text:
User:לערי ריינהארט/tests/bugzilla:1691

de:Benutzer:Gangleri/tests/bugzilla:65 sv:Användare:Gangleri/tests/bugzilla:65

 * 1591 not 1691 [[Image:Smiley.png|16px|;-)]]
 * This bug is a "duplicate" of 65.
 * Bug #65 is fixed now, see 65. Thanks Brion!
 * Bug #563 is fixed now, see 563. Thanks Brion!
 * reported to pyWikipediaBot-users (see also PyWikipediaBot)

examples

 * ro:Constantin Brâncusi
 * ro:Constantin Brancu&
 * ro:Constantin Brâncu&
 * ro:Constantin Br&
 * 1) Constantin Brâncusi
 * 2) Constantin Brancu&
 * 3) Constantin Brâncu&
 * 4) Constantin Br&

 * ro:Wikipedia:Caterogizare/Categorie Orase în Slovacia
 * ro:Wikipedia:Caterogizare/Categorie Ora&
 * ro:Wikipedia:Caterogizare/Categorie Ora&
 * ro:Wikipedia:Caterogizare/Categorie Ora&
 * 1) w:ro:Wikipedia:Caterogizare/Categorie Orase în Slovacia
 * 2) w:ro:Wikipedia:Caterogizare/Categorie Ora&
 * 3) w:ro:Wikipedia:Caterogizare/Categorie Ora&
 * 4) w:ro:Wikipedia:Caterogizare/Categorie Ora&

11:56, 2005 Feb 28 (UTC)

 * #1 - #8 works properly at de:], [[:en:, sv: ... everywhere !

explanations

 * Here are differnt links. Please look at what the link looks like and what title it targets.
 * If you look at this page and compare #3 and #4 you will not see any difference. The difference will show up only if you edit the page.
 * The diffrenece is that #3 uses â or î ehile #4 uses for these characters the &#nnnn; encoding too.
 * The examples are using three types of characters:
 * 1) 7 bit
 * 2) 8 bit
 * 3) UTF-8 characters
 * It is very strange that you can use either 8-bit characters in interlanguage (also InterWiki w:... at en: only) links or UTF-8 characters in the link, see links #1 and #2 (and #5 and #6)
 * If you click on link #3 the target will be somthing else.
 * Only link #4 works.
 * This behaviour is not transparent to the users using a copy and paste method to insert interlanguage links. It is discriminatory to a lot of languages using combined types and should be considered as a critical error. Users will not be aware that common method #3 will fail, that the very technical method #4 is required or that their interlanguage links will be remouved sooner or later. Gangleri | [ Th] | T 17:06, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC)

addtional tests
sv:Användare:Gangleri/tests/bugzilla:65 de:Benutzer:Gangleri/tests/bugzilla:65
 * same examples at
 * at another Latin-1 type Wikipedia
 * at a UTF-8 type Wikipedia

 * #1, #2 and #4 works properly at [[:sv:] but #3 not
 * #1 - #4 works properly at [[:de:]
 * #5 - #8 will all fail because "w:" is used

test links for pyWikipediaBot-users
an alternative would be &amp;#x25; stands for &#x25; for %
 * Notes:
 * in order to document here "what you see as documentation" is coded differently as "what is coded in the links"; the usual method is used:
 * 1) &amp;#nnnn; stands for &#nnnn;
 * 2) &amp;#xnnnn; stands for &#xnnnn;
 * 3) &amp;#37; stands for &#37; for %

if you make a preview you will see links
 * all links have been inserted with the copy and paste method
 * 1) changed to &#nnnn; encoding and
 * 2) containing characters in the range 128 - 255
 * you should know that they will fail
 * there are more "workarounds" to fix the links
 * 1) using &#nnnn; encoding for all characters > 127
 * 2) using &#xnnnn; encoding for all characters > 127
 * 3) using hardcoded %nn for all characters > 127
 * 4) a mixture of the methods above
 * only #1 is described below
 * see also: character encoding at User:Gangleri/tests/Unicode ISO 8859-1/Table of Unicode characters, 128 to 999

links to items from sk:Category:Slovenské mestá
&Scaron; Š (see alanwood.net) &scaron; š (see alanwood.net)
 * important note:
 * Unicode ofers multiple ways to go.
 * "opticaly" the following two characters "seems" to be the same
 * uppercase letters
 * &#138; Š &#x8A; Š
 * &#352; Š &#x160; Š
 * probably other more or less advanced Unicode or HTML coding
 * lowercase letters
 * &#154; š &#x9A; š
 * &#353; š &#x161; š
 * probably other more or less advanced Unicode or HTML coding
 * because of "the exact match" for accessing titles with MediaWiki only one is allowed:
 * sk:Hnúš& fails coded as sk:Hnúš&
 * fails also as sk:Hn& coded as sk:Hn&
 * works as sk:Hn& coded as sk:Hn&

 * sk:Hnúš& fails coded as sk:Hnúš&
 * fails also as sk:Hn& coded as sk:Hn&
 * works as sk:Hn& coded as sk:Hn&

 * works also for all titles containing only characters A-Z, a-z and "-"
 * sk:Category:Slovenské mestá works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Category:Banská Bystrica works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Category:Bratislava
 * sk:Category:Fi& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Category:Humenné works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Category:Poprad
 * sk:Category:Se& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Category:Žilina works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Banská Bystrica works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Banská Štiavnica works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Bardejov
 * sk:Bojnice
 * sk:Bratislava
 * sk:Brezno
 * sk:Brezová pod Bradlom works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Byt& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Bánovce nad Bebravou works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Detva
 * sk:Dobšiná works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Dolný Kubín works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Dubnica nad Váhom works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Dudince
 * sk:Dunajská Streda works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Fi& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Galanta
 * sk:Gbely
 * sk:Gelnica
 * sk:Giraltovce
 * sk:Handlová works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Hanušovce nad Top& fails coded as sk:Hanušovce nad Top&
 * sk:Hlohovec
 * sk:Holí& fails coded as sk:Holí&
 * sk:Hri& fails coded as sk:Hri&
 * sk:Humenné works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Hurbanovo
 * sk:Ilava
 * sk:Jelšava works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Kežmarok works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Kolárovo works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Komárno works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Košice works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Kremnica
 * sk:Krompachy
 * sk:Krupina
 * sk:Krásno nad Kysucou works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Krá& fails coded as sk:Krá&
 * sk:Kysucké Nové Mesto works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Leopoldov
 * sk:Levice
 * sk:Levo& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Lipany
 * sk:Liptovský Hrádok works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Liptovský Mikuláš works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Lu& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Malacky
 * sk:Martin
 * sk:Medzev
 * sk:Medzilaborce
 * sk:Michalovce
 * sk:Modra
 * sk:Modrý Kame& fails coded as sk:Modrý Kame&
 * sk:Moldava nad Bodvou
 * sk:Myjava
 * sk:Nemšová works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Nitra
 * sk:Nová Ba& fails coded as sk:Nová Ba&
 * sk:Nová Dubnica works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Nováky works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Nové Mesto nad Váhom works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Nové Zámky works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Námestovo works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Partizánske works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Pezinok
 * sk:Pieš& fails coded as sk:Pieš&
 * sk:Podolínec works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Poltár works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Poprad
 * sk:Považská Bystrica works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Prešov works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Prievidza
 * sk:Púchov works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Rajec
 * sk:Rajecké Teplice
 * sk:Revúca works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Rimavská Sobota
 * sk:Rož& fails coded as sk:Rož&
 * sk:Ružomberok works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Sabinov
 * sk:Senec
 * sk:Senica
 * sk:Sere& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Se& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Skalica
 * sk:Slia& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Sládkovi& fails coded as sk:Sládkovi&
 * sk:Snina
 * sk:Sobrance
 * sk:Spišská Belá works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Spišská Nová Ves works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Spišská Stará Ves works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Spišské Podhradie works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Spišské Vlachy works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Stará Turá works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Stará & fails coded as sk:Stará &
 * sk:Stropkov
 * sk:Strážske works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Stupava (Slovensko)
 * sk:Svidník works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Svit
 * sk:Svätý Jur works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Tisovec
 * sk:Tlma& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Topo& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Torna& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Trebišov works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Tren& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Tren& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Trnava
 * sk:Trstená works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Turzovka
 * sk:Tur& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Tvrdošín works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Ve& fails coded as sk:Ve&
 * sk:Ve& fails coded as sk:Ve&
 * sk:Ve& fails coded as sk:Ve&
 * sk:Ve& fails coded as sk:Ve&
 * sk:Vranov nad Top& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Vrbové works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Vráble works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Vrútky works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Vysoké Tatry - Mesto works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Zlaté Moravce works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Zvolen
 * sk:& works - UTF-8
 * sk:& works - UTF-8
 * sk:Šahy works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Šamorín works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Ša& fails coded as sk:Ša&
 * sk:Šaštín - Stráže works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Štúrovo works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Šurany works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Žarnovica works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Želiezovce works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Žiar nad Hronom works - only Latin-1
 * sk:Žilina works - only Latin-1

 * references: Slovak language

things to discuss

 * it looks to be necessary to have an "alias" translation table for pywikipediabot; hopefully only one for Latin-1 and one for UTF-8 type wikis and not one for every language;

ú

 * de:Aaiún
 * coded as :de:Aai ú n
 * de:Aaiún
 * coded as :de:Aai &amp
 * de:Aai&
 * coded as :de:Aai &amp
 * de:Aai&
 * coded as :de:Aai &uacute; n
 * de:Aaiún
 * coded as :de:Aai &
 * de:Aai%C3%BAn
 * coded as :de:Aai &
 * de:Aai%FAn
 * all above works generating http: //de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aai %C3%BA n

 * en:Aaiún (nl:Aaiún, sv:Aaiún. etc.)
 * translated to forms similar to http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aai %FA n

š

 * de:Baška (Slowakei)
 * coded as Ba š ka (Slowakei)
 * de:Baška (Slowakei)
 * coded as Ba &
 * de:Ba&
 * coded as Ba &amp
 * de:Ba&
 * coded as Ba &
 * de:Ba%C5%A1ka (Slowakei)
 * coded as Ba &
 * de:Ba%9Aka (Slowakei)
 * all above works generating http: //http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba %C5%A1 ka_%28Slowakei%29

 * en:Baška (nl:Baška, sv:Baška. etc.)
 * translated to forms similar to http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aai %9A n

š failures

 * coded as Ba &
 * de:Ba&
 * coded as Ba &
 * de:Ba&
 * fails generating http: //de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba %C2%9A ka_%28Slowakei%29

 * coded as Ba &scaron; ka (Slowakei)
 * de:Baška (Slowakei)
 * fails generating http: //de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba %26scaron%3B ka_%28Slowakei%29

from 65

 * Brion:
 * NEVER use &#154; or &#x9A; for s-caron. Numeric character references always refer to Unicode code points, and U+009A is a reserved control character, *not* s-caron. It might appear to work sometimes due to a fluke and crappy workarounds for compatibility with a Windows bug, but should definitely not be relied upon. Use the real Unicode number, &#353;. The same goes for the other characters in the Windows CP1252 extended range (see ISO 8859-1 ).
 * For the moment the only named character references that will work in links are the ISO 8859-1 ones (s-caron does not appear in ISO 8859-1). Stick with the numbers for now.

MediaWiki, PyWikipediaBot and en:Category:Diacritics
By the way: Why Edvard Beneš is redirected to Edvard Benes? OK! If the en: comunity wants this so it's fine for me
 * From the example above it can be seen that & acute ; is supported by MediaWiki and
 * From the example above it can be seen that & scaron ; not.
 * As you can see scaron are used in the code and titles:
 * 1) en: Josef_Hir%26scaron%3Bal
 * 2) en: Edvard_Bene%26scaron%3B
 * Which of the HTML coding methods (see en:Category:Diacritics, ) are supported by MediaWiki and wich not? Wich are corrected by PyWikipediaBot?
 * Regards Gangleri | [ Th] | T 05:47, 2005 Feb 26 (UTC)

title: User:לערי ריינהארט/tests/bugzilla:1691


text:
Amiens Cathedral

The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Amiens (Basilique Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens), or simply Amiens Cathedral, is a Catholic cathedral. The cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Amiens. It is situated on a slight ridge overlooking the River Somme in Amiens, the administrative capital of the Picardy region of France, some 120 km north of Paris.

The cathedral was built almost entirely between 1220 and c. 1270, a remarkably short period of time for a Gothic cathedral, giving it an unusual unity of style. Amiens is an early example of the High Gothic period, and the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture. The Rayonnant appeared in the triforiuum and clerestory, which were begun in 1236, and  in the enlarged high windows of the choir, added in the mid-1250s.

Its builders were trying to maximize the internal dimensions in order to reach for the heavens and bring in more light. As a result, Amiens Cathedral is the largest in France, 200000 m3, large enough to contain two cathedrals the size of Notre Dame of Paris.

The cathedral has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981. Although it has lost much of its original stained glass, Amiens Cathedral is renowned for the quality and quantity of early 13th-century Gothic sculpture in the main west façade and the south transept portal, and a large quantity of polychrome sculpture from later periods inside the building.

Earlier cathedrals
According to local tradition, Christianity was brought to Amiens in the third century A.D. by two Christian martyrs, known as Firmin the Martyr and Firmin the Confessor. Saint Martin was baptised in Amiens in 334. The church was suppressed by the invasions of the Vandals, and did not recommence until the end of the fifth century, with the baptism of Clovis I in 498 or 499. The first Bishop of Amiens was Edibus, who participated in a Council in 511. An early cathedral with two churches dedicated to the two Fermins is said in documents to have existed on the site of the present church, but there is no archaeological evidence. Salvius, bishop of Amiens around 600, is credited with building this cathedral, but his Life is of very dubious accuracy.

A fire destroyed the two churches and much of the town, and a Romanesque cathedral was built to replace it between 1137 and 1152. This cathedral hosted the wedding in 1193 of King Philip II of France. In 1206 Amiens received a celebrated relic, the reputed head of John the Baptist, purchased in Constantinople. This relic made Amiens a major pilgrimage destination, and gave it an important source of revenue (The reliquary was destroyed during the French Revolution but a recreation made in 1876 by a Paris jeweler, using some of the original rock crystal, is displayed today in the cathedral treasury).

Construction
A fire destroyed the Romanesque cathedral in 1218. A plan for a new cathedral was made by master-builder Robert de Luzarches, and in 1220 Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy laid the first stone. Luzarches revolutionised the system of Gothic construction by using pieces of stone of standardised sizes and forms, rather than making unique pieces for each function. He was the architect until 1228, and was followed by Thomas de Cormont until 1258. His son, Renaud de Cormont, acted as the architect until 1288.

The construction was carried out, unusually, from the west to the east, beginning in the nave. De Cormont gave the structure its striking dimensions and harmony by his construction of the grand arcades and the upper windows. The nave was completed in 1236, and by 1269, the upper windows of the choir were in place. At the end of the 13th century, the arms of the transept were completed, and in the beginning of the 14th century the facades and the upper towers were finished. While these works underway, the chapels between the buttresses and at the angles of the transept were added.

Strengthening (15th century)
The original design of the flying buttresses around the choir had them placed too high to counteract the force of the ceiling arch pushing outwards resulting in excessive lateral forces being placed on the vertical columns. The structure was only saved when masons placed a second row of more robust flying buttresses that connected lower down on the outer wall.

In 1497 the four pillars of the transept crossing, as well as the two left columns of the chevet began to show cracks and other signs of stress. A team of experts examined the damage and carried out some repairs, but the cracks continued. The problem was finally resolved by Pierre Tarisel, who in 1498 installed a wrought iron bar chain around the level to resist the forces pushing the stone columns outward. The chain was installed red hot to act as a cinch, tightening as it cooled, and is still in place. In 1503 Tarisel took similar actions to reinforce portions of the entrance of the choir.

Modifications (16–18th century)
In the 16th century, the cathedral suffered damage from fires, windstorms, and the explosion of a nearby powder mill, without major damage. It also underwent several modifications to accommodate changing styles; a new rose window, in the Flamboyant Gothic style, full of curls and counter-curls, was installed in the west transept. In the 18th century, architectural modifications were made to comply with new doctrines pronounced by the Council of Trent. The old medieval rood screen between the choir and nave was replaced by an ornate iron grill choir screen, so that the parishioners in the nave could see the altar. The altar itself was modified, removing the twelve massive candelabras and twelve chests of relics of martyred saints. Major works were also carried out to strengthen the flying buttresses.

The Revolution and the 19th century
The cathedral, like other cathedrals across France, suffered considerable damage during the French Revolution. Much of the sculpture was smashed with hammers, and the heads of many statues were broken off. Many of the furnishings, fittings and treasures were stolen; part of the cathedral was used as a storehouse for materials used in various Revolutionary celebrations.

The cathedral was returned to its religious function in 1800, and the first restoration work began in 1802. Beginning in 1810, the neoclassical architect Etienne Hyppolyte Godde was put in charge of the work, followed in 1821 by Francois Auguste Cheussey, who commissioned three sculptors to make new statues. After the press criticized faults in the sculpture and restoration, Cheussey resigned and was replaced in 1849 by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet-le-Duc began a more ambitious program aimed at returning the building as much as possible to its medieval spirit, including adding sculpted gargoyles and other typical Gothic features. Viollet-le-Duc worked almost continually on the cathedral until 1874.

Protection and restoration (20th century)
The stained glass windows of the church were removed to protect them during both world wars, and the church suffered only minor damage. However, in 1920, some of the windows, which were being stored in the workshop of a master glass maker, for their protection, were destroyed by a fire.

Between 1973 and 1980, the flèche, or spire, was entirely restored. In 1981, the cathedral was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Restoration of the west facade was completed in 2001. In 1992, the art historian Stephen Murray was appointed by the French Ministry of Culture in the scientific committee to oversee the restoration of Amiens Cathedral: Murray was made an honorary citizen of Amiens and awarded an honorary Doctorate at University of Picardy, Jules Verne, following this work.

Timeline

 * 346  – First mention of a bishop, Eulogius, in Amiens
 * 1137–52 – Construction of the Romanesque cathedral
 * 1206 – Reputed Skull of Saint John the Baptist is brought to the cathedral from Constantinople
 * 1218 – Romanesque cathedral destroyed by fire
 * 1220 – First stone placed of Gothic cathedral
 * c. 1240 – Completion of the nave
 * c. 1269 – Probable completion of chevet and installation of its high windows
 * c. 1284–1305 – Roof built over chevet, transept and nave
 * 1373–1375 – Chapels of Saint John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist built, and construction of Beau Pilier begun
 * 1498 – Iron chains added to strengthen the triforium
 * 1508–1519 – Choir stalls put in place
 * 1528 – Spire destroyed by lightning
 * 1755- Choir screen removed and choir remodeled following decrees of Council of Trent
 * 1766–1768 – Choir redecorated in Baroque and French classical style
 * 1793–1794 – Following French Revolution, much furniture destroyed, and part of cathedral used to store decorations for public festivities
 * 1802 – Church restored to the Catholic Church for its exclusive use
 * 1805 – Restoration of church begins
 * 1849–1874 – Eugène Viollet-le-Duc supervises the restoration of the cathedral
 * 1854 – Chapel of Saint Theodosius dedicated in presence of Emperor Napoleon III
 * 1914–1918 – Stained glass removed for its protection; cathedral facade suffers minor damage during World War I
 * 1920 – Some of the Gothic stained glass stored for protection is destroyed in a fire in the workshop.
 * 1973–80 – Restoration of the spire completed.
 * 1981 – Cathedral is declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
 * 2001 – A new restoration of the west front uncovers traces of the original painting on the sculpture

West facade and portals
The west facade of the cathedral was built in a single campaign from 1220 to 1236, and shows an unusual degree of artistic unity. The level of the rose window was finished in about 1240. Afterward, construction moved more slowly. The upper parts of the towers were not completed until the 14th century.

The facade has three deep porches with pointed arches, covering the three portals. Above the portals are two galleries; the upper is the Gallery of Kings, with twenty-two life-size statues of the kings of France. Nearly all of the statues date to the restoration by Viollet-le-Duc. Above the gallery is the rose window, whose stone tracery or framework dates from the 16th century. Above the rose window is the Musicians or Bellringers gallery, a 19th-century reconstruction of the original.

The central portal is dedicated to the Last Judgement, the left portal to the martyr Saint Firmin; and the right portal to the Virgin Mary. Over each portal is a tympanum filled with sculpture. The centerpiece of the Tympanum of the Last Judgement is the figure of Christ, raising his hands, judging those below him. On his right and left, the Virgin Mary and Saint John appeal to him to be merciful. The good Christians, to his right, are escorted to Paradise, while the sinners, to his left, are marched to hell. A recent cleaning of the sculpture revealed traces of the painted red marks on Christ's hands, representing where nails were driven during his crucifixion.

Statues of saints in the tympanum include locally venerated Saints Victoricus and Gentian, Saint Domitius, Saint Ulphia, and Saint Fermin.

Bell towers
The upper portions of the towers of the west facade, above the rose window, were later constructions, and are of different heights. The south bell tower on the right facing the facade, is shorter and was completed first in about 1366, The north tower was completed in 1406, and is decorated in the late Gothic Flamboyant style. The elaborate Bell-Ringers or Musicians Gallery, which joins the two towers at the roof level, was added at this time, and was substantially restored or recreated in the 19th century by Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet-le-Duc redesigned the gallery on the model of the gallery of Chartres Cathedral from the same period.

Beau Pilier
One unusual feature of the towers is the Beau Pilier (Beautiful pillar), a supporting buttress that was added in the 14th century at the junction between the north tower the first of two new chapels built on the north side. The pillar and chapels were commissioned by Jean de la Grange, Bishop of Amiens (1373–1375) who was a principal advisor to King Charles VI of France.

The pillar holds nine statues representing the major political, religious and military figures of France at the time; at the bottom, Cardinal de la Grange himself; The Chamberlain, Bureau de la Riviere, and Admiral Jean de Vienne, above them, King Charles himself (Centre); his son the Dauphin, the future King Charles VI of France, and his younger son. Above these statues are statues of John the Baptist, The Virgin Mary, and Saint Firmin.

Flèche
The original 13th-century flèche, or spire of the cathedral, located over the crossing point of the transept and nave, was destroyed by lightning in 1528, but was replaced by a flèche constructed of wood covered with gilded lead plates in 1533. It was frequently damaged by storms and repaired in the following years but, unlike the flèche of Notre Dame de Paris, never entirely redesigned and rebuilt. It still retains much original 16th century material, including the wooden framework. From the ground to sculpted cockerel at the pinnacle, the flèche reaches a height of 112.70 m.

The statues on the flèche, made of lead, represent Christ (facing the nave); Saint Paul, Saint Firmin (wearing a Bishop's mitre); Saint John the Evangelist; The Virgin Mary crowned and holding the infant Jesus; Saint John the Baptist; Saint James the Great and Saint Peter.

Flying buttresses
The flying buttresses are the architectural device that made possible the exceptional height of the walls of the nave and choir. The arched buttresses leap over the outer, lower level of the cathedral, where the ambulatory and chapels are located, to stabilise the upper walls of the clerestory. They counteract the outward and downward thrust of the vaulted ceiling, so that the walls between the buttresses can be thin and mostly filled with large windows. The buttresses were later given additional stability by the placement of heavy stone pinnacles on top of their vertical piers. The buttresses of the nave are older, from about 1230, and each pier has two arches, one above the other. Both make a single jump to the wall of the nave; one arch meets the wall just above the point of maximum outward thrust from the nave vault; the other just below that point.

The buttresses of the choir are slightly later and were finished about 1260, to a different design. Each buttress has two vertical piers, one taller than the other, and the arches reach the wall by means of two vaults, meeting it at the point of maximum outward thrust. These choir buttresses have an additional function; channels in the top of the arches carry rain water as far as possible from the structure, jetting it out from the mouths of carved gargoyles.

The nave
The nave and the transept were the areas where the public worshiped, while the choir was reserved for clergy. At Amiens, the nave followed the model of the Early Gothic Chartres Cathedral and Soissons Cathedral. The elevation has three levels; the grand arcades, the triforium, and the clerestory at the top. The grand arcades, unlike earlier cathedrals, occupy a full half of the height of the wall. The pillars of the arcade, eighteen meters high, are composed of massive columns surrounded by four thinner colonettes, which continue up the walls to support the vaulted ceiling. The total height of the walls beneath the vaults is 42 meters, compared with 36 meters at Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral. They are exceeded in height only by Beauvais Cathedral, whose vaults partially collapsed in 1284.

The pulpit
The Baroque pulpit on the north side of the nave was installed in 1773 and is made of painted and gilded wood. The pulpit is supported by statues representing Faith, Hope and Charity. Behind the pulpit gilded stone drapery. The tester is carved to resemble clouds supported by stone angels. Atop the "clouds" is a larger angel, pointing heavenwards, holding a book with the inscription, Hoc fac et vives (Do this and you shall live).

The transept
The transept crossing the church in the center is seventy meters long, and divided into three vessels. The centre of the transept, where it crosses the nave, is covered by a massive star vault, one of the earliest in France, supported by four massive pillars. The elevation has three levels, like the nave; the arcades, triforium and the clerestory at the top. The triforium and the clerestory are entirely walled with stained glass, filling the center of the cathedral with light. The rose windows are later additions. The north rose window is in the Rayonnant style, while the later south rose window is in the Flamboyant style. The spire over the central crossing was added between 1529 and 1533.

The choir
The early 16th century choir stalls, are among the great treasures of the cathedral. The upper rows were occupied by the Canons and the lower by the Clerks. The King's representative occupied the first seat in the north stalls, and the dean of the cathedral, the senior clergyman, the first seat in the south stalls.

The stalls are decorated with a multitude of carved figures, more than four thousand in total. The armrests, pendentives and dais are also richly decorated with sculpted images of animals both real and mythical, figures from the Old and New Testaments and secular images of professions and trades in the city. One hundred ten of the original one hundred twenty stalls are the original 16th century fabric and carving.

The ambulatory surrounding the choir is richly decorated with polychrome sculpture and flanked by numerous chapels. One of the most sumptuous is the Drapers' chapel. The cloth industry was the most dynamic component of the medieval economy, especially in northern France, and the cloth merchants were keen to display their wealth and civic pride. Another striking chapel is dedicated to St Thomas of Canterbury, a 13th-century dedication that complements the cathedral's own very full list of martyrs.

The interior contains works of art and decoration from every period since the building of the cathedral. There are notably baroque paintings of the 17th century, by artists such as Frans II Francken and Laurent de La Hyre.

The Choir screen (15th–16th c.)
Among the most celebrated art treasures of the cathedral are the polychrome sculptures which are displayed in the ambulatory, on the outer walls of the enclosure of the Choir. They illustrate the lives of Saint Fermin (south side, made between 1490 and 1530) and John the Baptist (north side, made in 1531)). Both subjects were connected with the cathedral; The purported head of John the Baptist was an important relic held in the treasury, and the martyred Saint Fermin was considered the first bishop of Amiens. Another group of polychrome sculpture in the north ambulatory depicts in imaginative fashion Christ's cleansing of the Temple. The tombs of several bishops and other religious figures of the cathedral, also abundantly decorated are found in the lower portions of the enclosure, below the sculptural scenes.

The altar
In the mid-18th century the centre of the cathedral was entirely redesigned in the Roccoco style, to follow changes in church doctrine ordained by the Council of Trent and changing architectural taste. A new floor of coloured marble was installed, along with a new main altar. In 1768 the "Gloire", a monumental Baroque screen of sculpted and gilded wood representing heaven and crowded with sculpture of cherubs and angel was placed behind the altar.

The labyrinth
A labyrinth in the centre of the floor of the nave was a common feature of early and High Gothic cathedrals; they were also found in the cathedrals of Sens, Chartres, Arras and Reims. It symbolised the obstacles and twists and turns of the journey toward salvation, but also showed that with determination the journey was possible. On certain religious holidays, pilgrims would follow the labyrinth on their knees. The Amiens labyrinth is 240 meters long and was originally laid out in 1288 by the architect Rene de Cormont. The labyrinth today is an exact copy, made in the 19th century.

The chevet and east chapels
The east end of the cathedral largely preserves the original medieval design, containing the choir, the space reserved for the clergy. It is surrounded by a very ornate carved wooden screen, and seven chapels in the semicircular apse. An ambulatory allows visitors to walk around the circuit of the chapels behind the choir.

The semicircular wall at the east end marked a new stage in the development of the Gothic. The upper walls of the clerestory, just beneath the vaults, and the walls of the triforium below them were entirely filled with glass. The arches of the triforium and arcades were topped with pointed arches, stressing the vertical, and admitted a maximum amount of light from different heights and directions, depending upon the time of day. Light also filtered down into the disambulatory from the upper levels.

Seven chapels are arranged around the semicircular east end. The Lady's Chapel, dedicated to The Virgin Mary, was at the very end of the cathedral, was reserved for the servants of the Canons who lived in the cloisters of the cathedral. The first chapel on the south side of the chevet is devoted to Saint Eloi, and now serves as the entrance to the cathedral treasury. Its primary decoration is a series of eight paintings of the Sibyls from the 16th century.

Three of the chapels in the east end were entirely re-fitted by Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century to return them to what was thought to be their medieval aspect; these are St. Theodisius, in the north, The Lady's Chapel (Notre-Dame-Drapiere) in the centre, and Saint Jacques or the Sacred Heart, in the south. Viollet-le-Duc designed all the furnishings and decoration, including the gilded bronze altar in the Chapel of the Sacred Heart.

The lateral and transept chapels
In addition to the chapels at the east end, small chapels occupy both sides of the nave and angles of the transept. The original decoration of these chapels was replaced in the 18th century by the present decor. Each chapel is dedicated to a particular saint, and features large paintings reaching up to the windows, altars, stone and wooden statuary, all from the 18th century. The chapels are closed by ornamental wrought-iron screens and gates.

In the north transept, the Chapel of Saint Peter occupies the northeast corner. It was created in response to the plague epidemic that struck Amiens in 1667–68, but was not completed until 1709. It was made by Gilles Oppenord, one of the pioneers of the Rococo style.

On the east side of the north transept is the Chapel of Saint Sebastian, also known as the Chapel of the Green Pillar. At its summit is a sculpture by Nicolas Blasset, "Saint Sebastian surrounded by the allegories of Justice, Peace, and Saint Roche", which was completed in 1627. A sculpture of Saint Louis by Louis Duthoit was added to the chapel in 1832.

On the west wall of the north transept are four scenes in high relief showing Christ driving the merchants from the Temple, made in 1523 by Jean Wytz.

Another early work in the transept is the altarpiece of the Chapel of Our Lady of the Red Pillar, an assembly of sculpture and paintings, clustered around a main pillar. It was completed in 1627 by Nicolas Blasset. The painting of the Assumption of Mary (1627) is by François Franken, and the sculptures of Saint Sebastian, the Virgin Mary, David and Solomon, and Judith and Saint Genevieve, made by Blasset.

The south transept contains the Chapel of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, in the southeast corner, with statues of those saints made by Jean-Baptiste Michel Dupuis in 1749. It also contains an altarpiece with a painting of the Adoration of the Magi from the early 18th century.

A group of polychrome reliefs illustrating the vow of John the Baptist, made in 1511, is found on the west wall of the south transept.

Treasury
The treasury is located in the apse at the east end of the cathedral, on the southern side near the sacristy. The collection of reliquaries and other precious objects was dispersed in 1793 during the Revolution, but gradually some of the treasures were returned, some were recreated, while others were added by other donors.

Objects of particular interest include the Crown of Paraclet, made in about 1230–1240, which was saved from destruction at the Cistercian monastery of Paraclet, not from Amiens. It contains what are said to be relics of the Passion of Christ, set into a gilded and enamelled crown decorated with jewels, pearls and precious stones. A fine statue of the Virgin Mary and Child, made of polychrome wood in the 15th century is also found in the treasury.

Other objects of interest are found in the chapels along the nave and transept. The initial impetus for the building of the cathedral came from the installation of the reputed head of John the Baptist on 17 December 1206. The head was part of the loot of the Fourth Crusade, which had been diverted from campaigning against the Turks to the sacking of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. A sumptuous reliquary, with the face of the Saint, was made to house the skull. Although the skull and original reliquary were lost during the Revolution, a 19th-century replica was made and is displayed on the north aisle.

Stained glass windows
Only a few of the original stained glass windows still remain; many were removed during the remodeling of the cathedral in the 18th century. Others were destroyed when the church was sacked by the Protestant Huguenots in 1561, by hurricanes in 1627 and 1705; by the explosion of a powder mill in 1675. A large group of early windows, which had been removed in 1914 to protect them from damage during the First World War, were destroyed in 1920 when the studio where they were stored was destroyed by fire.

Some of the early glass dates from same period as those of Chartres Cathedral, though most of the earliest windows have disappeared. Some of the earliest glass, from about 1269, is found in two of the lancets in the high windows of the chapel at the end of the apse, at the east end of the cathedral. These two windows depict the same scene, one the inverse of the other. They show a clergyman presenting the stained glass to the Virgin Mary, to whom the chapel is dedicated. Angels carry crowns which they hold over the heads of the elongated figures.

Several very early panels of glass, from about 1300, can be seen in the windows of the triforium, the mid-level of the wall, in the apse. They depict a procession of saints, apostles, prophets and bishops of monumental size, set against a background of light-coloured glass, to make them stand out. They face the centre of the Apse, underneath a window depicting the Virgin Mary and the Annunciation.

A few other original 13th century panels, including one representing King David from a Tree of Jesse window depicting the genealogy of Christ, are found in the Chapel of Saint Francis of Assisi, in the apse.

The innovative feature of the upper windows of Amiens Cathedral was how they filled the entire space of the upper wall. Thanks to the thin stone mullions that separate the group of lancet windows and the small circular windows on the upper levels, and the massive buttresses on the exterior that provided support for the walls, the individual windows in each bay seemed to merge into one great window, filling the nave below with light.

The largest part of the stained glass in the cathedral comes from the 19th century. The window in the Chapel of Saint Theodosius in the apse, for example, was made by the glass artist Gérente in 1854 donated by Emperor Louis Napoleon. The lower portions of the window depict the Emperor, the Empress Eugenie, the Bishop of Amiens and Pope Pius IX. The cathedral also features some 20th-century Art Deco glass, in the Chapel of Sacré Coeur, made in 1932–1934 by the master glass artist Jean Gaudin, based on designs of the painter Jacques le Breton.

Rose windows
The three rose windows each represent a different period of the cathedral's construction. The rose window on the west facade is the oldest, from 1221 to 1230, from the High Gothic period, and represents Jesus Christ surrounded by the symbolic figures of the Apocalypse. The rose window of the north transept has the characteristic radiating tracery of the Rayonnant Gothic.

The rose window of the south transept is the latest, from 1489 to 1490, with the curves and reverse curves of the late Gothic Flamboyant style. It depicts fourteen angels, heads towards the centre of the window, in a style characteristic of the Picard style of window in the 15th century.

Organ
The first organ in the cathedral was a gift from Alphonse Lemire, an official of the court of King Charles VI of France. It was installed on the interior of the west wall of the cathedral, below the rose window, between 1442 and 1449. All that survives of this organ is wooden gallery, lavishly decorated with Flamboyant Gothic carvings. The current pipes and case were installed in 1549, with additions in 1620. It was restored in the 19th century and again shortly before World War II.

Light show – the West Front in colour
During the process of laser cleaning in the 1990s, evidence was discovered of the original multi-coloured painted decoration of the west front. A technique was perfected to determine the exact composition of the paints used in the 13th century. In conjunction with the laboratories of EDF and the expertise of the Society Skertzo, lighting techniques were developed to project these colours directly on the façade with precision, recreating the polychromatic appearance of the 13th century without touching the surface of the stone. When projected on the statues around the portals, the result is a stunning display that brings the figures to life. The projected colors are difficult to photograph, but a good quality DSLR camera can provide excellent results, as shown below.

The full effect of the colour may be best appreciated by in-person viewing, with musical accompaniment, which can be done at the Son et lumière shows which are held on Summer evenings, during the Christmas Fair, and over the New Year.

Notable burials and memorials

 * Elisabeth, Countess of Vermandois, wife of Philip I, Count of Flanders
 * Charles de Hémard de Denonville, Catholic bishop and cardinal
 * Antoine de Créqui Canaples (heart only), Catholic bishop and cardinal

Memorials

 * The cathedral's south door contains eleven memorial tablets to commemorate the war dead from World War I, mainly those who fought in the Battle of the Somme (1916). Nations commemorated are mostly British Empire and dominions (modern-day countries of the Republic of Ireland, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand).
 * Notable individuals commemorated include French World War I general Marie-Eugène Debeney, British Army officer Raymond Asquith, and French World War II general Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque.

Bibliography and sources

 * "Amiens Cathedral, under Renovation." (undated albumen print from c. 1865–1895), A. D. White Architectural Photographs Collection, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections (5/5/3090.01261)
 * "Amiens Cathedral, under Renovation." (undated albumen print from c. 1865–1895), A. D. White Architectural Photographs Collection, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections (5/5/3090.01261)
 * "Amiens Cathedral, under Renovation." (undated albumen print from c. 1865–1895), A. D. White Architectural Photographs Collection, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections (5/5/3090.01261)
 * "Amiens Cathedral, under Renovation." (undated albumen print from c. 1865–1895), A. D. White Architectural Photographs Collection, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections (5/5/3090.01261)
 * "Amiens Cathedral, under Renovation." (undated albumen print from c. 1865–1895), A. D. White Architectural Photographs Collection, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections (5/5/3090.01261)
 * "Amiens Cathedral, under Renovation." (undated albumen print from c. 1865–1895), A. D. White Architectural Photographs Collection, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections (5/5/3090.01261)
 * "Amiens Cathedral, under Renovation." (undated albumen print from c. 1865–1895), A. D. White Architectural Photographs Collection, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections (5/5/3090.01261)
 * "Amiens Cathedral, under Renovation." (undated albumen print from c. 1865–1895), A. D. White Architectural Photographs Collection, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections (5/5/3090.01261)
 * "Amiens Cathedral, under Renovation." (undated albumen print from c. 1865–1895), A. D. White Architectural Photographs Collection, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections (5/5/3090.01261)
 * "Amiens Cathedral, under Renovation." (undated albumen print from c. 1865–1895), A. D. White Architectural Photographs Collection, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections (5/5/3090.01261)
 * "Amiens Cathedral, under Renovation." (undated albumen print from c. 1865–1895), A. D. White Architectural Photographs Collection, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections (5/5/3090.01261)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Amiens Cathedral


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African Volleyball Confederation

The African Volleyball Confederation (French: Confédération Africaine de Volleyball, or CAVB) is the continental governing body for the sports of volleyball in Africa. Its headquarters are located in Rabat, Morocco.

Profile
The CAVB was the last confederation to be created: it was established in 1972, when the FIVB turned its five Volleyball Zone Commissions into continental confederations. The African Volleyball Commission had been founded in 1967.

Although the national federation of Egypt was involved in the founding of the FIVB in 1947, the sport of volleyball remains essentially amateur in Africa, even in countries which maintain consistent Olympic programmes, such as South Africa or Kenya. There has been considerable effort by the international federation to increase competitivity in the continent through special development actions. The results of these measures are,, still timid.

The CAVB's headquarters are located in Rabat, Morocco.

The CAVB is responsible for national volleyball federations located in Africa and organizes continental competitions such as the African Volleyball Championship (first edition, 1967). It also takes part in the organization of qualification tournaments for major events such as the Olympic Games or the men's and women's world championships, and of international competitions hosted by one of its affiliated federations.

Teams
, no African team has ever been able to obtain impressive results in international competitions, neither in women's nor in men's events. It could be argued that Egypt has some tradition in the sport, since it is the oldest of all the national federations affiliated to the CAVB.

Judging from participation in international events, which is usually granted through continental qualification procedures, one may attribute predominance on the continent to the teams of Egypt and Tunisia in men's volleyball and Kenya, Egypt, and Tunisia in women's volleyball.

Affiliated federations
As of 2020, the following 54 national federations were affiliated to the CAVB that was divided into 5 subregions and 7 zones.

Men's competitions

 * Men's African Volleyball Championship
 * Men's African Volleyball Championship U23
 * Men's African Volleyball Championship U21
 * Men's African Volleyball Championship U19

Women's competitions

 * Women's African Volleyball Championship
 * Women's African Volleyball Championship U23
 * Women's Africa Volleyball Championship U20
 * Girls' Africa Volleyball Championship U18

Club competitions

 * African Clubs Championship
 * African Volleyball Cup Winners' Cup
 * Women's African Clubs Championship
 * Women's African Cup Winners' Cup (volleyball)

Beach volleyball competitions

 * Africa Beach Volleyball Championship
 * Africa Women's Beach Volleyball Championship

Zonal competitions

 * African Zone 1 Volleyball Championship
 * African Zone 2 Volleyball Championship
 * African Zone 3 Volleyball Championship
 * African Zone 4 Volleyball Championship
 * African Zone 5 Volleyball Championship
 * African Zone 6 Volleyball Championship
 * African Zone 7 Volleyball Championship

title: African Volleyball Confederation


text:
User:Nataliesiobhan/sparks

Sparks is an American rock and pop music band centered around two brothers, lyricist and keyboard player |Ron and singer Russell Mael. They are beloved by a small but loyal cult following for their quirky approach to music and lyrics. Their style of music has changed drastically over the years, from glam to disco to synth-pop to the more ambient stylings of today.

Halfnelson and Early Days
Sparks

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title: User:Nataliesiobhan/sparks