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Alasdair Mac Colla

Alasdair Mac Colla Chiotaich MacDhòmhnaill (c. 1610 – 13 November 1647), also known by the English variant of his name Sir Alexander MacDonald, was a military officer best known for his participation in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, notably the Irish Confederate Wars and Montrose's Royalist campaign in Scotland during 1644–5. A member of the Gaelic gentry of the Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg, a branch of the Clan Donald active in the Hebrides and Ireland, Mac Colla is particularly notable for the very large number of oral traditions and legends which his life inspired in the Highlands.

During Montrose's campaign of 1644–5, in which the Royalist army won a series of remarkable victories, Mac Colla was given a knighthood. He died in 1647 in Ireland at the Battle of Knocknanuss.

Name
His full name can be translated from Scottish Gaelic as 'Alexander the son of Coll the Left-Handed MacDonald'. Gaelic speakers, preferring the patronymic system, generally referred to him as Alasdair MacColla; English and Scots language speakers generally used the form Alexander MacDonald or MacColl. Mac Colla himself would have used both English and Gaelic forms: the three surviving examples of his signature, all in English language documents, use "Allexander Macdonell".

English-speaking writers of the past, not understanding the Gaelic patronymic and sloinneadh (genealogical descent) systems, often referred to him as "Collkitto", an anglicised spelling of Coll Ciotach, a nickname properly belonging to his father, Coll Macdonald. Ciotach, "left-handed", can also mean "devious" in Gaelic.

Early life
Mac Colla was born on the Inner Hebridean Isle of Colonsay in the early seventeenth century. His early life encompassed both Gaelic Ireland and the Gaelic western Highlands of Scotland.

His father Coll, the Laird of Colonsay, was a descendant of the 5th chief of Clan Donald South, or MacDonald of Dunnyveg. This branch of the Clan Donald had historically claimed ownership of land both in the western Scottish islands and, following the 1399 marriage of Irish heiress Margery Byset into the family, in County Antrim, north-eastern Ireland. According to some traditions Alasdair's mother Mary was a daughter of Campbell of Auchinbreck, but has also been suggested to be one of the O'Cahans of Dunseverick, a daughter of Macdonald of Sanda, a daughter of Macneil of Barra, or a daughter of Ranald MacDonald of Smerby, the latter being the tradition favoured on Colonsay itself.

Mac Colla was born into a period in which the Clan Donald's regional power and influence had waned. This was due partly to the incorporation of the Lordship of the Isles by the Scottish crown and the growing regional influence of the chiefs of the rival Clan Campbell.

Mac Colla's career would, despite the larger context of the Scottish and Irish wars, become defined by an effort to counter Campbell expansionism, and particularly to recover Islay and other lost MacDonald possessions.

At a time when much of Scotland was Calvinist and Presbyterian, many of the MacDonalds remained Roman Catholic, particularly due to the efforts of missionaries from the Order of Friars Minor. Mac Colla's father is sometimes described as an enthusiastic Catholic convert from Protestantism, though he appears to have embraced the faith long before the first missionaries arrived in 1623.

Civil War in Ireland and Scotland
Mac Colla's military career was prompted by the onset of the long and interlinked series of conflicts known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, in which several heads of the Scottish and Irish branches of Clan Donald gave support to the Royalists and to Confederate Ireland. Their main rival for regional power, the Campbell chief Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, was a key supporter of the Scottish government, then controlled by the Presbyterian party known as the Covenanters.

At the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Mac Colla was in Ulster, where his kinsman the 1st Marquess of Antrim held large estates in the Glens. Antrim had taken an interest in the growing crisis in Scottish politics, sensing a potential opportunity to recover his family's traditional lands in Scotland. He initially took a neutral position in the Irish rebellion; he raised a mixed Protestant and Catholic force to protect settlers against the rebels, engaging his relative Mac Colla to serve as an officer.

As religious tensions grew, a group of Antrim's Catholic officers, including Mac Colla claimed there was a Protestant plot to massacre them. In January 1642 they defected to Felim O'Neill's rebel forces after killing 60-90 Protestant colleagues while they slept in what became known as the "Portna Massacre". Present at several actions in eastern Ulster including the Siege of Coleraine, Mac Colla was wounded at Glenmaquin in June 1642: later that year he left the rebels and sought terms with the Scottish general Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven.

Although he subsequently rejoined the Irish Confederates, Mac Colla appears not to have been given another military command until late 1643, when he returned to the Hebrides as part of an expeditionary force against the Scottish government, by this point in alliance with the English Parliament. It was reported that Mac Colla had landed with 300 men, and that his brother Ranald was following with reinforcements. Argyll eventually dispatched a force of 600 under James Campbell of Ardkinglas to dislodge them, and Mac Colla's rebels were driven back to Ireland; a small garrison remaining on Rathlin Island was defeated in June 1644.

The campaign in Scotland, 1644-5
In 1644, Antrim recommended Mac Colla to the Supreme Council of Confederate Ireland to lead an expedition to the mainland of Scotland to aid the Royalist forces there. He was given three regiments, comprising around 1600 largely Irish soldiers. Some appear to have been Ulstermen recruited from the Marquess of Antrim's estates, though many of the Irish were (according to the chronicler John Spalding of Aberdeen) "expert soldiers" who were recruited from Spanish service in West Flanders, and one company (Sgt-Major Ledwytch's) appears to have been a unit of English-descended Palesmen. Alongside the Irish, three companies of Hebridean Scots were constituted as Mac Colla's personal lifeguard. Spalding noted that Mac Colla's men wore a coat and trews and wore a twist of oats pinned to their bonnets and caps as a badge.

Mac Colla's force landed in the Ardnamurchan peninsula in July 1644, attacking Mingarry Castle. It initially fought its way through Argyll, raiding Campbell properties: by August, Mac Colla was finally able to link up with the King's Lieutenant, James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose. The support of Montrose raised the standing of Mac Colla amongst the Highlanders, who looked down on him both as an island outsider and as a landless member of the gentry, rather than the ancient nobility they were accustomed to follow. Mac Colla had been able to raise a further 1500 soldiers from among his Clan Donald kinsmen, such as Clan MacDonald of Keppoch, Glengarry and Sleat: the Royal commission enabled him to raise additional recruits including a group of men under Donald Robertson, the Tutor of Struan.

In the following campaign, Mac Colla and Montrose won a series of dramatic victories, often against larger, but frequently inexperienced Covenanter reserves in Scotland. Most of the experienced Covenanter troops, many of them having fought as professional soldiers for the 'Lion of the North', Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in the Thirty Years' War or in the Dutch Republic's famous Scots Brigade, were with the main Covenanter force fighting alongside English Parliamentarians and contributing to many Royalist defeats in England. By contrast, the Covenanter troops left behind in Scotland were mainly militia. Nevertheless, MacColla, Montrose and co.'s list of victories remains impressive. They won at Tippermuir, Aberdeen, Inverlochy, Auldearn, Alford and Kilsyth. While traditional historiography tended to emphasise Montrose's tactical genius, some more recent studies, notably the work of Prof. D. Stevenson, give Mac Colla a substantial share of credit for some of the victories.

Oral history and Gaelic-language poetry also gave Mac Colla a central role in events, and preserved stories such as his supposed beheading of the opposing commander Sir Duncan Campbell of Auchinbreck at Inverlochy. After Kilsyth, Montrose, acting on the orders of King Charles, conferred knighthood on Mac Colla and raised him to the rank of Major-General.

For much of the campaign Mac Colla's men supported themselves by pillaging Campbell lands, burning of houses and barns and carrying off livestock. Their actions during the winter of 1644-5 earned Mac Colla the byname fear thollaidh nan tighean, the "destroyer [lit: piercer] of houses" amongst the Argyll peasantry. An account of the campaign sent to Dublin, possibly written by Mac Colla himself or by one of his colonels James Macdonnell, stated that "throughout all Argyle, we left neither house nor hold unburned, nor corn nor cattle that belonged to the whole name of Campbell".

For a time much of Scotland was in fear of his progress, with one contemporary observer writing: "There is nothing heard now up and down the kingdom but alarms and rumores, randevouses of clans [...] Montross and MacKoll in every manes mouth, nay the very children frightened". Whilst the military contribution of the Irish troops and Highlanders to the Royalist campaign was undeniable, it is arguable that the aftermath of several of their actions, particularly the three-day plunder of Aberdeen by the victorious troops, seriously harmed the Royalist cause, and it is likely that at least some accounts of Mac Colla's depredations were Parliamentarian propaganda.

In the Highlands, 1645-7
Mac Colla and Montrose ultimately parted company as Mac Colla's priorities, focused on regaining Macdonald possessions from the Campbells, lay in the western Highlands, whereas Montrose wanted to secure the Scottish Lowlands for the King. As a result, both were defeated separately by the Covenanters. Those of the Irish troops who had stayed with Montrose under Colonel Manus O'Cahan were massacred, after being promised quarter, subsequent to the Battle of Philiphaugh in September 1645, and after a brief guerrilla campaign Montrose was ordered to lay down his arms by King Charles.

Mac Colla, with the remaining Irish and clansmen, ignored Charles's orders and continued the conflict in the western Highlands, allegedly refusing cooperation with a remaining Royalist force under George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly, who still held out in the north. He went on to win a further victory against the Campbells at Lagganmore, following which he was said to have burned down a building full of Campbell women and children that was henceforth known as Sabhal nan Cnamh, the "Barn of Bones". The campaign petered out in a series of sieges of castles in Kintyre, and Mac Colla was eventually defeated at the Battle of Rhunahaorine Moss in May 1647, escaping with most of his troops to the Isle of Gigha and then to Islay. Leaving small garrisons of Highlanders at Dunaverty and at Dunyvaig on Islay, the latter under his father Coll, he then returned to Antrim along with most of his men. His brother Archibald (Gilleasbuig) was killed at the Siege of Skipness Castle in August 1646.

Influence on military tactics
Mac Colla has been credited with inventing or refining the tactic of the Highland charge, which came to be a feature of several battles of the following century. In an attack, his men ran at enemy infantry, stopped to fire a coordinated volley from their muskets at close range, and then threw down their firearms and closed hand to hand at speed. This proved remarkably successful in both Ireland and Scotland due to the musket's slow reloading time, the effectiveness of a single mass volley against the usual "rolling fire" of contemporary musket drill, and the poor discipline and training of many of the troops Mac Colla's men faced. Time and again the Covenanter infantry broke, ran, and were cut down when facing a coordinated charge by Montrose and Mac Colla's soldiers. Stevenson has suggested that Mac Colla first introduced the tactic from Ireland, refining it with the addition of a musket volley at a range of 25–55 metres, after which his men would advance obscured by the dense smoke from their own firearms.

Past historiography often presented the charge as a direct descendant of an older Gaelic mode of warfare, which relied on shock attacks by an elite of heavily armed troops to break an enemy's line. However, despite the popular image of Mac Colla's troops being equipped and fighting in a purely 'Highland' fashion, the majority of men in his Irish regiments, at least, were experienced veterans of the Spanish Army of Flanders and equipped conventionally with pike and musket. It has even been suggested that rather than being a development of a traditional 'Gaelic' or Highland tactic, the charge could have been inspired by similar Swedish musket tactics of the Thirty Years War, a conflict some of Mac Colla's veterans would have known, or could have simply been an energetic version of a standard 17th century practice of "falling-on" after discharging weapons.

It appears that not all observers were impressed with Mac Colla's military skill: the Scottish professional soldier Sir James Turner, another veteran of the Thirty Years War, judged him to be "nae soljer, tho stout enough", and accused him of being "excessivelie besotted with brandie and aquavitae".

Defeat and death
Mac Colla's father Coll Ciotach, who was again taken prisoner at Dunyvaig, was killed in retaliation for his son's atrocities in the Campbell country. Mac Colla himself rejoined the Irish Confederates: he initially made plans to lead his veteran troops to Spain into the service of Philip IV, though in the event nothing came of the proposal. He also made an attempt to join the Ulster army of Owen Roe O'Neill, but was forbidden from doing so by the Marquess of Antrim, who was by then on bad terms with O'Neill.

Mac Colla's troops, (both Irish survivors of the 1644 expedition and "redshanks", or Scottish Highlanders) were split up and assigned to the Leinster and Munster armies: Mac Colla was attached to the latter with the rank of Lieutenant-General. He was initially appointed governor of Clonmel, mounting a successful defence of the town. Mac Colla's men were, however, mostly killed in the Confederate defeats at the Battle of Dungan's Hill in County Meath and then at the battle of Cnoc na nOs (Knocknanuss, "Hill of the Deer") in County Cork, where Alasdair commanded the right wing, under the overall command of Viscount Taaffe against Lord Inchquin's Parliamentarian army. Mac Colla lead the right wing in a completely successful highland charge, routing Inchquin's best infantry before overrunning the enemy artillery and then pillaging Inchquin's baggage train. Unbeknown to Mac Colla, however, the rest of Viscount Taafe's army had been routed, leading Mac Colla's men to be repeatedly attacked by cavalry charges before Mac Colla had had time to reform his ranks. Completely surrounded by enemy forces, in the course of the following fighting most of Alasdair's men were killed, whereupon, according to several sources, he surrendered upon the promise of quarter. The promise was broken, however, by a certain Major Nicholas Purdon, who shot Mac Colla in cold blood after he had been taken prisoner. His death was much lamented by many in Ireland and Scotland, with Cardinal Rinuccini bitterly deploring his abandonment by the rest of Viscount Taafe's army and comparing his death in battle for faith and country to that of Judas Maccabeus. Several laments were composed in honour of Mac Colla, praising his bravery and strength, including one by Iain Lom. A ford on the River Awbeg in Rathmaher townland, still known in the 19th century as the "Chieftain's Ford", was said locally to be the place of his death.

Mac Colla was buried in the now ruined church of Clonmeen, County Cork, near the village of Banteer, in one of the tombs of the O'Callaghan family, then of Clonmeen Castle and later of Clonmeen Lodge. The family's head Donough O'Callahan was at the time a member of the Council of the Irish Confederacy. The vault is supposed to be under the church's north wall, against which a monument was placed in 2011 by a local historical society. His famous long sword, which was said to be unusual in both size and design, was still to be seen at nearby Lohort Castle as late as the early 1800s, but has since disappeared.

Family
He married Elizabeth MacAlister, daughter of Hector MacAlister and Margaret Campbell and they had three sons: After Alasdair's death the family settled at Kilmore House, Glenariffe, in County Antrim. Four generations later Alasdair's great-great-grandson James McDonnell (1763-1845), sometimes known as the "father of Belfast medicine", founded the Medical School now located in Queens University, as well as establishing a hospital that at a later stage became the Royal Victoria Hospital. A later descendant of the family is the SDLP politician Alasdair McDonnell.|
 * Coll, who married Anne Magee, died on 25 March 1719.
 * Gill'Easbuig Mór, who married Anne Steward, died in 1720.
 * A third son about whom little has been recorded.

Commemoration
After his death, Mac Colla became a figure of minor folklore in Gaelic Ireland and Scotland, with songs and melodies written in his honour in both countries, and many stories entering the oral tradition of the western Highlands and Hebrides, particularly in districts inhabited by the MacDonalds. These stories depicted him as an immensely strong man, 7 feet tall, of conspicuous bravery and swordsmanship. Rather than as a historic source, the tales are best regarded as an Early Modern equivalent of the heroic cycles of earlier Gaelic tradition. Of those stories that can be related to historical events, most appear to refer to events during the 1646 campaign in Kintyre.

Even less dramatic contemporary descriptions give Mac Colla's height as over 6 feet, with a targe "as big as a door" (though this may be a misunderstanding of the bardic phrase "door of battle" meaning a shield or targe, a metaphor for their plied wood construction).

Mac Colla appears in And No Quarter, a 1937 novel by Irish author Maurice Walsh, which covers the Royalist campaign in Scotland of 1644–1645, told from the perspective of two members of O'Cahan's regiment.

He is commemorated in the Scottish Gaelic poetry of Iain Lom and Dorothy Brown (Diorbhail Nic a' Bhriuthainn). Ian Lom in particular, as a Macdonald of Keppoch, was concerned to frame Mac Colla's victories as part of a specifically Gaelic military effort against the traditional enemies of Clan Donald, ignoring the wider Civil War context and the contribution of Montrose.

In Ireland he was remembered by a piece of traditional music from or near the period named “Marsial Alasdair” (aka “Alasdair's March" or ”MacAlasdrum's March" and several other names in various spellings), supposed variously to be the tune played by Alasdair's pipers en route to the battle, and / or as the march played to his grave afterwards. It appears to be related to the style of Gaelic art music now known as "piobaireachd" (piping) or more correctly as "ceol mor" (big music). There are a number of interesting variations, including a jig.

Another tune associated with him is "Bas Alasdair" (Death of Alasdair), a majestic and moving harp dirge of the ancient style of Gaelic "high art" harping that was soon to be lost.

This was recorded and annotated by at least the 18th century, and a version occurs in one of Captain Francis O'Neill's books ("Irish Folk Music, A Fascinating Hobby") Ann Heymann, the harpist and folklorist, has recorded a set consisting of the air “Bas Alasdair” and “Marsial Alasadair” that dates from the mid seventeenth century and is still performed.

Alasdair Mac Colla
Another song which praises the deeds of Alasdair and date from the period is a Scottish Gaelic waulking song "Alasdair Mhic Colla Ghasda" ("Alasdair, Son Of Gallant Coll).

This song may have originally been taken from a bardic "brosnachadh" (battle incitement) or praise poem, judging from certain bardic qualities seen in it, such as the "ceangal" (tying or binding) wherein the last line of the a verse becomes the first line of the next.

The song has been recorded numerous times, and appears on the following albums:
 * 1988 - Capercaillie - The Blood Is Strong
 * 1996 - Clannad - Lore
 * 2002 - Aneka - The Power of Scotland
 * 2005 - Moya Brennan - Óró – A Live Session
 * 2007 - Anne Lorne Gillies - O Mo Dhùthaich / Oh My Land
 * 2008 - Éamonn Doorley, Muireann Nic Amhlaoibh, Julie Fowlis and Ross Martin - Dual
 * 2008 - Moya Brennan - Heart Strings

Gol na mBan san Ár
"Gol na mBan san Ár" ("Lament of the Women in the Massacre") was composed in memory of MacColla and his female followers. The song has been recorded under many names.
 * 1957 - Séamus Ennis - The Bonny Bunch of Roses
 * 1980 - The Chieftains - Boil the Breakfast Early
 * 1993 - Noel Hill, Tony MacMahon and Iarla Ó Lionáird - Aislingí Ceoil (Music Of Dreams)
 * 2008 - Éamonn Doorley, Muireann Nic Amhlaoibh, Julie Fowlis and Ross Martin - Dual

title: Alasdair Mac Colla


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Talk:Cessnock, New South Wales

Origin of name

 * I assume it was named after Cessnock, Glasgow. Can anyone confirm?
 * I have an answer - "Cessnock was named by Scottish settler John Campbell, after his grandfather's baronial Cessnock Castle in Ayrshire to reflect the aristocratic heritage and ambitions for this estate.. I'll add it to the article.  --  JackofOz (talk) 07:31, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Also, is there any relationship with the Russian word for garlic, чеснок (pronounced chesnok), or is this just a coincidence? --  JackofOz (talk) 18:21, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

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Blaw-Knox tower

The Blaw-Knox company was an American manufacturer of steel structures and construction equipment based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The company is today best known for its radio towers, most of which were constructed during the 1930s in the United States. Although Blaw-Knox built many kinds of towers, the term Blaw-Knox tower (or radiator) usually refers to the company's unusual "diamond cantilever" design, which is stabilized by guy wires attached only at the vertical center of the mast, where its cross-section is widest. During the 1930s AM radio broadcasting stations adopted single mast radiator antennas, and the Blaw-Knox design was the first type used. A 1942 advertisement claims that 70% of all radio towers in the United States at the time were built by Blaw-Knox.

The distinctive diamond-shaped towers became an icon of early radio. Several are listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places, the distinctive diamond antenna design has been incorporated into logos of various organizations related to radio and a very large (scale) replica of the WSM (AM) Blaw-Knox tower has been built into the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum.

Design
The diamond-shaped tower was patented by Nicholas Gerten and Ralph Jenner for Blaw-Knox July 29, 1930. and was one of the first mast radiators. Previous antennas for medium and longwave broadcasting usually consisted of wires strung between masts, but in the Blaw-Knox antenna, as in modern AM broadcasting mast radiators, the metal mast structure functioned as the antenna. To prevent the high frequency potential on the mast from short-circuiting to ground, the narrow lower end of the tower rested on a ceramic insulator about three-foot wide, shaped like a ball and socket joint. Thus, the tower required guy-wires to hold it upright.

The distinguishing feature of the Blaw-Knox tower was its wide diamond (or rhomboidal, rhombohedron) shape, which served to make it rigid, to resist shear stresses. One advantage of this was to reduce the number of guys needed. Blaw-Knox masts required only one set of three or four guys, attached at the tower's wide "waist". In contrast, narrow masts require two to four sets of guys, attached at different heights, to prevent the tower from buckling. The advantage of fewer guys was to simplify the electrical design of the antenna, because conductive guys interfered with its radiation pattern. The guys acted as "parasitic" resonant elements, reradiating the radio waves in other directions and thus altering the antenna's radiation pattern. In some Blaw-Knox mast designs (see WBT towers, right) the upper pyramidal section was made longer than the lower, to keep the attachment point of the guys as low as possible, to minimize their interference.

Another advantage mentioned in the patent was that the tower could be erected in two parts. Half of the mast could be built, then its wide central section could be used as a stable base on which to erect the other half.

A disadvantage of the diamond mast shape was that the current distribution on the tower caused less radio power to be radiated in horizontal directions and more at an angle into the sky, compared to a slender uniform width mast. Since AM radio stations covered their listening areas with ground waves, radio waves that traveled horizontally close to the ground surface, this meant the listening area was smaller. The realization of the nonideal radiation pattern of the design caused the diamond-shaped tower to fall out of favor in the 1940s in radio stations, replaced by the narrow uniform width lattice mast used today.

List of Blaw-Knox towers
Many Blaw-Knox towers, of both conventional (uniform cross-section) and diamond design, remain in use in the United States. Few of the diamond towers were built, and several remain; all transmit AM radio signals. The most well-known example in Europe is the Lakihegy Tower, located in Szigetszentmiklós-Lakihegy, Hungary. Several additional diamond cantilever towers were built at stations in the Central Valley of California, but are less well known. These towers were much smaller in both height and cross-section than the towers listed elsewhere; only one — KSTN, Stockton — remains in use for broadcasting.

indicates a structure that is no longer standing. indicates a structure that has had a change in height. indicates a structure that has been rebuilt.

Three other Blaw Knox towers of unknown heights also used to exist but have since been removed for the following stations; WABC in Wayne, N.J., WCAU's in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania and WHO in Des Moines, Iowa.

Blaw-Knox also constructed a 469-foot (143 m) tall tower in 1948 for WKQI (then known as WLDM) located on Ten Mile Road in the Detroit suburb of Oak Park, Michigan. However, unlike its namesake diamond cantilever form, this structure was built as a conventional four-sided self-supporting lattice tower.

title: Blaw-Knox tower


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Aleksandr Tvardovsky

Aleksandr Trifonovich Tvardovsky (Александр Трифонович Твардовский; 21 June 1910 – 18 December 1971) was a Soviet poet and writer and chief editor of Novy Mir literary magazine from 1950 to 1954 and 1958 to 1970. During his editorship, the magazine published One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. He is best known for his epic poem .

Biography
Tvardovsky was born into a Russian family in Zagorye, in the Smolensky Uyezd of the Smolensk Governorate of the Russian Empire. At the time of his birth, the family lived on a farm that his father had purchased in installments from the Peasant Land Bank. Tvardovsky's father, the son of a landless soldier, was a blacksmith by trade. The farm was situated on poor land, but Tvardovsky's father loved it and was proud of what he had acquired through years of hard labor. He transmitted this love and pride to Aleksandr.

Tvardovsky's father was a well-read and intelligent man who often read to Aleksandr and the rest of the family. From an early age, Aleksandr became familiar with the works of Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov and others. He began composing poetry while still very young. At age 13, he showed some of his poems to a young teacher who gave him misleading criticism, telling him that poetry should be written as unintelligibly as possible. His first published poem was "A New Hut", which was printed in the newspaper, Smolensk Village. After its publication, he collected his poems and showed them to the poet, Mikhail Isakovsky. Aleksandr later acknowledged Isakovsky's influence, saying that he had been the only Soviet poet who had had a beneficial effect on him. He left the village school because of poverty after attending only four classes and devoted himself entirely to literature. At the age of 18 he went to Smolensk, but was unable to find literary work. In the winter of 1930, after visiting Moscow, he returned to his native village. During this period, he entered a Pedagogical Institute with the help of a party official, but didn't finish his studies there. He completed his education later at the Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature in Moscow. His poem The Land of Muravia was written in 1934–36 and was favorably received by the critics. This poem, along with his other early narrative poem, The Road to Socialism (1931), were products of Tvardovsky's effort to come to terms with collectivization. He was awarded the Stalin Prize for The Land of Muravia.

Tvardovsky's father was accused of being a kulak during the period of collectivisation in the Soviet Union. In 1930, after Aleksandr had moved to Smolensk, his father ran away from the family home fearing arrest. In 1931, apart from Aleksandr, the whole family was deported from Zagorye. The family spent several years moving from place to place, splitting up and reuniting, looking for work and safety. Some of them spent time in labour camps. Orlando Figes describes Aleksandr's sense of uneasiness at the way his family had been treated while at the same time fearing for himself, his career and growing creative accomplishments if he was to actively help them. In August 1931, when his father and brother arrived unexpectedly in Smolensk at his work, Aleksandr called the police and his father was arrested. It is highly likely that if Tvardovsky had been seen to help his kulak father (a dangerous and criminal element in the eyes of many), he would have been arrested alongside his father.

Tvardovsky acknowledged the guilt he felt about his father in his late poem, "By Right of Memory" (1968).

In 1939, he participated in the march into Western Belorussia, and also in the Winter War, where he was part of a "writers' brigade" composing patriotic verse. He joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1940 and was a war correspondent during World War II. Early in the war, he began independently working on his poem . During the post-war years, he served as chief editor of Novy Mir, an influential literary magazine. He became the chief editor of Novy Mir in 1949. He was dismissed from his post in 1954 for publishing officially unacceptable articles by V. Pomerantsev, Fyodor Abramov and M. Shcheglov. He was made chief editor again in July 1958. Tvardovsky fought hard to maintain the traditional independence Novy Mir had, even against official disapproval. During his editorship, the magazine published Ilya Ehrenburg's Thaw in 1954, The Vologda Wedding by Alexander Yashin in 1962, and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in 1962. During those years, the Oktyabr' magazine, with the editor in chief Vsevolod Kochetov, was the pro-Soviet, anti-Western and anti-liberal counterpart of Tvardovsky's Novy Mir.

In January 1963, Tvardovsky was attacked in Izvestia for publishing Yashin's story, which was considered too pessimistic. The chief editor of Izvestia, Alexei Adzhubey, was a son-in-law of the Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, but the editorial appears to have been organised behind their backs while Khrushchev and Adzhubey were visiting Poland and East Germany. Attacks on Tvardovsky persisted for three months, but he did not issue any apology or retraction. On 18 August 1963, Izvestia published Tvardovsky's poem Tyorkin in the Other World, a satire in which the hero continued to meet bureaucratic obstruction even if the afterlife, with an introduction praising the work, signed by Adzhubey. Tvardovsky wrote this poem in 1954, but it was banned for nine years, and was one of the reasons that he was temporarily dismissed from the editorship of Novy mir. A few days before it was finally published, Tvardovsky was accorded the honour of being invited to recite the poem to Khrushchev and a group of foreign writers in Gagra.

These political ups and downs in Tvardovsky's reputation were part of the power struggle between Khrushchev and hard line communists seeking to protect the legacy of the dictator, Joseph Stalin, whose crimes Khrushchev denounced. In his memoirs, Khrushchev wrote that "Tvardovsky's books - especially his epic poem about Vasili Tyorkin - were a source of strength to us all in World War II ... Tvardovsky gave us some great art, but he ended without recognition and without honour."

In January 1965, a few month after Khrushchev had been ousted, Tvardovsky wrote an article commemorating 40 years of Novy Mir, in which he singled out several new young writers for praise, including Andrei Sinyavsky. ON 15 April, Izvestia - under a new chief editor - commissioned a piece accusing Tvardovsky of 'losing his sense of proportion' when he criticised Stalinist literature, and of being too much of an admirer of Solzhenitsyn. Five months later, Sinyavsky was arrested. According to rumour, the authorities then intended to sack Tvardovsky and appoint Konstantin Simonov in his place, but Simonov refused the position, and Tvardovsky's staff threatened to strike.

In February 1970, Tvardovsky was dismissed from Novy Mir. In May, Zhores Medvedev, a contributor to Novy Mir was arrested and interned in a psychiatric hospital in Kaluga. It was common practice in the USSR to abuse psychiatry to silence critics. Tvardovsky and the writer Vladimir Tendryakov visited Medvedev on 6 June, when according to Medvedev, "the doctors were deeply affected by their conversation" and agreed to release Medvedev. On the day he was released, on 17 June, Tvardovsky was summoned before a communist party official, rebuked for interfering in the case and told "we were going to give you a very different award." This was a reference to his 60th birthday, when he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner "for services to the development of Soviet poetry" - implying that he would have received a more prestigious award if he had not intervened.

Devastated at losing the editorship of Novy Mir, Tvardovsky's health collapsed, and he died in December 1971. On hearing of his death, Solzhenitsyn wrote:

"There are many ways of killing a poet. The method chosen for Tvardovsky was to take away his off-spring, his passion, his journal. The sixteen years of insults meekly endured by this hero were little, so long as his journal survived, so long as literature was not stopped, so long as people were printed in it and people read it. Too little! So they heaped the coals of disbandment, destruction and injustice upon him. Within six months, these coals had consumed him. Six months later, he took to his death-bed."

Tvardovsky received the Stalin Prize (1941, 1946, 1947), the USSR State Prize (1971), and the Lenin Prize (1961) for the large poem, Distance After Distance (За далью – даль 1950–60), a collection of poetic impressions and meditations on Russian life first conceived during a trip on the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Vasili Tyorkin
Tvardovsky's most popular long poem,  (Василий Тёркин. Книга про бойца, 1941–1945), is about an ordinary soldier in the German-Soviet War. Filled with humor, the poem was a hymn to the optimism and resourcefulness of the Russian soldier. It was surprisingly non-politicized, down-to-earth, and intentionally devoid of any picturesque heroism. It was printed chapter by chapter and immediately sent to the front in newspapers and magazines as well as read over the radio by Dmitry Orlov. Tvardovsky was awarded his second Stalin Prize for Vasili Tyorkin.

The poem is regarded by critics as a masterpiece, remarkable for "positive good humor, its freedom from dogma, and its closeness to the reality of  life", "a national and even international horizon". It is also unique as a work written during Stalin's regime, as it lacks ideological content, glorification of Stalin and the Soviet state, and triumphalist tone which were required for a work of "Socialist realism". Tvardovsky's wife wrote in 1943: "I have the impression that it is getting dangerous here to pronounce your name aloud", but the poem's popularity saved it from the censorship.

Other works
Tvardovsky's World War II-themed poem, A House by the Road, was the basis for Valery Gavrilin's 1984 symphonic suite of the same name. In 1963, Tvardovsky published Tyorkin in the Other World, a satire on the everyday life in the Soviet Union and Stalinism. Tyorkin gets in hell for a short time and finds out that hell is a lot like everyday life in the Soviet Union.

Honouring
A minor planet 3261 Tvardovskij discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979 is named after him.

A Russian crewed freighter, registered in the Cook Islands, is named after Tvardovsky.

Selected works and English translations

 *  (Василий Тёркин. Книга про бойца, 1941–1945)
 * Tyorkin & The Stove Makers, translated by Anthony Rudolf, Carcanet Press, 1974, ISBN 0856350664
 * Vassili Tyorkin: A Book About a Soldier, translated by Alex Miller, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1975.
 * Vasili Tyorkin: A Book About a Soldier, translated by James W. Womack, Smokestack Books, Ripon, 2020, ISBN 1916012108.
 * Tyorkin in the Other World
 * Tyorkin in the Other World, translated by Patricia Wheeler, Smokestack Books, 2022, ISBN 1838465359.
 * "Stovemakers" (short story)
 * Such a Simple Thing and Other Stories, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1959.
 * Tyorkin & The Stove Makers, translated by Anthony Rudolf, Carcanet Press, 1974, ISBN 0856350664
 * Selected Poetry, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1981.
 * Russian Poetry 1917-1955. Selected, translated and with an introduction by Jack Lindsay, 1955.

title: Aleksandr Tvardovsky


text: Category:Adhesives

title: Category:Adhesives


text:
Pedro Rodriguez (scientist)

Pedro Rodriguez (born 1953) is an American scientist who is the Director of a test laboratory at NASA and inventor of a portable, battery-operated lift seat for people suffering from knee arthritis.

Early years
Pedro Rodriguez was born in Brooklyn, New York to the Puerto Rican salsa singer, Pellin Rodríguez and Elba Lopez Perez, who met in New York while Pellin's band was touring. Rodriguez is the first of three children for the couple. As a child, Rodriguez was always surrounded by musical instruments and by personalities from the entertainment world. He wanted to become a musician like his father, but his father objected because he wanted Pedro to get a college education. The family settled in the city of Bayamón, Puerto Rico. There, young Pedro started to become more interested in the field of science than in the field of music. During his school years, he excelled in the subjects of math and science. In 1971, Rodriguez graduated from La Salle High School with honors.

Rodriguez enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez and changed majors four times before deciding to become an engineer. He earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1976. That same year, recruiters from NASA were conducting interviews at the campus. He was hired by NASA as an engineer, designing special test equipment at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama. Since then, Rodriguez has held several positions at NASA.

Career in NASA
Rodriguez enrolled in the University of Alabama in Huntsville to pursue a master's degree. While pursuing his master's degree, Rodriguez moved to Florida and worked on jet engines for NASA contractor Pratt & Whitney, a United Technologies company. He earned his master's degree in mechanical engineering in 1982. In 1997, he earned his doctorate in civil engineering, from the University of Mississippi.

Rodriguez was the leader of the Solid Rocket Booster accident investigation team following the Space Shuttle Columbia accident in February 2003 and was also the project manager for the Space Launch Initiative program. After 32 years with NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center and serving in various senior leadership positions, including the Director of the test laboratory in the Engineering Directorate at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, and Assistant to the Chief Engineer, Rodriguez retired from NASA. Shortly after retirement he joined a small technology company in Huntsville Alabama, Victory Solutions, Inc. as Senior Vice President for Space Systems and Chief Technology Officer. In these roles he is responsible for developing new technologies and supporting company growth in highly technical engineering support services.

Written works

 * "On the analytical determination of relaxation modulus of viscoelastic materials by Prony's interpolation method" (1986) Document ID: 19870008022; Report Number: NAS 1.1586579, NASA-TM-86579
 * "Application Of Prony's Method To Data On Viscoelasticity" (1988) Document ID: 19880000452; Report Number: MFS-27179
 * "On the design of structural components using materials with time-dependent properties" (1993) Document ID: 19940012046; Report Number: NAS 1.15108428, NASA-TM-108428
 * "AXAF hypervelocity impact test results" (1997) Document ID: 19980005952
 * "Introduction Aims and Requirements of Future Aerospace Vehicles" (2001) Document ID: 20010020951
 * "MPLM On-Orbit Interface Dynamic Flexibility Modal Test" (2001) Document ID: 20010020953

Awards and recognitions
Among the awards and recognitions bestowed upon Rodriguez are: NASA's Exceptional Service Medal, NASA Inventors Award for the invention of the portable, battery-operated lift seat for people suffering from knee arthritis, the Silver Snoopy Award, and The Marshall Center Directors Commendation Award as "Outstanding Hispanic Employee". The Puerto Rican Senate recognized Rodriguez with a resolution marking his engineering achievement.

Personal life
Rodriguez is a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He currently resides in Huntsville, Alabama.

title: Pedro Rodriguez (scientist)


text:
User:Kalanga

About Me
Medium-sized human male of the geekus genus. Evolution of homo sapiens sapiens including nerdy social behaviour, continuous critical thinking, and a pocket pc embedded in the hip.

Favourite Quotes
"People hardly ever make use of the freedom they have. For example, the freedom of thought. Instead they demand freedom of speech as a compensation." - Søren Kierkegaard

"It's like kind of like the Republican party; everybody has to have a little religion." - Prof. Grantham

"J'aime mes femmes comme j'aime mon café: chaud -- avec une cuillère dedans." - Eddie Izzard

"Well, Mr. cat burglar: it looks like you've been caught by the very person who was trying to catch you. How ironic." - Homer Jay Simpson

"If Karl, instead of writing a lot about capital, had made a lot of it, it would have been much better." - Karl Marx 's Mother

"I belong to no organized party. I am a Democrat." - Will Rogers

"When I was a boy I was told that anybody could become President; I'm beginning to believe it." - Clarence Darrow

title: User:Kalanga


text:
EPOC

EPOC may be:

 * Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
 * Emotiv EPOC, consumer brain–computer interface devices for PC.
 * EPOC (operating system), the precursor OS to the Symbian operating system
 * Efficient Probabilistic Public-Key Encryption Scheme
 * The Electric Power Optimization Centre
 * EPoC - Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) Protocol over Coax

EPOC EPOC EPOC EPOC EPOC EPOC EPOC EPOC

title: EPOC


text:
Byliny

Byliny may refer to:
 * Byliny, plural of bylina, a traditional East-Slavic narrative poem
 * Byliny, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)

title: Byliny


text:
Battle of Hobkirk's Hill

The Battle of Hobkirk's Hill (sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of Camden) was a battle of the American Revolutionary War fought on April 25, 1781, near Camden, South Carolina. A small American force under Nathanael Greene occupying Hobkirk's Hill, north of Camden, was attacked by British troops led by Francis Rawdon. After a fierce clash, Greene retreated, leaving Rawdon's smaller force in possession of the hill.

Despite the victory, Rawdon soon fell back to Camden and two weeks later found it necessary to abandon Camden and withdraw toward Charleston, South Carolina. The battle was one of four contests in which Greene was defeated, though his overall strategy was successful in depriving the British of all South Carolina except Charleston. The battlefield marker is located at Broad Street and Greene Street two miles north of the center of modern Camden.

Background
After the Battle of Guilford Court House, Cornwallis's force was spent and in great need of supply. He therefore moved his army towards Wilmington, North Carolina where he had previously ordered supplies to be sent. Greene pursued the British force for a short time before deciding to take his forces into South Carolina. Greene hoped that by threatening the British garrisons in the state he could force Cornwallis to pursue him and then engage the British on ground favorable to his army. When informed of this strategy, Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee replied on April 2:

"I am decidedly of opinion with you that nothing is left for you but to imitate the example of Scipio Africanus."

When Cornwallis did not pursue the Continental Army, Greene chose to reduce the British garrisons scattered throughout South Carolina in order to force the British back into Charleston. To this end, Greene started his army of 1,450 men, made up of four Continental regiments, Lee's Legion, Washington's Cavalry and Campbell's Riflemen, as rapidly and secretly as possible towards Camden, which was at the center of the British line of posts in South Carolina. At the same time he hoped to secure the cooperation of the various partisan bands in South Carolina. The movement was part of an intricate campaign organised by Greene involving Continental and militia troops all across the state. To that end, he sent Lee and his men to assist General Francis Marion, whose small band of militia was being pursued by 400 British troops under John Watson, in the hopes of preventing Watson and his men from reaching Camden before the battle. To that end he was successful, as the combined forces of Lee and Marion forced Watson to make a lengthy detour before eventually rejoining the British forces at Camden after the battle.

The Camden garrison under Lord Francis Rawdon included the 63rd (The West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot, the Loyalist Volunteers of Ireland, the King's American Regiment, the New York Volunteers, the South Carolina Royalists and a small detachment of cavalry.

The town of Camden was situated on a gentle elevation. To the south and southwest lay the Wateree River and to the east was Pinetree creek. A ring of redoubts, constructed by the British during their year-long occupation of the town, stretched from the Wateree to the Pinetree and covered the northern approaches. Upon arrival on April 20, 1781 at Camden, it was apparent that the Continentals had lost the element of surprise as Rawdon's forces were prepared on all fronts. Being unable to storm the town or surround the entire circle of fortifications, Greene chose to encamp his army about a mile and a half away on a small elevation called Hobkirk's Hill, blocking Great Waxhaw Road. As he did not have enough men to besiege Camden, Greene, hoping to draw Rawdon into an attack on the position, organized the camp so that battle positions could be taken quickly in the event of an alarm.

The following evening, Greene's intelligence indicated that a force of some four hundred British soldiers was marching to Camden to join Rawdon's garrison. Greene detached some of the South Carolina militia under Colonel Carrington to the east with some of his artillery to cover the road from Charleston. Finding the terrain too marshy for the artillery, Carrington removed the cannon to a position of safety and awaited further orders. On April 24, having received updated information that the additional forces were not on their way to join the Camden garrison, Greene ordered Carrington back to Hobkirk's Hill.

Early the next morning a Continental deserter, sometimes identified as a drummer, made his way into Camden. He was brought before Rawdon and informed the British commander of the Continental Army's dispositions and that they had no artillery. Fearing that Generals Marion and Lee were on their way to join Greene and believing the Continental artillery was many miles away, Rawdon decided it was a judicious time to attack.

Order of Battle
The order of battle of forces during the battle was:

Continentals

 * Commanding Officer, Major General Nathanael Greene
 * 1 Company from the Delaware Regiment
 * 3 6-pounder cannons, 1 coy commanded by Colonel Charles Harrison
 * 3 Companies from the North Carolina Militia
 * Virginia Cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William Washington
 * White's Cavalry Regiment
 * Washington's Cavalry Regiment
 * Maryland Brigade, commanded by Colonel Otho Holland Williams
 * 1st Maryland Regiment
 * 2nd Maryland Regiment
 * Virginia Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General Isaac Huger (these regiments were recently reorganized from the three Virginia battalions that had fought at Guilford Courthouse)
 * 1st Virginia Regiment - Lieutenant Colonel Richard Campbell
 * 2nd Virginia Regiment - Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Hawes
 * Light Infantry Company - Captain Simon Morgan

British

 * Commanding Officer, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings
 * 1 Troop of the New York Dragoons (Provincial)
 * 63rd Regiment of Foot
 * Volunteers of Ireland
 * King's American Regiment
 * New York Volunteers
 * South Carolina Provincial Regiment
 * 2 6-pounder guns, 1 coy of 40-50 men from Royal Artillery

Battle

On the morning of April 25, 1781, Rawdon was still under the impression that the Continental army was without its artillery. At approximately 9:00 am he left the security of the Camden fortifications with 900 troops. Unknown to Rawdon, Carrington had returned to Hobkirk's Hill that morning, together with the artillery and provisions, which were distributed to the Continental troops. At around 11 am, while many of the Continentals were occupied with cooking and washing clothes, their advanced pickets detected the British forces which had gained the American left by a long march skirting a swamp next to the ridge occupied by the Continental Army.

The advanced pickets, under Captain Robert Kirkwood, were able to delay the British advance giving Greene time to give orders and line his forces up for battle. He placed the Virginia Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Campbell on the extreme right with another Virginia Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Hawes to their left. On the extreme left, Greene placed the 5th Maryland Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Ford, with the 1st Maryland Regiment commanded by John Gunby to their right. The artillery was placed in the center with North Carolina militia in the rear. The three 6-pound cannons and 40 Virginia gunners were directed by Colonel Charles Harrison.

Having extricated his forces from the woods and forced back the pickets, Rawdon arranged his forces and slowly advanced up the ridge towards the waiting Continentals. Greene, perceiving the British forces were presenting a narrow front, ordered an attack. He instructed Campbell on the right to wheel his men to the left and engage the British on their flank with Ford to take his men and make a similar movement on the left. Greene ordered the two remaining regiments in the center to advance with bayonets and confront the enemy head on, while Washington was to take his cavalry around the British left flank and attack the enemy in the rear. The forceful movement of the Americans and the unexpected contribution of their artillery to the exchange inflicted heavy casualties on the British, but their line held.

During the advance of the 1st Maryland on the British left, Captain William Beatty Jr., who was in command to the right of the 1st Maryland regiment, was killed causing his company to stop their advance. Gunby ordered his men to stop their advance and fall back with the intention of reforming their line. At this time, Benjamin Ford of the 5th Maryland was mortally wounded, which threw his troops into disorder. When the Continental flank began to fall apart, Lord Rawdon and the Volunteers of Ireland (Rawdon's Personal Regiment) charged. The Maryland troops rallied briefly to fire a few rounds and then fled. Lord Rawdon, although outnumbered nearly two to one, and without artillery, took the field.

Casualties
The British casualties were 39 killed, 210 wounded and 12 missing. The American casualties may be ascertained from two documents written by Colonel Otho Holland Williams, General Greene's deputy adjutant-general. The first of these, a 'List of the officers killed, wounded, and taken prisoners, in the action before Camden, the 25th of April, 1781', details 1 officer and 18 enlisted men killed, 5 officers and 108 enlisted men wounded, 2 officers captured (one of them wounded) and 136 enlisted men missing. Williams wrote, "The greatest part of those who are missing had not well understood the order to rally at Saunder's creek; some were killed; 47 of them were wounded, and are in the enemy's hospital; we have tidings of about one third of the remaining number, and hope they will be able to join us". The second of these documents is a letter from Williams to his brother, dated April 27, in which he wrote, "Capt I. Smith of the Third, and Capt Lunt [Lieut] Bruff are both prisoners, last wounded. Lieut Trueman is a prisoner, and it is said thirty-nine privates of our army are taken, besides a number wounded, the whole amounting to about fifty" This would indicate that 2 officers and 39 enlisted men were taken prisoner apart from the 1 officer and 47 enlisted men who were wounded and captured. The total American loss at Hobkirk's Hill would therefore appear to be 19 killed; 113 wounded; 48 wounded prisoners; 41 unwounded prisoners and 50 missing unaccounted for; some of whom were killed.

Aftermath
Washington and his cavalry never made it to the action. Their circuit to reach the British rear took them to Rawdon's hospital and commissary area, where they took 200 prisoners. Thus laden, they were too late to assist in the battle, and joined Greene's army on its retreat from the battlefield. Washington did, however, return in time to save the three cannons from capture. The guns were dragged from the field by 45 Maryland infantrymen. This company repelled a number of charges by loyalist horsemen under John Coffin but they suffered serious losses in the process.

The American retreat did not last long. Rawdon withdrew most of his forces to Camden, leaving only a company of dragoons at the battlefield. That afternoon, Greene sent Washington and Kirkwood back to Hobkirk's Hill, where they ambushed and drove the dragoons away; Greene turned the army around and reoccupied the site. Colonel Gunby was castigated by Greene for his actions that caused the line to break. A court martial that was immediately convened found that his "spirit and activity were unexceptionable" but that his order to fall back was "in all probability the only cause why we did not obtain a complete victory", without mentioning the failures of Washington and his cavalry's late arrival.

Rawdon returned to Camden, where Watson's men joined him on May 7. However, the ongoing presence of Greene on one flank and South Carolina militia general Thomas Sumter on another, and the fact that Marion and Lee were wreaking havoc with his supply and communications with Charleston, convinced him that he could no longer hold Camden. On May 9, Rawdon abandoned Camden, retreating to Moncks Corner.

It is notable that the future seventh president of the United States, Andrew Jackson, witnessed the battle. He was being held by the British at the Camden District jail as a prisoner of war.

Preservation
The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have saved more than 22 acres of the battlefield at Hobkirk's Hill as of mid-2023.

title: Battle of Hobkirk's Hill


text:
User talk:Cool-RR

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Multi-agent reinforcement learning
In May 2023 you asked if Multi-agent reinforcement learning could be re-reviewed. Sorry it's taken so long, but I've now looked at it and decided it's C-class! Some feedback is now on the talk page. I hope you see this message and if you'd like to ask questions or continue the conversation then please ping me wherever you leave your message (or drop a note at my talk page). Thanks! — Bilorv ( talk ) 13:43, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cool-RR


text:
Talk:Jason Mraz

Genres
Shouldn't folk be on that list of genres? Some of his songs are pretty folksy. He plays up an Americana kind of thing at his concerts. Maybe those aren't the right words, but I think some genres are missing. Sunshine Kim (talk) 16:20, 25 January 2018 (UTC)

Some people call me the space cowboy
My point about John Mayer not returning his phone calls... It was entirely valid, relevant as a personal insight, cited, and more importantly, claimed by mraz himself. Feel free to respond if you have beefs. ~ Antikryptonite (talk) 04:40, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

and some call me the gangster of love...

' YO LETS WRITE ABOUT HIS BLONDE WIFE AND BLONDE DOG IN HIS BLONDE HOUSE. and about his noble prize in online journalism'

Should there be mention of his warts/moles as in the Lemmy article?--Wasabe3543 05:50, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Yeah he was married. And now he's dating Tristan Prettyman =((((. And no, his official forum FAQ says as far as he knows, he isn't related to George Mraz.

Jason is so sexy.

Jason and Tristan broke up in February of 2006. I think. --TangerineDreams 19:38, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Yes they did--Danielle702 00:28, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

He ruined The Joker. You can't take the drug content out of a Steve Miller song. It totally ruins it.

Well, When I bought the ablum for my younger sibling, I was actually glad the drug content was removed. I think It was nice that he did this at all. And my brother loves it as well.-Danielle702 21:03, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Excuse me, but his version of "The Joker" (that I assume you're talking about) was for the family-friendly film "Happy Feet." I doubt it was his decision to remove any drug references. 68.97.46.189 (talk) 16:09, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

I agree completly —Preceding unsigned comment added by 32.178.130.234 (talk) 03:01, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

I think it should be added that he is the primary correspondant for Invisible Microphone News- source being footage from the DVD disc from his 2004 CD release 'Tonight, Not Again: Jason Mraz Live at the Eagles Ballroom'. Fisket July 2nd 2007

 * Here's the link for The XM Radio sessions cd. http://www.amazon.com/Hear-Music-Radio-Sessions-Vol/dp/B000ANE9M2 Danielle702 (talk) 22:14, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

why is the intro so crappy, he doesn't need a list of people he played with. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.216.57.205 (talk) 22:46, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Point of Origin???
The whole business about Mraz being from Mars has no place in here. It can be pointed out that he likes to make this claim, but the FACT is he is from Mechanicsville, VA. Wikipedia is supposed to list facts, right? I've updated the information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.223.226.6 (talk) 15:33, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

I've another origin thing to point out: it says his grandfather moved to the US from Czechoslovakia in 1915, but Czechoslovakia was not formed until after WWI. His grandfather clearly came from Austria-Hungary, or else it should read "moved to the United States from what is now the Czech Republic." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.204.139.132 (talk) 04:21, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

His Cousin?
A post indicates "His cousin Brandon McCourt, considered a star in Europe and Asia helped write the song." Google shows nothing about a Brandon McCourt who is an artist let alone a "Star" .... let alone his cousin. It might be true, but some part of that is innacurrate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.194.217.62 (talk) 02:18, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Gay/bisexual
The new edits here have not made any sense:

"He has denied rumours of bisexuality, saying that 'Other kids always referred to me as being gay but "I am just artistic'"

He did not say he wasn't bisexual, he said he wasn't gay. There is a major difference. And to top it off, it's a misquote and citing a pro-board forum as a source...with no mention of the quote in question.--Fallout boy 07:04, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Why is there anything on his sexuality on this page? It seems unecessary, especially since the information is questionable. Please let me know the reasoning for this. Chocolateluvr88 00:55, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Whether his sexual orientation is unnecessary is subjective. Second, the information is not questionable. We are working with direct quotes from him. The first one is from Genre magazine, Aug '05: "I have a bisexually open mind, but I have never been in a sexual relationship with a man. If the right one came along, then sure." The latter quote was unsourced and misquoted: "Other kids always referred to me as being gay so it sparked interest. After some brief research and experimentation I realized I was not.". As much as I don't like doing other users' homework for them, the source is from a March 2004 Gay.com interview. Once again, the quote of him stating that he is bisexual was made after this user claimed he "denied rumours of bisexuality".--Fallout boy 03:58, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * NNDB says he's bisexual, and cites a magazine as a source. 69.141.120.169 13:51, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Unless there is a SPECIFIC source as a reference besided another website, there can be no mentioning of his sexuality per Wiki standards. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.147.145.165 (talk • contribs)

 * From the NNDB link: [1] In the August 2005 issue of Genre magazine, Mraz stated: "I have a bisexually open mind, but I have never been in a sexual relationship with a man. If the right one came along, then sure." That seems like a reliable source to me. Irk(talk) 17:02, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * What about this source? http://www.groovevolt.com/paparazzi/paparazzi.asp?ID=94 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Shinoda28107 (talk • contribs) 03:46, 10 April 2007 (UTC).

 * He specifically said he was straight while taping a public service announcement for the True Colors Fund in 2010. Other celebrities said they were straight, gay or bisexual. If he identified as bisexual, he would have said so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.97.46.189 (talk) 16:02, 21 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, he just posted a Facebook story that says "proudly bisexual". --HeLping (talk) 06:06, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

Meaning of his name
Mraz does indeed mean 'frost', but when I saw JM in concert this weekend (superb gig - supporting James Blunt) he claimed that Mraz means 'blunt'! Adambisset 04:26, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * He was probably just making a joke. —bbatsell ¿?  04:29, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Ahhh.... Adambisset

In fact "Mraz" means "scoundrel" in Russian. "Frost" is "moroz". If you dont believe me, check it by yourselves. Martinso 14:38, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * This may be true, but the reference is to Slavic, not Russian. The Slavic version is probably derived from Russian, but with variations. It's along the lines of "vater" (German) and "pater" (Latin) Joliefille 08:31, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

The Slavic version is absolutely not derived from Russian. Slavic is not a language; it is a language family. The article says quite clearly that he is of Czech decent. His name is Czech. Both Russian and Czech are Slavic languages derived from Slavonic. What it means in Russian is like comparing what a Spanish word means in Italian, or vice versa. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.204.139.132 (talk) 04:18, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

Mráz means in Czech-freeze, frost, hoarfrost or le gel in french

and believe me Im czech so i think this translation is accurate :-D  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.101.32.125 (talk) 07:09, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

"Mraz" means "frost" in many Slavic languages, including Czech and Bulgarian. In Russian, "moroz" is "frost" but "mraz" is chill. 68.97.46.189 (talk) 16:06, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The Beauty in Ugly contains very little sourced content and the article fails WP:MUSIC. - Mdsummermsw (talk) 15:21, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Birthday?
It says on the wikipedia page that he was born on the 23 June, but there is a youtube video when he says his birthday is on the day of the gig he was playing, though the gig is dated the 23 March. Does anyone know which is right?

this is the link to said video: http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=4P0XMkDEjak —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.86.66.35 (talk) 15:33, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * And the photo caption says June 21.... 69.228.41.129 (talk) 09:00, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Date of career
Jason Mraz did not start his career in 2005. His first album came out in 2002.
 * Thank you for this. I have made a change reflecting this. NuclearWarfare  ( Talk ) 22:06, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

"Remedy", "Curbside Prophet" etal are not from "Mr. A-Z", as the article would lead us to believe. As stated above, Jason Mraz did not start his career in 2005. These songs are from "Waiting For My Rocket To Come", recorded in 2002, released in 2003. —Preceding unsigned comment added by SavorySalt (talk • contribs) 20:22, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Jason Mraz's music was recently featured on Dancing With the Stars (I'm Yours, March 23). American Idol Season 8 also featured "I'm Yours." In 2008 and 2009, ABC's Brothers and Sisters "Make It Mine" and "Beautiful Mess" were also played. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.181.233.107 (talk) 07:35, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Music career
Started his first on stage singing performance at a Rural Point Elementary School Talent show. Colbie Caillat - Coco. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.170.246.10 (talk) 04:02, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

I heard jason is travelling around australia as a ventriloquist i thought this should be mentioned somewhere Walker1991 (talk) 05:26, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Jason Mraz debuted "I'm Your's" in February 2008 at a private radio gathering that was hosted by Sunset Sessions. Exactly one year later, February 8th, 2009, Jason was nominated for a Grammy for the single. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sunset Sessions (talk • contribs) 05:12, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

At the 2010 Grammy's Jason won two grammy's. One for Best Male Contemporary Artist for Best pop vocal performance, for "Make it Mine" and Best Pop Collaboration for his duet with Colbie Calliat in "Lucky." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Julievk (talk • contribs) 02:36, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Deliberate Inclusion of Inaccuracies
Is everybody aware that Jason Mraz has advocated to his fans that they introduce inaccurate information in on-line content including Wikipedia? Above line about him being a Ventriloquist seems to be part of this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.168.223.77 (talk) 11:51, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

He's doing the ventriliquist tour because he promised his great aunt the Duches of Slazburg, Dottiana, that he would fullfil her dying wish to see him travel the world and express his love for wooden puppets, she said he had denied his love of small wooden toys for too long and now was the time to live his dream. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eeevila (talk • contribs) 01:40, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Where is the cite? More misinformation I guess.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.168.223.77 (talk) 10:15, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Jason Mraz :: add external link
French Fan Club Website : Jason Mraz Fan Club at http://www.jason-mraz-fan-club.fr/

❌ No fansites, please read WP:ELNO. BOVINEBOY 2008 ) 12:53, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Linguistic nitpick
The phrase "first major-label debut album" (under Music Career, Waiting For My Rocket to Come) is redundant. 68.122.68.180 (talk) 22:27, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Vegan is on Wikipedia
In the "Personal Life" section it is stated that "Mraz is a vegan", given that Vegan is on the Wikipedia, shouldn't we point to it from here. This implies substituting "Mraz is a vegan" with "Mraz is a vegan"

 * Yes check.svg Done You're right, thanks! --JokerXtreme (talk) 07:51, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Chart influence for "Mr.Curiosity" by Lena Meyer-Landrut
I add this here as User:Kintetsubuffalo accused me of spamming:

In 2010 Lena Meyer-Landrut, the later winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo, Norway, performed "Mr. Curiosity" during the german preselection show Unser Star für Oslo causing the title to enter german charts peaking at #44 in March 2010. A cover version of "Mr. Curiosity" was also later released on her debut album My Cassette Player.

The addition well matches the same relevancy as the preceeding chapter of Chris Richardsons perfomance for American Idol. Moreover Lena Meyer-Landrut created verificable facts in the official german charts AND the song was rereleased as cover version on a 2xPlatin certified album. What of this would be advertisment or irrelevant completely misses me. So I would opt to put this back in and overrule User:Kintetsubuffalo. (sorry no sign as I'm only registered in the german Wikipedia: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer_Diskussion:Peter.dittmann)--84.174.129.57 (talk) 15:20, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

P.S.If you are willing to discuss you may use my german discussion page: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer_Diskussion:Peter.dittmann (sorry, I don't like to register seperately for each and every §&%%&$% language version) If you don't have serious arguments I may put the things back later. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.174.129.57 (talk) 14:30, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * First, you need to read No personal attacks. I would be very happy to report you for something like "simple minded". Second, your spam should only go on Lena Meyer-Landrut's article, she is not important on the others. If you replace her, I will revert you again.--Chris (クリス • フィッチ) (talk) 06:03, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * First: Sorry if this was received by you as personal attack. I actually didn't meant you personally, but rather the act itself, which on my behalf still seems a bit overdone. Sorry again if my poor gramar made it more offensive than realy meant. Being accused of SPAM in conjunction with just factual edits was received by me also personal, so let's call it quit. Observing your history list you seems to be not much afraid of collateral damage in your "war on spam" ;-) Second: "she is not important on the others" - so just tell me why then Chris Richardson should be important in the same section. It would be irrelevant for the same reason. However in contrast to Chris Richardson Lena Meyer-Landrut created offical chart influence (not just iTunes, but real official chart listings !) in Germany in favor of Jason. This can be verified. Also she rereleased a official cover version of "Mr.Curiosity" on a 2xPlatin album (400.000 units within 2 month), hence Jason is officially linked to her album as author. Sound rather relevant information to me. The whole viewpoint from your side seems to be a little US centric. If you ask in Germany for Jason Mraz you very likely get the answer: Isn't this the guy that wrote this song on Lena's album ? ;-) (sorry, still no englich user page ...)

External Link Question
I have a question in regards to posting external links. I recently added a link to available Jason Mraz sheet music, which was removed due to advertising. Advertising was not my intention. I only posted it for readers, like myself, interested in seeing and knowing if this musical artist's music is in print. I would like your input on the matter. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Musician812 (talk • contribs) 15:04, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

 * The link is covered under WP:ELNO #5: "Links to web pages that primarily exist to sell products or services." The target page exists to sell sheet music for songs/albums by Mraz, so it should not be linked from the article. —C.Fred (talk) 15:53, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Jason Mraz Dead?
Heard about it on #kdoran on Twitter. Can anyone confirm?

The Ronin (talk) 05:20, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The talk page isn't a place for you to request others to do your work. Do your own confirmations and update if it's true.  It isn't true, but that's not my job to do for you.  Thanks! Vertium (talk) 04:11, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, the talk page is entirely the right place for him to bring such reports, if he feels they may be on the up and up, regardless of whether he intends to research the matter further himself. Snow (talk) 21:09, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Sheridan Edley / Marriage?
Hi guys. I was confused when I randomly googled "Jason Mraz", an artist that I have loved for years and I actually know a little about, and saw that he supposedly has been married to a make-up artist named Sheridan Edley in 2001 and that he has a brother (sister?) named Candance Mraz. Is this true? There are various sources caliming this (http://i.imgur.com/3TJzday.png, http://i.imgur.com/ND2HjfK.png, http://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/jason-mraz.html). If it's true, shouldn't it be mentioned in the article? 2003:46:EB2C:63AD:59B6:6CD8:1478:CDCC (talk) 13:57, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

Genres
The genre of Mraz has always been hard to pin down. His biggest hit "I'm Yours" was just about genre-less, or you could say it spanned many genres, since it was popular in a variety of radio formats and charted in different sales charts.

The genres listed in this biography infobox should not be more than four entries, and they should tend toward the general. More than that, the genres should be verifiable, which means they should be supported by references which discuss the genres of Mraz. The infobox genres for Mraz should not be drawn from his songs or albums—they should have been used in published sources to describe Mraz himself. Also, the genres in the infobox should be real genres with Wikipedia articles written about them, which means "coffeehouse" is not supported.

Keeping all that in mind, Mraz has been called:
 * Singer-songwriter by National Geographic.
 * Singer-songwriter by Billboard.
 * Singer-songwriter by Music OMH
 * Folk rock by Pop Entertainment
 * Singer-songwriter by OC Register
 * Singer-songwriter by Fuse.tv
 * Singer-songwriter by Cleveland.com
 * Singer-songwriter by Time magazine
 * Singer-songwriter by USA Today
 * Folk/pop singer-songwriter by AllMusic: "...laid-back, melodic pop with stylistic nods toward folk, jam band music, hip-hop, and soft rock."

Regarding the "folk rock label, several sources apply this label only to his backing band Raining Jane, as distinct from Mraz, so these sources tend to cancel out the Pop Entertainment source.

Based on the above list I think the infobox should only say "singer-songwriter", an American folk/rock/pop genre. Binksternet (talk) 20:17, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 19:36, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Jason Mraz. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070703011719/http://www.popentertainment.com/tristanprettyman.htm to http://www.popentertainment.com/tristanprettyman.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://news.softpedia.com/news/GAP-Favorites-Alanis-Morissette-Joss-Stone-Destiny-s-Child-singer-Michelle-Williams-and-Keith-Urban-5662.shtml
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://voices.yahoo.com/jason-mraz-colbie-caillat-steve-martin-snl-2600205.html?cat=33
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/music/267037421.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:52, 19 April 2017 (UTC)

Two Spirit label
While I appreciate that his identifying as Two Spirit is sourced, can we either comment on the fact that what he describes as "Two Spirit" is neither an accurate representation of traditional Two Spirit identity or remove the entry all together? Does this not fall under original research? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.209.209.138 (talk) 22:13, 21 July 2018 (UTC)

Pronunciation of name is currently uncited.
The pronunciation of Mraz's name, by himself, the Americans, or Czechs, is completely uncited. Surely we can find some sources! Dingolover6969 (talk) 19:20, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I found a source for this and added it to the article. Adrio (talk) 19:51, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Pickle Boy
He was a pickle boy at the Minnesota Renaissance Festival for at least one season. Just a bit of trivia. 69.163.19.132 (talk) 17:30, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jason Mraz


text:
USS Montgomery (1858)

The third USS Montgomery was a wooden screw steamer in the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

Montgomery was built at New York in 1858; chartered by the Navy in May 1861; purchased at New York 28 August 1861; and commissioned 27 May 1861 at New York, Comdr. O. S. Glisson in command.

Service history
From June to November, Montgomery blockaded Apalachicola, Florida, off which she captured Finland, lacking proper papers, 29 August. In November, she began patrolling the coast from Washington to Cape Fear River, and on the 8th had a running fight with Tallahassee, the Confederate iron propeller. After temporary duty off Ship Island 2 December, she was attacked off Horn Island Pass two days later by Florida and Pamlico, but was not damaged.

Joining the East Gulf Blockading Squadron 20 January 1862, Montgomery reported off Ship Island three days later. She took schooner Isabel (formerly W. R. King) off Atchafalaya Bay 1 February, then carried dispatches to Tampa, Florida before joining the West Gulf Blockading Squadron to hunt for schooner Columbia off San Luis Pass, Texas, 5 April. Finding the schooner abandoned, Montgomery burned her, then captured a large sloop. Cruising the Mexican and Texas coasts, she helped free American citizens held in Mexico the latter part of April and took British schooner Will o’ the Wisp of the Rio Grande 3 June.

Further prizes were Blanche, chased ashore at Havana 7 October; Confederate steamer CSS Caroline, taken off Mobile, Alabama 28 October; and sloop William E. Chester, taken 20 November. She continued to blockade Mobile into 1863, then joined the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, searching for Confederate cruiser Tacony off Nantucket Shoals in June and Confederate armed cruiser Florida in the same area in July. In August she joined the blockade of Wilmington for the remainder of the year.

Among her 1864 operations in this area were the capture of Pet 11 February; the destruction of blockade running steamer Dove 7 June; the capture of Bendigo, aground on Wilmington Bar 13 June; and the seizure of Bat off Western Bar 11 October. Other ships of the blockade aided in these captures. In December and January she joined in the attack on and capture of Fort Fisher.

In February 1865, Montgomery patrolled off Cape Fear River, engaging Half Moon Battery the 11th, then beginning a coastal patrol from Wilmington to Georgetown, South Carolina, 24 February. Decommissioning at Philadelphia Navy Yard 20 June 1865, she was sold at public auction 10 August 1865, redocumented 1 April 1866, and was in merchant service into 1877.

title: USS Montgomery (1858)


text:
User:Vpetreski

Ovo je test, da vidimo sta ce da se desi ?!

Evo malo matematike:

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title: User:Vpetreski


text:
File:TheBirthdayPartyPrayersOnFire.jpg

Cover of The Birthday Party album Prayers on Fire.

Fair use in Prayers on Fire
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because: - Gobeirne 21:45, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover.
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way.
 * 3) Copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.

title: File:TheBirthdayPartyPrayersOnFire.jpg


text:
Battle of Zealand Point

The Battle of Zealand Point was a naval battle of the English Wars and the Gunboat War. Ships of the Danish and British navies fought off Zealand Point on 22 March 1808; the battle was a British victory. Peter Willemoes was among the Danish casualties,

Prelude
The Danish ship of the line HDMS Prinds Christian Frederik was stationed in Kristiansand, Norway from 7 August 1807, patrolling waters between Norway and Denmark where Britain had imposed a blockade. In February 1808, Prins Christian Frederik pursued the British ship HMS Quebec (1781) into hiding. Having learned of the Danish ship, the British admiralty sent a squadron consisting of HMS Nassau (the former Danish ship-of-the-line Holsteen, taken during the Battle of Copenhagen), HMS Stately (1784), HMS Vanguard (1787), and two brigs, HMS Constant (1801) and HMS Kite (1805), to secure the waters. While this was going on Prins Christian Frederik became frozen in at Fredericksværn, near Kristiansand. She therefore did not set sail for Denmark until 4 March.

By the time Prins Christian Frederik reached Denmark, epidemic typhus had broken out among her crew. Ice in the Danish harbours prevented her from docking, and crew were replaced over the ice. On 17 March morale deteriorated further when news arrived that King Christian had died. She was ordered into the Great Belt (Storebælt) strait to provide cover for a crossing of a French army corps consisting of Spanish soldiers ordered by Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (later King of Sweden) to attack Skåne. Having been alerted to the Danish plan, the British ships give chase. The British ships intended to outmanoeuvre, corner, and overpower Prins Christian Frederik; Captain Carl Jessen, after conferring with his officers, decided to take a stand in order to gain enough of a tactical advantage to move into familiar waters and within the protective range of the cannon at Kronborg.

On Friday 18 March 1808 the crew of HMS Stately was employed cutting passages through the sea ice from their Swedish anchorage to allow Stately and Nassau to go to sea. Their Swedish pilots were discharged the next day when the squadron, comprising the three ships-of-the-line Nassau, Stately, and Vanguard, the frigate HMS Quebec (1781), the two sloops Falcon and HMS Lynx (1794), and the gunbrig Constant, formed up and live bullocks were transferred from Stately to Quebec and to Lynx. The smaller ships patrolled the northern approaches to the Great Belt and the Øresund, within sight of the squadron or separately, investigating any strange sail. Quebec and Lynx were in company late on 21 March, then parted company early on 22nd before Quebec identified Prins Christian Frederik near Sejerø. Lynx, and later HMS Falcon (1802), joined with Quebec in Sejerø Bay.55.8833°N, 11.15°W

Course

In the hours before the battle Prins Christian Frederik was within sight of Quebec and Lynx. At 2 [pm] the sloop, Falcon, who recorded the signal from Quebec "Danish Line-of-battle-ship to windward", joined them and cleared for action. During the afternoon the Danish ship had reversed course and sailed northward round the reef at the west of Sjællands Odde (that long tongue of land at the northwest of Zealand), and was now headed eastward again, to the north of the land. Shortly after 4 [pm] Stately and Nassau were sighted to the North East, and the signal, "inforced with a (signal) gun", of the presence of the enemy led to all ships making "all sail, in chace".

Falcon and Nassau's logs record that at 7:50pm Prinds Christian Frederik fired the first shots when she fired her stern chasers at Nassau, the foremost of her pursuers. By 8:05pm Nassau had drawn level and began returning broadsides, but forty minutes later she was in danger of blocking Stately's field of fire. Nassau made more sail and moved ahead out of the way as Stately entered the fray. Action continued with the two British ships-of-the-line alternating their attacks until Prinds Christian Frederik struck. At this point Prinds Christian Frederik was aground 300 meters from the shore at 55.9835°N, 11.3362°W.

Throughout the morning of 23 March the squadron's boats transported prisoners, and the ships' companies knotted, spliced, and ran new rigging. At noon, orders were sent to set fire to Prinds Christian Frederick as soon as all the wounded had been removed. The fire was set between 7:30 and 8:00pm and Prinds Christian Frederik blew up shortly before 9:00 pm.

Stately had four men killed, and 31 officers and men wounded. Nassau lost one man killed, 17 officers and men wounded, and one man missing. Prins Christian Frederik lost 55 men killed and 88 men wounded. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasps "Stately 22 March 1808" and "Nassau 22 March 1808" to any still surviving crew members of those vessels that chose to claim them.

Consequences and commemoration
Prins Christian Frederik was the last of the Danish ships of the line during the Napoleonic Wars.

Peter Willemoes and the other Danish casualties were after the battle buried in a communal grave at Odden churchyard, near the scene of the Battle of Zealand Point, where their gravestone can still be seen. A monument commemorating the battle and the Danish casualties was also erected in the churchyard. It consists of a Neoclassical column featuring a plaque with an incidental poem by N.F.S. Grundtvig' ('De snekker de mødtes i kvæld på hav''). A commemorative stone with a relief of a crowned anchor and an inscription has been erected on the beach.

Odsherred Museum hosts a small display about the battle. It includes the anchor. ,a canon and a number of other artefacts from Prinds Christian Frederik. A model of this ship hangs in Odden Church.

Christian Mølsted has painted a somewhat romanticised scene from the battle in which Willemoes is dying in the arms of second in command C. A. Rothe. It exists in two versions, one in Museum Vestfyn (1901) and one in the Frederiksborg Museum in Hillerød.

title: Battle of Zealand Point


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Cocaine/archive1

Cocaine
This was submitted by someone else as FAC a long time ago. Since the article has been extensively rewritten but it's still not up to full standard. I'm looking for some suggestions or pointers on where the article could be improved - and if someone would like to revamp the "Usage" section that would be great as well :) porge 23:46, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * This article should be more extensively sourced. Phils 16:46, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * An interesting read. A few thoughts occur to me:
 * US-centric overall, the whole section called usage in the United States should either be broadened to a more global discussion, or sections about other places added
 * Regarding addiction: I understood that cocaine tolerance develops very rapidly, and users need to take more and more to achieve the same effect. Is this the case?
 * Could say what the cost to user is. In the UK, it's become amazingly cheap in recent years (I'm not too sure why), and its use has increased.  It's a commonly quoted statistic that in London, 99% of £20 notes have traces of cocaine on them.
 * Does the US not work to destroy cocaine farms in Peru, Colombia and Bolivia? I believe I've heard they spray them with crop-destroying substances.
 * Legal status section needs filling in. Worldtraveller 17:41, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comments :) Just going to refer to them by number here: I'm currently looking for information on 1 and 5... it's proving rather elusive though. 4 Coca eradication is dealt with in a seperate article I'll add a subsection, short summary, and link to it. I imagine that cost to user (3) would vary wildly from country to country and within a country depending upon who is importing it, what the season is, etc - I'll try to find some less USentric info. Thanks! porges 08:13, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * There have been efforts to grow coca across the South Pacific, most notably Papua New Guinea and Fiji, however these crops did not produce the erythoxyline compounds.
 * Also, due to the supply and demand factor, not caring about the quality of product ie lack of purity controls the producers mix various solvents together to produce more base product which in final processing without the forementioned filtering produces a much lower grade but higher yield.
 * In fact, Germany and France both used cocaine mixed with dextrose for icing sugar and other confectionaries turn of the century. Dextrose gives that cooling sensation thats used in mints, etc. See a pre-1970's edition of "Larousse Gastronomique" {Crown Publ./English} for reference to coca & recipes (I wonder what the 1938ed. says?).
 * Ever wonder why "grandmas" art deco lapel pins looked like they could be used for a spoon or a roach clip? Thats because there was more going on in the mafia speakeasy's than just bootleg rye & floozeys. Refer to interviews with the Beatnicks.
 * with your literary references, you might as well mention that cocaine was a reason Samuel Clemens & Jason Green sailed down the Mississippi on a riverboat, but then he found a job with a printing press in St. Louis. Schlüggell

title: Wikipedia:Peer review/Cocaine/archive1


text: User talk:66.53.219.49

title: User talk:66.53.219.49


text:
User talk:Radfox

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 23:46, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.-Mr Adequate 04:17, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Editing concerns
Please refrain from adding nonsense to Wikipedia, as you did to I ate a burger. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. --NMChico24 23:29, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Radfox


text:
User talk:Jmahler

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 23:47, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Jmahler


text:
User talk:Rock8888

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 23:47, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Rock8888