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Navesink Twin Lights

The Navesink Twin Lights is a non-operational lighthouse and museum located in Highlands, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States, overlooking Sandy Hook Bay, the entrance to New York Harbor, and the Atlantic Ocean. The Twin Lights, as the name implies, are a pair of beacons located 246 ft above sea level on the headlands of the Navesink Highlands.

In 1962, the State of New Jersey acquired Twin Lights. At the current museum facility, tours of the lighthouse, a climb of the North Tower and its expansive ocean view, and a view of the lighthouse equipment, await visitors. Twin Lights is listed on the State and National Register of Historic Places, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006 for its architecture and its role in the development of lighthouse technologies.

The Twin Lights State Historic Site is part of the New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route.

History
A lighthouse existed on the site since 1828, when it became an important guide and landmark for ships navigating the treacherous entrances to New York Harbor.

The current lighthouse was constructed in 1862. The non-identical towers by day and the two beacons by night—one flashing and one fixed—allowed ready identification by mariners of the identity of the facility, thus allowing a rough determination of their location approaching the harbor.

This was the first American lighthouse to test a Fresnel lens and was also the site of a demonstration by Marconi of the wireless telegraph in 1899. A bi-valve fresnel lens is on display in the museum.

The north tower light was discontinued in 1898; at the same time the south tower was electrified, one of the first lighthouses in the United States to do so. It was automated in 1949, but was discontinued in 1952 as the importance of the light diminished.

In 1962, the site was turned over to the state of New Jersey, by the Borough of Highlands. The sixth order lens was previously acquired and installed in the north tower by the Shrewsbury Power Squadron and presented to the town which reactivated the north tower as a private aid to navigation. This light remains active.

title: Navesink Twin Lights


text:
Talk:Ivernic language

Votes for deletion/

Can anyone demonstrate the source for this? Its news to me! Fergananim February 6, 2005
 * Ditto. Give a source. Any source. Google gives 51 hits for "Ivernic language" none of which has any substance. I vote for deletion. This is fiction, not linguistics. Evertype 14:28, 2005 Mar 5 (UTC)
 * I just checked Google for "Ivernic" - the seventh link references two articles by T.F. O'Rahilly from the scholarly journal Ériu Vol 13 in 1942. Not entirely without substance. I notice that Fergananim has also objected to the Builg on the grounds he's never heard of them, and I gather O'Rahilly is the major source for them as well. O'Rahilly seems to have been one of the few scholars to apply any source criticism to Irish historical material and most of the models for early Irish history appear to derive from his work, and so far I haven't been able to find any references that suggest his theories are controversial. I have his Early Irish History and Mythology on order from the library and will update here when I've read it. Anyone with any knowledge of the man and his work, please post! --Nicknack009 00:57, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Addendum - O'Rahilly's Irish Dialects Past and Present might be of relevance here too. The Thomas Francis O'Rahilly Papers might be of interest.--Nicknack009 01:11, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the Ivernic hypothesis is real, but I wonder whether anyone but O'Rahilly ever believed it. --Angr 16:26, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I remember reading Early Irish History and Mythology years ago, then in the past year read the re-printed edition. Back then I was deeply excited about its implications. Now, being a little better versed in history, I would be cautious, to say the least, about some of his ideas, ingenious as they are. O'Rahilly made the mistake of making his theorys sound like autoritive, incontraventable, fact. They are not. They remain ingenious theorys, but theorys just the same. Fergananim

Bollocks
"The Irish language contains a significant number of loanwords from the Brythonic languages." Name fifty such loanwords. Name twelve. Evertype 01:14, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)

I'm in no position to defend the theory - I took Angr's word for it myself - but here are the ones O'Rahilly claims: "Such words, nevertheless, are quite numerous, e.g. rón, sgríob, raideóg, carraig, gealbhann, Brian, Bruadar, to mention but a few. We find p- retained in partán, port ('tune'), pata, (s)preas, and in the tribal names Partraige, Papraige. Especially notable among these Ivernic loanwords are the national name Goídil, the name of the Irish language Goídelg, and a number of pagan deity names including Nuadu (or Luadu), Ded, Cathaer Már, Buchet, in Tat Már, Allduí. Such words make it clear that a Brittonic dialect continued to be spoken by sections of the people down to the seventh century, if not later. Many of these words suggest by their meaning or connotation that they were of humble origin, and must have been taken over from the socially inferior classes of the population, e.g. rómhar, caibe, aoileach, súgán, capall, madra ; and a similar conclusion is suggested by the fact that many of them were only tardily admitted into the literature, e.g. gaol, gruag, ciotach, spreas, gaobhar, faoibín." - Mustafaa 01:30, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

VfD result
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Ivernic language. The final result was Merge and redirect to Primitive Irish. --Deathphoenix 03:27, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I cannot find the text from this page within the current version of the page Primitive Irish. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:53, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

Ond

 * To avoid anyone shouting "hoax!!!", Tolkien copied the Iron-speech word "ond" (= "stone") into his invented Elvish languages, NOT vice-versa, and he says so in one of his later books. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:51, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ivernic language


text:
Context mixing

Context mixing is a type of data compression algorithm in which the next-symbol predictions of two or more statistical models are combined to yield a prediction that is often more accurate than any of the individual predictions. For example, one simple method (not necessarily the best) is to average the probabilities assigned by each model. The random forest is another method: it outputs the prediction that is the mode of the predictions output by individual models. Combining models is an active area of research in machine learning.

The PAQ series of data compression programs use context mixing to assign probabilities to individual bits of the input.

Application to Data Compression
Suppose that we are given two conditional probabilities, $$P(X|A)$$ and $$P(X|B)$$, and we wish to estimate $$P(X|A,B)$$, the probability of event X given both conditions $$A$$ and $$B$$. There is insufficient information for probability theory to give a result. In fact, it is possible to construct scenarios in which the result could be anything at all. But intuitively, we would expect the result to be some kind of average of the two.

The problem is important for data compression. In this application, $$A$$ and $$B$$ are contexts, $$X$$ is the event that the next bit or symbol of the data to be compressed has a particular value, and $$P(X|A)$$ and $$P(X|B)$$ are the probability estimates by two independent models. The compression ratio depends on how closely the estimated probability approaches the true but unknown probability of event $$X$$. It is often the case that contexts $$A$$ and $$B$$ have occurred often enough to accurately estimate $$P(X|A)$$ and $$P(X|B)$$ by counting occurrences of $$X$$ in each context, but the two contexts either have not occurred together frequently, or there are insufficient computing resources (time and memory) to collect statistics for the combined case.

For example, suppose that we are compressing a text file. We wish to predict whether the next character will be a linefeed, given that the previous character was a period (context $$A$$) and that the last linefeed occurred 72 characters ago (context $$B$$). Suppose that a linefeed previously occurred after 1 of the last 5 periods ($$P(X|A=0.2$$) and in 5 out of the last 10 lines at column 72 ($$P(X|B)=0.5$$). How should these predictions be combined?

Two general approaches have been used, linear and logistic mixing. Linear mixing uses a weighted average of the predictions weighted by evidence. In this example, $$P(X|B)$$ gets more weight than $$P(X|A)$$ because $$P(X|B)$$ is based on a greater number of tests. Older versions of PAQ uses this approach. Newer versions use logistic (or neural network) mixing by first transforming the predictions into the logistic domain, log(p/(1-p)) before averaging. This effectively gives greater weight to predictions near 0 or 1, in this case $$P(X|A)$$. In both cases, additional weights may be given to each of the input models and adapted to favor the models that have given the most accurate predictions in the past. All but the oldest versions of PAQ use adaptive weighting.

Most context mixing compressors predict one bit of input at a time. The output probability is simply the probability that the next bit will be a 1.

Linear Mixing
We are given a set of predictions Pi(1) = n1i/ni, where ni = n0i + n1i, and n0i and n1i are the counts of 0 and 1 bits respectively for the i'th model. The probabilities are computed by weighted addition of the 0 and 1 counts:

 * S0 = Σi wi n0i
 * S1 = Σi wi n1i
 * S = S0 + S1
 * P(0) = S0 / S
 * P(1) = S1 / S

The weights wi are initially equal and always sum to 1. Under the initial conditions, each model is weighted in proportion to evidence. The weights are then adjusted to favor the more accurate models. Suppose we are given that the actual bit being predicted is y (0 or 1). Then the weight adjustment is:

 * ni = n0i + n1i
 * error = y – P(1)
 * wi ← wi + [(S n1i - S1 ni) / (S0 S1)] error

Compression can be improved by bounding ni so that the model weighting is better balanced. In PAQ6, whenever one of the bit counts is incremented, the part of the other count that exceeds 2 is halved. For example, after the sequence 000000001, the counts would go from (n0, n1) = (8, 0) to (5, 1).

Logistic Mixing
Let Pi(1) be the prediction by the i'th model that the next bit will be a 1. Then the final prediction P(1) is calculated:

 * xi = stretch(Pi(1))
 * P(1) = squash(Σi wi xi)

where P(1) is the probability that the next bit will be a 1, Pi(1) is the probability estimated by the i'th model, and

 * stretch(x) = ln(x / (1 - x))
 * squash(x) = 1 / (1 + e−x) (inverse of stretch).

After each prediction, the model is updated by adjusting the weights to minimize coding cost.

 * wi ← wi + η xi (y - P(1))

where η is the learning rate (typically 0.002 to 0.01), y is the predicted bit, and (y - P(1)) is the prediction error.

List of Context Mixing Compressors
All versions below use logistic mixing unless otherwise indicated.

 * All PAQ versions (Matt Mahoney, Serge Osnach, Alexander Ratushnyak, Przemysław Skibiński, Jan Ondrus, and others) . PAQAR and versions prior to PAQ7 used linear mixing. Later versions used logistic mixing.
 * All LPAQ versions (Matt Mahoney, Alexander Ratushnyak).
 * ZPAQ (Matt Mahoney).
 * WinRK 3.0.3 (Malcolm Taylor) in maximum compression PWCM mode . Version 3.0.2 was based on linear mixing.
 * NanoZip (Sami Runsas) in maximum compression mode (option -cc).
 * xwrt 3.2 (Przemysław Skibiński) in maximum compression mode (options -i10 through -i14) as a back end to a dictionary encoder.
 * cmm1 through cmm4, M1, and M1X2 (Christopher Mattern) use a small number of contexts for high speed. M1 and M1X2 use a genetic algorithm to select two bit masked contexts in a separate optimization pass.
 * ccm (Christian Martelock).
 * bit (Osman Turan).
 * pimple, pimple2, tc, and px (Ilia Muraviev).
 * enc (Serge Osnach) tries several methods based on PPM and (linear) context mixing and chooses the best one.
 * fpaq2 (Nania Francesco Antonio) using fixed weight averaging for high speed.
 * cmix (Byron Knoll) mixes many models, and is currently ranked first in the Large Text Compression benchmark, as well as the Silesia corpus and has surpassed the winning entry of the Hutter Prize although it is not eligible due to using too much memory.

title: Context mixing


text:
Good Night

Good Night or Goodnight may refer to:

Film and television

 * Good Night (2008 film), a short film from India
 * Good Night (2023 film), an Indian Tamil-language film
 * The Good Night, a 2007 film
 * Good Night, and Good Luck, a 2005 film
 * Good Night, one of five mini-episodes from the Doctor Who shorts "Night and the Doctor"
 * "Good Night" (Homeland), 10th episode of season 3 of the TV series Homeland
 * "Good Night" (The Simpsons short), a short from The Tracy Ullman Show featuring the debut of the main Simpsons family

Albums

 * Goodnight, by William Fitzsimmons

Songs

 * "Goodnight" (Babybird song), 1996
 * "Good Night" (Beatles song), 1968
 * "Good Night" (Reece Mastin song), 2011
 * "A Good Night" (John Legend song), 2018
 * "Goodnight", by Air Supply from Across the Concrete Sky
 * "Goodnight", by Cher Lloyd from Sorry I'm Late
 * "Goodnight", by Cliff Eberhardt, covered by,
 * Buffy Sainte-Marie from Coincidence and Likely Stories
 * Erasure from Other People's Songs
 * "Good Night", by Dreamcatcher
 * "Goodnight", by Galactic from Coolin' Off
 * "Goodnight", by Idlewild from Warnings/Promises
 * "Good Night", by Kanye West from Graduation
 * "Good Night", by Masaharu Fukuyama
 * "Good Night", by The Pillows from White Incarnation
 * "Good Night", by Toby Fox, a track from the soundtrack of the 2015 video game Undertale
 * "Goodnight", by ZOX from Line in the Sand
 * "Goodnight", a 1965 single by Roy Orbison
 * "Good Nights", by Fitz and the Tantrums from Let Yourself Free

People

 * Goodnight (surname), including a list of people named Goodnight

In Australia

 * Good Night, Queensland, a locality in the Bundaberg Region

In the United States

 * Goodnight, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Goodnight, Missouri, a village
 * Goodnight, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community
 * Goodnight, Texas, an unincorporated community

title: Good Night


text:
Vinge

Vinge is a surname shared by several notable people, among them being:

 * Christian Vinge (born 1935), Swedish sailor
 * Henrik Vinge (born 1988), Swedish politician
 * Joan D. Vinge (born 1948), American science fiction author
 * Rasmus Eggen Vinge (born 2001), Norwegian footballer
 * Vernor Vinge (1944–2024), American science fiction author and professor

title: Vinge


text:
Evie Hone

Eva Sydney Hone RHA (22 April 1894 – 13 March 1955), usually known as Evie, was an Irish painter and stained glass artist. She is considered to be an early pioneer of cubism, although her best known works are stained glass. Her most notable pieces are the East Window in the Chapel at Eton College, which depicts the Crucifixion, and My Four Green Fields, which is now in the Government Buildings in Dublin.

Early life
Eva Sydney Hone, known as Evie, was born at Roebuck Grove, County Dublin, on 22 April 1894. She was the youngest daughter of Joseph Hone, of the Hone family, and Eva Eleanor, née Robinson, daughter of Sir Henry Robinson and granddaughter of the 10th Viscount Valentia. Her mother died two days after her birth. She was related to artists Nathaniel Hone and Nathaniel Hone the Younger.

Shortly before her twelfth birthday she suffered from polio (infant paralysis), suffering a fall whilst helping to decorate the church in Taney for Easter. Her resulting ill health led to her seeking treatment in Harley Street. She was educated by a governess, continuing her education in Switzerland, and went on tours to Spain and Italy before moving to London in 1913. Her three sisters all married British army officers, and all were widowed in the First World War.

Training
Hone studied at the Byam Shaw School of Art in London and then under Bernard Meninsky at the Central School of Arts and Crafts. She met Mainie Jellett when both were studying under Walter Sickert at the Westminster Technical Institute. She worked under André Lhote and Albert Gleizes in Paris before returning to become influential in the modern movement in Ireland and become one of the founders of the Irish Exhibition of Living Art. She is considered an early pioneer of Cubism but in the 1930s turned to stained glass, which she studied with Wilhelmina Geddes.

Notable works
Her most important works are probably the East Window, depicting the Crucifixion, for the Chapel at Eton College, Windsor (1949–1952) and My Four Green Fields, now located in Government Buildings, Dublin.This latter work, commissioned for the Irish Government's Pavilion, won first prize for stained glass in the 1939 New York World's Fair. It graced CIÉ's Head Office in O'Connell Street from 1960 to about 1983. The East Window of Eton College was commissioned following the destruction of the building after a bomb was dropped in 1940 on the school during the Second World War. The artist was commissioned to design the East Window in 1949, and the new window was inserted in 1952. This work featured on an Irish postage stamp in 1969. From December 2005 to June 2006, an exhibition of her work was on display at the National Gallery of Ireland. Saint Mary's church in Clonsilla also features her stained glass windows.

Personal life
Hone was extremely devout; she spent time in an Anglican Convent in 1925 at Truro in Cornwall and converted to Catholicism in 1937. This may have influenced her decision to begin working in stained glass. Initially she worked as a member of the An Túr Gloine stained glass co-operative before setting up a studio of her own in Rathfarnham.

Work in collections or on display

 * All Hallows College College Chapel south stained glass window.
 * The Crawford Art Gallery, Cork.
 * The East Window - Eton College Chapel, Windsor.
 * My Four Green Fields - Government Buildings, Dublin.
 * Frontage including arms of provinces - Dublin Bus, O'Connell Street, Dublin.
 * Lanercost Priory, Cumbria.
 * Manresa House, Dublin
 * Trinity College Dublin
 * East Window, St Mary's Church, Downe, Bromley, Kent.
 * The Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery
 * Highlanes Gallery Drogheda, County Louth.
 * Catholic Church in Tullabeg, County Offaly: a series of five windows, 1946.
 * Church of the Immaculate Conception, Kingscourt, County Cavan. Four windows, 1947-8.
 * St Mura’s Parish Church, Fahan, County Donegal: Memorial window for Mrs W. A. Dickson, depicting Elizabeth of Hungary, 1949.
 * St. Peter and Paul's Church Kiltullagh, County Galway. Stations of the Cross.
 * Church of the Immaculate Conception, Farm Street, London. Rose window in facade and Assumption window, 1953.
 * St Michael's, Highgate, London. Stained glass window of The Last Supper dating from 1954.
 * Shirley Chapel at Ettington Park, Warwickshire.
 * St. John the Baptist, Blackrock, Dublin. Stained glass windows by Evie Hone in 1955.
 * SS Michael and John's Roman Catholic Church, Cloughjordan, County Tipperary. Two small windows to the side of the altar.
 * Holy Family RC Church, Ardara, County Donegal. Rose window.
 * Mount Carmel Hospital, Churchtown, Dublin. Reception area.
 * Healing Grace of Christ, stained glass window, Washington National Cathedral, Washington, D.C., 1953

title: Evie Hone


text:
Sky Dayton

Sky Dylan Dayton (born August 8, 1971) is an American entrepreneur and investor. He is the founder of Internet service provider EarthLink,  co-founder of eCompanies, the founder of Boingo, and co-founder of City Storage Systems and CloudKitchens.

Early life
Dayton's father was the sculptor Wendell Dayton, and his mother is Alice Pero, a poet and flutist. Shortly after his birth in New York City, the family moved to Los Angeles. He lived for a time with his maternal grandfather, David DeWitt, an IBM Fellow, who played a large part in introducing Dayton to technology.

At the age of 9, he got his first computer, a Sinclair ZX81, which he used to learn programming in BASIC. At 16, Dayton graduated from The Delphian School, a private boarding school in Oregon, which uses study methods developed by L. Ron Hubbard. He wanted to be an animator but was rejected when he applied to CalArts (the California Institute for the Arts), saying he was too young at the time. Instead, Dayton got an entry-level job at a Burbank, California, advertising firm and three months later headed the graphics department. He moved to a larger advertising agency, Mednick & Associates, where he held a similar role until he was 18.

Entrepreneurial career
Dayton started his first business in 1990 at age 19. He and a friend raised money from family and friends to open Mocha Gallery (later Cafe Mocha), an art gallery and coffee house in Los Angeles. While managing Cafe Mocha, Dayton and friend Adam Wicks Walker opened Dayton/Walker Design in 1992, a Studio City advertising and design firm, serving entertainment clients including Fox Television, Disney, Columbia Pictures, Sony Pictures, and Warner Brothers.

In 1993, after initially having great difficulties getting his Macintosh computer to access the Internet, Dayton said that he realized the Internet was likely to become the next mass communications medium. In an article in Vanity Fair, Dayton described his earliest interest in the Internet and its business potential: "I heard about this thing called the Internet. I thought, That sounds kind of interesting. The first thing I did is I actually picked up the phone and dialed 411, and I said, I’d like the number for the Internet, please. And the operator is like, What? I said, Just search any company with the word Internet in the name. Blank. Nothing. I thought, Wow, this is interesting. What is this thing anyway?"

In 1994, Dayton founded EarthLink, an Internet service provider (ISP) that would offer Internet access to the public. Kevin O'Donnell, father of a childhood friend, and Reed Slatkin became EarthLink's first financial backers. Other investors followed, including Greg B. Abbott, former AT&T CFO Robert Kavner, Chip Lacy, and eventually larger investors such as George Soros.

EarthLink started in a small office of 600 sqft in Los Angeles, California. By the summer of 1995, EarthLink reached an agreement with UUNET allowing it to provide service nationwide. In 1995, Dayton introduced the first flat-rate service, at a time when AOL was still charging by the hour. By 1996, the company was growing at a rate of 5–10% a week. Dayton transitioned his title from founding CEO to executive chairman, handing over day-to-day operations of the company to Charles "Garry" Betty. A long-time Mac user, Dayton led the creation of a strategic partnership with Steve Jobs at Apple in 1998 that made EarthLink the default ISP pre-loaded on the iMac. This arrangement led to a $200 million investment by Apple in EarthLink. EarthLink became the second largest U.S. Internet service provider, after AOL, with more than four million customers and over $1 billion in annual revenue.

In June 1999, Dayton left day-to-day operations at EarthLink and went on to launch four other companies including Helio and Business.com.

He formed eCompanies, an incubator and venture capital fund for developing Internet companies, with former Disney Internet chief Jake Winebaum. A privately held company, eCompanies successfully launched LowerMyBills.com, which was purchased by Experian in 2005 for $380 million and JAMDAT Mobile, which went public and was then purchased by Electronic Arts in 2005 for $680 million. Dayton and eCompanies made headlines by buying the Business.com domain name for $7.5 million in 1999, believed to be the highest price ever paid for a domain at the time, during the height of the dot com bubble; they later sold the Business.com search portal to RH Donnelly in 2007 for $345 million.

In 2001, Dayton started Boingo Wireless to address what he saw as a fragmentation problem inherent in Wi-Fi networks. Boingo aggregates Wi-Fi hotspots around the globe into a single network, and has grown into one of the largest Wi-Fi operators. Boingo filed for its IPO in January 2011, listing Dayton as owning 15% of the company. On May 4, 2011, Boingo Wireless went public selling 5,770,000 shares at $13.50, raising $77.9 million. Dayton served as Boingo's chairman until August, 2014.

In 2005, Dayton became CEO of Helio, a mobile phone joint venture of EarthLink and SK Telecom, formed with $220 million in funding from each company. At that time, Dayton resigned as chairman of EarthLink but remained a director. In January 2008, he was appointed Chairman of Helio's board of directors for the months leading up to Helio's acquisition by Virgin Mobile USA in June, 2008.

Dayton is a board member of the digital education company Age of Learning, which raised $150 million in 2016 at a $1 billion valuation, and $300 million in July 2021, giving the company a $3 billion valuation.

He is an investor in and board member of Diffbot, a semantic web and structured data startup, and Artsy,  an online art marketplace, which raised a reported $50 million in July, 2017. Dayton said of the art market and company, "Only very few people who could afford to buy [art] are doing so. Many are held back by high barriers to entry, which Artsy is solving."

He is an investor in Joby Aviation, a NASA LeapTech participant building an electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft, which raised $100 million from Intel, JetBlue and Toyota in February, 2018 and went public in August, 2021, at a value of $6.6 billion.

Dayton was an early investor in video doorbell company Ring, which was acquired by Amazon in February, 2017 for $1 billion

Dayton is a co-founder of City Storage Systems and CloudKitchens, which in March, 2018 secured a $150 million investment from Uber founder Travis Kalanick, who also joined the company as its CEO, with plans as of February, 2019, to expand into China. City Storage Systems buys "distressed" properties and converts them into spaces equipped for online retail, specifically food delivery.

In January, 2019, Dayton led the Series A investment in micro satellite startup Swarm Technologies, along with PayPal co-founder David Sacks. About the investment, Dayton said, “Swarm’s approach reminds me of the early years at EarthLink—stay super scrappy, serve customers and generate revenue quickly.” Swarm was acquired by SpaceX in August, 2021, in a transaction described as "a rare deal by Elon Musk’s space company that expands the team — and possibly the technological capabilities — of its growing Starlink internet service."

Dayton is a jet-rated pilot and has taken a personal and a business interest in improving pilot training and aviation safety. In December 2022, Dayton invested in Loft Dynamics. The Swiss startup creates virtual reality simulation technology for pilots, and raised $20 million in funding from venture capital firms including Sky Dayton, Craft Ventures, which Dayton runs with David Sacks, Bill Lee, and Jeff Fluhr, and Up Ventures. In a March 2023 interview with Fox Business, Dayton pointed to the ever-increasing demand for more pilots and noted, “...we’re not going to solve it with traditional technology” and that he believed new VR simulators could provide “...training that is equivalent to flying in the actual aircraft...[at] a tenth to a twentieth the cost.”

Politics and social advocacy
In Walter Isaacon’s biography Elon Musk, Dayton is referred to as a “fellow libertarian”. Dayton has listed authors Henry Hazlitt, Frederic Bastiat, and Ayn Rand as significant influences, stating, “It never occurred to me to go to the government for a solution. It seems barbaric. A medieval solution to a Net-age problem.”

In 2011, he co-hosted an event to support then Deputy Mayor and Independent candidate Austin Beutner in the 2013 Los Angeles mayoral election.

Other activities and awards
He was chosen as Entrepreneur of the Year in 1999 by the Lloyd Greif Center at the University of Southern California's Marshall School of Business. In 1999, Dayton was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100, a list of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35, and in 2010 was a recipient of the Dream Keeper award from the I Have a Dream Foundation.

In 2007, Dayton served on the advisory board of the Center for Public Leadership at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

Personal life
Dayton is an avid surfer and poker player.

Dayton is married to novelist Arwen Elys Dayton. They have three children and live in the Pacific Northwest.

Selected speeches, writings and interviews

 * When Capital Corrupts Forbes (2002)
 * Education in the Internet Age Speech at Hillsdale College (2003) published in Imprimis

title: Sky Dayton


text: User talk:85.250.7.67

title: User talk:85.250.7.67


text:
NRJ Group

The NRJ Group (NRJ is an acronym read as énergie in French, pronounced ) (euronext: NRG) is a French multimedia group based in Paris. Its founders are Jean-Paul Baudecroux and Max Guazzini. Since its foundation in 1981 as a French pop music radio station, it has grown and evolved to become the NRJ Group.

All stations of NRJ Group carry around 40 minutes every hour of non-stop hits (or sometimes, "10 hits in a row").

NRJ Group currently has 33 FM stations (transmitting through 1260 frequencies) and around 220 internet stations and 12 mobile applications, along with replay TV and a host of other services.

The Radio Record Group
The NRJ Group grew from one radio station to a brand of corporate commercial radio stations across Europe. It has stations in France, Germany, Egypt, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, among others. NRJ plays current and newly released music for young audiences. Their slogan and promise is "Hit Music Only".

The majority of NRJ-branded stations are operated by the NRJ Group; however, some are licensed, such as the Bulgarian version, which is operated by Communicorp. Within France the NRJ Group operates four separate radio stations: NRJ, Nostalgie, Chérie FM and Rire & Chansons. They also operate the NRJ 12 and Chérie 25 digital terrestrial television stations, in addition to NRJ Hits music television stations in France.

In 1989, NRJ became listed on the Paris Stock Exchange Secondary Market and has continued to climb, reaching the First Market in 2000 after regrouping all of its assets into the NRJ Group.

In French, the pronunciations of NRJ and Energy (énergie) are — almost, except for the first vowel which is respectively open-mid and close-mid - identical, and sounds very similar to the English word Energy.

International
With its pan-European NRJ/ENERGY stations, the Paris-based NRJ Group has challenged the European radio market by being significantly different from other market players like the Luxembourg-based RTL Group (Antenne Bayern, RTL Berlin, Yorin FM), and SBS Broadcasting (Radio 1 Norway, The Voice) or Stockholm-based MTG (P4 Norway, Rix FM, Lugna Favoriter).

Since June 6, 2006, NRJ has been operational in Lebanon, further expanding its reach and influence. On July 6, 2009, NRJ announced it would license its brand to Astral Media, owner of Canada's Énergie radio network, consisting of 10 regional stations in Quebec, along with a national broadcast as Énergie2 on Satellite Radio in Canada and in the United States (the Sirius Canada channel would be replaced in 2010 with Latitude Franco). This is the first North American expansion for NRJ.

Since the mid-1990s, NRJ has licensed its 24/7 programming stream out of Paris, to Japan's largest cable system, Usen Corporation.

All of NRJ's international operations are concentrated on a contemporary hit radio station (with the same slogan, jingles, sound, etc...) while its competitors tend to create local radio brands with various radio formats, thereby taking advantage of their audience's local identity.

NRJ is today broadcasting in over 20 countries, mainly throughout Europe, but also in North America, South America and several overseas territories of France. The following is a list of current and defunct international stations, including France.

NRJ also operates four 24-hour hit music television channels, in Lebanon, France, Switzerland, and Belgium.

In order to extend friendlier terms to customers and vendors, NRJ sacrificed improvements in revenues and margins, this explains the year-on-year earnings decline experienced in 2017.

title: NRJ Group


text:
Animal embryonic development

In developmental biology, animal embryonic development, also known as animal embryogenesis, is the developmental stage of an animal embryo. Embryonic development starts with the fertilization of an egg cell (ovum) by a sperm cell, (spermatozoon). Once fertilized, the ovum becomes a single diploid cell known as a zygote. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions with no significant growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation, leading to development of a multicellular embryo after passing through an organizational checkpoint during mid-embryogenesis. In mammals, the term refers chiefly to the early stages of prenatal development, whereas the terms fetus and fetal development describe later stages.

The main stages of animal embryonic development are as follows:
 * The zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions (called cleavage) to form a structure called a morula.
 * The morula develops into a structure called a blastula through a process called blastulation.
 * The blastula develops into a structure called a gastrula through a process called gastrulation.
 * The gastrula then undergoes further development, including the formation of organs (organogenesis).

The embryo then transforms into the next stage of development, the nature of which varies between different animal species (examples of possible next stages include a fetus and a larva).

Fertilization and the zygote
The egg cell is generally asymmetric, having an animal pole (future ectoderm). It is covered with protective envelopes, with different layers. The first envelope – the one in contact with the membrane of the egg – is made of glycoproteins and is known as the vitelline membrane (zona pellucida in mammals). Different taxa show different cellular and acellular envelopes englobing the vitelline membrane.

Fertilization is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. In animals, the process involves a sperm fusing with an ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an embryo. Depending on the animal species, the process can occur within the body of the female in internal fertilization, or outside in the case of external fertilization. The fertilized egg cell is known as the zygote.

To prevent more than one sperm fertilizing the egg (polyspermy), fast block and slow block to polyspermy are used. Fast block, the membrane potential rapidly depolarizing and then returning to normal, happens immediately after an egg is fertilized by a single sperm. Slow block begins in the first few seconds after fertilization and is when the release of calcium causes the cortical reaction, in which various enzymes are released from cortical granules in the eggs plasma membrane, causing the expansion and hardening of the outside membrane, preventing more sperm from entering.

Cleavage and morula

Cell division with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells that is the same size as the original zygote, is called cleavage. At least four initial cell divisions occur, resulting in a dense ball of at least sixteen cells called the morula. In the early mouse embryo, the sister cells of each division remain connected during interphase by microtubule bridges. The different cells derived from cleavage, up to the blastula stage, are called blastomeres. Depending mostly on the amount of yolk in the egg, the cleavage can be holoblastic (total) or meroblastic (partial).

Holoblastic cleavage occurs in animals with little yolk in their eggs, such as humans and other mammals who receive nourishment as embryos from the mother, via the placenta or milk, such as might be secreted from a marsupium. Meroblastic cleavage occurs in animals whose eggs have more yolk (i.e. birds and reptiles). Because cleavage is impeded in the vegetal pole, there is an uneven distribution and size of cells, being more numerous and smaller at the animal pole of the zygote.

In holoblastic eggs, the first cleavage always occurs along the vegetal-animal axis of the egg, and the second cleavage is perpendicular to the first. From here the spatial arrangement of blastomeres can follow various patterns, due to different planes of cleavage, in various organisms:

The end of cleavage is known as midblastula transition and coincides with the onset of zygotic transcription.

In amniotes, the cells of the morula are at first closely aggregated, but soon they become arranged into an outer or peripheral layer, the trophoblast, which does not contribute to the formation of the embryo proper, and an inner cell mass, from which the embryo is developed. Fluid collects between the trophoblast and the greater part of the inner cell-mass, and thus the morula is converted into a vesicle, called the blastodermic vesicle. The inner cell mass remains in contact, however, with the trophoblast at one pole of the ovum; this is named the embryonic pole, since it indicates the location where the future embryo will develop.

Formation of the blastula
After the seventh cleavage has produced 128 cells, the morula becomes a blastula. The blastula is usually a spherical layer of cells (the blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity the blastocoel.

Mammals at this stage form a structure called the blastocyst, characterized by an inner cell mass that is distinct from the surrounding blastula. The blastocyst is similar in structure to the blastula but their cells have different fates. In the mouse, primordial germ cells arise from the inner cell mass (the epiblast) as a result of extensive genome-wide reprogramming. Reprogramming involves global DNA demethylation facilitated by the DNA base excision repair pathway as well as chromatin reorganization, and results in cellular totipotency.

Before gastrulation, the cells of the trophoblast become differentiated into two layers: The outer layer forms a syncytium (i.e., a layer of protoplasm studded with nuclei, but showing no evidence of subdivision into cells), termed the syncytiotrophoblast, while the inner layer, the cytotrophoblast, consists of well-defined cells. As already stated, the cells of the trophoblast do not contribute to the formation of the embryo proper; they form the ectoderm of the chorion and play an important part in the development of the placenta. On the deep surface of the inner cell mass, a layer of flattened cells, called the endoderm, is differentiated and quickly assumes the form of a small sac, called the yolk sac. Spaces appear between the remaining cells of the mass and, by the enlargement and coalescence of these spaces, a cavity called the amniotic cavity is gradually developed. The floor of this cavity is formed by the embryonic disk, which is composed of a layer of prismatic cells – the embryonic ectoderm, derived from the inner cell mass and lying in apposition with the endoderm.

Formation of the germ layers

The embryonic disc becomes oval and then pear-shaped, the wider end being directed forward. Towards the narrow, posterior end, an opaque primitive streak, is formed and extends along the middle of the disc for about half of its length; at the anterior end of the streak there is a knob-like thickening termed the primitive node or knot, (known as Hensen's knot in birds). A shallow groove, the primitive groove, appears on the surface of the streak, and the anterior end of this groove communicates by means of an aperture, the blastopore, with the yolk sac. The primitive streak is produced by a thickening of the axial part of the ectoderm, the cells of which multiply, grow downward, and blend with those of the subjacent endoderm. From the sides of the primitive streak a third layer of cells, the mesoderm, extends laterally between the ectoderm and endoderm; the caudal end of the primitive streak forms the cloacal membrane. The blastoderm now consists of three layers, an outer ectoderm, a middle mesoderm, and an inner endoderm; each has distinctive characteristics and gives rise to certain tissues of the body. For many mammals, it is sometime during formation of the germ layers that implantation of the embryo in the uterus of the mother occurs.

Formation of the gastrula
During gastrulation cells migrate to the interior of the blastula, subsequently forming two (in diploblastic animals) or three (triploblastic) germ layers. The embryo during this process is called a gastrula. The germ layers are referred to as the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. In diploblastic animals only the ectoderm and the endoderm are present. * Among different animals, different combinations of the following processes occur to place the cells in the interior of the embryo:
 * Epiboly – expansion of one cell sheet over other cells
 * Ingression – migration of individual cells into the embryo (cells move with pseudopods)
 * Invagination – infolding of cell sheet into embryo, forming the mouth, anus, and archenteron.
 * Delamination – splitting or migration of one sheet into two sheets
 * Involution – inturning of cell sheet over the basal surface of an outer layer
 * Polar proliferation – Cells at the polar ends of the blastula/gastrula proliferate, mostly at the animal pole.
 * Other major changes during gastrulation:
 * Heavy RNA transcription using embryonic genes; up to this point the RNAs used were maternal (stored in the unfertilized egg).
 * Cells start major differentiation processes, losing their totipotentiality.

In most animals, a blastopore is formed at the point where cells are migrating inward. Two major groups of animals can be distinguished according to the blastopore's fate. In deuterostomes the anus forms from the blastopore, while in protostomes it develops into the mouth.

Formation of the early nervous system – neural groove, tube and notochord
In front of the primitive streak, two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line formed by the streak. These are named the neural folds; they commence some little distance behind the anterior end of the embryonic disk, where they are continuous with each other, and from there gradually extend backward, one on either side of the anterior end of the primitive streak. Between these folds is a shallow median groove, the neural groove. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week, the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess that is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed, a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm, the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm.

The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations that, when the tube is closed, assume the form of the three primary brain vesicles, and correspond, respectively, to the future forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon) (Fig. 18). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form its ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the spinal cord (medulla spinalis); from its ectodermal wall the nervous and neuroglial elements of the spinal cord are developed, while the cavity persists as the central canal.

Formation of the early septum
The extension of the mesoderm takes place throughout the whole of the embryonic and extra-embryonic areas of the ovum, except in certain regions. One of these is seen immediately in front of the neural tube. Here the mesoderm extends forward in the form of two crescentic masses, which meet in the middle line so as to enclose behind them an area that is devoid of mesoderm. Over this area, the ectoderm and endoderm come into direct contact with each other and constitute a thin membrane, the buccopharyngeal membrane, which forms a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx.

Early formation of the heart and other primitive structures
In front of the buccopharyngeal area, where the lateral crescents of mesoderm fuse in the middle line, the pericardium is afterward developed, and this region is therefore designated the pericardial area. A second region where the mesoderm is absent, at least for a time, is that immediately in front of the pericardial area. This is termed the proamniotic area, and is the region where the proamnion is developed; in humans, however, it appears that a proamnion is never formed. A third region is at the hind end of the embryo, where the ectoderm and endoderm come into apposition and form the cloacal membrane.

Somitogenesis
Somitogenesis is the process by which somites (primitive segments) are produced. These segmented tissue blocks differentiate into skeletal muscle, vertebrae, and dermis of all vertebrates.

Somitogenesis begins with the formation of somitomeres (whorls of concentric mesoderm) marking the future somites in the presomitic mesoderm (unsegmented paraxial). The presomitic mesoderm gives rise to successive pairs of somites, identical in appearance that differentiate into the same cell types but the structures formed by the cells vary depending upon the anteroposterior (e.g., the thoracic vertebrae have ribs, the lumbar vertebrae do not). Somites have unique positional values along this axis and it is thought that these are specified by the Hox homeotic genes.

Toward the end of the second week after fertilization, transverse segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm begins, and it is converted into a series of well-defined, more or less cubical masses, also known as the somites, which occupy the entire length of the trunk on either side of the middle line from the occipital region of the head. Each segment contains a central cavity (known as a [myocoel), which, however, is soon filled with angular and spindle-shape cells. The somites lie immediately under the ectoderm on the lateral aspect of the neural tube and notochord, and are connected to the lateral mesoderm by the intermediate cell mass. Those of the trunk may be arranged in the following groups, viz.: cervical 8, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacral 5, and coccygeal from 5 to 8. Those of the occipital region of the head are usually described as being four in number. In mammals, somites of the head can be recognized only in the occipital region, but a study of the lower vertebrates leads to the belief that they are present also in the anterior part of the head and that, altogether, nine segments are represented in the cephalic region.

Organogenesis

At some point after the different germ layers are defined, organogenesis begins. The first stage in vertebrates is called neurulation, where the neural plate folds forming the neural tube (see above). Other common organs or structures that arise at this time include the heart and somites (also above), but from now on embryogenesis follows no common pattern among the different taxa of the animalia.

In most animals organogenesis, along with morphogenesis, results in a larva. The hatching of the larva, which must then undergo metamorphosis, marks the end of embryonic development.

title: Animal embryonic development


text:
Erramala

The Erramala (ఎఱ్ఱమల) are a range of low hills in southern India, in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh state. The Erramala hills lie on the Deccan plateau, running east–west and dividing the basin of the Penna River to the south from the basin of the Krishna River to the north. The hill range may be extended along the Penna River basin in Kadapa district.

Some important visitor attractions along the Erramala Hills are as follows:
 * Belum Caves
 * Yadiki Caves
 * Yaganti
 * Gandikota
 * Kalva Bugga
 * Kolimigundla
 * Tadipatri
 * Orvakal Rocks
 * Kethavaram Rock art site
 * Banaganapalli
 * Owk

To the east lies the higher Nallamalla Hills.

title: Erramala


text: Category:Junior-welterweights

title: Category:Junior-welterweights


text:
User:Arminescher~enwiki

Hello. I'm Armin. I am Swiss but I have been living in Canada for 9 years now. I am also a member of the German Wikipedia and the Allemanic Wikipedia.

My User Pages:
GERMAN ALLEMANIC als:Benutzer:Arminescher de:Benutzer:Arminescher

title: User:Arminescher~enwiki


text:
IMUSE

iMUSE (Interactive Music Streaming Engine) is an interactive music system used in a number of LucasArts video games. The idea behind iMUSE is to synchronize music with the visual action in a video game so that the audio continuously matches the on-screen events and transitions from one musical theme to another are done seamlessly. iMUSE was developed in the early 1990s by composers Michael Land and Peter McConnell while working at LucasArts. The iMUSE system was patented by LucasArts in 1994, after being added to the fifth version of the SCUMM game engine in 1991.

Development
iMUSE was developed out of Michael Land's frustration for the audio system used by LucasArts while composing The Secret of Monkey Island. His goal was to create a system which would enable the composer to set the mood via music according to the events of the game. The project was much more daring than he had imagined. He brought in an old friend, Peter McConnell, to collaborate on creating the system, which they later patented together. iMUSE was also found to be useful to account for differences in processing speed between personal computers at the time, as there was no direct means of synchronizing sound with gameplay rendering. To account for this, the iMUSE system acts as a pit orchestra, according to McConnell, playing back shorter or longer sections of music while waiting for key events to occur within the game's drawing engine.

The first game to use the iMUSE system was Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge, and it has been used in all LucasArts adventure games since. It has also been used for some non-adventure LucasArts titles such as the DOS versions of Star Wars: TIE Fighter and Dark Forces.

Usage
One often cited example of the iMUSE system is at the very beginning of Monkey Island 2 where Guybrush finds himself in Woodtick, the small town on Scabb Island. Whenever Guybrush walks into a building, a variation of the Woodtick theme plays, each with a different instrument. When Guybrush then walks out again the music has a closing flourish that leads back into the basic Woodtick theme.

title: IMUSE


text:
Mirak

Mirak may refer to:

 * Mirak Bahadur Jalair, Mughal sardar of Sylhet
 * Mirak (Star Fleet Universe), a race of beings in Star Fleet Universe
 * Mirak, Armenia, a town in Armenia
 * Mirək, a village in Azerbaijan
 * Mirak, Iran, a village in Kurdistan Province, Iran
 * Mirak, Kermanshah, a village in Kermanshah Province, Iran
 * Epsilon Boötis, a star also called Mirak
 * Mirak (rocket), a rocket developed by the German Verein für Raumschiffahrt in the early 1930s
 * An open-air Paleolithic site in northern edge of the Iranian Central Desert (Semnan, Iran)

title: Mirak


text:
NRJ

Nouvelle Radio Jeune, (Acronym: NRJ,, lit. 'energy') is a private French radio station created by Jean-Paul Baudecroux and Max Guazzini in June 1981, and was widely popularized thanks to its godmother singer Dalida, who prevented it from closing in 1984. Today radio belongs to the NRJ Group and is the founding station of NRJ International.

The main station only focuses on current chart hits throughout the day and electronic dance music during some weekend late night hours. Talk programs are based every evening except Saturday. In contrast, its web radios are devoted to a vast range of music: rap, RnB, dance, hip-hop, electronic, top 40, urban and rock.

History
In June 1981 Jean-Paul Baudecroux created a music radio station for young people, and founded NRJ (standing for Nouvelle Radio des Jeunes). He then established studios in a tiny room in the 20th arrondissement of Paris in a place of high altitude to strategically cover all Paris on 92.0 MHz. The station was under repeated threat to be shut down by the authorities, with the active intervention of the singer Dalida and her connections was this prevented.

The station has since 1988 expanded internationally, and has started broadcasting in a number of countries:
 * Russia: In June, 2006, Prof Media, a leading Russian media group, was granted permission to operate the NRJ brand in Russia. NRJ Russia is primarily intended to target an audience between 18 and 35 years old.
 * Lebanon: On 6 June 2006, NRJ launched its programme on two frequencies in Lebanon. This station is run in English and broadcasts concerts and interviews with international artists from NRJ France.
 * Canada: In July 2009, Astral Media re-branded its Énergie network of stations in Quebec under the NRJ name as part of a licensing agreement with NRJ. Following their acquisition by Bell Media, the license expired, and the stations returned to the previous Énergie brand.
 * Finland: In 1995, NRJ started operating in Finland.

Name of the station
NRJ was originally the acronym for  Nouvelle Radio Jeune  (New Youth Radio) or Nouvelle radio pour les jeunes (New Radio for the Youth), and was not invented to be an allograph of "energy". In the non-French countries where the station also operates, the radio station is simply called Energy, because NRJ can be pronounced phonetically in French as Energy or NRG.

Statistics from Mediametrie (September 2017)
The bold numbers/figures are at number 1.

NRJ Presenters

 * Manu Levy (Manu dans le 6/10 from 6AM to 10AM on weekdays)
 * Sébastien Cauet (C'Cauet sur NRJ from 4PM to 8PM on weekdays)

NRJ Extravadance
This is the name of France's no.1 dance and hip-hop mixed show, airing every weekend at late night slot.

NRJ didn't contain any programs dedicated to this until 1990, when a program called 'Megamix' was launched, presented by Dimitri or Bibi every Sunday nights from 8.00pm to 9.00pm.

The program stayed until 1992, when, for the first time, the 'Extravadance' name was used. It ran on Saturday nights from 10.00pm to 12.00am by Mike. The 'Megamix' block was not axed, but moved to 12.00am to 1.00am each Sunday (right after the new 'Extravadance'). Bibi no longer stayed in this block.

In 1993, 'Extravadance' block was expanded, now starting at 8.00pm. The new presenter for this was Cocto.

In 1994, 'Megamix' was axed, and 'Extravadance' aired every Saturday nights from 10.00pm to 1.00am. It was completely automated.

In 1995, 'Extravadance' stayed at the same timeslot, but now airing weeknights. It was anchored by Cyril Monnier.

In 1996, the show returned the 1994 format.

In 1997, it was expanded, now Saturday nights from 10.00pm to 3.00am. The only presenter was Bibi.

In 1998, 'Extravadance' updated slot to: Saturday nights from 8.00pm to 11.00pm and Friday nights from 10.00pm to 2.00am. Both editions were presented by Vincent Richard.

In 1999, both editions were expanded, now Fridays from 10.00pm to 3.00am and Saturdays from 9.00pm to 12.00am.

In 3/2000, there was, after ten years, no music mixed programming appeared on the schedule.

In 2003, this type of program was revived, but went by the name Mastermix. It broadcast every Saturday at the same timeslot as 'Extravadance' before being axed. 3 DJs featured including Vincent Richard, DJ Mouss et DJ K. From this year, NRJ no longer contains an overnight announcer.

In 2004, DJ Maze and Morgan took control of the show, which now kicked off from 10.00pm.

In 2005, 'Mastermix' was widely expanded on Saturdays, now 8.00pm-2.00am. DJs were also added, including DJ Abdel, Loo and Placido, Morgan Nagoya, DJ Kost, Alberkam, and Matt was the main presenter.

In 2007, 'Mastermix' was pushed up to an hour early (with the same duration): 7.00pm-1.00am. There was also an hour dedicated to the show's replay at 3.00am.

In 2008, the show was significantly pared down, at this time only Sunday mornings from 12.00am to 2.00am. Almost all the DJs were dropped, except Morgan Nagoya.

In 2009, it was expanded to Saturdays 10.00pm-2.00am. Morgan Nagoya was no longer the standalone DJ, but Junior Caldera or Dim Chris also mixed the music for an hour from midnight.

In 2010, 'Mastermix' was added an extra Saturday morning edition from 12.00am to 2.00am, and presented by Big Ali. Saturday night edition saw the addition of many DJs in the same timeslot, like Tiesto, Martin Solveig, Dim Chris, Bob Sinclar, Junior Caldera, Laurent Wolf. There was, for the first time after 18 years, its preceding program also dedicated to the music mix, called 'Royal Mix' and ran from 8.00pm to 10.00pm, with DJ Assad, DJ Milouz, and Leo Lanvin.

In 2011, 'Mastermix' was extended, now airing three times weekly. Friday night/Saturday morning edition now ran from 12.00am to 6.00am and presented by Big Ali till 2.00am, then DJ DMB. Saturday night edition ran from 8.00pm to 6.00am, excluding 2.00am-4.00am (featuring Better days with Bibi). The early slot from 4-6 was also presented by DJ DMB. There was also a Monday overnight edition from 12.00am to 2.00am and mixed by Remady, Junior Caldera, Dim Chris, Junior Caldera.

In 2012, the show had many changes including: Laidback Luke was given his own slot from 2-3 each Saturday morning; Leo Lanvin left 'Royal Mix'; The team took control from 9-12 Saturday nights was Tiesto, Global Deejays, Afrojack, Avicii; and Monday team consisted of DJ Oriska, Kore, Sarahina, DJ Abdel, Claude Njoya.

In 2013, after ten years in use, the name 'Mastermix' was dropped (but now being used in Germany). It now went by the name 'NRJ Extravadance'.

Currently, it broadcasts on weekdays 12:00am-6.00am, Saturdays 8.00pm-6.00am, and Sundays 12.00am-2.00am. Below is the lineup as of December 2021.

Programming
NRJ broadcasts a non-stop program known as "Top 40" or "CHR", centered around the hits of the moment, as demonstrated by its slogan "Hit music only!" and it runs "more than 40 minutes of hits in a row every hour". The concept "10 hits in a row" is again on air since January 9, 2017, on NRJ which characterizes the hit format of the radio, with the current motto "They are 10, they are fresh, they never stop". (French: "Ils sont 10, ils sont frais, ils ne s'arrêtent jamais".) From 2018, NRJ starts carrying "12" or "13 hits in a row".

Slogans
Since the creation of NRJ, several slogans were used:

 * 1981: NRJ je vous remercie, qui de droit !
 * 1981: NRJ va, tout va !
 * 1981: La radio stéréotonique
 * 1981: Le plaisir avant tout
 * 1981 - 1991: La plus belle radio
 * 1991 - 1992: La musique est une force
 * 1997 - 2014: Hit Music Only ! (Que du hit sur NRJ !)
 * 2014 - Now: Hit Music Only ! (Que des hits sur NRJ !)
 * 2016 - Now: Hit Music Only ! (Pop RnB Dance, Ici c'est NRJ !)

Webradios
NRJ had the first web radio in 2006. Later on, there were three (included NRJ's main live stream). In the third quarter of 2006, NRJ added two, and two more at the end of that year. In 12/2013, the station operates about 153 web radios. Here are the list and complete detail of them. (Although NRJ is French, most of web radios' names are in English.) Some of these web radios can also be seen elsewhere worldwide.

NRJ had/has web radios for almost every major artist, every music genres, and every background, but mostly focus on women. They also have adverts like the main station, but no announcers heard on the air at all.

This list below is refreshed almost monthly.

NRJ Hits
This type of stations dedicated to general hits, or NRJ-produced events. Their color is red.

NRJ Dance Electro
This type of web radios offer songs in electronic music. The color is purple.
 * NRJ Dance
 * NRJ Extravadance (rebroadcast of the mix that DJs performed during NRJ Extravadance)
 * NRJ EDM
 * NRJ Clubbin'
 * NRJ Deep House
 * NRJ Dance 90
 * NRJ Club Hits
 * NRJ Hits Remix
 * NRJ Techno Story
 * NRJ Remember That?

NRJ Classic
This type of web radios only focuses on a specific classic-related type of music. The color is yellow-brown.

Pop Rock
This type of web radios broadcasts heavy music. The color is dark brown.
 * NRJ Pop
 * NRJ Rock
 * NRJ Classic Rock
 * NRJ Metal

Sunrise
This type of web radios provides light music for you as you're waking up in the morning. The color is light yellow.

Sports
These web radios adopt a motivated (mainly electro and hip-hop) playlist dedicated to sports activities. The color is green.
 * NRJ Pour le Sport
 * NRJ Fitness
 * NRJ Hits for Running
 * NRJ The Mud Day

NRJ Playlists
This type of web radios focus on the soundtrack on a day's moment or a particular emotion. The color is black.

NRJ Podcasts
This type of web radios rebroadcasts certain programs on NRJ. The color is red.
 * NRJ MiKL
 * NRJ Manu Le 6/9
 * NRJ YouTube
 * NRJ Le Rico Show

NRJ Stars
This type of web radios focus on all the songs of a particular artist. The color is blue.

title: NRJ


text: User talk:69.215.63.49

title: User talk:69.215.63.49


text:
File:R.E.M. - What's the Frequency Kenneth.jpg

Summary
Single cover for What's the Frequency, Kenneth?, released by R.E.M. in 1994 from their album Monster.


text:
Pictures from an Institution

Pictures from an Institution: a Comedy is a 1954 novel by American poet Randall Jarrell. It is an academic satire, focusing on the oddities of academic life, in particular the relationships between the characters and their private lives. The nameless narrator, a Jarrell-like figure who teaches at a women's college called Benton, makes humorous observations about his students and his fellow academics; especially the latter, and in particular the offensively tactless novelist Gertrude, modeled on Mary McCarthy.

Some believe Benton was modeled after Sarah Lawrence College, where Jarrell taught but in an interview with the New York Times, Jarrell stated that "Benton is supposed to be just a type ... I've taken things from real places, but mostly have made them up".

Characters

 * Unnamed narrator, a professor of literature
 * Gertrude Johnson, a visiting novelist
 * President Robbins, a former Olympic diver
 * Gottfried Rosenbaum, composer in residence
 * Constance, a longtime friend of the narrator, a beautiful music student

Awards
Pictures from an Institution was a finalist for the National Book Award.

title: Pictures from an Institution


text:
Helen Morrison

Helen Louise Morrison (born July 9, 1942) is an American forensic psychiatrist, writer and profiler. She was born in Greensburg, Pennsylvania and attended Temple University, the Medical College of Pennsylvania, and the Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute. Her work involves the psychology of serial killers.

Works
The focus of her research has been to find common personality traits among serial killers. She has published a book, My Life Among the Serial Killers.

Morrison was a witness for the defense at the trial of John Wayne Gacy, testifying that he was legally insane because he was "unable to separate from his mother psychologically" and never developed a separate identity. The jury rejected Gacy's insanity defense and found him guilty. After his execution, Gacy's brain was removed and was in Morrison's possession.

title: Helen Morrison


text: Category:Irish boxers

title: Category:Irish boxers


text:
Mount Baldy (Alberta)

Mount Baldy is a mountain located in the Kananaskis River valley alongside Highway 40 in the Canadian Rockies.

During World War II, prisoners in a nearby internment camp were occasionally permitted to make the ascent of Mt. Baldy as long as they promised to return. A University of Calgary research centre now occupies the former location of the camp.

Up until 1984, when it was given its current day official name, it was commonly referred to as Barrier Mountain, due to its proximity to Barrier Lake.

title: Mount Baldy (Alberta)


text:
Old Rag Mountain

Old Rag Mountain is a 3284 ft mountain near Sperryville in Madison County, Virginia. A part of the Blue Ridge Mountains, the peak is located within Shenandoah National Park and is the most popular hiking destination within the park.

In contrast to most mountains of the Blue Ridge, Old Rag has an exposed (rocky) summit.

Geology
Old Rag Mountain is underlain by Old Rag Granite, named for its ubiquitous exposure on the mountain, formed during the Grenville Orogeny about a billion years ago. About 400 million years after the Grenville orogeny during the Catoctin Formation, deposition of basaltic magma occurred during the formation of the Iapetus Ocean, forming a layer of greenstone over the granite. This was followed by the Weverton Formation, Harpers Formation, and Antietam formation in which sand and rock sedimented on the ocean floor forming quartzite and sandstone deposits. Finally a period of sedimentation of shells and skeletons of foraminifera resulted in deposition of a layer of limestone. Approximately 700 million years after the Grenville Orogeny, the Iapetus Ocean began to close resulting in the Alleghenian Orogeny when the Old Rag Granite and layers of rock deposited upon it were transported westward and eventually thrust up over the limestone bed around it, forming Old Rag and the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Hiking

The summit of Old Rag is accessible via a system of trails in Shenandoah National Park. The shorter, most common way is from a parking area in Nethers near the end of Madison County's SR 601, off Virginia State Route 231, at the base of the mountain. A 9 mi circuit hike or a 5.4 mi out-and-back hike to the summit can be made. The circuit hike makes use of the Ridge Trail which ascends the mountain 1.6 mi to the first false summit. The trail then turns into a rock scramble, which can be strenuous for inexperienced hikers, for 1.1 mi to the summit and intersection with the Saddle Trail which descends 1.9 mi down the saddle of the ridge past Byrds Nest #1 shelter and Old Rag shelter to the junction with Weakley Hollow Fire Road. The Fire Road then descends 2.5 mi to the Old Rag parking area.

The summit can also be reached from Skyline Drive by following Old Rag Fire Road from the drive at milepost 43 to its eastern terminus with the Saddle Trail and then follow that trail to the summit.

The upper Old Rag parking area was closed to public vehicles in 2010. Parking was limited to the lower field parking area, adding a 0.9 mi walk on asphalt.

In 2019, the National Park Service announced the construction two new parking lots, forming a new trailhead. With this addition, the previous primary field lot is only used for overflow parking.

In 2022, the National Park Service announced the requirement of day-use tickets for each hiker between March 1 and November 30. The goal is to reduce impact on natural resources and overcrowding on the trails. The day-use ticket is in addition to the Shenandoah National Park pass fee.

Rock climbing
Old Rag is a unique destination for rock climbing in the mid-Atlantic region. Its large granite exposures offer rock climbers an experience similar to that provided by the granite rocks of the Sierra Nevada, Yosemite, North Carolina, and New Hampshire. It boasts splitter cracks, dihedrals, and crystal pinching slabs.

The climbs are between 50 and 100 ft in length, and range in difficulty from beginner to expert (5.4- to 5.12+ on the Yosemite Decimal System).

Bouldering
Old Rag has a rather underdeveloped bouldering section. However, because Old Rag has an exposed surface, bouldering challenges exist all along the trail.

title: Old Rag Mountain


text: Talk:Mount Baldy (Alberta)

title: Talk:Mount Baldy (Alberta)


text:
Wikipedia:PMID

The PMID template is used to create a link from a PMID codes for life sciences and biomedical articles to PubMed.

Example:

 * Correct:  →
 * Incorrect:  → PMID 4957203
 * Incorrect:   → PMID:4957203
 * Incorrect:   → PubMed 4957203

Multiple PMIDs
If multiple PMIDs need to be listed in a row (for example in a table), this can be accomplished using the multiple template arguments.

Example (with "," as default leadout):

results in:

Example (with "and" as leadout):

results in:

In citation templates
A single PMID can also be included in templates such as the series by means of the pmid parameter. Integer values starting at  are allowed.

The linking is done internally to the template using a module or a subtemplate. The "PMID" string links to the article "PubMed", and the PMID number links to the PubMed article with that number.

title: Wikipedia:PMID


text:
Daryl Dawson

Sir Daryl Michael Dawson, (born 12 December 1933) is a former Australian judge who served as a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1982 to 1997. Before being appointed to the High Court, he served for periods as a legal officer in the Royal Australian Navy and as Solicitor-General of Victoria.

Early life and education
Dawson was born in Melbourne but raised in Canberra, where he attended Canberra High School. He completed his undergraduate education at the University of Melbourne, living at Ormond College and received a Bachelor of Laws with honours. He later completed a Master of Laws at Yale University on a Fulbright Scholarship.

Legal career
Dawson was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1957 (and later to the Tasmanian Bar in 1972). In the 1960s, he served as a commander in the Royal Australian Navy's legal service in Melbourne, holding the rank of lieutenant commander in the Naval Reserve. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1971, and served as the Solicitor-General of Victoria from 1974 to 1982.

Judicial career
Dawson was a member of the Australian Motor Sport Appeal Court from 1974 to 1986, and was the chairman of this court in 1987. In 1982, he was appointed a Justice of the High Court of Australia, a position he held until retiring on 15 August 1997. During his tenure, he earned the nickname Dissenting Dawson, being the only dissenting justice in the landmark cases of Mabo v Queensland and Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio. He was notably the only justice in Australian Capital Television v Commonwealth to argue there was no implied freedom of political communication in the Australian Constitution, although he revised his position on this issue in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

From 1997 until 2003, Dawson served as a non-permanent judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal. In 1998, he became a director and chairman of the Menzies Foundation. Dawson is currently a professorial fellow at the Melbourne Law School, and an adjunct professor at Monash University.

Post-judicial activities
Dawson headed a Royal Commission into the 1998 explosion at a natural gas processing plant at Longford, which killed two people and crippled Victoria's energy supply for weeks.

He occasionally adjudicates mooting competitions at the University of Melbourne.

Honours
In 1980, Dawson was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). Dawson was knighted in 1982, becoming a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE), and known formally as Sir Daryl Dawson. In 1986, Dawson was made a Companion of the Order of Australia; at the time, Australia's highest civilian honour. In 2006, he was awarded a Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) from Monash University, with the University of Melbourne conferring the same award.

title: Daryl Dawson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Coline delaporte

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:20, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Coline delaporte
Can't find any reference so nominating as non-notable. Sc147 22:48, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hoax. A 16-year-old girl living in NY with healing powers? She'd be all over the media, and at least turn up one match on Google. As it is, she isn't, and doesn't. --Lawlore 01:05, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, a "world's phenomenon" would certainly have at least one Google hit. — Ливай | ☺ 01:24, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible hoax. Megan1967 01:48, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Possible hoax. (I mean the article, not the girl. But the girl is propably a hoax too.) JoaoRicardo 03:09, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:44, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Newton scale

Litre
"'He found that a litre of linseed oil at the temperature of melting snow grew to 1.0725 L at the temperature of boiling water.'" For the sake of historical accuracy, could we please note the volume unit he actually used? The litre was defined about 100 years later—let alone its introduction in England. Crissov 22:47, 6 Feb 1894 (UTC)

Why 33?
Im not sure that this is entirely true but some say that newton was a Rosicrucian and a Freemason. One of the Freemasonrys legend is about a hidden pyramid wich will lead to "Foridden Knoweledge" note that on the Freemason rings it says "Everything is revealed in the 33rd degree" the 33rd degree is the highest rank within their order. The hidden pyrmaid is said to have some text that only reveals when it comes too 100 Celsius or 33 newton. Then it will reveal something that will lead us to the "Forbidden Knoweledge"

Although i read this in a book so im not even sure that the myths are correct but i find this interesting and exciting so i decided to post it here.

Bismut
Why the aberrant spelling of (what I assume is meant to be) bismuth? As far as I can tell, that has never been an acceptable spelling in English (it's not in the OED) although its spelt that way in several European languages. SpinningSpark 18:42, 5 November 2014 (UTC)

°N
Is this symbol a wikipedism or is it actually attested? Urhixidur (talk) 17:24, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

Second Defined Temperature
The article claims that the Newton scale "has no single second reference point", but the Grigull reference states "Newton's scale has two defining fixed-points: the ice-point, where the Newton temperature tN = 0°N, and the temperature of the human body, where tN = 12°N". Pulu (talk) 20:42, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

Listed Temperatures have fractions?
It looks to me like some of the values in the table are not what Newton reported. The origional table can be found here. For instance, what is listed in the table as 40°N looks like it was originally written as 40 4/5 °N. Similarly for 14°N, 20°N, and 28°N. Pulu (talk) 21:04, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

This article is very misleading in my opinion
The scale that this article is describing is incredibly unknown to the majority of people. When the name "Newton scale" is brought up, people think of a fish scale that measures the weight acting on an object. It seems odd that this page is talking about temperature and not force (which is what a newton scale measures). — Preceding unsigned comment added by MarkParker1221 (talk • contribs) 00:05, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Newton scale


text:
Ulmanis

Ulmanis (feminine: Ulmane) is a Latvian surname of German origin (from German surname Ullmann). Individuals with the surname include:
 * Guntis Ulmanis (born 1939), President of Latvia 1993–1999
 * Gunārs Ulmanis (1938–2010), Latvian footballer
 * Kārlis Ulmanis (1877–1942), First Prime Minister of Latvia

title: Ulmanis


text:
File:SomeCities.jpg

Fair use in Some Cities
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:SomeCities.jpg


text:
Domonique Simone

Domonique Simone (born Deirdre Morrow, on June 18, 1971, in Valdosta, Georgia) is a retired American actress who was prominent in the adult film industry. Best known for her works in the 1990s, she starred in over 200 films, earning herself a place in the AVN Hall of Fame and Urban X Hall of Fame. in 2007. Since retiring, she has lived a very private life, primarily focusing on her role as a mother to her four children. Simone is also notable for her engagements outside the adult film industry, including appearances in music videos, mainstream film, and her active presence on social media platforms.

Early life and career
Simone won a scholarship to the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising at the age of 17. The following year, in 1989, she ventured into the adult film industry after answering an ad for figure modeling, leading to shoots for pornographic magazines like Hustler and Players.

Media Appearances
In addition to her prolific adult film career, Simone had a scene in the 1994 film Fear of a Black Hat and featured in music videos including Snoop Dogg's Murder was the Case, Brian McKnight's Keep It on the Down Low, and Montell Jordan's Something 4 the Honeyz.

Post-Career Life
After retirement, Simone transitioned into a quiet life, committed to raising her four children in Beverly Hills, California, remaining very private. Simone occasionally engages with fans through interviews, photo shoots, and media appearances. She is particularly active on social media platforms such as her official Twitter page and her official Instagram page.

Memoir
Simone is set to release her memoir, A Star is Porn, in July 2023. The book promises to delve into her experiences in and outside the adult film industry.

title: Domonique Simone


text:
Thorpe Bay

Thorpe Bay is an area of the city of Southend-on-Sea, in the City of Southend-on-Sea, in the ceremonial county of Essex, England. located on the Thames Estuary. Thorpe Bay is situated within the Thorpe ward of Southend-on-Sea. It is around 4 miles to the east of Southend. Originally the area was called Thorpe, but it was renamed Thorpe Bay, after the railway station. The station had been given the name to indicate that it was a seaside settlement. The majority of Thorpe Bay consists of residential properties, mainly built in the 1920s, arranged in a grid pattern.

Location
Thorpe Bay can be defined as the area between the eastern side of Thorpe Hall Avenue to the west (beyond which is Southchurch), Thorpe Bay beach to the south, Maplin Way to the east, (beyond which is Shoeburyness), up to Station Road (beyond which is Bournes Green).

Shopping
The main shopping area, named 'The Broadway' – after the road on which it lies – is a parade of retail shops and restaurants, as well as medical and professional practices.

Transport
Thorpe Bay railway station is the penultimate station on the London, Tilbury and Southend line served by c2c from London Fenchurch Street (the last being Shoeburyness railway station). Consequently, a large number of London commuters choose to live in Thorpe Bay. Thorpe Bay enjoys good access by bus, provided by Arriva Shires & Essex including the number 1, 4(a), 7, 8 and 9. In 1914, Southend-on-Sea Corporation Tramways' network was extended from Bournes Green to Thorpe Bay. The tramway closed in 1942 after being superseded by the motorbus.

Leisure
Thorpe Bay has one of Southend-on-Sea's exclusive golf courses, the Thorpe Hall Golf Club. Thorpe Bay Bowling Club and Lawn Tennis Club are close together on the north side of Thorpe Esplanade (the main road along the seafront). As well as these clubs, Thorpe Bay Yacht Club is also situated along the seafront, to the eastern end of Thorpe Bay. These clubs are private organisations open for annual membership. Thorpe Bay does not have a cinema, a theatre or any other major cultural amenities, but leisure organisations, in addition to those already mentioned, include Thorpe Bay Bridge Club, The Rotary Club of Thorpe Bay and a well-equipped fitness gym.

Politics
James Duddridge MP, representing the Conservative Party, has been Thorpe Bay's member of parliament since 2005. Thorpe Bay is part of the Thorpe Ward of Southend-on-Sea. The ward currently has three independent councillors. These are Cllr Ron Woodley, Cllr Mike Stafford and Cllr Martin Terry.

Schools
Thorpe Bay has a few schools, such as Bournes Green Infants and Junior School, which lies just above the Station Road northern boundary; and Thorpe Hall School, a non-selective, coeducational, private day school.

Religion
There has been a church in Thorpe Bay since 1913. The three churches in Thorpe Bay include St. Augustine's Parish Church (Anglican) on St. Augustine's Avenue, designed in 1937 and built under the consultation of Sir Charles Nicholson; Thorpe Bay Methodist Church on The Broadway, whose architectural predecessor was erected in 1921; and St. Gregory's Roman Catholic Chapel of Ease, opened in 1928, which sits opposite the Methodist church on The Broadway.

Notable residents

 * James Duddridge, MP for Rochford and Southend East, lives in, and is MP for Thorpe Bay.
 * Mark Foster, lived in Thorpe Bay and was educated at Alleyn Court School.
 * Jim Peters, marathon runner, was a resident of Thorpe Bay until his death on 9 January 1999, aged 80.
 * Rachel Riley, co-presenter on the Channel 4 gameshow Countdown, also lives in the area.

title: Thorpe Bay


text:
Hélène Flautre

Hélène Flautre (born 29 July 1958 in Bapaume) is a French politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1999 until 2014, representing the North West of France. She is a member of the Europe Écologie–The Greens, part of the European Greens. She was first elected in 1999.

In parliament, Flautre chaired the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee and observed the trials of activists Pınar Selek and Büşra Ersanlı.

title: Hélène Flautre


text:
Talk:List of stations in London fare zone 2

Proposed article rename
I'm proposing that we rename this article to Travelcard Zone 2, and amend the link texts on referring pages similarly. I explain why, and invite comments, on Talk:London Underground Zone 1. -- Chris j wood 22:54, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

observe acton town is not included!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.42.129.139 (talk) 08:52, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

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Longest journey in a single zone
Actually 86.181... is (almost) entirely correct. Either you are not familiar with London's transport infrastructure, or you really haven't looked at the transport map (the increasingly inaccurately named tube map now includes all London's rail transport). Looking at a map from a reliable source, TfL themselves, is a long way from 'original research' as you claim. Zoned fare systems do throw up some anomalies particularly where journeys are circumferential rather than radial because larger parts of the journey can remain within a single zone. The map clearly shows that the entire journey claimed is within a single zone and therefore really is the longest journey that can be made for a single zone fare of £1.80. If in doubt enter the stations in the TfL fare calculator at. Using 86.181...'s long journey (and using peak fares because the off-peak fares allow multiple zone journeys):

 * Hackney Wick to Clapham Junction gives the single zone fare of £1.80 (and from the map is the longest single zone journey without changing at 19 stops).
 * Clapham Junction to Whitechapel also gives the single zone fare of £1.80.
 * Trains can be changed anywhere on the journey and it will always count as a single zone journey for charging purposes (in this case £1.80 for the combined journey).
 * Hackney Wick to Whitechapel does give the fare of £3.20 because of the assumed change at Canonbury which takes the journey through zone 1 (86.181... was incorrect to say that it is a three-zone journey - it isn't, it's a 2 zone because Whitechapel is a dual zone station in zone 2 and zone 1). It might appear to be 3 zone from the cost because zone 1 is charged at a much higher rate.

The TfL calculator offers a clue by stating that you can travel via Stratford and avoid zone 1 (though it does involve an extra change). The same applies to going via Clapham Junction, though nobody would normally wish to do so (which is probably why the calculator does not suggest it). What you do need to do is tap your card on a pink validator at Clapham Junction (of which there are plenty as there are several normal journeys through this station which can be made by avoiding zone 1). The pink validator merely informs the system that the journey did not come through zone 1 and therefore does not charge for it .

Therefore: from the map (no interpretation required), Hackney Wick to Whitechapel is the longest journey that can be made whilst remaining within a single zone. 185.69.145.220 (talk) 14:29, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Actually scrub most of the above.
 * The journey from Hackney Wick to Clapham Junction is the longest journey that can be made without changing, and where the TfL's system will charge you a single zone fare. The fare calculator and the map support this at least.
 * However: a closer examination of the map shows that it is, at least theoretically, possible to completely circumnavigate London and stay entirely within zone 2. The only two problems are: that I do not know if all the stations where you have to change have pink validators, and that the journey would certainly exceed the journey time limit of two hours so would be charged as two unresolved journeys. But, it is, theoretically possible to make a very long journey within a single zone which the map supports. 185.69.145.220 (talk) 15:06, 23 September 2022 (UTC)
 * And I have just found a source for this, though very slightly different (and reversed) to the route that I had in mind so both can definitely go in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.69.145.220 (talk) 15:13, 23 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The TfL map shows which stations are on which lines, and which zones the stations lie in. That is all. It shows no fares whatsoever, nor does it give any indication of where Oyster validators may be found, or what colour they are, or what happens should you fail to touch one of them. It is certainly not to scale, and so is useless for judging distance. You (or 86.181.0.154, see User talk:86.181.0.154) need to locate a reliable third-party source that explicitly supports these claims, in pursuance of our core content policies WP:V and WP:NOR. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 23:24, 23 September 2022 (UTC)


text:
Talk:River Ogmore

Ogmore River v. River Ogmore
All the other Rivers in Wales are designated by River Name. I would suggest that this Article by moved to River Ogmore and Ogmore River  be used as the redirect. Is thatOK ? Velela 22:53, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I have no objection - I was probably following an existing red link. But I note that "Ogmore River" is marginally more common on Google than "River Ogmore". --Henrygb 23:48, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Starting Point
"The river Ogmore is generally considered to start near the cemetery mountain, north of Treorchy,...". Perhaps I have missed something but this seems impossible to me. Looking at the map, Treorchy is in the Rhonda Valley. Any river starting North of Treorchy would be the Rhonda itself or some river North East of the Rhonda. There is a mountain barrier between the Ogmore and Treorchy. Is there a reference for this statement? Budhen (talk) 15:28, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:River Ogmore


text:
AES Indiana

AES Indiana, formerly known as Indianapolis Power & Light Company (also known as IPL or IPALCO), is an American utility company providing electric service to the city of Indianapolis. It is a subsidiary and largest utility of AES Corporation, which acquired it in 2001. AES Indiana provides electric service to more than 500,000 customers in a 528 sqmi service territory.

On February 24, 2021, IPL was rebranded as AES Indiana.

History
AES Indiana was formed as the Indianapolis Power and Light Company in October 1926 by the merger of the Indianapolis Light and Heat Company and the Merchant's Heat and Light Company. Those two companies had started providing electrical service in the 1880s. At the time of the merger, the company had 105,000 customers. In 1937, IPL began a rural electrification program, running power lines to many areas outside Marion County.

The company moved into its present-day headquarters building on Monument Circle in downtown Indianapolis in 1935; the building, now known as the Electric Building, had been constructed in 1924 for the Continental Bank. The building was remodeled in 1968 to a design by Lennox, Matthews, Simmons & Ford, with the lighting design by Norman F. Schnitker.

In the late 1980s, the Internal Revenue Service audited IPL and assessed a tax deficiency on deposits that IPL required of customers with poor credit histories. The ensuing court case, Commissioner v. Indianapolis Power & Light Co., resulted in a United States Supreme Court ruling in 1990 that such customer deposits to a public utility were not taxable income.

In 2008, IPL integrated the world's first grid scale lithium ion battery energy storage system, with four megawatts of battery storage validated for frequency regulation.

IPL was acquired by the AES Corporation in 2001. On February 24, 2021, IPL's name was changed to AES Indiana. At that time the company had 500,000 customers.

On April 25, 2021, the company's Eagle Valley Generating Station's Toshiba steam turbine was unable to resynchronize with the grid when it was restarted after a maintenance outage. The problem was caused by a disconnected wire that "provided false indication to the control system". Repairs to the resulting damage to the rotor and other components was hampered by incorrect wiring diagrams in the system manuals and will not be completed until November 2021. The company's Petersburg Generating Station also was undergoing repairs during part of the time, causing AES to purchase $1 million of electricity to cover the shortage.

Generating plants
The company owns and operates three coal-fired generating plants, a combustion turbine, and a wind farm, giving the company a total nameplate generating capacity of 3,513 MW of power.

 * Eagle Valley Generating Station is located in Martinsville, Indiana, and has a production capacity of 341 MW of power.
 * Harding Street Station is located on the southwest side of Indianapolis and has a production capacity of 1,196 MW of power.
 * Petersburg Generating Station is located near Petersburg, Indiana, and has a production capacity of 1,760 MW of power.
 * Georgetown Gas Turbine Power Plant is a peaking station located on the northwest side of Indianapolis and has a production capacity of 158 MW of power.
 * Hoosier Wind Farm is a joint venture between AES Indiana and, and has a nameplate capacity of 106 MW of power.

title: AES Indiana


text:
Talk:List of stations in London fare zone 6

Proposed article rename
I'm proposing that we rename this article to Travelcard Zone 6, and amend the link texts on referring pages similarly. I explain why, and invite comments, on Talk:London Underground Zone 1. -- Chris j wood 22:55, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Epsom Downs and Tattenham Corner
When were these stations (and the rest of their branches) added and why? All the maps up show them as outside. Timrollpickering 16:27, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * They are joining Zone 6 on Monday. MRSC 16:41, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

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Marie-Hélène Aubert

Marie-Hélène Aubert (born 16 November 1955 in Nantes) is a French politician and former Member of the European Parliament for the West of France. She is a member of the Socialist Party, having quit the Greens in 2008. Aubert was a Vice Chair of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

title: Marie-Hélène Aubert