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Women's major golf championships

Women's golf has a set of major championships, a series of tournaments designated to be of a higher status than other tournaments. Five tournaments are currently designated as 'majors' in women's golf by the LPGA.

The LPGA's list of majors has changed in constitution since the first major was held at the Women's Western Open in 1930. There have been four different periods, 1930 to 1972, 1973 to 2000, 2001 to 2013, and the current version which began in 2014. The current version of tournaments is the Chevron Championship, The Evian Championship, U.S. Women's Open, Women's PGA Championship, The Women's Open

LPGA majors

 * In 2001, the du Maurier Classic, held in Canada, lost its primary sponsorship after that country passed severe restrictions on tobacco advertising. The tournament, now known as the Canadian Women's Open, is still a regular event on the LPGA Tour, but no longer designated as a major. The LPGA elevated the Women's British Open to major status to replace the du Maurier Classic.
 * In 2013, The Evian Championship, held in Évian-les-Bains, France, became the fifth LPGA major. Known before 2013 as the Evian Masters, it is one of two events recognized as majors by the LPGA's European counterpart, the Ladies European Tour (LET). The elevation of this event to LPGA major status and the name change were announced by the LPGA on July 20, 2011.

As of 2023, the order in which women's majors are played is:

 * Chevron Championship
 * Women's PGA Championship
 * U.S. Women's Open
 * The Evian Championship
 * The Women's Open

Before The Evian Championship became the fifth LPGA major, the setup of women's majors closely paralleled that of the men's majors. In both cases, the United States hosted three majors and the United Kingdom one.

The Evian Championship is held in France. The U.S. Open, The Open Championship, and the PGA Championship match their male equivalents. The Chevron Championship is the first major of the season and through 2022 was held at a single host course (the Mission Hills Country Club), similarly to the Masters Tournament, in 2023 it was held at The Club at Carlton Woods

Unlike the mainstream men's equivalents, all but one of the women's majors have title sponsors. Each of the five majors falls under a different jurisdiction. The LPGA organizes The Chevron Championship. Through 2014, it also organized the LPGA Championship, but since 2015 that tournament has been taken over by the PGA of America, the body that organizes the men's PGA Championship, and has been renamed the Women's PGA Championship. The U.S. Women's Open, is operated by the United States Golf Association. The Women's Open is operated by The R&A since a 2016 merger with the Ladies Golf Union. The Evian Championship is operated by the Ladies European Tour.

From 2006 through 2008, the winners of the four women's majors received automatic entry to the LPGA's season championship, the LPGA Tour Championship. Beginning in 2009, the Tour Championship extended entry to all players in the top 120 on the official LPGA Money List. Starting in 2011, the Tour Championship was replaced by the CME Group Titleholders; from that point through 2013, the top three finishers at all official tour events, including the majors, who had not already qualified for the Titleholders earned entries. Starting in 2014, the LPGA adopted a points race similar in some ways to the PGA Tour's FedEx Cup. In the new system, officially called the "Race to the CME Globe", the top 72 points earners during the season, plus all tournament winners, qualify for the renamed final event, the CME Group Tour Championship, in which the top nine points earners will have at least a mathematical chance of winning the season title.

History
Eight different events are classified as having been LPGA majors at some time. The number in each season has fluctuated between two and five. The first tournament which is now included in the LPGA's official list of major victories is the 1930 Women's Western Open, although this is a retrospective designation as the LPGA was not founded until 1950. ·The Titleholders was played from 1937 to 1966 with a gap due to World War II. In 1967 there were three majors, then from 1968 to 1971 this decreased and went back to two majors. Then in 1979, the du Maurier Classic was first played and immediately considered a major leading to three majors again from 1979 to 1982. In 1983, when Nabisco Dinah Shore gained major championship status, there were four majors.

 * Women's Western Open: 1930–1967
 * Titleholders Championship: 1937–1942, 1946–1966, 1972
 * U.S. Women's Open: 1946–present
 * Women's PGA Championship: 1955–present (LPGA Championship, 1955–2014)
 * du Maurier Classic: 1979–2000 (Peter Jackson Classic, 1979–1983)
 * Chevron Championship: 1983–present (Nabisco Dinah Shore, 1983–1999; Nabisco Championship, 2000–2001; Kraft Nabisco Championship, 2002–2014; ANA Inspiration, 2015–2021)
 * The Women's Open: 2001–present (Women's British Open, 2001-2019)
 * The Evian Championship: 2013–present

The "Grand Slam"
No woman has completed a four-major Grand Slam, much less one with five majors. Babe Zaharias won all three majors contested in 1950 and Sandra Haynie won both majors in 1974.

During the four-major era, six women have completed a "Career Grand Slam" by winning four different majors. There are variations in the set of four tournaments involved as the players played in different eras. The six are: Pat Bradley; Juli Inkster; Annika Sörenstam; Louise Suggs; Karrie Webb; and Mickey Wright. During the five-major era, Inbee Park became the first woman to complete the "Career Grand Slam." Even though there has been some debate surrounding whether Park has actually accomplished this feat, as she won The Evian Championship in 2012 before it officially became a major in 2013, LPGA acknowledged Park to have successfully achieved a "Career Grand Slam." The LPGA recognizes Webb as its only "Super Career Grand Slam" winner, since she is the only golfer to have won five events recognized by the LPGA as majors. Before the elevation of The Evian Championship to major status, the following was required for a golfer to win the Super Career Grand Slam: Webb won the du Maurier Classic in 1999 and the Women's British Open in 2002.
 * The du Maurier Classic between 1979 and 2000, when it was recognized by the LPGA as a major;
 * the Women's British Open in 2001 or later; and
 * the other three then-existing majors.

Major champions by nationality
The table below shows the number of major championships won by golfers from various countries/regions.

Three victories
Note: These golfers are also included below in the Two victories section.
 * 1950: 🇺🇸 Babe Zaharias; Women's Western Open, U.S. Women's Open, and Titleholders Championship
 * 1961: 🇺🇸 Mickey Wright; LPGA Championship, U.S. Women's Open, and Titleholders Championship
 * 1986: 🇺🇸 Pat Bradley; Kraft Nabisco Championship, LPGA Championship, du Maurier Classic
 * 2013: 🇰🇷 Inbee Park; Kraft Nabisco Championship, LPGA Championship, U.S. Women's Open

ANA Inspiration and LPGA Championship

 * 1986: 🇺🇸 Pat Bradley
 * 2005: 🇸🇪 Annika Sörenstam
 * 2013: 🇰🇷 Inbee Park

ANA Inspiration and The Evian Championship

 * 2019: 🇰🇷 Ko Jin-young

ANA Inspiration and U.S. Women's Open

 * 1990: 🇺🇸 Betsy King
 * 2000: 🇦🇺 Karrie Webb
 * 2013: 🇰🇷 Inbee Park

ANA Inspiration and Women's British Open

 * 2010: 🇹🇼 Yani Tseng
 * 2023: 🇺🇸 Lilia Vu

LPGA Championship and U.S. Women's Open

 * 1958: 🇺🇸 Mickey Wright
 * 1961: 🇺🇸 Mickey Wright (2)
 * 1974: 🇺🇸 Sandra Haynie
 * 1991: 🇺🇸 Meg Mallon
 * 1998: 🇰🇷 Se Ri Pak
 * 1999: 🇺🇸 Juli Inkster
 * 2001: 🇦🇺 Karrie Webb
 * 2013: 🇰🇷 Inbee Park

LPGA Championship and Women's British Open

 * 2003: 🇸🇪 Annika Sörenstam
 * 2011: 🇹🇼 Yani Tseng
 * 2015: 🇰🇷 Inbee Park

U.S. Women's Open and Women's British Open

 * Never has occurred

ANA Inspiration and du Maurier Classic

 * 1984: 🇺🇸 Juli Inkster
 * 1986: 🇺🇸 Pat Bradley

LPGA Championship and du Maurier Classic

 * 1986: 🇺🇸 Pat Bradley
 * 1996: 🏴 Laura Davies

U.S. Women's Open and du Maurier Classic

 * Never occurred

Women's Western Open and LPGA Championship

 * 1959: 🇺🇸 Betsy Rawls
 * 1963: 🇺🇸 Mickey Wright
 * 1967: 🇺🇸 Kathy Whitworth

Women's Western Open and U.S. Women's Open

 * 1949: 🇺🇸 Louise Suggs
 * 1950: 🇺🇸 Babe Zaharias

Women's Western Open and Titleholders Championship

 * 1946: 🇺🇸 Louise Suggs
 * 1948: 🇺🇸 Patty Berg
 * 1950: 🇺🇸 Babe Zaharias
 * 1955: 🇺🇸 Patty Berg
 * 1957: 🇺🇸 Patty Berg
 * 1962: 🇺🇸 Mickey Wright

LPGA Championship and Titleholders Championship

 * 1961: 🇺🇸 Mickey Wright

U.S. Women's Open and Titleholders Championship

 * 1950: 🇺🇸 Babe Zaharias
 * 1961: 🇺🇸 Mickey Wright

Record scores
The lowest score in relation to par recorded in a women's major championship was 21-under-par, by Chun In-gee at the 2016 Evian Championship. Chun also holds the record for lowest aggregate score for 72-holes, at 263, for her performance at that tournament. The single round scoring record is 61 held by three golfers, Kim Hyo-joo at the 2014 Evian Championship, Lee Jeong-eun and Leona Maguire, both at 2021 Evian Championship. A score of 62 has been shot by Minea Blomqvist at the 2004 Women's British Open (third round), Lorena Ochoa at the 2006 Kraft Nabisco Championship (first round), and Mirim Lee at the 2016 Women's British Open (first round).

Rolex Annika Major Award
In 2014, the LPGA established the yearly Rolex Annika Major Award to recognize the overall best performance in the LPGA majors. Points are awarded for top-10 finishes in each major: 60 points for first place, 24 for second, down to 2 points for tenth place. The major winner with the most points at the end of the season wins the award. It is named after Annika Sörenstam.

Other regular tours
In men's (non-senior) golf, the four majors are agreed globally. All the principal tours acknowledge the status of the majors via their sponsorship of the Official World Golf Ranking, and the prize money is official on the three richest regular tours (the PGA, European, and Japanese tours). This is not the case in women's golf, but the significance of this is limited, as the LPGA Tour is much more dominant in women's golf than the PGA Tour is in men's golf. For example, the BBC has been known to use the LPGA definition of women's majors without qualifying it. Also, before the Evian Masters was elevated to major status, the Ladies' Golf Union, the governing body for women's golf in the UK and Republic of Ireland and the organiser of the Women's British Open, stated on its official site that the Women's British Open is "the only Women's Major to be played outside the U.S."

The Ladies European Tour does not sanction any of the LPGA majors which are played in the United States, and only has two events which it designates as majors on its schedule, namely the Women's British Open and The Evian Championship (historically the Evian Masters), which is played in France. The Ladies European Tour had long tacitly acknowledged the dominance of the LPGA Tour by not scheduling any of its events to conflict with any of the LPGA majors played in the U.S., but that changed slightly in 2008 when the LET scheduled a tournament opposite the LPGA Championship. Also, while the LPGA Tour did not recognize the then-Evian Masters as a major until 2013, it began co-sanctioning the tournament as a regular tour event in 2000. Because it was played the week before the Women's British Open (except in 2012, when the latter event was moved to September to avoid conflict with the London Olympics), and the purse was (and remains) one of the largest on the LPGA Tour, virtually all top LPGA players played the Evian Masters before its elevation to major status. The Evian Championship has now moved to September. (During the 2006–08 period, its winner also received an automatic berth in the LPGA Tour Championship.)

The LPGA of Japan Tour, which is the second richest women's golf tour, has its own set of four majors: the World Ladies, the Japan Open, the JLPGA Championship and the JLPGA Tour Championship. However, these events attract little notice outside Japan, and to a lesser degree South Korea (since a number of Koreans now play on the Japan tour).

Symetra Tour
Since 2006, the Symetra Tour, the LPGA's developmental tour known through 2011 as the Futures Tour, has designated the Tate & Lyle Players Championship, an event which has been held since 1985, as a major championship. It was the Tour's first $100,000 purse.

Women's senior golf
The Legends of the LPGA Tour, originally the Women's Senior Golf Tour, played its first season in 2001. The U.S. Senior Women's Open and the Senior LPGA Championship are considered to constitute the senior women's major golf championships.

The U.S. Senior Women's Open was established in 2018 and is open to women whose 50th birthday falls on or before the first day of competition. The eligibility for the Senior LPGA Championship, established in 2017, and the Legends of the LPGA Tour are for female golfers age 45 and older.

Notes and references
Major-turnering

title: Women's major golf championships


text:
Pierre Sonnerat

Pierre Sonnerat (18 August 1748 – 31 March 1814) was a French naturalist, colonial administrator, writer and explorer. He described numerous species of plants and animals on his travels and is honoured in the genus Sonneratia and in other specific names such as that of the grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii.

Life and travels
Sonnerat was born in Lyon and was the nephew of the botanist Pierre Poivre (mother of Pierre Sonnerat, Benoîte Poivre, was a cousine of Pierre Poivre) who was a French colonial administrator in the Mascarenes. Sonnerat became a private secretary to his uncle Pierre and made several voyages to southeast Asia, visiting the Philippines and Moluccas between 1769 and 1772. In Mauritius, Sonnerat met the naturalist Philibert Commerson in 1767 and worked for him briefly, travelling to Reunion. He then worked as a naval commissar and travelled to India and China from 1774 to 1781 with a base in Yanam and Pondicherry. From 1781 to 1785, he was in France where he married Marguerite Ménissier. In 1786, he was posted in Pondicherry. Travelling around the Cape of Good Hope, he examined parts of southern Africa, southern India and Sri Lanka. In 1789, he was posted at Yanam and in 1795, he was briefly held prisoner of war by the English administration as England and France had gone to war. Sonnerat returned to Europe in 1813, meeting Joseph Banks in London and returned to Paris in 1814 where he died.

Natural history
Sonnerat collected bird and plant specimens on his travels. He was the first person to give a scientific description of the south Chinese fruit tree lychee. It has been claimed that Sonnerat misinterpreted the call of a helpful Malagasy guide who had spotted a lemur and shouted "indri!" ("look!" in Malagasy). Sonnerat supposedly took this by "mistake" to be the animal's name, and it was called the Indri (Indri indri). This claim has been re-examined and it would appear that Sonnerat actually recorded a local name endrina which is still in use. The birds Dacelo novaeguineae and Pygoscelis papua, neither of which are found in New Guinea (Papua), were also misnamed due to Sonnerat. His books included Voyage à la Nouvelle-Guinée (1776) and  Voyage aux Indes orientales et à la Chine, fait depuis 1774 jusqu'à 1781 (1782). The standard botanical author abbreviation Sonn. is applied to plants he described. His name is used in the specific name of the grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii).

A species of shrew in the genus Crocidura (or Diplomesodon) which has been described based on his manuscripts as Diplomesodon sonnerati is thought to have become extinct and was collected from around Pondicherry.

Biography

 * Ly-Tio-Fane, Madeleine (1976). Pierre Sonnerat 1748–1814. An account of his life and work. Self published. Mauritius.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pierre Sonnerat


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Network on chip

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:47, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Network on chip
A 'new idea' for networking would be using chips. The information in this stub is already covered elsewhere in WP, and the term is rather pointless. Radiant! 09:51, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Network on Chip (NoC) is a new idea for designing such future SoCs" is more appropriate in an article's section, not an entirely new entry. Zzyzx11 20:23, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Breed Churches

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:30, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

New Breed Churches
Mission statement for a religious movement, or so it seems. Can anyone substantiate the movement? Google indicates that there is a book of this title, but I haven't found an actual church. Radiant! 09:51, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * I was unable to extract one iota of meaning from the article. Delete - TB 12:38, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, not meaningful, mumbo jumbo.  HowardB 17:51, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It also looks like it might be Copyvio. Zzyzx11 20:25, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV, not notable, possible copyright violation. Megan1967 22:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I'm reasonably familiar with new church movements, and I've never heard of this one. DJ Clayworth 04:38, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New community project

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:30, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

New community project
Church project. While well-intended, it seems very localized and it doesn't seem to have any unique goals. It does google, but most results are unrelated. Radiant! 09:56, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Newly formed religious sect. If they're around in five years give 'em an article.  For now, delete - TB 12:39, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non notable, parochial and incredibly unimaginatively named.  HowardB 17:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable and it almost reads like a self-promotion. Zzyzx11 20:27, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV, not notable, advertisement. Megan1967 22:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Newly industrializing economy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Deathphoenix 05:15, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Newly industrializing economy
While the term has some economic significance, it is basically a circular dicdef. Radiant! 09:57, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am considering this debate to be unresolved, and left open. Therefore, I am going to relist it through the VFD process to let it conclude. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:25, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * This is a real and significant concept that needs to be covered. The examples make it somewhat more useful than a mere definition. Keep, or put a short definion at NIE and redirect to Newly industrialized countries. Kappa 10:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep though needs to be expanded. It is an important economic concept and is seperate from NICs. -- Lochaber 15:09, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I apologise, after further investigation it would seem that these days the terms NIE and NIC are quite interchangeable, this had not been the case when I studied Economics. I would argue that industrialising and industrialised are different in that an article about NIE's would include discussion on how the economies change/industrialise, the concept if you will, while NIC would be giving cases where this has happened, However to avoid confusion I think it might be best to go with Kappa's suggestion - short def at NIE and redirect to NIC. Then expanded NIC article to include reference to indicators -- Lochaber 17:14, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Simpler, I would have thought, to delete and replace with redirect to NIC, and add "also known as Newly Industrializing Economy" somewhere in the first paragraph of NIC. HowardB 17:46, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I just think that it's a bit more complicated than that... the relationship is more that a "Newly Industrializing Economy / Country" becomes a "Newly Industrialized Economy / Countries". However I think the main problem is that the article at NIC is actually about Newly Industrializing Countries rather than Newly Industrialized Countries. However, realistically I don't know that anyone is going to correct this or that they even require seperate articles, especially given that both states are transitional. In my opinion the best situation would be if the two articles were merged under "Newly Industrializing Economy" (or Country) and the fact mentioned that "Country" and "Economy" are interchangable (add redirects), as far as I'm aware NIE was the original OECD term, though if anyone knows better then please say so. What does anyone think of that suggestion? --

Lochaber 10:42, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable economic term. Capitalistroadster 11:33, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if it's an OECD definition - that means it's real and people might actually come looking for it - David Gerard 12:09, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:62.69.35.201

title: User talk:62.69.35.201


text:
Category:Urologists

A list of historical urologists. An urologist is a medical specialist in the field of urology, which studies the Surgical diseases of Urinary system in male and female and genital system only in male.

title: Category:Urologists


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Talk:New Austrian tunneling method

It is not about Austria but about technology User:Kernoz
 * Too many red lines and not enough sources. I'm going to start with some of the fundamentals and build up to this, and write for the general interest. --Zeizmic 14:24, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Invert
The article needs to expand on what an 'invert' is, there's no wiki page to explain/link to Talltim (talk) 16:18, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Okay. Go for it.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 17:27, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Austrian tunneling method


text:
Common seadragon

The common seadragon or weedy seadragon (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus) is a marine fish of the order Syngnathiformes, which also includes the similar pipefishes, seahorses, and trumpetfishes among other species. Adult common seadragons are a reddish colour, with yellow and purple striped markings; they have small, leaf-like appendages that resemble kelp or seaweed fronds, providing camouflage, as well as a number of short spines for protection. As with seahorses and the other syngnathids, the seadragon has a similarly tubular snout and a fused, toothless jaw into which it captures small invertebrate prey at lightning speed. Males have narrower bodies and are darker than females. Seadragons have a long dorsal fin along the back and small pectoral fins on either side of the neck, which provide balance. Weedy seadragons can reach 45 cm in length.

The seadragon is the marine emblem of the Australian state of Victoria.

Range and habitat
The common seadragon is endemic to Australian and insular coastal waters of the eastern Indian Ocean northern Southern Ocean and the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It can generally be found along the entire southern coastline of the Australian continent, including Tasmania and other offshore islands. It can be observed regularly from around Port Stephens, New South Wales to Geraldton, Western Australia, as well as off the coast of South Australia and the Great Australian Bight. The common seadragon inhabits coastal waters down around 10 m to 30 m deep. It is associated with rocky reefs, seaweed beds, seagrass meadows and structures colonised by seaweed.

Biology
The seadragons are slow-moving and, like most of their relatives, rely on excellent camouflage—the mimicry of seaweed, in this case—as a defense against predators. They lack the prehensile tail that many seahorses and pipefishes have evolved as anchors, to clasp and steady themselves; seadragons, instead, drift in the water among kelp and seaweed masses, which they blend-into with their leafy-looking appendages.

Individuals are observed either on their own or in pairs, feeding on tiny crustaceans and other zooplankton by sucking prey into their toothless mouths. As with most other syngnathids, seadragon males are the sex that cares for the developing eggs. Females lay around 120 eggs onto the brood patch located on the underside of the male's tail. The eggs are fertilised and carried by the male for around a month before the hatchlings emerge. The young are independent at birth, beginning to eat shortly after. Common seadragons take about 28 months to reach sexual maturity, and may live for up to six years.

Mating in captivity is relatively rare since researchers have yet to understand what biological or environmental factors trigger them to reproduce. The survival rate for young common seadragons is low in the wild, but it is about 60% in captivity.

The Aquarium of the Pacific (in Long Beach, California) and the Tennessee Aquarium (in Chattanooga, Tennessee), in the US, and the Melbourne Aquarium in Melbourne, Australia are among the few facilities in the world to have successfully bred common seadragons in captivity, though others occasionally report egg-laying. In March 2012, the Georgia Aquarium (in Atlanta) announced a successful breeding event of common seadragons. In July of the same year, the Monterey Bay Aquarium, on California's central coast, successfully bred and hatched-out common seadragons, on-exhibit. Most recently, the Birch Aquarium (in La Jolla, San Diego, California) successfully bred and hatched common seadragon fry in early 2023.

Threats
The common seadragon is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List. While the common seadragon is a desired species in the international aquarium trade, the volume of wild-caught individuals is small and therefore not currently a major threat. Instead, habitat loss and degradation due to human activities and pollution threaten common seadragons most.

The loss of suitable seagrass beds and loss of canopy seaweed from inshore rock reefs, coupled with natural history traits that make them poor dispersers, put the future of seadragon populations at risk. This species is not at present a victim of bycatch or a target of trade in traditional Chinese medicine, two activities which are currently a threat to many related seahorse and pipefish populations.

More recent research suggests that the weedy seadragon may be far more endangered than initially assumed as a result of climate change-induced marine heatwaves on the Great Southern Reef. Edgar et al (2023) documented a population decline of 59% between 2011 and 2021, a period of frequent and extensive marine heatwaves. This would be enough to classify it as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.

Conservation
It is illegal to take or export these species in most of the states within which they occur. A database of seadragon sightings, known as 'Dragon Search' has been established with support from the Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc., ('Dragon Search' arose as the logical progression of a similar project initiated by the MLSSA, which was the first community group or indeed organisation of any type to adopt the common seadragon's close relative, the leafy seadragon, as part of its logo), the Marine and Coastal Community Network (MCCN), the Threatened Species Network (TSN) and the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS), which encourages divers to report sightings. Monitoring of populations may provide indications of local water quality and seadragons could also become an important 'flagship' species for the often-overlooked richness of the unique flora and fauna of Australia's south coast.

Captive breeding programs are in place for the weedy seadragon, headed up by Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium. The dragon has been difficult to breed in captivity, though in 2015, research observing the creatures in the wild and trying to replicate the conditions in captivity had researchers making changes to the light, water temperature and water flow proving to be key.

In December 2015, the Melbourne aquarium hatched eggs and the aquarium's weedy seadragon population significantly increased. The aquarium reported in March 2016 that 45 fry were still going strong, a 95% survival rate.

Related species
The common seadragon is in the subfamily Syngnathinae, which contains all pipefish. It is most closely related to the other member of its genus, the ruby seadragon (Phyllopteryx dewysea), and also the leafy seadragon (Phycodurus eques). Haliichthys taeniophorus, sometimes referred to as the "ribboned seadragon" is not closely related (it does not form a true monophyletic clade with weedy and leafy seadragons).

The common seadragon was previously the only member of its genus until the description of the ruby seadragon in 2015.

Ongoing research
In the November 2006 issue of National Geographic magazine, marine biologist Greg Rouse is reported as investigating the DNA variation of the two seadragon species across their ranges.

title: Common seadragon


text:
User:Kernoz

Bookmarks
U.S. Army engineering manuals

title: User:Kernoz


text:
Legends Tour

The Legends of the LPGA, formerly known as the Women's Senior Golf Tour (2000–2005) and the Legends Tour (2006–2021), is a professional golf tour for women aged 45 and older. It is based in the United States and is the official senior tour of the LPGA Tour. The tour was founded in 2000, and is intended to allow women to prolong their competitive golf careers on the model of the PGA Tour Champions for men.

Background
From 1996 to 2000, retired LPGA golfer Jane Blalock worked to organize a new senior golf tour for older and often retired LPGA golfers. After receiving support from 24 other founding members and a 3-year sponsorship program from the Green Bay Chamber of Commerce, The Women's Senior Golf Tour debuted in August 2000 in Green Bay, Wisconsin with a minimum age of 43 and a $500,000 purse, with $75,000 going to the winner. Around 30,000 people attended over three days. The senior tour paid a fee to the LPGA for permission to involve active LPGA players, but otherwise remained independent.

Founding
The Women's Senior Golf Tour was the official senior tour of the LPGA in 2001 and was later called the Legends Tour. Initially it grew from two annual events to 11 events by 2013.

Sixteen events were held in the first six years of operation between 2001 and 2006. In addition a team event, the annual Handa Cup pitting LPGA Legends players from the United States against LPGA Legends players from the rest of the world, was introduced in 2006. It is The Legends Tour's version of the Solheim Cup. From 2007 to 2013, 45 tournaments were held.

Recent years
In 2017, the Senior LPGA Championship was inaugurated, intended to take place every year.

Despite the 2015 announcement by the United States Golf Association that a U.S. Senior Women's Open would be added from 2018, for competitors aged 50 or over, the eligibility for the tour remained to be for female golfers age 45 and older.

The Senior LPGA Championship and the U.S. Senior Women's Open are considered to constitute the senior women's major golf championships.

On August 5, 2021, the Legends Tour announced its new name, The Legends of the LPGA.

title: Legends Tour


text:
Talk:Bridge (instrument)

Photographs of guitar bridges are very poor. Can anyone provide better pics?--Light current 22:56, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Assessment, stub class for now
I assessed this as a mid-importance article for the Wikiproject Musical Instruments, because it covers an important feature on many stringed instruments. I rated it a start class because, although it has good information, organized in sections with picture, it lacks clear inline references. If you improve it and want reassessment or need help or have questions, please drop me a line.Jacqke (talk) 20:34, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

To Do List

 * 1) photos of different bridges - bass, electric and acoustic guitars
 * 2) research different types/styles of bridge
 * 3) describe a piano bridge — Preceding unsigned comment added by PabloStraub (talk • contribs) 11:14, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

Selphie 10:04, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) *suggestions*

First draft is kinda complete - see [here] to read it, is it too techie, not in-depth enough? Hope to have some pictures after the weekend. Selphie 14:28, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)*suggestions*

Ok pictures now too, am gonna finalise wording then copy it over here with correct titles on the pictures Selphie 11:21, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) *suggestions*

Merge
I believe that Bridge (stringed instrument) and this article both contain information that the other does not. Needless to say, having these separate articles is confusing. "Bridge (stringed instrument)" is redundant. If I have time, I will attempt to merge them myself. --Bryan Nguyen | Talk 01:34, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Bridge mechanics
Bearing in mind that there is a node on a vibrating string where it passes over the bridge, how exactly do vibrations get to the body. There arent any vibrations at the bridge cos its a node. Anyone know the answer to this paradox?--Light current 14:42, 12 November 2005 (UTC)hi
 * The answer is that it is not a node. The strings are not actually fixed to the bridge, just in heavy contact with them. The two fixed ends of the strings are where they meet the machine heads at the top and the pegs at the bottom. This is where they are actually attached to the instrument. --kikumbob (talk) 16:39, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The lower end of the vibrating string pulls variably on the bridge. This causes the bridge to rock on its long axis with each half vibration of the string.  This causes the attached body top piece to flex along with the vibration of the string. My Flatley (talk) 05:27, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Thank you My Flatley for your clarification. The bridge on acoustic stringed instruments is a mechanical transducer. One small correction to the statement by kikumbob. The fixed node points of the strings are generally taken to be the nut at the top of the neck and the string anchor point at the tailpiece. While arguably it is possible some energy is lost behind the nut and even at the tuners themselves, and also along the floating tailpiece to its point of attachment to the body, these are not considered significant. The degree to which these factors beyond the node points affect the violin's playability is directly related either to the quality of construction or maintenance of the instrument. BellwetherToday (talk) 17:59, 10 June 2012 (UTC)
 * For a first approximation, I believe it is perfectly acceptable to consider the contact point of a violin string with the bridge to be a node. Serious investigation of violin dynamics must consider the motion of every part between scroll and endpin, inclusive; it is all vibrating. The tailpiece has its own modes of vibration, being suspended between the strings and a flexible tailgut.

 * The afterlength, or that part of the string between bridge and tailpiece, plays a part in the sound and response of the instrument, more so with a sensitive one (i.e, high quality of construction.) Tuning the afterlength by adjusting the tailgut length is part of a careful violin setup. Sometimes a small mass is added to the afterlength of one string, to reduce or eliminate wolf tones.

 * The majority of a bridge's action is a transverse rocking. I have read about claims that some overtones pull the bridge along the axis of the string, with some effect on the timbre of the sound, but have not verified that in experience. It is customary to lubricate violin bridge notches with graphite, to make adjusting the bridge's stance easier; since tuning with the pegs tends to pull the bridge toward the fingerboard, angle adjustments need to be done under full playing tension. Even so, the tension of the sounding length and afterlength come to equilibrium, and the forces generated by bowing the string are hardly enough make it slide it in the bridge notch. I have seen strings act like a wire saw, cutting down into an ebony nut when tuned, but this does not seem to happen at the bridge. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 20:43, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

Miscellaneous questions
Some violins have a little collar-like pad around the E string between the string and the bridge. It seems to be to protect the string and the bridge from each other. Could somebody mention that (and, most importantly, the name of it)? Thanks.CountMacula (talk) 10:01, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Some kind of image or a link to one would be useful in identifying the specific thing you mention. One possibility, this is simply a mute to damp high overtones from the string. It is an accessory placed there by the violinist. Violin string mutes are always placed near the bridge. The closer to the bridge the greater the effect it has. There are other possibilities besides a mute. Ideally nothing whatever should interfere with the full clean contact of the vibrating string and the saddle portion of the bridge. Occasionally there is a defect in the bridge. For instance if it fails to match the curvature of the fingerboard or it is not setup correctly for the player, a violinist may wrap a piece of tape or other material on the string as compensation before visiting the luthier for a repair. Some players break a lot of E strings either due to technique or instrument setup. A little wrap at the bridge may ameliorate this for some. BellwetherToday (talk) 18:53, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Plain steel E strings may sometimes cut into the maple of the bridge top, simply because their gauge is narrow enough that they crush their way down into unreinforced wood. Some people believe that the "tone filter" sleeves help delay that. In reality, I believe they are meant to damp some of the higher harmonics, to keep the E from sounding too zingy. Rubber doughnuts or felt washers are supplied with some strings for the same reason, to damp higher overtones. I will dig around for some pictures. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 20:43, 10 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The opportunity arose, and here is the picture. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 21:38, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

Incorrect claims about Bridge mechanical impedance
Under the section Vibrato bridges, this claim is incorrect ' Generally, the more contact the bridge has with the body (i.e. the lower the position), the better the sound transfer will be into the body. A warmer sound with increased sustain is the result.'

An increased sustain means that the string is able to keep its energy for a longer time. If you claim that the better bridge transfers the energy from the string to the body..., it means that is going to be less sustain for the string. This has to do with the bridge and body impedance.

Take for instance, the difference of sustain between an electric guitar and an acoustic guitar. For an acoustic instrument, there most be a balance between impedance and volume, since some of the energy of the string most be able to be transferred to the soundboard to make it vibrate.

Generally, a better contact between the bridge and the body doesn't means more or less sustain. Is more a matter of impedance

title: Talk:Bridge (instrument)


text:
Talk:William Hearst

Untitled
This was moved here from the New York Morning Journal because that article was basically a biography. Should probably add some sort of disambig, but I'll leave it to people more knowledgeable about biographies as to which article should go on top.

The article is heavily POV, for instance the following quotes, "Mr. Hearst was a man who always got what he wanted, usually by means of his endless supply of money. " "While running this newspaper, Mr. Hearst was legendary for saying that he determined what the people would think and that he created the news." "Hearst was famously quoted as saying "You provide the pictures, I'll provide the war."" "This movie, acclaimed by many to be the greatest movie ever made, receieved violent opposition from Mr. Hearst" "Orson Welles, was so effectively blacklisted " "Renting or purchasing this movie is strongly recommended"

Radiant! 10:04, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

We need to fix this, people
What a trainwreck of a page. A single page about two very different people! And biased text was dumped on a non-Talk page... --NightMonkey 08:06, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've moved the first William Hearst to his own article - William Hearst (Ontario Premier). The second, with all the POV issues, already had an article (William Randolph Hearst) with all the info and NPOV so I've just scrubbed the rest and turned this into a disambig.  SteveW | Talk 22:02, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Hearst


text:
The Willowz

The Willowz are an American garage punk rock band from Anaheim, California. The band was formed in 2002 when Richie James Follin (guitar and lead vocals) and Jessica Reynoza (bass and vocals) were both 18 years old and attending the same college. They have toured the world and released four studio albums. Their influences range from rock n’ roll to folk to punk rock to soul to power pop to garage rock.

History
Their first release was a 7-inch on the legendary punk rock label Posh Boy Records in 2002. They followed it up with a full-length self-titled record on Dionysus records in 2003 produced by Paul Kostabi and Richie James Follin. The album blends energetic, brash punk rock with soulful garage rock.

Their debut album caught the ear of the iconic French film maker Michel Gondry, who placed their song “Something” in his Oscar-winning film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind as Kirsten Dunst dances in her underwear. Gondry also put a second song on the soundtrack which did not appear in the film entitled “I Wonder”. He flew the band out to New York and paid out of his own pocket to direct a video for the song. Shortly following the release of the Gondry-directed video for “I Wonder”, Gondry introduced The Willowz's music to Ben Beardsworth, the head of A&R at XL Records. XL flew the band out for a tour of the United Kingdom and released a 7-inch for “I Wonder” and “Meet Your Demise” on Rex Records (an XL Records subsidiary).

The Willowz released their second album, Talk In Circles, in 2005 on Sympathy for the Record Industry. The album was a massive undertaking of 20 songs recorded in Follin’s studio garage in Anaheim. The album features a wide array of music styles. It extends on the energetic garage rock sounds of the first album while blending a more labored-over dream punk sound. This album saw Paul Kostabi and Richie James Follin teaming up again to produce. They introduced more instruments into the band’s sound, including a prominently featured Fender Rhodes piano, organ, horns, and woodwinds. It also contains audio samples of animals, church bells, and public chatter. The band said they were trying to make their own little suburban Pet Sounds. Sympathy also at the same time re-released their debut album with a few extra songs and re-titled it Are Coming. Talk In Circles was met with critical acclaim. Rolling Stone named it one of the “best albums of 2005". The song “Equation #6” was featured in another Michel Gondry film and soundtrack, for The Science of Sleep. Gondry said he wants “to be the Warhol to their Velvet Underground”. The band released an accompanying DVD of 20 music videos for Talk In Circles entitled See In Squares. The band was featured in a documentary about the founder of Sympathy for the Record Industry entitled The Treasures of Long Gone John.

The band released their third album, Chautauqua, in 2007 on Steve Aoki’s Dim Mak Records. It was recorded in Piermont, New York at Paul Kostabi’s Thunderdome studios. The album introduced a much heavier guitar sound for the band. It is much more riff oriented and the songs are generally medium tempo. Spin magazine described “Evil Son” (the first single off the album) as “enlivened with lush orchestral arrangements and a pregnant guitar solo straight out of a 1960s acid trip.” Spin also went on to say, “Other tracks such as 'Jubilee' evoke blues, folk and even country influences, showcasing the Willowz’ carefully honed stylistic prowess." Michel Gondry's son Paul Gondry directed a music video for the song on the album entitled, "Take A Look Around" collaborating with artists Valerie Pirson, Will Robertson, Owen Levelle, Shoko Komori, Ivan Abel, Christi Bertelsen, Yota Bertrang and Paul Barman.

The Willowz released their fourth album, Everyone, in 2009 on Dim Mak. The band went to Dallas, Texas to record with producer Stuart Sikes. The record focuses on a more power pop sound and sees the band getting back to their garage rock roots. A Tiny Mix Tapes review states, “Unlike their three previous full-length efforts, Everyone sees The Willowz complete their transformation from just-fucking-around California punks into a well-oiled, hit-producing machine." The title track was featured in an HBO Spring 2011 commercial spot entitled “Here We Come” (a lyric from the song) for their upcoming season of shows. Another song from the album, “Repetition”, was featured in a Mountain Dew Kickstart commercial that aired during the Super Bowl and a Mead notebook commercial. The band was recently featured in Netflix Steve Aoki documentary I'll Sleep When I'm Dead.

The band’s fifth studio album, entitled Fifth, received a summer 2017 release on Thrill Me Records.

Band members

 * Richie James Follin (lead vocals, guitar)
 * Aric Bohn (guitar, vocals)
 * Jessica Reynoza (bass, vocals)
 * Loren (Ted) Humphrey (drums)
 * Alex Nowicki (drums)
 * Daniel Bush (guitar)

Studio albums

 * The Willowz (2004) Dionysus Records
 * The Willowz Are Coming (2005) Sympathy for the Record Industry
 * Talk In Circles (2005) Sympathy for the Record Industry
 * Chautauqua (2007) Dim Mak Records
 * Unveil (2007) LeGrand Bag Records
 * Everyone (2009) Dim Mak Records
 * Fifth (2017) Thrill Me Records

Live albums

 * Willowz With A Z (2003) Artmonkey Records

Singles

 * The Willowz (5"MCD on Wanker Records, Germany 2002)
 * The Willowz (2003) (7-inch "That Willowz Feelin b/w "Think Again") Posh Boy Records
 * "Scarling" (split 7-inch, Sympathy for the Record Industry (2005)
 * "Equation No. 6" b/w "Questionnaire" (2005) Acid Bird Records 7-inch

Videos

 * The Willowz at Grrrnd Zero (France, Lyon 2008)

title: The Willowz


text:
Sukuma people

The Sukuma are a Bantu ethnic group from the southeastern African Great Lakes region. They are the largest ethnic group in Tanzania, with an estimated 10 million members or 16 percent of the country's total population. Sukuma means "north" and refers to "people of the north." The Sukuma refer to themselves as Basukuma (plural) and Nsukuma (singular).

Homeland
The Sukuma live in northwestern Tanzania on or near the southern shores of Lake Victoria, and various areas of the administrative districts of the Mwanza, southwestern tip of Mara Region, Simiyu Region and Shinyanga Region. The northern area of their residence is in the Serengeti Plain. Sukuma families have migrated southward, into the Rukwa Region and Katavi Region, encroaching on the territory of the Pimbwe. These Sukuma have settled outside Pimbwe villages.

The Sukuma land is mostly a flat, scrubless savannah plain between 3000 and 4000 ft elevation. Twenty to forty inches (20 to 40 in) of rain fall from November to March. High temperatures range from 26 to 32 C while lows at night seldom drop below 15 C. The population is spread out among small farm plots and sparse vegetation.

History

As with the Nyamwezi, all members of the five groups in Greater Unyamwezi identified themselves as Wanyamwezi to those outside of the "greater" area, but among themselves use Sukuma. They call themselves "Sukuma" (Northerners) when speaking to Nyamwezi, but use Nyamwezi when speaking to anyone else. The groups can be called the Nyamwezi–Sukuma complex, for, while never united, they were very closely related in attitude and way of life. Like most of their neighbors, they were an ethnic group divided into many smaller groups. Some claim they were a Nyamwezi people who had moved northwestward to escape Mirambo's raids with the result that game and tsetse re-occupied the deserted area.

Unyanyembe, the most important kingdom of the Nyamwezi, centered on Tabora and obtained its meat supplies from the Sukuma. By 1892, however, the herds of cattle began to decline due to rinderpest and tsetse fly, and while two-thirds of German East Africa became unsuitable for cattle, and cattle in general probably did not recover until after the First World War, large valuable herds of cattle were retained by the Sukuma who were then still able to escape any great social change by exploiting the herds economically. Sukuma tradition suggests that famine did become more common towards the end of the nineteenth century, leaving conservative Sukuma blaming religious innovation for the natural disasters and expecting regular sacrifices for the household or chiefdom ancestors.

As with all Nyamwezi, the Sukuma, being agriculturalists, ridged their fields to accommodate the fertile but rather arid region. At the same time they had herds, having acquired them from the Tatoga people, but since "mixed" farming was practiced they were not considered pastoralists. Sukumaland also contained and used iron deposits, re-exporting some 150,000 iron hoes to Tabora.

Culture
The Sukuma believe in spirit possession and have a holistic view the world as interconnected with all living things, natural and supernatural.

Traditional medicine
The Sukuma are one of many ethnic groups who use animals in their traditional medicine, also known as "zootherapy." Like other African groups including the Eswatini Inyangas and Bight of Benin, many believe that traditional medicines derived from animals are more effective than Western-style medicine. Plants and animals have been the basis for Sukuma medicine for centuries; however, nowadays plant medicines are used more. The Sukuma people use a system of naming that allows them to distinguish animals according to their medical purposes. Healers organize faunal medicines by first taking a list of known diseases and their symptoms, then making another list of plants, animals, and their healing properties.

Within the communities, healers are the ones who direct what and how each animal will be used. For example, pangolins are believed to be a sign for a good harvest year, so healers will sell pangolin scales to protect crops. Because snakes and porcupines are a danger to people and crops in Sukumaland, medicine men and healers captured them to be used as entertainment.

There is little information on the Sukuma tribes' use of animals in their medicine because most of the research that has been done on the medicinal practices of this tribe has been plant based. A study was conducted in the Busega District of Tanzania, an area comprising the Serengeti Game Reserve and Lake Victoria, to determine which faunal resources healers use to treat illnesses within the community. Many of the traditional medicines, referred to as dawa, are no longer practiced, as many Sukuma tribe members rely more on Western-style medicine.

The biggest threat to conservation in Tanzania is the legal and illegal trafficking of wild animals for pets. There are also weak policies for regulating the census of endangered animals. Traditional healers do not pose as big of a threat to conservation efforts as commercial hunters do. Unlike the latter group, traditional hunters and medicine men only hunt what they need. Other than medicinal purposes, the Sukuma people use animal resources for things such as decoration and clothing. For example, animal skins are used for house decoration and bags.

Cultural relationships
Relationships between the Sukuma and their non-Nyamwezi neighbors, the Tatoga, were generally good and they did not regard each other as enemies, as they were mutually dependent on one another. The Tatoga needed the grain of the Sukuma while the Sukuma needed the cattle and the highly regarded rainmaking diviners of the Tatoga (the Tatoga were considered the very best at this important and highly specialized activity). The Maasai, however, were considered enemies. The Tatoga–Sukuma relationship was centered on cultural and economic exchange, while the Sukuma–Maasai connection was centered on fear and hatred, for cattle were the only thing the Maasai wanted from the Sukuma, believing that God had granted the Maasai all the cattle in the world. However, it is still possible that some peaceful relationships did exist. The Sukuma were very selective in what they assimilated, just as the Nyamwezi were; they were able to assimilate others but were unable to assimilate themselves into other societies. One Sukuma myth states that the Tatoga (Taturu) were their leaders and chiefs when they migrated from the north; the Taturu were the cattle herders and needed open plains for their cattle and moved into the greater Serengeti area. The Sukuma were left closer to the big Nyanza (Lake Victoria), cleared the forests and became the agriculturalists. Even then, when the Taturu moved out toward the plains, they left Taturu administrators to "rule" over the Sukuma. For this reason, up until the time of the dissolution of the chieftain system, all chiefs and major headmen represented themselves as Taturu even though they were now within the Sukuma area.

Sukuma and Nyamwezi
The Nyamwezi (also called Dakama, or people of the South) and Sukuma (also called people of the North) are two closely related ethnic groups that live principally in the region to the south of Lake Victoria in west-central Tanzania. When using ethnic names, they describe themselves as "Banyamwezi" (sing. Munyamwezi) and "Basukuma" (sing. Musukuma) respectively; they refer to their home areas as "Bunyamwezi" or "Unyamwezi," and as "Busukuma." The term "Sukumaland" is sometimes used for the Sukuma area. The name "Sukuma" literally means "north," but it has become a term of ethnic identification.

The Nyamwezi and Sukuma region lies between 2°10′ and 6°20′ S and 31°00′ and 35°00′ E. The Nyamwezi "home" area is in the Tabora Region and western Shinyanga Region, and Sukumaland lies to the north and east, covering the eastern Shinyanga Region and the Mwanza Region. There has been much population movement in and beyond these areas, and members of both groups have also settled on the coast and elsewhere. Sukuma and members of other groups, such as the Tutsi and the Sumbwa, are often found in Nyamwezi villages, but Sukuma villages are ethnically more homogeneous. Sukuma took over the Geita area of Mwanza Region during the colonial period, and they have expanded farther west since then. They have also moved down into Nzega District and the neighboring Igunga District, and some have migrated into the southern highland areas of Tanzania, and even into Zambia. These Sukuma movements have stemmed from political factors, such as colonial cattle-culling policies, and from local overcrowding and deteriorating soil conditions. The two areas form a large and undulating tableland, most of it at elevations between 1150 and 1275 m. There are several rivers in the region, but most of them do not flow during the drier months. The year can be broadly divided into a rainy season, from about November until April, and a dry season the rest of the year. Average annual rainfall is about 75 cm for most of the Sukuma area, and about 90 cm for Unyamwezi, but there is much variation from year to year and from place to place. Across the region, there is a regular sequence of soil and vegetation zones. The upper levels are dry woodland typified by trees of the Brachystegia-Isoberlinia association; these areas are often called miombo country, after one of these trees. Lower areas of grass and thornbush steppe are also common, and in Sukumaland there are large tracts of park steppe interspersed with baobabs.

Politicians

 * John Magufuli - Former President of Tanzania
 * Luhaga Mpina - CCM
 * Salome Makamba - CHADEMA
 * Patrobas Katambi - CCM
 * Mary Masanja - CCM
 * Andrew Chenge - CCM
 * Charles Kitwanga - CCM
 * Daniel Madaha Machemba -CCM
 * Paul Bomani -CCM
 * Bob Makani -CHADEMA
 * Paul Malongo -CCM

Statespeople

 * Mark Bomani, Tanzanian Judge

Entertainers and artists

 * Cool James, Tanzanian musician
 * Fid Q, Tanzanian musician

title: Sukuma people


text:
Category:Ophthalmologists

A list of ophthalmologists, the medical specialty which deals with ophthalmology, or the study of the eye and its appendages, and its diseases.

title: Category:Ophthalmologists


text:
User:Neolithixmoosehe

& I write mostly on the HE wiki, interwiking with the my articles over there.

title: User:Neolithixmoosehe


text:
Talk:Stairway to Heaven (South Korean TV series)

Fair use rationale for Image:Stairway to heaven72.jpg
Image:Stairway to heaven72.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:33, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Wrong total episode?
Sorry, the episode is incorrect. I am sure its total episode is more than 20 because in my country, its episode now is 25. It is still airing in my country. I do not know why in wikipedia it is said just 20 episode. 203.82.82.4 (talk) 02:14, 20 January 2011 (UTC)


text: Category:World Heritage Sites in Indonesia


text:
Cranfield

Cranfield is a village and civil parish in the west of Bedfordshire, England, situated between Bedford and Milton Keynes. It had a population of 4,909 in 2001. increasing to 5,369 at the 2011 census. The parish is in Central Bedfordshire unitary authority. It is best known for being the home of Cranfield University and Cranfield Airport (an airfield).

The hamlet of Bourne End is located just north of Cranfield, and is part of the civil parish. Wharley End was a separate settlement, but now forms the northern part of Cranfield village, by the university.

Amenities
Cranfield has two public houses, a football club, coffee shop, dog grooming salon, hairdressers, barbers, several take-away restaurants, one small supermarket and two car dealerships. There is also a surgery and dentist's practice along with a pharmacy. Cranfield has a university, three schools, three parks and a multi-use games area.

The village Post Office is now contained within The Co-operative Group store; previously it was on separate premises near the centre of the village. Cranfield has one of only a small number of Morgan dealerships, in addition to a Ford dealer. There are further facilities at the university campus including a Post Office and bookshop.

The local newspaper is the Cranfield Express. There is a news hyperlocal website, Cranfield and Marston Vale Chronicle, giving village information, local and national news, etc.

The Church of St Peter and St Paul has records going back at least to 1600 and is notable for its recently restored bells.

Cranfield Court belonged to the Harter family. The last house was built in 1862–4 in the French Gothic style, but was later demolished.

Sport and leisure
Cranfield has a Non-League football team Cranfield United F.C. who play at their own ground, The Nest, in Crawley Road, Cranfield, MK43 0AA.

Airport
Cranfield's airfield was originally an RAF training airfield and was used after the war by the College of Aeronautics, which has now become Cranfield University.

In October 2021, Marshall Group announced that it is to transfer its Group headquarters and aerospace operations to Cranfield from Cambridge "by 2030". The Group proposes to move its global group headquarters (as well as its Aerospace division) to Cranfield Airport.

University
Cranfield University is adjacent to the village, on the other side of the airfield.

Technology park
The Cranfield Technology Park is west of the university at the entrance to the campus. It is being developed on a phased basis by Cranfield University and its development partner. The park's objective is to encourage knowledge-based companies to locate their activities on the park and to encourage the growth of such companies. A major extension to the technology park was started in January 2007 using land on Cranfield Airport.

In August 2005 a new business incubation centre was opened. It was designed to encourage and support hi-tech and knowledge based pre-start and early start companies during the formative stages of their development.

title: Cranfield


text:
1956 Treason Trial

The Treason Trial was a trial in Johannesburg in which 156 people, including Nelson Mandela, were arrested in a raid and accused of treason in South Africa in 1956.

The main trial lasted until 1961, when all of the defendants were found not guilty. During the trials, Oliver Tambo left the country and was exiled. Whilst in other European and African countries, he started an organisation which helped bring publicity to the African National Congress's cause in South Africa. Some of the defendants were later convicted in the Rivonia Trial in 1964.

Chief Luthuli has said of the Treason Trial:"The treason trial must occupy a special place in South African history. That grim pre-dawn raid, deliberately calculated to strike terror into hesitant minds and impress upon the entire nation the determination of the governing clique to stifle all opposition, made one hundred and fifty-six of us, belonging to all the races of our land, into a group of accused facing one of the most serious charges in any legal system."

Background
On 5 December 1956, the South African Police's Security Branch raided and arrested 140 people from around the country on the charge of treason as they enforced the Suppression of Communism Act. Those not based in Johannesburg were flown there in military aircraft and held in custody until a hearing on 19 December 1956. The raids were follow-ups to those conducted in 1955 and included search warrants to look for documents at 48 anti-government organisations.

On 19 December 1956, 153 prisoners were driven to the Johannesburg Drill Hall for a preliminary hearing to examine the state's evidence. Magistrate Frederick Wessels was the presiding judge with J.C. van Niekerk as the state's public prosecutor. An attempt by the prosecutor to proceed with the case was interrupted three times as the noise of 5,000 black South Africans, hoping to attend the case, surrounded the streets of the Drill Hall and sang "Nkosi Sikeleli Afrika". The proceedings had to be halted. The Labour Party in the UK accused the South African Government of intimidating and victimising those opposed to Apartheid, condemning the trial and called South Africa a police state.

Resuming on 20 December 1956, the hearing was interrupted again when the defence objected to their clients being behind a 6 foot wire fence. After an adjournment, it was agreed by the two sides to reduce it to a barrier 4 foot tall. The prosecutor J.C. van Niekerk then presented an outline of his evidence stretching back to 1953 of the liberation movement's activities but his evidence was soon interrupted when violence broke out outside the court. After police began moving back the crowd of around a 1,000 black protesters, a policeman was injured by a stone and they retaliated by firing into the crowd and surrounding cars and shops, injuring fourteen people. Deputy Police Commissioner Colonel Piet Grobler was able to get his men to stop shooting and order was restored.

The trial examination would continue on 21 December 1956 and the prosecutor presented his case by stating that the defendants were subversive, having attended the recent Congress of the People gathering at Kliptown where speeches had promoted Communism, the creation of the Freedom Charter, the need to seek help abroad and in other evidence, and the need to raise money to buy firearms. With no charges yet presented to the individual detainees, bail was granted and the trial was concluded until 9 January 1957. Rioting broke out at the end of the day's proceedings when police charged a group of 400 black South African protesters.

On resumption of the preliminary hearing and an examination of the state's evidence on 9 January 1957, three more defendants were added to the charges bringing the number to 156 persons. The defence would argue that the Freedom Charter was not treasonous, that it did not call for violence, and it argued for peace and racial harmony for the country.

The hearing was still ongoing during August 1957, where the accused were spending six hours each day in court. With the hearing to last a few more months, the magistrate had more 6,200 pages of testimony and 10,000 exhibits to examine and decide whether to pass the sentences himself or let the Attorney General decide whether to proceed to a trial. The trial was taking so long, the male prisoners formed a choir.

On 17 December 1957, Attorney General W.J. McKenzie decided to drop charges against 61 and proceed to with the remaining 95 defendants on 13 January 1958. Albert Luthuli and 44 black, six white, four Indian, and six coloured defendants were released.

The hearing resumed on 13 January 1958 with the prosecutor informing the court of the names of those 61 defendants who had been cleared of further charges.

The hearing concluded on 30 January 1958 with Magistrate F.C. Wessels finding that there was sufficient evidence for the defendants to be tried on charges of high treason. The defendants were asked to plead, with all pleading not guilty they were released on bail. Their defence lawyers asked for a jury trial, the alternative being a trial by two or three judges, a request rejected by the state in treason trials.

The Treason Trial began in Pretoria on 1 August 1958 with 91 people on trial having been charged with high treason. The trial saw 57 blacks, 16 whites, 16 Indians, and two coloureds charged with attempting to overthrow the South African government between 1952 and 1956 with the intention to replace it with a communist system. The defence lawyers opened the trial by lodging an objection to two of the three trial judges. They called for Justice Joseph Ludorf to withdraw because of his involvement as a lawyer in other cases against some defendants while Justice Frans Rumpff should withdraw as he had asked for the former to be appointed as a judge on the treason trial. The case was then adjourned until the following Monday.

When the trial resumed on 12 August 1958, chief defence lawyer Israel A. Maisels continued to challenge the indictment referring to the masses of documentary evidence which he claimed was impossible to read in less than two years, and was an abuse of the court process and that the prosecution did not know what its case was about.

After the trial collapsed in October, it was decided in November 1958 to resume the trial on 19 January 1959 with a decision to drop 60 people from the indictment.

On 22 November 1958, 30 of the 91 were re-indicted with the charge now been narrowed down to a conspiracy to endanger and overthrow the state based on the 1955 Congress of the People gathering and the adoption of the Freedom Charter. The remaining 61 were to be indicted in April 1959.

The trial resumed on 19 January 1959 in Pretoria with the defence arguing for the trial to be moved back to Johannesburg, due to the hardship of travel for the defendants, a city where the majority of them lived. The case was postponed on the first day until after lunch as the bus carrying the defendants had broken down. The trial resumed on 2 February 1959, with the venue change request squashed and the defence lawyers continuing their argument against the new indictments.

With the resumption of the trial on 20 April 1959 of the other 61 defendants, it was ended when Judge Rumpff declared that the Crown's case could not accuse the defendants of conspiracy without saying how they entered into the conspiracy and that they would need to know in order to defend their case. The defendants could return home and the prosecution would have to decide whether to re-indict them.

On 29 March 1961, down to 28 defendants, the trial's verdict was released and they were all found not guilty of treason and discharged. Judge Rumpff concluded that the prosecution could not show that the African National Congress (ANC) had become a communist organisation and therefore no treason could be proven nor that any act of violence was to be used to overthrow the state. The defendants were met outside the court by their relatives and saw the singing of Nkosi Sikeleli Afrika.

Defendants
In December 1956, many key members of the Congress Alliance were arrested and charged with treason, including almost the entire executive committee of the ANC, as well as the SACP, the SAIC, and the COD. 105 Africans, 21 Indians, 23 whites and 7 coloured leaders were arrested. Ten were women. Many arrestees, including Nelson Mandela, were detained in communal cells in Johannesburg Prison on Constitutional Hill, known as the Fort, resulting in what Mandela described as "the largest and longest unbanned meeting of the Congress Alliance in years." However, white men, white women, black men and black women were all held in a separate parts of the jail.

Initially, 156 defendants were charged with high treason. The number of defendants was later reduced to 92. In November 1957, the prosecution reworded the indictment and proceeded a separate trial against 30 accused. Their trial commenced in August 1959. The remaining 61 accused were tried separately before the case against them was dismissed in mid 1960.

Lawyers for the defense included

 * Israel Maisels, known as Issy Maisels, led the defence team
 * Harold Hanson
 * Sydney Kentridge
 * Vernon Berrangé
 * G. Nicholas
 * Rex Welsh
 * Ruth Hayman
 * Bram Fischer
 * Norman Rosenberg
 * Maurice Franks
 * Shulamith Muller
 * Joe Slovo conducted his own defence
 * Nelson Mandela and Duma Nokwe conducted the defence during the state of the emergency after the Sharpeville Massacre, when the trialists instructed their defence lawyers to temporarily withdraw from the case

Other notable figures involved in the treason trial
Prosecutors included:

 * J.C. Van Niekerk, chief prosecutor
 * Oswald Pirow (from January 1958 onwards)
 * Jacob de Vos, who replaced Pirow after his death in 1959

Judges included:

 * Justice F.L. Rumpff, president, who was also a judge at the 1952 Defiance Trial
 * Justice Kennedy
 * Justice Joseph Ludorf, who withdrew when the defence argued he had a conflict of interest
 * Justice Simon Becker

Witnesses included:

 * Professor Andrew Howson Murray, Department of Philosophy, University of Cape Town, brought in by the prosecution as an expert on communism.

Defence and Aid Fund
After the British priest, Canon John Collins learnt about the trial, and the calls for the death penalty, he set up the Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa to pay all legal expenses and look after the families of those on trial. This was one of the first examples of foreign intervention against apartheid in South Africa and proved very successful with over £75,000 being raised towards defending those accused. Harry Oppenheimer allegedly contributed £40,000 to the fund.

In 1957, the campaigner Mary Benson joined the Defence Fund as its secretary.

Significance of the trial
In many ways, the trial and prolonged periods in detention strengthened and solidified the relationships between members of the multi-racial Congress Alliance. Rusty Bernstein wrote:"Inter-racial trust and co-operation is a difficult plant to cultivate in the poisoned soil outside. It is somewhat easier in here where ... the leaders of all ethnic factions of the movement are together and explore each other's doubts and reservations, and speak about them without constraint. Coexistence in the Drill Hall deepens and recreates their relationships."The trial and resulting periods of detention also allowed ANC leaders to consult about the direction of their struggle and the possibility of armed struggle. Ironically, the court found that the ANC was nonviolent just as the ANC was starting to question the effectiveness of this strategy.

In court, the 156 defendants sat in alphabetical order, visibly displaying the multiracial nature of the anti-apartheid movement. While the defendants sat side by side in court, they were strictly segregated in jail. When the trialists took over their own defence during the State of Emergency, they eventually convinced prison authorities to let them meet to plan their defence and white female defendants, white male defendants and black women defendants were brought to the African men's prison. Yet the prison authorities still sought to physically separate these defendants by race and gender in their meeting space. Mandela describes the practical dilemma the proponents of apartheid faced:"The authorities erected an iron grille to separate Helen and Leon [Levy] (as whites) from us and a second partition to separate them from Lilian and Bertha [Mashaba Gxowa] (as African women) ... Even a master architect would have had trouble designing such a structure."

Trial timeline

 * December 1956: 156 anti-apartheid leaders arrested
 * December 1956 – January 1958: Preparatory examination in a magistrate's court to determine if there was sufficient evidence to warrant a trial.
 * November 1957: Prosecution rewords the indictment and proceeded a separate trial against 30 accused. The remaining 61 accused were to be tried separately before the case against them was dismissed in mid 1959.
 * August 1959: Trial against 30 defendants proceeds in the Supreme Court.
 * 5 March 1960: Chief Luthuli's testimony begins.
 * 8 April 1960: ANC is declared banned in the wake of the State of Emergency declared after the Sharpeville massacre. Defendants retained in custody for five months and trial resumes without lawyers for several months.
 * May 1960: Helen Joseph and 21 left-wing white women detained during the State of Emergence embark on an eight-day hunger strike. The children of detainees protest outside Johannesburg City Hall.
 * 3 August 1960: Mandela's testimony begins.
 * 7 October 1960: Defense closes.
 * 23 March 1961: Trial adjourned for a week.
 * 29 March 1961: Accused are found not guilty.

title: 1956 Treason Trial


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Talk:Papersticks

This article needs to explain what papersticks are, and to give some kind of "neutral" discussion of their benefits compared to cotton buds. Kappa 10:18, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

As far as I can tell, "cotton buds" refer to what are commonly referred to in the US as Q-tips or cotton swabs. Check the wiki article for details.

The article presents an argument to replace them with paper tubes instead of plastic for environmental reasons.

I personally would vote for deletion and integration into the cotton buds article.

Papersticks (google for it) is a generic term for paper pulp-based sticks, usually used for food and medical use. Possibly worth a stub in and of itself, but with little relevance to what's posted here.

--Mmx1 03:07, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

As it stands this is nonsense and apparently no one is going to clean it up. Redirecting to Cotton swab. kotepho 03:31, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

User 31.08.2006

But papersticks are also used for : Lollipops, Cheese Sticks, small Pennants and Joss sticks (Incense Sticks). Today, they are considered to be the saver alternative compared to plastic or wooden sticks. Papersticks are biodegradable and thus environment friendly.

title: Talk:Papersticks


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Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling

The following is a handy reference for editors, listing various common spelling differences between national varieties of English.

Please note: If you are not familiar with a spelling, please do some research before changing it – it may be your misunderstanding rather than a mistake, especially in the case of American and British English spelling differences.

English spelling comparison chart
This table gives the accepted spellings (following government guidelines and major dictionaries). It is by no means exhaustive, but rather an overview. When two variants appear in the same cell, the one listed first is more widely used. (For example, in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK and Ireland, ageing is more common than aging; in Canada and the US, aging is more common.)

The spelling systems of unlisted Commonwealth countries, such as India, Pakistan and Singapore, are generally close to the British spelling system, with possibly a few local differences. Some non-Commonwealth English-speaking countries, such as the Philippines, Burundi, Liberia, have spelling systems closer to American spelling.

With some exceptions, boxes in green show use of British spellings and those in violet show use of US spellings. Boxes in pink indicate that both spellings are used.

 * See Notes for explanations of the references above.

Other spelling differences
Throughout this section, the variants here regarded as "British" are also used in Australia (in most cases), as well as in other Commonwealth countries and in Ireland. Canadian spelling combines British and American.

Preferred variants
In both British English and American English, many words have variant spellings, but most of the time one variant is preferred over the other. In dictionaries, the preferred spelling is listed first among the headwords of an entry. Examples follow:

 * acknowledgement vs acknowledgment: acknowledgement is preferred in British English, acknowledgment in American English.
 * judgement vs judgment: judgement is preferred in British English (except in the sense of a judge's decision, in which case judgment is preferred), judgment in American English.
 * per cent vs percent: per cent is preferred in British English, percent in American English.
 * dialogue vs dialog: In a non-technical context, the spelling dialogue is preferred in American English. In Webster's dictionary, dialogue is given first, and Chambers also indicates dialog is less used in North America.
 * catalogue vs catalog: Webster's treats this case differently, as does Chambers —catalog is the preferred spelling in American English.
 * glamour vs glamor: The spelling glamour is preferred in both British and American English. (Glamourous is sometimes found in American English, but is usually considered incorrect in British English, where glamorous is the only accepted form.)

 * foetus vs fetus: In American English, foetus is never used. In British English, usage is divided. In academic literature, fetus is preferred.
 * aluminium vs aluminum: aluminum is the prevalent spelling throughout North America; however, in scientific literature aluminium should be used, as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC. (The two spellings also have different pronunciations.)

 * sulphur vs sulfur: sulphur is the prevalent spelling outside North America; however, in scientific literature sulfur should be used, as recommended by IUPAC. (see Sulfur)

 * caesium vs cesium: cesium is the prevalent spelling throughout North America; however, in scientific literature caesium should be used, as recommended by IUPAC.

Archaic spelling
Older sources use many archaic variants (such as shew for show), which are not to be used outside quotations except in special circumstances (for example, quire may be used instead of choir in architectural contexts).

When archaic spelling is used in the title of a work, modernize the spelling in the text of the article but retain the original spelling in the references. For example, the text of an article might read "Thomas Ady attacked the Demonology of King James..." while the citation should read ''Daemonologie, In Forme of a Dialogie, Diuided into three Bookes. By James Rx, 1597''....". Adding a may help prevent well-meaning editors from correcting the spelling "mistakes".

As per, archaic glyphs should be modernized, including within quotations and titles (e.g., æ→ae, œ→oe, ſ→s, and ye→the). Archaic spellings (including capitalization, punctuation, and emphasis that would be non-standard today) are retained in quotations, and we rarely need to provide any translations into Modern English if the source material is Elizabethan or later. For Middle English, treat it on a case-by-case basis, but always provide translation for Old English.

Different spellings, different meanings
Several words change their meaning when spelt differently.

 * cheque – check: to check is to ensure; outside the US, a bill of exchange drawn on a bank payable on demand is a cheque.
 * kerb – curb: In British English, kerb is the edge of the road or pavement (UK) where kerbstones can be found. In the US, it is spelled curb, and may be attached to a sidewalk. To curb is to limit or control in either dialect.
 * disc – disk: Outside of computing, in British English the usual spelling is disc (meaning a thin flat circular object); in American English disk and disc are normally interchangeable. However, in computing (in both British & American English), disk usually refers to magnetic disks, as in hard disk drives, dating back to the first magnetic disks used by US-developed mainframe computers.  Disc usually refers to optical discs, beginning with the Compact Disc (developed outside the US) and continuing with DVD (the last "D" of the acronym usually meaning disc regardless of its uncertain etymology), Blu-ray Disc, and even defunct formats such as HD DVD.
 * draught – draft: In the UK draft is a preliminary version of a document, while draught is a drink or a current of air; all are usually spelled draft in the US, but draught has been making a comeback in reference to beverages.
 * enquiry – inquiry: for most British writers, an enquiry is a request for information, but an inquiry is a formal investigation.
 * ensure – insure: To ensure is to make sure. In British English, to insure is to take out an insurance policy. In American English, to insure is sometimes used instead of to ensure.
 * judgement – judgment: In Australian and British law, a judge's decision in a case is always spelt judgment. On the other hand, the forming of opinion or conclusion by an ordinary person is usually spelt judgement.
 * metre – meter: in most countries other than the US, metre is the metric unit of length, and meter is a measuring device; in these dialects metre is also the rhythm of a line of verse, but the word as part of the technical name of a given metre (pentameter, hexameter, etc.) is spelled -meter.
 * programme – program: In British English, the spelling program can be used for computer program. In all other cases, programme is invariably used.
 * storey – story: a story is a tale; outside of the US, upper floors of buildings are spelt storey.
 * theatre – theater: Many uses of either spelling can be found in American English. Both theater and theatre are commonly used among theatre professionals. The spelling theatre can be seen in names like the Kodak Theatre and AMC Theatres. However, the spelling theater is used for the various venues at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and all major American newspapers, such as The New York Times's theater section to refer to both the dramatic arts as well as to the buildings where performances take place. The Columbia University Guide to Standard American English states that theater is used except in proper names.
 * tyre – tire: In American and Canadian English, tire is used to refer to fatigue and the inflated rim of a wheel. In British and other forms of English, tire means "to fatigue" and tyre is the inflated rim of a wheel.

International organizations
There are three major English spelling standards used by international organizations and publishers:

British English with "-ise"
Spellings: centre, programme, labour, defence, organisation; recognise, advise, devise, advertise, and analyse

Language tag (a code identifying the language used): en-GB.

Examples of organizations adhering to this standard: European Union (EU), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Commonwealth Secretariat (Commonwealth of Nations), African Union (AU), Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), International Olympic Committee (IOC), UK Armed Forces and Ministry of Defence, Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The UK government does not seem to have an official position on spelling, though it often uses this variant in communications.

Major publications: BBC, The Economist, Financial Times, The Guardian, The Lancet, New Scientist, The Times.

British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)
Spellings: centre, programme, labour, defence, organization; recognize, but: advise, devise, advertise, and analyse Language tag: en-GB-oxendict

Oxford spelling is based on the Oxford English Dictionary, and followed by Collins and Cassell's dictionaries, whereas Chambers lists both ‑ize and ‑ise for British English. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary notes that "the form ize has been in use in English since the 16th century. The alternative spelling ise (reflecting a French influence) is in common use, especially in British English".

Examples of organizations adhering to this standard: United Nations organizations (UN, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, ITU, ILO, etc.), World Trade Organization (WTO), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Amnesty International, World Economic Forum, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Major publications: Encyclopædia Britannica (despite being an American publication since 1911), Nature, The Times Literary Supplement.

American English
Spellings: center, program, labor, defense, organization; recognize, but: advise, devise, advertise, and analyze

Language tag: en-US

Examples of organizations adhering to this standard: International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Organization of American States, NAFTA Secretariat.

Major publications: International New York Times, Newsweek, The New York Times, Science, Scientific American, Time, The Wall Street Journal.

Tools and reference articles

 * User:Ohconfucius/EngvarB – Script to convert the entire contents of a page from American spelling to British spelling (with an option for using Oxford spelling – the default operation being non-Oxford British English)
 * Comparison of American and British English
 * American and British English spelling differences
 * See Category:Varieties of English templates to explicitly identify a national style of spelling.
 * Engvar built inside a template: allows an editor to set the variant by engvar, then the prepared template can adjust its spellings.

title: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling


text:
Rick Keene

Richard J. "Rick" Keene (born November 16, 1957) is a former Republican member of the California State Assembly representing the 3rd district from 2002 to 2008. Keene previously served on the Chico, California City Council from 1994 to 2002, including a term as mayor from 1997 to 1998.

Early life and family
Keene was born in Crescent City and raised in Hayfork, a small community in Trinity County. He is the son of a logger. He worked in many varied vocations in his youth. He set chokers in a logging operation, drove a forklift at a nut processing plant and, for 10 years, worked at United Parcel Service.

He began practicing law in Chico at a general law practice specializing in criminal defense, workers' compensation, and personal injury law.

Chico City Council
Keene was first elected to the Chico City Council in 1994.

He served on the Internal Affairs Committee, Butte County Association of Governments and the Local Agency Formation Commission.

In 1996, his fellow Councilmember Ted Hubert died after re-election, but prior to the first meeting of the new session. This left the council evenly split 3 to 3 between progressive and conservative members. They stalemated on the selection of a mayor for six months before finally appointing Bill Johnston to fill the vacancy, and selecting Keene as mayor.

California Assembly
Keene was elected to the State Assembly in 2002. He represented the 3rd District including Lassen, Plumas, Yuba, Nevada, Sierra and portions of Butte and Placer Counties for six years. In his second term in the Assembly, Keene assumed several leadership positions, including being selected as Republican Whip and the Vice Chair of the Committee on Water, Parks and Wildlife.

Chosen as Assistant Republican Leader 10 months after being first elected, Keene served as principal consultant to three successive Republican Leaders on major policy issues and political strategy.

He was also selected to be lead Republican and Vice Chair on the Budget and Utility and Commerce Committees and also served on the Natural Resources Committee, the Joint Legislative Committee on Emergency Services and Homeland Security, and the Joint Legislative Audit Committee, the legislature's watchdog committee.

While in the Assembly, he focused much of his time and effort on the State Budget, Workers' Compensation Reform and addressing the State's infrastructure, including working to prevent failing levees in the North State and negotiating to construct new water storage.

4th District Senate Election of 2010
Keene was a candidate for the California State Senate 4th District in 2010. Incumbent Sam Aanestad was term-limited. Former 4th District senator Sam Aanestad, former senators Rico Oller and Tim Leslie and Congressman Tom McClintock endorsed Keene's candidacy. On June 8, 2010 Doug LaMalfa defeated him in the primary.

Post political career
After serving in the legislature in 2009, Keene joined the Sacramento law firm of Wilke Fleury as "Of Counsel."

In the summer of 2010 he created a business, Keene Consulting.

In 2012 he was hired in house by SAS Institute to assist them with business development within the State of California.

In 2015 he restarted Keene Consulting as a senior strategic advisor, assisting various IT technologies with matching their capabilities with State priorities and needs and helping State entities navigate the states procurement, funding and approval processes, which he still does currently.

title: Rick Keene


text: Template:EU-stub

title: Template:EU-stub


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User talk:Daniel Geisler

User subpages
Hi, when you create a subpage in your user space to work on articles, be sure to include User: before Daniel Geisler in the article title; otherwise, you're creating mainspace articles that begin with Daniel Geisler. I've moved Daniel Geisler:Tetration and Daniel Geisler:Tetration Background to User:Daniel Geisler/Tetration and User:Daniel Geisler/Tetration Background for you. Schazjmd  (talk)  17:14, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

White Bird Clinic moved to draftspace
Thanks for your contributions to White Bird Clinic. Unfortunately, I do not think it is ready for publishing at this time because it needs more sources to establish notability, it is promotional and reads like an advertisement and please see WP:NPOV and WP:GNG. I have converted your article to a draft which you can improve, undisturbed for a while.

Please see more information at Help:Unreviewed new page. When the article is ready for publication, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page OR move the page back.  Just ' i ' yaya  02:41, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Hiya, I would strongly discourage using large language models (Special:Diff/1182070815) for original content, you would experience significant WP:BACKWARDS and in this case WP:NPOV issues, and would require heavy editing before publishing. Large language models provides some guidance on this.  Just ' i ' yaya  02:46, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Please delete the draft. Daniel Geisler (talk) 06:35, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

Howdy Justiyaya, as a client of White Bird Clinic and potential volunteer, I may not be the right person to write the article, so I have deleted it.Daniel Geisler (talk) 06:19, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daniel Geisler