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20Q

20Q is a computerized game of twenty questions that began as a test in artificial intelligence (AI). It was invented by Robin Burgener in 1988. The game was made handheld by Radica in 2003, but was discontinued in 2011 because Techno Source took the license for 20Q handheld devices.

The game 20Q is based on the spoken parlor game known as twenty questions, and is both a website and a handheld device. 20Q asks the player to think of something and will then try to guess what they are thinking of with twenty yes-or-no questions. If it fails to guess in 20 questions, it will ask an additional 5 questions. If it fails to guess even with 25 (or 30) questions, the player is declared the winner. Sometimes the first guess of the object can be asked at question 14.

Principle and history
The principle is that the player thinks of something and the 20Q artificial intelligence asks a series of questions before guessing what the player is thinking. This artificial intelligence learns on its own with the information relayed back to the players who interact with it, and is not programmed. The player can answer these questions with: Yes, No, Unknown, and Sometimes. The experiment is based on the classic word game of Twenty Questions, and on the computer game "Animals," popular in the early 1970s, which used a somewhat simpler method to guess an animal.

The 20Q AI uses an artificial neural network to pick the questions and to guess. After the player has answered the twenty questions posed (sometimes fewer), 20Q makes a guess. If it is incorrect, it asks more questions, then guesses again. It makes guesses based on what it has learned; it is not programmed with information or what the inventor thinks. Answers to any question are based on players’ interpretations of the questions asked. Newer editions were made for different categories, such as music 20Q which has the player think of a song, and Harry Potter 20Q, which has the player think of something from the world of the Harry Potter series.

The 20Q AI can draw its own conclusions on how to interpret the information. It can be described as more of a folk taxonomy than a taxonomy. Its knowledge develops with every game played. In this regard, the online version of the 20Q AI can be inaccurate because it gathers its answers from what people think rather than from what people know. Limitations of taxonomy are often overcome by the AI itself because it can learn and adapt. For example, if the player was thinking of a "Horse" and answered "No" to the question "Is it an animal?," the AI will, nevertheless, guess correctly, despite being told that a horse is not an animal.

Patent applications in the US and Europe were submitted in 2005.

In August 2014, 20Q.net Inc., with Brashworks Studios, developed and released an iOS iPad version available at the Apple iTunes store.

Game show
On June 13, 2009, GSN began a TV version of the game, hosted by Cat Deeley, with Hal Sparks as the voice of Mr. Q.

title: 20Q


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Ivyspring International Publisher

Ivyspring International Publisher is a publisher of scientific literature including open-access scientific journals, such as the International Journal of Medical Sciences and International Journal of Biological Sciences.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ivyspring International Publisher


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List of escort carriers of the Royal Navy

The escort aircraft carrier, also called a "jeep carrier" or "baby flattop" in the USN or "Woolworth Carrier" by the RN, was a small and slow type of aircraft carrier used by the Royal Navy in the Second World War. They were typically half the length and one-third the displacement of the larger fleet carriers. While they were slower, less armed, unarmoured and carried fewer aircraft, they were less expensive and could be built more quickly. This was their principal advantage, as escort carriers could be completed in greater numbers as a stop-gap when fleet carriers were scarce. However, the lack of protection made escort carriers particularly vulnerable and several were sunk with great loss of life. The light carrier (hull classification symbol CVL) was a similar concept to escort carriers in most respects, but they were designed for higher speeds for deployment with fleet carriers.

Escort carriers were too slow to keep up with the main forces consisting of fleet carriers, battleships, and cruisers. Instead, they were used to defend convoys from enemy threats such as submarines and planes. In the invasions of mainland Europe and Pacific islands, escort carriers provided air support to ground forces during amphibious operations. Escort carriers also served as backup aircraft transports for fleet carriers and ferried aircraft of all military services to points of delivery.

In addition, escort carriers such as HMS Vindex and HMS Nairana played an important role in hunter-killer anti-submarine sweeps in company with RN and RCN destroyers, frigates and corvettes (e.g. 6th Canadian Escort Group and 2nd British Escort Group). HMS Vindex is credited with the sinking, or taking part in the sinking, of four U-boats (U344, U653, U765, U394).

Escort carriers should not be confused with the Merchant Aircraft Carrier or CAM ship.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leon Powalski

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. The information is all in Star Wolf already. I think I'll merge the other minor characters there. dbenbenn | talk 23:12, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Leon Powalski
Gamecruft.DS 00:37, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or keep "gamecruft Kappa 02:33, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Merging wouldn't work well because Star Fox 64 doesn't delve into this kind of detail, and doesn't list any other minor characters. Foobaz · ✐  06:37, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Irrelevant gamecruft.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:23, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I can definately clean this article up a bit. Thunderbrand 18:16, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Henry Ossawa Tanner

Henry Ossawa Tanner (June 21, 1859 – May 25, 1937) was an American artist who spent much of his career in France. He became the first African-American painter to gain international acclaim. Tanner moved to Paris, France, in 1891 to study at the Académie Julian and gained acclaim in French artistic circles. His painting Daniel in the Lions' Den (1895, location unknown) was accepted into the 1896 Salon, the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Tanner's Resurrection of Lazarus (1896, Musée d'Orsay, Paris) was purchased by the French government after winning the third-place medal at the 1897 Salon. In 1923, the French government elected Tanner chevalier of the Legion of Honor.

After pursuing art on his own as a young man, Tanner enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia in 1879. The only black student, he became a favorite of the painter Thomas Eakins, who had recently started teaching there. Tanner made other connections among artists, including Robert Henri. In the late 1890s, art patron Rodman Wanamaker sponsored Tanner's trip to the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem after seeing the artist's paintings of biblical themes.

Tanner married Jessie Macauley Olssen on December 14, 1899, in London. Their son, Jesse Ossawa Tanner, was born in New York City on September 25, 1903. The family made France their permanent home, dividing time between Paris and a farm in Normandy.

Early life
Henry Ossawa Tanner was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the first of nine children; two brothers, Benjamin and Horace, died in infancy. One of his sisters, Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, was the first woman to be certified to practice medicine in Alabama. His parents gave him a middle name that commemorated the struggle at Osawatomie between pro- and anti-slavery partisans. His father Benjamin Tucker Tanner (1835–1923) became a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the United States. He was educated at Avery College and Western Theological Seminary in Pittsburgh, and developed a literary career. In addition, he was a political activist, supporting abolition of slavery. Henry Tanner's mother Sarah Elizabeth Tanner may have been born into slavery in Virginia. Two different stories have emerged concerning her living in freedom; in one, her father drives the family from Winchester, Virginia to "the free state of Pennsylvania" in an ox cart. In the other, she escapes as a refugee to the North via the Underground Railroad. There she met and married Benjamin Tucker Tanner.

The family moved from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia when Tanner was a teenager. There his father became a friend of Frederick Douglass, sometimes supporting him, sometimes criticizing. Robert Douglass, Jr., a successful black artist in Philadelphia, was an early neighbor of the Tanner family, and Tanner wrote that he "used to pass and always stopped to look at his pictures in the window." When Tanner was about 13 years old, he saw a landscape painter working in Fairmount Park, where he was walking with his father. He decided that he wanted to be a painter.

Education
Although many artists refused to accept an African-American apprentice, in 1879 Tanner enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, becoming the only black student. His decision to attend the school came at a time when art academies increasingly focused on study from live models rather than plaster casts. Thomas Eakins, a professor at the Pennsylvania Academy, was one of the first American artists to promote new approaches to artistic education including increased study from live models, discussion of anatomy in classes of both male and female students, and dissections of cadavers to teach anatomy. Eakins's progressive approach to art education had a profound effect on Tanner. The young artist was one of Eakins' favorite students; two decades after Tanner left the Academy, Eakins painted his portrait.

At the Academy, Tanner befriended artists with whom he kept in contact throughout the rest of his life, most notably Robert Henri, one of the founders of the Ashcan School. During a relatively short time at the Academy, Tanner developed a thorough knowledge of anatomy and the skill to express his understanding of the weight and structure of the human figure on the canvas.

Tanner's artistic studies were disrupted by illness, which was reported in November 1881 and said to have persisted into the following summer, when Tanner spent time recovering in the Adirondack mountains.

Issues of racism

Although Tanner gained confidence as an artist and began to sell his work, he faced racism working as a professional artist in Philadelphia. In his autobiography, The Story of an Artist's Life, Tanner described the burden of racism:

"I was extremely timid and to be made to feel that I was not wanted, although in a place where I had every right to be, even months afterwards caused me sometimes weeks of pain. Every time any one of these disagreeable incidents came into my mind, my heart sank, and I was anew tortured by the thought of what I had endured, almost as much as the incident itself."

Life abroad

In the hope of earning enough money to travel to Europe, Tanner operated a photography studio in Atlanta during the late 1880s. The venture was unsuccessful. During this period Tanner met Bishop Joseph Crane Hartzell, a trustee of Clark College (now Clark Atlanta University). Hartzell and his wife befriended Tanner, became his patrons, and recommended him for a teaching job at the college. Tanner taught drawing at Clark College for a short period.

In 1891, he traveled to Paris, France, to study at the Académie Julian. He also joined the American Art Students Club. Paris was a welcome escape for Tanner; within French art circles, race mattered little. Tanner acclimated quickly to Parisian life. There he met Atherton Curtis, who became a friend and a patron of his art.

He was part of a community of artists in Mount Kisco, New York for six months in 1902, at the behest of Curtis, and returned the following winter. Except for occasional brief returns home, Tanner spent the rest of his life in Paris. There he was introduced to many artists whose works would affect his approach to art. At the Louvre, he encountered and studied the works of Gustave Courbet, Jean-Baptiste Chardin and Louis Le Nain. These artists had painted scenes of ordinary people in their environment, and the influence in Tanner's work is noticeable. That of Courbet's The Stone Breakers (1850; destroyed) can be seen in the similarities in Tanner's The Young Sabot Maker (1895). Both paintings explore the themes of apprenticeship and manual labor.

Tanner continued his studies under renowned artists such as Jean Joseph Benjamin Constant and Jean-Paul Laurens. With their guidance, Tanner began to establish a reputation in France. He settled at the Étaples art colony in Normandy.

Earlier, Tanner had painted marine scenes of man's struggle with the sea, but by 1895 he was creating mostly religious works. His shift to painting biblical scenes occurred as he was undergoing a spiritual struggle. In a letter he wrote to his parents on Christmas 1896, he stated, "I have made up my mind to serve Him [God] more faithfully." A transitional work from this period is the recently rediscovered painting of a fishing boat tossed on the waves, which is held by the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

This is based on the description of a miracle in the Gospel of Matthew in which "the boat was now in the middle of the sea, tossed by the waves, for the wind was contrary" (14:24). The simple resources at Étaples were well adapted to his subject matter, which in several cases featured biblical figures in dark interiors.

Tanner's painting Daniel in the Lions' Den was accepted into the 1896 Salon. Later that year he painted The Resurrection of Lazarus. The critical praise for this piece solidified Tanner's position in the artistic elite and heralded the future direction of his paintings, which treated mostly biblical themes. Upon seeing The Resurrection of Lazarus, art critic Rodman Wanamaker offered to pay all the expenses for a journey by Tanner to the Middle East. Wanamaker felt that any serious painter of biblical scenes needed to see the environment firsthand and that a painter of Tanner's caliber was well worth the investment.

Tanner quickly accepted the offer. Before the next Salon opened, he set forth for the Palestine region of the Levant. Explorations of various mosques and biblical sites, as well as character studies of the local population, allowed him to further his artistic training. His paintings developed a powerful air of mystery and spirituality. Tanner was not the first artist to study the Middle East in person: since the 1830s, interest in Orientalism had been growing in Europe. Artists such as Eugène Delacroix, David Roberts and, later, Henri Matisse made such tours to capitalize on this curiosity.

In his adopted home of France, in 1923 Tanner was appointed Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, the highest national order of merit. He considered this "citation by the French government to be the greatest honor of his illustrious career."

The Banjo Lesson

On a short return visit to the United States in 1893, Tanner painted The Banjo Lesson, while in Philadelphia. Considered his most well-known work, the painting shows an elderly black man teaching a boy, assumed to be his grandson, how to play the banjo. This quiet composition explores several important themes. The image of a black man playing the banjo appears throughout American art of the late 19th century. Thomas Worth, Willy Miller, Walter M. Dunk, Eastman Johnson, and Tanner's teacher Thomas Eakins had all tackled the subject in their artwork.

Tanner created a sensitive moment of human interaction. The old man and young boy are shown engaged in a concentrated activity, oblivious to the rest of the world, sharing a sense of contact and cooperation. Tanner portrays the sitters as individuals with portrait-like detail.

Tanner's muted palette creates a peaceful scene that emphasizes modesty and family. There are two separate and varying light sources: A natural white, blue glow from outside enters from the left, while the warm light from a fireplace is apparent on the right. The figures are illuminated where the two light sources meet; some have hypothesized this as a manifestation of Tanner's situation in transition between two worlds, his American past and his newfound home in France.

Painting style

Tanner painted landscapes, religious subjects, and scenes of daily life in a realistic style that echoed that of Eakins. While works like The Banjo Lesson depicted everyday scenes of African American life, Tanner later painted religious subjects. It is likely that Tanner's father, a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, was a formative influence for him.

Tanner was not limited to one specific approach to painting and drawing. His works reflect at times meticulous attention to detail and loose, expressive brushstrokes in others. Often both methods are employed simultaneously. Tanner was also interested in the effects that color could have in a painting. Warmer compositions such as The Resurrection of Lazarus (1896) and The Annunciation (1898) express the intensity and fire of religious moments, and the elation of transcendence between the divine and humanity. Other paintings emphasize cool hues, which became dominant in his work after the mid-1890s. A palette of indigo and turquoise—referred to as the "Tanner blues"—characterizes works such as The Three Marys (1910), Gateway (1912) and The Arch (1919). Works such as The Good Shepherd (1903) and Return of the Holy Women (1904) evoke a feeling of somber religiosity and introspection.

Tanner often experimented with light in his works, which at times adds symbolic meaning. In The Annunciation (1898), for example, the archangel Gabriel is represented as a column of light that forms, together with the shelf in the upper left corner, a cross.

Marriage and family

In 1899 he married Jessie Olsson, a Swedish-American opera singer. A contemporary, Virginia Walker Course, described their relationship as one of equal talents, but racist attitudes insisted the relationship was unequal:

"Fan, did you ever hear of a miss [sic] Olsson of Portland? She has a beautiful voice I believe and came to Paris to cultivate it and she has married a darkey artist ... He is an awefully [sic] talented man but he is black. ... She seems like a well educated girl and really very nice but it makes me sick to see a cultivated woman marry a man like that. I don't know his work but he is very talented they say."

Jessie Tanner died in 1925, twelve years before her husband, and he grieved her deeply through the 1920s. He sold the family home in Les Charmes where they had been so happy together. They are buried next to each other in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine.

They had a son, Jesse, who survived Tanner at his death.

Later years

During World War I, Tanner worked for the Red Cross Public Information Department, during which time he also painted images from the front lines of the war. His works featuring African-American troops were rare during the war. In 1923 the French state made him a knight of the Legion of Honour for his work as an artist.

Tanner met with fellow African-American artist Palmer Hayden in Paris circa 1927. They discussed artistic technique and he gave Hayden advice on interacting with French society.

Several of Tanner's paintings were purchased by Atlanta art collector J. J. Haverty, who founded Haverty Furniture Co. and was instrumental in establishing the High Museum of Art. Tanner's Étaples Fisher Folk is among several paintings from the Haverty collection now in the High Museum's permanent collection.

Tanner died peacefully at his home in Paris, France, on May 25, 1937. He is buried at Sceaux Cemetery in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, a suburb of Paris.

Legacy

Tanner's work was influential during his career; he has been called "the greatest African American painter to date." The early paintings of William Edouard Scott, who studied with Tanner in France, show the influence of Tanner's technique. In addition, some of Norman Rockwell's illustrations deal with the same themes and compositions that Tanner pursued. Rockwell's proposed cover of the Literary Digest in 1922, for example, shows an older black man playing the banjo for his grandson. The light sources are nearly identical to those in Tanner's Banjo Lesson. A fireplace illuminates the right side of the picture, while natural light enters from the left. Both use similar objects as well such as the clothing, chair, crumpled hat on the floor. Some other major artists Tanner mentored include William A. Harper and Hale Woodruff.

Tanner's Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City (c. 1885; oil on canvas) hangs in the Green Room at the White House; it is the first painting by an African-American artist to have been purchased for the permanent collection of the White House. The painting is a landscape with a "view across the cool gray of a shadowed beach to dunes made pink by the late afternoon sunlight. A low haze over the water partially hides the sun." It was bought for $100,000 by the White House Endowment Fund during the Bill Clinton administration from Dr. Rae Alexander-Minter, grandniece of the artist.

His correspondence with Curtis between 1904 and 1937 is held at the Smithsonian Institution.

Tanner's work was included in the 2015 exhibition We Speak: Black Artists in Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s at the Woodmere Art Museum.

Awards

 * 1895, Atlanta, Cotton States and International Exposition: bronze medal for The Bagpipe Lesson.
 * 1896, Salon: honorable mention for Daniel in the Lions' Den
 * 1897, Salon: third class medal for Raising of Lazarus
 * 1899, Philadelphia Academy of Fine Art: Walter Lippincott prize for Christ and Nicodemus on a Rooftop
 * 1900, Paris Exposition: silver medal for Daniel in the Lions' Den
 * 1901, Buffalo Exposition: silver medal for Daniel in the Lions' Den
 * 1904, St. Louis Exposition: silver medal for Daniel in the Lions' Den
 * 1906, Salon: second class medal for The Disciples at Emmaus}
 * 1906, Art Institute of Chicago, Norman Wait Harris silver medal for The Two Disciples at the Tomb
 * 1915, Panama–Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco: gold medal for Christ at the Home of Lazarus (This link is to the study, not the final painting).
 * 1922, France: Knighthood of the Legion of Honor for his efforts in World War I, part of the Red Cross
 * 1927, New York, National Arts Club: bronze medal for Flight into Egypt (At the Gates)
 * 1930, New York City, Grand Central Art Gallery: Walter L. Clark prize for Etaples Fisher Folk

Exhibitions

 * 1972: The Art of Henry Ossawa Tanner. Glen Falls, New York: The Hyde Collection.
 * 1972: 19th Century American Landscape. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
 * 1976: Two Centuries of Black American Art. Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
 * 1989: Black Art Ancestral Legacy: The African Impulse in African-American Art. Dallas Museum of Art.
 * 1993: Revisiting the White City: American Art at the 1893 World's Fair
 * 2010: Henry Ossawa Tanner and his Contemporaries, Des Moines Art Center (December–February 2011).
 * 2012: Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia (January–April), then to Cincinnati Art Museum (May–September) and to Houston Museum of Fine Arts (October–January 2013)

Selected works

 * Seascape-Jetty (c. 1876–78)
 * Pomp at the Zoo (1880). Private Collection
 * Joachim Leaving the Temple (c. 1882–1888). Baltimore Museum of Art
 * Boy and Sheep Lying under a Tree (1881). Private Collection (On display at the Philadelphia Museum of Art)
 * Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City (1886). Estate of Sadie T. M. Alexander (On permanent display at the White House)
 * The Bagpipe Lesson (1893). Hampton University Museum, Virginia
 * The Banjo Lesson (1893). Hampton University Museum, Virginia
 * The Thankful Poor (1894). Art Bridges
 * The Young Sabot Maker (1895). The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri
 * Daniel in the Lions' Den (1895). Los Angeles County Museum of Art
 * The Resurrection of Lazarus (1896). Musée d'Orsay, Paris
 * Bishop Benjamin Tucker Tanner (1897). Baltimore Museum of Art
 * Lions in the Desert (c. 1897–1900). Smithsonian American Art Museum
 * The Annunciation (1898). Philadelphia Museum of Art, W.P. Wilstach Collection
 * Moonlight Landscape (1898–1900). Muscarelle Museum of Art, Williamsburg, VA.
 * Henry Ossawa Tanner 1903.png]]The Good Shepherd (1903). Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University
 * Return of the Holy Women (1904). Cedar Rapids Art Gallery, Iowa
 * Two Disciples at the Tomb (1905–06). Art Institute of Chicago
 * The Visitation (1909–10). Kalamazoo Institute of Arts
 * The Holy Family (1909–10). Muskegon Museum of Art, Michigan, Hackley Picture Fund
 * Moroccan Scene (about 1912). Birmingham Museum of Art, Alabama
 * Palace of Justice, Tangier (1912–13). Smithsonian American Art Museum
 * Scene in Cairo. Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art, Shawnee, Oklahoma

Other works

 * See: List of paintings by Henry Ossawa Tanner with events in his life

title: Henry Ossawa Tanner


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La Princesse de Clèves

La Princesse de Clèves (, "The Princess of Cleves") is a French novel which was published anonymously in March 1678. It was regarded by many as the beginning of the modern tradition of the psychological novel and a classic work. Its author is generally held to be Madame de La Fayette.

The action takes place between October 1558 and November 1559 primarily at the royal court of Henry II of France, as well as in a few other locations in France. The novel recreates that era with remarkable precision. Nearly every character—though not the heroine—is a historical figure. Events and intrigues unfold with great faithfulness to the documentary record, and the novel is generally regarded as one of the first examples of Western historical fiction.

Synopsis
Mademoiselle de Chartres is a sheltered heiress, sixteen years old, whose mother has brought her to the court of Henri II to seek a husband with good financial and social prospects. When old jealousies against a kinsman spark intrigues against the young ingénue, the best marriage prospects withdraw. The young woman follows her mother's recommendation and accepts the overtures of a middling suitor, the Prince de Clèves. After the wedding, she meets the dashing Duke de Nemours. The two fall in love, yet do nothing to pursue their affections, limiting their contact to an occasional visit in the now-Princess of Clèves's salon. The duke becomes enmeshed in a scandal at court that leads the Princess to believe he has been unfaithful in his affections. A letter from a spurned mistress to her paramour is discovered in the dressing room at one of the estates, but this letter was actually written to the Princess' uncle, the Vidame de Chartres, who has also become entangled in a relationship with the Queen. He begs the Duke de Nemours to claim ownership of the letter, which ends up in the Princess's possession. The duke has to produce documents from the Vidame to convince the Princess that his heart has been true. Eventually, the Prince de Clèves discerns that his wife is in love with another man. She confesses as much. He relentlessly quizzes her—indeed tricks her—until she reveals the man's identity. After he sends a servant to spy on the Duke de Nemours, the Prince de Clèves believes that his wife has been both physically and emotionally unfaithful to him. He becomes ill and dies (either of his illness or of a broken heart). On his deathbed, he blames the Duke de Nemours for his suffering and begs the Princess not to marry him. Now free to pursue her passions, the Princess is torn between her duty and her love. The duke pursues her more openly, but she rejects him, choosing instead to enter a convent for part of each year.

Characters

 * Mademoiselle de Chartres/Madame de Clèves – The Princess at the center of the story. The daughter of Madame de Chartres and the niece of the Vidame de Chartres, she struggles throughout the novel with her duty as a wife to Monsieur de Clèves and her love for the Duke de Nemours.
 * Madame de Chartres – The mother of the Princess of Clèves. She supports her daughter's marriage to Monsieur de Clèves and warns her daughter against a romantic attachment to the Duke de Nemours. Her death leaves the Princess without a confidante advising restraint.
 * Monsieur de Clèves – The husband of the Princess de Clèves. He has "prudence rare in the young" and, although he lacks the beauty and style of the Duke de Nemours, has financial stability and high stature at court. Madame de Chartres views him as an attractive match for her daughter. While the Princess feels affection for him, Monsieur de Clèves loves her so profoundly that learning of her feelings for the Duke de Nemours wounds him beyond measure.
 * Monsieur de Nemours – The dashing "chef d’oeuvre de la nature" with whom the Princess de Clèves falls in love. His obsession with the Princess leads him, despite the fact she is married, to make many advances. The Duke at the time of Henri II was Jacques of Savoy, 2nd Duke of Nemours.
 * The King Henri II – The King of France. This character is believed to be a representation of King Louis XIV.
 * Chevalier de Guise – A young knight who loves the Princess de Clèves.
 * Madame de Tournon – A lady of the court who has affairs with two men, Estouteville and the Count de Sancerre.
 * Vidame de Chartres – The uncle of the Princess de Clèves and a friend of the Duke de Nemours. The Duke often uses the Vidame as a way to contact the Princesse. Vidame at the time of Henri II was François de Vendôme, Vidame de Chartres.

Contemporary reception
The novel was an enormous commercial success at the time of its publication, and readers outside of Paris had to wait months to receive copies. The novel also sparked several public debates, including one about its authorship, and another about the wisdom of the Princess's decision to confess her adulterous feelings to her husband.

One of the earliest psychological novels, and also the first roman d'analyse (analysis novel), La Princesse de Clèves marked a major turning point in the history of the novel, which to that point had largely been used to tell romances, implausible stories of heroes overcoming odds to find a happy marriage, with a myriad of subplots and running up to twelve volumes. La Princesse de Clèves turned that on its head with a highly realistic plot, introspective language that explored the characters' inner thoughts and emotions, and few but important subplots concerning the lives of other nobles.

List of English translations

 * Anonymous (Bentley and Magnes, 1679) – "Rendered into English by a Person of Quality".
 * Thomas Sergeant Perry (James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., 1892) – revised by John D. Lyons (Norton Critical Editions, 1993).
 * H. Ashton (George Routledge & Sons Ltd, c.1925).
 * Nancy Mitford (Euphorion Books, 1950) – revised by Leonard Tancock (Penguin Classics, 1978).
 * Walter J. Cobb (Signet Classic, 1961).
 * Mildred Sarah Greene (University of Mississippi, Romance Monographs, no. 35, 1979).
 * Terence Cave (Oxford World's Classics, 1992).
 * Robin Buss (Penguin Classics, 1992).
 * David Harrison (Lever Press, 2022), co-edited with Hélène Bilis, Jean-Vincent Blanchard, and Hélène Visentin

In popular culture
The novel was the basis of Jean Delannoy's 1961 film of the same title (adapted by Jean Cocteau), Manoel de Oliveira's 1999 film The Letter, and Andrzej Żuławski's 2000 film Fidelity (starring Sophie Marceau).

Beginning in 2006, before he became the French president, Nicolas Sarkozy denigrated the book, arguing that it was ridiculous that civil service entrance exams included questions on La Princesse de Clèves. As a result, during the long movement of university lecturers in 2009 against his proposals, public readings of La Princesse de Clèves were held in towns around the country. Sales of the novel rose rapidly.

In relation to this, the novel is used by French filmmaker Christophe Honoré for his 2008 film La Belle Personne. The plot of the film roughly follows that of the novel, but changes the setting to that of a modern-day French lycée (high school), thus referencing both the novel and the reason for its contemporary fame.

The novel was dramatised as a radio play directed by Kirsty Williams broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 28 February 2010 – see La Princesse de Clèves (radio play). It was also the basis of Régis Sauder's 2011 film Nous, princesses de Clèves, in which teenagers in an inner city school are studying the novel for their baccalaureate exam.

title: La Princesse de Clèves


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User talk:Osmanoglou

Please don't submit malicious listings on WP:VIP. Stop vandalizing pages and attacking Tabib. Further vandalism will get you blocked from editing. Rhobite 00:41, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Don't vandalize other Users' User pages. Don't edit other User's comments on Talk pages. RickK 06:04, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Although I appreciate what you are trying to do... Please leave my user page alone. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:56, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Arbitration Committee case opening
An arbitration case involving you has been accepted by the Arbitration Committee. Please bring evidence to Requests for arbitration/Baku Ibne et. al./Evidence. Thank you. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 21:43, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)

title: User talk:Osmanoglou


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Talk:Fertility rate

Definition
The article defines fertility rate as. Is this the actual average among all women, or is it the potential number of children per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years? The following sentence and the article on sub-replacement fertility suggest the latter. If it were the former, then replacement rate should have been exactly 2, in my opinion - if 2 is the actual number of children per woman, then these two replace their two parents (assuming the male and female populations are roughly the same size). See also. Also, if births are counted rather than children, then the 0.1 added to 2 (which is 5%) should be affected by child mortality, which ranges dramatically from 20% to nearly 0 between countries, between rural and urban regions, etc.. I was wondering if someone has an accurate definition of fertility rate and replacement rate, as I've seen different definitions.--Doron 06:36, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Could someone distinguish total fertility rate and general fertility rate?

title: Talk:Fertility rate


text:
Hecla-class bomb vessel

The Hecla class was a class of bomb vessels of the Royal Navy of the early 19th century. They were designed for use as bomb or mortar ships and were very heavily built. Eight ships were launched; all were converted for use as exploration or survey ships. Four ships of the class are known for the role they played in Arctic and Antarctic exploration.

Ships

 * HMS Fury (1814)
 * Builder: Mrs Mary Ross, Rochester
 * Ordered: 5 June 1813
 * Laid down: September 1813
 * Launched: 4 April 1814
 * Completed:
 * Notes: Converted to Arctic discovery vessel in 1821
 * Fate: Bilged in Prince Regent Inlet, and abandoned in the Arctic on 25 August 1825; anchors recovered and now displayed at Fort Saint-Jean (Quebec)

 * HMS Hecla (1815)
 * Builder: Barkworth & Hawkes, North Barton (Hull)
 * Ordered: 5 June 1813
 * Laid down: July 1813
 * Launched: 22 July 1815
 * Completed:
 * Notes: Arctic discovery vessel from 1819 to 1827. Converted to survey ship in December 1827
 * Fate: Sold on 13 April 1831; re-sold to M. Wright, master, Elder & Co. and left and wrecked state c. 1845

 * HMS Infernal (1815)
 * Builder: Barkworth & Hawkes, North Barton (Hull)
 * Ordered: 5 June 1813
 * Laid down: July 1813
 * Launched: 26 July 1815
 * Completed:
 * Notes:
 * Fate: Sold on 13 April 1831

 * HMS Meteor (1823)
 * Builder: Pembroke Dockyard
 * Ordered: 18 May 1819
 * Laid down: May 1820
 * Launched: 25 June 1823
 * Completed: 26 July 1823
 * Notes: Survey ship, renamed HMS Beacon in June 1832
 * Fate: Sold on 17 August 1846

 * HMS Aetna (1824)
 * Builder: Chatham Dockyard
 * Ordered: 18 May 1819
 * Laid down: September 1821
 * Launched: 14 May 1824
 * Completed: June 1824
 * Notes: Converted to survey ship in 1826. Receiving ship at Portsmouth in 1839.
 * Fate: Sold on 20 February 1846

 * HMS Sulphur (1826)
 * Builder: Chatham Dockyard
 * Ordered: 18 May 1819
 * Laid down: May 1824
 * Launched: 26 January 1826
 * Completed: 21 February 1826
 * Notes: The last bomb-ship in Royal Navy service. Converted to survey ship in December 1835. Receiving ship at Woolwich from May 1843
 * Fate: Broken up by 20 November 1857

 * HMS Thunder (1829)
 * Builder: Deptford Dockyard
 * Ordered: 18 May 1819
 * Laid down: November 1826
 * Launched: 4 August 1829
 * Completed: 26 October 1829
 * Notes: Converted to survey ship in January 1833
 * Fate: Broken up in March 1851

 * HMS Vesuvius
 * Builder: Deptford Dockyard
 * Ordered: 18 May 1819 (Order transferred to Chatham Dockyard, reordered on 30 August 1828)
 * Laid down: August 1830
 * Launched:
 * Completed:
 * Notes:
 * Fate: Cancelled on 10 January 1831

 * HMS Devastation
 * Builder: Plymouth Dockyard
 * Ordered: 18 May 1819
 * Laid down: 1820
 * Launched:
 * Completed:
 * Notes: Suspended on 10 January 1831
 * Fate: Cancelled on 11 July 1833

 * HMS Volcano
 * Builder: Plymouth Dockyard
 * Ordered: 18 May 1819
 * Laid down: 1821
 * Launched:
 * Completed:
 * Notes: Suspended on 10 January 1831
 * Fate: Cancelled on 11 July 1833

 * HMS Beelzebub
 * Builder: Plymouth Dockyard
 * Ordered: 18 May 1819
 * Laid down:
 * Launched:
 * Completed:
 * Notes: Suspended on 10 January 1831
 * Fate: Cancelled on 11 July 1833

 * HMS Erebus (1826)
 * Builder: Pembroke Dockyard
 * Ordered: 9 January 1823
 * Laid down: October 1824
 * Launched: 7 June 1826
 * Completed: February 1828
 * Notes: Arctic discovery vessel in 1839, fitted with screw in 1845
 * Fate: Abandoned in Arctic on 22 April 1848; discovered underwater in Queen Maud Gulf in 2014 and now preserved as Erebus and Terror National Historic Site of Canada

Service
Fury and Hecla sailed with William Edward Parry on his explorations in search of the Northwest Passage, with Fury being lost to ice on the second. Meteor was renamed Beacon and used as a survey ship, while Aetna and Thunder were both used as survey ships. Sulphur was also used as a survey ship, at one time being commanded by Edward Belcher who later commanded an expedition in search of John Franklin (though not in Sulphur). Erebus was one of two ships commanded by James Clark Ross during his exploration of Antarctica and by Franklin on his ill-fated search for the Northwest Passage. The other was the Vesuvius-class bomb vessel bomb vessel HMS Terror (1813). Both ships were lost during this last voyage.

title: Hecla-class bomb vessel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mekh times

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 18:42, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Mekh times
No hits on Google, shockingly enough. Seems to be vanity. CJCurrie 00:44, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 02:06, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Rje 03:16, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable unless someone provides evidence for "It has been highly acclaimed by many people and has recieved numerous awards." Zzyzx11 04:23, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There will never, ever be a source for "It has ... recieved numerous awards," because "recieve" is not a word. :-) /sɪzlæk  ˺/  07:17, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Stephen H. West

Stephen H. West, Ph.D. (Traditional Chinese: 奚如谷, pinyin: Xī Rúgǔ; born January 6, 1944)  is a sinologist, philologist, and translator.

West received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. He formerly taught at University of California, Berkeley, where he held the position of Professor of Chinese, in the Department of East Asian Languages, and also served as executive director of the Inter-University Board of Chinese Language Studies. West then became professor of Chinese and head of the Chinese program at Arizona State University, in Tempe, Arizona, where he taught classes on classical Chinese and Chinese culture.

English publications

 * Records of the Three Kingdoms in Plain Language. (With Wilt L. Idema). Hackett Publishing Company, 2016.
 * Vaudeville and Narrative: Aspects of Chin Theater. Münchener Ostasiatische Studien. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1977.
 * China, 1976. (With other authors). Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1978.
 * Chinese Theater 1100-1450: A Source Book. (With Wilt L. Idema) Münchener Ostasiatische Studien. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982.
 * The Moon and the Zither: Wang Shifu's Story of the Western Wing. (With Wilt L. Idema). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
 * The Story of the Western Wing. (With Wilt Idema). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. (Rev. ed. of Moon and the Zither).

title: Stephen H. West


text:
User talk:Alteripse/archive2

Hi Alteripse :) I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

Check out the New user log, or here's some stuff you can do, if you want:

Keep contributing, and don't forget to have fun! Dysprosia 09:32, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia!

Regarding the intersexual article: thank you for your lengthy critique; please feel free to edit boldly to bring the article up to scratch. There is no single author for any Wikipedia article; we rely on peer review and editing to continually revise each article, driving out mediocrity and errors. The theory is that as articles get better, they engage the attention of progressively better qualified editors, who correct their flaws until (we hope) excellence is achieved. -- The Anome 09:47, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hi Alteripse, and welcome again to wikipedia.

No worries about the GH formatting, it's nice to see the article grow so much!

There are a few pages that explain Wikipedia formatting (e.g How to edit a page), but here are a few basics (if you haven't picked them up already).

 * ==Heading== will make a heading.

 * This is a link. Will make a link like that.

 * Bold and italic. -> Bold and italic

Hi Alteripse, thanks for your comment in the "doctors' mess". Would you consider joining the Wikipedia doctors clicque? Please add your name to the list of members! Concerning my nice metabolic diagrams: I usually look up a few textbook or online sources and draw them in the OpenOffice.org vector diagram program. Do you have any special requests? I'll gladly draw an image for an existing article (I can always recycle them whenever I need to give a talk!) Just don't ask me to do coagulation—there's so many different diagrams around that I would be a bit out of my depth... JFW | T@lk  20:59, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for catching the edit that somebody did on my Green Pool page how did you catch it so fast ? thanks again.

HGH Quackery
I frequently check around the Special:Recentchanges list and expand or work on pages that other users have made. I think it's what makes Wikipedia great. If you've got good content for HGH quackery, by all means, add it. I took a quick gander on google for HGH information and the problem you mentioned is immediately obvious. I think there would be a big use for this page, particularly for people looking for information on HGH treatments. I look forward to seeing the finished page. Best of luck. Abqwildcat 19:58, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Sex article and related
Hi, I just saw your answers to my comments. I think we basically will end up agreeing on most things (especially the weird vocabulary), but until later tonight I will not have time to answer your comments. I have wanted to revisit some of these articles myself. I spent lots of time a year ago working on some of them and then seeing them gradually twisted out of shape by edits by other people. -- Things can get quite political. You cannot change people's beliefs directly, but you can change people's understanding of what the facts are. More later. P0M

I have put a kind of outline on a "sandbox" page at User:Patrick0Moran/Sex_discussion, not necessarily with the intent of using any of it directly, but in the hope that the proper outline of sex and related topics can be elucidated. I welcome any comments or corrections you may care to make. Thanks. P0M 17:11, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Thank you for your comments and corrections on my talk page. I like the Sex article as it now stands. Having that fundamental document in good order will make it easier to straighten out kinks in related areas. (I am always amazed at the absolutist statements people who are not in the laboratory can make on the basis of what they have heard and believed or have simply assumed. For instance, I have read statements to the effect that "most spiders are too small to bite humans" many times. A few days ago I collected an immature (2 mm.) web weaver (Cyclosa conica) by the simple expedient of swiping my hand through the central part of her web where she was hidden in a little "rope" made of her collection of recent kills. I couldn't see her until I had disturbed her enough to make her leave her lair. But she could sense me clearly enough to bite me twice, once on each of the two most easily available fingers. Of course the perforations were too small to be visible to the naked eye, so it may be that I just *felt* that I had been bitten.) Anyway, I am sure that I make my share of absolutist statements. Thanks for knocking the rough edges off. P0M 17:16, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Euthanasia
You've been very good. I have turned neutrophil elastase into a redirect, as it contained nothing I hadn't added to elastase when I wrote that. Hereditary spherocytosis can be salvaged, but I must read up on that, especially preventive measures and transfusion requirements.

Please notify me if any other haem pages need updating. I'm thinking about writing up heme synthesis properly. JFW | T@lk  09:41, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

CAH due to 11
I couldn't find the second page you wanted deleted. Would you mind checking the title?? JFW | T@lk  00:01, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Please don't worry about it
I understand exactly -- the RD is a tough place to be, tougher for the scientists among us (IMO), and the material they were looking to manufacture is indeed harmful. The only objection I had to your comment is that it would merely confuse the user -- straightforwardly telling them it was a dangerous chemical that was far more complicated than "altered calcium" would have been more direct. But the alchemy quip was "too good to not say", and I recognize that. I'm tired these days for non-Wiki reasons, and so some things strike a nerve unintentionally -- it happened that your comment made me grumpy because I had no idea how to respond to them, and I had hoped that the question could be left unanswered, but then I felt "forced" to respond when I saw your remark and thought it would just tick the questioner off. All ended very well, and I fully understand and respect your reasons for your actions -- not a big deal to me at all. Thank you for your compliments -- I must say, I am impressed by your work here, and very glad of your intelligence and reason when dealing with some of this site's less reasonable contributors. My best wishes to you, and please, keep the humor aloft at the reference desk -- I need a good laugh now and then. :-) Jwrosenzweig 16:20, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Missing vote
Can you explain why you deleted my vote on the Dealing with trolls page. It's the kind of thing that tends to get noticed and complained LOUDLY about unless you have a good reason. Yes? Alteripse 02:30, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Erm. Didn't mean to - sorry - if I did it was in error. Can you replace it or shall I? Mark Richards 02:34, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Really sorry - don't understand how it happened. Thanks for being understanding about it! Mark Richards 02:39, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Gedday
good! I knew we'd find something! except I'm a bit worried we may not be very far apart. For the fourth offense, or a repeat reincarnation the proposal states: " threshold 1 counter-productive edits (that is no warning), block 96 hours". doesn't that basically show the troublemakers the door pretty quickly? and it then means that we can put our collective hands on our collective hearts and say "justice was done" and was seen to be done. That nameless snot at the doctor page is an admin. I think they do need some limits put on them. At the momment Heph and Mark are fighting because there are no rules, if the rules are clear there is less to fight about. Troll may like rules, but if the rules says "you are out of here" surely there is not much to like!! Erich 00:31, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

looks like I'll have to read the diabetes article! Erich 02:14, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Re: Bone age
It was a joke, ok? bone age - age at which boning is legal - age of consent. i was bored, and vandalism looked like fun. and i have a childish sense of humor. I'll change it back.

User:Flurdy
Your statement on User talk:Flurdy that "Any user can delete any page" is incorrect. Any user can remove the content of a page, leaving a blank page ("blanking"). Only an admin can actually delete a page, removing it from view of non-admins and making links to it return to the red color signifying "no article". Blanking is heavily frowned upon because as far as the software is concerned, the article still exists. -- Cyrius|✎ 14:36, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Cushings Disease
Thanks for your feedback. I think I'll try and stick with doing some writing, there appear to be plenty of people on Wkipedia with more interest than me in creating lists and categorisation schemes.--Ianmc 21:40, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

My sentiments exactly. Alteripse 00:00, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Image:MenstrualCycle.png
Thanks for the compliments and the spelling suggestion. I changed Image:MenstrualCycle.png and Image:MenstrualCycle.sxd. Please check if it is correct now. You said I will get an ovation when done. I hope you didn't mean ovulation ;-) Chris 73 | Talk 07:28, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC) (note: Use CTRL-Reload to clear the browser cache in order to get the new image)

 * Thanks for the ovation. The drawing took me about 2 hours to make, mainly because my computer crashed 3 times. My approach: I found some copyrighted sources on the web, added those into an Openoffice.org drawing, and created my own images on top of them. Sort of paint-by-numbers, just with a computer, and some modifications. Image:HowToTieBowtie VersionA.png and Image:HowToTieBowtie VersionB.png were much more difficult. Give it a try, the software is free and pretty good. (Computer crashed because of windows, not because of OpenOffice) happy editing -- Chris 73 | Talk 14:53, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Wow. I think that's the best illustration I've ever seen on Wikipedia. - dcljr 09:48, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) Oops, heh... It would help if I left this on the page of the user who made the image. Sorry, Alteripse. - dcljr 09:53, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Talk:Alternative medicine
Can I offer a bit of friendly advice? When someone acts patronisingly, ignore them. I don't think he was actually trying to upset you, he's just not as good as you as putting his point across and so inadvertently (I believe) managed to insult you.

When I find myself getting worked up I type my replies into a word processor instead of the edit box. That way I can sleep on it. Everything looks better after a nights sleep. Worthy sucsessor to MNH? That's way over the top! Fortunately I don't think he knows who MNH is.theresa knott 19:19, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Further, I suggest removing the para from the talk page. It can't possibly change the mind of someone of the description it gives, and can only inflame it further ... working with people one does not consider a clear thinker is a task requiring superhuman patience ... - David Gerard 15:23, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I am a little surprised to hear from both of you asking me to back off. I very carefully made no insults or personal attacks when asking him for a discussion, and tried to be friendly even in the second response, yet there was nothing in his replies but ad hominem invective and strawman arguments. I finally got exasperated. I haven't run into pollinator before. I gather you two don't consider him worth chiding from prior experience? I would withdraw the comparison with mnh, but I don't think I can delete an edit message. My last response seems temperate and evidence-based compared with some of the flame wars around here, but in the interest of not offending people I will remove it. Do you both solemnly swear you refrain from responding when some fool implies he knows what kind of stereotyped person you are because you requested a discussion? Alteripse 16:05, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I solemnly swear I try to, frequently imperfectly I must admit. (It hurts, because I can do really good scathing abuse if I care enough to.) I occasionally put myself in danger of breaking a molar gritting my teeth.

 * Not so much danger of offending people, but that I suspect it wouldn't help dealing with this type of person at all. I have no experience of this particular example, but in general the not quite rational are best dealt with as black boxes, ignoring the words.

 * Also, if they really do turn out to be NMH types - insistently, self-righteously obnoxious - rationality from their debate opponents makes it blindingly obvious to onlookers and, if it comes to that, the Arbitration Committee. 'Cos some people just can't be convinced that walking into the whirling blades is a bad idea. I have no idea if this particular example is like that, I think (and hope) not since he accepts the compromise in this case. Maybe he will learn by example. (Maybe I'm entirely too hopeful for humanity.) - David Gerard 16:21, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It was not my intention to tell you to back off in the sense you seem to imply. (I don't consider it you fault or anything) It's just that I could see he was getting to you. In answer to your question- Yes I have run across pollinator before, although only on one occasion. I wouldn't go as far as saying that I don't consider him worth chiding, but I do feel that you were the most likely to reaspond favourably to my suggestion. I do solemnly swear to try my best not to allow people to wind me up, but if I fail to keep my cool I expect you, David, or anyone else I respect to remind me on my talk page. theresa knott 16:24, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

enjoy the camp
thanks again for the vote by the way Erich 02:26, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Diabetes
I have a grandmother (passed away in the mid nineties) with type 2 diabetes (though she required insulin occasionally for her last five years). Other than that, in depression support groups I've come across people who had mood disorders secondary to thyroid problems, or mild hypoglucemia, which in some cases became type 2 diabetis. So I know some things. Pakaran. 15:22, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Twit changin the spelling of pediatrics
Hey,

I am the one who was changing spelling (Paediatric). I actually made the change in a couple of places only to see what the reaction was and was about put a comment on the talk page asking what the policy was (then I remembered my GI exam tomorrow...). So thanks for the note and I totally agree. Are we supposed to just make redirect pages for the alternate spelling? I am also a little confused about the category hierarchy. I added Category:Neonatology under peds and was waiting to see what would happen.

Take care,

Azad 00:45, 2004 Nov 16 (UTC)

Redirect is fine. I already took care of it. Good luck on your exam. alteripse 00:47, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

User:Eequor and censorship
How come nearly every answer you give at the Reference Desk makes some kind of jab at Eequor for censoring information? I've never found this to be true. Gelu Ignisque

 * She did it twice to my ref desk answers. Neither had anything to do with her and she had no business doing it, but failed to respond to my relatively civilized and rational complaints about it. I'll probably get over it and quit mentioning it, but I don't consider her one of the useful and positive people around here. alteripse 01:49, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Robert
I see he is getting to you. I know how you feel. Have a wikihug from me and Dont let the bastards grind you down Theresa Knott (Tart, knees hot) 18:57, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Personal attack noted, Theresa. - Robert the Bruce 03:12, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Note away all you like Robert - but it's a direct quote from the haindmaid's tale, and was not directed at you.I have no idea if you are a bastard or not - what you mother did before she was married is of no interest to me Theresa Knott (Tart, knees hot) 06:54, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * You seem to be such a nice person Theresa. That aside I believe that you continue to misuse your administrator staus to assist with the promotion of your POV. That is really naughty. - Robert the Bruce 03:59, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

FAC Battle of Warsaw objections adressed
I thought you may want to check Featured_article_candidates and perhaps change your vote or comment again. Thank you for your previous input. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 13:14, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Replied at Talk:Battle of Warsaw (1920). Tnx for your interest. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 11:26, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dysregulation
Hmmm. "Unhealthy" in modern parlance seems to mean "unhealthy lifestyle". I found my version less confusing. :-) JFW | T@lk  20:50, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alteripse/archive2


text:
Solar-powered watch

A solar-powered watch or light-powered watch is a watch that is powered entirely or partly by a solar cell.

History
A model produced from 1978 by the Riehl Time Corporation was simply described as running on solar power, but having "silicon power cells" that "absorb energy from natural sunlight, daylight, or an ordinary light bulb".

Some of the early solar watches of the 1970s had innovative and unique designs to accommodate the array of photovoltaic solar cells needed to power them (Synchronar, Nepro, Sicura and some models by Cristalonic, Alba, Rhythm, Seiko and Citizen). In 1996, Citizen started to sell analog light-powered watches under the Eco-Drive name. Since their introduction, photovoltaic devices have greatly improved their efficiency and thereby their capacity. Watchmakers have developed their technology such that solar-powered watches had by 2009 become a major part of their range. Several other watch manufacturers also use solar technology, such as Orient. Junghans, Casio, and Seiko.

Inexpensive solar-powered watches were first sold in the 1980s and were popular amongst children, often featuring famous fictional characters such as Transformers or G.I. Joe.

Technological details
Typically, sunlight and artificial light are absorbed by a solar panel behind the crystal. The dial is either on a layer above or actually on the solar panel. This solar panel converts the light into electrical energy to power the watch. The watch will usually store energy in a rechargeable cell to power itself during the night or when covered such as a wearer's clothing (e.g., sleeve). Citizen's watches use lithium-ion batteries to store sufficient energy to power the watch for up to five years without light exposure, by allowing the watch to enter a power-saving or hibernation mode during which the seconds hand stops until the watch is re-exposed to light. Not all have a power-save mode, yet will still hold a charge for typically six months, as with uncomplicated (date only) analog versions made by Citizen.

title: Solar-powered watch


text:
Air Tahiti

Air Tahiti is a French airline company which operates in French Polynesia. Its main hub is Faa'a International Airport. It is the largest private employer in French Polynesia.

Early seaplane operations
The company was founded in July 1950 by Jean Arbelot and Marcel Lasserre, operating between Papeete, Raiatea, and Bora Bora using a 7-seater seaplane, a Grumman Widgeon J-4F.

In 1951, the French Ministry for the Overseas purchased on behalf of the Territory a Grumman Mallard amphibian aircraft, which the airline was allowed to use. In May 1951 it inaugurated a fortnightly mail service between Papeete and Aitutaki in the Cook Islands, only for the first flight to be turned away due to concerns about Polio. The route was discontinued in June 1952 when TEAL extended its service to Papeete. The airline temporarily ceased all operations in July 1952 after a crash injured its only pilot, but services resumed in April 1953 after an Australian pilot was recruited. Gradually, Air Tahiti spread its wings to all the islands of French Polynesia. In 1953 the first landing in the Gambier archipelago was achieved. In October 1953, the first flight to the Marquesas islands took place with a sea-landing at Taiohae / Nuku Hiva.

RAI
In July 1953 the Territory reallocated the Grumman Mallard to Régie Aérienne Interinsulaire (RAI, "interisland aviation board"), a subsidiary of Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux, which took over air transport in French Polynesia. The Air Tahiti brand then disappeared. RAI acquired two Consolidated PBY Catalina seaplanes to expand links between the islands of French Polynesia. Originally operating in an orange livery, these aircraft later adopted green and blue. The network was expanded, and in 1955, the Austral archipelagos inaugurated seaplane service with the opening of routes to Tubuai and Raivavae.

In 1958 RAI rebranded as the Réseau Aérien Interinsulaire (Inter-Island Aviation Network). It continued to operate seaplanes, and expanded its network to include the Tuamotus. It also operated a Short Sandringham "Bermuda" flying boat connecting the main runway at Bora-Bora with Papeete. The construction of Papeete's Faa'a International Airport in 1960 was followed by a vast construction program of runways across French Polynesia, and RAI's fleet shifted away from seaplanes towards conventional aircraft.

Air Polynésie
In 1970, RAI rebranded again as Air Polynésie. Nicknamed "Air Po" by Polynesians, the company asserted more of its Polynesian identity and implemented regular services throughout French Polynesia and especially to the more remote islands. The airline had a "virtual monopoly" due to a convention with the territorial government. Initially operating a Short Sandringham "Bermuda" flying boat, a Douglas DC-4 propliner and a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter turboprop, it later added a Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander and two Fokker F27 Friendships. It began operations to Huahine in April 1971. In late 1984, faced with a need for new capital to purchase modern aircraft, it threatened to wind itself up unless a loan was guaranteed by the territorial government.

Air Tahiti again
In 1985, the former UTA (by then absorbed by Air France) sold a majority of Air Polynesia shares, with 25% being given to the French Polynesian government and the remaining 45% sold to local investors. In 1987 the airline was again rebranded as Air Tahiti, using a fleet of ATR 42 regional turboprop aircraft. Between 1987 and 2007 it quadrupled its passenger-kilometres travelled, from 75 million to 315 million.

Destinations
Air Tahiti covers a network of 48 destinations, most of which are in French Polynesia, although one is available in the Cook Islands.

Fleet
As of December 2023, the Air Tahiti fleet consists of:

Accidents and incidents

 * On April 18, 1991, Air Tahiti Flight 805 was on approach to Nuku Hiva Airport, when the aircraft, a Dornier 228, suffered an engine failure and attempted to ditch near the coast. 10 of the 20 occupants in the aircraft were killed.

title: Air Tahiti


text:
Inferior Five

The Inferior Five (or I5) are a parody superhero team appearing in books by the American publisher DC Comics. Created by writer E. Nelson Bridwell and artist Joe Orlando, the team premiered in the DC Comics title Showcase #62 (May-June 1966).

The premise is that the characters are the children of members of a superhero team called the Freedom Brigade, a parody of the Justice League of America. In their early appearances, the team went up against spoofs of the Marvel Comics heroes. Showcase #63 featured "Brute Brainard", who was exposed to Phi Beta Kappa radiation and became the giant green hulk known as "Man-Mountain", and in #65, the team visited Dean Egghead's superhero academy to meet the five young "Egg's Men". When the team got their own series, early issues also mocked the Fantastic Four and Thor.

First series
After appearing in Showcase #62, 63, and 65 (1966), they got their own title which lasted 12 issues. The first 10 had new material and were published from 1967 to 1968.

Issues #11 and 12 were published in 1972, and titled Inferior 5 (using the number 5 rather than spelling out the word) and were all reprints, except for the covers. Nothing changed with the alteration of the title.

Pre-Crisis
The team has appeared only sporadically after their series was canceled, with Showcase #100 being their only new appearance during the Bronze Age of Comic Books. Other appearances include one or two panels (there is disagreement over whether the characters in one panel are the Inferior Five) in Crisis on Infinite Earths, Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew! in The Oz–Wonderland War #3 (March 1986), and the Grant Morrison-written Animal Man series. They appear in one panel in JLA: Another Nail as Flash and the Atom take a trip through many dimensions.

Although the Inferior Five's original stories made frequent references to other prominent DC heroes, ''Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew! in The Oz–Wonderland War'' #3 revealed their adventures to have occurred on "Earth-Twelve", which had its own doppelgangers of the JLA, the Teen Titans, etc., meaning that any such references were out of continuity in relation to the heroes of DC's primary Earth-One.

Post-Crisis
Following Crisis on Infinite Earths, where the Five were seen in background cameos, the team's sole "continuity" appearance as a team was in the 1991 Angel and the Ape miniseries, where it was revealed that Angel and the Dumb Bunny are half-sisters. Members of the Justice League of America had cameos in the series, indicating that the Inferior Five now existed on the Post-Crisis Earth.

The Inferior Five appear in issue #17 of the Batman: The Brave and the Bold comics. The Inferior Five team up with the Legion of Substitute Heroes in The Brave and The Bold #35 and with Bat-Mite in Bat-Mite #5 (Dec. 2015).

Steve Gerber proposed a Vertigo version of the Inferior Five as a send-up of the "dark 'n' gritty" comics of the period, but this was rejected. Gerber later claimed that DC refused to publish anything with the title on the grounds that it would make them look "inferior" for publishing it.

2019 mini-series
In September 2019, a 12-issue maxi-series by Keith Giffen was initiated. It was a reinvention of the team, as the protagonists are now five children in the small town of Dangerfield, Arizona. It revolves around a mystery regarding their parents, and they are the only ones that notice something strange is going on. It takes place in 1988, where the invasion was successful on the town of Dangerfield. The aliens are in hiding, still experimenting with the metagene, and keeping a focus on the five kids. The book later reveals that the Invasion is metafictional. The series also contains a backup feature starring Peacemaker. The number of issues was soon reduced from 12 to 6. There was a fifteen month publishing hiatus between issues #4 (December 2019) and #5 (March 2021) with the last two issues released digitally.

Members

 * Merryman (Myron Victor, occupation: comic strip artist), a "98 Pound Weakling", he is the son of the Patriot and Lady Liberty (parodying Uncle Sam and Quality Comics' Miss America) and a descendant of Yellowjacket and the Crimson Chrysanthemum (obvious takeoffs on the Green Hornet and the Scarlet Pimpernel). The team's leader, he wears a jester outfit, having decided in the team's first appearance that if he was going to make a fool of himself, he might as well look the part. He is highly intelligent, making him the only team member who is thoroughly aware of the team's disadvantages. Although trained in the martial arts, he is physically a weakling with little practical ability to use such skills. He returned in Final Crisis as coordinator of the residents of Limbo, leading them in assisting the Supermen of the multiverse to fend off an attack from Mandrakk the Dark Monitor, causing Superman to reflect that anyone could be a hero.
 * Awkwardman (Leander Brent, occupation: beachcomber), son of Mr. Might (parodying Superman) and the Mermaid (parodying Aquaman). He is super-strong and able to live underwater, having inherited powers from both parents, but is also very clumsy. In keeping with his half-undersea heritage, he requires periodic contact with water, which can consist of simply pouring it over himself with a watering can. His codename is a pun on Aquaman; his surname "Brent" rhymes with Superman's surname of "Kent".
 * The Blimp (Herman Cramer, occupation: diner owner), the obese son of Captain Swift (parodying the Flash) who could fly but, as he lacked his father's speed powers, could only fly at super slow speeds — with a tail wind. He was one of the few superheroes to attend the funeral of Booster Gold.
 * White Feather (William King, occupation: photographer), son of The Bowman (parodying Green Arrow) and an unidentified woman. He was a superb archer when he did not think anyone was watching; people made him nervous (as did just about everything else). His surname "King" parallels Green Arrow's surname "Queen", and his codename is a reference to the traditional symbol of cowardice.
 * The Dumb Bunny (Athena Tremor, occupation: model), the stupid but super-strong daughter of Princess Power (parodying Wonder Woman) and Steve Tremor (parodying Steve Trevor). In later continuity (revealed in Angel and the Ape (vol. 2) #1), she is still the daughter of Princess Power; it is later revealed that her father is actually Professor Theo O'Day. Shortly after Athena's birth, Professor O'Day left Princess Power and fell in love with a non-powered woman. Together, they had a daughter, Angel Beatrix O'Day (who is Athena's half-sister). After Angel's mother died, Professor O'Day reconciled with Princess Power and raised Athena and Angel together. As the Dumb Bunny, Athena is described as "strong as an ox and almost as intelligent". She is named after the Greek goddess of wisdom, Athena. Although her surname "Tremor" is still given in current continuity, she is the daughter of Professor O'Day instead of Steve Tremor. According to the end of The Brave and The Bold #35, Dumb Bunny actually appears to be extremely intelligent, as she clearly understands a scientist and explains it to the other people. Since her father is a professor, the "Dumb" role play may be her "trick" and also not wanting to overshadow "Merryman".

Superior Five
In the miniseries Villains United, the Inferior Five were paid homage as a group of supervillains who are tentatively known as the Superior Five. Each member has the abilities of an I5 member but, aside from being evil, are serious and modern-styled characters. They consist of:

 * Tremor (Awkwardman)
 * Hindenburg (the Blimp)
 * Splitshot (White Feather)
 * Lagomorph (the Dumb Bunny)
 * Jongleur (Merryman)

Little has been seen of these characters except for one panel in Villains United #4 and a few shots of them in the background in the same issue. They are among the imprisoned supervillains in Salvation Run. Jongleur is one of the villains sent to retrieve the Get Out of Hell Free card from the Secret Six.

In other media

 * The Inferior Five make a cameo appearance in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Mayhem of the Music Meister!".
 * The Inferior Five appear as assist characters in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.

Awards
The series and characters have been recognized in the field, being awarded a 1966 Alley Award for Best Humor Title: Costumed.

title: Inferior Five


text:
Talk:List of political parties in Fiji

Untitled
The SDL is almost never known by name "United Fiji Party", in the English, Hindi, or Fijian media.

Since the founding of the party the only place i have ever seen this english name is on a web site that a faction of the party briefly maintained around the 2001 election.

By wikipedia conventions this article should be renamed.

Expected changes
This page is going to need some work in response to the new regulations. I suggest once things have settled going for a 3-way split of registered / unregistered / historical. --IdiotSavant (talk) 10:28, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

What do these parties stand for?
Wikipedia's articles about politicians and political parties in Fiji only really talk about the incidents and parliamentary machinations those people/parties have been involved with and leave the reader none the wiser about what values these parties stand for or where they may sit on a left-right continuum. Which people/parties are for low taxes and which are for workers rights? Which want a more generous welfare system and which ones want to cut welfare? Who are for gay rights and who oppose them? Which ones want tougher prison penalties and which ones are for progressive reforms? Who are the social justice people/parties and which are the ones that believe people should only look after themselves rather than each other? These policies will give us some idea of the worldview and political persuasions of the people and parties being discussed. This is largely absent from these Wikipedia articles. 121.73.7.84 (talk) 06:17, 15 September 2014 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of political parties in Abkhazia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:20, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of political parties in Fiji


text: Category:Airlines of French Polynesia

title: Category:Airlines of French Polynesia


text:
Ward Cleaver

Ward Cleaver Jr. is a fictional character in the American television sitcom Leave It to Beaver. Ward and his wife, June, are often invoked as archetypal suburban parents of the 1950s baby boomers. At the start of the show, the couple are the parents of Wally, a 13-year-old in the eighth grade, and seven-year-old ("almost eight") second-grader Theodore, nicknamed "The Beaver". A typical episode from Leave It to Beaver follows a misadventure committed by one or both of the boys, and ends with the culprits receiving a moral lecture from their father and a hot meal from their mother.

Hugh Beaumont portrays Ward in the series and directed several episodes in the later seasons of the show. Max Showalter (appearing as Casey Adams) plays Ward in the series' pilot, "It's a Small World", which aired in April 1957. Many of the Leave It to Beaver players were featured in their original roles in a reunion movie televised in 1983 (Still the Beaver) and a sequel series called The New Leave It to Beaver that aired from 1985 to 1989. Hugh Beaumont had died in 1982, and in the 1983 reunion movie, the character of Ward Cleaver was portrayed as having died in 1977, at the age of 67. Christopher McDonald plays Ward in the 1997 spin-off film adaptation Leave It to Beaver.

Ward's principal dramatic function in the series is to end each episode with moral instruction for one or both of his errant sons. Ward's relationships with his wife and his co-worker Fred Rutherford are asides that flesh out his character.

Background
Ward is a farmer's son and hails from Shaker Heights, an actual location in Ohio, which also has a suburb called Mayfield. Ward attended a preparatory school, is a veteran of World War II (having served as a surveyor in the Seabees), a state college graduate (majoring in philosophy), and member of a fraternity (Alpha Kappa), a responsible white-collar professional, and an upstanding citizen. Ward met his future wife, June Evelyn Bronson, when they were teens. The two dated and went to state college together. They married and became the parents of two sons, Wally and Theodore (the Beaver).

Home life

Ward has few interests at home, other than monitoring his sons and spending evenings after dinner sitting next to his wife on the couch in the living room reading Mayfield's daily newspaper, the Mayfield Press (although other titles have been seen), and enjoying coffee. Ward is occasionally seen suppressing his smirks by sipping from his cup.

On the odd occasion, the two step out to a wedding reception, a school play, or a restaurant together. In one episode, Ward and June have the Rutherfords in for an evening of cards. Occasionally, as shown in the episode titled "Wally's Dinner Date", they play on their own. In other episodes, Ward manages the grill on the patio for dining al fresco with guests. Among the cars Ward drives are a 1957 Ford Fairlane in the first season, and 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, and 1963 Plymouth Furys in subsequent seasons, all of them four-door hardtops. Although a 1962 model is used in the opening credits through the last season, a 1963 model can be seen in the driveway on at least one episode. Ward plays golf at a local country club, and attends church. Ward sometimes drives the family to nearby Crystal Falls or Friends Lake.

Ward played basketball in school and, in one episode, tries to give his sons and their friends a few tips on the game; however, he dominates the session with his nit-picking and the boys run off to play without his interference. He is handy with tools and does a few minor repairs around the house such as fixing squeaky doors and repairing or replacing electrical appliance cord plugs because June pulls them out of the electrical outlet by the wire instead of the plug. He occasionally dries the dishes for his wife, as well.

In early episodes, packs of cigarettes are detectable in his shirt pocket and he is shown refilling cigarette lighters in season three. He has a meerschaum pipe (the gift of Fred Rutherford), which Beaver and Larry fill with coffee grounds and smoke. He chews gum in one episode. Ward also has a bottle of brandy in the dining room credenza that Beaver gives to an alcoholic handyman and then to a tramp.

The man of the house has a home office/den in the Pine Street dwelling of the last four seasons. He uses the room to discipline the boys, make phone calls, and balance his checkbook. A large globe stands on the floor before a window, but is replaced in later episodes by a television set that is usually turned off. Though one wall is lined with books, rarely do the Cleavers read anything other than newspapers or magazines. Occasionally, a book is pulled from the shelves for Beaver's school assignments.

Ward masterfully handles 'outdoor cooking' (Beaver's description of Ward's barbecuing while on their backyard patio), but is usually portrayed as inept while 'indoor cooking' in the family kitchen.

Work life
Ward is an archetypical white-collar, briefcase-toting professional of the 1950s. He wears a business suit, works in an office with a view of a metropolitan area, has a secretary named Grace, and leaves home early in the morning and returns in the early evening. He works for a "big company" with main offices in New York City. He drives to work in his Plymouth unless June needs the car during the day for an errand. He is home on weekends for golfing at a local country club. Occasionally, Ward is required to do some office work at home. In one early episode, for example, he works at home on a women's marketing survey. His co-worker and friend is Fred Rutherford, a smug, pompous man who refers to the workplace as "the salt mine".

Relatives
Ward has a bachelor uncle named Billy who was a world traveler, played in the series by Edgar Buchanan. June finds Billy somewhat untrustworthy, as he tends to fill the boys' heads with thoughts of irresponsible behavior and lifestyles. June sometimes places Ward in a position where he is forced to "explain" or apologize for his Uncle Billy. No other relatives of Ward's appear on the show. Ward mentions his parents (usually his father, a strict disciplinarian who believed in corporal punishment) when recalling incidents from his boyhood. Ward had a brother, Tom Cleaver, and as boys, they entered a hog in a 4-H competition. In one episode, Ward also mentioned having a sister. In the episode “Ward’s Baseball,” Ward has a display pedestal made for an old autographed baseball given to him by his Uncle Frank. In the same episode, we learn that Ward has both an older and a younger brother. Ward's grandfather was a hero of the American Civil War.

title: Ward Cleaver


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pine Forest Camp

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 23:18, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Pine Forest Camp
Non-notable sleepover camp. One of the oldest family run businesses in America although only 75 years old? RickK 00:50, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 02:07, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, specialized knowledge is notable in my opinion. Besides, Google yields 5400 hits for this. Andrew pmk 03:20, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * True but you average summer camp hardly qualifies as "specialized knowledge". Megan1967 04:30, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * What specialized knowledge does this article evince? RickK 05:30, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless the camp has sufficient history and notability, and then Expand. As-is the article is just another useless tidbit of information about yet another childrens' summer camp.  Arkyan 04:13, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone provides notable evidence. Zzyzx11 04:24, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, one of the top camps in America, celebrating 75th Anniversary, plus I've gone there for 9 years. Jared21487 02:05, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Remember to identify yourself as the author of the article nominated for deletion when voting. Please check the VfD etiquette at the top of this page. Arkyan 13:44, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just some American summer camp.Martg76 09:59, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, apparently named the 'family business of the year' and won other awards, 75 years of history, and necessary to coverage of its local area. Kappa 17:29, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A little bit of Googling reveals the camp was given this award by MassMutual Life Insurance company. I would hardly say this qualifies a small business for notoriety. If the author or someone else would share with us some chapters of its 75 year history that warrant a general knowledge encyclopedia entry then I can see keeping it, but currently there is nothing in this entry worth hanging on to. Arkyan 18:33, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * An award from MassMutual Life Insurance doesn't make it earth-shatteringly famous, but it elevates it above the level of "random small business vanity", which is enough for me. Kappa 00:43, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Summer camps are not encyclopedia topics, as a general rule, and notwithstanding MassMutual to the contrary, this isn't apparently an exception. Wikipedia isn't a Summer Camp Guide. --BM 18:43, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't see how this is notable or necessary to the coverage of its local area. DaveTheRed 18:55, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless more information indicating notability is provided. 400 campers all summer? -Aranel (" Sarah ") 21:59, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  02:37, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable summer camp.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:28, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - one of the thousands - Skysmith 09:45, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, concur with Skysmith. Radiant! 10:03, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn — Xezbeth 16:23, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Jonathunder 23:23, 2005 Feb 28 (UTC)
 * Keep. n. —RaD Man (talk) 04:40, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, definately not notable--nixie 06:48, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:56, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote by an admitted troll whose raison d'etre is to follow me around, make minute edits to article I have just edited, and vote on VfD the opposite of the way I vote. RickK 00:42, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. —Korath (Talk) 06:55, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
.357

.357 may refer to:

 * .357 Magnum, a firearm cartridge (revolver)
 * .357 SIG, a firearm cartridge (pistol)
 * .357 Remington Maximum, a wildcat firearm cartridge (revolver)
 * .357/44 Bain & Davis, a wildcat firearm cartridge (pistol)
 * .357 Peterbilt, a wildcat firearm cartridge (pistol)
 * .357 Super Magnum, a wildcat firearm cartridge (revolver)

title: .357


text:
American Barbizon School

The American Barbizon School was a group of painters and style partly influenced by the French Barbizon school, who were noted for their simple, pastoral scenes painted directly from nature. American Barbizon artists concentrated on painting rural landscapes often including peasants or farm animals.

William Morris Hunt was the first American to work in the Barbizon style as he directly trained with Jean-François Millet in 1851–1853. When he left France, Hunt established a studio in Boston and worked in the Barbizon manner, bringing the style to the United States of America.

The Barbizon approach was generally not accepted until the 1880s and reached its pinnacle of popularity in the 1890s.

Artists

 * Maria a'Becket
 * Henry Golden Dearth
 * Thomas Eakins
 * Winckworth Allan Gay
 * Childe Hassam
 * Winslow Homer
 * William Morris Hunt
 * Wilson Irvine
 * George Inness
 * William Keith
 * Edward Mitchell Bannister
 * Homer Dodge Martin
 * Robert Crannell Minor
 * John Francis Murphy
 * Henry Ward Ranger
 * Henry Ossawa Tanner
 * Horatio Walker
 * Alexis Jean Fournier
 * Joseph Foxcroft Cole
 * Homer Watson
 * Alexander Helwig Wyant

General and cited references

 * Exhibition catalog.
 * Exhibition catalog.

Барбизонска школа

title: American Barbizon School