text:
Henry Beecher

Henry Beecher may refer to:
 * Henry K. Beecher (1904–1976), American anesthesiologist and medical ethicist
 * Henry Ward Beecher (1813–1887), American Congregationalist clergyman

title: Henry Beecher


text:
Rope (unit)

A rope may refer to any of several units of measurement initially determined or formed by ropes or knotted cords.

Length
The Greco-Roman schoenus, supposedly based on an Egyptian unit derived from a wound reed measuring rope, may also be given in translation as a "rope". According to Strabo, it varied in length between 30 and 120 stadia (roughly 5 to 20 km) depending on local custom.

The Byzantine equivalent, the schoinion or "little rope", varied between 60 and 72 Greek feet depending upon the location.

The Thai sen of 20 Thai fathoms or 40 m also means and is translated "rope".

The Somerset rope was a former English unit used in drainage and hedging. It was 20 feet (now precisely 6.096 m).

Area
The Romans used the schoenus as an alternative name for the half-jugerum formed by a square with sides of 120 Roman feet.

In Somerset, the rope could also double as a measure of area equivalent to 20 feet by 1 foot. Walls in Somerset were formerly sold "per rope" of 20 sq ft.

Garlic
In medieval English units, the rope of garlic was a set unit of 15 heads of garlic. 15 such ropes made up the "hundred" of garlic.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rope (unit)


text:
Josephine Siao

Josephine Siao Fong-fong (born 6 January 1946) is a Hong Kong film star who became popular as a child actress and continued her success as a mature actress, winning numerous awards including Best Actress at the 45th Berlin International Film Festival (for Summer Snow). Since retiring from show business (partly due to her increasing deafness), she has become a writer and a psychologist, known for her work against child abuse.

Biography
Siao was born as Siao Liang in Shanghai, with her ancestral home in Luzhi, Suzhou, Jiangsu. At the age of two, she was brought to Hong Kong by her parents.

Soon after her father died, at the age of six (1953), she began to become a child star to solve the family's financial problems. When she was 7 years old, she took on the first film and art film "Little Star Tears" (1954). In 1956, she performed "Aunt Mei" for the Shaw Brothers Company. Her famous work is "The Wandering Children" (1960) and this made her became one of the biggest teen idols in Hong Kong during the late 1960s, along with frequent co-star Connie Chan Po-chu. The two were often cast in wuxia films as disciples of the same master and sometimes—when Connie played the male lead—as young heroes in love. Back in the 1960s, Josephine's and Connie's fans maintained a heated rivalry. News of their fans getting into catfights was not uncommon in those days.

Unlike many child stars, Siao made a successful transition to adult stardom, remaining one of Hong Kong's most prolific and popular actresses. She was also one of the directors (co-directing with Leung Po-Chih 梁普智) and writers of Jumping Ash (跳灰). This film is regarded as a prelude to the Hong Kong New Wave in the 1980s by film critics.

Having largely missed out on formal education because of her acting career as a child, Siao pursued her studies in later years despite her increasing deafness and the demands of raising a family (she has two daughters by her second husband). During this time she made fewer films, but her output included highly praised work such as her award-winning performance in Summer Snow (1995) as a middle-aged widow trying to cope with her father-in-law's Alzheimer's Disease.

Western fans of martial arts films will probably know her best from the Fong Sai-yuk films made in 1993, in which she played Jet Li's kung fu–fighting mother. (These films were released on Western DVD as The Legend and The Legend II.)

Siao has been retired from show business since 1997 in favour of her work in child psychology. In particular, she is a noted campaigner against child abuse, and founded the End Child Sexual Abuse Foundation, which she now chairs, in 1999. She is also a published author.

Some of the milestones in her life include:

 * 1970: Bachelor's degree in Mass Communications and Asian Studies at Seton Hall University
 * 1974: won the best actress award at Spain Film Festival and Taiwan Film Festival
 * 1990: obtained a master's degree in child psychology from Regis University
 * 1995: won the best actress award at the Berlin Film Festival for Summer Snow
 * 1996: member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
 * 2009: Life Achievement Award of the 28th Hong Kong Film Awards

Films
This is a partial list of films.
 * 1954 Tears of a Young Concubine - Hsiao-Yu.
 * 1955 An Orphan's Tragedy
 * 1967 A Sweet Girl
 * 1967 Blood Stains The Iron Fist - Ting Wai-Kuen.
 * 1967 The Blue Bees
 * 1967 Diamond Robbery
 * 1967 The Flying Red Rose
 * 1967 The Golden Cat - Golden Cat.
 * 1967 Happy Years - Mei-Yuk/Yuk.
 * 1967 The Horrifying Adventure of a Girl
 * 1967 How the Sacred Fire Heroic Winds Defeat the Fire Lotus Array - To Kuen-Yee.
 * 1967 I Love A-Go-Go - So So.
 * 1967 Lady in Pink - Kwok Siu-lan.
 * 1967 The Lady Killer - Wong Fuk-Mui.
 * 1967 Lau Kam Ding - the Female General
 * 1967 Lightning Killer - Fong Ching-Wah.
 * 1967 Maiden Thief
 * 1967 The Professionals - Kam Ngau, Gold Bull.
 * 1967 Rocambole - Ching Yuk-Chu.
 * 1967 Romance of a Teenage Girl - Kit-Fong.
 * 1967 Seven Princesses (Part 1) - Luk Sau-King.
 * 1967 Seven Princesses (Part 2) - Luk Sau-King.
 * 1967 Shaky Steps - Lui Suk-Chong.
 * 1967 The Three Swordsmen
 * 1967 You Are the One I Love - Law Oi-Lin.
 * 1974 Rhythm of the Wave  海韻
 * 1976 Jumping Ash (1976) 跳灰
 * 1978 Lam Ah Chun 林亞珍
 * 1980 The Spooky Bunch 撞到正
 * 1982 Plain Jane to the Rescue 八彩林亞珍
 * 1982 The Perfect Match 佳人有約
 * 1984 A Friend from Inner Space 奸人鬼
 * 1987 The Wrong Couples 不是冤家不聚頭
 * 1991 Fist of Fury 1991  新精武門1991
 * 1992 Fist of Fury 1991 II  漫畫威龍
 * 1992 Too Happy for Words  兩個女人，一個靚，一個唔靚兩個女人
 * 1993 Fong Sai Yuk  方世玉
 * 1993 Fong Sai-yuk II  方世玉續集
 * 1993 Always on My Mind 搶錢夫妻
 * 1993 Kin Chan No Cinema Jack 陳健沒有傑克電影院
 * 1995 Summer Snow 女人四十
 * 1996 Hu-Du-Men 虎度門
 * 1996 Mahjong Dragon 麻雀飛龍

Sources:

Books

 * 洋相 : 英美社交禮儀..

Legacy
The Siao Fong-fong Performing Art Hall was established in 1998 at Shantang Street of Luzhi township in the Siao family's former residence.

title: Josephine Siao


text: User talk:24.239.140.32

title: User talk:24.239.140.32


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All Saints' Church, Gresford

All Saints' Church (Eglwys yr Holl Saint) stands in the former coal mining village of Gresford in Wrexham County Borough, Wales. It is a large, mainly late 15th-century church in a slightly red sandstone, in many ways more typical of nearby Cheshire churches. It has been described as the finest parish church in Wales, and has the most surviving medieval stained glass of any Welsh church.

The bells of the parish church of All Saints are one of the traditional Seven Wonders of Wales. Not only are the peal of bells of note, listed it is said for the purity of their tone, but the church itself is remarkable for its size, beauty, interior church monuments, and its churchyard yew trees. The bells are commemorated in an anonymous rhyme:

 * Pistyll Rhaeadr and Wrexham steeple,
 * Snowdon's mountain without its people,
 * Overton yew trees, St Winefride wells,
 * Llangollen bridge and Gresford bells.

The church was designated as a Grade I listed building on 7 June 1963, as "an exceptional example of a late-medieval church with fine medieval glass and furnishings".

Description
Though a church was built in the late 13th century by the Welsh patron Trahaearn ap Ithel ap Eunydd (and his five brothers), this was possibly not the first building on the site. The Domesday Book of 1086 records a church at "Gretford in Extan hundred", but this might be elsewhere around the village. The present building was very largely constructed at the end of the 15th century. The church is remarkably large and well-fitted out for what was a small settlement, suggesting (as do some documentary hints) that there was a profitable place of pilgrimage there, though no evidence for what the attraction was remains - probably a relic or statue, perhaps of the Virgin Mary The medieval parish was very large, over 30 square miles.

Robert Parfew, the Bishop of Saint Asaph, wrote to Thomas Cromwell when he was Henry VIII's chief minister, requesting that he be allowed to move his seat to Gresford, as "the Church of the said parish was strongly and beautifully made erect and builded, as also all manner of ornaments and other necessaries requisite for the replenishing and furniture of the same were brought and provided and the inhabitants of the ...parish ... were not a little aided and succoured towards the better sustentation of the living", perhaps referring to the pilgrimage receipts.

The church has much fine late medieval stained glass of around 1500, now collected at the east end, except for small figures in the top of the tracery of some aisle windows. Some glass has been claimed to have come from the dissolved abbey at Basingwerk on the banks of the River Dee below Holywell. The church was also richly endowed by Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, whose intervention at the Battle of Bosworth helped the Welsh-born Henry Tudor overcome Richard III in his successful quest for the throne of England. He paid for the large central east window, which survives almost complete; this reflects the dedication of the church with a host of figures of saints. A window with the Life of the Virgin in several scenes in the Lady Chapel is largely intact.

There are very fine memorials, mostly for the local Trevalyn Hall branch of the powerful North Welsh Trevor (Trefor) family. An alabaster effigy of Sion Trefor (d. 1589) reclines within a classical framework, a long tablet inscribed in Welsh appearing to hide the middle of his body. His daughter-in-law, "Dame Katherine Trevor" is represented twice, once painted and half life-size, kneeling next to her husband Sir Richard Trefor (d. 1638), and also kneeling with daughters in a smaller relief.

The twelve misericords date from the late 15th or early 16th century. Some of these are very evocative, such as "A Devil, erect, driven by a man or woman in long kilted garment, facing left, and, pushing two women on a sledge or barrow into the jaws of Hell. Left Supporter an ape with a urine flask. Right Supporter a fox with a bucket of excrement".

Bells
The earliest record of the peal of Gresford bells dates back only to 1714. An apparatus was installed in the belfry in 1877 so that all eight bells could be chimed by one person. The bells are rung regularly for church services, and the old custom of ringing on 5 November is still continued, though it is unclear whether this is to commemorate the successful landing of William of Orange in 1688, or the Gunpowder Plot of Guy Fawkes to blow up Parliament in 1605. During World War II, the custom of tolling the passing bell was discontinued, as the bells were to be rung only as an invasion warning. There have been modern replacements for some.

Romano-British altar
Inside the impressive church, one of the most remarkable finds was discovered in 1907 by workmen, the Gresford Stone. This is a Roman period altar that was hidden for centuries, being used as a stone block in the rebuilding of the medieval church. The altar has four carved sides and a decorative depression at the top, used for the placement of offerings to the goddess Nemesis depicted on one side. The altar was probably part of a Romano British shrine dating back to 100 to 350 AD.

Yews
The church is surrounded by a grove of yews, some of which are equal in size and age to those of Overton listed in the Seven Wonders of Wales. Twenty-five of these were planted in 1726, but one growing near the south gate is older. It was already an ancient tree at the time of Richard II's proclamation that ordered the general planting of yews to support the army and the use of yew in the Longbow.

The churchyard also contains the war graves of six Commonwealth service personnel of World War I.

title: All Saints' Church, Gresford


text:
Jefferson Avenue

Jefferson Avenue may refer to:
 * Jefferson Avenue (Detroit), Michigan
 * Jefferson Avenue (St. Louis), Missouri
 * Jefferson Avenue (Staten Island Railway station), New York

title: Jefferson Avenue


text:
Multiplane camera

The multiplane camera is a motion-picture camera that was used in the traditional animation process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past the camera at various speeds and at various distances from one another. This creates a sense of parallax or depth.

Various parts of the artwork layers are left transparent to allow other layers to be seen behind them. The movements are calculated and photographed frame by frame, with the result being an illusion of depth by having several layers of artwork moving at different speeds: the further away from the camera, the slower the speed. The multiplane effect is sometimes referred to as a parallax process.

One variation is to have the background and foreground move in opposite directions. This creates an effect of rotation. An early example is the scene in Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs where the Evil Queen drinks her potion, and the surroundings appear to spin around her.

History
An early form of the multiplane camera was used by Lotte Reiniger for her animated feature The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926). Berthold Bartosch, who worked with Reiniger, used a similar setup in his film L'Idee (1932). While Reiniger used separations on layers of glass to create a separation of elements, there was no parallax illusion creating a third dimensional effect since the camera was at a fixed position. There were no traveling shots moving through space or Pans displaying layers or planes moving in parallax, which is the true definition of what the Multiplane methods accomplished later. In 1933, former Walt Disney Studios animator/director Ub Iwerks invented the first multiplane camera using movable layers of flat artwork in front of a horizontal camera using parts from an old Chevrolet automobile. His multiplane camera was used in a number of the Iwerks Studio's Willie Whopper and Comicolor cartoons of the mid-1930s.

The technicians at Fleischer Studios created a distantly related device, called the Stereoptical Camera or Setback, in 1934. Their apparatus used three-dimensional miniature sets built to the scale of the animation artwork. The animation cels were placed within the setup so that various objects could pass in front of and behind them, and the entire scene was shot using a horizontal camera. The Tabletop process was used to create distinctive results in Fleischer's Betty Boop, Popeye the Sailor, and Color Classics cartoons.

The most famous multiplane camera was developed by William Garity for the Walt Disney Studios to be used in the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The camera was completed in early 1937 and tested in a Silly Symphony called The Old Mill, which won the 1937 Academy Award for Animated Short Film.

Disney's multiplane camera, which used up to seven layers of artwork (painted in oils on glass) shot under a vertical and moveable camera set for successive frame Technicolor, allowed for more sophisticated uses than the Iwerks or Fleischer versions. A camera crew of up to a dozen technicians might be required to operate and advance each of the planes. The senior Disney executive Card Walker rose in the company from the multiplane camera department in the late 1930s. Occasionally the studio used another camera, operating horizontally along tracks laid on a studio floor to allow wider movements (e.g. establishing shot of Pinocchio’s village) or extremely long tracking or complicated dissolve shots (notably the Ave Maria forest sequence). The multiplane was featured prominently in Disney films such as Pinocchio, Fantasia, Bambi, The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, Sleeping Beauty and The Jungle Book. The camera would be used more rarely in later movies, like The Fox and the Hound, which contains just a single multiplane shot.

The Little Mermaid was the final Disney film to use a multiplane camera, though the work was done by an outside facility as Disney's cameras were not functional at the time. The process was made obsolete by the implementation of a "digital multiplane camera" feature in the digital CAPS process used for subsequent Disney films and in other computer animation systems.

Three original Disney multiplane cameras survive: one at The Walt Disney Studios, Burbank, California, one at the Walt Disney Family Museum in San Francisco, and one in the Art of Disney Animation exhibition at Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris.

Impact
Before the multiplane camera, animators found it difficult to create a convincing tracking shot that kept perspective (for instance, a moon of constant size in distant background) by using traditional animation methods. Furthermore, the act of animating the forward motion was becoming increasingly costly and time-consuming. The multiplane camera answered this problem by creating a realistic sense of three dimensional depth in a cartoon setting.

The multiplane also made possible new and versatile types of in-camera special effects for animated films using, for example, 3D practical elements/mock-ups in foreground, filters and planar lighting, distortion glass and reflections, to achieve naturalistic moving water, flickering light and other subtle effects.

title: Multiplane camera


text:
Talk:Official bilingualism in Canada

Canadian English
The artical Canadian English, is not mentioned in this artical or Language in Canada. Can it be useful? 17:45, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Charter of the French Language
Nice cleanups today -- thanks. I wonder, though, if we should still put "Bill 101" in parentheses after "Charter of the French Language", since the latter name is not well known, at least not outside of Quebec. -- Dpm64 00:20, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, I agree. But I'll make it "so-called Bill 101", because bills cease to be bills after they're passed, and bill numbers are reused in later legislatures. Indefatigable 02:45, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Perfect -- thanks for making the change. Dpm64 14:26, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Much to cover
There is much to cover on the history of bilingualism in Canada. I was wondering if the original author wanted this article to deal with the federal policy of bilingualism in Canada since 1968 or with the much broader topic of the coexistence of a French-speaking and an English-speaking community inside Canada. The current title suggests the later.-- Mathieugp 06:20, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * We need statistics on bilingualism. The best picture of the current situation is to be found in the Atlas of Canada:

http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/peopleandsociety/officiallanguages

English-French bilingualism
http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/peopleandsociety/lang/officiallanguages/englishfrenchbilingualism

Knowledge of French
http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/peopleandsociety/lang/officiallanguages/knowledgeoffrench

Knowledge of English
http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/peopleandsociety/lang/officiallanguages/knowledgeofenglish

French mother tongue
http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/peopleandsociety/lang/officiallanguages/mothertonguefrench

English mother tongue
http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/peopleandsociety/lang/officiallanguages/mothertongueenglish

-- Mathieugp 19:11, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Serious work
If this article wants to live up to its name, it will have to be significantly expanded. Currently, the article only deals with certain laws passed by the federal government in recent years to promote bilingualism or laws that were passed against French in the past. The legal aspect of Canadian bilingualism is very important, but there is a lot more than that. Here is what needs to be covered in my opinion:

Individual bilingualism
People speaking two languages practice individual bilingualism. Historically, when speaking of French-English bilingualism in Canada, we see that it is francophones who would become bilingual. English-speakers who are fluent in English and French are a relatively new phenomenon. In the past, it was limited to Quebec where the French-speaking community is important enough to have an influence on non-francophones.

As far as individual or personal bilingualism goes, we need to consider these factors to get the measure of it:

 * First language (variable level of fluency)
 * Second language (variable level of fluency)
 * Usage (does the person speak it at home, at work, in public? How often?)

Institutional bilingualism
Institutional bilingualism began in Lower Canada in 1792 when it was decided by the Legislative Assembly that the debates were going to be conducted in either French or English, that the Speaker of the house would have to be able to speak both languages and that the journal of debates should be written in French and English. The house also decided that the civil laws were going to be written in French and the criminal law in English, however this was overruled by the British Parliament which decided that English should be the only language with a legal value. (This is still true today in Canada. The French version of the laws still is only a translation of the official English laws except in Quebec.)

As far as the institutions of society go, we can observe bilingualism in these places:

 * Language of legislation
 * Language of public administration
 * Language of government branches (federal, provincial, municipal)
 * Language of instruction
 * Language of work relations
 * Language of business and commerce
 * Language of public signs
 * Language of media (electronic, television, radio, newspapers, magazines)

Help
When I look into this article, I'm at loss to know where to start to fix it. The first sentence is "Bilingualism in Canada refers to laws and policies of the federal government – and some other levels of government – mandating that certain services and communications be available to the public in both English and French."

Then shouldn't the title be "Institutional bilingualism policy in Canada"?

If really this article is meant to cover this subject, then I suggest we change the title. If the subject we are trying to cover is "Bilingualism in Canada", then the whole history section needs to be expanded a great deal and we need to start discussion how we are going to cover all aspects. For example, we need to cover what the linguistic situation is in each province, the various studies that were conducted by public bodies, the goals of the policies of Ottawa and Quebec, how they try to do it and the effets they have had in practice.

Then there are inaccuracies such as "These communities frequently use their own languages locally and amongst themselves, although they normally adopt the majority language of their province as a second or third language." That's not true right now in Quebec. Allophones adopt French and English 50/50 and before Quebec gave itself a language policy, it was much lower for French.

What should we do? -- Mathieugp 16:50, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Merge, Delete or Major Overhaul
I suggest deletion of this article with possible transfer of some of its more salient contents. Here are my reasons:

 * 1) In this article, the notion of "Canadian Bilingualism" is in fact called "state/gov't/institutional bilingualism" or in French "bilinguisme étatique" in linguistic, government and scientific circles. The technical terms are semantically transparent and, therefore, should be used. Also, the notion of institutional/state/gov't bilingualism should not be confused with individual bilingualism and the ranges of balance between two different language proficiencies of an individual. The article drifts to individual bilingualism, which is an entirely different subject from the summary paragraph. I, personally, do not believe that these two very different forms of bilingualism should be compared in an article for they would be better linked to Language in Canada. So, "Canadian Bilingualism" should be deleted.
 * 2) The catch-phrase "Canada is a bilingual country" has spawned numerous myths, including the myth that anywhere and anytime both of the two official languages can and will be spoken by any Canadian. The presence of a myth should not justify the existence of an article based on the myth unless that article portends that the subject is indeed a myth. Citing this lore, I am for deleting the article.
 * 3) (To fathom my next statement, please try to view the CBC documentary "French Kiss") P.E.T's wetdream of every Canadian being Eng./Fr. bilingual was not only pretentious but also dated even at the time of its birth for one well-known reality: a huge percentage of Canadians, regardless of what generation, First-Nation or immigrant status, speak languages other than the official languages. Tens of thousands of people, respectively, are Innu-French bilingual, Chinese-English bilingual, or Spanish-French-English trilingual, or Armenian-Arabic-French-English multilingual. When you add them up, this makes _millions_ of today's Canadians. "Bilingual" is, thus, misleading when referring to Canadians. This is a third reason to do away with this article.
 * 4) Although I haven't checked the article entitled simply "Bilingualism", I'm wondering if there might be a paragraph on Canada as a case-study particularly to show the contrast between institutional bilingualism and individual bilingualism, not to mention language minority rights. If there is no such paragraph, maybe some of the information here would be of use in writing one. This is my fourth reason for deleting this article.
 * 5) In my book, this article seems to have a purpose other than just presenting facts. Although not explicitly political, I feel that it is trying to establish an identity or a supposed distinct feature of Canada instead of simpling summarizing a case study for either state or individual bilingualism. Bilingualism is not Canadian and Canada is not bilingualism. Holding on to either of these views leads people to imply an underlying identity issue. Also, there is no mention that Francophones as a whole are a minority within Canada, not to mention within North America. Is this a convenient oversight or just a lack of objectivity? Although not overtly violating the NPOV per se, this article does not resemble an encyclopedia article nor any other objective description of the Canadian case-study. Again, I suggest it be deleted.
 * 6) Neither Canadian nor Quebecer, I have no identity issues at stake in this debate. However, as a researcher in sociolinguists who specializes in French/English territory and contact issues, this article has plopped itself into armchair linguistics. I therefore urge it be deleted.

Is there anyone else who'd like to work on what can be gleaned?

CJ Withers 06:11, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I would favour a renaming of the article, from Bilingualism in Canada to possibly Language policy of Canada. Otherwize, I really don't know where this article is going, and my second choice would be deletion, for reasons most similar to CJ Withers's. -- Mathieugp 19:39, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Echoing Mathieugp's ideas, my inclination is to salvage what we can and use it for Language Policy in Canada. I prefer "in Canada" because of provincial legislation be it fairly recent (Bill 101) or one hundred years ago (like in 1910 in the Prairies). -- CJ Withers 23:06, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

I also agree. The confusion between bilingual policy and individual bilingualism lead to ridiculous statements like "The population of the country itself is by a large majority monolingual as only 18% of Canadians can speak both English and French." Not being able to speak both English and French does not make you bilingual, as long as you can speak some other language. -- TheMightyQuill 13:32, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

A picture of a bilingual sign
I've been to Canada for like alot of times, and I think a picture of a blingual sign in Canada would give good visual respresentation on the bilngualism over there. Can anyone do it, I can't do it myself because I live in Texas and I don't have a digital camera.

 * The best I could find in terms of bilingual English/French signage images in wikipedia or in wikimedia commons image banks was the Preston Street (Ottawa) sign that I have added to the article a few moments ago. It would be good to have a bilingual English/French stop sign for the article. --Aquarius Rising 22:27, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Well I would like any kind of bilingual signs. There's alot of Canadian Products in both English/French. I'm guessing we need more than just one picture to prove how much bilingualism over there is to have at least 3 pics. One being the one up already, one a road sign in both English/French, and one picture of a Canadian product in both English/French. It would be best if someone Canadian or a Canadian visitor to take a picture of the remaning 2 pictures we need.

 * We definetly need some pictures.... Falconleaf
 * The sign shown is a good example of French/English, not Italian as it indicates. The reference to "corso italia" underneath is not part of the bilingual rue/ Preston/ St. If it were, it would read "corso Preston". On another note, a good example would be the ubiquitous cereal box. 207.6.233.239 22:48, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Rename article: Official Bilingualism in Canada
This would be a more accurate description of the article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Soulscanner (talk • contribs) 17:43, 11 May 2007 (UTC).

Revisiting the previously aborted discussion about deleting this article
I don't know what happened to that conversation, but I think there are just too many directionless paragraphs floating around. Any relevant content should be merged into the Language in Canada page and should take the following outline: I see one source of confusion for readers and contributors as provinces already broach linguistic issues on their own articles and we need to make sure to not be doubling up on the information. --Tallard 01:39, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Linguistic policies
 * Federal (and history)
 * Provincial/territorial (and history)
 * Linguistic demographics
 * Canadian diversity
 * Provincial/territorial diversity

Bilingualism requirement in Ontario Education
All students who started Ontario elementary school on Year 1975 and later (Estimated) must learn both English and French languages. All students who started Ontario secondary school on Year 1984 and later must be bilingual before they can enter secondary school and must take one Core French course in Grade 9 as graduation requirement for Ontario Secondary School Diploma. All students who started Ontario elementary school before Year 1975 or started Ontario secondary school before Year 1984 were exempt from bilingualism requirement for education system.

I am lucky to be exempted from bilingual requirement in education system because I started secondary school before Year 1984 and graduated with very old Secondary School Graduation Diploma on June 13, 1985. However, female clerk at Provincial Schools Authority made FATAL error and accidentally DESTROYED my student file and I lost Secondary School Graduation Diploma on April 4, 1996. I have attempted to recover my Secondary School Graduation Diploma but Minister of Education, Kathleen Wynne told me that I must be bilingual to enter Secondary School and I must work toward newer Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSS) that requires me to repeat entire 4 years secondary school study again PLUS new Ontario literacy test and 40 hour community involvement activities. As result, I was unable to enter Secondary School due to lack of bilingualism and received Certificate of Accomplishment rather than Secondary School Graduation Diploma, though I ALREADY completed Secondary School and graduated on June 13, 1985!!!!! However, fortunately, thanks to University of Ottawa and telepathist (in lieu of dissertation for autism disorders), I GOT Grand PhD degree in Computer Science by PhD Prior Learning and Recognition Assessment Examination. Therefore, I do not need SSGD or OSSD anymore and do not have to be bilingual! I graduated on the spot automatically! Since I have Grand PhD degree, I am automatically received "implicit" Secondary School Honour Graduation Diploma (Better than Secondary School Graduation Diploma), Bachelor's degree AND Master's degree!

My nephews are unlucky to have to be bilingual because they are attending elementary school right now!

Danielcg (talk) 06:20, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

 * That's all very interesting, but this is a talk page for discussing specific, sourced edits to the article. It is not the venue for a genereal discussion on the topic, see WP:NOTAFORUM and WP:TALK. Gabbe (talk) 07:23, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

 * One very basic thing is still unclear to me. Is the "core French" compulsory subject in all provinces in all schools in Canada or is it just on offer for pupils? Swedish language is the second official language in Finland and it is compulsory subject in all schools in the whole Finland. The Swedish speaking people in Finland are claiming that also in Canada second official language, French, is a compulsory subject for all Canadians. Is the FSL compulsory subject or voluntary/optional subject in schools in Canada? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sadetune (talk • contribs) 22:32, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

 * "Core French" courses are available in all provinces in all schools in Canada. However, "Core French" courses are compulsory in Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick only. These courses are optional for all other provinces. In Ontario, french education is not compulsory until estimated Year 1979 which Grade 4 must start to learn french language. High school students were required to take Grade 9 "Core French" course in high school started in Year 1984. Danielcg (talk) 07:43, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Personal Bilingualism in Canada - Stats
I reverted an edit of 82.124.227.214, which had replaced the number 7.5% of Canadians outside of Canada can speak English with 10.8%, becase the former had a citation from statistics Canada and the later was not cited. If there is a reference for the 10.8%, or alternatley, if the statistic of 7.5% is incorrect, please make the correction with a proper citation. Adallaadalla (talk) 19:53, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Proposed fork for "Support and opposition"
This section has become very long (mostly, to be honest, because of edits that I myself have made). While I think that this is all useful information, much of it would be of limited interest to most people who are trying to get an overview of Canadian bilingualism policy, as opposed to an in-depth understanding of current and historical public opinion on official bilingualism.

For this reason, I’d like to create a new page, titled “Public opinion regarding language policy in Canada” containing this information. I’d link the new page back to “Official bilingualism in Canada”, and I’d leave enough information in this spot to allow the reader a general overview---along with a link to the new “main article.”

So what I’m wondering is this: Does anybody have concerns about me doing what I’ve suggested above? If so, just make a note here. If I haven't heard from anybody for a month or so, I'll go ahead and make the change.

Flint and Fire (talk) 13:42, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

I agree that a fork is necessary. I just read through the article. This section is always going to be a bit more contentious and would be better suited in its own page.

Johndowning (talk) 16:15, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

Out of date notes
I notice Note 55 is pointing to a reference that does not currently exist, an FAQ on the Canadian Parents for French website. The newer FAQ page on the site has no content. How does one deal with this? --Connie L Crosby (talk) 07:06, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

for the "support and opposition section", this new book may be of interest
So They Want Us to Learn French: Promoting and Opposing Bilingualism in English-Speaking Canada by Matthew Hayday, 2015, University of British Columbia Press. Jodi.a.schneider (talk) 13:47, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

June 2016
All material on Wikipedia should be encyclopædic and follow the manual of style. Uamaol (talk) 21:48, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

Meaning of Official Language
There's an interesting discussion of official language at the provincial level going on at the Talk:Saskatchewan page. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 21:49, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

Language rights in the legal system ("English-only courts"?)
This chart implies that Canadian citizens have no right to use French in courts. "Right to use English and French in the courts" is "No: English only" for three provinces with the flimsy reasoning of "De facto" explaining why.

This seems to directly contradict the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees that if you are unable to understand the proceedings, you have the right to an interpreter. Which means: nobody is going to compel you to speak English in a court if you are unable to. So, yes, you have the "right to use English and French in the courts" in every province, and this chart is just completely made up.

Of course, the court proceedings may not be in French in these provinces. But, that's significantly different from having the right to use English or French in a court. WilliamTravis (talk) 04:44, 9 August 2017 (UTC)

 * I reverted the column heading to "Right to use English or French in the courts". That's because there is no general Charter right to guarantee the right to use English or French in all courts in the country, as is explained in the article.  There is a constitutional right to use either language in the federal courts, and the courts of Quebec, Manitoba and New Brunswick.  There are statutory rights to use both languages in Ontario, Saskatchewan, and the three territories, as well as a limited right to do so in Alberta.  There is no constitutional or statutory right to use either language in civil proceedings in Newfoundland & Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia.  I would add that since you are asserting a Charter right to use either language in the courts across Canada, it would be helpful for you to explain which section of the Charter you are referring to, as that would aid the discussion.Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 16:16, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

Deleted irrelevant section
I've just deleted an irrelevant section, about the experience of early German settlers in Canada, for two reasons. First, the experience of a particular group of settlers is not relevant to the topic of this page, which is the governments' policies with respect to official bilingualism. Second, the section in question just consisted of a lengthy quotation from a book, which is contrary to NOFULLTEXT. On reviewing this article, it seems to me that there is an awful lot of material that is not relevant to the topic of official bilingualism, and is more about the experience of particular immigrant groups, language education, and so on. I think I will spend some time going through the article over the next little while to see if it can be pared down somewhat. --Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 12:25, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

US official language
In the US influence section, there is a quote from the 1967 Royal Commission. In that quote it says that the US has English as official language, which is incorrect; the country doesn’t have an official language. Since it’s a quote, it should remain as is, but a comment about it could be welcome, what do you think? Sir John Falstaff (talk) 20:39, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:26, 1 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Government of Canada signature.svg

title: Talk:Official bilingualism in Canada


text:
Nowhere Man (American TV series)

Nowhere Man is an American mystery science fiction thriller television series that aired on UPN on Monday nights from August 28, 1995, to May 20, 1996, starring Bruce Greenwood. The series was created by Lawrence Hertzog. Despite critical acclaim, including TV Guide's label of "This season's coolest hit," the show was cancelled after one season. Reruns later aired in the early 2000s on Family Channel in Canada.

Overview
Nowhere Man is the story of photojournalist Thomas Veil, who discovers that his life has been abruptly "erased": his friends claim not to know him, his wife claims not to recognize him and is living with another man. His ATM cards and credit cards no longer work. His best friend turns up dead. His private studio is now owned by someone else. His mother, recovering from a stroke, is incapable of confirming his existence. He is ejected from his favorite restaurant as a total lunatic. In the course of a single evening, every trace of Tom's identity is gone.

Tom believes this is a conspiracy related to a photograph he took a year earlier, depicting four men being hanged in South America by what appear to be US soldiers. The only evidence Tom has of his past are the negatives of that photograph. A mysterious organization covertly pursues Tom in search of the negatives. The series revolves around Veil's attempts to get his life back by trying to find out more about the organization, while also trying to keep the negative safe.

In the final episode, "Gemini", it is revealed that Tom had been captured by the organization prior to the events of the series' first episode, and that all his memories of his life, including his marriage and even his name, had been implanted as part of a brainwashing experiment known as Project Marathon. He learns that he is actually a covert government operative codenamed "Gemini", and is part of a secret task force called "Heritage House", which was formed to investigate the organization and Project Marathon. He also learns that his copy of the "Hidden Agenda" photograph, as well as his memories of having taken it, have been altered, and that the original negative shows that the four men being lynched are actually U.S. senators being murdered by the organization.

Tom finds out the negative "Hidden Agenda" photograph is not real and the whole thing was a set-up. He questions the "number two man at the FBI" at gunpoint, but the man kills himself rather than risk revealing information under torture. The series ends with Tom watching a videotape that had been in the FBI man's possession, a film that finally explains everything: it shows "Tom" sitting in a chair under the influence being brainwashed into believing he is "Thomas Veil" and the life he has been living.

Production
Although the main character travels from city to city across the United States in search of clues about the conspiracy, exteriors on the show were filmed in Portland, Oregon. Many local landmarks can be seen in the background of various shots. Series creator Larry Hertzog has acknowledged the influence of The Prisoner and The Fugitive in the show's themes. Resemblances can also be seen to The Manchurian Candidate, North by Northwest, 12 Monkeys, Three Days of the Condor, The X-Files and the 1967 television series Coronet Blue.

Recurring cast

 * Megan Gallagher as Alyson Veil (4 episodes)
 * Murray Rubinstein as Larry (2 episodes)
 * Mary Gregory as Mrs. Veil (2 episodes)
 * Jay Arlen Jones as Joe 'J. C.' Carter/Dr. Novik (2 episodes)

Home media

 * Image Entertainment (under license from ABC) released Nowhere Man: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on December 27, 2005.

title: Nowhere Man (American TV series)


text:
User:Paulie-k

Undergraduate at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge University, reading history, with interests in economic and social history.

title: User:Paulie-k


text:
User:Fat loser with no life

I am fat, a loser and I have no life.

title: User:Fat loser with no life


text:
Talk:A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English

[Untitled]
Why is the use of KK in Taiwan controversial? --Angr 00:25, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Marston Bates

Marston Bates (July 23, 1906 – April 3, 1974) was an American zoologist and environmental author. Bates' studies on mosquitoes contributed to the understanding of the epidemiology of yellow fever in northern South America.

Born in Michigan, Bates received a BS in biology from the University of Florida in 1927. From 1928 to 1931, he worked as an entomologist for the United Fruit Company in Central America. He received a PhD in zoology in 1934 from Harvard University. He worked for the Rockefeller Foundation from 1935 to 1952, studying mosquito ecology, malaria, yellow fever, and human population. He lived for many years in Villavicencio between the mountains and the llanos in central Colombia. He served as special assistant to the president of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1950–1952. From 1952 until 1971 he was a professor at the University of Michigan. During that time, he also served as member of the National Research Council's expedition to the Ifalik Atoll in the South Pacific (1953), director of research at the University of Puerto Rico (1956-1957), and member of the Committee on Biological and Medical Sciences of the National Science Foundation (1952-1958). He was a Fellow of the Entomological Society of America in 1940 and an elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958. He was the author of many popular science books. He was married to Nancy Bell Fairchild, daughter of the botanist David Fairchild and granddaughter of Alexander Graham Bell.

In 1960, he published the ecological science book The Forest and the Sea, an introduction to how ecosystems work. He compares a rain forest and a tropical sea, their similarities and differences, and through it demonstrates how to understand biological systems.

Books

 * Insectos Nocivos: Estudio de Las Principales Plagas Guatemaltecas (1932) Ciudad de Guatemala: Anuario del Servicio técnico de cooperación agrícola.
 * “The Butterflies of Cuba.” (1935) Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 78 (2): 65–258.
 * The Natural History of Mosquitoes (1949) MacMillan; New York
 * The Nature of Natural History (1950) Charles Scribner's Sons; New York; 309 pp.
 * Where Winter Never Comes: A Study of Man and Nature in the Tropics (1952) Charles Scribner's Sons; New York
 * The Prevalence of People (1955) Charles Scribner's Sons; New York.
 * Thomas Jr., William L., Carl O. Sauer, Marston Bates, and Lewis Mumford, eds. Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (1956) University of Chicago Press.
 * Bates, Marston, and Philip S. Humphrey. Darwin Reader (1956) Scribner.
 * Bates, Marston, and Donald Putnam Abbott. Coral Island: Portrait of an Atoll (1958) Scribner.
 * Bates, Marston, and Donald Putnam Abbott. Ifaluk: Portrait of a Coral Island (1959) Museum Press.
 * The Forest and the Sea: A Look at the Economy of Nature and the Ecology of Man. (1960) Random House (1988) Lyons
 * Man in Nature (1961) Prentice-Hall.
 * Bates, Marston, C. Haven Kolb, and the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, American Institute of Biological Sciences. High School Biology: BSCS Green Version (1963) Rand McNally & Company.
 * Animal Worlds (1963) Random House.
 * The Land and Wildlife of South America (1964) part of the Life Nature Library series
 * Gluttons and Libertines: Human Problems of Being Natural (1968) Random House
 * A Jungle in the House: Essays in Natural and Unnatural History (1970) Walker and Company

title: Marston Bates


text:
User talk:Fat loser with no life

Are you the Willy on Wheels?? Georgia guy 00:25, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC) Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. – flamurai (t) 00:34, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. -- Riffsyphon1024 00:31, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * User is permanently blocked from editing Wikipedia due to: a) offensive username and b) constant vandalism. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:18, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fat loser with no life


text:
User:Johnwz

I am glad to use wikipedia!

title: User:Johnwz


text:
Rood

A rood or rood cross, sometimes known as a triumphal cross, is a cross or crucifix, especially the large crucifix set above the entrance to the chancel of a medieval church. Alternatively, it is a large sculpture or painting of the crucifixion of Jesus.

Derivation
Rood is an archaic word for pole, from Old English rōd 'pole', specifically 'cross', from, cognate to Old Saxon rōda, Old High German ruoda 'rod'.

Rood was originally the only Old English word for the instrument of Jesus Christ's death. The words crúc and in the North cros (from either Old Irish or Old Norse) appeared by late Old English; crucifix is first recorded in English in the Ancrene Wisse of about 1225. More precisely, the Rood or Holyrood was the True Cross, the specific wooden cross used in Christ's crucifixion. The word remains in use in some names, such as Holyrood Palace and the Old English poem The Dream of the Rood. The phrase "by the rood" was used in swearing, e.g. "No, by the rood, not so" in Shakespeare's Hamlet (Act 3, Scene 4).

The alternative term triumphal cross (crux triumphalis, Triumphkreuz), which is more usual in Europe, signifies the triumph that the resurrected Jesus Christ (Christus triumphans) won over death.

Position
In church architecture the rood, or rood cross, is a life-sized crucifix displayed on the central axis of a church, normally at the chancel arch. The earliest roods hung from the top of the chancel arch (rood arch), or rested on a plain "rood beam" across it, usually at the level of the capitals of the columns. This original arrangement is still found in many churches in Germany and Scandinavia, although many other surviving crosses now hang on walls.

If the choir is separated from the church interior by a rood screen, the rood cross is placed on, or more rarely in front of, the screen. Under the rood is usually the altar of the Holy Cross.

History
Numerous near life-size crucifixes survive from the Romanesque period or earlier, with the Gero Cross in Cologne Cathedral (AD 965–970) and the Volto Santo of Lucca the best known. The prototype may have been one known to have been set up in Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel in Aachen, apparently in gold foil worked over a wooden core in the manner of the Golden Madonna of Essen, though figureless jeweled gold crosses are recorded in similar positions in Hagia Sophia in Constantinople in the 5th century. Many figures in precious metal are recorded in Anglo-Saxon monastic records, though none now survive. Notables sometimes gave their crowns (Cnut the Great at Winchester Cathedral), necklaces (Lady Godiva to the Virgin accompanying the rood at Evesham Abbey), or swords (Tovi the Proud, Waltham Abbey) to decorate them. The original location and support for the surviving figures is often unclear but a number of northern European churches preserve the original setting in full – they are known as a Triumphkreuz in German, from the "triumphal arch" (or "chancel arch") of Early Christian architecture. As in later examples the Virgin and Saint John often flank the cross, and cherubim and other figures are sometimes seen. A gilt rood in the 10th-century Mainz Cathedral was only placed on a beam on special feast days.

Image of Christ
In the Romanesque era the crucified Christ was presented as ruler and judge. Instead of a crown of thorns he wears a crown or a halo; on his feet he wears "shoes" as a sign of the ruler. He is victorious over death. His feet are parallel to each other on the wooden support ("four-nail type") and not one on top of the other. The perizoma (loincloth) is highly stylized and falls in vertical folds.

In the transition to the Gothic style, the triumphant Christ becomes a suffering Christ, the pitiful Man of Sorrows. Instead of the ruler's crown, he wears the crown of thorns, his feet are placed one above the other and are pierced with a single nail. His facial expression and posture express his pain. The wounds of the body are often dramatically portrayed. The loincloth is no longer so clearly stylized. The attendant figures Mary and John show signs of grief.

Attendant figures
A triumphal cross may be surrounded by a group of people. These people may include Mary and John, the "beloved disciple" (based on John's Gospel –, , and ), but also apostles, angels and the benefactor.

 * The triumphal cross of Öja Church in Öja on Gotland stands on a transverse beam beneath the triumphal arch and is flanked by two people: Mary and John.
 * The triumphal cross in the abbey church of Wechselburg stands in an elevated position on the rood screen and also has the same pair of attendant figures.
 * The triumphal cross in Schwerin Cathedral is also flanked by Mary and John. At the end of the cross' beam the evangelist's symbols may be seen.
 * In St. Mary's Church in Osnabrück there are only the empty stone pedestals of the attendant figures.
 * The triumphal cross above the screen in Halberstadt Cathedral is not flanked by Mary and John, but by two angels.
 * On the supporting beam of the triumphal cross in Lübeck Cathedral there is also a bishop, presumably the benefactor of the cross.

Rood screens
Rood screens developed in the 13th century as wooden or stone screens, usually separating the chancel or choir from the nave, upon which the rood now stood. The screen may be elaborately carved and was often richly painted and gilded. Rood screens were found in Christian churches in most parts of Europe by the end of the Middle Ages, though in Catholic countries the great majority were gradually removed after the Council of Trent, and most were removed or drastically cut down in areas controlled by Calvinists and Anglicans. The best medieval examples are now mostly in the Lutheran countries such as Germany and Scandinavia, where they were often left undisturbed in country churches.

Rood screens are the Western equivalent of the Byzantine templon beam, which developed into the Eastern Orthodox iconostasis. Some rood screens incorporate a rood loft, a narrow gallery or just flat walkway which could be used to clean or decorate the rood or cover it up in Lent, or in larger examples used by singers or musicians. An alternative type of screen is the Pulpitum, as seen in Exeter Cathedral, which is near the main altar of the church.

The rood provided a focus for worship, most especially in Holy Week when worship was highly elaborate. During Lent the rood was veiled; on Palm Sunday it was revealed before the procession of palms, and the congregation knelt before it. The whole Passion story would then be read from the rood loft, at the foot of the crucifix, by three ministers.

Few original medieval rood crosses have survived in churches of the United Kingdom. Most were deliberately destroyed as acts of iconoclasm during the English Reformation and the English Civil War, when many rood screens were also removed. Today, in many British churches, the "rood stair" that gave access to the gallery is often the only remaining sign of the former rood screen and rood loft.

In the 19th century, under the influence of the Oxford Movement, roods and screens were again added to many Anglican churches.

Germany

 * the Gero Cross in Cologne Cathedral
 * the Ottonian Cross in Kollegiatskirche St. Peter und Alexander, Aschaffenburg
 * the Helmstedt Cross in the treasure chamber of Werden Abbey
 * the triumphal cross in Lübeck Cathedral from the workshop of Bernt Notke, 1477, height 17 m
 * in St. Catherine's Church, Lübeck, around 1450
 * in Halberstadt Cathedral
 * in Wechselburg Abbey, Holy Cross basilica
 * in Naumburg Cathedral
 * in Doberan Minster
 * in Schwerin Cathedral (from St. Mary's, Wismar)
 * in Osnabrück in St. Mary's and in St. Peter's Cathedral
 * in Alfeld (Leine) in St. Nicholas' Church, around 1250
 * in Dinslaken, St. Vincent around 1310

Sweden

 * On Gotland in several of the medieval churches, including Alskog, Alva, Bro, Fide, Fröjel, Grötlingbo, Hamra, Hemse, Klinte, Lye, Öja, Rute, Stenkumla and Stenkyrka. The one at Öja is particularly lavish.

Finland

 * Hauho church, Hauho, Hämeenlinna
 * Kumlinge church, Kumlinge, Åland

United Kingdom

 * Church of the Annunciation, Marble Arch, London
 * St Augustine's, Kilburn, London
 * St Gabriel's, Warwick Square, London
 * Grosvenor Chapel, Mayfair, London
 * St Mary-le-Bow, London
 * St Matthew's Church, Sheffield
 * Peterborough Cathedral
 * Church of St Protus and St Hyacinth, Blisland

Charlton-on-Otmoor Garland

A unique rood exists at St Mary's parish church, Charlton-on-Otmoor, near Oxford, England, where a large wooden cross, solidly covered in greenery stands on the early 16th-century rood screen (said by Sherwood and Pevsner to be the finest in Oxfordshire). The cross is redecorated twice a year, on 1 May and 19 September (the patronal festival, calculated according to the Julian Calendar), when children from the local primary school, carrying small crosses decorated with flowers, bring a long, flower-decorated, rope-like garland. The cross is dressed or redecorated with locally obtained box foliage. The rope-like garland is hung across the rood screen during the "May Garland Service".

An engraving from 1822/1823 (Dunkin) shows the dressed rood cross as a more open, foliage-covered framework, similar to certain types of corn dolly, with a smaller attendant figure of similar appearance. Folklorists have commented on the garland crosses' resemblance to human figures, and noted that they replaced statues of St Mary and Saint James the Great which had stood on the rood screen until they were destroyed during the Reformation. Until the 1850s, the larger garland cross was carried in a May Day procession, accompanied by morris dancers, to the former Benedictine Studley priory (as the statue of St Mary had been, until the Reformation). Meanwhile, the women of the village used to carry the smaller garland cross through Charlton, though it seems that this ceased some time between 1823 and 1840, when an illustration in J.H. Parker's A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture shows only one garland cross, centrally positioned on the rood screen.

title: Rood


text: Talk:Anne Sheepshanks

title: Talk:Anne Sheepshanks


text:
Akiane

Akiane Kramarik (born July 9, 1994) is an American poet and painter. She began drawing at the age of four. Kramarik's best-known painting is Prince of Peace, which she completed at the age of eight.

Early life
Akiane Kramarik was born on July 9, 1994, in Mount Morris, Illinois, to a Lithuanian mother and a non-practicing Catholic American father. Kramarik professed she saw the face of Jesus Christ in her visions. Her education began at a parochial school, but she was later homeschooled. Regarding her influences and motivation, she states:

"Religious art of sculptures, reliefs and paintings in one of the parochial schools I attended greatly influenced my later attraction to legendary figures. For the first time I got to encounter the world's view of what divinity was supposed to be, but deep down I felt that I perceived everything in a much broader and deeper sense. It appeared to me as if most people were completely ignorant of other realities, or that the realities they perceived were seen only from a very narrow angle."

Paintings
Kramarik is a self-taught painter and says that Jesus spoke to her when she was four years old, encouraging her to draw and paint her visions. She began to draw at the age of four, was painting at six, and began to write poetry at seven. At the age of 8 years old, Akiane painted Jesus. Her first completed self-portrait sold for US$10,000.

Kramarik's paintings are often allegorical as well as spiritual, involving likenesses of Jesus, children, and animals, as well as self-portraits. She often draws inspiration from magazine pictures. However, according to Kramarik, her main inspiration comes from her visions of Heaven and her religious experiences. By age 12, she had completed sixty large paintings. Some of her works have been purchased by the US Embassy in Singapore. She has completed over 200 artworks and 800 literary works and has published two best-selling books.

At the age of 10, Kramarik appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show. At the age of 12, she appeared on CNN. She appeared in the 68th episode of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson in 2005 and the 21st episode of Katie in 2012.

Prince of Peace
Kramarik has said Prince of Peace is her "favorite portrait" and one of her most memorable paintings. At age eight she had long been seeking the right face to help her paint an image from her dreams and visions when a family friend brought to her a carpenter as a possible subject. The man's face closely resembled what Kramarik remembered as the face of Jesus. She completed the portrait in 40 hours of intensive work. Not long after, it was shipped to her agent for exhibition, who then stole it and sold it without permission. For sixteen years the original painting was held locked in a bank vault, with the then-owner unwilling either to show or to sell it. In December 2019, Prince of Peace was recovered by the artist's family and sold to a private collector for $850,000. After twenty years, the original is now available for public viewing at Beloved Gallery in Marble Falls, Texas.

At the age of four, Colton Burpo, whose story was featured in the best-selling book Heaven Is for Real and the film adaptation of the same name, underwent a critical operation after his appendix burst. Although it was not a near-death experience (his heart never stopped), he did say he had an experience of visiting Heaven and had visions of Jesus. Years later, when he saw Kramarik's Prince of Peace on TV, he told his father "Dad, that one’s right."

title: Akiane


text:
Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia

The Battle of Waynesboro was fought on March 2, 1865, at Waynesboro in Augusta County, Virginia, during the American Civil War. It was a complete victory for Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer and the final battle for Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal Early, whose force was destroyed.

Background

On February 27, 1865, Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan rode with two cavalry divisions from Winchester up the Shenandoah Valley toward Staunton. He had orders to take his cavalry south to join Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's army in the Carolinas Campaign. After crossing the North Fork of the Shenandoah River on February 28, Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer's division encountered some 300 Confederate cavalrymen under Brig. Gen. Thomas Rosser guarding the Middle River near the village of Mount Crawford. Rosser set a long covered bridge on fire, hoping to delay the Federals. Custer ordered two of his regiments to swim across the river and strike Rosser's flank, while additional regiments stormed the bridge. Custer successfully drove off Rosser's meager force, extinguished the fire, and rode on to Staunton, where they were joined by the bulk of Sheridan's force the next day. Desiring to eliminate Early's small force as a threat to his rear, Sheridan turned east instead of proceeding to Sherman.

Custer's men set out towards Early's force at Waynesboro on March 2 with orders to "proceed to Waynesborough, ascertain something definite in regard to the position, movements, and strength of the enemy, and, if possible, to destroy the railroad bridge over the South River at that point." Heavy rain and sleet, which had been falling for several days, turned the road into a quagmire and greatly impeded the speed of the march. At Fishersville, just six miles from Waynesboro, Custer's men drove off Confederate vedettes and continued their march. Upon arriving outside of Waynesboro, Custer found Early's army dug in behind a "formidable line of earth-works."

Union
Major General Philip H. Sheridan was the overall Federal commander in the Valley, but did not arrive on the field until after the battle was concluded. Brigadier General George A. Custer, commanding Third Cavalry Division, was the effective commander of Union forces on the field. Under his command were Colonel Alexander Cummings McWhorter Pennington, Jr. (commanding First Brigade), Colonel William Wells (commanding Second Brigade), Colonel Henry Capehart (commanding Third Brigade), and at least one section of the 2nd US horse artillery under a Captain Woodruff. Custer's total strength is estimated at 2,500.

Confederate
Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early commanded the remnants of the Army of the Valley, by this point reduced to a single division of infantry, three batteries of artillery, and a small unit of cavalry (the rest having been dispatched across the Valley). The infantry division, commanded by Brigadier General Gabriel C. Wharton, was composed of two small infantry brigades commanded by Colonel Augustus Forsberg and Colonel Thomas Smith. Forsberg's Brigade consisted of the 50th and 51st Virginia Infantry Regiments and the 30th Virginia Sharpshooters Battalion, while Smith's Brigade contained the 36th and 60th Virginia Infantry Regiments and the 45th Virginia Infantry Battalion. An independent infantry command, under Colonel William H. Harman, was composed of Virginia Militia reservists. Colonel William Nelson commanded the Confederate artillery, composed of Captain Thomas J. Kirkpatrick's Amherst Artillery, Captain John Milledge's Georgia Regular Battery, and Captain Charles G. Snead's Fluvanna Artillery. With Thomas Rosser's and Lunsford Lomax's cavalry dispatched elsewhere in the Valley, Early had "not more than one effective company" of cavalry at the time of the battle.

Estimates on the size of the Confederate force varies considerably. Early later claimed he had "not more than 1,000 muskets" and "six pieces of artillery" at the time of the battle. Various Union forces claimed capture of between 1,500 and 1,800 men (more men than Early claimed to have in his entire army) and between 11 and 14 pieces of artillery. Compromising historians have placed Early's effective strength between 1,000 and 1,200 men and 6 to 14 pieces of artillery.

Battle
Early stationed his men atop a low ridge just west of Waynesboro. Earthworks shielded his entire front. On his extreme right, he positioned the three guns of Kirkpatrick's Amherst Artillery; on his right-center he placed one of his infantry brigades. In his center, he posted his small cavalry force and another infantry force (probably Harman's militia). To their left, Early posted Milledge's Georgia Regular Battery and Snead's Fluvanna Artillery. On his left, Early posted his other infantry brigade. However, he left his left flank exposed, supposing (incorrectly) that a dense woods would impede any Union thrust in that direction. Compounding this error was that the Confederate position allowed for only two avenues of retreat over the South River; a railroad bridge and a small footbridge provided the only crossing points over the rain-swollen river. Early later claimed that he planned to withdraw that night when darkness could conceal his retreat from enemy eyes; furthermore (Early claimed) a number of stores and artillery had yet to be moved to safety.

An artillery duel began shortly after Custer's men arrived on the town's outskirts at about 2:00 pm. Custer sent Colonel William Wells' Second Brigade forward to probe the enemy position, which was promptly discovered to be relatively strong. But shortly thereafter, Custer learned of the gap between the Confederate left flank and the South River. Recognizing that a flanking maneuver could spare him major casualties which would ensue from a head-on attack, Custer ordered Colonel Alexander Cummings McWhorter Pennington, Jr. to take three regiments (the 1st Connecticut Cavalry, 2nd Ohio Cavalry, and 3rd New Jersey Cavalry) from his First Brigade to assail the Confederate flank. After sending Lieutenant Colonel Edward W. Whitacker of his staff to personally direct the flanking maneuver, Custer ordered Wells to divert the enemy's attention away from Pennington's movement by launching a diversionary probe on the Confederate center. Colonel Henry Capehart's Third Brigade was held in reserve with the two regiments Pennington did not take on his flanking maneuver.

At 3:30 pm, the signal to attack was given. A section of Custer's horse artillery rolled into action and engaged the attention of the Confederates. Minutes later, Pennington's flanking force, led by the 2nd Ohio, dismounted and armed with Spencer carbines, rushed out of the woods and rolled up the startled Confederates' left flank. Just as the Confederates were reforming to face this new threat, Wells' and Capehart's brigades rushed the Confederate center. In a matter of minutes (one historian stated that the Confederates fired a single volley), Early's army was thrown into panic.

Jedediah Hotchkiss, Early's (and formerly "Stonewall" Jackson's) topographical engineer called the rout, "one of the most terrible panics and stampedes I have ever seen." The Confederates' only routes of escape over the South River, the railroad bridge and the footbridge, quickly became jam-packed with fleeing men and ordnance; hundreds of Confederates were captured as they tried to flee across the river.

Confederate Colonel William Harman was killed in action; surrounded by five Federal troopers, Harman refused their entreaties to surrender and was killed. Dr. Hunter McGuire of Early's staff was captured after he was dismounted while attempting to jump his horse over a rail fence; a Federal trooper was preparing to gun McGuire down when the doctor gave the Masonic sign of distress, which was recognized by a Union officer who intervened on McGuire's behalf and ordered the doctor not to be harmed, though he was taken prisoner.

Early himself, along with some of his staff, managed to escape. His entire army was captured or scattered across the countryside, never again to form an effective fighting force.

Aftermath
Custer's men pursued the routed Confederates for a dozen miles before darkness brought an end to their pursuit. Union officers would claim the capture of between 1,000 and 1,800 men, 11 to 14 cannon, 150 to 200 wagons, and 16 stands of colors (including a recaptured Union flag). Despite Early's rebuking of the claims, evidence (including 15 Medal of Honor citations for capture of flags at Waynesboro) suggests that Union claims were very close to the truth. Regardless of the exact figures, all sources agree that Early lost all of his artillery, wagons, and ambulances, and his infantry was too shattered to form an effective fighting force for the rest of the war. Custer placed his own losses at a mere 9 men killed and wounded.

Sheridan crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains to Charlottesville and then raided south, destroying the James River Canal locks near Goochland Court House. He joined forces with the Army of the Potomac near Petersburg on March 26 for the opening of the Appomattox Campaign. Early never received another field assignment for the rest of the war.

Captain Christopher C. Bruton of the 22nd New York Cavalry later received the Medal of Honor for the capture of Early's headquarters flag during the battle.

Second Lieutenant Andrew Kuder of Company G, 8th New York Cavalry also received the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism and the capture of the flag.

title: Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia


text:
Pierre Berton (disambiguation)

Pierre Berton (1920–2004) was a Canadian author of non-fiction and a well-known television personality and journalist.

Pierre Berton is also the name of:

 * Pierre Berton (playwright) (1842–1912), 19th century playwright, co-author of the play Zaza
 * Pierre Montan Berton (1727–1780), French composer and father of composer Henri Montan Berton

title: Pierre Berton (disambiguation)


text: User talk:69.113.64.16

title: User talk:69.113.64.16


text:
Comarca

A comarca is a traditional region or local administrative division found in Portugal, Spain, and some of their former colonies, like Brazil, Nicaragua, and Panama. The term is derived from the term marca, meaning a "march, mark", plus the prefix co-, meaning "together, jointly".

The comarca is known in Aragonese as redolada and in Basque as eskualde. In addition, in Galician, comarcas are also called bisbarras.

Although the English word "county" and its near synonym "shire" have similar meanings, they are usually translated into Spanish and Portuguese as condado, a term which in the Iberian Peninsula refers only to regions historically ruled by a conde (count or earl). However, "comarca" is occasionally used such as in the Spanish Wikipedia entry for comarca and some translations of The Lord of the Rings (see below).

Community of Portuguese Language Countries
In the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), comarcas are used as follows.

Historical
From the Middle Ages until the 16th century, the comarcas corresponded to the large administrative divisions of Portugal. There were six such traditional divisions: Entre-Douro-e-Minho, Trás-os-Montes, Beira, Estremadura, Alentejo and Algarve, of which the last had the honorary title of "kingdom". In the 16th century, the comarcas started gradually to be referred to as "provinces".

The name "comarca" was then applied to the new administrative and judicial subdivisions of the provinces, created in the 17th century. Each comarca corresponded to the territorial area of jurisdiction of a corregedor, a high-ranking administrative and judicial officer who represented the Crown in the district.

In the 19th century, the comarcas were replaced by separate administrative and judicial divisions to reflect the implementation of the separation of executive and judicial powers. The new administrative divisions became the administrative districts and the new judicial divisions kept the name comarca.

Present
In Brazil, Portugal, and some other countries of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the comarca now is the basic territorial division in the judicial system. It corresponds to the territorial area of jurisdiction of a court of first instance.

The comarca may correspond to a municipality or group several small municipalities together. Presently, in Brazil, there are 2,680 comarcas. A judiciary organization reform implemented in Portugal in 2014 reduced the number of comarcas from 231 to 23.

According to the new judicial division of 2015, Angola will be again subdivided into 60 comarcas, each with a court of first instance. The courts of comarca will replace the previous provincial and municipal courts.

Comarca is also the name of a suburb of Luanda, the capital of Angola.

Mexico
The ninth-largest metropolitan area in Mexico is known as the Comarca Lagunera. The region is made up of 15 municipalities, including the cities of Torreón, Coahuila, Gómez Palacio and Lerdo Durango.

Panama
In Panama, the comarca indígena is an administrative region for an area with a substantial Amerindian population. Four comarcas (Emberá-Wounaan, Guna Yala, Naso Tjër Di, and Ngöbe-Buglé) exist as equivalent to provinces. Two smaller comarcas (Kuna de Madugandí and Kuna de Wargandí) are subordinate to a province and considered equivalent to a corregimiento.

Spain
The term comarca is used in several regions in Spain:

 * In Asturias, the historic division is the conceyu (pl. conceyos, concejo or municipio in Spanish). Currently, there are several comarcas but they are contemporary creations destined to tourism promotions, without administrative or government powers.
 * In Cantabria, the comarca is a traditional or historical division, usually identified with the greatest rivers of the region.
 * In Catalonia and Aragon, the comarca is a local government area, administered by a comarcal council.
 * In the Valencian Community, the comarca is a traditional region with no administrative competences. They are legally referred as homologated territorial demarcations instead of as comarques.
 * In Galicia the comarca or bisbarra are traditional divisions of the land that have limited official recognition, but have no administrative relevance. However, the Galician government is attempting to transform the bisbarras into territorial administrative tiers, to create a new regional network proposed to be more balanced and efficient. Galician comarcas also have a comarcal council.

In other places, such as Extremadura, the comarca may refer simply to a loosely-defined region.

Because of the word's long-standing use, comarca is sometimes used as the basis for the promotion of tourism with emphasis on local cultural tradition and history.

Fiction
Some Spanish-language editions of the British writer J. R. R. Tolkien's works use the term La Comarca as a translation for the English "The Shire".

title: Comarca


text:
Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor

The Southeast Corridor (SEC) is a proposed passenger rail transportation project in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States to extend high-speed passenger rail services from the current southern terminus of the Northeast Corridor in Washington, D.C.. Routes would extend south via Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia, with a spur to Norfolk in Virginia's Hampton Roads region; the mainline would continue south to Raleigh, Durham, Greensboro, and Charlotte, North Carolina. Since the corridor was first established in 1992, the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) has extended it further to Atlanta, Georgia and Macon, Georgia; Greenville, South Carolina; Columbia, South Carolina; Jacksonville, Florida; and Birmingham, Alabama.

History
Funding for the SEHSR in the early 2000s was by the USDOT and the states of North Carolina and Virginia. Both states already funded some non-high-speed rail service operated for them by Amtrak, and own locomotives and passenger cars.

On January 28, 2010, the White House announced that Southeast Corridor would receive $620 million of its request. This money was primarily for capacity upgrades along the Raleigh–Charlotte portion of the corridor (a.k.a. the Piedmont Improvement Program), along with some money for the Richmond–D.C. portion, as the Tier II Environmental Impact Statement for the important Raleigh–Richmond portion was not expected to be complete until 2015. The first large section of the SEHSR, from Washington, D.C., through Virginia and North Carolina south to Charlotte, was projected in 2010 to begin service sometime between 2018 and 2022, based on funding availability.

In 2019, the Commonwealth of Virginia announced it would acquire the abandoned portion of the CSX S-Line between Petersburg, Virginia and Ridgeway, North Carolina; negotiate rights for a route from Petersburg to Richmond; acquire large portions of right-of-way and track from CSX between Richmond and Washington; and purchase and rebuild the bridge over the Potomac River.

Later in 2020, the State of North Carolina received federal funding allowing for the purchase of the active segment of the CSX S-line between Ridgeway and Raleigh.

Tier II planning is complete for the Washington to Raleigh section, and for portions of the Raleigh to Charlotte section. Tier I planning, in cooperation with North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, is complete for the Charlotte to Atlanta section, with some routing to be determined.

D.C.–Richmond

The D.C. to Richmond segment of the proposed corridor travels along 123 miles of CSX track currently used by CSX freight trains, non-high-speed Amtrak trains, and the VRE commuter rail's Fredericksburg Line. Federal funding in the amount of $75 million issued in September 2012 paid for construction of a third main track in Stafford and Prince William counties, while Virginia's Atlantic Gateway infrastructure project funded additional main tracks in two segments in Fairfax County along with some of the design and engineering costs for providing relief for the capacity constrained Long Bridge over the Potomac River between DC and Alexandria. In October 2014, the Federal Railroad Administration filed a notice of intent to perform (in partnership with the Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation) a Tier II Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for upgrading this segment, with the aim of increasing train frequency and cutting the current travel time by thirty minutes. The draft version of the Tier II EIS was released in September 2017, with the final version released in May 2019. The study covered the corridor from the Long Bridge to a rail junction at Centralia, five miles south of Richmond. A new bridge would be built over the James River to expand service to Richmond Main Street station (RVM). Currently north-south through trains stop only at Richmond Staples Mill Road station (RVR), using the bypass Belt Line across the river. RVM, near the State Capitol, is preferred under federal guidelines as a central city location.

Significant infrastructure changes between the draft and final EIS in May 2019 included:

 * Coordination with VRE station expansions and improvements.
 * Clarification that Ashland (ASD) would receive no additional track or station improvements. A bypass had been considered before the draft version.
 * Clarification that all Amtrak trains would stop at both RVR and RVM, except the non-stop Auto Train from Lorton to Florida.

In December 2019, Virginia agreed to acquire 350 miles of right of way from CSX, effectively giving the Commonwealth control over much of the Richmond-D.C. leg of the corridor. As part of the deal, Virginia will build a new two-track rail bridge over the Potomac River for Amtrak and VRE trains parallel to the existing Long Bridge. The new bridge will take passenger traffic off the existing bridge, which will serve only freight traffic. The Long Bridge has historically been one of the worst bottlenecks in the national rail system. The Commonwealth of Virginia will cover roughly one-third of the costs, federal funds (including Amtrak) will cover another third, and the remainder will be sought from a variety of regional partners, such as VRE, the Northern Virginia Transportation Authority, the District of Columbia, and Maryland, all of which have pledged support for bridge expansion.

Richmond–Norfolk (Hampton Roads spur)
In 1996, USDOT added a connection from Richmond east to Newport News to SEHSR. However, with the extension of Northeast Regional Amtrak service to Norfolk in December 2012, the Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation (DRPT) re-evaluated rail access to the Hampton Roads metropolitan area and on September 1, 2012, announced that while rail service from Richmond to Newport News will be maintained, the preferred high-speed corridor has been shifted to a Richmond–Petersburg–Norfolk alignment. The current Amtrak route through Suffolk would change to achieve more separation from freight, and a suburban station would be added at Bower's Hill in Chesapeake.

In November 2014 the Hampton Roads Transportation Planning Organization (HRTPO) released a report recommending a different route, from Richmond to Suffolk to Norfolk via a new crossing of the James River near Charles City, bypassing Petersburg. This would provide combined high speed rail for a western portion of the Newport News route. It is not clear if the 2014 report will influence the project.

Meanwhile, Virginia plans to expand conventional Amtrak service to both Newport News and Norfolk as part of a funding plan announced December 2019, encompassing major steps towards SEHSR on the Washington to Raleigh line.

Richmond–Raleigh
Between Richmond and Raleigh, the corridor uses the CSX S-line (the former Seaboard Air Line main line), which generally parallels US 1. The tracks on the segment of this line between Centralia, Virginia and Norlina, North Carolina were removed in the late 1980s and through traffic shifted to the CSX A-line (the former Atlantic Coast Line main line). The relative absence of freight trains along the remaining portions of the S-line will mean that significant curve straightening and other work can be accomplished without disrupting current service.

The S-line also provides a more direct route for trains between Raleigh and the Northeast via Richmond. Since the abandonment of the S-line, Amtrak trains traveling north of Raleigh use the A-line and the North Carolina Railroad between Raleigh and Selma. (The A-line does not pass through Raleigh, instead running roughly parallel to I-95 through Rocky Mount, Wilson, and Fayetteville.)

The proposed project does not include electrification of the railway, unlike in the Northeast Corridor. However, top speeds would be raised from 79 to 110 mph, resulting in an average speed of 85 - 87 mph. Travel time currently between Richmond and Raleigh on the Carolinian and Silver Star is close to four hours, but full implementation as proposed would reduce this to nearly two hours. The proposed two hours in time savings is nearly evenly split between the shorter distance provided by the more direct S-line routing and speed increases.

The overall project cost for fully restoring and improving the S-line, including the curve straightening and new bridges necessary to raise top speeds to 110 mph, has been estimated at $4 billion. In response, the North Carolina-Virginia Interstate High-Speed Rail Compact Commission has proposed investigating a staged effort that would first restore the S-line to its 79 mph max speed state from the 1980s, and pursue other improvements only after service was restored. This would have the benefit of reducing the travel time between Richmond and Raleigh by nearly one hour for a much lower startup cost, though it may somewhat increase the cost of performing the later improvements. The Silver Star would also travel over a restored S-line, as it did before 1986, and would also see the improvement in travel time.

As part of Atlantic Gateway, Virginia sought to take control of the abandoned S-Line right-of-way between Petersburg and the North Carolina border. In late 2019, negotiations were concluded and CSX, Virginia, and North Carolina reached separate deals that called for the two states to acquire the portions of the S-Line within their respective boundaries. Virginia will acquire 65 mi of the S-Line between the North Carolina-Virginia line and Petersburg, while North Carolina will acquire 10 mi of the line between Ridgeway and the North Carolina-Virginia line. North Carolina officials said that the Virginia deal will boost their efforts to acquire the remainder of the S-Line to Raleigh, which remains in light service as the Norlina Subdivision of CSX carrying some freight traffic. The North Carolina Department of Transportation was awarded a $47.5 million federal grant in 2020 to purchase the line.

In early June 2022, a $58 million federal grant under the Consolidated Rail Infrastructure and Safety Improvements program to fund the initial engineering work necessary for rebuilding the S-Line between Raleigh and Richmond was announced. The North Carolina Department of Transportation projected a service begin on the route between 2025 and 2029.

On December 5, 2023, United States Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg, U.S. Senator of North Carolina Thom Tillis, and Governor of North Carolina Roy Cooper announced the state will be receiving a $1 billion federal grant to develop the S-Line between Raleigh and Wake Forest for high-speed passenger rail service. On July 1, 2024, Buttigieg and Cooper, along with various state and local officials, participated in a groundbreaking ceremony for the project, marking the official start of construction.

Raleigh–Charlotte
The segment of the corridor between Raleigh and Charlotte travels along currently operational lines of the North Carolina Railroad, roughly parallel to I-85. The portion of the route between Raleigh and Greensboro is over the H-line, while the Greensboro–Charlotte section travels along Norfolk Southern's main line. (While the lines are owned by the North Carolina Railroad, Norfolk Southern has an operational contract for trackage rights.) Both see current freight and passenger traffic (Amtrak's Carolinian and Piedmont), with freight traffic along the main line particularly heavy. However, double-tracking was removed from several sections of the Greensboro to Charlotte main line since its heyday, and significant signal upgrades, curve straightening, super-elevation, and restoration will be required to support high-speed passenger service along the corridor without interfering with freight operations.

NCDOT has worked with NS, CSX, and the NCRR to restore the double-tracking and make other incremental upgrades, a process that reduced the travel time between Raleigh and Charlotte by 35 minutes from 2001 to 2010. Additional work began in 2010 under the Piedmont Improvement Project (PIP), funded by a $520 million grant under the 2009 ARRA stimulus. The PIP projects included restoring complete double-track between Greensboro and Charlotte, adding passing sidings between Raleigh and Greensboro, straightening several curves, closing crossings, and building bridges to separate train and highway movements, all of which were completed by January 2018. The ARRA funds, along with funds from the city of Raleigh and NC DOT, also constructed Raleigh Union Station, a replacement train station located at the Boylan Wye intersection of the H-line and S-line. The station opened in July 2018 with a concourse and platform along the H-line only, but space is reserved for future construction of a northern concourse and platform along the S-line for future SEHSR trains.

Charlotte–Atlanta
Added to the SEHSR Corridor in 1998, a feasibility study was completed in August 2008 on the further extension from Charlotte through Spartanburg and Greenville, South Carolina to Atlanta and then Macon, Georgia. Further extensions to Savannah, Georgia, along with an extension from Raleigh through Columbia, South Carolina to Savannah and on to Jacksonville, Florida are also part of the federally designated SEHSR corridor, but those extensions have not yet been studied. All feasibility studies have suggested that synergy between parts of SEHSR and the neighboring Northeast Corridor is important. The Charlotte to Raleigh portion is predicted to be much more profitable with the corridor connected to D.C. and the Northeast Corridor. Similarly, the feasibility study found it much easier to justify the Charlotte to Atlanta and Macon route if the Charlotte to D.C. portion was completed. Atlanta is also the connecting point between SEHSR and federally designated Gulf Coast Corridor.

In May 2013, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT), initiated a Tier I Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for passenger rail service between Charlotte and Atlanta. During the scoping phase, the six possible routes from the feasibility study were reduced to the following three:

 * Alternative 1: Southern Crescent
 * Using the existing Norfolk Southern right-of-way, coextensive with the middle leg of Amtrak's Crescent. The estimated 237 mi route would have an estimated travel time of 4:35~5:34 hours, train speed between 79 mph to 110 mph, with four round trips per day. The route has the lowest capital expenditure cost at $2 billion to $2.3 billion, but is also the least competitive compared to auto and air travel.

 * Potential stations would be at: Charlotte Gateway → Charlotte Airport → Gastonia → Spartanburg → Greenville → Clemson → Toccoa → Gainesville → Suwanee → Doraville → Atlanta MMPT → Atlanta Airport.

 * Alternative 2: Interstate 85
 * Using the existing Interstate 85 right-of-way. The estimated 244 mi route would have an estimated travel time of 2:42~2:50 hours, train speed between 125 mph to 180 mph, with 14 round trips per day. The route has the highest capital expenditure cost at $13.3 billion to $15.4 billion, but would be competitive against auto travel.

 * Potential stations would be at: Charlotte Gateway → Charlotte Airport → Gastonia → Spartanburg → Greenville → Anderson → Commerce → Suwanee → Doraville → Atlanta MMPT → Atlanta Airport.

 * Alternative 3: Greenfield
 * The Greenfield alternative is a dedicated-use alternative primarily on new right-of-way. The estimated 267 mi route would have an estimated travel time of 2:06~2:44 hours, train speed between 125 mph to 220 mph, with 16-22 round trips per day. The route would have a capital expenditure cost at $6.2 billion to $8.4 billion, but would be competitive against both auto and air travel, when access and security clearance times are included.

 * Potential stations would be at: Charlotte Gateway → Charlotte Airport → South Gastonia → Greenville–Spartanburg Airport → Anderson → Athens → Suwanee → Doraville → Atlanta MMPT → Atlanta Airport.

All three options would be able to substitute the Suwanee and Doraville stations with ones in Lawrenceville and Tucker in Georgia, should CSX right of way be used for the final approach into Atlanta rather than the Norfolk Southern right of way that the former two cities are located on.

In September 2019, the Tier I EIS was completed. Final selection of a preferred route and approach into Atlanta was deferred to the Tier II EIS, unfunded at the time.

On September 30, 2020, the FRA and GDOT chose the Greenfield Corridor as the preferred alternative. However, it did not specify a final approach into Atlanta. In December 2023, put forward by the North Carolina Department of Transportation, the Greenfield corridor was selected as part of the Federal Railroad Administration's Corridor Identification and Development Program. It was granted up to $500,000 toward engineering and feasibility studies and is prioritized for future federal funding.

Atlanta and further south
There are three routes out of Atlanta being considered for high/higher speed rail. In 2012, during the study for the Tier I Environmental Impact Statement, two main alternatives for higher speed rail have been considered. The first alternative is called Shared Use with top speeds of 90 mph to 110 mph. The second alternative is called Hybrid High Performance with top speeds of 130 mph. There are also high-speed rail alternatives in the same study with top speeds of 180 mph to 220 mph or higher.

The three routes are:
 * Atlanta – Macon – Jacksonville
 * Atlanta – Chattanooga – Nashville – Louisville
 * Atlanta – Birmingham

For the Louisville route, a feasibility study indicated that the high-speed trains for this link would be economically feasible. The stations along the route could include Cartersville and Dalton in Georgia; Chattanooga, Murfreesboro and Nashville in Tennessee; and Bowling Green and Elizabethtown in Kentucky. Although the Atlanta-Louisville high-speed rail link is not federally designated, the link will connect two federally designated corridors, SEHSR and Chicago Hub Network. The same route has been included in the US High Speed Rail Network of the US High Speed Rail Association, a non-profit advocacy group.

In June 2012, a feasibility study report presented to the State Transportation Board of Georgia indicated that a high-speed rail between Atlanta and Jacksonville would be economically feasible. Fares between Atlanta and Jacksonville would range between $119.41 and $152.24. The construction for that route would cost from $5 billion to $16 billion.

Western Virginia
Another proposed rail project, known as the Transdominion Express, would connect to SEHSR and extend from Richmond west to Lynchburg and from Washington, D.C. (Alexandria) south via an existing Virginia Railway Express route to Manassas, extending on south to Charlottesville, Lynchburg, Roanoke and Bristol on the Tennessee border.

title: Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor


text:
Talk:Richard Lounsbery

Untitled
I really don't think that this guy is notable enough for an article. Less than 700 Google hits at last count. Still, I'm hesitant to VfD him or anything like that, because in grey areas like these the responses to VfDing are usually pretty harsh. →Iñgōlemo←  talk 00:32, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)

 * Well, it could be merged into the article on the foundation. sjorford #£@%&$?!  09:51, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Lounsbery