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Betty Wright

Bessie Regina Norris (December 21, 1953 – May 10, 2020), better known by her stage name Betty Wright, was an American soul and R&B singer, songwriter and background vocalist. Beginning her professional career in the late 1960s as a teenager, Wright rose to fame in the 1970s with hits such as "Clean Up Woman" and "Tonight Is the Night". Wright was also prominent in her use of whistle register.

Early life and career
Born in Miami, Florida, as Bessie Regina Norris on December 21, 1953, Wright was the youngest of seven children of Rosa Akins Braddy-Wright and her second husband, McArthur Norris. Wright began her professional career at the age of two when her siblings formed the Echoes of Joy, a gospel group. Wright contributed to vocals on the group's first album, released in 1956. Wright and her siblings performed together until 1965, when she was 11 years old.

Following the group's break-up, Wright, who was already using the name Betty Wright, decided to switch musical styles from gospel to rhythm and blues, singing in local talent shows until she was spotted by a Miami record label owner, who signed her to her first label (Deep City Records) in 1966, when she was 12. She released the singles "Thank You Baby" and "Paralyzed", which found Wright local fame in Miami. In 1967, the teen was responsible for discovering other local talents such as George and Gwen McCrae, helping them sign with the Alston Records label TK Records, part of Henry Stone's recording and distribution company. Her first album, My First Time Around, was released when she was age 14. Her first hit single was "Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do". In 1970, while still in high school, she released "Pure Love" at the age of 16.

Breakthrough
About a year later, Wright released her signature song "Clean Up Woman", written by Clarence Reid and Willie Clarke and recorded when she was 17. The record reached number two on the R&B charts, where it stayed for eight weeks. It crossed over to the pop charts, peaking at number six and staying on the Billboard Hot 100 for 14 weeks. It eventually sold over 1 million copies and was certified gold on December 30, 1971, nine days after the singer turned 18. Wright struggled with a successful follow-up until 1972 when the single "Baby Sitter" (one of Wright's first compositions) reached the top 50 of the Hot 100 and peaked at number six on the R&B charts. Another hit that emerged during this early period was 1973's "Let Me Be Your Lovemaker", which peaked at number 55 on the Hot 100 and number 10 on the R&B chart, it was the first instance (after "Baby Sitter") where Wright showed off her powerful whistle register vocals. Another successful composition was the proto-disco number "Where Is the Love" (co-written by Wright, with producers Harry Wayne Casey and Richard Finch, from KC & The Sunshine Band). This peaked at number 15 on the R&B chart, number-two on the dance charts and crossed over to the UK, peaking at #25, leading Wright to perform overseas. Wright later won the Best R&B Song Grammy Award for composing "Where Is the Love".

A second prominent overseas hit was another proto-disco number "Shoorah! Shoorah!", issued on Alston and written by Allen Toussaint. Both songs appeared on one of Wright's most popular albums, ''Danger! High Voltage!'', released in late 1974. It was on this album that Wright had her most successful composition, with the smooth soul ballad "Tonight Is the Night", which Wright attributed to her first sexual experiences. The original version peaked at number 28 on the R&B chart. Four years later, Wright released a "live" version of the song. The remodeled version, which included a now-famous monologue and portions of Wright's 1970 hit "Pure Love", peaked at number 11 on the R&B chart in 1978.

In 1977, Wright discovered musician Peter Brown and sang background on Brown's hits "You Should Do It" and "Dance with Me" (where her vocals were prominently featured alongside Brown's) from the successful LP A Fantasy Love Affair. In 1978, she performed a duet with shock rocker Alice Cooper on the song "No Tricks", and a year later, opened for Bob Marley on the reggae star's Survival Tour.

1980s and 1990s
Wright's other albums at the end of the 1970s were less successful, and by 1981, as TK began to struggle, she moved to a bigger label, signing with Epic, where her self-titled album was released. The album was notable for the minor Stevie Wonder-composed hit, "What Are You Gonna Do with It". The same year, she contributed vocals on Richard "Dimples" Fields' Dimples album, especially on the hit "She's Got Papers on Me". In 1983, she released the album Wright Back at You, which featured compositions by Marlon Jackson of the Jacksons. In 1985, Wright formed her own label, Miss B Records, issuing the album Sevens the following year. In 1988, Wright made history as the first black female artist to score a gold album on her own label, when her 1987 album, Mother Wit achieved that certification. The album was notable for the come-back hits "No Pain, No Gain," which returned her to the top 20 on the R&B chart for the first time in a decade, and "After the Pain".

In 1990, she had a hit duet with Grayson Hugh on the remake of Champaign's 1981 hit "How 'Bout Us", and later arranged the harmonies for Gloria Estefan's "Coming Out of the Dark", which hit number 1 in 1991. Continuing to release solo material into the 1990s, her 1994 album B-Attitudes featured a remixed duet of Marvin Gaye's "Distant Lover". She then self-released several more recordings while still performing successfully as a live act.

2000s and 2010s
In 2001, the compilation album The Very Best of Betty Wright was released, along with Fit for a King, her first studio album for several years. In 2008, Wright was featured on a Lil Wayne track titled "Playing with Fire". However, due to a lawsuit, the song was removed from the album online. In 2006, Wright appeared on the TV show Making the Band, appointed by Sean Combs as a vocal coach for new female group Danity Kane. She mentored several young singers and did vocal production for such artists as Gloria Estefan, Jennifer Lopez and Joss Stone. Along with co-producers Steve Greenberg and Michael Mangini, Wright was nominated for a 2005 Grammy Award in the Best Pop Album category for producing Joss Stone's album Mind Body & Soul.

Wright, Greenberg and Mangini also produced two tracks on Tom Jones's 2008 album 24 Hours: a cover of Bruce Springsteen's "The Hitter" and "More Than Memories", written by Stax legend Carla Thomas. The trio also produced the debut album by Diane Birch in 2009. In December 2010, Wright was given another Grammy Award nomination for the song "Go" on the Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance. The album Betty Wright: The Movie, credited to Betty Wright and the Roots, produced by Wright and Ahmir Questlove Thompson was released November 15, 2011 on Ms. B Records/S-Curve Records. Betty Wright: The Movie also included collaborations with Joss Stone, Snoop Dogg, Lil Wayne and Lenny Williams. "Surrender", a track from the album, was nominated for a 2011 Grammy in the Best Traditional R&B Performance category. On New Year's Eve 2011, Wright appeared on the UK's BBC Two television channel, on the Jools's Annual Hootenanny show, backed by the Jools Holland Rhythm & Blue Orchestra. She performed her singles "Clean Up Woman" and "Shoorah! Shoorah!" alongside "In the Middle of the Game (Don't Change the Play)" from Betty Wright: The Movie. In 2017, Wright was honored with the National R&B Music Society Unsung Heroine Award at their Black Tie Gala & Awards Ceremony in Philadelphia, Pa. Paul Anthony and Bowlegged Lou of Full Force presented the award to her. Her last appearance was on the TV show Unsung on April 5, 2020, which was a month before her death.

Personal life and death
Wright was married three times and had five children. In 1976, Wright married Jerome McCray and together they had a daughter. Wright and McCray divorced in 1981. Wright was married to Patrick Parker from 1982 until 1983 and together they had two children. Wright was married to Jamaican musician Noel Williams, better known as King Sporty, from 1985 until his death in 2015. Together Wright and Williams had two children. Her son Patrick Parker Jr. was killed on Christmas Day in 2005 in a shooting incident.

Wright died from cancer, on May 10, 2020, at her home in Miami, aged 66. The news of her death was first announced by her niece. Just two days earlier, fellow singer Chaka Khan had made a plea on Twitter saying "Calling all my #PrayWarriors. My beloved sister, Betty Wright @MsBettyWright, is now in need of all your prayers."

Legacy
Several of Wright's works have been sampled over the years by hip hop, rock and R&B musicians. In 2008, Sheek Louch of The Lox used both the live version of "Tonight Is The Night" and "Pure Love" in his song "Good Love". In 1992, Wright sued the producers behind Color Me Badd's breakthrough hit "I Wanna Sex You Up" after claiming they used the sample of her live version without clearance and without permission, and sued for royalties. Wright won her case, winning 35% of royalties for writing the song.

Wright won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Song award for composing "Where Is the Love" at the 18th Annual Grammy Awards in 1976. She received one award from six nominations.

Studio and live albums
Source:

Compilation albums

 * The Very Best of Betty Wright (Rhino Records, 2000)
 * The Essentials (Atlantic, 2002)

Singles
Source:

As a studio background vocalist
Source:
 * Benjamin Latimore – Latimore (1973) – her debut as a background singer
 * Bill Wyman – Monkey Grip (1974)
 * Gwen McCrae – Gwen McCrae (1974)
 * Timmy Thomas – You're the Song I've Always Wanted to Sing (1974)
 * Johnny Nash – Tears on My Pillow (1975)
 * Milton Wright – Friends and Buddies (1975)
 * Stephen Stills – Stills (1975)
 * Timmy Thomas – Touch to Touch (1977)
 * King Sporty – Mr. Rhythm (1977)
 * Peter Brown – A Fantasy Love Affair (1978)
 * Philip & Lloyd – You've Got to Keep on Moving (1978)
 * Latimore – "Goodbye Heartache" (1979) – released as a 12" single
 * Gwen McCrae – Melody of Life (1979)
 * Beverly Johnson – Don't Lose the Feeling (1979)
 * Regina James – Alfie / Dancin' in the Flames of Love (1979) – released as a promo 12" single
 * Stevie Wonder – Hotter than July (1980)
 * Rachel Sweet – And Then He Kissed Me (1981)
 * Richard "Dimples" Fields – Dimples (1981)
 * Peter Tosh – Mama Africa (1983)
 * K.C. – KC Ten (1983)
 * Native – New World (1984)
 * Timmy Thomas – Gotta Give a Little Love (Ten Years After) (1984)
 * Sonny Okosun – Which Way Nigeria? (1984)
 * Philip Michael Thomas – Living the Book of My Life (1985)
 * Donna Allen – Perfect Timing (1986)
 * Eddie Lovette – Rockers for Lovers Vol. II (1986)
 * Margaret Reynolds – Call Me Sometime (1986) – released as a 12" single
 * Gloria Estefan & the Miami Sound Machine – Let It Loose (1987)
 * Nicole McCloud – Jam Packed (1988)
 * Bigga – Earth People (1988)
 * Gloria Estefan & the Miami Sound Machine – Anything for You (1988)
 * Colin James – Colin James (1988)
 * Jimmy Cliff – Images (1989)
 * Tomi Jenkins – Tomi (1989)
 * Nicole McCloud – Rock the House (1989)
 * Angee Griffin – Gentle (1989)
 * Clarence Clemons – A Night with Mr. C (1989)
 * Gloria Estefan – Cuts Both Ways (1989)
 * Pluto Shervington – Rhythm of the City (1990)
 * Anthony Watson – 9 Days of Love (1991)
 * Phyllis Hyman – Prime of My Life (1991)
 * Chris Walker – First Time (1991)
 * Gloria Estefan – Into the Light (1989)
 * Shana Petrone – Turned Up on You (1992) – released as a 12" single
 * Charles Christopher – Think About It (1992)
 * Gerald Alston – Always in the Mood (1992)
 * Regina Belle – Passion (1993)
 * Jon Secada – Heart, Soul & a Voice (1994)
 * José Luis Rodríguez El Puma – Razones Para Una Sonrisa (1994)
 * Ophélie Winter – No Soucy ! (1996)
 * Darrell Brown – "Money Makes It Happen" (1997) – released as a 12" single
 * Cristian Castro – Lo Mejor de Mí (1997)
 * David Byrne – Feelings (1997)
 * Billie Myers – Growing, Pains (1997)
 * Billie Myers – "Tell Me" (1997) – released as a CD promo single
 * Gloria Estefan – Gloria! (1998)
 * Bob Marley – Chant Down Babylon (1999)
 * Jennifer Lopez – On the 6 (1999)
 * Erykah Badu – Mama's Gun (2000)
 * Cleptomaniacs featuring Bryan Chambers – "All I Do" (2001)
 * Various – American Idol Greatest Moments (2001)
 * Joss Stone – The Soul Sessions (2003)
 * Joss Stone – Mind Body & Soul (2004)
 * Angie Stone – Stone Love (2004)
 * Ruby Baker – Love Is Worth It All (2004)
 * Peter Gallagher – 7 Days in Memphis (2005)
 * Nas & Damian Marley – Distant Relatives (2010)
 * Paloma Faith – A Perfect Contradiction (2014)
 * Nicole McCloud – Red Apples (2015)
 * Elise Legrow – Playing Chess (2018)

title: Betty Wright


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Talk:Aurico

Untitled
Needs clarification. What TV series? Talking about it like a factual occurrence is misleading and annoying.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Aurico


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Ootheca

An ootheca (: oothecae  ) is a type of egg capsule made by any member of a variety of species including mollusks (such as Turbinella laevigata), mantises, and cockroaches.

Etymology
The word is a Latinized combination of oo-, meaning "egg", from the Greek word ōon (cf. Latin ovum), and theca, meaning a "cover" or "container", from the Greek theke. Ootheke is Greek for ovary.

Structure
Oothecae are made up of structural proteins and tanning agents that cause the protein to harden around the eggs, providing protection and stability. The production of ootheca convergently evolved across numerous insect species due to a selection for protection from parasites and other forms of predation, as the complex structure of the shell casing provides an evolutionary reproductive advantage (although the fitness and lifespan also depend on other factors such as the temperature of the incubating ootheca). Oothecae are most notably found in the orders Blattodea (Cockroaches) and Mantodea (Praying mantids), as well as in the subfamilies Cassidinae (Coleoptera) and Korinninae (Phasmatodea).

Functions
The ootheca protects the eggs from microorganisms, parasitoids, predators, and weather; the ootheca maintains a stable water balance through variation in its surface, as it is porous in dry climates to protect against desiccation, and smooth in wet climates to protect against oversaturation. Its composition and appearance vary depending on species and environment.

title: Ootheca


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William Davison (diplomat)

William Davison (c. 1541 – 21 December 1608) was an English diplomat and secretary to Queen Elizabeth I. As a Secretary of some influence, he was active in forging alliances with England's Protestant friends in Holland and Scotland to prevent war with France. He was involved in the 1587 execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was made a scapegoat for this event.

Diplomacy
According to James Melville of Halhill, Davison claimed to be Scottish descent. He first visited Scotland acting as secretary to Henry Killigrew, according to an early biographer, in June 1566 when Mary Stuart gave birth to her son in Edinburgh Castle. Davison more certainly came to Edinburgh with Killigrew in 1574 and 1575. Davison was a member of the English Council's Puritan group around the Earl of Leicester and Francis Walsingham.

In 1576-7 Davison was sent on at least three separate missions to France to attempt to broker peace, and prevent war with England. He perceived the Spanish Governor of the Netherlands to be cruel and vengeful. He wrote his patron Leicester many times, strongly urging an alliance with the Prince of Orange to stop a Catholic alliance forming for an invasion of England. As his influence slipped away, Davison complained of ill-health and the cost of his embassy. In May 1579 he returned to England. He was granted, by the Queen herself, the reversion of the Clerk of Treasury's office on 16 January 1578, to which he eventually succeeded years later.

Scotland in 1583 and 1584
In December 1582, he was sent to Scotland by Elizabeth I to join the ambassador Robert Bowes at the court of King James VI. At this time, the rival French diplomatic mission of Bertrand de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon and François de Rocherolles, Sieur de Mainville, was sent to Edinburgh. Frances Walsingham heard the French diplomats were trying to negotiate a marriage between James VI and Christina of Lorraine, a daughter of the Duke of Lorraine. Davison travelled from London with Mothe-Fénelon and, by chance, met the Duke of Lennox at Topcliffe in Yorkshire. Alexander Hume of Hutton Hall was sent to meet both groups of diplomats at the border and escort them to Edinburgh.

Davison described his proceedings and discoveries in a letter to Christopher Hatton on 22 January 1583. He wrote that Mainville's entourage included Dormes, a French courtier excelling at sports and likely to please the young king. On 1 March 1583, Davison and Bowes presented Elizabeth's requests to James VI, including her concerns that Mothe-Fénelon had discussed an "association" of James and his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots. Tactful and helpful, Davison worked closely with the Queen's agent in Scotland, Robert Bowes until September 1584. In this period he returned to England briefly, and came back to Scotland. He crossed the border with Alexander Hume and James Melville escorted him to Falkland Palace. Melville recalled that Davison had favoured the cause of James to inherit the English throne rather than his mother.

Davison reported on the ascendency of the royal favourite, James Stewart, Earl of Arran and his wife, Elizabeth Stewart. He wrote that she had obtained keys to the chests containing the royal jewels, and wore Queen Mary's clothes. Arran was becoming unpopular, and Davison heard that witches had foretold he would die a violent death. In March 1583, Davison delivered letters addressed to Mainville, and had to explain a delay because they had been intercepted and passed to Francis Walsingham. Davison gathered information about a goldsmith John Mosman who was carrying letters for Maineville and the French ambassador in London, Michel de Castelnau.

Amsterdam and Brill
The death of the Anglophile William the Silent, Prince of Orange, necessitated yet another mission to the Netherlands for Davison, already an experienced diplomat. He was assisted by William Brewster, who was later a passenger on the Mayflower. Davison accepted the keys of the town of Brielle at the end of September 1585 according to treaty. His authority clashed with the soldiers John Norris and Edward Norris.

Although praised for his diplomatic role by the Puritan Earl of Leicester, when he returned he found the Queen incensed by their assumption of the Governorship in Amsterdam; they had behaved too independently for an English mission. In a typically trenchant mood, Davison saw no need to apologise, but rather insisted that he would pray the Queen changed course. His biographer, Nicolas, described Davison as becoming depressed, withdrawing from Court to nurse his wounded Presbyterian pride. Davison eventually drifted away from Leicester, his erstwhile patron, and more towards the extreme war party around Walsingham. In the same year he became member of parliament for Knaresborough, a privy councillor, and assistant to Elizabeth's secretary, Francis Walsingham; but from 30 September 1586, he appears to have acted more as a colleague than a subordinate of Walsingham.

Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
Davison was a member of the commission appointed to try Mary, Queen of Scots, although he took no part in its proceedings. The judges sat on 11 October and proceedings began on the 14th. It was prorogued four days later, only to meet again on the 25th in the Star Chamber at Westminster. In her absence the Queen was still found guilty. On the 29th Parliament petitioned for execution to be carried out.

Meanwhile, the Privy Council, having been summoned by Lord Burghley, decided to draft the warrant on 6 December, two days after the Queen's Proclamation, and carry out the sentence at once. When sentence was passed upon Mary, the warrant for her execution was entrusted to Davison who, after some delay, obtained the Queen's signature on 1 February. . On this occasion, and also in subsequent interviews with her secretary, Elizabeth suggested that Mary should be executed in some more secret fashion, and her conversation afforded ample proof that she disliked the idea of taking any responsibility upon herself for the death of her rival. Elizabeth ordered Davison to hold on to it, unsealed. Davison passed it over to Burghley, who immediately dispatched it to Fotheringhay Castle. Mary was beheaded on 8 February 1587. Officially Davison continued as principal secretary until Walsingham's death in April 1590. Yet, Walsingham the spymaster remained the more dominant personality, and is generally considered to be behind the scheme to execute the Queen of Scots.

Scapegoat
When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth she was extremely indignant, and her wrath was chiefly directed against Davison, who, she asserted, had disobeyed her instructions not to seal the warrant, but this instruction did not arrive until 2 February 1587, and Burghley had already taken the initiative. The secretary was arrested and thrown into the Tower, but although he defended himself vigorously, he did not say anything about the Queen's wish to get rid of Mary by assassination. Charged before the Star Chamber with misprision and contempt, he was acquitted of evil intention, but was sentenced to pay a fine of 10,000 marks and to imprisonment during the Queen's pleasure.

Owing to the exertions of several influential men he was released in September 1588, after the invasion crisis had passed; the Queen, however, refused to employ him again in her service, but he kept his office, and probably never paid the fine. His friends, notably the Earl of Essex, tried to get him the exercise of the Secretary's office, particularly after Walsingham's death in 1590. However, Burghley coveted the post, keeping it vacant for his son Robert Cecil. Davison was excluded from the emoluments of office for the remainder of the reign. And James I was even less likely to offer preferment.

Davison and family retired to Stepney, where he died on 21 December 1608, and was buried on the 24th. The fruits of the office of Custos Brevium were "benefit of said office wholly to me and my assigns". Despite mortgaging his home in 1579, it seems his widow was not evicted; the debt was not called until much later.

Davison appears to have been an industrious and outspoken man, and was undoubtedly made the scapegoat for the Queen's conduct. By his wife, Catherine Spelman, daughter of Henry Spelman of Norfolk, whom he married around 1570, he had a family of four sons and two daughters. His wife was Leicester's 'cousin' by marriage.

Two of his sons, Francis and Walter, obtained some celebrity as poets.

Many state papers written by him, and many of his letters, are extant in various manuscript collections. His will's executors were brothers of Gray's Inn, George and Robert Byng, who had mortgaged his house in Stepney. Davison left his widow with large debts. When all debts were paid on the sale of the house, his second son Christopher Davison was to inherit the right to a Treasury Office as stated in the will proven 9 January 1609.

In popular culture
He is a minor character in the play Maria Stuart by Friedrich Schiller.

title: William Davison (diplomat)


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Fujiwara no Fuhito

Fujiwara no Fuhito (藤原 不比等: 659 – 13 September 720) was a powerful member of the imperial court of Japan during the Asuka and Nara periods. Second son of Fujiwara no Kamatari (or, according to one theory, of Emperor Tenji), he had sons by two women, and those sons were the founders of the four principal lineages of the Fujiwara clan: the South, North, Ceremonial, and Capital lineages. Also, he had four daughters by two other women, three by Kamohime, one by Tachibana no Michiyo. One daughter by Kamohime became Emperor Monmu's wife Miyako, who in turn gave birth to Emperor Shōmu. The daughter by Michiyo became the empress of his grandson Shōmu, Empress Kōmyō.

During the reign of Emperor Monmu, the government ordered that only the descendants of Fuhito could bear the Fujiwara surname and could be appointed in the Office of Dajokan, the center of administratives.

Biography
Fuhito was 13 years old when the Jinshin incident occurred. His father Kamatari had been a strong supporter of Emperor Tenji, but Kamatari had already died and Fuhito was too young to be appointed a governmental officer, so he was not involved in this political conflict. In 688 he appeared first as a courtier.

In 697 Prince Karu, the son of Prince Kusakabe and therefore grandson of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō, was appointed crown prince. Fuhito supported this appointment strongly and gained the favor of Empress Jitō. After that, his position in the court rose steadily. In 701 Prince Obito, later the emperor Shōmu was born by Miyako. Fuhito succeeded in persuading the court to appoint Obito the crown prince, and made his other daughter a wife of Obito. Until then only a royal lady could be promoted to the empress, but he succeeded in gaining his daughter the position of empress of Obito by the emperor Shōmu. It was the first empress who did not derive from the imperial household.

He moved Yamashina-dera, the Buddhist temple which was the main temple his clan supported, to Nara and renamed it Kōfuku-ji. After his death, Kasuga shrine, the main Shinto shrine of the Fujiwara clan, was settled near Kofuku-ji in 768.

He played a role in the establishment of the state law, ritsuryō, in Japan. He participated in the edition called Taihō Ritsuryō. He also joined in making its revision, the Yōrō ritsuryō. Before its completion, he died in the summer of 720. When he died, he was appointed Udaijin, one of the ministers.

After his death the court honored him with two titles Bunchu Kō (文忠公) and Tankai Kō (淡海公) and with the office of Daijō-daijin, the highest office of the court.

He had four sons: Fujiwara no Muchimaro, Fujiwara no Fusasaki (681–737), Fujiwara no Umakai and Fujiwara no Maro. His son Fusasaki would become the ancestor of the regent line of the Fujiwara clan.

Additionally, four poems of his can be found in the Kaifūso.

Wives and children

 * Soga no Shōshi (Masako), daughter of Soga no Murajiko
 * Muchimaro (680–737)
 * Fusasaki (681–737)
 * Umakai (694–737)
 * Kamo no Hime, daughter of Kamo no Emishi
 * Miyako (d. 754), married to Emperor Monmu
 * Nagako, married to Prince Nagaya
 * Ioe no Iratsume, half-sister of Fuhito (dowager of Emperor Tenmu)
 * Maro (695–737)
 * Agatainukai-no-Tachimana no Michiyo (d. 733)
 * Asukabe-hime (Empress Kōmyō) (701–760), Empress of Emperor Shōmu
 * Tabino (Tahino), married to Tachibana no Moroe

Honours

 * Senior First Rank (November 27, 720; posthumous)

title: Fujiwara no Fuhito


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List of monarchs by nickname

This is a list of monarchs (and other royalty and nobility) sorted by nickname.

This list is divided into two parts:
 * Cognomens: Also called cognomina. These are names which are appended before or after the person's name, like the epitheton necessarium, or Roman victory titles. Examples are "William the Conqueror" for William I of England, and "Frederick Barbarossa" for Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor.
 * Sobriquets: Names which have become identified with a particular person, and are recognizable when used instead of the personal name. Some are used only in a particular context: for example, "Grandmother of Europe" for Queen Victoria is generally only used when referring to her family links throughout the royal families of Europe. On the other hand, in some cases the nickname supersedes the personal name, and the individual is referred to by this nickname even in scholarly works: for example, Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus is universally known by his nickname, Caligula.

Notes:
 * Nicknames are listed in each section alphabetically, ignoring articles and prepositions.
 * Non-English words are rendered in italics, and translated where possible.
 * When the name and nickname are rendered in a non-English language, the nickname will be in boldface italics.

 * "a la Barbe-Blanche": Guy, Count of Boulogne
 * "a la Hache": Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders
 * "Abarca": Sancho II Garces of Navarre
 * "Achilles": Albert III of Brandenburg
 * "Adalsteinfostre": Haakon I of Norway
 * "Alcibiades": Albert II of Brandenburg [CHECK THIS]
 * "Argyropoulos": Romanus, Byzantine Emperor
 * "Arista": Iñigo Iñiguez of Pamplona
 * "Atterdag": Valdemar IV of Denmark
 * "Augustus":
 * Charles of Bretzenheim
 * Philip II of France
 * Sigismund II of Poland
 * "Barbarossa" (Fr. Barberousse): Frederick I of Germany
 * "Barbe Torte": Alain II of Brittany (937–952)
 * "Barefoot" (Nor. Berrfott, Barfot): Magnus III Berrfott of Norway (1093–1103)
 * "Batavus": William V of the Netherlands
 * "Beauclerc": Henry I of England
 * "Bloodaxe" (Nor. Blodoks): Eric I of Norway, 931–933
 * "Bloody Mary": Mary I of England (1553–1558)
 * "Bluetooth": Harold I of Denmark
 * "Bogolyubsky, Bogoliubski": Andrew I of Moscow (1169–1174)
 * "Borsa": Roger of Apulia (1085–1111)
 * "Botaniates": Nicephorus III, Byzantine Emperor
 * "Boterel":
 * Geoffrey I, Count of Penthievre
 * Geoffrey II, Count of Penthievre
 * "Bras de Fer": Baldwin I, Count of Flanders
 * "Broad-shoulder": Haakon II of Norway
 * "Calaphates" (Gr. Kalafates): Michael V, Byzantine Emperor
 * "Canmore" (With the Large Head): Malcolm III of Scotland
 * "Cicero": John of Brandenburg
 * "Clipping": Eric V of Denmark
 * "Clito" (Fr. Cliton): William I, Count of Flanders
 * "Coda": Amadeus I of Savoy
 * "Copronymus": Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor
 * "Crookback" (Nor. Krokrygg): Inge I of Norway
 * "Crouchback": Louis VIII of Bavaria
 * "Corvinus": Matthias of Hungary
 * "Cruel-Eyes": Demetrius of Tver (1318–1326)
 * "Curthose" (Fr. Courteheuse): Robert of England
 * "Cut-nose": Justinian II, Byzantine Emperor
 * "de la Poix": Charles II of Hungary, 1385–1386
 * "dal Pollice": Ulrich I, Count of Wurttemberg
 * "der Andere": Henry of Reuss (1647–1670)
 * "der Fette": Henry I of Anhalt (d.1252)
 * "der Freidige": Frederick, Landgrave of Thuringia
 * "der Greiner": Eberhard II, Count of Wurttemberg, 1344–1392
 * "der Glückliche": Augustus, Elector of Saxony
 * "der Heldenmütige": Albert, Duke of Saxony
 * "der Sanftmutige": Frederick, Landgrave of Thuringia
 * "der Springer": Louis, Landgrave of Thuringia
 * "Diogenes": Romanus IV, Byzantine Emperor
 * "Donskoi": Demetrius II of Beloozero (1364–1389)=Demetrius III of Moscow (1359–1360, d.1389)
 * "Dracula": Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia (1448, 1456–1462 and 1476)
 * "el Amador de toda gentileza": John I of Aragon
 * "el Animoso": Philip V of Spain
 * "el de los buenos fueros": Sancho Garcia of Castile (995–1017)
 * "el Cazador": John I of Aragon
 * "el Craso": Sancho I of Leon
 * "el Gotoso": Bermudo II of Leon
 * "el Jorobado":
 * Alfonso Froilaz of Leon
 * Ordoño IV of Leon
 * "el Temblon": García Sánchez II of Navarre, 880–908
 * "el Tuerto" (The One-Eyed): Fortun Garces of Navarre
 * "Eigod": Eric I of Denmark
 * "Emund": Eric II of Denmark
 * "Eveille-Chien": Heribert, Count of Maine
 * "Fairhair" (Nor. Harfagre): Harald I of Norway (872–933)
 * "False Demetrius II, the Brigand of Tushino" (1608–1611)
 * "False Demetrius III (Isidor), the Brigand of Pskov (1611)
 * "Father Augustus": Augustus, Elector of Saxony
 * "Fergent": Alain IV, Duke of Brittany
 * "Forkbeard" (Nor. Tjugeskjegg): Sven I of Denmark (999–1015)
 * "Fortunatus":
 * Edward, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern
 * Herman, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern
 * "From Overseas" (d'Outremer): Louis IV of France
 * "Gille": Harald IV of Norway
 * "Glipping, Klipping": Eric V of Denmark
 * "Grathe": Sven III of Denmark
 * "Graycloak" (Nor. Grafell): Harald II of Norway (961–976)
 * "Greymantle" (Fr. Grisegonelle): Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou
 * "Greatbeard, Fair Beard": Baldwin IV of Flanders
 * "Guiscard" (It. il Guiscardo): Robert, Duke of Apulia (1059–1085)
 * "Hard-ruler" (Nor. Haardraade): Harald III of Norway
 * "Harefoot": Harold I of England
 * "He of Antequera": Ferdinand I of Aragon
 * "He of Barbastro" (Sp. El de Barbastro): Ermengol III, Count of Urgel
 * "He of Castile": Ermengol VI of Urgel
 * "He of Cordoba (Sp. El de Cordoba)": Ermengol I, Count of Urgel
 * "He of Gerp" (Sp. El de Gerp): Ermengol IV, Count of Urgel
 * "He of the gifts" (Sp. el de las Mercedes): Henry II of Castile (1366–1367 & 1369–1379)
 * "He of the Good Laws" (Sp. El de los Buenos Fueros): Sancho I of Castile
 * "He of the Little Dagger" (Cat. El del Punyalet): Peter IV of Aragon
 * "He of Las Navas de Tolosa" (Sp. El de las Navas de Tolosa): Alfonso VIII of Castile, 1158–1214
 * "He of Mayeruca" (Sp. El de Mayeruca): Ermengol V, Count of Urgel
 * "He of Najera": García Sánchez III of Navarre
 * "He of Peñalen": Sancho IV of Navarre
 * "He of the Rio Salado": Alfonso XI of Castile
 * "He of San Hilario": Ermengol VIII of Urgel
 * "He of the White Hands" (Sp. El de las Manos Blancas): Garcia Fernandez of Castile
 * "Hector": Joachim of Brandenburg
 * "Hesso": Rudolph of Baden-Baden
 * "Hildetand": Harald of Sweden
 * "Hunger": Olav I of Denmark
 * "il Re de Maggio": Humbert II of Italy
 * "Ill-ruler": Ingjald of Sweden
 * "Ironside":
 * Bjorn I of Uppsala
 * Edmund II of England (1016)
 * "Irontooth": Frederick II of Brandenburg
 * "Jasomirgott": Henry II of Austria
 * "Jezebel": Catherine de Medici, Queen of France
 * "Kantner": Conrad V of Silesia
 * "Khorobrit": Michael of Moscow (1246–1248)=Michael I of Vladimir (1247–1248)
 * "Kirdyapa": Basil III of Suzdal (d.1403)
 * "Kraljevic": Marko of Serbia
 * "La Grande Mademoiselle": Anne, Duchess of Montpensier
 * "Lackland (Fr. Sans Terre)": John of England, 1199–1216
 * "Langhals": Reginar I of Hainault
 * "Lavand": Knut II of the Wends [CHECK THIS]
 * "l'Assure": John I, Elector of Saxony, 1525–1532
 * "le Belliquex": Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, 1423–1428
 * "le Borgne": Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Gottingen, 1394–1463
 * "le Courbe" (Eng. the Curved, i.e., Hunchback): Garcia Sanchez, Duke of Gascony
 * "le Docte": Otto II (d.1111), Count of Habsburg
 * "le Doux":
 * Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, 1428–1464
 * Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Ottingen, 1318–1344
 * "le Hardi": Charles II of Lorraine
 * "l'Intrepide": Albert III, Duke of Saxony, 1464–1485
 * "le Joyuex": Frederick I, Langgrave of Thuringia, 1307–1323
 * "le Louche": Beernard I, Count of Armagnac, 960-?
 * "le Lutteur": Frederick IV of Lorraine
 * "le Mordu": Frederick I, Langgrave of Thuringia, 1307–1323
 * 'le Paisable": Rudolph II (d.1232), Count of Habsburg
 * "le Renard": Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, 1908–1918
 * "le Sanglier d'Ardenne": William I (d.1485), Lord of Lumain
 * "le Tort": Conan I of Brittany (990–992)
 * "Lodbrok": Ragnar of Uppsala
 * "Long-arm" (Fr. Longue Epee):
 * George of Rostov (d.1155)
 * George I of Suzdal (1134–1149, 1151–1155, d.1157)
 * William I, Duke of Normandy
 * "Long-leg": Eric II of Schleswig
 * "Longshanks": Edward I of England, 1272–1307
 * "Madame Snake": Catherine de Medici, Queen of France
 * "Martel":
 * Charles I of Hungary
 * Geoffrey II, Count of Anjou
 * "Mauclerc": Peter, Duke of Brittany
 * "Maultasch": Margaret of Tyrol
 * "Menved": Eric VI of Denmark
 * "Milutin": Stephen Urosh II of Serbia
 * "Moneybag" (Rus. Kalita): John I, Grand Prince of Moscow (1325–1341)
 * "Monomakh" (One Who Fights Alone) (Gr. Monomakhos):
 * Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor
 * Vladimir II of Moscow
 * "Mourtzouphlos": Alexius V, Byzantine Emperor
 * "Nerra": Fulk III, Count of Anjou
 * "Nestor": Joachim of Brandenburg
 * "Nevski": Alexander of Kiev (d.1263)
 * "of Bouillon": Geoffrey V of Lower Lorraine
 * "of the Bitten Cheek": Frederick I of Meissen
 * "of Dečani" (Sr. Dečanski): Stephen Uroš III of Serbia
 * "of the Empty Pocket": Frederick IV of Austria
 * "of Jerusalem": Baldwin II of Hainault
 * "of the Long Hands" (Rus. Dolgoruky): Yury IV, Grand Prince of Kiev
 * "of God's Grace": Henry of Reuss-Plauen (1243–1254)
 * "of the White Hands" (Sp. de los BlancasManos): Garcia Fernandez of Castile (970–995)
 * "of the Veluwe": Theodoric of Gelderland
 * "One with Good Memory": John I of Portugal
 * "One-Eye": John II of Holstein, William of Meissen
 * "Optimo Imperator": Sancho I Garces
 * "Parapinaces" (Gr. Parapinakes): Michael VII, Byzantine Emperor
 * "Phoebus": Francis of Navarre, Gaston III of Foix
 * "Plantagenet": Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
 * "Platonogi": Mieszko IV of Poland
 * "Ploughpenny": Eric IV of Denmark
 * "Pobozny": Henry II, Duke of Krakow
 * "Porphyrogenitus" (Born in the Purple): Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor
 * "Posthumus":
 * Anselm of Schonborn (1727–1801)
 * Anthony II of Inhausen and Knyphausen
 * Emmanuel Lebrecht of Anhalt-Zerbst
 * George Albert II of Erbach
 * Henry of Reuss-Schleiz (1595–1635)
 * John of France
 * Ladislas of Austria
 * Theobald IV of Champagne (1235–1254)
 * Wenceslas Adam of Silesia
 * Werner V of Zimmern (1290–1384)
 * William George of Kirchberg
 * "Potbelly": Alexander II of Suzdal (1414–1417)
 * "Probus" (Eng. Righteous) : Henry IV of Poland
 * "Queen of Four Kingdoms" (Fr. La Reine des Quatre Royaumes): Yolande of Aragon
 * "Raised by Tore" (Nor. Toresfostre): Haakon of Norway
 * "Raspe": Henry of Thuringia, King of Germany
 * "Redhair": George I of Moscow (1318–1322, d.1325)
 * "Rufus": William II of England (1087–1100)
 * "Rumpold": Henry VII of Silesia, Henry X of Silesia
 * "Shemyaka": Demetrius III of Dmitrov (1434, d.1453)
 * "Short-Tunic": Johan II of Riazan (1326–1341)
 * "Silly Billy": Wiliam IV of England (830–1837)
 * "Skottkonung": Olaf of Sweden
 * "Soulful" (Sr. Dušan): Stephen Uroš IV of Serbia
 * "Spindleshanks" (Pol. Laskonogi): Ladislaus III of Poland
 * "Squint-eye": Basil II of Dmitrov (1435, d.1438)
 * "Stratioticus" (Soldier): Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor
 * "Strongbow": John II of Suzdal (1412–1414)
 * "Stupor Mundi": Frederick II of Germany
 * "Tallaferro": Bernard I, Count of Besalu
 * "Tarasicodissa": Zeno, Byzantine Emperor
 * "Tete Hardie":
 * Stephen I, Count of Macon
 * William I, Count of Burgundy
 * "Tree-cutter": Olav of Sweden
 * "Tranacleon": Gerald I (d.1020), Count of Armagnac
 * "Trunus": Bernard II, Count of Besalu
 * "Tumapaler": Bernard I (d.1064), Count of Armagnac
 * "Two-Pupils": Anastasius, Byzantine Emperor
 * "Vzmeten": Alexander III of Suzdal (1417–1418)
 * "Vifadme": Ivar of Sweden
 * "Waked the Waves": Basil II of Pskov (1356–1358)
 * "Weather-hat": Eric Emundsson of Uppsala
 * "Wegloser": Henry of Reuss (1288–1300)
 * "Wend-crow": Ottar of Sweden
 * "Whiteleg": Halfdan I of Vestfold
 * "With the Arrow": Otto IV of Brandenburg
 * "With the Axe": Baldwin VII of Flanders
 * "With the Beard": John I of Wertheim (1373–1407)
 * "With the Braid" (Fr. a la Tresse): Albert III, Duke of Austria
 * "With the Chain": Magnus II of Brunswick
 * "With the Iron Arm": Baldwin I of Flanders
 * "With the Lion": Frederick V of Nurnberg
 * "With the Pigtail": Albert III of Austria
 * "With the Scar": Henry VIII of Silesia
 * "With the Thumb": Ulrich I of Wurttemberg (1241–1265)
 * "Wrybeard": Alan I of Brittany (937–952)
 * "Wstydliwy": Boleslaus V, Duke of Krakow

Cognomen
A swung dash, or tilde (~), is used to indicate where the personal name occurs in the nickname; thus "~ the Accursed", followed by entries about Sviatopolk, Alexander and Tekle Haymanot, means "Sviatopolk the Accursed", "Alexander the Accursed" and "Tekle Haymanot the Accursed".

A

 * "~ the Abandoned": John I of Aragon (Joan el Descurat; also known as John the Hunter or John the Lover of Elegance)
 * "~ the Absolutist/the Absolute-King: Miguel I of Portugal (Miguel o Absolutista/o Rei-Absoluto)
 * "~ the Accursed":
 * Sviatopolk I of Kiev (Святопо́лк Окая́нный)
 * Iskander the Accursed (Middle Persian: Gizistag Aleksandar; more commonly known as Alexander the Great)
 * Tekle Haymanot I of Ethiopia (እርጉም ተክለ ሃይማኖት irgum tekle hāymānōt)
 * "~ the Adopted": Childebert of Austrasia (Childebertus Adoptivus)
 * "~ (the) Ætheling": Edgar Ætheling of England (Eadgar Æþeling)
 * "~ the Affable": Charles VIII of France (Charles l'Affable)
 * "~ the African":
 * Scipio the African (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus).
 * Afonso V of Portugal (Afonso o Africano)
 * Alfonso XIII of Spain (Alfonso el Africano)
 * "~ the Aggressor": Indulf of Alba (Ildulb An Ionsaighthigh)
 * "~ the Alchemist": John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (Johann der Alchimist)
 * "~ Albanian-slayer": Thomas of Epirus
 * "~ All-fair": Eadwig of England
 * "~ the Apostate": Julian, Roman Emperor (Flavius Claudius Julianus Apostata)
 * "~ the Arab": Philip I, Roman Emperor (Marcus Julius Philippus Arabs)
 * "~ the Artist-King": Ferdinand II of Portugal (Fernando o Rei-Artista)
 * "~ the Asleep": Sebastian of Portugal (Sebastião o Adormecido)
 * "~ the Astrologer": Alfonso X of Castile (Alfonso el Astrólogo; more commonly known as Afonso the Wise)
 * "~ the Avenger": Alfonso XI of Castile (Alfonso el Justiciero; also known as Afonso the Just)

B

 * "~ the Bad":
 * Alexander III of Wallachia (Romanian: Alexandru cel Rău)
 * Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria (Arnulf der Böse)
 * Charles II of Navarre (Charles le Mauvais)
 * Emund of Sweden (Emund Slemme; more commonly known as Emund the Old)
 * Mihnea of Wallachia (Romanian: Mihnea cel Rău)
 * Ordoño IV of León (Ordoño el Malo)
 * Sigurd Magnusson, pretender of Norway (Sigurd Slembe or Sigurd Slembedjakn)
 * William I of Sicily (Guglielmo il Malo)
 * "~ the Bald":
 * Charles II of France (Charles le Chauve)
 * Baldwin II, Count of Flanders (Boudewijn II de Kale; Balduinus Calvus)
 * Idwal ab Anarawd of Gwynedd (Idwal Foel)
 * Radu II of Wallachia (Church Slavonic: Radu Praznaglava)
 * "~ Barbarossa": Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (Friederich Barbarossa)
 * "~ Barefoot" or "~ Bareleg": Magnus III of Norway (Magnus Barfot)
 * "~ Barn-Lock": Magnus III of Sweden (Magnus Ladulås)
 * "~ the Bastard":
 * Ebalus, Duke of Aquitaine (Ebles Manzer, Ebles Mamzer)
 * Henry II of Castile (Henry el Bastardo; more commonly known as Henry of Trastámara)
 * John I of Portugal (João o Bastardo; more commonly known John of Avis, John the Great, or John of Fond Memory)
 * William I of England (Guillaume le Bâtard; Wyllelm or Willelm bastard; more commonly known as William the Conqueror)
 * "~ the Battler": Alfonso I of Aragon (Alfonso, el Batallador; also known as Alfonso the Warrior)
 * "~ the Bavarian": Louis IV of Germany (Ludwig der Bayer)
 * "~ the Bear": Albert the Bear (Albrecht der Bär)
 * "~ the Bearded":
 * Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders (Baldouin le Barbu)
 * Berthold II, Duke of Carinthia (Berthold der Bärtige)
 * Constans II, Byzantine Emperor (Κώνστας ὁ Πωγωνᾶτος)
 * Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg (Eberhard im Bart)
 * Egino IV, Count of Urach (Egino der Bärtige)
 * Geoffrey III of Anjou (Geoffroy le Barbu)
 * Henry I, Duke of Silesia (Henryk Brodaty)
 * "~ Beauclerk" or "~ Beauclerc" (French, "Good Clerk"): Henry I of England (Henri Beauclerc)
 * "~ the Beer Jug": John George I, Elector of Saxony (Johann Georg der Bierkrug)
 * "~ the Beloved": Louis XV of France (Louis le Bien-Aimé)
 * "~ the Bewitched": Charles II of Spain (Carlos el Hechizado)
 * "~ the Bibliophile": Manuel II of Portugal (Manuel o Bibliófilo; more commonly known as Manuel the Patriot or Manuel the Unfortunate)
 * "~ the Big Nest": Vsevolod III Yuriyevich of Vladimir (Все́волод III Ю́рьевич Большо́е Гнездо́, )
 * "~ the Black Prince": Edward the Black Prince (Édouard le Prince Noir)
 * "~ the Black":
 * Leszek II the Black (Leszek Czarny)
 * Fulk III of Anjou (Foulque Nerra)
 * Halfdan III of Vestfold (Halfdan den svarte)
 * Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (Heinrich der Schwarze; also called the pious)
 * Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria (Heinrich der Schwarze)
 * Margaret II, Countess of Flanders (Marguerite la Noire)
 * "~ the Blessed": Alexander I of Russia (Александр Благословенный)
 * "~ the Blind":
 * Boleslaus III of Bohemia (Boleslav Slepý; also known as Boleslaus the Red)
 * Béla II of Hungary (II. Vak Béla)
 * Magnus IV of Norway (Magnus Blinde)
 * Stefan Branković (Стефан Слепи)
 * Vasily II Vasiliyevich (Василий II Темный)
 * Bogdan III of Moldavia (Bogdan cel Orb)
 * John of Bohemia (Jang de Blannen; Johann der Blinde; )
 * "~ the Blind Earl": Edward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon
 * "~ the Blond": Selim II of the Ottoman Empire (Sarı Sultân Selim)
 * "~ Bloodaxe": Eric I of Norway (Eiríkr Blóðöx)
 * "~ the Bloodthirsty": Ismail of Morocco (إسماعيل المتعطش للدماء)
 * "Bloody ~": Mary I of England
 * "~ the Bloody": Nicholas II of Russia (Николай II Кровавый)
 * "~ Bluetooth": Harold I of Denmark (Haraldr blátönn)
 * "~ the Bold":
 * Boleslaw II of Poland (Bolesław Śmiały)
 * Charles of Burgundy (Charles le Téméraire)
 * Philip II of France (Philippe le Hardi)
 * Philip III of France (Philippe le Hardi)
 * "~ the Boneless": Ivar Ragnarsson (Ívarr hinn Beinlausi)
 * "~ the Bookish" or "~ the Book-Lover": Coloman of Hungary (Könyves Kálmán; more commonly known as Coloman the Learned)
 * "~ the Boulonnais": Afonso III of Portugal (Afonso o Bolonhês)
 * "~ the Brash": Olof of Denmark
 * "~ the Brave":
 * Afonso IV of Portugal (Afonso o Bravo)
 * Boleslaw I of Poland (Bolesław Chrobry; also known as Boleslaw the Great)
 * Dan II of Wallachia (Dan al II-lea cel Viteaz)
 * John III of Moldavia (Romanian: Ioan Vodă cel Viteaz; more commonly known as John the Terrible)
 * Michael of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia (Mihai Viteazul)
 * "~ the Brilliant": George V of Georgia (გიორგი V ბრწყინვალე)
 * "~ the Broad-shouldered": Haakon II of Norway (Hákon Herdebrei)
 * "~ Broom-plant": Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (Geoffroy Plantagenet; also known as Geoffrey the Fair)
 * "~ the Brown": Donnchadh mac Flainn, High King of Ireland (Donnchad Donn)
 * "~ the Bruce": Robert I of Scotland (Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis)
 * "~ Builder":
 * David IV of Georgia (დავით აღმაშენებელი)
 * Peter III of Portugal (Pedro o Edificador)
 * "~ the Builder King": Leopold II of Belgium (Léopold le roi bâtisseur, Leopold de Koning-Bouwheer)
 * "~ Bulgar-Slayer": Basil II, Byzantine Emperor (Βασίλειος Βουλγαροκτόνος, )

C

 * "~ Capet": Hugh Capet (Hugues Capet)
 * "~ the Cabbage": Ivaylo of Bulgaria (Ивайло Лахана, Ιβάιλο o Λαχανάς)
 * "~ the Capacidónio": Peter III of Portugal (Pedro o Capacidónio; also known as Peter the Builder)
 * "~ the Cardinal-King": Henry, King of Portugal (Henrique o Cardeal-Rei)
 * "~ the Capuched": Sancho II of Portugal (Sancho o Capelo; also known as Sancho the Hooded or Sancho the Pious)
 * "~ the Catholic":
 * Alfonso I of Asturias (Alonso el Católico)
 * Andrew I of Hungary (András Katolikus; more commonly known as Andrew the White)
 * Ferdinand II of Aragon (Fernando el Católico, Ferran el Catòlic)
 * Isabella I of Castile (Isabel la Católica)
 * Peter II of Aragon (Pedro II el Católico, Pere el Catòlic)
 * Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Friedrich der Katholische)
 * "~ the Caulker": Michael V, Byzantine Emperor (Μιχαήλ Καλαφάτης, Michaíl Kalaphátis)
 * "~ the Ceremonious": Peter IV of Aragon (Pedro el Ceremonioso, Pere el Cerimoniós)
 * "~ the Chaste":
 * Alfonso II of Aragon (Alfons el Cast; Alfonso el Casto; Alphonse le Chaste; also known as Alfonso the Troubador)
 * Alfonso II of Asturias (Alfonso el Casto)
 * Bolesław V the Chaste (Bolesław Wstydliwy)
 * Henry, King of Portugal (Henrique o Casto)
 * "~ the Chief": Kenneth III of Scotland (Coinneach An Donn)
 * "~ the Child"
 * Charles, King of Aquitaine (Charles l'Enfant)
 * Henry II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal (Heinrich das Kind)
 * Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse (Heinrich das Kind)
 * Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (Otto das Kind)
 * Louis III of East Francia (Ludwig das Kind)
 * Louis of Sicily (Ludovico il Fanciullo)
 * Nicholas I, Lord of Rostock (Nikolaus das Kind)
 * "~ the Clement": John VI of Portugal (João o Clemente)
 * "~ the Clubfoot": Sverker I of Sweden (Sverker Klumpfot)
 * "~ Coal-Burner": Anund Jacob of Sweden (Emund Kolbränna)
 * "~ the Confessor": Edward the Confessor (of England), also known as Saint Edward
 * "~ the Colonizer": John III of Portugal (João o Colonizador)
 * "~ the Conqueror":
 * Afonso I of Portugal (Afonso o Conquistador)
 * Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (Carlos el Conquistador; Karl der Eroberer)
 * James I of Aragon (Jaume el Conqueridor)
 * John V, Duke of Brittany (Jean le Conquérant)
 * Mehmed II of The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: )
 * Nicholas I of Russia
 * William I of England (Wilhelm se Gehīersumiend; Guillaume le Conquérant)
 * Valdemar II of Denmark (Valdemar Sejr)
 * "~ the Constable Prince": John, Constable of Portugal (João o Infante Condestável)
 * "~ the Constant": John, Elector of Saxony (Johann der Beständige)
 * "~ Corvinus" (from Latin "like a raven"): Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (Corvinus Mátyás; Matei Corvin)
 * "~ the Courteous": William, Duke of Austria (Wilhelm der Freundliche)
 * "~ the Crosseyed": Vasili Kosoi, Muscovian usurper (Василий Косой, )
 * "~ Crouchback":
 * Inge I of Norway (Inge Krokrygg)
 * Richard III of England (also known as Crookback)
 * "~ the Cruel":
 * Boleslaus I of Bohemia (Boleslav I. Ukrutný)
 * Boleslaus II of Poland (Bolesław Okrutny)
 * Louis XI of France
 * Peter I of Portugal (Pedro o Cruel)
 * Peter of Castile (Pedro el Cruel)
 * "~ the Crusader":
 * Sigurd I of Norway (Sigurðr Jórsalafarinn; Sigurd Jorsalfare)
 * Robert II, Count of Flanders (Robert le Croisé)
 * Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn (Gaston le Croisé)
 * Simon V, Lord of Montfort (Simon le Croisé)
 * "~ the Curly" Bolesław IV the Curly (Bolesław Kędzierzawy)
 * "~ Curthose" (Middle English, "short stockings"): Robert II, Duke of Normandy (Robert Courtehouse)
 * "~ Curtmantle" (Middle English, "short cloak"): Henry II of England

D

 * "~ the Damned" or "~ the Accursed": Sviatopolk I of Kiev (Святополк Окаянный, ; Святополк Окаянний, )
 * "~ the Deacon": Bermudo I of Asturias (Bermudo el Diáconu; Bermudo el Diácono)
 * "~ the Debonaire": Louis I of France (Louis le Débonnaire)
 * "~ the Deed-Doer": Edmund I of England
 * "~ the Desired":
 * Ferdinand VII of Spain
 * Louis XVIII of France
 * Sebastian of Portugal (Sebastião o Desejado)
 * "~ the Determined": Anthony I of Portugal (António o Determinado)
 * "~ the Devil":
 * Robert I, Duke of Normandy (Robert le Diable)
 * Vlad II of Wallachia (Vlad Dracul)
 * Hugh VI, Lord of Lusignan (Hughes le Diable)
 * Robert II, Lord of Bellême (Robert le Diable)
 * "~ the Diplomat": Charles I of Portugal (Carlos o Diplomata)
 * "~ Do-Nothing", "~ the Indolent" or "~ the Sluggard": Louis V of France (Louis le Fainéant)
 * "~ Dracul" (Romanian, "The Devil" or "The Dragon"): Vlad II of Wallachia (Vlad Dracul)
 * "~ Dracula" (Romanian, "Son of the Devil" or "Son of the Dragon"): Vlad III of Wallachia
 * "~ the Drunkard":
 * Michael III, Byzantine Emperor (Μιχαήλ Γ' ο Μέθυσος, Michaíl G' o Méthysos)
 * Selim II, Ottoman Emperor (Selim Sarhoş)
 * Wenceslaus, King of the Romans (Wenzel der Säufer; Václav Opilec)
 * "~ the Dung-Named": Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor (Κωνσταντίνος Ε' Κοπρόνυμος, Konstantínos E' Koprónymos)

E

 * "Earth-Shaker ~": Inca Yupanqui (Quechua: Pachakutiq Inka Yupanki)
 * "~ the Ecclesiastic" or "~ the Priest": Martin I of Aragon (Martí l'Eclesiàstic; Spanish: "Martín el Eclesiástico" o "el Cura")
 * "~ the Edifier": Peter III of Portugal (Pedro o Edificador)
 * "~ the Educator": Maria II of Portugal (Maria a Educadora)
 * "~ the Elbow-High" or "The Ell-High": Władysław I of Poland (Władysław I Łokietek)
 * "~ the Elder":
 * Eadweard I of England (Ēadweard se Ieldra?)
 * Martin I of Aragon
 * Tarquin I (Latin: Tarquinius Senior)
 * Mircea I of Wallachia (Mircea cel Bătrân)
 * Boso III of Turin
 * "~ the Eloquent": Edward of Portugal (Duarte o Eloquente)
 * "~ the Emperor-King": Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
 * "~ the Emperor-Sacristan": Joseph II of Austria
 * "~ the Enabler": Peter III of Portugal
 * "~ the Enemy-Son": Peter I of Portugal (Pedro o Filho-Inimigo)
 * "~ the Enlightened": Charles III of Spain (Carlos el Ilustrado)
 * "~ Epiphanes" (Greek "the manifest"): several Hellenistic kings, including
 * Ptolemy V Epiphanes
 * "~ Euergetes" (Greek "the benefactor"): several Hellenistic kings, including
 * Ptolemy III Euergetes
 * Ptolemy VIII Physcon
 * "~ Eupator" (Greek "of noble father"):
 * Antiochus V
 * Mithridates VI of Pontus
 * Ptolemy Eupator
 * "~ the Executioner": Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire (Mehmed I Kirişçi)
 * "~ the Exile":
 * Władysław II the Exile (Władysław Wygnaniec')
 * Edward the Exile

F

 * "~ the Fair":
 * Charles IV of France (Charles le Bel)
 * Donald III of Scotland (Domnall Bán)
 * Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (Geoffroy le Bel)
 * Ivan II of Moscow (Иван Красный)
 * Leopold II, Margrave of Austria (Luitpold der Heilige)
 * Louis I of France (Louis le Débonnaire)
 * Philip IV of France (Philippe le Bel)
 * Philip I of Castile (Philip the Fair, Felipe el Hermoso, Philippe le Beau)
 * "~ Fairhair": Harald I of Norway (Haraldr inn hárfagri)
 * "~ the Fair Sun": Vladimir I of Kiev (Володимир Красне Сонечко)
 * "Farmer ~": George III of Great Britain
 * "~ the Farmer": Denis of Portugal (Dinis o Lavrador)
 * "~ The Swift(?): Eystein Halfdansson of Romerike and Vestfold (Eysteinn Fret)
 * "~ the Fat":
 * Afonso II of Portugal (Afonso o Gordo)
 * Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor (Charles le Gros)
 * Conan III, Duke of Brittany (Conan III le Gros)
 * Henry I of Cyprus (Henri le Gros)
 * Henry I of Navarre (Henri le Gros; Enrique el Gordo)
 * Louis VI of France (Louis le Gros)
 * Ptolemy VIII of Ptolemaic Egypt
 * Sancho I of León
 * "~ the Fearless": John the Fearless (Jean sans Peur)
 * "~ the Frank": Alfonso III of Aragon (Alfons el Franc; Alfonso el Franco; also known as Alfonso the Liberal or Alfonso the Free)
 * "~ the Fighter": Anthony I of Portugal (António o Lutador)
 * "~ First-Crowned": Stefan of Raška (Стефан Првовенчани)
 * "~ Fitzempress": Henry II of England
 * "~ Flatnose": Ketil of Man (Ketil Flatnef)
 * "~ Forkbeard": Sweyn I of Denmark (Svend Tjugeskæg or Svend Tyvskæg; Sweyn Forcbeard)
 * "~ the Fortunate":
 * Manuel I of Portugal (Manuel O Venturoso)
 * Dietrich of Oldenburg (Teudericus Fortunatus)
 * Philip VI of France (Philippe le Fortuné)
 * "~ the Founder": Afonso I of Portugal (Afonso o Fundador)
 * "~ the Fowler": Henry I of Germany (Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler)
 * "~ the Fratricide":
 * Berengar Raymond II, Count of Barcelona (Berenguer Ramon el Fratricida)
 * Francis I of Brittany
 * Henry II of Castile (Enrique el Fratricida)
 * "~ From Overseas": Louis IV of France (Louis d'Outremer)

G
<!--
 * "~ the Generous" or "~ the Liberal":
 * Alfonso III of Aragon (Alfons el Liberal; Alfonso el Liberal)
 * Boleslaus II of Poland (Bolesław Szczodry)
 * Leopold, Duke of Bavaria (Luitpold der Freigiebige)
 * "~ the Gentle":
 * Rupert of Germany
 * Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (Friedrich der Sanftmütige)
 * Harald III of Denmark (Harald Hen); see also "~ Hen" below
 * "~ the German": Louis I of the East Franks (Louis le Germanique)
 * "~ the Glorious":
 * Athelstan of England (Old English: Æþelstan, ætniman)
 * Elizabeth I of England (Gloriana)
 * Leopold VI, Duke of Austria (Luitpold der Glorreiche)
 * ""~the God-Given": Louis XIV (Louis le Dieu-Donné)
 * "~ the God-Like One": Murad I, Ottoman Emperor (Murat Hüdavendigar)
 * "~ the God-Loving": Andrey I Bogolubsky (Андрей Боголюбский)
 * "~ the Good":
 * Alfonso IV of Aragon (Alfons el Benigne; Alifonso o Beninno; Alfonso el Benigno)
 * Alexandru of Moldavia (Alexandru cel Bun)
 * Fulk II of Anjou (Foulques le Bon?)
 * Hywel ap Cadell of Wales (Hywel Dda)
 * Haakon I of Norway (Hákon góði)
 * John I of Portugal (João o Bom)
 * John II of France (Jean le Bon)
 * Louis I of Holland (Lodewijk de Goede)
 * Magnus I of Norway (Magnus den Gode)
 * Philip III of Burgundy (Philippe le Bon)
 * William II of Sicily (Guglielmo il Buono)
 * " Good King ~":
 * Edward III of England (Good King Edward)
 * Henry IV of France (Bon Roi Henri)
 * René of Two Sicilies (then deposed, remained duke of Anjou and count of Provence) (le bon roi René)
 * Wenceslas I of Bohemia (Good King Wenceslas)
 * "~ Good Queen": Elizabeth I of England (Good Queen Bess)
 * "~ of Good Memory" or "~ the One with Good Memory": John I of Portugal (João o de Boa Memória)
 * "~ the Good Mother": Maria II of Portugal (Maria a Boa Mãe)
 * "~ the Gouty":
 * Piero I de Medici of Florence (Piero il Gottoso)
 * Bermudo II of León (Bermudo el Gotoso)
 * "~ the Great": see List of people known as The Great
 * "the Great Elector": Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (Großer Kurfürst)
 * "~ Greyfell" or "~ Greyhide": Harald II of Norway (Haraldr gráfeldr)
 * "~ Greymantle": Geoffrey I of Anjou (Geoffroy Grisegonelle)
 * "~ the Grim" or "~ the Brave" or "~ the Inexorable": Selim I of the Ottoman Empire (Yavuz Sultan Selim)
 * "~ the Grocer-King" or "~ the Spices-King": Manuel I of Portugal (Manuel O Rei-Merceeiro, Manuel O Rei das Especiarias and Emmanuel Le Roi-Épicier), a nickname given to him by Francis I of France with a double entendre, as the French word épicier refers to a grocer, and is derived from épice, "spice")
 * "~ Gylle": (Old Norse, "Servant"): Harald IV of Norway

 * "The General":
 * Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor
 * Nicephorus I, Byzantine Emperor
 * "The Generous" (Pol. Szczodry):
 * Alfonso III of Aragon
 * Boleslaus II of Poland
 * Leopold IV of Ostmark
 * "The Gentle: Frederick II, Elector of Saxony
 * "The German" (Fr. l'Allemand, Ger. der Deutsche):
 * Louis II of Germany
 * William II, Count of Burgundy
 * "The German Hector": Albert, Duke of Saxony
 * "The Glorious":
 * Alexander III of Scotland
 * Athelstan of Wessex
 * Ivar of Novgorod
 * Leopold VI of Austria
 * The God-Given" (Fr. Dieudonne): John I, Duke of Lorraine
 * "The God-like One": Murad I, Ottoman Sultan
 * "The Good" (Fr. le Bon, It. il Buono, Nor. den Gode, Pol. Dobry):
 * Alexander of Moldavia,
 * Alfonso IV of Aragon
 * Anthony, Duke of Lorraine
 * Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders
 * Charles I, Count of Flanders
 * Charles II, Duke of Savoy
 * Francis I, Emperor of Austria
 * Fulk II, Count of Anjou
 * Haakon of Norway
 * Henry I, Duke of Lorraine
 * Henry VI, Duke of Silesia
 * Howell, Prince of Wales
 * John I of Portugal
 * John II of France
 * John II of Silesia
 * John III, Duke of Brittany
 * Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
 * Louis of Bourbon
 * Magnus I of Norway
 * Philibert II, Duke of Savoy
 * Philip III of Burgundy
 * Rene of Naples
 * Robert I, Count of Artois
 * William II of Sicily
 * "The Good King" (Fr. Le Bon Roi): Rene I of Naples
 * "The Good Mother": Mary II of Portugal
 * "The Goodly": Ferdinand I of Austria
 * "The Gouty": Peter of Florence
 * "The Gracious": Duncan of Scotland
 * "The Grandson": Demetrius VI of Moscow (d.1508)
 * "The Great" (Cat. el Gran, Dan. den Store, Fr. le Grand, Ger. der Grosse, Hun. Nagy, Nor. den Mektige, Pol. Wielki, Rum. cel Mare, Rus. Velikij, Sp. el Grande, el Magno, el Mayor, Welsh, Mawr):
 * Alain (1471–1522), 16th Lord of Albret
 * Alain I, Duke of Brittany
 * Albert I, Duke of Brunswick
 * Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg
 * Alfonso III of Asturias
 * Alfred of England
 * Amadeus III, Duke of Savoy
 * Arnulf I, Count of Flanders
 * Berenguela, Queen of Castile
 * Bogislaw III, Duke of Pomerania
 * Boris of Tver (1425–1461)
 * Charlemagne
 * Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
 * Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
 * Casimir III of Poland
 * Catherine II, Empress of Russia
 * Canute I of England | Canute II of Denmark
 * Conrad, Margrave of Meissen
 * Constantine I, Byzantine Emperor
 * Enguerand III, Count of Coucy
 * Edzard I, Count of East Frisia
 * Ferdinand I of Castile
 * Frederick II of Prussia
 * Frederick II, Duke of Silesia
 * Gerard III, Count of Holstein
 * Gero, Margrave of Ostmark
 * Gustav II Adolph of Sweden
 * Henry IV of France
 * Herman III, Margrave of Baden
 * Hugh, Count of Paris,
 * Hugh I, Count of Vermandois
 * Hugh of Tuscany
 * John I of Portugal
 * John II of Aragon
 * John III, Grand Prince of Moscow
 * Justin I, Byzantine Emperor
 * Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor
 * Leo I, Byzantine Emperor
 * Llewelyn, Prince of Wales
 * Louis of Hungary
 * Louis I, Duke of Boubon
 * Louis XIV of France
 * Matthew I, Duke of Milan
 * Mstislav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (d.1132)
 * Oleg II of Riazan (d.1402)
 * Otto I of Germany
 * Otto II of Saxony (d.973)
 * Otto IV of Kirchberg
 * Otto Henry, Duke of Burgundy
 * Peter I of Pskov (1507–1509)
 * Peter I, Emperor of Russia
 * Peter III of Aragon
 * Raymond Berengar III, Count of Barcelona
 * Rhodri, Prince of Wales
 * Roger II of Sicily
 * Sancho III of Navarre
 * Simeon I of Bulgaria
 * Stephen, Prince of Moldavia
 * Svyatoslav IV of Smolensk (1358–1386)
 * Svantipolk | Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerelia
 * Theodoric of the Visigoths
 * Theodosius I, Byzantine Emperor
 * Valdemar I of Denmark
 * Valdemar II, Duke of Schleswig
 * Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev
 * William I, Count of Burgundy
 * William V, Duke of Aquitaine
 * "The Great Conde": Louis II, Prince of Conde
 * "The Great Countess": Matilda, Margravine of Tuscany
 * "The Great Elector": Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg
 * "The Great Duke": Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg
 * "The Green Count": Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy
 * "The Grim" (Tur. Yavuz): Selim I, Ottoman Sultan
 * "The Great Conde": Louis II, Prince of Conde
 * "The Great Countess": Matilda, Margravine of Tuscany
 * "The Great Elector": Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg
 * "The Great Duke": Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg
 * "The Greek" (Fr. le Grec): Henry II of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1322–1351
 * "The Green Count": Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy (1343–1383)
 * "The Grim" (Ger. der Gestrenge, Tur. Yavuz): Selim I, Ottoman Sultan, 1512–1521

-->

H

 * "~ the Hairy": Wilfred I of Urgel
 * "~ the Hammer":
 * Charles Martel of the Franks
 * Geoffrey II of Anjou
 * Geoffrey IV of Anjou
 * "~ The Hammer of the Scots": Edward I of England (see also Longshanks below).
 * "~ the Handsome":
 * Ferdinand I of Portugal (Fernando o Formoso)
 * Frederick I of Austria
 * John II Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor (Καλο ϊωάννης)
 * Philip IV of France (Philippe le Bel)
 * Philip I of Spain (Felipe el Hermoso)
 * Radu of Wallachia (cel Frumos)
 * "~ the Hardy": Canute III of Denmark (Hardeknud; Harthacnut)
 * "~ Hardrada" (from Old Norse "Harðráði", "Stern Counsel"): Harald III of Norway
 * "~ Harefoot": Harold I of England
 * "~ the Hero of Two Worlds" (D. Pedro, o Herói de Dois Mundos): Peter I of Brazil & IV of Portugal
 * "~ the Hidden": Sebastian of Portugal (Sebastião o Encoberto)
 * "~ the Holy":
 * Canute IV of Denmark
 * Eric IX of Sweden
 * Olaf II of Norway
 * "~ the Holy Prince": Ferdinand of Portugal (Fernando o Infante Santo)
 * "~ the Hopeful": Peter V of Portugal (Pedro o Esperançoso)
 * "~ the Hunchback": Pippin the Hunchback
 * "~ the Humane" or "~ the Humanist": Martin I of Aragon
 * "~ Hunger": Olaf I of Denmark
 * "~ the Hunter":
 * Gudrød
 * John I of Aragon (Juan el Cazador; Joan el Caçador)
 * Mehmed IV of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: )
 * "~ the Hunter-King":
 * Charles I of Portugal (Carlos I, o Rei-Caçador)

I

 * "~ the Ill-Tempered": Fulk IV of Anjou
 * "~ the Illustrious":
 * Otto II, Duke of Bavaria (Otto der Erlauchte)
 * Otto I, Duke of Saxony (Otto der Erlauchte)
 * Henry III, Margrave of Meissen (Heinrich der Erlauchte)
 * Leopold I, Margrave of Austria (Luitpold der Erlauchte)
 * "~ the Impaler": Vlad III of Wallachia
 * "~ the Impotent" Henry IV of Castile (Enrique el Impotente)
 * "~ the Inconstant" or "~ the Fickle": Ferdinand I of Portugal (Fernando o Inconstante)
 * "~ the Indolent": Louis V of France
 * "~ the Independentist": Anthony I of Portugal (António o Independentista)
 * "~ the Invincible": Demetrius I of Bactria
 * "~ the Iron":
 * Ernest of Austria (Ernest der Eiserne)
 * Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (Ludwig der Eiserne)
 * Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse (Heinrich der Eiserne)
 * Henry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (Heinrich der Eiserne)
 * Henry III, Duke of Żagań (Heinrich der Eiserne; Henryk Żelazny)
 * Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (Friedrich der Eiserne)
 * "~ Ironside":
 * Edmund II of England
 * Björn Ironside

J

 * "~ the Just":
 * Casimir II, Duke of Poland (Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy)
 * Ferdinand VI of Spain (Fernando el Justo)
 * James II of Aragon (Jaime el Justo)
 * Leopold III, Duke of Austria (Leopold der Gerechte)
 * Louis XIII of France
 * Matthias I of Hungary
 * Peter I of Portugal (Pedro o Justo)
 * Bayezid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

K

 * "~ the Kind":
 * Alexandru of Moldavia
 * Alfonso IV of Aragon
 * "~ the Kind-Hearted": Eric I of Denmark
 * "~ the Khazar" (Gr. Chozar): Leo IV of the Byzantine Empire

L

 * "~ Lackland":
 * John of England (Jean sans Terre)
 * John, Count of Eu (Jean sans Terre)
 * Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal (Heinrich ohne Land )
 * "~ the Lamb": Eric III of Denmark
 * "~ the Lame":
 * Timur (Persian: )
 * Sigobert King of the Ripuarian Franks
 * See also under "the Lisp and Lame" below
 * "~ the Last":
 * Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Wales (Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf)
 * Louis XVI of France (Louis le Dernier)
 * "~ Law-Mender": Magnus VI of Norway
 * "~ the Lawgiver":
 * Eric IX of Sweden
 * Henry II of England
 * Magnus VI of Norway
 * Süleyman I of the Ottoman Empire (انونى سلطان سليمان, )
 * "~ the Learned": Alfonso X of Castile
 * "~ the Leprous": Afonso II of Portugal (Afonso o Gafo)
 * "~ the Liberal":
 * Alfonso III of Aragon
 * Edward of Savoy
 * Henry I of Champagne
 * "~ the Liberator":
 * Alexander II of Russia
 * Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal (Pedro o Libertador)
 * "~ the Lion":
 * Albert II of Mecklenburg
 * Brian Boruma of Ireland
 * Heinrich II, Lord of Mecklenburg
 * Henry III, Duke of Saxony
 * Louis VIII of France (Louis le Lion)
 * William I of Scotland (Mediaeval Gaelic: Uilliam mac Eanric)
 * Richard I of England (Richard le Lion)
 * "~ the Lionheart": Richard I of England (Richard Cœur de Lion)
 * "~ the Lisp and Lame" Eric XI of Sweden (Erik läspe och halte)
 * "~ the Little Impaler": Basarab Ţepeluş cel Tânăr of Wallachia (Basarab Ţepeluş)
 * "~ (the) Longhaired (king)": Chlodio
 * "~ Longshanks": Edward I of England
 * "~ the Lover of Elegance": John I of Aragon (Joan l'Amador de la Gentilesa; Juan el Amador de la gentileza)

M

 * "~ the Mad":
 * Charles VI of France (Charles le fol)
 * Joanna of Castile (Juana la Loca)
 * Ludwig II of Bavaria
 * Maria I of Portugal (Maria a Louca)
 * "~ the Madman": Donald II of Scotland (Dòmhnall Dásachtach)
 * "~ the Magnanimous":
 * Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (Pedro o Magnânimo)
 * King Alfonso V of Aragon (Alfons el Magnànim)
 * John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (Johann Friedrich der Großmütige)
 * Otto Henry, Elector Palatine (Ottheinrich der Großmütige)
 * King John V of Portugal (João o Magnânimo)
 * Landgrave Philipp I of Hesse
 * King Ladislaus of Naples
 * Inca Roca (Quechua: Inka Roq'a)
 * Charles II of Alençon (Charles le Magnanime)
 * "~ the Magnificent":
 * Amenhotep III, Pharaoh of Egypt
 * Edmund I of England (Eadmund Glenglic)
 * Lorenzo de' Medici (Lorenzo il Magnifico)
 * Robert I of Normandy (Robert le Magnifique)
 * Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire
 * Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley
 * "~ the Maiden":
 * Eystein of Norway
 * Malcolm IV of Scotland
 * "~ Martel" (Old French, "The Hammer"):
 * Charles Martel of the Franks
 * Geoffrey II of Anjou
 * Geoffrey IV of Anjou
 * "~ the Man": John II of Portugal (Juan el Hombre, a nickname given to him by Isabella of Castile)
 * "~ the Martyr":
 * Edward the Martyr of England
 * King Charles I of England
 * Charles I of Portugal (o Martirizado)
 * Nicholas II of Russia
 * "~ the Master of Avis": John I of Portugal (João o Mestre de Avis, a reference to his position as Master of the Order of Avis before his election as King)
 * "~ the Memorable": Eric II of Denmark
 * "~ the Merry": Charles II of England
 * "~ the Mild": Halfdan of Romerike and Vestfold
 * "~ the Middle": Pippin of Herstal
 * "~ the Mighty": Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia
 * "~ Minus-a-Quarter": Michael VII Dukas, Byzantine Emperor
 * "~ Moneybags": Ivan I of Russia
 * "~ the Monk":
 * Alfonso IV of Leon
 * Fortun I of Pamplona
 * Ramiro II of Aragon
 * Vlad IV of Wallachia
 * "~ Monk's-Cloak"?: Jon Kuvlung of Norway
 * "~ Monomakh" (Russian "Мономах", from Greek "Μονομαχος", "One who fights alone"): Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev
 * "~ Monomakhos" (from Greek "Μονομαχος", "One who fights alone"): Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor
 * "~ the Moor": Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan
 * "the Most Beautiful ~": Maria of Portugal, Queen of Castile (Fermosíssima Maria)
 * "Mother ~": Menelik II of Ethiopia (እምዬ ምኒልክ imiyē Minīlik

 * "~ the Missed-King": Manuel II of Portugal (Manuel o Rei-Saudade)
 * "The Mouth": Sigurd II of Norway
 * "~ the Musician-King:
 * John IV of Portugal (João IV, o Rei-Músico)
 * Louis I of Portugal (Luís I, o Rei-Músico)

N

 * "~ the Navigator": Henry of Portugal
 * "~ New-Day": Valdemar IV of Denmark
 * "~ of the Nine Hostages" (Noigíallach): Niall Noigíallach
 * "~ the Noble":
 * Charles III of Navarre
 * Magnus I of Norway
 * "~ No-Counsel" or "~ the Unready": Ethelred II of England (Æþelræd Unræd; Ethelred the Redeless)
 * "~ the Nun's-Lover" (D. João, o Freirático): John V of Portugal

O

 * "The Oath-Taker": Henry III of Reuss (1337–1378)
 * "The Oberhofrichter": Henry of Reuss-Plauen (1271–1303)
 * "The Oceanographer":
 * Albert I, Prince of Monaco
 * Charles I of Portugal (Portuguese: Carlos o oceanógrafo)
 * "~ The Old" (Cat. el Vell, Fr. l'Ancien, le Vieux, Nor. den Gamle, Pol. Stary, Rum. cel Batran, Sp. el Velloso, Swe. den Gamle, Tgl. Matanda):
 * Ache of Luzon (c. 1480–1572)
 * Albert I of Carpi
 * Albert II of Wedenberg-Heiligenberg (1327–1370)
 * Arnulf I, Count of Flanders (also known as "the great"
 * Basarab Laiota, Prince of Wallachia
 * Boso I, Count of La Marche
 * Coel Hen (Welsh for "Coel the Old"; king of the Brittonic "Hen Ogledd" ("Old North"); possibly legendary)
 * Konrad III of Silesia (Konrad III Stary)
 * Dyfnwal Hen (Welsh for "Dyfnwal the Old") of Alt Clut
 * Emund II of Sweden
 * Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1495–1540
 * Frederick the Great (Prussia), also named "the Old Fritz" (der Alte Fritz)
 * George V, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, 1620–1623
 * Gorm of Denmark
 * Guthrum
 * Haakon IV of Norway
 * Igor of Kiev
 * Michael II of Beloozero (1432–1486)
 * Mieszko III of Poland
 * Pippin of Landen
 * Raymond VI of Toulouse
 * Raymond Berengar I, Count of Barcelona
 * Rudolph II, Count of Habsburg (died 1232); also "the Kind"
 * Sigismund I of Poland
 * Theodore II of Beloozero (13??-1380)
 * William, Count of Nassau, 1538–1559
 * "The Old Dessauer": Leopold I of Anhalt-Dessau
 * "The One-Eyed" (Ger. der Einaugige):
 * John II, Count of Holstein-Kiel
 * William I, Margrave of Meissen
 * "~ the One-Eyed":
 * Fortun I of Pamplona
 * Antigonus I Monophthalmus
 * Wenceslaus I of Bohemia
 * Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
 * "The Oppressed": Dietrich, Margrave of Meissen
 * "~ the Oppressor": Philip IV of Spain (in Portugal: Filipe o Opressor)
 * "The Orphan": Henry I of Reuss (1250–1295)
 * "~ the Outlaw": Edgar Ætheling of England
 * "~ d'Outremer" (French, "from Overseas"): Louis IV of France

P
<!--
 * "~ the Pacific": Peter II of Portugal (Pedro o Pacífico)
 * "~ the Painter-King":
 * Charles I of Portugal (Carlos, o Rei-Pintor)
 * Louis I of Portugal (Luís, o Rei-Pintor)
 * "~ the Pale": Constantius I, Roman Emperor
 * "~ the Patriot": Manuel II of Portugal (Manuel o Patriota)
 * "~ the Peaceful":
 * Edgar of England
 * Olaf III of Norway
 * Aymon, Count of Savoy
 * Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
 * "~ the Peacemaker":
 * Alexander III of Russia
 * Alfonso XII of Spain (Alfonso el Pacificador)
 * "~ the Perfect Prince": John II of Portugal (João o Príncipe Perfeito)
 * "~ the Philosopher" or "~ the Philosopher King": Edward of Portugal (Duarte o Filósofo or o Rei-Filósofo)
 * "~ the Pilgrim:
 * Ermengol II, Count of Urgell (Ermengol el Pelegrí) (Armengol el Peregrino)
 * Henry I, Lord of Mecklenburg (Heinrich der Pilger)
 * "~ the Pious":
 * Boleslav II of Bohemia
 * Edward VI, King of England
 * Henry II, Duke of Silesia (Henryk Pobożny)
 * John III of Portugal (João o Piedoso)
 * Louis I of France (Louis le Pieux)
 * Maria I of Portugal (Maria a Pia)
 * Philip III of Spain (Felipe el Piadoso)
 * Robert II of France (Robert le Pieux)
 * Sancho II of Portugal (Sancho o Pio)
 * William V, Duke of Bavaria (Wilhelm der Fromme)
 * Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg (Otto der Fromme)
 * "~ Ploughpenny": Eric IV of Denmark
 * "~ the Poet" or "~ the Poet King": Denis of Portugal (Dinis o Poeta or Dinis o Rei Poeta)
 * "The Poet Prince": Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd
 * "~ the Poison King": Mithridates VI of Pontus
 * "~ the Popular": Louis I of Portugal (Luís o Popular)
 * "~ the Populator": Sancho I of Portugal (Sancho o Povoador)
 * "~ the Posthumous":
 * John I of France
 * Ladislaus I of Bohemia
 * Theobald IV of Champagne
 * "~ the Powerful": Uroš IV of Serbia
 * "~ the Precious": Stephen II of Serbia
 * "~ the Priest Hater": Eric II of Norway
 * "~ the Prior of Crato": Anthony I of Portugal (António o Prior do Crato, a reference to his position as Master of the Portuguese branch of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Hospitaller) before his acclamation as King)
 * "~ the Proud":
 * Simeon of Moscow
 * Tarquin the Proud (Lucius Tarquinius Superbus)
 * "~ the Prudent":
 * Louis XI of France (French: Louis le Prudent)
 * Philip II of Spain (Felipe el Prudente)
 * "~ the Purple-Born" (Greek Porphyrogenetes):
 * Baldwin II of Constantinople
 * Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor
 * "The Pacific" (Por. O Pacifico, Sp. el Pacificador):
 * Alfonso XII of Spain
 * Christopher, Duke of Wurttemberg
 * Frederick I of Denmark, 1523-1533
 * Frederick IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1406-1440
 * Peter II of Portugal
 * Sancho I of Mallorca
 * "The Paphlagonian": Michael IV, Byzantine Emperor
 * "The Parricide": John of Austria (Duke of Swabia, 1290–1313)
 * "The Peaceable":
 * Edgar of England, (959–975)
 * Edgar of Scotland
 * "The Peaceful" (Ger. der Friedfertige):
 * Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
 * Edmund, Duke of Savoy
 * Frederick, Landgrave of Thuringia
 * Frederick V of Austria
 * Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick
 * Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg
 * John I, Duke of Mecklenburg
 * John II, Duke of Brabant
 * John III of March
 * Louis II, Landgrave of Hesse (1413–1458)
 * Louis V of the Palatinate
 * Olav III of Norway
 * "The Peasant's God" (Dut. Keerlen God): Floris V, Count of Holland
 * "The Peculiar" (Ger. der Wunderliche): Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
 * "The Perfect Prince": John II of Portugal
 * "The Persistent": Henry II of Reuss-Lobenstein (1500–1547, d.1550)
 * "The Philosopher":
 * "The Pilgrim" (Sp. el Pelegrino):
 * Ermengol II, Count of Urgel
 * Henry I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d.1302)
 * Henry I of Reuss (1449–1475)
 * "The Pious" (Fr. le Pieux, Ger. der Fromme, Pol. Pobozny, Sp. Pio):
 * Albert I, Count of Vermandois
 * Albert III of Bavaria
 * Andrew of Suzdal
 * Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
 * Boleslaus II of Bohemia
 * Burchard I of Querfurt
 * Canute of Schleswig
 * Conrad, Margrave of Meissen, 1130–1156
 * Ernest I (1601–1675), Duke of Saxe-Gotha
 * Frederick III, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg
 * Frederick III of the Palatinate
 * George, Margrave of Ansbach
 * George of Nurnberg
 * George I Hesse-Darmstadt
 * Henry of Saxe-Wittenberg (1539–1541)
 * Henry I of Brabant
 * Henry II of Reuss
 * Henry II of Silesia-Wroclaw
 * Henry V (1473–1541), Duke of Saxony
 * John III of Portugal
 * Louis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 814–840
 * Louis III of Wurttemberg (1568–1593
 * Louis III, Landgrave of Thuringia
 * Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick-Gottingen
 * Mary I of Portugal
 * Otto III of Brandenburg
 * Robert II of France
 * Werner II, Count of Habsburg
 * William I, Duke of Aquitaine
 * "The Pomeranian:"
 * Adolph V, Count of Holstein
 * Eric XIII of Sweden
 * "The Popular": Louis I of Portugal
 * "The Populator" (Sp. El Repoblador): Sancho I of Portugal
 * "The Poor": Radu II, Prince of Wallachia
 * "The Posthumous" (Fr. le Posthume):
 * Arthur I, Duke of Brittany
 * Frederick William II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
 * John I of France
 * Ladislas of Austria
 * William Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
 * "The Priest": Sverre of Norway
 * "The Priest-Hater" (Nor. Præsthatare); Eric Præsthatare of Norway
 * "The Proud" (Ger. der Stolze):
 * Albert I, Margrave of Meissen
 * Godfred of Vestfold
 * Henry X of Bavaria
 * Simeon, Grand Prince of Moscow (1341–1353)
 * "The Prudent" (Fr. le Prudent, Sp. el Prudente):
 * Ferdinand VI of Spain
 * Louis XI of France
 * Philip II of Spain
 * "The Purple-born" (Gr. Porphyrogenitus): Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor

-->

Q

 * "~ the Quarreller":
 * Frederick of Saxony
 * Louis X of France
 * "~ the Queen of Sad Mischance": Isabella II of Spain (Isabel II la de los Tristes Destinos)
 * "~ the Quiet": Olaf III of Norway
 * "~ the Quietest one": Alexis of Russia (Алексей Тишайший, )

R

 * "~ the Rash": James III of Majorca
 * "~ the Red":
 * Håkan of Sweden (Håkan Röde)
 * Fulk I of Anjou
 * John I, Duke of Brittany
 * Odo I, Duke of Burgundy (Eudes le Roux)
 * Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
 * William II of England (Latin: William Rufus)
 * Rupert I, Elector Palatine (Ruprecht der Rote)
 * Ralph I, Count of Clermont (Raoul le Roux)
 * "~ the Red King": Macbeth of Scotland (Medieval Gaelic: Mac Bethad mac Findlaích Rí Deircc)
 * "~ the Redemptress": Isabel of Brazil (Isabel a Redentora)
 * "~ the Redless" or "~ the Redeless": Ethelred II of England (Æthelred Unræd)
 * "~ the Reformer": Joseph I of Portugal (José o Reformador)
 * "~ the Resistant": Anthony I of Portugal (António o Resistente)
 * "~ the Restorer":
 * Casimir I of Poland (Kazimierz Odnowiciel)
 * García Ramírez of Navarre
 * Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire
 * John IV of Portugal (João o Restaurador)
 * "~ the Righteous":
 * Rupert of Germany (Ruprecht der Gerechte)
 * Henry IV of Silesia (Henryk Prawy) (Heinrich der Gerechte)
 * Frederick IV, Elector Palatine (Friedrich der Aufrichtige)
 * "~ the Rightly Guided": Harun al-Rashid (هَارُون الرَشِيد)
 * "~ the Romanslayer": Kaloyan (Bulgarian: Калоян ромеубиеца)
 * "~ Roundhead": Ragnvald of Sweden (Ragnvald Knaphövde; the exact meaning of the nickname is unclear)

S

 * "~ the Sacrificer": Sweyn of Sweden (Blot-Sven; unclear if "Sven" was his actual name or part of the nickname)
 * "~ the Sacristan": Peter III of Portugal (Pedro o Sacristão)
 * "~ the Sailor King": William IV of the United Kingdom
 * "~ the Saint":
 * Edward the Confessor, also known as Saint Edward
 * Ferdinand III of Castile (Fernando el Santo)
 * Lulach of Scotland
 * Louis IX of France (Saint Louis)
 * William X, Duke of Aquitaine
 * Leopold III, Margrave of Austria (Luitpold der Heilige)
 * Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia (Ludwig der Heilige)
 * Raymond Benergar IV, Count of Barcelona (Ramon Berenguer el Sant)
 * "~ the Sapient": Mindaugas
 * "~ the Saver of Europe": Tervel of Bulgaria
 * "~ the Savior":
 * Ptolemy I Soter
 * Ptolemy IX Soter
 * Antiochus I Soter
 * Demetrius I Soter
 * Diodotus I Soter
 * Menander I Soter
 * "~ the Seer": Oleg of Novgorod
 * "~ of the Seven Parts (of the World)": Peter, Duke of Coimbra (Pedro das Sete Partidas (do Mundo))
 * "~ the She-Wolf of France: Isabella of France
 * "~ the Be-shitten": James II of England and Ireland, also James VII of Scotland (Séamus a' Cháca)
 * "~ the Short": Pippin III, King of the Franks
 * "~ of Showers": Niall Frossach, High King of Ireland
 * "~ the Silent":
 * Olav III of Norway
 * William I of Orange
 * "~ the Simple":
 * Charles III of France
 * William, Count of Sully
 * Frederick III of Sicily
 * Peter II, Duke of Brittany
 * "~ the Singer": David III of Ethiopia (ዳዊት አዝማሪ Dawīt āzimarī)
 * "~ Skötkonung" (Old Norse "Tax-King"?): Olof of Sweden
 * "~ the Sluggard": Louis V of France
 * "~ the Soldier": Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
 * "~ the Soldier-King":
 * Frederick William I of Prussia
 * Peter IV of Portugal (Pedro o Rei-Soldado)
 * Albert I of Belgium (French: le Roi-Soldat or le Roi-Chevalier)
 * "~ the Sorcerer": Vseslav of Polotsk
 * "~ the Sorrowful": Manuel II of Portugal (Manuel o Desventurado)
 * "~ the Spider": Louis XI of France (l'Universelle Aragne)
 * "~ the Spirited": Philip V of Spain (Felipe el Animoso)
 * "~ Split-Nose": Justinian II, Byzantine Emperor
 * "~ the Stammerer": Louis II of France
 * "~ the Stout": Olaf II of Norway
 * "The Strict":
 * Louis II, Duke of Bavaria (Ludwig der Strenge)
 * Boleslaus I, Duke of Jawor (Bolko Srogi)
 * Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia (Friedrich der Strenge)
 * "~ the Strong":
 * Augustus II the Strong
 * Magnus Nilsson, Swedish pretender
 * Sancho VII of Navarre
 * Uroš IV of Serbia
 * "~ the Studious": Manuel II of Portugal (Manuel o Estudioso)
 * "~ the Stutterer": Peter I of Portugal (Pedro o Tartamudo)
 * "~ the Sun King": Louis XIV of France
 * "The Portuguese Sun King": John V of Portugal
 * "The Sage": Vermund of Denmark
 * "The Sailor King": William IV of England (1830-1837)
 * "~ The Saint" (Cat. el Sant, Ger. der Heilige, Nor. den Hellige, Sp. el Santo):
 * Alexander of Tver (d.1339)
 * Canute IV of Denmark
 * David of Scotland
 * Eric IX of Sweden
 * Ferdinand III of Castile
 * George II of Moscow (1212–1216, d.1238)
 * Gleb I of Kiev (1010–1015)
 * Hedwig, Queen of Poland, 1384–1386
 * Henry II of Germany
 * Igor I of Kiev (d.1147)
 * Ladislas I of Hungary
 * Leopold III of Austria
 * Leopold III of Ostmark
 * Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia
 * Louis IX of France
 * Michael of Kiev (d.1245)
 * Michael II of Moscow (1247–1248)
 * Michael III of Moscow (1304–1318, d.1319)
 * Olav II of Norway (1015–1028)
 * Raymond Berenger IV, Count of Barcelona
 * Roman II of Riazan (1258–1270)
 * Stephen I of Hungary
 * Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev
 * Wenceslaus I of Bohemia
 * William X of Aquitaine
 * "The Sallow": Selim II, Ottoman Sultan
 * "The Saxon Hercules" (Ger. Sachsischer Herkules): Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony
 * "The Saxon Justinian" (Ger. Sächsischer Justinian): Augustus, Elector of Saxony
 * "The Saxon Mars": John George III, Elector of Saxony
 * "The Saxon Roland (Ger. Sächsischer Roland): Albert, Duke of Saxony
 * "The Scholar": John I of Silesia
 * "The Seer": Oleg of Novgorod (880–912)
 * "The Serene": Henry I, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1247–1265
 * "The Serious" (Ger. der Ernsthafte): Frederick, Landgrave of Thuringia
 * "The Servant of Christ" (Nor. Gylle, Gille, Gylle Krist): Harald IV of Norway
 * "The Severe" (Fr. le Severe, Ger. der Freudholdige):
 * Frederick II, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1323–1349
 * Henry of Reuss (1349–1459)
 * Louis II of Bavaria
 * Louis II of the Palatinate
 * Peter of Portugal
 * "The Shepherd" (Rum. Ciobanul): Mircea, Prince of Wallachia, 1545–1554, 1558–1559
 * "The Short" (Fr. le Bref, Ger. der Kleine, Pol. Lokietek):
 * Bolko II of Silesia
 * Henry II of Reuss (1303–1349)
 * Pepin III of the Franks, 751–768
 * Ladislaus IV of Poland
 * "The Silent": William VIII (d.1584), Prince of Orange
 * "The Simple" (Rum. Prasnaglava):
 * Adolph of the Palatinate
 * Charles III of France
 * Frederick III of Sicily (1355–1377)
 * Lulach of Scotland
 * William, Count of Sully
 * Peter II of Brittany
 * Radu II, Prince of Wallachia, 1421–1431
 * "The Slimy" (Nor. Slembe): Sigurd Slembe of Norway
 * "The Slit-Nosed" (Gr. Rhinotmetus): Justinian II Rhinotmetus, Byzantine Emperor
 * "The Slobberer": Alfonso IX of Leon
 * "The Small" (Fr. le Petit):
 * Charles II of Hungary, 1385–1386
 * Conan IV, Duke of Brittany
 * Nicholas of Silesia
 * Otto VI of Brandenburg
 * "The Soldier King" (Por. O Rei-Soldado): Peter IV of Portugal
 * "The Solemn": Frederick II of Meissen
 * "The Sot":
 * Michael III, Byzantine Emperor
 * Selim II, Ottoman Sultan
 * "The Sparrow": Henry VIII of Silesia
 * "The Spendthrift": Albert VI of Austria
 * "The Spittler": Henry III of Reuss (1225, 1264, d.c1266)
 * "The Stammerer" (Fr. le Begue, Ger. der Stammerer, Gr. Psellus):
 * Frederick, Margrave of Meissen
 * Louis II of France
 * Michael II, Byzantine Emperor
 * Rudolph I, Duke of Bavaria
 * "The Steady" (Ger. der Bestandige): John of Saxony (1525–1532)
 * "The Stern" (Ger. der Strenge):
 * Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia
 * Louis II of Bavaria
 * "The Steward": Robert II of Scotland
 * "The Stingy": Halfdan II of Vestfold
 * "The Stout": Olav II of Norway
 * "The Strict": Bolko I, Duke of Silesia
 * "The Strong" (Fr. le Fort, Ger. der Starke, Pol. Mocny, Sp. el Fuerte):
 * Asen I of Bulgaria
 * Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1349–1381
 * Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony, 1694–1733
 * George II of Anhalt-Dessau
 * Henry I, Margrave of Austria
 * Humbert II, Duke of Savoy
 * John II of Schwarzenberg
 * Leopold of Ostmark
 * Leopold, Margrave of Styria
 * Magnus Nielssen of Sweden
 * Magnus II of Denmark
 * Robert, Count of Tours, 853–866
 * Sancho II of Castile
 * Sancho VII of Navarre
 * "The Stubborn" (Sp. el Obstinado): Louis X of France | Louis I of Navarre
 * "The Sufferer" (Sp. el Doliente): Henry III of Castile (1390–1406)
 * "The Summoned" (Sp. el Emplazado): Ferdinand IV of Castile, 1295–1312
 * "The Sun King": Louis XIV of France

T

 * "~ the Tall":
 * Canute II of Sweden
 * Philip V of France (Philippe le Long)
 * Stephen of Serbia
 * Thorkell of East Anglia
 * "~ the Terrible":
 * Charles, Duke of Burgundy
 * Ivan IV of Russia (Иван Грозный, Ivan Groznyy)
 * Shingas
 * Krum of Bulgaria
 * "~ the Theologian": John I of Mecklenburg
 * "~ the Thunderbolt":
 * Bayezid I, Ottoman Sultan
 * Ptolemy, King of Macedon (
 * "~ the Till-the-End-of-the-World-Passionate": Peter I of Portugal (Pedro o Até-ao-Fim-do-Mundo-Apaixonado)
 * "~ the Tough": Helen of Bosnia (Jelena Gruba)
 * "~ the Traditionalist": Miguel I of Portugal (Miguel o Tradicionalista)
 * "~ the Traditional Queen": Isabella II of Spain (Isabel II la Reina Castiza)
 * "~ Transmarinus": (Latin: transmarinus "from Outerseas") Louis IV of France (Louis d'Outremer)
 * "~ the Treacherous": Leonor Telles de Meneses (Leonor Telles de Meneses a Aleivosa)
 * "~ the Trembling": Garcia IV of Pamplona
 * "~ the Tremulous": Garcia II of Navarre
 * "~ of the Tributes": Brian Boru, High King of Ireland (Brian Borúma)
 * "~ the Troubadour":
 * Alfonso II of Aragon
 * Dinis of Portugal (Dinis o Trovador)
 * Theobald I of Navarre (Thibault le Trouvère; Teobaldo el Trovador; also called Theobald the Posthumous)
 * "~ Twistedbeard": Alan II, Duke of Brittany (Alain Barbetorte) (Alan Varvek)
 * "~ the Tyrant":
 * Christian II of Denmark (In Sweden)
 * Philip IV of Spain (in Portugal: Filipe o Tirano)

U

 * "~ the Unfortunate": Manuel II of Portugal (Manuel o Desventurado)
 * "~ the Unique": Frederick II of Prussia
 * "~ the Unlucky":
 * Arnulf III of Flanders
 * Henry III of Reuss
 * "~ the Unready": Ethelred II of England
 * "~ the Usurper":
 * Mauregato of Asturias
 * Miguel I of Portugal (Miguel o Usurpador)

V

 * "~ the Vain": James I of England (VI of Scots)
 * "~ the Valiant":
 * John IV, Duke of Brittany (Jean le Vaillant), (John V in some English sources)
 * Ralph I, Count of Vermandois (Raoul le Vaillant)
 * Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine (Thierry le Vaillant)
 * Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine (Raoul le Vaillant)
 * "~ the Venetian": Andrew III of Hungary (& III of Croatia)
 * "~ the Vengeful": Peter I of Portugal (Pedro o Vingativo)
 * "~ the Victorious":
 * Afonso VI of Portugal (Afonso o Vitorioso)
 * Charles VII of France
 * Eric of Sweden (Erik Segersäll)
 * Frederick I of the Palatinate
 * Valdemar II of Denmark (Valdemar Sejr; also "Valdemar the Conqueror")
 * "~ the Virgin Queen": Elizabeth I of England
 * "~the Virtuous": Leopold V, Duke of Austria (Leopold der Tugendhafte)

W

 * "~ the Warlike":
 * Albert, Prince of Beyreuth
 * Bernard VII of Lippe
 * Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
 * Frederick II of Austria
 * Herman of Schwarzenberg
 * Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor
 * Svyatoslav I of Kiev
 * "~ the Warrior": Charles I of Savoy
 * "~ the Weak": Uroš V of Serbia
 * "~ Wearing-a-Cape": Hugh Capet of France
 * "~ the Well-Beloved":
 * Charles VI of France
 * Louis I of Spain (Luis el Bien Amado)
 * "~ the Well-Served": Charles VII of France
 * "~ the Wench of Queluz": Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal (Carlota Joaquina a Megera de Queluz)
 * "~ the White":
 * Henry III of Silesia
 * Leszek I of Poland (Leszek Biały)
 * "~ Whiteshirt":
 * Haraldr Whiteshirt
 * "~ Who-Fights-Alone":
 * Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor
 * Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev
 * "~ the Wicked":
 * Ordoño IV of León
 * Yazdegerd I of Persia
 * "~ the Wise":
 * Albert II of Austria
 * Albert IV of Bavaria
 * Alfonso X of Castile
 * Charles V of France
 * Coloman of Hungary
 * Frederick II of the Palatinate
 * Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
 * Leo VI, Byzantine Emperor
 * Mandukhai Khatun, empress of the Mongol Empire
 * Robert of Naples
 * Sancho VI of Navarre
 * William IV of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
 * Yaroslav I of KievBritannica Academic
 * "~ the Wrymouth": Boleslaus III of Poland (Bolesław Krzywousty)

Y

 * "Yellow ~" or "~ the Blond": Selim II of the Ottoman Empire (Sarı Sultân Selim)
 * "~ the Young":
 * Basarab Ţepeluş of Wallachia (Old Romanian: Basarab Ţepeluş cel Tânăr)
 * Fulk V of Anjou (Foulque le Jeune)
 * "~ the Young King": Henry the Young King (Henri le Jeune)
 * "~ the Younger":
 * Conrad II of Sicily
 * Martin I of Sicily
 * Louis VII of France (Louis le Jeune)
 * Pippin III, King of the Franks (Pépin le Bref; Pippin der Kleine, Pippin der Kurze, or Pippin der Jüngere); see also "~ the Short", above

Sobriquets

 * "The Accursed": Genghis Khan
 * "The Alexander of the West": Henry II of England
 * "Alix": Alexandra of Denmark
 * "Bertie": George VI of the United Kingdom
 * "Bloody Mary": Mary I of England
 * "Bonnie Prince Charlie": Charles Edward Stuart, United Kingdom
 * "Caligula" ("Little Boots"): Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, Roman Emperor
 * "Caracalla" ("Hooded Tunic"): Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Roman Emperor
 * "Cecco Peppe" (Italian, diminutive of Francesco Giuseppe): Franz Joseph I of Austria
 * "Champion of the Reformation": John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
 * "Daisy": Margrethe II of Denmark
 * "Dickie": Louis Mountbatten
 * "Dominus Mundi": Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
 * "Ducky": Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
 * "the Emperor of Universal Dominion": Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
 * "Emperor-Sacristan": Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
 * "Ena": Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
 * "Farmer George": George III of the United Kingdom
 * "Father of England" Edward III of England
 * "Father of Europe" (Latin: "Pater Europae"): Charlemagne
 * "Father-in-law of Europe":
 * Christian IX of Denmark
 * Nicholas I of Montenegro
 * "First Gentleman of Europe": Louis XV of France
 * "Fox of Mecklenburg": Albert II of Mecklenburg
 * "Gloriana": Elizabeth I of England
 * "Good King Edward": Edward III of England
 * "Good King Henry" (French: "le bon roi Henri"): Henry IV of France
 * "Good King René" (French: "le bon roi René"): René of Anjou, (deposed) king of peninsular Sicily
 * "Good Queen Bess": Elizabeth I of England
 * "Grandfather of Europe": Miguel I of Portugal
 * "Grandmother of Europe": Queen Victoria
 * "The Great Belly-Gerent": Frederick I of Württemberg
 * "The Great Elector" (German: "Großer Kurfürst"): Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
 * "Greek Nicky": Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark
 * "Hammer of the North": Harald III of Norway
 * "Hammer of the Scots": Edward I of England
 * "Harry": Maud of the United Kingdom
 * "He of the Little Dagger" (Catalan: "el del Punyalet"): Peter IV of Aragon
 * "The Huckster King": Henry VII of England
 * "The Iron and Golden King": Ottokar II of Bohemia (Czech: "Král železný a zlatý")
 * "The Iron Duke": Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva (Dutch: "IJzeren Hertog")
 * "The Iron Pope" (Italian: Il Papa Ferreo): Pope Sixtus V
 * "Kaiser Bill": Wilhelm II, German Emperor
 * "The King of May" (Italian: "Re di maggio"): Umberto II of Italy
 * "The King of the Seas" Edward III of England
 * "The Last Emperor": Puyi of China (Chinese: 末代皇帝)
 * "The Last Knight": Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
 * "Lion of Justice": Henry I of England; Henry II of England
 * "Lilibet": Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
 * "Lion of the North": Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
 * "The Little Corporal": Napoleon I of France
 * "Little Sabre" (Italian: "Sciaboletta"): Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
 * "May": Mary of Teck
 * "Missy": Marie of Romania
 * "The Merry Monarch" or "The Merrie Monarch":
 * Charles II of England
 * Kalākaua of Hawaiʻi
 * "Mrs Brown": Queen Victoria. Refers to the Queen's relationship with her personal attendant, John Brown.
 * "Napoleon of the Pacific": Kamehameha I of Hawaiʻi
 * "Nicky": Nicholas II of Russia
 * "The Nine Days Queen": Lady Jane Grey
 * "Old Coppernose": Henry VIII of England
 * "The One Of The Little Dagger": (Catalan: "El del Punyalet"): Peter IV of Aragon
 * "The People's King": Lunalilo of Hawaii
 * "Pingo": Frederik X of Denmark
 * "The Pious Grandfather" (Italian: Il Pio Nonno, a pun on the Italian form of his regnal name, Pio Nono): Pope Pius IX
 * "The Prince of Whales": George IV of the United Kingdom. Note that it is Whales instead of Wales. George was indeed the Prince of Wales during his regency, while he was also quite obese. Political satirical cartoons at the time would make fun of his obesity and portray him as a massive whale.
 * "The Sailor King": William IV of the United Kingdom
 * "The Scourge of God": Attila the Hun
 * "Skanderbeg" (from Albanian Skënderbeu, "Lord Alexander"): George Kastrioti of Albania
 * "Sissi/Sisi": Empress Elisabeth of Austria
 * "Soft-Sword": John of England
 * "Stupid Willy" (Polish: "Głupi Wiluś"): Wilhelm II of Germany
 * "Stupor Mundi": Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
 * "The Sun King" (French: "Le Roi Soleil"): Louis XIV of France
 * "The Tennis King": (Tenniskungen) Gustav V of Sweden
 * "The Theater King": (Teaterkungen) Gustav III of Sweden
 * "Thief of Cairo": Farouk of Egypt
 * "The Uncle of Europe": Edward VII of the United Kingdom
 * "The Universal Spider" (Old French: "l'universelle aragne"): Louis XI of France
 * "The Virgin Queen": Elizabeth I of England
 * "The Warrior King": Abdullah II of Jordan
 * "The Warrior Pope" (Italian: Il Papa Guerriero): Pope Julius II
 * "The Winter King": Frederick I of Bohemia
 * "The Wisest Fool In Christendom": James I of England
 * "The World-Emperor": Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

title: List of monarchs by nickname


text:
User talk:James Zhao

Hi James, and welcome to Wikipedia.

Thanks for finding the time to contribute to our little project. Here are some pages you might find helpful:

 * Welcome, newcomers - a general introduction, and a good starting point
 * The help centre and the FAQs
 * The Manual of Style - a guide to the community's writing style

And some quick tips:

 * When discussing something on a talk page, you can sign your name by typing four tildes after your comments, like this: ~
 * Remember to use the 'Show preview' function before saving a page
 * It's also a good idea to sign the new user log and add a little about yourself

If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask me at my talk page, or at the Help desk or the Village Pump.

Above all, make sure you be bold when contributing, and have fun!

– TPK 05:40, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:James Zhao


text:
User talk:Sendai2ci

"Decolonizing"
This is English Wikipedia. The food is spelled, in reality, by real English speakers, "chicken Kiev". That says nothing about politics. We also have the food "Peking duck", even though the city is called "Beijing" today. Do not mix up politics in food articles. Equinox ◑ 06:32, 26 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, and they should be changed too. Food is politics, life is politics, to ignore that is to support the status quo, and the maintenance of colonialist and imperialist attitudes. sendai (talk) 06:38, 26 February 2022 (UTC)
 * What about renaming "Persian cat" to "Iranian cat"? Sounds as wonderful idea for great War on Imperialism, am I right? Arado Ar 196 (talk) 06:37, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

February 2022
Please do not attack other editors, as you did at Chicken Kiev. Comment on content, not on contributors. Personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you.  Acroterion   (talk)   19:19, 26 February 2022 (UTC)

Your recent editing history at Chicken Kiev shows that you are currently engaged in an edit war; that means that you are repeatedly changing content back to how you think it should be, when you have seen that other editors disagree. To resolve the content dispute, please do not revert or change the edits of others when you are reverted. Instead of reverting, please use the talk page to work toward making a version that represents consensus among editors. The best practice at this stage is to discuss, not edit-war. See the bold, revert, discuss cycle for how this is done. If discussions reach an impasse, you can then post a request for help at a relevant noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases, you may wish to request temporary page protection.

Being involved in an edit war can result in you being blocked from editing—especially if you violate the three-revert rule, which states that an editor must not perform more than three reverts on a single page within a 24-hour period. Undoing another editor's work—whether in whole or in part, whether involving the same or different material each time—counts as a revert. Also keep in mind that while violating the three-revert rule often leads to a block, you can still be blocked for edit warring—even if you do not violate the three-revert rule—should your behavior indicate that you intend to continue reverting repeatedly.  Acroterion   (talk)   19:20, 26 February 2022 (UTC)

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 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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title: User talk:Sendai2ci