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Assumption High School (Kentucky)

Assumption High School is a Catholic all-girls high school located in Louisville, Kentucky, sponsored by the Sisters of Mercy.

History
The history of Assumption High School began in 1951 when the Most Reverend John A. Floersh, Archbishop of Louisville, asked the Sisters of Mercy to establish a new high school at the corner of Bardstown Road and Tyler Lane. The school first opened on September 6, 1955. In that first year, tuition was $100 and the student body consisted of 103 freshmen and 50 sophomores.

The first principal was Sr. Mary Prisca Pfeffer, and the faculty consisted of five Sisters of Mercy. Another sister served as the cook and was the only staff member. For three years, the sisters lived on the third floor of the school until there were finally enough funds to build a separate convent. Their current Principal, Martha Tedesco, graduated from Assumption in 1990. Current enrollment is almost 900 young women, grades 9–12.

Academics
Assumption offers a college preparatory curriculum, with courses at the Academic, Honors, Honors I, Advanced, CP, and AP levels. Advanced Placement (AP) courses are available for freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Assumption offers 26 AP classes. Assumption also offers college credit through the ACES Program, which provides dual credit through Bellarmine University, and these courses are commonly referred to as the CP level.

Achievements
Assumption is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Kentucky Department of Education. Assumption is one of a dozen schools in the nation to be honored with the National Catholic Education Association's Innovations in Education Award in 2005, as well as one of eight schools to receive the RAMP award for Assumption's model counseling program from the American School Counselor Association.

Assumption was the first school to receive the Beacon of Hope Award, Making a Difference Award from the Learning Disabilities Association of Kentucky. The faculty consists of 79 certified professional teachers, 93% of whom have advanced degrees.

The high school has been named a U.S. Department of Education Blue Ribbon School of Excellence on three separate occasions. Assumption is one of only 41 high schools in the nation and the only all-girls high school in Louisville to receive this award three times. In 2005, Assumption was one of 30 schools nationwide and the only high school in Kentucky to receive the Blue Ribbon Lighthouse high School Award. In 2021, Assumption was named a Cognia International School of Distinction.

Athletics
Assumption offers 15 sports sanctioned by the Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA) which include archery, basketball, bowling, cheerleading, cross country, dance, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track and field, and volleyball.

Assumption has been awarded national titles in dance and volleyball, and has many times taken runner-up in track, volleyball, and field hockey. The dance team has won three national titles: 1999, 2003, and 2005. The volleyball team has won seven national championships, including in 1996, 2000, 2001, and 2005. They have also won 19 state titles in the past 22 years, winning four in a row in 2013, with the most recent in 2015. The volleyball team at Assumption currently ranks #1 in the country according to USA Today. The Field Hockey team has won the KHSAA State Championship 10 times, with the most recent being in 2019.

The cross country team won the state championship in 2007, 2008, and 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2021. Field hockey won the state championship in 2009 and 2016

Notable alumnae

 * Katie George, sports reporter and beauty pageant titleholder
 * Maggie Lawson, actress

title: Assumption High School (Kentucky)


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User:FrenchFries

Hi!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:FrenchFries


text:
Southpark Mall

Southpark Mall or South Park Mall may refer to:

 * SouthPark Mall (Illinois)
 * SouthPark Mall (North Carolina)
 * South Park Mall, a defunct mall in Shreveport, Louisiana
 * SouthPark Mall (Ohio)
 * South Park Mall (Texas)
 * Southpark Mall (Virginia)

title: Southpark Mall


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John Gomery

John Howard Gomery (August 9, 1932 – May 18, 2021) was a Canadian jurist from Quebec. He was a Justice of the Quebec Superior Court from 1982 to 2007, and appointed Commissioner for the Royal Commission investigating the Sponsorship scandal in 2004.

Early life
Gomery was born in Montreal, Quebec, on August 9, 1932, the third of four children to Jean (Brook) and Walter Bertram Gomery. Gomery's father was a stockbroker who had lost his savings during the Great Depression. Growing up the in anglophone community of Montreal West, Gomery did not encounter francophone culture until attending McGill University at 18. Gomery completed his education at McGill, receiving a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1953, and his Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) in 1956. While attending McGill, Gomery was a member of the McGill Law Journal.

Legal career
In 1957, Gomery was called to the Quebec Bar and worked at the law firm Fasken, Martineau and Dumoulin in the areas of family law, commercial litigation and bankruptcy. Gomery focused primarily on divorce law which required a decree from the Senate of Canada at the time. François Perreault notes that family law was not a common specialty in the 1950s, and was poorly regarded by the legal profession. He became a partner in 1966. In 1972, he was appointed Queen's Counsel (QC).

In 1982, Gomery was appointed to Quebec Superior Court Montreal district by Minister of Justice Mark MacGuigan.

Gomery served as President of the Copyright Board of Canada from 1999 to 2005. Gomery has also been involved in the Canadian Bar Association and Chambre des notaires du Québec. He was also President of the Comité Général des Juges de la Cour supérieure du Québec, President of the Family Law Committee from 1983 to 1993, and has been a member of the Rules of Practice Committee since its inception.

Gomrey retired from the court bench on August 9, 2007, after turning 75, the age of mandatory retirement.

Gomery Commission
Gomery was appointed on February 19, 2004 as Commissioner of Inquiry into the Sponsorship Program and Advertising Activities (informally, the Gomery Commission) to investigate the Sponsorship scandal. Gomery's mandate is set by Section IV, clause I of the Inquiries Act which states: "The Commissioner [is] directed to perform his or her duties without expressing any conclusion or recommendation regarding the civil or criminal liability of any person or organization and to ensure that the conduct of the inquiry does not jeopardize any ongoing criminal investigation or criminal proceedings." In other words, Gomery's mandate was only to determine whether there were problems with the federal sponsorship program in Quebec between 1995 and 2003; he was explicitly forbidden to name any individuals or organizations that may have been responsible for the alleged fraud that occurred during the sponsorship program. Gomery's report, available in several parts e.g. Restoring Accountability: Recommendations, assisted the Royal Canadian Mounted Police with further investigations, which led to criminal charges being filed and prosecuted against certain key figures in the scandal.

He has been criticized by many, in particular Chrétien supporters, who saw his dealings in the commission as biased. Others also criticized Gomery's terms of reference which did not allow the inquiry to investigate Paul Martin's contracting habits as finance minister.

In 2005, the Canadian Press named Gomery Newsmaker of the Year. Time magazine also named him its Canadian Newsmaker of the Year.

Jean Chrétien went to federal court to clear his name and have the Gomery report invalidated. On June 26, 2008, federal judge Max Teitelbaum criticized Gomery for making comments that indicated he judged issues before all evidence was heard and exhibited bias against Chrétien. The federal judge also ruled that Gomery's comments on "small town cheap" amounted to a personal insult against Chrétien. The court criticized the Gomery inquiry's conclusions that Chrétien and Jean Pelletier bore responsibility for the sponsorship scandal.

Family life
Gomery married Pierrette Rayle in 1973, she started as a new hire at Gomery's firm of Martineau Walker in 1969. Rayle was appointed to the Superior Court of Quebec on May 9, 1995, making them the first couple to serve as Superior Court judges in Quebec. Together they had four children.

Gomery was diagnosed with Leukemia in the early 2000s which was successfully treated.

Gomery's daughter Sally A. Gomery was appointed to the Ontario Court of Justice on July 1, 2017. Gomery's son Geoffrey B. Gomery was appointed to the Supreme Court of British Columbia on June 15, 2018.

Later life
Gomery suffered two strokes between 2020 and 2021 and then contracted COVID-19. He made the decision to obtain medical assistance in dying and died on May 18, 2021.

title: John Gomery


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Nesbitt's inequality

In mathematics, Nesbitt's inequality, named after Alfred Nesbitt, states that for positive real numbers a, b and c,
 * $$\frac{a}{b+c} + \frac{b}{a+c} + \frac{c}{a+b} \geq \frac{3}{2},$$

with equality only when $$a=b=c$$ (i. e. in an equilateral triangle).

There is no corresponding upper bound as any of the 3 fractions in the inequality can be made arbitrarily large.

It is the three-variable case of the rather more difficult Shapiro inequality, and was published at least 50 years earlier.

First proof: AM-HM inequality
By the AM-HM inequality on $$(a+b),(b+c),(c+a)$$,
 * $$\frac{(a+b)+(a+c)+(b+c)}{3} \geq \frac{3}{\displaystyle\frac{1}{a+b} + \frac{1}{a+c} + \frac{1}{b+c}}.$$

Clearing denominators yields
 * $$((a+b)+(a+c)+(b+c))\left(\frac{1}{a+b} + \frac{1}{a+c} + \frac{1}{b+c}\right)\geq 9,$$

from which we obtain
 * $$2\frac{a+b+c}{b+c} + 2\frac{a+b+c}{a+c} + 2\frac{a+b+c}{a+b} \geq 9$$

by expanding the product and collecting like denominators. This then simplifies directly to the final result.

Second proof: Rearrangement
Supposing $$a \ge b \ge c$$, we have that
 * $$\frac{1}{b+c} \ge \frac{1}{a+c} \ge \frac{1}{a+b}.$$

Define
 * $$\vec{x} = (a,b,c)\quad$$ and $$\quad\vec{y} = \left(\frac{1}{b+c}, \frac{1}{a+c} , \frac{1}{a+b}\right) $$.

By the rearrangement inequality, the dot product of the two sequences is maximized when the terms are arranged to be both increasing or both decreasing. The order here is both decreasing. Let $$\vec y_1$$ and $$\vec y_2$$ be the vector $$\vec y$$ cyclically shifted by one and by two places; then
 * $$\vec{x} \cdot \vec{y} \ge \vec{x} \cdot \vec y_1$$
 * $$\vec{x} \cdot \vec{y} \ge \vec{x} \cdot \vec y_2$$

Addition then yields Nesbitt's inequality.

Third proof: Sum of Squares
The following identity is true for all $$a,b,c:$$

 * $$\frac{a}{b+c} + \frac{b}{a+c} + \frac{c}{a+b} = \frac{3}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{(a-b)^2}{(a+c)(b+c)} + \frac{(a-c)^2}{(a+b)(b+c)} + \frac{(b-c)^2}{(a+b)(a+c)}\right).$$

This clearly proves that the left side is no less than $$3/2$$ for positive a, b and c.

Note: every rational inequality can be demonstrated by transforming it to the appropriate sum-of-squares identity—see Hilbert's seventeenth problem.

Fourth proof: Cauchy–Schwarz
Invoking the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality on the vectors $$\displaystyle\left\langle\sqrt{a+b},\sqrt{b+c},\sqrt{c+a}\right\rangle,\left\langle\frac{1}{\sqrt{a+b}},\frac{1}{\sqrt{b+c}},\frac{1}{\sqrt{c+a}}\right\rangle$$ yields
 * $$((b+c)+(a+c)+(a+b))\left(\frac{1}{b+c} + \frac{1}{a+c} + \frac{1}{a+b}\right) \geq 9,$$

which can be transformed into the final result as we did in the AM-HM proof.

Fifth proof: AM-GM
Let $$x=a+b, y=b+c, z=c+a$$. We then apply the AM-GM inequality to obtain
 * $$\frac{x+z}{y} + \frac{y+z}{x} + \frac{x+y}{z} \geq 6,$$

because $$\frac{x}{y} + \frac{z}{y} + \frac{y}{x} + \frac{z}{x} + \frac{x}{z} + \frac{y}{z} \geq 6\sqrt[6]{\frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{z}{y} \cdot \frac{y}{x} \cdot \frac{z}{x} \cdot \frac{x}{z} \cdot \frac{y}{z}} = 6.$$

Substituting out the $$x,y,z$$ in favor of $$a,b,c$$ yields
 * $$\frac{2a+b+c}{b+c} + \frac{a+b+2c}{a+b} + \frac{a+2b+c}{c+a} \geq 6$$
 * $$\frac{2a}{b+c} + \frac{2c}{a+b} + \frac{2b}{a+c} + 3 \geq 6,$$

which then simplifies to the final result.

Sixth proof: Titu's lemma
Titu's lemma, a direct consequence of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, states that for any sequence of $$n$$ real numbers $$(x_k)$$ and any sequence of $$n$$ positive numbers $$(a_k)$$, $$\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{x_k^2}{a_k}\geq\frac{(\sum_{k=1}^n x_k)^2}{\sum_{k=1}^n a_k}.$$

We use the lemma on $$(x_k)=(1,1,1)$$ and $$(a_k)=(b+c,a+c,a+b)$$. This gives
 * $$\frac{1}{b+c} + \frac{1}{c+a} + \frac{1}{a+b} \geq \frac{3^2}{2(a+b+c)},$$

which results in
 * $$\frac{a+b+c}{b+c} + \frac{a+b+c}{c+a} + \frac{a+b+c}{a+b} \geq \frac{9}{2}$$ i.e.,
 * $$\frac{a}{b+c} + \frac{b}{c+a} + \frac{c}{a+b} \geq \frac{9}{2} - 3 = \frac{3}{2}.$$

Seventh proof: Using homogeneity
As the left side of the inequality is homogeneous, we may assume $$a+b+c=1$$. Now define $$x=a+b$$, $$y=b+c$$, and $$z=c+a$$. The desired inequality turns into $$\frac{1-x}{x} + \frac{1-y}{y} + \frac{1-z}{z} \ge \frac{3}{2}$$, or, equivalently, $$\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y} + \frac{1}{z} \ge \frac{9}{2}$$. This is clearly true by Titu's Lemma.

Eighth proof: Jensen's inequality
Let $$S=a+b+c$$ and consider the function $$f(x)=\frac{x}{S-x}$$. This function can be shown to be convex in $$[0,S]$$ and, invoking Jensen's inequality, we get
 * $$\displaystyle \frac{\frac{a}{S-a} + \frac{b}{S-b} + \frac{c}{S-c}}{3} \geq \frac{S/3}{S-S/3}.$$

A straightforward computation then yields
 * $$\frac{a}{b+c} + \frac{b}{c+a} + \frac{c}{a+b} \geq \frac{3}{2}.$$

Ninth proof: Reduction to a two-variable inequality
By clearing denominators,
 * $$\frac{a}{b+c} + \frac{b}{a+c} + \frac{c}{a+b} \geq \frac{3}{2} \iff 2(a^3+b^3+c^3) \geq ab^2 + a^2b + ac^2 + a^2c + bc^2 + b^2c.$$

It therefore suffices to prove that $$x^3+y^3 \geq xy^2+x^2y$$ for $$(x,y) \in \mathbb{R}^2_+$$, as summing this three times for $$(x,y) = (a,b),\ (a,c),$$ and $$(b,c)$$ completes the proof.

As $$x^3+y^3 \geq xy^2+x^2y \iff (x-y)(x^2-y^2) \geq 0$$ we are done.

title: Nesbitt's inequality


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Rose Law Firm

Rose Law Firm is an American law firm headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas.

It dates its origins to November 1, 1820, sixteen years before Arkansas statehood, when Robert Crittenden, born 1797, and Chester Ashley, born 1791, entered into an agreement for a "Partnership in the Practice of Law". As such, it is the third oldest law firm in the United States and the oldest west of the Mississippi River. It is also the oldest company of any kind in Arkansas.

In 2018, the firm elected its first female managing member. In 2020, the firm celebrated its 200th birthday.

Early history – 1820–1865
The Rose Law Firm dates its formation to the 1820 partnership of Crittenden and Ashley, whose handwritten law partnership agreement hangs in the Rose boardroom. Robert Crittenden served as Arkansas' territorial governor and negotiated Arkansas' admission to the United States as the 25th state in 1836. Chester Ashley served as a United States Senator from Arkansas. Between 1837 and 1844, when Ashley was elected to the U.S. Senate, Ashley was Watkins' law partner. Ashley's "original partnership with the well-connected Robert Crittenden had dissolved over political differences." Watkins' previous partnership, with James Curran, begun in 1844, had ended with Curran's death in 1854 (Watkins, a widower, married Curran's widow). Watkins was Arkansas Attorney General from 1848 to 1851; "however, his primary focus continued to be his private practice." From 1853 to 1854 Watkins was Chief Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court and did not practice law. Curran's death led him to resign from his position, to take care of his law practice.

Rose years – 1865–1905
Although the firm has changed its name a number of times, the first Rose family member to be associated with the firm occurred in 1865, when newly-arrived U. M. Rose formed a law partnership with George Claiborne Watkins. In 1881 the firm name became U.M. Rose and Geo. B. Rose, George being Uriah's son. In 1893 W.E. Hemingway joined the firm, which became Rose, Hemingway & Rose. In 1905 the firm merged with Cantrell and Loughborough.

Rose Law Firm members have historically been active in politics and civic affairs. U.M. Rose co-founded the American Bar Association and served as its president in 1901–1902. Rose was later appointed the American representative to the Second Hague Peace Conference and was instrumental in drafting the Hague Convention. Six of the firm's members have served on the Arkansas Supreme Court (three as Chief Justice), and six members have also served as President of the Arkansas Bar Association. Rose Law Firm members have served as Commissioner of the Uniform Commission on State Laws, President of the National Association of Bond Lawyers and President of the Arkansas Bar Association.

Modern history – 1905–present
By the late 1970s, the firm had nine partners and a long name – Rose, Nash, Williamson, Carroll, Clay, & Giroir. The firm simplified its name to Rose Law Firm in 1980.

In the economic realm, Rose has been termed "the ultimate establishment law firm" in the state and "the legal arm of the powerful". During the 1970s, for example, its clients included Tyson Foods, Wal-Mart, large brokerage Stephens Inc., and Worthen Bank, as well as the Arkansas Democrat and other Hussman family media holdings. Hillary Rodham became the firm's first female associate, and soon its first female partner, during her husband Bill Clinton's tenure as Arkansas Attorney General and Governor of Arkansas. Webster Hubbell, Vince Foster, and William H. Kennedy, III were also partners, before becoming Assistant Attorney General, Deputy White House Counsel, and Associate White House Counsel in the Clinton administration, respectively. In all, the firm grew five times in size between the early 1970s and early 1990s. According to a 1994 article, "Among Arkansas firms, Rose is viewed as the whitest of the white shoes. It is dominated by white men, most of whom came from privileged families in the state and graduated from one of the two accredited law schools in the state. Only a handful of women, and no blacks, have been made partners."

Rose Law Firm entered the national news during the 1990s as part of the Whitewater controversy, as investigators sought to determine how much work Clinton had done for the firm while representing Jim McDougal in cases involving the latter's Madison Guaranty and Castle Grande enterprises.

The firm's Little Rock building consists of both an old red brick structure, which was converted from a YMCA facility and has hardwood floors and an indoor swimming pool, and a connected newer structure. A second office in Fayetteville, Arkansas was opened in 2017 when the members of the Henry Law Firm, which specialized in intellectual property law, were absorbed into the firm.

Affiliations
Rose Law Firm is the Arkansas member of two law firm affiliate groups: State Capital Law Group and Lex Mundi.

title: Rose Law Firm


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Chiang Mai University

Chiang Mai University (CMU; มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่) is a national public research university in northern Thailand founded in 1964. It has a strong emphasis on engineering, science, agriculture, and medicine. Its instructional mission includes undergraduate, graduate, professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction. Its main campus lies between central Chiang Mai and Doi Suthep in Chiang Mai province.

The university was the first institution of higher education in northern Thailand, and the first provincial university in Thailand.

Campuses

Chiang Mai University has four campuses, three of them in Chiang Mai and one in Lamphun, which together cover about 3490 acre. There are 18 housing complexes located on campus for students attending the university. Seventeen of them are on the main campus and one is on the Mae Hea campus

Suan Sak Campus (main campus)
The main university campus, known as Suan Sak campus (สวนสัก) or Cherng Doi (เชิงดอย), lies about five kilometres west of the city center. Set against Doi Suthep, the campus occupies a 725 acre site, bounded on three sides by main shopping streets and on the fourth by the Chiang Mai Zoo. The campus includes the university's administrative centre, the science, engineering, humanities, and social science faculties, political science and public administration, law, the graduate school, all of the campus resource facilities and services and major sports facilities. An attractive feature of this campus is the Ang Kaew Reservoir. Constructed to supply water for the university, it is also a recreational area for campus residents and the local community. In the 1960s, the area was still forested. With conservation in mind, university buildings were constructed between the trees, with the result that the campus still retains much of its original setting.

Suan Dok campus
Near the main campus, and closer to the city, the health sciences complex, the Suan Dok campus (สวนดอก), occupies a 110 acre site which includes faculties of medicine, associated medical sciences, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, and Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, known locally as Suan Dok, the largest teaching hospital in northern Thailand.

Mae Hia campus
About 5 km south of the main campus, the 864 acre Mae Hia (or Mae Hea) campus (แม่เหียะ) is home to the faculties of veterinary medicine agro-industry and School of Public Policy. The Energy Research and Development Institute (ERDI), the university center for renewable energy (mainly biogas and biomass), and energy efficiency improvement center, moved from the main campus to the Mae Hia campus in January 2009. This center is a national "biogas center of excellence", emphasizing biogas activities, especially biogas on swine farms.

Si Bua Ban campus
The university's latest acquisition is the Si Bua Ban campus (ศรีบัวบาน) in Amphoe Mueang Lamphun, Lamphun Province, about 55 kilometres south of Chiang Mai, on a 1890 acre site close to the Lamphun industrial centre.

Academics
Chiang Mai University is a large, highly residential, research university, with a majority of enrollment coming from graduate and professional students.

Faculty

There are 20 faculties and 2 college in three disciplines.

Rankings
Chiang Mai University ranks 3rd in academics and 5th in research according to the Office of the Higher Education Commission. Quacquarelli Symonds ranked the university 88th in Asia in 2023. Chiang Mai University Ranking has been going up recently giving it 601–605 place by QS TOP UNIVERSITY RANKINGS in 2023

Research institutes

 * Energy Research and Development Institute-Nakornping (ERDI)
 * Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES)
 * Social Research Institute (SRI)

Non-university schools

 * Language Institute Chiang Mai University (LICMU)
 * Chiang Mai University Demonstration School (K-12)
 * Chiang Mai University School of Public Policy (CMU-SPP)

Alumni

 * Chaturon Chaisang, Deputy Prime Minister from 2002 to 2006
 * Sompop Jantraka, activist
 * Apirak Kosayothin, 14th Governor of Bangkok
 * Yingluck Shinawatra, 28th Prime Minister of Thailand
 * Samruam Singh, author, scholar and activist
 * Suthep Thaugsuban, Deputy Prime Minister from 2008 to 2011
 * Suporn Watanyusakul, reconstructive surgeon
 * Kasem Wattanachai, Privy Councilor from 2001–present

Lecturers

 * Roger A. Beaver, biologist
 * Minfong Ho, writer

title: Chiang Mai University


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Andrew Gray, 1st Lord Gray

Andrew Gray, 1st Lord Gray (c. 1390–1469) was a Scottish nobleman, politician and diplomat. He was succeeded in the title by his grandson.

Biography
He was the eldest son of Sir Andrew Gray (d. 1445) of Fowlis, Dundee. He was a natural son thus not a son by his first wife Janet, daughter of Sir Roger de Mortimer, whom he married in 1377. He had a brother also name Andrew who was born much later to his father's second wife.

In 1424 he was accepted by the English government as one of the hostages for the payment of the ransom of James I of Scotland, apparently in place of his father, whose estate was estimated at the time as being worth six hundred merks annually. His father presented a letter to the English government, in which the hostage is said to be his only son and heir, promising fidelity on behalf of his son, and also that he would not disinherit him on account of his acting as a hostage. He was sent to Pontefract Castle, and afterwards committed to the Tower of London, where he remained until 1427, when he was exchanged for Malcolm Fleming, son of the laird of Cumbernauld.

In 1436, he accompanied Princess Margaret, daughter of James I, to France, for her marriage to the Dauphin Louis. In 1449 he was appointed part of a committee of the Estates to examine previous acts of Parliament and general councils, and report to Parliament on their existing validity. On various occasions between 1449 and 1460 he was employed as one of the Scottish ambassadors to negotiate treaties of peace with England, and appointed as a general conservator of these treaties. He briefly acted as a Warden of the Marches.

In 1451, along with the abbot of Melrose Abbey, he received a safe-conduct to allow him to make a pilgrimage to Canterbury, and in 1452 he became Master of the Household to James II.

On 26 August that year he was granted permission to build a castle on any part of his lands, and he built Castle Huntly on his estate of Longforgan in the carse of Gowrie (not to be confused with the older Huntly Castle, in Aberdeenshire). This castle, long the residence of the family, was sold to the Earl of Strathmore in 1615, and the name changed to Castle Lyon. In 1777, it was repurchased by George Paterson, who married Anne Gray, daughter of the 11th Lord Gray, and restored the original name.

In 1455, he was one of the nobles who secured the forfeiture of the Earl of Douglas. In the following year, the abbot of Scone sued him for paying the dues of Inchmartin in bad grain. He took an active part in parliamentary work, and in 1464 was appointed one of the lords auditors for hearing and determining civil causes. He accompanied James III to Berwick, where he had the authority of Parliament to ratify the truce with England being negotiated at Newcastle. He died in 1469, probably towards the end of the year; he is mentioned as deceased in a document of 20 January 1469–70.

He married, on 31 August 1418, Elizabeth Wemyss, the eldest daughter of Sir John Wemyss of Wemyss and Reres, with whom it was stipulated he should receive as dowry a £30 land in Strathardle, Perthshire. This condition was not observed, and gave rise to litigation at a later date. His wife survived him.

They had two sons and two daughters. The elder son, Sir Patrick Gray of Kineff, predeceased his father. He had married Anabella Forbes, daughter of Alexander Forbes, 1st Lord Forbes, and had one son, who became Andrew Gray, 2nd Lord Gray. The other three children were the younger son Andrew, and daughters Margaret (married Robert, Lord Lyle) and Christian (married James Crighton/Crichton of Strathurd).

title: Andrew Gray, 1st Lord Gray


text: Category:Lords of the Admiralty

title: Category:Lords of the Admiralty


text: User talk:193.171.252.18

title: User talk:193.171.252.18


text:
User talk:Makejewishbabies

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title: User talk:Makejewishbabies


text:
David R. Harris (geographer)

David Russell Harris, FSA, FBA (14 December 1930 – 25 December 2013) was a British geographer, anthropologist, archaeologist and academic, well known for his detailed work on the origins of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals. He was a director of the Institute of Archaeology at University College London, and retained a position as Professor Emeritus of the Human Environment at the Institute.

Early life and education
Harris was born on 14 December 1930 in London, England. As an undergraduate Harris attended University College, Oxford, first obtaining a BA in Geography. Continuing with postgraduate studies at Oxford, in 1955 Harris was awarded an M.Litt. in Geography with a thesis entitled "Water resources and land use in Tunisia". In 1963, he was awarded a PhD from the Geography Department at University of California, Berkeley, upon defending his dissertation entitled "Plants, animals, and man in the Outer Leeward Islands, West Indies. An ecological study of Antigua, Barbuda, and Anguilla".

Military service
Harris served in the Royal Air Force from 1949 to 1950 as part of National Service.

Academic career
Between 1958 and 1964, Harris lectured in geography at Queen Mary College, University of London. During the 1962–63 academic year he was a visiting lecturer at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, in addition to pursuing a doctorate at the University of California, Berkeley.

In 1964 Harris took up a position as Reader in Geography at University College London (UCL). In 1980 he moved as professor to the Institute of Archaeology, becoming Head of Department of Human Environment and later Director of the Institute, taking over from John Davies Evans who retired in 1989. The postgraduate academic research journal Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, published by the Institute, was launched in Harris' first year as director.

Harris continued as Director until his own retirement from the position in 1996, and was succeeded by Peter Ucko. In 2000 he was named an Honorary Fellow of UCL in recognition of his service to the institution.

During the course of his academic career Harris has also held various visiting fellowships, including at the University of Toronto in 1970, the Australian National University's Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS) in 1974, and at the Anthropology department at University of California, Berkeley in 1982.

Research
Harris has conducted research investigations in many parts of the world, including New Guinea, the Torres Strait, Africa, Central America and Eurasia. His research has generally been concerned with the ecology and development of agriculture and other modes of subsistence among human cultures.

In 1989 Harris and a colleague were invited to lead the archaeological investigations of the environment at the central Asian Early Neolithic site of Jeitun, located in what is now Turkmenistan. Continuing investigations during the 1990s by Harris and the international project team at Jeitun and surrounds obtained conclusive evidence of agricultural-pastoral settlement by at least 6000 BCE, the earliest indications of agricultural practices in Central Asia known at that point.

Honours
In 1972 he was presented with the Back Award by the Royal Geographical Society, for "Contributions to Biogeography, especially of Middle America". He was elected Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA) in 1982 and Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 2004.

title: David R. Harris (geographer)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fictional tank engines

Fictional tank engines
Pointless garbage, no potential to become encyclopedic. Aviationwiz 23:58, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

[*]Delete Slightly funny, but garbage none the less. BenS 00:01, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted as having no context and vandalism. --fvw *  00:12, 2005 Feb 2 (UTC)


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Wally George

Wally George (born George Walter Pearch; December 4, 1931 – October 5, 2003) was an American conservative radio and television commentator. Calling himself the "Father of Combat TV," he was a fixture on Southern California television for three decades (1950s–1980s) as the host of Hot Seat, which began as a local show on KDOC Channel 56, a local Southern California based UHF TV station in Anaheim, Orange County in 1983. His other nicknames were "Mr. Conservative" and "Mr. America" in the 1960s–1990s and he represented the strong conservative fan base of Orange County and the Coachella Valley of California where he was also on their local TV stations.

Early life
George was born George Walter Pearch in Oakland, California. His father, Walter George Pearch, worked in the marine shipping industry. His mother, Eugenia Clinchard, had been a vaudeville performer and child movie actress, in Essanay Studios westerns starring Broncho Billy Anderson. George grew up in San Mateo and was in high school when his parents divorced, after which his mother moved to the Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles. He was educated at the Hollywood Professional School.

Career
By age 14, George was working as a disc-jockey at AM radio station KIEV in Glendale, California, followed by work at other local stations. In 1965, he was credited with writing an episode of the long-running television series Bonanza. In 1969, he launched The Wally George Show on FM radio station KTYM in Inglewood, California. Three years later, he became producer and co-host of The Sam Yorty Show on Los Angeles television station KCOP with his political mentor Sam Yorty, the former mayor of Los Angeles. By 1979, George had his own talk show at KCOP, and when it moved to fledgling UHF station KDOC in Anaheim, he launched Hot Seat in 1983.

George was known for his combative, almost farcical interview style and shocking antics on Hot Seat. He played to an eager studio audience and often ejected guests from the set, using uniformed private security guards. Hanging behind him were pictures of John Wayne and the U.S. Space Shuttle, both with strong links to Orange County, California, where the episodes were taped. He staunchly supported then-president Ronald Reagan, and his show was sponsored mostly by local Orange County businesses. George's gray slacks, navy blue blazer, white dress shirt and U.S. flag tie along with his platinum blond wig—combed straight down at ear-length and parted on the side—became a conservative style trademark. He called his delivery "combat TV," a phrase he used in his 1999 autobiography, and Johnny Carson labeled George "the William F. Buckley of the cockfighting set."

Hot Seat, in turn, became known for its provocative guest appearances. A 1983 appearance by Blase Bonpane ended when Bonpane overturned George's desk and walked out of the studio. When similar incidents occurred on later talk shows, such as those hosted by Geraldo Rivera and Jerry Springer, George called them "copycat combat." However, many claimed that the stunts on Hot Seat were staged, and that some guests were hired to be controversial and disruptive.

By 1993, George's health woes brought an end to the show. He carried on hosting rerun segments until June 2003.

George released a four track 12" (30 cm) EP entitled Wal-ly! Wal-ly! (drawn from the rallying cry of his Hot Seat studio audience) on Rhino Records in 1984.

George played himself in the films ''Grunt! The Wrestling Movie (1985), A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child (1989), Repossessed (1990) and Club Fed'' (1990). He played a Porsche salesman in the movie Squanderers (1996).

He gave halftime "studio analysis" and sometimes "endgame news" on the roller derby television program RollerGames which aired in 1989-90 and later on the Nintendo Entertainment System game of the same name. He also appeared on The People's Court program after being sued by an attorney who had been on Hot Seat. E! True Hollywood Story ran a feature on Wally George in 2000.

Personal life
George was married at least six times and had at least six children. His first marriage was to Lillian Kamminga in 1954. They had a daughter and son, Debtralynne Salas and Walter George Pearch Jr. His marriage to Jane Eager produced actress Rebecca De Mornay (born 1959). In 1992, George threatened to sue De Mornay for calling him a bigamist in the National Enquirer.

In 1962, he married Mary Jo Teipl, and they had a son, Kerry Walter George. He married Linda Yvonne Lowell in 1969, and they had a daughter, Kimberley Jennifer (Japan). In 1988, George married Janise Hedges, and they had a daughter, Holly Janise George.

He was a longtime Garden Grove, California, resident. In later life, George lived in Sherman Oaks, California.

Death
Following years of worsening health, George died of pneumonia at Fountain Valley Hospital on October 5, 2003. His memorial service was held at the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, where he was eulogized by evangelist Robert H. Schuller. He is interred at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood Hills, California.

title: Wally George


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Edie Adams

Edie Adams (born Edith Elizabeth Enke; April 16, 1927 – October 15, 2008) was an American comedian, actress, singer and businesswoman. She earned a Tony Award and was nominated for an Emmy Award.

Adams was well known for her impersonations of sexy stars on stage and television, especially Marilyn Monroe. She was the frequent television partner of Ernie Kovacs, her husband. Adams founded two beauty businesses: Edie Adams Cosmetics and Edie Adams Cut 'n' Curl.

Early life
Adams was born in Kingston, Pennsylvania, the only daughter of Sheldon Alonzo Enke and Ada Dorothy (née Adams), whom she described as "two conservative native Pennsylvanians". She had an elder brother, Sheldon Adams Enke. The family moved to nearby areas such as Shavertown and Trucksville and spent a year in New York City before settling in Tenafly, New Jersey, where she attended Tenafly High School. Ada Enke, who had a "trained dramatic soprano voice," taught her daughter singing and piano; mother and daughter were members of the Grove City Presbyterian church choir. Adams's grandmother, a seamstress, taught her how to sew. She made her own clothing beginning in the sixth grade and Adams would later have her own designer line of clothing, called Bonham, Inc.

After high school, she wanted to pursue a career as a vocalist, but was unsure whether she would make the cut after music school auditions. She knew that her costuming skills were at a level to constitute a fallback, with Traphagen School of Fashion as her "safe school" during the college application process. In the event, she succeeded in getting into Juilliard, where she earned a vocal degree from Juilliard and then took a "fifth year" and graduated from Columbia School of Drama. She also later studied at the Actors Studio in New York. While at Juilliard she was, by her own account, one of the first women to be interviewed for the Kinsey Report on female sexuality. While still at Juilliard, she taught part-time at the Barbizon School of Modeling and gave assemblies at New Jersey high schools, intended to recruit female students for various colleges and commercial schools. The assemblies had been conceived more as lectures, but once she discovered that her pay would be mainly commissions for interest generated, she turned them much more into performances.

Although she studied and sang serious music at Juilliard, summer jobs (including performing in a production of The Pirates of Penzance) and her New York social life introduced her to lighter, more popular performance styles, as well as to New York's café society and the Brill Building crowd. One of her vocal teachers, Dusolina Giannini gave her some half-encouraging, half-discouraging advice: to abandon her hopes of being an opera singer and "go straight into musical comedy." After turning down an offer from Richard Rodgers to be an understudy in the road company of South Pacific. She also turned down a 5-year contract from MGM that would have groomed her toward becoming a movie actress, but would not have promised her any specific film work.

She knew that with her Juilliard education she could fall back to being a music teacher, but was still determined to try to break into show business. She began going to every audition (not only as a singer, but for legitimate theater) and entering every vocal contest she could find. She passed an audition to go on the road with Vaughn Monroe, but her father put his foot down about her traveling with a big band. In 1949–50, she appeared in the early live television show Bonnie Maid's Versatile Varieties as one of the original "Bonnie Maids" doing live commercials for the sponsor. According to her memoir, she did a three-week stint in Montreal and Toronto singing with a trio led by Artie Arturo.

In 1950, she won the "Miss U.S. Television" beauty contest, which led to an appearance with Milton Berle on his television show. Her earliest television work billed her as Edith Adams. One of her early appearances was on Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts. She was seen by the producer of the Ernie Kovacs show Three to Get Ready (in Philadelphia), who invited her to audition. Adams had very little experience with popular music and could perform only three songs. She later stated: "I sang them all during the audition, and if they had asked to hear another, I never would have made it." She became part of the show in July 1951. Adams had never seen the program she was hired for. When he saw his daughter on the show, Adams's father was upset to find her role involved trying to avoid pies in the face. In one of his last interviews, Kovacs looked back on the early days, saying, "I wish I could say I was the big shot that hired her, but it was my show in name only—the producer had all the say. Later on I did have something to say and I said it, 'Let's get married.'"

Career
Adams began working regularly on television with Kovacs and talk show pioneer Jack Paar. After a courtship that included mariachi bands and an unexpected diamond engagement ring, Adams and Kovacs eloped; they were married on September 12, 1954, in Mexico City. Adams was initially uncertain about marrying Kovacs. She went on a six-week European cruise, hoping to come to a decision. After three days away and many long-distance phone calls, Adams returned home with an answer: yes. It was Kovacs's second marriage and lasted until his death in a car accident on January 13, 1962.

Adams and Kovacs received Emmy nominations for best performances in a comedy series in 1957. In 1960, she and Kovacs played themselves in The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour final television special on CBS, during which she performed the send-off song "That's All". Adams made four appearances on What's My Line? (once as "Edith Adams (Mrs. Ernie Kovacs)" while her husband was on the panel; once together with Kovacs; twice alone as Edie Adams).

Adams starred on Broadway in Wonderful Town (1953) opposite Rosalind Russell (winning the Theatre World Award), and as Daisy Mae in Li'l Abner (1956), winning the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She played the Fairy Godmother in Rodgers and Hammerstein's original Cinderella broadcast in 1957. Adams was to play Daisy Mae in the film version of Li'l Abner but was unable due to the late arrival of her daughter, Mia Susan Kovacs.

After Kovacs's death, his network, ABC, gave Adams a chance with her own show, Here's Edie, which received five Emmy nominations but lasted one season, in 1963. Kovacs was a noted cigar smoker, and Adams did a long-running series of TV commercials for Muriel Cigars. She remained the pitch-lady for Muriel well after Kovacs's death, intoning in a Mae West style and sexy outfit, "Why don't you pick one up and smoke it sometime?" Another commercial for Muriel Cigars, which cost 10 cents, showed Adams singing, "Hey, big spender, spend a little dime with me" (based on the song "Big Spender" from the musical Sweet Charity). Adams's cigar commercials made her one of the top three most-recognizable television celebrities. In subsequent years, Adams made sporadic television appearances, including on Fantasy Island, The Love Boat, McMillan & Wife, Murder, She Wrote and Designing Women.

Adams played supporting roles in several films in the 1960s, including the embittered secretary of two-timing Fred MacMurray in the Oscar-winning film The Apartment (1960). She was the wife of a presidential candidate (played by Cliff Robertson) in The Best Man (1964) and was reunited with Robertson for the comedy The Honey Pot (1967). In 2003, as one of the surviving headliners from the all-star comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), she joined actors Marvin Kaplan and Sid Caesar at a 40th anniversary celebration of the film. She was also a successful nightclub headliner.

Shortly after her husband's death, Adams won a "nasty custody battle" with Kovacs's ex-wife over Edie's stepdaughters. His ex-wife had previously kidnapped the girls during a visit years before; because Kovacs was their legal guardian, he and Edie had worked tirelessly to locate his daughters and bring them home.

Another court battle began for Adams in the same year, this time with her mother-in-law, who refused to believe there were more debts than assets in her son's estate. Mary Kovacs accused her daughter-in-law of mismanaging the estate and petitioned for custody of her granddaughters. The dispute lasted for years, with Adams remaining the administrator of her husband's estate and guardian of the three girls. She worked for years to pay her late husband's tax debt to the IRS. The couple's celebrity friends planned a TV special benefit for Edie and her family, but she declined, saying, "I can take care of my own children." She spent the next year working practically non-stop.

Starting over
Adams started her own businesses, Edie Adams Cosmetics, which sold door-to-door, and Edie Adams Cut 'n' Curl beauty salons, which she began in 1967. She once owned a 160-acre (65 ha) California almond farm and was the spokeswoman for Sun Giant nuts. Because of her 20 years of commercials for Muriel Cigars (retiring in 1976) and her successful business ventures, Adams went from being mired in debt after Kovacs's fatal accident in 1962 to being a millionaire in 1989.

Personal life
After Kovacs's death, Adams was married two more times. In 1964, she married photographer Martin Mills. In 1972, she married trumpeter Pete Candoli, with whom she appeared in a touring production of the Cole Porter musical Anything Goes. In addition to raising stepdaughters Bette and Kippie from her marriage to Kovacs, Adams gave birth to daughter Mia Susan Kovacs (killed in an automobile accident in 1982) and son Joshua Mills.

Although Adams identified as a Democrat, she campaigned for Republican Dwight Eisenhower's re-election during the 1956 presidential election,. as well as for other liberal Republicans such as Jacob Javits and later Nelson Rockefeller.

Adams was an early advocate of civil rights, frequently lending her support to the movement at celebrity events and on her own television show during the early sixties. She insisted that her duet with Sammy Davis Jr. on her variety show Here's Edie be staged so that they were seated next to each other – as equals. Prior to that, entertainers of different races and sexes were unable to perform next to one another, so that one had to be in front of or behind the other.

Death

Adams died in Los Angeles, California, on October 15, 2008, at age 81, from cancer and pneumonia. She was interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills, alongside her first husband Ernie and between her daughter, Mia, and her stepdaughter, Kippie. After her death an article in The New York Times said that her work "both embodied and winked at the stereotypes of fetching chanteuse and sexpot blonde".

Kovacs' legacy
Adams archived her husband's television work, which she described during a 1999 videotaped interview with the Archive of American Television. She later testified on the status of the archive of the short-lived DuMont Television Network, where both she and husband Kovacs worked during the early 1950s. Adams said that so little value was given to the film archive that the entire collection was loaded into three trucks and dumped into Upper New York Bay.

Upon discovering that her husband's work was disappearing through being discarded and re-use of the tapes, Adams initially used the proceeds of his insurance policy and her own earnings to purchase the rights to as much footage as possible.

Since 2008, Edie Adams' son Joshua Mills has run Ediad Productions, Inc., which controls the rights to all the Ernie Kovacs and Edie Adams TV shows and recordings. Ben Model is the archivist for the Ernie Kovacs and Edie Adams television collections.

In 2015, the Library of Congress acquired a collection of more than 1,200 kinescopes, videotapes and home movies featuring Ernie Kovacs and Edie Adams, from Joshua Mills, Edie Adams' son and the president of Ediad Productions.

title: Edie Adams


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User:AAAAA/Seniomeritocracy

Seniomeritocracy is a hypothetical variation of democracy which is posited to effective in less-developed countries and consists of assigning more votes to older people and people who have achieved higher levels of academic certification. This is based on a rationale that older people have more experience and those who have attended formalized institutional training will have a greater amount of knowledge to deal with issues such as economics and politics. The idea is that more educated people are more qualified to obtain better results when managing the common property of society (Economy) and laws (Politics). And with age, older people have "served" more years as part of society, and therefore they deserve more "say" in the common issues of the society.

The word Seniomeritocracy originates from the Latin "Sen" or "Seni" meaning "elder", plus the English word "merit" plus κρατειν meaning "to rule", and the suffix íα; the term therefore means "Rule by the Seniority & Merit."

This system borrows and combines the ideas from both Meritocracy and Gerontocracy. However, as opposed to Gerontocracy which usually refers to a small clique of very old leaders with power, Seniomeritocracy gives an edge to older people when voting, but not full control.

A possible implementation would be one based on age and academic certification. Let us assume that people start to vote at 18 and retire at 65, an 18 year old would get 18 votes and a 65 year old would get 65 votes. A multiplier would apply based on academic certification, a person's vote would be mutiplied by one if the person has not gone to school, by 2 if the person had primary education, by 3 if the person had secondary education, by 4 if the person had a college degree and by 5 if the person has a masters degree.

To illustrate, in this example:
 * A 18 year old with no formal education would get a total of 18 votes.
 * A 20 year old with a high school degree would get a total of 60 votes.
 * A 30 year old with a college degree would get a total of 120 votes.
 * A 50 year old with a masters degree would get a total of 250 votes.

Another example would be any association of people. A possible implementation of this voting system would be to assign more weight to the votes of associates that have been more years (or months) in the association and to the votes of associates that have more "rank" in the association.

Academic Excellence

 * Con: It is impossible in this system to gauge academic excellence. The entire rationale is that anyone who has been to school knows better how to run a country.  Does the person who graduates top of his class or the person who graduates bottom of his class get more or less votes according to this rationale?  How do we judge the difference between different schools or can this only work in a one school country?

 * Pro: This system would not consider differences in academic performance. It would just consider grouping voters by the amount of years of study.  Although there might be exceptions, on average it can be said that a group of people that have finished college has more knowledge (in general) than a group of people that have just finished primary school.

Informal education

 * Con: Given a stick and some wild grassland a farmer on the savannah is able to eke out a living for himself and his herd. He defends his herd against depredations by predators and reads the skies for bad weather.  Would this be considered education?  How much more "educational" would it be to own a hundred sheep versus a thousand sheep and how do we translate this into votes?

 * Pro: Most of the world tends to favor formal education as a way to promote progress in each country. Altough a person with "informal" education could be highly knowledgeable, formal education can reasonably be used as a yardstick.

Rule of the older "majority"

 * Con: Certain decisions or laws would be skewed towards better Social Security & Health care for the old. Younger people would probably end up more economically "taxed" to support the older retiring or retired population.

 * Pro: Most older people also have sons & daughters, who would be affected if laws are too tilted against the young.

Seniomeritocracy in Practice
While this concept is largely theoretical, in democracies where voting is optional, senior citizens currently do get more representation by virtue of the fact that they turn out to vote in larger numbers, implying that at least a Seniocracy exists. In addition, if statistics that correlate higher education with greater voter turnouts are correct, then this 'hypothetical' concept actually exists in reality, albeit to a limited and unintentional degree. This form of unintentional seniomeritocracy can easily be defeated, however, in democracies where voting is mandatory, such as Australia and Belgium.

title: User:AAAAA/Seniomeritocracy


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Drumcree

Drumcree may refer to:

Events
 * the Drumcree conflict

Places in Northern Ireland
 * Drumcree, a parish in County Armagh
 * Drumcree, a townland in Drumcree parish
 * Drumcree Church, a church in Drumcree parish
 * Drumcree College, a school in Drumcree parish

Places in the Republic of Ireland
 * Drumcree, County Westmeath

title: Drumcree


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SouthPark Mall (North Carolina)

SouthPark is an upscale shopping mall in the affluent SouthPark neighborhood in Charlotte, North Carolina. The mall is located approximately five miles (8 km) south of Uptown Charlotte, at the corner of Sharon and Fairview Roads. With 1,688,480 sqft, It is one of the most profitable malls in the country with sales at over $700 per square foot. It is the 10th largest on the East Coast and is the 28th largest in the United States. SouthPark is the most congested shopping area in the United States during Black Friday weekend. The mall is visited by more than 12 million visitors a year.

SouthPark Mall is also the home of the SouthPark Community Transit Center, which opened in 2004, which serves the CATS bus lines 19, 29, 30, and 57. The Transit Center is located between Belk and Dillard's.

History
SouthPark opened on February 12, 1970, with anchor stores Belk, Ivey's, and Sears. The area where SouthPark is today was considered to be on the outskirts of Charlotte at the time it opened. Many people were skeptical about a big shopping mall in the middle of pastureland. The mall was developed by the Belk and Ivey families, owners of the eponymous department stores, who jointly owned and operated the mall, and included a Sears store as a complement due to its focus on housewares. The mall had approximately 1000000 sqft when it opened, and the design of the shopping mall was starkly modernist, with an underground parking deck, a signature white brick facade, and tinted windows. The inspiration for the mall's original architecture reportedly was Dallas' NorthPark Center. A strip mall opened behind Sears in June 1970 with a Colonial Stores grocery store (later a Big Star food market, then acquired by Harris Teeter in the 1980s) and the SouthPark Cinemas I & II.

The mall did not face any real competition until the two-story Eastland Mall was built about 6 mi northeast. Eastland had the same anchor lineup as SouthPark, but also included a JCPenney store and an ice skating rink giving that mall a competitive advantage.

On December 6, 2007 at approximately 12:15 PM EST, a portion of the Nordstrom/Neiman Marcus parking deck collapsed. The collapse of the deck was caused by a car colliding with a retaining wall on the third and highest level. Eyewitness accounts stated an elderly woman may have suffered a heart attack, which triggered the accident; the woman died. Two cars were destroyed by the collapsed section of concrete; no one was in either of the cars. At the time, this was the second American parking structure to collapse in two weeks, leading people to question the structural integrity of such buildings.

In 2011, a study released by TomTom showed that the area around SouthPark Mall is the most congested shopping area in the United States during Black Friday weekend.

Expansion
In the late 1990s mall owners announced that upscale retailers Saks Fifth Avenue and Nordstrom would join the mall in SouthPark's biggest expansion yet. In 1995, Belk Brothers Co. became the sole owner of SouthPark by purchasing the remaining 50 percent ownership stake from Ivey Properties. The next year, Belk sold the mall to Rodamco, a Dutch real estate investment fund. The mall was briefly managed by Trammell Crow after the sale. Rodamco soon sold the mall to Simon Property Group. In 2001 and 2002, Belk renovated and expanded its flagship store and Hecht's (opened as Thalhimer's as part of an expansion in 1988, became Hecht's in 1992 and Macy's in 2006) renovated and expanded its store in 2003 and 2004. The site of the former convenience center and movie theater has been redeveloped into Symphony Park, an outdoor amphitheater and pond, home of a summer concert series called "Pops in the Park." In 2003 Sears, citing under performance, closed their store in the summer of that year, which was eventually demolished to make way for a new outdoor plaza that included a Joseph-Beth Bookstore and a new Galyan's Store (which opened as a Dick's Sporting Goods as a result of a buyout). Saks Fifth Avenue pulled out of the expansion, and as of 2020 the company still does not have a Charlotte location, but Nordstrom opened its doors in 2004. This luxury expansion brought exclusive and upscale stores to the area, including Burberry, Louis Vuitton, Hermès, and Tiffany & Co. In late 2005, Simon Property Group announced that Neiman Marcus would be the tenant of the former Saks Fifth Avenue anchor pad, along with another wing of stores & boutiques. Neiman Marcus opened in late 2006. Three new parking decks have also been added. Dillard's renovated its original 1970s Ivey's facade and interior, the last anchor to update. Joseph-Beth Booksellers closed its bookstore in 2010 and The Container Store replaced it in August 2011.

Additional high end tenants have been added starting in 2020, including Gucci, Alexander McQueen, Saint Laurent, Golden Goose, Scotch & Soda, Psycho Bunny, and Aritzia, all of which have their sole North Carolina location at the mall. In 2021, it was announced that the West Plaza section of the mall would undergo a renovation, which includes plans to replace the former California Pizza Kitchen with a brewery, an updated playground for children, as well as an open-air stage for live music and other events.

The Village at SouthPark
The Village at SouthPark is a 82,000 square-foot, five-story, mixed-use development featuring a curated collection of high-end specialty shops, beauty and wellness services and local eateries located adjacent to the main mall. Crate & Barrel anchors the village and occupies 35,000 square feet. The center also features The Residence at SouthPark, a multi-level apartment building located above the ground floor retail and consists of 150 premier residential units including 32 two-story penthouse units, 4,500 square feet of amenity space, and 225 dedicated parking spaces for residents.

Symphony Park
Symphony Park is an outdoor venue and stage located across from Dick's Sporting Goods. The venue is home to over 80 annual events and attracts thousands of annual visitors. Several concerts have been hosted at the venue, including Kelly Clarkson in 2014.

title: SouthPark Mall (North Carolina)


text:
David Harris (activist)

David Victor Harris (February 28, 1946 – February 6, 2023) was an American journalist and activist. After becoming an icon in the movement against the Vietnam War, organizing civil disobedience against military conscription and refusing his own orders to report for military duty, for which he was imprisoned for almost two years, Harris went on to a 50-year career as a distinguished journalist and author, reporting national and international stories.

Early life and education
Harris was born in Fresno, California, on February 28, 1946. His father, Clifton G. Harris Jr., was a lawyer specializing in real estate. His mother, Elaine Jensen Harris, was a housewife and devout Christian Scientist. His brother, Clifton G. Harris III, was 18 months older than Harris.

The first of his family to settle in Fresno was his great-grandfather, Levi Barringer. His maternal grandfather, Daniel Jensen, was a master woodworker at the Fresno Planing Mill. His paternal grandfather, Clifton G. Harris Sr., ran a trunk line railroad that carried ore out of the Kennecott Copper mines in Magna, Utah until he retired and moved in across the street from David's home.

David Harris and his brother both attended Fresno public schools. At Fresno High School, Harris was a football letterman, an honor student and a champion debater. Named Fresno High School "Boy of the Year" upon his graduation in 1963, Harris was admitted to Stanford University on scholarship and soon became involved in the Civil Rights Movement. He was elected student body president at Stanford in the spring of 1966.

Draft resistance
In 1967, Harris was one of those who founded The Resistance, an organization advocating civil disobedience against military conscription and against the war the conscription system fed. Through 1967 and 1968, The Resistance staged a series of public draft card returns—an action punishable by up to five years in prison—at which some ten thousand young men confronted the government with their disobedience and courted arrest.

Harris himself was ordered to report for military service in January 1968 and refused. He was indicted almost immediately and charged with felony "disobedience of a lawful order of induction" and tried in federal court in San Francisco in May 1968. He was convicted and sentenced to three years in prison, with the judge's admonition that "you may be right but you're going to be punished."

After a year of unsuccessfully appealing his conviction, Harris was remanded to "the custody of the Attorney General" in July 1969 and incarcerated in the Federal Prison System where he spent twenty months before being paroled; he spent one month in San Francisco County Jail, seven months in the Federal Prison Camp, Safford, Arizona, and twelve months in the Federal Correctional Institution, La Tuna, Texas. After his release on March 15, 1971, Harris continued organizing against the Vietnam War until peace agreements were signed in March 1973.

Harris ran for Congress in 1976 as the Democratic Party candidate against Republican incumbent Rep. Pete McCloskey, who was known nationally for his proposal for mandatory national service. Harris spoke against the resumption of Selective Service registration and in support of draft registration resisters in the 1980s and after.

Harris is featured in the 2020 documentary film The Boys Who Said NO!, which highlights the story of draft resistance during the Vietnam War.

Journalism
In March 1973, Jann Wenner, the founder and publisher of the magazine Rolling Stone, gave Harris a tryout with the magazine. The result marked the beginning of his more than 40-year career as a national and international magazine journalist. In 1978, Harris signed a contributing editor contract with the New York Times Magazine, where he worked for the next decade. After his stint with The Times, Harris concentrated on writing books, publishing eleven.

Relationship with Joan Baez
In October 1967, folk musician Joan Baez, her mother, and nearly 70 other women were arrested at the Oakland, California, Armed Forces Induction Center for blocking its doorways to prevent entrance by young inductees, and in support of young men who refused military induction. They were incarcerated in the Santa Rita Jail.

David Harris and Joan Baez met when he went to her home in Carmel Valley to solicit a donation for The Resistance.

The two later formed a close bond and Baez moved into his draft-resistance commune in the hills above Stanford, California. The pair had known each other for three months when they decided to wed. After confirming the news to Associated Press, media outlets began dedicating ample press to the impending nuptials (at one point, Time magazine referred to the event as the "Wedding of the Century").

After finding a pacifist preacher and a church outfitted with peace signs and writing a blend of Episcopalian and Quaker wedding vows, Baez and Harris married in New York City on March 26, 1968. Her friend Judy Collins sang at the ceremony. After the wedding, Baez and Harris moved into a home in the Los Altos Hills on 10 acres (4.0 hectares) of land called "Struggle Mountain", part of a commune, where they tended gardens and were strict vegetarians.

A short time later, Harris refused induction into the armed forces and was indicted. On July 16, 1969, Harris was taken by federal marshals to prison. Baez was visibly pregnant in public in the months that followed, most notably at the Woodstock Festival, where she performed a handful of songs in the early morning.

Their son Gabriel was born on December 2, 1969. Harris was released from Texas prison after 15 months, but the couple separated three months after his release and they divorced amicably in 1973. They shared custody of Gabriel, who lived primarily with Baez. Baez and Harris remained on friendly terms throughout the years; they reunited on-camera for the 2009 American Masters documentary for PBS.

Subsequent relationships
Harris remarried in 1977 to New York Times reporter and novelist Lacey Fosburgh. Their daughter Sophie was born in 1983. Fosburgh died of complications from breast cancer in 1993.

In 1996, Harris began a relationship with physician Cheri Forrester. They married in 2011, and resided in Mill Valley, California.

Death
Harris died from lung cancer at his home in Mill Valley on February 6, 2023, at the age of 76.

Non-fiction

 * Goliath (Sidereal Press & Richard W. Baron Co., 1970), a memoir of Harris's work with the peace movement and his trial for draft resistance.
 * Coming Out, with Joan Baez Harris and photographs by Bob Fitch (Pocket Books, 1971)
 * I Shoulda Been Home Yesterday: Twenty Months In Prison for Not Killing Anybody (Delacorte Press / Seymour Lawrence, 1976), an account of Harris's imprisonment.
 * Dreams Die Hard: Three Men's Journey Through The Sixties (St. Martin's / Marek, 1982), the story of three men who were all friends in the anti-war movement, one of whom ended up killing one of the others 10 years later.
 * The League: the Rise and Decline of the NFL (1986), recounts the struggle for power between the owners and commissioner of the National Football League.
 * The Last Stand: the War Between Wall Street and Main Street Over California's Ancient Redwoods (Times Books, 1996; Sierra Club Books paperback ed. 1997), an account of the takeover of a northern California lumber company and the environmental war it set off.
 * Our War: What We Did In Vietnam and What It Did To Us (Times Books, 1996), Harris, at age 50, revisits the Vietnam War.
 * Shooting The Moon: The True Story of an American Manhunt Unlike Any Other, Ever (Little, Brown & Co., 2001), explores the investigation and arrest of General Manuel Noriega, dictator of Panama.
 * The Crisis: The President, the Prophet and the Shah--1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam (Little, Brown & Co., 2004), recreates the Iran hostage crisis on its 25th anniversary.
 * The Genius: How Bill Walsh Reinvented Football and Created an NFL Dynasty (2008), tracks the career of the football coach Bill Walsh.
 * My Country Tis of Thee: Reporting, Sallies, and Other Confessions (2020), a collection of Harris' magazine and other short-form non-fiction.

Fiction

 * The Last Scam (Delacorte Press / Seymour Lawrence, 1981), a novel about marijuana smugglers in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico.

title: David Harris (activist)


text:
User:AAAAA/Seniocracy

Seniocracy is a hypothetical variation of democracy which consists of assigning more votes to older people or to people with more years of experience or membership. This is based on a rationale that older people have more experience and will have a greater amount of knowledge to deal with issues such as economics and politics. With age, older people have "served" more years as part of society, and therefore they deserve more "say" in the common issues of the society.

The word Seniocracy originates from the Latin "Sen" or "Seni" meaning "elder", plus κρατειν meaning "to rule", and the suffix íα; the term therefore means "Rule by the elders".

This system borrows and combines the ideas from Gerontocracy. However, as opposed to Gerontocracy which usually refers to a small clique of very old leaders with power, Seniocracy gives an edge to older people when voting, but not full control.

A possible implementation would be one based on age. Let us assume that people start to vote at 18 and retire at 65, an 18 year old would get 18 votes and a 65 year old would get 65 votes. Another example would be any association of people. A possible implementation of this voting system would be to assign more weight to the votes of associates that have been more years (or months) in the association.

Rule of the older "majority"

 * Con: Certain decisions or laws would be skewed towards better Social Security & health care for the old. Younger people would probably end up more economically "taxed" to support the older retiring or retired population.

 * Pro: Most older people also have sons & daughters, who would be affected if laws are too tilted against the young. Older people tend to be more conservative, which in turn is generally better for economic growth.

Privacy/Anonimity

 * Con: A seniocratic vote requires the voter to identify his age, which would prevent the voting from being completely anonimous. If this system was used in a country's election, it would prevent many voters from voting freely, since their identities could be matched to their votes.

 * Pro: With current technology, the association could be made in a way that only the electoral comittee of the country would have the ability to associate voter with vote. Furthermore, at his/her option, the voter could elect to vote completely anonimous, but would get only the amount of votes of the less educated and younger voter.

Seniocracy in Practice
While this concept is largely theoretical, in democracies where voting is optional, senior citizens currently do get more representation by virtue of the fact that they turn out to vote in larger numbers, implying that a Seniocracy exists. Then this 'hypothetical' concept actually exists in reality, albeit to a limited and unintentional degree. This form of unintentional seniocracy can easily be defeated, however, in democracies where voting is mandatory, such as Australia.

title: User:AAAAA/Seniocracy


text:
Flame tree

Flame tree may refer to:

Common name of trees

 * Alloxylon flammeum, commonly known as the Queensland tree waratah or red silky oak
 * Brachychiton acerifolius, Illawarra flame tree
 * Butea monosperma, Flame in the woods
 * Delonix regia, Royal poinciana
 * Embothrium coccineum, Chilean flame tree, also known as Chilean firebush
 * Erythrina abyssinica, flame tree of eastern and southern Africa
 * Erythrina sp., Coral tree
 * Koelreuteria bipinnata, Chinese flame tree
 * Nuytsia floribunda, Australian Christmas tree
 * Peltophorum, African flame tree
 * Spathodea campanulata, African tulip tree, also known as African flame tree

Other uses

 * Flame Tree Publishing, a British publisher
 * "Flame Trees" (song), by Cold Chisel

title: Flame tree


text: User talk:69.156.153.236

title: User talk:69.156.153.236


text: User talk:64.217.80.12

title: User talk:64.217.80.12


text:
M-102 (Michigan highway)

M-102 is an east–west state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that runs along the northern boundary of Detroit following 8 Mile Road. The highway follows the Michigan Baseline, a part of the land survey of the state, and the roadway is also called Base Line Road in places. As a county road or city street, 8 Mile Road extends both east and west of the M-102 designation, which leaves 8 Mile on the eastern end to follow Vernier Road. The western terminus of M-102 is at the junction of 8 Mile Road and M-5 (Grand River Avenue) and the opposite end is at Vernier Road and Interstate 94 (I-94). The 8 Mile Road name extends west to Pontiac Trail near South Lyon with a discontinuous segment located west of US Highway 23 (US 23). The eastern end of 8 Mile Road is in Grosse Pointe Woods, near I-94, with a short, discontinuous segment east of Mack Avenue.

The highway was first designated in the late 1920s, connecting US 10 (Woodward Avenue, now M-1) with US 25 (Gratiot Avenue, now M-3). Extensions to the highway designation moved the termini in the 1930s and 1940s east to M-29 (Jefferson Avenue) and US 16 (Grand River Avenue, now M-5). A change in the 1960s added a section of north–south roadway to the eastern end of M-102; that change was reversed within about a year. A western extension along Grand River Avenue in 1977 was reversed in 1994, and M-102 has remained the same since.

As the long northern border of the city of Detroit, 8 Mile Road has carried major cultural significance; since the mid-20th century parts of the road has served as a physical and cultural dividing line between the wealthier, predominantly white northern suburbs of Detroit and the poorer, predominantly black city. The racial patterns have changed somewhat as middle-class African Americans have also moved north of 8 Mile, but the socioeconomic divide between the city and suburbs remains.

Route description
Starting at an intersection with Hamburg Road along the Livingston–Washtenaw county line, 8 Mile Road runs eastward to an interchange with US 23 near Whitmore Lake. There is a gap before 8 Mile Road resumes at Pontiac Trail along the Oakland–Washtenaw county line. Near the suburb of Northville, the road curves northward into Oakland County, and Base Line Road follows the county line for about 1 mi. The road meets I-96/I-275 at that freeway's exit 167 along the border between Livonia and Farmington Hills. As its name implies, 8 Mile Road runs east–west 8 mi north of the origin of the Mile Road System at Michigan and Woodward avenues.

M-102 starts at the intersection between M-5 (Grand River Avenue) and 8 Mile Road and runs eastward along 8 Mile Road. The highway widens out into a boulevard setup with each direction divided by a central median. Motorists that want to make a left turn along 8 Mile Road have to perform a Michigan left to do so. Starting at the Inkster Road intersection, M-102 forms the boundary between Redford to the south and Southfield to the north. East of Five Points Road, the 8 Mile follows the northern city limits of Detroit. On either side of 8 Mile Road, the area is filled with residential neighborhoods of the two cities with commercial businesses immediately adjacent to the highway. About 2 mi east of its starting point, M-102 intersects US 24 (Telegraph Road) at a cloverleaf interchange near Frisbee-Pembroke Park and Plum Hollow Country Club. Along the length of the eight-lane highway, there are large power line towers in the median.

Continuing east, M-102 intersects M-39 (Southfield Freeway) and M-10 (Lodge Freeway) south of the Southfield campus of Oakland Community College and the Northland Center Mall. As the highway approaches M-1 (Woodward Avenue), there are a pair of service drives that split from the main roadway in each direction to provide access through the interchange with M-1. The main lanes of M-102 pass under M-1 and its ramp connections before the service drives merge back in on the other side. This interchange is located adjacent to the Michigan State Fairgrounds, former site of the now-defunct Michigan State Fair, and Woodlawn Cemetery. East of the fairgrounds, the highway crosses a line of the Canadian National Railway that also carries Amtrak passenger traffic; the line is south of a rail terminal in Ferndale. Further east, M-102 meets I-75 before intersecting Dequindre Road. Dequindre is the boundary between Oakland and Macomb counties.

Now following the Wayne–Macomb county line, M-102 separates Warren from Detroit. The highway also runs parallel to, and about a half mile (0.8 km) north of Outer Drive, the original beltway highway proposed in 1918 to encircle Detroit. The road passes the Mound Road Engine facility, a former Chrysler plant next to the Mound Road intersection. East of the plant, the highway crosses a branch line of the Conrail Shared Assets Operations on the east side of the plant complex before intersecting M-53 (Van Dyke Road). Further east, 8 Mile Road passes north of the Bel Air Center Shopping Center before crossing another Canadian National Railway line next to the intersection with M-97 (Groesbeck Highway).

On the far east side of Detroit, M-102 separates the city from the suburb of Eastpointe once near the intersection with M-3 (Gratiot Avenue). Near Kelly Road and the Eastland Center, the highway turns southeasterly along Vernier Road to enter Harper Woods in Wayne County; 8 Mile Road continues due eastward along the county line in this suburb as a four-lane undivided urban arterial street. The eastern terminus of M-102 is at the interchange between Vernier Road and I-94 about 1700 ft south of 8 Mile Road near the boundary with Grosse Pointe Woods.

History
M-102 was first designated along 8 Mile Road from US 10 (Woodward Avenue, now M-1) to US 25 (Gratiot Avenue, now M-3) in late 1928 or early 1929. In 1939, the eastern terminus was moved as M-102 was extended along 8 Mile and Vernier Roads to end in Grosse Pointe Shores at M-29 (Jefferson Avenue). The highway was extended in the early 1940s from Woodward westward to US 16 (Grand River Avenue, now M-5).

During 1963, the M-102 designation was extended northerly along Jefferson Avenue through St. Clair Shores, replacing the M-29 designation to the Shook Road interchange at the northern end of the then-existing I-94 freeway. That extension was reversed the next year, and M-102 was scaled back to end at US 25 (Gratiot Avenue); the rest of 8 Mile and Vernier roads plus the Jefferson Avenue segment are added to M-29 instead. M-102 was re-extended along 8 Mile and Vernier roads to the I-94 interchange in Harper Woods in 1970 replacing M-29; the remainder of that other highway along Vernier Road and Jefferson Avenue to Shook Road that was once part of M-102 was transferred to local control.

When I-96 was completed in 1977, several highway designations were shifted in the Metro Detroit area. The Business Spur I-96 designation that had replaced US 16 was removed from Grand River Avenue. That roadway was signed as M-5 southward between 8 Mile Road and its present eastern terminus at I-96 while the remainder of Grand River Avenue and the stub freeway formerly part of I-96 that continued out to I-275 became part of M-102. This extension to M-102 was reversed in October 1994 when M-5 was extended northwesterly along Grand River Avenue, the freeway and up the Haggerty Connector north of I-96 in Novi, replacing part of M-102 in the process.

Racial and economic divide
The road has long served as a de facto cultural dividing line between the predominantly poor black city and its wealthier, predominantly white northern suburbs. The perception of 8 Mile as the chief dividing line between racial groups and classes persists, in part because the suburban counties of Oakland and Macomb remain, on the whole, significantly whiter and more prosperous than the city of Detroit. However, in recent years increasing numbers of whites have moved into Detroit, especially around the downtown area, and other neighborhoods in the region have become more ethnically diverse as well.

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, the median family income for the city of Detroit, whose population was 81.55% African-American, was $33,853, and 26.1% of the population lived below the poverty line. By contrast, the median family income for Oakland County, whose population was 82.75% white, was $75,540, and only 5.5% of residents lived below the poverty line. These results were compiled into an Index of Dissimilarity of 85.9 by researchers with Brown University and Florida State University, the highest score for a metropolitan area in the United States. After the 2010 Census, the index was computed as 79.6, which was a "substantial decline" in the words of the study's authors.

The movie 8 Mile, starring Detroit-area hip hop artist Eminem, who lived near 8 Mile as a child, as well as his songs "Lose Yourself" and "8 Mile", take their names and cultural subject matter from the roadway.

In surveying
8 Mile Road is also known as Base Line Road, for it was used to set the baseline for the Public Land Survey System in Michigan. The system helped bring order to county boundaries, which had often been set in other states by geographic markers such as rivers, hills, and trees, and were therefore rather irregular. Today, the baseline forms the northern or southern boundary of many southern Michigan counties.

title: M-102 (Michigan highway)


text:
Talk:Project stargate

Any relation to/same as MKULTRA?

title: Talk:Project stargate


text:
Burton J. Hendrick

Burton Jesse Hendrick (December 8, 1870 – March 23, 1949), born in New Haven, Connecticut, was an American author. While attending Yale University, Hendrick was editor of both The Yale Courant and The Yale Literary Magazine. He received his BA in 1895 and his master's in 1897 from Yale. After completing his degree work, Hendrick became editor of the New Haven Morning News. In 1905, after writing for The New York Evening Post and The New York Sun, Hendrick left newspapers and became a "muckraker" writing for McClure's Magazine. His "The Story of Life-Insurance" exposé appeared in McClure's in 1906. Following his career at McClure's, Hendrick went to work in 1913 at Walter Hines Page's World's Work magazine as an associate editor. In 1919, Hendrick began writing biographies, when he was the ghostwriter of Ambassador Morgenthau's Story for Henry Morgenthau, Sr.

In 1921 he won the Pulitzer Prize for History for The Victory at Sea, which he co-authored with William Sowden Sims, the 1923 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page, and the 1929 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for The Training of An American.

In 1919 Hendrick published the Age of Big Business by using a series of individual biographies to create an enthusiastic look at the foundation of the corporation in America and the rapid rise of the United States as a world power. After completing the commissioned biography of Andrew Carnegie, Hendrick turned to writing group biographies. There is an obvious gap in the later works published by Hendrick between 1940 and 1946, which is explained by his work on a biography on Andrew Mellon, which was commissioned by the Mellon family, but never published.

At the time of his death, Hendrick was working on a biography of Louise Whitfield Carnegie, the wife of Andrew Carnegie.

Books

 * 1919 Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
 * 1920 The Victory at Sea (with William Sims)
 * 1921
 * 1923 Life and Letters of Walter H. Page
 * 1923
 * 1924
 * 1928 The Training Of An American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H Page
 * 1932 The Life of Andrew Carnegie
 * 1935 The Lees of Virginia: Biography of a Family
 * 1937 Bulwark of the Republic, A Biography of the Constitution
 * 1939 Statesmen of the Lost Cause: Jefferson Davis and his Cabinet
 * 1946 Lincoln's War Cabinet

title: Burton J. Hendrick


text: Template:NYCS Archer upper

title: Template:NYCS Archer upper


text:
Picea breweriana

Picea breweriana, known as Brewer spruce, Brewer's weeping spruce, or weeping spruce, is a species of spruce native to western North America, where it is one of the rarest on the continent. The specific epithet breweriana is in honor of the American botanist William Henry Brewer.

Description
Brewer spruce is a large evergreen conifer growing to 20–40 m tall, exceptionally 54 m, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m. The bark is thin and scaly, and purple-gray in color. The crown is very distinct, distinguished by level branches with vertically pendulous branchlets up to 1.2-2.4 m, each branch forming a 'curtain' of foliage. The pendulous foliage only develops when the tree grows to about 1.5–2 m tall; young trees smaller than this (up to about 10–20 years old) are open-crowned with sparse, level branchlets. The shoots are orange-brown, with dense short pubescence about 0.2 millimeters long and very rough with pulvini 1–2 mm long.

The leaves are borne singly on the pulvini, and are needle-like (though not sharp), 15–35 mm long, flattened in cross-section, glossy dark green above, and with two bands of white stomata below.

The cones are longer than most other North American spruces, pendulous, cylindrical, 8–15 cm long and 2 cm broad when closed, opening to 3–4 cm broad. They have smoothly rounded, thin, flexible scales 2 cm long. The immature cones are dark purple, maturing red-brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 3–4 mm long, with a slender, 12–18 mm long pale brown wing.

Genome
DNA analyses have shown that Picea breweriana has a basal position in the Picea clade, suggesting that Picea originated in North America.

Ecology
Picea breweriana grows very slowly, typically less than 20 cm per year. It occurs mainly on ridgetop sites with very heavy winter snow to provide a steady source of meltwater through the spring, but dry in the summer. It is very well adapted to cope with heavy snow and ice loads, with tough branches, and the drooping branchlets shedding snow readily.

Because of its slow growth, Brewer's spruce cannot compete with other much faster-growing trees like Douglas-fir. It is also susceptible to wildfire due to its thin bark and pendulous foliage, and therefore is seen to occur in exposed sites with poor, rocky soils, often at high elevation, where competition with other fire-sustaining conifers is reduced. It may also be found sporadically in open montane forests alongside conifer species adapted to similar conditions such as white fir, red fir, or mountain hemlock. The shrub species huckleberry oak and deer oak are other common associates.

The species is known to host several species of pathogens and parasites, including the root rot Heterobasidion annosum, the dwarf-mistletoe Arceuthobium campylopodum, and the adelgid Adelges cooleyi.

Distribution
It is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of southwest Oregon and northwest California, and grows at moderately high altitudes, from 1000–2700 m above sea level.

Cultivation
Outside its native range, P. breweriana is a highly-valued ornamental tree in gardens, particularly in Great Britain and Scandinavia, where it is appreciated for its dramatically pendulous foliage. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

title: Picea breweriana


text:
Fourneaux

Fourneaux may refer to:

 * Fourneaux, Loire, a commune in the Loire département, France
 * Fourneaux, Manche, in the Manche département, France
 * Fourneaux, Savoie, in the Savoie département, France
 * Fourneaux-le-Val, in the Calvados département, France
 * Les Fourneaux, a Premier cru vineyard in Chablis, France

title: Fourneaux


text:
Laurie Halse Anderson

Laurie Halse Anderson (born Laurie Beth Halse; October 23, 1961) is an American writer, known for children's and young adult novels. She received the Margaret A. Edwards Award from the American Library Association in 2010 for her contribution to young adult literature and 2023 she received the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award.

She was first recognized for her novel Speak, published in 1999.

Early life
Laurie Beth Halse was born October 23, 1961, to Rev. Frank A. Halse Jr. and Joyce Holcomb Halse in Potsdam, New York. She grew up there with her younger sister, Lisa. As a student, she showed an early interest in writing, specifically during the second grade. Anderson enjoyed reading—especially science fiction and fantasy—as a teenager, but never envisioned herself becoming a writer.

Anderson attended Fayetteville-Manlius High School, in Manlius, New York, a suburb of Syracuse.

During Anderson's senior year, she moved out of her parents' house at the age of sixteen and lived as an exchange student for thirteen months on a pig farm in Denmark. After her experience in Denmark, Anderson moved back home to work at a clothing store, earning the minimum wage. This motivated her to attend college.

Family
Laurie Halse Anderson married Greg Anderson. In 1985, they had their first child, Stephanie Holcomb. Two years later, they had their second child, Meredith Lauren. The couple later divorced. Years later, Anderson moved back to Mexico, New York. She married Scot Larrabee. They combined their families — Anderson's two daughters and Larrabee's two children, Jessica and Christian.

Career
Anderson began her career as a freelance journalist and worked at The Philadelphia Inquirer in the early years of her career. During this time, Anderson also began to write children's and young adult novels. Despite receiving rejection letters,  Anderson released her first children's novel, Ndito Runs, in 1996, based on Kenyan Olympic marathon runners who ran to and from school each day. Later that year, she had her story Turkey Pox published. This story was inspired by her daughter, Meredith, who broke out with chickenpox on Thanksgiving. In 1998, Anderson published No Time For Mother's Day, featuring the same characters.

During her early career, Anderson wrote several pieces of non-fiction. The first was a children's book featuring Saudi Arabia. She co-authored a book about parenting shy children with Dr. Ward Swallow.

Speak (1999)
In 1999, Farrar, Straus and Giroux published Anderson's best-known novel to date, Speak. It was a New York Times Bestseller and was adapted into film in 2004, starring Kristen Stewart as Melinda Sordino. The novel became a finalist for the National Book Award and won Anderson honors for its portrayal of a thirteen-year-old girl who becomes mute after a sexual assault. The paperback version was published in 2001 by Puffin Books, an imprint of Penguin Publishing. Speak has been translated into 16 languages.

In 2018, Anderson revealed that she was raped when she was thirteen years old, and the novel was based on her experience. Anderson later wrote a memoir, Shout, about her life when she was a teenager, including details of her rape and the trauma she faced afterward.

Fever 1793 (2000)
In 2000, Anderson's Fever 1793, a historical fiction novel set in Philadelphia during the yellow fever epidemic, was published by Simon and Schuster. Fever 1793 received two starred reviews, state and national awards, and was a Publishers Weekly Bestseller.

Catalyst (2002)
In 2002, after the publication of Fever 1793, Catalyst was published by Penguin under the Viking imprint. The action takes place in the same high school as Speak and features cameo appearances by some of its characters. The book became a Barnes & Noble Best Teen Book of 2002 and an American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults.

Thank You, Sarah! (2002)
Anderson's fiction picture book, ''Thank You, Sarah! The Woman Who Saved Thanksgiving'' was published in 2002. The book received two starred reviews, and was named in the ALA Amelia Bloomer List and the Junior Library Guild Selection.

Prom (2005)
In 2005, Anderson published Prom, which appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list in early 2005. The book received three starred reviews, was nominated for several state awards, and received national recognition from the American Library Association (ALA) and the International Reading Association.

Twisted (2007)
Anderson's fourth YA novel, Twisted, was released in the spring of 2007 by Viking. It won awards such as the ALA Best Book for Young Adults 2008, ALA Quick Pick for Young Adults 2008, International Reading Association Top Ten of 2007, and New York Public Library Best Books for the Teen Age, and became a New York Times Bestseller.

Seeds of America trilogy (2008–2016)
In 2008, Anderson published another historical fiction novel, Chains, about a teenage Revolutionary War-era slave. The novel was awarded the Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction.

The second novel in the Seeds of America trilogy, Forge, was released in October 2010, by Simon and Schuster. The book received three starred reviews and became a Junior Library Guild Selection, a Kirkus Best Book for Teens: Historical Novels 2010, The Horn Book Fanfare List Best Book of 2010, and one of the Young Adult Library Services Association's (YALSA) 2011 Best Books for Young Adults.

Wintergirls (2009)
Anderson later released Wintergirls in March 2009. The novel tells the story of two girls—one of whom is dead at the beginning—who have died from bulimia and anorexia. Wintergirls received five-star reviews and nominations for state awards, was named an ALA Quick Pick for Young Adults, was a Junior Library Guild Selection, and debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list. Wintergirls has been published in over 15 different countries.

Awards and honors
The ALA Margaret A. Edwards Award recognizes one writer and a particular body of work "for significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature." Anderson won the annual award in 2009, citing three novels published from 1999 to 2002: Speak, Fever 1793, and Catalyst. The ALA called the novels "gripping and exceptionally well-written" and the panel chair said that "Laurie Halse Anderson masterfully gives voice to teen characters undergoing transformations in their lives through their honesty and perseverance while finding the courage to be true to themselves." In 2017, she received the Anne V. Zarrow Award for Young Readers' Literature, a career award presented by the Tulsa City-County Library.

Several of Anderson's early children's picture books were placed on recommended reading lists and some won awards. For the novel Speak, Anderson won the Golden Kite Award, the Edgar Allan Poe Award, and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. She was a runner-up for the Michael L. Printz Award and the National Book Award for Young People's Literature. Fever 1793 was an ALA Best Book for Young Adults selection and a Junior Library Guild selection. Chains was a National Book Award finalist in 2008 and it won the Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction in 2009.

2023 Anderson won the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award, the richest award in children's literature, with the motivation:"In her tightly written novels for young adults, Laurie Halse Anderson gives voice to the search for meaning, identity, and truth, both in the present and the past. Her darkly radiant realism reveals the vital role of time and memory in young people's lives. Pain and anxiety, yearning and love, class and sex are investigated with stylistic precision and dispassionate wit. With tender intensity, Laurie Halse Anderson evokes, moods, and emotions and never shies from even the hardest things."

Young adult novels

 * Speak (1999) ISBN 9780141310886
 * Catalyst (2002) ISBN 9780756915322
 * Prom (2005) ISBN 9781407138596
 * Twisted (2007) ISBN 9780142411841
 * Wintergirls (2009) ISBN 9781407171067
 * The Impossible Knife of Memory (2014) ISBN 9780670012091
 * Speak: the graphic novel, New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2018. ISBN 9780374300289

Historical novels

 * Fever 1793 (2000) ISBN 9780739349052
 * Seeds of America series, also referred to as "Chains: Seeds of America" series or simply "Chains" series.
 * 1) Chains (2008) ISBN 9781481486781
 * 2) Forge (2010) ISBN 9781416961444
 * 3) Ashes (2016) ISBN 9781416961475

Children's books

 * Ndito Runs (1996) ISBN 9780805032659
 * Turkey Pox (1996)
 * No Time for Mother's Day (2001)
 * The Big Cheese of Third Street (2002)
 * Thank You, Sarah! The Woman Who Saved Thanksgiving (2002) ISBN 9780689851438
 * Independent Dames: What You Never Knew About the Women and Girls of the American Revolution (2008)
 * The Hair of Zoe Fleefenbacher Goes to School (2009)
 * Vet Volunteers series (Previously published by Pleasant Company under the title Wild at Heart)
 * 1) Fight for Life: Maggie (2000)
 * 2) Homeless: Sunita (2000)
 * 3) Trickster: David (2000) ISBN 9780142410837
 * 4) Manatee Blues: Brenna (2000)
 * 5) Say Good-Bye: Zoe (2001)
 * 6) Storm Rescue: Sunita (2001)
 * 7) Teacher's Pet: Maggie (2001)
 * 8) Trapped: Brenna (2001)
 * 9) Fear of Falling: David (2001)
 * 10) Time to Fly (2002)
 * 11) Masks (2002)
 * 12) End of the Race (2003) ISBN 9780142412282
 * 13) New Beginnings (2012)
 * 14) Acting Out (2012)
 * 15) Helping Hands (2013)
 * 16) Treading Water (2014)
 * 17) Left Behind (2016)

Graphic novels

 * 1) Speak: The Graphic Novel, illustrated by Emily Caroll (2019)
 * 2) Wonder Woman: Tempest Tossed, illustrated by Leila Del Duca (2020)

Memoir

 * 1) Shout: The True Story of a Survivor Who Refused to be Silenced (2019)

title: Laurie Halse Anderson


text:
Talk:Andrew Gray, 1st Lord Gray

Untitled
Large amounts of this text were taken from a public-domain edition of the Dictionary of National Biography, although some parts were missed out and others rewritten. Shimgray 00:06, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andrew Gray, 1st Lord Gray