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Birthright (campaign setting)

Birthright is a Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting that was first released by TSR in 1995. It is based on the continent of Cerilia on the world of Aebrynis, in which the players take on the role of the divinely-empowered rulers, with emphasis on the political rulership level of gameplay. The setting revolves around the concept of bloodlines: divine power gained by heroes and passed on to their descendants. Characters with a bloodline create an aura of command known as Regency, which is measured in the game using regency points or RP. Using regency, characters acquire a domain composed of provinces and holdings. The development of these domains is as much a part of the game as development of the characters. The game uses three-month domain turns to model actions of rulers over nations in much the same way as Dungeons & Dragons uses combat rounds to simulate time to model the characters' actions in battle. In 1996, Birthright won the Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Supplement of 1995.

Development
In 1994, Rich Baker and Colin McComb co-designed the Birthright campaign setting. Matthew Pook for Pyramid magazine recognized the campaign as the first setting to support player characters as rulers, providing players with a game based on "diplomacy, politics, trade, construction and (of course) war". According to writer Michael J. Tresca, Birthright was inspired by Tolkien's Middle-earth setting, as a "universe profoundly influenced by bloodline, nation building, and war".

Geography
The world of Aebrynis has at least four known continents, the frozen continent of Thaele, the continent of Djapar to the southeast, the great southern continent of Aduria, and Cerilia, the location of the actual Birthright campaign. Cerilia itself is divided into five regions, each named after the primary human group that first settled there:

 * Anuire is in the southwest portion of Cerilia. The river Maesil forms a great highway through the heartlands. The region has a temperate climate similar to Western Europe. Anuire has no direct historical analogy, but is an amalgam of medieval England, imperial Rome, and Gondor from The Lord of the Rings.
 * Rjurik is in the northwest of Cerilia. Large expanses of sparsely settled pine forests dominate this region. The climate and culture are modeled on Scandinavia and the Celts.
 * Brechtür is in the central north of Cerilia. The Great Bay almost separates Cerilia in half. The nations of Brechtür lie on the shores of the Great Bay. These realms are very mountainous and travel by ship is almost always preferred to overland routes. Conceptually similar to the Hanseatic League.
 * Khinasi is in the southeast of Cerilia and the warmest region of the continent. It has arid plains, rugged mountains, many islands, and deserts. The people are seafarers and less fearful of magic than other areas. It is conceptually similar to Moorish Spain and Arabia.
 * Vosgaard is located in the northeast of Cerilia and is also known as the Heartless Wastes. The land is frigid, unforgiving and populated by some of the most dangerous creatures on the continent. The prevailing culture is conceptually similar to the Rus.

History
Cerilia was originally inhabited by the elves, dwarves, and goblins. Fleeing the corruption of Aduria by the dark god Azrai, human tribes settled Cerilia. At first contact between the elves and humans was peaceful, but conflict soon arose as the human population expanded into elven lands.

After years of manipulation and machination Azrai's armies marched on Cerilia. On his side were his Adurian minions, the Vos (a human tribe he had corrupted), and the elves, bitter from their wars with humanity. The human tribes and their patron gods met him in battle at Mount Deismaar, located on the landbridge between Aduria and Cerilia. The elves realized they had been tricked by Azrai and most switched sides. As their armies fought on the slopes of the mountain, the gods themselves met in battle. The other gods were only able to defeat Azrai by sacrificing themselves. In a colossal explosion, they destroyed themselves and Azrai. Mount Deismaar and the land bridge were destroyed.

The power of the gods was not wasted, however. It shot out and entered those present at the battle. The champions of the gods, those closest in ideal and virtue to their patron as well as physical proximity at the time of the cataclysm, received the most power. They became gods themselves, a new pantheon that would replace the old.

Other combatants also received some of the divine power of the gods. On the battlefield it did not take them long to realize that this power was in their blood, and could be stolen. A scion, as one of the divine blood is called, could have his blood strength stolen if killed by a blow piercing his heart.

The divine gifts of the scions make them able leaders. They form a connection to their people and land, drawing strength from them. And in times of need returning that strength and perform great deeds. They also can have a variety of other divine powers, such as long life, the ability to detect poison or project a divine aura, depending upon their bloodline strength and the god it was derived from.

Those who find themselves with the blood of Azrai often become powerful abominations, or awnsheghlien. Corrupted by their dark blood, their bodies twist to reflect their inner corruption. Many of the major villains and monsters are awnsheghlien. Examples include the Gorgon (stone-skinned with a petrifying gaze, perhaps the strongest creature in Cerilia), the Sphinx (an insane half-cat lover of riddles), the Spider (once a goblin-king who fought at Deismaar), and the Vampire (once a young hero who killed a blood abomination named the Sinister and thus became corrupted himself).

Domain level of play
Because bloodlines allow scions to collect regency the Birthright campaign includes a set of rules for players to participate in the "domain level" of play. That is, their characters can control various types of large-scale organizations. Those who rule such organizations are called regents. They are able to use the power they gain in the form of regency to manipulate events in and around their domain.

Domains are made up of provinces and holdings. Provinces are the basic political unit of the domain level. They represent the actual land, population and natural environment of a domain. There are four types of holdings; law, temples, guilds and sources. Law holdings represent the legal authority of regents in the province while temples and guild holdings are the religious and economic aspects of a province. Source holdings represent the magical energy contained by the natural environment of a province. Both provinces and holdings are described using levels.

The size and shape of provinces varies significantly in the published materials, but they average roughly thirty to forty miles across. Provinces have a population level (a number from 1–10) that has several effects on play. Regents collect regency (RP) based on the population levels of the provinces they control, and the population level determines the maximum level of law, temple and guild holdings in that province.

As regents, player characters can perform domain actions. Domain actions are month-long activities that have a wide range of effects. Increasing population, creating holdings, waging war, diplomacy, trade and dealing with random events are all possible domain actions. Regents can also choose to build castles, muster troops, issue decrees, establish treaties, etc.

Both priest and wizard characters are able to utilize their holdings (temples and sources, respectively) to cast realm spells. Realm spells are large-scale magic that can affect entire provinces. They are often costly both in terms of gold and regency.

War Magic involves the use of War Cards as part of simulating large-scale combat.

Races
The primary races of the Birthright setting are typical for Dungeons and Dragons based game-worlds: Humans, Elves and Half-Elves, Halflings, Dwarves. However, there are some differences between the races presented in Birthright and those in other campaign settings or in the core rules. Also, non-human races do not have the variations that they do in other settings. Other races are notably missing from the setting. There are no Orcs or Half-Orcs. Kobolds and Gnomes are listed as existent monsters, but are not available as character races.

Humans
Humans are split into five distinct subraces, each representing a different culture:
 * Anuireans are culturally similar to medieval western Europe. Feudal lords hold dominion, armored knights fill the military. At the battle of Mount Deismaar, the newly risen god Haelyn became their patron god. Haelyn's brother Roele founded the Aniurean Empire, which at one time encompassed more than half of all Cerilia. That empire lasted some thousand years until its decline. The subject realms subsequently won their independence and the twelve Duchies of Anuire fractured politically. Some 30 separate realms exist in Anuire.
 * The Brecht humans tend to be individualistic and enterprising. They have a large middle class and merchant-princes hold much power. The Brecht are superb sailors, voyaging far and wide to trade. They depend upon their fleets and rugged mountains to defend their coastal realms. Their patron god is Sera, goddess of trade and luck. The Brecht draw elements from Renaissance Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany, as well as the Hanseatic League.
 * Khinasi lands are sometimes called "The Cities of the Sun". The cultured and civilized Khinasi have a distinctly Moorish flavor. They hold wizards and magicians in high regard and mages rule several city-states. Magic is much more common and accepted among the Khinasi than elsewhere in Cerilia. Their patron deity is the sun goddess Avani, whose portfolio includes enlightenment as well as illumination.
 * The Rjurik humans live in the harsh climate of the Rjurik Highlands. They have cultural traits taken from the Celts and Scandinavians. Druids watch over the people and forests, jarls build and trek in longships, and semi-nomadic tribes debate whether to join their 'civilized' settled brethren. Much of Rjurik life is based on survival in their relatively harsh terrain. Their patron god is Erik, god of nature.
 * The Vos were once dedicated to the god Vorynn, the old god of magic, but they were lured by the evil god Azrai and fought at his side at the battle of Mount Deismaar. They live in the harshest region of Cerilia, both in terms of climate and monstrous dangers. Their patron gods are now Belinik, god of violence, and Kriesha, goddess of winter. They have a warrior society based loosely on Slavic culture.

Non-human races

 * Elves of Cerilia call themselves the Sidhelien and live in the ancient forests of Cerilia. They are generally antagonistic to humans—and most other Cerilian races. Unlike elves in other settings, Cerilian elves are generally chaotic neutral. Elves are immortal, immune to disease and do not need to sleep.
 * Half-Elves bridge the gap between elves and humans. They are not immortal but are longer-lived than humans. Though elves are generally suspicious of humans they accept their rare offspring with mortals completely into their society, despite their mortality. Among humans, however, half-elves are treated with superstition and suspicion.
 * Halflings are a race that is native to the Shadow World, but fled to Cerilia when a force of evil corrupted their homeland. They still bear the taint of their origins in the Shadow World and are able to cross over into that plane of existence more easily than any other race of Cerilia.
 * Dwarves are a gruff mountain folk, whose bodies are twice as dense as other creatures. They weigh 250-300 pounds despite averaging only 4-4$1/2$ feet tall. Dwarves are often isolationist and reserved.
 * Goblins are less hated and feared than in other fantasy settings. Although seen as crude and barbaric, they have several large realms that trade with human realms.
 * Orogs are a fierce, militaristic race that live primarily underground. They are in endless war with the dwarves and just about every other race of Cerilia.
 * Gnolls, giants, and other Dungeons and Dragons races also exist.

As previously mentioned, there are no orcs in Cerilia. Gnomes are on the list of "AD&D Monsters in Cerilia" in the Birthright Rulebook and are also mentioned in the "King of the Giantdowns" adventure, but are not available as a player character race.

List of Birthright products
During its four-year run, 25 roleplaying products and five novels were published by TSR, as well as a computer game by Sierra On-Line. The line was suspended before the publishing schedule was complete. By the time Wizards of the Coast had cancelled the line after buying TSR, they had published the following:

Boxed sets

 * 3100 Birthright Campaign Setting
 * 3103 Cities of the Sun
 * 3121 The Rjurik Highlands
 * 3129 Havens of the Great Bay
 * 3134 Naval Battle Rules: The Seas of Cerilia

Accessories

 * 3104 Player's Secrets of Roesone
 * 3105 Player's Secrets of Endier
 * 3106 Player's Secrets of Medoere
 * 3107 Player's Secrets of Tuornen
 * 3108 Player's Secrets of Ilien
 * 3109 Player's Secrets of Talinie
 * 3111 Player's Secrets of Ariya
 * 3119 Player's Secrets of Binsada
 * 3120 Player's Secrets of Baruk-Azhik
 * 3122 Player's Secrets of Halskapa
 * 3123 Player's Secrets of Khourane
 * 3124 Player's Secrets of Tuarhievel
 * 3127 Player's Secrets of Stjordvik
 * 3135 Player's Secrets of Hogunmark
 * Player's Secrets of Müden
 * 3101 Blood Enemies: Abominations of Cerilia
 * 3140 Blood Spawn: Creatures of Light and Shadow
 * 3147 Tribes of the Heartless Wastes
 * 3117 The Book of Magecraft
 * 3126 The Book of Priestcraft
 * 3137 The Book of Regency

Adventures

 * 3102 Sword and Crown
 * 3110 Warlock of the Stonecrowns
 * 3118 The Sword of Roele
 * 3125 Legends of the Hero-Kings
 * 3142 King of the Giantdowns

Novels

 * The Iron Throne by Simon Hawke (Nov, 1995. ISBN 0-7869-0357-0)
 * Greatheart by Dixie Lee McKeone (Feb, 1996. ISBN 0-7869-0480-1)
 * War by Simon Hawke (May 1996. ISBN 0-7869-0495-X)
 * The Hag's Contract by John Gregory Betancourt (June 1996. ISBN 0-7869-0496-8)
 * The Spider's Test by Dixie Lee McKeone (Sept, 1996. ISBN 0-7869-0512-3)
 * The Falcon and the Wolf by Richard Baker (May 2000, online publication)

Comics

 * The Serpent's Eye by Ed Stark (1996)

Computer games

 * Birthright - The Gorgon's Alliance by Sierra On-Line

Later material
In 2005, to celebrate Birthright's 10th anniversary, Wizards of the Coast announced the free web release of a series of published and unpublished Birthright products including the novel The Falcon and the Wolf by Birthright creator Richard Baker III, although only the first few releases were actually published.

A version of Birthright was constructed for use with the revised Third Edition of Dungeons & Dragons rules. This group project is collaboratively structured over the Internet, and recognized as the official fan site of the setting by Wizards of the Coast.

title: Birthright (campaign setting)


text: User talk:192.100.124.219

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:192.100.124.219


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Foley

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 19:43, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

John Foley
There is no evidence that the subject of this page exists. Further, the associated Wikiquotes are improbable and illiterate. Delete. JPF 10:55, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I agree with the other poster. The Wikiquotes look completely made up, and the bio seems fabricated. Delete. User: Polylerus 22:33, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This was improperly and not completely posted to VfD. I'm finishing the process. No vote. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-13 12:16 Z

 * Delete --Brookie 16:37, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep- quite notable --219.78.107.115 16:40, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, self-promotion. Wyss 01:53, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Google Web turns up numerous John Foleys. At least two of them (I didn't bother going beyond the first three pages of results.) appear to pass the "average professor" test; and a third (the archbishop) could well turn out to be notable after further research.  This article isn't about any of them.  If it isn't rewritten to be so, Delete. Uncle G 08:59, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax and/or nonnotable. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:31, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible hoax. Megan1967 06:09, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:62.225.5.131

title: User talk:62.225.5.131


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Crawford's gray shrew

Crawford's gray shrew (Notiosorex crawfordi), also known as the desert shrew, is a small shrew found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It is a member of the family Soricidae of the order Eulipotyphla. It was the only known member of the genus Notiosorex until two species, N. villai distributed in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, and N. evotis distributed along the northwest coast of Mexico, were named. A fourth distinct species, N. cockrumi, was discovered in the U.S. state of Arizona and named in 2004.

Description
Crawford's gray shrew is one of the smallest desert mammals and one of the world's smallest homeotherms. When fully grown, it will only grow to a size of about 1.5 to 2 in long, half of which is the tail, and it will only grow to a weight of about 3 to 5 g. It is gray-brown with light gray under parts. The long tail is gray with it being lighter underneath. It has small, but relatively prominent, ears.

A Crawford's gray shrew is born during the summer months to a litter size of three to six. When born, it is naked, pink and is about the same size as a honeybee. It grows rapidly and reaches its adult size in about four to five weeks. As a baby, its diet consists of milk the mother produces without the aid of water. After two to three weeks, its diet changes to food brought back to the nest and then regurgitated into the juvenile's mouth. By fall, Crawford's gray shrew is out of the nest and on its own. As an adult, its diet changes from the regurgitated food to intact food it kills itself. Crawford's gray shrew will eat lizards, small mice, and scorpions, but its main food source is a wide variety of arthropods. Since this shrew has a very high rate of metabolism, it will eat up to 75% of its body weight every day, and occasionally its full body weight. This can be dangerous since it can overheat the animal. The heat produced by metabolism and gained from its surrounding environment results in a high risk of overheating.

Characteristics
The shrew spends energy at very fast pace. When resting, the average shrew's heart rate is at about 1000 bit/s (beats per minute). In its respiratory rate, that is 800 breaths per minute.

The breeding season of the Crawford's gray shrew ranges from the spring to the fall to year-round. About three weeks after mating, the female shrew will give birth to three to five offspring.

The Crawford's gray shrew has poor vision, so it uses its highly sensitive ears and long nose to hunt down its prey. It will also use an echolocation, similar to bats, with high-pitched squeaks to locate prey. The shrews store food during the night so they don't have to go out during the day.

When threatened, the gray shrew can emit a musky odor that makes it seem less appetizing to mammalian predators.

Water Loss
Because of its diet, the Crawford's gray shrew must expel a large amount of nitrogenous waste from its body, which has a potential for a large loss of water when urinating. However, it is able to reduce water loss from urine, as well, by concentrating urea in the urine. The urine is four times more concentrated than that of a human, thus saving a huge amount of water.

This species also conserves water by being nocturnal, unlike other shrews, which hunt day and night to avoid starvation. To keep from losing any water from its victims, it will bite off the legs and then crush the prey's head so as not to kill it but to keep it fresh and unable to move.

Since water loss is a huge problem for this shrew, it has adapted by reducing two major causes of water loss. While breathing, Crawford's gray shrew inhales air warmed to body temperature and absorbs water vapor from the nasal walls. Exhaled air is cooled as the air is exiting, and the water vapor from the air condenses on the nasal passage. This keeps in more water than if the air were exhaled at body temperature. Water loss is reduced even more through respiration because it takes fewer breaths than other shrews and it has the lowest resting metabolic rate of all shrew species.

Shelter
Crawford's gray shrew, unlike most shrews, do not have access to an abundant water supply. To conserve the little water that shrews do absorb, they find shelter to protect them from the harsh external temperatures. Crawford's gray shrew does not construct its own burrows or use the ones made by other animals. Instead, it builds small nests in pack rat houses or under dead agaves.

Lifespan
Even with all of these adaptations to help it survive in the harsh environment of the desert, Crawford gray shrew only lives for a relatively short period (about a year or so in the wild). Since it hunts at night, Crawford's gray shrew is susceptible to nocturnal hunters, such as snakes and owls.

As the shrew feeds on insects and intakes more food than their body mass within a short period, when deprived of food, the gray shrew will starve to death in hours.

title: Crawford's gray shrew


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Din-i Ilahi

The Dīn-i Ilāhī (, lit. 'Religion of God'), known during its time as Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī ("Divine Monotheism", lit. 'Oneness of God') or Divine Faith, was a new syncretic religion or spiritual program propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582. According to Iqtidar Alam Khan, it was based on the Timurid concept of Yasa-i Changezi (Code of Genghis Khan), to consider all sects as one. The elements were drawn from different religions.

Name
The name Dīn-i Ilāhī literally translates to "God's Religion", "Religion of God", or "divine religion". According to the renowned historian Mubarak Ali, Dīn-i Ilāhī is a name that was not used in Akbar's period. At the time, it was called Tawhid-i-Ilāhī ("Divine Monotheism"), as it is written by Abu'l-Fazl, a court historian during the reign of Akbar. This name suggests a particularly monotheistic focus for Akbar's faith. The anonymous Dabestan-e Mazaheb uses the name Ilahíah to refer to the faith.

History

Akbar promoted tolerance of other faiths and even encouraged debate on philosophical and religious issues. This led to the creation of the Ibādat Khāna ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri in 1575, which invited theologians, poets, scholars, and philosophers from all religious denominations, including Christians, Hindus, Jains, and Zoroastrians.

Since Akbar had severe dyslexia, rendering him totally unable to read or write, such dialogues in the House of Worship became his primary means of exploring questions of faith. Despite his aforementioned illiteracy, Akbar would eventually amass a library full of more than 24,000 volumes of texts in Hindustani, Persian, Greek, Latin, Arabic and Kashmiri. The later Mughal Emperor and son of Akbar, Jahangir, stated that his father was "always associated with the learned of every creed and religion." In a letter to King Philip II of Spain, Akbar laments that so many people do not investigate their religious arguments, stating that most people will instead blindly "follow the religion in which [they] were born and educated, thus excluding [themselves] from the possibility of ascertaining the truth, which is the noblest aim of the human intellect."

By the time Akbar established the Dīn-i Ilāhī, he had already repealed the jizya (tax on non-Muslims) over a decade earlier in 1568. A religious experience while he was hunting in 1578 further increased his interest in the religious traditions of his empire. From the discussions held at the Ibādat Khāna, Akbar concluded that no single religion could claim the monopoly of truth. This revelation inspired him to leave Islam and create a new religion Dīn-i Ilāhī in 1582 and Akbar along with his loyal officials converted to this new religion Dīn-i Ilāhī in 1582.

This conversion of Akbar to Dīn-i Ilāhī angered various Muslims, among them the Qadi of Bengal Subah and Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi, responded by declaring it to be blasphemy to Islam.

Some modern scholars have argued that the Din-i Ilahi was a spiritual discipleship of Akbar of his own belief which he propounded in his new religion.

After Akbar
Dīn-i Ilāhī appears to have survived Akbar according to the Dabestān-e Mazāheb of Mohsin Fani. However, the movement was suppressed by penalty and force after his death and was totally eradicated by Aurangzeb, a task made easier by the fact that the religion never had more than 19 adherents.

In the 17th century, an attempt to re-establish the Dīn-i Ilāhī was made by Shah Jahan's eldest son, Dara Shikoh, but any prospects of an official revival were halted by his brother, Aurangzeb, who executed him on grounds of apostasy. Aurangzeb later compiled the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, reimposed the jizya, and established Islamic Sharia law across the Indian Subcontinent, spreading Islamic orthodoxy and extinguishing any chance of religious reform for generations.

Beliefs and practices
Although the spirit and central principles of Dīn-i Ilāhī were adapted from Sufism (including ideas from the Andalusi Sufi mystic, Ibn al-'Arabi), Akbar endeavored to create a synthesis of other beliefs and so his personal religion borrowed concepts and tenets from many other faiths. Aligned with Sufi practices, one's soul is encouraged to purify itself through yearning of God. Virtues included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety. The following details illustrate the personal religious observances of Akbar:

"As an inquisitive inquirer endowed with the spirit of reason, he learnt the Hindu alchemy and medicine and cultivated their Yoga system; like his Central Asian ancestor, he believed in astronomy and astrology; and after his association with the Zoroastrian Mobed, he believed that life might be lengthened by lightning fire or by the repetition of a thousand names of Sun. Following the Buddhist custom, he used to shave the crown of his head thinking that the soul passed through the brain. He turned into a vegetarian later in life."

The visitation of Jesuit missionaries such as Rodolfo Acquaviva brought the virtue of celibacy into the House of Worship, where it consequently became a virtue of Akbar's faith that was not mandatory (as it is for the priests of Roman Catholicism) but respected. The faith also adopted the principle of ahimsa, an ancient virtue of almost all Indian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The nonviolence extended from humans to animals, encouraging vegetarianism and prohibiting the slaughter of animals for any reason at all. The Dīn-i Ilāhī had no sacred scriptures and, similar to both Islam and Sikhism, there was no priestly hierarchy.

Light was a focus of divine worship, with a light-fire ritual based on the yasna (the primary form of worship in Zoroastrianism) and an adoption of the hymn of the 1,000 Sanskrit names for the sun. Followers were referred to as chelah (meaning "disciples").

The major practices and beliefs of Dīn-i Ilāhī were as follows:
 * 1) The unity of God
 * 2) Followers salute one-another with Allah-u-Akbar or Jalla Jalaluhu (meaning: "may His glory be glorified")
 * 3) Absence of meat of all kinds
 * 4) One's "on-birth-by-anniversary" party was a must for every member
 * 5) Ahimsa (non-violence); followers were prohibited from dining with fishers, butchers, hunters, etc.

Ṣulḥ-i-kul
It has been argued that the theory of Dīn-i Ilāhī being a new religion was a misconception which arose because of erroneous translations of Abu'l-Fazl's work by later British historians. However, it is also accepted that the policy of sulh-i-kul, which formed the essence of Dīn-i Ilāhī, was adopted by Akbar as a part of general imperial administrative policy. Sulh-i-Kul means "universal peace". According to Abu'l-Fazl, the emperor was a universal agent of god, and so his sovereignty was not bound to any single faith. In this, Akbar appointed officials based on their ability and merit, regardless of their religion or background. This helped to create a more efficient government and contributed to the prosperity and cultural achievements of the Mughal period. The emperor is further prohibited from discriminating between the different religions of the realm and if the ruler did discriminate, then they were not fit for the role as an agent of god. Abu'l-Fazl saw the religious views of Akbar as a rational decision toward maintaining harmony between the various faiths of the empire.

Disciples
The initiated disciples of Dīn-i Ilāhī during emperor Akbar's time included:

 * Shaikh Mubarak
 * Shaikh Faizi
 * Jafar Beig
 * Qasim Khan
 * Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
 * Azam Khan
 * Abdus Samad
 * Mulla Shah Muhammad Shahadad
 * Sufi Ahmad
 * Mir Sharif Amal
 * Sultan Khwaja
 * Mirza Jani Thatta
 * Taki Shustar
 * Shaikhzada Gosala Benarasi
 * Sadar Jahan
 * Sadar Jahan's first son
 * Sadar Jahan's second son
 * Birbal
 * Prince Murad

title: Din-i Ilahi


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Dina Wadia

Dina Wadia (née Jinnah; 15 August 1919 – 2 November 2017) was the only child and daughter of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founding father of Pakistan, and Rattanbai Petit.

Wadia belonged to some of the most prominent families of the Indian subcontinent, notably, the Jinnah family through her father, the Petit family through her mother, and the Wadia family through her marriage to Neville Wadia in 1938.

Early life and background
Dina was born in London, shortly after midnight, on 15 August 1919, to Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and his second wife, Rattanbai Petit (whose name was legally amended to "Maryam Jinnah" after her conversion to Islam and marriage, though she did not use her new name). As Stanley Wolpert's Jinnah of Pakistan records: "Oddly enough, precisely twenty-eight years to the day and hour before the birth of Jinnah's other offspring, Pakistan." Her premature arrival was unexpected — her parents were at the theatre but "were obliged to leave their box hurriedly." She was reported to be "a dark-eyed beauty, lithe and winsome, with a smile like her mother's."

Dina's paternal family were upstart merchants of high social status. Dina's paternal grandfather, Jinnahbhai Poonja, was a merchant who hailed from Gondal in Kathiawar, Gujarat, and had moved to Karachi in the mid-1870s. He had made money, but only a few of his many children managed to complete school. Nevertheless, he had been able to send one of his more academically promising sons, Muhammad Ali, to England for higher education. The family belonged to the Ismaili sect of Shia Muslims who are followers of the Aga Khan, and to the Lohana caste, Lohana Hindus who had converted to Islam centuries earlier. Dina's father, Jinnah, was the leader of the Pakistan movement and the founder of Pakistan. After achieving the partition of India on a religious basis and secured the creation of Pakistan as the homeland of British India's Muslims, Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan. He was bestowed with the title Quaid-i-Azam or "Great Leader."

Dina's maternal family, the Petit family were rich, titled, well-educated and highly Westernized. They belonged to the Parsi community and followed the Zoroastrian faith. Dina's great-grandfather, Dinshaw Maneckji Petit, founded the first cotton mill in India. This and many other contributions to industry, trade and philanthropy had earned him a baronetcy. Dina's mother, Rattanbai, was the daughter of the second baronet. The Petit family disowned Dina's mother, Rattanbai, when she married Jinnah, who was twenty-four years older than her.

Dina's parents were mismatched in age, religion, habits, temperament and views. These differences led them to separate shortly after Dina's birth, and Ruttie began living in the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Mumbai along with her infant daughter, Dina. After Ruttie's death in 1929, Jinnah's sister, Fatima Jinnah, moved in with Jinnah to help raise Dina, who was then 10 years old. Jinnah raised his daughter as a Muslim. According to Jinnah's chauffeur, Bradbury, Jinnah asked Fatima, "to teach her niece, Dina, about Islam and The Holy Qur'an." During Jinnah's time in London, during 1930–33, Wolpert commented, "Dina was [Jinnah's] sole comfort, but Dina was away at school most of the time and home only for brief times, yet still the pampered daughter could be a joy to her doting father." In November 1932, Jinnah read H. C. Armstrong's biography of Kemal Atatürk, Grey Wolf, and seemed to have found his own reflection in the story of Turkey's great modernist leader. It was all he talked about for a while at home, even to Dina, who consequently nicknamed him "Grey Wolf."

Marriage and rift with her father
Dina's relationship with her father became strained when she expressed her desire to marry the Parsi-born Neville Wadia, who was the son of Sir Ness Wadia and Evelyne Clara Powell. Jinnah tried to dissuade her but failed. M. C. Chagla, who was Jinnah's assistant at the time, recalls: "Jinnah, in his usual imperious manner, told her that there were millions of Muslim boys in India, and she could have chosen anyone. Reminding her father that his wife had also been a non-Muslim and a Parsi as well, the young lady replied: 'Father, there were millions of Muslim girls in India. Why did you not marry one of them?' And he replied that, 'She became a Muslim'."

Chagla recounted in his autobiography Roses in December that when Dina married Neville, her father said to her that she was not his daughter anymore. This story, however, is contentious as some say that Jinnah had sent a bouquet through his driver, Abdul Hai, to the newly married couple. Their relationship was a matter of legal conjecture as Pakistani laws allow for a person to be disinherited for violating Islamic rules (in this case by a Muslim woman marrying a non-Muslim), and hence no claim of hers was entertained on the Pakistani properties of Jinnah. The Wadias lived in Bombay and had two children, a boy named Nusli and a girl named Diana. The marriage did not last long, however, and she separated from Wadia in 1943; the couple never formally divorced because divorce was illegal in India at the time.

Following the marriage, the father-daughter relationship became extremely formal, and he addressed her formally as 'Mrs. Wadia'. This, too, is contentious as Dina rebuffed this information calling it a rumour. In an interview with Hamid Mir, she said: "My father was not a demonstrative man, but he was an affectionate father. My last meeting with him took place in Bombay in 1946. When I was about to depart, my father hugged Nusli (who was two years old then). The grey cap (Jinnah was wearing) caught Nusli’s fancy, and in a moment, my father put it on Nusli’s head, saying, 'Keep it my boy.'"

After Dina's death, her personal diary revealed that her relationship with her father was no more formal, and they had reunited as a family. The diary also revealed that Dina had visited Pakistan twice, once on her father's death, and then again for the 2004 India-Pakistan cricket match. She had been in regular touch with her aunt, Fatima. On 28 April 1947, In one of her letters to her father, Dina had said:

"'My darling Papa, First of all I must congratulate you — you got Pakistan…. how hard you have worked for it…I do hope you are keeping well — I get lots of news of you from the local newspapers in Bombay. The children are just recovering from their whooping cough, it will take another month yet. I am taking them to Juhu on Thursday for a month or so. Are you coming back here? If so, I hope you will drive out to Juhu and spend the day if you like. Anyway, I have a phone so I will ring you up and drive in to see you if you don’t feel like coming out. Take care of yourself Papa darling. Lots of love & kisses, Dina.'"

South Court mansion in Bombay
Dina Wadia was involved in litigation regarding her father's house in Bombay, informally called Jinnah Mansion, claiming that Hindu Law was applicable to Jinnah as he was a Khoja Shia. The house, which was built in 1936, had been classified as evacuee property after partition in 1947. In 1948, it was subsequently leased to the British Deputy High Commission which occupied it until 1982. Pakistan had since 1979 requested that India sell the property, or at least lease it to its government as a tribute to its founder in order to convert it into their Consulate. Though P. V. Narasimha Rao, India's foreign minister in 1980, agreed in principle to lease Jinnah House as the residence of the Pakistani Consulate-General, the plan was never realised. Indian government sources subsequently said that the claim by the Jinnah's heirs will be treated "sympathetically" and have no intention of handing it to Pakistan. In 2007, Dina filed a writ petition before the Bombay High Court, claiming that Jinnah House could not be classified as "evacuee property", as her father had died without leaving behind a will and demanded that the house be handed over to her.

Visit to Pakistan in 2004
In March 2004, Wadia visited Lahore, Pakistan, to watch a cricket match between Pakistan and India. She considered "cricket diplomacy" to be an enthralling dimension that illustrated an entirely new phase in relations between India and Pakistan. But she and her son Nusli chose not to share their thoughts with the public on what was certainly a highly emotional encounter. Wadia had not traveled to Pakistan since her father's funeral in September 1948.

Wadia, Nusli and her grandsons Ness Wadia and Jehangir Wadia also visited the mausoleum of her father to pay homage. In the visitors' book, Wadia wrote: "This has been very sad and wonderful for me. May his dream for Pakistan come true." Reports said that she asked for copies of three pictures she saw in the mausoleum's antiquities room. In one picture, she is standing with her father and Fatima Jinnah. The other is a painting of her mother. In the third, her father is dictating a letter, showing his political persona. Dina also went to the tomb of Madar-e-Millat Fatima Jinnah to pay respects to her aunt, to the Flagstaff House Pakistan to hoist the flag of Pakistan, and to her father's house Wazir Mansion.

Death
Dina died from pneumonia at her home in Madison Avenue in New York City on 2 November 2017, at the age of 98. Her death was deeply mourned by the people of Pakistan and was described as the "nation's grief." Several political leaders, including the then Prime Minister and President of Pakistan issued official statements on her death, and later said that she was "greatly respected and admired in Pakistan". The Sindh Assembly in Pakistan observed a one-minute silence in her remembrance and offered Al-Fatiha for her and her father.

title: Dina Wadia


text: User talk:195.89.143.245

title: User talk:195.89.143.245


text:
Talk:Portobello, Edinburgh

Hello,

As a Porty Resident I have added a link to the Community Website

Please feel free to discuss any additions.

Thanks.

info
hi I am seeking any information on portobello, i work with a man who emigrated to australia from portobello when he was young.he asked me to look on pc and try to find someinfo..havent found too much..wonder if any one has pics etc..his name is mc farlane.any feedback would be appreciated...thanks denise

<hi from Sweden,

I have a remote connection with Portobello. My Grandmother was born about 1890. She grew up in Liljedal a place in Sweden where her father worked in the glassworks. Before she was born her family was allocated to Portobello for some time as they recruited Swedish Glassworkers who where very skilled. I visited the library in Portobello and found some information about the Swedish glassworkers. I would like to know if anybody knows anything about them or if maybe they left some trace maybe a child or a family that stayed on when the others returned to Sweden. anytyhing like that would be of interest. thanks SJ

Porty Rugby Club
This is following on from a discussion at http://porty.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=37285.

User:81.154.95.163 added a link to http://portyrugby.com/ a number of times, which I reverted with the summary "reduce links" the first time, "rv link - WP:EL" the second and simply "rv" the third time. Wikipedia is not a mere collection of external links, it is not a web directory: WP:ISNOT, WP:EL.

Thanks/wangi 09:19, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Portobello community website
As an administrator of Portobello Online I have updated the link for our community website.

Portobello power station !!!
Surely somebody could add some info on this —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.104.170.71 (talk) 21:02, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * OK. I have now done so. I remember this power station well. Heavens knows why they built it virtually in a town rather than out in the sticks. Regards, David Lauder 11:03, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Turn of the century pic
This photo of the beach may be of interest:

http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.pgz

©Geni 13:07, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

It was and its in commons Victuallers (talk) 17:19, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110827184800/http://spns.org.uk/PNsMIDLOTHIANv3.pdf to http://www.spns.org.uk/PNsMIDLOTHIANv3.pdf

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Figgate Burn
The article says the Figgate Burn flows from Duddingston Loch to the sea. I don't think this is right - it starts off as the Braid Burn and changes name to Figgate at Duddingston. The Duddingston Loch waters appear to connect at Duddingston but the main flow is from the Braid.Sebmelmoth (talk) 09:59, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

Buses?
Apart from showing the amazing number of Porty buses - is this good material for Wikipedia? I don't expect to find it here.Sebmelmoth (talk) 12:55, 11 February 2018 (UTC)

I've taken it out and given a link instead. I hope there won't be a storm of protest. Bmcln1 (talk) 17:10, 11 February 2018 (UTC)

Thanks, that is a more helpful text.Sebmelmoth (talk) 09:32, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Boundary
Are there agreed boundaries for Portobello and Duddingston?

Sebmelmoth (talk) 08:50, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

Town Hall History
Is there scope for a fuller note on the various Town Halls? The current text says: "Portobello Town Hall fell into redundancy when Portobello was placed under the jurisdiction of Edinburgh and the building was converted into a cinema in 1912 by Robert Lorimer and Robert Matthew.[8] On the demise of cinemas in the 1970s the building returned to council ownership and was renamed as Portobello Town Hall again. It is a venue for functions but despite its name has no town–hall function."

But the HES description for its B Listing is a bit different:

"The plans date from July 1912, detailed drawings from October 1912 and January 1913, and seating plans, from July 1914. It was intended as a public hall for meetings and performances. Bronze plaques to either side of main entrance: "This foundation stone was laid by the Right honourable sir William S Brown Lord Provost on 25th October 1912 Councillor James Moscrip Convenor on the plans and works committee, Bailie Carmichael, Councillors Robert Killoch and Thomas Adams Representatives of Portobello ward."; and "This building was opened by the Right Honourable Robert Kirk Inches Lord Provost on 30th October 1914, Bailie James Stewart Convenor of the plans and works committee, Bailie Carmichael Counsellors Hastie and Adams Representatives of Portobello ward, James A Williamson ARIBA Architect." The plans were submitted, by the City, for the approval of the Dean of Guild on 12th October 1912, and a electrical transformer house was applied for in May 1913; a heating chamber was built in November 1933; alterations were made in August 1982."

Is this a muddle of the 2/3 town halls? Or am I muddled? Sebmelmoth (talk) 15:12, 14 June 2019 (UTC)

Proposed merger with South Portobello
I have proposed a merger with South Portobello. A search of the page's citations and other resources provides little evidence South Portobello is any more a distinctive neighbourhood than North, East, or West Portobello would be.

None of the sources cited on the South Portobello page name South Portobello. On a wider search, the only refrence I can find to "SoPo" is "SoPo Village Green" on Google Earth, which is otherwise rather mysterious and, given the laxity of editorial control on Google Earth, not a good source anyway.

The points on Palette and St John's Primary could be moved to the Portobello page; though the claim that St John's "welcomes children of all denominations and beliefs" is not supported by the source. Otherwise, statements in the article are unsupported, false, or, in the case of Cherry Trees Nursery, simply not notable.CPClegg (talk) 01:04, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree. I have never heard of South Portobello as a distinct place. It makes no sense for it to have its own article. Mike Marchmont (talk) 13:30, 5 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support the merger. Likewise, I've never heard of South Portobello as a distinct place and the online sources do not support it. Coldupnorth (talk) 17:34, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

There is no material in "South Portobello" worth retaining by a merger - the page should be deleted. Sebmelmoth (talk) 16:48, 8 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Sebmelmoth, we have consensus but it's usual to wait a week from the first post so I'll complete the merger on Wednesday.CPClegg (talk) 17:41, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

✅ It's been a week since the discussion opened and, absent any support for retaining South Portobello, we can go ahead with the merger. CPClegg (talk) 08:06, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

Nonsense
I've lived in the area west of the railway for 35 years: there is no concept, whatsoever, of South Portobello. The local authority Ward 14 is Portobello and Craigmillar. The South Portobello page is nonsense and should be deleted. Sebmelmoth (talk) 08:48, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portobello, Edinburgh


text:
Quasi-rent

Quasi-rent or Marshallian rent is a temporary economic rent like returns to a supplier/owner. Alfred Marshall was the first to observe quasi-rents.

Quasi-rent differs from pure economic rent in that it is a temporary phenomenon. It can arise from the barriers to entry that potential competitors face in the short run, such as the granting of patents or other legal protections for intellectual property by governments. It can also arise due to entrepreneurial responses to market fluctuation, or due to a lack of real capital to meet near-term increases in demand. In the longer term, however, the opportunity to profit will generate new capital and the quasi-rent will be competed away.

In the field of Industrial Organizations, Oliver Williamson points out that "[t]he joining of opportunism with transaction-specific investments (or what Klein, Crawford, and Alchian refer to as "appropriable quasi rents") is a leading factor in explaining decisions to vertically integrate."

Quasi-rent refers to that additional income which is similar to rent. According to David Ricardo, rent arises on account of fixed supply of land. But he recognizes other factors which are found in fixed supply in the short term. The additional income earned by these factors in the short-period is similar to rent.

title: Quasi-rent


text:
User:Ian**

Hi

I'm a chemistry professor whose done a lot of teaching and editing at high school through graduate school, and have lots of other interests too! Shamed to say I only found out about Wiki through a newspaper article (well, read it on the web!) recently. Glad to join in.

title: User:Ian**


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Watermaze

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was copyvio -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Watermaze
Either original research or a copy vioGeni 11:11, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Copyvio of . Kappa 12:41, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have tagged the page and listed it on Copyright problems. --Plek 13:33, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe that this was posted by the copyright holder. Perhaps he will confirm. Needs wikifying though. --Daedelus 13:27, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In that case, I think it would be advertising.Kappa 19:16, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:195.250.148.242

title: User talk:195.250.148.242


text:
Still (Joy Division album)

Still is a compilation album by English rock band Joy Division, consisting of previously released and unreleased studio material and a live recording of Joy Division's last concert, performed at Birmingham University. It was released on 9 October 1981 by Factory Records.

Background
Still was released after the death of the band's frontman Ian Curtis. It consists of previously unused or unavailable studio material and live recordings. The album includes the only live performance by the group of the song "Ceremony", which later became a New Order single. The recording abruptly begins just before the song's first chorus; like all surviving Joy Division recordings of "Ceremony", Curtis's vocals are barely audible, though in this instance the final chorus is unusually clear. Another song featured is a cover version of the Velvet Underground's "Sister Ray", recorded at the Moonlight Club in London on 2 April 1980.

Release
Originally planned for release in August, Still was eventually released in October 1981. It reached No. 5 in the UK upon its release, and peaked at No. 3 in New Zealand in February 1982.

The CD version of the album was released in March 1990 and was the first edition to delete "Twenty Four Hours".

Still, along with Closer and Unknown Pleasures, was remastered and reissued on 17 September 2007. The remaster was packaged with a bonus disc of live recordings from the Town Hall, High Wycombe on 20 February 1980.

Reception
Joshua Klein of Pitchfork called the album "a ragged, enigmatic coda; an uneven odds-and-ends collection of lost tracks that fills in some gaps in Joy Division's history and legacy". BBC Music called it "a partly frustrating compilation".

Personnel

 * Technical

 * Martin Hannett – production
 * Chris Nagle – engineering
 * Grafica Industria – sleeve artwork

title: Still (Joy Division album)


text: Category:Communes of Moselle (department)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Good Omens characters

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS.

The votes were 1 delete, 1 keep. dbenbenn | talk 00:13, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

List of Good Omens characters
This says it all:
 * "This is a list of characters from the fantasy novel Good Omens by Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman. It mostly reflects the Dramatis personae in the beginning of the book."

It's either a copyvio or something that should be truncated and merged with Good Omens.

 * Delete. -- Jordi· ✆ 11:17, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Clearly useful to someone interested in the book. Merge or keep. Kappa 13:07, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure it's a copyvio, since it's a verbatim copy from the book, though it's been a good five years since I've read it. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:52, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Absolutely a copyvio excluding one "prince" instead of a "duke" and the placement of Dog in front of the full chorus; I have the book in my hands. —Korath (Talk) 16:00, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a Copyvio. It even says that it's a copyvio.  Anyone "interested in the book" can read the book itself for this list.  Such lists are usually useful only when the book doesn't have a Dramatis personae section. Uncle G 16:18, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)
 * If and when the copyright vio can be cleaned up, I would vote Keep. Megan1967 06:34, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:1084 births

title: Category:1084 births


text:
Struggle Front for the National Independence of Guinea

The Struggle Front for the National Independence of Guinea (Frente de Luta pela Independência Nacional da Guiné, FLING) was a political movement in Guinea-Bissau. Founded by groups opposed to the Marxist doctrine of Amílcar Cabral and the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), FLING played a minor role in the national liberation struggle against Portuguese colonial rule.

The national trade union federation União Geral dos Trabalhadores de Guiné Bissau was linked to FLING in the pre-independence period.

History
FLING was founded in Dakar, Senegal on 3 August 1962 as an alliance of seven parties, including the Liberation Movement of Guinea, the Guinean People's Union and the Union of Natives of Portuguese Guinea. Unlike the rival PAIGC, it called for the separation of Guinea-Bissau and the Cape Verde islands, and gained support from Manjack diaspora in Senegal, France and Gambia.

It conducted some military action around the northern border near Susana and São Domingos in the early 1960s, but after resisting attempts from the Organisation of African Unity to merge with the PAIGC, the organisation played little part in the war of independence. The PAIGC saw FLING as a threat and its members were violently persecuted, and in certain cases, murdered.

When multi-party politics was introduced in the 1990s, FLING was legalised on 24 May 1992. It contested the 1994 general elections and won a seat in the National People's Assembly. In the presidential elections it put forward François Mendy, who had been its leader since the 1960s. Mendy came fifth with 3% of the vote, but took the party's sole Assembly seat.

A leadership crisis saw José Catengul Mendes become leader by the 1999 elections. The party lost its seat in the Assembly, and Mendes came tenth in the presidential election with just 1.4% of the vote. In 2003 the party joined the United Platform alliance, which contested the 2004 Assembly elections, but failed to win a seat.


text:
Charles Harrelson

Charles Voyde Harrelson (July 23, 1938 – March 15, 2007) was an American contract killer and organized crime figure who was convicted of assassinating federal judge John H. Wood Jr., the first federal judge to be assassinated in the 20th century. Charles Harrelson was the father of actors Brett and Woody Harrelson.

Personal life
Charles Harrelson was born on July 23, 1938, in Lovelady, Texas, the son of Alma Lee (née Sparks; 1907–2002) and Voyde Harrelson (1901–1976).

He was married to Nancy Hillman Harrelson, Diane Lou Oswald, Jo Ann Harrelson, and Gina Adelle Foster. Harrelson worked as an encyclopedia salesman in California, and as a professional gambler. In 1960, he was convicted of armed robbery. Harrelson later admitted that he had been involved in dozens of murders beginning in the early 1960s.

Harrelson's son, Woodrow Tracy Harrelson (born July 23, 1961), is actor Woody Harrelson. According to Woody, his father disappeared from the family's home in Houston in 1968, leaving his wife Diane to raise Woody and his two brothers. Woody lost track of his father until 1981, when news broke of Harrelson's arrest for the murder of Judge Wood. During an interview in November 1988, Woody revealed that he visited his father regularly in federal prison, although he still harbored mixed feelings about him, saying: "my father is one of the most articulate, well-read, charming people I've ever known. Still, I'm just now gauging whether he merits my loyalty or friendship. I look at him as someone who could be a friend more than someone who was a father."

In April 2023, actor Matthew McConaughey claimed that he and Woody Harrelson, who have been long-time friends, could potentially be half-brothers, implying that Charles Harrelson could also be his father. According to McConaughey, his mother claimed to have known Woody's father around the time that she bore McConaughey, and the two actors have discussed taking a DNA test to be certain.

Murder of Alan Harry Berg
Defended by Percy Foreman, Harrelson was tried for the 1968 murder of Alan Harry Berg. On September 22, 1970, he was acquitted by a jury in Angleton, Texas. The murder is chronicled in the memoir Run Brother Run by the victim's brother, David Berg.

Murder of Sam Degelia
Harrelson was tried for the 1968 murder-for-hire killing of Sam Degelia Jr., a resident of Hearne, Texas. Harrelson was paid $2,000 (the equivalent of $ in 2020) for the murder of Degelia, a grain dealer and father of four who was killed in McAllen, Texas. His first trial ended with a deadlocked jury, although Pete Scamardo was also tried in the case, found guilty of being an accomplice to the murder, and sentenced to seven years probation. Harrelson was retried in 1973, convicted, and sentenced to 15 years in prison. In 1978, after serving five years, he was released early for good behavior.

Murder of Judge John H. Wood Jr.
Shortly after Harrelson was paroled in 1978, he and his then-wife, Jo Ann, were implicated in another murder. On May 29, 1979, U.S. district judge John H. Wood Jr. was shot dead in the parking lot outside his San Antonio, Texas, townhouse. Harrelson was convicted of killing Judge Wood after being hired by drug dealer Jamiel Chagra of El Paso, Texas. Wood—nicknamed "Maximum John" because of his reputation for handing down long sentences for drug offenses—was originally scheduled to have Chagra appear before him on the day of his murder, but the trial had been delayed.

Harrelson was apprehended when calls were made to the police saying he was firing a gun at imaginary FBI agents while on drugs. With the aid of an anonymous tip and a tape recording of a conversation that occurred during a visit from Joe Chagra to his brother Jamiel Chagra in prison, Harrelson was charged with Judge Wood's murder. Harrelson claimed at trial that he did not kill Judge Wood, but merely took credit for it so he could claim a large payment from Chagra.

Harrelson was sentenced to two life terms based largely on Chagra's conversation with his brother from prison. Both Harrelson and Joe Chagra were implicated in the assassination, and Chagra received a ten-year sentence as part of a plea bargain to testify for the prosecution but not against his brother. In the absence of Joe's testimony, Jamiel Chagra was acquitted of the murder. Jamiel was represented by the future mayor of Las Vegas, Oscar Goodman, then a public defender. In a plea bargain, Jamiel admitted to his role in the murder of Judge Wood and to the attempted murder of a U.S. attorney. Harrelson's wife, Jo Ann, was sentenced to consecutive terms totaling 25 years on multiple convictions of conspiracy and perjury related to the assassination.

In 2003, Chagra recanted his previous statements, stating that someone other than Harrelson had shot Judge Wood. Harrelson's son, Woody, then attempted to have his father's conviction overturned in order to secure a new trial, although without success. Chagra died in July 2008 of cancer.

Allegations of involvement in the assassination of John F. Kennedy
In September 1980, Harrelson surrendered to police after a six-hour standoff in which he was reportedly high on cocaine. During the standoff, he threatened suicide and stated that he had killed both Judge Wood and President John F. Kennedy. In a television interview after his arrest, Harrelson said: "At the same time I said I had killed the judge, I said I had killed Kennedy, which might give you an idea to the state of my mind at the time." He said that the statements made during the standoff were "an effort to elongate my life."

Joseph Chagra later testified during Harrelson's trial that Harrelson claimed to have shot Kennedy and drew maps to show where he was hiding during the assassination. Chagra said that he did not believe Harrelson's claim, and the AP reported that the FBI "apparently discounted any involvement by Harrelson in the Kennedy assassination." According to Jim Marrs' 1989 book Crossfire, some theorists believe Harrelson is the youngest and tallest of the "three tramps" arrested shortly after Kennedy's shooting in Dallas. Marrs stated that Harrelson was involved "with criminals connected to intelligence agencies and the military" and suggested that he was connected to Jack Ruby through Russell Douglas Matthews, a third party with links to organized crime who was known to both Harrelson and Ruby. Lois Gibson, a well-known forensic artist, matched photographs of Harrelson to the photographs of the youngest-looking of the three "tramps".

In 1982, Harrelson told Dallas TV station KDFW-TV, "Do you believe that Lee Harvey Oswald killed President Kennedy, alone, without any aid from a rogue agency of the U.S. government or at least a portion of that agency? I believe you are very naive if you do."

Escape attempt
On July 4, 1995, Harrelson and two other inmates, Gary Settle and Michael Rivers, attempted to escape from the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary using a makeshift rope. A warning shot was fired at them from the prison's tower, and the trio surrendered. Harrelson was subsequently transferred to supermax prison ADX Florence in Colorado. In a letter to a friend, Harrelson wrote that he enjoyed his life inside the maximum security facility, writing that "there are not enough hours in a day for my needs as a matter of fact ... The silence is wonderful."

Death
On March 15, 2007, Harrelson was found dead in his cell, having died at the age of 68 from a heart attack.

Media
In Cormac McCarthy's 2005 novel No Country for Old Men, set in 1980, the sheriff states "Here a while back in San Antonio they shot and killed a federal judge", referencing the murder of Judge John H. Wood Jr. by Harrelson. His son Woody Harrelson starred in the 2007 film adaptation of the novel, which premiered two months after the elder Harrelson's death.

A 10-episode podcast titled Son of a Hitman was released on May 5, 2020, by Spotify Studios and produced by High Five Content. It is produced and hosted by journalist Jason Cavanagh and investigates the legitimacy of the three murder charges for which Charles Harrelson was tried as well as the possibility that he may have been involved with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

title: Charles Harrelson


text:
File:Harrelson.jpg

Fair use rationale for Charles Harrelson

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate a section of the article on the person(s) depicted falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * It is unlikely that a freely-licensed image suitable for illustrating the section of the article describing the subject's arrest and incarceration will be found, owing to the nature of the section (unlikely that there are any freely-licensed images taken during this period). As such, the photograph can be reasonably described as "irreplaceable".
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used.
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright.

title: File:Harrelson.jpg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CUMA

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 00:17, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

CUMA
The text of this article is very odd (for example CUMA supposedly stands for 'Children's Underhanded Maturity Association') and I can't find any mention of the organization on the web. --Lee Hunter 11:29, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete the whole thing is very wierd: "Its original name has since been lost due to the death of the majority of the original members." is just one bit that doesn't make any sense... the original members died off and nobody remembered what the organisation they belonged to was called?! Also, if this was truly a real organisation (with an American branch, as the article says) then I'm sure they'd have at least one Google hit somewhere, somehow.  I'm convinced it's almost certainly a hoax. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  12:34, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Samaritan 15:38, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified, although I'm pretty sure it doesn't exist based on Google. --Goobergunch|? 00:58, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CUMA


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Burana Tower

The Burana Tower (Бурана мунарасы) is a large minaret in the Chüy Valley in northern Kyrgyzstan. It is located about 80 km east of the country's capital Bishkek, near the town of Tokmok. The tower, along with grave markers, some earthworks and the remnants of a castle and three mausoleums, is all that remains of the ancient city of Balasagun, which was established by the Karakhanids at the end of the 9th century. The tower was built in the 11th century and was used as a template for other minarets. An external staircase and steep, winding stairway inside the tower enables visitors to climb to the top. It is one of the oldest architectural constructions in Central Asia.

The tower was originally 45 m (148 ft) high. However, over the centuries a number of earthquakes caused significant damage to the structure. The last major earthquake in the 15th century destroyed the top half of the tower, reducing it to its current height of 25 m (82 ft). A renovation project was carried out in the 1970s to restore its foundation and repair the west-facing side of the tower, which was in danger of collapse.

The entire site, including the mausoleums, castle foundations and grave markers, now functions as museum and there is a small building on the site containing historical information as well as artifacts found at the site and in the surrounding regions.

Legend
A legend connected with the tower says that a daughter of a powerful khan had been born. The khan celebrated the occasion by inviting all the fortune tellers and wise man from the country to tell him the future of his daughter. One old man said that his daughter would die from a spider bite on her sixteenth birthday. To protect her, the khan built a tall tower for her daughter to reside in, alone. Servants of the khan brought her food, delivering it in a basket via climbing a ladder that was put against the tower. Everything was inspected thoroughly to make sure no spider would be able to get in the tower.

On her sixteenth birthday, the khan celebrated her birthday by bringing a basket of fruits for her. The khan failed to notice a poisonous spider that had concealed itself in the basket. As his daughter reached for a fruit, the poisonous spider bit her and killed her. The khan was so distraught that he cried so loudly, part of the tower went to shambles.

title: Burana Tower


text: Template:Oceania-geo-stub

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Donnybrook

Donnybrook may refer to:

Australia

 * Donnybrook, Queensland, Australia
 * Donnybrook, Western Australia
 * Donnybrook, Victoria, Australia
 * Donnybrook railway station, Victoria, Australia

Canada

 * Donnybrook, Ontario, a former village in southwest Ontario, Canada

Ireland

 * Donnybrook, Dublin, Ireland
 * site of the original Donnybrook Fair
 * Donnybrook Stadium, Ireland, a rugby union stadium
 * Donnybrook Cemetery
 * Donnybrook, Douglas, County Cork, Ireland

South Africa

 * Donnybrook, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

United Kingdom

 * Donnybrook Quarter, a residential area in the Bow area of the East End of London

United States

 * Donnybrook, North Dakota, United States
 * Donnybrook, Oregon, United States

Other uses

 * Donnybrook (film), a 2018 American-French drama film
 * Donnybrook!, a 1961 Broadway musical

title: Donnybrook


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Charles de L'Aubespine

Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf (22 February 1580 – 26 September 1653) was a French diplomat and government official.

The marquis de Châteauneuf was the grandson of Claude de l'Aubespine, baron de Châteauneuf. He was made an abbé. He was French ambassador in Holland (1609), in the Habsburg Netherlands (1611–1616), in the Valtellina (1626), and in England (1629–1630).

He then served as the Keeper of the Seals (minister of justice) from 1630, when he replaced Michel de Marillac, until 1633. During that time he was a member of the extraordinary commission that condemned to death the marshal Louis de Marillac and Henri, duc de Montmorency. He conspired with the duchesse de Chevreuse against Richelieu (1633), and was deprived of his office and imprisoned in the castle of Angoulême where he stayed for ten years.

Released at the death of Louis XIII, he conspired again against Mazarin in the cabale des Importants, 1643. He was appointed again as Keeper of the Seals from 1650 to 1651.

He died at the château de Leuville (Essonne département) in 1653.

title: Charles de L'Aubespine


text:
Dina

Dina (دينا Dīnā ; דִּינָה Dinah  is a female given name which is sometimes an alternative spelling of the names Dinah, Dena and Deena.

Women

 * Dina bint Abdul-Hamid (1929–2019), Queen consort of Jordan, first wife of King Hussein
 * Princess Dina Mired of Jordan (born 1965), Princess of Jordan, wife of Prince Mired bin Ra'ad
 * Dina Asher-Smith (born 1995), British sprinter and British 100m & 200m record holder
 * Dina Averina (born 1998), Russian rhythmic gymnast
 * Dina Babbitt (1923–2009), Czechoslovakian-born American painter and Holocaust survivor
 * Dina Bélanger (1897–1929), Canadian beatified Catholic nun, mystic and musician
 * Dina Boluarte (born 1962), Peruvian politician, civil servant, and lawyer; president of Peru since 2022
 * Dina Chandidas, a medieval poet of Bengal
 * Chhan Dina (born 1984), Cambodian painter and sculptor
 * Dina Bonnevie (born 1961), Filipina actress
 * Dina Carroll (born 1968), English singer
 * Dina Doron, Israeli actress
 * Dina Eastwood (born 1965), American reporter, news anchor and reality TV star, ex-wife of Clint Eastwood
 * Dina Edling (1854–1935), Swedish opera singer
 * Dina Feitelson (1926–1992), Israeli educator and professor
 * Dina Ellermann (born 1980), Estonian dressage rider
 * Dina Garipova (born 1991), Russian singer
 * Dina Kotchetkova (born 1977), Russian artistic gymnast
 * Dina Koston (1929?–2009), American pianist, music educator and composer
 * Dina Lévi-Strauss or Dina Dreyfus (1911–1999), French ethnologist, anthropologist, sociologist and philosopher
 * Dina Ali Lasloom, Saudi woman who was deported from the Philippines back to Saudi Arabia
 * Dina Litovsky (born 1979), Ukrainian-born photographer
 * Dina Lohan (born 1962), American television personality
 * Dina Manzo, former co-star of The Real Housewives of New Jersey and star of HGTV's Dina's Party
 * Dina Merrill, stage name of Nedenia Marjorie Hutton (1923–2017), American actress, socialite and philanthropist
 * Dina Meyer (born 1968), American actress
 * Dina Miftakhutdynova (born 1973), Ukrainian rower
 * Dina Porat, Israeli historian
 * Dina Powell (born 1973), American business executive and former government officeholder
 * Dina Pugliese (born 1974), Canadian TV personality
 * Dina Stars, Cuban activist and YouTuber
 * Dina Tala'at (born 1964), Egyptian belly dancer
 * Dina Titus (born 1950), Nevada politician
 * Dina Vinhofvers (1620–1651), Danish silk worker who made (and later retracted) an accusation of an assassination plot against the king
 * Dina Wadia (1919–2017), daughter of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan

Men

 * Raja Dina Nath (1795–1857), Privy Seal and finance minister (Diwan) in the Punjab empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

title: Dina


text: Category:Oceania geography stubs

title: Category:Oceania geography stubs


text: User talk:81.158.40.147

title: User talk:81.158.40.147


text:
Dangerous Minds

Dangerous Minds is a 1995 American drama film directed by John N. Smith, written by Ronald Bass, and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer. It is based on the 1992 autobiography My Posse Don't Do Homework by retired U.S. Marine LouAnne Johnson, who in 1989 took up a teaching position at Carlmont High School in Belmont, California, where most of her students were African-American and Latino teenagers from East Palo Alto, a racially segregated and economically deprived city. Michelle Pfeiffer stars as Johnson. Critical reviews were mixed, with some critics praising Pfeiffer's performance but criticizing the screenplay as contrived and full of stereotypes. The film grossed $179.5 million and spawned a short-lived television series.

Plot
LouAnne Johnson, a former Marine, applies for a high school teaching job and is surprised and pleased to be offered the position with immediate effect, even though it is a low paying job. Showing up the next day to begin teaching, however, she finds herself confronted with a classroom of tough, sullen teenagers, all from low-income working-class backgrounds, involved in gang warfare and drug pushing, flatly refusing to engage with anything.

They immediately coin the nickname "White Bread" for LouAnne, due to her race and apparent lack of authority, to which LouAnne responds by returning the next day in a leather jacket and teaching them karate. The students show some interest in such activities, but withdraw when LouAnne tries to teach the curriculum.

Desperate to reach the students, LouAnne devises classroom exercises that teach similar principles to the prescribed work but using themes and language that appeal to the students. She also tries to motivate them by giving them all an A grade from the beginning of the year and arguing that the only thing required of them is that they maintain it.

In order to introduce them to poetry, LouAnne uses the lyrics of Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man" to teach symbolism and metaphor; once this is achieved, she progresses on to Dylan Thomas's "Do not go gentle into that good night". LouAnne rewards the students liberally, using candy bars, reward incentives, and a trip to a theme park. Her methods draw the attention of the school authorities, George Grandey and Carla Nichols, who try to force her to remain within the curriculum.

A few particular students attract LouAnne's interest for their personal problems. Raul Sanchero is a boy who is frequently involved in gang warfare and street crime. LouAnne tries to encourage him to focus by paying a special visit to his family to congratulate him on his work and going to dinner with him as a way of instilling confidence and self-respect.

Emilio Ramirez is her most troublesome personal "project", as he believes strongly in a sense of personal honor that prevents him from asking for help. When LouAnne discovers that his life is in danger because of a personal grudge held by a recently released thug, she advises him to seek help from Principal Grandey. The next day, Emilio visits Grandey, but Grandey (not realizing that Emilio is in serious danger) instantly dismisses him because he neglected to knock on the door before entering his office.

Feeling rejected, Emilio leaves the school and is subsequently killed by his rival. Heartbroken by her failure to protect Emilio and angry at the indifferent school system for contributing to his death, LouAnne announces to the class her intention to leave the school at the end of the academic year. The students immediately break down, begging her not to leave. Overwhelmed by their unbridled display of emotion, she decides to stay.

Cast

 * Michelle Pfeiffer as LouAnne Johnson
 * George Dzundza as Hal Griffith
 * Courtney B. Vance as George Grandey
 * Robin Bartlett as Carla Nichols
 * Bruklin Harris as Callie Roberts
 * Renoly Santiago as Raul Sanchero
 * Wade Dominguez as Emilio Ramirez
 * Beatrice Winde as Mary Benton
 * Lorraine Toussaint as Irene Roberts
 * John Neville as Waiter
 * Marcello Thedford as Cornelius Bates
 * Roberto Alvarez as Gusmaro Rivera
 * Richard Grant as Durrell Benton
 * Marisela Gonzales as Angela
 * Norris Young as Kareem
 * Karina Arroyave as Josy
 * Paula Garcés as Alvina
 * Raymond Grant as Lionel Benton
 * Ivan Sergei as Huero
 * Gaura Vani as Warlock (credited as Gaura Buchwald)
 * Cynthia Avila as Mrs. Sanchero
 * Roman Cisneros as Mr. Sanchero
 * Camille Winbush as Tyeisha Roberts
 * Al Israel as Santiago
 * Jeffrey Garcia as Raoul

Production
Dangerous Minds was one of the last films of producer Don Simpson. The school at which LouAnne Johnson taught, Carlmont High School in Belmont, California, was considered as a filming location, but Burlingame High School in Burlingame was used as the filming location for all the outside scenes, and some indoor scenes filmed at neighboring San Mateo High School. Most of the filming was done at Warner Hollywood Studios in Burbank, California.

The amusement park scene was done in Santa Cruz, California, at the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk. Additional photography was also done in Pacoima, Monrovia, Glendale, and Sherman Oaks.

Box office
Dangerous Minds was released in the United States on August 11, 1995. It grossed a total of $179.5 million worldwide.

Critical reception
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval score of 34% and an average rating of 4.9/10 based on 44 reviews from critics. The website's "Critics Consensus" for the film reads, "Rife with stereotypes that undermine its good intentions, Dangerous Minds is too blind to see that the ones it hurts are the audience." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 47 out of 100 sampled from 18 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Janet Maslin of The New York Times called it a "false and condescending film" that "steamrollers its way over some real talent". Although praising Pfeiffer's acting ability, Maslin said that the script limits her to a one-dimension role. Kenneth Turan's review for the Los Angeles Times said that Pfeiffer "is as believable as the film allows her to be", but the film trivializes the subject matter. Roger Ebert wrote in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times called the film "less than compelling" and said the true story had been watered down to appeal to white audiences, illustrated by the substitution of Dylan songs for rap songs. Though he said Pfeiffer's acting made the film "fairly entertaining", Terrence Rafferty of The New Yorker criticized the film's screenplay and the sentimental ending, which he said gives Pfeiffer's character an unnecessary halo. Peter Travers in Rolling Stone described the young cast as "outstanding" and praised Pfeiffer's performance, but he said the film "often unspools like a hokey update of Sidney Poitier's To Sir, with Love". Kevin McManus of The Washington Post also praised the acting, though he wrote that the film "merits only a C", in part because of the script's lack of subtlety and the saccharine lines given to the students. Edward Guthmann in the San Francisco Chronicle wrote: "It's contrived, it's hokey, but in Dangerous Minds, a Michelle Pfeiffer vehicle, it works surprisingly well... She's playing with a bag of clichés, but she's so plucky and likable, you overlook the hokum." Time Out wrote: "Actually it's quite a respectable piece of work, with an impressive tough-love performance from Pfeiffer, but Ronald Bass's hackneyed screenplay is all carrot and no stick."

Accolades
The soundtrack and its lead single "Gangsta's Paradise" enjoyed major success and received nominations for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Soundtrack Album. Coolio won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for his vocals.

At the MTV Movie Awards 1996, Dangerous Minds was nominated in four categories: Best Movie, Best Female Performance (Michelle Pfeiffer), Most Desirable Female (Michelle Pfeiffer) and Best Movie Song (Coolio).

The music video for "Gangsta's Paradise", featuring Michelle Pfeiffer, won the MTV Music Video Award for Best Rap Video and the MTV Music Video Award for Best Video from a Film.

Michelle Pfeiffer won the Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actress – Drama.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
 * "Gangsta's Paradise" – Nominated

Television series
The commercial success of the film prompted the creation of a spin-off television series, Dangerous Minds, featuring Annie Potts in the role of LouAnne Johnson. The series premiered on ABC on September 30, 1996, and ended on March 15, 1997, after one season of seventeen episodes.

title: Dangerous Minds


text:
Talk:Chattampi Swamikal

Naka
Admin, you have not given the citation for this sentence "Swami explored the roots of Kerala society and original inhabitants, and sociologically and genealogically connected most of the present groups in Kerala including the priestly class to common ancestors who were the original inhabitants known as the Nakas." In many texts, Nakas are described as warriors not groups of people with different professions. I am sharing some details about Nakas with sources,

From Selected Writings of Sri Chatambi Swamikal By S.Jagathsimhan Nair, Sri Chatambi Swamikal

1) Malayadri Mahatyam while referring to this land says: "By reason of being protected by landlords called Nakas with the sword in their hands."

2) To quote from ancient palm-leaf manuscripts in Vattezhuthu script:- "Hail the Nakas the ones with big moustaches, broad chest, powerful physiques, sacred ash-bearing forehead, hands powerful enough to smash the skull of a lion in one blow, who are masters in martial arts, extremely proficient in archery and use of swords, and so acrobatic that they can spring to great heights and do somersaults in air, capable of single-handedly driving back a herd of  elephants."

Madras District Gazetteers: South Arcot by Madras (India: State), B. S. Baliga (Rao Bahadur) (1962) In fact, in the Sangam and post-Sangam literature, Tamilaham was described as the land inhabited by a large number of communities such as, 1) Velir, who are identified with Vellalar 2) Karalar (agriculturists) 3) Kuravar (hillmen) 4) Vedar and Vettuvar (hunters) 5) Kurumbar and Idayar (shepherds) 6) Paradavar (fisherfolk) 7) Pulayar (who executed death sentences) 8) Paraiyar (who proclaimed royal order) 9) Tunnakarar (tailors) 10) Kadambar, Eyinar, Marayar (martial community) 11) Panar(bards/poets) 12) Koottar (jugglers/wizard/magician) 13) Yavanar (merchants from Greece and Rome) 14) Naga (serpent-worshippers) 15) Vadugar (people from the North of Venkatam hills) 16) Kosar (people from the Tulu country) There is also evidence to suggest that Raja Raja I recruited as his warriors and chiefs members from diverse communities living at the margin of the Kaveri heartland. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.216.83.162 (talk) 09:23, 13 June 2018 (UTC)

Untitled
Discussions, if any, are invited by the author on this article profiling Chattampi Swamikal.

Aaroamal

7th Feb 2005

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 17:37, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Hagiography
This article is bordering on being a hagiography and we don't do them here, even for saints. I'm also extremely concerned about the number of non-English sources that are being used, which also appear to be offline and in some cases appear possibly to have an affiliation with the man. Of course, there is nothing wrong with using offline sources or non-English ones but when it comes to subject matter such as this there is often a tendency for followers to embellish, to misrepresent and to show a lack of understanding of WP:RS. Is there really no alternative here? - Sitush (talk) 16:51, 4 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I repeat my concern from three years ago, and ask people to review WP:HISTRS and WP:PRIMARY also. If this guy is so notable, there should be modern sources that discuss him. - Sitush (talk) 14:47, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Only three books are idenfied in English. Then there are five PhD dissertations, one in English and others in Sanskrit, Malyalam and Hindi.  More than 500 other documents which includes books, and articles that hav been identified and listed are in Malayalam the language of his region. The book 'Chattampi Swami An Intellectual biography' in English documents the cream of content from all identified items mentioned above as an introductory guide for further research. Chattampi Swami and Narayana Guru are two very important personalities who contributed to modernizaton of Indian Society  and most of the resources on them are still in local languages and scripts but it is a virgin area for further research. Dr. R. Raman Nair (talk) 10:56, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I understand the issue of non-English sources but Chattampi Swami An Intellectual biography reads like a hagiography itself and, of course, is published by a body that has a close connection to the subject matter. - Sitush (talk) 12:27, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Commemorative stamp
India Post issued a commemorative stamp on Chattampi Swamikal. Kindly consider adding this too. -kodampuli

 * Can you provide a link to a website or news story for this? - Sitush (talk) 18:01, 24 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Added.BudChrSch (talk) 16:11, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Chattambi swamikal
This page created very nearly and tried to state facts honestly But other pages from Kerala State India found badly corrupted and misguiding the facts which has been written and recorded by govt Sreeretnan (talk) 18:36, 6 June 2018 (UTC)

 * So discuss those issues on the talk pages for those articles, not this one. - Sitush (talk) 06:15, 7 June 2018 (UTC)

Poem on shri chattampi swamikal
Poem on shri chattampi swamikal 223.189.49.57 (talk) 10:26, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

Poem
Poem 223.189.49.57 (talk) 10:26, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

Sree Narayana Guru was not a disciple of Chattambi
Sree Narayana Guru was not a disciple of Chattambi. Some vested interest groups of Ramanand and team want to cook this story and promote. Afv12e (talk) 13:11, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chattampi Swamikal


text: User talk:212.219.56.214

title: User talk:212.219.56.214


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Suljettu

Suljettu (1999) is an album by the Finnish rock group Absoluuttinen Nollapiste. It is a thematic concept album, telling the story of a father and a son living in a small, closed-minded Finnish town and is generally accepted as the group's masterpiece. Suljettu is Finnish for "closed".

Track listing

 * 1) "Kasvatus" (Aki Lääkkölä, Tommi Liimatta) – 2:23
 * 2) "Mihin" (Liimatta) – 3:07
 * 3) "Sukututkimus lannistaa (Liimatta) – 3:43
 * 4) "Portaat" (Aake Otsala) – 3:24
 * 5) "Kupit on kuin olisi häät" (Otsala, Liimatta, Lääkkölä) – 2:57
 * 6) "Esinekeräilyn hitaus" (Liimatta) – 2:34
 * 7) "Täällä on joku" (Liimatta) – 3:18
 * 8) "Joutomaa" (Otsala) – 3:19
 * 9) "Joen silmille" (Liimatta) – 3:08
 * 10) "Tungos on lavaste" (Liimatta) – 5:25
 * 11) "Kiilakivi" (Liimatta) – 2:40
 * 12) "Suvannossa ylpeä ilme I-V" (Liimatta) – 20:46

Personnel

 * Tommi Liimatta - Guitar, Vocals
 * Aki Lääkkölä - Guitar
 * Aake Otsala - Bass Guitar, Vocals
 * Tomi Krutsin - Drums, Vocals
 * Teemu Eskelinen - Percussions, Vocals
 * Juuso Nordlund - Engineer, Mixing
 * Otto Hallamaa - Engineer, Mixing
 * Mika Jussila - Mastering Engineer

title: Suljettu


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Bernard Bergonzi

Bernard Bergonzi FRSL (13 April 1929 – 20 September 2016) was a British literary scholar, critic, and poet. He was Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Warwick and an expert on T. S. Eliot.

He was born in London and studied at Wadham College, Oxford. He had an academic position in Manchester before moving to Warwick, and held visiting professorships at American universities.

Works

 * Godolphin and Other Poems (Latin Press, 1952)
 * Descartes and the Animals - Poems 1948-54 (1954)
 * The Fantasy Poets: Number 34 (Fantasy Press 1957) with Dennis Keene and Oscar Mellor
 * The Early H. G. Wells: A Study of The Scientific Romances (1961)
 * L.P.Hartley and Anthony Powell (1962) with Paul Bloomfield, British Council, Writers and Their Work #144, revised 1971 as Bergonzi on Powell
 * Heroes' Twilight. A Study of the Literature of the Great War (1965) revised 1980
 * An English Sequence (1966) poems
 * Innovations: Where is our Culture Going? (1968) editor, with Marshall Mcluhan, Frank Kermode, Leslie Fiedler
 * Great Short Works of Aldous Huxley (1969) editor
 * T.S.Eliot: Four Quartets (1969) editor, essays
 * The Situation of the Novel (1970)
 * "The Twentieth Century" (1970) editor, Volume 7 of the Sphere History of Literature in the English Language
 * Memorials (1970) poems
 * T. S. Eliot (1972)
 * The Turn of a Century - Essays on Victorian and Modern English Literature (1973)
 * H. G. Wells - A Collection of Critical Essays (1976) editor
 * Gerard Manley Hopkins (1977)
 * Reading the Thirties (1978)
 * Years (Mandeville Press 1979) poems
 * The Roman Persuasion (1981) novel
 * The Myth of Modernism and Twentieth Century Literature (1986)
 * A Short History of English Literature (1990) revision of Ifor Evans
 * Exploding English: Criticism, Theory, Culture (OUP, 1991)
 * Wartime and Aftermath : English Literature and Its Background, 1939-60 (OUP, 1993)
 * David Lodge (1995)
 * War Poets and Other Subjects (1999)
 * A Victorian Wanderer. The Life of Thomas Arnold the Younger (OUP, 2003)
 * A Study in Greene (OUP, 2006)

title: Bernard Bergonzi


text: User:Stemonitis/Images

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Claude de l'Aubespine, baron de Châteauneuf

Claude II de l’Aubespine, seigneur de Hauterive et de la Forêt-Thaumieres, baron of Châteauneuf-sur-Loire. (1510 – 11 November 1567) was a French diplomat, and Secretary of State.

Life
From 1537 until 1567 he was one of the four Secretaries of State (ministers managing the government). He was one of the plenipotentiary of France to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, ending the Italian War of 1551–1559.

He served as secretary of state to kings Francis I, Henry II, Francis II and Charles IX.

He was associated with the Assembly of Notables at Fontainebleau, where he produced an edict of tolerance for reforms (1560) and the "reddition de Bourges" (1562).

Family
Claude de l'Aubespine married Jeanne Bochetel, a daughter of the diplomat Guillaume Bochetel. Her brother Jacques Bochetel de la Forest, was a diplomat in London in the 1560s. Their children included:
 * Madeleine de L'Aubépine (1546-1596).
 * Guillaume de l'Aubespine de Châteauneuf (1547-1625), who was a diplomat in London, involved in the affairs of Mary, Queen of Scots.


text:
User:UHURU!

Omali Yeshitela

title: User:UHURU!


text: Category:Absoluuttinen Nollapiste albums


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Talk:Heinrich Gottfried Ollendorff

Untitled
6.2.05 A couple of websites attribute the word Ollendorffian meaning "written in the artificial and overly formal style of foreign-language phrase books'in the language of foreign phrase-books" to this Ollendorff. However I am under the impression that word derived from a different Ollendorff, Paul Ollendorff of Paris: French publisher of foreign phrase-books eg Lucien Rigaud’s Dictionnaire D' Argot Moderne. Does anyone know?

title: Talk:Heinrich Gottfried Ollendorff


text:
Penstock

A penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow, or an enclosed pipe that delivers water to hydro turbines and sewerage systems. The term is of Scots origin, and was inherited from the earlier technology of mill ponds and watermills, with penstocks diverting pond waters to drive the mills.

Hydroelectric systems and dams
Penstocks for hydroelectric installations are normally equipped with a gate system and a surge tank. They can be a combination of many components such as anchor block, drain valve, air bleed valve, and support piers depending on the application. Flow is regulated to suit turbine operation and is cut off when turbines are not in service. Penstocks, particularly where used in polluted water systems, need to be maintained by hot water washing, manual cleaning, antifouling coatings, allowing waters to go anoxic, and desiccation used to dry fouling out so that it may slough off or become easier to remove through manual processes.

The term is also used in irrigation dams to refer to the channels leading to and from high-pressure sluice gates.

Penstocks are also used in mine tailings dam construction. The penstock is usually situated fairly close to the center of the tailings dam and built up using penstock rings, short reinforced ring-like sections of pipe which nest one within the other when stacked and thereby control the water level, letting the slimes settle out of the water. This water is then piped under the tailings dam back to the plant via a penstock pipeline.

Watermills
Inlet valves on the downstream end of penstocks are often used at mill sites to control the flow of water through the mill wheel, or to pen water into a mill pool.

Similar structures
Similar structures which are not enclosed are head races or leats (non elevated), and flumes (elevated).

Hydraulics
Penstocks are commonly used in water management systems such as surface water drainage and foul water sewers. Penstocks provide a means of isolation of flows and regulate the flow of water while delivering it to waste management facilities or power plants.

Landfills
Penstocks are incorporated into the surface water management systems (drainage) of many landfill sites. Retention basins are constructed in order to store storm water, limiting the discharge from the site to its pre-development rate. Valved penstocks are installed at the outfall of the basin to isolate potentially contaminated surface waters from discharging into a main watercourse.

title: Penstock


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title: Category:1174 births


text: User talk:212.219.180.11

title: User talk:212.219.180.11


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La Rochelle (disambiguation)

La Rochelle is a city in Charente-Marine, France.

La Rochelle may also refer to:

France

 * Arrondissement of La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime
 * La Rochelle-1, La Rochelle-2, etc.; nine cantons in Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency
 * La Rochelle, Haute-Saône, a commune

Elsewhere

 * La Rochelle, Manitoba, Canada, a locality
 * La Rochelle, Johannesburg, South Africa, a suburb
 * La Rochelle (Zimbabwe), a country estate

Sport

 * ES La Rochelle, a French association football club
 * Stade Rochelais, a French rugby union club

Other uses

 * John of la Rochelle (died 1245), French Franciscan theologian
 * Pierre Drieu La Rochelle (1893–1945), French writer
 * Battle of La Rochelle (disambiguation)
 * La Rochelle University, La Rochelle, France
 * La Rochelle station, the main railway station for La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime, France
 * La Rochelle, a restaurant in Aoyama, Tokyo, owned by Hiroyuki Sakai

title: La Rochelle (disambiguation)


text: Category:1183 births

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text: Category:1191 births

title: Category:1191 births