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History of the Jews in Bessarabia

The history of the Jews in Bessarabia, a historical region in Eastern Europe, dates back hundreds of years.

Early history
Jews are mentioned from very early on in the Principality of Moldavia, but they did not represent a significant number. Their main activity in Moldavia was commerce, but they could not compete with Greeks and Armenians, who had knowledge of Levantine commerce and relationships.

Several times, when Jewish merchants created monopolies in some places in north Moldavia, Moldavian rulers sent them back to Galicia and Podolia. One such example was during the reign of Petru Şchiopul (1583–1591), who favored the English merchants led by William Harborne.

In the 18th century, more Jews started to settle in Moldavia. Some of them were in charge of the Dniester crossings, replacing Moldavians and Greeks, until the captain of Soroca demanded their expulsion.

Others traded with spirits (horilka), first brought in from Ukraine, afterward building local velniţas (pre-industrial distilleries) on boyar manors. The number of Jews increased significantly during the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), when the Podolia-Moldavia border was open.

When this war ended, in 1812, Bessarabia (eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia) was annexed by the Russian Empire.

Status
The 1818 Statutory Law (Aşezământul) of the Governorate of Bessarabia mentions Jews as a separate state (social class), which was further divided into merchants, tradesmen, and land-workers. Unlike the other states, Jews were not allowed to own agricultural land, with the exception of "empty lots only from the property of the state, for cultivation and for building factories". Jews were allowed to keep and control the sale of spirits on government and private manors, to hold "mills, velniţas, breweries, and similar holdings", but were explicitly disallowed to "rule over Christians". During the 1817 census, there were 3,826 Jewish families in Bessarabia (estimated at 19,000 people, or 4.2% of the total population).

Rural colonies
Over the next generations, the Jewish population of Bessarabia grew significantly. Unlike most of the rest of the Russian Empire, in Bessarabia, Jews were allowed to settle in fairs and cities. Tsar Nicholas I issued an ukaz (decree) that allowed Jews to settle in Bessarabia "in a higher number", giving settled Jews two years free of taxation. At the same time, Jews from Podolia and Kherson Governorates were given five years free of taxation if they crossed the Dniester and settle in Bessarabia.

As a result, the merchant activity was not enough to sustain all Jews, which led the Tsarist authorities to create 17 Jewish agricultural colonies:

In Soroca County

 * Dumbrăveni (now part of Vădeni commune)
 * Brăciova (Bricevo, now Briceva, part of Târnova commune in Dondușeni district)
 * Mărculești (Starăuca/Starovka, for some period)
 * Vârtojani (Vertiujeni, Șteap for some period)
 * Lublin (later Nemirovka, now Nimereuca)
 * Căprești
 * Zguriţa
 * Maramonovca
 * Constantinovca

In Orhei County

 * Șibca (now Șipca)
 * Nicolaevca-Blagodaţi (now Neculăieuca)
 * Teleneștii Noi

In Chișinău County

 * Grătiești and Hulboaca under joint administration (both now part of Grătești commune within Rîșcani sector of Chișinău)

In Bălți County

 * Alexăndreni (now part of Alexăndreni Commune in Sîngerei District)
 * Valea lui Vlad (now part of Dumbrăvița Commune in Sîngerei District)

In Hotin County

 * Lomacinţa (now in Dnistrovskyi Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine)

In Tighina County
10,589 Jews were settled in these villages, forming 1,082 households. This plan was borrowed from the ideas of Emperor Joseph II of Austria in regard to Bukovina Jews, but it became impractical as there Jews preferred to leave Bukovina than to settle in villages. The impression that Jews would not stay in the rural areas was proved wrong by the Russian Tzar, as his colonization at first seemed a success. However, after several years, Jews in these rural colonies preferred merchant activities with cattle, leather, wool, tobacco, while their agricultural land was mostly rented out to Christian peasants. After more years, many of these Jews moved to fairs and sold their land to Moldavians. During the 1856 census, there were 78,751 Jews in Bessarabia (about 8% of the total population of 990,000).
 * Romanăuţi (Romanovca) (now within city limits of Basarabeasca)

Late 19th and early 20th centuries

 * 1889: There were 180,918 Jews of a total population of 1,628,867 in Bessarabia, or 11.11%
 * 1897: The Jewish population had grown to 225,637 of a total of 1,936,392, or 11.65%
 * 1903: Chișinău (then known as Kishinev), in Russian Bessarabia had a Jewish population of 50,000, or 46%, out of a total of approximately 110,000. Jewish life flourished with 16 Jewish schools and over 2,000 pupils in Chişinău alone.

Kishinev pogrom
16 February 1903: Kishinev pogrom.

In 1903, a Christian Ukrainian boy, Mikhail Ribalenko, was found murdered in the town of Dubăsari, about 25 mi northeast of Chișinău; the town is on the left bank of the river Dniester and was not a part of Bessarabia. Although it was clear that the boy had been killed by a relative (who was later found), the government called it a ritual murder plot by the Jews. The mobs were incited by Pavel Krushevan, the editor of the Russian language anti-Semitic newspaper Bessarabian and the vice-governor Ustrugov. The newspaper regularly accused the Jewish community of numerous crimes, and on multiple occasions published headlines such as "Death to the Jews!" and "Crusade Against the Hated Race!" They used the age-old calumny against the Jews (that the boy had been killed to use his blood in preparation of matzo).

Viacheslav Plehve, the Minister of Interior, supposedly gave orders not to stop the rioters. However, the pogrom lasted for three days, without the intervention of the police. Forty seven (some say 49) Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded, 500 slightly wounded and over 700 houses destroyed. Despite a world outcry, only two men were sentenced to seven and five years and 22 were sentenced for one or two years. This pogrom is considered the first state-inspired action against Jews in the 20th century and was instrumental in convincing tens of thousands of Russian Jews to leave to the West and to Palestine. Many of the younger Jews, including Mendel Portugali, made an effort to defend the community.

Moldavian Democratic Republic
In the Sfatul Țării, Bessarabian Jews were represented by:
 * Isac Gherman, 60 years old, lawyer from Chişinău
 * Eugen Kenigschatz, 58, lawyer, Chişinău
 * Samuel Lichtmann, 60, civil servant
 * Moise Slutski, 62, physician, Chişinău
 * Gutman Landau, 40, civil servant
 * Mendel Steinberg

The former four abstained from vote for the Union of Bessarabia with Romania on April 9 1918, while the latter two were absent.

Greater Romania

 * 1920: The Jewish population had grown to approx. 267,000.
 * 1930: Romanian census registers 270,000 Jews

The Holocaust
In 1941, the Einsatzkommandos, German mobile killing units drawn from the Nazi SS and commanded by Otto Ohlendorf entered Bessarabia. They were instrumental in the massacre of many Jews in Bessarabia, who did not flee in face of the German advance. On 8 July 1941, Mihai Antonescu, deputy prime minister and Romania's ruler at the time, made a declaration in front of the Ministers' Council:

 * … With the risk of not being understood by some traditionalists which may be among you, I am in favour of the forced migration of the entire Jew element from Bessarabia and Bukovina, which must be thrown over the border. Also, I am in favor of the forced migration of the Ukrainian element, which does not belong here at this time. I don't care if we appear in history as barbarians. The Roman Empire has made a series of barbaric acts from a contemporary point of view and, still, was the greatest political settlement. There has never been a more suitable moment. If necessary, shoot with the machine gun. (This quote can be found in "The Stenograms of the Ministers' Council, Ion Antonescu's Government", vol. IV, July–September 1941 period, Bucharest, year 2000, page 57) (Stenogramele şedinţelor Consiliului de Miniştri, Guvernarea Ion Antonescu, vol. IV, perioada iulie-septembrie 1941, București, anul 2000, pagina 57).

The killing squads of Einsatzgruppe D, with special non-military units attached to the German Wehrmacht and Romanian Armies were involved in many massacres in Bessarabia (over 10,000 in a single month of war, in June–July 1941), while deporting other thousands to Transnistria. The majority (up to 2/3) of Jews from Bessarabia (207,000 as of the last census of 1930) fled before the retreat of the Soviet troops. However, 110,033 people from Bessarabia and Bukovina (the latter included at the time the counties of Cernăuţi, Storojineţ, Rădăuţi, Suceava, Câmpulung, and Dorohoi: some other 100,000 Jews) — all except a small minority of the Jews that did not flee in 1941 — were deported to Transnistria, a region that was under Romanian military control during 1941–1944.

In ghettos organized in several towns, as well as in camps (there was a comparable number of Jews from Transnistria in those camps) many people died from starvation, bad sanitation, or by being shot by special Nazi units right before the arrival of Soviet troops in 1944. The Romanian military administration of Transnistria kept very poor records of the people in the ghettos and camps. The only exact number found in Romanian sources is that 59,392 died in the ghettos and camps from the moment those were open until mid-1943. This number includes all internees regardless of their origin, but does not include those that perished on the way to the camps, those that perished between mid-1943 and spring 1944, as well as the thousands who perished in the immediate aftermath of the Romanian army's taking control of Transnistria (see Odessa massacre).

In June–July 1941, about 10,000 (mostly civilians) were killed during the military action in the region in 1941 by German Einzatsgruppe D units and on some occasions by some Romanian troops. In Sculeni, several dozen local Jews were killed by the Romanian troops. In Bălţi around 150 local civilians were shot by Einzatsgruppe (the young women were also raped), and 14 Jewish POWs by the Romanians. In Mărculeşti, 486 Soviet POWs of Jewish origin (many conscripted locals), who were left behind by the Soviet army because of wounds, to avoid being surrounded, were shot. Approximately 40 corpses of Jews were found dumped at the outskirts of Orhei, executed either by the German or Romanian units. From 1941 to 1942, 120,000 Jews from Bessarabia, all of Bukovina, and the Dorohoi county in Romania proper, were deported to ghettos and concentration camps in Transnistria, with only a small portion returning in 1944. The ones who died did so in the most inhuman and horrible conditions. (In the same ghettos and camps there were many Jews from that region as well, responsibility for whose death lies on the Romanian authorities that occupied it in 1941–44.)

The remainder of the 270,000 Jewish community of the region survived World War II. Mostly these were Bessarabian Jews who wisely retreated before the departure of the Soviet troops in mid-July 1941. However, the only good thing that can be said about their fate during 1941–1944 was that they survived, because the conditions under which they traveled to the interior of the USSR (e.g., to Uzbekistan) in the summer of 1941 and their conditions at their arrival were very bad. Around 15,000 Jews from Cernăuţi and further 5,000 from elsewhere in Bukovina were saved by the then-mayor of the city Traian Popovici. Nevertheless, he was not able to save everyone, and some 20,000 Bukovinian Jews were deported to Transnistria. At the end of the war, the remaining Jewish community of Bukovina decided to move to Israel.

As a result of the departure of the Romanian intellectuals in 1940 and 1944, of the Bukovinian Germans in 1940–41, of the surviving Bukovinian Jews in 1945, and of the forceful repatriation of Bukovinian Polish to Poland, Cernăuţi, one of the cultural and university "jewels" of Austria-Hungary and Romania ceased to exist as such: its population (already 100,000 in 1930) being greatly reduced. After the war, some Bukovinian Ukrainians from the countryside, as well as a few Ukrainians from Podolia and Galicia moved to the city. However, they were generally excluded from the Soviet apparatus and higher positions in the economy and administration, which was formed mostly by people known to be loyal to the Soviet system sent from eastern Ukraine or from other parts of the USSR.

Present day

By the end of 1993, there were an estimated 15,000 Jews in the Republic of Moldova. In the same year 2,173 Jews emigrated to Israel. There were two Jewish periodical publications, both published in Chișinău. The one most widely circulated was наш голос Nash golos —אונדזער קול Undzer kol ("Our Voice"), in Yiddish and Russian.

Demographics
Notes: 1 4 districts of Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine 2 Briceni and Edineț Districts of Moldova 3 Ocnița, Donduşeni, Drochia, Soroca, and Floreşti districts of Moldova 4 Rîșcani, Glodeni, Fălești, Sîngerei, and Ungheni districts, and municipality of Bălți in Moldova 5 Rezina, Șoldănești, Teleneţti, Orhei, Dubăsari, and Criuleni Districts of Moldova 6 Călărași, Nisporeni, Străşeni, Ialoveni, Hînceşti districts, and municipality of Chişinău in Moldova 7 Anenii Noi, Căuşeni, Cimişlia and Basarabeasca districts, and municipality of Tighina (Bender) in Moldova 8 Leova, Cantemir, Cahul and Taraclia districts, and Gagauzia in Moldova 9 9 districts and 2 cities of Odessa Oblast of Ukraine 10 Ștefan Vodă District of Moldova

Sources:
 * Recensământul General al Populaţiei României din 29 Decemvrie 1930. Vol. II: Neam, Limbă Maternă, Religie. București 1938.
 * Moldovan Census (2004)

According to the 1930 Romanian Census, Jews were distributed in Bessarabia as follows:
 * Hotin County: Hotin, 5,781, Briceni-Târg, 5,354, Edineţi-Târg, 5,341, Lipcani-Târg 4,693, Secureni-Târg, 4,200, Suliţa-Târg 4,152, Clişcăuţi 452, Edineţi-Sat, 398, other localities 5,614. Total: 35,985
 * Soroca County: Soroca, 5,417, Zguriţa, 2,541, Briceva, 2,431, Otaci-Târg 2,781, Mărculeşti-Colonie, 2,319, Vadu-Raşcu, 1,958, Vârtejeni-Colonie, 1,834, Căpreşti-Colonie, 1,815, Dumbrăveni, 1,198, Floreştii-Noi 372, Cotiujenii Mari 367, Dondoşani-Gară, 277, Liublin-Colonie 274, Târnova, 236, Ocnița-Gară, 200, other localities 5,171. Total: 29,191
 * Bălți County: Bălți, 14,229, Făleşti, 3,263, Rășcani-Târg 2,055, Ungheni-Târg, 1,368, Valea-lui-Vlad, 1,281, Sculeni-Târg, 1,204, Pârliţa-Târg, 1,064, Alexandreni-Târg, 1,018, Cornești-Târg 338, Glodeni, 212, other localities 5,663. Total: 31,695
 * Orhei County:
 * Lăpușna County:
 * Tighina County:
 * Cahul County: Leova, 2,324, Cahul, 803, Baimaclia, 509, other localities 798. Total: 4,434
 * Ismail County: Chilia-Nouă, 1,952, Ismail, 1,623, Bolgrad, 1,215, Reni, 1,170, other localities 346. Total: 6,306
 * Cetatea Albă County: Cetatea Albă 4,239, Tarutino, 1,546, Tatar-Bunar, 1,194, Bairamcea, 805, Volintiri 420, Arciz, 342, Sărata, 316, other localities 2,528. Total: 11,390

According to the 2004 Census, there are 4,000 Jews in the Bessarabian part of Moldova (excluding Transnistria), including: There were also 867 Jews in Transnistria, including
 * 2,649 in Chişinău,
 * 411 in Bălți,
 * 385 in Tighina (Bender),
 * 548 in other localities under Chişinău control, and
 * 7 in suburbs of Tighina (Bender) under Tiraspol control.
 * 573 in Tiraspol,
 * 166 in Rîbnița, and
 * 128 in other localities.

title: History of the Jews in Bessarabia


text: Category:1900s in rail transport

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title: Category:1900s in rail transport


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text: Category:1890s in rail transport

title: Category:1890s in rail transport


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New Synagogue (Berlin)

The New Synagogue (Neue Synagoge) on Oranienburger Straße in Berlin is a mid-19th century synagogue built as the main place of worship for the city's Jewish community, succeeding the Old Synagogue which the community outgrew. Because of its eastern Moorish style and resemblance to the Alhambra, the New Synagogue is an important architectural monument in Germany.

The building was designed by Eduard Knoblauch. Following Knoblauch's death in 1865, Friedrich August Stüler took responsibility for the majority of its construction as well as for its interior arrangement and design. It was inaugurated in the presence of Count Otto von Bismarck, then Minister President of Prussia, in 1866. One of the few synagogues to survive Kristallnacht, it was badly damaged prior to and during World War II and subsequently much was demolished; the present building on the site is a reconstruction of the ruined street frontage with its entrance, dome and towers, along with only a few rooms behind. It is truncated before the point where the main hall of the synagogue began.

Building
The front of the building, facing Oranienburger Straße, is polychrome brickwork, richly ornamented with sculpted bricks and terracotta, accented by coloured glazed bricks. Beyond the entrance, the building's alignment changes to mesh with pre-existing structures. The synagogue's main dome, with its gilded ribs, is an eye-catching landmark.

The central dome is flanked by two smaller pavilion-like domes on the two side-wings. Beyond the façade was the front hall and the main hall with 3,000 seats. Due to the unfavourable alignment of the property, the building's design required adjustment along a slightly turned axis.

The Neue Synagoge is also a monument of early iron construction. The new building material was visible in the outside columns, as well as in the dome's construction. Iron was also a core component for the now-lost floor structure of the main hall.

History
The New Synagogue was built to serve the growing Jewish population in Berlin, in particular, immigrants from the East. It was the largest synagogue in Germany at the time, seating 3,000 people. The building housed public concerts, including a violin concert with Albert Einstein in 1930. With an organ and a choir, the religious services reflected the liberal developments in the Jewish community of the time.

One of the concerts that occurred here was a Sabbath evening service composed by Jacob Weinberg (1879–1956) and conducted by estimed conductor Chemjo Winawer. Winawer had been looking for a religious piece to conduct here and he discovered Jacob Weinberg's work. According to the Jewish Telegraph Service article of 26 October 1934, the Sabbath eve liturgy was performed in front of a packed house of 3,000 in this synagogue on 25 October 1936. It was met with an enthusiastic ovation. The work comprises twelve different musical compositions, all based on the prayers recited during the Sabbath Eve religious service. The collaboration was such a success that Winawer collaborated with Jacob Weinberg again on 5 September 1938 when he conducted Weinberg's prize-winning opera "The Pioneers of Palestine" (aka "Hechalutz" or "Die Chalutzim"), the first opera on Hebrew/Israeli themes (composed in 1924). It was performed on 5 September 1938, at another Berlin synagogue on Prinzregentenstrasse, as part of the Kulturbund. The Kulturbund was a program that permitted performances of Jewish works in Germany as the Nazi regime escalated. The Nazis did not allow Jewish works to be performed in regular concert halls attended by Aryans, but it did allow such works to be performed in other spaces such as synagogues. It was administered by Kurt Singer. The New Synagogue (the Neue Synagogue on Oranienburger Street) survived Kristallnacht, the pogrom of 9–10 November 1938. Unfortunately the equally-grand synagogue on Prinzregentenstrasse did not survive Kristallnacht. It was plundered of its valuables, torched, and ultimately destroyed; only a bronze plaque at the site remains of this magnificent structure. Both Jacob Weinberg and Chemjo Winawer went to the United States to avoid Nazi persecution.

During the November Pogrom (9 November 1938), colloquially euphemised as "Kristallnacht", a Nazi mob broke into the Neue Synagoge, desecrated the Torah scrolls, smashed the furniture, piled up such contents as would burn in the synagogue interior, and set fire to them. Lieutenant Otto Bellgardt, the police officer of the local police precinct on duty that night, arrived on the scene in the early morning of 10 November and ordered the arsonists to disperse. He said the building was a protected historical landmark and drew his pistol, declaring that he would uphold the law requiring its protection. This allowed the fire brigade to enter and extinguish the fire before it could spread to the fabric of the building, and the synagogue was saved from destruction. Senior Lieutenant Wilhelm Krützfeld, head of the local police precinct, and Bellgardt's superior, later covered up for him. Berlin's police commissioner Graf Helldorf only verbally reprimanded Krützfeld for shielding his subordinate and, partly in consequence, Krützfeld has often mistakenly been identified as the rescuer of the New Synagogue.

The New Synagogue, like the synagogue in Rykestrasse, remained intact and was subsequently repaired by the congregation, who continued to use it as synagogue until 1940. Besides being used for prayers, the main hall was also used for concerts and lectures, since Jews were banned from other venues. The main prayer hall was last used by the congregation for a concert on Sunday, 31 March 1940. The concert was the last of a series of benefit concerts in aid of the Jüdisches Winterhilfswerk (Jewish Winter Aid Endowment), a charity helping poor Jews, who had been excluded from government benefits. On 5 April 1940 the Jüdisches Nachrichtenblatt was required to announce that services in the New Synagogue would not be held until further notice; this was the usual way Nazi prohibitions were publicised. Congregants were requested to evacuate their belongings from their shelves in the prayer hall by Monday 8 April. The main hall was then seized by the Heeresbekleidungsamt III (uniform department No. III) of the Heer (German Army), who used it to store uniforms.

The Rykestraße Synagogue was closed and seized by the Heer a week later. The Jewish Community of Berlin continued to use the office rooms in the front section of New Synagogue, including the Repräsentantensaal (hall of the assembly of elected community representatives) below the golden dome. The congregation occasionally held prayers in this hall until September 1942, when it had to evacuate the front section as well. During World War II the New Synagogue was heavily damaged; it was completely burned after Allied bombing during the Battle of Berlin, a series of British air raids lasting from 18 November 1943 until 25 March 1944. The strike on the New Synagogue was recorded in the Berlin police commissioner's bomb damage reports, regularly issued after attacks, for the raid on the night of 22–23 November 1943.

The building to the left from the New Synagogue, and the second one to the right at Oranienburger Straße 28, also belonged to Berlin's Jewish Community. These buildings survived the war intact, and it was in the latter that surviving Jews formally reconstituted the Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin, Berlin's mainstream Jewish congregation, in 1946. In the immediate post-war years, there were the anti-Semitic manifestations in Czechoslovakia (Slánský trial, November 1952), arrests and interrogations of Jews in East Berlin and East Germany (January 1953), and the Soviet Doctors' plot (started on 13 January 1953). Members of the Jüdische Gemeinde in East Berlin, hoping to spare themselves from further persecution, formed a new provisional executive board competent only for the eastern sector, and thus divided the Jewish community into an eastern and a western one (21 January 1953).

In 1958 the Jewish Community of East Berlin was prompted to demolish the ruined rear sections of their building, including the soot-blackened ruin of the main prayer hall, leaving only the less-destroyed front section. The damaged, but mostly preserved, central dome on top of the front section was also torn down in the 1950s. East Berlin's Jewish Community, impoverished and small after the Holocaust (Shoah) and the flight of many surviving members from anti-Semitism, saw no chance to restore it.

It was not until the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 that reconstruction of the front section began. From 1988 to 1993, the structurally intact parts of the building close to the street, including the façade, the dome, and some rooms behind were restored as the "Centrum Judaicum" ("Jewish Center"); the main sanctuary was not restored. In May 1995, a small synagogue congregation was reestablished using the former women's wardrobe room. The area behind the restored frontage, formerly the main prayer hall, remains an empty space, and is open to visitors.

Together with the New Synagogue, the whole Spandauer Vorstadt neighbourhood (lit. "suburb towards Spandau", often confused with the Scheunenviertel) experienced a revival. Chic restaurants and boutiques opened up in the area, catering to an increasingly bourgeois clientele.

In 2007 Gesa Ederberg became the first female pulpit rabbi in Berlin when she became the rabbi of the New Synagogue. Her installation was opposed by Berlin's senior Orthodox rabbi, Yitzchak Ehrenberg.

Today
Jewish services are now held again in the New Synagogue; the congregation is the Berlin community's sole Masorti synagogue. Most of the building, however, houses offices and a museum. The dome may also be visited.

title: New Synagogue (Berlin)


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FIVB Senior World Rankings

The FIVB Senior World Rankings is a ranking system for men's and women's national teams in volleyball. The teams of the member nations of Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), volleyball's world governing body, are ranked based on their game results with the most successful teams being ranked highest. A points system is used, with points being awarded based on the results of all FIVB-recognised full international matches. The rankings are used in international competitions to define the seeded teams and arrange them in pools. Specific procedures for seeding and pooling are established by the FIVB in each competition's formula, but the method usually employed is the serpentine system.

The ranking system has been revamped in 2020, responding to criticism that the preceding calculation method did not effectively reflect the relative strengths of the national teams. The old version of the ranking system was finally used on 31 January 2020.

As of 23 July 2023, the highest ranked team in the men's category is Poland, while in the women's category is Turkey.

Previous calculation method
The system of point attribution for the selected FIVB World and Official Competitions below is as follows:
 * Olympic Games and qualifying tournaments: included for 4 years and points are also granted for the qualification matches, to the best non-qualified teams.
 * World Championship and qualifying tournaments: included for 4 years and points are also granted for the qualification matches, to the best non-qualified teams.
 * World Cup: included for 4 years
 * World Grand Prix: included for 1 year
 * World League: included for 1 year

Current calculation method
In 2019, FIVB collaborated with Hypercube Business Innovation of the Netherlands to design a new world ranking platform. The previous calculation method had a problem of circularity in the international volleyball calendar: only countries who participate in the major volleyball events can earn ranking points, whilst the number of ranking points of countries also determines seeding and access of teams for major events. This unfair principle does not contribute to the sporting and commercial quality of volleyball.

On 1 February 2020, the new ranking system will be implemented and will take into account all results from 1 January 2019. The system will be consistently updated to reflect the latest results and performances. The new World Ranking considers the match results from all official competitions:
 * Olympic Games and qualifying tournaments
 * FIVB World Championship
 * FIVB World Cup
 * FIVB Nations League and Challenger Cup
 * Confederations' Championship and qualifying tournaments
 * Other annual official events organized by Continental Confederations.

The rankings outcome of each match depends on two main factors:
 * The playing strength of the teams competing
 * The actual match performance or final result of the match

Ranking Procedure
It is based on the zero-sum system, like CONCACAF Ranking Index, and after each game points will be added to or subtracted from a team's rating according to the formula:
 * $$S_\text{after} = S_\text{before} + {K(R-E) \over 8} $$

where:
 * $$S_\text{after}$$ – the team's number of World Ranking scores after the game
 * $$S_\text{before}$$ – the team's number of World Ranking scores before the game
 * $$K$$ – the match importance:
 * 10.0 – Other annual official events organized by Continental Confederations
 * 17.5 – Confederations' Championship qualifying
 * 20.0 – FIVB Challenger Cup
 * 35.0 – Olympic Games qualifying, FIVB World Cup and Confederations' Championship
 * 40.0 – FIVB Nations League
 * 45.0 – FIVB World Championship
 * 50.0 – Olympic Games
 * $$R$$ – the result of the game depended on match and sets won (3-0, 3-1, 3-2, 2-3, 1-3 or 0-3)
 * $$E$$ – the expected result of the game has the value between -2 and +2. If the match is completely balanced, the expected result is 0. The bigger the surprise, the more points are transferred.

Strength difference between the teams

 * $$ \Delta = {8(S_\text{teamA}-S_\text{teamB}) \over 1000} $$

where:
 * $$S_\text{teamA}$$ – the team A's number of World Ranking scores before the game
 * $$S_\text{teamB}$$ – the team B's number of World Ranking scores before the game

Probability of outcomes

 * Team A win 3–0
 * $$ P_\text{1} = \sim N(0,1)(C_\text{1}+\Delta) $$

 * Team A win 3–1
 * $$ P_\text{2} = \sim N(0,1)(C_\text{2}+\Delta) - \sim N(0,1)(C_\text{1}+\Delta) $$

 * Team A win 3–2
 * $$ P_\text{3} = \sim N(0,1)(C_\text{3}+\Delta) - \sim N(0,1)(C_\text{2}+\Delta) $$

 * Team A lose 2–3
 * $$ P_\text{4} = \sim N(0,1)(C_\text{4}+\Delta) - \sim N(0,1)(C_\text{3}+\Delta)$$

 * Team A lose 1–3
 * $$ P_\text{5} = \sim N(0,1)(C_\text{5}+\Delta) - \sim N(0,1)(C_\text{4}+\Delta) $$

 * Team A lose 0–3
 * $$ P_\text{6} = 1- \sim N(0,1)(C_\text{5}+\Delta) $$

where:
 * $$ C_\text{n} $$ – the cut-points in the normal distribution that represent the average outcome of a match between two equal strength opponents derived from the actual match results of the past decade

Expected match result

 * $$ E = R_\text{1}P\text{1} + R_\text{2}P\text{2} + R_\text{3}P\text{3} + R_\text{4}P\text{4} + R_\text{5}P\text{5} + R_\text{6}P\text{6}$$

where:
 * $$ R_\text{n}$$ – the actual result or set score variant
 * $$n=1$$ – A win 3–0
 * $$n=2$$ – A win 3–1
 * $$n=3$$ – A win 3–2
 * $$n=4$$ – A lose 2–3
 * $$n=5$$ – A lose 1–3
 * $$n=6$$ – A lose 0–3

Examples
There are the examples of the new ranking procedure.

Before the match at the FIVB Volleyball World Championship (K = 45), Brazil (Team A) is ranked number 1 with a 415 WR score and Japan (Team B) is ranked number 11 with a 192 WR score.

 * Strength difference between Brazil and Japan
 * $$ \Delta = {8(415-192) \over 1000} = 1.784 $$

 * Expected match result

 * $$ C_\text{1} = -1.060 $$
 * $$ C_\text{2} = -0.364 $$
 * $$ C_\text{3} = 0.000 $$
 * $$ C_\text{4} = 0.364 $$
 * $$ C_\text{5} = 1.060 $$

 * $$P_\text{1} = \sim N(0,1)(-1.060+1.784)$$
 * $$P_\text{2} = \sim N(0,1)(-0.364+1.784) - \sim N(0,1)(-1.060+1.784)$$
 * $$P_\text{3} = \sim N(0,1)(0.000+1.784) - \sim N(0,1)(-0.364+1.784)$$
 * $$P_\text{4} = \sim N(0,1)(0.364+1.784) - \sim N(0,1)(0.000+1.784)$$
 * $$P_\text{5} = \sim N(0,1)(1.060+1.784) - \sim N(0,1)(0.364+1.784)$$
 * $$P_\text{5} = 1 - \sim N(0,1)(1.060+1.784)$$

Expected match result for Brazil:
 * $$ E = 76.5%(+2) + 15.2%(+1.5) + 4.5%(+1) + 2.2%(-1) + 1.2%(-1.5) + 0.2%(-2) = +1.76$$

Expected match result for Japan:
 * $$ E = 0.2%(+2) + 1.2%(+1.5) + 2.2%(+1) + 4.5%(-1) + 15.2%(-1.5) + 76.5%(-2) = -1.76$$

World Ranking scores for Brazil:
 * World Ranking scores after Brazil win 3–0
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{415} + {45(2-1.76) \over 8} = 416.35 $$

World Ranking scores for Japan:
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{192} + {45(-2+1.76) \over 8} = 190.65 $$

World Ranking scores for Brazil:
 * World Ranking scores after Brazil win 3–1
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{415} + {45(1.5-1.76) \over 8} = 413.54 $$

World Ranking scores for Japan:
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{192} + {45(-1.5+1.76) \over 8} = 193.46 $$

World Ranking scores for Brazil:
 * World Ranking scores after Brazil win 3–2
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{415} + {45(1-1.76) \over 8} = 410.73 $$

World Ranking scores for Japan:
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{192} + {45(-1+1.76) \over 8} = 196.27 $$

World Ranking scores for Brazil:
 * World Ranking scores after Brazil lose 0–3
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{415} + {45(-2-1.76) \over 8} = 393.85 $$

World Ranking scores for Japan:
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{192} + {45(2+1.76) \over 8} = 213.15 $$

World Ranking scores for Brazil:
 * World Ranking scores after Brazil lose 1–3
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{415} + {45(-1.5-1.76) \over 8} = 396.66 $$

World Ranking scores for Japan:
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{192} + {45(1.5+1.76) \over 8} = 210.34 $$

World Ranking scores for Brazil:
 * World Ranking scores after Brazil lose 2–3
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{415} + {45(-1-1.76) \over 8} = 399.48 $$

World Ranking scores for Japan:
 * $$S_\text{after} = \text{192} + {45(1+1.76) \over 8} = 207.52 $$

World and Continental Rankings
The five Continental Rankings filter the World Ranking points won and lost in matches played between teams from the same Continental Confederation.
 * Intercontinental Tournaments – calculated in World Rankings, but some matches can be calculated in Continental Rankings
 * Olympic Games final and intercontinental qualification tournaments
 * FIVB World Championship final and intercontinental qualification tournaments
 * FIVB World Cup
 * FIVB Volleyball Nations League and Challenger Cup
 * some Continental Cups: Pan-America
 * some FIVB recognised international events, e.g. Pan American Games, Montreux Volley Masters

 * Continental Tournaments – calculated in World and Continental Rankings
 * Olympic Games continental qualification tournaments
 * FIVB World Championship continental qualification tournaments
 * FIVB Challenger Cup qualification tournaments
 * Continental Championships: Asia (AVC), Africa (CAVB), Europe (CEV), North America (NORCECA), and South America (CSV)
 * some Continental Cups: Asia (both AVC Cup and Challenge Cup)
 * Zonal Championships, e.g. Eastern Asia, ASEAN, Central America
 * some FIVB recognised international events, e.g. African Games, Asian Games, European Games

Japan (Asian Volleyball Confederation) vs Italy (Confédération Européenne de Volleyball) The points calculated in FIVB World Rankings.
 * Examples

Japan (Asian Volleyball Confederation) vs South Korea (Asian Volleyball Confederation) The points calculated in FIVB World Rankings, and AVC Continental Rankings.

Historic men's leaders
For historical men's FIVB rankings from October 2005 to present.

Historic women's leaders
For historical women's FIVB rankings from September 2005 to present.

title: FIVB Senior World Rankings


text: User talk:38.119.188.39

title: User talk:38.119.188.39


text:
User:MarkusHagenlocher

My name ist Markus Hagenlocher and I'm a user from the German Wikipedia.

 * my wishlist
 * my picture gallery

de:Benutzer:MarkusHagenlocher

title: User:MarkusHagenlocher


text: User talk:69.231.150.115

title: User talk:69.231.150.115


text:
KSCO

KSCO (1080 AM) is a commercial radio station broadcasting a talk radio format. The station is owned by Zwerling Broadcasting and is licensed to Santa Cruz, California. The radio studios and offices are on Portola Drive in Santa Cruz. The station can be heard over much of Central California during the day.

By day, KSCO broadcasts at 10,000 watts. Because 1080 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for KRLD Dallas and WTIC Hartford, at sunset, to avoid interference, KSCO gradually reduces power to 22 watts. It uses a non-directional antenna at all times KSCO also has three translator stations to broadcast its programming on the FM dial.

History
KSCO signed on the air on September 21, 1947. It originally was powered at 1,000 watts by day and was housed in a distinctive art deco building, which was constructed for the station, and still broadcasts there today. The founder was Charles Vernon Berlin, who also served as General Manager and Chief Engineer. In 1962, he added 99.1 KSCO-FM (now KSQL).

In 1986, Berlin sold KSCO-AM-FM to Fuller-Jeffrey Broadcasting which owned numerous stations around the country. The AM station went to an automated format of adult standards. On March 10, 1987, KSCO-FM changed its call letters to KLRS (Colors) and its format to a new-age music format, the first station in North America to do so, with Mark Hammond as program director and Jay Peterson music director

Since 1991, KSCO has been owned by the Zwerling family and has a talk radio format. The Zwerlings later acquired another local AM station, 1340 KOMY. Both Michael and his mother Kay Zwerling took an active role in the station with the former regularly hosting the call-in show Saturday Special and the latter writing and voicing politically conservative commentaries on a variety of topics, especially politics and current events. On January 3, 2017 Kay Zwerling died at 95 years old.

On September 25, 2006, the offices of KSCO and KOMY received an envelope containing white powder. The envelope, which had no return address and contained no letter, was addressed to "AUNTIE KSCO" in handwriting described by Program Director Rosemary Chalmers as "chicken-scratch." Emergency response teams arrived on scene, and all KSCO personnel in the building were evacuated by a HazMat crew. By the evening of Tuesday, September 26, an FBI lab had determined that the powder was inert, and KSCO/KOMY's broadcast studios were deemed safe. Regular broadcasting resumed at 8 p.m. None of the four people who came in contact with the envelope experienced symptoms of any illness.

On October 24, 2022, the FCC proposed a $20,000 fine for Zwerling Broadcasting System, because KSCO had been operating outside of its licensed nighttime parameters since late 1996. On December 15, 2022, the FCC denied Zwerling Broadcasting's appeal, and affirmed the $20,000 fine for KSCO.

Apparently as a consequence of the cited long-term unauthorized nighttime operations, KSCO was directed to apply for a daytime-only (Class D) license, with nighttime power sufficiently reduced to fully protect KRLD (AM), and this application has been submitted, and authorization is pending. The application requests 0.028 kW (twenty-eight watts) nights, non-directionally. Daytime power remains 10 kW, also non-directionally.

Programming
The station programming is a mix of local, syndicated and brokered programming (meaning a person can purchase an available hour of time and produce their own show). A host can either pay for the hour out of his or her own pocket or find local businesses to sponsor the show in exchange for advertising.

The programming is a mix of local and national shows. The morning hours feature a syndicated news and commentary show called Armstrong & Getty, followed by NewsMax host Rob Carson, financial advisor Dave Ramsey, and various local shows covering money management, real estate law, and everything about cars. Afternoon drive time comedy and local interest is hosted by Dave Michaels. Evening and nighttime offerings include Dr. Joel Wallach, Wayne Allen Root, and Coast to Coast AM with George Noory.

KSCO does not subscribe to rating services, so listenership is unreported.

Past KSCO local programs were hosted by Rosemary Chalmers, Michael Olson, Vernon Bohr, Ethan Bearman, Daryl Alan Gault, Rob Roberts, Brian Maloney, and more. Current local hosts include Pamela Fugitt-Hetrick, Duncan McCollum, and Dean Sutton.

Translators
On August 3, 2015, KSCO launched an FM simulcast on 104.1 MHz with translator K281CA from the Mt. Madonna Tower. It uses a directional antenna with most of the signal directed to the west.

On May 11, 2017 KSCO was granted a license for translator K300DD on 107.9 MHz from the Mt. Madonna Tower. It uses a directional antenna with most of the signal directed to the north northeast.

On June 8, 2017 KSCO was granted a license for translator K239CN on 95.7 MHz from the Mt. Madonna tower. It uses a directional antenna with most of the signal directed to the east southeast.

title: KSCO


text:
Talk:Sancho Panza

Untitled
We know that the English word "quixotic" means romantic and impractical, and that there is an equivalent Spanish word "quijotesco". There seems to be a related Spanish word "sanchismo", for which there's no English equivalent. What's the exact definition of "sanchismo"?

In the text of Don Quixote I'm reading Sancho Panza is spelled Sancho Pança. Which is the spelling Cervantes used?

Sancho Pança. The Panza spelling was used after Cervantes had died. I think his daughter and other translators used Panza instead of Pança. Sandy June 21:36, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Sanchismos, Pança
Sancho is the not-so-dumb if realist peasant; his practical wisdom, in the form of clever and bitterly ironic refranes, are sanchismos. A refrán is loosely what a proverb is in English. Examples on the Spanish proverbs wikiquote page. The çedilla in Pança is archaic/pre-reform spelling; it is what Cervantes used. It's sound is a soft "th", like in 'the' or 'that'. The 'z' is a hard 'th', like "thud".

Insofar as sanchismos and quijotexco/quijotismos, you need to take into account that Cervantes wrote during the beginnings of the Enlightenment, when the main direction politics and science were taking was under Calvinism and Protestant Europe. He was well aware of the fact that all that became "science" came out of medieval Spain (Universidad de Salamanca, Toledo, Valencia) from the scholars left over from the Moorish occupation. ( He, and Goya later on, were extremely sarcastic about the Enlightenment 'fad' that swept Europe, and enraged by the political shifts going on in France and Germany, primarily due to the accession of the house of Hapsburg.) Cervantes was ridiculing the French romances as vulgar and weak (at the time), not the Spanish ones. The romance actually began in the court of Aragón, then spread into France and Germany via Naples and the French absorption of Gascony, which was Aquitaine and the upper extent of the Basque kingdoms (Navarra) until the 11th century.

Cervantes was, in my opinion, really commenting through the voice of Sancho, not Quixote.

Plasticdoor

"Don Quixote pokes gentle fun at the great Spanish hero El Cid, a protagonist in Le chançon de Roland"

Le Chason de Roland, 'The Song of Roland,' has nothing to do with El Cid; to the best of my knowledge, he is never mentioned. It would be an amazing feat, as it was sung well before its officially dated composition in 1080, and was about the historically murky battle of Roncevaux Pass (it is not known who attacked Charlemagne's vangaurd, either the traditional enemy Saracens or Basque peoples) around 780; El Cid died in 1100, and the peak of his fame was around 1090. So, as to Sancho Panza being a caraciture based on El Cid's characterization in the Song of Roland, I am highly suspect.

..........................

Quixote is allegory above all else. That a man of letters such as Cervantes would not be drawing allusion to Roland is equally as suspect, if not absurd. That Roland is not in El Mío Cid is a bit of a digression; that it cannot be proven is equally irrelevant to the purposes of interpreting Çanxo Pança. These oral traditions mutated and transformed; legend is highly mutable, and incorporated to literature in rather arcane ways. El Mío Cid is a tradition that spoke directly to the Spanish heart, and by extension, the French (southern French; very different than the northern).

Irony, especially biting irony, is entirely relevant to Cervantes. To ironize El Cid is not beyond the pale. It is irrelevant whether or not El Cid and Roland are at all related intellectually. The Chançon de Roland is, as you say, about the Roncevaux Pass, which cannot under any rational surmisal be expunged from a Spanish, much less Catalán or Aragonés, oral tradition.

Allegory is allegory, end of story. The Chançon de Roland originates in the Languedoc, which was culturally and linguistically much akin (and then some) to central and especially eastern Spain. Insight (as in native upbringing) into the peculiarities of the Spanish treatment of language is necessary in order to parse Quixote.PlasticDoor (talk) 19:14, 13 August 2010 (UTC)Plasticdoor

Quixote/Quijote
Don't really care, myself, which spelling is used, but I think whichever is chosen ought to be used consistently within the article, which currently switches between the two without any apparent reason for doing so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.14.47.207 (talk) 15:31, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

In an encyclopedia, any added, additional, exculpatory, or enlightening information about spellings and so forth are an improvement to understanding. An encyclopedia cannot be constrained, or should not be constrained, by frivolous standardizations for the sake of a unitary style in any given article. So long as the variant spelling is backed up with sufficient factual background, spelling variation is stylistically irrelevant and informationally very relevant. Consistency for its own sake is not helpful in these situations. PlasticDoor (talk) 19:27, 13 August 2010 (UTC)Plasticdoor

see Cockaigne
Perhaps its me but the reference to see Cockaigne has nothing to do with Barataria or does it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.64.242.186 (talk) 13:39, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Name of Sancho Panza's Donkey
A number of places on the Internet, and possibly books also, say that the name of Sancho Panza’s donkey is “Dapple.” However, in Don Quixote, Sancho Panza’s donkey is not given a name either in Spanish editions or in Edith Grossman’s English translation. Rather, Sancho refers to his donkey as “el rucio” (“the gray,” i.e., not as a proper noun, in Edith Grossman’s English translation). Note that “el rucio” is not used as a proper noun. Typical expressions, as can be confirmed using Internet searches in Spanish, are “el rucio” and “Rocinante y el rucio” but not “El Rucio” or “Rucio” as if “El Rucio” or “Rucio” were the name of Sancho’s donkey. Moreover, “rucio” does not mean “dapple” or “dappled.” Maybe “Dapple” appears in some loose English translation, but its use should be considered incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JacquotFresne (talk • contribs) 19:34, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sancho Panza


text:
Doryphoros

The Doryphoros (Greek Δορυφόρος Classical Greek, "Spear-Bearer"; Latinised as Doryphorus) of Polykleitos is one of the best known Greek sculptures of Classical antiquity, depicting a solidly built, muscular, standing warrior, originally bearing a spear balanced on his left shoulder. Rendered somewhat above life-size, the lost bronze original of the work would have been cast circa 440 BC, but it is today known only from later (mainly Roman period) marble copies. The work nonetheless forms an important early example of both Classical Greek contrapposto and classical realism; as such, the iconic Doryphoros proved highly influential elsewhere in ancient art.

Conception
The renowned Greek sculptor Polykleitos designed a sculptural work as a demonstration of his written treatise, entitled the Κανών (or 'Canon'), translated as "measure" or "rule"), exemplifying what he considered to be the perfectly harmonious and balanced proportions of the human body in the sculpted form.

At some point in the 2nd century AD, the Greek medical writer Galen wrote about the Doryphoros as the perfect visual expression of the Greeks' search for harmony and beauty, which is rendered in the perfectly proportioned sculpted male nude:

"Chrysippos holds beauty to consist not in the commensurability or "symmetria" [ie proportions] of the constituent elements [of the body], but in the commensurability of the parts, such as that of finger to finger, and of all the fingers to the palm and wrist, and of those to the forearm, and of the forearm to the upper arm, and in fact, of everything to everything else, just as it is written in the Canon of Polyclitus. For having taught us in that work all the proportions of the body, Polyclitus supported his treatise with a work: he made a statue according to the tenets of his treatise, and called the statue, like the work, the 'Canon'."

Polykleitos is known as the best sculptor of men, with the primary subjects of his works being male athletes with idealized body proportions. He was interested in the mathematical proportions of the human form, which led him to write an essay the Kanon, on the proportions of humans. The Doryphoros is an illustration of his writings in Kanon on the symmetry between the body parts. Polykleitos achieved a balance between muscular tensions and relaxation due to the chiastic principle that he relied on. "Scholars agree that Polykleitos based his calculations on a single module, perhaps the terminal section of the little finger, to determine the corresponding measurements of each body part" (MIA Doryphoros Plaque).

Description
The Doryphoros is a marble copy from Pompeii that dates from 120–50 BC. The original was made out of bronze in about 440 BC but is now lost (along with most other bronze sculptures made by a known Greek artist). Neither the original statue nor the treatise have yet been found; it is widely considered that they have not survived from antiquity. Fortunately, several Roman copies in marble—of varying quality and completeness—do survive to convey the essential form of Polykleitos' work.

The sculpture stands at approximately 6 feet 11 inches tall. Polykleitos used distinct proportions when creating this work; for example, the ratio of head to body size is one to seven. The figure's head turned slightly to the right, the heavily-muscled but athletic figure of the Doryphoros is depicted standing in the instant that he steps forward from a static pose. This posture reflects only the slightest incipient movement, and yet the limbs and torso are shown as fully responsive.

The left hand originally held a long spear; the left shoulder (on which the spear originally rested) is depicted as tensed and therefore slightly raised, with the left arm bent and tensed to maintain the spear's position. The figure's pose is classical contrapposto, most obviously seen in the angled positioning of the pelvis. The figure's right leg is straightened, depicted as supporting the body's weight, with the right hip raised and the right torso contracted. The left leg bears no weight and the left hip drops, slightly extending the torso on the left side. The right arm hangs positioned by the figure's side, bearing no load. It is perhaps the earliest extant example of a free-hanging arm in a statue.

In the surviving Roman marble copies, a large sculpted tree stump is added behind one leg of the statue in order to support the weight of the stone; this would not have been present in the original bronze (the tensile strength of the metal would have made this unnecessary). A small strut is also usually present to support the right hand and lower arm.

Extant Roman copies
The sculpture was known through the Roman marble replica found in Herculaneum and conserved in the Naples National Archaeological Museum but, according to Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, early connoisseurs such as Johann Joachim Winckelmann passed it by in the royal Bourbon collection at Naples without notable comment. The marble sculpture and a bronze head that had been retrieved at Herculaneum were published in Le Antichità di Ercolano, (1767) but were not identified as representing Polykleitos' Doryphorus until 1863.

For modern eyes, a fragmentary Doryphoros torso in basalt in the Medici collection at the Uffizi "conveys the effect of bronze, and is executed with unusual care", as Kenneth Clark noted, illustrating it in The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form: "It preserves some of the urgency and concentration of the original" lost in the full-size "blockish" marble copies.

Perhaps the best known copy of the Doryphoros was excavated in Pompeii and now resides in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli [Naples, Museo Nazionale 6011]. Held in the same museum is a bronze herma of Apollonios [height 0.54 m, Naples, Museo Nazionale 4885], considered by many scholars to be an almost flawless replica of the original Doryphoros head.

A well-preserved, Roman period copy of the statue in Pentelic marble, purchased in 1986 by the Minneapolis Institute of Art (MIA), has received some attention in recent years. This copy is 1.98 m high and dates to the first century BC or first century AD. It is the best-preserved surviving copy of the Doryphoros, though missing its left arm, a finger from its right hand, and its right foot. The sculpture was supposedly found in Italian waters during the 1930s and spent several decades in private collections before being loaned to the Munich Glyptothek in the late 1970s, and bought by the MIA in 1986. The Italian government asserts that the statue was illegally excavated between 1975 and 1976 from the Verano hill at Castellammare di Stabia, near Naples, and has issued an international warrant for confiscation and return of the work.

Another copy was found in 2012, in the Roman thermae of Baelo Claudia (outside of Tarifa, near the village of Bolonia, in southern Spain).

Influence
The Doryphoros was created during the high Classical period. During this time, there was an emphasis put on the ideal man who was shown in heroic nudity. The body would be that of a young athlete that included chiseled muscles and a naturalistic pose. The face is generic, displaying no emotion. Some scholars believe that Doryphoros represented a young Achilles on his way to battle in the Trojan War, while others believe that there is confusion whether the sculpture is meant to depict a mortal or a hero. There have also been discussions on where these sculptures would be located during high Classical period, depending on where they were discovered. For example, the copy in Naples was found in the municipal Gymnasium of Pompeii, which leads us to believe that one may have been placed near fitness programs of the youth. Copies were also common for patrons to place in or outside their home.

The canonic proportions of the male torso established by Polykleitos ossified in Hellenistic and Roman times in the muscle cuirass, exemplified by the Augustus of Prima Porta, who wears ceremonial dress armour modelled in relief over an idealised muscular torso which is ostensibly modelled on the Doryphoros. The same depiction has the legs of the emperor arranged in the same manner as the stance of the Doryphoros.

Another example of the influence the Doryphoros had on sculpture much later than its initial conception can be seen in Michelangelo's David, now located in the Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence. The contrapposto style, idealised youthful male nudity, and overall antiquitical inspiration all show echoes of Polykleitos' Doryphoros. There is a chance however that the David was not so much designed with the Doryphoros in mind specifically, but the wider style contrappostic proportioning of which Polykleitos spread as a result of his work, as seen in the aforementioned Prima Porta statue, or with the statue of the Apollo Belvedere.

title: Doryphoros


text:
Nesbyen (town)

Nesbyen is a town and the administrative center in Nesbyen municipality in the county of Buskerud, Norway. Nesbyen is located in the traditional district of Hallingdal.

Summary
Nesbyen has a population of about 3,500 inhabitants. It is located on the Bergen Line railroad which runs between Oslo and Bergen. Nesbyen Station was opened in 1907 when the Bergen Railway was opened to Gulsvik. Nesbyen is located on Norwegian National Road 7.

Gamle Nes is the oldest part of Nesbyen. Nesbyen was an early administrative center for Hallingdal. Most buildings in Gamle Nes date to before 1900. Nesbyen is surrounded by mountains on several sides, with good roads to most mountain areas. Hallingnatten is the municipality's highest point, 1,314 meters above sea level. Hallingdal Museum, founded in 1899 and one of the oldest open air museums in Norway, is headquartered in Nesbyen. The Hallingdal Museum organization has professional, administrative, and operational responsibility for the museums in Hallingdal.

Nesbyen is listed as the location with the highest recorded temperature in Norway, with a record of 35.6 C set on 20 June 1970.

Nes kraftverk is a hydroelectric power station 4 km north of Nesbyen. The power plant was commissioned in 1967 and takes advantage of a drop of 285 meters from the Strandefjorden. It has four Francis turbines of 70 MW each and is the largest and lowest power plant in the Hallingdal River watershed (Hallingdalsvassdraget). The normal annual production is about 1330 GWh. Besides intake from Strandefjorden, water is taken from the rivers Ridola, Lya, and Votna. Water is also transferred from the river Rukkedøla through a separate tunnel. The power plant is owned and operated by E-CO Energi.

Nes Church in Hallingdal (Nes kirke i Hallingdal) was constructed during 1861. The church has 500 seats and was constructed of timber on a foundation of natural stone. The design was by architect Georg Andreas Bull. Nes Chapel (Nes kapell) at Nes Cemetery was built in 1953–54. It was made as an imitation of the Nes Stave Church, which was demolished almost a hundred years earlier.

title: Nesbyen (town)


text: Category:1880s in rail transport

title: Category:1880s in rail transport


text: Category:1860s in rail transport

title: Category:1860s in rail transport


text:
Talk:Archenemy (band)

Since when has Arch Enemy been written together? Quirk 20:32, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Archenemy (band)


text: Category:1850s in rail transport

title: Category:1850s in rail transport


text: Category:1840s in rail transport

title: Category:1840s in rail transport


text: Category:1830s in rail transport

title: Category:1830s in rail transport


text: Category:1820s in rail transport

title: Category:1820s in rail transport


text:
2005 Portuguese legislative election

The 2005 Portuguese legislative election took place on 20 February. The election renewed all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic.

These elections were called after the decision of President Jorge Sampaio on 30 November 2004 to dissolve the Parliament as an answer to the political instability caused by the government led by Pedro Santana Lopes (PSD) in coalition with the PP. Santana Lopes had become Prime Minister in July 2004, after José Manuel Durão Barroso left the country in order to become President of the European Commission in a decision that divided the country, because many Portuguese were expecting that the Socialist President Jorge Sampaio would dissolve the Parliament and call a legislative election. However, after five unstable months, President Sampaio decided to dissolve Parliament and call fresh elections. The Prime Minister nevertheless announced the resignation of the government on 11 December, in an action with no practical effects whatsoever.

The campaign started officially on 6 February and the major topics were the problematic state of the country's finances, unemployment, abortion and even José Sócrates's alleged homosexuality.

Headed by Sócrates, the centre-left Socialist Party (PS) won the election with a landslide victory, winning in 19 of the 22 electoral constituencies, including in districts such as Viseu and Bragança that historically voted for the right. The Socialist Party conquered its first absolute majority, receiving 45 percent of the electorate vote and 52 percent of the seats in the Parliament, making this the Socialists' largest ever victory in terms of vote percentage and seat count as of 2022. The centre-right parties, mainly the Social Democrats, were punished for their performance in government, and lost more than 11 percentage points they had garnered in the previous election. On the left, the Left Bloc achieved its best result ever and made the biggest climb, gaining 5 MPs, while the CDU (Communists and the Greens) gained 2 MPs and reversed their downward trend of the last elections.

Voter turnout was the highest since 1995, as 64.3 percent of the electorate cast a ballot.

Fall of the government
Deep disagreements and disputes within the Social Democratic Party began to derail the government led by Pedro Santana Lopes. One of those disputes, the resignation of Youth and Sports Minister, Henrique Chaves, which was a close ally of Santana, precipitated the fall of the government, as Chaves accused Santana of not being "loyal and truthful". Following this, President Jorge Sampaio had "enough" of crisis and accused the government of "contradictions and lack of coordination that contributed to its discredit". Therefore, Sampaio used his power of dissolution of Parliament and called a snap election, the only time till date such power was used in Portuguese democracy. A new election was called, by the President, for February 2005.

PSD 2004 leadership election
Following the resignation of José Manuel Durão Barroso as Prime Minister and PSD leader to become President of the European Commission, the Social Democratic Party (PSD) initiated the process to elect a new leader. Pedro Santana Lopes, by then Mayor of Lisbon, was the sole candidate for the leadership and his name was overwhelmingly confirmed in a National Party Council meeting on 1 July 2004. The results were the following:

! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Pedro Santana Lopes
 * align=right | 98
 * align=right | 97.0
 * colspan=2 align=left | Against
 * align=right | 3
 * align=right | 3.0
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" |  Turnout
 * align=right | 101
 * align=center |
 * colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results
 * }
 * align=center |
 * colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results
 * }
 * }

Two weeks later, on 17 July 2004, Santana Lopes was sworn in as Prime Minister.

PS 2004 leadership election
On early July 2004, PS leader Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues resigned from the leadership against President Jorge Sampaio decision to nominate Pedro Santana Lopes as Prime Minister, following the resignation of Durão Barroso, rather than calling a snap legislative election. New elections to select a new leader were called for 25 and 26 September 2004. Former environment minister José Sócrates, Manuel Alegre and the son of former President Mário Soares, João Soares, contested the leadership ballot. José Sócrates was elected by a landslide and the results were the following:

! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | José Sócrates
 * align=right | 18,432
 * align=right | 78.6
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Manuel Alegre
 * align=right | 3,903
 * align=right | 16.7
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | João Soares
 * align=right | 927
 * align=right | 4.0
 * colspan=2 align=left | Blank/Invalid ballots
 * align=right | 175
 * align=right | 0.7
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" |  Turnout
 * align=right | 23,437
 * align=center |
 * colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results
 * }
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" |  Turnout
 * align=right | 23,437
 * align=center |
 * colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results
 * }
 * }

PCP 2004 leadership election
In the fall of 2004, PCP leader Carlos Carvalhas decided to step down from the party's leadership after 12 years in the post. Jerónimo de Sousa was selected as candidate for the leadership and was elected in the party's congress during the weekend of 27 and 28 November 2004. The results were the following:

! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * bgcolor=#f00|
 * align=left | Jerónimo de Sousa
 * align=right | 164
 * align=right | 93.7
 * colspan=2 align=left | Against
 * align=right | 1
 * align=right | 0.6
 * colspan=2 align=left | Abstention
 * align=right | 10
 * align=right | 5.7
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" |  Turnout
 * align=right | 175
 * align=center |
 * colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results
 * }
 * align=right | 175
 * align=center |
 * colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results
 * }
 * }

Electoral system
The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.

The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude. The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.

For these elections, and compared with the 2002 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:

Parties
The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 9th legislature (2002–2005) and that also partook in the election:

Voter turnout
The table below shows voter turnout throughout election day including voters from Overseas.

National summary of votes and seats
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" |Parties ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |% ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |± ! colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |MPs ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |MPs %/ votes % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |2002 ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |2005 ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |± ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |% ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |±
 * colspan=11| Portugal Parliament 2005.svg
 * colspan=11| Portugal Parliament 2005.svg
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * 2,588,312||45.03||7.2||96||121||25||52.61||10.9||1.17
 * 1,653,425||28.77||11.4||105||75||30||32.61||13.0||1.13
 * 433,369||7.54||0.6||12||14||2||6.09||0.9||0.81
 * 416,415||7.25||1.5||14||12||2||5.22||0.9||0.72
 * 364,971||6.35||3.6||3||8||5||3.48||2.2||0.55
 * 48,186||0.84||0.2||0||0||0||0.00||0.0||0.0
 * 40,358||0.70||N/A||N/A||0||N/A||0.00||N/A||0.0
 * 17,056||0.30||0.1||0||0||0||0.00||0.0||0.0
 * 9,374||0.16||0.1||0||0||0||0.00||0.0||0.0
 * style="width:10px;background-color:red;text-align:center;" |
 * style="text-align:left;" |Workers Party of Socialist Unity
 * 5,535||0.10||0.0||0||0||0||0.00||0.0||0.0
 * 1,618||0.03||N/A||N/A||0||N/A||0.00||N/A||0.0
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid
 * width="65" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,578,782
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|97.06
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|1.0
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|230
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|230
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|0
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|0.0
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|—
 * colspan=2|Blank ballots
 * 103,537||1.80||0.8||colspan=6 rowspan=4|
 * colspan=2|Invalid ballots
 * 65,515||1.14||0.2
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
 * width="65" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,747,834
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout
 * 8,944,508||64.26||2.8
 * colspan=11 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid
 * width="65" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,578,782
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|97.06
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|1.0
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|230
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|230
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|0
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|0.0
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|—
 * colspan=2|Blank ballots
 * 103,537||1.80||0.8||colspan=6 rowspan=4|
 * colspan=2|Invalid ballots
 * 65,515||1.14||0.2
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
 * width="65" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,747,834
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
 * width="40" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout
 * 8,944,508||64.26||2.8
 * colspan=11 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout
 * 8,944,508||64.26||2.8
 * colspan=11 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * }

Distribution by constituency
!rowspan=2|Constituency!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !rowspan=2|Total S !colspan=2 | PS !colspan=2 | PSD !colspan=2 | CDU !colspan=2 | CDS-PP !colspan=2 | BE
 * - class="unsortable"
 * - class="unsortable" align="center"
 * align="left"| Azores
 * style="background:; color:white;"|53.1
 * 3
 * 34.4
 * 2
 * 1.7
 * 4.0
 * 2.9
 * 5
 * align="left"| Aveiro
 * style="background:; color:white;"|41.1
 * 8
 * 35.7
 * 6
 * 3.5
 * 9.8
 * 1
 * 5.1
 * 15
 * align="left"| Beja
 * style="background:; color:white;"|51.0
 * 2
 * 12.3
 * 24.1
 * 1
 * 2.9
 * 4.7
 * 3
 * align="left"| Braga
 * style="background:; color:white;"|45.4
 * 9
 * 32.9
 * 7
 * 4.8
 * 1
 * 7.8
 * 1
 * 4.6
 * 18
 * align="left"| Bragança
 * style="background:; color:white;"|42.1
 * 2
 * 39.0
 * 2
 * 2.0
 * 9.7
 * 2.5
 * 4
 * align="left"| Castelo Branco
 * style="background:; color:white;"|56.0
 * 4
 * 26.7
 * 1
 * 3.8
 * 5.3
 * 3.7
 * 5
 * align="left"| Coimbra
 * style="background:; color:white;"|45.4
 * 6
 * 31.9
 * 4
 * 5.5
 * 5.5
 * 6.3
 * 10
 * align="left"| HS EvoraÉvora
 * style="background:; color:white;"|49.7
 * 2
 * 16.7
 * 20.9
 * 1
 * 3.7
 * 4.6
 * 3
 * align="left"| Faro
 * style="background:; color:white;"|49.3
 * 6
 * 24.6
 * 2
 * 6.9
 * 5.8
 * 7.7
 * 8
 * align="left"| Guarda
 * style="background:; color:white;"|46.8
 * 2
 * 34.7
 * 2
 * 2.9
 * 7.0
 * 3.4
 * 4
 * align="left"| Leiria
 * 35.6
 * 4
 * style="background:; color:white;"|39.8
 * 5
 * 4.6
 * 8.9
 * 1
 * 5.5
 * 10
 * align="left"| Lisbon
 * style="background:; color:white;"|44.1
 * 23
 * 23.7
 * 12
 * 9.8
 * 5
 * 8.2
 * 4
 * 8.8
 * 4
 * 48
 * align="left"| Madeira
 * 35.0
 * 3
 * style="background:; color:white;"|45.2
 * 3
 * 3.6
 * 6.6
 * 3.8
 * 6
 * align="left"| Portalegre
 * style="background:; color:white;"|54.9
 * 2
 * 20.2
 * 12.1
 * 4.2
 * 4.6
 * 2
 * align="left"| Porto
 * style="background:; color:white;"|48.5
 * 20
 * 27.8
 * 12
 * 5.4
 * 2
 * 6.9
 * 2
 * 6.7
 * 2
 * 38
 * align="left"| Santarém
 * style="background:; color:white;"|46.1
 * 6
 * 26.4
 * 3
 * 8.6
 * 1
 * 6.9
 * 6.5
 * 10
 * align="left"| Setúbal
 * style="background:; color:white;"|43.6
 * 8
 * 16.1
 * 3
 * 20.0
 * 3
 * 5.1
 * 1
 * 10.3
 * 2
 * 17
 * align="left"| Viana do Castelo
 * style="background:; color:white;"|42.0
 * 3
 * 33.5
 * 2
 * 3.8
 * 11.4
 * 1
 * 4.5
 * 6
 * align="left"| Vila Real
 * style="background:; color:white;"|43.8
 * 3
 * 40.2
 * 2
 * 2.6
 * 6.8
 * 2.4
 * 5
 * align="left"| Viseu
 * style="background:; color:white;"|40.4
 * 4
 * 40.2
 * 4
 * 2.2
 * 8.6
 * 1
 * 3.3
 * 9
 * style="text-align:left;" |Europe
 * style="background:; color:white;"|54.3
 * 1
 * 27.2
 * 1
 * 4.2
 * 3.4
 * 2.3
 * 2
 * style="text-align:left;" |Outside Europe
 * 26.3
 * style="background:; color:white;"|57.7
 * 2
 * 1.0
 * 3.5
 * 0.7
 * 2
 * - class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9"
 * align="left"| Total
 * style="background:; color:white;"|45.0
 * 121
 * 28.8
 * 75
 * 7.5
 * 14
 * 7.2
 * 12
 * 6.4
 * 8
 * 230
 * colspan=12 align=left | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * 3.8
 * 11.4
 * 1
 * 4.5
 * 6
 * align="left"| Vila Real
 * style="background:; color:white;"|43.8
 * 3
 * 40.2
 * 2
 * 2.6
 * 6.8
 * 2.4
 * 5
 * align="left"| Viseu
 * style="background:; color:white;"|40.4
 * 4
 * 40.2
 * 4
 * 2.2
 * 8.6
 * 1
 * 3.3
 * 9
 * style="text-align:left;" |Europe
 * style="background:; color:white;"|54.3
 * 1
 * 27.2
 * 1
 * 4.2
 * 3.4
 * 2.3
 * 2
 * style="text-align:left;" |Outside Europe
 * 26.3
 * style="background:; color:white;"|57.7
 * 2
 * 1.0
 * 3.5
 * 0.7
 * 2
 * - class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9"
 * align="left"| Total
 * style="background:; color:white;"|45.0
 * 121
 * 28.8
 * 75
 * 7.5
 * 14
 * 7.2
 * 12
 * 6.4
 * 8
 * 230
 * colspan=12 align=left | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * 0.7
 * 2
 * - class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9"
 * align="left"| Total
 * style="background:; color:white;"|45.0
 * 121
 * 28.8
 * 75
 * 7.5
 * 14
 * 7.2
 * 12
 * 6.4
 * 8
 * 230
 * colspan=12 align=left | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * colspan=12 align=left | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * }

title: 2005 Portuguese legislative election


text: Category:1810s in rail transport

title: Category:1810s in rail transport


text:
Talk:Fred Gwynne

Untitled
I just found today that Fred Gwynne was also a great illustrator and writer of children's books. Amazing guy...

 * I know! The reason I looked him up just now is due to a freaky coincidence. I'm a new teacher...well at a new school at least...and yesterday I was getting my room set up. Had the TV on to TV Land and was watching bit and pieces of the Munsters and the Addams Family. Later I came across a book someone was getting rid of -- "A Little Pigeon Toad" by a Fred Gwynne. I'd never heard that the Fred Gwynne had done kids' books, and this book had no "about the author" information on it. So of course I came to Wikipedia to check things out, and I find out that he was a singer, artist, and childrens book author. He apparently was a really great guy...too bad that he got typecast as Herman, but he seemed to have overcome a good bit of that before he passed. His role in Cousin Vinny is a hoot. And I'm perhaps one of the only people who loves the film Water. PurpleChez 10:33, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Sections of this biography include phrases such as "most memorable," which could be removed to reflect less personal preference for specific works of Gwynne in his acting career. Yourai 03:14, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

"most memorable"
I enjoyed this article until the last paragraph that calls Mr. Gwynne's performance in My Cousin Vinny the most memorable of his career. The statement is, in my opinion, a ridiculous opinion in light of the totality of Mr. Gwynne's work. It must have been made by a very young person, or at least a person unfamiliar with Mr. Gwynne's earlier career. Regardless, it's someone's opinion and it taints the rest of the article. I think it should be reworded. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.54.95.126 (talk) 13:21, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Unmarked Grave ??
Does anyone know why he is buried with an unmarked grave? SurgeArrest (talk) 11:46, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fred Gwynne


text:
White Sun of the Desert

White Sun of the Desert (Белое солнце пустыни) is a 1970 Soviet Ostern film.

Its blend of action, comedy, music and drama, made it highly successful at the Russian box-office and resulted in a number of memorable quotes. It retains high domestic approval. Its main theme song, "Your Noble Highness Lady Fortune" (Ваше благородие, госпожа удача, music: Isaac Schwartz, lyrics: Bulat Okudzhava, performed by Pavel Luspekayev) became a hit. The film is watched by Russian cosmonauts before most space launches as a good luck ritual.

Plot
The setting is the east shore of the Caspian Sea (modern Turkmenistan) where the Red Army soldier Fyodor Sukhov has been fighting the Civil War in Russian Asia for a number of years. The movie opens with a panoramic shot of a bucolic Russian countryside. Katerina Matveyevna, Sukhov's beloved wife, is standing in a field. Awakening from this daydream, Sukhov is walking through the Central Asian desert – a stark contrast to his homeland. He finds Sayid buried in the sand. Sayid, an austere Central Asian, comes to Sukhov's rescue in sticky situations throughout the movie. Sukhov frees Sayid, and they strike a friendly but reticent relationship. While traveling together they are caught up in a desert fight between a Red Army cavalry unit and Basmachi guerrillas. The cavalry unit commander, Rakhimov, leaves to Sukhov the harem of the Basmachi leader Abdullah, left behind by him, for temporary protection. He also leaves a young Red Army soldier, Petrukha, to assist Sukhov with the task, and proceeds to pursue the fleeing Abdullah.

Sukhov and women from Abdullah's harem return to a nearby shore village. There, Sukhov charges the local museum's curator with protecting the women, and prepares to head home. Sukhov hopes to "modernize" the wives of the harem, and make them part of the modern society. He urges them to take off their burqa and reject polygamy. The wives are loath to do this, though, and as Sukhov takes on the role of protector, the wives declare him their new husband.

Soon, looking for a seaway across the border, Abdullah and his gang come to the same village and find Abdullah's wives. Sukhov is bound to stay. Hoping to obtain help and weapons, Sukhov and Petrukha visit Pavel Vereschagin, a former Tsar's customs official. Vereschagin warms to Petrukha who reminds him of his dead son, but after discussing the matter with his nagging wife, Vereschagin refuses. Sukhov finds a machine gun and a case of dynamite that he plants on Abdullah's ship. Meanwhile, Abdullah has confronted his wives, and is preparing to punish them for their "dishonor", as they did not kill themselves when Abdullah left them. Sukhov manages to capture and lock Abdullah as a hostage, but after he leaves, Abdullah convinces Gyulchatai, the youngest wife of the harem, to free him and then kills Gyulchatai and Petrukha.

The museum curator shows Sukhov an ancient underground passage that leads to the sea. Sukhov and the women of the harem attempt to escape through the passage, but on arriving at the seashore they are impelled to hide in a large empty oil tank. Abdullah discovers that and plans on setting the oil tank on fire.

Enraged at the cold-hearted murder of Petrukha, Vereschagin decides to help Sukhov and takes Abdullah's ship. Sayid also helps Sukhov, and together they fend off Abdullah's gang. Vereschagin, unaware of the dynamite on the ship and not hearing Sukhov's shouted warnings, dies on the exploding ship.

Sukhov kills Abdullah and his gang, returns the harem to Rakhimov and bids farewell to Sayid. He then begins his journey home on foot, having refused a horse since a horse is merely "a nuisance".

Cast

 * Anatoly Kuznetsov as Fyodor Ivanovich Sukhov – a Red Army soldier, who returns home on foot through the desert after recovering in a hospital from wounds sustained in the war. He shows much wisdom and skill in his actions and a gentle human side in his graphical dreams, in which he mentally writes letters to his beloved wife.
 * Georgi Yumatov was chosen for the role, but was dismissed for a drunken brawl right before the shooting. Therefore, Motyl called for Kuznetsov, who was the second choice during the selection.

 * Pavel Luspekayev as Pavel Vereschagin – a former tsarist customs official. Vereschagin lives a lonely life as the only Russian, along with his wife, in a remote village. The walls of his house are covered with pictures of the military campaigns where he was awarded and wounded. The Civil War has left him without an official job and a place to go. He is a big man and a straightforward person with a tendency for alcoholism due to the nostalgia for his past. He has an arsenal of weapons that brings both conflicting parties (Sukhov and Abdullah's men) to his house at some point in the film. Initially neutral, he eventually takes the side of Sukhov.
 * This was Luspekayev's last role. A World War II veteran and an experienced stage actor, both of his feet were amputated in the 1960s due to past injuries. Given Luspekayev's condition, Motyl wrote a script for a man on crutches. Luspekayev refused, arguing that his character should appear not as a cripple, but as a strong person who died prematurely. While filming, he walked on prosthetic legs and had to take regular rests due to pain. He died in 1970.

 * Spartak Mishulin as Sayid – a skilled man of few words. He seeks revenge on Dzhavdet, a Basmachi gang leader who killed his father, robbed his family and buried him in sand for a slow death; otherwise his motives and reactions are unclear and unexpected. For example, after Sukhov dug him out, Sayid, instead of thanking him, says, "Why did you dig me out? There will be no rest while Dzhavdet is alive." Sayid suddenly appears every now and then to help Sukhov against bandits, but when asked why, simply replies that he has "heard shooting," giving an impression that he just seeks Dzhavdet via any armed conflict nearby.
 * In contrast with Luspekayev, this was one of the first movie roles for Mishulin, although he was previously active as a TV and stage actor.

 * Kakhi Kavsadze as Abdullah – a cunning Basmachi leader with no respect for human life. Both he and Sayid originate from poor families, and their fathers were friends. However, contrary to Sayid, Abdullah took the path of banditry.
 * Kavsadze, a Georgian by nationality, fit very well into the role of an Asian gang leader. However, he had never ridden a horse, while his character was supposed to be a keen horse rider. He never actually rides in the film, but only sits on a horse, or even on the shoulders of an assistant.

 * Nikolai Godovikov as Petrukha – a young Red Army soldier. He attempts to court Gyulchatai, aiming to start a family.
 * Coincidentally, Godovikov started dating Denisova (one of the actresses who played Gyulchatai) after filming.

 * Raisa Kurkina as Nastasia, Vereschagin's wife – Vereschagin's life partner, a homemaker.
 * Galina Luchai as Katerina Matveyevna, Sukhov's wife – she appears in the film only through Sukhov's dreams, to elaborate his character.
 * Abdullah's wives
 * Alla Limenes – Zarina
 * Tatyana Krichevskaya, Galina Dashevskaya and Galina Umpeleva as Dzhamilya
 * Zinaida Rakhmatova as Gyuzel
 * Svetlana Slivinskaya as Saida
 * Velta Chebotarenok (Deglav) as Khafiza
 * Tatyana Tkach as Zukhra
 * Lidiya Smirnova as Leila
 * Zinaida Rachmatova as Zulfia
 * Tatiana Fedotova and Tatiana Denisova as Gyulchatai – the youngest and most curious wife of Abdullah. She is the only wife who interacts with outsiders, i.e., Sukhov and Petrukha.

Most of Abdullah's wives were portrayed by non-professional actors. As they wore burqas most of the time, they were often replaced by other women, and even by male soldiers from the military unit stationed nearby. Motyl shot a few semi-nude scenes involving some of the wives for character development, but those scenes were cut by censors.

Weapons
Weaponry is explicitly used to characterize and develop the characters. Sayid is found barehanded in the beginning; he acquires all his weapons through the film and uses them skillfully. Sukhov gives him a knife, which Sayid later throws to kill an attacker. He shoots a carbine taken from a bandit, whom he strangled using rope as a lasso (while helping Sukhov). His skills in riding are demonstrated when he jumps on a horse, back first, while walking backwards and keeping his enemy at gunpoint. He then slowly rides away, sitting backwards on the horse.

Vereschagin, despite having an arsenal of small arms, fights barehanded, which accentuates his brute force and straightforwardness. Both Sukhov and Abdullah use handguns rather than rifles, as appropriate to their leading, officer-like positions. Sukhov carries a Nagant M1895 revolver, a personal gift from brigade commander M. N. Kovun, whereas Abdullah uses a Mauser C96. To deal with Abdullah's gang, Sukhov fetches and fixes a machine gun. Petrukha has a rifle that jams and never fires when needed. Abdullah's gang members carry carbines and long knives characteristic of the time and region.

Development and script
The director, Vladimir Motyl, said such films as Stagecoach and High Noon influenced him and he has described the film as being a "cocktail" of both an adventurous Russian folktale and a western. Initially several directors, including Andrei Tarkovsky and Andrei Konchalovsky, were offered the film but they turned it down, Motyl claims, for two main reasons. Firstly, Konchalovsky thought only American actors could pull off the part of a lead role in a western, and secondly the screenplay was considered weak. Motyl also initially turned down the offer, but then found himself in a no-choice situation, as he would not be given any other film to direct.

After the first version of the film was turned down by Mosfilm, Valentin Yezhov and Rustam Ibragimbekov were assigned to improve the script. Ibragimbekov was chosen by his nationality as an expert on the East, though in reality he was raised in Russia and never been in the region. A war veteran told Yezhov a story of a harem abandoned by a Basmachi leader on the run, which became the pivot of the new script. Further rewriting came from Motyl after he replaced Konchalovsky as director. Motyl completely reshaped and put forward the character of Vereschagin – all his dialogues, as well as about 60% of the entire script, were rewritten and improvised during the filming. Motyl also came up with the idea of revealing Sukhov's personality through his dreams, in which he writes letters to his beloved wife. Those letters were composed by Mark Zakharov, a friend of Motyl's.

Years later, Konchalovsky praised the final script as a masterpiece.

Filming
Sukhov's dream scenes were filmed first, near Luga, Leningrad Oblast, while the bulk of the film was shot on the western shore of the Caspian Sea near Makhachkala, Dagestan. The sand dune scenes were shot in the Karakum Desert near Mary, Turkmenistan, with the museum scenes filmed in the nearby ancient city of Merv. The distinctive Kyz Kala (Gyz Gala) fortress, for example, figures prominently. The dune scenes were demanding for actors, who had to make large circles in the scorching heat to approach the shooting location without leaving telltale traces in the sand. However, the heaviest burden fell on Mishulin, who spent in total several days in a box buried in sand while preparing for several takes of the opening scene. The village buildings and Vereschagin's house were temporary mockups that had to be regularly repaired due to damage from frequent winds.

Horse riding scenes were performed by the special stunt unit formed for the War and Peace film series. Although it did not perform any stunts in this film, one member of the unit died in an accident during filming. Some other accidents occurred due to poor overall discipline and security. For example, a cut is seen on Vereschagin's face when he fights on the ship. He received this cut in a drunken brawl the day before. Also, some props were stolen by local thieves one night. Security was improved after Motyl hired a local criminal leader for the role of a member of Abdullah's gang.

The film involved two dangerous stunts, the first when Abdullah's officer, supposedly thrown out by Vereschagin, breaks through a second-floor window and falls to the sand below. The other is when Sukhov jumps from an oil tank set on fire. Both stunts were performed by Valentin Faber.

Soundtrack
"Your Noble Highness, Lady Luck" (Ваше благородие, госпожа Удача), sung by Vereschagin accompanied by a guitar, is a musical motif in the film. The lyrics talk about loneliness, humanity’s dependence on luck, and hope for love. These lyrics mirror many of the film's central themes, including Vereschagin's sadness and Sukhov's separation from Katerina. The song was written by Okudzhava on personal request by Motyl, who had worked with him in the past. A line from this song, "Nine grams into your heart, wait, don't call," is included as an homage in the script of the 1985 Soviet action film Independent Steaming (Одиночное плавание).

Reception
White Sun of the Desert became one of the most popular movies of all time in the Soviet Union, where it has attained the status of a classic. It helped popularize Eastern movies.

The film received no awards during the Soviet era. With 34.5 million viewers, it was one of the most popular films of 1970. It was nominated for the 1970 USSR State Prize, but lost to By the Lake. The latter one was seen as "ideologically correct", while the first one was seen as pure entertainment, i.e., of low ideological value. In the opinion of film director Motyl the film was not allowed to film festivals abroad, because the Soviet ideologists were sure that it will receive awards there, which was ideologically inadmissible. Only in 1998 was it awarded the Russian State Prize by a special decree of President Boris Yeltsin, being recognized as culturally significant.

The film received limited attention in the West. It was shown at a Soviet film festival at the Little Carnegie Theatre in 1973, meant to tie in with Leonid Brezhnev's visit to the United States. Roger Greenspun, the New York Times movie critic, classified it as an "escapist entertainment" (together with another Soviet film, a comedy Ivan Vassilyevich Changes His Profession) and describes it as a "picaresque adventure".

Legacy
In 1998, the creators of the film were awarded the 1997 Russian Federation State Prize in Literature and Arts, nearly 30 years after the film left the silver screen. A Russian computer game was released based on the film. Vereschagin became a symbol of a customs officer, with monuments honoring him erected in Amvrosiivka (2001), Kurgan (2007), Moscow (2008) and Luhansk (2011). Monuments of Sukhov are known in Donetsk (ca. 2009) and Samara (2012)

All crew members boarding Russian space flights are committed to watch "White Sun of the Desert" before the launch,  and the names of Abdullah's wives are assigned to craters on Venus: Зарина, Джамиля, Гюзель, Сайда, Хафиза, Зухра, Лейла, Зульфия, Гюльчатай.

In 2008, Rustam Ibragimbekov announced that he had begun production on a White Sun of the Desert TV spinoff entitled "White Sun of the Desert – Home".

Popular quotes
Many popular sayings have entered the Russian language from the film. The first is by far the best known.
 * The Orient is a delicate matter (Восток — дело тонкое); refers to any complicated or difficult matter, not necessarily "oriental" in nature.
 * I feel sorry for the great state (Мне за державу обидно); used in the face of failure of the state or collapse of its institutions. This phrase, among other things, was used as the title of several books by notable writers.
 * Are there questions? No, there aren't! (Вопросы есть? Вопросов нет!); refers to the commanding tone of an officer that will not hear objections to his command. This line was reused in the 2005 Afghanistan war epic The 9th Company.
 * Customs gives the green light (Таможня дает добро!); refers to any type of approval, especially reluctant approval.
 * His grenades are the wrong caliber (Да гранаты у него не той системы); refers to or to comment upon any kind of excuse, particularly a pathetic one. The line wasn't scripted, but improvised by the actor. It is similar to the English "The wrong type of snow"
 * Gyulchatai, show your sweet face (Гюльчатай, открой личико); a popular Russian saying for boys to say to girls.
 * Gyulchatai has become a placeholder name for a Central Asian girl.

 * Mahmud, light the fire (Махмуд, поджигай!); used when embarking cheerfully on some difficult potentially dangerous mission.
 * I'm unlucky in death, maybe I'll be lucky in love (Не везёт мне в смерти, повезёт в любви); the refrain of the theme song

title: White Sun of the Desert