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Talk:Highway of Death

POV issues
I realize the temptation is great for some people to insert the anti-American propaganda associated with the "Highway of Death", but this either must be done in a non-POV manner in accordance with the policies of this site, or not at all.

All sources I have deleted were not only POV, they were factually inaccurate. There is no evidence supporting a claim that "tens of thousands" of Iraqi soldiers died thanks to the US destruction of their vehicles. There is similarly no evidence that civilians were killed. If these claims are to be included in the article, they must either be accompanied by an evidentiary basis, or they must be properly described as speculative, unsupported allegations, and the sources must be identified so readers can assess their credibility.

Personally, I think the existing article sums up the best evidence available to date in a non-POV way. For those who might be confused what I mean when I say POV in regard to this article, here are some illustrations:

pro-American / anti-Iraqi POV: "Those Iraqi aggressor scum deserved to die on that road! Their charred vehicles are proof that God was on America's side that day!"

anti-American / pro-Iraqi POV: "The Americans committed a war crime. The American cowards, wearing uniforms, attacked retreating army to feel good about its power.

I deleted several links because the whole point of the linked articles was to accuse US forces of war crimes. Given the evidence at hand, such claims are ridiculous propaganda. They do not further a good faith search for truth. - Kaltes, February 04, 2005

 * Fair comments. I've yet to read an account that looks properly researched with verifiable sources.  The key point to me, however, is that the only people desperate to get from Kuwait to Iraq during the last days of the conflict (or at any point from the invasion of August 1990) were Iraqi soldiers, which makes the claim of widespread civilian loss implausible.  They were attacked during hostilities - and that, after all, is what war, regrettably, is about (killing the enemy) - so it wasn't some sort of 'war crime'.  In fact the US was criticised afterwards for thinking it had destroyed Saddam's army when it plainly had not, hence the gross miscalculation in thinking that the uprising would succeed, sitting back waiting for it to happen, and thence leaving thousands to die.  That was the real crime of the first Gulf War JRJW 20 December 2005

 * I concur. As one can clearly see in the pictures, they are all (with no exception) Iraqi military vehicles, well, what remained. I don't think such comments about mass fatalities among civilians should be added unless there is an actual source (credible, not Aljazeera). - Eagleamn 12:37, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * There were some civilians in the convoy, many families of a collaborants (many former Palestinian workers in Kuwait, who after the Iraqi invasion had formed a militia to help the occupation - Arafat was the only pro-Saddam Arab national leader in the war), but also Kuwaiti prisoners and hostages. Most of a vehicles were actually various civilian and stolen in Kuwait (including even fire trucks), often loaded with a loot you see scattered in the photos.

I believe Seymour Hersh wrote an excellent article for the New Yorker that mentioned this. It should be added to external sources, and probably should be used as a source as well.

 * The fact that there's not a single quote from non-pro-american sources shows how biased this article is. This was yet another warcrime committed during a war started on lies.The phrase "anti-american" has been used on so many righteous people by now that we can consider it a compliment.
 * 186.156.28.83 (talk) 15:32, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

80
Various sources identify the road as 'Highway 80'; this link in particular is handy, as it has a rough map of the road (it's the second red arrow from the left). The thing is, did the Iraqis call it Highway 80, the Kuwaitis, the Americans, or who? I assume that, one day, Wikipedia will have articles on every major road in the world, in which case this page will have to be renamed. -Ashley Pomeroy 01:43, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Why would we rename the page based on that? We usually call battles "the battle of arbitrary_landmark" or "operation totally_irrelevant_word", not "the battle of x longitude and y latitude". OTOH, it is pretty much inevitable that an even more heinous attack will occur on some highway at some point in the future, at which point it may be more desirable to repurpose the name for that... Straker 23:36, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I concur. Besides, there is no consistent naming for other highways in that area, so it wouldn't make much sense to rename it, even if the battle itself never happened and it's just known as that. -- Eagleamn 06:45, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

You sir are a moron, who have not been there, and can not judge what happened watching the photos.

The Movie Jarhead
I think some mention of the highway's appearance in the movie Jarhead might be warranted, but I'm not certain how to go about doing it appropriately. Are there any other mentions in popular culture or literature? I imagine that scene is taken from the book Jarhead.
 * Insert a "Fictional Depictions" section at the end of the article, before the references section, then devote a short (1 to 2 sentences) paragraph to each separate depiction. That would seem to be the standard. As for other references, I have no idea. You'd have to sniff around. TaintedMustard 15:24, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

A few hundred death?
This is nonsense. You don't destroy almost 2000 vehicles and only kill "a few hundred". Time to call for. Please get your facts right. Dabljuh 03:04, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The article reads a fair one at the moment. I don't see the justification of the "totally disputed" since part of it is a direct quote and part is to the WW2 incident. GraemeLeggett 10:04, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Unless the vehicles have people in them they can be destroyed without people dieing.Prezen 13:28, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Its a PBS quote - PUBLIC broadcasting service - Government owned. "No, we didn't do no war crimes". A google lucky search on "Highway of Death" produces this, quite a startling report of the incidence at the Highway of Death. Even more startling however is that the only sort of detailed account of what happened in the article is an US government presentation, that says "No we didn't do no war crimes". I think that would be non-NPOV and also factually disputable. And here, even more details can be found. I don't think the current article has any relationship with what really happened there, or it is heavily slanted in favor of the US POV. More here still. Thus would be appropriate. Hell, why do you think they called it "Highway of Death" and not "Highway of many totally destroyed vehicles"? There is some significant amount of "POV" (facts) missing in there. Dabljuh 14:04, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

this <--- that is the most biased, amateurishly written, mindless, cranckpot, anti-american preaching I've ever been witnessed to. Even the North Korean propaganda I've found is less biased and anti-american than that is. It looks like it was written by a twelve year old ffs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.246.53.181 (talk) 12:44, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The article doesn't claim that "a few hundred" were killed; the U.S. Government does, and the article makes that very clear. If you want to add external references, or expand on the claims of human rights activists and the others, then go ahead. It's a lot more efficient than adding a disputed tag and then complaining on the talk page (no offense). TaintedMustard 15:39, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * agreed. this seems cut and dry to me.  If there are reports saying otherwise (there are) put them in.  But the US governments opinion on this is certainly relevent, and may be biased by default.  Oreo man 16:35, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * PBS isn't government owned.

Ramsey Clark
The German interwiki article on this subject mentions that former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark also cited the bombings as a war crime. If someone has a source for this, please include it. Thanks. Gilliamjf 09:01, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a book: "War Crimes: A Report on United States War Crimes Against Iraq" by Ramsey Clark.
 * In the table of contents you can read: "The Massacre of Withdrawing Soldiers on "The Highway of Death" page 90"
 * http://www.amazon.com/War-Crimes-Against-Activism-Politics/dp/0944624154/sr=8-1/qid=1169647382/ref=sr_1_1/104-5939450-7820756?ie=UTF8&s=books
 * http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-0944624154-0
 * I guess this book should be added as a source.
 * IMHO the article itself should be added to the category "War Crimes" which alredy exists on Wikipedia (I'm sorry that I don't have the knowledge to do so)
 * Amethyst1974 15:15, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

--

The article states

 * Activist and former United States Attorney General Ramsey Clark argued that these attacks violated the Third Geneva Convention, Common Article 3, which outlaws the killing of soldiers who "are out of combat."

and cites [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/22/weekinreview/the-world-theater-of-war-the-new-face-of-battle-wears-greasepaint.html Elaine Sciolino (February 22, 1998). "The World: Theater of War; The New Face of Battle Wears Greasepaint". The New York Times.]

The NYT article does not seem to have anything to do with this claim however and the closest to a citable resource I could find was in this talk page. At this point it should be replaced with a citation needed... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.48.66.130 (talk) 09:21, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Geneva Convention
What does it say about armed looters trying to escape? That's about the Highway, becuause at Junkyard it was more like a military withdrawal. --HanzoHattori 15:24, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

It says nothing about either cases. The cited convention dealt with POWs. Prezen 15:47, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

GCIII was indeed in 1949, and shouldn't be mistaken for GCIV. Of course the Fourth has nothing to do with this situation. However, GCIII has EVERYTHING to do with this situation, and clearly labels the Highway of Death as a war crime of sickening proportions. White flags of surrender are considered laying down arms, but that doesn't mean much in the face of a cluster bomb used on a civilian vehicle the Iraqi forces were fleeing in.

Geneva Convention III, ARTICLE 3:

In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum, the following provisions:

(1) Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria. To this end the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons:

(a) violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture; (b) taking of hostages; (c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular, humiliating and degrading treatment; (d) the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.

(2) The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.

An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict.

The Parties to the conflict should further endeavour to bring into force, by means of special agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the present Convention.

The application of the preceding provisions shall not affect the legal status of the Parties to the conflict.

-A US Veteran who doesn't care to register to address this appalling ignorance. Take this one as a freebie.

Historic Parallel
The "Historic Parallel" section shouldn't be here at all. First, it does not actually contribute to the understanding of what actually happened on Highway 80. I'm sure there are plenty of instances where retreating troops have been wiped out in grand fashion; those get their own articles, and if we want to make a list of them, sure, but not on this page. Also, this paragraph states that the attack on Highway 88 "mirrored" the attacks on the Falaise pocket; this claim is problematic because (a) it is unsourced, and (b) the article later states that the troops in the Falaise pocket attempted to surrender, and nowhere (in this article at least) is it established that the troops on Highway 88 made any attempt to surrender.Nosferatublue 14:47, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Synth
I tagged the Geneva Conventions for synth. It's possible that this is the case, but we need a reliable source who has made this allegation. Dchall1 19:07, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

I was there

 * Army Medic- A grunts best friend says: —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.183.134.209 (talk) 20:18, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

I was one of the very few to go down the valley of death a day or so after it happened and there were hardly any bobies, I guess we saw about 3 dozen mainly incinerated corpses. Not pleasant, but I did not personally see the thousands of dead that others accuse. Consider this - the valley of death was flanked on the West by a huge minefield which had tank mines and helicopter poles in (to prevent an offensive - lets guess who put them there? You are right - the Iraqi's.   The east (shore side) was a rock / sandstone cliff (you could not bury anything there). The north and south of the road were similar - so where did all the bodies go?  There were some corpses that had come up through the sand (this does happen in sand as it moves in the wind), but no more than a dozen or so.  Most vehicles were burned out and only one coach we saw had any corpses in it. Tanks (a few) did have dead in. As did a large ambulance. I think (and this is a considered think - 16 years in the making) that the majority walked, but some of the drivers would have probably stayed behind and been killed. This was not a war crime but it was one of the last offensives of the war from an army that was fleeing - the brutality we witnessed when we visited sites was horrific - war is a brutal business; the Iraqi Armed Forces were not pink and fluffy - they treated civilians and soldiers very badly - we saw the evidence. I was an Army medic by the way (British)and walking and driving down the valley of death will live with me and my colleagues for the rest of our lives. Arm chair Generals rarely make good soldiers! Not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DESMO THRUST

212.183.134.209 (talk) 20:20, 10 January 2008 (UTC)Desmo Thrust

(Engineer) Relpying 12 years later, but I was in 1st BDE, 3rd AD, I would say I personally saw like you said about couple dozen incinerated corpses, but I did see at least another dozen along the side of the road that were not incinerated. One I remember in particular, had to be the tallest Iraq I ever saw. Someone covered his face up, but the depth of the Handkerchief (lightblue colored, ive always remembered that) they used you can tell the top part of his head that the sinus cavity was exposed. I recall also seeing a lot of nice cars burnt up as well as dead horses. I felt there were more, but had no desire to keep looking. As to thousands as claimed by some, I don't think so. pretty sure majority ran and left their vehicles. Dennis — Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.56.180.130 (talk) 08:22, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Can you tell me more about what you saw? My uncle was among those missing in this crime. I really miss him Laith coloniol (talk) 20:18, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

Environmental Situation?
It would be nice if any information can be found on what environmental impact the destroyed vehicles, equipment, and supplies may have, especially after sitting there for 18 years. What steps has the Kuwait Government taken to clean up the remains? Dpaanlka (talk) 01:41, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Note re: Casualty Figures
I seriously suggest the claims of civilian casualties be taken with a grain of salt, for several reasons:

1) a modest portion of the vehicles destroyed in the strikes were Kuwaiti civilian autos, stolen by Iraqi soldiers or Palestinian-Kuwaiti 3rd-columnists. Typically they were packed with looted goods (furniture, gold, etc) from Kuwaiti residences and businesses and then driven back into Iraq to be fenced on the black market. Some of them made it, some of them didn't. Regardless, anyone driving a looted Kuwaiti automobile into a war zone was NOT able to claim protection as a civilian non-combatant (CNC) under the Geneva convention.

2) I have not personally laid eyes on any investigation which gives concrete examples of GENEVA-CONVENTION RECOGNIZED civilian noncombatants being killed by airstrikes in this area. Many people seem to be confusing the concepts of "civilian who does not wear a uniform, but has been in active support of the Iraqi army's military operation, has been armed and protected by the Iraqi army, and is returning to Iraq with looted civilian goods" and "civilian non-combatant per the Geneva Convention". The two are not the same. One is considered a partisan (i.e- an illegal combatant, like at Gitmo) and is subject to being summarily shot wherever they are found. Look it up.

2a) Since there's nearly no intact (or extant) bodies to examine for evidence, one could conceivably, therefore, call every charred corpse in a civilian clothes in a civilian vehicle a "civilian non-combatant killed by the US". This would, of course, be grossly inaccurate.

3) Ockham's Razor. Why were they there at all? If I was a civilian fleeing to Iraq, it'd be because I knew the Kuwaitis were about to get their country back and as soon as they did, my head was going to be on the block for collaboration. If I was going, I'd take a bunch of nice shit with me. Why not? And I can tell you for damn sure that if I heard a plane, I'd run like HELL. Alternately, we have buses full of nuns and pregnant women getting nuked off the highway with Maverick missiles while George Bush rubs his palms with glee. Uh huh. Enough bullshit, please. People will say all kinds of bullshit when their hands are caught in the cookie jar. Bullzeye (Ring for Service) 08:52, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Using Ockham's Razor, they were there because they fucking lived in the area, unlike the war criminals and mercenaries who traveled half across the world to destroy one country and dominate the other.
 * 186.156.28.83 (talk) 15:36, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Should we keep both attacks in one article?
--Captain Obvious and his crime-fighting dog (talk) 18:51, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I presume you mean the Highway of Death vs Battle of the Junkyard? In which case i say no, these should not be lumped together.  A signifigent portion of the controversies section is about the Battle of the Junkyard, but this is unclear from the article itself. In one instance, we have two quotes, one about junkyard and another about HoD with no indication that we are talking about different engagements.  I am going to cut out the March 2nd Junkyard stuff and paste it here, pending perhaps a new article on the topic. Bonewah (talk) 13:16, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with separating the two, and I've changed the link to this article in the Gulf War campaign infobox as it was also referencing the two battles as one engagement. ViperNerd (talk) 18:54, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

March 2 attack
On the coastal Highway 8, known as the place of the Battle of Rumailah/Rumaylah or Battle of the Junkyard, vehicles of the elite Iraqi Republican Guard 1st Armored Division Hammurabi had been destroyed over a much larger area in smaller groups and attacking Allied ground forces (namely the U.S. 24th Infantry Division) played a key role in the attack. The vehicles, practically every one of which was destroyed, were predominantly military. The American commanding general described the carnage as "one of the most astounding scenes of destruction I have ever participated in." While the Hammurabi Division ceased to exist, only one U.S. soldier was injured and a Bradley IFV and an Abrams tank were destroyed, none of them by enemy fire, but by flying debris from exploding Iraqi vehicles. The attack took place two days after the war was officially halted by American ceasefire, when the Iraqis and the Allied coalition were scheduled to begin formal peace talks.

Also questioned was the decision by General Barry McCaffrey to attack Iraqis near the Rumailah oil fields after the official ceasefire. According to journalist Seymour Hersh,

Nothing To Do With Civilians
The allegation of 10,000 civilian deaths is completely unsupported. The only thing involving civilians would point to the escaping Iraqi looters who were trying to get away with civilian vehicles. I was there in the aftermath and catalogued the military equipment. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Davelax102 (talk • contribs) 00:06, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Additions to 'In Popular Culture'
I've expanded the pop cult section to include mention of Tony Harrison's poem 'A Cold Coming', which was inspired by imagery from the Highway of Death. Although I've cited sources and provided links, I'm not sure how to make them appear correctly at the bottom of the page (they're there, but they look a little bare). Could someone more technologically-minded please assist with this? Thanks BlackMarlin (talk) 03:56, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Its a encyclopedia
Just because almost everyone think it's wrong doesn't mean we have to say it's wrong in a encyclopedia, as it is unnecssary to make people who think it is correct feel bad. All this article is supposed to do is to sum up the event.

We also cannot make concludions about things without evidence: There is no evidence that hostages held by Iraq were killed(maybe some of their bodies are fake hostages) There is no evidence that Iraqi civilians were killed(maybe they're soldiers that abandoned their equpitment) There is no evidence that many Iraqi soldiers were murderers/rapists/looters(maybe some are) There is no evidence that American troops didn't shoot at people escaping from their vehicles(maybe the sources are making up infomation they don't know about)

114.240.126.200 (talk) 03:02, 24 February 2010 (UTC)Mr. Anonymous

False information
There were no allied personnel killed or planes shot down. --82.160.239.145 (talk) 12:35, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Bogus Photo
That "highway 80" photo is bogus. Those are un-damaged abandoned vehicles, covered in graffiti, and looted (wheels taken, etc). None of the street-lights or roads show any damage, and nothing in it appears to have anything to do with fighting, besides one old tank under the rubble.

The photo's EXIF data is dated 2006, and someone has used Photoshop on it, so there's no way to tell what they changed or what other nefarious things they might have been upto by trying to pass it off as a '91 war shot.

One element of EXIF data suggest the camera used was a D50 - the first of these were made in 2005.

If nothing else - the caption to the photo needs fixing, it's definitely not a 1991 photo as claimed! 120.151.160.158 (talk) 07:30, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Might be an inaccurate description -- "demolished" versus "abandoned" -- but that's as far as I will agree with you.

 * You can view this exact photo on the Department of Defense's imagery website by searching the photo number, DF-ST-92-09592, or just by searching for "Highway 80."  If you search for "Highway 80," two other photos come up that are listed as being taken by the same TSgt Joe Coleman, in the same lighting conditions, and those photos definitely show obvious battle damage.

 * This particular image looks like a scan done of a slide or negative -- slide film and negative film are how we used to take pictures before digital cameras. The film grain in the full resolution image is patently obvious.  While a photo taken with a digital camera at a higher digital ISO setting would produce grain, it would also be more likely to produce chromatic aberration or purple fringing -- given the lighting and the amount of highlights in this photo, I'd certainly expect to see some purple fringing, but I see none.  And I didn't see anything in the EXIF data that said either Nikon or D50 -- but I did see plenty of EXIF data on the scanning process.

 * But other than that . . . nice try with the detective work. Hzoi (talk) 17:06, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

Copy Editing
I'm copy editing this article for a class, and I will return with my edits in roughly two weeks. If possible, please don't make any changes until then! Thanks! Dobsonsf (talk) 13:44, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

Antitank Mines laid by Marines? Where is the source?
I flew one mission that attacked the convoy on the last night of the war. I'm not aware of any antitank mines being used by Marine aviation or ground forces. My squadron (and our partner Marine A-6 squadron, VMA(AW)-224) probably hit that highway harder than any other unit and I may have been one of the very first jets (if not the first) to attack the convoy. We basically flew a teardrop pattern, first dropping 6 Mk-82 500 lb bombs on the rear of the convoy (as depicted by using the moving target indicator feature of the radar) and then proceeding north for a few miles turning about 30 deg left, then making a right-hand 150 deg turn to turn due south. Again, using the moving target indicator mode, I targeted the north end of the convoy and dropped the remaining 6 500 lb Mk-82s. These were typically dual-fused with an impact fuse in the tail and a VT fuse in the nose, dropped unguided using radar (augmented with laser ranging) from about 6,000 ft MSL. A 37mm AAA gun opened up on us as we were watching our hits. The bombs landed right at the front of the convoy and definitely started or added to a bad traffic jam. My login isn't working but I'll try and keep an eye on this.

I've got to add that my logbook shows the flight occurring on the 25th, not the 26th or 27th. It was a fairly early launch - probably around 2030 for our first flight (where we hit vehicles on the Hwy that runs E/W south of Kuwait City), then we returned to hot refuel and hot rearm before the flight I described above. 63.232.44.130 (talk)Michael K. —Preceding undated comment added 20:46, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

--Niemti (talk) 21:11, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

Also, "The first A-6 attacks bottled up the corridor with CBU-78 Gator air-delivered mines." (The 3d Marine Aircraft Wing in Desert Shield and Desert Storm - Page 162) --Niemti (talk) 21:32, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

The whole article could be much better sources (and maybe expanded too). --Niemti (talk) 21:42, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

It was Rockeye not GATOR mines
Considering I was flying the airplane that not only discovered the convoy of vehicles which had just started heading out of Kuwait City, we did not drop GATOR mines and THEN drop Rockeye. When we flew missions we either carried one of the other, but not both. There were no GATOR mines unless a later airplane dropped them because they ran our of Rockeye.

We started by dropping 12 Rockeye in chained sets of 2 at a 45 degree angle to the road to ensure coverage. As we blocked the road, we bombed the rear vehicles as well as the vehicles trying to pass around the sides of the vehicles that were blocking the road.

We made 6 runs total and dropped 12 Rockeye, which was our loadout. A british TV program titled "Panorama" interviewed us afterward when the USMC informed them who the pilot and BN was. Not sure if it every aired or to what extent because I never saw it.

But it was not GATOR and then Rockeye. It was done completely with Rockeye. 20:39, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

Language added by 76.20.61.181 asserting bias is itself unabashedly biased
Not all agreed with this point of view, although many arguments against General Schwarzkopf's views are colored by their political biases

This is an editorial opinion, not a sourced fact.

Above pro-Saddam views have since been subject to various degrees of scrutiny, with many alleging it attempts to manipulate western values and sensitivities while casually dismissing any lack of supporting evidence and facts in favor of emotional, shallow, and selectively moralistic wordings to deceive the audience.

Blatantly biased. There's no place for editorializing here. Quoting verifiable sources that hold this point of view is fine; expressing it as an encyclopedic fact is not. 72.200.151.13 (talk) 08:06, 28 June 2014 (UTC)

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The lead seems biased
It makes no mention of the war crimes accusations, but does say this:
 * Many Iraqi forces, however, successfully escaped across the Euphrates river, and the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency estimated that upwards of 70,000 to 80,000 troops from defeated divisions in Kuwait might have fled into Basra, evading capture.

According to the people accusing the United States of war crimes, retreating forces are supposed to be allowed to escape; they're not supposed to be bombed. Why isn't this mentioned? As far as I can see in the Controversy section, this is the only argument against the war crimes accusations:
 * Journalist Georgie Anne Geyer criticized Hersh's article, saying that he offered "no real proof at all that such charges—which were aired, investigated and then dismissed by the military after the war—are true."

This has become somewhat of a cliche in recent years; the idea that militaries or police forces are capable of clearing themselves of wrongdoing has been widely panned for a good reason. The U.S. Military isn't qualified to write a Wikipedia article about the Highway of Death; that would be called a conflict of interest. How on Earth could they clear themselves of war crimes? Imagine if the Nazis had tried themselves. Or Saddam Hussein had tried himself.

The article is written in such a way that it not only downplays and trivializes the charges, but it actually portrays the U.S. Military as too weak for allowing some Iraqis to avoid capture. Which honestly seems like a shockingly far-right stance for anyone to take, and doesn't belong in a Wikipedia article. Finsternish (talk) 11:54, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

False balance
There is currently an edit war going on between me and over their attempt to change the word "victims" to "dead," under the assumption that "victims" is a value-laden word. My issue with this is that "victims" contains the information that they died because someone killed them, rather than simply dying. "Dead" contains no information as to how they died. I think Scoundr3l is equivocating with the word "victim," confusing the subjective sense of "person who was wronged" with the objective sense of "object of a destructive act."

Calling them "dead" sounds Orwellian to me, an attempt at false balance; neutral point of view doesn't mean eliminating facts to make the situation seem more neutral than it really is. With that said, is there a better word than "dead" or "victim" which continues to contain the sense of how they died?

Finally, Scroundr3l, in the edit history, you misunderstood the concept of "conservative correctness"; it is political correctness as applied by conservatives, not conservative bias as such. Finsternish (talk) 12:52, 20 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Firstly, I wouldn't exactly call it an edit war. I reverted you once on an issue of verifiability, which I believe is justifiable. Second, since the source uses the word "dead", any issue you have with that word is your own and not representative of the source. If you, as an editor, think it's important to change the language used by the source because it introduces more information, that's the definition of editorialization. You're introducing information that isn't in the cited piece. See WP:V. I understand the use of the word "victim" and I'm not even disagreeing with it, but it must be asked why you insist of using this word. You yourself seem to realize how it's ambiguous, so why should we not prefer the language used in the source? What, if not value, is added by changing the language? Finally, I don't see any practical difference between "politicial correctness applied by conservatives" and "conservative bias", but let's not split hairs on that. I'm not a conservative and the (quite liberal) source uses "dead". You're welcome to disagree with the source's language, but that doesn't really apply to the application of policy. Scoundr3l (talk) 16:05, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I think 'dead' is the correct wording. There is basically no question how they died as the rest of the article makes clear so im not persuaded by the argument that "Dead" contains no information as to how they died.  Further, the quote itself uses the word dead so i think we should just for consistency sake. Bonewah (talk) 16:43, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

Should an event taking place in a fictional country with vastly different details in the new COD game be referenced in the article
The real event involved coalition forces in the past bombing Iraqi soldiers during their invasion of Kuwait. The fictional event takes place in the future in the fictional state of Urzikstan and involves Russians bombing civilians fleeing the Russian invasion. The only shared feature is the name. There is currently an editor edit-warring by making 4 reverts, the last under a name meant to imitate me, while using the edit page as a discussion forum and accusing me of doing so. Please discuss here instead. My opinion is that it should not be included as it's not a reference to the event, especially with no valid sources. AlignedText (talk) 04:15, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I think it's very clear what the intentions are in naming it after the real life event, with the misattribution for the crimes committed in question. Ignoring the obvious attempt at whitewashing US war crimes isn't helping anyone, and I'm sure even relatively mainstream media sources will report on and confirm the intentions such that this incident can be added to the Popular Culture section of this article. 50.200.179.130 (talk) 13:59, 28 October 2019 (UTC)whatever

 * I appreciate that you want to express that bombing invading soldiers during a war is a crime, or that the coalition didn't exist and it was just the US, but you should make a separate thread for that. The topic of this thread is whether an unrelated fictional event that shares the same name should be referenced in this article and how. AlignedText (talk) 18:45, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I believe it should be included due to the similarities. There is only 1 event in history, and on this entire site, with the title "highway of death". In the game the "highway of death" is an event where a superpower bombed a highway of fleeing vehicles during its one-sided war with a middle eastern country.

 * https://i.imgur.com/VreLQkA.png
 * https://i.imgur.com/xq107Yz.png

 * Even the imagery of the aftermath is the same. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD1Hzl2TjWw

 * The main thrust of the counter-argument is that it is set in a fictional country. However, simply naming your location "not-Iraq" does not immediately render all parallels between the ingame and real world null and void. You would have to ignore the precedent set in countless pieces of media, with poorly disguised sci-fi Soviet and US analogues. Even Avatar, set on another planet and in the far future, is rightly seen as making references to US overseas interventions simply due to its inclusion of terms like "shock-and-awe" and the distinctive UH-1 "thwop-thwop" sound effect for its flying machines. There's considerable precedent in video games. Arma 2 Operation Arrowhead's Takistan is an openly acknowledged stand-in for Pakistan. Medal of Honor Warfighter has a mission that recreates the rescue of Captain Phillips from the Maersk Alabama hijacking, despite it taking place in a different year in a different location.

 * That argument's also massively undermined by the fact that the game uses local Iraqi place names like Haditha. https://abload.de/img/i5fyresw3j4s.png The "highway of death" did take place on the Kuwaiti side of Highway 80, but the event is still synonymous with Iraq.

 * As for sources, I'm unsure which to use as image and youtube links are rather ephemeral. The controversy is definitely getting coverage by media outlets. https://www.vg247.com/2019/10/28/call-duty-modern-warfare-highway-of-death-russia/

 * I believe the original text was the best as it included the context of Iraqi place names, as the game's fictionality is the biggest point of contention in discussions both here and elsewhere. I would change the "committed" part though to "attributed":

 * In the 2019 video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, an event of similar circumstance occurs as part of the game's story and is referred to by characters as the "highway of death", only in this case it is attributed to the Russian military instead of Coalition forces. Though the event takes place in the fictional country of Urzikstan, the game still retains local Iraqi place names such as Haditha.

 * Temp89 (talk) 16:47, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

 * "The main thrust of the counter-argument is that it is set in a fictional country." Incorrect. The "main thrust" is that the fictional event is vastly different in detail in a game set in an alternate history future. There can very well be two events called "Highway of Death" in a fictional universe. For example, the game also shows the US using white phosphorous at the start. Should that also be included in war crimes involving white phosphorous? The game makes no indication that this Highway of Death is the only one in existence, nor that the original didn't happen. In the game, the event happens in a fictional country bordering Russia. Additionally, the targets of the bombing are not invading soldiers that haven't surrendered, but civilians fleeing an invasion. Finally, it happens in the future, not in 1991, nor does it state the previous Highway didn't happen. Your suggestion mentions "instead" a coalition not related to the second Highway, implying that it's erasing the original bombing of the invading Iraqi soldiers, and it also irrelevantly mentions Iraqi locations whereas the real world event took place in Kuwait.

 * In the 2019 video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, a similarly named Highway of Death in a fictional country involves Russian forces bombing fleeing civilians in contrast to the bombing of invading soldiers.

 * AlignedText (talk) 18:57, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

 * That doesn't really address the content of my post. For starters the game's Highway of Death occurred "decades ago", not in the game's "present day". It's already been shown that pieces of media have changed locations and times whilst still referencing events, so that entire point is moot. To maintain this facade that media can't be referencing real-life events if the details aren't identical would mean having to retroactively remove whole swaths of content from all over the site. It's a laughable claim that no student of Media Studies 101 would ever entertain. The name, the imagery, the locations...

 * It's also strange for you to argue that the game universe is entirely fictional and therefore can't possibly have any relation with real-world events, whilst simultaneously claiming it mirrors real-life exactly so this could be a second highway of death.

 * Finally, the fact that you repeatedly use such a reductionist description of the event as "bombing invading soldiers during a war", when on the very page we're discussing there's plenty of content about claims of civilian caravans and Kuwaiti hostages mixed in makes me question your objectivity. Personally feeling that such claims are over-stated or, when compared to your typical military operation, not deserving of controversy is one thing. But to actually want to stick that description of the event on the page belies your biases.

 * https://www.newsweek.com/call-duty-modern-warfare-highway-death-russia-gulf-war-1468207 More outlets are covering this. "'CALL OF DUTY: MODERN WARFARE' REWRITES THE HIGHWAY OF DEATH AS A RUSSIAN ATTACK, RATHER THAN AMERICAN" seems like a good enough source to warrant its place on the page.Temp89 (talk) 23:23, 29 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Nonsense about some video game should be removed and forbidden from this article. Bonewah (talk) 15:52, 31 October 2019 (UTC)
 * The term "highway of death" is a relatively simple construction, there is no indication that this particular use is really related to the actual historical event. The newsweek source you cite is fairly weak, only mentioning that the game refers to a "highway of death" and then describing the real thing.  Bonewah (talk) 14:41, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I would say the Highway of Death as a the title of an event has only occurred once in history (and only returns one result on this site). It's emphasised as the name of the place rather than a casual tacking on of the "of death" suffix to some obstacle the characters are facing. The game could have made the event completely different, such as Venezuelan terrorists sniping drivers causing a pile-up in the US, or high-tech suicide drones attacking a VIP convoy in Serbia. Call of Duty's remit in terms of settings and battlefields is wide. But they chose to make it an aerial bombardment of a highway of fleeing vehicles by a superpower during its one-sided war with a middle eastern country.

 * https://media.criticalhit.net//2019/10/COD-Highway-of-Death-2.jpg
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD1Hzl2TjWw&t=160

 * vs

 * https://video-images.vice.com/_uncategorized/1572376260536-1280px-Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpeg
 * https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-62008594,width-640,resizemode-4,imgsize-323050/highway-of-death-iraq.jpg
 * https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,fl_progressive,g_center,h_675,pg_1,q_80,w_1200/khwsxovjwoqcujkoslpj.jpg

 * The follow-up response is usually that the setting is fictional. And I would say that simply naming your location "not-Iraq" does not immediately render all parallels between the ingame and real world null and void. If Avatar can make successful parallels between itself and Vietnam & Iraq despite being set a hundred years in the future and on an entirely different planet, then this clears the bar easily. Indeed, many many pieces of media have retooled real-life events to fit their plots, and none more so than video games (see previous Talk for more examples). Vice has a good article on how the game blurs situations together because for most consumers, there would be little difference:

 * "In the minds of most Americans, the Forever War exists in a nebulous country Over There. We’re fighting in Afghanistan, the Middle East, and North Africa. But all these places are treated as interchangeable.

 * In the popular imagination, the mountains of the Korengal Valley are next to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, across the street from the tank graveyards of Syria, downriver from the poppy fields of Kabul, and a just a quick drive down the Cairo–Dakar Highway. The popular and political imagination can no longer tell them apart—hell, it never could—and popular art is not attempting to make a distinction."
 * https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mbmwgn/modern-warfare-the-highway-of-death-and-call-of-dutys-exploitation-of-the-past

 * Secondly, I would argue it's now reached the point of where our personal interpretations no longer matter. The sheer volume of media coverage from non-tinpot sources warrants inclusion, even if couched in terms of "claims", "accusations", or "backlash". I would include a mix of mainstream news sources like the BBC that are known to have more rigorous editorial processes but will have less detailed entertainment coverage, and more consumer media-centric outlets that do deep dives on the subjects like Eurogamer (who I believe have been cited by news outlets when covering gaming media). There is no shortage of articles to choose from.Temp89 (talk) 17:52, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Video Game Propaganda?
The article does include the fact that a Call of Duty game depicts this war crime but shifts the blame to Russia instead - since the US Military works to help develop the Call of Duty games, that makes the shift of responsibility something worth mentioning in a way more direct than the casual parenthetical it currently has. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.28.196.172 (talk) 04:35, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

 * "The US military work to help develop the Call of Duty games" seems a nebulous, documentable claim unless we are counting retirees acting as advisors as proof of an institutional, material effort to "help develop". I cannot find any sources on the US military actually funding the franchise, let alone providing technical assistance. 2601:640:C000:6490:2179:205F:BD67:FC64 (talk) 18:31, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 November 2019
Under the "In Popular Culture" section, I would like to include a reference in the 2019 game Call of Duty Modern Warfare 4. The reference includes a false statement that the Russian Federation bombed the retreating Iraqi forces on the highway when it was really coalition forces led by the United States. Atoledo29 (talk) 19:03, 8 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Sceptre (talk) 01:01, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

John Pilger as a source?
Don't think we should use John Pilger as a source and quote such a large body of text for the article for a couple reasons. First and foremost, he wasn't there despite the article reading like he was. He watched it on TV in Australia and typed up an article from there. Second, he's got a heckuva anti-US bias, which might be fine normally, but strays into incredulity when he makes claims like "Hillary Clinton started ISIS," assertions of a deep state, Anti-Russian coup to oust Trump, and that the US government was actually behind chemical attacks in Syria, as well as the downing of MH17, and the poisoning of Sergei Skripal in the UK. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.186.101.151 (talk) 22:18, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
 * If the IP editor is correct, that would be a good reason to remove the material to which he is referring. Anyone have access to the book used as a source here?  If so, can you confirm that Pilger was simply describing what he saw on television? Bonewah (talk) 12:13, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * According to the latest edit summary diff Pilger *did not* witness the events. As such, i think removal of this material is correct.  Bonewah (talk) 14:17, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

I have a question
What is the shape of Highway 80 today? Are the vehicles and T-54 tanks still there or are they cleared up? 73.230.178.114 (talk) 15:46, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

Civilian casualties in the infobox?
I think civilian casualties should be included in the infobox like in many articles on Wikipedia, It would save the reader reading time. Mordanist (talk) 20:34, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Highway of Death


text:
Polly Pocket

Polly Pocket is a toy line of dolls and accessories first founded and designed by Chris Wiggs in 1983 and licensed by Bluebird Toys from 1989 until both entities/properties were acquired by Mattel in 1998.

History
Polly Pocket was first designed by Chris Wiggs in 1983 for his daughter Kate. Using a makeup powder compact, he fashioned a small house for the tiny doll. Bluebird Toys of Swindon, England, licensed the concept and the first Polly Pocket toys appeared in stores in 1989. Mattel held a distribution arrangement with Bluebird Toys for Polly Pocket items in the early 1990s. In 1998, while production lulled/slowed down, Bluebird Toys endured multiple hostile takeover attempts until Mattel finally purchased both the brand and Bluebird Toys later that year. The sets made by Bluebird Toys are now valuable collectables.

The original Polly Pocket toys were plastic cases that opened to form a dollhouse or other playset with Polly Pocket figurines less than an inch tall. The dolls folded in the middle, like the case, and had circular bases which slotted into holes in the case interior, allowing them to stand securely at particular points in the house. This was particularly useful for moving points in the case. Because the dolls were so small, sometimes they came enclosed in pendants or large rings instead of the more typical playset cases. In 1998, Mattel redesigned Polly Pocket. The new doll was larger, with a more lifelike appearance than the original dolls. She had a straight ponytail, rather than the curly bob hairstyle used previously. The following year, Mattel also introduced "Fashion Polly!," which used the same characters from the new Polly Pocket (Polly, Lea, Shani, Lila, etc.), but they came in the form of 3+3/4 in plastic jointed dolls. They gave a new spin on fashion dolls; instead of traditional cloth clothing, Polly Pockets used unique "Polly Stretch" garments, created by Genie Toys, rubbery plastic clothes that could be put on the dolls and removed. There are also some boy dolls (Rick, Steven, etc.). Like the Barbie and Bratz brands, Polly Pocket has also expanded into a media franchise, consisting of DVD-exclusive animated films, books and a website, with the latter currently a section of/under the larger Mattel website.

In 2002, Mattel stopped producing the smaller Polly Pocket playset range but continued to produce the larger fashion doll.

In 2004, Mattel introduced the Polly Pocket "Quik Clik" line. Instead of having rubbery clothes, the dolls had plastic clothes that would click together by magnets. On November 22, 2006, 4.4 million Polly Pocket playsets were recalled by Mattel after children in the United States swallowed loose magnetic parts. Affected toys had been sold around the world for three years prior. As defined by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the use of magnets in children's toys—and particularly the inclusion of two or more magnetic parts in such toys—has resulted in many significant injuries in children, and has been repeatedly flagged as hazardous by the commission, who have sued many companies over such toys and announced many recalls.

Mattel relaunched Polly Pocket in 2010 by making further changes to the dolls, including increasing feet size, head size, and leg size, although the height remains approximately the same. However, fan reactions were mixed. It also introduced the Cutants, which are non-articulated figures of hybrid animals.

In 2012, Polly Pocket toys were discontinued in the U.S. but remained available in Europe and South America. The brand dwindled, eventually only being sold in Brazil. The dolls would continue to be sold exclusively in Brazil until the brand's 2018 reboot.

On February 12, 2018, Garrett Sander announced on his Instagram page that Polly Pocket would be making a comeback, with a relaunch of the dolls. The new toys are miniature dolls in playsets, like the original 1990s Polly Pocket, rather than the larger Fashion Polly. However, they are slightly larger than the original 1990s version. Rather than slotting into holes in the case, the new Polly is made of a flexible plastic that sticks to certain surfaces, but also bends so she can sit in a chair.

In addition to the reboot in 2018, Hot Topic and Unique Vintage clothing brands have created merchandise inspired by the vintage Polly Pocket brand including handbags, makeup and clothing items for adults.

Films

 * Polly Pocket: Lunar Eclipse (2004)
 * Polly Pocket 2: Cool at the Pocket Plaza (2005)
 * PollyWorld (2006)
 * Untitled Live Action film (TBA)

Web series
Mattel revived Polly Pocket in 2010 with two-season web serial programming, which is currently only available on YouTube. The first season of the first webseries was made using flash animation technology with the rest of the series using CGI. The web series maintained a pattern until it got a soft revival starting in 2013 having some characters removed and many other changes until the last season in 2017.

TV series
Mattel relaunched the brand for a second time in 2018 by collaborating with DHX Media (now WildBrain) on a new animated TV series which initially aired on Canadian television on Family Channel on July 8, 2018. The series featured a young girl named Polly who has a magical locket that allows her and her friends to shrink down to a tiny size. The series is currently available for streaming on YouTube, Netflix, Hulu and Paramount+.

Playset characters
Below is the list of recurring characters who appeared several early Polly Pocket playsets. This list does not include characters who only appear in one nor two playsets.
 * Polly Pocket: Originally with curly blonde/gold hair and a headband in different colors that usually matched her outfit, Polly Pocket was the mayor of Pollyville. Later, her design changed to feature a ponytail instead of the curly hair.
 * Tiny Tina: A doll with blonde pigtails.
 * Wee Willie: A boy doll with a blond bowlcut.
 * Midge: A strawberry blonde doll with a "Dutch boy" straight hair with bangs usually wearing overalls.
 * Little Lulu: Straight brown hair parted in the middle, usually wearing a playsuit or swimsuit. She is named after a comic character.
 * Pixie: Brown hair parted in the middle in flip style, usually wearing a long-sleeved top with a scoop neckline in different colors.
 * Titch: A boy doll with brown hair in a bowlcut, sometimes wears a hat.

Modern-day era

 * Shani: an African-American doll with curly dark hair.
 * Lila: a doll with brown pixie cut later red ponytail.
 * Todd: A boy with brown hair.
 * Lea: a doll with long red hair.
 * Ana: Dark-haired doll with curly hair.
 * Crissy: Short brown hair with bangs. In 2010, her ethnicity is Asian along her hair is long and jet black, but dyed with pink streaks.
 * Rick: A boy with blond hair.

Other toylines
Some similar toylines to Polly Pocket include Mighty Max by BlueBird as linked below. But a few other small scale sets that came out around the time of the original BlueBird compact Polly Pocket sets include Starcastle Kingdom by Treadmasters in 1995 and Fairy Winkles were produced by Kenner in 1993–1995. Small compact toys featuring Pokémon characters were created by Tomy and Nintendo in 1997 called "Pokémon Mate" which were a similar scale and style to the Polly Pocket toys. Lastly, Bluebird Toys produced miniature Disney sets from 1997 to 1999.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Polly Pocket


text:
Talk:David Devant & His Spirit Wife

Untitled
Is the group title deliberately uncapitalised? If it's an error maybe this should be made into a redirect page. If it's correct maybe that should be clarified as well quercus robur 12:56, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Britpop?
re

Although I would regard Britpop as a genre (many sources, including WP, agree) I agree with the removal. They were of the Britpop era, but they weren't Britpop themselves. Andy Dingley (talk) 21:25, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Devant & His Spirit Wife


text:
Cowboy bowline

The cowboy bowline or left-hand bowline, is a variation of the bowline loop knot.

The cowboy bowline has the working end go around the standing part on the side closer to the loop and results with the working end outside the loop. In contrast, a regular bowline has the working end finishing inside the loop. (The "rabbit" goes around the "tree" in the opposite direction from normal.) The Ashley Book of Knots states that it is "distinctly inferior" to the standard bowline because of its similarity to the left-hand sheet bend. Various tests of the different versions' strengths show little difference; conjecture about either knot's vulnerability to some failure remain pretty much only that – conjectures. However, the left-hand bowline is much more stable under ring loading, as it then acts effectively as a proper Lapp bend, while the simple bowline acts as the inferior version of the Lapp bend, which tends to slip.

As for the tail of a regular bowline finishing "inside the loop [eye]", that is more a formal-image state than one of an actual knot, as the draw of the standing part will pull the tail around so that it actually points away from the eye, but there are various ways the knot can be dressed to affect this aspect.

Some hearsay suggest the Dutch Navy uses (or used) this variant of the bowline because they consider it superior since the working end is not so easily pushed back by accident. However, there is no documentation to confirm this claim, and some Dutch knot tyers outright deny it.

Another piece of unverified lore is that it is called a winter bowline because the exposed working end on the outside would blow in the wind and prevent it from freezing to the loop on ships in the north Atlantic during winter. (This suggests that the standard bowline would be the summer bowline.)

Security
There is a rule of thumb which states that the loose end should be as long as 12 times the circumference of the cord for the sake of safety.

Cowboy bowline is tested to be more resistant to cross loading (ring loading, transverse loading) than regular bowline. Like the right-hand bowline, it can spontaneously loosen under cyclic loading, and is not recommended for life-critical applications.

title: Cowboy bowline


text:
Christian Abraham Fleetwood

Christian Abraham Fleetwood (July 21, 1840 – September 28, 1914), was an African American non-commissioned officer in the United States Army, a commissioned officer in the D.C. National Guard, an editor, a musician, and a government official. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the American Civil War. He wrote "The Negro As a Soldier" for the Negro Congress at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia held in November 1895.

Early life
Fleetwood was born in Baltimore on July 21, 1840, the son of Charles and Anna Maria Fleetwood; both were free persons of color. He established and published The Lyceum Observer, said to be the first newspaper in the Upper South to be owned and operated by an African American.

Education
He received his early education in the home of a wealthy sugar merchant and chairman of Baltimore's Chamber of Commerce, John C. Brunes, and his wife. The latter treated Fleetwood like her son and taught him to read and write. He continued his education at the Maryland State Colonization Society, went briefly to Liberia and Sierra Leone, and graduated in 1860 from Ashmun Institute (later known as Lincoln University) in Oxford, Pennsylvania.

Enlistment
When the American Civil War disrupted travel by ship to Liberia, Fleetwood went to Baltimore's Camp Birney formerly called Camp Belger and enlisted into Company G of the 4th Regiment United States Colored Infantry, Union Army, on August 11 or August 17, 1863. Due to his educated background, Fleetwood was given the rank of sergeant upon enlistment and was promoted to sergeant major on August 19. His regiment, assigned to the 3rd Division, saw service with the 10th, 18th, and 25th Army Corps in campaigns in North Carolina and Virginia, particularly on July 16, 1864, in the Battle of Petersburg and on September 29–30, 1864, in the Battle of Chaffin's Farm.

Battle of Chaffin's Farm and Medal of Honor
On September 29, 1864, the 3rd Division, including Fleetwood's regiment, participated in the Battle of Chaffin's Farm on the outskirts of the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. During the 4th Regiment's charge on the enemy fortifications, Fleetwood supervised the unit's left flank. Among the charging soldiers was Sergeant Alfred B. Hilton, the bearer of two flags, one of which had been seized from a wounded sergeant. When Hilton himself was wounded, Fleetwood and another soldier, Charles Veale, each grabbed a flag from him before the colors could touch the ground. Now carrying the American flag, Fleetwood continued forward under heavy fire until it became clear that the unit could not penetrate the enemy defenses. Retreating to the reserve line, he used the flag to rally a small group of men and continue the fight. For their actions during the battle, Fleetwood, Hilton, and Veale were each issued the Medal of Honor just over six months later, on April 6, 1865. Fleetwood's official Medal of Honor citation reads simply: "Seized the colors, after two color bearers had been shot down, and bore them nobly through the fight." The medal is now part of the collection of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. Sergeant Major Fleetwood's Medal of Honor was donated by his daughter Edith Fleetwood in 1948. Fleetwood also won a General B. F. Butler Medal, presumably for his action in the same engagement.

Discharge
Although every officer of the regiment sent a petition for him to be commissioned an officer, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton did not recommend an appointment. Fleetwood was honorably discharged from the Army on May 4, 1866. Fleetwood's 1864 service is in part detailed; in a diary, he wrote that year full of entries about his experiences during the war.

Jobs and life
After the war, Fleetwood worked as a bookkeeper in Columbus, Ohio, until 1867 and in several minor government positions in the Freedmen's Bank and War Department in Washington, D.C. With his wife Sara Iredell, whom he married on November 16, 1869, he led an active social life. Sara Iredell's grandmother, Louisa Burr, was the sister of Philadelphia abolitionist John (Jean) Pierre Burr and daughter of U.S. vice president, Aaron Burr. Sara's maternal uncle, novelist Frank J. Webb, lived with the couple in Washington in 1870 while writing for Frederick Douglass' New Era. The Fleetwoods had one daughter, Edith. They were well acquainted with most of the prominent African Americans of the period, many of who frequently visited their residence. Members of Washington's black elite society presented Fleetwood with a testimonial in 1889.

National Guard
In January 1881, Fleetwood was elected Captain of the Washington Colored National Guard, better known as Washington Cadets or Washington Cadet Corps (WCC, not to be confused with the Washington High School Cadets, in which Fleetwood later became involved). At first, the WCC was organized as a single company and commanded by Captain George D. Graham on June 12, 1880, when Fleetwood joined the corps as a commissioned officer. The WCC expanded to a three-, then four-company-battalion and remained an all-black unit, including its commissioned officers.

On July 18, 1887, the WCC transformed into the 6th Battalion of the District of Columbia Army National Guard (DCNG). Fleetwood organized that battalion and became its commanding officer with the rank of major. The DCNG amalgamated seven battalions with four of them consisting of white members and three of them being "black" the Butler Zouaves (organized in 1863), the Washington Cadet Corps (1880), and the Capital City Guards (1882). While the Butler Zouaves, was disbanded in 1888, the two remaining black battalions were restricted to two companies each and merged into the newly created First Separate Battalion in 1891. The Butler Zouaves was disassembled by Albert Ordway, a leader of the National Guard, because of his displeasure towards the black regiments. Ordway was unsuccessful at disbanding the other two black units. When Frederick C. Revells from the Capital City Guards was made the new commander, Fleetwood felt passed over himself and resigned shortly afterward, in 1892.

Meanwhile, Fleetwood and Major Charles B. Fisher, who had commanded the Fifth Battalion (Butler Zouaves), were instrumental in organizing the Colored High School Cadet Corps of the District of Columbia in 1888. Also known as the Washington High School Cadets (see above), the corps' first company was recruited at M Street High (later to become Dunbar High School). Fleetwood, the first instructor of the corps, served until 1897 when he was succeeded by Major Arthur Brooks. These two officers developed a tradition of military service among young colored men in Washington which led some of them to enlist in World War I and others to be commissioned at the Colored Officers Training Camp in Fort Des Moines, Iowa.

After National Guard
Fleetwood never returned to active duty with any military organization. However, many residents of the District of Columbia recommended that he be appointed as the Commander of the 50th U.S. Colored Volunteer Infantry during the Spanish–American War. This request was not seriously considered by the War Department, and the participation of colored soldiers from the District of Columbia was similarly disregarded. It is not known whether Fleetwood's short stature and physical ailments reduced his chances for consideration. His army records state that he was five feet, four and one half inches tall. These records also state that he applied in 1891 for a pension, which he finally received because of "total" deafness in his left ear, the result of "gunshot concussion," and "severe" deafness in his right ear, the result of catarrh contracted while in the army. The last monthly pension payment was disbursed in September 1914, by then 24 U.S. Dollars. His application also stated that these ailments prevented him from speaking or singing in public.

Before being hampered by his progressing deafness, Fleetwood served for several years as a choirmaster of the 15th Street Presbyterian Church, St. Luke's and St. Mary's Protestant Episcopal Churches, as well as the Berean Baptist Church. Supported by the community, including the wives of former presidents (Lucy Webb Hayes and Frances Folsom Cleveland), his musical presentations were extremely successful.

Death and legacy
He died suddenly of heart failure in Washington, D.C., on September 28, 1914, at age 74. Funeral services were held at St. Luke's Episcopal Church. The interment was in Columbian Harmony Cemetery, Washington, D.C. The First Separate Battalion of D.C. National Guards served as an escort at his funeral. Among the honorary pallbearers were Major Arthur Brooks and such prominent Washingtonians as Daniel Murray, Whitefield McKinlay, and Judge Robert H. Terrell. The participation by the National Guard, and by Arthur Brooks in particular, was an appropriate recognition of the most significant aspects of Fleetwood's career. His remains were moved to National Harmony Memorial Park when Columbia Harmony Cemetery closed in 1959.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Sergeant Major, 4th U.S. Colored Troops, Place and date: At Chapin's Farm, Va., September 29, 1864. Entered service at: unknown. Birth: Baltimore, Maryland. Date of issue: April 6, 1865.

His citations read:

"The President presented Sergeant Major Fleetwood the Medal of Honor because of his fearlessness during the Chapin's Farm, Virginia battle among his men in the 4th U.S. Colored Infantry. Fleetwood had seized the two Color Bearer's colors after they were shot down. He wore them honorably throughout the rest of the fight."

title: Christian Abraham Fleetwood


text:
St. John's Lutheran Church

St. John's Lutheran Church may refer to:

United States
(by state, then city/town)
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Orange, California), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Orange County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Atlanta, Georgia), Sam Venable's home before being bought and converted into a church in 1959
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Wheaton, Illinois)
 * St. John's Lutheran Church and School, Dillsboro, Indiana, listed on the NRHP in Dearborn County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Ellettsville, Indiana)
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Goshen, Indiana), listed on the NRHP in Elkhart County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Hampton, Iowa), listed on the NRHP in Franklin County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Kalona, Iowa), listed on the NRHP in Johnson County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Hagerstown, Maryland)
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Parkville, Maryland)
 * Saint John's Lutheran Church (Adrian, Michigan), listed on the NRHP in Lenawee County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Port Hope, Michigan), listed on the NRHP in Huron County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Isanti, Minnesota), listed on the NRHP in Isanti County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Northfield, Minnesota)
 * St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Corning, Missouri)
 * St. John Lutheran Church (Ellisville, Missouri), (Missouri's second largest church according to membership)
 * St. John's Lutheran Church Complex, Auburn, Nebraska, listed on the NRHP in Nemaha County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Ancram, New York)
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Beekman Corners, New York), listed on the NRHP in Schoharie County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Conover, North Carolina)
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Salisbury, North Carolina)
 * South Wild Rice Church, near Galchutt, North Dakota, also known as St. John's Lutheran Church, listed on the NRHP in Richland County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Dublin, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Franklin County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Petersburg, Ohio)
 * St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Stovertown, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Muskingum County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Zanesville, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Muskingum County
 * St John's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Erie, Pennsylvania)
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Pomaria, South Carolina), listed on the NRHP in Newberry County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Walhalla, South Carolina), listed on the NRHP in Oconee County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Knoxville, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP in Knox County
 * St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Wharton, Texas), listed on the NRHP in Wharton County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church and Cemetery, Wytheville, Virginia, listed on the NRHP in Wythe County
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Spokane, Washington)
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Brookfield, Wisconsin)
 * St. John's Lutheran Church (Evansville, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP in Rock County

title: St. John's Lutheran Church


text:
The Cheviot

The Cheviot is an extinct volcano and the highest summit in the Cheviot Hills and in the county of Northumberland. Located in the extreme north of England, it is a 1+1/4 mi walk from the Scottish border and, with a height of 2,674 ft above sea-level, is located on the northernmost few miles of the Pennine Way, before the descent into Kirk Yetholm.

The Cheviot was formed when melting in the crust over 390 million years ago gave rise to volcanic activity, producing a stratovolcano and pluton, and it has subsequently sustained intense erosion. Several watercourses radiate from The Cheviot.

Etymology
The name Cheviot, which was first documented in 1181 as Chiuiet, is probably of Brittonic origin. The name involves the element *ceμ-, meaning "a ridge", and the nominal suffix -ed, which in place-names can mean "having the quality of". The inclusion of the definite article in its name is optional, with some hillwalkers simply referring to the mountain as 'Cheviot'.

Geography
At 2,674 ft above sea-level, The Cheviot is the highest point in the Cheviot Hills, the county top of Northumberland, England's highest point outside of Cumbria and fourth-highest outside the Lake District, after Cross Fell, Great Dun Fell and Little Dun Fell. It is located in the Northumberland National Park and is 41 mi from the city of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. It can be viewed in the distance from the peak of Cow Hill on the Town Moor, the city's largest park. The mountain can also be viewed from most areas of Northumberland and from as far south as central County Durham. The summit is a triangular plateau covered with peat quagmires.

Usway Burn, a tributary of the Coquet, rises on The Cheviot, as does College Burn, which flows across a series of cascades though a gorge known as Hen Hole on the western flank of the mountain and merges with the Bowmont Water to form the River Glen near Kirk Newton. Harthope Burn also has its source at the Cheviot.

Geology
The Cheviot is an extinct stratovolcano eruptive during the Caledonian orogeny (490-390 Ma), in which volcanic activity arose from melting within the mantle crust. The mountain is heavily eroded, and originally may have been as high as 10,000 ft, with a diameter perhaps of 37 mi. Volcanic vents may have been located along the faults at Harthope and Thirl Moor. The earliest volcanic activity in the area was violent and explosive, with exposed ash and ignimbrite showing pyroclastic flows to have reached Coquetdale and Ingram. Later activity consisted of andesitic, trachyte and rhyolitic lava extrusion, which abnormally for such lavas, covered an area as large as 600 km2. Lavas erupted from the Cheviot underlie Branxton and Flodden Ridge.

Granitic magma was intruded into the layers of lava during the time period immediately before the volcano became inactive. The resulting 50 km2 pluton was exposed by erosion during the Carboniferous (+298 Ma).

Glacial till in common in the area, which is a remnant of the Last Ice Age (< 115 Ka), during which the Cheviots were beneath ice sheets. The peat expanses date from the immediately post-glacial period.

Human history
Flattened remnants of a Neolithic henge monument have been uncovered at nearby Hethpool. The stone circle may date to around 2500 BC, and is hypothesized to have been a ritualistic gateway to the mountain.

Harthope Burn, which cuts a deep valley on the flanks of The Cheviot, marked the boundary between the reivers of the English East and Middle Marches in the 16th and 17th century.

During World War II, The Cheviot and the hills surrounding it were the site of aircraft crashes which claimed the lives both of Allied and German airmen. A local shepherd John Dagg and his sheepdog rescued a pilot following an RAF crash in 1942. Dagg also rescued survivors of a crash in December 1944, which killed 2 members of a 9-man US Air Force crew. Aircraft wreckage is still seen on the mountain today.

Access
Other than the route via the Pennine Way, most routes up the Cheviot start from the Harthope Burn side to the northeast, which provides the nearest access by road. The summit is around 3 mi from the road-end at Langleeford; across the valley to the east is the rounded peak of Hedgehope. There are routes following the ridges above either side of the valley, and a route that sticks to the valley floor until it climbs to the summit of the Cheviot from the head of the valley.

Although the Pennine Way does a 2 mi out-and-back detour to the Cheviot, many walkers who come this way omit it, since the stage (the most northerly) is 29 mi long.

View
The view is obscured greatly by the flatness of the summit plateau. Nevertheless, on a clear day the following are visible (from west, clockwise); Broad Law, Moorfoot Hills, Pentland Hills, the Ochils, Lammermuir Hills, Ros Hill, Long Crag, Urra Moor, Tosson Hill, Burnhope Seat, Cross Fell, Helvellyn, Scafell Pike, Skiddaw, Sighty Crag, Peel Fell, and Queensberry. The longest possible line of sight from the Cheviot is to Beinn a' Ghlò, 112 miles away in the Grampians of the Scottish Highlands.

title: The Cheviot


text:
Talk:Christian Abraham Fleetwood

Untitled
The text of article was obtained from public domain site. Darwin 13:02, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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Who was Arthur Brooks?
"honorary pallbearers were such prominent Washingtonians as Arthur Brooks, Daniel Murray, Whitefield McKinlay, and Judge Robert H. Terrell. The participation by the National Guard, and by Arthur Brooks in particular, was an appropriate recognition of the most significant aspects of Fleetwood's career." It would be nice to know why Mr Brooks' participation accorded particular recognition to Sgt Major Fleetwood's funeral. Brooks is the sole individual named who does not link to a wikipedia article and I haven't been able to nail down who he was - perhaps someone could elaborate? Irish Melkite (talk) 22:21, 21 February 2021 (UTC)

The relevant text of the cited article from which the pallbearer info was derived actually reads "Those acting as honorary pallbearers at Fleetwood’s funeral included his fellow officer MAJ Arthur Brooks, and prominent Washingtonians Daniel Murray, Whitefield McKinlay and Judge Robert H. Terrell". The contributor juxtaposed the info to include Arthur Brooks as a prominent Washingtonian. He may, in fact, have been such, but I can't find any data on him that indicates such. So, I'm going to modify the sentence to give Mr Brooks his due military title, in line with the reference's description. Irish Melkite (talk) 09:24, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Academic Research and Critical Thinking
— Assignment last updated by Lmminich (talk) 17:33, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christian Abraham Fleetwood


text:
Basil de Sélincourt

Basil de Sélincourt (19 August 1876 – 16 February 1966) was a British essayist and journalist.

In 1902 he married the orientalist Beryl de Zoete, but the marriage failed, and in 1908 he married the writer Anne Douglas Sedgwick (1873–1935). Basil de Sélincourt's third wife was Julia Sanford Chapin

De Sélincourt died in Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire in February 1966.

Works

 * Giotto (1905)
 * William Blake (1909)
 * Walt Whitman A Critical Study (1914)
 * The English Secret and Other Essays (1923)
 * The Religion of the Spirit (1927)
 * Selected Poems of William Blake (1927) editor
 * Pomona or the Future of English (1928)
 * Towards Peace and Other Essays Critical or Constructive (1932)
 * Enjoyment of Music (Hogarth Press)
 * Anne Douglas Sedgwick: A Portrait in Letters (1936)

title: Basil de Sélincourt


text:
Ram It Down

Ram It Down is the eleventh studio album by English heavy metal band Judas Priest, released on 13 May 1988 by Columbia Records. It was the band's last album to feature longtime drummer Dave Holland, and was promoted in Europe and North America with the Mercenaries of Metal Tour.

On 18 July 1988, the album earned gold certification for shipments of over 500,000 copies. In 2001, it was remastered and reissued with two bonus tracks.

Background
In 1986, Judas Priest intended to release a double album entitled Twin Turbos, of which half would consist of melodic, more commercial hard rock, and the other half would be heavier and less synth-driven. Columbia Records objected to the double album concept, and the project was ultimately split into two separate releases, 1986's Turbo, and 1988's Ram It Down. At least four songs, "Ram it Down", "Hard as Iron", "Love You to Death" and "Monsters of Rock", were written for the Twin Turbos project.

Ram It Down would be the final Judas Priest album for 30 years recorded with producer Tom Allom. Allom would later return as co-producer to the 2009 live release A Touch of Evil: Live. He would not produce another Judas Priest studio album until 2018's Firepower.

The band recorded a rendition of Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode", intended for inclusion on the soundtrack for the 1988 Anthony Michael Hall comedy film Johnny Be Good; the song found its way onto Ram It Down and was the album's first single. Although the song is credited as written by Berry and arranged by the band, only the lyrics remain from Berry's version, the music being entirely new. It was played during the first few concerts of the band's 1988 tour, along with the title track and three other songs from the album, namely "Heavy Metal", "Come And Get It" and "I'm a Rocker". The only Ram It Down songs to have ever been played on later tours are "I'm a Rocker", during the 2005 Retribution Tour; and "Blood Red Skies" during the 2011-2012 Epitaph World Tour and the 2021-2022 50 Heavy Metal Years Tour.

Originally, the song "Thunder Road" was to be put on the album; however, after the album producers were asked to do the cover of "Johnny B. Goode", "Thunder Road" was replaced. Some of the parts from the song made it into the cover of "Johnny B. Goode". "Thunder Road" was released as a bonus track on the 2001 remaster of Point of Entry.

Reception
Although Judas Priest's fanbase was big enough to push the album to gold status in North America, critical reaction was fairly negative. Several retrospective reviews have considered the album's songs and performances stale and routine. Allmusic's Steve Huey argued that, despite the band's conscious attempt at "delivering a straight-ahead, much more typical Priest album" compared to Turbo, the album "generally sounds like it's on autopilot" and lacking in personality, with "pretty lackluster" songwriting and "too-polished, mechanical-sounding production", ultimately deeming it the lowest point of Halford's tenure in the band. Adrien Begrand of PopMatters remarked that the Judas Priest of Ram It Down was a "sorry self-parody" that had lost touch with the heavy metal scene, and described the album's material as composed of "Spinal Tap clichés".

Halford's take on the rest of the album is that it was "a very heavy record", with Glenn Tipton and K. K. Downing "really rip[ping] it up on a lot of those riffs". Halford said the band recorded a cover of the Rolling Stones' "Play with Fire"; he said it was "a shame" that the song did not make the album.

Personnel

 * Judas Priest
 * Rob Halford – lead vocals
 * K. K. Downing – guitars
 * Glenn Tipton – guitars, synthesisers
 * Ian Hill – bass guitar
 * Dave Holland – drums, drum machine

 * Production
 * Produced by Tom Allom
 * "Johnny B. Goode" co-produced by Glenn Tipton, Rob Halford, and K. K. Downing
 * Engineered by Henrik Nilsson
 * Additional recording by Bill Dooley
 * Equipment supervision by Tom Calcaterra
 * Artwork by Mark Wilkinson

Other information

 * An unknown song was recorded for inclusion on the album but the tape was lost during a chaotic period which resulted from Halford's decision to leave the band following the group's next album, Painkiller, and Tim "Ripper" Owens' hiring as his replacement. For this reason Ram It Down is the only remastered Judas Priest disc with no added bonus studio tracks, just two added live tracks.
 * The song "Blood Red Skies" was released as a promo only single with a 4:51 radio edit, the album version and a 10:33 extended remix.
 * Although drummer Dave Holland is credited on the album, the band used a drum machine on a majority of the songs.
 * The band recorded three tracks with pop producers Stock-Aitken-Waterman – two originals "Runaround" and "I Will Return" and a cover of The Stylistics' hit "You Are Everything. However, they were ultimately not included on this album due to a management decision. Pete Waterman calls them "probably the best tracks we ever did" and admits that "I occasionally dig the record out and play it to people, and they're amazed that we made heavy metal." Around this time, Glenn Tipton also recorded guitar solos for songs by another Stock-Aitken-Waterman produced artist, Samantha Fox, and was officially credited on the track "Spirit of America".

title: Ram It Down


text:
Kringvarp Føroya

Kringvarp Føroya (Broadcasting Service of the Faroe Islands; KVF) is the national public broadcasting company of the Faroe Islands. It was founded on 1 January 2005 after a merger of the national radio and television networks Útvarp Føroya and Sjónvarp Føroya.

Útvarp Føroya
Útvarp Føroya ("Radio of the Faroe Islands"; ÚF) was founded in 1957, under the station's first director Axel Tórgarð. Niels Juel Arge took over the position in 1960 and remained until 1990. Prior to the establishment of Útvarp Føroya, the Faroese people could only listen to foreign radio stations. These included the National Norwegian Radio Station, often referred to as Norðmaðurin ("the Norwegian", "the man from Norway"), and the BBC World Service. These stations were mainly used for daily weather forecasts.

Sjónvarp Føroya
Sjónvarp Føroya ("Television of the Faroe Islands"; SvF) was founded in 1984. It was the only public TV station in the country, and broadcast some content in Faroese.

The history of SvF goes back to the 1960s. In 1969, the Faroese parliament decided to create an organisation for developing TV facilities on the islands under public law. A 1978 law set into motion the establishment of the network, which was founded as Sjónvarp Føroya in 1981. A furniture store in the capital Tórshavn was converted into a TV studio in 1983. On 1 April 1984 the first Faroese programme was launched; however, private local TV associations had been transmitting for six years. The regular operation of SVF started on 1 September of that same year.

In spring 1985, the former freelancers of Faroese TV were engaged as staff by the Faroese government. Since 1990, other nearby buildings have been bought in order to enhance the network's premises.

In December 2002, the Faroe Islands became the first country in the world to completely disconnect of its analogue television signals, which had used the PAL standard, in favour of the digital DVB-T standard.

By law, SvF had a goal of broadcasting one-third of its programmes in Faroese. Other programmes were mostly taken from Danmarks Radio (DR) and were subtitled, with Danish audio. In 2003, 27 percent of the SvF's programmes were in Faroese. Apart from children's programmes, SVF's own production consisted mainly of news and topical magazine items.

Kringvarp Føroya
In 2005, the SvF and ÚF were merged into the current company, which is funded by a combination of television licence fees, commercials, and a bingo (called Gekkurin, or "the Joker"). The television section of the Kringvarp Føroya shows only one channel, with some programming coming from DR and TV 2 (Denmark). It also produces its own content, including Faroese news, which is called Dagur og Vika ("Day and Week"); children's TV; and some cultural and sports broadcasting. Additional stations are available from Televarpið, the only local pay-TV provider, which is a digital terrestrial service. Satellite TV from foreign providers is also popular.

title: Kringvarp Føroya


text:
File:Christian fleetwood.jpg

Christian Fleetwood

title: File:Christian fleetwood.jpg


text:
Talk:Judy-Lynn del Rey

Untitled
Why did she refuse the Hugo Award for Best Professional Editor in 1986? --Phil | Talk 13:05, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Answered
 * --User:shsilver

Frederik Pohl on the del Reys
Frederik Pohl covered the del Reys in his blog:
 * "Lester and Judy-Lynn del Rey" by Frederik Pohl, The Way the Future Blogs, November 3, 2009

Pohl was the editor of Galaxy and If who hired Judy-Lynn Benjamin as his assistant.

Re Ballantine (a decade later) he recalls, "... after a while, he [Lester, now her husband] joined Judy-Lynn at Ballantine, and — no surprise to anyone who knew them — with Lester handling the fantasy side of the operation while Judy-Lynn continued with the sf, they were fabulously successful ..."

--P64 (talk) 18:27, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Judy-Lynn del Rey


text:
Fryderyk

The Fryderyk is the annual award in Polish music. Its name refers to the original Polish spelling variant of Polish composer Frédéric Chopin's first name. Its status in the Polish public can be compared to the US Grammy and British BRIT Award. Officially created in 1994 and presented for the first time in 1995, the award was initially conferred by the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry (Związek Producentów Audio-Video, ZPAV). Since 1999, nominees and winners have been selected by a body called Phonographic Academy (Akademia Fonograficzna) which by now consists of nearly 1000 artists, journalists and music industry professionals. Voting is anonymous and takes place in two rounds: In the first round, all Academy members can nominate five artists in each category, in the second round, members can vote for one candidate in each category from the most successful nominees established in the first round.

The Fryderyk statuette is reminiscent of the Academy Awards' "Oscar", but with wings, arms stretched backwards, and with headphones. The statuette was designed and created by Dorota Dziekiewicz-Pilich.

Categories
The categories in which Fryderyk awards are presented have been steadily extended and modified since its inception in 1994. There are three main sections – popular music, classical music, and jazz. At present (2010) the following categories are used:

Popular music

 * Best Music Production
 * Best Album Design
 * Composer of the Year
 * Author of the Year
 * Best Foreign Album
 * Album of the Year – Folk/World Music
 * Album of the Year – Sung Poetry
 * Album of the Year – Rock
 * Album of the Year – Blues
 * Album of the Year – Heavy Metal
 * Album of the Year – Club Music
 * Album of the Year – Hip-Hop/R&B
 * Album of the Year – Alternative
 * Album of the Year – Pop
 * New Face of Fonography
 * Group of the Year
 * Female Vocalist of the Year
 * Male Vocalist of the Year
 * Video of the Year
 * Song of the Year

Classical music

 * Best Choral and Oratorias Music Album
 * Best Early and Baroque Music Album
 * Best Chamber Music Album
 * Best Symphonic and Concerto Music Album
 * Best Solo Music Album
 * Best Contemporary Music Album
 * Best Vocal Recital Music Album
 * Best Opera, Operetta and Ballet Music Album
 * Best Debut Album
 * Composer of the Year
 * Most Outstanding Polish Music Recording

Jazz

 * Album of the Year
 * New Act of the Year
 * Act of the Year

Most successful artists
As of 2009, the most successful artists in the ten-year-history of the Fryderyks are (nominations and awards for 2009 that never included):

Popular music
Note: Awards for individual artists may include awards for their groups and vice versa.
 * 1) Kasia Nosowska (of Hey): 21 awards, 53 nominations,
 * 2) Grzegorz Ciechowski (of Republika): 11 awards, 24 nominations,
 * 3) Kayah: 8 awards, 32 nominations,
 * 4) Grzegorz Turnau: 8 awards, 19 nominations,
 * 5) Myslovitz: 7 awards, 30 nominations,
 * 6) Raz, Dwa, Trzy: 7 awards, 17 nominations,
 * 7) Ania Dąbrowska: 7 awards, 15 nominations

Classical music

 * 1) Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra: 5 awards, 22 nominations,
 * 2) Sinfonia Varsovia: 5 awards, 22 nominations,
 * 3) Janusz Olejniczak: 5 awards, 12 nominations,
 * 4) Jerzy Maksymiuk: 4 awards, 12 nominations,
 * 5) Jadwiga Rappé: 4 awards, 9 nominations.

Jazz

 * 1) Tomasz Stańko: 8 awards + Golden Fryderyk, 9 nominations,
 * 2) Marcin Wasilewski (pianist): 6 awards, 8 nominations,
 * 3) Piotr Wojtasik: 2 awards, 6 nominations,
 * 4) Andrzej Jagodzinski: 2 awards, 4 nominations,
 * 5) Henryk Miśkiewicz: 1 award, 8 nominations.
 * 6) Jarek Smietana: 1 award, 6 nominations.

Best foreign album
This category is particularly interesting as it reflects the Polish public's reception of international artists. The award was last given out in 2012 and the awardees were:

 * 1994: Pink Floyd – The Division Bell
 * 1995: Queen – Made in Heaven
 * 1996: George Michael – Older
 * 1997: Rolling Stones – Bridges To Babylon
 * 1998: Madonna – Ray of Light
 * 1999: Santana – Supernatural
 * 2000: U2 – All That You Can't Leave Behind
 * 2001: Leonard Cohen – Ten New Songs
 * 2002: Red Hot Chili Peppers – By The Way
 * 2003: Dido – Life for Rent
 * 2004: Prince – Musicology
 * 2005: Coldplay – X & Y
 * 2006: Red Hot Chili Peppers – Stadium Arcadium
 * 2008: Foo Fighters – Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace
 * 2009: Erykah Badu – New Amerykah, Part One
 * 2010: Alice in Chains – Black Gives Way to Blue
 * 2011: Kings of Leon – Come Around Sundown
 * 2012: Adele – 21

title: Fryderyk


text:
Dawn George

Dawn Denise George (born April 30, 1959) is a former female boxer who has competed against some of women's boxing's top athletes. George moved to Lowell, where Micky Ward, another retired boxer, was born.

George had a negative win-loss record, largely because she was 39 when she debuted in professional boxing.

Dawn George debuted as a paid boxer on April 10, 1998, earning a four-round decision win over Angela Reiss at Worcester. On August 2, she knocked out Jackie Starkey in the first round, but, nineteen days later, she suffered her first defeat: in what was her first fight outside Massachusetts, she lost a six-round decision to the more experienced and younger Mitzi Jeter. Next, she lost an eight-round decision to Hannah Fox on September 23, at Worley, Idaho.

George came back a victor for the third time in her career when she fought Selena Pelleter on November 20, winning by knockout, again in the first round. On March 26, 1999, she lost a rematch to Jeter by a four-round unanimous decision, in Cherokee, North Carolina. This marked the beginning of three losses in a row, including one by a four-round unanimous decision to Summer DeLeon in Temecula, California.

On July 28, 2000, she got what would turn out to be her last career win, knocking out Michelle Taylor in the second round, at the popular hangout, The Roxy, in Boston. On November 3, she drew with Amy Burton over four rounds in Verona, New York.

On December 15 of that year, she faced Chilean Patty Demick in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and was defeated by knockout in the third round.

Despite her negative record, her next fight was for a world championship: on her first try to become a world champion, she faced Jeter for a third time, Jeter, who had already conquered the IWBF's world Welterweight title, defeated George for a third time, by a ten-round unanimous decision, to retain the title in Dorchester.

George's last fight was her second attempt to win a world title: On January 25, 2002, she faced Vienna Williams for the WIBF's vacant world Jr. Middleweight championship, losing by a first-round knockout in Dover, Delaware.

George retired with a record of four wins, nine losses and one draw, with three wins by knockout.

title: Dawn George


text: Category:Mass media in the Faroe Islands


text: Template:Gibraltar-stub

title: Template:Gibraltar-stub


text:
Talk:Hugo Award for Best Professional Editor

Judy-Lynn del Rey
Why did Judy-Lynn del Rey refuse this Award in 1986? --Phil | Talk 13:17, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've been told she felt it was given to her as a consolation because of Lester's death, not for her own work; but this is hearsay. -- Orange Mike 17:38, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Other way around- he refused on her behalf, she had died. -- Pres N  16:02, 18 August 2010 (UTC)


text:
User:Rambot/Numerousfalx

See: Numerousfalx

From User talk:Ram-Man:
 * I agree to double license my contributions to US state/county/city articles and any others that you feel, under GFDL and cc-by-sa. --Numerousfalx 07:33, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Rambot/Numerousfalx


text:
User:Rambot/Taw

See: Taw

From User talk:Ram-Man:
 * I don't remember making significant contributions to U.S. state/county/city articles.
 * I agree to double licence my contributions under GFDL and CC-BY-SA.
 * Taw 16:17, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Rambot/Taw