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Rowing

Rowing is the act of propelling a human-powered watercraft using the sweeping motions of oars to displace water and generate reactional propulsion. Rowing is functionally similar to paddling, but rowing requires oars to be mechanically attached to the boat, and the rower drives the oar like a lever, exerting force in the same direction as the boat's travel; while paddles are completely hand-held and have no attachment to the boat, and are driven like a cantilever, exerting force opposite to the intended direction of the boat.

In some strict terminologies, using oars for propulsion may be termed either "pulling" or "rowing", with different definitions for each. Where these strict terminologies are used, the definitions are reversed depending on the context. On saltwater a "pulling boat" has each person working one oar on one side, alternating port and starboard along the length of the boat; whilst "rowing" means each person operates two oars, one on each side of the boat. On inland waterways, the opposite applies, with "rowing" being where each person in a crew works one oar and "sculling" (especially in sport rowing) involves each participant using a pair of oars. In a maritime setting "sculling" means propelling a boat with a single oar operated over the stern.

This article focuses on the general types of rowing, such as recreation and transport rather than the sport of competitive rowing which is a specialized case of boat racing using strictly regulated equipment and a highly refined technique.

Ancient Egypt
The beginning of rowing is clouded in history but the use of oars in the way they are used today can be traced back to ancient Egypt. Whether it was invented in Egypt or something learned from Mesopotamia via trade is not known. However, archaeologists have recovered a model of a rowing vessel in a tomb dating back to the 18-19th century BC. The model they found was of a wide boat with shallow bottom, rather like a barge, which was designed to float on the shallow rivers of Mesopotamia. Both the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers were part of this region and flowing from the north to the south they quickly became an integral part of the non-nomadic civilizations.

Rowing vessels, especially galleys, were extensively used in naval warfare and trade in the Mediterranean from classical antiquity onward. Galleys had advantages over sailing ships in light seas with low winds: they were easier to maneuver, capable of short bursts of speed, and able to move independently of the wind.

Ancient Greece
During the classical age of oared galleys, the Greeks dominated the Mediterranean while the Athenians dominated the other Greeks. They used thousands of lower-class citizens to serve as rowers in the fleet. In Classical Athens, a leading naval power at the time, rowing was regarded as an honorable profession of which men should possess some practical knowledge.

The Classical trireme used 170 rowers; later galleys included even larger crews. Trireme oarsmen used leather cushions to slide over their seats, which allowed them to use their leg strength as a modern oarsman does with a sliding seat. Galleys usually had masts and sails, but would lower them at the approach of combat. Greek fleets would even leave their sails and masts on shore (as being unnecessary weight) if possible.

Northern Europe
The use of oars in rowing instead of paddling came rather late to northern Europe, sometime between 500 BC-1 AD. This change might have been hastened by the Roman conquest of Northern Gaul. However, between 500 and 1100 AD, combined sailing and rowing vessels dominated trade and warfare in northern Europe in the time that has come to be known as the Viking Age.

Galleys continued to be used in the Mediterranean until the advent of steam propulsion.

Types of rowing systems
In some localities, rear-facing systems prevail. In other localities, forward-facing systems prevail, especially in crowded areas such as in Venice, Italy and in Asian and Indonesian rivers and harbors. This is not strictly an "either-or", because in different situations it's useful to be able to row a boat facing either way. The current emphasis on the health aspects of rowing has resulted in some new mechanical systems being developed, some (such as the Rantilla rowing method) very different from the traditional rowing systems of the past.

Rearward-facing systems
A seated rower pulls on one or two oars, which lever the boat through the water. The pivot point of the oars (attached solidly to the boat) is the fulcrum for this lever. The person operating the oar is kept in position (when applying maximum force) by a stretcher, a footrest that may be as simple as a wooden bar that can be adjusted by positioning in different pairs of notches in the bottom of the boat.

Different types of pivot points can be used as a fulcrum for the oar.
 * Thole pins are wooden pegs that are inserted into holes in the top of the gunwale. They are often used in pairs, with the oar resting between them. If used singly, the oar bears against the thole pin on the power stroke and is held in place by a leather strop for the return stroke.
 * Oar crutches – commonly called "rowlocks" (see below for the strict definition) are metal fittings, usually U-shaped, with a pin underneath that fits into a metal socket on the gunwale. The oar sits in the U-shaped portion and the oar crutch pivots in the socket whilst in use.Årluckor.JPG
 * A rowlock or oarlock is, in strict terminology, a U-shaped cut-out in the top-most strake of the boat's hull – this cut-out is usually in a wash-strake, a strake that sits above the gunwale. (The term rowlock is often applied to an oar crutch.) A rowlock may be closed when, for instance, a boat is being used under sail. Strictly speaking, this is done with a piece called a shutter, which is habitually mistermed a "poppett".
 * An oarport is a hole cut through the side of the hull. The oar has to be passed through this hole when it is needed. A slot may be cut in one part of the hole to allow the blade of the oar to get through (as seen in the Gokstad ship).

The traditional terminology, in a strict application, varies between boats operating on salt water and in fresh water. "Rowing" at sea denotes each rower operating a pair of oars, one on each side of the boat. When each person uses a single oar on one side of the boat, that action is termed "pulling". In fresh water terminology, "rowing" is the use of one oar per person, whilst "pulling" denotes each person using two oars.

Traditional boats propelled by oar are fitted with thwarts - seats that go from one side of the hull to the other, as well as forming part of the hull structure. A boat that is "double banked" has two crew members sitting on each thwart, each pulling an oar on their side of the boat. In a "single banked" boat, there is one person on each thwart pulling one oar. Though there is usually an even number of oars used in single banked boats (alternating port and starboard along the length of the boat) a common exception is the arrangement in many whaleboats, where five oars were often used, three on one side and two on the other.

Forward-facing systems

Push rowing, also called back-watering if used in a boat not designed for forward motion, uses regular oars with a pushing motion to achieve forward-facing travel, sometimes seated and sometimes standing. This is a convenient method of manoeuvring in a narrow waterway or through a busy harbour.

The Venetian rowing (voga alla veneta) is the traditional technique in Venice, Italy in which the rower stands up, facing forward and resting the oar in a special oarlock called fórcola.

The "Rantilla" system of frontrowing oars uses inboard mounted oarlocks rather than a reversing transmission to achieve forward motion of the boat with a pulling motion on the oars.

Another system (also called sculling) involves using a single oar extending from the stern of the boat which is moved side to side underwater somewhat like a fish tail, such as the Chinese yuloh, by which quite large boats can be moved.

Sampans are rowed by foot in Ninh Bình Province of northern Vietnam.

The Intha people of Burma row forwards using their legs.

The pletna of Slovenia is rowed forward in the standing position with two oars.

Rowing propulsion
Rowing is a cyclic (or intermittent) form of propulsion such that in the quasi-steady state the motion of the system (the system comprising the rower, the oars, and the boat), is repeated regularly. In order to maintain the steady-state propulsion of the system without either accelerating or decelerating the system, the sum of all the external forces on the system, averaged over the cycle, must be zero. Thus, the average drag (retarding) force on the system must equal the average propulsion force on the system. The drag forces consist of aerodynamic drag on the superstructure of the system (components of the boat situated above the waterline), as well as the hydrodynamic drag on the submerged portion of the system. The propulsion forces are the forward reaction of the water on the oars while in the water. The oar can be used to provide a drag force (a force acting against the forward motion) when the system is brought to rest.

Although the oar can be conveniently thought of as a lever with a "fixed" pivot point in the water, the blade moves sideways and sternwards through the water, so that the magnitude of the propulsion force developed is the result of a complex interaction between unsteady fluid mechanics (the water flow around the blade) and solid mechanics and dynamics (the handle force applied to the oar, the oar's inertia and bending characteristic, the acceleration of the boat and so on).

Distinction from other watercraft

The distinction between rowing and other forms of water transport, such as canoeing or kayaking, is that in rowing the oars are held in place at a pivot point that is in a fixed position relative to the boat. This point is the load point for the oar to act as a second-class lever (the blade fixed in the water is the fulcrum). In flatwater rowing, the boat (also called a shell or fine boat) is narrow to avoid drag, and the oars are attached to oarlocks ( also called gates ) at the end of outriggers extending from the sides of the boat. Racing boats also have sliding seats to allow the use of the legs in addition to the body to apply power to the oar.

Venetian rowing

In Venice, gondolas and other similar flat-bottomed boats are popular forms of transport propelled by oars which are held in place by an open wooden fórcola. The Voga alla Veneta technique of rowing is considerably different from the style used in international sport rowing, due to the oarsman facing forward in a standing position. This allows the boat to maneuver very quickly and with agility - useful in the narrow and busy canals of Venice. Competitive regattas are also held using the Venetian rowing technique by using both gondolas and other types of vessels.

There are three styles of Venetian rowing, each slightly different. The first consists of a single oarsman with one oar, standing near the stern of the boat where the oar also acts as a rudder. The second style consists of one or two oarsmen, each with two crossed oars (known as a la valesàna). The third style has two or more oarsmen, rowing on alternate sides of the boat.

Design factors
The classic shapes of rowing boats reflect an evolution of hundreds of years of trial and error to get a good shape. Some factors to be considered are waterline length, speed, carrying capacity, stability, windage, weight, seaworthiness, cost, waterline beam, the fullness or fineness of the ends, and trim. Design details are a compromise between competing factors.

Width and height
If the waterline beam (width) is too narrow the boat will be tender and the occupant at risk of falling out, if the beam is too wide the boat will be slow and have more resistance to waves. Overall beam (width) is important. If the rowlocks are too close together the oars will be difficult to use. If the rowlocks are too far apart then the boat will be overly large and rowing will be inefficient, wasting a rower's effort. Sometimes on narrow, faster rowing boats for protected waters outriggers are added to increase rowlock separation.

If the freeboard (height of the gunwale above the waterline) is too high then windage will be high and as a result, the boat will be caught by the wind and the rower will not be able to control the boat in high winds. If the freeboard is too low, water will enter the boat through waves. If the boat is designed for one person then only a single rowing position is required. If the rower is to carry a passenger at the stern than the boat will be stern heavy and trim will be incorrect.

Length
When it comes to how long the rowing boat should be, it is a compromise between two factors that will affect the speed of the boat. If the boat is too short, the boat will reach a very low maximum speed. If the boat is too long, there will be more friction and more wet surface. Therefore, the minimum recommended length should be around 16 feet. If the boat is longer than that recommended length, the boat is usually narrower and although faster will generally be more difficult to balance.

Weight
To have good width and the height that ensures the balance of the rowing boat, a weight can be added in the bow, alternatively, the boat can supply a second rowing position further forward for this purpose.

There are some advantages and disadvantages that are attributed to the weight of the rowing boat. A very light boat will most likely start to slow down as soon as the oar stroke has ended. In contrast, a heavier boat will likely continue to move forward.

Most modern style rowing boats are considerably lighter than traditional clinker-built style.

Performance
Spring in the keel or rocker influences how a rowing boat performs. Longer, slender race boats have less rocker of about 3 in. A short 8 ft pram dinghy has a rocker of 6 - 7 in. Boats with less rocker are easier to row and faster in flat or nearly flat water. However, in any waves a boat with 5 - 6 in of rocker will be more seaworthy—rising over waves rather than going through them. A boat with more rocker can change direction easily whereas a straight keel boat will track well in a straight line but resist turning. High sided and fine-ended boats, such as dories, are affected by wind. Their trim can be altered by using a plastic container of water attached to a rope that can be moved to the bow or stern as need be. Long-distance rowers can keep up a steady 20 strokes per minute compared to a racing shell which can be rowed at 30–40 strokes per minute or more by fit athletes (depending on distance and racing circumstances).

A rower can maintain high stroke-rates per minute for only a brief period. Longer, narrower rowing boats can reach 7 kn but most rowing boats of 14 ft can be rowed at 3 - 4 kn. Many old rowing boats have very full ends (blunt ends); these may appear at first glance to be bad design as it looks slow, not fast. However a full-ended rowing boat will rise to a sea and not dig in as a finer hulled boat might do, thus a compromise needs to be made between the factors of speed and of seaworthiness. This style of rowing boat was designed to carry a bigger load and the full sections gave far more displacement. Also older boats were often very heavily constructed compared to their modern counterpart, hence weighed far more. A rowing boat designed as a tender carrying occupants to a boat on a mooring might tend to be short, whilst a boat for use on rivers and to travel long distances might be long and narrow.

Oars
Over time the design, of both the oars and the blades, has significantly changed. Typically, the part of the oars that are inboard of the rowlock have stayed the same length but the outboard part has gotten shorter. The different lengths of the oars affect both the energy that the rower has to put in as well as the performance, in terms of speed of the rowing boat.

A short oar makes quick but short strokes possible. A short oar is easier to use in a narrow creek or a crowded anchorage. This is important in a small tender which may be heavily laden with passengers, limiting the swing of the oars. A short, quick stroke prevents the bow being driven under in choppy waters while heavily laden. Longer oars can be used to produce longer, slower strokes, which are easier to maintain over long distances. Designers may match oar length to the amount of space provided for oar storage in the boat. Wooden oars are generally made of a light, strong wood, such as fir or ash. The blades can either be flat for general use or spooned for faster propulsion. In modern racing boats, oars are created from a composite of materials such as carbon fiber which makes them lightweight.

Whitehall rowing boats
The origins of this distinctive and practical craft are unclear. In earlier times, however, builders were often sailors or seafaring men. Successful designs for large and small craft alike evolved slowly and as certain desirable qualities were attained and perfected they rarely changed.

Some hold that the Whitehall rowing boat design was introduced from England. However the famed nautical historian Howard I. Chapelle, cites the opinion of the late W. P. Stephens that in New York City there is a Whitehall Street and this was where the Whitehall was first built. Chapelle, Stephens and others agree that the design came into existence some time in the 1820s in New York City, having first been built by navy yard apprentices who had derived their model to some extent from the old naval gig.

title: Rowing


text:
Talk:Rowing

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 13 February 2019 and 3 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): NZMKZ.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:24, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Why should an article on rowing be entirely devoted to athletic rowing?
As of this writing the entire oar article is devoted to the oars used in the athletic rowing. It links to the article on rowing, and it too is entirely devoted to the athletic rowing. If all one had to go by was the oar article one would think that oars and rowing were a recent invention!

Surely the historical use of oars for marine propulsion deserves space in the wikipedia? Frankly, it seems to me, the use of oars for marine propulsion is more important than their use in the sport of rowing. Similarly the act of rowing is performed by far more than modern atheletes.

This current article has no room for serious mention of non-athletic rowing. Should there be a disambiguation page, that points to athletic rowing and rowing as marine propulsion? Should the main page on rowing be devoted to conventional rowing, with a link at the top to athletic rowing? Could the fans of athletic rowing be less parochial, and rewrite the article to make room for the long history of non-athleteic rowing?

 * I agree with this. I think we should move the existing page to Rowing (sport) and then rewrite the existing page with details about other kinds of rowing.  We still need a few paragraphs on the sport on the page tho - with a link to the main article.  Did some work in my userspace as a start User:Johnteslade/Rowing.  If no one has any objections i'll make the changes and start disambiguating all the existing links to rowing that need to be altered. Johnteslade 17:08, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds great, except that a decent stub today is better than brilliant prose tomorrow, let alone two weeks later. Please boldly raze my contrib to the ground to make way for what you're preparing.
 * But unless i'm mistaken about "sport rowing" being immediately understandable, it is preferable to anything with paren. (IMO, besides the British use of "athletics" for track-and-field sports, "atheletic rowing" to me is ambiguous:  if your rowing is vigorous rather than diffident, i find it athletic even if you're just crossing the lake to pick up the mail.)
 * --Jerzy(t) 19:47, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Actually, "atheletic rowing" is done only by the "atheletes" mentioned earlier by someone else! I meant "athletic rowing" [grin, blush]. --Jerzy(t) 20:06, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

Stern propulsion techniques
I'm not expert enough to write it myself, but the rowing coverage ought to extend to single-oar stern propulsion aka Yuloh - what used to be called sculling before sport rowing hijacked the term. Tearlach 17:09, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

I completely agree. I actually came to this page looking for information on just that.76.9.163.58 (talk) 14:28, 24 December 2016 (UTC)

Photo
This is the article about non-sporting rowing, but the photo is a sport rowing boat, albeit an old design, and oars. A different picture would be ideal. 86.21.227.237 (talk) 11:22, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Howard I. Chappelle/Chapelle
The poor man's surname is spelt in two different ways. Which is correct? Wavehunter (talk) 03:34, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It appears the latter is the one. Wavehunter (talk) 16:01, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

on working rowboats
I added some content on what makes a good rowboat, is a little rough but it is a start.

I would ideally like to add some information on the method of rowing that small boats use and used in coastal areas, and how the oars are much narrower that the oars used by sculls.

Additionally it would be nice to have some more information on classic rowboats. At the moment we have whitehalls, which are a nice boat, but have neglected wherries, dories, cobles, umiaks, curraghs, peapods, skiffs and more. Should this information be on a separate wikipedia rowboat entry? —Preceding unsigned comment added by PeterMelbourne (talk • contribs) 05:23, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

This article ignores some rowing techniques used in asia
This article ignores some rowing techniques used in asia, like the standing rowing technique used on the mekong:

see photos. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.119.2.98 (talk) 02:50, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * ''See also the related RM discussion at Talk:Watercraft paddling

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Clear consensus that an overview of the activity of rowing is primary over the application of rowing as a competive sport. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 00:16, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

Watercraft rowing → Rowing – The primary meaning of "rowing" is per definition something you do with a watercraft. More specific types of rowing, such as sports, rowing exercises and the likes can be referred from rowing (disambiguation) as per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Peter Isotalo 17:08, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support, pretty clear primary topic, since all of the other substantial uses refer to this (rowing with an exercise machine is merely simulating the action of rowing on the water). bd2412  T 18:57, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose I'll give you primary meaning but that does not mean it's the primary topic. For all we know the sport is just as likely or more likely to be sought than the article about the form of propulsion in general.  Without a good argument based on strong evidence that the proposed destination is the primary topic, I can't support.  --B2C 23:10, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * But the main rowing article would naturally include all types of rowing, including the sports which involve "watercraft rowing" (all of them). So why would we want to send readers to a dabpage full of minor sub-topics like indoor rowing and the tangential shouting match? Peter Isotalo 23:26, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Because someone searching with "rowing" might be looking for sport rowing or one of the other "minor" rowing articles, not this general one. Again, unless you provide page view stats or something to support the position that this is the primary topic, I can't support.  --B2C 00:24, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * As a matter of fact, it's no contest.
 * Watercraft rowing has been viewed 3251 times in 201403.
 * Rowing (sport) has been viewed 22786 times in 201403..
 * The sport rowing article is viewed 7 times for every view of this article. No way is this article primary for "rowing".  --B2C 00:30, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Why is that relevant? The proposal would not move Rowing (sport) anywhere, and anyone looking for it will find it in the lede of the article on rowing watercraft as easily as they would find it in a disambiguation page. bd2412  T 01:55, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * You're asking why the lack of primacy of this article is relevant to whether it should be treated as the primary topic? The 7x higher page view count of Rowing (sport) compared to this article demonstrates that this article is not the primary topic for "rowing", and therefore should not be at the base name Rowing:
 * Practically, with the current setup anyone looking for the sport rowing article with the search term "rowing" is taken to the dab page Rowing. From there they are one click to their article.  If this proposal succeeds, then they will be taken to the generic article where they will need to figure out they are on the wrong article, get to the dab page, then finally get to their desired article.  Reducing that type of experience for as many users as reasonably possible is what primary topic is all about. If any article (rather than the dab) should be at Rowing, it's the article currently at Rowing (sport).  But no way should this article be there.  --B2C 05:00, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, "rowing" is a much broader concept than the sport (of which there are several), regardless of the number of hits. How about solving it with a compromise hatnote that goes something like this:
 * For the sport, see rowing (sport). For other meanings, see rowing (disambiguation).
 * Peter Isotalo 13:15, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * What does broadness of concept have to do with WP:PRIMARYTOPIC determination? --B2C 18:20, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * See victor's motivation below.
 * Peter Isotalo 18:22, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support per the non-quantitative criteria of WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, "A topic is primary for a term, with respect to long-term significance, if it has substantially greater enduring notability and educational value than any other topic associated with that term." Disambiguation is best handled with the appropriate distinguish template designed for these circumstances, as suggested above. walk victor falktalk 13:29, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Oy. That.  I opposed the inclusion of that contradictory "long-term significance" consideration into WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for precisely this reason - now we have two guidances, each indicating we do something different in this case, and others like it.  If it was closer in terms of the usage consideration the long-term consideration factor might be worth considering, as a tie-breaker.  But here this use is relatively obscure in terms of how often people seek it.  I mean, rowing itself, in general, is a very mundane activity.  It's no surprise that few seek an article about it.  I think it's a disservice to put an article few are interested in at the base name, when there are other articles associated with that name that people are much more interested in.  --B2C 19:26, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * You're making two inaccurate assumptions: a) that the general article can't contain anything about the sport(s) and b) that everything else about rowing is "very mundane". Ever heard of galleys or galley slaves? Hardly mundane stuff, even if doesn't have the immediate recentist appeal of rowing crew. Peter Isotalo 20:41, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not making those assumptions... what makes you think I am? Anyway, we're talking past each other.  You're talking about your evaluation of "importance", and I'm talking about likelihoods of being sought.  There is a relative lack of interest in this article, about what they apparently consider to be a mundane activity, by those searching with "rowing".  The relatively high interest of the sport rowing article as compared to this article is not due to WP:RECENTISM.  RECENTISM refers to short term blips in popularity, as the sport rowing article might experience during the Summer Olympics - a popularity that subsides about as quickly as it rises, and soon after.  That's not what is going on here.  --B2C 21:06, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I write mostly about early modern history or even older stuff. To me recentism is a concept that's longer than the latest news cycles. Might be mistaken on the terminology, but to me it's the same. Either way, I always prefer general articles for general concepts. If anything, compare this with smoking. Peter Isotalo 22:02, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * The purpose of RECENTISM is to avoid changes for conditions that are likely to change again within the near future. Interpreting it any other way is ignoring what it says and what it is for.  I don't get the comparison with Smoking.  The article I expected is there.  Is there another article likely to be sought with "smoking" that is viewed much more often than this one?  --B2C 22:28, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Tobacco smoking. Notice the difference? Peter Isotalo 23:18, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, I do notice the difference. The general article is the primary topic, and is thus at the base name.
 * Tobacco smoking has been viewed 30389 times in 201403.
 * Smoking has been viewed 57210 times in 201403.
 * Notice the difference? Now if Tobacco smoking had about 400,000 views, then it would be a comparable situation.    --B2C 00:20, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * It's the general article because someone actually made it that way. This is what the article used to be before Quadell and I made something out of it. Had we followed the line of argumentation you've presented here, it would have probably ended up at something like general smoking or smoking (activity). Peter Isotalo 14:15, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * No, the argumentation presented here says to determine the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC (based on usage) and title accordingly. Based on that argumentation the titling for Smoking would be exactly what it is.  Does that make sense?  --B2C 17:25, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * People who are rowing as a sport are engaged in the act of watercraft rowing, are they not? Unless there is a prominent kind of rowing sport that does not involve rowing a watercraft, the sport is merely a subtopic of the concept of rowing. We don't have a disambiguation page at Canada merely because Sports in Canada exists. bd2412  T 18:34, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * You too are missing the point. If there was another use for the term "Canada", even though it was a subtopic of the country (perhaps it had a province also named Canada), and that subtopic received 7x more views than the country, then we probably would make Canada a dab page.  --B2C 06:00, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
 * We would if there was another use of Canada unrelated to the country. In this case, the sport of rowing is not unrelated to the action of rowing a watercraft; it is the action of rowing a watercraft, with other aspects thrown in to make it a sport. This is exactly why running is a primary topic title and the various sporting events that involve running are subtopics of that title. bd2412  T 15:28, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
 * We don't have a running (sports) either. It simply redirects to running. Peter Isotalo 16:47, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Dabconcept it and merge both rowing (sport) and Watercraft rowing into rowing. Red Slash 03:16, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support: It's completely absurd that a title like the made-up Watercraft rowing even exists. That article should be rowing, and the one on the formalized, modern sport should remain at rowing (sport) or  be at crew rowing .  Despite the piles of verbiage above, this is a no-brainer.  It does not have anything like the linguistic complications of billiards having conflicting meanings resulting in the article being at cue sports (a properly sourced umbrella term, unlike "watercraft rowing").  Peter Isotalo's DAB hatnote is sufficient.  Crew rowing is just a type and application of rowing, and while a somewhat popular one, it has not  the general topic of rowing, which has a long and important history, and remains relevant for other reasons than that sport today, including other sports than the Oxford/Ivy League one, e.g. coastal and offshore rowing and ocean rowing, plus more variants taht are technically paddling, like dragon boat racing.  Consequently, Rowing (sport) is ambiguous and should also be the title of a disambiguation page.  Redslash's dabconcept idea is okay, too, as long as the resulting article included all the rowing sports in WP:SUMMARY style.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  14:04, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree that 'Watercraft rowing' is a terrible made-up title, however moving rowing (sport) to crew rowing would be no improvement. Crew is an American-centric term for the modern sport of rowing, which is not used outside of the United States. I'm more in favour of Redslash's idea, much of the 'Watercraft rowing' page could be presented in Summary style (articles for History of rowing, Oars already exist) Aloneinthewild (talk) 21:32, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Note that I just moved history of rowing to history of rowing sports; that was the scope of the article. If we want a separate article on the history of rowing in general, the redirect can always be turned into a separate article. Peter Isotalo 00:56, 27 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support, clear case of a main article with a more specific sub-article; in these cases the general article should always be at the more general name too. Fut.Perf. ☼ 17:32, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support per PRIMARYTOPIC. The current one sounds made up.   Calidum   05:31, 27 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Primary meaning. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:06, 30 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. This is one of those cases where pageviews alone are inadequate to the determination of the primary topic.  I am sure that the overwhelming majority of those many people who view the article on the sport of rowing would concede that the sport is secondary in importance, prominence and history to the act of watercraft propulsion from which the sport is derived.  An ancient activity, fundamental to naval navigation, must logically be the primary topic as against the leisure activity which is an imitation of it.  Xoloz (talk) 02:36, 1 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. This is one of those cases where pageviews alone are inadequate to the determination of the primary topic.  I am sure that the overwhelming majority of those many people who view the article on the sport of rowing would concede that the sport is secondary in importance, prominence and history to the act of watercraft propulsion from which the sport is derived.  An ancient activity, fundamental to naval navigation, must logically be the primary topic as against the leisure activity which is an imitation of it.  Xoloz (talk) 02:36, 1 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

New Edits
Hello

I am new to Wikipedia and I am currently working on a project for a class. I noticed that this article could be improved and I will be working over the next 2 weeks on it. I would love to hear from anyone who has any suggestions or concerns. I will be working on it in my sandbox User:NZMKZ/sandbox.rowing before I publish my changes.NZMKZ (talk) 15:53, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

Major editing suggestion -- implementation soon
Dear all,

I have been working with this article for the past few weeks. I reached the section on the design factors and I think it needs major editing. The main issue in this section is that it seems like original research. I tried to find strong sources to link it to but I was not able to (But I Will keep looking). My suggestion is to divide this section up into subsections. This will make it easier for other people to include additional information on more specific design factors (which will make it easier to find sources/ references). I made these changes in my sandbox User:NZMKZ/sandbox.rowing. I will be implementing these changes in the next few days and I would really appreciate it if you give me some feedback so we can reach the best solution possible. NZMKZ (talk) 20:57, 11 March 2019 (UTC)

 * That section needs many more sources. The vast proportion of the existing section is unsourced and needs deleting if sources are not provided. It has been tagged as OR for years.  --David Biddulph (talk) 00:42, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

What about rowing in the age of sail?
I was wondering what rowboats were used for during the age of sail (think about 1600 to mid 1800). But this article cuts off at Ancient Greece and then has a ton of focus on sports. I don't really care for sports.

Pulling and rowing terminology
I do not agree with the latest addition to the article, regarding "..some strict terminologies..". A quick search on internet shows that there are other opinions and possible interpretations cf. online Collins pulling boat a noun in American English: a boat propelled by oars alone; or a Google search for images of pulling boat, some American examples of which of which are clearly for one person with two oars. We are being too strict here ! If this is only true for some terminologies, here are some alternatives My vote would be for #3: what say you, fellow wikipedians ? jw (talk) 10:58, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * 1) this information should not be in the lead of the article
 * 2) should we also perhaps mention 'hauling' 'heaving' 'pushing' (cf. and 'paddling' !?
 * 3) the wording should be less constraining - for example by adding a more general statement such as rowing may also be called pulling in a maritime context, together with discussion of sculling.
 * 4) the 'pulling' paragraph should be removed entirely

 * I think part of the issue is the quality of the sources used to understand this point. There is little point to Wikipedia (as an online encyclopaedia) if it only seeks to replicate what can readily be found online. The sources to support this text are missing - and will be added later today.
 * What is clear is that there are three main ways that people describe the method by which a boat is propelled by oars. The first is to use the word "rowing" to describe any time when someone is using an oar. Second and third, someone might have one of the technical usages, where the meanings of "rowing" and "pulling" are reversed depending on context. Then there are the complexities of meaning of the word "sculling".
 * In cases like this, it is certainly fundamental to an encyclopaedia article to say at a very early stage that the terminology is used differently - because how, otherwise, is the encyclopaedia user going to understand whatever they have consulted Wikipedia for? The words "strict terminologies" makes clear that there is a looser general usage. Therefore the encyclopaedia user can judge which situation applies in their circumstances. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 15:00, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * The authority of McKee as a reference (as now added to the article) is strong. His book was the result of his appointment as a Caird research fellow at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich. You can find him cited as a reference by other serious maritime books - for instance, many citations in: Inshore Craft, Traditional Working Vessels of the British Isles . McKee is also cited by Jenny Bennett's very useful Sailing Rigs, an Illustrated Guide . A bit of digging would reveal other technical books that cite McKee. To further support the usage of the word "pulling" for the seaman's, take a look at The Whaleboat, Mystic Seaport Museum's work on the subject. This book clearly uses the word "pulling" to describe the use of an oar.
 * Nautical terminology is both precise (because a seaman's life depended on understanding exactly what was meant by terms like the "mizzen-lower-topgallant sheet" - spelling taken from Underhill's Masting and Rigging) and imprecise, because of regional variations (sometimes differing between neighbouring home port, as observed by Basil Greenhill ) and a large number of amateur and (courtesy of two world wars) temporary seafarers. Since we do not know the purpose of an encyclopaedia user consulting Wikipedia on this subject, it is important to lay out the different terminological uses in this subject.
 * Incidentally, McKee is a good source for the mechanics and design principles of rowing. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 18:17, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Brief comment on the above as a statement at the beginning of this article. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 20:15, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I fully understand what you are saying, but I would add -
 * please see my comment above re.google search for images of pull-boat which I have clarified
 * if we are referring to usage in the Royal Navy or in UK+USA then we should probably say so
 * Rowing might be a better place to put the detailed explanation I was astonished to notice that you already did ! (in Sept2021) You should clear this up, I think. I personally would still go for all the finer details there, with a somewhat simpler statement in the lead.
 * a link should be added to Pull and/or Pulling disambiguation page(s) -  jw (talk) 23:27, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I am not sure what one can definitively learn from google images of a pulling boat. What you see for any such search may or may not match the explanation of the terminology in the article. What is key is: is this a seagoing boat or for rivers/sheltered water? It is not really possible to tell - though pictures of the Whitehall boat that describe it as a pulling boat fit with the general description of this not really being a seagoing boat.
 * There are a lot of things wrong with this article - but Rome was not built in a day. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 23:55, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

Picture needed
Until the arrival of engines, in particular the outboard motor, rowing was the major method of moving a small working boat (if only initially, before hoisting sails). Ideally the article would have an image of a working boat being moved under oar. It is possible to find naval vessels propelled by oar, but the vast number of civilian, non-pleasure boats are unrepresented. I have tried to find a usable (copyright) picture, but with no success. Do other editors know of an example? ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 07:40, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

Whitehall rowing boat does not seem particularly noteworthy
The section describing Whitehall rowing seems to be simple advertising, or at least an unbalanced inclusion in this page. If it isn't advertising, then there are countless other types of rowing boats which would be similarly noteworthy.

I propose that EITHER this section should be eliminated from this page OR new sections should be included for every other type of rowing boat.

I would also suggest that the page Whitehall_rowboat needs a similar review. 78.114.97.77 (talk) 19:18, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Rowing


text:
Byam Martin Island

Byam Martin Island (BEI-uhm) is one of the uninhabited members of the Queen Elizabeth Islands in the Canadian arctic islands located on the northern side of the Viscount Melville Sound in the territory of Nunavut. It is separated from the eastern coast of Melville Island, 27 km to the west, by the Byam Martin Channel; and from Bathurst Island, 35 km to the northeast, by the Austin Channel.

Byam Martin Island is 46 km long, 37 km wide, and measures 1150 km2 in area.

The island was named after Sir Thomas Byam Martin by Sir William Edward Parry in August 1819 during his first expedition to discover the Northwest Passage.

title: Byam Martin Island


text:
Djurö National Park

Djurö is an island, a surrounding archipelago of some 30 islands, and a national park situated in Sweden's biggest lake, Vänern. Established in 1991, the national park has an area of 24 km2, and includes all the islands of the archipelago.

The islands are presently uninhabited, but there is a hunting lodge and an unmanned lighthouse. Wildlife includes fallow deer and a great variety of birds including ospreys, hobby, oystercatchers and great black-backed gulls. The horizon of Djurö consists only of water, except in southern direction where Kinnekulle is visible.

title: Djurö National Park


text:
Tower of Glass

Tower of Glass is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert Silverberg, published in 1970. It was nominated for the Nebula Award in 1970, and for both the Hugo and Locus Awards in 1971.

Plot summary
The plot involves 24th-century entrepreneur-tycoon-scientist Simeon Krug, who has created a race of androids to serve humanity. Krug directs the construction of an immense tower of glass in the Canadian tundra. The edifice is not a monument, however, but a way to communicate with a distant planetary nebula, NGC 7293, from which an intelligent (though indecipherable) message has been received. Krug is also building a starship to send there, which is to be crewed by androids in hibernation.

The tower construction is directed by Krug's most faithful android, Alpha Thor Watchman. Thor and other leading androids have invented a secret religion for androids, based on the vision that their creator, Krug, intends to eventually make them equal to humans. Krug is unaware of the religion. Thor's dream is to convince him through indirect means, including the manipulation of his weak-willed son and heir, Manuel, through a sexual relationship with a female android, Alpha Lilith Meson. Thor eventually falls in love with her, as does Manuel.

After Thor and Lilith have manipulated Manuel into telling his father about the android religion, Krug insists that the minds of him and Thor be connected in the "shunt room" which allows one mind to probe another's (a form of technologically enabled telepathy). Thor discovers via the link that Krug regards androids as mere things, and has no intention of treating them as equal to womb-born humans. Realizing that Krug will never give freedom to androids, Thor loses his faith and announces Krug's true nature to androids worldwide. With the collapse of their religion, androids across all of Earth rebel. Many walk off their jobs, others take control of key Earth installations, and some even kill humans in their long-suppressed rage. Thor then causes the fall of the nearly-complete, 1200 m tower.

An enraged Krug attacks Thor; the latter, unable to fight his creator, is pushed into an unprogrammed teleporter and annihilated. Krug, his empire destroyed and humanity in grave danger, flees in his starship, alone, towards the star system from which the alien message was sent.

title: Tower of Glass


text:
Mauritz de Haas

Maurits Frederik Hendrik de Haas (December 12, 1832 – November 23, 1895) was a Dutch-American marine painter. His name has been written as Mauritz Frederik de Haas, Maurice F. H. de Haas, Maurice Frederic Henri de Haas, Mauritz Frederick Hendrick De Haas, "Maurice Frederick Hendrick de Haas", as well as various other variations.

Biography
De Haas was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He studied art at the Rotterdam Academy and at The Hague, under Johannes Bosboom and Louis Meyer, and in 1851-1852 in London, following the English watercolourists of the day. In 1857 he received an artist's commission in the Dutch Navy, but in 1859, under the patronage of August Belmont, who had recently been minister of the United States at The Hague, he resigned and moved to New York City.

He became an associate of the National Academy in 1863 and an academician in 1867, and exhibited annually in the academy, and in 1866 he was one of the founders of the American Society of Painters in Water Colors. He died in New York City.

His Farragut Passing the Forts at the Battle of New Orleans and The Rapids above Niagara, which were exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1878, were his best known but not his most typical works, for his favorite subjects were storm and wreck, wind and heavy surf, and less often moonlight on the coasts of Holland, of Jersey, of New England, Long Island, the English Channel and of Grand Manan island in the Bay of Fundy.

His brother Willem Frederik de Haas (1830–1880) was also a marine painter.

Works

 * Rocky Coast (unknown)
 * Sunset off the Needles, 1870; St. Johnsbury Athenaeum, St. Johnsbury, Vermont
 * Afternoon on Saco Bay, Coast of Maine, 1874
 * Hudson River Under Moonlight, 1876
 * Fishing Boats at Anchor, 1886

Notable students

 * Archibald Cary Smith

title: Mauritz de Haas


text:
Touba Department

Touba Department is a department of Bafing Region in Woroba District, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 120,524 and its seat is the settlement of Touba. The sub-prefectures of the department are Dioman, Foungbesso, Guintéguéla, and Touba.

History
Touba Department was created in 1969 as one of the 24 new departments that were created to take the place of the six departments that were being abolished. It was created from territory that was formerly part of Nord Department. Using current boundaries as a reference, from 1969 to 2008 the department occupied the territory that is Bafing Region.

In 1997, regions were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast; as a result, all departments were converted into second-level subdivisions. Touba Department was initially included as part of Worodougou Region, but in 2000 Touba Department was placed in the newly formed Bafing Region. From 2000 to 2008, Touba Department was the sole department of Bafing Region.

Touba Department was split in 2008 to create Koro Department and again in 2011 to create Ouaninou Department.

In 2011, districts were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast. At the same time, regions were reorganised and became second-level subdivisions and all departments were converted into third-level subdivisions. At this time, Touba Department remained part of the retained Bafing Region in the new Woroba District.

title: Touba Department


text:
Tiagba

Tiagba is a village in southern Ivory Coast, on the north shore of Ébrié Lagoon. It is in the sub-prefecture of Jacqueville, Jacqueville Department, Grands-Ponts Region, Lagunes District. The village is known for its traditional houses built on stilts.

Tiagba was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Tourism
Tiagba is popular with tourists. The village affords such activities as pirogue (canoe) rides and staying nights in the old houses that stand on the lakeside on stilts.

title: Tiagba


text:
Talk:Brian Howe (murder victim)

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Brian Howe (murder victim). dbenbenn | talk 18:44, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brian Howe (murder victim)


text: User talk:66.144.52.102

title: User talk:66.144.52.102


text:
Boundiali

Boundiali is a town in northern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Boundiali Department. It is also the seat of Bagoué Region in Savanes District and a commune.

Its population, the Boundialikas, is composed mainly of ethnic groups shared across the borders of Mali, Guinea, and Burkina Faso, as well as some Fulas. Boundiali is a centre for Senoufo people and is known for crafts. The inhabitants are chiefly farmers and stockbreeders as well as tradesmen or civil servants.

Economy
The economy of the town of Boundiali is largely based on the cotton industry, introduced by the French during the colonial period, and primarily intended for export. Corn, groundnut, millet, manioc, banana, mangoes, yam, and rice are also cultivated, mainly for local consumption.

The town has a hospital, a modern college and two factories for cotton processing, its principal industry, to the point of being called "white gold".

Politics
Boundiali's mayor is Zémogo Fofana, former member of the RDR, and a former government minister. He has created his own party with Jean-Jacques Bechio, another former minister and Director of the RDR.

Geography
The town is surrounded by two "mountains" that are part of the Guinean mountain range that culminates at Mount Nimba.

The area is savanna region, with tropical to subtropical vegetation. The climate is very hot and dry (Sudanese climate). In December and January, Harmattan, a powerful wind, blows in from the Sahara, lowering the temperature considerably.

Culture
The neighbouring villages, are home to artisans who manufacture statues of human or animal figures as well as wood-carved doors and sénoufo chairs.

The ceremonies of the area are celebrated with the popular use of Djembe, Kora and Balaphon.

Onchocerciasis devastated the riverside villages of the area, but was effectively eradicated in 1980, thanks chiefly to Canadian co-operation.

Places of interest

 * Hippopotamuses in the River Bagoué.
 * The neighbouring forests are home to panthers which are sometimes killed by villagers, although hunting is prohibited in the territory.
 * Niofoin, the typical Sénoufo village, is located towards Korhogo. It is here that Jean-Jacques Annaud made his first film, La Victoire, 1975 (with Jean Carmet).
 * North of the city, towards Tingréla, the villages of Kouto, Gbon and Kolia are located, which are populated by weavers and blacksmiths.
 * The village of Tiémé, in direction of Odienné, sheltered René Caillié at the time of his voyage from Conakry to Timbuktoo, where he was cured of scurvy by the attentive care of the villagers.
 * Fula camps in the savanna outside the city.

People linked to the town

 * Muriel Diallo, author of children's stories was born here in 1967.
 * Writer Ahmadou Kourouma was born in Boundiali.

Neighbouring cities

 * Korhogo to the east.
 * Odienné to the west.
 * Tingréla to the north.
 * Séguéla to the south.

In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Boundiali was 92,792.

Villages
The 18 villages of the sub-prefecture of Boundiali and their population in 2014 are: • # Boundiali (39 962)

• # Gnagnon (356)

• # Nondara (1 850)

• # Samorosso (281)

• # Tombougou (652)

• # Diogo (2 089)

• # Farandougou (963)

• # Gbando (323)

• # Gbemou (1 190)

• # Guinguereni (1 349)

• # Kaniene (958)

• # Kebi (2 787)

• # M'bia (462)

• # N'dara (951)

• # Niguedougou (503)

• # Ouazomon (1 956)

• # Seleho (973)

• # Sokourani (1 981)

title: Boundiali


text:
Haughty Melodic

Haughty Melodic is an album by Mike Doughty released on May 3, 2005. The album title is an anagram of the artist's fuller name; Michael Doughty. Doughty described the album as "a bunch of songs about yearning, redemption, happiness and hope." The album's sound is dense, with multi-tracked guitars, horns, keyboards, and Doughty's own voice multiplied over himself in harmony; a departure both from the sounds of Soul Coughing and Doughty's solo acoustic work.

Production
It was gradually recorded over the course of two years at the home of producer Dan Wilson (of Semisonic). In contrast to his previous stripped-down releases, Doughty brought in many other musicians to record Haughty Melodic, including multi-instrumentalist Shahzad Ismaily, upright bass player John Munson, and N.E.R.D. drummer Eric Fawcett.

The album's arduous process began when Doughty flew out to Minneapolis to collaborate with Wilson on a bridge for his song "Busting Up a Starbucks." Wilson and Doughty had been set up by their mutual manager, Jim Grant. The two wrote the song "American Car" and made simple demos of guitar, piano and drum machine, which inspired Doughty so much that he tapped Wilson to produce a full album—despite the fact that he had no label and would have to weave recording sessions periodically in Wilson's busy schedule.

Doughty would fly out to Minnesota every few weeks for a session—a few days here, a couple of weeks there—and as the album gradually took shape it departed from those initial, sparse demos; in the time between sessions Doughty and Wilson would conceive new parts, new instrumentation, ideas for replacing one part for another. Doughty has remarked that he felt tortured by the stop-and-start process of constant re-examination, but in the end believed that the album achieved a kind of perfection through the time and scrutiny.

Track listing

 * 1) "Looking at the World from the Bottom of a Well" – 3:59
 * 2) "Unsingable Name" – 4:17
 * 3) "Madeline and Nine" – 3:03
 * 4) "Busting Up a Starbucks" – 4:19
 * 5) "White Lexus" – 2:20
 * 6) "American Car" – 4:42
 * 7) "Tremendous Brunettes" (ft. Dave Matthews on vocals) – 2:45
 * 8) "I Hear the Bells" – 4:19
 * 9) "Sunken-Eyed Girl" – 3:23
 * 10) "Grey Ghost" – 3:15
 * 11) * Playing the CD on a computer that uses the Gracenote CDDB to identify track names displays the title as "Grey Ghost (Here's the hidden message. Eat your greens. Read "Everything and Nothing" by Borges. Thanks for listening. Mike)"
 * 12) "His Truth Is Marching On" – 3:36
 * 13) "Your Misfortune" – 3:06

Early bootleg
Before the album's official release, an early "bootleg" was leaked onto the internet with a different track list and early unfinished versions of the songs, most notably: a version of "Tremendous Brunettes", which did not include vocals from Dave Matthews, as well as the song "I'm Still Drinking in My Dreams", which was excluded from the album when it was released. Like the original leak of The Skittish Sessions, these versions of the songs are extremely hard to find. In 2012, "I'm Still Drinking in My Dreams" was released officially as a part of Doughty's limited-time subscription service, The Lo-Fi Lodge, with a mastered version appearing on the re-release of Haughty Melodic. However, that recording varies from this early bootleg version, specifically this version includes a baritone solo after the bridge, and the released version's solo is a keyboard imitating a slide guitar.

 * 1) "Unsingable Name"
 * 2) "Madeline and Nine"
 * 3) "Looking at the World From the Bottom of a Well"
 * 4) "I'm Still Drinking in My Dreams"
 * 5) "American Car"
 * 6) "I Hear The Bells"
 * 7) "Tremendous Brunettes"
 * 8) "Grey Ghost"
 * 9) "Sunkeneyed Girl"
 * 10) "Busting Up a Starbucks"
 * 11) "White Lexus"

title: Haughty Melodic


text: Portal:Mathematics/Did you know archive

title: Portal:Mathematics/Did you know archive


text:
Talk:Haughty Melodic

Again, some of this info is from an e-mail on the Mike Doughty mailing list. Rhobite 18:48, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Haughty Melodic


text: User talk:69.209.17.211

title: User talk:69.209.17.211


text:
Rail yard

A rail yard, railway yard, railroad yard (US) or simply yard, is a series of tracks in a rail network for storing, sorting, or loading and unloading rail vehicles and locomotives. Yards have many tracks in parallel for keeping rolling stock or unused locomotives stored off the main line, so that they do not obstruct the flow of traffic. Cars or wagons are moved around by specially designed yard switcher locomotives (US) or shunter locomotives (UK), a type of locomotive. Cars or wagons in a yard may be sorted by numerous categories, including railway company, loaded or unloaded, destination, car type, or whether they need repairs. Yards are normally built where there is a need to store rail vehicles while they are not being loaded or unloaded, or are waiting to be assembled into trains. Large yards may have a tower to control operations.

Many yards are located at strategic points on a main line. Main-line yards are often composed of an up yard and a down yard, linked to the associated direction of travel. There are different types of yards, and different parts within a yard, depending on how they are built.

Freight yards
For freight cars, the overall yard layout is typically designed around a principal switching (US term) or shunting (UK) technique:
 * A flat yard has no hump, and relies on locomotives for all car movements.
 * A gravity yard is built on a natural slope and relies less on locomotives; generally locomotives will control a consist being sorted from uphill of the cars about to be sorted. They are decoupled and let to accelerate into the classification equipment lower down.
 * A hump yard has a constructed hill, over which freight cars are shoved by yard locomotives, and then gravity is used to propel the cars to various sorting tracks;

Sorting yard basics
In the case of all classification or sorting yards, human intelligence plays a primary role in setting a strategy for the switching operations; the fewer times coupling operations need to be made and the less distance traveled, the faster the operation, the better the strategy and the sooner the newly configured consist can be joined to its outbound train.
 * Switching yards, staging yards, or shunting yards are typically graded to be flat yards, where switch engines manually shuffle and maneuver cars from (a) train arrival tracks, to (b) to consist breakdown track, to (c) an consist assembly track, thence to (d) departure tracks of the yard.
 * A large sub-group of such yards are known as staging yards, which are yards serving an end destination that is also a collection yard starting car groups for departure. These seemingly incompatible tasks are because the operating or road company and its locomotive drops off empties and picks up full cars waiting departure which have been spotted and assembled by local switch engines. The long haul carrier makes the round trip with a minimal turn around time, and the local switch engine transfers empties to the loading yard when the industries output is ready to be shipped.
 * This activity is duplicated in a transfer yard, the difference being in the latter several industrial customers are serviced by the local switcher, which is part of the yard equipment, and the industry pays a cargo transfer fee to the railroad or yard operating company. In the staging yard, the locomotive is most likely operated by industry (refinery, chemical company or coal mine personnel); and ownership of the yard in both cases is a matter of business, and could be any imaginable combination. Ownership and operation are quite often a matter of leases and interests.
 * Hump yards and gravity yards are usually highly automated and designed for the efficient break-down, sorting, and recombining of freight into consists, so they are equipped with mechanical retarders (external brakes) and scales that a computer or operator uses along with knowledge of the gradient of the hump to calculate and control the speed of the cars as they roll downhill to their destination tracks. These modern sorting and classification systems are sophisticated enough to allow a first car to roll to a stop near the end of its classification track, and, by slowing the speed of subsequent cars down the hump, shorten the distance for the following series of cars so they can bump and couple gently, without damaging one another. Since overall throughput speed matters, many have small pneumatic, hydraulic or spring-driven braking retarders (below, right) to adjust and slow speed both before and after yard switch points. Along with car tracking and load tracking to destination technologies such as RFID, long trains can be broken down and reconfigured in transfer yards or operations in remarkable time.

Nomenclature and components
A large freight yard may include the following components:
 * Receiving yard, also called an arrival yard, where freight cars or wagons are detached from their locomotives, inspected for mechanical problems, and sent to a classification or marshalling yard.
 * Switching yards, switchyards, shunting yards or sorting yards—yards where cars are sorted for various destinations and assembled into blocks have different formal names in different cultural traditions:
 * Classification yard (US and by Canadian National Railway in Canada) or
 * Marshalling yard (UK and Canadian Pacific Railway in Canada)
 * Departure yard, where car blocks are assembled into trains.
 * Car repair yard or maintenance yard, for freight cars.
 * Engine house (in some yards, a roundhouse), to fuel and service locomotives.
 * Transfer yard, a yard where consists are dropped off or picked up as a group by through service such as a unit train, but managed locally by local switching service locomotives.
 * Unit tracks may be reserved for unit trains, which carry a block of cars all of the same origin and destination, and so as through traffic do not get sorted in a classification yard. Such consists often stop in a freight yard for other purposes: inspection, engine servicing, being switched into a longer consist, or crew changes.

Freight yards may have multiple industries adjacent to them where railroad cars are loaded or unloaded and then stored before they move on to their new destination.

Coach yards

Coach yards (American English) or stabling yards or carriage sidings (British English) are used for sorting, storing and repairing passenger cars. These yards are located in metropolitan areas near large stations or terminals. An example of a major US coach yard is Sunnyside Yard in New York City, operated by Amtrak. Those that are principally used for storage, such as the West Side Yard in New York, are called "layup yards" or "stabling yards." Coach yards are commonly flat yards because unladen passenger coaches are heavier than unladen freight carriages.

In the UK, a stabling point is a place where rail locomotives are parked while awaiting their next turn of duty. A stabling point may be fitted with a fuelling point and other minor maintenance facilities. A good example of this was Newport's Godfrey Road stabling point, which has since been closed. Stabling sidings can be just a few roads or large complexes like Feltham Sidings. They are sometimes electrified with a third rail or OLE. An example of a stabling point with third rail would be Feltham marshalling yard which is being made into carriage sidings for the British Rail Class 701 EMU.

title: Rail yard


text:
Djurö, Värmdö Municipality

Djurö is an island and a locality situated in Värmdö Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden with 967 inhabitants in 2010.

title: Djurö, Värmdö Municipality


text:
Andrew Bogut

Andrew Michael Bogut (born 28 November 1984) is an Australian former professional basketball player who spent the majority of his career in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The 7 ft tall center was selected by the Milwaukee Bucks with the first overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft. He earned All-NBA Third Team honors with the Bucks in 2010. He was traded to the Golden State Warriors in 2012, and was named NBA All-Defensive Second Team in 2015, when he won an NBA championship with the Warriors.

Bogut played college basketball for two years with the Utah Utes, and earned national player of the year honors in 2005. He declared for the NBA draft, and became the first Australian to be the NBA's first overall pick. In his first year with the Bucks, Bogut was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team in 2006. He earned all-league honors in 2010 after averaging a career-high 15.9 points along with 10.2 rebounds per game. He missed most of 2011–12 with an ankle injury, when he was traded to Golden State. After the Warriors won the NBA Finals in 2015, Bogut helped the Warriors win an NBA-record 73 games in 2015–16 and make his second Finals. He was traded to the Dallas Mavericks, where he played briefly before other short stints with the Cleveland Cavaliers and Los Angeles Lakers. In 2018, he returned to his home country to play for the Sydney Kings of the National Basketball League (NBL) and won the NBL MVP honours. Following the 2018–19 NBL season, Bogut signed back with the Warriors and made his third Finals in 2019. He then returned to the Kings for a second season before retiring in 2020.

Described as one of the leading faces of Australian basketball, Bogut has been credited for serving as a cornerstone of the Australian national team, for paving the way for an entire generation of Australian players in the NBA and in playing a leading role in re-vitalising the Australian NBL.

Early life
Bogut was born in Melbourne in 1984. His parents, Michael and Anne, immigrated to Australia from Croatia in the 1970s, with his father from Osijek and his mother from Karlovac. Bogut grew up playing Australian rules football and tennis in addition to basketball. As a child, he patterned his basketball game after Toni Kukoč, a Croatian NBA player who spent the majority of the 1990s playing for the Chicago Bulls. As a 15-year-old, he was cut from the Victoria junior state representative team. In response to this setback, Bogut began to improve his game with the help of Siniša Marković, a professional basketball player from Yugoslavia. Bogut's emergence began after he earned a roster spot with the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in 2002. He competed in the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL) in 2002 and 2003, helping the AIS win the East Conference title in his first season. He later joined the U-19 Australian junior national team, and was named the most valuable player of the 2003 FIBA Under-19 World Cup, in Greece, after leading the Emus to the title. In eight games, he averaged 26.3 points, 17 rebounds, 2.5 assists and 1.5 blocks per game, and he shot 61 percent from the field and 74 percent from the free throw line. One of the highlights of his MVP conquest was a 22-point, 18-rebound performance, in a 106–85 win over the US, in the quarter-finals of the medal round.

College career
As a freshman at Utah in 2003–04, Bogut averaged 12.5 points and 9.9 rebounds in 33 games. He subsequently earned CollegeInsider.com All-Freshman Team honours, Mountain West Conference Freshman of the Year, second-team All-Mountain West Conference, and NABC second-team All-District 13.

As a sophomore in 2004–05, Bogut started all 35 games for the Utes, leading them to a 29–6 record, the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament, and a Mountain West Conference championship. He led the nation with 26 double-doubles and scored in double figures in 37 consecutive games dating back to the final two games of the 2003–04 season to have the sixth-longest streak in the country. He ranked 19th in the NCAA in scoring (20.4 ppg), second in rebounding (12.2 rpg) and eighth in field goal percentage (62.0), and led the Mountain West Conference in scoring, rebounding and field goal percentage. He became one of 31 Utah players all-time to score 1,000 points in his career, but just the third to reach that mark in two seasons. He was named the 2004–05 national player of the year by ESPN.com and Basketball Times, and earned Associated Press first-team All-American and leading vote getter, becoming the 11th Ute all-time to earn All-America honours. He also earned Naismith College Player of the Year honours and the John R. Wooden Award. He later had his No. 4 jersey retired by Utah.

Milwaukee Bucks (2005–2012)
Bogut was selected by the Milwaukee Bucks with the first overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft, becoming the first Australian player and the second Utah player (the first being Bill McGill) to be drafted number one overall. As a rookie in 2005–06, he earned All-Rookie First Team honours and finished third in votes for the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. He played in all 82 regular season games for the Bucks in his first season, averaging 9.4 points and 7.0 rebounds per game.

Bogut's second season in the league was cut short after he sprained his left foot and was put on the injured reserve for the final 15 games. He had previously played in 153 consecutive games. He improved his numbers in 2006–07 to 12.3 points and 8.8 rebounds per game.

In the 2007–08 NBA season, Bogut set career-highs in points (14.3), rebounds (9.8), blocks (1.7), steals (0.8) and minutes (34.9) per game. He tallied a career-high 29 points against the Phoenix Suns in December and finished 9th in the NBA in blocks, 11th in rebounding and 12th in double-doubles (38). He started in 78 games for the Bucks, missing just four games through injury.

Bogut appeared in just 36 games for the Bucks in 2008–09, missing the final 31 games of the season with a stress fracture in his lower back. He faced more time on the sidelines during the 2009–10 season due to a strained ligament and bruise in his left leg. On 3 April 2010, near the end of a breakout season, Bogut suffered a major injury. That night, in a game against the Phoenix Suns at the Bradley Center, Bogut had a chance to score on a fast break attempt. As he went up, Amar'e Stoudemire appeared to make some contact with Bogut and he lost his balance while completing the dunk. He hung onto the rim for a brief moment to try to right himself but could not, and fell at an awkward angle. Placing his right arm out to break the fall, Bogut landed with all of his weight on top of his wrist and his arm twisted as he landed. The next day, Bogut was diagnosed with a broken hand, dislocated elbow and sprained wrist, injuries that kept him out of for the remainder of the 2009–10 season. In what was a breakout season for Bogut, he finished with averages of 15.9 points, 10.2 rebounds and 2.5 blocks per game, earning All-NBA Third Team honours, becoming first Bucks player named to the squad since Michael Redd in 2003–04. Bogut helped the Bucks to a 46–36 record, their most wins since going 50–32 in 2000–01, and their first playoff appearance since 2006.

Bogut returned to the Bucks' line-up in 2010–11, playing in 65 games and leading the league in blocks with 2.6 per game.

During the 2011 NBA lockout, Bogut chose to return home to Australia and play in the NBL for the 2011–12 season. He was linked to the Gold Coast Blaze, Adelaide 36ers and the team he supported when growing up, the Sydney Kings. Ultimately, he chose the Kings (who finished last in 2010–11), but the insurance to cover his remaining $39m contract with the Bucks could not be resolved, leaving the Kings and the NBL without his on-court services. Following the breakdown in contract negotiations over the insurance money, Bogut stated he would like to join the Kings coaching staff in a bid not only to help the club, but help raise the NBL's profile. This, however, did not occur and he later returned to the Bucks following the conclusion of the lockout. On 25 January 2012, he fractured his ankle, ruling him out for the rest of the season.

Golden State Warriors (2012–2016)
On 13 March 2012, Bogut and Stephen Jackson were traded to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Monta Ellis, Ekpe Udoh and Kwame Brown. According to the Warriors, he underwent surgery in April to "clean out loose particles and bone spurs in the ankle". He sat out the 2012–13 preseason, but played in four of the first five regular season games, averaging just 6.0 points and 3.8 rebounds. He was then declared out indefinitely. He received Regenokine treatment to aid his recovery in late November, and it was also revealed that his procedure in April was more serious microfracture surgery than previously thought. Bogut returned on 28 January 2013, recording 12 points, 8 rebounds, 2 assists and 4 blocks in a road win over the Toronto Raptors. On 2 May 2013, in Game 6 of the first round of the playoffs, Bogut recorded playoff career-highs of 14 points and 21 rebounds. He also became the first Warriors player with 20 playoff rebounds since Larry Smith had 23 on 12 May 1987 against the Los Angeles Lakers.

On 25 October 2013, Bogut signed a three-year contract extension with the Warriors. Despite another injury-riddled season in 2013–14, Bogut still finished 10th in NBA Defensive Player of the Year voting and became the first player in franchise history to average at least 10 rebounds per game while shooting 60 percent from the field.

After playing well through the first 19 games of the 2014–15 season, Bogut injured his right knee on 8 December 2014 against the Minnesota Timberwolves and subsequently missed 12 games. He returned to action off the bench against Indiana on 7 January 2015, recording 4 points and 8 rebounds in a 117–102 win. On 2 March 2015, he scored a season-high 16 points in a loss to the Brooklyn Nets. On 7 April 2015, he recorded 8 points and a career-high 9 blocks in a loss to the New Orleans Pelicans. Bogut and the Warriors won the 2015 NBA Finals after defeating the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games.

Disappointed in the way he ended the 2014–15 season, Bogut removed all processed sugars from his diet during the 2015 off-season and subsequently came into training camp in October 2015 with improved athleticism, having dropped 10 kilograms. On 9 February 2016, Bogut had a season-best game with 13 points, 11 rebounds, three steals and a season-high six blocked shots in a 123–110 win over the Houston Rockets. The Warriors broke the NBA record for most wins in a season with 73, eclipsing the 72 wins set by the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls. In Game 5 of the Warriors' Conference Finals match-up with the Oklahoma City Thunder, Bogut recorded a playoff career-high 15 points and 14 rebounds to help the Warriors send the series to a Game 6 with a 120–111 win at home, cutting the Thunder's advantage in the series to 3–2. The Warriors went on to win the series in seven games and advanced to the NBA Finals for the second straight year. The Warriors would again face the Cleveland Cavaliers. On 15 June 2016, he was ruled out for six to eight weeks with a left knee injury. The injury occurred during Game 5 of the NBA Finals. The Warriors went on to lose the series in seven games.

Dallas Mavericks (2016–2017)
On 7 July 2016, Bogut was traded, along with a future second-round pick, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for a future conditional second-round pick. The trade was made by the Warriors to free up salary cap space for their signing of Kevin Durant. Bogut made his debut for the Mavericks in their season opener on 26 October 2016, recording six points, six rebounds, three assists and one block in a 130–121 overtime loss to the Indiana Pacers. On 3 December, he had a game-high 11 rebounds and a season-high eight points in a 107–82 win over the Chicago Bulls. He went on to miss 11 games in December with a right knee injury, and a further six games in January with a right hamstring strain.

On 23 February 2017, Bogut was traded, along with Justin Anderson and a protected first-round pick, to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for Nerlens Noel. Four days later, he was waived by the 76ers.

Cleveland Cavaliers (2017)
On 2 March 2017, Bogut signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers. Four days later, Bogut broke his left leg 56 seconds into his Cleveland debut. Initial X-rays revealed a fractured tibia; he was subsequently taken to the Cleveland Clinic for further tests. There his tibia was set, and was scheduled to undergo a non-surgical treatment and recovery plan. He was subsequently ruled out for the remainder of the regular season and playoffs. As a result, on 13 March 2017, he was waived by the Cavaliers.

Los Angeles Lakers (2017–2018)
On 19 September 2017, Bogut signed with the Los Angeles Lakers. He made his debut for the Lakers in their season opener on 19 October 2017, committing three fouls and three turnovers in a 108–92 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers. On 6 January 2018, Bogut was waived by the Lakers. He did not return to the NBA that season in order to remain in Australia with his pregnant wife.

Sydney Kings (2018–2019)
On 24 April 2018, Bogut signed a two-year deal with the Sydney Kings of the Australian National Basketball League. At the conclusion of the 2018–19 regular season, Bogut was named the NBL Most Valuable Player after averaging 11.6 points per game to go with 329 rebounds, 98 assists and 77 blocked shots. He was also named the Best Defensive Player and earned All-NBL First Team honours. He helped the Kings reach the playoffs with an 18–10 record and a third-place finish, before losing 2–0 to Melbourne United in the semi-finals. In 30 total games, he averaged 11.4 points, a league-high 11.6 rebounds, 3.4 assists and 2.7 blocks in 29.7 minutes per game.

Return to Golden State (2019)
On 6 March 2019, after the conclusion of the 2018–19 NBL season, Bogut signed with the Golden State Warriors for the remainder of the 2018–19 NBA season. His deal with the Warriors was allowed by the Kings with the condition that he honoured the second year of his two-year contract. The Warriors reached the 2019 NBA Finals, where they lost in six games to the Toronto Raptors.

Return to Sydney (2019–2020)
Bogut rejoined the Sydney Kings for the 2019–20 NBL season and helped them win the minor premiership with a first-place finish and a 20–8 record. He was named to the All-NBL Second Team. On 25 May 2020, Bogut announced that he would not be re-signing with the Kings.

Bogut had two surgeries in 2020, one to remove a bone spur in his ankle and the other to help with sciatica in his lower back.

On 1 December 2020, Bogut announced his retirement from basketball, citing numerous injury issues as the main reason.

National team career
Bogut started for the Boomers at the 2004 Athens Olympics, averaging 13.7 points, 9 rebounds and 1.2 blocked shots and shooting 58.0% from the field. He represented Australia again in the 2006 FIBA World Championship. Australia advanced to the Round of 16 before losing to the United States. He averaged 12.8 points per game and 6.2 rebounds per game during the tournament, leading Australia in both categories. He started for the Boomers at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. In 2012, he was unable to play for the Boomers in the London Olympics, as he had previously broken his left ankle in January during the 2011–12 NBA season.

On 14 July 2015, Bogut was named in the Australian Boomers squad for their European tour and the 2015 FIBA Oceania Championship. The following year, he was a member of the Boomers team that finished in fourth place at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. This equaled Australia's best ever finish at the Olympics, with the Boomers having also finished fourth in 1988, 1996 and 2000. In 2019, the Boomers again finished fourth, this time at the FIBA Basketball World Cup in China.

Political views
In November and December 2016, on Twitter, Bogut made a series of tweets in which he implied he believed elements of the Pizzagate hoax were real. At the time, the hoax had rapidly evolved into an elaborate conspiracy theory that ostensibly involved child sex trafficking, Hillary Clinton, political strategist John Podesta and other Democrats, and it was supposedly centred in the (actually nonexistent) basement of a Washington, D.C., pizza parlor.

In 2021, via his Instagram account, Bogut posted multiple times about coronavirus lockdowns. The lockdown, Victoria's sixth, prompted Bogut to vent his frustration due to Foodbank Victoria being closed because of concerns it was a coronavirus hotspot. He also believed that the lockdowns were already disproportionately affecting the working class. Bogut also claimed in his post that he had been approached to promote public health measures for money but declined, further stating without significant evidence that many other unnamed Australian celebrities were supposedly being compensated for urging that the public adhere to pandemic control measures despite many celebrities not being subject to the same rules as the working class. Bogut then urged other celebrities to speak out for residents, proclaiming "The silence was deafening".

In January 2022, Bogut claimed on his social media that the Victorian government was attempting to 'silence him' after receiving a letter from the Victorian Electoral Commission over social media posts he had posted supporting the passing of a bill aimed at diminishing the pandemic powers of the government. The electoral commission denied the claims, stating that the basis of the letter was over Bogut's failure to have his posts authorised.

Personal life
Bogut and his wife Jessica have two sons, Luka and Nikola. Besides English, he also speaks Croatian.

title: Andrew Bogut


text:
Lassa mammarenavirus

Lassa mammarenavirus (LASV) is an arenavirus that causes Lassa hemorrhagic fever, a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), in humans and other primates. Lassa mammarenavirus is an emerging virus and a select agent, requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment. It is endemic in West African countries, especially Sierra Leone, the Republic of Guinea, Nigeria, and Liberia, where the annual incidence of infection is between 300,000 and 500,000 cases, resulting in 5,000 deaths per year.

As of 2012 discoveries within the Mano River region of west Africa have expanded the endemic zone between the two known Lassa endemic regions, indicating that LASV is more widely distributed throughout the tropical wooded savannah ecozone in west Africa. There are no approved vaccines against Lassa fever for use in humans.

Discovery
In 1969, missionary nurse Laura Wine fell ill with a mysterious disease she contracted from an obstetrical patient in Lassa, a village in Borno State, Nigeria. She was then transported to Jos, where she died. Subsequently, two others became infected, one of whom was fifty-two-year-old nurse Lily Pinneo who had cared for Laura Wine. Samples from Pinneo were sent to Yale University in New Haven where a new virus, that would later be known as Lassa mammarenavirus, was isolated for the first time by Jordi Casals-Ariet, Sonja Buckley, and others. Casals contracted the fever, and nearly lost his life; one technician died from it. By 1972, the multimammate rat, Mastomys natalensis, was found to be the main reservoir of the virus in West Africa, able to shed virus in its urine and feces without exhibiting visible symptoms.

Structure and genome
Lassa viruses are enveloped, single-stranded, bisegmented, ambisense RNA viruses. Their genome is contained in two RNA segments that code for two proteins each, one in each sense, for a total of four viral proteins. The large segment encodes a small zinc finger protein (Z) that regulates transcription and replication, and the RNA polymerase (L). The small segment encodes the nucleoprotein (NP) and the surface glycoprotein precursor (GP, also known as the viral spike), which is proteolytically cleaved into the envelope glycoproteins GP1 and GP2 that bind to the alpha-dystroglycan receptor and mediate host cell entry.

Lassa fever causes hemorrhagic fever frequently shown by immunosuppression. Lassa mammarenavirus replicates very rapidly, and demonstrates temporal control in replication. The first replication step is transcription of mRNA copies of the negative- or minus-sense genome. This ensures an adequate supply of viral proteins for subsequent steps of replication, as the NP and L proteins are translated from the mRNA. The positive- or plus-sense genome, then makes viral complementary RNA (vcRNA) copies of itself. The RNA copies are a template for producing negative-sense progeny, but mRNA is also synthesized from it. The mRNA synthesized from vcRNA are translated to make the GP and Z proteins. This temporal control allows the spike proteins to be produced last, and therefore, delay recognition by the host immune system.

Nucleotide studies of the genome have shown that Lassa has four lineages: three found in Nigeria and the fourth in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The Nigerian strains seem likely to have been ancestral to the others but additional work is required to confirm this.

Receptors
Lassa mammarenavirus gains entry into the host cell by means of the cell-surface receptor the alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG), a versatile receptor for proteins of the extracellular matrix. It shares this receptor with the prototypic Old World arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Receptor recognition depends on a specific sugar modification of alpha-dystroglycan by a group of glycosyltransferases known as the LARGE proteins. Specific variants of the genes encoding these proteins appear to be under positive selection in West Africa where Lassa is endemic. Alpha-dystroglycan is also used as a receptor by viruses of the New World clade C arenaviruses (Oliveros and Latino viruses). In contrast, the New World arenaviruses of clades A and B, which include the important viruses Machupo, Guanarito, Junin, and Sabia in addition to the non pathogenic Amapari virus, use the transferrin receptor 1. A small aliphatic amino acid at the GP1 glycoprotein amino acid position 260 is required for high-affinity binding to alpha-DG. In addition, GP1 amino acid position 259 also appears to be important, since all arenaviruses showing high-affinity alpha-DG binding possess a bulky aromatic amino acid (tyrosine or phenylalanine) at this position.

Unlike most enveloped viruses which use clathrin coated pits for cellular entry and bind to their receptors in a pH dependent fashion, Lassa and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus instead use an endocytotic pathway independent of clathrin, caveolin, dynamin and actin. Once within the cell the viruses are rapidly delivered to endosomes via vesicular trafficking albeit one that is largely independent of the small GTPases Rab5 and Rab7. On contact with the endosome pH-dependent membrane fusion occurs mediated by the envelope glycoprotein, which at the lower pH of the endosome binds the lysosome protein LAMP1 which results in membrane fusion and escape from the endosome.

Life cycle
The life cycle of Lassa mammarenavirus is similar to the Old World arenaviruses. Lassa mammarenavirus enters the cell by the receptor-mediated endocytosis. Which endocytotic pathway is used is not known yet, but at least the cellular entry is sensitive to cholesterol depletion. It was reported that virus internalization is limited upon cholesterol depletion. The receptor used for cell entry is alpha-dystroglycan, a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed cell surface receptor for extracellular matrix proteins. Dystroglycan, which is later cleaved into alpha-dystroglycan and beta-dystroglycan is originally expressed in most cells to mature tissues, and it provides molecular link between the ECM and the actin-based cytoskeleton. After the virus enters the cell by alpha-dystroglycan mediated endocytosis, the low-pH environment triggers pH-dependent membrane fusion and releases RNP (viral ribonucleoprotein) complex into the cytoplasm. Viral RNA is unpacked, and replication and transcription initiate in the cytoplasm. As replication starts, both S and L RNA genomes synthesize the antigenomic S and L RNAs, and from the antigenomic RNAs, genomic S and L RNA are synthesized. Both genomic and antigenomic RNAs are needed for transcription and translation. The S RNA encodes GP and NP (viral nucleocapsid protein) proteins, while L RNA encodes Z and L proteins. The L protein most likely represents the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. When the cell is infected by the virus, L polymerase is associated with the viral RNP and initiates the transcription of the genomic RNA. The 5’ and 3’ terminal 19 nt viral promoter regions of both RNA segments are necessary for recognition and binding of the viral polymerase. The primary transcription first transcribes mRNAs from the genomic S and L RNAs, which code NP and L proteins, respectively. Transcription terminates at the stem-loop (SL) structure within the intergenomic region. Arenaviruses use a cap snatching strategy to gain the cap structures from the cellular mRNAs, and it is mediated by the endonuclease activity of the L polymerase and the cap binding activity of NP. Antigenomic RNA transcribes viral genes GPC and Z, encoded in genomic orientation, from S and L segments respectively. The antigenomic RNA also serves as the template for the replication. After translation of GPC, it is posttranslationally modified in the endoplasmic reticulum. GPC is cleaved into GP1 and GP2 at the later stage of the secretory pathway. It has been reported that the cellular protease SKI-1/S1P is responsible for this cleavage. The cleaved glycoproteins are incorporated into the virion envelope when the virus buds and release from the cell membrane.

Pathogenesis
Lassa fever is caused by the Lassa mammarenavirus. The symptoms include flu-like illness characterized by fever, general weakness, cough, sore throat, headache, and gastrointestinal manifestations. Hemorrhagic manifestations include vascular permeability.

Upon entry, the Lassa mammarenavirus infects almost every tissue in the human body. It starts with the mucosa, intestine, lungs and urinary system, and then progresses to the vascular system.

The main targets of the virus are antigen-presenting cells, mainly dendritic cells and endothelial cells. In 2012 it was reported how Lassa mammarenavirus nucleoprotein (NP) sabotages the host's innate immune system response. Generally, when a pathogen enters into a host, innate defense system recognizes the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and activates an immune response. One of the mechanisms detects double stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is only synthesized by negative-sense viruses. In the cytoplasm, dsRNA receptors, such as RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA-5 (melanoma differentiation associated gene 5), detect dsRNAs and initiate signaling pathways that translocate IRF-3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) and other transcription factors to the nucleus. Translocated transcription factors activate expression of interferons 𝛂 and 𝛃, and these initiate adaptive immunity. NP encoded in Lassa mammarenavirus is essential in viral replication and transcription, but it also suppresses host innate IFN response by inhibiting translocation of IRF-3. NP of Lassa mammarenavirus is reported to have an exonuclease activity to only dsRNAs. the NP dsRNA exonuclease activity counteracts IFN responses by digesting the PAMPs thus allowing the virus to evade host immune responses.

title: Lassa mammarenavirus


text:
User talk:Shajikv

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 18:54, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
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 * Hi, there is a Notice board for India-related topics. We also have an Indian collaboration of the week. utcursch 04:45, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

Your message
When I first saw he'd only added a couple of links, and the one to Kalaripayattu seemed relevant (as do the ones to Kuttanad and Wayanad). Still, I've left a note about it for him (remember: Please do not bite the newcomers). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:01, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Manufacturing Execution System
I have nominated Manufacturing Execution System, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Manufacturing Execution System. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. — BradV 15:45, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shajikv


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Strangers (Dozois novel)

Strangers is a science fiction novel by American author Gardner Dozois, published in 1978.

The novel was expanded from its original form as a novella, which first appeared in New Dimensions IV (edited by Robert Silverberg) in 1974. The novella was nominated for both the Hugo and Locus Poll Award, and has since been collected in Dozois's short fiction collection, Strange Days: Fabulous Journeys with Gardner Dozois.

The expanded novel was originally published by Berkley Books, and was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel and the Locus Poll Award. It was reprinted by iBooks in 2003.

title: Strangers (Dozois novel)