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Deaf President Now

Deaf President Now (DPN) was a student protest in March 1988 at Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. The protest began on March 6, 1988, when the Board of Trustees announced its decision to appoint a hearing candidate, Elizabeth Zinser, over the other Deaf candidates, Irving King Jordan and Harvey Corson, as its seventh president.

Gallaudet students, backed by a number of alumni, staff, and faculty, shut down the campus. Protesters barricaded gates, burned effigies, and gave interviews to the press demanding four specific concessions from the Board. The protest ended on March 13, 1988, after all four demands were met including the appointment of I. King Jordan, a deaf person, as university president.

Background
Gallaudet University was established in 1864 in Washington, D.C., by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet's youngest child, Edward Miner Gallaudet. Gallaudet University was the world's first university for Deaf and hard of hearing students.

Throughout Gallaudet’s history, the Deaf community has always felt more or less unsatisfied with the Deaf representation within the faculty. Prior to 1980, there hadn't been any Deaf chief academic officer or president. A significant push for a Deaf president, however, came when Jerry C. Lee, who had been president since 1984, resigned in 1987. An argument against a deaf president ensued due to the fact that there was no "sufficiently well-trained deaf people." In the months following Lee’s resignation, Gallaudet's Board of Trustees looked at candidates for the next president; during this time, several organizations campaigned for a Deaf president. These organizations wrote letters of endorsement to the board recommending qualified deaf candidates and reached out to the media to gain support. People such as Vice-President George H. W. Bush and Senators Bob Dole, Bob Graham, Tom Harkin, and Lowell Weicker wrote letters endorsement for the cause. Efforts during this time were unsuccessful in garnering a powerful and unified student backing for a Deaf president.

On February 28, 1988, the Board had narrowed the pool to three candidates: hearing person Elisabeth Zinser, Vice-Chancellor for Academic Affairs at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Irving King Jordan, Gallaudet's Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, who had been deafened at age 21 due to a motorcycle accident; and Harvey Corson, superintendent of the American School for the Deaf, who had been born deaf.

A group called the "Ducks", a radical fringe faction of the National Association of the Deaf (NAD), began organizing a rally. On March 1, 1988, the Ducks attracted more than a thousand students to Gallaudet’s football field to rally. The event garnered significantly more student support for the cause. In the following days, several small-scale protests on campus occurred. On March 6, 1988, the board selected Zinser, the sole hearing candidate, over the other two deaf applicants, Corson and Jordan, as the next president. The board, however, made no official announcement of this to the Gallaudet community; the student body found out later in the day by visiting the campus’ Public Relations Office.

Protest
Upon learning of the appointment of Zinser, an angry student body marched to the Mayflower Hotel, where the board members were meeting. The crowd waited outside until board member Jane Spilman came out to address the students. She responded to multiple questions surrounding the selection of Zinser as president, whereupon she allegedly said, "Deaf people cannot function in a hearing world." The student body then met back on campus to launch a full-scale protest.

The following morning, March 7, 1988, students barricaded the campus gates using heavy-duty bicycle locks and hot-wired buses, moving them in front of the gates and letting the air out of the tires. The locked gates forced people to use the front main entrance whereupon protestors allowed only select persons to enter.

The protesters had four demands:

The Board scheduled a noon meeting with a group of students, faculty, and staff to negotiate. The Board, however, did not concede to any of the demands. The supporters of DPN then marched to the Capitol Building. The protest was led for the most part by four students, Bridgetta Bourne, Jerry Covell, Greg Hlibok, and Tim Rarus.
 * 1) Zinser's resignation and the selection of a deaf person as president.
 * 2) The immediate resignation of Jane Bassett Spilman, chairperson of the Board of Trustees who elected Zinser.
 * 3) The reconstitution of the Board of Trustees with a 51% majority of deaf members (at the time, it was composed of 17 hearing members and 4 Deaf members).
 * 4) There would be no reprisals against any students or staff members involved in the protest.

The following day, the protest continued. A rally was held on Gallaudet’s football field whereupon effigies of Zinser and Spilman and the crowd continued to grow. A sixteen-member council was formed to bring organization to the protest composed of four students, three faculty, three staff, three alumni, and three members of the deaf community; at the council’s head was student Greg Hlibok. On Wednesday, March 9, a press conference was held at the National Press Club in which board member Jane Spilman and newly elected Elizabeth Zinser made statements and addressed questions about Zinser’s attitude toward and capability to lead the Deaf community. Irving King Jordan, dean of Gallaudet’s College of Arts and Sciences and one of the three finalists for Gallaudet’s next president, publicly supported the appointment of Zinser. Later that evening, protest leader Greg Hlibok, Zinser, and deaf actress and Gallaudet alumni Marlee Matlin, were interviewed about the protest on ABC News' Nightline program.

On Thursday, March 10, Irving King Jordan came to Gallaudet to address the protesters, retracting his earlier support of Zinser as president, "I only have anger towards the decision of the Board. We need to focus the world's attention on the larger issue. The four demands are justified." Meanwhile, in the University's interpreter/communication center, hearing protesters received phone calls from businesses, friends and anonymous donations of money, food and other supplies to aid the protest. Other help outside the deaf community came from worker unions. Moe Biller, then president of the American Postal Workers Union, shared his support for the protest. In the afternoon, Zinser officially resigned.

The following morning, Friday, March 11, more than 2,500 protesters marched on Capitol Hill to celebrate. Determined to fully see their demands through, students held banners that said, "We still have a dream!"

On Sunday, March 13, 1988, Jane Spilman officially resigned and was replaced by deaf board member Phil Bravin. Bravin announced that the board had selected King Jordan as the next University president. Bravin also informed that no punitive action was going to be taken against those who participated in the protests. Students, faculty, and staff celebrated in Gallaudet's field house.

Throughout the week, dozens of American Sign Language/English interpreters participated in the protest by lending their linguistic skills. The interpreters challenged traditional standards of practice and participated due to a sense of collective identity with the protesters. The interpreters would only be used for important rallies and meetings. They would also help with media interviews, rallies, interactions with the police, and other demonstrations. One of the interpreters for DPN did an interview and stated, “I was trying to reflect the fact that it was the media that needed the interpreters as much as the deaf people did.” Letting people, such as interviewers, know they were also the ones who needed the interpreters tells them, “No, I’m here interpreting because you guys can’t communicate directly with each other.” Interpreting for the DPN movement was not an easy task. While attending school, they were taught to translate English into ASL, but for this movement, they had to translate from ASL to English, which was something they were not used to. This led them to not be able to prepare for interviews or other events happening for the movement. Interpreters knew how important it was for them to interpret the right information for both sides of the party. To make sure the interpreters would have the right understanding, they would tell the deaf protesters that they did understand what they said, but they just wanted to make sure they had the correct information. By doing this, they would show the deaf person that they did understand what they said, but they just wanted to get the right information from the other party.

Media framing
Disability rights movements before DPN typically had a negative public frame. Before 1988, the Deaf community had not been accurately portrayed in the media, alongside the tension that was rising throughout the University. As more journalists, mainly from The Washington Post and The New York Times, started covering the movement, a more positive outlook started to emerge. The reporters used four main frames to cover the DPN campaign: effective conduct, external support, internal unification, and justifiable action. External support and internal unification were both used towards the start and the middle stages. They framed the movement in a way to gather more people to talk about the things that were occurring within Gallaudet. The New York Times produced a headline that said, “Campus Protest by the Deaf Is Widening,” and it focused on the main groups who joined the movement to fight for a new president. Justifiable action and effective conduct were used in the later stages of the movement and supported the movement's goals. The New York Times produced an article that stated the movement, and the protesters had a right to ask for change. The Washington Post said there is pressure being placed on Capitol Hill due to the protests. Almost all of the photos taken of the protesters were positive. All images showed the protesters as large groups to show the unified determination to elect a deaf president.

Both Elisabeth Zinser and Jill Spilman wanted nothing to do with the protests. They were both pictured alone, with one another, or with an interpreter. Neither Spilman nor Zinser knew sign language. There is an image of Zinser signing "I love you," one of the very few learned signs. This image is important because she wasn't signing it to anyone within a conversation, instead she was using it more as a symbol. The pictures of Spilman and Zinser being alone go against the unified front the protesters made. It is thought that Deaf President Now gained so much acceptance from everyone, ranging from the media to the public, due to the idea of standing with disabled communities within a non-disabled society.

Aftermath
Jordan announced his retirement in September 2005. He was later criticized when he backed Jane Fernandes' candidacy to become his successor in 2006. In October 2006, the four DPN student leaders from 1988 issued a public statement, which was harshly critical of both Jordan and Fernandes. The Deaf President Now movement had a lifelong effect on the Deaf community, such as a great deal of new bills and laws that were established that help further deaf and other disabled people’s rights. DPN also allowed for better rights and also gave more access for deaf people when compared to the previous 216 years of the nation’s existence. Eventually leading the Deaf community to having more protection under Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The ADA gave protections from wrongful termination in the workplace and other acts of discrimination based on their hearing status.

title: Deaf President Now


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Ray Sefo

Ray Sefo (born 15 February 1971) is a New Zealand fight promoter and retired kickboxer, boxer, and mixed martial artist. He was the K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 Runner-up, is a six-time Muay Thai World Champion, and was an eight time K-1 World Grand Prix Finals tournament participant. He is the president of MMA promotion Professional Fighters League. In kickboxing, he defeated world champions Jerome Le Banner, Peter Aerts, Stefan Leko, Mike Bernardo, and Mark Hunt. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest heavyweight kickboxers to have never won the K-1 World Grand Prix. As mixed martial artist, he most notably competed in the now defunct Strikeforce in 2009 and 2011.

Background
Training in Wing Chun as a youth, Sefo moved to Muay Thai under Thai fighting legend Kiosot, then continued training under Lollo Heimuli at the infamous Balmoral Lee Gar Gym.

Early career
Sefo had an impressive unbeaten record as an amateur and a professional in the Oceania kickboxing league. Early in his career, he trained at Balmoral Lee Gar gym alongside Jason Suttie, Jayson Vemoa, Doug Viney, John Conway, and his brother, Rony Sefo. In 1996, Ray Sefo fought Andre Mannaart in a kickboxing match and overwhelmed Manaart with devastating speed and elusive footwork, knocking him down on numerous occasions. In the ring after the fight, Mannaart took the microphone and said, "...you should call him Sugarfist, not Sugarfoot..." Sefo's first major breakthrough was becoming a WKA Cruiserweight Champion. He also acted as a sparring partner for fellow New Zealander David Tua, when Tua first returned to New Zealand for a fight after turning pro.

K-1
Sefo made his K-1 debut against future four-time World Grand Prix Champion, Ernesto Hoost. Sefo held his own against the much more experienced Hoost but was finally knocked out in the 4th round by a leg kick. Sefo gained respect for standing up to such an elite fighter in just his first fight. Sefo gained more respect in his third K-1 fight where he knocked out K-1 legend Jerome Lebanner in the 1st round. Sefo's hard right hand was enough to break the Frenchman's jaw in four places.

Sefo had an up and down first few years in K-1, unable to make it past the quarter-finals in the K-1 World Grand Prix against the likes of Sam Greco and Andy Hug. In 2000, he made it to the WGP final after knocking out Japanese star Musashi and French kickboxer Cyril Abidi, before losing again to Hoost. In 2002, Sefo defeated Dutch legend Peter Aerts in the quarter-finals but lost again to his nemesis Hoost in the semi-finals.

In 2007, Sefo was thought to be a legitimate challenger to dethrone four-time World Grand Prix Champion Semmy Schilt for the new Super Heavyweight title. In the 1st round, Sefo became only the second man in history to knock Schilt down. However, he would go on to lose by KO in the second round. He went on to lose five more fights and would not find the winners circle again until he beat Choi Hong-man, Yosuke Nishijima, and Ionut Iftimoaie, all by decision.

Sefo was then asked to fight at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Seoul Final 16 on ten days notice against Tyrone Spong. Sefo put up a decent fight on short preparation but was beaten by decision.

MMA and retirement
In mid-February 2011, Sefo, possessing and undefeated record of 2-0, had his third MMA fight in a reserve fight for the Strikeforce Heavyweight tournament. He fought Valentijn Overeem, brother of Alistair Overeem, the 2010 K-1 World Grand Prix champion. Overeem had 50 MMA fights behind him and beat Sefo by submission in the first round. Sefo's striking on the feet looked average, and as an inexperienced grappler, he lost early on by neck crank.

On 12 June 2013, Sefo announced that he would return to fighting. At WSOF 3, Sefo announced that he would be facing Dave Huckaba. The two fought at World Series of Fighting 4 on 10 August 2013. Sefo lost the fight via TKO in the second round. In an interview in April 2015, Sefo said, "I actually made a promise to myself that this year will be my last year." He did not fight again after losing against Huckaba. While he considered fighting again, Sefo officially announced his retirement in 2018.

Executive career
Sefo is the current president of MMA promotion Professional Fighters League. He was named president when the promotion was still known as World Series of Fighting. He helped the promotion ink a deal with NBC Sports to air 8 to 10 events on its network.

Titles

 * K-1
 * 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 Runner-up.
 * World Kickboxing Association
 * 1997 WKA World Super Heavyweight World Champion.
 * World Muay Thai Federation
 * 1996 WMTF World Heavyweight Champion.
 * 1992 WMTF World Light Heavyweight Champion.
 * International Sport Karate Association
 * 1996 ISKA World Super Cruiserweight Champion.
 * 1994 ISKA World Light Cruiserweight Champion.
 * Regional
 * 1992 South Pacific Cruiserweight Champion.
 * 1991 New Zealand Cruiserweight Champion.
 * 1990 New Zealand Heavyweight Champion.

Personal life
Sefo lives in Las Vegas, Nevada, and continues to train out of Xtreme Couture Mixed Martial Arts.

Kickboxing record (incomplete)
! style=background:white colspan=9 |Fails to qualify for K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Fails to qualify for K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Fails to qualify for K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Fight was for K-1 Super Heavyweight Title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Loses fight but invited to K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final as Reservist. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Fight was for K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 World Grand Prix 1999 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 World Grand Prix 1998 final. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Won WKBF Super Heavyweight title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Won WKBA Super Heavyweight title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Won WMTF World Heavyweight title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Wins I.S.K.A. Super Cruiserweight World title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Retains ISKA World Light Cruiserweight title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Won WMTF Light Heavyweight title.
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2012-03-10 || Loss ||align=left| Mirko Cro Cop || Cro Cop Final Fight || Zagreb, Croatia || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 56-22-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2010-10-02 || Loss ||align=left|🇸🇷 Tyrone Spong || K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Seoul Final 16 ||Seoul, South Korea || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 56-21-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2010-05-21 || Win ||align=left| Ionuţ Iftimoaie || K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Bucharest ||Bucharest, Romania ||Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 56-20-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2009-12-31 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Yosuke Nishijima || Dynamite!! 2009 || Saitama, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 55-20-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2008-12-06 || Win ||align=left|🇰🇷 Choi Hong-man || K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 Final || Yokohama, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 54-20-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2008-09-27 || Loss ||align=left|🇹🇷 Gokhan Saki || K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 || Seoul, Korea || Ext.R decision || 4 || 3:00 || 53-20-1
 * 2008-09-27 || Loss ||align=left|🇹🇷 Gokhan Saki || K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 || Seoul, Korea || Ext.R decision || 4 || 3:00 || 53-20-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2008-07-13 || Loss ||align=left|🇦🇿 Zabit Samedov || K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Taipei || Taipei City, Taiwan || 2nd Ext.R decision (split) || 5 || 3:00 || 53-19-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2008-04-13 || Loss ||align=left|🇲🇦 Badr Hari || K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Yokohama || Yokohama, Japan || TKO (referee stoppage) || 1 || 2:43 || 53-18-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2007-09-29 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Seoul Final 16 || Seoul, South Korea || TKO (corner stoppage) || 1 || 3:00|| 53-17-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2007-09-29 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Seoul Final 16 || Seoul, South Korea || TKO (corner stoppage) || 1 || 3:00|| 53-17-1
 * 2007-09-29 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Seoul Final 16 || Seoul, South Korea || TKO (corner stoppage) || 1 || 3:00|| 53-17-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2007-08-11 || Loss ||align=left| Bjorn Bregy || K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Las Vegas || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || Decision (split) || 3 || 3:00 || 53-16-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2007-03-04 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Semmy Schilt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Yokohama || Yokohama, Japan || KO (punch) || 2 || 0:26 || 53-15-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2007-03-04 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Semmy Schilt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Yokohama || Yokohama, Japan || KO (punch) || 2 || 0:26 || 53-15-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2006-12-02 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Melvin Manhoef || K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final || Tokyo, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 0:40 || 53-14-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2006-09-30 || Loss ||align=left|🇩🇪 Stefan Leko || K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Osaka opening round || Osaka, Japan || Ext.R decision (unanimous) || 4 || 3:00 || 52-14-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2006-09-30 || Loss ||align=left|🇩🇪 Stefan Leko || K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Osaka opening round || Osaka, Japan || Ext.R decision (unanimous) || 4 || 3:00 || 52-14-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2006-08-12 || Win ||align=left|🇦🇱 Azem Maksutaj || K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Las Vegas II || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || TKO (referee stoppage) || 3 || 2:02 || 52-13-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2006-06-03 || Win ||align=left|🇷🇺 Ruslan Karaev || K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Seoul || Seoul, South Korea || KO (right hook) || 1 || 1:42 || 51-13-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2006-03-05 || Win ||align=left| Francois Botha || K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland || Auckland, New Zealand || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 50-13-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2005-11-19 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Semmy Schilt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 49-13-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2005-09-23 || Win ||align=left|🇹🇭 Kaoklai Kaennorsing || K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 in Osaka – final elimination || Osaka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 49-12-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2005-11-19 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Semmy Schilt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 49-13-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2005-09-23 || Win ||align=left|🇹🇭 Kaoklai Kaennorsing || K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 in Osaka – final elimination || Osaka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 49-12-1
 * 2005-09-23 || Win ||align=left|🇹🇭 Kaoklai Kaennorsing || K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 in Osaka – final elimination || Osaka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 49-12-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2005-06-14 || Win ||align=left|🇷🇺 Ruslan Karaev || K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 in Hiroshima || Hiroshima, Japan || TKO (referee stoppage) || 1 || 0:37 || 48-12-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2004-12-31 || Win ||align=left| Gary Goodridge || K-1 PREMIUM 2004 Dynamite!! || Osaka, Japan || KO (right Uppercuts) || 1 || 0:24 || 47-12-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2004-11-04 || Loss ||align=left|🇯🇵 Musashi || K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Ext.R decision (unanimous) || 4 || 3:00 || 46-12-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2004-09-25 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Hiromi Amada || K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 final elimination || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 46-11-1
 * 2004-11-04 || Loss ||align=left|🇯🇵 Musashi || K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Ext.R decision (unanimous) || 4 || 3:00 || 46-12-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2004-09-25 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Hiromi Amada || K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 final elimination || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 46-11-1
 * 2004-09-25 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Hiromi Amada || K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 final elimination || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 46-11-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2004-08-07 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Marvin Eastman || K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 in Las Vegas II || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || TKO (referee stoppage) || 1 || 1:32 || 45-11-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2004-06-26 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Bob Sapp || K-1 Beast 2004 in Shizuoka || Shizuoka, Japan || KO || 2 || 0:29 || 44-11-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2003-12-06 || Loss ||align=left|🇯🇵 Musashi || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 43-11-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2003-10-11 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Carter Williams || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 final elimination || Osaka, Japan || Decision (majority) || 3 || 3:00 || 43-10-1
 * 2003-12-06 || Loss ||align=left|🇯🇵 Musashi || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 43-11-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2003-10-11 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Carter Williams || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 final elimination || Osaka, Japan || Decision (majority) || 3 || 3:00 || 43-10-1
 * 2003-10-11 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Carter Williams || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 final elimination || Osaka, Japan || Decision (majority) || 3 || 3:00 || 43-10-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2003-07-13 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Tatsufumi Tomihira || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 in Fukuoka || Fukuoka, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 5 || 2:15 || 42-10-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2003-03-30 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Pelé Reid || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 in Saitama || Saitama, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 3 || 1:15 || 41-10-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2002-12-07 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Ernesto Hoost || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 Final || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (Shin Injury) || 1 || 1:49 || 40-10-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2002-12-07 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (split) || 3 || 3:00 || 40-9-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2002-10-05 || Win ||align=left|🇸🇪 Martin Holm || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 final elimination || Saitama, Japan || Decision (majority) || 3 || 3:00 || 39-9-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2002-12-07 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (split) || 3 || 3:00 || 40-9-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2002-10-05 || Win ||align=left|🇸🇪 Martin Holm || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 final elimination || Saitama, Japan || Decision (majority) || 3 || 3:00 || 39-9-1
 * 2002-10-05 || Win ||align=left|🇸🇪 Martin Holm || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 final elimination || Saitama, Japan || Decision (majority) || 3 || 3:00 || 39-9-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2002-07-14 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Gilbert Yvel || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 in Fukuoka || Fukuoka, Japan || KO (Low Kicks) || 2 || 2:07 || 38-9-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2002-06-02 || Win ||align=left|🇧🇷 Julio Cesar Santana || K-1 Survival 2002 || Toyama, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 0:37 || 37-9-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2002-03-03 || Win ||align=left| Mike Bernardo || K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 in Nagoya || Nagoya, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 36-9-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-10-08 || Win ||align=left| Mark Hunt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 in Fukuoka || Fukuoka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 35-9-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2001-06-24 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Remy Bonjasky || K-1 Survival 2001 || Sendai, Japan || Ext.R TKO (corner stoppage) || 4 || 3:00 || 34-9-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-04-29 || Win ||align=left|🇦🇺 Adam Watt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 in Osaka || Osaka, Japan || TKO (right hook) || 1 || 2:20 || 34-8-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-03-17 || Win ||align=left|🇨🇦 Michael McDonald || K-1 Gladiators 2001 || Yokohama, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 1:56 || 33-8-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2000-12-10 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Ernesto Hoost || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 32-8-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-04-29 || Win ||align=left|🇦🇺 Adam Watt || K-1 World Grand Prix 2001 in Osaka || Osaka, Japan || TKO (right hook) || 1 || 2:20 || 34-8-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-03-17 || Win ||align=left|🇨🇦 Michael McDonald || K-1 Gladiators 2001 || Yokohama, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 1:56 || 33-8-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2000-12-10 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Ernesto Hoost || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 32-8-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2000-12-10 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Ernesto Hoost || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 32-8-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2000-12-10 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Cyril Abidi || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 Final || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (referee stoppage) || 1 || 1:45 || 32-7-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2000-12-10 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Musashi || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 Final || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (referee stoppage) || 1 || 1:38 || 31-7-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2000-08-20 || Loss ||align=left|🇫🇷 Cyril Abidi || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 in Yokohama || Yokohama, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 2 || 3:00 || 30-7-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2000-08-20 || Win ||align=left|🇩🇪 Frank Otto || K-1 World Grand Prix 2000 in Yokohama || Yokohama, Japan || TKO (referee stoppage) || 1 || 2:24 || 30-6-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2000-08-20 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 The Millennium || Osaka, Japan || KO (right low kick) || 3 || 2:24 || 29-6-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1999-12-05 || Loss ||align=left|🇦🇺 Sam Greco || K-1 World Grand Prix 1999 Final quarter-finals || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 29-5-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1999-10-03 || Win ||align=left|🇲🇦 Samir Benazzouz || K-1 World Grand Prix '99 opening round || Osaka, Japan || TKO (referee stoppage) || 1 || 2:14 || 29-4-1
 * 2000-08-20 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Peter Aerts || K-1 The Millennium || Osaka, Japan || KO (right low kick) || 3 || 2:24 || 29-6-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1999-12-05 || Loss ||align=left|🇦🇺 Sam Greco || K-1 World Grand Prix 1999 Final quarter-finals || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 29-5-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1999-10-03 || Win ||align=left|🇲🇦 Samir Benazzouz || K-1 World Grand Prix '99 opening round || Osaka, Japan || TKO (referee stoppage) || 1 || 2:14 || 29-4-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1999-10-03 || Win ||align=left|🇲🇦 Samir Benazzouz || K-1 World Grand Prix '99 opening round || Osaka, Japan || TKO (referee stoppage) || 1 || 2:14 || 29-4-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1999-06-06 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Jim Mullen || K-1 Survival '99 || Sapporo, Japan || KO (right hook) || 2 || 0:45 || 28-4-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1999-04-25 || Loss ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Revenge '99 || Yokohama, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 4 || 3:00 || 27-4-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1998-12-13 || Loss ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 World Grand Prix 1998 Final quarter-finals || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (referee Stoppage/Two Knockdowns) || 2 || 2:28 || 27-3-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-09-27 || Win ||align=left|🇩🇪 Stefan Leko || K-1 World Grand Prix '98 opening round || Osaka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 27-2-1
 * 1998-12-13 || Loss ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 World Grand Prix 1998 Final quarter-finals || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (referee Stoppage/Two Knockdowns) || 2 || 2:28 || 27-3-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-09-27 || Win ||align=left|🇩🇪 Stefan Leko || K-1 World Grand Prix '98 opening round || Osaka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 27-2-1
 * 1998-09-27 || Win ||align=left|🇩🇪 Stefan Leko || K-1 World Grand Prix '98 opening round || Osaka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 || 27-2-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1998-05-24 || Loss ||align=left|🏴 Matt Skelton || K-1 Braves '98 || Fukuoka, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 2 || 3:00 || 26-2-1
 * - bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
 * 1998-04-09 || Draw ||align=left|🇧🇷 Francisco Filho || K-1 Kings '98 || Yokohama, Japan || Draw || 5 || 3:00 || 26-1-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-01-23 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Stephane Reveillon || N/A || N/A || KO || 2 || N/A || 26-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1998-01-23 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Stephane Reveillon || N/A || N/A || KO || 2 || N/A || 26-1
 * 1998-01-23 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Stephane Reveillon || N/A || N/A || KO || 2 || N/A || 26-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1997-10-00 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Jean-Claude Leuyer || N/A || N/A || Decision || 5 || 3:00 || 25-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1997-07-20 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Jean-Claude Leuyer || K-1 Dream '97 || Nagoya, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 7 || 3:00 || 24-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1997-07-20 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Jean-Claude Leuyer || K-1 Dream '97 || Nagoya, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 7 || 3:00 || 24-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1997-04-29 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Jérôme Le Banner || K-1 Braves '97 || Fukuoka, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 1:31 || 23-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1997-03-16 || Win ||align=left| Petar Majstorovic || K-1 Kings '97 || Yokohama, Japan || TKO (referee stoppage) || 4 || 1:36 || 22-1
 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 1996-12-08 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Ernesto Hoost || K-1 Hercules '96 || Nagoya, Japan || KO (Low Kicks) || 4 || 0:25 || 21-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-09-09 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Kirkwood Walker || N/A || Hong Kong || KO || N/A || N/A || 21-0
 * 1996-12-08 || Loss ||align=left|🇳🇱 Ernesto Hoost || K-1 Hercules '96 || Nagoya, Japan || KO (Low Kicks) || 4 || 0:25 || 21-1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-09-09 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Kirkwood Walker || N/A || Hong Kong || KO || N/A || N/A || 21-0
 * 1996-09-09 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Kirkwood Walker || N/A || Hong Kong || KO || N/A || N/A || 21-0
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-08-01 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Lee Swaney || New Zealand vs England || Auckland, New Zealand || KO || N/A || N/A || 20-0
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-02-25 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Andre Mannaart || NZ - AUS - HOL || Auckland, New Zealand || KO (punches) || 4 || N/A || 19-0
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-02-25 || Win ||align=left|🇳🇱 Andre Mannaart || NZ - AUS - HOL || Auckland, New Zealand || KO (punches) || 4 || N/A || 19-0
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1995-08-25 || Win ||align=left|🇨🇦 Michael McDonald || N/A || Auckland, New Zealand || KO (right hook) || 3 || N/A || 18-0
 * 1995-08-25 || Win ||align=left|🇨🇦 Michael McDonald || N/A || Auckland, New Zealand || KO (right hook) || 3 || N/A || 18-0
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1995-04-27 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Rob Martin || N/A || Auckland, New Zealand || KO (left hook) || 1 || N/A || 17-0
 * 1995-04-27 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Rob Martin || N/A || Auckland, New Zealand || KO (left hook) || 1 || N/A || 17-0

 * - bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
 * 2001-09-02 || Loss ||align=left|🇺🇸 Chester Hughes || Elgin, Illinois, USA || KO || 1 || N/A || 5–1
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-06-03 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Joe Lenhart || Elgin, Illinois, USA || TKO || 1 || N/A || 5–0
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 2001-02-11 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Steve Griffin || Elgin, Illinois, USA || TKO || 1 || N/A || 4–0
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1996-10-05 || Win ||align=left| Nicky Faamata || Auckland, New Zealand || TKO || 3 || N/A || 3–0
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1995-03-16 || Win ||align=left| Paul Baker || Auckland, New Zealand || PTS || 4 || N/A || 2–0
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1994-11-24 || Win ||align=left| Alex Katu || Auckland, New Zealand || TKO || 1 || N/A || 1–0
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1995-03-16 || Win ||align=left| Paul Baker || Auckland, New Zealand || PTS || 4 || N/A || 2–0
 * - bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
 * 1994-11-24 || Win ||align=left| Alex Katu || Auckland, New Zealand || TKO || 1 || N/A || 1–0
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ray Sefo


text:
Jason Dean

Jason Dean may refer to:

 * Jason Dean (Charmed), a character from the television series Charmed
 * character played by Christian Slater in the film Heathers
 * alter ego of rapper Godemis of the rap duo Ces Cru

title: Jason Dean


text:
Talk:Gilles Duceppe

Gilles Duceppe, Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition
A lot of polls are showing the Bloc as forming the Official Opposition, so I assume this would be appropriate, just in case.

 * He's already been the leader of the Official Opposition once, so it belongs on the page. CrazyC83 18:41, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Introductor paragraph
The introductory paragraph of an article should explain why this person is notable, so I have added the key facts about who he is, i.e., MP and leader of the BQ. Also, until Quebec is independent, the article should identify what country he is from in the introductory paragraph, so I have added back in the link to Canada, after the province. Kevintoronto 21:24, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

---

Also, I noticed that the evidence for GD as marxist is no longer there. I know that indeed he was a marxist (even maoist, right?), but I do think the bio need cite evidence of this.Garbopash 14:52, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

photography
this is quite the creepy image and it seem to have been photoshoped a bit. I'm surprise it would be his official picture.--Marc pasquin 18:09, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You'd be more surprised to find out all pictures of him look like that, as does he in real life ^.^ Sherurcij 08:33, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't it be Quebecer instead of Qubecois?
Just a little comment:

Whenever I read "well-known Québécois actor", it sounds odd as I always used quebecer and not québécois for one is clearly in english while the other in french. I never use Quebecois in English so I wondered why anyone else would. Unless if it was meant derogatorily. I hope no one was stupid enough to input personnal feelings or polical views in this!

Non, parce que c'est une formule originalement française qui a eté emprunté dans l'anglais.

 * The word Québécois is commonly used by Canadian anglophones to refer to francophone Quebecers, whether they are "pure laine" or otherwise, as distinct from residents of Quebec in general.

 * It's not derogatory. (Of course, it can be derogatory in a specific context, but that's true of anything). --Saforrest 06:26, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

According to the Grand Dictionnaire Terminologique (www.granddictonnaire.com), which is the official terminology database of the Quebec government, the terms "Québécois", "Quebecois", "Quebecer" and "Quebecker" are equally acceptable (and of equivalent meaning) in English. Hugo Dufort 20:31, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * As a Québécois, that term is the proper terminology for most people who identifies themselves as a person who lives in Quebec. "Quebecker" is a term used mostly by Canadian Anglophones or non-French speakers. --Satanstorm (talk) 15:30, 18 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think so. Quebecer is fine with me, and I am pure laine ;). Bouchecl (talk) 20:14, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Duceppe is one of the French boy's name that came off the Franch Jail Boat.... So he is a Native-French....

Meti are a culture is from the west and Québécois are Native-French that never left... Quebec is a native word and not french... Its a word that the french hijack over time... The British did not set out, however, to persecute Quebec's native French population. The Quebec Act, passed in 1774, allowed the Quebecois to have religious freedom.

Also at the time was slavery of native population... so to state that your native descendent are would bring about bad things like capture or get shot… That’s why many left and changed to Métis… I know because I am from Métis-Quebecois… And we had to keep are mouths shut and go to church or no job or money went to you… we the French people who the Algonquin adopted…created the nation of people called Quebecois…

Don't forget that it's like 270 years of new Native-French kids being born...to 1774

The word Nation is used in Canada to describe First Nations Natives like the Cree-Nation so when you talk about the Quebecois they are mostly the Native-French descendents who lived and created Quebec city before 1774… Not Meti who are from the west... If your family tree dates back that far then your a Quebecois.

France back then in 1500 did not build jails they just ship you here to Quebec…it was way to get development going here…

When my great grandfather came over on one boat escaping prosecution he had to change his last name... I think it was a way to track down his descendents... The story was handed down to show the truth how we got here...

Father Paul Le Jeune proposed to the governor, Champlain that they try to promote Huron-French intermarriage. Champlain agreed not only for religious reasons, but also because intermarriage was a way of further cementing French-Native alliances. He also thought that by building a settlement in the Huron country, the French/Huron population could complete the exploration of the continent.26 While the Huron were ambivalent about accepting this proposal, the French court accepted and still promoted it during the late 1660s, namely that French and Natives “mingle” and “constitute only one people and one race.”

Orderly
I'm reverting the edit that talks about Duceppe getting fired. Aside from it being sloppily done (the sentence doesn't even end), I can't find anything more than this speaking of his work at the hospital. If you have a reference, you can add the information back, although it probably shouldn't go in the introduction, since it's not very relevant. Also, this shows Duceppe as a negotiator. FireWorks 23:49, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Education
Could somebody clear up the education aspect of things. It is written that he completed his baccalaureate of collegiate studies after studies at Université de Montréal

"Duceppe later earned a baccalaureate of collegiate studies from the Collège Mont-Saint-Louis."

Yet it seems he got this diploma in 1968 and years at Université de Montréal write about the paper in 1970. That would make his university years after is baccalaureate of collegiate studies not before. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.200.161.49 (talk) 02:07, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Quote
The simple addition of these two quotes, and only these quotes is very sub-par and uninformative, and practically seems partisan (i.e. it feels like it's added by a partisan Conservative supporter):

 * 1) "We are delighted by the fact that Canada will become the first country to officially recognize the Quebec nation,"
 * 2) "What's important is that the nation is recognized and it is on that basis that we will demand the government be accountable because it must mean something,"

This does nothing to describe the man, and how he often represents as a politician. I don't even know how these quotes are interesting, despite being current, he has said many conflicting things recently, and such quotes that may represent a need to maintain their influential position in the Canadian government as the balance of power, and prop up the Conservative government. It just doesn't meet the quality standards to make an addition in Wikipedia, and that is my general sense. It sounds like an endorsement of the Conservative government, and this just isn't the place to skew things with a partisan bias. Thank you, and don't take this personally. 209.226.121.182 12:07, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * how does it sound like it was added by a conservative? when the conservatives are the ruling party when the "nation of Quebec" will be recognized. How is it partisan conservative if it goes against its own party lines? I won't even begin to commment on your own extremely biased and unfounded claims such as "Prop up the conservative government"

 * --Jadger 21:14, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The conservatives want to steal votes in Quebec and they already try to lessen federal control over all provinces, probably especially since Quebec is taking strange strides into private health care. Aside from this, do you think it really adds anything accurate to simply only add quotes over this one issue, and really describes him at all? 209.226.121.27 05:26, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Now we are accusing the ruling party of larceny, WOW. first of all, for something to be "stolen" it must be owned by someone/thing else first. Votes are not owned by a political party, people are free to vote as they wish. Perhaps you should offer up some more quotes that would better represent the man then? rather than just deleting these.

--Jadger 23:04, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Comparison
As an interesting side note, compare the educational background of the leaders of the separatist movement to the leaders of other major parties in Canada. The new leader of the Liberal party holds a PhD, the leader of the NDP holds a PhD, and the leader of the Conservatives holds a Master's degree (with original research). On the other hand, Duceppe holds what amounts essentially to a CEGEP diploma and Boisclair holds a one year Master's degree from a special program at Harvard that does not require candidates to hold a previous undergraduate degree (which Boisclair does not). Furthermore, unlike Harper's Master' degree, Boisclair did not contribute original research while studying. In fact, the only thing that got Boisclair into the JFK school of government was his years of service as an elected politician and $33,000 USD – hardly the exemplar of a brilliant mind.

The separatist movement in Quebec – in comparison to their opposition – is lead by unread, uneducated, populist leaders. That sums up the PQ's and the Bloc's values – populism over substance or intellect.

 * Lucien Bouchard has a Law degree. Jacques Parizeau has a degree in Economy from the London School of Economics. Joseph Facal, which was Lucien Bouchard's top strategist, is from Uruguay and has a PhD in Sociology. Pauline Marois, who could become the next leader of the PQ, has a master's degree in business administration. This list could go on for a long time. Seems like your opinion is not based on facts. So you hate the separatist movement... Big deal! But stop polluting the Wikipedia. Hugo Dufort 09:55, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * And I forgot Bernard Landry: «Bernard Landry received a degree in law from the Université de Montréal in Montreal, and a degree in economics and finance from Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris in Paris. A practising lawyer, he was a partner in the Montreal law firm of "Lapointe Rosenstein" when he was elected (...)» We can hardly call these leaders "unread, uneducated and populist". Hugo Dufort 05:30, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

My point isn't that the PQ was never led by intelligent people in the past (in fact that is part of the reason why separatists had been so successful), but are led by ignorant people now. The demographics of Quebec are changing and so are the PQ's. If the best the PQ could come up with for the last election was Boisclair, Quebec will not be leaving Canada any time soon. I believe that by and large, young and middle-aged intellectual Quebecers (ie people living big cities) are fine with staying in Canada. The separatist vote can't get above 45% in the foreseeable future - and Marois knows it!

Actually I find the movement to be very bourgeois and exclusivist, not ignorant and populist CJ DUB 15:29, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * How do you explain the popular support, then? Support for independence is constantly between 40% and 50% (newspapers run polls on the subject every now and then), despite the fact that support for the PQ and the BQ can sink to levels as low as 28% at times. Hugo Dufort 22:08, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Hey, I'm just saying what they are; not what their appeal is. Anyway, I think you just proved my point for me that people support the cause and not always the bourgeois leaders. CJ DUB 12:58, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Teacher Slapping Story?
The article includes a often-told story from Duceppe's childhood: "Duceppe's English-speaking Grade 6 teacher slapped him for complaining when the French students had to stand in the aisles on a school bus, and he slapped her back." This event is obviously seared into Duceppe's memory since it influenced his future thinking about Quebec's place in the Canadian federation. I would be interested in learning more about this story, especially since it involves a particularly Old South type of discrimination, i.e., on school buses, French students stand and English students sit. Also, what happened after the dual slapping? Did either the teacher (do we know her name?) or Duceppe get suspended? What have we heard from the students who witnessed this incident? I'm not sure we need a blow-by-blow account of the story in the Duceppe article, but I am curious what is known about it.Que-Can 17:06, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

The school bus story sounds made up; an obvious allegory to the quebequois experience of life in Canada. CJ DUB 15:27, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not made up. See http://www.cbc.ca/montreal/features/bios/duceppe/  I'm putting it back into the article. Snickerdo (talk) 01:53, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Just a general comment on the article's 'slapping story'. I get a chuckle out of trying to picture the incident - try & imagine, little Duceppe (wearing a factory net on his head, my imagination) 'in' slapper shodown (truly a riot). GoodDay (talk) 16:30, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The story may or may not be true. The problem is, without corroborating evidence to support M. Duceppe's tale, we'll never know.Que-Can (talk) 13:13, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism
Oct 11th, 2008, repaired vandalism regarding political action taken and "ethnic cleansing" in Quebec. I recommend we keep a close eye on this in light of the election coming up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.59.243.105 (talk) 01:01, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Religion
He is very critical of creationists and of the conservatives for being a "party of creationists". I think more should be put here about whether he is a religious man or not. I believe he is not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.32.243.221 (talk) 04:58, 2 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Duceppe is an atheist, however there aren't any sources I know of where he says so explicitly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.72.27.204 (talk) 01:15, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

I found one source asking about the party leaders' view of religion in public life and it said that he didn't comment but reconfirmed his atheism. I can't remember the url though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.41.91.6 (talk) 06:52, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

BQ leader - resignation date
According to this, Duceppe resigned as BQ leader "nine days after" the May 2 fed election. GoodDay (talk) 14:37, 14 December 2011 (UTC)
 * We have been using the Parliament of Canada source, as it has been the only one to give a date. 117Avenue (talk) 03:59, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Perhaps 'both dates' can be used. GoodDay (talk) 17:32, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Request for Comments
There is an RfC on the question of using "Religion: None" vs. "Religion: None (atheist)" in the infobox on this and other similar pages.

The RfC is at Template talk:Infobox person.

Please help us determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 05:36, 23 April 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gilles Duceppe


text:
Meiri

Meiri is a Jewish surname and Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
 * Rabbi Menachem Meiri (1249–1315), a famous Catalan rabbi, Talmudist, Maimondean
 * Yehudit Kafri (Meiri) (born 1935), a 20th-century Israeli poet, writer
 * Yoav Meiri (born 1975), an Israeli butterfly swimmer
 * Goldfarb, Levy, Eran, Meiri & Co. (aka "Goldfarb"), the second-largest Israeli law firm

title: Meiri


text:
Talk:Rhys Chatham

Untitled
copyvio? --Cpomeara 21:24, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Confimation of copyright violation
Yes — I was made suspicious by HTML markup in the text. The source is here. If you're the author of the material on that site, then you need to confirm that, otherwise I'll have to remove the text and put a copyvio notice on it. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:37, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sorry — my mistake. I missed the ( darkish text on dark ground ) attribution to Wikipedia; in other words, I got it the wrong way round. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 23:50, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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Intro paragraph
It says he is a "multi-instrumentalist (flutes in C, alto and bass, keyboard)..." Alto what? Bass what? I suggest "...alto flute, and bass flute..." to avoid ambiguity. Or perhaps the author means "alto sax, bass guitar"? It's hard to say. ThreeRocks (talk) 18:00, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rhys Chatham


text:
Royal Black Institution

The Imperial Grand Black Chapter of the British Commonwealth, or simply the Royal Black Institution, is a Protestant fraternal society.

In 2016, a theological working group set up by the Church of Ireland was informed by the organisation's leadership that it had a membership of around 17,000, of whom around 16,000 lived in the British Isles.

History
The Royal Black Institution was formed in Ireland in 1797, two years after the formation of the Orange Order in Daniel Winter's cottage, Loughgall, County Armagh, Northern Ireland.

The society is formed from Orangemen, who hold the Royal Arch Purple Degree, and can be seen as a progression of those Orders, although they are three separate institutions. Anyone wishing to be admitted to the Royal Black Institution must first become a member of an Orange Order Lodge, and complete the Royal Arch Purple Degree. Members are expected to accept the doctrine of the Trinity and confess a personal faith in Christ.

The Royal Black is often referred to as "the senior of the loyal orders".

Members wear a sash or collarette of which the predominant colour is black.

The word "Royal" in the title is allegedly a reference to 1 Peter 2:9 ‘You are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people...’, not to politics or the British monarchy. The word "Black" allegedly refers to mortality, and is a symbol of mourning.

Organisation and events
Its headquarters is in Loughgall, County Armagh. Members refer to each other as "Sir Knight", whereas in the Orange Order members are referred to as "Brother" or "Brethren". .

The organisation is structured with the Imperial Grand Black Chapter as the presiding body, and which comprises representatives from County Chapters. Counties are sub-divided into districts, which are formed by groups of preceptories.

The RBI claim that their basis is the promotion of scripture and the principles of the Protestant Reformation. It has preceptories throughout the world, mainly in the major English-speaking countries, and is particularly strong in Newfoundland.

In 1931, on the day before a planned demonstration by members of the Royal Black Institution, crossing the border from Northern Ireland and into the then Irish Free State, the IRA occupied Cootehill in County Cavan, as a counter protest.

In Northern Ireland it holds an annual parade in the village of Scarva, County Down, on 13 July (the day after the Orange Order's 12 July celebrations). It is commonly referred to as "The Sham Fight" as it involves a mock fight between actors reenacting the Battle of the Boyne. The other major parade of the year is "Black Saturday", also known as "Last Saturday", held on the last Saturday in August at several locations throughout Ulster (including a major parade in Raphoe in the Laggan district of East Donegal, Ireland).

The society is also popular in Scotland, where 60 preceptories exist organised into 11 districts across the country. Twenty-six marches by the Black Institution have taken place in Glasgow alone between 2009 and 2010.

2012 apology
The Royal Black Institution has adopted a more conciliatory attitude to contentious parades than the Orange Order, and is less overtly political, though not without political influence.

After loyalist bands defied a Parades Commission ruling on Black Saturday by playing music outside St Patrick's Catholic Church on Donegall Street, Belfast, the Royal Black Institution issued an apology to the clergy and parishioners of the church for any offence caused. The parish priest, Father Michael Sheehan, welcomed the apology and "the sincere Christian spirit behind it".

Degrees
The society's members are assigned one of eleven degrees, as follows, in descending order:

 * 1) Royal Black Degree
 * 2) Royal Scarlet Degree
 * 3) Royal Mark Degree
 * 4) Apron and Royal Blue Degree
 * 5) Royal White Degree
 * 6) Royal Green Degree
 * 7) Gold Degree
 * 8) Star and Garter Degree
 * 9) Crimson Arrow Degree
 * 10) Link and Chain Degree
 * 11) Red Cross Degree

The Institution also possesses a final retrospective overview degree, which is essentially an overview of the eleven.

Sovereign Grand Masters
A chronological list of Sovereign Grand Masters of the Royal Black Preceptory:
 * 1846: Thomas Irwin
 * 1849: Morris Knox
 * 1850: Thomas Johnston
 * 1857: William Johnston
 * 1902: H. W. Chambers
 * 1914: William Henry Holmes Lyons
 * 1924: Sir William James Allen
 * 1948: Sir Norman Stronge, 8th Baronet
 * 1971: Jim Molyneaux
 * 1995: William J Logan
 * 2008: Millar Farr
 * 2018: William Anderson

title: Royal Black Institution


text:
Maurice Denis

Maurice Denis (25 November 1870 – 13 November 1943) was a French painter, decorative artist, and writer. An important figure in the transitional period between impressionism and modern art, he is associated with Les Nabis, symbolism, and later neo-classicism. His theories contributed to the foundations of cubism, fauvism, and abstract art. Following the First World War, he founded the Ateliers d'Art Sacré (Workshops of Sacred Art), decorated the interiors of churches, and worked for a revival of religious art.

Early life
Maurice Denis was born 25 November 1870, in Granville, Manche, a coastal town in the Normandy region of France. His father was of modest peasant origins; after four years in the army, he went to work at the railroad station. His mother, the daughter of a miller, worked as a seamstress. After their marriage in 1865, they moved to Saint-Germain-en-Laye in the Paris suburbs. His father was employed in the offices the administration of the Western Railroads in Paris.

Maurice was an only child. From an early age, his passions were religion and art. He began keeping a journal in 1884 at the age of thirteen. In 1885 he recorded in his journal his admiration for the colors, candle light and incense of the ceremonies at the local church. He frequented the Louvre, and admired especially the works of Fra Angelico, Raphael and Botticelli. At the age of fifteen he wrote in his journal, "Yes, I must that I become a Christian painter, that I celebrate all the miracles of Christianity, I feel that is what is needed." In 1887 he discovered a new source of inspiration, the works of Puvis de Chavannes.

Denis was accepted as a student at one of the most prestigious Paris schools, the Lycée Condorcet, where he excelled at philosophy. However, he decided to leave the school at the end of 1887 and in 1888 enrolled in Académie Julian to prepare for the entrance examination to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. There he studied with the painter and theorist Jules Joseph Lefebvre. He passed the entrance examination for the Beaux-Arts in July 1888, and passed another examination in November to receive his baccalaureate in philosophy.

Les Nabis
At the Académie Julian, his fellow students included Paul Sérusier and Pierre Bonnard, who had shared ideas about painting. Through Bonnard he met additional artists, including Édouard Vuillard, Paul Ranson, Ker-Xavier Roussel and Hermann-Paul. In 1890 they formed a group which they called the Nabis, taken from "Nabi"—Hebrew for "Prophet". Their philosophy was based upon the philosophy of positivism, and the writings of Auguste Compte and Hippolyte Taine. I rejected naturalism and materialism in favor of something more idealistic. Denis described it in 1909: "Art is no longer a visual sensation that we gather, like a photograph, as it were, of nature. No, it is a creation of our spirit, for which nature is only the occasion."

For his technique, Denis was first drawn toward the neoimpressionist style of Seurat, but rejected it as too scientific. In 1889, Denis was captivated by an exposition of works of Gauguin and his friends at the Cafe Volponi, on the edge of the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889. Recalling it later, Denis wrote, "What amazement, followed by what a revelation! In place of windows opening on nature, like the impressionists, these were surfaces which were solidly decorative, powerfully colorful, bordered with brutal strokes, partitioned." The work of Gauguin had an immediate effect on Denis' work. The brightly colored forms of Gauguin's Vache au-dessus du gouffre first shown in 1889, appeared in an October 1890 work by Denis, Taches du soleil sur la terrace, and later in Denis' Solitude du Christ (1918).

The Nabis drifted apart by the end of the 1880s, but their ideas influenced the later work of both Bonnard and Vuillard, as well as non-Nabi painters like Henri Matisse.

Japanism
Another influence on Denis at the time was the art of Japan. The interest of French artists in Japanese arts had begun in the 1850s, then was renewed by displays at the Paris Universal Exposition (1855) and was revived again in 1890 by a major retrospective of Japanese prints at the École des Beaux-Arts. Even before 1890 Denis had been cutting out and studying the illustrations of the catalog Japan Artistique published by Siegfried Bing. In November 1888 he had declared to his friend Émile Bernard that he wanted to move from "Giving color to (Puvis de Chavannes)" to "making a blend with Japan." His paintings in the Japanese style featured a wide format and very stylized composition and decoration, appearing like Japanese screens.

"A flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order"
In August 1890, Denis consolidated his new ideas and presented them in a famous essay published in the review Art et Critique. The celebrated opening line of the essay was: "Remember that a picture, before being a battle horse, a female nude or some sort of anecdote, is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order." This idea was not original to Denis; the idea had been forward not long before by Hippolyte Taine in The Philosophy of Art, where Taine wrote:  "A painting is a colored surface, in which the various tones and various degrees of light are placed with a certain choice; that is its intimate being." However, it was the expression of Denis which seized the attention of artists and became part of the foundation of modernism. Denis was among the first artists to insist on the flatness of the picture plane—one of the great starting points for modernism. However, as Denis explained, he did not mean that form of the painting was more important than the subject. He went on to write: "The profoundness of our emotions comes from the sufficiency of these lines and these colors to explain themselves...everything is contained in the beauty of the work." In his essay, he termed this new movement "neo-traditionalism", in opposition to the "progressism" of the neo-impressionists, led by Seurat. With the publication of this article, Denis became the best-known spokesperson for the philosophy of the Nabis, though in fact that group was very diverse and had many different opinions about art.

The next major event in the life of Denis was his meeting with Marthe Meurier in October 1890. From June 1891 they had a long romance, meticulously documented in his journal, and were married on 12 June 1893. She became an important part of his art, appearing in many pictures and also in decorative works, such painted fans, often as an idealized figure representing purity and love.

Symbolism
By the early 1890s, Denis had arrived at the artistic philosophy which guided most of his later work, and which changed very little; that the essence of art was to express love and faith, which to him were similar things. On 24 March 1895 he wrote in his journal: "Art remains a sure refuge, the hope of a reason in life from now on, and the consoling thought that little beauty manifests itself in our lives, and that we are continuing the work of Creation....Therefore the work of art has merit, inscribed in the marvelous beauty of flowers, of light, in the proportion of trees and shape of waves, and the perfection of faces; to inscribe our poor and lamentable life of suffering, of hope and of thought."

The art world was in transition in the early 1890s, with the death of Van Gogh in 1890 and of Seurat in 1891, and the first departure of Gauguin to Tahiti. The French State was gradually giving up its dominance of art through the annual salons it organized. An independent Salon had been formed in 1884 and in 1890 the official Salon broke into two parts, with the formation of the Société national des Beaux-Arts, with its own annual show. Denis showed his works in both salons, as well as the La Libre Esthétique salon in Brussels, a leading European showcase for avan-garde art. The literary movement called symbolism was launched by Jean Moréas in an article in Le Figaro in 1891. In March 1891 the critic George-Albert Dourer wrote an article for the Mercure-de-France calling Denis the leading example of "symbolism in painting". The work of Denis attracted the attention of critics and of important patrons, most notably Arthur Huc, the owner of the prominent newspaper La Dépêche de Toulouse who organized his own art salons and purchased a number of works by Denis.

Denis experimented with other art forms and with decorative art. Beginning in 1889, to illustrate an edition of the book of poems Sagesse by Paul Verlaine, Denis carved a series of seven highly stylized woodblock prints, distilling the essence of his work. His patron Huc commissioned two large decorative panels, in the form of tapestries, for his Toulouse office. Denis, like other artists of the period, also designed colorful lithograph posters with the arabesque curves of the Art Nouveau. Beginning in 1891, shortly after his engagement, Denis made Marthe the most frequent subject of his paintings; she was depicted, in purified and idealized form, doing household tasks, taking naps, and at the dining room table. She appeared in his landscapes, and in his most ambitious works of the time, The series called The Muses, which he began in 1893, and showed at the Salon of Independents in 1893. He sold the first painting to his friend Arthur Fontaine; In 1899 The French state acquired one of the paintings, his first official recognition.

His wife played the piano, and throughout the 1890s Denis had a growing interest in the connections between music and art. He painted a portrait of her at the piano in 1890. He designed a flowing lithograph, featuring Marthe, for the cover for the sheet music of La Damoiselle élue by Claude Debussy, as well as another lithograph for the poem Pelléas et Mélisande by Maurice Maeterlinck,  which Debussy transformed into an opera; and in  1894 he painted La Petit Air, based on the poem Princesse Maleine by Stéphane Mallarmé, the most prominent literary proponent of symbolism. In 1893 made a collaborative project with the writer André Gide, which combined art and literature; he provided a series of thirty lithographs to accompany a long essay by Gide, called Le Voyage d'Urien. The Lithographs did not illustrate the text, but approached the same topics from an artist's point of view.

Another topic he addressed in this period was the relationship between sacred love and profane love. The painting had three female figures, two nude and one clothed, following the model of Le Concert Champêtre and L'Amour Sacré et L'Amour Profane of Titian and Déjeuner sur l'herbe by Manet. The setting is his own garden, with the viaduct of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in the background. The nude figures represented sacred love, and he clothed figure profane love. He made another painting, this time of Marthe nude in the garden, representing both sacred and profane love in one figure.

Art Nouveau and decorative arts
In the mid-1890s, with the appearance of the Art Nouveau style in Brussels and Paris, Denis began to pay greater attention to the decorative arts, though his themes of family and spirituality remained the same. Many of his new projects were commissioned by Samuel Bing, the art dealer whose gallery gave its name to Art Nouveau. His new projects included designs wallpapers, stained glass, tapestries, lamp shades, screens, and fans. But while he worked within the time period and used the materials of the Art Nouveau, his themes and style remained distinctly his own.

His most important decorative work was a series of painted panels for the office of Baron Cochin, together called The Legend of St. Hubert, painted between 1895 and 1897. It drew freely upon the Medici Chapel in Florence, and the works of Nicolas Poussin, Delacroix and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes. Cochin and his family appear in one panel, and Denis's wife Anne in another. The panels celebrated families and faith. The Archbishop of Paris celebrated a mass in the office, when the French government nationalized his residence and other church property in 1907.

He produced a small number of portraits, including an unusual portrait of Yvonne Lerolle (1897)  which showed her in three different poses in the same picture.

Neo-Classicism
In January 1898 Denis made his first visit to Rome, where the works of Raphael and Michelangelo in the Vatican made a strong impression upon him. He wrote a long essay, Les Arts a Rome, declaring: "the classical aesthetic offers us at the same time a method of thinking and a method of wanting to be, a moral and at the same time a psychology...The classical tradition as a whole, by the logic of the effort and the greatness of results, is in some way parallel with the religious tradition of humanity." In the same year, the two leading figures of symbolism in art, Gustave Moreau and Puvis de Chavannes, died. On his return to Paris, Denis re-oriented his art toward neo-classicism, with clearer lines and figures. He noted in his journal in March 1898: "Think of late paintings where Christ is the central figure...Remember the large mosaics of Rome. Reconcile the employment of large-scale decorative means and the direct emotions of nature."

Denis was a great admirer of Paul Cézanne; he traveled to Cézanne's home in 1896, and wrote an article reporting Cézanne's comment: "I want to make of impressionism something solid and durable, like the art in museums." In the article, Denis described Cézanne as "the Poussin of impressionism" and called him the founder of modern neo-classicism. One of the most important works of Denis from this period is Homage to Cézanne (1900), painted following the death of his friend Paul Cézanne. In the foreground, it portrays the friends of Cézanne, several of them former Nabis; from left to right (Odilon Redon, Édouard Vuillard, the critic André Mellerio, Ambroise Vollard, Denis himself, Paul Sérusier, Paul Ranson, Ker-Xavier Roussel, Pierre Bonnard, and Denis's wife Marthe). The painting appears very somber because they are all dressed in black for mourning, but it also has a second message; the paintings displayed behind the figures and on the easel represent the transition of modern art, from works by Gauguin and Renoir on the back wall to the painting by Cézanne on the easel, which illustrated, from Denis's point of view, the transition from impressionism and symbolism toward neo-classicism.

Denis was affected by the political turmoils of the time, such as the Dreyfus affair (1894–1906) which divided French society and the art world with Émile Zola and André Gide on one side, defending Dreyfus, and Rodin, Renoir and Denis on the other. Denis was in Rome during most of the events, and it did not affect his friendship with Gide. More significant for him was the movement of the French government to reduce the power of the church, and the decision of the government to officially separate the church and state in 1905. Denis joined the nationalist and pro-Catholic Action Française in 1904, and remained a member until 1927, when the group had moved to the extreme right and was formally condemned by the Vatican.

Neo-classicism versus Fauvism- the beach pictures
Until about 1906 Denis was considered in the avant-garde of Paris artists, but in that year Henri Matisse presented La Joie de Vivre with the bright and clashing colors of fauvism. In response, Denis turned increasingly toward mythology and what he termed "Christian humanism". In 1898, he had bought a small villa at the beach in Perros-Guirec in Brittany, which was then a remote and little-populated fishing village. In 1907, he used the beach there as the setting for the neoclassical Bacchus and Ariadne, brightening his colors and showing a happy family romping nude on the  beach. He followed this with a series of pictures of nudes at the beach or in bucolic settings, based on mythological themes.

Book design and illustration
From 1899 to 1911 Denis was also busy with graphic arts. For the publisher Vollard he made a set of twelve color lithographs titled Amour, which was an artistic but not a commercial success. He then returned to making woodblock prints, doing a black-and-white series L'Imitation de Jesus-Christ, in collaboration with the engraver Tony Beltrand, which published in 1903, then illustrations for Sagesse by the poet Paul Verlaine, published in 1911. In 1911 he began work on illustrations for Fiorette by Saint Francis of Assisi. For this project he traveled alone by bicycle through Umbria and Tuscany, making drawings. The final work, published in 1913, was filled with rich and colorful floral illustration. He also made highly decorative book designs and illustrations for Vita Nova by Dante (1907) and twenty-four illustrations for Eloa by Alfred de Vigny (1917). The last work, made during the midst of the First World War was more somber than his earlier work, largely colored in pale blues an greys.

Architectural decoration
In 1908 Denis began work on an important decorative project for the Russian art patron Ivan Morozov, who had been a major patron of Claude Monet and Auguste Renoir, and who owned The Night Cafe by Vincent van Gogh. Denis created a large mural panel, The history of Psyche, for the music room of Morozov's Moscow mansion, and later added some additional panels to the design. His fee for this project enabled him to buy his seaside house in Brittany. He then took on a more ambitious project, the cupola for a new theater, the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, being constructed in Paris by the architect Auguste Perret. The theatre was modern; it was the first major building in Paris constructed of reinforced concrete, and is considered the first building in the Art Deco style;  but Denis' work was purely neoclassical. The theme was the history of music, with figures of Apollo and the Muses. Perret constructed a special studio for Denis so he could paint a work of such a large scale.

Teaching and theory — "a new classical order"
Beginning in 1909, he taught painting at the Académie Ranson in Paris, where his students included Tamara de Lempicka. She later gave him credit for teaching her the craft technique of painting, though her art-deco style was quite different from his. He also devoted much of his time to writing about theory. In 1909 he published Théories, which brought together the articles he had written on art since 1890, describing the course of art from Gauguin to Matisse (whose work he disliked) to Cézanne and Maillol, under the subtitle: "From Symbolism and Gauguin towards a new classical order". The book was widely read, with three more editions published before 1920. It included his 1906 essay "The Sun", in which he described the decline of impressionism: "The common error of us all was to search above all for the light. It would have been better first to search for the Kingdom of God and his justice, that is to say for the expression of our spirit in beauty, and the rest would have arrived naturally." It also included his idea that "Art is the sanctification of the nature, of that nature found in everyone who is content to live." And it described his theory of creation that found the source for art in the character of the painter: "That which creates a work of art is the power and the will of the artist."

Subjects of his mature works included landscapes and figure studies, particularly of mother and child. But his primary interestDenis responded in 1907, with the neoclassical Bacchus and Ariadne, brightening his colors and showing a happy family romping nude but more modestly on a beach. He painted a series of works of nudes at the beach, an homage to the bathers of Raphael and the classical nudity of the Venus de Milo and other Greek sculpture. remained the painting of religious subjects, like "The dignity of labour", commissioned in 1931 by the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions to decorate the main staircase of the Centre William Rappard.

Church windows and decoration
In the last period of his life and work he turned his attention more and more to large-scale murals and to religious art. In 1914 Denis purchased the former hospital of Saint-Germaine-en-Laye, constructed under Louis XIV in the 17th century. He renamed the building "The Priory" and Between 1915 and 1928, with the aid of the architect Auguste Perret, he decorated the building, particularly the unfinished chapel, which he filled with his own designs of frescos, stained glass, statues and furniture. In 1916 declared his intention to aim for the "supreme goal of painting, which is the large-scale decorative mural." he completed twenty murals between 1916 and his death in 1943.

Besides the Priory, his other major works of this period include the decoration of the Church of Notre-Dame du Raincy, an innovative reinforced concrete art deco church in the Paris suburbs designed by Auguste Perret, which was completed in 1924. The church was designed in the spirit of Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, to give the stained glass the maximum effect. The windows were made in collaboration with the stained-glass artist Marguerite Huré; Denis designed the figurative art in the center of each window, while Marguerite Huré created the window and the abstract glass designs around it. Other major religious works include the chapel Church of Saint-Louis in Vincennes (1927), the windows of the chapel of La Clarté in Perros (1931) and the church of Thonon his final project before his death in 1943.

On 5 February 1919, shortly after the First World War, Denis and George Desvallières founded the Ateliers d'Art Sacré, or workshops of Sacred art. (1914–18) as part of a broad movement in Europe to reconcile the church with modern civilization. The Ateliers created art for churches, particularly those devastated by the recent war. Denis said that he was against academic art because it sacrificed emotion to convention and artifice, and was against realism because it was prose and he wanted music. Above all he wanted beauty, which was an attribute of divinity.

The most important church decorated by the Ateliers was the Église du Saint-Esprit in Paris, finished in 1934. The murals and frescoes in the interior were painted by George Desvallières, Robert Poughéon, Nicolas Untersteller and Elizabeth Branly.The church was decorated by members of the Ateliers d'Art Sacré, showing the history of the church militant and the history of the church triumphant from the 2nd to the 20th century. To ensure unity in the decorations the architect imposed a standard height for all the people depicted, and red as the color of all the backgrounds. The central theme of the paintings is "the history of the church militant and the history of the church triumphant from the 2nd to the 20th century. Denis painted two of the major works, the Altarpiece and another large work beside it. The church murals that he painted were strongly influenced by the Renaissance art he had seen in churches in Italy, particularly the work of Giotto and Michelangelo. He wrote in 1922, "The sublime is to approach the subject or wall with an attitude that is grand, noble, and in no way petty."

Civic murals
In the late 1920s and 1930s, his prestige was such that he received commissions for a number of murals for important civic buildings. These included the ceiling over the stairway of the French Senate in the Luxembourg Palace; and murals for the Hospice of the city of Saint-Étienne, where he returned to the colorful and neoclassical themes of his beach paintings. He was commissioned to make two mural panels for the Palais de Chaillot, built for the 1937 Paris International Exposition. Denis invited several friends from his earlier career, Pierre Bonnard, Édouard Vuillard and Roussel, to participate in the project with him. The two panels celebrate sacred music and profane (non religious music) in a colorful neoclassical style, recalling his decoration for the cupola of the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. The classical panel shows an ancient celebration in the Boboli Gardens in Rome, which he had recently visited. The paintings can still be seen though they have been somewhat disfigured by later renovations.

In his later years, he also had two important commissions outside of France, both on his favorite theme of Christian faith and humanism; the first, in 1931, for the Offices of the International Labor Bureau in Geneva, commissioned by the International Association of Christian Workers in Geneva on the theme "Christ preaching to the workers"; and the second, in 1938, for the new headquarters of the League of Nations. on the theme of being armed for peace, depicting a figure of Orpheus taming the tiger of war.

Late life
In January 1940, in his seventieth year, he summed up his accomplishments in his journal: "My marriage: Delacroix admired and understood; Ingres abandoned; break with the extremists. I have become official while at the same time cultivating the secret inquietude of an art which expresses my vision and my thought, while at the same time forcing me to better realize the lessons of the masters." Denis died in Paris of injuries resulting from an automobile accident in November 1943. The date of his death is variously listed as the 2nd, 3rd, or 13th.

Personal life
Denis married his first wife, Marthe Meurier, in 1893. They had seven children, and she posed for numerous Denis works. Following her death in 1919, Denis painted a chapel dedicated to her memory. He married again on 22 February 1922 to Elisabeth Graterolleore, whom he had used a model for one of the figures in the cupola of the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. They had two children, Jean-Baptiste (born 1923) and Pauline (born 1925). Elisabeth also features in several paintings of Denis, sometimes alongside Marthe.

He was very active in the Roman Catholic Church as a Tertiary, or member of a lay religious order. In 1907 he joined the traditionalist and nationalist Action Française movement, but he left in 1927 after the group had moved to the extreme right and was condemned by the Vatican. During World War II, he firmly rejected the Vichy government.

Quotations about art
The published writings and the private journal of Denis give an extensive view of his philosophy of art, which he developed over his lifetime.

 * "Remember that a picture, before being a battle horse, a female nude or some sort of anecdote, is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order." (Art et Critique August 1890)

 * "Art remains a sure refuge, the hope of a reason for our life here, and this consoling thought that a little beauty is also found in our life, and that we are continuing the work of creation....the labor of art has merit; to inscribe the marvelous beauty of flowers, of the light, of the proportion of trees and the form of waves, and the perfection of face, to inscribe our poor and lamentable life of suffering, of hope and of thought."  (Journal, 24 March 1895)

 * "Decorative and edifying. That is what I want art to be before anything else." (Nouvelles Théories (1922)

 * "Painting is first of all the art of imitation, and not the servant of some imaginary 'purity'". (Nouvelles Théories (1922)

 * "Don't lose sight of the essential objectives of painting, which are expression, emotion, delectation; to understand the means, to paint decoratively, to exalt form and color." (Journal, 1930)

Exhibitions

 * 1963 From 28 June to 29 September 1963, at the Musée Toulouse-Lautrec, Albi. Paintings, water-colours, drawings, lithographs, with an introduction by Agnès Humbert
 * 1980 The Maurice Denis Museum was opened in the artist's home in the Parisian suburb of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
 * 1995 A major retrospective exhibition took place in 1995 at the UK's Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool.
 * 2007 A similar exhibition was mounted at the Musée Des Beaux Arts de Montréal in 2007; it was the first major Denis show in North America.

Looting and restitution
In 2023 Denis' Stehender Knabe unter einem Baum, which had been listed on the German Lost Art Foundation website, was found by family of Holocaust victim Marcel Monteux, from whom it had been looted.

title: Maurice Denis


text:
Talk:Perizonius

1911
dump of original 1911 text for reference

PERIZONIUS (or ACCINCTUS), the name of JAKOB VOORBROEK (1651-1715), Dutch classical scholar, who was born at Appin-gedam in Groningen on the 26th of October 1651. He was the son of Anton Perizonius (1626-1672),' the author of a once well-known treatise, De ratione studii theologici. Having studied at the university of Utrecht, he was appointed in 1682 to the chair of eloquence and history at Franeker through the influence of J. G. Graevius and Nicolas Heinsius. In 1693 he was promoted to the corresponding chair at Leiden, where he died on the 6th of April 1715. The numerous works of Perizonius entitle him to a very high place among the scholars of his age. Special interest attaches to his edition of the Minerva of Francisco Sanchez or Sanctiusof Salamanca (ist ed., i587;ed. C. L. Bauer, 1793-1801), one of the last developments of the study of Latin grammar in its pre-scientific stage, when the phenomena of language were still regarded as for the most part disconnected, conventional or fortuitous. Mention should also be made of his Animadversiones historicae (r685), which may be said to have laid the foundations of historical criticism, and of his treatises on the Roman republic, alluded to by Niebuhr as marking the beginning of that new era of historical study with which his own name is so closely associated.

The article on Perizonius in Van der Aa's Biographisch Woorden-boek der Nederlanden contains full biographical and bibliographical particulars; see also F. A. Eckstein in Ersch and Gruber's Allge-meine Encyklopddie.

title: Talk:Perizonius