text:
Talk:HEGRA

The following is a reply to a request-for-permission I received 2005-01-18. --fvw *  22:56, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)

Dear Sir,

You get hereby permission to use the text of the attached HTML file as a basis for the intended Wikipedia article (under the GNU FDL).

Since I have very little experience with Wikipedia and consider myself biased with respect to HEGRA, I'd like to thank you for your willingness to write an article about HEGRA instead of trying to do this myself.

The attached HTML file is a minor modification of the original web page by me to which you referred. In particular, I got rid of links to maps of unknown origin now and replaced GIF format images with PNG. The text itself is not substantially affected. It's just that MAGIC is no longer 'being built up' but is now operational.

For your convenience, I uploaded three images (taken or drawn by me) to Wikipedia Commons, which you might want to consider for the article: Hegra.jpg Hegra_scint_and_air.png Shower_detection.png The third one is a more general version of the drawing that you get when you click onto the thumbnail to the right of the title in the web page (hegra_shower_detection.png). The other two are identical to images used in the HEGRA.html web page.

Kind regards, Konrad Bernlöhr

> -- Forwarded message -- > Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2005 00:57:26 +0100 > From: Frank v Waveren  > To: werner.hofmann@mpi-hd.mpg.de > Subject: HEGRA experiment webpage > > Dear Sir, > > In the process of writing an article on HEGRA for Wikipedia I came > across your webpage at http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/hfm/HEGRA/HEGRA.html; > I would like to use the text of this page if I may. > > Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org) is a free encyclopaedia that is > collaboratively-edited by volunteers from around the world. > > To be included in Wikipedia the text has to be licensed under the GNU > Free Documentation License. This means anybody will have the right to > share your materials and update them: for example, to keep up with new > information. You can read this license in full at: > http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GFDL > > The license also expressly protects authors "from being considered > responsible for modifications made by others" while ensuring that > authors get credit for their work. There is more information on our > copyright policy at: > http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights > > If you are the copyright owner of this piece of text and would be > willing to license it under the GFDL, we would be most grateful. > > Thank you for your time, I look forward to your reply. > -- Konrad Bernlöhr

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy (HEGRA)

  The HEGRA experiment

The High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy (HEGRA) experiment was located on La Palma (Canary Islands) at a height of 2200 m a.s.l. (at the site of the Observatory operated by the IAC). It consisted of several detector types for observing secondary particles or light from particle cascades in the atmosphere ( Extensive Air Showers, EAS). The EAS detected by HEGRA are produced by cosmic ray particles in the energy range 1012 to 1016 eV. With its various types of detectors HEGRA was taking data between 1987 and 2002.

The detectors with the lowest energy threshold were the Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes with 'cameras' of photomultiplier tubes. They were sensitive to showers above 1012 eV (1 TeV) but had to look towards possible sources and could be operated only during clear, moonless nights. They detected Cherenkov light from relativistic secondary particles in the air showers. The field of view was about 4.6 degrees. There were a total of six of these telescopes in operation. They were dismantled in September 2002.

Another detector type for the Cherenkov light was AIROBICC (AIrshower Observation By Angle Integrating Cherenkov Counters) with one large photomultiplier looking at the sky above it. 49 of these detectors were spread in a 7-by-7 grid to observe the amplitude and the time of arrival of the front of Cherenkov light. Another 48 were added later on. These counters had a wide field of view but could be operated also only during clear, moonless nights. Their energy threshold was a few 1013 eV. The AIROBICC array has been dismantled.

The first detector type of HEGRA was the array of 1 m2  scintillation counters which were used to measure the numbers and arrival times of secondary particles in air showers arriving at ground level. More than 250 of these counters were in operation, spread over a 180-by-180 m2 area. These detectors were operated day and night at any weather. The energy threshold of the scintillator array was between 40 and 100 TeV, depending on the kind of primary cosmic ray particle. The scintillator array has been dismantled as well.

The scintillator array was sensistive to all types of charged secondary particles. To be able to select secondary muons in air showers there were the Muon 'Towers' with 16 m2 area each. Seventeen of these detectors were installed on La Palma.

There were two more types of detectors at the HEGRA site: the CRT (Cosmic Ray Tracking) detectors and the CLUE (Cherenkov Light Ultraviolet Experiment).

A successor to the HEGRA Cherenkov telescopes is operational since 2004 at the HEGRA site: MAGIC. A direct successor to the stereoscopic system of Cherenkov telescopes is the H.E.S.S. experiment.

The main HEGRA server is now in Hamburg.

For pointers to various cosmic ray and neutrino experiments worldwide see here.

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HEGRA Page Comments
I have been trying to write a document on cosmic-ray "telescopes" and one of the topics I was having trouble tracking down was HEGRA. There is a website but it is a pain to get much useful information out of it.

So I was very pleased to find that Wikipedia had a page on it. There is quite a bit of useful detail on this page.

However, although I applaud the efforts of the author and wish to encourage him/her in the work ... this is a confusing article to read.

May I politely suggest a more structured approach to the description of the HEGRA array? Try to create a chronological list of the evolution of the array, giving the elements created at each time and a description of each. Another curious item is what, if any, elements of the old HEGRA array survived to accompany the new MAGIC Cerenkov telescope. Doesn't sound like any ...

These are no more than suggestions, and again I applaud the efforts of the author. I just would like to give some hopefully useful feedback.

Since the author is obviously interested in cosmic-ray telescopes, I will be glad to share my (incomplete) document for feedback of my own. Cosmic ray telescope technology is not very well documented and it's a bit of a scavenger hunt to track things down.

MrG mister_g_n000p@earthlink.net / valid to 1 jan 06

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on HEGRA. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050209034041/http://www-hegra.desy.de/hegra/ to http://www-hegra.desy.de/hegra/

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:59, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:HEGRA


text:
CiN Weekly

CiN Weekly was a free weekly culture newspaper in Cincinnati, Ohio, operated by The Cincinnati Enquirer. It was established in 2003, and in July 2009 the paper was replaced by a Cincinnati version of Metromix.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CiN Weekly


text:
Copper Blue

Copper Blue is the debut studio album by American alternative rock band Sugar. It was voted 1992 Album of the Year by the NME. All of the songs were written by guitarist/vocalist Bob Mould, who also co-produced with Lou Giordano. Musically, the band continues the thick punk guitar of Mould's previous band, Hüsker Dü, while slowing the tempo and emphasizing melody even more.

Background
During the 1980s, Bob Mould was the guitarist and a lead vocalist of the rock band Hüsker Dü. Initially rooted in hardcore punk, Hüsker Dü eventually developed a sound based around alternative rock, with an emphasis on melody. When Hüsker Dü disbanded in 1987, Mould continued as a solo artist, and released two albums in 1989 and 1991. His debut solo album in particular, Workbook, eschewed the hardcore sound that had previously defined his career, and instead featured a lighter sound with folk influence.

In 1991, Nirvana released its seminal album Nevermind, which was in part responsible for bringing alternative rock and grunge to mainstream popularity. The popularity of Nevermind and its grunge sound had a profound impact on Mould. In an interview with NPR, Mould said: "When Nevermind came out, that album changed the way people listen to music. A lot of the songs that I had been writing in 1991 led up to my next group, Sugar — and had it not been for Nevermind, I don't know if Sugar's Copper Blue would have stood a chance in '92. But people were now receptive to this sound." Around this time, Mould lost the publishing rights to his solo albums, and was dropped from Virgin Records. This necessitated a nine-month solo tour throughout Europe. During this tour, Mould wrote and performed new songs to see how people reacted.

Mould described the music he wrote on tour as "more melodic and immediate than on the other solo records". He had written over thirty songs for a third solo album, and recorded a home demo tape. After some recommendations from one of his friends, Mould signed with Rykodisc and Creation Records, who would release his next album in the United States and Europe respectively. Mould then began looking for studio musicians, and recruited bassist David Barbe and drummer Malcolm Travis in late 1991. He also hired Lou Giordano to produce the album at the Outpost in Stoughton, Massachusetts. The band's name came from a sugar packet Mould noticed while eating at a diner with the other two members.

Release and reissues
A limited edition initial run of the CD was released by Rykodisc in a front-and-back metal copper sleeve with each of the 2,500 copies containing a one-of-a-kind Polaroid photo taken by one of the three band members and stamped on the back with "Sugar Copper Blue Summer '92."

Several tracks were recorded for this album, but were not included. Mould decided to release them separately as an EP entitled Beaster.

Rykodisc released a remastered version pressed on 180-gram vinyl on June 21, 2011. It is accompanied by a drop card for a free download of the digital version.

On July 24, 2012, the album was reissued by Merge Records as a 3-disc set containing the full album accompanied by B-sides (disc 1), the Beaster EP (disc 2), and a 1992 live performance at Chicago's Cabaret Metro (disc 3).

Critical reception
The Toronto Star noted that "Mould's singing has never been better, and it's improved by the judicious use of multi-tracking rather than a back-up singer." The Baltimore Sun wrote that "Copper Blue boasts some of Mould's most consistent writing, but what ultimately gives this album its edge is the way the band's untrammeled intensity seems to heighten the melodic impact of the material."

Copper Blue Tour
In August 2012, Bob Mould and his band (Jason Narducy on bass and Jon Wurster on drums) embarked on a "Copper Blue Tour", playing the album in its entirety at several European and American venues.

Legacy
"The last word in love songs," enthused NME, "and the full stop after heartbreak."

The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

It was voted number 699 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).

Track listing
All songs written by Bob Mould

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Copper Blue.
 * Sugar
 * Bob Mould – guitars, vocals, keyboards, percussion
 * David Barbe – bass
 * Malcolm Travis – drums, percussion

 * Production
 * Lou Giordano – production, engineering
 * Bob Mould – production, engineering
 * Tom Bender – mixing
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering

title: Copper Blue


text:
User:Staplertime

HIHI

I'm Staplertime. I found this place in October 2004 and registered around December-ish. I like video games like R: Racing Evolution and DOA3. My favorite movies are Napoleon Dynamite and The New Guy, along with Dodgeball and Meet the fockers.

I should elaborate more, but I'm too lazy. XD

title: User:Staplertime


text:
Justin de Villeneuve

Justin de Villeneuve (born Nigel John Davies ) is a British businessman, known for being supermodel Twiggy's manager from 1966 to 1973.

De Villeneuve worked as a Mayfair hairdresser under the name Christian St. Forget, before meeting Twiggy as a teenager. They became a couple, and as her career as a model took off, he became her manager and helped to make her famous. Twiggy severed ties with him in 1973 and later downplayed his role in her success.

De Villeneuve was married to model Jan de Villeneuve (born Janet Griswold) and has two daughters, illustrator Daisy de Villeneuve (born 5 June 1975) and photographer Poppy de Villeneuve (born 22 May 1979).

From 1975 to 1977, he co-managed (along with his partner, Bryan Morrison) the British proto-punk rock band Doctors of Madness, led by Richard Strange. In 1978, he became the manager of singer-songwriter Lynsey de Paul, during the period when she recorded her Tigers and Fireflies album, and in 1980 he also managed Clifford T. Ward, another UK singer-songwriter.

De Villeneuve married designer Sue Timney at Chelsea Town Hall in 2007. The marriage lasted for ten years.

Early life
Nigel John Davies was born in 1939 in London's East End, within a mile of the Bow Bells. His father was a bricklayer while his mother stayed at home. During the Blitz, he stayed with JB Priestley in Herefordshire. He left school early at 15 to box under the name Tiger Davies.

title: Justin de Villeneuve


text:
Marie Anne Isler Béguin

Marie Anne Isler Béguin (born 30 June 1956 in Boulay-Moselle) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the East of France. She is a member of the French Greens, part of the European Greens. She was re-elected in 2004. She sits on the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and is a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs. She also is the Chairwoman of the delegation of the European parliament to Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.

title: Marie Anne Isler Béguin


text:
Penner

Penner may refer to:

People

 * Major Penner (fl. 1718), pirate captain active in the Caribbean
 * A.D. Penner (1910–2008), Canadian businessman and politician
 * Alden Penner (born 1983), Canadian musical artist
 * Alia Penner (born c. 1985), American artist
 * Andrew Penner (born 1982), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Andrew Penner (musician), Canadian musician and composer
 * Barbara Penner (born 1970), architectural historian
 * Barry Penner (born 1966), Canadian politician
 * Carrie Walton Penner (born 1970), American charter school activist and granddaughter of Walmart founder Sam Walton
 * David Penner (1958–2020), Canadian architect
 * Dick Penner (born 1936), English professor and songwriter
 * Dustin Penner (born 1982), Canadian professional ice hockey player
 * Elvin Penner (fl. 2008–2015), Belizean politician
 * Fred Penner (born 1946), Canadian children's entertainer
 * Gerry Penner (1934–2023), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Glen Howard Penner (1940–2023), Canadian politician
 * Greg Penner (born 1969), American businessman
 * Hayley Gene Penner (born 1985), Canadian singer/songwriter
 * Keith Penner (born 1933), Canadian public official and former politician
 * Ken Penner (1896–1959), Major League Baseball player
 * Jack Penner, Canadian politician
 * Jacob Penner (1880–1965), Canadian socialist politician
 * Jeff Penner (born 1987), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Jim Penner (1939–2004), Canadian businessman and politician
 * Joe Penner (1904–1941), American vaudeville comedian
 * John Penner (1931–2003), Canadian politician
 * Jonathan Penner (born 1962), American actor
 * Jonathan Penner (writer) (born 1941), American fiction writer
 * Julie Penner (born 1976), Canadian violinist
 * Michael D. Penner, Canadian lawyer and businessman
 * Mike Penner (1957–2009), American sportswriter
 * Miloslav Penner (1972–2020), Czech football player
 * Norman Penner (1921–2009), Canadian politician
 * Robert Penner, American mathematician
 * Roland Penner (1924–2018), Canadian academic and politician
 * Rudolph G. Penner (born 1936), Canadian-American economist
 * Sarah Penner, American author
 * Stanford S. Penner (1921–2016), German-American scientist and engineer
 * Vernon Dubois Penner Jr. (born 1939), United States diplomat
 * James Penner-Hahn (born 1957), American chemist

Other uses

 * Penner River, Andhra Pradesh, India
 * Penner School, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
 * South Penner River, Tamil Nadu, India

title: Penner


text:
Some Cities

Some Cities is the third studio album by the British indie rock band Doves. The album was released by Heavenly Recordings on 21 February 2005, and became the band's second consecutive album to top the UK Albums Chart at number 1. Some Cities was conceived as a rawer, stripped-down record, and conceptually touches upon the physical changes of the band's hometown of Manchester, as well as emotional transformations.

The album features the band's second-highest charting single, "Black and White Town", which peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart. Two further singles from the album—"Snowden" and "Sky Starts Falling"—also fared moderately well on the chart, peaking at number 17 and 45, respectively.

Background and recording
After the worldwide success of Doves' second album The Last Broadcast, Jez Williams recalled, in a 2010 interview with Under the Radar following the release of the band's compilation album The Places Between: The Best of Doves, that the band decided to take a more "stripped-down" approach to recording Some Cities, which included decamping to rural locations in England, Scotland, and Wales. "With [Some Cities] we were also wanting to make a few social comments about the area we lived in. There's a lot of subject matter on that album dealing with change. Buildings get ripped down and replaced by more generic ones. It kind of gave ourselves a bit of purpose to write about it. We also listened to a lot of Motown and Northern soul, and I think that came out in that album. It was a definite change. Our albums do tend to change character and personality with every release."

Initially, the band set out to record their third album with producer William Orbit. In a February 2005 interview with The Irish Times, vocalist/bassist Jimi Goodwin said, "Jeff Barrett from our label, Heavenly, suggested we work with William and we were fine with that, we're always up for trying new stuff. But I think we expected too much from him. He was happy just to be in the studio with us because he hadn't worked with a band since Blur. His point was he was just recording what he was hearing. He wasn't doing anything that we wouldn't do ourselves normally and we put a lot of pressure on him almost to subvert us. He's a top guy, but it just didn't work." The band subsequently co-produced Some Cities with Ben Hillier, who also mixed the album (except for "Some Cities" and "Walk in Fire", which were mixed by Rich Costey). Much of the recording occurred at a farmhouse in the English countryside over the course of 2004, except for closing track "Ambition", which was recorded in an empty Benedictine monastery in Scotland, which the band had found while doing a photo shoot for the album. The huge reverb effect was achieved using the acoustics of the main hall. The recording process is shown in the mini-documentary Cities Under Construction, featured on the bonus DVD included with the special edition of the album.

In a 2010 interview with Spinner.com, Jimi Goodwin stated, "I look back fondly at the Some Cities period, going to this old schoolhouse in Scotland with Ben Nevis out the window. I spent six weeks up there and didn't want to come home; my mum had just died and I just wanted to be away."

Release
Some Cities was released in the United Kingdom on 21 February 2005, where it entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1. The album was released on several different formats in the UK: the standard CD and double 12" vinyl LP, and also as a special edition with a bonus DVD containing a short documentary entitled Cities Under Construction, featuring the making of the album inside a purple-coloured digipak. In addition, a limited edition version, packaged inside a hessian cloth-covered box with fold-out poster and bonus DVD, was also released. The album was released in Japan on 23 February 2005 and included two bonus tracks, "Eleven Miles Out" and "At the Tower" (which had been released as B-sides to "Black and White Town"). On 1 March 2005, the album was released in North America by Capitol Records.

In late December 2004, the album's first single "Black and White Town" was issued to radio stations; two weeks prior to the album's release, the single was released commercially and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 6, the band's second-highest charting single to date. In May 2005, the album's second single "Snowden" was released and peaked at number 17. The third and final single "Sky Starts Falling" was released in September 2005 and peaked at number 45. Throughout 2005, Doves rigorously toured the world, including England, the United States, and Australia; in April 2006, a special download-only EP entitled Some Cities Live EP, featuring select recordings from various dates on the Some Cities tour, was released to online digital outlets.

Reception
Some Cities was released to generally positive reviews. Drowned in Sound awarded the album a 9 out of 10 rating, saying, "Though it may be gentle and frequently maudlin, it is no doubt a release to spend 50 minutes with this record. Some Cities may not be a summer record, but it might quite possibly be the record that gets you through it." MusicOMH praised the album, calling it "an ethereal outpouring of emotion; melancholic madness meeting soul-soaring serendipity head on," and noted that, "Gone is the prog-like polished production of The Last Broadcast, it's more akin to debut Lost Souls in timbre. Yet while those were records that sounded like they were conceived in wide open countryside or of the rolling sea this is an ode to the industrial heartland of their childhood; at turns crunching and urban, desolate and apocalyptic." Pitchfork Media gave Some Cities a 7.8 out of 10 rating, and concluded that, "In the three years since Last Broadcast, Doves have cultivated a better understanding of their strengths and limitations, and Some Cities beams with a revivified looseness."

Bonus DVD

 * 1) Cities Under Construction – a short film, edited by Matthew Norman
 * 2) Photo gallery (set to an instrumental version of "Ambition")
 * 3) "Black and White Town" video (director's cut, directed by Lynne Ramsay)

Credits

 * Produced by Doves and Ben Hillier.
 * Mixed by Ben Hillier and Doves, except "Some Cities" and "Walk in Fire" mixed by Rich Costey.
 * Recorded and mixed at: Moolah Rouge, Stockport; Parr Street Studios, Liverpool; The Old School House, Fort Augustus; Fort Augustus Abbey; 2 kHz, Shepherd's Bush; The Dairy, Brixton; Angel Recording Studios; Whitfield Street Studios, Soho; Panarific; and Andy's house.
 * All vocals and instruments by Doves.
 * Engineering and programming by Ben Hillier and Richard Morris.
 * Andrea Wright – assistant engineer.
 * Engineering at 2 kHz by Dan Austin.
 * Debris wording by Doves, Jemma Kennedy, and Rick Myers.

Additional musicians

 * Ben Hillier – percussion on "Some Cities," glockenspiel on "Snowden," and piano and percussion on "The Storm"
 * Guy Garvey – backing vocals on "Almost Forgot Myself" and "Snowden"
 * Strings on "Snowden" and "The Storm" performed by Millennia Strings; arranged by Ian Burdge, contracted by Jonathan Brigden at Knifedge
 * Andrea Wright – additional footsteps and street noise on "The Storm"
 * Janet Remus – backing vocals on "Walk in Fire"
 * Martin Rebelski – piano on "Black and White Town," and accordion on "Shadows of Salford"

title: Some Cities


text:
Zebra murders

The "Zebra" murders were a string of racially motivated murders and related attacks committed by a group of four black serial killers in San Francisco, California, United States, from October 1973 to April 1974; they killed at least 15 white people and wounded eight others. Police gave the case the name "Zebra" after the special police radio band they assigned to the investigation.

Some authorities believe that the Death Angels, as the perpetrators called themselves, may have killed as many as 73 or more victims since 1970. Criminology professor Anthony Walsh wrote in a 2005 article that the "San Francisco–based Death Angels may have killed more people in the early- to mid-1970s than all the other serial killers operating during that period combined."

In 1974, a worker at the warehouse where the Death Angels were based testified to police for a reward, providing private details about the murders. Based on his evidence, four men were arrested in connection with the case. They were convicted in a jury trial of first-degree murder and conspiracy charges, and sentenced to life imprisonment. The informant received immunity from prosecution for his testimony, and he, along with his family, was admitted to a witness protection program.

1973
On October 20, 1973, Richard Hague, 30, and his wife, Quita, 28, were abducted at gunpoint and forced into a van while walking from their Telegraph Hill home in San Francisco. Quita Hague's body was found nearly decapitated, over 4 miles away, on a railroad track. Richard Hague, who had been beaten unconscious, was later found wandering near her body with his hands bound and his head and face slashed. He was able to give police a description of the attackers, describing them as three young black men in a white van. The description matched an earlier abduction attempt of three boys, ages 11 to 15.

On October 30, 1973, Frances Rose, 28, was shot repeatedly in her car near the University of California Extension. A witness to the shooting said a man sitting in the passenger seat shot Rose and then jumped out of her car. The man was identified as Jessie Lee Cooks and he was arrested shortly after.

On November 9, 1973, Robert Wayne Stoeckmann, 27, was shot by Leroy Doctor. Just before the shooting, Stoeckmann, a field clerk for Pacific Gas and Electric Company, was on duty, picking up paperwork from various projects, when a well-dressed man asked him for directions to a filling station. The man then pushed Stoeckmann behind a fence and pulled out a .32 caliber revolver, shooting him in the neck. He survived the attack, took the gun away from the man, and shot him three times, in the arm, shoulder, and stomach. Leroy Doctor was arrested and sentenced to a term of $9 1/2$ years to life in prison.

On November 25, 1973, Saleem Erakat, 53, was found dead in his store, across from the San Francisco Civic Center. Erakat's body was found near an empty cash register, shot in the head, his hands bound with his own necktie. Over $1,000 was stolen from the store. His wallet was found empty on a Muni bus later that day. It was revealed that his murderer was a regular customer who had greeted Erakat in Arabic before this incident. His death was unique as he was a Muslim and a person of color killed by the Death Angels.

On December 11, 1973, Paul Dancik, 26, was standing with a friend near a telephone booth. The friend told police that two young black men in navy peacoats approached them and began shooting, killing Dancik. Three .32 caliber shell casings were left at the scene.

Two days later, on the evening of December 13, 1973, Art Agnos, 35, top aide to San Francisco Assemblyman Leo McCarthy, was in Potrero Hill attending a meeting on child-care centers. After the meeting ended, while Agnos was talking with two women outside, a black man walked up and fired two shots into his chest. Agnos survived the attack. Less than 90 minutes later, Marietta DiGirolamo, 31, was standing in a doorway along Divisadero Street when a black man wearing a long leather jacket shot her three times at close range. Police found three .32 caliber shell casings at the place of the shooting.

On December 20, 1973, Ilario Bertuccio, 81, was shot four times as he walked across the street while on his way home from his work. Just over two hours after Bertuccio was killed, Terese DeMartini, 20, survived being shot several times near her apartment, while parking her car, after returning home from a Christmas party.

On December 22, 1973, Neal Moynihan, 19, was shot three times while walking near Market Street. Within a few minutes, and a few blocks, of Moynihan's murder, Mildred Hosler, 65, was shot four times at point-blank range.

Initial reports of the Moynihan and Hosler shootings both mentioned a buckskin coat, but witnesses reported different races, and in some instances described a man with a medium complexion. Nevertheless, police indicated that the shootings were likely committed by the same person responsible for five other killings over the previous five days, due to the fact that all seven victims were shot at close range with a handgun, three or four times, and none were robbed.

On December 24, 1973, a dismembered body, named John Doe #169, cut with surgical precision, wrapped in plastic, and stuffed in a cardboard box, was found at Ocean Beach. His head, hands, and feet were missing. It was testified that the remaining Death Angels took turns hacking off his limbs, "starting with his fingers, and toes, until he was disassembled like a hog in a butcher's shop" His remains were buried in a pauper grave in Woodlawn Cemetery

1974
The killings resumed on January 28, 1974, with five more shootings; four were fatal. Tana Smith, 32, was shot on the sidewalk, only six blocks from her home. Ten minutes later, and eight blocks away, Vincent Wollin, 69, was shot twice in the back while digging through trash cans for items to repair and sell to supplement his Social Security checks. He died just a few feet from his home, where friends were waiting for him to arrive to celebrate his birthday. John Bambic, 87, a man known for his funny hats, was shot twice in the back, just an hour later, and died immediately. Jane Holly, 45, was doing her laundry when a gunman ran through the door of the laundromat and shot her twice in the back. She died just before she could celebrate her 25th wedding anniversary. Minutes later, Roxanne McMillan, 23, survived being shot twice, as she was removing clothing from her car, by the same man who had just greeted her on the street.

On April 1, 1974, Tom Rainwater, 19, and Linda Story, 21, both Salvation Army cadets, were shot while on their way to grab something to eat at a restaurant. Only Story survived the attack.

On April 14, 1974, Terry White, 15, who was waiting for a bus, and Ward Anderson, 18, who was hitchhiking just a few feet away, were each shot twice. Both teenagers survived.

On April 16, 1974, Nelson Shields IV, 23, was making room in a friend's car for a rug he had just purchased when he was shot in the back three times. He died grasping a lacrosse stick.

Operation Zebra
The murders caused widespread panic in San Francisco. The city suffered losses in revenue by a dramatic drop in tourist traffic; many hotel, nightclub, restaurant, and theater owners reported a decline in business. Streets were deserted at night, even in North Beach, a neighborhood with seven-night-a-week nightlife.

A manhunt, dubbed "Operation Zebra" due to the "Z" police frequency used for communication, was launched immediately following the murders on January 28, 1974.

Initial evidence related to the killings revealed a common pattern. In a hit-and-run shooting, the gunman would walk up to his victim, shoot the victim repeatedly at close range, and flee on foot. Another link among the shootings was the killers' preference for a .32 caliber pistol, based on the slugs recovered from the victims and the shell casings found at the crime scenes.

A stop-and-search program was instituted on April 17, 1974, following the shooting of Nelson Shields. The next day, a grid of six police combat zones were set up in the city of San Francisco, and more than 150 officers were deployed into the area. Each officer carried a composite sketch of the suspect, prepared by Homicide Inspector Hobart Nelson, based on the descriptions given by the many witness he interviewed. During the searches, field interrogation cards were filled out when officers deemed further questioning necessary. Recorded on the cards were the individuals' names, ages, addresses, and drivers license and social security numbers. Those cards were turned over to homicide detectives, and ultimately kept on file at the Hall of Justice.

Vocal and widespread criticism from the black community emerged immediately following the start of the program. Black Panther party leader, Bobby Seale, described the program as "vicious and racist." The general counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union, Paul Halvonik, stated that the measures taken by Mayor Alioto and police "are totally unprecedented in their scope and clearly indefensible in view of the Constitution." The Officers For Justice group, led by Nation of Islam associate Jesse Byrd, described the policy as "racist and unproductive".

A week after the program began, Cinque, the black leader of the Symbionese Liberation Army, said, "If we look closely, we begin to see the truth that Operation Zebra is a planned enemy offensive against the enemy to commit a race war," also claiming that it was a means to get "black males to submit to FBI classification and identification."

In response to the public backlash about the program, Alioto compared the interrogations to that of the Zodiac murders, in which hundreds of white people were also stopped, and defended the searches as constitutional. Dr. Washington Garner, the first black Police Commissioner for the city of San Francisco, urged the city's black men, "If you are stopped, don't resent it. Show your identification and, if necessary, permit a search."

Two lawsuits were filed; one by the NAACP, asking that stop-and-search tactic be declared unconstitutional, and another by the ACLU, on behalf of six young black men, asking that the searches be stopped. Nathaniel Colley, an attorney for the NAACP, told the judge, "By admission, the police are engaged in a wholesale violation of every black male's rights if he happens to be what they think fits the description of the Zebra killer."

On April 22, 1974, Alioto was spat on and struck on the head with protest signs as he walked through a crowd of about 1,000 demonstrators, organized by a group called, "Coalition to Stop Operation Zebra."

During the hearing for the lawsuits, which began on April 24, 1974, Chief of Inspectors Charles Barca reported that of the 567 black men that had been stopped, 181 field interrogation cards were submitted, and that the searches produced, "no effective leads." A memo from Barca, disclosed that day, revealed directions to police that stated, "be more selective in making stops. Make them when the individual is acting, or appears to be out of the ordinary."

On April 25, 1974, U.S. District Judge Alfonso Zirpoli issued a court order ruling that the searches unconstitutionally violated the rights of young black men, and said officers must have probable cause, and that a likeness to the composite drawing was not enough. Following the order, the police cut back interrogations to just over a dozen per day, and on April 26, 1974, the city filed an appeal to Zirpoli's order.

Arrests and convictions
By April 18, 1974, rewards totaling $30,000 were being offered for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the person(s) involved in the murders.

Arrests
Just ten days later, on April 28, 1974, Anthony Harris attended a secret meeting with the mayor that led to the arrests of seven men on May 1, 1974, just six months after the killings began. The men were identified as: J. C. Simon, 29; Larry Green, 22; Manuel Moore, 23; Dwight Stallins, 28; Thomas Manney, 31; Edgar Burton, 22; Clarence Jamison, 27; the last four were released due to lack of evidence.

It was later reported that Harris, the informant, had actually been in discussions with police prior to meeting with Alioto. In the ten hours of interrogation that was taped, he provided names, vehicle descriptions, stash locations inside of vehicles, and the center location where victims were taken for killing and dismemberment. As a result of this information, a special 28-man group of black police officers was divided into teams in order to maintain 24-hour surveillance on the named suspects. A public reference to this special team was made by Chief Scott on April 23, 1974. As an informant to police, Harris was stashed in a hotel and kept under guard. Two days later, Mayor Alioto was approached by a lawyer on behalf of Harris, who was motivated by a $30,000 reward.

Despite this fumble, a meeting attended by the Mayor, Chief Scott, Chief of Inspectors Charles Barca, Lieutenant Charles Ellis, Inspector Gus Coreris, and Prosecutor Walter Giubbini resulted in the decision to move forward with the arrests.

Search warrants were issued for a Black Self-Help center where Green, Simon, and Moore worked, in Green and Simon's apartment, and in automobiles seized. At the center they collected a roll of rope, an axe, bows and arrows, a sickle, a machete, wire, plastic bags, five knives, a small hatchet, a hand saw, and a spear. In the apartment, they found two swords with scabbards and rope.

The statement released by Mayor Alioto, following the arrests, read:  The police have arrested several suspects in connection with the Zebra killings. At this stage of the proceedings all of these suspects are entitled in the presumption that they are innocent. And the police and I are entitled to the opinion that the ring leaders who perpetrated the wave of terror in San Francisco are behind bars. The investigation will continue until we are satisfied that we have rounded up all of the members of this group and have insured the fact that new members will not take their place.

I am confident that the trial judges have ample power to protect the suspects from the publicity which the Zebra slayings have generated. I am also of the opinion that this community is entitled to know the nature of the terrorist organization responsible for the recent rash of crimes.

The San Francisco police, under the leadership of Chief Donald Scott, have pierced the veil of a vicious ring of murders called "DEATH ANGELS." The local group is a division of a larger organization dedicated to the murder and mutilation of Whites and dissident Blacks. The pattern of killing is by random street shooting or hacking to death with machete, cleaver or knife. Decapitation or other forms of mayhem bring special credit from the organization for the killers. Hitchhikers are a particular prey.

"DEATH ANGELS," a kind of reverse Ku Klux Klan, is based on the muddled aberrations clearly outside the mainstream of Islamic religions. In my opinion, it represents as much a potential threat to Blacks as to Whites. Members are usually characterized by trim, neat appearance, and purport to live by a puritanical code of moral conduct. They are fanatical believers in Black separatism. The training of young boys fourteen years of age and over in what they call "martial arts" is a practice of this group. It consists of teaching manual methods and techniques of killing or incapacitating.

Our intelligence indicates that the national leader of this organization is apparently located outside of California and that he determines levels of promotion in the local divisions. The "DEATH ANGELS" who use wings as an insignia, literally earn their promotions upon presentation of proof of the number and nature of the murders committed.

Nearly 80 California murderous assaults, principally in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Alameda, and Sacramento counties between September of 1970 to date, have been characterized by the "DEATH ANGEL" pattern of operations, i.e. unprovoked attacks involving random shooting of Whites in the street or mutilation by heavy-bladed weapons committed by neatly dressed young Black men. An examination of the specific facts in the attached partial list of victims amply supports the inference, on courtroom evidence, that the similarity of pattern is better explained by concert of action than by coincidence.

A concerted drive by local, state, and national law enforcement agencies is desperately needed to shatter this organization. Otherwise the arrest of present perpetrators will result in their replacement by other "DEATH ANGELS." The jails are favorite places of recruitment, with job opportunities upon release as one of the inducements.

Investigation by local police, the FBI, and grand juries, preferably coordinated by the Attorney General of California, is in my opinion an absolute imperative. This investigation must be carried on by skilled, professional, dispassionate police work, avoiding emotional appeals and hysterical speculation. While it must be vigorous and relentless, it must stay within constitutional limitations.

The public is urged to cooperate with police authorities and to come forward with information, with the assurance that all the law permits by way of reward of leniency will be recommended in appropriate cases in exchange for valuable information.

Special care must be taken by public officials and the police to prevent hate groups from converting a criminal investigation into a racial struggle. The inescapable fact of the matter is that most mass murderers of recent years - Manson, the Santa Cruz murderers, Corona, and Zodiac have been White. Murder knows no color and must be fought without aggravating sensitive racial tensions.

For that reason, numerous Blacks and Whites with unquestioned credentials in the Black community must participate in these law enforcement efforts. However, it should be clear that a constitutional assault on a murderous society of brutal killers cannot be diminished because its members are Black, anymore than if they were White. Murder is murder, and no community will endure that approaches the struggle for effective law enforcement with anything less than rugged determination to wipe out organized lawlessness.

Grand jury
The grand jury's first meeting began on May 6, 1974, with unprecedented security. Witness identities remained protected due to an order banning extrajudicial statements. The following week, protestors from the Progressive Labor Party distributed literature demanding the indictment of Mayor Alioto and the police department for the harassment and terrorization of black people. They also requested the destruction of the Operation Zebra field interrogation cards.

A grand jury transcript revealed that police officers unknowingly questioned and released the suspects seven times, including during the abduction on the Hagues. Green, who was driving a white van at the time, was also stopped by an officer on October 31, 1973, but was released. Two months later, on December 22, 1973, Simon and Moore interfered while an officer was conducting a traffic stop. Neither was cited and two hours later two more Zebra murders occurred. Several more times, Simon, Green, and Moore were stopped, and each time they were let go.

On May 9, 1974, Moore, Green, and Simon pleaded innocent to the murder charges. Their bail was set at $250,000 each.

Harris' testimony, which covered 62 pages of the grand jury transcript, indicated he was present for 10 murders but did not actively participate. He said that he was told that the "Death Angels" were "supposed to be a pretty high branch of the Nation of Islam," and had 2,000 members nationwide. He also stated that the killings began after a meeting in September or October in Simon's apartment, at which 12 or 13 people were present. On the date of the Hague murder and assault, Harris testified that Green and Cooks offered him a ride home, but instead made him a participant in the kidnapping of the couple.

On May 16, 1974, the grand jury indicted all four men on murder charges. Moore and Simon were indicted on two counts each of murder and assault with a deadly weapon. Moore was charged with two additional accounts of assault with an additional weapon. Green and Cooks were indicted on one count each of murder, two counts of kidnapping, two counts of robbery, and one of assault with a deadly weapon. Bail was set for each at $300,000.

Trial
On May 29, 1974, all four suspects pleaded innocent to the charges for the three murders. The trial date was originally set for July 8, 1974, however, due to a scheduling conflict with the defendants' attorney, the trial was postponed multiple times.

By February 21, 1975, Clinton White, the attorney for defendants Green, Moore, and Simon, said Harris sent him two letters claiming police threatened to revoke his burglary conviction if he failed to testify. White, and defense attorney for Cooks, Roger Pierucci, tape recorded an interview with Harris, in which the informant recanted his testimony.

On February 24, 1975, a $14 million lawsuit was filed in which Mayor Alioto and the San Francisco Police Department found themselves the defendants; the Zebra killings defendants and the four men that were released were the plaintiffs. They asked for damages for false arrests and the "fright, shame, humiliation, embarrassment, and worry" suffered.

The trial began on March 3, 1975. During the first day of trial, 48 jurors were excused for hardship. Defense attorney Clinton White requested a delay due illness of their chief strategist, Edward Jacko. That same night, a briefcase, tape recorder, cassettes, and binders concerning the Zebra trial were stolen from the parked car of one of the defense attorneys, John Cruikshank.

After questioning 205 potential jurors over the course of four weeks, on March 27, 1975, the juror panel was seated; five men and seven women.

In opening remarks by the prosecution, District Attorney Robert Podesta stated police have the .32 caliber pistol that was used in 5 of the 20 murders and assaults. He also revealed they have a wedding ring taken from Quita Hague. Harris, who was granted immunity, describing the machete slaying of Quita Hague, said "Larry grabbed the woman by her hair and took a machete knife and took her 20 feet from the van. He raised it over his head and sliced down on her neck. He kept chopping, chopping." He continued, "He came over to where I was standing and said, 'You should have seen the blood gush out of that devil's neck.'" He then described Cooks attack on Quita's husband. Harris also testified that he rode for several hours with the defendants on the night in January that four persons were killed and one was wounded. When questioned about the letters he wrote to defense attorney White, Harris said he "just made up" the story because of pressures on his wife and anger towards the district attorney's office. Michael Armstrong, 23, testified under immunity that he sold the gun that killed and wounded several victims in 1974 to Thomas Manney, manager of the Black Self-Help center and former suspect in the Zebra killings. A month into the trial, a 12-year-old girl identified Cooks in court, as the man who tried to abduct her at gunpoint on October 20, 1973. Her testimony coincided with Harris', who described how he, Cooks, and two other men, attempted to abduct three children before abducting the Hagues. Also heard in the trial was Cooks' confession to the Frances Rose shooting. Linda Story, who survived with a bullet lodged in her spine, testified about the attack on her and fellow cadet Tom Rainwater.

After twelve months, 212 days in court, and testimony from 181 witnesses, jury deliberations began. Just three days later, all four defendants were found guilty. Green laughed out loud as jurors were polled; Cooks also laughed after conferring with his attorney. Moore and Simon showed no emotion.

Moore and Simon were charged with two counts each of murder and assault with a deadly weapon in the murders of Tana Smith and Jane Holly. Each was also charged with two counts of assault in the attack on Roxanne McMillan. In addition, Moore was charged with assault on Terry White and Ward Anderson. Green and Cooks were charged with one count each of murder, two counts of kidnapping, two counts of robbery, and one assault with a deadly weapon for the murder of Quita Hague and the attack on her husband, Richard Hague.

On March 29, 1976, Cooks, Green, Moore, and Simon were sentenced to life in prison, the maximum penalty allowed.

Aftermath
On March 12, 2015, J. C. X. Simon (aged 69) was found unresponsive in his cell at San Quentin State Prison, where since 1976 he had been serving a life sentence with the possibility of parole. He was declared dead of unknown causes, pending an autopsy. Moore (aged 75) died in 2017 at the California Health Care Facility. Cooks died in prison on June 30, 2021, at the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility and Green is in the California State Prison, Solano.

title: Zebra murders


text:
Jean-Luc Bennahmias

Jean-Luc Bennahmias (born 2 December 1954) is a French politician.

Political career
Bennahmias was National secretary of the Green Party (1997–2001), Regional councillor (1992–1996) and Chairman of the Green Group on the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regional Council (2004–2010), Member of the European Parliament (2004–2014). He joined in 2007 the Democratic Movement, and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs and was also a substitute for the Committee on Culture and Education, a substitute for the Committee on Petitions, a member of the delegation for relations with South Africa, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Canada.

Bennahmias was the candidate of the Democratic Movement for the municipal elections in Marseille in March 2008. He left the centrist party to create his own centre-left party in 2014.

Professional career

 * Advanced Technician's Certificate (1976)
 * University diploma in training (1984)
 * Journalist (1974–1994)

Personal life
He is of Sephardi Jew descent.

title: Jean-Luc Bennahmias


text:
Talk:555-1212

Untitled
Wikipedia is not a business directory and I remember seeing on WWIN that phone numbers are not supposed to be brought up in Wikipedia?? Is this a real article?? Please explain why it follows the rules. Georgia guy 23:03, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This isn't promoting a business. 555-1212 is equivalent to 9-1-1—a number with the same meaning in different places. —tregoweth 02:06, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * It's legal because 555-1212 is not a business number. It's a directory service. A directory service is a number that can be dialed in almost all of, in this case, North America. And only if you're advertising a business or yourself it's considered illegal here in Wikipedia. A business number would be for example, 1-800-555-FAKE, THAT would be illegal. In case you're wondering, 1-800-555-FAKE is a fake number.CDNguye1 9 July 2005 03:25 (UTC)

title: Talk:555-1212


text: User talk:66.98.134.34

title: User talk:66.98.134.34


text:
Talk:Ole

I use ole as "old" such as "same ole"

Does that last line - in russian - have any meaning? If not, it should be deleted.

Olé is also used in portuguese in the same way as it is in spanish, be it in bullfightings or football.

Please make a page of Ole Viusal Basic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.138.141.10 (talk) 05:28, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Bullfighting is not a sport, it is a cruel activity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.179.124.231 (talk) 08:59, 21 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Cruel, but it still being a sport. Tb hotch .™ Grammatically incorrect? Correct it!  See terms and conditions.  07:04, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ole


text:
User talk:Personperson

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

If you follow the above guidance, you will be welcome here. If you persist in creating nonsensical articles, you may be banned. Deb 23:06, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Test page at Balint Oltvai
The page that you created (previously located at Balint Oltvai) has been deleted. If you were trying to perform a test, it worked. However, for the future, it would be appreciated if you would perform all tests at Sandbox. If you want to test creating new pages, please use test.wikipedia. Please do not continue to create test pages outside of the test wikipedia, or it may be percieved as vandalism. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a note on my talk page. -Frazzydee|✍ 23:09, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nonsense
Please don't add nonsense to articles. There is no virus, and CIA can be ready by anybody. Thanks. -Frazzydee|✍ 23:14, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If you continue to add nonsense to articles, it will be interpreted as vandalism, and you will be blocked as a result. Thanks. -Frazzydee|✍ 23:16, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Personperson


text:
Hawksbill Mountain

Hawksbill Mountain is a mountain with an elevation of 4,050 ft. Marking the border between Madison County and Page County in Virginia, the summit of Hawksbill Mountain is the highest point in Shenandoah National Park, as well as the highest point in both Madison and Page counties.

The north face of Hawksbill Peak is a 2500 ft drop into Timber Hollow, which is the largest elevation change in the park. The summit is one of the few places in Shenandoah National Park where one can find balsam fir, a tree more typical of northern New England and southeast Canada.

The National Park Service has constructed a stone observation platform at the summit. Byrd's Nest No. 2, one of a series of shelters built in the park by Senator Harry Byrd, is nearby. Hawksbill peak is also the site of a peregrine falcon restoration project. The summit of Hawksbill Mountain can be reached by a short hike from a trailhead located at the Upper Hawksbill parking area, just off of Skyline Drive in Shenandoah National Park. A number of other hiking trails lead to the summit of Hawksbill, while the Appalachian Trail goes around and about 500 ft in elevation below the summit.

title: Hawksbill Mountain


text:
User talk:Cincyblog

CincyBlog is the alter ego of Brian Griffin, a local blogger from Cincinnati, Ohio who operates the Cincinnati Blog on current events, politics, culture and other mindless rants.

Brian is not to be confused the with the character from the television cartoon the Family Guy.

title: User talk:Cincyblog


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Robert the Bruce/Proposed decision

User:Fred Bauder writes that Nathan J. Yoder's user page cannot be found. It is at: User talk:Njyoder. - Jakew 23:09, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

User:Fred Bauder writes "There are a number of websites devoted to information regarding circumcision and related issues: infocirc.org (http://www.infocirc.org/welcome.htm), circumstitions.com (http://www.circumstitions.com/) and others". This is not an accurate description. These sites are devoted to disinformation. The latter example clearly states that it 'does not pretend to be "balanced"'. A better description would be: Would Fred Bauder mind correcting the description? - Jakew 01:03, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There are a number of websites devoted to opposing circumcision and related.....

Might in the morning. Fred Bauder 02:38, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Jake is a pro-circumcision activist or as he probably prefers an anti-genital integrity activist. He is the owner of a pro-circumcision web site.  Jake's statement that web sites opposed to circumcision "are devoted to disinformation" is more a reflection of his own pro-circumcision agenda than the accuracy of the information on those web sites.
 * There are many web sites both for and against circumcision. The external links section of the circumcision article  has a fairly good list of both pro-circumcision and anti-circumcision web sites.  However the official statements of professional medical organizations are the best source of unbiased information about circumcision.  -- DanBlackham 02:41, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Incorrect, Dan. As you'll see from my user page, I neither advocate nor oppose circumcision. I do, however, believe that accurate, honest information is vital to anyone's decision (a view shared by the American Academy of Pediatrics, among other notables). An example of disinformation that hampered my own personal decision was the oft-repeated claim by anti-circumcision activists that the glans desensitises (for example, see    ). Scientific research, however, has shown this to be false (see  and ).
 * I don't oppose "genital integrity" - it's just an idea I happen not to take as a guiding principle. I have no objection to people describing their beliefs, as long as they're honest and don't try to misrepresent the facts. Call me a pro-honesty activist, and I'll gladly accept the title. - Jakew 15:18, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * When someone spends significant time and energy trying to convince non-Muslim and non-Jewish parents that cutting off a normal, healthy part of their son's penis without a valid medical indication is an acceptable practice in the 21st century in my opinion he or she is a pro-circumcision activist. When someone repeatedly exaggerates the small potential medical benefits of circumcision and minimizes the risks and harms and dismisses the idea that an intact male may place value in his own foreskin in my opinion he or she is a pro-circumcision activist.
 * Jake, many men who have restored their foreskin and men who were circumcised as adults disagree with your opinion regarding glans sensitivity. Their personal experience is different than yours.  The placebo affect could also be the explanation for your claim that there was no loss in glans sensitivity after your circumcision. -- DanBlackham 05:01, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, Dan. Call me a pro-circumcision activist if you like. Don't forget that by your definition, you're also calling the AAP, AMA, and other professional organisations the same. My position is no different to that of the 1999 AAP policy statement.
 * I have never included my personal experience in an article, simply because it would not be appropriate. This is an encyclopaedia, not a blog. Scientifically, anecdotal evidence has little value. If you want to convince me of "exaggerated" benefits, "minimised" harms, or "loss" of sensitivity, show me the facts. Show me credible, peer-reviewed studies (preferably performed by people without an agenda) that demonstrate these things, and I will not only endorse their inclusion in Wiki, I'll also change my opinion on that matter. Note: when selecting such studies, please remember that the high standard of methodology insisted upon by anti-circ activists in their endless critiques of "flawed" studies will be applied. I look forward to reading what you have to offer. - Jakew 09:55, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The American Medical Association (AMA) does not try to convince parents that medically unnecessary circumcision is an acceptable cultural practice. Of all the professional medical organizations only the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) says that circumcision for cultural or religious reasons is "legitimate".  The summary of AMA report is very similar to the summary of the AAP statement with one important exception.  The AMA report does not include the following sentence: "It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in addition to the medical factors, when making this decision."  The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) is even less supportive of medically unnecessary circumcision of children.  The RACP statement says, "The possibility that routine circumcision may contravene human rights has been raised because circumcision is performed on a minor and is without proven medical benefit."

 * The AAP and other professional medical organizations do not even mention a relationship between circumcision status and prostate cancer. However you added a section to medical analysis of circumcision about prostate cancer.   That is an example of what I mean by "exaggerates the small potential medical benefits of circumcision". -- DanBlackham 05:05, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * ...so the AMA neither advocates nor opposes circumcision, but instead recommends an informed decision. The RACP mention that others have raised the (frankly silly) human rights argument, but do not endorse that idea.
 * Now, why do you think I exaggerate benefits? Did those studies not find a protective effect? Did I misquote the figures? Or is your objection simply that you don't like the facts? This is an encyclopaedia, and we are supposed to report the facts, not pass judgement on them. Finally, do you think I exaggerate because I mention something not discussed by the AAP? If so, would you advocate removing every reference not in the AAP's policy statement? I doubt it. - Jakew 23:04, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding circumcision status and risk for prostate cancer, correlation does not imply causation. -- DanBlackham 02:47, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Proposed findings
One of the proposed findings is
 * It is the contention of Robert the Bruce that "there is a well orchestrated attempt by anti-circumcision activists to force their POV in related articles on Wikipedia".

Does an Aye vote indicate that you agree that Robert made the statement or that you agree that Robert's contention is correct? Obviously there are several contributors who are strongly opposed to non-therapeutic circumcision. However Robert's suggestion that contributors opposed to non-therapeutic circumcision are "well orchestrated" is not accurate and is a refection of his own pro-circumcision activism. -- DanBlackham 02:25, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It would just mean that they agree that this is what Robert says. Obviously nobody on ArbCom is going to take anybody's word for anything. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:30, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Including yours Tony, including yours. - Robert the Bruce 16:33, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Absolutely. Including mine. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:58, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The finding of fact reflects Robert the Bruce's beliefs, which had some foundation in fact, but to which he probably over-reacted. Fred Bauder 03:48, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)


text: Template:Juliett class submarine

title: Template:Juliett class submarine


text:
TVC

TVC may refer to:

Television

 * TVC News, a Nigerian television channel
 * TVC Communications, a former television equipment distributor
 * TVC, trade jargon for television commercial
 * TVC Networks, a Mexican cable network conglomerate, parent of TVC Deportes
 * Televicentro (Honduras) (TVC), a broadcasting conglomerate
 * BBC Television Centre, the former headquarters of BBC Television
 * Televisió de Catalunya, Catalonia's public broadcasting network
 * Televisión Canaria, a Canarian television channel
 * TV Centre (Russia), a Russian television network
 * TV Cartoons Ltd., a former British animation studio founded by George Dunning and John Coates

Places

 * Cherry Capital Airport, (IATA code TVC, FAA LID code: TVC) serving Traverse City, Michigan
 * Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station (station code: TVC)

Other uses

 * Tatsunoko vs. Capcom: Ultimate All-Stars, a 2008 fighting game
 * Thrust vector control, a method of steering aircraft and missiles
 * Tinea versicolor, spots on the skin caused by yeast
 * Total viable count, a measure of microorganisms
 * Traditional Values Coalition, a United States conservative Christian group
 * TVC (computer), a Hungarian home computer made in the 1980s

title: TVC


text:
Sectility

Sectility is the ability of a mineral to be cut into thin pieces with a knife. Minerals that are not sectile will be broken into rougher pieces when cut. Metals and paper are sectile.

Sectility can be used to distinguish minerals of similar appearance, and is a form of tenacity. For example, gold is sectile but pyrite ("fool's gold") is not.

Sectility in metals is a result of metallic bonding, where valence (bonding) electrons are delocalized and can flow freely between atoms, rather than being shared between specific pairs or groups of atoms, as in covalent bonding.

title: Sectility


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Book of Kells

Book of Kells
Self nomination. This was a FAC last year. That conversation is here. The article has largely been rewritten since then. It has been on Peer Review for the last two weeks. That discusion is here. Dsmdgold 23:11, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. Excellent work. However, the images of the pages show a variety of colour casts, which is irritating and distracting. It would be good if this problem was fixed. Oh, and some of them are GIFs. Ugh. GeorgeStepanek\talk  00:37, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank, you. The variety of color casts is a result of, I think, of the variety age of the original photos from which the files were made.  I am a bit graphically challenged, but even if I had the skills, I would be loth to muck with the colors too much, as whatever I did would be no more likely to reproduce the actual colors of the book, than what exists. I will try to replace the GIFs. Dsmdgold 00:59, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

OK, how's this? Do you prefer the original version or the "fixed" version? It's a one-step process in Adobe Photoshop, so I can easily do the rest if you like... GeorgeStepanek\talk  07:12, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * That looks nicer, but which one is closer to the true color as one would see it if you were looking at it? - Taxman 13:27, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Which is my concern also. Since I don't have access to the original, or the facsimile (any one want to "loan" me $18,000?), I simply don't know.  I would think that in the original the background color and texture would vary considerably from folio to folio (or even from one side of the same folio to the other).  However if it bugs enough people, I would not object to the color being adjusted so that the pictures are consistent, because when you get right down to it they are all probably wrong. Dsmdgold 18:17, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I own a small book (ISBN 1858910048) that reproduces many of these photos, and it shows the same range of colour casts. So maybe they're real, and actually present in the original pages. Let's not muck around with them. GeorgeStepanek\talk   04:54, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support, nice article, well illustrated and written. Filiocht 10:43, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, though it certainly needs inline citations for important or possibly contentious points. - Taxman 13:27, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, although I do think that adjusting the color balance on the images is a good idea. --L33tminion | (talk) 17:36, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, fantastic article - very extensive and well referenced. CGorman 21:21, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. My previous objections are resolved nicely, and the article has improved since. Jeronimo 21:37, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, although I agree with the comments of Taxman. The 'Decoration' section could be broken up more. --bainer 22:38, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have subdivided the decoration in an experimental way. I personally don't like the subdivision, so I have not altered the article.  My experimental dubdivision is here. Is this better for you? Dsmdgold 00:02, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support hesitantly. It's generally very well-written, and beautifully illustrated (disclaimer: I submitted the image of John the Evangelist). But much of the discussion in the "Description" section is extremely hard to follow.  The opening paragraph, especially, demands a level of familiarity with folios, quires, bifolia, etc., that I do not possess (and I'm both a decently trained amateur historian and a person with a fair interest in manuscripts and early books).  When we seek to feature technical topics, we often demand that a certain amount of explanation be added, and while I think the added explanations can be mildly irritating to an expert who wants to get to the meat of things, I think it really helps WP's readability and user-friendliness.  So while I certainly support the excellent article, I'd like to see some careful simplification of the Description section -- not necessarily cutting any of the valuable information there, but taking more time to explain what exactly many of the technical terms tell us about the physical composition of the book. Jwrosenzweig 23:46, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have added a parenthetical statement that defines the terms. It is ugly, and mucks with the flow of the paragraph.  However, you are correct, we don't readers to get lost in technical language. Does this help, or does the paragraph need a complete rewrite? Dsmdgold 00:35, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it was helpful if awkward, but GeorgeStepanek came along and "fixed" it by simply removing it....I guess we should take that as a sign that it mucked with the flow too much. I think a rewrite that gently introduces some of the terms is probably best.  In some cases it may be enough to link terms to articles that describe them (although this is not always enough).  Since George obviously feels strongly about the issue, perhaps he has some ideas about how to clarify without damaging paragraph flow? Jwrosenzweig 15:13, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, hold on, if you look at my change carefully you'll see that I have not removed any of the text. I have simply rearranged the sentences into two paragraphs rather than one. GeorgeStepanek\talk  21:10, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yikes I misread that diff! My sincere apologies, George -- I don't know exactly what happened, but you're entirely right.  I think I would still support a more gentle inclusion of the information, but certainly it's offering useful information right now, and the division into 2 paragraphs was probably wise.  My apologies once again, Jwrosenzweig 22:35, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. - BanyanTree 05:12, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - The standard that all historic articles should reach. Djegan 21:40, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Outstanding. Two minor comments: (1)The opening page (folio 28r) of Matthew may stand as an example. (See illustration at right.) misses the illustration on the right, I think. (2) "under a sod": I am curious: What's a sod? Could this be linked to somewhere? Otherwise great work! -- Chris 73 Talk 04:44, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you kind words. As for your comments: 1) No I mean the other right. The text has been fixed to read "see ilustration at left". A sod is, well a sod. A link has been provided. Dsmdgold 20:29, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * One weak object - this is easily fixable; the introduction is a bit too short for an article of this length (only one paragraph); I would like to see a mention of the actual contents of the book inside the intro itself (i.e., copy a few lines from the "contents" section). The catalogue number at the end of the intro paragraph also seems a bit irrelevant. Otherwise great article and would support wholeheartedly. JuntungWu 05:58, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:Ukrainian boxers

title: Category:Ukrainian boxers


text:
Celia

Celia may refer to:

General

 * Celia (given name)
 * Celia, a subgenus of carabid beetles of the genus Amara
 * Celia, the last natural-born Pyrenean Ibex
 * Celia (virtual assistant), AI virtual assistant by Huawei
 * SS Celia, a number of ships with this name
 * Hurricane Celia (disambiguation)

Literature

 * Celia (As You Like It), a character in Shakespeare's As You Like It
 * Celia, the title character in the novels by Elena Fortún:
 * Celia, lo que dice (1929)
 * Celia en el colegio (1932)
 * Celia novelista (1934)
 * Celia en el mundo (1934)
 * Celia y sus amigos (1935)
 * Celia madrecita (1939)

Movies and television

 * Celia (1949 film), British comedy thriller
 * Celia (1989 film), Australian drama
 * Celia (Colombian TV series), a Spanish-language telenovela based on the life of Celia Cruz
 * Celia (Spanish TV series), a Spanish TV-series based on Elena Fortún's novels
 * Celia Mae, Mike Wazowski's girlfriend in the film Monsters, Inc.

Music

 * Celia (album), an album by Tiwa Savage
 * Celia, tribute album by Angélique Kidjo 2019
 * "Celia" (song), a 2011 single by Annah Mac
 * "Celia", a jazz tune by Bud Powell on his 1950 album "Jazz Giant"
 * "Celia", a song by Phil Ochs on his 1964 album All the News That's Fit to Sing
 * "Celia", B-side of the 1974 single "Billy Don't Be a Hero" by Paper Lace
 * "Celia", a song by Camila Cabello on her 2022 album Familia

Sports

 * Celia Jiménez (footballer), Spanish footballer commonly known as Celia

title: Celia


text:
User:Cincyblog

CincyBlog is the alter ego of Brian Griffin, a local blogger from Cincinnati, Ohio who operates the Cincinnati Blog on current events, politics, culture and other mindless rants.

Brian is sometimes confused the with the character from the television cartoon the Family Guy.

title: User:Cincyblog


text:
Universal Lucha Libre

Universal Lucha Libre (Universal Pro-Wrestling until 1991, Federación Universal de Lucha Libre afterward; UWF and FULL used as acronyms) was a professional wrestling promotion in Japan from 1990 to 1995 and again briefly in 1998. The name Universal Lucha Libre is used to differentiate the promotion from the Japanese UWF, a predecessor promotion which presented a very different style of professional wrestling.

Overview
The promotion was the first in Japan to be based around the Mexican style of professional wrestling, known as Lucha Libre (free fighting). Although since 1956 some Mexican wrestlers had appeared in Japanese promotions, their style was mixed with the American-originated standard, and not many of them could rise above mid-card level because of their size, which on average was less than Japanese wrestlers.

The first Mexican luchador (wrestler) to become a star in Japan was Mil Máscaras, who competed for the Japanese Wrestling Association (JWA) and one of its successor groups, All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW). The first Japanese to win a Mexican-based title was Mashio Koma, who also competed in JWA; he won the NWA World Middleweight Championship while on a tour of EMLL in 1970, and later co-founded AJPW with Giant Baba. However, the first Japanese to fully and truly adopt the fast, high flying Lucha Libre style actually came from rival New Japan Pro-Wrestling: Gran Hamada, who had gone on excursion several times to Mexico due to his lack of size and won many titles there. In 1990, after passing through New Japan, the original Japanese UWF, and All-Japan, Hamada decided to form his own promotion, with the aid of his student Yoshihiro Asai, his former New Japan boss Hisashi Shinma, and some Mexican wrestlers and Japanese rookies he had recruited.

In 1991, the promotion had a brief working relationship with the World Wrestling Federation, this led to the creation of the WWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship.

In 1993, with Universal Lucha Libre on the decline, competitors Great Sasuke (Masa Michinoku), Taka Michinoku and Jinsei Shinzaki (Mongolian Yuga) decided to form their own promotion, Michinoku Pro. Jado and Gedo (Coolie SZ and Bulldog KT) moved to hardcore independent promotions such as Wrestling International New Generations and Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling, while Ultimo Dragon (Yoshihiro Asai) joined Genichiro Tenryu's WAR group. Hamada continued promoting shows until he himself joined Michinoku Pro in 1995, which brought Universal Lucha Libre to an end. Hamada would briefly run shows under the Universal banner again in 1998 before joining Oita Attactive Merry World Pro-Wrestling.

Alumni
Over the years, the roster of Universal's trainees would go on to become major stars in both the Japanese major promotions and the independents. Among Universal Lucha Libre alumni, they include:

 * Yoshihiro Asai (later Ultimo Dragon)
 * Masa Michinoku (later The Great Sasuke)
 * Monkey Magic Wakita (later Super Delfin)
 * Bulldog KT (later Gedo)
 * Coolie SZ (later Jado)
 * Taka Michinoku
 * Shiryu (later Kaz Hayashi)
 * Mongolian Yuga (later Jinsei Shinzaki)
 * Terry Boy (later Men's Teioh)
 * Sakigake Gantetsu (later Dick Togo)

Among the few foreigners of American origin who competed for the promotion were Lightning Kid and Jerry Lynn.

title: Universal Lucha Libre


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mr Hairs

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 00:02, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Mr Hairs
not notable JoJan 23:15, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete but that is truly an awesome pen name. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:20, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed, nn.  GRider\talk  22:01, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Columbus Marion Joiner

Columbus Marion Joiner, nicknamed Dad Joiner (March 12, 1860 – March 27, 1947), was an American politician oilman who at the age of seventy drilled the discovery well of the East Texas Oil Field of the 1930s. Newspaper articles referred to Joiner as the Daddy of the Rusk County Oil Field.

Born in Lauderdale County, Alabama, Joiner's father was killed in 1864 during the American Civil War, and his mother died in 1868. Joiner had only seven weeks of formal schooling. Tutored at home by his sister, he was taught to read using the Bible, their only book. He learned to write by copying text from the Book of Genesis.

Joiner left home in 1877, but returned in 1881 to marry and start a dry goods store in Muscle Shoals Canal. In 1883, he entered into the practice of law in Tennessee and was from 1889 to 1891 a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives. He relocated in 1897 to Ardmore in the southern Oklahoma Territory, where he farmed and handled leases for the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, but lost all of his assets in the Panic of 1907. Joiner and former druggist, physician, and amateur geologist A. D. Lloyd (his original name was Joseph Idelbert Durham) teamed up to drill two test wells, barely missing out on discovering the Seminole and Cement oil fields. Joiner then commuted to Rusk County from 1921 to 1925, before moving to Dallas, Texas, in 1925, where he focused on selling some of his Rusk County leases to recent widows. On 11 August 1925, Joiner obtained a lease on widow Daisy Bradford's 975.5 acre farm, and moved to Rusk County proper in 1926.

In 1930, Joiner and Lloyd discovered the East Texas field, the largest petroleum deposit yet found at that time. Based in five counties, it was centered about western Rusk County. Yet, Joiner had oversold interest in all three wells he drilled on the Daisy Bradford farm, and later sold everything for $1.335 million to H. L. Hunt.

The town of Joinerville in western Rusk County is named in his honor.

East Texas Oil Field
In 1927, A. D. "Doc" Lloyd convinced Joiner to drill for oil in East Texas, predicting a well would encounter the Woodbine at a depth of 3550 ft. Joiner mailed out a prospectus written by Lloyd to seek financing for his wildcatting. After collecting enough financial backing, Joiner began drilling in Rusk County. Joiner and his crew drilled for three years beginning in 1927 with rusted, third-hand equipment. At one point, the Texas Company geologist Walter R. Smith visited and joked, "I'll drink every barrel of oil you get out of that hole." Despite the opposition, Joiner was convinced of the possibility of oil in Rusk County. Beginning in 1930, Joiner began to drill eight miles west of Henderson, Texas, on the farm of Daisy Bradford. Using a flimsy pine rig and battered tools, his first two wells were unsuccessful. Eventually, at 8 p.m. on October 3, 1930, the Daisy Bradford Number 3 struck oil. The ensuing gusher sent the area into a frenzy. Joiner was nicknamed "Dad" because he was the father of the oil strike.

title: Columbus Marion Joiner


text: Template:The Who

title: Template:The Who


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mozespoker

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:21, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Mozespoker
Patent nonsense, unencyclopedic, zero hits on Google. Has lasted for five days already. Philthecow 23:20, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, the universe is far too likely to perish if this game becomes popular. Kappa 23:50, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. RJFJR 23:56, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Um, smilie faces?! Jeshii 02:34, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. JoaoRicardo 03:06, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A game sucide bombers play? Nonsense. The Jacobin 03:48, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

The section on terrorism has been removed, along with the smileys. The rest should really be kept, as it is a piece of culture that must be kept alive! We can't just let it fade away, that would be a great loss.
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:44, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Head gardener

A head gardener is an individual who manages all horticultural aspects of a property or garden, including staff and volunteers. The properties they manage include historic gardens and private estates, as well as amenity horticulture teams, with a county council.

The responsibilities and required experience of a head gardener varies between roles and properties, but head gardeners are normally expected to be educated to an exceptionally high level within their field and have many years of experience to support their education. In the UK, establishments such as Kew Gardens, Capel Manor College and The Royal Horticultural Society offer training courses for professional gardeners. Some courses also offer a degree, such as Master of Horticulture.

There are many important horticultural aspects of managing a garden such as propagation, productive growing, commercial horticulture, hard and soft landscaping, and management of plant health, including pest and disease management. A sound understanding of plant passport (import and export) regulations, as well as a worldwide understanding of preventing the spread of invasive diseases, plants, and pests. Managing a team of volunteers is often an aspect of this role within public gardens or charity spaces such as The National Trust or English Heritage.

title: Head gardener


text: Category:High schools in Louisiana

title: Category:High schools in Louisiana