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Epsilon Pegasi

Epsilon Pegasi (Latinised from ε Pegasi, abbreviated Epsilon Peg, ε Peg), formally named Enif, is the brightest star in the northern constellation of Pegasus.

With an average apparent visual magnitude of 2.4, this is a second-magnitude star that is readily visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star can be estimated using parallax measurements from the Hipparcos astrometry satellite, yielding a value of around 690 ly.

Nomenclature
ε Pegasi (Latinised to Epsilon Pegasi) is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional name Enif derived from the Arabic word for 'nose', due to its position as the muzzle of Pegasus. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Enif for this star.

Other traditional names for the star include Fom al Feras, Latinised to Os Equi. In Chinese, 危宿 (Wēi Sù), meaning Rooftop (asterism), refers to an asterism consisting of Epsilon Pegasi, Alpha Aquarii and Theta Pegasi. Consequently, the Chinese name for Epsilon Pegasi itself is 危宿三 (Wēi Sù sān, the Third Star of Rooftop.)

Physical characteristics
Epsilon Pegasi is a red supergiant star, as indicated by the stellar classification of K2 Ib. It is estimated to be between seven and twelve times the Sun's mass. The measured angular diameter of this star, after correction for limb darkening, is $8.17 mas$. At the estimated distance of this star, this yields an enormous physical size of about 185 times the radius of the Sun. A study gives a radius of based on the luminosity and effective temperature of Enif. Another study gives based on a smaller luminosity and slightly higher temperature. From this expanded envelope, it is radiating roughly 9,800 times the luminosity of the Sun at an effective temperature of $3,965 K$. This temperature is cooler than the Sun, giving it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

Epsilon Pegasi is a slow irregular variable star that usually has a brightness between magnitudes 2.37 and 2.45. However, it was once observed very briefly at magnitude 0.7, giving rise to the theory that it (and possibly other supergiants) erupt in massive flares that dwarf those of the Sun. It has also been observed as faint as magnitude 3.5.

The spectrum shows an overabundance of the elements strontium and barium, which may be the result of the s-process of nucleosynthesis in the outer atmosphere of the star. It has a relatively high peculiar velocity of $21.6 km/s$.

Evolution
Epsilon Pegasi has exhausted its core hydrogen and expanded away from the main sequence. It is almost certainly on the horizontal branch fusing helium in its core. If it loses more mass in the supergiant phase in its evolution, it may shed its outer layers and leave behind an unusual high mass oxygen–neon white dwarf near the Chandrasekhar limit, otherwise it may be able to produce a supernova, albeit an electron capture supernova.

Based on its position on the color-magnitude diagram, Enif may have evolved from a whitish-yellow color to its current red color in the last 2,000 years, though there is currently no historical record supporting this.

Pulfrich effect
Epsilon Pegasi is a fine example to observe the Pulfrich effect. This optical phenomenon is described on page 1372 of Burnham's Celestial Handbook. According to John Herschel: The apparent pendulum-like oscillation of a small star in the same vertical as the large one, when the telescope is swung from side to side.

title: Epsilon Pegasi


text: Category:Norwegian alpine skiers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Norwegian alpine skiers


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René Dif

René Dif (born 17 October 1967) is a Danish musician, singer-songwriter, DJ and actor, best known as the male lead vocalist of the Danish-Norwegian eurodance group Aqua.

1967–1994: Early years and private life
Dif was born in Copenhagen. His father was Algerian and his mother Danish. He has two younger brothers and a sister. He was never interested in school and was kicked out of it several times. As a result, Dif left school after ninth grade to work on a cruise ship.

1994–1995: Groove your soul
While he was in Barbados, Dif heard a local DJ on the radio and decided to become a DJ. He went to Norway to pursue his dream of becoming a star. Dif met Lene Nystrøm on a cruise ship in 1994. When he, Claus Norreen, and Søren Rasted were setting up a band, they needed a singer, and Lene was asked to join. The band, which was later known as Aqua, became an international success. While a DJ in Norway, Dif met DJ Alligator, with whom he made an album, Groove your soul, and the debut single "I believe". Although unsuccessful, they marked the debut of Dif as an aspiring DJ with vocal abilities.

1996–2001: Aqua
Dif, as a member of Aqua, has had over ten top 10 hits in his home country. The band sold more than 28 million records worldwide and appeared in the Guinness Book of Records as the only debut band with three "self-penned" number one hits in the UK. He has received more than 140 Gold and Platinum albums, and a Diamond album (1 million albums sold) in Canada. Aqua's main hits were "Roses Are Red", "My Oh My", "Barbie Girl", "Lollipop (Candyman)", "Doctor Jones", "Turn Back Time", "Good Morning Sunshine", "Cartoon Heroes" and "Around the World".

2001–present: Solo career
Following Aqua's split in 2001, Dif released solo singles, including "Let it all out (Push it)" and "The Uhh Uhh Song". In 2004 he began a career as an actor, starring in several movies directed by Lasse Spang Olsen. He owned a short-lived bar in downtown Copenhagen. In 2002 he published an autobiography titled Popdreng – Ud af skabet.

2007–present: Aqua reunion
Aqua reunited in 2008 as a live band. In March 2011, Aqua released the first single, "How R U Doin?", from their third album Megalomania, released in September 2011 following the release of two more singles, "Playmate to Jesus" and "Like a Robot".

Personal life
Dif was in a relationship with fellow Aqua band member Lene Nystrøm, whom he invited to join the band in 1994. They were in a relationship for three years, before they broke up.

He later married Rikke Maija, a health coach with whom he has two children. They have since divorced.

He is now in a relationship with Linet Jo.

Promotional singles

 * 1999: "I bif med Dif"
 * 2006: "Way to go" (MySpace release only)
 * 2011: "Sitting in a room" (Digital release only)

Motion pictures

 * 1999: ''Get ready to be boyzvoiced (Cameo)
 * 2004: Den gode strømer (The good cop) (Thomas)
 * 2004: Inkasso (The collector) (Omar Halim)
 * 2007: Pistoleros (Eurotrash) (Luc)
 * 2009: Sorte Kugler (Black eggs) (Cameo)
 * 2011: Far til fire – På japansk (Father of four – In Japanese mode) (TV Producer)
 * 2011: Det grå guld (The grey gold) (Neighbour #1)

Television

 * 2000: Reimer Bo møder (1 Episode)
 * 2001: Venner for livet – Friends forever (1 Episode)
 * 2001: Eurovision Song Contest 2001 (1 Episode)
 * 2002: Danish Dance Awards 2002 (1 Episode)
 * 2002: Go' aften Danmark (1 Episode)
 * 2003: Robbie Williams – Live in Horsens (1 Episode)
 * 2003: Stjerne for en aften – Portræt af en stjerne (1 Episode)
 * 2003: Rundfunk (1 Episode)
 * 2003: Go' aften Danmark (1 Episode)
 * 2004: Boogie Århus Listen (1 Episode)
 * 2004: Shooting Stars (1 Episode)
 * 2004: Sara & Signe (1 Episode)
 * 2005: aHA! (1 Episode)
 * 2005: Kanal 5's Bet on Bet Pokershow (1 Episode)
 * 2005: Clement direkte med Clement Kjersgaard (1 Episode)
 * 2006: Musikprogrammet – Dance 90'ernes danske eksportsucces (1 Episode)
 * 2006: Go' aften Danmark (1 Episode)
 * 2007: Gu'skelov du kom (1 Episode)
 * 2008: Zulu djævleræs (2 Episodes)
 * 2009: Den store klasse fest (1 Episode)
 * 2009: Zulu djævleræs (3 Episodes)
 * 2009: Vild med dans (6 Episodes)
 * 2014: South park (Cock Magic) (Performing Barbie Girl)

Commercials

 * 2006: Extra Bladet (Magazine)
 * 2007: Kim's Crisps – Chips Kongen (Food; 3 Commercials)
 * 2012: CBB Mobile (Mobile)

Books

 * 2002: Popdreng – Ud af skabet (Autobiography)

title: René Dif


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213 Lilaea

Lilaea (minor planet designation: 213 Lilaea) is a large main belt asteroid. It was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on February 16, 1880, in Clinton, New York and was named after Lilaea, a Naiad in Greek mythology.

Photometric observations of this asteroid in 1986 gave a light curve with a period of 8.045 ± 0.008 hours and a brightness variation of 0.20 ± 0.01 in magnitude. The curve is asymmetrical with two distinct minima. This object has a spectrum that matches an F-type asteroid classification. As with C-type asteroids, its composition is primitive and rich in carbon.

title: 213 Lilaea


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Alpha Phoenicis

Alpha Phoenicis (α Phoenicis, abbreviated Alpha Phe or α Phe), formally named Ankaa, with the same pronunciation) is the brightest star in the constellation of Phoenix.

Nomenclature
Alpha Phoenicis is the star's Bayer designation. It also bore the traditional name Ankaa sometime after 1800, from the Arabic العنقاء al-ʽanqāʼ "the phoenix" for the name of the constellation. The International Astronomical Union has formally adopted the Ankaa as the proper name for Alpha Phoenicis.

Medieval Arab astronomers formed the constellation of the dhow (where Phoenix is), so another popular name for the star is Nair al Zaurak from نائر الزورقnayyir az-zawraq "the bright (star) of the skiff". The Latin translation is Cymbae, from lūcida cumbae.

In Chinese caused by adaptation of the European southern hemisphere constellations into the Chinese system, 火鳥 (Huǒ Niǎo), meaning Firebird, refers to an asterism consisting of α Phoenicis, ι Phoenicis, σ Phoenicis, ε Phoenicis, κ Phoenicis, μ Phoenicis, λ1 Phoenicis, β Phoenicis and γ Phoenicis. Consequently, α Phoenicis itself is known as 火鳥六 (Huǒ Niǎo liù, the Sixth Star of Firebird.)

Description
Alpha Phoenicis is a spectroscopic binary star system with components that orbit each other every 3,848.8 days (10.5 years). The combined stellar classification of the system is K0.5 IIIb, which matches the spectrum of a normal luminosity giant star. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 2.4, so it is somewhat outshone by its first magnitude neighbors Achernar (α Eridani) and Fomalhaut (α Piscis Austrinus). Based upon parallax measurements, this system is at a distance of about 85 ly from the Earth. The interferometry-measured angular diameter of the primary component, after correcting for limb darkening, is $128$, which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of about 15 times the radius of the Sun.

title: Alpha Phoenicis


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Adara

Adara may refer to:
 * Adara language, a language of Nigeria
 * Adhara or Adara, the traditional name of the star Epsilon Canis Majoris
 * Adara (East Timor), a town on Atauro Island, East Timor
 * Adara (deity), the Qemant name for the Deity
 * Adara, the fictional embodiment of hope, the emotion that powers the Blue Lantern Corps in the DC Comics universe

title: Adara


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Centropy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. dbenbenn | talk 20:37, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Centropy
Article about a warez (pirated DVDs and software) crew. They do seem to be notable in the warez scene and on related websites, but i don't think they are encyclopaedic 21:38, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * VfD rationale submitted by User:Lady Tenar (unsigned).

 * Delete. Agreed. – flamurai (t) 21:46, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Warez groups do not seem encyclopedic. Zzyzx11 00:01, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unlike Class (warez), listed below, Centropy does not seem to be notable enough to meet the bar. —Korath (Talk) 22:24, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. For one reason or another I did not see this when it was originally listed.  Notability will be established in a few minutes.   —RaD Man (talk) 15:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry for taking so long. Centropy rakes in about 8500 hits  and is explicitly noted by C|NET NEWS.COM for the warez pre-release of The Matrix  amongst other notorious things, which are being added into the article now.  —RaD Man (talk) 18:01, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable group, crappy article stub. Give it time to expand.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 16:20, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Just because it's "not encyclopaedic" doesn't mean it should be deleted.. Big deal! It could be useful for someone.
 * Unsigned by Splintax. It was his fourth edit. —Korath (Talk) 11:22, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Important group, has a large effect on the movie industry.  This is important, to delete it would just be biased.--Maxwell C. 00:48, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Xombi

Xombi is a superhero published by DC Comics. He first appeared in Xombi #0 (January 1994) and was created by John Rozum and Denys Cowan.

Fictional character biography
Xombi was a Korean-American scientist named David Kim from West Orange, New Jersey. He developed a nanotechnological virus capable of extensive tissue regeneration. Before David Kim could test his invention, a villain named Dr. Sugarman broke into his lab and tried to steal the virus. In the fight, Kim was critically injured, and his assistant Kelly injected him with the virus in an attempt to save his life. However, since the nanites used available matter to restore Kim, Kelly—who had laid his body on her lap—was partially "devoured" by the nanites. Kim became a "xombi" - a potentially immortal, technologically enhanced human being. This embroiled him in the affairs of various races of supernatural beings that secretly lived among humanity for millennia, known collectively as the shadow worlds.

Post-Infinite Crisis
Due to the combined effect of the destruction and recreation of the multiverse and the timeline-altering powers of Anansi, a new divergent timeline was created in which David Kim, the most worthy man alive, became Green Lantern instead of Hal Jordan. Kim was one of a group of alternate Justice League members who helped restore the original timeline.

Xombi (along with fiancée Dalia Rose and friend Julian Parker) debuted in the DC Universe in issue #26 of The Brave and the Bold, teaming up with The Spectre to fight a ghost which was killing and sucking the lifeforce of other ghosts, vampires, and undead.

Xombi Vol. 2
A second Xombi series debuted in DC Comics in May 2011, and ran for six issues, which were collected in a trade paperback. It was written by John Rozum, with art by Frazer Irving.

Powers and abilities
Virtually immortal and indestructible, the nanomachines in his body prevent aging or disease, and instantaneously heal any injuries he might receive. His body leaves no waste products as his nanomachines recycle every bit of it. Within certain parameters he is able to directly control them and so he is able to disassemble virtually any common material on the molecular level and reassemble it in the form of entirely different materials or other forms.

Supporting characters

 * Becan - appeared in issue #17, an oracle who David Kim/Xombi and Rabbi Sinnowitz meet in a strange and disgusting bar.
 * Bludgeon - of the Beli Mah (School of Anguish).
 * Catholic Girl - a teenage Catholic School girl who is able to fly, can project a force field around herself when she recites the "Hail Mary", able to fire bolts of energy from her rosary. The origin of her powers is unknown, but she views them as being a heavenly gift.
 * Cheryl Saltz - guest-starring from Hardware she works for Alva Technologies, to deduce whether David Kim/Xombi is immortal.
 * Chet - a friend of David Kim's.
 * Cole - a salesman who arranged for Manual Dexterity to murder Lenore Duncan.
 * Crowne - the leader of the Beli Mah (school of Anguish).
 * Dalila Rose - David Kim's fiancée.
 * Dumaka - another Xombi introduced to David Kim/Xombi and Rabbi Sinnowitz in issue #17, by the oracle Becan; Dumaka became a Xombi by African folk magic, he continued to live by means of a regenerating tail. He and David talked of living forever (being immortal) and the truly bad things that come with it; after the talk and David Kim/Xombi and Rabbi Sinnowitz leave, Dumaka gives up the will to live and he dies in issue #18.
 * ENIAC - the computer, ENIAC, an invention of an old inventor became animated and contacted Cheryl Saltz of Alva Technologies wanting to be connected to the information superhighway, it holds Cheryl Saltz and David Kim/Xombi hostage. David tried an exorcism on the ENIAC, which did not work, but Cheryl managed to stop ENIAC with a little science.
 * Homunculi - the Rustling Husks who serve Dr. Sugarman. They were created from remnants of insects that died while trapped between windows, which accounts for their sadistic cruelty when carrying out orders.
 * Julian Parker - an ally of David Kim/Xombi and Rabbi Sinnowitz; Julian Parker is the son of some demons.
 * Kameko - an ancient xombi who appears in issue #17, she had dreams about David Kim/Xombi, she lives in the huge palace with various people; when Kameko and David meet in issue #19, when Rabbi Sinnowitz takes David to meet her, she reveals that she was expecting him because she loves him dearly, they have a long talk concerning the future as Kameko has seen it; the story Kameko tells is one were David destroys the world with his technology. She tells him of the time when they will meet in 80 years. David refuses to accept the future that Kameko describes and leaves maybe to never see her again.
 * Kelly Sanborne - David Kim's lab assistant.
 * Lord of Fumes - escaped from the Garden of Spires at the end of issue #2/beginning of issue #3.
 * Manuel Dexterity - the brother of Manuella Dexterity; Manuel Dexterity was sent by Cole to murder Lenore Duncan.
 * Manuella Dexterity - the sister of Manuel Dexterity, she was bitter over the death of her brother and decides to kill the Janus (David Kim/Xombi).
 * Nun of the Above - a clairvoyant nun who, along with her associate, Catholic Girl, accompanied Xombi on a number of his adventures.
 * Nun the Less - a sister in the same religious order as Nun of the Above, Nun the Less developed the supernatural ability to shrink to small size after eating a bad shrimp.
 * Rabbi Sinnowitz - an ally of David Kim/Xombi. He is an occult practitioner with penchant for Golem manufacture and control. Rabbi Sinnowitz became involved in the shadow worlds when he and his young wife battled with the Kinderessen, child eaters. The unborn child of Rabbi Sinnowitz and his wife was killed and Rabbi Sinnowitz took up an interest in the occult.
 * Rats of Undertown/the Rat Congress - guest-starring from Blood Syndicate associates of the Boogieman (a member of the Blood Syndicate). A riot starts as the rats organize to fight the Kinderessen, the fight took place in the middle of the Utopia Park Riot.
 * Sheer Shears - malevolent abstracts shaped like hooded figures with beak-like sheers in place of heads. They are immune to anything that is derived from written knowledge, but they can be destroyed from creative application of oral tradition and folklore.

title: Xombi


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Eta Ophiuchi

Eta Ophiuchi (η Ophiuchi, abbreviated Eta Oph, η Oph) is a binary star in the constellation of Ophiuchus. Based on parallax measurements taken during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 88 light-years from the Sun.

Eta Ophiuchi is part of a multiple star system designated WDS J17104-1544. It itself is designated WDS J17104-1544AB and its two components WDS J17104-1544A (also called Sabik, the traditional name for the system) and WDS J17104-1544B. The 'C' component is UCAC4 372-080717 and 'D' is UCAC2 26022336.

Nomenclature
η Ophiuchi (Latinised to Eta Ophiuchi) is the system's Bayer designation. WDS J17104-1544AB is its designation in the Washington Double Star Catalog. The designations of the two components as WDS J17104-1544 A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

It bore the traditional name Sabik, from the Arabic السابق al-sābiq "the preceding one", of uncertain reference. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Sabik for the component WDS J17104-1544 A on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

In Chinese, this star is considered part of 天市左垣 (Tiān Shì Zuǒ Yuán), meaning Left Wall of Heavenly Market Enclosure, which refers to an asterism representing eleven old states in China that mark the left borderline of the enclosure, consisting of Eta Ophiuchi, Delta Herculis, Lambda Herculis, Mu Herculis, Omicron Herculis, 112 Herculis, Zeta Aquilae, Theta¹ Serpentis, Eta Serpentis, Nu Ophiuchi and Xi Serpentis. Consequently, the Chinese name for Eta Ophiuchi itself is 天市左垣十一 (Tiān Shì Zuǒ Yuán shíyī, the Eleventh Star of Left Wall of Heavenly Market Enclosure), representing the state Song (宋).

Namesake
USS Sabik (AK-121) was a United States Navy Crater class cargo ship named after the star.

Properties
Eta Ophiuchi is a binary system that is difficult to resolve in amateur telescopes but whose true nature was determined through use of more advanced techniques. The primary star (whose observational data make up the table in this article) is actually only slightly larger and hotter than its companion. Individually each star is a fairly unremarkable A class main sequence star, but as a binary pair they are unusual. Each star orbits around a common center in a close and highly elliptical orbit, making planetary formation unlikely in this system and some stellar data imprecise.

title: Eta Ophiuchi


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214 Aschera

Aschera (minor planet designation: 214 Aschera) is a Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on February 29, 1880, in Pola and was named after the Sidonian goddess Asherah.

It is classified as a rare E-type asteroid and is fairly faint for an object of its type. The overall diameter is estimated to be 23 km and it has a geometric albedo of 0.52. Photometric observations show a rotation period of 6.835 ± 0.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 in magnitude. Using a tri-axial ellipsoidal model derived from light curve data, the overall shape of the asteroid is estimated to be a/b = 1.24 ± 0.12 and b/c = 1.83 ± 0.10, where a, b, c are the three axes of an ellipsoid.

title: 214 Aschera


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Lazyboy (musical project)

Lazyboy is a musical project started by Aqua member Søren Nystrøm Rasted, also known as Lazy B in the UK. It uses spoken word trivia, self-help advice, voices of people on the street and criticism of modern society set to hip hop-esque beats in a style dubbed "Rhythm'n'Speak" by the creators.

The album Lazyboy TV debuted in 2004 and received some initial airplay with the video for "Facts of Life". The single release of "Underwear Goes Inside the Pants", featuring Greg Giraldo, made a name for Lazyboy, charting at #5 in Australia and topping the iTunes download chart. However, both the second single "Inhale Positivity" and the Lazyboy TV album missed the charts internationally.

In 2006, it was announced the project would change its name to LazyB for the impending UK release in July. According to the official site, LazyB was commissioned to produce a piece for the Royal Danish Ballet to commence in Copenhagen in March 2007.

On 5 December 2012, LazyB released "2012 - Shift happens". Its companion music video was directed by Alan Smithee and features footage of the past year's events. The track featured Lene Nystrøm on vocal and David Bateson on spoken word.

title: Lazyboy (musical project)


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Sun printing

Sun printing may refer to various printing techniques which use sunlight as a developing or fixative agent.

Cyanotype
Cyanotype, also referred to as "blueprinting", is the oldest non-silver photographic printing process. It involves exposing materials which have been treated with a solution of potassium ferricyanide and ferric ammonium citrate to a UV light source such as the sun. Negative or positive images can be obtained by blocking UV light from reaching the sensitized material. For example, a negative image can be produced by placing a leaf upon paper treated with this solution and exposing to sunlight for 10 to 20 minutes. The paper will retain the image of the leaf after it has been rinsed with water. Once the paper dries, parts that were exposed to the sun will turn a shade of Prussian blue (ferric ferrocyanide), while parts that were covered by the leaf will remain white.

Light-sensitive vat dyes
A specialized type of vat dye called Inkodye is also used for sun-printing due to its light-sensitive quality. Unlike other vat dyes which use oxygen to develop their color, Inkodyes are developed by light. These dyes are suspended in leuco form appearing colorless until they are exposed to UV. Their usage resembles that of cyanotype, but unlike cyanotype Inkodyes are primarily used on textiles and exist in a full range of colors. Exposure times vary from 3 to 15 minutes depending on the desired color and intensity of light. Once exposed, the sensitized material is washed in soapy water to remove dye from unexposed areas. Such dyes are typically used by craftspeople, fabric printers and artists and can be printed with photographic negatives, resist paste or through a silk screen.

Potassium dichromate
Sun printing may also refer to a photographic process using potassium dichromate which produces a negative plate for conventional lithographic printing. The process uses a film of gelatine spread on a flat and rigid surface. This is coated with a dilute solution of potassium dichromate and dried in low light conditions. A translucent positive is secured in tight contact with the treated gelatine layer and exposed to bright sunlight for a period of up to 30 minutes. During this time the sunlight and potassium dichromate tan the gelatine exposed to light. The plate is developed by washing in warm water and removing the untanned gelatine. Once dry, a relief print is revealed on the plate. The surface can be inked and printed in a hand press to produce any number of identical prints of the original subject.

title: Sun printing


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Alpha Cephei

Alpha Cephei (α Cephei, abbreviated Alpha Cep, α Cep), officially named Alderamin, is a second magnitude star in the constellation of Cepheus near the northern pole. The star is relatively close to Earth at 49 light years (ly) and drifting closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of about −16 km/s.

Nomenclature
α Cephei (Latinised to Alpha Cephei) is the star's Bayer designation. It has a Flamsteed designation of 5 Cephei.

It bore the traditional name Alderamin, a contraction of the Arabic phrase الذراع اليمين al-dhirā‘ al-yamīn, meaning "the right arm". In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Alderamin for this star.

Visibility
With a declination in excess of 62 degrees north, Alpha Cephei never rises south of −27° latitude, which means for much of South America, Australia, South Africa, and all of New Zealand, the star stays below the horizon. The star is circumpolar throughout all of Europe, northern Asia, Canada, and American cities as far south as San Diego. Since Alpha Cephei has an apparent magnitude of about 2.5, the star is the brightest in the constellation and is easily observable to the naked eye, even in light-polluted cities.

Pole star
Alpha Cephei is located near the precessional path traced across the celestial sphere by the Earth's North pole. That means that it periodically comes within 3° of being a pole star, a title currently held by Polaris. Alpha Cephei will next be the North Star in about the year 7500 AD. The north pole of Mars points to the midpoint of the line connecting the star and Deneb.

Properties
Alderamin is a white class A star, evolving off the main sequence into a subgiant, probably on its way to becoming a red giant as its hydrogen supply runs low. In 2007, the star's apparent magnitude was recalibrated at 2.5141 along with an updated parallax of 66.50 ± 0.11 mas yielding a distance of 15 parsecs or approximately 49 light years from Earth.

Given a surface temperature of 7,740 Kelvin, stellar models yield a total luminosity for the star of about 17 times the luminosity of the Sun. Interferometry by the CHARA array show that Alderamin has an oblate shape, its equatorial size measures and the polar radius measures. A more recent but less detailed measurement by the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer gives, which likely corresponds to the equatorial radius. Like other stars in its class, it is slightly variable with a range in brightness of 0.06 magnitude, and is listed as a Delta Scuti variable.

Alderamin has a very high rotation speed of at least 246 km/s, completing one complete revolution in less than 12 hours, with such a rapid turnover appearing to inhibit the differentiation of chemical elements usually seen in such stars. By comparison, the Sun takes almost a month to turn on its axis. Alpha Cephei is also known to emit an amount of X radiation similar to the Sun, which along with other indicators suggests the existence of considerable magnetic activity—something unexpected (though not at all unusual) for a fast rotator.

Etymology and cultural significance
This star, along with Beta Cephei (Alfirk) and Eta Cephei (Alkidr) were al-Kawākib al-Firq (الكواكب الفرق), meaning "the Stars of the Flock" by Ulug Beg.

In Chinese, 天鈎 (Tiān Gōu), meaning Celestial Hook, refers to an asterism consisting of α Cephei, 4 Cephei, HD 194298, Eta Cephei, Theta Cephei, Xi Cephei, 26 Cephei, Iota Cephei and Omicron Cephei. Consequently, the Chinese name for Alpha Cephei itself is 天鈎五 (Tiān Gōu wu, the Fifth Star of the Celestial Hook.).

Namesakes
USS Alderamin (AK-116) was a United States Navy Crater class cargo ship named after the star.

title: Alpha Cephei


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Class (warez)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 16:56, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Class (warez)
Non-notable warez group. Delete. Carrp | Talk 21:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. – flamurai (t) 21:44, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notability has been established. – flamurai (t) 23:01, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - can find nothing on this group around. Nick04 21:45, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm sure you tried hard, considering I found this while blindfolded: cracktros by class, NFOs by class, and more NFOs by class.  If you want the warez from Class you'll have to find them yourself.  As for its notability, I'll let Alkivar handle that.   —RaD Man (talk) 23:16, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Look what we have here: Among the groups targeted by Fastlink are well-known organizations such as Fairlight, Kalisto, Echelon, Class and Project X, all of which specialized in pirating computer games, and music release groups such as APC. Source: United States Department of Justice   unsigned comment by user:RaD Man
 * Please note that the "well-known" is subjective and also only in the context of an Internet subculture. Carrp | Talk 23:39, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Once you figure out how to use google, you may also want to read up on these other survivors of vfd: DEViANCE, United Cracking Force, The Humble Guys —RaD Man (talk) 23:27, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * What really puzzles me is why you made about 20 edits to The Humble Guys and then proposed it for VfD . Carrp | Talk 23:36, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It shouldn't puzzle you too much. —RaD Man (talk) 23:50, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It just seems curious that you made so many edits and then decided "Wait! This article needs to go!" I mean, you made a minor edit and then one minute later you posted a VfD notice  You don't think that's a bit odd? Carrp | Talk 23:57, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC).
 * Very odd... Zzyzx11 00:05, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed.... —RaD Man (talk) 00:14, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Warez groups do not seem encyclopedic. Zzyzx11 00:05, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Article needs cleanup and expansion. Megan1967 00:39, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article seems to have a pro-warez POV throughout it. Also, I cannot see how this article contributes valuble information to Wikipedia. If kept, it would need more information, neutral POV, and restructuring. --Tezeti 04:16, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. while i would agree that it has a pro-warez POV at the moment, thats easy to correct. However as far as a notability standard, they more than pass the bar having been one of the more influential game release groups PERIOD. Being subject to multiple, multi-country, multi-agency raids also makes them noteworthy.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 08:09, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * As with Demo Groups (see discussion on Vfd Feb/17th), warez groups aren't inherently notable. In the internet age, it's far too easy to create one, as all you have to do is spread some illegal software. THG is notable because it predates the internet. Class is not notable, and being targeted by governmental legal action does not construe notability. Delete. Radiant! 09:59, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC) While I hold that not every warez group is notable, the discussion below establishes that Class does qualify. Keep. Radiant! 11:09, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, I would prefer if the common 'dissing wars' between warez groups stayed off WikiPedia (see THG edit comments above). Radiant! 09:59, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Then I guess we should delete the mafia, its really easy to have children and start a crime family. The fact they were raided by the govt makes them not noteworthy ... I gotcha! (this is sarcasm for those of you humor impaired).  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 10:46, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * What I said was that being raided by the government has nothing to do with noteworthiness (or lack thereof) for an encyclopedia. Radiant! 22:20, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've had the police show up at my door with a warrant; doesn't make me notable. Niteowlneils 14:13, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You're correct, that alone does not. If you and 100 of your "friends" all have the police, the FBI, and Secret Service (or other respective federal agents) show up at your door and raid your house within the same week that's a whole different story.  An interesting one at that.  —RaD Man (talk) 22:57, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Notable warez group. I had difficulty formulating a reliable search due to the generic nature of the name "Class" but then stumbled across this one  —the result: 5340 hits, many of which are citations in the press from global media outlets.  Other than being personally cited as a "prolific" group by Attorney General John Ashcroft, this group is noted by CNET News, G4 TechTV, Wired News, The Register (UK), ZiffDavis Net (.uk & .au), USA Today, Boing Boing, and Slashdot.  There are other news agencies which report on this group in Chinese, Japanese, Italian, French, Finnish, German, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and many, many other languages.  Note to voters: this article is in the process of being edited.  —RaD Man (talk) 19:00, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)  this comment originally added at the top of the page.  moved to a "comments section by user:Carrp.  now restored to its place in the chronological order.
 * Please provide links and sources for those claims. Thanks. Carrp | Talk 19:39, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I did. It's in the paragraph right above yours.  Now that you've moved my comment to the bottom of the page, you should see a numeral 5 surrounded by brackets.  In case you don't see it, here it is again.  Note: This time it will be a numeral 6, surrounded by brackets.  Here it comes!    —RaD Man (talk) 20:10, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep; they seem to have been fairly prolific, as warez groups go. Googling for CLS warez is illustrative. —Korath (Talk) 22:22, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and *Edit; the page has been improved and I believe that it contributes more information now.
 * Comment: Above vote left unsigned by Tezeti at 18:53, 19 Feb 2005 (Changed vote) —RaD Man (talk) 05:19, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I grew up with CLASS, they are one of the most well known warez group ever. bbx 02:49, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Longhair 13:51, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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The Seventh Song

The 7th Song, Enchanting Guitar Melodies (Archives Vol. 1) is a 2000 album by guitarist Steve Vai. It is his first compilation album, but unlike a standard "greatest hits" or "best of" album, all of the songs on it (save for the three new tracks and the hidden track) can be found on one of Vai's previous albums as the 7th track. The 7th track on each of his albums is meant to be the most emotional and well articulated piece on the album. "Christmas Time is Here", while not previously released on a Vai album, can nonetheless be found as the 7th track on the 1996 Christmas compilation, Merry Axemas.

The new songs on this album are "Melissa's Garden" (which does occupy the 7th track), "The Wall of Light", and "Boston Rain Melody". The track for "Boston Rain Melody" continues on to contain the unlisted song "Warm Regards", the instrumental finale to Vai's 1996 album, Fire Garden. It is believed that Vai originally planned for the song to be the seventh track of the second disc, but when he discovered 80 minute CDs, he restructured the album to fit on one disc.

Track listing
All songs written by Steve Vai except "Christmas Time is Here" by Vince Guaraldi and Lee Mendelson
 * 1) "For the Love of God" – 6:09 (from "Passion and Warfare")
 * 2) "Touching Tongues" – 5:32 (from "Sex and Religion")
 * 3) "Windows to the Soul" – 6:25 (from "The Ultra Zone")
 * 4) "Burnin' Down the Mountain" – 4:19 (from "Flex-Able Leftovers")
 * 5) "Tender Surrender" – 5:10 (from "Alien Love Secrets")
 * 6) "Hand on Heart" – 5:26 (from "Fire Garden")
 * 7) "Melissa's Garden" – 7:54  (previously unreleased)
 * 8) "Call it Sleep" – 5:04 (from "Flex-Able")
 * 9) "Christmas Time Is Here" – 4:13 (from the compilation : "Merry Axemas: A Guitar Christmas")
 * 10) "The Wall of Light" – 2:38  (previously unreleased)
 * 11) "Boston Rain Melody" – 4:39  (previously unreleased)

title: The Seventh Song


text: Category:Education in Korea

title: Category:Education in Korea


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Wrights Hill Fortress

Wrights Hill Fortress is a counter bombardment coastal artillery battery in the Karori suburb of Wellington, New Zealand. It was built between 1942 and 1944 and is predominantly underground, with numerous tunnels linking the war shelters, gun emplacements, magazines, plotting rooms and engine room - which are, at some points, over 50 feet underground. The fort was intended to house three 9.2" Mk. XV guns, but only two guns were installed and the fort never saw action. After World War II was over, fort commanders fired both of the guns (Gun number one in 1946 and the second in 1947). The fall of the shot was observed in Cook Strait and these test firings (three rounds on each occasion) were deemed a success. In 1960, somewhat ironically, both of the guns were sold to the Japanese as scrap metal, the very nation Wrights Hill Fortress was constructed to defend Wellington against. The design of the fort is similar to the Stony Batter and Whangaparāoa 9.2" Mk. XV batteries, near Auckland.

Wrights Hill Fortress is currently in the hands of a preservation society and can be visited, by the public, on Waitangi Day, ANZAC Day, the King's birthday, and Labour Day. Tours may be booked, at other dates and times, by prior arrangement. The Fortress is listed as a Category I Historic Place.

Background
In response to the Russian scare of the 1880s, numerous coastal forts had been constructed around Wellington. These defenses were superseded in 1910 by a 6-inch Mk VII gun battery at Point Dorset, but were outdated by the 1930s. In 1933 the New Zealand Government instigated a modernisation program of the New Zealand Military Forces, which included the construction of new coastal defenses at Wellington. Under advice from the War Office in the United Kingdom, 9.2 inch guns were approved in 1934 and the Wrights Hill site selected. The anticipated cost of the proposed three-gun battery, however, proved to be too much and the decision was made to instead construct a smaller 6-inch gun battery at Palmer point. The idea of the 9.2-inch battery at Wrights Hill was revisited in 1937 and although approved by Cabinet, it was again delayed due to cost. Only with the outbreak of war in 1939 was the plan acted on, but the inability to acquire the guns meant that construction could not begin. In March 1942, the gun manufacturers provided an expected delivery date of within 12 months and construction could finally begin.

Construction
Surveying of the site was conducted in April 1942 and by September a camp for 160 workers had been constructed. Tunneling began in December, with construction initially conducted by Downer & Co Ltd. By late 1943 a manpower shortage meant that the Department of Public Works had to step in, providing men recently returned from the disbanded 3rd Division. As the strategic situation in the Pacific became more favorable and the threat of Japanese Invasion reduced, construction of the battery slowed. Due to a change in priorities and in an effort to reduce costs, the government decided in January 1944 to reduce the battery from three to two guns. The site was complete by June and the two remaining guns were installed by the end of 1944. The final cost of construction was £249,120, double the original estimate of £122,430.

Post War
After the war it became clear that the fortress would serve little purpose and only served as a training facility. The No. 1 gun was tested on 28 June 1946, firing three rounds into Cook Strait at ranges of 10,000; 22,500 and 30,000 yards. The report from the guns resulted in a total of nineteen windows being broken at the fortress. A further three windows were broken and a plaster ceiling cracked in residential properties near the fortress on Verveirs Street and were repaired by the Public Works Department. The No.2 gun was later tested on 26 March 1947, firing a further three shots. The fortress suffered eight more windows broken (those broken in the testing of the No.1 gun had been replaced with stronger glass and all survived the second test) and also had some of the internal wall and ceiling linings collapse. The test firings were both considered successes, and were the only shots ever fired by the fortress.

In 1953 the Army placed Wrights Hill Fortress on a "long term care and maintenance basis" and the fortress was sealed in a state of preservation. In 1957 the Coastal Artillery branch was reduced to a cadre status and effectively disbanded. The guns were initially sold for scrap to the Sydney based company Bradman & Coin in 1960, but were ultimately sold on, ironically, to Japan. The gun pits were filled in in 1961 and the defence reserve status was lifted, although 10th Coast Regiment didn't fully relinquish control of the fortress until 1962. The site has since had various civil infrastructure projects built on it by organisations such as the Wellington Municipal Electricity Department, Wellington Water Board and the Civil Aviation Authority. The New Zealand Post and Telegraph Department (later Telecom/Spark) has also used the site to set up telecommunication aerials since 1955, and continued to store equipment in some of the war shelters until 1997.

Restoration
The Karori Lions Club began restorations in 1988 and opened the fortress to the public for the first time on ANZAC Day 1989. The Wrights Hill Fortress Restoration Society was subsequently formed in 1992 and continue to maintain and restore the fortress. The no.1 gun pit is now completely excavated and had the bearing markings repainted, while the underground tunnel network has had the drainage system repaired and lighting installed. In 2004 the fortress was identified by Heritage New Zealand as "one of New Zealand's most significant or best representative examples of coastal defence" and listed as a Category I Historic Place. The status of the site was changed in 2019 from a recreational reserve to a historic reserve.

Characteristics
The fortress was based on British designs and consists of 620 m of tunnel work connecting the three gun pits and associated magazines, engine rooms, plotting rooms and other infrastructure. The tunnel walls are lined with 250 mm of concrete and only reinforced at end walls. During construction approximately 9,333 m3 of spoil was excavated and 2,900 m3 of concrete poured. The 9.2-inch Mk XV guns each weighed 135 tons and could fire a 172 kg shell to a maximum range of 30 km. Two 185 horsepower Ruston & Hornsby diesel generators provided the power necessary to lay the guns.

The fortress was manned by 165 Battery of the 10th Coast Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery (later retitled 104 Battery). The theoretical strength necessary to fully operate the fortress was 195 personnel (132 men from the Territorial Force and 63 women from the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps), however the battery never exceeded a strength of more than 20 personnel. Had the third gun been installed, a total of 248 personnel would have been necessary.

In Popular Culture
The Fellowship of the Ring sound designers used the tunnels to record echo effects for the Mines of Moria sequence.

The New Zealand horror film The Devil's Rock was filmed in the tunnels and gun pits, standing in for a World War II German bunker.

title: Wrights Hill Fortress


text:
Talk:Hurrell Froude

Pronounce?
I've always wished to know: 'frewed' or 'froud' rhyming with 'loud'. Charles Matthews 21:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Isy Froude?
Newman was writing theological letters to an Isy Froude (perhaps short for Isidore Froude?) in the 1870s. Was this a relative of Richard Hurrell Froude? — Lawrence King ( talk ) 03:39, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Hurrell Froude


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215 Oenone

Oenone (minor planet designation: 215 Oenone) is a typical main belt asteroid. It was discovered by the Russian astronomer Viktor Knorre on April 7, 1880, in Germany, and was the second of his four asteroid discoveries. The asteroid is named after Oenone, a nymph in Greek mythology.

This body is orbiting the Sun with a period of 1680.2 days and a low ellipticity (ovalness) of 0.036. The orbital plane is inclined by 1.7° to the plane of the ecliptic. Light curve data gives a synodic rotation period of $17.91 km/s$, during which it varies in brightness with an amplitude of $35.51 km$ magnitudes. The cross-section diameter is 36 km. It is classified as an S-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy, suggesting a silicaceous (stony) composition.

A search of quasi-complanar asteroids has shown that 215 Oenone and 1851 ≡ 1950 VA can approach to within 0.000004 AU of each other, one of the closest known potential proximities of astronomical bodies.

title: 215 Oenone


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User:Dbenbenn/Image tutorial

Here are some technical details that I've learned in the last few months.

Slogans
 * Higher resolution is always better.
 * Repeated lossy compression is evil.
 * Always keep the original.

Digital camera

 * Set your digital camera to the highest resolution possible.
 * Set the JPEG compression to the highest quality possible.

Cropping

 * Always upload the original, uncropped image first. Someone else might want to crop it differently.
 * Don't use Photoshop or the Gimp to crop a JPEG file. The remaining part of the image will lose quality.  Instead, use jpegtran, which can do various lossless transformations.

Other

 * Use pnmpsnr to verify that two images are identical, for example when converting TIFF to PNG.
 * Use pngcrush to losslessly reduce the size of a PNG file.
 * Use pnmcrop to crop a diagram to its bounding box.
 * Choose a good name for your image.
 * Avoid CamelCase.
 * For an artwork, use the title.
 * Otherwise, use something descriptive.

title: User:Dbenbenn/Image tutorial


text: User talk:66.166.170.242

title: User talk:66.166.170.242


text:
Alpha Ceti

Alpha Ceti (α Ceti, abbreviated Alpha Cet, α Cet), officially named Menkar, is the second-brightest star in the constellation of Cetus. It is a cool luminous red giant estimated to be about 250 light years away based on parallax.

Nomenclature
Alpha Ceti is the star's Bayer designation. It has the traditional name Menkar, deriving from the Arabic word منخر manħar "nostril" (of Cetus). In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Menkar for this star.

This star, along with γ Cet (Kaffaljidhma), δ Cet, λ Cet (also Menkar), μ Cet, ξ1 Cet and ξ2 Cet were Al Kaff al Jidhmah, "the Part of a Hand".

In Chinese, 天囷 (Tiān Qūn), meaning Circular Celestial Granary, refers to an asterism consisting of α Ceti, κ1 Ceti, λ Ceti, μ Ceti, ξ1 Ceti, ξ2 Ceti, ν Ceti, γ Ceti, δ Ceti, 75 Ceti, 70 Ceti, 63 Ceti and 66 Ceti. Consequently, the Chinese name for α Ceti itself is 天囷一 (Tiān Qūn yī, the First Star of Circular Celestial Granary.)

Characteristics
Despite having the Bayer designation α Ceti, at visual magnitude 2.54 this star is actually not the brightest star in the constellation Cetus. That honor goes instead to Beta Ceti at magnitude 2.04. Menkar is a red giant with a stellar classification of M1.5 IIIa. It has more than twice the mass of the Sun and, as a giant star, has expanded to about 100 times the Sun's radius. The large area of the photosphere means that it is emitting about 1,765 times as much energy as the Sun, even though the effective temperature is only $-26.08$ (compared to $-10.41$ on the Sun). The relatively low temperature gives Menkar the red hue of an M-type star.

Menkar has evolved from the main sequence after exhausting the hydrogen at its core. It has also exhausted its core helium, becoming an asymptotic giant branch star, and will probably become a highly unstable star like Mira before finally shedding its outer layers and forming a planetary nebula, leaving a relatively large white dwarf remnant. It has been observed to periodically vary in brightness, but only with an amplitude of about one hundredth of a magnitude.

Namesakes
Menkar (AK-123) was a United States Navy Crater class cargo ship named after the star.

title: Alpha Ceti


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TDS Metrocom

TDS Metrocom is TDS Telecom's local phone business, providing customers with phone, data, and Internet services in a five-state area in the midwestern United States. Its central office is located at 3416 University Ave in Madison, Wisconsin. Unlike Telecom, Metrocom used a deal brokered by Tommy Thompson to allow for local phone service competition on AT&T's lines in exchange for long distance plan selling rights over landline. They are no longer offering this service to new residential subscribers, but continue to maintain existing contracts, new features, or new locations on existing accounts.

Current residential status
TDS Metrocom is currently in maintenance mode, where they are allowed to maintain existing telephone and Internet installations but not add any new telephone or Internet accounts. Business accounts are still available.

title: TDS Metrocom


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Delta Leonis

Delta Leonis (δ Leonis, abbreviated Delta Leo, δ Leo), also named Zosma, is a star in the zodiac constellation of Leo. Based upon parallax measurements, it lies at a distance of about 58.4 ly from the Sun.

Properties
δ Leonis is a main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A4 V, meaning it is larger and hotter than the Sun. It is a fairly well-studied star, allowing relatively accurate measurements of its age and size. The radius of the star, as measured directly using an interferometer, is about 214% of the Sun's radius and it is emitting more than 15 times as much luminosity as the Sun. The energy is being emitted from the outer envelope with an effective temperature $8,296 K$, giving it the white hue characteristic of an A-type star. Having a larger mass than the Sun it will have a shorter lifespan, and in another 600 million years or so will swell into an orange or red giant star before decaying quietly into a remnant white dwarf consisting of carbon and oxygen.

This star is rotating rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 180 km s−1. The inclination of the axis of rotation to the line of sight from the Earth is estimated at 38.1°, which would mean the azimuthal velocity along the equator is about 280 km s−1. This rotation is producing an equatorial bulge, giving the star a pronounced oblate spheroidal shape. The polar radius is about 84% of the radius along the equator.

Based upon the location and trajectory of this star through space, it may be a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group, a type of stellar kinematics group that share a common origin and motion through space. The age of this group is about 500 million years.

Nomenclature
δ Leonis (Latinised to Delta Leonis) is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional names Zosma or Zozma and Duhr (rare spellings included Zozca, Zosca, Al-Zubra الزبرة, traditional Arabic for both shoulder, and a lion's mane and Dhur ظهر, the latter meaning 'back' in Arabic). Zosma means 'girdle' in ancient Greek, referring to the star's location in its constellation, on the hip of the lion. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Zosma for this star.

In Chinese, 太微右垣 (Tài Wēi Yòu Yuán), meaning Right Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure, refers to an asterism consisting of δ Leonis, β Virginis, σ Leonis, ι Leonis and θ Leonis. Consequently, the Chinese name for δ Leonis itself is 太微右垣五 (Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán wu, the Fifth Star of Right Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure), representing 西上相 (Xīshǎngxiāng), meaning The First Western Minister. 西上相 (Xīshǎngxiāng), spelled Shang Seang by R.H. Allen, means "the Higher Minister of State".

title: Delta Leonis


text:
User:IBB~enwiki

 * [mailto:stdnms@gmail.com Email me!]

title: User:IBB~enwiki


text:
Alpha Leporis

Alpha Leporis (α Leporis, abbreviated Alpha Lep, α Lep), formally named Arneb, is the brightest star in the constellation of Lepus.

Nomenclature
Alpha Leporis is the star's Bayer designation. The traditional name Arneb comes from the Arabic أرنب ’arnab 'hare' ('Lepus' is Latin for hare). In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Arneb for this star.

In Chinese, 廁 (Cè), meaning Toilet, refers to an asterism consisting of α Leporis, β Leporis, γ Leporis and δ Leporis. Consequently, the Chinese name for α Leporis itself is 廁一 (Cè yī), "the First Star of Toilet".

Properties
This is a massive star with about 12 times the mass of the Sun. The interferometer-measured angular diameter of this star, after correction for limb darkening, is 1.77 ± 0.09 mas. At an estimated distance of 2218 ly, this yields a physical size of about 129 times the radius of the Sun. An earlier calculation based on a luminosity of and its effective temperature give Arneb a radius of,  while a 2017 catalog gives. Alpha Leporis has a stellar classification of F0 Ib, with the Ib luminosity class indicating that it is a lower luminosity yellow supergiant star. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. The effective temperature of the outer envelope is about 6,850–7,500K, which gives the star a yellow-white hue that is typical of F-type stars. It is an estimated 17.5 million years old.

Arneb is an older, dying star that may have already passed through a red supergiant phase and is now contracting and heating up in the latter phases of stellar evolution, or perhaps is still expanding into the red supergiant phase. Based upon its estimated mass, it is expected to end its life in a spectacular stellar explosion known as a supernova. However, this is not expected to happen for another million years.

Namesakes
USS Arneb (AKA-56) was a ship of the United States Navy.

title: Alpha Leporis


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Adelantado

Adelantado (,, ; meaning "advanced") was a title held by some Spanish nobles in service of their respective kings during the Middle Ages. It was later used as a military title held by some Spanish conquistadores of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.

Adelantados were granted directly by the monarch the right to become governors and justices of a specific region, which they were charged with conquering, in exchange for funding and organizing the initial explorations, settlements and pacification of the target area on behalf of the Crown of Castile. These areas were usually outside the jurisdiction of an existing audiencia or viceroy, and adelantados were authorized to communicate directly with the Council of the Indies.

The reconquista
The term has its origins in the reconquista and comes from the phrase por adelantado (Spanish: 'in advance', although translations stating 'one who goes before' and 'the forward man' are also found). According to the Siete Partidas the office of adelantado was the equivalent of the Roman praefectus urbi.

The earliest definitively known adelantado was appointed by Alfonso X in 1253 in the recently conquered territory of La Frontera (Andalusia). However the office had precedents in the duties and rights held by some officers of the Navarrese dynasty of Castile and León, and Álvar Fáñez or Fortún Sánchez in the Ebro valley performed similar services in detached territories beyond the frontier. It was during this time that the Siete Partidas, commissioned by Alfonso X, more precisely defined the powers of the office.

That law code created the position of an adelantado mayor, who was at the same time an intermediary appellate judge, located in the judicial hierarchy between local justices and the king's court, and an executive officer, who as a direct representative of the king was charged with implementing royal orders in his assigned area. Most appointees were from the upper nobility or the royal family. After its success in Andalusia, the institution was introduced in the northern areas of the peninsula, merging with and becoming indistinguishable from an older judicial office, the Royal Merinos.

Overseas
Beyond the peninsula, the term adelantado was granted to Alonso Fernández de Lugo in the conquest of the Canary Islands and was confirmed to members of his family. The term became modified over time. During the colonization of the Americas and the Spanish East Indies (Asia), each charter specified different powers to each adelantado, sometimes in a vague manner, which often led to confusion as in the case between Juan de Oñate and the Viceroy of New Spain.

The title was granted both as an inheritable title and one that lasted for the grantee's life only. With the publication of the Ordinances Concerning Discoveries (Ordenanzas de descubrimientos, nueva población y pacificación de las Indias) in 1573, the attributes of adelantados became regularized, although the title was granted much less often after this date, especially since the institutions of audiencias, governors and viceroys had been developed.

Nevertheless, the Ordinances are useful because they illustrate the powers adelantados often had. The Ordinances established that adelantados, in their capacity as governors and justices of the new territories, had the right to hear civil and criminal cases in appeal, to name the regidores and employees of the cabildos of any towns founded, to name interim treasury officials, to issue ordinances on the use of land and mines, to establish districts, and to organize militias and name their captains.

The first use of the title adelantado in the Americas was by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus, who governed Hispaniola under this title during his brother's absence from 1494 to 1498. It was later inherited by Diego Colón after much litigation. Other conquistadors who were granted the title include:
 * 1512: Juan Ponce de León for Florida and Biminí, renewed in 1524 for his son, Luis
 * 15??: Rodrigo de Bastidas for the Isthmus of Panama and Santa Marta
 * 1514: Vasco Núñez de Balboa for the South Sea
 * 1518: Ferdinand Magellan for the Spice Islands
 * 1518: Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar for Yucatán
 * 1527: Pánfilo de Narváez for Florida
 * 1527: Pedro de Alvarado for Guatemala
 * 1529: Francisco Pizarro for Peru, and Pedro de Mendoza for Argentina
 * 1535: Pedro Fernández de Lugo for Santa Marta (as son of Alonso Fernández de Lugo, Adelantado of Tenerife and La Palma, he was a second-generation adelantado)
 * 1537: Hernando de Soto for Florida
 * 1538: Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada for the New Kingdom of Granada
 * 1540: Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca for Río de la Plata
 * 1549: Pedro de Valdivia for Chile
 * 1565: Juan Vásquez de Coronado for Costa Rica
 * 1565: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés for Florida
 * 1571: Miguel López de Legazpi for the Philippines
 * 1595: Alvaro de Mendaña, and after his death his wife Isabel Barreto, for the Solomon Islands, and Juan de Oñate for the Kingdom of New Mexico

title: Adelantado


text:
Beta Pegasi

Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), formally named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right corner of the Great Square of Pegasus, a prominent rectangular asterism.

Nomenclature
β Pegasi (Latinised to Beta Pegasi) is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional name of Scheat, a name that had also been used for Delta Aquarii. The name was derived from the Arabic Al Sā'id "the upper arm", or from Sa'd. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organised a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardise proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Scheat for this star (the name Skat was later approved for Delta Aquarii ).

In Chinese, 室宿 (Shì Xiù), meaning Encampment, refers to an asterism consisting β Pegasi and α Pegasi. Consequently, the Chinese name for β Pegasi itself is 室宿二 (Shì Xiù èr), "the Second Star of Encampment".

Distance and properties
Based upon parallax measurements, Beta Pegasi is located about 196 ly from the Sun. It is unusual among bright stars in having a relatively cool surface temperature compared to stars like the Sun. This star has a stellar classification of M2.3 II–III, which indicates the spectrum has characteristics partway between a bright giant and a giant star. It has expanded until it is 104 times as large, and has a total luminosity of 1,640 times that of the Sun. The effective temperature of the star's outer envelope is about 3,600 K, giving the star the characteristic orange-red hue of an M-type star. The photosphere is sufficiently cool for molecules of titanium oxide to form.

Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10−8 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units).

title: Beta Pegasi


text:
Talk:Takeshi's Castle

True US Spinoff?
Would the soon to be premiered show "Wipeout" be considered a spinoff of Takeshi's Castle? The games and humor featured seem very similar. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.166.141.115 (talk) 07:16, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

I think it should be added. It is no "Takeshi's Castle" mind you, but it is clear what inspired "Wipeout." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.162.132.186 (talk) 01:17, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

I agree. Wipeout is heavily influenced by both Takeshi's Castle in terms of events, and by MXC in terms of the commentary, sports show angle of it. But I prefer MXC to Wipeout. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.185.250.16 (talk) 07:09, 21 June 2014 (UTC)

Article size
You've all been doing a fantastic job on this article...however, it's currently at 48k, way past the 32k page limit.

Does anyone else think we need to move the list of games into a seperate article, something like List of games used in Takeshi's Castle? BillyH 17:17, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Absolutely, the games list needs to be moved so we can keep adding more info to this article. Maybe Takeshi's Castle Games or maybe Takeshi's Castle Challenges with a redirect in the Takeshi's Castle/MXC page? JKH 15:22

OK, I moved it to Takeshi's Castle Challenges, looks way better now!! :D JKH 15:33

General Tani as winner?
If the winner was whoever shot Takeshi-san's cart, what happened if that person was General Tani? I just saw it happen (UK episode #27, women's special), which naturally piqued my curiosity. Although Craig said that everybody had gone out (meaning no winner), I've learned not to take his commentary too seriously - plus, I could definetively see he was wrong:. --Pidgeot (t) (c) (e) 02:11, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Us "Keshi-heads" have debated it for a while. We still don't know, but I assumed that in that instance, they shared out the prize money. In the first UK series, winner or not, whenever they all stopped moving, Craig thought everyone was out. A bit ironic though, that the only man to participate in the whole show wins it...

Article Name Change
More people know this show as MXC, the name should be changed- The Masked IP Address
 * MXC is the name used on a US cable network, Spike TV, but it is known by other names in Europe and by Takeshi's Castle in Japan. "MXC" redirects here, so what's the problem?  --Rogerd 03:24, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)

Reply: The show is known as Takeshi's Castle everywhere in the world exept in the USA! Takeshi's Castle is the original show, which is why the page is named that.

Reply: Which means that "More people know this show as Takeshi's Castle", and actually less as MXC. This place isn't only visited by Americans.

Reply: Keep it as Takeshi's - the USA can't dominate wikipedia. If you care that much, make a redirect page that brings users to the takeshi's page.

New Article: MXC is heavily edited and completely redubbed from the original show for American audiences though. The dialogue has no bearing or correlation to the original show, resulting in something completely new. This honestly should be covered in a seperate article to reflect the differences. Skabat169 17:02, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Reply: Keep it!! MXC has everything to do with the original version, as does the Taiwan, Inidian, Italian, Czech, German, Phillipine, British and all the other versions do, since the section on the challenges in the show was converted into a new article, the page is no longer over its size and whoever removed the American and British sections from the article, what's your problem? People have decided it stays so keep it that way, if you want it changed then discuss it here!

I'm gonna have to agree with Skabat169. To the person who replied to Skabat, it has SOMETHING to do with Takeshi's Castle, but certainly not everything to do with it, not anymore than Power Rangers has everything to do with its Japanese source material. Which is what it comes down to: Takeshi's Castle is simply the source material for MXC. If MXC were a straight translation of Takeshi's Castle, I would be fine with giving it just a subsection in this article. But MXC is not a dub or a translation, it is, as Skabat said, a total RE-dub which does nothing to preserve the essence of Takeshi's Castle. This has the effect of changing the context of the show to such an extreme degree that I would hestitate to even call MXC any sort of "version" of Takeshi's Castle. It is far enough removed from its source material to warrant its own article. This page should simply have a brief description of MXC with a link to a full-fledged MXC article.

 * I agree; MXC merits its own entry. It is a different show using the original as source footage. What's more, its entry in this article is both large enough and dissimilar enough to be separate in the first place. The overall article may not be 42K yet, but it certainly would benefit from having its size reduced a bit, and the MXC entry would benefit hugely from not being way at the bottom, for the Americans (who comprise the majority of all natively English-speaking people in the world) who are coming here just to read about MXC. --Kaz 18:38, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Completely hogwash. You just want to point out "the american version is always better than the original version", don't you. Only about three people agree with your point, the rest are against it. You're outnumbered; give it up already. I've seen enough bastardization of foreign shows in american hands. -Izaak

It should be split!

Burning Castle
Hi, just a comment from the UK. I woke up in the middle of the night once and caught a rerun, but at the end, after the final challenge, the castle set burnt down. I thought I imagined it, but another episdoe I saw later began with a high speed piece aparently rebuilding the castle. Has anyone else seen this, and where in the run of the series would it fit?

Hi, it was used as the end of the final episode originally in Japan, but used in the 4th special in the UK - Takeshi "Left the duck in the oven and caused a raging fire"

Sign Your Entries
I like it when people sign their entries --Roofus 06:03, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

One Million Yen?
This article claims the prize for winning the game was "one million Yen" but then someone wrote 一億円 which would be 100 million Yen. I'm assuming the former is correct (since 100 million Yen is a hell of a lot of money for a game show prize) so I'm removing the Japanese, but if someone knows for sure please correct me! --Do Not Talk About Feitclub (contributions) 17:41, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, it IS One Million Yen. As it was so hard to beat Takeshi the prize had to be big. You also in one episode (called 'The Final Episode' in England) two contestants get handed big cheques, which say one million Yen on them.

Water
Was it really shipped in from pig farm?

- No :oP

Reorganization
This article is rather a mess. There's a lot of interleaving of information about the main show and the many regional versions. I propose that the main body of the article be solely about the original Japanese show, with each notes on each regional version in its own section (or even an external article, while may be appropriate for MXC). 71.143.137.105 05:22, 11 June 2006 (UTC)
 * This makes sense, at least with each as a subsection with three or four equal signs enclosing its header. Certainly MXC needs its own separate article. --Kaz 18:44, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Jail Time?
It is not clear, in the Takeshi Doll paragraph in the article, whether Count Takeshi "served time" as part of the plotline, or Takeshi Kitano served time in real life. I would fix it, but I am only 90% certain it refers to real life. Perhaps someone who knows for certain can fix it. Just clarify which it is. --Kaz 18:08, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe it was he himself who served time, and they just had the Takeshi doll stand-in during that period.DemonWeb 18:37, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, then detail of the crime/conviction/whatever needs to also be added to the Takeshi Kitano article, as well as clarification being added to the Takeshi Doll paragraph here. --Kaz 18:43, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Picture in introduction
I notice that somebody has swapped the older photo of the full group shot of the cast with a shot of the "new MXC DVD". I think it should be changed back, seeing as this article is about all the Takeshi's Castle versions around the world, and is mainly centered around the ORIGINAL Fu'un Takeshi Jyo!, and not that stupid cheesy MXC crap.

the show is also aired in Greece in the channel Skai. Someone should add it.

Reply: Done. The 'cast' shot had been removed by an anonymous Italian IP. I moved the MXC DVD cover to the MXC section. I also added the Greek section, but could you expand it? --User:Anonymous 09:15, 02 December 2006 (EST)

Splitting off mXc into new article
I'm reintroducing this issue again, this time with a template. I feel that it is a different enough show that it warrents it's own article.

Unless there's an overwhelming no, I'll move everything from the mXc over to the new page within a week, leaving only a general paragraph on this page. Mshake3 22:38, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree it should be moved into a new article. I was actually going to work on a new article myself until I saw this. jbl1975 21:42EST, 4 January 2007

For Split - MXC is extremely different than Takeishi's Castle. Let me know when t'is done. Tinkleheimer 03:24, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

The split is complete. Of course, we have a lot of work to do to make it good. Mshake3 03:36, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Umm it's not divided yet. I just got redirected to Takashi's Castle. Just letting everybody know.

Typing MXC works. Try clicking on the "Redirected from" link to see if that works. Also, now that MXC is it's own article, I think some other stuff should be removed from here as well. Namely, all the MXC mentions in the character section. Mshake3 16:58, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Complete removal of MXC mentions in this article
I'm thinking about removing MXC references from the character and game sections. It's hard to say "(character) is called (this name) on MXC" when he goes by as many as five different names, and counting, ditto with the games section. This also stays in line with the Power Rangers and Super Sentai articles. Thoughts? Mshake3 14:40, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

International versions
What order are the countries listed in? Starting with US, then UK, then apparently alphabetical? Surely it should be solely alphabetical?  Troubleshooter   17:31, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Clive James guest appearance
The australian comedian Clive James (who is also very famous in the UK) once appeared as a contestant on Takeshi's Castle as part of a documentary he was making about Japan. I think this (and any other famous contestants) should be mentioned. See: http://www.veoh.com/videos/v1137894qBNdDCKk

--Rjmunro (talk) 09:29, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

German DVD release cancelled
The planned 3 box release of Takeshi’s castle is I think cancelled. Vol.2 of a three disc box set was never released. I own the Vol.1 set and Vol.2 should have come out in September 2008, but it never came into the shops. Curse TBS, they managed to block the first attempt to make a DVD serie out of Takeshi’s Castle. It is a very big disappointment for the German fans, who saw their dream of a Takeshi’s Castle DVD box ending by only 12 episodes released. Curse you Tokyo Broadcasting System. --UDSS (talk) 21:19, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

General Lee
General Lee is surely a reference to The Dukes of Hazzard; not a play on the word "Generally". --86.162.48.247 (talk) 21:31, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Takeshi's Castle in Germany
Since November 2009 Taksehi's Castle run on ihe german TV channl Nick at 8:15 pm. I'm from Germany so my English isn't really good. Please add this new information in the section of Germany. Thanks ^^ --91.50.194.217 (talk) 13:19, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Shooting Schedule.
According to interviews with Takeshi's Castle Contestants, the show was not filmed in one day. It was filmed over the course of 3 days made to look like it took place in one day. The first day of shooting was the peripheral contestants scenes, Day 2 was the Field reporter sketches, and Day 3 was the Takeshi and Higashi sketches and the final showdown. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Notundercovercop327 (talk) 17:25, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Do you have a reliable source to cover it? Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 14:42, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

Original version of Takeshi's Castle
Is there any information how to obtain the Japanese version of this show? Because all foreign versions are ruined. They have up to 30 minutes less duration and really bad commentary instead of proper dubbing. That would be really great information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.194.233.201 (talk) 14:30, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Inspiration from Jeux Sans Frontières?
Just a thought... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FEA8:BD1F:F9B2:BD01:CC9D:824E:2CE5 (talk) 04:20, 11 February 2018 (UTC)

 * @2607:FEA8:BD1F:F9B2:BD01:CC9D:824E:2CE5 it also reminds me of Intervilles in some parts (1962) Esteban Outeiral Dias (talk) 09:04, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

There was previously a website which documented the number of injuries on Takeshi's Castle
For some very strange reason, it got removed in 2003.https://www.dragonninja.co.uk/threads/takeshis-castle.5023/ However, Youtube was able to recite the list. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=066A0VWbrUE This list is very interesting.2601:447:4080:10:B4D9:F100:D2AF:3099 (talk) 14:10, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

bad translation
my change message got eaten somehow, but for this edit: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takeshi%27s_Castle&diff=1146135218&oldid=1146084803

there is nothing literal about calling clouds and wind "turbulence"... and frankly that's about all that is different from the official translation, so unless someone wants to come up with a better translation then this just shouldn't be here since it is misleading information 50.54.144.212 (talk) 00:08, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

Title card
The title card used on the front page is not for the Japanese series. As this is a Japanese show and should reference the Japanese version, The image should be updated to the Japanese logo and/or title card. Notundercovercop327 (talk) 00:09, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

regarding "ladder lottery" jargon tag in the minigames section
I'm guessing that the "ladder lottery" is referring to one of those things where you pick one of several options (usually doors) and have to turn at every junction, and you win whatever you end up at when you get to the bottom. I don't know how to make that phrase more simple/"remove jargon", though. "Maze Game"? Kurzov (talk) 12:39, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Takeshi's Castle


text: User:Fernsworth

title: User:Fernsworth


text:
217 Eudora

Eudora (minor planet designation: 217 Eudora) is a large Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by French (Corsican) astronomer J. Coggia on August 30, 1880, in Marseilles, France. It was his fourth asteroid discovery and is named after Eudora, a Hyad in Greek mythology.

It probably has a composition similar to carbonaceous chondrites. In 2007, a study showed it rotates every 25.253 ± 0.003 hours, based on lightcurve data. A light curve generated from photometric observations at Pulkovo Observatory, give a matching rotation period of 25.253 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.22 ± 0.04 in magnitude.

title: 217 Eudora


text:
Beta Ceti

Beta Ceti (β Ceti, abbreviated Beta Cet, β Cet), officially named Diphda, is the brightest star in the constellation of Cetus. Although designated 'beta', it is actually brighter than the 'alpha' star in the constellation, Menkar, by half a magnitude. This orange giant is easy to identify due to its location in an otherwise dark section of the celestial sphere. Based on parallax measurements, it lies at an estimated distance of 96.3 ly from the Sun.

Properties
Diphda has an apparent visual magnitude of 2.02, making it the brightest star in Cetus. The stellar classification of this star is K0 III, although some sources list a classification of G9.5 III indicating that it lies along the dividing line separating G-type from K-type stars. The luminosity class of 'III' means that it is a giant, a star that has consumed the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It was an A-type star when it formed on the main sequence more than a billion years ago. After passing through the red giant stage, it underwent a helium flash event and is now a red clump star generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of helium at its core. Beta Ceti will remain in this mode for over 100 million years.

The effective temperature of the star's outer envelope is about $16.78$, giving it the characteristic orange hue of a K-type star. In spite of its cooler temperature, Diphda is much more luminous than the Sun with a bolometric luminosity of about 145 times that of the Sun, resulting from a radius 18 times as large as the Sun and a mass that is 2.8 times the Sun's mass.

This star displays flaring activity that results in random outbursts that increase the luminosity of the star over intervals lasting several days. This is a much longer duration than for comparable solar flare activity on the Sun, which typically last for periods measured in hours. In 2005, a relatively high rate of X-ray emission was detected with the XMM-Newton space observatory. It is emitting about 2,000 times the X-ray luminosity of the Sun, allowing the star to be imaged with the Chandra X-ray Observatory.

Nomenclature
β Ceti (Latinised to Beta Ceti) is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional names Diphda and Deneb Kaitos. Diphda is Arabic for 'frog', from the phrase ضفدع الثاني aḍ-ḍifdaʿ aṯ-ṯānī 'the second frog' (the first frog' is Fomalhaut); Deneb Kaitos is from الذنب القيتوس الجنوب Al Dhanab al Ḳaiṭos al Janūbīyy'' 'southern tail of Cetus'.

In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Diphda for this star on 21 August 2016 and it is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

In Chinese astronomy, Deneb Kaitos is called 土司空, Pinyin: Tǔsīkōng, meaning Master of Constructions, because this star is marking itself and stands alone in the Master of Constructions asterism, Legs mansion (see : Chinese constellation). 土司空 (Tǔsīkōng), westernized into Too Sze Kung by R.H. Allen and the meaning is "Superintendent of Earthworks."

Namesake
USS Diphda (AKA-59) was a U.S. Navy ship.

title: Beta Ceti


text:
User talk:Druminor

Explanation
This is kinda complicated. Admittedly, I didn't know when I created my newer username that I could have my username changed. So...that's the reason for the two user names. I am both Druminor and Avalon Bound. However, I'm going to go ahead and leave this user name behind.Druminor 03:45, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

so go here to see the current page Avalon Bound

I'm back
About three days after I left, I decided that quitting an organization merely because you don't agree with it on something is about the same as boycotting the vote. So, I came back. My new user name is here Avalon Bound

Wikipediholic badges
I like your idea for Wikipediholic badges. Can you show me what such a badge would look like? -- Alex Nisnevich (talk) 22:37, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Druminor


text:
Lafayette McLaws

Lafayette McLaws (January 15, 1821 – July 24, 1897) was a United States Army officer and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He served at Antietam and Fredericksburg, where Robert E. Lee praised his defense of Marye's Heights, and at Gettysburg, where his division made successful assaults through the Peach Orchard and Wheatfield, but was unable to dislodge Union forces from Cemetery Ridge. After the Knoxville Campaign, he was court-martialed for inefficiency, though this was overturned for procedural reasons. Finally, he was sent to his native Georgia to resist Sherman's March to the Sea but retreated through the Carolinas, losing many men through desertion, and was presumed to have surrendered with Joseph E. Johnston in April 1865.

McLaws remained bitter about his court-martial, especially since the charges had been filed by James Longstreet, his friend and classmate at West Point, with whom he had served for years. Although he defended Longstreet against Lost Cause proponents who blamed him for losing the war, McLaws never fully forgave Longstreet for his actions.

Early life
Lafayette McLaws was born in Augusta, Georgia. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1842, placing 48th out of 56 cadets. McLaws served as an infantry officer in the Mexican–American War, in the West, and in the Utah War to suppress the Mormon uprising. While at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, he married Emily Allison Taylor, the niece of Zachary Taylor, making him a cousin-in-law of future Confederates Richard Taylor and Jefferson Davis.

1861–62
At the start of the Civil War, resigning as a U.S. Army captain, McLaws was commissioned a major in the Confederate States Army. He was quickly promoted to colonel of the 10th Georgia Infantry regiment; then quickly again to brigadier general in brigade and division command in the Seven Days Battles; then, on May 23, 1862, to major general. He joined his childhood friend in Augusta and fellow West Point of '42 classmate, Maj. Gen. James Longstreet's First Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia as 1st Division commander and stayed with Longstreet for most of the war, but was left in Richmond to observe McClellan's withdrawal down the James River, and thus missed the Northern Virginia Campaign.

During Robert E. Lee's 1862 Maryland Campaign, McLaws's Division was split from the rest of the corps, operated in conjunction with Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, and captured Maryland Heights at Harpers Ferry. He marched his division to Sharpsburg, Maryland, and defended the West Woods in the Battle of Antietam. Lee was disappointed in McLaws's slow arrival on the battlefield. At the Battle of Fredericksburg, McLaws's Division was one of the defenders of Marye's Heights, and he satisfied Lee with his ferocious defensive performance.

1863–65
At Chancellorsville, while the rest of Longstreet's corps was detached for duty near Suffolk, Virginia, McLaws fought directly under Lee's command. On May 3, 1863, Lee sent McLaws's Division to stop the Union VI Corps under Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick marching toward Lee's rear. He did accomplish this, but Lee was disappointed that McLaws had not attacked more aggressively and caused more harm to Sedgwick's corps instead of letting him escape across the Rappahannock River. When Lee reorganized his army to compensate for Jackson's mortal wounding at Chancellorsville, Longstreet recommended his subordinate for one of the two new corps commands. Still, both men were disappointed when Lee chose Richard S. Ewell and A. P. Hill instead. McLaws requested a transfer, but it was denied.

On the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 2, 1863, McLaws commanded the second division to step off in Longstreet's massive assault on the Union left flank. He achieved great success (at a high cost in lives) in the areas known as the Wheatfield and the Peach Orchard, but the army as a whole was unable to dislodge the Union forces from their positions on Cemetery Ridge. His division did not participate in Pickett's Charge the next day, despite Longstreet's command of that assault.

McLaws accompanied Longstreet's corps to Tennessee to come to the aid of General Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee. He arrived too late to lead his division at Chickamauga, where Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw led it, but he did participate in the Chattanooga Campaign. In the Knoxville Campaign later in 1863, Longstreet relieved McLaws due to the failure of the attack on Fort Sanders, citing "a want of confidence in the efforts and plans which the Cmdg Genl has thought proper to adopt." In a letter addressed to Confederate Adjutant and Inspector General Samuel Cooper on December 30, Longstreet submitted three charges of "neglect of duty"; however, he did not request a court-martial because McLaws's "services might be important to the Government in some other position." (In that same letter, he requested a court-martial for Brig. Gen. Jerome B. Robertson, who had been charged with "incompetency" by his division commander.) McLaws also wrote to Cooper on December 30, disputing Longstreet's charges and requesting a court-martial to clear his name. Cooper forwarded Longstreet's letter to Secretary of War James Seddon and Confederate President Jefferson Davis, with the annotation that Longstreet was not authorized to relieve and reassign officers under his command without a formal court-martial. Davis ordered the court-martial of both generals, although he opposed relieving McLaws until a successor could be appointed.

The courts-martial of Robertson and McLaws convened in Morristown, Tennessee, on February 12, 1864, with Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner serving as president of the court. The proceedings suffered delays as witnesses—including Longstreet—were not available to appear as scheduled, in some cases because Longstreet granted them leaves of absence. Cooper's office published the court's findings on May 5, exonerating him on the first two specifications of neglect of duty but finding him guilty of the third—"failing in the details of his attack to make arrangements essential to his success." McLaws was sentenced to 60 days without rank or command, but Cooper overturned the verdict and sentence, citing fatal flaws in the court's procedures and ordering McLaws to return to duty with his division. However, on May 18, McLaws was assigned by the War Department to the Defenses of Savannah in the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.

McLaws was bitter about his fate, claiming Longstreet had used him as a scapegoat for the failed Knoxville Campaign. In his memoirs many years after the war, Longstreet expressed regret that he had filed charges against McLaws, which he described as happening "in an unguarded moment." In time, the animosity healed between the two Confederate veterans, but McLaws never fully forgave Longstreet for his actions.

McLaws left the First Corps, and since Lee would not accept him for command in Virginia, he proceeded to Savannah, which he could not defend successfully against Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's March to the Sea in late 1864.

McLaws next saw active service opposing Sherman's advance into the Carolinas. At the Battle of Rivers' Bridge on February 2, 1865, his command resisted the advance of the Army of the Tennessee into South Carolina. His forces delayed the Federal crossing of the Salkehatchie River until they found other crossings and turned his right flank. McLaws led a division under Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee at the Battle of Averasborough, commanding the Confederate third line of defense, and at the Battle of Bentonville. His division was little engaged at Bentonville because of vague orders. In the aftermath of these battles, McLaws had problems with the discipline of his division, holding multiple roll calls daily to prevent desertion and looting. When Gen. Joseph E. Johnston reorganized the army, McLaws lost his command assignment. He was assigned command of the District of Georgia after Bentonville. He may have surrendered with Johnston's army in North Carolina on April 26, 1865; however, there is no record of his parole. On October 18, 1865, McLaws was pardoned by the U.S. government.

Postbellum career
After the war, McLaws worked in the insurance business, was a tax collector for the IRS, served as Savannah's postmaster in 1875-76, and was active in Confederate veterans' organizations. Despite his wartime differences with Longstreet, McLaws initially defended Longstreet in the post-war attempts by Jubal Early and others to smear his reputation. McLaws was a part owner of the Atlantic and Mexican Gulf Canal Company, a canal project approved in 1876. Its purpose was to construct a canal westward from the St. Marys River in Georgia to connect with the Gulf of Mexico on the coast of Florida.

Lafayette McLaws died in Savannah and is buried there in Laurel Grove Cemetery. A collection of his letters, A Soldier's General: The Civil War Letters of Major General Lafayette McLaws (2002), was published posthumously.

Memorials
McLaws Circle, part of the Kingsmill development of Anheuser-Busch in James City County, Virginia, near Williamsburg, was named in his honor in the 1970s. In 1861, then Lt. Col. McLaws played a key role in the construction nearby of the Williamsburg Line, 4 miles of defensive works across the Virginia Peninsula, which played a crucial role in the Battle of Williamsburg of the 1862 Peninsula Campaign.

A bust of McLaws stands in Savannah's Forsyth Park, near the city's Civil War Memorial.

title: Lafayette McLaws


text:
Gamma Pegasi

Gamma Pegasi is a star in the constellation of Pegasus, located at the southeast corner of the asterism known as the Great Square. It has the formal name Algenib ; the Bayer designation Gamma Pegasi is Latinized from γ Pegasi and abbreviated Gamma Peg or γ Peg. The average apparent visual magnitude of +2.84 makes this the fourth-brightest star in the constellation. The distance to this star has been measured using the parallax technique, yielding a value of roughly 144 pc.

Nomenclature
Gamma Pegasi is the star's Bayer designation. Although it also had the traditional name Algenib, this name was also used for Alpha Persei. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Algenib for this star (Alpha Persei was given the name Mirfak).

The asterism of γ Pegasi and α Andromedae, in Hindu astronomy, is called Uttara Bhādrapadā (उत्तरभाद्रपदा) or Uttṛṭṭāti. It is the 26th nakshatra. In Chinese, 壁宿 (Bìxiù), meaning Wall (asterism) refers to an asterism consisting of γ Pegasi and α Andromedae. Consequently, the Chinese name for γ Pegasi itself is 壁宿一 (Bìxiù yī, the First Star of Wall.)

Properties
In 1911, American astronomer Keivin Burns discovered that the radial velocity of Gamma Pegasi varied slightly. This was confirmed in 1953 by American astronomer D. Harold McNamara, who identified it as a Beta Cephei variable. (At the time he actually identified it as a Beta Canis Majoris star, which was subsequently designated a Beta Cephei variable.) It has a radial pulsation period of 0.15175 days (3.642 hours), but also shows the behavior of a slowly pulsating B star (SPB) with three additional pulsational frequencies. Hence it is considered a hybrid pulsator. Its magnitude varies between +2.78 and +2.89 over the course of each pulsation cycle.

This is a large star with almost nine times the mass of the Sun and close to five times the Sun's radius. The stellar classification of B2 IV suggests this is a subgiant star that is exhausting the hydrogen at its core and is in the process of evolving away from the main sequence. It is either rotating very slowly with no measurable rotational velocity or else it is being viewed from nearly pole-on. Gamma Pegasi has a total luminosity of 5,840 times that of the Sun, which is being radiated from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of more than 21,000 K. At this temperature, the star glows with a blue-white hue.

The star has a weak magnetic field (from -10 G to 30 G, an upper bound on a dipolar magnetic field strength of about $+2.78$ ).

title: Gamma Pegasi


text:
Alnair

Alnair is a traditional name for two different stars:

 * Alpha Gruis, a star in Grus
 * Zeta Centauri, a star in Centaurus

title: Alnair


text:
218 Bianca

Bianca (minor planet designation: 218 Bianca) is a sizeable Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 4 September 1880, in Pola and was named after the Austro-Hungarian opera singer Bianca Bianchi (real name Bertha Schwarz). The Vienna newspapers contained several published accounts of the circumstances surrounding the honor extended to the diva in Spring 1882. In the late 1990s, a network of astronomers worldwide gathered lightcurve data that was ultimately used to derive the spin states and shape models of ten new asteroids, including (218) Bianca. The shape model for this asteroid is asymmetrical.

title: 218 Bianca