text:
Dublin Regulation

The Dublin Regulation (Regulation No. 604/2013; sometimes the Dublin III Regulation; previously the Dublin II Regulation and Dublin Convention) is a Regulation of the European Union that determines which EU member state is responsible for the examination of an application for asylum, submitted by persons seeking international protection under the Geneva Convention and the Qualification Directive, within the European Union.

The Dublin Regulation forms a key part of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). Together with the Eurodac Regulation, which establishes a Europe-wide fingerprinting database for unauthorised entrants to the EU, the Dublin Regulation forms the Dublin System. The Dublin Regulation aims to "determine rapidly the Member State responsible [for an asylum claim]" and provides for the transfer of an asylum seeker to that Member State.

One of the principal aims of the Dublin Regulation is to prevent an applicant from submitting applications in multiple Member States. Another aim is to reduce the number of "orbiting" asylum seekers, who are shuttled from member state to member state. The country in which the asylum seeker first applies for asylum is responsible for either accepting or rejecting the claim, and the seeker may not restart the process in another jurisdiction.

As part of the third phase of CEAS, the Dublin III Regulation is to be replaced by the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR) in 2024.

History
The Dublin regime was originally established by the Dublin Convention, which was signed in Dublin, Ireland on 15 June 1990, and first came into force on 1 September 1997 for the first twelve signatories (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom), on 1 October 1997 for Austria and Sweden, and on 1 January 1998 for Finland. While the convention was only open to accession by member states of the European Communities, Norway and Iceland, non-member states, concluded an agreement with the EC in 2001 to apply the provisions of the Convention in their territories.

Incorporation of the Dublin framework under EU law
The Dublin II Regulation was adopted in 2003, replacing the Dublin Convention in all EU member states except Denmark, which has an opt-out from implementing regulations under the area of freedom, security and justice. An agreement with Denmark on extending the application of the Regulation to Denmark came into force in 2006. A separate protocol also extended the Iceland-Norway agreement to Denmark in 2006. The provisions of the Regulation were also extended by a treaty to non-member states Switzerland on 1 March 2008, which on 5 June 2005 voted by 54.6% to ratify it, and Liechtenstein on 1 April 2011. A protocol subsequently made this agreement also applicable to Denmark.

Second phase of the Common European Asylum System
On 3 December 2008, the European Commission proposed amendments to the Dublin Regulation, creating an opportunity for reform of the Dublin System. The Dublin III Regulation (No. 604/2013) was approved in June 2013, replacing the Dublin II Regulation, and applies to all member states except Denmark. It came into force on 19 July 2013. It is based on the same principle as the previous two, i. e., that the first Member State where finger prints are stored or an asylum claim is lodged is responsible for a person's asylum claim.

In July 2017, the European Court of Justice upheld the Dublin Regulation, declaring that it still stands despite the high influx of 2015, giving EU member states the right to transfer migrants to the first country of entry to the EU.

The United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union took effect at the end of the Brexit transition period on 31 December 2020, at which point the Regulation ceased to apply to it.

Asylum and Migration Management Regulation
The Dublin III Regulation is to be replaced by an Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR), as part of the third phase of the Common European Asylum System. The Justice and Home Affairs Council reached an agreement on a negotiating position towards the European Parliament on 8 June 2023. The Pact was adopted by the European Council on 14 May 2024 and will come into force in two years, from 2026. The revised Regulation applies to all EU member states except those with opt-outs from the AFSJ policy area: Denmark and Ireland (the later of which can subsequently opt-in).

Key to the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation is the institution of a new solidarity mechanism between the member states. Solidarity can take the form of relocation of migrants, financial contributions, deployment of personnel or measures focusing on capacity building. Solidarity will be mandatory for member states, but the form of solidarity is at the discretion of the member states themselves. Per relocation, member states can instead make a financial contribution of €20.000. The updated rules on solidarity combine mandatory solidarity to assist member states dealing with a significant migrant influx with adaptable options for contributions. These contributions from member states may include relocating individuals, financial support, or, upon agreement with the recipient state, alternative measures of solidarity (such as supplying border personnel or aiding in establishing reception facilities).

Criticism
According to the European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) and the UNHCR the current system fails in providing fair, efficient and effective protection. Around 2008, those refugees transferred under Dublin were not always able to access an asylum procedure. This put people at risk of being returned to persecution. The claim has been made on a number of occasions both by the ECRE and the UNHCR that the Dublin regulation impedes the legal rights and personal welfare of asylum seekers, including the right to a fair examination of their asylum claim and, where recognised, to effective protection, and leads to uneven distribution of asylum claims among Member States.

Application of this regulation can seriously delay the presentation of claims, and can result in claims never being heard. Causes of concern include the use of detention to enforce transfers of asylum seekers from the state where they apply to the state deemed responsible, also known as Dublin transfers, the separation of families and the denial of an effective opportunity to appeal against transfers. The Dublin system also increases pressures on the external border regions of the EU, where the majority of asylum seekers enter EU and where states are often least able to offer asylum seekers support and protection.

After ECRE, the UNHCR and other non-governmental organisations openly criticised Greece's asylum system, including the lack of protection and care for unaccompanied children, several countries suspended transfers of asylum seekers to Greece under the Dublin II regulation. Norway announced in February 2008 it would stop transferring any asylum seeker back to Greece under the Dublin II regulation. In September, it backtracked and announced that transfers to Greece would be based on individual assessments. In April 2008 Finland announced a similar move.

The regulation is also criticised by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights as undermining refugee rights.

The European Court of Human Rights in the case M.S.S. v Belgium and Greece, judged on 21 January 2011 that both the Greek and the Belgian governments violated the European Convention on Human Rights by applying the EU's own law on asylum seekers and were given fines of €6,000 and €30,000, respectively. Recently, voices have been heard calling for the imposition of tougher sanctions, should similar cases of trying to follow EU asylum laws occur in the future.

The case of Tarakhel vs. Switzerland
A Grand Chamber judgment in the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) found that the Dublin Regulation had the potential to undermine individual rights and safeties of refugees. Golajan and Maryam Tarakhel fled Iran to Italy with their six children. After leaving Italy’s reception center in Bari without permission, the family applied for asylum in first Austria and then Switzerland, but both countries applied for a transfer of control to the Italian authorities under the sovereignty clause in Article 3 of the Dublin Regulation, which allows countries to outsource application examinations. Tarakhel then went to talk to the Federal Migration Office to request Swiss asylum, but the office concluded that under the Dublin Regulation, Italy was responsible for deciding their case. The Tarakhel family appealed under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, saying that they would be subject to “inhuman and degrading treatment” should they be forced to return to Italy due to their “systemic deficiencies” in asylum management. They claimed that when taken in conjunction with Article 3, their rights under Article 13 of the Convention, which gives right to an effective remedy, are violated because the Swiss government did not take into account their situation as a family. In 2013, over 14,000 asylum application had been made to Italy for only 9,630 places. Since the Swiss Court did not have to ensure safe reception of the eight person family unit under the Dublin Regulation, the court found that there was plausible reason for the family to fear for their treatment in Italy. Additionally, the court believed that the presence of children, a “particularly underprivileged and vulnerable” demographic, meant that the governments should be even more careful in ensuring safe reception across borders. Their complaint under Article 13 was found to be manifestly ill-founded. The Grand Chamber concluded in a 14-3 decision that Switzerland must ensure safe asylum before deportation.

Switzerland is not a part of the European Union, but it did sign into the Schengen Zone, making it subject to the laws outlined in the Dublin Regulation. The Dublin Regulation, however, still upholds some aspects of EU Law. Since Switzerland also signed into the Council of Europe, they are beholden to the judgements of the ECHR. Therefore, the ECHR had to apply laws from the EU to a country that is not a part of the EU. In the dissenting opinion from the chamber judges, they write that it is outside of the scope of Swiss responsibilities to protect against potential future unsafe treatment, and they insist on instead putting any future burden on Italy. Their unclear assignment of blame exposes some discrepancies in the Convention of Human Rights as well as the Dublin Regulation.

Dublin Regulation and the European refugees crisis
Around 23 June 2015 during the European refugee and migrant crisis, Hungary considered itself overburdened with asylum applications after receiving 60,000 "illegal immigrants" that year and announced to no longer receive back applicants who had crossed the borders to other EU countries and were detained there, as they should according to the Dublin regulation, due to unspecified "technical reasons", thus practically withdrawing from that Dublin regulation. On 24 August 2015, Germany therefore decided to make use of the "sovereignty clause" to process Syrian asylum applications for which it would not be responsible under the criteria of the Regulation. On 2 September 2015, the Czech Republic also decided to offer Syrian refugees who had already applied for asylum in other EU countries and who had reached the country to either have their application processed in the Czech Republic (i. e. get asylum there) or to continue their journey elsewhere.

States such as Hungary, Slovakia and Poland also officially stated their opposition to any possible revision or enlargement of the Dublin Regulation, specifically referring to the eventual introduction of new mandatory or permanent quotas for solidarity measures.

In April 2018 at a public meeting of the Interior-Committee of the German Bundestag, expert witness Kay Hailbronner, asked about a future European asylum system, described the current state of the Dublin Regulation as dysfunctional. Hailbronner concluded, that once the EU has been reached, travelling to the desired destination, where the chances for being granted full refugee status are best and better living conditions are expected, was common practice. Sanctions for such travel were practically non-existent. Even if already deported, a return to the desired nation could be organized.

2019 statistics
In 2019, the European Union (EU) Member States sent out 142 494 outgoing requests to transfer the responsibility to examine an asylum application and effectively implemented 23 737 outgoing transfers to other Member States.

The largest numbers of outgoing requests using the Dublin procedure were sent by Germany (48 844), France (48 321), each representing close to one-third of the total number of outgoing requests recorded in 2019. They were followed by Belgium (11 882) and the Netherlands (9 267). These four Member States together sent more than four-fifths (83%) of all outgoing requests in 2019.

title: Dublin Regulation


text: User talk:81.151.6.55

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:81.151.6.55


text: User talk:66.26.81.71

title: User talk:66.26.81.71


text:
Talk:FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

Abu Musab al Zarqawi
Why is Abu Musab al Zarqawi not on the list ?....

 * He was added to the FBI's SEEKING INFORMATION – WAR ON TERRORISM list February 24, 2006. I'm not decided yet how to handle that list, if I would even attempt it.  It has numerous indivdiduals, many of whom have come and gone, some who were briefly listed and then quickly dropped because they were mistaken identity, etc.  Problematic, but deserving of a dedicated page, perhaps. Steven Russell 08:57, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
Holy crap, this formatting is a mess. It needs serious work. Night Gyr 16:17, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I am on the case. Join the project to help out. :) --[[Image:Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.svg|15px]] Shane (talk/contrib) 05:42, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, the section listing the terrorists is very hard to follow, it needs to be reorganized for clarity. I'm not that familiar with the subject, though.  --Alcuin 15:58, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

In an effort to remove one of the oldest articles marked for cleanup I have formatted and reorganized the list into tables, which should make the article easier to read. The table is based on the table in FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Feel free to make changes where necessary. Also I removed a few existing tables due to their lack of organization/formatting, which made it hard to discern what was trying to be conveyed, and it seemed to go off topic for of the article's topic - individuals on the list. Additionally, I added the 3 missing people to the list of 22.  Barkeep   Chat 19:37, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Osama bin Laden Captured?
Osama bin Laden Listed date: October 10, 2001 Status: Captured in New Zealand

Are you guys serious?

Yasin
While restoring detail after multiple vandalism, I left out this edit about the whereabouts of Yasin 2002-2004 by an anyonymous editor because it remains unsourced, and I can't vouch for its legitimacy. But if a good source can be found, it should be included:

"special note: was confirmed to be a guest of Saddam Hussein in 2002, but has since gone missing from Iraq. Coalition forces have discovered documents that show he enjoyed housing and a monthly government salary. Former ABC News correspondent Sheila MacVicar looked for Yasin, and here is what she reported on July 27, 1994: “Last week, [television program] Day One confirmed [Yasin] is in Baghdad…Just a few days ago, he was seen at [his father’s] house by ABC News. Neighbors told us Yasin comes and goes freely.” " Steven Russell 22:06, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Formatting
somehow, this page doesn't render well in IE7

13:36, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Fazel Abdullah mohammed.PNG
The image Image:Fazel Abdullah mohammed.PNG is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

The following images also have this problem:

 * File:Fazel Abdullah mohammed.PNG

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --04:12, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Fadhil Is No Longer On The List
Read the current list and not an outdated one —Preceding unsigned comment added by JoetheMoe25 (talk • contribs) 01:44, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

wikitable
There is something wrong with the wikitable. I don't know how to fix it. Alts (talk) 23:37, 8 March 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅  Barkeep  Chat/''' 14:04, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

Fair use candidate from Commons: File:Saif al-Adel.jpg
The file File:Saif al-Adel.jpg, used on this page, has been deleted from Wikimedia Commons and re-uploaded at File:Saif al-Adel.jpg. It should be reviewed to determine if it is compliant with this project's non-free content policy, or else should be deleted and removed from this page. If no action is taken, it will be deleted after 7 days. Commons fair use upload bot (talk) 00:37, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Fair use candidate from Commons: File:ALI ATWA.jpg
The file File:ALI ATWA.jpg, used on this page, has been deleted from Wikimedia Commons and re-uploaded at File:ALI ATWA.jpg. It should be reviewed to determine if it is compliant with this project's non-free content policy, or else should be deleted and removed from this page. If no action is taken, it will be deleted after 7 days. Commons fair use upload bot (talk) 00:44, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Fair use candidate from Commons: File:ALI ATWA.jpg
The file File:ALI ATWA.jpg, used on this page, has been deleted from Wikimedia Commons and re-uploaded at File:ALI ATWA.jpg. It should be reviewed to determine if it is compliant with this project's non-free content policy, or else should be deleted and removed from this page. If no action is taken, it will be deleted after 7 days. Commons fair use upload bot (talk) 00:45, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Alleged to be a terrorist, or actually is one?
I've been going through this article and altering language that either asserts or strongly implies that some of these individuals are terrorists, though they may not have been tried and convicted in a court of law. While many of them (perhaps all) may have committed the crimes of which they are accused, an indictment is in no way equivalent to a conviction. It is therefore critical that editors:

 * clearly indicate who has accused whom and of what, and
 * refrain from turning this page into an indictment in and of itself, rather than into an encyclopedic article.

Being mindful of the sources of allegations, and of the state of criminal proceedings in each case, will only improve this article. -Darouet (talk) 19:21, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I have opened a discussion at the BLP noticeboard, due to repeated IP reverts. -Darouet (talk) 18:34, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

Table column name
In the table, there is a column which displays the activity the perp is on the list for. Why is Bin Laden listed for the 98 bombings and not for 911? Shouldn't the info used by the list be shown, which most likely mentions 911 as one of the top characteristics?Two kinds of pork (talk) 10:40, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

Omitted Individuals As of 2015/02/05
I was looking over the list, comparing the Wikipedia List to the list on the FBI website and found the following members listed on the FBI website to be missing from this Wikipedia Page. I noticed at least the following five omissions:

1. Liban Haji Mohamed - Somali-American, listed on 2015/01/29 who is "wanted for allegedly providing material support to Harakat Shabaab Al-Mujahidin, also known as Al-Shabaab and Al-Qaeda." Still at large. Believed to have fled the U.S. for East Africa in July of 2012.

2. Ahmad Abousamara: Syrian-American, listed on 2009/11/05, who wanted for allegedly attempting to obtain military training to kill American soldiers overseas and among, other charges, "conspiracy to, attempting to, and providing material support to terrorists." Still at large. Believed to be in Syria.

3. Raddulan Sahiron: Filippino leader of Abu Sayyaf, listed on 2007/02/27, who is wanted for alleged involvement in 1993 kidnapping of American citizen and for "hostage taking and aiding and abetting and causing an act to be done". Still at large. Believed to be in Philippines.

4. Jehad Serwan Mostafa: American, listed on 2009/10/09 who is wanted for "providing material support to the foreign terrorist organization al-Shabaab...", specifically for conspiracy to provide and for having provided material support to foreign terrorists. Still at large. Whereabouts unknown.

5. Zulkifli Abdhir: AKA Marwan, Malayasian, listed on 2007/08/01 who is wanted for "providing material support to terrorists, conspiracy to provide material support, contributing goods/services to a specially designated global terrorist, and making false statements." Killed in Mamasapano on 2015/01/25.

The source for these is: http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/wanted_terrorists/@@wanted-group-listing

Pedasus (talk) 12:28, 5 February 2015 (UTC) Pedasus

Update: More than a month later, as of 2015/03/08, no update has been made to main page concerning these five omissions. And one of omitted individuals, Liban Hijan Mohamed, was arrested in Somalia in late February 2015 by Somali forces.

Pedasus — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pedasus (talk • contribs) 23:07, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on FBI Most Wanted Terrorists. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20141224020917/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=2809887 to http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=2809887
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110904211337/http://www.backgroundnow.com/background-check/daniel-andreas-san-diego-added-to-fbi%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98most-wanted-terrorists%E2%80%99-list/ to http://www.backgroundnow.com/background-check/daniel-andreas-san-diego-added-to-fbi%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98most-wanted-terrorists%E2%80%99-list/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:28, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on FBI Most Wanted Terrorists. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080714134800/http://archives.cnn.com:80/2001/US/10/10/inv.mostwanted.list/ to http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/10/10/inv.mostwanted.list/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:58, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on FBI Most Wanted Terrorists. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/10/10/inv.mostwanted.list/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110516130328/http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/index.cfm?page=Rewards_program&language=english to http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/index.cfm?page=Rewards_program&language=english

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:44, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on FBI Most Wanted Terrorists. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213417/http://www.makingsenseofjihad.com/2009/10/a-study-of-martyrs-in-a-time-of-alienation-xvii.html to http://www.makingsenseofjihad.com/2009/10/a-study-of-martyrs-in-a-time-of-alienation-xvii.html
 * Added tag to http://preview.reutersnext.com/2013/5/2/new-jersey-troopers-killer-is-first-woman-on-fbi

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:32, 26 July 2017 (UTC)

Werner Foster link is incorrect
Under Assata Shakur, when you click "Werner Foster," it links to a soldier from Argentina, not the police officer from New Jersey. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.195.239.248 (talk) 19:51, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:43, 14 May 2022 (UTC)
 * AHMAD IBRAHIM AL-MUGHASSIL.jpg
 * Abdelrah1.jpg
 * Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah.jpg
 * Hasan Izz-Al-Din.jpg
 * IBRAHIM SALIH MOHAMMED AL-YACOUB.jpg
 * Isnilon Totoni Hapilon.jpg
 * Jainal Antel Sali, Jr.jpg
 * Khadafi Abubakar Janjalani.jpg
 * Mohammed Ali Hammadi.jpg
 * Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil.jpg
 * Terbadawi1.jpg
 * Terelbaneh1.jpg
 * Yasin2002.jpg

Narrowing dates of addition
There are a few people that I know were/are on the list, but I do not know when they were added, precisely, only that they were added in 2011.

 * Zulkifli Abdhir, based on the [Wayback Machine] he was added on or prior to 2 April 2011.
 * Jehad Mostafa and Hakimullah Mehsud, both added between [June 23] and [July 7]. Mostafa is still on the list so I suppose this would be more important than resolving the others.

I did look at the [FBI wanted feed] but it clearly does not match up with what sources say. Sajid Mir is many weeks off and Liban Mohamed is nearly two years off. Maybe there is a pattern.

I am writing this down so that someone with more knowledge and research ability can provide advice or assistance. Eithersummer (talk) 02:56, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:23, 15 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Saif al-Adel profile photo.jpg

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:53, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * IBRAHIM SALIH MOHAMMED AL-YACOUB.jpg
 * RAMADAN ABDULLAH MOHAMMAD SHALLAH.jpg

title: Talk:FBI Most Wanted Terrorists


text:
Rick Chiarelli

Richard "Rick" Chiarelli (born c. 1964) is a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was an Ottawa City Councillor, and is the second cousin of former Ottawa mayor and 2022 mayoral candidate Bob Chiarelli. He represented the College Ward covering part of Nepean and Ottawa's west end. On council, Chiarelli was known for being an "independent voice, often voicing dissent on issues his fellow councillors support" and now for "offensive and disreputable behaviour" and "incomprehensible incidents of harassment" against staff. He was for a time the longest serving municipal politician on Ottawa's city council.

Early years
Chiarelli grew up in the Qualicum-Graham Park neighbourhood of Nepean, and has lived in Nepean his whole life. His father owned a real estate agency and a restaurant and co-started Ottawa/Algonquin Travel with Lowell Green, while his mother was a homemaker.

At age 16, while attending St. Pius X High School in Ottawa, Chiarelli formed the Ontario Students Alliance for Fair Funding (OSAFF) to fight for the equality that was promised in the Canadian Constitution. At this time, Ontario’s separate schools were funded only to grade 10. Beyond this, a high school student was required to pay substantial tuition fees.

Chiarelli began to speak at hundreds of schools and the OSAFF quickly grew to over 70,000 members across Ontario.

OSAFF launched a legal challenge against the Government of Ontario’s treatment of separate schools and convinced Ian Scott, a prominent Canadian lawyer, to represent them in court. The action was timed to coincide with the visit to the Premier by Pope John Paul II. The court imposed deadlines on the Province to file its full defence to the action. As a result, Premier Bill Davis announced a change in the Province’s century old policy and granted full funding to separate schools. The case was unanimously won by OSAFF 9-0 at the Supreme Court of Canada.

During OSAFF’s legal challenge, at the age of 19, Chiarelli ran for school trustee of the Carleton Separate School Board and won in the 1982 elections. This resulted in Chiarelli becoming the youngest ever elected official in the province.

Chiarelli has a law degree from the University of Ottawa, but is not a member of the Law Society of Ontario. He also has a Communications and Economics Degree.

City Council
At the age of 22, Chiraelli ran for a seat on the council of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton in the 1985 elections, but lost by nearly 2,000 votes.

In the 1988 municipal election, he was elected to the Nepean City Council for the Borden Ward. In the 1991 municipal election, he once again ran for a seat on regional council, but lost by 500 votes. He ran for election on Nepean City Council in 1994 in the newly created Nepean Centre Ward and was re-elected by acclamation in 1997. While on Nepean City Council, he briefly served as acting mayor of the city. On September 17, 1998, Chiarelli won the Ontario Liberal Party nomination for the new riding of Ottawa West—Nepean for the 1999 Ontario general election. Chiarelli defeated sitting Liberal MPP Alex Cullen, who was an "outspoken and independent minded MPP" and would later cross the floor to join the NDP in his defeat. Chiarelli would go on to lose the election to Progressive Conservative Gary Guzzo.

The 2000 municipal election in November was the first for the about-to-be amalgamated City of Ottawa. Chiarelli, who had been a leading opponent of amalgamation, faced long-time Councillor Al Loney in what was thought would be one of the tightest election battles of the year. Chiarelli prevailed by nearly 2,000 votes, and became councillor for Baseline Ward. In 2003, Chiarelli was re-elected by acclamation. In 2006, after ward boundary changes, Chiarelli faced a challenge from cycling activist Brett Delmage in the newly created College Ward. Chiarelli won by a wide majority, securing 73% of the votes. He won despite criticisms that he appeared to be "bored with his job", and sometimes slept at council meetings. His campaign focused on improving police and fire services in his ward and a desire to keep property tax increases to a minimum. During his time on council, he voted against expanding Ottawa's north-south light rail plan and served as chairman of the Ottawa Public Library Board. He was easily re-elected in 2010 running on a campaign of wanting to "keep taxes down" and having council focus on "'core' services", as well as his work with the plan to redevelop Lansdowne Park, improving Centrepointe Town Centre and the launch of the Bells Corners business Improvement association. He was again easily re-elected in 2014, an election which made him the longest serving city councillor (including his time on Nepean council). During the campaign, he spoke out against illegal rooming house conversions and his ward becoming a "party scene" student ghetto for Algonquin College. Chiarelli faced tougher competition in 2018, defeating lawyer Emilie Coyle by 1,300 votes. Voters in the ward had called for renewal of city facilities and infrastructure and student housing. Chiarelli campaigned on maintaining roads and infrastructure in the short-term.

Chiarelli did not run in the 2022 municipal election.

Alleged harassment of staff and police investigation
Beginning in September 2019, several former employees have come forward with allegations of inappropriate statements in the Councillor's office. Two complaints concerned Chiarelli asking female staffers if they were comfortable not wearing a bra and one of the women recalled during her interview how Chiarelli described revealing outfits worn by others and asked her what her thoughts were about wearing shirts that showed the side of a woman's breasts. Also, five women claimed they heard Chiarelli making inappropriate comments in the workplace, including a joke repeatedly told about "needing to sanitize one of the office desks because a former employee had had sex on it with another councillor". According to an official complaint filed by someone who interviewed for a position at Chiarelli's office - and an unnamed source contacted by CBC News - Chiarelli described a strategy for signing up volunteers by having women from his office go to bars and flirt and drink with men in order to pressure them into volunteering at the Councillor's office. The complainant said Chiarelli did not explicitly tell her that her job offer was conditional on her willingness to go to bars and flirt with men or on her willingness to not wear a bra and said it wasn't clear if she'd be pressured to do those things once she got the job. By October 23 a total of 13 women had come forward with allegations concerning inappropriate behaviour and comments made by Chiarelli, including asking women to not wear bras to functions.

In response, Chiarelli issued a statement denying all the allegations: "This situation has reached a level of seriousness, and has adopted what I can only describe as an apparent ‘mob-mentality’ approach to the inaccurate characterization of past events, where I need to write this to step forward and defend my good name, reputation, and three decades of public service, irrespective of any potential adverse health consequences". In October, Chiarelli threatened to seek a judicial review to stop the Integrity Commissioner from looking into the complaints on the grounds that the Commissioner was exceeding his power, while also accusing the City of bias against him throughout the investigation. No such action ended up being taken at that time, though he ended up filing the request for a judicial review in July 2020 as the first of two reports was about to be published.

The first of two reports by the City's Integrity Commissioner was published in July 2020 after a ten- month-long investigation of three complaints. He recommended Chiarelli's pay be suspended for ten months at a value of more than $79,000. The breakdown was three months for each of the complaints added back-to-back, which is the harshest possible punishment for the allegations. The Commissioner recommended the sanctions against Chiarelli for his "offensive and disreputable behaviour [which] has been going on for a very long time...". The Commissioner found that Chiarelli's behaviour qualified as harassment under the City's policies by "...exploit[ing] the power dynamic of the situation, in which the Respondent held out the possibility of employment, to sexualize the discussion and questions in a manner that was upsetting and unacceptable" and that "such a comportment by an elected public office holder deeply harms the public interest and seriously damages the trust covenant with the citizens who elect them". By the end of the month, City Council voted to implement the recommended 270-day pay suspension, at the maximum allowed ceiling of 90 days per incident. Chiarelli filed for judicial review of the Commissioner's report as well as the Council-imposed suspension, alleging that they were biased against him.

On November 20, 2020 the second report was published and recommended Chiarelli be removed from all committees and have an additional six month's pay withheld for "incomprehensible incidents of harassment" against staff. On November 25, city council voted unanimously to impose the recommended sanctions on Chiarelli and also demanded his immediate resignation.

On December 4, 2020 it was reported that following the City's Integrity Commissioner referring information from his investigation to the appropriate authorities, the Ontario Provincial Police were investigating Chiarelli.

On September 2, 2021, Chicago-based comedian Cassidy Kulhanek posted publicly to her Twitter account alleging that Chiarelli had invited her on "a vaguely sexual trip to Europe using state funds," including various screenshots of messages Chiarelli had sent her over the course of several days. Kulhanek, who did not know of Chiarelli before receiving his messages, learned from a friend about his prior allegations and then decided to entertain herself by responding to him. In response to Kulhanek's post, several additional women came forward revealing inappropriate messages they received from Chiarelli. The Councillor's official response is that his twitter was hacked, despite being used to tweet in an official capacity about the city of Ottawa at the same time as these messages occurred.

On December 22, 2021, the Ontario Divisional Court ruled on Chiarelli's application for judicial review in respect to the July 2020 report and suspension. It found that the City Integrity Commissioner had reasonably accommodated Chiarelli's medical needs and had not been biased. The court granted Chiarelli's application against City Council because several councillors and Mayor Jim Watson had made public statements against Chiarelli, including some saying that they believed the allegations, before the suspension vote, meaning that they had not approached the vote in their adjudication capacity with an open mind. However, the court found that Chiarelli's request that he not be suspended and be protected from future suspensions was inappropriate given the clear evidence of his misconduct, and imposed the maximum sentence available, a judicial 270-day suspension in place of the City's. Chiarelli was ordered to pay the Commissioner $40,000 in legal costs and the City was ordered to pay Chiarelli $20,000 in legal costs.

On November 4, 2022, the City's Integrity Commissioner published a third report on Chiarelli, finding that he had used the power he held as an employer to bully and harass a younger female staffer who worked in his office from 2013 to 2015 in violation of the Council's Code of Conduct. The report found on a balance of probabilities that two complaints by the staffer were substantiated: that Chiarelli had ordered her to change into a sheer outfit for an event, and that Chiarelli had offered to pay her to perform sexual acts on men she picked up in nightclubs after he drove her to Montreal. Two other complaints were not substantiated and one was outside the Commissioner's jurisdiction because it allegedly occurred before the Code of Conduct came into effect in 2013. Chiarelli had denied all the allegations. The report recommend that Chiarelli's pay be suspended for 90 days and that he should make a public apology.

Personal life
Rick Chiarelli is a second cousin of former Mayor Bob Chiarelli. Chiarelli is married to Lida and has three daughters. They live in the Lynwood neighbourhood of Bells Corners. He had heart surgery in December 2019.

Election results
Results:

* Daigeler would later win by 8 votes on a recount.

title: Rick Chiarelli


text:
Zecchino d'Oro

Zecchino d'Oro (meaning "Golden Sequin") is an annual Italian children's song competition established in 1959 by Niny Comolli. It is broadcast by Rai 1 and is open to singers aged 4 to 10.

The first two contests were held in Milan. In 1961, the contest was taken up by the Antoniano Institute and moved to Bologna. In 2009, Cino Tortorella left Zecchino d'Oro.

In 1963, Mariele Ventre, a conductor and director of young performers, created the Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano Children's Choir (called Piccolo Coro "Mariele Ventre" dell'Antoniano after her death in 1995, and directed by Sabrina Simoni).

From 1976, the contest took on an international perspective - each year seven songs performed by Italian contestants and seven by foreign contestants voted for by a children's jury. The winning song is rewarded with the Zecchino d'Oro award.

As has been regularly stated during the event, the songs are written by famous Italian musicians, not the children who sing the competing entries. This rule applies to all editions.

Young songwriters are Yumiko Ashikawa (芦川祐美子, 7, who also has sung her song), Miruna Codruța Oprea (13), Ioachim Octavian Petre (13), and Lara Polli (13).

Songs from English-speaking countries at Zecchino d'Oro
The competing songs in Zecchino d'Oro are sung primarily in Italian, with this rule applying to singers in non-Italian speaking regions. Here are the following songs by contestants in Anglophone countries.

Australia

 * Il più dei canguri (1978)
 * In Australia c'è (1987)
 * La Rosella (1991)

Ireland

 * L'amico dei perché (2001)

United Kingdom

 * Big Jim (1976)
 * Mother's day (1990)
 * Il tesoro del re (1998)
 * La mia età (2009)
 * Choof the train (2016)

United States

 * Sono una talpa e vivo in un buco (1976)
 * San Francisco (1979)
 * A mosca cieca (1981)
 * A come Alfabeto (1987)
 * Le barche della bontà (1992)
 * Il cestino dei sogni (1994)
 * Sottosopra (1997)
 * Su e giù (2000)
 * Rockhopper hop (2003)
 * Il segreto del sorriso (2007)
 * Regalerò un sogno (2011)

title: Zecchino d'Oro


text:
Isaac ben Moses of Vienna

Isaac ben Moses of Vienna, also called Isaac Or Zarua or the Riaz, is considered to be one of the prominent rabbis of the Middle Ages. He was probably born in Bohemia and lived between 1200 and 1270. He attained his fame in Vienna and his major work, the halachic guide known as the Or Zarua a compilation of halachic decisions and legal rulings, was very popular among Ashkenazic Jewry. He was a member of the Ashkenazi Hasidim and studied under many scholars, including Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi, Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg, Samson of Coucy and Eleazar of Worms. He was among the teachers of Meir of Rothenburg.

Life
In his Or Zarua, the only primary source of information on his life, he mentions two Bohemian scholars as his teachers, Jacob ha-Laban and Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan. Led by a thirst for Talmudic knowledge, he undertook in his youth extensive journeys to the prominent yeshivot of Germany and France. According to Heinrich Gross, he went to Regensberg first; but S.N. Bernstein conjectures that previously he stopped for a long time at Vienna, and became closely identified with the city, as he is usually quoted as "Isaac of Vienna." From among the many scholars at Regensburg he selected for his guide the mystic Judah ben Samuel.

About 1217 he went to Paris, where the great Talmudist Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon became his chief teacher. He also visited for a short time the yeshiva of Jacob ben Meir in Provins. Then he returned to Germany, and studied under the mystic Eleazar ben Judah at Worms, and, at Speyer, under Simha of Speyer, his intimate friend, and Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi, author of Abi ha-'Ezri and Abi'asaf. At Würzburg, where Meir of Rothenburg was his pupil (c. 1230), he became the rosh yeshiva. Later on, Isaac returned to Regensberg, and then settled for some time in Vienna, where he held the position of Av Beit Din and rosh yeshiva. Finally, he went to Saxony and Bohemia.

Isaac lived a long but unsteady and troubled life. He saw the law compelling Jews to wear the yellow badge put into force in France and he deplored the 1241 pogrom in Frankfurt and the extortions practised upon them by the nobles of Austria. His son-in-law was Samuel ben Shabbethai of Leipzig; his son, Chaim Eliezer, called Or Zarua, like him a scholar, carried on a comprehensive halachic correspondence, a part of which (251 responsa) was printed under the title Sefer She'elot uTeshubot (Leipzig, 1860).

Work
Toward the end of his life, about 1260, Isaac composed his ritual work Or Zarua. He is usually quoted as "Isaac Or Zarua." It was printed from the Amsterdam incomplete manuscript by Lipa and Höschel in Zhytomyr, 1862. Other manuscripts are at Oxford and in the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City. In the edition of Lipa and Höschel Seder Nezikin is wanting; most of the rest of the work was afterward printed at Jerusalem by J.M. Hirschensohn.

The Or Zarua comprises the whole ritual and is arranged according to the Talmudic tractates, while at the same time the halachot are kept together. The author, unlike Maimonides in his Mishneh Torah, does not confine himself to giving the halakhic decisions, but gives also the passage of the Talmud, explains the subject matter, and develops the din from it. Thus, the Or Zarua is at the same time a ritual code and a Talmudic commentary. As it contains, in addition, explanations of some passages in the Hebrew Bible, the author is also quoted as a Bible commentator.

Moreover, the book contains a part of the halachic correspondence which the author carried on with Talmudic scholars of Italy, France, and Austria. Older collections of halachic decisions which the author had gathered together during his lifetime seem also to be embodied in the work. Isaac explains unknown words in Bohemian (i. e. Czech), his mother tongue, and cites the Jerusalem Talmud, to which he ascribes great authority in halachic decisions. The work is introduced by a treatise couched in words to whose meanings mystical significance is attached. It is an imitation of the Alphabet of Akiba ben Joseph and was composed at the order of Isaac's teacher Eleazar ben Judah of Worms. Isaac's son Chaim Eliezer arranged a compendium of this work which exists in several manuscripts.

The Or Zarua succeeded in displacing all the older ritual works. It is very important also for the cultural history of the German Jews in the Middle Ages.

According to Gross, Isaac's chief importance rests upon the fact that he introduced among the Jewish communities in Slavic lands the study of the Talmud from France and the west of Germany.

Isaac was of a mild and peace-loving character and it was for this reason, perhaps, that he did not participate in the struggle against the study of secular sciences, though an incorrect ritual decision would rouse him to indignant energy. He carried on a controversy with several rabbis concerning the legal status of a betrothed girl who had been forced by circumstances to adopt Christianity and had afterward returned to Judaism. His anxiety about correct observance led him to counsel the more difficult rather than the easier ritual practise. His mystical studies account for his belief in miracles. He was held in high regard by his pupils, and, like other teachers of the time, was given the title HaKadosh "the Holy" by the Asher ben Jehiel. His contemporary Isaiah di Trani described him as "the wonder of the age".

Bibliography from Jewish Encyclopedia article

 * S. N. Bernstein, in Ha-Ẓefirah, 1902, Nos. 229, 231, 232;
 * Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. vii.101;
 * Gross, in Monatsschrift, 1871, pp. 248 et seq.;
 * Moritz Güdemann, Gesch. i.114, 152, 153;
 * Leopold Zunz, Z.G. Index;
 * idem, in Moritz Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. 1865, pp. 1 et seq.;
 * idem, G.S. iii.128 et seq.;
 * Weiss, Dor, v.73

title: Isaac ben Moses of Vienna


text:
User talk:Faustus Pringle

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions.

You might find these pages useful:

 * How to edit a page

 * How to write a great article

 * Article naming conventions

 * Wikipedia's Manual of Style

You can always experiment in the sandbox.

If you like, you can introduce yourself at the new user log, or write something about yourself on your user page.

One more thing: if you leave a note on any kind of discussion page it's always helpful to sign your post with four tildes ( ~ ), which is automatically converted to your username and the date and time. Don't do this in articles themselves though as they are not 'owned' by any particular contributor.

If you have any questions, see help, leave a question at the help desk, or feel free to drop me a line on my talk page.

Thanks again and happy editing!

— Trilobite (Talk) 16:36, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Faustus Pringle


text:
M-76 (Michigan highway)

M-76 is a former state trunkline highway designation in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. The highway's designation was decommissioned when the last section of it was converted to freeway as a part of the present-day Interstate 75 (I-75). At that time, M-76 extended from US Highway 23 (US 23) near Standish northwesterly to I-75 south of Grayling. Two sections of the route followed freeways with a two-lane highway in between to connect them. The former routing of M-76 through West Branch before that city was bypassed was initially redesignated Business M-76 (Bus. M-76). The highway itself ran through mixed fields and forests bypassing several other towns in the region.

First designated by 1919, M-76 initially terminated at Roscommon. It was later extended north through Grayling and west to Kalkaska in the 1920s. A second, disconnected, segment was added to the highway in the 1930s. By the early 1940s, both the disconnected section and the Kalkaska–Grayling were added to M-72. M-76 was converted in stages into a freeway in the late 1960s and early 1970s. When the last segment was completed, the number was removed from the highway, and the freeway was added to I-75.

Route description
At the time the M-76 designation was decommissioned in 1973, most of the overall highway had been converted to freeway. It started southwest of Standish at an interchange with US 23 in southern Arenac County. The freeway ran northward through fields to a junction with M-61 where it turned northwesterly. M-76 passed to the southwest of Sterling and over a tributary of the Tittabawassee River as the freeway approaches Alger through a forested area. In Ogemaw County, the trunkline ran south and west of Greenwood and continued to the West Branch area. There, M-76 met the southeastern end of its business loop that ran north into downtown. The freeway bypassed the town to the southwest, passed over M-30 without an interchange and then met the northwestern end of the business loop. While M-76 was still an active highway designation, this second business loop junction marked the end of the freeway in the area. M-76 turned west, merging onto M-55 to run concurrently along a two-lane highway.

M-55/M-76 ran west into Roscommon County along West Branch Road. The two highways separated at a junction with St. Helen Road where M-76 turned due north toward St. Helen. South of town, the highway met county road F-97 at a junction with Artesia Beach Road. The two roads ran concurrently into town along the east end of Lake St. Helen. Near the airport in town, M-76 turned back northwesterly along Washington Street, parting from F-97 in the process. The highway ran along the northeastern shore of Lake St. Helen and near Mud Lake as it continued toward Roscommon. As it entered that town, the trunkline passed the Roscommon Conservation Airport and followed Elm Street on a northwest track through the middle of the village. M-18 joined M-76 in the center of town, and the two turned parallel to the Roscommon–Crawford county line on Federal Highway. Northeast of Higgins Lake, the highway transitioned to a freeway; that freeway ran northwest into Crawford County. M-18/M-76 terminated at a junction south of Grayling with US 27. This partial interchange marked the point where I-75 resumed its course north through the state. Traffic could not directly access southbound US 27 from northbound M-76 and northbound US 27 could not access southbound M-76.

History
On July 1, 1919, the initial routing of M-76 connected Standish with Roscommon via a circuitous path through Sterling, Alger, West Branch, and St. Helen. By 1927, M-76 was extended north to Grayling and west to Kalkaska. Before the construction of its later routing along the present-day Lake State Railway between St. Helen and Roscommon, the route of M-76 followed present-day Saint Helen Road (present-day F-97), then Au Sable, Keno, and Silsby roads; at the Crawford-Roscommon county line, it then followed present-day M-18 westerly into Roscommon. A short non-contiguous segment of M-76 opened near Empire, extending eastward to County Road 669 in 1934. In late 1940 or early 1941, M-76 was truncated to Roscommon; all of M-76 from Grayling to Kalkaska and the segment near Empire was redesignated as M-72.

Beginning in 1958, I-75 in Michigan was constructed in several discontinuous segments. M-76 was to become one of the portions incorporated into the route of I-75. Although other portions of I-75 were completed and designated in noncontiguous segments, the portion from Standish to Roscommon was first signed as M-76 and the entire stretch rebuilt as freeway before it was redesignated as I-75. This was done while a temporary connecting To I-75 designation between Bay City and Grayling followed a different path along US 10 and US 27.

Starting in 1968 through the early 1970s, M-76 was rebuilt to Interstate standards in stages. The first freeway segment completed was a 17 mi stretch in Arenac County from US 23 just southwest of Standish to Alger. In 1970, two more segments of the M-76 freeway were completed: from Alger to just south of West Branch and about 5 mi of freeway from the southern end of a completed segment of I-75 south of Grayling to just west of Roscommon. In 1971, both the northern and southern sections of the M-76 freeway were extended: on the south, around the west side of West Branch to M-55, or from present-day exits 212 to 215; and on the north, on the west side of Roscommon, from present-day exits 244 to 239. In 1973, the final 25 mi segment of M-76 freeway was completed. However, the entire M-76 designation was decommissioned and that segment of freeway opened as I-75. This was the final segment of I-75 to be completed in the state of Michigan.

As segments of the freeway were completed, the former portions of M-76 were turned over to local control, except for portions near Roscommon and West Branch, which became parts of Business Loop I-75 designations. There are several places where these old portions are referred to as "Old 76". The route from southeast of West Branch to the Ogemaw County line was designated as County Road F-9, and a portion through the community of St. Helen is part of F-97. The segment of old M-55/M-76 is an unsigned state highway.

Business loop
Business M-76 (Bus. M-76) was a business loop running through West Branch that is now called Business Loop I-75 (BL I-75). The highway used a portion of the former M-76 and the current M-55. The southernmost portion from the Cook Road interchange at I-75 to OLD M-76 (Alger Road) was built as a new roadway in 1970. This section was built when the I-75/M-76 freeway was completed as far north as Cook Road. This new roadway allowed M-76 to connect to its former alignment south of West Branch in 1970. The next year, the I-75/M-76 freeway was completed to the current interchange with M-55 west of town. The former routing of M-76 along Cook Road, Alger Road and M-55 was redesignated as Bus. M-76. When the last section of I-75 was completed in 1973, connecting the end of the freeway at M-55 with the other end at M-18 near Roscommon, M-76 was completely decommissioned, and Bus. M-76 became BL I-75 with these changes. The total length of the highway was about 5+1/2 mi.

Major intersections

title: M-76 (Michigan highway)


text:
Welsh cake

Welsh cakes (picau ar y maen, pice bach, cacennau cri or teisennau gradell), also bakestones or pics, are a traditional sweet bread in Wales. They have been popular since the late 19th century with the addition of fat, sugar and dried fruit to a longer standing recipe for flat-bread baked on a griddle.

The cakes are also known as griddle cakes or bakestones within Wales because they are traditionally cooked on a bakestone (maen or planc), a cast-iron griddle about ½" (1.5 cm) or more thick which is placed on the fire or cooker; on rare occasions, people may refer to them as griddle scones.

Welsh cakes are made from flour, butter or lard, currants, eggs, milk, and spices such as cinnamon and nutmeg. They are roughly circular, a few inches (7–8 cm) in diameter and about half an inch (1–1.5 cm) thick.

Welsh cakes are served hot or cold, sometimes dusted with caster sugar. Unlike scones, they are not usually eaten with an accompaniment, though they are sometimes sold ready split and spread with jam, and they are sometimes buttered.

title: Welsh cake


text: Talk:Taleb el-Sana

title: Talk:Taleb el-Sana


text:
Dalene Matthee

Dalene Matthee (13 October 1938 – 20 February 2005) was a South African author best known for her four "Forest Novels", written in and around the Knysna Forest. Her books have been translated into fourteen languages, including English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Hebrew and Icelandic, and over a million copies have been sold worldwide.

Biography
She was born Dalena Scott in Riversdale in the then Cape Province in 1938. After graduating from the local high school in 1957, she studied music at a conservatory in Oudtshoorn as well as at the Holy Cross Covent in Graaff-Reinet.

Her first book was a children's story, Die Twaalfuurstokkie (The Twelve-o'-clock Stick), published in 1970. In 1982 a collection of short stories called Die Judasbok (The Judas Goat) was also published. Before gaining fame and wide acclaim for her first "forest novel", she also wrote stories for magazines as well as two popular novels – 'n Huis vir Nadia (A House for Nadia) (1982) and Petronella van Aarde, Burgemeester (Petronella van Aarde, Mayor) (1983).

Kringe in 'n Bos (Circles in a Forest) (1984) is a novel about the extermination of the Knysna elephants and the exploitation of the woodcutters of the Knysna Forest, and impacts on the forest elephants. It was an international success and was translated to several languages, with the author translating the book herself from Afrikaans to English. Two other highly successful "Forest Novels" followed:

Fiela se Kind (Fiela's Child) in 1985 and Moerbeibos (The Mulberry Forest) in 1987. Brug van die Esels (Bridge of the Mules) was published in 1993, followed by Susters van Eva (Sisters of Eve) in 1995, Pieternella van die Kaap (Pieternella from the Cape) in 2000 and the fourth "Forest Novel" Toorbos (Dream Forest) in 2003.

She won numerous literary prizes for her famous works, and Fiela's Child and Circles in a Forest were made into films.

After a short sickbed caused by heart failure, she died in Mossel Bay, South Africa, survived by her three daughters. Her husband, Larius, died in 2003.

The Forest Novels

 * Kringe in 'n bos (Circles in a Forest) (1984)
 * Fiela se Kind (Fiela's Child) (1985)
 * Moerbeibos (The Mulberry Forest) (1987)
 * Toorbos (Dream Forest) (2003)

Other published works

 * Die twaalfuurstokkie (The twelve-o'-clock stick) (1970)
 * Die Judasbok (The Judas Goat) (1982)
 * 'n Huis vir Nadia (A House for Nadia) (1982)
 * Petronella van Aarde, Burgemeester (Petronella van Aarde, Mayor) (1983)
 * Brug van die esels (The Day the Swallows Spoke) (1992)
 * Susters van Eva (Sisters of Eve) (1995)
 * Pieternella van die Kaap (Pieternella, Daughter of Eva) (2000)
 * Die Uitgespoeldes (Driftwood) (2005)

Legacy
Matthee's ashes are scattered at Krisjan-se-Nek, one of her favourite places in the Knysna Forest. In 2008, a memorial was erected here in her memory and the 800-year-old Yellowwood tree standing at that location was renamed Dalene Matthee Big Tree. The name of the hiking trail starting at Krisjan-se-Nek is now called the Circles in a Forest Trail.

title: Dalene Matthee


text:
User talk:Miilli

Moi kaikille! Kehitin taas sivuja, ja aloitankin tämmöisella omalla maailmalla. Niin, selitän joskus myöhemmin. Kokeilen vain erilaisia sivujenrakentajia.

-Milli-

''Niin niin, tämä on maa jossa tapahtuu kaikenlaista, niin luonnollista kuin yliluonnollistakin. Maan nimi on Falmi. Kaupunkeja on mm. Tantura, Kemp, Alen, ja monta muuta. Maa ei ole suuri, mutta väkiluku on kuitenkin kohtuullinen. Myös iloinen ilmapiiri on yleistä Falmissa. Se sijaitsee Suomen lähellä, mutta Falmia ei huomata. Siis se ei ole mikään turistimaa.''

title: User talk:Miilli


text:
Talk:The Leasowes

Untitled
History

Comment
Is this the correct pronunciation? The SAMPA [lEz@z]) would equate to IPA  or something like"lezzers". The BBC pronouncing Dictionary of English Names doesn't have an entry for The Leasowes, but for Leasowe (possibly unconnected) it gives IPA, or something like "leessoe". rossb 16:44, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Edit was mine. Confusingly that is how it is pronounced by those currently living in the vicinity and speaking the Black Country dialect. I suppose that for years nobody else cared. I don't mind it being replaced by a more official pronunciation but I'm really not sure that there is one. It is a word with a slightly non-obvious pronunciation. Cutler 20:02, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

Original house was demolished
From the Black Country - Page 155

""The poet's house was demolished and replaced in 1776 by one built by a Mr. Home and this is now, much altered, the headquarters of the Halesowen Golf Club. It is indeed very largely due to the club and the town council that The Leasowes, as a golf course, a public park and municipal nursery garden still fulfills in some measure the intentions of its genial creator and helps to keep his memory alive.""

--PBS (talk) 12:41, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Post Shenstone
The ownership history of the house post-Shenstone was quite complicated. See: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_2kJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA289&dq=Ferdinando+Dudley+Lea+william+shenstone&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja-buAz_LhAhWFoXEKHa_cB4Y4HhDoAQhBMAU#v=onepage&q=Ferdinando%20Dudley%20Lea%20william%20shenstone&f=false Nai1maker (talk) 11:01, 28 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Leasowes


text:
Fly to the Rainbow

Fly to the Rainbow is the second studio album by the German rock band Scorpions, released on 1 November 1974 by RCA Records. This was the band's first release with guitarist Uli Jon Roth and bassist Francis Buchholz, and the only one to include drummer Jürgen Rosenthal.

Background
In support of the Lonesome Crow album, Scorpions toured as the opening act for the British rock band UFO. At the end of the tour, Scorpions lead guitarist Michael Schenker was asked to fill an open position as UFO's guitarist and accepted the position. Schenker's departure temporarily resulted in the breakup of the band but Rudolf Schenker and Klaus Meine ultimately merged with the band Dawn Road. The new band consisted of guitarist Uli Jon Roth replacing Michael as well as drummer Jürgen Rosenthal, keyboardist Achim Kirschnig and bass guitarist Francis Buchholz. The new lineup assumed the Scorpions name and recorded Fly to the Rainbow. Three songs on Fly to the Rainbow were co-written with departing guitarist Michael Schenker as part of his agreement on leaving the band.

Artwork
When asked to comment on the cover art for the album, Uli Jon Roth said: "Don't ask me what that cover means… I disliked it from the beginning. It looked ludicrous to me back then and looks just as bad today. It was done by a firm of designers in Hamburg, who had actually done a good job on the Lonesome Crow album before, but I think that time they failed miserably. As for the meaning, I can only guess, but I'd rather not…"

Live performances
Six songs from Fly to the Rainbow were regularly performed live by Scorpions: the title track, "Speedy's Coming", "They Need a Million", "This Is My Song", and "Drifting Sun". "Far Away" was already performed by early lineups with Michael Schenker, since at least 1973. The live versions of "Speedy's Coming" and the title track appear on the live album Tokyo Tapes, which was recorded in April 1978. Soon afterwards, Scorpions dropped these songs from their setlist. Between 1980 and 1999, nothing from Fly to the Rainbow appeared in Scorpions concerts. Following a one-off performance of They Need a Million on 7 June 1999 at Patinoire de Kockelscheuer, Luxembourg, the title tune and "Speedy's Coming" were performed a number of times between 2000 and 2008. "Speedy's Coming" was played with relative frequency from 2015 to 2019.

Personnel

 * Scorpions
 * Klaus Meine – lead vocals, backing vocals on "Drifting Sun" and "They Need a Million"
 * Ulrich Roth – lead and slide guitar, lead vocals on "Drifting Sun", storytelling in "Fly to the Rainbow"
 * Rudolf Schenker – rhythm guitar, lead vocals on "They Need a Million", storytelling in "Drifting Sun"
 * Francis Buchholz – bass guitar
 * Jürgen Rosenthal – drums

 * Additional personnel
 * Achim Kirschning – organ, Mellotron, synthesizers

 * Production
 * Mack – engineer
 * Horst Andritschke – engineer

title: Fly to the Rainbow


text:
Angella Taylor-Issajenko

Angella Taylor-Issajenko, CM (née Taylor; born September 28, 1958) is a Canadian coach and former sprinter. She won an Olympic silver medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay in Los Angeles 1984. At the Commonwealth Games she won seven medals, including the 100 metres title in Brisbane 1982 and the 200 metres in Edinburgh 1986.

Career
Taylor was born in Jamaica on September 28, 1958. Her breakout performance came at the 1979 Pan Am Games, where she took a bronze in the 100 m and a silver in the 200 m, and set national records of 11.20 and 22.80 respectively. Despite Canada's boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow, she dominated post-Olympic competition in the summer of 1980, winning several meets, and finishing second in the 100 m to Marlies Göhr, and third in the 200 m behind Bärbel Wöckel at the final stop in Zürich. She was the 200 m champion at the Liberty Bell Classic (which was an alternate to the boycotted Olympics). She lowered her national records to 11.12 for the 100 m and 22.55 for the 200 m by the end of the 1981 season.

Taylor was the 1982 Commonwealth 100 m champion in 11.00, a Commonwealth record and Games record, and anchored Canada to a gold in the 4 × 400 m relay, holding off Raelene Boyle. She also took a bronze in the 200 m and won a silver as part of the 4 × 100 m relay. Once again she improved upon the Canadian records for 100 m (11.00) and 200 m (22.25), She injured her sciatic nerve in the off-season training for the 1983 season, which troubled her for the rest of her career.

In 1983, she won a bronze in 100m at the World University Games held in Edmonton. She also won silver in the 4 x 100-metre relay. After finishing a disappointing seventh in the 100 metres at the world championships, she opted out of the relay. Taylor won an Olympic silver medal as part of the Canadian 4 × 100 m relay team in 1984. In 1985, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada. She also gave birth to her first child. In 1986, now known as Angella Issajenko, she was again Commonwealth Champion, this time in the 200 metres. She also won a bronze in the 100 m and a silver as a member of the 4 × 100 m relay team.

Issajenko broke the world 50 m record indoors with a 6.06 clocking in Ottawa in 1987. She won a silver medal in 1987 World Indoor Championships in a tight finish with Nelli Cooman, both women were timed in 7.08, but after a photo finish the judges gave the Championship to Cooman, who looked to have crossed the line with her shoulder first. In the summer of 1987, she again broke the national record for 100 m with a time of 10.97 and finished fifth at the World Championships. Between 1979–1987, she was ranked inside the world's top ten in the 100 metres six times, and in the 200 metres three times.

Taylor-Issajenko was a part of the doping regime of George Astaphan, the physician who supplied Ben Johnson with stanazolol. After Issajenko's training partner Johnson tested positive for stanozolol in 1988, she testified in the Dubin Inquiry and gave a detailed account of widespread substance abuse in athletics which included her reading from her diary. She later told her story to writers Martin O'Malley and Karen O'Reilly for her biography Running Risks which was a detailed tell-all of her sprinting experiences and her dealings with performance-enhancing drugs.

Today Issajenko is a single mother of four grown children. As of 2008, she works full-time with learning-disabled grade school students and has returned to track and field as a coach based out of the city of Toronto's track and field center on the York University campus. Personal bests: 100m – 10.97, 200m – 22.25, 400m – 51.81.

Achievements
Note: In 1987, at the World Indoor Championships, Issajenko ran 7.08sec to win the silver medal behind Dutch Sprinter, Nelli Cooman. Then in 1989, after her admittance of long term drug use at the Dubin inquiry, the IAAF stripped her of this medal and promoted the Bulgarian Anelia Nuneva to the silver medal position and fellow Canadian Angela Bailey to bronze. Note: At the World Cup in 1979 and 1981, Taylor-Issajenko was representing the Americas continent.
 * 10 Times Canadian National 100 metres Champion 1979–84, 1986–88, 1992
 * 8 Times Canadian National 200 metres Champion 1979–84, 1986–87

title: Angella Taylor-Issajenko


text:
Vyronas

Vyronas (Βύρωνας) is a suburban town and a municipality in the southeastern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. The town is named after George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, the famous English poet and writer, who is a national hero of Greece. Formerly part of the municipality of Athens, Vyronas was created as a community in 1933, and became a municipality in 1934. The municipality has an area of 9.204 km2.

Vyronas is an inner suburb of Athens, located about 3 km southeast of Athens city centre. Towards the southeast the municipality extends to the forested Hymettus mountain. The built-up area of Vyronas is continuous with that of municipality of Athens and the neighbouring suburbs Kaisariani, Ymittos and Ilioupoli. Motorway 64 runs through the southeastern part of the municipality.

Climate
Vyronas has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). Vyronas experiences cool, wet winters and hot, relatively dry summers.

Sites of interest

 * Vyronas National Stadium, which seats up to 4,340 and is 3 km from downtown Athens. It is home to the football club Athinaikos F.C. and their bitter rivals Doxa Vyronas F.C.
 * Theatro Vrachon, where the Vyronas Festival takes place every summer
 * Kareas Monastery, an orthodox monastery whose katholikon dates from the 11-12th century. It is located at the west slopes of Hymettus, near the site of an ancient quarry.

Schools
Schools include:
 * Philippine School in Greece

Sports
Sport facilities in Vyronas are the Vyronas National Stadium (football stadium) and the Ergani Indoor Hall (gymnasium). Clubs based in Vyronas is Athinaikos, club with many achievements in several sports and Doxa Vyronas F.C.

title: Vyronas


text:
Budd Rail Diesel Car

The Budd Rail Diesel Car (RDC), also known as the Budd car or Buddliner, is a self-propelled diesel multiple unit (DMU) railcar. Between 1949 and 1962, 398 RDCs were built by the Budd Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The cars were primarily adopted for passenger service in rural areas with low traffic density or in short-haul commuter service, and were less expensive to operate in this context than a traditional diesel locomotive-drawn train with coaches. The cars could be used singly or coupled together in train sets and controlled from the cab of the front unit. The RDC was one of the few DMU trains to achieve commercial success in North America. RDC trains were an early example of self-contained diesel multiple unit trains, an arrangement now in common use by railways all over the world.

Budd RDCs were sold to operators in North America, South America, Asia, and Australia. They saw extensive use in the Northeast United States, both on branch lines and in commuter service. As passenger service declined in the United States the RDC was often the last surviving conveyor of passengers on a particular route. Most RDCs were retired by the 1980s. In Canada, RDCs have remained in continuous use since their introduction in the 1950s. The RDC inspired several derivatives, including the unsuccessful Budd SPV-2000. The New York Central Railroad installed two jet engines on an RDC in 1966 and set a United States speed record of 184 mph, although this experimental configuration was never used in regular service.

Background

The self-propelled railcar was not a new concept in North American railroading. Beginning in the 1880s railroads experimented with steam-powered railcars on branch lines, where the costs of operating a conventional steam locomotive-hauled set of cars was prohibitive. These cars failed for several reasons: the boiler and engine were too heavy, water and fuel took up too much space, and high maintenance costs eliminated whatever advantage was gained from reducing labor costs. In the 1900s steam railcars gave way to gasoline, led by the McKeen Motor Car Company, which produced 152 between 1905 and 1917. The J. G. Brill Company sold over 300 railbuses in the 1920s. Newcomer Electro-Motive Corporation, working with the Winton Motor Carriage Company, dominated the market at the end of the 1920s but had left it completely by 1932 as the Great Depression gutted rail traffic.

The Budd Company entered the market in 1932, just as EMC left. Until then, Budd had been mainly an automotive parts subcontractor, but had pioneered methods for working with stainless steel, including the technique of shot welding to join stainless steel components. This permitted the construction of cars which were both light and strong. Budd partnered with Michelin to construct several rubber-tyred stainless steel rail cars powered by gasoline and diesel engines. These saw service with the Reading Company, Pennsylvania Railroad, and Texas and Pacific Railway. The cars were under-powered, the tires proved prone to blowouts and derailments, and the cars were unsuccessful.

Budd revived its railcar concept after diesel engines with a suitable combination of power and weight became available in 1938, although with more conventional steel wheels. In 1941 Budd built the Prospector for the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. This was a two-car diesel multiple unit. Each car had a pair of 192 hp diesel engines and was capable of independent operation. The cars were constructed of stainless steel and included a mix of coach and sleeping accommodations. The design was popular with the public but undone by the difficult operating conditions on the D&RGW. It was withdrawn in July 1942, apparently another failure. However, several technical advances during the Second World War encouraged Budd to try again.

Design
During the years of the Second World War, there were improvements in the lightweight Detroit Diesel engines and, just as importantly, the hydraulic torque converter. Budd, which by then had produced more than 2,500 streamlined cars for various railroads, took a standard 85 ft coach design and added a pair of 275 hp 6-cylinder Detroit Diesel Series 110 engines. Each drove an axle through a hydraulic torque converter derived from the M46 Patton tank, for a 1A-A1 wheel arrangement. The top speed for the design was 85 mph. The control systems allowed the cars to operate singly, or in multiple. The result was the RDC-1, which made its public debut at Chicago's Union Station on September 19, 1949.

Variants
Budd manufactured five basic variants of the RDC:
 * The RDC-1: an 85 ft all-passenger coach seating 90 passengers. It weighed 118300 lb empty.
 * The RDC-2: an 85 ft baggage and passenger coach configuration (combine) seating 70 passengers. The baggage area was 17 ft long. It weighed 114200 lb empty.
 * The RDC-3: an 85 ft variant with a railway post office, a baggage compartment and 48 passenger seats. It weighed 117900 lb empty.
 * The RDC-4: a 73 ft variant with only the railway post office and baggage area. It weighed 109200 lb empty.
 * The RDC-9: an 85 ft passenger trailer seating 94, a single 300 hp engine and no control cab.

Several railroads used the designation "RDC-5": the Canadian Pacific Railway for RDC-2s converted to full-coach configuration and the Canadian National Railway for RDC-9s it purchased from the Boston and Maine Railroad.

In 1956, Budd introduced a new version of the RDC, with several improvements. The new cars had more powerful versions of the Detroit Diesel 6-110 engines, each of which produced 300 hp instead of 275 hp. They also featured higher-capacity air conditioning and more comfortable seating. The appearance changed slightly as well: the side fluting continued around to the front of the car and the front-facing windows were smaller.

Jet propulsion
In an experiment toward high-speed rail, the New York Central Railroad fitted a pair of General Electric J47 jet engines from a Convair B-36, complete in their twinned nacelle from the bomber's engine installation, atop one of their RDCs and added a shovel nose front (much like a later automotive air dam) to its cab, but extended upwards, covering the entire front end. This RDC, which NYC had numbered M497, set the United States speed record in 1966 when it traveled at just short of 184 mph between Butler, Indiana, and Stryker, Ohio. It was never intended that jet engines propel regular trains. With high-speed trains advancing overseas, particularly the Japanese Shinkansen bullet trains, American railroads were under pressure from the federal government to catch up. The test runs and subsequent American rail speed record set on July 23, 1966, provided valuable data on the interaction between flanged wheels and rail at high speeds, as well as stress on wheel bearings and track infrastructure.

At the same time the test took place, the Central announced plans to discontinue most of its long-distance trains, including the renowned 20th Century Limited. Trains editor David P. Morgan observed that "...[the New York] Central will never quite convince anyone that the RDC's jet exploit was more a scientific feat than a calculated circus to take the curse off the Century's funeral notice." Historian Chuck Crouse expressed skepticism in 1990 about the test's usefulness: "What, if anything, did the tests prove is anyone's guess."

Derivatives
In 1956, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad ordered a custom-built, six-car train set they named the Roger Williams, based on the RDC design. It consisted of two single-ended cab units and four intermediate cars to make a complete train. The units were fitted with third-rail shoes, electric traction motors, and associated gear for operation into Grand Central Terminal, though this was short-lived. In the New Haven's later years, the set was broken up, and used with regular New Haven RDCs, and by Amtrak into the 1980s.

In 1961, five cars were built under license in Australia for the Department of Railways New South Wales. They were shorter and narrower than the North American models.

In the late 1970s Budd sought to replace the aging RDCs with a new design, the SPV-2000. The body shell was based on an Amfleet coach, not the RDC. Like the RDC it was 85 ft long, stainless steel, and powered by twin diesel engines. The design was beset with mechanical problems, and Budd sold only 30 cars.

In 1966, Tokyu Car built 31 DR2700 series cars for the Taiwan Railway Administration. Tokyu got a licence from the Budd Company and the bodywork of the DR2700 series was based on the RDC. There were 25 powered driving cars (each with a Cummins diesel engine producing 335 hp) and 6 trailers. The DR2700 series was the fastest train in the following decade with a top speed of 110 km/h. They were withdrawn from regular service in 2014 while several powered driving cars were still active for special trains.

From 1982 to 1984 Tokyu Car built 45 of a heavily specialized, meter-gauge RDC design for the Taiwan Railway Administration under license from Budd. Designated the DR2800 series, the units are organized into 15 permanently-coupled three-car sets (30 powered driving cars and 15 trailers). Like other RDC trainsets before them, each cab unit only has a cab at one end and two cab units bracket a trailer in a standard set. Unlike other RDC sets, however, the trailer's diesel engine is used exclusively to provide head-end power for the entire three-car set, while the engines in the driver cars are used for propulsion. To prevent dependency on the trailer's engine for cooling, the cooling fans of the driver cars are driven hydraulically instead of electrically. This configuration results in each set producing 700 hp for a top speed of 110 km/h. All 15 sets are still in service as of 2022. All DR2800 series were withdrawn from service on April 26, 2023.

United States
The vast majority of RDCs were owned and operated by railroads in the United States. They could be found on branch lines, short-haul intercity routes, commuter routes, and even long-distance trains. The Western Pacific Railroad used a pair of RDC-2s to operate the Zephyrette, a supplement to the California Zephyr. The two cars ran between Oakland, California and Salt Lake City, Utah, 924 mi, three days a week. Examples of shorter intercity services were the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad's Memphis, Tennessee–Amarillo, Texas Choctaw Rocket and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Daylight Speedliner. The latter ran between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia and included full dining service. A notable example of the RDC's flexibility occurred on the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines, where a single train would depart Camden, New Jersey and split into multiple trains to serve different destinations on the Atlantic coast.

The largest RDC fleets were in the Northeast United States. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (New Haven) acquired 40 RDCs, which it called "Shoreliners", in 1952–53. By 1955 these accounted for 65% of the New Haven's passenger routes. This achievement was eclipsed by the Boston and Maine Railroad, whose fleet grew to 108 by 1958. The B&M's RDCs operated 90% of the company's passenger routes, including its extensive commuter operations around Boston, Massachusetts.

The results in commuter service outside the B&M were mixed. Budd had not designed the RDC for commuter service and discouraged operators from using it to haul coaches. The Long Island Rail Road and Chicago and North Western Railway, which had extensive networks in Long Island and Chicago, respectively, evaluated the RDC but made few orders. Conversely, the Reading Company's 12 RDC-1s lasted on the Philadelphia–Reading and Philadelphia–Bethlehem routes well into the SEPTA era.

For several railroads the RDCs, because of their low overall cost and operational flexibility, were the last passenger trains in operation. Examples include the Duluth, Missabe, and Iron Range Railway, the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway, the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and the Northwestern Pacific Railroad, where RDC service survived until the formation of Amtrak in 1971.

Many RDCs remained in service throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Amtrak acquired 24 (including three from the Roger Williams), mostly for use in Connecticut. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) acquired the B&M's fleet and continued operating them until 1985. The Alaska Railroad acquired five RDCs, three from SEPTA and two from Amtrak between 1984 and 1986. These were all sold or out of service by 2009. Trinity Railway Express acquired thirteen RDCs from Via Rail in 1993 for use on commuter service between Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas. The Denton County Transportation Authority leased several for A-train service pending the arrival of new Stadler GTW 2/6s diesel multiple units.

Despite their advanced age, a market for Budd RDCs has continued. Oregonian transit authority TriMet purchased and refurbished two RDCs in 2009 to provide backup for its commuter rail service, WES, following reliability issues with the primary DMUs for that service, which had been purpose-built by Colorado Railcar. In 2017, a Vermont company, AllEarth Rail, bought twelve 1959 Budd cars from Dallas Area Rapid Transit for $5 million. The cars had previously been owned by Via Rail Canada, which also bid on the lot. AllEarth said it planned to use the cars for commuter rail service in Vermont, possibly starting with a Burlington-to-Montpelier route. TriMet subsequently purchased two of these cars from AllEarth later the same year, in addition to its existing two, and stated they would enter WES service in 2021; however, those plans were postponed indefinitely in view of a COVID-19 pandemic-related ridership decline.

Canada
Both the Canadian National Railway (CN) and Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) purchased RDCs. The Canadian National purchased 25 cars outright, and acquired many more second-hand from the Boston and Maine Railroad. These cars, which CN called Railiners, were used primarily on secondary passenger routes. CP purchased 53 cars. The first one ran on November 9, 1954, between Detroit and Toronto. It was the first stainless-steel passenger train to operate in Canada. CP used the RDCs, which it called Dayliners, throughout its system. CP also made extensive use of them on commuter trains around Montreal and Toronto. CP's subsidiary in Nova Scotia, the Dominion Atlantic Railway also operated two RDCs lettered for its line. Via Rail inherited many of these cars when it took over CN and CP passenger services in 1978. Via continues to use RDCs on the Sudbury–White River train in Ontario.

Another Canadian purchaser of RDCs was the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, which operated passenger service between North Vancouver and Prince George. RDCs continued to operate on this route until all passenger service ended under BC Rail, PGE's successor, in 2002.

Refurbished RDCs were considered for Blue22, a rail service between Toronto Union Station and Pearson Airport, by 2010. The service, which was transferred to Metrolinx ownership and opened in 2015 as the Union Pearson Express, ultimately used new Nippon Sharyo DMU trains instead.

Australia

In 1951, the Budd Company exported three standard RDC-1 railcars to Australia, which Budd engineer Joseph F. Grosser accompanied. Designated the CB class, they ran on the standard-gauge Commonwealth Railways lines in the sparsely populated north of South Australia not served by the South Australian Railways. Invariably referred to as "Budd cars", they operated between Port Pirie, Woomera, Tarcoola, Marree and Whyalla.

In July 1975, when the Commonwealth Railways were succeeded by the Australian National Railways Commission (successively branded as ANR, Australian National and AN), they were withdrawn from service and stored. In 1986, however, they were reinstated on the Iron Triangle Limited service from Adelaide to Whyalla and the Silver City Limited service from Broken Hill. The cars were withdrawn from service in 1990. , CB1 was preserved at the National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide; CB2 and CB3 were privately owned.

In 1961, Commonwealth Engineering built five RDC-1 derivative cars in Australia under licence for the New South Wales railways department. Four were self-propelled and one was a trailer car. Allocated as the 1100 class, they followed Budd car layouts but were smaller than standard RDC-1 models, being 8.0 ft shorter at 77.0 ft and built to a New South Wales Railways loading gauge smaller than that of North American railroads (and Commonwealth Railways). The trailer car was built with a buffet/snack bar in one end. The cars worked the South Coast Daylight Express between Sydney and Bomaderry. Age and mechanical problems led to the cars' conversion to locomotive-hauled coaches, beginning in 1982; the last self-propelled run occurred in 1986.

Brazil

RFFSA (Brazilian Federal Railways) purchased four RDC-1s and two RDC-2s in 1958. These were gauge but otherwise standard configuration. RFFSA ordered 23 more cars in 1962–1963. Four of these were gauge RDC-1s. The other 19 were gauge and varied considerably from the standard RDC-1 design. The car body was based on the Pioneer III coach. Internal seating was 48 with a small buffet area or 56 in an all-coach configuration. Several RDCs remain active on the Serra Verde Express tourist train.

Cuba
In the 1950s, both major railway companies in Cuba purchased RDCs. Consolidated Railways of Cuba (Ferrocarriles Consolidados de Cuba) ordered 11 RDC-1s and 5 RDC-2s in 1950. These operated either singly or in multiple units of up to three cars. The Western Railways of Cuba (Ferrocarriles Occidentales de Cuba) ordered four RDC-1s and six RDC-3s in 1956–57. The cars remained in use after the Cuban Revolution with the Ferrocarriles de Cuba and operated into the 1980s. At least one Cuban RDC-1 still existed in 2017, stripped of all mechanical components and serving as a passenger coach.

Saudi Arabia
The Arabian American Oil Company constructed a standard gauge railway in cooperation with the Saudi government. The company ordered three RDC-2s in 1951, supplemented by a fourth in 1958. The cars operated on various routes originating in Dammam. All were converted to unpowered trailers by 1965.

Original owners
Budd constructed 398 RDCs between 1949 and 1962. The table below does not include the six cars which comprised the Roger Williams, nor derivative designs built under license.

Preservation
Numerous RDCs have been preserved on tourist lines and in museums. Holders include:

 * Alberta Central Railway Museum
 * Bedford Depot
 * B&O Railroad Museum
 * Bellefonte Historical Railroad Society
 * Cape May Seashore Lines
 * Conway Scenic Railroad
 * Danbury Railway Museum
 * Hobo Railroad
 * Idaho Northern and Pacific Railroad
 * Illinois Railway Museum
 * Lehigh Gorge Scenic Railway
 * National Railway Museum [of Australia]
 * New Hope Valley Railway
 * North Shore Scenic Railroad
 * Orford Express
 * Port of Tillamook Bay Railroad
 * Railroad Museum of New England
 * Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania
 * Rapido Trains
 * Reading, Blue Mountain and Northern
 * Reading Railroad Heritage Museum
 * Waterloo Central Railway
 * West Coast Railway Association

title: Budd Rail Diesel Car


text:
Lake Temagami

Lake Temagami, formerly spelled as Lake Timagami, is a lake in Nipissing District in northeastern Ontario, Canada, situated approximately 80 km north of North Bay. The lake's name comes from dimii-agamiing "tih-MEE-uh-guh-MEENG", which means "it is deep water by the shore" in the Ojibwa language.

Geography
The lake is irregularly shaped with long north, northeast and southwest arms, shorter northwest and south arms and several smaller bays. The town of Temagami is located at the end of the northeast arm of the lake. It extends almost 50 km from north to south and about 35 km from east to west. There are approximately 1,259 islands, the largest of which is Temagami Island. The lake's outflow is the Temagami River which in turn flows into the Sturgeon River. A number of peninsulas are associated with the lake, such as the McLean, Cynthia and Joan peninsulas, as well as Sand Point, which separates the Northwest Arm from the rest of the lake.

The lands surrounding the lake are part of the Canadian Shield, one of the largest single exposure of Precambrian rocks in the world which were formed after the Earth's crust cooled. Part of Lake Temagami lies in the Temagami Magnetic Anomaly, an egg shaped geologic structure stretching from Lake Wanapitei in the west to Bear Island. It has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin, which is one of the richest mining camps in the world. The hills in the Temagami area are remnants of the oldest mountain ranges in North America, that date back to the Precambrian era. These enormous mountains were taller than any that exist today. The uplifting was accomplished as enormous pressure caused the earth to buckle in a process called folding. Other processes, such as volcanic activity and geologic faulting in which the earth cracks open also contributed to the formation of these mountains. Over millions of years, these enormous mountains were gradually eroded to the land as we know it today in Temagami.

The rocks that form Temagami to this day are igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. The area has good potential to host diamondiferous kimberlites and more diamond bearing kimberlites may continue to be discovered in the area. The Temagami area also contains some pillow lava about 2 billion years old, indicating that great submarine volcanoes existed during the early stages of the formation of the Earth's crust.

The northeast arm of Lake Temagami is underlain by a strong fault zone of sheared felsic to intermediate metavolcanic rocks that is approximately 1200 m wide. This fault zone, known as the Northeast Arm Deformation Zone, and the associated metavolcanic rocks are associated with the Temagami Greenstone Belt, an Archean greenstone belt characterized by felsic-mafic volcanic rocks.

Lake Temagami and its surrounding lakes provide endless opportunities for canoe camping. There are over 2,000 km of interconnecting canoe routes.

The region contains some of the largest remaining stands of old growth red and white pine forests in Ontario.

History
In 1834, the Hudson's Bay Company opened a fur trading post on the lake, which operated during the 19th century. The Forest Reserves Act of 1898 established the Temagami Forest Reserve on the shores and adjacent lands of the lake in 1901. It was created to reserve the forests for future logging by restricting settlement. In 1904 it was increased to 15,000 km2. As a result of this reserve, the building of cottages and resorts was only permitted on the lake's islands. This restriction is still in force today. Lake Temagami is popular for cottage vacationing: the number of cottages on Lake Temagami are estimated between 630 and 746. In addition there are 9 youth camps, and 12 commercial lodges.

Keewaydin Canoe Camp is based on Devil Island, in the shadow of Devil Mountain and across from Granny Bay in the northern section of the lake. Keeywaydin, founded in 1892, is one of several camps on Lake Temagami whose focus is on wilderness canoe trips using traditional equipment such as cedar and canvas canoes and wannigans. Since it began running trips in Ontario in 1902, it is the earliest known private business on Temagami besides for the HBC post on Bear Island.

Camp Temagami, or A.L. Cochrane's Camp for boys, was founded in 1903 on an island in the South Arm of Lake Temagami. While Camp Temagami emphasized the importance of the wilderness canoe trip for shaping young men, the camp also developed a robust in-camp program that included athletics and life-guard training, as well as the study of the natural environment and Native American folklore. Camp Temagami offered canoe trips and in-camp activities for boys and young men until its closure in 1972. Camp Temagami was reopened in 2003, on the site of the old Wigwasati and Pays d’en Haut camps. Camp Wigwasati, on the southwest arm, began running canoe trips in the Temagami wilderness in 1930. Camp Wabikon was a vacation lodge opened around 1913 by John Orr, a former hotel operator from Stayner, Ontario, and subsequently operated by his daughter Laura, and then by H.W. Wilson.

Lake Temagami’s vacation lodges and canoe tripping camps flourished during the early interwar years. Visitors from the cities of Ontario and the United States’ northeast and great lakes regions traveled north on the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway [ Ontario Northland Railway], and later on the Ferguson Highway when it opened in 1927. A large passenger steamboat, Belle of Temagami, operated on Lake Temagami from the 1900s to the 1940s and would carry vacationers and campers throughout the lake.

During the late Depression and Second World War, vacation lodges and camps struggled to stay open resulting in and several notable lodges reopening as youth camps. Camp Cayuga reopened in 1940 as the first girls’ camp on the lake. Camp Wabikon reopened as a co-ed youth camp in 1945, making it the first co-ed youth camp on the lake. In the 1950s and 60s, several youth camps opened as co-ed institutions or camps for girls. Camp Wanapitei has been on lake Temagami since 1956, after the previous location on Lake Wanapitei was flooded and was the first co-ed canoe tripping camp on the lake, becoming a full co-ed camp in 1971. It is located in the sandy inlet of the lake. They hold the place for longest trip, as their V2 trip lasts for 52 days, and is meant for 18 year olds, up north in places such as the Mackenzie river, and different northern provinces.

Camp Metagami for girls was founded in the early 1960s as a sister camp to Camp Temagami, but closed shortly afterwards in 1970. Originally an exclusive vacation lodge, Camp White Bear reopened as a co-ed youth camp in 1961. In 1968, Lorien Wilderness took over the Camp Cayuga site and offered co-ed wilderness trips. Located on an island in the hub of the lake, Camp Wabun has run canoe trips in the area since 1933, including trips to Hudson's Bay, and has been co-ed since 1977. In 1985, Camp Northwaters took over the Lorien Wilderness site and offered co-ed wilderness trips, and later single-gender girls’ trips through their Northern Lights Programs for ages 11–14. In 1999, Keewaydin became co-ed. Keeywaydin, Wanapitei, Temagami, and Wabun were boys camps when founded but have since all become co-ed.

Appleby College's northern campus is located on Rabbit Nose island, opened in the mid 1970s it provides a launching point for their Northward Bound program which takes place in January, February, May and June.

A copper mine opened on Temagami Island in 1954 called Temagami Mine. It produced 34,000,000 dollars Canadian and was considered to mine the purest copper ore in Canada. The mine closed in 1972.

title: Lake Temagami