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Ogyen Trinley Dorje

Ogyen Trinley Dorje (, ; born 26 June 1985), also written as Urgyen Trinley Dorje is a claimant to the title of 17th Karmapa.

The Karmapa is head of the Karma Kagyu school, one of the four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Ogyen Trinley Dorje and Thaye Dorje are the persisting claimants to that office and title.

Biography
Ogyen Trinley Rinpoche was born Apo Gaga in 1985 in Lhatok Township, Chamdo County, Tibet Autonomous Region, to nomadic parents.

The 14th Dalai Lama issued an official statement of recognition and confirmation of the 16th Karmapa's reincarnation as Ogyen Trinley Dorje, on 30 June 1992. He was enthroned as the 17th Karmapa on 27 September 1992 at Tsurphu Monastery, the traditional seat of the Karmapa in Tibet, and there he began his Tibetan and Buddhist studies.

Ogyen Trinley Dorje received the official sanction of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, who declared him to be a "living Buddha", the first time the People's Republic of China has officially confirmed a tulku. A year later, the Chinese announced during the UN World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna they would train him in Tsurphu for his future task as the successor of the Dalai Lama.

Escape from Tibet
In 1999, at the age of 14, the Karmapa escaped Chinese-controlled Tibet during the winter, traveling to India through Nepal, arriving at the Tibetan exile quarters at McLeod Ganj on 5 January 2000. Ogyen Trinley Dorje stated he was unable to obtain in China the specialized instruction he needed to complete his studies and to realize his full spiritual authority. He has resided at Gyuto Monastery in Sidhbari, near Dharamshala up to 2017.

Travel through the United States and Europe
From May 15-June 2, 2008, the Karmapa made his first trip to the US, visiting New York City, Boulder, Colorado, and Seattle and was formally enthroned in the North American seat of the Gyalwang Karmapa at Karma Triyana Dharmachakra monastery in Woodstock, New York. He gave multiple teachings on compassion and the environment, gave the reading transmission for a new form of ngöndro, and bestowed several empowerments, including those of Avalokiteśvara and Padmasambhava. He also spoke about the special challenges of the rapid pace of modern society, and the virtues of the Internet as a tool for the study and practice of Buddhism. Ogyen Trinley Dorje Visited the United States again in 2011, as well as France, Switzerland in 2016 and the United Kingdom in 2017.

Residing in US and becoming citizen of a Caribbean nation
, Ogyen Trinley Dorje was residing in the United States and had been outside of India continuously since May 2017. In 2018, to facilitate travel abroad, he became a citizen of the Caribbean nation Dominica through a provision widely used which allows citizenship through investment.

Tibetan culture, unity, language and literacy
For many years Ogyen Trinley Dorje has emphasized the importance of preserving Tibetan culture, unity, language, and literacy; underlining the importance of sustaining the written and spoken Tibetan language, because it is the very root of the Dharma in Tibet and its culture. Tibetan language is the lifeline that links Tibetans to their culture, arts, and spirituality. Tibetan culture, he states, is the mind and life force of the Tibetan people.

Dharma digitization
Ogyen Trinley Dorje has undertaken the important and long-term task of digitizing Buddhist texts so that as many scriptures, commentaries, etc. are available in digital format as possible for future generations, students, scholars and monasteries around the world.

There are four main websites – Dharma Treasure, Adarsha, Ketaka, and Dharma Ebooks – each one dealing with a different format, tool, or translation. Adarsha, for example, makes the Kangyur, Tengyur, and Tibetan masterpieces available in digital format and has been catalogued under the guidance of Ogyen Trinley Dorje.

108 Translations
108 Translations was initiated in 2015 by Ogyen Trinley Dorje in order to produce a needed body of reading material that can promote the reinvigoration of Tibetan language. Rather than focussing on translating a few famous works that match the interests of a small group of well-educated readers (which has been the case for translations into Tibetan up to the present), 108 Translations aims to provide a plethora of good and easily accessible reading materials for average Tibetan readers. The translations must be easy to understand and pronounce in Tibetan, and the selected works need to meet the interests of the readership.

Supporting the female Buddhist community
Ogyen Trinley Dorje has taken an interest in the welfare of the female Buddhist community, and encouraged equal rights and opportunities for women practitioners. He has, in particular, taken the responsibility to restore full ordination for Tibetan nuns.

Buddhist vegetarianism

On January 3, 2007, Ogyen Trinley Dorje mandated a purely vegetarian diet in all his monasteries and centers and strongly urged vegetarianism among all his students, saying that generally, in his view, it was very important in the Mahayana not to eat meat and that, even in Vajrayana, it is preferable for students and practitioners not to eat meat.

Buddhist environmentalism
Commenting on the Buddhist tradition of life release, where animals destined for slaughter are bought, blessed and natively released, Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje said the meaning of this concept was broad and that practitioners should use their intelligence to expand the tradition. In 2007 during the Kagyu Monlam Chenmo, he suggested that planting a single tree is more beneficial than performing life release for many beings, and recommended that monasteries should plant one to two thousand trees. In addition, he urged monks to practice restraint when sponsors offer technology upgrades.

On Earth Day, on 22 April 2009, he gave 108 instructions on protecting the environment.

In recent years, Khoryug, a network of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and centers that work on environmental protection in the Eastern Himalayas, was developed under the auspices of Ogyen Trinley Dorje as part of the World Wildlife Fund's Sacred Earth: Faiths for Conservation program. In his April 2015 interview with Yale Environment 360, he said, "The environmental emergency that we face is not just a scientific issue, nor is it just a political issue, it is also a moral issue. And therefore, all of us approaching this issue have to pick up our share of the responsibility to find and implement solutions. The scientific aspect of it, of course, is the supply of information — the creation of models and predictions and the introduction of techniques that we can use to remedy this. But our share of this responsibility is to take what scientists teach us to heart, so we actually transform our way of life into one that is sustainable.”

Title Claim
Mipham Chokyi Lodro, 14th Shamarpa (the second-longest recognized tulku lineage in the Karma Kagyu tradition, and who in previous incarnations is said to have held and transmitted the Kagyu lineage between Karmapas) did not recognize Ogyen Trinley Dorje as the Karmapa. Shamarpa instead recognized Trinley Thaye Dorje. Shamarpa's camp argue until the reincarnation line of the Shamarpas was forbidden by the government of the Dalai Lama, the successive Shamarpas were the persons in charge to recognize the Karmapas, whereas the Dalai Lamas played no role in the recognition.

On 10 and 11 Oct 2018, in rural France, Ogyen Trinley Dorje and Trinley Thaye Dorje met in person for the first time and issued a joint statement. On 27 October 2019, Ogyen Trinley Dorje and Trinley Thaye Dorje co-authored a long-life prayer for Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche’s reincarnation. In February 2020, both claimants agreed to recognise the reincarnation the next Shamar Rinpoche incarnation together.

2011 police raid
In January 2011, the Himachal Pradesh Police seized money in currencies of 25 countries including China, valued at over ₹ 60 million, during raids on the offices of a trust backed by Ogyen Trinley Dorje. They also seized several traveler's cheques and land deal documents, suspecting a hawala scam. Initially, the police suspected the money was being used to spread Chinese influence in India, and that the Karmapa was a Chinese agent helping the Chinese government control Buddhist monasteries in India. This allegation was unanimously rejected by all quarters of Tibetan society including the Dalai Lama, the entire Parliament, leaders of the Tibetan government-in-exile and prominent members of the Free Tibet movement.

Himachal Pradesh Police said even if the Karmapa was able to explain the source of the money recovered, he might be held liable for violating the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act. The Karmapa denied all the allegations and said the seized money came via the donations from his followers. A New York Times report on the matter noted an unnamed rival Karmapa candidate has "close ties to Indian intelligence officials". On 11 February 2011, it was reported the central Indian government had cleared the Karmapa of all charges, finding the money in question had been donated by followers.

In April 2011, a statement was released by the Karmapa's Office to address some of the insinuations and fabrications that had been circulating.

In December 2011, the Himachal Pradesh Police filed a chargesheet against Ogyen Trinley Dorje, naming him as an accused in the cash and foreign currency seizure case. The Karmapa's office said Dorje was not involved in the financial administration. Indian police said on Tuesday 24 April 2012 that they had dropped all criminal charges against Ogyen Trinley Dorje. However, in 2015 a judge at the Himachal Pradesh High Court overturned the earlier ruling and began criminal proceedings over the recovery of around US$1 million of foreign currency. His spokesman stated, "He strongly believes truth will prevail at the end". Karmapa, along with nine other accused, was charged on 7 December 2012 and was asked by the court to appear personally on 6 March 2013. He failed to appear as he was out of Dharamsala. All of the accused were on bail.

Sexual assault and family law case filed by Vikki Hui Xin Han
After losing contact with Ogyen Trinley Dorje starting January 2019, on July 17, 2019, Vikki Hui Xin Han commenced a family law case seeking child support, a declaration of parentage and a parentage test against Ogyen Trinley Dorje. He was accused of sexually assaulting and impregnating Han when she was a nun-in-training at a New York monastery in 2017, according to the lawsuit.

The woman also alleges that she and Ogyen Trinley Dorje developed a spousal relationship and they planned to live together, though they only met four times. Dorje argues that an intention to live together at some point in the future is not sufficient to show that an existing relationship was marriage-like. The allegations were made public in a ruling by the Supreme Court of British Columbia.

A representative of the Supreme Court was reported to have said of the case "Can a secret relationship that began online and never moved into the physical world be like a marriage? ... Ms. Han's claim is novel. It may even be weak. Almost all of the traditional factors are missing".

On May 17, 2021, an additional spousal support claim against Ogyen Trinley Dorje was added. Reports show Vikki Han gave birth to a child in June 2018. Ogyen Trinley allegedly sent her more than US$700,000 for the purpose of buying a house and a wedding ring. The trial was set to begin on June 7, 2021; though the parties were not prepared to proceed. At a trial management conference on May 6, 2021, the trial was adjourned to April 11, 2022.

In October 2022, Vikki Hui Xin Han voluntarily discontinued the pre-action petition related to this case.

title: Ogyen Trinley Dorje


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Machiko Toyoshima

Machiko Toyoshima (豊嶋 真千子) is a Japanese actress, voice actress and singer from Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

Biography
She was known for her role as Lulula Franc, a Cherrybaiter in 1997 Face/SNK's Neo Geo puzzle game Money Puzzle Exchanger.

Television animation

 * Pocket Monsters (1997) - Kasumi's Tattu (Misty's Horsea)
 * Pocket Monsters Side Stories (2002) - Kasumi's Tattu (Misty's Horsea) and Sakura's Agehunt (Sakura's Beautifly)
 * World Trigger (2014) – Kaho Mikami
 * Chibi Maruko-chan (2016) – Sakiko Sakura, Uchida, Wakabayashi – replaced Yuko Mizutani

Unknown date
 * Hunter × Hunter (Second Series) - Asta and Khara
 * Gitaroo Man – Pico and Kirah
 * Ground Defense Force! Mao-chan - Emi Uehara and Shoko Akasaka
 * Growlanser & Growlanser II: The Sense of Justice – Misha
 * Konjiki no Gash Bell!! – Shion Hibiki
 * One Piece – Kuina
 * Sailor Moon SuperS – PallaPalla
 * Saint Seiya Hades Chapter – young Phoenix Ikki
 * Weiß Kreuz Glühen – Asami-sensei
 * Mermaid Saga – Toukichi
 * Cyborg 009 – Francois Alnul/Cyborg 003

Original video animation

 * Kirara (2000) – Amy

Animated films

 * Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie (1994) – Indian girl

Video games

 * Money Puzzle Exchanger (1997) - Lulula Franc/Cherrybaiter
 * Sentimental Graffiti (2001) – Manami Sugihara
 * Reveal Fantasia (2002) – Fiona

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Machiko Toyoshima


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Talk:Hirudotherapy

Should
Should this article be merged with the entry for the medicinal leech []pokoko 18:53, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * If there is any information on this page not in the "Medicinal Uses" section of the "Medicinal Leech" page - that would be the appropriate place for it. Hirudotherapy should then be a link. There is barely enough information on this page to make an article.Trewornan (talk) 20:08, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hirudotherapy


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Isabelle Eberhardt

Isabelle Wilhelmine Marie Eberhardt (17 February 1877 – 21 October 1904) was a Swiss explorer and author. As a teenager, Eberhardt, educated in Switzerland by her father, published short stories under a male pseudonym. She became interested in North Africa, and was considered a proficient writer on the subject despite learning about the region only through correspondence. After an invitation from photographer Louis David, Eberhardt moved to Algeria in May 1897. She dressed as a man and converted to Islam, eventually adopting the name Si Mahmoud Saadi. Eberhardt's unorthodox behaviour made her an outcast among European settlers in Algeria and the French administration.

Eberhardt's acceptance by the Qadiriyya, an Islamic order, convinced the French administration that she was a spy or an agitator. She survived an assassination attempt shortly thereafter. In 1901, the French administration ordered her to leave Algeria, but she was allowed to return the following year after marrying her partner, the Algerian soldier Slimane Ehnni. Following her return, Eberhardt wrote for a newspaper published by Victor Barrucand and worked for General Hubert Lyautey. In 1904, at the age of 27, she was killed by a flash flood in Aïn Séfra.

In 1906, Barrucand began publishing her remaining manuscripts, which received critical acclaim. She was seen posthumously as an advocate of decolonisation, and streets were named after her in Béchar and Algiers. Eberhardt's life has been the subject of several works, including the 1991 film Isabelle Eberhardt and the 2012 opera Song from the Uproar: The Lives and Deaths of Isabelle Eberhardt.

Early life and family background
Eberhardt was born in Geneva, Switzerland, to Alexandre Trophimowsky and Nathalie Moerder (née Eberhardt). Trophimowsky was an Armenian anarchist, tutor, and former Orthodox priest-turned-atheist, and Nathalie was the illegitimate daughter of a middle-class Lutheran German and a Russian Jew. Nathalie was considered to be part of the Russian aristocracy, meaning her illegitimacy was probably kept secret. She married widower Pavel deMoerder, a Russian general forty years her senior, who hired Trophimowsky to tutor their children Nicolas, Nathalie, and Vladimir.

Around 1871 Nathalie took the children and left her husband for Trophimowsky, who had abandoned his own wife and family. They left Russia, staying in Turkey and then Italy before settling in Geneva. Around 1872 Nathalie gave birth to Augustin; deMoerder, who came to Switzerland in a failed attempt to reconcile with Nathalie, accepted the son as his own and allowed him to have his surname, but the boy's older siblings believed that Trophimowsky was the father. General deMoerder died several months later, and despite their separation had arranged for his estate to pay Nathalie a considerable regular income. The family remained in Switzerland. Four years later Eberhardt was born, and was registered as Nathalie's illegitimate daughter. Biographer Françoise d'Eaubonne speculated that Eberhardt's biological father was the poet Arthur Rimbaud, who had been in Switzerland at the time. Other historians consider this unlikely and find it more likely that Trophimowsky was the father, noting that Nathalie and Trophimowsky were rarely apart, that Eberhardt's birth did not impact negatively on their partnership, and that Eberhardt was Trophimowsky's favourite child. Biographer Cecily Mackworth speculated that Eberhardt's illegitimacy was due to Trophimowsky's nihilist beliefs, which rejected traditional concepts of family.

Eberhardt was well educated; along with the other children in the family, she was home-schooled by Trophimowsky. She was fluent in French, spoke Russian, German and Italian, and was taught Latin, Greek, and classical Arabic. She studied philosophy, metaphysics, chemistry, history, and geography, though she was most passionate about literature, reading the works of authors including Pierre Loti, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Leo Tolstoy, Voltaire and Émile Zola while she was a teenager, and was also an admirer of the poets Semyon Nadson and Charles Baudelaire. At an early age she began wearing male clothing, enjoying its freedom, and her nonconformist father did not discourage her. The children of deMoerder resented their stepfather, who forbade them from obtaining professions or leaving the home, and effectively used them as slaves to tend to his extensive gardens. Eberhardt's sister Nathalie married against Trophimowsky's wishes in 1888, and was subsequently cut off from the rest of the household. Nathalie's departure had a profound effect on Eberhardt's childhood, as she had been responsible for most of the home duties; the household subsequently suffered from a lack of hygiene and regular meals.

Move to North Africa
Sometime prior to 1894, Eberhardt began corresponding with Eugène Letord, a French officer stationed in the Sahara who had placed a newspaper advertisement for a pen pal. Eberhardt asked him for every detail he could give her about life in the Sahara, also informing him of her dreams of escaping Geneva alongside her favourite sibling, Augustin. Letord encouraged the two of them to relocate to Bône, Algeria, where he could assist them in establishing a new life. In a series of circumstances that remain unclear though involving financial debts and ties to Russian revolutionist groups with which he was affiliated, Augustin fled Geneva in 1894. Eberhardt probably assisted him initially but was unable to keep track of his whereabouts despite making constant inquiries. In November 1894 Eberhardt was informed by a letter that Augustin had joined the French Foreign Legion and was assigned to Algeria. Though she was at first furious with Augustin's decision, Eberhardt's anger did not last; she asked him to send her a detailed diary of what he saw in North Africa.

In 1895, Eberhardt published short stories in the journal La Nouvelle Revue Moderne under the pseudonym of Nicolas Podolinsky; "Infernalia" (her first published work) is about a medical student's physical attraction to a dead woman. Later that year she published "Vision du Moghreb" [sic] (Vision of the Maghreb), a story about North African religious life. Eberhardt had "remarkable insight and knowledge" of North Africa for someone acquainted with the region only through correspondence, and her writing had a strong anti-colonial theme. Louis David, an Algerian-French photographer touring Switzerland who was intrigued by her work, met with her. After hearing of her desire to move to Algiers, he offered to help her establish herself in Bône if she relocated there. In 1895, he took a photograph of Eberhardt wearing a sailor's uniform, which would become widely associated with her in later years.

Eberhardt relocated to Bône with her mother in May 1897. They initially lived with David and his wife, who both disapproved of the amount of time Eberhardt and her mother spent with Arabs. Eberhardt and her mother did not like the Davids' attitude, which was typical of European settlers in the area, and later avoided the country's French residents, renting an Arabic-style house far from the European quarter. Eberhardt, aware that a Muslim woman could go out neither alone nor unveiled, dressed as a man in a burnous and turban. She expanded on her previous studies of Arabic, and became fluent within a few months. She and her mother converted to Islam. Mackworth writes that while Eberhardt was a "natural mystic", her conversion appeared to be largely for practical reasons, as it gave her greater acceptance among the Arabs. Eberhardt found it easy to accept Islam; Trophimowsky had brought her up as a fatalist and Islam gave her fatalism a meaning. She embraced the Islamic concept that everything is predestined and the will of God. Although Eberhardt largely devoted herself to the Muslim way of life, she frequently partook of marijuana and alcohol and had many lovers. According to a friend, Eberhardt "drank more than a Legionnaire, smoked more kief than a hashish addict and made love for the love of making love". She was heterosexual, but often treated sexual intercourse as impersonal. The reason for her Arabic companions' tolerance of her lifestyle has been debated by biographers. According to Mackworth, the "delicate courtesy of the Arabs" led them to treat Eberhardt as a man because she wished to live as one. Eberhardt's behaviour made her an outcast with the French settlers and the colonial administration, who watched her closely. Seeing no reason why a woman would choose the company of impoverished Arabs over her fellow Europeans, they eventually concluded she must be an English agent, sent to stir up resentment towards the French.

Eberhardt began to write stories, including the first draft of her novel Trimardeur (Vagabond). Her story Yasmina, about a young Bedouin woman who falls in love with a French officer and the "tragedy this impossible love brings into her life", was published in a local French newspaper. Her mother, who had been suffering from heart problems, died in November 1897 of a heart attack, and was buried under the name of Fatma Mannoubia. Eberhardt was grief-stricken. Trophimowsky, who had been summoned when his partner's health had deteriorated but arrived after her death, showed no sympathy towards Eberhardt. When she told him she desperately wanted to die and rejoin her mother, he responded by calmly offering her his revolver, which she declined.

Travels to Europe
Eberhardt spent her money recklessly in Algiers, and quickly exhausted the funds left to her by her mother; she would often spend several days at a time in kief dens. Augustin, ejected from the Foreign Legion due to his health, returned to Geneva alongside Eberhardt in early 1899. They found Trophimowsky in poor health, suffering from throat cancer and traumatised by the loss of Eberhardt's mother and Vladimir, who had committed suicide the previous year. Eberhardt nursed her father, growing closer to him. She also commenced a relationship and became engaged to Riza Bey, an Armenian diplomat with whom she had been friends and possibly lovers when she was seventeen. Though Trophimowsky approved of the engagement, the relationship soon ended. Historian Lesley Blanch attributes the relationship's downfall to Bey being assigned to Stockholm. Trophimowsky died in May. Blanch attributes the death to a chloral overdose, with which Eberhardt may have intentionally euthanised him. Eberhardt intended to sell the villa, although Trophimowsky's legitimate wife opposed the execution of the will. After several weeks of legal contentions, Eberhardt mortgaged the property and returned to Africa on the first available ship. With both parents dead, she considered herself free of human attachments and able to live as a vagabond. Eberhardt relinquished her mother's name, and called herself Si Mahmoud Saadi. She began wearing male clothing exclusively and developed a masculine personality, speaking and writing as a man. Eberhardt behaved like an Arab man, challenging gender and racial norms. Asked why she dressed as an Arab man, she invariably replied: "It is impossible for me to do otherwise." A few months later, Eberhardt's money ran low, and she returned to Geneva to sell the villa; due to the legal troubles there was little to no money available.

Encouraged by a friend, she went to Paris to become a writer but had little success. While in Paris Eberhardt met the widow of Marquis de Morès. Although deMorès had been reportedly murdered by Tuareg tribesmen in the Sahara, no one had been arrested. When his widow learned that Eberhardt was familiar with the area where deMorès died, she hired her to investigate his murder. The job benefited Eberhardt, who was destitute and longed to return to the Sahara. She returned to Algeria in July 1900, settling in El Oued. According to Sahara expert R. V. C. Bodley, Eberhardt made little effort to investigate deMorès' death; Bodley considered this due to a combination of the unwillingness of the French to co-operate in an investigation and Eberhardt's fatalism rather than deliberate dishonesty. Word eventually got back to the deMorès widow about Eberhardt's lackluster investigation, and she subsequently cut off her funding.

Eberhardt made friends in the area and met Slimane Ehnni, a non-commissioned officer in the spahis. They fell in love, and eventually lived together openly. This alienated Eberhardt from the French authorities, who were already outraged by her lifestyle. During her travels she made contact with the Qadiriyya, a Sufi order. The order was led by Hussein benBrahim, who was so impressed with Eberhardt's knowledge of (and passion for) Islam that he initiated her into his zawiya without the usual formal examination. This convinced the French authorities that she was a spy or an agitator, and they placed her on a widely circulated blacklist. The French transferred Ehnni to the spahi regiment at Batna, possibly to punish Eberhardt (whom they could not harm directly). Too poor to accompany him to Batna, Eberhardt traveled to a Qadiriyya meeting in Behima in late January 1901 where she hoped to ask SiLachmi, a marabout, for financial assistance. While waiting for the meeting to begin she was attacked by a man with a sabre, receiving a superficial wound to her head and a deep cut to her left arm. Her attacker, Abdallah ben Mohammed, was overpowered by others and arrested. When asked why he had tried to kill Eberhardt he only repeated "God wished it; God still wishes it." Eberhardt suspected that he was an assassin hired by the French authorities. Others attribute the attack to SiLachmi; Eberhardt was his mistress, whom he had grown tired of, and it is speculated he was simultaneously trying to get rid of her and pin the blame for the attack on a rival tribe. She was brought to the military hospital at ElOued the following day. After Eberhardt recovered in late February, she joined Ehnni with funds from members of the Qadiriyya who regarded her survival as a miracle.

After spending two months in Batna with Ehnni, the French ordered her to leave North Africa without explanation; as an immigrant, she had no choice but to comply. Ehnni requested permission from his military superiors to marry Eberhardt (which would have enabled her to stay), but his request was denied. She traveled to France in early May 1901, staying with Augustin and his wife and daughter in Marseille. In mid-June she was summoned back to Constantine to give evidence at the trial of her attacker, who maintained his statement that God had ordered him to kill Eberhardt, though expressed remorse towards her. Eberhardt said that she bore no grudge against Abdallah, forgave him, and hoped that he would not be punished. Abdallah received life imprisonment although the prosecutor had asked for the death penalty. When the trial ended, Eberhardt was again ordered to leave the country. She returned to live with Augustin, working with him (disguised as a man) as a dock labourer. Eberhardt and Augustin's family lived in appalling poverty. Eberhardt's health deteriorated, and she repeatedly suffered from fevers. She attempted suicide while in Marseille, one of several attempts she would make over the course of her life. Eberhardt continued to write during this time, working on several projects including her novel Trimardeur.

A friend of Eberhardt's gave her a letter of introduction to playwright Eugène Brieux, who opposed French rule in North Africa and supported Arab emancipation. He sent her a several-hundred-franc advance and tried to have her stories published, but could not find anyone willing to publish pro-Arab writing. Eberhardt, unfazed, continued writing; her morale lifted when Ehnni was transferred to a spahi regiment near Marseille in late August to complete his final months of service. He did not require permission from his military superiors to marry in France, and he and Eberhardt were married in October 1901. Shortly before the wedding, Eberhardt and Augustin received the news that Trophimowsky's estate had finally been sold, though due to the mounting legal costs there was no money left for them to inherit. With this news, Eberhardt abandoned any hope of having a financially secure future. In February 1902 Ehnni was discharged, and the couple returned to Bône to live with his family.

Later life and death
After a short time living with Ehnni's family, the couple relocated to Algiers. Eberhardt became disappointed with Ehnni, whose only ambition after leaving the army appeared to be finding an unskilled job that would allow him to live relatively comfortably. She increased her own efforts as a writer, and several of her short stories were printed in the local press. She accepted a job offer from Al-Akhbar (The News) newspaper publisher Victor Barrucand in March 1902. Eberhardt became a regular contributor to the newspaper; Trimardeur began appearing as a serial in August 1903. Barrucand and Eberhardt formed a friendship, though Barrucand was frequently frustrated with his new employee's work ethic. Eberhardt's articles arrived irregularly, as she would only write when she felt like doing so. Her job paid poorly, but had many benefits. Through Barrucand's contacts, Eberhardt was able to access the famous zawiya of Lalla Zaynab. Eberhardt spoke highly of her time with Zaynab, though never disclosed what the two discussed; their meeting caused concern among the French authorities.

Eberhardt and Ehnni relocated to Ténès in July 1902 after Ehnni obtained employment there as a translator. Eberhardt was incorrigibly bad with her money, spending anything she received immediately on tobacco, books, and gifts for friends, and pawning her meagre possessions or asking for loans when she realised there was no money left for food. This behaviour made her even more of a pariah among the other European residents of the town. Eberhardt would frequently leave for weeks at a time, being either summoned to Algiers by Barrucand or sent on assignments. She was given a regular column in his newspaper, where she wrote about the life and customs of Bedouin tribes. Both Ehnni and Eberhardt's health deteriorated, with Eberhardt regularly suffering from bouts of malaria. She was also probably affected by syphilis.

Barrucand dispatched Eberhardt to report on the aftereffects of the 2September 1903 Battle of El-Moungar. She stayed with French Foreign Legion soldiers and met Hubert Lyautey, the French general in charge of Oran, at their headquarters. Eberhardt and Lyautey became friends and, due to her knowledge of Islam and Arabic, she became a liaison between him and the local Arab people. While Eberhardt never ceased protesting against any repressive actions undertaken by the French administration, she believed that Lyautey's approach, which focused on diplomacy rather than military force, would bring peace to the region. Although details are unclear, it is generally accepted that Eberhardt also engaged in espionage for Lyautey. Concerned about a powerful marabout in the Atlas Mountains, Lyautey sent her to meet with him in 1904.

At the marabout's zawiya, Eberhardt was weakened by fever. She returned to Aïn Séfra, and was treated at the military hospital. She left the hospital against medical advice and asked Ehnni, from whom she had been separated for several months, to join her. Reunited on 20October 1904, they rented a small mud house. The following day, a flash flood struck the area. As soon as the waters subsided, Lyautey launched a search for her. Ehnni was discovered almost immediately, saying that Eberhardt had been swept away by the water. Based on this information, Lyautey and his men searched the surrounding area for several days before deciding to explore the ruins of the house where the couple had stayed. Her body was crushed under one of the house's supporting beams. The exact circumstances of her death were never discovered. While suspicions regarding Ehnni have been raised by later biographers, Eberhardt had always believed she would die young and may instead have accepted her fate. Mackworth speculated that after initially trying to run from the floodwaters, Eberhardt instead turned back to face them. Blanch argued that due to Eberhardt's history of suicidal tendencies, she probably would have still chosen to stay in the area even if she had known the flood was coming. Lyautey buried Eberhardt in Aïn Sefra and had a marble tombstone, engraved with her adopted name in Arabic and her birth name in French, placed on her grave.

Legacy
At the time of her death, Eberhardt's possessions included several of her unpublished manuscripts. Lyautey instructed his soldiers to search for all of her papers in the aftermath of the flood, and posted those that could be found to Barrucand. After reconstructing them, substituting his own words where the originals were missing or too damaged to decipher, he began to publish her work. Some of what he published is considered to be more his work than Eberhardt's. Barrucand also received criticism for listing himself as the co-author of some of the publications, and for not clarifying which portions of text were his own. The first posthumous story, "Dans l'Ombre Chaude de l'Islam" (In the Warm Shadow of Islam) received critical acclaim when it was published in 1906. The book's success drew great attention to Eberhardt's writing and established her as among the best writers of literature inspired by Africa. A street was named after Eberhardt in Béchar and another in Algiers. The street in Algiers is in the outskirts; one writer at the time commented there was a sad symbolism in the fact the street "begins in an inhabited quarter and peters out into a wasteland". She was posthumously seen as an advocate of feminism and decolonisation; according to Hedi Abdel-Jaouad in Yale French Studies, her work may have begun the decolonisation of North Africa. Eberhardt's relationship with Lyautey has triggered discussion by modern historians about her complicity in colonialism.

In 1954, author and explorer Cecily Mackworth published the biography The Destiny of Isabelle Eberhardt after following Eberhardt's routes in Algeria and the Sahara. The book inspired Paul Bowles to translate some of Eberhardt's writings into English. Novelist William Bayer published Visions of Isabelle, a fictionalised 1976 account of her life. In 1981, Timberlake Wertenbaker premiered New Anatomies, a play about Eberhardt.

Eberhardt has been portrayed in two films. Leslie Thornton directed a 1988 biography, There Was An Unseen Cloud Moving, with seven amateur actresses playing Eberhardt. Ian Pringle directed Isabelle Eberhardt, starring Mathilda May, in 1991. In 1994, the soundtrack for Pringle's film was released by musician Paul Schütze, titled Isabelle Eberhardt: The Oblivion Seeker. In 1998, John Berger and Nella Bielski published Isabelle: A Story in Shots, a screenplay based on Eberhardt's life. Missy Mazzoli composed an opera, Song from the Uproar: The Lives and Deaths of Isabelle Eberhardt, in 2012.

Works

 * "Dans l'ombre chaude de l'Islam" (Paris: Fasquelle, 1906)
 * "Notes de route: Maroc-Algérie-Tunisie" (Paris: Fasquelle, 1908)
 * "Au Pays des sables" (Bône, Algeria: Em. Thomas, 1914)
 * "Pages d'Islam" (Paris: Fasquelle, 1920)
 * Trimardeur (Paris: Fasquelle, 1922)
 * "Mes journaliers; précédés de la Vie tragique de la bonne nomade par René-Louis Doyon" (Paris: La Connaissance, 1923)
 * "Amara le forçat; L'anarchiste: Nouvelles inédites" (Abbeville: Frédéric Paillard, 1923)
 * "Contes et paysages" (Paris: La Connaissance, 1925)
 * "Yasmina et autres nouvelles algériennes" (Paris: Liana Levi, 1986)
 * "Ecrits sur le sable" (Paris: Éditions Grasset, 1988)
 * "Rakhil: Roman inédit" (Paris: La Boîte à documents, 1990)
 * "Un voyage oriental: Sud Oranais" (Paris: Le Livre de Poche, 1991)
 * "Amours nomades" (Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 2003)

title: Isabelle Eberhardt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stephanie Bellegarrigue

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. I think I'll merge it.

The votes were 4 delete, 3 merge, 2 keep. dbenbenn | talk 21:15, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Stephanie Bellegarrigue
Copilot of a plane that crashed, taking her with it. A sad story, but I think not a notable one. -- Hoary 08:47, 2005 Feb 10 (UTC)
 * Delete, wikipedia is not a memorial. Megan1967 09:33, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe we can merge it into the article about the golfer her airplane was carrying (Payne Stewart)? Mgm|(talk) 13:25, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Don't see any harm in including her name in the Payne Stewart article -- the other pilot too for that matter. Katefan0 18:41, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge it into the golfer aarticle, she wasn't encyclopedic as a co-pilot. Wyss 20:29, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and clean-up. How quickly people forget. What was notable about the incident was that the aircraft flew with both pilots dead for over 1,400 miles; Bellegarrigue was one of those pilots. Dan100 20:41, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem is that she isn't notable for anything other than the crash. So I fail to see how she merits her own entry, whether she flew while dead or not (can the FAA ticket for that?). Katefan0 21:48, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a memorial.  Rossami (talk) 04:17, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, can't it be merged with Payne Stewart? Please...[user:twinjalanugraha]
 * Delete. Sad? Yes. Notable? No. Merge? Perhaps. Carrp | Talk 04:14, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of cities and towns in the Eastern Cape

This is a list of cities and towns in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.

In the case of settlements that have had their official names changed the traditional name is listed first followed by the new name.

Amatola Region

 * Adelaide (iKhobonqaba)
 * Alice (iDikeni)
 * Aliwal North (Maletswai)
 * Sophangisa's land
 * Barkly East
 * Bethulie
 * Berlin
 * Bisho (Bhisho)
 * Braunschweig
 * Burgersdorp
 * Cala
 * Cathcart
 * Cedarville
 * Cofimvaba
 * Dohne
 * Dordrecht
 * East London (eMonti)
 * Elliot (Khowa)
 * Engcobo (Ngcobo)
 * Fort Beaufort (eBhofolo)
 * Gonubie
 * Haga-Haga
 * Hamburg
 * Hogsback
 * Hofmeyr
 * Indwe
 * Jamestown
 * Katberg
 * Kei Mouth
 * Keiskammahoek
 * Kidds Beach
 * King William's Town (Qonce)
 * Komga
 * Lady Frere (Cacadu)
 * Lady Grey
 * Maclear (Nqanqarhu)
 * Mdantsane
 * Hertzog (Mhlangeni)
 * Molteno
 * Morgan's Bay
 * Mount Frere
 * Oyster Bay
 * Peddie
 * Queenstown (Komani)
 * Seymour
 * Sterkspruit
 * Sterkstroom
 * Stutterheim
 * Tarkastad
 * Tsomo
 * Venterstad
 * Whittlesea
 * Zwelitsha

The Western Region

 * Aberdeen
 * Addo
 * Alexandria
 * Bathurst
 * Bedford
 * Cookhouse
 * Cradock
 * Despatch
 * Enon
 * Port Elizabeth (Gqeberha)
 * Graaff Reinet
 * Grahamstown (Makhanda)
 * Hankey
 * Humansdorp
 * Jeffreys Bay
 * Joubertina
 * Kareedouw
 * Kenton-on-Sea
 * Kirkwood
 * Krakeelrivier
 * Middelburg
 * Nieu-Bethesda
 * Patensie
 * Paterson
 * Port Alfred
 * Salem
 * Somerset East
 * St Francis Bay
 * Steynsburg, Eastern Cape
 * Steytlerville
 * Uitenhage (Kariega)
 * Willowmore

The Wild Coast

 * Bizana
 * Butterworth (Gcuwa)
 * Kentani (Centane)
 * Cintsa (Chintsa)
 * Coffee Bay
 * Elliotdale
 * Flagstaff
 * Idutywa (Dutywa)
 * Lady Frere (Cacadu)
 * Libode
 * Lusikisiki
 * Matatiele
 * Mount Fletcher (Tlokoeng)
 * Mount Ayliff (eMaxesibeni)
 * Mount Frere (KwaBhaca)
 * Nqamakwe
 * Ngqeleni
 * Port St Johns
 * Qolora Mouth
 * Qumbu
 * Tabankulu (Ntabankulu)
 * Tsolo
 * Umtata (Mthatha)
 * Willowvale (Gatyane)


text: Template:Apulia

title: Template:Apulia


text:
Walter Klenhard

Walter Klenhard is an American film director, writer and actor. He has written, produced, or directed more than 30 full-length films as well as written and produced for episodic television.

Education
Klenhard has a BA from UCLA in political science, and an MFA from Goddard College in creative writing.

Film career
Klenhard began his career as an actor, appearing on stage and in film and television. He later transitioned into production, working in various capacities including sound, props, editorial and post-production.

In 1987, Klenhard spent six months in Thailand working on the 20th Century Fox feature Off Limits starring Willem Dafoe and Gregory Hines.

He also has credits as a film composer and played guitar for the 1980s Los Angeles-based punk-rock group The Magnificent Bricks.

Klenhard along with Mel Frohman co-wrote the teleplay for the 1991 Tim Hunter-directed film Lies of the Twins starring Isabella Rossellini, Aidan Quinn and Iman. He also co-wrote the teleplay for the 1991 Bill Condon-directed film Dead in the Water starring Bryan Brown and Teri Hatcher.

In 1998, Klenhard shared story and screenplay credits in the CBS television film Logan's War: Bound by Honor, starring Chuck Norris and Eddie Cibrian

Klenhard's recent work includes the Garage Sale Mystery series of movies (Hallmark, 2013-6), Bringing Ashley Home (Lifetime, 2011) and Murder Among Friends (Lifetime, 2010), which he wrote and directed. He also received an Edgar Award nomination for the USA Network film The Last Hit. "Bringing Ashley Home" won a PRISM Award in 2013.

Klenhard is a current member of the Directors Guild of America, the Writers Guild of America and Screen Actors Guild.

Academic career
As an educator, he was a full-time faculty member at Emerson College in Boston from 2012 to 2014, teaching screenwriting and film directing. He was the Board President of the California Virtual Academy from 2006 to 2012. He is also a founding board member of the CAVA High School in Los Angeles.

title: Walter Klenhard


text:
Loughborough Echo

The Loughborough Echo is a paid-for weekly local newspaper owned by Reach plc.

History
Founded by Joseph Deakin in 1891, the Echo has had four editors in its history. It is based in the town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, England, and circulates in the town and the surrounding area. There is also a special edition, the Shepshed Echo, serving the nearby town of Shepshed. Their combined circulation from 3 July 2006 to 31 December 2006 was 21,936. For the period 29 December 2008 to 28 June 2008 the circulation figures had fallen by 15% and according to the ABC (Audit Bureau of Circulations UK) stood at an average of 18,628. This in turn fell again to 17,595 for the period 5 July 2010 - 2 January 2011.

The Loughborough Echo started life as a freesheet of four broadsheet pages and became a paid-for 18 years later, with a cover price of a halfpenny. In 1919, a man who was to play a major part in the Echo's success story, Charles Harriss, joined the paper as a reporter on being demobbed from the Army. In 1929, after the death of Joseph Deakin, he took over as editor, with Joseph's son, Arthur, as managing director. Over the years the circulation rose steadily. In 1977, Charles Harriss retired and John Rippin, who had joined the paper in 1955 as a trainee reporter, became the third editor. Within a few weeks, news replaced most of the adverts on the front page, and nearly seven years later the switch was made to tabloid. John Rippin retired in 2004 and was succeeded by Andy Rush, who remains in the editor's chair. Over the years the Echo has won a number of newspaper industry awards, and in 1997 was voted the best paid-for weekly in the whole of the Midlands and East Anglia.

Availability
The Loughborough Echo can be purchased from most newsagents and supermarkets in the Loughborough and Charnwood area.

title: Loughborough Echo


text:
User talk:Kbolino

 * Archive 1 (February 2005–January 2006)
 * Archive 2 (February 2006–April 2007)
 * Archive 3 (May 2007–May 2008)

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LGBT WikiProject Newsletter
{| class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: left; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em;" ! style="background-color: #CC9966; text-align: center;" |The LGBT studies WikiProject Newsletter  {| The LGBT studies WikiProject Newsletter! Issue XV: June 11, 2008
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Hello, members and friends of WP:LGBT! I'm not one to be writing newsletters, but I miss our cruise director, Miss Julie, and our project is drifting along with a few leaking plugs in the bottom of the boat. Hey, it happens. Every group we join goes through changes. If Wikipedia weren't so interesting it wouldn't also be so frustrating sometimes. And vice versa. More than one Wikiproject has tumbleweeds blowing through it, but this is one that can't afford to let that happen. Even if you pop in to the talk page of the project, you can let us know you're still around.

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WP:LGBT's Role in HIV / AIDS articles
It wouldn't be a proper gay community without a li'l bit o' drama! That's right. If we aren't arguing about something, then we should be asking if we're still queer. Maybe that's for the best, since we know we're still kicking. Our most recent topic is how far the role of our project should go in dipping our toes into HIV/AIDS articles. The main AIDS article was delisted as a Featured Article last month, sadly. (Sending a swift kick to WP:Medicine.) A spirited discussion is available for your entertainment on the WP:LGBT talk page about just how much of HIV and AIDS should we take on. As ever, we'll take your opinions under advisement. We're going to have to, because it doesn't seem to have been settled.

Is Pride POV?
We have a pretty cool sidebar that identifies core LGBT articles. Its symbol is the iconic gay pride flag, much like other Wikiprojects have iconic symbols denoting the topic is a core subject in a series of articles. However, a question recently arose asking if the symbol itself is not neutral. Should a pride flag show up at the top of the article on Conversion therapy? How else would anyone know the article is about queer issues? Is there another symbol that is as widely recognized and that includes all our many splintered facets? At what point do we stop asking ourselves all these questions and just go have a mint julep on the verandah and stop caring?

Harvey Milk and Jim Jones
For the love of all that is holy, no Kool Aid jokes. However, an editor involved in pioneering San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk's article has included a section about the late supervisor's support of Jim Jones and the People's Temple. While it may be accurate, there is a Request for Comment regarding how much emphasis the section places on Milk's support in light of his overall political influence on the city, and indeed the rest of the United States. Milk's article is a sad one in more ways than one. It lacks the detail and heart that honors its subject. Anyone want to do a barter with me? I'll bring Harvey Milk to featured status (give me a month or two so I can read stuff), if you do something of equal value to WP:LGBT?? Make me an offer...

Queer Studies is offensive!
The established branch of study known as Queer studies was brought up as an category for deletion because an editor was offended by the use of "queer" in the title. It was overwhelmingly rejected mostly by the usernames I see here on our Wikiproject page. (A clue that I know you are out there, hiding...biding your time...) So, I wish I could congratulate you, but now I'm all confused by my sympathy for the editor who was offended. So, if you're reading this, Moni has a short memory and can't remember your username. Don't be put off by our demonstrative pushiness. Join us. We can always use involved editors.

Lambda Literary Awards
What can you do to help the project out? Be a wiki-fairy, on many levels. There are all kinds of articles that need help. Why, just this morning I removed those ugly wikify and cleanup tags from four articles at random. If you can put  around stuff, you can clean up articles. There's a list of articles that need attention at the top of the WP:LGBT talk page. Or you can start with the Lambda Literary Awards, where the goddess of my altar received a pioneering award, and was "reduced to rubble" by Katherine V. Forrest's wonderful speech. The 20th ceremony of the Lambda Literary Awards, which celebrates LGBT literature, took place in West Hollywood on May 29th. The page needs to be updated with the new winners, to be found on the official website.

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Yeshayahu Leibowitz, Arthur C. Clarke and Bernard Montgomery
Why on earth would someone want to delete material about homosexuality? 'Tis truly a mystery. But these embattled articles have some random evil gnomes removing information that places these folks under our queer umbrella. Help us keep an eye out for the deletions. Take a peek at the articles, familiarize yourselves with the info, and be handy with the undo function in the article history. If tempers flare, take it to the Hall monitors and let them sort it out. Best solution is to make sure your sources are immaculate.

This month's Wiki stars
This is what I get for opening my big fat mouth and suggesting the newsletter should be revived. Here I am writing it. So, to pat self on back (*cough*) Mulholland Dr. became a featured article in May. This is A Good Thing since it is my personal declaration that there is no such thing as lesbian porn. I don't care what Benjiboi says about the video collection at goodvibes. Instead, we have hot women who connect on a deep, personal, soul-touching level, so this film should qualify as some of the skankiest porn available for lesbians. Plus, it's completely confusing and surreal! D'you think Laura Harring would care that the article is featured? I don't think so either... (Call me, Laura!)

Compulsive hoarding of templates
Once I saw a harrowing episode of Animal Planet's Animal Cops where this guy had, like, 250 cats in his house and it freaked me right out. I'm drawing a parallel between 250 cats and, well...three, really, templates in articles involving LGBT issues. Can we stick to one, maybe? In the aforementioned Harvey Milk's article there's a core LGBT template, a link to the LGBT portal, and a sidebar for LGBT rights. Jiminy! You'd think we weren't the folk to set industrial grey carpeting and track lighting in vogue. An LGBT footer was designed to link to articles of interest that aren't the aforementioned core articles. What do you think, can we have either an LGBT template for core articles, a footer for LGBT articles that are high profile but not core, or an LGBT rights template? As ever, anything's up for discussion on the WP:LGBT talk page.

The Violet Quill and magazines
Zigzig20s suggests we create an article on The Violet Quill, as it seems such a milestone in the advancement of gay/queer literature. Members of the Quill all have pages of their own (Edmund White, Christopher Cox, Robert Ferro, Michael Grumley, Andrew Holleran, Felice Picano, and George Whitmore). We need to find more info on the Quill per se to reference the page that we create. Perhaps Google Books - and libraries? - can help.

A number of magazines also need articles, perhaps most notably QW, LGNY, and Lesbian Feminist Liberation.

Mom's nagging for Pride Month
It's June, Pride month. Wear sunscreen, stay hydrated, get a designated driver, then go half-dressed in the streets find a girlfriend or boyfriend, or some homo who's standing there looking lonely and kiss 'em up real good. Remember, it all started 39 years ago when a bunch of drag queens just got fed the f*ck up by the cops raiding the bar and dragging them all out to the pokey again. Rock on, queens! Enjoy your celebrations. My town's is in October, and 200 people attend. I miss Denver.

Fresh faces to brighten our pages
Hey, I've seen you around! Sorry there seem to be so many—it's been a while. But we welcome you all: Cheezisyum21, Taineyah, Dustihowe, Avesta69, RachelSummers77, Vivekgopinathan, AMK1211, Staffwaterboy, Ted Ted, Joe5150, Leahtwosaints, Robapalooza, Arthomure, Confusionball, Affinity likely, PrinceOfCanada, Yobmod, Npd2983, Neagley, Bvlax2005, Bvlax2005, Rhullsf, Textorus, Kieran.casey, Tyciol, Meojive, Sappho'd, Bookkeeperoftheoccult,  Gaywarrior, Aujourd'hui, maman est morte, and Balin42632003.

It looks like we've picked up a lot of talent lately. We have no doubt you'll be making your indelible mark on LGBT knowledge as we know it, here at Wikipedia.

- In the immortal words of Miss Julie, "May all your Wiki days be bright, and may your Love Boat never turn into a Poseidon."
 * }

We miss you, Miss Julie, as well as all the others who have graced our project and are on wiki-breaks or just got fed up with all the nuttiness and went to live their lives. Get your stupid houses built and hurry up and come back. --Moni3 (talk) 16:52, 9 June 2008 (UTC) To stop receiving this newsletter, or to receive it in a different format, please let us know here. If you have any news or any announcements to be broadcast, do let Moni3 know.
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This newsletter was delivered by §hepBot around 16:02, 11 June 2008 (UTC). ShepBot (talk) 16:17, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

LGBT WikiProject Newsletter (July 2008)

 * Newsletter delivery by xenobot  13:05, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject LGBT studies Newsletter (June 2009)

 * Newsletter delivery by xenobot  17:29, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Cartesian-coordinate-system.svg
Hello, Mister, please corrigate this Cartesian-coordinate-system. You can't orientate the axis (x-axis and y-axis) in two directions. Its an orientation! The axis should only be orientated in the "+ direction". Thank you, 213.61.200.209 (talk) 16:04, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

Identity query
Based on your interests, can I ask you to consider the question I've posed under "Identity" on the Larry Kert talk page? Thanks. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 17:19, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

List of archive formats
Hi, you reformatted the above page in http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_archive_formats&diff=11855951&oldid=11855884 Doing so you added an "Official name" column. I understand that if there are several names, we would want (at least preferably) the official one. But some formats like bzip2 have no official name. Having a column with that name is misleading. You included a note that the official name is debatable, but I don't think this addresses the fact that bzip2's entry is misleading. Could we rename that to just "Name"? Perhaps with a reference saying this should only be the official name, if one exists? --Chealer (talk) 01:13, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

 * That's what Wikipedia is (was) all about. If you can improve the page, please do.  I don't know what my motivations were six years ago, but from the look of it, I was just trying to improve what was a very plain page, not establish a doctrine.—Kbolino (talk) 18:04, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

GUID Partition Table Scheme
Hi Kbolino, I saw that you were the creator of the File:GUID Partition Table Scheme.svg picture, which is used in various articles on the GUID Partition Table.

While the picture is great in general, there is one thing, which is misleading and might cause faulty implementations in disk tools.

Your picture implicitly suggests, that the location of the various table elements is fixed and can be addressed under certain LBA numbers. While the numbers are correct for most configurations today, they will not in the more or less distant future, and thereby any code relying on these fixed numbers may cause problems in the future. In reality, only LBA 0 and 1 are fixed, all other LBA addresses (2..34 in your picture) depend on the parameters defined in the GPT header. (I have already seen descriptions in the net like "LBA 3 should contain ...", which is not correct as per the GPT standard.)

It would be great if you could provide a corrected version of your picuture, which does not mention the LBA address values 2..34 explicitly, but indicates that these addresses depend on values stored in LBA 1. I don't know if there's enough room for the formula, but some arrows indicating the dependencies may do as well.

Thanks for you consideration. --Matthiaspaul (talk) 11:12, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

File:District of Columbia flag.png missing description details
Dear uploader: The media file you uploaded as: is missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors make better use of the image, and it will be more informative to readers.
 * File:District of Columbia flag.png

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File:Numerals.png listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Numerals.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 08:29, 3 August 2013 (UTC)

Wiki Loves Pride 2014
Hi Kbolino. In case you are not aware, there is an upcoming campaign to improve coverage of LGBT-related topics on Wikipedia, culminating with an international edit-a-thon on June 21. See Wiki Loves Pride 2014 for more information. If you are interested, you might consider creating a page for a major city (or cities!) near you, with a list of LGBT-related articles that need to be created or improved. This would be a tremendous help to Wikipedia and coverage of LGBT culture and history. Thanks for your consideration, and please let me know if you have any questions! -- Another Believer ( Talk ) 16:02, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

File source problem with File:District of Columbia flag.png
Thank you for uploading File:District of Columbia flag.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

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Orphaned non-free image File:NT Quota Management.png
 Thanks for uploading File:NT Quota Management.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 16:16, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

Wiki Loves Pride!
 You are invited to participate in Wiki Loves Pride!

 * What? Wiki Loves Pride, a campaign to document and photograph LGBT culture and history, including pride events
 * When? June 2015
 * How can you help?
 * 1.) Create or improve LGBT-related articles and showcase the results of your work here
 * 2.) Upload photographs or other media related to LGBT culture and history, including pride events, and add images to relevant Wikipedia articles; feel free to create a subpage with a gallery of your images (see examples from last year)
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Or, view or update the current list of Tasks. This campaign is supported by the Wikimedia LGBT+ User Group, an officially recognized affiliate of the Wikimedia Foundation. Visit the group's page at Meta-Wiki for more information, or follow Wikimedia LGBT+ on Facebook. Remember, Wiki Loves Pride is about creating and improving LGBT-related content at Wikimedia projects, and content should have a neutral point of view. One does not need to identify as LGBT or any other gender or sexual minority to participate. This campaign is about adding accurate, reliable information to Wikipedia, plain and simple, and all are welcome!

If you have any questions, please leave a message on the campaign's main talk page.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Wiki Loves Pride 2016
As a participant of WikiProject LGBT studies, you are invited to participate in the third annual Wiki Loves Pride campaign, which runs through the month of June. The purpose of the campaign is to create and improve content related to LGBT culture and history. How can you help?
 * Create or improve LGBT-related Wikipedia pages and showcase the results of your work here
 * Document local LGBT culture and history by taking pictures at pride events and uploading your images to Wikimedia Commons
 * Contribute to an LGBT-related task force at another Wikimedia project (Wikidata, Wikimedia Commons, Wikivoyage, etc.)

Looking for topics? The Tasks page, which you are welcome to update, offers some ideas and wanted articles.

This campaign is supported by the Wikimedia LGBT+ User Group, an officially recognized affiliate of the Wikimedia Foundation. The group's mission is to develop LGBT-related content across all Wikimedia projects, in all languages. Visit the affiliate's page at Meta-Wiki for more information, or follow Wikimedia LGBT+ on Facebook. Remember, Wiki Loves Pride is about creating and improving LGBT-related content at Wikimedia projects, and content should have a neutral point of view. One does not need to identify as LGBT or any other gender or sexual minority to participate. This campaign is about adding accurate, reliable information to Wikipedia, plain and simple, and all are welcome! If you have any questions, please leave a message on the campaign's talk page.

Thanks, and happy editing! --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 20:12, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

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The Wikimedia LGBTQ+ User Group is holding online working days in May. As a member of WikiProject LGBT studies, editing on LGBTQ+ issues or if you identify as part of the LGBTQ+ community, come help us set goals, develop our organisation and structures, consider how to respond to issues faced by Queer editors, and plan for the next 12 months.

We will be meeting online for 3 half-days, 14–16 May at 1400–1730 UTC. While our working language is English, we are looking to accommodate users who would prefer to participate in other languages, including translation facilities.

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title: User talk:Kbolino


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Le Joshua

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:55, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Le Joshua
Mistake. Very notable and influential Los Angeles punk band.
 * The above edit is by anon user 68.68.216.55, the creator of this article, NOT RickK. Szyslak 01:13, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Non-notable teen band. RickK 08:57, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 09:34, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity.Nateji77 12:44, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Band's website has .tk domain. Band isn't signed to record label. Does not reach notability standards of the Wikiproject Music. Mgm|(talk) 13:28, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not close yet. Wyss 20:02, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as bandcruft, even though they're from my old neck of the woods. - Lucky 6.9 02:07, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Typical bandity. Szyslak 01:13, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for not meeting WikiProject:Music's guidelines for inclusion. Tuf-Kat 03:36, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 04:14, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:69.213.45.35

title: User talk:69.213.45.35


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Six by nine. Forty-two.

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:52, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Six by nine. Forty-two.
I had redirected this to The Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything and placed it on redirects for deletion, but I guess that's cheating when the article contains so much material. Delete this unuseful spelling. Gazpacho 08:57, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page was created only to fill an empty link. I am aware of the fact that it duplicates info. However, if one intends to link to something, one should make sure there is something to link to. I was merely cleaning up after someone else. -ManetherinBlade --The leopard watches in satisfaction. 04:00, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, duplicates content. Wyss 20:06, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Torrens title registration

Surely this article would be better under the title "Torrens title" rather than "Torrens title registration". There is no ambiguity between "Torrens title" and "Torrens title registration", and in legal use, "Torrens title" is more commonly used. --Yu Ninjie 08:57, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

First, let me apologize. Before moving this article, I should have said something on the other article's (i.e., Torrens title's) talk page. Second, at least when American lawyers talk about the Torrens title registration system, they never use the phrase "Torrens title"; having said that, though, let me add that few American states actually have a Torrens title registration system—so I'm not one to assert anything. I know that in Australia the Torrens system is used everywhere (good for Australia; it's a better system for recording ownership to land than the one we have here). Could an Australian lawyer please inform me—Yu Ninjie, please tell me if you're an Australian lawyer—what's the more common usage in Australia? Third, I thought "Torrens title registration" was simply a more helpful title than "Torrens title," which, by itself, tells the layman nothing. But we should have a discussion about this. Thanks, Hydriotaphia 14:14, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Yu Ninjie, I see from your page that you are indeed an Australian lawyer. Feel free, then, to revert my changes. Sorry! I shouldn't have interfered. Hydriotaphia 14:16, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Torrens title registration


text:
User:John2401

I'm a 33 year old lawyer from Copenhagen, Denmark. My main interests are football and movies.

title: User:John2401


text:
Porcelain crab

Porcelain crabs are decapod crustaceans in the widespread family Porcellanidae, which superficially resemble true crabs. They have flattened bodies as an adaptation for living in rock crevices. They are delicate, readily losing limbs when attacked, and use their large claws for maintaining territories. They first appeared in the Tithonian age of the Late Jurassic epoch, 145–152 million years ago.

Description
Porcelain crabs are small, usually with body widths less than 15 mm. They share the general body plan of a squat lobster, but their bodies are more compact and flattened, an adaptation for living and hiding under rocks. Porcelain crabs are quite fragile animals, and often shed their limbs to escape predators, hence their name. The lost appendage can grow back over several moults. Porcelain crabs have large chelae (claws), which are used for territorial struggles, but not for catching food. The fifth pair of pereiopods is reduced and used for cleaning.

Evolution
Porcelain crabs are an example of carcinisation, whereby a noncrab-like animal (in this case a relative of a squat lobster) evolves into an animal that resembles a true crab. Porcelain crabs can be distinguished from true crabs by the apparent number of walking legs (three instead of four pairs; the fourth pair is reduced and held against the carapace), and the long antennae originating on the front outside of the eyestalks. The abdomen of the porcelain crab is long and folded underneath it, free to move.

Biogeography and ecology
Porcelain crabs live in all the world's oceans, except the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic. They are common under rocks, and can often be found and observed on rocky beaches and shorelines, startled creatures scurrying away when a stone is lifted. They feed by combing plankton and other organic particles from the water using long setae (feathery hair- or bristle-like structures) on the mouthparts.

Some of the common species of porcelain crabs in the Caribbean Sea are Petrolisthes quadratus, found in large numbers under rocks in the intertidal, and the red-and-white polka-dotted Porcellana sayana, which lives commensally within the shells inhabited by large hermit crabs. In Hong Kong, Petrolisthes japonicus is common.

Diversity
, some 4723 extant species of porcelain crab had been described, divided among these 30 genera:

 * Aliaporcellana Nakasone & Miyake, 1969
 * Allopetrolisthes Haig, 1960
 * Ancylocheles Haig, 1978
 * Capilliporcellana Haig, 1978
 * Clastotoechus Haig, 1960
 * Enosteoides Johnson, 1970
 * Euceramus Stimpson, 1860
 * Eulenaios Ng & Nakasone, 1993
 * Heteropolyonyx Osawa, 2001
 * Heteroporcellana Haig, 1978
 * Liopetrolisthes Haig, 1960
 * Lissoporcellana Haig, 1978
 * Madarateuchus Harvey, 1999
 * Megalobrachium Stimpson, 1858
 * Minyocerus Stimpson, 1858
 * Neopetrolisthes Miyake, 1937
 * Neopisosoma Haig, 1960
 * Novorostrum Osawa, 1998
 * Orthochela Glassell, 1936
 * Pachycheles Stimpson, 1858
 * Parapetrolisthes Haig, 1962
 * Petrocheles Miers, 1876
 * Petrolisthes Stimpson, 1858
 * Pisidia Leach, 1820
 * Polyonyx Stimpson, 1858
 * Porcellana Lamarck, 1801
 * Porcellanella White, 1852
 * Pseudoporcellanella Sankarankutty, 1962
 * Raphidopus Stimpson, 1858
 * Ulloaia Glassell, 1938

The fossil record of porcelain crabs includes species of Pachycheles, Pisidia, Polyonyx, Porcellana, and a further six genera known only from fossils:
 * Annieporcellana Fraaije et al., 2008
 * Beripetrolisthes De Angeli & Garassino, 2002
 * Eopetrolisthes De Angeli & Garassino, 2002
 * Lobipetrolisthes De Angeli & Garassino, 2002
 * Longoporcellana Müller & Collins, 1991

The earliest claimed porcelain crab fossil was Jurellana from the Tithonian aged Ernstbrunn Limestone of Austria. However, it was subsequently determined to be a true crab. With the new oldest porcelain crab being Vibrissalana from the same locality.

title: Porcelain crab


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Voes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:57, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Voes
''A term being used for unpleasant, yet not extreme feelings. If someone's behaviour makes you uncomfortable, and so that person makes you think: "i really don't need this, " then that person is VOES.'' Etc. Wikipedia is not a dictionary. -- Hoary 09:01, 2005 Feb 10 (UTC)
 * It also isn't a repository of nonsense. Delete.  RickK 09:03, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, apparently a made-up word, article provides no explanation of who uses it and doesn't know what an adverb is. Kappa 09:52, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dicdef, probable neologism as well, no useful content or history. Andrewa 10:49, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I understand how this page tributed to the already wealthy Wikipedia community, besides i know what Voes is, it's dutch (Belgian) slang and has flew over to the States over the years. Steefje 12.30, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) ...comment actually added at 11:44, 2005 Feb 10 by User:84.194.89.38
 * Transwiki to Dutch or Belgian Wiktionary if they want it. Dic def. Mgm|(talk) 13:33, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm still going with delete as inadequately informative. Note that definitions written in English go in the English wiktionary. Kappa 18:53, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Agree. I've sent the contributor, a self-confessed newcomer, a welcome, and I think one of our fellows owes them an apology for what he hastily wrote above. No change of vote. Andrewa 19:15, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, way obscure slang dicdef. Wyss 20:00, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism, not in real use. Compare Tuulk above... I'd accept verifiable evidence that the word actually is being used in the U.S. but none has yet been presented. Dpbsmith (talk) 21:05, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and no, that's not Dutch or Belgian either. 212.206.63.108 10:55, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. Carrp | Talk 04:15, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Voes


text: User talk:68.5.116.232

title: User talk:68.5.116.232


text:
List of football clubs in Argentina

This is a non-exhaustive list of football clubs in Argentina, which is ordered according to the division they currently play in.

There are two national divisions in Argentina (Primera Division and Primera B Nacional). Below this level, leagues are split between those for clubs directly affiliated to the Argentine Football Association (mainly clubs from Greater Buenos Aires, but also some from the rest of the Buenos Aires Province and the Santa Fe Province), and those affiliated indirectly through their local leagues to the Association (covering the rest of the country). Clubs below the Primera B Nacional who are directly affiliated play in the Primera B Metropolitana, Primera C and Primera D, while those indirectly affiliated play in the Argentino A, Argentino B and Argentino C.

These leagues make up the first five tiers of Argentine football. Below the fifth tier, there are various regional leagues for clubs indirectly affiliated. On the other hand, clubs directly affiliated have no league below the fifth (Primera D), therefore a club relegated from the Primera D has to spend one year without playing (disaffiliated).

Local Leagues
The following is an incomplete list of clubs currently playing at the regional level, sorted by province and league.

 * List of regional football leagues in Argentina

Other Clubs

 * Club Deportivo Bangladesh Argentina

title: List of football clubs in Argentina


text:
Ariq Böke

Ariq Böke (after 1219–1266), the components of his name also spelled Arigh, Arik and Bukha, Buka (Аригбөх, ; ), was the seventh and youngest son of Tolui and a grandson of Genghis Khan. After the death of his brother the Great Khan Möngke, Ariq Böke claimed the title of the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and briefly took power while his brothers Kublai and Hulagu were absent from the Mongolian Plateau. When Kublai returned for an election in 1260, rival factions could not agree, and elected both claimants, Kublai and Ariq Böke, to the throne, resulting in the Toluid Civil War that fragmented the Mongol Empire. Ariq Böke was supported by the traditionalists of the Mongol Empire, while his brother Kublai was supported by the senior princes of North China and Manchuria.

Early years
Ariq Böke was the youngest son of Sorghaghtani Beki and Tolui, the youngest son of Genghis Khan. When Genghis died in 1227, the leadership of the Empire passed to Genghis' third son (Ariq Böke's uncle), Ögedei. He peacefully attended the elections of both his uncle, Great Khan Ögedei and Ögedei's successor and eldest son, Güyük. After his eldest brother Möngke was enthroned in 1250, his family became even more powerful among the Chingisids. His mother was Christian and Ariq Böke was also known for being sympathetic towards Christianity; this is known from the account of Franciscan William of Rubruck, an envoy of Louis IX of France who wrote that he observed Ariq Böke make the sign of cross and state that "We know that the Messiah [Jesus] is God". A Confucian tutor was arranged for Ariq Böke, at the behest of his elder brother Kublai Khan, but Ariq Böke did not take to Chinese scholars the way his elder brother had.

Great Khan
When Ögedei Khan died, a power struggle erupted, with leadership then passing to Ögedei's son Güyük in 1246, though Güyük died only two years later, in 1248. After another struggle, the sons of Tolui, Ögedei's brother, took power. The first of Tolui's sons to be Great Khan was Möngke, who proceeded with Kublai to conquer Southern China and the Southern Song Dynasty. Their brother Hulagu led the Mongol advance westward, conquering Baghdad and proceeding into Syria and towards Palestine. During this time, all affairs of the Heartland were left under the control of their brother Ariq Böke.

When Möngke died in 1259, Ariq Böke was elected Khan in the absence of his brothers, and had the support of most of the existing ministers and powerful families in the capital of Karakorum, such as Möngke's family, and other princes of the Golden family along with other forces in the capital of Karakorum including Torguud royal bodyguards and White Horde elites, as well as the Oirats, who were allied with him as one of the Oirat leaders was married to his daughter. However, when Kublai and Hulagu received news of Möngke's death, they aborted their own battles in order to return to the capital to decide the matter of succession. In May 1260, Kublai was elected khan by his own supporters, to rival the claim of Ariq Böke. A civil war subsequently broke out between the brothers for the leadership of the Empire. For example, when the Chagatai Khanate needed a new leader, Kublai attempted to send Abishqa, who was loyal to him. But Ariq Böke had Abishqa captured and eventually killed, and instead installed his own ally Alghu. Ariq Böke ordered Alghu to defend the area from both the forces of Hulagu, and the possible presence of Berke of the Golden Horde. But Alghu deserted Ariq Böke, killing his envoys for treasure, while Kaidu remained loyal to Ariq Böke. Alghu and Ariq Böke were soon in direct conflict, with Alghu winning the first engagement, but then at the second, Ariq Böke was victorious, and forced Alghu to flee westward.

Surrender
Eventually, as the war continued between Ariq Böke and his brother Kublai, the former's forces weakened. Kublai had powerful Mongol cavalry troops, Mongolian, Manchurian, Han, Kipchak and numerous Chinese and Goryeo infantry units. Kublai's supporter Kadan, a son of Ögedei, crushed Ariq Böke's force under General Alandar, and Ariq Böke twice lost control of the capital of Karakorum. Kublai also blockaded all trade to Mongolia from North China, in order to cut the food supply. Ariq Böke finally submitted to Kublai in 1264. He was imprisoned by Kublai and died mysteriously a few years after his surrender, leading to rumors that he had been secretly poisoned.

Legacy

According to scholar David Morgan, "Ariq Böke can be seen as representing an influential school of thought among the Mongols, which Kublai through his actions and attitudes after 1260 opposed. Some Mongols felt there was a dangerous drift towards softness, typified in those like Kublai who thought there was something to be said for settled civilization and for the Chinese way of life. In the traditionalist view, the Mongol center ought to remain in Mongolia, and the Mongols' nomadic life be preserved uncontaminated. China ought merely to be exploited. Ariq Böke came to be regarded as this faction's figurehead." This legacy was continued by Kaidu (Khaidu). Although Ariq Böke lost power, some of his descendants later became important figures in the Ilkhanate and the Northern Yuan dynasty, and the lineage of both Ilkhan Arpa Ke'un and Yesüder can be traced back to Ariq Böke.

Family
Ariq Böke had at least five wives and concubines and nine children.

Wives

 * Ilchigmish khatun - daughter of Toralchi of Oirats and Checheigen, went to his son Nairubuqa after his death
 * Qutuqt khatun - a lady from Naimans
 * Khalukhan akhai - married Tatakhtai kurgen of Bayaut
 * Neguder akhai - engaged to Mongke temür
 * Ashitai khatun - daughter of Chigu of Khongirad and Tümelün bekhi (sister of Checheikhen)
 * Yobuqur
 * Melik temür
 * Qutuq
 * Tamachi
 * Kamtai
 * Nomgon - married Chapar kurgen of Oirats

Concubines

 * Qutlu - a lady from Khongirad
 * Irau-gui - a lady from Barulas clan
 * Nairubuqa

Descendants of Ariq Böke
Khagans of imprecise origin from Ariq Böke
 * Ariq Böke (阿里不哥/ālǐbúgē,اریغ بوکا/Arīq būkā)
 * Yobuqur (薬木忽兒/yàomùhūěr, یوبوقور/Yūbūqūr)
 * Melik temür (明里帖木兒/mínglǐ tiēmùér, ملک تیمور/Melik tīmūr)
 * Mingγan (منگقان/Mingqān)
 * Söse (سوسه/Sūsa)
 * Arba Ku'ün (ارپا كاون/Arpā Kāūn)
 * Nairaqu buqa (乃剌忽不花/nǎiláhū búhuā,نایرو بوقا/Nāīrū būqā)
 * Jorightu Khan Yesüder (1388–1391) – first khan replaced Kublaid rule in Mongolia
 * Engke Khan (1391–1394) – son of Yesüder
 * Delbeg Khan (Dalbag) (1412–1415) – supported by Oriats
 * Oyiradai (1415–1425) – supported by Oriats

title: Ariq Böke


text:
File:Weigl-Lwow.jpg

Summary
Original uploader: 09:07, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)~

title: File:Weigl-Lwow.jpg


text:
Jean-Arnold de Clermont

Jean-Arnold de Clermont (born 22 October 1941 in Paris) is a minister in the French Reformed Church. He was president of the Council of the Protestant Federation of France from 1999 to 2007 and president of the Conference of European Churches from 2003 to 2009.

title: Jean-Arnold de Clermont


text:
Category talk:Illuminated manuscripts

comments
some people seem to add MSS to this category simply because they include a drawing. We need a clearer definition of what counts as "illuminated" (or scrap the category altogether) dab (ᛏ) 09:09, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Since I am probally the some person you are thinking of, what manuscripts do you have in mind? My standard is any significant decoration in the manuscript should land it here.  Examples would inlcude decorated initials, or illustrations.  Marginal doodles should not. Dsmdgold 20:50, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Illuminations" usually refer to elaborate embellishments of medieval mss. Things like Codex Wallerstein, hardly even medieval, have illustrations, i.e. drawings, but I don't think anyone would refer to them as 'illuminated'. dab (ᛏ) 07:39, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid I disagree. The original definition of "illumination" was a decoration or illustration using gold or silver leaf. Of course that definition excludes the Book of Kells.  Art historians have since greatly expanded what counts as illuminated.  It is true that most art historians ignore the fechtbücher, but I suspect that has more to do with the subject matter of the text and the generally perceived low artistic merit of the drawings.  As to the date, Codex Wallerstein is roughly contemporary with the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.  As to the medium, pen and ink, there are many medieval manuscripts illustrated with only pen and ink that are routinely  discussed in texts on illuminated manuscripts. Perhaps the most famous of these is the Utrecht Psalter (see picture here).  What I think should be done is that there should be several subcategories to illuminated manuscript such as "Gospel Books", "Psalters", and "Books of Hours", one of those categories could be "Fechtbücher". One difficulty with this idea is that there are manuscripts which would belong to these categories that have no decoration or illustration at all, so should not belong to a subcategory of "Illuminated manuscripts".  Dsmdgold 14:07, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Codices
Since there are so many of them, should the codices perhaps be compiled into their own subcategory? I imagine a lot of people might look for them that way to begin with. Beginning 21:15, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The problem with that is that almost all illuminated manuscripts are codices, the ones that aren't are the exceptions. A codex is any manuscript that is bound on one side with several pages. The only illuminated manuscripts that aren't codices are a small number of fragments of ancient scrolls, some scrolls that were created later in the middle ages for specific purposes, such as Exultet rolls, and items that were produced as single sheets. The vast majority were bound as codices. The confusion arises because only some of the codices have the word "Codex" in their modern names, however manuscripts like the Book of Kells the Tres Riches Heures are codices none the less. Dsmdgold 21:52, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I've only taken two medieval art history courses, but I was under the impression that there was a greater distinction and more groupings than that.  But I guess I was wrong!  Thanks for correcting me.  Beginning 22:58, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
See Talk:Illuminated manuscript for Feb. 2007 discussion about this category and it's sub-categories. [>> sparkit| TALK<<] 15:49, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Illuminated manuscripts


text:
Zanjan

Zanjan may refer to:

 * Zanjan Province, Iran
 * Zanjan County, an area within Zanjan Province
 * Zanjan, Iran, the capital of Zanjan County and Zanjan Province
 * University of Zanjan, in the city of Zanjan
 * Zanjan Airport, an airport serving Zanjan, Iran

title: Zanjan