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Troupes de la Marine

The Troupes de la Marine (French: "Troops of the Navy") was a French military formation founded by Cardinal Richelieu in 1622 under the denomination of Compagnie ordinaire de la mer, were originally intended to form the garrisons of the ships of the King. It was in 1674 that Jean-Baptiste Colbert decided to make permanent colonial troops and give them the name of Compagnies Franches de la Marine.

They were dissolved in the 19th century to be re-formed under a new designation being the Troupes de Marine, dependent this time however on the Minister of War (Ministère de la Guerre), which means belonging to the French Army (Armée de terre).

Organization
The development of the European war marines in the 17th century trained the formation of soldiers assigned to the ships. The creation of regular (Armée régulière) infantry units for service at sea was relatively late ( compared to the service at sea of the French Army) : prior, soldiers who served at sea were seconded from the French Army. The first regular specific troupe for maritime service appeared in Spain since 1537 (compañías viejas del mar de Nápoles) assigned to the Galley, then in Portugal in 1610 and in France in 1622; the British Royal Marines were founded in 1664 ( under the designation of Foot Maritime Regiment).

First Regiments
In France, the first specific troupe was created in 1622 by Cardinal Richelieu, under the designation of « Compagnie Ordinaire de la Marine ». These companies were theoretically in numbers of 100, each with for a Captain with Lieutenant de Vaisseau and for a Lieutenant one Enseigne de vaisseau de 1re Classe. In 1626, Richelieu, named Grand-Master Chief and Surintendant of Navigation and Commerce (grand-maître chef et surintendant de la navigation et du commerce) orders the merger of the remaining 100 companies to form the Régiment de La Marine, of which the Cardinal was the Mestre de camp. The regiment participated to the Siege of La Rochelle, however was partly destroyed during a later shipwreck.

The entrance into the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59) in 1635 required the mise en place of foot squadrons formed of soldiers. In July 1636 was formed three new regiments, « du Havre », « des Îles » at Brouage and « des Galères » à Marseille, to mount the guard at the three ports and board respectively on board the Squadron of Normandy, the squadron of Guyenne and the Galleys armies; in 1640, these three regiments were assigned to the army and were dissolved at the end of the war. In September 1636, the « Régiment de la Marine » was reconstituted: the regiment served first on board the fleet Count Harcourt and Cardinal de Sourdis ( disembarking at Oristano, preapprehension of the îles de Lérins (reprise des îles de Lérins), Battle of Getaria, Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638), the apprehension of Laredo (Cantabrie)), then the fleet was sent to the army to engage in to Battle of Arras (1640) (siège d'Arras) (then Spanish) and would never embark again, remaining under the disposition of the Ministre de la Guerre ( the Regiment de La Marine would become the 11th Infantry Regiment (11e Régiment d'Infanterie, 11e RI). In February 1638, the « Régiment de la Couronne » was formed bearing the namesake after the Vaisseau la Couronne which was recently constructed; also was transferred to the Army in 1640 ( 45th Infantry Regiment (45e Régiment d'Infanterie) ). On March 1638, Sourdis assumed the maistrance of the camp of the Régiment de Foix-Candale, then designating the latter by « Régiment des Vaisseaux » (Régiment Royal des Vaisseaux) and embarked the regiment on board his fleet; this regiment rejoined also the army deployed in Artois in 1641 ( 43rd Infantry Regiment (43e Régiment d'Infanterie)).

With the arrival of cardinal Mazarin as State Principal Minister (Principal ministre d'état), the French Navy no longer had specific troupes and remained in situation short of financial means. With peace prevailing again with the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, a disarmament phase commenced. In 1663, a « Régiment des Navires » ( a ship regiment ) was formed with the remaining of the Galleys and Îles regiments; in 1665, several detachment embarked on the fleet of François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort for the expedition of Djidjelli (expédition de Djidjelli), before passing at the end of the year to the French East India Company.

In March 1669, Colbert assumed the command of La Marine. In December, the troupes de la Marine reappeared, under the form of two regiments, the « Royal-Marine » (Régiment Royal-La Marine) at Rochefort and Brest and the « Amiral » at Toulon, Dunkerque and Coutances. marquis de Louvois, which came in notice of concurrence to his attributions, made of sort to transfer these units to the ministère de la Guerre since 1671, with their mise en place destined in route to join the army engaged in the Franco-Dutch War ( they became later the 60th Infantry Regiment (60e Régiment d'Infanterie) and the 61st Infantry Regiment (61e Régiment d'Infanterie)).

Ordinary Sea Companies and Troupes de la marine (1622–1673)

The first Marine units were the Compagnies Ordinaires de la Mer (Ordinary Sea Companies), created by Cardinal Richelieu in his capacity of Grand Master of Navigation. These companies were merged into a single infantry regiment, dedicated to shipboard and overseas service. These Troupes de la marine were followed by several other regiments, all eventually transferred to the Army between 1640 and 1673. The Army already had soldiers in maritime service since the 17th century.

 * Régiment de La Marine (Régiment de La Marine) (Regiment of La Marine), formed in 1627 from the Sea Companies. The regiment became the 11th Line Infantry Regiment (11e Régiment d'Infanterie) on 1 January 1791.
 * Régiment des Vaisseaux (1638–1643) created by Louis XIII. Refounded by Cardinal Mazarin as Régiment Vaisseau-Mazarin in 1644. Then, the regiment became designated as Régiment Vaisseau-Provence (1658), then became Régiment Royal des Vaisseaux (Régiment Royal des Vaisseaux) (Royal Regiment of Naval Ships), set up 1638. The regiment became the 43rd Line Infantry Regiment (43e Régiment d'Infanterie) on 1 January 1791.
 * Régiment du Havre (Le Havre Regiment) from (1636–1642)
 * Régiment des Isles (Regiment of the Islands), garrisoned at Île de Ré and Oléron from (1636–1663)
 * Régiment des Galères (Regiment of the Galleys), garrisoned at Toulon.
 * Régiment de La Couronne (Régiment de La Couronne) ("Regiment of the Crown") bearing the namesake after Vaisseau la Couronne, formed in 1643. The regiment became designated as the 45th Line Infantry Regiment (45e Régiment d'Infanterie) on 1 January 1791.
 * Régiment des Navires ("Regiment of Naval Ships"), formed from the merger of the Le Havre, Les Isles and Les Galères regiments in 1663. The regiment was transferred to the French East India Company in 1664.
 * Régiment Royal–La Marine (Régiment Royal-La Marine) ("Royal Regiment- La Marine") created in 1669 by avid Marine Royal developer naval state secretary Jean-Baptiste Colbert and attached to the Flotte du Ponant. The regiment was transferred to the French Army in 1671 and became the 60th Line Infantry Regiment (60e Régiment d'Infanterie) on 1 January 1791.
 * Régiment de l'Amiral de France ("Admiral Regiment of France") (Régiment de l'Amiral de France) created in 1669 by Naval State Secretary Colbert and attached to the Levant Fleet. The regiment became the 61st Infantry Regiment in 1671 (61e Régiment d'Infanterie) and a Line Regiment in 1803.

Compagnies Franches de la Marine
Following the obstacles faced by the first regiments, the recruitment of soldiers for la marine followed for each armament, however without organization. Starting 1671, small detachments of guards were organized to guard the arsenals; they were organized in three companies in 1674, at Toulon, Rochefort and Brest. In 1685, an ordinance created in addition three companies in demi-solde (one per port) to maintain an available reserve, soldiers to the demi-solde when the ships were disarmed. In 1689, the company of guards and demi-solde are designated as « compagnies de soldats-gardiens » ("companies of guardian soldiers"), deployed at Le Havre, Brest, Lorient, Rochefort and Toulon.

In 1666, three companies of apprentice cannon men was put in place, at Brest, Rochefort and Toulon; their mission was to form during one year sailors of classes to serve as chief of artillery pieces, assistant cannon men, second-masters, and masters of cannon. In 1689, the ordinance of 15 April signed by count de Ponchchartrain regularized two companies of bombardiers ( a first one was detached from the army of Toulon since 1682 ). These men, specialized in the artillery (naval cannons), were notably destined to serve on the new bomb ketches.

The Nine Years' War requiring necessary to have soldiers at disposition, Pontchartain received from the King, the ordinance of 16 December, 1690 creating 80 infantry companies, designated as Compagnies Franches de la Marine, despite the opinion of Louvois. The structure formation was composed of one lieutenant de vaisseau (with an infantry captain commission) and two ensigns (one serving as lieutenant, the other as an infantry ensign), the soldiers being the former guardian-soldiers.

The effectifs and the number of companies evolved in function of the need and the budgetary needs, as well the location of the garrison: the ordinance stipulated companies of 80 men, spread between Toulon, Rochefort, Port-Louis, Brest, le Havre and Dunkerque. Since 26 December, effectifs passed to 86 companies, then to 88 companies and then 100 starting October 1691. Effectifs passed theoretically to 100 men per company, as in a force of 10000 soldiers in total. The treaty Ryswick (Traité de Ryswick) in 1697 led to the reduction to 50 men due to budgetary reasons; however, while preparing for the following war, effectifs passed to 60 in 1701, to 75 in January 1702 and to 100 in November 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession.

The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 reduced the effectifs to 50 men per company, the Régence made them fall to 35, then to 25 in December 1725. In 1727, the number of companies passed from 100 to 50, with theoretical effectifs to 60 men. In 1733, the War of the Polish Succession increases the effectifs to 80, which are reduced to 60 starting 1736, to increase again to 80 in December 1739. On September 1740, the preparation of the War of the Austrian Succession required the creation of 10 supplementary companies. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) allowed a couple of reforms, with the merger of the Galleys Corps (Corps des Galères) with Ships Corps (Corps des Vaisseaux) (the 15 companies of the Galleys Corps formed the 18 companies of Compagnies Franches de la Marine) within a formation consisting 100 companies with 50 men (40 companies for the disembarking at Brest, 16 for that of Rochefort, and 44 for that of Toulon). In 1755, the theoretical effectifs increase to 100 men per company, with the authorization of a dozen od sub numerations, however the outcomes of the Seven Years' War (Battle of Lagos in August 1759 and Battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759) decreased the effectifs to 50 since December 1759.

Régiment de Karrer

 * Régiment de Karrer, (from 1752 de Hallwyl) a Swiss foreign regiment in French colonial service 1719–1763 under the Ministry of Marine.

Successive reforms from 1761 to 1792
Starting 15 October 1761, The Duke of Choiseul assumed the portfolios of "la Marine" (the Navy) and "la Guerre" (the Army). Consequently, all the companies of "La Marine" were cancelled by the ordinance dated 5 November 1761, with the embarked service to be handled by the French Army. The ordinance date 10 December 1762 mandated for the garrison of vessels (Vaisseaux), the guard of ports and colonies, 23 line regiments, to receive the soldiers of the previous Compagnies Franches. Three artillery brigades are constituted to serve at sea ( each with eight companies) receiving the sailors and soldiers formed at handling the cannons, being commanded by officers of the vessels completed by the land artillery officers.

The following minister, César Gabriel de Choiseul, reformed again the troupes de marine, by founding the ordinance dated 24 September 1769 « Corps royal d'artillerie et d'infanterie de la marine » ( royal marine artillery and infantry corps ). This corps was organized in three brigades (Brest, Rochefort and Toulon), each composed of a bombardier company, four de canonnier ( of cannons ) and three de Fusiliers ( of fusiliers ). The officers were vessel officers. These effectifs of 2212 men ( in theory ) remained insufficient for the arms, with complementary additions being retrieved from the line infantry.

1774 Corps royal d'infanterie de la marine ( royal infantry corps of the navy)

1782 Corps royal de la marine (royal corps of the navy)

1786 Corps des canonniers-matelots (Corps of artillery-sailors)

Troupes of the Republic and the Empire
1792 Corps d'infanterie et d'artillerie de la marine (infantry and artillery corps of the navy)

1795 Corps d'artillerie de marine ( Marine artillery corps)

1813 régiments de marine ( Marine regiment )

Missions
The troupes of La Marine had to ensure the guarding of the arsenals and military ports, provide detachments on board warships as well as in the colonies (in Canada, Antilles and India). These units were then part of all naval battles and embarking.

For instance, for the Compagnies Franches de la Marine, a couple of them charged at the Battle of Camaret in June 1694; others disembarked during the Siege of Barcelona (1697) for form a « Bataillon des Vaisseaux » (Vessel battalion); during the Battle of Málaga (1704), the companies endured the loss of 150 officers and 1500 soldiers; 4000 soldiers of marines participated to the Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar. The companies in garrison at Dunkerque participated to the Battle of Malplaquet in 1709 and the Battle of Denain in 1712. 2500 men of the companies participated to the Battle of Rio de Janeiro under the orders of René Duguay-Trouin in 1711. From 1756 to 1760, three companies mount the garrison at port Mahon on Minorque.

In New-France
The troupes de la Marine were sent by Louis XIV in 1682 to replace the regular troops in New France, and were accordingly used to mount the garrisons in the various French colonies. Between 1683 and 1688, the King sent thirty-five companies to Canada. However, as the mortality and licensing of soldiers who were getting married and made themselves residents increased, numbers diminished considerably. Accordingly, Seignelay decided to reduce the number of companies to twenty eight on 24 May, 1689. This number would remain unchangeable until the beginning of the seven-year war. Versailles accordingly sent reinforcements by the fixing the number of companies at forty. At the end of the French regime, 2,600 soldiers of the troupes de la Marine were present in Canada. These effectifs were relatively important compared to the resident population since in 1688 for example, Canada housed 1,418 soldiers for a population of almost 10,300. In a first phase, the officers present in Canada, all hailed from France. However, since 1685, the Canadian « gentilshommes » secured positions in the troupes de marine. The first two, La Durantaye and Bécancourt, embarked for Rochefort where they received a guard formation in la marine. Quite quickly, the officer corps of the troupes de la marine becomes Canadian « canadianise ». At the beginning of the 18th century, almost a third of the officers were born in Canada, then more than half of the officer corps in 1722. The officers were practically all recruited locally.

The troupes de la Marine were the only regular troops in Nouvelle-France from 1682 to 1755, while several other battalions were sent to North America. The majority of the officers and soldiers were recruited in France, while the officers became more often Canadian. Service in the troupes de la Marine was an important source of economic opportunity, and a prestige for the elite of Nouvelle-France. There was often a waiting list to be nominated as an officer in the companies of the troupes de la marine. While the force of the troupes varied from one period to another, during the Seven Years' War, there were forty companies in the valley of Saint-Laurent and at the Pays d'en Haut; twenty at the Fortress of Louisbourg, in addition to Louisiana and Acadia. Significant garrisons were held at Quebec, Montreal, and New Orleans, with small forces guarding the forts and posts across the vast territory of the North America during the 18th century.

The companies were known as the colonial regular troops, and they were very well trained in the arts of conventional warfare and very well adapted to the "guerre amérindienne" (commonly known as guerilla warfare). In concert with the Canadian militias and the allied guerrilla units, the troupes de la marine were essentially in charge of mounting the defensive in Nouvelle-France during the 17th and 18th century. With the important arrival of British forces in 1755, the nature of the conflict in the Americas changed from irregular troops to conventional troops, with a particular importance around the sieges and fortifications. Battalions were sent to protect Nouvelle-France after 1755.

During the Seven Years' War, the garrison of Louisburg was made captive with the fortress falling. After the conquest of 1760, many former veterans permanently established themselves in the new territory, while other were repatriated with reticence to France.

Notable members

 * François Dupont Duvivier
 * Jacques Testard de Montigny
 * Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie

title: Troupes de la Marine


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West German student movement

The West German student movement (Westdeutsche Studentebewegung), sometimes called the 1968 movement in West Germany (1968 Bewegung in Westdeutschland), was a social movement that consisted of mass student protests in West Germany in 1968. Participants in the movement later came to be known as 68ers. The movement was characterized by the protesting students' rejection of traditionalism and of German political authority which included many former Nazi officials. Student unrest had started in 1967 when student Benno Ohnesorg was shot by a policeman during a protest against the visit of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. The movement is considered to have formally started after the attempted assassination of student activist leader Rudi Dutschke, which sparked various protests across West Germany and gave rise to public opposition. The movement created lasting changes in German culture.

Political atmosphere
The Spiegel affair of 1962, in which journalists were arrested and detained for reporting on the strength of the West German military, worried some in West Germany that there was a return of authoritarian government. In the fallout of the affair, the suddenly-unpopular Christian Democratic Union formed a political coalition with the Social Democratic Party (SPD), known as the grand coalition.

Critics were disappointed with the parliament's appointment of Kurt Georg Kiesinger as chancellor of West Germany, as he had participated in the Nazi Party during the Nazi regime.

New political movements
Social movements grew as younger people became disillusioned with the political establishment, worrying it was reminiscent of Germany's Nazi past. West Berlin became a center for these movements since many left leaning people would take residence in West Berlin to avoid the military draft that was in effect in the rest of West Germany.

These social movements were also becoming popular among the youth of West Germany. The movements included the opposition to the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War, opposition to consumer culture, liberation for the third world, and criticisms of middle class moral values. Some were embracing communal lifestyles and sexual liberation. All these various social movements and the non-parliamentary organizations that hoped to spearhead them, grouped together as the Außerparlamentarische Opposition. The more leftist wing of the SDP in the Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund (Socialist German Students Union - SDS) split from the party line and joined the Außerparlamentarische Opposition.

In 1965, Rudi Dutschke was elected to the political council of the West Berlin SDS. With Michael Vester, SDS vice-president and international secretary, Dutschke imported ideas from the American SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) and New Left, such as direct action and civil disobedience. Drawing inspiration from Herbert Marcuse, Dutschke sought to build a coalition of marginalized identity groups to be a vanguard for socialism in Europe. Finding that Germany had no population group with revolutionary potential comparable to America's Black Power movement, Dutschke sought to mold Germany's student movements into seeing themselves as an oppressed minority. His plan for accomplishing this was to provoke violent confrontations with government authorities. He wrote in 1965, "Authorized demonstrations must be guided into illegality. Confrontation with state power is essential and must be sought out."

Protests 1966–1968
The West German parliament had proposed to expand government powers in the Emergency Laws, as well as to reform universities. On 22 June 1966, 3,000 students from the Free University of Berlin staged a sit-in to demand involvement in the reform process of universities, included democratic management of colleges.

Echoing Marcuse, Rudi Dutschke considered the politically complacent working classes to be a lost cause when it came to revolutionary agitation. Instead, he hoped to build a coalition between Western intelligentsia and third world communist revolutionaries. To that end, Dutschke organized the event "Vietnam – Analysis of an Example" (Vietnam – Analyse eines Exempels) at the University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research with Marcuse as the headline speaker. SDS president Walmot Falkenburg privately requested that Marcuse emphasize solidarity with the Vietnamese on the basis of traditional Marxist concerns with labor and material interests, which would have been a rebuke of Dutschke and his associates in the West Berlin SDS chapter. Unsurprisingly, Marcuse did the opposite in a speech emphasizing "solidarity of sentiment". The event was followed by street demonstrations which led to the arrests of Dutschke, his wife, and 84 others.

In June 1967, during a state visit by the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the SDS organized a protest of his visit, criticizing him as a brutal dictator that should not have been welcome in West Germany. The protest was repressed by police and Iranian agents who beat protesters and resulted in the fatal shooting of Benno Ohnesorg. The police officer involved, Karl-Heinz Kurras, was acquitted on the grounds of self-defense. Protests against police brutality erupted across the country and led the mayor of Berlin and the police chief to resign. In the fall of 1967 students established "Critical Universities"; students occupied classrooms and gave critiques of university structure as well as educating other students in New Left thought. It was revealed in 2009 that Kurras had been a Stasi informant. Prosecutors revisiting the evidence concluded Ohnesorg had been murdered as a premeditated act, but not enough evidence survived to evaluate whether Kurras was acting under official orders.

On the occasion of Ohnesorg's funeral, a conference was held which is most remembered for a debate between Rudi Dutschke and Jürgen Habermas. Dutschke argued that the time was ripe for students to engage in direct action. Habermas, although generally sympathetic to the student movements, criticized Dutschke's plan as action for its own sake without regard for consequences. When Dutschke would not clarify his stance on employing violence, Habermas accused him of Linksfaschismus ("Left fascism"). Later, during the German Autumn of 1977, Habermas said the charge of fascism had been an overreaction.

At a conference in September 1967, Dutschke and Hans-Jürgen Krahl called for the creation of "action centers" at universities to organize "urban guerrillas". The International Vietnam Congress (Internationaler Vietnamkongress) was an event that took place in West Berlin on 17 and 18 February 1968 to oppose the Vietnam War. It was organized by Rudi Dutschke and Karl Dietrich Wolff, with an estimated 3,000–4,000 people attending the conference and a total of 12,000–15,000 people involved in the following demonstration. At the congress, Dutschke and his Chilean friend Gaston Salvatore presented their translation of Che Guevara's letter to the Tricontinental Conference, which called for bloody guerrilla warfare against the United States. Holger Meins presented an instructional film on making Molotov cocktails.

Attempted assassination of Rudi Dutschke
On 11 April 1968, Rudi Dutschke was shot by the far-right Josef Bachmann. Dutschke was injured but survived the shooting. The attempted assassination of Dutschke would be later regarded as the formal beginning of the West German student movement. Dutschke had previously been labeled an "enemy of the people" in the Axel Springer-owned tabloid newspaper Bild-Zeitung. Student activists believed the shooting was inspired by critics of the student movement such as Springer's tabloids. Demonstrations and clashes later occurred outside Springer offices in reaction to the shooting. In the aftermath of the shooting, student leaders became more willing to embrace violent tactics in their movements. With Dutschke incapacitated, many in the SDS looked to Hans-Jürgen Krahl for leadership. Krahl however favored theory to direct action.

Emergency Acts protests
In May the West German government considered using the Emergency Acts in response, allowing the Cabinet to suspend parliamentary rule and enact laws in times of crisis. On May 11 protesters gathered in the West German capital Bonn to demand that the laws not be used. The government agreed with protesting labor unions to only use limited concessions, passing the laws on May 30. This agreement dealt a blow to the growing student movement and signaled its demise. The SDS formally dissolved on March 21, 1970.

Terrorism
On 22 May 1967, a fire at the L'Innovation department store in Brussels killed hundreds of people. Kommune 1 issued a leaflet celebrating the fire and calling for more such occurrences to bring parity between Western countries and Vietnam. The leaflet was widely condemened and caused a split between Kommune 1 and the SDS. On 2 April 1968, members of the Außerparlamentarische Opposition, Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin committed arson at a department store in Frankfurt to protest the Vietnam war. Although convicted, they were released while pursuing an appeal and went underground when it was denied. They were joined by Ulrike Meinhof in forming the Red Army Faction, which continued to engage in arson and other terrorist acts for more than a decade. Dutschke, Enzenberger, and Nirumand wrote an apologia for terrorism based on Walter Benjamin's Critique of Violence and Herbert Marcuse's Repressive Tolerance.

Political consciousness
Despite the failure of the student movement a change in political consciousness lasted throughout the country. Criticisms of West German officials' ties to the old Nazi Party brought the concept of Vergangenheitsbewältigung (coming to terms with the past) to the forefront of political discussion. Other various left-wing causes also gained popularity and helped solidify a protest culture in Germany.

Those who were involved in the protests of 1968 in West Germany would come to be known as the "1968 generation". Some would develop unique political paths, with some finding roles in government, while others embraced terrorist activities of the Außerparlamentarische Opposition.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: West German student movement


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Darryl Kerry

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:29, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Darryl Kerry
Vanity, doesn't establish notability. --InShaneee 16:22, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Greatest notability is as a messsageboard user. Delete. Samaritan 16:41, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - have people nothing better to do than post drivel like this? I'm sure his mum wants to read about him - but I don't! Brookie 17:07, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * '''Delete. Nonsense.  RickK 22:51, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note to admins: Original comment that was removed wasn't formatted right, but appears to be either "Brookie" whose user page says he also posts as 81.133.174.252, or someone pretending to be Brookie. Real Brookie has posted today, lower in WfD.  (Real Brookie? -- no, RickK instead -- removed the offensive comment from this VfD while I was trying to post this.)  Barno 22:56, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and delete, not encyclopedically notable, edit history of VfD indicates this was part of a private exchange of vandalism. Barno 23:28, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreeing with all users before and after me that want this deleted --Neigel von Teighen 23:02, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, fails Google test (less than 40 hits mostly unrelated), possible vanity. Megan1967 01:55, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Kerry has over 25000 posts on the SI Games Messageboard Chowden 23:40, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: This is Chowden's only edit. --InShaneee 16:35, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We wouldn't consider someone notable enough for a biography on Wikipedia if they had 25000 posts on Wikipedia.  Who cares about SI Games Messageboard?  --BM 00:34, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. And I have over 43,000 Wikipedia edits, so it is with heavy heart that I confirm this doesn't by itself result in notability. :) Bryan 16:47, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with prejudice. jni 16:55, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and then burninate in a thatched roofed cottage. Edeans 21:13, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Myson of Chenae

Myson of Chenae (Μύσων ὁ Χηνεύς; fl. 6th-century BC), also called "of Chen", was, according to Plato, one of the Seven Sages of Greece. He is not to be confused with the Myson of 5th-century Athens who ran a pottery and inspired, and taught, many of the Mannerists including the Pan Painter.

Biography
According to Sosicrates, who quoted Hermippus, Myson was the son of Strymon, a tyrant of his country. All sources agree that Myson was a plain farmer, though they differ as to his place of birth and residence. He is said to have lived in the village of Chen, though this is variously located in Laconia or Crete. He is also said to be "of Oeta", which seems to be a reference to Mount Oeta; but the reference is sometimes read as "Etea" instead, which again may have been in Laconia or else in Crete. He died at the age of 97.

In his Protagoras, Plato lists Myson of Chen as one of the Seven Sages of Greece, instead of Periander, who was claimed as one by Stobaeus, citing Demetrius of Phaleron as his authority. Eudoxus also lists Myson, but omits Cleobulus instead.

The Oracle of Delphi proclaimed Myson the wisest of all men when Anacharsis consulted it:

 * Myson of Chen in Oeta; this is he
 * Who for wiseheartedness surpasses thee;

Quotations

 * "We should not investigate facts by the light of arguments, but arguments by the light of facts."

title: Myson of Chenae


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User:Mgarlop

Interests:

 * Telecommunication, Internet...
 * Chess
 * Space
 * Literature

title: User:Mgarlop


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Busser

In North America, a busser, sometimes known as a busboy or busgirl, is a person in the restaurant and catering industry clearing tables, taking dirty dishes to the dishwasher, setting tables, refilling and otherwise assisting the waiting staff. Speakers of British English may be unfamiliar with the terms, which are translated in British English as commis waiter, commis boy, or waiter's assistant. The term for a busser in the classic brigade de cuisine system is commis de débarrasseur, or simply débarrasseur. Bussers are typically placed beneath the waiting staff in organization charts, and are sometimes an apprentice or trainee to waiting staff positions.

The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the occupation typically did not require related work experience or a high school diploma, that on-the-job training was short term, and that the median income in 2012 for the position was $18,500.

The duties of bussers fall under the heading of busing or bussing, an Americanism of unknown origin.

It has been claimed that the term originated in America as 'omnibus boy', a boy employed to do everything ('omni-') in a restaurant including setting and clearing tables, filling glasses, taking used dishes to the kitchen, etc.

Job description
Primary functions of the busser are to clean and reset tables, carry dishes and other tableware to the kitchen, serve items such as water, coffee and bread, replenish supplies of linens, tableware and trays, and assist servers with clearing plates and other areas of table service. Other tasks include cleaning and polishing fixtures, walls, furniture and equipment, cleaning tableware, cleaning food service areas, mopping and vacuuming floors, cleaning up spills, removing empty bottles and trash, and scraping and stacking dirty dishes.

Etiquette
One guide to manners advised that bussers should not speak to or interrupt those being served, and to simply refill glasses at the table rather than asking if customers would like more water. Likewise, it advises customers against engaging bussers and waiting staff in distracting conversations, as they are often busy. A business etiquette guide suggests that customers should refer to bussers and waiting staff with the gender-neutral terms busser and server rather than busboy or waiter. However, this has not been widely taken up outside of the industry. It also says that the busser is the employee that must be informed if items like a water glass or piece of flatware is missing.

Tip income
Bussers are not traditionally tipped directly in the United States, but restaurants may employ "tip pooling" or "tip sharing" arrangements, in which a portion of servers' tips are shared with other restaurant service staff.

In the United States, tip sharing may be either voluntary, where waitstaff give a portion of their tips to coworkers as they see fit, or mandatory, where the employer sets a formula by which tips must be shared with coworkers such as bussers and bartenders. In the UK the pool of tips is classically known as the 'Tronc', from the French meaning collecting box. Federal Department of Labor regulations do not allow restaurants to include managers in tip sharing, and inclusion of "back of the house" employees such as dishwashers and cooks has been the subject of legal disputes since 2009. Recipients of tips in shared tip restaurants may be paid a "tip-credit wage", below the ordinary minimum wage in the United States, if the amount of shared tips in a pay period brings their average pay to the minimum wage. Federal subminimum wage is set at $2.13 per hour, though state and local laws may require higher rates. California, for example, requires tipped employees be paid full minimum wage.

A spokesperson for restaurant operator Darden Restaurants, which incorporated tip-sharing in 2011 at their Olive Garden and Red Lobster chains, said that it was more consistent and fair "to recognize everyone who delivers a guest experience", and noted that the lower hourly base wage for bartenders and bussers offered "the opportunity to ultimately earn more", depending on a restaurant's volume of tips.

Notable former bussers

 * Alec Baldwin, American actor, producer, and comedian, was a busser at Studio 54, a New York City disco.
 * Arthur Bremer, American failed assassin of George Wallace in 1972, and whose diary became the basis for the movie Taxi Driver, was demoted from busser to custodian at the Milwaukee Athletic Club when he was caught talking to himself.
 * Jacques Chirac, former President of France, worked as a busser and waiter in a Howard Johnson's restaurant while attending summer school at Harvard University.
 * Robert Downey Jr., American actor, worked as a busser at a restaurant in New York City for three years, because he was "too sweaty" to work as a waiter.
 * Richard Feynman, American physicist, experimented with ways to optimize dish-stacking while working as a busser during the summer growing up.
 * Redd Foxx, American comedian and actor, worked as a busser and dishwasher at a famous Harlem eatery called Jimmy's Chicken Shack. He was friends with Malcolm X, who then worked there as a waiter, and who later described Foxx as "the funniest dishwasher on this earth".
 * Rex Tillerson, American businessman, Secretary of State in the Donald Trump administration, worked as a busser at age 14.
 * Langston Hughes, American writer and poet, dubbed the "busser poet" by journalists in 1925 after he left three of his poems beside the plate of famed poet Vachel Lindsay at the hotel where he worked, who then read the poems at a large poetry reading later that evening.
 * George Kirby, American comedian, singer and actor, worked as a busser at Chicago's Club DeLisa for $13 per week, until his comedic impersonations earned him a trial on the club's stage, which launched his comedy career.
 * Jerry Lewis, American comedian and actor, worked as a busser at Brown's Hotel in the Catskills, where he would try to get laughs from diners. When he later teamed up with Dean Martin to do live shows, a signature bit had Lewis playing an inept busser, interrupting the suave Martin's singing numbers, an act revisited years later in a scene from their eighth film, Scared Stiff.
 * Bree Olson, American pornographic actress, worked as a busser at age 15.
 * Al Pacino, American actor and director, worked as a busser among a series of low-paying jobs to fund his acting studies.
 * Chris Rock, American comedian and actor, worked as a busser at a Red Lobster restaurant in Queens, New York; both Red Lobster and "a one-legged busboy" featured among his later jokes.
 * Jon Stewart, American comedian, writer and host of The Daily Show, worked as a busser at a Mexican restaurant. Stewart named his production company Busboy Productions.
 * Oscar Tschirky, American maître d'hôtel of Manhattan's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel who created the Waldorf salad, began his career as a busser.
 * Samin Nosrat, enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1997, majoring in English. As a sophomore in 2000, she ate dinner at Chez Panisse and immediately decided to work there as a busser. Nosrat eventually worked her way up to the restaurant kitchen, becoming a cook and working with Alice Waters, who described her as "America's next great cooking teacher".

In popular culture

 * A 1991 Seinfeld episode entitled "The Busboy" is centered on a busser who is fired due to George Costanza's accidental actions.

title: Busser


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Talk:Iowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad

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Dietrich von Saucken

Dietrich Friedrich Eduard Kasimir von Saucken (16 May 1892 – 27 September 1980) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 2nd Army and the Army East Prussia. Turning down an offer to escape by air, he surrendered to the Red Army in May 1945. Saucken was the last officer to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds of Nazi Germany.

Early life and career
Saucken was born on 16 May 1892 in Fischhausen, East Prussia. He was the son of Landrat (the chief administrative officer of a Landkreis) Wilhelm Eduard Erich von Saucken. As a child, Saucken attended the Collegium Fridericianum, a prestigious gymnasium in Königsberg, present-day Kaliningrad, where he graduated with his Abitur (university-preparatory high school diploma) in 1910. As a student, Saucken showed aptitude as an artist, a talent supported by his mother and the director of the Fridericianum, Georg Ellendt. He often visited Nidden, present-day Nida, Lithuania, where his ambitions to become an artist were influenced by the Künstlerkolonie Nidden, an expressionist artists' colony.

Following graduation, Saucken joined the Prussian Army on 1 October 1910 as a Fahnenjunker (Cadet) in Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm I. (2. Ostpreußisches) Nr. 3 (2nd East Prussian Grenadier Regiment King Frederick William I Nr. 3), one of the oldest Prussian regiments, subordinated to the 1. Division (1st Division) and based in Königsberg. There, he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 19 June 1912.

World War I and interwar period
With the outbreak of World War I, the division was deployed on the Eastern Front. With the division, Saucken fought in the battles of Stallupönen, Gumbinnen, and Tannenberg and earned the Iron Cross 2nd Class in October 1914.

Saucken then fought in the Battle of Verdun and in the battles of the Carpathian Mountains in September 1917, and received the Iron Cross 1st Class in May 1916. For combat in the German spring offensive and Hundred Days Offensive on the Western Front, he received the Prussian Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords and the Austrian Military Merit Cross. In 1918, he also served with the Baltic Sea Division under the command of General Rüdiger von der Goltz which fought in the Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918).

After the First World War he joined the paramilitary Freikorps. In 1921 he joined the Reichswehr. From 1927 on he was on special assignment in the Soviet Union, where he learned to speak Russian. In 1934 he was promoted to Major and posted as an instructor to the War School Hannover. He was promoted to Oberst (colonel) on 1 June 1939.

World War II
Saucken took part in Battle of France, Balkan Campaign, Operation Barbarossa as commander of a motorised brigade of the 4th Panzer Division. He was promoted to Generalmajor on 1 January 1942 and appointed divisional commander during the Battle of Moscow. He was wounded and thereafter spent several months in the hospital. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on January 6, and was appointed commandant of the School for Mobile Troops (Schule für Schnelle Truppen). On 1 April 1943 he was promoted to Generalleutnant; in June he returned to the 4th Panzer Division, which he commanded during the Battle of Kursk.

Saucken became acting commander of the III Panzer Corps in late June 1944. He received both the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords in 1944.

In June and July, Saucken formed Kampfgruppe von Saucken (Battlegroup von Saucken) an ad hoc unit composed of the remnants of several units that had been destroyed in the Soviet Operation Bagration against the Army Group Centre. Composed mainly of elements of the 5th Panzer Division, 170th Infantry Division and the 505th Heavy Panzer Battalion, the battlegroup was later designated the XXXIX Panzer Corps. During the Soviet Minsk Offensive, it temporarily maintained an escape route across the Berezina River for retreating German soldiers.

Saucken left the XXXIX Panzer Corps in late September 1944, when he took command of the forming Panzerkorps Großdeutschland. The still incomplete corps was divided when half of it, including Saucken, was ordered eastward to stop the Vistula–Oder Offensive. He led the corps until February 1945, when he was removed from his position and placed in the Führerreserve by Heinz Guderian, the Chief of Staff of the Army at the OKH.

A month later, Saucken commanded the 2nd Army in Prussia and provided logistical support to the Evacuation of East Prussia. In April, his army was renamed to Army East Prussia. On 8 May, Saucken received notice that he had been awarded the Knight's Cross with Oak leaves, Swords, and Diamonds, making him the last of 27 officers to receive this award. Though an airplane stood by to evacuate him, he refused to leave his troops when they surrendered to the Red Army on the following day of 9 May 1945.

Later life
After surrendering on the Hel Peninsula, Saucken went into Soviet captivity. Initially he was imprisoned in the Lubyanka Building and the Oryol Prison before being transferred to the Siberian Tayshet camp in 1949. Released from Soviet captivity in 1955, he settled in Pullach near Munich. He died there in 1980.

Character traits
A cavalry officer who regularly wore both a sword and a monocle, Saucken personified the archetypal aristocratic Prussian conservative who despised the braune Bande ("brown mob") of Nazis. When he was ordered to take command of the Second Army on 12 March 1945, he came to Hitler's headquarters with his left hand resting casually on his cavalry sabre, his monocle in his eye,. . . [and then] gave a military salute and gave a slight bow. These were three 'outrages' at once. He had not given the Nazi salute with raised arm and the words 'Heil Hitler', as had been regulation since 20 July 1944, he had not surrendered his weapon on entering....and had kept his monocle in his eye when saluting Hitler.

When Hitler told him that he must take his orders from Albert Forster, the Gauleiter (Nazi governor, or "District Leader") of Danzig, Saucken returned Hitler's gaze....and striking the marble slab of the map table with the flat of his hand, he said, 'I have no intention, Herr Hitler, of placing myself under the orders of a Gauleiter'. In doing this he had bluntly contradicted Hitler and not addressed him as Mein Führer.

To the surprise of everyone who was present, Hitler capitulated and replied, "All right, Saucken, keep the command yourself." Hitler dismissed the General without shaking his hand and Saucken left the room with only the merest hint of a bow.

However, this alleged incident is disputed by Heinz Linge in his book 'In the footsteps of the Führer'. General Von Saucken was considered a loyal commander to whom this behavior certainly did not fit (he received the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds on May 8). In addition, the fact that he would not have addressed Hitler with 'Mein Führer' and with the flat hand on the chart table, Linge describes as completely unbelievable.

Awards

 * Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (19 October 1914) & 1st Class (23 May 1916)
 * Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (13 September 1939) & 1st Class (3 October 1939)
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds
 * Knight's Cross on 6 January 1942 as Generalmajor and leader of the 4. Panzer-Division
 * 281st Oak Leaves on 22 August 1943 as Generalleutnant and commander of the 4. Panzer-Division
 * 46th Swords on 31 January 1944 as Generalleutnant and commander of the 4. Panzer-Division
 * 27th Diamonds on 8 May 1945 as General der Panzertruppe and commander in chief of AOK Ostpreußen

 * Promotions

title: Dietrich von Saucken


text:
Talk:Iowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad/to do

 * Expand the history section
 * Add photos of IC&E trains and facilities
 * Describe IC&E operations


text: Category:Calligraphers

title: Category:Calligraphers


text: Category:War dances

title: Category:War dances


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal/archive1

2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal
I am the main contributer to this article. I want to submit it for featured status, but would like to know what the article needs to reach featured. Also, another set of eyes would be great! Thanks --[jon ]   [talk ]    16:34, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The lead section needs to be expanded. It needs to summarize all of the most important points about the issue and ease in a reader that has never heard of it before. A tall order, yes, but important. Also contentious facts need to be cited directly to a reputable source. For ex "Millions were spent on all-expense-paid ski trips, thirteen scholarships, Superbowl trips, plastic surgery. IOC members were given deals on real estate, and their family members were given jobs." needs citations to reliable sources that such actually occurred. Otherwise it is unacceptable for Wikipedia to claim it did. - Taxman 19:40, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Taxman about all his points above. I'm a Sydneysider, and I object to the statement "Although Salt Lake was not the first city to use creative bid tactics, it was the first to get caught. There was also evidence that Atlanta, Nagano and Sydney had used similar tactics." That's the first I've heard of this, and we would have devoured them in a flash had we found out about tactics like this one. Provide proof and I'll eat my hat. As for Sydney holding the Winter olympics: I don't think so. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:06, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and same issue as with the main Salt Lake City, Utah: "Romney helped the Olympics back on their feet. The games were so successful that they were one of the few in recent history to turn a profit, thanks in part to heavy marketing and a built-in American audience." - define success! - Ta bu shi da yu 03:09, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Michael Snow/Archive (Jan 2005)

unprotection
hi Michael. You seem to have summarily unprotected pages with the reason of "Happy New Year!". what gives? Not all edit warriors have made the resolution to behave, unfortunately, and I must say your action appears a bit unconsiderate to me. :o( dab (ᛏ) 12:59, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I suppose you are right, and of course it will be a little matter to reprotect the more war-torn pages. Sorry if I seemed grumpy & happy new year! dab (ᛏ) 07:51, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your vote...
...on RfA. -Rholton 13:43, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Call for AMA election
AMA Member Advocate,

There's a poll currently in the AMA Homepage about making a new AMA Coordinator election. Please, cast your vote there (though it's not mandatory). Any comments you have about this, write it on the AMA Homepage talk page. Cheers, --Neigel von Teighen 18:43, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

D'oh
I blame this one on poor user interface. I couldn't find it in the protection log (it shows up now, for some reason), and the unprotect page said nothing about being protected from page moves only. -- Cyrius|✎ 17:54, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Proposals for AMA Membership Meeting
As AMA Coordinator I am requesting that suggestions be placed on AMA Membership Meeting plans for our first membership meeting, to be held in the near future, (hopefully before any election occurs.) Since we have never had any kind of "official" meeting we need to discuss how this will occur (i.e. Wiki pages or IRC channel), how it will be structured (i.e. meeting agenda) and if there will be any "chair" to supervise the meeting and meeting "secretary" to write up minutes or keep some kind of official record of what transpires. Thanks in advance for your input and your continued work as an advocate. — ©   Alex756   19:51, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Blushing
Thanks very much for the compliment, Michael!--Bishonen | Talk 14:02, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

BrokenSegue RfA
If it is acceptable to challenge oppose votes, I think challenging the support votes is just as valid. Besides, you could have asked me to remove the extra comments, before removing my signed comments. -- Netoholic @ 05:57, 2005 Jan 9 (UTC)

 * Yes, take a look at Requests for adminship/Fvw2 and other recent votes. Supporters of candidates will typically take great strides to respond to the Oppose votes (or "disrupt the RfA" as you call it). In this vote I would like the supporters to explain why they support the candidate, exactly the way Neutrality asked me to explain my oppose vote. -- Netoholic @ 06:04, 2005 Jan 9 (UTC)

 * Well, I wasn't the one that reverted your change first, though in spirit I agree with you. In the future, I will make use of the comments section, as I do on a very routine basis.  -- Netoholic @ 06:20, 2005 Jan 9 (UTC)

Wikipedia Signpost
Maybe you can do a write up on the Administrators' noticeboard? Seems like an important development. I'm not really that well versed in journalism, so I'll practice before I consider helping out in your endeavor. I've enjoyed the first issue, very informative. :) Mgm|(talk) 09:41, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

I can help write sporadically; I feel I can write well, but don't have the topics to cover. Maybe I could help out taking care of the FAC section, since I have it on my watchlist and follow it closely. I can write about other stuff, though, and I'll try to keep an eye out for things to cover. Johnleemk | Talk 16:01, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I've done up a draft at User:Johnleemk/Signpost FAC, but I find this first draft to be of poor quality. Well, I can always try again later. Johnleemk | Talk 10:36, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

As usual, Michael, I must commend you for your excellent work and significant dedication -- the Signpost idea is a fine one, and preferable (to an old prose addict like myself) to Goings-on. One wonders, though, if NPOV will be as easy to maintain on the Signpost....well, time will tell. I, of course, have no time at all, but I like the idea so well I'll try to make time. If there is a beat I could work reasonably sporadically (i.e., an area where events occur every few weeks, not every few days) I would happily take it on, and do a little extra on weeks where I have time (alas, this is not one of those weeks). Drop me a note whenever you like and perhaps we can sort things out. Best of luck, Jwrosenzweig 22:53, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Alas, I'd say the odds are very much against my presence at the meetup, but I'll attend the next one (I swear, I'll never voluntarily pile essays on myself in this fashion again). Talk to you later, Jwrosenzweig 23:25, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hey, Michael, just wanted to let you know I've done a rough writeup regarding Fvw's recent RfA. It's located at User:Blankfaze/Fvwpromoted. BLANKFAZE | (что??) 06:43, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Michael, I find the idea of the Signpost simply great, and I am considering trying it out on the French Wikipedia. A question though. I am wondering how you intend to "accept" articles. Can anyone add an article if they feel like it, or do you retain the right, as an editor, not to accept some of the articles ? Thanx notafish }<';> 12:52, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I never got a chance to work on anything this week. Sorry. I'll let you know if I'm able to come up with something soon. RickK 09:54, Jan 17, 2005 (UTC)

I just want to commend you on your efforts with the Signpost. It's very good indeed, and already I'm looking forwards to each new edition :). Dan100 22:59, Jan 17, 2005 (UTC)

As everyone else has said, the Signpost is a great idea and I found both of the editions so far very informative. I would like to volunteer to help. I could probably write 2 or 3 articles most weeks. I could write an article about the results of the speedy deletion poll, and I could also possibly write about Wikipedia's press coverage, arbitration committee proceedings, and or requests for adminship. You can discuss this with me on my talk page. Academic Challenger 05:08, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

That sounds good. I'll write articles about Requests for Adminship, press coverage and the CSD vote results. I should have those done by Saturday night. I am not sure how you want me to send what I have written. Should I post it on a talk page, user subpage, or send you an e-mail? Academic Challenger 02:22, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)

OFFICIAL AMA MEETING NOTICE
The first AMA Membership meeting will be held on Sunday January 23, 2005 at 19:00 UTC on freenode IRC channel #AMA. That is 2 PM Eastern NA (Miami/Montreal) Time, 11 AM Pacific NA (Los Angeles/Vancover)Time, and 8 PM Central European (Amsterdam/Stokholm/Warsaw/Venice) Time. All members are invited to attend. — ©   Alex756   19:48, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Michael, sorry you cannot make the first meeting. We had a test meeting last Sunday and Sam Spade was the only other member that showed. Wally suggested the time, but as it turned out he could not make it due to late plans. What Sam and I discussed (if you could call that a meeting) is to have ongoing meetings. He suggested every week, I suggested once a month. I would really hope we can get you to come to a meeting (if not the first) because your input would be greatly appreciated; what you wrote about the Arbitration Committee at the "Signpost" is the kind of thing that I see advocates doing on an ongoing and more systematic basis, though if you are planning on making that a regular thing maybe just editing such articles into a history of ArbCom would be a useful project for the AMA. Regarding the IRC thing, I also did not use before Sunday. I downloaded mIRC onto my Windows XP system (you can find out more about it from the Wikipedia article) and it took about 5 minutes to set up and then I just logged onto the #AMA channel. Really very simple and straightforward to use. If you have any problems getting it to work, let me know. There is also always someone around on the #WIKIPEDIA channel. Let me know if that time is always going to be bad, it might make sense to schedule some weekly meetings at different times, and I am going to suggest that we post the transcript somewhere on a AMA/subpage (without links) so members who don't come can read the proceedings and then comment on the talk pages; really I hope this starts creating some dialogue between AMA members and maybe this group can really take off. If you have any suggestions, comments, or want a topic brought up, please feel free to let me know on my talk page. Thanks. — ©   Alex756   05:24, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Gandhi
Hi Michael,

I responded to some of the comments that you made at Featured_article_candidates/Mahatma_Gandhi. Could you take a look? Thanks. --ashwatha 05:04, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hi again,

I have responded to your latest comments at Featured article candidates/Mahatma Gandhi. Please take a look - thanks. --ashwatha 16:47, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Template:Blacklist
As a wikipedian, do you accept this template? Cheung1303 06:48, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia Signpost/Fvw
Heya, nice job on the new signpost. I'm not sure what your current policy is on modifying articles on the current edition, but if you're willing to edit them I'd appreciate it if you'd clarify that I was not suggesting myself as mediator (as it doesn't seem appropriate while I'm making a likely-to-fail bid for the MedCom), but only suggesting other dead-cert MedCom-members to be. --fvw *  15:47, 2005 Jan 19 (UTC)
 * Not quite as clear as I'd hoped for, but I suppose it'll have to do.
 * I agree there's nothing wrong with ad-hoc mediation, I just want to avoid giving the impression I'm going to go into the mediation "business" on my own because the MedCom didn't want me: I do think using the MedCom is preferable to using a non-MedCom random strange who has no ties to the content or the editors. --fvw *  17:21, 2005 Jan 19 (UTC)

Signpost comments
Hi. Thought I'd let you know that the Signpost is much appreciated. I've been largely absent lately because of internet connection or lack thereof, so the Signpost is really useful in keeping some idea of what's going on. I'd like to help out with it eventually, but for now my situation will keep me a grateful consumer rather than a producer.

I did come up with a good idea for a regular column. Lots of important issues have context that a newer Wikipedian couldn't learn without hours or days of poring through page histories, archive pages, and old mailing list posts. Each week, someone could dig through the history of some part of Wikipedia, or some piece of Wikipedia policy, and write an article tracing its development. A few things I thought of whose history might be interesting or informative:

 * VfD
 * Adminship policies/procedures
 * The Main Page
 * Interlanguage policies and history of the non-English Wikipedias.
 * Meta-wikipedia
 * The mailing lists
 * IRC channel
 * Ban/block policies, along with a summary of the important precedents
 * formation and history of the Arbitration committee

Some of these are fairly recent, but still might be good. Anyway, keep up the good work. Thanks, Isomorphic 21:32, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Servers headline
Faster, servers! Faster! Neutralitytalk 22:23, Jan 22, 2005 (UTC)

Signpost Drafts Ready
I have written drafts for my articles for the Signpost. They are at User:Academic Challenger/RfaArticle User:Academic Challenger/csd and User:Academic Challenger/presscoverage

Feel free to edit them, as I wrote them somewhat in a rush. Academic Challenger 01:21, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Article on Wikipedia
Hello. First of all, congratulations for the Signpost, I hope it keeps on improving. Second, I don't know if this is of interest for the paper, but the article about Wikipedia being featured on the media reminded me of an article on leading Brazilian magazine Veja. The unsigned writer is doubting of Wikipedia's reliability, and he/she claims to have made a test, inserting sneak vandalism on Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva which remained uncorrected for two days. I've added all this to the Veja (magazine) article. JoaoRicardo 18:41, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Logs of first AMA Membership meeting
You may view the log of the first meeting on the following two pages: AMA IRC Meeting log (1-23-05) (first hour) and AMA IRC Meeting log (1-23-05) Pt II (remainder of meeting). If you are interested in commenting on the agenda of the meeting please do so here:AMA Meeting (suggested topics).

OFFICIAL SECOND MEETING NOTICE AND REQUEST FOR INFORMATION

 * "The second AMA Membership meeting will be held on Sunday January 30 2005 at 19:00 UTC on freenode IRC channel #AMA. That is 2 PM Eastern NA Time, 11 AM Pacific NA Time, and 8 PM Central European (Amsterdam/Stokholm/Warsaw/Venice) Time. All members are invited to attend."

The coordinator is requesting that members submit the following information for the upcoming coordinator’s report:

 * How many individuals did you help as an advocate
 * What is the maximum amount of time you put into a case
 * Do you feel your work as an advocate was successful?
 * How can the advocacy program of the AMA be improved?

Thank you. Please submit your responses here: AMA Coordinator/January 2005 Survey

 * — ©   Alex756   23:10, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC) (The Coordinator)

Signposts
Just a suggestion -- maybe the next issue could contain something about Olliepratt's blocking? I'm too close to the sobject to do it a neutral job. RickK 06:55, Jan 24, 2005 (UTC)

The arbcom has forbidden him from editing anything except to his arbitration page and User Talk pages. See Requests for arbitration/Libertas. Ollie is also Libertas. RickK 07:03, Jan 24, 2005 (UTC)

re: Ollieplatt; I had a part in this tale and will answer any questions you might have. I'd be interested in seeing an account of this from an outside perspective. — Davenbelle 08:09, Jan 24, 2005 (UTC)

Sockpuppets
Hi Michael: First, let me say that I'm not anyone's sockpuppet and I do not have any -- I said this on the evidence page, too. I expect that Ollieplatt bandies the sockpuppet allegation about freely mostly to cause trouble and to parrot the same terms used about him. He's called a lot of people vandals, too. Much of this probably amounts to playing to the audience; casual readers who know nothing about the larger picture these event were playing out in. The extent that he actually believes his charges, I would chalk-up to them being easier to swallow than the idea that multiple people acting in parallel with minimal or no communications between them are consistently opposing him.

Instead of a publicity piece about Ollieplatt's spree, I like to see a piece about the whole POV-Warrior Syndrome on Wikipedia. It seems to me that they're enamored with the idea that POV-tweaking articles here somehow advances their POV when logic would lead one to conclude that if the truth about something is not flattering to a particular POV then there may well be something wrong with the POV. — Davenbelle 18:54, Jan 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * See also: Blair's comment on your question on my talk page: User talk:Davenbelle; — Davenbelle 00:21, Jan 28, 2005 (UTC)

Reply
''Author of news, you ''praise me highly; with my deeds, I will study deserving.
 * --Jwrosenzweig 22:30, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Mitsubishi companies
Ok. Christopher Mahan 01:55, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC) ( you can remove this anytime )

signpost
Hi. I think that your Signpost news paper is pretty good. I happened to find out about it, only because I put a message on someone else's talk page, and happened to notice signpost was mentioned in the message above mine. So, I don't know how other people are finding out about it (which is appropriate, since one of your points is that there is more going on with wikipedia than anyone can keep track of). Maybe a brief note on the Village Pump pages (policy? misc? all?) would help people find it. I think that a lot of people watch those pages, because there are many people who answer questions there. Best wishes, Morris 02:55, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The exact same holds for me. How is the Signpost marketed?   — mark ✎ 11:59, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Signpost contrib
I don't know why I didn't say so before, but I'd be happy to do the weekly thing on Requests for Adminship, which I pay close attention to. I also follow Request for Undeletion (the only non-swamped deletion-related page on Wikipedia), Goings-on, and Bots. But the first would make a short article, the second is already included, and I may be too involved in the last. —Ben Brockert (42) UE News  04:13, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia Signpost
I'd be happy to volunteer for the Signpost as a writer for a "police blotter," listing all of the recent 3RR blocks and the like. What do you think? Neutralitytalk 15:33, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)

Extra! Extra!
Tim Starling banned from Wikipedia by Jimbo Wales! LOL -- I'm still not sure what the whole story is, but check their user pages for more.... Catherine\talk 06:04, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * That and the cold turkey thing are both newsworthy, I think. It would behoove Wikipedians to be more aware of the men and women behind the curtains. —Ben Brockert (42) UE News  01:38, Jan 27, 2005 (UTC)

Steve Dalkowski
Thanks for the updates, not sure if I agree with the American spelling but... alright (I guess I'll have to stop resisting and get used to Webster's method one day, it just seems to wrong though...). The article is a current FAC, so your comments there would be welcome also. :-D Zerbey 20:56, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Milestone for the Signpost: Fifty arbcom cases.
Just a milestone you might want to write on for the Signpost: the Arbcom closed is 50th case earlier today. Another pointless statistic: 30% (15/50) of those cases have been closed since or on January 1, 2005. Do what you will with this info :) -- Grunt 🇪🇺 03:01, 2005 Jan 28 (UTC)

OFFICIAL AMA MEETING NOTICE
The second AMA IRC Membership meetingwas held on Sunday January 30, 2005 at 19:00 UTC on freenode.net IRC channel #AMA. Attending were Wally, Metasquares, Anthere, Sam Spade, and alex756 (coordinator). The log of the second meeting can be found here: AMA IRC Meeting log (1-30-05).

"The third AMA Membership meeting will be held on Saturday February 12, 2005 at 17:00 UTC on freenode IRC channel #AMA. That is 12:00 Noon Eastern NA Time, 9 AM Pacific NA Time, and 6 PM Central European (Amsterdam/Stokholm/Warsaw/Venice) Time. All members are invited to attend.

Suggested Topics and Specific Proposals

 * MEMBERS PLEASE REVIEW

 * Suggestions for topics/proposals and agenda to be discussed at the next meeting are to be found at: AMA Meeting (suggested topics). All members are requested to make proposals there and respond to proposals on the talk page there before the beginning of the next meeting so discussion can be held forthwith concerning such proposals. Thank you, your Coordinator.

The coordinator is requesting that members who have not done so already submit the following information for the upcoming coordinator’s report:

 * How many individuals did you help as an advocate
 * What is the maximum amount of time you put into a case
 * Do you feel your work as an advocate was successful?
 * How can the advocacy program of the AMA be improved?

Thank you. Please submit your responses here if you have not done so already. — ©   Alex756   23:25, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Signpost: good work!
Michael, just a note to say how much I appreciate Wikipedia Signpost, and what a good job you're doing with it. I've read every issue, and I wanted to tell you how much it makes the increasingly difficult task of keeping track of what's going on Wikipedia a little bit easier. Thanks! Paul August ☎ 22:15, Jan 31, 2005 (UTC)

Yes - great work. I read every article. --mav 23:23, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)


text:
Armand Guillaumin

Armand Guillaumin (February 16, 1841 – June 26, 1927) was a French impressionist painter and lithographer.

Early years
Born Jean-Baptiste Armand Guillaumin in Paris, he worked at his uncle's lingerie shop while attending evening drawing lessons. He also worked for a French government railway before studying at the Académie Suisse in 1861. There, he met Paul Cézanne and Camille Pissarro, with whom he maintained lifelong friendships. While he never achieved the stature of these two, his influence on their work was significant. With these two friends, Guillaumin exhibited at the Salon des Refusés in 1863.The three artists frequently painted in each other's company in the 1870s; for a time, Guillaumin and Cézanne had studios next door to each other on the Île Saint-Louis in Paris. In 1873, Cézanne made the only etchings of his career, one of them depicting Guillaumin (see Gallery below).

Guillaumin was a member of the Société anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs (later dubbed, Impressionistes) from the start and he participated in six of the eight Impressionist exhibitions: 1874, 1877, 1880, 1881, 1882 and 1886. In the eyes of contemporary critics, he became known for his assured brushstroke and use of bold colours. In 1886, an astute critic, Félix Fénéon, called him a "furious colourist"; By the 1890s, his palette had grown even bolder, less faithful to nature. He was a Fauve a decade before Fauvism.

Full-time painter
In 1886, he became a friend of Vincent van Gogh, whose brother, Theo, exhibited and sold some of his works. Vincent held Guillaumin's work in high regard, commenting on it in at least 36 letters written from 1888 to 1890. In the mid 1880s, Guillaumin's studio was a meeting place for young artists such as Paul Gauguin, Paul Signac and Georges Seurat. Guillaumin was finally able to quit his government job and concentrate on painting full-time in 1891, when he won 100,000 francs in the state lottery.

Exhibitions and Collections
Armand Guillaumin was given large solo exhibitions at many of the top Parisian galleries, including Galeries Durand-Ruel in 1895, Galerie Ambroise Vollard in 1897, Galerie Bernheim-Jeune in 1901 and 1906, and Galerie Paul Rosenberg in 1908. Noted for their intense colours, Guillaumin's paintings are represented in major museums around the world. These include the Musée d’Orsay (48 works) and Petit Palais (91 works) in Paris, the Tate Britain in London, major museums in Germany, Russia, the Netherlands and Spain, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, the Art Institute of Chicago, and many others in the U.S.A,, Canada, Israel and Japan. Private collectors, many of whom owned dozens of works, bought up his production through the 1920s. Noteworthy among these are Count Armand Doria, Dr. Paul Gachet, Théodore Duret, Gustave Geffroy, Louis Vauxcelles, Tadamasa Hayashi, Sergei Shchukin, Chester Dale and Paul Mellon.

Legacy
Guillaumin is best remembered for his landscapes of Paris, the Creuse département, and the area around Les Adrets-de-l'Estérel near the Mediterranean coast in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of France. Guillaumin was called the leader of the École de Crozant, a diverse group of painters who came to depict the landscape in the region of the Creuse around the village of Crozant. One of these depictions, titled Landscape in Crozant, is housed in the Art Institute of Chicago. His bust is in the square near the village church in Crozant.

Death
Armand Guillaumin died in 1927 in Orly, Val-de-Marne just south of Paris.

title: Armand Guillaumin


text:
Slieau Freoaghane

Slieau Freoaghane (Manx for 'mountain of the bilberry') is a hill on the Isle of Man, and the second highest of the Island's five Marilyns. It is located in the Sheading of Michael and can be climbed from Kirk Michael or Barregarrow to the west, from Brandy Cottage to the south, or from Druidale in the east. The summit is marked with a trig point.

title: Slieau Freoaghane


text: Category:349 deaths

title: Category:349 deaths


text:
Entebbe International Airport

Entebbe International Airport is the only international airport in Uganda. It is located about 6 km southwest of the town of Entebbe, on the northern shores of Lake Victoria. This is approximately 40 km by road south-west of the central business district of Kampala, the capital city of Uganda.

The headquarters of the Civil Aviation Authority of Uganda have been relocated to a new block off the airport highway (Entebbe–Kampala Expressway and Tunnel Road), but adjacent to the airport terminals.

History
The airport was opened by the British Colonial authorities. According to the website of the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority, due to the airport's location on Lake Victoria and the existing facilities, the colonial government decided that the most optimal location for aviation traffic was Entebbe.

On 10 November 1951, the airport was formally reopened after its facilities had been extended. Runway 12/30 was now 9,900 feet, in preparation for services by the de Havilland Comet. The new main terminal building of the airport was designed by Yugoslav Montenegrin architect Aleksandar Keković and built by Energoprojekt holding in 1972-1973 period.

The Old Entebbe airport is used by Uganda's military forces. It was the scene of a hostage rescue operation by Israeli Sayeret Matkal, dubbed Operation Entebbe, in 1976 after an Arab-German hijacking of Air France Flight 139 following a stopover in Athens, Greece, en route to Paris from Tel Aviv. The scene of that rescue was the old terminal, which has been demolished, except for its control tower and airport hall. According to a 2006 published report, plans were made to construct a domestic passenger terminal at the site of the old airport. The airport was partially destroyed in April 1979 when it was captured by Tanzanian forces during the Uganda–Tanzania War.

According to ThePrint in November 2021, reports in African media suggest that China could take over the airport over the default of a loan, which was denied by China's foreign ministry and Government of Uganda. Bloomberg News reported that the Ugandan government is seeking to amend a $200m loan agreement it signed with the Export-Import Bank of China in 2015, to ensure it doesn't lose control of the airport, citing a report from the Daily Monitor, an independent Ugandan daily newspaper. On December 1, 2021, the Attorney General of Uganda stated they had seen the story regarding the airport in media and that it was reportedly fake news.

Modernization plans: 2015–2033
In February 2015, the Government of South Korea, through the Korea International Cooperation Agency, gave the Government of Uganda (GOU) a grant of USh 27 billion towards modernization of the airport. In the same month, the GOU began a three phase upgrade and expansion of the airport to last from 2015 until 2035. The entire renovation budget is approximately US$586 million.

Phase I – 2015 to 2018

 * Estimated cost of US$200 million, borrowed from Exim Bank of China.
 * Relocation and expansion of the cargo terminal.
 * Construction of new passenger terminal building.
 * Modernizing and improving existing passenger terminal building. Entebbe Airport DF-ST-02-03027.jpgFly540 ATR42 at Entebbe.jpg
 * Renovation and rehabilitation of "Runway 12/30" (the main runway), is expected to conclude in February 2019.

In March 2022, online and print media reported that the Chinese-built cargo center, capable of handling 100,000 metric tonnes of cargo, had begun commercial operations. This had replaced the old cargo facility with capacity of 50,000 metric tonnes, originally converted from an old aircraft hangar. It is expected that later in 2024, upon completion of the ongoing Phase I upgrades, the airport will increase its passenger-handling capacity from 2 million to 3.5 million annually.

Phase II – 2019 to 2023

 * Estimated cost of US$125 million.
 * Expected delays due to Covid-19 pandemic.
 * Relocation and expansion of fuel storage facilities.
 * In July 2024, the Nile Post reported that Tristar Energy Limited, an aviation fuel supply-company, based in the United Arab Emirates and active in 31 countries, had completed the construction of underground storage tanks with storage capacity of 12000000 litre of aviation fuel and pipelines measuring 7 km, which were ready for commercial commissioning. Over the next five years, the capacity of the underground storage tanks is expected to be expanded by another 11000000 liter. As of 2029, the aviation fuel storage capacity at this airport is planned to be 23000000 liter. Construction of the fuel storage tanks has been ongoing since 2017.

Phase III – After 2024

 * Estimated cost of US$160.5 million, not yet sourced.
 * Building new multi-story car park.
 * Construction of new control tower
 * Strengthen and reseal current runways.

Expansion of departure and arrival lounges
In April 2016, Minister of Works John Byabagambi launched a USh 42.6 billion (US$11.4 million) project to expand the departure and arrival lounges. The work will be carried out by Seyani Brothers Limited and will be fully funded by the Civil Aviation Authority of Uganda. Construction is scheduled to commence on 1 June 2016 with completion expected in December 2017. This work is separate from the large expansion partially funded by the government of South Korea and People's Republic of China.

Facilities
Passenger facilities include a left-luggage office, banks, automated teller machines, foreign exchange bureaux, restaurants, and duty-free shops.

Passenger
Notes:

However, the airline does not have traffic rights to transport passengers solely between Kigali or Bujumbura and Entebbe.

However, the airline does not have traffic rights to transport passengers solely between Kigali and Entebbe.

However, the airline does not have traffic rights to transport passengers solely between Kigali and Entebbe.

 * Airlines offering specialized passenger service to non-stop destinations:

Ground handling
, there were four ground-handling companies serving this airport:
 * Menzies Aviation Uganda (MAU), the largest of the four.
 * DAS Handling Limited (Dairo Air Services Handling Limited) has acquired ACC3/RA3 European Union ground handling certification.
 * Fresh Handling Limited, which handles exports of cut flowers, and agricultural products.
 * Uganda Airlines Ground Handling, Uganda Airlines began self ground handling at EBB, in September 2022.

Passenger traffic
Since 2002, international passenger traffic at the airport has increased annually, except for 2009 when the Great Recession caused a small decline and 2014.

Certification
In September 2023, EBB together with Uganda Civil Aviation Authority and Uganda Airlines underwent the ICAO Oversight Safety Audit.

Controversies
Several Ugandan local and international media reports claimed that Uganda would lose the grip on Entebbe International Airport to China for failing to repay the loan it borrowed from China. However, Ugandan officials denied claims regarding the possibility of China taking control of the airport. Exim Bank of China had imposed strict and aggressive repayment terms on a US$200 million loan to expand Uganda's only international airport.

On 14 April 2021, the Sri Lankan Airlines in its official Twitter handle claimed that Sri Lankan cargo had made history by operating three successive cargo charter flights to Entebbe International Airport, uplifting over 102 metric tonnes of printed papers in February 2021. The information on what kind of printed paper was transported was not revealed by Sri Lankan Airlines due to confidentiality reasons. However, the cargo carrier deleted the tweet for unknown reasons and it created doubts about the transparency of Sri Lankan Airlines and speculations arose about the transfer of "printed papers" cargo charter flights which departed to Uganda in February 2021. Sri Lankan Airlines later issued a statement clarifying that the printed material which was deported to Uganda included only the Ugandan currency notes and it further revealed that due to security reasons with bordering Kenya, Ugandan government preferred to obtain printed Ugandan shilling currency notes from a global security printer. The Biyagama branch of the De La Rue company is responsible for printing currency notes to countries including Uganda. Sri Lankan Airlines insisted that the consignment was purely commercial in nature and brought much needed foreign revenue for the airlines and Sri Lanka.

Incidents

 * In 1976, Air France Flight 139 from Tel Aviv to Paris via Athens (where the hijackers boarded) was hijacked and taken to Entebbe, and Israeli commandos rescued the hostages in Operation Entebbe.
 * On 9 March 2009, Aerolift Ilyushin Il-76 S9-SAB crashed into Lake Victoria just after takeoff from Entebbe airport. Two of the engines caught fire on take-off and the resulting crash resulted in the deaths of all 11 people on board. The aircraft had been chartered by Dynacorp on behalf of the African Union Mission to Somalia. The accident was investigated by Uganda's Ministry of Transport, which concluded that all four engines were time-expired and that Aerolift's claim that maintenance had been performed to extend their service life or that the work had been certified could not be substantiated.
 * On 14 March 2018, an Emirates flight attendant opened a door onboard an Emirates Airlines plane and committed suicide by jumping. The plane was due to fly to Dubai. She was a 47 year old Bulgarian citizen.

title: Entebbe International Airport


text: User talk:216.56.26.2

title: User talk:216.56.26.2


text: Category:Guitarists by nationality

title: Category:Guitarists by nationality


text:
Johan Jongkind

Johan Barthold Jongkind (3 June 1819 – 9 February 1891) was a Dutch painter and printmaker. He painted marine landscapes in a free manner and is regarded as a forerunner of Impressionism.

Biography

Jongkind was born in the town of Lattrop in the Overijssel province of the Netherlands near the border with Germany. Trained at the art academy in The Hague under Andreas Schelfhout, in 1846 he moved to Montparnasse in Paris, France where he studied under Eugène Isabey and François-Édouard Picot. Two years later, the Paris Salon accepted his work for its exhibition, and he received acclaim from critic Charles Baudelaire and later on from Émile Zola. He was to experience little success, however, and he suffered bouts of depression complicated by alcoholism.

Jongkind returned to live in Rotterdam in 1855, and remained there until 1860. Back in Paris, in 1861 he rented a studio on the rue de Chevreuse in Montparnasse where some of his paintings began to show glimpses of the Impressionist style to come. In 1862 he met in Normandy, in the famous ferme Saint-Siméon in Honfleur, with some of his artist friends, such as Alfred Sisley, Eugène Boudin, and the young Claude Monet, to all of whom Jongkind served as a mentor. Monet later referred to him as "...a quiet man with such a talent that is beyond words" and credited the "definitive education" of his own eye to Jongkind. In 1863 Jongkind exhibited at the first Salon des Refusés. He was invited to participate in the first exhibition of the Impressionist group in 1874, now known as the First Impressionist Exhibition, but he declined.

In 1878, Jongkind and his companion Joséphine Fesser moved to live in the small town of La Côte-Saint-André near Grenoble in the Isère département in the southeast of France. He died in 1891 in Saint-Égrève, in the same département. He is buried in the cemetery of La Côte-Saint-André. Streets are named after him in some Dutch town quarters dedicated to 19th- and 20th-century Dutch painters in e.g. Overtoomse Veld-Noord, Amsterdam, and De Vijfhoek, Deventer, as well as in Grenoble.

Commemoration
On 2 June 2019, a statue of Jongkind made by Dutch sculptor Rob Houdijk was revealed in the Duifpolder between Maassluis and Vlaardingen alongside the Vlaardingertrekvaart canal, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of his birth. At this spot, Jongkind must have made preparatory sketches of the Rechthuis van Zouteveen for one of his later etching ‘Les deux barques à voile’ from 1862.

Subject and style
Jongkind's most frequent subject was the marine landscape, which he painted both in the Netherlands and in France. Many of his works depict the Seine, particularly the area near Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral. He painted watercolors out-of-doors, and used them as sketches for oil paintings made in his studio. His paintings are characterized by vigorous brushwork and strong contrasts. Like the 17th-century Dutch landscape painters of the Golden Age of Dutch painting, he typically composed his landscapes with a low horizon, allowing the sky to dominate.

Selected paintings
Jongkind's paintings, prints, and sketches are exhibited in museums worldwide including Museum Rotterdam, Rijksmuseum Twenthe, Petit Palais in Paris, Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Art Institute of Chicago, National Gallery in London, National Museum, Kraków, and Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Valparaíso.

Bibliographies

 * Ankelle, Daniel (2011): Johan Jonkind: 75 Impressionist Paintings - Impressionisme, Angelke Publishing LLC, ASIN: B005VU2H1Y.
 * Auffret, François (2003): Jongkind 1819-1891 - Biographie Illustrée, Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris, ISBN 978-2-706-81766-3.
 * Czymmek, Götz, Jaques Foucart John Sillevis u. a. (2004): Johan Barthold Jongkind: Ein Wegbereiter des Impressionismus, Ausstellungskatalog Richartz Wallraf Museum, Köln, ISBN 978-9-040-08924-4.
 * Hefting, Victorine (1975). Jongkind—sa vie, son œuvre, son époque. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
 * Patin, Sylvie (2014): Jongkind - une Fascination pour La Lumière, Édition des Falaises, Rouen, ISBN 978-2-848-11229-9.
 * Sillevis, John (2003): Jongkind Paintings, Bibliothèque De L'image, Paris, ISBN 978-2-914-66135-5.
 * Stein, Adolphe. Jongkind—catalogue critique de l'oeuvre. (2003 volume 1) Paris: Brame & Lorenceau. ISBN 2951015666.

title: Johan Jongkind