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Long-tail traffic

A long-tailed or heavy-tailed distribution is one that assigns relatively high probabilities to regions far from the mean or median. A more formal mathematical definition is given below. In the context of teletraffic engineering a number of quantities of interest have been shown to have a long-tailed distribution. For example, if we consider the sizes of files transferred from a web server, then, to a good degree of accuracy, the distribution is heavy-tailed, that is, there are a large number of small files transferred but, crucially, the number of very large files transferred remains a major component of the volume downloaded.

Many processes are technically long-range dependent but not self-similar. The differences between these two phenomena are subtle. Heavy-tailed refers to a probability distribution, and long-range dependent refers to a property of a time series and so these should be used with care and a distinction should be made. The terms are distinct although superpositions of samples from heavy-tailed distributions aggregate to form long-range dependent time series.

Additionally, there is Brownian motion which is self-similar but not long-range dependent.

Overview
The design of robust and reliable networks and network services has become an increasingly challenging task in today's Internet world. To achieve this goal, understanding the characteristics of Internet traffic plays a more and more critical role. Empirical studies of measured traffic traces have led to the wide recognition of self-similarity in network traffic.

Self-similar Ethernet traffic exhibits dependencies over a long range of time scales. This is to be contrasted with telephone traffic which is Poisson in its arrival and departure process.

With many time-series if the series is averaged then the data begins to look smoother. However, with self-similar data, one is confronted with traces that are spiky and bursty, even at large scales. Such behaviour is caused by strong dependence in the data: large values tend to come in clusters, and clusters of clusters, etc. This can have far-reaching consequences for network performance.

Heavy-tail distributions have been observed in many natural phenomena including both physical and sociological phenomena. Mandelbrot established the use of heavy-tail distributions to model real-world fractal phenomena, e.g. Stock markets, earthquakes, and the weather. Ethernet, WWW, SS7, TCP, FTP, TELNET and VBR video (digitised video of the type that is transmitted over ATM networks) traffic is self-similar.

Self-similarity in packetised data networks can be caused by the distribution of file sizes, human interactions and/or Ethernet dynamics. Self-similar and long-range dependent characteristics in computer networks present a fundamentally different set of problems to people doing analysis and/or design of networks, and many of the previous assumptions upon which systems have been built are no longer valid in the presence of self-similarity.

Short-range dependence vs. long-range dependence
Long-range and short-range dependent processes are characterised by their autocovariance functions.

In short-range dependent processes, the coupling between values at different times decreases rapidly as the time difference increases.
 * The sum of the autocorrelation function over all lags is finite.
 * As the lag increases, the autocorrelation function of short-range dependent processes decays quickly.

In long-range processes, the correlations at longer time scales are more significant.
 * The area under the autocorrelation function summed over all lags is infinite.
 * The decay of the autocorrelation function is often assumed to have the specific functional form,
 * $$\rho(k) \sim k^{-\alpha}$$

where ρ(k) is the autocorrelation function at a lag k, α is a parameter in the interval (0,1) and the ~ means asymptotically proportional to as k approaches infinity.

Long-range dependence as a consequence of mathematical convergence
Such power law scaling of the autocorrelation function can be shown to be biconditionally related to a power law relationship between the variance and the mean, when evaluated from sequences by the method of expanding bins. This variance to mean power law is an inherent feature of a family of statistical distributions called the Tweedie exponential dispersion models. Much as the central limit theorem explains how certain types of random data converge towards the form of a normal distribution there exists a related theorem, the Tweedie convergence theorem that explains how other types of random data will converge towards the form of these Tweedie distributions, and consequently express both the variance to mean power law and a power law decay in their autocorrelation functions.

The Poisson distribution and traffic
Before the heavy-tail distribution is introduced mathematically, the memoryless Poisson distribution, used to model traditional telephony networks, is briefly reviewed below. For more details, see the article on the Poisson distribution.

Assuming pure-chance arrivals and pure-chance terminations leads to the following: $$ P(a)= \left ( \frac{\mu^a}{a!} \right )e^{-\mu}, $$
 * The number of call arrivals in a given time has a Poisson distribution, i.e.:

where a is the number of call arrivals and $$\mu$$ is the mean number of call arrivals in time T. For this reason, pure-chance traffic is also known as Poisson traffic. $$ P(d)=\left(\frac{\lambda^d}{d!}\right)e^{-\lambda}, $$
 * The number of call departures in a given time also has a Poisson distribution, i.e.:

where d is the number of call departures and $$\lambda$$ is the mean number of call departures in time T. $$ P[T \ge \ t]=e^{\frac{-t}{h}}, $$
 * The intervals, T, between call arrivals and departures are intervals between independent, identically distributed random events. It can be shown that these intervals have a negative exponential distribution, i.e.:

where h is the Mean Holding Time (MHT).

Information on the fundamentals of statistics and probability theory can be found in the external links section.

The heavy-tail distribution
Heavy-tail distributions have properties that are qualitatively different from commonly used (memoryless) distributions such as the exponential distribution.

The Hurst parameter H is a measure of the level of self-similarity of a time series that exhibits long-range dependence, to which the heavy-tail distribution can be applied. H takes on values from 0.5 to 1. A value of 0.5 indicates the data is uncorrelated or has only short-range correlations. The closer H is to 1, the greater the degree of persistence or long-range dependence.

Typical values of the Hurst parameter, H:
 * Any pure random process has H = 0.5
 * Phenomena with H > 0.5 typically have a complex process structure.

A distribution is said to be heavy-tailed if:

$$ P[X>x] \sim x^{- \alpha},\ \text{as} \ x \to \infty, 0< \alpha <2 $$

This means that regardless of the distribution for small values of the random variable, if the asymptotic shape of the distribution is hyperbolic, it is heavy-tailed. The simplest heavy-tail distribution is the Pareto distribution which is hyperbolic over its entire range. Complementary distribution functions for the exponential and Pareto distributions are shown below. Shown on the left is a graph of the distributions shown on linear axes, spanning a large domain. To its right is a graph of the complementary distribution functions over a smaller domain, and with a logarithmic range.

If the logarithm of the range of an exponential distribution is taken, the resulting plot is linear. In contrast, that of the heavy-tail distribution is still curvilinear. These characteristics can be clearly seen on the graph above to the right. A characteristic of long-tail distributions is that if the logarithm of both the range and the domain is taken, the tail of the long-tail distribution is approximately linear over many orders of magnitude. In the graph above left, the condition for the existence of a heavy-tail distribution, as previously presented, is not met by the curve labelled "Gamma-Exponential Tail".

The probability mass function of a heavy-tail distribution is given by:

$$ p(x)= \alpha k^{\alpha} x^{- \alpha -1},\ \alpha ,k>0,\ x \ge k $$

and its cumulative distribution function is given by:

$$ F(x)=P[X \le \ x]=1- \left(\frac{k}{x}\right)^{\alpha} $$

where k represents the smallest value the random variable can take.

Readers interested in a more rigorous mathematical treatment of the subject are referred to the external links section.

What causes long-tail traffic?
In general, there are three main theories for the causes of long-tail traffic (see a review of all three causes ). First, is a cause based in the application layer which theorizes that user session durations vary with a long-tail distribution due to the file size distribution. If the distribution of file sizes is heavy-tailed then the superposition of many file transfers in a client/server network environment will be long-range dependent. Additionally, this causal mechanism is robust with respect to changes in network resources (bandwidth and buffer capacity) and network topology. This is currently the most popular explanation in the engineering literature and the one with the most empirical evidence through observed file size distributions.

Second, is a transport layer cause which theorizes that the feedback between multiple TCP streams due to TCP's congestion avoidance algorithm in moderate to high packet loss situations causes self-similar traffic or at least allows it to propagate. However, this is believed only to be a significant factor at relatively short timescales and not the long-term cause of self-similar traffic.

Finally, is a theorized link layer cause which is predicated based on physics simulations of packet switching networks on simulated topologies. At a critical packet creation rate, the flow in a network becomes congested and exhibits 1/f noise and long-tail traffic characteristics. There have been criticisms on these sorts of models though as being unrealistic in that network traffic is long-tailed even in non-congested regions and at all levels of traffic.

Simulation showed that long-range dependence could arise in the queue length dynamics at a given node (an entity that transfers traffic) within a communications network even when the traffic sources are free of long-range dependence. The mechanism for this is believed to relate to feedback from routing effects in the simulation.

Modelling long-tail traffic
Modelling of long-tail traffic is necessary so that networks can be provisioned based on accurate assumptions of the traffic that they carry. The dimensioning and provisioning of networks that carry long-tail traffic is discussed in the next section.

Since (unlike traditional telephony traffic) packetised traffic exhibits self-similar or fractal characteristics, conventional traffic models do not apply to networks that carry long-tail traffic. Previous analytic work done in Internet studies adopted assumptions such as exponentially-distributed packet inter-arrivals, and conclusions reached under such assumptions may be misleading or incorrect in the presence of heavy-tailed distributions.

It has for long been realised that efficient and accurate modelling of various real-world phenomena needs to incorporate the fact that observations made on different scales each carry essential information. In most simple terms, representing data on large scales by its mean is often useful (such as an average income or an average number of clients per day) but can be inappropriate (e.g. in the context of buffering or waiting queues).

With the convergence of voice and data, the future multi-service network will be based on packetised traffic, and models which accurately reflect the nature of long-tail traffic will be required to develop, design and dimension future multi-service networks. We seek an equivalent to the Erlang model for circuit switched networks.

There is not an abundance of heavy-tailed models with rich sets of accompanying data-fitting techniques. A clear model for fractal traffic has not yet emerged, nor is there any definite direction towards a clear model. Deriving mathematical models which accurately represent long-tail traffic is a fertile area of research.

Gaussian models, even long-range dependent Gaussian models, are unable to accurately model current Internet traffic. Classical models of time series such as Poisson and finite Markov processes rely heavily on the assumption of independence, or at least weak dependence. Poisson and Markov related processes have, however, been used with some success. Nonlinear methods are used for producing packet traffic models which can replicate both short-range and long-range dependent streams.

A number of models have been proposed for the task of modelling long-tail traffic. These include the following:
 * Fractional ARIMA
 * Fractional Brownian motion
 * Iterated Chaotic Maps
 * Infinite Markov Modulated Processes
 * Poisson Pareto Burst Processes (PPBP)
 * Markov Modulated Poisson Processes (MMPP)
 * Multi-fractal models
 * Matrix models
 * Wavelet Modelling
 * Tweedie distributions

No unanimity exists about which of the competing models is appropriate, but the Poisson Pareto Burst Process (PPBP), which is an M/G/$$\mathcal{1}$$ process, is perhaps the most successful model to date. It is demonstrated to satisfy the basic requirements of a simple, but accurate, model of long-tail traffic.

Finally, results from simulations using $$\alpha$$-stable stochastic processes for modelling traffic in broadband networks are presented. The simulations are compared to a variety of empirical data (Ethernet, WWW, VBR Video).

Network performance
In some cases, an increase in the Hurst parameter can lead to a reduction in network performance. The extent to which heavy-tailedness degrades network performance is determined by how well congestion control is able to shape source traffic into an on-average constant output stream while conserving information. Congestion control of heavy-tailed traffic is discussed in the following section.

Traffic self-similarity negatively affects primary performance measures such as queue size and packet-loss rate. The queue length distribution of long-tail traffic decays more slowly than with Poisson sources. However, long-range dependence implies nothing about its short-term correlations which affect performance in small buffers. For heavy-tailed traffic, extremely large bursts occur more frequently than with light-tailed traffic. Additionally, aggregating streams of long-tail traffic typically intensifies the self-similarity ("burstiness") rather than smoothing it, compounding the problem.

The graph above right, taken from, presents a queueing performance comparison between traffic streams of varying degrees of self-similarity. Note how the queue size increases with increasing self-similarity of the data, for any given channel utilisation, thus degrading network performance.

In the modern network environment with multimedia and other QoS sensitive traffic streams comprising a growing fraction of network traffic, second-order performance measures in the form of “jitter” such as delay variation and packet loss variation are of import to provisioning user-specified QoS. Self-similar burstiness is expected to exert a negative influence on second-order performance measures.

Packet-switching-based services, such as the Internet (and other networks that employ IP) are best-effort services, so degraded performance, although undesirable, can be tolerated. However, since the connection is contracted, ATM networks need to keep delays and jitter within negotiated limits.

Self-similar traffic exhibits the persistence of clustering which has a negative impact on network performance.
 * With Poisson traffic (found in conventional telephony networks), clustering occurs in the short term but smooths out over the long term.
 * With long-tail traffic, the bursty behaviour may itself be bursty, which exacerbates the clustering phenomena, and degrades network performance.

Many aspects of network quality of service depend on coping with traffic peaks that might cause network failures, such as
 * Cell/packet loss and queue overflow
 * Violation of delay bounds e.g. In video
 * Worst cases in statistical multiplexing

Poisson processes are well-behaved because they are stateless, and peak loading is not sustained, so queues do not fill. With long-range order, peaks last longer and have greater impact: the equilibrium shifts for a while.

Due to the increased demands that long-tail traffic places on networks resources, networks need to be carefully provisioned to ensure that quality of service and service level agreements are met. The following subsection deals with the provisioning of standard network resources, and the subsection after that looks at provisioning web servers that carry a significant amount of long-tail traffic.

Network provisioning for long-tail traffic
For network queues with long-range dependent inputs, the sharp increase in queuing delays at fairly low levels of utilisation and slow decay of queue lengths implies that an incremental improvement in loss performance requires a significant increase in buffer size.

While throughput declines gradually as self-similarity increases, queuing delay increases more drastically. When traffic is self-similar, we find that queuing delay grows proportionally to the buffer capacity present in the system. Taken together, these two observations have potentially dire implications for QoS provisions in networks. To achieve a constant level of throughput or packet loss as self-similarity is increased, extremely large buffer capacity is needed. However, increased buffering leads to large queuing delays and thus self-similarity significantly steepens the trade-off curve between throughput/ packet loss and delay.

ATM can be employed in telecommunications networks to overcome second-order performance measure problems. The short fixed-length cell used in ATM reduces the delay and most significantly the jitter for delay-sensitive services such as voice and video.

Web site provisioning for long-tail traffic
Workload pattern complexities (for example, bursty arrival patterns) can significantly affect resource demands, throughput, and the latency encountered by user requests, in terms of higher average response times and higher response time variance. Without adaptive, optimal management and control of resources, SLAs based on response time are impossible. The capacity requirements on the site are increased while its ability to provide acceptable levels of performance and availability diminishes. Techniques to control and manage long-tail traffic are discussed in the following section.

The ability to accurately forecast request patterns is an important requirement of capacity planning. A practical consequence of burstiness and heavy-tailed and correlated arrivals is difficulty in capacity planning.

With respect to SLAs, the same level of service for heavy-tailed distributions requires a more powerful set of servers, compared with the case of independent light-tailed request traffic. To guarantee good performance, focus needs to be given to peak traffic duration because it is the huge bursts of requests that most degrade performance. That is why some busy sites require more headroom (spare capacity) to handle the volumes; for example, a high-volume online trading site reserves spare capacity with a ratio of three to one.

Reference to additional information on the effect of long-range dependency on network performance can be found in the external links section.

Controlling long-tail traffic
Given the ubiquity of scale-invariant burstiness observed across diverse networking contexts, finding an effective traffic control algorithm capable of detecting and managing self-similar traffic has become an important problem. The problem of controlling self-similar network traffic is still in its infancy.

Traffic control for self-similar traffic has been explored on two fronts: Firstly, as an extension of performance analysis in the resource provisioning context, and secondly, from the multiple time scale traffic control perspective where the correlation structure at large time scales is actively exploited to improve network performance.

The resource provisioning approach seeks to identify the relative utility of the two principal network resource types – bandwidth and buffer capacity – with respect to their curtailing effects on self-similarity, and advocates a small buffer/ large bandwidth resource dimensioning policy. Whereas resource provisioning is open-loop in nature, multiple time scale traffic control exploits the long-range correlation structure present in self-similar traffic. Congestion control can be exercised concurrently at multiple time scales, and by cooperatively engaging information extracted at different time scales, achieve significant performance gains.

Another approach adopted in controlling long-tail traffic makes traffic controls cognizant of workload properties. For example, when TCP is invoked in HTTP in the context of web client/ server interactions, the size of the file being transported (which is known at the server) is conveyed or made accessible to protocols in the transport layer, including the selection of alternative protocols, for more effective data transport. For short files, which constitute the bulk of connection requests in heavy-tailed file size distributions of web servers, elaborate feedback control may be bypassed in favour of lightweight mechanisms in the spirit of optimistic control, which can result in improved bandwidth utilisation.

It was found that the simplest way to control packet traffic is to limit the length of queues. Long queues in the network invariably occur at hosts (entities that can transmit and receive packets). Congestion control can therefore be achieved by reducing the rate of packet production at hosts with long queues.

Long-range dependence and its exploitation for traffic control is best suited for flows or connections whose lifetime or connection duration is long lasting.

title: Long-tail traffic


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Chaz Bufe

Charles Bufe, better known as Chaz Bufe, is a contemporary American anarchist author. Bufe writes on a wide variety of topics, and has published 16 books, most under the See Sharp Press imprint but one ("Godless") was published by PM Press and another ("Dreams of Freedom") by AK Press.

Life
Chaz Bufe is principally known as an anarchist publisher and author. Originally from Arizona, he was influenced by the anarchist magazine The Match! published by Fred Woodworth in Tucson, AZ. He received a Bachelor of Music Theory and Composition from Boise State University in 1979. He moved to San Francisco in 1982 and became a member of the anarchist Bound Together Bookstore Collective in San Francisco. He also wrote for and did design, layout, and editing for several anarchist and far-left periodicals including Processed World, a magazine which was written by and for "dissident office workers".

The magazine sustained years of attacks by attorney and police informant Bob Black, and his followers, with many of the attacks being of a highly personal nature. The attacks included the slashing of "Processed World" issues on newsstands and the attempted firebombing of their office on Rincon Hill. (Black fled California after being handed a court summons at a law class he was teaching at UC Berkeley.) Bufe defended the magazine in an influential pamphlet titled "Listen Anarchist," which led to an ad hominem attack in pamphlet form by two of Black's allies, and which Freedom Fortnightly (London) labeled as "crazy".

While in San Francisco, Bufe founded See Sharp Press in 1984 and eventually relocated to Tucson Arizona in 1992. In the approximately 40 years of its existence, See Sharp Press has published over 50 books, almost as many pamphlets, and for the last decade has been publishing occasional e-book-only titles.

Of the 16 books Bufe authored, co-authored, compiled/edited, or translated, 11 are still in print, and several of those have gone through multiple printings.

Reviews have been mixed, but mostly positive, with favorable reviews in publications such as Publishers Weekly ("Free Radicals"), Z Magazine ("Heretic's Handbook of Quotations"), Free Inquiry ("American Heretic's Dictionary"), Booklist ("Free Radicals"), Guitar Player ("An Understandable Guide to Music Theory"), and Jazz Player ("An Understandable Guide to Music Theory"). His "American Heretic's Dictionary"/"Devil's Dictionaries" went through several printings, and reviewer's either loved or hated it. It was referenced by IslamOnline, recommended by Cape Cod Times and he has been called "the Ambrose Bierce of our time" from AlterNet. Bufe is also a musician, and author of An Understandable Guide to Music Theory, now in its third edition. He translated the only English-language collection of the writings of Ricardo Flores Magón – Flores Magón Dreams of Freedom: A Ricardo Flores Magón Reader – and translated the Spanish language book Cuban Anarchism: The History of a Movement by Frank Fernández (writer) into English as well as Venezuela: Revolution as Spectacle, by Rafael Uzcategui.

Books

 * 24 Reasons to Abandon Christianity: Why Christianity's Perverted Morality Leads to Misery and Death (2022)
 * Godless: 150 Years of Disbelief (2019, PM Press)
 * Venezuelan Anarchism: The History of a Movement, by Rodolfo Montes de Oca (2019, editor and translator)
 * The Anarchist Cookbook (2015, with primary author Keith McHenry)
 * Provocations: Don't Call Them Libertarians, AA Lies, and Other Incitements (2014)
 * Free Radicals: A Novel of Utopia and Dystopia (2012, as "Zeke Teflon")
 * Venezuela: Revolution as Spectacle, by Rafael Uzcátegui (2011, editor and translator)
 * Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism, by Luigi Fabbri. (2010, translator, Thoughtcrime Ink)
 * Dreams of Freedom: A Ricardo Flores Magón Reader (2005, co-editor with Mitch Verter, and primary translator, AK Press)
 * Cuban Anarchism: The History of a Movement, by Frank Fernández (2001, editor and translator)
 * Resisting 12-Step Coercion: How to Fight Forced Participation in AA, NA or 12-Step Treatment (2000, co-author with Stanton Peele and Archie Brodsky)
 * Exercises for Individual and Group Development: Building Blocks for Intimacy, Awareness, and Community (1998, co-author with Dale DeNunzio)
 * The American Heretic's Dictionary (1992, revised and expanded edition 2016)
 * Alcoholics Anonymous: Cult or Cure? (1991, 2nd ed. 1998)
 * The Heretic's Handbook of Quotations (1989, expanded ed. 1992, compiler/editor)
 * An Understandable Guide to Music Theory: The Most Useful Aspects of Theory for Rock, Jazz & Blues Musicians (1984, 3rd ed. 1994)

Pamphlets and E-books

 * God's Hit List: Abominations and Death Penalties in the Bible (2006)
 * You Call This Freedom? (2004)
 * Anarchism: What It Is and What It Isn't (2004)
 * Design Your Own Utopia (2002, with Libby Hubbard)
 * 20 Reasons to Abandon Christianity (2000)
 * A Future Worth Living (2000)
 * The Heretic's Guide to the Bible (1989)
 * Astrology: Fraud or Superstition? (1987)
 * >Listen Anarchist! (1985, expanded ed. 1998)

Listen, Anarchist!
Listen, Anarchist! is an influential 1987 essay by Bufe on the internal dynamics of the American anarchist movement.

In this essay, Bufe launches heavy criticism against anarcho-primitivists, including Fredy Perlman and the Vancouver Five eco-terrorist group, as well as the publications Fifth Estate, Resistance, The Spark, and Open Road. In a section entitled "What Can Be Done?", Bufe advocates minimal use of violence in revolutionary political struggle, condemning the vanguardist "urban guerillas" of insurrectionary anarchism. He criticizes these and other so-called "lifestyle" anarchists in the movement for deliberately alienating mainstream society, and falling to victim to dangerous irrationality and mysticism.

In his account of "marginalised" anarchists, Bufe criticizes the anti-work tendency in contemporary anarchism, accusing some of its advocates of being parasites of those who do work. In response, Feral Faun wrote an article called "The Bourgeois Roots of Anarcho-Syndicalism" in which he claims that the endorsement of work showed that anarcho-syndicalists "embrace the values essential to capitalism", only objecting to who is in charge. The Summer 2005 issue of Green Anarchy included an "update on workerist morality", in which they characterised "Listen, Anarchist!" as Sam Dolgoff's Relevance and Murray Bookchin's "Listen Marxist!" poorly rewritten by Bufe to "shake his fist at all the young rapscallions who were throwing rocks at his perfect, beautiful philosophy".

In the introduction to the second edition, Janet Biehl proposes that many of the tendencies within anarchism that Bufe criticizes stem from its individualist wing, inspired by the philosophy of Max Stirner, which she maintains is the source of "lifestyle anarchists" who are at odds with the ethical socialist tradition of anarchism. Biehl criticizes the perceived lack of concern for morality among post-left anarchists such as Bob Black.

Allan Antliff described the work as "abusive", and said that its distribution by the Workers Solidarity Alliance belied the organisation's pretensions of anti-sectarianism. Mutualist Kevin Carson recommended the pamphlet as suggested reading for "getting from here to there".

Criticism
Bufe's "A Future Worth Living" and "Design Your Own Utopia" were critically reviewed by Bob Black in "Bufe Goof" and "Views From Nowhere", respectively.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chaz Bufe


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Jimmy Edwards

James Keith O'Neill Edwards, DFC (23 March 1920 – 7 July 1988) was an English comedy writer and actor on radio and television, known for his roles as Pa Glum in Take It from Here and as headmaster "Professor" James Edwards in Whack-O!.

Early life
Edwards was born in Barnes, Surrey, the son of Reginald Walter Kenrick Edwards, professor of mathematics. at King's College London, and Phyllis Katherine Cowan, from New Zealand. He was the eighth of nine children and fifth of five sons. His father died in 1935, leaving the family in dire financial straits. Jimmy's brother Alan had to leave school and enter the mounted police, while his brother Hugh joined the Merchant Navy as an apprentice aged fourteen. Hugh subsequently gained a reputation as a smuggler of cigarettes, whisky, and occasionally people and published a memoir, Midnight Trader, in 1959.

Edwards was educated at St Paul's Cathedral School, where he became head boy, and attended the Silver Jubilee of George V in that capacity. His poem, "The Train", which first appeared in The Mortarboard – a school magazine founded by Edwards in competition with the existing one – was included in Walter de la Mare's compilation of children's poems, This Year, Next Year (1937). Having won a scholarship, Edwards went on to King's College School in Wimbledon. He subsequently became a choral scholar at St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied history and sang in the college choir.

Second World War
Edwards served in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, was commissioned in April 1942, was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, and ended the war as a flight lieutenant. He served with No. 271 Squadron RAF, based in Doncaster, which took part in the D-Day landings. His Dakota was shot down at Arnhem in 1944, resulting in facial injuries requiring plastic surgery, that he disguised with a large handlebar moustache that became his trademark. His injuries and their restitution made him a member of the Guinea Pig Club.

Radio and television
Edwards was a feature of London theatre in post-war years, debuting at London's Windmill Theatre in 1946 and on BBC radio the same year. His early variety act, where he first used the name Professor Jimmy Edwards, was described by Roy Hudd as being "a mixture of university lecture, RAF slang, the playing of various loud wind instruments and old-fashioned attack". Edwards was in the London Laughs revue at the Adelphi Theatre, London from 12 April 1952 to 6 February 1954 with Tony Hancock and Vera Lynn. He had previously performed in the Cambridge Footlights revue. He gained wider exposure as a radio performer in Take It From Here, co-starring Dick Bentley, which first paired his writer Frank Muir with Bentley's script writer, Denis Norden. Also on radio he featured in Jim the Great and My Wildest Dream.

He appeared in Whack-O on television, also written by Muir and Norden, and the radio panel game Does the Team Think?, a series which Edwards created. In 1960 a film of Whack-O called Bottoms Up was written by Michael Pertwee with additional dialogue by Muir and Norden. On TV he appeared in The Seven Faces of Jim, Six More Faces of Jim and More Faces of Jim; Make Room for Daddy, Sykes, Bold As Brass, I Object, John Jorrocks Esq, The Auction Game, Jokers Wild, Sir Yellow, Doctor in the House, Charley's Aunt, Brendon Chase and ''Oh! Sir James!'' (which he also wrote).

He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1958 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC's Piccadilly 1 Studio.

Edwards starred in The Fossett Saga in 1969 as James Fossett, an ambitious Victorian writer of penny dreadfuls, with Sam Kydd playing Herbert Quince, his unpaid manservant, and June Whitfield playing music-hall singer Millie Goswick. This was shown on Fridays at 20:30 on LWT; David Freeman was the creator.

Stage and film
In December 1958, Jimmy Edwards played the King in Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella at the London Coliseum with Kenneth Williams, Tommy Steele, Yana and Betty Marsden; Bobby Howell was the Musical Director.

On 2 April 1966, he played at the last night of Melbourne's Tivoli Theatre. His final words closed a tradition of Australian music hall. "I don't relish the distinction of being the man who closed the Tiv. Music hall's dead in Britain. Now this one's dead, there's nowhere to go. I'll either become a character comedian or a pauper."

Edwards frequently worked with Eric Sykes, acting in short films that Sykes wrote: The Plank (1967), which also starred Tommy Cooper; alongside Arthur Lowe in the remake of The Plank in 1979; and in Rhubarb (1969), which again featured Sykes. The films were not silent but had very little dialogue. He also appeared in The Bed Sitting Room (1969) as Nigel, a man who lives in a left luggage compartment after being mistaken for a suitcase.

Edwards and Sykes toured British theatres with their farce Big Bad Mouse which, while scripted, let them ad lib, involve the audience and break the "fourth wall". The show initially had a six-week run at the Palace Theatre, Manchester during which Edwards and Sykes had followed the script, with these performances greeted with universally poor reviews. Sensing that cancellation was imminent Edwards told Sykes that he intended to "have a bit of fun" with the show and for what was expected to be the last week of the run the two stars began to deviate heavily from the script. However the new, more improvised version proved a success with audiences and led to a long run for the show at the Shaftesbury Theatre.

Sykes was replaced by Roy Castle in later runs in its three-year residency at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London's West End and in tours of the Middle East and Australia. Edwards and Sykes also performed the show for Rhodesian troops at the request of the country's prime minister, Ian Smith, a controversial event at the time. Edwards also starred in the stage revival of Maid of the Mountains.

Personal life
Edwards published two autobiographies: Take it From Me in 1953 and Six of the Best in 1984. He was vice-president of the City of Oxford Silver Band, and an accomplished player of tuba and euphonium. He was founder and a lifelong member of the Handlebar Club, in which all the members had such moustaches. He played at Ham Polo Club. Roy Plomley interviewed him for Desert Island Discs on 1 August 1951.

Edwards was a lifelong Conservative and in the 1964 general election stood for Paddington North, without success. His candidature drew wide media attention, much of it derisive, although the local party insisted they had chosen "Jimmy Edwards the man" rather than the comedian. As a result of this failed candidature, he took to introducing himself as "Professor James Edwards, MA, Cantab, Failed MP".

He was a devotee of fox hunting at Ringmer, near Lewes. He was Rector of the University of Aberdeen for three years in the 1950s, a university with a history of celebrities and actors as honorary rector.

He was married to Valerie Seymour for 11 years. In 1979, however, he was exposed as a homosexual to his annoyance. After the ending of his marriage, press reports spoke of his engagement to Joan Turner, the actress, singer and comedian, but the reports were suspected to be a mutual publicity stunt. During the 2015 Gold documentary Frankie Howerd: The Lost Tapes Edwards was mentioned by Barry Cryer as one of several performers of the postwar era forced to conceal their homosexuality as a result of prevailing norms. He lived in Fletching, East Sussex and died from pneumonia in London in 1988 at the age of 68.

His home movies are held by the Cinema Museum in London.

Selected filmography

 * Trouble in the Air (1948) – B. Barrington Crockett
 * Murder at the Windmill (1949) – as himself
 * Helter Skelter (1949) – Dr James Edwards
 * Treasure Hunt (1952) – Hercules Ryall / Sir Roderick Ryall
 * Innocents in Paris (1953) – Captain George Stilton
 * An Alligator Named Daisy (1955) – Alligator Owner (uncredited)
 * Three Men in a Boat (1956) – Harris
 * Bottoms Up (1960) – Prof. Jim Edwards
 * Nearly a Nasty Accident (1961) – Group Capt. Kingsley
 * The Plank (1967) – Policeman
 * The Bed Sitting Room (1969) – Nigel
 * Rhubarb (1969) – PC Rhubarb

title: Jimmy Edwards


text:
User talk:Thesquire

Page Archive /Archive1  ''Please post new messages at the bottom of my talk page. Please use headlines when starting new talk topics. Thank you.''

Scouting article improvement
User:Gadget850 has started User talk:Gadget850/BSA article improvements as a step toward improving the BSA section of Wikipedia. Please visit this page and participate if you are interested or cross yourself out of the "Interested Wikipedians" if you are not interested. Thank you. Rlevse 18:25, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Please adopt your state
I have now completed the transition from state list to articles on Scouting in each state, as per Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scouting/RulesStandards, for merger and improvement of articles. Please find your state and help fill in some blanks! Thanks, YiS, Chris 09:40, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Articles For Deletion
Hi, one or both of the following situations applies to you, and you may therefore be interested in related discussions.
 * You expressed an opinion about the proposed deletion of an article concerning one of the first 200 verses of the Gospel of Matthew. Would you therefore like to join a centralised discussion about the other 199 articles at Centralized discussion/200 verses of Matthew
 * You expressed an opinion about the proposed deletion of an article concerning one of the first 19 verses of the 20th Chapter of the Gospel of John. Would you therefore like to join a centralised discussion about the other 18 articles at Centralized discussion/Verses of John 20

You may also be interested in a discussion of whether or not the entire text of a whole bible chapter should be contained in the 6 articles concerning those specific chapters, and whether or not they should only use the translations favoured by fundamentalists. This is being discussed at Centralized discussion/Whole bible chapter text.

--Victim of signature fascism | Don't forget to vote in the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee elections 17:58, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

substing
Thanks for the reminder, I'm a fan of subster, but mind you, in which talk I forgot to subst a tempalte? -- ( drini's page ☎  ) 00:24, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

More substing
Thanks for reminding me. I have added unsigned to my brain's List of templates that should always be subst'ed, which up to now had only included user warning templates. Kusma (討論) 03:34, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Scouting Barnstar
Did you see this proposal? Scouting Barnstarn --evrik 19:59, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Could you go back and vote one more time. We're trying to build a consensus on a star. Thanks! evrik 18:22, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Scouting Barnstar - Where to put it?
I believe that the award that was created for the Scouting Barnstar should be a topical award. Scouting is a world-wide movement that has served youth in many countries for more than 100 years and represents the youth of the world at the United Nations.

It has been suggested that the award be given as a PUA. The first line on the PUA page reads, "This page provides a collection of awards created by individual Wikipedians." The Scouting Barnstar was created by the WikiProject Scouting.

Currently, the is a discussion going on at Wikipedia_talk:Barnstars. Please comment there if you are interested.evrik

Reply to speedy deletion notification
Hi, could I please have an explanation as to what Cambridge and Oxford Uni Labour Club's entries have that make it notable that Hull's did not have? User:M20tgd

Cambridge University Labour Club - Here's one

Oxford University Labour Club - Here's another

Any judgement should be consistent. If this club goes, they should go.

Jam the student radio station have one, as does Hull University Union, even though it says hardly anything.

Uni labour club has half a century of history and activity, famous alumni, one of whom still holds high office (that's not a threat!) and is very politically active. Your democrat club may not be significant, but this uni club is.

Who do I appeal to in order to get it back? M20tgd

Cambridge University Labour Club
I removed your speedy tag from this article. Considering this is a club that has existed since the early 20th century and has had some notable members, I didn't feel it was speediable. If you wish, you can nominate it for deletion but IMHO it would probably get kept. Regards,  howch e  ng   {chat} 20:02, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Todesfaust speedy
FYI, I already tagged Todesfaust for WP:SD and an admin rejected it. That all happened in the last hour or two. That's why it's in Afd now. —Wknight94 (talk) 04:18, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a plan... —Wknight94 (talk) 04:22, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow, it worked! You're a genius!  :)  —Wknight94 (talk) 11:59, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Newbie alert: Not sure I'm doing this right
Trying to respond to your edit of List of OA Lodges "Please do not remove Articles for deletion notices", I was in the middle of adding lodges for all fifty states, and that is why the one AFD you posted was overwritten. You'll see I left the rest... Robhmac 06:36, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Is the the right place to answer and thank you for your talk on my page? Thanks for the warning. What happened it that someone added the AFD warning (are these new??) while I was in the middle of an edit, then I saw them pop up on all the other subpages, so I was careful to leave them. Yes, I'd like to contribute if I have time. Robhmac 06:49, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Molecular and Cellular Biology
I just wanted to make sure that you knew about the Molecular and Cellular Biology WikiProject. --JWSchmidt 17:16, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Annoying AfD behaviors list
You're welcome. I had thought about putting something similar on my own page, but you covered most of the bases, and quite well.

I just had to add the two things which most annoy me (having had several instances of deletion-related vandalism on my own page).

Perhaps you should have some archived examples, like "The Walking Game" (probably the classic WP:NFT). Daniel Case 21:15, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Afd SIA fleet
Sorry; I forgot to put the subst in there. Dbinder 18:04, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

proposed policy
Hi, you recently commented on bible-verse articles, and may therefore be interested in commenting about a proposed policy covering roughly 50 specific verses:

 * Centralized discussion/Verses of 1 Kings 4 and 5

--Victim of signature fascism 20:12, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Category war
Please consider going to Categories_for_deletion and voting on this (we want delete) and the "Contentious issues" listing right below it (we want keep). There are constant edit wars on the "Controversies about..." article, so I don't really worry about it, but I would like to keep the contentious issues grouped together in the project as they relate to Scouting. Rlevse 11:58, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

AfD
Not even editing my own text? Sorry, didn't know that, thought I ought to remove sarcasm since it might come across as inappropiate. Incidentally, you may be interested to know I have taken comments on board regarding that article, and renamed it to List of Buffyverse-related topics to bring it in line with 'structured lists' which wikipedia suggests (such as those here: List of topic lists) -- Paxomen 00:59, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

The text said to not remove this notice until the issues had been resolved, which I believe they have. Personally, I considered it vandalism to mark a page that is still being written with a deletion notice instead of contacting the person creating the page first to discuss the issues humanely. Therefore, for these two reasons, I felt perfectly justified in removing the AfD notice. Sorry if that is not correct in your view. NThurston 18:25, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

A sincere question - who gets to decide when to remove the AfD tags? It seems unfair to leave them on even though the original concerns have been addressed, because they inevitably attract other deletionists who are merely anarchists. NThurston 18:36, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you for the heads-up on the talk connected with the Powderhorn article, I appreciate it. Yours in Scouting, Chris Chris 17:41, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Afd
Pardon? I did not suggest anything get deleted. Huh? Chris 05:17, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Sarah Channick
Perhaps you are right, I was under the impression that she was hit around ~7PM and she was indeed a freshmen. I'll give you the benefit of a doubt on this one. --TheAznSensation 20:11, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

George Bush As Sock Puppet
Why is it only the intelligent people who see the truth? Please reference the works of Alex Jones for more information. (Count Zero 07:17, 12 February 2006 (UTC))
 * ooooooooooooookay -- Thesquire (talk - contribs) 21:57, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Facebook Archive
I beat you to it. ;-) I hope I did it right (I believe I retained all the active discussions but am not sure). If you disagree with what was archived and what was not, please boldly fix it. Thanks man! - L 1AM (talk) 09:26, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for friendly remainder...
Thanks for friendly remainder... but I did sign with the --~Insert non-formatted text here. I believe it was a problem of my preferences. We see now: --Francisco Valverde 16:51, 3 March 2006 (UTC) (so... now it works)

Yes, but...
In reference to Zeta Phi Rho: Yes, but it is not much help anyway. Should we just delete the External links then...? Anyway, I do not know if you'll agree, but this article has no independant source, just their own homepages. So I think there is still a case of POV, concerning sources.

--Francisco Valverde 09:33, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

fair use images not allowed on user pages
Sorry, but per Fair use criteria, fair use images are not allowed on user pages. Please remove those you have on your user page in your user boxes (such as the Order of the Arrow image). Thank you.  howch e  ng   {chat} 22:09, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I switched to the standard user Arrowman template. -- Thesquire (talk - contribs) 22:37, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

My 'experiment'
It would seem that you mistook my high-brow vandalism as an experiment in the functions of this wiki-encyclopedia. However, not only do I understand how it works, but I am also aware of many of the guidelines one should follow when editing. I hope my true intentions are clear now. Thanks for patronizing me! 160.39.226.116 17:17, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

UIUC Page
The anon user is at it again. Probably has violated WP:3RR already. And also inserted the same copyvio edit from http://www.uiuc.edu/navigation/buildings/plots.top.html and the huge list of fraternities. Thanks. --Ragib 02:47, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

List of shock sites nominated for deletion for a fourth time
The article List of shock sites has been nominatied for deletion again. I noticed that during its past nominations for deletion you voted to have the article deleted. If you have time, please support me in my attempt to have this article deleted by casting your vote in favour of deletion. Thank you. - Conrad Devonshire 08:26, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Scouting article work
If you are getting this, it is because you do or did work on Scouting articles (see WikiProject_Scouting).

As the Scouting WikiProject has been formed since early January 2006, we've had many great improvements made in this area of Wiki and I want to personally thank everyone for their help. We don't always agree on things, but we keep moving forward. YIS, Rlevse 22:09, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia awards committee
Check out my comments here, Wikipedia awards committee. Thanks! --evrik 17:10, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Scouting Barnstar
- A hearty thank you for your steadfast, tireless, and quality contributions to Scouting articles. Rlevse 01:07, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

AfD open on UIUC Residence Halls
On Talk:UIUC Residence Halls, you said you wanted to know if the article ever came up for AfD. Well, it took 11 years, but here it is: Articles for deletion/UIUC Residence Halls. --Closeapple (talk) 14:02, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thesquire


text:
User talk:Norman Oh

 * Morally Happy to obligatethks guys!! now I am getting to be POr-rated!Morally Happy to obligate 01:59, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello ..Just get bored with wikipedians and highly glorified status with wikis among 'youngin at 14,15,16s and some stiff older crooks..well it's time to migrate elsewhere and enjoy some freedom instead of contricted spaces at wiki..hheheheheh! goto see some free talk, pictures without all added addendum and nonsense []..

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Sasquatch 09:05, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Thanks people for the welcome sign, yes I am still trying to figure out the rough edges and have some teething problems, so all your suggestions are noted and apppreciated! Norman Oh

Hi!
Cheerio everyone on this great wiki-place. I enjoyed the fun too!

Revert to your user page
I reverted an edit to your user page am placing it here. It's from the IP address 165.21.154.112. –Abe Dashiell (t/c) 23:11, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Warnings
 Note: Remember to always substitute user warning templates. For help on user warnings, see the WikiProject on User Warnings.

[Admin: block | [ unblock] / Info: contribs | kate's tool | [ page moves] | [ block log] | [ block list]]

February 2005

 * 1) Don't Move your Talk page to article space. RickK 07:02, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Remember to not bite the newbies =) --Sasquatch 09:05, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

October 2005
If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much.--Wikiacc (talk) 20:23, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Test on Template:Afd: Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted. Please use Wikipedia:Sandbox|the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- Francs2000 [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 00:38, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry where's the play doe sabdbox? I can 't find it, try click for me!Morally Happy to Obligate 00:49, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Your test on Template:User: Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Please refrain from making more experiments on high profile templates. -- ( ☺ drini ♫ | ☎ ) 01:12, 1 October 2005 (UTC) NO PROBLEMS! Morally Happy to obligate 02:23, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry? sandbow but where? Morally Happy to Obligate 00:51, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lot! I will when needed !Morally offensive views 09:48, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) This message concerns 165.21.154.108's talk page. Please stop.  If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. // Pathoschild 02:14, 4 October 2005 (UTC)okay try againMorally Happy to obligate 02:21, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Image Tagging Image:180px-Bust of Sir Stamford Raffles.jpg: Thanks for uploading Image:180px-Bust of Sir Stamford Raffles.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.
 * 1) The image you uploaded, Image:180px-Bust of Sir Stamford Raffles.jpg, has no no source information.  The image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear.  If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.  Unless the copyright status is provided, the image will be marked for deletion on 24 October 2005 . This message notification has been automatically sent by NotificationBot managed and run by AllyUnion.  Please leave comments regarding bot operations at AllyUnion's talk page.  Please direct all comments regarding licensing information at Wikipedia talk:Images for deletion.  --NotificationBot 12:19, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * well go to see it at our webpage here! []we need no copyright to do it..heheheUser:Norman Oh/monobook.js 02:34, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Do not recreate Template:White Rajah: This has been deleted, multiple times.  Please do not recreate it. JesseW, the juggling janitor 22:34, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

December 2005
deletion warning''' The images Image:MukimAMK.jppeg.jpg and Image:Frmywindow.jpg have been listed at Possibly unfree images. If their copyright status cannot be verified, they may be deleted. If you have any information on the source or licensing of these images, please go to the image pages to provide the necessary information.
 * 1)  '''Image
 * after U deleted goto see it at Sgwiki.com in full page display []
 * Bye! Thanks for all the .. I did a lot of re-learning here for an old man at sixty..so I'm arn't keeping up lately wi all the kids here ..sory no more play..inghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Norman_Oh&action=edit&section=new165.21.154.112 23:08, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Just I don'tlike it here does not meant i am that mean!M. H. to O. 01:25, 15 December 2005 (UTC)Join us for the Christmas dinner? Come & visit Spore
 * Give me a Msg to this >>>here! ..[]

January 2006

 * 1) Template:TAETDBFKTI! ^TN: Don't create patent nonsense templates like Template:TAETDBFKTI! ^TN.  Your re-creation of this template was the tenth time it was re-created, and I can see above that you have also been warned about creating other templates. -- Curps 05:20, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi-ah Mr Curps.. anyone here will know an old man has plenty of time to waste, so I am just wasting it here to improve my lower blood circulation system within, I will try to behave..okay!?User:Norman Oh/monobook.js 01:11, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Again, please don't create nonsense templates like Template:Alien2.  You could create such a template in your userspace as User:Norman Oh/Alien2 and include it using   -- Curps 01:42, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Templates used by only one user don't belong in the Template: namespace.  I have already moved it to your userspace, as described above. -- Curps 01:47, 6 January 2006 (UTC),, welcome and Thanks for doing it.. I am so dumb.. my brains are downUser:Norman Oh/monobook.js
 * BTW is explained and to be found under Sgwiki.com []
 * Comment to Norman Oh: Happy Chinese New Year is on 29 January and it rained and rained and it's very cold..but I like it! It keep away flies and mosquitoes from wikis who bug and hack into Sgwiki! []
 * From Norman to all at wikis: Yow wowooooooo!
 * From Norman to all at wikis: Hi, thanks for all the past and present attentions you all have put into my Page..I have grown infamous..this year I vows to do more...see again until I come..I just approaching to see my fifth doggie symbol of the lunar chinese new year.. ya.ophs wau Hoowoowoow! It's my golden starter year..165.21.154.12 01:11, 10 January 2006 (UTC) Anymore165.21.154.115? Time wasting, better things to do165.21.154.115 01:51, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Helo
R u there ?

Right Here
Goto see my user Norman Oh own Page []

Semi-automated link sorting

 * This page was semi-automatically modified to sort links to Pathoschild in a meaningful way. // Pathoschild (admin / talk) 06:44, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Thks Pathoschild admin
For another improvemnet to auto-link sortingUser:Norman Oh/monobook.js 20:30, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Cheng San GRC
I had already edit the article about Cheng San GRC, please have a look. -- Littlearea 12:45, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Norman Oh


text:
File:Stoft-2005-sstrust-w-private-accounts.png

Image description: Graph showing depletion of the Social Security Trust Fund, under current law and under the system of private accounts described in Model 2 of the Report of the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security, December 21, 2001 (see the Commission's Report, pp. 119 et seq.).

Source: zFacts.com (http://zfacts.com/p/794.html)

Copyright: ©zFacts. Licensed under the GFDL - in response to the boilerplate request for permission by JamesMLane, Steve Stoft emailed on February 19, 2005: James, Thanks for your interest in our material. You have my permission to use all zFacts material under the GNU FreeDocumentation License. (I'm the owner of zFacts.)


text: User talk:69.19.171.51

title: User talk:69.19.171.51


text:
Aulnoy

Aulnoy may refer to:

 * Madame d'Aulnoy
 * Aulnoy, Seine-et-Marne, a commune of the Seine-et-Marne département, in France

title: Aulnoy


text:
Whack-O!

Whack-O! is a British sitcom TV series starring Jimmy Edwards. It was written by Frank Muir and Denis Norden.

The series (in black and white) ran on the BBC from 1956 to 1960 and (in colour) from 1971 to 1972. Edwards took the part of Professor James Edwards, M.A., the drunken, gambling, devious, cane-swishing headmaster who tyrannised staff and children at Chiselbury public school (described in the opening titles as "for the sons of Gentlefolk"). The Edwards character bore more than a passing resemblance to Sergeant Bilko as he tried to swindle the children out of their pocket money to finance his many schemes.

The first six episodes were subtitled "Six of the Best". In 1959 a film was made based on the show, called Bottoms Up!. The series was revived in colour with updated scripts in 1971–72, retitled Whacko!. In all, it ran for a total of 60 episodes, with 47 of black-and-white and 13 colour, of 30 minutes each. There were three special shorts. There was also a radio version with Vera Lynn starring as herself in the second episode. Many of these radio episodes were recovered by a BBC archivist from a listener's collection of tapes in 2012.

The front of the historic house of Great Fosters near Egham in Surrey was used in the opening title sequence of the TV comedy series, behind the name of the fictional Chiselbury School.

Cast

 * Professor James Edwards played by Jimmy Edwards
 * Mr Oliver Pettigrew played by Arthur Howard in 1956–60 and Julian Orchard in 1971
 * Mr F.D. Price Whittaker played by Kenneth Cope
 * Mr S.A. Smallpiece played by Norman Bird
 * Lumley (a pupil) played by John Stirling
 * Mr R.P. Tench played by Peter Glaze
 * Mr Halliforth played by Edwin Apps in 1956–60 and Peter Greene in 1971
 * Parker played by David Langford
 * Mr Forbes played by Keith Smith
 * Mr Proctor played by Brian Rawlinson
 * Mr Dinwiddie played by Gordon Phillot in 1956–60 and Harold Bennett in 1971
 * Mr Cope-Willoughby played by Frank Raymond
 * Matron played by Barbra Archer, Liz Fraser and by Charlotte Mitchell
 * Taplow played by Gary Warren in 1971
 * Potter played by Greg Smith in 1971
 * Proctor played by John Clegg
 * Clodagh Rodgers appeared as herself during the colour series in 1972
 * Max Bygraves appeared as himself in one episode in 1960
 * Vera Lynn appeared in one episode in 1959

Surviving episodes
Most of the show's episodes are missing, presumed lost. Six of the original black-and-white episodes are known to exist today.

Only 6 episodes of the B/W version exist in the BBC TV archives, with 3 (out of the 6 remaining B&W episodes) having been rediscovered in December 2016.

 * Series 3 episode 5 (21 October 1958)
 * Series 5 episode 4 (1 December 1959)
 * Series 6 episode 4 (3 June 1960)
 * Series 7 episode 1 (22 November 1960)
 * Series 7 episode 5 (20 December 1960)

Theme of school corporal punishment
TV comedy historians have written that the central theme of Whack-O! and Bottoms Up! was corporal punishment and specifically the caning of boys’ backsides. This however was largely absent from the revived series in 1971, as by that time corporal punishment was becoming less acceptable in Britain and was eventually banned in state and many independent schools in 1986.

Whack-O! tended to glorify a ritualised form of punishment that had been an accepted practice in British schools, but by modern standards the popular humourizing of corporal punishment is an anathema, and it may seem somewhat perverted in the way it was featured in the series.

The comedy of the series was built around whether boys would be caught and punished for minor misdemeanours, and the size and effectiveness of canes and the building of caning devices. In one episode a device and long cane was made so six boys could be punished together. In another a device was made so the teacher carrying out the caning did not see the boy, and it turned out that all the backside seen to be caned were that of deputy headmaster Pettigrew (when played by Arthur Howard). A feature of Edwards carrying out punishment was the clear enjoyment he exhibited.

Both Jimmy Edwards and Arthur Howard were gay men and Anthony Slide, in his biography of Edwards ''Wake Up at the Back There! It’s Jimmy Edwards'' (BearManor, 2018), has written: "I know I’m a little perverse, but I cannot find it anything but fascinating and decidedly weird that two gay men were starring in a BBC series involving the use of a cane on the bottoms of young boys."

The BBC sums up this aspect of Whack-O! on its official website as: "Watching the series now is a little painful in one respect – we're too sensitive to find canings amusing – but it's right on the money in other ways, mainly because finding over-privileged kids vile hasn't gone out of fashion."

Details of radio adaptation
BBC Radio adapted the TV scripts into 45 thirty-minute shows, mostly with the original cast, of which 42 recordings survive. There were three series which originally ran on the BBC Light Programme from 23 May 1961 until 22 July 1963. They have been repeated on BBC Radio Extra since 2015 and the last airing was in 2020.

 * Audio Download and Streaming
 * Dates of Airings

title: Whack-O!


text: User talk:24.254.120.4

title: User talk:24.254.120.4


text:
Gamma Cygni

Gamma Cygni (γ Cygni, abbreviated Gamma Cyg, γ Cyg), officially named Sadr, is a star in the northern constellation of Cygnus, forming the intersection of an asterism of five stars called the Northern Cross. Based upon parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 1,800 light-years (560 parsecs) from the Sun.

It forms the primary or 'A' component of a multiple star system designated WDS J20222+4015 (the secondary or 'BC' component is CCDM J20222+4015BC, a close pair of stars 40" away from γ Cygni ).

Nomenclature
γ Cygni (Latinised to Gamma Cygni) is the star's Bayer designation. WDS J20222+4015A is its designation in the Washington Double Star Catalog.

It bore the traditional name Sadr (also rendered Sadir or Sador), derived from the Arabic صدر ṣadr "chest", the same word which gave rise to the star Schedar (Alpha Cassiopeiae). In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name Sadr for this star (WDS J20222+4015A) on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi al Mouakket, this star was designated Sadr al Dedjadjet, (صدر الدجاجة / ṣadr al-dajājati), which was translated into Latin as Pectus Gallinǣ, meaning the hen's chest.

In Chinese, 天津 (Tiān Jīn), meaning Celestial Ford, refers to an asterism consisting of Gamma Cygni, Delta Cygni, 30 Cygni, Alpha Cygni, Nu Cygni, Tau Cygni, Upsilon Cygni, Zeta Cygni and Epsilon Cygni. Consequently, the Chinese name for Gamma Cygni itself is 天津一 (Tiān Jīn yī, the First Star of Celestial Ford).

Properties
With an apparent visual magnitude of 2.23, Gamma Cygni is among the brighter stars visible in the night sky. The stellar classification of this star is F8 Iab, indicating that it has reached the supergiant stage of its stellar evolution. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.

Compared to the Sun this is an enormous star, with 12 times the Sun's mass and about 150 times the Sun's radius. It is emitting over 33,000 times as much energy as the Sun, at an effective temperature of 6,100 K in its outer envelope. This temperature is what gives the star the characteristic yellow-white hue of an F-type star. Massive stars such as this consume their nuclear fuel much more rapidly than the Sun, so the estimated age of this star is only about 12 million years old.

The spectrum of this star shows some unusual dynamic features, including variations in radial velocity of up to 2 km/s, occurring on a time scale of 100 days or more. Indeed, on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, Gamma Cygni lies close to the instability strip and its spectrum is markedly like that of a Cepheid variable. This star is surrounded by a diffuse nebula called IC 1318, or the Gamma Cygni region.

title: Gamma Cygni


text:
Dick Bentley

Charles Walter "Dick" Bentley (14 May 1907 – 27 August 1995) was an Australian-born comedian and actor of radio, stage and screen. He starred with Jimmy Edwards in Take It From Here for BBC Radio. He was a staple of and pioneer of radio, having started his career in the medium in the early 1930s. He appeared on screen from the late 1940s until retiring in 1978.

Early life and radio
Bentley was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. As a child, Bentley learned several musical instruments, and while still in his teens was a staple on the Melbourne cabaret circuit as a comedian and singer, his act consisting of playing a few bars of music deliberately badly, interspersed with jokes and legitimate musical numbers. He made his first appearance on ABC Radio in the early 1930s and by 1938 had become a fairly prominent personality, notably on Wilfrid Thomas's show Out of the Bag. In that year he moved to London, and worked for the BBC. Newly married to Petronella "Peta" Curra, with the war raging in England, he returned to Australia, and during the years of World War II, he spent entertaining the troops in the Pacific theatre.

Return to Britain
By 1946, he was one of Australia's highest-paid entertainers and returned to Britain to try to re-establish himself in a much larger market. He joined up with writer Denis Norden and guested on many of the leading radio shows of the day. An appearance on Navy Mixture teamed him successfully with Jimmy Edwards, and indirectly led to the pairing of Denis Norden with Frank Muir, who was Edwards' writer. Muir and Norden together wrote Take It From Here (1948–60), with Edwards and Bentley as two of the three stars. The most memorable feature of Take It From Here was The Glums, with Edwards playing the slightly seedy Pa Glum and Bentley his terminally dim son, Ron. Bentley was thirteen years older than Edwards.

In 1951, during the run of Take It From Here, Bentley briefly returned to Australia to star in a ten-episode radio comedy series, Gently Bentley, commissioned to celebrate the silver jubilee of the ABC. In 1954, he starred in And So to Bentley, a sketch-format comedy show for the BBC, co-starring Peter Sellers. The show only lasted for one series, and the gently self-deprecating humour of Bentley was overshadowed by the charismatic Sellers. Both these shows were also written by Muir and Norden.

Films
After making his film debut in 1959, Bentley returned to Australia to play a sheep drover in The Sundowners (1960), starring Robert Mitchum and Deborah Kerr. In the late 1960s, he was briefly back on BBC radio in the short-run comedy series If You Had a Talking Picture of Me. Bentley was featured in the movies The Adventures of Barry McKenzie (1972) and Barry McKenzie Holds His Own (1974), derived from the Barry McKenzie comic strip in Private Eye. By 1974, he had largely retired but briefly returned to the screen to appear in Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em (1978) as Frank Spencer's grandad, fittingly since the hapless Spencer was in many ways a descendant of Bentley's Ron Glum character in TIFH.

Death
His wife died in January 1991, and Bentley died from complications from Alzheimer's disease in 1995.

title: Dick Bentley


text:
Gianni Guigou

Gianni Bismark Guigou Martínez (born 22 February 1975 in Nueva Palmira) is a Uruguayan former footballer who played as a midfielder.

Career
He started his career in Nacional, where he played from 1994 to 2000, winning the Uruguayan league titles of 1998 and 2000. He left Nacional to join Serie A club A.S. Roma in 2000 for US$5.8M, where he won the 2000/2001 Scudetto. Guigou left for Siena on loan in summer 2003 and sold to Fiorentina in July 2004 for a nominal fee of €516. In June 2006 he left for newly relegated Serie B side Treviso as part of Massimo Gobbi and Reginaldo's deal.

After the club was excluded from professional football in 2009, he was released for free by the federation and later joined Nacional, back in Uruguay. He played for Uruguay in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

He also has Italian citizenship.

Club
Roma
 * Serie A: 2000–01
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2001

International
Uruguay
 * Copa América Runner-up: 1999

title: Gianni Guigou


text:
White-lined tanager

The white-lined tanager (Tachyphonus rufus) is a medium-sized passerine bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is a resident breeder from Costa Rica south to northern Argentina and on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago.

Taxonomy
The white-lined tanager was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1779 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux from specimens collected in Cayenne, French Guiana. The female bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Tangara rufa in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. The white-lined tanager is now placed in the genus Tachyphonus and was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1816 with the white-lined tanager as the type species. The name combines the Ancient Greek words takhus "fast" and phōneō  "to speak". The specific rufus is Latin for "red", "ruddy" or "rufous". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description
The adult white-lined tanager is 18.5 cm long and weighs 33 g. It has a long tail and a mostly black stout pointed bill. The adult male is glossy black, apart from white underwing coverts and a small white patch on the upperwing. These white areas are conspicuous in flight but otherwise rarely visible. Females and immatures are entirely rufous in plumage, somewhat paler below.

Distribution and habitat
It occurs in semi-open areas including gardens.

Breeding
In the breeding season, the male displays the white spots which he has under his wings, opening them and closing them before in front of the female. The bulky cup nest is built in a tree or shrub, and the female incubates three, sometimes two, brown-blotched cream eggs for 14–15 days. This species has, on average, two broods per season. They appear to be territorial, as only one nesting pair is usually seen in an area. They rarely join mixed feeding flocks. The white-lined tanager's song is a fast repetitive cheeru.

Food and feeding
These are restless but unwary birds which eat a wide variety of fruit, especially epiphytes. They also take some nectar and insects, including beetles, ants, and grasshoppers.

Local names in Trinidad and Tobago include 'Parson' (for the male), and 'Singing Angel'; on these islands, the species is highly valued for its whistling ability.

title: White-lined tanager


text:
User talk:Mightyroach

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. -- FirstPrinciples 07:09, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mightyroach


text:
Malaysia–Singapore Airlines

Malaysia–Singapore Airlines (abbreviation MSA) was the multinational flag carrier of Malaysia and Singapore. The airline was previously renamed twice, being founded as Malayan Airways from 1946 to 1963, Malaysian Airways from 1963 to 1965, and ultimately in 1966 as a result of a joint ownership of the airline by the governments of the two countries not long after Singapore was expelled from Malaysia. It was headquartered at Robinson Road in Singapore.

MSA was ultimately short-lived due to disagreements between the Malaysian and Singaporean governments as to how to manage the airline. Consequently, the airline would cease operations after just six years in 1972 when both governments decided to set up their own national airlines instead, Malaysian Airline System (MAS) and Singapore Airlines (SIA).

Malayan Airways
The airline traced its roots to the formation of Malayan Airways in 1946. With its first flight on 1 May 1947, piloted by Jimmy Brown with Ken Wood as his radio operator and navigator, the Singapore-based carrier flew on domestic routes between Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Penang and Singapore on an Airspeed Consul twin engined aeroplane. In April 1948, the airline flew direct international routes from Singapore to Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) in Vietnam; Batavia (now Jakarta), Medan and Palembang in Indonesia; and to Bangkok in Thailand via Penang. It also flew a route connecting Penang with Medan.

The airline grew rapidly in the next few years, boosted by rising demand for air travel during the post-war period, where flying was no longer a privilege for the very rich. By 12 April 1960, the airline was operating Douglas DC-3s, Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellations and Vickers Viscounts on new routes from Singapore to Hong Kong and from Kuala Lumpur to Bangkok via Penang. Flights were also introduced from Singapore to cities in the Borneo Territories including Brunei, Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu), Kuching, Sandakan and Sibu.

Malaysian Airways
The airline saw its name changed twice due to political shifts. In 1963, the creation of the Federation of Malaysia prompted a change of name to "Malaysian Airways". Singapore's expulsion from the federation in 1965 led to another name change to Malaysia–Singapore Airlines (MSA) when the two separate governments took joint ownership of the airline in 1966.

Merger with Borneo Airways
On 1 April 1965, Borneo Airways Limited was officially amalgamated with Malaysian Airways and the merged company was renamed Malaysia–Singapore Airlines the following year to reflect the political changes between Malaysia and Singapore.

The last of 30 Boeing 737-100s built was delivered to Malaysia–Singapore Airlines in October 1969. This resulted in the return of the last MSA de Havilland Comet 4s leased from British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) being returned to that airline.

Breakup
The different needs of the two shareholders, however, led to the break-up of the airline just six years later. The Singapore government preferred to significantly develop the airline's international routes, while the Malaysian government preferred to develop a domestic network with regional and international routes being a secondary focus. MSA ceased operations in 1972, with its assets split between two new airlines; Malaysian Airline System Berhad (now Malaysia Airlines), and Singapore Airlines.

With Singapore Airlines determined to develop its international routes, it took the entire fleet of seven Boeing 707s and five Boeing 737s which would allow it to continue servicing the regional and long-haul international routes. Since most of MSA's international routes were flown out of Singapore, the vast majority of international routes were in the hands of Singapore Airlines. In addition, MSA's headquarters, which was located in Singapore, became the headquarters of Singapore Airlines.

Malaysian Airline System, on the other hand, took all domestic routes within Malaysia and international routes out of the country, as well as the remaining fleet of Fokker F27 Friendships and Britten-Norman BN-2 Islanders. It began flights on 1 October 1972.

Legacy
The initials MSA were well regarded as an airline icon and both carriers tried to emulate them. Malaysian went for MAS by just transposing the last two letters and choosing the name Malaysian Airline System, whereas Singapore originally used the name Mercury Singapore Airlines to keep the MSA initials, but that was blocked following protests by Malaysia. Eventually, Singapore subsequently named the new entity as SIA, creating a new initial that would eventually be an airline icon itself within the following decades.

In 2024, Izham Ismail, the Executive Director of Malaysia Airlines, alleged that the decline of its airline when compared to Singapore Airlines was not due to the emergence of low-cost carriers (LCCs), but rather the break up of Malaysia–Singapore Airlines.

Corporate affairs
In the 1960s, Malaysian Airways was headquartered in Raffles Place, Singapore. By 1971, the headquarters had moved to the MSA Building at Robinson Road in Singapore. The building later became the SIA building.

Fleet
Over the years, the airline operated many aircraft including:

Malayan Airways

 * Brunei - Brunei Town
 * Burma - Mergui, Rangoon
 * British Hong Kong
 * Indonesia - Batavia / Djakarta, Medan, Palembang
 * Malaya - Alor Setar, Ipoh, Kota Bharu, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Terengganu, Kuantan, Malacca, Penang, Singapore, Taiping
 * Philippines - Manila
 * Sabah - Jesselton, Labuan, Lahad Datu, Sandakan, Tawau
 * Sarawak - Kuching, Sibu, Miri
 * Thailand - Bangkok
 * South Vietnam - Saigon

Malaysia–Singapore Airlines

 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * Melbourne - Melbourne Airport
 * Perth - Perth Airport
 * Sydney - Sydney Airport
 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain
 * Manama - Bahrain International Airport
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * Athens - Ellinikon International Airport
 * British Hong Kong - Kai Tak Airport
 * British Raj / 🇮🇳 India
 * Bombay - Santacruz International Airport
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * Denpasar - Ngurah Rai International Airport
 * Jakarta - Kemayoran Airport
 * Medan - Polonia International Airport
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Rome - Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport
 * 🇯🇵 Japan
 * Nagoya - Komaki Airport
 * Osaka - Itami Airport
 * Tokyo - Haneda Airport
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia
 * Kota Kinabalu - Kota Kinabalu International Airport
 * Kuala Lumpur - Kuala Lumpur International Airport
 * Kuching -
 * Penang - Penang International Airport
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * Manila - Manila International Airport
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore - Kallang Airport and Singapore International Airport
 * Ceylon / Sri Lanka
 * Colombo - Katunayake Airport
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland
 * Zürich - Zürich Airport
 * 🇹🇼 Taiwan
 * Taipei - Songshan Airport
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * Bangkok - Don Mueang International Airport
 * United Kingdom
 * London - Heathrow Airport
 * South Vietnam
 * Saigon - Tan Son Nhat International Airport
 * West Germany
 * Frankfurt - Frankfurt Airport

Incidents
Borneo Airways and Malaysian Airways each had one aircraft accident while operating. Aircraft operated by successor Malaysia–Singapore Airlines were involved in five accidents resulting in hull loss.

 * 30 January 1967: Douglas DC-3 (9M-AMU)
 * 5 March 1967: Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer (9M-ANO)
 * 17 May 1967: Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer (9M-ANC)
 * 5 December 1969: Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander (9M-APE)
 * 23 November 1971: Fokker F27 Friendship (9V-BCU)

title: Malaysia–Singapore Airlines


text:
David Collins (lieutenant governor)

Colonel David Collins (3 March 1756 – 24 March 1810) was a British Marine officer who was appointed as Judge-Advocate to the new colony being established in Botany Bay. He sailed with Governor Arthur Phillip on the First Fleet to establish a penal colony at what is now Sydney. He became secretary to the first couple of Governors, later being appointed to start a secondary colony where he founded the city of Hobart as the founding Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land (later becoming the state of Tasmania).

Early life and military career
David Collins was born 3 March 1756 in London, the third and oldest surviving child of Arthur Tooker Collins (1718–1793), an officer of marines (later major-general) and Henrietta Caroline (died 1807) of King's County, Ireland. His grandfather Arthur Collins (1684–1760) was author of Collins's Peerage of England.

The family lived in Saffron Hill, London, until 1765 when they moved to Devon after his father as a lieutenant colonel was made commandant of the Plymouth division of marines. Collins was educated at Exeter Grammar School, before at the age of 14 joining the marines as an ensign in his fathers division. He was promoted second lieutenant on 20 February 1771. In 1772 Collins was serving aboard the frigate HMS Southampton (1757) when it was sent to Denmark to retrieve King George III's sister Queen Caroline Matilda after she was banished from Denmark for an illicit romance.

American Revolutionary War
In March 1775, Collins sailed to Boston, Massachusetts, with two battalions of marines, to help the Governor of Massachusetts Thomas Gage reinforce the town. Collins was named second lieutenant to Captain Thomas Lindsay in the third company of the First Battalion of Marines. On 17 June, Collins took part in General William Howe's bayonet charge and capture of Breed's Hill in the Battle of Bunker Hill to hold the heights of Charlestown. He was promoted to first lieutenant the following week.

On 17 March 1776, the British evacuated from Boston to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Here he met Maria Stuart Procter, the daughter of Captain Charles Procter, whom he married on 13 June 1777. Collins's battalion was recalled to England in 1777, where Collins became adjutant of the battalion at Chatham. He was promoted captain-lieutenant in August 1779, and captain in July 1780. In February 1781, Collins was posted as captain for a detachment of marines aboard the 74-gun HMS Courageux (1761) in the Channel Squadron commanded by Admiral Richard Howe, where he took part in the relief of Gibraltar. In September 1783 Collins was put onto half-pay.

New South Wales
In October 1786, after three years on half-pay stationed at Chatham, Collins volunteered for service in the proposed penal colony of New South Wales. On 29 November, and despite a lack of legal training, he was named Judge Advocate for the new colony and chief judge for a military court administering the New South Wales Marine Corps. In May 1787 he sailed aboard the First Fleet, reaching Sydney Cove in January 1788.

In June or July 1788, Governor Phillip appointed Collins as the Secretary to the Governor, or Secretary to the Colony as the position was sometimes called. Collins filled the three roles of Secretary, Judge Advocate and Lieutenant Governor until he left the colony for England in 1796.

Victoria and Tasmania
Collins also established the first, short-lived settlement in what is now the state of Victoria at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip in 1803. He sailed from England in April aboard HMS Calcutta (1795), arriving at Port Phillip in October to found a penal colony. After landing at Sullivan Bay near present-day Sorrento, he sent First Lieutenant James Hingston Tuckey of the Calcutta to explore Port Phillip. Tuckey's report, and Collins' own dissatisfaction with the site chosen, prompted him to write to Governor King, seeking permission to remove the settlement. When King agreed, Collins decided to move the colony to the Derwent River, on the island of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). He arrived there in February 1804 on Ocean, and established what would become the town of Hobart.

Collins left no published account of his work as Lieutenant-Governor at Port Phillip, nor later as the founder of Hobart.

Legacy
The name of St David's Church, Hobart was chosen to commemorate Colonel David Collins.

His name has been given to Collinsvale in Tasmania, Collins Street, Melbourne, Collins Parade, Sorrento (adjacent to the site of the failed settlement) and Collins Street, Hobart. At Exeter Grammar School, now known as Exeter School, where he was educated, there is a house named after him.

Collins was portrayed by David Dawson in the 2015 TV series Banished.

title: David Collins (lieutenant governor)


text:
User:Norman Oh

Norman Oh a free contributor. "Norey" is my a.k.a. i.e. my PC-name! I am born in 1946. My present residence is in the Town of Ang Mo Kio. I wrote several articles related to the place of my residence. I have yet found anyone interested to write about our New Town of Ang Mo Kio! The mistakes are all mine, and I tried to correct some wrong impressions of our little town. Thank you for your kind attention!

 * Since my story and own pictures have been copyrighted by myself and not permitted to appear here at friendly wikipedians' domain I have migrated for good to our own Sgwiki site in Singapore

 * and please goto see my story there []
 * Thank you for all your kind attentions

**** Enjoy your Merry Christmas and plus wishing All here at wikipedia

***** A Very Happy New Year 2006!

Bye!

N/B someone came to sgwiki and left her/him?Or-shim with an indisdescribalectable mark on our Sgwiki site, I call it add to it but it more than 1000 pages long so our Computer is closed to edits..so sory Lah but that means I can do the same here, since it's abot time we all learn to be Polite2! 165.21.154.108 02:07, 15 December 2005 (UTC)a.k.a Alien2 but I will be gone for good after this since it is Merry Christmas, I really don't wish to create more for them young ppl who all had spured up to editors etc..here at  at.. among wikipedians PLEASE leave page aloneM. H. to O.

title: User:Norman Oh


text:
User talk:Mdeering

re: Talk:Xinjiang. Uh... it's not very nice to change other people's comments. --Menchi 07:12, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I don't know what you're trying to do with the Senkaku Islands, but stop. --Carnildo 08:28, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Please don't try it again, either. Davenbelle 08:47, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mdeering