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 * William J. Flynn
 * William Riker
 * Witch-hunt
 * Wood Green tube station
 * World gazetteer
 * Y.P. Varshni
 * Yellow Dog
 * Yoron, Kagoshima
 * Zacchaeus
 * Zacheus
 * Zapp Brannigan
 * Zaynab bint Khuzayma
 * Zionism
 * Zthread


text:
Giuseppe Olivi

Giuseppe Olivi (18 March 1769 – 24 August 1795) was an Italian abbot and naturalist. He was born at Chioggia and was the author of Zoologia Adriatica (1792). He died in Padua when he was only 26.

Biography
Olivi was born in Chioggia in 1769. He was educated in Choggia under the tutelage of Francesco and Giuseppe Fabris. Despite only having taken minor orders, he wore ecclesiastical garments and adopted the title of abbot. He had wide interests, which stretched from chemistry, where he supported the theories of Antoine Lavoisier, passing through mineralogy and agriculture, to botany, with particular reference to algae. He stood out among the late eighteenth century Italian naturalists in his independent outlook, questioning the theories prevalent at the time, and considering the ecological aspects of the animals he studied, and the impact they had on the environment.

Olivi was interested in the infusoria discovered by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the microscopic living organisms present in water whose existence had previously been unknown. He studied the Adriatic Sea, being one of the first naturalists to make observations under the water; he found great variations in the structure of the seabed and its associated fauna which inspired the palaeontologist Giovanni Battista Brocchi in his study of the strata and fossils of the Apennines. Gregor Mendel was another naturalist who was inspired by Olivi's work, mentioning him in the foreword to his 1866 work Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Olivi published the work for which he is principally remembered, Zoologia Adriatica, in 1792. It included descriptions of such invertebrates as Vorticella, Volvox and Hydra, and the sponge Suberites domuncula.

The well-known biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani thought highly of Olivi, and forecast a brilliant future for him, but this was not to be, because Olivi died in 1795 at the age of 26. He is buried in the church of Santa Cristina, Padua; a commemorative funeral bust is to be found in the cloister of the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Giuseppe Olivi


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Buckle Island

Buckle Island is one of the three main islands in the uninhabited Balleny Islands group located in the Southern Ocean. It lies 25 km north-west of Sturge Island and 8 km south-east of Young Island, some 110 km north-north-east of Belousov Point on the Antarctic mainland. The island forms some parts of the Ross Dependency, claimed by New Zealand.

Description
The island is roughly triangular in shape, with long east and west coasts and a short north coast. It is about 3 nmi wide in the north, with a maximum length of 13 nmi. It is of volcanic origin, and is still volcanically active, the last eruption being in 1899.

The northernmost point is Cape Cornish. Several small islets also lie in the channel separating Cape Cornish and Young Island, the largest of which is Borradaile Island. Several small islets lie off the island's southern extremity, Cape McNab, including Sabrina Islet and the 80 m tall stack of The Monolith. Both Buckle Island and Sabrina Islet are home to colonies of Adelie and chinstrap penguins.

title: Buckle Island


text:
Mob (video games)

A mob, short for mobile or mobile object, is a computer-controlled non-player character (NPC) in a video game such as an MMORPG or MUD. Depending on context, every and any such character in a game may be considered to be a "mob", or usage of the term may be limited to hostile NPCs and/or NPCs vulnerable to attack.

In most modern graphical games, "mob" may be used to specifically refer to generic monstrous NPCs that the player is expected to hunt and kill, excluding NPCs that engage in dialog, sell items, or NPCs which cannot be attacked. "Named mobs" are distinguished by having a proper name rather than being referred to by a general type ("a goblin", "a citizen", etc.). Most mobs are those capable of no complex behaviors beyond generic programming of attacking or moving around.

Purpose of mobs
Defeating mobs may be required to gather experience points, money, items, or to complete quests. Combat between player characters (PCs) and mobs is called player versus environment (PvE). PCs may also attack mobs because they aggressively attack PCs. Monster versus monster (MvM) battles also take place in some games.

A game world might contain hundreds of different kinds of mobs, but if players spend a certain amount of time playing, they might become well aware of the characteristics presented by each kind and its related hazard. This knowledge might dull the game to some extent.

Etymology
The term "mobile object" was used by Richard Bartle for objects that were self-mobile in MUD1. Later source code in DikuMUD used the term "mobile" to refer to a generic NPC, shortened further to "mob" in identifiers. DikuMUD was a heavy influence on EverQuest, and the term as it exists in MMORPGs is derived from the MUD usage.. The term is properly an abbreviation rather than an acronym.

title: Mob (video games)


text:
Yakovlev Yak-18

The Yakovlev Yak-18 (Яковлев Як-18; NATO reporting name Max) is a tandem two-seat military primary trainer aircraft manufactured in the Soviet Union. Originally powered by one 119 kW (160 hp) Shvetsov M-11FR-1 radial piston engine, it entered service in 1946. It was also produced in China as the Nanchang CJ-5.

Design and development

A member of the second generation of Russian aircraft designers, and best known for fighter designs, Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev always retained a light aircraft design section. In May 1945, Yakovlev initiated design of the Yak-18 two-seat primary trainer. He designed it to replace the earlier Yakovlev UT-2 and Yakovlev Yak-5 in service with the Soviet Air Forces and DOSAAF (Voluntary Society for Collaboration with the Army, Air Force and Navy, which sponsored aero clubs throughout the USSR). In 1944, an advanced version of the UT-2 had been built with many of the features of the new Yak-18. The new aircraft flew a year later, powered by a 119 kW (160 hp) Shvetsov M-11 five-cylinder radial engine and featuring pneumatically operated retractable main landing gear and a fixed tailwheel. It entered service as a trainer later that year and was built by Yakovlev up until 1956. Examples were exported to China in kit form beginning in 1950. The Chinese began producing license built copies in 1954 with the designation CJ-5.

The Yak-18's greatest claim to fame is its use as a night bomber by the North Korean Air Force during the Korean War. The aircraft were modified with bomb racks on the wing center section and flew over UN troop locations at night to drop bombs and harass UN forces. The single most successful attack of the North Korean aviation during the war was the destruction of a fuel dump with nearly 5.5 usgal of fuel in the Inchon area in June 1953 by four or five Yak-18s. The five-cylinder engine reminded many of the US troops of the sound made by early gasoline powered washing machines, earning them the name: "Washing Machine Charlie". The name "Bed Check Charlie" was also used for these night intruders. The Yak-18s, along with Polikarpov Po-2s, became quite a nuisance until US night fighters began shooting them down. One nightfighter crashed shooting down a Bed Check Charlie and another nightfighter rammed its target.

Other claims to fame for the Yak-18 are an international speed record for its class in 1951 as well as being the aircraft used for initial flight training by Yuri Gagarin (1st human in space) and Ken Rowe (No Kum-Sok, who defected from North Korea with a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 jet fighter during the Korean War). Later, as the need for conventional landing gear trainers abated, Yakovlev re-designed the Yak-18 with retractable tricycle landing gear and an Ivchenko AI-14RF radial engine of 224 kW (300 hp); this was designated the Yak-18A. The design proved exceptionally easy to build and maintain.

There are an estimated 40 original Yak-18s in existence worldwide. Five are currently flyable in the US, three are flyable in Europe, and the Chinese Air Force has one flyable with several other airframes in storage. Approximately four other aircraft worldwide are currently being restored for flight. Many are found in major aviation museums worldwide including the National Air and Space Museum in the USA. The Nanchang CJ-6, produced in China, is sometimes quoted as a variant but is a completely different aircraft designed in China by Bushi Cheng and built by Nanchang Aircraft Company.

Operational history
The Yak-18 became the standard trainer for Air Force flying schools and DOSAAF, was in wide use in China, and in many other countries.

Photographs showing Kim Jong-Un visiting a North Korean Air Force base in March 2014 suggest that the North Koreans may still maintain original Yak-18s or CJ-5s in a bombing role.

Variants

 * Yak-18
 * The original production version. Retractable main undercarriage, fixed tailwheel.

 * Yak-18U
 * This version was built in small numbers. It had retractable tricycle landing gear.

 * Yak-18A
 * Cleaned up version of the Yak-18U, powered by a 194 kW (260 hp) Ivchenko AI-14 FR engine. Built in large numbers.

 * Yak-18P (NATO reporting name Mouse)
 * Single-seat aerobatic aircraft for use by flying clubs. Adaptation of Yak-18 two-seat trainer.

 * Yak-18PM
 * Single-seat aerobatic aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear.

 * Yak-18PS
 * Aerobatic aircraft with retractable main gear.

 * Hongzhuan-501 (Red Craftsman)
 * Probable original designation for early CJ-5 production aircraft.

 * Nanchang CJ-5
 * The Yak-18 was built under licence in China as the CJ-5 for use by the PLAAF, PLANAF and civilian flying clubs; 379 CJ-5s had been built when production ended in 1958.

Similar model designation
The Yakovlev Yak-18T was developed as an Aeroflot training aircraft and also as a light passenger transport aircraft, with a cabin for one pilot and three passengers. It is not a variant of the Yak-18 as it has very little in common, and was designed from scratch 20 years later.

Operators

 * Afghanistan
 * Afghan Air Force − Supplied by the Soviet Union in 1957, retired
 * Albania
 * Albanian Air Force (including Chinese CJ-6 variants).
 * Algeria
 * Algerian Air Force
 * Armenia
 * Armenian Air Force
 * Austria
 * Austrian Air Force − Donated by the Soviet Union in 1955, retired
 * Bulgaria
 * Bulgarian Air Force − Retired
 * Cambodia
 * Royal Cambodian Air Force
 * Khmer Air Force
 * China
 * People's Liberation Army Air Force − Retired, manufactured in China under the designation CJ-5.
 * Czechoslovakia
 * Czechoslovakian Air Force
 * Czechoslovakian National Security Guard
 * East Germany
 * Air Forces of the National People's Army − Retired shortly after the German Reunification
 * Egypt
 * Egyptian Air Force − Retired
 * Guinea
 * Military of Guinea
 * Hungary
 * Hungarian Air Force
 * Iraq
 * Iraqi Air Force − Retired
 * Kazakhstan
 * Kazakh Air Defense Forces − Operated 4 Yak-18 in 2011, retired
 * Laos
 * Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force
 * Mali
 * Air Force of Mali − 2 in 2011, non-operational
 * Mongolia
 * Mongolian People's Air Force − Retired
 * North Korea
 * North Korean Air Force − Supplied by the Soviet Union between 1948 and 1950, ten CJ-5 were operational in 2011
 * Poland
 * Polish Air Force − Retired
 * Romania
 * Romanian Air Force − Retired
 * Somalia
 * Somali Air Corps
 * Soviet Union
 * DOSAAF
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Syria
 * Syrian Air Force − Retired
 * Transnistria
 * Military of Transnistria - 2
 * Turkmenistan
 * Turkmenistan Air Force
 * Vietnam
 * Vietnam People's Air Force
 * Yemen
 * Yemen Air Force
 * Zambia
 * Zambian Air Force

title: Yakovlev Yak-18


text:
User talk:Italfan

Italy spam link
Somehow I missed this one! Thanks! Jcr2 09:27, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Good work
Nice job on the link spam cleanup on Italy related articles. I have a few of them watchlisted to try and catch spammers in the act, but it's nice to see somebody with an interest in the country cleaning things up. --GraemeL (talk) 13:50, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Italfan


text:
Talk:Yakovlev Yak-18

Untitled
The data was quoted from http://www.aviation.ru/Yak/#18 by the owner of www.aviation.ru.

title: Talk:Yakovlev Yak-18


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Young Island

Young Island (-66.28333°N, 162.41667°W) is the northernmost and westernmost of the three main islands in the uninhabited Balleny Islands group located in the Southern Ocean. It lies 8 km northwest of Buckle Island, some 115 km north-northeast of Belousov Point on the Antarctic mainland.

The island is roughly semi-oval in shape, with a long straight east coast and a curved west coast meeting at Cape Scoresby in the south and Cape Ellsworth in the north. The distance between these two capes is 19 nmi, and at its widest the island is 4 nmi across. The island is volcanic, with active fumaroles, and a height of 1340 m. It is entirely covered with snow. An explosive VEI-7 eruption occurred from Young Island 1,700,000 years ago.

Several small islets lie in the channel separating Cape Scoresby and Buckle Island, the largest of which is Borradaile Island. Several sea stacks lie off the island's northern tip. These are known as the Seal Rocks.

The island forms part of the Ross Dependency, claimed by New Zealand (see Antarctic territorial claims).

On some days near the Southern Hemisphere summer solstice, Young Island is the first place on land to have a sunrise - that is, the sun sets very briefly, and then rises again earlier in the day than anywhere else on Earth.

title: Young Island


text:
User talk:Cityhuntr

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- Curps 09:29, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Knock off the vandalism or you will be blocked from editing. —Charles P. (Mirv) 09:44, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cityhuntr


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Tupolev ANT-7

The Tupolev ANT-7, known by the VVS as the Tupolev R-6 ( R – razvedchik – reconnaissance), was a reconnaissance aircraft and escort fighter of the Soviet Union. The R-6 traces its roots back to early 1928 when the Soviet Air Force needed a long-range multirole aircraft. The requirements were that it could be used for long-range transport, defensive patrolling, reconnaissance, light bombing and torpedo attack.

Design and development
Under Ivan Pogosski and guided by Andrei Tupolev, TsAGI developed the ANT-7 from the Tupolev TB-1 by scaling it down by about one third. Power for the ANT-7 was intended to be provided by two 388 kW – 455 kW Hispano Suiza engines or 313 kW Bristol Jupiter engines, but the prototype was powered by two 373 kW – 529 kW BMW VI engines.

The first flight of the ANT-7 took place on 11 September 1929, piloted by Mikhail Gromov. Flight tests started in March 1930 after TsAGi decided to postpone them until after the winter. That summer, the NII-VVS (Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut Voyenno-Vozdooshnykh Seel – air force scientific test institute) conducted state tests which revealed tailplane buffeting, which was alleviated by fitting enlarged elevators. The next flight encountered radiator damage and an engine failure, but in spite of this, the ANT-7 passed the state acceptance tests.

Operational history
Production aircraft were designated R-6 by the Soviet Air Force. The first production aircraft was rolled off the GAZ-22, (GAZ – Gosudarstvenny Aviatsionnyy Zavod – state aviation plant/factory), assembly line in November 1931, a year after production started. Another 410 aircraft were made during the following three years: 385 at GAZ-22 in Moscow (one of these was the R-6 Limuzin), five at GAZ-31 in Taganrog (floatplanes designated KR-6P), and 20 more at GAZ-12 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

The standard aircraft crew consisted of the pilot, gunner and observer and the aircraft was able to carry 113.4 kg of bombs to a distance of up to 965.6 km. Some were built with floats as the MP-6, (also known as KR-6P), for maritime patrol duties. Another variant was the KR-6 (KR – Kreiser Razveyedchik – cruiser reconnaissance), which had two PV-2 machine guns and a second gunner, that was later relegated to training duties.

By 1935, the R-6 was becoming obsolete, and several were transferred to Aeroflot and Avia Arktika, which used them to carry passengers and cargo in Siberia before the Great Patriotic War, designated PS-7-2M17 (the "2M17" showed that the aircraft were powered by two Mikulin M-17s), or as MP-6-2M17 if floats were attached.

Variants

 * ANT-7:The OKB designation of the project and prototype, powered by two 544.4 kW BMW VI V-12 engines.
 * R-6:(R – Razvyedchik – reconnaissance) reconnaissance version, powered by two 544.4 kW Mikulin M-17F V-12 engines. first flight 1929, trials 1930.
 * KR-6:(KR – Kreiser Razvyedchik – cruiser reconnaissance) escort fighter version 1934, powered by two 507.1 kW Mikulin M-17 V-12 engines, fitted with two PV-2 machine guns and a second gunner.
 * KR-6P:Alternative designation of the MR-6 floatplane version.
 * MP-6 2M-17:(Morskoj Paassazhirskii – seaplane passenger transport) Civil floatplane version, powered by two 507.1 kW Mikulin M-17 V-12 engines..
 * PS-7 2M-17:(Paassazhirskii – passenger transport) Civil transport version PS-7 2M-17, cargo and passenger transport, first versions open cockpit, one version enclosed.
 * MR-6:(Morskoj razvyedchik – maritime reconnaissance) R-6, torpedo bomber version, 1932.
 * P-6:(Paassazhirskii – passenger transport) Civil cargo and passenger transport version.
 * R-6 Limuzin:Nine-seat civil transport version with a closed cockpit and a seven-seat cabin with glass windows and a luggage compartment. Powered by two 544.4 kW BMW VI V-12 engines. First flown in July 1933, the sole R-6L crashed on 5 September 1933 as a result of a maintenance error.
 * ANT-18:Ground attack version with two Mikulin M-34 engines, armor protection, and two dorsally-mounted machine guns.

Operators

 * Military operators
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Soviet Naval Aviation
 * Soviet Naval Aviation

 * Civil operators
 * Aeroflot
 * Avia Arktika
 * Avia Arktika

Accidents and incidents

 * June 23, 1941: A Dalstroi Aviation PS-7 crashed on takeoff from Chokurdakh after the left float struck a submerged log; all five on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.
 * October 19, 1943: A Dalstroi Aviation PS-7 crashed on takeoff from Zyryanka owing to improper luggage loading caused by crew error; all 12 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

title: Tupolev ANT-7


text:
Talk:Tupolev ANT-7

Untitled
The data quoted from http://www.aviation.ru/Tu/#ANT-7 by the owner of www.aviation.ru.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:06, 10 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Tupolev R-6.jpg

title: Talk:Tupolev ANT-7


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blanket octopus

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. -- AllyUnion (talk) 07:11, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Blanket octopus
Should Blanket octopus be deleted? 193.167.132.66 09:33, 2005 Feb 11 (according to history Uncle G 12:39, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC))

 * Delete . The only relevant thing here is the sexual dimorphism, and even that could as well be mentioned in an article about sexual dimorphism itself, or an article about octopuses in general.193.167.132.66 09:33, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It is a very relevant article.  What other creature relies more on its arm than its penis to have sex? XOXmadelynXOX 15:52, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Its jokey high-school style might easily be made more adult. The grown-up name is Tremoctopus violaceus. Interested folks might Google the scientific name for information. Wikipedia will never be having separate articles of every species, as if they rated like Pokemon characters, so perhaps this should be merged with Octopus. We don't vote "delete" on subjects we know nothing about. --Wetman 11:19, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I am quite aware that the blanket octopus really exists and is not a made-up animal. My previous comment was about the style, which as you say, is jokey high-school style. As it stands, this article is worth very little. Rewritten, it could be quite a useful article. I change my vote to Keep, provided that it is rewritten in a better style. 193.167.132.66 11:35, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The bad style was why I put on it (which was removed by Adrianbg).  The blanket octopus does exist, and (contrary to Wetman's implication above) we do have individual articles for several species.  Have a look at Category:Animals and all of its sub-categories.  Heck, look at Category:Octopuses!  (The article needs  as well.) Keep . Uncle G 12:39, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)
 * I repeat: " Wikipedia will never be having separate articles of every species" --Wetman 12:47, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The remainder of your sentence, which gives it a markedly different implication to that of the fragment that you have repeated when taken alone, is, of course, still there above. Uncle G 13:06, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)
 * Keep; all real species belong in wikipedia (I oppose merging). This contains useful information although the tone is inappropriate. I guess I'd better list this this on the VfD page, since that hasn't been done yet. Kappa 14:58, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep all species belong in wikipedia, though unfortunately we don't have enough coleopterists and lepidopterists, and as a result it's hideously biased towards big fluffy mammals and birds, seeing something different is refreshing. Dunc|☺ 15:48, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but Cleanup, or maybe merge/redir what's encyclopedic to Tremoctopus, as this seems to describe all the related species. Niteowlneils 16:27, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * While I do not endorse the position that all real species should have their own articles (can anyone even imagine doing so for each species of insect?), this certainly ranks well above any pokemon. Keep and clean. I suppose I can take a stab at fixing it myself. -R. fiend 18:37, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There are people in the world who are as mad about insects as the Pokemon people are mad about Pokemon. Admittedly, there are comparative fewer of the people, and more of the insects.  Nonetheless ... Uncle G 20:21, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)
 * It was the number I was referring to. There are something like .05% as many Pokemon as there are insects. Certainly many insect species deserve articles, but I can't really say that about all of them. Likewise I think maybe about 5 or 6 Pokemon deserve articles (and perhaps as few as just Pikachu). Oh well. "Gotta catch 'em all...." -R. fiend 21:13, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Was this listed on VfD by an anon?  GRider\talk 19:08, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * An anon posted the VfD tag, I listed it on VfD after some discussion had begun on the sub-page. I wasn't sure if that was the best thing to do, what would you have done? Kappa 20:46, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Looking at Tremoctopus I'm concerned that this might be a mis-classification. I modify my vote to: Move to a correct name, and send to Cleanup for Merging to and from Tremoctopus as appropriate. Uncle G 20:21, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)
 * Cleanup. I'd be all for Wikipedia having an article on every multicellular species, if such a list even existed. - Mustafaa 22:52, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 23:17, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this article is of academic interest and clearly interesting to the lay person as well. Knowledge of this species should not be relegated to a pithy footnote on a sexual dimorphism article.
 * Keep : the unique and unusual in biology often lead to re-evaluation of theories based on what is observed every day. I've replaced the References with more appropriate ones and hope that someone has the wherewithall to expand this article.  Courtland 04:25, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Real animal with potential for good article on it. Well done, Courtland. Capitalistroadster 09:30, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The article seems to be well on its way in clean-up and expansion. Shouldn't the VfD notice be removed? 85.76.152.179 09:50, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No. Let the VFD process run its course to completion.  It is important that the notice remain in place throughout the whole of that process. Uncle G 04:20, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable topic, and article is improving. I removed some old notices (but not VfD notice).  Johntex 18:22, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Mil Mi-38

The Mil Mi-38 is a transport helicopter designed by Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant and being developed by Kazan Helicopters. Originally intended as a replacement for the Mil Mi-8 and the Mi-17, it is being marketed in both military and civil versions. It flew for the first time on 22 December 2003 and was certified on 30 December 2015.

History
The Mi-38's development was carried out by Kazan Helicopters since early 1980s and a mockup was first shown during the 1989 Paris Air Show. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Kazan Helicopters went into collaboration with Eurocopter that was to adapt the Mi-38 for international market. In September 1994, Euromil JSC was established and funding of the programme began a month later. Sextant and Pratt & Whitney Canada were also to participate in the programme as suppliers of Mi-38's avionics and powerplant equipment. Initially, the helicopter was to be first flight tested in 1999, but only on 18 August 1999 a contract was signed for completion of the first demonstrator. In 2001, testing of Mi-38's rotor blades was carried out on a Mi-17 helicopter. The first Mi-38 demonstrator (PT-1) performed its maiden flight above the Kazan Helicopters plant on 22 December 2003.

The second prototype (OP-2), powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127/TS engines, made its first flight on 2 December 2010. The prototype is also equipped with the IBKO-38 or IBKV-38 aviation complex, developed by Transas Aviation, which implements a concept of a glass cockpit for the Mi-38. The same month, OP-2 performed its first long-haul flight from Kazan to Moscow, which covers more than 800 km.

In March 2013, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale has confirmed the Mi-38 prototypes have already set five records in the E1h class. The second prototype aircraft set an altitude record by reaching 8620 m without a payload. The second and third records were for climbing speed; the Mi-38 reached a height of 3000 m in six minutes, then followed this to reach 6000 m in 10 minutes and 52 seconds. Two further records were altitude records: the first was set at 7895 m with a 1000 kg payload, the second at 700 m with a 2000 kg payload.

The third prototype (OP-3), began its flight tests on 17 December 2013. The helicopter is equipped with a pair of Russian Klimov TV7-117V turboshaft engines, which produce about 2800 shp as opposed to 2500 shp for the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127/TS.

The fourth and final prototype (OP-4), first took off on 16 October 2014. Same as the OP-3, it is powered by Klimov TV7-117V engines but differs from the third prototype by its impact-resistant fuel system and enlarged portholes.

On 30 December 2015, Rosaviatsiya certified the Mi-38, completing the testing and certification program and allowing for the delivery of the first production model. Certification was based on the third and fourth flight-test prototypes with 2500 shp Klimov TV7-117V engines.

In July 2017, a contract for delivery of first two serial Mi-38s to the Russian Defence Ministry was signed. The Kazan Helicopters plant launched the serial production of the helicopter on 10 January 2018. In total, the Russian Defence Ministry planned to purchase about 15 helicopters until 2020.

On 23 November 2018, military variant, Mi-38T, performed its maiden flight. The new variant was developed to meet the Russian MoD's new requirements for the helicopter and due to international sanctions imposed on Russia, all of its components, including engines and avionics, are Russian-made. Deputy Managing Director at Kazan Helicopters Vadim Ligai stated that the Mi-38 can now carry up to 40 passengers. The Russian Defence Ministry took delivery of the first two serial Mi-38s in December 2019. In January 2020, Russian Helicopters announced that it had received orders from an unspecified export customer (reported by Russian media sources to be in the Middle East) for Mi-38Ts in "transport and increased comfort cabin configurations", with delivery from 2021 to 2022. The RF Defense Ministry ordered 2 more Mi-38s in increased comfort cabin configuration in August 2020 and the Ministry of Emergency Situations ordered 9 in August 2021.

In 2023, the Government of Zimbabwe was gifted an Mi-38 helicopter by Russian President Vladimir Putin, during the Second Russia-Africa Summit hosted in Saint Petersburg. This follows the delivery of a number of Kazan Ansat helicopters for the Zimbabwe Republic Police, as well as a new air ambulance service for the country.

In March 2024, Kolyma Aviation received two Mi-38 helicopters for operating commercial flights connecting Magadan Oblast. The aircraft were liveried in a distinctive orca pattern.

Variants

 * Mi-38-1: Western version of the Mi-38, powered by Pratt & Whitney PW127TS engines. Flew to an altitude above 8,000 m in flight testing.
 * Mi-38-2: Russian version of the Mi-38, powered by Klimov TV7-117V engines.
 * Mi-38T: Russian military version of the Mi-38.

Operators
🇷🇺

 * Federal Protective Service
 * Kolyma Aviation
 * Russian Air Force

 * Air Force of Zimbabwe

title: Mil Mi-38


text:
Talk:Mil Mi-38

Untitled
The data was quoted from http://www.aviation.ru/Mi/#38 by the owner of www.aviation.ru.

Citation needed
I've added a reference to the MI-38's specs. Is this enough to be able to remove the "Citation needed" tag for this section? Rocket maniac  RT 14:35, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

Maiden Flight conflict
There is a conflict in regards to the date of the maiden flight. If you look at reference #2 and #4... there are different dates. Which one should be listed here in this article? Rocket maniac  RT 14:57, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mil Mi-38


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Gaby Rado

Gaby Rado (17 January 1955, in Budapest – 30 March 2003, in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq) was a Hungarian-British television journalist who died in Iraq during the 2003 invasion.

Life
Gábor András Rado was born in Budapest, Hungary, and emigrated with his family to Britain at the age of eight. He studied at King's College School, Wimbledon, London and Christ's College, Cambridge and began work in journalism at The Kentish Times, a local newspaper.

He then joined BBC Radio Leicester working as a reporter, then moved into television news at Thames News before rejoining the BBC at Television Centre, Shepherds Bush as a producer. He moved to ITN in 1985 as a writer before transferring to ITN's Channel 4 News in 1988.

He was a foreign correspondent at Channel 4 News, serving as Moscow correspondent. He worked in Bosnia during the war there, including Srebrenica, and subsequently covered the trial of Slobodan Milošević, work which won him two of his three Amnesty International awards. He also covered the war in Afghanistan and the status of the Uyghur in western China.

Rado was working in Iraq during the war when he died. He fell from the roof of the Abu Sanaa hotel in Sulaymaniyah, northern Iraq, into the car park below, in an incident apparently unconnected with any military activity. He was given first aid but was pronounced dead at the nearby hospital. Rado was the second ITN journalist to die in Iraq in the same month, with his fellow reporter, Terry Lloyd, killed after coming under fire from United States forces.

Rado had three children with his first wife, Carol Rado. His middle son died in a swimming accident in 1991. He met his second wife, Desa, whilst on assignment in Serbia.

The Amnesty Media Awards now include a category in memory of Rado, which recognises a journalist who has been covering human rights issues for less than five years.

title: Gaby Rado


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Benjamin Dann Walsh

Benjamin Dann Walsh (September 21, 1808 – November 18, 1869) was an English-born American entomologist who served as the first official state entomologist in Illinois. He was a leading influence during a time of significant transition in American entomology. Walsh championed the application of scientific methods to control agricultural pests. He was a proponent of biological control as an effective means to manage insects. He was also one of the first American scientists to support Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and was instrumental in securing its broad acceptance in the entomological community.

Biography
Walsh was born in Hackney, which was then a small village outside of London. The son of Benjamin Walsh and Mary Bidwell Clarke, he was the fifth of thirteen children. When Walsh was a boy, his father, a member of parliament, was charged with embezzlement and caught attempting to flee to America without his wife and children. He was jailed at Newgate and saved from hanging by a royal pardon issued in 1812.

After graduation from St. Paul's School in 1827, Walsh entered Trinity College, Cambridge, receiving a B.A. degree in 1831 and a master's degree three years later. In 1833 he became a fellow of Trinity, where he resided for 12 years with the intention of entering the Anglican ministry. A scholar of classic languages and literature, Walsh wrote The Comedies of Aristophanes, Translated into Corresponding English Metres (the first of an intended three volumes). In addition he showed an interest in journalism and wrote numerous articles for newspapers and periodicals.

While at Cambridge, Walsh developed a great dislike for religion and in particular came to despise the clergy as hypocrites and fools. He was also critical of university policies and wrote a pamphlet in 1837, A Historical Account of the University of Cambridge and its Colleges, proposing changes that were considered radical at the time. Eventually he became disillusioned with his career and left Cambridge.

Walsh married Rebecca Finn in 1838 and the couple emigrated to the United States. They settled in the remote and sparsely populated Henry County, Illinois, twenty miles from the nearest village. For the next twelve years, Walsh and his wife lived in a mud-plastered log cabin and farmed their 300-acre property. His desire to live the solitary life of a philosopher-farmer came to an end when new settlements in the region brought about an outbreak of malaria. Worried for his health, Walsh moved to Rock Island, Illinois, in 1850 and started a successful lumber business.

After his move to Little Rock, Walsh became active in politics. As a Radical Republican he was opposed to slavery and frequently expressed his strong opinions in print. He was actively involved in the fight to admit Kansas as a free state. In 1856 he helped to establish a local chapter of the Kansas Settlers Society which sought to encourage and support the settlement of Kansas by people who opposed slavery. In 1858 he suspected the Little Rock city council was embezzling city funds and in order to gain access to the financial records, he successfully campaigned for election to the council. Once the corruption was exposed he resigned his position.

Entomology
Around 1858 Walsh sold his business and earned his living from a number of rental properties that he owned and managed. Although he had studied natural history and collected insects while at Cambridge, it was only at this point that he devoted himself full-time to entomology. By 1859 Walsh was lecturing on insects at the Illinois State Fair where he also displayed his collection of 1,650 insects he had recently collected. In 1860 Walsh delivered a very well-received lecture on insect pests to the Illinois State Horticultural Society. Later he wrote several articles for various farm periodicals. Initially, perhaps influenced by his own farming experience, Walsh focused on the practical aspects of insects as agricultural pests. However, starting in 1862 he published several scholarly papers in the journals of scientific societies such as the Boston Society of Natural History and the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. These works provided detailed observations of insect metamorphosis and natural history; compared morphological characters for a given taxon; or described new species.

In his new-found career as an entomologist, Walsh was an active participant in several scientific societies. In 1858 he became a founding member of the Illinois Natural History Society. In 1861 he was elected a corresponding member of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, and in 1863 he became a member of the Boston Society of Natural History. Walsh was also closely affiliated with the influential Illinois State Agricultural Society. It was this organization that successfully lobbied the state legislature to appoint Walsh as the first Illinois State Entomologist. In 1868 Illinois became only the second state to appoint an official entomologist. Although his official appointment was not ratified by the legislature until nearly a year later, Walsh began work immediately.

In 1865 the Entomological Society of Philadelphia established a monthly periodical, the Practical Entomologist, the first American journal devoted to economic entomology. Walsh was appointed an associate editor and quickly became editor of the short-lived but influential publication. In September 1868 Walsh became senior editor of The American Entomologist, with C.V. Riley as junior editor. Targeting farmers, this monthly journal featured illustrations and clear descriptions to help readers identify insect pests and apply the most effective controls. Two significant findings by Walsh and Riley appeared in this journal: the discovery of the 13-year form of the periodical cicada, and the first reference to mimicry of the North American monarch butterfly by the viceroy.

Darwinism
Walsh had been classmates with Charles Darwin at Cambridge and both received their baccalaureate degrees in 1831. Although not close friends, they were acquaintances, held a shared interest in natural history, and were mentored by two prominent Cambridge professors: geologist Adam Sedgwick and botanist John Henslow.

Walsh first read Darwin's On the Origin of Species in 1861. He had initially approached the book with skepticism but quickly became a convert to Darwin's theory and one of its most enthusiastic proponents. He later wrote to Darwin: "Allow me to take this opportunity of thanking you for the publication of your Origin of Species... The first perusal staggered me, the second convinced me, and the oftener I read it the more convinced I am of the general soundness of your theory." This was the first letter in what became a regular correspondence. Over the next several years more than 30 letters were exchanged between them.

Once Walsh became convinced of Darwin's theory, he championed the cause vigorously in the American scientific community through his lectures, publications and private correspondence. With Darwin's encouragement, he challenged the views of prominent opponents of evolution, including Louis Agassiz, Samuel Scudder, and Alpheus Packard. Within a few years, most entomologists (including Scudder and Packard) were expressing their support for evolutionary theory, while the remaining holdouts, like Agassiz, experienced a diminished reputation with their peers.

Walsh also incorporated evolutionary thinking into his own entomological studies and made several original contributions supporting Darwinism. In 1864 Walsh noted that 15 similar species of gall-inducing insects differed primarily in their preference for different species of willow. He went on to argue that these wasps shared a common ancestor that evolved into distinct species based on the species of willow they preferred. Walsh also investigated the phenomena of protective mimicry among insects and argued that it was best explained as an example of natural selection. Darwin was delighted to learn of Walsh's studies and incorporated his findings in later editions of the Origin of Species.

Death
Walsh died on November 18, 1869, from injuries sustained when struck by a train while walking along the tracks. He is buried in the Chippiannock Cemetery, Rock Island. His insect collection, numbering 30,000 specimens, was purchased by the state of Illinois and stored in the "fireproof" facilities of the Chicago Academy of Sciences for safekeeping. Nevertheless, almost all of Walsh's collection was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.

Publications
Walsh authored 385 works during his career and co-authored an additional 478 works with Charles V. Riley. Some of his more notable entomological works include:
 * 1861. Insects injurious to vegetation in Illinois
 * 1864. On dimorphism in the hymenopterous genus Cynips
 * 1864. On certain entomological speculations of the New England school of naturalists
 * 1865. On phytophagic varieties and phytophagic species, with remarks on the unity of coloration in insects
 * 1866. Imported insects; the gooseberry saw-fly
 * 1867. On the insects, coleopterous, hymenopterous, and dipterous, inhabiting the galls of certain species of willow
 * 1867. First annual report on the noxious insects of the state of Illinois
 * 1867. The apple-worm and the apple-maggot
 * 1868. The periodical cicada (with Riley)
 * 1869. Imitative butterflies (with Riley)

title: Benjamin Dann Walsh


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Fire-control system

A fire-control system (FCS) is a number of components working together, usually a gun data computer, a director and radar, which is designed to assist a ranged weapon system to target, track, and hit a target. It performs the same task as a human gunner firing a weapon, but attempts to do so faster and more accurately.

Origins
The original fire-control systems were developed for ships.

The early history of naval fire control was dominated by the engagement of targets within visual range (also referred to as direct fire). In fact, most naval engagements before 1800 were conducted at ranges of 20 to 50 yd. Even during the American Civil War, the famous engagement between USS Monitor and CSS Virginia was often conducted at less than 100 yd range.

Rapid technical improvements in the late 19th century greatly increased the range at which gunfire was possible. Rifled guns of much larger size firing explosive shells of lighter relative weight (compared to all-metal balls) so greatly increased the range of the guns that the main problem became aiming them while the ship was moving on the waves. This problem was solved with the introduction of the gyroscope, which corrected this motion and provided sub-degree accuracies. Guns were now free to grow to any size, and quickly surpassed 10 in calibre by the 1890s. These guns were capable of such great range that the primary limitation was seeing the target, leading to the use of high masts on ships.

Another technical improvement was the introduction of the steam turbine which greatly increased the performance of the ships. Earlier reciprocating engine powered capital ships were capable of perhaps 16 knots, but the first large turbine ships were capable of over 20 knots. Combined with the long range of the guns, this meant that the target ship could move a considerable distance, several ship lengths, between the time the shells were fired and landed. One could no longer eyeball the aim with any hope of accuracy. Moreover, in naval engagements it is also necessary to control the firing of several guns at once.

Naval gun fire control potentially involves three levels of complexity. Local control originated with primitive gun installations aimed by the individual gun crews. Director control aims all guns on the ship at a single target. Coordinated gunfire from a formation of ships at a single target was a focus of battleship fleet operations. Corrections are made for surface wind velocity, firing ship roll and pitch, powder magazine temperature, drift of rifled projectiles, individual gun bore diameter adjusted for shot-to-shot enlargement, and rate of change of range with additional modifications to the firing solution based upon the observation of preceding shots.

The resulting directions, known as a firing solution, would then be fed back out to the turrets for laying. If the rounds missed, an observer could work out how far they missed by and in which direction, and this information could be fed back into the computer along with any changes in the rest of the information and another shot attempted.

At first, the guns were aimed using the technique of artillery spotting. It involved firing a gun at the target, observing the projectile's point of impact (fall of shot), and correcting the aim based on where the shell was observed to land, which became more and more difficult as the range of the gun increased.

Between the American Civil War and 1905, numerous small improvements, such as telescopic sights and optical rangefinders, were made in fire control. There were also procedural improvements, like the use of plotting boards to manually predict the position of a ship during an engagement.

World War I
Then increasingly sophisticated mechanical calculators were employed for proper gun laying, typically with various spotters and distance measures being sent to a central plotting station deep within the ship. There the fire direction teams fed in the location, speed and direction of the ship and its target, as well as various adjustments for Coriolis effect, weather effects on the air, and other adjustments. Around 1905, mechanical fire control aids began to become available, such as the Dreyer Table, Dumaresq (which was also part of the Dreyer Table), and Argo Clock, but these devices took a number of years to become widely deployed. These devices were early forms of rangekeepers.

Arthur Pollen and Frederic Charles Dreyer independently developed the first such systems. Pollen began working on the problem after noting the poor accuracy of naval artillery at a gunnery practice near Malta in 1900. Lord Kelvin, widely regarded as Britain's leading scientist first proposed using an analogue computer to solve the equations which arise from the relative motion of the ships engaged in the battle and the time delay in the flight of the shell to calculate the required trajectory and therefore the direction and elevation of the guns.

Pollen aimed to produce a combined mechanical computer and automatic plot of ranges and rates for use in centralised fire control. To obtain accurate data of the target's position and relative motion, Pollen developed a plotting unit (or plotter) to capture this data. To this he added a gyroscope to allow for the yaw of the firing ship. Like the plotter, the primitive gyroscope of the time required substantial development to provide continuous and reliable guidance. Although the trials in 1905 and 1906 were unsuccessful, they showed promise. Pollen was encouraged in his efforts by the rapidly rising figure of Admiral Jackie Fisher, Admiral Arthur Knyvet Wilson and the Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes (DNO), John Jellicoe. Pollen continued his work, with occasional tests carried out on Royal Navy warships.

Meanwhile, a group led by Dreyer designed a similar system. Although both systems were ordered for new and existing ships of the Royal Navy, the Dreyer system eventually found most favour with the Navy in its definitive Mark IV* form. The addition of director control facilitated a full, practicable fire control system for World War I ships, and most RN capital ships were so fitted by mid 1916. The director was high up over the ship where operators had a superior view over any gunlayer in the turrets. It was also able to co-ordinate the fire of the turrets so that their combined fire worked together. This improved aiming and larger optical rangefinders improved the estimate of the enemy's position at the time of firing. The system was eventually replaced by the improved "Admiralty Fire Control Table" for ships built after 1927.

World War II
During their long service life, rangekeepers were updated often as technology advanced, and by World War II they were a critical part of an integrated fire-control system. The incorporation of radar into the fire-control system early in World War II provided ships the ability to conduct effective gunfire operations at long range in poor weather and at night. For U.S. Navy gun fire control systems, see ship gun fire-control systems.

The use of director-controlled firing, together with the fire control computer, removed the control of the gun laying from the individual turrets to a central position; although individual gun mounts and multi-gun turrets would retain a local control option for use when battle damage limited director information transfer (these would be simpler versions called "turret tables" in the Royal Navy). Guns could then be fired in planned salvos, with each gun giving a slightly different trajectory. Dispersion of shot caused by differences in individual guns, individual projectiles, powder ignition sequences, and transient distortion of ship structure was undesirably large at typical naval engagement ranges. Directors high on the superstructure had a better view of the enemy than a turret mounted sight, and the crew operating them were distant from the sound and shock of the guns. Gun directors were topmost, and the ends of their optical rangefinders protruded from their sides, giving them a distinctive appearance.

Unmeasured and uncontrollable ballistic factors, like high-altitude temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, wind direction and velocity, required final adjustment through observation of the fall of shot. Visual range measurement (of both target and shell splashes) was difficult prior to the availability of radar. The British favoured coincidence rangefinders while the Germans favoured the stereoscopic type. The former were less able to range on an indistinct target but easier on the operator over a long period of use, the latter the reverse. Submarines were also equipped with fire control computers for the same reasons, but their problem was even more pronounced; in a typical "shot", the torpedo would take one to two minutes to reach its target. Calculating the proper "lead" given the relative motion of the two vessels was very difficult, and torpedo data computers were added to dramatically improve the speed of these calculations.

In a typical World War II British ship the fire control system connected the individual gun turrets to the director tower (where the sighting instruments were located) and the analogue computer in the heart of the ship. In the director tower, operators trained their telescopes on the target; one telescope measured elevation and the other bearing. Rangefinder telescopes on a separate mounting measured the distance to the target. These measurements were converted by the Fire Control Table into the bearings and elevations for the guns to fire upon. In the turrets, the gunlayers adjusted the elevation of their guns to match an indicator for the elevation transmitted from the Fire Control table—a turret layer did the same for bearing. When the guns were on target they were centrally fired.

Even with as much mechanization of the process, it still required a large human element; the Transmitting Station (the room that housed the Dreyer table) for HMS Hood's main guns housed 27 crew.

Directors were largely unprotected from enemy fire. It was difficult to put much weight of armour so high up on the ship, and even if the armour did stop a shot, the impact alone would likely knock the instruments out of alignment. Sufficient armour to protect from smaller shells and fragments from hits to other parts of the ship was the limit.

The performance of the analog computer was impressive. The battleship USS North Carolina (BB-55) during a 1945 test was able to maintain an accurate firing solution on a target during a series of high-speed turns. It is a major advantage for a warship to be able to maneuver while engaging a target.

Night naval engagements at long range became feasible when radar data could be input to the rangekeeper. The effectiveness of this combination was demonstrated in November 1942 at the Third Battle of Savo Island when the USS Washington (BB-56) engaged the Japanese battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Kirishima at a range of 8400 yd at night.  Kirishima was set aflame, suffered a number of explosions, and was scuttled by her crew. She had been hit by at least nine 16 in rounds out of 75 fired (12% hit rate). The wreck of Kirishima was discovered in 1992 and showed that the entire bow section of the ship was missing. The Japanese during World War II did not develop radar or automated fire control to the level of the US Navy and were at a significant disadvantage.

Post-1945
By the 1950s gun turrets were increasingly unmanned, with gun laying controlled remotely from the ship's control centre using inputs from radar and other sources.

The last combat action for the analog rangekeepers, at least for the US Navy, was in the 1991 Persian Gulf War when the rangekeepers on the Iowa-class battleships directed their last rounds in combat.

World War II bomb sights
An early use of fire-control systems was in bomber aircraft, with the use of computing bombsights that accepted altitude and airspeed information to predict and display the impact point of a bomb released at that time. The best known United States device was the Norden bombsight.

World War II aerial gunnery sights
Simple systems, known as lead computing sights also made their appearance inside aircraft late in the war as gyro gunsights. These devices used a gyroscope to measure turn rates, and moved the gunsight's aim-point to take this into account, with the aim point presented through a reflector sight. The only manual "input" to the sight was the target distance, which was typically handled by dialing in the size of the target's wing span at some known range. Small radar units were added in the post-war period to automate even this input, but it was some time before they were fast enough to make the pilots completely happy with them. The first implementation of a centralized fire control system in a production aircraft was on the B-29.

Post-World War II systems
By the start of the Vietnam War, a new computerized bombing predictor, called the Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS), began to be integrated into the systems of aircraft equipped to carry nuclear armaments. This new bomb computer was revolutionary in that the release command for the bomb was given by the computer, not the pilot; the pilot designated the target using the radar or other targeting system, then "consented" to release the weapon, and the computer then did so at a calculated "release point" some seconds later. This is very different from previous systems, which, though they had also become computerized, still calculated an "impact point" showing where the bomb would fall if the bomb were released at that moment. The key advantage is that the weapon can be released accurately even when the plane is maneuvering. Most bombsights until this time required that the plane maintain a constant attitude (usually level), though dive-bombing sights were also common.

The LABS system was originally designed to facilitate a tactic called toss bombing, to allow the aircraft to remain out of range of a weapon's blast radius. The principle of calculating the release point, however, was eventually integrated into the fire control computers of later bombers and strike aircraft, allowing level, dive and toss bombing. In addition, as the fire control computer became integrated with ordnance systems, the computer can take the flight characteristics of the weapon to be launched into account.

Anti-aircraft based fire control
By the start of World War II, aircraft altitude performance had increased so much that anti-aircraft guns had similar predictive problems, and were increasingly equipped with fire-control computers. The main difference between these systems and the ones on ships was size and speed. The early versions of the High Angle Control System, or HACS, of Britain's Royal Navy were examples of a system that predicted based upon the assumption that target speed, direction, and altitude would remain constant during the prediction cycle, which consisted of the time to fuze the shell and the time of flight of the shell to the target. The USN Mk 37 system made similar assumptions except that it could predict assuming a constant rate of altitude change. The Kerrison Predictor is an example of a system that was built to solve laying in "real time", simply by pointing the director at the target and then aiming the gun at a pointer it directed. It was also deliberately designed to be small and light, in order to allow it to be easily moved along with the guns it served.

The radar-based M-9/SCR-584 Anti-Aircraft System was used to direct air defense artillery since 1943. The MIT Radiation Lab's SCR-584 was the first radar system with automatic following, Bell Laboratory's M-9 was an electronic analog fire-control computer that replaced complicated and difficult-to-manufacture mechanical computers (such as the Sperry M-7 or British Kerrison predictor). In combination with the VT proximity fuze, this system accomplished the astonishing feat of shooting down V-1 cruise missiles with less than 100 shells per plane (thousands were typical in earlier AA systems). This system was instrumental in the defense of London and Antwerp against the V-1.

Although listed in Land based fire control section anti-aircraft fire control systems can also be found on naval and aircraft systems.

Coast artillery fire control
In the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps, Coast Artillery fire control systems began to be developed at the end of the 19th century and progressed on through World War II.

Early systems made use of multiple observation or base end stations (see Figure 1) to find and track targets attacking American harbors. Data from these stations were then passed to plotting rooms, where analog mechanical devices, such as the plotting board, were used to estimate targets' positions and derive firing data for batteries of coastal guns assigned to interdict them.

U.S. Coast Artillery forts bristled with a variety of armament, ranging from 12-inch coast defense mortars, through 3-inch and 6-inch mid-range artillery, to the larger guns, which included 10-inch and 12-inch barbette and disappearing carriage guns, 14-inch railroad artillery, and 16-inch cannon installed just prior to and up through World War II.

Fire control in the Coast Artillery became more and more sophisticated in terms of correcting firing data for such factors as weather conditions, the condition of powder used, or the Earth's rotation. Provisions were also made for adjusting firing data for the observed fall of shells. As shown in Figure 2, all of these data were fed back to the plotting rooms on a finely tuned schedule controlled by a system of time interval bells that rang throughout each harbor defense system.

It was only later in World War II that electro-mechanical gun data computers, connected to coast defense radars, began to replace optical observation and manual plotting methods in controlling coast artillery. Even then, the manual methods were retained as a back-up through the end of the war.

Direct and indirect fire control systems
Land based fire control systems can be used to aid in both Direct fire and Indirect fire weapon engagement. These systems can be found on weapons ranging from small handguns to large artillery weapons.

Modern fire control systems
Modern fire-control computers, like all high-performance computers, are digital. The added performance allows basically any input to be added, from air density and wind, to wear on the barrels and distortion due to heating. These sorts of effects are noticeable for any sort of gun, and fire-control computers have started appearing on smaller and smaller platforms. Tanks were one early use that automated gun laying had, using a laser rangefinder and a barrel-distortion meter. Fire-control computers are useful not just for aiming large cannons, but also for aiming machine guns, small cannons, guided missiles, rifles, grenades, and rockets—any kind of weapon that can have its launch or firing parameters varied. They are typically installed on ships, submarines, aircraft, tanks and even on some small arms—for example, the grenade launcher developed for use on the Fabrique Nationale F2000 bullpup assault rifle. Fire-control computers have gone through all the stages of technology that computers have, with some designs based upon analogue technology and later vacuum tubes which were later replaced with transistors.

Fire-control systems are often interfaced with sensors (such as sonar, radar, infra-red search and track, laser range-finders, anemometers, wind vanes, thermometers, barometers, etc.) in order to cut down or eliminate the amount of information that must be manually entered in order to calculate an effective solution. Sonar, radar, IRST and range-finders can give the system the direction to and/or distance of the target. Alternatively, an optical sight can be provided that an operator can simply point at the target, which is easier than having someone input the range using other methods and gives the target less warning that it is being tracked. Typically, weapons fired over long ranges need environmental information—the farther a munition travels, the more the wind, temperature, air density, etc. will affect its trajectory, so having accurate information is essential for a good solution. Sometimes, for very long-range rockets, environmental data has to be obtained at high altitudes or in between the launching point and the target. Often, satellites or balloons are used to gather this information.

Once the firing solution is calculated, many modern fire-control systems are also able to aim and fire the weapon(s). Once again, this is in the interest of speed and accuracy, and in the case of a vehicle like an aircraft or tank, in order to allow the pilot/gunner/etc. to perform other actions simultaneously, such as tracking the target or flying the aircraft. Even if the system is unable to aim the weapon itself, for example the fixed cannon on an aircraft, it is able to give the operator cues on how to aim. Typically, the cannon points straight ahead and the pilot must maneuver the aircraft so that it oriented correctly before firing. In most aircraft the aiming cue takes the form of a "pipper" which is projected on the heads-up display (HUD). The pipper shows the pilot where the target must be relative to the aircraft in order to hit it. Once the pilot maneuvers the aircraft so that the target and pipper are superimposed, he or she fires the weapon, or on some aircraft the weapon will fire automatically at this point, in order to overcome the delay of the pilot. In the case of a missile launch, the fire-control computer may give the pilot feedback about whether the target is in range of the missile and how likely the missile is to hit if launched at any particular moment. The pilot will then wait until the probability reading is satisfactorily high before launching the weapon.

title: Fire-control system


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matoya

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:54, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Matoya
By same author as Choirboy, above. Content seems of little value to me. A request have been made to merge with Final Fantasy I, but this got deleted just as quickly as the vfd requests above. I suggest getting rid of it all. -- Egil 09:41, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, but it needs cleanup as its slightly POV. If of no use, delete it. Inter 10:36, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just delete it. TheCoffee 13:55, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Minor character from a game. There is nothing whatever here that is worth merging into Final Fantasy I, which already included all of the useful (spoiler) information that is here anyway.  The third paragraph seems confused.  (It doesn't seem to have crossed the author's mind that if the music plays for quite a few characters and in quite a few places, then perhaps it isn't that character's "theme" at all.)  A redirect seems pointless. Delete. Uncle G 16:30, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)
 * Redirect or it will come back eventually. Articles have been popping up on various locations in FFI, they'll get to the minor characters eventually. Kappa 17:32, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to prevent recreation. My original suggestion to merge was giving the benefit of the doubt that maybe some fraction of the information was worth saving, but the author's juvenile antics have convinced me otherwise. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:35, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This sort of thing is getting out of hand. -R. fiend 18:48, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Final Fantasy I. Megan1967 23:03, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to prevent recreation. Niteowlneils 03:51, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --BM 15:22, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matoya