text:
Lansdown Crescent, Bath

Lansdown Crescent is a well-known example of Georgian architecture in Bath, Somerset, England, designed by John Palmer and constructed by a variety of builders between 1789 and 1793. The buildings have a clear view over central Bath, being sited on Lansdown Hill near to, but higher than, other well-known Georgian buildings including the Royal Crescent, St James's Square, Bath and The Circus, Bath. It forms the central part of a string of curved terraces, including Lansdown Place East and West, and Somerset Place, which were the northernmost boundary of the development of Georgian Bath.

History

The crescent was laid out by John Palmer who ensured that the three-storey fronts of the buildings were of uniform height and had matching doors and windows. The attic rooms are under a parapet and slate mansard roof. Other builders were then able to construct the houses behind the facade. The commission was from Charles Spackman, leading to the original name of the terrace being Spackman's Buildings.

During World War I the crescent was frequently painted by the artist Walter Sickert.

An unexploded bomb which had been dropped during the Bath Blitz of World War II was discovered in 2016, which required evacuation of the residents while it was made safe and then safely removed. In 2016 decorative finials from the railings in front of the houses, which had been removed and melted down during World War II were replaced after public fundraising.

The grass in front of the crescent is sometimes used to graze sheep.

Architecture
The crescent, which is a grade I listed building, comprises 20 houses, each originally having four floors together with a basement and sub-basement levels below ground. Servants did not sleep in the basements. It is arranged as a concave crescent, and is flanked by Lansdown Place West and Lansdown Place East, both convex crescents and grade II listed buildings in their own right.

The two central houses, numbers 10 and 11, have a paired entrance with four Tuscan columns with a cornice and frieze above them. The central point between the windows of the first floor has a blind niche.

There is also an archway connecting 20, Lansdown Crescent and 1, Lansdown Place West, which is a Grade I listed structure, and which is thought to date from the time that William Beckford owned both properties. Beckford bought a house in The Crescent in 1822, eventually buying a further two houses in the crescent to form his residence. Having acquired all the land between his home and the top of Lansdown Hill, north of the city centre, he created a garden over half a mile in length and built Beckford's Tower at the top.

Notable residents

 * Dick Parsons (British Army officer), (1910–1998), army marksman
 * James Lees-Milne, diarist, writer, architecture scholar
 * Glynis Breakwell, former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bath

title: Lansdown Crescent, Bath


text:
251 Sophia

251 Sophia is a stony background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 4 October 1885, by astronomer Johann Palisa at the Vienna Observatory in Austria. The S-type asteroid (S/L) has a rotation period of 20.2 hours and measures approximately 28 km in diameter. It was named after Sophia von Seeliger, wife of German astronomer Hugo von Seeliger (1849–1924).

Orbit and classification
Sophia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (1,996 days; semi-major axis of 3.1 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Vienna Observatory with its official discovery observation on 4 October 1885.

Naming
This minor planet was after Sophia von Seeliger (née Stoeltzel), wife of German astronomer Hugo von Seeliger (1849–1924) on the occasion of their marriage (A. Schnell). The naming likely took place in 1885, on the meeting of the Astronomische Gesellschaft in Geneva, Switzerland. Seeliger, who proposed the name to the discoverer, was later honored with asteroid 892 Seeligeria, discovered by Max Wolf in 1918.

Physical characteristics
In the Tholen-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), Sophia is a common, stony S-type asteroid, while in the survey's Bus–Binzel (SMASS) taxonomic variant, it is an Sl-subtype, which transitions from the S-type to the uncommon L-type. In the SDSS-based taxonomy, it is an L-type asteroid

Rotation period and poles
In December 2000, a rotational lightcurve of Sophia was obtained from photometric observations by Bill Holliday in New Braunfels, Texas. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of $27.495 km$ hours with a brightness variation of $28.42 km$ magnitude (U=3). Between 2005 and 2013, additional observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi, Etienne Morelle and René Roy gave a tentative period of $29.65 km$ hours with an amplitude between 0.25 and 0.61 (U=2/2/2).

Modeled lightcurves by Josef Ďurech and Josef Hanuš, using photometric data including from the Lowell Photometric Database and from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) were published in 2018. It gave a concurring sidereal period of $20.216 h$ and $0.207$ hours, respectively. Hanuš also gave two spin axes at (235.0°, −52.0°) and (47.0°, 84.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).

Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the Japanese Akari satellite, Sophia measures ($0.219$), ($0.234$) and ($20.216$) kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of ($0.3$), ($20.28$) and ($20.222$), respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2377 and a diameter of 28.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9. Alternative mean-diameter measurements published by the WISE team include ($20.222$) and ($27.495$) with corresponding albedos of ($28.42$) and ($29.65$).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 251 Sophia


text:
Wilkins (crater)

Wilkins is a lunar impact crater that lies in the rugged highlands in the southeastern part of the Moon's near side. It is located to the southwest of the crater Pons and the long Rupes Altai scarp. Just to the southeast lies the larger crater Zagut, and to the north-northwest is the still-larger Sacrobosco. Wilkins is 57 kilometers in diameter.

The outer rim of Wilkins has received considerable damage, leaving sections nearly disintegrated. The most intact portion is in the south, although even this rim is worn and has a valley to the southwest. There is a narrow curving gap in the western rim, with the northern edge formed by a pair of small, joined craters that include Wilkins A. The rim to the northeast barely survives, and the rim here is low and scarred by valleys and old craters. The interior floor of Wilkins is relatively flat and featureless, except for a ghost-crater rim along the southwest edge. The ray material from Tycho lies north of the crater rim.

The crater is named for the 20th-century Welsh amateur Moon-mapper Hugh Percy Wilkins.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Wilkins.

title: Wilkins (crater)


text:
The War Amps

The War Amps is a Canadian registered nonprofit organization, established in 1918 with the purpose of assisting veteran amputees. Initially founded to serve war veterans with financial and advisory supports, the non-profit has since expanded their services to assist to all amputees in Canada.

The association provides multiple programs that specifically target the needs of child, adult, and veteran amputees. The charity generates funding through the offering of their Key Tag and Address Label services, in which donations are made optional.

History
The organization began as The Amputation Club of British Columbia. However, it later became The War Amputations of Canada, eventually shortening to the War Amps.

Services

 * Key Tags: Beginning in 1946 war amputees were given work by producing key tags. In 1972, this program began to serve year-round employment for disabled staff. If a pair of keys are found with a War Amps tag, giving them to either police or the postal service will allow the keys to come back to their rightful owners. War Amps reports that the key service has returned more than a million lost keys.
 * Operation Legacy: A program designed to preserving and commemorate Canada’s military heritage by teaching youth about Canadian wartime history.
 * Documentaries: War Amps has produced a number of documentaries about Canada’s military heritage.

Notable contributors

 * Adrian Anantawan, active member and spokesperson
 * Mary Riter Hamilton painted for 'The Gold Stripe', a collection of work chronicling the Great War with all proceeds going to War Amps.
 * Mark Arendz, Canadian Paralympian

title: The War Amps


text:
User:Konev/Resources

Resources
Research
 * Lexis-Nexis
 * Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (free access for general social survey and national election survey)
 * Paul Hensel's International Relations Data Site
 * United Nations Human Development Report Office
 * Eldis Country profiles (focus on information related to development)
 * Eurostat (Statistics on European Union countries)
 * OECD (Economic, social, and infrastructure data on industrialized countries)
 * UNICEF
 * World Bank (World Development Indicators database)
 * International Monetary Fund (IMF research and links to World Economic Outlook)
 * UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) FAOSTAT International data on food production, land use, nutrition.
 * UN World Health Organization Statistical Information System (WHOSIS) "The WHO Statistical Information System is the guide to health and health-related epidemiological and statistical information available from the World Health Organization." 2
 * UNDP World Income Inequality Database
 * UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (World population data and trends)
 * The Association for History and Computing "an organisation dedicated to the use of computers in historical research 3
 * EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents From Western Europe
 * THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY World Wide Web site
 * History of Economics Internet References

Sourcebooks, encyclopedias, and archives
 * Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress under the Country Studies/Area Handbook Program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Army (public domain text)
 * The Catholic Encyclopedia
 * The CIA Factbook
 * The Jürgen Habermas Web Resource
 * The Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom
 * Glossary of Selected Social Science Computing Terms and Social Science Data Terms
 * A Glossary of Political Economy Terms Dr. Paul M. Johnson
 * FACTS SUBJECT INDEX
 * Marx/Engels Internet Archive

Academic journals and periodicals
 * Foreign Policy (a leading quarterly of international affairs)
 * Foreign Affairs (published by the Council on Foreign Relations)
 * Journal of Democracy (free access)
 * Web page of The Economist
 * Comparative Studies in Society and History "Comparative Studies in Society and History" is an international forum for new research and interpretation concerning problems of recurrent patterning and change in human societies through time and the contemporary world." 3
 * FERNAND BRAUDEL CENTER for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations
 * Review, A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center
 * World-Systems Archive
 * Journal of World-Systems Research (free access)
 * Monthly Review (free access)

Policy think-tanks, advocacy, other
 * The Cato Institute
 * Brookings Institution
 * American Enterprise Institute
 * Hoover Institution
 * Amnesty International (human rights)
 * Human Rights Watch (human rights)
 * One World (sustainable development and human rights)

News agencies

 * Reuters
 * BBC
 * Associated Press (AP)
 * Scripps Howard News Service
 * People's Daily
 * Cox News Service
 * Xinhua
 * CNN
 * Fox News
 * Haaretz
 * Asia Times Online
 * Guardian UK
 * Aljazeera
 * New York Times
 * Teharan Times

title: User:Konev/Resources


text:
252 Clementina

Clementina (minor planet designation: 252 Clementina) is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin on 11 October 1885 in Nice, France. The origin of the name is not known.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, during 2012 gave a light curve with a period of 10.864 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.37 ± 0.02 in magnitude. This result is in agreement with previous studies.

title: 252 Clementina


text:
Krusenstern (crater)

Krusenstern is a lunar impact crater that lies amidst the battered terrain in the southern part of the Moon's near side. Nearly attached to the east-southeast rim is the crater Apianus. Less than one crater diameter to the southwest is the prominent Werner. Krusenstern is intruding into a large circular plain to the north designated Playfair G. Playfair itself lies to the northeast.

Krusenstern is 47 kilometers in diameter, and its walls reach a height of 1,600 meters. Its outer rim has been heavily worn by impact erosion, leaving an irregular ring of rising ridges and an inner wall incised by impacts. A joined pair of craters, including Krusenstern A, lie along the eastern rim. The interior floor of Krusenstern is a nearly featureless plain, marked only by a few tiny craterlets. The crater is from the Pre-Nectarian period, 4.55 to 3.92 billion years ago.

It is named after Adam Johann von Krusenstern, an early 19th-century Baltic German explorer in Russian service.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Krusenstern.

title: Krusenstern (crater)


text:
Talk:Iams

criticism?
The last two paragraphs in the Criticism section are not criticism. They are someone pro-IAMS trying to counter the critique. While this info can stay in the article, I think it should be moved somehow. Suggestions for a new section, or...?

 * Or the section heading could be modified to "Criticism and Rebuttal" Roundelais 18:05, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

I suggest removing or renaming the section entitled "Criticism," based on Criticism, which states the following:

 * In general, making separate sections with the title "Criticism" is discouraged.

Either merge the content that presently exists with sections that are more appropriate and are directly related to the material, to avoid creating an article structure which implies a point of view, or consider renaming the section "Animal Welfare Issues." I believe this would improve the quality of this article. Please weigh in on this. Orcar967 20:52, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It's been a few days and no one has objected - I'm going to make the revision to the subhead. If someone wants to discuss further, we can always revert the changes or change it to something else later. Orcar967 15:28, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

rewrite
I wrote the new version of the Iams article. This article is not vandalism of Wikipedia, it is the truth that the fluff piece previously here didn't tell. I suspect P&G or Iams puppets are maintaining this and other P&G pages on Wikipedia to keep the articles favorable to them. Don't let them get away with it! Perhaps the previous version was fluff by P&G. However why does the article I see now devote more space to criticisms than information about the company? And why does this PETA puppet not sign and date? Shelbing 19:47, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Simple, they want to remain annoymous so we can't find them. It should have a netural POV nobody should be puppets for ethier side! Don't let THEM get away with (THEM being those who don't sign!)--Hailey 22:57, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

puzzled
I am puzzled by the last paragraph regarding the animal testing controversy. The second sentence appears to state as an undisputed fact that the animals are kept in "horrible living conditions" and subjected to "unnecessary procedures, like debarking of dogs." And yet it goes on to say that the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the American Veterinary Medical Association and the American Kennel Club support Iams. Are we to assume that they know that the animals are kept in wretched circumstances and approve? Or that they think that wretched conditions are required in order to do research? Certainly the Iams International Animal Advisory Board claims that the treatment is generally good, including noisy, barking dogs, although they have received suggestions for improvement. The paragraph only states that Iams considers its research necessary, not that it disputes the claim of ill treatment. It is not clear what they say, and I didn't find any information on this topic on the AKC or AVMA sites in a quick search. I think that the links to PETA belong in the External Links, not the paragraph.Juglice25A 02:37, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Regarding the last sentence in the "Cruelty" section; it now reads "Both the American Kennel Club[1] and the American Veterinary Medical Association[2] have issues with the the Iams Company." I haven't checked to see whether this has been changed since the above was written on February 7 or not but it certainly no longer mentions any support from these organizations for Iams. TCB007 08:56, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Ingredients
It appears that the website used as a source for the bit on animal by-products is a company website promoting their own vegan pet food. I think this should be removed if a proper reference cannot be found. Thoughts? Eneufeld 00:54, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

I agree. Most of or the entire section should be removed unless a proper reference can be found. TCB007 08:56, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Press Release Text
Shouldn't the text of the recall press release from Procter & Gamble be in block quotes or something? It isn't clear, scanning thru the article, that P&G is the source of all that text if you miss the header or interpret it as being a discussion of the press release and not the text itself. I just did it myself, scanning thru the article.

There probably also need to be some pointers to analysis of the press release. This bit is a particularly ridiculous display of doublespeak:

"P&G Pet Care is taking this proactive step out of an abundance of caution, because the health and well-being of pets is paramount in the mission of Iams and Eukanuba."

Seems to me like making a buck is paramount in the mission of Iams and Eukanuba. If health and well-being were paramount, they'd have recalled their products at the first sign of trouble, instead of waiting a month until hundreds of pets had been killed. It's hardly "proactive" to close the barn door after the cow's already gotten out and been killed. It would be just as fair to say they initiated the extensive recall in order to avoid additional legal liability.

Cleared up a bit
I cleared the article up a bit, but accidentally lost a bit of information about the kennel club. Can someone re-post it? Landhermie 23:51, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

URL Tampering
Someone had edited the page so that the link labled "IamsTruth.com" led to the PETA-backed "IamsCruelty.com" site. I changed it back. The link needs to be accurate, or it needs to be removed. Roundelais 20:47, 29 May 2007 (UTC)Roundelais
 * Landhermie and a couple of IP addresses keep adding this back in. I've removed it again.  If members of PETA want to include criticism, they need to do so by including it, not overwriting the contrary opinion.  Expand the criticism section to include PETA opinion, while others provide counter-points.  Anyone editing emotionally is going to bias the article, while we are supposed to be maintaining NPOV.  -FeralDruid 23:20, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I am keeping this article in my watch list as it seems to be persistantly vandalised by Landhermie and undisclosed IP addresses. I have just removed the ingredients pap because it is not referenced and appears to be unsubstantiated nonsense

Fair use rationale for Image:Iams.gif
Image:Iams.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:03, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Dog Barking
The dog barking part of this article adds nothing to the discussion about Iams. Instead it should be it's own article about the affects of dog barking. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.72.198.98 (talk) 03:02, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Part of the text appears to claim debarking is the most cruel thing and that it was done for no reason. Then Iams denies the debarking like it's the worst thing. The other text parts you don't like explain that there are reason for debarking. William Ortiz (talk) 03:04, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The text regarding dog barking's merits/criticism belongs on the debarking/Dog Barking article. --71.72.198.98 (talk) 03:18, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I rewrote the portion to basically say what I just said that debarking can be justified (trimmed as much as possible) but the poor living conditions cannot and Iams only denied the debarking and not the poor living conditions. William Ortiz (talk) 03:30, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * It is incorrect though. Iams actual response is to deny that the video is even part of Iams studies.  If you read the response on Iams website, you'll see the actual response is: "Rather than focusing on her assignment she captured video not of the scenes of the socialization and enrichment activities she was being paid to develop and deliver, but of dogs and cats that were housed in the same facility but not a part of Iams studies."  It appears you're not maintaining objectivity.  With regard to whether dog de-barking is humane, it's a debate again for the de-barking page not to justify here. --71.72.198.98 (talk) 03:36, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I didn't dig through all the references. The quote of what Iams denied was just what has always been in the article. William Ortiz (talk) 03:38, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Thus why i was trying to put a more accurate face on it. Will you now correct the mis-representation you've reintroduced to the article?--71.72.198.98 (talk) 03:41, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I rewrote the whole thing to give what Iams said. I basically quoted Iams instead of paraphrasing for accuracy. William Ortiz (talk) 03:49, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

PETA Attacks?
While I personally think PETA is off the deep end, I feel that the attacks levelled at PETA on the Iams page are inappropriate for this page. How does PETA's president's comments about Animal testing and AIDS add to an article about Iams? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.194.147.53 (talk) 18:10, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

I absolutely agree. It's just PETA bashing and is irrelevant. William Ortiz keeps adding in back in. I started a separate discussion entry asking him about his true agenda. MMAEditing (talk) 06:39, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

William Ortiz

Is Iams paying you? Why do you keep including irrelevant anti-PETA information? I myself do not believe in many of PETA's principles. But noting that PETA is against using animals in research for a cure for AIDS is a non-sequitor. Quite frankly, I must ask: What is your agenda here? MMAEditing (talk) 06:38, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

AKC and AVMA "support"
The article notes: "Both the American Kennel Club and the American Veterinary Medical Association have issued statements supporting the Iams Company." I have included two sources proving that Iams has sponsored the AKC and AVMA in various respects. These sponsorship relationships arerelevant to show bias. Someone keeps editing these links out. This is vandalism and must stop. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MMAEditing (talk • contribs) 05:31, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Firstly, to claim conflict of interest is wp:original research, you need a reliable source that claims the conflict of interest. More importantly, both the AKC and AVMA statements are in response to a 2001 article by the Sunday Express and not to Peta's expose. So they should be removed until info on the Sunday Express article is included. The article would need to make a distinction between animal testing per se (Sunday Express article) and mistreatment/abuse of animals(Peta's claim) and Iams reply to the two very different charges..--Dodo bird (talk) 04:51, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

NARGEL?
...What is that supposed to mean? Did someone mess with this page? 98.14.15.12 (talk) 22:05, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Animal welfare issues
This section needs to be clarified, as some of the information is out of date and no longer accurate. How are these changes?

In 1999, Helen Woodward Animal Center and Iams partnered together to create a holiday pet adoption drive called Iams Home 4 the Holidays. The drive started with 14 animal rescue organizations in San Diego. Since it began in 1999, the adoption program has helped place more than 3 million pets into homes.

In 2002, allegations by animal rights organizations like PETA and In Defense of Animals were raised against Iams for the way the company conducted animal research at the time.

The claims were based on video shot by an activist, hired by an Iams-contracted off-site research center (at Iams' request and expense), who took the job under false pretenses by working undercover for PETA. Iams requested oversight for the care and welfare of the animals at the site, but instead the activist filmed and edited illegal, hidden camera video of dogs and cats being treated inappropriately.[3]

P&G and Iams immediately ended its relationship with that research center, stating the activity was against the company's strict, long standing animal studies policies [4] In 2005, The Iams Company opened its Pet Health & Nutrition Center and by 2007, Iams ended all studies at external sites. According to Iams, more than 70 percent of its feeding trials are conducted by volunteers who participate in in-home pet food feeding studies, but for those that require a more controlled environment, the company-owned center is used for its necessary controlled feeding studies.

To offer additional insight and transparency about Iams' research, Iams created the Iams International Animal Welfare Advisory Board, comprised of leaders in animal welfare. Organizations like the ASPCA and Helen Woodward Animal Center participate on the board and help conduct unannounced site visits to Iams' research facilities on a regular basis.

The Iams Company developed an informational Web site called IamsTruth.com that includes its Animal Studies Policy, animal care video and details about what industry experts say about its industry leadership in animal welfare issues in an effort to offer continued transparent insight into the pet care company. Exsfo (talk) 17:18, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

 * It's been a few days - there do not seem to be any objections, so I am going to make these changes. Exsfo (talk) 21:22, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

History section
this reads like an advert for the company rather than an encyclopaedic entry hardly neutral —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.236.26.152 (talk) 17:31, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

What about changing it to the following text, with supporting links as appropriate?

The story of the Iams brand goes back to the 1940s, when companion animals were predominantly fed home-made food, usually table scraps. Paul Iams, an animal nutritionist, decided to take a different approach to pet nutrition and feeding. After graduating from Ohio State University in 1938, he worked for a number of companies, including his father’s feed business in Dayton, Ohio, and then founded The Iams Company in 1946 in a small feed mill near Dayton. In 1950, he developed the world’s first animal-based protein, dry dog food and called it Iams 999. In 1969, Paul Iams formulated a new dog food and named it Eukanuba.

In 1973 during the Arab oil embargo, the costs for meat and bone meal tripled, but sales prices were frozen by a nationwide wage and price control issued by President Richard Nixon. However, Paul Iams did not change the product formula in any way and maintained its high-quality standards in the hopes the price freeze mandate would be over quickly. The decision was costly and the company nearly went broke, but the founder was quoted as saying, “… it was the best thing that could have happened” as it solidified Iams’ reputation for providing premium nutrition at an affordable price.

In 1975, after weathering the price freeze, the company was reeling. Paul Iams felt he’d taken the company as far as it could go and decided to close the company rather than grow the business further. Clay Mathile, who joined Iams in 1970, decided to save the pet food company and purchased half of it in 1975[1][2]. By 1982, he became the sole owner and president.

After growing the company from $100,000 in 1970 to $900 million in 1999, Mathile sold it to Procter & Gamble (P&G) in September 1999. In July 2006, P&G re-organized the Pet Health & Nutrition division into P&G Pet Care (consisting of the Iams and Eukanuba brands). Exsfo (talk) 22:52, 9 July 2009 (UTC)exsfo

It's been a few days and there do not seem to be any objections, so I am going to make these changes. 209.234.157.194 (talk) 22:00, 21 July 2009 (UTC)exsfo

Iams
Given the updates to the other sections of the entry, what about expanding the upfront about Iams? The proposed text is below.

Iams is a brand name for dog food and cat food manufactured by Procter & Gamble. The Iams Company was acquired by Procter & Gamble in September 1999. Iams has an extensive line of pet food for cats and dogs specially formulated for every life stage, including puppy, adult and mature. In addition to veterinary formulas for pets with special dietary requirements, Iams has three main formulas – ProActive Health, Healthy Naturals and Premium Protection – which were developed by nutritionists and veterinarians. Iams also recently introduced Prostora Max a supplement for dogs to aid with digestive health.

Iams also sponsors The Pet Hour on Sirius XM which is a radio show dedicated to all-things pets.

Exsfo (talk) 18:01, 31 July 2009 (UTC)exsfo

As it has been a while and there do not seem to be any objections, so I am going to make these changes. Exsfo (talk) 18:21, 12 August 2009 (UTC)exsfo

Appearance of bias in this article
When reading more than a few parts of this article it gave me a feeling it was written by a publicity company working for Iams. I'm not saying there is HUGE bias, but the article just "FEELS" like it is written with a slant that is praising the company in the way a publicity puff piece tends to do.

BillMcIntyre (talk) 22:23, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

NPOV dispute
I have added a tag to this page indicating that it does not conform to Wikipedia's guidelines for neutral point of view. Because of this, I have created a talk section for wikipedians and others to discuss the supposed neutrality of this article. If the neutrality dispute is not discussed and decided soon (and the article therefore changed) I will have to add a tag for speedy deletion. Mar2194 (talk) 16:25, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

Iams dog food
My brother has been fostering stray dogs that he and his wife find. Currently has 12 dogs. And this weekend he was telling me that all the dogs he had over the years and None of them have ever been sick with a major disease where they had to be put down. He says it’s because of lams dog food. The dog he finds are usually in very bad health. I want to let you know that a person who has had over 100 dogs only will use iams. 72.181.175.134 (talk) 01:51, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iams


text:
User:Orudge

About Me
My name is Owen Rudge, and I'm generally best known for creating and managing The Transport Tycoon Forums, an active discussion forum for the Transport Tycoon community. I'm also the creator and/or maintainer of several utilities for the game, including TTDAlter, TTDX Editor and the Transport Tycoon Saved Game Manager. In addition, I maintain my personal web site, covering subjects such as FreeGEM, as well as running a small web hosting service.

I have spent most of my life living in Orkney, in the north of Scotland, so a number of my contributions are related to the isles. I then studied Computer Science at the University of St Andrews, and now live in Aberdeenshire.

title: User:Orudge


text:
Talk:Seawaymax

Untitled
Woops. The information in this article is incorrect. The 13 x 1000 foot vessels I listed here are the maximum size that can fit through the locks of the Great Lakes Waterway, but they are too large to fit through the canals of the St Lawrence Seaway. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Geo Swan (talk • contribs) 17:27, 19 February 2005 (UTC)

 * The Soo Locks (Sault St. Marie) are 1100 feet x 105 x 27'9" (http://www.duluthport.com/port-stats-facts.php). How common is the usage of Lakers (for ships confined to the Great Lakes) and Salties (ocean-going)?  I know those terms are used at the Duluth harbor, but is it used elsewhere?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nerfer (talk • contribs) 20:49, 29 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seawaymax


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User talk:Russellkanning

Ah, I see you don't check wikipedia only from work - or else you work weekends! Oh, well, if you're that determined on (IMHO) an inappropriate external link, I'll bow to your perserverence. It's not like it's grossly wrong or anything. (By the way, do you know that wikipedia has a meta-tag which prevents external links from contributing to search-engine results?) - DavidWBrooks 17:27, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Russellkanning


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User:CturtlesRcool

I am Me.

title: User:CturtlesRcool


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Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America

Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA) was a United States labor union known for its support for "social unionism" and progressive political causes. Led by Sidney Hillman for its first thirty years, it helped found the Congress of Industrial Organizations. It merged with the Textile Workers Union of America (TWUA) in 1976 to form the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU), which merged with the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union in 1995 to create the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE). UNITE merged in 2004 with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) in 2004 to create a new union known as UNITE HERE. After a bitter internal dispute in 2009, the majority of the UNITE side of the union, along with some of the disgruntled HERE locals left UNITE HERE, and formed a new union named Workers United, led by former UNITE president Bruce Raynor.

Founding
In 1914, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America—also known as "ACWA" or simply "the Amalgamated"—formed as a result of the revolt of the urban locals against the conservative AFL affiliate the United Garment Workers. The roots of this conflict date to the 1910 Chicago garment workers' strike, when a spontaneous strike by a handful of women workers led to a citywide strike of 41,000 garment workers. The bitter strike pitted the strikers against not only their employers and the local authorities, but also their own union.

The leadership of the United Garment Workers mistrusted the more militant local leadership in Chicago and in other large urban locals, which had strong Socialist loyalties. When it tried to disenfranchise those locals' members at the UGW's 1914 convention, those locals, representing two thirds of the union's membership, bolted to form the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. The AFL refused to recognize the new union and the UGW regularly raided it, furnishing strikebreakers and signing contracts with struck employers, in the years to come.

The Amalgamated's battles with the UGW's leadership also soured the union's relations with Abraham Cahan and the Daily Forward, which Cahan edited. During the 1913 strike by the United Brotherhood of Tailors in New York City, Cahan and the United Hebrew Trades had taken sides with the UGW leadership against the strikers by endorsing a settlement that the strikers rejected. The same split surfaced again the following year when the Forward and members of the Socialist Party who had a stake in the AFL supported the new union, but only tepidly, when it split from the UGW and the AFL. While the Forward played a direct role in the internal politics of the other major garment union, the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU, or ILG), in years to come, it had far less influence over the ACWA.

Growth
The Amalgamated solidified its gains and extended its power in Chicago through a series of strikes in the last half of the 1910s. The Amalgamated found it harder, on the other hand, to make gains in Baltimore, where it was able to sign an agreement with one of the largest manufacturers that, like HSM (Hart Schaffner and Marx) in Chicago, sought labor peace, it found itself at odds with an unusual alliance of UGW locals, the corrupt head of the Baltimore Federation of Labor, and the Industrial Workers of the World, who undermined the Amalgamated's strikes and attacked strikers. Complicating the picture further were the ethnic bonds between the many Lithuanian members of the IWW and the subcontractors whom the Amalgamated was trying to put out of business and the anarcho-syndicalist politics of many Lithuanian workers, who had developed their politics in opposition to czarist oppression in their homeland. The Amalgamated eventually prevailed, as the contradictions between the IWW's politics and its alliance with small contractors and the AFL eventually undercut its support among Lithuanian workers.

The ACWA also benefited from the relatively pro-union stance of the federal government during World War I, during which the federal Board of Control and Labor Standards for Army Clothing enforced a policy of labor peace in return for union recognition. With the support of key progressives, such as Walter Lippman, Felix Frankfurter, and Charles Rosen the union was able to obtain government support in organizing outposts such as Rochester, New York as part of an experiment in industrial democracy.

That experiment ended in 1919, when employers in nearly every industry with a history of unionism went on the offensive. The ACWA not only survived a four-month lockout in New York City, but came away in an even stronger position. By 1920, the union had contracts with 85 percent of men's garment manufacturers and had reduced the workweek to 44 hours.

Under Hillman's leadership, the union tried to moderate the fierce competition between employers in the industry by imposing industry wide working standards, thereby taking wages and hours out of the competitive calculus. The ACWA tried to regulate the industry in other ways, arranging loans and conducting efficiency studies for financially troubled employers. Hillman also favored "constructive cooperation" with employers, relying on arbitration rather than strikes to resolve disputes during the life of a contract. As he explained his philosophy in 1938:

 * Certainly, I believe in collaborating with the employers! That is what unions are for. I even believe in helping an employer function more productively. For then, we will have a claim to higher wages, shorter hours, and greater participation in the benefits of running a smooth industrial machine....

The ACWA also pioneered a version of "social unionism" that offered low-cost cooperative housing and unemployment insurance to union members and founded a bank, Amalgamated Bank, that would serve labor's interests. Hillman and the ACWA had strong ties to many progressive reformers, such as Jane Addams and Clarence Darrow.

Hillman was, on the other hand, opposed to revolutionary unionism and to the Communist Party USA. While Hillman had maintained warm relations with the Communist Party during the early 1920s—at a time when his leadership was being challenged both by the Forward on the right and by Lithuanian and Italian syndicalists and Jewish anarchists within the union on the left—those relations cooled in 1924 when the CP withdrew its support for the Farmer-Labor Party created to support La Follette's candidacy for President. From that point forward Hillman battled the CP activists within his union, but without the massive internecine strife that nearly tore apart the ILGWU in this era.

The CP did not refuse to put up a fight when it broke with Hillman and the ACW leadership. The struggle was most acute in outlying areas, such as Montreal, Toronto and Rochester, where the CP and its Canadian counterpart were strongly entrenched. In New York City the fight was often physical, as Hillman brought in Abraham Beckerman, a prominent member of the Socialist Party with close ties to The Forward, to use strongarm tactics on communist opponents within the union. By the end of the decade, the CP was no longer a significant force in the union.

Fighting organized crime
While battling the CP, Hillman turned a blind eye to the infiltration of gangsters within the union. The garment industry had been riddled for decades with small-time gangsters, who ran protection and loansharking rackets while offering muscle in labor disputes. First hired to strongarm strikers, some went to work for unions, who used them first for self-defense, then to intimidate strikebreakers and recalcitrant employers. ILG locals used "Dopey" Benny Fein, who refused on principle to work for employers.

Internecine warfare between labor sluggers eliminated many of the earliest racketeers. "Little Augie" Jacob Orgen took over the racket, providing muscle for the ILGWU in the 1926 strike. Louis "Lepke" Buchalter had Orgen assassinated in 1927 in order to take over his operations. Buchalter took an interest in the industry, acquiring ownership of a number of trucking firms and control of local unions of truckdrivers in the garment district, while acquiring an ownership interest in some garment firms and local unions.

Buchalter, who had provided services for some locals of the Amalgamated during the 1920s, also acquired influence within the ACW. Among his allies within the ACW were Beckerman and Philip Orlofsky, another officer in Cutters Local 4, who made sweetheart deals with manufacturers that allowed them to subcontract to cut-rate subcontractors out of town, using Buchalter's trucking companies to bring the goods back and forth.

In 1931 Hillman resolved to act against Buchalter, Beckerman and Orlofsky. He began by orchestrating public demands on Jimmy Walker, the corrupt Tammany Hall Mayor of New York, to crack down on racketeering in the garment district, Hillman then proceeded to seize control of Local 4, expelling Beckerman and Orlofsky from the union, then taking action against corrupt union officials in Newark, New Jersey. The union then struck a number of manufacturers to bar the subcontracting of work to non-union or cut rate contractors in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. In the course of that strike the union picketed a number of trucks run by Buchalter's companies to prevent them from bringing finished goods back to New York.

While the campaign cleaned up the ACW, it did not drive Buchalter out of the industry. The union may, in fact, have made a deal of some sort with Buchalter, although no evidence has ever surfaced, despite intensive efforts of political opponents of the union, such as Thomas Dewey and Westbrook Pegler, to find it. Buchalter claimed, before his execution in 1944, that he had never dealt with either Hillman or Dubinsky, head of the ILGWU.

The Great Depression and the founding of the CIO
The Great Depression reduced the Amalgamated's membership to one third or less of its former strength. Like many other unions, the ACWA revived with the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act, whose promise of legal protection for workers' right to organize brought thousands of garment workers back to the ACWA. The AFL finally allowed the ACWA to affiliate in 1933.

Hillman and the ACWA were supporters of the New Deal and Roosevelt from the outset. FDR named Hillman to the Labor Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration in 1933 and to the National Industrial Recovery Board in 1934. Hillman provided key assistance to Senator Robert F. Wagner in the drafting of the National Labor Relations Act and to Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins in winning enactment of the Fair Labor Standards Act.

Within the AFL, the ACWA was one of the strongest advocates for organizing the mass production industries, such as automobile manufacture and steel, where unions had almost no presence, as well as the textile industry, which was only partially organized. Hillman was one of the original founders in 1935 of the Committee for Industrial Organizing, an effort led by John L. Lewis, and the ACWA followed the Mine Workers and other unions out of the AFL in 1937 to establish the CIO as a separate union confederation. With the new federation establishing itself as a viable alternative to the AFL, Hillman would serve as its first vice president. The ACWA experienced prodigious growth during the CIO's early years. At the federation's founding in 1935, the ACWA's members numbered roughly 100,000, but by 1940, they had more than doubled, counting 239,000 members in 265 locals.

The ACWA provided major financial support for the Textile Workers Organizing Committee, which sought to establish a new union for textile workers after the disastrous defeat of the United Textile Workers' strike in 1934. The Textile Workers Union of America, with more than 100,000 members, came out of that effort in 1939 as part of Operation Dixie. The ACWA also helped create the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Workers Union of America through the CIO's Department Store Workers Organizing Committee.

Hillman and Lewis eventually had a falling out, with Lewis advocating a more independent tack in dealing with the federal government than Hillman. Lewis, however, gradually distanced himself from the CIO, finally resigning as its head and then withdrawing the United Mine Workers from it in 1942. Hillman remained in it, still the second most visible leader after Philip Murray, Lewis' successor.

Jacob Potofsky, a fellow veteran of the Hart. Schaffner & Marx strike of 1910, succeeded Hillman upon his death in 1946. The Amalgamated continued to grow during the 1950s, crossing the 300,000 member threshold in 1951, but, like other garment unions, faced long-term pressures from the flight of unionized work to non-union manufacturers in the South and abroad.

Mergers
The ACWA had played a leading role in the funding and leadership of the Textile Workers Organizing Committee, an organization founded by the CIO in 1939 as part of its effort to organize the South. The TWOC, which later renamed itself the Textile Workers Union of America, grew to as many as 100,000 members in the 1940s, but made little headway organizing in the South in the decades that followed.

In 1961, the International Glove Workers' Union of America merged into the ACWA. The ACWA merged with the TWUA in 1976 to form the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union.

Political activities
The ACWA had been active in trying to form a labor party in the 1920s, combining some elements of the Socialist Party with supporters of La Follette.

Hillman used the ACWA as a base, along with the ILGWU led by David Dubinsky, in founding the American Labor Party in 1936, an ostensibly independent party that served as a halfway house for Socialists and other leftists who wanted to support FDR's reelection but were not prepared to join the Democratic Party. Dubinsky later split from the Labor Party over personal and political differences with Hillman to found the Liberal Party of New York.

ACWA represented strikers in the Farah strike, 1972–1974.

Presidents

 * 1914: Sidney Hillman
 * 1946: Jacob Potofsky
 * 1972: Murray Finley

Secretary-Treasurers

 * 1914: Joseph Schlossberg
 * 1940: Jacob Potofsky
 * 1946: Frank Rosenblum
 * 1972: Jack Sheinkman

Co-founding Vice Presidents

 * Bessie Abramowitz Hillman
 * August Bellanca
 * Dorothy Jacobs Bellanca
 * Joseph Catalanotti
 * Louis Hollander

title: Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America


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Talk:Shoemaking

Separate disambiguation page needed...
x A separate disambiguation page is needed for the Shoemaker names. ~ clearthought 18:11, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that the list of names is not directly relevent to the topic, and should be split off. A notice like "Shoemaker directs here. See Shoemaker (disambiguation) for other uses". -- Infrogmation 23:12, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Technique for making women's shoes at home
Someone might possibly want to add a brief discussion of Mary Wales Loomis, who developed an uncommon method for making women's shoes and sandals using plaster lasts, an ordinary sewing machine, and other household tools (very different from industrial shoemaking techniques). Since Mrs. Loomis is my own mother (!), it would of course be inappropriate for me to add anything about her to Wikipedia, but perhaps someone else would like to consider if something constructive could be said here about her work without making it sound commercial. Richwales (talk) 01:26, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

the question is did your mother change how the shoemaking industry operated? Was her innovation somehow revolutionary? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.139.17.176 (talk) 03:40, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

A weird passage
No sure it was needed: "shoe making is a fine sport only played by thoes of extreemly fit and good looking bodys, it consits of many young muscular men racing to make the most amount a swam dangle shoes in ten minutes,the current world titel holder for this sport is Imawe Ner" If someone misses it, you can edit it into something comprehensible. --Oop (talk) 10:06, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Bold text
Well I think cobblers are so cool!!!!

Shoe making bench

Just an image ... from. --J. D. Redding 00:16, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Slang usage of "cobbler"
Since this page is about shoemaking and not cobbling, I removed the sentence about a cockney slang usage of "cobbling" that meant something that was untrue. In fact, the Oxford English Dictionary states that the term is from rhyming slang for awls-balls and can mean "rubbish" or "nonsense," first use in 1930s. Anyone with access to OED can look up, unfortunately I can't link to it otherwise. But here is the OED entry:

[Rhyming slang < cobbler's (or cobblers') awls.] A ball; esp. in pl., ‘balls’, testicles; nonsense, rubbish.

1934   P. Allingham Cheapjack xv. 186  The Cobbler is even more simple. It is a ball game‥‘cobbler’ is the slang for ball. 1936   ‘J. Curtis’ Gilt Kid xviii. 178  Well, they got us by the cobblers. 1955   P. Wildeblood Against Law 137   Oh, that's all cobblers. 1962   R. Cook Crust on its Uppers ii. 30  Talking more cobblers to the square inch than the bishop on confirmation day. 1968   Melody Maker 5 Oct. 6/4   Geno Washington says Grapefruit's recent attack on the Maryland Club, Glasgow, was ‘a load of cobblers’. They are one of the best audiences in Britain, says Geno. 1970   A. Draper Swansong for Rare Bird vii. 60,  I was a little suspicious. ‘What's the catch?’ I asked. ‘Why all this cobblers about clothes?’

If you have another source, please advise! Also removed the phrase suggesting that shoes were of of poor quality "back then." Source didn't state that, and shoes of all qualities were available then as they are now. ;) Bob98133 (talk) 19:23, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

Cobbler
In reply to Bob98133, I heard 'cobblers' as "cobbler's nails", which rhymes with 'tales', and 'tale' often meant a lie (an untrue story).

More importantly, cobblers were real people, and it's surprising that Wikipedia has no article about their trade, and even this article barely mentions them. Anyone who can remember the early 1950s in Britain would know what a cobbler was.

Cobbler's nails were like tin tacks, but smaller, and held the sole to the upper. The cobbler had a cast-iron upside-down foot-shaped object called a 'last', over which he fitted the shoe while he hammered the nails in. When the tip of the nail hit the last, it turned sideways, making a partial hook that held it in place. These nails were placed only around the edge of the sole, of course.

As the sole wore thinner, the nails became uncomfortable, and also made holes in the socks. For a large family, shoe repairs and socks (only cotton or wool) were a significant expense. Most people walked a lot then, as very few had a phone or a car. Leather soles and heels wore out fast, so the cobbler was in demand. [By the way, the 1950s in Britain were uncomfortable in numerous ways; here I mention only that one had to walk outdoors every day, in all kinds of weather, in shoes that hurt, and clothes that were not warm enough; the shoes let in water immediately, and clothes were not very waterproof either.]

At that time the cobbler only repaired shoes, which looked like they were factory-made (with nails).

Some time before 1960, glue began to be used instead of nails, then rubber began to replace leather as the sole-patching material. Around 1960 new shoes with entirely rubber (and/or plastic?) soles/heels (glued/bonded to the upper) began to appear. These did not wear out so quickly, and were much more comfortable. 'Bata' seemed to be a major early manufacturer of such shoes.

(to talk, write to radia.e at gmail )

59.101.147.141 (talk) 02:48, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

useful source for history
this economics paper has a lot of very fascinating info on history of shoemaking, eg in 1850, Massachusetts accounted for about 44% of all shoes made in the us !! https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/8wk3ngxp6q2esf6u4so2d/WillCockriel_JMP_Sept252023.pdf?rlkey=qoqy0yzngduovx34lptpxlpc8&dl=0

title: Talk:Shoemaking


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League of Ireland Cup

The League of Ireland Cup (Corn Sraithe na hÉireann), also referred to in Ireland as the 'League Cup', was an annual knockout competition in men's football in the Republic of Ireland. It was contested by League of Ireland clubs and invited clubs from the lower levels of the Republic of Ireland football league system. It has been sponsored by Electronic Arts and branded the EA Sports Cup since 2009.

The competition began in 1973–74, replacing the League of Ireland Shield and the Dublin City Cup. It has had several formats since its inception and has been a knock-out competition since 2005. As there was no European qualification for winners of the League of Ireland Cup, it had a lower status than the FAI Cup and was therefore seen as the third most important trophy in the Irish playing season.

The competition was not held in 2020 and 2021 as a result of delays and restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and has yet to resume being held as of 2024.

Performance by club

 * Includes results for Limerick and Limerick City.
 * Includes results for Galway Rovers.
 * Includes results for Waterford FC.

Sponsors
Bass League Cup: 1975–76 – 1978–79

Opel League Cup: 1986–87 – 1989–90

Bord Gáis League Cup: 1990–91 – 1995–96

Harp Lager League Cup: 1996–97 – 1998–99

Eircom League Cup: 1999–2000 – 2008

EA Sports Cup: 2009 –

Television coverage
The Final has been broadcast live since 2005, first by Setanta Sports, then since 2016 by its successor channel Eir Sport

title: League of Ireland Cup


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Holly & Stephen's Saturday Showdown

Holly & Stephen's Saturday Showdown (previously titled Ministry of Mayhem and MoM) was a British children's entertainment programme, which was broadcast on ITV (later CITV) from 10 January 2004 to 1 July 2006.

Overview
Ministry of Mayhem was first broadcast on 10 January 2004 and aired weekly on a Saturday morning on ITV. The programme featured a mix of cartoons, celebrity guests, live music and phone-in competitions - with surreal characters, crazy games and a load of gunge thrown in for good measure. It was initially presented by CITV presenters Stephen Mulhern, Holly Willoughby and Michael Underwood.

The theme tune was sung by little-known boyband The Noise Next Door and can be found as a B-side to their debut single "Lock Up Ya Daughters".

The show was produced at The Maidstone Studios by The Foundation, working initially in partnership with Carlton Television. After Carlton and Granada merged in 2004 to form ITV plc, all Carlton productions were switched to run under the Granada name, thus the programme became a Granada-Foundation production. From 2006, Granada programmes for ITV were branded ITV Productions, and so it became an ITV Productions-The Foundation production for the remainder of its run. It was one of the last Saturday morning children's live magazine programmes on British television thus the final show on 1 July 2006 marking the end of the Saturday morning children's programmes after 38 years.

The first revamp
This occurred on 24 July 2004, with a new set and opening titles being introduced - however the characters 'Tina and Gina' were not included in the revamp. Other new additions included sketch series At Home with the Mayhems and later Butthaven, which featured the presenters playing 'rainbow coats' in a fictitious holiday camp of the same name - with possible inspiration from the sitcom Hi-de-Hi!, and even a special studio appearance from one of the show's stars, Ruth Madoc, who was subsequently gunged.

Goodbye Michael, Hello MoM
On 18 December 2004, Underwood presented his final edition, though this was not announced on screen until towards the end of the show - he got a Ministry style send off. A reason for his departure may have been that his contract was up for renewal and he chose not to renew it, in favour of joining GMTV to co-present Entertainment Today.

From 1 January 2005, Ministry of Mayhem became known as simply M.O.M, with much less emphasis on the 'Ministry' theme - though this did not have great effect on the format as a whole.

Animals & Additions
On 26 February 2005, a large crate mysteriously arrived in the studio, and viewers were asked to guess what was inside. When eventually opened, it revealed the show's new resident puppet characters, 'The Hyenas' - operated by Don Austen and John Eccleston. Austen and Eccleston were no strangers to Saturday morning children's television with previous experience on What's Up Doc and Live and Kicking. Every week, The Hyenas would provide humour and wreak havoc amongst the proceedings. Viewers were later asked to suggest names for them, the eventual winner being Scratch and Sniff.

The game Name That Tone saw the introduction of a man by the name of Mr. Lee (played by Vincent Wong), whose original intention was to solely deliver the list of ring tones to whoever was hosting the game to the song of his same name by The Bobbettes - and the autumn saw the arrival of a puppy called Snowy, who like The Hyenas had his name chosen from viewers' suggestions.

Holly & Stephen's Saturday Showdown
On 7 January 2006 after a Christmas break, the programme returned with a new format, design, theme tune, and name - Holly and Stephen's Saturday Showdown.

The format consisted of Willoughby and Mulhern inviting viewers and celebrities into their 'flat' to participate in a battle of the sexes. The teams had to earn points from the games they played, and which ever team had the most points by the end of the show would be the winner, with the losing team having to face a forfeit (e.g. getting covered in gunge). Also ten viewers (of the winning gender) at home would win a key to the flat and/or a place on the team for the studio games the following week.

Ray and Scratch 'n' Sniff remained after the revamp. The most noticeable character absences were The Doctor and Mr. Lee. A new character called Wallace was introduced. He was a rapping child who supposedly lived in the closet under the stairs - he disappeared after the first episode.

On 11 March 2006 it was the first programme to be broadcast on the long-awaited CITV Channel - which also saw the introduction of Saturday Showdown Extra, which was exclusive to the new channel and aired straight after the main programme from 11:30 to 12:00. Only viewers on the CITV Channel were able to watch the entire 11 March 2006 edition owing to the fact that over on ITV1, coverage of the qualifying session for the Bahrain Grand Prix was being broadcast from 10:30.

The end
It was first reported on 12 May 2006 that Saturday Showdown was to be axed, which was due to ITV's in-house children's production arm closing down. The programme was gradually phased out, eventually being dropped from the ITV network itself as of 10 June and its last three weeks airing exclusively on the CITV Channel. As such, the programme no longer used the 'Extra' tagline, given that the whole two-and-a-half hour show was now only airing on the CITV Channel.

On 1 July 2006, the very final edition was broadcast, which saw the return of the characters 'The Doctor', 'Mr. Lee' and one half of The Hyenas, 'Sniff'. There was also a new take on M.O.M favourite Cakey Sk8, plus some jabs by presenters and characters towards the decision taken by ITV to air a new cookery programme by the name of Saturday Cooks! in its place on the main channel.

At the very end of the final show, Holly and Stephen were both gunged by the cast and the crew, after which an 'older' Holly and Stephen reminisced about their time together in a pre-recorded post-credits style scene.

The Lab
The Lab has been with the show since the start and has survived the many revamps, though the set itself has changed. It was primarily used by the Doc, a mock German scientist and 1970s throwback from the University of Brighton, played by Peter Cocks. Although nowadays he's never referred to by name, in an early edition of the show, he revealed his surname to be Undgoggles, presumably making his first name Helmut. The Doc is usually accompanied by Stephen (as a lab-hand) for this part of the show, and the two attempt a simple experiment in order to demonstrate some scientific principle; the Doc also tries to incapacitate Stephen with laughter (and has succeeded on several occasions) by laying on thick innuendo, as well as comedic hints towards homosexuality and Nazism, much to the hilarity of adult viewers. At least one of the experiments has resulted in a complaint to OFCOM being upheld for fear that it would encourage children to imitate a dangerous procedure.

The original Lab was a plain white room located somewhere in the large studio. Post revamp it occupied a fairly large part of the studio in an enclosed set. However, to make room for a new seated area within the enclosed set, and larger outdoor-oriented experiments, the Lab was reduced to at least half its original size and equipped with a cupboard that acted as a portal to the outdoors for larger experiments.

When the programme was renamed Saturday Showdown, the show no longer had the Doc or his lab. Though on 18 March 2006, the Doc made a surprise appearance at the end of the main show. The part went as follows: Just as Holly and Stephen are about to say goodbye, Stephen found a German towel. They both say, "He isn't back, is he?" and we see through the door's frosted glass the blur of The Doctor as he shouts through the letterbox. But viewers without cable or satellite never got to see him that week, as he only fully appeared on the CITV Channel's Holly and Stephen's Saturday Showdown Extra. Though Stephen asked the Doc on the show if he could come back next week, it was to be a one-off appearance. However, the Doc re-appeared for the final show on 1 July 2006.

Shows
MoM was also host to many children's shows and cartoons, including SpongeBob SquarePants and Finders Keepers. After the launch of the CITV channel, viewers could switch over for a different show (similar to the interactive feature on CBBC's Mighty Truck of Stuff).

• All Grown Up! (2004)

• The Angry Beavers (2004)

• Creature Comforts (2004)

• ¡Mucha Lucha! (2004)

• My Parents Are Aliens (2004)

• Sabrina The Teenage Witch (2004)

• Teen Angel (2004)

• Tutenstein (2004)

• Pet Alien (2004–05)

• Atomic Betty (2004–06)

• Drake & Josh (2004–06)

• SpongeBob SquarePants (2004–06)

• New Captain Scarlet (2005)

• King Arthur's Disasters (2005)

• Planet Sketch (2005)

• The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers (2006)

• Shuriken School (2006)

• Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2006)

• Bratz (2006, CITV channel only)

• Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids (2006, CITV channel only)

Cakey Sk8
Celebrities propel cakes from skateboards and the cake which reaches highest up the wall wins; the wall had to be extended after it was found that celebrities using it were getting the cakes higher and higher. The cakes were brought on by Willoughby, in the role of "Cousin Polly with the Trolley", wearing a french maid costume and short black wig. She would speak in an exaggerated cockney accent, and give the scores in metres, which she would pronounce "MEE-ahs".

Spelling Smackdown
This game saw Stephen (in one episode, Holly) dressed up in a bumblebee costume and colloquially known as the "Spellminator" ("Spellminatrix" for Holly) and another contestant who usually wrote in to the Ministry to take part. Michael was dressed in a black dinner suit and was the MC. There were three rounds of spelling, in which each contestant was given a word with its definition and had to spell it one letter at a time. The person with the most points at the end would win and later receive the Spelling Smackdown belt. If there was a tie after three rounds then a spell-off contest would take place. The spell-off would involve a longer word (usually nine letters or more) being given and each competitor would take it in turns to spell the word letter by letter; the first person to make a mistake would lose. The game disappeared after a few weeks and then returned briefly with different rules, using the spell-off format. Before the contest, both the Spellminator and the contestant would walk into the ring accompanied by a song with a spelling motif such as: Respect by Aretha Franklin, D.I.S.C.O. by Ottawan, I.O.U by Freeez, Y.M.C.A. by Village People and ABC by Jackson 5.

Name that Tone
Mr. Lee (played by Vincent Wong) brings on the ring-tones to his own theme tune. Then, contestants from the studio audience pair up with either one of the presenters or the show's celebrity guest to guess the titles of songs in the form of ring-tones, usually for a mobile phone or an MP3. A spin-off show entitled "MOM's Name that Tone" featured on CITV on Tuesdays for a while.

Ram Ray
Ram Ray was the most popular game in the show. It involved the dwarf stuntman Ray (played by actor Raymond Griffiths) charging into a set of five doors, four wooden, one made of paper. A caller would select a door, hoping for it to be made of paper. Ray would then charge at a door and either run through it if it was made of paper or slam into it and fall backwards if it was made of wood. Ray would often fall and roll across the floor of the studio rather dramatically, and he was often checked to see if he was hurt (although Stephen often found his collisions hilarious). To suit the theme of an episode, Ray would often wear a matching costume.

Race Ray
A contestant would attempt to beat Ray in a one-on-one race, normally on foot, but occasionally by other modes of transport, such as husky dogs. The contestant would often be given a handicap (e.g. time, distance) and was required to make up the deficit to Ray over the course of the race.

Relly from Helly
An audience member is embarrassed by a relative, which also became a feature of the very first Showdown as the Parent Trap where the viewer embarrassed the parent.

Supermarket Sneak
Two teams, composed of one of the presenters and a child, go to a supermarket with a trolley full of items in progressively larger sizes. The aim of the game is to place all of the items into unsuspecting shoppers' trolleys. The first team to do so wins. The introduction of this game came a matter of weeks before the new series of Dick and Dom in da Bungalow started which was to feature an almost identical game, which had been pre-filmed in August.

Gibber Jabber
A game the hyenas created, an audience member is made to sit on a chair in front of a giant mouth sculpture and must talk about a subject without saying a specific word. If the audience member says the word then they are disqualified and sent head first through the mouth hole. If they manage to talk for the required amount of time without saying the word then they'll be told their prize is backstage and are then sent into the mouth regardless. The Hyenas are implied to eat the contestants regardless of if they win or lose. After the game's first appearance the hyenas would also splash the loser with "Hyena milk" (implied to be their urine). Later the rules were changed so that the contestant had to guess three specific words instead with the punchline of the game still being the same.

Saturday Showdown Games
Showdown had many games to fill the time gaps between shows. The games included:

Dodge Dolly's Balls
Despite the rude-sounding name, it is actually Granny Dolly in her loft with Scratch and Sniff. They both have to dodge her mothballs and the one with the least hits wins. The golden ball also wipes out all of your hits. Despite having the appearance of a live phone-in game, this segment is actually pre-recorded. This has been proved by the fact that Sniff only appears in this segment. The game has appeared on editions where Holly Willoughby was absent, along with the lack of any obvious entry details for the game, either on the show or the website, and with the speed Holly would have to change costumes if the segment was live, as she appears on screen within seconds either side of the game. It has been speculated that the callers on this segment are either somehow connected to the crew or the winners of keys to the studio, and are present in the studio at the time of recording. According to Sniff, Granny Dolly is now dead, as he had to eat her, as he had no food, which is why DDB finished.

Parent Trap
A version of Relly from Helly in which the child embarrasses the parent, which was discontinued after one show.

Pumping on your Stereo
A similar format to Name that Tone, based around distorted songs rather than ring-tones, and featuring Scratch rather than Mr. Lee but on the final show, Mr. Lee returned.

Ram Ray
In Saturday Showdown, a revised version of Ram Ray is played. This version uses only four "doors" - a dresser, a cupboard (later a jukebox), a toilet door and a set of shelves. Two callers take it in turns to guess which of these objects is 'soft' i.e. will break when Ray runs into it. The caller who guesses correctly wins points for their team, be it boys or girls. This segment primarily used furniture but as weeks went by, they slowly reverted to 3 doors and a dresser.

Supermarket Sneak
Taken from MOM. Cut after 6th show.

Celebrity Window Cleaners
Both teams would compete against each other as a celebrity's face would be revealed from behind soap bubbles on the studio TV screen. If one team correctly identified the celebrity, they would earn their team points and would then be asked a supplementary question about the celebrity who had just been revealed. Getting that question right would earn the team more points. At the end of the round, there would then be a series of quickfire general knowledge questions, which, as the game was usually played at the end of the show, often determined the winners of that week's showdown.

Scratch's Cupboard
In this feature, viewers guess what would be in the hyena's dark green cupboard; Holly & Stephen would give out some clues to what would be inside before the viewers started to phone in to guess their answers; more clues would be described the following week if an incorrect answer was given the previous week. If the caller gives out the correct answer, they would win prizes; more prizes were added to the previous weeks' prize if an incorrect answer occurred in consecutive weeks. Example:- "It's round, red, hard, something you play with, sits on a table = a snooker ball".

Gunge N'Groove
As part of Saturday Showdown Extra, Stephen or Holly would stand in a gunge tank, wearing ear defenders with giant ears on both sides, guessing charades to popular songs using props. Example:- Holly would wear a blonde Heidi Range wig with a red apron = Red Dress by Sugababes. If they answered correctly, there was no gunging but if they did answer incorrectly, the presenter would be gunged.

Other Games
Since Ministry of Mayhem started many games have been played, to date many have been discontinued including:

 * Snap: This is the most recent edition where hyenas Scratch and Sniff put their paws into mousetraps attached to a Wheel of Fortune-style wheel. The caller that selects the trap that Doesn't go off wins a prize.

Specials
Christmas editions of MoM were aired on 25 December 2004 and 24 December 2005.

The most notable special edition was on 17 September 2005, in honour of ITV's 50th anniversary, where the programme celebrated the history of Saturday morning children's television on the network. The special guests were a selection of presenters from the programme's many predecessors, sharing their memories and participating in the usual MoM items.

The guests were Sally James, Neil Buchanan, Gareth Jones, Gaby Roslin, Pat Sharp, Jenny Powell, Gail Porter and Brian Dowling - with a special appearance from Timmy Mallett. There were also interviews with Chris Tarrant and Ant & Dec - and The Phantom Flan Flinger, mascot of Tiswas, was revived.

Sponsorships
When the show launched in 2004, former SMTV Live sponsors Monster Munch was the main sponsor. Cheesestrings took over the following year and remained the official sponsor until the show's end on 1 July 2006.

title: Holly & Stephen's Saturday Showdown


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User:Konev

{|

I have been using Wikipedia since November 2004.

I find it to be a very interesting project and contribute to it as much as possible given my schedule. If you have any questions about my contributions or suggestions please leave me a message on the Talk Page of this account.

I am new and still unfamiliar with much of Wikipedia procedures and policies so please have patience. :)

Resources seen on the side were taken from user:172's page.

title: User:Konev


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International Golf Federation

The International Golf Federation (IGF) was founded in 1958 and is the international federation recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the world governing body for golf. The IGF has two membership categories representing the administration of golf internationally:
 * 132 National Federation Members from 126 countries
 * 22 Professional Members, mostly professional golf tours and Professional Golfers Associations

History
The Federation changed its name from the "World Amateur Golf Council" in 2003 to reflect its transition to governing all of golf. It was founded in 1958 for the purpose of arranging international competitions and it used to organize two World Amateur Team Championships, the Eisenhower Trophy for men and the Espirito Santo Trophy for women.

Secretariat
The headquarters of the IGF is located by the shores of Lake Geneva in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Jurisdiction
Unlike most internationally recognized sports federations, the IGF is not responsible for developing, maintaining or administering the rules of golf. Instead, the rules are jointly developed and administered by the United States Golf Association (for the United States and Mexico only) and The R&A (the governing body derived from The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, the historical codifier of the rules of golf), the two oldest governing bodies in golf history.

Olympic Games
The globalization of the sport has meant that following a couple of failed attempts, the International Olympic Committee's executive board approved the reinstatement of golf in the Olympics by a vote of 63 votes to 27 in 2009. The sport was included in the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Olympic Games, and will be included in all subsequent games as a core sport. It was also featured at the early Olympics in 1900 and 1904.

World Amateur Golf Team Championships
The World Amateur Golf Team Championships was started from 1958 and 1964.

Men
The Eisenhower Trophy is a biennial world team championship for amateur men golfers. First held in 1958, the event is named after Dwight D. Eisenhower who was the President of the United States at the time.

Women
The Espirito Santo Trophy is a biennial world team championship for amateur women golfers. It was first held in 1964, organised by Mrs. Henri Prunaret and Lally Segard, and named after Ricardo and Silvia Espirito Santo, friends of Segard who donated the trophy.

National Federations
IGF comprises 132 federations from 126 countries

Continental / Regional Federations
The following seven regional association are formed with the IGF National Membership.
 * Africa Golf Confederation
 * Americas Golf Association
 * Arab Golf Federation
 * Asia-Pacific Golf Confederation
 * Caribbean Golf Association
 * South American Golf Federation
 * South American Golf Federation

title: International Golf Federation


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Faye (crater)

Faye is a heavily eroded lunar impact crater in the rugged southern highlands of the Moon. It is named after French astronomer Hervé Faye. It is attached to the northeastern rim of the crater Delaunay, with Donati located just a few kilometers to the northeast. It forms part of a chain of craters of increasing size to the southwest that continues with La Caille and ends with the walled plain Purbach.

The rim of Faye is heavily damaged, particularly along the western half and covers much of the southwestern interior floor. The rim is nearly non-existent in the northwest, where a gap joins the interior with the surrounding terrain. The surviving interior floor is relatively featureless, with a central peak rising at the midpoint. There is a small craterlet and the incised remnant of a small crater rim in the northeast part of the floor.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Faye.

title: Faye (crater)


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Category talk:English science fiction writers

CFD discussion

 * This category was listed for deletion on February 7, 2005. Consensus was to keep.

Category:English science fiction writers
Childless. Redundant with Category:British science fiction writers. --jag123 11:08, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * it isn't redundant. It is part of a long term project to make all UK writers accessible from both the British people menu and the menus for each of the home countries. This is a time consuming (but more of my time than anyone else's recently), but important system to reflect national sensitivities in the UK and also to achieve a comprehensive and accessible overall classification. Before I started to sort it out, there were completely separate category systems for British writers and writers from each of the home nations, and it is very likely that some people used one without even being aware that the others existed. There are already numerous English writer subcategories, and this one is required for consistency. I will shift a few across now as a start. Philip 19:08, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This is now a sub-category of Category:English writers, and one of four subcategories of Category:British science fiction writers, and it contains twenty articles so far. Philip 19:59, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

So is this category meant just for British writers or for writers who wrote in English?
 * Sounds like a good scheme to me - keep. Where the "British" categories are large enough (as in this case) they should definitely be split into E, S, W, and NI (although any Manx or Channel Islanders may prove problematic...) Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 11:03, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — seems perfectly sensible to me (though it's a pity that 'science fiction' doesn't have the hyphen required by its use as an adjectival phrase). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:38, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It appears Philip is doing a great job. Lokifer 02:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

How do I add names?
When I clicked on edit,, I got something that was not the list of English SF writers. I was trying to add H. Rider Haggard. !!!!


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254 Augusta

Augusta (minor planet designation: 254 Augusta) is a main-belt asteroid, discovered on 31 March 1886 by astronomer Johann Palisa at Vienna Observatory, Austria. The stony S-type asteroid measures about 12 kilometers in diameter. It is the first-numbered member of the Augusta family, after which the small Asteroid family and subgroup of the main-belt has been named. Augusta was named after the German–Austrian writer Auguste von Littrow (1819–1890), widow of astronomer Carl Ludwig von Littrow, who was a former director of the Vienna Observatory.

title: 254 Augusta


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255 Oppavia

Oppavia (minor planet designation: 255 Oppavia) is a sizeable Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on 31 March 1886 in Vienna and was named after Opava, a town in the Czech Republic, then part of Austria-Hungary, where Palisa was born. It is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $57.4 km$ with an orbital eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.077 and a period of 1662.1 days. The orbital plane is inclined by an angle of 9.47° to the plane of the ecliptic.

Photometric observations made during 2013 indicate a synodic rotation period of $0.037$ with an amplitude of 0.16$2.75 AU$ in magnitude. The unusual light curve shows three uneven minima and maxima per cycle. In 1995, 255 Oppavia was suggested as a peripheral member of the now defunct Ceres asteroid family, but was found to be an unrelated interloper on the basis of its non-matching spectral type. It classified as a dark X-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy.

title: 255 Oppavia


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256 Walpurga

Walpurga (minor planet designation: 256 Walpurga) is a large Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 3 April 1886 in Vienna and was named after Saint Walburga.

Photometric observations at the Oakley Observatory in Terre Haute, Indiana, during 2007 were used to build a light curve for this asteroid. The asteroid displayed a rotation period of 16.64 ± 0.02 hours and a brightness variation of 0.38 ± 0.02 in magnitude.

title: 256 Walpurga