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United Kingdom national football team

The United Kingdom national football team are a football team that represents the United Kingdom. Despite football being the most popular sport in the country, the team has not played since 1965, as separate teams represent each home nation (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) in all major international football tournaments such as the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship, as well as various friendlies. It is the home nations which are FIFA affiliated and not the United Kingdom as a whole.

The United Kingdom national team has only played in friendlies and other ceremonial games. The one place where the United Kingdom has competed in a major football tournament as a whole is at the Summer Olympic Games, where it is represented by the Great Britain Olympic football team, which despite the name can also include Northern Ireland players, who can choose to represent either the British or Irish teams.

A United Kingdom football team participates regularly at the Summer Universiade football tournament.

Background

When the world's first football association, The Football Association (FA), was formed in 1863, its geographical remit was not clear: there was no specification of whether it covered just England, all of the United Kingdom, the British Empire or even the entire world. The question was answered when the Scottish Football Association (SFA) was founded in 1873.

The third national football association, the Football Association of Wales (FAW) was founded in 1876 and a fourth, the Irish Football Association (IFA), was founded in 1880. Football therefore developed with separate associations and national teams for each of the countries of the United Kingdom or "Home Nations".

Representative international matches between England and Scotland were played as far back as 1872, and the Home Nations formed the International Football Association Board (IFAB) in 1886 to co-ordinate matches between their teams. FIFA was formed by non-British associations in 1904, and by 1913 the Home Nations were in FIFA and FIFA was on the IFAB. In 1921, around the time of the partition of Ireland, the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) split from the IFA and disputed its authority.

In 1923, an agreement between the IFAB and FIFA meant the FAI would represent the Irish Free State and the IFA Northern Ireland; also, FIFA agreed that relationships between the Home Nations would be outside its remit. England and Scotland separately played internationals against various European teams, but the Home Nations withdrew from FIFA in 1928, in a dispute over amateurism, and did not rejoin until 1946, missing the first three World Cups.

England have been the only Home Nation to have any major success internationally, winning the 1966 World Cup. Scotland have qualified for the final tournaments of eight World Cups and three European Championships, but have never progressed beyond the group stage of any international tournament. Wales reached the semi-finals of the European Championships in 2016, and Wales have qualified for World Cup finals twice – in 1958 and 2022 while Northern Ireland have not qualified for a World Cup Finals since 1986.

This is sometimes raised as an argument in favour of a single United Kingdom national team: based on statistical analysis. In June 2006, it was estimated that a United Kingdom national team would have had a one-third greater chance of winning the 2006 World Cup, than England did at the tournament's outset. Opponents of the plan argue that the existing footballing identities of the fans of the Home Nations should not be sacrificed simply to stand a better chance of success.

There has been limited support for the creation of a permanent British national team. Although often hypothetical in nature, such a proposal has been put forward by prominent government ministers, including Jack Straw and Tony Banks. In July 2014, after England performed poorly in the 2014 World Cup, Conservative MP Laurence Robertson submitted an early day motion, calling for a United Kingdom Football Team.

Matches
Despite this, the Home Nations have previously united to play two friendly internationals against 'Rest of Europe' representative sides. On both occasions, they included all four Home Nations: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (despite Northern Ireland's participation, both matches were played under the name of 'Great Britain').

 * 10 May 1947; Hampden Park, Glasgow: Great Britain 6–1 Rest of Europe
 * 13 August 1955; Windsor Park, Belfast: Great Britain 1–4 Rest of Europe

1947: the Match of the Century
The 1947 game, dubbed the 'Match of the Century', was played to celebrate the return of the Home Nations to FIFA, which they had left in 1920. For the match, played at Scotland's Hampden Park in front of 135,000 spectators, the Great Britain side wore a navy blue strip in honour of the host association. The gate receipts, totalling £35,000, helped boost the finances of FIFA, which had been damaged by the lack of competition during World War II. On that occasion, the Great Britain team consisted of:
 * Frank Swift (England), George Hardwick (England), Billy Hughes (Wales), Archie Macaulay (Scotland), Jackie Vernon (Ireland), Ron Burgess (Wales), Stanley Matthews (England), Wilf Mannion (England), Tommy Lawton (England), Billy Steel (Scotland), Billy Liddell (Scotland).

1955: Irish FA's anniversary
The 1955 game was played to celebrate the Irish Football Association's seventy-fifth anniversary. For this reason, the match was held at Belfast's Windsor Park, and the British team took to the field wearing Northern Ireland's green strip. The Great Britain team fielded comprised:
 * Jack Kelsey (Wales), Peter Sillett (England), Joe McDonald (Scotland), Danny Blanchflower (Northern Ireland), John Charles (Wales), Bertie Peacock (Northern Ireland), Stanley Matthews (England), Bobby Johnstone (Scotland), Roy Bentley (England), Jimmy McIlroy (Northern Ireland), Billy Liddell (Scotland).

Other matches
An All British XI played the Football League at Goodison Park, Liverpool on 4 November 1939. The match, finishing 3-3 was on behalf of the Red Cross Fund, raising £1,214.

Two other games were played between Wales and a team representing the rest of the United Kingdom, with players from England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The first match, in 1951, commemorated the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Football Association of Wales. The second match, in 1969, commemorated the investiture of the Prince of Wales. In both cases, the England, Scotland and Northern Ireland select team played under the name of 'Rest of the United Kingdom'.

 * 3 December 1951; Ninian Park, Cardiff: Wales 3–2 Rest of the United Kingdom
 * 21 July 1969; Ninian Park, Cardiff: Wales 0–1 Rest of the United Kingdom

There was also a match played at Wembley in 1973 to commemorate the entry of the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark into the European Economic Community. This match, called "The Three" v "The Six", involved a select team from those three countries playing against a selection of players from the original six members of the EEC: West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and Italy.

Ten of the thirteen players used by "The Three" were from the United Kingdom, with only Johnny Giles and two Danish players representing the other two countries. Henning Jensen and Colin Stein scored as The Three won 2–0.

A Great British team lined up against another Rest of Europe XI in 1965 for Stanley Matthews' testimonial. Europe won 6–4. A Scotland XI team played a Rest of Great Britain team in a testimonial match for Alan Mullery; Scotland were defeated 3–2 at Craven Cottage on 22 March 1976.

At the Olympics
From the 1900 Summer Olympics to the 1972 Summer Olympics, and again for the 2012 Summer Olympics, the UK has competed in either the Olympic football tournament or its qualifying competition. During the first tournament, played as a demonstration sport at the 1900 Summer Olympics but retrospectively accredited by the IOC, Upton Park F.C. represented the UK and won gold. Following this Great Britain won gold medals at the 1908 and 1912 Games.

All 'Great Britain' Olympic football teams were organised by The Football Association (FA) of England with the acquiescence of the other Home Nations' football associations, and after the FA scrapped the distinction between professional and amateur players in 1974, no more British Olympic teams were entered.

Although professional players were allowed into the Olympics from 1992, no British teams were entered because the individual home nations, rather than a unified team, participated in the qualifying competition.

The 2012 Summer Olympics were hosted by London, which meant that Great Britain qualified as right of being host nation. After much discussion between the Home Nations and opposition from the Northern Irish, Scottish and Welsh associations, men's and women's teams organised by the English FA were entered to the 2012 Olympics.

For the 2020 Games in Tokyo, an agreement was reached between the four FAs for a women's team to complete in the event. The side reached the quarter finals of the tournament.

At the Universiade
The United Kingdom participated as a single team in the Summer Universiade football competition's inaugural (men-only) 1979 edition, when the football tournament was still not official (a UK representative team had also participated in the 1962 Tournoi International Universitaire in Belgium, a historical predecessor to the Universiade tournament). The UK men's team played regularly in the official Universiade tournaments starting in 1985, with their last participation taking place in 2013. The UK men's team won three Universiade medals: two silver medals in 2011 and 2013 and a bronze medal in 1991.

A women's UK team first participated in the Summer Universiade football competition in the 2007 edition. They played in six editions overall, with their last participation taking place in 2017. The UK women's team won two Universiade medals: gold in 2013 and bronze in 2009.

At the Challenge Kentish Cup
The UK also participates as a single men's team in the annual Challenge Kentish Cup for military personnel, which is the oldest European football cup still in existence. The UK military team plays friendly matches against armed forces teams from other nations, including regular fixtures against a team representing the Republic of Ireland's Defence Forces.

A UK women's military team was first formed in 1999, and has played matches against other national women defence forces as well as amateur non-military women's teams.

title: United Kingdom national football team


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Category:Europe geography stubs

Country- and region-related stub markers
 * Europe europe-geo-stub (for countries without their own categories in this region)
 * These countries are currently: Monaco and the Vatican City.
 * Albania Albania-geo-stub
 * Andorra Andorra-geo-stub
 * Armenia Armenia-geo-stub
 * Austria Austria-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Austria geography stubs)
 * Azerbaijan Azerbaijan-geo-stub
 * Belarus Belarus-geo-stub
 * Belgium Belgium-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Belgium geography stubs)
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina BosniaHerzegovina-geo-stub
 * Bulgaria Bulgaria-geo-stub
 * Croatia Croatia-geo-stub
 * Cyprus Cyprus-geo-stub
 * Czech Republic CzechRepublic-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Czech Republic geography stubs)
 * Denmark Denmark-geo-stub
 * Estonia Estonia-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Estonia geography stubs)
 * Faroe Islands Faroes-geo-stub
 * Finland Finland-geo-stub
 * France France-geo-stub (this has been further split; see France geography stubs)
 * Georgia Georgia-geo-stub
 * Germany Germany-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Germany geography stubs)
 * Gibraltar Gibraltar-geo-stub
 * Greece Greece-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Greece geography stubs)
 * Greenland Greenland-geo-stub
 * Hungary Hungary-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Hungary geography stubs)
 * Iceland Iceland-geo-stub
 * Ireland Ireland-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Ireland geography stubs)
 * Italy Italy-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Italy geography stubs)
 * Kazakhstan Kazakhstan-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Kazakhstan geograohy stubs)
 * Latvia Latvia-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Latvia geography stubs)
 * Liechtenstein Liechtenstein-geo-stub
 * Lithuania Lithuania-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Lithuania geography stubs)
 * Luxembourg Luxembourg-geo-stub
 * Malta Malta-geo-stub
 * Moldova Moldova-geo-stub
 * Montenegro Montenegro-geo-stub
 * Netherlands Netherlands-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Netherlands geography stubs)
 * North Macedonia NorthMacedonia-geo-stub (this has been further split; see North Macedonia geography stubs)
 * Norway Norway-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Norway geography stubs)
 * Poland Poland-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Poland geography stubs)
 * Portugal Portugal-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Portugal geography stubs)
 * Romania Romania-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Romania geography stubs)
 * Russia Russia-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Russia geography stubs)
 * Serbia Serbia-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Serbia geography stubs)
 * Slovakia Slovakia-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Slovakia geography stubs)
 * Slovenia Slovenia-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Slovenia geography stubs)
 * Spain Spain-geo-stub (including the Canary Islands) (this has been further split; see Spain geography stubs)
 * Sweden Sweden-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Sweden geography stubs)
 * Switzerland Switzerland-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Switzerland geography stubs)
 * Turkey Turkey-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Turkey geography stubs)
 * Ukraine Ukraine-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Ukraine geography stubs)
 * United Kingdom UK-geo-stub
 * England England-geo-stub (this has been further split; see England geography stubs)
 * Northern Ireland NorthernIreland-geo-stub
 * Scotland Scotland-geo-stub (this has been further split; see Scotland geography stubs
 * Wales Wales-geo-stub

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Europe geography stubs


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Birdwood, South Australia

Birdwood, originally named Blumberg, is a town in the Adelaide Hills area of South Australia, around 44 km from Adelaide city centre. It is located in the local government areas of the Adelaide Hills Council and the Mid Murray Council.

Origin of the name
Birdwood was originally named Blumberg. by Prussian settlers originating from the area around Zullichau. The original name's origins are uncertain, but it is likely that it derives from Groß Blumberg, a village on the Oder River in the settlers' area of origin.

The German town name was anglicised to "Birdwood" during World War I, along with many others in the region in 1917. The new name honoured Sir William Birdwood, the Australian Imperial Force general who led the ANZACs at Gallipoli. Around the same time, the government closed the German-language school.

European settlement
The first Europeans to explore the district were Dr. George Imlay and John Hill in January 1838. In 1839-40 the South Australian Company claimed several Special Surveys in the district which were later subdivided to allow for closer settlement. Migrants who had temporarily settled at Lobethal began looking for land of their own in 1848. Pastor Fritzsch recommended this spot beside the Torrens, where he camped on the way to Bethany. Birdwood grew with homes on land leased from George Fife Angas and a church some distance away. The town prospered by the 1850s, and the area was producing enough grain to justify the construction of the Blumberg Flour Mill (now the site of the motor museum). In 1865, during the local gold rush, the Blumberg Inn was built.

Geography
Birdwood sits on a crossroads between the Adelaide-Mannum Road, the road leading north towards Williamstown and the Barossa Valley, and the road leading south towards Lobethal, Hahndorf and the South Eastern Freeway.

Facilities
Birdwood has a government-operated primary (opened 1878) and high school (opened 1909), Motel, small supermarket, two Coffee/Bakeries, 2 antique shops and a petrol station. A number of churches have formed part of the history of the town, including the Roman Catholic Church near the sports grounds, the nearby Lutheran church and cemetery which is just beyond the town limits; the United Church in the centre of town, which united long before the Uniting Church formed, and the Seventh-day Adventist Church further along Shannon Street.

Birdwood is also home to the National Motor Museum (in what used to be the Old Mill), and is the endpoint of the annual Bay to Birdwood run, in which vintage motor vehicles are driven by their owners from Glenelg past the city and through the hills to finish at the museum where a festival is held. The museum was started by Jack Kaines and Len Vigar in 1964, and was purchased by the South Australian Government in 1976, holding a large and historically important collection of cars, motorcycles and commercial vehicles. Next door to the Museum is the Birdwood Motel (2015),

Just north of Birdwood is the Cromer Conservation Park, proclaimed in 1976, with an open-forest formation of long-leafed box with Pink Gum and an open woodland formation of Red Gum, which forms an important habitat for honeyeaters. Mining for yellow ochre occurred in the park during the 1800s. There are no formal walking trails or visitor facilities.

It is also home to Birdwood High School which has over 700 students and Birdwood Primary school with about 200 students.

Transport
The area is not serviced by Adelaide Metro public transport. A coach is operated from Tea Tree Plaza Interchange to Gumeracha and Mount Pleasant by LinkSA.

Birdwood has a lot of through traffic. A significant number of road accidents occur on the Adelaide-Mannum Road, and the sites of these are marked with red and black posts.

Railway
Birdwood once had a train station on the Mount Pleasant railway line at 44.13 miles (71 km) from Adelaide. The line came via Balhannah and was not a very direct route. The line was closed during one of the rail reformations as it was not a very profitable line, probably due to the more direct Adelaide–Mannum Road. The track is now long gone but the earthworks can still be seen along the edges of the Birdwood flat to Mount Torrens and towards Mount Pleasant. Also still standing is an old stone railway bridge near Mount Torrens. The line closed in 1963.

title: Birdwood, South Australia


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Talk:Hyperelliptic curve cryptography

What is the group operation? Does such information belong here, or in Hyperelliptic_curve ?

 * I'll try to spruce up the article later today with the group operation. It would belong in this article CryptoDerk

Complexity of attacks against hyperelliptic curves
The article currently contains the following claim:
 * Also, for hyperelliptic curves of genus higher that 3, there are known efficient sub-exponential attacks.

I doubt that this claim is correct. E.g., the paper P.Gaudry, "An Algorithm for Solving the Discrete Log Problem on Hyperelliptic Curves", presented at Eurocrypt 2000 gives an algorithm that under a minor practical assumption computes discrete logarithms in time $${\rm O}(q^{2g/(g+1)})$$ on hyperelliptic curves of genus g over a field of order q. While this is faster than e.g. Pollard rho this is not sub-exponential. Has a better attack been published or did I misinterpret Gaudry's result? 85.2.114.231 (talk) 19:55, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

I think you are right. Although there are some improvement to the Gaudry's result, the complexity of these attacks for small genus is slightly better than Pollard's Rho and still exponential. However, for large genus, index-calculus is subexponential. Thank you for your correction.Bossudenotredame (talk) 07:18, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Hyperelliptic curve cryptography


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris D. Kelly

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 00:14, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Chris D. Kelly
According to the article his most significant achievement is serving on the executive of Conservative Way Forward an invitation only subgroup of the British Conservative Party. Serving on a business or political board is not inherently notable. --Lee Hunter 11:58, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agreed. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 12:37, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * This isn't my strongest vote, but delete . His greatest notability actually seems to be running for Chairman of Conservative Future (if he won he'd sure merit an article) and now working in the office of Tory leader Michael Howard (if in a senior position, again). His CVs say he's appeared in major British newspapers, but Google shows little but a brief mention in a political miscellanies column in the Guardian. He also addressed two Conservative conventions (if he were a keynote speaker from the stage and not a delegate from a floor mike, again). Btw, someone had better look some of those blue (and red) links at Conservative Way Forward. I'd keep with a little more evidence of notability as a pundit or higher position, but I strongly doubt it's out there at this point. Samaritan 15:32, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I told you it wasn't my strongest vote. The interest from Dbiv, a noted and published British political researcher, moves me to a keep. Samaritan 23:04, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep for now based on his position in Michael Howard's private office. People in this position for Conservative Party leaders often have senior political careers. Though I did enjoy the part of his CV which claimed that when he worked at The Gap "Performed customer facing role in retail sales and payment" (translates as "I worked on the till"). Dbiv 22:51, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * We don't accept "might do something of note in the future" elsewhere. We shouldn't here.  Until he actually has that senior political career, Delete. Uncle G 17:02, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * No, I'm sorry, this guy is a wannabe. Strong delete.  Maybe in ten years, he might achieve something politically, but not yet. His cv is flimsy, and even his own self-promotional web-site can only scrape this rather pathetic list together:
 * Chris attends Silver Anniversary Dinner with Lady Thatcher
 * Chris attends Silver Anniversary Dinner with Lady Thatcher
 * Chris submits response to BBC Charter Review
 * Chris campaigns with Michael Howard
 * Chris accompanies Michael Howard on Black Country visit
 * Chris on stage to hear Michael Howard deliver his Party Leadership acceptance speech
 * Chris Backs IDS
 * Roads should be the priority: Chris writes to Commercial Motor
 * HowardB 10:12, 2005 Feb 8 (according to history Uncle G 17:02, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC))
 * Yes, Uncle G, 'twas me -- mea culpa HowardB 17:23, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Fetching Michael Howard's tea is not notability. --Calton 06:52, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: no significant achievements yet. Maybe in a few years, we'll see. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:49, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete - this chap is Nonnabe! Brookie 14:57, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Omali Yeshitela

Omali Yeshitela (born Joseph Waller on October 9, 1941) is an American political activist and author. He is a co-founder and current chairman of the African People's Socialist Party (formed in 1972) which leads the Uhuru Movement.

Yeshitela, whom the United States government had accused of operating as an illegal agent of the Russian government, is credited with popularizing the demand for reparations to African people in the U.S. and worldwide, having served as the People's Advocate at the First International Tribunal on Reparations to Black People in the U.S., held in Brooklyn, New York, in 1982.

Early background
Omali Yeshitela was born Joseph Waller, Jr. in St. Petersburg, Florida, on October 9, 1941. Yeshitela was raised in a community formerly known as the Gas Plant District, an African community on the South Side of St. Petersburg. The Gas Plant District no longer exists, as it was razed to create Tropicana Field, home of the Tampa Bay Rays. Yeshitela attended Jordan Elementary School, Sixteenth Street Junior High School, and Gibbs High School as a youth.

Yeshitela belongs to what historian Donna Murch calls "the Black Power Generation", black working-class activists who came of age between the 1955 lynching of Emmett Till and the 1965 assassination of Malcolm X. Yeshitela is less than two months younger than Till and was 13 years old when the 14-year-old Till was lynched in Drew, Mississippi on August 28, 1955. Yeshitela has noted that the lynching of Till impacted his worldview, and the worldview of Black People in the United States.

US Army Years
In the late 1950s, the Modern Civil Rights Movement and African decolonization struggles were advancing. All sectors of black society discussed these topics. Yeshitela was a standout student at Gibbs High School. In 1959, during his senior year at Gibbs High School, a class discussion was held on "the advancement of African people." In this discussion, a teacher declared that black people would have to "prove" themselves to white people if they wanted to be free. That is when Yeshitela decided to leave school and join the United States Army.

Yeshitela completed his basic training in South Carolina. He was subsequently stationed in Germany. Yeshitela has noted that it was in Germany where he began to learn about imperialism. "As a U.S. soldier in Berlin, which was also occupied militarily by British troops, I was subjected to lectures by white British officers who told humiliating, "racist" stories of the colonial war being waged against our people in Congo who, under the leadership of Patrice Lumumba, were fighting to overturn colonial domination by the Belgians and other colonialists, including the British and U.S.," Yeshitela writes.

In the army, Yeshitela was able to connect imperialism and colonialism to his treatment as an African person in the United States. While in a military convoy to South Florida, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, a white restaurant owner was allowed to deny Yeshitela service because Yeshitela was black. In Fort Benning, Georgia, Yeshitela was accused of attempting to hold the hand of a white woman at a snack bar because he refused to drop money in her hand (a common practice that prevented white people from having to touch the skin of black people). In protest at the colonial policy of the United States, Yeshitela wrote a 12-page letter to US President John F. Kennedy declaring his inability to serve in an army "that protected the likes of George Wallace and a tradition of oppression of African people."

Entry into the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power Movement
Yeshitela returned to St. Petersburg, Florida, following his discharge from the US Army in 1963. He worked in many fields such as manual labor in a carpet sales and installation warehouse, and as a "copy boy", a proofreader and an apprentice printer for the St. Petersburg Times. Yeshitela also attended Gibbs Junior College. Yeshitela became involved with other college students who organized against the Jim Crow policies in St. Petersburg, Florida.

Yeshitela explored a variety of movements and organizations. Yeshitela attended meetings and participated in some actions led by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) but did not agree with their tactics and objectives. Yeshitela explored the Nation of Islam because of his love for Malcolm X but did not choose to join them. Yeshitela became associated with the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Yeshitela was an organizer for a voter registration and education project in African communities of North Florida. Following his work with CORE, Yeshitela joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Yeshitela participated in the Civil Rights Movement in his youth during the 1950s and 1960s as a member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), an influential organization. Formed in 1960, SNCC departed from the politics of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). SNCC began in 1960. Since 1960, SNCC had committed itself to organizing amongst the grassroots in the South. SNCC had also begun to develop relationships internationally. SNCC organizers had met Ahmed Sekou Toure of Guinea and other African Independence leaders. SNCC had formed a close relationship with Malcolm X.

Yeshitela joined SNCC in 1966. This was the same year that Stokely Carmichael (later known as Kwame Ture) was elected the chair of SNCC. Yeshitela notes that Carmichael had "captured the imagination of the world when he uttered the slogan/demand" Black Power. SNCC had also organized the Lowndes County Freedom Organization in Alabama.

In 1966, Omali Yeshitela organized the first membership-based SNCC chapter. SNCC had originally been operated as a staff-based volunteer organization. The membership-based structure gave the SNCC chapter in St. Petersburg, Florida, the same character as the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, forming around the same time in Oakland, California.

SNCC organized in the defense of the African Community in St. Petersburg, Florida (as they had done elsewhere). Omali Yeshitela notes that one issue they had been concerned with was a $50 million federal grant to the city of St. Petersburg, which the city government had chosen to "beautify" downtown St. Petersburg. Yeshitela and SNCC believed that the funding would be better used to provide jobs, economic development and other improvements to the black community in St. Petersburg. Yeshitela notes that the struggle over economic development was the important backdrop to Yeshitela's famous tearing down of George Snow Hill’s racist mural that hung in St. Petersburg City Hall.

Tearing down of the City Hall mural
Yeshitela had intervened into radical thought with his differentiation between colonialism and racism. Yeshitela notes that "racism is simply the ideological foundation of capitalist imperialism." Yeshitela goes on to state that "the bourgeois ideology of 'racism' serves to unite the vast majority of whites and even some Africans in support of the imperialist agenda." This offers context to the mural incident.

SNCC St. Petersburg had organized a demonstration and press conference at St. Petersburg City Hall at noontime on December 29, 1966. The purpose of the demonstration was to utilize the issue of the mural "to galvanize public opinion to effect the changes" that SNCC had been pursuing. The degrading mural reflected the minstrel culture that was popular throughout American media during the height of Jim Crow. George Snow Hill's "Picnicking at the Pass-a-Grille" was one of two images that had been displayed in St. Petersburg City Hall since 1945. "Picnicking at the Pass-a-Grille" depicted blackface musicians with exaggerated features and white paint around their mouths entertaining white beach goers. Its companion piece entitled "Fishing at the Pier" depicted white families with normal features enjoying a relaxing day of fishing. Bill DeYoung, a former correspondent with the St. Petersburg Times noted that these murals were suggested to represent "everyday life in St. Petersburg". The black community had opposed the mural for two decades, since its installation. For the African community of St. Petersburg, "The mural bitterly represented the place that colonized black people were relegated to in this city, where African people were forced to function as oppressed servants to the white tourist industry and elderly white retirees." As well, "The offensive mural represented a city where African people for decades were confined to housing in a small, two-mile square area of south St. Petersburg that was subjected to a curfew after 9 p.m. every night."

Herman Goldner, the Mayor of St. Petersburg rejected the demands made by Yeshitela and SNCC stating, "our minorities had to learn to be less sensitive." Goldner also stated: "I find nothing offensive in the portrayal of strolling troubadours and picnickers at Pass-a-Grille Beach.... I think you know that I, personally, am not a racist. I think... that all of our minority groups must mature to the point where self-consciousness is not a motivating factor for complaints."

Yeshitela and the SNCC activists did not intend on tearing down the mural. The mural incident was prompted by white reporters and cops laughing at an older African woman who spoke at the December 29, 1966 demonstration at St. Petersburg City Hall. The poor and elderly woman had joined the protest march when it passed her house. She spoke of the exploitative insurance that the African working class had to endure in St. Petersburg, Florida. Yeshitela writes that the elderly woman "spoke 'broken English,' used double negatives and split infinitives, and the media and police personnel found her funny, treating her like entertainment." Yeshitela immediately marched into city hall and ripped down the 7 X 10 foot mural. The incident hit the news wire and was covered by a variety of media sources throughout the United States including Jet Magazine which covered the incident in a two page spread.

Yeshitela was sentenced to five years in state prison for the mural incident. While in prison, Omali Yeshitela organized the Junta of Militant Organizations (JOMO).

Founding of the Junta of Militant Organizations (JOMO)
The Junta of Militant Organizations (JOMO) was formed in St. Petersburg, Florida, in May 1968. JOMO emerged in the wake of assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis Tennessee on April 4, 1968, and Little Bobby Hutton, the youngest member of the Black Panther Party, in Oakland, California on April 6, 1968. This was also the period of the St. Petersburg Sanitation Workers Strike. Omali Yeshitela created JOMO while he was incarcerated, serving time for the December 1966 mural incident. In Spanish, junta means council. As well, the letters were chosen because they spelled out the first name of Jomo Kenyatta. At that time, Kenyatta was thought to be responsible for the Kenya Land and Freedom Army, popularly known as the Mau Mau. Yeshitela notes: "Despite the erroneous understanding of who the neocolonialist Jomo Kenyatta was, Africa was clearly on my mind as central to our identity as a people and the starting point for understanding our situation in the U.S. and the world. The Swahili word for freedom, 'Uhuru,' introduced to the political lexicon of the world by the Mau Mau, became my lodestar."

JOMO became the leading anti-colonial African revolutionary organization in Florida. JOMO also developed a strong presence in other parts of the US South, including Louisville, Kentucky.

JOMO represented a form of mass movement organizing that subsequent organizations within the Uhuru Movement embraced in the years to come. In 1968, JOMO founded The Burning Spear Newspaper, the oldest Black Power newspaper in continuous print. In 1969, JOMO formed the JOMO Blood Bank at St. Anthony’s Hospital in St. Petersburg, Florida. The blood bank was created "because of the high price of blood and the vicious nature of America's capitalistic hospitals" with a pint of blood costing Africans as much as $45; which is around $300 2022. On January 1, 1970, the blood bank released 14 pints of blood to two African women saving them $600 (about $4,000 today).

JOMO's put forward the following seven demands in defense of the African community:

As a mass organization, the membership of JOMO was broad and its impact was wide. Many years later, Geronimo Pratt, for example, told Chairman Omali Yeshitela that he had been a member of JOMO in the late 1960s when he was stationed in Florida. In 1972, JOMO joined with two other Florida organizations, the Black Rights Fighters of Fort Myers and the Black Study Group of Gainesville, to create the African People’s Socialist Party.
 * 1) Control of our schools – – – the curriculum, the hiring and firing and the determination of how much money is to be allotted to the schools.
 * 2) A Police review board composed of a broad section of the Black community.
 * 3) An end to exploitation by white merchants who have businesses in the ghetto.
 * 4) Control of all Black public housing.
 * 5) All slumlords having rental property in the Black community be forced to turn that property over to the city which will take the rent in escrow and turn the property over to the occupants after a designated period of time.
 * 6) The lines of our districts be redrawn so the area where Black people are a majority will constitute a district, giving Black people the power to elect Black local representation who will not have to depend on the white vote for election.
 * 7) Complete control of the Black community.

Founding of The Burning Spear Newspaper
The Burning Spear Newspaper is the oldest institution of the Uhuru Movement and predates the formation of the African People's Socialist Party. The Burning Spear was formed in December 1968, on the second anniversary of the city hall mural incident, in St. Petersburg, Florida. The original Burning Spear was an 8x11mimeographed four-page newsletter. In December 1969, The Burning Spear became a typeset newspaper.

Yeshitela served as the first editor of the newspaper. The Burning Spear was first produced by the Junta of Militant Organizations (JOMO), the organization that Yeshitela formed in 1968. The title of the newspaper reflects translation of the name JOMO. Jomo means "burning spear" in the Kikuyu language. As with the adoption of the slogan-demand "Uhuru", title of the newspaper intended to connect the Uhuru Movement in the US to the Kenya Land and Freedom Army of Dedan Kimathi, commonly known as the Mau Mau.

Omali Yeshitela explained The Burning Spear Newspaper and its outgrowth from the Black Power Movement: "The Burning Spear was born out of struggle: out of the burning contradictions of the 60s that resulted in the Black Power Movement, and the reactions beatings, jailings, and murders by various US law officials. From the beginning, the Burning Spear was an attempt to place our struggle in focus for our people and our allies."

Omali Yeshitela has described The Burning Spear as a dual and contending power institution. Yeshitela explained this at the 1985 forum "Does the Media Tell the Truth?" held in Berkeley, California: "We don't consider ourselves alternative media. We consider ourselves a contending force." He later went on to explain, "[W]e see ourselves in fierce contention with the media." The cover of the December 1969 Burning Spear depicted the Snow Hill mural that Yeshitela tore down three years earlier.

The Burning Spear gained broad circulation throughout the United States and globally. Bakari Olatunji, a longtime member of the APSP and an Oakland resident has noted that newspaper was even distributed by members of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, alongside their own newspaper. In the 1980s, Omali Yeshitela encountered a white British man in a black bookstore, standing in the middle of the floor, with The Burning Spear in hand, extolling the virtue of the newspaper as an honest purveyor of the truth. The newspaper also praises Russia and fully supports Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine, calling it a defensive operation.

Founding of the African People's Socialist Party
Yeshitela co-founded the African People's Socialist Party in May 1972 through the fusion of three Florida-based organizations: the Junta of Militant Organizations (JOMO), based in St. Petersburg, Florida, led by Yeshitela, the Black Rights Fighters based in Ft. Myers, Florida, led by Lawrence Mann, and the Black Study Group based in Gainesville, Florida, led by Katura Carey. That same year, the APSP adopted JOMO's newspaper The Burning Spear – the longest-running Black Power newspaper in the U.S. – as its official publication.

Yeshitela stated early on that the mission of the APSP was to "complete the Black Revolution of the Sixties", describing a period of defeat resulting from the counterinsurgency war enacted by the U.S. government against the Black Power movement of the 1960s. Through FBI counterintelligence programs such as COINTELPRO, the U.S. government's counterinsurgency against the Black Revolution of the Sixties involved the assassinations of leaders such as Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr., Bobby Hutton, and Fred Hampton and the destruction of their organizations. Yeshitela was also arrested and jailed numerous times.

The APSP adopted its Constitution at its First Congress held in Oakland, California in 1981.

1982 World Tribunal on Reparations
The Working Platform of the African People’s Socialist Party was adopted on September 23, 1979. Of the 14-Points in the platform, the APSP forwarded the demand for Reparations. For the APSP and the African Internationalists, reparations has been described as a revolutionary demand. The APSP position on reparations is encompassed in Point 11 of The Working Platform.

The Working Platform was revised and adopted, once again, at The First Congress of the African People’s Socialist Party held in Oakland, California, in November 1981. The work that they immediately carried forward coming out of The First Congress included the reparations campaign. Omali Yeshitela writes that the goal of the African People’s Socialist Party was: [T]o make reparations a household word, we were the ones that popularized the reparations demand in the US.

Prior to the involvement of our Party, the issue of reparations essentially involved efforts to win some kind of legislative or judicial recognition in US courts or by the state or federal government. There was no real mass involvement.

We recognized that reparations had to become the property of the masses if it was to be a significant political question. Chairman Omali Yeshitela and the APSP organized the first World Tribunal on Reparations to African People in the US on November 13 and 14, 1982 in Brooklyn, New York. The Tribunal found the United States guilty of stolen labor from African people. Unlike some understandings of reparations, the APSP and the World Tribunal did not stop its analysis at colonial enslavement but instead brought it to the contemporary time. The Tribunal quantified the debt owed to African people in the US was $4.1 trillion. This amount was laid out the book Stolen Black Labor: The Political Economy of Domestic Colonialism. The proceedings of the World Tribunal were published in the book Reparations Now!: Abbreviated report of the International Tribunal on Reparations for Black People in the US.

Later activities
In his civic activism in his native St. Petersburg, Yeshitela has stressed his view that political and economic development will bring an end to the oppression of African communities throughout the world. He moved to Oakland, California in 1981, living and working there.

Yeshitela served on St. Petersburg Mayor David Fischer's Challenge 2001 Steering Committee and on the St. Petersburg Housing Authority's Hope VI Advisory Committee, two projects dedicated to attracting jobs and investment to South St. Petersburg. He has also chaired the political action committee of the Coalition of African American Leadership, made up of a number of black churches and civil rights groups in the area, and served on the board of radio station WMNF community radio. Along with eight other candidates, Yeshitela made a run for mayorship in February 2001. Although he did not make it to the runoff, he won every African-American and mixed precinct but one in the entire city.

In 2019, Yeshitela participated in the Oxford Union's Africa Debate on "This House Would Embrace an Ever Closer African Union."

Pop culture influence

 * Excerpts of a Yeshitela speech are played in multiple tracks of the album Let's Get Free by the hip-hop duo Dead Prez.
 * Excerpts of a Yeshitela speech are played in the Chris Fuller feature film Loren Cass.
 * An excerpt of a Yeshitela speech is played in the movie Loren Cass, focused on the effects of the 1996 shooting of TyRon Lewis in St. Petersburg.
 * Benny the Butcher used an excerpt of Sanyika Shakur reciting a Yeshitela speech as the opening track on his 2019 EP The Plugs I Met

Publications
Yeshitela has self-published several books and pamphlets with the African People's Socialist Party's Burning Spear Uhuru Publications:

 * On African Internationalism, 1978
 * Tactics and Strategy for Black Liberation in the US, 1978
 * The Struggle for Bread, Peace and Black Power, 1981
 * Stolen Black Labor, 1982
 * Reparations Now!, 1983
 * A New Beginning and Not One Step Backwards, 1984
 * The Road to Socialism is Painted Black, 1987
 * Izwe Lethu i Afrika! (Africa Is Our Land), 1991
 * Social Justice and Economic Development for the African Community: Why I became a Revolutionary, 1997
 * The Dialectics of Black Revolution: The Struggle to Defeat the Counterinsurgency in the U.S., 1997
 * Overturning the Culture of Violence, by Penny Hess and Omali Yeshitela, 2000 (ISBN 978-1891624025)
 * One Africa! One Nation!, 2006 (ISBN 978-1891624049)
 * Omali Yeshitela Speaks: African Internationalism, Political Theory for our Time, 2005 (ISBN 978-1891624032)
 * One People! One Party! One Destiny!, 2010 (ISBN 978-1891624070)
 * An Uneasy Equilibrium: The African Revolution Versus Parasitic Capitalism, 2014 (ISBN 978-1891624117)
 * Vanguard: The Advanced Detachment of the African Revolution, 2018

title: Omali Yeshitela


text: User talk:212.135.1.53

title: User talk:212.135.1.53


text: Category:1000 deaths

title: Category:1000 deaths


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Talk:Northwich

Assessment Report
DDStretch   (talk)  02:17, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) A bit more tidying up and expansion of various sections, and this article could be submitted for assessment in order to gain "Good Article Status".

Untitled
Can anyone verify that Placebo are connected with Northwich?

Yes... the drummer (?) lived just round the corner from me.

 * The previous drummer in 'Tears for Fears' also lives in this area. Not sure if it's worth a mention? Gregh 19:05, 13 Sep 2006 (UTC)

Population
Why do the modarators seem unwilling to acknowledge the outling parts of the town like Weaverham, Rudheath and Davenham that have their own parish councils as part of the town? You accept that in other towns like Warrington where you are happy to include parishes like Burtonwood and Lymm. To say that Northwich's population is only 19,000 is like saying that Londons population is only the 7,800 people that live within the City of London. Do any of you actually live in or near Northwich or are you just looking infomation up!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.144.181.169 (talk) 23:51, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Provide some reliable sources for Norwich's population. Nev1 (talk) 15:32, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

According to the statistics in the article, the population appears to have increased by nearly tenfold between 1871 and 1881. The reasons for this remarkable increase should appear either in the main article or in the History of Northwich article. Millbanks (talk) 19:53, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

I made a few minor changes; hopefully they're improvements. However, I was wondering about this:

 * Arguably, the highlight of Northwich is a man, who sits outside Marks & Spencer with his penny whistle, he brings his dog some times too.

Is this real, or is this some sort of unencyclopedic commentary on Northwich being a boring place or something like that? Everyking 08:02, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I can verify that it's true, but obviously it's debatable as to whether it's appropriate to include it in the article... what you think? Drak2 15:44, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Leave it if it's locally notable; i.e. if people in town can generally be assumed to know about him. It's up to you. Everyking 15:54, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * He is known, but he doesn't have a very good reputation. He only knows one song, and plays it over and over. Very, very irritating.

The man who plays the penny whistle is well known in Northwich and in the surrounding towns. oakesy 19:05, 31 Aug 2005 (UTC)

He is known, but he doesn't have a very good reputation. He only knows one song, and plays it over and over. Very, very irritating.

 * I just randomly stumbled on this article and have been no where near Northwich. The line should probably be removed because it's not neutral POV, but it does seem to be a worth bit of trivia since this guy seems to be fairly well know, and it also made me chuckle.  DarthInsinuate 18:07, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think it is necessary for a wikipedia article. It is too colloquial. Gregh 19:05, 13 Sep 2006 (UTC)

Winnington Inclusion
I would keep Winnington separate, but I would put a list into this article of the 'villages' that make up the 'area' of Northwich, namely: Castle, Leftwich, Kingsmead, Lach Dennis, Hartford etc. Pixie2000 14:02, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Is Lach Dennis close enough to count as part of Northwich? I agree with the other villages, but Lach Dennis is quite a way out (probably as close to Middlewich as Northwich). Lone Architect 23:31, 26th November 2006 (BST)

History
The history section contains nothing for pre-1874, though the area has been populated from the Roman Times (though I need a citation for this I know!)

Geography
The Geography section does not really talk about the geography beyond the rivers - perhaps it could do with being expanded to include other geographical features?

Transport
This section does not mention the rivers - the biggest transport for the town until the arrival of the railways, and probably the reason Northwich exists at all? Pixie2000 19:59, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Wartime Northwich 1939-1945
I removed the following text. It needs citations and someone to check that it's not copyvio (I did a brief check on Google and it doesn't seem to be) or original research. Richard W.M. Jones 09:06, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It's from http://www.northwichuk.com/modules/wfsection/print.php?articleid=6 Salinae 15:49, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for digging that up. Copyvio deleted. Richard W.M. Jones 18:02, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Cheshire radio edit war
Is this relevant? I would say it was, as it is based in Northwich, but any opposition is welcome. Do not add any link to Cheshire Radio until debate is over. JimHxn 12:58, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you can argue that it may deserve to go on the Cheshire page, or perhaps on this page if it is based in Northwich. However this link was (and is actively) being added all over.  See: Special:Contributions/80.47.220.20  (active now) and Special:Contributions/84.66.65.173 (active two days ago).  This is linkspam, plain and simple. Richard W.M. Jones 14:53, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I would say that at very least if it's not mentioned in the article itself then a link in the external links section is not justifiable  YDAM   TALK 15:12, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, i'd agree with that: its spam. Thanks for clearing that up. JimHxn 17:45, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * and Special:Contributions/193.25.116.40 (active now) who also vandalised my user page. Richard W.M. Jones 17:47, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * and Special:Contributions/86.143.95.226 (active now) Richard W.M. Jones 18:40, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * and Special:Contributions/80.47.85.246 (active now) has also vandalised my user page. Richard W.M. Jones 22:29, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Irrespective of the actions of the anon edits, there might be justifiable reasons to add a link to Cheshire FM to Northwich, Winsford and Middlewich. From the Cheshire FM website their HQ is the Verdin Exchange in Winsford (at the back of the Guildhall). It also mentions that the station will be broadcast from Davenham/Moulton, and will cover mid Cheshire.  However it probably needs to be done as part of a general media section.  I've had a look at Warrington, Wigan and Macclesfield pages, and they don't mention Wire FM, Wish FM or Silk FM, so there's not much local precedent. Salinae 23:37, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't really see how we can have a link to something which isn't even mentioned in the article. I'm not against a mention of the station in an appropriate section about local media with a link to the stations article. but an external link is excessive and unnecessary. If we were to include a link to the website of every radio station that covered these towns the external links section would become unwieldy and would detract from the more informative links. Incidentally the Cheshire FMarticle mentions that it doesn't start until March 2007. Am I correct in assuming this radio station isn't even on the air yet  YDAM   TALK 00:54, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, you are right about it not being on air yet! I also don't understand why the link is to the external rather than wiki source.  I'll think about a short section on local media and see if we can link to it there. It would (in the long run) save time wasted in removing the linkspam. Salinae 10:55, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good, go for it.  YDAM   TALK 11:01, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Done Salinae 12:22, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Do you mind if I those templates of yours. At the moment it makes it difficult to edit the media section of an article without editing the same section in all the others   YDAM   TALK 12:27, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem. Salinae 14:51, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Given that some pages have now been semi-protected, the anonymous edits have stopped. Instead, we have a new user User: Elvis P, whose only edits so far are to add an external link pointing to Cheshire FM to a number of entries of Cheshire towns, as well as the main Cheshire entry. This user has also blanked a user's page (Richard W.M. Jones) who has been reverting some of the previous anonymous edits. Thus, I think we can have some degree of confidence in saying that Elvis P is (one of) the anonymous editors who were linkspamming. I've reverted all the external links added this evening, because the excellent solution of having a media section renders these external links unnecessary - one just goes to the actual Cheshire FM entry and all the information is there is one wishes to go to an external link. I hope this is satisfactory. I now sadly await some vandalism of my own user page!  DDStretch    (talk)  01:29, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * User:Elvis P has been indefinitely blocked after he blanked my own, and Richard W.M. Jones' and an administrator's user pages who reverted his blanking. An anonymous IP address is now back adding Cheshire FM external links to the web pages. I give up, what can we do? A previous request by myself to partially protect some pages was turned down as the spamming was not persistent enough, but I wonder if a detailed account of what is going on on what pages might be an idea?   DDStretch    (talk)  11:18, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The "nuclear" option, if you like, is to actually get the URL listed in the spam blacklist. The spammer has kind of brought this upon themself, since normally a link to Cheshire FM might actually deserve to go into Wikipedia. Richard W.M. Jones 11:57, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the nuclear option would be a step a bit too far, as the site might suit its own entry (as it now has). In fact, what has now happened is that the remaining entries which were being linkspammed have now all been semi-protected, after I requested it. It will at least slow the spammers down a bit, and they would have to be really dedicated in order to set up a rolling set of user accounts to enable them to keep on linkspamming from accounts that weren't anon.   DDStretch    (talk)  19:04, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It might be better just to let it ride - this is generating a silly amount of changes in the history log, and wasting too much time. There is now a link within a media section to Cheshire FM, so there is no reason to continue putting the link back in. I'm suspicious this might be a troll, and so ignoring it could be the best solution.  There's so much more to do on the Middlewich, Northwich and Winsford pages that this is an unnecessary diversion. It can be sorted later. Salinae 22:29, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you are right. I see someone's been active again this evening as well. I'll leave it alone.  DDStretch    (talk)  00:38, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

I apologise for my behaviour as “Crazy trout”, “Elvis P” and many (but not all) of the anonymous edits. This includes most if not all of the page-blanking. I did not put in the very first link to Cheshire FM Radio, but I did repeatedly reinstate it. I accept that it is much more appropriate for it to be on its own page in a media section. I also believe it would have been much more appropriate for me to discuss these issues after the first couple of reverts. The page-blanking was a petty response to the reverts and the messages left for me. Is it normal practice for a non-administrator to put warnings on rogue accounts / IPs? I accept that this is getting silly (my fault) and my counter-productive actions stop now.80.43.125.112 01:31, 31 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you responding. In answer to your question, yes it is the done thing around here that non-admins give out warnings. In fact generally I'd say that more warnings were given out by non-admins than by admins. Admins are only needed to carry out any blocking of persistent vandals should they ignore the warnings. I hope you decide to continue editing Wikipedia though and choose to become a useful contributor  YDAM   TALK 10:23, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Removal of "Citation Needed" warning
I've edited out a contentious claim 9about Northwich having few recreational facilities), which had originally been entered by Oaksey at 12:31, on June 16, 2005. It was challened by Pixie2000 quite a few months ago, and newly tagged this morning. Given nothing had been done to justify it, it seemed the easiest option would be just to remove it. I hope that is all right with people.  DDStretch    (talk)  11:07, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Bus routes
The bus routes section is out of place in this article and is not required as per WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements. Unless there are any objections I'll remove it. Salinae 12:28, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * DoneSalinae 21:40, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Robert Westall
this author has been removed from the "well known Northwichians" section. I know that he did live in Northwich for some years - round the corner from me. He was also my teacher at Sir John Deane's Grammar School. How does one verify this? I appreciate that word of mouth is not sufficient. He deserves to be on this page. Best Witchwooder (talk) 08:15, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I removed it, because I could find no confirmation or verification that he ever lived in Northwich, though the wiki article about him gives a connection with Lymm in Cheshire. Perhaps Google searches might provide some suitable information. Normally, I would do this myself, but I did not on this occasion, and, indeed, the obligation is on the person adding the information to do this rather than anyone else. I would certainly be happy, as would other editors be, if you could take it forward, and find enough info to re-add his name (linked to the article about him) in the same format as the others, and with a suitable citation in the form of a footnote.  DDStretch    (talk)
 * Done with ref. (I've still no idea who Robert Westall is though :-) Salinae (talk) 23:27, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Development of Northwich

 * CHESHIRE HISTORIC TOWNS SURVEY - Northwich -Archaeological Assessment might be useful.

Suggestions towards improvement
A request has been made on the Cheshire WikiProject talk page for suggested improvements. First I suggest using the Cheshire articles relating to towns which have achieved GA status - Middlewich, Runcorn and Widnes, and using them as models. The sort of things that were criticised when these articles were being assessed included the following. Convert all lists into prose. Many more inline citations; everything, but everything, should have a reference, so that the reader knows whence it came and where it can be checked (or more info found). Larger paragraphs - combine, expand or re-write what is there. Less sub-sections; they make the ToC too long. Graphs for lists of figures if possible. Is there a relevant (attractive if possible) image you can add to the infobox - it immediately makes the article more attractive to the reader or occasional browser. It's probably a good idea to use the conversion templates for measurements. Don't include "notable" people if there is no separate article about them (ie all bluelinks); or write at least stubs. Hope this is not too daunting. Assessors can give you a hard time if what they perceive as the "rules" are not followed. But you learn an awful lot in the process! Good luck. Peter I. Vardy (talk) 08:41, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I have just updated the page - it is a fairly large change to the previous version. Any comments welcome   Pixie2000   (talk) 16:31, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Should this article be split in to two? One about the civil parish of Northwich and the other about the "Greater" Northwich area including surrounding parish's such as Weaverham, Davenham, Rudheath, Lostock, Anderton etc... Most small towns have a central parished or unparished area surrounded by small rural parishs and maybe one or two larger villages, Northwich has no less than 5 neibouring parish's with populations over 5,000. In fact the largest of which (Weaverham) has a population of over 6,500 which is the same size as some small towns! You only have to visit the town to realise that it is significantly larger than other towns with a population around the 19,000 mark. If this article is to be kept exclusive for Northwich parish then all references to attractions outside the Northwich parish such as the Anderton boatlift, the Lion Salt works in Marston and Gadbrook park in Rudheath sould be removed. Northwicher 00:55, 18 Jan 2009 (UTC)

 * Not sure about the "most small towns" bit. In any case, if you feel this should be done, then do you have any reliable sources that you can call upon to support your suggestion? If there is a "Greater Northwich" town identity that overspills into neighbouring civil parishes, then can this be documented by, for instance, formal or semi-formal collaboration between the relevant civil parishes? If you feel a split is important, it would certainly add to your argument if such sources could be found. If you can't, then the situation may be a bit more tricky.  DDStretch    (talk)  01:10, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

 * (ec) The article is about Northwhich, which is a town and a civil parish. A civil parish can declare itself a town council, thereby making Northwich a town. Even the council website counts the town's population as around 19,000, meaning they probably use the same boundaries for the town as the civil parish (discrepencies rise from variations over time) . Saying that the surrounding parishes are part of the town is original research – unless of course you can provide reliable sources to back up your view – and as such has no place on wikipedia. Nev1 (talk) 01:11, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

 * You only have to ask any of the residents of the surrounding parish's and they will tell you that they are identify themselves as Northwichers. I did this many years ago as part of my GCSE geography course work but I doubt I could site that as a reliable source.  If you read the notable people section, many of them live/lived in nearby parishes but are included!

It is also notable that if you travel along the B5082 Middlewich road from Northwich in to Rudheath, the only way that you can tell that you are leaving Northwich is a sign in the road and the built up area has overspilled in to the neibouring Parish. The same can be said if you travel along the A559 Manchester road in to Lostock, the A559 Chester road in to Hartford and the A533 in to Davenham through Kingsmead. You only have to look at the ariel photos on Google Earth to see this.
 * The Northwich Parish council website will only list the population of Northwich Parish and can't be used as a valid argument to the non existance of a Greater Northwich. Northwicher 10:20, 18 Jan 2009 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.144.106.67 (talk)

 * I'm sorry, but none of the above constitutes any kind of reliable evidence to the standards needed for wikipedia. Additionally, the comments by Nev1 apply about the town council only being able to refer to the civil parish of Northwich and not any supposed "Greater Northwich", which, on the face of it, seems to remain original research. Finally, I recommend that you always try to sign on when intending to make edits, as otherwise, you may be thought of as using WP:SOCKPUPPETS, for which there are penalties.  DDStretch    (talk)  15:09, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I will concede that I will not find any evidence a formal administative connection between Northwich and it's neighbours because their isn't one. This does not negate the fact that they are very much a single community.  It's just a fact of life to any Northwich resident.  It's one of the things that makes Northwich unique.  How can I get evidence without it being origional research?  You only have to pick up a copy of the Northwich Guardian to see that issues affecting Northwich effect the surounding area too.  I find to difficult to accept how you seem to beleive that residents on the above mentioned roads can, in some cases, live next door to each other but not be part of the same community just because the parish council part of their council tax gets paid to two different councils!  I suggest that you go to the Northwich Guardian website and read about what they are doing in Kingsmead about how the community is split between the parish's of Northwich and Davenham.  As for the above transgression, I'm sorry but I'm new. Northwicher 16:10, 19 Jan 2009 (UTC)

 * Not signing is an honest mistake that everyone makes from time to time, but in the past some similar issues have been targeted by sockpuppets. The core principle of wikipedia is verifiability, unless something is covered by reliable third party sources, and therefore provable, it has no place here. We have to keep to the verifiable facts, and personal experience isn't good enough I'm afraid. Local newspapers often cover news beyond the boundaries established by their names, that does not mean anything. Nev1 (talk) 16:31, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

I would like to ask the administrators why, if they they maintain that their is insufficient evidence as to the existance of a larger Northwich community, they haven't relocated infomation in this article that is not directly about the town of Northwich to more relevant articles elsewhere. For example, Paula Ratcliffe is from Davenham, Shirley Strong from Cuddington, Rudheath High School and Gadbrook business park are both in the parish of Rudheath while the Trent and Mersey canal travels through the parishes of Barnton, Anderton with Marbury, Marston, Lostock and Rudheath without entering the parish of Northwich. If I had the time, I could find more examples. Northwicher 10:05, 20 Jan 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.144.150.236 (talk)

 * Speaking for myself, because I hadn't noticed that up till now. Thanks for pointing it out. You could either move the verified ones to the appropriate article yourself, or expect us to do it if you would prefer. There may be things which are not yet verified, which, if you can provide the evidence that they are misplaced, can be similarly transferred to the correct articles.  DDStretch    (talk)  10:36, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry for this being an annonomous post but I'm having problems with my login. I think that may have been the cause of my above sockpuppeting.  It think it would be best for one of the administrators to make the changes.  I've just noticed that Pixie2000 and Lone Architect were making similar remarks about whether the surrounding villages should be included in the Winnington Inclusion section back in 2006!  (89.243.229.128 (talk) 11:56, 20 January 2009 (UTC))

 * I've already done some of it. But for others, I think I need to consult an OS map to at least get some verification.  DDStretch    (talk)  12:02, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Would the administrators be willing to incert a comment along the lines of "Northwich has a disproportionatly large range of shops and services." The range of national chain stores in the town is equavailent to much larger towns such as Macclesfield, Ellesmere Port, Runcorn and Widnes and significantly larger than towns with greater populations like Winsford and Congleton. It has a 24hr supermarket (Tesco), is only one of 4 towns/cities in Cheshire with a Argos Extra (the others being Chester, Warrington and Crewe) and one of only three with more than one Argos! It has stores like Marks and Spencer (a full store not just a simply food) and Next which you would not expect to find in a 20,000 population town. (Northwicher (talk) 17:06, 6 February 2009 (UTC))

 * Saying something like "Northwich has a range of shops and services" would be fine, but "disproportionately large" needs defining and sourcing. What is it being compared to? More importantly, who says it's disproportionate? Is there a study of this, or at least a newspaper article? Nev1 (talk) 17:22, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The 7 largest towns in Cheshire are Warrington, Chester, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Runcorn, Widnes and Macclesfield with Macclesfield being the smallest with a population of 50,000 and the others having populations of around 60,000 or more. From even a quick internet search you will see that Northwich is the only town in Cheshire outside the top 7 to have many national chains including the above mentioned stores and there are very few (if indeed any) that all of the above 7 have that Northwich does not.  The same can be said of other services such as 24hr supermarkets (infact Ellesmere port and Widnes don't have a 24hr supermarket) and range of banks etc..  You can therefore say that the range of shops and services is equivalent to that of a town with population of 50-60,000 which, for a town with population of only 20,000, most people would agree is disproportionate.  (Northwicher (talk) 18:32, 6 February 2009 (UTC))

 * Could you say something like "the range of shops and services in Northwich town centre is comparable to much larger towns such as Ellesmere Port, Macclesfield, Runcorn and Widnes." (Northwicher (talk) 18:39, 6 February 2009 (UTC))

Why did Malleus Fatuorum undo my previous revision to the main article? My above comments have been on the discussion page for long enough for most of the admins to have read them and nobody has said no. I'm begining to wonder what the point is in contributing if it's only going to be undone! Granted people like Ddstretch have a vast historical knowledge of Nothwich but I'm begining to find it patronising to have users that don't live in the area, don't even live in Cheshire and have not visited Northwich, telling me about modern day Northwich. (Northwicher (talk) 08:08, 9 February 2009 (UTC))

 * I think you are missing the comment by Nev1 who suggested that there should be some references, even if there were newspaper reports, about what you wanted to claim. So, let me be clear. Malleus probably removed it because it was a large chunk of text that was completely unrefererenced in an article that is becoming well-referenced. He is allowed to do that under the WP:BRD suggestions, as it suggests that he is not in agreement with it being added. The corerct response is not to reinstate it, as that becomes an WP:EDITWAR, for which formal warnings, and, if excessive, blocks can be imposed. I've removed the text again, and I am placing it below. Once appropriate references are found for the facts claimed in the text, it can be re-added to the article. It can be frustrating to get to know how to do things on wikipedia if one is a newish editor, but persistance in learning them can be helpfuil.  DDStretch    (talk)  08:59, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

 * You presume too much Northwicher. I have been to Northwich many times, and don't live very far away. ;-) As has been said, the article is becoming too well-developed to allow the insertion of slabs of uncited text, but I'm also concerned about the level of detail, and the unsupported conclusion that Northwich has "a range of shops and services that is comparable to much larger towns". That's what needs to be cited, because at the moment it just looks like your opinion, or original research. --Malleus Fatuorum 12:12, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

 * My above comments were not intended as a personal attack against any individual, I was just commenting on the fact that I have read many of the admins user pages which state that they live some where outside Cheshire, although many are former residents. In general I feel that, while this article paints an accurate picture of historical Northwich, it can be missleading when it comes to Northwich in the 21st Century.  How is modern Northwich different to other historic Cheshire towns like Middlewich or Knutsford?  I feel to a cerain extent that the admins are operating a double standard rejecting my edits while allowing older unreferanced sections to remain.  In particular I feel that the sections on Gadbrook Park and Rudheath High School should be moved to the article on Rudheath as neither are actually in Northwich.  On a similar note St Nicks High school is in Hartford and it is only Mid Cheshire Colleges London road art studios that is in Northwich, the main campus is in Hartford. (Northwicher (talk) 16:02, 10 February 2009 (UTC))

 * This is nothing to do with any administrators. I'm not an administrator. I agree with you that more information about the modern town of Northwich is needed, but it has to be relevant and reliably sourced. I know it's frustrating, not being allowed to write something which you know to be true because you see it every day. Believe me, we've all felt that frustration, but wikipedia demands that all information is sourced to reliable third-party sources. --Malleus Fatuorum 16:08, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

 * So far as your concerns about the material on Gadbrook Park and Rudheath School is concerned, for instance, why not be bold and move it to Rudheath if that's where you think it belongs--Malleus Fatuorum 16:12, 10 February 2009 (UTC)?

Text to be verified:

Northwich town centre has range of shops and services that is comparable to much larger towns such as Ellesmere Port, Macclesfield, Runcorn and Widnes. It has a number of large national chain stores including Marks and Spencers, Next, Boots, Jessops, Thorntons,  Gamestation,  Dorothy Perkins, B&Q, alongside small indepedant shops. Just outside the town centre is a 24hr Tesco superstore.

References

M&S http://www.marksandspencer.com/gp/store-locator/store-locator.html/278-7103181-3155705?ie=UTF8&viewID=details&postcode=CW9%205LA&storeID=1465&prevView=listing&client=mands_01&f_id=115&lon=-2.512380&lat=53.262220&db=GB

Next http://www.next.co.uk/storesearch.asp?LID=01_01_04

Boots http://www.boots.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/StoreLocator?lon=-2.512379&requiredAction=displayStoreDetails&bootsStoreId=4480&catalogId=11051&displayView=StoreDetailsDisplayView&inputLocation=Northwich,%20Cheshire,%20England,%20CW8%201&langId=-1&lat=53.262217&storeId=10052&inputPostcode=

Jessops http://www.jessops.com/storefinder?cm_re=230908-_-Home-_-Storefinder

Thorntons http://www.thorntons.co.uk/ThorntonsSite/pages/ourstores/ourstores.asp

Gamestation http://www.gamestation.co.uk/Help/StoreFinder/StoreFinder.aspx

Dorthy Perkins http://www.multimap.com/clients/browse.cgi?client=zoom&local=4&lon=-2.513080&lat=53.261891&coordsys=gb&width=500&height=300&scale=10000&addr2=&addr3=northwich&pc=

B&Q http://www.diy.com/diy/jsp/bq/templates/content_lookup.jsp?SearchStr=northwich&content=/bq/stores/store_finder_store_result.jsp&StoreId=NRC471&menu=storefinder&noleftnav=true

24hr Tesco http://www.tesco.com/storeLocator/

Some take you direct to the Northwich store page but for others you will need to type in Northwich under town/city. (Northwicher (talk) 10:18, 9 February 2009 (UTC))

 * The existance of each one of the above shops in Northwich can be verified on that shops store finder on their website. As I'm new I'm not sure how to incert references.  You will also see that most of the above shops also have stores in the above mentioned larger towns but not in towns like Winsford and Congleton which both have larger populations than Northwich. (Northwicher (talk) 09:58, 9 February 2009 (UTC))

 * Ok. You need to make sure the facts you claim are really directly verified in any references you add. To get an idea of how to do it, go to any section in the article (choosing one which may well be relevant might be best) and go to edit the section. You are not going to actually edit it, but just look at how the references are added: they are included in between two html commands: . Look for references that cite web pages, if you are going to use webpages, and try to add references that are structured like the ones you have found. I'll include a references section to this section here so you can try them out here and see how they look.  DDStretch    (talk)  10:06, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

More suggestions
I've only had time to read the first half of the article, but despite my previous comments (which may be seem negative) I think this article is good. I like it, the history section alone made an interesting read. I also like how WP:UKCITIES has been folowed and that the notable people section has been done pretty well at first glance, not a list but could do with more references. I'm assuming that you want to take it to WP:GAN at some point, and these are the kind of issues they'll raise there. Nev1 (talk) 17:23, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The lead needs to be longer, also the lead is probably the wrong place to introduce the term 'wich town'. Perhaps it should be moved to around where the Domesday Book is in the history section?
 * In the history section there are a few one or two sentence paragraphs. At GA it's enough to simply tag these onto the start or end of the nearest paragraph, but come FAC reviewers will be looking for some flow, perhaps some link. Not easy to do.
 * I think the Roman stuff needs to be changed. IMO there's a little too much about the itinerary, but importantly it doesn't mention the Roman interest in salt. This means that when it's said later that "The salt beds beneath Northwich were re-discovered in the 1670s", the reader is left wondering when they were first discovered and when they went out of use.
 * The bits on subsidence are unreferenced.
 * Also in the history section is a gap between 1874 and 1975.
 * Governance lists the civil parishes that surround Norwich, but I'm not sure why. Wouldn't this be more appropriate in the geography section as it doesn't directly effect the governing of the town.
 * The demography section needs to be expanded, Sale, Greater Manchester might give you an idea of something to put in. For example: ethnicity, and comparison with the county/country.
 * "The work was funded by the English Partnerships through its Land Stabilisation Programme, introduced to resolve issues associated with unstable mines around England." External links should only appear in the External links section, not in the body of the article. "Around England"? --Malleus Fatuorum (talk) 19:07, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * "The work was funded by the English Partnerships through its Land Stabilisation Programme, introduced to resolve issues associated with unstable mines around England." External links should only appear in the External links section, not in the body of the article. "Around England"? --Malleus Fatuorum (talk) 19:07, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Useful source
Glancing at this page from Vale Royal council seems to give an outline of the regeneration the town is undergoing and should be useful to anyone interested in expanding the article. Nev1 (talk) 15:42, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

Unverified material about Notable People
I've transferred unverified material about purported notable local people to this section. Once the claims are verified, they can be transferred back to either this article or to whatever is the correct article pending just what is verified. DDStretch   (talk)  10:42, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Is anybody able to verify whether the former Manchester City footballer Andy Morrison lives in Northwich? I read in the Northwich Guardian yast year that he lives in Kingsmead. (89.243.229.128 (talk) 12:00, 20 January 2009 (UTC))

Transferred Material
Sir John Brunner, 1st Baronet and Ludwig Mond, co-founders of Brunner Mond, both have strong associations with Northwich.
 * Restored to the main article, with source cited for their residence at Winnington Hall (which lies within the present boundaries of the town) Old Wittonian (talk) 10:15, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Also the graphic designer Malcolm Garrett, known for record sleeve design for Buzzcocks and Duran Duran, was born in the town in 1956.

A number of sports personalities have lived around the town. Two female athletes are often associated with the town and were born in the surrounding area. Shirley Strong, 100m silver medallist in the 1984 Summer Olympics, was born in Cuddington in 1958; and Paula Radcliffe was born in Davenham, just to the south of Northwich in 1973. Tom Manley, footballer and Northwich Victoria manager, was born in the town in 1912.

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Fifty years ago the placename "Northwich" I remember hearing pronounced locally with equal stress on both syllables with a sight emphasis on the "wich" element- as "North Wich". Since it highlighted the "wich" element, it may be worth asking whether this pronunciation survives. Elsewhere the emphasis lay firmly on the first syllable. On the question of the mutation from the Norse word for 'bay" -vyk, or vick, though the transition for v to w can be found in other parts of Britain (e.g in Lerwick) and the softened ending ch for k presumably survives in Norwich and Sandwich, there is still the problem of the association between "wich" and salt. Is this secondary significance now ruled out?  If so, on what grounds?Delahays (talk) 00:05, 15 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northwich


text:
Talk:Sathyamangalam

1) The Biligirirangan Range and the wildlife sanctuary are separate from the Satyamangalam range. 2) Tigers are not migratory over 100s of km, like between the western and eastern ghats. They usually have beats in their home ranges which are fixed and may move about in the mating period, albeit large scale movement are exceptional. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Prashanthns (talk • contribs)

Userbox
I've created a userbox, for all those who want one..... User:Rsrikanth05/Sathyamangalam

--Rsrikanth05 (talk) 11:14, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sathyamangalam


text: Category:Asia geography stubs

title: Category:Asia geography stubs


text:
Leader of the Opposition (Australian Capital Territory)

The Leader of the Opposition of the Australian Capital Territory, is an official role usually occupied by the leader of the second largest party or coalition in the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly. The title is conferred under Standing Order 5A of the ACT Legislative Assembly, that the Leader of the Opposition shall be the leader of the largest non-Government party, with the consent of that member. In the event of an equal number of members of the second largest party, the Assembly shall vote and elect a Leader of the Opposition.