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Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida

Ponte Vedra Beach is a wealthy unincorporated community and suburb of Jacksonville, Florida in St. Johns County, Florida, United States. Located 18 mi southeast of downtown Jacksonville and 26 mi north of St. Augustine, it is part of the Jacksonville Beaches area, and on the island nicknamed San Pablo Island.

The area is known for its seaside resorts, including the Ponte Vedra Inn and Club, the Lodge and Club, and the Marriott at Sawgrass. It lies within St. Johns County, which is the wealthiest county in Florida. Ponte Vedra Beach is an upper-income tourist resort area best known for its association with golf and is home to the PGA Tour and the Players Championship, hosted at TPC Sawgrass.

History
What is now north Florida was visited several times by European explorers in the 16th century, but there is little evidence for them specifically coming to Ponte Vedra Beach. It may have been sighted by Juan Ponce de León during his voyage to Florida in 1513, but as his precise landfall is unknown, this claim can be made by many communities on the east coast of Florida.

The area remained sparsely populated through the late 19th century, even as other seaside communities began to develop to the north. Minerals were discovered in 1914, and a community known as Mineral City grew around the mining operations. These minerals, mostly titanium (ilmenite), zircon, and rutile were recovered from beach sands by the Buckman and Pritchard Mining Company. The National Lead Company bought Buckman and Pritchard in 1921 and discontinued mining as demand dropped after World War I. In 1929 it began to develop the area to be similar to The Cloister in Sea Island, Georgia. Colonel Joseph C. Stehlin, who had been with the company in St. Louis, arrived on January 1, 1929, to manage development.

The company wanted a more impressive name than Mineral City for its resort, so Colonel Stehlin and his wife, Elizabeth (née Morton), went to the library in St. Augustine to research various possibilities for a new name. Since Florida had been under Spanish rule, they looked on an old map and found the name Pontevedra on the Atlantic coast of Spain at "approximately" the same latitude as Mineral City. (Pontevedra, Spain, however, is over 800 miles farther north at about the same latitude as Boston.) The Galician name of the town was derived from a Roman bridge ("pontis vetera" or "old bridge") that spanned the nearby Lérez River centuries earlier. Colonel Stehlin submitted the name to the National Lead board for approval and Mineral City became Ponte Vedra.

Ponte Vedra Club
In the early 1920s, the National Lead Company built a nine-hole golf course designed by Herbert Bertram Strong, one of the founders of the PGA, plus a 12-room clubhouse constructed of logs for the use of its employees. After the company left the area, that real estate became the foundation of the Ponte Vedra Club. Stockton, Whatley, Davin & Co., a local developer, became the owner of the Ponte Vedra Corporation in July 1934.

World War II
During World War II the German submarine U-584 debarked four saboteurs at Ponte Vedra as part of the failed Operation Pastorius. The four German spies, all of whom had previously lived in the United States, came ashore on the night of June 16, 1942 carrying explosives and American money. After landing they strolled up the beach to Jacksonville Beach, where they caught a city bus to Jacksonville and departed by train for Cincinnati and Chicago. The invaders were captured before they could do any damage. They were tried by a military tribunal and executed.

Tournament Players Club at Sawgrass
In 1972, real estate developers broke ground on the 1100 acre Sawgrass development. In the mid-1970s, Deane Beman, the Commissioner of the PGA golf tour, was looking for a permanent home for the Tournament Players Championship. Many places in northern Florida were being considered. In an attempt to bring positive attention to the area, developer Paul Fletcher offered a 400 acre tract of land to Beman for $1.

Beman could not refuse this one dollar deal for the future home of The Players Championship and the headquarters of the PGA Tour. The Sawgrass Stadium Course has been the permanent home of The Players Championship since 1982.

Geographics
Ponte Vedra Beach is wholly located east of the Intracoastal Waterway, south of the Duval County line, and north of Vilano Beach. The South Ponte Vedra Beach community is commonly considered to be a part of Ponte Vedra Beach. The Ponte Vedra area includes Ponte Vedra, Ponte Vedra Beach, South Ponte Vedra Beach (an area between the Atlantic and Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve), Sawgrass, and Palm Valley. In June 2006, the U.S. Postal Service designated an area to the south and southwest of the 32082 area as Ponte Vedra (as distinct from Ponte Vedra Beach) and assigned it the ZIP code 32081.

Demographics
Median household income in Ponte Vedra Beach is $150,646 and median family income is $109,181. The median age is 41.8. The Ponte Vedra area is known for being a very affluent area of North Florida, and boasts one of the best school districts in Florida. Ponte Vedra Beach was 50th on the list of 100 finalists for CNN and Money Magazine's 2005 List of the Best Places to Live. It was the first place in Florida to be named in that year and one of only four areas in the state to make the cut. As of April 1, 2024 the average house costs around $898,000.

Education
Public primary and secondary schools in Ponte Vedra Beach are administered by the St. Johns County School District. Ponte Vedra High School, which was constructed to relieve the overcrowding of Allen D. Nease High School, serves as the public high school in the Ponte Vedra Beach. Alice B. Landrum Middle School is the primary, public middle school in the area. The Ponte Vedra Palm Valley-Rawlings Elementary School serves as one of the primary, public elementary schools (K-5) in the area, as well as Ocean Palms Elementary School.

Ponte Vedra offers private education (K-8) at the Palmer Catholic Academy. Also, the Bolles School has one of their two lower school campuses in Ponte Vedra Beach, and offers education from pre-kindergarten to fifth grade before transferring students to the middle and high schools located in Jacksonville, Florida.

Additionally, the St Johns County Public Library System has a Ponte Vedra Beach branch library.

Notable people
Famous past and present residents of Ponte Vedra:
 * Kim Alexis, actress and model
 * Ehsan Bayat, Afghan American businessman
 * Jason Altmire, U.S. Congressman
 * Tony Boselli, professional football player
 * Caitlin Brunell, Miss America's Outstanding Teen 2008 (daughter of Mark Brunell)
 * Mark Brunell, professional football player and coach
 * Shelby Cannon, professional tennis player
 * Christina Crawford, dancer and professional wrestler
 * Ron DeSantis, 46th Governor of Florida and former U.S. Congressman for 6th district
 * Ron Duguay, professional hockey player and coach
 * Bob Duval, professional golfer and author
 * David Duval, professional golfer
 * Tim Finchem, PGA Tour Commissioner
 * Todd Fordham professional football player
 * Alicia Fox, model, WWE wrestler, actress
 * Fred Funk, professional golfer
 * Jim Furyk, professional golfer
 * Dan Galorath, software developer, businessman and author
 * Brian Gottfried, professional tennis player
 * Michael Huyghue, United Football League Commissioner
 * Dan Jenkins, author and sports writer
 * Hamilton Jordan, White House Chief of Staff for President Carter
 * Jeff Klauk, professional golfer
 * E. L. Konigsburg, author
 * Billy Kratzert, professional golfer and commentator
 * Matt Kuchar, professional golfer
 * Bowie Kuhn, lawyer and former MLB Commissioner
 * Christian Laettner, professional basketball player
 * John Legere, former CEO of T-Mobile
 * Mike Lester, cartoonist, illustrator, author
 * Frank Lickliter, professional golfer
 * Todd Martin, professional tennis player
 * Len Mattiace, professional golfer
 * Brian Moorman, former professional football player
 * Mark McCumber, professional golfer
 * Craig McKinley, first National Guard four-star general
 * Ben Nowland, professional football player
 * Donna Orender, professional athlete and sports executive
 * Calvin Peete, professional golfer
 * Rick Rhoden, professional athlete
 * Fred Rogers, television personality, Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood
 * Theodore Roosevelt Jr., general and recipient of the Medal of Honor
 * Michael Russell, professional tennis player
 * Vijay Singh, professional golfer
 * Nancy Soderberg, foreign policy strategist
 * Damien Starkey, musician and entrepreneur.
 * Tim Tebow, professional football & baseball player
 * Bill Terry, baseball Hall of Fame member
 * G. Kennedy Thompson, former Wachovia CEO
 * Bobby Thomson, professional baseball player, star of the "Shot Heard 'Round the World"
 * MaliVai Washington, professional tennis player
 * Bobby Weed, golf course designer
 * Bob Wenzel, college basketball coach and broadcaster
 * Rick Wilkins, professional baseball player
 * Betty Williams, Nobel Peace Prize recipient

title: Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida


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John Venn (politician)

John Venn (1586 – 28 June 1650) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1641 to 1650. He was one of the regicides of King Charles I.

Venn was born in Lydeard St Lawrence, Somerset, England, in 1586 and was an apprentice in the Merchant Taylors' Company before becoming a wool and silk merchant. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Venn was an active member of the Honourable Artillery Company and stood against Marmaduke Roydon for election as captain-leader of the company in 1631; both were disappointed by the imposition of a candidate favoured by the Crown. In September 1640, as one of the leaders of the Puritan militants, he sent a petition to King Charles demanding religious reform. Together with Isaac Penington, he demanded the prosecution of the Earl of Strafford. In 1641, Venn was elected Member of Parliament for City of London in the Long Parliament. In 1642, he fought in the army of the Earl of Essex, and following the battle of Edgehill was appointed governor of Windsor Castle, a position he retained until 1645.

When the pro-Royalist Presbyterian mobs of London seized Westminster, he did not join the pro-Army Independent MPs in seeking asylum with the Army. He would be one of the few to change sides over the next year and a half and come to support the army against King Charles. In January 1649, as a commissioner of the High Court of Justice at the trial of King Charles, he was 53rd of the 59 signatories on the death warrant of the King. He died in 1650 before the Restoration in 1660 when many of his fellow signatories were imprisoned or executed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Venn (politician)


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Mac Davis

Morris Mac Davis (January 21, 1942 – September 29, 2020) was an American songwriter, singer, performer, and actor. A native of Lubbock, Texas, he enjoyed success as a crossover artist, and during his early career he wrote for Elvis Presley, providing him with the hits "Memories", "In the Ghetto", "Don't Cry Daddy", and "A Little Less Conversation". A subsequent solo career in the 1970s produced hits such as "Baby Don't Get Hooked on Me". Davis also starred in his own variety show, a Broadway musical, and various films and TV shows.

Early life
Davis was born and raised in Lubbock, Texas, the son of Edith Irene (Lankford) and T. J. Davis, a building contractor.

Career as a songwriter
Once Davis was settled in Atlanta, he organized a rock and roll group called the Zots, and made two singles for OEK Records, managed and promoted by OEK owner Oscar Kilgo. Davis also worked for the Vee Jay record company (home to such R&B stars as Gene Chandler, Jerry Butler, and Dee Clark) as a regional manager and later became a regional manager for Liberty Records.

Davis became famous as a songwriter and got his start as an employee of Nancy Sinatra's company, Boots Enterprises, Inc. Davis was with Boots for several years in the late 1960s. During his time there, he played on many of Sinatra's recordings, and she worked him into her stage shows. Boots Enterprises also acted as Davis's publishing company, publishing songs such as "In the Ghetto", "Friend, Lover, Woman, Wife", "Home", and "Memories", which were recorded by Elvis Presley, Nancy Sinatra, B. J. Thomas and many others. During a short timespan Davis used the pseudonym "Scott Davis" for songwriting purposes (borrowing from the given name of his son) to avoid confusion with renowned songwriter Mack David. Davis left Boots Enterprises in 1970 to sign with Columbia Records, taking all of his songs with him.

One of the songs he wrote in 1968, called "A Little Less Conversation", was recorded by Elvis Presley (and became a posthumous success for Presley years later). Presley also recorded Davis's "In the Ghetto" in sessions in Memphis. Mac Davis eventually recorded the tune after Presley's version became a success, and was released in a Ronco In Concert compilation in 1975. Presley continued to record more of Davis's material, such as "Memories", "Don't Cry Daddy", and "Clean Up Your Own Backyard". Bobby Goldsboro also recorded some of Davis's songs, including "Watching Scotty Grow", which became a No. 1 Adult Contemporary success for Goldsboro in 1971. Other artists who recorded his material included Vikki Carr, O.C. Smith, and Kenny Rogers and The First Edition. "I Believe in Music", often considered to be Davis's signature song, was recorded by several artists (including Marian Love, B.J. Thomas, Louis Jordan, Perry Como, Helen Reddy, Lynn Anderson, and Davis himself) before it finally became a success in 1972 for the group Gallery.

During the 1970s, many of his songs "crossed over", successfully scoring on both the country and popular music charts, including "Baby Don't Get Hooked on Me" (a number one Grammy-nominated success), "One Hell of a Woman" (pop no. 11), and "Stop and Smell the Roses" (a no. 9 pop hit). Also, during the 1970s and 1980s, he was very active as an actor, appearing in several movies, including 1979's North Dallas Forty, as well as hosting a successful variety show.[3][4][5] In 2010, Davis co-wrote the song "Time Flies" with Rivers Cuomo which appeared on Weezer's Hurley album. In 2013 he was part of the Los Angeles writing and producing team that created the hit "Young Girls" for Bruno Mars. Davis also wrote and collaborated with the Swedish D.J. and music producer Avicii, penning the song "Addicted to You" for Avicii's debut studio album True. They performed the song "Black and Blue" together at the Ultra Music Festival in Miami in 2013.

Success as a singer
Davis soon decided to pursue a career of his own as a recording artist. After several years of writing songs for other artists, he was signed by Clive Davis for Columbia, later topping the Country and Pop charts with the song "Baby Don't Get Hooked on Me" in 1972. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America in September 1972 Recording Industry Association of America in September 1972.

In 1974, Davis was awarded the Academy of Country Music's Entertainer of the Year award. He had other successes including the songs "Stop and Smell the Roses" (a number one Adult Contemporary success in 1974) (pop no. 9), "One Hell of a Woman" (pop no. 11), "Rock 'N' Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)" (pop no. 15), and "Burnin' Thing" (pop no. 53). At the end of the 1970s, he was signed by Neil Bogart and moved to Casablanca Records, which was best known at the time for its successes with disco star Donna Summer and rock'n'roll band Kiss. His first success for the company in 1980 was the novelty song "It's Hard to Be Humble", a light-hearted look at how popularity and good looks could go to one's head. The song became his first Country music top 10 and a rare top 30 hit in the UK. (It was translated into Dutch as "Het is moeilijk bescheiden te blijven" and became a hit for the Dutch singer Peter Blanker in 1981). Later that year, he had another top 10 song with "Let's Keep It That Way" written by Curly Putman and Rafe Van Hoy. In November, "Rock 'N' Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)" was played by KHJ in Los Angeles as its last song before it switched from Top 40 to Country music. He achieved success with other songs like "Texas in My Rear View Mirror" and "Hooked on Music", which became his biggest Country music success in 1981 going to number 2. In 1985, he recorded his last top 10 country music success with the song "I Never Made Love (Till I Made Love With You)".

On January 19, 1985, Davis performed "God Bless the USA" at the 50th Presidential Inaugural Gala, held the day before the second inauguration of Ronald Reagan.

Acting career
From 1974 to 1976, Davis had his own television variety show on NBC, The Mac Davis Show. He made his feature film debut opposite Nick Nolte in the football film North Dallas Forty (1979) and was listed as one of 12 "Promising New Actors of 1979" by Screen World magazine.

In 1980, Davis hosted an episode of The Muppet Show. He performed "Baby Don't Get Hooked On Me", "It's Hard To Be Humble", and "I Believe in Music".

Davis also starred in the 1981 comedy film Cheaper To Keep Her, playing a divorced detective who worked for a neurotic feminist attorney.

In 1983, he appeared in The Sting II, as Jake Hooker, a younger relative of Johnny Hooker, portrayed by Robert Redford in The Sting.

In November 1991, Davis checked into the Betty Ford Clinic, marking the beginning of his commitment to sobriety. Exactly four months later, he performed as Will Rogers in the Broadway production of The Will Rogers Follies at the Palace Theater, noting that it was his first-ever sober performance. Following each show, Davis shared his journey to sobriety and urged anyone battling addiction to attend an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting. He continued to play Will Rogers for over a year during the show's national tour.

In 1998, Davis starred in the sports comedy Possums, which debuted at the Sundance Film Festival. Davis served as the balladeer for the 2000 telefilm The Dukes of Hazzard: Hazzard in Hollywood, replacing Don Williams, who had served the part in 1997's The Dukes of Hazzard: Reunion! and Waylon Jennings, who narrated the original Dukes of Hazzard television show. Davis was the first balladeer to appear on-screen to welcome the audience and provide exposition. Davis was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2000. He was awarded a star symbol on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 7080 Hollywood Boulevard, for his contribution to the recording industry.

In 2001, Davis played a fellow karaoke competitor to Jon Gries's Sunny Holiday in the Polish brothers' film Jackpot. In the film, a dispute began between Sunny's manager, played by Garrett Morris, and Davis's character about what song he should sing. The manager suggested Davis's "Baby Don't Get Hooked On Me", which Davis's character claimed just was not him.

From 2001 to 2003, Davis voiced the character of Barber Bingo on two episodes of the animated TV series Oswald; "Henry Needs A Haircut" and "The Naughty Cat".

Between 1999 and 2006, Davis provided the character voices of Sheriff Buford (two episodes) and a talk radio host named "Sports Jock" (three episodes), on the animated series King of the Hill.

Davis also guest-starred briefly in the 8 Simple Rules episode "Let's Keep Going: Part 2" in April 2004.

He had a recurring role as Rodney Carrington's father-in-law in the sitcom Rodney.

In 2000, Davis hosted Labor of Love, a live FM radio show for KZLA Los Angeles.

Personal life and death
Davis was married three times, his marriages producing three children:
 * Fran Cook: 1963–1968 (divorced; one son, Joel Scott)
 * Sarah Barg: 1971–1976 (divorced)
 * Lise Kristen Gerard: 1983–2020 (his death; two children, Noah Claire and Cody Luke)

At 21, he married Fran Cook from Georgia. Their son, Joel Scott, was born a year later; Davis shifted from playing in rock bands to learning the music business while working in Liberty Records' publishing division. The Liberty job got him to Los Angeles and made it easier to "pitch his own tunes" to record producers. Davis commented, "One day Fran decided to do her own thing and she wanted me to do mine." They divorced and she went back to Atlanta.

Davis next met Sarah Barg, then 16 and living in his apartment building with her mother. Two years later, they were married. "We talked about having a family, but I was waiting for her to grow up," he says. She left him in 1976 for Glen Campbell, with whom she then had one child, Dillon. She also left Campbell shortly after Dillon's birth.

In 1979, Davis started to date a young nurse, Lise Gerard. They married in 1983 when she was 25, and they had two children. They remained married until Davis' death at age 78 on September 29, 2020, following heart surgery.

title: Mac Davis


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Talk:Big Freeze

This is the Big Freeze discussion page! Feel free to post and start new topics, I could use some opinions!

What does everyone think of this?
I worked pretty hard to write it, but it's open to edits to improve it. I would just like your opinions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GalaxyGirl (talk • contribs) 16:44, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

I think that this article needs to be cleaned up a bit, and needs to mention the differences between the Big Freeze and the similar but different Heat Death fate of the universe. Deathsushi 19:57, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Heh
I liked the the almost satrical qualities of the article, especially the line "the Universe would not die, just be very cold". Love it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gruntyking117 (talk • contribs) 03:53, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * But is an encyclopedia the right place for sassy undertones? Asarkees 19:57, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not silly, just a little fun.JD79 17:51, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Seems, Incomplete...
seriously, this page feels empty. needs more facts and stuff like that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.212.134.41 (talk • contribs) 05:03, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Heat-death vs Big Freeze
(Cross-posted from Heat death of the universe)

As far as I can understand (and as suggested here), heat death means a flat universe dying from max entropy, and the Big Freeze is an open (constantly expanding) universe dying from expansion causing heat to be spread out - the effects are the same, but the causes different. I've updated the article a little accordingly and linked to that page, but it would be useful if someone could check that this is correct and if so explain it a bit more clearly than I've done :) --Jomel 16:17, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * There defintely needs to be more clarification here. As far as I, an amateur, can perceive, the only difference is that "heat death" involves an exhaustion of all entropy whereas "big freeze" involves matter being so spread out that any residual energy is nearly useless.  BOTH of these articles need a "compare & contrast" section or else I'd say that an overzealous editor may ask for them to be merged.  (Which I don't feel that they should be.)  Again, without it being spelled out, it's somewhat difficult to differentiate the two items. JD79 17:47, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I am a supreme amateur in this field, it must be said, but I can't for the life of me distinguish between these two concepts. Perhaps my understanding of entropy is weak, but it would seem to me that a maximum level of entropy necessitates a temperature of absolute zero everywhere, and, correspondingly, a temperature of absolute zero everywhere necessitates maximum entropy. This is nowhere near as clear as it should be for those with limited scientific background, and a definition that is crystal clear to a layman would be appropriate. Michael.A.Anthony (talk) 06:15, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The article links the "Big Freeze" to the geometry of the universe, but the lead section defines the Big Freeze in terms of life. It is possible that a recollapse could take so long that all life freezes before it happens. 192.75.48.150 15:47, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Repetition
Is it just me, or is it not entirely necessary to mention at least three times that the universe needs to be flat or hyperbolic? Repetition is good, but for an article this small, repeating something at least 3 times is over kill. User:Btg2290 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.111.237.88 (talk • contribs) 00:31, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Possible Universe Geometries
the descriptions of kind of misleading—ESPECIALLY the last one which states literally that the universe is two dimensional, like a piece of paper. We should at least change that one. I think the article Shape of the Universe has good examples of descriptions of universe geometries. Ewthmatth 14:42, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

"Big Freeze" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Big Freeze. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 December 9 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. -- 67.70.26.89 (talk) 11:08, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Big Freeze


text: User talk:66.32.81.97

title: User talk:66.32.81.97


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End Zone

End Zone is Don DeLillo's second novel, published in 1972.

It is a light-hearted farce that foreshadows much of his later, more mature work. Set at small Logos College in West Texas, End Zone is narrated in first person by Gary Harkness, a blocking back on the American football team during the school's first integrated year. Critics are divided on the literary merit of End Zone.

Plot summary
The novel is divided into three sections. In the first, Gary Harkness, the narrator, meets Taft Robinson, Logos College's first Black football player as well as Major Staley, the teacher of his modern warfare class. This class sparks Gary's developing obsession with nuclear warfare. Gary begins dating Myrna Corbett and an assistant coach commits suicide just as the crowning game of the season approaches.

The second section is solely a play-by-play retelling of the Big Game itself, where the main thematic content of the novel exists. DeLillo's disconnected, detached prose focuses the text on certain isolated images and dialogue throughout the game.

The third section surrounds the aftermath of the game as well as the impact of the plane-crash death which kills Logos College's founder. Gary, filled with ennui after these events, plays a complex war game with Major Staley; the novel's metaphor of football as warfare is challenged in the line "warfare is warfare." Taft Robinson admits that he has a morbid interest in the Holocaust which mirror's Gary's obsession. The novel ends with Gary being hospitalized for a mental breakdown, his future uncertain.

Reception
A reviewer for Kirkus Reviews argued that DeLillo "seems to have at his natural command a kind of articulate mobility one cannot help but admire. [...] It's hard to take a body count of all those ideas which freefall off every page but then 'the thing to do is to walk in circles.' And occasionally pause. . . ." In The New York Times Book Review, Thomas R. Edwards deemed End Zone an improvement over Americana and said that the writing "is continuously energetic, shifty, fun to watch for its own sake.” Edwards also argued that "[Gary's] fever, casually introduced in the final paragraph, hints at the uncertain but possible value of vulnerability, persisting without certitude in a world where others accept defensive systems —technologies, religion, games, the large or small cultisms that flourish where fear is.”

Anya Taylor at The City University of New York argued the book would endure, especially praising Gary's desert meditation on the end zone. Taylor discussed how the novel dramatizes certain limitations of language and negative social phenomena involving language (such as the covering of unpleasant truths through euphemisms, or the prevention of meaningful interaction through over-reliance on simplistic maxims), and interpreted the novel as "a book about the decline of language under the bombardment of terms from thermonuclear warfare, and an attempt to revive language through an ascetic disciplined ritual of silence and self-loss". Christopher Lehmann-Haupt of The New York Times stated that End Zone confirmed DeLillo as one of the best young writers of his time, writing that the author was skilled at building scenes for comedic effect and praising the football game that is considered the novel's centerpiece as well as the pick-up game in the snow.

Bill Beckett of The Harvard Crimson was less positive. While writing that End Zone has perhaps the best extended account of a football game ever written, and that the novel shows the author's "golden ear for the tin and tinsel of Americanese", Beckett also argued that "even isolated good satire can't hold together a disappointingly anticlimactic novel. DeLillo's buildup of suspense finally dissipates totally; many ominous hints are lost or forgotten by the end. [...] A season in the chaotic life of Gary Harkness, interesting as he is, does not suffice to make a satisfying whole."

Chad Harbach lauded End Zone in 2004 as "a wonderful and underrated novel". Daniel Roberts highly praised the novel in a 2018 retrospective for The Paris Review, where he wrote, "No novel nails the omnipresent violence of football better than End Zone". In 2007, however, the novel was listed by New York as one of the DeLillo's works that is "for fans only": "There’s little plot to speak of in this second novel, just a series of hilarious riffs on the parallels between football and nuclear war. That’s not the most original comparison to draw, and the ending—or rather, the lack of one—makes it an ultimately unsatisfying read." In 2011, Martin Amis listed End Zone among his favorite novels in DeLillo’s output. Jeff Somers conversely ranked it 10th out of 17 of the author’s books, arguing that it was extremely funny but also that "there’s not much of a story here, and after meandering about for a while, it sort of just stops dead in its tracks."

title: End Zone


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David Cal

David Cal Figueroa (born 10 October 1982) is a Spanish sprint canoeist who has competed since 1999. Competing in three Summer Olympics, he has won five medals with a gold (C-1 1000 m: 2004 Summer Olympics) and four silvers (C-1 500 m: 2004, 2008; C-1 1000 m: 2008 and 2012; C-1 1000 m: 2012). With this latest medal in the London 2012 Olympic Games, he became the Spanish athlete with most Olympic medals of all time.

Cal was a junior world championship bronze medallist in Zagreb in 1999 (C-1 1000 m). The following year he became European C-1 500 m junior champion at Boulogne, France in 2000. He also won the C-1 1000 m bronze medal. He was a reserve at the Sydney Olympics. At the 2002 European under-23 championships in Zagreb, Croatia, Cal won the C-1 500 m bronze medal.

Cal has competed on the senior circuit since 2003, winning five medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships. This includes a gold (C-1 500 m: 2007), two silvers (C-1 1000 m: 2003, 2005, 2011), and a bronze (C-1 1000 m: 2007).

Cal was born in Cangas do Morrazo. He is 183 cm (6 ft 0 in) tall and weighs 91 kg (200 lbs).

title: David Cal


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John Carew (regicide)

John Carew (3 July 1622 - 15 October 1660) was a member of the landed gentry from Antony, Cornwall and MP for Tregony from 1647 to 1653. A prominent supporter of the Fifth Monarchists, a millenarianist religious sect, he backed Parliament and the Commonwealth in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and approved the Execution of Charles I in January 1649. He held various administrative positions during the Interregnum, including membership of the English Council of State, but was deprived of office and jailed in 1655 for his opposition to The Protectorate.

Although aware that as a regicide of Charles I he was likely to be arrested after the 1660 Stuart Restoration, Carew made no attempt to escape. During the trial, he claimed that by signing Charles' death warrant, he was simply complying with a legal Act of Parliament, an argument rejected by the court.

He was found guilty of treason and hanged, drawn and quartered on 15 October 1660, two days after his close friend Thomas Harrison suffered the same fate.

Personal details
John Carew was born 3 July 1622 in Antony, Cornwall, the eldest child of Sir Richard Carew, 1st Baronet (c. 1580–1643), and Grace Rolle (1606–1655), his second wife. He had three full brothers, including Thomas (1624–1681), plus five siblings from his father's first marriage, among them Elizabeth (1605–1679), and Alexander (1608–1644). The latter fought for Parliament in the early stages of the First English Civil War, but was executed in December 1644 after attempting to hand over Drake's Island to the Royalists.

He does not appear to have married or produced children; his estate of Boxhill Manor, now part of the city of Exeter, was confiscated after his death, then returned to his brother Thomas in 1662.

Career
Carew entered Gloucester Hall, Oxford in March 1638, and began legal training at the Inner Temple in November 1639, although there is no record of him graduating from either. When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, the Carew family were among the few members of the Cornish gentry who supported Parliament. As a result, he served on a number of Parliamentary committees for Cornwall, although it was held by the Royalists until their forces in the West Country surrendered on 12 March 1646.

Elected MP for Tregony in 1647, Carew also belonged to the Fifth Monarchists, a Protestant millenarianist group who viewed the execution of Charles I in January 1649 as paving the way for the second coming of Christ. This belief was one reason he became a regicide, as did other members of the sect, including Thomas Harrison, William Goffe, and John Jones Maesygarnedd. Like many of the other 59 men who signed the death warrant for Charles I, he was in grave danger when Charles II of England was restored to the throne. Some of the 59 fled England but Carew apparently made no attempt to escape and was arrested, put on trial, and found guilty. He was hanged, drawn and quartered on 15 October 1660. Unlike others executed by this method, "his quarters, by a great favour... [were not] hanged up" on public display as a warning to other anti-monarchists, according to contemporary diarist Samuel Pepys.

Trial
Mr John Carew as tried on 12 Oct. 1660. "He found the same usage from the Court as Major-General Harrison had done, being frequently interrupted and council denied, though earnestly desired by him in that point of law touching the authority by which he had acted. When he saw that all he could say was to no purpose, he frankly acknowledged that he sat in the High Court of Justice, and had signed two warrants, one for summoning the Court in order to the King's trial, and another for his execution. Upon this the Court, who were well acquainted with the disposition of the jury, permitting him to speak. He said that in the year 1640, a Parliament was called according to the laws and Constitution of this nation: that some differences arising between the King and that Parliament, the King withdrew his person from them. Upon which the Lords and Commons declared ...Here the Court being conscious that their cobweb-coverings were not sufficient to keep out the light of those truths he was going to produce, contrary to the liberty they had promised, interrupted him, under color that what he was about to say, tended not only to justify the action for which he was accused, but to cast a ball of division among those who were present. But Mr. Carew going on to say, 'The Lords and Commons by their declaration---'

Judge Foster interrupted him again, and told him he endeavored to revive those differences which he hoped were laid asleep, and that he did so to blow the trumpet of sedition; demanding if he had ever heard, or could produce an Act of Parliament made by the Commons alone. To this he would have answered, but was not permitted to finish what he began to say, or hardly any one thing he endeavored to speak in his defense during the whole trial;

Mr. Arthur Annesley particularly charging him with the exclusion of the members in the year 1648, of which number he had been one; to which he only replied, 'That it seemed strange to find a man who sat as a judge on the bench to give evidence as to witness in the Court.'

These irregular proceedings unbecoming a court of judicature, obliged Mr. Carew to address himself to the jury, leaving them to judge of the legality of his trial; and appealing to their consciences, whether he had been permitted to make his defense. But they who were not to be diverted from the resolutions they had taken, without any regard to the manner of his trial, declared him guilty as he was accused.""

Execution
According to Edmund Ludlow, "On the fifteenth (15 October 1660), Mr. John Carew suffered there also, even their enemies confessing that more steadiness of mind, more contempt of death, and more magnanimity could not be expressed. To all who were present with them (also Major General Harrison), either in prison or at the place where the sentence was executed, they owned that having engaged in the cause of God and their country, they were not at all ashamed to suffer in the manner their enemies thought fit, openly avowing the inward satisfaction of their minds when they reflected upon the actions for which they had been condemned, not doubting the revival of the same cause; and that a time should come when men would have better thoughts of their persons and proceedings."

title: John Carew (regicide)


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Martin Doktor

Martin Doktor (born 21 May 1974 in Polička, Czechoslovakia) is the Czech Republic's best-known sprint canoeist. He was double Olympic champion in the Canadian canoe C-1 discipline at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. During the 1996 games, his mother cooked knedliky (Dumplings in Czech), using dozens of kg of flour brought over from the Czech Republic.

Doktor went on to win 14 medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, including two golds (C-1 200 m: 1998, C-1 500 m: 1997), nine silvers (C-1 200 m: 1997, 1999, 2003; C-1 500 m: 1995, 1999; C-1 1000 m: 1995, 1997, 1998, 2001), and three bronzes (C-1 500 m: 2003, C-1 1000 m: 1999, C-4 1000 m: 1998). He was also European C-1 1000 m champion in 1997 and 2000.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics Doktor was unfortunate not to add to his medal tally, coming in fourth in the C-1 1000 m final and fifth in the C-1 500 m.

His most recent medal success came at the 2006 European Championships, held in Račice, Czech Republic, where he won the C-1 200 m silver medal.

Doktor, nicknamed Boban, remains one of canoeing's most consistent performers. At the 2006 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships he entered all three C-1 events, reaching the final in each. He finished fourth in the 200 m, fifth in the 500 m, and eighth in the 1000 m.

He is 178 cm (5'10") tall and weighs 78 kg (172 lbs).

title: Martin Doktor


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User talk:Hinduman

Wiktionary

 * An anonymous user has added a user page in your name to Wiktionary. If that was actually you, please remember that you must create an account with each individual Wiki project.  Your user account at Wikipedia does not automatically carry over to Wiktionary.  I've marked the page for deletion.  If the anonymous user was you, please create your Wiktionary account and then remove the deletion tag. Uncle G 03:11, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hinduman


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DVD authoring

DVD authoring is the process of creating a DVD video capable of playing on a DVD player. DVD authoring software must conform to the specifications set by the DVD Forum.

DVD authoring is the second step in the process of producing finished DVDs. The first step is the creation of the movie (or programme) and the second, the authoring, is the creation of artwork, user menus, insertion of chapter points, overdubs/commentaries, setting autoplay and/or repeat options, etc. The final step is the manufacturing (replication) process to mass-produce finished DVDs.

Strictly speaking, DVD authoring differs from the process of MPEG encoding, but most DVD authoring software has a built-in encoder, although separate encoders are still used when better quality or finer control over compression settings are required.

Most DVD-authoring applications focus exclusively on video DVDs and do not support the authoring of DVD-Audio discs.

Stand-alone DVD recorder units generally have basic authoring functions, though the creator of the DVD has little or no control over the layout of the DVD menus, which generally differ between models and brands.

The DVD specification
To develop a DVD application (software or hardware), one must first license the particular book of DVD specifications from DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation. The different DVD formats have different books. Each book contains hundreds of pages and costs approximately $5000. After obtaining this license, the developer must become a licensee, which requires an additional fee. Without becoming a licensee, the book can be used only for reference, not for actual creation of DVD applications.

The DVD specifications were written in Japanese and then translated to other languages such as English. This process has resulted in text that can be difficult to interpret, and to this day, many companies interpret various parts of the specifications in different ways. This is the primary reason DVD players from different manufacturers do not always behave identically.

Applications
Many different DVD authoring applications have been created. Many high-end authoring applications evolve in-house in companies such as Matsushita, Philips, Sony, and Toshiba. Such companies strictly forbid the sale of their systems outside each company: internal and DVD laboratories or movie studio partners use them to produce DVDs for customers.

Daikin, a large Japanese air conditioning and refrigeration contracting company, developed Scenarist, a high-end DVD authoring software package. Daikin has partnered with Sonic Solutions for development and marketing in the United States. The software was translated to English and has since become the standard for DVD production in Hollywood. Like the other high-end and very expensive systems, it conforms to the DVD specifications more closely than other software. In 2001, Sonic Solutions acquired the DVD authoring business, including ReelDVD and Scenarist, from Daikin and now sells Scenarist.

Sonic, a United States corporation, has a major share in the market for selling DVD-authoring tools. They previously manufactured computer based audio recording applications, but realized that at some point DVD recorders would become as widely available as CD recorders and that there was no affordable application for the home market or that DVD recorder makers could license as an OEM. At that time, all DVD authoring applications cost many thousands of dollars.

Sonic developed DVDit, an application that started selling below $500. It used only a small part of the whole DVD specification and presented it in a form that didn't require any knowledge of internal DVD structure. Later, this form became the building block of many other simplified consumer DVD applications. OEM licensing allowed Sonic to very soon become a major player. Sonic is now part of Rovi Corporation.

title: DVD authoring


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Template talk:Taiwan-stub

Resorting
This template is suggested for renaming. The suggested new names are Template:ROC-stub, Template:Republic of China-stub or Template:ROC (Taiwan)-stub, or splitting into Template:Taiwan-stub and Template:ROC-stub.

Taiwan vs. Republic of China

 * I've placed a NPOV note on the template as referring to the ROC is taking political sides - saying effectively that we support Taipei's claims and prefer them over Beijing's. We shouldn't take sides in a political dispute (see WP:NPOV). All sides refer to the territory controlled by Taipei as "Taiwan", so why not refer to "Taiwan"? jguk 18:04, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Would you mind telling your logic on why "Taiwan" should be preferred over "ROC", what does each of the two terms mean, and in what way the two terms are different from each other? — Instantnood 18:07, Mar 19, 2005 (UTC)

"ROC" is a name given by itself to an illegitimate government that currently has control of the Chinese province of Taiwan and certain other Cross-Straits islands. It has no particular international standing - it was derecognised by the UN in 1971, and in all major world fora, it only has a seat where dependencies of other states also has seats. It is not recognised by China, which either uses "Taiwan" as an informal term to mean all Cross-Straits territory not currently controlled by Beijing, or, in a more formal context, terms such as: "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Jinmen and Mazu," or "Taipei, China" (GATT); and "Taiwan, China" or "Chinese Taiwan", or "Taiwan Province of China", or "Taipei, China" or "Chinese Taipei" (Sports bodies). What is clear is that only those who support Taipei over Beijing use the term "ROC". Since we follow a NPOV policy, we should not support Taipei's position (or, indeed, Beijing's position). In particular, that means "ROC" is a big no-no.

That leaves the question, what term should we use? As far as I can see there is only one term that all sides in the dispute do use (albeit as an informal shorthand), and that is "Taiwan". So that seems the best approach. Of course "Taiwan, Penghu, Jinmen and Mazu", "Taipei, China" or "Chinese Taipei" might also achieve this - but "Taiwan" is easiest, and has the advantage that all English-speaking nations (as far as I am aware) use the term "Taiwan" in their media to refer to areas controlled by Taipei, an advantage not shared by the other terms, jguk 18:18, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks very much. Could you i) tell where does the name "Republic of China" come from, and ii) compare the geographical area cover by the word "Taiwan", and the area currently administered by the ROC government? — Instantnood 18:23, Mar 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've answered that question many times before, so will not rehash that argument again here other than to say that in common parlance there is no difference.

 * However, bearing in mind my comments, I will suggest a compromise on the following (as it appears to only include terms accepted by both sides, and, whilst I do not share your concerns, I know you are concerned about places controlled by Taipei not in "Taiwan" (to use your preferred definition of "Taiwan" here)):

 * I appreciate your initiate to work towards consensus. But I'm afraid the issue is very complex that even modifying the text in this way cannot solve the problem entirely. There are articles related to the pre-1949 ROC. There are also articles relating to the government structure or constitutional arrangement of the ROC. That was the reason why I proposed to split the stub category into two. However it wasn't possible as 100 stubs are usually required for having a stub category. A intermediary solution at the time being would be having these stubs sharing a category. — Instantnood 18:41, Mar 19, 2005 (UTC)

I highly suggest that we complete the discussion and reach a consensus in Wikipedia:Village pump (policy) and the naming convention before further dispute in this template. The generation of this template has just endured a long debate and reached a consensus. We should have just copied and pasted that discussion into this talk page to preclude emminent dispute. I will remove this tag for the time being. Meanwhile, future discussion on the choice of word Taiwan v.s. ROC should be continued in the two talke pages mentioned above. After a consensus being reached, we shall come back to employ that consensus onto this template.Mababa 06:19, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Let me clarify my position a little bit more. What is being disputed by jguk is the NPOV convention policy, not the implementation of the policy itself. Before the policy being changed, the policy should be upheld and respected. jguk has already initiated dispute on the policy in naming covention talk page. We should wait until a consensus on whether the policy would be changed before we make any alteration on this stub.Mababa 19:51, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

proposal for merging two categorical articles into one
This stub links currently to Category:Taiwan stubs with four articles titled as stubs. Previously, it linked to Category:Taiwan-related stubs with about 150 articles, but I wonder why changing a part of this stub. Anyway, I wondering if you could merge both of these categories into one under either one of these titles or another suggestive title. Please, I need your opinion about this, although sometimes I reply to your posts anytime I wish to. I'll eventually add the merge notice in these categorical articles, and then I would ask one of you to re-edit those notices in these articles after I do so. Thank you! --Gh87 07:54, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * If you look at the edit history for both categories you will see that Category:Taiwan-related stubs is currently being moved to Category:Taiwan stubs, hence the current existence of both. I will speed it along though, to avoid any further confusion.
 * Bearing this in mind, I have reverted your addition of the merge template to Taiwan-stubs. For future reference, please note that the merge template should not be used on categories, as stated at Merging and moving pages. cfm should be used instead. --TheParanoidOne 11:32, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

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Xenia (Greek)

Xenia (ξενία) is an ancient Greek concept of hospitality. It is almost always translated as 'guest-friendship' or 'ritualized friendship'. It is an institutionalized relationship rooted in generosity, gift exchange, and reciprocity. Historically, hospitality towards foreigners and guests (Hellenes not of your polis) was understood as a moral obligation, as well as a political imperative. Hospitality towards foreign Hellenes honored Zeus Xenios (and Athene Xenia), patrons of foreigners.

The rituals of hospitality created and expressed a reciprocal relationship between guest and host expressed in both material benefits (e.g. gifts, protection, shelter) as well as non-material ones (e.g. favors, certain normative rights). The word is derived from xenos 'stranger'.

Overview
Xenia consists of two basic rules: Xenia was considered to be particularly important in ancient times when people thought that gods mingled among them; if one had poorly played host to a stranger, there was the risk of incurring the wrath of a god disguised as the stranger. Notable among them is the Greek god Zeus, who is sometimes called Zeus Xenios in his role as a protector of strangers. This normalized theoxeny or theoxenia, wherein human beings demonstrate their virtue by extending hospitality to a humble stranger (xenos), who turns out to be a disguised deity (theos).
 * 1) The respect from hosts to guests. Hosts must be hospitable to guests and provide them with a bath, food, drink, gifts, and safe escort to their next destination. It is considered rude to ask guests questions, or even to ask who they are, before they have finished the meal provided to them.
 * 2) The respect from guests to hosts. Guests must be courteous to their hosts and not be a threat or burden. Guests are expected to provide stories and news from the outside world. Most importantly, guests are expected to reciprocate if their hosts ever call upon them in their homes.

These stories caution mortals that any guest should be treated as if potentially a disguised divinity, due to both a deity's capacity to instill punishment or grant reward for their behavior, who highly valued generosity and welcoming attitudes towards strangers.

The term theoxenia also covered entertaining and hosting among the gods themselves, a popular subject in classical art, which was revived at the Renaissance in works depicting a Feast of the Gods. Deities were looked up to as symbols of virtuosity, and thus they were often depicted as performing theoxenia amongst themselves, reinforcing the established idea of xenia as a fundamental Greek custom. While these practices of guest-friendship are centered on the gods, they would become common among the Greeks in incorporating xenia into their customs and manners. Indeed, xenia would become a standard practice throughout all of Greece as a custom in the affairs of humans interacting with humans as well as humans interacting with the gods, which was culturally reinforced through understandings of gods interacting with gods as well.

Platonic philosophy
Plato describes four types of xenoi or strangers in need of hosting, in his work Laws:

 * 1) "The first and inevitable immigrant is the one who chooses summer, as a rule, for his annual visits, in the fashion of migratory birds— and, like birds, the most of these cross the sea, just as if they had wings, for the sake of making gain by their trading, and fly over to foreign cities during the summer season; this stranger must be received, when he comes to the city, at the markets, harbors, and public buildings outside the city, by the officials in charge thereof; and they shall have a care lest any such strangers introduce any innovation, and they shall duly dispense justice to them, and shall hold such intercourse as is necessary with them, but to the least extent possible."
 * 2) "The second type of stranger is he who is an inspector, in the literal sense, with his eyes, and with his ears also of all that appertains to musical exhibitions: for all such there must be lodgings provided at the temples, to afford them friendly accommodation, and the priests and temple-keepers must show them care and attention, until they have sojourned for a reasonable length of time and have seen and heard all that they intended; after which, if no harm has been done or suffered by them, they shall be dismissed. And for these the priests shall act as judges, in case anyone injures one of them or one of them injures anyone else, if the claim does not exceed fifty drachmae; but if any greater claim is made, the trial for such strangers must take place before the market-stewards."
 * 3) "The third type which requires a public reception is he who comes from another country on some public business: he must be received by none but the generals, hipparchs and taxiarchs, and the care of a stranger of this kind must be entirely in the hands of the official with whom he lodges, in conjunction with the prytaneis."
 * 4) "The fourth type of stranger comes rarely, if ever: should there, however, come at any time from another country an inspector similar to those we send abroad, he shall come on these conditions:—First, he shall be not less than fifty years old; and secondly, his purpose in coming must be to view some noble object which is superior in beauty to anything to be found in other States, or else to display to another State something of that description. Every visitor of this kind shall go as an unbidden guest to the doors of the rich and wise, he being both rich and wise himself; and he shall go also to the abode of the General Superintendent of Education, believing himself to be a proper guest for such a host, or to the house of one of those who have won a prize for virtue; and when he has communed with some of these, by the giving and receiving of information, he shall take his departure, with suitable gifts and distinctions bestowed on him as a friend by friends."

Plato makes a list of such xenoi in an effort to promote legal responsibility to uphold the domain of Zeus Xenios. Plato likewise makes mention of Zeus Xenios while discussing his journey to meet Dion of Syracuse in The Seventh Letter, and mentions the importance of his domain.

Historical role in diplomacy
Historian Gabriel Herman lays out the use of xenia in political alliances in the Near East. He analyzes the exchange of xenia between King Xerxes and Pythios the Lydian, wherein Xerxes is made into Pythios's xenos. This exchange allowed for more peaceful political relations between both figures, and established a tone of generosity and brotherhood between the two. This type of exchange was also known to have been done not face-to-face through the work of messengers.

Herman connects the phenomena of xenia to several historical cultural exchange customs throughout Afro-Eurasia. He connects xenia to studies of African tribal societies studied by Harry Tegnaeus, and certain traditional notions of African tribal brotherhood. Separately, he connects xenia as the predecessor to vassal and lord dynamics in later medieval times.

Herman goes on to analyze instances of xenia in political and social relations:"'...No less important an element in forging the alliance was the exchange of highly specialized category of gifts, designated in our sources as xénia (as distinct from xenía, the term of the relationship itself) or dora. It was as important to give such gifts as to receive, and refusal to reciprocate as tantamount to a declaration of hostility. Mutual acceptance of the gifts, on the other hand, was a clear mark of the beginning of friendship.'"To reinforce this, Herman notes out several instances of Xenia's usage in literature. He points to the account of Odysseus giving Iphitos a sword and spear after having been given a formidable bow while saying they were "the first token of loving guest-friendship". Herman also shows that Herodotus holds "the conclusion of an alliance and the exchange of gifts appeared as two inseparable acts: Polykrates, having seized the government in Samos, "concluded a pact of xenia with Amasis king of Egypt, sending and receiving from him gifts (dora)". Within the ritual it was important that the return gift be offered immediately after receiving a gift with each commensurate rather than attempting to surpass each other in value. The initial gifts in such an exchange would fall somewhere between being symbolic but useless, and of high use-value but without any special symbolic significance. The initial gifts would serve as both object and symbol. Herman points out that these goods were not viewed as trade or barter, "for the exchange was not an end in itself, but a means to another end." While trade ends with the exchange, the ritual exchange "was meant to symbolize the establishment of obligations which, ideally, would last for ever."

In architecture
Xenia as a custom appears to have been a critical factor that helped determine layouts of homes and of common areas. In the classical work De Architectura, the Roman architect Vitruvius comments on how xenia was expressed in ancient Greek home layout and decoration. In particular, he emphasizes the decorative paintings of food in guest apartments of Greek homes:"'...When the Greeks became more luxurious, and their circumstances more opulent, they began to provide dining rooms, chambers, and storerooms of provisions for their guests from abroad, and on the first day they would invite them to dinner, sending them on the next chickens, eggs, vegetables, fruits, and other country produce. This is why artists called pictures representing the things which were sent to guests ‘xenia.’'"The focus on creating distinct space to house strangers is shown to be a movement connected to both piety and opulence, due to how the housing of guests was seen as a virtue. Displays of wealth in decoration and in parting gifts for guests likewise serve as both a status symbol and as a demonstration of xenia. Architectural theorist Simon Weir explained how Vitruvius refers to xenia at the beginning of Book 6 of De Architectura, in the anecdote of Aristippus shipwrecked and receiving hospitality from the Rhodians. He explained how Vivruvius' understanding of xenia extended beyond the home, and involved general welcoming exchanges between strangers. Prior to Vitruvius, xenia still appears pervasive in the work of the earliest ancient Greek architects, whose work was always concerned with public buildings and the hosting of guests rather than the design of private residences. In particular, Architectural historian, Lisa Landrum has also revealed the presence of Xenia in Greek theatre onstage and offstage.

In Greek literature
As a part of how Xenia was culturally reinforced, demonstrations of theoxenia and xenia were present through major works of Greek literature.

In the Iliad

 * The Trojan war described in the Iliad of Homer resulted from a violation of xenia. Paris, from the house of Priam of Troy, was a guest of Menelaus, king of Mycenaean Sparta, but seriously transgressed the bounds of xenia by abducting his host's wife, Helen. Therefore, the Achaeans were required by duty to Zeus to avenge this transgression, which, as a violation of xenia, was an insult to Zeus' authority.
 * Diomedes and Glaucus meet in no man's land. However, Diomedes does not want to fight another man descended from the Gods, so he asks Glaucus about his lineage. Glaucus revealed he was the grandson of the hero Bellerophon, who was once hosted by Diomedes's grandfather Oeuneus. Upon revealing it, Diomedes realizes that their fathers had practiced xenia with each other, and they are guest-friends. Therefore, they decide not to fight, but to continue their hereditary guest-friendship by trading armor.
 * Hector speaks to Ajax about exchanging presents so that people will remember them for dropping their hatred and becoming friends. While this is not a traditional example of xenia, it does demonstrate the power of friendship in the Greek culture.
 * Book 9: Achilles invites Odysseus into his home and asks Patroclus to make the strongest wine for them to drink. Patroclus also brings meat with the wine. The men eat and have light chatter before Odysseus delivers Agamemnon's offer to Achilles.
 * Book 18: Hephaestus hosts Thetis in his home. Concerned with making Thetis comfortable, Hephaestus lays out entertainment and puts away his tools.
 * Book 24: In the last book of the Iliad, Priam supplicates Achilles in an attempt to get his son Hector back. Instead of turning him out as the enemy, Achilles abides by the rules of xenia and allows him to stay.

In the Odyssey
Xenia is an important theme in Homer's Odyssey.

 * Every household in the epic is seen alongside xenia:
 * Odysseus' house is inhabited by suitors with demands beyond the bounds of xenia.
 * Menelaus and Nestor's houses are seen when Telemachus visits.
 * There are many other households observed in the epic, including those of Circe, Calypso, and the Phaeacians.

 * The Phaeacians, particularly Nausicaä, were famed for their immaculate application of xenia, as the princess and her maids offered to bathe Odysseus and then led him to the palace to be fed and entertained. After sharing his story with the Phaeacians they agree to take Odysseus to his home land. In a new rule, he states that you should not beat your host in a competition because it would be rude and could damage the relationship.
 * Calypso, a fair goddess, had wanted to keep Odysseus in her cavern as her husband, but he refused. Circe had also failed to keep Odysseus in her halls as her mate. Although both of these women had fine homes and fine things to offer him, their hospitality was too much for Odysseus. He instead left each with the goal of returning to Ithaca and reclaiming his family and his home. Sometimes hospitality was unwanted or was given unwillingly.

 * Telemachus shows xenia in Book One to the disguised Athena by graciously welcoming her into his own home and offering her food. He even moves her chair away from the suitors who are rude.

 * Eumaeus the swineherd shows xenia to the disguised Odysseus, claiming guests come under the protection of Zeus. When one of the suitors, Ctesippus, mocks the disguised Odysseus and hurls an ox's hoof at him as a "gift", mocking xenia, though Odysseus dodges this, Telemachus says if he had hit the guest, he would have run Ctesippus through with his spear. The other suitors are worried, saying Ctesippus is "doomed" if the stranger is a disguised god. As well as this, whenever Homer describes the details of "xenia", he uses the same formula every time: for example, the maid pouring wine into the gold cups, etc.

 * The suitors also display bad xenia. They continue to eat Penelope and Telemachus out of house and home, as well as being rude not only to each other but to Telemachus and the guests, such as disguised Athena and Odysseus.

 * Another excellent example of bad xenia is the cyclops Polyphemus. The cyclops breaks custom by asking Odysseus where he is from and what his name is the moment he meets him (it is proper for a host to first feed their guest before asking them questions). Then, not only does the cyclops not offer Odysseus's crew any food, he eats them and then refuses to let them leave.

In the Argonautica
The Argonautica, written by Apollonius of Rhodes, takes place before the Iliad and the Odyssey. Since the story takes place during Greek times, the theme of xenia is shown throughout the story.

 * When the Argonauts are warmly received by King Kyzicus of the Doliones who provides safe harbor and sacrificial materials to help the Argonauts consecrate a new altar to Apollo. In the opposite harbor xenia is violated by the monstrous earth-born who attack the Argonauts.
 * The King of Bebrykians, Amykos, makes the Argonauts fight to be able to leave. Polydeukes volunteers himself to participate in the boxing match. This is a clear violation of xenia, and the Argonauts become worried when they reach their next destination later on in Book 2, when the Argonauts are on an island after a storm caused by Zeus. The Argonauts call out, asking for the strangers to be kind to them and treat them fairly. They realize that Jason and the men on the island are related by Jason's father's side of the family. The men provide clothing, sacrifice with them, and share a meal before the Argonauts leave the island in the morning.
 * When Jason talks about going to Aietes' palace, he says that they will receive a warm welcome and surely he will follow the rules of xenia.
 * The first time the Argonauts reach Aietes' palace, also the first time Medeia is depicted in love with Jason due to Eros, Aietes has a feast prepared. The Argonauts are served, and after their meal Aietes begins to ask questions about the Argonauts' purpose and voyage to his kingdom.

In Greek Ethnography
Xenia as a cultural aspect of ancient Greek culture plays a role in determining Greek ethnography and how the ancient Greece world perceived itself around its surrounding neighbors. Greekness, or the quality of being Greek and practicing Greek cultures, influenced other ancient cultures throughout historical eras. The ethnography of Greece has been considered by scholars to be challenging to understand as literature works are one of the only major sources that can be utilized to make potential claims.

In the Odyssey, Xenia as a crucial theme is utilized to better understand ethnic practices of the Ancient Greek. As defined, the concept of xenia lies in the respect from hosts to guest and from guest to host. In Greek literature, Xenia was employed by authors to showcase this concept as one that is inseparable from Greek customs. However, within these examples, the Odyssey serves as a source where Xenia is sometimes not followed, showing not only a contradiction to the general application of Xenia to the Greek culture but also a nuanced perspective of how Ancient Greeks as an ethnicity could be perceived based on Homer’s writings.

In Book 8, the Phaeacians demonstrate excellent xenia through hosting Odysseus and his men, providing them with food, drinks, and entertainment. In return, Odysseus provided them with stories about his adventures (as shown in subsequent books), exemplifying the hospitality shown by the Phaecian hosts as well as the respect from Odysseus the guest through storytelling. However, in this book there occurred one instance where Euryalus, a court member of the Phaeacian king Alcinous, displayed bad xenia through taunting Odysseus into participating in their sports games despite Odysseus expressing his sorrow and tiredness from his journeys. This event proved rather insignificant in determining the Phaeacian's Xenia, however, as Alcinous quickly remedied the situation with another feast as well as Euryalus himself presenting Odysseus with a gift before the character departed Scheria. Later in the Odyssey, however, we see that the Phaeacians' Xenia be punished by Poseidon, as Odysseus by then have slain his son Polyphemus. This complication of Xenia - and theoxenia - disrupts the understanding of the Greek custom to always welcome strangers and for the stranger to respect the host and challenges the notion of the ancient Greek ethnicity being hospitable to any foreigner.

Odysseus possessed great faith in his ethnic practice of xenia that in subsequent books of the Odyssey he expected it from the various people that he and his crew met. Books 9-12 showcase examples of either bad xenia or overbearing xenia. The most evident example of bad xenia comes from Odysseus’ meeting with the cyclops Polyphemus in book 9, where Odysseus asserts that since he is a Greek, he requires hospitality to be provided from the cyclops. Polyphemus, not knowing what xenia is as well as not being a Greek individual, refuses and starts to eat some of Odysseus’ crew members. Odysseus and his remaining men then devise a plan to stab the cyclops in his eye and escape the island disguised as sheep. One the one hand, Polyphemus violated Xenia by not providing Odysseus hospitality and a welcoming environment. On the other hand, Odysseus indirectly broke Xenia from the guest perspective as well, since in the book he and his men partook of the cyclops' food without the host's permission. Nevertheless, as this was a piece written by a Greek figure, the monstrous portrayal of Polyphemus and the cyclops race provides insight into how the ancient Greeks thought of those who are non-Greek if they did not understand or follow Greek culture. Inversely, those who practiced Xenia enjoyed praise and friendly relationships from the Greek, as mentioned above through the historian Gabriel Herman's works on analyzing such practices between Greek leaders and foreign kings.

Using Homer as a basis for understanding ancient Greek ethnicity is supplemented by Herodotus’ Histories. Throughout the literature work, Herodotus notes descriptions of various civilizations of his understanding of the world, often placing Greece at the center of said world. Every civilization’s description within the historical work is mentioned through its locational relationship with each other and to Greece, and some descriptions on the civilization itself as well as the daily practices of the people and their culture have raised questions regarding Herodotus’ true intentions in his descriptions (e.g. Francois Hartog and Hartog’s mirror, where Hartog asserts that Herodotus’ descriptions of these civilizations describes the inverse of Greekness). Herodotus was also notably influenced by Homeric work, a relationship that is noted when examining the impact of Greek ethnicity via connecting major ancient Greek literature works.

title: Xenia (Greek)


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The Human Condition (film series)

The Human Condition (人間の條件) is a trilogy of Japanese epic war drama films co-written and directed by Masaki Kobayashi, based on the novel of the same name by Junpei Gomikawa. The films are subtitled No Greater Love (1959), Road to Eternity (1959), and A Soldier's Prayer (1961).

The trilogy follows the life of Kaji, a Japanese pacifist and socialist, as he tries to survive in the totalitarian and oppressive world of World War II-era Japan.

Plot
The Criterion Collection website summarises the plot of the film thus: "The Human Condition follows the journey of the well-intentioned, yet naïve Kaji who transitions from being a labor camp supervisor to an Imperial Army soldier and eventually Soviet POW. Constantly trying to rise above a corrupt system, Kaji time and time again finds his morals an impediment rather than an advantage."

No Greater Love (1959)
In World War II-era Japan, Kaji marries his sweetheart Michiko despite his misgivings about the future. To gain exemption from military service, he moves his wife to a large mining operation in Japanese-colonized Manchuria, where he serves as a labor chief assigned to a workforce of Chinese prisoners.

Kaji aggravates the camp bureaucracy by implementing humane practices to improve both labor conditions and productivity, clashing with foremen, administrators, and the Kenpeitai military police. Ultimately his efforts to grant autonomy to the POWs are undermined by scheming officials, resulting in the electrocution of several prisoners and the beheading of others accused of attempted escape. When Kaji protests the brutality, he is tortured and then drafted into the army to relieve the camp supervisors of his disruptive presence.

Road to Eternity (1959)
Kaji, having lost his exemption from military service by protecting Chinese prisoners from unjust punishment, has now been conscripted into the Japanese Kwantung Army. Under suspicion of leftist sympathies, Kaji is assigned the toughest duties in his military recruiting class despite his excellent marksmanship and strong barracks discipline. His wife Michiko pleads for understanding in a letter to his commanding officer and later pays Kaji a highly unorthodox visit to his military facility to express her love and solidarity. Kaji considers escaping across the front with his friend Shinjo, who is similarly under suspicion due to his brother's arrest for communist activities. Distrusting the idea that desertion will lead to freedom, and being faithful to his wife, Kaji ultimately commits to continued military service despite his hardships.

When Obara, a poor-sighted, weak soldier in Kaji's unit, kills himself after troubles from home are compounded by ceaseless punishment and humiliation from other soldiers, Kaji demands disciplinary action from his superiors for PFC Yoshida, the ring leader of the troops who pushed Obara over the brink. While Yoshida is not disciplined, Kaji helps to seal his fate by refusing to rescue the vicious soldier when both men are trapped in quicksand while in pursuit of Shinjo, who finally seized the opportunity to desert. Kaji is released from hospitalization related to the quicksand incident and is transported to the front with his unit.

Kaji is asked to lead a group of recruits and promoted to private first class. He accepts his assignment with the condition that his men will be separated from a group of veteran artillerymen, who practice intense cruelty as punishment for the slightest offenses. Often taking the punishment for his men, Kaji is personally beaten many times by these veterans, despite his relationship with Second Lieutenant Kageyama. Demoralized by the fall of Okinawa and continually battling with the veterans, Kaji and most of his men are sent on a month-long trench digging work detail. Their work is interrupted by a Soviet army onslaught that produces heavy Japanese casualties and the death of Kageyama. Forced to defend flat terrain with little fortification and a light armament, the Japanese troops are overrun by Soviet tanks, and many men are killed. Kaji survives the battle but is forced to kill a maddened Japanese soldier with his bare hands to prevent Soviet soldiers from discovering his position. The film ends with Kaji uttering "I'm a monster, but I'm going to stay alive!" and running and screaming in desperate search of any other Japanese survivors.

A Soldier's Prayer (1961)
The Japanese forces having been shattered during the events of the second film, Kaji and some comrades attempt to elude capture by Soviet forces and find the remnants of the Kwantung Army in South Manchuria. Following the bayonetting of a Russian soldier, however, Kaji is increasingly sick of combat and decides to abandon any pretense of rejoining the army. Instead, he leads fellow soldiers and a growing number of civilian refugees as they attempt to flee the warzone and return to their homes. Lost in a dense forest, the Japanese begin to infight, and eventually many die of hunger, poisonous mushrooms, and suicide. Emerging from the forest on their last legs, Kaji and the surviving soldiers and refugees encounter regular Japanese army troops, who deny them food as if they were deserters. Carrying on further south, Kaji and his associates find a well-stocked farmhouse that is soon ambushed by Chinese peasant partisans. A prostitute to whom Kaji had shown kindness is killed by the partisans, and Kaji vows to fight them rather than escape. However, overpowered by these newly armed Chinese forces, Kaji and his fellow soldiers are nearly killed and are forced to run through a flaming wheat field to survive. Kaji then encounters a group of fifty Japanese army holdouts who are attempting to resume combat in alliance with the Chinese Nationalists, whom they believe will be supported by American forces, in a civil war against the Russian-backed Communist Chinese. Kaji, a believer in pacifism and socialism, rejects this strategy as misguided and doomed to failure. Eventually, Kaji and a group of Japanese soldiers, whose number has grown to fifteen, fight through Russian patrols and find an encampment of women and old men who seek their protection. Kaji is driven to continue moving in search of his wife but decides to surrender to Soviet forces when the encampment is besieged.

Captured by the Red Army and subjected to treatment that echoes the violence meted out to the Chinese in the first film, Kaji and his protégé Terada resist the Japanese officers who run their work camp in cooperation with the Soviet occupiers. While such resistance amounts to no more than picking through the Russians' garbage for scraps of food and wearing gunnysacks to protect them from increasingly colder weather, Kaji is branded a saboteur and judged by a Soviet tribunal to harsh labor. With a corrupt translator and no other means of talking to the Russian officers with whom he feels ideological sympathies, Kaji becomes increasingly disillusioned by conditions in the camp and with Communist orthodoxy. When Terada is driven to exhaustion and death by harsh treatment from the collaborating officer Kirihara, Kaji decides to kill the man and then escape the camp alone. Still dreaming of finding his wife and abused as a worthless beggar and as a "Japanese devil" by the Chinese peasants of whom he begs mercy, Kaji eventually succumbs to the cold and dies in the vast winter wasteland covered in snow.

Cast

 * Tatsuya Nakadai as Kaji
 * Michiyo Aratama as Michiko

Production
The film was based upon Junpei Gomikawa's six-part autobiographical novel of the same name, which strongly resonated with the director Masaki Kobayashi. Like the novel's protagonist, he was drafted into the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II and stationed in Japan-occupied Manchuria. Self-described as a pacifist and socialist, he had refused to rise above the rank of a private, feeling opposed to both the war and Japan's imperialist ideology at the time. Kobayashi adhered to such views for the rest of his life, always remaining critical of Japan's conformist culture. He later recalled in his autobiography:

"We [Gomikawa and Kobayashi] have many regrets from our youth. Scars. We wish we could have done things this way or that way. In our hearts we wanted so much to resist the army, that inhuman institution; but we couldn't do a thing about that either. Gomikawa couldn't either, no doubt. After the war, we were able to get that all off our chests for the first time in Human Condition. That's why I think of it as a dream we couldn't realize, a romanticization of resistance during our youth."

Remembering his own experiences in the war and feeling connected to the novel's events, Kobayashi secured the rights from Gomikawa and petitioned Shochiku to approve the project. Due to the subject matter directly criticizing the actions of Japan during World War II, the studio was initially unenthusiastic about the film and only relented when Kobayashi threatened to quit. During filming, Kobayashi aimed to be as faithful to Gomikawa's work as possible; he had a copy of the original novel on hand to help in this regard. If any scenes were in the book, but not the script, they would be added in when possible. The actors were usually notified of these changes a day in advance to memorize their new lines. Because of this striving for accuracy, Gomikawa was reportedly very pleased with the adaptation.

Tatsuya Nakadai, who had previously appeared in Kobayashi's The Thick-Walled Room and Black River, was specifically chosen by the director to play the protagonist Kaji. Much of the supporting cast were veteran film and stage actors who had previously worked with Kobayashi on other projects, or who would later become regulars with the director. The film marked Nakadai's first leading role, and he later recalled his performance as being exceptionally challenging. Certain fight scenes called for actual contact, leading to the actor's face becoming swollen. The final sequence additionally involved Nakadai lying face-down in a field, the cameras not stopping until he was completely covered in a mound of snow.

As opposed to hiring Shochiku staff, the crew from the independent studio Ninjin Club were used instead. Kobayashi utilized cinematographer Yoshio Miyajima for the film, having been an admirer of his work for director Fumio Kamei. Despite featuring extensive dialogue in Mandarin, none of the actors were actually Chinese. These lines were spoken phonetically with accompanying burnt-in Japanese subtitles on all prints. Non-Japanese and Russians were seemingly used for the roles of Soviet soldiers, though only Ed Keene and Ronald Self are credited. Due to the non-existent China–Japan relations at the time, Kobayashi scouted out filming locations in Hokkaido for the Manchurian setting over two months. Including pre-production, The Human Condition took four years to complete.

Release
Noted for its length, The Human Condition runs at nine hours, and thirty-nine minutes (579 minutes) and would be the longest film in Kobayashi's career.

The film was released as a trilogy in Japan between 1959 and 1961, while shown at various film festivals internationally. All-night marathons of the entire trilogy were occasionally shown in Japan; screenings with Tatsuya Nakadai in attendance typically sold out. In 1999, Image Entertainment released The Human Condition on three separate Region 0 DVDs. These discs were criticised for their image and sound quality and translation. On 8 September 2009, The Criterion Collection released the entire trilogy with restored image, new translation and supplements. Arrow Video released a dual-format (Blu-ray and DVD) edition of The Human Condition in September 2016. This release included an introduction and select scene commentary by film critic Philip Kemp and supplements, including a booklet with new writing by film scholar David Desser.

Reception and legacy
While the trilogy earned considerable controversy at the time of its release in Japan, The Human Condition was critically acclaimed, won several international awards, and established Masaki Kobayashi as one of the most important Japanese directors of the generation.

The British film critic David Shipman described the trilogy in his 1983 book, The Story of Cinema, as "unequivocally the greatest film ever made". In his review for The New York Times in 2008, A. O. Scott declared: "Kobayashi's monumental film can clarify and enrich your understanding of what it is to be alive". Critic Philip Kemp, in his essay written for The Criterion Collection's release of the trilogy, argues that while "the film suffers from its sheer magnitude [and] from the almost unrelieved somberness of its prevailing mood ... The Human Condition stands as an achievement of extraordinary power and emotional resonance: at once a celebration of the resilience of the individual conscience and a purging of forced complicity in guilt (of a nation and, as the title implies, of the whole human race)".

In 2021, David Mermelstein of Wall Street Journal writes positively of the trilogy: "What's astonishing is the way that Kobayashi juggles the complicated narrative, with its panoply of incidents and significant characters (friends, nemeses and everything in between), so that clarity is never compromised".

At the 21st Venice International Film Festival, the film won the San Giorgio Prize and Pasinetti Award.

title: The Human Condition (film series)


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Bobby Goldsboro

Robert Charles Goldsboro (born January 18, 1941) is an American pop and country singer and songwriter. He had a string of pop and country hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including his signature No. 1 hit "Honey", which sold over 1 million copies in the United States, and the UK top-10 single "Summer (The First Time)".

Goldsboro starred in his own television show, The Bobby Goldsboro Show, from 1973 to 1976. He also created several animated specials and children's books, as well as the PBS children's series The Swamp Critters of Lost Lagoon.

Early life
Goldsboro was born in Marianna, Florida. During his first year of life, his family moved 35 mi north from Marianna to Dothan, Alabama. He learned to play the ukelele when he was around 12 years old before learning to play the guitar. He was interested in becoming a professional baseball player before turning his interest to music.

Goldsboro attended Dothan High School. In his senior year in high school he started playing in a band called The Webbs. After graduating from high school in 1959, he enrolled at Auburn University, majoring in business administration. Goldsboro left college after his second year to pursue a musical career, playing guitar in the backup band for Roy Orbison.

The Webbs
In high school Goldsboro joined Spider and The Webbs which featured Amos "Mugsby" on bass, Dave Robinson on drums, "Flying Fingers" John Rainey on lead guitar, and "Rockin'" Steve Murphree on rhythm guitar. He performed semi-professionally as part of The Webbs while at college. At the end of his second year in college, the manager of The Webbs Buddy Buie arranged for the band to play for Roy Orbison who was without a backing band in a show he organized. The arrangement worked well, and The Webbs then became the permanent backing band for Orbison for two-and-a-half years until 1964, touring with Orbison in the US and Europe.

When they were not touring with Orbison, The Webbs played in local gigs, recorded songs written by Goldsboro and had some local success. They came to the attention of an independent producer Jack Gold, who was interested in working with Goldsboro. He gave Goldsboro a song titled "Molly" for him to record, and the song managed to chart on Billboard Hot 100 in early 1963.

Solo success
Goldsboro continued performing with The Webbs and Orbison until his solo career kicked off with the top 10 hit "See the Funny Little Clown". The single, written by Goldsboro, reached No. 9 on the U.S. national charts in early 1964. It sold over 1 million copies and was awarded a gold disc. In the next few years, he achieved a few Top 40 hits, including "Little Things", "Voodoo Woman", and "It's Too Late". However, his attempt at more serious songs was derailed when "Broomstick Cowboy" was banned from ABC's American Bandstand. Although Goldsboro was not a prolific performer of soul music, "Too Many People" and "It's Too Late" were huge hits on the Northern soul scene in Great Britain and were played extensively.

In 1968, Goldsboro released the biggest hit of his career, "Honey", a tearjerker about the death of a man's wife. The song, written by Bobby Russell, was recorded in one take. It became the largest-selling record in the world for 1968 and topped the Hot 100 for five weeks, reached number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1968 and 1975, and was a number one single in Australia. It also became his first country hit.

One of Goldsboro's compositions, "With Pen in Hand", was recorded by several artists, including a Grammy-nominated pop version by Vikki Carr that reached the Hot 100's top 40 in 1969; Johnny Darrell had taken the song to No. 3 on the U.S. country chart a year earlier. In 1970, Della Reese included a cover on her album Black Is Beautiful. Goldsboro's "The Cowboy and the Lady" became a top 10 country hit as "The Cowgirl and the Dandy" for Brenda Lee in 1980; Dolly Parton covered it in 1977, and John Denver had a hit with the song in 1981. Goldsboro also wrote "When Your Love Has Gone."

Goldsboro reached No. 11 on Billboard's national charts with the Mac Davis-penned song "Watching Scotty Grow". "Summer (The First Time)", a 1973 reminiscence about a 17-year-old boy's first sexual experience (with a 31-year-old woman), was a Top 25 hit in the U.S. and reached number 9 in the UK. Using a repeating piano riff, 12-string guitar, and an orchestral string arrangement, the song was suggestive enough to spark some controversy. The follow-up "Hello Summertime" was written by Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway and hit No. 14 in the UK in September 1974.

In his career, Goldsboro had 11 Top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 and 12 on the country chart.

Television
The success of "Honey" led to numerous television appearances for Goldsboro, and he became a regular on The Mike Douglas Show, co-hosting the show for a few times. Goldsboro was approached to host his own syndicated half-hour television series The Bobby Goldsboro Show. The show, which ran from 1973 to 1976, was one of the more successful syndicated shows at that time.

In the 1990s, he composed the music for the sitcom Evening Shade. In 1995, he created the children's television series The Swamp Critters of Lost Lagoon. Goldsboro voiced all the characters, wrote all the scripts, and played all the musical instruments in the show.

He also created several animated specials and children's books with Peeler-Rose Productions: Snuffy, The Elf Who Saved Christmas, Easter Egg Mornin', Stinger, King of the Bee's, Boy Who Became a Frog, A Cat Named Bob, and Lumpkin the Pumpkin.

Personal life
Goldsboro was married to Mary Alice Watson, whom he met while he was in college; they had three children. They divorced in 1982 after a bitter court case in which Goldsboro's daughter made accusations against him that he rejected as false. He married Dianne J. Roberts in 1985. Goldsboro is an accomplished oil painter.

title: Bobby Goldsboro