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Jack Youngblood

Herbert Jackson Youngblood III (born January 26, 1950) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL) for fourteen seasons during the 1970s and 1980s. He was a five-time consensus All-Pro and a seven-time Pro Bowl selection and was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Before playing professionally, Youngblood played college football for the University of Florida, and was recognized as an All-American. He is considered among the best players Florida ever produced—a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and one of only six Florida Gators to be named to the Gator Football Ring of Honor.

After retiring as a player in 1985, Youngblood worked in the Rams' front office until 1991. He also worked in the front office of the Sacramento Surge of the World League (WLAF) from 1992 to 1993, and the Canadian Football League (CFL)'s Sacramento Gold Miners from 1993 to 1994. He was a vice-president, then president, of the Orlando Predators from 1995 until 1999. From 1999 through 2002, he served as the NFL's liaison for the Arena Football League (AFL).

Youngblood has made forays into broadcasting (both radio and television), acting, and business, and has written an autobiography. He was a popular spokesperson for various products, and he has been consistently involved in charity work, starting in college, continuing throughout his NFL career, and remaining so today. Currently, Youngblood serves on the NFLPA Mackey-White Traumatic Brain Injury Committee.

In 2014, Youngblood opened the Jack Youngblood Center for NeuroEnhancement in Orlando, Florida, which attempts to treat the symptoms of traumatic brain injury and offer care to patients in effort to restore normal brain function. Youngblood has stated, "The bonus with this therapy is that the time invested is minimal, while the results are extraordinary."

Early life
Jack Youngblood was born in Jacksonville, Florida, the son of Herbert J. and Kay Youngblood. He has two sisters, Paula and Lynn. Youngblood attended Monticello-Jefferson County High School in Monticello, Florida, graduating in 1967. As an offensive lineman and linebacker, he was a starter on offense and defense and team captain of the state champion Tigers, earning All-State honors in 1966 after recording 70 tackles. He was also All-Big Bend, All-Conference and the Big Bend Linemen of the Year and the Outstanding Lineman for the Tigers that season while leading a defense that shutout seven opponents and allowed ten touchdowns in 12 games, including the state playoffs. He was a four-year letterman in football and also played basketball at M-JC High as well as participating in 4-H, Student Council, and Key Club International.

Youngblood was named to Florida's All-Time High school football team by Sports Illustrated in 1989. In November 2007, he was recognized as one of the state of Florida's thirty-three all-time greatest high school football players when he was voted to the Florida High School Athletic Association's All-Century High School football team.

College career
At the University of Florida, Youngblood was a brother of the Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity (Alpha Omega Chapter), and was a three-year varsity letterman for coach Ray Graves and coach Doug Dickey's Florida Gators football teams from 1968 to 1970. Youngblood had entered school at 195 pounds and put on 10 pounds a year through weight-lifting, finishing around 245 pounds. Youngblood and his teammates were part of the testing for what became Gatorade, a beverage created by doctors Robert Cade and Dana Shires, designed to help Gator athletes who had to practice and play in Central Florida heat. Said Youngblood, "Dr. Cade began experimenting with Gatorade my freshman year. He tried to kill us all! That first stuff was lethal! It was thick, like syrup, and had an aftertaste. Then, it started to look like milk."

As a freshman, Youngblood played defensive end, wearing number 52, for the Gator freshman team. It was his first experience on the defensive line, after playing linebacker in high school. As a sophomore, Youngblood played defensive end and defensive tackle (recording 24 tackles and four sacks) while also handling the kicking chores for the Gators, kicking a career-long 42-yard field goal to provide the three-point winning margin in his first collegiate game which was against Air Force.

In 1969, Youngblood was part of a 9–1–1 Gators team that upset the Tennessee Volunteers in the Gator Bowl in coach Ray Graves's final game as coach at Florida. Youngblood played a key role in the Gator Bowl recording nine tackles and forcing a fumble. Youngblood first gained national attention after an October 4, 1969, five-sack performance 21–6 win versus instate rival Florida State University. He set a school record for sacks (14) in 1969 and led the teams' defensive linemen with 66 tackles.

In 1970, Youngblood was recognized as a first-team All-American, while recording 58 tackles and leading the team with 10 sacks to finish his Gator career with 29 quarterback sacks. Additionally, he was a finalist for the Outland Trophy following the 1970 season and was voted the 1970 SEC lineman of the year. Youngblood was also named to the SEC All-Conference team in 1970, which ended three winning seasons while at Florida. He was also the 1970 recipient of Florida's Fergie Ferguson Award, which goes to the senior who displays outstanding leadership, character, and courage. His performance in the Georgia-Florida rivalry earned him a spot in the Florida–Georgia Game Hall of Fame as well. In the 1970 edition of the game, Florida trailed Georgia by seven points and the Georgia offense had driven to Florida's one-yard line, Youngblood stopped a Georgia running back short of the goal line and forced him to fumble and then recovered the loose ball beginning a rally that gained a come-from-behind 24–17 victory.

Some regard Youngblood, who was considered to be an excellent pass rusher, as the best defensive lineman in Gators history as well as one of the top five players in the University of Florida's football program. When Time magazine chose him for their 1970 All-America Team, it said of Youngblood: "Deceptively fast for his size, he reads screens and swing passes so adroitly that he intimidates quarterbacks by his mere presence." His coach Doug Dickey told The Sporting News, "He is difficult to move when you run at him, has the speed and agility to pursue down the line of scrimmage, and the strength and quickness to rush the passer." In one of a series of articles written for The Gainesville Sun in 2006, Youngblood was ranked as the No. 5 all-time greatest player for the Florida Gators.

Youngblood graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in finance in 1972.

NFL career
Youngblood was selected by the Los Angeles Rams in the first round of the 1971 NFL draft. He was the 20th overall pick in that draft and signed a 3-year $105,000 contract including a $30,000 signing bonus. That season, he backed up Deacon Jones at left defensive end and started four games when Jones was sidelined with a severely sprained arch. He was named All-Rookie by Football Digest and after the season Jones was traded to the San Diego Chargers. In 1972, the left defensive end position was Youngblood's as he led the Rams defensive linemen in tackles with 70, and started 11 of the 14 games he played, recording six sacks.

In 1973, Youngblood was a Second-team All-pro selection and went to the first of his seven Pro Bowls and led the Rams with 16.5 sacks. The Ram defense led the NFL in fewest yards allowed and fewest rushing yards. He was voted the Rams defensive lineman of the year by the Rams Alumni Association. Beginning in the 1973 season, the Rams added the unrelated Jim Youngblood to its roster, so from that time on, both Youngbloods had the unique distinction of having their entire name on the back of their jerseys, the given name appearing above the family name. The following year, 1974, the Rams again led the NFL in rushing defense and Youngblood led the Rams with 15 sacks while being voted a consensus First-team All-Pro and being named to his second Pro Bowl. The Rams advanced to the NFC Championship game, losing 14-10 to the Minnesota Vikings.

Youngblood was honored as the NFC Defensive Player of the Year by United Press International in 1975 and Pro Football Weekly named Youngblood the NFL defensive lineman of the year. For the third consecutive season Youngblood led the Rams in sacks (15) and was named to the Pro Bowl and a consensus All-pro again, repeating his 1974 honors. In a December 1975, 35-23 playoff win over the St. Louis Cardinals, Youngblood pass-rushed Cardinals offensive lineman Dan Dierdorf, penetrated into the backfield, then tipped and intercepted a pass by Jim Hart, returning the interception 47 yards for a touchdown. Later in the game, Youngblood forced a fumble that was recovered by teammate Fred Dryer, blocked an extra point attempt, and sacked Hart to stop a Cardinals drive.

Youngblood repeated his NFC Defensive Player of the Year Award in 1976 while co-leading the Rams in sacks with 14.5, being named to his fourth consecutive Pro Bowl, and being a consensus first-team All-Pro for the third straight season. The following year, 1977, Youngblood was voted to his fifth consecutive Pro Bowl and a consensus All-NFC selection and second-team All-Pro while leading the Rams in sacks for the fifth straight season. In 1978, the Rams led the NFL in total defense and Youngblood was named to his sixth consecutive Pro Bowl and was a consensus first-team All-Pro for the fourth time in five years.

One of the athletic feats for which Youngblood is best known is that of playing in the 1979 playoffs, including Super Bowl XIV, with a fractured left fibula. He also played in the 1980 Pro Bowl with the injured leg, a week after the Super Bowl. In the playoffs, Youngblood sacked Dallas Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach near the sideline in the waning moments of the divisional playoff game versus the Cowboys. Playing with the fractured leg was noted by Sports Illustrated in their Top 10 list of athletes playing in pain. For that and other achievements Jack was dubbed the "John Wayne of football" by Jim Hanifan, which was echoed by Hall of Fame coach John Madden. The NFL Network series NFL Top 10 selected Youngblood's performance in the 1979 playoffs as top on its list of the "Gutsiest Performances" of all time.

For the 1979 season, Youngblood had a career-high 18 sacks and was a consensus first-team All-Pro for the fifth time. He was voted to his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl. In 1980, he was second-team All-Pro and first-team All-NFC while leading the Rams with $11 1/2$ sacks. In 1981, Youngblood led the Rams with $11 1/2$ sacks and was the Rams outstanding defensive lineman. In the off-season, prior to the 1981 season, Jack had emergency surgery to remove a hot-dog sized blood clot from under his left arm. It was a result of repeated trauma to a nerve in his arm that blocked the flow of blood. Despite the broken leg and numerous other injuries, Youngblood played in 201 consecutive games, a Rams team record; and only missed one game in his 14-year NFL career. He played in seven straight Pro Bowls, five NFC Championships, and one Super Bowl. He was also the Rams' defensive captain from 1977 through 1984 and was voted the Dan Reeves award 3 times, which is awarded to the team's MVP. He had $151 1/2$ career sacks and led the Rams in sacks nine times despite playing first in assistant Coach Ray Malavasi's stop-the-run-first defensive scheme and then in his final two seasons in Defensive Coordinator Fritz Shurmur's 3-4 two-gap scheme which limited some pass rush opportunities to make sure the opponent's running game was handled.

Youngblood faced a challenge in 1983 when the Rams adopted Shurmur's 3-4 defense. Critics thought Youngblood might be too small to play that position, yet he performed in it well (recording $10 1/2$ sacks in 1983 and $9 1/2$ sacks in 1984 while Rams were among the NFL's best defenses at stopping the run) despite being considered undersized. Among the standout games in Youngblood's final two seasons were the opening game of the 1983 season, against the New York Giants in which Youngblood recorded two sacks; and the 1983 season finale against the New Orleans Saints. In the Saints game Youngblood recorded 10 tackles, two sacks, recorded a safety and was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year by Pro Football Weekly for the effort. In Week 5 of 1984 against the New York Giants, Youngblood recorded two sacks, drew three holding calls and was named NFC Defensive Player of the Week by the NFL. Then, in Week 10, against the St. Louis Cardinals, he dominated the game sacking Neil Lomax three times and drawing three holding calls, and blocking a potential game-tying field goal on the game's final play to preserve a 16-13 Rams win.

His streak of consecutive games played ended in Week 15 of the 1984 season, when Youngblood had to sit out his first football game since being a collegiate player in 1970. He had suffered a ruptured disc in his lower back two weeks earlier. Despite the injury, he returned for the season finale against the 49ers and the playoffs. He attributed his ability to play to a series of back adjustments that allowed him more freedom of movement, even though team doctors told Youngblood he was out for the season and needed surgery. He was voted the Rams' recipient of the 1984 Ed Block Courage Award by "representing everything that is positive about professional football and serving as an inspiration in their locker rooms being a positive role model in his communities". Though the injury ended his streak, Youngblood still holds the record for most consecutive starts in the NFL by a strong-side defensive end with 184.

When Youngblood retired on August 27, 1985, he asked his career to be remembered for "dignity, integrity, respect and pride".

Season sack totals: 1971 (3), 1972 (6), 1973 ($16 1/2$), 1974 (15), 1975 (15), 1976 ($14 1/2$), 1977 ($9 1/2$), 1978 (7), 1979 (18), 1980 ($11 1/2$), 1981 ($11 1/2$), 1982 (4), 1983 ($10 1/2$), 1984 ($9 1/2$), Career Total ($151 1/2$)

Los Angeles Rams records

 * Most consecutive games played (201)
 * Most career sacks in the playoffs ($8 1/2$)
 * Most playoff starts (17)
 * Most career safeties – tied (2)
 * 2nd most career sacks ($151 1/2$)
 * 2nd most career blocked kicks (8)

Acting and broadcasting
Youngblood appeared in two television movies: C.A.T. Squad in 1986 and C.A.T. Squad: Python Wolf in 1988. In these TV movies, Youngblood played a Secret Service agent in the "Counter Assault Technical Squad" named John Sommers who was the "best weapons and munitions man in the business" and who was a fine secret service agent but hated big cities like Washington, D.C., and New York and was thus banished to Alaska. In the plotline of the movies "John Sommers" was a member of the Air Force Reserve who piloted an SR-71 spyplane. In these films, Youngblood starred along with Joe Cortese, Steve James, and Deborah Van Valkenburgh. He was nominated for an Emmy for Best Supporting Actor for his role in C.A.T. Squad: Python Wolf.

Both films were directed by William Friedkin who is most noted for directing The Exorcist, The French Connection, and The Boys in the Band.

Youngblood was a reporter and co-host for ESPN's NFL GameDay show in 1985 and 1986, alongside Chris Berman and was succeeded by co-host, Tom Jackson in 1987. In 1988, he auditioned for the NFL on CBS's NFL Today along with Dick Butkus, Lyle Alzado, and Gary Fencik, with Butkus being hired to fill the co-host slot. Youngblood was also a regular guest on ESPN programs Star-Shot (1988), Sportslook (1984, 1986, 1988) and Great Outdoors (1989) programs.

Youngblood was a radio analyst for the Los Angeles Rams from 1987 to 1991, the Sacramento Surge in 1992, and a television analyst for the Sacramento Gold Miners in 1993.

In 2000, Youngblood was hired as the co-host for Wal-Mart's Great Outdoors (with Bert Jones) and served in that capacity through 2003. Wal-Mart's Great Outdoors was telecast 52 weeks a year and was a mainstay on ESPN's popular Saturday morning outdoors programming block, drawing impressive ratings throughout its 10-year history.

Autobiography
In 1988, Youngblood authored (with Joel Engel) his autobiography, Blood. The book outlined Youngblood's drive and passion for professional football and reviewed his career, his injuries, his successes, and his failures on the football field. The book recounts when, between the 1973 and 1974 seasons, Youngblood traveled to Logan, Utah, to help Rams teammates Merlin and Phil Olsen with their summer football camp. An altercation in the parking lot of a local pub resulted in Youngblood having a .44 pistol stuck in his eye and the trigger pulled and fortunately the chamber was empty, although other chambers were not. A cut eyelid was the only injury he sustained. After initially pleading innocent, the assailant later pleaded guilty and received a one-year suspended sentence. The book was favorably reviewed by Publishers Weekly as "an unusual sports book."

Football administration
After his retirement, Youngblood worked in player relations and marketing for the Rams from 1985–90 and served as the Rams' color analyst for the Rams Radio Network from 1986 to 1991. Youngblood moved to the World League of American Football as the Director of Marketing for the Sacramento Surge in 1991 (although he remained as Rams color announcer for the 1991 season), during which time the Surge won the 1992 World Bowl. He moved to the Sacramento Gold Miners of the Canadian Football League (CFL) in 1993. He also served as a color analyst for both the Surge and the Gold Miners radio networks and hosted a sports radio talk show at KHTK-AM 1140 in Sacramento, California, when that station became a sports format station in 1994.

In 1995, he returned to his native Florida as vice president and general manager, then later as president, of the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League. One of his major projects with the Predators was taking the team a publicly traded company on the NASDAQ stock exchange. In 1998, Youngblood's final year with the team, the club won its first Arena League championship, defeating the favored Tampa Bay Storm. In 1999, he began to work for the AFL office as a liaison to the National Football League and served as a special consultant to the Arena Football League and arenafootball2.

Business
Youngblood was a division president of Dave Liles Ethanol Fuels, which produces a fuel additive that purports to boost octane, clean fuel systems, and help the environment by reducing engine emissions and being completely biodegradable. He also owns and maintains a farm in his native North Florida, in which he currently raises pine trees and where he raised cattle until 2002.

During his NFL career, Youngblood partnered with Los Angeles Rams teammate Larry Brooks to open "The Wild Bunch" in 1980, a western clothing store that featured high-end western wear, including cowboy boots, cowboy hats, silver belt buckles, jeans, and other country apparel. Additionally, while still active with the Rams, Youngblood worked with BankAmericard, in a public relations capacity. He also owned and operated the South Coast Club in Huntington Beach, California, during his career.

Additionally, some of the sponsorships and advertising ventures Youngblood was involved with were a Miller Lite TV commercial in 1985 and Honda Power machines in 1985. He had print ads for Pro Tron Weights, regional ad, 1984, Dan Post Handcrafted Boots, national print-ad 1986, Cal-Gym, national print-ad, 1986, and was a national spokesman for Protatonin in 2001. In the mid-1980s he modeled Munsingwear briefs in a series of magazine and billboard ads. In the mid-1970s Jack did television commercials and print-ads for In-N-Out Burger, a California-based fast food chain.

Continuing popularity
During his career, Youngblood gained a loyal following which seems to continue through today. In July 2006, a game-used Jack Youngblood jersey sold for $6,565 in an online auction. Fox News' Mike Straka listed Youngblood as having one of the NFL's "great names".

In 2007, Sports Illustrated named Youngblood the greatest professional athlete to wear the uniform number 85. Youngblood was given the same honor in the 2004 book Right on the Numbers by Nino Frostino, and the Best Athletes by the Number blog. One of Youngblood's biggest fans, David G. Lewber, died on June 28, 2007. Mr. Lewber was buried in his autographed Jack Youngblood jersey a week later on July 3, 2007.

In October 2011, D.W. Cooper released Because It Was Sunday, a biography about Youngblood's playing career.

College
Youngblood was an All-American selection in 1970, as well as being the SEC Lineman of the Year, All-SEC, and a finalist for the Outland Trophy. After his college career, Youngblood played in the Senior Bowl and recorded four sacks. He was named the Outstanding Lineman of the Game and in 1989 he was voted into the Senior Bowl Hall of Fame. Additionally, he was voted a member of the 50th Anniversary Senior Bowl All-Time Team in 1999.

For his achievements he was selected to the All-Time SEC team in 1983. He was voted to the All-SEC Quarter-Century Team (1950–74) as well as being voted to the 25-year All-SEC teams which spanned from the 1961 through the 1985 seasons. He was voted best defensive end in SEC for the years 1960–85. Additionally, he was voted to the SEC All-Decade team for the 1970s. In 1995, Youngblood was voted one of the SEC Football Legends and was presented at the SEC championship game in Atlanta, Georgia.

Youngblood, who is regarded by some as the best defensive end in Gators history, was named to the All-time Florida Gators team in 1983, and in 1999 he was voted to the Florida Gator All-Century Team. In 2006, he was named to the 100-year Anniversary Gator Team. In 1975, Youngblood was voted to the Florida Sports Hall of Fame which features great athletes who played college or professional athletics and have a Florida connection. In 2001, he was elected to the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame. Five years later, in 2006, Youngblood was among the first four Gator legends to be inducted into the Florida Football Ring of Honor, alongside Steve Spurrier, Danny Wuerffel, and Emmitt Smith.

In 1992, Youngblood was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame. He was also selected to the FWAA 1969-1994 All-America Team with players like Lawrence Taylor, Jerry Rice, John Elway, Tony Dorsett, Ronnie Lott, and Jack Tatum. In 1999, he was named to the Sports Illustrated NCAA Football All-Century Team as one of only six defensive ends named to the squad.

He was named by one SEC publication as the Top All-Time SEC Defensive of All-Time. Youngblood was also named by the Birmingham News as one of the Top 10 defensive linemen in SEC history, ranking with SEC greats as Reggie White, Doug Atkins, and Bill Stanfill. In addition, he is one of the three the top defensive lineman in history of the SEC, making the 75th Anniversary All-SEC Team in 2007 as determined by votes of SEC fans.

National Football League
Youngblood was elected to NFL All-Pro teams five times (1974, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979) during his 14 years with the Rams and was an All-NFC selection seven times (1974–80). In addition, Youngblood was a second-team All-Pro in 1973, 1977, and 1980 and was second-team All-NFC in 1973 and 1984. He was also named to seven Pro Bowls and was a first alternate to the game in 1984, his final season. Youngblood was on the 1984 All-Madden team and was chosen by John Madden as the player who most exemplified the All-Madden team.

Youngblood is a member of the Los Angeles Rams' 50th Anniversary Team (1985), and the Rams All-Century Team chosen after the 1999 season. In October 2001 he was honored in the St. Louis Rams Ring of Fame, along with Jackie Slater. Youngblood was voted the Rams' Outstanding Defensive Linemen by the Rams' Alumni nine times (1973, 1975–76, 1978–81, and 1983–84).

Youngblood, in 1987, was voted to the Orange County (California) Sports Hall of Fame along with Pat McCormick, Ann Meyers and Cap Sheue. Four years earlier Youngblood was recognized as the 1983 Orange County Sportsman of the Year by the Orange County Youth Sports Foundation. Other notable honorees have been Jim Nantz, Peter Ueberroth, John McKay, Bill Walsh, and Pete Carroll.

Youngblood played in 201 consecutive games, a Rams team record; he only missed one game in his 14-year NFL career. He was the Rams' defensive captain from 1977 through 1984 and was voted the recipient Dan Reeves award three times, which is awarded to the team's most valuable player. He had $151 1/2$ career sacks and led the Rams in sacks nine times despite playing first in assistant coach Ray Malavasi's stop-the-run-first defensive scheme and then in his final two seasons in defensive coordinator Fritz Shurmer's 3-4 two-gap scheme which limited some pass rush opportunities to make sure the opponent's running game was handled. His highest single-season sack total was 18 in 1979.

He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2001 along with Ron Yary, Lynn Swann, Jackie Slater, Mike Munchak, Marv Levy, and Nick Buoniconti and inducted in August in Canton, Ohio. Youngblood echoed his post-retirement sentiments in his Hall of Fame acceptance speech by stating, "I didn't sack the quarterback every time I rushed the passer. I didn't make every tackle for a loss.  I guess — no one could.  But, it wasn't because I didn't have the passion to, the desire to.  I hope that showed".

Youngblood's style of play and perceived ability to play hurt brought many notations in NFL lore. In 1996 NFL Films named him to their list of the 100 Toughest Players of All-Time and in 2006 NFL writer Neil Reynolds featured Youngblood in his 2006 book "Pain Gang", in which Reynolds names Youngblood as one of the 50 Toughest players of All-Time. In addition, Blitz magazine, The Sporting News, Football Digest, and Sport magazine have singled Youngblood out as one of the toughest and one of the hardest hitting players of all-time. He was named by Yahoo! writer Charles Robinson as the best-ever player taken in the 20th slot of the 1st round of the NFL draft calling Youngblood "the essence of today's defensive end—a mixture of strength, toughness and speed that few ends boasted in the 1970s." In 2000, Sports Illustrated ranked Youngblood as No. 4 in its list of the greatest pass rushers of all-time, behind only Deacon Jones, Reggie White and Lawrence Taylor.

During his career, Jack won the respect of both teammates and opponents. Dan Dierdorf, a Hall of Fame tackle, said that Youngblood was "by far the toughest opponent I faced in my career", a thought echoed by Viking Hall of Fame tackle Ron Yary who said, "There wasn't anybody who was tougher to block than Jack". Other NFL greats such as Hall of Fame tackles Bob Brown and Rayfield Wright, rank Jack among the top players they faced. Opposing quarterbacks ranked Youngblood highly, with two of them, Fran Tarkenton and Roger Staubach, stating that Jack was the top defensive lineman they faced in their careers. Hall of Fame defensive tackle Merlin Olsen paid Youngblood the highest compliment by stating that Jack was the "perfect defensive end". Running backs also entered the chorus, "I remember bouncing off Jack Youngblood and it was just like a pillar of strength over there on the defense," Rocky Bleier recalled. "Jack played hurt, he played tough, and he was a great opponent."

To all the praise, Youngblood responded, "I don't consider myself tough, I consider myself a nut for some of the things I did". Youngblood concluded, "I wasn't the biggest guy, I certainly wasn't the strongest and I wasn't the fastest either. But I think one of my biggest assets was that I had an undeniable determination to be the best that has ever put his hand on the ground, I had a genuine desire to be great."

Charitable activities
While at the University of Florida, Youngblood was involved in the Fellowship of Christian Athletes while also speaking to youth groups and raising funds for needy children. One such event was a 57-mile bicycle ride he organized which intended to send disadvantaged youth to a summer camp. Youngblood was involved in the 1974 NFL-USO tour to Vietnam and Southeast Asia. In 1977, Youngblood was the chairman of the Los Angeles-area "Right to Read" program and active in the Muscular Dystrophy Foundation. The same year, he was the United Way spokesman for the Rams and was the club's Man of the Year nominee in 1975 and 1983. In 1986 he participated in Hands Across America, an event to end hunger in the United States. Other NFL stars including Walter Payton and Tony Dorsett were also in the nationwide hand-holding line. In his final 13 years (1979–1991) in Los Angeles, Youngblood sponsored a celebrity golf tournament for the John Tracy Clinic for Deaf Children, and was active with programs at the Children's Hospital for Orange County. He was named the Orange County "Sportsman of the Year" by the hospital in 1987.

Since 2001, Youngblood has been the St. Louis Rams' host for the Taste of the NFL charity event, a dinner held annually at the Super Bowl to raise funds for Feeding America-The Nation's Foodbank Network. In April 2007, Youngblood was inducted into the National Football League Alumni Association's prestigious Order of the Leather Helmet, which is the highest award for the NFL Alumni given to those "who make a lasting impression on the game".

Throughout his NFL career and after Youngblood has been a skilled public speaker, sought after by corporate, athletic, and Christian groups due to his activity and success in those arenas. He attends hunting, fishing and golf outings when associated with a good cause. He is active in the Orlando chapter of Young Life, a nationwide organization whose goals include attempting to mentor young men and women in the Christian faith. Jack's wife, Barbara Youngblood, serves on the Executive Committee for Young Life for the Orlando Chapter.

Youngblood served on the Honorary Advisory Board of the former St. Louis Rams notables like Bill Cosby, August A. Busch III, Jonathan Winters, Dick Gephardt, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, and Stan Musial, Maxine Waters, Dr. Toby Freedman, et al. Former members of the Rams Advisory Board, created in 1981, include Lord David Westbury, former Ram and Evangelist Rosey Grier, Maureen Reagan, Henry Mancini, Bob Hope, Danny Thomas, Jane Upton Bell, and former President Gerald Ford among others.

Youngblood is involved in helping former NFL players in need by supporting the Gridiron Greats Assistance Fund (GGAF). The Gridiron Greats sponsors golf tournaments, autograph signings, memorabilia auctions, clay pigeon shoots and dinners to raise funds for retired players.

title: Jack Youngblood


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WNSC-TV

WNSC-TV (channel 30) is a PBS member television station in Rock Hill, South Carolina, United States. It is owned by the South Carolina Educational Television Commission alongside news/talk radio station WNSC-FM (88.9). WNSC-TV's studios are located on the campus of York Technical College in Rock Hill, and its transmitter is located in southeastern York County (east of I-77).

WNSC-TV operates as a member station of South Carolina Educational Television (SCETV). Master control and most internal operations are based at SCETV's headquarters on George Rogers Boulevard in Columbia, across from Williams-Brice Stadium on the campus of the University of South Carolina. On cable, WNSC-TV is available on channel 15 throughout most of the Charlotte, North Carolina, television market.

History
The station first signed on the air on January 3, 1978, initially broadcasting instructional programs during the day before beginning full-time broadcasting in July. (WPRV, now WNSC-FM, signed on the same day.) WNSC debuted as the sixth full-power station aligned with SCETV, and the third public television station to serve the Charlotte area, after WTVI (channel 42) and Concord-based UNC-TV station WUNG-TV (channel 58). Previously, SCETV programming had been seen in the Rock Hill area via low-power translator station W55AA on UHF channel 55 (that channel was later occupied by MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYT-TV).

Programming
WNSC-TV originates some local programming, including Piedmont Politics, and also carries national and statewide programs from PBS and SCETV. Its digital subchannels carry the South Carolina Channel, ETV World and SCETV PBS Kids.

Local and regional programming

 * Talk of the Town – a community affairs talk show hosted by Bill Curry
 * Mary Long's Yesteryear – hosted by Mary Long
 * Fret & Fiddle – a songwriter performance showcase
 * Metrolina Illustrated Newsmagazine created, hosted and produced by Chuck Smith (1988–1991)
 * Rock Hill: Primetime – created and produced by Chuck Smith (1991–1992)
 * Carolina Weekends – created, hosted and produced by Chuck Smith (1988–1991)

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WNSC-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 30, at midnight on February 18, 2009 (along with the other SCETV stations), the day after some full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts (February 17 was the original target date for the transition until the Federal Communications Commission moved the transition date to June 12 earlier in the month). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 15. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 30.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: WNSC-TV


text: User talk:192.80.64.232

title: User talk:192.80.64.232


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Talk:Portuguese Historical Museum

Imperios are probably encyclopedic, but should probably be written as part of a whole 'culture of the Azores' series for context, along with festas, etc. However, I didn't link it as a short article would probably end up on VfD as a dic def, and I don't want to dangle that sort of redlink since it could potentially bite a newcomer. Niteowlneils 02:57, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Portuguese Historical Museum


text:
WTVI

WTVI (channel 42) is a PBS member television station in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, owned by Central Piedmont Community College. The station's studios are located in the Chantilly-Commonwealth section of east Charlotte, and its transmitter is located in the unincorporated area of Newell in northeastern Mecklenburg County (just northeast of the Charlotte city limits). It is the only public television station in North Carolina that is not operated by PBS North Carolina, and is one of three PBS member stations serving the Charlotte metropolitan area, along with PBS North Carolina's WUNG-TV (channel 58) in Concord and South Carolina Educational Television (SCETV)'s WNSC-TV (channel 30) in Rock Hill.

History
The station first signed on the air on August 27, 1965; it was originally owned by the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education. The WTVI call letters were first used by what is now Fox affiliate KTVI in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1953 to 1955, when it was licensed to Belleville, Illinois, on the east side of the Mississippi River; they were then held from 1955 to 1962 by a station in Fort Pierce, Florida. WTVI's original station manager was Donna Lee Davenport, who was also instrumental in creating the station. In 1982, WTVI's license was transferred to the not-for-profit Charlotte–Mecklenburg Public Broadcasting Authority, turning the station into a community-owned entity.

Mecklenburg County covered the debt on WTVI's digital broadcasting equipment and maintains the station's studios, located on Commonwealth Avenue in Charlotte. The county also paid WTVI $95,000 annually to broadcast county commission meetings.

In 2004, WTVI cut back on more well-known PBS programs. Ratings increased for a while with "alternative" shows, but after several years the station ended up in trouble. On June 30, 2011, WTVI's board was advised that the station was running a $300,000 deficit and that its long-term operation was questionable if its financial situation did not improve. On March 13, 2012, Central Piedmont Community College offered to take over the station. The college requested $1.35 million from Mecklenburg County; $357,000 to complete the purchase and about $800,000 to give the station a significant technical overhaul. The Mecklenburg County Commission approved funding for the deal on March 20.

Without county money, Central Piedmont Community College would have been unable to complete the purchase and the station would have likely ceased operations on June 30, 2012. The deal was approved by the Federal Communications Commission on May 21, 2012, and the acquisition of WTVI was completed on July 1, 2012, with the broadcast licenses being transferred the following day. As a result, WTVI became operated by an educational licensee for the second time in its history. At that time, it became one of seven full-time PBS member stations to be operated by a community college (alongside Milwaukee PBS; WDCQ-TV in Bay City, Michigan; WVUT-TV in Vincennes, Indiana; KACV in Amarillo, Texas; KNCT in Killeen, Texas; WSRE in Pensacola, Florida and WBCC in Orlando, Florida (WBCC, now WEFS, has since left PBS, while KNCT would leave PBS six years later).

Three months after taking over operations, Central Piedmont Community College brought back familiar PBS shows such as Sesame Street, Downton Abbey, Nova and Nature to the schedule. Additional local programming is planned, including some previously aired on the college's cable channel. Among the new shows is Off the Record, hosted by David Rhew and similar to Jerry Hancock's Final Edition, dropped in 2009 for budgetary reasons.

WTVI is one of the few PBS member stations that do not clear the weekend edition of PBS NewsHour.

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Prior to February 17, 2009, WTVI carried "The Civic Channel" on digital subchannel 42.2, Create on digital subchannel 42.3, PBS Kids on digital subchannel 42.4, and a high definition feed of WTVI on digital subchannel 42.5; the fourth and fifth subchannels were dropped on February 17 with Create moving to 42.3 and the main channel on 42.1 upgrading to high definition. In July 2010, "The Civic Channel" was replaced by MHz Worldview. In November 2015, MHz Worldview was dropped and a simulcast of Create was placed on subchannel 42.2 until February 2016, when it was replaced with NHK World. On January 30, 2022, Create was dropped and the subchannel was deleted.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WTVI began broadcasting its digital signal on VHF channel 11, carrying four digital subchannels, including one high-definition channel. WTVI was the first television station in Charlotte to produce programming in high-definition in 2000. The station shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 42, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 11. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 42.

title: WTVI


text:
Goonellabah, New South Wales

Goonellabah is the eastern suburb of Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, and is on the Bruxner Highway. At the 2006 census, Goonellabah had a population of 12,527 people.

The City of Lismore has its main offices on Oliver Avenue in the suburb. Kadina High School was established here in 1976.

Goonellabah has many sporting teams which compete in local competitions. These include football, table tennis, cricket, hockey, touch, and tennis.

Heritage listings
Goonellabah has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 562 Ballina Road: Tulloona

title: Goonellabah, New South Wales


text:
John Mackey

John Mackey may refer to:

 * John Mackey (American football) (1941–2011), American football tight end
 * John Mackey (businessman) (born 1953), founder of Whole Foods Market
 * John Mackey (composer) (born 1973), American composer of classical concert music
 * John Mackey (hurler) (1914–1989), Irish athlete in the sport of hurling
 * John Mackey (politician) (1863–1924), Australian politician
 * John Mackey (Roman Catholic bishop) (1918–2014), Bishop of Auckland (1974-1983)
 * John C. Mackey, American football coach
 * Jack Mackey (John Bernard MacKey, 1922–1945), recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * John Mackey (Tyler) (1882–1962), Irish hurler

title: John Mackey


text:
Talk:La Fée aux Choux

Plot
I like the way this article makes a big point about fiction films and narrative films, but doesn't ever say that the movie is about. -Branddobbe 02:59, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

1900
This movie is probably from 1900, according to recents researchs. The ref. are on fr.wikipedia.--Noel Olivier (talk) 12:06, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:La Fée aux Choux


text:
Kennel

A kennel is a structure or shelter for dogs. Used in the plural, the kennels, the term means any building, collection of buildings or a property in which dogs are housed, maintained, and (though not in all cases) bred. A kennel can be made out of various materials, the most popular being wood and canvas. The term "kennel" can also refer to a dog crate or doghouse.

Breeding kennels
This is a formal establishment for the propagation of dogs, whether or not they are actually housed in a separate shed, the garage, a state-of-the-art facility, or the family dwelling. Licensed breeding kennels are heavily regulated and must follow relevant government legislation. Breed club members are expected to comply with the general Code of Ethics and guidelines applicable to the breed concerned. Kennel clubs may also stipulate criteria to be met before issuing registration papers for puppies bred. A kennel name or kennel prefix is a name associated with each breeding kennel: it is the first part of the registered name of a pedigreed dog which was bred there.

Boarding kennels
This is a place where dogs are housed temporarily for a fee, an alternative to using a pet sitter. Although many people worry about the stress placed on the animal by being put in an unfamiliar and most likely crowded environment, the majority of boarding kennels work to reduce stress. Many kennels offer one-on-one "play times" in order to get the animal out of the kennel environment. Familiar objects, such as blankets and toys from home, are also permitted at many kennels. Many kennels offer grooming and training services in addition to boarding, with the idea being that the kennel can be the owner's "one-stop shop" for all three services.

In the United States the term boarding kennel can also be used to refer to boarding catteries and licensing agencies do not always differentiate between commercial boarding kennels for dogs and other animal or cat boarding kennels. In 2007 market surveys showed that $3.0 billion was spent on these services. Annual kennel boarding expenses for dog owners was $225, and for cat owners was $149 according to a 2007–2008 survey.

title: Kennel


text: Category:Death Valley

title: Category:Death Valley


text:
Gene Upshaw

Eugene Thurman Upshaw Jr. (August 15, 1945 – August 20, 2008), nicknamed "Uptown Gene" and "Highway 63", was an American professional football guard who played for the Oakland Raiders of the American Football League (AFL) and later the National Football League (NFL). He later served as the executive director of the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA). Upshaw was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987 and is also the only player in NFL history to reach the Super Bowl with the same team in three different decades.

Early life
Upshaw was born in Robstown, Texas, and graduated from Robstown High School. He played college football at Texas A&I University (now Texas A&M University–Kingsville), where he was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. In 1967 at age 22, Upshaw married Jimmye Lee Hill-Upshaw (née Hill). Together they had one son, Eugene Upshaw III, and later divorced.

Football career
After playing football in college at a number of offensive line positions, he settled at left offensive guard for the Oakland Raiders in the American Football League and the National Football League for 15 years. During that time, he played in three Super Bowls; in the 1967, 1976, and 1980 seasons, making him the first player to reach the game in three different decades (Jerry Rice and Bill Romanowski would later accomplish the feat in 2002, while Tom Brady later accomplished the feat in 2020). He also played in three AFL Championship Games, seven American Football Conference title games, one AFL All-Star game, and six NFL Pro Bowls. He was selected by The Sporting News to the 1969 AFL All League team.

He was part of a particularly strong offensive line during the 1976 season, with interior linemates Dave Dalby at center and George Buehler at right guard. In the 1976 AFC championship game of the 1976–77 NFL playoffs, the Raiders beat the Pittsburgh Steelers, rushing for 157 yards and passing for 88 yards. The Raiders then beat the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl XI, rushing for a whopping 266 yards and passing for 180 yards, as Upshaw overwhelmed the opposing defensive tackle, Alan Page, a Hall-of-Famer. In the 1980 AFC championship game of the 1980–81 NFL playoffs, the Raiders beat the San Diego Chargers, rushing for 138 yards and passing for 261 yards. The Raiders then beat the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl XV, rushing for 117 yards and passing for 261 yards again, as Upshaw, Dalby, and right guard Mickey Marvin outmatched Eagle nose tackle Charlie Johnson and inside linebackers Bill Bergey and Frank LeMaster.

In 1999, he was ranked No. 62 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.

He was the older brother of Marvin Upshaw, who was a defensive lineman with the Cleveland Browns, Kansas City Chiefs and St. Louis Cardinals.

Over the course of his sixteen seasons in the NFL, Upshaw witnessed—and, in many cases, participated in—many iconic NFL games and plays. These include the Heidi Game, the Immaculate Reception, The Sea of Hands Game, Ghost to the Post, the Holy Roller Game, and Red Right 88. He also reached three Super Bowls in three different decades (1967, 1976, and 1980); in total, Upshaw played in 24 playoff games with the Raiders.

NFLPA career
Upshaw was an active member of the bargaining committee for the National Football League Players' Association (NFLPA) throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s. He led the NFLPA in its unsuccessful strike in 1987 and through years of antitrust litigation against the league, including a brief period in which the NFLPA became a professional association rather than a union, that ended with the union's acceptance of a salary cap in return for free agency and an enhanced share of league revenues for the union's members. Until his death, he was the executive director of the association.

In an infamous 1987 incident during labor negotiations between the NFL and the NFLPA, Dallas Cowboys president and general manager Tex Schramm told Upshaw, "Gene, here's what you have to understand: we're the ranchers and you're the cattle, and we can always get more cattle."

He alienated many retired players after comments he made in response to 325 former AFL and NFL players receiving minimal retirement benefits. When the former players attempted to have the NFL and the NFLPA consider their plight, Upshaw responded: "The bottom line is I don't work for them. They don't hire me and they can't fire me. They can complain about me all day long. They can have their opinion. But the active players have the vote." Upshaw later said he was misquoted and was speaking solely about fellow Hall of Famer Joe DeLamielleure, further saying "A guy like DeLamielleure says the things he said about me; you think I'm going to invite him to dinner? No. I'm going to break his damn neck." While Upshaw's comments were true on the letter of the NFL's benefit rules—the NFLPA is charged with the union rights of active players, and any matters dealing with retirees are subject to negotiations between the NFLPA and the NFL Management Council—they were badly received by both former and current players, fans, and the media. Prior to his death, a campaign was allegedly being led by Ravens kicker Matt Stover to oust Gene Upshaw as head of the NFLPA; however, all parties have denied such a plan. Stover along with a number of other players claim to have only been seeking a definite succession plan in order to avoid a drawn-out and messy transfer of power such as Upshaw's death has seen realized. Tennessee Titans center Kevin Mawae, president of the NFLPA, issued a statement saying that Stover's opinion did not reflect the opinion of the board of player representatives.

Halls of Fame and other honors
Upshaw was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987. And in 1996, Upshaw was also inducted into the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame.

In 2004, the NCAA Division II sports information directors awarded the first Gene Upshaw Division II Lineman of the Year award. It is presented each year during the weekend of the NCAA Division II Football Championship by the Manheim (Pennsylvania) Touchdown Club.

Death
In mid-August 2008 at his home in Lake Tahoe, Upshaw began to feel ill. His wife Terri (née Buich) noticed that his breathing was labored, so she convinced him to go to the emergency room, where he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer on August 17. On August 20, Upshaw died with Terri and his sons Eugene III, Justin, and Daniel by his side, five days after his 63rd birthday. The Cancer Center at the hospital in Truckee, California where he died was named in his memory.

After his death, the NFL announced that all 32 teams would wear a patch on their jerseys with the initials "GU" and the number 63 for the opening weekend of the 2008 season. Beginning in the second week of the season, all teams wore the patch as a decal on their backs of their helmets instead of a shoulder patch; while the Raiders continued to wear the shoulder patch throughout the season.

In 2011, his son Eugene Upshaw III filed a lawsuit in Fairfax County Circuit Court regarding how the will was handled at the time of his father's death, stating his father was too ill to be able to understand the document he was signing. The case was settled out of court prior to the trial, but the facts of the case created more conflict between retired players and the NFLPA, with several prominent retired players/advocates lashing out at Upshaw and his family for a $15 million payment in his will and citing the large number of disabled and broke veterans who had no resources; however, the reporting also showed that the $15 million was a deferred payment from Upshaw's long tenure as the NFLPA head and the money was taken out of his salary during that time and served as a de facto pension separate from the issues that were causing controversy.

title: Gene Upshaw


text:
Talk:Flux

Starting a rewrite (July 8 2016)
I started a full rewrite of the article. I cannot say I am really satisfied with the current result, and I would like to apologize for that - I thought I could get it done without using the sandbox, but I saw too big. Do share any opposition to the general philosophy of how the contents are dealt with though, even if the article will badly need a copyedit (but the former version was worse in that respect). Tigraan Click here to contact me 16:49, 8 July 2016 (UTC)
 * the previous page was fine. further, your english isn't sufficient to start making huge edits like this. wikipedia is not an editing service. i understand you want to contribute, but i am very suspicious about what motivated this "edit".
 * what do you think of this new "revision"? i find the figure far inferior and less informative than the old one (among other things). also, i find it suspicious because someone from india (User:G41rn8) randomly set the "expert needed" tag, to which someone else from india (User:Tigraan) miraculously answered, deleted a bunch of things and expected us to edit his work.
 * one glaring, and obvious example of the poor quality of this "revised" page is when you compare the old figure:
 * General flux diagram.svg S). dS is the differential vector area element, n is the unit normal to the surface. Left: flux (type 2) is proportional to the component of flux (type 1) that flows normal to the surface. Right: The reduction in flux (type 2) through a surface can be visualized by reduction in F or dS equivalently (resolved into components, θ is angle to normal n). F·dS is the component of flux (type 1) passing though the surface, multiplied by the area of the surface (see dot product). For this reason the units of a type type 2 flux are unit area multiplied by its type 1 equivalent.]]

to the new one:
 * Flux_density.svg
 * this should have been taken to sandbox and i am going to revert. 174.3.155.181 (talk) 22:40, 10 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Do revert if you want, I agree I should have gone through the sandbox and the end result was meh. However, the former article was far from "fine", and the figure change is a clear net positive in my view (not so much the figure itself, but the incomprehensible caption). Keep in my that "flux" is likely to attract readers who do not even know what a cosine is (unlike, say, Bessel's correction where we can assume readers to have some technical background).
 * As for the WP:SOCK accusation, maybe a quick look at either my user page ("from India", really?) or my contributions would tell you something. I would appreciate if you retracted that, or alternatively took me to WP:SPI if you stand by your implied accusation. Tigraan Click here to contact me 18:51, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Leave it as it is right now. I have reviewed both versions and although many of User:Tigraan's edits are good, many are also poor. I would suggest leaving it as it is now, and then (as we normally do in wikipedia) make small edits that other editors can comment on or improve before moving on to another section. This works best for everyone. I think User:Tigraan has already commented that he/she should have done it this way or sandboxed a big project like this, so lesson learned. StarHOG (talk) 15:19, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

Apologies for the bad diagram (it was mine). I like the newer one by user:Debenben also, feel free to replace. In the mean time I have fixed my old one with a new caption. 'M'∧Ŝc2ħεИτlk 20:02, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree, that File:General flux diagram.svg is more informative. I created the new one for the German article because it fits better with the notation used in the text, i.e.
 * in the German article, the surface element is called $$\mathrm d\vec A$$, (this article uses $$\mathrm d \mathbf A$$, the figure shows a scalar quantity $$dS$$)
 * quantities that are not refered to in the text (at the moment $$\mathbf F_\parallel, \mathbf F_\perp$$) are not shown in order to keep it simple and avoid confusion.
 * In case you want to change File:General flux diagram.svg again, keep in mind it is used in other wikis, too.--Debenben (talk) 20:53, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Sorry for late reply. I must have misunderstood completely what the preference in diagrams was, people favored the old one after all. Thanks also for the clarification and heads up Debenben. 'M'∧Ŝc2ħεИτlk 07:15, 23 July 2016 (UTC)

Misleading Sentence Under "Transport Fluxes"
> Also acts as a generalization of heat flux, which is equal to the radiative flux when restricted to the infrared spectrum.

Should read "Also acts as a generalization of heat flux, which is equal to the radiative flux when restricted to electromagnetic radiation" or similar. You should not imply that only infrared transports heat. 174.124.85.209 (talk) 11:39, 7 October 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅, but I believe the page is not protected, so you're welcome to edit the page yourself. Gap9551 (talk) 14:08, 7 October 2017 (UTC)

The terminology section is nearly impossible to follow
It refers to the "first definition" and appears to give two definitions in that sentence. Is the second half of the sentence a different definition? It says "vector field / function of position"; what does it mean to divide a vector field by a function of position?

Are these the two definitions?

First definition: flux is a single vector Second definition: flux is a vector field

The third sentence seems to contradict the second sentence.

The descriptions in the last paragraph are ambiguous. I think the only way someone would understand what is being said is if they already understood the definitions of the various terms.

A step in the right direction would be to clearly identify the two definitions. In the last paragraph, it would make sense to omit the word "flux" when referring to the definitions. Can someone who understands this clean it up?

128.174.126.83 (talk) 18:11, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I only changed the names "first definition" and "second definition" for "transport definition" and "electromagnetism definition", respectively, while respecting the original claim regarding the literature. I did check a bit the literature and it seems that the claim is correct that flux is some times used as a quantity that can be integrated over a surface and other times as the result of this integration.  Dominic Mayers (talk) 20:37, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

Section: Flux as a Surface Integral
The "Flux as a surface integral" section and the accompanying image are confusing. Third row of image says "flux is proportional to area within boundary", in which flux is apparently meant as the surface integral and corresponds to rate/vector field in the transport definition. In the body text this image is referred to by: "See also the image at right: the number of red arrows passing through a unit area is the flux density", which I would assume be flux in transport terminology. Two paragraphs above this we have "Conversely, one can consider the flux the more fundamental quantity and call the vector field the flux density." in which the vector field would again be the conserved quantity. It would really be helpful to distinguish between the vector field, flux and flux density first.

Totally aside, I believe the concept of flux was introduced by Fourier long before Maxwell. Will look up references and add them if I can.

--144.122.162.45 (talk) 08:58, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

It seems that the section terminology addresses your point. It seems on purpose that we do not have a consistent definition of flux (and of flux density) throughout the article. Dominic Mayers (talk) 20:46, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

In laymen's terms: Flux density is the amount of flux per unit area. Similar to current density. Total flux describes the total amount of whatever the metric is referring to; heat, magnetic, photon, ect, but when it's described in terms of a per unit area (typically about the plane that runs perpendicular to the vector field, or whatever plane you are attempting to describe flux about, the plane doesn't always have to be perpendicular to the vector field), then it becomes flux density. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.179.179.8 (talk) 12:34, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Maybe this is a physics vs. engineering distinction. Engineers define flux as a rate of transfer (e.g., heat, mass) per unit area, i.e., what is called flux density in your and other comments. See for example p 13 in Bird et al. 2007 or p 4 in Bergman et al. 2011 for example. Sashahafner (talk) 11:51, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

 * No, it depends on the field of study. In transport phenomena flux is a rate of transfer per unit time through a surface, such as fluid flow, heat, electric charge, momentum or mass transport. But in a field theory the flux of a field through a surface is not a rate, it has nothing to do with time, such as flux of a magnetic field, electric field, vector potential, etc. The only generalization you can make is that a flux is a surface integral of a flux density.  --ChetvornoTALK 17:26, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

Flux vs. flux density
Speaking as a physicist in general, and a transport theorist in particular, I agree with the header that says this article is mixing up flux and flux density. As such I think this article is likely to confuse a lot of novice readers (e.g. physics students). The unfortunate thing is that many authors use the two terms interchangeably, and so it isn't so surprising that this article mixes them up. I don't have the time at the moment to try doing a rewrite of this article, but maybe I'll come back to this in a month or so after all my final exams are marked and have a go at it. The distinction made by the previous poster (28 Feb.) is what I think most experts would agree with.

A further criticism is that the statements in the introductory paragraph about whether flux is a vector or scalar an not correct. It is difficult to make a general statement about this because fluxes and flux densities of different types of quantities can be all sorts of different types of mathematical objects depending on the quantity being "transported". For example, in transport theory, momentum flux density is a 2nd rank tensor, and so momentum flux is a vector, but energy flux density is a vector and so energy is a scalar. In general (is this *fully* general? Ask a mathematician not a physicist like me...) if we have any flux density, q, then the associated flux will be whatever sort of quantity results from taking an inner product between q and a vector. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gleedadswell (talk • contribs) 15:07, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

 * It would be great if you could find the time to do your proposed rewrite to clear up the confusion between flux and flux density and also to deal with the case where the flux density is a tensor. Many thanks in advance. Gustav (talk) 15:21, 25 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree with Gleedadswell, 144.122.162.45, 64.179.179.8. A 'flux' is the surface integral of a 'flux density', so it is the dot product with the surface normal.  If the 'flux density' is a vector, such as magnetic field, electric field, current density, Poynting vector, fluid velocity, etc., the flux is a scalar. If the flux density is a 2nd rank tensor, the flux is a vector. --ChetvornoTALK 16:57, 25 April 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree with you. This page is totally confusing. I think the problem concern more articles and this lead a lot of misunderstandings. I have these 3 definitions that should be checked, which if correct, would solve the problems a bit and would be a start:

 * Flux or Rate: Quantity of objects that cross a surface in a unit of time $$\phi=\frac{dN}{dt}$$
 * Fluence: Quantity of objects that cross a unit of surface $$ j=\frac{d N}{dA}$$
 * Flux density or Fluence Rate: Quantity of objects that cross a unit of surface in a unit of time $$\Phi=\frac{d N}{dt dA}=\frac{d \phi}{dA}=\frac{d j}{dt}$$ Agador88 (talk) 11:07, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Flux density refers to the rate of change in some quantity with respect to area, flux refers to the total change in some quantity over a given area found either by multiplying the area by the flux density, or by integrating the flux density with respect to area. Flux density is to flux as velocity is to distance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.236.222.58 (talk) 03:23, 13 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with this paragraph except for the last sentence. Flux density is integrated wrt area to give you flux. Velocity is integrated wrt TIME to give you distance. So that is a misleading comparison, since we are talking about density (i.e. over area). Steveraysteveray (talk) 15:07, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Totally agree. Flux and flux density are confusing terms in many text book and college education now. Flux should be consistently defined as the "flow rate", which is some quantity per second and the flux density is the flow rate per unit area, which depends on the property of the surface such as its orientation. 35.3.154.15 (talk) 18:39, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

Even without the complication of tensors, I am seeing three distinct concepts here. If $v$ is a vector field and $dA$ is the normal vector to an infinitesimal area then the three are: If we can get consensus on what to name all three of these, I volunteer to make edits to the article. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 21:27, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) $v$, a vector field
 * 2) $v · dA$, a scalar field (at least on the surface), and
 * 3) $∫ v·dA$, a scalar.

 * Just want to point out that neither flux nor flux density necessarily are a "rate" or have anything to do with time. In transport phenomena they are, but not in electromagnetic field theory, for example. --ChetvornoTALK 18:10, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Plant Behavior 2022
— Assignment last updated by Gonet99 (talk) 19:16, 13 June 2022 (UTC)
 * You might like to confirm what article is intended as Flux is a physics topic. Johnuniq (talk) 04:34, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

Should be only perpendicular component, not “parallel”
See description of second image Morganciliv (talk) 21:12, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I think this refers to the caption "Only the parallel component contributes to flux because it is the maximum extent of the field passing through the surface at a point, the perpendicular component does not contribute." The idea seems to have been added on 20 July 2016. It looks correct although possibly confusing because the diagram shows that "parallel" means parallel to the normal to the surface. That means the flux is perpendicular to the surface. Johnuniq (talk) 01:36, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flux


text:
Modelica

Modelica is an object-oriented, declarative, multi-domain modeling language for component-oriented modeling of complex systems, e.g., systems containing mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic, thermal, control, electric power or process-oriented subcomponents. The free Modelica language is developed by the non-profit Modelica Association. The Modelica Association also develops the free Modelica Standard Library that contains about 1400 generic model components and 1200 functions in various domains, as of version 4.0.0.

Characteristics
While Modelica resembles object-oriented programming languages, such as C++ or Java, it differs in two important respects. First, Modelica is a modeling language rather than a conventional programming language. Modelica classes are not compiled in the usual sense, but they are translated into objects which are then exercised by a simulation engine. The simulation engine is not specified by the language, although certain required capabilities are outlined.

Second, although classes may contain algorithmic components similar to statements or blocks in programming languages, their primary content is a set of equations. In contrast to a typical assignment statement, such as

where the left-hand side of the statement is assigned a value calculated from the expression on the right-hand side, an equation may have expressions on both its right- and left-hand sides, for example,

Equations do not describe assignment but equality. In Modelica terms, equations have no pre-defined causality. The simulation engine may (and usually must) manipulate the equations symbolically to determine their order of execution and which components in the equation are inputs and which are outputs.

History
The Modelica design effort was initiated in September 1996 by Hilding Elmqvist. The goal was to develop an object-oriented language for modeling of technical systems in order to reuse and exchange dynamic system models in a standardized format. Modelica 1.0 is based on the PhD thesis of Hilding Elmqvist and on the experience with the modeling languages Allan, Dymola, NMF ObjectMath, Omola, SIDOPS+, and Smile. Hilding Elmqvist is the key architect of Modelica, but many other people have contributed as well (see appendix E in the Modelica specification ). In September 1997, version 1.0 of the Modelica specification was released which was the basis for a prototype implementation within the commercial Dymola software system. In year 2000, the non-profit Modelica Association was formed to manage the continually evolving Modelica language and the development of the free Modelica Standard Library. In the same year, the usage of Modelica in industrial applications started.

This table presents the timeline of the Modelica specification history:

Implementations
Commercial front-ends for Modelica include AMESim from the French company Imagine SA (now part of Siemens Digital Industries Software), Dymola from the Swedish company Dynasim AB (now part of Dassault Systemes), Wolfram SystemModeler (formerly MathModelica) from the Swedish company Wolfram MathCore AB (now part of Wolfram Research), SimulationX from the German company ESI ITI GmbH, MapleSim from the Canadian company Maplesoft, JModelica.org (open source, discontinued) and Modelon Impact, from the Swedish company Modelon AB, and CATIA Systems from Dassault Systemes (CATIA is one of the major CAD systems).

Openmodelica is an open-source Modelica-based modeling and simulation environment intended for industrial and academic usage. Its long-term development is supported by a non-profit organization – the Open Source Modelica Consortium (OSMC). The goal with the OpenModelica effort is to create a comprehensive Open Source Modelica modeling, compilation and simulation environment based on free software distributed in binary and source code form for research, teaching, and industrial usage.

The free simulation environment Scicos uses a subset of Modelica for component modeling. Support for a larger part of the Modelica language is currently under development. Nevertheless, there is still some incompatibility and diverging interpretation between all the different tools concerning the Modelica language.

Examples
The following code fragment shows a very simple example of a first order system ($$\dot x = - c \cdot x, x(0)=10 $$):

The following code fragment shows an example to calculate the second derivative of a trigonometric function, using OMShell, as a means to develop the program written below.

Interesting things to note about this example are the 'parameter' qualifier, which indicates that a given variable is time-invariant and the 'der' operator, which represents (symbolically) the time derivative of a variable. Also worth noting are the documentation strings that can be associated with declarations and equations.

The main application area of Modelica is the modeling of physical systems. The most basic structuring concepts are shown at hand of simple examples from the electrical domain:

Built-in and user derived types
Modelica has the four built-in types Real, Integer, Boolean, String. Typically, user-defined types are derived, to associate physical quantity, unit, nominal values, and other attributes:

Connectors describing physical interaction
The interaction of a component to other components is defined by physical ports, called connectors, e.g., an electrical pin is defined as

When drawing connection lines between ports, the meaning is that corresponding connector variables without the "flow" prefix are identical (here: "v") and that corresponding connector variables with the "flow" prefix (here: "i") are defined by a zero-sum equation (the sum of all corresponding "flow" variables is zero). The motivation is to automatically fulfill the relevant balance equations at the infinitesimally small connection point.

Basic model components
A basic model component is defined by a model and contains equations that describe the relationship between the connector variables in a declarative form (i.e., without specifying the calculation order):

The goal is that a connected set of model components leads to a set of differential, algebraic and discrete equations where the number of unknowns and the number of equations is identical. In Modelica, this is achieved by requiring so called balanced models.

The full rules for defining balanced models are rather complex, and can be read from in section 4.7.

However, for most cases, a simple rule can be issued, that counts variables and equations the same way as most simulation tools do: A model is balanced when the number of its equations equals the number of its variables. given that variables and equations must be counted according to the following rule:

->Number of model equations                           = Number of equations defined in the model            + number of flow variables in the outside connectors ->Number of model variables = Number of variables defined in the model (including the variables in the physical connectors)

Note that standard input connectors (such as RealInput or IntegerInput) do not contribute to the count of variables since no new variables are defined inside them.

The reason for this rule can be understood thinking of the capacitor defined above. Its pins contain a flow variable, i.e. a current, each. When we check it, it is connected to nothing. This corresponds to set an equation pin.i=0 for each pin. That's why we must add an equation for each flow variable.

Obviously the example can be extended to other cases, in which other kinds of flow variables are involved (e.g. forces, torques, etc.).

When our capacitor is connected to another (balanced) model through one of its pins, a connection equation will be generated that will substitute the two i=0 equations of the pins being connected. Since the connection equation corresponds to two scalar equations, the connection operation will leave the balanced larger model (constituted by our Capacitor and the model it is connected to).

The Capacitor model above is balanced, since

number of equations =  3+2=5   (flow variables: pin_p.i, pin_n.i, u) number of variables =       5   (u, pin_p.u, pin_p.i, pin_n.u, pi_n.i)

Verification using OpenModelica of this model gives, in fact

Class Capacitor has 5 equation(s) and 5 variable(s). 3 of these are trivial equation(s).

Another example, containing both input connectors and physical connectors is the following component from Modelica Standard Library:

The component SignalVoltage is balanced since

number of equations =  3+2=5  (flow variables: pin_p.i, pin_n.i, u) number of variables =       5  (i, pin_p.u, pin_p.i, pin_n.u, pi_n.i)

Again, checking with OpenModelica  gives

Class Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.SignalVoltage has 5 equation(s) and 5 variable(s). 4 of these are trivial equation(s).

Hierarchical models
A hierarchical model is built-up from basic models, by instantiating basic models, providing suitable values for the model parameters, and by connecting model connectors. A typical example is the following electrical circuit:

Via the language element annotation(...), definitions can be added to a model that do not have an influence on a simulation. Annotations are used to define graphical layout, documentation and version information. A basic set of graphical annotations is standardized to ensure that the graphical appearance and layout of models in different Modelica tools is the same.

Applications
Modelica is designed to be domain neutral and, as a result, is used in a wide variety of applications, such as fluid systems (for example, steam power generation, hydraulics, etc.), automotive applications (especially powertrain) and mechanical systems (for example, multi-body systems, mechatronics, etc.).

In the automotive sector, many of the major automotive OEMs are using Modelica. These include Ford,  General Motors, Toyota, BMW, and Daimler.

Modelica is also being increasingly used for the simulation of thermo-fluid and energy systems.

The characteristics of Modelica (acausal, object-oriented, domain neutral) make it well suited to system-level simulation, a domain where Modelica is now well established.

title: Modelica