text:
Neil MacGregor

Robert Neil MacGregor (born 16 June 1946) is a British art historian and former museum director. He was editor of the Burlington Magazine from 1981 to 1987, then Director of the National Gallery, London, from 1987 to 2002, Director of the British Museum from 2003 to 2015, and founding director of the Humboldt Forum in Berlin until 2018.

Biography
Neil MacGregor was born in Glasgow to two medical doctors, Alexander and Anna MacGregor. He was educated at Glasgow Academy and then read modern languages at New College, Oxford, where he is now an honorary fellow.

The period that followed was spent studying philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris (coinciding with the events of May 1968), and as a law student at Edinburgh University, where he received the Green Prize. Despite being called to the bar in 1972, MacGregor next decided to take an art history degree. The following year, on a Courtauld Institute (University of London) summer school in Bavaria, the Courtauld's director Anthony Blunt spotted MacGregor and persuaded him to take a master's degree under his supervision. Blunt later considered MacGregor "the most brilliant pupil he ever taught".

From 1975 to 1981, MacGregor taught History of Art and Architecture at the University of Reading. He left to assume the editorship of The Burlington Magazine. He oversaw the transfer of the magazine from the Thomson Corporation to an independent not-for-profit company with charitable status.

Directorship of the National Gallery
In 1987 MacGregor became director of the National Gallery in London. During his directorship, MacGregor presented three BBC television series on art: Painting the World in 1995, Making Masterpieces, a behind-the-scenes tour of the National Gallery, in 1997 and Seeing Salvation, on the representation of Jesus in western art, in 2000. He declined the offer of a knighthood in 1999, the first director of the National Gallery to do so.

Directorship of the British Museum
MacGregor was made director of the British Museum in August 2002, at a time when that institution was £5 million in deficit. He has been lauded for his "diplomatic" approach to the post, though MacGregor rejects this description, stating that "diplomat is conventionally taken to mean the promotion of the interests of a particular state and that is not what we are about at all".

His tenure included exhibitions that were more provocative than the museum had previously shown and some told stories from perspectives that were less Eurocentric than previously, including a project about the Muslim Hajj. He sparked debate with his claim that the ancient Persian empire was greater than Ancient Greece.

In 2010, MacGregor presented a series on BBC Radio 4 and the World Service entitled A History of the World in 100 Objects, based on one hundred artefacts held in the British Museum's collection.

From September 2010 to January 2011 the British Museum lent the ancient Persian Cyrus Cylinder to an exhibition in Tehran, Iran. This was seen by at least a million visitors on the Museum's estimation, more than any loan exhibition to the United Kingdom had attracted since the Treasures of Tutankhamun exhibition in 1972.

Holding tenure when the Acropolis Museum in Athens was completed, MacGregor followed previous Directors in arguing against returning the sculptures from the Parthenon (the "Elgin Marbles") to Greece. A poll in 2014 suggested that more British people (37%) supported the marbles' restoration to Greece than opposed it (23%). MacGregor argued that it is the British Museum's duty to "preserve the universality of the marbles, and to protect them from being appropriated as a nationalistic political symbol", and that "there is no legal system in Europe that would challenge the [British Museum's] legal title" to the works. The legal basis of various Ottoman documents, now lost, to which the British Museum has traditionally appealed in order to claim ownership of the sculptures is disputed. Under the directorship of MacGregor, the Museum rejected UNESCO mediation.

In January 2008, MacGregor was appointed chairman of the World Collections programme, for training international curators at British museums. The exhibition The First Emperor, focussing on Qin Shi Huang and including a small number of his Terracotta Warriors, was mounted in 2008 in the British Museum Reading Room. That year MacGregor was invited to succeed Philippe de Montebello as the Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. He declined the offer as the Metropolitan charges its visitors for entry and is thus "not a public institution".

As of 2015, MacGregor was paid a salary of between £190,000 and £194,999 by the British Museum, making him one of the 328 most highly paid people in the British public sector at that time. MacGregor retired from the post in December 2015 and was succeeded in spring 2016 by Hartwig Fischer, till then the director of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden ("Dresden State Art Collections").

Directorship of the Humboldt Forum
On 8 April 2015, MacGregor announced his retirement as Director of the British Museum. It was announced that MacGregor would become founding director and head of the management committee of the Humboldt Forum in Berlin, and that he would make recommendations to the German government on how the future museum could draw on the resources of the Berlin collections to "become a place where different narratives of world cultures can be explored and debated". Archaeologist Hermann Parzinger and art historian Horst Bredekamp were the co-directors of the management committee.

One of MacGregor's proposals was to make admission to the museum free of charge, based on the model of the British Museum. In 2018, MacGregor left the post.

Media projects
MacGregor has made many programmes for British television and radio. In the year 2000, he presented on television Seeing Salvation, about how Jesus had been depicted in famous paintings. More recently, he has made important contributions on BBC Radio 4, including A History of the World in 100 Objects and, in 2012, a series of fifteen-minute programmes after The World at One called Shakespeare's Restless World, discussing themes in the plays of William Shakespeare.

In September 2014 UK domestic transmission started of his similarly formatted series Germany: Memories of a Nation on BBC Radio 4, with a major supporting exhibition at the British Museum. This series did not limit itself to physical objects but places of memory, including for example the forest.

In 2017, MacGregor hosted a BBC Radio Four series Living with the Gods, on expressions of religious faith, liaising with Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Director of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya in Mumbai, on the presentation of world cultures.

At the beginning of 2019, MacGregor presented a programme called "As Others See Us" on BBC Radio Four. This programme looked at how his own country (the United Kingdom) was seen by other countries around the world.

In 2021, he gave a series of lectures at the “Chaire du Louvre” in Paris. The following year, MacGregor presented the BBC Radio 4 series The Museums That Make Us in which he visited local, regional, and city museums throughout the UK.

Personal life
MacGregor was listed in The Independent ' s 2007 list of "most influential gay people" and was single.

On 4 November 2010, MacGregor was appointed to the Order of Merit by Queen Elizabeth II. On 25 March 2013 MacGregor was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) by the Governor-General of Australia Quentin Bryce, "for service to promoting Australia and Australian art in the United Kingdom".

In April 2023, MacGregor was one of the 22 personal guests at the ceremony in which former German Chancellor Angela Merkel was decorated with the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit for special achievement by President Frank-Walter Steinmeier at Schloss Bellevue in Berlin.

Awards

 * 2010 International Folkwang-Prize
 * 2015 Friedrich-Gundolf-Preis from the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung for A History of the World in 100 Objects and Germany: Memories of a Nation
 * 2015 Nayef Al-Rodhan Prize, from the British Academy for A History of the World in 100 Objects and Germany: Memories of a Nation

title: Neil MacGregor


text:
Talk:Strappado

Usage in Mosul
In the "Modern Instances" section, the article states that in 2017 that form of torture was used by the Iraqi Army. There is a unique source (RT.com) which I don't think is sufficient given usual criticism against RT. Whilst I do not have better sources, I find the RT article to raise quite a few questions. In particular, I find it rather hard to believe journalist(s) managed to get such high quality photos taken with the approval of army officials and then had to sneak out of Iraq because the government would have disapproved. Are there other sources that would confirm/infirm the claim? I'm flagging the information as dubious in the meantime. (no doubt horrible things happened in Mosul but it's not the role of WP to relate unverifiable facts). This news story http://abcnews.go.com/International/deepdive/brian-ross-investigates-the-torture-tapes-47429895 is another report based on the same photos. I can't vouch for accuracy though. Thibaut Lienart (talk) 03:19, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * After a bit more searching, it looks like the original source is in fact credible and in fact that a Capt Omar Nazar does not dispute authenticity of the tapes. NYT article on this based on the ABC story: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/26/world/middleeast/iraqi-special-forces-execution.html. I'll remove the dubious flag and add these sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ThibautLienart (talk • contribs) 03:32, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

Palestinian hanging
'The modern name "Palestinian hanging" might be derived from its use in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict'

 * Where the heck did you learn that from? I'm an Israeli and I've never heard of this. I understand that it's fashionable nowadays to attribute nazi-like behavior to Israeli soldiers (and to Israelis in general), but I think it's best to keep such nasty political agendas out of Wikipedia. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.228.82.140 (talk • contribs) 10:20, February 18, 2005  (UTC)

 * I have also been quite confused with the profound statement saying clearly it was used by the Israeli army, and to make things worse the editor added sources which clearly state either that there are no evidence of Israeli usage of the method or otherwise state the aftermath of the torture methods employed by them result in minor unnoticeable physical marks (which definitely do not conform with the physical outcome of the hanging method). I have edited the page and advised to read the sources - the page was later re-edited by Nick Moyes. I have initially made quite a mess, but I believe now it is more clear that it is not widely agreed that this method was indeed used by Israel - though to be honest, in light of the sources and their content I would make it more clear that it is highly unlikely that it is used. But that could just be me being biased. - Also I'd like to give kudos to Nick for his quick editing of the page! –AmirWollman — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.154.66.118 (talk) 10:26, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

Whether you characterize use of force by the Israeli military "nazi-like" is your opinion. There is certainly enough documentation to show the Israeli military has systematically employed tortured against Palestinians at various times. In fact, torture was legal under Israeli law until 1999. Just because you're Israeli doesn't mean you know everything about Israel. It's not too hard to go to the B'Tselem or Human Rights Watch websites and learn about the Israeli military. -HeatherRes1514

 * There was a link to two forms of torture on the Torture article: strappado, and palestinian hanging. On review they were pretty much identical.  Same torture, different historical context. I merged the two articles.

 * Note the original article did not say a specific side used it. It says "In the conflict". Don't over-react and assume everything is partisan. I merged the two articles on the basis of identical descriptions. My personal assumption is, had it been used by Israeli's, it would probably be called "Israeli hanging". In other words... don't over react. Check your concerns calmly, before shouting foul. Okay?  FT2 21:54, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Exactly. I originally wrote the Reverse Hanging article and kept "Palestinian hanging" phrase unattributed to either side because I was unsure of how the phrase came to be (I also wanted to use "reverse hanging" phrase more, because of the nature of the "Palestinian hanging" phrase). I ended up editing it to "alleged use by Israeli forces" following additional information in the recent AP article that's also included in the article. Since it's used by other Middle Eastern countries, I would consider it a loaded word, and I wouldn't be surprised if the phrasing originated from there, similar to the various national attributions of Syphilis, usually to an antangoist.--YoungFreud 22:26, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Funny how an Israeli is so quick to deny that their army uses such techniques before anyone has even suggested that they do. — Chameleon 11:48, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Given all the nonsense that gets talked about the Middle East, a little paranoia is quite understandable and forgivable; indeed, its complete absence would be amazing. After all, just because you're paranoid doesn't mean they're not out to get you! Taxwoman 11:59, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * For what its worth, in my brief research for this article I found considerable mention of the use of this technique by North Vietnam, Turkey and, recently, the United States, but very little serious mention of uses by Israelis or Palestinians. In fact, two academic sources suggest that the term is a misnomer, similar to Chinese water torture, which is not Chinese.68.166.235.8 (talk) 03:08, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Some sort of identification (alleged use by) should be added after the use of the term "Palestinian Hanging", since the name includes national and ethnic group (by name); it ties the method with this specific group, and that's why I believe it should be clarified. An example would be to call the Holocaust a "Jewish Holocaust", in the same logic, this ties the Holocaust to the Jewish identity and does not really clarify weather the identity was a victim of this term or an oppressor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.107.13.181 (talk) 10:56, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

Questionable Sources
Democracy Now? MSNBC op ed? Nice try. Myrkkyhammas (talk) 04:16, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Illustration
In the attached illustration of midieval use of the torture, why do the victim's eyes look so odd? A blindfold? Or a side effect of the tortrue itself? 50.180.19.238 (talk) 14:50, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Strappado


text: Talk:Abu Sayyaf

title: Talk:Abu Sayyaf


text:
John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare

John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare KP GCH PC (10 July 1792 – 18 August 1851) was an Anglo Irish aristocrat and politician.

Early life
FitzGibbon was born on 10 July 1792. He was the eldest son of John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare and his wife, the former Anne Whaley. He had two siblings, the Hon. Richard Hobart FitzGibbon (who later became the 3rd Earl of Clare), and Lady Isabella Mary Anne FitzGibbon.

His maternal grandparents were Richard Chapel Whaley, of Whaley Abbey in County Wicklow, and the former Anne Ward (daughter of Rev. Bernard Ward). His uncle was Thomas Whaley, a Member of Parliament for Newcastle. His father was the second, but first surviving son, and heir, of John FitzGibbon, of Mount Shannon in County Limerick and Eleanor (née Grove) FitzGibbon (daughter of John Grove, of Ballyhimmock, in County Cork).

Upon his father's death in 1802, he succeeded to the titles of Baron FitzGibbon in the Peerage of Great Britain and Earl of Clare in the Irish Peerage. He was educated at Harrow School and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in 1812.

Career
From 1820 to 1851, he was active in estate management when not in public office, and from 1820 onwards was active in the House of Lords. In 1830 he became a Privy Councillor, and later the same year was appointed Governor of Bombay, serving until 1835.

In 1835 he was invested as a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, was a member of the Royal Asiatic Society from 1839 and invested as a Knight of St Patrick in 1845. He was Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Limerick from 1846 to 1849 and afterwards Lord Lieutenant of the City of Limerick for the remainder of his life.

Personal life
On 14 April 1826, he married the Hon. Elizabeth Burrell, daughter of Peter Burrell, 1st Lord Gwydwyr and Priscilla Bertie, suo jure Baroness Willoughby de Eresby. Her dowry was between £30,000 and £60,000. The couple lived apart, Lady Clare moving to the Isle of Wight where she built a Catholic church at Ryde and a Priory at Carisbrooke.

He was also known to have been a great friend of Lord Byron while attending Harrow School. Byron had claimed to love him "ad infinitum" and said that he could never hear the word "Clare" without "a murmur of the heart".

Lord Clare died on 18 August 1851 and, as he had no issue, was succeeded in his titles and estates by his younger brother. His remains are deposited in Catacomb B, Vault 63, in Kensal Green Cemetery, London where his cap of maintenance may be seen inside the vault. His widow was buried at Mountjoy Cemetery in Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight, next to her close companion Miss Charlotte Elliot.

title: John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare


text:
Talk:Good News Week

Untitled
No buzzers of death or exploding furniture? What about the other games? That one where they get into a booth and pieces of paper with letters blow around them. DooMDrat 09:21, 18 February 2005 (UTC)
 * Add as you see fit. I can't remember the names or enough about most of the games, since my family was usually laughing too loudly to actually hear most of the show, but there's no reason not to add more things in. A show like this deserves as comprehensive an article as we can give it. BigHaz 10:17, 18 February 2005 (UTC)

Person who added the Bronwyn Bishop bit here, just trying to think of what else there is to say about the show. Probably a mention of Good News Weekend back in the ABC days and a bit more on the transition to Ten, maybe including the fact that having a 1 hour show plus Good News Week Nite Lite was too much work and probably contributed to the show's end. Also, the Have I Got News For You entry wrongly names Weekend as being on Ten so someone might want to fix that up.

Oh, and I'm 90% sure that Scattegories originated on Good News Weekend. 203.26.177.2 18:47, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Removed known as GNW to "all", POV Astrokey44 13:56, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Wasn't their some other guy named Noel, who was a regular guest, but died. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.10.131.132 (talk) 03:50, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Re Odd One Out, I think you'll find it wasn't Rev Fred Nile, but Prof Ian Plimer. Watch the segment on youtube: http://au.youtube.com/watch?v=NTIQ8Eod3OQ 124.169.124.23 (talk) 11:41, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Julie McCrossin
Is there any explanation for why Julie McCrossin does not appear on the new version? Claire Hooper doesn't compare. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.109.134.80 (talk) 14:56, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Blow up your pants
In the article, it says that 26 pieces of A4 paper (one with each letter of the alphabet) are put into the "sound-proof booth". This was proven untrue when Mark Watson went on the show, as both he and the woman he was with picked up the same letter (D). Can this be changed in the article please? 211.30.3.99 (talk) 13:12, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

I'm assuming you're talking about the section Scattergories. There is already a mention of the non-sound-proof nature of the booth: "... players climb into the cylindrical sound-proof booth (which was no such thing, but did allow McDermott to pretend he couldn't hear the contestant). 26 pieces of A4 paper were circulated with letters on them... " SunsetFlare (talk) 14:06, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, many times the same letter has been picked up, some of the easy to read letters (like "L") can be seen flying past on multiple pieces of paper if that's the letter they want to ask questions about. The game is "rigged" (not that it matters) but we need a cite for it. Duggy 1138 (talk) 04:04, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I think in one of the more recent episodes (within the last 2 or 3 weeks) someone picked up a letter, then picked up another and showed both to the audience. Might have been Mikey Robins, but not 100% sure. SunsetFlare (talk) 11:09, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Clean Up
I'm glad that this article on Good News Week contains so much information, but at the same time I feel like virtually the entire article is about the older seasons; I think if anyone were to search this article in Wikipedia, they'd want to read a little more about the 2008/current season. I'm not saying we should get rid of all the old information entirely, but I think it's better to try and integrate it all together because at the moment it just seems like there's a whole bunch of info on the old seasons, with random points here and there about 2008. I'll try and do some editing now, I suppose if it doesn't flow very well, someone can just revert it back. SunsetFlare (talk) 14:06, 14 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Alright, I've just done a whole bunch of editing here, I've re-sectioned and moved a few things, and added some information here and there. I find it's a bit easier to navigate around now, and there's some more references to 2008. —Preceding unsigned comment added by SunsetFlare (talk • contribs) 16:01, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Merchandise
It says there is a DVD called "Unseen and Obscene". This isn't the case. Unseen and Obscene was only released on VHS, and has never been re-released on DVD (as yet). Also, there are 2 CDs. The first one is Paul McDermott Unplugged: The Good News Week Tapes Vol 1, and the second one is Live Songs from Good News Week - The Good News Week Tapes Vol 2. Can someone correct that information please? 13:09, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Done. I own all the GNW official merchandise so you're right. Fromtheditch (talk) 04:33, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Games
Is it really necessary to mention every game that's ever featured on the show? The section is entirely unsourced and unnecessarily long. --Shoemoney2night (talk) 01:46, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

Change of page title
As the show has been renamed to "Good News World" I put forward that this page should be retitled as such, with a note in the first sentence "(previously Good News Week)". This is assuming that it really is a renaming and not a spinoff/replacement show. As this is a large change I will leave it for now until agreement is made by at least another party. ozkidzez91 (talk) 14:00, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Disagree. The current title should remain. Good News World can be listed in the same context as Good News Weekend and GNW Night Lite, or spun off into a new article if there is sufficient reliable sources (and if it lasts more than a couple of weeks). 121.45.201.177 (talk) 14:22, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Have I Got News For You
The article is wrong to say that the BBC TV programme 'Have I Got News For You' is aimed at an 'older audience of over 50s'. That's just not the case. Suggest that reference is removed.81.158.240.122 (talk) 20:54, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Good News Week. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080410101636/http://www.news.com.au:80/perthnow/story/0,21598,23169714-5005382,00.html to http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,23169714-5005382,00.html

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:17, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Good News Week


text:
Wolters Kluwer

Wolters Kluwer N.V. is a Dutch information services company. The company serves legal, business, tax, accounting, finance, audit, risk, compliance, and healthcare markets.

Wolters Kluwer in its current form was founded in 1987 with a merger between Kluwer Publishers and Wolters Samsom. It operates in over 150 countries. The company is headquartered in Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands (Global) and Philadelphia, United States (corporate).

Early history
Jan-Berend Wolters founded the Schoolbook publishing house in Groningen, Netherlands, in 1836. In 1858, the Noordhoff publishing house was founded alongside the Schoolbook publishing house. The two publishing houses merged in 1968. Wolters-Noordhoff merged with Information and Communications Union (ICU) in 1972 and took the name ICU. ICU changed its name to Wolters-Samsom in 1983. The company began serving foreign law firms and multinational companies in China in 1985. In 1987, Elsevier, the largest publishing house in the Netherlands, announced its intentions to buy up Kluwer's stock. Kluwer merged with Wolters-Samsom to fend off Elsevier's take-over bid and formed Wolters Kluwer. The merger made Wolters Kluwer the second-largest publishing house in the Netherlands.

After the merger, Wolters Kluwer began expanding internationally with the purchase of IPSOA Editore, Kieser Verlag, Technipublicaciones and Tele Consulte in 1989. By the end of the year, Wolters Kluwer expanded its presence to Spain, West Germany and France. The company also launched LEX, its legal information system, in Poland. In 1989, 44% of the company's revenue was earned in foreign markets.

1990s
The following year, Wolters Kluwer purchased J. B. Lippincott & Co. from HarperCollins. The company acquired Liber, a Swedish publishing company, in 1993. The following year it established its first Eastern European subsidiary, IURA Edition, in Bratislava, Slovakia. The company acquired Jugend & Volk, Dalian, Fateco Fîrlag and Juristfîrlaget, Deutscher Kommunal-Verlag Dr. Naujoks & Behrendt and Colex Data in 1995. Wolters Kluwer was operating in 16 countries and had approximately, 8000 employees by the end of that year.

In 1994, Wolters Kluwer expanded its US legal business by acquiring Prentice Hall Law & Business from Simon & Schuster. In 1995, Wolters Kluwer acquired CT Corporation. The following year, it purchased CCH Inc., a tax and business materials' publisher, for $1.9 billion. The purchase assisted in expanding the company's business in Asia because of CCH Inc.'s involvement in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. It also purchased Little, Brown and Company's medical and legal division that year. John Wiley & Son's legal division was purchased in 1997. Waverly, Inc., Ovid Technologies, Inc. and Plenum Publishing Corporation were acquired in 1998 with the intention of developing Wolters Kluwer's medical and scientific publishing industry.

2000s
In 2002, Wolters Kluwer sold Kluwer Academic Publishers to the private equity firms Cinven and Candover Investments. (It is now part of Springer). The company established its first three-year strategy to deliver sustained value to customers and shareholders in 2003. The New Delhi Wolters Kluwer Health office opened in 2006. In 2007, Wolters Kluwer Education was sold to Bridgepoint Capital. In September 2008, Wolters Kluwer acquired UpToDate, an evidence-based electronic clinical information resource. The following month, the company received a multi-year contract to provide prescription and patient-level data to the United States Food and Drug Administration. In 2009, Wolters Kluwer was named the "Best Place to Work" in Spain by the Great Place to Work Institute.

2010s–2020s
Wolters Kluwer acquired FRSGlobal, financial regulatory reporting and risk management firm in September 2010. The acquisition enabled Wolters Kluwer to provide financial organizations comprehensive compliance and risk solutions. The company acquired SASGAS, a financial reporting software solutions provider, to the foreign and domestic bank market in China in October 2011. That December, Wolters Kluwer acquired Medknow, an open access publisher. Also in 2011, Wolters Kluwer sold its pharmaceutical industry-related Marketing and Publishing Service division to Springer Science+Business Media, which led to a workforce reduction at its facility in Ambler, Pennsylvania, eventually leading to the site's closure in 2013.

In 2012, Wolters Kluwer acquired Acclipse, an accounting software provider, and Finarch, an integrated finance and risk solutions. The company's health division tested technology to identify and treat sepsis that December. Wolters Kluwer acquired Health Language, a medical terminology management provider, in January 2013. In May 2013, it acquired Prosoft Tecnologia, a Brazilian provider of tax and accounting software. The company acquired CitizenHawk, an American online brand protection and global domain recovery specialist, in September 2013. That month, Wolters Kluwer acquired Svenson, an Austrian regulatory reporting solutions provider. The acquisition enabled both companies to assist Austrian banks and insurance companies in meeting national and international regulatory requirements.

The company became the fifth participant in the AAISalliance, an arrangement of information providers that make their services available for member insurance companies of the American Association of Insurance Services (AAIS) in April 2014. In May 2014, Wolters Kluwer launched UpToDate, a clinical decision support resource, in the United Kingdom. UpToDate was launched throughout Western Europe a month later. Wolters Kluwer acquired Datacert, a Houston, Texas-based enterprise legal management software and services provider in April 2014.

The company partnered with Anhembi Morumbi University, a private university in São Paulo, Brazil, to provide information and resources to healthcare students and professionals in June 2014. That month, the company's CCH eSign solution won the CPA Practice Advisor Magazine's 2014 Tax & Accounting Technology Innovation Award. The solution won the Software and Information Industry Association's "Best Enterprise Mobile Application" award that year. The company partnered with Broadridge Tax Services in August 2014 to facilitate tax reporting and reconciliation. In September, the company's UpToDate resource was released in Latin America. That month the company extended its partnership with the American Internal Revenue Service. 2014 marked the 15th year of their collaboration. In May 2016, the company acquired Enablon, a global provider of Environmental, Health, Safety & Sustainability and Operational Risk Management software and SaaS solutions.

In the United States, Wolters Kluwer's Legal & Regulatory Education (the education division of Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory U.S.) published casebooks and legal textbooks through its Aspen Publisher's, Inc. marquee. In 2021, Transom Capital Group purchased the Education division for US$88 million, renaming the entire operation as the standalone Aspen Publishing.

In June 2022, Wolters Kluwer signed and completed an agreement to acquire Level Programs S.L., a provider of legal practice management software in Spain.

Operations
Wolters Kluwer operated under four divisions as of 2013: Legal & Regulatory Solutions (sold to Peninsula Business Services in 2017; Wolters Kluwer continued to operate a division named Legal & Regulatory U.S., which also held on to its Aspen Publisher's, Inc. marquee until 2021 ), Tax & Accounting, Health and the Governance, Risk & Compliance Division. The company is active in over 150 countries. Approximately 74% of the company's revenue came from online, software and services in 2013. The United States medical publishing business is run through Wolters Kluwer Health.

Sustainability
Wolters Kluwer is listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. The company received the Bronze Class Sustainability Award 2014 from RobecoSAM. Wolters Kluwer is recognized as one of the "Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World" by Corporate Knights.

title: Wolters Kluwer


text:
Nonelementary integral

In mathematics, a nonelementary antiderivative of a given elementary function is an antiderivative (or indefinite integral) that is, itself, not an elementary function (i.e. a function constructed from a finite number of quotients of constant, algebraic, exponential, trigonometric, and logarithmic functions using field operations). A theorem by Liouville in 1835 provided the first proof that nonelementary antiderivatives exist. This theorem also provides a basis for the Risch algorithm for determining (with difficulty) which elementary functions have elementary antiderivatives.

Examples
Examples of functions with nonelementary antiderivatives include:

 * $$\sqrt{1 - x^4}$$ (elliptic integral)
 * $$\frac{1}{\ln x}$$ (logarithmic integral)
 * $$e^{-x^2}$$ (error function, Gaussian integral)
 * $$\sin(x^2)$$ and $$\cos(x^2)$$ (Fresnel integral)
 * $$\frac{\sin(x)}{x} = \operatorname{sinc}(x) $$ (sine integral, Dirichlet integral)
 * $$\frac{e^{-x}}{x}$$ (exponential integral)
 * $$e^{e^x} \,$$(in terms of the exponential integral)
 * $$\ln(\ln x) \,$$(in terms of the logarithmic integral)
 * $${x^{c-1}}e^{-x}$$ (incomplete gamma function); for $$c = 0,$$ the antiderivative can be written in terms of the exponential integral; for $$c = \tfrac{1}{2},$$ in terms of the error function; for $$c = $$ any positive integer, the antiderivative elementary.

Some common non-elementary antiderivative functions are given names, defining so-called special functions, and formulas involving these new functions can express a larger class of non-elementary antiderivatives. The examples above name the corresponding special functions in parentheses.

Properties
Nonelementary antiderivatives can often be evaluated using Taylor series. Even if a function has no elementary antiderivative, its Taylor series can be integrated term-by-term like a polynomial, giving the antiderivative function as a Taylor series with the same radius of convergence. However, even if the integrand has a convergent Taylor series, its sequence of coefficients often has no elementary formula and must be evaluated term by term, with the same limitation for the integral Taylor series.

Even if it is not possible to evaluate an indefinite integral (antiderivative) in elementary terms, one can always approximate a corresponding definite integral by numerical integration. There are also cases where there is no elementary antiderivative, but specific definite integrals (often improper integrals over unbounded intervals) can be evaluated in elementary terms: most famously the Gaussian integral $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2} dx = \sqrt \pi.$

The closure under integration of the set of the elementary functions is the set of the Liouvillian functions.

title: Nonelementary integral


text:
Marching Out

Marching Out is the second studio album by guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen, released on 19 August 1985 through Polydor Records. The album reached No. 52 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and remained on that chart for 28 weeks, as well as reaching the top 30 in two other countries.

"On the Run Again" is a remake of "Victim of the City", a song written in 1983 by Malmsteen's earlier band Steeler, which was later released on their 2005 compilation album Metal Generation: The Steeler Anthology.

Critical reception
Steve Huey at AllMusic gave Marching Out 3.5 stars out of five, calling it a "worthwhile listen" but being somewhat critical of Malmsteen's lyrics and the songs' fantasy-oriented subject matter. Malmsteen's guitar work was described as "slightly more raw and aggressive" than his 1984 debut album Rising Force.

Personnel

 * Yngwie Malmsteen – guitar, Moog Taurus, backing vocals, arrangement, mixing, producer
 * Jeff Scott Soto – lead vocals
 * Jens Johansson – keyboard
 * Anders Johansson – drums
 * Marcel Jacob – bass
 * Lester Claypool – engineering
 * Peter Vargo – engineering assistance

title: Marching Out


text:
Exclusive dealing

In Economics and Law, exclusive dealing arises when a supplier entails the buyer by placing limitations on the rights of the buyer to choose what, who and where they deal. This is against the law in most countries which include the USA, Australia and Europe when it has a significant impact of substantially lessening the competition in an industry. When the sales outlets are owned by the supplier, exclusive dealing is because of vertical integration, where the outlets are independent exclusive dealing is illegal (in the US) due to the Restrictive Trade Practices Act, however, if it is registered and approved it is allowed. While primarily those agreements imposed by sellers are concerned with the comprehensive literature on exclusive dealing, some exclusive dealing arrangements are imposed by buyers instead of sellers.

Exclusive dealing can be considered as a  barrier to entry especially in market that operate under imperfect competition, which is either Monopoly or Oligopoly where there is price and product differentiation as well as an imbalance of market power between incumbent, entrants and competitors due to the existing of vertical integrations  within the market, leading to market inefficiencies.

In Australian Law
Alternative methods of exclusive dealing are prohibited by Section 47 of the CCA. Broadly, anti-competitive vertical transactions are  prohibited

All exclusive trade is recorded only if it can be demonstrated, to have the impact of substantially lessening competition (s 47(10)).
 * 1) (1)" the conditional supply (or acquisition) of goods or services (conditions may relate to the ability to re-supply, exclusivity, limits on ability to acquire from competitors etc)
 * 2) (2) refusing to supply for specified reasons (eg, because purchaser refuses to agree to a conditional supply)"

In British politics
In British politics, 'exclusive dealing' was, before the introduction of the secret ballot by the Ballot Act 1872, a means by which those without the vote could exert pressure on shopkeepers etc. – a policy that any shopkeeper voting against the popular candidate would lose the custom of non-voters of an opposite persuasion. The practice was much the same as a modern boycott; it was effective for the Radicals in some borough constituencies, and they were therefore wary of any offer or attempt to introduce the secret ballot ahead of a substantial extension of the franchise.

In European Union Law
Exclusive dealing agreements under the Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union are the Vertical agreements that bind the customer to purchase all or most of a specific type of goods or services only from the dominant supplier. The term exclusive dealing agreement refers to an arrangement under which the supplier is restricted in their ability to supply anyone other than the specific down-stream customer and vice versa. The Commission stated in Guidelines on Vertical Restraints that agreements binding to purchase goods of 80% or more, will be caught in line with the meaning of exclusive dealings and may be determined abusive, see Case 85/76. An exclusive purchase agreement is not per se illegal under Article 102 (see Case C-413/14) and can only be deemed abusive if it can be capable having a foreclosure effect on as-efficient competitors and has no objective justification, see. Hence, a defence that the customer willingly entered into agreement will not suffice; the question is whether the agreement might horizontally foreclose competitors as efficient (or more) that the dominant company in the appropriate market, see Case 85/76 and Case C-393/92.

In Economics and Law, there are many forms of exclusive dealing, however the three most commonly known are:

 * 1) De facto/Partial exclusive dealing
 * 2) Third line forcing
 * 3) Full line forcing

De facto/Partial exclusive dealing
De Facto, also known as partial exclusive dealing, occurs in the presence of:

 * Loyalty discounts, a discount when buyer purchases majority of goods from one  supplier
 * Slotting allowances, the supplier pays a fee to secure shelf space from the buyer
 * Requirements contracts, agreement to purchase all units form one supplier, as buyer cannot purchase from any other supplier in the market, which is a term stated in a buyer/supplier contract

Third Line Forcing
Third line forcing involves the supply of goods or services on condition that the purchaser acquires goods or services from a particular third party, or a refusal to supply because the purchaser will not agree to that condition.

Elements of Third line Forcing
 * purchaser wants a specific product, but the purchase of another product is forced on them;
 * The business forces the product of a third party onto the purchaser;
 * Forced purchase of third part's product in order to obtain desired product

Third line forcing is prohibited when it has a substantially lessening impact of competition in the industry

Case Illustrating Third Line Forcing
Australian Consumer & Competition Commission v Black & White Cabs (Australia) [2010]

Facts: A number of operators were required by Black and White Cabs to acquire services from Cabcharge Australia Ltd (an unrelated third party online payment transaction business). B&W Cabs recognised that it had violated antitrust law and that the proposed relief was appropriate.

Held: Black and white Cabs was held guilty, as they engaged in third line exclusive exclusive dealing under the Australian law s 47(6) prohibited by s 47(1) by supplying their services under the conception that the taxi-cab network has to acquire services from Cabcharge Australia Ltd, a third part unrelated business in order to have access to Black and White Cab's services.

Penalties and Remedies Restraining B&W Cabs from providing or promising to provide, taxi booking, dispatch or other services to authorised taxi service operators, so that other products and/or services, including digital payment services, are acquired by licensed taxi service operators from any third party not associated to B&W Cabs, including Cabcharge, for a five year term.The condition of the penalty were as follows:

 * that B&W Cabs create, retain and implement Trade Practices Enforcement and Education / Training Program for a three-year duration
 * that B&W Cabs issue letters to all licensed taxi service operators who have purchased such services from B&W Cabs
 * B&W Cabs pay a $110,000 cash penalty. To be billed in instalments.
 * B&W Cabs spend $10,000 towards ACCC expenditures.

Examples of Third Line Forcing

 * Tied petrol stations that only deal with one petroleum supplier or seller.
 * Public houses tied to breweries.
 * Franchisees forced to buy product from a host company instead of a local provider.
 * seller agreeing to sell only to certain buyer
 * market segmentation approach

Full line Forcing
Full line Forcing is also known as exclusive purchasing as it limited the buyer to only purchasing and stocking the product of one supplier also regarded to as single branding. A business is said to have engaged in Full line forcing, if it imposes the following conditions on the buyer:

 * to not purchase products from a competitor; or
 * to not resupply products purchased from a competitor; or
 * to not resupply its product to a particular place.

Full line forcing breaches the law if it is proven to have a substantially lessening effect on competition in the industry. This is identified by the substantial lessening competition test.

Case illustrating Full Line Forcing
Trade Practices Commission v. Massey Ferguson (Australia) Ltd. (1983)

Facts The respondent agreed to supply agricultural farm machinery sold under the name "Massey Ferguson" in September and October 1977 to "Wood 's West Port Machinery" of Koo Wee Rup, Victoria, on condition that they would not purchase agricultural tractors directly or indirectly from a competitor of the respondent. The respondent declined to supply agricultural tractors and headers to "Central Engineers" of Temora, N.S.W. in 1978 on the grounds that it had agreed with a supplier to not acquire products from its competitors, therefore, it would be breaking the contract rules.

Held: In a case against the respondent with regard to three products of exclusive dealing in violation of the Australian Consumer and Competition Law The respondent admitted to 47(1) of the Trade Practices Act 1974 the conduct likely to have the effect of significantly reducing competition for agricultural tractors and/or headers on the wholesale market in Australia. With regard to the effective penalty to be levied pursuant to s76.

Therefore, acts of exclusive dealing were not present, however, the acts committed by Massey had the likely impact of leading to the substantial lessening competition as it was done unknowingly. However, since it would lead to less competition in the industry, they are to be penalised for such behaviour. The respondent's actions aided to substantially lessening competition in the Australian wholesale market for tractors and headers.

Penalties and Remedies The penalty and remedies included a once of payment of $40,00 as well as the correction of the neglectful behaviour of the defendant to ensure that they are knowledgeable of the repercussions of practicing full-line forcing either International or unintentionally in the market.

Substantial Lessening Competition Test
It is not sufficient to prove that a business has been damaged, under the substantial lessening test certain conditions have to be met to confirm that a business has breached the law. An analysis of the following factors must be conducted in order to conclude that the behaviour of a supplier is substantially lessening competition when the whole market for the product is impacted as well as the product substitute and if the refusal of supply of desired product would substantially affect the availability of the product to customers.

Industry Impacts of Exclusive Dealing
Exclusive dealing can offer a significant competitive advantage for businesses, however it can also pose threats such as anticompetitive risks.The most commonly known issue of exclusive dealing is called Customer foreclosure. Customer foreclosure is an exercise of market power by upstream suppliers, it occurs where a large number of customers cannot be accessed by the competitors, which in turn reduces the efficiency of these downstream firms.As a result of this the more dominant firm has the ability to reduce quantity or to increase the price of products at its disposal due to weakened competition from its competitors. This leaves customers vulnerable as there are forced to buy from the dominant supplier.

It is typically a seller who imposes exclusivity in the literature on exclusive dealing.The reason for the restraint of a seller may be procompetitive, such as preventing rival suppliers from:
 * freely riding on the investments of the seller in the sales efficiency of a retailer.Efficiency reasons for exclusive dealing are:
 * Encouraging distributors to actively promote goods from a manufacturer
 * Encourages suppliers to help distributors by proving more information
 * Eliminating the free rider problem amongst suppliers
 * Allowing the control of distribution quality by suppliers

Exclusive dealing induced by the  seller may  also  lead to   anticompetitive behaviour. This is true if it leads to. a foreclosure that removes competitors from a large portion of the market for a prolonged time period.This is also true in the case of an entrant where the dominant incumbent can deter the entry of an efficient entrant though the practice of exclusive dealing. Inefficient results for exclusive dealing are:

 * Price decrease and an overall decrease in market output
 * Increase in the dominant's firm's market share as well as the amount of product distributed
 * Less competitors in the market as they are forced to exist due to exclusive dealing
 * Incumbents have increase market power as they are bale to deter entry of new entrants to the market

Buyer Induced Exclusive Dealing
Exclusive dealing is commonly known as a supplier induced act, however the buyer has the power to influence exclusive dealing through multiple methods. At the manufacturing point, there is more market influence downstream than upstream in certain distribution networks because "consumers are more likely to switch products inside the supermarket than switch brand stores". Dobson (2008) noted that "buyer-led constraints most frequently occur when the buyer has some negotiating advantage over suppliers that guarantees their compliance or consent.

The consumer-welfare consequences of exclusive dealings caused by buyers are not apparent. If a dealer sticks to a single supplier of a marketed consumer product, exclusive dealing decreases the options of customers. Those customers who may not find their favourite brand in stock at a retailer must either choose a different brand or a different retailer in the face of restricted brand availability. It is true that reducing the selection of choices is harmful to the welfare of customers, but it is also possible that this form of exclusion is possible.

There have been two investigations to prove the existence of buyer induced exclusive dealing by Gabrielsen and Sørgard (1999) as well as Klein and Murphy (2008) Investigate purchaser-induced exclusive dealings with a monopoly manufacturer and two suppliers of a distinct commodity. In the model Gabrielsen and Sørgard (1999) suggests that the retailer chooses, ex ante, whether to solicit exclusive or non-exclusive delivery bids from suppliers. Wholesale rates are, in any case, dictated by Bertrand competition model between suppliers. Next, the retailer marks up selling rates for resale to buyers in a double-marginalization strategy. The retailer can opt for an exclusive trading deal with one of the manufacturers, based on customer demand for the brands and Klein and Murphy (2008).

Klein and Murphy (2008) 's model suggests that "the retailer has buyer control in the upstream market but faces downstream competition in a model of one retailer and two suppliers with a differentiated commodity." Competitors persuade the firm to charge retail rates that barely cover operational costs. The model also assumes that the retailer distributes single brand products. The model also indicates that there is no incentive for the retailer to attempt or pursue the distribution of products form more than one manufacturer, as the retailer will conduct a procurement auction to determine the product it will distribute. This situation leads to the utilisation of the Bertrand competition to drive wholesale prices down as well as manufacturers costs.

title: Exclusive dealing


text:
User talk:Kesla

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello, Kesla, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Selphie 09:31, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) *talk*

Dylan template
I've taken the liberty of revising the Dylan template you created a little while ago; it would have taken me longer to describe the changes I'd have suggested than to actually make them. The big change is to sort out the "standard" live albums separately -- the original version had several in the "albums" section, others in the "bootleg/live" section. Having gone that far, I then gave the "Bootleg Series" releases their own section; that's an intuitive call, and if it bothers you, just knock it back. Finally, klutz that I am, I can't figure out why my changes make the closing bracket visible, and nothing I've tried fixes it -- could you tell me what I've done wrong? Monicasdude 19:03, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

clean-up
You tagged Henri, Comte de Paris with a "clean-up" template, but you haven't indicated a reason on the talk page. What changes do you think are needed there? - Nunh-huh 23:37, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Santos biography
Thanks for keeping me honest on Matt Santos's biography! -Scm83x 09:20, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguating abbreviations
You contributed to the TFD discussion for 2LCdisambig. I am following this with further discussion at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). Susvolans ⇔ 18:59, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

New sound icon
I've reverted the new sound icon. It's terrible! It is utterly unclear as to what is supposed to be portrayed in it. Raul654 02:34, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Constitution of the United States
Using the and  styles at the start, I think, makes it more obvious where there is an interwiki link. I didn't realise there was a link in See also or I would have removed it. Is the consensus to prefer it in the See also list? Davidkinnen 22:42, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

An example, of many, can be see at Canada Act 1982 which has a wikisource box, I think this provides a more obvious link that there is original source material. However, it is a stylistic difference. Davidkinnen 22:42, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Great edit!
Great edit on the tea infobox... I did a really bad green version... ut was pretty un-Wikipedia and I just didnt bother to change it. Its really good, the spacing is a little funny; but its good as it is. Great edit ! --Iateasquirrel 01:55, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * See Da_Hong_Pao_tea where the new infobox looks very nice!--Iateasquirrel 11:03, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Infobox band optional parameters
Following your addition of optional parameters, Children of Bodom broke, as the band members information is being displayed both inside and outside of the infobox div. Any ideas on how to fix that? --Sn0wflake 16:57, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Template:Infobox University
Stop whatever you're doing. Your new method is horrible, ugly, confusing to new editors, and unnecessary. Please revert your changes and make your proposal on the Talk page. Please read Avoid using meta-templates for the myriad reasons calling templates within templates is a bad practice. -- Netoholic @ 22:14, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Also, you changed the infobox labels without changing the data. A university's number of staff will be much larger than its number of faculty. -Acjelen 21:42, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Template:Infobox Pope
The layout and structure of Template:Infobox pope was agreed by consensus after a long discussion and vote. Please don't unilaterally change it from the form agreed with a consensus to a form overwhelmingly rejected by the community. FearÉIREANN \(caint) 12:38, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't find any such concensus in recent times. Most discussion recently on the talk page is in support of the "plain" style.  Jtdirl is free to revive discussion. -- Netoholic @ 12:50, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

optional parameters
Try to avoid making too many fields optional in infoboxs. The point of them is to provide a full amount of information, and a certain amount of "blanks" encourages that. If people can't see the rows, they will probably never discover what's needed. Here's my guideline - if, for any parameter, there is no easy way to provide it on greater than 50% of articles, make it optional. Items like "staff", "ringtone", etc. can be easily retrieved, and so should be made mandatory and visible. -- Netoholic @ 20:43, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Mono edits.
Hello,

Thanks for your message on my Talk page. Am not sure if am using this right yet or not. This is the first message I ever get.

I have replied to the comments on that talk, let me know if you think I should clarify something and thanks for pointing me in that direction!

Mono edits.
Hi,

Kesla, do you understand that he just exploits you? Can you at least think about this? :( If you would like to talk with me just join sometime the #dotgnu on freenode.net. I'm krokas there.

you have a response
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Open_source_vs._free_software#Improving_the_article

Template:Infobox Baseball Stadium
Hi, I just wanted to let you know that I reverted your redirect of this template. Currently it isn't obsolete as the baseball template has additional information no included on the standard Template:Infobox Stadium template not the least of which is the field dimensions. A redirect eliminated this info and broke several dozen infoboxes. Gateman1997 18:18, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Google Template Change
Hello, Kesla - I'm not sure if you're aware of the consensus on page Talk:Google regarding the use of the Google Template boxes. There, the community decided that Google services template was to be used instead of Google Inc. template. In fact, some members of the community voted to delete Google Inc. instead of Google services. I have reverted those changes per Wikipedia community consensus. –-  kungming·2 | (Talk · Contact)  06:00, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Clarification - I haven't reverted the pages yet, but I do believe a compromise can be met by merging the two template boxes into a more streamlined one that will please everybody. :) I hope you can help me with this. –-  kungming·2 | (Talk · Contact)  06:02, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I have eliminated all the non-Google links or unecessary links from Template:Google Inc. It's much better now! Further refinements can be continued on. –-  kungming·2 | (Talk · Contact)  04:59, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Choosing one template for musicians
Hello Kesla, I just posted a message in Template talk:Infobox Band, but I got no response, I hope you don't mind if I ask you directly. Currently there's two infoboxes that are used for bands: Template:Infobox Band and Template:Infobox musical artist 2. While the first one in band-specific, the second is a general infobox for all musicians and groups, that nevertheless contains the same fields. Do you think we could agree on one standard infobox to use? CG 12:54, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Template:IBM
Nice job on this one! I added a comment on the talk page. --Unixguy 12:28, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Big Endian Vs. Little Endian
Interesting that the other Impulse page (which I don't remember finding or I wouldn't have wasted my time) is of the Impulse is the integral of Force camp, when I along with others am in the Impulse is the differential of acceleration camp, which is almost opposite. My fault for not saving the page, so I can't remember what I put down to contrast it, but I know I put in a few references that agree with the right way! Did anyone even notice they are diametrically opposed? Any easy way to retrieve it? Otherwise I'll just put in the company reference and ignore the whole argument. Tmcsheery 04:00, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Linux
In case you might be interested in this project. - User:Samsara (talk • contribs) 17:41, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Waltdisney.jpg)
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Image tagging for Image:Wordpress_main_theme.png
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JS reviewer
Hello Kesla, I just edited your monobook.js to replace the coding from the PR script with js. This allows for me to keep track of who is using the PR script and to let you use the most recently updated revision of the script (well, at least since the last WP:BYC). Thanks, AZ t 02:50, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Pronounciation Question
Hi, Kesla! I see that you speak Swedish, and I just have something that's been bothering me forever: how do you properly pronounce the name "Djurgården"? I got the first part right, but what about "gården"? Thanks, and happy editing! -- P.B. Pilhet  /   ☎   03:17, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

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Fair use rationale for Image:Sufjan - Noel! Songs for Christmas.jpg
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Image:Mono_project_logo.png listed for deletion
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:Mono project logo.png)
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Unspecified source for Image:Xine_logo.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Blam-window.png
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Sufjan - Ding! Dong! Songs for Christmas.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Sufjan - Hark! Songs for Christmas.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Beagle logo.png
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Thank you for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 23:49, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Best.png
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Image copyright problem with Image:Gtk Sharp Logo.png
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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 08:59, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

University Infobox
I have made a request at Template talk:Infobox university, and I was hoping that you could take a look at it, place a comment, or even, perhaps, fulfill the request. Thank you, HuskyHuskie (talk) 22:34, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Sufjan - Hark! Songs for Christmas.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Sufjan - Hark! Songs for Christmas.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Orphaned non-free image File:Sufjan - Ding! Dong! Songs for Christmas.jpg
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If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk  04:16, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

File:Mono architecture.png listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Mono architecture.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 08:06, 3 August 2013 (UTC)

An RfC that you may be interested in...
As one of the previous contributors to Infobox film or as one of the commenters on it's talk page, I would like to inform you that there has been a RfC started on the talk page as to implementation of previously deprecated parameters. Your comments and thoughts on the matter would be welcomed. Happy editing!
 * This message was sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of {{U|Technical 13}} (t • e • c) 18:27, 8 March 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Beagle (software)

The article Beagle (software) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "WP:NN product. This is an article about a product that does not assert its importance. A great example of why Wikipedia needs a speedy deletion criterion for articles about products that do not assert the product's notability or importance. Toddst1 (talk) 03:52, 11 October 2018 (UTC)"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

A kitten for you!
\ :-)

ExitFilm(For a Music) (talk) 03:35, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Graph search algorithm
Template:Graph search algorithm has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Vozul (talk) 00:28, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kesla


text:
Generic Security Services Application Program Interface

The Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSSAPI, also GSS-API) is an application programming interface for programs to access security services.

The GSSAPI is an IETF standard that addresses the problem of many similar but incompatible security services in use.

Operation
The GSSAPI, by itself, does not provide any security. Instead, security-service vendors provide GSSAPI implementations - usually in the form of libraries installed with their security software. These libraries present a GSSAPI-compatible interface to application writers who can write their application to use only the vendor-independent GSSAPI. If the security implementation ever needs replacing, the application need not be rewritten.

The definitive feature of GSSAPI applications is the exchange of opaque messages (tokens) which hide the implementation detail from the higher-level application. The client and server sides of the application are written to convey the tokens given to them by their respective GSSAPI implementations. GSSAPI tokens can usually travel over an insecure network as the mechanisms provide inherent message security. After the exchange of some number of tokens, the GSSAPI implementations at both ends inform their local application that a security context is established.

Once a security context is established, sensitive application messages can be wrapped (encrypted) by the GSSAPI for secure communication between client and server. Typical protections guaranteed by GSSAPI wrapping include confidentiality (secrecy) and integrity (authenticity). The GSSAPI can also provide local guarantees about the identity of the remote user or remote host.

The GSSAPI describes about 45 procedure calls. Significant ones include:
 * GSS_Acquire_cred: Obtains the user's identity proof, often a secret cryptographic key
 * GSS_Import_name: Converts a username or hostname into a form that identifies a security entity
 * GSS_Init_sec_context: Generates a client token to send to the server, usually a challenge
 * GSS_Accept_sec_context: Processes a token from GSS_Init_sec_context and can generate a response token to return
 * GSS_Wrap: Converts application data into a secure message token (typically encrypted)
 * GSS_Unwrap: Converts a secure message token back into application data

The GSSAPI is standardized for the C (RFC 2744) language. Java implements the GSSAPI as JGSS, the Java Generic Security Services Application Program Interface.

Some limitations of GSSAPI are:
 * 1) standardizing only authentication, rather not authorization too;
 * 2) assuming a client–server architecture.

Anticipating new security mechanisms, the GSSAPI includes a negotiating pseudo mechanism, SPNEGO, that can discover and use new mechanisms not present when the original application was built.

Relationship to Kerberos
The dominant GSSAPI mechanism implementation in use is Kerberos.

Unlike the GSSAPI, the Kerberos API has not been standardized and various existing implementations use incompatible APIs. The GSSAPI allows Kerberos implementations to be API compatible.

Related technologies

 * RADIUS
 * SASL
 * TLS
 * SSPI
 * SPNEGO
 * RPCSEC GSS

Key concepts

 * Name :A binary string that labels a security principal (i.e., user or service program) - see access control and identity. For example, Kerberos uses names like user@REALM for users and service/hostname@REALM for programs.
 * Credentials :Information that proves an identity; used by an entity to act as the named principal. Credentials typically involve a secret cryptographic key.
 * Context :The state of one end of the authenticating/authenticated protocol. May provide message protection services, which can be used to compose a secure channel.
 * Tokens :Opaque messages exchanged either as part of the initial authentication protocol (context-level tokens), or as part of a protected communication (per-message tokens)
 * Mechanism :An underlying GSSAPI implementation that provides actual names, tokens and credentials. Known mechanisms include Kerberos, NTLM, Distributed Computing Environment (DCE), SESAME, SPKM, LIPKEY.
 * Initiator/acceptor :The peer that sends the first token is the initiator; the other is the acceptor. Generally, the client program is the initiator while the server is the acceptor.

History

 * July 1991: IETF Common Authentication Technology (CAT) Working Group meets in Atlanta, led by John Linn
 * September 1993: GSSAPI version 1 (RFC 1508, RFC 1509)
 * May 1995: Windows NT 3.51 released, includes SSPI
 * June 1996: Kerberos mechanism for GSSAPI (RFC 1964)
 * January 1997: GSSAPI version 2 (RFC 2078)
 * October 1997: SASL published, includes GSSAPI mechanism (RFC 2222)
 * January 2000: GSSAPI version 2 update 1 (RFC 2743, RFC 2744)
 * August 2004: KITTEN working group meets to continue CAT activities
 * May 2006: Secure Shell use of GSSAPI standardised (RFC 4462)