, 2015

Children's

 * Nappy Hair, 1997
 * Always an Olivia, 2007

Non-fiction

 * Selected works of Angelina Weld Grimké, 1991
 * “Nappier Hair: In Brenda’s Own Voice or Setting the Record Straight.” The Lion and the Unicorn, Volume 37, Number 2 (April 2013): 188-194.
 * “Early African American Poetry.” The Columbia History of American Poetry., edited by Jay Parini and Brett Millier, 16-32. New York: Columbia University Press; 1993. xxxi, 894.
 * “Philology as Subversion: The Case of Afro-America.” Comparative Literature Studies, vol. 27, no. 1 (1990): 62–65.

title: Carolivia Herron


text:
Talk:Language transfer

Untitled
i came here for the definition of language transfer... nothing! someone please take action... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.51.109.129 (talk) 15:47, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 September 2019 and 4 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): GOstudent.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:12, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Huh?
I came to this article for a definition, and their is none. It should be the first sentence. Currently the first sentence, and paragraph, appear to be some kind of disclaimer, then the body paragraph jumps into esoteric jargon. I still don't know what "Language Transfer" is in this context. Needs a serious rewrite. Youdontsmellbad (talk) 07:30, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Redirect
I've moved this page from language interference to language transfer because the latter is the more academic name for this, as used in second language acquisition. It also has fewer negative connotations, allowing us to discuss 'positive transfer' without switching between the terms throughout the article. Jsteph 09:44, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

hi, I think that interference and transfer are two different terms! 83.19.61.66 (talk) 13:16, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Hoffentlich???
The german use of hoffentlich has nothing to do with english use of Hopefully, at least, certainly not directly! See List of English words with disputed usage, Dangling modifier and. Circeus 16:36, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you saying that the German word doesn't carry the meaning "it is hoped that" or the English word doesn't? Not completely sure about the German one, but as far as I am aware, both are common enough to be proper in that meaning at least as colloquialisms.

Embarazada
Contributors to this article may be interested to know that the article on Embarazada (the Spanish for "pregnant", a false friend cognate with "embarrassed") is currently up for deletion at Articles_for_deletion/Embarazada. Flapdragon 10:27, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

english to greek
Removed due to spam. 76.95.124.146 (talk) 02:00, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

arabic
From now on involve Sarjon’s email address while you are sending me any email. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.170.214.46 (talk) 14:57, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

List of items that influence transfer?
Hi, would perhaps a list of language items that affect transfer be beneficial to this article? For example, differences in use/existence of articles, tenses, prepositions, conjugation, word order, countability, subdivision of concepts... etc, all affect it. I think the article would benefit from such a list. Malick78 (talk) 20:16, 15 March 2013 (UTC)

Some expansion on transfer effects
I feel a section or even an article on transfer effects in bilingual morphosyntactic/phonological acquisition would be in order given the size of the research literature on the topic - I have done some reading on it and am happy to do more, however I'm not really sure where I would 'put' it or when I'd have something accessible written up. LingNerd007 (talk) 22:37, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

 * I am thinking of adding in a section on the phonological acquisition part (and maybe some disordered phon. acquisition)! Though I am in agreement that where to put it is confusing. Looks like the whole page could use some re-working and love... GOstudent (talk) 17:14, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Article Cleanup
I am thinking that the sections on Psychological Transfer and Examples do not seem to be on the same topic that the rest of the article is on. Psychological Transfer, while a relevant concept, does not require such a large and detailed section. Similarly, the Examples section contains examples of code-mixing "languages" rather than new languages formed through language transfer. I plan to delete these sections as part of a larger cleanup of this page. GOstudent (talk) 18:21, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

 * This is the first section that I am deleting. While interesting, again, it is not on the topic of language transfer and fits better with the page transfer of learning.

 * Proactive interference and negative transfer in psychology
 * During the 1950s, memory research began investigating interference theory. This refers to the idea that forgetting occurs because the recall of certain items interferes with the recall of other items. Throughout the 1950s, researchers provided some of the earliest evidence that the prior existence of old memories makes it harder to recall newer memories and he dubbed this effect "proactive interference". During the same time, researchers began investigating negative transfer. Negative transfer concerns itself with a detrimental effect of prior experience on the learning of a new task, whereas proactive interference relates to a negative effect of prior interference on the recall of a second task.

 * The most obvious and used proactive interference and negative transfer paradigm from the 1950s and 1960s was the use of AB-AC, or AB-DE lists. Participants would be asked to learn a list of paired associates in which each pair consists of a three letter consonant-vowel-consonant, nonsense syllable (e.g. DYL), used because it was easy to learn and lacked pre-learned cognitive associations, and a common word (e.g. road). In this paradigm two lists of paired associations are learned. The first list, (commonly known as the AB list) would consist of nonsense syllables as a primer (which constituted the 'A' term), followed by a word (which constituted the 'B' term). The second list would consist of either the same nonsense syllable primer and a different word (A-C list) or a different nonsense syllable primer and a different word (D-E list). The AB-AC list was used because its second set of associations (A-C) constitutes a modification of the first set of associations (A-B), whereas the AB-DE list were used as a control.

 * Shortly afterwards proactive interference was demonstrated with the Brown-Peterson paradigm. A single Brown-Peterson trial consists of a study list, a retention interval and then a recall period. Each list may consist of a handful of related items and are presented individually every few seconds. For the duration of a short retention interval, subjects are then asked to perform an engaging distractor task such as counting backwards in sevens, or thinking of an animal with every letter in the alphabet to minimize rehearsal. Subjects are then asked to recall the items from this second list. Although the lists from previous trials are now irrelevant, the fact that they were studied at all makes it difficult for subjects to recall the most recent list.

 * Negative transfer was examined by researchers in the 60s and found differential learning between trials. :Specifically, differences in the learning rates of list 2 provided clear evidence of the negative transfer phenomenon. Subjects learned an A-C paired association list to a criterion of all associations correct, following learning a list of A-B paired associations to criterion. Ultimately, it was found that those subjects took an increased number of trials to complete the learning task compared to subjects who did not learn the A-B list or from subjects who had to learn a D-E list.

GOstudent (talk) 18:11, 21 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The second section I am deleting is the examples section. In Linguistics, various language blends are not seen as results of language transfer but instead as a result of code mixing. This section also completely lacked citations!

 * Examples[edit | edit source]
 * See also: Non-native pronunciations of English
 * Language transfer produces distinctive forms of learner English, depending on the speaker's first language. Some examples, labeled with a blend of the names of the two languages in question, are:

 * Chinglish (Chinese)
 * Czenglish (Czech)
 * Denglisch (German)
 * Dunglish (Dutch)
 * Engrish or "Japlish" (Japanese)
 * Finglish (Finnish)
 * Franglais (French)
 * Greeklish (Greek)
 * Hinglish (Hindi)
 * Konglish (Korean)
 * Manglish (Malaysian)
 * Poglish (Polish)
 * Porglish (Portuguese)
 * Runglish (Russian)
 * Spanglish (Spanish)
 * Swenglish (Swedish)
 * Taglish (Tagalog)
 * Tanglish (Tamil)
 * Tinglish (Thai)
 * Turklish (Turkish)
 * Yinglish (Yiddish)
 * Similar interference effects, of course, also involve languages other than English, such as French and Spanish (Frespañol), Portuguese and Spanish (Portuñol), or Catalan and Spanish (Catanyol).

 * These examples could be multiplied endlessly to reflect the linguistic interactions of speakers of the thousands of existing or extinct languages.

 * Such interference-language names are often also used informally to denote instances of code-switching, code-mixing, or borrowing (using loan words).

GOstudent (talk) 18:17, 21 November 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Language and Literacy Acquisition and Development
— Assignment last updated by LehmanProf (talk) 23:38, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Language transfer


text:
File talk:VictorEm.JPG

The title of the book is certainly "Lehrbuch der Weltgeschichte oder Die Geschichte der Menschheit"

The title of the book: "Lesebuch der Weltgeschichte oder Die Geschichte der Menschheit" The author was Wilhelm Redenbacher--Bgyorgy 09:53, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

title: File talk:VictorEm.JPG


text: User talk:83.115.125.84

title: User talk:83.115.125.84


text:
Longos, Achaea

Longos (Λόγγος) is a village in the municipality of Aigialeia in the northeastern part of Achaea in the Peloponnese, Greece. The villages Longos and Selianitika (adjacent to the southeast) share a beautiful beach on the Gulf of Corinth which is approximately 1.5 km long. Both villages are among the most popular summer destinations of Achaea. Longos is 2 km east of Kamares, 4 km northwest of Rododafni and 7 km northwest of Aigio. The Greek National Road 8A (Athens - Corinth - Patras) runs southwest of the village.

Sports
The "Longos Football Field" is located in the southwestern side of Longos village near Foinikas River. Longos historical football team, "Aris Longou", used to be the pride of the natives due to the participation in the First Local Division. Aris Longou produced skilled football players such as Giannis Baltimas - former Panachaiki goalkeeper who participated in the Greek Super League. Longos sport activities include also 5x5 football fields and a basketball court.

title: Longos, Achaea


text:
Talk:Independent Gay Forum

feb 2005
NPOV: f you agree with the neo-conservative and conservative wings of the Republican Party, except their position on gay issues then you may find the Independent Gay Forum helpful. Otherwise you find it fitting to call the Independent Gay Forum, the Conservative-Republican Gay Forum. Radiant! 16:40, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that the article looks great, and does not have any NPOV. Browned

notability
Reprinting notability info here, from the AFD.

I expected this to be easy to source considering how often Andrew Sullivan and Jonathan Rauch blather about it. But, not so easy. It appears their popularity has tapered as of late, and much of the direct sources of notability have been sucked away by media companies who don't like to host their own content after three months. However, using WP:WEB criterion 3, "The content is distributed via a medium which is both well known and independent of the creators, either through an online newspaper or magazine, an online publisher, or an online broadcaster", we have reliable sources that attest this has occurred. First, the New York Press tells us that "The WSJ’s online Opinion Journal went even further, pulling in a piece by gay writer Paul Varnell on the gay conservative site Independent Gay Forum." I don't see an explicit date on that piece, but it says "Pim Fortuyn, who was brutally assassinated last week", so that gives us an idea. Second, the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance are using a citation to a piece from the Independent Gay Forum titled "Punishing gays under Islam" which, according to their citation, was published in the Chicago Free Press on 21 October 2001. Chicago Free Press doesn't have their own Wikipedia article, but they do get their content republished by Lynn Conway at the University of Michigan, so they would pass WP:WEB themselves (although it is never a requirement for any source to be WP:N enough to have its own article to nevertheless be used as a WP:RS). So that's two instances of satisfying WP:WEB criterion 3, and either one of those instances alone would be enough.

Also this coverage in the Indiana Daily Student might be somewhat useful. — coe l acan t a lk  — 11:42, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Countercriticism
Is this the countercriticism section really necessary? I thought the criticism sections of some articles were there in order to provide balance and equilibrium to controversial issues, not in order to criticize just for criticizing, since that would violate the demand that every edit be the most free from personal views. Because of this, I believe the countercricism section to be unnecessary and counterproductive to wikipedian standard of editing, for it obliterates the reason why some articles have a criticism sub-section -- to offer balance -- by creating a section of argumentation (clearly the case of the Independent Gay Forum's entry), which implies that the criticism section is also about argumentation, which is not what Wikipedia stands for. To create such a section is obviously side oneself to the party that is being criticized. So I'm going to remove the "IGF response to the criticism" content.

Political labels
The article identifies governor Arnold Schwarzenegger as "socially liberal" and "fiscally conservative". The governor approved of the execution of Tookie Williams, supports parental notification, opposes involuntary preschooling, and vetoed California State Senate bills giving students "integrated tolerance training" [ http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=55852 link title]. He significantly increased education spending and invested thousands of state dollars in embroynic stem-cell research. Google has 417,000 articles linking him to the word "moderate" and only 189,000 to "libertarian". As a Keynesian, social conservative Schwarzenegger supporter, I'm sick of seeing him pegged as a "libertarian".

Hypocrisy
The Independent Gay Forum is opposed to censroship, but regularly censors people from its own message board. Hypocrisy, much? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.142.188.27 (talk) 13:59, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Independent Gay Forum


text:
Wellingborough School

Wellingborough School is a co-educational private day school in the market town of Wellingborough in Northamptonshire. It was established in 1595 and is one of the oldest schools in the country. The school today consists of a Prep school (ages 3–10) Senior school (ages 11–16) and a sixth form (ages 16–18).

History
The original school was a Tudor grammar school in the centre of the town; its original building, built 1617 at a cost of 25 pounds, still survives, now occupied by a local cafe. In January 1881 the school moved under the 28th headmaster to its present 45 acre site on the edge of Wellingborough.

During World War I, about 1,060 alumni of the school saw action. These included the flying-ace Henry Winslow Woollett, famous for 35 victories in the air. 181 old boys and masters were killed in action, among them the former school chaplain, Bernard Vann, who was awarded the Victoria Cross posthumously.

Between the wars, the school's sporting prowess continued, and in 1929 a thatched pavilion was built on the playing fields, paid for out of tuckshop profits. The pavilion has the front door step of the former home of W.G. Grace, acquired in 1939 when his old home in Bristol was demolished. One local boy who sat the scholarship entrance exam unsuccessfully was H.E. Bates.

By 1940 the school was failing. It was saved by the arrival of boys from two other schools. The first comprised 33 boys and masters from Weymouth College, a public school in Dorset which was closing; their arrival was marked by the addition of a house to the school: Weymouth House was originally a house for boys, but it became a house for girls in the late 1980s, as the number of female students increased. The second arrival was a group of boys from Lynfield Preparatory School in Norfolk, with their headmaster Robert Britten, the elder brother of the composer Benjamin Britten. The school was led by Thomas Nevill from 1940 to 1956.

In World War II, 95 old boys were killed in action. Among survivors was Major George Drew. A serial escaper, he spent most of the war in Colditz. The most distinguished old boy was group captain James Brian Tait, one of the RAF's most highly decorated bomber pilots, who led the attack which sank the German battleship Tirpitz in 1944.

In 1965 the school received a visit from Queen Elizabeth II. This was arranged by the chairman of the governors, Albert Edward John Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer (chairman 1946-72).

Until the late 1970s the school was still predominantly for boarders. Girls were admitted for the first time in 1970 and it became fully co-educational in 1979, following the sudden closure of Overstone School in Northamptonshire. After over 400 years of boarding tradition, it stopped offering boarding from the 2000-01 school year onwards.

Notable former pupils
For details of some well-known alumni, see List of Old Wellingburians

title: Wellingborough School


text:
Clam digging

Clam digging is a North American term for a common way to harvest clams (edible infaunal bivalve mollusks) from below the surface of the tidal sand flats or mud flats where they live. It is done both recreationally (for enjoyment or as a source of food) and commercially (as a source of income). Commercial digging in the U.S. and Canada is colloquially referred to as clamming, and is done by a clammer.

Amateur clam digging is often done using a straight long-handled spading fork, or a spading shovel.

Commercial clamming for quahog clams, and the larger surf clams (soup clams) is primarily done offshore, via mechanical dredging. To harvest cultivated clam beds, aquaculturists often use a much smaller version (hand pulled) from the offshore dredge. Another form of commercial clamming is done from a flat-decked boat using a clam rake with a telescopic handle. The head of these rakes have long tines attached to a "basket-like" cage in which the clams are collected.

In the Minas Basin area of Nova Scotia, digging for soft-shelled clams is usually done with a clam hack, a spading fork with its short handle bent perpendicularly away from the fork's head. A digger typically uses the hack by grasping the spine of the prongs in one hand and the handle of the fork in the other to push the hack down into the mud, clay, or sand and then pull it up and towards him/herself. This digging action opens up the substrate to expose the clams. Those clams legally long enough (44 mm in Nova Scotia) are then taken by hand and put into a peck-size (9 litre) bucket that is used to measure the volume of clams collected.

Clam digging on the New England coast is done using a "clam hoe" (a pitchfork with the handle cut off about 18 in from the tines then bent about 70 degrees) and a "hod" or "roller" (a half bushel basket built using wood lathes or wire mesh) and hip waders (boot that extend up to the top of the legs). The use of other tools is prohibited in some areas.

Another popular method for bay clamming is the use of specialized tongs from a boat. Operators use the long tongs to probe the sand for clams. Clam tongs appear very much like two clam rakes with teeth hinged like scissors.

Digging for razor clams using a clam shovel or tube is a family and recreational activity in Oregon and Washington state.

title: Clam digging


text:
Smarties (tablet candy)

In the United States, Smarties are a type of tablet candy produced by Smarties Candy Company, formerly known as Ce De Candy Inc., since 1949. Smarties are produced in factories in both Union Township, New Jersey, and Newmarket, Ontario. The candies distributed in Canada are marketed as Rockets, to avoid confusion with Smarties, a chocolate candy produced by Nestlé which owns the trademark in Canada. The New Jersey factory produces approximately 1 billion rolls of Smarties annually, and in total the company produces over 2.5 billion in a year.

One individual candy is a biconcave disc in shape, with a diameter of roughly 1 cm (0.39 in) and a height of roughly 4 mm (0.16 in). Larger ones have a diameter of 2.5 cm (0.98 in) and are about 6 mm (0.24 in) thick. Smarties come in combinations of colors within their wrapped rolls; these include white and pastel shades of yellow, pink, orange, purple, and green. Each color's flavor is different. They are usually packaged as a roll of 15 candies. Smarties candies are peanut-free, gluten-free, fat-free, and dairy-free. All Smarties candies are free of animal products and therefore vegan.

History
After World War II, the Dee family bought pellet machines and repurposed them to make candy. This gave the candy its resemblance to tablet-style pills in shape and texture. When sugar prices spiked in the 1970s, Ce De Candy switched from sucrose to dextrose.

Edward Dee founded Ce De Candy in Bloomfield, New Jersey, in 1949. In 2011, the company was renamed Smarties Candy Company, after its most famous product.

In 2004, Ce De Candy Co., Inc., in conjunction with Rock The Vote, manufactured 500,000 special edition Smarties with "Rock the Vote" on the wrapper. A 3.5-ounce Theater box was released in 2009, with a retro look on the boxes. In August 2011, the company confirmed that Smarties are vegan.

Starting on Oct 2, 2022, Smarties launched National Smarties Day, hosting a year supply giveaway of candy and launching a TikTok challenge to celebrate Edward Dee’s birthday.

Snorting controversy
In January 2011, a middle school in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, reported that its students had started to crush the Smarties into a fine powder and inhale them, mimicking a form of drug consumption, following a YouTube trend. Health effects of this trend could be scarring of the nasal cavity, irritation, and a possible risk of allergic reaction. A similar trend also observed at the same time at the Portsmouth school was "smoking" the Smarties, taking in the dust orally and blowing it out, resembling cigarette smoke.

Production
The Smarties Candy Company operates two factories, one in Union, New Jersey, and one in Newmarket, Ontario, Canada. The factories produce Smarties 24 hours a day, five days a week, amounting to over 70,000 pounds (around 32,000 kilograms) per day. After mixing the dry ingredients they are pressed into tablets and then stacked and rolled into a Smarties wrapper for packaging. Smarties Candy Company produces over 2 billion Smarties rolls every year.

Ingredients
The ingredients in Smarties candies are dextrose, citric acid, calcium stearate, natural and artificial flavors, and colors. There are 25 calories and 6.9 grams of sugar in a roll of Smarties.

Flavors
Each package contains an assortment of pastel colors in the following flavors:
 * White: Orange cream

 * Yellow: Pineapple
 * Pink: Cherry
 * Green: Strawberry
 * Purple: Grape
 * Orange: Orange

Smarties Candy Company also produces "X-treme Sour" and "Tropical" varieties of Smarties as well as "Lollies and Giant Lollies". In October 2015, the company launched Smarties 'n Creme, which are quarter-sized candy tablets with Smarties flavor on one side and creme flavor on the other.

title: Smarties (tablet candy)


text:
Interstate 3

Interstate 3 (I-3), the 3rd Infantry Division Highway, is a proposed Interstate Highway in the United States to run from Savannah, Georgia, north to Augusta, Georgia, and Knoxville, Tennessee. The roadway was proposed in the same federal highway measure that gave birth to a proposal for I-14.

History
In 2005, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) was signed into law by then-President George W. Bush. The act included the proposed corridors for the planned I-14 (specifically as the 14th Amendment Highway), and I-3 (as the 3rd Infantry Division Highway). The legislation did not provide the official numbering nor did it provide funding for the highways.

The proposed numbering of the highway does not follow the pattern of the existing Interstate Highway grid but is noted to salute and honor the 3rd Infantry Division of the US Army, based at Fort Stewart, near Savannah, Georgia.

According to the Georgia Department of Transportation, the existing Savannah River Parkway, which carries the unsigned designations State Route 555 (SR 555) and SR 565, is open to traffic. It begins just northwest of Savannah at the intersection of I-95 and SR 21/SR 30. It travels northwesterly along SR 21, paralleling the Savannah River, to Millen, where it meets US Route 25 (US 25). From Millen, the roadway follows US 25 to I-520 in Augusta. A western branch of the Savannah River Parkway travels from I-16 south of Statesboro north and northwestward (following US 25) to meet the main parkway roadway in Millen.

The proposal currently faces local opposition from groups concerned about the environmental impact of the Interstate Highway. No date for construction of the highway has been set. The federal government began a study of the proposed route in July 2010. In early 2012, the Federal Highway Administration released a report to the US Congress noting the potential financial and environmental costs of the highway as well as the public opposition.

Route description
The actual route of I-3 is unknown. However, the 2005 SAFETEA-LU legislation indicated that, in Georgia, I-3 would follow the existing Savannah River Parkway from Savannah to Augusta.

Due to the difficulties of building a new highway through the Appalachian Mountains, the highway's proposed route north of Augusta is less clear. In early 2008, officials introduced the possibility of routing I-3 through Greenwood, South Carolina, and continuing on to Greenville. Other potential routes continue in Georgia along US 441, US 129 (along the Dragon, an 11 mi stretch of road in North Carolina and Tennessee adjoining Great Smoky Mountains National Park with 318 curves), or SR 77.

The proposed numbering of the highway does not fit within the usual conventions of the existing Interstate Highway grid, where primary north–south highways are assigned odd numbers, and such odd route numbers increase from west to east. Under the normal Interstate Highway grid, I-3 should instead be located on the West Coast between the Pacific Ocean and I-5. All odd numbers between I-75 and I-95 are already assigned, but most of them are confined to states well north of the proposed route. The 2017 approval of the second I-87 in North Carolina in addition to the I-87 in New York may indicate willingness to duplicate other north–south route numbers.

title: Interstate 3


text:
User:Fxer

Hi. I got started here editing the Nintendo 64 page (getting detailed specs) and have moved into updating the X-Planes pages, mostly correcting/adding linking, and changing the layout to the new 2005 aircraft standard layout. After that I got into updating & adding spiders articles, especially the Taxonomy tables to the current standard. Started the List of impact craters on Earth page.

Did a bunch of work on the 2005 Tour de France, specifically the stage table. Actually got into doing a bunch of work on the Tour in general, amazing how that happens :) Became interested in the America's Cup, specifically the old J-class yachts like the Ranger and the Cup namesake schooner America, added a number of articles and stubs in the arena.

Got interested in Single malt Scotch and the history, regions and methods of production. Added some pictures I took of my bottles, Macallan Single Malt (of the Speyside Single Malts region) and Talisker Single Malt (of the Island Single Malts).

Well received fantasy series

 * R. Scott Bakker - Prince of Nothing
 * Steven Erikson - Malazan Book of the Fallen
 * Robert Jordan - The Wheel of Time
 * George R. R. Martin - A Song of Ice and Fire

Current number of moments I missed in life

 * 542 edits: 12:49, May 23, 2005 Pierre André Latreille
 * 1106 edits: 14:49 August 11, 2005 Hackled orb-weaver

It would be nice if all of wikipedia was public domain, but oh well :) People seem to think they are entitled to compenstation for donating some of their time/knowledge for a greater cause...even on Wikipedia. How about just a good feeling and knowing your works are going to good use even if people don't build statues of you or stroke your ego! :)

Spiders taxobox
I put these here to make it easier for me to cut and paste them into articles i'm working on

Taxobox for a higher spider rank
subgroup 1

title: User:Fxer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joseph Moore

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Note: This decision is subject to reversion if the more general poll on Local Politicians returns a clear concensus one way or the other. Rossami (talk) 07:00, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Joseph Moore
Here lies yet another 6-word sub-stub. Does this offer any real value to our readers, or does it dilute the quality of Wikipedia? Has a concensus been formed that Aldermen and other city council members are not inherently notable in and of themselves? See also: Votes for deletion/Manuel Flores. GRider\talk 16:51, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) Capitalistroadster 19:29, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Borderline Delete. An alderman (or should that be 'alderperson'?) can be barely known even with their own ward. On the other hand, Chicago's a big city and the alderfolks do vote on things that affect many people. --Lee Hunter 18:07, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Ms Moore has been the chair of the National League of Cities Energy, Environment and Natural Resources Committee representing 18,000 cities and gave evidence to a Congressional Committee in this capacity..
 * Ms Moore? Joseph is a woman?  RickK 20:42, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unless he (or she) is a notable alderman, this shouldn't be included. There are far too many alderman, councilors, selectman, etc, to make them inherently notable. Carrp | Talk 21:56, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concarrp. Delete. Radiant! 22:07, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 23:24, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. ComCat 02:51, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep--Chicago alderman, and more generally all large-city govt. figures, represent significant #s of people, have influence over large budgets, and generally have fairly large impacts on the world, compared to the average person. They are certainly notable. For example, consider that the population of Chicago/Toronto/etc. is larger than the population of Jamaica--would anyone suggest deleting articles on Jamaican MPs? These articles are clearly encyclopedic topics. Meelar (talk) 03:33, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * A MP is of global importance, because he represents a country no matter the size thereof. An alderman is only of local importance. Radiant! 10:11, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * But in terms of budget, constituency, etc., the aldermen are just as influential. Meelar (talk) 22:07, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * But in terms of notability, they are not :) Radiant! 22:18, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Local politician with no other evidence of notability.  Does not meet my understanding of the recommended criteria for inclusion of biographies.  Rossami (talk) 06:35, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Lonmin

Lonmin plc, formerly Lonrho plc, was a British producer of platinum group metals operating in the Bushveld Complex of South Africa. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange. Its registered office was in London, and its operational headquarters were in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Lonmin rose to international attention following the Marikana miners' strike in August 2012, in which over 100 striking Lonmin employees were shot (36 killed and 78 wounded) by South African Police Service officers. On 10 June 2019, Sibanye-Stillwater completed the acquisition of Lonmin plc.

History
The company was incorporated in the United Kingdom on 13 May 1909 as the London and Rhodesian Mining and Land Company Limited. It had a founding capital of £1300, which was raised by seven shareholders. Led by Julius Weil, the company started to invest in mining rights in Rhodesia. In 1912 Lonrho started to invest in farming land as well and by 1945 it had become Rhodesia's biggest company.

Businessman Tiny Rowland was recruited as chief executive in 1962. For many years during the second half of the twentieth century it was frequently in the news, not only due to the politically sensitive part of the world in which it had mining businesses, but also – as it strove to become a conglomerate not wholly dependent on these businesses – in a number of takeover battles, most notably for the Harrods of Knightsbridge department store.

In 1968, Lonrho acquired Ashanti Goldfields Corporation, a gold mining business in Ghana. The former Conservative minister Duncan Sandys, a director of Ashanti, became Lonrho's chairman in 1972.

Sir Angus Ogilvy, married to a member of the British royal family (Princess Alexandra), was a Lonrho director and this increased media interest in the company's affairs. Ogilvy's career ended when Lonrho was involved in a sanctions-busting scandal concerning trade with Rhodesia. Prime Minister, Edward Heath, criticised the company, describing it in the House of Commons in 1973 as "an unpleasant and unacceptable face of capitalism."

By 1979, Lonrho employed 140,000 people worldwide.

During the 1980s, Lonrho entered the British newspaper market, buying the Sunday newspaper The Observer in 1981 and the newly launched daily Today in 1986. Today was sold to News International the following year, while the Guardian Media Group bought the Observer in 1993.

Tiny Rowland was finally ejected from Lonrho in October 1993 after a boardroom tussle with director Dieter Bock. He was replaced by Nick Morrell, a former chief executive of The Observer.

Two months before Rowland's death (on 26 July 1998) the assets of Lonrho were split. Two publicly listed companies, Lonrho plc and Lonrho Africa plc were created – the former retaining all the non-African businesses and mining assets. In 1999, Lonrho plc was renamed as Lonmin plc and a new era as a focused mining company began. In 2000 Gordon Haslem became CEO.

In 2004 Brad Mills became CEO: Mills in turn announced his intention to resign from his position in 2008. Mills leaves behind a "significant contribution in developing the company over the past four years" according to chairperson, Sir John Craven, as his introduction of mechanized mining has increased safety for the miners, as well as increasing productivity. Lonmin indicated that former chief strategic officer responsible for the company's business development, Ian Farmer, would replace him.

On 1 October 2008, after building a 24.9% stake in Lonmin, Xstrata announced it was not proceeding with a takeover pitched at £33 per Lonmin share, blaming the failure of its bid on "unprecedented uncertainty in financial markets" caused by the Global financial crisis. Xstrata and its 24.9% stake in Lonmin was later acquired by Glencore on 2 May 2013. Glencore announced on 11 February 2015 that it intends to divest its 23.9% stake in Lonmin, which it inherited through the acquisition of Xstrata. Glencore's divestment in Lonmin will be implemented by way of a distribution in specie to Glencore shareholders.

Farmer resigned as CEO in 2012 for health reasons.

In 2019, Lonmin was acquired by Sibanye-Stillwater.

Operations
The Company was a producer of platinum group metals operating mainly in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa. It had two multi-shaft mining operations, located respectively in:
 * Marikana Region
 * Limpopo Region

Marikana miners' strike
At the Marikana platinum mines, operated by Lonmin at Marikana near Rustenburg, 3,000 workers walked off the job on 10 August 2012 after Lonmin failed to meet with workers. The event garnered international attention following a series of violent incidents which began when leaders from the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) allegedly opened fire on striking NUM members on 11 August.

The Marikana Massacre, as referred to in the media, occurred when police broke up an occupation by striking Lonmin workers of a 'koppie' (hilltop) near Nkaneng shack settlement in Marikana on Thursday 16 August 2012. As a result of the police shootings, 34 miners died and an additional 78 miners were injured causing anger and outcry against the police and South African government. Further controversy emerged after it was discovered that most of the victims were shot in the back and many victims were shot far from police lines. The violence on 16 August 2012 was the single most lethal use of force by South African security forces against civilians since the end of the apartheid era.

During the Marikana Commission, it also emerged that Lonmin management solicited Lonmin shareholder and ANC heavyweight, Cyril Ramaphosa, to coordinate "concomitant action" against "criminal" protesters and is seen by many as therefore being responsible for the massacre. Submissions by the South African Police Service accused Lonmin of being responsible for the violence because of their failure to negotiate with striking miners.

2014 South African platinum strike
In late January 2014 thousands of employees belonging to Lonmin went on strike, demanding a basic salary of R12,500 ($1,180). This amount excludes so-called "living out allowances", for staff who choose not to stay in mine housing on the mine property. This is the same salary for which striking miners were shot and killed by the South African Police Service (SAPS) in 2012. Most of the miners belonged to the miners' union 'AMCU' which South African politician and Commander in Chief of the Economic Freedom Fighters had vowed to sponsor in order to allow the miners to continue striking. The platinum miners were mainly based in Marikana, the town in which Julius Malema jump-started his political party and gained popularity with most of the miners.

The strike, the longest in the history of South Africa, ended in late June 2014 when the mineworkers union signed a 3-year settlement deal with the mine owners which saw the lowest paid workers, whose basic salary was less than R12,500, increased by R1,000 ($95) a month for two years, and by R950 per month in the third year. The agreement also ensured no platinum worker would earn less than R8,000 as a basic salary.

Controversy
In October 2017, Mining Forum of South Africa (MFSA) and Bapo ba Mogale Investments (BBMI) have pleaded President Jacob Zuma to suspend Lonmin's operating licence over non-compliance with its social and labour plan (SLP) for the years 2014 to 2018.

title: Lonmin


text: User talk:199.46.199.232

title: User talk:199.46.199.232


text:
Stilfontein

Stilfontein (Afrikaans for quiet spring) is a former mining town which is located on the N12 (National Road) with 17,942 inhabitants, situated between Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom in North West Province of South Africa. It was incorporated into the City of Matlosana and some municipality administration is located in Matlosana (Klerksdorp).

History
Stilfontein was established in 1949 as a residential centre for three large gold mines: the Hartebeesfontein, Buffelsfontein, and Stilfontein mines.

In May 1949, two shafts (Charles and Margaret) were sunk and it was this success at Stilfontein that inspired the opening up of the Hartebeesfontein and Buffelsfontein mines.

The Margaret shaft at the Stilfontein mine was the first concrete headgear ever to be erected in South Africa and was designed locally and completely constructed form local materials. The tower mounted on this headgear was the first-ever multi-rope Koepoe hoist in South Africa.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Census, the population of Stilfontein was 17,942. The population density was 1,717 persons per km2 (663 persons per mi2).

Tourist attractions

 * Hartebeesfontein Gold Mine
 * Annual Rose Festival in spring
 * Matlosana Mall
 * Ngwenya Hotel & Conference
 * Stilfontein People's Hall (Gentle Breezers Hall)

Earthquakes
Stilfontein was struck by a mining-related earthquake on 9 March 2005, which damaged buildings in the town, which was followed by the closure of the Hartebeesfontein and Buffelsfontein mines when the Stilfontein Gold Mining was handed over into liquidation. The Simmer and Jack Mines took over the mines but disaster struck again on 23 March 2006 when a fire trapped 8 miners underground at the Buffelsfontein mine.

title: Stilfontein