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Oral rehydration therapy

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is a type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration, especially due to diarrhea. It involves drinking water with modest amounts of sugar and salts, specifically sodium and potassium. Oral rehydration therapy can also be given by a nasogastric tube. Therapy can include the use of zinc supplements to reduce the duration of diarrhea in infants and children under the age of 5. Use of oral rehydration therapy has been estimated to decrease the risk of death from diarrhea by up to 93%.

Side effects may include vomiting, high blood sodium, or high blood potassium. If vomiting occurs, it is recommended that use be paused for 10 minutes and then gradually restarted. The recommended formulation includes sodium chloride, sodium citrate, potassium chloride, and glucose. Glucose may be replaced by sucrose and sodium citrate may be replaced by sodium bicarbonate, if not available, although the resulting mixture is not shelf stable in high-humidity environments. It works as glucose increases the uptake of sodium and thus water by the intestines, and the potassium chloride and sodium citrate help prevent hypokalemia and acidosis, respectively, which are both common side effects of diarrhea. A number of other formulations are also available including versions that can be made at home. However, the use of homemade solutions has not been well studied.

Oral rehydration therapy was developed in the 1940s using electrolyte solutions with or without glucose on an empirical basis chiefly for mild or convalescent patients, but did not come into common use for rehydration and maintenance therapy until after the discovery that glucose promoted sodium and water absorption during cholera in the 1960s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Globally,, oral rehydration therapy is used by 41% of children with diarrhea. This use has played an important role in reducing the number of deaths in children under the age of five.

Medical uses
ORT is less invasive than the other strategies for fluid replacement, specifically intravenous (IV) fluid replacement. Mild to moderate dehydration in children seen in an emergency department is best treated with ORT. Persons taking ORT should eat within six hours and return to their full diet within 24–48 hours.

Oral rehydration therapy may also be used as a treatment for the symptoms of dehydration and rehydration in burns in resource-limited settings.

Efficacy
ORT may lower the mortality rate of diarrhea by as much as 93%. Case studies in four developing countries also have demonstrated an association between increased use of ORS and reduction in mortality. ORT using the original ORS formula has no effect on the duration of the diarrheic episode or the volume of fluid loss, although reduced osmolarity solutions have been shown to reduce stool volume.

Treatment algorithm
The degree of dehydration should be assessed before initiating ORT. ORT is suitable for people who are not dehydrated and those who show signs and symptoms of mild to moderate dehydration. People who have severe dehydration should seek professional medical help immediately and receive intravenous rehydration as soon as possible to rapidly replenish fluid volume in the body.

Contraindications
ORT should be discontinued and fluids replaced intravenously when vomiting is protracted despite proper administration of ORT; or signs of dehydration worsen despite giving ORT; or the person is unable to drink due to a decreased level of consciousness; or there is evidence of intestinal blockage or ileus. ORT might also be contraindicated in people who are in hemodynamic shock due to impaired airway protective reflexes. Short-term vomiting is not a contraindication to receiving oral rehydration therapy. In persons who are vomiting, drinking oral rehydration solution at a slow and continuous pace will help resolve vomiting.

Preparation
WHO and UNICEF have jointly developed official guidelines for the manufacture of oral rehydration solution and the oral rehydration salts used to make it (both often abbreviated ORS). They also describe other acceptable solutions, depending on material availability. Commercial preparations are available as prepared fluids and as packets of powder ready to mix with water.

A basic oral rehydration therapy solution can also be prepared when packets of oral rehydration salts are not available. The molar ratio of sugar to salt should be 1:1 and the solution should not be hyperosmolar. The Rehydration Project states, "Making the mixture a little diluted (with more than 1 litre of clean water) is not harmful."

The optimal fluid for preparing oral rehydration solution is clean water. However, if this is not available, the usually available water should be used. Oral rehydration solution should not be withheld simply because the available water is potentially unsafe; rehydration takes precedence.

When oral rehydration salts packets and suitable teaspoons for measuring sugar and salt are not available, the WHO has recommended that homemade gruels, soups, etc., may be considered to help maintain hydration. A Lancet review in 2013 emphasized the need for more research on appropriate home made fluids to prevent dehydration. Sports drinks are not optimal oral rehydration solutions, but they can be used if optimal choices are not available. They should not be withheld for lack of better options; again, rehydration takes precedence. But they are not replacements for oral rehydration solutions in nonemergency situations.

Reduced-osmolarity
In 2003, WHO and UNICEF recommended that the osmolarity of oral rehydration solution be reduced from 311 to 245 mOsm/L. These guidelines were also updated in 2006. This recommendation was based on multiple clinical trials showing that the reduced osmolarity solution reduces stool volume in children with diarrhea by about twenty-five percent and the need for IV therapy by about thirty percent when compared to standard oral rehydration solution. The incidence of vomiting is also reduced. The reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution has lower concentrations of glucose and sodium chloride than the original solution, but the concentrations of potassium and citrate are unchanged.

The reduced osmolarity solution has been criticized by some for not providing enough sodium for adults with cholera. Clinical trials have, however, shown reduced osmolarity solution to be effective for adults and children with cholera. They seem to be safe but some caution is warranted according to the Cochrane review.

Administration
ORT is based on evidence that water continues to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract even while fluid is lost through diarrhea or vomiting. The World Health Organization specify indications, preparations and procedures for ORT.

WHO/UNICEF guidelines suggest ORT should begin at the first sign of diarrhea in order to prevent dehydration. Babies may be given ORS with a dropper or a syringe. Infants under two may be given a teaspoon of ORS fluid every one to two minutes. Older children and adults should take frequent sips from a cup, with a recommended intake of 200–400 mL of solution after every loose movement. The WHO recommends giving children under two a quarter- to a half-cup of fluid following each loose bowel movement and older children a half- to a full cup. If the person vomits, the caregiver should wait 5–10 minutes and then resume giving ORS. ORS may be given by aid workers or health care workers in refugee camps, health clinics and hospital settings. Mothers should remain with their children and be taught how to give ORS. This will help to prepare them to give ORT at home in the future. Breastfeeding should be continued throughout ORT.

Zinc
As part of oral rehydration therapy, the WHO recommends supplemental zinc (10 to 20 mg daily) for ten to fourteen days, to reduce the severity and duration of the illness and make recurrent illness in the following two to three months less likely. Preparations are available as a zinc sulfate solution for adults, a modified solution for children and in tablet form.

Feeding
After severe dehydration is corrected and appetite returns, feeding the person speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function, minimizes weight loss and supports continued growth in children. Small frequent meals are best tolerated (offering the child food every three to four hours). Mothers should continue to breastfeed. A child with watery diarrhea typically regains their appetite as soon as dehydration is corrected, whereas a child with bloody diarrhea often eats poorly until the illness resolves. Such children should be encouraged to resume normal feeding as soon as possible. Once diarrhea is corrected, the WHO recommends giving the child an extra meal each day for two weeks, and longer if the child is malnourished.

Children with malnutrition
Dehydration may be overestimated in wasted children and underestimated in edematous children. Care of these children must also include careful management of their malnutrition and treatment of other infections. Useful signs of dehydration include an eagerness to drink, lethargy, cool and moist extremities, weak or absent radial pulse (wrist), and reduced or absent urine flow. In children with severe malnutrition, it is often impossible to reliably distinguish between moderate and severe dehydration. A severely malnourished child who has signs of severe dehydration but who does not have a history of watery diarrhea should be treated for septic shock.

The original ORS (90 mmol sodium/L) and the current standard reduced-osmolarity ORS (75 mmol sodium/L) both contain too much sodium and too little potassium for severely malnourished children with dehydration due to diarrhea. ReSoMal (Rehydration Solution for Malnutrition) is recommended for such children. It contains less sodium (45 mmol/L) and more potassium (40 mmol/L) than reduced osmolarity ORS. It can be obtained in packets produced by UNICEF or other manufacturers.

An exception is if the severely malnourished child also has severe diarrhea (in which case ReSoMal may not provide enough sodium), in which case standard reduced-osmolarity ORS (75 mmol sodium/L) is recommended. Malnourished children should be rehydrated slowly. The WHO recommends 10 milliliters of ReSoMal per kilogram body weight for each of the first two hours (for example, a 9-kilogram child should be given 90 mL of ReSoMal over the course of the first hour, and another 90 mL for the second hour) and then continuing at this same rate or slower based on the child's thirst and ongoing stool losses, keeping in mind that a severely dehydrated child may be lethargic. If the child drinks poorly, a nasogastric tube should be used. The IV route should not be used for rehydration except in cases of shock and then only with care, infusing slowly to avoid flooding the circulation and overloading the heart.

Feeding should usually resume within 2–3 hours after starting rehydration and should continue every 2–3 hours, day and night. For an initial cereal diet before a child regains his or her full appetite, the WHO recommends combining 25 grams skimmed milk powder, 20 grams vegetable oil, 60 grams sugar, and 60 grams rice powder or other cereal into 1,000 milliliters water and boiling gently for five minutes. Give 130 mL per kilogram of body weight during per 24 hours. A child who cannot or will not eat this minimum amount should be given the diet by nasogastric tube divided into six equal feedings. Later on, the child should be given cereal made with a greater amount of skimmed milk product and vegetable oil and slightly less sugar. As appetite fully returns, the child should be eating 200 mL per kilogram of body weight per day. Zinc, potassium, vitamin A, and other vitamins and minerals should be added to both recommended cereal products, or to the oral rehydration solution itself. Children who are breastfed should continue breastfeeding.

Antibiotics
The WHO recommends that all severely malnourished children admitted to hospital should receive broad-spectrum antibiotics (for example, gentamicin and ampicillin). In addition, hospitalized children should be checked daily for other specific infections.

If cholera is suspected give an antibiotic to which V. cholerae are susceptible. This reduces the volume loss due to diarrhea by 50% and shortens the duration of diarrhea to about 48 hours.

Physiological basis

Fluid from the body enters the intestinal lumen during digestion. This fluid is isosmotic with the blood and contains a high quantity, about 142 mEq/L, of sodium. A healthy individual secretes 2000–3000 milligrams of sodium per day into the intestinal lumen. Nearly all of this is reabsorbed so that sodium levels in the body remain constant. In a diarrheal illness, sodium-rich intestinal secretions are lost before they can be reabsorbed. This can lead to life-threatening dehydration or electrolyte imbalances within hours when fluid loss is severe. The objective of therapy is the replenishment of sodium and water losses by ORT or intravenous infusion.

Sodium absorption occurs in two stages. The first is via intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes). Sodium passes into these cells by co-transport with glucose, via the SGLT1 protein. From the intestinal epithelial cells, sodium is pumped by active transport via the sodium-potassium pump through the basolateral cell membrane into the extracellular space.

The sodium–potassium ATPase pump at the basolateral cell membrane moves three sodium ions into the extracellular space, while pulling into the enterocyte two potassium ions. This creates a "downhill" sodium gradient within the cell. SGLT proteins use energy from this downhill sodium gradient to transport glucose across the apical membrane of the cell against the glucose gradient. The co-transporters are examples of secondary active transport. The GLUT uniporters then transport glucose across the basolateral membrane. Both SGLT1 and SGLT2 are known as symporters, since both sodium and glucose are transported in the same direction across the membrane.

The co-transport of glucose into epithelial cells via the SGLT1 protein requires sodium. Two sodium ions and one molecule of glucose (or galactose) are transported together across the cell membrane via the SGLT1 protein. Without glucose, intestinal sodium is not absorbed. This is why oral rehydration salts include both sodium and glucose. For each cycle of the transport, hundreds of water molecules move into the epithelial cell to maintain osmotic equilibrium. The resultant absorption of sodium and water can achieve rehydration even while diarrhea continues.

Definition
In the early 1980s, "oral rehydration therapy" meant only the preparation prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. In 1988, the definition was changed to include recommended home-made solutions, because the official preparation was not always available. The definition was also amended in 1988, to include continued feeding as associated therapy. In 1991, the definition became "an increase in administered hydrational fluids"; in 1993, "an increase in administered fluids and continued feeding".

Development

Dehydration was a major cause of death during the 1829 cholera pandemic in Russia and Western Europe. In 1831, William Brooke O'Shaughnessy noted the changes in blood composition and loss of water and salt in the stool of people with cholera and prescribed intravenous fluid therapy (IV fluids), first administered by Latta. The prescribing of hypertonic IV therapy by Rogers decreased the mortality rate of cholera to 40 percent, from 70. In the West, IV therapy became the "gold standard" for the treatment of moderate and severe dehydration.

In 1953, Hemendra Nath Chatterjee published in The Lancet the results of using ORT to treat people with mild cholera. He gave the solution orally and rectally, along with Coleus extract, antihistimines, and antiemetics, without controls. The formula of the fluid replacement solution was 4 g of sodium chloride, 25 g of glucose, and 1000 mL of water. He did not publish any balance data, and his exclusion of patients with severe dehydration did not lead to any confirming study; his report remained anecdotal.

Robert Allan Phillips tried to make an effective ORT solution based on his discovery that, in the presence of glucose, sodium and chloride could be absorbed in patients with cholera; but he failed because his solution was too hypertonic and he used it to try to stop the diarrhea rather than to rehydrate patients.

In the early 1960s, Robert K. Crane described the sodium-glucose co-transport mechanism and its role in intestinal glucose absorption. This, along with evidence that the intestinal mucosa appears undamaged in cholera, suggested that intestinal absorption of glucose and sodium might continue during the illness. This supported the notion that oral rehydration might be possible even during severe diarrhea due to cholera. In 1967–1968, Norbert Hirschhorn and Nathaniel F. Pierce showed that people with severe cholera can absorb glucose, salt, and water and that this can occur in sufficient amounts to maintain hydration. In 1968, David R. Nalin and Richard A. Cash, helped by Rafiqul Islam and Majid Molla, reported that giving adults with cholera an oral glucose-electrolyte solution in volumes equal to those of the diarrhea losses reduced the need for IV fluid therapy by eighty percent. [46]

In 1971, fighting during the Bangladesh Liberation War displaced millions and an epidemic of cholera ensued among the refugees. When IV fluid ran out in the refugee camps, Dilip Mahalanabis, a physician working with the Johns Hopkins International Center for Medical Research and Training in Calcutta, issued instructions to prepare an oral rehydration solution and to distribute it to family members and caregivers. Over 3,000 people with cholera received ORT in this way. The mortality rate was 3.6 percent among those given ORT, compared with 30 percent in those given IV fluid therapy. After Bangladesh won independence, there was a wide campaign to promote the use of saline in the treatment of diarrhea. In 1980, the World Health Organization recognized ORT and began a global program for its dissemination.

In the 1970s, Norbert Hirschhorn used oral rehydration therapy on the White River Apache Indian Reservation with a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. He observed that children voluntarily drank as much of the solution as needed to restore hydration, and that rehydration and early re-feeding would protect their nutrition. This led to increased use of ORT for children with diarrhea, especially in developing countries.

In 1980, the Bangladeshi nonprofit BRAC created a door-to-door and person-to-person sales force to teach ORT for use by mothers at home. A task force of fourteen women, one cook and one male supervisor traveled from village to village. After visiting with women in several villages, they hit upon the idea of encouraging the women in the village to make their own oral rehydration fluid. They used available household equipment, starting with a "half a seer" (half a quart) of water and adding a fistful of sugar and a three-finger pinch of salt. Later on, the approach was broadcast over television and radio and a market for oral rehydration salts packets developed. Three decades later, national surveys have found that almost 90% of children with severe diarrhea in Bangladesh are given oral rehydration fluids at home or in a health facility. ORT is known in Bangladesh as Orosaline or Orsaline.

From 2006 to 2011, UNICEF estimated that worldwide about a third of children under 5 who had diarrhea received an oral rehydration solution, with estimates ranging from 30% to 41% depending on the region.

ORT is one of the principal elements of the UNICEF "GOBI FFF" program (growth monitoring; ORT; breast feeding; immunization; female education; family spacing and food supplementation). The program aims to increase child survival in developing nations through proven low-cost interventions.

Mozambique civil war refugees, 1990
People had fled from civil war in Mozambique to southern Malawi. In November 1990, cholera broke out in a refugee camp in southern Malawi where approximately 74,000 persons were temporarily living. David Swerdlow of the U.S.'s CDC Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) wrote about the situation. He recommended setting up a tent just for children who would be assisted by some of the best nurses. He recommended against over-reliance on IV tubes, which often were left attached to persons for a week or more and which could lead to infections and septic shock. And he noticed that sick persons were not drinking enough rehydration solution. He assigned so-called "ORS officers" whose job was to encourage persons to drink more solution.

It was a minor mystery how persons were getting sick since deep-bore wells provided clean water and refugees were encouraged to wash their hands. It was then discovered that the only place for persons to wash hands were in the same buckets in which water was transported and stored. Swerdlow wrote in his report, "Use of narrow mouthed water containers would probably decrease the likelihood of contamination."

Awards

 * Centre for Health and Population Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2001 Gates award for global health.
 * Norbert Hirschhorn, Dilip Mahalanabis, David Nalin, and Nathaniel Pierce, 2002 inaugural Pollin Prize for Pediatric Research.
 * Richard A. Cash, David Nalin, Dilip Mahalanabis and Stanley Schultz, 2006 Prince Mahidol Award.

title: Oral rehydration therapy


text: User talk:82.37.242.71

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title: User talk:82.37.242.71


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Talk:Dan Brown

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Number of books adapted into films
Dear fellow Wikipedians,

In the first paragraph of the article, the closing sentence:
 * "Four of [his books], Angels & Demons (2000), The Da Vinci Code (2003) and Inferno (2013) have been adapted into films."

There is an error here -- probably "Four" should be replaced by "Three". Could somebody with the rights to edit this please make the change? — Preceding unsigned comment added by CRau080 (talk • contribs) 22:39, 9 February 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:53, 13 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Dan Brown, bookjacket 2020 image.tif

New works
Would appreciate any information in the slightest that leads to proof a new novel is near to being completed thank you 2A02:C7F:4CEA:6900:D02F:9924:77DC:D67A (talk) 20:47, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

Bad opener
There should be a replacement for the opinion based opening statement on this page 2603:8080:BA07:B400:D0DF:20F9:6E2A:CEDF (talk) 03:55, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

 * What specifically do you think should be changed?  Grey joy talk 03:57, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dan Brown


text: User talk:198.151.13.8

title: User talk:198.151.13.8


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Bert Monroy

Bert Monroy is an American artist best known as an early Photoshop expert. He wrote the first book on the use of Photoshop (The Official Adobe Photoshop Handbook, coauthored with David Biedny), and became an established Photoshop educator. He was a frequent guest on The Screen Savers, where he gave brief Photoshop tutorials. In 2004 he was inducted into the Photoshop Hall of Fame. He also hosted a web TV show, PixelPerfect, on Revision3. Monroy is currently a regular teacher on the training website Lynda.com and hosts an ongoing series called Pixel Playground which is similar to Pixel Perfect.

title: Bert Monroy


text: User talk:209.73.220.196

title: User talk:209.73.220.196


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Oxford Canal

Oxford Canal

Self nom - I took this a few days ago with my fancy new camera, and I'm rather proud of it, what does everyone else think. G-Man 21:09, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. G-Man 21:09, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Rendered utterly impotent by the fields and the sky. Denni ☯ 00:13, 2005 Mar 2 (UTC)
 * Oppose. A pretty enough picture, but the sky and its reflection are overexposed, and the grass in the foreground seems a tad oversaturated.  The biggest problem, as Denni points out, is that this poorly illustrates the canal itself; your Image:Oxford Canal at Hillmorton.jpg does this better. —Korath (Talk) 03:47, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose -- This picture just seems too busy picturing everything else but the canal itself. -- Longhair | Talk 14:49, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. This sets this canal in its context. This was an industrial highway in its heyday and is now a pastoral by-water in the rich agricultural fields of Warwickshire. As to the sky - this is February in England; that's not overexposure, that what the sky is like. Although I prefer my images less bold and I would probably have avoided enhancing it, neverthless I would be proud of the image Velela 15:02, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Velela is right, the purpose of the photograph was really to show the canal within the setting of the landscape. So I surpose it's really a landscape picture, with the canal as its main feature rather than strictly a canal photograph. Perhaps I should have said that to begin with. Apart from that most of the other criticisms seem quite minor. G-Man 22:24, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. If you look at the thumbnail, it does seem too little canal and too much field, but the full image itself is excellent, I think, in giving a good image of the canal in its "natural habitat". A closer image of the canal itself would be much less striking and brilliant, I think -- mostly just a higher-res image of water. If there's a way of taking a featurable picture of a canal, I think this has to be it. Jwrosenzweig 00:23, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 12:04, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I agree with Longhair that the picture simply wants to do too much. Also, while the subject might be notewothy, you'd have to know exactly what it is to appreciate it. There are dozens of scenes like this in England I'd suspect (there are where I'm living). If the purpose is to show the landscape, well I think there can be prettier pictures for that.Junes 14:13, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Doesn't it explain what it is on the caption? G-Man 18:27, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it does, but what I mean is that I think Featured pictures should be able to stand on their own esthetically (except maybe diagrams). This is a really good picture, but in my opinion it's not as stunning as other Featured (landscape) pictures. Sorry. Junes 09:19, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I just came across this on the Warwickshire page and was impressed. This is quite a famous scene, I have seen other versions of this image on calenders and postcards, and this is at least as good as the profesional versions. IMO the canal is sufficiently prominent in the image to stand out as the main feature. Gem 20:15, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Not promoted, +5/-4 BrokenSegue 22:51, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)


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China Doll (brand)

China Doll is a brand of rice and beans bagged and shipped by Marshall Biscuit Company, based in Saraland, Alabama (facilities based formerly in Mobile, Alabama). It is a local favorite among residents of Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia and Northern Florida. It specializes in non-flavored rice and beans and was founded by N.W. Hutchings in Mobile in 1938 and stayed in his family for more than 30 years but was eventually acquired by Riviana Foods. In November 2005, Riviana (having been acquired by Spain's leading food processor, Ebro Puleva) sold the China Doll division to Marshall Biscuit Co.

title: China Doll (brand)


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Tosoh

Tosoh Corporation (東ソー株式会社) is a global chemical and specialty materials company. The company was founded in 1935 in Yamaguchi Prefecture, as Toyo Soda Manufacturing Co., Ltd., and in 1987 changed its name to Tosoh Corporation. Today, its corporate headquarters are in Tokyo, Japan.

It began as a manufacturer of chlor-alkali and petrochemical commodities and feedstocks. Today it produces other kinds of products including electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), specialty polymers, fine chemicals, scientific instruments, and thin-film materials.

The Tosoh Group globally comprises more than 130 companies and includes manufacturing and marketing facilities in East Asia, Europe and the United States.

The company is listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 stock index.

Tosoh's Nanyo complex has an annual vinyl chloride monomer production capacity of 1.2 million tonnes, the primary chemical intermediate of vinyl plastic.

Tosoh is a member of the Mizuho keiretsu.

Tosoh acquired Nippon Polyurethane Industry in 2006 and absorbed into Tosoh in 2014.

Business groups and products
Tosoh Corporation is divided into 13 business divisions that are organized into five groups: Petrochemical, Chlor-Alkali, Speciality, and Engineering. The fifth group is composed of support services, including logistics, construction, engineering support, and other support activities. Listed below are the five groups and their primary products:

 * Petrochemical Group
 * Olefins: ethylene, propylene and polypropylene, tert-Butanol, and aromatics.
 * Polymers: LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, synthetic rubber, polychloroprene rubber, etc.
 * Chlor-Alkali Group
 * Basic Chemicals: calcium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide, chlorinated paraffins, sodium bicarb, vinyl chloride monomer, and polyvinylchloride.
 * Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI).
 * Cement: Portland cement, blast-furnace slag cement, and fly ash cement.
 * Specialty Group
 * Organic Chemicals: organic intermediates, ethyleneamines, flame retardants, polyurethane catalysts, benzyl alcohol, hydrocarbon based solvents, piperazine, sodium styrene sulfonate, and bromochloropropane(BCP).
 * Advanced Materials: silica glass, sputtering deposition targets, zeolites, zirconia injection mold and grinding media, battery materials, and silica.
 * Bio-science: automated immunoassay and glycohemoglobin analyzers, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), molecular analyzers, chromatographic resins, size-exclusion chromatography instruments, laboratory automation solutions and services, and reagents.
 * The Specialty Group focuses on products for high-tech industries such as semiconductors, consumer electronics, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare.

 * Engineering Group
 * Water Treatment
 * Other Services Group
 * Analytical Services
 * Information Technology
 * Personnel Management
 * Logistics

title: Tosoh


text:
David L. Clarke

David Leonard Clarke (3 November 1937 – 27 June 1976) was an English archaeologist and academic. He is well known for his work on processual archaeology.

Early life and education
Clarke was born in Kent, England. He studied at Peterhouse, Cambridge, from which he obtained his PhD in 1964 under the supervision of Grahame Clark.

Academic career
He became a Fellow of Peterhouse in 1966. His teaching and writing, particularly in analytical archaeology in 1967, transformed European archaeology in the 1970s. It demonstrated the importance of systems theory, quantification, and scientific reasoning in archaeology, and drew ecology, geography, and comparative anthropology firmly within the ambit of the subject. Never really accepted by the Cambridge hierarchy, he was nevertheless loved by his students for his down-to-earth, inclusive attitudes toward them. In 1970, he published his PhD thesis about British and Irish Bell Beaker pottery.

Clarke died in 1976 as a result of thrombosis arising from a gangrenous twisted gut.

title: David L. Clarke


text:
Hugh O'Brian

Hugh O'Brian (born Hugh Charles Krampe; April 19, 1925 – September 5, 2016) was an American actor and humanitarian, best known for his starring roles in the ABC Western television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1955–1961) and the NBC action television series Search (1972–1973). His notable films included the adaptation of Agatha Christie's Ten Little Indians (1965); he also had a notable supporting role in John Wayne's last film, The Shootist (1976).

He created the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation, a nonprofit youth leadership-development program for high-school scholars. It has sponsored more than 500,000 students since O'Brian founded the program in 1958, following an extended visit with physician and theologian Albert Schweitzer.

Early life and military service
O'Brian was born Hugh Charles Krampe in Rochester, New York, the son of Hugh John Krampe, who served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps, and Edith Lillian (née Marks) Krampe. O’Brian once described his father as “one of the toughest men I ever knew”; this inspired his interest in the military.

O'Brian moved with his parents to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, around 1930, when he was about five years old. His father had become an executive with the Armstrong Cork Company, which was headquartered in Lancaster. The Krampe family lived at the Stevens House Hotel temporarily before moving to the newly developed School Lane Hills houses in the city's West End. O'Brian attended Lancaster city elementary schools. The Krampes resided in Lancaster for about four years before they moved to Chicago, where his father had another position with the Armstrong Cork Company. Years later, in 1963, Hugh O'Brian was awarded the key to the city by Lancaster Mayor George Coe.

After the move to the Chicago area, Krampe and his family lived in Winnetka, Illinois, where he attended New Trier High School. He transferred to the Kemper Military School (closed in 2002) in Boonville, Missouri, where he lettered in football, basketball, wrestling, and track.

After one semester at the University of Cincinnati, Krampe dropped out to enlist in the Marine Corps during World War II. At 17, he became the youngest Marine drill instructor on record.

Career start and name change
After World War II ended, Krampe planned to become a lawyer and had been accepted at Yale University for the fall of 1947. Before that, he lived in Hollywood, where he was dating an actress. He attended her rehearsals of the Somerset Maugham play Home and Beauty. When the lead actor failed to show up, director Ida Lupino asked him to read the lines. He got the role and the play received a tremendous review, then received a contract offer from an agent.

Krampe changed his name after the program incorrectly listed him as "Hugh Krape." He later said, "I decided right then I didn't want to go through life being known as Huge Krape, so I decided to take my mother's family name, O'Brien, but they misspelled it as 'O'Brian' and I just decided to stay with that."

Lupino signed him to Never Fear, a film she was directing. O'Brian gained a contract with Universal Pictures.

Wyatt Earp and television career
He was chosen to portray legendary lawman Wyatt Earp on the ABC Western series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, which debuted in 1955. To help develop his character, O'Brian bought Stuart N. Lake's book Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal. He also developed a relationship with Lake, who was a consultant on the show for the first two years. The series, alongside Gunsmoke and Cheyenne, which debuted the same year, spearheaded the "adult Western" television genre, with the emphasis on character development rather than moral sermonizing. It soon became one of the top-rated shows on television. During its six-year run, Wyatt Earp consistently placed in the top 10 in the United States. Decades later, he reprised the role in two episodes of the television series Guns of Paradise (1990), the television movie The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw (1991), and the independent film Wyatt Earp: Return to Tombstone (1994), the latter mixing new footage and colorized archival sequences from the original series.

O'Brian appeared regularly on other programs in the 1950s and 1960s, including The Nat King Cole Show, The Jackie Gleason Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, and The Dinah Shore Chevy Show, all in 1957. He was seen in Jack Palance's ABC circus drama The Greatest Show on Earth. He also appeared as a 'guest attorney' in the 1963 Perry Mason episode "The Case of the Two-Faced Turn-a-bout" when its star, Raymond Burr, was sidelined for a spell after minor emergency surgery. He served as guest host on episodes of The Hollywood Palace in 1964 and the rock music series Shindig! in 1965. He was a guest celebrity panelist on the CBS primetime programs Password and What's My Line? and served as a mystery guest on three occasions on the latter series.

In 1971, he filmed a television pilot titled Probe, playing a high-tech (for the times) agent for a company that specialized in recovering valuable items. The pilot spawned a series for O'Brian named Search, which ran one season (1972–1973). In 1999 and 2000, he co-starred with Dick Van Patten, Deborah Winters, Richard Roundtree, and Richard Anderson in the miniseries Y2K - World in Crisis.

Film career
The actor appeared in a number of films, among them Rocketship X-M (1950), The Lawless Breed (1953), There's No Business Like Show Business (1954), White Feather (1955), Come Fly with Me (1963), Love Has Many Faces (1965), In Harm's Way (1965), Ten Little Indians (1965), and Ambush Bay (1966).

While onstage, Elvis Presley introduced O'Brian from the audience at a performance at the Las Vegas Hilton, as captured in the imported live CD release "April Fool's Dinner". O'Brian was a featured actor in the 1977 two-hour premiere of the television series Fantasy Island. He played the last character whom John Wayne ever killed on the screen in Wayne's final movie, The Shootist (1976). O'Brian appeared in fight scenes with a Bruce Lee lookalike in Lee's last – partially completed – film, the controversial Game of Death. O'Brian recreated his Wyatt Earp role for three 1990s projects: Guns of Paradise (1990) and The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw (1991), with fellow actor Gene Barry doing likewise as lawman Bat Masterson for each, as well as the independent film Wyatt Earp: Return to Tombstone (1994). He also had a cameo as the father of Danny DeVito and Arnold Schwarzenegger in the comedy Twins (1988).

Also appearing in one episode of Murder, She Wrote (1990), one episode of L.A. Law (1993) and two episodes of Call of the Wild (TV series) (2000).

Personal life and death
On June 25, 2006, at age 81, O'Brian married his girlfriend of 18 years, Virginia Barber (born circa 1952); it was his first and only marriage. The ceremony was held at Forest Lawn Memorial Park with the Rev. Robert Schuller officiating. Barber, who had been married once previously, is a teacher by profession and the couple spent their honeymoon studying philosophy at Oxford University. O'Brian stated that he believed "an active mind is as important as an active body." O'Brian died at his home in Beverly Hills, California, on September 5, 2016, at the age of 91.

Photographer Adina Etkis successfully sued O'Brian for child support in Los Angeles court in 1969, regarding her son Hugh Donald Krampe. Etkis had met O'Brian in 1951. However, O'Brian stated in his trust: "I do not have any children, living or dead", specifically naming two claimants, including Hugh. Four people have claimed O'Brian as their father.

Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation
O'Brian dedicated much of his life to the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (HOBY), a non-profit youth leadership-development program for high-school scholars. HOBY sponsors 10,000 high school sophomores annually through its over 70 leadership programs in all 50 states and 20 countries. Since its inception in 1958, over 500,000 young people have participated in HOBY-related programs.

One high-school sophomore from every high school in the United States, referred to as an "ambassador", is welcome to attend a state or regional HOBY seminar. From each of those seminars, students (number based on population) are offered the opportunity to attend the World Leadership Congress. In 2008, over 500 ambassadors attended from all 50 states and 20 countries. The concept for HOBY was inspired in 1958 by a nine-day visit O'Brian had with famed humanitarian Dr. Albert Schweitzer in Africa. Dr. Schweitzer believed "the most important thing in education is to teach young people to think for themselves."

O'Brian's message was explained in an essay on the topic:"I do NOT believe we are all born equal. Created equal in the eyes of God, yes, but physical and emotional differences, parental guidelines, varying environments, being in the right place at the right time, all play a role in enhancing or limiting an individual's development. But I DO believe every man and woman, if given the opportunity and encouragement to recognize their potential, regardless of background, has the freedom to choose in our world. Will an individual be a taker or a giver in life? Will that person be satisfied merely to exist or seek a meaningful purpose? Will he or she dare to dream the impossible dream? I believe every person is created as the steward of his or her own destiny with great power for a specific purpose, to share with others, through service, a reverence for life in a spirit of love."

- Hugh O'Brian

Awards
For his contribution to the television industry, Hugh O'Brian has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6613½ Hollywood Blvd. In 1992, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

title: Hugh O'Brian


text:
User:Emyth

Hello Wikipedians,

What a delightful project! It's consonant with so many of my deep values... I will learn so much from participating in good faith. I must make sure that I take responsibility for any and all of my contributions/tinkering.

I shall add more as I learn what is appropriate.

All the best,

Emyth

Emyth 21:13, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Emyth


text:
Adolf von Henselt

Georg Martin Adolf von Henselt (9 May 1814 – 10 October 1889) was a German composer and virtuoso pianist.

Life
Henselt was born at Schwabach, in Bavaria. At the age of three he began to learn the violin, and at five the piano under Josephe von Flad (1778–1843), who had trained in composition with Franz Danzi, Abbé (George Joseph) Vogler, Joseph Graetz and studied piano with Franz Lauska (who later coached Meyerbeer, Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn). His concert debut was at the Odeon in Munich, where he played the opening Allegro to one of Mozart's C major concertos, a free fantasy with variations on a theme from Weber's Der Freischütz, and a rondo by Kalkbrenner. It was through Flad's influence with King Ludwig I of Bavaria that Henselt was provided the financial means to undertake further study with Johann Nepomuk Hummel in Weimar in 1832 for some months. Later that year, he went to Vienna, where, besides studying composition under Simon Sechter (the later teacher of Anton Bruckner), he was successful as a concert pianist.

In 1836, to improve his health, he made a prolonged tour through the chief German towns. In 1837, he settled at Breslau, where he had married Rosalie Vogel—but the following year migrated to Saint Petersburg, where previous visits made him welcome. He became court pianist and inspector of musical studies in the Imperial Institute of Female Education, and was ennobled in 1876. Henselt usually spent summer holidays in Germany. In 1852, and again in 1867, he visited England, though in the latter year he made no public appearance. Saint Petersburg was his home nearly until his death from cardiac disease during a stay at Warmbrunn, Germany (now in Poland).

To some ears, Henselt's playing combined Franz Liszt's sonority with Hummel's smoothness. It was full of poetry, remarkable for his use of extended chords and technique. His cantabile playing was highly regarded. "Find out the secret of Henselt's hands," Liszt told his pupils. Once he commented on the lengths Henselt took to achieve his famous legato, saying, "I could have had velvet paws like that if I had wanted to." Henselt's influence on the next generation of Russian pianists was immense. Henselt's playing and teaching greatly influenced the Russian school of music, developing from seeds planted by John Field. Sergei Rachmaninoff held him in very great esteem, and considered him one of his most important influences.

He excelled in his own works and in those of Carl Maria von Weber and Frédéric Chopin. His Piano Concerto in F minor, Op. 16 was once frequently played in Europe, and of his many valuable studies, the Étude in F-sharp major Si oiseau j'étais, was very popular. At one time Henselt was second to Anton Rubinstein in the direction of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.

Despite his relatively long life, Henselt ceased nearly all composition by the age of thirty, for reasons that are unclear. Chronic stage fright, bordering on paranoia, caused him to withdraw from concert appearances by age thirty-three.

Piano solo
(selective list)
 * Variations on ‘Io son' ricco’ from Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore, Op. 1 (1830)
 * Rondo Serioso in D minor, Op. 1b
 * Douze Études caractéristiques, Op. 2 (1837–1838)
 * in D minor, "Orage, tu ne saurais abbattre"
 * in D-flat major, "Pensez un peu à moi"
 * in B minor, "Exauce mes voeux"
 * in B-flat major, "Repos d'amour"
 * in C-sharp minor, "Vie orageuse"
 * in F-sharp major, "Si oiseau j'etais"
 * in D major, "C'est la jeunesse..."
 * in E minor, "Tu m'attires, m'entraines"
 * in F major, "Jeunesse d'amour, plaisir céleste"
 * in E minor, "Comme le ruisseau dans la mer repand"
 * in E-flat major, "Dors tu ma vie"
 * in B-flat minor, "Plein de soupirs, de souvenirs"
 * Poème d'amour, Op. 3 (1838)
 * Rhapsodie in F minor, Op. 4 (1838). Originally published as "Erinnerung und Freundschaft" Op. 4, No. 1. See Op. 51.
 * Douze Études de salon, Op. 5 (1838)
 * in E-flat major, "Eroica"
 * in G major
 * in A minor, "Hexentanz"
 * in E major, "Ave Maria"
 * in F-sharp minor, "Verlorene Heimath"
 * in A-flat major, "Danklied nach Sturm"
 * in C major, "Elfenreigen"
 * in G minor, "Romanze mit Chor-Refrain"
 * in A major
 * in F minor, "Entschwundenes Glück"
 * in B major, "Liebeslied"
 * in G-sharp minor, "Nächtlicher Geisterzug"
 * Deux Nocturnes, Op. 6
 * in G-flat major, "Schmerz im Glück" (1839)
 * in F major, "La Fontaine" (1839)
 * Impromptu in C minor, Op. 7 (1838)
 * Pensée fugitive in F minor, Op. 8 (1839)
 * Scherzo in B minor, Op. 9 (1839)
 * Romance in B-flat minor, Op. 10 (1840)
 * Variations on a Theme by Meyerbeer, Op. 11 (1840)
 * Introduction
 * Variation I
 * Variation II
 * Variation III
 * Variation IV
 * Variation V
 * Finale
 * Concert Etudes, Op. 13
 * , "Air russe de Noroff" (1840–1841)
 * in G-flat major, "La Gondola" (1841)
 * "Cavatine de Glinka"
 * "Barcarolle de Glinka"
 * in D-flat major, "Air de Balfe" (1846)
 * , "Mazurka et polka" (1846)
 * "Rakoczy-Marche" (1843)
 * "Marche, dédiée à S.M. l'Empereur Nicholas I"
 * "Polka" (1850)
 * "Romance russe de S. Tanéef"
 * Frühlingslied, Op. 15 (1843)
 * Fantaisie sur un air bohemien-russe, Op. 16 (1843)
 * Impromptu No. 1, WoO
 * Impromptu No. 2, Op. 17 (1843)
 * Vier Romanzen, Op. 18
 * in E-flat major (1847–1848)
 * in B-flat minor, "Der Dombau" (1848)
 * in B-flat major (1843?)
 * in C-sharp minor (1843?)
 * Arrangements of 12 numbers from Weber's operas Der Freischütz, Euryanthe and Oberon, Op. 19
 * "Pressentiment" for piano, Romance Michel Wielhorsky, Op. 20 (1850)
 * Deux Romances russes de Soumarokoff, Op. 22 (1850)
 * in D minor
 * in A major
 * Marche funèbre in G minor, Op. 23 (1850)
 * Toccatina in E-flat major, Op. 25 (1850)
 * "Das ferne Land", Romanze für Solo-Klavier, Op. 26b (1843)
 * Nocturne in A-flat major, Op. 27. Transcription of Romance de R. Thal (1843)
 * Deux petites valses, Op. 28
 * in F major (1854)
 * in C major (1854)
 * Sophie-polka, Op. 29
 * Cadenza for Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3 in C minor (Op. 37), Op. 29b (1854)
 * Grande valse – L'aurore boréale, Op. 30 (1854)
 * Ballade in B-flat major, Op. 31 (original version 1854, second version 1854, third revision 1879?)
 * Nocturne in A-flat major, Op. 32 (1854)
 * Chant sans paroles in B minor, Op. 33 (1850?)
 * Romance russe, transcription of song by Dargomyzhsky, Op. 33b (sometimes referred to as Romance No. 6) (1856)
 * Impromptu No. 3 in B-flat minor, Op. 34 (1854–1855)
 * Marche du couronnement d'Alexandre II, Op. 35. In G major (1855)
 * Valse mélancolique in D minor, Op. 36 (1857?)
 * Impromptu No. 4 in B minor, Op. 37 (1859)
 * Morgenständchen in D-flat major, Op. 39 (1866–1867)
 * Deux Romances russes, Op. 40a
 * No. 1, Compte Koucheleff-Besborodko. See Op. 49.
 * No. 2, Prince Kotschoubey
 * Duo pour le chant, Op. 40b
 * No. 2, "Der Abendstern" (1868–1869)
 * Etude de J.B. Cramer, Op. 41
 * Air bohémien, Op. 42
 * "Mi manca la voce", Op. 43
 * Five transcriptions of overtures (Beethoven and Weber), Op. 44
 * Transcription of Beethoven's Coriolan Overture (Op. 62)
 * Transcription of Beethoven's Egmont Overture (Op. 84)
 * Transcription of Romance by O.K. Klemm
 * Transcription of a Waltz by Johann Strauss
 * Transcription of Weber's Invitation to the Dance
 * Transcription of Weber's Overture to Euryanthe
 * Transcription of Weber's Overture to Oberon
 * Transcription of Weber's Polacca (Op. 72)
 * Wiegenlied in G-flat major, Op. 45 (1840)
 * Invitation à la danse de C.M. Weber, Op. 47
 * Polacca brillante de C.M. Weber, Op. 48
 * Romance du Compte G. Koucheleff-Besborodko, Op. 49. See Op. 40a.
 * Duo pour le chant, transcrit pour le piano, Op. 50
 * Souvenir de Varsovie, A-flat major, Op. 51 (1838). Originally published as Op. 4 No. 2.
 * "Bozhe, Tsarya khrani", WoO. Transcription of the Russian national hymn.
 * Canon pour piano à quatre mains, WoO
 * Chant du printemps, WoO (1833)
 * Etude in A minor, WoO (1876)
 * Fantasiestück in C minor, manuscript
 * "Feuillet d'Album", WoO (about 1870)
 * Hymn für Prinz Pyotr Oldenburg (1882)
 * "L'Innocence", WoO
 * Meister-Studien für Klavier (published in 1892)
 * Mon Chant du cynge, WoO (published in 1885)
 * Morgenlied von Uhland, WoO (1876)
 * Petite Romance in B-flat minor, WoO
 * Petite Pièce, WoO
 * Petite Valse in F major, WoO
 * Poème d'amour - Andante et Allegro concertante, WoO, in B major
 * Polka brilliante in D minor, WoO
 * Polka favorite, WoO
 * Preambules in all the keys, WoO (published in 1884)
 * Preparatory exercises, WoO (published in 1894)
 * Set 1 (1854–1855)
 * Set 2 (1881)
 * Romance in C minor, WoO (1838)
 * Deux romances du Compte Michel Wielhorsky, WoO (1840)
 * Romance in D-flat major, WoO
 * Rondoletto, WoO (written 1832, published 1865)
 * Six Themes avec Variations de N. Paganini, WoO (1830)
 * Vasa-marche, WoO

Orchestral

 * Variations on Quand je quittai la Normandie from Meyerbeer's Robert le diable, Op. 11 (1840)
 * Piano Concerto in F minor, Op. 16 (1847)

Chamber

 * Duo, Op. 14, for cello and piano (1842)
 * Piano Trio in A minor, Op. 24 (1851)

Vocal

 * "Der Dumbau" für vierstimmigen Acappella-Chor (1840)
 * "Das ferne Land", Romanze für Singstimme und Klavier (1843)
 * "Die Nacht im Walde", song, Op. 52
 * Five Lieder
 * "Morgenlied"
 * "Pakitas Klage"
 * "Die Auswanderer"
 * "Liebesfahrt"
 * "Stumme Liebe"

title: Adolf von Henselt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lucidný sen

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 17:15, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Lucidný sen
moved from Pages needing translation into English posibley SlovakianGeni 19:54, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Possibly copied in part from . Take a good look at this before you translated, see if it's a copyvio. Also, is there anything worthwhile here that's not at Lucid dreaming? -- Jmabel | Talk 21:35, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Anyway, it's had it's two weeks, little has been translated, and there is no sign of anything useful here. Delete. -- Jmabel | Talk 21:14, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 06:34, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Years in Denmark

title: Category:Years in Denmark


text:
Kenny Perry

James Kenneth Perry (born August 10, 1960) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour Champions. He won 14 PGA Tour events and has won nine PGA Tour Champions events including four senior major championships: the 2013 Constellation Senior Players Championship, the 2013 U.S. Senior Open, the 2014 Regions Tradition, and the 2017 U.S. Senior Open.

Early years
Perry was born in Elizabethtown, Kentucky to Ken and Mildred Perry, and raised in Franklin, Kentucky. He was introduced to the game of golf by his father at the age of seven. He started his high school golf career at Franklin-Simpson High School. Shortly thereafter, his father accepted a job opportunity in McCracken County a few miles outside Paducah, Kentucky. Kenny attended high school and played on the golf team at McCracken County's Lone Oak High School, near Paducah. After graduating from Lone Oak, he attended Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green.

Personal life
Perry has three children (Lesslye [Harris], Justin and Lindsey) with his wife, Sandy Perry. Justin played on Western Kentucky University's golf team, and has also caddied for his father on several occasions.

His mother, Mildred, died on October 1, 2009, at the age of 79 at her home in Franklin while under Hospice care after a long battle with multiple myeloma. Perry is a member and deacon of Franklin Church of Christ in Franklin, Kentucky.

Professional career
Perry turned professional in 1982. He failed in his first two attempts to qualify for the PGA Tour at Q-school. He missed by 1 stroke one year and received word that his wife had gone into labor during the fourth round the next year. He had been sponsored by a group of about twenty individuals, many local citizens from Franklin, in his early play on the mini-tours and his first two attempts at Q-school.

In 1985, a Franklin businessman and David Lipscomb University (now simply Lipscomb University) graduate lent him $5000 for a last shot at Q-school. Rather than repay the loan, he was asked to give a percentage of his tour earnings to Lipscomb if he qualified. He tied for 40th at Q-school, earning his card with a two-shot cushion. Perry and his benefactor agreed on 5 percent, and he has maintained that commitment to Lipscomb ever since in the form of a scholarship for residents of Simpson County, Kentucky.

In Perry's first few seasons, he struggled to retain his qualification status. He made his first big (for the time) check on the PGA Tour ($55,000) with a T-4 finish at the Panasonic Las Vegas Invitational in May 1987. Shortly after that tournament, Perry repaid all of the money put up by all of his original sponsors, even though he had no legal obligation to do so. Perry got his first win in 1991 at the Memorial Tournament. Two more wins followed in the mid-1990s, another in 2001, and three victories in 2003.

In 1996, Perry was in contention at the PGA Championship held at Valhalla in his native Kentucky. He had a one shot lead on the last hole but took a bogey and proceeded to be beaten in the playoff by Mark Brooks. Perry played in the 2004 Ryder Cup at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Township, Michigan. On the first day, Perry played in an afternoon foursome with Stewart Cink and they lost to Sergio García and Luke Donald (2 & 1). On the third day, Perry played in a singles match and lost to Lee Westwood (1 up). Team Europe defeated Team USA 18½ to 9½. In 2005, Perry won at the Bay Hill Invitational and the Bank of America Colonial. The following year, he became the 10th man to reach $20 million in PGA Tour career earnings in addition to taking an 8-week break from the tour to recover from knee surgery. He was in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking for over 100 weeks from 2003 to 2005 and 2009 to 2010.

After returning from arthroscopic knee surgery in early 2006, Perry struggled to find the previous form he had from 2003 to 2005. However, in 2008, he had a steady start making 10 cuts in his first 11 tournaments, and beginning in the middle of May he had six top ten finishes in eight starts, including three victories in the Memorial Tournament, the Buick Open, and the John Deere Classic (in which he beat Jay Williamson and Brad Adamonis in a playoff). He received some criticism for skipping major championships in 2008 in order to concentrate on qualifying for the Ryder Cup team. He was eager to make the team as the event was being held in his native Kentucky, and he helped the USA win the cup for the first time since 1999.

Perry played in the 2008 Ryder Cup at the Valhalla Golf Club in Louisville, Kentucky. On the first day, Perry played a morning foursome with Jim Furyk and they halved the match with Sergio García and Lee Westwood. On the second day, Perry played a morning foursome with Furyk and they defeated Pádraig Harrington and Robert Karlsson (3 & 1). Also on day two, Perry played an afternoon fourball with Furyk and they lost to Ian Poulter and Graeme McDowell (1 up). On the third day, Perry played in a singles match and defeated Henrik Stenson (3 & 2). Team USA defeated Team Europe 16½ to 11½.

Despite rumors that he would retire following Team USA's Ryder Cup victory, Perry confirmed at the start of the 2009 PGA Tour season that he hoped to win at least eight more tournaments, which would take his career total to 20. Twenty wins ensures a lifetime PGA Tour membership.

Perry won his first event in 2009 in his third start at the FBR Open, where he defeated Charley Hoffman on the third playoff hole with a birdie. It was his 13th career tour win. He maintained a rich vein of form throughout the first few months of the 2009 season, making ten cuts in ten events and registering five top-10 finishes during this streak.

In April 2009, Perry was the 54-hole co-leader at The Masters and held the lead by two strokes with two holes to go. However, he recorded two straight bogeys, after failing to find the green in regulation at both the 17th and 18th holes. This resulted in a sudden-death playoff with Ángel Cabrera and Chad Campbell. Perry made par on the first extra hole, to match Cabrera, but Campbell was eliminated after he made bogey. At the second extra hole, Perry missed the green from the middle of the fairway and then ran his pitch well past the hole, resulting in a bogey. Cabrera then won the playoff and the tournament with a par. Perry would have become the oldest winner of The Masters at 48 years old, 8 months, and 2 days. He received over 700 letters and emails in the aftermath of his playoff defeat, including a note from former President George W. Bush.

Perry won his second event of 2009 at the Travelers Championship in June, coming from one stroke behind Paul Goydos. Perry shot a final round 63 and won his 14th tour event, one win closer to his goal of 20 career wins. He won the event by three strokes over Goydos and fellow American David Toms. With the win he moved into a career high spot of four at the Official World Golf Ranking. Perry is among the winningest and highest all-time PGA Tour money winners without a major championship, with fourteen wins and career earnings of over $32 million. His best major finishes are playoff losses at the 1996 PGA Championship and 2009 Masters Tournament. For his success in leading the US to victory in the Ryder Cup, he and fellow Kentuckian J. B. Holmes were named Kentuckians of the Year for 2008 by Kentucky Monthly magazine. He is good friends with former World Number 1 player Vijay Singh, who calls him "Biggie".

Perry began playing on the Champions Tour after turning 50 in August 2010 while continuing to play on the PGA Tour. He won his first event in October 2011 at the SAS Championship. He nearly withdrew from the event after learning of his sister's death. In 2011, Perry split his time between the PGA Tour and the Champions Tour. He finished 15th on the Champions Tour money list playing in ten events. Although his focus was on the Champions Tour, he also had status on the PGA Tour until 2014 due to multiple wins in 2008 and 2009.

Perry won for the second time on the Champions Tour early in 2012 at the ACE Group Classic. He shot rounds of 64 and 62 on the first two days to break the 36 hole scoring record on the Champions Tour and after ending with a 2 under par round of 70, he tied the overall tournament scoring record at 20 under par.

Perry was given a special invitation from the PGA of America to compete in the 2014 PGA Championship, held in his home state of Kentucky and site of his 1996 playoff loss; he finished T27.

In 2015, he used a one-time exemption for being the top 25 of the career money list. He said he intended to play 18 events on the PGA Tour and only about seven on the Champions Tour, mainly the major tournaments.

Honors
In 1993, Perry was inducted into the Kentucky Golf Hall of Fame. In 1994, he was inducted in the Western Kentucky University Hall of Fame. He was named the winner of the 2002 Charles Bartlett Award, given to a professional golfer for his unselfish contributions to the betterment of society, by the Golf Writers Association of America. In 2007, Perry was inducted into the Western Kentucky University Hall of Distinguished Alumni. On October 14, 2008, Perry was inducted into Lipscomb University's Athletics Hall of Fame. He won the 2009 Payne Stewart Award.

On November 3, 2013, Perry clinched the 2013 Charles Schwab Cup. He was also named 2013 Champions Tour Player of the Year.

PGA Tour wins (14)
PGA Tour playoff record (3–3)

PGA Tour Champions wins (10)
PGA Tour Champions playoff record (1–4)

Results in major championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied WD = Withdrew

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 6 (twice)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 3 (2003 U.S. Open – 2003 PGA)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships
1Cancelled due to 9/11 {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = Tied NT = No tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order. {{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place NT = no tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

U.S. national team appearances

 * Professional
 * Presidents Cup: 1996 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2009 (winners)
 * Ryder Cup: 2004, 2008 (winners)
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Champions Tour): 2008 (PGA Tour), 2010, 2011 (winners), 2013

title: Kenny Perry


text:
Nickel(II) chloride

Nickel(II) chloride (or just nickel chloride) is the chemical compound NiCl2. The anhydrous salt is yellow, but the more familiar hydrate NiCl2·6H2O is green. Nickel(II) chloride, in various forms, is the most important source of nickel for chemical synthesis. The nickel chlorides are deliquescent, absorbing moisture from the air to form a solution. Nickel salts have been shown to be carcinogenic to the lungs and nasal passages in cases of long-term inhalation exposure.

Production and syntheses
Large scale production and uses of nickel chloride are associated with the purification of nickel from its ores. It is generated upon extraction nickel matte and residues obtained from roasting refining nickel-containing ores using hydrochloric acid. Electrolysis of nickel chloride solutions are used in the production of nickel metal. Other significant routes to nickel chloride arise from processing of ore concentrates such as various reactions involving copper chlorides:
 * NiS + 2 CuCl2  ->  NiCl2  +  2 CuCl  +  S
 * NiO + 2 HCl  ->  NiCl2  +  H2O

Laboratory routes
Nickel chloride is not usually prepared in the laboratory because it is inexpensive and has a long shelf-life. The yellowish dihydrate, NiCl2·2H2O, is produced by heating the hexahydrate between 66 and 133 °C. The hydrates convert to the anhydrous form upon heating in thionyl chloride or by heating under a stream of HCl gas. Simply heating the hydrates does not afford the anhydrous dichloride.
 * NiCl2*6H2O + 6 SOCl2 -> NiCl2 + 6SO2 + 12HCl

The dehydration is accompanied by a color change from green to yellow.

In case one needs a pure compound without presence of cobalt, nickel chloride can be obtained by cautiously heating hexaamminenickel chloride:

Structure of NiCl2 and its hydrates
NiCl2 adopts the CdCl2 structure. In this motif, each Ni2+ center is coordinated to six Cl− centers, and each chloride is bonded to three Ni(II) centers. In NiCl2 the Ni-Cl bonds have "ionic character". Yellow NiBr2 and black NiI2 adopt similar structures, but with a different packing of the halides, adopting the CdI2 motif.

In contrast, NiCl2·6H2O consists of separated trans-[NiCl2(H2O)4] molecules linked more weakly to adjacent water molecules. Only four of the six water molecules in the formula is bound to the nickel, and the remaining two are water of crystallization, so the formula of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate is [NiCl2(H2O)4]·2H2O. Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate has a similar structure. The hexahydrate occurs in nature as the very rare mineral nickelbischofite.

The dihydrate NiCl2·2H2O adopts a structure intermediate between the hexahydrate and the anhydrous forms. It consists of infinite chains of NiCl2, wherein both chloride centers are bridging ligands. The trans sites on the octahedral centers occupied by aquo ligands. A tetrahydrate NiCl2·4H2O is also known.

Reactions
Nickel(II) chloride solutions are acidic, with a pH of around 4 due to the hydrolysis of the Ni2+ ion.

Coordination complexes
Most of the reactions ascribed to "nickel chloride" involve the hexahydrate, although specialized reactions require the anhydrous form.

Reactions starting from NiCl2·6H2O can be used to form a variety of nickel coordination complexes because the H2O ligands are rapidly displaced by ammonia, amines, thioethers, thiolates, and organophosphines. In some derivatives, the chloride remains within the coordination sphere, whereas chloride is displaced with highly basic ligands. Illustrative complexes include:

NiCl2 is the precursor to acetylacetonate complexes Ni(acac)2(H2O)2 and the benzene-soluble (Ni(acac)2)3, which is a precursor to Ni(1,5-cyclooctadiene)2, an important reagent in organonickel chemistry.

In the presence of water scavengers, hydrated nickel(II) chloride reacts with dimethoxyethane (dme) to form the molecular complex NiCl2(dme)2. The dme ligands in this complex are labile.

Applications in organic synthesis
NiCl2 and its hydrate are occasionally useful in organic synthesis.
 * As a mild Lewis acid, e.g. for the regioselective isomerization of dienols:
 * Dienol-isomerisation-2D-skeletal.png

 * In combination with CrCl2 for the coupling of an aldehyde and a vinylic iodide to give allylic alcohols.
 * For selective reductions in the presence of LiAlH4, e.g. for the conversion of alkenes to alkanes.
 * As a precursor to Brown's P-1 and P-2 nickel boride catalyst through reaction with NaBH4.
 * As a precursor to finely divided Ni by reduction with Zn, for the reduction of aldehydes, alkenes, and nitro aromatic compounds. This reagent also promotes homo-coupling reactions, that is 2RX → R-R where R = aryl, vinyl.
 * As a catalyst for making dialkyl arylphosphonates from phosphites and aryl iodide, ArI:
 * ArI + P(OEt)3 → ArP(O)(OEt)2 + EtI

NiCl2-dme (or NiCl2-glyme) is used due to its increased solubility in comparison to the hexahydrate.

Safety
Nickel(II) chloride is irritating upon ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and eye contact. Prolonged inhalation exposure to nickel and its compounds has been linked to increased cancer risk to the lungs and nasal passages.

title: Nickel(II) chloride


text:
Jeff King (musher)

Jeff King (born 1956) is an American musher and sled dog racer. He is generally credited with introducing the sit-down sled which has largely replaced the standing sled traditionally used by distance mushers.

Early life
King was born and raised in California.

Mushing career
King moved to Alaska in 1975 and began racing in 1976. He won the Yukon Quest in 1989, and the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in 1993, 1996, 1998, and, at age 50, the 2006 Iditarod, making him the oldest musher to have ever won the event, a distinction he held until 2017, when Mitch Seavey won at age 57. King ran the 2022 Iditarod, his 30th, but not the 2023. During the 2016 Iditarod race, King and fellow competitor Aliy Zirkle, were assaulted by an intoxicated man on a snowmobile. The snowmobile struck King's team, killing one of his dogs.

King's "Idita-Rider" -- a person who rides in the front storage compartment for the ceremonial start of the race -- for the 2005 Iditarod was a child sponsored by the Make-a-Wish Foundation.

King has also won many other sled dog races. He has a kennel, Husky Homestead, near the entrance of Denali National Park. As of 2023 he was still racing.

King was inducted into the Iditarod Hall of Fame in 1999. He was inducted into the Alaska Sports Hall of Fame in 2017.

Mentoring
King mentored Amanda Otto while she competed in her first races of Husky Homestead dogs in the Copper Basin 300, the Willow 300, and the Alpine 200 in 2021 to qualify for the Iditarod. Otto raced in the Iditarod for the first time in 2022, finishing 27th of 49 entries. In 2023 Otto placed second in the Yukon Quest Alaska, finishing in 4 days, 11 hours, and 17 minutes. Her team was in such good condition at the end of the race, still yelping and pulling, that she was awarded the Humanitarian Award by the race veterinary team in the first unanimous decision in race history.

Innovations
In the early 2000s King developed a sled with a seat for the musher, which he used in the 2004 Iditarod for the first time; he became so comfortable that he fell asleep and fell off the sled. His version of a sit-down sled was widely adopted by other distance mushers. He also developed a method of heating the musher's handlebar and an exercise wheel similar in design to a hamster wheel for dogs.

Personal life
King has three daughters with his former wife, Donna Gates. The couple divorced in 2011.

Victories

 * Iditarod (4 times): 1993, 1996, 1998, 2006

 * Yukon Quest: 1989

 * Kuskokwim 300 (9): 1991, 1992, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006 and 2013

 * Copper Basin 300 (2): 1995, 2010

 * Tustumena 200 (3): 2000

title: Jeff King (musher)


text:
Talk:British Rail Class 307

Untitled
The table layout hasn't worked properly, and some of the information is out of date - all the PCVs are now out of traffic after EWS lost the mail contract. (Our Phellap 21:17, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC))

Fixed problem myself (Our Phellap 22:18, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC))

BRUTE
Can someone explain what the term "brute" means in this sentence found under the second form top picture in the article? "British Railways class 307 train in plain blue livery and a brute at London Liverpool Street station". I have looked the word up in various places yet can't find an appropriate definition.Oxyman42 18:33, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It's an acronym for British Rail Universal Trolley Equipment, and should be written in capitals. I have edited to reflect this.  Hassocks5489 (talk) 18:44, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

CAB WINDOWS

The cab windows of an EPB and a class 307 are of indentical size,this being 30 inches by 21 inches. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.11.136.255 (talk) 20:39, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

AM7 CLASSIFICATION

This was not applied until the units were converted to AC operation, AM standing for "ALTERNATING CURRENT MULTIPLE UNIT". Upon introduction 1956 these EMU's were known as"THE SOUTHEND STOCK" a name which persisted until their withdrawal from the Southend Victoria services. —Preceding

THE LTS ROUTE

The class 307 were never used on the LTS route services as the train crews did not sign them. They had very different control equipment from the resident class 302 and 308 classes, these were fitted with EE CAMS TEP CONTROL, where as the class 307 was equipped with the standard Southern Region EE Air Electric Contactor control. I do not recall ever seeing a 307 on the LTS route, apart from a photo of loco hauled set which formed part of an exhibtion of rolling stock staged at Southend Central station. unsigned comment added b 92.12.243.85 (talk) 19:35, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

LEA VALLEY ROUTE

Sometime after being converted to AC these units were used on the Lea Valley line, presumably to Hertford East and Bishops Stortford. There were a number of cases of them becoming 'dewired', the pantograph leaving the overhead lines. They were then barred from being used on this route.

After conversion, these units were referred to as Southend Converted Stock, not Southend Stock as previously stated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.75.179.254 (talk) 02:08, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

The name "Southend Stock" or "Southend converted stock". It would depend entirely upon whom one was conversing with. I recall that at least two train crew supervisors at Southend Vic, always used the term "Southend Stock" until the retirement of the class from the GE lines; others would add the word "converted". However I would again point out that this class was never used regularly on the LTS section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.15.40.138 (talk) 15:22, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

Possible change to the title of this article
This article is currently named in accordance the WikiProject UK Railways naming conventions for British rolling stock allocated a TOPS number. A proposal to change this convention and/or its scope is being discussed at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK Railways, where your comments would be welcome.

Merger proposal: British Rail Class 300
The current article on the proposed Class 300 conversions of the Class 307 is an unsourced stub which could easily be added as a section of this page. No examples of the Class 300 were ever built and not much information exists about the proposal to justify a separate article. Eilidhmax (talk) 14:58, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Tagging in @Thryduulf and @Mattdaviesfsic for views after their involvement in the proposed deletion of the Class 300 article recently. Eilidhmax (talk) 15:04, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination. XAM2175  (T) 15:27, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Mattdaviesfsic (talk) 16:23, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per my comments when deprodding. Thryduulf (talk) 18:17, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:British Rail Class 307


text:
Roper v. Simmons

Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005), is a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that it is unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed while under the age of 18. The 5–4 decision overruled Stanford v. Kentucky, in which the court had upheld execution of offenders at or above age 16, and overturned statutes in 25 states.

Facts of the case
In the state of Missouri in 1993, 17-year-old Christopher Simmons concocted a plan to commit burglary and murder, having previously told friends that he "wanted to kill someone" and that he "believed he could get away with it because he was a minor". Simmons convinced two of his friends to join him: 15-year-old Charles Benjamin and 16-year-old John Tessmer. Simmons met with Benjamin and Tessmer at 2 a.m. to carry out their plan, but Tessmer decided to leave before any crimes were committed. Simmons and Benjamin later broke into the home of Shirley Crook, a 46-year-old neighbor, where they duct-taped her mouth and eyes shut before abducting her in her van. Simmons drove Crook's van to Castlewood State Park and parked near a railroad trestle bridge, where Simmons and Benjamin unloaded Crook from the van. They then covered her head with a towel, wrapped her in electrical wire, and threw her off of the trestle bridge into the Meramec River while she was still alive and conscious. Crook's body was discovered that afternoon by a group of fishermen.

Simmons was heard "bragging about the murder" later that day and told his friends that he had killed a woman. The day after the murder, police arrested Simmons and Benjamin at their high school after receiving a tip that they were involved in the murder. At the police station in Fenton, Missouri, Simmons waived his right to attorney and agreed to answer questions. Simmons initially denied involvement but later confessed to the murder and agreed to perform a videotaped reenactment at the crime scene. Simmons further told detectives that he recognized Crook as someone he had been in a minor traffic accident with several months earlier and that he believed Crook recognized him as well.

Simmons was charged with first-degree murder, burglary, kidnapping, and stealing. He was tried as an adult. At trial, Tessmer testified that Simmons planned the murder in advance. The jury found Simmons guilty of Crook's murder and recommended the death penalty, which the trial court imposed. For his role, Benjamin was sentenced to life without parole.

Lower court proceedings
Simmons moved for the trial court to set aside the conviction and sentence, citing, in part, ineffective assistance of counsel. His age, and thus impulsiveness, along with a troubled background, were brought up as issues that Simmons claimed should have been raised at the sentencing phase. The trial court rejected the motion, and Simmons appealed.

The case worked its way up the court system, with the courts continuing to uphold the death sentence. However, in light of a 2002 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, in Atkins v. Virginia, that overturned the death penalty for the intellectually disabled, Simmons filed a new petition for state post-conviction relief. The Supreme Court of Missouri concluded that "a national consensus has developed against the execution of juvenile offenders" and held that such punishment now violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. They sentenced Simmons to life imprisonment without parole.

The State of Missouri appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case.

Supreme Court
This case was argued on October 13, 2004. The appeal challenged the constitutionality of capital punishment for persons who were juveniles when their crimes were committed, citing the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment.

A 1988 Supreme Court decision, Thompson v. Oklahoma, barred execution of offenders under the age of 16. In 1989, another case, Stanford v. Kentucky, upheld the possibility of capital punishment for offenders who were 16 or 17 years old when they committed the capital offense. The same day in 1989, the Supreme Court ruled in Penry v. Lynaugh that it was permissible to execute the intellectually disabled. However, in 2002, that decision was overruled in Atkins v. Virginia, where the Court held that evolving standards of decency had made the execution of the mentally disabled "cruel and unusual punishment" and thus unconstitutional.

Opinion of the Court
Under the "evolving standards of decency" test, the Court held that it was cruel and unusual punishment to execute a person who was under the age of 18 at the time of the murder. Writing for the majority, Justice Kennedy cited a body of sociological and scientific research that found that juveniles have a lack of maturity and sense of responsibility compared to adults. Adolescents were found to be over-represented statistically in virtually every category of reckless behavior. The Court noted that in recognition of the comparative immaturity and irresponsibility of juveniles, almost every state prohibited those under age 18 from voting, serving on juries, or marrying without parental consent. The studies also found that juveniles are more vulnerable to negative influences and outside pressures, including peer pressure. They have less control, or experience with control, over their own environment. They also lack the freedom that adults have, to escape a criminogenic setting.

In support of the "national consensus" position, the Court noted that states were reducing the frequency by which they applied capital punishment to juvenile offenders. At the time of the decision, 20 states had the juvenile death penalty on the books, but only six states had executed prisoners since 1989 for crimes committed as juveniles. Only three states had done so since 1994: Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia. Furthermore, five of the states that allowed the juvenile death penalty at the time of the 1989 case had since abolished it.

The Court also looked to practices in other countries to support the holding. Between 1990 and the time of the case, the court said, "only seven countries other than the United States ha[d] executed juvenile offenders ... : Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and China." Justice Kennedy noted that since 1990, each of those countries had either abolished the death penalty for juveniles or made public disavowal of the practice, and that the United States stood alone in allowing execution of juvenile offenders. The Court also noted that only the United States and Somalia had not ratified Article 37 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (September 2, 1990), which expressly prohibits capital punishment for crimes committed by juveniles. Somalia went on to ratify it in 2015.

Other opinions
Justice Scalia wrote a dissent joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Thomas. Justice O'Connor also wrote a dissenting opinion. The dissents put into question whether a "national consensus" had formed among the state laws, citing the fact that at the time of the ruling, only 18 of the 38 states allowing the death penalty (47%) prohibited the execution of juveniles.

However, the primary objection of the Court's two originalists, Justices Scalia and Thomas, was whether such a consensus was relevant. Justice Scalia argued that the appropriate question was not whether there was presently a consensus against the execution of juveniles, but rather whether the execution of such defendants was considered cruel and unusual at the point at which the Bill of Rights was ratified.

In addition, Justice Scalia also objected in general to the Court's willingness to take guidance from foreign law in interpreting the Constitution; his dissent questioned not only the relevance of foreign law but also claimed the Court would "invoke alien law when it agrees with one's own thinking, and ignore it otherwise", noting that in the case of abortion, U.S. laws are less restrictive than the international norm.

Scalia also attacked the majority opinion as being fundamentally antidemocratic. His dissent cited a passage from The Federalist Papers in arguing that the role of the judiciary in the constitutional scheme is to interpret the law as formulated in democratically selected legislatures. He argued that it is for the legislature, acting in the manner prescribed in Article V of the Constitution to offer amendments to the Constitution in light of the evolving standard of decency, not for the Court to make what he considered de facto amendments.

Impact on other death row prisoners
In addition to striking down the death sentence of Christopher Simmons, the Supreme Court's decision in Roper v. Simmons also canceled the death sentences of 72 others for crimes they committed while younger than age 18. The greatest effects were in Texas, where 29 juvenile offenders were awaiting execution, and in Alabama, where 13 on death row had been sentenced as juveniles. No other state had more than five such offenders on death row. Prior to the Roper decision, there had been 22 executions since 1976 of individuals who were juveniles at the time they committed the crime; 13 were in Texas.

In Ex parte Adams, the Supreme Court of Alabama remanded the death sentence of a juvenile for a rehearing in the lower court in light of the Roper decision, which was released while the Adams case was pending appeal. Justice Tom Parker, who had participated in the prosecution of the case, recused himself. He published an op-ed in The Birmingham News to criticize his non-recused colleagues for their decision. Justice Parker wrote that "State supreme courts may decline to follow bad U.S. Supreme Court precedents because those decisions bind only the parties to the particular case".

Constitutional jurisprudence
The majority ruling highlighted several controversies in the field of constitutional jurisprudence. The first is the use of the concept of an evolving "national consensus" to allow for the re-interpretation of previous rulings. In this case, the evolving consensus was influenced by behavioral and other research studies, such as those presented to the court in an amicus brief by the American Psychological Association. What constitutes evidence for such a consensus—and from where the judicial branch derives its authority to determine it and implement it into law, a function constitutionally vested in the legislative branch, especially in the case of capital punishment—is unclear at this point. In Roper v. Simmons the majority cited the abolishment of juvenile capital punishment in 30 states (18 of the 38 allowing capital punishment) as evidence of such a consensus. In Atkins v. Virginia, it was the "consensus" of the 30 states (18 of 38 allowing capital punishment) that had banned execution of the mildly disabled.

Another controversy is the role of foreign laws and norms in the interpretation of U.S. law. In 2004 Representative Tom Feeney (R-FL) introduced a non-binding resolution instructing the judiciary to ignore foreign precedent when making their rulings: "This resolution advises the courts they are no longer engaging in 'good behavior' in the meaning of the Constitution and they may subject themselves to the ultimate remedy, which would be impeachment."

Beltway sniper case
The implications of this ruling were immediately felt in the State of Virginia, where Lee Boyd Malvo became no longer eligible for the death penalty for his role in the Beltway sniper attacks in October 2002. At the time of the attacks, Malvo was 17 years old. Malvo had already been spared the death penalty in his first trial for the murder of FBI employee Linda Franklin in Falls Church, Virginia, and had pleaded guilty in another case in Spotsylvania County; however, he had yet to face trial in Prince William County, Virginia, as well as in Washington, D.C., Washington state, Texas, Maryland, Louisiana, California, Arizona and Alabama. In light of this Supreme Court decision, the prosecutors in Prince William County decided not to pursue the charges against Malvo. At the outset of the Beltway sniper prosecutions, the primary reason for extraditing the two suspects from Maryland, where they were arrested, to Virginia, was the difference in how the two states deal with the death penalty. While the death penalty was allowed in Maryland, it was only applied to persons who were adults at the time of their crimes, whereas Virginia had also allowed the death penalty for offenders who had been juveniles when their crimes were committed.

Subsequent developments
The State sought review in the U.S. Supreme Court, raising a single issue, "Whether this Court should reconsider its decision in Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005)". The Supreme Court denied certiorari (i.e., declined to take the case for review) on June 19, 2006, without a published dissent.

title: Roper v. Simmons