text:
Talk:Toledo, Spain

Untitled
Could the demographics be included on the city? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.220.47.145 (talk) 00:56, 2 March 2005 (UTC)

The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, exhibited in the Museo de Santa Cruz. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.40.169.157 (talk) 21:13, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

don't move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 11:03, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
In addition to being the original place with the name, toledo was ounce the capital of spain and has been inhabited since prehistoric times, although there is more than one alkazar toledo is home to the most famous one. It is an important historical city, even if Toledo, Ohio is larger. The "what links here" refers entirely to the Spanish city (I fixed 20 or so that meant the city in Ohio), and naming conventions with American cities would put the Ohio city at its current location anyway. Per other cities such as Birmingham and Norfolk, I think Toledo deserves to be at its natural name. (The "city, province" method would Yield "Toledo, Toledo" and we don't want to go down that road.

Survey

 * Support . -- Vedek Dukat Talk 23:01, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Strongly oppose. Where does it end, folks?  Do we move Boston, Lincolnshire to Boston just because the English city is oldest?  We have an ideal situation right now:  Those looking for the larger American city will be led to Toledo, Ohio; those looking for the Spanish city will be led to Toledo, Spain.  Those typing in Toledo will get a disambiguation page advising them of the various subjects named Toledo.  I don't see where this is a problem. -- SwissCelt 00:59, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose Even Lincoln has been made a dab page, and that was a stronger claim than this is. Claiming that something is a primary meaning of term generally requires a large supermajority of usage, which neither Toledo meets. Septentrionalis 19:54, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The course of least inconvenience to reader and editor alike would seem to be to leave things pretty much as they are, particularly in the absence of any consistently-applied naming policy for Spanish localities. While the Spanish city's claim to most frequent usage has merit, IMO it's not quite strong enough to warrant the proposed alteration.--cjllw | TALK  00:21, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose A redirect or disambig at Toledo is best. Sending the user to the fully named "Toledo, Spain" provides a nice, extra confirmation that the reader is indeed at the correct article. --Davidstrauss 09:27, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Comments

 * I'd also add that no one is proposing "Toledo, Toledo" as the name of this article. And frankly, given the size of Birmingham, Alabama and Norfolk, Virginia, the case could be made that the corresponding articles (Birmingham and Norfolk) should be made disambiguation pages, as there's arguably no primary topic for disambiguation.  But we'll save that battle for another day. -- SwissCelt 01:02, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * In response to the Boston comment, I thought of mentioning that as an exception where one is significantly more notable than the other, but here, that's not the case. And as I mentioned below, if you'd like to suggest moving those other pages to disambiguations, you're welcome to try - but I doubt you'll get very far. -- Vedek Dukat Talk 02:42, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * So what, do we exempt Eastern Hemisphere towns from disambiguation unless there is a Western Hemisphere town which is significantly more notable? That's ridiculous.  That's also demonstrating a regional bias, which is ironic considering how frequently we Americans are accused of this bias.  By the way, you're neglecting to mention the edit you made to Toledo, Ohio in which you removed the helpful boilerplate directing people to Toledo, Spain and Toledo.  I'm beginning to see a pattern... -- SwissCelt 02:52, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Could you try to be a little more civil? Not that it's your business, but I'm from California, and Toledo does not redirect to Toledo, Ohio, thus making a disambig notice redundant. What "pattern" are you talking about? -- Vedek Dukat Talk 03:01, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * If it's redundant for Toledo, Ohio, then it's redundant for Toledo, Spain. Toledo does not redirect to this article, either.  Nor should it.  -- SwissCelt 05:41, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Whatever is done about the move, both articles should have dab headers pointing to the other (or a dab). Some reader will go to the wrong place, and want to get to the right one. Septentrionalis 22:40, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Well I apologize for removing the dab tag - I wasn't trying to provoke anyone by doing so (and after seeing SwissCelt's extreme reaction, I made sure to add User oops to my user page). I've actually reconsidered and decided the disambig page is best where it is. Sorry again. -- Vedek Dukat Talk 01:09, 9 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Let me just add that I really can't believe the Spanish Toledo isn't considered the primary meaning... — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 11:03, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

toledo was ounce the capital of spain and has been inhabited since prehistoric times, although there is more than one alkazar toledo is home to the most famous one. It is an important historical city —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.153.142.236 (talk) 04:06, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Disingenuous
Somebody's being disingenuous about the whole issue with Toledo, Ohio. First of all, there are still a number of links to Toledo that refer to the Ohio city, despite Vedek Dukat's claim that they all (now) refer to Toledo, Spain. Secondly, it's disingenuous to change the links to Toledo, Ohio, then infer that because the remaining links are for Toledo, Spain we should somehow believe that the latter usage is the most popular on Wikipedia. But most annoyingly, the statement at the top of this page that Toledo, Ohio is the most populous of the cities of the world named Toledo has been changed to read that Toledo, Ohio is merely the most populous of the cities of the US named Toledo. Unfair, people! Let's give Toledo, Ohio its due. There's no reason to relegate that city to secondary status just to artificially inflate the importance of its parent city. -- SwissCelt 01:13, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * First of all, my point was that more of them referred to this one in the first place because people use the US naming convention of (city, state). Second, the fact that I missed one or two or people linked to it after I posted that message (I'm not sure which, I haven't checked yet) does not make my motives dubious. Third, I did not make any such changes - the only edit I've ever made to the page was reverting someone's test vandalism. Finally, I'm not trying to "artificially inflate" anything by suggesting that we keep our articles uniform (if you'd like to suggest Birmingham and Norfolk be made disambiguation pages, you're welcome to try, but I doubt you'll get very far). -- Vedek Dukat Talk 02:39, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * How many links currently go to what is irrelevant for choosing this article's name. What matter are convention and notability. Links to disambig pages should be fixed; moving articles to ambiguous names is just a hack. --Davidstrauss 09:30, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Demography
I'm moving the Demography section down to make the article more aesthetically pleasing... That's the way it's done with several other city articles including New York City and Paris. Ben Tibbetts 13:24, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Suggested external links
I have some more general photos of the city itself at http://dheera.net/photos/thumb.php?q=europe2005/toledo, if someone wants to include it. All the photos will be captioned by their appropriate building names and locations very shortly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dheerav2 (talk • contribs) 02:10, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Sister cities
I can't find any confirmation that Jerusalem is a sister city of Toledo. Arpad 08:11, 3 April 2007 (UTC) And this source http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-twin-towns-and-sister-cities plainly state that sister city of Toledo is Toledo(Ohio) Arpad 08:59, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, answer.com copied that list from wikipedia, see List of twin towns and sister cities. Bukvoed 10:17, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Well - Toledo(Ohio) lists Toledo on its sister list here: http://www.tsci.org/ As for Jerusalem - I got zero result on all my searches Arpad 10:29, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

TheDarkSavant (talk) 21:47, 10 July 2008 (UTC) I'm really curious as to why someone keeps changing the location of Jerusalem to the so called Palestinian Authority...

 * You know, there's more than one Toledo, United States, right?   That's why you're supposed to specify the name, state and country when naming US Cities, rather than City, CountryHailBobSaget (talk) 19:11, 6 March 2020 (UTC).
 * I know a lot of things. How does your "smart" reasoning apply to Corpus Christi? How many are there? Why do you assume that US is special (or seeing your ethnocentric edits in Bucharest the whole Anglo-speaking world)? Why do you assume that this concerns any matter other than article titles? Why do you accuse me of promoting an edit war, when that's rather you and your blocked (blocked for trolling) mate "DeLaMancha Nahual"?--Asqueladd (talk) 19:23, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Because it's Wikipedia policy, despite your protests. And who's to say your counteredit isn't also a form of ethnocentrism?   Ethnocetrists often lump people from large, diverse areas into one monolithic group...  Kinda like what you're doing.
 * Like I said, it's Wikipedia policy, despite your protests. In fact, here's a direct quote from the article, since you probably didn't read it.
 * A United States city's article should never be titled "city, country" (e.g., "Detroit, United States") or "city, state, country" (e.g., "Kansas City, Missouri, U.S."); that is contrary to general American usage. Postal abbreviations (such as CA or Calif. for California) are never used in article titles. (For postal abbreviations in articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Special considerations.) 20:44, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * P.S. accusing people of trolling, and accusing people of being associated with trolls because they don't agree with your worldview is also against Wikipedia policies HailBobSaget (talk) 20:49, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The concerns remain the same. Why do you assume that Naming conventions (geographic names) concerns any matter other than article titles involving every mention of the toponym across Wikipedia instead? Let's say that the need for an explicit disambiguation overrule the practicality of the existence of an actual link in the case of "Toledo" (which is not certain by any means)... Is there any other "Corpus Christi" in the United States? PS: If consciously putting additional flags for Canada, United Kingdom and the US is not a case of Anglocentric bias, I do not know what is. If creating a thread titled Spanish Wikipedia-sysops-linked users from Spain being violent and saying about non-existent rules in English Wikipedia and then starting a passive-agressive interchange addressing nothing is not trolling I don't what is, either. You may just have a point in not being any need to associate you with that user. Point taken. Anyways, back to this article, I also propose to remove the flags here also per WP:FLAGCRUFT, as country flags confuse the issue and move the focus/emphasis away from the cities (partnership is with the city, not with the sovereign country), suggesting some non-existent broader relationship aside from bluntly detracting from the actual purpose of the section which it is to highlight the link between cities, not countries.--Asqueladd (talk) 02:00, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * If you're so insistent that you're correct, how about you mail a letter to 1 First Avenue, Cleveland, United States.
 * Maybe it might go to Cleveland, Cleveland, or Cleveland.   Or maybe the post office would reject it based on your ambiguous address.   HailBobSaget (talk) 21:54, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I am at a loss of what point are you trying to make. The concerned content is a list of cities with internal links to cities. That's it. Not addresses. Even the country is arguably an unnecessary convenience. You are not expected to send anything with the information in the article, ZIP code or whatsoever. The single and modest purpose of the list is linking other articles (namely sister cities/twin towns). It's just a platform for clicking on the relevant links!! In any case, I must insist: 1) Why do you assume Naming conventions (geographic names) is "Wikipedia policy" outside of the scope of article titles. 2) Is there any other "Corpus Christi" in the United States?--Asqueladd (talk) 05:50, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

Water Locks?
Is it possible that the reference in the article to the "Water Locks" might refer to the even more famous water clocks which were once located there? Following the link leads to the description of a device which appears to function as a water clock, a opposed to allowing ships or boats to navigate a sudden change in the elevation of a river. Is the most elegant fix to simply fix the text and delete the citation (citing, as it does, faulty text) 65.31.27.152 02:59, 9 June 2007 (UTC) Random Browser

Degrees?
This bit "The old city is located on a mountaintop and it gets up to 150 degrees, surrounded ..." makes no sense. What kind of degrees? Angles? Temperature? What units? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.68.231.115 (talk) 23:02, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

History Needs to be Greatly Expanded
The history of Toledo is missing substantial sections that are part of its development. Based on the history here now, one would never be able to tell how it emerged into the modern world. Any contributions such as its importance to the translation movement or transmission of knowledge would greatly improve the article. Stevenmitchell (talk) 02:58, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Toponymy
I don´t understand why the arabic name of the Toledo is written in bold type. The article correctly states the name comes from the latin Toletum, so the arabic name is really not very important. If any name should be written in bold type is the latin name, not the much later arabic version.--Knight1993 (talk) 01:57, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Cheeses
I have removed the sentence "toledo is also known for its vast variety of cheese" (in Culture section) as there is no supporting reference and a search on the web provides no evidence for it, only the famous Manchego ewes' cheese appearing regularly. Romit3 (talk) 15:12, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

The photo of the "restaurant"
This so called "restaurant" shows in its signs "tapas bar", "coffee, "tea" and "spirits". That hardly sounds like a restaurant to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.16.30.250 (talk) 23:04, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Translation centre
History, paragraph 3: what's a "tag-team translation centre"? And rew D alby 12:54, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for —106.77.204.226 (talk) 07:28, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The coordinates in the article seem OK. If you have a specific quibble with them (or with any other aspect of the article), please explain yourself clearly below. Deor (talk) 17:39, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

The origins of Toledo and order of paragraphs in its history
Hello, I am an inexperienced editor and wish to discuss some proposed changes to the history of Toledo. The current history of Toledo on Wikipedia begins with a story related by Isaac Abrabanel apparently published in 1846 and dating to the late 1400s. This source -- Abrabanel -- is not a reliable or accurate historical source for information on the founding of Toledo. It is a story told over a thousand years after the founding of the city. For context, see the article on Sephardi Jews. In the late 1400s this community was under severe pressure and responded by producing texts to prove that they had been in the city a long time. Such texts cannot be considered historical evidence for events occurring in the 5th century BCE. Instead, they must be considered evidence of the history of Toledo in the 1400s, but not of its founding. Therefore the paragraph on Abrabanel's story should be moved downwards to after the paragraph that ends with "... the Jews of Toledo."

In addition, further down, the sentence " Toledo was again called Ṭulayṭulah" should be removed, as there is no evidence the city was called Tulaytulah until the Arab conquest in the 8th century.

Anyone familiar with Iberian archaeology for the century 500-400 BC will understand that the idea of Toledo as a city founded by Jewish people circa 450BC is simply baseless. Phoenician settlement in the Iberian peninsula, beginning around 750 BC, was focused exclusively on southern Spain near the Mediterranean coast. It is certainly possible that Jews were present in the Phoenician colonies. However the interior of Spain was at that time inhabited by Celtic peoples with little to no connection to the Mediterranean trade routes. Toledo first enters history as the target of a Roman expedition against Celts in the year 193 BC. At that time it was a Celtic town far from the old Phoenician colonies. That is where the history of Toledo should start.

The contribution of the Jewish people to the history of Toledo is enormous, historically, architecturally, culturally, politically, and should certainly be emphasized. But we must include accurate historical sources and provide an accurate picture of history. The Abrabanel story is a legend unsupported by any historical or archaeological evidence. Jroo222 (talk) 15:24, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Carpentia
The current article states that under the Romans, Toledo became an important Roman colony (OK) and the capital of Carpentia. I have found no other references to a land called "Carpentia" in ancient Hispania or in ancient Rome at all. The Wikipedia list of ancient Roman provinces reveals no Carpentia Roman province. Tracking down the source of this fact, it has been copied and pasted from the online Encyclopedia Britannica: http://www.britannica.com/place/Toledo-Spain. However, that article itself cites no sources, so the chain of verifiability is broken. At present I can find no evidence that a place called Carpentia existed, nor that Toledo was its capital. For now I am questioning the accuracy of that fact pending further research. It is possible that the Britannica article is itself pasted from previous editions, and that our understanding of the Roman Empire has changed. At any rate, unless we can identify "Carpentia" in other sources, it is spurious. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jroo222 (talk • contribs) 12:00, 26 October 2015 (UTC)

OK, problem solved. Previous wording referred to "Carpentia", I figured out this was CarpetaniaCarpetania. I've edited to indicate Toletum was a Carpetanian city, but am leaving out the previous wording that indicated it was the "capital" of Carpetania, as "Carpetania" was not a Roman administrative region.Jroo222 (talk) 02:57, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

On the importance of Toledo in Roman times
I have to question parts of the current entry as they relate to Roman times. The current text in the history section is as follows: "Later it became an important Roman colony.[3] It grew in importance during Roman times, being a main commercial and administrative centre in the Roman province of Carthaginensis."

The reference takes us to the online Britannica where the sentence "Later ... colony" is copied from. The sentence about being a "main ... centre" has no reference.

The problems are as follows. Firstly, Toledo does not appear to have had much significance in Roman times. It appears twice in the chronicles and histories, once when Marcus Fulvius Nobilior fought the Celts nearby in 197 BCE, next when a church council is held in 400 CE. In six hundred intervening years nothing happened there worthy of being recorded by any contemporary chroniclers. This is hardly an "important" or "main" center or colony. That could apply to major cities such as Tarraco, Emerita, Carthago, Hispalis, Corduba, or even military outposts like Luca Augusta, but not Toledo, not until the very end of Roman occupation and the arrival of the Goths.

Secondly, to call Toledo a Roman colony is obfuscation. "Colony" in the Roman context refers to a city founded by Roman citizens, usually former soldiers settled on conquered land as a reward for military service. Toledo was never a colonia in this sense, it was a native Celtic city and as such a stipendiary civitas with no Roman citizens. It would have become a municipium after Vespasian declared all Spanish cities municipia in the first century CE, and only a "colony" in the formal sense after Roman citizenship was extended to the entire empire in the third century and all cities were called colonies. Even then, calling it an "important" colony is hardly accurate, nor is calling it a "main administrative centre," which it most certainly was not, at least based on currently available evidence.

Our evidence right now indicates that Toledo was in every way a minor city until Visigothic times, it was not a significant center in Roman times. Because of this, I intend to edit these two sentences to reflect more accurately the relative insignificance of Toledo in Roman times. Jroo222 (talk) 18:00, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

Splitting first paragraph
With recent additions to antique history of Toledo the first paragraph has gotten long. Splitting off early and late antiquity makes sense as Toledo increased in importance in late antiquity.Jroo222 (talk) 03:00, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

/* History */ Divide article into subsections
The history section was starting get very long and difficult to edit it so to make it easier to navigate I have divided it into sections. These are Antiquity, Visigoths, and Arab Toledo, to encompass the portions that I have been editing; and Medieval Toledo after the Reconquest and "Modern Era Toledo" for the later sections. The portion on Visigoths I have titled "Toledo becomes the capital of the Visigothic kingdom," maybe a little literary but an effort to make it interesting. This could just as well be simply "Visigothic Toledo." However the fact remains that one of the most interesting things about Toledo was its outsized position as capital of Visigothic Hispania in the 600s, so to highlight that seems reasonable. All divisions into subsections are of course temporary and must evolve as the article evolves. I hope these are useful.Jroo222 (talk) 21:19, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

/* Toledo under Arab rule */ Correcting error: previous text said "under Caliphate of Cordoba, actually Emirate
I just corrected the previous text in this article, which stated that there were numerous insurrections under the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, referring to the years 761 to 857. During those years, the Umayyads did not claim the title of Caliph. The Umayyad rulers called themselves Emirs or Amirs, and the polity was an Emirate. Jroo222 (talk) 15:09, 5 December 2015 (UTC)

Splitting off the history section
The suggestion has been made to split off the history section into a separate article. I have been contributing a great deal of this new text for the history of Toledo, and I think this is a good idea. The history section is starting to overwhelm the article. As soon as I have time (!) I will write a summary of the history so far. Then I will attempt to copy and paste the current history into a new extended History of Toledo article, leaving the summary behind in the main Toledo article. Hopefully then you will be able to read a brief summary, and if interested to continue on to the longer article. Not everyone wants the details of medieval Arab sieges of Toledo. On the other hand, some people really want that information.

This may take a while, if anyone else wants to have a crack at it feel free.Jroo222 (talk) 12:08, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

I copied the long history section to a separate draft article titled History of Toledo. I submitted the separate article today, the response was it would take two to three weeks to be reviewed. Once it is approved we can delete the same material from this main Toledo, Spain, site. I will replace the long text with shorter summaries at that time, and add any further details to the separate History of Toledo article.Jroo222 (talk) 02:24, 11 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I've accepted the article, it is a great start and there is no reason not to move it to the mainspace and let you proceed. One issue I'd like you to address soon is to add a lede paragraph, see History of Hamburg, for instance. Second, add subsections and, possibly, more images. Best, Smmurphy(Talk) 16:55, 14 December 2016 (UTC)

Thank you so much for your time and effort. The History of Toledo now exists as a separate article. In coming months I will replace the long sections of the main Toledo, Spain -- History of Toledo section, with shorter summaries. When I find new detailed information on the history of Toledo I will add it to the History page instead of the main city page, that way the main Toledo, Spain page can remain uncluttered and easy to read. Hopefully we will see these changes develop over the next year or so. I will also add the intro to the History of Toledo page. Thank you to everyone for the suggestions and reviews.Jroo222 (talk) 14:56, 24 December 2016 (UTC)

Important sights
I am interpreting Summary style to mean that a moderate amount of detail is desirable and should hence be included. I invite to explain why he thinks it's not appropriate. Kleuske (talk) 11:54, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Adding 28,337 bytes of info, already present in the articles about the named sights, is not a moderate amount of detail. And at least fix the 10 links to disambiguation pages that you have now again introduced. The Banner talk 12:03, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * There's a lot of sights to be seen in Toledo. Compared to that, the detail is moderate. Are you suggesting there's some maximum amount of bytes that can be added? X-kbytes of info per monument? If so, how many bytes per monument are you suggesting? Kleuske (talk) 12:06, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * We shall see what other people think. And don't forget to fix the links to disambiguation pages. The Banner talk 12:38, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * No problem with that. I welcome any comments anyone may have. Apropos "10 links to disambiguation pages"... I just checked and failed to find any. Can you please be more specific? I did notice your revert discarded a lot of information that wasn't mentioned in other articles. Care to comment? Kleuske (talk) 12:42, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Yep, there are really 10 links to disambiguation pages in the text you have added. Just check what you have added. Try WPCleaner to find and fix them. The Banner talk 12:52, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I did check and did not find any. Care to point out what I missed? I do not install software just to suit your preferences, but since you (apparently) have installed it, it should be a breeze just to list them instead of playing dumb. If you list them, I will fix them. Promise.
 * I notice you have abandoned your earlier objections and are now sidestepping the issue. Kleuske (talk) 13:05, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * No, I am not sidestepping my earlier objections about adding a lot of information copied out of other articles. I am awaiting comments from other people as I know well enough how you act. But I am amazed that you have dumped a load of text and fail to check what you have dumped. Competence is required is required and so. But a hint: 7 kings, 1 place, 1 of the sights and 1 other subject. The Banner talk 13:21, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I strongly suggest you keep WP:ASPERSIONS in mind. I'm in no mood to play silly buggers. Either provide the details or fix any perceived shortcomings yourself.
 * I conclude you have no serious arguments, so unless anyone else wants to contribute, I consider this case closed. Kleuske (talk) 13:33, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * To fix the shortcomings, I would just revert the mess you gave added. To give you a last chance: Disambiguation pages linked by Toledo, Spain. Good luck. The Banner talk 21:54, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Yeah... Just reverting is always the best solution, isn't it? But since you have been kind enough to give me "a last chance", I have decided to choose the implied "or else" option and listen to some Mozart instead. Kleuske (talk) 11:53, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
 * As expected... <span style="font-family:'Old English Text MT',serif;color:green">The Banner <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 13:34, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
 * See Self-fulfilling prophecy. I note, by the way, you seem not very interested in actually improving the page. If that were the case, you'd have fixed them yourself, but for some, strange reason, you don't. Kleuske (talk) 17:06, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
 * You have re-introduced the links to disambiguation pages... <span style="font-family:'Old English Text MT',serif;color:green">The Banner <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 17:58, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
 * So? Kleuske (talk) 20:48, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
 * SO! <span style="font-family:'Old English Text MT',serif;color:green">The Banner <i style="color:maroon">talk</i> 10:26, 2 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Quite right "Remove almost completely unsourced information written in poor English. Not encyclopedic and mars an otherwise decent article." instead of "revert unhelpful edit"''. Kleuske (talk) 13:07, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

File:1 toledo spain evening sunset 2014.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:1 toledo spain evening sunset 2014.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on September 28, 2017. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2017-09-28. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 03:35, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

Spanish Wikipedia-sysops-linked users from Spain being violent and saying about non-existent rules in English Wikipedia
User Asqueladd says "US-centric bias." to an edit by naming conventions. Another double-edit edit says it: "Take it to talk page. Naming conventions are for titles." --DeLaMancha Nahual (talk) 02:37, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * IMHO, the only "violent" thing in here is the title of this thread, written by you.--Asqueladd (talk) 02:41, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Plz, don't justify vandalism. --DeLaMancha Nahual (talk) 02:49, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Stick to WP:BRD and refrain from making absurd accusations. Maybe something will come out of this.--Asqueladd (talk) 02:51, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Sir, plz make your signatures properly. --DeLaMancha Nahual (talk) 02:55, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Why do you call me "Sir"? My signature is perfectly fine. Back to the issue here, could you show evidence of the so-called US naming conventions applying everywhere (every mention of the concerned toponym), not only to the titles?--Asqueladd (talk) 03:03, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * And finally, particularly if you can't bring that required evidence, could you answer how on Earth adding the first-level sub-national division to (for example) "Corpus Christi" is not a case of a US-centric bias?--Asqueladd (talk) 03:10, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry sir, I didn't mean to be inconvenient, seriously!.--DeLaMancha Nahual (talk) 03:38, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

Trimming the History section
I see there is a template to trim the long section on history. I think it would need to be cut by 60-70% and only keeping the most significant events most related to the city. Would this be alright with everyone? Danial Bass (talk) 22:51, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 4 June 2024
<div class="boilerplate mw-archivedtalk" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. While there is general agreement that the long-term significance leans towards the Spanish City, consensus is that it is not clearly primary over the city in Ohio. (closed by non-admin page mover) Polyamorph (talk) 08:37, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

Toledo, Spain → Toledo – I think there's pretty clear evidence that the Spanish city is the primary topic when talking about the name "Toledo". Right now, the article for "Toledo, Spain" has 106 inter-language links and gets 993 daily average page views. In contrast, "Toledo, Ohio" has 82 inter-language links and gets 893 daily average page views. On Google Scholar, "Toledo" "Spain" gets 475,000 hits, while "Toledo" "Ohio" gets 269,000. So it seems clear that the usage of the term leans towards the Spanish city. In addition, the Spanish city of Toledo has much greater long-term significance, as a far older and historically significant city, and it is even listed as a UNESCO world heritage site.

The last move discussion that proposed this took place in 2006, but to be honest, I found the arguments in opposition unconvincing. So I'm again proposing that this article be made the primary topic for "Toledo", and that the disambiguation page be moved to "Toledo (disambiguation)". Grnrchst (talk) 08:07, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Even ignoring the other 30+ links on the disambiguation page, the city in Spain does not receive more attention than the city in Ohio; in fact, the city in Ohio gets |Toledo,_Spain slightly more pageviews. The number of interlanguage links is not relevant to naming an article on the English Wikipedia. The city in Ohio also has a population several times larger than that of the city in Spain. Since there is no clear primary topic, the current configuration is ideal in this case. Dekimasu よ! 08:47, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Clear primary topic by long-term significance. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:05, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose, see Toledo, Ohio. 162 etc. (talk) 16:56, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose per Dekimasu, though US cities commonly include the state and the Ohio one may be named after the Spanish one (though its not mentioned) there doesn't appear to be a clear primary topic.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:08, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Support per nominator. American cities tend to have states as disambiguators even when the city is fairly known so there's a strong mandate for that on Wikipedia. That's not the case for cities in the old world. Killuminator (talk) 17:23, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * No one is advocating moving the Ohio city to the base title, so this is really neither here nor there. Primary topic determinations are made according to the specific term involved regardless of whether the article will be located at that title. For example, Reno redirects to Reno, Nevada because the Nevada city is the primary topic; Birmingham is not a disambiguation page because the city in England because it is the primary topic over Birmingham, Alabama (not because US cities tend to have states appended to titles); Worcester is a disambiguation page because Worcester, England and Worcester, Massachusetts conflict. Dekimasu よ! 02:43, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

<div style="padding-left: 1.6em; font-style: italic; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; margin: 0.5em 0; padding-top: 0.5em">The discussion above is closed. <b style="color: #FF0000;">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per Dekimasu; 162 etc. and Crouch, Swale as well as per "Oppose" votes at the previous nomination, 18 years ago (May 6–11, 2006), at Talk:Toledo, Spain, above. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 22:03, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Lean oppose. I agree that Toledo in Spain is probably primary by long-term significance, but Toledo, Ohio may be primary by usage.  The fact that it's a much larger city and certainly more familiar in the United States—which accounts for a sizeable chunk of English language readers—weighs against the proposal.  The number of interlanguage links is not a useful measure here, since the question concerns English Wikipedia.  In Spanish Wikipedia—and most European languages—Toledo in Spain is likely to be more familiar to readers.  I am sympathetic to long-term significance arguments, but where the articles have been situated as they are for a long time, that argument is not very persuasive in compared with the opposing arguments.  P Aculeius (talk) 08:25, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The fact that it's a much larger city and certainly more familiar in the United States—which accounts for a sizeable chunk of English language readers—weighs against the proposal. Note that this is utterly irrelevant to Wikipedia. If it were relevant we'd write everything in American English and use American terminology for everything. We don't. Incidentally, I'm British and a native English-speaker and the Spanish city is certainly more familiar to me. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:35, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Not at all irrelevant; this is English Wikipedia, so we go by what is primary in English. And looking at List of countries by English-speaking population, and then by number of speakers for whom English is a first language, the United States has considerably more English speakers than the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Ireland, and New Zealand combined.  So for the majority of English speakers, Toledo, Ohio is probably more familiar than Toledo in Spain.
 * This is not a claim that the original Toledo is unimportant—see my first sentence above. Nor is it a claim that what English speakers in the UK or anywhere else is irrelevant.  Merely that Toledo in Spain is not clearly the primary topic for English Wikipedia.  I also didn't say that Toledo, Ohio was the primary topic.  When the two main measures by which primary topics are determined are in disagreement, as they seem to be here, then the best solution is usually to regard neither as primary, and send readers to a disambiguation page.
 * As I also said above, I typically favour long-term significance arguments over usage, but in this case the argument for usage is a very strong one, hence my slight preference for maintaining the status quo. P Aculeius (talk) 02:52, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Leaning oppose per rationales above. If there were just the city in Spain and the city in the U.S., this would be a much cleaner decision, but there are dozens of things called "Toledo", including many cities, people, ships, etc. BD2412  T 18:13, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose not sufficiently more prominent than Toledo, Ohio. Walsh90210 (talk) 18:18, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toledo, Spain


text:
Isoxathion

Isoxathion is a molecular chemical with the molecular formula C13H16NO4PS. It is an insecticide, specifically an isoxazole organothiophosphate insecticide.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Isoxathion


text:
Hu Qili

Hu Qili (born 6 October 1929) is a former high-ranking politician of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), known as a champion of the country's economic reform program in the 1980s. He was the first secretary of the CCP Secretariat from 1985 to 1989 and a member of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee from 1987 to 1989. Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, he was purged for his sympathy toward the student protesters and his support for General Secretary Zhao Ziyang's opposition to the use of armed force. However, he returned to politics in 1991. In 2001, he became chairman of the Soong Ching-ling Foundation.

As of April 2024, Hu Qili is the only living member of 13th Politburo Standing Committee of the CPC from the first three plenary sessions.

Early career
Hu was born on 6 October 1929 in Yulin, Shaanxi Province. In 1946, he was admitted to Peking University to pursue a major in physics. In 1948, at the age of 19, Hu joined the CCP. When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, Hu changed his studies to focus on politics.

From 1951 to 1956, Hu was secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee of Peking University. From 1956 to 1966, he served as the president of the All-China Students’ Federation. In 1958, Hu was granted an audience with CCP Chairman Mao Zedong.

During the Cultural Revolution, Hu began to work in the lower levels of the May Seventh Cadre Schools. From 1972 to 1977, he served as the deputy secretary of the Ningxia County Communist Party Committee, the deputy secretary of the Guyuan district Communist Party Committee, and the office director of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Party Committee.

After the Cultural Revolution, he served as the deputy president of Tsinghua University. From 1978 to 1980, Hu was a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Youth League Central Committee and was president of the All-China Youth Federation. From 1980 to 1982, he was the party secretary and the mayor of Tianjin. From 1982 to 1987, he was the director of the General Office, a member of the Secretariat, and a member of the Politburo of the CCP Central Committee. From 1985 to 1989, Hu served as the First Secretary of the CCP Secretariat, so a potential future candidate for General Secretary (party leader). From 1987 to 1989, Hu served as a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and the Secretariat of the CCP Central Committee.

Tiananmen Square protests
On 15 April 1989, after the death of former General Secretary Hu Yaobang, Beijing university students began to assemble in Tiananmen Square to protest. This was the beginning of the Tiananmen Democracy Movement. General Secretary Zhao Ziyang thought that the government should talk with the student protestors. As a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and a member of the Secretariat, Hu was placed in charge of propaganda. Hu followed Zhao's instructions and began a propaganda policy for openness and tolerance in engaging the students in dialogue.

On 29 April 1989, the People’s Daily published an editorial titled, Keep Stable, Keep Overall Situation. Hu commented that the Beijing student protesters had begun to act reasonably and that the Chinese government needed to offer more accurate news for the students. He also believed that the student movement should be reported on accurately and without misinformation. Hu also agreed with Zhao Ziyang's speech. On 3 May 1989, Zhao made a speech to commemorate the May Fourth Movement on its 70th anniversary. In the speech, he stated that the Beijing student protesters loved China and called for continued talks with the student leaders.

On 19 May 1989, there was an evening meeting to brief the Politburo Standing Committee. Zhao refused to accept the command to institute martial law as proposed by Premier Li Peng. Zhao and Hu were the only two members of the Standing Committee opposed to martial law. This began the downturn of Hu's political fortunes.

The Fourth Plenum of the Thirteenth Central Committee was held on the 23 and 24 of June 1989. They approved a decision made two days earlier at a meeting of the Politburo to strip Hu and Zhao as well as Rui Xingwen and Yan Mingfu of their party posts. For a period of time, Hu was expelled from politics in China.

Return to government
In 1991, Hu returned to politics and was appointed as vice minister and Leading Party Members' Group member of the Ministry of the Machine-Building and Electronics Industry. From 1993 to 1998, he was the minister of the Ministry of the Machine-Building and Electronics Industry.

In 1998, Hu was elected vice chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He had a mandate to restore proper political treatment of leaders of the party and state. By convention, persons who hold the positions of the vice chairman of the NPC, vice chairman of the CPPCC, or higher positions are referred to as "Leaders of the Party and the State" (党和国家领导人) in the official media.

Hu became chairman of the China Soong Ching Ling Foundation in 2001, which deals with Chinese charities and welfare projects. Hu retired from that position in November 2016.

title: Hu Qili


text:
1921 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1921 Atlantic hurricane season was an active hurricane season, with 12 tropical cyclones forming. Among them, seven became tropical storms, of which five strengthened into hurricanes. Furthermore, two of these strengthened into a major hurricane, Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, the most since the 1917 season. The first system, a tropical depression, developed on June 1, while the last, a tropical storm, dissipated on November 25. Of note, three tropical cyclones co-existed with another during the season.

The strongest hurricane of the season, Hurricane Six, peaked as a low-end Category 4 with winds of 140 mph, before weakening as it approached the Tampa Bay area where it made landfall. Across Florida, it left about $10 million (1921 USD) in damage and eight deaths. Two other cyclones left extensive impacts. Although not a tropical cyclone at the time, the remnants of the second hurricane contributed to a devastating flood in the Greater San Antonio area of Texas, which resulted in $19 million in damage and 215 fatalities. The third hurricane left thousands homeless in the Lesser Antilles and caused at least 81 deaths.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 87, above the 1921–1930 average of 76.6. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

Hurricane One
A westward-moving disturbance developed into a tropical depression over the western Caribbean Sea on June 16. About 24 hours later, the depression intensified into a tropical storm. Late on June 17, the storm made landfall in northern Belize with winds of 50 mph. The cyclone moved northwestward and weakened slightly while crossing the Yucatán Peninsula, but remained a tropical storm. Early on June 18, the system emerged into the Gulf of Mexico and began to curve north-northwestward. Continuing to intensify, it attained hurricane status around 12:00 UTC on June 20. The hurricane drifted and strengthened further. Early on June 22, sustained winds associated with the storm peaked at 90 mph. At approximately 18:00 UTC, the cyclone made landfall near Matagorda, Texas, at the same intensity. A ship offshore observed a barometric pressure of 980 mbar, which would be the lowest in relation to the storm. The hurricane quickly fell to tropical storm intensity, and then weakened to a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on June 23. However, the depression persisted for a few more days, until dissipating over northern Missouri on June 26.

In Mexico, a weather station at Progreso in Yucatán observed winds of 52 mph. Along the coast of Texas near Matagorda Bay, tides reached approximately 5 ft above mean low tide, while tides crested exceeded 7 ft in some parts of West Bay. A storm surge of 7.1 ft was measured at Pass Cavallo. Rough seas caused a barge with 18,000 USgal of oil to capsize at Port Aransas. Washouts occurred along the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway between Highland Bayou and Virginia Point. Abnormally high tides also sunk several launches and a number of small boats and damaged many fishing piers. Parts of Texas observed high winds, with Corpus Christi reporting a sustained wind speed of 68 mph. Winds damaged crops to some extent, shattered windows, toppled signs, and downed some trees. Rainfall totals in Austwell, Columbus, Edna, Hempstead, Matagorda, Navasota, Pierce, Rosenberg, and Sealy all set records for the most precipitation for any day in the month of June in their respective towns. One death occurred in Longview when a man was struck by lightning, with the same bolt also killing two calves and a cow.

Hurricane Two
An area of disturbed weather developed into a tropical depression over the Bay of Campeche on September 4. The depression moved slowly northwestward and reached tropical storm intensity by 00:00 UTC on September 6. The storm then curved west-northwestward and reached hurricane intensity about twenty four hours. Around that time, the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph and an estimated minimum barometric pressure of 985 mbar. At 03:00 UTC on September 7, the hurricane made landfall in Mexico just north of Tampico, Tamaulipas. After moving inland, the storm weakened and dissipated early on September 8.

After the cyclone dissipated on September 8, an extremely heavy rainfall event ensued across central Texas, which continued into September 11. In Williamson County, a new 18-hour rainfall record was set for the United States as 36.40 in was recorded at Thrall; the storm total rainfall there was 39.71 in. The deluge led to one of the most destructive floods in the history of San Antonio. Water rose to 7 ft deep in the city, forcing people to evacuate vertically within taller buildings. The most significant river floods occurred along the Little and San Gabriel rivers, where 159 people perished. Combined with the death toll from elsewhere across the region, 215 people died due to this storm and damages were estimated at $19 million.

Hurricane Three
A tropical storm was first observed about 500 mi east of the island of Trinidad on September 6. It moved nearly due westward and struck the Windward Islands on September 8 as a Category 1 hurricane. The storm moved northwestward across the Caribbean and intensified into a major hurricane on September 9. Thereafter, the cyclone began to curve northward, and early on September 11, it made landfall in the Dominican Republic near Boca de Yuma at peak intensity as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 125 mph. The storm weakened to a Category 2 hurricane after striking the island, but re-strengthened into a Category 3 while northeast of the Bahamas on September 13. The storm curved northeastward on September 14 and began accelerated. On the following day, the system weakened to a Category 2 hurricane near Bermuda. Early on September 17, the system weakened to a Category 1 hurricane and soon transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 310 mi east of Newfoundland. The remnants were absorbed by a larger extratropical storm later on September 17.

On Grenada, a number of homes were destroyed, while several other buildings suffered damage. The storm severely damaged nutmeg and cocoa crops, the latter of which was estimated to require at least seven years to be re-established. Telephone communications in rural areas were lost. At least two deaths occurred on the island. On Saint Vincent, trees and telegraph and telephone lines were downed. Extensive crop and property damage was reported, with thousands of people left homeless. Strong winds on Trinidad disrupted telegraphic communications. A number of lights and small craft at Port of Spain and San Fernando were sunk or washed ashore. Two fatalities occurred on the island, one from drowning and the other from electrocution. Throughout the Windward Islands, 80 deaths were reported. Strong winds generated by the storm caused extensive damage to buildings in Puerto Rico and Bermuda, with one fatality in the former. This storm is also known as the San Pedro hurricane.

Hurricane Four
A low pressure area of non-tropical origins became a tropical storm on September 8 while situated about 300 mi north of the Lesser Antilles. The storm moved slowly west-northwestward over the next few days with little change in intensity. By September 10, the cyclone curved north-northeastward, sped-up, and began to strengthen. Late on September 11, the storm reached hurricane status. While passing east of Bermuda on the following day, the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph. The hurricane accelerated after bypassing the island due to an approaching cold front. A ship observed a barometric pressure of 979 mbar around 09:00 UTC on September 14, the lowest known pressure in relation to the storm. Three hours later, however, the hurricane transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 400 mi southeast of Newfoundland. The extratropical storm was absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone late on September 14.

Tropical Storm Five
A low pressure area developed into a tropical depression about 80 mi southwest of the Florida Keys at 12:00 UTC on October 15. The depression moved rapidly north-northeastward and made landfall near Cape Coral, Florida, several hours later. Shortly after emerging into the Atlantic near Cape Canaveral early on October 16, the cyclone intensified into a tropical storm. Around 12:00 UTC on October 17, the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph and a minimum barometric pressure of 998 mbar, both were observations by a ship. By 00:00 UTC on the following day, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 310 mi south of Sable Island. The remnants continued eastward across the Atlantic and intensified into the equivalence of a Category 1 hurricane while approaching the Azores. The extratropical cyclone then moved in a semi-circulation path before dissipating southwest of the islands early on October 24.

Hurricane Six
A tropical storm developed from a trough in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 20. The system moved northwestward and intensified into a hurricane on October 22 and a major hurricane by October 23. Later that day, the cyclone peaked as a Category 4 with winds of 140 mph. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane gradually curved northeastward and weakened to a Category 3 before making landfall near Tarpon Springs, Florida, late on October 25. The storm quickly weakened to a Category 1 hurricane while crossing Central Florida, before reaching the Atlantic Ocean early on the following day. Thereafter, system moved east-southeastward and remained fairly steady in intensity before weakening to a tropical storm late on October 29. The storm was then absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone early the next day, with the remnants of the hurricane soon becoming indistinguishable.

The storm brought strong winds to the Swan Islands, including hurricane-force winds on the main island. Heavy rains fell in Cuba, particularly in Pinar del Río Province, but only minor damage occurred. In Florida, storm surge and abnormally high tides caused damage along much of the state's west coast from Pasco County southward. Several neighborhoods and sections of Tampa were inundated, especially in Ballast Point, DeSoto Park, Edgewater Park, Hyde Park, Palmetto Beach, and other areas in the vicinity of Bayshore Boulevard. Strong winds also damaged hundreds of trees, signs, buildings, and homes. Five deaths occurred in Tampa, two from drowning and three after people came into contact with a live wire. The storm left two additional fatalities in St. Petersburg. A number of streets in Tarpon Springs were littered with masses of debris, with many structures and trees suffering extensive damage. Strong winds occurred as far east as the Atlantic coast of the state, though wind damage east of the Tampa Bay area was generally limited to downed trees and power lines, resulting in power outages, particularly in Orlando. Agriculture throughout the state experienced significant impact as well, including over $2 million in damage and the loss of at least 800,000 boxes of citrus crops alone. Overall, the hurricane left at least eight deaths and about $10 million in damage.

Tropical Storm Seven
A tropical depression formed about 185 mi north-northeast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, early on November 19. Moving west-northwestward, the depression slowly strengthened, becoming a tropical storm on November 20. The following day, it began moving through the Bahamas and peaked with winds of 60 mph, based on observations from the S. S. Mexican. Late on November 21, the storm began moving west-southwestward while centered near Long Island. The cyclone then began steadily weakening. Between 12:00 UTC and 18:00 UTC on November 22, the system made landfall in Cuba near Cayo Romano with winds of 45 mph. Early on November 23, the storm emerged over the Gulf of Batabanó and soon weakened to a tropical depression. The system moved westward, brushing Isla de la Juventud and striking Pinar del Río Province early on November 24. After emerging into the Gulf of Mexico, the storm curved northward and drifted, until dissipating on November 25. This storm was not considered a tropical cyclone until 2009, as part of the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project, which researches information about past tropical cyclones to reduce inaccuracies and omissions in the best track. The cyclone left no significant impacts in the Bahamas, Cuba, or Florida. A sustained wind speed of 41 mph was observed at Sand Key Light in Florida.

Other systems
In addition to the seven tropical storms, five other systems formed but failed to reach tropical storm intensity. The first such cyclone developed over the northwestern Caribbean on June 1. Moving quickly northeastward, the depression crossed Cuba and the Bahamas before reaching the western Atlantic. The depression became extratropical by June 3. On July 5, a tropical depression formed in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Tracking to the west, the depression degenerated into a trough while offshore Louisiana on July 8. That day, 5-minute sustained wind speeds of 39 and 40 mph were observed in Galveston and Corpus Christi in Texas, respectively. The depression regained a closed circulation by July 10, shortly before making landfall near Galveston. By July 11, the system dissipated over northern Texas.

Another tropical depression developed from a low pressure area over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico on July 28. The depression tracked northwestward and made landfall in Franklin County, Florida, early on July 29. It dissipated over Georgia by the next day. A tropical depression formed in the Bay of Campeche on September 23. The depression moved westward into Mexico just north of Veracruz and is believed to have dissipated later that day. Veracruz recorded a wind gust of 29 mph. The final system which failed to reach tropical storm intensity formed over the Bay of Campeche on October 5 as a low pressure system along a decaying cold front. The depression made landfall in Mexico and rapidly dissipated. Wind speeds of 40 mph at Veracruz and Villahermosa suggest that the depression may have become a tropical storm.

title: 1921 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Shadows (anthology)

Shadows was a series of horror anthologies edited by Charles L. Grant, published by Doubleday from 1978 to 1991. Grant, a proponent of "quiet horror", initiated the series in order to offer readers a showcase of this kind of fiction. The short stories appearing in the Shadows largely dispensed with traditional Gothic settings, and had very little physical violence. Instead, they featured slow accumulations of dread through subtle omens, mostly taking place in everyday settings. While Grant himself was very adept at this kind of fiction, he contributed no stories to the anthologies, writing only the introductions and author profiles. The first volume in the series won the World Fantasy Award for Best Anthology.

Shadows (first volume)
Published by Doubleday, 1978
 * "Naples" Avram Davidson (Winner of the World Fantasy Award for Best Short Fiction)
 * "The Little Voice" Ramsey Campbell
 * "Butcher's Thumb" William Jon Watkins
 * "Where All the Songs Are Sad" Thomas F. Monteleone
 * "Splinters" R. A. Lafferty
 * "Picture" Robert Bloch
 * "The Nighthawk" Dennis Etchison
 * "Dead Letters" Ramsey Campbell
 * "A Certain Slant of Light" Raylyn Moore
 * "Deathlove" Bill Pronzini
 * "Mory" Michael Bishop
 * "Where Spirits Gat Them Home" John Crowley
 * "Nona" Stephen King

Shadows 2
Published by Doubleday, November 1979
 * "Saturday's Shadow" William F. Nolan
 * "Night Visions" Jack Dann
 * "The Spring" Manly Wade Wellman
 * "Valentine" Janet Fox
 * "Mackintosh Willie" Ramsey Campbell
 * "Dragon Sunday" Ruth Berman
 * "The White King's Dream" Elizabeth A. Lynn
 * "The Chair" Alan Dean Foster and Jane Cozart
 * "Clocks" Barry N. Malzberg and Bill Pronzini
 * "Holly, Don't Tell" Juleen Brantingham
 * "The Old Man's Will" Lee Wells
 * "The Closing Off of Old Doors" Peter D. Pautz
 * "Dead End" Richard Christian Matheson
 * "Seasons of Belief" Michael Bishop
 * "Petey" T. E. D. Klein

Shadows 3
Published by Doubleday, November 1980
 * "The Brown Recluse" Davis Grubb
 * "To See You With, My Dear" Bruce Francis
 * "Avenging Angel" Ray Russell
 * "The Ghost Who Limped" R. Chetwynd-Hayes
 * "Janey's Smile" Juleen Brantingham
 * "Opening a Vein" Barry N. Malzberg & Bill Pronzini
 * "The Partnership" William F. Nolan
 * "Wish Hound" Pat Murphy
 * "Ant" Peter D. Pautz
 * "Tell Mommy What Happened" Alan Ryan
 * "At the Bureau" Steve Rasnic Tem
 * "Cabin 33" Chelsea Quinn Yarbro (Count Saint-Germain series)

Shadows 4
Published by Doubleday, 1981
 * "The Man Who Would Not Shake Hands" Stephen King
 * "Yours, -Guy" Robert F. Young
 * "The Belonging Kind" John Shirley and William Gibson
 * "Calling Collect" Barry N. Malzberg and Arthur L. Samuels
 * "Hearing is Believing" Ramsey Campbell
 * "Threshold" Deirdre L. Kugelmeyer
 * "A Visit to Brighton" Alan Ryan
 * "Echoes from a Darkened Shore" Cherie Wilkerson
 * "The Blue Chair" Tabitha King
 * "Meow" Tanith Lee
 * "The Giveaway" Steve Rasnic Tem
 * "Need" Lisa Tuttle
 * "Waiting for the Knight" Beverly Evans
 * "Under My Bed" Al Sarrantonio
 * "The Hour of Silhouette" Juleen Brantingham
 * "Snow, Cobwebs, and Dust" John Keefauver
 * "The Spider Glass" Chelsea Quinn Yarbro (Count Saint-Germain series)

Shadows 5
Published by Doubleday, October 1982
 * "The Gorgon" Tanith Lee
 * "Stone Head" Steve Rasnic Tem
 * "Pieta" Alan Ryan
 * "Boxes" Al Sarrantonio
 * "And I'll Be with You By and By" Avon Swofford
 * "Dark Wings" Phyllis Eisenstein
 * "Estrella" Terry L. Parkinson
 * "Singles" Marta Randall
 * "The Piano Man" Beverly Evans
 * "Following the Way" Alan Ryan
 * "Renewal" Chelsea Quinn Yarbro (Count Saint-Germain series)

Shadows 6
Published by Doubleday, October 1983
 * "We Share" Lori Negridge Allen
 * "The Appearances of Giorgio" Leslie Alan Horvitz
 * "The Touch" Wayne Wightman
 * "Sneakers" Marc Laidlaw
 * "Reunion" Jack Dann
 * "By the Hair of the Head" Joe R. Lansdale
 * "Dreams" Elisabeth Erica Burden
 * "Crutches" Steve Rasnic Tem
 * "Eenie, Meenie, Ipsateenie" Pat Cadigan
 * "Cold Heart" Peter D. Pautz
 * "Peppermint Kisses" Jesse Osburn
 * "A Last Testament For Nick and the Trooper" J. Michael Straczynski
 * "Marianna" Melissa Mia Hall
 * "The Man With Legs" Al Sarrantonio
 * "The Silent Cradle" Leigh Kennedy
 * "But At My Back I Always Hear" David Morrell

Shadows 7
Published by Doubleday, November 1984
 * "Mrs Clendon's Place" Joseph Payne Brennan
 * "Stillwater, 1896" Michael Cassutt
 * "The Haunting" Susan Casper
 * "Daddy" Earl Godwin
 * "Seeing the World" Ramsey Campbell
 * "Three Days" Tanith Lee
 * "Still Frame" Jack C. Haldeman II
 * "Talking in the Dark" Dennis Etchison
 * "A Matter of Taste" Parke Godwin
 * "Do Not Forsake Me, O My Darlin'" Chelsea Quinn Yarbro
 * "Decoys" Jere Cunningham
 * "Rapture" Melissa Mia Hall
 * "The Storm" David Morrell
 * "I Shall Not Leave England Now" Alan Ryan

Shadows 8
Published by Doubleday, October 1985
 * "The Shadow of the Hawk" Nina Kiriki Hoffman
 * "Do I Dare to Eat a Peach" Chelsea Quinn Yarbro
 * "The Blind Man" Jessica Amanda Salmonson
 * "A Demon in Rosewood" Sharon Webb
 * "Blood Gothic" Nancy Holder
 * "The Pooka" Peter Tremayne
 * "Everything's Going to Be All Right" Gene DeWeese
 * "Cycles" Kim Antieau
 * "The Tuckahoe" Nancy Etchemendy
 * "Between the Windows of the Sea" Jack Dann
 * "The Battering" Steve Rasnic Tem
 * "Toy" Bill Pronzini
 * "The Man Who Loved Water" Craig Shaw Gardner
 * "Sand" Alan Ryan
 * "The Blue Man" Terry L. Parkinson
 * "Wish" Al Sarrantonio
 * "A Night At the Head of the Grave" Thomas Sullivan

Shadows 9
Published by Doubleday, October 1986
 * "The Jigsaw Girl" Stephen Gallagher
 * "The Lesson" Christopher Browne
 * "On the Turn" Leanne Frahm
 * "Moving Night" Nancy Holder
 * "Sanctuary" Kim Antieau
 * "Now You See Me" Sheri Lee Morton
 * "The Fishing Village of Roebush" Leslie Alan Horvitz
 * "Icarus" Galad Elflandsson
 * "Ants" Nina Kiriki Hoffman
 * "Nor Disreguard the Humblest Voice" Ardath Mayhar
 * "The Skins You Love to Touch" Janet Fox
 * "Walk Home Alone" Craig Shaw Gardner
 * "The Father Figure" Terry L. Parkinson
 * "An Ordinary Brick House" Joseph Payne Brennan
 * "Overnight" Lou Fisher
 * "The Last Time I Saw Harris" Galad Elflandsson
 * "Tavesher" Peter Tremayne
 * "Bloodwolf" Steve Rasnic Tem

Shadows 10
Published by Doubleday, October 1987
 * "Jamie's Grave" Lisa Tuttle
 * "Apples" Nina Downey Higgins
 * "A World Without Toys" T. M. Wright
 * "Law of Averages" Wendy Webb
 * "The Fence" Thomas Sullivan
 * "Moonflower" Melissa Mia Hall
 * "Come Where My Love Lies Dreaming" Bob Leman
 * "The Finder-Keeper" Ken Wisman
 * "Just a Little Souvenir" Cheryl Fuller Nelson
 * "Like Shadows in the Dark" Stephen Gallagher
 * "Office Hours" Douglas E. Winter
 * "We Have Always Lived in the Forest" Nancy Holder
 * "Just Like Their Masters" Mona A. Clee
 * "Pigs" Al Sarrantonio

Final Shadows
Published by Doubleday, September 1991
 * "The Boarder" Wendy Webb
 * "Magpie" Stephen Gallagher
 * "Fastening" Julie R. Good
 * "Past Tense" Brian Hodge
 * "Under the Boardwalk" Lori Negridge Allen
 * "The Picnickers" Brian Lumley
 * "Fry Day" Melanie Tem
 * "Out Behind the Shed" Bill Pronzini
 * "Fear a' Ghorta" Peter Tremayne
 * "The Sweetest Rain" Nancy Holder
 * "Wrong Side of the Road" Norman Partridge
 * "Island of the Seals" Samantha Lee
 * "Thirteen Lies About Hummingbirds" Michael Bishop
 * "The Stone Face" Colin Greenland
 * "Medusa's Child" Kim Antieau
 * "The Tape" Jessica Palmer
 * "The Dark Places In Between" Karen Haber
 * "I'll See You On Saturday Night" Guy N. Smith
 * "Beijing Craps" Graham Masterton
 * "Sarnain" Bernard Taylor
 * "The Mermaid" Tanith Lee
 * "Rescheduled" Mike Chinn
 * "Going Away" Craig Shaw Gardner
 * "A Father's Dream" Chet Williamson
 * "The Magic House" Lynn S. Hightower
 * "When They Gave Us Memory" Dennis Etchison
 * "A Sailor's Pay" Jack Cady
 * "Something About Camilla" Juleen Brantingham
 * "Parallax" Nicholas Royle
 * "The Door" Sharon Webb
 * "Photo-Call" David Sutton
 * "Against the Skin" Mark Morris
 * "Of Natural Causes" Ashley McConnell
 * "Mulberry's Crystal" Brian Mooney & Stephen Jones
 * "Together" David S. Garnett
 * "The Beautiful Uncut Hair of Graves" David Morrell

title: Shadows (anthology)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kan Zheng

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 19:25, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Kan Zheng
Vanity. slambo 01:00, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, even if he is "intelligent and handsome". --Cnwb 01:08, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Kan Zheng, born on February 21, 1987. Nationality is Chinese, intelligent and handsome." That's it? Only a one sentence article? Zzyzx11 01:28, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete intelligent and handsome, but not so intelligent that he can make those fancy full sentences. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 01:44, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 05:53, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * That's putting it mildly, Megan. :^) Delete, though it seems a shame to do so to such an intelligent, handsome and modest fellow. OTOH, this is a great way to help break in my brand new computer! - Lucky 6.9 06:01, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * This cracks me up. Delete.  --Goblin ›talk 17:50, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a moron-related stub. Help Wikipedia by deleting it. Although interestingly, he shares my birthday. Must have been intelligence and handsomeness in the air that day... Jdcooper 21:55, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it. The stub is so stupid that I suspect it was written by his enemy. -Hapsiainen 01:44, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jeff Fillion

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Speedy Deleted. - RedWordSmith 01:38, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

Jeff Fillion
Apparently someone doesn't like Jeff Fillion, and hence created this hate-page. Cnwb 01:00, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Canadian fifty-cent coin

The Canadian fifty-cent coin (pièce de cinquante cents) is a Canadian coin worth 50 cents. The coin's reverse depicts the coat of arms of Canada. At the opening ceremonies for the Ottawa branch of the Royal Mint, held on January 2, 1908, Governor General Earl Grey struck the Dominion of Canada's first domestically produced coin. It was a silver fifty-cent coin bearing the effigy of King Edward VII.

Though it is regularly minted, it is not made in large quantities (approximate annual average production of 150,000), and since 2004 has only been available to the public directly from the mint. It is very rare to encounter this denomination in everyday transactions, since there seems to be the mistaken belief among many Canadians that the coin itself is rare. Most times, when a 50-cent coin is exchanged in a transaction, it is saved by its recipient. People quite commonly, upon being presented with 50-cent coins, question the legality of the coin, because of the non-circulating status of the denomination. The coin occupies a similar status to that of the United States half-dollar coin. Vending machines do not generally accept it, even when they accept coins of both higher and lower value.

A largely unsuccessful attempt was made by the Royal Canadian Mint to promote the use of the coin when a special edition was released in 2002 marking the 50th anniversary of the accession of Elizabeth II to the throne. After this failed promotion, the mint stopped distributing 50-cent coins to banks and now sells them only in rolls or in coin sets available directly from their Numismatic Department at twice their face value, or $25 per roll of 25 coins.

The mint's website lists the 2007 coat of arms 50-cent coin as "rarely seen yet replete with tradition".

1921 issue rarity
During the early to mid-1920s, demand for 50-cent coins was minimal. Only 28,000 coins were issued between 1921 and 1929. When greater demand for the denomination arose in 1929, the Master of the Ottawa Mint decided to melt the stock of 1920 and 1921 coins. It amounted to a total of 480,392 coins. The decision was due to the belief that the public would suspect counterfeits if a large number of coins dated 1920 and 1921 were placed into circulation. It is believed that 75 or so of the 1921 coins have survived, mainly from sets that were sold at the time. Long known as the "king of Canadian coins", this coin brings a price commensurate with its rarity and reputation, with a high grade example (PCGS MS-66) having sold for US$227,546 (this price includes buyers premium but not the taxes) in a January 2010 Heritage Auction. The highest graded specimen is graded by PCGS at MS-67 and sold (by Diverse Equities ) in the year 2000 to a private collector for the then sum of US$400,000. Today this coin would most likely bring US$1 million at an auction.

Condition rarity: Almost all examples are found in good to very good condition, which means in heavily circulated condition. Based on the ICCS report of 2012 only 1 has been graded in fine condition. A total of 0 have been graded in very fine and 0 in extra fine. There are also 6 known in AU condition. Only 3 mint state examples of the King of Canadian coins exist making it extremely elusive and desirable. On average a mint state example comes up for sale once every 10 years and draws a lot of attention from wealthy buyers.

Values in very good (VG-8) and gem mint state (MS-65): As of 2012 the value is estimated at US$45,000 in very good condition and is estimated at US$250,000 to US$350,000 in gem mint condition. These are average trends calculated by using prices sold in the past few years.

2000-P issue rarity
The 2000-P 50-cent coin is another Canadian numismatic rarity. Approximately 276 of the 2000-P 50-cent coins are known to have been minted. Each of these 276 coins was mounted in a clock as gifts to mint employees. This makes the 2000-P 50-cent coin one of the rarest Canadian half-dollars ever produced.

title: Canadian fifty-cent coin


text:
Talk:Probability-generating function

The listed p.g.f for negative binomial is wrong. There should be no $$z$$ on the numerator, i.e.
 * $$\left(\frac{p}{1-qz}\right)^r$$

 * It all depends on whether you are after the number of trials required to achieve n successes (which is at least n) or the number of failures before the nth success (which may be 0). From a quick check of the article geometric distribution, what you suggest above is correct for the latter definition, while the formula in the article is consistent with the text, which refers to the former.  Ben Cairns 03:11, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC).

 * Actually, it is correct that there should be no $$z$$ in the numerator. Having it in the numerator is appropriate in the case where the distribution is on $$1, 2, ...$$, but the text here has it on $$0, 1, 2, ...$$ for which there is clearly a nonzero probability of $$0$$  Since the probability of $$0$$ is found by plugging in $$z=0$$ it's easy to see that we cannot have $$z$$ in the numerator. Joelmiller (talk) 03:40, 23 August 2017 (UTC)

What on earth does the notation G(1-) mean? It's used all over this article, and I've never seen it anywhere before. Is it supposed to be G(-1)? Or G(1)? Or is it just a typo? Could someone clarify/correct it please.

 * I hadn't seen it before but it is defined in the article. It is the limit as z->1 of G(z).  Since this is used so much it is useful to have a shorthand though I have not seen this one before. --Richard Clegg 18:15, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure, but doesn't it mean the limit of G(x) as x approaches 1 from below? PAR 18:25, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it is just a "typo". BM

The relation to "moment generating function"
Some Wikipedia articles about discrete random variables such as "Geometric distribution" use the term "moment generating function" instead of "probability generating function". So it would be useful to state that these are equivalent ideas in such cases.

edit; I don't mean "equivalent ideas". I should say "related ideas". My thought is that it would be useful to tell a reader if he can get the formula for the probability generating function by looking at the formula for the moment generating function since the articles favor giving the moment generating function.

 * Can't this be merged into moment generating function? I can't see why this needs a separate article. —3mta3 (talk) 13:48, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Examples
We need to take a close look at the didactical merits of the examples, deleting some if necessary. -Zahlentheorie (talk) 13:32, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Clarifications needed
Melcombe (talk) 12:08, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
 * What is "to make available the well-developed theory of power series with non-negative coefficients" in the lead referring to? ... the article seems to have nothing relevant (and a link to another article would be good if there is something relevant). The content at Series (mathematics) does not indicate anything particularly useful. And there seems nothing in Abel's theorem that makes specific use of "positive coefficients".
 * The paragraph including "the probability-generating function of the difference of two independent random variables" must be extending the types of random variables concerned to include ones which can take negative values, but these are excluded from the present definition.
 * The treatment of the G(1-) stuff needs to be rethought, particularly for the derivatives. Can a general reader be expected to interpret the content here as meaning that the mean does not exist if the the limit for the derivative does not exist?

title: Talk:Probability-generating function


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User talk:Banny

Yo Banny, just thought I'd get your talk page started for you. :hat

I'm still pretty new to this Wikipedia thing, but feel free to ask me if you want to know anything. :)

Durga2112 01:03, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cool stuff Durgy! \m/ *edits DT page to perfection*

Respect Thread Conversions
I'm looking for folks to help convert Respect Threads to wiki formatting on Project Fanboy: WikiFans. Respect Threads, showcase scans of feats performed by comic book characters and have gained an audience on several comic book message boards. A few other wiki editors and myself are trying to convert them from the unprofessional look of a bunch of posts on a message board to the formatting common with WikiMedia wiki's. To view an example of what we're doing, here is a link to Respect Silver Surfer.

I was wondering if you might have time to contribute your comic book knowledge and/or scans of comic book characters performing feats, and help us out with our Respect Articles project?Millennium Cowboy (talk) 02:12, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Banny


text:
Matilda Evans

Matilda Evans, M.D., also known as Matilda Arabella Evans (May 13, 1866 – November 17, 1935) was the first African-American woman licensed to practice medicine in South Carolina and an advocate for improved health care for African Americans, particularly children.

Early life
Matilda Arabella Evans was born on May 13, 1866, to Anderson and Harriet Evans in Aiken, South Carolina. Matilda was the oldest of three children and spent much of the beginning of her life working in fields alongside her family. She attended the Schofield Industrial School, which was established by Martha Schofield, a Philadelphia Quaker. Schofield assisted Evans with applying to college and became her mentor, later inspiring Evans to write her biography. Schofield helped Evans raise the funds needed for Evans to attend Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio. She left in 1892 after graduating in 1891 from Oberlin College to accept a teaching position at Haines Institute in Augusta, Georgia. After a year of teaching Matilda entered the Woman’s Medical College in Philadelphia, again with the help of her resourceful mentor, Schofield, who persuaded a wealthy benefactor, Sarah Corlies, to fund her education. The Alfred Jones to whom this letter is addressed was Secretary of the Executive Committee of the Board of Corporators of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania.

In 1897 Evans received a medical degree and abandoned her goal of becoming a medical missionary in Africa to move to Columbia, South Carolina and set up a practice.

Medical career
Evans enrolled at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1893. She received her M.D. in 1897 and moved to Columbia, South Carolina, where she was the first African-American woman to establish a medical practice in the state. Prior to the Civil War, most African Americans were enslaved, and very few free African Americans were trained physicians or surgeons as medical education was not open to them. African Americans seeking medical careers most often received their medical education in Canada or Europe, and a few from medical schools in the North. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, African Americans seeking a medical education were faced with difficult prospects. This continued into much of the 20th century, and although some black students were admitted into white medical schools and hospitals, they faced blatant racism, ostracism, and prejudice.

Evans becoming a surgeon was also the product and achievement of schools for women. In its early days, the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, or Woman's Medical College as it was renamed in 1867, faced serious opposition from the male medical establishment. Prevailing notions held women to be too feeble-minded to succeed in the demanding arena of academic medicine and too delicate to endure the physical requirements of clinical practice. One of the most serious barriers to the success of the college was the lack of clinical experience available to its students and interns because area hospitals would not allow women to attend lectures or to treat patients. To remedy this situation, Ann Preston, M.D., a member of the College’s first graduating class, founded Woman’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and the college itself was housed in rented hospital space from 1862 to 1875. The college eventually built its own hospital, floor by floor as funds allowed, from 1903 until 1913.

As the first African-American woman licensed to practice in South Carolina, Evans was able to treat both white and black patients, causing her services to be in great demand. She built up a large clientele of wealthy white women, who paid her sufficiently to allow her to treat poor black women and children for free. Her large and rare interracial clientele were built up due to her great discretion and professionalism. She practiced obstetrics, gynecology, and surgery, and cared for patients in her own home until she established the Taylor Lane Hospital and Training School for Nurses, the first black hospital in the city of Columbia, in 1901. Dr. Evans took care of patients in her house before the establishment of the Taylor Lane Hospital because there were no medical facilities at the time that would allow an African-American physician to treat and admit patients. By 1907 Evans was able to write to Alfred Jones, Bursar at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, "I have done well, and have a very large practice among all classes of people... I have had unlimited success... Since I have returned to my native state, others have been inspired and have gone to our beloved college to take degrees." She was writing to Alfred Jones on behalf of a promising young African-American woman who wanted to attend WMCP but was in need of scholarship assistance. Evans later established another hospital, St. Luke's Hospital and Training School for Nurses, which she directed until 1918.

According to historian Darlean Clark Hine, in an article on Evans which appeared in The Journal of Southern History Vol 70 No 1 Feb 2004, The St. Luke's Hospital which was established by Dr. Evans was located in Columbia, South Carolina and consisted of fourteen rooms and twenty beds, a facility that she operated until 1918.

St. Luke’s Hospital was the fourth hospital in the country to operate a school for nurses. Today St. Luke's School of Nursing is the nation’s oldest hospital-based, diploma school in continuous operation. The reputation of the school flourished during the 1920s and '30s. During World War II, St. Luke’s School of Nursing was approved for the Cadet Nurse Corps program. In 1962, the school was awarded full accreditation from the National League for Nursing. Beginning in 1969, college credits were added to the curriculum. Today, these college credits in science and liberal arts are prerequisites to entering the nursing program. The School of Nursing is approved by the Pennsylvania State Board of Nursing and was fully reaccredited in 1997 by the National League for Nursing, Accrediting Commission.

Child and community health care advocacy
Matilda Evans was highly active in her community. In addition to establishing Taylor Lane Hospital (which became St. Luke’s Hospital and Training School for Nurses after a fire destroyed the first hospital), she established a community health organization, a community center and a boys’ pool (Dr. Evans Park and Swimming Pool) among other countless benefits to Columbia’s black community. Throughout her life Evans also adopted seven children and eventually fostered over two dozen more. She also was responsible for largely contributing to the buying and equipping of The Dr. Evans Park and Swimming Pool for the public. Evans also conducted a survey of black school-age children in Columbia, South Carolina and found serious problems with their health care; she used the results to implement routine health examinations in schools.

Evans had a special concern for black children. She believed that health care should be a citizenship right and a governmental responsibility, much like education. She strongly advocated public health care and petitioned the State Board of Health of South Carolina to provide free vaccines for black children. In 1916 Evans created the Negro Health Association of South Carolina and two years later in 1918 she volunteered in the Medical Service Corps of the United States Army during World War I. Her work with poor communities encouraged her to found the Columbia Clinic Association in 1930, which provided health services (such as vaccinations and check-ups) and health education to impoverished families. Through the Negro Health Association of South Carolina Evans continued her mission of health education. Evans also founded the Good Health Association of South Carolina to help convince and inspire people that they could improve their own health by following sound health practices and safe sanitary habits.

Roles in organizations
In 1922 Dr. Matilda Evans became the only black woman in the United States to serve as the president of a state medical association when she became president of South Carolina's Palmetto M.A. Evans also served as a regional Vice President of the National Medical Association and also established the Negro Health Journal of South Carolina. In World War I Evans was appointed to the Volunteer Medical Service Corps. The Volunteer Medical Service Corps was established by the U.S. Council of National Defense in the early years of World War I to meet the increasing demand for medical services at home. Every qualified doctor, male or female of any age, was able to apply for admission into the Corps. Senate Bill 1424, passed in April 1908, granted the US Army authority to set up a reserve body of medical personnel. This became the Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) and the unit remained active until 1917 when it was merged into the Officer's Reserve Corps. To qualify for admission into the MRC applicants had to meet certain criteria and, since many did not, they were left unable to serve their country. Franklin H. Martin, chairman of the General Medical Board of the Council of National Defense, saw an opportunity to ease the burden on the medical system in the United States by utilizing this untapped source of medical expertise, and spearheaded the creation of the VMSC. The casualties of World War I strained the medical profession in the United States. According to the International Journal of Surgery (Vol. 31, Sept. 1912), by July 1912, doctors were being signed up for military service at a rate of 540 per week and it was estimated by the US Army that at least 50,000 doctors would be needed for the war effort. This high demand left many communities without doctors so the Volunteer Medical Services Corps (VMSC) was established to ensure that civilians were not left without adequate care. She was religious, and served as chair of the Council of the Episcopal Church Upper Diocese.

Personal life
Charity, compassion, and a love of children were the hallmarks of Dr. Evans' career; she charged only nominal fees. She rode bicycles, horses and buggies to visit the sick who were unable to go to her surgery for any reason. She provided for school physical examinations and immunizations, which in turn saved the lives of countless young children, and in 1930, operated a clinic that was free for African-American children who needed medical treatment and vaccinations. Incredibly, Evans also found the time to raise 11 children who needed a home. Many of the children she became a mother to were children who were left at her practice, but she also brought up five children from relatives who were deceased. She taught the children respect, cleanliness, and manners, and provided them all with the opportunity for a college education that she also had. People, young and old, enjoyed the facilities that she shared at a recreational center which she had built on her 20-acre farm. Evans loved to swim, dance, knit and play the piano. Richland Memorial Hospital in Columbia has named an award in her honor which is truly deserving of the name and legacy she left behind. Evans ran her own farm like the one she grew up on and founded a weekly newspaper, The Negro Health Journal of South Carolina, and offered a program of recreational activities for underprivileged boys. Evans never married. At the age of 69, on November 17, 1935, Matilda Arabella Evans died in Columbia, South Carolina.

title: Matilda Evans


text:
User:Tigranes

INSH BEZEZ

title: User:Tigranes


text:
Pucca

Pucca (뿌까 ) is a South Korean media franchise from the South Korean company Vooz. The titular protagonist, Pucca, is the niece of three Korean men who run a noodle restaurant called Goh-Rong in Sooga Village, a small village in the mountains. Pucca is also in love with the ninja Garu (가루 ), and Pucca always seems to beat him in combat and unintentional competition simply by sheer will. Since taking the first step in Flash animation in January 2000, it has focused on character goods business and has gained great popularity in Korea, France, Southeast Asia, and other countries. In the ‘2020 Overseas Korean Wave Survey’, it is a global character that has maintained the top spot in preference for Korean animation characters for five consecutive years.

History
Pucca was originally an "animated, online E-card service" made in 2000 by the company, VOOZ. The popularity of the E-card increased so rapidly in various Asian countries that it was licensed by Jetix Europe in 2004, who also acquired television rights for the service. VOOZ went on to continue working with Jetix Europe, making the original two and a half minute long animated shorts, which were then aired on both the Jetix website and as in-between full cartoon show shorts on the Jetix television channel. Pucca shorts were also often featured on the channel for MTV. Jetix Europe's director of international licensing, Richard Woolf, stated that "the possibilities with Pucca were immediately apparent, especially because you were left wanting more after watching the original shorts".

More episodes were ordered by Jetix Europe after the success of the initial shorts, with Studio B Productions in charge of making them. The new episodes became more fleshed out to depict Pucca as being a real television series, with more extensive plot being involved and some of the non-speaking characters gaining voices, along with the length of the episodes being extended to seven minutes in total. The new episodes were shown on many of Jetix's worldwide channels.

After the success of the TV show, Jetix began branching out into accessories and toys in order to bring in further revenue from the new franchise. These new products included "apparel, accessories, housewares, giftware, and stationery" focused largely on attracting younger teenagers. Since then, the age demographic has expanded to include younger children through the creation of various toy lines and older teenagers through the publishing of video games set in the Pucca universe.

Licensing
In 2008, Pucca was licensed out to the Access Licensing Group that involved a "merchandising license agreement in North America". This would allow the ALG to begin making Pucca products for sale in the US, and it was presumed that Pucca would act as a challenge to The Walt Disney Company. Ironically enough, the televised adaptation aired on Toon Disney's subsidiary network, Jetix.

Pucca was also licensed out to Warner Bros. Consumer Products in 2009. Utilizing this, WBCP started a promotional activity on Valentine's Day in France and Italy, where "flowers and Pucca press packs were sent to key journalists". A greater amount of advertising has also been started throughout the regions at various trade shows and there are currently plans to expand this to include shows in Germany and Spain.

Advertising in magazines has also become more prolific through WBCP, with a "full-page Pucca ad published in Italian Vanity Fair". Despite giving away Pucca toys through Burger King and other efforts, the market for Pucca items has been slow to advance in the UK, but has been placed under a "period of intensive consumer research that will determine the long-term marketing strategy for the brand" both there and in other markets that have been slow to accept the Pucca franchise.

Fashion
Warner Bros. Consumer Products also exhibited Pucca merchandise during the 2010 New York Fashion Week. Titled the PUCCA Capsule Collection, it was revealed at Curve Boutique on Robertson Boulevard in Los Angeles. A number of Hollywood celebrities were in attendance for the show, along with the founder of Pucca, Boo Kyoung Kim. A number of different designs from various high-profile fashion designers were exhibited at the showing for the PUCCA Capsule Collection.

A new clothing brand, titled "EXR Loves Pucca", has started in Korea. The Wonder Girls are acting as models for the brand, which will also involve 17 other fashionistas that will be designing the clothing line. The line is a collaboration project between the Pucca franchise and the Korean clothing company EXR.

Flash animation
In the initial period, Pucca was an online animated series made with Macromedia Flash by original company Vooz. Many of its greeting cards and silent Flash episodes center around Pucca's comical attempts to steal a kiss from Garu and the usual competition between them. In March 2004, Jetix Europe acquired the series' television and home video rights for Europe and the Middle East.

TV series
Two animated adaptations were made for the franchise – one simply called Pucca, and the other subtitled Love Recipe. The first series featured Tabitha St. Germain as Pucca, Brian Drummond as Garu, among several other Canadian voice actors. The second series had an American dub instead, with Pucca and Garu's voices remaining unchanged as they rarely speak.

Video games
There is a WiiWare game called Pucca's Kisses Game, which is an action-platformer about Pucca trying to chase Garu around perilous levels and obstacles just to catch Garu and kiss him. This game was developed by Otaboo, and was published by BigBen Interactive. Pucca's Kisses Game was released in Europe and Australia on February 4, 2011, and in North America on February 14, 2011, for 800 Wii Points. On February 14, 2011, the game was re-released in Europe as a retail disc entitled Pucca's Race for Kisses for the Wii.

A Nintendo DS video game titled Pucca Power Up was released by Rising Star Games on May 13, 2011. It was made with a partnership between the pre-mentioned game company and the franchise' creator, Vooz. Later, Rising Star Games announced that the release would be for the entire PAL region, with the game arriving in the United Kingdom first. The game was released in Europe on May 13, 2011, and in North America the same year on September 13.

title: Pucca


text:
User:Spundun/Bash Tips

 * To redirect std error to stdout append this to the command 2>&1.

title: User:Spundun/Bash Tips


text:
User talk:Tigranes

Leave Messages!

title: User talk:Tigranes