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John Aspinwall Roosevelt

John Aspinwall Roosevelt II (March 13, 1916 – April 27, 1981) was an American businessman and the sixth and last child of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt.

Early life
John Aspinwall Roosevelt II was the youngest child of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. His surviving siblings were Anna E. Roosevelt, James Roosevelt II, Elliott Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. Roosevelt grew up on the Roosevelt estate in Hyde Park, New York and attended preparatory schools The Buckley School and Groton School.

Roosevelt and his next oldest sibling, Franklin Jr., were much closer to their mother than the three older Roosevelt children had been. This was in part because by the time they were born, she was more comfortable in her role as a parent. However, others contend that as a result of his father's disability, "John had grown up with less emotional connection with his parents than any of the others."

By family consensus, Roosevelt was the son least like his father, which reflected itself politically as well as in many other aspects. James Roosevelt wrote that he "had the smoothest, least exciting life of all of us." "The youngest, he was also the least close to father." And, he was "the most thoughtful and businesslike of us."

He was five years old when his father Franklin Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness that confined him in a wheelchair for the rest of his life. Conscious of her husband's disability and determined that the younger children should not miss out on the sports and physical activities that their older siblings had enjoyed, Eleanor Roosevelt learned to swim and skate. She also took John and Franklin Jr. camping and to Europe. In 1937, John Roosevelt was involved in a drunken brawl and an attack on the mayor in Cannes that made headlines across the world.

Of John Roosevelt's activities before World War II, a Roosevelt biographer noted: "When he was a junior at Harvard, FDR got him a summer job working in the forests of Tennessee for the Tennessee Valley Authority. At the end of the experience, his supervisor felt compelled to write Eleanor to say that her youngest son seemed to believe in 'the psychology of making one's way by influence and association rather than by hard work and personal achievement.'" However, most biographers agree that this judgment was actually far more appropriate for the other sons. After graduation from Harvard, his father's alma mater, John worked at Filene's Department Store in Boston until America entered World War II in 1941.

World War II
On the eve of World War II, alone among the sons, John Roosevelt announced that he would seek conscientious objector status. Family persuasion ultimately changed his mind, and he served in the United States Navy. He was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy in early 1941 and served until 1946. James Roosevelt summarized his brother's service: "John was the only one of us who had no opportunity to lead a fighting unit, yet he, too, served under fire. Assigned as a lieutenant in the Navy Supply Corps, he persuaded father to get him transferred from shore to sea duty. He served aboard the aircraft carrier USS Wasp (CV-18) in the war zone, winning the Bronze Star and promotion to lieutenant commander for his actions while his ship was being gunned."

Career and politics
After the war, Roosevelt pursued a business career in California as the Regional Merchandising Manager for Grayson & Robertson Stores in Los Angeles. In 1953, he became a partner in a Beverly Hills financial company but left shortly thereafter to take up residence in the family compound in Hyde Park.

Unlike his siblings, Roosevelt intended to "work his way up" without seeking to profit from his name and connections. However, his department store work was under the wing and direction of Walter Kirschner, a Roosevelt family friend who mentored and subsidized many of the siblings in the 1940s. He was also involved with Elliott Roosevelt in several businesses, especially in Cuba after Fulgencio Batista took power in 1952.

Roosevelt represented François "Papa Doc" Duvalier in the United States and attended his inauguration. By 1958, it was reported that Haiti "has retained the P.R. firm of Roosevelt, Summers and Hamilton at a fee of $150,000 to act as its public relations consultant for one year."

Although he never pursued political office, Roosevelt served on the boards of many organizations, including the Greater New York Council of Boy Scouts of America, the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship, Roosevelt University, the State University of New York, and the Governmental Affairs Committee.

Although Roosevelt leaned Republican at an early age, he deliberately kept an apolitical stance until after his father's death. In 1947, John Roosevelt changed his political affiliation to Republican, a gesture his mother interpreted as an attempt to win support from his wife's family, his father-in-law being a staunchly Republican Boston banker. But in 1952, he went beyond paper registration, actively supporting Dwight D. Eisenhower's bid for the Presidency against Democratic nominee Adlai Stevenson, for whom his mother was just as actively campaigning. His defection from the Democratic Party and his subsequent leadership of Citizens for Eisenhower – he vocally defended Eisenhower's running mate, California Senator Richard Nixon, against attacks by his mother – caused considerable family friction.

The tension was exacerbated when Roosevelt and his family moved into Stone Cottage next door to Eleanor Roosevelt's home at Val-Kill that same year. He and his brother, Elliott, who lived at nearby Top Cottage, did not get along. Elliott left shortly after John and his family arrived. John subsequently acquired what remained of the Hyde Park property Elliott had farmed with Eleanor Roosevelt. More importantly, the presence of John and his family enabled Eleanor Roosevelt to live at Val-Kill until her death in 1962. She saw John's children often and was particularly close to his daughter, Sara "Sally" Roosevelt. After Eleanor Roosevelt's death, John kept the papers from her Hyde Park home and New York City apartment.

Uranium interests
At the height of the Cold War, when the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission was desperately seeking sources of uranium for the production of atomic weapons, Roosevelt became an officer and director of the Standard Uranium Company, reportedly the first and most successful publicly traded uranium corporation, which registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission in early 1954 and soon attracted heavy investments by industrialist Floyd Odlum, one of the wealthiest men in America. Inspired thereby, brother Elliott also formed a uranium company, but it floundered when the ore market collapsed in the late 1950s.

According to an authorized biography of San Francisco hotel magnate (and Democratic Party fund-raiser) Benjamin Swig, Roosevelt was also partnered with Swig and Hollywood producer Louis B. Mayer, the powerful "boss" of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, in what was probably a related consortium, involving uranium investments in southern Utah.

Later years
In 1956, Roosevelt began consulting for the investment firm of Bache and Company, which he joined in 1967, retiring as a vice-president in 1980. At Bache, he managed the Teamsters Union pension funds and was a friend and vocal defender of Jimmy Hoffa until the latter's incarceration.

His philanthropic activities included serving as a fund raiser with the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, which his father had founded, membership on the executive committee of the Greater New York Council of the Boy Scouts of America and service as a trustee of the State University of New York.

Within three years of Eleanor Roosevelt's death, John Roosevelt divorced and remarried. In 1970, he sold the Val-Kill properties. Thereafter, he and his second wife lived on an estate in Tuxedo, New York. John Roosevelt died of heart failure in 1981. He was buried in Saint James Episcopal Churchyard.

Personal life
Roosevelt received his middle name from that of his great-grandmother, Mary Rebecca Aspinwall. His siblings were Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (known as Anna), James Roosevelt II, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. (I) (b./d. 1909), Elliott Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr.

John Aspinwall Roosevelt married Anne Lindsay Clark (1916–1973) on June 18, 1938, in Massachusetts. Their children were: In 1965, John and Anne Roosevelt obtained a divorce. Anne moved to Mallorca, Spain, where she lived with Elliott Roosevelt's divorced third wife, Faye Emerson. That same year John married Mrs. Irene Boyd McAlpin (born March 8, 1931).
 * Haven Clark Roosevelt (born 1940)
 * Anne Sturgis "Nina" Roosevelt (born 1942)
 * Sara Delano "Sally" Roosevelt (1946–1960); killed in a horseback-riding accident
 * Joan Lindsay Roosevelt (1952–1997)

title: John Aspinwall Roosevelt


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Photoelasticity

In materials science, photoelasticity describes changes in the optical properties of a material under mechanical deformation. It is a property of all dielectric media and is often used to experimentally determine the stress distribution in a material.

History
The photoelastic phenomenon was first discovered by the Scottish physicist David Brewster, who immediately recognized it as stress-induced birefringence. That diagnosis was confirmed in a direct refraction experiment by Augustin-Jean Fresnel. Experimental frameworks were developed at the beginning of the twentieth century with the works of E. G. Coker and L. N. G. Filon of University of London. Their book Treatise on Photoelasticity, published in 1930 by Cambridge Press, became a standard text on the subject. Between 1930 and 1940, many other books appeared on the subject, including books in Russian, German and French. Max M. Frocht published the classic two volume work, Photoelasticity, in the field. At the same time, much development occurred in the field – great improvements were achieved in technique, and the equipment was simplified. With refinements in the technology, photoelastic experiments were extended to determining three-dimensional states of stress. In parallel to developments in experimental technique, the first phenomenological description of photoelasticity was given in 1890 by Friedrich Pockels, however this was proved inadequate almost a century later by Nelson & Lax as the description by Pockels only considered the effect of mechanical strain on the optical properties of the material.

With the advent of the digital polariscope – made possible by light-emitting diodes – continuous monitoring of structures under load became possible. This led to the development of dynamic photoelasticity, which has contributed greatly to the study of complex phenomena such as fracture of materials.

Applications

Photoelasticity has been used for a variety of stress analyses and even for routine use in design, particularly before the advent of numerical methods, such as finite elements or boundary elements. Digitization of polariscopy enables fast image acquisition and data processing, which allows its industrial applications to control quality of manufacturing process for materials such as glass and polymer. Dentistry utilizes photoelasticity to analyze strain in denture materials.

Photoelasticity can successfully be used to investigate the highly localized stress state within masonry  or in proximity of a rigid line inclusion (stiffener)  embedded in an elastic medium. In the former case, the problem is nonlinear due to the contacts between bricks, while in the latter case the elastic solution is singular, so that numerical methods may fail to provide correct results. These can be obtained through photoelastic techniques. Dynamic photoelasticity integrated with high-speed photography is utilized to investigate fracture behavior in materials. Another important application of the photoelasticity experiments is to study the stress field around bi-material notches. Bi-material notches exist in many engineering application like welded or adhesively bonded structures.

Formal definition
For a linear dielectric material the change in the inverse permittivity tensor $$\Delta(\varepsilon^{-1})_{ij}$$ with respect to the deformation (the gradient of the displacement $$\partial_\ell u_k$$) is described by

 * $$ \Delta(\varepsilon^{-1})_{ij} = P_{ijk\ell} \partial_k u_\ell $$

where $$P_{ijk\ell}$$ is the fourth-rank photoelasticity tensor, $$u_\ell$$ is the linear displacement from equilibrium, and $$\partial_l$$ denotes differentiation with respect to the Cartesian coordinate $$x_l$$. For isotropic materials, this definition simplifies to

 * $$ \Delta(\varepsilon^{-1})_{ij} = p_{ijk\ell} s_{k\ell} $$

where $$p_{ijk\ell}$$ is the symmetric part of the photoelastic tensor (the photoelastic strain tensor), and $$s_{k\ell}$$ is the linear strain. The antisymmetric part of $$P_{ijk\ell}$$ is known as the roto-optic tensor. From either definition, it is clear that deformations to the body may induce optical anisotropy, which can cause an otherwise optically isotropic material to exhibit birefringence. Although the symmetric photoelastic tensor is most commonly defined with respect to mechanical strain, it is also possible to express photoelasticity in terms of the mechanical stress.

Experimental principles

The experimental procedure relies on the property of birefringence, as exhibited by certain transparent materials. Birefringence is a phenomenon in which a ray of light passing through a given material experiences two refractive indices. The property of birefringence (or double refraction) is observed in many optical crystals. Upon the application of stresses, photoelastic materials exhibit the property of birefringence, and the magnitude of the refractive indices at each point in the material is directly related to the state of stresses at that point. Information such as maximum shear stress and its orientation are available by analyzing the birefringence with an instrument called a polariscope.

When a ray of light passes through a photoelastic material, its electromagnetic wave components are resolved along the two principal stress directions and each component experiences a different refractive index due to the birefringence. The difference in the refractive indices leads to a relative phase retardation between the two components. Assuming a thin specimen made of isotropic materials, where two-dimensional photoelasticity is applicable, the magnitude of the relative retardation is given by the stress-optic law:

 * $$ \Delta = \frac{2\pi t} \lambda C ( \sigma_1 - \sigma_2) $$

where Δ is the induced retardation, C is the stress-optic coefficient, t is the specimen thickness, λ is the vacuum wavelength, and σ1 and σ2 are the first and second principal stresses, respectively. The retardation changes the polarization of transmitted light. The polariscope combines the different polarization states of light waves before and after passing the specimen. Due to optical interference of the two waves, a fringe pattern is revealed. The number of fringe order N is denoted as

 * $$ N = \frac \Delta {2\pi}$$

which depends on relative retardation. By studying the fringe pattern one can determine the state of stress at various points in the material.

For materials that do not show photoelastic behavior, it is still possible to study the stress distribution. The first step is to build a model, using photoelastic materials, which has geometry similar to the real structure under investigation. The loading is then applied in the same way to ensure that the stress distribution in the model is similar to the stress in the real structure.

Isoclinics and isochromatics
Isoclinics are the loci of the points in the specimen along which the principal stresses are in the same direction.

Isochromatics are the loci of the points along which the difference in the first and second principal stress remains the same. Thus they are the lines which join the points with equal maximum shear stress magnitude.

Two-dimensional photoelasticity

Photoelasticity can describe both three-dimensional and two-dimensional states of stress. However, examining photoelasticity in three-dimensional systems is more involved than two-dimensional or plane-stress system. So the present section deals with photoelasticity in a plane stress system. This condition is achieved when the thickness of the prototype is much smaller as compared to dimensions in the plane. Thus one is only concerned with stresses acting parallel to the plane of the model, as other stress components are zero. The experimental setup varies from experiment to experiment. The two basic kinds of setup used are plane polariscope and circular polariscope.

The working principle of a two-dimensional experiment allows the measurement of retardation, which can be converted to the difference between the first and second principal stress and their orientation. To further get values of each stress component, a technique called stress-separation is required. Several theoretical and experimental methods are utilized to provide additional information to solve individual stress components.

Plane polariscope setup
The setup consists of two linear polarizers and a light source. The light source can either emit monochromatic light or white light depending upon the experiment. First the light is passed through the first polarizer which converts the light into plane polarized light. The apparatus is set up in such a way that this plane polarized light then passes through the stressed specimen. This light then follows, at each point of the specimen, the direction of principal stress at that point. The light is then made to pass through the analyzer and we finally get the fringe pattern.

The fringe pattern in a plane polariscope setup consists of both the isochromatics and the isoclinics. The isoclinics change with the orientation of the polariscope while there is no change in the isochromatics.

Circular polariscope setup
In a circular polariscope setup two quarter-wave plates are added to the experimental setup of the plane polariscope. The first quarter-wave plate is placed in between the polarizer and the specimen and the second quarter-wave plate is placed between the specimen and the analyzer. The effect of adding the quarter-wave plate after the source-side polarizer is that we get circularly polarized light passing through the sample. The analyzer-side quarter-wave plate converts the circular polarization state back to linear before the light passes through the analyzer.

The basic advantage of a circular polariscope over a plane polariscope is that in a circular polariscope setup we only get the isochromatics and not the isoclinics. This eliminates the problem of differentiating between the isoclinics and the isochromatics.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Photoelasticity


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RISKS Digest

The RISKS Digest or Forum On Risks to the Public in Computers and Related Systems is an online periodical published since 1985 by the Committee on Computers and Public Policy of the Association for Computing Machinery. The editor is Peter G. Neumann.

It is a moderated forum concerned with the security and safety of computers, software, and technological systems. Security, and risk, here are taken broadly; RISKS is concerned not merely with so-called security holes in software, but with unintended consequences and hazards stemming from the design (or lack thereof) of automated systems. Other recurring subjects include cryptography and the effects of technically ill-considered public policies. RISKS also publishes announcements and Calls for Papers from various technical conferences, and technical book reviews (usually by Rob Slade, though occasionally by others).

Although RISKS is a forum of a computer science association, most contributions are readable and informative to anyone with an interest in the subject. It is heavily read by system administrators, and computer security managers, as well as computer scientists and engineers.

The RISKS Digest is published on a frequent but irregular schedule through the moderated Usenet newsgroup [news:comp.risks comp.risks], which exists solely to carry the Digest.

Summaries of the forum appear as columns edited by Neumann in the ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes (SEN) and the Communications of the ACM (CACM).

title: RISKS Digest


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Bagdogra Airport

Bagdogra Airport is a customs airport serving the city of Siliguri in West Bengal, India. It is located in Bagdogra, 12 km south-west from the city centre. It is operated as a civil enclave at Bagdogra Air Force Station of the Indian Air Force. It is the gateway to the hill stations of Darjeeling, Gangtok, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Mirik and other parts of North Bengal region. Siliguri, being a major transport and economic hub, the airport sees thousands of travellers and tourists annually. The Government of India conferred limited international airport status to the airport in 2002 with limited international operations to Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi and Paro. This is the second busiest airport in West Bengal.

The airport experiences humid subtropical climate (Köppen Climate Classification code: Cwa) - hot humid summers and cool winters. There is significant precipitation in all seasons, but remains drier in winters. Air traffic at Bagdogra crossed 1 million for the first time, growing at 43.6% percent in 2014–15. In 2019–20, the airport served 3.2 million passengers, which was an increase of 11.2% from the previous year, making it the 17th-busiest airport in India. It is one of the few airports in India with zero sales tax on aviation turbine fuel.

Air Force Station
The airbase is home to the IAF No. 20 Wing, as well to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 (Mig-21) FL fighter aircraft of the No. 8 Squadron and a Helicopter Unit. Along with the airbase at Hasimara, Alipurduar district; it is responsible for combat air operations over a large area including Northern West Bengal, Sikkim and if needed, Bhutan. The base caters to all military air traffic for the Indian Army's XXXIII Corps based nearby in Sukna.

Expansion
The Government of West Bengal had handed over 14.5 acre of land to the Ministry of Civil Aviation for developing infrastructure for night landing in 2010. AAI also expanded the apron at the same time, enabling the parking of 5 narrow body aircraft simultaneously. The IAF, which maintains the ATC and runway, gave permission for night landings by civilian aircraft allowing flights past 6 pm in 2013.

For its growing traffic over the years, in 2022, From 11 to 25 April, the airport was shut down for 14 days to refurbish its sole runway.

The new terminal building, which is scheduled to start its construction by Q2 2024, will be completed by 2026 with 16 parking bays, 10 aerobridges and a parallel taxiway to the runway. It will have a floor area of 1 lakh sq.m. at a cost of ₹ 3,000 crore, and will be capable of handling 12.5 million passengers per year. The design work of the new terminal building was done by CP Kukreja Architects as the Architectural & Engineering Consultant. And the construction bid going to Kalpataru Projects International Ltd. After the expansion of the airport, more international flights can land here, and will turn this customs airport into an international one.

Accidents and incidents

 * 23 May 2008: A MiG-21 of the Indian Air Force had to perform a belly landing due to a technical snag and a jammed landing gear. The aircraft hard landed on the runway causing it to catch fire. The pilot ejected safely. The aircraft was written off subsequently.
 * 5 July 2013: AI879, an A320 arriving from New Delhi swerved off the taxiway while taxiing towards the apron after landing. No injuries were reported. The passengers were immediately de-boarded. The aircraft sustained minor damage and took about 7 hours to bring the stuck aircraft to the taxiway.
 * 11 July 2014: A mishap was avoided between IndiGo flight 6E472 and Air India flight AI879. Both aircraft received a Traffic Collision Avoidance System warning. Following the Resolution Advisory given by the TCAS the IndiGo flight immediately descended and the Air India flight turned right. Both aircraft landed safely without any injuries.
 * 15 February 2019: An Air Asia India A320 scheduled for a flight from Bagdogra Airport to Kempegowda International Airport damaged its left wing sharklets while backtracking the runway. The two pilots were later suspended for 6 months by the DGCA in view of violating laid down procedures.
 * 16 December 2019: An IndiGo A320neo bound for Kolkata performed an emergency landing in view of engine related issues. The aircraft was using Pratt & Whitney engines. Out of the two engines, one engine was not modified which caused the issue.

title: Bagdogra Airport


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Peterborough—Kawartha

Peterborough—Kawartha is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1953. Prior to the 2015 election, the riding was known as Peterborough.

Geography
It now consists of the City of Peterborough and the municipalities of: Douro-Dummer, Trent Lakes, Havelock-Belmont-Methuen, North Kawartha and Selwyn plus the Curve Lake First Nation.

History
The riding's borders have differed slightly since its creation in 1953, but has always included most or all of Peterborough County and its county seat of Peterborough, Ontario. Prior to 1952, Peterborough was split into two ridings, one of which was sometimes partly joined to neighbouring Hastings County. Since 1999, the riding boundaries and names of the provincial and federal electoral districts have been identical.

It was created in 1953 from Peterborough West and Hastings—Peterborough. It consisted initially of the city of Peterborough and the townships of Galway, Cavendish, Harvey, Ennismore, Smith, Douro, Otonabee, and North Monaghan. In 1966, the townships of Galway, Cavendish and Harvey were removed from the riding, and the townships of Belmont and Methuen, Dummer, Smith and Asphodel (excluding the Village of Hastings) were added.

In 1976, it was redefined to consist of the part of the County of Peterborough lying south of the Townships of Burleigh and Anstruther, Chandos and Harvey, but excluding the Township of Cavan and the Village of Hastings. In 1987, the Village of Millbrook was excluded, and the Village of Hastings was added to the riding.

In 2003, the Township of North Monaghan was removed from the riding.

In 2013, the riding lost the Townships of Otonabee-South Monaghan, Asphodel-Norwood, and the Hiawatha First Nation, while subsequently gaining the townships of Trent Lakes and North Kawartha.

The riding is a noted bellwether; it has been won by a member of the governing party of the day in all but four general elections since its creation. It has voted not to elect candidates whose party formed government in 1953, 1963, 1980, and 2021. Former MP Dean Del Mastro, who was elected as a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, resigned from the Conservative caucus in 2013. In 2014, Del Mastro was found guilty of falsifying his expense report in the 2008 election, failing to include $21,000 in expenses and spending more than the election spending limit. He resigned his seat on November 5, 2014.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, this riding will be renamed Peterborough at the first election held after approximately April 2024. With the boundary almost identical to 2003, it will gain Otonabee-South Monaghan, Asphodel-Norwood and Hiawatha First Nation from Northumberland—Peterborough South, and will lose Trent Lakes and North Kawartha to Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Ethnic groups: 86.6% White, 6.3% Indigenous, 2.3% South Asian, 1.1% Black

Languages: 91.6% English

Religions: 52.8% Christian (20.3% Catholic, 9.4% United Church, 6.3% Anglican, 1.7% Presbyterian, 1.4% Pentecostal, 1.3% Baptist, 12.4% Other), 1.1% Muslim, 1.0% Hindu, 43.0% None

Median income: $38,800 (2020)

Average income: $49,640 (2020)

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Peterborough
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.

Note: New Party vote is compared to CCF vote in 1958 election.

title: Peterborough—Kawartha


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Catherine Yronwode

Catherine Anna Yronwode (née Manfredi; May 12, 1947) is an American writer, editor, graphic designer, typesetter, and publisher with an extensive career in the comic book industry. She is also a practitioner of folk magic.

Early life
Catherine Anna Manfredi was born in 1947 in San Francisco. Her father was Joseph Manfredi, a Sicilian American abstract artist, and her mother, Liselotte Erlanger, a writer, was an Ashkenazi Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany. She is a cousin of the composer Franz Reizenstein and the economist Otto Eckstein. Manfredi grew up in Berkeley and Santa Monica, and traveling abroad.

She attended Shimer College in Illinois as an early entrant, but dropped out. Returning to Berkeley, she sold the Berkeley Barb underground newspaper on the streets and catalogued rare books for her parents' bookstore. In 1965 she left urban life for rural places.

Early writing
Yronwode began writing while in her teens, contributing to science fiction fanzines during the 1960s. She was a member of the Bay Area Astrologers Group, co-writing its weekly astrology column for an underground newspaper, San Francisco Express Times. She produced record reviews on a freelance basis for the nascent Rolling Stone magazine, and short articles on low-tech living for the Whole Earth Catalog and Country Women magazine. While in jail for growing marijuana, she wrote about her experiences ("Letters from Jail") for the Spokane Natural an underground newspaper. With her mother Liselotte Glozer, Catherine co-wrote and hand-lettered the faux-medieval cookbook, My Lady's Closet Opened and the Secret of Baking Revealed by Two Gentlewomen (Glozer's Booksellers, 1969).

Describing herself as "one of those girls who took a look around at what the boys were doing", she quickly became an avid reader of Marvel Comics' Silver Age material, beginning with Fantastic Four and The Amazing Spider-Man. Doctor Strange soon became her favourite, and when the initial series was cancelled in 1969 she gave up reading comics for several years. The same year, she and her then-partner Peter Paskin created the joint name "Yronwode" and all of her subsequent work has been published under that surname. She generally styles her name in lower case, as "catherine yronwode." or even "cat ⊕ yronwode" (pronounced 'iron-wood').

Early comics work
The 1974 revival of Doctor Strange drew Yronwode back to comics. While unemployed in 1977, Yronwode created a magico-religious index to the comic called the Lesser Book of the Vishanti; she later published parts of it in various small presses and it is posted on her website in updated form. Marvel writers are said to have consulted it. She wrote a lengthy letter to the title in 1978, which took over nearly the entire column; Yronwode's address was printed in the column; she received large amounts of fan mail, including a marriage proposal. At this point she had separated from Paskin and was living alone in a log cabin in Missouri, so she wrote back to many of the letters and would keep in touch with many of the writers. Yronwode began a career as a freelance magazine writer while also continuing to contribute to fanzines.

In 1980, Yronwode began work at Ken Pierce Books, editing and writing introductions to a line of comic strip reprint books. Titles included Modesty Blaise by Peter O'Donnell and Jim Holdaway, Mike Hammer by Mickey Spillane, and The Phantom by Lee Falk.

Fit to Print
Also in 1980 Yronwode succeeded Murray Bishoff as news reporter for Comics Buyer's Guide and began a long-running column "Fit to Print", presenting a variety of industry news, reviews, obituaries, and opinion pieces. Tales of the Beanworld creator Larry Marder credits her positive review for his title's success. Similarly, when Dan Brereton received a poor review from Yronwode for an early project, he felt his "promising career in comics was over". The column, and her work with the APA-I comic-book indexing cooperative, led to freelance editing jobs at Kitchen Sink Press. She wrote The Art of Will Eisner in 1981 and produced several other books for Kitchen Sink over the next few years.

Eclipse Comics
While working at Eisner's archives in December 1981, she met Dean Mullaney, the co-founder of Eclipse Enterprises, a graphic novel publisher. Yronwode recalled that Eisner and his wife Ann "hosted a party for me with all these comic book men I was flirting with. All these men came up; they all wanted to meet Will. One of them was Dean Mullaney, the co-owner of Eclipse Comics, a small independent publishing house. He was the most flirtatious." As well as beginning a romantic relationship the pair also began working together; Dean and his brother Jan were looking to expand beyond graphic novels to regular comics while retaining the creator-owned ethos, and Yronwode's knowledge of comics and wide list of contacts saw her effectively become the company's editor-in-chief, starting with Destroyer Duck. For around a year she was in the post unofficially; she and Mullaney also kept their relationship private to avoid accusations she had only got the job because they were lovers.

When Yronwode officially took over as Editor-in-Chief in October 1984, Dean Mullaney moved over to the role of publisher. She quickly became the public face of the company at conventions and other events, and began a column called Penumbra that was printed on the inside cover of all of Eclipse's comic books, while continuing to write Fit to Print. Penumbra would mix promotion of Eclipse's titles with industry musings and other topical comment. She remained outspoken, often criticising the editorial and business policies of both Marvel and DC Comics. At her instigation, Eclipse ran a series of full-page advertisements during 1986 (Marvel's much-publicised 25th anniversary) featuring a large portrait of Jack Kirby and the text "What About Jack?", in reference to the company's refusal to return the artist's artwork.

In 1983, after a brief stop-over in Missouri, Yronwode and Dean Mullaney relocated Eclipse's publishing operations to Guerneville, California; in early 1984 Jan Mullaney sold out his interest to the pair in order to concentrate on his music career. Eclipse's output rapidly grew, and by the mid-1980s they were the third-largest company in the American comics industry, despite only selling their titles via the direct market. Through a mixture of a booming industry, a growing creator-owned movement Dean Mullaney's business acumen and Yronwode's intricate knowledge of the market the company published numerous award-winning titles, including McCloud's Zot!, Mark Evanier's The DNAgents and Alan Moore's Miracleman, as well as importing numerous titles from the United Kingdom and Japan for the American market. In 1983 Yronwode won an Inkpot Award, given for lifetime achievement in comics and related areas.

Yronwode and the cartoonist Trina Robbins co-wrote Women and the Comics in 1985; the book was a history of female comics creators. As the first book on this subject, its publication was noted both by the mainstream press and the fan press. Yronwode was writing another non-fiction book, a biography of Steve Ditko, but the work was lost when Eclipse's offices were flooded in February 1986. Yronwode covered the events - which included herself and Mullaney losing most of their possessions when their house also flooded - in Fit to Print and Penumbra columns. The events would be alluded to in a tongue-in-cheek framing sequence Yronwode wrote for Miracleman #8.

With the comic market contracting in the late 1980s, Eclipse developed a new line of non-fiction, non-sports trading cards, edited by Yronwode. Controversial political subjects such as the Iran-Contra scandal, the Savings and Loan crisis, the AIDS epidemic, and the Kennedy Assassination, as well as true crime accounts of serial killers, mass murderers, the mafia, and organized crime were covered in these card sets. Yronwode was widely interviewed in the media about her role in their creation.

In 1993 Yronwode and Mullaney divorced, at which point the company's finances disintegrated, leading to bankruptcy for the company in 1995.

Legal cases
During her time at Eclipse, Yronwode was involved in three court cases related to free speech/free expression under the First Amendment.
 * In the 1986 Illinois v. Correa obscenity case, which led to the founding of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, Yronwode was an expert witness for the defense.
 * In 1992, the convicted serial killer Kenneth Bianchi, one-half of the pair known as the Hillside Stranglers, sued Yronwode for USD$8.5 million for having an image of his face depicted on a trading card; he claimed his face was his trademark. The judge dismissed the case after ruling that, if Bianchi had been using his face as a trademark when he was killing women, he would not have tried to hide it from the police.
 * Also in 1992, Eclipse was a plaintiff when Nassau County, New York, seized a crime-themed trading card series of theirs under a county ordinance prohibiting sales of certain trading cards to minors. The case, in which Yronwode testified and the American Civil Liberties Union provided Eclipse's representation, reached the 2nd Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals. It ruled against the county, overturning the ordinance.

Claypool Comics
Following the end of Eclipse, Yronwode joined Claypool Comics. In 1998 she was joined at Claypool by Tyagi Nagasiva. They married in 2000, at which time he changed his name to Nagasiva Bryan W. Yronwode. Both Yronwodes continued to work for Claypool until that company ceased print publication in 2007.

Other work
During the 1990s, Yronwode was a staff editor and contributor to Organic Gardening Magazine and wrote The California Gardener's Book of Lists (Taylor, 1998). Other subjects she has covered include collectibles, popular culture, rural acoustic blues music, early rock'n'roll, sexuality, magic, sacred architecture, the worldwide use of charms and talismans, African American hoodoo, and other folklore subjects. She runs the websites luckymojo.com, herbmagic.com, southern-spirits.com, and missionaryindependent.org, which deal with these and other topics, including comic books.

She is the co-proprietor, with her husband Nagasiva Yronwode, of the Lucky Mojo Curio Company, an occult shop, spiritual supply manufactory, book publishing firm, and internet radio network for which she writes, edits, and produces graphic label art. She is on the board of the Yronwode Institution for the Preservation and Popularization of Indigenous Ethnomagicology (YIPPIE), a 501(c)3 not-for-profit foundation that archives the material culture of 19th and 20th century folk magic and divination. Since 2006, she has been a pastor at Missionary Independent Spiritual Church. Under the imprints of the Lucky Mojo Curio Company, Missionary Independent Spiritual Church, and YIPPIE, the Yronwodes edit and publish books by a variety of other authors as well as their own works. Extensive interviews with the Yronwodes can be found in Christine Wicker's survey of early 21st-century magical practitioners, Not in Kansas Anymore and in Carolyn Morrow Long's academic history of 20th-century occult shops, Spiritual Merchants: Religion, Magic, and Commerce.

Personal life
From 1965 to 1980, Yronwode lived as a rural back-to-the-land hippie at Tolstoy Peace Farm, an anarchist commune in Washington; the Equitable Farm commune in Mendocino County, California, and the Garden of Joy Blues commune in Oregon County, Missouri.

In 1967, Yronwode began a relationship with Peter Paskin; in 1969, they devised the new surname Yronwode. In 1970 they were interviewed at length by Rolling Stone magazine for an article on hippie anarchist communes.

The couple had two children: Cicely (who was born in 1970 and died of SIDS the same year) and Althaea, born in 1971. In 1972, the Yronwodes relocated to the Garden of Joy Blues commune in the Missouri Ozarks. Their partnership ended in 1976.

After working and living together from 1981 onward, Yronwode and Dean Mullaney married in 1987. They divorced in 1993.

Yronwode lives on an old farmstead in rural Forestville, California, in "tantric partnership" with Nagasiva Bryan W Yronwode. They met in 1998 and married in 2000.

Publications

 * My Lady's Closet Opened and the Secret of Baking Revealed, by Two Gentlewomen (with Liselotte Erlanger Glozer). Glozer's Booksellers, 1969.
 * The Lesser Book of the Vishanti, 1977, rev. 2002, various private publishers.
 * Will Eisner Color Treasury (with Will Eisner). Kitchen Sink Press,1981. ISBN 0-87816-006-X
 * The Art of Will Eisner. Kitchen Sink Press, 1982. ISBN 0-87816-004-3
 * Women and the Comics (with Trina Robbins). Eclipse, 1983. ISBN 0-913035-01-7
 * The Outer Space Spirit: 1952 (with Will Eisner, Wally Wood, and Pete Hamill). Kitchen Sink Press, 1989. ISBN 0-87816-012-4
 * The California Gardener's Book of Lists (with Eileen Smith). Taylor Publishing, 1998. ISBN 0-87833-964-7
 * Hoodoo Herb and Root Magic. Lucky Mojo, 2002. ISBN 0-9719612-0-4
 * Hoodoo Rootwork Correspondence Course. Lucky Mojo, 2006. ISBN 0-9719612-2-0
 * Throwing the Bones: Foretelling the Future With Bones, Shells, and Nuts. Lucky Mojo, 2012. ISBN 978-0971961234
 * The Art of Hoodoo Candle Magic in Rootwork, Conjure, and Spiritual Church Services (with Mikhail Strabo). Missionary Independent Spiritual Church, 2013. ISBN 0-9836483-6-0
 * The Black Folder: Personal Communications on the Mastery of Hoodoo (editor / contributor, with 17 other authors). Missionary Independent Spiritual Church, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9836483-7-6
 * Paper in My Shoe: Name Papers, Petition Papers, and Prayer Papers in the Hoodoo Rootwork Tradition. Lucky Mojo, 2015. ISBN 978-0996147101
 * Legends of Incense, Herb, and Oil Magic: Esoteric Students' Handbook of Legendary Formulas and Facts by Lewis de Claremont, Restored, Revised, and Edited by catherine yronwode. Lucky Mojo, 2016. ISBN 978-0-9961471-1-8
 * This Amazing Book - Hoodoo Herb and Root Medicine - Opens the Door to Better Health by Sunrae Products Co., Restored, Revised, and Edited by catherine yronwode. Lucky Mojo, 2017. ISBN 978-0-9961471-6-3
 * The Art of Making Mojos: How to Craft Conjure Hands, Trick Bags, Tobies, Gree-Grees, Jomos, Jacks, and Nation Sacks. Lucky Mojo, 2018. ISBN 978-0-9997809-0-9
 * Genuine Black and White Magic of Marie Laveau (with Zora Neale Hurston, Anna Riva, Anne Fleitman (Henri Gamache), Larry B. Wright, Franz Hartmann, Abe Plough, et al.). Lucky Mojo, 2018. ISBN 978-0-9997809-2-3
 * The Secret of Numbers Revealed. (with Dr. Roy Page Walton, Lewis de Claremont, Godfrey Spencer, and Frank Householder). Lucky Mojo, 2019. ISBN 978-0-9997809-3-0
 * The Red Folder: Private Lessons on the Practice of Hoodoo (editor / contributor, with 48 other authors). Missionary Independent Spiritual Church, 2019. ISBN 978-0-9960523-6-8
 * Secrets of the Crystal Silence League: Crystal Ball Gazing, The Master Key to Silent Influence. (with Claude Alexander Conlin and Deacon Millett). Missionary Independent Spiritual Church, 2019. ISBN 978-0-9960523-5-1
 * Bottle Up and Go!: The Magic of Hoodoo Container Spells in Boxes, Bags, Bowls, Buckets, and Jars. (with Lara Rivera). Lucky Mojo, 2020. ISBN 978-0-9997809-4-7
 * The Stranger in the Cup: How to Read Your Luck and Fate in the Tea Leaves. (with Gregory Lee White). Lucky Mojo, 2020. ISBN 978-0-9997809-6-1
 * Terrors of the Evil Eye Exposed: Protection From Evil. (with Henri Gamache and Dr. Jeremy Weiss). Lucky Mojo, 2021. ISBN 978-0-9997809-8-5
 * How to Use Amulets, Charms, and Talismans in the Hoodoo and Conjure Tradition: Physical Magic for Protection, Health, Money, Love, and Long Life. (with Gregory Lee White). Lucky Mojo, 2021. ISBN 978-0-9997809-9-2
 * Down-Home Sex Magic: Hoodoo Spells of Bodily Love. Lucky Mojo, 2021. ISBN 978-0-9997809-7-8
 * Hoodoo Dolls and Effigies: How to Craft and Cast Spells with Poppets, Fetishes, and Voodoo Dolls in the African-American Conjure Tradition. Lucky Mojo, 2022. ISBN 978-1-7376516-2-8
 * Sneaky Tricks: How to Hide Your Hoodoo Spells in Plain Sight. (with Miss Michaele). Lucky Mojo, 2023. ISBN 978-1-7376516-3-5
 * Astrology for Rootworkers: Spell-Casting with the Zodiac in Hoodoo and Conjure. (with Prof. A. F. Seward). Lucky Mojo, 2023. ISBN 978-1-7376516-4-2

title: Catherine Yronwode


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Xed/Evidence/VfD

Keep because Judaism is a uniquely influential religious meme intrinsically tied to ethnic supremacism and deserves special discussion Pinlighter 09:06, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

User's 4th edit. Jayjg (talk) 18:33, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) I have put this material here as it is difficult to access the diffs for these edits. Fred Bauder 18:42, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

Keep because Judaism is a uniquely influential religious meme intrinsically tied to ethnic supremacism and deserves special discussion Pinlighter 09:06, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

User's 4th edit. Jayjg (talk) 18:33, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Only one percent of Jayjg's posts are not pro-Israel / pro-Jewish propaganda - XED.talk 18:47, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Come on, Xed. It doesn't matter whether Jayjg is 50%, 90% or 100% pro-Israel, by the rules everyone gets one vote. However, these sockpuppets are attemping to circumvent the rules. It's important to separate the bad faith votes from the good (as Jayjg was doing). In the case of this VfD, there are a significant number of sockpuppets trying to influence the vote. Adding the same comment about one user multiple times is hardly helpful. Carrp 19:01, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Just pointing out the facts. As of Dec 2004, only 0.8% of Jayjg's posts are not about Israel/Judaism, and of those that are, virtually all are pro. - XED.talk 19:11, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'm not even going to ask how much time you spent calculating Jayjg's post distribution. You pointed out the same fact about the same user four or five times on this page. Jayjg has one vote, same as you or me. For the purpose of this VfD, it doesn't matter that he's very pro-Israel. Carrp 19:17, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

No time at all- it was someone elses research. I know Jayjg has one vote. I was simply pointing out facts. - XED.talk 19:24, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This is an anti-Semitic slur Slrubenstein 15:43, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) (this referred to Pinlighter's vote, not to Xed's comments Fred Bauder)


text:
Bagdogra

Bagdogra is a settlement in the Naxalbari CD block in the Siliguri subdivision of the Darjeeling district, in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the Greater Siliguri Metropolitan Area. Bagdogra is well connected by air to six major cities of India – Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Chennai through the Bagdogra Airport. The Bagdogra railway station is also well connected.

Location
Bagdogra is located at 26.42°N, 88.19°W. It is 11km away from Siliguri. It has two National Highways:- AH 2 and NH 31C. It also has Asian Highway (AH2).

Area overview
The map alongside shows the Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling district. This area is spread across the foothills of the Himalayas and is a plain land gently sloping from north to south. While the northern part is mentioned as the Terai region, the larger southern portion forms the western part of the Dooars region. While 55.11% per cent of the population resides in the rural areas, 44.89% resides in the urban areas. On the western side the Mechi River forms a long border with Nepal. On the eastern side the Mahananda River forms a short border with Bangladesh. Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Police station
Bagdogra police station has jurisdiction over parts of Siliguri Municipal Corporation.

Airway
The Bagdogra International Airport (IATA: IXB, ICAO: VEBD) is located in about 16 km (9.9 mi) west of the city of Siliguri in the Darjeeling district in northern West Bengal, India. It is operated as a civil enclave at Air Force Station Bagdogra. It is the gateway airport to the hill station towns of Darjeeling, Kurseong, Mirik, and Kalimpong and the state of Sikkim, and sees thousands of tourists annually. Permits for Foreign tourists intending to journey to Sikkim are issued at this airport. And airport is a major stop in the region with flights connecting Kolkata, New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Guwahati, Paro and Bangkok. The airport also has regular helicopter flights to Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim. The central government of India conferred international airport status to the airport in 2002 with limited international operations.

Railway
Bagdogra Railway Station comes under Northeast Frontier Railway zone (NFR) and Siliguri-Katihar Railway Line. The station code of Bagdogra is (BORA).

Roadway
It has two National Highways :- NH 31 and NH 31C. It also has Asian Highway (AH2) which is connected with Nepal and Bangladesh. It provides a gateway to North - East India.

Education
The University of North Bengal was established at Raja Rammohunpur in 1962.

Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya was established at Bagdogra in 1988. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers honours courses in Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English, geography, history, political science, sociology, accountancy, management, and general courses in arts, science and commerce.

Some of the notable schools near/in Bagdogra are Air Force School Bagdogra, Army Public School Bengdubi, Kendriya Vidyalaya Bengdubi, Kendriya Vidyalaya Air Force, Good Shepherd, Hebron English High School, Limelight School and B.S.F. Senior Secondary Residential School Kadamtala.

title: Bagdogra


text:
Orquesta Aragón

Orquesta Aragón is a Cuban musical band formed on 30 September 1939, by Orestes Aragón Cantero in Cienfuegos, Cuba. The band originally had the name Ritmica 39, then Ritmica Aragón before settling on its final form. Though they did not create the Cha-cha-cha, they were arguably the best charanga in Cuba during the 1950s and 1960s. Their trade-marks included high-class instrumentalists playing in tight ensemble style, and rhythmical innovations which kept their sound up to date. Over the years they progressed from their start as a danzoneria to play a wider variety of styles, danzón, then cha-cha-cha, then onda-cha, pachanga and son fusions. They still perform today, based in Havana.

History
Originally, the orchestra consisted of eight musicians: Orestes Aragon (double bass), Filiberto Depestre (first violin), Hilario René González (second violin) Rufino Roque (piano), Efraín Loyola (flute), Orestes Varona (timbales), Noelio Morejon (güiro) & Pablo Romay (vocals). With the illness of Aragón in 1949, Rafael Lay Apesteguía became leader, and the band entered its second phase.

In 1950, the orchestra made its first journey to Havana, and in 1953 Lay changed the personnel to suit his own ideas. Around this time, the danzón genre began to fade, and the cha-cha-cha to gain popularity. Flautist was now Rolando Lozano and, later, Richard Egües. Pepe Olmo began singing along with the director Rafael Lay. Pepe Palma joined the orchestra and be its Piano Player for decades onwards. The emergence of Richard Egües on the 5-key wooden flute was significant. Egües replaced Rolando Lozano at the beginning of 1955 when Lozano went to Mexico. In August 1955, Celso Valdés was added on violin and thus the first classic lineup of the Orquesta Aragon was in place. The line-up now was Pepe Olmo and Rafael Lay (vocals), Lay, Filiberto Depestre and Celso Valdés (violins), Pepe Palma (piano), Jose Beltran (d. bass), Panchito Arbolaez (güiro), Orestes Varona (timbales) and Guido Sarria (conga). Lay and Egües were skilled arrangers and composers. Between 1955 and 1958 the Orquesta Aragon released four LPs for RCA, listed below. During this time the Orquesta Aragon recorded nearly 100 numbers for RCA, several of which were never released. These include Macuto, Por esta adoracion, El trago, Gallo y gallina and Cha Cha Cha navideño among others.

In 1958, Pedro Depestre replaced his father Filiberto on violin and in January 1959, Rafael Bacallao was added as a singer. Now the Aragon had three voices, and a unique sound. Bacallao also was a dancer and his dances during their shows always garnered attention and acclaim. Also in 1959, the Orquesta Aragon issued the first of eight LPs with their new line up on the Discuba label (RCA Victor subsidiary).

Cellist Alejandro Tómas Valdés joined the band in the 1960s; a great dancer, he created the onda-cha as a dance which included Brazil’s capoeira, and the music that he also created featured heavy Afro percussion with the traditional sounds of cha-cha-cha.

After the death of Rafael Lay Apesteguía in 1982, Richard Egües became leader, until 1984 when Rafael Lay Bravo took over. Under the younger Lay, the Orquesta established itself as a true institution of inspiration for other Orquestas in dealing with Cuban and Afro-Cuban musical styles. During the revolutionary period, Aragón travelled to give performances in over 30 countries.

Discography

 * Me Voy para la Luna Discuba DCD 520 (originally RCA, 1958)
 * Cha Cha Cha RCA Victor LP 1130 (1955)
 * That Cuban Cha Cha Cha RCA Victor LP 1294 (1956)
 * The Heart of Havana RCA Victor LP 1468 (1957)
 * Maracas, bongo y conga RCA Victor LP 1609 (1958)
 * Danzones de Ayer y de Hoy Discuba DCD 515 (1958)
 * Danzones de Ayer y de Hoy Vol 2 Discuba DCD 532 (Originally 1958)
 * Cojale el Gusto a Cuba Discuba DCD 502 (originally RCA, 1959)
 * Charangas y Pachangas Discuba DCD 555 (1959)
 * Ja Ja Ja Pacha Discuba DCD 557 (1961)
 * Ultimos exitos de la Orquesta Aragón Discuba DCD 565
 * Ritmo Cha-onda (Barbaro, 1978)
 * Mosaicos tropicales Discuba DCD 576 (1990)
 * La Cubanisima Orquesta Aragon (EGREM, 1992)
 * Quien sabe, sabe (EGREM, 1997)
 * La Charanga Eterna (EGREM, 1999)
 * En Route (EGREM, 2001)
 *  Por Siempre Aragon (EGREM, 2002)
 * The Lusafrica Years (Lusafrica, 2009)
 * Cha Cha Chá: Homenaje a lo Tradicional (2021)

title: Orquesta Aragón


text:
Talk:Iraqi resistance

I think this page should include the stuff that keeps getting taken out of the Iraqi insurgency page about nonviolent resistance groups. Some of the information on polls on that page should be updated and included here as well. In addition, the historic protests on April 9, 2005 should be included here, or perhaps they need their own entry.--csloat 09:26, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Look, there is no "resistance". I can see where you're going... "broad-based, popular uprising" indeed. A popular uprising is what we saw in Ukraine, what we're seeing in Lebanon, etc. The only comparable event in Iraq were the elections. I wrote more about this earlier:. What term to use was discussed, voted on and decided, and what you want to do certainly wasn't it. Nonviolent groups are political, and should go on a politics page, with a mention at the insurgency page (and by the way I've never deleted any info about them). There is no resistance. ObsidianOrder 21:29, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

If there's no resistance then why are there groups calling themselves "Resistance"? Your claims are bullshit. We talked about it on the Iraqi Insurgency page, the idea of creating a separate page for "resistance," of which "insurgents" would be a subset, seemed acceptable to people (including you I thought). If you want to edit this article, fine, but just deleting it to redirect back to insurgency is bullshit (especially when you want to delete evidence of nonviolent resistance from the insurgency too!) I understand if you don't like my wording because you can't possibly bring yourself to believe that there are many Iraqis who want the US out, but stop trying to change reality to conform to your opinion.

Let me ask you something personal -- what expertise do you actually have in this area, other than listening to Rush Limbaugh or reading littlegreenfootballs or whatever? Do you study Iraq or the Middle East in your non-wikipedia life? Do you get information from any regular newspapers or other regularly updated sources? Do you have any background in Middle East politics? I ask because your statements sometimes seem reasonable and informed, while at other times they are completely out of touch with reality. I get the sense that you only read about this stuff when you want to go out to find evidence to disprove something said by someone you perceive as liberal. When you say "there is no resistance", that is just hogwash. You may not like the resistance, you may not want there to be a resistance, you may have another name for the resistance ("insurgents,""terrorists," whatever), but to deny that there are self-identified resistance movements among real live Iraqis who oppose the U.S. occupation is ludicrous.

Just stop reverting this page. Or rename the other page "Iraqi Resistance." Or put the evidence of the resistance back in that page more prominently. Or build all this into the Iraq Poltiics page and delete the rest. But don't just delete facts that make you uncomfortable. If the facts are inconsistent with your worldview, it may be your worldview that needs to be looked at. --csloat 02:55, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"seemed acceptable to people" - no, not quite, creating a separate page for the non-violent opposition seemed acceptable (e.g. Political opposition to U.S. goals in Iraq or some such). Putting it at this page, I never agreed to, and I don't think anyone else did either.

"you may have another name for the resistance" - yes, I do. resistance="La Resistance", and the sorry thugs that take potshots at US/Iraqi troops/politicians/mosques/doctors/schoolbuses in Iraq are not that, and neither is anyone who gives them political cover. Certainly there are people who hate our guts and would be happy if we left immediately, but that doesn't make them "La Resistance", regardless of what they call themselves, because if you grant them that title, you are also (by analogy) implying we are the nazis in this little drama, which will not wash.

"especially when you want to delete evidence of nonviolent resistance from the insurgency too" - I certainly do not. Can you point to a single instance when I have done so, or even said that I want to?

"you can't possibly bring yourself to believe that there are many Iraqis who want the US out" - obviously, nobody likes a military occupation for very long. I think they know they need us for a while longer. you may note that Iraqis in areas we have let fall under the control of the insurgents are only too happy to see us back. the Iraqis who want the US out are now probably a majority in parliament and the government (in a sense UIA is "the resistance"), and we don't seem to have a problem with it. the problem, of course, is those few Iraqis (and foreigners) who want to impose their will on everyone by force of arms.

"don't just delete facts that make you uncomfortable" - when have I done so? facts I consider dubious, by all means, and I usually explain why. facts that "make me uncomfortable", no.

"put the evidence of the resistance back in that page more prominently" - what was taken out that you'd like to put back?

Of the solutions you propose, I think I'd prefer to keep that info on the insurgency page for nonviolent groups that have links with/support the insurgency (actually it's already there: Iraqi insurgency), and put the info for groups that oppose US goals in Politics of Iraq. Or put it all in one place at either page, it doesn't matter. It shouldn't be here. ObsidianOrder 04:17, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Jesus. They're Iraqis, not French, and I never said they were "La Resistance." I am not calling them "resistance" to imply legitimacy or to call Americans Nazis, which is just stupid. I am using that term because they use that term themselves, and because many scholars and journalists who observe them use that term. Therefore it belongs in an encyclopedia (even if you want to add a paragraph explaining why some think they don't deserve the title!) Frankly, I think you are giving way too much positive valence to the term resistance. It just means those who resist foreign occupation. It doesn't have to glorify the resisters. And, like it or not, a hundred thousand (roughly) shiites marching in the streets chanting "death to America" constitutes resistance.

Perhaps you weren't the one who argued for removing the evidence of nonviolent resistance that was in the insurgency page? Sorry if I confused you with Silverback. Now that I think about it I do remember actually that you were ok with the sentence about the resistance in the intro paragraph, so my apologies. And in terms of what was deleted, what happened to the Sunni umbrella group that specifically ordered against attacking civilians?

You say the Iraqis who want us out form a majority "and we don't seem to have a problem with it." Why should we have a problem with it if we don't plan to leave no matter what they say? I think us "not having a problem" with doing thing against the wishes of the Iraqis is exactly the problem here.

Anyway, I'm not willing to keep fighting this battle forever -- I spend way more time on wikipedia than I should as it is. The point of this project is an encyclopedia, not a vehicle for political debates that I really don't have time for. I'm actually fine with deleting this page and leaving things as they are on the other page, but I got the sense that you, silverback, and daniel11 wanted the evidence of peaceful resistance and the evidence of insurgents not attacking civilians to be put on a separate page, which is why I started this one. I'll back off it for now, but if such evidence starts disappearing from the insurgency page again I think it should be recreated.

By the way, where is the information about the vote that you mentioned on the naming of the page? How many people actually voted? I only see about 5 people active in the conversation, so I'm just curious how such votes are taken. --csloat 07:04, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Ok, I guess I'll make this a redirect then. "if such evidence starts disappearing" - I guarantee I re-create it myself if necessary. Actually I'm going to dig up some much older versions to see if anything along those lines was deleted. I also have the feeling the Politics of Iraq page has big gaps in coverage in this and other areas. To get the ball rolling, I did some work on Association of Muslim Scholars. Btw the discussion of the move is here: Talk:Iraqi insurgency/Archive discussion of move. The vote was 21:10 in favor. ObsidianOrder 08:35, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * No I think you're right csloat, developing this article is probably the best way to deal with POV warriors. —Christiaan 13:10, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iraqi resistance


text:
Paul Langerhans

Paul Langerhans (25 July 1847 – 20 July 1888) was a German pathologist, physiologist and biologist, credited with the discovery of the cells that secrete insulin, named after him as the islets of Langerhans.

Eponymous terms

 * Islets of Langerhans – Pancreatic cells which include insulin-producing cells. Langerhans discovered these cells during his studies for his doctorate at the Berlin Pathological Institute in 1869.
 * Langerhans cells – Skin cells concerned with the immune response and which sometimes contain Langerhans granules. In 1868, Langerhans used the technique taught to him by Julius Friedrich Cohnheim to stain a sample of human skin with gold chloride and identified the cells which bear his name. From their appearance, Langerhans believed they were nerve cells. However they are a form of macrophages that were originally thought to be dendritic cells due to their morphology.
 * Layer of Langerhans – In the same paper in which he described Langerhans cells, he described the granular cells in the exterior portion of the Malpighian layer of the epidermis, the stratum granulosum otherwise known as the Layer of Langerhans.
 * Langerin – CD207, langerin (Cluster of Differentiation 207) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD207 gene. It is expressed in the Birbeck granules of Langerhans cells.

Early education
Langerhans was born in Berlin on 25 July 1847, the son of a physician. He later entered the renowned Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster in the same city. Due to his outstanding performance he was exempted from the final oral examinations. He began his medical studies at the University of Jena and completed them in Berlin.

Major scientific contributions
In February 1869, he presented a thesis entitled “Contributions to the microscopic anatomy of the pancreas,” in which he refers to islands of clear cells throughout the gland, staining differently than the surrounding tissue. He noticed that these areas were more richly innervated, but he could not suggest a function, except for the incorrect hypothesis that they might be lymph nodes.

One year before, still as an undergraduate, he analysed epidermal skin cells as part of an open competition organised by Berlin University. The branched skin cells resembling neuron, described in his paper entitled “On the nerves of the human skin,” remained an enigma for over a century before their immunological function and significance were recognised.

Early career and disease
After graduation, he accompanied the geographer Richard Kiepert to Syria, Palestine and western Jordan, but returned to Europe at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War and later served in an ambulance unit in France. In 1871, Rudolf Virchow arranged a position for him as prosector in pathological anatomy at the University of Freiburg, and within two years he became a full professor. It was there in 1874 that he contracted tuberculosis, very likely because of his work in the dissecting room. In search of a cure, he travelled to Naples, Palermo, the island of Capri, and underwent treatments at Davos and Silvaplana in Switzerland, but all in vain: he was forced to apply for release from his university duties.

Consequences, Madeira and marriage
In October 1875 he embarked for Funchal on the island of Madeira, where he made a partial recovery and launched himself into a new career with undiminished energy. He began studying marine worms, making regular trips down to the harbour to pick over the fishermens’ nets. His publications describing and classifying marine invertebrates deserve to rank as his third contribution to science. In 1887, he gave a lecture on these topics to the Royal Academy in Berlin.

He practiced as a physician in Funchal, treating mostly fellow tuberculosis sufferers, and published scientific papers about the condition in Virchow's archive. Not content with this, he also wrote a handbook for travellers to the island, and pursued studies in meteorology.

In 1885, he married Margarethe Ebart, the widow of one of his patients. They travelled to Berlin for the wedding, and he met his father, sisters and two brothers for the last time. The newly-weds rented Quinta Lambert, known as the most beautiful villa in Funchal and now the Official Residence of the President of the Regional Government. In the words of his new bride “three indescribably happy years” followed.

Death
In autumn of 1887, progressive renal failure brought his medical activities to an end. He developed leg oedema, crippling headaches and transient memory loss. Sometimes he stopped in the middle of a sentence and was unable to continue. He died of uraemia on 20 July 1888, five days before his 41st birthday. He is buried in the British Cemetery of Funchal on Madeira, a place he had chosen, describing it as a “true graveyard, isolated and quiet, a good place to rest.”

title: Paul Langerhans


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New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station

New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station (station code NJP) established in 1960, is an A1 category broad-gauge and narrow-gauge railway station under Katihar railway division of Northeast Frontier Railway zone. It is the largest and the busiest railway junction of northeast India. This junction is largest among the railway stations which serve the city of Siliguri, the largest metropolis of the North Bengal. The other stations are- Siliguri Junction, Gulma, Bagdogra, Matigara, Rangapani and Siliguri Town. New Jalpaiguri junction ranked 10th cleanest railway station in India in 2016 survey and came among the top 100 booking stations of Indian railway. New Jalpaiguri, as a railway station serves as the entry point to North Bengal, Sikkim, other countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the seven northeastern states (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya). New Jalpaiguri Junction acts as a connecting base for the northeastern states to the Indian mainland.

History
The partition of India in 1947 completely disrupted railway communication links in North Bengal and Assam with the southern parts of West Bengal. Earlier, the links were through the eastern part of Bengal, which became a part of Pakistan in 1947. Siliguri gained in importance as the gateway to North Bengal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Assam.

Around 1949, Siliguri Junction station, a new station north of the old Siliguri Town railway station, came up with several metre-gauge lines converging on it. In addition there was the narrow-gauge Darjeeling Himalayan Railway running from Siliguri Town station to Darjeeling via Siliguri Junction. The Assam Rail Link Project, completed in 1950, linked the railways in Assam, with a metre-gauge line to Kishanganj. The line running across North Bengal, spanned the Teesta, Torsha, and Sankosh rivers.

In the early 1960s, Indian Railways started changing over from metre gauge to broad gauge and built a new broad-gauge station south of Siliguri Town station. Since the new station was located in Jalpaiguri district, it was named New Jalpaiguri. By 1964, New Jalpaiguri became the most important railway station in the area. It had both broad gauge (to Kishanganj and Barsoi, and to Siliguri town and Siliguri junction) and metre gauge (to Siliguri town and Siliguri junction) tracks. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway narrow-gauge track was extended from Siliguri town station to the New Jaipaiguri station. The metre-gauge track from New Jaipaiguri to Siliguri town and Siliguri junction was later converted to broad gauge.

Amenities
New Jalpaiguri railway station has two double-bedded air-conditioned (AC) retiring rooms, six double-bedded non-AC retiring rooms, one three-bedded dormitory and one twelve-bedded dormitory. Free High speed Google RailWire WiFi is available at this station. It has IRCTC and other private restaurants.

Services
New Jalpaiguri Jn, which is commonly called as NJP is the largest as well as busiest railway junction of North East Frontier Zone, which serves as the lifeline of the Northeastern states. NJP acts as a connecting base for the Northeastern states to the Indian mainland. NJP is the railway station of the largest city of North Bengal (Siliguri), which is popularly referred as the gateway of northeast India. New Jalpaiguri railway station is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.

New Jalpaiguri is connected to almost all parts of the country (except Pune, Haridwar, Rameswaram,Goa and Surat) and has been ranked 10th in the Cleanest Railway Stations of India recently. It has a good connection to Kolkata, Delhi and Guwahati and there are many other trains to different parts of India. New Jalpaiguri is the Busiest station in North Bengal and the Northeast Frontier Railway Zone.

Darjeeling-Himalayan railway
There is one narrow-gauge platform at this station which operates trains towards Darjeeling hills as a part of Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. This is the last terminal of the DHR Railways.

India-Bangladesh rail link
This station have international express train service between India and Bangladesh. Mitali Express train operate from New Jalpaiguri railway station to Dhaka Cantonment railway station. The Mitali Express train is an international express rail service which runs between the Indian city of Siliguri (New Jalpaiguri railway station) and the Bangladeshi capital Dhaka (Dhaka Cantonment railway station) every week.

Vande Bharat Express

 * New Jalpaiguri - Howrah Vande Bharat Express connects Siliguri with Kolkata.
 * New Jalpaiguri–Guwahati Vande Bharat Express connects Siliguri with Guwahati.
 * New Jalpaiguri – Patna Vande Bharat Express connects Siliguri with Patna.

Vistadome Trains

 * New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Express originates from this station and passes through the beautiful Doars region of North Bengal.
 * DHR Vistadome Special on Narrow Gauge also originates from this station and passes through hills of Darjeeling.
 * New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express with Vistadome Starts from NJP and reaches Howrah in Kolkata.

Rajdhani Express

 * Three different sets of Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express connects New Jalpaiguri with Delhi on daily basis.
 * Agartala Tejas Rajdhani Express also connects NJP to Delhi.

Buses
The North Bengal State Transport Corporation operates bus services from NJP New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station to Siliguri city and sub urban areas, Also private buses runs between all over the city from NJP New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station

Cars
Many road is directly connected from Siliguri to New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station.

Ride aggregator services Uber, Rapido, Ola provide rides from the train station to various parts of the city. One can also book private cabs to go Darjeeling, Gangtok and all over hill areas. Apart from these numerous private taxi operators provide pre-paid and post-paid taxi services to the city. E-rickshaw, City auto facilities are available in the station.

title: New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station


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Woody Creek, Colorado

Woody Creek is an unincorporated town, a post office, and a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Pitkin County, Colorado, United States. The Woody Creek post office has the ZIP Code 81656 (post office boxes). At the United States Census 2020, the population of the Woody Creek CDP was 290. The Woody Creek Metropolitan District provides services. The CDP is a part of the Glenwood Springs, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
Woody Creek is situated in the valley of the Roaring Fork River northwest of Aspen, along State Highway 82, where Woody Creek exits a canyon and joins the Roaring Fork. It is situated at the northwest (and least developed) end of a small valley that stretches southeast along the Roaring Fork to Aspen.

The Woody Creek CDP has an area of 1.587 km2, all land.

Cityscape
The community is centered on a log cabin built in the 1940s by the Lee Jones family, which now houses the Woody Creek Tavern, a well-known landmark, as well as the Woody Creek Community Center. The cabin sits along a county road, somewhat concealed from State Highway 82. Adjacent is a trailer park and several homes, ranging from modest older ones to newer upscale structures.

Culture
Woody Creek was the residence of noted author Hunter S. Thompson for much of his life and at the time of his death. It also has been the home of several other celebrities and musicians including the late broadcaster Ed Bradley, Don Henley of the Eagles, John Oates (Hall and Oates), Jimmy Ibbotson of The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and actor Don Johnson. Currently, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi has a winter home in Woody Creek.

Updates on Woody Creek are often heard on local radio stations KNDH and KSNO. The public radio stations available are KAJX, KDNK and KVOD.

Woody Creek was the residence of many of the founding members of the Aspen Ridiculous Theatre Company (ART-C). ART-C is notable for its annual Winterskol show and spring extravaganzas at the Wheeler Opera House.

title: Woody Creek, Colorado


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Vesta family

The Vesta family (adj. Vestian; FIN: 401) is a family of asteroids. The cratering family is located in the inner asteroid belt in the vicinity of its namesake and principal body, 4 Vesta. It is one of the largest asteroid families with more than 15,000 known members and consists of mostly bright V-type asteroids, so-called "vestoids".

Characteristics

The Vestian asteroids consist of 4 Vesta, the second-most-massive of all asteroids (mean diameter of 530 km), and many small asteroids below 10 km diameter. The brightest of these, 1929 Kollaa and 2045 Peking, have an absolute magnitude of 12.2, which would give them a radius of about 7.5 km assuming the same high albedo as 4 Vesta.

The family originated from an impact on asteroid 4 Vesta, with the giant south-polar crater the likely impact site. The family are thought to be the source of the HED meteorites.

The Vesta family also includes a few J-type asteroids (related to the V-type), which are thought to have come from the deeper layers of Vesta's crust, and are similar to the diogenite meteorites.

A HCM numerical analysis (by Zappala 1995) determined a large group of 'core' family members, whose proper orbital elements lie in the approximate ranges: This gives the approximate boundaries of the family. At the present epoch, the range of osculating orbital elements of these core members is:

The Zappala 1995 analysis found 235 core members. A search of a recent proper-element database (AstDys) for 96,944 minor planets in 2005 yielded 6,051 objects (about 6% of the total) lying within the Vesta-family region as per the first table above.

Interlopers
Spectroscopic analyses have shown that some of the largest Vestians are in fact interlopers. They are not of the V or J spectral class, but have similar orbital elements by coincidence. These include 306 Unitas, 442 Eichsfeldia, 1697 Koskenniemi, 1781 Van Biesbroeck, 2024 McLaughlin, 2029 Binomi, 2086 Newell, 2346 Lilio, and others. (Identified by inspection of the PDS asteroid taxonomy data set).

title: Vesta family


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Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Xed/Evidence/Exchange

This is material from the diff showing an exchange of insults Fred Bauder 18:55, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Jewish ethnocentrism

Xed, I'm unclear as to the point of your intervention on this page, aimed at User:Jayjg. First, your repeated claim is dubious, to say the least; I assume that one percent isn't meant to be accurate, but unless you're coming from an extreme anti-semitic viewpoint according to which anything not equally anti-semitic is pro-Jewish propaganda, then it's a gross misstatement (well, it's a gross misstatement anyway).

Secondly, if, as I assume, you're retaliating in reponse to his comments about voting by new Users, there's a huge mismatch. If sockpuppets are being used to try to influence the vote, that's dishonest and against Wikipedia rules; if a User has strong views which influence his or her voting, then that's probably true of the majority of Users, including you, and though it might be regrettable, especially in extreme cases, it's neither dishonest nor against Wikipedia rules. Mel Etitis (Mel EththV) 19:04, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Just pointing out the facts. - XED.talk 19:07, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

So I can take it that you didn't read my comments, or didn't understand them, or just don't care enough about either truth or fairness to respond to them? Mel Etitis (Mel EththV) 19:10, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

No, I read, understood, and responded. Who knows, I may have responded more if you had made a point. - XED.talk 19:15, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Fine, it was the second possibility. Mel Etitis (Mel EththV) 19:18, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Pompous wanker. - XED.talk 19:20, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Oh I do love a debate with an acute wit. At this point I expect you'd have tried to hit me, if you could have dragged your knuckles from the floor. Mel Etitis (Mel EththV) 19:25, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Tried to hit you? Now I'm laughing. If you've got a point then make it, instead of spewing all over my talk page - XED.talk 19:29, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Actually, I'd say you just made the point for him. Slrubenstein 22:14, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Chris Ardoin

Chris Ardoin (born April 7, 1981 in Lake Charles, Louisiana ) is a zydeco accordionist and singer. He is one of the young artists that helped form nouveau zydeco, a new style of music that fused traditional zydeco with various styles including hip-hop, reggae and R&B.

Biography
Ardoin was a child prodigy belonging to a musical dynasty (his father was Lawrence Ardoin and his grandfather was Bois Sec Ardoin). His older brother is Gospel zydeco artist Sean Ardoin. He started with the accordion at the age of two and grew up listening to zydeco only for the most part until he was in his teens. When he was just ten, with help from his father Lawrence, he formed the Double Clutchin' zydeco band with his elder brother Sean Ardoin on drums.

In 1994, the band released their debut album That's Da Lick on the Maison de Soul label. Though it was Sean who handled all the vocals and songwriting, the album was credited to Chris as they considered putting younger Chris in front would draw more attention to the band. Chris came more into the center of the spotlight in the follow-up effort Lick It Up! released a year later, sharing vocals and songwriting duties with Sean. Sean left the band after releasing the album Turn the Page in 1998 to concentrate on his solo career.

In 2005, Ardoin changed the band name from Double Clutchin' to NuStep, and released Sweat, the first album under the new name. M.V.P. followed in 2006, V.I.P in 2008, Alter Ego in 2009, and Headliner in 2010.

On July 30, 2021, Ardoin was hit by gunfire in a seemingly-random shooting following a performance at the Zydeco Bike Fest in Colfax, Louisiana. As of February 2022, no charges have been filed in the case.

Discography

 * 1994 That's Da Lick (Maison de Soul)
 * 1995 Lick It Up! (Maison de Soul)
 * 1997 Gon' Be Jus' Fine (Rounder)
 * 1998 Turn the Page (Rounder)
 * 2000 Best Kept Secret (Rounder)
 * 2003 Life (J&S)
 * 2004 Save the Last Dance (J&S)
 * 2005 Sweat (NuStep4Lyfe Entertainment)
 * 2006 M.V.P. (NuStep4Lyfe Entertainment)
 * 2008 Candyman's V.I.P. (NuStep4Lyfe Entertainment)
 * 2009 Alter Ego (NuStep4Lyfe Entertainment)
 * 2010 Headliner (NuStep4Lyfe Entertainment)
 * 2012 Unleashed (NuStep4Lyfe Entertainment)
 * 2014 Back Home (NuStep4Lyfe Entertainment)
 * 2015 Zydeko Fever (NuStep4Lyfe Entertainment)
 * 2016 Requested Live (NuStep4Lyfe Entertainment)
 * 2017 Legend (Soul Rehab Music Group)
 * 2018 Evolution (Soul Rehab Music Group)
 * 2020 Press Play: Live (Soul Rehab Music Group)

title: Chris Ardoin