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Toowong

Toowong is a riverside suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the, Toowong had a population of 12,556 people with a median weekly household income of $1,927.

Geography
Toowong is situated between Mount Coot-tha and the Brisbane River and is made up of rolling hills with little flat land. Since European settlement most of the land has been cleared for residential and commercial use with the exception of some park land and bushland near the Western Freeway.

At the centre of Toowong is a commercial precinct including Toowong Village, and several other commercial and office buildings. The western side of the suburb is predominantly residential with a mix of medium density dwellings and detached Queenslander houses, extending to the foothills of Mount Coot-tha.

Toowong borders the Brisbane River. Along the riverside are a number of transport links: Coronation Drive, the Regatta ferry wharf, and the Bicentennial Bike Path (a bike and walkway) to the Brisbane CBD. This section of the river is the Toowong Reach.

History
Several early settlers subdivided their blocks, including Richard Drew who named his subdivision the 'Village of Toowong' in 1862. The origin of the name Toowong was derived from an Aboriginal word describing a bird. On Sunday 29 October 1865, the Anglican Church of St Thomas the Apostle opened on Lot 13 in Curlew Street, donated by Richard Langler Drew (-27.48986°N, 152.98869°W).

Toowong Mixed School opened on 10 October 1870. In 1879, it was renamed Indooroopilly State School. In 1888, it was renamed Indooroopilly Pocket State School. In 1905, it was renamed Ironside State School. It is within the present-day boundaries of the neighbouring suburb of St Lucia.

Toowong started developing with the arrival of the Ipswich railway line in 1875. It was originally suburb of detached villas and large yards owned by an elite upper-middle class that worked in the city and socialised with each other.

A Primitive Methodist Church was opened in Toowong on Sunday 9 April 1876.

The Shire of Toowong was created in 1880, in response to a petition from Toowong residents. In 1881 the population numbered 1,275 and seven years later it had almost doubled to 2,230. By 1901 the population numbered around 4,700.

Toowong State School opened on 22 January 1880 in Aston Street with enrolments reaching 350 students in the first nine years. In September 1910, the school was relocated to its present site. In 1927, it achieved its highest enrolment of 895 students, so many that the verandahs were used as classrooms.

In 1881, a Baptist church opened in Toowong; it is still extant and listed on the Brisbane Heritage Register.

In 1899, 461 allotments were advertised to be auctioned by Isles, Love & Co on Saturday, 2 September 1899 (Federation Day), Saturday 9 September 1899 and Saturday 16 September 1899. This area was called the Dunmore Estate and is now mostly in Toowong as well as partly in Milton. On the real estate map for Dunmore Estate, Cribb's Paddock, Milton is a black and white photo titled "Panoramic view of the river looking towards town". In 1899 it was advertised in the Brisbane Courier for contractors for the Dunmore Estate, Cribb's Paddock, Milton to make an access road through the lagoon and a roadway under the railway bridge. It was reported in The Brisbane Courier and The Telegraph that a total of 240 lots were sold - 108 lots on 2 September 1899, 81 lots on 9 September 1899 and 51 lots on 16 September 1899.

On 1 February 1902, Clayfield Boys' College was established on Old Sandgate Road (now Bage Street) near the Wesleyan Church at Eagle Junction by Arthur (Barney) Rudd with an initial enrolment of 4 students. In 1909, it began to accept boarding students. In 1912, the school moved to a new location on the corner of Bayview Terrace, Clayfield, near the tram terminus. In July 1918, the school was purchased by the Presbyterian and Methodist Schools Association and renamed Brisbane Boys' College. In 1931, the school relocated to its current campus in Toowong with 193 students.

In 1903, the Brisbane Tramways Company built a tram line along Milton Road to service the western side of the suburb. Initially the tram line terminated at the cemetery, but was later extended up Woodstock Road (Formally Dean Street), to the palatial home of the then Manager of the tram company Joseph Stillman Badger. In 1922, along with the rest of Brisbane's tram system, the line was taken over by the government (see Transport for Brisbane.) The tram line closed in December 1962, after the disastrous Paddington tram depot fire.

On 2 November 1902, Archbishop Robert Dunne laid the foundation school for a Catholic primary school in Holland Street. St Michael's and Holy Souls School opened on 1 July 1903. In 1916, it was renamed St Ignatius School. The school outgrew its original site and, in 1930, re-located to its current site as a combined church and school on land donated by the Sisters of Mercy. At that time there were 212 students in 9 classes. In 1948, a new 2-storey brick building was opened.

The Toowong Baths were first constructed as a 25 m swimming pool in 1909 on Coronation Drive south of Booth Street (-27.4838°N, 152.9945°W). Originally established by a private company, the baths were acquired in 1920 by the Toowong Town Council. In 1925, the Town of Toowong was amalgamated into the City of Brisbane and the baths come under the control of the Brisbane City Council. In the late 1950s, the buildings associated with the pool were replaced with new iconic buildings designed by Brisbane City Council architect James Birrell. The new Birrell-designed Toowong Library was constructed on Coronation Drive on the northern side of Booth Street. Despite public outcry, the Brisbane City Council sold the pool complex to fund the redevelopment of Toowong Library (which was also controversial) blaming declining patronage of the pool. The Toowong Swimming Pool was demolished on 21 March 2001. An office block now occupies the site.

Stuartholme School was established in March 1920 by the Society of the Sacred Heart as a boarding school for girls with 5 initial enrolments. It now also accepts day students.

On Saturday 25 October 1930, a stump-capping ceremony was held for a public hall in Grosvenor Street in West Toowong.

On 21 November 1959, the Anglican Church of the Holy Spirit in West Toowong was dedicated by Archbishop Reginald Halse. It was on Exmouth/Orchard Street (-27.4846°N, 152.9779°W). Its closure on 28 November 2006 was approved by Assistant Bishop Ron Williams.

Toowong State High School opened on 29 January 1963. It was on the site of the house Easton Gray, once owned by Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer, Premier of Queensland and subsequently the residence of his brother-in-law Hugh Mosman (who discovered gold at Charters Towers). The site was purchased by the Queensland Government in 1944 for the construction of a secondary school in Toowong. On 9 May 2000, the school was renamed Toowong College. It closed on 31 December 2006. It was at 78 Bywong Street (-27.4871°N, 152.9789°W). The school's website was archived.

The Queensland Academy for Science Mathematics and Technology opened in 2007 on the Toowong College site.

Local government
Toowong has been part of a number of different local governments:
 * Toowong Division (1879–1880)
 * Shire of Toowong (1880–1903)
 * Town of Toowong (1903–1925)
 * City of Brisbane (1925–present day)

Demographics
In the, Toowong had a population of 11,255 people; 50.2% female and 49.8% male. The median age of the Toowong population was 28 years, 9 years below the Australian median. The most notable difference was the group of people aged in their twenties; in Toowong this group made up 36.1% of the population, compared to 13.8% nationally. This is largely because of the close proximity of the University of Queensland. Children aged under 15 years made up 10.8% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 8.3% of the population. 61.1% of people living in Toowong were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%. The other top responses for country of birth were England 3.9%, China 3.8%, New Zealand 3%, India 1.8%, Malaysia 1.6%. 72.7% of people spoke only English at home; the next most popular languages were 5.3% Mandarin, 2.2% Cantonese, 1.3% Spanish, 0.7% Korean, 0.7% French. The most common responses for religion in Toowong were No Religion 33.7%, Catholic 22.0%, Anglican 12.0%, Uniting Church 5.0% and Buddhism 2.9%.

In the, Toowong had a population of 10,830 people.

In the, Toowong had a population of 12,556 people with a median weekly household income of $1,927.

Heritage listings
Toowong has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

 * 20 Archer Street: St Briavels (house)
 * 4 Aston Street: Bowersholme (house)
 * 365 Birdwood Terrace: Stuartholme School
 * 29 Burns Road: Rhos-y-Medre (house)
 * 1 Clouston Lane: Sylvania (house)
 * 543 Coronation Drive: Regatta Hotel
 * 579–583 Coronation Drive: Toowong Municipal Library
 * 600 Coronation Drive: Middenbury House
 * 33 Curlew Street: Craigsmount (house)
 * 10 Dean Street: Warrawee (house)
 * 100 Dean Street: Anzac Park
 * 58 Ebor Street: Toby the Dog Toowong Post Office memorial
 * Glenny Street (-27.4889°N, 152.9944°W): Kayes Rocks
 * 46 Grove Street: Church of Saint Ignatius Loyola
 * 50 Grove Street: Mount St Mary's Convent
 * 7 Herbert Street: Post-war house
 * 23 Herbert Street: Spanish Mission house
 * High Street (-27.487°N, 152.9911°W): Patterson's Folly
 * 22 High Street: Royal Exchange Hotel and Royal Exchange Building
 * 53 High Street: former Carver and Co. building (now Peerless Dry Cleaning)
 * 69 High Street: St Thomas Church of England
 * 4 Holmes Street: Kiarrba (house)
 * 5 Jephson Street: Toowong Baptist Church
 * 20A Jephson Street: Toowong Fire Station
 * 3 Moggill Road: St Arvans (house)
 * 55 Moggill Road: Brisbane Boys' College Buildings
 * Mount Coot-tha Road: Richard Randall Art Studio
 * corner of Mount Coot-tha road and Frederick Street: Toowong Cemetery, including within the cemetery:
 * Caskey Monument
 * Temple of Peace
 * Trooper Cobb's Grave
 * 50 Quinn Street (37 St Osyth Street): Toowong State School
 * 89 Sherwood Road: Kinellar (house)
 * 124 Sherwood Road: Dovercourt (house)
 * 65 Sylvan Road: Toowong Memorial Park (also known as Toowong Cenotaph, Toowong Soldiers' Memorial)
 * 143A Sylvan Road: Memorial Crows Ash
 * Woodstock Road (-27.4836°N, 152.9838°W): Tram stop
 * 6–28 Woodstock Road (-27.484°N, 152.9845°W): Endrim, Woodstock Road tram shed, and tram track (also known as Arlington, 'Boss' Badger's residence)

Education
Toowong State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 37 St Osyth Street (-27.4818°N, 152.9892°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 293 students with 29 teachers (21 full-time equivalent) and 33 non-teaching staff (16 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

St Ignatius School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 46 Grove Street (-27.4857°N, 152.9863°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 260 students with 23 teachers (16 full-time equivalent) and 11 non-teaching staff (7 full-time equivalent).

Brisbane Boys' College is a private Presbyterian and Uniting Church primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys at Kensington Terrace (-27.487°N, 152.9877°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 1503 students with 148 teachers (136 full-time equivalent) and 100 non-teaching staff (85 full-time equivalent). It has boarding facilities.

Stuartholme School is a Catholic secondary (7-12) school for girls at 365 Birdwood Terrace (-27.4701°N, 152.9744°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 678 students with 65 teachers (61 full-time equivalent) and 49 non-teaching staff (36 full-time equivalent). It has boarding facilities.

Queensland Academy for Science Mathematics and Technology is a government secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at 78 Bywong Street (-27.4861°N, 152.979°W). It is an academically selective school with a partnership with the University of Queensland. In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 642 students with 62 teachers (61 full-time equivalent) and 29 non-teaching staff (26 full-time equivalent).

Facilities
The Brisbane General Cemetery, planned in 1866 and formally opened in 1875, is Queensland's largest cemetery, placed on 437,300 square metres of land. It replaced Brisbane's second cemetery the North Brisbane Burial Grounds which were located in Milton where Suncorp Stadium stands today, closer to the centre of Brisbane. The remains of most of the 8500 people buried there are still under the stadium. The Brisbane General Cemetery, now called Toowong Cemetery, contains a signposted walk that provides information on various people buried therein.

The workshops and a bus depot of Transport for Brisbane is located at the western end of the suburb.

Amenities

Toowong has two historic hotels, the Regatta Hotel and the Royal Exchange Hotel. The three-storey Regatta hotel contained accommodation on the upper two floors and a public bar and lounge area on the ground floor. In 1965 a protest took place in the public bar of the Regatta Hotel when Merle Thornton (mother of Australian actress Sigrid Thornton) and Rosalie Bogner chained themselves to the bar in protest of public bars in Queensland being restricted to men only.

Built in 1986, Toowong Village is an office tower and shopping centre situated at the centre of Toowong. The blue glass office tower is a prominent landmark visible from Toowong and surrounding suburbs. The shopping centre situated on the lower levels of the office tower contains the Toowong Railway Station, Toowong Library operated by the Brisbane City Council, and the standard mix of retail stores.

Located on Sylvan Road, Toowong Memorial Park is a large park with gum trees, football ovals and a commanding view of the suburb. It was officially opened in 1918 in honour of those who enlisted from the Town of Toowong during the World War I. The park contains the Soldiers' Memorial on top of the hill was dedicated in 1922 and an RSL memorial is located near the Memorial gates on Sylvan Road, and also contains the Western Districts Rugby Football Club and a Basketball centre. Anzac Park is located next to the Western Freeway opposite the Toowong Cemetery. Originally the land was part of the cemetery grounds, but was converted to a rifle range in 1877. At the end of World War I the trees were planted in memory of the men from Toowong. The park land was proposed as a site for the Botanic Gardens, but the construction of the Western Freeway forced the move of the proposed site to its current location closer to Mount Coot-tha. The Mount Coot-tha Botanic Gardens and the Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium are located at the base of Mount Coot-tha.

The Toowong Municipal Library Building was built 1961 on Coronation Drive opposite the Toowong pool, and was formerly the district library for the western suburbs. The library was also designed by Brisbane City Chief Architect James Birrell, and is one of the few remaining examples of his work. The library is now used as commercial premises. The building comprises a two-storey library surrounded by trees and landscaped terraces, with cavity brick lower floor, the structure is formed by three intersecting circles. Above this base floor is a ‘floating’ crystalline form with 12 sided polygon (dodecagon) floor plan whose external walls taper outward as they rise and which houses the principal public floor of the library. The external steel wall framing of the upper floor is diagonally braced, and sheeted with plywood panels set within the structural framing and framed with silky oak beading. The library originally had a hemi-spherical skylight above its centre, which has now been replaced by an enclosure for mechanical equipment.

The library was threatened for closure in 1982 following the opening of a new municipal library at Indooroopilly in 1981. The Toowong Library did in fact close but local residents’ action saw it re-opened in 1983. Alterations were made to the building in 1983 when one of the rooms on the lower floor was acquired for use by the local councillor as a ward office, until 2005. Despite a campaign by local residents to prevent the closure of the library and redevelopment of the library and adjoining swimming pool site, the library was moved to Toowong Village shopping centre in March 2001, and the original building, which is protected by heritage listing, is now business premises.

Community groups
Friends of Toowong Cemetery is a volunteer group that discover and share the history and stories of Toowong Cemetery. The group was formed in 1992 and its first President was Cr. Judy Magub OAM, the councillor for the Toowong ward from when it was formed in 1994 until she retired in 2007.

The West Toowong Community Association was formed in 1999 by a group of residents concerned about what they saw as increasing inappropriate development in the area. The group soon branched out to protect and develop community activities in the suburb. It has run several campaigns about development in the area including an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the demolition of the James Birrel designed Toowong Pool, and a successful campaign to prevent the construction of a mobile phone relay station tower within a residential area of West Toowong. It was also instrumental in successfully lobbying for the construction of a safe crossing over the Western Freeway at Toowong, which was hotly opposed by other Toowong's residents and prompted the creation of opposing associations. The overpass was eventually successfully built, providing safe access from Anzac Park to footpaths and cycle paths leading to Mt Cootha and other recreational areas.

The Vera Street Community Garden was formed in 2005 and operates as a community vegetable growing and creek rehabilitation group. Open to members of the public, it is located within the grounds of the Queensland Academy for Science, Mathematics and Technology (entrance via Vera St). This public garden is located on state government land, the former site of a Chinese market garden.

Western Group of the Brisbane City Unit of the Queensland State Emergency Service has its headquarters at Perrin Park in Josling St. This site is shared with the Brisbane City Council Parks & Trees and the Toowong Community Meeting Place.

Toowong is home to one of the first four Scout troops in to be founded in Queensland in 1908. One hundred years on and Toowong has since merged with Milton & Taringa Scout troops but celebrates its 100 years as the oldest Scout troop in Queensland. Taring-Milton-Toowong Scout Troop is also known for their annual Scout rally which is one of the longest running Scout rallies in the world.

The Toowong branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the Toowong Library in the Toowong Village shopping centre at 9 Sherwood Road.

Sport
The West Juniors Australian rules football club has its home ground at Oakman Park in Toowong.

Despite its name. Toowong FC (soccer club) has its home ground at Dunmore Park on the corner Roy and Evans Roads in neighbouring Auchenflower. The club consists of 17 kids teams [Age 4 Up], 3 Senior Women's Teams and 5 Senior Men's Teams.

The Western Districts Rugby Club (“The Bulldogs”) has its home grounds in Toowong Memorial Park, on Sylvan Road, alongside the train lines.

Transport

Toowong is a major transport node, with almost all bus and train routes passing through Toowong from the western suburbs.

By Train, The Toowong train station on the Ipswich Line and Springfield Line is located under Toowong Village.

By Bus, Buses travel along Coronation Drive from the city stopping on Benson Street and then on towards the University of Queensland, or stop on High Street outside the Royal Exchange Hotel and continue towards Indooroopilly and other western suburbs.

By Road, Toowong is accessed by Coronation Drive and Milton Road from the north, and by Moggill Road and the Western Freeway to the south and west. The main roads inside Toowong are High Street and Sherwood road.

By City Cat, the Regatta CityCat stop located outside the Regatta Hotel on Coronation Drive allows transport downstream towards the Brisbane CBD and upstream towards the University of Queensland

By Bicycle, Toowong two main bicycle paths, one that starts at Coronation Drive and proceed towards the University of Queensland and the second that again starts from Coronation Drive but runs to and along the Western Freeway.

Politics
Toowong is within the:

 * Brisbane City Council's Paddington Ward and Walter Taylor Ward
 * Queensland Legislative Assembly's electoral district of Maiwar
 * Australian Government's division of Ryan.

In popular culture
Toowong is mentioned in the folksong Brisbane Ladies (c 1891) which begins:
 * Farewell and adieu to you, Brisbane ladies
 * Farewell and adieu, you maids of Toowong

Notable people
Notable people with connections to Toowong include:

 * Raymond Dart, anatomist and anthropologist, was born in Toowong in 1893.
 * Bernard Fanning, lead vocalist of Australian band Powderfinger was born in Toowong on 15 August 1969.
 * Janet Walker, costumier and dress-making bust inventor died in Toowong
 * Ziggy the bagman, a homeless man who has been a controversial issue for Brisbane, slept on the streets of Toowong for many years.

title: Toowong


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Dressing the Wounded during a Gas Attack

Dressing the Wounded during a Gas Attack
Austin O. Spare's pastel drawing of a wounded soldier during a WWI gas attack. Used to illustrate existing articles on chemical warfare.

A powerful painting and excellent illustration of the effects of poison gas. It's also not an image that's been widely seen by everyone already. - Night Gyr 01:59, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. We could use more artworks, instead of just photographs - Night Gyr 01:59, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Primarily because pictures of art are a slippery slope: next we'll have the complete works of Manet nominated, and people will vote on whether or not they fancy impressionists.   Secondarily, the drawing actually seems to give very little information about the effects of gas- I don't know who's suffering from what, and even if the drawing showed that I wouldn't know how much was artistic licence. Mark1 04:10, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Oppose. I am inclined to agree... BrokenSegue 23:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. We should encourage illustrations for many more art works, but for a Featured Picture I would prefer them to be the most representative of a particular style or movement. For a war artist, Paul Nash would be a good choice, but his Totes Meer is presumably copyright. In illustrating chemical warfare, this drawing works quite well but is also confusing - the leg wound presumably isn't caused by the gas. -- Solipsist 11:00, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I scanned and uploaded the image. It has been pointed out to me that my assumption on the copyright of Imperial War Museum WWI artwork is flawed and this image may not be in the public domain.  I don't know for certain whether it is or isn't so it should probably be deleted rather than featured.  Sorry for my mistake. Geoff/Gsl 01:49, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not promoted +1/-3 and copyright and concerns BrokenSegue 12:41, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Skeet Ulrich

Skeet Ulrich (born Bryan Ray Trout on January 20, 1970) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in popular 1990s films, including Billy Loomis in Scream (1996), Chris Hooker in The Craft (1996), and Vincent Lopiano in As Good as It Gets (1997). From 2017 to 2021, he starred as Forsythe Pendleton "F.P." Jones II on The CW's Riverdale. He reprised his Scream role in the sequels Scream (2022) and Scream VI (2023). His other television roles include Johnston Jacob "Jake" Green Jr. in the television series Jericho, and LAPD Detective Rex Winters, a Marine veteran from the Law & Order franchise.

Early life
Bryan Ray Trout was born on January 20, 1970, in Lynchburg, Virginia. His mother, Carolyn Elaine Wax (Rudd), owns the special events marketing agency Sports Management Group, and his father is a restaurateur. He has an elder brother, Geoff. His first stepfather was D. K. Ulrich, a NASCAR driver and team owner, whom he considers his father. In 1990, his mother remarried, to Edward Lewis Wax. Ulrich's maternal uncle is retired NASCAR driver Ricky Rudd, and his maternal grandfather was Alvin Ray Rudd Sr., the president of Al Rudd Auto Parts.

Ulrich's father kidnapped him and his brother when he was six years old, and they spent the next three years moving from Florida to New York and then to Pennsylvania. They were reunited with their mother in North Carolina, where his father disappeared from his life.

The nickname "Skeet" originated from "Skeeter", a nickname he was given by his Little League coach because of his small stature and because he was fast as a mosquito. Along with his slight frame, he had poor health as a child, including numerous bouts with pneumonia; he underwent open-heart surgery to repair a defective ventricle. Ulrich graduated from Northwest Cabarrus High School in North Carolina. After enrolling at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington to study marine biology, he switched to New York University, where he studied under playwright David Mamet.

Career
In his earliest screen appearances, Ulrich was an uncredited extra in films Weekend at Bernie's (1989) and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990). After joining the Atlantic Theater Company as an apprentice, Ulrich performed with the group, which got him noticed by director Stacy Cochran. She cast him in a CBS Schoolbreak Special. With her help, he also received his first notable role on screen in 1996 as the loutish boyfriend of Winona Ryder in Boys. That same year, he also appeared in Kevin Spacey’s directorial debut Albino Alligator and The Craft alongside Robin Tunney and Neve Campbell. He was cast that same year to star alongside Campbell again in Wes Craven's hit slasher film Scream as Billy Loomis where, during production, he was accidentally stabbed in the area where he had open-heart surgery.

In 1997, he had a small role as an emotionally conflicted gay hustler in As Good as It Gets (along with fellow Scream actor Jamie Kennedy). He appeared in films like The Newton Boys (1998) and Chill Factor (1999). He starred as Juvenal, a young man with stigmata and healing powers in the Paul Schrader film Touch (1997), and he appeared in Ride with the Devil (1999), an American Civil War drama directed by Ang Lee. In 2000, he played computer hacker Kevin Mitnick in the film Takedown.

On television, Ulrich starred in the short-lived ABC series Miracles and appeared in TNT's multiple Emmy-nominated miniseries Into the West (2005 in the U.S., 2006 in the UK). Also in 2005, Ulrich acted with Keri Russell in the television film The Magic of Ordinary Days. He starred as Jake Green on the CBS post-apocalyptic drama Jericho, which premiered on September 20, 2006, and ended its run on March 25, 2008. The series was cancelled after its first season but was brought back due to fan outcry and support. Fans lobbied the studio, and the series was brought back for a shortened second season.

Ulrich is a recurring guest voice actor on the Adult Swim animated stop-motion sketch comedy series Robot Chicken. In sketches based on G.I. Joe, Ulrich voices the character Duke. Ulrich guest-starred in three episodes of CSI: NY as a complex and disturbed killer. From 2017 to 2021, he starred as Forsythe Pendleton Jones II, the father of Jughead Jones, in Riverdale on The CW, loosely based on the Archie comic book series.

Ulrich appeared as Brian David Mitchell in the 2017 Lifetime film I Am Elizabeth Smart, based on the 2002 abduction and captivity of Elizabeth Smart. He also played Brice in the 2017 horror movie Escape Room.

In 2022, Ulrich reprises his role as Billy Loomis in the fifth film in the series, also titled Scream. He did so again in 2023 in Scream VI.

Personal life
In 1997, Ulrich married English actress Georgina Cates, whom he met at an Academy Awards party. Their wedding was a small ceremony held on their farmland in Madison County, Virginia, with only the preacher as a guest. They have twins, a daughter and son, born in 2001. Ulrich and Cates separated in 2004 and filed for divorce in 2005, citing irreconcilable differences.

He married actress Amelia Jackson-Gray in 2012, and they divorced in 2015. In 2016, Ulrich became engaged to Brazilian model Rose Costa, but the couple split in 2017.

He enjoys woodworking and gardening.

title: Skeet Ulrich


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Talk:A. P. Hill

Full name in title?
Shouldn't this article renamed (moved to) Ambrose Powell Hill? I know most historical texts refer to A. P. Hill, but it seems un-encyclopedic to use initials in titles for articles.

Second, it seems odd that there is no space between A. and P. Is that some standard I'm not aware of?

I know that historical military articles don't get much attention in Wikipedia. If no one comments for a week or so, I'm going to move the article and leave redirects for the other versions of his name.

-- A D Monroe III 02:00, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Inaccurate text
The following text in the article is inaccurate:

When Virginia seceded, he was made colonel of a Virginia infantry regiment, winning promotion to the rank of brigadier general on the field of Bull Run.

A.P. Hill’s regiment (13th Virginia) arrived on the Manassas Battlefield by train with Arnold Elzey’s Brigade about 12:30 p.m. on July 21, 1862. The battle raged in the distance and Elzey’s Brigade hurried in the direction of the firing. Before reaching the battle Elzey detached the 13th Virginia to the lower Bull Run fords. The 13th Virginia and A. P. Hill participated very little in the Battle of First Manassas or Bull Run. Hill felt again that he had been cheated of an opportunity to display his merits and he remained Colonel of the 13th Virginia until February 1862.

A. P. Hill was promoted to Brigadier-general upon the recommendation of General Joseph E. Johnston and assumed command of James Longstreet’s former brigade (1st, 7th, 11th and 17th Virginia infantry plus Loudoun artillery). With this brigade he distinguished himself at the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, 1862 and about one month later was promoted to Major-general in command of a division of six brigades which Hill termed the “Light Division.”

The article seems very sketchy. There is a great deal of interesting material regarding his engagement to Ellen Marcy and the serious personal controversy with both Generals Longstreet and Jackson. That he suffered from gonorrhoea as a West Point cadet is reported but the other far more interesting facts are omitted.

Please have the inaccurate statements corrected and review the other very interesting facts regarding A. P. Hill’s life.

Thomas Miller —84.157.80.105 (talk • contribs) 21:50, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Legacy
The mention of "...complications of veneral[sic] disease, possibly gonorrhea...", without citing sources leaves the article open to criticism. I would think that it may be an issue with his descendants. Elementary school teachers may also take issue with it when their students cut and paste that section (without even understanding) into a biography. Citing "Some historians believe..." seems more like a tabloid than an encyclopedia.

Nevertheless, it apparently was 'common knowledge' at the time that upon his appointment to the United States Military Academy and subsequent journey north from Virginia, that A.P. Hill's father had explicitly instructed him to travel up the west side of the Hudson to West Point and not to go by way of New York City. He ignored this advice and went to the City where he contracted a STD; specifically "syphilis" and not gonorrhea. There was no cure then or throughout the Civil War and treatment was arcane, archaic, and even somewhat barbaric to a point of itself rendering victims incapacitated. The disease unchecked, there seems little doubt that this painful affliction had or may have on many occasions throughout his life and military career debilitated him to a point of being bed-ridden and fully unable to perform his duties. 173.59.145.219 (talk) 05:06, 13 May 2015 (UTC)

If you do choose to cite some references, I don't think it deserves to take top spot under "Legacy". It certainly wouldn't be something that I would want as a legacy and I doubt that Hill would either. Perhaps it deserves mention (if at all) under a "Medical" heading. --Dogfish 21:32, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * See if the changes I just made are satisfactory. I don't think "Medical" is a good heading because the condition had a direct effect on how his generalship was evaluated. I once heard a Gettysburg LBG say that "Hill spent a night with Venus and a lifetime with Mercury" although I don't think that was a treatment for gonorrhea. More accurate jokes are needed. :-) Hal Jespersen 00:08, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that you went over and above on the changes... well done. I understand that his recurring illness affected his performance and warranted mention.  I'm new to this.  Now that the issue is resolved, do I delete my comments or does one leave it intact for future electronic archeologists to ponder..?  --Dogfish 02:29, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Leave the interchange as-is. Eventually, if the Talk page gets too full, we may archive old comments. But we generally only remove vandalism. Hal Jespersen 16:22, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * My thoughts: AP Hill was a distinctive leader in the Civil War. The issues of possible gonorrhea are significant - but one must remember it was a common disease then. Not sure how to incorporate that opinion into the article. But it ought to be included.... Engr105th 06:55, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The way to include the thought is to find a secondary source (professional historian writing in a published work) about Hill and footnote it. In my readings about APH, I have not found such an opinion. The guy performed poorly in the war's biggest battle due to illness, so it's an illness of note. Hal Jespersen 21:00, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree with you Jespersen...If we can't isolate the disease as an STD, then leave it as "disease". I must admit, I can't find anything referencing any original source for gonorrhea other than second hand jokes (if thats what they are). Could be anything - drank some bad water 2 days before... ???? Engr105th 06:54, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't understand your comment. The article clearly documents the disease as gonorrhea, citing Robertson's bio as a source. What we were discussing is whether to edit in a comment that says "Please don't think poorly of Little Powell because gonorrhea was very common in that era." My view is that opinion should be included only if we quote a secondary source saying it about Hill in this context. Hal Jespersen 13:54, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

E B on A P
Encyclopædia Britannica lists its article as "Hill, A P"

The article begins as "Hill, A(mbrose) P(owell)"

Source: Hill, A P.Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 13, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD.

Interesting to note that EB has dispensed with the use of periods with abbreviations (at least in this case). I knew the standard was evolving but I didn't know the extent. --Dogfish 05:02, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think they dispense the periods only if the actual name can be interchanged with the letters, if not, it remains with a period. Lincher 11:23, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Can you expand upon that? I have no idea what that phrase means: "actual name can be interchanged with the letters". Hal Jespersen 14:43, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * When the name of the guy is known, e. g.: A P Hill ... Ambrose Powell Hill, then they will not use punctuation for the letters. If the name of the guy is unknown, e.g. A. A. Raiba then they will leave the name with the punctuation. Am I clearer? Lincher 18:22, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, now it's clear. Thanks. Quite an odd editorial convention. I'd be interested to know how they punctuate Ulysses S. Grant and Harry S. Truman. :-) Hal Jespersen 18:34, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * They are written that way : Grant, Ulysses S./Ulysses S. Grant and Truman, Harry S./Harry S. Truman, with the slash separating the different titles that are seen on EB2006 (online)'s articles.
 * The other funny thing is Hill, A(mbrose) P(owell) is the title of the article on EB2006 but the title of the page is A. P. Hill. Lincher 21:20, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Highly regarded?
"Nevertheless, Hill was one of the war's most highly regarded generals on either side." looks PoV to me. Opinions of Hill varied at the time and among historians ever since.

My PoV is that he was nuts and should have been left in charge of a regiment or maybe a brigade under a very strong division commander. I think there is evidence both ways but I wouldn't dream of putting my PoV in the article. Frankly, I think the red shirt is enough to show that I am right. I know that lots of officers did things like that in the ACW but I think they were nuts also. 71.234.37.99 (talk) 16:33, 22 November 2008 (UTC)Will in New Haven71.234.37.99 (talk) 16:33, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * You are correct, it is a POV. This is one of the older Wikipedia articles that has not been full cited, which an opinion like that certainly should be. The following sentences provide some context to the claim, but it needs a citation. I'll add a flag. In the meantime, there were a number of successful but eccentric generals in the war, Stonewall Jackson among them. Their personal habits do not usually affect their martial reputations in any significant way. Hal Jespersen (talk) 23:18, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

Both Jackson and Hill tried to fight duels while leading troops in the field, in the near presence of the Union Army. Jackson requested an issue of pikes because he thought equipping some companies with them would conserve ammunition. Hill ignored direct orders from everyone ever placed over him except for Jackson and Lee. While the presence and influence of Lee allowed them to function as effective leaders at times they were deeply flawed commanders. 65.79.173.135 (talk) 18:18, 17 August 2009 (UTC)Will in New Haven65.79.173.135 (talk) 18:18, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Besides ammo concerns, Jackson also liked the idea of pikemen because throughout history they were the soldiers used to deal with cavalry. At the early stages of the ACW quite a few horsemen only carried their saber, and not firing a pistol/carbine at enemies. As for the general officers my POV is that any participants of a civil war must be a little nuts to fire on their former comrades & fellow countrymen, even if they considered themselves from a separate nation anyway. Is there wording in this article that still bothers you? Kresock (talk) 23:35, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

deleted sentence, July 22, 2011
I did some minor rewording to a recent edit, but could not understand what the following sentence meant (up to the first footnote): Feel free to reword and place it back into the article. Hal Jespersen (talk) 18:32, 22 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Hill had been given either charges for lack of duty by his commanding officer and he had repeatedly requested to Lee to set up a court of inquiry, but the commanding general did not wish to lose the effective teamwork of his two experienced lieutenants.

Army of Northern Virginia Poem
Under the analysis section it mentions that A.P Hill, "was omitted from Stephen Vincent Benet's poem, "The Army of Northern Virginia" even though all other generals of his rank were present.[28]"

However, I just read the poem online and found mention of A.P. Hill about 3 paragraphs in: http://allpoetry.com/poem/8513609-Army_Of_Northern_Virginia-by-Stephen_Vincent_Benet

"A. P. Hill leads the van. He is small and spare, His short, clipped beard is red as his battleshirt, Jackson and Lee are to call him in their death-hours."

Am I missing something? It *clearly* appears AP Hill's name is mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dmazeika (talk • contribs) 14:04, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

Lee's last words
Lee also called for Hill in his final moments ("Tell Hill he must come up."), although current medical opinion is that Lee was unable to speak during his last illness.
 * These could still have been Lee's last words -  before losing his power of speech. Also he could have been referring to D.H.Hill. Valetude (talk) 00:17, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 05:03, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

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Junior or II
2600:6C54:507F:D033:5DF6:3D5E:B25B:E7F9 (talk) 21:51, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

Slave Ownership
The article states: "Robertson's biography of Hill quotes his wife Kitty as saying her husband, "never owned slaves and never approved of the institution of slavery." In the 1850 census, Thomas Hill (Hill's father) owned 20 slaves in Culpeper County. Ten years later, Thomas Hill Jr. owned at least 38 slaves in Culpeper County. Hill's uncle (also named Ambrose P. Hill) farmed in Culpeper County, Virginia, using enslaved labor. In the 1840 census Ambrose P. Hill owned 32 slaves, and 30 slaves in the 1850 census."

I think this should be clarified such that it is clear whether A.P. Hill owned slaves or not. The way it is written it sounds like his wife said that he never owned slaves, but the census states he did. I think what the section (might?) be trying to say is that he never owned slaves but his family (father, brother and uncle) all owned slaves, as evidenced by the census. 69.125.82.78 (talk) 03:51, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it's confusing. I found one of the census references, it lists 30 slaves 1850 on pg 17-18.  I don't know which person that is, though.  The other might be https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYTT-4SN, though that's page 30, not 32, and seems to say 34 slaves, not 32. — Omegatron (talk) 01:08, 17 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I think we need to take his wife's statement at face value. The 1860 record I saw (via familysearch) are for his uncle, not him. Unless we can find records showing on the 1860 census for him in other states, (Ilooked and couldn't find any) we should let the paragraph put forth the point that while his family owned slaves, he might not have owned any - which was the original intention. The fact that he died supporting a rebellion to permanently safeguard slavery? Might that be left to a reader's inferrence? Or should that be mentioned? I reworded it and joined with the next paragraph to hopefully make it clearer. Boo Boo (talk) 16:29, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

Hey IP address
Adding OR is not valid, and you are 3RR violation Ask me about air Cryogenic air (talk) 21:40, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:A. P. Hill


text:
Superadditivity

In mathematics, a function $$f$$ is superadditive if $$f(x+y) \geq f(x) + f(y)$$ for all $$x$$ and $$y$$ in the domain of $$f.$$

Similarly, a sequence $$a_1, a_2, \ldots$$ is called superadditive if it satisfies the inequality $$a_{n+m} \geq a_n + a_m$$ for all $$m$$ and $$n.$$

The term "superadditive" is also applied to functions from a boolean algebra to the real numbers where $$P(X \lor Y) \geq P(X) + P(Y),$$ such as lower probabilities.

Examples of superadditive functions

 * The map $$f(x) = x^2$$ is a superadditive function for nonnegative real numbers because the square of $$x+y$$ is always greater than or equal to the square of $$x$$ plus the square of $$y,$$ for nonnegative real numbers $$x$$ and $$y$$: $$f(x + y) = (x + y)^2 = x^2 + y^2 + 2 x y = f(x) + f(y) + 2 x y.$$

 * The determinant is superadditive for nonnegative Hermitian matrix, that is, if $$A, B \in \text{Mat}_n(\Complex)$$ are nonnegative Hermitian then $$\det(A + B) \geq \det(A) + \det(B).$$ This follows from the Minkowski determinant theorem, which more generally states that $$\det(\cdot)^{1/n}$$ is superadditive (equivalently, concave) for nonnegative Hermitian matrices of size $$n$$: If $$A, B \in \text{Mat}_n(\Complex)$$ are nonnegative Hermitian then $$\det(A + B)^{1/n} \geq \det(A)^{1/n} + \det(B)^{1/n}.$$
 * Horst Alzer proved that Hadamard's gamma function $$H(x)$$ is superadditive for all real numbers $$x, y$$ with $$x, y \geq 1.5031.$$
 * Mutual information

Properties
If $$f$$ is a superadditive function whose domain contains $$0,$$ then $$f(0) \leq 0.$$ To see this, take the inequality at the top: $$f(x) \leq f(x + y) - f(y).$$ Hence $$f(0) \leq f(0 + y) - f(y) = 0.$$

The negative of a superadditive function is subadditive.

Fekete's lemma
The major reason for the use of superadditive sequences is the following lemma due to Michael Fekete.

 * Lemma: (Fekete) For every superadditive sequence $$a_1, a_2, \ldots,$$ the limit $$\lim a_n/n$$ is equal to the supremum $$\sup a_n/n.$$ (The limit may be positive infinity, as is the case with the sequence $$a_n = \log n!$$ for example.)

The analogue of Fekete's lemma holds for subadditive functions as well. There are extensions of Fekete's lemma that do not require the definition of superadditivity above to hold for all $$m$$ and $$n.$$ There are also results that allow one to deduce the rate of convergence to the limit whose existence is stated in Fekete's lemma if some kind of both superadditivity and subadditivity is present. A good exposition of this topic may be found in Steele (1997).

title: Superadditivity


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Meat helmet

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETED. jni 15:11, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Meat helmet
Complete nonsense. --L. Pistachio 02:03, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Joke by anon, with no contributions before today and probably none that will survive either VfD or reversion. Andrewa 02:23, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This person's contributions look like those of a well-intentioned newbie.  --L33tminion | (talk) 02:37, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Should have just been speedy-deleted. Binadot
 * Delete, although sadly this is not the first time I have heard of meat-based headwear. — Ливай | ☺ 03:27, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable but not quite patent nonsense. Meat helmets are a type of armour from the Kingdom of Loathing RPG.  There's also meat pants and a meat cowboy hat which I am not making up! Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  11:49, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as vandalism (bad-faith prank). Wyss 23:33, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * speedy delete. Yuckfoo 01:11, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, KoL fancruft. Wait, no, it's not! Grue 10:20, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. The anon responsible for this is wearing his own meat hat while chuckling madly at his perceived cleverness at having besiged Our Wiki.  For shame, Meaty One.  Next time, try tinfoil.  Works better.  Smells better, too. :^) - Lucky 6.9 02:09, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Little more than a sub-stub really AmosWolfe 02:43, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I would have thought the world for meathelment was crud. Delete. Lacrimosus 08:16, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Fort Sumter

First shots?
Union attempts to resupply and reinforce the garrison were repulsed on January 9, 1861 when the first shots of the war, fired by cadets from the Citadel, prevented the steamer Star of the West, hired to transport troops and supplies to Fort Sumter, from completing the task.
 * Why are these not generally quoted as the first shots of the war, instead of the attack on April 12th? Valetude (talk) 15:35, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

Because no general war followed the repulse of the Star of the West; the ship simply retired and President Buchanan took no further action. It was in April 1861 that the Confederate leadership made the decision to bombard the United States troops in Fort Sumter and begin the war. Beanbag82 (talk) 06:01, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

The Summary section states "The attack on Fort Sumter is generally taken as the beginning of the American Civil War—the first shots fired. Certainly it was so taken at the time—citizens of Charleston were celebrating. The First Battle of Fort Sumter began on April 12, 1861, when South Carolina Militia artillery fired from shore on the Union garrison. These were, both sides agreed, the first shots of the war." Within this one article we have two separate dates and two distinct events which are both identified as the first shots of the war. While I can see how both events could be identified as the first shots of the war, they cannot both be the first shots. We can either identify which one is actually the first shots of the war or indicate that there is ongoing controversy. As is, the entry contradicts itself. TFDrayton (talk) 18:07, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

For the record-books
One Union soldier died and another was mortally wounded
 * Presumably, these were the first Union deaths of the war -  on operational service, even though not in action. Are their names known? Valetude (talk) 13:38, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

I'm entirely perplexed by the footnote references to "Elliot" in dealing with the events leading to and including the First Battle of Fort Sumter. There are six "Elliot" notes with page numbers but without any bibliographic information. Is this a published book or some primary source? These are useless notes. Furthermore, the "Primary sources" list a source as Elliott, Stephen, Jr. (1902). "Detailed report, September 12, 1863" from the _Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion_, is this the supposed source on the First Battle? Stephen Elliott was the Confederate Commander of Fort Sumter during the Second Battle and had nothing to do with the First Battle and submitted no reports on it. So, how is he a "source" for the First Battle? The source given is his report on the Second Battle. Beanbag82 (talk) 06:11, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

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Lead-up and Questions about NPOV?
It seems odd that there's nothing in the article about the lead-up to the Battle of Fort Sumter, strategy and significance to the secession movement, nor the mobilization of confederate forces for assault. The assault of Fort Sumter was a deliberate attempt to instigate conflict with US forces in order to provoke a military response that would push border states to secession, per Roger Pryor's journey to Charleston and speech at the time. In advance of the battle, the confederate government called up militia, forced the surrender and evacuation of all other federal officials (Lincoln's Inaugural Address mentions that he won't challenge the loss of all post offices in states trying to succeed), seized federal munitions and forced the surrender of Castle Pinckney, and a confederate force of about 6,000 was besieging/blockading the fort.

This article seems to fail the NPOV test. It barely mentions confederate forces, implying that Anderson abandoned Moultrie for no reason and that US forces were starved without participation of a besieging force. It uses passive voice to obscure that the base was threatened by an approaching army. In truth, South Carolina mobilized militias immediately following secession, a force of 6,000 had taken Moultrie and trained guns on the fort. I would expect to find this framing in a book about "The War of Northern Aggression" but not on Wikipedia. Aharriso (talk) 14:43, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
 * For future reference new messages are posted to the bottom of talk pages.  Tide  rolls  14:50, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
 * See Battle of Fort Sumter for details on the battle. Dimadick (talk) 08:48, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 April 2022
So ummm just change 1812 to 1813, cause at the time it was closer to 1813, like duh lol please read thiis I Don't English (talk) 17:43, 20 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Please provide a clearer explanation of the changes you are requesting.  Tide  rolls  17:46, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

"A Confederate soldier bled to death"?
In the section about the First Battle of Fort Sumter, this article says, "A Confederate soldier bled to death having been wounded by a misfiring cannon." Do we have any sources about this?

I looked through the reference linked earlier in the paragraph, Allegiance by David Detzer, and couldn't find any mention of this event, even though Detzer does mention the accidental death of a Confederate soldier related to a bayonet before the battle on page 196, and Detzer goes into great detail about the process, liabilities, and dangers of preparing and firing cannons, especially on pages 260-263 and 291. There's a Union Sergeant named Thomas Kirnan who bled from but survived a purposeful Confederate cannon shot during the battle on page 275, and on pages 196-197, a Confederate cannon accidentally shot a cannonball before the battle and hit no-one. These are the closest incidents to what this article describes, but I don't think the article is referring to any of them.

I also couldn't find any references to such an event on the Wikipedia page for the Battle of Fort Sumter, which states in the info box that "0" Confederate casualties or losses occurred, and the 1861 New York Times article it cites for that number doesn't seem to mention it happening, either.

Also, it's hard to tell from this section whether the death happened before, during, or after the battle, so hopefully an edit with a source would clarify this as well. Present Individual (talk) 22:01, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fort Sumter


text:
Category:Lists of hospitals in the United States

 * Lists of .


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Axelrodian education

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:12, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Axelrodian education
Looks to be either copyvio or original research. Evil Monkey∴Hello? 02:05, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. ✏ Oven Fresh  ☺  02:07, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - smells like both. No google hits and not coherent enough for me to bother trying to look elsewhere. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:06, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Incoherant. Delete. humblefool® 03:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * O.R. Delete--ZayZayEM 06:51, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this has got to be some sort of a joke about bad academic writing, else it's the most pathetic sort of vanity essay by a towering bore. This isn't a personal attack on the author, just a reaction to the article's content- lots of otherwise cool people are capable of writing this badly. Wyss 23:37, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Incoherent essay and/or parody. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:50, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Author of this just dumped basically same text to Axelrodian pedagogy, which I made to redirect to this one. jni 20:02, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert Gagnon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  22:59, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Robert Gagnon
Non-notable, probably about the author. Bart133 (t) 02:05, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Delete, not notable. Firebug 01:28, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Joke by anon, one of a series. Andrewa 02:26, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Someone has seriously underestimated the level of achievement necessary to be included in an encyclopedia. Average Earthman 13:25, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No doubt the same fellow involved in a number of articles here. Oh, well.  Enjoy the five days.  Delete as pure vanity. - Lucky 6.9 02:06, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Somehow, this would have been less annoying if it were funny. Delete. Lacrimosus 08:17, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Stupid joke/vandalism. — Brim 09:43, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently either never listed on vfd or removed out of process, so I'm bringing it to today's page for resolution. —Korath (Talk) 00:33, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 07:31, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep FroggyMoore 15:58, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Walla Walla Massacre

Which part is actually called the massacre, the killing of the settlers or of the native americans? Also, is this the same event mentioned at Walla Walla, Washington? I'd add a bit of detail and/or links to those pages if that's the case. Dori | Talk 02:06, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

Duplication
This article and the article Whitman Massacre deal with the same incident, with slightly different perspectives. Perhaps a merge is in order? WBardwin 08:02, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walla Walla Massacre


text:
Injune

Injune is a rural town and locality in the Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Injune had a population of 429 people.

Geography
Injune is a small town in South West Queensland. It located on the Carnarvon Highway, 92 kmnorth of the regional centre of Roma. A railway connected Injune with Roma from 1920 until 1966.

It was formerly a hub for cattle and dairy industries, but now serves as a staging point for expeditions to the nearby Carnarvon National Park. More recently, natural gas and timber have served as the major primary industries.

History
The Injune railway line opened on 19 September 1916 from Roma to Orallo. It was extended to Injune, opening on 30 June 1920. The last train left Injune on 31 December 1966 and the line closed from 1 January 1967. Although there was still considerable grain traffic, maintenance costs for its many bridges made the line unviable. The line and facilities were completely dismantled by mid 1968.

Injune Post Office opened on 11 August 1920.

Injune State School opened on 24 October 1921.

Demographics
In the, the town of Injune had a population of 362 people.

In the, the locality of Injune had a population of 461 people.

In the, the locality of Injune had a population of 429 people.

Education
Injune P-10 State School is a government primary and secondary (Prep-10) school for boys and girls on the corner of Hutton Street and Fourth Avenue (-25.8467°N, 148.5651°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 80 students with 12 teachers and 16 non-teaching staff (7 full-time equivalent). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 80 students with 14 teachers (12 full-time equivalent) and 15 non-teaching staff (8 full-time equivalent).

As Injune State School only provides education to Year 10, for Years 11 and 12 the nearest school is Roma State College in Roma to the south.

Amenities
Injune has a public library at Hutton Street operated by the Maranoa Regional Council.

Attractions
Residents of Injune district have a lively interest in the arts, strongly supported by the former Bungil Shire Council's Arts & Cultural Policy. Injune's local arts group, the Injune Public Space Art Group (IPSAG), is leading the development of Henricks Park as an art and sculpture park opposite the Injune Information Centre.

Injune has an historical railway and steam train precinct. It features Locomotive No. 824 from the Camp Mountain railway accident. The locomotive was repaired and placed back into service, working around South East Queensland. In 1958 it was transferred to Toowoomba, and withdrawn from service in May 1967, exactly 20 years after the accident. At that point, as a donation to the Bungil Shire Council, it was towed to Injune, where it is located behind the town's ambulance station, and is listed in a town map as an "historical steam train".

Climate
Injune has a subtropical climate with warm to hot summers and cool winters with rainfall concentrated in the summer months. A record low temperature of -8.0 C is one of the coldest temperatures recorded in Queensland outside of the Darling Downs and Granite Belt along with the record low in nearby Mitchell.

title: Injune


text:
International Solid-State Circuits Conference

 International Solid-State Circuits Conference is a global forum for presentation of advances in solid-state circuits and Systems-on-a-Chip. The conference is held every year in February at the San Francisco Marriott Marquis in downtown San Francisco. ISSCC is sponsored by IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society.

According to The Register, "The ISSCC event is the second event of each new year, following the Consumer Electronics Show, where new PC processors and sundry other computing gadgets are brought to market."

History of ISSCC
Early participants in the inaugural conference in 1954 belonged to the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) Circuit Theory Group and the IRE subcommittee of Transistor Circuits. The conference was held in Philadelphia and local chapters of IRE and American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) were in attendance. Later on AIEE and IRE would merge to become the present-day IEEE.

The first conference consisted of papers from six organizations: Bell Telephone Laboratories, General Electric, RCA, Philco, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Pennsylvania. The registration was $4 (early registration was $3) and 601 people registered. International attendees arrived from Canada, England and Japan. With subsequent conferences came many more international participants with the first international presentation in 1958. By 1965, the number of overseas program committee members increased to 8 and in 1970 the overseas members began meeting separately in both Europe and Japan. Selected members of these regional program committees would attend the final program meeting in America.

The name of the 1954 Conference appears in various publications and documents as: "The Transistor Conference", "The Conference on Transistor Circuits", "The Philadelphia Conference", or "The National Conference on Transistor Circuits". The current name "International Solid-State Circuits Conference" was settled by the organizers in 1960.

While ISSCC was founded in Philadelphia, in the mid-1960s the center of semiconductor development in the United States was shifting west. In 1978, the conference was held on alternate coasts with New York soon substituting for Philadelphia. In 1990, San Francisco became the Conference's permanent home.

In 2013, ISSCC celebrated its 60th anniversary and will had several special programs to celebrate 60 years of circuit and SoC innovation.

Technical Program Committee
The Technical Program Committee (TPC) in early years was extremely fluid in order to deal with the constantly changing topics in the industry. By 1968 the list of subcommittees had settled to Digital, Analog (Linear), Microwave and Other, where the subcommittee members in Other would address the one-of-a-kind papers. In the 80's, the Microwave Subcommittee was dropped from the program as the overlap between the topics and attendees was diminishing. In addition, Digital split into Digital, Memory and Signal Processing subcommittees. In 1992, Emerging Technologies was launched and chartered to seek out the one-of-a-kind applications which may find a home in ISSCC. Today there are 10 subcommittees: Analog, Data Converters, Energy Efficient Digital (EED), High-Performance Digital (HPD), Imagers, MEMs, Medical and Displays (IMMD), Memory, RF, Technology Directions (formerly Emerging Technologies), Wireless and Wireline.

Executive committee
ISSCC is a strictly non-profit organization run by the Executive Committee. From formative years through 1980 the Conference chair was usually filled by the previous year's Program Chair. To provide needed continuity, the term of Conference Chair was extended to at least 5 years.


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Rob Nicholson

Robert Douglas Nicholson (born April 29, 1952) is a Canadian politician who represented the riding of Niagara Falls in the House of Commons of Canada from 2004 to 2019 as a member of the Conservative Party. Under Prime Minister Stephen Harper, he served as Minister of National Defence, Minister of Justice, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Leader of the Government in the House of Commons. When the Harper Government ended, he was appointed Justice Critic in the Official Opposition shadow cabinet.

Early life
Nicholson was born in Niagara Falls, Ontario. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Queen's University and a law degree from the University of Windsor. Nicholson practised law before entering politics, and is a member of the Law Society of Ontario.

First terms in the House of Commons (1984–1993)
Nicholson was first elected to federal parliament in the federal election of 1984 as a Progressive Conservative, defeating New Democrat Richard Harrington and incumbent Liberal Al MacBain. He was re-elected by a narrower margin in the 1988 election, defeating Liberal Gary Pillitteri by fewer than 2,000 votes.

During the 33rd Canadian Parliament, he served on the standing committees responsible for justice (vice-chairman), foreign affairs, national defence and transport. Nicholson also served on the special committee on child care.

During the 34th Canadian Parliament, he continued to serve on the justice committee and was also named a parliamentary secretary, supporting the Government House Leader (1989-1990) and the Attorney General of Canada (1989-1993) in Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney's government.

Following Kim Campbell's appointment as prime minister, Nicholson joined the cabinet as Minister for Science and Minister responsible for Small Business.

As with all of his caucus colleagues, save for Jean Charest and Elsie Wayne, he was defeated in the 1993 election, finishing third behind Pillitteri and Mel Grunstein of the Reform Party.

Municipal politics
Nicholson was elected as a trustee for the Niagara Catholic District School Board in 1994. He was elected to the Niagara Regional Council later in 1997, and was re-elected in 2000, and 2003. He ran for Chairman of the Regional Municipality of Niagara in late 2003, but lost to St. Catharines Regional Councillor Peter Partington.

He attempted to regain his old Commons seat in the 1997 election, but again finished third. He did not seek election to the Commons in the 2000 election.

Return to Opposition in 38th Parliament
The Progressive Conservatives merged with the Canadian Alliance as the Conservative Party of Canada in early 2004, and Nicholson joined the new party. He was narrowly returned to parliament in the 2004 election, defeating Liberal Victor Pietrangelo by more than 1,000 votes.

Nicholson served as Shadow Transportation Critic from July 2004 to January 2005. He was appointed Chief Opposition Whip on January 28, 2005.

During the 38th Canadian Parliament, he was one of only two members of the 99-member Conservative caucus in the Commons who had previously served in the federal cabinet.

Harper government (2005-2015)
Nicholson was re-elected in the 2006 election and appointed to the Harper cabinet as Government House Leader.

Minister of Justice (2007-2013)
Nicholson was appointed as Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada in early 2007. He replaced Vic Toews as Justice Minister during a Cabinet shuffle on January 4, 2007. Peter Van Loan replaced Nicholson as Government House Leader.

On March 13, 2010, Nicholson released the terms of reference for the appointment of Frank Iacobucci as an Independent Adviser. Iacobucci will conduct an independent review of documents related to the transfer of detainees by the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan.

This statement comes after Richard Colvin spoke before a parliamentary committee stating that he warned for a full year that detainees Canadian troops handed over to Afghan forces faced torture before the government began to monitor them. “London, The Hague and Canberra [Australia] are deeply concerned about the absence of solid legal protections for detainees, which – in the age of Gitmo and Abu Ghraib – imperils domestic support for the Afghanistan mission,” said the memo of December 4, 2006, written by diplomat Richard Colvin. Amir Attaran also brought forward testimony in stark contrast to then Canadian Ambassador to Afghanistan David Sproule's. Afgan prisoners testified that after capture by Canadians, they were subsequently handed to the custody of the Afghan National Army (ANA), claiming they were later abused by the ANA.

Minister of Defence (2013-2015)
In the July 15, 2013 cabinet shuffle, Nicholson switched portfolios with Peter Mackay and became the Minister of Defence.

Minister of Foreign Affairs (2015)
Because of John Baird's resignation, Harper was forced to reshuffle his Ministry on 9 February 2015. An unexpected beneficiary of the Baird defalcation was Nicholson, who was promoted to become Minister of Foreign Affairs. Nicholson's time as head of the Canadian Foreign Service was cut short when he was ejected from office on 4 November 2015 as Harper lost the 2015 election.

Back in opposition (2015-2019)
While the Conservatives were relegated to the Official Opposition after the 2015 election, Nicholson was re-elected and announced his intention to run for the interim leadership of the party. He was defeated by Rona Ambrose, and was subsequently named as the Conservative Justice Critic.

Nicholson did not run for re-election in the 2019 federal election.

Election results
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

title: Rob Nicholson


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Category:Universities in Israel

See also: Category:Colleges in Israel

title: Category:Universities in Israel


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Sequence of Saint Eulalia

The Sequence of Saint Eulalia, also known as the Canticle of Saint Eulalia (Séquence/Cantilène de sainte Eulalie) is the earliest surviving piece of French hagiography and one of the earliest extant texts in the vernacular langues d'oïl (Old French). It dates from around 880.

Eulalia of Mérida was an early Christian martyr from Mérida, Spain, who was killed during the Persecution of Diocletian around 304. Her legend is recounted in the 29 verses of the Sequence, in which she resists pagan threats, bribery and torture from the pagan emperor Maximian. She miraculously survives being burned at the stake, but is finally decapitated. She then ascends to heaven in the form of a dove.

The Sequence was composed in verse around 880, soon after the rediscovery of the relics of a saint of the same name, Eulalia of Barcelona, in 878.

Manuscript
The manuscript containing the Sequence is a collection of sermons by Gregory of Nazianzus. It is first mentioned in a 12th-century catalog of the library of Saint-Amand Abbey, although the production of the manuscript has been dated to the early 9th century. It is not known with certainty where it was produced. B. Bischoff suggests that it came from a scriptorium in (Lower) Lotharingia, but not from Saint-Amand itself, given its style of construction and the handwriting, which cannot be matched to other manuscripts produced there during the same period.

The manuscript is less significant for its original content, however, than for the empty pages at the end that later scribes filled in with additional texts. These include: The Sequence and the Ludwigslied are written in the same hand, and since the preamble of the Ludwigslied (which celebrates the battle of Saucourt, which took place on 3 August 881) speaks of Louis III (who died in 882) as being alive, both additions to the manuscript are dated to late 881 or early 882.
 * the top half of f141: a 14-line Latin poem about Saint Eulalia (Cantica uirginis eulalie)
 * the top half of f141v: the Sequence of Saint Eulalia in vernacular Romance
 * from the bottom of f141v to the top of f143: the Ludwigslied (Rithmus teutonicus), written in a variety of Old High German.

When Jean Mabillon visited Saint-Amand Abbey in 1672, he made a hasty copy of the Ludwigslied, but neither he nor his hosts seem to have recognized the significance of the Sequence immediately preceding it. When Mabillon and the historian Johannes Schilter attempted to obtain a better transcription of the Ludwigslied in 1693, the monks of the abbey were unable to locate the manuscript. It remained lost throughout the 18th century, until the entire contents of the abbey library were confiscated and transferred to Valenciennes in 1792, by order of the revolutionary government. In September 1837, Hoffmann von Fallersleben visited the library of Valenciennes with the intention of unearthing the lost text of the Ludwigslied. According to his account, it only took him one afternoon to find the manuscript and to realize that it contained another important text, the Sequence of Saint Eulalia.

Text
The Eulalia text is a sequence or "prose" consisting of 14 assonant couplets, each written on one line and separated by a punctus, followed by a final unpaired coda verse. The Sequence follows no strict meter. Most of the couplets consist of two ten-syllable verses, although some have 11, 12, or 13 syllables.

Both the vernacular Sequence and the Latin poem that precedes it show similarities with the hymn to Eulalia in the, by the 4th-century Christian poet Prudentius.

A transcription of the original text is provided below (with abbreviations expanded and some word boundaries inserted), along with a reconstructed phonetic transcription and an English translation.

Dialect
The language of the Sequence presents characteristics of Walloon, Champenois, and Picard. At the time, these three Oïl varieties shared a common scripta, or written literary koiné. The evidence points to a geographic origin for the text in modern-day Wallonia or an adjacent region of north-east France.

Some northern/northeastern dialectal features of the texts are:
 * the stressed form lei of the feminine singular dative pronoun (line 13)
 * the 1st person plural imperative ending -am in oram (line 26)
 * the unpalatalized initial in the forms cose and kose (< Latin causa), contrasting with  in Francien dialect to the south (mod. Fr. chose)
 * vocalization of before  in diaule (line 4, < diabolem)
 * lowering of pre-tonic to  in raneiet (line 6, < *reneget) and manatce (line 8, < mĭnacia).

In contrast, the epenthetic indicated by the forms voldrent (lines 3, 4, < uoluerunt), voldret (line 21, < uoluerat) and sostendreiet (line 16, < sustinerebat) is more characteristic of central French dialects.

The pronoun lo that appears in line 19 (instead of the expected feminine form la) has been variously explained as a dialectal feature, a pejorative neuter ("they threw it into the fire"), or simply a scribal error.

Line 15
Line 15 of the Sequence is "one of the most vexed lines of Old French literature". The identity of the verb is debated: early editors read adunet, but a reexamination of the manuscript by Learned (1941) revealed that the copyist originally wrote aduret. Scholars disagree about whether the line turning the ⟨r⟩ into an ⟨n⟩ was an inadvertent ink smudge or a deliberate correction by the copyist. Several interpretations have been proposed for both readings, including: Scholars further disagree about whether the possessive adjective in lo suon element refers to Eulalia or to Maximian, and about the nature of this element. Questions also surround the syntactic construction of the line, as well as the interpretation of the verse within the context of the Sequence.
 * adunet: "reunites, assembles", "affirms"
 * aduret: "hardens", "adores", "endures"

The following examples illustrate the variety of translations suggested for this verse:
 * "Elle réplique en affirmant « l'élément » qui est sien [= sa virginité]"
 * "Elle n'en devint que plus forte dans ces principes religieux"
 * "She steeled her soul (she strengthened herself inwardly)"
 * "That she worship his false god"
 * "Elle endure le feu [= son élément]"

title: Sequence of Saint Eulalia


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Opposition day

An opposition day is a day in a legislature using the Westminster system in which an opposition party sets the agenda. Most days the parliamentary agenda is set by the government; opposition days allow the smaller parties to choose the subject for debate. The number of days varies between parliaments.

Originally, opposition days were associated with debates over supply and held prior to the estimates and the budget and were created so that opposition parties could advance ideas for what should and should not be funded. In modern politics, opposition days are most often used to bring up issues that the government would rather ignore. Typically, governments seek to amend opposition day motions to support their own policy.

In the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom there are twenty opposition days per parliamentary session. The Official Opposition (currently the Conservative Party) is allocated 17 opposition days, and the second biggest opposition party (currently the Liberal Democrats) given 3 days. The outcomes of votes on opposition day motions are not considered legally binding, although they do represent the will of Parliament.

On 29 April 2009, Gordon Brown's government was defeated in an opposition day vote on the subject of settlement rights for veterans of the Gurkhas. This was the first time since January 1978 that a British government had lost an opposition day vote.

Theresa May's government, being a fragile minority government, refused to amend the motions or divide the house, meaning that all opposition day motions during this period were passed with no vote. This led the SNP MP Pete Wishart to accuse the Government of "degrading [them] to little more than adjournment debates".

Following the 2019 general election, in which Boris Johnson's government won a landslide majority of 80 seats, the practice of the government attending and voting on opposition day motions temporarily resumed. However, following a campaign by footballer Marcus Rashford, the government whipped its MPs to vote against a Labour motion calling on the government to continue funding free school meals for children over the school holidays until Easter 2021, which the Opposition claimed would prevent over 1 million children going hungry during the COVID-19 pandemic, after which there was a strong public backlash, with many new-intake Conservative MPs receiving online abuse and threats. Following this the government have resumed Theresa May's practice of ignoring opposition day motions, although Labour have forced the motions to go to a division by having a small number of MPs verbally vote against their own motion (only to vote for the motion in the division) – the government abstains in these divisions.

To counter this, starting from 2022, the Opposition has sometimes proposed, instead of symbolic motions, programme orders, which, if carried, bind the House to consider and hold a vote on a specific bill, under the rules and timetable set in the order itself. The Government cannot ignore a vote on such motions, because doing so would allow a bill it opposes to be brought to the floor (taking time away from proposals the Government supports) and perhaps even pass.

A vote during an opposition day for the second biggest opposition party (the Scottish National Party) on 21 February 2024 provoked controversy when the Speaker deviated from precedent in the choice of amendments to be taken, leading to a political row.

In other countries
In Canada there are twenty-two opposition days per parliamentary session. The days are divided among opposition parties with the Official Opposition allotted the most. Canadian opposition parties are allocated days, which are also called "allotted" or "supply" days, in proportion to their membership in the House.

There are no opposition days in Australian jurisdictions. In India, the Parliament does not have an opposition day, but one day every week (Friday) during a session is devoted to private members' bills and resolutions.

title: Opposition day


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COLLADA

COLLADA (for 'collaborative design activity') is an interchange file format for interactive 3D applications. It is managed by the nonprofit technology consortium, the Khronos Group, and has been adopted by ISO as a publicly available specification, ISO/PAS 17506.

COLLADA defines an open standard XML schema for exchanging digital assets among various graphics software applications that might otherwise store their assets in incompatible file formats. COLLADA documents that describe digital assets are XML files, usually identified with a .dae (digital asset exchange) filename extension.

History
Originally created at Sony Computer Entertainment by Rémi Arnaud and Mark C. Barnes, it has since become the property of the Khronos Group, a member-funded industry consortium, which now shares the copyright with Sony. The COLLADA schema and specification are freely available from the Khronos Group. The COLLADA DOM uses the SCEA Shared Source License 1.0.

Several graphics companies collaborated with Sony from COLLADA's beginnings to create a tool that would be useful to the widest possible audience, and COLLADA continues to evolve through the efforts of Khronos contributors. Early collaborators included Alias Systems Corporation, Criterion Software, Autodesk, Inc., and Avid Technology. Dozens of commercial game studios and game engines have adopted the standard.

In March 2011, Khronos released the COLLADA Conformance Test Suite (CTS). The suite allows applications that import and export COLLADA to test against a large suite of examples, ensuring that they conform properly to the specification. In July 2012, the CTS software was released on GitHub, allowing for community contributions.

ISO/PAS 17506:2012 Industrial automation systems and integration -- COLLADA digital asset schema specification for 3D visualization of industrial data was published in July 2012.

Software tools
COLLADA was originally intended as an intermediate format for transporting data from one digital content creation (DCC) tool to another application. Applications exist to support the usage of several DCCs, including: • 3ds Max (ColladaMax)

• Adobe Photoshop

• ArtiosCAD

• Blender

• Bryce

• Carrara

• Chief Architect Software

• Cinema 4D (MAXON)

• CityEngine

• Clara.io

• Daz Studio

• Delphi

• E-on Vue 9 xStream

• FreeCAD

• FormZ

• Houdini

• iBooks Author

• LightWave 3D (v 9.5)

• MakeHuman

• Maya (ColladaMaya)

• MeshLab

• Modo

• Okino PolyTrans

• OpenRAVE

• Poser Pro (v 7.0)

• Robot Operating System

• Shade 3D (E Frontier, Mirye)

• SketchUp (v 8.0) – KMZ file is a zip file containing a KML file, a COLLADA file, and texture images

• Softimage | XSI

• SolidWorks

• Strata 3D

• Vectorworks

• Visual3D Game Development Tool for Collada scene and model viewing, editing, and exporting

• Wings 3D

• Xcode (v 4.4+)

Game engines
Originally intended as an interchange format, many game engines now support COLLADA, including: • Ardor3D

• Blender Game Engine

• C4 Engine

• CryEngine 2

• FireMonkey

• Godot

• GLGE

• Irrlicht Engine

• Mathematica

• Panda3d

• Pyrogenesis

• SceneKit

• Spring

• Torque 3D

• Turbulenz

• Unigine

• Unity

• Visual3D Game Engine

• HPL Engine 1

Applications
Some games and 3D applications have started to support COLLADA: • AnyLogic .dae files for 3d model mods

• ArcGIS

• ArchiCAD

• Spore (2008 video game)

• Autodesk InfraWorks

• BricsCAD

• Chief Architect Software supports import and export .dae files.

• Google Earth (v 4) – users can simply drag and drop a COLLADA file on top of the virtual Earth

• JanusVR

• Kerbal Space Program - .dae files for 3d model mods.

• Maple (software) - 3D plots can be exported as COLLADA

• Open Wonderland

• OpenSimulator

• Mac OS X 10.6+'s Preview

• NASA World Wind

• Second Life

• SketchUp - import .dae files.

• Systems Tool Kit (STK) - utilizes .dae files for 3d models

• TNTmips

• Tower Unite

• Microstation

• BeamNG.drive - mods are modeled using .dae files

Physics
As of version 1.4, physics support was added to the COLLADA standard. The goal is to allow content creators to define various physical attributes in visual scenes. For example, one can define surface material properties such as friction. Furthermore, content creators can define the physical attributes for the objects in the scene. This is done by defining the rigid bodies that should be linked to the visual representations. More features include support for ragdolls, collision volumes, physical constraints between physical objects, and global physical properties such as gravitation.

Physics middleware products that support this standard include Bullet Physics Library, Open Dynamics Engine, PAL and NVIDIA's PhysX. These products support by reading the abstract found in the COLLADA file and transferring it into a form that the middleware can support and represent in a physical simulation. This also enables different middleware and tools to exchange physics data in a standardized manner.

The Physics Abstraction Layer provides support for COLLADA Physics to multiple physics engines that do not natively provide COLLADA support including JigLib, OpenTissue, Tokamak physics engine and True Axis. PAL also provides support for COLLADA to physics engines that also feature a native interface.

Versions

 * 1.0: October 2004
 * 1.2: February 2005
 * 1.3: June 2005
 * 1.4.0: January 2006; added features such as character skinning and morph targets, rigid body dynamics, support for OpenGL ES materials, and shader effects for multiple shading languages including the Cg programming language, GLSL, and HLSL. First release through Khronos.
 * 1.4.1: July 2006; primarily a patch release.
 * 1.5.0: August 2008; added kinematics and B-rep as well as some FX redesign and OpenGL ES support. Formalised as ISO/PAS 17506:2012.

title: COLLADA


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Nagano Line (Kintetsu)

The Nagano Line (長野線) is a railway line of Japanese private railway company Kintetsu Railway branching off Minami-Osaka Line at Furuichi in southern suburbs of Osaka. The line connects cities of Habikino, Tondabayashi and Kawachi-Nagano in Osaka Prefecture, terminates at Kawachinagano with connection to Nankai Electric Railway Kōya Line.

History
The Nagano Line was constructed and opened between 1898 and 1902 as the sole line of Kayō Railway (河陽鉄道) who aimed to connect inland town Kawachinagano to Kashiwara on the Kansai Main Line (then of Kansei Railway (関西鉄道)). The company renamed itself the Osaka Railway Co. in 1919 (being the second company of that name) and decided and built its own line directly to Osaka, branching from Dōmyōji. The company then opened a line diverting from Furuichi to Nara Prefecture, to complete present Minami Osaka Line. Thus the line to Kawachi-Nagano became a branch line, present Nagano Line.

The line was electrified at 1500 VDC in 1923, and the company merged with Kintetsu in 1944. The Furuichi - Kishi section was duplicated in 1957, and extended to Tondabayashi in 1974.

Operation
Nearly all trains go through up to/down from Ōsaka Abenobashi on Minami-Osaka Line. A few trains return at Tondabayashi.

Service
All trains stop at all stations on the Nagano Line. Most trains are operated as a Semi express.

 * Local (普通) (L)
 * Limited number of operation, in the morning down to Tondabayashi or Kawachi-Nagano, in midnight up to Furuichi or Osaka Abenobashi.

 * Semi-Express (準急) (SE)
 * Four trains per hour per direction, all day, all to/from Osaka Abenobashi.

 * Express (急行) (Ex)
 * In the rush hours, to/from Osaka Abenobashi.

Stations
All stations are located in Osaka Prefecture.

Local trains (普通) stop at every station. Therefore, it is omitted here.

title: Nagano Line (Kintetsu)