text:
Mahmud

Mahmud is a transliteration of the male Arabic given name محمود (Maḥmūd), common in most parts of the Islamic world. It comes from the Arabic triconsonantal root Ḥ-M-D, meaning praise, along with Muhammad.

Mahmood

 * Mahmood Ali (1928–2008), Pakistani radio, television and stage artist
 * Mahmood Hussain (cricketer) (1932–1991), Pakistani Test cricketer
 * Mahmood Hussain (councillor), former Lord Mayor of Birmingham, England
 * Shah Mahmood Qureshi, Pakistani politician who served as the 29th Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2018 to 2022.
 * Mahmood Shaam (born 1940), Pakistani Urdu language journalist, poet writer and analyst.
 * Mahmood Yakubu, Nigerian academic and current chairman of Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).
 * Mahmood Mamdani (born 1946), Ugandan academic, author and political commentator
 * Mahmood Monshipouri (born 1952), Iranian-born American scholar, educator, and author.
 * Mahmooda Sultana, Aerospace engineer (NASA)
 * Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan, Pakistani social worker.
 * Mahmood Hussein Mattan, Somalian former merchant seaman
 * Zafar Mahmood Abbasi, retired four-star admiral of the Pakistan Navy
 * Muhammad Mahmood Alam, Pakistani fighter pilot
 * Mahmood Anjir Faghnawi, the 13th sheikh in the chain of the masters of the Naqshbandi Order
 * Mahmood Mamdani, an Indian-born Ugandan academic, author, and political commentator.
 * Mahmood Hussein Mattan, was a Somali former merchant seaman who was wrongfully convicted

Mahmoud

 * Mahmoud Abbas (born 1935), President of the State of Palestine
 * Mahmoud al-Abrash (born 1944), Syrian politician
 * Mahmoud Afshartous (1907–1953), Iranian military officer
 * Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (born 1956), former President of Iran
 * Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi, a member of Iran's Pahlavi dynasty
 * Mahmoud Ahmed (born 1941), Ethiopian musician
 * Mahmoud Alavi, Iranian Shia Cleric
 * Mahmoud Abdel Salam Omar, Egyptian businessman
 * Mahmoud El-Araby (1932–2021), Egyptian businessman and philanthropist.
 * Mahmoud Baharmast (1899–1977), Iranian army general
 * Mahmoud Balbaa (born 1952), Egyptian businessman and politician
 * Mahmoud Chahoud (born 1976), Lebanese footballer
 * Mahmoud Darwish (1941–2008), Palestinian poet
 * Mahmoud Dahoud, German professional footballer
 * Mahmoud Dowlatabadi (born 1940), Iranian writer and actor
 * Mahmoud Fakhry Pasha (1884–1955), Egyptian politician and diplomat
 * Mahmoud Fayad (1925–2002), Gold medal winner at the Summer Olympics of 1948 in London.
 * Mahmoud Fustuq (died 2006), Lebanese businessman
 * Mahmoud Guinia (1951–2015), Moroccan singer
 * Mahmoud Hamshari (1938–1973), assassinated Palestinian official
 * Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi (1948–2018), Iranian Shia Cleric
 * Mahmoud Hussein (born 1966), Egyptian journalist
 * Mahmoud Hweimel (died 2013), Jordanian politician
 * Mahmoud Ismail (1914–1983), Egyptian actor, filmmaker
 * Mahmoud Jaballah, Egyptian-Canadian Jihad member
 * Mahmoud El Khatib (born 1954), Egyptian footballer and President of Al Ahly
 * Mahmoud Khayami (1930–2020), Iranian industrialist and philanthropist of French nationality.
 * Mahmoud Labadi (1940–2014), Palestinian journalist, writer and politician
 * Mahmoud Mar'ashi Najafi (born 1941), Iranian Shia Cleric
 * Mahmoud Mekki (born 1954), the vice president of Egypt from August 2012 to December 2012
 * Mahmoud el-Meliguy (1910–1983), Egyptian actor
 * Mahmoud Mohammad Issa Mohammad, Palestinian terrorist
 * Mahmoud Mohieldin (born 1965), economist
 * Mahmoud Nabavian, Iranian Shia Cleric
 * Mahmoud Namjoo (1918–1989), Iranian weightlifter
 * Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha (1888–1949), Prime Minister of Egypt 1945–1946 and 1946–1948
 * Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf, American basketball player
 * Mahmoud Abdul Razak, Syrian footballer
 * Mahmoud Salem (1931–2013), Egyptian journalist and author.
 * Mahmoud Salavati (born 1953), Iranian Shia Cleric
 * Mahmoud el-Sisi (born 1982), Egyptian brigadier general and son of President Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi
 * Mahmoud Taleghani (1911–1979), Iranian Shia Cleric
 * Mahmoud Vahidnia (born 1989), gold medal winner at the Iranian Mathematical Olympiad in 2007
 * Mahmoud Sami el-Baroudi (1839–1904), Egyptian politician and poet
 * Mahmoud Zakzouk (1933–2020), Egyptian academic
 * Mahmoud Abu Zeid, also known as Shawkan, (born c. 1987), Egyptian photojournalist
 * Mahmoud Charr, German professional boxer.
 * Mahmoud Hessabi, an Iranian nuclear physicist and senator, He was the minister of education
 * Mahmoud Bodo Rasch, a German architect who specializes in the construction of large convertible umbrellas and lightweight structures.
 * Mahmoud Kahil, a Lebanese-born British editorial cartoonist.

Mahmud

 * Mehmed II, Caesar of Rome, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1444-1446 (The sultan of two lands and the khan of two seas).
 * Mahmud I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire 1730–1754
 * Mahmud II, Sultan of Ottoman Empire 1808–1839
 * Ghazan born Mahmud Ghazan, (Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan) the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304
 * Sultan Mahmud (Chagatai), was last Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate (1384–1402).
 * Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan), Khan of Tashkent and of the Moghuls of western Moghulistan
 * Mäxmüd of Kazan, the Khan of the Khanate of Kazan from 1445 to 1466.
 * Arpa Ke'un known as Mu'izz ad-Din Mahmud, an Ilkhan (1335–1336) during the disintegration of the Ilkhanate, Mongol state in Southwest Asia based in Persia.
 * Jani Beg or Jalal ad-Din Mahmud, Khan of the Golden Horde from 1342 to 1357
 * Mahmud bin Küchük, a Khan who founded the Khanate of Astrakhan in the 1460s
 * Mahmud Khizr, khan of the Golden Horde in uncertain dates between 1359 and 1362.
 * Maghan III, known as Mahmud I, mansa of the Mali Empire from 1390 to about 1400.
 * Mahmud II (mansa), mansa of the Mali Empire of 1481-1496.
 * Qutuz or Mahmud ibn Mamdud, military leader and the third or fourth Mamluk Sultan of Turkic origin.
 * Mahmud I (Seljuk sultan), sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1092 to 1094.
 * Mahmud II of Great Seljuk, Sultan of Baghdad in 1118
 * Mahmud of Ghazni, ruler of Ghazni 997–1030
 * Mahmud Begada, the most prominent Sultan of the Gujarat Sultanate.
 * Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat, 12th Sultan of Gujarat
 * Mahmud Hotak, the Shah of Persia from 1722-1725.
 * Mahmud Shah Durrani, ruler of Afghanistan 1801–1803 & 1809–1818
 * Shahanshah ibn Mahmud, the Kurdish Shaddadid emir of Ani from 1164 to 1174.
 * Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī known as Nur ad-Din (died 1174), Emir of Aleppo and Damascus
 * Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud, the Ayyubid emir of Hama first in 1219 (616 AH) and then restored in 1229–1244 (626 AH–642 AH)
 * Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud, the Kurdish Ayyubid emir of Hama from 1284 to 1300.
 * Mu'izz al-Din Mahmud, the Zengid Emir of the Jazira 1208–1241.
 * Mahmood Shah Bahmani II or Shihab-Ud-Din Mahmud, the sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate from 1482-1518.
 * Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi, the eighth sultan of the Mamluk Dynasty 1246-1266.
 * Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud, the Mirdasid emir of Aleppo
 * Nasr ibn Mahmud, the Mirdasid emir of Aleppo in 1075–1076.
 * Sabiq ibn Mahmud, the Mirdasid emir of Aleppo from 1076 to 1080.
 * Nasir ad-Din Mahmud, Emir of Mosul from 1219 to 1234.
 * Alp Arslan ibn Mahmud, ruler of Mosul from 1127-1146.
 * Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, the last sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty
 * Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd, a ruler of the Hasankeyf of the Artuqid dynasty.
 * Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud, Sultan of the Ghurid Empire 1206-1212
 * Mahmud Shah of Bengal, the First Sultan of Bengal
 * Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah, the last Sultan of the Hussain Shahi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate, from 1533-1538 CE.
 * Mohammed bin Salman, the heir apparent to the Saudi Arabian throne, He is currently Crown Prince and Prime Minister.
 * Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, an Emirati royal and politician who currently serves as the third president of the United Arab Emirates and the ruler of Abu Dhabi.
 * Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, an Emirati politician and royal who is the current ruler of Dubai, and serves as the vice president, prime minister, and minister of defense of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
 * Mohammed VI of Morocco, King of Morocco.
 * Mahmud ibn Muhammad, the seventh leader of the Husainid Dynasty and the ruler of Tunisia from 1814-1824.
 * Muhammad II ibn Mahmud, Sultan of Seljuq Empire from 1153 to 1159.
 * Mahmud Khalji, the Sultan of Malwa, in what is now the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.
 * Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish), the eldest son of the Delhi Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish
 * Şehzade Mahmud (son of Mehmed III), was an Ottoman prince
 * Mahmud Khan of Bengal, 17th-century Bengali nobleman.
 * Sultan Mahmud Mirza, was a Timurid Dynasty prince.
 * Sayyed Mahmud Khan, was a general in the Akbar's army
 * Mirza Shah Mahmud, Timurid ruler of Herat 1446.
 * Mahmud Mirza Qajar, Iranian prince of the Qajar dynasty.
 * Mirza Mahmud Shah Bahadur, also known Shah Jahan IV, the eighteenth Mughal emperor for a brief period in 1788.
 * Mahmud Shah of Jaunpur, the 4th ruler of the Jaunpur Sultanate, reigned from 1440 to 1457.
 * Jalal al-Din Mahmud, the Mihrabanid malik of Sistan from 1350.
 * Sultan Mahmud ibn Nizam al-Din Yahya, the last Mihrabanid malik of Sistan from 1495 until 1537.
 * Osman Mohamoud (king) known as Uthman III ibn Mahmud, was a Somali king, He led the Majeerteen Sultanate during the 19th century.
 * Mohamoud Ali Shire, Somali Sultan of the Warsengali Sultanate.
 * Mahmud Gawan, prime minister in the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan 1411 – 1481.
 * Mahmud Bey, the fourth and final bey of the Chobanids.
 * Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi, Persian physician from Shiraz.
 * Mahmud Yalavach, administrator in the Mongol Empire who ruled over Turkestan as governor and eventually went on to be mayor of Taidu (now Beijing).
 * Matthew the Apostle, the New Testament as one of the twelve apostles of Jesus.
 * Mark the Evangelist, the author of the Gospel of Mark.
 * Matthias the Apostle, the last Apostles of Jesus.
 * Martin of Tours, the most familiar and recognizable saints in France
 * Charlemagne, the first recognized emperor to rule in the west after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
 * Chaophraya Chakri (Mud) or Mahmud, the Prime Minister of Siam.
 * Syarif Abdullah Mahmud, King of Champa 1471-1478.
 * Muhammad Shah of Brunei known as Mahmud Shah, the Sultanate of Brunei and was its first sultan, possibly from 1363 to 1402.
 * Sultan Mahmud Syah, Hero of the Revolution of Independence.
 * Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Malacca), Sultan of Malacca 1488–1528
 * Mahmud Badaruddin II, Sultan of Palembang.
 * Abu al-Mafakhir of Banten born Abu al-Mafakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir, the first king in Java to use the title " Sultan".
 * Mahmud of Terengganu, Sultan Terengganu.
 * Mahmud Shah I of Pahang, the fifth Sultan of Pahang from 1519 to 1530.
 * Raja Mahmud ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Jalil, the first Yamtuan Besar Melewar of Negeri Sembilan
 * Mahmud Manoppo (Antogia) Korompot, the 14th king of Kaidipang 1908-1910.
 * Mahmud Arya Lamanjiji, the 14th king of Medan since 2005
 * Mahmud Pasha Angelović, the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1456 to 1466 and from 1472 to 1474. He also wrote Persian and Turkish poems under the pseudonym Adni (the "Eden-like").
 * Mahmud Pasha (1853–1903), Ottoman statesman, poet and writer
 * Çürüksulu Mahmud Pasha, Ottoman army general and statesman of ethnic Georgian background.
 * Mahmud Pasha (governor), was an Ottoman statesman from Bosnia
 * Mahmud Shams, known as Ma He, Chinese admiral and world explorer
 * Mu Ying, a Chinese military general and politician during the Ming dynasty, and an adopted son of its founder, the Hongwu Emperor.
 * Muryeong of Baekje, the 25th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
 * Ma Teng, Chinese military general and warlord.
 * Ma Yuan (Han dynasty), Chinese military general and politician.
 * Mo Heng Tan, the goalkeeper of the Dutch East Indies football team during the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France.
 * Mo Yan, a Chinese novelist and short story writer.
 * Mohamed Salah, an Egyptian professional footballer.
 * Mao Zedong, a Chinese politician, Marxist theorist, military strategist, poet, and revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
 * Ma Dong-seok, is a South Korean–American actor based in South Korea.
 * Ma clique, is a collective name for a group of Hui (Muslim Chinese) warlords
 * Mahmud Shevket Pasha, was an Ottoman generalissimo and statesman, who was an important political figure during the Second Constitutional Era.
 * Mahmud al-Kashgari, lexicographer Uyghur scholar.
 * Abu-Mahmud Khujandi, Transoxanian astronomer and mathematician.
 * Amat-Mamu, a Naditu priestess and temple scribe in Sippar, in ancient Babylonia.
 * Anthony Mamo, the first president of Malta and the first Maltese citizen to be appointed Governor-General.
 * Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi social entrepreneur, banker, economist and civil society leader.
 * Al-Khawarizmi, was a Persian polymath who produced vastly influential Arabic-language works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography.
 * Mahmud Karimov, Azerbaijani physicist
 * Makhmud Muradov, professional mixed martial artist
 * Makhmud Sabyrkhan, a Kazakh boxer.
 * Abdullah Mahmud Hendropriyono, Indonesian general
 * La Nyalla Mattalitti, full name is La Nyalla Mahmud Mattalitti (born 10 May 1959) is an Indonesian politician.
 * Karaeng Pattingalloang, or Sultan Mahmud known as Father of Makassar.
 * Mochtar Riady, Indonesian financial magnate
 * Laksamana Mahmud Syah, the father of Hero of the Revolution of Independence (keumalahayati).
 * Mahmud Pasha (1853-1903), Ottoman statesman, poet and writer.
 * Mahmud Taymur, was a fiction writer.
 * Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti, a 13th-century Iraqi-Arab painter and calligrapher.
 * Sultan Mahmud Khan, a commander of the Sikh Khalsa Army, the army of Sarkar e Khalsa.
 * Shah Mahmud Khan, the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1946 to 1953.
 * Mahmud Jamal, Canadian jurist serving as a puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada since 2021.
 * Mahmud Al-Nashaf, Israeli Arab politician
 * Mahmud Khalid, Ghanaian politician
 * Mahmud Mahmud, Iranian politician
 * Mahmud Tarzi, Afghan journalist
 * Mahmud Arif, Saudi Arabian poet
 * Mahmud Ali Durrani, retired Pakistani two-star rank general officer.
 * Mahmud Eyvazov, Azerbaijani long-lived 150 years collective farmer.
 * Rafiga Mahmud qizi Shabanova, awarded the Gold Medal of Olympic 1976 Montreal for women's Handball first place.
 * Mahmud Kamani, British billionaire businessman.
 * Aziz Mahmud Hudayi, the most famous Sufi Muslim saints of the Ottoman Empire.
 * Sayyid Mahmud Agha, was a Sufi saint of South Asia.
 * Sheikh Karimul Makhdum an Arab Sunni Sufi Muslim as well as a known missionary from Syria who came to Malacca.
 * al-Zamakhshari, a medieval Muslim scholar of Iranian descent.
 * Mahmud al-Muntasir, the first Prime minister of Libya
 * Mahmud Barzanji, King of Kurdistan
 * Mahmud Ali (statesman), progressive leftist Pakistani politician
 * Mahmud Nedim Pasha, a Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire between 1871–1872 and 1875–1876
 * Mahmud Bayazidi, was an Ottoman Kurdish philosopher and polymath from Bayazid.
 * Mahmud Bayumi, was an Egyptian orthopaedic surgery professor at Kasr El Aini Medical School.
 * Makhmud Esambayev, a Soviet and Chechen dancer, ballet master, choreographer and actor.
 * Mahmudkhodja Behbudiy, a Jadid activist, writer, journalist and leading public figure in Imperial Russian and Soviet Turkestan.
 * Mads Johansen Lange, known as the King of Bali, Indonesia.
 * Mayer Amschel Rothschild, founding father of international finance.
 * Ma Huateng, a Chinese business magnate, investor, politician, and philanthropist.
 * Bill Maher, an American comedian, writer, producer, political commentator, actor, and television host.
 * .Jan Ernst Matzeliger, a Surinamese-American inventor whose automated lasting machine brought significant change to the manufacturing of shoes.
 * Mahmud Deobandi
 * Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
 * Mahmud Hasan Gangohi
 * Mufti Mahmud

Mahmudi/Mahmudin

 * Elias Mahmoudi, French Muay Thai fighter currently signed to ONE Championship.
 * Nur Mahmudi Ismail, Mayor of Depok City, a satellite city of West Java located in the southern part of Jakarta.
 * Mahmuddin Yasin, the first Deputy Minister of BUMN.
 * Bey Machmudin, Governor of West Java

Mahmut

 * Mahmut Celal Bayar, third President of Turkey.
 * Mahmut Dikerdem (1916–1993), Turkish diplomat, writer and peace activist.
 * Mahmut Cuhruk, Turkish judge.
 * Mahmut Ustaosmanoğlu, Turkish Sufi Sheikh and the leader of the influential İsmailağa jamia of the Naqshbandi-Khalidiyya Ṭarīqah centred in Çarşamba, Istanbul.
 * Mahmut Orhan, Turkish disc jockey and record producer.
 * Mahmut Atalay, Turkish freestyle wrestler and coach of Circassian origin, won a gold medal in 1968 Olympics.
 * Mahmut Özgener, Turkish Football Federation president.
 * Mahmut Bezgin, Turkish footballer.
 * Mahmut Boz, Turkish footballer.
 * Mahmut Hoşgiz, Turkish footballer.
 * Mahmut Tekdemir, Turkish footballer.
 * Mahmut Özdemir (born 1987), German politician of Turkish descent.
 * Mahmut Yilmaz, German footballer of Turkish descent.
 * Mahmut Bozteke (born 1997), Turkish para taekwondo practitioner.
 * Mahmut Demir, Turkish sport wrestler.
 * Mahmut Şenol, Turkish author.
 * Mahmut Yavuz, Turkish navy officer and ultramarathon runner.
 * Mahmut Yıldırım, Kurdish contract killer.

Mehmood

 * Mehmood (actor), Indian actor, singer, director and producer.
 * Mehmood Aslam, Pakistani Television & Stage Actor
 * Mehmood Bhatti, Pakistani fashion designer
 * Mehmood Quaraishy, Kenyan cricketer
 * Mehmood Sham, Pakistani journalist

Mehmud

 * Maulana Mehmud Hasan, Indian independence activist
 * Mehmud Khurd, Pakistani ruler

Mahmood

 * Khalid Mahmood (British politician), He is the longest serving Asian MP in the current Parliament.
 * Shabana Mahmood, British politician.
 * Jemilah Mahmood, Doctor and humanitarian activist.
 * Mazher Mahmood, British reporter
 * Saba Mahmood, American anthropologist
 * Sajid Mahmood, English cricketer
 * Abdullah al Mahmood, Bengali politician, lawyer and former minister in Pakistan
 * Iqbal Hasan Mahmud, Bangladeshi politician and minister.
 * Ayaz Mahmood, hockey player won a gold medal in 1984 summer olympics, Los Angeles.
 * Amra Sultana Mendoza Mahmood, Guinness World Records Title for the “Largest Origami Heart” at year 2022.
 * Kashif Mahmood (cricketer, born 1985), Pakistani cricketer
 * Shahid Mahmood, Pakistani cricketer
 * Zia Mahmood, Pakistani bridge player.
 * Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, Pakistani nuclear engineer
 * Syed Mahmood, Indian jurist
 * Tahir Mahmood, Indian jurist
 * Talat Mahmood, Indian singer and actor
 * Banaz Mahmod, Honour killing victim.

Mahmoud

 * Ahmad Mahmoud, Iranian novelist
 * Alessandro Mahmoud, known as Mahmood (singer), Italian singer and songwriter
 * Aram Mahmoud, badminton player
 * Emtithal Mahmoud, Sudanese poet and activist
 * Joseph Mahmoud, French athlete
 * Karem Mahmoud, Egyptian singer
 * Mayam Mahmoud, rapper and women activist in Egypt
 * Shaaban Mahmoud, Egyptian footballer
 * Younis Mahmoud, Iraqi footballer
 * Alexander Mahmoud, swedish photographer and journalist.
 * Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud, was President of Somaliland from 2010 to 2017.

Mehmood

 * Arshad Mehmood (composer), Pakistani actor and music composer
 * Kashif Mehmood, Pakistani actor
 * Hasnat Mehmood, Pakistani artist
 * Arshad Mehmood (singer), Pakistani singer
 * Faakhir Mehmood, Pakistani singer
 * Arif Mehmood, Pakistani footballer

Mehmud

 * Salim Mehmud, Pakistani rocket scientist

Mahmud

 * Arslanbek Makhmudov, Russia professional boxer
 * Abid Hamid Mahmud, Iraqi general
 * Nureddin Mahmud, the Prime Minister of Iraq from 23 November 1952 until 29 January 1953.
 * Amir Machmud, Indonesian military general
 * Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan, Papuan King of Sekar, and Indonesian independence activist
 * Abdul Taib Mahmud, Chief Minister of Sarawak for 33 years from 1981-2014
 * Al Mahmud, was a Bangladeshi poet, novelist, and short-story writer
 * Mahmud Mahmud, Iranian academic and politician
 * Hayat Mahmud, Bengali feudal lord and military commander
 * Abdul Gafoor Mahmud, former chief of the Bangladesh Air Force
 * Heyat Mahmud, medieval Bengali poet
 * Firoz Mahmud, Bangladeshi artist
 * Khaled Mahmud, Bangladeshi cricketer
 * A. T. Mahmud, Indonesian songwriter
 * Syamsuddin Mahmud, Indonesian economist and politician.
 * Sultan Mahmud (minister), politician from Arakan, Burma (now Rakhine State, Myanmar)
 * Hasan Mahmud, Bangladeshi cricketer
 * Dean Mahomed, a British Indian traveller, soldier, surgeon, entrepreneur, and one of the most notable early non-European immigrants to the Western World.

Mahfud

 * Mahfud MD, Indonesian Politician and Lawyer.

Mahfouz

 * Mahfouz Marei Mubarak bin Mahfouz, Saudi Arabian businessman
 * Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature.
 * Mahfuzur Rahman, Guinness Book of World Records of painting an 18 by 6 feet canvas. and the 'International Artist of the Year 2021 Award' (IAA) from Camelback Gallery in the US.

Fictional characters

 * Mahmoud Bishara, fictional character in the book Refugee

title: Mahmud


text:
MV Tricolor

MV Tricolor was a 50,000 tonne Norwegian-flagged vehicle carrier built in 1987, notable for having been involved in three English Channel collisions within a fortnight.

History
MV Tricolor was originally launched in 1987 as Nosac Sun. At the time of her collision with Kariba she was operated by Wilh. Wilhelmsen.

Collision and sinking, 14 December 2002
During the early hours of 14 December 2002, while traveling from Zeebrugge, Belgium to Southampton, U.K., with a load of nearly 3,000 automobiles, she collided with Kariba, a 1982 Bahamian-flagged container ship. Kariba was able to continue on, but Tricolor sank where she was struck, some 20 mi north of the French coast within the French exclusive economic zone in the English Channel. While there were no deaths, the ship remained lodged on her side in the mud of the 30 m deep waterway. A third vessel, MV Clary, was alleged in subsequent litigation to have contributed to the collision by "embarrassment of navigation".

The sinking occurred off Dunkirk harbor, which is France’s most northerly seaport and France’s third largest port after Marseille and Le Havre.

Danger to shipping
Because of the location of the sunken vessel, at a point where two lanes combine in the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) of the English Channel and the Southern part of the North Sea and the fact that she was just completely submerged, the wreck was considered as a hazard to navigation. The TSS at that location is one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world. In December 2002 French authorities ordered the wreck to be removed, as it was perceived to represent a danger to shipping and the environment. Two more collisions happened with MV Tricolor in the days after the sinking.

Following the sinking and due to its location in a busy point of a shipping lane (the location was on the edge of a turning-point within the TSS of the English Channel), the wreck was initially guarded by the French maritime police patrol boat P671 Glaive and HMS Anglesey (a 195 ft British Island-class patrol vessel), in addition to two salvage vessels and three wreck buoys.

Despite standard radio warnings, three guard ships, and a lighted buoy, the Dutch vessel Nicola struck the wreck the next night and had to be towed free. After this two additional patrol ships and six more buoys were installed, including one with a Racon warning transponder. However, on 1 January 2003 the loaded Turkish-registered fuel carrier Vicky struck the same wreck; she was later freed by the rising tide.

In response to the multiple collisions the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) defined a new type of buoy, the Emergency wreck buoy for marking recent wrecks before permanent buoyage and chart updates can occur.

Salvage
The salvage operation of the Tricolor was carried out by a consortium of companies under the name Combinatie Berging Tricolor (Combination for Salvaging Tricolor) that was led by the Dutch company Smit International, and took well over a year. The consortium consisted of Smit Salvage, Scaldis Salvage, URS Salvage & Marine Contracting and Multraship Salvage.

The operation began in July 2003 and was declared complete on 27 October 2004. The salvage method included a carbide-encrusted cutting cable used to slice the wreck into nine sections of 3,000 tonnes each. This technique was similar to one Smit had used in salvaging most of the Russian nuclear submarine K-141 Kursk.

The Dutch company CT Systems, together with Thales Navigation, handled the navigational aspects of the operation. The positioning equipment provided the required locational accuracy and, after using a side scan sonar, the debris was located and all the relevant positional information converted to a chart, enabling a systematic search and recovery of the remaining debris.

The cargo of 2,871 new cars – mostly from premium German and Swedish manufacturers including BMW, Volvo and Saab – was removed from the wreck and recycled for the metal component. Most oil was removed from the ship's tanks soon after it sank, but during the salvage there was a 540-tonne oil spill.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: MV Tricolor


text:
Graeme Le Saux

Graeme Pierre Le Saux (born 17 October 1968) is an English former professional footballer and television pundit.

As a versatile left sided player he played most of his career at left back with two spells at Chelsea, Blackburn Rovers, Southampton, and for the England national football team.

Le Saux started his career in his native Jersey before moving to England when he signed for Chelsea in 1987. He made his debut in 1989 and played initially as a left winger before transitioning to an attacking fullback role for the club. He left Chelsea in 1993 to join the newly promoted Blackburn side being built by wealthy benefactor Jack Walker and was a regular fixture in their 1994–95 Premier League winning side. In 1997, he became the most expensive defender in English footballing history when he returned to Chelsea for £5 million, staying there for six seasons before finishing his career with a move to Southampton in 2003. He announced his retirement from football upon Southampton's relegation from the Premier League in 2005.

In his club playing career, he scored 20 goals from 403 club appearances. He was twice named in the Professional Footballers' Association Team of the Year, in 1995 with Blackburn and in 1998 with Chelsea. As an England international, he made 36 senior appearances from 1994 until 2000, including starting all four England games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France, and scoring one international goal, against Brazil.

Chelsea
Le Saux started his career at St. Paul's of Jersey before moving to Chelsea in December 1987 after being spotted playing in a local tournament by manager John Hollins. He made his debut for the club two years later against Portsmouth and had become a regular by the 1990–91 season. His first stint at Chelsea ended in controversy, though. Angry at continually being substituted, he snapped when he was subbed again during a match with Southampton and threw his shirt to the ground as he stormed past manager Ian Porterfield. He was sold to Blackburn Rovers in March 1993 for £700,000.

Blackburn Rovers
Le Saux arrived at Blackburn as part of wealthy benefactor Jack Walker and manager Kenny Dalglish's plan to establish the club as one of the country's top sides, and joined an impressive side containing the likes of Alan Shearer and Tim Flowers. Blackburn finished second in Le Saux's first full season, and were crowned Premier League champions a year later, with Le Saux a near ever-present. He missed the second half of the following season due to a broken ankle which also ruled him out of Euro 96, but was still caught up in controversy after fighting with teammate David Batty during a UEFA Champions League tie with Spartak Moscow.

Return to Chelsea
In August 1997, Le Saux became the most expensive defender in English football when he returned to Chelsea in a £5 million deal. Always a regular when available, Le Saux's second spell with Chelsea was often interrupted by injury or suspension. He remained there for six seasons, and was an important part of the side which won the League Cup and Cup Winners' Cup in 1998 and the FA Cup in 2000, though he missed the latter two of those finals through injury.

Southampton
He was swapped in a part-exchange deal with Southampton for Wayne Bridge in 2003. Le Saux played for another two seasons before announcing his retirement in May 2005 following Southampton's relegation from the Premiership. He scored two goals for Southampton, scoring once in the league against Norwich City and once in the League Cup against Bristol City.

Wembley
In June 2012, he was one of several former professional footballers who agreed to join Wembley to play in their FA Cup campaign for the new season. Le Saux and fellow former-internationals Ray Parlour, Martin Keown, Claudio Caniggia and Brian McBride, plus David Seaman (goalkeeping coach) and former England manager Terry Venables (technical advisor), came out of retirement to play for Wembley who were featured in a television documentary as they attempted to help the club play at Wembley Stadium. Wembley were knocked out in a replay by Uxbridge after initially setting up the tie by knocking Langford out in the previous round.

International career
Le Saux was capped 36 times for England. He made his first appearance in a friendly win over Denmark and played at the 1998 World Cup, appearing in every game as England reached the second round. He was injured for Euro 96 and Euro 2000. Le Saux's only international goal came against Brazil on 11 June 1995 in the Umbro Cup, with a powerful shot from outside the penalty area. It came 18th in a poll of the greatest ever England goals.

Personal life
Le Saux is of English descent through his mother, and has distant Breton descent on his father's side.

Homophobic abuse

Le Saux is heterosexual, and he and his wife, Mariana, have two children. Despite this, rumours that he was homosexual circulated throughout his career after he said that he had spent a summer holiday with one of his Chelsea teammates, Ken Monkou. He attributed this to his lack of enthusiasm for the "typical" footballer's lifestyle, his university background, and the fact that he read a left-wing broadsheet newspaper, The Guardian.

This led to abuse from opposition fans and even players. He was involved in a running series of taunts with Liverpool striker Robbie Fowler while playing for Chelsea against Liverpool on 27 February 1999. During the game, Fowler repeatedly bent over and pointed his backside in Le Saux's direction. Le Saux delayed taking a free-kick to protest about Fowler's behaviour and was booked for time wasting. Fowler claimed in an autobiography that at one point during the match, Le Saux shouted "But I'm married!", which was followed up by Fowler's quip "So was Elton John, mate!" Le Saux himself said that this never happened, and that Fowler had used 'dramatic licence' to make himself look funny. The referee did not take any action against Fowler. Unseen by the match officials, Le Saux later struck Fowler on the edge of the Chelsea penalty area. Both were later charged with misconduct by the FA. In a later interview with The Times, Le Saux said, "More than anything in my career, that offended me. What [Fowler] did was wrong and he has never admitted that. He still talks as if it was a bit of a laugh".

Following Thomas Hitzlsperger's disclosure that he was gay in January 2014, Le Saux's article from 2007 resurfaced on social media, causing Fowler to state on Twitter that he had apologised to Le Saux.

In his 2007 autobiography, Le Saux also accused Chelsea's assistant manager Gwyn Williams of making homophobic comments towards him. "He would wander up to me before training and say: 'Come on, poof, get your boots on.'"

Education
Le Saux took an Environmental Studies degree at Kingston University before dropping out to concentrate on his football career. His interest in learning never left him, however, and as a player he was often derided for reading The Guardian and visiting museums in his spare time.

After football
Following his retirement he worked as a pundit for the BBC on both their Match of the Day 2 television highlights show, and for their BBC Radio 5 Live station. He currently works as a match analyst and commentator for the U.S.-based NBC Sports Network's television coverage of the Premier League.

In other television appearances, in 2007 Le Saux was a finalist on the game show Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon and in 2009 he competed in series 4 of the talent show Dancing on Ice, being voted off in the first round. Le Saux has reported and presented occasionally for BBC Two's business news programme Working Lunch, while in 2006, he joined ABN AMRO Bank's UK private banking team in the role of Ambassador for their Sports Desk. Le Saux is a trustee of the UK charity Fields in Trust

Le Saux published his autobiography Left Field: A Footballer Apart in September 2007.

He is currently a non-executive director of RCD Mallorca after the club were bought by American investor Robert Sarver and former NBA player Steve Nash in January 2016.

International

 * Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Le Saux goal.

Honours
Blackburn Rovers
 * Premier League: 1994–95

Chelsea
 * Football League Second Division: 1988–89
 * Football League Cup: 1997–98
 * FA Charity Shield: 2000
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1997–98
 * UEFA Super Cup: 1998

Jersey
 * Muratti Vase: 1987

England
 * Tournoi de France: 1997

Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1994–95 Premier League, 1997–98 Premier League

title: Graeme Le Saux


text:
Talk:Richard Eppes

Untitled
The text of article was obtained from public domain site. Darwinek 15:52, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Richard Eppes. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101002135850/http://www.nps.gov/pete/mahan/edbiosre.html to http://www.nps.gov/pete/mahan/edbiosre.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101002135850/http://www.nps.gov/pete/mahan/edbiosre.html to http://www.nps.gov/pete/mahan/edbiosre.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:38, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Eppes


text:
Talk:Bacilos

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Bacilos. The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 14:53, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

For future reference
This is a good article that can be used to expand the article: http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2003-02-14/news/0302120887_1_bacilos-jorge-villamizar-latin-grammy Basilisk4u (talk) 22:13, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bacilos


text:
Mixed government

Mixed government (or a mixed constitution) is a form of government that combines elements of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy, ostensibly making impossible their respective degenerations which are conceived in Aristotle's Politics as anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny. The idea was popularized during classical antiquity in order to describe the stability, the innovation and the success of the republic as a form of government developed under the Roman constitution.

Unlike classical democracy, aristocracy or monarchy, under a mixed government rulers are elected by citizens rather than acquiring their positions by inheritance or sortition (at the Greco-Roman time, sortition was conventionally regarded as the principal characteristic of classical democracy).

The concept of a mixed government was studied during the Renaissance and the Age of Reason by Tomás Fernández de Medrano, Niccolò Machiavelli, Giambattista Vico, Immanuel Kant, Thomas Hobbes and others. It was and still is a very important theory among supporters of republicanism. Various schools have described modern polities, such as the European Union and the United States, as possessing mixed constitutions.

Ancient Greek philosophers
Plato in his book The Republic divided governments into five basic types (four being existing forms and one being Plato's ideal form, which exists "only in speech"):
 * democracy: government by the many
 * oligarchy: government by the few
 * timocracy: government by the honored or valued
 * tyranny: government by one for himself
 * aristocracy: government by the best (Plato's ideal form of government)

Plato found flaws with all existing forms of government and thus concluded that aristocracy, which emphasizes virtue and wisdom, is the purest form of government. Aristotle largely embraced Plato's ideas and in his Politics three types (excluding timocracy) are discussed in detail. Aristotle considers constitutional government (a combination of oligarchy and democracy under law) the ideal form of government, but he observes that none of the three are healthy and that states will cycle between the three forms in an abrupt and chaotic process known as the kyklos or anacyclosis. In his Politics, he lists a number of theories of how to create a stable government. One of these options is creating a government that is a mix of all three forms of government.

Polybius argued that most states have a government system that is composed of "more than one" of these basic principles, which then was called a mixed government system.

Roman Era
The ideal of a mixed government was popularized by Polybius, who saw the Roman Republic as a manifestation of Aristotle's theory (Millar, 2002). Monarchy was embodied by the consuls, the aristocracy by the Senate and democracy by the elections and great public gatherings of the assemblies. Each institution complements and also checks the others, presumably guaranteeing stability and prosperity. Polybius was very influential and his ideas were embraced by Cicero (Millar, 2002).

Middle Ages
St. Thomas Aquinas argued in his letter On Kingship that a monarchy, with some limitations set by an aristocracy and democratic elements, was the best and most just form of government. He also emphasized the monarch's duty to uphold the divine and natural law and abide by limitations imposed on the monarch by custom and existing law.

Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment
Cicero became extremely well regarded during the Renaissance and many of his ideas were embraced. Polybius was also rediscovered and the positive view of mixed governments became a central aspect of Renaissance political science integrated into the developing notion of republicanism. In order to minimise the misuse of political power, John Calvin advocated a mixture of aristocracy and democracy as the best form of government. He praised the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its overlords and magistrates". To further safeguard the rights and liberties of those who are ordinary, Calvin also favored the distribution of power to several political institutions (separation of powers). Mixed government theories became extremely popular in the Enlightenment and were discussed in detail by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Giambattista Vico, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant. Apart from his contemporaries, only Montesquieu became widely acknowledged as the author of a concept of separation of powers (although he wrote rather on their "distribution").

According to some scholars, for example, Heinrich August Winkler, the notion also influenced the writers of the United States Constitution who based the idea of checks and balances, in part, upon the ancient theory. The constitution of Britain during the Victorian Era with a Parliament composed of the Sovereign (monarchy), a House of Lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (democracy) is a prime example of a mixed constitution in the 19th century. This political system had its roots in two closely related developments in seventeenth-century England. First, a series of political upheavals—the Civil War (Puritan Revolution), the exclusion crisis of 1679–1681, and the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Second, an intense public debate about the best, most liberal and most stable form of government. Its main participants were John Milton, John Locke, Algernon Sidney and James Harrington. Their thinking became the basis of the radical Whig ideology. It "described two sorts of threats to political freedom: a general decay of the people which would invite the intrusion of evil and despotic rulers, and the encroachment of executive authority upon the legislature, the attempt that power always made to subdue the liberty protected by mixed government. The American Revolution revealed that this radical Whig understanding of politics had embedded itself deeply in American minds. [...] Radical Whig perceptions of politics attracted widespread support in America because they revived the traditional concerns of a Protestant culture that had always verged on Puritanism. That moral decay threatened free government could not come as a surprise to a people whose fathers had fled England to escape sin". 18th-century Whigs, or commonwealthmen, such as John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon and Benjamin Hoadly "praised the mixed constitution of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, and they attributed English liberty to it; and like Locke they postulated a state of nature from which rights arose which the civil polity, created by mutual consent, guaranteed; they argued that a contract formed government and sovereignty resided in the people". So mixed government is the core of both the British form of modern-era democracy, constitutional monarchy, and the American model: republicanism.

The "father" of the American constitution, James Madison, stated in Federalist Paper No. 40 that the Constitutional Convention of 1787 created a mixed constitution. Madison referred to Polybius in Federalist Paper No. 63. However, much more important was that "most" ideas that the American Revolutionaries put into their political system "were a part of the great tradition of the eighteenth-century commonwealthmen, the radical Whig ideology".

United States
One school of scholarship based mainly in the United States considers mixed government to be the central characteristic of a republic and holds that the United States has rule by the one (the President; monarchy), the few (the Senate; aristocracy), and the many (House of Representatives; democracy). Another school of thought in the U.S. says the Supreme Court has taken on the role of "The Best" in recent decades, ensuring a continuing separation of authority by offsetting the direct election of senators and preserving the mixing of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy.

European Union
According to a view, in the European Union context the Commission President represents the rule by the one while the Commission represents the aristocratic dimension and the Parliament represents the democratic dimension.

title: Mixed government


text:
Christian of Stolberg-Stolberg

Christian, Count of Stolberg-Stolberg (15 October 1748 – 18 January 1821) poet, brother of Frederick Leopold, also a poet.

Born at Hamburg, he became a magistrate at Tremsbüttel in Holstein in 1777. Of the two brothers Frederick was undoubtedly the more talented. Christian though not a poet of high originality, excelled in the utterance of gentle sentiment.

They published together a volume of poems, Gedichte (edited by H. C. Boie, 1779); Schauspiele mit Chören (1787), their object in the latter work being to revive a love for the Greek drama; and a collection of patriotic poems Vaterländische Gedichte (1815).

Christian of Stolberg was the sole author of Gedichte aus dem Griechischen (1782), a translation of the works of Sophocles (1787) Die weisse Frau (1814) and of a poem in seven ballads, which last attained considerable popularity.

Stolberg was married to Louise Stolberg. He died in Windeby.

title: Christian of Stolberg-Stolberg


text:
Francis Cadell (explorer)

Francis William Cadell (9 February 1822 – 1879) was a European explorer of Australia, most remembered for opening the Murray River up for transport by steamship and for his activities as a slave trader.

Early life
Cadell was born in Cockenzie, Haddingtonshire, Scotland, the second son of Hew Francis Cadell (ca.1791 – 27 April 1873), mine-owner and shipbuilder of a notable Scottish family.

He first arrived in Australia in January 1849 as captain of the schooner Royal Sovereign, visiting Adelaide, Circular Head and Sydney, sailing in ballast for Singapore in June.

Steaming on the Murray River
In 1850 the South Australian government had offered a bonus of £4,000 to be equally divided between the owners of the first two iron steamers that should successfully navigate the Murray from Goolwa to the junction of the Darling River. When Cadell returned to Australia in 1852, he arrived at Port Adelaide in command of the clipper Queen of Sheba. The government's bonus for the navigation of the Murray River had not been claimed and Cadell stayed in Adelaide, formulating a design for a suitable steamboat in partnership with his father's agent, William Younghusband.

After several delays, on 16 August 1853 his steamer Lady Augusta (named for the wife of Sir Henry Young), commanded by Captain Davidson, successfully passed through the breakers at the mouth of the Murray, and on 25 August left Goolwa, South Australia on a voyage up the Murray with Cadell in command. Among the passengers were the governor, Sir Henry Young and Lady Young, after whom the steamer was named.

A few months later it was ascertained that the Murray was navigable as far as Albury, New South Wales and the Murrumbidgee River navigable to Gundagai. Cadell had carried a considerable quantity of wool and much trade was expected with the Riverina squatters. A gold and silver candelabrum was presented by the settlers to Cadell, with an inscription that it had been presented to him "in commemoration of his first having opened the steam navigation and commerce of the River Murray 1853". Cadell was also presented with a gold medal struck by the Legislative Council, and he joined with William Younghusband, George Young and others in forming the River Murray Steam Navigation Company, whose charter received royal assent in 1854.

Cadell's claim on being the pioneer of inland navigation on the Murray is contested. J. G. and William Randell had constructed an earlier steamer which had traded on the Murray as early as March 1853, and at the time of the Cadell's first voyage upstream on Lady Augusta, Randell's Mary-Ann had progressed further up the river and at a greater speed. Neither of the first two paddle steamers to grace the waters of the Murray River were eligible for the bonus offered by the government. A. T. Saunders was a perennial critic, calling Cadell an "overrated braggart".

Exploration Committee of the Royal Society of Victoria
During 1860 Cadell did exploring work in eastern Gippsland, and attempted to get the Government of Victoria to sponsor the establishment of a steamer service between Melbourne, the Snowy River and the Gippsland Lakes.

Relocation to New Zealand
In 1865 Cadell was in New Zealand employed by the New Zealand government as commandant in the Waikato Steam Transport Service, a support group during the New Zealand Wars.

In March 1865 Cadell was involved in the mutiny of Captain Hannibal Marks, on HMS Sandfly (1863). Cadell ordered the first mate of Sandfly to get underway without its captain. When Marks caught the ship in a row boat, he placed the mate under arrest for taking orders from Cadell. Cadell then ordered Marks to reinstate the mate, and fire another crew member. Marks refused and the crew sided with Marks.

1867 expedition to Northern Australia
In February 1867, following the failure of Finniss's settlement at Escape Cliffs, the South Australian government sent Cadell to the Northern Territory "to fix upon a proper site for the survey of 300000 acres". His modus operandi was much criticised at the time, for his employment of men from New South Wales rather than experienced South Australians, for choosing the ex-paddle-wheeler Eagle for transport, and for taking few, if any, horses, without which any inland exploration was futile.

He approached the Northern Territory by ship, and his choice of site was influenced by the navigability of the river. He traversed a strait between Elcho Island and the mainland, which Matthew Flinders had previously noted as a probable island.

During the expedition an Aboriginal party-member called Tommy tried to desert three times and was imprisoned on the ship. Tommy reportedly drowned whilst making a fourth escape attempt, although Cadell indicated in a separate report that he had in fact been murdered by other party-members.

Later life and death
During the early 1870s, Cadell became involved in whaling, trading, pearling and blackbirding in North-West Australia. Cadell and others became notorious for their coercion, capture and sale of Aboriginal people as slaves. The slaves were often detained temporarily at camps known as barracoons on Barrow Island, 30 nmi offshore. In 1874 he engaged 10 people at Batavia, described as Malays. In 1875 magistrate Robert Fairbairn was sent to investigate pearling conditions at Shark Bay, following reports that Malays employed by Cadell and Charles Broadhurst were unpaid, unable to return home and some had starved to death. Fairbairn held that Cadell was required to pay the 10 Malays plus an additional 4 months wages as amends for the lack of food, totaling £198. 14s. 4d. They received just £16. 16s. from the sale of Cadell's property at Shark Bay as Cadell had left the Colony of Western Australia some months previously.

Cadell then took up trading in the Dutch East Indies, and when sailing in the Gem to the Kei Islands near New Guinea he was murdered by the cook's mate, about March 1879.

title: Francis Cadell (explorer)


text:
Henry Middleton (governor)

Henry Middleton (September 28, 1770 –June 14, 1846) was an American planter and political leader from Charleston, South Carolina. He was the 43rd Governor of South Carolina (1810–1812), and represented South Carolina in the U. S. Congress (1815–1819).

Life
Middleton served as Minister to Russia (1820–1830), being sent there in the first instance to replace George Washington Campbell, so as to look after interests in the discussions preparatory to arbitration by Czar Alexander I on the question of compensation under Article 1 of the Treaty of Ghent as regards enslaved Americans who went away with the British during and after the War of 1812.

His summer home at Greenville from 1813 to 1820, known as Whitehall, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. He and his family also spent some of their summer in Newport, RI staying at Stone Villa (demolished in 1957).

Family
His father (Arthur Middleton) and his grandfather (Henry Middleton) had both served in the Continental Congress. Williams Middleton was his son. He had 14 children with wife Mary Helen Hering, daughter of Julines Hering (1732–1797), a planter on Jamaica: ten of their children lived into adulthood, including his youngest son Edward Middleton.

title: Henry Middleton (governor)


text:
Surendra Jain

Surendra Kumar Jain is the international Joint General Secretary of Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP). He has retired from Principal, Hindu College Rohtak (Haryana) in India in 2013. He was the third president (national convener) of the Bajrang Dal after Vinay Katiyar and Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya. He was succeeded as president of Bajrang Dal by Prakash Sharma on 12 June 2002. He graduated from the Shri Ram College of commerce in New Delhi and obtained a post graduate degree from the Delhi School of Economics.

title: Surendra Jain


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ishii Sho

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ishii Sho
Vanity page. Nonsense and rude talk page a plus. A.Kurtz 15:03, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as attack page, or delete as vanity. Kappa 15:24, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't think it's technically vanity, as hardly anyone would write something so primarily insulting about themselves. But it's a moot point, as a high-school soccer player wouldn't be encyclopedic in any case.  Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:30, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I also believe there's enough to speedy as an attack. Samaritan 18:03, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Frederick Smith (entomologist)

Frederick Smith (30 December 1805 – 16 February 1879) was a British entomologist who worked at the zoology department of the British Museum from 1849, specialising in the Hymenoptera.

Smith was born near York to William Smith and went to school at Leeds. He then studied under landscape engraver W.B. Cooke along with his nephew William Edward Shuckard. Together they took an interest in insects, especially the ants and bees. In 1841, following the death of William Bainbridge, he became a curator of the collections and the library of the Entomological Society of London. As an engraver he produced copies based on the works of Turner, Constable and David Roberts. He also worked with Gray arranging Hymenoptera in the British Museum. In 1849 he succeeded Edward Doubleday as a member of the zoologicy department. He then gave up his art work but produced the plates for Wollaston's Insecta Maderensia (1854) and for papers in the Transactions of the Entomological Society. In 1875, he was promoted to Assistant Keeper of Zoology. His publications included Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects (7 parts, 1853–1859) and parts 5 (1851) and 6 (1852) of the Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects. In these volumes, he catalogued hundreds of bees. Many of these bees he named including Bombus frigidus, Halictus coriaceus, and Nomia nasalis, which he discovered.

Smith was president of the Entomological Society of London, 1862–3.

He died on 16 February 1879 after undergoing a surgery for gallstones. He was buried at Finchley Cemetery.

His son was Edgar Albert Smith (1847–1916), zoologist and malacologist.

title: Frederick Smith (entomologist)


text:
Ted Nichols

Theodore Nicholas Sflotsos (born October 2, 1928), known professionally as Ted Nichols, is an American composer, conductor, arranger, educator, and minister of music. He is best known for his work at Hanna-Barbera Productions from 1963 to 1972, where he composed scores for various shows produced by the studio such as Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, Space Ghost, Birdman and the Galaxy Trio, and Josie and the Pussycats, among others.

Early life
He was born Theodore Nicholas Sflotsos in Missoula, Montana, in 1928 the only child of Nicholas Theodore Sflotsos (first generation Greek immigrant) and Josephine Ellen (Schomer) Sflotsos. He was raised in the Greek Orthodox church, later becoming an evangelical. His parents moved to Spokane, Washington, where he graduated from John R. Rogers High School. He then joined the navy, where he was trained as an aviation electrician. During specialist training in Jacksonville, Florida, he played saxophone in the navy swing band, he also plays the violin and clarinet. He was later transferred to Corpus Christi, Texas, where he founded, directed and played in the base swing band. In 1948, he legally changed his name to Ted Nichols.

Education and career
After leaving the navy, Nichols attended Baylor University received his bachelor's degree in 1952. In response to the Korean War, he joined the Air Force ROTC program. Upon graduation, the air force sent him to Sampson Air Force Base in New York where he founded and then became Commanding Officer of the Air Force Bandsmen Training School, recruiting musicians from Eastman School of Music, Juilliard School, and other Eastern music schools.

After the military service, Nichols returned to Corpus Christi, founded and directed the Corpus Christi Youth Symphony while teaching in public school, and earning his master's degree at Texas A&I University. Wanting to work on a doctorate and having a desire to compose for films, Nichols and family moved to California.

In the mid-1950s, Nichols began work in public schools in California before moving onto Santa Ana College as band director (1958–60). He became a "Dapper Dan" barbershop-style singer at Disneyland, and occasionally joined Walt Disney for coffee on Main Street.

Nichols served as Minister of Music (1960–72) at Church of the Open Door (4,000 attendance on Sunday mornings) while J. Vernon McGee was Senior Pastor. From 1972 to 1975 Nichols became Musical Director of Campus Crusade for Christ.

While Nichols served at the Church of the Open Door, a choir member introduced Nichols to studio co-founder William Hanna. This led to Nichols serving as musical director at Hanna-Barbera from 1963 to 1972. He co-wrote the score for the first incarnation of Jonny Quest alongside longtime composer Hoyt Curtin, and would later write musical cues and arrangements for Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, Josie and the Pussycats, season 6 of The Flintstones, Shazzan, Birdman and the Galaxy Trio, The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Space Ghost, and the full-length feature The Man Called Flintstone (1966). During this time, Nichols wrote film scores for World Wide Pictures.

Nichols has written or composed music for several operas.

Personal life
He met Doris Jane Carson in Corpus Christi, Texas, while in the navy. They married in 1950, and have two sons and one daughter. Doris died in 2009. He married Catherine, Doris's younger sister, in 2011. She died in 2020. He is retired in Auburn, Washington.

title: Ted Nichols


text:
William Workman (Canadian politician)

William Workman (May 1807 – 23 February 1878), of Mount Prospect House, Montreal, was an Irish-born Canadian entrepreneur, businessman and philanthropist. He was a partner in Canada's largest wholesale hardware house of Frothingham & Workman, and President of Montreal's City Bank. He was Mayor of Montreal and invested in railways, shipping, real estate and charity. His home was in Montreal's Golden Square Mile and he is buried at Mount Royal Cemetery.

Ireland to Montreal
In 1807, William Workman was born at his family's 'handsome cottage' in Ballymacash, County Antrim. The Workmans were said to have once been wealthy, but the family's fortunes had declined. William was the son of Joseph Workman (b.1759), of Ballymacash, and his wife Catherine Gowdy, daughter of Alexander Gowdy, land steward to Squire Johnson of Ballymacash. In 1787, his father emigrated with a brother, Benjamin, to North America. Benjamin secured the position of Professor of Mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania and Joseph worked under him as a tutor of mathematics.

Joseph left Philadelphia in 1790 and sailed to London, with the aim of patenting an improvement to the mariner's compass, invented by Benjamin, but only to find that the mechanic who had made some the parts had fraudulently patented it as his own. Returning to Ballymacash, Squire Johnson appointed him to be the new schoolmaster, where he met William's mother, Catherine Gowdy. Joseph replaced his father-in-law as land steward and Johnson appointed him clerk of the peace. William grew up at Ballymacash and mastered the skills for employment with the Ordnance Survey of Ireland from 1827 to 1829, when his parents took him to Montreal to join his brothers, the eldest of whom had emigrated there in 1819.

Business career
William Workman's first employment was working on the newspapers, Canadian Courant and Montreal Advertiser, owned by his brother, Benjamin. In 1830, he joined another brother, Thomas, in the wholesale hardware house of John Frothingham. By 1836, the Workmans had become full partners, indicating that they had brought some capital into the firm. As well as handling imported items, Frothingham and Workman manufactured some hardware in their Montreal factories which employed hundreds of men. Workman would remain in partnership with Frothingham until his retirement in 1859, and under them it would become Canada's largest tool and hardware wholesale business.

He invested in Canada's first railway, the Champlain and St. Lawrence, completed in 1836 and serving as a director. He was one of the largest shareholders in the St Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad when the line was taken over by the Grand Trunk Railway in 1854. By the 1840s, Workman was a very wealthy man. In 1842, he built an impressive mansion in Montreal's Golden Square Mile, which he named 'Mount Prospect'. He had considerable property elsewhere in Montreal, particularly on the western outskirts. From 1849 to 1874, he served as President of Montreal's City Bank. In 1854, he ventured into shipping with several prominent Montreal businessmen, including the Torrances, establishing the Canadian Ocean Steam Navigation Company. A year later, Workman purchased two large steamboats for the St Lawrence trade.

Public life
When he retired from Frothingham & Workman in 1859, he took an active interest in public affairs. Since the 1840s, as a manufacturer and leader of the Association for the Promotion of Canadian Industry, Workman had been in favour of high protective tariffs. As a banker, he strongly disagreed with the government's proposed measures to widen its fiscal powers during the late 1860s, and in 1866 he attacked Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt's recommendations for tariff reductions, fearing it would bring "beggary or emigration" for many Canadians.

He never attempted to enter politics, but following Confederation he took an active interest in federal affairs. Workman was best known in Montreal for his municipal political activity and his local philanthropy. He was nominated for mayor 1868, running against Jean-Louis Beaudry. Beaudry made serious allegations of corruption against Workman in an attempt to win, which led to Workman being disqualified. However, found to be innocent of these false charges, he was allowed back in the race and easily defeated Beaudry in the elections. He proved so popular that he was re-elected by acclamation in 1869 and again in 1870.

Previously, Workman had been president of the St. Patrick's Society of Montreal before it became an exclusively Roman Catholic organization in 1856. From then he focused on the Irish Protestant Benevolent Society, giving much of his time and money to the cause. He helped to establish the Montreal Protestant House of Industry and Refuge in 1864, serving as its president from 1874 to 1877. In his will, he left the institution a legacy of $20,000. To encourage saving among the city's workingmen, Workman helped to found the Montreal City and District Savings Bank in 1846, serving as the bank's first president (1846–52), and as a director from 1861 to 1872.

Family and Last Years
In 1831, at Montreal, Workman married Eliza Bethell (1805–1885). They were the parents of eight children, but only two daughters lived to adulthood,

 * Louise Frothingham Workman (1834–1889), was married at Mount Prospect House in 1854 to Joel Clapp Baker (1827–1903), of Montreal. He was the son of The Hon. William Baker, of Dunham, Quebec, and his wife Harriet Clapp (1790–1868). They died without children.
 * Eliza Workman (1843–1871), was the first wife from 1866 of Robert Moat (1839–1899), of Moat Park, Dunmurry, County Antrim, and afterwards Montreal. They were the parents of at least one son, Major William Moat (1867–1941), O.B.E., of Johnson Hall, Staffordshire, who married Sybil Frances Spencer, great-granddaughter of Francis Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill.

Workman was greatly affected by the loss of so many of his children. He had been an adherent of the Unitarian Church, but according to one source he later found solace in Roman Catholicism. He turned increasingly to private worship and had a family chapel added to his mansion house. After he died, his wife retired to Ocean House, Cape Elizabeth, Maine (which may have been her childhood home), where she died. All of the Workman family are buried together at Mount Royal Cemetery.

title: William Workman (Canadian politician)


text:
Appomattox Manor

Appomattox Manor is a former plantation house in Hopewell, Virginia, United States. It is best known as the Union headquarters during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864–65.

The restored c. 1751 manor house on a bluff overlooking the confluence of the James River and Appomattox River, and the grounds are managed by the National Park Service. The museum there, Grant's Headquarters at City Point Museum, is a unit of the Petersburg National Battlefield Park.

Before the war
The Eppes family home was a century old by the time Union forces occupied the site in 1864. It had been built on a large tract of land acquired by Captain Francis Eppes in 1635 and by the time of the American Civil War it was the center of a plantation covering more than 2,300 acres (9.3 km2).

The war years
In 1861 Appomattox Plantation was owned by Dr. Richard Eppes. Though he owned three plantations and nearly 130 slaves, Dr. Eppes was not a strong secessionist. Yet when Virginia cast her lot with the South he took up arms by joining a local cavalry unit. He soon left the army to become a contract surgeon at a Confederate hospital in Petersburg. The Eppes family remained at their home until 1862 when the arrival of Union gunboats on the James River forced them to flee their home for the safety of Petersburg. Soon thereafter nearly all of their slaves left with those Union forces. When the war came to Petersburg two years later Mrs. Eppes and the children fled again, this time to her mother's home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Appomattox Plantation was used as the offices of U.S. Quartermaster Rufus Ingalls and his staff during the siege. City Point was a port on the James River. During the last years of the Civil War, from the port there, the City Point Railroad was used to support the Union forces during the Siege of Petersburg 1864–65. The successful capture of Petersburg and its network of railroads was the key to the fall of the Confederate capital city of Richmond, ending the war less than a week later.

After the surrender, when Dr. Eppes returned he found his house in near ruin and his plantation nearly destroyed. Not until March 1866 with the last Union regiments gone and the property back in his name did his wife and children return home to pick up the pieces and start anew.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The manor house and surrounding land was donated to the National Park Service by the Eppes family. It is located in the City Point Historic District.

title: Appomattox Manor


text: User talk:65.220.53.179

title: User talk:65.220.53.179


text: Category:Rock en Español

title: Category:Rock en Español


text:
Talk:Appomattox Manor

Untitled
Text of the article was obtained from public domain site. Darwinek 16:12, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Appomattox Manor


text:
Talk:Chillicothe, Ohio

Is this guy really notable?
An anonymous contributor recently added Douglas Lee Coffland to the list of Chillicothe's notable people. Is this person really notable? Is this guy and the anonymous contributor the same person? Also, this edit was done in slapdash fashion without following proper format, which is perplexing given that THE MARK-UP LANGUAGE IS CLEARLY VISIBLE WHEN YOU'RE EDITING THE PAGE--ALL YOU HAVE TO DO IS COPY WHAT'S RIGHT IN FRONT OF YOU! Sorry for shouting, but do you really want to crow about this guy graduating from the "class of 1967" (where exactly?) when none of the other entries contain this information? Comments, anyone? Kinkyturnip (talk) 02:58, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

Stinktown
No offense, this was our nickname for this town when we used to drive through it on our way to Hocking Hills when I was a kid. The reason was that the paper mill made an incredible stink that the local residents were apparently all used to. I believe I heard this is no longer the case, but I wonder if there is any information about this out there. Beeblebrox (talk) 01:22, 1 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I guess I could have looked before commenting, I searched “Chillicothe smells” and got a number of hits, from which I have now added a section on the local economy, the mill, and the smell. I tried to be nice about it. Beeblebrox (talk) 01:36, 1 April 2018 (UTC)

Are you sure the paper mill releases "noxious but unharmful odors"? Take a look at "Environmental Concerns" about Glatfelter mill in Pennsylvania. Also wondering if EPA or another agency has statistics on lung problems (e.g., asthma) and/or cancer rates in Chillicothe. I grew up there, and long-term exposure to particulate matter is implicated in several health problems ( though I realize odor and particles are indeed different). Comments? Kinkyturnip (talk) 17:59, 1 April 2018 (UTC)

"Glatfelter's Chillicothe and Spring Grove paper mills were among the country's top 1% of toxic air polluters in 2014" according to Gannett newspaper story. Kinkyturnip (talk) 20:13, 1 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Of the two refs I used, one didn’t comment one way or the other on it and the other said that widespread fumes on one particular day were not specifically harmful, but I think you have a point and have removed the bit about them being unharmful. Also, I gotta ask, did you just get used to the smell and not really notice it anymore? Beeblebrox (talk) 21:41, 1 April 2018 (UTC)

I lived outside the city limits, but the wind and fog would often carry the smell to my home (which was about halfway between Chillicothe and Frankfort). I visited twice last year and got a whiff of the acrid stench. So I guess no, you never get used to it. I guess longtime residents just deal with it. (Why, I don't know. I now live in California.) Kinkyturnip (talk) 22:35, 1 April 2018 (UTC)

Error in section about employers
''As the only city in the area, Chillicothe is a hub for economic activity. Malls, hospitals, prisons and a college campus are among the largest employers, but the most notable employer in the area is a Pixelle paper mill (formerly Glatfelter which was formerly Mead Paper) that has been in operation for over 100 years. The mill can sometimes create noxious odors, which residents refer to as “the smell of money”.[15][16]''

This is simply false. The largest employer, by FAR, is Kenworth and its partners, followed by the Adena Regional Medical Center. Kenworth is THE company people want to work for and they have so many employees that there is a massive increase in traffic between shifts. It is also PACCAR's show plant and the place they do most of their experimental work at.

The paper mill, on the other hand, is not nearly as significant for empoyment.5.173.129.130 (talk) 11:20, 19 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Interesting comment, the way we make changes like this here on Wikipedia is by adding reliable sources that verify the proposed change. If you have those, this can easily be changed to reflect what they say. Beeblebrox (talk) 22:07, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

Problem with map
As of June 3, 2020, the map that appears at the top right of this article is not at all helpful. Please restore the map that shows where this city is located in the state of Ohio. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 17:43, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Why is it not helpful to you? It shows more information, if you know how to use it properly. ɱ  (talk) 17:45, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

Please restore the map that shows where this city is located in the state of Ohio. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 05:37, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Try hitting the full-screen button on the map. It'll show the city's location in Ohio, the U.S., and the world, and if you zoom in, it'll show you the streets, parks, highways, and waterways, along with surrounding places. It's a significant improvement over just a map of the city's location within the state. ɱ  (talk) 14:08, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chillicothe, Ohio


text:
Max Gluckman

Herman Max Gluckman (26 January 1911 – 13 April 1975) was a South African and British social anthropologist. He is best known as the founder of the Manchester School of anthropology.

Biography and major works
Gluckman was born in Johannesburg in 1911. Like many of the other anthropologists he later worked with, he was Jewish. He was educated at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he obtained a BA in 1930. Although he intended to study law, he became interested in anthropology and studied under Winifred Hoernle. He earned the equivalent of an MA at Witwatersrand in 1934 and then received a Rhodes Scholarship to attend Exeter College, Oxford.

At Oxford, Gluckman's work was supervised by R.R. Marett, but his biggest influences were Radcliffe-Brown and Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, who were proponents of structural functionalism. Gluckman conducted his Ph.D. research in Barotseland with the Lozi. In 1939 he joined the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute and in 1941 became its director. He developed the institute into a major center for anthropological research, and continued to maintain close connections there after he moved to England in 1947 to take up a lectureship at Oxford. In 1949, Gluckman became professor of anthropology at the University of Manchester, founding the department there. Later, he worked under the British Administration in Northern Rhodesia (esp. on the Barotse law, in what is now the Western Province, Zambia). He directed the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute (1941–1947), before becoming the first professor of social anthropology at the University of Manchester (1949), where he founded what became known, including many of his Rhodes-Livingstone Institute colleagues along with his students, as the Manchester school of anthropology. One feature of the Manchester School that derives from Gluckman's early training in law was the emphasis on "case studies" involving analysis of instances of social interaction to infer rules and assumptions. He was widely known for his radio lectures on Custom and Conflict in Africa (later published in many editions at Oxford University Press), being a remarkable contribution to conflict theory.

Gluckman was a political activist, openly and forcefully anti-colonial. He engaged directly with social conflicts and cultural contradictions of colonialism, with racism, urbanisation and labour migration. Gluckman combined the British school of structural-functionalism with a Marxist focus on inequality and oppression, creating a critique of colonialism from within structuralism. In his research on Zululand in South Africa, he argued that the African and European communities formed a single social system, one whose schism into two racial groups formed the basis of its structural unity.

Bruce Kapferer described Gluckman as "perhaps the anthropologist par excellence whose own personal life, history and consciousness not only embodied some of the critical crises of the modern world but also demanded that the anthropology he imagined should confront and examine them" (in "The Crisis in Anthropology" on the occasion of the first Max Gluckman Memorial lecture.)

Gluckman was of considerable influence on several anthropologists and sociologists Lars Clausen, Ronald Frankenberg, Bruce Kapferer, J. Clyde Mitchell, Victor Turner, Johan Frederik Holleman, and other students and interlocutors. Most of them came to be known as the "Manchester School". Richard Werbner, along with his wife Pnina (Gluckman's niece), assumed the role of continuing Gluckman's legacy at the Manchester school after his 1975 death.

Books

 * Rituals of Rebellion in South-East Africa (1954)
 * Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa (London: Cohen and West; 1963)
 * Politics, Law and Ritual in Tribal Society (1965)
 * The Allocation of Responsibility (1972)

title: Max Gluckman


text:
Eczema vaccinatum

Eczema vaccinatum is a rare severe adverse reaction to smallpox vaccination.

It is characterized by serious local or disseminated, umbilicated, vesicular, crusting skin rashes in the face, neck, chest, abdomen, upper limbs and hands, caused by widespread infection of the skin in people with previous diagnosed skin conditions such as eczema or atopic dermatitis, even if the conditions are not active at the time. Other signs and symptoms include fever and facial and supraglottic edema. The condition may be fatal if severe and left untreated. Survivors are likely to have some scarring (pockmarks).

Smallpox vaccine should not be given to patients with a history of eczema. Because of the danger of transmission of vaccinia, it also should not be given to people in close contact with anyone who has active eczema and who has not been vaccinated. People with other skin diseases (such as atopic dermatitis, burns, impetigo, or herpes zoster) also have an increased risk of contracting eczema vaccinatum and should not be vaccinated against smallpox.

Associations
Eczema is also associated with increased complications related to other vesiculating viruses such as chickenpox; this is called eczema herpeticum.

Diagnosis
A culture of vesicular fluid will grow vaccinia virus. Skin biopsy shows necrotic epidermal cells with intranuclear inclusions.

Treatment
Eczema vaccinatum is a serious medical condition that requires immediate and intensive medical care. Therapy has been supportive, such as antibiotics, fluid replacement, antipyretics and analgesics, skin healing, etc.; vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) could be very useful but supplies may be deficient as of 2006. Antiviral drugs have been examined for activity in pox viruses and cidofovir is believed to display potential in this area.

21st-century cases
In March 2007, a two-year-old boy and his mother in Indiana contracted the life-threatening vaccinia infection from his father who was vaccinated against smallpox as part of the standard vaccination protocol for individuals serving in the US Armed Forces beginning in 2002. The child developed the pathognomonic rash which typifies eczema vaccinatum over 80 percent of his body surface area. The boy has a history of eczema, which is a known risk factor for vaccinia infection.

title: Eczema vaccinatum


text:
Woollahra

Woollahra is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Woollahra is located 5 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Municipality of Woollahra. Woollahra is located on the traditional land of the Birrabirragal and Gadigal people of the Eora Nation. The Municipality of Woollahra takes its name from the suburb but its administrative centre is located in Double Bay. Woollahra is famous for its quiet, tree-lined residential streets and village-style shopping centre.

History
Woollahra is an Aboriginal word meaning camp, meeting ground or a sitting down place. It was adopted by Daniel Cooper (1821–1902), the first speaker of the legislative assembly of New South Wales, when he laid the foundations of Woollahra House in 1856. It was built on the site of the old Henrietta Villa (or Point Piper House). Cooper and his descendants were responsible for the establishment and progress of the suburb and its name was taken from the house.

Although Woollahra is predominantly a residential and retail area today, for over forty years and into early 20th century, there was a large iron foundry and cooking stove factory on Edgecliff Road.

Woollahra was the home of John McGarvie Smith, a metallurgist and biochemist who produced the first preservable anthrax vaccine.

Heritage listings
Woollahra has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 14 Rosemont Avenue: Rosemont (Woollahra)
 * Waimea Avenue: Waimea House

Population
At the 2021 census, the population of Woollahra was 7,189, down from 7,405 people in 2016. 63.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 6.7%, New Zealand 2.9%, South Africa 2.8% and the United States of America 1.7%. 79.6% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin at 2.7%, Spanish 1.4% and French 1.3%. The most common responses for religion in Woollahra were No Religion 41.3%, Catholic 19.1% and Anglican 14.5%.

Commercial area
Woollahra, along with its neighbouring suburb, Paddington, has the highest concentration of art galleries in Sydney. There are numerous cafes, restaurants and antique shops clustered around Queen Street.

The suburb is home to many government consulates, including Serbia, Russia, Poland, and Turkey.

Churches
One of the more prominent churches, All Saints in Ocean Street, was designed by Edmund Blacket and built from 1874 to 1881. Henry Mort, a resident of Ocean Street, donated £3,000 towards the construction of the church. However, the church was never entirely finished; it includes a porch that was meant to be a base for a tower and spire, which was designed but never built. It is constructed predominantly of dressed sandstone and is now listed on the Register of the National Estate. It has been described as "a beautifully designed and crafted parish church that has important connections with many famous Australian families."

A stylistic contrast is provided by the Holy Cross Church in Adelaide Street. This brick church was designed by Austin Mackay and built in 1940. It is a rarity insofar as it is an Art Deco church, which is unusual enough, and it also shows the influence of Dutch architecture.

The Congregational Church, on the corner of Jersey Road and Moncur Street, was built in 1875-77 and designed by Benjamin Backhouse. It was burned out much later but eventually restored and converted to residential use. It is listed on the Register of the National Estate.

Housing
Woollahra is a considerably affluent suburb, due in part to its proximity to the city and the shopping centre at Bondi Junction, plus a wide range of picturesque homes, mostly in various Victorian styles. Moncur Street and Queen Street are particularly affluent areas, with a mixture of residential and commercial buildings and an extraordinarily high number of heritage-listed buildings. High-rise development has been avoided, maintaining the heritage character of the suburb. Despite this, more sympathetic styles of apartment complexes and high-rise commercial developments have been proposed. Most of the suburb's housing stock exists in the form of medium or high-density dwelling, as opposed to more high-rise centred regions like Zetland. In 2014, the Woollahra Council recorded 26,050 dwellings in the area, with "approximately 76% of all dwellings being multi-unit housing (generally residential flat buildings)". The remaining 24% of all dwellings are listed in the category of detached houses, semi-detached houses and terrace houses.

Schools
Woollahra Public School opened in 1877. It is a two-storey brick building that was designed by J. Wigram and W. Kemp. The building is listed on the Register of the National Estate. The school includes Opportunity Classes in Years 5 and 6 for gifted students. The school celebrated its centenary in 1977 and a time capsule was buried in the grounds.

Transport
Woollahra is serviced by Transdev John Holland and Transit Systems bus services, including the 200 and 389 routes, as well as numerous services along Oxford Street in the suburb's south. Routes 333 and 440 provide direct services to the Sydney CBD from Oxford Street. The 352 on Oxford Street provides commuters with a service to Surry Hills, Newtown and eventually Marrickville Metro in the city's south.

The nearest railway stations are Edgecliff to the north of the suburb and Bondi Junction to the south, both on the Illawarra line. When the Eastern Suburbs railway was constructed in the 1970s, there were plans to include a railway station in Woollahra itself, but this was opposed by local residents and the station was never built.

Queen Street Fair
From 1972, a fair was held in Queen Street. Initially a community fair, it grew and became more commercial until local residents became unhappy with its noise, size, and disruption. Consequently, the fair ceased after 1985.

Sport and recreation
Since 1908, Woollahra has been represented in one of Australia's most popular sporting competitions, the National Rugby League, by the Sydney Roosters, officially known as the Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club.

title: Woollahra


text:
Quality bias

Quality bias in price indices is a kind of mismeasurement if they do not incorporate data on the quality of goods from period to period, as well as their nominal price.

Personal computers are a canonical case. Because of improvements in computer chips, greater and greater speeds and features have become available, without substantial increases in price. If only price information on personal computers were used, quality bias would cause growth in a consumer price index (CPI) to be overestimated, since an equivalent computer would actually be much cheaper in later periods.

Determining quality
Quality bias can work both ways. Faster computers with enhanced performance require greater memory and more expensive support software. Most personal computers were previously bundled with software, but now come only with a basic operating system and a requirement for the purchaser to purchase the bundled software after a "trial period", so the actual value per dollar is much lower. Obsolescence is built into most personal electronics, shortening their useful live, again lowering the actual value. All these issues make the quality bias tend to be negative rather than positive. As products and the manufacturing methodology advances, the cost of manufacture is expected to go down, and improved products are part of every product life cycle, and many products go through repeated cycling. An example is the automobile. Quality bias is most often seen in a negative manner in the cases of mature products as companies lower their acceptance standards in order to increase their profit margins. There is no effective measure for declining quality, unfortunately, which is why some nations such as Germany and Japan have developed very meticulous standards for nearly everything, including services. The DIN and JIS enable anyone to evaluate whether or not an article has been properly produced. There is no such standard in the U.S., except for some scattered attempts by insurers to control electrical quality (such as UL). Engineering standards, such as ASME and ASTM; Automotive, such as ASE and ISO are not effective standards and do not compare with JIS or DIN because it is self-imposed, self-regulated, and self-inspected by the very people it is designed to regulate.

Makers of price indexes can address the quality bias problem with several steps. The main approach is to use hedonic index methods to capture attributes of products and their implicit prices:

 * Use matching models to relate goods from one period to the next
 * Gather data on the attributes of goods and use hedonic regressions to infer implicit prices for these attributes and the net change in price for a good whose attributes have changed.

title: Quality bias


text:
Jennifer Tipton

Jennifer Tipton (born September 11, 1937) is an American lighting designer. She has designed for dance, theater, and opera. She is known for working on many productions of American Ballet Theatre.

Life and career
Tipton was born in Columbus, Ohio. In 1958, she graduated from Cornell University. While performing as a dancer and rehearsal mistress, she noticed the importance of lighting, and studied dance lighting with Thomas Skelton, becoming his assistant.

Her first lighting design for Broadway was in 1969 for Our Town. Among her many awards and nominations, she won the 1977 Tony Award for Best Lighting Design for lighting Andrei Serban's production of The Cherry Orchard and the 1989 Tony Award for lighting for Jerome Robbins' Broadway. She also has won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design twice.

She is known for her designs for dance and is the principal lighting designer for the Paul Taylor Dance Company. Choreographers she has worked with include Mikhail Baryshnikov, Jiří Kylián, Dana Reitz, Jerome Robbins, Paul Taylor, Twyla Tharp, Dan Wagoner, and Shen Wei.

Tipton has designed lighting on many plays for the American Ballet Theatre, starting with A Soldier's Tale (1971). Other productions she worked on include Amnon V’Tamar, Bach Partita, Le Baiser de la Fée, Ballet Imperial, Brief Fling, Bruch Violin Concerto No.1, and Bum’s Rush.

She designed the lighting for Baryshnikov's production of The Nutcracker, both for the stage and for television.

In 2001, Tipton was awarded The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the arts, given annually to "a man or woman who has made an outstanding contribution to the beauty of the world and to mankind's enjoyment and understanding of life."

In January 2008, Tipton designed a large lighting display for the Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, NY. It was her first non-theatrical installation.

In September 2008, she won a MacArthur Grant.

She has served as Professor (Adjunct) of Design at the Yale School of Drama since 1981. Tipton trained many lighting designers, including Donald Holder, Christopher Akerlind, Michael Chybowski, M.L. Geiger and Robert Wierzel. 2006 Tony award winner Howell Binkley assisted her for many years.

A 1991 biographical article in The New York Times stated: "There are perhaps a dozen lighting designers in the country who work steadily enough to support themselves by their art, and maybe half a dozen who are acclaimed and in demand. Among these is Jennifer Tipton, characterized most often for the impeccability of her taste and a certain precision and cerebral quality to her work -- which have earned her two Tony awards, among other prizes during her 25 years in the theater."

In a New York Times article, Tipton stated: "I feel that light is like music. In some abstract, emotional, noncerebral, nonliterary way, it makes us feel, it makes us see, it makes us think, all without knowing exactly how and why." She talks about how probably 99.9% of the audience isn't even really aware of it. A lot of thought is put into the lighting of a show, dance, performance, etc. and almost no one really appreciates it.

Tipton believes that the most important differences with designing lighting for dance and theater is that in dance, darkness is forbidden. You have to see dance to know what's going on but in theater, you just need to listen to it.

Politico described Tipton as seeing light "as a potent, versatile, mysterious, art form".

In 2018, she designed for To Kill a Mockingbird.

Stage work and awards (selected)

 * To Kill a Mockingbird - 2018 - Tony Award Best Lighting Design of a Play nominee
 * A Doll's House, Part 2 - 2017 - Tony Award Best Lighting Design of a Play nominee
 * The Testament of Mary - 2013 - Tony Award Best Lighting Design of a Play nominee
 * Spectral Scriabin - 2010 - a "piano theatre" collaboration with pianist Eteri Andjaparidze
 * La Bete - 1991 - Tony Award Best Lighting Design nominee
 * Jerome Robbins' Broadway - 1989 - Tony Award Best Lighting Design winner and Drama Desk Award Outstanding Lighting Design winner
 * Long Day's Journey Into Night - 1989 - Drama Desk Award Outstanding Lighting Design winner
 * Worstward Ho - 1987 - Drama Desk Award Outstanding Lighting Design nominee
 * Hamlet - 1986 - Drama Desk Award Outstanding Lighting Design nominee
 * Whoopi Goldberg - 1985 - Drama Desk Award Outstanding Lighting Design nominee
 * Sophisticated Ladies - 1981 - Tony Award Best Lighting Design nominee
 * Lunch Hour - 1981 - Drama Desk Award Outstanding Lighting Design nominee
 * Bosoms and Neglect - 1979
 * The Cherry Orchard - 1977 - Tony Award Best Lighting Design winner and Drama Desk Award Outstanding Lighting Design winner
 * For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf 1977 - Drama Desk Award Outstanding Lighting Design winner

title: Jennifer Tipton