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Talk:Avalanche

Prediction
This article could use sections on prediction (to go with the table), protection, how to survive, and what non-buried witnesses should do immediately. Maybe also a list of the world's greatest avalanche disasters? or is there a better place for that? Lupinelawyer 18:12, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Slab vs. point-release
I think more attention should be given to the table of avalanche sizes, the one that starts off with "sluffs" as being the smallest and least dangerous avalanches. Sluffs are actually another term used to describe point-release avalanches and has nothing to do with its size or destructive capacity. These sluffs are usually a very good indicator of top-layer snowpack instability. You should avoid slopes with aspects that are sluffing. The other kind of avalanche is a slab-release avalanche, which usually occur when there are deeper instabilities in the snowpack, such as buried layers of hoar, facets, and round snowflakes. Generally, slab avalanches are much bigger than point-release ones, but that doesn't mean sluffs pose virtually no risk to humans. There have been some big point-releases that dwarf smaller slab avalanches. In fact, the misconception that point-releases are not harmful might lead some backcountry travelers to believe that it's safe to travel on aspects where these are ocurring, when in reality point-releases are one of the red-flags travelers should look out for. Aspects that are sluffing are on the verge of sliding big-time and should be avoided!

Usually the "size" of avalanches in the US is measured by their destructive potential rather than the volume of snow moved. Since you could have a really wide slab release that only falls a half-meter that might knock someone to the ground that would have the same volume as a much more destructive avalanche that's only half a meter wide and falls much further and takes out a bunch of trees, understanding the destructive potential is much more important than volume of snow moved. I forget what the rating system is but it's in the "Avalanche Handbook" that's already cited and starts with little ones that bareley move any snow to the biggest which can derail a train. I don't have the book anymore or I'd post the information up myself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.67.133.215 (talk) 20:45, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Snow-crystal structure
Maybe some basic stuff about snow-crystal structure and formation, and maybe how this relates to snowpack stability? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Daveohyeah (talk • contribs) 21:43, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Debris avalanches
The article is incorrect about debris avalanches, which usually have nothing to do with snow. Unfortunately, debris avalanche redirects to this article. Either a new article should be started or a lot more information should be added to this article. -- Kjkolb 02:53, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

The Group
Consider changing this section to something like Avalanche Management, because the sub-sections fall under a broader category of managing a group in avalanche terrain.

The subsection called Traversing should be renamed Terrain management and broadened. Traversing is both too vague and too specific. The Terrain management section should briefly mention not under cutting slopes (removing physical support), not skiing over convex rolls, and staying away from weaknesses like exposed rock. Also mention avoiding terrian traps (gulleys that can be filled in, cliffs over which one can be swept, or heavy timber into which one can be carried). Basically this sub-section explains reducing the risk for the individual skier on a slope.

The subsection on Risk should be renamed Group Managment and would explain reducing the overall reduction of risk for a whole group by using strategies such as exposing only one memberat time to a hazard, having well defined safe spots, and planning escape routes.

The Group size section is close to correct. It should strongly emphasize that a carefull balance needs to be struck between having enough people to carry out a rescue (sometimes 2 is enough) and having far too many people to safely manage the risks.

The Leadership sub-section is way off base and needs to be completely re-written. Leadership in avalanche terrain requires well defined decision making protocals, which are being taught in a growing number of courses provided by national avalanche resource centers in Europe and North America, and an honest attempt at assessing ones blind spots, (what information am I ignoring?) There is a growing body of research into the pyschological failures and group dynamics that lead to avalanche involvement, could some of that be referenced? -- Aaron — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.159.162.39 (talk) 17:22, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You can make these changes yourself, if you want to. It was good to post your concerns to the talk page, though. You might want to get an account before making major changes, as it will help communication with other editors and will make it less likely that your edits will be confused as vandalism (for example, editors might get suspicious when you delete a section that needs to be rewritten). You don't have to give any personal information to get an account, not even an email address (you can give an email address if you want to receive mail from other editors, though). Whether you get an account or not, be sure to give descriptive edit summaries about the changes you make. Giving references would also be a good idea. -- Kjkolb 17:43, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Large portion removed has been put back
Wow, since August 2, 2006 this article underwent, what appears to me, erroneous editing.

I made a contribution to the pictures on this page and when I was looking back at the article and noticed that a significant portion of it was removed. I'm not certain removing that much information was intentional. So I took the liberty to EDIT the article on August 1 by Kjkolb and saved the changes to be current.

SnapJag 03:31, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Yelling
Can someone tell me if you can start an avalanche by yelling? It happens all the time in cartoons but Iwasn't so sure.--4.160.237.223 02:21, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Nope. Or - to be exact:

 * You can trigger avalanches by really powerful sounds, like an explosion, but yelling has not enough energy.
 * Its extremely improbable (what I mean by improbable: there is also a risk of a sudden avalanche triggered by a meteorite fall...). --Wikimol 00:01, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Vibrations actually cause the most Avalanches. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.15.155.118 (talk) 17:32, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

 * What do you think sound is? Vibrations! Tomalak Geret'kal (talk) 09:12, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Not enough vibrations though InfernaIBaze (talk) 01:23, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
 * edit: not strong enough of a vibration InfernaIBaze (talk) 01:24, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

Death
How do people die in avalanches do they suffucate or die of the cold? DPM 22:24, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Good question. Someone deleted the answer to this question, along with other material, on December 7. I restored it just now. The article says, "most deaths are due to suffocation". Walter Siegmund (talk) 00:19, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Additional Picture
I have made the addition of a picture of avalanche blasting in Tignes and was wondering if more depth could be added to the section on prevention which covers the use of explosives to trigger deliberate and hopefully controlled avalanches - as it is method that almost any skier is subject to who has visited the mountains when there’s a lot of snow around. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jossy89 (talk • contribs) 11:56, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

"Gravity Current" removal
The following statement is inaccurate: "An avalanche is an example of a gravity current consisting of granular material." Gravity currents consist of very low aspect ratios involving differing densities, typically when more saline water displaces less saline water, or differing air densities. It does not apply to snow on a mountain! Removed. - Mugs 23:43, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You're wrong. The powder cloud in a powder snow avalanche is a turbulent suspension of particles that is a form of gravity current. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jim McElwaine (talk • contribs) 00:00, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

"Mobile phone interference with transceiver?"
At least needs a citation. I have not seen any documentation of this concern. DriveBy27 01:07, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Avalanche survival
i read a book where a 14 year old lived for a week before almost dying. is that possible? jamie 72.93.88.4 00:34, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No, it is not possible. When children turn 14, they die immediately. In case any young children are reading this, that was a joke. I assume that you mean can a person live for a week after being buried by an avalanche. The chances of survival drop quickly in the first hour and after a couple of hours, the survival rate is very low. However, if the person has enough air and has clothes that are sufficiently warm to avoid hypothermia, I suppose it might be possible. If the person is able to climb out after being buried, it would be difficult for him or her to survive for a week without food, water, supplies or training, but he or she would be far more likely to survive than someone who is buried. -- Kjkolb 09:21, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

So Helpful!!!!!
I live in Texas, where avalanches don't happen, but I was so interested in this site. I am in 7th grade and doing a project over avalanches (blind draw) and I found all this stuff so helpful. I learn so much from this site and it helped me so much with the project. Thanx!! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bandgeek3377 (talk • contribs) 01:14, 2 February 2007 (UTC).

That is awesome
Good to hear that this kid really appreciates Wikipedia. It's a nice spring board for other sources, and in and of itself is pretty nice as well.

I also wanted to say, to the lame imbecile who posted emoticons in the Avalanches article, that you are completely insane. I mean, yes, I am totally bonkers, but you... smiley faces on a Wiki page? I mean, can you not think of anything more creative? And anyway, you're just wasting our time. It's funny that people who are stupid enough to vandalize a page are smart enough to find the Web site in the first place... it makes you wonder, are they really *smart* deep down inside?

The world may never know... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.43.89.134 (talk) 13:48, 3 February 2007 (UTC).

Recent Edits
Nearly a year ago I made some recommendations. I'm finally getting around to them. I've referenced Pascal Hageli when discussing avalanche rates for terrian and aspect, although I can't remember the exact article, I'm going off my notes from the November 2004 Avalanche Workshop at the University of Calgary. It has been a great ski season so far - Aaron --Insightaction 23:30, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

GPS
I replaced "With modern mobile phone developments, an emergency GPS transmitter may also become more widely available (again, for use by a rescuer, because a victim may be unconscious or completely immobilised beneath dense snow)." by "Alternatively, survivers may use a mobile phone to notify emergency personnel of their location obtained from a GPS without EPIRB capability." The original seemed unclear to me. Walter Siegmund (talk) 16:18, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Completely biased article
This article is completely biased in favor of snow avalanches. Article rock avalanche redirects to this page so there should be far more than passing mention of them. --TreeSmiler (talk) 23:17, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Snow avalanches are a totally different topic from rock, dirt or mud avalanches. Those are covered in Landslide. I'm going to change the redirect to point there. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 23:58, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry, a landslide is a completely different thing from a rock avalanche--TreeSmiler (talk) 02:01, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * If so, it should be straightforward to identify reliable sources that distinguish the phenomena. Please be kind enough to suggest some. Thank you, Walter Siegmund (talk)  —Preceding comment was added at 04:49, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

When people refer to rock avalanche, they are using the word avalanche figuratively rather than literally.96.54.32.44 (talk) 07:11, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I was confused by this as well. The American English definitions of the word "avalanche" that I can find do not specify snow as being the primary constituent. This article is clearly only about snow avalanches. I believe either the article title should be changed to "snow avalanche", or at least, a statement at the top should specify that other avalanche types are covered in the "landslide" article. Krellkraver (talk) 05:01, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Does the 100 million cubic metre Rutog/Aru Glacier "avalanche" (Tibet, July 17, 2016) belong in this article?
 * http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=88677 Keith McClary (talk) 18:22, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

Picture of slab avalanche
The third picture from the top is not characteristic of a slab avalanche. Most slab avalanches do not have a cloud of snow above them. That is usually common from a sluff avalanche. Isn't that picture misleading when captioned as a slab avalanche? Billscottbob (talk) 03:42, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

 * From having seen numerous videos of avalanches, it's correct that the beginning of a slab avalanche would not necessarily be marked by a cloud of snow. However that image appears to show the bottom of a slope, by which time the slab would have broken up. In any case, it's not a good picture of a slab avalanche as it doesn't show the characteristics of one. I'm going to remove "slab" from the caption. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 22:23, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

How to
This article needs complete revision as there are many mistakes in the text. I also suggest to change the title to snow avalanches, as there are many different types of avalanches. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Herwijn (talk • contribs) 20:16, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

The Avalanches can be also made of rocks and Dirt. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.161.6.228 (talk) 17:00, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

You should also have information on: -How to use Avalanche Probes when someone is in danger during an avalanche —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.15.155.118 (talk) 17:29, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook. -shogun (talk) 20:41, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

 * It's also legally risky to instruct people on how to do live-saving things that should be learnt in a formal course.Billscottbob (talk) 21:55, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The existing probe section appears appropriate. I've never heard of anyone using a probe during an avalanche, and I doubt it would do anything to reduce the danger. ;) ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 22:26, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Southern Hemisphere has avalanches too!
I've edited the text to refer to the "sunny" side of slopes... The previous reference to southern slopes only works north of the equator! 114.77.205.138 (talk) 07:19, 27 December 2008 (UTC) Mike Bromfield / 27 Dec 2008.

Further work to do
Any objections to adding a section called Triggers under Formation and Occurrence. This would present environmental and human triggers of avalanches.

I would also like to take a large part of the second paragraph of the introduction and put it under a formal subheading of Formation and Occurrence called Classifications and Terminology. This would present terms like, step down avalanche, crown, slide path, run out, debris field, etc... I think this should be the first section under Formation and Occurrence. Insightaction — Preceding undated comment added 23:42, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Sure, be bold and give it a try. If someone doesn't like it they may revert your work, but usually good faith improvements are appreciated and accepted. It helps if you provide a WP:RS or two. BTW, you can sign your comments (talk pages only) by ending with " ~ " (four tilda characters). Walter Siegmund (talk) 03:56, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

i think they should do a section on all the prevent, protect and predict. as many people reli on wiki to do school projects and thats part of the criteria!95.149.93.151 (talk) 17:29, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't think that's necessary; Wikipedia is not a study guide, it's an encyclopaedia. As such, the current sections are probably better suited. (Although some merging of the "Euro Risk"/"Euro Size"/"NA Danger" sections could be useful).
 * Oh, and yea, I noticed that that comment was over a year old. Still. XD Crashdown13 (talk) 12:09, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Well heck I noticed this reply was 11 years old and the comment, 13 years old. InfernaIBaze (talk) 01:35, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

Changes
Not a vandal. I started revising this article and making corrections. I also added a few new topics, such as Avalanche Rescue an Avalanche Triangle, so that information that does not belong in the Avalanche article has an appropriate location. Most avalanches do not involve people; therefore rescue doesn't need to be discussed in the Avalanches article. Also, a lot of the text in the Avalanches article applies to backcountry recreationists. There should be a separate article for the Avalanche Triangle as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Somerandomicicle (talk • contribs) 04:06, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The changes were reverted by a bot - please report it here if the revert should not have been made Camw (talk) 04:08, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Avalung
can someone create a new article for Avalung? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.173.11.174 (talk) 20:02, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

WikiDisaster Project
It is time to improve the prevention-aviodance-rescue sections to bring them into compliance with the WikiDisaster Project. I propose:

1. Create a new section before Dynamics and Modeling called Disaster Management

2. Create subsections corresponding to Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recover

3. Move the content in the sections prevention-avoidance-rescue into the appropriate newly created subsections

Basically the sections need an over haul to reduce redundancy, and improve clarity

Insightaction (talk) 22:41, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

 * We need to avoid making this into a "how-to" manual. I'm not sure that those headings are the best ones for this article. There is a considerable volume of scholarship on avalanches, and it seems like it'd be better to use the terms that appear in the literature rather than terms developed by the Wikipedia:WikiProject Disaster management editors to cover all different disasters. For example, response and recover would perhaps be better covered by a heading like "rescue". "Prevention" isn't really a practical heading, but "avoidance" would be a comparable term that's closer to the reality.   Will Beback    talk    22:51, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

I found a more approipate place for the wiki disaster material, under the sub-article of avalanche control. But now I would like to propose restructuring this article to make its context within the broader wiki themes clearer. I propose the following main sections:

Introduction: what is an avalanche?

Meteorology: what weather is needed to create an avalanche? Where does a snow pack come from and how does it evolve? how are they studied in the context of meteorology?

Geography: how do you identify avalanche terrain? what hazards do avalanches pose to people and places? how does terrain affecting avalanches and how does avalanches affect terrain? the study of...?

Geology: What type of geology is needed? is it always mountains? Can avalanches affect geology? the study of...?

Disaster Management: how are avalanches prepared for? how are avalanches forecast? what are the responses to avalanches? what equipment and techniques are used? the study of...?

History: what are the notable occurrences? wartime use of avalanches? recent news worthy avalanches? the study of...?

Insightaction (talk) 17:47, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I guess I don't understand the need for this reorganization. Could you explain what's wrong with the current article?   Will Beback    talk    22:07, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Sure, I think the article should succinctly describe avalanches, their formation, characteristics, properties, and occurrences. It should also fit into the broader context of the developing wikiprojects around Geology, Geography, Meteorology, and Disaster Management. The article over emphasizes the human reaction to avalanches, which should be in its own article on Avalanche Control or Management. The topic of humans and avalanches is currently developed in this article at the cost of elucidating the physical characteristics and natural relevance of avalanches. Sections like avalanche avoidance, survival/rescue, and Modeling only are applicable within the context of avalanche management. Succinctly my argument is that the main article on Avalanches should be a starting point from which to explore the other topics related to avalanches. I have two Google documents with proposed outlines for a major revision of the Avalanche article, and additions to the Avalanche Control article
 * Avalanche
 * Avalanche Control
 * feel free to drop ideas in those documents. (also, because Wikipedia is the first point of contact for many public searches, I want to make the article more attractive and elegant)
 * Insightaction (talk) 17:34, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

 * If you think that the article is long, then I agree that a logical split would between the issues of how avalanches are caused and how humans avoid or react to them. But I am dubious about organizing the article according to generic wikiproject templates instead of reliable secondary sources. This is a very well-researched topic. For example, geology is a negligible factor so I don't see why we'd devote much space to the type of rocks in the slopes.   Will Beback    talk    01:01, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

 * In particular, I think that "prevention" is not a logical heading and that "social intervention" is also odd.   Will Beback    talk    01:58, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Is there a better heading for topics about education and awareness, public bulletins, forecasts and warnings? These are all activities avalanche centers undertake to lessen the hazard of avalanches, by motivating users to decrease their own exposure to high risk avalanche situations, particularly in the context of recreational use of avalanche terrain.Insightaction (talk) 04:25, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Insightaction; I can't tell from your edit history whether you are aware of article quality levels. If not, those criteria and associated peer reviews may be helpful in your work. Walter Siegmund (talk) 02:31, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm working out of the books by Daffern, McLung, and Jamieson, materials from Parks Canada, and what is now called the AST I & II courses offered by the CAA, as well 25 or so peer reviewed works for, however much the peer reviewed publications is at the edge of verified knowledge and is probably not appropriate in this setting.Insightaction (talk) 03:56, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Good. If we follow the pattern set by reliable sources then we can't go too far wrong.   Will Beback    talk    04:03, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Thank you Will, I will back off on the aggressive changes until I hear back from the professional avalanche community. I have sent a request to my contacts in the CAA and guiding industry in Canada to have some professional oversight of my contributions, hopefully I can get some feedback. In the meantime I can beef up the literature search and sprinkle references through my outlines like magic pixie dust. Part of the problem is that I was first exposed to this material more than 15 years ago, so there has been a long period of digestion and reorganization, to the point where it is hard to tell where one or another piece of information is from. What I would like to accomplish is to take the rather technical industry orientated scholarship, that I had to personally study, and place it in a context that is accessible to the broader public; thus when I write I imagine explaining the topic to an undergraduate in Texas, or some other location that rarely sees snow. In a way I write for myself, because I personally use Wikipedia to find how to get started in a topic.

Incorrect Caption
The caption containing the text "A powder snow avalanche" isn't correct. The correct term for the avalanche featured in this photo is "Dry snow avalanche with a powder cloud". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.191.34.72 (talk) 06:48, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Other Errors
"A rapid rise in temperature, to a point significantly above the freezing point of water, may cause a slope to avalanche, especially in the spring."

This is poorly written and partially wrong. Should be written as follows:

"A rapid rise in temperature, to a point significantly above the freezing point of water, may cause avalanche formation at any time of year."

"Cold air temperatures on the snow surface produce a temperature gradient in the snow, because the ground temperature at the base of the snow pack is close to freezing; unless the snow pack is standing on glaciated terrain, in which case the temperature at the base of the snow pack can be significantly below freezing."

There is always a temperature gradient. The text should read:

"Very cold air temperatures on the snow surface produce a strong temperature gradient in the snow because the ground temperature at the base of the snow pack is usually around zero degrees and the ambient air temperature may be much colder."

"The snow pack is composed of deposition layers of snow that are accumulated over time. The deposition layers are stratified parallel to the ground surface on which the snow falls."

This should be written:

"The snow pack is composed of layers of snow that are deposited over the course of a winter. These layers exhibit ground-parallel stratigraphy."

This is pure garbage:

"A "wind slab" is a particularly fragile and brittle structure which is heavily loaded and poorly bonded to its underlayment."

It should be written:

"Wind slab is dangerous because it forms quickly and weaker snow below the slab may not have time to adjust to the new load."

But... really... wind slab is only dangerous relative to humans and facilities. It's just a natural phenomenon, and using the word "dangerous" biases the discussion toward human/avalanche involvements.

"This can occur in two ways: by top-loading and by cross-loading."

This is a ---gross--- oversimplification. Patterns of loading and drifting are very complex.

"Sunlight reduces the sintering, or necking, between snow grains. "

This should be written as:

"Sunlight melts snow, which decreases its hardness."

"and other sudden impacts"

Should be written as:

"and other impulse loads"

Finally, there is a lot of discussion of human involvement with avalanches that biases the article toward human-avalanche interaction. These biases should be explicitly disclosed or the topics should be separated. Avalanches are natural phenomena, and this article should focus on the phenomena, not on human involvement.

This was just a quick review. There are numerous errors and a disturbing lack of citations. 26 citations??? Considering the foregoing, this article borders on being unscientific.

Am I allowed to make corrections? I can provide credentials. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.191.34.72 (talk) 07:19, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Anyone is allowed to make changes and someone who really knows the subject and can provide missing citations is particularly welcome. However, discussing major changes in advance is always a good idea. Mikenorton (talk) 08:14, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thermodynamic (talk • contribs) 08:30, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Unscientific!
"The triggering of avalanches is an example of critical phenomenon."

The reference for this IS NOT cited. Furthermore, research by Dave McClung ( whose work is cited elsewhere in the same Wikipedia article ) presents avalanches as an example of a punctuated equilibrium system. His work is excellent: http://www.geog.ubc.ca/avalanche/pubs/Book_Tsonsis_Ch24.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thermodynamic (talk • contribs) 07:31, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Major strangeness
Not only is the section "Classification and terminology" badly written, it does not conform to the scientific literature.

From "The Avalanche Handbook". There are two main type of avalanches:

 * Slab avalanches
 * Loose snow avalanches

Either type of avalanche may involve wet or dry snow. Can I clean this section up? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thermodynamic (talk • contribs) 08:30, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

I'm talking about stuff like: "isothermal avalanche". Nowhere in the literature of avalanches is there any discussion of "isothermal avalanches". Isothermal snow means snow with a uniform temperature, usually in the spring when the ambient air temperature remains above freezing over the course of a week or two. This is just one example of the incredibly awful, patently unscientific writing in this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thermodynamic (talk • contribs) 08:34, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Serious, unscientific errors
This lovely gem is also contained in the article:

"Slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a lower incidence of avalanche involvement, likewise slopes with windward and sunny exposure have a lower incidence of avalanche involvement."

The first part is fine, but the second part is in direct contravention to research performed by Grimsdottir that is cited by The Avalanche Handbook. The Avalanche Handbook states that when slope use is accounted for, aspect by itself is a poor predictor. Furthermore, I am unaware of any specific statistics on avalanche involvement on windward slopes. This should be removed or refashioned.Thermodynamic (talk) 08:54, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Also, "snow pack" should be "snowpack".Thermodynamic (talk) 08:57, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Serious, unscientific errors
From the article:

"Snow that has been water saturated to the point of slush can accelerate on shallow angled terrain; while a cohesive snow pack will not accelerate on very steep slopes, such as the typical snow pack in the Chugach Mountains of Alaska."

A cohesive snow pack will not accelerate on very steep slopes???? This is just idiocy. Does the original author mean that a cohesive snowpack can stick to very steep slopes? There is a large difference between sticking to a steep slope and accelerating on a steep slope. Obviously, snow accelerates very well on steep slopes.

I wonder if this article has been neglected for so long because people felt the errors were simply too overwhelming to fix.

Thermodynamic (talk) 09:32, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

 * In summary: Go for it. Just make sure there are verifiable sources in mind when making edits. Personal experience isn't enough.   Will Beback    talk    10:00, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Citing sources won't be a problem, and I hope you can see from my comments on the Discussion page ( which include citations ), that I'm not writing this content from "personal experience". First the misleading garbage should be removed, and I will cite sources in the comments when I make the edits. ( Or on the talk page, as I have done here. )Thermodynamic (talk) 10:11, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Avalanche avoidance
This section does not even bother to discuss the #1 technique for avalanche avoidance: avoid steep slopes; do not travel on them; do not cross below them. This will have to be fixed.Thermodynamic (talk) 11:02, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Classification and terminology
From the article as it stands:

"Slab avalanches are generated when an additional load causes a brittle failure of a slab that is bridging a weak snow layer"

This is wrong - or worse: it's just a bunch of gobbledygook. Brittle failure of a slab that is bridging a weak layer?????

The failure of the slab itself isn't why the avalanche forms.

 * 1) The slab itself fails because gravity pulls the slab downhill.
 * 2) Gravity is much more apt to pull a slab downhill after failure of some component of the interface between the slab and whatever is below the slab.
 * 3) The failure of this interface is usually referred to as delamination.

Gosh, this section just has to be cleaned up.

Sources:

Proceedings of ISSW 2010 http://www.avtrainingadmin.org/pubs/2010_ISSW_Proceedings.pdf

 * Some insights into fracture propagation in weak snowpack layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
 * Fracture energy of weak snowpack layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

ANTICRACKS: A NEW THEORY OF FRACTURE INITIATION AND FRACTURE PROPAGATION IN SNOW

http://www.issw2008.com/papers/P__8212.pdf

Thermodynamic (talk) 11:11, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Avalanches as critical phenomena
From the first sentence of the article:

"causes a critical escalating transition from the slow equilibrium evolution of the snowpack"

Research by McClung ( one of the world's leading avalanche researchers ) presents strong evidence that avalanches are non-critical punctuated equilibrium phenomena. Since the current version does not cite a source, I am going to make a correction and cite McClung's research.

Thermodynamic (talk) 01:56, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

Failure modes
I fixed a sentence that incorrectly described how avalanches form. There were really too many errors to even discuss, so I simplified the language and cited an impeccable source. The model of fracture propagation comes from this paper:

ANTICRACKS: A NEW THEORY OF FRACTURE INITIATION AND FRACTURE PROPAGATION IN SNOW http://www.issw2008.com/papers/P__8212.pdf

The authors are all considered leading experts in the field. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thermodynamic (talk • contribs) 02:24, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

Very basic cleanup completed
I've finished the very basic cleanup. It's a lot better and I've removed a lot of errors ( but not all of them ).

Thermodynamic (talk) 05:11, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

Separating avalanche rescue topics
The avalanche rescue information needs to be moved to a separate article. Avalanches are natural phenomena, and the quantity of information biases the article toward human-avalanche interaction. This needs to be fixed. Thermodynamic (talk) 06:15, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

 * That may be appropriate. See WP:SPLIT for general guidelines. When the new article is created it's important that the edit summary mentions that the original material came from this article. That's necessary to maintain the link to the creators of whatever text is copied.
 * Regarding the rescue material, we can discuss rescue techniques, etc, but we should not structure it as a how-to guide.   Will Beback    talk    06:20, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Companion rescue contains a lot of "how to information" that will need restructuring or changing. Ack. Thermodynamic (talk) 09:04, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

Incorrect photo label
There's a new photograph labelled "Starting powder snow avalanche". This looks like a slab avalanche with a powder cloud. ( You can see fracture lines on the left side of the rear of the avalanche. ) This caption should be changed. A dry flowing avalanche is not the same as a powder avalanche.Thermodynamic (talk) 10:18, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Three Part Description
There's a new, three-part description that is very poorly written and DOES NOT adhere to any of the standard geoscientific terminology related to the phenomena. Does anyone care if I revert to the previous description - it was much better.Thermodynamic (talk) 19:40, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The description of avalanche formation as a mechanical phenomenon does not even discuss avalanche formation from a mechanical perspective ( fracture mechanics, delamination, catastrophic failure ).
 * Avalanches are not released by gunshots, unless you're talking about a howitzer.
 * Part 3? "Third it is an event."??? Honestly, this is just noise.

Dynamics
The section on dynamics is more of summary of the state of current ongoing research, which begs the question of whether it is even appropriate in a wikipedia article? I mean this isn't supposed to be a literature review for GeoPhys, is it? Ideally this section should be removed, but failing that it should summarize established empirical observations of avalanche dynamics (not simulations and models, which are rightly continually revised and improved), and only point to wikipedia articles on the mathematical modelling of flows and turbulence. Why is there a section on mathematical models of the dynamics of fracturing and flow but no section on the evolution of snow packs? In particular a section on snow pack evolution should compare and contrast the two dominate processes: sintering/rounding versus faceting/dendrite growth.

Compared to the article on tornadoes the avalanche article needs major improvement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.161.2.241 (talk) 20:01, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Rutschblock
Good lord, why on earth is there a major section dedicated to the rutschblock test? If there is going to be information on snow evaluation methods it should be on a separate page, with a brief introductory reference from the main avalanche page. There are many more tests and observation methods that also deserve discussing, such as the field tests: penetration resistance, compression failure, shovel shear, saw propagation, temperature observations, humidity observations, etc...; and then there are the laboratory tests which surely deserve mention somewhere?198.161.2.241 (talk) 20:18, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Page restructuring
I'm proposing a new structure for the avalanche page. I have outlined the structure in the sandbox page of the Avalanche_Sandbox account. Please feel free to edit User:Avalanche_Sandbox/sandbox, and comment in the talk page. Thank you Avalanche Sandbox (talk) 16:30, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

Reorganisation
I would like to propose firstly that we rename the page to "Snow Avalanches" this deals with the confusion of "Rock Avalanches" and other mass movements which should each have their own page. The it would be better to split the page so that "Notable Snow Avalanche Accidents" is a separate page. This could easily be rather large.

Similarly Everything to do with Avalanche safety would best be put on a different page. The use of beacons. safe travel and so one are separate from the physical phenomena

There is also a little too much of people with partial knowledge getting things wrong. I see lots of categorical statements about slabs and powder clouds for example and they are misinformed. The situation is complicated and a lot of it is in error. I am professor who's main research topic is snow avalanches, and I've worked in this area for twenty years. Jim McElwaine (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 00:24, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 February 2020 and 24 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rkemner.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:44, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Mtiggl1.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:05, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Avalanche


text:
Talk:Confederate Ireland

[Untitled]
All comments on this article are more than welcome JD

I've made a couple of edits to clarify bits on the Confederate's internal politics, which I thought were a bit confusing. Jdorney

Very good article, but my question is still unanswered. Does anybody know what percentage of the people at the Confederation of Kilkenny were patrilineally Gaelic-Irish? Another question: Was the Confederation actually the name of the parliament while Confederate Catholics were lead by the Supreme Council, which was formed as the effective government?

I forget the article but Dónal Cregan's study years ago of the anti-Gaeil rhetoric of the Old English verses the reality of their huge familial alliances with leading Gaelic families was very instructive. If anybody knows the study in question, that is my bonus question. Will be happy to get the previous two questions answered though! Thanks

Ok, here are some answers, to the best of my knowledge: A. The number of Confederate General Assembly members with a Gaelic Surname was about 40% of the total. Although, as you rightly say, almost all the "Old English" had Gaelic blood as well. The reverse is true of the Gaels. Donal Cregan was a real pioneer in the modern study of this area. Micheal O Siochru, who is the leading expert nowadays, argues that class and province was more important than ethnicity in Confederate factionalism. For instance, one of the most prominent "Old English" members was Donagh MacCarthy Viscount of Muskerry.

B. No, the Confederation was composed of all those who took its oath of allegiance. It was organised into a General Assembly and a Supreme Council which together formed a de facto government of Ireland. The important thing to remember here is that the Confederate Catholic Association of Ireland (to give it its formal name), never actually claimed to be an independent government, because they professed to be good Royalists, loyal to Charles I. Since only the King could legally call a Parliament, the Confederate General Assembly never claimed to be Parliament either, however much it acted like one. In negotiations with the Royalists, the Confederates demanded that all concessions made to them would be ratified in post war Irish Parliament, which would have looked a lot like the Confederate General Assembly with some Protestant Royalists thrown in.

Finally, sorry don't know then ame of the Cregan article, but I think I have seen the article you mention once. Jdorney 01:19, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Wrong flag
A cross, a harp and cross, surmounted by a dove, constituted the arms of the confederation. Fergananim 16:36, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Wrong location
The inset photograph gives Kilkenny Castle as the seat or meeting place of the Confederation. I think this is not correct. Firstly, the building in the photograph is relatively modern,and was the seat of the Dukes of Ormonde. Secondly, a plaque in Kilkenny's Marketyard marks the site, in a different part of the city, of a building which housed the Confederation. Knockanore (talk) 23:03, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

 * From what Meehan says, the house in the Marketyard (nearly) across the street from Rothe House is where the Oath of Confederation was first taken. However, he also says that (later on) the assembly did meet in the gallery of Kilkenny Castle. Q·L·1968 ☿ 03:50, 31 December 2016 (UTC)

Viscount Mountgarret
I have listed Viscount Mountgarret as the last Leinster Supreme Council member, I am not 100% sure of this so feel free to correct this if you find evidence suggesting otherwise. Inchiquin (talk) 11:54, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

General Assembly: how many members, and what were their names?
This article does not inform us how many members were in the General Assembly. Does anybody know, and was that figure constant? Furthermore, does anybody know the names of all the members and how they were elected? This article would be enhanced by including those names. 109.77.133.139 (talk) 09:50, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Words of the Oath?
Does anybody have a copy of the Oath? It would make fascinating reading. 212.129.66.131 (talk) 19:30, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

 * See - Confederate Oath of Association - linking on the main page.78.19.199.69 (talk) 10:15, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

More overview needed
The article doesn't quite get across that Charles could not be seen publicly to support the Confederacy, given that he had to win the war in England in 1642-45 first. Allying himself with the people he himself had described as Catholic rebels would make victory much harder, as he would lose support in England. So when Lord Castlehaven was quietly negotiating on his behalf, and it became public, Charles had to repudiate his efforts.78.19.199.69 (talk) 10:21, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

Section on 'Significance'
The section "Significance" currently begins: "Confederate Ireland was arguably the only sustained attempt at Catholic Irish self-government between 1558[clarification needed] and the foundation of Irish Free State in 1922." What about the Patriot Parliament of 1689 or the first and second Dála? Also, "Catholic Irish self-government" is a bit of an odd characterization; you didn't have to be Catholic to participate in Irish self-government under the Free State either. All in all, this seems oddly framed. Q·L·1968 ☿ 18:28, 29 December 2016 (UTC)

Wrong Irish spellings in motto
The Confederate motto in Latin is well known. The version given in modern Irish (Éireannaigh aontaithe le Dia, rí agus tír) is in the post-1960s spelling, and would have been quite different in the mid 1600s.78.17.37.62 (talk) 20:01, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

Ormond handing Dublin to Parliamentarians?
The article currently says, 'After the Confederates rejected the peace deal, Ormonde handed Dublin over to a parliamentarian army under Michael Jones.' The Michael Jones article says, "Jones and the other parliamentary commissioners landed at Dublin on 7 June 1647, and concluded a treaty with Earl of Ormonde (His old Royalist commander) for the delivery of Dublin and other places still in his possession on 18 June 1647." So, if the Confederates rejected the deal after the Battle of Benburb on 5 June 1646, surely this is not the cause for something happening a year later, as the current wording implies? Why did it take so long? Dáibhí Ó Bruadair (talk) 12:42, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

Type of page??
This page seems to be almost entirely about the history of the state, not about other aspects of it. This page would probably make more sense named 'History of the Irish Confederacy'. If this page was about the state itself I think it should include other aspects like its economy, government, demography, society, and its military. Like the wikipedia page of a modern state. Iamdmonah (talk) 14:04, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Confederate Ireland


text:
Carlo Alessandro Guidi

Carlo Alessandro Guidi (14 June 1650 – 12 June 1712), Italian lyric poet, was born at Pavia.

Biography
As chief founder of the well-known Roman Academy of the Arcadians, he had a considerable share in the reform of Italian poetry, which at that time was dominated by the baroque extravagance of the poets Giambattista Marino and Claudio Achillini and their school. Guidi, Giovanni Mario Crescimbeni, and the critic and jurisconsult Gravina attempted to foster a straightfoward use of language.

The genius of Guidi was lyric in the highest degree; his songs are written with singular force, and charm the reader, in spite of touches of bombast. His most celebrated song is that entitled Alla Fortuna (To Fortune), which was a much admired work of poetry in the 17th century.

Guidi was squint-eyed, humpbacked, and of a delicate constitution, but possessed undoubted literary ability. His poems were printed at Parma in 1671, and at Rome in 1704. In 1681 he published at Parma his lyric tragedy Amalasunta in Italia, and two pastoral dramas Daphne and Endymion. The last had the honor of being mentioned as a model by the critic Gravina, in his treatise on poetry.

Less fortunate was Guidi's poetical version of the six homilies of Pope Clement XI, first as having been severely criticized by the satirist Settano, and next as having proved to be the indirect cause of the author's death. A splendid edition of this version had been printed in 1712, and the pope being then in Castel Gandolfo, Guidi went there to present him with a copy. On the way he found out a serious typographical error, which he took so much to heart that he was seized with a stroke at Frascati and died on the spot.

Guidi was honoured with the special protection of Ranuccio II, duke of Parma, and of Queen Christina of Sweden.

Works

 * Poesie liriche d'Alessandro Guidi consagrate all'Altessa Serenissima di Ranuccio II Farnese duca di Parma, e di Piacenza. In Parma: per li Viotti, 1671
 * Il Giove d'Elide fulminato, introduzione al balletto fatto dalla serenissima signora duchessa di Parma l'anno 1677. Nel teatrino del serenissimo signor duca poesia d'Alessandro Guidi, posta in musica da d. Marco Uccellini maestro di capella della medesima altezza, Parma, 1677
 * Amalasonta in Italia. Dramma d'Alessandro Guidi, posto in musica dal Maestro di cappella Gio: Battista Policci, e fatto rappresentare dal serenissimo signor duca di Parma nel Teatro del Collegio de' Nobili l'anno 1681. In Parma: per Galeazzo Rosati Stampator Ducale, 1681
 * Amore riconciliato con Venere, introduzione al balletto fatto dalla serenissima signora duchessa di Parma l'anno 1681. nel Teatrino del serenissimo signor duca poesia d'Alessandro Guidi, posta in musica dal Maestro di cappella Gio: Battista Policci. In Parma: per Galeazzo Rosati Stampator Ducale, 1681
 * Accademia per musica fatta nel real palazzo della maesta della regina Christina per festeggiare l'assonzione al trono di Giacomo secondo re d'Inghilterra, versi d'Alesandro Guidi. In Roma: nella stamperia della Reu. Cam. Apost., 1687
 * L'Endimione di Erilo Cleoneo pastore arcade con un discorso di Bione Crateo all'eminentiss. e reverendiss. sig. cardinale Albano. In Amsterdam: appresso la vedoua Schippers, 1692
 * Pensieri heroici, spiegati dalla penna d'Alessandro Guidi. Dedicati all'illustrissimo Nicolò Foscarini. In Venetia: appresso Alvise Pavin, 1695; In Parma: per Giuseppe Rossetti, 1695
 * Poesie d'Alessandro Guidi non più raccolte, con la sua vita novamente scritta dal signor canonico Crescimbeni e con due ragionamenti di Vincenzo Gravina non più divulgati, Verona, G. A. Tumermani, 1726
 * Le basiliche di S. Francesco d'Assisi e della Madonna degli Angeli, descritte da Alessandro Guidi, postovi innanzi un compendio della vita di esso serafico padre. Roma: Tip. poliglotta, 1873

title: Carlo Alessandro Guidi


text:
Dover and Rockaway Railroad

The Dover and Rockaway Railroad was a section of railroad track completed in 1881 connecting Dover, NJ and Rockaway, New Jersey. It formed an important link in the developing U.S. railroad system, connecting major trunks to the New York harbor for freight and provided passenger service to central and southern New Jersey.

Much of the line is still active and is operated by the Dover and Rockaway River Railroad to serve local customers.

Creation

In the 1870s, Dover businessman George Richards sought the construction of a railroad to carry iron ore from New Jersey's Hibernia mines to the furnaces at High Bridge and in the Lehigh Valley in Pennsylvania for use with the Pennsylvania ores. Richards first suggested to Sam Sloan, the president of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, that the DL&W build a spur to along the north side of the Rockaway River through Dover to the Hibernia mines. Sloan turned down the idea.

So Richards decided instead to build his own rail connection from his' Hibernia Mine Railroad the Longwood Valley Railroad, which was controlled by the Central Railroad of New Jersey. Along with fellow Dover businessmen Columbus Beach and Henry McFarlan, he incorporated the Dover and Rockaway Railroad in 1880. The Railroad was also built by other men from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts who were interested in the iron mines in the vicinity.

Richards negotiated with landowners to acquire right-of-way for his railroad.

The line required two major pieces of work :a tunnel under the Rockaway Road east of Dover and cut through solid rock in west Dover above the Mill Pond, next to Clinton Street.

The line opened in 1881.

On December 22, 1880, Mayor Richards headed a group that made the first trip from Dover to Hibernia. On April 7, 1881, an inspection run was made over the entire line. and the Dover and Rockaway Railroad was soon leased to the Central Railroad of New Jersey, completing a route from High Bridge to Hibernia. The Dover line proved to be a valuable addition since it now formed a fast freight service by connecting with every other trunk line reaching the New York harbor. Passenger service provided direct connection to points in central and southern New Jersey.

This project perhaps contributed to Dover's "Melting Pot"; about 50 Swedish immigrants were employed at the eastern end of the cut and Irish immigrants were hired to work the western end. In the meantime, a group of Italian immigrants worked laying track in the East Dover "meadows". The Swedish labor force was housed in the apartments and hotel buildings on North Sussex Street for the duration of the project.

After this link was completed the old farmhouse on North Sussex Street was converted into a train station to become the first Dover terminal, which operated there for over 50 years. Once the line was completed to High Bridge, the building was widely used as a departure and arrival station by the people of such towns as Long Valley, Flanders, Bartley, and Califon as well as nearby communities such as Rockaway, Wharton, and Hibernia.

Stations

 * Port Oram (MP 78.7)
 * Dover (MP 80.3)
 * Rockaway (MP 83.6)
 * Hibernia (MP 87.3)

title: Dover and Rockaway Railroad