text:
Talk:Professional wrestling strikes

Powerhouse
A hard elbow drop to one's head. Typically inflicted with a running start. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Saracess7 (talk • contribs) 20:17, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Spinning Heel Kick
Hardcore Holly is show doing a dropkick to the head of Kennedy, not a Spinning Heel Kick —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.235.25.201 (talk) 14:06, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

Clothesline from Hell
Isn't it exactly like the Lariat? If not, what's the difference?--79.181.116.105 (talk) 23:39, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

The Clothesline from Hell involves the rebound off of the ropes, and the "wind-up" where he swings his arm back, before going forward.-Blackmachismo131 (talk) 06:29, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Discussion
The picture of the jackhammer is really blurry could someone look for a better picture?

--Relaxation 17:50, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

first off what the hell is it doiun there... along with chokeslam and the piledrivers there not attacks there kinds of throws and if you look they are on the throws page.... i leave it for one day and you ppl mess up the things i create grrrrrr Paulley 18:00, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The jackhammer is a move by Bill Goldberg and it is a signature move or if you call it a throw that's all right. Anyway I hope you can clear it up.

--Relaxation 18:15, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

While I appreciate the visual aides, do we really need the WWE Divas teaching us about wrestling holds? I'd rather see visual demonstrations by people who aren't wrestling like they're trying not to break a nail. --Tayocham 10:37, 31 August 2006 (CST)

The jackhammer is a delayed brainbuster variation, which is listed up in the suplexs... i think. lol anyway thanks for the notice i cleared it up.

--Paulley 19:24, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I thought the Big Splash was a generic name for both the Horizontal(belly flop) and the Vertical(sit) splash? Eg. Compare Earthquake(Jump around a couple times, bounce off ropes, sit on opponent) vs Viscera(bounce off ropes, belly flop onto opponent).

False Move(s)
Detonator (and other countless moves that have been added by anon on the wrestling move pages)

They all end like this: "This attack has never been used by a professoinal wrestler. The detonator is invented by William Hallin, Umeå, Sweden, as the wrestler Sgt. Bash."

plz can someone prove to me that this is actually a real move. even the person that wrote it says its never been used

why is it in this artical???!! please if you can either get me proof of the move or just delete it would be much appriciated. Paulley 16:11, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I would just like to point out that since this entire article reads like a page form a video game instruction manual anyway... who cares? SoheiFox (talk) 23:56, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
 * First off, that comment was from over 4 years ago. Secondly, the article does need improvement. Despite how it reads, it's a vital page that is linked to from almost all pro wrestling articles. Gavyn Sykes (talk) 00:25, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Moved dropkicks and enzuigiri to kicks
I moved dropkicks and enzuigiri into the kicks section, since they are kicks. Remember that we aren't a wrestling fansite, so we can't assume readers are already familiar with the terminology; we should format these move glossaries so that readers unfamiliar with wrestling can easily find the description of a move they've seen but not heard the name of. — Gwalla | Talk 20:48, 21 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds fair enough to me, what about "stomps" (i guess you could consider this a drop as in a foot drop), "knee lift", "high knee" and "shinning wizard" (that's a kick) Paulley 10:29, 22 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm. Other than the shining wizard (unmistakably a kick), those are in a grey area. Knees could be considered a separate section. Single-foot stomps are kicks, while jumping double-foot stomps are less kicklike, but if the former is included the latter should be too.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:31, 22 May 2005 (UTC)
 * On saying that you could consider the double stomp as a kind of dropkick variation (if you think real hard and squint your eyes a bit)... so it too should really be included. -- Paulley 19:18, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Are these moves illegal?
For real, what is so "illegal" about a bell clap? When has a fireball ever been used?

I have moved bell clap out of the illegal moves section and I have deleted fireball.

Anybody who belives that bell clap should be moved back and that fireball should be added to this article, then post your criticism or else I will keep moving both entries if I ever see that both are in the illegal moves section again. (According to the history, this is by Scorpion--remember to sign your comments. --Paulley 08:54, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC))

:The keyword here is "Attempted".
 * Fireballs have been a staple of heel wrestlers for decades, most notably The Sheik and Paul Bearer. In future please conduct some research before deleting entries. McPhail 21:47, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Fireballs are also somewhat popular in Japan, AIUI, although as a variant of the "poison mist" rather than something thrown from the hand. I believe you're right about the bell clap not being illegal, though—it's pretty much the standard way to escape a bear hug.   — Gwalla | Talk 15:53, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Questions
I'm kind of new at this and was trying to help out. I tried adding Kenta and B-Boy as notable users of the Shining Wizard but it did not go through. B-Boy may only be an indy wrestler but he undoubtedly has the best SW on this side of the pacific. I was also wondering if I should add a new section or just add on to this notes on the Shining Black (Used by Chono) and Shining Enzuigiri (Used by Low Ki). Then there is also the Shining Triangle, but that is a submission move, but there's no mention of it under Triangle lock.

 * Well i can understand adding B-Boy... but it's best to do it when you actually have a link to his article, not just making his name bold when adding notable users please add like this " [Wrestlers name] ([there name for it]). Add mentions of variations, unless they are widely used by many wrestlers. Oh if posible make yourself a user and get an account... we have a lot of vandalism and we have a tendance to just revert anon edits... anyway thanks for asking questions Paulley 21:36, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Were you the one that added the annoying animated GIF of B-Boy's running knee strike? Not only are animated gifs a big no-no in running content, but that move wasn't even a shining wizard (B-Boy may call it that, which doesn't matter). This doesn't mean that it shouldn't be listed, such as Gregory Helms's enzuigiri that he, or atleast WWE, calls Shining Wizard. By all means add Shining Triangle. It is on my long list of things to add, which I probably won't get to in a long time.
 * ↪Lakes 05:17, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

questionable redirect
why on earth is this article at the receiving end of an auto-redirect from 619 (number) ?????

 * Look at its page history --- Paulley 18:02, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

"stanger"?
Can you really call anything in professional wrestling an 'attack'? Aren't attacks meant to actually harm someone? Professional wrestling is entirely staged. It's an acrobatics exhibition. 206.190.139.254 20:15, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * If you've got an altenative suggestion, give it. The name isn't perfect, but for example "strikes" wouldn't be accurate. The words "attacker" and "victim" are already to be replaced with "wrestler" and "opponent".
 * ↪Talk) 20:39, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * How about just 'professional wrestling moves'? Or is that too general?  'Professional wrestling moves that are engineered to seem harmful'?  'Harmful-seeming professional wrestling moves'?  206.190.139.254 21:42, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Though so. We also have throws, holds, and aerial techniques. Unless someone comes up with something better than attacks for these types of moves attacks will have to stay.
 * ↪Lakes (Talk) 21:52, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * How about instead of calling it 'professional wrestling' you call it 'fake fighting'? 206.190.139.254 21:58, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * How 'bout you stop being a petty wise-ass?

why call something you like a bad thing

Spear
Should we add the spear? Perhaps under 'headbutt'? ViperBite 03:55, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * lol, see here --- Paulley 15:37, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Enzuigiri
"Enzuigiri" commentary is lie.Please make some revisions.
 * You do it.Bdve 15:12, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Forearm smash?
Does anyone actually have this as a specifically named move? In the UK a European uppercut is known as a forearm smash, and has been for decades. Sasaki 22:10, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Misalbeled picture
In the elbowdrop picture, there is no way that's KoKo. Isnt that D-Von?

 * It is in fact KoKo during Rob Conway's run of defeating old school WWE gimmicks. –– Lid(Talk) 09:40, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Why are common typos relevant?
I mean, I'll get reverted, so I'm not going to make this edit anymore. But who cares if people misspell the name of a move? How is that relevant content for an encyclopedia? Croctotheface 06:46, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I was indeed reverted, sans explanation as to why it matters at all. Anybody? Why does an encyclopedia care about misspellings?  Lots of words are misspelled all the time, should every article include such a mention? Croctotheface 00:26, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It wasn't reverted, it was re-added. If misspellings are common enough then yes they deserve mention.«»bd(talk stalk) 00:37, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Why? Croctotheface 01:12, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Because it can head off confusion.«»bd(talk stalk) 01:25, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * If the concern is that editors will come to the article and change the article to introduce a misspelling, a hidden comment would accomplish the same goal. But I suppose that if these kinds of edits have been an issue in the past, it makes some degree of sense. Croctotheface 01:35, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Isn't the Pure Division gone?
Didn't Nigel McGuiness's pure title merge with Bryan Danielsons ROH World Title, thus destroying the pure division? Please correct me if I am wrong. If I am right then I, or someone else, should edit the bit in the article that states that ROH's pure division does not tolerate punches.

83.233.58.34 20:52, 18 December 2006 (UTC) Bold text

Help
I use these type of articles all the time to look up stuff, but they are very hard to find. If I search Professional Wrestling Kicks, I usually don't find what I'm looking for. Can something be done for this? It has become very tedious.

Kenka Kick
"Kenka means "fight" in Japanese" But I think it herein means "けんか (懸架)".

Splash Section
I was looking at the Splash section, and I noticed "Five Star Frog Splash" wasn't listed. Maybe somebody could add that, assuming it is a professional wrestling attack.24.218.139.157 02:57, 30 May 2007 (UTC)User:24.218.139.157

Katum mite 12:51, 10 August 2007 (UTC) katum_mite says: It's not in the splash section since it's more of an aerial technique than a           normal attack. Also, the Five Star Frog Splash shouldn't get it's own section since it's just a variation of the Frog Splash used by Eddie Guerrero(RIP), Chavo Guerrero and whole lot of other people.

Removed random crap PayneXKiller 03:13, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Users of moves?
I'm curious to know why certain sections are 'allowed' to have known users of the moves listed and linked and yet my edits to other sections with the same info have been reverted twice with no discussion or explanation other than "Don't do that". A quick perusal of the article reveals over 40 direct references to wrestlers who use certain moves, and I'm not counting the ones named after wrestlers. Either accept the additional info or edit the entire article to remove all such references for uniformity. I will add as a side note that accurate descriptions of wrestling moves can be difficult or confusing even for fans; having an idea of what a move looks like by association with a wrestler who can be seen performing it will go a long way towards clarity. If there is some compelling logic behind undoing such changes, posting in talk is a more effective use of time because it will also help other potential editors to understand the flow of the page. Enigmatic2k3 (talk) 07:53, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, if you were to look at the edit history, you would have seen the reasoning. The point is that moves should only list users who popularized the move, invented the move, named the move, is readily identified with the move (think Jeff Hardy and the Swanton), or has a version of the move that is so incredibly different or worthy or mentioning that it is. The users you added do not fit these descriptions. For example, Randy Orton does the foot stomp? Okay. So do a lot of people. If we begin to name users of moves, especially contemporary ones, we are opening a flood gate to all sorts of listcruft. Hope that helps. Nikki  311  14:33, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * One more thing, your addition to the double foot stomp was put before a citation, which is incorrect and messes up the format. New additions go behind citations so as to not confuse what is actually being cited. I'm (once again) going to revert your edit. Nikki  311  14:35, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Frowned upon?

 * While picking up the upper half of the ring steps for use as a weapon is illegal, slamming an opponent into the ring steps is not considered illegal, though it is frowned upon.

You do realize that it's scripted. And that they're faking frowning upon. D\=< (talk) 19:39, 30 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, of course. It's frowned upon within kayfabe. Gavyn Sykes (talk) 20:37, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Lariat/Clothesline
I've read the descriptions of the clothesline and lariat and i just dont see the difference. Can someone please deascribe to me what the difference is between a lariat and a clothesline? Please? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Skilldog2 (talk • contribs) 21:53, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

A lariat similar to a clothesline, the difference is that in a clothesline is the wrestler's arm is kept straight to the side of the wrestler during the move, while in the lariat the wrestler strikes their opponent with his arm. Meaning, a clothesline a guys runs into the arm and gets knocked down but a lariat is thrown, kinda in the same respect as a punch. Tobythegreat (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 22:07, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

You would like to know the difference between a lariat and a clothesline, a lariat is when they throw the clothesline like maneuver straight instead of holding them arm, so intially a lariat is basically a punch that doesn't connect, where as a clothesline the arm is held outwards. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.149.230.162 (talk) 02:44, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Shining?
I think that "shining" has to be added to transition moves. It is a transition move because many diffent moves can be performed after steping off opponents raised knee. I'm not saying that it has to be removed from knee strikes. I just feel that "shining" is a transition move. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Azihade (talk • contribs) 16:32, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Request to change the name to "Professional wrestling strikes"
An "attack" could be anything. An air raid, or a suicide bombing, is, technically, an attack, so the article's name is very generic.

However, a "strike," which is what these moves are, is a very specific kind of attack, so I think that would be a more fitting name for this article.Wikieditor1988 (talk) 05:57, 25 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Done, sorry for the delay. InedibleHulk (talk) 02:39, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

Request to add a move to the Weapon attacks section or Punches section
Even though it is no longer commonly used, at one point William Regal once utilized the Power of The Punch, an illegal closed fist strike with brass knuckles worn about the hand, often concealed from the referees' vision by way of being tucked either into his tights or a boot. Regal would then attempt to dispense of the knuckles before the referee realized what had happened so as to avoid a DQ loss.98.209.48.133 (talk) 06:05, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Stomach punch
Is stomach punch illegal? I saw Big Show used it on Jamie Noble multiple times on this video, or all of it was choreographed. 72.130.134.122 (talk) 08:28, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

If the gut punches are repeated punches, then yes. But the referee will count to 5 and the combatant will stop before the referee says 5. Whether or not if it's illegal, it really doesn't matter because we will see the gut-punching and the repeatedly mount punching frequently as the audience count the punches. Remember, there will be a 5-count.--Mjfantom (talk) 07:14, 5 September 2015 (UTC)Mjfantom

Suggestion: Van Dam
It says Van Dam on the page once. Maybe link it to Rob Van Dam. --82.171.70.54 (talk) 22:37, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

Kayfabe
Is there a discussion somewhere on WP talk space that reaches consensus that professional "wrestling" is to be discussed within pure kayfabe on WP? Really, articles like this are completely unencyclopedic and misleading to the uninitiated, simply because they don't report the truth: none of these moves are designed to actually do any real damage (in fact, quite the opposite). I mean, yeah, I get kayfabe and why ppl want to enjoy it, but a truthful article here should mention in the first paragraph that this article describes athletic, acrobatic moves designed for entertainment, and not any sort of actual 'attack' or 'fighting' (or for that matter, real 'wrestling'). Describing each move 'as though' it inflicted the stage-managed illusionary damage is fine -- but readers should first be made very clear that these moves are choreographed and rehearsed carefully, and, if carried out with serious intent, would almost all be either permanently disabling or even fatal. IMHO. Eaglizard (talk) 13:26, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

Go To Sleep
How do we know Kenta used it before Punk? Punk is older and started wrestling earlier so it seems likely. Punk started using it in 2005 latest in OVW. Is there a record of Kenta using it before then? Keep in mind, he only started wrestling in mid 2000. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.39.231.124 (talk) 20:28, 8 December 2014 (UTC)
 * We know KENTA used it before CM Punk because KENTA invented the go 2 sleep. the first use of it was against Mitsuharu Misawa on August 28, 2004, the video of which can be found here (skip to 14:45). after signing with WWE, Punk changed a lot of his wrestling style to be a copy of KENTA's, which included his finisher. 184.41.20.123 (talk) 17:40, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

European Uppercut
I wouldn't say that Cesaro popularized the move. It was used by some popular wrestlers before him, ie. Kurt Angle or William Regal. Even if he uses it as a signature move, it was a commonly used move before he started to use it. Puchacz9012 (talk) 22:41, 24 May 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 November 2017
In the Go To Sleep section, there's just a typo where "the" is spelled "tbe" Schaichopath (talk) 15:06, 14 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I've fixed it, thanks for spotting it. Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 15:14, 14 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Rolling Senton
I'm looking to add "Rolling Senton" as an alternative name for "Cannonball". However, I'm not sure whether is it the same thing or not. Int the first case, my new text would be as follows:

A somersault senton, also known as a rolling senton, is performed to an opponent sitting in a corner to be sandwiched between the turnbuckle and the wrestler's lower back. This move can also be executed from the apron to an opponent standing on the floor below

If it is a separate move, the new section would be: A rolling senton sees the attacking wrestler jumping from the apron and flipping forward on to an opponent on the floor below

Semi-protected edit request on 24 September 2020
Elbowmasterjohn (talk) 17:55, 24 September 2020 (UTC) Hello i would like to edit the page to add more information
 * You can suggest edits on the form "please change x to y" citing reliable sources. – Thjarkur (talk) 18:24, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 February 2021
I would like to correct improper infomartion on the headbutt section JohnnyTheBuilder (talk) 18:06, 17 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Bestagon ⬡ 18:14, 17 February 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 May 2021
I want to add something in Professional wrestling strikes 206.162.231.105 (talk) 01:13, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (talk) 06:39, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 April 2022
CowboyCamden (talk) 20:31, 16 April 2022 (UTC) I would like to make some major updates on the G.T.S. stop on this article.
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 20:35, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Professional wrestling strikes


text:
Talk:Tech Central Station

TCS and Wikipedia.
I removed links to two articles about Wikipedia on TCS as it has rather low relevancy. If, they belong on article about how Wikipedia is percieved in public. Pavel Vozenilek 17:54, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Corporate Europe Observer.
Pavel Vozenilek removed a link I added to an article by the Corporate Europe Observer on lobbying in Brussels regarding the EU institutions (in April 2005), with the argument that it only mentions the name of TCS, but doesn't provide any further information.

The document has been updated in the mean time, and this is what it now says about TCS (right hand side of page 11 of http://www.corporateeurope.org/docs/lobbycracy/lobbyplanet.pdf):

"On the third floor of the Résidence Palace you find the Brussels office of TechCentralStation, an aggressive US journo-lobbying website funded by companies like Microsoft, Exxon and McDonalds. The website www.TechCentralStation.be is full of the kind of furious attacks on environmental and social legislation that are more commonly associated with radio talkshows from the US mid-west."

CEO is a respected and authoritative organisation on the topic of lobbying. While I understand TCS is probably not happy with such comments, I think this is quite important information for people who want to quickly find out what kind of think tank TCS is.

So I'm adding the link again.

sponsors
Some of the sponsors listed are no longer sponsors according to the TCS Daily "About Us" page. So I modified the entry to say "currently or previously have included."

WSJ reference.
William M. Connolley, why should the the fact that DCI uses TCS to oppose GW and AIT not be in the article? It's referenced to the WSJ article which states "DCI is no stranger to the debate over global warming. Partly through Tech Central Station, an opinion Web site it operates, DCI has sought to raise doubts about the science of global warming and about Mr. Gore's film". -- Jeandré, 2006-10-30t20:45z

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tech Central Station


text:
Fievel's American Tails

Fievel's American Tails is an animated television series, produced by Amblin Television, Nelvana, and Universal Cartoon Studios. It aired on CBS for one season in 1992, and continued Fievel's adventures from the film An American Tail: Fievel Goes West. Phillip Glasser, Dom DeLuise and Cathy Cavadini were the only actors from the film to reprise their roles, as Fievel, Tiger and Tanya respectively. One character, Wylie Burp, is written off from this show in respect of James Stewart's retirement. Another character, Tony Toponi, is written off following Pat Musick's then-current parenting of her daughter Mae Whitman, as Tony could not reappear until the DTV sequels in the late 1990s. He only made cameos in Fievel Goes West owing to that respect.

The show had a focus on promoting reading, and frequently the solution to an episode's conflict was found by Fievel reading. The character also appeared in public-service messages sponsored by the nonprofit Reading Is Fundamental.

After its abandonment for over two decades, NBCUniversal regained rights to the series in 2020.

Characters

 * Fievel Mousekewitz: The main protagonist, a little mouse who is always looking for adventures.
 * Tanya Mousekewitz: Fievel and Yasha's older sister who has dreams of being a great singer.
 * Yasha Mousekewitz: Tanya and Fievel's little sister.
 * Papa Mousekewitz: Tanya, Fievel, and Yasha's father, a famous violin maker who always gives his Jewish Russian family wise advice. Papa's real name is Bernard and he is Aunt Sophie's older brother in "Aunt Sophie's Visit".
 * Mama Mousekewitz: Tanya, Fievel, and Yasha's mother, a strict, practical, and realistic homemaker who tries to keep her family safe from Cat R. Waul, Chula, and Sweet William's gang.
 * Tiger: The goofy cowardly Orange tabby cat who is Fievel's best friend. Tiger is a vegetarian who often eats fish. Tiger met Fievel and his family in An American Tail. He later moved out west to Green River, Utah with Fievel's family and his girlfriend Miss Kitty in An American Tail: Fievel Goes West.
 * Cat R. Waul: The main antagonist, a gentleman-like cat who is Fievel's nemesis.
 * T. R. Chula: Cat R. Waul's tarantula sidekick and a caricature of Butch Cassidy.
 * Sweet William: An evil outlaw cat who is Fievel's other nemesis.
 * Slim and Feloneous: Sweet William's two dim-witted alley cat sidekicks.
 * Jack: One of Fievel's school mates from Australia.
 * Jorge: Another one of Fievel's school mates.
 * Mr. J. M. Schimmel: The prairie dog who owns the mouse-sized general store in Green River. He is also Sidney's father and is Austrian-American as revealed in "Law and Disorder".
 * Clint Mousewood: One of Fievel's heroes and Tanya's one-sided crush. Appearing in "Mail Order Mayhem", he is a caricature of Clint Eastwood.
 * Hambone: The dog guard on the train who appears in "The Gift".
 * Sidney Schimmel: One of Fievel's more spoiled classmate, he first appears in "Law and Disorder". He is Mr. J. M. Schimmel's son.
 * Sophie Mousekewitz: Tanya, Fievel, and Yasha's aunt from Russia. She visits the Mousekewitzs from "Aunt Sophie's Visit". She is also Papa's younger sister and Mama's sister-in-law.
 * Dr. Travis T. Hiprocates: A traveling doctor that gave away hiccup sweets. Appearing in "A Case of the Hiccups", he is a caricature of Sigmond Freud.
 * Miss Kitty: Tiger's girlfriend who appears in "Law and Disorder" and is a caricature of Dorothy Gibson.
 * Mr. Ironside: The school teacher, probably a mole and British-American as revealed in "The Legend of Mouse Hollow".
 * Dog: The dog who guards the jail house.
 * Lorna Holcombe: A girl in Fievel's class who appears in "A Case of the Hiccups".
 * Patty Paris: The baker, she is a caricature of Ona Munson's Belle Watling from Gone with the Wind.

Cast

 * Phillip Glasser as Fievel
 * Dom DeLuise as Tiger
 * Lloyd Battista as Papa, originally voiced by Nehemiah Persoff
 * Susan Silo as Mama, originally voiced by Erica Yohn
 * Cathy Cavadini as Tanya and Yasha
 * Dan Castellaneta as T. R. Chula, Mr. Schimmel, Slim and Felonious. T.R. Chula was voiced by Jon Lovitz in the original film role
 * Gerrit Graham as Cat R. Waul. John Cleese was briefly considered to reprise his role as Cat R. Waul from the film but Graham took over the role.
 * Kenneth Mars as Sweet William
 * Hal Rayle as Clint Mousewood
 * Arthur Burghardt as Hambone
 * Cynthia Ferrer as Miss Kitty, originally voiced by Amy Irving
 * Patricia Parris as Aunt Sophie
 * Carlos Carrasco as Jorge
 * Alex Dent as Fernando
 * Danny Mann as Dog
 * Lisa Picotte as Lorna Holcomb
 * Paige Gosney as Sidney
 * Roland Thomson as Jack

Home media
In 1993 and 1994, MCA/Universal Home Video released twelve episodes on six VHS video-cassettes, two Laserdisc volumes. These have been the only home video releases of the cartoon, at least in the United States. In the United Kingdom, 12 episodes were released on six video-cassettes in 1995, but were in a different episode order to the United States and Vol. 4 features the only episode that hasn't been released in the United States. Episodes have been released on DVD in France, Germany, and Italy. In 2020, NBCUniversal regained the long-abandoned series and streamed it on Peacock.

title: Fievel's American Tails


text:
Five Rings Publishing Group

The Five Rings Publishing Group (FRPG) was formed as a spin-out of Alderac Entertainment Group and ISOMEDIA.

History
In 1996, Alderac Entertainment Group (AEG) and ISOMEDIA divested themselves of their joint operating venture, and created Five Rings Publishing Group. Using the joint venture the two companies had co-created the Legend of the Five Rings Collectible Card Game in 1995, and realized that in order to continue to successfully publish the game that a stand-alone company focused on the game-publishing business was the best solution.

FRPG was incorporated in the spring of 1996, and was funded by a pool of investors recruited in the Seattle area by Robert (Bob) Abramowitz, who became the CEO of the new company. John Zinser, CEO of AEG took the additional role of VP of Sales, and Ryan S. Dancey of ISOMEDIA left the company to become the full-time VP of Product Development for FRPG. Other initial staff at FRPG included Mindy Sherwood-Lewis, Philip Lewis, Arnold Koppel, Heather Beiderman, Al Skaar, Blake Beasley and Daniel Landers.

FRPG signed a development deal with AEG to allow the AEG team to continue to work on Legend of the Five Rings, and licensed the L5R property to AEG for its role-playing game line.

It also began development work on the Legend of the Burning Sands, a "sequel" of sorts to the Legend of the Five Rings world, set in a mythical "dark arabia" setting featuring pseudo-Egyptians, pseudo-Mongols, and a melange of 1001 Arabian Nights and The Adventures of Sinbad. This work was also contracted to AEG.

FRPG partnered with Last Unicorn Games to develop and publish the Dune Collectible Card Game. Last Unicorn negotiated the license with the Herbert Estate and oversaw the design and art direction of the game.

The company also entered into a complex three-way deal with AEG and Pinnacle Entertainment Group to create Doomtown: The Deadlands Collectible Card Game. AEG would do the design and art direction based on Pinnacle Entertainment Group's intellectual property, Deadlands.

In addition to its work on collectible card games, the company also entered into a licensing deal with Paramount Pictures for the Star Trek license, and began work on the Star Trek Collectible Dice Game.

Finally, as a part of the deal that created FRPG, ISOMEDIA transferred its ownership of RPG International, its mail order hobby gaming business to FRPG. RPG International sold all manner of hobby gaming products (such as RPGs, collectible card games, wargames, etc.) to customers all around the globe.

FRPG had a short, but exciting life. In the spring of 1997, FRPG helped to broker the deal that allowed Wizards of the Coast to acquire TSR, Inc., the creator of Dungeons & Dragons. As a part of that deal, Wizards of the Coast also acquired FRPG, which was rolled into Wizards' New Brand Development & Licensing (NBD&L) group, under the auspices of Vice President Richard Fukutaki. FRPG continued to exist as an organization within Wizards of the Coast through the end of 1998, when it was finally dissolved. During this period, it saw the launch of Legend of the Burning Sands, Doomtown, Dune, the Star Trek Collectible Dice Game, and it completed several more projects that were in transition during its acquisition, including re-launching the Rage Collectible Card Game under license from White Wolf, Inc. and redesigned and art-directed by Luke Peterschmidt, as well as overseeing the Commander's Edition of the BattleTech Collectible Card Game licensed from FASA Corporation and developed and art directed by Wizards of the Coast.

By the end of 1998, Ryan had been reassigned to head up the company's role-playing game business, Luke Peterschmidt was brought on staff full-time and took over management of many of the games FRPG had produced, and most of the rest of the team had moved on to other opportunities both within and outside of Wizards of the Coast.

title: Five Rings Publishing Group


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Talk:Military rule

Untitled
What is the criteria for being included in the list of military occupations in this page?
 * ''also known as Military occupation as in:
 * Occupation of Czechoslovakia
 * Occupation of Iraq
 * Occupation of Iraq

It seems like a very arbitary list because neary every armed conflict ends up with some form of military occupation. So if an occupation is listed here is sould be representative of a type of military occupation with an explanation of the type of Military rules used. Eg etc Philip Baird Shearer 17:56, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Military Occupation of Berlin -- four-power organization
 * Haiti — mandated UN Occupation see UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti

Government
Military rule in Nigeria 41.190.31.135 (talk) 21:24, 20 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Military rule


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Involution (esotericism)

The term involution has various meanings. In some instances it refers to a process prior to evolution which gives rise to the cosmos, in others it is an aspect of evolution, and in still others it is a process that follows the completion of evolution in the human form.

According to esoteric cosmology
In theosophy, anthroposophy and Rosicrucianism, involution and evolution are part of a complex sequence of cosmic cycles, called Round. When the universe attains a stage of sufficient density, the individual spirit is able to descend and participate in the evolution. Involution thus refers to the incarnation of spirit in an already established matter, the necessary prerequisite of evolution:

"As an example, the so-called descent of the Monad into matter means an involution or involving or infolding of spiritual potencies into material vehicles which coincidentally and contemporaneously, through the compelling urge of the infolding energies, unfold their own latent capacities, unwrap them, roll them forth; and this is the evolution of matter."

- Gottfried de Purucker

That period of time devoted to the attainment of self-consciousness and the building of the vehicles through which the spirit in man manifests, is called involution. Its purpose is to slowly carry life lower and deeper into denser and denser matter for the building of forms, till the nadir of materiality is reached. From that point, life begins to ascend into higher Worlds. This succeeding period of existence, during which the individual human being develops self-consciousness into divine omniscience, is called "spiritual evolution".

In the cosmology of Surat Shabda Yoga, involution and evolution apply to both the macrocosm, the whole of creation, and the microcosm, the constitution of an individual soul.

The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception, a Rosicrucian text written by Max Heindel, advances the concept of epigenesis as the key related to the evolution (after an involutionary period) of human beings.

Introduction
For Sri Aurobindo, involution is the process by which the Omnipresent Reality, i.e. the Absolute, Brahman extends Itself to create a universe of separate forms from out of Its own Force/Energy.

Sat, Chit-Tapas, and Delight/Ananda are the three aspects of Satchitananda, and they are part of involution. Spirit or consciousness manifests as these three, and then as the intermediate link of Supermind, which is transitional between the higher and lower (matter, life, and mind) nature.

The reason for involution is Delight—the Delight of Being (the Spirit or Absolute) moving to Delight of Becoming (temporal existence, the cosmos). Being throws itself forward into a multiplicity of forms, becoming lost in the inconscience of matter, and then through evolution it partakes in the Delight of rediscovering the Spirit which had been hidden in the interim.

Evolution is thus the movement forward by which the created universe evolves from its initial state of inconscience (i.e. as matter), evolves animated life forms and mental beings (i.e. humans), and continues to evolve spiritual properties, and in that process rediscovers its Source. Such an Evolution of animated forms is only possible because at each stage of development, the developing entity contains within itself the conception of what it may become. Thus, the evolution of animated life out of matter supposes a previous involution of that animated capacity. This is akin to a seed that already has the essence of the tree that will emerge from it.

Each plane emerges from an earlier plane through the evolutionary process, which takes place in chronological time. But in a parallel construction, each of these new planes can be understood as being a descendant of its corresponding higher order plane from the Infinite. Thus, when mentality emerged in the universe, the universal plane of Mind was implanted to a degree in those beings harboring that mentality.

The evolution is the development of all entities in the cosmos, including humans, in order to attain their fulfillment, including the discovery of spiritual Delight, which was, and always is, the experience of the Source Creator. The evolution is the progressive development from the original inconscience of matter into life (movement, sensation, desire, etc. and living physical beings), and from thence to mind (in conscious animals and most especially humans—the self-conscious thinking animal), and from thence to spiritualized mind, culminating in The Supermind or Truth Consciousness (as supramental individuals, and finally the supramental, i.e. a divine life on earth).

Sat
We cannot speak of Sat without Chit and Ananda—-or Being, Consciousness and Bliss, respectively. They represent a totality. Sat is the vital state of that which is, was and always will be. In a sense it is a beginnining but because it is pregnant with possibility it is inexorably tied to Ananda or the recognition of Being and then the subsequent realization of bliss which is divine inner knowing. Each flows out of the other and then back again. It could be said that Sat only exists through Ananda or Consciousness however, these levels of differentiation cannot grasp the true nature of either of these three qualities since they are interdependent.

"Sat—being, existence; substance; "pure existence, eternal, infinite, indefinable, not affected by the succession of Time, not involved in the extension of Space, beyond form, quantity, quality", the first term of saccidananda and the principle that is the basis of satyaloka; "the spiritual substance of being" which is cast "into all manner of forms and movements"; existence as "the stuff of its own becoming", which on every plane is "shaped into the substance with which Force has to deal" and "has formed itself here, fundamentally, as Matter; it has been objectivised, made sensible and concrete to its own self-experiencing conscious-force in the form of self-dividing material substance" short for sat brahman."

Chit-tapas
Chit-Tapas or Consciousness-Force, in Sri Aurobindo's philosophy refers to the pure energy of Consciousness by which creation ultimately comes about; the infinite divine self-awareness which is also the infinite all-effective Will. It is also one of the seven planes of existence, according to the Vedic cosmology and the seven lokas of Hindu thought.

In chapter 10 of The Life Divine, Sri Aurobindo writes at length on the nature of Consciousness-Force as a principle of the Divine. As he understands it (following the Tantric dichotomy of Shiva and Shakti), Chit or Consciousness is not an inert and passive principle; but contains the potential spiritual Energy, Tapas_(Indian_religions), which in Creation becomes the dynamic and creative principle or Force, called Shakti. Chit-Tapas or Chit-Shakti is therefore the universal Consciousness-Force, the divine Energy; the Mother.

Delight
Delight is Sri Aurobindo's term for ananda, and plays a large part in his cosmology and spiritual teaching. Delight is the reason for creation, by which The Absolute extends its Delight of Being into multiplicity, losing itself in the unconscious and then through Delight rediscovering Itself through individuals realising their Divine nature and proceeding to spiritual realisation.

In other words, the universe was created so that the Delight of the Infinite Spirit can manifest in all the forms of creation. When we discover our higher nature, the soul and spirit, we experience the delight for which we were came into being and of which we are a part.

In chapters 11 and 12 of The Life Divine, Sri Aurobindo writes at length on the nature of Delight as a principle of the Divine, and its role in creation.

Meher Baba
Meher Baba uses the term "involution" to mean the inner path of a spiritual aspirant toward Self-realization. He divides involution into seven stages he calls "planes," and describes different experiences and powers had on each, until the Goal of full enlightenment is achieved at the seventh plane.

Baba Hari Dass
For Baba Hari Dass (a Maunisadhu monk who practices continual silence), evolution and involution are key concepts on universal level that have also individualized expressions in mental processes. In Samkhya and Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, in yoga practice, those two states are conditions of mind (chitta), with the mind's outward-evolution expressions (pravritti) and the inward-involution expressions (nirvritti). Nirvritti is the involution stage where "Yoga is the control of thought waves in the mind" (Sutra 2, Samadhi Pada). Outward expressions of mental activity, vritti, draw the mind to the afflicting experiences, and in effect produce afflicting impressions of klishta-vritti, or vyutthana samskaras (outgoing mind). Involution, or deep introspection in yoga, leads to the opposite results and attenuates afflicting impressions to the finest degree possible with the end result of aklishta-vritti (non-painful thought waves). Thus, when the mind is liberated from painful impressions, one-pointed mind (ekagra samskara) is achieved, which can be said to be the goal of yoga. One-pointed mind is the foundation of samprajnata and asamprajnata samdhi, or "super-consciousness".

Integral thought
In integral thought, involution is the process by which the Divine manifests the cosmos. The process by which the creation rises to higher states and states of consciousness is the evolution. Involution prepares the universe for the Big Bang; evolution continues from that point forward. The term involution comes from the idea that the divine involves itself in creation. After the creation, the Divine (i.e. the Absolute, Brahman, God) is both the One (the Creator) and the Many (that which was created).

The integral philosopher Ken Wilber refers to involution in his online chapter of Kosmic Karma, employing concepts from Plotinus, Advaita Vedanta, Tibetan Buddhism, and Sri Aurobindo. According to Wilber, the cosmic evolution described in his previous works is preceded by an involution of Spirit into Matter. This involution follows the reverse stages to the sequence of evolution—e.g. Spirit to soul to mind to life to matter. Once the stage of insentient, lifeless matter is attained, then "something like the Big Bang occurs", whereupon matter and manifest world come into concrete existence, from which stage evolution follows.

Gurdjieff
Involution and evolution are important themes in the cosmology of G. I. Gurdjieff (1866? – 1949), addressed in detail in his book Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson.

In a popular presentation of Gurdjieff's teaching by P. D. Ouspensky and others, different terminologies are often preferred: "ascending and descending octaves" (evolutionary and involutionary processes), "the Ray of Creation" (the full scale of involutionary processes), "emanation" (the initiation of involutionary processes at the prime source), etc.

Like Aurobindo and others, Gurdjieff uses the word involution in reference to a top-down flow in the universe contributing to the creation and maintenance of cosmoses. Gurdjieff's main emphasis, however, was the mystery of how the descending flow of involution could change into the ascending flow of evolution. Exactly in this mystery, Gurdjieff looked for the significance of all living creatures, particularly man.

title: Involution (esotericism)


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Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), also called NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD) or historically aspirin-induced asthma and Samter's Triad, is a long-term disease defined by three simultaneous symptoms: asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and intolerance of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Compared to aspirin tolerant patients, AERD patients' asthma and nasal polyps are generally more severe. Reduction or loss of the ability to smell (hyposmia, anosmia) is extremely common, occurring in more than 90% of people with the disease. AERD most commonly begins in early- to mid-adulthood and has no known cure. While NSAID intolerance is a defining feature of AERD, avoidance of NSAIDs does not affect the onset, development or perennial nature of the disease.

The cause of the disease is a dysregulation of the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway and of various innate immune cells, though the initial cause of this dysregulation is currently unknown. This dysregulation leads to an imbalance of immune related molecules, including an overproduction of inflammatory compounds such as leukotriene E4 and an underproduction of anti-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2. This imbalance, among other factors, leads to chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract.

A history of respiratory reactions to aspirin or others NSAIDs is sufficient to diagnose AERD in a patient that has both asthma and nasal polyps. However, diagnosis can be challenging during disease onset, as symptoms do not usually begin all at once. As symptoms appear, AERD may be misdiagnosed as simple allergic or nonallergic rhinitis or adult-onset asthma alone. It is only once the triad of symptoms are present that the diagnosis of AERD can be made.

As there is no cure, treatment of AERD revolves around managing the symptoms of the disease. Corticosteroids, surgery, diet modifications and monoclonal antibody-based drugs are all commonly used, among other treatment options. Paradoxically, daily aspirin therapy after an initial desensitization can also help manage symptoms.

Reactions to aspirin and other NSAIDs range in severity but almost always have a respiratory component; severe reactions can be life threatening. The symptoms of NSAID-induced reactions are hypersensitivity reactions rather than allergic reactions that trigger other allergen-induced asthma, rhinitis, or hives. AERD is not considered an autoimmune disease, but rather a chronic immune dysregulation. EAACI/WHO classifies the syndrome as one of five types of NSAID hypersensitivity.

Signs and symptoms
AERD affects an estimated 0.3–0.9% of the general population in the US, including around 7% of all asthmatics, about 14% of adults with severe asthma, and ~5-10% of patients with adult onset asthma. AERD is uncommon among children, with around 6% of patients, predominantly female, reporting disease onset during childhood. It is more prevalent among women by up to a 2:1 margin, usually begins in the patient's twenties to forties, with mean age of onset around 35. AERD patients may not have any allergies, though allergies are significantly more common in AERD patients than the general population. While AERD has been found to affect essentially all ethnicities, it is less common in parts of Asia where nasal polyps caused by type 2 inflammation are relatively more rare.

While disease progression varies, most commonly the first symptom is rhinitis (inflammation or irritation of the nasal mucosa), which may manifest as sneezing, runny nose, or congestion. The disorder typically progresses to asthma, then nasal polyposis, with aspirin sensitivity coming last. Hyposmia or anosmia—reduction or loss of the ability to smell—are reported in more than 90% of patients, as inflammation within the nose and sinuses likely reaches the olfactory receptors.

Reactions to NSAIDs range in severity and expression. Onset is usually relatively rapid, with a mean time of around one hour after ingestion, though reactions as late as three hours have been reported. Respiratory reactions are essentially universal, with bronchoconstriction occurring in close to 90% of patients and nasal congestion and rhinorrhea occurring in more than 40%. Other symptoms include urticaria (hives), flushing, angioedema and hypotension. Gastrointestinal reactions have also been reported in a subset of patients, and may be difficult to treat. Factors that affect reaction severity include NSAID dosage, underlying asthma control, leukotriene modifier usage and the state of the patient's nasal polyps.

In addition to aspirin, patients also react to other NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, and to any medication that inhibits the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme, although paracetamol (acetaminophen) in low doses is generally considered safe. Selective COX-2 inhibitor NSAIDs that do not block COX-1, such as the celecoxib and rofecoxib, also are regarded as safe. Nonetheless, recent studies do find that these types of drugs, e.g. acetaminophen and celecoxib, may trigger adverse reactions in these patients; caution is recommended in using any COX inhibitors. In addition to aspirin and NSAIDs, consumption of even small amounts of alcohol also produces uncomfortable respiratory reactions in many patients.

Causes and Pathophysiology
The reason for onset of AERD is currently unknown. Allergic reaction to the superantigen of Staphylococcus aureus, chronic viral infection and autoimmune mechanisms have been theorized, among others, though there is not sufficient evidence to support any specific theory. No strong genetic predisposition to or basis of AERD has been found, and familial AERD is rare. In addition, there is no relationship between past use of NSAIDs and onset of AERD

AERD is generally thought to have two major components contributing to disease pathogenesis: abnormalities in the arachidonic acid metabolic cascade and dysregulation of various innate immune cells. These two components feed into each other in a highly complex negative cycle of increasing inflammation and dysregulation that is still under active research.

Arachidonic acid cascade dysregulation
AERD is associated with an aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism that leads to changes in levels of two major classes of eicosanoids, specifically certain cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) and prostaglandins. Notably, reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) decreases inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), causing increased conversion of arachidonic acid into leukotriene A4 (LTA4). LTA4 is converted into leukotriene C$4$ (LTC$4$), which itself is converted into leukotriene D$4$ (LTD$4$) and leukotriene E$4$ (LTE$4$), both powerful bronchoconstrictors. In contrast to PGE2, AERD patients show significantly higher levels of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), which exerts pro-inflammatory effects via its recruitment of eosinophils and type 2 helper T cells (TH2) cells in addition to its direct bronchoconstrictive action. The exact mechanism by which aspirin and other COX-1 inhibitors lead to acute respiratory reactions is still under investigation. AERD patients exhibit a seemingly paradoxical response to COX-1 inhibition, as it leads to greatly increased PGD2 and LTE$4$ levels, instead of the expected decrease in PGD2 and relative lack of change in LTE$4$. However, given that COX-1 catalyzes the formation of PGE2, a leading explanation is that patients have an increased dependence on PGE2 and its corresponding receptor (EP2) to prevent inflammatory mediator release from mast cells. When COX-1 is inhibited, the decreased PGE2 production leads to mast cell degranulation and release of LTC$4$ and PGD2, which leads to respiratory symptom exacerbation.

Patients with AERD also show increased expression of leukotriene C$4$ synthase (LTC$4$S), which converts LTA4 into LTC$4$. Platelets, which express LTC$4$S and generate LTC$4$ when attached to 5-LO-expressing leukocytes (including eosinophils), are also implicated in disease pathogenesis as well as acute aspirin-induced exacerbations. Additionally, after aspirin or other NSAID exposure, AERD patients generally become desensitized and tolerate a second exposure for around one week, which lines up with the half life of circulating platelets.

Additional downstream products of arachidonic acid such as 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) produced 15-HETE and 15-Oxo-ETE are significantly elevated in nasal polyps from AERD patients while other products like anti-inflammatory lipoxins are reduced. It's possible that increased 15-LO activity and preferential conversion of arachidonic acid into 15-Oxo-ETE and eoxins over lipoxins contributes to inflammation in AERD.

Innate immune cells
Various innate immune cells also appear to play important roles in AERD pathogenesis. Eosinophils, mast cells, basophils and type 2 innate lymphoid (ILC2) cells have all been found at increased levels in the nasal polyps of AERD patients and appear to be part of the negative cycle of inflammation in AERD.

ILC2 cells are activated by CysLTs and PGD2 in addition to a class of cytokines called alarmins that are released by epithelial cells, including IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Strongly activated ILC2s release IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. These cytokines lead to increased eosinophil recruitment, excessive mucus production via goblet cells, and promotion of TH2 and immunoglobulin E responses. These responses cause the epithelial cells to release more cytokines and inflammatory molecules, creating a feed-forward negative cycle of increasing inflammation.

Eosinophils are also activated by ILC2-released IL-5 and epithelial-cell released IL-33, causing them to release more CysLTs and PGD2, which in turn further active ILC2. Likewise, mast cells are also activated by epithelial-cell released IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, leading to further CysLT and PGD2 production.

Basophils, which are degranulated in AERD nasal polyps, also appear to be important sources of IL-4 and IL-13. In addition to activating immune cells, IL-4 and IL-13 have been shown to significantly increase 15-LO activity, further playing into the cycle of dysregulation and disease.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of AERD can be difficult, as symptoms develop over time and can often be attributed to allergies, common asthma, and/or nonallergic rhinitis. AERD is generally diagnosed based on a patient's medical history, however an oral aspirin challenge at a specialized facility is considered the most definitive method of diagnosis.

Patients are considered candidates for an AERD diagnosis if they meet the following three points:

 * History of adverse reactions to aspirin or other NSAIDs
 * Reduced ability to smell (hyposmia or anosmia)
 * History of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps

Further, if a patient meets two or more of the following criteria, then an AERD diagnosis is strongly considered:

 * Moderate or severe asthma
 * Asthma with an intractable cough
 * Onset of asthma after adolescence
 * A weakly atopic disposition
 * 10% or greater increase in peripheral eosinophilia

High urinary leukotriene E$4$ (uLTE$4$) concentration is also a sign of AERD, especially when noted in conjunction with the criteria listed above due. High uLTE$4$ concentration alone cannot be used to diagnose AERD, however it may be possible to rule out AERD in patients without high uLTE$4$ due to its strong negative predictive value. Urinary LTE$4$ concentration is generally around 3 to 5 times higher in patients with AERD that it is in those with aspirin-tolerant asthma, and increases 2 to 30 fold during an aspirin challenge test.

Medication
Since nasal polyps have been identified as an important source of inflammatory compounds in AERD, much effort goes into the prevention of polyp growth and control of sinus symptoms in general. There is evidence supporting four different long-term pharmacological treatments to this end: intra-nasal corticosteroids, aspirin desensitization and therapy, a range of biologic medicines, and antileukotrienes. Each treatment has benefits and drawbacks, so no one option can be recommended for all patients. Asthma symptoms, if not controlled via biologics or other means, are managed with standard asthma treatments such as inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists.

Despite optimal medical management, many patients continue to require oral steroid medications to alleviate asthma and chronic nasal congestion.

Intra-nasal corticosteroids
Common corticosteroids such as fluticasone or budesonide are often used as a first line treatment for AERD. They can be delivered topically to the nasal and sinus mucosa via a variety of methods, such as nasal spray, rinse, drops, stents and exhalation delivery systems. Overall effectiveness is low-to-moderate, but wide availability and low cost make this a widely used treatment option. Stent, spray and exhalation delivery systems are generally among the most beneficial depending on outcome measured, while no major differences in adverse effects have been measured between delivery methods.

Aspirin desensitization and therapy
Avoidance of NSAID medications will not stop the progression of the disease. However, one treatment option is desensitization to aspirin, undertaken at a clinic or hospital specializing in such treatment. Patients who are desensitized then take a maintenance dose of aspirin daily to maintain their desensitization. The recommended maintenance dose for symptom control is 650 mg to 1300 mg aspirin daily. While on daily aspirin, patients experience improved quality of life and reduced nasal symptoms, however, there is no improvement in smell compared to placebo and there is no reduction in the need for oral corticosteroids or rescue surgery. Once desensitized to aspirin, most patients can safely take other NSAID medications again as long the daily maintenance dose is continued.

Risk of adverse advents such as bleeding or gastrointestinal side effects is relatively high with daily aspirin therapy. Even a 81 mg daily aspirin regimen for cardiovascular benefits has been shown to increase risk of long-term bleeding, so the significantly higher aspirin doses used for maintenance therapy are of some concern. This is borne out in studies on AERD patients—compared against standard of care and biologic medicines, aspirin therapy has a significantly higher rate of adverse outcomes.

Biologics
Various novel biologic monoclonal antibody medications that have come to market in recent years have been used to treat AERD including dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab, and benralizumab. Among treatment options, biologics have the highest certainty and magnitude of improvement effect. However, due to the high cost and systemic nature of biologics, some patients whose symptoms are sufficiently controlled with other treatments may prefer to avoid them or not qualify under stricter prescription guidelines.

Among biologics and aspirin desensitization and therapy, dupilumab (Dupixent) was show to be the most effective across six different patient-important outcomes. Dupilumab and omalizumab have been shown to increase aspirin tolerance in AERD patients, however mepolizumab does not appear to have this effect. The mechanism through which dupilumab treats AERD and restores aspirin tolerance is not fully understood, but it is theorized that by blocking IL-4α, dupilumab increases expression of EP2, the receptor for PGE2, back to normal levels, normalizing COX function and PGE2 production. Low PGE2 production and activity appear to play a key role in AERD, as PGE2 prevents inflammatory mediator release from mast cells and inhibits 5-LO function, which decreases production of CysLTs.

Antileukotrienes
Leukotrienes are a family of inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid that include CysLTs implicated in AERD pathophysiology. Drugs that prevent leukotriene production, such as zileuton, and that block leukotriene receptors, such as montelukast and zafirlukast, have proven to be useful in treatment of nasal polyposis. However, there may be limited additional benefit when used in conjunction with intra-nasal corticosteroids. In a large survey, AERD patients reported that zileuton was more effective at controlling their symptoms than montelukast. Despite this, zileuton remains less prescribed than montelukast, likely due to concerns around risk of liver enzyme elevation.

Surgery
Often functional endoscopic sinus surgery is required to remove nasal polyps, although they typically recur, particularly if aspirin desensitization is not undertaken. Approximately, 90% of patients have been shown to have recurrence of nasal polyps within five years after surgery, with 47% requiring revision surgery in the same time period. A complete endoscopic sinus surgery followed by aspirin desensitization has been shown to reduce the need for revision surgeries. Exact cause of nasal polyp formation is unknown, however, differential gene expression analysis of AERD nasal polyp epithelial cells versus AERD non polyp nasal mucosa revealed DMRT3 could be potentially involved in nasal polyp development in AERD patients. Furthermore, several genes are down-regulated, hinting at the de-differentiation phenomenon in AERD polyps.

Low omega-6/high omega-3
Given that dysregulation of the arachidonic acid cascade has been implicated in AERD pathogenesis and that production of arachidonic acid and its downstream products is influenced by the interaction and metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids, dietary interventions targeting the two essential fatty acids are under study.

A diet low in omega-6 fatty acids and high in omega-3 fatty acids—the opposite of an average modern western diet—has been shown to reduce arachidonic acid precursors and increase eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are precursors for anti-inflammatory compounds that modulate leukotrienes, prostaglandins and thromboxanes that have been implicated in AERD pathogenesis. Initial studies have shown that decreasing omega-6 intake and increasing omega-3 intake decrease urinary LTE$4$ and prostaglandin D$2$ levels and significantly improved overall symptoms. AERD specialists routinely recommend this diet as a treatment option.

Alcohol
The majority of those with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease experience respiratory reactions to alcohol. One study found that 83% reported such reactions. Of those who had reactions, 75% had a sinus reaction (runny nose, nasal congestion) and 51% had a lower respiratory reaction (wheezing, shortness of breath). The current theory on the cause of these reactions is that they may be related to polyphenols found in alcoholic beverages. A 2017 study found that alcohol sensitive patients reacted to catechins in red wine, but not to resveratrol. It has been suggested that steel fermented white wines and clear liquors may cause less of a reaction than other alcoholic beverages. Desensitization to aspirin has been found to reduce reactions to alcohol.

Dietary salicylates
Given that aspirin is a salicylate, specifically acetyl salicylic acid, research has gone into low-salicylate diets such as the Feingold diet to see if they benefit AERD patients. For example, a prospective randomized trial with 30 patients following a low-salicylate diet for six weeks demonstrated a clinically significant decrease in both subjective and objective scoring of severity of disease, but made note of the challenge for patients in following what is a fairly stringent diet. Despite these findings, experts on the disease do not believe that dietary salicylates contribute to AERD symptoms. Dietary salicylates do not significantly inhibit the COX-1 enzyme, which is the cause of AERD reactions. One confounding factor in the study that showed a benefit from avoidance of dietary salicylates is that a low salicylate diet involves eliminating wine and beer. The majority of AERD patients react to wine and beer for reasons that do not involve their salicylate content. There is also a strong placebo effect involved with any dietary intervention. In contrast to aspirin, dietary salicylates are not acetylated and therefore do not block cyclooxygenases and hence, there is no rationale why a low salicylate diet would be beneficial for AERD patients.

Alternate and related names

 * Aspirin-induced asthma
 * Aspirin-intolerant asthma
 * NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD)
 * Samter's triad (named for Max Samter)
 * Leukotriene associated hypersensitivity
 * Acetylsalicylic acid triad
 * Widal's triad (named for Georges-Fernand Widal)
 * Francis' triad
 * Aspirin triad
 * Aspirin-induced asthma and rhinitis (AIAR)

History
The first adverse reactions to aspirin were described in 1902 in Germany, only four years after aspirin's commercial introduction. The first published report of an aspirin-induced asthma attack was in 1911. Initial reports on the linkage between asthma, aspirin, and nasal polyposis were made by Georges-Fernand Widal et al. in 1922. Further studies were conducted by Samter and Beers in reports published in 1968, which brought full clinical characterization. The recognition Samter brought to the disease through his studies led to it being called "Samter's triad", although today "aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease" is preferred to better reflect the progressive nature of the condition even when patients abstain from NSAIDs.

title: Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease


text:
Boosted Dart

Boosted Dart is a United States single stage sounding rocket of the Loki family. Between 1966 and 1968, 39 of these rockets were launched by NASA. The Boosted Dart has a length of 3.30 meters, a diameter of 0.1 meters and a maximum flight altitude of 75 kilometers.

title: Boosted Dart


text:
Get the Picture? (Smash Mouth album)

Get the Picture? is the fourth studio album by American rock band Smash Mouth. It was released on August 5, 2003 by Interscope Records. The first released single was "You Are My Number One", which was written by Neil Diamond, and featured guest vocals by Ranking Roger.

"Hang On" was also released as a single, and appears in the end credits of the film adaptation of Dr. Seuss' children's book The Cat in the Hat. A music video for the song was also released, designed specifically for the film. The song "Hot" appeared in the films Hot Wheels: World Race and Diary of a Wimpy Kid and an episode of What's New, Scooby Doo?

The art for the album was created by Shag.

Personnel
Smash Mouth
 * Steve Harwell – vocals
 * Paul De Lisle – bass, backing vocals
 * Greg Camp – guitars, backing vocals, additional keyboards and turntables
 * Michael Urbano – drums, drum programming

Additional personnel
 * Matt Mahafe, Michael Klooster – additional keyboards
 * Ranking Roger – additional toasting, vocals (track 3)

title: Get the Picture? (Smash Mouth album)


text:
John Todd

John Todd or Tod may refer to:

Clergy

 * John Todd (abolitionist) (1818–1894), preacher and 'conductor' on the Underground Railroad
 * John Todd (author) (1800–1873), American minister and author
 * John Todd (bishop), Anglican bishop in the early 17th century
 * John Baptist Todd (1921–2017), Pakistani Franciscan priest

Mathematics, science, and medicine

 * John Todd (British biologist) (born 1958), British biologist working on diabetes mellitus
 * John Todd (Canadian biologist) (born 1939), Canadian biologist working in the field of ecological design
 * John (Jack) Todd (1911–2007), Northern Irish and American mathematician working in the field of numerical analysis
 * J. A. Todd (John Arthur Todd, 1908–1994), English mathematician
 * John Lancelot Todd (1876–1949), Canadian physician and parasitologist
 * John W. Todd (1912–1989), British physician and author

Politics and government

 * John Tod (1779–1830), American judge and politician
 * John Todd (politician) (fl. 1991–1999), Canadian politician from the Northwest Territories
 * John Todd (Virginia soldier) (1750–1782), early Virginia official, Kentucky soldier, and great-uncle of Mary Todd Lincoln
 * John Blair Smith Todd (1814–1872), delegate to US Congress from Dakota Territory
 * John J. Todd (born 1927), Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * John Rawling Todd (1929–2002), British colonial civil servant

Sports

 * John Kennedy Tod (1852–1925), Scottish rugby union player
 * John Todd (footballer) (1938–2024), Australian rules football player and coach
 * John Todd (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 1910s and 1920s

Other

 * John Todd (actor) (1876–1957), American actor who played Tonto on the Lone Ranger radio series
 * John Todd (businessman) (1927–2015), New Zealand businessman
 * John Todd (conspiracy theorist) (1949–2007), source for fundamentalist Baptist author Jack Chick
 * John Todd (RAF officer) (1899–1980), British World War I flying ace
 * John Payne Todd (1792–1852), step-son of U.S. President James Madison

title: John Todd


text:
Kyrgyzstan Airlines

JSC National Air Carrier "Kyrgyzstan Airlines" (ОАО «Национальный авиаперевозчик «Кыргызстан Аба Жолдору») was the national airline of Kyrgyzstan, with its head office on the grounds of Manas International Airport in Bishkek. It operated scheduled international and domestic services, as well as charter flights. Its main base was Manas International Airport, with a hub at Osh Airport.

History
The airline was formerly a division of Aeroflot after a cooperation agreement in 1997.

On 2 January 2002 the airline moved its head office to the Kyrgyzstan Airlines Sales Agency building of Manas International Airport. Previously the head office was also on the grounds of the airport.

In 2005 the airline went bankrupt and was taken over by Altyn Air, which was rebranded as Kyrgyzstan Air Company in 2006.

The airline was owned by the government (81%), private shareholders (11%) and the Soial Foundation (8%).

Destinations
Kyrgyzstan Airlines operated scheduled passenger flights to the following destinations:

 * China - Urumqi
 * Germany - Frankfurt, Hannover
 * India - Delhi
 * Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek, Jalal-Abad, Kazarman, Kerben, Osh
 * Pakistan - Karachi
 * Russia - Moscow, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg, Samara, Yekaterinburg
 * Tajikistan - Dushanbe
 * Turkey - Istanbul
 * United Kingdom - Birmingham

Fleet
In 2005 the Kyrgyzstan Airlines fleet included the following aircraft:
 * 1 Airbus A320
 * 1 Antonov An-26
 * 5 Antonov An-28
 * 2 Ilyushin Il-76TD
 * 2 Tupolev Tu-134A
 * 2 Tupolev Tu-154M
 * 2 Yakovlev Yak-40

title: Kyrgyzstan Airlines


text:
Edgar Archibald

Edgar Spinney Archibald, (May 12, 1885 – January 23, 1968) was a Canadian agricultural scientist.

He was the Director of the Dominion Experimental Farm between 1919 and 1950.

Between 1951 and 1952, he was the Senior Food and Agriculture Organization Officer for the United Nations. From 1954 to 1955 he was the Agricultural Advisor to the Ethiopian Minister of Agriculture.

In 1950 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Saskatchewan.

In 1967 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.

He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

On 11 June 1947, the Chilliwack Progress newspaper from Chilliwack British Columbia Canada published an article and picture of Dr Archibald. The newspaper wrote that Archibald had been recognized for his outstanding achievements in experimental agriculture by the Geographic Board of Canada. The Board named Mount Archibald in the Yukon Territory after Dr Archibald. This mountain is located at Latitude 60 degrees, 45', 06", Longitude 137 degrees, 51', 23". At that time, Mount Archibald overlooked an Agriculture Experimental Station located at Mile 1059 of the Alaskan Highway.

In 1923-24 Dr Archibald was President of the Ottawa Hunt and Golf Club. During the 20s and 30s he was instrumental in starting a forestation project on the Willie Park Jr designed golf course. Close to 60K trees were planted on the Hunt Club grounds, many of which still border the fairways of the 110 year old Club. In 1938, he wrote a letter to the Club entitled " Tree Planting for the Golf Course: A Happy Experience at the Ottawa Hunt and Golf." The letter was destroyed when the original Club House burned in 1962. In 1966, two years before his death, Archibald recopied the letter and sent it to the club. Club records show that he was a Life Member of the club until he died in 1968.

title: Edgar Archibald


text: Category:Airlines of Kyrgyzstan

title: Category:Airlines of Kyrgyzstan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Phun and Nooph

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete both articles. Joyous 02:17, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Phun and Nooph
These are two sub-stubs about neologisms. Both were marked for speedy deletion, but I spotted an objection on the talk page of Phun (copied below) so I thought a VfD would be more apropriate. Thryduulf 18:08, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

from Talk:Phun:
 * I've been using the words "phun" and "nooph" for a few months now, as have many others, to describe the action taken when opening or closing a laptop computer. As the laptop is a relatively recent invention/popularization, words for these two actions have only recently been added to the English vocabulary. I did not make this article, but I support keeping it so as to perpetuate the English language. I have a staunch belief that words are always good, and that the so-called "newspeak" philosophy described in George Orwell's 1984, by which the English language is constantly consolidated into less and less words, is indicative of the de-education of our society.

 * For those that argue that no word is necessary and that these two words are just the invention of some attention-seeking kid, I suggest you read the book Friendle.

''this was left unsigned, the history shows it was User:216.37.64.100. This same user created both articles'' Thryduulf 18:08, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Author practically admits it's a neologism. Either way, none of the 'many others' using these show up on google, for either word. --InShaneee 18:13, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Do we need an article about a word someobdy used when describing how opening a laptop sounds (or whatever)? If we do, it probably needs to be in wikictionary. Inter 20:04, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Give us a break.  --BM 22:13, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Or, heck, nooph the article, if it'll seem nicer... Shimgray 00:21, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * copied from Talk:Phun:
 * These words I've never come across before, but I like the idea of the words. It's quite intriguing to me, actually. I say keep them, for interests sake.
 * Me again... how about we compromise and merge the two?
 * ''Both are from User:R3s3nt who left the comments unsigned. Thryduulf 08:21, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and Move to Wiktionary. Doesn't really belong in wikipedia Beta_M talk, |contrib ( Ë-Mail )
 * Delete and do not move to wiktionary. Random made-up words neologisms. Kappa 23:52, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just another neologism. TomTheHand 08:17, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Ekkehard of Aura

Untitled
He participated in the Crusade of 1101 .. not sure if thats clear in the current text. --Stbalbach 18:09, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ekkehard of Aura


text:
Gaelic handball

Gaelic handball (known in Ireland simply as handball;   liathróid láimhe) is a sport where players hit a ball with a hand or fist against a wall in such a way as to make a shot the opposition cannot return, and that may be played with two (singles) or four players (doubles). The sport, popular in Ireland, is similar to American handball, Welsh handball, fives, Basque pelota, Valencian frontó, and more remotely to racquetball or squash. It is one of the four Gaelic games organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). GAA Handball, a subsidiary organisation of the GAA, governs and promotes the sport.

Rules
Handball is played in a court, or "alley". Originally, an alley measuring 60 by was used with a 30 ft front wall, off which the ball must be struck.

A smaller alley was also introduced, measuring 40 by with a front wall 20 ft high. The first alley of this size was built in Ireland in 1969. This smaller size is now the standard in the international version of the game, but both alleys are still used in the Gaelic game, with two separate championships run by the GAA in the two codes.

The objective of a game is to be the first to score a set total of points. Points are only scored by the person serving the ball. In other words, if a player wins a rally but did not serve at the start of that rally they only win the right to serve, and thus the chance to score after a subsequent rally. The serving player has two opportunities to hit the ball, from the "service area" (between the two parallel lines), off the "front wall" and across the "short line" (which is located exactly halfway down the court from the front wall).

Players take turns at hitting the ball off the "front wall" before the ball bounces twice on the floor of the court following their opponent's previous shot. Most handball games take place in a four-walled court but there are also three-walled and one-wall versions of the game.

History
Handball-like games have originated in several places at different times. Hieroglyphs in the temple of Osiris in Egypt portray priests taking part in a game very similar to handball, and civilisations Mesoamerica and South America had a handball-like game.

An early origin for the game in Ireland is supported by recent archaeological finds in the Callan and Mooncoin areas of Kilkenny, which may indicate a Celtic antecedent to the modern game was played in the area in ancient times. An ancient Celtic version of the game is supported by the existence of Welsh handball (Pêl-Law), a similar sport, which has been attested in the literature of Wales since the ninth century.

In Ireland, the earliest written record of a similar ball game is contained in the town statutes of Galway in 1527, which forbade the playing of ball games [generic] against the walls of the town. The first depiction of an Irish form of handball does not appear till 1785. On the west coast of Ireland, Galway had many trading links with Spain, especially the Basque regions, where the similar game of pelota is played. According to Dublin Handball GAA "It is highly likely that one game is derived from or influenced by the other.".

Irish immigrants brought the game to many countries in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. It is still played in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Wales, Africa and England.

Father John Murphy, a leader in the 1798 rebellion was one of the best handball players of his time and he frequently held rebel meetings at his local handball alley.

Since the GAA
The GAA wrote the first rules for the modern game of handball. Handball was included in the GAA Charter of 1884 as one of the sports to be promoted by the new Association. In 1924 Comhairle Liathróid Láimhe na hÉireann (the Irish Handball Council) was established to promote, develop and organise the sport. In the same year the 'Irish Amateur Handball Association' was founded. It held its inaugural meeting on 27 January 1924 in Croke Park, County Dublin Prominent Irish republicans, Eoin O'Duffy and Ned Broy were members of this association, with O'Duffy serving as its President from 1926 till 1934. The association's work can be seen in corners of rural Ireland where there are many handball alleys in villages and small towns. However many are no longer used.

Prisoners detained in Gloucester Prison during the Irish revolutionary period played handball during their stay.

Taoiseach, President of Ireland and Irish revolutionary Éamon de Valera was a fan of the sport. He played it while interned in Gloucester Prison and also while held in Arbour Hill Prison. Austin Stack records in his diary (while in Arbour Hill Prison) that on 26 April 1924 "Dev [De Valera] beat me decisively a couple of times" at handball.

In 1925 the first All-Ireland Handball Congress was held and the All-Ireland Senior Softball and Hardball Championships were established

In 1971 Comhairle Liathróid Láimhe na mBan was founded to administer the sport for female competitions. In 1998 the amalgamation of Comhairle Liathróid Láimhe na hÉireann and Comhairle Liathróid Láimhe na mBan saw a single national administration. The Irish Handball Council was rebranded as GAA Handball (Liathróid Láimhe C.L.G.) in 2009.

Types of handball
In Ireland, there are four forms or codes of handball. These include the two domestic codes: and two international as played in Ireland:
 * Softball (also known as 'big alley' or '60x30' from the playing court dimensions) is a code played in a large four-walled court measuring 60 x, played with a small 'Softball' rubber ball (typically red in colour). The code is played between June and October. According to a 2018 report by the GAA Handball Provincial Councils, Munster and South Leinster were then "strongholds" of the softball code, while "Ulster's progress in the code is severely hampered by the limited courts in the Province". The ceiling is not used as an area of play within the softball code.
 * Hardball (can also be known as '60x30' interchangeably with the softball code), played in the same court as Softball, but as the name suggests, with a much harder 'hardball' ball. Hardball is recognised as a traditional code of the game. The code is more difficult to play due to the ball being much harder than any of the others used in the other codes. As a result, as of 2018, there were reportedly fewer players than in other codes (with, on average between 2013 and 2017, 34 entries between five grades (Senior, Minor, Intermediate, Junior and Masters Singles) nationally) and there were no grades offered in Ladies or Juvenile grades due to health and safety concerns. The ceiling is also not used as an area of play within the harball code.
 * 1-Wall (also known as 'Wallball') The 1-Wall code, as the name suggests, is played against a single wall measuring 20 x, with court lines marked out on both the wall and floor. It is played with a soft rubber ball (similar to a racquetball ball, softer than both a 4-Wall, Softball and Hardball ball) and can be played either indoors or outdoors. When serving or returning a ball, the ball must bounce firstly within the court lines on the wall and then also within the court lines marked out on the floor. 1-Wall Handball has emerged in the last decade as the fastest growing code of the game - the most recent Irish Wallball Nationals tournament held in Breaffy House, County Mayo in July 2019 attracted four hundred entries. The code's simplicity to play, combined with the accessibility of building multiple court venues enables clubs & GAA Handball to host larger scale tournaments. The international element of 1-Wall consists of a European Tour and World Championships as well as regional and national tournaments held abroad (US Nationals for example). And,
 * 4-Wall (also known as '40x20' or 'small alley') is played within an indoor four-walled court, measuring forty feet by twenty feet (same as a racquetball court). It is played with a smaller but slightly harder rubber ball compared to the softball and one-wall balls and is a faster ball than the ones used in the other codes. The ceiling is used as an area of play within the 4-wall code. The 4-Wall code is regarded as the strongest code in Irish handball at present. It has a strong international dimension with the US Semi-Professional Tour and the World Championships, which are held every three years. As of 2018, Ireland had the top men's and ladies' Senior World Champions from the preceding five World Championships.

Irish competitions
There are many handball competitions that are run in Ireland, such as the All-Ireland Senior Softball Singles Championship, All-Ireland Senior 4-Wall Championships and Irish Wallball Nationals to name a few. In 4-Wall, the main competitions are County, Province, and All-Ireland Championships plus the Irish 4-Wall Nationals. In 60x30 Softball and Hardball, the main competitions are County, Province, and All-Ireland Championships and the Junior B Interclub. In 2011 GAA Handball Ireland launched the 60x30 Softball Nationals and this competition will be held in July. In One-Wall handball/wallball, the main competition in Ireland is the Irish Wallball Nationals. There are also many competitions during the year held by various handball clubs around the country.

Notable players

 * Paul Brady, five times World Handball Champion
 * Eoin Kennedy, winner of Irish and international singles and doubles championships
 * John Lawlor, American and Irish Professional Champion, first president of the Irish Amateur Handball Association (1924–25)
 * Michael (Ducksy) Walsh, multiple All-Ireland and World Handball Champion

title: Gaelic handball


text: User talk:204.168.97.110

title: User talk:204.168.97.110


text:
Autonomous agent

There are various definitions of autonomous agent. According to Brustoloni (1991)

"'Autonomous agents are systems capable of autonomous, purposeful action in the real world.'"

According to Maes (1995)

"'Autonomous agents are computational systems that inhabit some complex dynamic environment, sense and act autonomously in this environment, and by doing so realize a set of goals or tasks for which they are designed.'"

Franklin and Graesser (1997) review different definitions and propose their definition

"'An autonomous agent is a system situated within and a part of an environment that senses that environment and acts on it, over time, in pursuit of its own agenda and so as to effect what it senses in the future.'"

They explain it

"'Humans and some animals are at the high end of being an agent, with multiple, conflicting drives, multiples senses, multiple possible actions, and complex sophisticated control structures. At the low end, with one or two senses, a single action, and an absurdly simple control structure we find a thermostat.'"

Agent appearance
Lee et al. (2015) post safety issue from how the combination of external appearance and internal autonomous agent have impact on human reaction about autonomous vehicles. Their study explores the humanlike appearance agent and high level of autonomy are strongly correlated with social presence, intelligence, safety and trustworthiness. In specific, appearance impacts most on affective trust while autonomy impacts most on both affective and cognitive domain of trust where cognitive trust is characterized by knowledge-based factors and affective trust is largely emotion driven

title: Autonomous agent


text:
L'actualité

L'actualité is a Canadian French-language news and general interest magazine published in Montreal by Rogers Communications until 2016, then by Mishmash (XPND Capital). The magazine has over a million readers, according to Canada's Print Measurement Bureau, from its circulation which is mainly subscribers. Eighty-six percent of its readership are Québécois.

History and profile
The magazine was established in 1909 with the name Bulletin paroissial. Its name was changed several times: L'Action paroissiale (1932), Ma paroisse (1949), L'actualité (1960) and L'actualité magazine (1967). Until 1945 Jesuit Armand Proulx served as the editor-in-chief of the magazine.

Maclean Hunter, publisher of Maclean's, acquired the mailing list of the defunct Actualité magazine in the 1970s, and merged it with its own French-language edition, Le Magazine Maclean (c. 1961) in 1976. Maclean Hunter was acquired by Rogers Communications in the 1990s. Journalist Jean Paré was the editor-in-chief of L'actualité until 1998. The magazine has published special reports on the regulation of genetically modified organisms, the rise of the Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ), the rehabilitation process of soldiers and the story of Captain Simon Mailloux, the record of the Quebec welfare state and on the possible legalization of sharia law in Ontario.

The magazine became part of the Rogers Media corporate family in 1994 when Rogers acquired Maclean-Hunter.

Rogers Media announced on September 30, 2016 plans to sell its French print media, including L'actualité. The magazine was acquired by Mishmash media, a division of the private equity firm XPND Capital, in December 2016.

title: L'actualité


text:
Judi-Dart

The Judi-Dart is a United States solid fueled sounding rocket. It was manufactured by Rocket Power Inc. It belonged to the Loki rocket family. The Judi-Dart was launched 89 times between 1964 and 1970. The Judi-Dart has a length of 2.70 metres, a diameter of 0.08 metres, a maximum flight altitude of 65 kilometres and a launch thrust of 9000 newtons.

Engine
The engine was internal combustion, with 1.70 m long and 8 cm in diameter (1.9KS2150) with an initial thrust of 9 kN, and a combustion time of only 2 seconds, reaching almost a speed of 1500 m/s. At this time, the engine separates from the bolt, which reaches its 75 km peak at around 135 seconds after ignition start.

Dart
The upper part of the rocket was a cylinder 4 cm in diameter and approximately 1 m high, and aerodynamically optimized. The diameter of this dart varied slightly depending on the payload.

Usage
It was used for meteorological survey by different countries in between 30 and 60 km altitude. The dart was propelled by the Judi rocket to an altitude of approximately 76 km, when a small explosive expelled the payload, normally made up of polarized metal sheets (copper) which were then tracked in their lateral movement. In addition to this standard payload, others were supported, such as: parachutes, inflatable spheres, and temperature sensors. It was used by following different organisations:
 * NASA
 * ISRO
 * SUPARCO

title: Judi-Dart


text:
The Far Islands and Other Cold Places

The Far Islands and Other Cold Places (ISBN 1-880654-11-3) is a collection of travel essays from Norway, Scotland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Canada and Alaska. It was written in the period between 1888 and 1919 by the painter Elizabeth Taylor. It was republished in 1997 by Pogo Press.

title: The Far Islands and Other Cold Places


text:
Linoleum (band)

Linoleum are a London-based indie–alternative musical group formed in 1994.

History
Caroline Finch and Paul Jones first met in 1991, and began writing songs together. Finch (vocals, guitar) and Jones (guitar) were joined in 1994 by Dave Nice (drums), and in 1995 by Emma Tornaro (bass guitar), and the band signed a management deal with CMO at the end of 1995. The band set up their own Lino Vinyl label and all releases were on this label between 1996 and 1997. The first singles, "Dissent" and "Smear", came in sleeves made from linoleum.

The band's debut album, Dissent, was released in 1997 on Lino Vinyl, and was released in the United States by Geffen Records. Dissent was recorded at Fort Apache Studios in Cambridge, Massachusetts with Paul Kolderie and Sean Slade producing, whose previous efforts included projects with Radiohead, Hole and the Pixies among others. It received a mixed reaction and failed to make the breakthrough hoped for, leading to a change of label with Fierce Panda releasing later singles and second album The Race from the Burning Building (2000). Jones left in 2000 to join Elastica; He was replaced by Gavin Pearce.

Linoleum played their final gig before splitting at the Union Chapel, Islington in 2001.

After Elastica split in 2001 Paul Jones went on to work in A&R for and formed Slogan Records, releasing his favourite band The Fall's Fall Heads Roll album to critical acclaim in 2005. In 2006 he sat on the judging panel for an X-Factor type competition run by MySpace shown on Channel 4.

He is currently the head of A&R at Rough Trade Records. as well as managing the bands Black Midi and Shame with RT management

Since 2003, Caroline Finch has practised as a sound artist and composer and exhibited internationally under the name Caroline Devine. Devine’s site-specific sound installations explore hidden sounds, signals and voices and include Resonant Bodies for V&A Museum, London, Poetics of (Outer) Space for IKON Gallery, City of Things for Bletchley Park Codebreaking Centre and Resonant Space for Temple Contemporary, Philadelphia. In 2023 she created (In)Audible Air for the Monheim Triennale.

Devine's work, Recording Contract Recordings, MK Gallery, 2011 is a 14 channel sound installation that appropriates a Linoleum recording contract, presenting spoken text extracts in the form of a vinyl disc surrounded by test tones, room resonances and vocals.

Devine’s work has featured on BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, BBC World Service and Resonance FM. In 2013, she was shortlisted for a BASCA British Composer Award in the Sonic Arts Category for 5 Minute Oscillations of the Sun and in 2014 for On Air. Her audiowalk On Common Ground was shortlisted for an Ivor Novello award in the Sound Arts category of The Ivors Composer Awards 2020.

Dave Nice has played live a number of times with singer-songwriter Sid Stronach, playing guitar and bass as well as the drums. He is a member of Oblong, and plays on the album Indicator (Expanding Records, 2006). He also plays guitar and provides some backing vocals on the Under Cambrian Sky album by Aberystwyth-based band The Lowland Hundred.

In 2010 the KEELERTORNERO gallery opened online featuring works by Emma Tornero who is now working as an artist.

Reformation
In March 2022, after more than 20 years away, the band announced they were reforming to play live. They made their return at The Craufurd Arms, Wolverton on 15 September, followed by a set at the MOTH club in London in December of the same year. The band played again at the 2023 Shiiine On Festival in Minehead in November, and have plans for future gigs in 2024.

Musical style
The band have variously been compared with Elastica, Sonic Youth, The Pretenders, PJ Harvey and the Pixies. New Wave and post-punk bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s have also been identified as an influence, and on the band's second album they covered The Passions' "I'm in Love with a German Film Star".

Singles

 * "Dissent" (1996), Lino Vinyl UK No. 171
 * "Smear" (1996), Lino Vinyl UK No. 129
 * "On a Tuesday" (1997) Lino Vinyl UK No. 83
 * "Marquis" (1997) Lino Vinyl - UK No. 73
 * "Your Back Again" (1999), Fierce Panda - split single with Sing-Sing
 * "I'm in Love with a German Film Star" (2000), Fierce Panda

Albums
Track listing:
 * Dissent (1997), Lino Vinyl
 * "Restriction"
 * "Marquis"
 * "Dissent"
 * "Stay Awhile"
 * "On a Tuesday"
 * "Dangerous Shoes"
 * "Ray Liotta"
 * "She's Sick"
 * "Twisted"
 * "Beds"
 * "Unresolved"
 * "Ways to Escape"
 * "Ether"
 * "On a Tuesday" (French version)

Track listing:
 * The Race from the Burning Building (2000), Fierce Panda
 * "Your Back Again"
 * "Black Dress"
 * "Don't Come Down"
 * "Sirens"
 * "29"
 * "I'm in Love with a German Film Star"
 * "Libertine"
 * "Sing to Me"
 * "Til Daylight Found Them"
 * "This Scene"
 * "FIN"

title: Linoleum (band)