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Interstate 86 (Idaho)

Interstate 86 (I-86) is an east–west intrastate Interstate Highway located entirely within the state of Idaho. It runs approximately 63 mi from an intersection with I-84 east of Declo in rural Cassia County, to an intersection with I-15 in Chubbuck, just north of Pocatello. The highway is part of the main route from Boise and Twin Falls to Idaho Falls and the upper Snake River region.

I-86 runs through a sparsely populated region along the south side of the Snake River and is mostly concurrent with US Highway 30 (US-30), which it replaced in the 1970s. It passes through American Falls at its midpoint and has a business route that serves the city center. The highway also serves Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge, Massacre Rocks State Park, the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, and Pocatello Regional Airport.

The highway follows a section of the historic Oregon Trail, which was paved and incorporated into US-30N in 1926. Under the original numbering proposal for the Interstate Highway System released in 1957, the highway was supposed to be part of Interstate 82N (I-82N), but it was instead designated as Interstate 15W (I-15W). The first section of the freeway, near American Falls, was completed in 1959. Other sections near Chubbuck and Pocatello were opened in 1968. I-15W was renumbered to I-86 in 1978, shortly before construction of its final section between Raft River and American Falls commenced. The highway was dedicated and opened to traffic on October 11, 1985.

Route description

I-86 begins at an interchange with I-84 and US-30 northeast of Declo. From the interchange, I-84 continues west toward Twin Falls and Boise and southeast toward Salt Lake City, Utah. I-86 travels east, concurrent with US 30, through rural Cassia County for about 14 mi to its first exit at Raft River near a crossing of the river of the same name. From Raft River, I-86 follows the Snake River upstream through Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge and crosses into Power County.

The freeway continues northeast between the Snake River and the Sublett Range and passes a set of rest areas near Massacre Rocks State Park, one of the state's most popular tourist attractions. Near Neeley, I-86 passes a wind farm and intersects State Highway 37 (SH-37), which provides a southerly connection to Rockland. A business route of I-86 also terminates at the interchange and continues along the north side of the freeway as it approaches the city of American Falls. I-86 bypasses the city on its east side and intersects the business route and SH-39 near American Falls Airport. From the city, the highway runs along the south side of the American Falls Reservoir and follows a railroad into the Fort Hall Indian Reservation.

I-86 passes through the northern section of the Fort Hall Reservation, serving exits to Arbon Valley and Pocatello Regional Airport. US-30 leaves the freeway at an interchange located between the eastern boundary of the reservation and the Bannock County line on the Portneuf River. US-30 continues southeast into Pocatello while I-86 runs through the northern suburb of Chubbuck. The highway intersects US-91 in a diverging diamond interchange, the first to be built in Idaho, on the northeast side of Pine Ridge Mall. I-86 continues east for approximately 1 mi to a directional T interchange with I-15 at the north edge of Pocatello, where it terminates.

At 63 mi in length, I-86 is one of the shortest primary Interstate Highways in the contiguous US. The highway is maintained by the Idaho Transportation Department (ITD), which conducts an annual survey of traffic on certain highway segments that is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. The busiest section of I-86 is near its eastern terminus in Chubbuck, carrying an average of 27,158 vehicles. The least-traveled section, near Massacre Rocks, sees only 6,759 vehicles on an average day.

History
The route of I-86 largely follows the westernmost section of US-30N, which split from US-30S at Burley and continued east into Wyoming. The corridor was part of the Oregon Trail in the 19th century and was later marked as an auto trail. It was designated as SH-16 in the early 1920s, prior to its incorporation into US-30N in 1926. US-30N was realigned onto a new road near Raft River in 1952, with the intention of upgrading it to a four-lane limited access highway.

In the original plans for the national expressway and freeway system, which would later become the Interstate Highway System, Pocatello was served by two major highways along US-30N and US-91 and a spur route along US-30N that was removed from later plans. After the Interstate plan was approved by the federal government, present-day I-86 was numbered as part of I-82N but was eventually designated in 1958 as I-15W. Construction on the first section of I-15W, a four-lane bypass of American Falls, began in May 1958 and was completed in October 1959. The westernmost stretch of the highway near Raft River was opened in 1963 as part of work on I-80N east of Heyburn. The Chubbuck section of the freeway was opened to traffic in July 1968 and was followed three months later by an extension to Pocatello Air Terminal 4.6 mi west of the city. I-15W between American Falls and the airport was opened to traffic in September 1972.

US-30N was superseded by US-30 in 1972. In 1973, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) adopted a new preference for duplicate numbers in lieu of suffixed designations. As a result, I-15W was redesignated as I-86 in 1978; it was originally submitted as part of I-84 (the successor to I-80N). By 1980, most of the freeway was completed, except for a 21 mi section between Raft River and American Falls that was graded and scheduled to be temporarily paved. The final four-lane section was constructed at a cost of $33 million (equivalent to $ in ) beginning in 1978 and was dedicated on October 11, 1985. The highway's construction was delayed by careful rock blasting next to utility lines, historic sites, and native wildlife habitats.

The interchange with US-91 in Chubbuck was later rebuilt in 2013 as the state's first diverging diamond interchange, which helped reduce the rate of collisions at the interchange. ITD plans to rebuild the interchanges at the western and eastern termini of I-86 to meet modern standards and improve safety. Reconstruction of the western interchange at I-84 near Declo began in May 2018 and was completed in late 2020, replacing the trumpet configuration with a modified Y. A major rebuild of the eastern interchange at I-15 in Chubbuck began in August 2022 and is scheduled to be completed in 2025 at a cost of $112 million. The new design eliminates left-side ramps from I-15 and allows traffic from the Pocatello Creek Road interchange to merge onto either freeway.

Business route
Interstate 86 Business (I-86 Bus) is a business route of I-86 that runs between two interchanges in American Falls. It travels northeast from the SH-37 interchange into downtown American Falls on Lincoln Street and Fort Hall Avenue, following the former route of US-30N. The route turns west onto Idaho Street for two blocks and crosses over a railroad before beginning its concurrency with SH-39 around the northwestern side of the city. The highways turn northeast onto Pocatello Avenue, which leads to an interchange with I-86 on the south side of American Falls Airport.

The business route was originally created in 1972 as I-15W Bus, replacing a section of SH-37 within American Falls.

title: Interstate 86 (Idaho)


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Interstate 86 (Pennsylvania–New York)

Interstate 86 (I-86) is an Interstate Highway that extends for 223.39 mi through northwestern Pennsylvania and the Southern Tier region of New York, in the United States. The highway has two segments: the longer of the two begins at an interchange with I-90 east of Erie, Pennsylvania, and ends just beyond the Chemung-Tioga county line at the Pennsylvania border, while the second extends from I-81 east of Binghamton to New York State Route 79 (NY 79) in Windsor. When projects to upgrade the existing NY 17 to Interstate Highway standards are completed, I-86 will extend from I-90 near Erie to the New York State Thruway (I-87) in Woodbury. The portion in Erie County, Pennsylvania, is known as the Hopkins-Bowser Highway and is signed as such at each end. In New York, the current and future alignment of I-86 is known as the Southern Tier Expressway west of I-81 in Binghamton and the Quickway east of I-81.

I-86 travels 6.99 mi in Pennsylvania and 216.4 mi in New York. Except for a section of about 1.5 mi that dips into Pennsylvania at exit 60 near the New York village of Waverly and the Pennsylvania borough of South Waverly, the rest of I-86 will be in New York. The section of NY 17 through South Waverly is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), however. The Southern Tier Expressway section of I-86 and NY 17 comprises Corridor T of the Appalachian Development Highway System. I-86 connects to US Route 219 (US 219) in Salamanca, Seneca Nation; I-390 near Avoca and I-99/US 15 just west of Corning.

Most of the Quickway and the Southern Tier Expressway was built in stages from the 1950s to the 1980s. The I-86 designation was assigned on December 3, 1999, to the entirety of since-decommissioned Pennsylvania Route 17 (PA 17) and to the westernmost 177 mi of NY 17. It has been extended eastward as more sections of the existing NY 17 freeway have been upgraded to Interstate Highway standards, first to NY 14 in Horseheads in 2004, to NY 352 in Elmira in 2008, and its current terminus at the Chemung–Tioga county line in 2013. The segment of NY 17 between I-81 and NY 79 was designated as part of I-86 in 2006, but this segment currently remains discontinuous with the rest of I-86 while work is being done in the Binghamton area to bring NY 17 up to Interstate standards.

Route description

 * PA
 * 6.99 mi
 * NY
 * 216.40 mi
 * Total
 * 223.39 mi
 * }
 * Total
 * 223.39 mi
 * }

Pennsylvania to Olean
I-86 begins at an interchange with I-90 in a relatively flat area of northwestern Pennsylvania. It heads to the southeast, meeting PA 89 at exit 3 before curving to the east and crossing into New York, where it becomes concurrent with NY 17. The freeway heads generally east–west across southwest Chautauqua County, serving the hamlet of Findley Lake and the village of Sherman via NY 426 and NY 76, respectively, as it proceeds toward Chautauqua Lake.

After crossing Chautauqua Lake, I-86 merges into an older section of freeway at exit 10 near Bemus Point; this freeway is now NY 954J northwest of the newer extension. NY 954J runs into NY 430, which (along with NY 394) carried NY 17 to Westfield before the 1980s extension. From Bemus Point to Jamestown (exit 12), I-86 parallels the old NY 17 (now NY 430) along the northeast shore of Chautauqua Lake. The Erie Railroad extension to Chicago (built as the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad) comes into Jamestown from the southwest and parallels I-86 to its junction with the Erie's original main line to Dunkirk at Salamanca.

From Jamestown to Salamanca, the old NY 17 (now mostly NY 394), the new I-86 and the railroad run generally parallel through river valleys. The transportation routes run along the Chadakoin River, Conewango Creek and Little Conewango Creek to Steamburg (exit 17), cutting east to the Allegheny River at Coldspring there. The valley of the Allegheny takes the routes to Salamanca (exit 20), where the railroads merged, and beyond to Olean (exits 25 and 26). From Salamanca to Olean, the old NY 17 is now NY 417. At Olean, the Allegheny River and NY 417 (old NY 17) continue southeast, while I-86 and the Erie Railroad head northeast. NY 417 does not return to I-86 until exit 44 near Painted Post, and the Erie switches between the two alignments several times.

Olean to Elmira
I-86 and the old Erie line (now part of the Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad) run northeast along the valleys of Olean Creek and Oil Creek to Cuba (exit 28). From Cuba to Friendship (exit 29), they run through a valley and over a summit, then following Van Campen Creek northeast to Belvidere (exit 30). At Belvidere, the Erie turns southeast to meet NY 417 at Wellsville, but I-86 continues northeast through the valleys of the Genesee River and Angelica Creek to Angelica (exit 31), and then east along Angelica Creek, over a summit that is the highest point on the Interstate, and along Karr Valley Creek to Almond (exit 33). This summit, at 2110 ft above sea level, is the highest point along I-86, located between exits 32 (West Almond) and 33 and marked with a sign.

At Almond, I-86 rejoins the Erie Railroad, passing through Canacadea Creek valley about halfway to Hornellsville. However, where the railroad turns southeast to Hornellsville, I-86 continues northeast across a summit and into the wide Canisteo River valley (exit 34). It leaves the valley along Carrington Creek but quickly turns east across a summit to follow Big Creek and cross another summit to Howard (exit 35). I-86 runs alongside Goff Creek from Howard to the wide Cohocton River valley, where it meets the south end of I-390 (exit 36) near Avoca and turns southeast through that valley, parallel to the Erie's Rochester–Painted Post line (Buffalo, New York, and Erie Railroad).

I-86, NY 415 (old US 15) and the Erie branch all run southeast along the Cohocton River past Bath (exit 38) to Painted Post (exit 44), now the north end of I-99 and US 15. NY 417 (old NY 17) also ends at exit 44, while NY 415 continues east into Corning (exits 45–46). From Painted Post through Corning to Big Flats (exit 49), I-86, NY 352 (old NY 17) and the Erie Railroad run through the Chemung River valley. NY 352 begins at exit 45, west of downtown Corning, and is a recently bypassed four-lane road through Corning. East of East Corning (exit 48), the freeway was built as an on-the-spot upgrade of the old NY 17.

At Big Flats, the Chemung River (and NY 352) turns southeast to downtown Elmira, while I-86 and the Erie continue east-northeast alongside Singsing Creek to the vicinity of Elmira Corning Regional Airport. The highway continues into Horseheads, where it becomes an elevated highway through the use of a large arrangement of embankments and bridges. It connects to NY 14 and NY 13 via exits 52 and 54, respectively, before turning south to follow Newtown Creek into Elmira. Just east of the city's downtown district, I-86 meets NY 352 (exit 56), then continues to the Chemung–Tioga county line. The I-86 designation ends here; however, a 9.9 mi section of NY 17 just east of Binghamton is also designated as I-86, creating a temporary gap in the designation. The Broome County segment runs from I-81 at exit 75 in Kirkwood to NY 79 at exit 79 in Windsor.

Origins and the Quickway
The first long-distance route through the modern I-86 corridor was NY 17, which extended from Westfield to New Jersey via Harriman when it was assigned in 1924. Much of NY 17 followed a routing parallel or identical to that of the modern Southern Tier Expressway and Quickway; however, it followed a more northerly routing between Westfield and Bemus Point (via modern NY 394 and NY 430) and a more southerly track from Belvidere to Corning (via what is now NY 19 and NY 417). NY 17 was realigned as part of the 1930 state highway renumbering to travel directly from Olean to Wellsville on modern NY 417, located well to the south of today's Southern Tier Expressway.

By the late 1940s, the portion of NY 17 through the Catskill Mountains and Orange and Rockland counties had become prone to massive traffic jams due to both its winding and narrow composition and congestion in the villages and hamlets along the highway. As a result, the state of New York began making plans to construct an expressway leading from the New York State Thruway at Harriman to the Catskills. Construction of the NY 17 freeway began in 1947 in the Hudson Valley town of Wallkill. The first section of the new freeway, a bypass of Middletown between Fair Oaks (exit 118A, since removed) and Goshen (exit 123), opened to traffic in July 1951 as a realignment of NY 17. In 1954, several severe accidents occurred along parts of the surface NY 17, compelling the state to make constructing the freeway, dubbed the "Quickway", a higher priority.

The road was extended east first, reaching Chester (exit 127) in October 1954 and the Thruway near Harriman in August 1955. To the west, a section of the highway through Sullivan and Delaware counties was built over the right-of-way of the defunct New York, Ontario and Western Railway. Most of the Sullivan County section of the Quickway was completed during the 1950s, with the first section within the county—between Rock Hill (exit 108) and Wurtsboro (exit 114)—opening in December 1956. A second section, from Ferndale (exit 101) to north of Liberty (exit 98), was completed in July 1958. The gap between Wurtsboro and Fair Oaks in Orange County was filled on October 23, 1958, while the section between Ferndale and Rock Hill was completed in two stages. The section east of modern exit 104 in Monticello was opened in July 1959; the part north of that point opened in December 1960.

By 1969, with the assistance of federal funding from the Appalachian Regional Commission procured by New York's US Senator Robert F. Kennedy, the 130 mi route provided nonstop access between Harriman and Binghamton, and by extension New York City to Binghamton. It connected the New York State Thruway (I-87) to I-81. Despite flaws in the highway's design—it included a grade-level railroad crossing near Fair Oaks (since removed) and two stretches with intersections and driveway access—the Quickway succeeded in easing travel through southern New York, cutting the driving time in half and the accident rate by 70 percent.

Southern Tier Expressway
In February 1953, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey proposed constructing four superhighways across the state to supplement the New York State Thruway. One of the four proposed limited-access highways would cut across the Southern Tier, linking I-90 in the west to Binghamton in the east. The first segments of what became known as the Southern Tier Expressway, a westward continuation of the Quickway, were completed in the mid-1960s. Four sections were opened to traffic at this time: Kennedy (exit 14) to Randolph (exit 16), Coldspring (exit 17) to western Salamanca (exit 20), Campbell (exit 41) to Corning (exit 45), and East Corning (exit 48) to Lowman (exit 57), parts of which were built as a surface highway. The Coldspring to Salamanca section was built out of necessity: in 1967, the first stress test of the Kinzua Dam had submerged part of the original NY 17 into the Allegheny Reservoir and made it impassable. Construction of the new highway destroyed most of the town of Red House.

A fifth section, from Owego (exit 65) to Johnson City (exit 69), opened in early 1969. The portion of the expressway between Nichols (exit 62) and Owego was opened to traffic on October 3, 1969.

Four more segments of the Southern Tier Expressway were completed over the course of the next three years. By 1972, the gaps between Randolph and Coldspring and from Johnson City to I-81 in Binghamton were filled while the expressway was extended west from Kennedy to Falconer (exit 13) and east from Lowman to Waverly (exit 60). The missing link between Waverly and Nichols was completed by 1974. The portion of the freeway in and around Waverly was originally planned to be built on the right-of-way of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad through southern Waverly; however, the plan was scrapped in favor of a more southerly alignment that passed through the borough of South Waverly, Pennsylvania. The realignment saved $2 million (equivalent to $ in ) in construction costs and spared a handful of industries in the highway's proposed path. Both state legislatures approved the realignment in 1966 after New York agreed to maintain the section of the freeway in Pennsylvania. As part of an agreement made between the two states, Pennsylvania acquired the necessary right-of-way and easements for the freeway at the expense of New York.

Three other segments of the freeway were completed by 1974. Two of the three—from Jamestown (exit 11) and Falconer and between Almond (exit 33) and Campbell—were extensions of preexisting sections while the third, connecting Allegany (exit 24) to Hinsdale (exit 27), was isolated from the other portions of the highway. This was only temporary, however, as the freeway was completed between Hinsdale and Belvidere (exit 30) by January 1975 and opened to traffic from Belvidere to Almond on January 30, 1975. The Southern Tier Expressway was extended westward to Bemus Point by 1977, initially utilizing what is now NY 954J. In the early 1980s, work began on a westward extension to the vicinity of Erie, Pennsylvania. The Findley Lake–Bemus Point (exits 4–10) segment was completed by 1985 while the portion from I-90 east of Erie to Findley Lake was opened by 1989. From I-90 to exit 8, the freeway was initially built as a super two highway, with both directions utilizing what are now the eastbound lanes. The westbound lanes were built at a cost of $34 million (equivalent to $ in ) and opened to traffic on October 2, 1997.

Salamanca and Corning
Construction of the freeway between exits 20 and 24 was delayed for several years by members of the Seneca people, who objected to the freeway's proposed routing through the Allegany Indian Reservation. On June 29, 1976, the state of New York made an agreement with the Seneca nation that paid approximately $1.8 million (equivalent to $ in ) to the Seneca people and property owners for the 795 acre of land comprising the highway's proposed routing. In addition, the state ceded 795 acre of land to the Seneca people—750 acre of which were taken from the adjacent Allegany State Park—and agreed to support several tax and regulatory exemptions for the Senecas. The transaction was completed in September 1981, and construction on the segment began in 1982. The portion of the expressway between exits 20 and 21 was completed by 1985.

On July 21, 1985, construction was halted by protesting Senecas who did not accept the authority of the Seneca people. The protest was organized in part by two owners of property in the path of the highway and involved the construction of an encampment on the right-of-way of the Southern Tier Expressway. The state had conducted studies on realigning the highway to bypass the disputed section; however, the Indians vacated the encampment five days later. A temporary injunction prohibiting further disruptions of the highway's construction was issued in early August, allowing work on the Salamanca–Seneca Junction (exit 23) section of the expressway to resume on August 13. This segment was completed by 1989 while the last section between Seneca Junction and Allegany was opened to traffic by 1995.

Work on the Corning Bypass, a freeway around the northern and eastern fringes of the city of Corning, began in the mid-1980s. The first segment of the highway—between NY 414 (exit 46) and East Corning—was completed by 1989 while the rest opened in the mid-1990s. The completion of the Corning Bypass, the last substantial gap in the freeway, created a continuous, mostly limited-access highway between Erie, Pennsylvania, and Harriman, New York. The completed highway, designated as PA 17 and NY 17, served as a time-saving, toll-free alternate route to the Thruway for motorists going from the New York City area to Ohio and points west. In fact, the New York State Thruway Authority initially opposed the highway's construction, fearing the loss of toll revenue on its own route from motorists shunpiking via the new highway.

Designation and conversion
The portion of the two-state freeway from I-90 near Erie to I-81 in Binghamton is designated as Corridor T of the Appalachian Development Highway System. In 1998, all of PA 17 and the portion of NY 17 from the Pennsylvania state line to Harriman were designated "High Priority Corridor 36" in the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). New York politicians, including Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and businesspeople backed the move in the hope that an efficient, high-speed roadway would inspire companies to start or expand their businesses in the state's southern counties. Shortly after the passage of TEA-21, Corridor 36 was legislatively designated as I-86 in an amendment to the bill. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) formally approved the designation on November 6, 1998, as "Future I-86".

On December 3, 1999, all of PA 17 and the westernmost 177 mi of NY 17 were officially designated as I-86 by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) following improvements to bring the roadway up to Interstate Highway standards. The designation was extended 8 mi eastward to NY 14 in Horseheads on January 28, 2004, after that section had been upgraded. On May 1, 2006, the 10 mi portion of NY 17 from I-81 in Binghamton east to NY 79 in Windsor was designated as part of I-86 following the elimination of at-grade intersections and the reconstruction of exit ramps along the stretch. The completion of the $30-million (equivalent to $ in ) project increased the total mileage of I-86 to 195 mi and created a temporary gap in the designation.

In Horseheads, a $60-million (equivalent to $ in ) project to elevate the highway and remove at-grade intersections in the village between NY 14 (exit 52) and NY 13 (exit 54) began in April 2004 and was completed on August 20, 2007. NYSDOT subsequently sought permission from the FHWA to extend I-86 over the new bypass and the existing NY 17 freeway to NY 352 in Elmira; it was granted on March 28, 2008, adding another 5.9 mi to the route.

A 6.5 mi portion of NY 17 between exits 56 and 59 originally had several at-grade intersections. Work on a project to eliminate the junctions began in January 2010. Three discontinuous sections of County Route 60 (CR 60, named Brant Road, Oneida Road, and Old NY 17), a parallel surface road, were linked together as part of the project. Two of the three at-grade junctions with CR 60—the east junction with Brant Road and the west junction with Oneida Road—were permanently closed on March 24, 2010, to allow construction to begin on the new alignment of the county route between the two locations. The $65-million (equivalent to $ in ) project was completed on November 1, 2012.

Future
In 1998, then-Governor George Pataki signed legislation to convert the entirety of NY 17 to an interstate and stated that the conversion would be fully completed by 2009. However, a severe lack of funding has pushed the completion date back. , the only portion west of Binghamton not officially designated as I-86 is between the Chemung–Tioga county line and the junction with I-81. The designation on this segment cannot be applied before NYSDOT completes the Prospect Mountain construction project at the junction of I-81, US 11, NY 17, and NY 7 in Binghamton, which when complete will bring the roadway up to Interstate Highway standards. The official completion of the project was set for December 2020. The project has since been completed, but as of February 2022, the segment is still not officially designated as I-86.

Work on converting the portion of the highway east of Windsor is expected to be far more substantial than the work west of Binghamton. Aside from numerous minor interchange improvements, major work includes constructing two new interchanges in the mountainous Hale Eddy area, exits 85 and 86, to replace two at-grade intersections, as well as the relocation of driveways in that area, improving curve radiuses throughout the route, and widening the shoulders on narrow parts of the highway. Work was completed in November 2019 on a redesigned interchange at exit 131, where NY 17 meets I-87 and NY 32. Construction to bring exits 124 and 125 in Goshen up to Interstate standards, with the latter being a brand new exit, which was expected to be completed in early 2020, but was delayed. In December 2020, NYSDOT completed construction of the new exit 125, which was built to accommodate the new Legoland New York. As part of the project, a four-ramp parclo was built, which replaced the prior exit 125, located 4000 ft west. NY 17 was also expanded to three lanes in each direction between exits 124 and 125. Harriman Drive was expanded to two lanes in each direction between the exit and Legoland's entrance as well. Exit 122 has also been upgraded to interstate standards. There is no timetable for the full completion of the I-86 conversion between NY 79 in Windsor and the thruway (I-87) in Harriman. Nevertheless, the segment between Bloomingburg and Goshen is signed as I-86 and NY 17 despite not officially being part of I-86.

In October 2022, Governor Kathy Hochul announced that a draft environmental impact statement on upgrading Route 17 to transform it into Interstate 86 was underway, public outreach was expected early in 2023, and that up to $1 billion was available for the work.

Exit list
Pennsylvania uses milepost-based exit numbers on its Interstate Highways; other I-86 exits are numbered sequentially.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Interstate 86 (Pennsylvania–New York)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/UR033 UR - Electronic Warfare (2x12") (album)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was VFD nomination withdrawn. sjorford →•← 22:45, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

UR033 UR - Electronic Warfare (2x12") (album)
Is an album by Underground Resistance. Group appears on Google enough times but I don't see how the artist warrants a page just for an 90s album. Not sure some of the description of the album does the genre justice either, it doesn't appear to 'define further developments' as stated.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Miani, Sindh

Miani Maluk or Meeanee (Urdu: میانی, Sindhi: مياڻي) is a village in Sindh, Pakistan, on the east side of the Indus River. It was the site of the Battle of Miani, which the British won and made Sindh a part of British India.

History
The Battle of Miani (or Battle of Meeanee) was a battle between British East India Company forces under Charles Napier and the Talpur Mirs of Sindh, led by Mir Nasir Khan Talpur, of today's Pakistan. The Battle took place on 17 February 1843 at Miani, Sindh, in what is now Pakistan. This battle eventually led to the capture of parts of the Sindh region, the first territorial possession by the British East India company in what is the modern-day country of Pakistan. The war resulted in a decisive victory for the British.

Guddu Barrage
Guddu Barrage is a barrage on the Indus River near Kashmore in the Sindh province of Pakistan that passes through Miani. President Iskander Mirza laid the foundation-stone of Guddu Barrage on 2 February 1957. The barrage was completed in 1962 for 474.8 million rupees and inaugurated by Field Marshal Ayub Khan in 1962.

Guddu Barrage controls water flow in the River Indus for irrigation and flood control purposes.

It has a discharge capacity of 1.2 million cubic feet per second (34,000 m³/s). It is a gate-controlled weir type barrage with a navigation lock. The barrage has 64 bays, each 60 feet (18 m) wide. The maximum flood level height of Guddu Barrage is 26 feet (8 m). It controls irrigation supplies to 2.9 million acres (12,000 km2) of agricultural land in the Kashmore District, Jacobabad District, Larkana District and Sukkur District districts of Sindh province and the Nasirabad District of Balochistan province. It feeds the Ghotki Feeder, Begari Feeder, Desert and Pat Feeder canals.

title: Miani, Sindh


text:
St Albans Park, Victoria

St. Albans Park is a residential suburb of Geelong, Victoria, 6 km southeast from Geelong's city centre. It is bounded by Boundary Road (West), Coppards Road (East), Townsend Road (North) and the Barwon River (South). The suburbs that surround it are Whittington, Breakwater, Moolap and Marshall. The suburb extends around the St. Albans Homestead and stud, a historic house and accompanying stables. At the, St. Albans Park had a population of 4,942.

The suburb contains facilities such as an aged care village, church and many parks and reserves. Due to a significant increase in the number of young families moving to the suburb, a new kindergarten has been built in Homestead Drive. The suburb is close to the Bellarine Village and Newcomb Central shopping centres.

St Albans Uniting Church in Wilsons Road was built in 1869 and dedicated in 1870. Its beginnings can be traced back to forerunner churches and church gatherings from the early 1840s. Forerunner churches and chapels were located in Lakes Road (now Woods Road) in Boronggoop (early name for St. Albans Park area bounded by Barwon River and extending north east in a 10000 acre allotment - initially held by Caroline Elizabeth Newcomb - to Point Henry), in Hampstead, (early name for St. Albans Park area bounded by Woods / Coppards / Townsend / Wellington Roads), Regent Street and Chapel Street - the last two both in Whittington.

Heritage listed sites
St Albans Park contains a number of heritage listed sites, including:

 * 6-30 Homestead Drive, St Albans Homestead
 * 305 Wilson Road, St Albans Homestead Gate Lodge

title: St Albans Park, Victoria


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/PSYCH/Evidence

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Evidence presented by Xtra
Just to address PSYCH's comment about me accusing others of being him. I was suspicious that a new user's first edits were to my talk page to side with PSYCH. So I asked Tim Starling if he could assist me. He told me that they were the same person. Xtra 04:18, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Also I am not the main, or even a substantial contributor to Liberal Party of Australia. See. My only involvement to date has been to correct errors and revert vandalism. Xtra 04:39, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

My evidence is posted on the main page Requests for arbitration/PSYCH. If further evidence is required please tell me what is required and I will try to provide it as soon as possible. Xtra 03:57, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Evidence below

On the first ground -

The incidents started after I reverted an incorrect edit to the Liberal Party of Australia page. A few days later I posted a reputable source for this. In addition, all users posting to talk:Liberal Party of Australia, bar an anonymous editor agreed with me.

Examples of comments by those agreeing with me,.

One of the original comments of the anonymous user.

An example of PSYCH claiming that it is in fact I that disagree with everyone

The anonymous user is PSYCH. For one, PSYCH admitted it, (the other guy referred to is Buffy05). Also most of them are from the same group of IPs. And if you look at the contributions, they are all in the same style and often edit or are editted by each other.

The IP addresses that PSYCH contribs has posted from include: user:210.50.249.123 contribs, user:210.50.40.50 contribs, user:210.50.41.212 contribs, user:210.50.201.231 contribs, user:210.50.218.97 contribs, user:210.50.41.61 contribs, user:210.50.45.7 contribs, user:210.50.45.52 contribs, user:203.134.133.52 contribs.

PSYCH claims that I started it all when I questioned why he didn’t get into a certain uni.

However, the evidence differs. PSYCH questioned the truth of my claim to be studying law and I replied by saying that I would not make the same comments about him.

With regards to the comments made on talk:Liberal Party of Australia, all the posts, except for the top one, which are not signed are by PSYCH.

After PSYCH got a user account, he posted numerous things on my talk page. He calls me a Nazi, which as a person with relatives who lived through the holocaust, I find highly offensive. Raul654 then warns him not to make such posts. So PSYCH removes the reference to Nazi. I thank him for removing it. So just to prove that he only removed it to avoid punishment PSYCH posted the following inflammatory statement:

“ Calling you something that rhymes with "Mazi" wasn't innacurate, I just didn't want to get banned so I decided to remove it. I think the burden is on you to prove why you're not a (rhymes with "Mazi") because your politcal views closely resemble those of a (rhymes with "Mazi"), your suspicious views on gay marriage and gay adoption speak volumes (when according to you, gays have "plenty of rights."). - PSYCH 00:49, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) “

,

Other than the incorrect post that he made to Liberal Party of Australia as an anonymous user, his only activities with wikipedia have been to attack me. In fact, for the first six days after receiving his user account, PSYCH does not make a single contribution to the article space. He only starts contributing to the article space &  after being told off for not contributing by RickK. One of those three edits that PSYCH has made to the article space was in fact to re-insert some of the POV to the Liberal Party page that he was told by numerous users was incorrect (see above).

On the second ground –

It appears as though PSYCH has posted on another website to get people, who are not otherwise wikipedians, to join his attacks on me. See. Here is the threat that he made as while he was an anonymous user to that effect.

Xtra 22:46, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Evidence presented by PSYCH
Evidence

All the evidence is posted on the original arbitration page. [Xtra]] lashes out at other users. Now his personal attacks have spilled out onto others as well as me, what have other users done to deserve such harsh treatment. The fact that he tries to obtain personal information about me is an insult. I don't ask for any information about him. That is offensive.

Xtra has also been hounding and ecouraging other Wikipedia users about how he can get me. User RickK has become tired of and frustrated with Xtra's badgering claiming "Why do you feel that I, personally, have to get involved in this. I've made statements, I've suggested he knock it off. You don't want to make an RfA, so then deal with it. If you want to make an RfA something might get done, but it's not my responsibility to hold your hand."

The fact that I may discuss this issue outside of wikipedia on blogs or sites cannot be an issue. My behaviour outside of wikipedia should not be able to be used against me in these procedings. If however I were encouraging other Wikipedians (on Wiki) to join in then that would be against the rules. But how can I be judged for my acions outside of Wikipedia?

I also may be AN anonymous poster, but I'm not EVERY anonymous poster that Xtra has incorrectly cited. I mentioned that I was an anon. user in question, when I kept losing cookies to log in. Now he posts these inaccurate accounts of posts I've never made which are fale.

Additionally, with regard to my content. I was offended by his insensitive remarks (about politics, hcivil rights, and education status). From then on I aimed to correct his comments before contributing any further to other pages. Since mailed admin Sterling Newberry about her resolution, I have not contributed to the Liberal Party page at all claiming defeat, and now Xtra brings this arbitration against me when I haven't even bothered to post on his page.

User Xtra initially started the personal attacks by reverting and being critical of a single revert. He then launched his first personal attack, stating: i dont know where you are coming from, but you certainly dont know where the liberals are coming from.

He then became critical and asked me why I wasn't good enough to get into his university. That was the moment he clearly started the personal attacks. By asking whether he was actually at Melbourne uni I was simply asking him a question after he had updated his page seconds after talking to me. It was a statement, but he originally initiated the personal attacks.

He has then launched further personal attacks accusing me of being other users on Wikipedia, stating that he asked a "developer" to find out whether I were other users. This is a serious personal attack and invasion of privacy.

He has then launched into personal attacks against other users aswell, for example, Xtra stated: ''just a comment. Ozguy is a new user, with this being his only edit. suspect is sockpuppet of PSYCH. Xtra 03:00, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)'' link

So not only is he attacking me, he's also resorting to attacking other contributing Wikipedia users who agree with me.

I also objected to Xtra's NPOV. He himself is a supporter of the Liberal Party, and yet is the main editor of the Liberal Party Page on wikipedia. I find it hard to fathom how he can present a neutral, factual account of the same political party he himself admires.

Xtra refers to groups of IPs. Did it occur to him that I may be using a public computer, at a library, shared household or university? I'm not the only one with access to this IP, and you may be blocking other students from contributing. Xtra seems to be a little to sconcerned, alsmot on a witchhunt to track down anonymous IPS and link them to me. Not fair at all.

Xtra has even bragged about this arbitration to other users on two occasions - PSYCH 13:28, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Finally, user Xtra has posted factually innaccurate and offensive comments on his talk page about homosexual rights. According to him, homosexuals have many "rights" under the liberal party and should be thankful that homosexuality isn't illegal anymore. According to him, gays do not want civil rights including gay marriage, stating: "marriage has never been high on the "gay agenda" which is an insult to gay rights in Australia. This is not his comment to make when he is a social conservative, and cannot possibly know what civil rights gay activists are seeking. The plight for gay marriage rights is also listed here on Wikipedia, had he bothered to look, and is high on the "gay agenda" when he incorrectly claimed it was not.

He also insists that I only use partial truths, a further insult. The Liberal Party have indeed blocked any hope of a gay marriage ban under the notion that marriage is a contract to reproduce, which I linked to here. This is fat, There is also a move by the liberal party to have a discussion about the legality of abortion, and won't stop a private members bill. Note that this parliamentary discussion is solely initiated by the Liberal Party, which contradicts Xtra's claim.

There is also false information about immigration. The current Liberal Party Leader has previously stated his racially motivated anti-Asian immigration views *N.B. reg' required to view source. And now immigrants are forced into detention centres, or a involved in a propaganda campaign such as the children overboard controversy and the wrongful imprisonment of an Australian woman with a German Accent in an immigration detention centre.

I used the term Nazi as a simile to the Liberal Party's conservative stance on gay rights, which are very much alike, which resemble Xtra's beliefs, and was not aware that it was against the rules. Mea Culpa.

Xtra is also incorrect with his opinion over neoliberalism. He seems to think that Neoliberalism andsocial conervativism are mutually exclusive political beliefs, when they are not. By his own words he claims that there is a conservative group and a neoliberal group within the Liberal party, when in fact neoliberals are typically socially conservative individuals anyway.

Xtra was also unwilling to undergo mediation to settle this dispute, when offered numerous times by me. - PSYCH 04:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Finally, Xtra has misrepresented user Jwrosenzweig's words. He or she never ordered us to go to arbitration, but rather said "....Anyone who wants to further pursue matters with Xtra should either file an RFC concerning his conduct or else seek Arbitration." Xtra chose arbitration.

The best scenario, unfortunately, would be to block both me, PSYCH, and Xtra from Wikipedia. Xtra's behaviour is not what one would expect from a "member of The Forum for Encyclopedic Standards and member of The Association of Deletionist Wikipedians."

I don't have the time to settle this, and apparently Xtra doesn't either, so why bother. I won't even have time to come to Wikipedia once the semester begins (next week) anyway, so any block is pointless.

- PSYCH 02:26, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Highton, Victoria

Highton is a residential suburb of Geelong, Victoria, Australia. With views across Geelong, Corio Bay and the surrounding region, Highton is located along the banks of the Barwon River and across the rolling Barrabool Hills. The Barwon River straddles Highton to the north and east, while it is bordered by the hilly Ceres and Wandana Heights to the west, the former (and now underground) Kardinia Creek separates the suburb from Belmont to the south-east, and the Princes Highway and Pigdons Road to the south separate the suburb from Waurn Ponds.

History
Grazier John Highett set up a farm and finished building his house on a hill overlooking the Barwon River in 1834. Two years later his wife and daughter moved in with him.Later his property became the Montpellier vineyard, hotel and picnic ground. Highton was named after an abbreviation of his name. Reserves, reservoirs and a school in this beautiful suburb still bear the Montpellier name. The ruins of the original property still exist in Montpellier Park.

The district had been extensively subdivided by the mid-1860s and boasted a hotel, a post office (opened on 1 December 1864) and a population of about 300 people. Vineyards, orchards and farmland were the major commercial activities for some decades. Between 1927 and 1933, two major orphanages and the Glastonbury children's home were opened in the suburb.

Residential development reached Highton by the post war 1950s, the scenic hills overlooking the Barwon River valley being popular with residents. The Highton shopping centre in Bellevue Avenue was constructed in the mid-1960s. Highton Post Office moved here in 1965 and a Highton South office opened the same year. Kardinia Creek separating the suburb from Belmont was placed underground. Further residential expansion continued southwards and by the 1990s housing had reached the Glastonbury Drive area.

Major residential developments in the area north of Barrabool Road and west of Scenic Road have seen a sizeable increase in the suburb's population.

Education
Highton has three state run primary schools. Highton Primary School was the first school in the area, opening in 1854. While post-world war two growth led to the opening of Bellaire Primary School in 1963 and Montpellier Primary School in 1969.

Belmont High School is the only state run high school in the area. It opened in 1945 and is still open to this day.

Christian College, a co-denominational Christian school, opened in the former St Augustine's orphanage in 1980 and offers the suburb's only independendent primary and secondary school. Formerly, Geelong Grammar School occupied a campus in Highton from 1962 to 1998. However, this campus is now part of Christian College which now has three campuses in the suburb.

Highton is also located in close proximity to Deakin University's Waurn Ponds campus and the southern section of the suburb has a high student population.

Healthcare
Highton has multiple medical surgeries and pharmacies. It is also noted that Epworth HealthCare operates a private hospital in Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds which is across the road from many residents of Highton as Pigdons Road separates the two suburbs. The nearest public hospital University Hospital Geelong located in Geelong's central business district.

Shopping
Highton has two smaller shopping centres namely: Highton Village is a boutique shopping strip in Belle Vue Avenue containing specialty shops and a supermarket. In 2016 Barrabool Hills Plaza opened in Provence Blvd containing a Woolworths Supermarket and some small speciality shops. There is another small strip of shops containing a bakery, post office, and small cafes along Porter Avenue.

Sport
Running, walking and bike riding are also popular activities along the Barwon River as tracks exists to enable such pursuits. Popular spots to begin include near Queens Park. Highton Reserve is the home of the Geelong Falcons training ground the complete in the AFL under 18 TAC League.

Queens Park also contains a golf course called the Queens Park Public Golf Course and hosts both the Geelong Amateur Football & Netball Club and the Newtown and Chilwell Cricket Club.

There is a sporting precinct near Highton Village which hosts the Geelong Falcons. This sporting precinct is also home to the Highton Tennis Club and Highton Bowls Club.

On the boundary between Highton and Belmont is a third sporting field, home to the South Barwon Football and Netball Club.

Transport
Highton is connected by road to the centre of Geelong by Barrabool Road, Shannon Avenue, and the Princes Highway. Traffic to Melbourne is able to use the Geelong Ring Road that passes to the west of the suburb.

Public transport to the area is provided by buses operated by McHarry's Buslines and CDC Geelong, under contract to Public Transport Victoria. The two routes run from Geelong railway station to Deakin University at Waurn Ponds, via the Geelong city centre. Route 42 serves the southern area of the suburb, also running through Belmont and Grovedale, and Route 43 serves the northern area, also running through Newtown.

Trams used to operate through the outskirts of Highton, until 1956 when Geelong trams were replaced with buses.

Notable people
Notable people from or who have lived in Highton include:
 * Greg Stewart, an Australian triathlon and duathlon champion.
 * Rasmus Williams, an Australian junior weightlifting champion responsible for bringing recognition to a new technique called 'belly rolling'.

title: Highton, Victoria


text:
Mike Muir

Michael Allen Muir (born March 14, 1963) is an American singer who is the lead vocalist and the sole continuous member of Los Angeles-based bands Suicidal Tendencies, Los Cycos, and Infectious Grooves. He has also released several solo albums under his nickname Cyco Miko. Muir's trademark is wearing bandanas, jerseys with the number 13, and hats with block-style letters that read "suicidal".

Early life
Born in Venice, Los Angeles, and raised in Santa Monica, Mike Muir is the younger brother of Jim Muir of the Dogtown skateboarding team. Jim exposed Mike to metal music as well as skateboarding. Muir attended Santa Monica College after being kicked out of school in the 10th grade.

Career
Muir has cited bands such as the Sex Pistols, the Ramones, Black Sabbath, UFO, AC/DC, Van Halen, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Led Zeppelin, and Kiss as his early musical influences, and has said that he was introduced to funk music by former bandmate Robert Trujillo. Muir incorporated funk influences into a few songs by Suicidal Tendencies and into his funk metal side project, Infectious Grooves.

Suicidal Tendencies
Muir formed Suicidal Tendencies in 1980 when he was 17 years old. It originally consisted of Muir on vocals, Mike Ball on guitar, Carlos "Egie" Egert on drums, and Mike Dunnigan on bass. There were several lineup changes before Muir hired Grant Estes, Louiche Mayorga and Amery Smith on guitar, bass and drums respectively. In 1983, they released their self-titled album, with success sparked by the anthem song "Institutionalized", which would become one of the first hardcore punk videos to receive substantial airplay on MTV. They have since played tours and festivals worldwide. When No Mercy guitarist Mike Clark was hired as the band's second guitarist in 1987, Suicidal Tendencies began making a change from punk to metal, thus creating what would become crossover thrash, and later began adding funk influences to their music. Robert Trujillo, who was the bassist for Suicidal Tendencies from 1989 to 1995, was responsible for turning Muir on to funk music, and the pair would eventually form Infectious Grooves to play more funk oriented music. Cited as one of the most important crossover thrash groups, Suicidal Tendencies was active until 1995, but reunited a year later. Suicidal Tendencies has been touring or playing selected shows almost every year, and until the 2013 release of their ninth studio album 13, they had not released an album containing new music in over a decade. Between the releases of Free Your Soul and Save My Mind and 13, however, the band had debuted new material on stage and through compilation releases on a regular basis.

Los Cycos
Muir formed Los Cycos in 1984 during Suicidal's first year of their four-year recording hiatus. Current guitarist Jon Nelson left the group and Suicidal Tendencies were banned from playing L.A. shows, largely due to an incident at Perkins Palace where their audience tore out the first 10 rows, making it impossible for promoters to obtain insurance if Suicidal was on the bill. Muir started the label Suicidal Records with bassist Louiche Mayorga. Los Cycos originally consisted of Mike Muir (vocals), Bob Heathcote (bass), Anthony "Bob" Gallo (guitars) and Amery Smith (drums). After a few rehearsals, Amery Smith left the line up, along with bandmate Jon Nelson to start their own band (the Brood). Los Cycos eventually included: Grant Estes on lead guitar, Gallo went to (rhythm), and original choices Bob Heathcote and Amery Smith were replaced by Louiche Mayorga (bass) and No Mercy's Sal Troy (drums). Rehearsals continued in preparation for their debut recording for "Welcome to Venice" on Suicidal Records. With the final line-up established and two songs "It's Not Easy" and "A Little Each Day", Los Cycos was born. "Welcome to Venice" was the first record to be released on Suicidal Records, and the album also included local Venice, Los Angeles bands Suicidal Tendencies, Beowülf, No Mercy, and Excel. Unfortunately the original masters were lost in a fire and no effort has been made to release the material digitally. Mike Muir's vocals can be heard on the Suicidal Tendencies cut "Look Up...(The Boys are Back)" and the Los Cycos track "It's Not Easy". Grant Estes played all guitars on the recordings.

Other music projects
Muir has released solo albums under his nickname Cyco Miko and has sung for No Mercy, replacing original singer Kevin Guercio, who sang for the band on the Welcome to Venice compilation. Cyco Miko released three albums on the record label Suicidal Records. The album Schizophrenic Born Again Problem Child was released in 2001, following up 1996's Lost My Brain! (Once Again). In October 2011 a third Cyco Miko album was released worldwide, featuring previously unreleased and newly written music from Cyco Miko, Suicidal Tendencies and Infectious Grooves. The album entitled "The Mad Mad Muir Musical Tour - Part 1" featured current Suicidal Tendencies band members as well as performances by Fletcher Dragge, Robert Trujillo, Brooks Wackerman, bassist Thundercat (Stephen Bruner) and saxophonist Kamasi Washington. No Mercy released only one album with Muir, Widespread Bloodshed/Love Runs Red on Suicidal Records.

In 1989, not long after Robert Trujillo joined Suicidal Tendencies, Muir and Trujillo formed Infectious Grooves, a funk metal band that often brought out a goofier type of humor: their albums contain comedy skits by a reptilian lover named Aladdin Sarsippius Sulemenagic Jackson III. To date, the Infectious Grooves have released four albums.

Muir executive produced Excel's 1987 debut album Split Image.

Muir provided vocals on the P.O.D. song "Kaliforn-Eye-A" from their 2008 album When Angels & Serpents Dance.

In May 2021, Muir along with Tim Armstrong (Rancid), Matt Freeman (Rancid), Fletcher Dragge (Pennywise), and Byron McMacken (Pennywise) formed a punk rock supergroup called The Crew. The band's first single, "One Voice", was released on Epitaph Records.

Personal life
In 2003 Muir had his first of two back surgeries for a ruptured, herniated disc. The other, in 2005, caused him to cancel Brazilian festival dates and Suicidal shows. Muir is married and has three children. In early 2011 he returned to the United States after living in Queensland, Australia for a short period of time.

His house was made over into a "horror house" on the Discovery Channel show Monster House.

On March 7, 1996, Muir fought Simon Woodstock in a celebrity boxing match on the Action Sports channel. Muir lost to Woodstock.

Muir was a longtime friend to Texan film actor Bill Paxton. The two worked with each other for the LA Times in the late 1970s before Muir formed Suicidal Tendencies and Paxton started his career in Hollywood. Following Paxton's death in 2017, Muir expressed in a tribute his condolences to the late actor on Suicidal Tendencies' Facebook page.

Views
Muir is known for being outspoken on his views about the music industry and society. He has long been an opponent of the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), and has reflected this in interviews and a few songs (namely "You Can't Bring Me Down" and "Lovely").

Muir was involved in a near-violent feud with Megadeth frontman Dave Mustaine during the European Clash of the Titans tour, but the two have since reconciled and are apparently now on friendly terms.

Muir has criticized the band (and his band Suicidal Tendencies' former Epic Records labelmate) Rage Against the Machine, who are well known for expressing anti-corporate, left-wing politics in their lyrics. The Infectious Grooves song "Do What I Tell Ya!", from their album Groove Family Cyco, mocks the band for this contradiction. Muir later stated that Rage Against the Machine's guitarist, Tom Morello, provoked the feud by attacking Suicidal Tendencies.

Muir has stated he has never used drugs and doesn't drink alcohol.

title: Mike Muir


text:
Vigil

A vigil, from the Latin vigilia meaning 'wakefulness' (Greek: pannychis, παννυχίς or agrypnia ἀγρυπνία), is a period of purposeful sleeplessness, an occasion for devotional watching, or an observance. The Italian word vigilia has become generalized in this sense and means 'eve' (as in "on the eve of the war").

Eves of religious celebrations
A vigil may be held on the eve of a major religious festival (feast days), observed by remaining awake—"watchful"—as a devotional exercise or ritual observance on the eve of a holy day. Such liturgical vigils usually consist of psalms, prayers and hymns, possibly a sermon or readings from the Holy Fathers, and sometimes periods of silent meditation.

The term "morning" means that the observance begins on the evening before. In traditional Christianity, the celebration of liturgical feasts begins on the evening before the holy day because the Early Church continued the Jewish practice of beginning the day at sunset rather than midnight.

Most likely the best known vigil is the Easter Vigil held at night between Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday. The Midnight Mass held on Christmas Eve is a remnant of this practice. Christmas Eve is a time of reflection for Christians all over the world.

Vigils are also commonly observed on Holy Days in the Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, and Methodist Churches. In the Eastern Orthodox Church an All-Night Vigil (consisting of Great Vespers, Matins and the First Hour) is held on the eves of Sundays and all Major Feast Days (such as the Twelve Great Feasts and the Feast Days of important Saints) during the liturgical year. In the Methodist tradition, Watchnight Vigil services are celebrated on New Year's Eve.

Vigils at the time of death
When a Jew dies, a watch is kept over the body and Tehillim are recited constantly, until the burial service.

In Christianity, especially the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions, a vigil is often held when someone is gravely ill or mourning. Prayers are said and votives are often made. Vigils extend from eventual death to burial, ritualistically to pray for a loved one, but more so their body is never left alone.

Medieval knights
During the Middle Ages, a squire on the night before his knighting ceremony was expected to take a cleansing bath, fast, make confession, and then hold an all-night vigil of prayer in the chapel, preparing himself in this manner for life as a knight. For the knighting ceremony, he dressed in white as a symbol for purity, and over that was placed a red robe to show his readiness to be wounded, over which a black robe was placed as a symbol of his willingness to die for his king.

Modern mourning, remembrance and protest
In some countries, including the United States, vigils are held in public spaces as a form of peaceful protest or public mourning. Examples include the numerous public vigils during the protests against police violence as well as public vigils for victims of mass shootings, which can occur as a remembrance or commemoration of a death or traumatic event. These vigils typically begin with an announcement or speech, and can be silent or include chanting, song, or prayer. Public vigils in the United States are not necessarily religious in scope or tone and are often completely secular, but can be religious depending on the group or individuals organizing the vigil.

title: Vigil


text:
Morioka Third High School

The Morioka Daisan High School (岩手県立盛岡第三高等学校), commonly referred to as Morioka Third High School or San-Kō, is located in Morioka, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. It is the third oldest public high school in the city, founded in 1963. It has a student body of approximately 1,000 students. The school is managed by the Iwate Prefectural Board of Education.

Morioka Third High School's symbol is the Ōtori, which corresponds to "freedom, peace, truth, dreams and intellect that will spread without limit".

In 2001, the school replaced its old school building with a newer, larger facility. Most of the school is not air conditioned in the summer, but the entire school is heated, including the corridors. The school has two gymnasiums, however one is almost exclusively used for volleyball practice and games only.

School uniforms
The students are required to wear standard Japanese high school uniforms.

School clubs
The school has daily sports club activities for kendo, judo, archery, athletics, basketball, volleyball, handball, table tennis, tennis, soft tennis, badminton, soccer, swimming, rowing, skiing, rugby, rhythmic gymnastics, baseball and skating.

Additionally there are clubs for the school newspaper, photography, chorus, brass band, theater, biology, flower arranging, astronomy, fine art, physics, Japanese literature and Go

Notable alumni

 * Akahira Hiroshi - Television announcer
 * Masanori Murakawa - Japanese professional wrestler and former Iwate Prefectural Assembly legislator
 * Fumito Kumagai - Businessman and former Livedoor Co. director
 * Shingo Kimura - Television announcer

title: Morioka Third High School


text:
Bell Post Hill, Victoria

Bell Post Hill is a residential suburb of Geelong, Victoria, Australia. At the 2016 census, Bell Post had a population of 4,919.

The origin of the suburb's name is thought to be from a lookout or warning bell on a post or forked tree situated on the hill overlooking Corio Bay and the Moorabool river known as Morongo estate.

Schools in Bell Post Hill

 * Kardinia International College (previously Morongo College)
 * Covenant College (previously Geelong Christian School)
 * Rollins Primary School

Heritage listed sites
Bell Post Hill contains a number of heritage listed sites, including:

 * 205 Ballarat Road and 5-61 Anakie Road, Morongo
 * Geelong-Ballarat railway line, Cowies Creek Rail Bridge No. 1

Sport
The suburb has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Geelong & District Football League.

Geelong Rangers FC play soccer at Myers Reserve and compete in the Victorian State League Division 2.

title: Bell Post Hill, Victoria