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Winter white dwarf hamster

The winter white dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus), also known as the Russian dwarf hamster, Djungarian hamster, Dzungarian hamster, striped dwarf hamster, Siberian hamster, or Siberian dwarf hamster, is one of three species of hamster in the genus Phodopus. It is ball-shaped and typically half the size of the Syrian hamster, so is called a dwarf hamster along with all Phodopus species. Features of the winter white hamster include a typically thick, dark grey dorsal stripe and furry feet. As winter approaches and the days shorten, the winter white dwarf hamster's dark fur is almost entirely replaced with white fur. In captivity, this does not usually happen as animals maintained as pets are generally housed indoors and exposed to artificial light that prevents the recognition of short winter daylengths. In the wild, they originate from the wheat fields of Kazakhstan, the meadows of Mongolia and Siberia, and the birch stands of Manchuria.

Winter white dwarf hamsters are common as pets in Europe and North America, and exhibit greater variance in their coats than those found in the wild. They reproduce often—more so than Syrian hamsters, and as they have no fixed breeding season, can continue to produce some numbers of offspring all year round. Young pups act aggressively to one another, while breeding females may show similar aggression to males. The winter white is known to be one of the most tameable types of hamsters.

Naming
The hamster has no fully accepted common name, but winter white dwarf hamster and Russian dwarf hamster are among the most often used. Confusion arises because of their physical similarity to Campbell's dwarf hamster; consequently, the name Djungarian hamster and Russian dwarf can refer to both winter white and Campbell's dwarf hamsters. The term "winter white" derives from the fact that in the wild the hamster changes its fur colour to white for the winter months. This camouflages the hamster and reduces predation when snow is on the ground. Campbell's dwarf hamsters do not change fur colour during the winter and can only be described as being "winter white" erroneously.

The binomial name for the hamster is Phodopus sungorus. The hamster was first described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1773 as a mouse. The name sungorus derives from the geographic region Dzungaria. In 1778, Pallas renamed the hamster to Mouse songarus. In 1912 Ned Hollister ordered the "Mouse songarus" to the genus Phodopus. A. I. Argiropulo, in 1933, changed the name to priority sungorus and determined the hamster as a subspecies of Campbell's dwarf hamster called Phodopus sungorus sungorus. Today winter white dwarf hamsters and Campbell's dwarf hamsters are considered separate species, with the winter white officially known as Phodopus sungorus.

Physical description
The coat of the winter white dwarf hamster is less woolly than that of Campbell's dwarf hamster, and apart from the normal colouring, they can be coloured sapphire, sapphire pearl, or normal pearl. The head and body length of the winter white dwarf hamster is 70–90 mm, the length of the tail is 5–15 mm, and the hind legs are 11–15 mm. The body weight changes dramatically throughout the year. It is at its lowest during the winter. In males, the body weight ranges from 19 to 45 g, and in females, 19 to 36 g. In human care, they are slightly heavier. The average lifespan of the winter white dwarf hamster is one to three years in captivity, though they can live longer. In the wild, they are known to live as little as one year.

In summer, the fur of the winter white hamster on the back changes from ash-grey to dark brown, or sometimes pale brown with a tint. The face changes to grey or brown, while the mouth area, the whisker area, and the ears are slightly brighter. The outer ears and the eyes have black edges. The rest of the head is dark brown or black. From the head to the tail runs a black-brown dorsal stripe. The throat, belly, tail and limbs are white. The ears are grey with a pinkish tint with scattered black hairs. The hairs on the underside are completely white. The bright coat the bottom extends to the shoulders, flanks, and hips in three arches upward. It is distinguished from the darker fur on the top of the existing black-brown hair, three curved line.

Apart from the typical colouration, winter white dwarf hamsters can also be coloured pearl, sapphire, sapphire pearl, and marbled. Other colorations are available, but these are strongly suspected to appear only in hybrid crossings with Campbell's dwarf hamsters. Some of these colorations are mandarin, blue, argente, yellow blue fawn, camel, brown, cream, merle, and umbrous.

In the winter, the fur is more dense. They sometimes have a grey tint on their heads. More than 10% of the hamsters kept in the first winter develop the summer coat. In the second winter, only a few change into the winter coat and winter colour is less pronounced. The moulting in the winter fur starts in October or November and is completed in December, while the summer coat begins in January or February and is completed in March or early April. The ears are grey with a pinkish tint. Moulting both run jobs on the head and the back of the spine to the sides, the legs and the underside. The hairs grow longer in the summer, to about ten millimetres long.

The pigmentation of hair is controlled by the hormone prolactin and colour genetics. Day length can be less than 14 hours to initiate the change to winter coat, though it is possible they may be able to sense a directional change in photoperiod length, such as in one experiment that demonstrated a transition from 16 hours of light to 14 hours initiates a change to the winter coat. The change to the winter coat can be triggered in the summer by the short day lengths. The change occurs back to the summer coat in the autumn, when the length of the days change again. At internal temperatures hamsters in captivity start later with the changes. The winter colour is less pronounced in them. The eyes of the winter white hamster are black, unless it is albino, in which case they are red.

In the wild
In the wild, the hamster's fur changes colour in the winter. This adaptation helps them to evade predators in the snow-covered steppes. The hamster digs tunnels one metre deep leading to ground burrows where they can sleep, raise their young and hide from predators. The weasel is one of the hamster's main predators. Most of these burrows have six entrances. In the summer, the burrows are lined with moss. To keep the burrow warm in the winter, the hamster closes all but one entrance and lines the burrows with animal fur or wool that it finds. The temperature inside the burrow is usually 16.7 °C. The hamsters sometimes live in the semideserts in Central Asia. They also live in the dry steppes and wheat or alfalfa fields, as well as on small fields in the forests of the region around Minusinsk. The fur on the hamster's feet protect the feet from the cold ground in the cold climates in the wild. The population density is highly varied. In 1968, the first four examples of the hamster were caught in Western Siberia and brought to the Max Planck Institute in Germany.

Pet ownership
Winter white hamsters are often found on the pet market in Europe, Japan, and North America. Care of this hamster is similar to all other species of Phodopus. The hamsters, along with most rodents, are prone to tumours. They can also receive injury in the cheek pouch by sharp objects damaging the fragile inner lining. Other health problems include bite wounds, broken teeth, constipation, dehydration, dental malocclusion, diarrhea, and ear problems. They may need occasional sources of proteins.

Breeding
Winter white dwarf hamsters reproduce at a faster rate than Syrian hamsters. Phodopus species are able to become pregnant again on the same day that they have given birth. This can all happen within a 36-day period. This is done as a survival strategy to produce large numbers of offspring in a short period of time. This places tremendous demands on the mother. Research suggests biparental care in Campbell's hamsters (P. campbelli) but not in winter white hamsters (P. sungorus). Frequent fighting can occur between the pups and as soon as they are weaned from their mother, they are separated from her. Most of the dwarf hamsters grow to 3 to 4" long. Hamsters maintained indoors that get artificial illumination during autumn and winter are likely to breed all year round, whereas in the wild and in animals maintained in captivity but under entirely natural light-dark cycles, breeding is restricted to the long days of spring and summer.

During the breeding time, the hamster may become aggressive. After mating, the female may want to attack the male to protect her babies. The male usually hides in holes or caves to escape the vicious bite of the female. The hamster's estrous cycle lasts four days; every four days, the female may accept the male back to breed again. This usually occurs when the darkness of the evening sets in. If male and female hamsters are not housed together from a young age, determining if the female is willing to breed with the male is difficult.

Hybrids
Of the five species of hamsters kept commonly as pets, only Campbell's dwarf hamster and the winter white dwarf hamster are able to interbreed and produce live hybrid offspring. Although hybrids make suitable pets, the breeding of hybrids and cloning can cause health and reproduction problems. In addition, the widespread breeding and distribution of hybrids could threaten the existence of both pure species and subspecies of the ecosystem, resulting in only mongrels. Hybridizing causes each litter to become smaller and the young begin to form congenital problems.

Conservation status
This hamster is listed as of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The population and distribution size are large, and no major or widespread threats to the species are known. Population numbers in the wild are not recorded.

title: Winter white dwarf hamster


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Hawkwoman

Hawkwoman is the name of several superheroines all owned by DC Comics and existing in that company's DC Universe. They are partners, and sometimes spouses or lovers, of the various versions of Hawkman, and share many features with the character Hawkgirl. The first version appeared in The Brave and the Bold #34 (February/March 1961).

Sharon Parker
Years before the events told in the Invasion story arc, Fel Andar, a Thanagarian spy, was sent to Earth to infiltrate among humans. Eventually he met and married an Earth woman, Sharon Parker, who would soon give birth to Charley Parker, later known as the Golden Eagle.

When Charley was four years old, Thanagar called Andar to active duty, so he joined the Justice League International claiming to be Carter and Shiera Hall's son Carter Hall, Jr. Andar never told the Thanagarian Empire about Charley, so he mindwiped Sharon, forcing her to take the identity of Hawkwoman Sharon Hall, wife of Carter Hall Jr.

When Sharon learned about the masquerade she exposed the truth to J'onn J'onzz and Maxwell Lord. Confronted by both, Andar escaped back to Thanagar and Sharon perished.

Shayera Thal
Shayera Thal II is the illegitimate daughter of Shayera Thal I and Andar Pul, Thanagar's Administrator of Protection and close friend of Shayera I's father Thal Provis. Andar Pul had seduced the then 13-year-old Shayera I and her pregnancy became a political scandal that threatened to put her father's political activities to a hold. As a result, Shayera II was abandoned in Downside by her mother shortly after her birth.

When she was ten, she first met Wingman ensign Katar Hol during his first mission to the Thanagarian ghettos. Her mother was killed in a terrorist bombing.

When Shayera lost her Downside guardian as a result of a police action she was sent to an orphanage in the High Towers. Here she was found and adopted by Thal Provis, whose grief over the loss of his own daughter, had led him to find and reclaim his granddaughter. She was unaware Provis was really her grandfather until much later.

As a young woman, Shayera became a Wingmen and eventually meets Katar Hol again. She helped him stop Byth's drug smuggling.

In the early 1990s, Thanagarian policemen partners Katar Hol and Shayera Thal arrived on Earth (following an attempted Thanagarian invasion of Earth) with the mission to capture the Thanagarian shapeshifting criminal Byth. They were part of a force which used the hawk as their symbol, and also had a winged, gravity-defying harness. Together they fought crime on Earth and corruption on Thanagar for some time, eventually falling in love and deciding to remain on Earth and build a life there rather than return to their homeworld. Then came the events of Zero Hour where Katar was merged with Carter and Shiera Hall in a new Hawkman version, who was then possessed by a creature from the red known as the Hawk Avatar. Fundamentally changed, he swore off his relationship with Shayera, and she retired from superhero work to become a cop in Detroit. The "new" Hawkman adventured for a brief time before going insane and being banished into limbo.

Shortly after that, Kendra Saunders became the new Hawkgirl, and Carter Hall, the original Hawkman, was resurrected. Shayera met them during her final battle against Byth when the three Hawks, aided by Animal Man, defeated the Thanagarian criminal for good.

In the Rann-Thanagar War miniseries, Shayera Thal reappeared as a reinstated soldier of the Thanagarian Army, last seen fighting with the invasion force of Polara. She considered reborn Hawkman Carter Hall and Hawkgirl Kendra Saunders friends of Thanagar, but grew angry with their ally Adam Strange blaming Rannian science for the destruction of her birth world. Despite this, she reluctantly served alongside him as a comrade-in-arms during the war.

Shayera was betrayed and murdered by Tamaranean Queen Komand'r. Her body was sent on a trajectory into Thanagar's sun, Polaris, the heroes' resting place in Thanagarian tradition.

Following DC's 2011 relaunch, Shayera Thal is revealed as the princess of Thanagar and the former lover of Katar Hol. Initially, she is depicted as a villain, after erroneously believing her lover Katar Hol has killed her brother, Emperor Corsar, vowing vengeance upon him. But after it is discovered that Corsar survived and was manipulating the situation Shayera betrays him and saves Katar's life, seemingly sacrificing her own for it, although, it is later revealed that she survived.

Other versions

 * In Alex Ross's Silver Age-toned Justice, Shayera Hol is a member of the Justice League and co-director of the Midway City Museum, alongside her husband. She also appears in Secret Origins and Liberty and Justice.
 * Shayera and Katar are featured in the Elseworlds three-part series Legend of the Hawkman (2000). The story takes place in the Earth-One timeline, some time after The Brave and the Bold #34. She is shown wanting to return home to Thanagar while Katar has grown accustomed to life on Earth. Although this mini-series was never labelled as an Elseworlds project when originally published, it is now accepted as being one, with this story clearly based on the Silver Age versions of Hawkman and Hawkwoman during the pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths era.
 * In JLA: The Nail and JLA: Another Nail, Hawkwoman is a member of a much-hated Justice League, and remains so even after her husband's death by Amazo. In Another Nail, she appears to be close friends with Zatanna. She has forgiven Oliver Queen (in Amazo's body) after he admits feeling responsible for getting Katar killed, and mentions that her husband was proud to call Oliver a "comrade... and a friend." Her role as the sole Hawk with League membership is much like her animated counterpart in the Justice League animated series.
 * In Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again, the Hawks tried to return to Thanagar to flee from Lex Luthor's military dictatorship, only to crash in the rain forests of Costa Rica. They decided to remain in hiding. They gave birth to a son and daughter, giving them natural wings. Katar and Shayera were killed in a military strike ordered by Lex Luthor, embracing each other in their final moments. The children were brought up in the jungle ever since. They were bent on revenge against Lex. As Hawkboy, the son ultimately kills Lex with Batman's permission, since he understands what he has been through.
 * The Silver Age Hawks made a cameo appearance in Adventures in the DC Universe 80-Page Giant as Chronos II travels across space and time. He witnesses them in a battle against the Manhawks.
 * Katar and Shayera Hol appear in JLA/Avengers due to time distortions caused by Krona.
 * Shayera appears in JLA: Created Equal, now calling herself "Hawk" after her husband died in the Fall.
 * Shayera appears in Elseworld's Finest: Supergirl & Batgirl as a member of the Justice Society.
 * Shayera is featured with Katar in Scooby-Doo! Team-Up #33. She resembles her counterpart from the DC Animated Universe. Like Shiera Hall and similarly with her DCAU counterpart, Shayera is a reincarnation of Chay-Ara, and have been reborn as Lady Celia and Cinnamon.

Television
A hybridization of the Shayera Hol and Shayera Thal incarnations of Hawkwoman appears in Young Justice, voiced by Zehra Fazal. This version is a member of the Justice League along with her husband Hawkman and primarily makes minor recurring appearances. During the second season, she and the Justice League fall under the Light's control and are forced to attack the planet Rimbor. The Leaguers are later forced to return to Rimbor to stand trial. They are eventually found guilty, but Superboy, Miss Martian, and Adam Strange present new evidence and force the Rimbor Tribunal to reverse their verdict.

Film

 * Shayera Hol makes a cameo appearance at the end of Justice League: The New Frontier.
 * An unidentified Hawkwoman appears in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies, alongside Hawkgirl and Hawkman.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hawkwoman


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Chasles

Chasles is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Adelphe Chasles (1795–1868), French politician
 * Jeanne Chasles (1869–1939), French dancer
 * Michel Chasles (1793–1880), French mathematician
 * Philarète Chasles (1798–1873), French critic and belletrist

title: Chasles


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Asia–Pacific

The Asia–Pacific (APAC) is the region of the world adjoining the western Pacific Ocean. The region's precise boundaries vary depending on context, but countries and territories in Australasia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia are often included. In a wider context, Central Asia, North Asia, the Pacific Islands, South Asia, West Asia (excluding the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant), and even Pacific-adjoining countries in the Americas can be included. For example, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) includes five countries (Canada, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and the United States) in the New World. The term has become popular since the late 1980s in commerce, finance, and politics. Despite the heterogeneity of the regions' economies, most individual nations within the zone are emerging markets experiencing rapid growth. Sometimes, the notion of "Asia–Pacific excluding Japan" (APEJ) is considered useful.

Related regions

 * Central and Eastern Asia (CEA)
 * Eastern Asia – some companies separate their Eastern Asian business from the rest of Asia, and refer to the Oriental region separately from the Western/Central Asia region
 * Oceania
 * South-eastern Asia
 * Southern Asia
 * Western Asia

List of countries and territories by subregion

In accordance with the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the Asia–Pacific region includes a total of 51 countries and seven territories grouped into five subregions:

 * East and North East Asia (ENEA)
 * People's Republic of China
 * Hong Kong, China
 * 🇲🇴 Macao
 * 🇰🇵 Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan
 * 🇲🇳 Mongolia
 * 🇰🇷 Republic of Korea (South Korea)
 * Republic of China (Taiwan)

 * North and Central Asia (NCA)
 * 🇦🇲 Armenia
 * 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan
 * Georgia
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan
 * 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan
 * Russian Federation
 * 🇹🇯 Tajikistan
 * 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan
 * 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan

 * South and South West Asia (SSWA)
 * 🇦🇫 Afghanistan
 * 🇧🇩 Bangladesh
 * 🇧🇹 Bhutan
 * 🇮🇳 India
 * Iran (Islamic Republic of)
 * 🇲🇻 Maldives
 * 🇳🇵 Nepal
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan
 * 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey

 * South East Asia (SEA) – ASEAN
 * 🇧🇳 Brunei Darussalam
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * Laos
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia
 * 🇲🇲 Myanmar
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * Timor-Leste (East Timor)
 * Vietnam

 * The Pacific (PACIFIC)
 * 🇦🇸 American Samoa (United States)
 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * 🇨🇰 Cook Islands
 * 🇫🇯 Fiji
 * 🇵🇫 French Polynesia (France)
 * 🇬🇺 Guam (United States)
 * 🇰🇮 Kiribati
 * 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands
 * Micronesia (Federated States of)
 * 🇳🇷 Nauru
 * 🇳🇨 New Caledonia (France)
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand
 * 🇳🇺 Niue
 * 🇲🇵 Northern Mariana Islands (United States)
 * 🇵🇼 Palau
 * 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea
 * 🇼🇸 Samoa
 * 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga
 * 🇹🇻 Tuvalu
 * 🇻🇺 Vanuatu

In a wider context, the following countries and territories can also be included in the Asia–Pacific region:

 * Asia
 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain
 * 🇮🇴 British Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom)
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * 🇮🇱 Israel
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan
 * 🇰🇼 Kuwait
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon
 * 🇴🇲 Oman
 * Palestine
 * 🇶🇦 Qatar
 * 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
 * Syria
 * 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates
 * 🇾🇪 Yemen

 * North America
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador
 * 🇬🇹 Guatemala
 * 🇭🇳 Honduras
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
 * 🇵🇦 Panama
 * 🇺🇸 United States

 * Oceania
 * Baker Island (United States)
 * Clipperton Island (France)
 * Coral Sea Islands (Australia)
 * Howland Island (United States)
 * Jarvis Island (United States)
 * Johnston Atoll (United States)
 * Kingman Reef (United States)
 * Midway Atoll (United States)
 * 🇳🇫 Norfolk Island (Australia)
 * Palmyra Atoll (United States)
 * Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom)
 * 🇹🇰 Tokelau (New Zealand)
 * Wake Island (United States)
 * 🇼🇫 Wallis and Futuna (France)
 * Chuuk State (Micronesia)

 * South America
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador
 * 🇵🇪 Peru

Economic Overview
The World Bank's April 2024 update indicates that the growth rate for the Asia-Pacific region, excluding China, is expected to slightly increase to 4.6% in 2024, up from 4.4% in 2023. This underscores a diverse economic resilience against global pressures. Meanwhile, global trade growth, which was minimal at 0.2% in 2023, is projected to improve to 2.3% in 2024, crucial for the region's export-oriented economies. However, private investment remains below pre-pandemic levels due to higher debt levels and rising interest rates, signaling a cautious investment climate. The region faces significant challenges from both external factors, such as high core inflation and modest global trade recovery, and domestic issues like increased debt and political uncertainties, potentially hindering economic growth. Additionally, a hypothetical 1% decline in GDP growth in the US or China could reduce GDP growth in other developing Asia-Pacific economies by approximately 0.5% and 0.3%, respectively. The increase in trade-distorting measures, which have tripled since 2019 among G-20 countries, reflects a trend towards protective industrial policies, although other East Asia-Pacific countries, except for China and Indonesia, have been less involved in these measures.

title: Asia–Pacific


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Peercasting

Peercasting is a method of multicasting streams, usually audio and/or video, to the Internet via peer-to-peer technology. It can be used for commercial, independent, and amateur multicasts. Unlike traditional IP multicast, peercasting can facilitate on-demand content delivery.

Operation
Peercasting usually works by having peers automatically relay a stream to other peers. The P2P overlay network helps peers find a relay for a specified stream to connect to. This method suffers from poor quality of service during times when relays disconnect or peers need to switch to a different relay, referred to as "churn".

Another solution used is minute swarming, wherein a live stream is broken up into minute length files that are swarmed via P2P software such as BitTorrent or Dijjer. However, this suffers from excessive overhead for the formation of a new swarm every minute.

A new technique is to stripe a live stream into multiple substreams, akin to RAID striping. Forward error correction and timing information is applied to these substreams such that the original stream can be reformed using at least all but one of the substreams (fountain codes are an efficient way to make and combine the substreams). In turn, these streams are relayed using the first method.

Another solution is to permit clients to connect to a new relay and resume streaming from where they left off by their old relay. Relays would retain a back buffer to permit clients to resume streaming from anywhere within the range of said buffer. This would essentially be an extension to the Icecast protocol.

Free and open source software

 * Alluvium (peercasting)
 * Tribler
 * PULSE

Proprietary

 * Ace Stream
 * PPStream
 * Rawflow
 * Red Swoosh
 * Veoh

title: Peercasting


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 12, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 12, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 12, 2005


text:
Philarète Chasles

Philarète Euphemon Chasles (6 October 1798 – 18 July 1873) was a widely-known French critic and man of letters.

Life and work
He was born at Mainvilliers, Eure-et-Loir. His father, Pierre Jacques Michel Chasles (1754–1826), was a member of the Convention, and was one of those who voted the death of Louis XVI. He brought up his son according to the principles of Rousseau's Emile, and the boy, after a regime of outdoor life, followed by some years classical study, was apprenticed to a printer, so that he might make acquaintance with manual labor. His master was involved in one of the plots of 1815, and Philarète suffered two months imprisonment.

On his release he was sent to London, where he worked for the printer Abraham John Valpy on editions of classical authors. He wrote articles for the English reviews, and on his return to France did much to popularize the study of English authors. He introduced a number of foreign writers to France including Gozzi, Richter, and Melville.

He was one of the true origins of the discipline of comparative literature. He was also one of the earliest to draw attention in France to Scandinavian and Russian literature. He contributed to the Revue des deux mondes, until he had a violent quarrel, terminating in a lawsuit, with François Buloz, who won his case.

He was especially interested in national literatures and their influence on other nations. He became librarian of the Bibliothèque Mazarine, and from 1841 was professor of comparative literature at the Collège de France. During his active life he produced some fifty volumes of literary history and criticism, and of social history, much of which is extremely valuable. He died at Venice in 1873.

His son, Émile Chasles (1827–1908), was a philologist of some reputation.

Among his best critical works is Dix-huitime siècle en Angleterre (1846), one of a series of 20 vols. of Etudes de littérature comparée (1846–1875), which he called later Trente ans de critique. An account of his strenuous boyhood is given in his Maison de mon pré. His Memoires (1876–1877) did not fulfil the expectations based on his brilliant talk.

title: Philarète Chasles


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Friction stir welding

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process that uses a non-consumable tool to join two facing workpieces without melting the workpiece material. Heat is generated by friction between the rotating tool and the workpiece material, which leads to a softened region near the FSW tool. While the tool is traversed along the joint line, it mechanically intermixes the two pieces of metal, and forges the hot and softened metal by the mechanical pressure, which is applied by the tool, much like joining clay, or dough. It is primarily used on wrought or extruded aluminium and particularly for structures which need very high weld strength. FSW is capable of joining aluminium alloys, copper alloys, titanium alloys, mild steel, stainless steel and magnesium alloys. More recently, it was successfully used in welding of polymers. In addition, joining of dissimilar metals, such as aluminium to magnesium alloys, has been recently achieved by FSW. Application of FSW can be found in modern shipbuilding, trains, and aerospace applications.

The concept was patented in the Soviet Union by Yu. Klimenko in 1967, but it wasn't developed into a commercial technology at that time. It was experimentally proven and commercialized at The Welding Institute (TWI) in the UK in 1991. TWI held patents on the process, the first being the most descriptive.

Principle of operation

Friction stir welding is performed with a rotating cylindrical tool which has a profiled pin (also known as a probe) having a diameter smaller than the diameter of its shoulder. During welding the tool is fed into a butt joint between two clamped workpieces, until the probe pierces into the workpiece and its shoulder touches the surface of the workpieces. The probe is slightly shorter than the weld depth required, with the tool shoulder riding atop the work surface. After a short dwell time, the tool is moved forward along the joint line at the pre-set welding speed.

Frictional heat is generated between the wear-resistant tool and the work pieces. This heat, along with that generated by the mechanical mixing process and the adiabatic heat within the material, cause the stirred materials to soften without melting. As the tool is moved forward, a special profile on the probe forces plasticised material from the leading face to the rear, where the high forces assist in a forged consolidation of the weld.

This process of the tool traversing along the weld line in a plasticised tubular shaft of metal results in severe solid-state deformation involving dynamic recrystallization of the base material.

Micro-structural features
The solid-state nature of the FSW process, combined with its unusual tool shape and asymmetric speed profile, results in a highly characteristic micro-structure. The micro-structure can be broken up into the following zones:

 * The stir zone (also known as the dynamically recrystallised zone) is a region of heavily deformed material that roughly corresponds to the location of the pin during welding. The grains within the stir zone are roughly equiaxed and often an order of magnitude smaller than the grains in the parent material. A unique feature of the stir zone is the common occurrence of several concentric rings, which has been referred to as an "onion-ring" structure. The precise origin of these rings has not been firmly established, although variations in particle number density, grain size and texture have all been suggested.
 * The flow arm zone is on the upper surface of the weld and consists of material that is dragged by the shoulder from the retreating side of the weld, around the rear of the tool, and deposited on the advancing side.
 * The thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) occurs on either side of the stir zone. In this region the strain and temperature are lower and the effect of welding on the micro-structure is correspondingly smaller. Unlike the stir zone, the micro-structure is recognizably that of the parent material, albeit significantly deformed and rotated. Although the term TMAZ technically refers to the entire deformed region, it is often used to describe any region not already covered by the terms stir zone and flow arm.
 * The heat-affected zone (HAZ) is common to all welding processes. As indicated by the name, this region is subjected to a thermal cycle but is not deformed during welding. The temperatures are lower than those in the TMAZ but may still have a significant effect if the micro-structure is thermally unstable. In fact, in age-hardened aluminum alloys this region commonly exhibits the poorest mechanical properties.

Advantages and limitations
The solid-state nature of FSW leads to several advantages over fusion welding methods, as problems associated with cooling from the liquid phase are avoided. Issues such as porosity, solute redistribution, solidification cracking and liquation cracking do not arise during FSW. In general, FSW has been found to produce a low concentration of defects and is very tolerant to variations in parameters and materials.

Nevertheless, FSW is associated with a number of unique defects if it isn't done properly. Insufficient weld temperatures, due to low rotational speeds or high traverse speeds, for example, mean that the weld material is unable to accommodate the extensive deformation during welding. This may result in long, tunnel-like defects running along the weld, which may occur on the surface or subsurface. Low temperatures may also limit the forging action of the tool and so reduce the continuity of the bond between the material from each side of the weld. The light contact between the material has given rise to the name "kissing bond". This defect is particularly worrying, since it is very difficult to detect using nondestructive methods such as X-ray or ultrasonic testing. If the pin is not long enough or the tool rises out of the plate, then the interface at the bottom of the weld may not be disrupted and forged by the tool, resulting in a lack-of-penetration defect. This is essentially a notch in the material, which can be a potential source of fatigue cracks.

A number of potential advantages of FSW over conventional fusion-welding processes have been identified:
 * Good mechanical properties in the as-welded condition.
 * Improved safety due to the absence of toxic fumes or the spatter of molten material.
 * No consumables — A threaded pin made of conventional tool steel, e.g., hardened H13, can weld over 1 km of aluminium, and no filler or gas shield is required for aluminium.
 * Easily automated on simple milling machines — lower setup costs and less training.
 * Can operate in all positions (horizontal, vertical, etc.), as there is no weld pool.
 * Generally good weld appearance and minimal thickness under/over-matching, thus reducing the need for expensive machining after welding.
 * Can use thinner materials with same joint strength.
 * Low environmental impact.
 * General performance and cost benefits from switching from fusion to friction.

However, some disadvantages of the process have been identified:
 * Exit hole left when tool is withdrawn.
 * Large down forces required with heavy-duty clamping necessary to hold the plates together.
 * Less flexible than manual and arc processes (difficulties with thickness variations and non-linear welds).
 * Often slower traverse rate than some fusion welding techniques, although this may be offset if fewer welding passes are required.

Tool design

The design of the tool is a critical factor, as a good tool can improve both the quality of the weld and the maximal possible welding speed.

It is desirable that the tool material be sufficiently strong, tough, and hard wearing at the welding temperature. Further, it should have a good oxidation resistance and a low thermal conductivity to minimise heat loss and thermal damage to the machinery further up the drive train. Hot-worked tool steel such as AISI H13 has proven perfectly acceptable for welding aluminium alloys within thickness ranges of 0.5–50 mm but more advanced tool materials are necessary for more demanding applications such as highly abrasive metal matrix composites or higher-melting-point materials such as steel or titanium.

Improvements in tool design have been shown to cause substantial improvements in productivity and quality. TWI has developed tools specifically designed to increase the penetration depth and thus increasing the plate thicknesses that can be successfully welded. An example is the "whorl" design that uses a tapered pin with re-entrant features or a variable-pitch thread to improve the downwards flow of material. Additional designs include the Triflute and Trivex series. The Triflute design has a complex system of three tapering, threaded re-entrant flutes that appear to increase material movement around the tool. The Trivex tools use a simpler, non-cylindrical, pin and have been found to reduce the forces acting on the tool during welding.

The majority of tools have a concave shoulder profile, which acts as an escape volume for the material displaced by the pin, prevents material from extruding out of the sides of the shoulder and maintains downwards pressure and hence good forging of the material behind the tool. The Triflute tool uses an alternative system with a series of concentric grooves machined into the surface, which are intended to produce additional movement of material in the upper layers of the weld.

Widespread commercial applications of friction stir welding process for steels and other hard alloys such as titanium alloys will require the development of cost-effective and durable tools. Material selection, design and cost are important considerations in the search for commercially useful tools for the welding of hard materials. Work is continuing to better understand the effects of tool material's composition, structure, properties and geometry on their performance, durability and cost.

Tool rotation and traverse speeds
There are two tool speeds to be considered in friction-stir welding; how fast the tool rotates and how quickly it traverses along the interface. These two parameters have considerable importance and must be chosen with care to ensure a successful and efficient welding cycle. The relationship between the rotation speed, the welding speed and the heat input during welding is complex, but in general, it can be said that increasing the rotation speed or decreasing the traverse speed will result in a hotter weld. In order to produce a successful weld, it is necessary that the material surrounding the tool is hot enough to enable the extensive plastic flow required and minimize the forces acting on the tool. If the material is too cold, then voids or other flaws may be present in the stir zone and in extreme cases the tool may break.

Excessively high heat input, on the other hand, may be detrimental to the final properties of the weld. Theoretically, this could even result in defects due to the liquation of low-melting-point phases (similar to liquation cracking in fusion welds). These competing demands lead onto the concept of a "processing window": the range of processing parameters viz. tool rotation and traverse speed, that will produce a good quality weld. Within this window the resulting weld will have a sufficiently high heat input to ensure adequate material plasticity but not so high that the weld properties are excessively deteriorated.

Tool tilt and plunge depth
The plunge depth is defined as the depth of the lowest point of the shoulder below the surface of the welded plate and has been found to be a critical parameter for ensuring weld quality. Plunging the shoulder below the plate surface increases the pressure below the tool and helps ensure adequate forging of the material at the rear of the tool. Tilting the tool by 2–4 degrees, such that the rear of the tool is lower than the front, has been found to assist this forging process. The plunge depth needs to be correctly set, both to ensure the necessary downward pressure is achieved and to ensure that the tool fully penetrates the weld. Given the high loads required, the welding machine may deflect and so reduce the plunge depth compared to the nominal setting, which may result in flaws in the weld. On the other hand, an excessive plunge depth may result in the pin rubbing on the backing plate surface or a significant undermatch of the weld thickness compared to the base material. Variable-load welders have been developed to automatically compensate for changes in the tool displacement, while TWI have demonstrated a roller system that maintains the tool position above the weld plate.

Welding forces
During welding, a number of forces will act on the tool:
 * A downwards force is necessary to maintain the position of the tool at or below the material surface. Some friction-stir welding machines operate under load control, but in many cases the vertical position of the tool is preset, and so the load will vary during welding.
 * The traverse force acts parallel to the tool motion and is positive in the traverse direction. Since this force arises as a result of the resistance of the material to the motion of the tool, it might be expected that this force will decrease as the temperature of the material around the tool is increased.
 * The lateral force may act perpendicular to the tool traverse direction and is defined here as positive towards the advancing side of the weld.
 * Torque is required to rotate the tool, the amount of which will depend on the down force and friction coefficient (sliding friction) and/or the flow strength of the material in the surrounding region (stiction).

In order to prevent tool fracture and to minimize excessive wear and tear on the tool and associated machinery, the welding cycle is modified so that the forces acting on the tool are as low as possible, and abrupt changes are avoided. In order to find the best combination of welding parameters, it is likely that a compromise must be reached, since the conditions that favour low forces (e.g. high heat input, low travel speeds) may be undesirable from the point of view of productivity and weld properties.

Flow of material
Early work on the mode of material flow around the tool used inserts of a different alloy, which had a different contrast to the normal material when viewed through a microscope, in an effort to determine where material was moved as the tool passed. The data was interpreted as representing a form of in-situ extrusion, where the tool, backing plate and cold base material form the "extrusion chamber", through which the hot, plasticised material is forced. In this model the rotation of the tool draws little or no material around the front of the probe; instead, the material parts in front of the pin and passes down either side. After the material has passed the probe, the side pressure exerted by the "die" forces the material back together, and consolidation of the joint occurs, as the rear of the tool shoulder passes overhead and the large down force forges the material.

More recently, an alternative theory has been advanced that advocates considerable material movement in certain locations. This theory holds that some material does rotate around the probe, for at least one rotation, and it is this material movement that produces the "onion-ring" structure in the stir zone. The researchers used a combination of thin copper strip inserts and a "frozen pin" technique, where the tool is rapidly stopped in place. They suggested that material motion occurs by two processes:
 * 1) Material on the advancing side of a weld enters into a zone that rotates and advances with the profiled probe. This material was very highly deformed and sloughs off behind the pin to form arc-shaped features when viewed from above (i.e. down the tool axis). It was noted that the copper entered the rotational zone around the pin, where it was broken up into fragments. These fragments were only found in the arc-shaped features of material behind the tool.
 * 2) The lighter material came from the retreating side in front of the pin and was dragged around to the rear of the tool and filled in the gaps between the arcs of advancing side material. This material did not rotate around the pin, and the lower level of deformation resulted in a larger grain size.

The primary advantage of this explanation is that it provides a plausible explanation for the production of the onion-ring structure.

The marker technique for friction stir welding provides data on the initial and final positions of the marker in the welded material. The flow of material is then reconstructed from these positions. Detailed material flow field during friction stir welding can also be calculated from theoretical considerations based on fundamental scientific principles. Material flow calculations are routinely used in numerous engineering applications. Calculation of material flow fields in friction stir welding can be undertaken both using comprehensive numerical simulations or simple but insightful analytical equations. The comprehensive models for the calculation of material flow fields also provide important information such as geometry of the stir zone and the torque on the tool. The numerical simulations have shown the ability to correctly predict the results from marker experiments and the stir zone geometry observed in friction stir welding experiments.

Generation and flow of heat
For any welding process, it is, in general, desirable to increase the travel speed and minimise the heat input, as this will increase productivity and possibly reduce the impact of welding on the mechanical properties of the weld. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the temperature around the tool is sufficiently high to permit adequate material flow and prevent flaws or tool damage.

When the traverse speed is increased, for a given heat input, there is less time for heat to conduct ahead of the tool, and the thermal gradients are larger. At some point the speed will be so high that the material ahead of the tool will be too cold, and the flow stress too high, to permit adequate material movement, resulting in flaws or tool fracture. If the "hot zone" is too large, then there is scope to increase the traverse speed and hence productivity.

The welding cycle can be split into several stages, during which the heat flow and thermal profile will be different:
 * Dwell. The material is preheated by a stationary, rotating tool to achieve a sufficient temperature ahead of the tool to allow the traverse. This period may also include the plunge of the tool into the workpiece.
 * Transient heating. When the tool begins to move, there will be a transient period where the heat production and temperature around the tool will alter in a complex manner until an essentially steady state is reached.
 * Pseudo steady state. Although fluctuations in heat generation will occur, the thermal field around the tool remains effectively constant, at least on the macroscopic scale.
 * Post steady state. Near the end of the weld, heat may "reflect" from the end of the plate, leading to additional heating around the tool.

Heat generation during friction-stir welding arises from two main sources: friction at the surface of the tool and the deformation of the material around the tool. The heat generation is often assumed to occur predominantly under the shoulder, due to its greater surface area, and to be equal to the power required to overcome the contact forces between the tool and the workpiece. The contact condition under the shoulder can be described by sliding friction, using a friction coefficient μ and interfacial pressure P, or sticking friction, based on the interfacial shear strength at an appropriate temperature and strain rate. Mathematical approximations for the total heat generated by the tool shoulder Qtotal have been developed using both sliding and sticking friction models:

 * $$Q_\text{total} = \frac{2}{3} \pi P \mu \omega \left(R_\text{shoulder}^3 - R_\text{pin}^3\right)$$  (sliding)

 * $$Q_\text{total} = \frac{2}{3} \pi \tau \omega \left(R_\text{shoulder}^3 - R_\text{pin}^3\right)$$  (sticking)

where ω is the angular velocity of the tool, Rshoulder is the radius of the tool shoulder, and Rpin is that of the pin. Several other equations have been proposed to account for factors such as the pin, but the general approach remains the same.

A major difficulty in applying these equations is determining suitable values for the friction coefficient or the interfacial shear stress. The conditions under the tool are both extreme and very difficult to measure. To date, these parameters have been used as "fitting parameters", where the model works back from measured thermal data to obtain a reasonable simulated thermal field. While this approach is useful for creating process models to predict, for example, residual stresses, it is less useful for providing insights into the process itself.

Applications
The FSW process has initially been patented by TWI in most industrialised countries and licensed for over 183 users. Friction stir welding and its variants – friction stir spot welding and friction stir processing –  are used for the following industrial applications: shipbuilding and offshore, aerospace, automotive, rolling stock for railways, general fabrication, robotics, and computers.

Shipbuilding and offshore

Two Scandinavian aluminium extrusion companies were the first to apply FSW commercially to the manufacture of fish freezer panels at Sapa in 1996, as well as deck panels and helicopter landing platforms at Marine Aluminium Aanensen. Marine Aluminium Aanensen subsequently merged with Hydro Aluminium Maritime to become Hydro Marine Aluminium. Some of these freezer panels are now produced by Riftec and Bayards. In 1997 two-dimensional friction stir welds in the hydrodynamically flared bow section of the hull of the ocean viewer vessel The Boss were produced at Research Foundation Institute with the first portable FSW machine. The Super Liner Ogasawara at Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding is the largest friction stir welded ship so far. The Sea Fighter of Nichols Bros and the Freedom-class Littoral Combat Ships contain prefabricated panels by the FSW fabricators Advanced Technology and Friction Stir Link, Inc. respectively. The Houbei-class missile boat has friction stir welded rocket launch containers of China Friction Stir Centre. HMNZS Rotoiti in New Zealand has FSW panels made by Donovans in a converted milling machine. Various companies apply FSW to armor plating for amphibious assault ships.

Aerospace

United Launch Alliance applies FSW to the Delta II, Delta IV, Atlas V, and the new Vulcan expendable launch vehicles along with their Cryogenic Upper Stages, and the first of these with a friction stir welded interstage module was launched in 1999. The process was also used for the Space Shuttle external tank, for Ares I until the project was canceled in 2012, the SLS Core which replaced the Ares, and for the Orion Crew Vehicle test article and the current model of the Orion at NASA, as well as Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 rockets at SpaceX. The toe nails for ramp of Boeing C-17 Globemaster III cargo aircraft by Advanced Joining Technologies and the cargo barrier beams for the Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter were the first commercially produced aircraft parts. FAA-approved wings and fuselage panels of the Eclipse 500 aircraft were made at Eclipse Aviation, and this company delivered 259 friction stir welded business jets, before they were forced into Chapter 7 liquidation. Floor panels for Airbus A400M military aircraft are now made by Pfalz Flugzeugwerke and Embraer used FSW for the Legacy 450 and 500 Jets Friction stir welding also is employed for fuselage panels on the Airbus A380. BRÖTJE-Automation uses friction stir welding for gantry production machines developed for the aerospace sector, as well as other industrial applications.

Automotive

Aluminium engine cradles and suspension struts for stretched Lincoln Town Cars were the first automotive parts that were friction stir welded at Tower Automotive, who use the process also for the engine tunnel of the Ford GT. A spin-off of this company is called Friction Stir Link, Inc. and successfully exploits the FSW process, e.g. for the flatbed trailer "Revolution" of Fontaine Trailers. In Japan FSW is applied to suspension struts at Showa Denko and for joining of aluminium sheets to galvanized steel brackets for the boot (trunk) lid of the Mazda MX-5. Friction stir spot welding is successfully used for the bonnet (hood) and rear doors of the Mazda RX-8 and the boot lid of the Toyota Prius. Wheels are friction stir welded at Simmons Wheels, UT Alloy Works and Fundo. Rear seats for the Volvo V70 are friction stir welded at Sapa, HVAC pistons at Halla Climate Control and exhaust gas recirculation coolers at Pierburg. Tailor welded blanks are friction stir welded for the Audi R8 at Riftec. The B-column of the Audi R8 Spider is friction stir welded from two extrusions at Hammerer Aluminium Industries in Austria. The front subframe of the 2013 Honda Accord was friction stir welded to join aluminum and steel halves.

Railways

Since 1997 roof panels were made from aluminium extrusions at Hydro Marine Aluminium with a bespoke 25 m long FSW machine, e.g. for DSB class SA-SD trains of Alstom LHB. Curved side and roof panels for the Victoria line trains of London Underground, side panels for Bombardier Electrostar trains at Sapa Group and side panels for Alstom's British Rail Class 390 Pendolino trains are made at Sapa Group. Japanese commuter and express A-trains, and British Rail Class 395 trains are friction stir welded by Hitachi, while Kawasaki applies friction stir spot welding to roof panels and Sumitomo Light Metal produces Shinkansen floor panels. Innovative FSW floor panels are made by Hammerer Aluminium Industries in Austria for the Stadler Kiss double decker rail cars, to obtain an internal height of 2 m on both floors and for the new car bodies of the Wuppertal Suspension Railway.

Heat sinks for cooling high-power electronics of locomotives are made at Sykatek, EBG, Austerlitz Electronics, EuroComposite, Sapa and Rapid Technic AG, and are the most common application of FSW due to the excellent heat transfer.

Fabrication

Façade panels and cathode sheets are friction stir welded at AMAG and Hammerer Aluminium Industries, including friction stir lap welds of copper to aluminium. Bizerba meat slicers, Ökolüfter HVAC units and Siemens X-ray vacuum vessels are friction stir welded at Riftec. Vacuum valves and vessels are made by FSW at Japanese and Swiss companies. FSW is also used for the encapsulation of nuclear waste at SKB in 50-mm-thick copper canisters. Pressure vessels from ø1 m semispherical forgings of 38.1 mm thick aluminium alloy 2219 at Advanced Joining Technologies and Lawrence Livermore Nat Lab. Friction stir processing is applied to ship propellers at Friction Stir Link, Inc. and to hunting knives by DiamondBlade. Bosch uses it in Worcester for the production of heat exchangers.

Robotics
KUKA Robot Group has adapted its KR500-3MT heavy-duty robot for friction stir welding via the DeltaN FS tool. The system made its first public appearance at the EuroBLECH show in November 2012.

Personal computers
Apple applied friction stir welding on the 2012 iMac to effectively join the bottom to the back of the device.

Joining of aluminum 3D printing material
FSW is proven able to be used as one of the methods to join the metal 3D printing materials. By using proper FSW tools and correct parameter setting a sound and defect-free weld can be produced in order to joint the metal 3D printing materials. Besides, the FSW tools must be harder than the materials that need to weld. The most important parameters in FSW are the rotation of probe, traverse speed, spindle tilt angle and target depth. The weld joint efficiency of FSW on the 3D printing metal can reach up to 83.3% compared to its base materials strength.

title: Friction stir welding


text:
Talk:Romeoville, Illinois

Demographics math seem wacky.64.53.191.77 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 13:55, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Romeoville, Illinois


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 13, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 13, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 13, 2005


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sean Kennedy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. The votes were 7 delete, 6 keep. dbenbenn | talk 22:34, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sean Kennedy
--I vote keep. This is not self promotion. He was on [CBC]. The charismatic voice and face at the forefront of almost every RantMedia project. Sean's miraid of shows stretch from the early beginnings of RantRadio with the WhatTheHell?!? Show to his ongoing RantTV series SKTFM.TV. ~Schnits

Self-promotion. Not a single one of the links in the article, which were external links before I wikified them, have Wikipedia articles. -- Paul Richter 05:56, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This article is NOT self-promotion, as Paul Richter claims; it was started by Klipper. Also, I do not believe that anyone/anything should be judged by its popularity/publicity--it would be unscholarly and adsurd to do so. RantRadio may be a small, independent operation relying mainly on word-of-mouth promotion, but that does not warrant condemnation. Don't judge by size or popularity. Therefore, Keep. After all, the article is just a stub, plus there is already a short article on rantradio. Something to consider. ~Anonymous, 19:26, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment by user 65.49.20.154. --InShaneee 18:48, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This note was removed at 18:22, Feb 22, 2005 by User:65.49.20.154.  -- Scott  eiπ + 1 = 0  06:54, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Does being a DJ/commentator on an internet radio station make a person notable? He does seem to be fairly popular within that medium. In any event, he's carved quite a niche for himself here. If he's not notable, then this image needs to be deleted, as well as a whole mess of mostly irrelevant photos at wikimedia commons. No vote yet.  -- Scott  eiπ + 1 = 0  06:43, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going to say keep. I still think there are way too many pictures on Commons, but I'm not familiar with the policies there.  -- Scott  eiπ + 1 = 0  19:48, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep: Appologies if This comment is uncalled for, or if I do not get to have a say in things (I'm new to wikipedia ... there is a fair amount to read; expect this comment to be deleted if I don't actually get a vote or something if I find time to read through it all), but Sean is hardly just "a DJ/commentator." Thereis the entire KULT chapter of his life(albeit over) to consider. This must be weighed in;  this man had a good deal of very radical people following his every  word.  But hey, come to the right conclusion;  There is no doubt that Sean made an  impact in the world, and the lives of thousands if not tens of thousands of people. I don't have any doubt in my mind that Sean's activity in some ways have been notable (being _the_ inspiring force in a lot of musicians, performing at clubs, organizing group after group, whatever); the hard part is seperating what happened with KULT with what sean is directly responsible for. Is this enough to justify a wikipedia article?  Hard to say;  but If my say counts, I'd err on the side of yes. I agree with Ashley Pomeroy, he was a quasi-Moussolini-type and this article likely needs work.  And is the picture really neccesary?  Perhaps if the picture was removed, those who feel that he is not popular enough, or whatever, can feel more at ease that he's getting less of the spotlight.themusicgod1 1:57:21 21 Feb 2005 (???)
 * Comment, Google yields 1900 hits for "Sean Kennedy"+dj. The first page seems to contain articles about this person. Inter 10:22, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Searches for "Sean Kennedy"+Rantradio and +Kult return quite a few hits, and judging by this he seems to be notable as a quasi-Mussolini-type figure, as you can tell from the commanding gaze in his photograph. Article as stands needs a lot of work, though. Are any of the WFMU DJs Wiki-notable? -Ashley Pomeroy 11:21, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP, he isn't exactly a DJ, he's a talk show host, news reporter, video show host, etc. check out some of his stuff and you'll understand! i don't see anyone trying to delete Howard Stern! --Klipper 15:15, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)
 * User:Klipper is User:68.202.3.109 (evidence), who created the page.  -- Scott  eiπ + 1 = 0  19:09, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * This note was vandalized at 18:22, Feb 22, 2005 by User:65.49.20.154.  -- Scott  eiπ + 1 = 0  06:54, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sure if this guy was as big as Howard Stern, we wouldn't delete an article about him. But that rather begs the question: which is, how big is this guy? --BM 00:45, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Rantradio is an internet radio site based in Langley British Columbia that has been online since 1999.    It broadcasts three channels.   They seem to have received a fair amount of publicity, judging from theGoogle hits.  But according to Alexa, www,rantradio.com has a rank of 582,000, which isn't very impressive. How do you tell if an internet radio station or one of its DJ's is notable?  There are a lot of them now.   Arbitron does rankings of Internet radio stations, but Rantradio isn't ranked.    Internet radio is a notable development, of course, and maybe a particular station is notable even with low traffic if it is a trailblazer, etc.  But I'm not sure that would extend to one of its DJ's.    --BM 22:56, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity page (complete with publicity photo): unless some hard evidence of notability, delete. --Calton 01:09, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the most notable person on Rantradio. Rantradio itself is noteable, and I'm shocked there isnt an article on it yet.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 06:26, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Alkivar, what is your source for rantradio being notable? --BM 13:35, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The fact that i've seen ads for it in person in more than 4 states. All of which are on the east coast ... and its west coast. thats a hell of an advertising campaign. 2) Results 1 - 100 of about 11,100 for rantradio 3) i dont need to justify my decision to you.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 06:03, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I wasn't asking for you to justify yourself, I just thought you might have some handle on the notability, so that I could decide how to vote. But I did, already. --BM 01:57, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Sean describes himself as "the open source celebrity". if you have any question as to the notability of Sean, just check out the links provided on the article. tales from the afternow is a great story! patrolling has changed me quite a bit. the sean k show provides hours of laughs and good info. the scabbed wings of abbadon is an impressive book. just take 10 minutes to check it out, i think you'll be glad you did.... unless your a scientologist --Klipper 18:21, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)
 * Comment: Klipper, this isn't a discussion about whether Sean or rantradio are entertaining; no doubt some people think they are. It is about whether the website or its talent are notable.   I spent quite a long time last night trying to understand how one would determine whether an Internet radio channel, or its on-air talent, were notable, and it seems to be very hard.   Arbitron and a couple of other similar services are doing ratings of audio streams on the internet, similar to their ratings of conventional radio stations. According to Arbitron, the Top 15 networks twelve months ago included  AOLRadio Network, Yahoo!'s Launchcast,MSN Radio, Virgin Radio, and several regular radio stations that stream their content on the internet.  Rankradio was not in the list; so who knows what its listenership is?   Even the 15th on the Arbitron list had only 38,000 listener-hours during the measured week.  Rantradio also didn't make it onto the list of the Top 20 stations that was released by Webcast Metrics.  On the Webcast Metrics, the 20th ranked station, only had a daily CUME of 11,485, meaning that only 11,485 unique IP's were recorded as listening for at least 5 minutes during the measured day.   Since being 20th on this list isn't too impressive in absolute terms, one has to wonder about the notability of a station that isn't even on the list.  --BM 21:51, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: i don't think that popularity would constitute a station's significance. what if someone in a mental institution had come up with plans for a flying car or something, but no one would listen to them because they were 'crazy'?  their plans may not have been very popular, but still significant! that wasn't a very good analogy, but i'm sick and it was the best i could think up :P --Klipper 21:57, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, I don't understand the point of your analogy. If you would like to suggest some other criterion according to which internet radio stations and their talent might be deemed notable, please go ahead.  Are you trying to say that the station and its primary DJ are notable because they are notably inventive and innovative?  That might be so, but it would have to be demonstrated that they were inventive and innovative and not just by the say-so of some Wikipedia editor.  There would have to be citable sources that stated this, and I don't think I would accept if it was just their own bragging.  Being innovative in secret wouldn't count either; for one thing, I would want to know if it is so secret, how do you know about it?   --BM 02:09, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep While some of the Radio sites you refere to here may have more listeners than RantRadio, I think you're forgetting that Mr. Kennedy is involved not only with RantRadio but also with Rantmedia as a whole. There is a community affixed to RantMedia, this includes not only the listeners, but also people who download the episodes and read the forum and books. Along with a couple of other personalities Mr. Kennedy is one of the kingpins. As stated above, the Rant* comunity has been there since 1999 and we are not talking about a couple of friends listening to a radio station someone they know started, we are talking about people from all over the world who are listening, reading, and viewing what Sean Kennedy has produced. And people are really inspired by Mr. Kennedy, if you do not believe me, then read the forum (e.g. the Patrolling Forum on RantRadio). I do not see why this entry should be deleted at all. It is obvious that stations like AOLRadio Network, Yahoo!'s Launchcast,MSN Radio and Virgin Radio are used by a greater audience than RantRadio, they have the money to do the advertising and people know they're there because of this. How could one prove that Sean Kennedy is a great inspiration to those who listen to him? Well, we could cite the mails he gets from people in NewsReal, we could qoute what the users of the forum says or even tjek the IRC-Channel, but would that be enough? If Wikipedia had been aroung while Edgar Allan Poe lived then the same arguments for deletion could have been applied if he had had an entry. I tjekked what the entry about Sean Kennedy said and it matched with what can be found on RantMedia, so if the entry isn't fake, why should it be removed? I thought the idea was to type in what you wanted to know something about and then you would get the entries for that search word. --FRUGT.O5 17:18, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: this is FRUGT.O5's only edit. --InShaneee 18:42, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, and if rantmedia is the many-tentacled empire behind rantradio.com, and it is actually the fount of notability for Sean Kennedy, how come its website www.rantmedia.com has an Alexa rank of 4 million and www.rantmedia.ca an Alexa rank of 2 million?  My wife's website where we put up the artwork of our five-year old daughter and family pictures has an Alexa rank of 1,028,539, so these ranks are ultra-pathetic.  I've never actually seen an Alexa rank that low before.
 * Looks like BM forgot to sign. --InShaneee 15:51, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * what does alexa's rating of rantradio.com have anything to do with rantradio or sean kennedy's notability? --Klipper 02:52, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)
 * it means the web site and its talent doesn't have any audience to speak of, which is rather consequential for a radio station or a talk show host.  You have intimated that their might be some other basis for notability, and I asked you to explain your reasoning, but you haven't.  Make your case, man.
 * Comment by BM --InShaneee 21:30, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No basis to believe this internet radio on-air person is notable.  Probably self-promotion.  --BM 01:53, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * self promotion?! i'm not sean kennedy. --Klipper 02:48, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)
 * Delete I love internet radio to death, and I think we as internet users really need to do our part to foster its growth. However, as of yet, it's still in its infantcy. I've been holding back an opinion on this, but the fact is that there's just not any notability here yet. The guy's got potential, but so do a lot of podcasters out there. Maybe in a few years, all of rantmedia will have a place here.--InShaneee 16:00, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: oy gevalt! if you want to see its notability, CHECK IT OUT! check out the forums (over 1000 members,) check out the IRC (usually about 100 people sitting in there,) check out some of the shows! --Klipper 18:33, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)
 * Notability shouldn't be determined by what the editors of Wikipedia who vote in VfD think of the guy.   It is determined by whether he has beome sufficiently notable that people are going to expect to find him the subject of an encyclopedia article.   By the way, 1000 people on a forum site is not very impressive.  And an Alexa rank of 582,000 suggests that it is not very busy.  --BM 18:42, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. It concerns me the number of people on here citing the lack of Alexa Rank. Have any of you actually seen how these ranks are generated? According to thier own site www.alexa.com "Alexa's traffic rankings are based on the usage patterns of Alexa Toolbar users over a rolling 3 month period" So to put that much fait in a bunch of Alexa Toolbar users choice in webpages is neglegent and irresponsable. A more (although arguable still not 100% accurate and notoriously out of date) way to judge popularity would be google's pagerank. However it does not rely on a toolbar to gather it's information. You "Could" sumply use the argument that an intelligent audience does not use toolbars. All in all Alexa rank is in no way a good measure of popularity let alone a measure of relevency --CMoZ 03:27, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note:User CMoZ has only edited this page and Sean Kennedy (the page in question). --InShaneee 04:23, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Alexa is widely cited as a way of determining the notability of web sites; but it does have problems.   The rankings are based on data gathered from the few million people who have installed the Alexa toolbar, and if a website's visitors for some reason were under- (or over-) represented among Alexa toolbar users, its rank could be mis-stated.    That said, if you think Alexa data isn't accurate for rantradio.com, the burden is on you to cite some other evidence that the site has notable traffic.  It is one thing to question quantitiative indicators like Alexa, but I don't see CMoZ providing any quantitative data.   By the way, an Alexa of 580,000 is very low.   The Alexa data would have to be wrong by an order of magnitude or even two orders of magnitude, just to get rantradio.com into the ballpark.  Intimating that rantradio is underrepresented because its visitors are smart and Alexa toolbar users are stupid is not going to cut it. --BM 15:16, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: i agree that Alexa is an extremely poor way to judge a website's popularity! how many of the people on the internet use Alexa?  i don't have the humble privilage of using Alexa due to my use of Linux and Firefox.  as far as i know, only IE users are vulnerable to Alexa, and more and more people are switching over to the light side of the internet (using Firefox).  if you're all so hell-bent on rating web sites' popularity, try google... i'd bet you a million that more people have heard of google than they have alexa! --Klipper 17:10, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC)
 * Comment: not only is Alexa an extremely poor way to judge a web personality's popularity, but it would be an even worse way to judge Sean Kennedy; the two groups "people who follow Sean Kennedy" and "people who use Alexa" are very likely mutually exclusive, if not violently so. The people effected by the people who follow Sean Kennedy may not be so mutually exclusive, but the point still stands.themusicgod1 8:32ish 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: here is what I can see the google hits. The first two hits are the rantradio website itself. The next hit looks like a blog created by someone involved with rantradio.  The next hit is for a user on deviantart named "rantradio", who is probably also involved with rantradio.   The next one is some place selling t-shirts for rantradio, i.e. an affiliate of rantradio.    Then there are couple related to rantradio meetups.   On the subsequent pages, one has wikipedia and its mirrors due to the article here for rantradio.  A lot of them are just quick mentions of rant radio in articles about internet radio, where a lot of other stations are also mentioned, and generally other stations get more prominence.   And so it goes: it looks to me like these google links are just the result of intense self-promotion since 1999.  Google Groups, which is a more stable indicator for Internet topics has only 42 hits, by the way.    I can see why you want to discount all other indicators of notability except for google, but do you actually have anything to establish notability aside from google-spamming?  How many listeners does the station have?   How many listener-hours per week?   How big is the Sean Kennedy audience?   I find it very telling that you either don't know these numbers, or refuse after repeated requests to provide them.   --BM 14:01, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: i'll probably have to check with Cimmerian for those numbers, but i know that the stream, and all its mirrors lag whenever Sean would come on, and right now, rantradio is begging for more streaming mirrors because they are growing so much in popularity. --Klipper 01:36, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)
 * Delete, under the bar of notability for me, possible self-promotion. Megan1967 05:23, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Probable self-promotion, definately not notable enough.  Let's see some external proof of notability: interviews, news articles, etc. in the mainstream media. Gamaliel 07:42, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: for the last friggen time, ITS NOT SELF-PROMOTION! you want to see mainstream news coverage? how about WIRED? http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,37854,00.html or maybe The New York Times, The Langley Times, Exclaim Magazine, Globe And Mail, Spin Magazine, Vancouver Sun? had enough media coverage? well, there's MORE!  had you taken maybe 5 minutes and CHECKED IT OUT, you would have found your evidence...  http://rantmedia.ca/media.php  and when i said there was more, there are media interviews in certain SK shows and WTH shows. --Klipper 17:04, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * You'll discover people are more willing to change their votes when dealt with politely. Gamaliel 17:31, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment:Unfortunately for Sean, politeness in action, is if anything not what he preaches; and those like Klipper are going to have a hard time stepping away from that. Klipper's behavoir is part of the rebellion against social convention that Sean would exactly support.themusicgod1 8:33:21 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * People should vote their conscience and nothing else. GRider\talk 00:55, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. GRider\talk 00:55, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Sean has just recently come back from an invitaion to speak at the Adirondack Community College in New York, he has spoken at a few DEFCONs and has been invited to the next one, he has had major media coverage, there is a growing community of support for Rant Media, the Alexia popularity contest argument has been overcome, it is not self-promotion as there are obviously others who would keep it (as well as he did not create the article), and the photo was used as it is the most recent. It should not matter how many pages a person has edited under the current username, as I thought from editing many articles that it could be done anonymously, and before it is posted, this is the first document I have edited under this username. I have only done so for this article as I want to be able to watch the page and recieve an email if I am replied to. As for Google Groups, unless they completely changed everything about it in version 2, I thought that it was a way for people to search newsgroups as a whole. So I would want to know how many people use usenet regularly, I would exclude of course *.bin.*, and company use of newsgroups (such as Microsoft), as these are there for specific reasons that would have nothing to do with popularity. I would be for another request for deletion if Rant Media became defunct, or if Sean Kennedy quit the show as then any relevance would not matter.Just my two cents on the issue.-- <+=Jijinmachina 20:06, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: this is Jijinmachina's only edit. --InShaneee 02:35, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: I have stated this already, see above, so why did InShaneee post it? I normally edit anonymously as I hate being tracked in any way. Once this is over I more then likely will not log in under this account again. <+=Jijinmachina 02:19, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. See criteria for inclusion of biographies. --Pjacobi 00:52, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * Comment: As the inclusion criteria for biographies has still not been accepted for use as a guideline, it does not have to be adheared to. <+=Jijinmachina 01:46, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I am the one who started the Rantradio article, because I and many friends listen to it and it has survived long enough as a web station to show it's viability  (It has expanded a great deal since I started listening). I believe that both Sean Kennedy and James O'Brien, as the creators, are significant enough to have their own article.   T h e St ev e  05:30, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Nathan Birnbaum

Translated from German

 * Article: de:Nathan Birnbaum (Philosoph)
 * Corresponding English-language article: Nathan Birnbaum
 * Worth doing because: broaden people's knowledge.
 * Originally Requested by:--211.128.71.202 09:07, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Status: Complete -- Jmabel | Talk 05:56, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmm....Looks like the original article was removed, or moved, from German Wikipedia. 24.102.233.130 (talk) 22:00, 17 June 2019 (UTC)

Nathan Birnbaum vs. Mathias Ascher
He was born Nathan Birnbaum. His Pseudonym was Mathias Ascher

Selbstemanzipation is not a newspaper, it is either propaganda or a pamphlet.

Thanks very much for cleaning up my sometimes wandering and messy info :-) user:killerdark

 * (renamed this section) Thank you for clarification, I guessed (wrongly), but was going to investigate that more. I hope there is no objection to my removal of material related to the First Zionist Congress as irrelelvant, we can recover it from history and merge it into the corresponding article. ←Humus sapiens←ну? 22:55, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I already agreed on that when I followed the links on First Zionist Congress. It was clear that it was irrelevant to the article about Nathan Birnbaum, but I was unable to find the information about the Zionist Congress elswhere. Thanks for clearing that up. user:killerdark

Daughters
Didnt he also have couple of daughters? Killerdark 17:13, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Nathan Birnbaum vs. George Burns
Shouldn't there be some sort of reference to George Burns, another arguably more famous person who was also born "Nathan Birnbaum"?

Would a disambiguation page be appropriate? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 137.71.23.54 (talk • contribs) 9 Feb 2006.

 * It would be appropriate to set up Nathan Birnbaum (disambiguation) and place otheruses at the top of this article. - Jmabel | Talk 05:27, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * There doesn't need to be a dab page or an otheruses. Just a link, if anything. Tromboneguy0186 (talk) 09:11, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Anti-Zionist?
The Zionism page states that he subsequently became an anti-Zionist. If so Why?

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:19, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Later Life unsourced/dubious quote - slate for removal
The block quote introduced with the lead, "Birnbaum, decrying political Zionism, 1919" lacks citation for a good reason. The only possible source is a self-published antisemitic rant that is, itself, a reprinting of unsourced internet rants. If this were added as a citation for the quote, it would be the product of circular logic; It's cited on Wikipedia because it comes from a book that may use Wikipedia as its source. In particular, bracketed inserts such as "[the Zionists]" in this text, have no clear basis for insertion and could have been added to an already dubious quote by any commentator. The citation flag was added 4 years ago. Suggesting removal of the block quote if it continues to lack proper citation.

24.102.233.130 (talk) 20:42, 17 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nathan Birnbaum


text: User talk:24.136.119.8

title: User talk:24.136.119.8


text:
Hatfield and the North

Hatfield and the North were an experimental Canterbury scene rock band that lasted from October 1972 to June 1975, with some reunions thereafter.

Career
In mid 1972 the band grew out of a line-up of ex-members of blues/jazz/rock band Delivery, Pip Pyle (drums, who had since played with Gong), Phil Miller (guitar, who had joined Matching Mole), and Phil's brother Steve Miller (Wurlitzer electric piano, who had joined Caravan). Replacing Roy Babbington on bass was Richard Sinclair (who played with Steve Miller in Caravan). This line-up moved away from the blues idiom of the early Delivery towards pieces based on riffs in odd time signatures and protracted melodies associated with the Canterbury style.

The band played a few live shows between July and September that year, and gained their first record contract with Virgin Records with the 'Sinclair cousins'...as Steve Miller was replaced by Dave Sinclair (Hammond organ, also from Matching Mole and Caravan), the band soon changed their name to Hatfield and the North.

Delivery reunited for a BBC session in November 1972 with Steve Miller, Phil Miller, Lol Coxhill, Roy Babbington (bass), Pip Pyle, and Richard Sinclair on vocals. (Steve Miller went on to release a couple of duo albums with Coxhill in 1973/74.)

Dave Sinclair left in January 1973, shortly after the band's appearance (with Robert Wyatt on guest vocals) on the French TV programme Rockenstock, and was replaced by Dave Stewart (from Egg) before the band's first recordings were made.

The band recorded two albums, Hatfield and the North (1974) and The Rotters' Club (1975). Backing vocals on the two albums were sung by The Northettes: Amanda Parsons, Barbara Gaskin, and Ann Rosenthal. On the autumn 1974 "Crisis Tour", which Hatfield co-headlined with Kevin Coyne, the opening act was a duo of Steve Miller and Lol Coxhill (also previously of Delivery) and Coxhill usually guested with Hatfield on the jamming sections of "Mumps".

After disbanding, Dave Stewart formed National Health with Alan Gowen from Gilgamesh; Phil Miller was a member throughout that band's existence, and Pyle joined in 1977. (Richard Sinclair also sat in on a couple of gigs and a BBC radio session that year.) Hatfield and the North and Gilgamesh had played a couple of shows together in late 1973, including a joint "double quartet" set, in some ways the prototype for National Health. Miller, Stewart, Pyle, and Sinclair also worked together in various combinations on other projects.

The name of the band was inspired by the road signage on the main A1 road heading north from London, where there are a succession of signs (such as that formerly at the junction outside the Odeon cinema in Barnet) referred to the first major town, and the overall direction, as 'A1 Hatfield & the North'. This style of sign from the 1970s has now been replaced by a slightly different variant, reading "The NORTH, Hatfield".

Reunions and archival releases
In March 1990, the group reformed to record a TV show with Phil Miller, Richard Sinclair, and Pip Pyle joined by Sophia Domancich (keyboards, Pyle's then-girlfriend and bandmate in Equip'Out).

In January 2005, the band reformed again with Alex Maguire (from Pip Pyle's Bash!) on keyboards and toured between 2005 and 2006 (notable appearances included a short Japanese tour in late 2005, and the BajaProg and NEARfest festivals in North America). On a small number of European dates in June 2005, Mark Fletcher (from Miller's In Cahoots band) reinforced the band while Pyle was recuperating from a back operation and only played on part of each gig. Pyle died in August 2006 after travelling back from a Hatfield show in Groningen. Following Pyle's death, Hatfield played two previously booked gigs with Mark Fletcher on drums, including the Canterbury Festival in October 2006.

In 2005/2006, the band released two archival collections, Hatwise Choice: Archive Recordings 1973-1975, Volume 1 and Hattitude: Archive Recordings 1973-1975, Volume 2, featuring the classic Miller/Pyle/Sinclair/Stewart line-up, distributed by the UK label Burning Shed. Both releases contained a mixture of BBC radio sessions and live recordings, along with the odd demo, which are still available on CD and support the musicians and family of Pip Pyle.

In 2007, Cuneiform Records re-released two albums by Steve Miller and Lol Coxhill with bonus material including 20 minutes of material by the proto-Hatfield and the North line-up of Delivery playing "God Song", "Bossa Nochance/Big Jobs", and "Betty" (a variation on some of the Sinclair bass riffs that also produced Hatfield's "Rifferama").

Jonathan Coe's 2001 novel The Rotters' Club takes its title from the band's second album. The novel also mentions them several times.

Saint Etienne also reference the band in the track "Popmaster" on their 2017 album Home Counties.

In 2022, Richard Sinclair assembled a tribute band of Hatfield and the North, with a particular dedication to Phil Miller and Pip Pyle. The group that made its debut in Palermo on December 10, 2022 is called the HAT Band and includes Richard Sinclair (vocals and bass), Alex Maguire (electric piano), Mezz Gacano (guitar and backing vocals), and Giulio Scavuzzo (drums).

Discography

 * Hatfield and the North (studio LP, Virgin 1974; CD, Virgin 1990)
 * Let's Eat (Real Soon) / Fitter Stoke Has a Bath (single, Virgin VS116, 1974)
 * The Rotters' Club (studio LP, Virgin 1975; CD, Virgin 1990) – UK No. 43
 * Afters (Virgin, 1980)
 * Live 1990 (live CD, Demon, 1993)
 * Hatwise Choice: Archive Recordings 1973–1975, Volume 1 (Hatco CD73-7501, distributed by Burning Shed, 2005)
 * Hattitude: Archive Recordings 1973–1975, Volume 2 (Hatco CD73-7502, distributed by Burning Shed, 2006)

Filmography

 * 2015: Romantic Warriors III: Canterbury Tales (DVD)

title: Hatfield and the North


text:
Lois Bourne

Lois Bourne (10 April 1928 – 22 December 2017) who also went under the craft name Tanith, was an influential figure in the Neopagan religion of Wicca, having been involved in it from the early 1960s, and wrote a number of books on the subject. Originally initiated into Gardnerian Wicca by Gerald Gardner, she rose to become the high priestess of the Bricket Wood coven, the first Wiccan coven started by Gerald Gardner, which was based in Bricket Wood in Hertfordshire, working alongside the high priest Jack Bracelin.

Kirkus Reviews described her book Witch Amongst Us - The Autobiography of a Witch as "...sanely written and, in many ways, it is a convincing story of her life as a witch."

Lois Bourne died at the age of 89 in Watford, England on Friday night, 22 December 2017.

title: Lois Bourne


text:
Technopolis

Technopolis or variants may refer to:

 * Technopolis or Technology Park are synonyms for science park
 * Technopolis (Belgium), a Flemish science center and activity museum in Mechelen, Belgium
 * Technopolis (Gazi), a City of Athens enterprise to protect the Gazi Industrial Park in Greece
 * Technopolis Innovation Park Delft, a science park in Delft, the Netherlands
 * Technopolis Oyj, a corporation listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange that operates science parks in several cities of Finland
 * "Technopolis", a song by Yellow Magic Orchestra.
 * Technopolis Soft, re-branded as Game Technopolis, was the video game brand of Tokuma Shoten.
 * Tecnópolis, an Argentine science and technology park in Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires Province
 * Technopolis (Технополис), electronics retailer in Bulgaria
 * Technopolis Group (Consultancy), is a European science technology and innovation consultancy company.

title: Technopolis


text:
Prosperous (album)

Prosperous is the second album by Irish folk musician Christy Moore, released in 1972. His first album, Paddy on the Road, was recorded by Dominic Behan in 1969 and has long been out of print. In addition to Moore's guitar and voice, Prosperous featured musicians Andy Irvine (mandolin, mouth organ), Liam Óg O'Flynn (uilleann pipes, tin whistle) and Dónal Lunny (guitar, bouzouki). These four musicians later gave themselves the name Planxty, making this album something of the first Planxty album in all but name. Other musicians included Kevin Conneff (later of The Chieftains) on bodhrán, Clive Collins on fiddle, and Dave Bland on concertina.

The album takes its name from the house and town of Prosperous, County Kildare, where it was recorded by producer Bill Leader in the summer of 1971. The house (featured on the front cover of the album) is owned by Dr Andrew Rynne, surgeon and medical practitioner and founder of Clane General Hospital in County Kildare.

The majority of the songs on the album are traditional, with the exception of "James Connolly" by established folk singer Patrick Galvin, "Tribute to Woody" (about Woody Guthrie) by Bob Dylan (originally titled "Song to Woody"), "The Ludlow Massacre", by Guthrie, "A Letter to Syracuse" by English folksingers Dave Cartwright and Bill Caddick, and "I Wish I Was in England", an early composition by Moore, who would go on to establish himself as a significant songwriter of Irish music. The album opens with a medley of the traditional song "The Raggle Taggle Gipsies" and the harp tune "Tabhair dom do Lámh", which would be the opening track of Planxty's self-titled album released the following year.

LP track listing
All tracks Traditional; arranged by Christy Moore; except where indicated

Side one

 * 1) "The Raggle Taggle Gipsies"/"Tabhair Dom Do Lámh"
 * 2) "The Dark Eyed Sailor"
 * 3) "I Wish I Was in England" (Christy Moore)
 * 4) "Lock Hospital"
 * 5) "James Connolly" (Patrick Galvin)
 * 6) "The Hackler from Grouse Hall"

Side two

 * 1) "Tribute to Woody" (Bob Dylan)
 * 2) "The Ludlow Massacre" (Woody Guthrie)
 * 3) "A Letter to Syracuse" (Dave Cartwright, Bill Caddick)
 * 4) "Spancill Hill"
 * 5) "The Cliffs of Dooneen"
 * 6) "Rambling Robin"

Personnel

 * Christy Moore – vocals, guitar
 * Dónal Lunny – guitar, bouzouki
 * Andy Irvine – mandolin, harmonica
 * Liam O'Flynn – uilleann pipes, tin whistle
 * Clive Collins – fiddle
 * Dave Bland – concertina
 * Kevin Conneff – bodhrán

title: Prosperous (album)


text:
Lean on Me (film)

Lean on Me is a 1989 American biographical drama film directed by John G. Avildsen, written by Michael Schiffer, and starring Morgan Freeman. It is based on the story of Joe Louis Clark, a real life inner city high school principal in Paterson, New Jersey, whose school is in danger of being placed into receivership of the New Jersey state government unless students improve their test scores on the New Jersey Minimum Basic Skills Test. This film's title refers to the 1972 Bill Withers song of the same name, which is used in the film.

Plot
In 1987, the once idyllic Eastside High School in Paterson, New Jersey, has deteriorated due to drug abuse and crime running rampant throughout the school. The majority of students cannot pass basic skills testing, and even the teachers are not safe from gang violence.

Mayor Bottman learns that the school will be turned over to state administration unless 75% of the students can pass the minimum basic skills test. He consults with school superintendent Dr. Frank Napier, who suggests they hire Joe Clark, a former teacher at Eastside High who was forcibly transferred years before, as the new school principal. Reluctantly, the mayor hires Clark.

Known as "Crazy Joe", Clark's immediate radical changes include expelling 300 students identified as drug dealers or abusers and troublemakers, instituting programs to improve school spirit including painting over graffiti-covered walls, and requiring students to learn the school song, and be punished if they cannot sing it on demand. When one of the expelled students is found beating up another student, Clark orders the doors of the school chained shut during school hours since funds are insufficient to purchase security doors.

Clark's actions begin to have a positive effect on his students. He encounters Thomas Sams, a young student expelled for crack use, who pleads to be allowed back into school. Clark escorts Sams up to the roof of the school; there he viciously berates the boy for using crack. Nevertheless, Clark gives Sams one more chance to clean up his act and redeem himself or risk expulsion again. Clark also reunites one of his old elementary school students, Kaneesha Carter, with her estranged mother.

Some parents react strongly to these measures, particularly Leonna Barrett, the mother of one of the expelled students, who presses the mayor to oust Clark.

Clark's radicalism brings him into conflict with his own faculty, notably Mr. Darnell, an English teacher, whom Clark suspends for picking up a piece of trash during a recital of the school song and Mrs. Elliot, a music teacher, whom Clark fires for being insubordinate after he cancels a long-planned choral event (the school's upcoming annual Lincoln Center concert). Napier lectures Clark over these incidents, demanding that he act as a team player; Clark subsequently re-instates Darnell.

Unfortunately, a practice basic skills test fails to garner enough passing students. Clark confronts his staff for their failure to educate their students, and to prepare them for the world. Clark institutes a tutorial program to strengthen academic skills; he also encourages remedial reading courses on Saturdays, so that parents may attend alongside their children if they want (or need) to.

When the day for the minimum basic skills test finally arrives, the students are much better prepared and filled with a sense of self-worth. Before the scores can be calculated, the fire chief raids the school and discovers the chained doors. Clark is arrested for violating fire safety codes. That evening, the students gather at the meeting of the Paterson Board of Education, where Barrett, a newly appointed member of the school board, is leading the call for Clark's removal.

The students demand that Clark be released from jail and retained as principal. The mayor has Clark released from jail so that he may urge the children to return home for their own safety. He is interrupted by assistant principal Ms. Joan Levias, who reports that more than 75% of the students have passed the basic skills test. He announces the results over his megaphone.

As a result, the school's current administration remains intact. Clark is allowed to keep his job as principal, as he cheerfully informs the mayor that "You can tell the State to go to hell." The students celebrate by breaking into their school song. The film ends with the senior students, including Sams, graduating high school (amid the closing credits); Clark hands them their diplomas.

Production
Parts of the film, including the elementary school scenes, were filmed in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey.

Music
Songs included in the film include:
 * "Eastside High School Alma Mater", written by Catherine Peragallo Miller
 * "Welcome to the Jungle" by Guns N' Roses
 * "I Ain't Makin' It" by Daddy-O and DBC
 * "Lean on Me" by Thelma Houston
 * "Lean on Me" by Club Nouveau
 * "Rap Summary (Lean on Me)" by Big Daddy Kane
 * "You Are the One" by TKA
 * "Skeezer" by Roxanne Shante
 * "After 12" by Force MDs
 * "All the Way to Love" by Siedah Garrett
 * "Everybody Is Somebody" by RIFF, Teen Dream, and Taja Sevelle
 * "Hit the Road Jack" by Percy Mayfield

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 68%, based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. On Metacritic the film has an average score of 58 out of 100 based on 13 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale.

Accolades
1989 NAACP Image Awards
 * Outstanding Lead Actor in a Motion Picture – Morgan Freeman (won)
 * Outstanding Motion Picture (won)

1990 Young Artist Awards
 * Young Artist Award Best Motion Picture – Drama (nominated)
 * Best Young Actor Supporting Role in a Motion Picture – Jermaine 'Huggy' Hopkins (nominated)
 * Best Young Actress Supporting Role in a Motion Picture – Karen Malina White (nominated)
 * Jackie Coogan Award – Norman Twain, producer (nominated)

Aborted television adaptation
On September 13, 2018, it was reported that a television series based on the film was in development at The CW. The Warner Bros. Television project was written by Wendy Calhoun, with LeBron James, Maverick Carter, John Legend, Mike Jackson and Ty Stiklorius also set to executive produce. The female-led drama was to center around "when a spirited young black teacher [named] Amarie Baldwin scores the principal job at an Akron, Ohio, public high school, she must dig deep to transform a failing campus into an urban oasis. In a time when education and school safety have life-or-death stakes, Amarie will take on a broken system that tests her mettle, love life and family. But can she keep her moxie in check in order to embody the aspirational educator that motivates and uplifts an entire community?" On February 8, 2019, it was revealed that the script was not picked up to pilot.

title: Lean on Me (film)