text:
Welcome to the Pleasuredome

Welcome to the Pleasuredome is the debut studio album by English synth-pop band Frankie Goes to Hollywood, first released on 29 October 1984 by ZTT Records. Originally issued as a vinyl double album, it was assured of a UK chart entry at number one due to reported advance sales of over one million. It actually sold around a quarter of a million copies in its first week. The album was also a top-10 seller internationally in countries such as Switzerland, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand.

While commercially successful, the album also drew criticism for containing new versions of all of the songs from the group's (already much-remixed) singles from the same year ("Relax" and "Two Tribes", plus B-side "War"), as well as a surfeit of cover versions in lieu of much new original material. It was later revealed that Trevor Horn's production dominated the record so thoroughly that the band's own instrumental performances were often replaced by session musicians or Horn himself. Frankie's second album, Liverpool, actively featured the full band.

However, the album's evergreen ballad "The Power of Love" subsequently provided the group with their third consecutive UK number one single.

To celebrate the album's 30th anniversary, in October 2014, ZTT through Union Square Music released a limited edition (2,000 copies only) box set entitled Inside the Pleasuredome, available exclusively from the website pledgemusic.com. The box set contains rarities on 10" vinyl, as well as a book, a DVD, a cassette (featuring 13 mixes of "Relax" and its B-side "One September Monday") as well as a new 2014 remastered version of Welcome to the Pleasuredome on 180g vinyl.

Sleeve art
The cover art was conceived by ZTT owner Paul Morley and illustrated by graphic artist Lo Cole. The front cover featured an illustration of the Frankie Goes to Hollywood band members; on the back of the album was an illustration of a large animal orgy; and the inner gatefold artwork was an image of a procession of animals entering the head of a very large phallus. The sleeve art proved controversial, and the printing company refused to print the album covers. Cole was forced to alter the orgy image by adding green fig leaves to cover the offending animal genitalia.

Critical reception
Reviewing Welcome to the Pleasuredome for Sounds, Carole Linfield praised Frankie Goes to Hollywood for merging "the hip with the witless" on an album of "overkill, overjoy and overcompensation", summarising it as "pretentious rubbish for which we're rewarded with almost illicit ecstasy... Frankie makes gullibility fashionable." "By next week I'll be tired of it," commented Richard Cook in NME, "but today this 'play' is funny, sharp, gorgeous." Jim Reid of Record Mirror felt that while the album "would have made a brilliant single LP", it is still "superbly produced and head and shoulders above the rest", observing "intelligence, real sexual glamour and a sense of fun" distinguishing the band from other contemporary pop acts.

In the United States, Rolling Stone critic David Fricke found that the album's songs are "too often... merely alluring fragments", while concluding that it "revels in its own subversiveness with such audacious glee that it is impossible not to be captivated, if not entirely convinced". The Village Voice's Robert Christgau was less impressed, calling the group "a truly great hype" but ultimately only "a marginally competent arena-rock band who don't know how to distinguish between effeminacy and pretension".

Retrospectively, AllMusic reviewer Ned Raggett said that Welcome to the Pleasuredome, divorced from "the hype, controversy, and attendant craziness surrounding Frankie", "holds up as an outrageously over-the-top, bizarre, but fun release", as well as "more a testament to Trevor Horn's production skills than anything else." For Pitchfork, Sasha Geffen wrote that the album's impact "rang out into the years that followed, emblematizing the '80s and loosening the way for bands like Erasure, who would carry a similar torch into the rave years."

Track listing
All songs written and composed by Peter Gill, Holly Johnson, Brian Nash and Mark O'Toole except where noted.

Personnel

 * Frankie Goes to Hollywood
 * Holly Johnson – lead vocals
 * Paul Rutherford – backing vocals
 * Brian Nash – guitar
 * Mark O'Toole – bass guitar
 * Peter Gill – drums

Additional personnel
 * J. J. Jeczalik – keyboards, programming, software
 * Andy Richards – keyboards
 * Luís Jardim – percussion
 * Anne Dudley – keyboards, string arrangement on "The Power of Love"
 * Stephen Lipson – guitar
 * Steve Howe – acoustic guitar (on "Welcome to the Pleasuredome")
 * Trevor Horn – backing vocals, bass guitar

Production
 * Produced by Trevor Horn
 * Engineers – Stuart Bruce, Steve Lipson
 * Mastering – Ian Cooper

Technical
 * Cover concept - Paul Morley
 * Illustration by Lo Cole
 * Cover photography - Peter Ashworth

title: Welcome to the Pleasuredome


text:
Michael Alfred Peszke

Michael Alfred Peszke (19 December 1932 – 17 May 2015) was a Polish-American psychiatrist and historian of the Polish Armed Forces in World War II.

Life
Peszke was born in Dęblin, Poland, in 1932. After the outbreak of World War II and the Nazi and Soviet invasion of Poland, Peszke, his mother Eugenia Halina Grębocka Peszke, and his father Alfred Bartłomiej Peszke evacuated to France and Britain.

After attending school in Scotland and England, Michael Alfred Peszke studied at Trinity College Dublin, where he received his medical degree. From 1956 to 1960 he performed a psychiatric residency in Rhode Island and Connecticut in the United States, and in 1963 obtained his board certification. Until his retirement in 1999, he combined clinical work with research, teaching, and administrative duties, chiefly on the East Coast of the United States.

Peszke died at his home in Wakefield, Rhode Island, on 17 May 2015.

Peszke was professor emeritus of the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Member Emeritus of the American College of Psychiatrists, and Distinguished Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association. He was a member of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.

History
Through his father, a Polish Air Force officer who in 1944 had become head of Air Force planning as part of the Staff of the Polish Commander-in-Chief in London, Peszke the son had developed an interest in the history of Polish Armed Forces policy and collaboration with the Allies. This led him to combine his psychiatric vocation with a historical avocation. Beginning in 1973, he published numerous papers and studies in English and Polish on diverse aspects of the Polish Armed Forces, particularly in the west, during World War II. Chief among these, are four books:

 * Battle for Warsaw, 1939-1944, Boulder, Colorado, East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1995, 325 pp., ISBN 0-88033-324-3. A study of the military and diplomatic efforts of the Polish Government in Exile in France and Britain to restore Poland's sovereignty.  The endeavor ended in tragedy when the Polish Home Army launched the Warsaw Uprising (August–October 1944) against the occupying German forces, the Soviet Union denied landing rights on Soviet-controlled territory to the Royal Air Force, the U.S. Army Air Corps, and the Polish Air Force headquartered in Britain, and the western Allies—fearing to offend the Soviets—declined to pressure Joseph Stalin to assist the Polish insurgents or at least grant landing rights.  The Polish Parachute Brigade, which had been formed expressly to aid a prospective uprising in Poland, was—against Polish government and military objections—highjacked for British Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery's disastrous Operation Market Garden of A Bridge Too Far infamy just as the Warsaw Uprising was running its disastrous course.
 * Poland's Navy, 1918-1945, New York, Hippocrene Books, 1999, 222 pp., ISBN 0-7818-0672-0. A history, unique in the English language, of the Polish Navy before and during World War II, containing entirely original sections on the Polish feluccas and Polish naval aviation.
 * The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II, foreword by Piotr S. Wandycz, Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Company, 2005, 244 pp., ISBN 0-7864-2009-X. A ground-breaking, densely documented study of Polish military staff efforts in World War II, with special reference to Poland's relations with her allies.
 * The Armed Forces of Poland in the West, 1939–46: Strategic Concepts, Planning, Limited Success but No Victory!, Solihull, Helion, 2013, ISBN 978-1908916549.
 * Polskie siły zbrojne na Zachodzie, 1939–1946: Koncepcje strategiczne i realia geopolityki (The Polish Armed Forces in the West, 1939–1946: Strategic Concepts and Geopolitical Realities), translated by Tomasz Fiedorek, Poznań, Dom Wydawniczy Rebis, 2014, ISBN 978-83-7818-547-5. (This is a Polish-language edition of Peszke's 2013 book.)

Peszke's writings were characterized by a clarity and succinctness that may perhaps owe something to his training in medical diagnostics. In addition to documenting Poland's contributions to the Allied military effort in World War II—one of which, decryption of German Enigma machine ciphers, was acknowledged by Winston Churchill as having been critical to the outcome of the war—Peszke's historical writings show particular strength in regard to the delicate wartime politics and diplomacy of a country tragically trapped between the aggressive imperialisms of western and eastern Europe, a country betrayed by her own wartime European and American allies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Michael Alfred Peszke


text:
User talk:Crna ruza

Rosa negra
See Votes for deletion/Rosa negra. The article was proposed for deletion and got a 7-1 vote favouring deletion. Wikipedians decide on votes for deletion whether an article should be deleted or not, while the admins (like me) delete the article if there's a consensus to do so. According to the VfD page, Rosa negra seems not to be notable enough to warrant its own article. Hope that helped. --Conti|✉ 12:32, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Crna ruza


text:
She Bangs the Drums

"She Bangs the Drums" is a song by English rock band the Stone Roses. The song was released as the second single from their eponymous debut album (1989). It was released in the UK, Japan, and Germany. The single was their first Top 40 hit, peaking at number 36 on the UK Singles Chart in July 1989. A reissue in March 1990 improved by two places.

The single used a noticeably different mix of "She Bangs the Drums" from the album version. The album version's hi-hat intro was omitted and it featured a slightly heavier guitar sound and a marginally different backing vocal arrangement. This single version is the one most commonly used for compilations and radio play. The CD and cassette singles were noted for their strong selection of B-sides: "Standing Here", "Mersey Paradise", and the backward playing track "Simone". The song was written by Ian Brown and John Squire, with Brown writing the verse lyrics, while Squire was responsible for the chorus, although an early acoustic demo features an unused chorus written by Brown.

In May 2007, NME magazine placed "She Bangs the Drums" at number 12 in its list of the "50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever". The track was also featured as number 26 on PopMatters' "The 100 Greatest Alternative Singles of the '80s" list. The song is featured in the 2007 music rhythm game Guitar Hero III as a bonus song, though not as a master recording.

Two music videos were produced for "She Bangs the Drums". The first video showed the band recording in a studio in January 1989. The band is shown goofing around in slow motion, with Squire's artwork in the background. The second music video featured clips from the Roses' classic gig at Blackpool Empress Ballroom on 12 August 1989. This second video is more often played now than the original on television.

Track listings
7-inch vinyl (Silvertone ORE 6)
 * 1) "She Bangs the Drums" – 3:43
 * 2) "Standing Here" – 5:05

12-inch vinyl (Silvertone ORE T 6)
 * 1) "She Bangs the Drums" – 3:43
 * 2) "Mersey Paradise" – 2:44
 * 3) "Standing Here" – 5:05

Cassette (Silvertone ORE C 6), CD (Silvertone ORE CD 6)
 * 1) "She Bangs the Drums" – 3:43
 * 2) "Mersey Paradise" – 2:44
 * 3) "Standing Here" – 5:05
 * 4) "Simone" – 4:24

title: She Bangs the Drums


text:
Sgùrr Mòr (Fannichs)

Sgùrr Mòr is the highest of the nine Munros in the mountain range known as the Fannichs in northern Scotland. This range is located between Loch Fannich and the A835 Ullapool road — a remote area with few habitations, but these Munros, which are usually climbed in groups or occasionally in a single hike, are mostly gentle sloped and fairly accessible from either of these locations. If approached from Loch Fannich, a bicycle or permission to drive on the private road would be helpful.

title: Sgùrr Mòr (Fannichs)


text: Category:Communes of Eure-et-Loir

title: Category:Communes of Eure-et-Loir


text: Category:Foreign relations of Romania

title: Category:Foreign relations of Romania


text:
Conradin Kreutzer

Conradin Kreutzer or Kreuzer (22 November 1780 – 14 December 1849) was a German composer and conductor. His works include the operas Das Nachtlager in Granada and incidental music to Der Verschwender, both produced in 1834 in Vienna.

Biography
Born in Meßkirch, Baden, Kreutzer abandoned his studies in the law (University of Freiburg) and went to Vienna about 1804, where he met Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn and may have studied with Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, while he tried his hand unsuccessfully at singspiele. He spent 1811–12 in Stuttgart, where at least three of his operas were staged and he was awarded the post of Hofkapellmeister. He was from 1812 to 1816 Kapellmeister to the king of Württemberg. Once he was successful, he became a prolific composer, and wrote a number of operas for the Theater am Kärntnertor, Theater in der Josefstadt and Theater an der Wien Vienna, which have disappeared from the stage.

In 1840, he became conductor of the opera at Cologne. His daughters, Cecilia and Marie Kreutzer, were sopranos of some renown.

Kreutzer owes his fame almost exclusively to Das Nachtlager in Granada (1834), which kept the stage for half a century in spite of changes in musical taste. It was written in the style of Carl Maria von Weber. The same qualities are found in Kreutzer's part-songs for men's voices, which at one time were extremely popular in Germany. Among these "Das ist der Tag des Herrn" ("The Lord's Day"). His Septet for wind and strings, Op. 62, remains in the chamber music repertory. He was one of the 50 composers who wrote a variation on a waltz of Anton Diabelli for Part II of the "Vaterländischer Künstlerverein" (published 1824).

He died in Riga.

Selected works
Operas Chamber works
 * Die Alpenhütte, Oper (August von Kotzebue), 1 March 1815, Stuttgart
 * Libussa, romantische Oper (Joseph Carl Bernard) 4 December 1822, Vienna, Theater am Kärntnertor
 * Melusina, romantische Oper (Franz Grillparzer) 27 February 1833, Berlin, Königstädtisches Theater
 * Das Nachtlager in Granada, romantische Oper (Karl Johann Braun von Braunthal) 13 January 1834, Vienna, Theater in der Josefstadt
 * Der Taucher (The Diver)
 * Septet in E-flat, Op. 62 for clarinet, horn, bassoon, string trio, double bass (c.1816)
 * Clarinet Trio in E-flat major, Op. 43
 * Duo in C major
 * Fantasia for Bassoon in F major
 * Variations in G for the Chromatic Trumpet
 * Variations in B-flat major for Bassoon and Piano

Orchestral works
 * Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat major, Op. 42 (1818)
 * Piano Concerto No. 2 in C-minor, Op. 50 (1822)
 * Piano Concerto No. 3 in E-flat major, Op. 65

Choral works
 * Te Deum in D major, KWV 3301
 * Abendlied

Vocal works
 * Das Mühlrad song for Soprano, Clarinet and Pianoforte
 * Die Lüfte weh'n so lind (text by Elise Schlick)
 * Frühlingsglaube

Piano work
 * Romanza for piano

title: Conradin Kreutzer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Immune system

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. jni 13:07, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Immune system
IMMUNE SYSTEM This page needs to be deleted because most of it is factually incorrect. Every sentence on the page is mistaken or misguided. Two examples: It talks about the alternative complement cascade as involving C2, C3, and C4. This is PLAINLY WRONG. It talks about the "B" in B-cells as meaning "Bone Marrow", Again this is WRONG. ALL blood cells originate in the bone marrow, not just B cells. It talks about not knowing how the immune system distinguishes "self" from "nonself". But we know EXACTLY how that happens. It talks about innate v. learned immune systems yet gets it wrong again.It talks about neutrophils completly incorrectly. It goes on and on and EVERY sentence contains a factual error or a misguided notion of what the immune system is. It is INCORRECT everywhere it puts words on the page. ANYONE can check this by looking at a good immunological reference text. Please, it is an Embarrasment to your organisation.
 * Note: VfD entry created by 211.28.241.136 --Plek 12:57, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Please see Peer review (listed), Pages needing attention (listed), Clean up (not listed) and Accuracy dispute (not listed)--ZayZayEM 12:49, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. In a situation where an article is about a clearly important topic, the only reason for deleting it and starting over from scratch is if the problems cannot be dealt with by the usual process of incremental edits: where the article is so bad that starting again from nothing would be better.  I don't see any reason why that would be so here.   If the anonymous user feels that the article is incorrect, he should simply edit it.  --BM 14:24, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Deleting the article won't help in getting its facts straight. Indeed, it will entirely hinder that. Furthermore, from inspecting the article's edit history I'm wondering whether that is in fact the intention.  The nominator's many edits show zero attempts to actually inject factual content into the article. Speedy Keep. Uncle G 14:41, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)
 * Keep, VfD is not the place for problems with accuracy. — Ливай | ☺ 19:35, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, important topic. — RJH 19:37, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. If there are some mistakes or omissions then it needs improvement, not deletion. JoaoRicardo 19:56, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Important topic.  Needs improvment, not deletion.  Cleanup may or may not be necessary.--Theaterfreak64 20:17, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Then FIX it. Don't go THROWING around CAPS because you want it DELETED!  Sheesh, you sound like Sollog. Keep, obviously.  humblefool® 20:29, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 211.28.241.136, please mind the Wikipedia immune system. Keep but expert input sorely needed. The immune system is one of the messiest in biology and scarcely understood. Hell, the paradigm changes every few years! JFW | T@lk  20:57, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep RustyCale 21:26, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. That VfD request bridges on the hysterical. jdb ❋ 00:05, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ahhh...look, I did in fact insert some factual elements into the page to illustrate the point...Please keep the page then, but make it a stem and start again. Believe me, what is there is utter rubbish. Completely misguided and misleading. ALL of it is mistaken. It is an extremely poor attempt to describe the immune system and reflects badly on Wikepedia. I have NO time to do it. Those in the Wikepedia organisation should be concerned about this type of garbage masquerading as fact and should be able to look after it themselves. But please in the interests of truth and reputation DO something about this page. I am an anonymous user who has no idea about how to be otherwise, I have no time for all of this, otherwise I WOULD do it myself. This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * If you have specific objections to the article, feel free to participate in the discussion on the article's discussion page. Rest assured, the article will be improved. The way Wikipedia works you can be sure of that; it just takes people like you and me to read the articles and fix any inaccuracies or bring up questionable material on the discussion page for further inspection, and it always takes time before an article flowers into a masterpiece. As for not being an anonymous user, just click "Create an account or log in" at the top right corner of the page, then type in a username and password and voilà, you're a Wikipedian! — Ливай | ☺ 22:30, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Good lord, what a prima donna! If you really have NO time to contribute, where did you find the time to write a multi-paragraph denuncuation of the article? jdb ❋ 00:05, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Making personal attacks isn't helpful here. Kappa 01:26, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Er, I guess that was a bit overblown...heh. Apologies. jdb ❋ 04:54, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, important and notable medical topic, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 01:29, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep article seems to be in OK shape but it would be good if we could check details and expand. I would hope that this article could be fixed to feature article status.Capitalistroadster 08:59, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The author of the VfD is mistaken on several points. --jag123 15:40, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep If it is full of holes, put it up for Pages Needing Attention or clean it up yourself max rspct 23:17, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and improve. It does have problems but nothing that can't be fixed. --Lexor|Talk 03:29, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep And btw, I'm with jdb - "Those in the Wikepedia organisation" means him as much as anyone else, surely he realizes that? --KillerChihuahua 00:26, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Nominator misunderstands Wikipedia's process.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:45, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP and ALLOW for ORGANIC growth AND expansion. VFD is NOT cleanup.  GRider\talk 18:50, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Ebenezer Henderson

Ebenezer Henderson (17 November 1784 – 17 May 1858) was a Scottish minister and missionary. He spent the early part of his life in Scandinavia, was an accomplished linguist and translator.

Life
Born at the Linn near Dunfermline, Henderson was the youngest son of an agricultural labourer, and after three years schooling spent some time at watchmaking and as a shoemaker's apprentice. In 1803 he joined Robert Haldane's theological seminary, and in 1805 was selected to accompany the Rev. John Paterson to India; but - as the East India Company would not allow British vessels to convey missionaries to India - Henderson and his colleague went to Denmark to await the chance of a passage to Serampur, then a Danish port.

Being unexpectedly delayed, and having begun to preach in Copenhagen, they ultimately decided to settle in Denmark, supporting themselves through teaching English language classes. In 1806 Henderson became pastor at Elsinore. From this time until about 1817 he was engaged in encouraging the distribution of Bibles in the Scandinavian countries, and in the course of his labors he visited Sweden and Lapland (1807–1808), Iceland (1814–1815) and the mainland of Denmark and part of Germany (1816). During most of this time he was an agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society.

On 6 October 1811 he formed the first Congregational church in Sweden. In 1818, after a visit to England, he travelled in company with Paterson through Russia as far south as Tiflis, but, instead of settling as was proposed at Astrakhan, he retraced his steps, having resigned his connection with the Bible Society owing to his disapproval of a translation of the Scriptures, which had been made in Turkish.

In 1822 he was invited by Prince Alexander (Galitzin) to assist the Russian Bible Society in translating the Scriptures into various languages spoken in the Russian empire. After twenty years of foreign labour Henderson returned to England, and in 1825 was appointed tutor of the Mission College, Gosport.

In 1830 he succeeded Dr William Harrison as theological lecturer and professor of Oriental languages in Highbury Congregational College. In 1850, on the amalgamation of the colleges of Homerton, Coward and Highbury, he retired on a pension. From 1852 to 1853 he was pastor of Sheen Vale chapel at Mortlake.

Henderson was acquainted with Scandinavian languages, Hebrew, Syriac, Ethiopic, Russian, Arabic, Tatar, Persian, Turkish, Armenian, Manchu, Mongolian and Coptic. He organized the first Bible Society in Denmark (1814), and paved the way for several others. In 1817 he was nominated by the Scandinavian Literary Society a corresponding member; and in 1840 he was made DD by the university of Copenhagen. He was honorary secretary for life of the Religious Tract Society, and one of the first promoters of the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Among the Jews.

Death
Henderson died at Mortlake. He is buried at Abney Park Cemetery in Stoke Newington, London, where his memorial records some of his achievements.

Works
Henderson's main works are:

 * Iceland, or the Journal of a Residence in that Island (2 vols, 1818)
 * Biblical Researches and Travels in Russia (1826)
 * Elements of Biblical Criticism and Interpretation (1830)
 * The Great Mystery of Godliness Incontrovertible; Or, Sir Isaac Newton and the Socinians Foiled in the Attempt to Prove a Corruption in the Text, 1 Tim. III. 16 (1830)
 * Divine Inspiration: Or, The Supernatural Influence Exerted in the Communication of Divine Truth and its Special Bearing Upon the Composition of the Sacred Scriptures (1836)
 * The Vaudoir, a Tour of the Valleys of Piedmont (1845)

His last work was a translation of the Book of Isaiah  (1857).

title: Ebenezer Henderson


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Immune system

Immune system
IMMUNE SYSTEM ..This page is factually incorrect in EVERY sentance on the page. It is an embarrasment. Please look up a good immunological reference text to check if you don't believe me. This page needs to be deleted because most of it is factually incorrect. Every sentence on the page is mistaken or misguided. Two examples: It talks about the alternative complement cascade as involving C2, C3, and C4. This is PLAINLY WRONG. It talks about the "B" in B-cells as meaning "Bone Marrow", Again this is WRONG. ALL blood cells originate in the bone marrow, not just B cells. It talks about not knowing how the immune system distinguishes "self" from "nonself". But we know EXACTLY how that happens. It talks about innate v. learned immune systems yet gets it wrong again.It talks about neutrophils completly incorrectly. It goes on and on and EVERY sentence contains a factual error or a misguided notion of what the immune system is. It is INCORRECT everywhere it puts words on the page. ANYONE can check this by looking at a good immunological reference text. Please, it is an Embarrasment to your organisation.


text:
Kilmore

Kilmore may refer to:

Australia

 * Electoral district of Kilmore, Victoria
 * Kilmore, Victoria, Australia, a town
 * Shire of Kilmore, a local government area north of Melbourne

Ireland

 * Kilmore, County Cavan, a parish
 * Kilmore, County Wexford, a village
 * Kilmore, Dublin, a suburb
 * Kilmore Quay, County Wexford, a fishing village

Northern Ireland

 * Kilmore, County Antrim, a townland in County Antrim
 * Kilmore, County Armagh, a village and townland in County Armagh
 * Kilmore, County Down, a village, parish and townland

Other places

 * Kilmore, Skye, Scotland
 * Kilmore, Indiana, United States

People

 * Chris Kilmore (born 1973), American musician and DJ
 * Kevin Kilmore (born 1959), English footballer

Other uses

 * Bishop of Kilmore
 * Diocese of Kilmore (disambiguation)

title: Kilmore


text:
Attack Poodles and Other Media Mutants

Attack Poodles and Other Media Mutants: The Looting of the News in a Time of Terror (2004) is a book by American media critic James Wolcott.

Summary
Wolcott takes as his subject matter popular right-wing pundits whom he dubs "attack poodles". These include such TV figures as Bill O'Reilly, Michael Savage, Chris Matthews, Dennis Miller, Rush Limbaugh, Ann Coulter, Peggy Noonan, and Robert Novak. He asserts their simplistic sloganeering which panders to disaffected Americans is destroying political discourse.

The Publishers Weekly website says that "beneath Wolcott's humor and catchy prose, however, lurk some dark revelations, such as a Fox news staffer's claim that he and his colleagues are instructed to seek out stories that "cater to angry, middle-aged white men who listen to talk-radio and yell at their televisions."

Reception
The Publishers Weekly website said that the book is "intelligent, amusing and insightful," but the author's "effort is still unlikely to approach sales anywhere close to those of books published recently by some of the "attack poodles" he criticizes."

Another review said that "Wolcott's not really a writer suited to book-length. He's brilliant in article length, or blog post length, since he communicates well and invariably gets in at least one or two ripostes that would make anyone proud."

title: Attack Poodles and Other Media Mutants


text:
Talk:Aratti

Moved to Aratti theory: The "Aratti" people seem to be an invention of Jahanshah Derakhshani http://www.int-pub-iran.com/ipis07.htm without even the notability to be debunked anywhere else on the net. dab (ᛏ) 12:52, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aratti


text:
Talk:Thomas Baker (antiquarian)

Untitled
The Library of Congress says this English antiquarian died in 1740. What is the source for the year 1746? Should this ambiguity be clarified? --LA2 12:44, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Baker (antiquarian)


text: Category:Communes of Haut-Rhin

title: Category:Communes of Haut-Rhin


text:
William Hart (painter)

William Hart (March 31, 1823 – June 17, 1894), was a Scottish-born American landscape and cattle painter, and Hudson River School artist. His younger brother, James McDougal Hart, and his younger sister, Julie Hart Beers, were also Hudson River School artists, and his nieces Letitia Bonnet Hart and Mary Theresa Hart became well-known painters as well. Another niece, Annie L. Y. Orff, became an editor and publisher. He studied under Jules-Joseph Lefebvre.

Life and work
William Hart was born in Paisley, Scotland, and in 1831 emigrated to the United States with his family, settling in Albany, New York. He was apprenticed to a decorative painter in Albany and Troy, New York, and his first artistic experience was in decorating the panels of coaches with landscapes. He also spent time as a portrait painter, likely after 1834. He toured the mid-western States, predominantly Michigan, during the late 1830s seeking portrait commissions, and was unsuccessful. He exhibited his first work at the National Academy of Design in 1848, and returned to Albany permanently in 1849. In late 1849, he was underwritten by a Dr. Ormsby to travel to Europe to study landscape painting. He painted primarily in Scotland until 1852, after which he returned to Albany, and then in 1853, moved to New York City. By the time he returned to America, Hart had shifted his energy to landscape painting. Like most of the major American landscape artists of the time, Hart settled in New York City, where he opened a studio in the Tenth Street Studio Building in 1858. In 1865, he was elected President of the Brooklyn Academy of Design.

Hart was a full member of the National Academy in 1858, and continued to show his paintings there regularly through the mid-1870s. He also exhibited at the Brooklyn Art Association and at major exhibitions around the country. Hart was a member of the American Watercolor Society, and was its president from 1870 to 1873.

His mature landscape style embraced the mannerism of the late Hudson River School by emphasizing light and atmosphere. He became particularly adept at depicting angled sunlight and foreground shadow; the best examples of this are: Seashore Morning (1866) in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York;  After the Storm (1860s) in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; The Last Gleam (1865) in the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia;  Sunset in the Valley (1870) in a private collection, featured on pp. 82–83 of All That is Glorious Around Us: Paintings from the Hudson River School by John Driscoll.

Later works are indicative of Hart's prolific and occasionally formulaic paintings of cows. Cattle were a popular motif in Hudson River School art, and nearly every artist included them in at least some of their landscapes as diminutive symbols of man's harmonious relationship with nature. Some artists, including William and James Hart along with Thomas Bigelow Craig, made a specialty of cow portraits. These paintings, which were very popular with late-19th-century American collectors, typically featured several cattle grazing or watering in the foreground or middle distance with the landscape playing a supporting role as a bucolic backdrop. G.W. Sheldon wrote in 1879 that Hart's later landscapes "may be found in almost all the auction-rooms where pictures are sold, and in almost all the principal private collections in the Atlantic cities."

Hart was also known for his exceptional etchings. In 1883 the Art Department of the New England Manufacturers' and Mechanics' Institute, Boston, held an important exhibition of contemporary American art. Concentrating largely upon American drawings and etchings the exhibition catalogue listed 731 important works of original art. William Hart's iconic etching, "Naponock (Naponoch) Scenery, Ulster County, New York", was first exhibited at this exposition and is listed in the catalogue under number 362. An oil on canvas work from 1883, also of Naponock (Naponoch) scenery, is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art - a direct bequest from Hart's daughter, Jessie Hart White. In 1885, Hart painted A Quiet Nook which is now in the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington D.C.

The Albany Institute of History & Art has in its collection over 400 sketches, water colors, and sketch books which were retained en masse from the artist's studio after his death, by the family of the subsequent donor. Since each piece is signed, dated, and annotated with the location of its subject, many previously unsigned and unattributed paintings are now being associated with the artist. The museum is preparing an exhibition of this material.

Hart died in Mount Vernon, New York, on June 17, 1894. His daughter Jessie Hart White was the mother of E. B. White. He is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York City.

title: William Hart (painter)


text:
Francis Money-Coutts, 5th Baron Latymer

Francis Burdett Thomas Nevill Money-Coutts, 5th Baron Latymer (18 September 1852 – 8 June 1923) was a London solicitor, poet, librettist, and wealthy heir to the fortune of the Coutts banking family. He is now remembered chiefly as a patron and collaborator of the Spanish composer Isaac Albéniz.

Family history
His father was the Reverend James Drummond Money (d. 1875), and his mother was Clara Burdett (d. 1899). Clara was the daughter of Sir Francis Burdett (1770–1844) and Sophia Coutts (d. 1844). Sophia was one of three daughters of the wealthy banker Thomas Coutts. In 1875 Francis Money, as he was then named, married Edith Ellen Churchill. In 1881, his mother Clara's sister Angela Burdett violated the terms of the will making her the sole heir of the Coutts fortune, by marrying a foreigner (an American 40 years her junior). Seeing an opportunity, Clara and her son adopted the name "Coutts," as required by the will, and contested Angela's claims. A settlement was reached, and Angela received two-fifths of the income until her death in 1906, at which time Francis became the sole beneficiary.

Education and professional life
Money attended Eton College and the University of Cambridge (MA; LL.M., 1878). He became a barrister in 1879 and later worked as a solicitor in Surrey. Although often described as a banker, he was too interested in the arts to be a serious banker. He was at one point considered for a partnership in the firm, but this idea was abandoned, as he was thought too unstable in temperament for such a position. In any case, his preferred vocation was as an author. Adopting the pen name of "Mountjoy," he wrote and published at least 23 works between 1896 and 1923. Many of these were collections of poems (see List of works). He also worked for publisher John Lane in London, writing prefaces for, and editing, collections of poems by other authors, including Alfred, Lord Tennyson (Flowers of Parnassus, 27 volumes, 1900–1906) and Jeremy Taylor (The Marriage Ring, 1907).

Collaboration with Albéniz
In the late 1880s Money-Coutts became involved with the finances of the Lyric and Prince of Wales Theatres. Through this connection he became an admirer of the music of Albéniz. Soon he became acquainted with the composer, eventually becoming an intimate friend and benefactor. They collaborated on a series of operas, for which Coutts wrote the libretti. The first opera in the series was Henry Clifford (1895), followed by Pepita Jiménez (1896), and an Arthurian trilogy, of which only one part, Merlin (1902), was completed and staged.

List of works
Money-Coutts authored the following works:
 * Poems (1896)
 * The Revelation of St. Love the Divine (1898)
 * The Alhambra (1898)
 * The Mystery of Godliness (1900)
 * The Nutbrown Maid (1901)
 * The Poet's Charter (1902)
 * Musa Verticordia (1904)
 * The Song of Songs: a Lyrical Folk-Play of the Ancient Hebrews Arranged in Seven Scenes (1906)
 * The Heresy of Job with the Inventions of William Blake (1907)
 * Romance of King Arthur (1907)
 * Psyche (1911), poems
 * Egypt and Other Poems (1912)
 * The Royal Marines (1915)
 * The Spacious Times, and Others (1920), poems
 * Well (1922), a guidebook to the village of Well, Yorkshire
 * Selected Poems (1923)

Title
Francis Money-Coutts became the 5th Baron Latymer in 1913 when its 336-year abeyance was terminated in his favour by King George V.

title: Francis Money-Coutts, 5th Baron Latymer


text:
James McDougal Hart

James McDougal Hart (May 10, 1828 – October 24, 1901), was a Scottish-born American landscape and cattle painter of the Hudson River School.

Family and education
Hart was born in Kilmarnock, Scotland, and was taken to America with his family in early youth. His older brother, William Hart, was also a Hudson River School artist, as were his younger sister Julie Hart Beers and his two daughters, both figure painters, Letitia Bonnet Hart (1867 - Sept. 1953) and Mary Theresa Hart (1872–1942). Another niece, Annie L. Y. Orff, became an editor and publisher.

In Albany, New York he trained with a sign and carriage maker— possibly the same employer that had taken on his brother in his early career. James later returned to Europe for serious artistic training, studying in Munich and as a pupil of Friedrich Wilhelm Schirmer at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting.

Career
Hart returned to America in 1853. He exhibited his first work at the National Academy of Design in 1848 and became an associate in 1857 and a full member in 1859. He was particularly devoted to the National Academy, exhibiting there over a period of more than forty years and serving as vice president late in his life from 1895 to 1899. Like his brother William, James also exhibited at the Brooklyn Art Association (he lived for a time in Brooklyn) and at major exhibitions around the country.

Along with most of the major landscape artists of the time, Hart based his operations in New York City and adopted the style of the Hudson River School. While he and his brother William often painted similar landscape subjects, James may have been more inclined to paint exceptionally large works. An example is The Old Homestead (1862), 42 x 68 inches, in the collection of the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia. James may have been exposed to large paintings while studying in Düsseldorf, a center of realist art pedagogy that also shaped the practices of Albert Bierstadt and Worthington Whittredge.

Like his brother William, James excelled at painting cattle. Kevin J. Avery writes, "the bovine subjects that once distinguished [his works] now seem the embodiment of Hart's artistic complacency." (p. 250 in American Drawings and Watercolors in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Volume I: A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born Before 1835) In contrast with the complacency of some of his cattle scenes, his major landscape paintings are considered important works of the Hudson River School. A particularly fine example is Summer in the Catskills, now in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid, Spain.

Among Hart's students was the Hudson River School painter Evelina Mount.

Hart is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

title: James McDougal Hart


text:
Jiji line

The Jiji Line is a branch line of the Taiwan Railways Administration, located in Changhua and Nantou Counties in Taiwan. The length of the line is 29.7 km.

History
The line was originally built by Taipower in 1922 to facilitate the construction of Mingtan Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant in Sun Moon Lake. Afterwards, the colony government purchased the route in 1927.

The line was severely damaged in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake on 21 September 1999, but was repaired and resumed operations in February 2002.

In March 2010 service on the line was suspended in order for work to be performed on seven railway tunnels between Zhuoshui Station and Checheng Station. The maintenance repaired damage that the tunnels had sustained during the 1999 earthquake and expanded the tunnels' width. The line reopened on July 9, 2011.

Operation
On Jiji Line, there are twelve runs daily in each direction, with seven eastbound runs starting at Ershui Station and ending at Checheng Station, while two eastbound runs begin at Tianzhong Station, with one eastbound run daily between Yuanlin Station and Checheng Station. There is also one round trip per day between Changhua Station and Checheng Station, however, these depart very early in the morning and very late at night. Westbound there are eight Checheng-Ershui runs, three Checheng-Tianzhong runs, and one run between Shuili Station and Changhua Station. The headway between each run is about two hours. Due to the line being single tracked, only two trains can travel the full length at a time, with the two meeting at Zhuoshui Station. Historically, only the TRA's DRC1000 trains could operate on the line due to the width of the line's tunnels. Following the renovations from 2010 to 2011, the Jiji Line became navigable to other types of trains.

Fares
A one-way ticket fare, from Ershui to Checheng, is NT$44 by mileage for adults. And, an unlimited-rides pass fare is NT$80, for used in one day. The Jiji Line ticket and one-day round-trip pass is available for purchase at all the following TRA stations: Zhunan, Miaoli, Fengyuan, Taichung, Changhua, Yuanlin, Tianzhong, Ershui, Dajia, Shalu, Douliu, Dounan, and Chiayi.

Using the MRT calculation, the fare will be NT$55 in the future, and will support Easycard.

title: Jiji line


text: User talk:81.6.247.202

title: User talk:81.6.247.202


text:
Talk:Cabinet of Fiji

Ahmed Ali is now a bad link, because I added an article with that title (different person though). Not sure how I should fix that.... Prater 12:53, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Cabinet of Albania which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 19:46, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Cabinet of Fiji


text: Category:Swedish physicians

title: Category:Swedish physicians


text:
Enumerator

Enumerator may refer to:
 * Iterator (computer science)
 * An enumerator in the context of iteratees
 * in computer programming, a value of an enumerated type
 * Enumerator (computer science), a Turing machine that lists elements of some set S.
 * a census taker, a person performing door-to-door around census, to count the people and gather demographic data.
 * a person employed in the counting of votes in an election.
 * Enumerator polynomial

title: Enumerator


text:
The Lucksmiths

The Lucksmiths were an Australian indie pop band formed in March 1993 by Marty Donald on guitar, Mark Monnone on bass guitar and Tali White on drums and lead vocals. Louis Richter (ex-Mid State Orange) joined on guitar in 2005. They released eight studio albums, First Tape (1 September 1993), The Green Bicycle Case (July 1995), What Bird Is That? (September 1996), A Good Kind of Nervous (1997), Why That Doesn't Surprise Me (5 March 2001), Naturaliste (10 March 2003), Warmer Corners (4 April 2005) and First Frost (2008), before disbanding in August 2009.

History
The Lucksmiths were formed in March 1993 in Melbourne as an indie pop band by guitarist Marty Donald, bass player Mark Monnone, and drummer-vocalist Tali White, who were all high school friends. Both Donald and Monnone were members of a school boys band, The Buzzards, "sharing a love for the Cowboy Junkies, The Rolling Stones and Billy Bragg." Soon after White joined and the group practised at Donald's home. Donald and White began writing songs together while the Buzzards disbanded and Monnone travelled to visit Finland.

The trio reconvened as the Lucksmiths in March 1993, their first gig was on 2 April of that year, "supporting The Sugargliders and The Daily Planets at the Evelyn [Hotel] in Fitzroy." Their debut album, First Tape (1 September 1993), appeared on a cassette. It was recorded on 22 August 1993 by Rex Hardware at the Bridge Mall Inn in Ballarat. Aside from regular drums and lead vocals, White also provided harmonica and tambourine. AllMusic's Ned Raggett noticed "the charm of the group is captured in a brisk and simple way... White's lovely voice, direct and warm with Australian accent perfectly audible, somehow just beautifully suggests a certain winsome attitude without calling to mind all the stereotypes of twee indie: conversational instead of self-pitying, wryly observant instead of smirkily pithy."

In October 1994 they issued an eight-track extended play, Boondoggle, as one of the first by new label, Candle Records. Raggett described it as an "enjoyable romp... with the band again performing like they have a bunch of happy ants in their collective pants... [and] the group's upbeat and thoroughly enjoyable music galloping along." The tracks were recorded by Dave Nelson in May–June 1994 at his Nelsonics studio in Kew. Guest musicians, generally for one track each, were Bob Donald on voice, cello by Michael Smallwood, lead vocals by Kirsty Stegwazi, Breather Hole on brass, and Tom Jackman on drums (for two tracks).

In March–April 1995 the Lucksmiths worked on their second studio album, The Green Bicycle Case, at Happy Valley studios, North Fitzroy with Mark Adams recording. It appeared in the following July, which Raggett felt "again showcases the band's virtue for getting things done without wasting time – 12 songs in just over half an hour, nearly all of them winners." At the One Album a Day website the reviewer stated that the "trio get all olde skool with a Thomas Hardy-inspired tale of public hangings (with a nifty waltz backing, and recorder solo no less!), some Hiroshima action, more aviator action, a Roald Dahl paean ('William and Mary') and the thorny old 'Tichbourne Claimant'."

On 20 March 1996 they performed on the RMITV show, Under Melbourne Tonight, "Episode 2", season 1 on Channel 31. The group's third studio album, What Bird Is That? was recorded in a house at Shoreham Beach over two consecutive weekends in August that year with Adams producing, again. It appeared in the following month, One Album a Day reviewer felt that initially "the quirkier and difficult-to-play-live tracks tended to get the most attention" while later the "big inner suburban indiepop gems that shine now. Track after track on here could form the soundtrack for a series of montages in some low-budget, slacker fest."

Later Lucksmiths albums and EPs were released on Drive-In Records (Later Microindie Records) and Matinée Recordings in the United States, Fortuna Pop! in the United Kingdom, Clover Records in Japan, and Boompa! Records in Canada.

The band were expanded to a four-piece when Mid State Orange guitarist Louis Richter joined for the recording of the album Warmer Corners in 2005. (Louis is also the son of prominent criminal defence barrister Robert Richter. ) Following the closure of Candle Records in 2007 The Lucksmiths moved to Melbourne-based label Lost & Lonesome for their last album, First Frost, which the Belfast Telegraph selected as its CD of the Week.

Despite cultivating a sizable following both in Australia and abroad, particularly in Europe, the Lucksmiths disbanded in 2009 after a series of performances in Europe and Australia. Their last concert was on 29 August 2009 at the Corner Hotel, Melbourne. They were supported by sometime touring and studio session member, Darren Hanlon.

In 2012, three of the former Lucksmiths, Marty Donald, Mark Monnone and Louis Richter, announced the formation of their new band Last Leaves, also including Melbourne musician Noah Symons on drums. The final ex-Lucksmith, Tali White, continues to work with his other band, The Guild League.

In 2011, a policeman in England was accused of intentionally inserting the title of one of their songs ("Self Preservation") into an official report concerning a murder.

Musical style
The Lucksmiths' music can best be described as indie pop, although some consider them more specifically a twee pop band. The majority of songs were written by Marty Donald, although White and Monnone also contributed songs. Songs by the Lucksmiths are mostly about love and relationships, but also deal with other everyday issues such as notable friends or warm weather. There are also recurring themes of Melbourne culture, especially that of the inner city, in songs such as "Under the Rotunda", "The Sandringham Line" and "Transpontine". Australian rules football is referenced in many of their songs.

The Lucksmiths were renowned for their creative and witty use of language. The Canberra Times has referred to their music as "literate, gloriously melodic pop," with lyrics "rife with puns and wordplay." The Hobart Mercury called them "fiercely independent and refreshingly unique". In songs written by Marty Donald, lyrics often feature puns, wordplays and draw upon literary references or Australian English idioms. The themes of weather, geography, and seasons appear often in the songs of the Lucksmiths.

Some of the band's influences included The Simpletons, Billy Bragg, The Housemartins, The Magnetic Fields, Belle & Sebastian, The Smiths, The Go-Betweens, Aztec Camera, Lloyd Cole, Orange Juice, and The Trash Can Sinatras.

Members

 * Marty Donald – guitar, banjo, vocals, photography, layout design (1993–2009)
 * Mark Monnone – bass guitar, drums, guitar, melodica, pump organ, harmonium, vocals, string arrangements, percussion, engineer (1993–2009)
 * Tali White – drums, lead vocals, percussion, recorder, bodhran, harmonica, organ, synthesiser, vibraphone, piano, tin whistle, photography (1993–2009)
 * Louis Richter – guitar, banjo, organ, piano (electric), vocals, keyboards, engineer (2005–2009)

Studio albums

 * First Tape (1 September 1993)
 * The Green Bicycle Case (July 1995)
 * What Bird Is That? (September 1996)
 * A Good Kind of Nervous (1997)
 * Why That Doesn't Surprise Me (5 March 2001)
 * Naturaliste (10 March 2003)
 * Warmer Corners (4 April 2005)
 * First Frost (2008)

Compilations

 * Happy Secret (1999)
 * Where Were We? (2002)
 * Spring a Leak (2007)
 * Cartography for Beginners: A Best of the Lucksmiths (2013)

Extended plays

 * Boondoggle (1 October 1994)
 * Staring at the Sky (1999)
 * A Little Distraction (1 September 2003)
 * The Chapter in Your Life Entitled San Francisco (4 July 2005)
 * A Hiccup in Your Happiness (February 2006)

title: The Lucksmiths


text:
Göran Liljestrand

Göran Liljestrand (16 April 1886 – 16 January 1968), Swedish pharmacologist, known for the discovery of the Euler-Liljestrand mechanism.

Liljestrand was born in Gothenburg but finished school at the Norra Real school in Stockholm, before matriculating at the University College of Stockholm in 1904. He continued his studies at the Karolinska Institute, completed his medicine kandidat degree in 1909, the Licentiate of Medical Science (Medicine licentiatexamen) degree in 1915, and his doctorate in 1917, becoming docent of physiology at the Institute the same year. He held the professorship in pharmacology and physiology at the Karolinska Institute from 1927 to 1951.

Liljestrand was trained as a physiologist under Professor Jöns Johansson but became known mainly as a pharmacologist and for his cooperation with Ulf von Euler (later Nobel laureate of Medicine and Physiology) and Yngve Zotterman. He was secretary of the Nobel Committee of the Karolinska Institute for 40 years. In 1938, he was made a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

title: Göran Liljestrand


text:
Slieve Donard

Slieve Donard is the highest mountain in Northern Ireland, the highest in Ulster and the seventh-highest in Ireland, with a height of 850 m.  The highest of the Mourne Mountains, it is near the town of Newcastle on the eastern coast of County Down, overlooking the Irish Sea. It is also the highest mountain in the northern half of Ireland.

The Mourne Wall – built in the early 20th century – runs up the western and southern slopes of the mountain, joining a small stone tower at the summit. Also on the summit are the remains of two ancient burial cairns, one of which is the remains of the highest known passage tomb in Ireland. In Irish mythology the mountain was associated with the mythical figures Boirche and Slángha. It was later associated with, and named after, Saint Donard, who was said to have made the summit his hermitage. Up until the 1830s, people would climb the mountain as part of a yearly pilgrimage, which may have originally been a Lughnasadh (harvest) ritual. Royal Engineers camped on the summit for four months in 1826 as part of the Ordnance Survey's Principal Triangulation.

Geography
Slieve Donard sits at the northeastern edge of the Mournes, overlooking Newcastle and Dundrum Bay. It has two lesser summits on the seaward side – Millstone Mountain (460 m), and Crossone (540 m). Two glens separate Slieve Donard from the neighbouring mountains of Slieve Commedagh (to the northwest) and Chimney Rock Mountain or Slieve Neir (to the south). Slieve Commedagh, at 767 m, is the second-highest of the Mourne Mountains.

The mountain is an easy climb although the path is very eroded at places. The most popular route begins at Donard Forest on the north side of the mountain and follows the Glen River and then the Mourne Wall to the summit. In recent years a stone path has been made on the steepest parts of the mountain. The summit has views of the coast, and as far afield as Belfast Lough, 30 mi north, Dublin Bay, 55 mi south, and the Isle of Man.

Burial cairns
On the summit are the remains of two prehistoric burial cairns. The Great Cairn is at the highest point and measures about 1 m high, 36.5 m from north to south and 43 m from east to west. It appears to have been a Neolithic passage tomb, dating to 3300–3000 BC. It is the highest known passage tomb in Britain and Ireland. The Lesser Cairn lies 210 metres to the northeast, overlooking Newcastle. It measures about 4.5 m high, 18 m from north to south, and 16 m from east to west. It appears to have been an Early Bronze Age multiple-cist cairn, dating to 2300–1950 BC. In the past, the cairns had a much more well-defined shape and it is thought the Great Cairn had an east-facing entrance leading to an inner chamber. They appear to parallel the two cairns on Slieve Gullion, which can be seen from Slieve Donard.

Both cairns have been badly damaged and altered over time, and modern hillwalkers often add stones on top of them. Irish folklore holds that it is bad luck to damage or disrespect such tombs and that deliberately doing so could bring a curse.

History and folklore

It is likely that Slieve Donard was seen as a sacred mountain in the far past. Irish mythology identifies the Great Cairn as being the tomb or abode of mythical figures, and an entrance to the Otherworld. In Cath Maige Tuired ('The Battle of Moytura'), Slieve Donard is called one of the "twelve chief mountains" of Ireland, while in the Triads of Ireland it is called one of the "three great heights" of Ireland, along with Croagh Patrick and Great Sugar Loaf. The earliest sources give two names for the mountain: Benn mBoirchi (modern spelling: Beann Boirche) and Sliab Slánga (modern spelling: Sliabh Slángha). Beann Boirche means 'Boirche's Peak', referring to a mythical cowherd and king who had seemingly supernatural powers. The plural name Beanna Boirche ('Boirche's Peaks') was given to the Mourne Mountains. The name Sliabh Slángha means 'Slángha's Mountain'. This refers to the mythical Slángha, son of Partholón, who was said to be the first physician in Ireland. According to the Annals of the Four Masters, he died in Anno Mundi 2533 (2533 years after "the creation of the world") and was buried in the passage tomb.

Ireland was Christianized from the 5th to 8th centuries. A local Christian missionary, Saint Donard (known in Irish as Domhanghart), became associated with the mountain. According to tradition, he was a fifth-century follower of Saint Patrick and founded a monastery at Maghera, a few miles north of the mountain. Donard is said to have "appropriated the mountain and the monument for Christianity", allegedly by making the Great Cairn into a hermit's cell and using the Lesser Cairn as an oratory. According to the Life of Saint Patrick and the Tripartite Life of Saint Patrick, Patrick blessed Donard in the womb, declaring that Donard would not die but abide inside the mountain as a perpetual guardian. According to folklore, a cave runs from the seashore to the cairn on the summit, and it is here that Donard (or Boirche) lives. The writings of Gerald de Barri indicate that in the late 12th century the name Sliabh Slángha was going out of use and being replaced by Sliabh Domhanghairt. Sliabh Dónairt is the modernised spelling.

Up until the 1830s, people made a pilgrimage to the mountaintop in late July each year. It is likely that this was originally a Lughnasadh ritual that became Christianized. The church at Maghera and St Mary's Church at Ballaghanery Upper may have been starting points for the pilgrimage.

In 1826, as part of the Principal Triangulation, the Royal Engineers used Slieve Donard as a base to map Ireland. They camped on the mountaintop from late July until late November that year and used the two cairns to make triangulation points, badly damaging the cairns. During the Survey, two men died in a snowstorm on their way down the mountain and others were hurt during storms on the summit.

The Mourne Wall was built in the early 20th century and passes over fifteen mountains, including Slieve Donard. The wall goes up the western slope to a stone tower and then down the southern slope. It took 18 years to build, from 1904 to 1922, with stonemasons working in the mountains from March to mid-October each year. Some stones from the cairns were used to build it.

In April 2006, a man was killed on Slieve Donard after being struck by lightning. A brass plaque on the summit commemorates him.

In April 2021 there was a major gorse fire on the eastern slopes of Slieve Donard, devastating the habitat and badly affecting wildlife in the area. The fire was extinguished after three days. It was thought to have been started deliberately and became the subject of a police investigation.

title: Slieve Donard


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Immune system/archive1

Immune system
A vandal @ 211.28.241.136 added the Vfd tage for it (see comments) and actually does have good points about quite a bit of factual innacuracy present in the page. It needs a good peer review.--ZayZayEM 12:56, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Refererences perhaps? I see one - is there more than that one, perhaps easier accissible for a layman? Pictures maybe? I think this article has great potential, but I lack the knowledge to help make it great - otherwise I've would have been editing it, not writing this ;) WegianWarrior 07:00, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I may be a bit late here, but the article seems to contain some sweeping (and wrong) statements which should be cut, such as: 'Also, the innate immune system, with the exception of NK cells, is completely ineffective against viral infections.' Grad students, how about working it over? (My knowledge about Immunology as a whole is out of date ;) ) 84.92.241.124 15:24, 28 September 2006 (UTC)(denni_schnapp@yahoo.co.uk)

Immune system
This page is totally misguided, wrong, and out of date. Most of the information is incorrect. Please read a good immunology reference text to correct it.

Peer review
Following the annoying VFD notice, I do think this page needs major overhaul. There is a lot of material with very little structure.

Some points:
 * Start with a clear outline:
 * forms of immunity, e.g. specific vs. nonspecific)
 * organs involved
 * cell types involved
 * physiology (forms of immune reaction, e.g. anaphylactoid vs delayed-type, Th1 vs Th2)
 * pathology (autoimmunity, immune deficiency)
 * analysis of immune function
 * medical modulation of immune response (e.g. vaccination, immune suppression, cytokines)
 * This outline can then be filled from a few reliable sources that are readily accessible to the average library visitor or internet user. Let's please avoid 400 references for all sorts of fringe POVs.
 * We will get punished for making errors, not for leaving out tiny details. This article is only an overview, with pointers to subarticles of relevance.

Which authors would like to help? I'd love to, but my main contributions will probably not come until after April. JFW | T@lk  22:07, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I quickly glanced at the article and it does need some updating, which I plan to do. Some claims by the author of the VfD are wrong: I think much of the information was taken from an older textbook or something, but it's not intentionally wrong or an embarassment. --jag123 16:00, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * B cells are named for bone marrow, as opposed to T cells that come from and proliferate in the thymus.
 * Incorrect. The "B" originally stood for bursa of Fabricius, an organ in birds in which B cells mature. T cells do NOT "come from" the thymus -- they undergo development in the thymus, but, like all cells in the blood, they come from hematopoetic stem cells in the bone marrow. jdb ❋ 23:16, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Description of neutrophil is correct
 * Innate section is lacking current information, but acquired seems correct
 * I disagree. As hysterical as the VfDer was, the article was in pretty bad shape. He certainly prompted me to make some changes. jdb ❋ 23:16, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

After actually reading the article, I have to agree with you jdb; it is in bad shape. Regarding B cells, I've seen many references to B standing for "bone marrow" and never (up until now) to bursa of fabricius. Do you have a reference as to who coined the term? I'm not arguing that it's false, but since the bone marrow "origin" is so commonly used, it'd be nice to settle this misconception. By the way, T cells do come from the thymus. A few migrate from the bone marrow into the thymus and proliferate, so that means that all of the T cells circulating in the blood actually come from the thymus. That's like saying osteoblasts don't come from the periosteum because their distant ancestors originated from marrow stromal cells. Don't be so pedantic. --jag123 12:15, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The answer to the question "what the B of B lymphocyte stands for?" is the following: The B term originally stood for bursa of Fabricius of the birds as correctly mentioned in a previous post. However since there's no such organ in mammals and these cells in mammals mature in the bone marrow it is not incorrect to say that in mammals the B stands for bone marrow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.199.15.66 (talk • contribs) 2006-05-19t14:30:08z


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Albert Bushnell Hart

Albert Bushnell Hart (July 1, 1854 – July 16, 1943) was an American historian, writer, and editor based at Harvard University. One of the first generation of professionally trained historians in the United States, a prolific author and editor of historical works, Albert Bushnell Hart became, as Samuel Eliot Morison described him, "The Grand Old Man" of American history, looking the part with his "patriarchal full beard and flowing moustaches."

Biography
Hart was born in Clarksville, Pennsylvania (now known as Clark), and grew up in Cleveland, Ohio, graduating from West High School in 1870. He graduated from Harvard University in 1880. While at Harvard, he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and a classmate and friend of future U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. He studied at Paris, Berlin and Freiburg, and received his doctorate under Hermann Eduard von Holst at Freiburg in 1883. Harvard President Charles Eliot appointed Hart an instructor in 1883 to teach the only course in American history that the college offered, despite the fact that Edward Channing, already an assistant in European history, wanted to teach the course himself. Hart served as instructor in history from 1883 to 1887, assistant professor from 1887 to 1897, and became a professor in 1897. In 1910 he was appointed Eaton Professor of the Science of Government. He was on the Harvard faculty for 43 years, retiring in 1926. In retirement he continued to write and edit from a room in Widener Library. He maintained a summer home in New Hampshire near Mount Monadnock.

Hart edited, along with Edward Channing, over the period from 1892 to 1895 a series of extracts from primary documents called the "American history leaflets; colonial and constitutional", which included titles such as "Extracts from the Sagas describing the voyages to Vinland", and "Documents illustrating the territorial development of the United States, 1584–1774". Hart was an editor of the Harvard Graduates' Magazine from 1894 to 1902. He served as president of the American Historical Association in 1909 and of the American Political Science Association in 1912. In 1914, he was appointed exchange professor at the University of Berlin.

Hart authored Formation of the Union (1892), Salmon Portland Chase (1899), Essentials of American History (1905), Slavery and Abolition (1906), and many other books. He was editor of the "American Nation" series (28 volumes, 1903–1918) and other series on American history, of many source books and guides for the study of American history, and, with Andrew C. McLaughlin, of the Cyclopedia of American Government (3 volumes, 1914). He was an editor of the American Historical Review for 14 years, and president of both the American Historical Association (AHA) and the American Political Science Association. Hart edited the American Year Book from 1911 to 1920 and from 1926 to 1932. He edited a five-volume history of Massachusetts in 1927–1930 and worked as the official historian of the George Washington bicentennial commission from 1926 to 1932.

In 1909, he played an important role in enabling his former student, W. E. B. Du Bois, to deliver his paper "Reconstruction and Its Benefits" to the AHA in New York. This essay was elaborated as the book Black Reconstruction in America in 1935 and proved to be a seminal work in moving historical discussion of the Reconstruction period away from the views of the Dunning School. He served as a trustee of Howard University. Though a believer in the racial inferiority of African Americans, he nevertheless opposed plans to deny black students places in the Freshman Halls at Harvard in the years following World War I. Aside from being the advisor for Du Bois' doctoral dissertation, Hart was also the advisor (along with Edward Channing) for Carter G. Woodson's dissertation. Hart was also the initial doctoral advisor for another African-American historian, Charles H. Wesley, and arranged for Wesley to receive the same Austin Scholar Graduate Fellowship that Du Bois had received thirty years earlier; and as a Howard University trustee, Hart used his influence to secure Wesley a leave of absence so he could complete his doctorate. However, since Hart was on academic leave that semester, Channing served as Wesley's dissertation advisor.

A proponent of U.S. participation in World War I, he was accused of espionage in December 1918, but the charges were determined to be the work of German propagandists trying to undermine his pro-British stance. In 1922, The Progressive Magazine referred to Hart as an Anglomaniac.

In the fall of 1915, he served on the Mooseheart Governing Board, and remained in that role through 1928. The 1928 edition of Seniors' Book is dedicated in his honor.

A discussion arose in 1923 as to the "Americanism" of his history textbooks Epochs of American History and National Ideals Historically Traced. An investigating committee suggested the removal of his School History of the United States from New York City schools.

Hart married Mary Putnam in 1889, and they adopted twin boys in 1897. He died on July 16, 1943. Although Hart had agreed that all of his papers would go to Harvard after his death, his papers were sold by his sons through book dealers in Newburyport, and the college attempted to recover as many as possible.

On lynchings
In December 1900, the New York World reported on Hart making a remark before the American Historical Association in Detroit to the effect that "if the people of certain States are determined to burn colored men at the stake, those States would better legalize the practice". In a similar vein he suggested in an article in the North American Review that "Perhaps something might be accomplished by special courts set up on the model of similar tribunals in slavery times, with power to deal with certain aggravated crimes outside the technicality of ordinary criminal law." Hart goes on in the same article to argue:

"Lynching is approved by most Southern whites, as is shown by the fact that nobody has ever been severely punished for taking part in a lynching; but it is the worst and most ineffective of remedies for race troubles. Lynchings frequently degenerate into mere orgies of blood. As a young Southern white says: 'You don't understand how we feel down here: when there is a row, we feel like killing a nigger whether he has done anything or not.' These extraordinary remedies are not necessary if the white people of the South will make their own courts and sheriffs do their duty,…and disgrace and drive out of society men who take upon themselves the hangman's office."

In his review of Lynch-Law: An Investigation into the History of Lynching in the United States by James Elbert Cutler (1905) published in the American Historical Review, Hart takes on the myth that African Americans were lynched because they were rapists, an accusation that did not hold up to statistical scrutiny:

"An examination into the causes for lynching is much more suggestive and throws a new light upon the relation of lynching to race hostility. Of the 2,585 persons lynched in the South 1,985 were negroes; and we are all perfectly familiar with the statement, repeated by Southern writers and doubtless believed, that practically all these lynchings are for rape, for which it is supposed no legal penalty is sufficiently terrible and sufficiently drastic. As a matter of fact, out of the 1,985 negroes lynched, 783 were charged with murder, 707 or an average of thirty-two a year with rape (to which should be added 109 white men, or five a year, lynched for the same offense); while there are unquestioned cases of lynching of negroes for such crimes as slander, poisoning horses, throwing stones, being troublesome, and slapping a child. All arguments based upon the theory that the practice of lynching negroes is primarily due to rape absolutely disappear in the face of this statistical demonstration that two-thirds of the lynchings of negroes are for quite other and disconnected causes."

Hart wrote the entry on "Lynching" in Cyclopedia of American Government (1914), where he referred to it as "not simply extra-legal but anti-legal. It assumes guilt in many cases where guilt cannot be proved and in some cases where it does not exist; it sometimes includes manifestly innocent persons, as the negro woman who was burned at the stake by a mob because she had fled with her husband who had committed a crime."

Efforts to collect the writings of Theodore Roosevelt
Hart was a devoted friend and follower of Theodore Roosevelt and was elected as a Roosevelt delegate to the Republican convention of 1912. He became an enthusiastic trustee and supporter of the Roosevelt Memorial Association, now called the Theodore Roosevelt Association and said that from the time of TR's death he had the idea to "present in alphabetical arrangement extracts sufficiently numerous and comprehensive to display all the phases of Roosevelt's activities and opinions as expressed by him." This work would eventually be called the Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia.

Hart wrote Herman Hagedorn of the Association: "What we are after is the crisp, sharp, biting sparks that flew from the Roosevelt brain." Hart told the survivors of the Harvard Class of 1880 that editing the cyclopedia "will be a very interesting and agreeable service to the memory of our great classmate." From the beginning, however, the project was plagued with problems simply because Hart was very busy with many other commitments. Hart had to postpone the cyclopedia, and he asked the Association for research and clerical staff, but the Executive Committee of the Roosevelt Memorial Association delayed appropriations for the cyclopedia, because the expense was "so great," and it was not until May 1928 that a budget was approved for the cyclopedia, although the project had been publicly announced years before. Finally in 1931, Hart presented a rough draft of the cyclopedia to Hagedorn. But the book needed much more work and the elderly Hart "began to decline" and Hagedorn reported to the RMA Executive Committee that Hart could not finish the project "because of his advanced years."

It appeared in 1941 as The Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia, edited by Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert Ronald Ferleger.

Notable quotes
"'Good wine needs no bush', and if there were need to urge the reading of history it would be proof that history is too dull and unattractive to be read." ("How to Study History", in Studies in American Education, 1895)

"For all the weary hours spent over bibliographies and source books and textbooks, at the end of fifty years I have the satisfaction of believing that I was one of a group of young men who made history and government vital subjects for college and graduate school." (Harvard College Class of 1880, Fiftieth Anniversary Report, 1930)

"I believe that the best thing for the happiness of American and of other people is for us to remain within our present boundaries, and give our strength to governing ourselves well. I don't want Hawaii nor Cuba nor Mexico nor Canada as a free and peaceable gift." (Albert Bushnell Hart to Theodore Roosevelt, January 11, 1896, quoted in Baird, 143)

Author

 * Introduction to the Study of Federal Government (1890) (2nd ed. 1891)
 * Why the South Was Defeated in the Civil War (1891)
 * Epochs of American History (3 vols.) (1891–1893) (with Reuben Gold Thwaites and Woodrow Wilson). "The Colonies, 1492–1750" (1891), "Formation of the Union, 1750–1829" (1892), "Division and Reunion, 1829–1889" (1893).
 * Epoch Maps, Illustrating American History (1891)
 * Practical Essays on American Government (1893)
 * Studies in American Education (1895)
 * Guide to the Study of American History, with Edward Channing (1897); 2nd ed. with Edward Channing and Frederick Jackson Turner (1912)
 * Salmon Portland Chase (1899, in the American Statesman series)
 * Foundations of American Foreign Policy (1901)
 * Actual Government (1903)
 * Slavery and Abolition (1906, in the American Nation series, covering 1831–1842)
 * National Ideals Historically Traced (1907)
 * Manual of American History, Diplomacy, and Government (1908)
 * Imagination in History (1909)
 * The Southern South (1910); focus on race relations; influential survey
 * Formation of the Union (1910)
 * The Obvious Orient (1911)
 * The War in Europe (1914); vol. 26 of the American Nation series
 * The Monroe Doctrine: An Interpretation (1916)
 * New American History (1917)
 * School History of the United States (1917)
 * America at War (1917)
 * Causes of the War (1920)
 * We and Our History (1923)

Editor

 * ''American history leaflets; colonial and constitutional."
 * The Romance of the Civil War (1896)
 * American History told by Contemporaries (4 vols, 1898–1901)
 * Source Readers in American History (4 vols, 1901–1903)
 * Epochs of American History series (3 small text-books)
 * American Nation series (27 vols, 1903–1907)
 * American Citizen series
 * Cyclopedia of American Government (3 vols.) (1914) (co-edited by Andrew C. McLaughlin)
 * Colonial Children, edited with Blanche E. Hazard (1914)
 * Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume 1 (1920)
 * Commonwealth History of Massachusetts (five volumes, 1927–1930; Hart also contributed essays to the collection)

title: Albert Bushnell Hart


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Cimon

Cimon or Kimon (Κίμων Μιλτιάδου Λακιάδης; c. 510– 450BC) was an Athenian strategos (general and admiral) and politician.

He was the son of Miltiades, also an Athenian strategos. Cimon rose to prominence for his bravery fighting in the naval Battle of Salamis (480 BC), during the Second Persian invasion of Greece. Cimon was then elected as one of the ten strategoi, to continue the Persian Wars against the Achaemenid Empire. He played a leading role in the formation of the Delian League against Persia in 478 BC, becoming its commander in the early Wars of the Delian League, including at the Siege of Eion (476 BC).

In 466 BC, Cimon led a force to Asia Minor, where he destroyed a Persian fleet and army at the Battle of the Eurymedon river. From 465 to 463 BC he suppressed the Thasian rebellion, in which the island of Thasos attempted to leave the Delian League. This event marked the transformation of the Delian League into the Athenian Empire.

Cimon took an increasingly prominent role in Athenian politics, generally supporting the aristocrats and opposing the popular party (which sought to expand the Athenian democracy). A laconist, Cimon also acted as Sparta's representative in Athens. In 462 BC, he convinced the Athenian Assembly to send military support to Sparta, where the helots were in revolt (the Third Messenian War). Cimon personally commanded the force of 4,000 hoplites sent to Sparta. However, the Spartans refused their aid, telling the Athenians to go home – a major diplomatic snub. The resulting embarrassment destroyed Cimon's popularity in Athens; he was ostracized in 461 BC, exiling him for a period of ten years.

The First Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta began the following year. At the end of his exile, Cimon returned to Athens in 451 BC and immediately negotiated a truce with Sparta; however it did not lead to a permanent peace. He then proposed an expedition to Cyprus, which was in revolt against the Persians. Cimon was placed in command of the fleet of 200 warships. He laid siege to the town of Kition, but died (of unrecorded causes) around the time of the failure of the siege in 450 BC.

Early years
Cimon was born into Athenian nobility in 510 BC. He was a member of the Philaidae clan, from the deme of Laciadae (Lakiadai). His grandfather was Cimon Coalemos, who won three Olympic victories with his four-horse chariot and was assassinated by the sons of Peisistratus. His father was the celebrated Athenian general Miltiades and his mother was Hegesipyle, daughter of the Thracian king Olorus and a relative of the historian Thucydides.

While Cimon was a young man, his father was fined 50talents after an accusation of treason by the Athenian state. As Miltiades could not afford to pay this amount, he was put in jail, where he died in 489 BC. Cimon inherited this debt and, according to Diodorus, some of his father's unserved prison sentence in order to obtain his body for burial. As the head of his household, he also had to look after his sister or half-sister Elpinice. According to Plutarch, the wealthy Callias took advantage of this situation by proposing to pay Cimon's debts for Elpinice's hand in marriage. Cimon agreed.

Cimon in his youth had a reputation of being dissolute, a hard drinker, and blunt and unrefined; it was remarked that in this latter characteristic he was more like a Spartan than an Athenian.

Marriage
Cimon is repeatedly said to have married or been otherwise involved with his sister or half-sister Elpinice (who herself had a reputation for sexual promiscuity) prior to her marriage with Callias, although this may be a legacy of simple political slander. He later married Isodice, Megacles' granddaughter and a member of the Alcmaeonidae family. Their first children were twin boys named Lacedaemonius (who would become an Athenian commander) and Eleus. Their third son was Thessalus (who would become a politician).

Military career
During the Battle of Salamis, Cimon distinguished himself by his bravery. He is mentioned as being a member of an embassy sent to Sparta in 479 BC.

Between 478 BC and 476 BC, a number of Greek maritime cities around the Aegean Sea did not wish to submit to Persian control again and offered their allegiance to Athens through Aristides at Delos. There, they formed the Delian League (also known as the Confederacy of Delos), and it was agreed that Cimon would be their principal commander. As strategos, Cimon commanded most of the League's operations until 463 BC. During this period, he and Aristides drove the Spartans under Pausanias out of Byzantium.

Cimon also captured Eion on the Strymon from the Persian general Boges. Other coastal cities of the area surrendered to him after Eion, with the notable exception of Doriscus. He also conquered Scyros and drove out the pirates who were based there. On his return, he brought the "bones" of the mythological Theseus back to Athens. To celebrate this achievement, three Herma statues were erected around Athens.

Battle of the Eurymedon
Around 466 BC, Cimon carried the war against Persia into Asia Minor and decisively defeated the Persians at the Battle of the Eurymedon on the Eurymedon River in Pamphylia. Cimon's land and sea forces captured the Persian camp and destroyed or captured the entire Persian fleet of 200 triremes manned by Phoenicians. And he established an Athenian colony nearby called Amphipolis with 10,000 settlers. Many new allies of Athens were then recruited into the Delian League, such as the trading city of Phaselis on the Lycian-Pamphylian border.

There is a view amongst some historians that while in Asia Minor, Cimon negotiated a peace between the League and the Persians after his victory at the Battle of the Eurymedon. This may help to explain why the Peace of Callias negotiated by his brother-in-law in 450 BC is sometimes called the Peace of Cimon as Callias' efforts may have led to a renewal of Cimon's earlier treaty. He had served Athens well during the Persian Wars and according to Plutarch: "In all the qualities that war demands he was fully the equal of Themistocles and his own father Miltiades".

Thracian Chersonesus
After his successes in Asia Minor, Cimon moved to the Thracian colony Chersonesus. There he subdued the local tribes and ended the revolt of the Thasians between 465 BC and 463 BC. Thasos had revolted from the Delian League over a trade rivalry with the Thracian hinterland and, in particular, over the ownership of a gold mine. Athens under Cimon laid siege to Thasos after the Athenian fleet defeated the Thasos fleet. These actions earned him the enmity of Stesimbrotus of Thasos (a source used by Plutarch in his writings about this period in Greek history).

Trial for bribery
Despite these successes, Cimon was prosecuted by Pericles for allegedly accepting bribes from Alexander I of Macedon. According to Plutarch's account, Pericles at trial "was very gentle with Cimon, and took the floor only once in accusation." Cimon, in his defense, pointed out that he was never envoy to the rich kingdoms of Ionia or Thessaly, but rather to Sparta, whose frugality he lovingly imitated; and that, rather than enrich himself, he enriched Athens with the booty he acquired from the enemy. Cimon was in the end acquitted.

Helot revolt in Sparta
Cimon was Sparta's Proxenos at Athens, he strongly advocated a policy of cooperation between the two states. He was known to be so fond of Sparta that he named one of his sons Lacedaemonius. In 462 BC, Cimon sought the support of Athens' citizens to provide help to Sparta. Although Ephialtes maintained that Sparta was Athens' rival for power and should be left to fend for itself, Cimon's view prevailed. Cimon then led 4,000 hoplites to Mt. Ithome to help the Spartan aristocracy deal with a major revolt by its helots. However, this expedition ended in humiliation for Cimon and for Athens when, fearing that the Athenians would end up siding with the helots, Sparta sent the force back to Attica.

Exile

This insulting rebuff caused the collapse of Cimon's popularity in Athens. As a result, he was ostracised from Athens for ten years beginning in 461 BC. The reformer Ephialtes then took the lead in running Athens and, with the support of Pericles, reduced the power of the Athenian Council of the Areopagus (filled with ex-archons and so a stronghold of oligarchy).

Power was transferred to the citizens, i.e. the Council of Five Hundred, the Assembly, and the popular law courts. Some of Cimon's policies were reversed including his pro-Spartan policy and his attempts at peace with Persia. Many ostraka bearing his name survive; one bearing the spiteful inscription: "Cimon, son of Miltiades, and Elpinice too" (his haughty sister).

In 458 BC, Cimon sought to return to Athens to assist its fight against Sparta at Tanagra, but was rebuffed.

Return
Eventually, around 451 BC, Cimon returned to Athens. Although he was not allowed to return to the level of power he once enjoyed, he was able to negotiate on Athens' behalf a five-year truce with the Spartans. Later, with a Persian fleet moving against a rebellious Cyprus, Cimon proposed an expedition to fight the Persians. He gained Pericles' support and sailed to Cyprus with two hundred triremes of the Delian League. From there, he sent sixty ships under Admiral Charitimides to Egypt to help the Egyptian revolt of Inaros, in the Nile Delta. Cimon used the remaining ships to aid the uprising of the Cypriot Greek city-states.

Rebuilding Athens
From his many military exploits and money gained through the Delian League, Cimon funded many construction projects throughout Athens. These projects were greatly needed in order to rebuild after the Achaemenid destruction of Athens. He ordered the expansion of the Acropolis and the walls around Athens, and the construction of public roads, public gardens, and many political buildings.

Death on Cyprus
Cimon laid siege to the Phoenician and Persian stronghold of Citium on the southwest coast of Cyprus in 450BC; he died during or soon after the failed attempt. However, his death was kept secret from the Athenian army, who subsequently won an important victory over the Persians under his 'command' at the Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus. He was later buried in Athens, where a monument was erected in his memory.

Historical significance
During his period of considerable popularity and influence at Athens, Cimon's domestic policy was consistently antidemocratic, and this policy ultimately failed. His success and lasting influence came from his military accomplishments and his foreign policy, the latter being based on two principles: continued resistance to Persian aggression, and recognition that Athens should be the dominant sea power in Greece, and Sparta the dominant land power. The first principle helped to ensure that direct Persian military aggression against Greece had essentially ended; the latter probably significantly delayed the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War.

title: Cimon


text:
Heureka-Klett

Heureka Klett was a German software engineering company which has made several personal computer games of the sort called "edutainment". They are point-and-click puzzle-adventure games, heavily inspired by Myst for Windows and Mac. These were distributed by Tivola International to be localized for many markets.

On June 1, 2005, Heureka-Klett sold its edutainment software to BrainGame Publishing. The holdings and marketing rights of the 22 games in their back catalogue were transferred.

Seven games in the educational series collectively sold over 500,000 units and won numerous awards.

Titles published

 * Physikus, localized to Physicus for the English-speaking market, attempts to teach physics by exploring an island whose locks are opened by working machines that illustrate different principles of physics. There also exists Physicus HD and Physicus II.
 * Bioskopia, localized to Bioscopia for the English-speaking market, attempts to teach biology similarly by having the player try to save a woman explorer who has been attacked by disease-carrying robots once used for experiments. The player must make and supply penicillin to cure her while unlocking hidden areas and exploring the facility.
 * Opera Fatal, where the player has to search the notes for a blackmailed musician, and therefore has to solve an enormous number of puzzles in the opera building.
 * Chemikus, localized to Chemicus for the English-speaking market, attempts to teach chemistry by exploring a land whose rooms are linked by an underground railway whose controls are in the form of the periodic table of the elements. The player must set up and perform chemical reactions from substances and objects in his inventory. The plot is in the form of a trying to rescue a friend who has been captured by unseen enemies.
 * Chemikus 2, the 5th Game of the series and the sequel of Chemikus 1, playing in a similar city, but under an advanced story.
 * Mathica
 * Informaticus (awarded Comenius Seal of Quality)
 * Hystorion
 * Geograficus
 * Genius - Task Force Biologie
 * Genius - Unternehmen Physik
 * Mission: Amazonas (mission game)
 * Mission: Schatztaucher (educational game)

Before turning to edutainment only, Heureka-Klett also published a school version of The Interactive Geometry Software Cinderella.

title: Heureka-Klett


text: Category:Communes of Vienne (department)