text:
Judiciary of Hong Kong

The Judiciary of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is the judicial branch of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Under the Basic Law of Hong Kong, it exercises the judicial power of the Region and is independent of the executive and legislative branches of the Government. The courts in Hong Kong hear and adjudicate all prosecutions and civil disputes, including all public and private law matters.

It is fundamental to the Hong Kong legal system that members of the judiciary are independent of the executive and legislative branches. The courts of law in Hong Kong comprise the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court (which includes the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance), the District Court, the Magistrates' Courts, and other special courts and tribunals set up by law. The Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal is head of the judiciary and assisted in his administrative duties by the Judiciary Administrator. A bilingual court system in which Chinese, English or both can be used was put in place, in accordance with the requirement of the Basic Law.

The Court of Final Appeal

It was established on 1 July 1997 upon the commencement of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Ordinance to safeguard the rule of law after 30 June 1997. It replaced the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London as the highest appellate court of Hong Kong,

The High Court
The High Court was established by the High Court Ordinance (Chapter 4, formerly titled the Supreme Court Ordinance), as the "Supreme Court of Hong Kong". It was renamed the "High Court" by Article 81 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong. It consists of the Court of Appeal and Court of First Instance (formally "The High Court of Justice"), both are superior courts of record.

The Court of Appeal

It hears appeals on civil and criminal matters from the Court of First Instance and the District Court, as well as appeals from the Lands Tribunal. It also makes rulings on questions of law referred to it by the lower courts. There are 10 Justices of Appeal, including the Chief Judge of the High Court and three Vice-Presidents.

The Court of First Instance
It has unlimited jurisdiction in both civil and criminal matters. It also exercises jurisdiction in admiralty, bankruptcy, company winding-up, family, adoption, probate and mental health matters. The most serious criminal offences, such as murder, manslaughter, rape, armed robbery, complex commercial frauds and drug offences involving large quantities, are tried by a judge of the Court of First Instance, sitting with a jury consisting of seven or, when a judge so orders, nine. There are approximately 42 Judges and Deputy Judges of the Court of First Instance.

The District Court

The District Court, established in 1953, is the intermediate court of Hong Kong. It has limited jurisdiction in both civil and criminal matters. With effect from 3 December 2018, it has civil jurisdiction to hear monetary claims up to $3 million; or where the claims are for the recovery of land, of which the annual rent or rateable value does not exceed $320,000. In its criminal jurisdiction, the court may try the more serious cases, with the main exceptions of murder, manslaughter and rape. The maximum term of imprisonment it may impose is seven years. There are one Chief District Judge and 30 District Judges, among which three District Judges sit in the Family Court and two District Judges sit in the Lands Tribunal as Presiding Officers.

Forms of Address
District Judges are always referred to directly in court as "Your Honour", and indirectly (orally or in writing) as "His/Her Honour Judge ...". The Chief District Judge may be referred to in writing by adding the post-nominal "CDJ" and the Principal Family Court Judge by adding the post-nominal "PFCJ". Other District Court Judges are referred to in writing by adding the pre-nominal "HHJ ...".

Deputy District Court Judges may be referred to directly in court as "Your Honour" but indirectly (orally or in writing) they are referred to as "Deputy District Judge ...".

Family Court
The Family Court is a division of the District Court which is assigned by the Chief Justice to deal with Family cases. Under section 10A of the Matrimonial Causes Ordinance (Cap.179), all family and matrimonial proceedings commence in the District Court (and are assigned to the Family Court). A Family judge may transfer a case to the High Court if it involves high monetary value claims and/or highly complex matters of fact or law. By section 10A(3) of the Matrimonial Causes Ordinance, the Family Court may exercise jurisdiction exceeding the District Court's monetary limits.

The Magistrates' Courts

Magistrates exercise criminal jurisdiction over a wide range of offences. Although there is a general limit of two years imprisonment or a fine of $100,000, certain statutory provisions give Magistrates the power to sentence up to three years imprisonment and to impose a fine up to $5,000,000. Prosecution of all indictable offences commences in the Magistrates' Courts, the Secretary for Justice may apply to have a case transferred to the District Court or committed to the Court of First Instance of the High Court depending on the seriousness of a case. There are approximately 70 Magistrates, sitting in various Tribunals and seven Magistrates' Courts: Eastern, Kowloon City, Kwun Tong, West Kowloon, Sha Tin, Fanling and Tuen Mun. A Principal Magistrate is in charge of each magistracy. The Chief Magistrate, whose chamber is at the Kowloon City Law Courts Building, oversees the work of all magistracies. The most junior judicial role is that of Special Magistrate, typically dealing only with minor offences such as hawking contraventions, traffic offences and other departmental summonses. Appeals against Magistrates’ decisions are heard by a Judge of the Court of First Instance.

Forms of Address
The magistrate are always referred to in court as "Sir" or "Madam" or "Your Worship". Barristers do not generally use the latter to refer to magistrates. In this context, the phrase "Your Worship" is not derived from any religious meaning but from the old English word meaning 'worthy of respect'.

The Chief Magistrate may be referred to in writing by adding the post-nominal "CM", and the Principal Magistrates (presiding over a particular magistrates' court) may be referred to in writing by adding the post-nominal "PM".

The Juvenile Court
Courts exercising juvenile jurisdiction are constituted, as the need arises, under the Juvenile Offenders Ordinance (Cap.226) and other statutes. A juvenile court has exclusive jurisdiction to hear charges against children (aged under 14) and young persons (aged between 14 and 16) for any offence other than homicide. Children under 10 are exempted from criminal responsibility. It also has power to deal with care and protection cases involving young people aged up to 18.

A permanent magistrate may sit as a juvenile court and special procedures apply. The magistrate explains the alleged offence to the child or young person in simple language and provides assistance to the defendant in the conduct of the case. Press coverage of the proceedings in juvenile court is restricted, preventing disclosure of the identity of the defendant. The Juvenile Court sits in the Eastern, Kowloon City, West Kowloon, Fanling and Tuen Mun Magistrates’ Courts.

Coroners are empowered to investigate unnatural or suspicious deaths occurring in Hong Kong (and deaths occurring outside Hong Kong if the body is found within Hong Kong). Except when death occurs while the individual is in custody, or the Secretary for Justice directs, the Coroner decides whether or not to hold an inquest with or without a jury. The inquest is mandatory with a jury where the death occurs in custody. The main purpose of an inquest is to ascertain the cause of and the circumstances connected with the death. If appropriate, a Coroner or a jury may make recommendations designed to prevent the recurrence of the fatality under investigation. The Court is situated at West Kowloon Law Courts Building.

The Lands Tribunal
One of the important functions of the Lands Tribunal is to adjudicate claims by landlords for possession of premises, the tenancies or sub-tenancies of which are under the Landlord and Tenant (Consolidation) Ordinance (Cap. 7). Starting from 9 July 2004, the Tribunal also has power to adjudicate claims for possession of premises, the tenancies or sub-tenancies of which have expired by effluxion of time even when they are outside the said Ordinance. The Tribunal also has power to grant consequential relief. Another widely used jurisdiction of this Tribunal is to determine building management disputes. Such disputes arise from, among others, the interpretation and enforcement of the provisions of the Building Management Ordinance (Cap. 344) and deeds of mutual covenant, the appointment or dissolution of management committees, requisitions for owners' meetings and appointment of building management agent. The Tribunal also has unlimited jurisdiction to determine the amount of compensation payable by the Government to a person whose land has been compulsorily resumed or has suffered a reduction in value because of public developments. The Tribunal can also order the sale of land for redevelopment purpose under the Land (Compulsory Sale for Redevelopment) Ordinance (Cap. 545). The Tribunal also exercises appellate jurisdiction over (i) determinations by the Commissioner of Rating and Valuation under the Rating Ordinance (Cap. 116); (ii) determinations by the Director of Lands under the Government Rent (Assessment and Collection) Ordinance (Cap. 515); and (iii) determinations by the Director of Housing under the Housing Ordinance (Cap. 283). In exercising its jurisdiction, the Tribunal has the same powers to grant remedies and relief, legal or equitable, as the Court of First Instance of the High Court. Parties may appoint counsel or solicitors to appear before the Tribunal or, as is often the case, they may appear in person. The tribunal has a President who is a Judge of the Court of First Instance. There are currently two Presiding Officers who are District Judges, and three members.

The Labour Tribunal

The Labour Tribunal was set up in 1973 to provide a quick, inexpensive and informal procedure for adjudicating disputes between employees and employers. It deals with claims arising out of a breach of a contract of employment. Claims may include wages in lieu of notice, arrears of wages, statutory holiday pay, annual leave pay, sickness allowance, maternity leave pay, bonus/double pay, severance pay, and long service payments. Claimants can also seek orders for reinstatement or re-engagement; for awards of compensation or terminal payments. Proceedings are mostly conducted in Cantonese before a Presiding Officer. Legal representation is not allowed. Any party aggrieved may appeal on a point of law to the Court of First Instance. There are approximately 8 Presiding Officers, including one Principal Presiding Officer. The tribunal is located at the South Kowloon Law Courts Building in Gascoigne Road. No statistics are provided by the Judiciary on actual waiting times from filing of a claim to first day of trial or ultimate resolution.

The Market Misconduct Tribunal
The Market Misconduct Tribunal (MMT) was established in 2003 under the provisions contained in the SFO. In accordance with the SFO, if it appears to the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) that market misconduct or a breach of a disclosure requirement under Part XIVA of the SFO has or may have taken place, the SFC may institute proceedings before the MMT. The MMT has jurisdiction to hear and determine any question or issue arising out of or in connection with the proceedings instituted under the SFO.

The Small Claims Tribunal
The Small Claims Tribunal was established in 1976. It deals with monetary claims arising from contract or tort, involving amounts not exceeding $75,000. Hearings are informal and usually conducted in Cantonese. Legal representation is not allowed. Parties may authorise a representative (other than a lawyer) to appear in court. Any party aggrieved by the decision of an Adjudicator may appeal on a point of law to the Court of First Instance. There are approximately nine Adjudicators, including a Principal Adjudicator. The Small Claims Tribunal is situated at West Kowloon Law Courts Building.

The Obscene Articles Tribunal
The Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles Ordinance came into force in 1987 providing for the establishment of the Obscene Articles Tribunal. The work of this tribunal covers two main aspects. Firstly, it is responsible for the classification of articles submitted by any public officer, author, printer, manufacturer, publisher, distributor, copyright owner etc. Secondly, the tribunal has exclusive jurisdiction to determine the question of obscenity or indecency when this issue arises in any civil or criminal proceedings in any court. The Obscene Articles Tribunal consists of a Magistrate and two or more lay adjudicators. Lay adjudicators are selected from a panel consisting of members of the public. The tribunal is situated at West Kowloon Law Courts Building.

Appointment of Judges and Judicial Officers
Judges and judicial officers are appointed by the Chief Executive of the HKSAR after receiving secret advice and recommendations from the Judicial Officers Recommendation Commission. The scope of appointees covers all those who preside over the Court of Final Appeal, Court of Appeal, Court of First Instance, District Court, Family Court, Magistrates' Courts, Lands Tribunal, Labour Tribunal, Small Claims Tribunal, Coroners' Courts and Competition Tribunal. The commission is a statutory body established under the Judicial Officers Recommendation Commission Ordinance and composed of the Chief Justice, Secretary for Justice (themselves appointed to office by the Chief Executive) and seven others appointed by the Chief Executive of the HKSAR: two judges, one barrister, one solicitor and three other persons unconnected with legal practice. Appointed members serve terms of two years and can be re-appointed for further terms. Decisions are made with a maximum of two dissenters on any vote. Apart from providing a certificate or testimonial in respect of a candidate, provision of any other unsolicited information to any member is likely to be considered an attempt to influence that member's deliberation and result in criminal prosecution and imprisonment for two years.

Special Designation as National Security Law Judges
In Hong Kong, cases related to national security are adjudicated before specifically designated judges. These judges are chosen by the Chief Executive among incumbent magistrates and judges at each level of the judicial hierarchy. Before granting the special designation, the Chief Executive may consult the Chief Justice and the Committee for Safeguarding National Security. The tenure of office as a designed judge is one year.

Judges of the Supreme Court
Hong Kong judges wear British-style outfits, including wigs made of horsehair, with white gloves, girdles and scarlet-coloured robes added for official ceremonies.

In the lower courts, magistrates are addressed as "your Worship", "Sir" or "Madam", and district court judges as "your Honour". In the superior courts of record, namely the Court of Final Appeal and the High Court (which consists of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance), judges are addressed as "my Lord" or "my Lady" and referred to as "your Lordship" or "your Ladyship", following the English tradition. Masters of the High Court are addressed as "Master". When trials are conducted in Chinese, judges were addressed, in Cantonese, as Faat Gwoon Dai Yan (法官大人, "Judge, your Lordship") before the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to China, and as Faat Gwoon Gok Ha (法官閣下, "Judge, your Honour") since 1997.

For the Court of Final Appeal, the post-nominal letters CJ are used for the chief justice, PJ for permanent judges and NPJ for non-permanent judges; in the High Court, CJHC for the chief judge, JA for justices of appeal and J for full judges of the Court of First Instance. There is no similar form for the many deputy judges or the registrar of the High Court or for judicial officers of lower courts.

title: Judiciary of Hong Kong


text:
Volynsky

Volynsky may refer to:

 * Artemy Volynsky (1689–1740), Russian statesman and diplomat
 * Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Ukrainian city

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Volynsky


text:
User talk:Marvelvsdc

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, ! I hope you like the place and decide to keep contributing. Since I see you've already been active here, let me just give you a few links that are always useful as a handy reference guide: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question at the village pump or feel free to ask me on my Talk page. Oh, and just in case you don't already know: to sign your name on a Talk page like I did below, the easiest way is just to type four tildes (~~~~). To customize your signature, look here. And remember:Be Bold!
 * How to write a great article
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * Wikiquette
 * Wikipedia's NPOV policies
 * Current polls

Images
When uploading images please always edit the image description page and do two things:
 * 1) State the source of the image (created yourself, the address of a web page or another source.)
 * 2) State the copyright. The easiest way to list the copyright is to use a copyright tag. The most important tags are, and  GFDL is for images that you  create yourself. PD is for public domain images (pre-1923 in most cases). Fair use is for copyrighted images that we can use under the fair use rules in the USA.

Without proper source and copyright information, images will eventually be deleted!

For screenshots please use — Zeimusu | Talk

Bad links
When you're adding lists of stuff to pages and adding wikilinks to other pages, it would be really helpful if you'd check to see if the links actually go to relevant place. Adding links like Legends, Armageddon, and Millennium to the DCU page is pretty pointless, because in a general interest encyclopedia, those pages have nothing to do with the DC crossovers. Tverbeek 19:46, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Copyright Violations
Several pages you've created, including KGBeast, Monarch (comics) and The Cyclone Kids, have been placed on Copyright problems, as they have been copied verbatum from various copyrighted sources. Feel free to rewrite them in your own words on a /temp page, and in the future, please take care not to copy and paste articles onto wikipedia. --InShaneee 03:33, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

U (DC characters)
Hi, I don't understand what your user page is all about, but that's not why I'm writing you.

For someone like me, who has no idea what "DC characters" are, an introductory sentence like the one I added myself to U (DC characters) is the least one can do. A simple question: Why did you remove it?

All the best,  00:32, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)

Preview button
In the future please use the preview button or attempt to do more than one minor edit at a time or something. This is concerning the 27 edits you made at Sega Dreamcast in the past two days. A good number of those being just 1 image being nonsensically switched back and forth. Everytime you save an edit the article you're saving is saved on the database causing a bloated page history list, not to mention that it unnecessarily drains server resources. Please keep this in mind. K1Bond007 04:00, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

X-Men
Could you please make sure you type it as X-Men, not X-men - especially with wikilinks, since they're case-sensitive. - SoM 22:42, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Dreamcast
Why the image should not be Dreamcast European? You want make a redundance in the Dreamcast article, shows 3 SAME controller images? The image that I'm uploaded shows details (Windows CE mark) and not repeating the controller image. -- Mateusc 02:50, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Take it up with someone else. The Dreamcast image is changed once again to the original. Except this one looks grey, and I still prefer mine as a kin to the other console pics. . EDIT: The one you have up now is European. Its too big of a picture. The scan is huge. And its a grey version of a Dreamcast originally made in Europe. The pic has a nice high resolution, but it's not the original. It's like I would put a pic of NES 2, Ps2 redesigned, or GC with Wavebird, or Xbox with new controllers. Doesn't matter if it was designed in Europe or not, it came first in Japan. I understand the frustration and I know Dreamcast wasn't popular in Europe but an Encyclopedia is NOT a news article. Please read the article. -- Marvelvsdc 02:50, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

3RR warning
Hi Marvel, you've been reported for violating the Three revert rule (3RR) at Sega Dreamcast, under your user name and as User:24.125.136.245. If you violate 3RR again, you may be blocked from editing for up to 24 hours without further warning. Using multiple accounts or IP addresses to try to get round 3RR is also a policy violation: see Sockpuppet. Please try to reach a consensus on the talk page. Cheers, SlimVirgin (talk)  22:50, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, Marvel, could you explain what you meant by this remark: "You are not wise, kicking me off will result in wide spread deletion of ready made and owned photos copyrighted by me alone. I submitted over 100 animated, and comic book images that can and will be marked for deletion. Thanks, marvelvsdc 84:17, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)" Many thanks, SlimVirgin (talk) 23:09, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure its simple. I am not here to cause dismay to the community but if I am voted out by this pool, I should be able to take my copyrighted material with me.  And if conversation like this, in writing what I think is not a direct attack to a user but rather an explanation to my purpose in modifications than maybe I should leave.marvelvsdc 23:22, june 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Which copyrighted material are you talking about exactly? Can you give examples? SlimVirgin (talk) 23:32, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Sure, I contributed by adding images in DC Comics related images from Justice League Unlimted, and Marvel Comic's X-Men. It is not affiliated with the problem at hand, but I should be able to take images I posted if I am considered for removal. Off the bat, one image is marvelvsdc 23:34, june 10, 2005 (UTC) Nevermind, most of those images are with the fair use law only a few were copyrighted by me in specific and I can't find them right now. My mistake. But if you need examples that Dreamcast one is one example. marvelvsdc 23:34, june 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding the example you gave above, did you create it? SlimVirgin (talk) 23:41, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I created it. I took it from a Japanese website, and resized the image. Most of my images I create with a Movie player. Define create and please negotiate the term. I could say I took the picture but the Movie player I took it with created it. Bye. marvelvsdc 23:34, june 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's not what's meant by "create." That means the image does not belong to you, and you're therefore not allowed to state that it's public domain, unless the copyright holder has said it is. Also, you don't have the means to delete images as you're not an admin. When you submit text or upload an image to WP, you cease to have any control over it, and you're not allowed to delete material simply because you're leaving, with the exception of your user page, which may be deleted on request. It would be a good idea if you would go through the images you've uploaded, and make sure they're marked "fair use" and not "public domain," as they're likely to be deleted by others if found to have been tagged incorrectly; you also need to add a link to the website you took them from, as unsourced images are also deleted. Many thanks, SlimVirgin (talk) 00:15, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

>Category:Copyright holder released public domain images Sorry, I couldn't help but misinterpret this logo. I thought the user still has rights to its images. For instance, if I release a public image domain to a private organization, I can still have rights to the images as long as I am part of that organization. If I were to leave, I could simply take the images up. Media displays images on websites, but I might have the same images on another website. Therefore it could be considered as infringement if I were to leave and the images are no longer under my consent in being used.

 * I'm sorry, I don't understand what you wrote. If something has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder (by the owner, not by the editor who has uploaded it), anyone may use it for any purpose whatsoever, on any website.
 * You can't take any images with you when you leave. The only images that would apply to would be images you own and have given Wikipedia permission to use. But these images are no longer acceptable on Wikipedia: anything tagged "permission" is being deleted. Anyway, so far as I can tell, you're not the copyright holder on the images you've uploaded, so the point is moot.
 * I also note you said you wouldn't take the typos with you. Are you saying you own the copyright on text that you've written too? SlimVirgin (talk) 00:46, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Of Course I am? If you mean sole prioritor, yes I am. I am the only one who owns them because I took pictures of most of the images with codec Movie coding software. The player I used is by Media Player Classic. Since they have publicly released their movie player for screening purposes only, I have publicly released my photos. I am owner, editor and chief. What happens if I make a website? I own the website so I own the photos. In the mean time let Wikipedia do what ever they want with the photos. Mind you, I am only making a point.marvelvsdc 23:46, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm having difficulty understanding your point. If you're saying the images belong to you and are used here, and only here, with your permission until such time as you leave, I am going to nominate them for deletion, because they violate our terms of use. If you're saying you own an image that you have, in fact, taken from someone else's website, then you're quite wrong: you don't own it in virtue of having downloaded it, or photographed it, or taken a screenshot of it. If you used to own the images, but have placed them in the public domain, you can't control how they are used, and also can't take them with you when you leave. So there is no "in the meantime," you let Wikipedia do whatever we want with them. Please signal that you have understood this.
 * Regarding your comment about not owning the copyright on your typos, please explain further. Another editor was recently blocked for trying to claim copyright on text he had submitted, so I would appreciate it if you would word your response thoughtfully and clearly. SlimVirgin (talk) 03:24, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

What I am saying is that if I and only I own the images and sell them to another website, than that Editor of that website has control of the images. Now if he becomes famous, he can mark them for deletion. I made the images, so in the real world yes, that is what I am saying. Look it up on goooo gle Copyright Enfringement cases. You can delete the images if you want it took me a minute to make them and someone else will end up putting the same ones back up anyways. This Democratic approach to the Internet is becoming more tolitarian by the second.

The last comment is regarded as a joke. First, Mateusc has blamed me for numerous typos so I thought a pun was in hand. He yells at other users as if you can't go back and edit small typos and no I cannot copyright typos. This was the case brought up for me being marked for deletion. He links an old article. Sure I look over articles and have typos. I wine like a baby, I sucked my mothers teet. You could even say, "I gon' an piss an wet me self." Sure, I am not afraid of admitting it. He shouldn't disciminate against the proper English grammer. marvelvsdc 24:46, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, well I have no idea what you're talking about, so I'm going to refer this to someone else. In the meantime, it would be best if you were to stop uploading images. SlimVirgin (talk) 05:41, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Excuse-me, but this isn't true. I'm not offended you in any time, just report your vandalism and revert the edit war on Sega Dreamcast article trying to keep the discussion. --Mateusc 16:46, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

All your images uploaded
Hi, your doing a great job contributing to Wikipedia, however your process of providing new images for Wikipedia isnt consistent with Wikipedias rules. On your user page I noticed you have an interest in Fair Use, well then this should be fun! :)

Firstly!
 * 1) Please ensure all your images that you upload have a Image copyright tags see: Image use policy for more details. Remember! Unless you drew/created the image COMPLETELY from scratch you dont own the rights to it, so please dont release images into the public domain you dont own!!
 * 2) The images you have put a Image copyright tags on, many of them are  tags, please include a more suited tag; for a comic book cover:  for a tv series or film:  for a video game  . See: Image copyright tags (I have fixed some of them for you, please include  appropriate tags in the future so I dont have to follow you around Wiki).
 * 3) Now this is most important PLEASE include a FULL DESCRIPTION of what the image is of, please do not include abbreviations. Here are some of examples of descriptions that are not adequate; [[Image:Starra.jpg]], [[Image:Nhl03.jpg]] , [[Image:Mariogolf.jpg]] , [[Image:Terra.jpg]] , [[Image:CyclKds.gif]] . Some of these I have no idea what the image is of, or from, or when it was first drawn/created. Dont assume the reader knows what GTA or GT3 is.... provide as much detail as you possibly can. The only way wikipedia can be considered legitmate by the general public (and academia) is to make sure we reference all our text contributions and include copyright information for all our images.
 * If it is a screenshot of a television series, include the full name of the television seroes, include the year it was made, who made it, what company released it, what channel aired it, what country it was made released for, what episode and what is happening in the image.
 * If it is a video game, please include the full title, what country it was made released for, what platform your playing it on, what developer made it, when the game was released, who published it, and whats happening in the image.
 * If it is a comic book, what country it was made released for, include the full name, the issue, who drew it, what company owns it etc etc.

Secondly!
 * 1) As a common courtesy, when you upload your images make sure that the image name your uploading is very unique, I have noticed many of your image names are very common and in the future as wikipedia expands, we may find many naming conflicts!
 * 2) Please be careful when you upload files that you dont upload the same image several times to different pages. Eg: [[Image:Dreamcast05.JPG]], [[Image:Dreamcast005.JPG]] . You have done this several times. Place a  tag on the image you no longer need.

Please remember if you dont includ a full description and full source of your images and include Image copyright tags they may get deleted.

Signed UnlimitedAccess 00:55, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Colour Scheme
If you're making SHBes, use it. - SoM 4 July 2005 13:57 (UTC)

Image
Listed under Images and media for deletion/2005 September 9. Thunderbrand 01:45, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

Image deletion
Listed under Images and media for deletion/2005 September 16. Thunderbrand 19:29, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight
As a member of WikiProject Comics, I thought you might be interested in the Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight we have set up. Please feel free to vote on the articles listed, although bear in mind that a vote for a particular article means you are pledging to help improve the article. The goal of the collaboration is to improve articles to Featured Article status, as we feel Comics is under-represented in that area. Thanks for your help. Steve block talk 15:47, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

DC Cosmic Cards
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as DC Cosmic Cards, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. For more information about Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, take a look at our Five Pillars. Happy editing!

Eclipso
It appears that a large portion of the Eclipso information you added in March was copied from http://www.toonopedia.com/eclipso.htm. Copyright violations are illegal. Is there any more such material you have contributed? User:Zoe|(talk) 21:03, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

I notice that you have edited since I left this message, but have chosen not to respond. Please let me know as soon as you see this, if you have made any more copyright violations. User:Zoe|(talk) 17:55, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

u got the wrong guy, i only added what I remembered from reading eclipso. Someone else added that.--Marvelvsdc 02:07, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Not according to this edit. User:Zoe|(talk) 04:07, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, I got the impression you could summarize articles. I also looked up information from DCUguide.com. I also summarize articles from comics I have read through memory. The key facts in that article are specifically of needed information. For instance, I know the Shadowfighters, and could have entered all the characters from memory and even know the issue (#13 eclispo) they died in. I don't know what issue Demon debuted in. If summarizing articles for stubs is a violation than please go ahead and remove any unwanted material. Please do what you must, but I beg you I could add useful information. Like under the Darkness within, I could add that Lar Gand found the diamond on the darkside of the moon where it layed dormant, from being shattered in space by another civilization. --Marvelvsdc 21:48, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

web-screenshot tag
I've noticed you've uploaded some images tagged with web-screenshot. This tag is not meant to be used for images that came from Web pages; it's meant to be used for images of Web pages (such as Image:Wikipedia.PNG, for example). I've retagged the images below as having no license information. Please edit the image description pages to include information about the licenses these images are under. —Bkell 05:43, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Image:Burnside.jpg

One last chance
Please stop editing, and explain the link I supplied above, or I will be forced to block you from editing. User:Zoe|(talk) 21:55, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

I've blocked you indefinitely until you respond. It now appears that you also made a copyright violation at Damage (DC comics). How many more? User:Zoe|(talk) 20:56, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

sorry guys, never touched that page, only thing I can think of is a hacker using my password--Marvelvsdc 23:01, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah. User:Zoe|(talk) 04:38, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Tomarre.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Tomarre.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

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Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. —  THOR  =/\= 05:41, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:3do_logo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:3do_logo.jpg. The image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to indicate why we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have any concerns, contact the bot's owner: Carnildo. 14:14, 22 February 2006 (UTC) =

Image Tagging for Image:Blackcanary11.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have any concerns, contact the bot's owner: Carnildo. 08:13, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Ace_combat5.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have any concerns, contact the bot's owner: Carnildo. 04:52, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:SegaDreamcast_highres.jpg
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Teentitans2.JPG
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Crimson fox.jpg
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 * I added SOME Fair Use, but if you could go fill in the 'unknowns', that would really help. ThuranX 02:03, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Image:Bluedevil.jpg
I have tagged Image:Bluedevil.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. Thank you. Bigr Tex  19:22, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Timberwolf2.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Gladiatorimp.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 14:25, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Amped2.jpg)
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Iron Lantern
Another editor has added the  template to the article Iron Lantern, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the  template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 15:00, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:AmazingSpider-Man182.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 04:24, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Image:Teentitans2.JPG
A tag has been placed on Image:Teentitans2.JPG requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section I1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image is redundant copy (all pixels the same or scaled down) of an image in the same file format, which is on Wikipedia (not on Commons), and all inward links have been updated.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on  explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Hennessey, Patrick (talk) 11:07, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Firehawk (comics)

The article Firehawk (comics) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * The fictional character does not meet the general notability guideline as a stand-alone subject.

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Proposed deletion of Coast City

The article Coast City has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * The fictional city does not meet the general notability guideline and, without reception and significance in reliable secondary sources independent of the subject, the topic of the article is not suitable for Wikipedia as a stand-alone article since it falls into WP:IINFO.

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Orphaned non-free image File:Blackcanary11.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Blackcanary11.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk ) 03:18, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of Promethium (comics) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Promethium (comics) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Promethium (comics) & until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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Orphaned non-free image File:Parasitedc.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Parasitedc.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 17:03, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Czarnia (comics)

The article Czarnia (comics) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Non-notable planet within comics, and unreferenced for 8 years

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. 86.186.86.14 (talk) 23:54, 13 March 2016 (UTC)

Nomination of Blüdhaven for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Blüdhaven is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Blüdhaven until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 03:08, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

Nomination of Speed Force for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Speed Force is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Speed Force until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 11:38, 24 May 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Darkseid's Elite

The article Darkseid's Elite has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non-notable fictional group"

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Nomination of Darkseid's Elite for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Darkseid's Elite is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. FoxyGrampa75 (talk) 19:59, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Fawcett City

The article Fawcett City has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Usual-variety comic trivia. Fails GNG/WP:NFICTION. BEFORE fails to find anything that's not a PRIMARY source of a WP:PLOT-like fictional bio summary."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Proposed deletion of Major Victory (DC Comics)

The article Major Victory (DC Comics) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

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Proposed deletion of Nebiros (DC Comics)

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Proposed deletion of Invaders (DC Comics)

The article Invaders (DC Comics) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

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Proposed deletion of Mysto

The article Mysto has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

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Proposed deletion of Myrwhydden

The article Myrwhydden has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

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Nomination of Fawcett City for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Fawcett City is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 12:10, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Crimesmith

The article Crimesmith has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

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Nomination of Crimesmith for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Crimesmith is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Proposed deletion of AmerTek

The article AmerTek has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

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Proposed deletion of Lightray (character)

The article Lightray (character) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

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Nomination of Lightray (character) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Lightray (character) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. TTN (talk) 17:52, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of List of cosmic entities in DC Comics for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of cosmic entities in DC Comics is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of cosmic entities in DC Comics until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:32, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of WEB (comics)

The article WEB (comics) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (fiction) requirement. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 07:56, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Hellhound (comics)

The article Hellhound (comics) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (fiction) requirement. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:05, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Supergirl (Matrix) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Supergirl (Matrix) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Supergirl (Matrix) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:34, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of List of cosmic entities in DC Comics for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of cosmic entities in DC Comics is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of cosmic entities in DC Comics& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. –<b style="color:#77b">Laundry</b><b style="color:#fb0">Pizza</b><b style="color:#b00">03</b> ( d c̄ ) 23:41, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

Nomination of Flash Museum for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Flash Museum is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Flash Museum until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. <sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:39, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Coast City

The article Coast City has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline requirement nor the more detailed Notability (fiction) supplementary essay. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you. Note: per WP:ATD-R, a redirect to List of DC comics locations would be fine instead of hard deletion."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. <sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 03:27, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marvelvsdc


text: User talk:81.196.246.200

title: User talk:81.196.246.200


text:
Antipater I of Macedon

Antipater I of Macedon (Greek: Ἀντίπατρος), was the son of Cassander and Thessalonike of Macedon, who was a half-sister of Alexander the Great. He was king of Macedon from 297 BC until 294 BC, jointly with his brother Alexander V. Eventually, he murdered his mother and ousted his brother from the throne. Alexander turned to Pyrrhus and Demetrius I Poliorcetes for help, and Demetrius I overthrew Antipater and then had Alexander murdered. Antipater was killed by Lysimachus, after he fled from Demetrius I to Thrace. His wife was Eurydice, his paternal first cousin who was a daughter of Lysimachus. He and his brother were the last kings of Macedon to be descended from Perdiccas I.

title: Antipater I of Macedon


text: User talk:68.40.80.9

title: User talk:68.40.80.9


text:
User:Atog

Hey. I'm Atog, and i'm from Michigan, which is really Canada when you think about it. But anyways.

Games Played-
 * Planetside
 * Counter-Strike
 * Day of Defeat
 * Team Fortress Classic
 * Kingdom of Loathing
 * Battlefield 2

I'm not really a hardcore Wikipedian, but I do my best to create articles that I consider to be needed.

If you really need to contact me for any reason, drop me a line at DaAtog@gmail.com

title: User:Atog


text:
St. Christopher's School

St. Christopher's School is the name of several schools around the world, including:

 * St. Christopher's School, Bristol, UK
 * St. Christopher's School, Bahrain
 * St. Christopher's School (Harare), Zimbabwe
 * St. Christopher's School, Richmond, Virginia, USA
 * St. Christopher's School, Metairie, Louisiana, USA
 * St. Christopher's School, Nairobi, Kenya
 * St. Christopher Parish School, California, USA

title: St. Christopher's School


text:
Láeg

Láeg, or Lóeg, son of Riangabar, is the charioteer and constant companion of the hero Cú Chulainn in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology. His horses are Liath Macha and Dub Sainglend.

Cú Chulainn sends Láeg to the Otherworld with Lí Ban, sister to Fand, and he brings back bountiful descriptions of the Otherworld in the tale Serglige Con Culainn (The Sickbed of Cúchulainn). In the tale of Cú Chulainn's death he is killed by Lugaid mac Con Roí with a spear intended for Cú Chulainn.

title: Láeg


text:
Virtual DOS machine

Virtual DOS machines (VDM) refer to a technology that allows running 16-bit/32-bit DOS and 16-bit Windows programs when there is already another operating system running and controlling the hardware.

Overview
Virtual DOS machines can operate either exclusively through typical software emulation methods (e.g. dynamic recompilation) or can rely on the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 processor, which allows real mode 8086 software to run in a controlled environment by catching all operations which involve accessing protected hardware and forwarding them to the normal operating system (as exceptions). The operating system can then perform an emulation and resume the execution of the DOS software.

VDMs generally also implement support for running 16- and 32-bit protected mode software (DOS extenders), which has to conform to the DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI).

When a DOS program running inside a VDM needs to access a peripheral, Windows will either allow this directly (rarely), or will present the DOS program with a virtual device driver (VDD) which emulates the hardware using operating system functions. A VDM will systematically have emulations for the Intel 8259A interrupt controllers, the 8254 timer chips, the 8237 DMA controller, etc.

Concurrent DOS 8086 emulation mode
In January 1985 Digital Research together with Intel previewed Concurrent DOS 286 1.0, a version of Concurrent DOS capable of running real mode DOS programs in the 80286's protected mode. The method devised on B-1 stepping processor chips, however, in May 1985 stopped working on the C-1 and subsequent processor steppings shortly before Digital Research was about to release the product. Although with the E-1 stepping Intel started to address the issues in August 1985, so that Digital Research's "8086 emulation mode" worked again utilizing the undocumented LOADALL processor instruction, it was too slow to be practical. Microcode changes for the E-2 stepping improved the speed again. This early implementation can be seen as a predecessor to actual virtual DOS machines.

Eventually, Concurrent DOS 286 was reworked from a potential desktop operating system to become FlexOS 286 for industrial use in 1986. It was also licensed by IBM for their 4680 OS in 1986.

When Intel's 80386 with its virtual 8086 mode became available (as samples since October 1985 and in quantities since June 1986), Digital Research switched to use this to run real mode DOS programs in virtual DOS machines in protected mode under Concurrent DOS 386 1.0 (February 1987) and FlexOS 386 1.0 (June 1987). However, the architecture of these multiuser multitasking protected mode operating systems was not DOS-based by themselves.

Concurrent DOS 386 was later developed to become Multiuser DOS (since 1991) and REAL/32 (since 1995). FlexOS 386 later became 4690 OS in 1993.

DOS-based VDMs
In contrast to these protected mode operating systems, DOS, by default, is a real-mode operating system, switching to protected mode and virtual 86 mode only on behalf of memory managers and DOS extenders in order to provide access to extended memory or map in memory into the first megabyte, which is accessible to normal DOS programs.

DOS-based VDMs appeared with Microsoft's Windows/386 2.01 in September 1987. DOS-based virtual DOS machines were also present in Windows 3.0, 3.1x and Windows for Workgroups 3.1x running in 386 Enhanced Mode as well as in Windows 95, 98, 98 SE and ME. One of the characteristics of these solutions running on top of DOS is that the memory layout shown inside virtual DOS machines are virtual instances of the DOS system and DOS driver configuration run before the multitasker is loaded, and that requests which cannot be handled in protected mode are passed down into the system domain to be executed by the underlying DOS system.

Similar to Windows 3.x 386 Enhanced Mode in architecture, EMM386 3.xx of Novell DOS 7, Caldera OpenDOS 7.01,  DR-DOS 7.02 (and later) also uses DOS-based VDMs to support pre-emptive multitasking of multiple DOS applications, when the EMM386 /MULTI option is used. This component has been under development at Digital Research / Novell since 1991 under the codename "Vladivar" (originally a separate device driver KRNL386.SYS instead of a module of EMM386). While primarily developed for the next major version of DR DOS, released as Novell DOS 7 in 1994, it was also used in the never released DR DOS "Panther" and "Star Trek" project in 1992/1993.

OS/2 MVDM
Multiple virtual DOS machines (MVDM) are used in OS/2 2.0 and later since 1992. OS/2 MVDMs are considerably more powerful than NTVDM. For example, block devices are supported, and various DOS versions can be booted into an OS/2 MVDM. While the OS/2 1.x DOS box was based on DOS 3.0, OS/2 2.x MVDMs emulate DOS 5.0.

Seamless integration of Windows 3.1 and later Win32s applications in OS/2 is a concept looking similar on surface to the seamless integration of XP Mode based on Windows Virtual PC in Windows 7. A redirector in a "guest" VDM or NTVDM allows access on the disks of the OS/2 or NT "host". Applications in a "guest" can use named pipes for communication with their "host".

Due to a technical limitation, DOS and 16-bit Windows applications under OS/2 were unable to see more than 2 GB of hard drive space; this was fixed in ArcaOS 5.0.4.

Windows NTVDM
NTVDM is a system component of all IA-32 editions of the Windows NT family since 1993 with the release of Windows NT 3.1. It allows execution of 16-bit Windows and 16-bit / 32-bit DOS applications. The Windows NT 32-bit user-mode executable which forms the basis for a single DOS (or Windows 3.x) environment is called ntvdm.exe.

In order to execute DOS programs, NTVDM loads NTIO.SYS which in turn loads NTDOS.SYS, which executes a modified COMMAND.COM in order to run the application that was passed to NTVDM as command-line argument. The 16-bit real-mode system files are stripped down derivations of their MS-DOS 5.0 equivalents IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS and COMMAND.COM with all hard-wired assumptions on the FAT file system removed and using the invalid opcode 0xC4 0xC4 to bop down into the 32-bit NTVDM to handle the requests. Originally, NTDOS reported a DOS version of 30.00 to programs, but this was soon changed to report a version of 5.00 at INT 21h/AH=30h and 5.50 at INT 21h/AX=3306h to allow more programs to run unmodified. This holds true even in the newest releases of Windows; many additional MS-DOS functions and commands introduced in MS-DOS versions 6.x and in Windows 9x are missing.

16-bit Windows applications by default all run in their own thread within a single NTVDM process. Although NTVDM itself is a 32-bit process and pre-emptively multitasked with respect to the rest of the system, the 16-bit applications within it are cooperatively multitasked with respect to each other. When the "Run in separate memory space" option is checked in the Run box or the application's shortcut file, each 16-bit Windows application gets its own NTVDM process and is therefore pre-emptively multitasked with respect to other processes, including other 16-bit Windows applications. NTVDM emulates BIOS calls and tables as well as the Windows 3.1 kernel and 16-bit API stubs. The 32-bit WoW translation layer thunks 16-bit API routines.

32-bit DOS emulation is present for DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) and 32-bit memory access. This layer converts the necessary extended and expanded memory calls for DOS functions into Windows NT memory calls. wowexec.exe is the emulation layer that emulates 16-bit Windows. Windows 2000 and Windows XP added Sound Blaster 2.0 emulation. 16-bit virtual device drivers and DOS block device drivers (e.g., RAM disks) are not supported. Inter-process communication with other subsystems can take place through OLE, DDE and named pipes.

Since virtual 8086 mode is not available on non-x86-based processors (more specifically, MIPS, DEC Alpha, and PowerPC) NTVDM is instead implemented as a full emulator in these versions of NT, using code licensed from Insignia's SoftPC. Up to Windows NT 3.51, only 80286 emulation is available. With Windows NT 4.0, 486 emulation was added.

NTVDM is not included with 64-bit versions of Windows or ARM32 based versions such as Windows RT or Windows 10 IoT Core. Windows 10 is the final version of Windows to include this component, as Windows 11 dropped support for 32-bit processors.

Commands
The following list of commands is part of the Windows XP MS-DOS subsystem.

 * APPEND
 * DEBUG
 * EDIT
 * EDLIN
 * EXE2BIN
 * FASTOPEN
 * FORCEDOS
 * GRAPHICS
 * LOADFIX
 * LOADHIGH (LH)
 * MEM
 * NLSFUNC
 * SETVER
 * SHARE

Security issue
In January 2010, Google security researcher Tavis Ormandy revealed a serious security flaw in Windows NT's VDM implementation that allowed unprivileged users to escalate their privileges to SYSTEM level, noted as applicable to the security of all x86 versions of the Windows NT kernel since 1993. This included all 32-bit versions of Windows NT, 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista, Server 2008, and Windows 7. Ormandy published a proof-of-concept exploit for the vulnerability. Prior to Microsoft's release of a security patch, the workaround for this issue was to turn off 16-bit application support, which prevented older programs (those written for DOS and Windows 3.1) from running. 64-bit versions of Windows are not affected since the NTVDM subsystem is not included. Once the Microsoft security patches had been applied to the affected operating systems the VDM could be safely reenabled.

Limitations
A limitation exists in the Windows XP 16-bit subsystem (but not in earlier versions of Windows NT) because of the raised per-session limit for GDI objects which causes GDI handles to be shifted to the right by two bits, when converting them from 32 to 16 bits. As a result, the actual handle cannot be larger than 14 bits and consequently 16-bit applications that happen to be served a handle larger than 16384 by the GDI system crash and terminate with an error message.

In general, VDM and similar technologies do not satisfactorily run most older DOS games on today's computers. Emulation is only provided for the most basic peripherals, often implemented incompletely. For example, sound emulation in NTVDM is very limited. NT-family versions of Windows only update the real screen a few times per second when a DOS program writes to it, and they do not emulate higher resolution graphics modes. Because software mostly runs native at the speed of the host CPU, all timing loops will expire prematurely. This either makes a game run much too fast or causes the software not even to notice the emulated hardware peripherals, because it does not wait long enough for an answer.

Absence in x64 and AArch64 architectures
In an x86-64 CPU, virtual 8086 mode is available as a sub-mode only in its legacy mode (for running 16- and 32-bit operating systems), not in the native 64-bit long mode. NTVDM is not supported on x86-64 editions of Windows, including DOS programs, because NTVDM uses VM86 CPU mode instead of the Local Descriptor Table in order to enable 16‑bits segment required for addressing. NTVDM is also unavailable on AArch64 versions of Windows (such as Windows RT), because Microsoft did not release a full emulator for this incompatible instruction set like it did on previous incompatible architectures.

Whilst NTVDM is not supported on x86-64 and AArch64 versions of Windows, they can still be run using virtualization software, such as Windows XP Mode in non-home versions of Windows 7 or VMware Workstation. Other methods include using NTVDMx64, an unofficial port of the emulated implementation of NTVDM from the leaked Windows NT 4.0 source code for non-x86 platforms, or OTVDM (WineVDM), a 16-bit Windows interpreter based on MAME's i386 emulation and the 16-bit portion of the popular Windows compatibility layer, Wine.

WineVDM
A VDM is included in Wine and CrossOver for Linux and Mac OS X, known as WineVDM (also known as OTVDM). It has also been ported to Windows itself, as 64-bit versions of Windows do not include the NTVDM subsystem.

title: Virtual DOS machine


text:
Category:Desperate Housewives

A collection of articles about the ABC dramedy Desperate Housewives.

title: Category:Desperate Housewives


text:
VDM

VDM may refer to:

 * VDM Metals, a producer of nickel alloys and stainless steels
 * formerly known as Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, a manufacturer of aircraft propeller systems
 * VDM Publishing, a publishing group specializing in publishing German, French and English theses and dissertations
 * Van der Moolen N.V., a Dutch trading company
 * Verbi dei minister, an informal designation as a Christian minister
 * Vienna Development Method, a formal software development method
 * Value driven maintenance, industrial maintenance management methodology.
 * Virtual DOS machine
 * Vulnerability Discovery Model, used to estimate future vulnerability discovery process/trend

title: VDM