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Talk:Prince de La Moskowa

I've moved this back to "Prince de La Moskowa", with a capital L, because I'm fairly sure that is standard practice - cf. marquis de La Fayette, duc de La Force, etc. Donald, 10.43, 18 Feb 2005
 * It may be a standart practice, but it's untrue in french grammar : the capital L is only use when the territorial designation is used alone. Example : général La Fayette was a french military commander, but the marquis de la Fayette was a french military commander. 213.44.192.63 21:40, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Prince de La Moskowa


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Talk:Pigovian tax

Could someone explain what a "level of pollution that is under the social optimum" is? --Alexwcovington (talk) 10:54, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Pigovian tax which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 09:15, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pigovian tax


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Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles

Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles (QAMR) is an armoured regiment of the New Zealand Army and forms part of the Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps. The regiment was formed in 1864 and is currently an armoured cavalry unit equipped with NZLAV.

History
On 16 September 1864, the Alexandra Troop of the Wanganui Cavalry Volunteers was accepted for service by the New Zealand Government. The troop was named after Princess Alexandra, the Princess of Wales. The troop saw active service in the New Zealand Wars, mainly on patrolling and despatch riding duties, before being disbanded in late 1865. Reformed as the Alexandra Cavalry Volunteers, the troop guarded Wanganui during the Titokowaru campaign (1868), and took part in the Parihaka operation (1881).

In 1868, Trooper William Lingard, a founding member of the Alexandra Troop, won the New Zealand Cross for rescuing a comrade under enemy fire at Titokowaru's pa at Tauranga Ika. In 1897 the unit was renamed the Alexandra Mounted Rifles. Volunteers from Alexandra Mounted Rifles served in South Africa during the Boer War, where Farrier Sergeant Major William James Hardham won the Victoria Cross at Naauwpoort, in January 1901, where he rescued a wounded comrade while under heavy enemy fire. In 1911 the unit became the 2nd (Wellington West Coast) Mounted Rifles.

In the First World War (1914–1918) men of the regiment saw active service in the Queen Alexandra's 2nd (Wellington West Coast) Mounted Rifles squadron of the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment, New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade.

The squadron of 158 men and 169 horses was initially commanded by Major Jim Elmslie. The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade was sent from Egypt to Gallipoli in May 1915, without its horses. On Gallipoli the mounted riflemen gained a reputation as excellent scouts and hard fighters. New Zealand's mounted regiments were particularly prominent in battles fought at Outpost No 3, Table Top, Chunuk Bair and Hill 60. For his gallantry on Chunuk Bair, Major Elmslie was recommended for a posthumous Victoria Cross.

Following the Hill 60 battle the 2nd Squadron could only muster 14 fit men. After the evacuation of Gallipoli in December 1915, the squadron spent the remainder of the war on horseback, fighting the Turkish Army in the Sinai Desert and in Palestine, as part of the ANZAC Mounted Division. Notable battles were fought at Rumani, Rafa, Magdhaba, Gaza, Beersheba, Ayun Kara, in the Jordan Valley and at Amman.

The regiment received its first guidon in 1929, at Waverley. During the Second World War (1939–1945) many volunteers from Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles served overseas in various units, particularly in the 2nd New Zealand Divisional Cavalry Regiment. This regiment fought in Greece, Crete, North Africa and Italy. Some men also served in the Long Range Desert Group.

Later in the war some men of the regiment saw active service with the 3rd New Zealand Division's Special Army Tank Squadron Group in the Pacific, and with the 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade in Italy. Some men of the Divisional Cavalry Regiment performed occupation force duties in Japan after the war. Men of the regiment also served in New Zealand during the war, firstly on horses and then in a wide variety of light armoured vehicles. In January 1942 the New Zealand Armoured Corps was formed. It included the 2nd Light Armoured Fighting Vehicle Regiment (Queen Alexandra's Wellington West Coast Mounted Rifles). In 1947 the Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps (RNZAC) was formed.

Following the Second World War the regiment underwent a series of name, role changes and amalgamations. Some men of the unit served with British Centurion-equipped tank regiments during the Korean War. In November 1964 the Regimental Guidon was paraded for Her Majesty the Queen at Buckingham Palace, by a composite group of 140 members of the New Zealand Army. In 1992 the unit, as Queen Alexandra's Squadron, RNZAC received a new Guidon. A year later the unit regained the title of Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles, Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps. From 1994 until 2002 most members of the regiment gained operational experience operating M113A1 armoured vehicles in Bosnia-Herzegovina and East Timor. Many other officers and soldiers also crewed British armoured vehicles with British Army regiments in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Over this prolonged period, the regiment sustained a higher operational tempo than any other unit of the New Zealand Army. In 2004, the unit downsized to a squadron, began re-equipping with the NZLAV, a version of the LAV III armoured vehicle especially developed for the New Zealand Army. In 2005 the unit moved to Burnham Military Camp.

In December 2011, Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles was formally re-formed as a regiment from its previous squadron size, with the sub-unit formally known as QAMR being dubbed NZ Scottish (NZ Scots) Squadron.

A wide range of armoured vehicles have been used by the unit. These include the Valentine tank, Stuart tank, Daimler Dingo Scout Car, Ferret Armoured Car, Centurion tank, M41 Walker Bulldog, FV101 Scorpion light tank, and M113A1 armoured personnel carriers.

Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles is the oldest serving Regular Force unit of the New Zealand Army.

Current composition
Currently the regiment is made up of:

 * Regimental Headquarters (RHQ)
 * New Zealand Scottish (NZ Scots)
 * Wellington East Coast (WEC)
 * Waikato Mounted Rifles (WMR)
 * Support Squadron

Each Squadron Headquarters operates NZLAV in the command role, while each cavalry troop consists of between 4 and 6 NZLAV. Support Squadron is a combination of the Quartermasters Store who operate MHOV (RMMV HX range of tactical trucks) and LOV (Pinzgauer) and the Workshop who provide 1st line repair and recovery (LAV-R and LOV or MHOV). The regiment also operates Armoured LOV in a reconnaissance and surveillance role when needed.

Guidon, Battle Honours, and Flag
The Guidon or regimental colours, are the memorial of the regimental deeds and the symbol of its spirit. At one time they were carried on active service and were the rallying point of the regiment. The colours of a cavalry regiment are traditionally in the form of a Guidon or swallow-tailed flag which derived its name from the French Guyd-homme ("guide man"), who would lead by carrying a flag. These banners were always carried into battle under the guard of an armed escort. In recent times, the use of the Guidon as a rallying point has no longer been necessary, yet even today when they are paraded they are always under the guard of an armed escort. It is now taken on ceremonial parades and inspections to mark a unit's achievements, and displayed to soldiers and spectators that it may provide a memorial to the men of all ranks who served under it and to afford an inspiration for patriotic service and sacrifice to all who may behold it. The QAMR Guidon is made of silk and embodies the regimental colours, amber and black. It is unique in that most armoured regiments carry a guidon with a crimson background. With an amber background, the Guidon is surrounded by a fringe of amber and black. In the centre is the unit badge in colour, this in the centre of a black-edged gold circlet inscribed with Queen Alexandra's Squadron, RNZAC. This is surrounded by a wreath of two fern leaves embroidered in dark green and the unit motto, Ake Ake Kia Kaha (For ever and ever be strong). The union wreath is a wreath of a national plant (Canada – maple, Australia – wattle, South Africa – protea). Over the badge appears the Royal Crown.

In the first and fourth corners appears the White Horse of Hanover. The horse signifies that the unit had its origins as a horsed cavalry regiment (Mounted Rifles). Units that started as infantry have goats in the corners of their guidons. The Roman numerals II/VI appear in the second and third corners within two fern leaves. These signify the amalgamation of the 2nd Light Armoured Fighting Vehicles Regiment (Queen Alexandra's Wellington West Coast Mounted Rifles) and the 6th Light Armoured Fighting Vehicles Regiment (Manawatu Mounted Rifles) to form the 2nd N.Z. Armoured Regiment in 1944. (The 9th Light Armoured Fighting Vehicles Regiment (Wellington East Coast Mounted Rifles) was also part of the regiment, however in 1953 split to be become the Divisional Regiment)

Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles has 36 battle honours, though only 22 battle honours are shown on the Guidon. The battle honours of the unit which have been approved for emblazonment appear on either side of the central emblem in small gold scrolls, their chronology being from left to right, beginning at the top with the exception of the battle honours "New Zealand" and "South Africa 1899–1902", which appear beneath the unit motto.

The QAMR Guidon is carried by the Squadron Sergeant Major (SSM), with an escort of two Senior Non Commissioned Officers (SNCO).

The regimental flag has six horizontal bands, three each alternately of amber and black. In the top left hand corner is a square of amber on which is embroidered the regimental badge.

9th Wellington East Coast Mounted Rifles Guidon
Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles parade the Regimental Guidon of the 9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles. In August 1959 the 9WECMR Guidon was placed in the Hastings City Council Chambers for public display and safekeeping. Over the years the Guidon has been retrieved by the successive units of the Armoured Corps that have inherited Freedom of the City and District of Hastings. For some time the Guidon was also used by the Queen Alexandra’s Squadron because no replacement Guidon had been sourced since it was laid up in Hawera.

The WEC Squadron most recently retrieved the 9WECMR from Hastings District Council on Armistice Day 2021.

Uniform and insignia
The regimental badge is of a punga tree encircled by a baggage strap, bearing (above) Queen Alexandra's and (below) 2nd W.W.C (Wellington West Coast) Mtd Rifles. Below this is the regiments motto "Ake Ake Kia Kaha" meaning "For ever and ever, be strong". This was derived from the war-cry of the Third (Rough Riders) Contingent of the South African Volunteers (Boer War). The original prototypes were made of solid copper, but when issued were of blackened gunmetal. The badge is worn on the New Zealand Army rifle green beret, with RNZAC personnel wearing the badge over the RNZAC green patch. Collar badges of the same pattern are worn with No.2 Dress (mess kit), and No.4 Dress (service dress). The QAMR belt has horizontal stripes of black, amber, black. These colours are those of the Taranaki provincial colours which were adopted by the regiment. In 1993, for ceremonial purposes, the traditional mounted rifles slouch hat was reintroduced with a khaki/green/khaki puggaree. The scarlet and blue mess uniform is that of the RNZAC.

Freedom of the District of Hastings
At a Ceremonial Parade on 7th September 1958, Hastings formally adopted the 4th Armoured Regiment in a colourful ceremony entitling them to receive the Freedom of the City. The then Mayor Sir Edwin Bate gave the Commanding Officer, Major C. C. Jordan, the Charter which gives the Regiment ‘the right and privilege without further permission being obtained, of marching at all times with drums beating, band playing, colour flying, bayonets fixed and swords drawn through the streets of the City of Hastings.’

The granting of Freedom of the City acknowledges the historic relationship of the unit from its first formation as the 9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles Regiment TF, officially raised on 17 March 1911. In 1914 the NZEF Mounted Regiments wanted to foster linkages with the established Territorial Force Regiments that were not being sent overseas. So the badge of the 9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles Regiment TF was worn by the 9th (Wellington East Coast) Squadron of the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment NZEF throughout its service in the Gallipoli, Sinai, and Palestine campaigns. In 1921 the 9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles Regiment became the 7th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles Regiment, and later the Wellington East Coast Mounted Rifles, which was absorbed into the newly established 2nd Armoured Regiment on 29th March 1944.

Hawke’s Bay was a big source for troops and leaders in the 2nd New Zealand Divisional Cavalry in the Second World War. They excelled, they supported each other, and they stuck together like glue.

On 1st April 1956 the unit was renamed the 4th Armoured Regiment (Wellington East Coast) RNZAC with the Headquarters based in Hastings. On being granted the Freedom of the City of Hastings on 7th September 1958 the unit name was adjusted to 4th ARMOURED REGIMENT (WELLINGTON EAST COAST – CITY OF HASTINGS OWN) RNZAC.

In 1963 the unit was amalgamated into 1 Armoured Squadron (Queen Alexandra’s) and on 1st September 1970 it was renamed Queen Alexandra’s (Waikato/Wellington East Coast) Squadron RNZAC with its Headquarters based in at Waiouru.

On 4th June 1982 Waikato and Wellington East Coast Squadron (WaiWEC) RNZAC became part of the newly formed 1 Armoured Group and over the next 11 years was manned with a combination of both Regular Force and Territorial Force personnel. Upon the activation of Queen Alexandra’s Mounted Rifles as a Regiment in 1993, it was decided to rename the Squadrons to A, B, and Support Squadron with the Territorial Force component being WaiWEC Squadron.

In 2003 WaiWEC Squadron underwent a title change to better identify the geographic location of its Territorial Force members and the title of Waikato Mounted Rifles was approved by the then Chief of Army. In this approval letter the Chief of Army also directed that the Wellington East Coast Guidon be formally laid up and kept in the preserve of Hastings District Council.

MEANING OF THE FREEDOM OF THE DISTRICT TO HASTINGS DISTRICT AND THE QUEEN ALEXANDRA’S MOUNTED RIFLES REGIMENT The key words in the Charter presented by the District of Hastings are that both parties ‘are desirous of establishing mutual relations.’ All else that follows is proof of the existence of mutual confidence, harmony, goodwill and trust.

The Regiment is to have ‘the right and privilege without further permission being obtained, of marching at all times with drums beating, band playing, colour flying, bayonets fixed and swords drawn through the streets of the City.’  That is the Districts gift. It means that the Mayor, Councillors and Residents have such confidence in the integrity of the Regiment that in future, permission will not have to be sought to march through the streets in the panoply of war.

The Regiment on its part is to confer on the Mayor and Councillors the honour of viewing a parade once a year, for the purpose of inspection by the Mayor. It is also to provide two officers in uniform to attend the Mayor on all official important occasions.

These honours also have a meaning. The first means that the Regiment and its operation are as an open book to the Mayor and Councillors. The second symbolises the Regiment’s particular interest in the protection of the City.

Between the Regiment and the District of Hastings there has been an exchange of rights, privileges and honours not lightly to be sought of lightly granted for they are steeped in history.

Alliances

 * 🇬🇧 – The Royal Dragoon Guards
 * 🇬🇧 – The Queen's Royal Hussars (Queen's and Royal Irish)
 * 🇬🇧 – The King's Royal Hussars
 * 🇬🇧 – The Royal Tank Regiment
 * 🇦🇺 – 2nd/14th Light Horse Regiment (Queensland Mounted Infantry)

title: Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles


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Category:European Union stubs

The category is specifically for articles relating to operations of or run by the European Union.

For articles about Europe in general please use europe-stub or one of its other stub templates.

Other stub categories relating to Europe can be found in Category:Europe stubs

title: Category:European Union stubs


text: Category:Nordic skiing

title: Category:Nordic skiing


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Talk:Werner von Blomberg

Stargard/Pomerania !
You know, there were a number of places in "Deutsches Reich" which bore the name "STARGARD", or similar: 1. Stargard in Pommern (now Stargard Szczecinski, Poland) 2. Stargard (Burg Stargard) in Mecklenburg 3. (Preussisch) Stargard, near Danzig (now Starogard Gdanski, Poland) 4. Stargardt (Brandenburg).

To give the exact place, one should name "Stargard in Pommern" here Thanks, WernerE (german wiki), 18.2.05 ---
 * Above originally posted in the article by 129.187.244.28. Moved here by Lupo 11:00, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Frau von Blomberg was not a former prostitute
The claim made here (which I had to remove twice) that Frau von Blomberg was a former prostitute is erroneous. Both Len Deighton in his book Blitzkrieg and Ian Kershaw in Volume 2 of his Hitler biography say quite clearly that the Frau Blomberg's criminal record was for posing for pornographic photos, not prostitution. The claim that Frau Blomberg was a former prostitute was just a malicious smear on the part of Hermann Göring to discredit Blomberg, something that far too people are willing to repeat today, presumably because it sounds more salacious-A.S. Brown (talk) 22:44, 8 June 2010 (UTC)--.

 * Indeed, that is my understanding as well, and it's what the main body of the article says. Am removing the claim from the intro.Paulturtle (talk) 02:43, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Paul!--A.S. Brown (talk) 09:15, 22 December 2019 (UTC)

Duplicate of photo
I don't see the value of having two identical photos of von Blomberg in the one article (one being hand-coloured I believe). I would remove the hand-coloured altogether and move up the black-and-white to take its place. After a week, and without comment, I shall edit to reflect my view.shall

I think the colorized photo is fine 71.178.8.66 (talk) 23:29, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

Pour la Merite reference
I don't know how to add references, so if anyone wanted to remove the Citation Needed tag in the section on his early life, the reference for him being decorated with the Pour la Merite is: Kirstin A. Schäfer: Werner von Blomberg – Hitlers erster Feldmarschall. Eine Biographie. Paderborn 2006. ISBN 3-506-71391-4, S. 25–29. (as cited in his article in the German wiki). Supporting evidence that he had it: it's the big cross hanging round his neck in the photograph. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.134.63.76 (talk) 10:15, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Werner von Blomberg


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Caltech Submillimeter Observatory

The Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) was a 10.4-meter (34 ft) diameter submillimeter wavelength telescope situated alongside the 15-meter (49 ft) James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) at Mauna Kea Observatories. Beginning in 1986, it was engaged in submillimeter astronomy of the terahertz radiation band. The telescope closed on September 18, 2015.

Disassembly of the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory's (CSO) 34-foot diameter telescope on Maunakea began the week of August 28, 2023. The entire remediation process is expected to be completed by summer 2024 and cost more than $4 million. CSO is the first observatory to be removed under the Decommissioning Plan of the University of Hawaiʻi Maunakea Comprehensive Management Plan.

History
In 1973 Robert Leighton proposed to the NSF to build four 10.4 meter diameter parabolic dish radio antennas. Three of these Leighton antennas were to be used as a mm-wave interferometer to be sited at OVRO, and the fourth was to be used as a single submillimeter telescope at a high mountain site. The proposal was approved (AST 73-04908 ), but the NSF insisted that the mm-wave array had to be completed before work on the submillimeter telescope could be started, which delayed the construction of the submillimeter telescope by almost a decade. Mauna Kea was selected as the site for the submillimeter telescope, which became the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, after a site survey by Thomas G. Phillips. The three antenna mm-wave interferometer at OVRO was eventually expanded to six elements, and ultimately became part of the CARMA array in California's Inyo Mountains.

The CSO antenna, named the Leighton Telescope after the death of Robert Leighton in 1997, has a more precise surface than the CARMA array antennas, enabling it to make use of the superior Mauna Kea site by operating at higher frequencies. Heating elements were also added to the stand-off pins which support the hexagonal panels, to allow active control of the surface.

Before being deployed to Hawaii, both the antenna (without its dish) and the dome building were assembled on the Caltech campus, at the current site of the IPAC building, in order to ensure that the building and its shutter operated correctly. Despite having assembled the building once on the Caltech campus, the construction contractor had difficulty re-assembling the building in the high altitude environment of Mauna Kea, and the contractor went bankrupt. After the bankruptcy Caltech staff had to supervise completion of the observatory construction.

Operation
Throughout its nearly three decade operational lifetime, the CSO was funded primarily by the NSF. The University of Texas provided additional funding from the start of 1988 through the end of 2012.

The CSO emphasized heterodyne receiver work, while the neighboring James Clerk Maxwell Telescope emphasized continuum detector observations. Most of the heterodyne receivers were built on the Caltech campus, and were placed at the Nasmyth focus. The University of Texas team built instruments for the CSO, including a re-imaging system which effectively converted the 10.4 meter telescope into a 1 meter off-axis telescope with a 3 arc minute wide beam at 492 GHz. This wide beam system was used to map the atomic carbon line at 492 GHz over large regions of the sky. The UT team also provided an 850 GHz receiver for the telescope's Cassegrain focus.

In 1986, the CSO obtained official "first light" by producing a spectrum of the carbon monoxide J=2-1 line from the nearby starburst galaxy Messier 82 (although continuum detections of the Moon and some planets had been made earlier).

The CSO and JCMT were combined to form the first submillimeter interferometer. The success of this experiment was important in pushing ahead the construction of the Submillimeter Array and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array interferometers. The CSO was also a part of the Event Horizon Telescope array during the early test observations which proved the feasibility of intercontinental mm-wave interferometry.

Research Highlights:

 * The first detection of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect at millimeter wavelengths, and the first measurement of cluster temperature using the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect.
 * The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey, a survey of continuum emission at 1.1 mm, which covered 170 square degrees of the galactic plane.  This survey resulted in the publication of at least 14 journal papers with over 1000 aggregate citations.
 * Discovery of new submillimeter water maser spectral lines at 321, 325, 437, 439, 471, and 658 GHz.
 * Molecular line surveys in the submillimeter band of the star formation regions Sagittarius B2 and Orion KL; the carbon star IRC+10216; and the planets Jupiter and Saturn.
 * Discovery of a ~200 km/sec fast molecular wind from the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618.  This fast neutral wind will interact with the slow AGB wind to shape the final planetary nebula.
 * Submillimeter observations of the Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991, a very unusual eclipse in that it passed over several major observatories. Observing the Sun would normally have constituted a severe violation of the telescope's sun-avoidance limits, as it was normally forbidden to allow any sunlight to fall upon even a portion of the telescope's primary mirror.  However for this special event a tent-like membrane was deployed over the dish, which prevented focused visible and infrared light from destroying the secondary mirror assembly.

The last observation from the telescope was made on 8 September 2015, and was of Orion KL.

Over 100 students from 25 institutions used the CSO for doctoral research projects.

Decommissioning
In order to get a permit to build the Thirty Meter Telescope project on Mauna Kea, the University of Hawaii had to commit to closing and dismantling three existing observatories on the mountain. The three chosen were the CSO, the UKIRT, and the Hoku Keʻa telescope. Two additional telescopes must also be removed by 2033, but those have not been selected as of 1 April 2019.

On April 30, 2009, Caltech announced plans to decommission the CSO, transferring ongoing research to the next-generation Cerro Chajnantor Atacama Telescope (CCAT) in Chile. The plans called for CSO to be dismantled, beginning in 2016, with its site returned to a natural state by 2018. Delays in the environmental assessment and permitting processes have led to postponement of the telescope removal.

Disassembly of the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory's (CSO) 34-foot diameter telescope on Maunakea began the week of August 28, 2023. The entire decommissioning process is expected to be completed by summer 2024 and cost more than $4 million. CSO is the first observatory to be removed under the Decommissioning Plan of the University of Hawaiʻi Maunakea Comprehensive Management Plan.

title: Caltech Submillimeter Observatory


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Cai Xiang

Cai Xiang (1012–1067) was a Chinese calligrapher, politician, structural engineer, and poet. Along with Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fu, Cai Xiang is typically regarded as one of the Four Great Masters of the Song dynasty.

Biography
He was born during the Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符) era of the Song dynasty in Xianyou (仙游) county of Xinghua (興化) prefecture, now Xianyou County in Putian of Fujian province.

In the eight year of the Tiansheng (天聖) era (1030 CE) he obtained the degree of jinshi (進士, lit. "advanced scholar"), a graduate who passed the triennial court exam. His highest rank was Secretariat Drafter of the Duanming Court (Duanmingdian Xueshi), in charge of written communication of the imperial government. During the Qingli (慶曆) era (1041–1048 CE), he was the Officer of Transportation (Zhuanyunshi) in Fujian. While acting as a prefect in Fujian, he also was in charge of overseeing the construction of the Wan-an Bridge at Quanzhou.

He pioneered the manufacturing of small Dragon Tribute Tea Cake of superlative quality, as it was reputed to be harder to obtain than gold.

Cai Xiang's style name was Junmo (君謨), and his posthumous name was Zhonghuei (忠惠).

Works
One of his most famous publications is his essay "The Record of Tea", also known as the "Tea Note", which he wrote in 1049–1053.

 * Calligraphy: Wan'an Bridge Report Tablet
 * Poetry: Collected Works of Cai Zhonghuei
 * Letter: Letter on Cheng Xin Tang Paper

Quotes
Tea has intrinsic aroma. But tribute tea manufacturers like to mix small amount of Dryobalanops aromatica camphor, supposedly to enhance the aroma. The local people of Jian'an never mix any incense into tea, afraid to robe the natural aroma of tea.

title: Cai Xiang


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User:Selphie/bridge (instrument)

This is where all my info for the Bridge (instrument) started its wiki-life!

Fell free to help, edit or contribute!

Guitar Bridges
There are many different guitar bridge designs some of which are fairly cumbersome. However, many benefit from modern design, manufacturing techniques, and materials.

Bridges can be divided into two main groups, "tremolo" and "non-tremolo" (also called hardtail). Tremolo bridges have an arm (called the tremolo or whammy bar) that extends from below the string anchoring point. It acts as a lever that the player can push onto strings to change the tension and, as a result, the pitch. On the other hand, non-tremolo bridges supply an anchoring point for the strings but provide no active control over string tension or pitch.

Both bridges have advantages, depending on the playing style, but in general, a non-tremolo bridge is thought to provide better tuning stability and a solid contact between the guitar body and the strings.

Tremolo
Generally, the more contact the bridge has with the body (i.e. the lower the position), the better the sound transfer will be into the body. A warmer sound with increased sustain is the result.

Tremolo bridges usually need to be suspended in some way, which reduces this contact. Most tremolo designs today use a group of springs in the guitar body, which oppose the tension of the strings. Some players feel that the vibration of the springs affects resonance in such a way that makes the guitar sound better while others would disagree, of course it all depends on personal preference and the musical style of the individual player.

Since many playing styles make the use of a tremolo obligatory, most solid body guitars today are manufactured with one of two kinds of tremolos: -

Non-locking (or vintage) tremolos are the bridges we see on traditional three pickup guitars. For most playing styles, vintage tremolos are a good choice because they are easy to use and maintain, offer good sound transfer and have very few parts.
 * Non-Locking Tremolo

Another type of tremolo is the locking tremolo. These bridges have a sort of vice in each saddle which clamps the string into place (usually with an Allan Key). The end of the string has a clamp, which holds the string in place, stopping it from slipping, which is especially useful for songs that require tapping or heavy/hard playing styles. Once set up for tuning stability, locking tremolos are very good, however, their fulcrum points offer extremely minute contact with the body, which may disturb sound transfer.
 * Locking Tremolo

Non-Tremolo
It is generally understood that non-tremolo bridges offer better transfer of string vibration into the body. This is due to direct contact of the bridge to the guitar's body.

These bridges are bolted directly to the guitar body and, assuming good quality, limit string movement completely. This way, tuning stability is assured.

The improved transfer of string vibration into the body has an effect on the sound, so guitars with this type of bridge have different characteristics than those with tremolos even it is removed. Also, there are no springs in the body or a cavity to accommodate them, which also affects resonance.

title: User:Selphie/bridge (instrument)


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Yahwistic

Yahwistic may refer to:

 * Named after Yahweh; see
 * Pertaining to the Jahwist, a hypothetical source of the Pentateuch
 * Pertaining to Yahwism, a hypothetical religion in ancient Israel and Judah

title: Yahwistic


text:
List of symphonies with names

While most symphonies have a number, many symphonies are known by their (nick)name.

This article lists symphonies that are numbered and have an additional nickname, and symphonies that are primarily known by their name and/or key. Also various compositions that contain "symphony" or "sinfonia" in their name are included, whether or not strictly speaking they adhere to the format of a classical symphony.

Sinfonia concertante is a different genre, and works of that genre are not included here, unless for those named works that are usually known as a symphony.

title: List of symphonies with names


text: Category:1092 births

title: Category:1092 births


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Marthe Camille Bachasson, Count of Montalivet

Marthe Camille Bachasson, 3rd Count of Montalivet (24 April 1801, Valence – 4 January 1880, Saint-Bouize) was a French statesman and a Peer of France.

Biography
Second son of Jean-Pierre Bachasson, 1st count of Montalivet (1766–1823), peer of France and Minister of Emperor Napoleon, he was born in Valence, Drôme.

After the death of his father and brother in 1823, he inherited the title of count and peer of France, and was one of the youngest peers to sit in the Chamber of Peers.

Minister of Louis-Philippe
He joined promptly the July Monarchy during the July Revolution of 1830 and was called to the Ministry of the Interior in November, where his main task was to prevent any troubles during the trial of the former ministers of King Charles X. He was alternatively Minister of the Interior and Minister of Education in the different cabinets of the July Monarchy.

In 1832, he founded the Conférence Molé, a debating society that became a training ground for future political leaders.

After 1839, he became intendant of the Civil List, and created the Museum of Versailles in the walls of the Palace of Versailles, in order to reconcile France with the Ancien Régime.

A supporter of the July Monarchy
After the 1848 Revolution, he defended the action of the July Monarchy, and, as intimate friend of the former royal family, acted as executor of the will of King Louis-Philippe.

Rally to Republic
After the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, he rallied the "conservative republican" ideas of his friend Adolphe Thiers, and thus considerably eased the vote by the centre right of the constitutional laws of 1875, establishing a Republic in France.

He held a seat in the French Senate from 1879 to his death.

Family
He married on 26 January 1828 Clémentine Françoise Paillard-Duclère (Laval, 21 February 1806 - Paris, 3 March 1882), and had five daughters:
 * Marie Adélaïde Bachasson de Montalivet (5 November 1828 - 14 April 1880), married in Saint-Bouize on 17 August 1847 Laurent François, Marquis de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (30 December 1815 - 30 January 1904), son of Laurent, Marquis de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (Toul, 13 May 1764 - Hyères, 17 March 1830) and wife Anne de Gouvion (Toul, 2 November 1775 - Paris, 18 June 1844), and had issue
 * Adélaïde Joséphine Bachasson de Montalivet (Paris, 16 December 1830 - Paris, 14 December 1920), married in Saint-Bouize on 6 November 1850 Antoine Achille Masson, dit de Montalivet (Meurthe-et-Moselle, Nancy, 27 June 1815 - Villedieu, 31 October 1882), son of Georges Masson, vice mayor of Nancy in 1814, and wife Claire Felaize, and had issue
 * Camille Bachasson de Montalivet (1 September 1832 - Menton, 4 February 1887), married on 28 November 1849 Théodore du Moncel (1821–1884) and had female issue
 * Marie Amélie Bachasson de Montalivet (10 January 1837 - 15 March 1899), married in Paris on 16 May 1861 François Gustave Adolphe Guyot de Villeneuve (25 October 1825 - Paris, 22 March 1899), son of François-Pierre Guyot de Villeneuve and wife Joséphine Victoire Pelon, and had issue
 * Marie Adélaïde Marthe Bachasson de Montalivet (Paris, 9 October 1844 - Paris, 2 August 1914), married in Saint-Bouize on 19 June 1865 Georges Marie René Picot (Paris, 24 December 1838 - Allevard, Isère, 16 August 1909), son of Charles Picot (Orléans, 4 August 1795 - Paris, 31 January 1870) and wife Henriette Bidois (Paris, 1799 - Paris, 19 November 1862), and had issue; they are the great-grandparents in female line of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

Trivia

 * There is a Camille de Montalivet Lane in Valence, Drôme.
 * The rose "Comte de Montalivet" was also named after him. This rose, of the Hybrid Perpetual class, was created in 1846 from the seeds of William Jesse, and its colours marry red and purple.


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Talk:Fruit sours

Surely they are 15 mm in diameter, not 15 cm? (For those unfamiliar with the metric system, 15 cm is approximately half a foot.) I can't imagine eating something that big in one piece. 193.167.132.66 11:07, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fruit sours