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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Marysburgh vortex

The Marysburgh Vortex is an area of eastern Lake Ontario with a history of shipwrecks during the age of sail and steam which has encouraged legends, superstitions and comparisons to the Bermuda Triangle. The name describes an area whose three corners are Wolfe Island, Mexico Bay near Oswego, New York, and Point Petre in Prince Edward County, Ontario. As many as 500 ships and 40 aircraft have been lost in the vortex.

Although many legends suggest mysterious circumstances for the sinkings, historical writers have attributed the area's record of shipping disasters to conventional maritime hazards such as bad weather, shifting cargoes, fires, submerged reefs exposed during periods of low water levels, and compass errors due to natural geomagnetic anomalies.

History
Ships lost in the area are said to number at least 100, including the vessels Bavaria (1889), George A. Marsh (1917), Eliza Quinlan (1883) and Star of Suez (1964). The term "Marysburgh Vortex" was coined by Toronto writer Hugh F. Cochrane in his 1980 book Gateway To Oblivion in which he proposed "an unknown invisible vortex of forces" as the cause of the maritime disasters, however reviewers criticized Cochrane's work, saying, "His own reconstructed accounts of accidents are the worst kind of speculative history of the "you are there" variety". Because of the relatively large number of sunken wrecks in Lake Ontario, the area within the Marysburgh Vortex is popular with recreational divers.

title: Marysburgh vortex


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Ohr Somayach, Monsey

Ohr Somayach, Monsey (officially titled the Ohr Somayach Tanenbaum Educational Center) was an accredited men's college of Judaic studies offering both full and part-time programs.

Its curriculum was designed to provide students with an appreciation for and understanding of classical Jewish texts and Jewish philosophy and from an Orthodox Jewish perspective.

In addition, the yeshiva ran an outreach program called Legacy Retreats and hosted family getaways and retreats in its Beit Shvidler Conference center.

History
In 1977, the Ohr Somayach yeshiva in Jerusalem, Israel established an American campus in Yonkers, New York. After two years, Rabbi Ezriel Tauber together with a group of lay leaders purchased land in Monsey, New York to service a full-time Judaic learning center.

Monsey was chosen because of its proximity to New York City (approximately 35 mi northwest of the city) as well as the Jewish local infrastructure that ensured easy availability of kosher food and amenities.

They maintained the name Ohr Somayach and enlisted Rabbi Israel Rokowsky as dean.

As of 2019, Ohr Somayach has ceased operating as a yeshiva. However, under the leadership of Ohr Somayach alumnus Rabbi Yosef Simon, and under the guidance of some of the former leadership of Ohr Somayach, a new organization called Toras Dovid now operates a yeshiva for ba'alei tshuva, as well as a kollel for ba'alei tshuva.

Administration

 * Isaac Rokowsky
 * Abraham Rokowsky
 * David Wechsler
 * Rabbi Israel Rokowsky, co-Rosh Yeshiva emeritus
 * Rabbi Yisroel Simcha Schorr, co-Rosh Yeshiva emeritus
 * Rabbi Avraham Braun, Menahel emeritus
 * Rabbi Naftali Reich
 * Rabbi Pinchas Kasnett

Student body
The student body used to come from across North America and most countries with a Jewish population. For many students, Ohr Somayach was their first exposure to full-time Jewish and Torah study. For more advanced students, higher-level classes were offered with the aim of acquiring the skills for self-sufficient Talmud study.

Campus
The yeshiva is located in Monsey, New York on a 10 acre campus which includes a beit midrash and a residence facility. The adjacent Beit Shvidler complex (a 40000 sq ft retreat and conference center) houses the Ohra VeSimcha family retreats.

Monsey is home to a Haredi community whose residents often provided students with Shabbat hospitality.

title: Ohr Somayach, Monsey


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Talk:Gary Bauer

Untitled
Oh come on, somebody has to have more info on Gary Bauer. He's a very important voice these days. I wish I could help. --Zakharov 22:23, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Allegations of infidelity
I cut back the section on allegations of marital infidelity, and I deleted the associated link to a Slate article by William Saletan. Reasons: (1) The Saletan article CRITICIZES the allegations as poorly-sourced. Using that article as a reference is exactly the kind of cheap trick Saletan is complaining about. (2) The Christianity Today reference appears to be legit, but the relevant paragraph of the article (only accessible to subscribers but confirmable through quotes elsewhere on the web) was pulled essentially word-for-word from CT (not just the quoted portion) and thus was a copyright violation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Knorlin (talk • contribs) 02:07, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Dogged by charges of Homesexuality
Got rid of that silly crap. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.251.118.151 (talk) 23:12, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Bauer's academic affiliation?
Did Gary Bauer attend Georgetown College, a private liberal arts college in his native Kentucky, or did he attend Georgetown College of Arts and Sciences (frequently know as Georgetown College), which is an undergraduate school within Georgetown University, where he later received his law degree? The link in the wiki page links to a disambig. page, so I am uncertain. 134.88.184.225 (talk) 05:21, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * He attended the Kentucky school. --rogerd (talk) 17:05, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Photo
A promotional photo of him is on his "About Gary Bauer" page on his "American Values" website, at. I'd upload it but it looks like promotional photos of living humans is currently not allowed. Tempshill (talk) 21:18, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

More Biography Needed
There is a lack of personal information. I actually run into Bauer at IAD; I was sitting down in rather informal wear for a very long flight ahead, Bauer passed by and threw the most condemnatory and sneering look at me. I do not think that he fits within the normal parameters of a mentally healthy person. Some of the information on Bauer's site may be good to add to this. While I do not find many of his positions particularly alarming, I think that his personality is extremely warped. This piece can be improved with a more detailed disucssion about his character, nature etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.194.63.129 (talk) 10:47, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I added the signature and time stamp above from the archive. Any such information would have to come from a reliable source, and published elsewhere to comply with No original research. —Anomalocaris (talk) 06:34, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Why "neoconservative"?
Does Gary Bauer fit the definition of a neoconservative? If so, why? Pirate Dan (talk) 14:28, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for bringing this up. I wondered the same thing when I saw this diff. At the time I almost reverted it myself, but didn't because I wasn't able to find a decent definition of "neoconservative" to support my decision (I also found that the term "neoconservative" is almost always used in an informal, negative manner, which makes me want to avoid using it altogether). I would vote to change that term back to "conservative" unless someone comes along with a good explanation of what it means and why it should be kept (esp. since the person who made the change didn't provide a source or give any justification for it). Sheep NotGoats   (Talk) 17:14, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * When it comes to political affiliations it's better to rely on sources than to make the decision on our own. I've removed the "neo-" part until we find a source for it. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 17:31, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Neoconservative is a proper term, not informal and Gary Bauer is a Neoconservative, being part of neoconserbative groups such as PNAC. 84.68.2.55 (talk) 03:52, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, is everyone who signed the Statement of Principles for PNAC a neoconservative? Francis Fukuyama, for instance? Pirate Dan (talk) 13:43, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Manhattan Declaration, "pro-family" and "anti-gay"
While it's fair to say that Bauer supported "anti-gay" candidates, it's not fair to simply replace "pro-family" with "anti-gay." Opposing gays isn't the sum total of pro-family politics; it also includes trying to reduce divorce, preserving traditional parental prerogatives, and opposing other forms of marriage like polygamy. I think it is therefore appropriate to retain both "pro-family" and "anti-gay" descriptors (especially since there are many pundits, like Jonathan Rauch and Andrew Sullivan, who are pro-family without being anti-gay).

Also, the edit regarding the Manhattan Declaration was inaccurate. The Declaration says, verbatim, "we will not comply with any edict that purports to compel our institutions to participate in abortions, embryo-destructive research, assisted suicide and euthanasia, or any other anti-life act; nor will we bend to any rule purporting to force us to bless immoral sexual partnerships, treat them as marriages or the equivalent, or refrain from proclaiming the truth, as we know it, about morality and immorality and marriage and the family." It is, of course, dubious whether any such edicts exist in America, or are likely ever to exist, but there is no mention of refusing to comply with laws permitting abortion or same-sex marriage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Piratedan (talk • contribs) 22:24, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

 * In that case, I suggest the phrasing "which they claim would force." This makes it clear which parts of the sentence are paraphrasing the document and which parts are describing it.
 * As for "pro-family," what you say is absolutely true in a general sense - however, if you look at the "Key Votes" subpage of "Congressional Scorecard" at the CWF website (ie. the votes on issues that they feel are important), there's a great deal of anti-gay action (not only opposition to same-sex marriage and domestic partnerships, but also to ENDA, allowing gay people to serve openly in the military, and to hate crime laws) and precious little of anything that actually strengthens the family (such as the reduction of divorce or subsidies to families with children) rather than just going after the families of gay people. So, in this specific case, referencing CWF, I feel it is appropriate to use "anti-gay" without the accompanying "pro-family." 217.36.47.1 (talk) 21:35, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, that was me. Roscelese (talk) 21:48, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

"Anti-gay" is a loaded term and implies animus toward gays. To be opposed to the dominant political views of gays does not make one anti-gay. I believe someone like Fred Phelps could be fairly characterized as anti-gay, but not Gary Bauer or CWF. In addition, the current practice in WP is to use an organization's self-described labels (which I incidentally disagree with). Their self-descriptors are "pro-family, pro-life, and pro-free enterprise." I've changed the article to reflect their self-description, putting the terms in quotes to demonstrate that they are their terms. Drrll (talk) 23:14, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure that wanting to legally protect the decision to fire someone based on their sexual orientation (when you don't feel the same about, say, religion, so it's not just a pro-employer thing) is indisputably anti-gay no matter which way you spin it. In any case, thank you for using the quotes - this is a way to ensure NPOV. (I'm also editing the bit on the Manhattan Declaration as per above.) Roscelese (talk) 23:29, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Anti-gay is a specific well defined term implying a preference for policies that would maintain inferior status for gay relationships. It does not necessarily imply animus toward gay people although such animus would, of course, also be anti-gay.  Anti-divorce is similarly well defined.  Pro-family is nebulous term as it does not make any distinction.  I am hard pressed to think of any legitimate “anti-family” proponents, e.g. a position preferring policies that would give an inferior status to families.  Instead, “pro-family” begs the questions which must be supported by evidence, of what is good for families.  Whether a person or a policy is good for families cannot be support by simply labeling it “pro-family”. ErictusClaudius (talk) 05:10, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

Critic of Islam
I believe this sources it properly. MilesMoney (talk) 23:38, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Patent nonsense. Right Wing Watch is not a reliable source, and even if it were the basis for the addition is very thin, at best.  RWW merely quotes a third party, Don Feder, who was speaking in an interview with Mike Huckabee on Fox News.  Thus, the statement could only be made in the article if it also included attribution as the opinion of Don Feder, which in turn would raise clear problems with the UNDUE portion of WP:NPOV.  This chain of hearsay utterly fails all standards of WP:V. Reverting. Roccodrift (talk) 00:01, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

 * There's no shortage of reliable sources. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/09/anti-islamic-sentiment-cheered-at-values-voter-summit/63197/ MilesMoney (talk) 00:35, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

 * That's much better. Suggest you also include this (or something similar): http://books.google.com/books?id=wokdS7hQAMMC&pg=PA46&dq=%22Gary+Bauer%22+islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VEyuUtT1AtXroATR3IKgAQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Gary%20Bauer%22%20islam&f=false
 * Roccodrift (talk) 00:44, 16 December 2013 (UTC)
 * BUT, be advised this is probably not suitable for inclusion in the lead. Roccodrift (talk) 00:47, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Now that you've conceded your error, you should be the one to restore what you removed. MilesMoney (talk) 00:48, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

 * There was no error. This was a clear and unambiguous BLP violation when sourced with only a link to RWW, and other editors have said as much.  I'm not responsible to source your edits for you.  You could have found better sources on your own, and you should have done so.  Now that we have collaboratively established the legitimacy of the content, I'm happy to stand aside so that you can make an appropriate, neutral addition to the article.  Roccodrift (talk) 00:53, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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To add to article
To add to article: is he married? 173.88.241.33 (talk) 17:44, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

To add to infobox
To add to infobox: information about Bauer's spouse. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 03:28, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gary Bauer


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Oncovirus

An oncovirus or oncogenic virus is a virus that can cause cancer. This term originated from studies of acutely transforming retroviruses in the 1950–60s, when the term "oncornaviruses" was used to denote their RNA virus origin. With the letters "RNA" removed, it now refers to any virus with a DNA or RNA genome causing cancer and is synonymous with "tumor virus" or "cancer virus". The vast majority of human and animal viruses do not cause cancer, probably because of longstanding co-evolution between the virus and its host. Oncoviruses have been important not only in epidemiology, but also in investigations of cell cycle control mechanisms such as the retinoblastoma protein.

The World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer estimated that in 2002, infection caused 17.8% of human cancers, with 11.9% caused by one of seven viruses. A 2020 study of 2,658 samples from 38 different types of cancer found that 16% were associated with a virus. These cancers might be easily prevented through vaccination (e.g., papillomavirus vaccines), diagnosed with simple blood tests, and treated with less-toxic antiviral compounds.

Causality
Generally, tumor viruses cause little or no disease after infection in their hosts, or cause non-neoplastic diseases such as acute hepatitis for hepatitis B virus or mononucleosis for Epstein–Barr virus. A minority of persons (or animals) will go on to develop cancers after infection. This has complicated efforts to determine whether or not a given virus causes cancer. The well-known Koch's postulates, 19th-century constructs developed by Robert Koch to establish the likelihood that Bacillus anthracis will cause anthrax disease, are not applicable to viral diseases. Firstly, this is because viruses cannot truly be isolated in pure culture—even stringent isolation techniques cannot exclude undetected contaminating viruses with similar density characteristics, and viruses must be grown on cells. Secondly, asymptomatic virus infection and carriage is the norm for most tumor viruses, which violates Koch's third principle. Relman and Fredericks have described the difficulties in applying Koch's postulates to virus-induced cancers. Finally, the host restriction for human viruses makes it unethical to experimentally transmit a suspected cancer virus. Other measures, such as A. B. Hill's criteria, are more relevant to cancer virology but also have some limitations in determining causality.

Tumor viruses come in a variety of forms: Viruses with a DNA genome, such as adenovirus, and viruses with an RNA genome, like the hepatitis C virus (HCV), can cause cancers, as can retroviruses having both DNA and RNA genomes (Human T-lymphotropic virus and hepatitis B virus, which normally replicates as a mixed double and single-stranded DNA virus but also has a retroviral replication component). In many cases, tumor viruses do not cause cancer in their native hosts but only in dead-end species. For example, adenoviruses do not cause cancer in humans but are instead responsible for colds, conjunctivitis and other acute illnesses. They only become tumorigenic when infected into certain rodent species, such as Syrian hamsters. Some viruses are tumorigenic when they infect a cell and persist as circular episomes or plasmids, replicating separately from host cell DNA (Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus). Other viruses are only carcinogenic when they integrate into the host cell genome as part of a biological accident, such as polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses.

Oncogenic viral mechanism
A direct oncogenic viral mechanism involves either insertion of additional viral oncogenic genes into the host cell or to enhance already existing oncogenic genes (proto-oncogenes) in the genome. For example, it has been shown that vFLIP and vCyclin interfere with the TGF-β signaling pathway indirectly by inducing oncogenic host mir17-92 cluster.

Indirect viral oncogenicity involves chronic nonspecific inflammation occurring over decades of infection, as is the case for HCV-induced liver cancer. These two mechanisms differ in their biology and epidemiology: direct tumor viruses must have at least one virus copy in every tumor cell expressing at least one protein or RNA that is causing the cell to become cancerous. Because foreign virus antigens are expressed in these tumors, persons who are immunosuppressed such as AIDS or transplant patients are at higher risk for these types of cancers.

Chronic indirect tumor viruses, on the other hand, can be lost (at least theoretically) from a mature tumor that has accumulated sufficient mutations and growth conditions (hyperplasia) from the chronic inflammation of viral infection. In this latter case, it is controversial but at least theoretically possible that an indirect tumor virus could undergo "hit-and-run" and so the virus would be lost from the clinically diagnosed tumor. In practical terms, this is an uncommon occurrence if it does occur.

DNA oncoviruses
DNA oncoviruses typically impair two families of tumor suppressor proteins: tumor proteins p53 and the retinoblastoma proteins (Rb). It is evolutionarily advantageous for viruses to inactivate p53 because p53 can trigger cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in infected cells when the virus attempts to replicate its DNA. Similarly, Rb proteins regulate many essential cell functions, including but not limited to a crucial cell cycle checkpoint, making them a target for viruses attempting to interrupt regular cell function.

While several DNA oncoviruses have been discovered, three have been studied extensively. Adenoviruses can lead to tumors in rodent models but do not cause cancer in humans; however, they have been exploited as delivery vehicles in gene therapy for diseases such as cystic fibrosis and cancer. Simian virus 40 (SV40), a polyomavirus, can cause tumors in rodent models but is not oncogenic in humans. This phenomenon has been one of the major controversies of oncogenesis in the 20th century because an estimated 100 million people were inadvertently exposed to SV40 through polio vaccines. The human papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16) has been shown to lead to cervical cancer and other cancers, including head and neck cancer. These three viruses have parallel mechanisms of action, forming an archetype for DNA oncoviruses. All three of these DNA oncoviruses are able to integrate their DNA into the host cell, and use this to transcribe it and transform cells by bypassing the G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle.

Integration of viral DNA
DNA oncoviruses transform infected cells by integrating their DNA into the host cell's genome. The DNA is believed to be inserted during transcription or replication, when the two annealed strands are separated. This event is relatively rare and generally unpredictable; there seems to be no deterministic predictor of the site of integration. After integration, the host's cell cycle loses regulation from Rb and p53, and the cell begins cloning to form a tumor.

G1/S Checkpoint
Rb and p53 regulate the transition between G1 and S phase, arresting the cell cycle before DNA replication until the appropriate checkpoint inputs, such as DNA damage repair, are completed. p53 regulates the p21 gene, which produces a protein which binds to the Cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex. This prevents Rb phosphorylation and prevents the cell from entering S phase. In mammals, when Rb is active (unphosphorylated), it inhibits the E2F family of transcription factors, which regulate the Cyclin E-Cdk2 complex, which inhibits Rb, forming a positive feedback loop, keeping the cell in G1 until the input crosses a threshold. To drive the cell into S phase prematurely, the viruses must inactivate p53, which plays a central role in the G1/S checkpoint, as well as Rb, which, though downstream of it, is typically kept active by a positive feedback loop.

Inactivation of p53
Viruses employ various methods of inactivating p53. The adenovirus E1B protein (55K) prevents p53 from regulating genes by binding to the site on p53 which binds to the genome. In SV40, the large T antigen (LT) is an analogue; LT also binds to several other cellular proteins, such as p107 and p130, on the same residues. LT binds to p53's binding domain on the DNA (rather than on the protein), again preventing p53 from appropriately regulating genes. HPV instead degrades p53: the HPV protein E6 binds to a cellular protein called the E6-associated protein (E6-AP, also known as UBE3A), forming a complex which causes the rapid and specific ubiquitination of p53.

Inactivation of Rb
Rb is inactivated (thereby allowing the G1/S transition to progress unimpeded) by different but analogous viral oncoproteins. The adenovirus early region 1A (E1A) is an oncoprotein which binds to Rb and can stimulate transcription and transform cells. SV40 uses the same protein for inactivating Rb, LT, to inactivate p53. HPV contains a protein, E7, which can bind to Rb in much the same way. Rb can be inactivated by phosphorylation, or by being bound to a viral oncoprotein, or by mutations—mutations which prevent oncoprotein binding are also associated with cancer.

Variations
DNA oncoviruses typically cause cancer by inactivating p53 and Rb, thereby allowing unregulated cell division and creating tumors. There may be many different mechanisms which have evolved separately; in addition to those described above, for example, the Human Papillomavirus inactivates p53 by sequestering it in the cytoplasm.

SV40 has been well studied and does not cause cancer in humans, but a recently discovered analogue called Merkel cell polyomavirus has been associated with Merkel cell carcinoma, a form of skin cancer. The Rb binding feature is believed to be the same between the two viruses.

RNA oncoviruses
In the 1960s, the replication process of RNA virus was believed to be similar to other single-stranded RNA. Single-stranded RNA replication involves RNA-dependent RNA synthesis which meant that virus-coding enzymes would make partial double-stranded RNA. This belief was shown to be incorrect because there were no double-stranded RNA found in the retrovirus cell. In 1964, Howard Temin proposed a provirus hypothesis, but shortly after reverse transcription in the retrovirus genome was discovered.

Description of virus
All retroviruses have three major coding domains; gag, pol and env. In the gag region of the virus, the synthesis of the internal virion proteins are maintained which make up the matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid proteins. In pol, the information for the reverse transcription and integration enzymes are stored. In env, it is derived from the surface and transmembrane for the viral envelope protein. There is a fourth coding domain which is smaller, but exists in all retroviruses. Pol is the domain that encodes the virion protease.

Retrovirus enters host cell
The retrovirus begins the journey into a host cell by attaching a surface glycoprotein to the cell's plasma membrane receptor. Once inside the cell, the retrovirus goes through reverse transcription in the cytoplasm and generates a double-stranded DNA copy of the RNA genome. Reverse transcription also produces identical structures known as long terminal repeats (LTRs). Long terminal repeats are at the ends of the DNA strands and regulates viral gene expression. The viral DNA is then translocated into the nucleus where one strand of the retroviral genome is put into the chromosomal DNA by the help of the virion integrase. At this point the retrovirus is referred to as provirus. Once in the chromosomal DNA, the provirus is transcribed by the cellular RNA polymerase II. The transcription leads to the splicing and full-length mRNAs and full-length progeny virion RNA. The virion protein and progeny RNA assemble in the cytoplasm and leave the cell, whereas the other copies send translated viral messages in the cytoplasm.

DNA viruses

 * Human papillomavirus (HPV), a DNA virus, causes transformation in cells through interfering with tumor suppressor proteins such as p53. Interfering with the action of p53 allows a cell infected with the virus to move into a different stage of the cell cycle, enabling the virus genome to be replicated. Forcing the cell into the S phase of the cell cycle could cause the cell to become transformed. Human papillomavirus infection is a major cause of cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, penis cancer, anal cancer, and HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers.     There are nearly 200 distinct human papillomaviruses (HPVs), and many HPV types are carcinogenic.
 * Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with Hepatocarcinoma
 * Epstein–Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4) is associated with four types of cancers
 * Human cytomegalovirus (CMV or HHV-5) is associated with mucoepidermoid carcinoma and possibly other malignancies.
 * Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, a type of skin cancer.
 * Merkel cell polyomavirus – a polyoma virus – is associated with the development of Merkel cell carcinoma

RNA viruses
Not all oncoviruses are DNA viruses. Some RNA viruses have also been associated such as the hepatitis C virus as well as certain retroviruses, e.g., human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) and Rous sarcoma virus (RSV).

Overview table
Estimated percent of new cancers attributable to the virus worldwide in 2002. NA indicates not available. The association of other viruses with human cancer is continually under research.

Main viruses associated with human cancer
The main viruses associated with human cancers are the human papillomavirus, the hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses, the Epstein–Barr virus, the human T-lymphotropic virus, the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the Merkel cell polyomavirus. Experimental and epidemiological data imply a causative role for viruses and they appear to be the second most important risk factor for cancer development in humans, exceeded only by tobacco usage. The mode of virally induced tumors can be divided into two, acutely transforming or slowly transforming. In acutely transforming viruses, the viral particles carry a gene that encodes for an overactive oncogene called viral-oncogene (v-onc), and the infected cell is transformed as soon as v-onc is expressed. In contrast, in slowly transforming viruses, the virus genome is inserted, especially as viral genome insertion is an obligatory part of retroviruses, near a proto-oncogene in the host genome. The viral promoter or other transcription regulation elements in turn cause overexpression of that proto-oncogene, which in turn induces uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Because viral genome insertion is not specific to proto-oncogenes and the chance of insertion near that proto-oncogene is low, slowly transforming viruses have very long tumor latency compared to acutely transforming viruses, which already carry the viral oncogene.

Hepatitis viruses, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C, can induce a chronic viral infection that leads to liver cancer in 0.47% of hepatitis B patients per year (especially in Asia, less so in North America), and in 1.4% of hepatitis C carriers per year. Liver cirrhosis, whether from chronic viral hepatitis infection or alcoholism, is associated with the development of liver cancer, and the combination of cirrhosis and viral hepatitis presents the highest risk of liver cancer development. Worldwide, liver cancer is one of the most common, and most deadly, cancers due to a huge burden of viral hepatitis transmission and disease.

Through advances in cancer research, vaccines designed to prevent cancer have been created. The hepatitis B vaccine is the first vaccine that has been established to prevent cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) by preventing infection with the causative virus. In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a human papilloma virus vaccine, called Gardasil. The vaccine protects against four HPV types, which together cause 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. In March 2007, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) officially recommended that females aged 11–12 receive the vaccine, and indicated that females as young as age 9 and as old as age 26 are also candidates for immunization.

History
The history of cancer virus discovery is intertwined with the History of cancer research and the history of virology. The oldest surviving record of a human cancer is the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (dated ca. 1754 BC) but scientific oncology could only emerge in the 19th century, when tumors were studied at microscopic level with the help of the compound microscope and achromatic lenses. 19th century microbiology accumulated evidence that implicated bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and protozoa in the development of cancer. In 1926 the Nobel Prize was awarded for documenting that a nematode worm could provoke stomach cancer in rats. But it was not recognized that cancer could have infectious origins until much later as virus had first been discovered by Dmitri Ivanovsky and Martinus Beijerinck at the close of the 19th century.

History of non-human oncoviruses
The theory that cancer could be caused by a virus began with the experiments of Oluf Bang and Vilhelm Ellerman in 1908 at the University of Copenhagen. Bang and Ellerman demonstrated that avian sarcoma leukosis virus could be transmitted between chickens after cell-free filtration and subsequently cause leukemia. This was subsequently confirmed for solid tumors in chickens in 1910–1911 by Peyton Rous. Rous at the Rockefeller University extended Bang and Ellerman's experiments to show cell-free transmission of a solid tumor sarcoma to chickens (now known as Rous sarcoma). The reasons why chickens are so receptive to such transmission may involve unusual characteristics of stability or instability as they relate to endogenous retroviruses. Charlotte Friend confirmed Bang and Ellerman findings for liquid tumor in mice by. In 1933 Richard Shope and Edward Weston Hurst showed that warts from wild cottontail rabbits contained the Shope papilloma virus. In 1936 John Joseph Bittner identified the mouse mammary tumor virus, an "extrachromosomal factor" (i.e. virus) that could be transmitted between laboratory strains of mice by breast feeding.

By the early 1950s, it was known that viruses could remove and incorporate genes and genetic material in cells. It was suggested that such types of viruses could cause cancer by introducing new genes into the genome. Genetic analysis of mice infected with Friend virus confirmed that retroviral integration could disrupt tumor suppressor genes, causing cancer. Viral oncogenes were subsequently discovered and identified to cause cancer. Ludwik Gross identified the first mouse leukemia virus (murine leukemia virus) in 1951 and in 1953 reported on a component of mouse leukemia extract capable of causing solid tumors in mice. This compound was subsequently identified as a virus by Sarah Stewart and Bernice Eddy at the National Cancer Institute, after whom it was once called "SE polyoma". In 1957 Charlotte Friend discovered the Friend virus, a strain of murine leukemia virus capable of causing cancers in immunocompetent mice. Though her findings received significant backlash, they were eventually accepted by the field and cemented the validity of viral oncogenesis.

In 1961 Eddy discovered the simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40). Merck Laboratory also confirmed the existence of a rhesus macaque virus contaminating cells used to make Salk and Sabin polio vaccines. Several years later, it was shown to cause cancer in Syrian hamsters, raising concern about possible human health implications. Scientific consensus now strongly agrees that this is not likely to cause human cancer.

History of human oncoviruses
In 1964 Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr identified the first human oncovirus from Burkitt's lymphoma cells. A herpesvirus, this virus is formally known as human herpesvirus 4 but more commonly called Epstein–Barr virus or EBV. In the mid-1960s Baruch Blumberg first physically isolated and characterized Hepatitis B while working at the National Institute of Health (NIH) and later the Fox Chase Cancer Center. Although this agent was the clear cause of hepatitis and might contribute to liver cancer hepatocellular carcinoma, this link was not firmly established until epidemiologic studies were performed in the 1980s by R. Palmer Beasley and others.

In 1980 the first human retrovirus, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-I), was discovered by Bernard Poiesz and Robert Gallo at NIH, and independently by Mitsuaki Yoshida and coworkers in Japan. But it was not certain whether HTLV-I promoted leukemia. In 1981 Yorio Hinuma and his colleagues at Kyoto University reported visualization of retroviral particles produced by a leukemia cell line derived from patients with Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. This virus turned out to be HTLV-1 and the research established the causal role of the HTLV-1 virus to ATL.

Between 1984 and 1986 Harald zur Hausen and Lutz Gissmann discovered HPV16 and HPV18, together these Papillomaviridae viruses (HPV) are responsible for approximately 70% of human papillomavirus infections that cause cervical cancers. For the discovery that HPV cause human cancer the 2008 Nobel Prize was awarded. In 1987 the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was discovered by panning a cDNA library made from diseased tissues for foreign antigens recognized by patient sera. This work was performed by Michael Houghton at Chiron, a biotechnology company, and Daniel W. Bradley at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HCV was subsequently shown to be a major contributor to Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) worldwide.

In 1994 Patrick S. Moore and Yuan Chang at Columbia University), working together with Ethel Cesarman, isolated Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) using representational difference analysis. This search was prompted by work from Valerie Beral and colleagues who inferred from the epidemic of Kaposi's sarcoma among patients with AIDS that this cancer must be caused by another infectious agent besides HIV, and that this was likely to be a second virus. Subsequent studies revealed that KSHV is the "KS agent" and is responsible for the epidemiologic patterns of KS and related cancers.

In 2008 Yuan Chang and Patrick S. Moore developed a new method to identify cancer viruses based on computer subtraction of human sequences from a tumor transcriptome, called digital transcriptome subtraction (DTS). DTS was used to isolate DNA fragments of Merkel cell polyomavirus from a Merkel cell carcinoma and it is now believed that this virus causes 70–80% of these cancers.

title: Oncovirus


text:
Talk:Lou Diamond Phillips

Untitled
I'm certainly glad that LDP has finally been recognized for who he is. The blinders are off ... let the revolution begin!

As one of very few humans to have visited Io (home of those-who-shall-remain-nameless), I rejoice that I no longer have to live life clandestinely and can now await the rising of our indignation like a philosophical tsunami of biblical proportions.

Reptilian subverters, consider yourselves warned. As the Japanese recognized at the start of WWII (in which LDP fought so brilliantly), you have awakened a sleeping giant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.54.84.211 (talk) 22:24, 2 February 2005 (UTC)

Hawaiian origin
I removed Hawaiian since it is misleading, making people believe that Lou Diamond Phillips is of 'Oiwi ancestry.

In the past, someone mistook his ties to the Hawaiian islands as being of Hawaiian ancestry. Since most people do not recognize our nationality, we'll keep it simple and just omit "Hawaiian". Mamoahina 01:08, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems that an anonymous user 24.130.117.205 added in "Hawaiian" again. Unless you can prove by stating how he get his Hawaiian ancestry of which we know he has no Hawaiian ancestor, I'd stop adding it in.  Keep in mind that unless we're talking about Hawaiian Nationality, then I'd understand but Lou Diamond was not born in Hawaii.  Many people today use "Hawaiian" as an ethnicity which was imposed by the U.S.  That means any descendant of the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778.  We refer to that as 'Oiwi.

Mamoahina 01:55, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

He is currently doing a (U.S.) National tour of Camelot (the musical) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.107.212.156 (talk) 04:17, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Now I was able to verify through Lou Diamond's uncle, his father's half brother Arthur Bowden Upchurch how Gerald was born in Henry County, Georgia & that family have been in Georgia going back to their Great-great-grandfather Claburn Upchurch, and that they do have Scottish, Irish & Cherokee ancestry. Not Hawaiian. Mamoahina (talk) 00:29, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

SVU
When was he on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit? I don't recall ever seeing him on there, and it isn't cited in his filmography, though he's included in the category. Michael 00:48, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Limerence Crossreference
Why is friendship with teacher crossreferenced to Limerence? Even in the context of Stand And Deliver that is not what occurs between the characters. I'm going to remove this crossreference unless anyone can give me a good reason for it. Gilgamesh Rex 23:08, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Manatees?
A source for the STM foundation?97.104.212.196 (talk) 15:32, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

it's highly suspicious (*shave* the manatee??), I will check around but I think we could delete without a second though Plch (talk) 16:05, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

>>>apparently somebody added a lot of creative details... and not only about manatee... Plch (talk) 16:33, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

he is also the winner of the 2009 Im a Celebrity get me out of here —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.100.62.133 (talk) 00:19, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

Lou Diamond Phillips
does Lou Diamond Phillips have any siblings? If so, do you know what their names are? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.64.3.19 (talk) 01:18, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

Filipino?
He was born on a U.S. base in the Philippines and grew up in Texas. Is he still not American or something? 67.121.155.62 (talk) 00:39, 23 October 2009 (UTC)
 * He's American, as it says in the lead, with multi-ethnic ancestry.--Parkwells (talk) 23:17, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Birth name discrepancy
Stew Diamond Phillips or Lou Diamond Upchurch? The intro says one thing and a following section says the other. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.215.232.157 (talk) 19:00, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

Autobiogresaphy?
There's an unsourced claim that Phillips is writing an autobiography, something he denies in a recent interview. It should be removed. http://josephmallozzi.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/august-30-2010-the-greatest-lou-diamond-phillips-interview-ever/ Parableman (talk) 05:29, 28 September 2010 (UTC)
 * He denies it in this interview as well. I removed it. Davhorn (talk) 14:03, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians, I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Lou Diamond Phillips. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes: When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070628073927/http://veterans.house.gov/hearings/schedule107/jun02/6-13-02/lphillips.pdf to http://veterans.house.gov/hearings/schedule107/jun02/6-13-02/lphillips.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060822064432/http://www.ibdb.com:80/person.asp?id=56121 to http://www.ibdb.com/person.asp?ID=56121

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:02, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

Marriages
The Lou Diamond Phillips wiki page states he married Julie Cypher in 1987. Julie Cypher's page states it was in 1986. Both of these can't be correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.189.15.101 (talk) 08:33, 1 August 2016 (UTC)

Cop and a Half sequel
Filmography can be updated with Cop and a Half: The New Recruit. 38.67.192.226 (talk) 15:39, 1 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians, I have just modified 2 external links on Lou Diamond Phillips. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes: When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120301103612/http://www.ritchievalens.org/thereturnofthenative.html to http://www.ritchievalens.org/thereturnofthenative.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130827001718/http://www.cowboysindians.com/Cowboys-Indians/September-2012/Lou-Diamond-Phillips/Lou-Diamond-Phillips-Strength-From-Versatility/ to http://www.cowboysindians.com/Cowboys-Indians/September-2012/Lou-Diamond-Phillips/Lou-Diamond-Phillips-Strength-From-Versatility/

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:19, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

Cherokee?
How can he be "Cherokee by blood" when his mother is Filipina and his father is Scot-Irish? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:301:777c:c750:5507:7b1:ef55:16ee (talk) 07:01, 23 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Per the linked 2012 article from Indian Country Today, Phillips is "Filipino on his mother’s side and Scots-Irish with some Cherokee on his father’s". 216.249.253.225 (talk) 19:02, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

He is not. It is a misprint Tri publishing (talk) 22:28, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

TV and cinema lists
Entries for TV and cinema should be split in two tables. ICE77 (talk) 04:32, 9 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Agree. 216.249.253.225 (talk) 19:12, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:06, 4 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Lou Diamond Phillips at the Chiller Theatre Expo 2017.jpg

To add to article
To add to this article: which Native American tribe(s) he is descended from. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 05:35, 28 March 2020 (UTC)
 * As sourced in the "Activism" section, Phillips is part Cherokee. This should probably be added to the "Early life" section. 216.249.253.225 (talk) 20:19, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

He is not of Native American descent. This has been amended. Tri publishing (talk) 22:30, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

Legal troubles
I tracked down the link to the loud noise arrest, which makes zero mention of disturbing the peace or loud noise, in the Internet Archive (http://web.archive.org/web/20080424111920/https://people.com/people/article/0,,1225714,00.html), but I couldn't check the probation component. It's a dead link with nothing in the IA. I don't know how to flag this. Attila412 (talk) Attila412 (talk) 01:38, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lou Diamond Phillips


text:
Ribeira Chã

Ribeira Chã is a civil parish in the municipality of Lagoa in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It is located along a cliff that overlooks the Atlantic Ocean. The population in 2011 was 396, in an area of 2.50 km2. Ribeira Chã is the smallest parish by population and area in the municipality of Lagoa.

History
Ribeira Chã, or Ribeira das Lagens (as it was known), was a short distance between Falcão da Ribeira do Pisão and the western edge of Vila Franca do Campo. The first person registered by Gaspar Frutuoso to reside in this zone was Melchior Dias (sometime in the late 15th century), who married Brioljana Cabral, daughter of Isabel Nunes Velha (who was the great-granddaughter of the illustrious discoverer Gonçalo Velho Cabral, Commander of Almourol and Master of Pias. Melchior Dias was son-in-law of Isabel Nunes Velha and her husband Fernão Vaz Pacheco, who was the nephew of Nuno Velho, who had arrived with his uncle (Velho Cabral) at the settlement of Santa Maria. Velho Cabral had hoped to obtain the captaincy of São Miguel for Nuno Velho, but the Infante Henry decided in favour of Velho Cabral's other nephew João Soares de Albergaria.

Regardless, Melchior and Briolanja, had a daughter Mécia Cabral who married the licentiate Sebastião Pimentel, man of letters and virtues and had children. Sebastião Pimentel was the son of the sheriff of São Miguel, Domingos Afonso Pimentel. Melchior Dias also had a son, Fernão Vaz Pacheco (inheriting his name from his maternal grandfather), who married Leonor Medeiros, niece of Lopo Anes de Araújo, of an old, wealthy and privileged family from Viana do Castelo, arriving on São Miguel in 1506. Leonor Medeiros was the daughter of António Furtado de Sousa, a descendant of the noble families Correia, Sousa and Furtado, from the island of Madeira and great-granddaughter of a Fleming, named Solanda Lopes. Frutuoso, also mentioned Gaspar Dias from Ribeira Chã, who was a relative of Melchior, a son-in-law of Luís Mendes Potas (also known as Luís Vaz de Lordêlo, "o Potas"). Gaspar had three children, two boys that went to the Spanish Indies and a daughter, Crisóstoma de Lordêlo (who married Gonçalo Coelho, son of Gabriel Coelho the owner of a sugar-processing machine in Ribeira Seca, Vila Franca which was transferred to Lopo Anes de Araújo. Most of these settlers were related by blood, business or other activities.

The area obtained its name from the ravine that runs alongside the valley and flows to the sea, through a grotto of cliffs and rocky crags.

Until the 17th century, it was a small locality known as a hunting ground for Guinea fowl, and where few settled, owing to difficult accessibility. Those who did settle in the hilltop plain were primarily dedicated to hunting and the woad industry, which is an important economic activity in the Azores until the 15th and 16th century.

The first population agglomeration developed in 1637: at that time, Ribeira Chã included less than 150 inhabitants. By 1725, a small hermitage was erected in the honour of Nossa Senhora da Ajuda (Our Lady of Help/Aid), ordered construct (with license from Bishop D. Manuel Álvares da Costa) by José Botelho Veloso and Francisca Frias, alongside their home. The hermitage was constructed for the populace of Ribeira Chã, who were obliged to travel the 2.4 km until the Church of Nossa Senhora dos Anjos, in Água de Pau, through the paths and torturous roads, which were dangerous on rainy, windy or warm days.

In 1749, after visiting Ribeira Chã and confirmed the difficult passage, João de Sousa Bettencourt, representative of the Bispo de Angra and Vicar-General of the Church of Bom Jesus (in Rabo de Peixe) supported the construction of a church and installation of a curia in Ribeira Chã, in order to serve the community. But, the curia would only be installed in 1902.

By 1811, Ribeira Chã had its first visit from the Bishop of Angra, D. José Pegado de Azevedo, who celebrated mass in the small hermitage. Owing to the population by the end of the 19th century this was extremely difficult. Consequently, the parochial council in Água de Pau requested that the chaplain, Father Luciano de Medeiros, authorize the construction of a new hermitage, of greater dimension to serve the public. This temple was constructed in 1853, and dedicated to São José (Saint Joseph). In 1856, the Civil Governor, Félix Borges de Medeiros, donated to the new hermitage and image of Saint Joseph, which had belonged to the extinct Convent of Conceição, in Ponta Delgada (today the Palace of Conceição, a headquarters of the Azorean government).

Still in the 19th century, specifically 1879, the first formal primary instruction started in Ribeira Chã, under the tutelage of Ana Emília dos Santos Sousa, a local teacher.

20th century
At the opening of the 20th century, there were several changes to the parish. In 1904, apart from the installation of the curia, the hermitage's bell-tower was inaugurated and in 1911, the first weddings and baptisms were held. In 1916, the locality obtained its first cemetery, provided from lands donated by the municipality of Lagoa, through the diligence of João Ribeiro de Lima. In addition, in 1935, the municipal council of Lagoa inaugurated the first school building in Ribeira Chã.

In 1956, a new cleric arrived from the island of São Jorge, João Caetano Flores, who was a central figure in the parishes history. He revolutionized the region, initiating a period of growth and progress. In 1962, a new roadway was inaugurated to Ribeira Chã, while a year later the first bus began to connect the parish with Nossa Senhora do Rosário, three times daily. The following year the historical hermitage of São José was destroyed, while the new church was being constructed. A modernist design, the new church was inaugurated in 1967, designed by architect Read Teixeira, who integrated a mosaic authored by painted Tomás Borba Vieira in the project. But, before its opening, in 1965, the new library and parochial cantinna was inaugurated. Before his death, Father Flores was present for the inauguration of the three museological centers in the parish: two during the 1980s (the Ethnographic Gardens and Sacred Art Museum), while the latter (Museum Residence of Maria dos Anjos Melo) in the 1980s. Father Flores was also the originator of a gastronomic fair, that began to run bi-annually.

Under decree 47014, Ribeira Chã was elevated to the status of parish on 18 May 1966, at the same time creating the ecumenical parish of the same name.

Architecture

 * Church of São José (Igreja de São José), a modernist church by architect Read Texeira, constructed on an elevated platform, once occupied for 111 years by smaller hermitage.

Culture
The church and the local ethnography museums offer glimpses into the cultural life of this agrarian society, that includes a children's garden, multi-purpose sports gymnasium, children's recreational center and seniors center.
 * Museum of Sacred Art (Museu de Arte Sacra), a reconstructed homage to the old Church of Ribeira Chã (1853-1965), that preserves the traditional images of Saint Joseph, Our Lady of Ajuda, Saint Anthony and the 1902 tabernacle. In addition, the old sacristy includes a ceramic reservatory, executed in 1870 and transported to Expo98 in Lisbon.
 * Museum Residence of Maria dos Anjos Melo (Casa Museu de Maria dos Anjos Melo), donated to the church by its former oweder, the house is a typical example of rural life in Ribeira Chã. Inaugurated in 1996, the home includes many of the utensils, furniture and other objects of ethnographic value.
 * Agricultural Museum and Ethnographic Garden (Museu Agrícola e Quintal Ethnográfico), concluded in 1982, the ethnographic museums include examples of the agricultural implements and machinery used in the pastel era, including endemic Azorean plant species.

title: Ribeira Chã


text:
Gunfight at Carnegie Hall

Gunfight At Carnegie Hall is the final album by Phil Ochs released during his lifetime, comprising songs recorded at the infamous, gold-suited, bomb-threat shortened first show at Carnegie Hall in New York City on March 27, 1970, though it contains less than half of the actual concert. The shows recorded that day served to surprise Ochs' fans, from his gold lamé Nudie suit, modeled after Elvis Presley's, to his covers of Presley, Conway Twitty, Buddy Holly and Merle Haggard songs, to his own re-arranged songs. Some fans loved it, but some attendees at the show were unhappy with the music he was playing, wanting only to hear "old" Ochs. Before he had a chance to convince them, the concert was cut short by a telephoned bomb threat.

Some angry fans who had paid for a full concert confronted Phil at dinner between shows. He took their names, promising to get them into the second show for free, but the box office was locked and Ochs smashed the glass, severely cutting his thumb. He appeared onstage at the second show with a bandaged hand, telling the audience the story. Breaking into the lockbox was the last straw. While they let Ochs perform the second show, he was banned immediately afterwards from performing again at the venue.

On the Gunfight album, before performing a medley of Buddy Holly songs, Ochs describes Holly's influence on the songs for which he would become famous, such as "I Ain't Marching Anymore". Ochs says that Holly's songs were "just as much Phil Ochs as anything else". When some of the audience shout and boo, Ochs admonishes them to "not be like Spiro Agnew", saying that their prejudice against certain forms of music was bigotry: "You can be a bigot from all sides. You can be a bigot against blacks; you can be a bigot against music". Many in the audience cheer at this sentiment.

The second show, which started at midnight, went on for more than three hours. When Carnegie Hall cut the power to the microphones in the middle of Ochs' performing a medley of Elvis songs, he shouted out and the remaining audience started chanting "We want power!" until the microphones were turned back on. (Although the Gunfight album is composed of performances from the first show, the chant from the second show is included.) Many loyal fans remained to the very end of the concert, cheering and dancing, enjoying this chance to share what many felt was an historic moment with Ochs.

Ochs begged his record label, A&M, to release an album of his Carnegie Hall performances in late 1970. They refused, and the tapes languished for four years in the vaults until the label relented, releasing fifty minutes of material, mostly the cover versions (four of sixteen originals performed were released, compared to five of seven covers). The album was only released in Canada and Japan; it was not released in the United States until Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab issued it on compact disc in the late 1980s. There is no talk of a complete release of either show, although an acoustic version of "Crucifixion" was released on the 1976 compilation Chords Of Fame and the 1997 box set Farewells & Fantasies and an additional cover, Chuck Berry's "School Days", appeared on the 1997 British anthology, American Troubadour. Copies of the entire second show are known to be traded among fans. Ochs had been drinking between shows, and his voice was not in as good shape as it had been for the first show, though the between-song patter gives many insights into his frame of mind and the motives behind Greatest Hits and the subsequent gold-suited shows.

The cover to Tom Morello's 2011 album World Wide Rebel Songs is a homage to Gunfight at Carnegie Hall.

Track listing

 * 1) "Mona Lisa" (Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) – 3:49
 * 2) "I Ain't Marching Anymore" (Phil Ochs) – 4:23
 * 3) "Okie From Muskogee" (Roy Burris, Merle Haggard) – 2:49
 * 4) "Chords of Fame" (Ochs) – 4:49
 * 5) "Buddy Holly Medley : Not Fade Away / I'm Gonna Love You Too / Think It Over / Oh, Boy! / Everyday / It's So Easy / Not Fade Away" (Charles Hardin, Norman Petty, Joe B. Mauldin, Niki Sullivan, Sonny West, Bill Tilghman, Jerry Allison) – 7:18
 * 6) "Pleasures of the Harbor" (Ochs) – 5:59
 * 7) "Tape from California" (Ochs) – 5:09
 * 8) "Elvis Medley : My Baby Left Me / Ready Teddy / Heartbreak Hotel / All Shook Up / Are You Lonesome Tonight? / My Baby Left Me" (Arthur Crudup, John Marascalco, Robert Blackwell, Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller, Otis Blackwell, Roy Turk, Lou Handman) – 10:12
 * 9) "A Fool Such as I" (Bill Trader) – 2:00

Personnel

 * Phil Ochs - guitar, vocals
 * Bob Rafkin - guitar, backing vocals
 * Lincoln Mayorga - piano
 * Kenny Kaufman - bass, backing vocals
 * Kevin Kelley - drums

title: Gunfight at Carnegie Hall


text: Category:International organization stubs


text: User talk:82.117.192.193

title: User talk:82.117.192.193


text:
Sands Hotel and Casino

The Sands Hotel and Casino was a historic American hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States, that operated from 1952 to 1996. Designed by architect Wayne McAllister, with a prominent 56 ft high sign, the Sands was the seventh resort to open on the Strip. During its heyday, it hosted many famous entertainers of the day, most notably the Rat Pack and Jerry Lewis.

The hotel was established in 1952 by Mack Kufferman, who bought the LaRue Restaurant which had opened a year earlier. The hotel was opened on December 15, 1952, as a casino and hotel with 200 rooms. The hotel rooms were divided into four two-story motel wings, each with fifty rooms, and named after famous race tracks. Crime bosses such as Doc Stacher and Meyer Lansky acquired shares in the hotel and attracted Frank Sinatra, who made his performing debut at Sands in October 1953. Sinatra later bought a share in the hotel himself. In 1960, the classic caper film Ocean's 11 was shot at the hotel, and it subsequently attained iconic status, with regular performances by Sinatra, Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis, Sammy Davis Jr., Red Skelton and others in the hotel's world-renowned Copa Room.

In 1966, Sands opened a 500-room tower. In 1967, Sands became the first of several Las Vegas hotels to be purchased by Howard Hughes. Its final owners were Sheldon Adelson, Richard Katzeff, Ted Bernard, Irwin Chafetz, and Jordan Shapiro. After buying out his partners, Adelson shut it down to build a brand new resort. On November 26, 1996, the Sands was imploded and demolished, and The Venetian built in its place.

Early history
The LaRue Restaurant was established in December 1950 by Billy Wilkerson. The following year, Mack Kufferman bought LaRue, with plans to build a hotel and casino. Kufferman failed to gain a gaming license, and his shares in the project were sold to Jake Freedman. Numerous sources state that organized crime figures Meyer Lansky and Doc Stacher; illegal bookmakers like Mike Shapiro, Ed Levinson, and Sid Wyman; as well as Hyman Abrams and Jack Entratter were involved in the financing of Sands and had shares in it. Lansky and his mob assumed ownership of the Flamingo Hotel after the murder of Bugsy Siegel in 1947, and Lansky and New York mobster Frank Costello also had business interests in the Thunderbird Hotel and El Cortez Club in Downtown Las Vegas. Construction began on Sands Hotel in early 1952, built to a design by Wayne McAllister. Trousdale Construction Company of Los Angeles was the general contractor. Initially the Nevada Tax Commission rejected Freedman's request for a gambling license due to his connections with known criminals. Freedman had initially intended naming the hotel "Holiday Inn" after the film of the same name starring Bing Crosby, but after noticing that his socks became so full of sand decided to name it Sands. The tag line would be "A Place in the Sun", named after a recently released film starring Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor, and quite suitable to the hot desert location of Las Vegas. The hotel was opened on December 15, 1952, as a casino with 200 rooms, and was established less than three months after the opening of another prominent landmark, Sahara Hotel and Casino. The opening was widely publicized, and the hotel was visited by some 12,000 people within a few hours. At the inauguration were 146 journalists and special guests such as Arlene Dahl, Fernando Lamas, Esther Williams, and Terry Moore. Every guest was given a Chamois bag with silver dollars, and Sands ended up losing $200,000 within the first eight hours. Danny Thomas, Jimmy McHugh and the Copa Girls, labelled "the most beautiful girls in the world", performed in the Copa Room on opening night, and Ray Sinatra and his Orchestra were the initial house band. Thomas was hired to perform for the first two weeks, but strained his voice on the second night and developed laryngitis, and was replaced with performers such as Jimmy Durante, Frankie Laine, Jane Powell, the Ritz Brothers, and Ray Anthony.

Jack Entratter, who was formerly in charge of the New York nightclub, the Copacabana, became the hotel's manager. Entratter made many show business friends during his time at the nightclub; he was able to use these connections to sign performers for the Sands Copa Room. Entratter was also able to offer entertainers an additional incentive to perform at the Sands. Headlining stars received "points", or a percentage of ownership in the hotel and casino. Entratter's personally selected "Copa Girls" wore $12,000 worth of costumes on the hotel's opening night; this surpassed the salary of the Copa Room's star, Danny Thomas.

In the early years, Freedman and his wife Carolyn were one of its attractions, wearing "matching white, leather outfits, replete with identical cowboy boots and hats". Freedman offered Carolyn's father Nathan a 5% stake in Sands but he declined the offer.

The Rat Pack and racial policy
Lansky and Costello brought the Sands to Frank Sinatra's attention, and he began staying at the hotel and gambling there during breaks from Hollywood, though some sources state that he was not a hardcore gambler. Sinatra earned a notoriety for "keeping his winnings and ignoring his gambling losses", but the mobsters running the hotel were not too concerned because Sinatra was great for business. He made his debut performing at the hotel on October 4, 1953, after an invitation by the manager Jack Entratter. Sinatra typically played at Sands three times a year, sometimes a two-week stint, which "brought in the big rollers, a lot of oil money from Texas". The big rollers left Vegas when Sinatra did, and other performers were reluctant to perform after him, feeling intimidated.

Entratter replaced Freedman as the president of the Sands Hotel following his death from heart surgery on January 20, 1958. Freedman's last wife Sadie subsequently lived in a suite in the Belmont Park wing into the mid 1960s until her death. Sinatra, who had attempted to buy a share in the hotel soon after first visiting in 1953, but was denied by the Nevada Tax Commission, was now granted permission to buy a share in the hotel, due to his phenomenal impact upon business in Las Vegas. His share, variously described as from 2 to 9%, aided Freedman's wife in paying off her husband's gambling debts.

In 1955, limited integration came to heavily segregated Las Vegas when the Sands first allowed Nat King Cole to stay at the hotel and perform. Sinatra noticed that he never saw Cole in the dining room, always eating his meals in solitude in his dressing room. When he asked his valet George to find out why, he learned that "Coloreds aren't allowed in the dining room at the Sands". Sinatra subsequently stated that if blacks were not permitted to eat their meals in the dining room with everybody else he would see to it that all of the waiters and waitresses were fired, and invited Cole to dine with him the following evening. Cole was allowed permission into the casino, as was another black performer, Harry Belafonte, who took a more aggressive approach by walking into the casino on his own accord and sitting at a blackjack table, which was not challenged by the bosses. Belafonte became the "first black man to play cards on the Las Vegas Strip."

Sammy Davis Jr. was instrumental in bringing about a general change in policy. When the Will Mastin Trio began performing at Sands in 1958, Davis informed Entratter that his father and uncle must be allowed permission to stay at Sands while he was performing there. Entratter granted them permission but continued his objection to admitting other black guests. In 1961, an African-American couple entered the lobby of the hotel and were blocked by the security guard, witnessed by Sinatra and Davis. Sinatra told the guards that they were his guests and let them into the hotel. Sinatra subsequently swore profusely on the phone to Sands executive Carl Cohen at how ridiculous the situation was, and the following day, Davis approached Entratter and demanded that Sands begin employing blacks. Shortly afterwards the hotel changed its policy and it began hiring black waiters and busboys and permitting blacks entry into the casino.

In the late 1950s, Senator John F. Kennedy was occasionally a guest of Sinatra at the Sands. Arguably the hotel's biggest claim to fame was a three-week period in 1960 during the filming of Ocean's 11, after which it attained iconic status. During that time, the movie's stars Sinatra, Dean Martin, Davis, Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford performed on stage together in the Copa Room. The performances were called the "Summit at the Sands" and this is considered to be the birth of the Rat Pack.

Later history
When Howard Hughes purchased the hotel in the mid-1960s for $14.6 million, the architect Martin Stern Jr. designed a 500-room circular tower, which opened in 1967. The tower was built by R. C. Johnson and Associates General Contractors. The hotel became a Las Vegas landmark. Hughes grew particularly annoyed every time the Rat Pack were in his hotel, due to a hatred of Frank Sinatra which stemmed from the fact that he had been in love with Ava Gardner in the 1950s and she had run off to marry Sinatra. The ill feeling was reciprocated by Sinatra. Hughes plotted to oust Sinatra from the Sands for good, and asked Robert Maheu to draw up a plan shortly after the new hotel opened in 1967. The hotel imposed restrictions on what Sinatra could gamble in the casino, to just $3,000 a night. Under previous management, Sinatra had no limits on the amount of credit extended to him by the Sands casino. His IOUs, chits or "markers" were torn up at the end of Sinatra's engagements because he was considered to be good for business—bringing the hotel more monetary value than the worth of his gambling losses. Hughes put a stop to this system, telling Jack Entratter to inform Sinatra of the new policy; Entratter did not do so because he was afraid.

Fuming, Sinatra began what The Los Angeles Times describes as a "weekend-long tirade" against the "hotel's management, employees and security forces." The FBI report says the incident began when Mia Farrow lost $20,000 at the Sands casino. Sinatra bought $50,000 in chips and made an attempt to win the money back. He lost this sum within a short period of time. Sinatra then asked for credit, which was denied. It culminated when Sinatra reportedly drove a golf cart through the window of the coffee shop where casino manager Carl Cohen was seated and began "screaming obscenities and anti-Semitic remarks" at Cohen. Sinatra reportedly punched Cohen, a heavily built man, who responded with a smack in the mouth, bloodying Sinatra's nose and knocking two of his teeth out. As a result, Sinatra never performed at the Sands again while Hughes owned it, and began performing at Caesars Palace. A number of the staff were not disappointed to see Sinatra leave the Sands. Numerous employees had been humiliated or intimidated over the years, including a busboy Sinatra tripped while he was carrying a tray with dishes. After Sinatra left, the mobsters pulled out of the Sands and gradually left Vegas in the 1970s. In the 1970s, it became associated with the likes of Wayne Newton and Liberace. At this time, some 30% of the performers at Sands were Italian Americans. Frank Gagliardi became the drummer for the house orchestra in 1964, starting a twelve-year tenure.

In 1968, Hughes stated that he intended to expand Sands into a 4,000-room resort, but his plans did not materialize. In 1980, Hughes' company, Summa Corporation, sold the Sands to the Pratt Corporation. Jack, Edward and Willian Pratt, said they will spend $40 million in renovating the Sands Hotel and expanding the rooms, casino and public area accommodations, but subsequently bought it back as they were unable to make a profit. MGM Grand, Inc. bought the hotel along with the neighboring Desert Inn in 1988 for a total of $167 million, and the property became known as the MGM Sands. The next year, MGM sold it for $110 million to Las Vegas Sands, a new company formed by the owners of The Interface Group, including Sheldon Adelson, Richard Katzeff, Ted Cutler, Irwin Chafetz and Jordan Shapiro. The same year, it was licensed by the Nevada Gaming Commission, and Adelson became a casino magnate. In the early 1990s, Adelson built the Sands Expo, a 1 e6ft2 convention centre.

In its final years, the Sands became a shadow of its former self—a throwback to the old days—and it ultimately could not compete with the newer and more exciting mega-resorts that were being built on the Strip. However, a 1990s travel guide stated that the hotel gardens and pool area still retained the ambiance of the classic Sands days. The decision was eventually made by its final owner, Sheldon Adelson, to shut it down and to build a brand new resort. The last dice in the casino was rolled by Bob Stupak just after 6:00p.m. on June30, 1996. At 2:06am on November26, 1996, it was imploded and demolished, much to the dismay of longtime employees and sentimentalists. Footage of the demolition also appeared in the closing credits of The Cooler. The climactic plane crash in 1997's Con Air ended with the aircraft crashing into the soon-to-be-demolished Sands' lobby.

On May 3, 1999, the new $1.5 billion megaresort The Venetian opened where the Sands had formerly been, a 35-story hotel with 3,036 rooms, covering an area of 17 e6ft2. It became the largest AAA Five-Diamond landmark in North America.

Wayne McAllister design, 1952
Wayne McAllister designed the original $5.5 million Sands Hotel, an exotic-looking terracotta red-painted modern hotel with a prominent porte cochère at the front, surrounded by a zig-zag wall ornamented with tiled planters. The hotel is arguably most associated with its 56 ft high sign, made iconic with photographs of the Rat Pack standing underneath it. The name "Sands", written in elegant italics, featured a 36 ft high letter "S", and the name was sprawled across an egg crate grill, cantilevered from a pillar. The sign was receptive to the light and shadow of the desert, and during night time it was lit up, glowing neon red. It was the tallest sign on the strip for a number of years. Beneath "Sands" was the tagline "A Place in the Sun", written in smaller capital letters. Below that was the billing of the names of the performers appearing at Sands, very often photographed displaying names such as Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis, Sammy Davis Jr. and Red Skelton in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Author Alan Hess wrote that the "sleek Modernism of the Sands leaped past the Flamingo to set a higher standard of sophistication for Las Vegas. For the first time, the sign was an integral part of the architectural design." The porte-cochère of the hotel featured three great sharp-edged pillars jutting out in front of the glass-fronted building, angling down into the ground, which resembled fins. The two-story glass walled entry was bordered by a wall of imported Italian marble, and above the entrance area was a horizontal plane with copper lights suspended from the beams. Rather than being polished, the marble was unusual in that it was rough and grained. Natural and stained cork was used throughout the building. A.J. Leibling of The New Yorker described the hotel in 1953: "The main building of the Sands is a great rectangular hall, with the reception desk in one corner, slot machines along one long wall and a bar and cocktail lounge, complete with Latin trio, along the opposite wall. In the middle is a jumble of roulette and craps tables and 21 layouts." The casino, of substantial size, was accessed by three sets of terrazzo stairs and was lit by low-hanging chandeliers. The bar featured bas-reliefs with a Western theme, including cowboys, racing wagons and Joshua trees, designed by Allan Stewart of Claremont College, California. The Garden Room restaurant overlooked the hotel's pool and landscaped grounds.

The guest rooms were located in a group of stand-alone, two-storey buildings. There were six 40-room, 168' by 59'6 blocks – named after the racetracks Arlington, Belmont, Santa Anita, Rockingham, Bay Meadows, and Hialeah – and one double-long block named Churchill Downs. Each block had a white Bermuda roof with a 3/12 pitch. The blocks were arranged in a Y formation. Rooms were designed and furnished by Barker Bros. of Los Angeles. Later in the 1950s, the additional bedroom blocks Hollywood Park and Garden State were built. The suites were luxuriously designed. Plush blue carpets and ivory-colored chairs with white ceilings were the norm in the early days. An electric tram service, often attended by pretty showgirls, took the guests to their rooms. In 1963, a new bedroom building, named the Aqueduct, was constructed. The Aqueduct was crescent shaped and was three storeys high, 275' long, and '70 wide. The architect of the new block was Julius Gabrielle, and furnishings were provided by the Albert Parvin Company of Los Angeles. Dick Wells, a Parvin employee, designed the suites.

Martin Stern rebuild, 1964
In 1963, Martin Stern Jr. was hired to design a major overhaul of the hotel. Stern's plan amounted to an almost total rebuild of the main building and erased most of the defining features of McAllister's original design. To expand the main building, the Arlington and Belmont blocks were lifted and moved southwards. Stern's plans were completed by the fall of 1964. The rebuild included the addition of a convention hall, an entrance rotunda, new restaurants, and a 17-storey tower. Stern's design employed a prominent arch motif in the tower and the hotel façade. Construction of the tower commenced in late 1965, and was completed in 1967. It existed until November 1996 when it was demolished.

The steam room of the hotel was a place of relaxation and good jest. It became a great place for socializing between the stars after 5 pm, including the Rat Pack, and Jerry Lewis, Steve Lawrence and Don Rickles. On one occasion they were having problems with the TV in the massage room, which was blurry and out of focus. Sinatra yelled "Move back, move back", and the television was thrown into the pool. Manager Entratter permitted such activities, knowing that if he scolded Sinatra and asked him to pay damages, he would not perform at Sands again.

Copa Room
The Copa Room was the showroom of Sands, named after the famed Copacabana Club in New York City. It contained 385 seats, designed in a Brazilian carnival style. Some of the more famed singers like Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Jr. had to sign contracts to ensure that they headline for a given number of weeks a year. Performers were extremely well paid for the period. It was common for some of them to be paid $25,000 per week, playing two shows a night, six days a week, and once on a Sunday for two to three weeks. The greatest names in the entertainment industry graced the stage of the Copa Room. Notable performers included Judy Garland, Lena Horne (one of the first black performers at the hotel, billed as "The Satin Doll"), Jimmy Durante, Dean Martin, Pat Cooper, Shirley MacLaine, Marlene Dietrich, Tallulah Bankhead, Shecky Greene, Martin and Lewis, Danny Thomas, Bobby Darin, Ethel Merman, Rich Little, Louis Armstrong, Jerry Lee Lewis, french singer Edith Piaf, Nat King Cole, Robert Merrill, Wayne Newton, Red Skelton, and "The Copa Girls". Hollywood celebrities such as Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, Elizabeth Taylor, Yul Brynner, Kirk Douglas, Lucille Ball and Rosalind Russell were often photographed enjoying the headline acts.

A number of notable albums were recorded in the Copa Room. Among them are Dean Martin's Live At The Sands – An Evening of Music, Laughter and Hard Liquor, Frank Sinatra's Sinatra at the Sands, and Sammy Davis, Jr.'s The Sounds of '66 and That's All!. The Rat Pack: Live at the Sands, a CD released in 2001, features Martin, Sinatra and Davis in a live performance at the hotel recorded in September 1963. Live at the Sands is an album featuring Mary Wilson, formerly of The Supremes. Morrissey's B-side track, "At Amber" (1990), takes place at the Sands Hotel, and recounts its by-then aging and somewhat seedy atmosphere. Much of the musical success of the Copa Room is credited to the room's band leader and musical conductor Antonio Morelli. Morelli not only acted as the band leader and musical conductor for the Copa Room during the hotel's Rat Pack heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, but he also served in that role on hundreds of recorded albums by those same entertainers who graced the stage of the Copa. Often the festivities would carry over after hours to Morrelli's home in Las Vegas, nicknamed "The Morelli House", which was eventually relocated and sanctioned an historical landmark by the State of Nevada.

Silver Queen Lounge
The Silver Queen Lounge was another performing venue at Sands, with nightly acts starting at 5 pm and running until 6 am. It was particularly popular with the emerging rock 'n' roll crowd. The Sands is where Freddie Bell and the Bell Boys performed the rock 'n' roll-song "Hound Dog", seen by Elvis Presley. After Presley saw that performance at The Sands, he decided to record the song himself, and it became a hit for him. Roberta Linn and the Melodaires and Gene Vincent were also regular performers.

title: Sands Hotel and Casino


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File:Mike oldfield amarok album cover.jpg

Cover of the Mike Oldfield album Amarok. Scanned from personal collection.

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Fair use rationale for an image of an audio recording cover
 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future.
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used.
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Cover of the Mike Oldfield album Crises. Scanned from personal collection.


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Cover of the Mike Oldfield album Discovery. Scanned from personal collection.


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Norfolk Jet Express

Norfolk Jet Express Pty Ltd was an airline based on Norfolk Island offering scheduled, international, domestic, passenger and cargo services. It ceased operations in June 2005 due to financial difficulties.

History
Norfolk Jet Express was established in May 1997 by Norfolk Island resident and businessman Gregg Prechelt. It started operations in the same month and ceased on 7 June 2005 after voluntary liquidation.

Services
Norfolk Jet Express provided services from Norfolk Island to Brisbane and Sydney using the Air Nauru Boeing 737-400 and Alliance Airlines Fokker 100 aircraft to Auckland at one stage.

Fleet
The aircraft fleet firstly consisted of just one single BAe 146-100 then progressed to a Fokker 100 (wet-leased from Alliance Airlines) and a Boeing 737-400 (leased from Air Nauru).

title: Norfolk Jet Express


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Cover of the Mike Oldfield album Five Miles Out. Scanned from personal collection.


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Cover of the Mike Oldfield album Hergest Ridge.


text: Category:Monster Magnet albums

title: Category:Monster Magnet albums


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Ribeira

Ribeira, Portuguese and Galician for stream or riverside, may refer to the following places:

Brazil

 * Ribeira, São Paulo, a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
 * Ribeira, Rio de Janeiro, a neighborhood in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro
 * Ribeira do Amparo, a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region
 * Ribeira do Piauí, a municipality in the state of Piauí in the Northeast region
 * Ribeira do Pombal, a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region
 * Ribeira de Iguape River, a river of São Paulo state

Cape Verde

 * Ribeira Brava, Cape Verde, a municipality in the northern part of the island of São Nicolau
 * Ribeira Funda, Cape Verde, a settlement in the northern part of the island of São Nicolau
 * Ribeira da Barca, a settlement in the western part of the island of Santiago
 * Ribeira do Ilhéu, a settlement in the northern part of the island of Fogo
 * Ribeira do Calhau, a stream in the eastern part of the island of São Vicente
 * Ribeira de Vinha, a village located in the central part of the island of Sao Vicente
 * Ribeira da Cruz, a settlement in the northwestern part of the island of Santo Antão
 * Ribeira Dom João, a settlement in the southeast of the island of Maio in Cape Verde
 * Ribeira da Janela, Cape Verde, a stream that flows in the eastern part of the island of Santo Antão
 * Ribeira da Prata, a settlement in the northern part of the island of Santiago
 * Ribeira do Paul, a stream that flows in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão
 * Ribeira Alta, a settlement in the northern part of the island of Santo Antão
 * Ribeira da Garça, a river in the northern part of the island of Santo Antão
 * Ribeira de Julião, a seasonal stream in the northern part of the island of São Vicente

Portugal

 * Ribeira de Pena, a municipality in the Vila Real District, in Norte Region in Portugal.
 * Ribeira da Janela, a civil parish in the municipality of Porto Moniz in the Portuguese islands of Madeira.
 * Ribeira das Tainhas, a civil parish in the municipality of Vila Franca do Campo in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.
 * Ribeira do Neiva, a civil parish in the municipality of Vila Verde, Portugal.
 * Ribeira, a civil parish in the municipality of Ponte de Lima.
 * Ribeira, a parish in the municipality of Terras de Bouro.
 * Ribeira, a historical district of Porto and Ribeira Square, the square in its centre.
 * Ribeira de Calhau, a settlement in the eastern part of the island of Sao Vicente.
 * Ribeira Afonso, a village on the eastern coast of São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe.
 * Ribeira de Nisa e Carreiras, a civil parish in the municipality of Portalegre.
 * Ribeira Square, a historical square in Porto, Portugal.
 * Ribeira de Pena (Salvador) e Santo Aleixo de Além-Tâmega, a civil parish in the municipality of Ribeira de Pena.
 * Ribeira Quente, a civil parish in the municipality of Povoação in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.
 * Ribeira de Cuncos, a Portuguese ravine that marks the southern point of the disputed section of the Portugal-Spain border.
 * Ribeira da Achada, the name of both a stream and a settlement in Calheta (Madeira), in the west of the island of Madeira.
 * Ribeira Chã, a civil parish in the municipality of Lagoa in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

Spain

 * Ribeira, Galicia, a municipality, civil parish and town in A Coruña province.
 * Ribeira de Piquín, a municipality, civil parish and town in Lugo province.

São Tomé and Príncipe

 * Ribeira Afonso, a village on the eastern coast of São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe.
 * Ribeira Peixe, a village on São Tomé Island in the nation of São Tomé and Príncipe.

Others

 * Ribeira Palace, the main residence of the Kings of Portugal, in Lisbon.
 * Ribeira Sacra (DO), a Spanish Denominación de Origen (DO) (Denominación de Orixe in Galician) for wines located in the south of the province of Lugo and in the north of the province of Ourense, in Galicia, Spain.
 * Ribeira Bote, a football club that plays in the São Vicente Island League in Cape Verde.
 * Ribeira do Rabil Important Bird Area, a wetland site in the Cape Verde archipelago, lying 600 km off the coast of north-west Africa in the Atlantic Ocean.

title: Ribeira


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Cover of the Mike Oldfield album Islands.


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Gaultheria procumbens

Gaultheria procumbens, also called the eastern teaberry, the checkerberry, the boxberry, or the American wintergreen, is a species of Gaultheria native to northeastern North America from Newfoundland west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to Alabama. It is a member of the Ericaceae (heath family).

Growth and habitat
G. procumbens is a small, low-growing shrub, typically reaching 10 – tall. The leaves are evergreen, elliptic to ovate, 2 – long and 1 – broad, with a distinct oil of wintergreen scent.

The flowers are pendulous, with a white, sometimes pink-tinged, bell-shaped corolla with five teeth at the tip 8-10 mm long, and above it a white calyx. They are borne in leaf axils, usually one to three per stem. The anthers are forked somewhat like a snake's tongue, with two awns at the tip.

The fruit is red and 6-9 mm across. It is an epigynous berry, with the majority of the flesh of the fruit being composed of the fleshy calyx.

The plant is a calcifuge, favoring acidic soil, in pine or hardwood forests, although it generally produces fruit only in sunnier areas. It often grows as part of the heath complex in an oak–heath forest.

G. procumbens spreads by means of long rhizomes, which are within the top 2 – of soil. Because of the shallow nature of the rhizomes, it does not survive most forest fires, but a brief or mild fire may leave rhizomes intact, from which the plant can regrow even if the above-ground shrub was consumed.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Edibility
The fruits of G. procumbens, considered its actual "teaberries", are edible, with a taste of mildly sweet wintergreen similar to the flavors of the Mentha varieties M. piperita (peppermint) and M. spicata (spearmint) even though G. procumbens is not a true mint. The leaves and branches make a fine herbal tea, through normal drying and infusion process. For the leaves to yield significant amounts of their essential oil, they need to be fermented for at least three days. The berries and leaves contain methyl salicylate, a compound that is closely related to aspirin.

Teaberry extract can be used to flavor tea, candy, medicine and chewing gum. Teaberry is also a flavor of ice cream in regions where the plant grows. It likewise inspired the name of Clark's Teaberry chewing gum.

Wildlife value
Wintergreen is not taken in large quantities by any species of wildlife, but the regularity of its use enhances its importance. Its fruit persist through the winter, and it is one of the few sources of green leaves in winter. White-tailed deer browse wintergreen throughout its range, and in some localities it is an important winter food. Other animals that eat wintergreen are wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, northern bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant, black bear, white-footed mouse, and red fox. Wintergreen is a favorite food of the eastern chipmunk, and the leaves are a minor winter food of the gray squirrel in Virginia.

Common names
Other common names for G. procumbens include American mountain tea, boxberry, Canada tea, canterberry, checkerberry, chickenberry, creeping wintergreen, deerberry, drunkards, gingerberry, greenberry, ground berry, ground tea, grouseberry, hillberry, mountain tea, one-berry, procalm, red pollom, spice berry, squaw vine, star berry, spiceberry, spicy wintergreen, spring wintergreen, teaberry, wax cluster, and youngsters.

While this plant is sometimes mistakenly known as partridge berry, that name more often refers to the ground cover Mitchella repens.

Traditional use
The plant has been used by various tribes of Native Americans for medicinal purposes. The Delaware, Mohicans, and several other tribes made a tea from wintergreen leaves to treat kidney disorders. The Great Lakes and Eastern Woodlands tribes used a wintergreen poultice as a topical treatment for arthritic pain.

title: Gaultheria procumbens


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File:Mike oldfield ommadawn album cover.jpg

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Cover of the Mike Oldfield album Ommadawn. Scanned from personal collection.


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Cover of the Mike Oldfield album Platinum. Scanned from personal collection.


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File:Mike oldfield tsode album cover.jpg

Cover of the Mike Oldfield album, The Songs of Distant Earth (album)


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File:Mike oldfield tubular bells 2 album cover.jpg

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Cover of the Mike Oldfield album Tubular Bells 2.

Fair use rationale for the article on the audio recording

Fair use rationale for an image of an audio recording cover
 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future.
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used.
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright.


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File:Mike oldfield tubular bells album cover.jpg

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Cover of the Mike Oldfield album Tubular Bells. Scanned from personal collection.