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Langeberg Local Municipality

Langeberg Municipality (Langeberg Munisipaliteit; uMasipala wase Langeberg), known before 28 August 2009 as Breede River/Winelands Municipality, is a local municipality located within the Cape Winelands District Municipality, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. As of 2011, it had a population of 97,724. Its municipality code is WC026.

Geography
The municipality covers a land area of 4518 km2 in the Breede River Valley and the west end of the Little Karoo. The Langeberg mountains run from northwest to southeast through the centre of the municipality, and the Breede River flows in the same direction south of the Langeberg. The Riviersonderend Mountains form the southern boundary of the municipality and the Koega Mountains form the northern boundary. It abuts on the Breede Valley Municipality to the northwest, the Laingsburg and Kannaland Municipalities to the northeast, the Swellendam Municipality to the southeast, and the Theewaterskloof Municipality to the southwest.

According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 97,724 people in 25,125 households. Of this population, 70.3% describe themselves as "Coloured", 16.3% as "Black African", and 12.3% as "White". The first language of 82.5% of the population is Afrikaans, while 10.7% speak Xhosa, 3.1% speak English and 1.3% speak Sotho.

The largest town in the municipality is Robertson, which as of 2011 has a population of 27,715. Montagu (pop. 15,176) is situated on the northeastern side of the Langeberg at the entrance to the Cogmanskloof gorge, while Ashton (pop. 13,325), the site of the municipal headquarters, is situated on the other side of the mountains at the gorge's exit. Bonnievale (pop. 9,092) is on the Breede River downstream from Robertson and Ashton, and McGregor (pop. 3,125) is south of Robertson in the foothills of the Riviersonderend Mountains.

History
At the end of the apartheid era, the area that is today the Langeberg Municipality formed part of the Breërivier Regional Services Council (RSC). The towns of Robertson, Montagu, Ashton, Bonnievale and McGregor were governed by municipal councils elected by their white residents. The coloured residents of these towns were governed by management committees subordinate to the white councils. Nkqubela and Zolani were governed by town councils established under the Black Local Authorities Act, 1982.

While the negotiations to end apartheid were taking place a process was established for local authorities to agree on voluntary mergers. In January 1993, the Municipality of McGregor and the McGregor Management Committee merged into a single municipal council.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As a result of these negotiations, the existing local authorities were dissolved and transitional local councils (TLCs) were created for each town and village. The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At these elections the Breërivier District Council was established, replacing the Breërivier RSC. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council; the area that was to become Breede Valley Municipality was covered by the Wynland TRC.
 * Montagu TLC replaced the Municipality of Montagu and Montagu Management Committee in October 1994.
 * Robertson TLC replaced the Municipality of Robertson, Robertson Management Committee and Nkqubela Town Council in November 1994.
 * Ashton TLC replaced the Municipality of Ashton, Ashton Management Committee and Zolani Town Council in January 1995.
 * Bonnievale TLC replaced the Municipality of Bonnievale and Bonnievale Management Committee in January 1995.
 * McGregor TLC replaced the Municipality of McGregor in January 1995.

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved and the Breede River/Winelands Municipality was established as a single local authority. At the same election the Breërivier District Council was also dissolved and replaced by the Boland District Municipality. In 2009 it was renamed the Langeberg Municipality. When District Management Areas were abolished in 2011, the boundary of the municipality was extended to include the sparsely populated region northeast of Montagu, which had formerly been part of a DMA.

Politics
The municipal council consists of twenty-three members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Twelve councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in twelve wards, while the remaining eleven are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 no party won a majority of seats on the council. The DA then formed a majority coalition with the Freedom Front Plus (FF+) to govern the municipality.

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

title: Langeberg Local Municipality


text:
Talk:Seventeen Provinces

Untitled
Ack, the horror of articles start in 2002 by anon users. I fear this is still terribly garbled. Will have to make improving it a project - I've made a start, I think. john k 06:03, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Number Seventeen
Does anybody know if the "Seventeen Provinces" were actually a term used at the time, or if it was made up later? Because when actually looking at the map, it's hard to figure out exactly how you come to a number of seventeen. Areas which could potentially be counted are:

 * 1) Holland
 * 2) Zealand
 * 3) Utrecht
 * 4) Groningen
 * 5) Friesland
 * 6) Overyssel
 * 7) Drenthe (not counted?)
 * 8) Gelderland
 * 9) Brabant
 * 10) Flanders
 * 11) Mechelen
 * 12) Walloon Flanders
 * 13) Douai
 * 14) Tournai
 * 15) Artois
 * 16) Cambrai (which, I think, doesn't count, because it was a bishopric)
 * 17) Luxembourg
 * 18) Namur
 * 19) Hainaut
 * 20) Limburg
 * 21) Antwerp

I I'm not mistaken, that comes out to 21 provinces. I know that Cambrai was a bishopric and that Drenthe isn't counted as one of the seven provinces of the United Provinces, so I suppose that brings us down to 19. But which two of the remaining ones go? I feel as though I've never even seen a map which shows exactly seventeen provinces - many show less, and some show more, and even the ones that can be jiggered to show seventeen don't always agree with each other - Antwerp, for instance, is occasionally shown as separate from Brabant, and sometimes as part of it. Walloon Flanders and Tournai are sometimes part of Flanders, sometimes separate. Douai I've only seen shown as separate on rare occasions... does anyone know? john k 21:20, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It's hard to say what the 17 Provinces were. I haven't come across a clean list yet. The problem resides in the fact that there were Provinces and City states. ---moyogo

The status in 1555, according to a website of Leiden university:

 * 1) het hertogdom Brabant
 * 2) het hertogdom Limburg, met de landen van Overmaze
 * 3) het hertogdom Luxemburg
 * 4) het hertogdom Gelder met Zutphen
 * 5) het graafschap Vlaanderen
 * 6) het graafschap Artois
 * 7) het graafschap Henegouwen
 * 8) het graafschap Holland
 * 9) het graafschap Zeeland
 * 10) het graafschap Namen
 * 11) de steden en kasselrijen van Rijsel, Douai en Orchies
 * 12) de stad Doornik en het Doornikse
 * 13) de heerlijkheid Mechelen
 * 14) de heerlijkheid Friesland
 * 15) de heerlijkheid Utrecht
 * 16) de heerlijkheid Overijssel met Drente
 * 17) de heerlijkheid Groningen.

This list equals the one on nl:Zeventien Provinciën. Provinces that are in the present list, but not in the Dutch one are: Zutphen (belongs to Guelders) and Antwerp (belongs to Brabant). Missing provinces are Lille/Douai/Orchies and Tournai (Doornik). I'll correct the list accordingly. Markussep 11:50, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I just wanted to remark that the number of seventeen provinces is probably symbolic (as in sounding better than 16 or 18 provinces). I know that various lists exist that give the names of the 17 provinces, but those are recent trys to justify the number, rather than a historically correct list. The most probabale explanation is that is was somehow based on the number of titles that Karel V posseses (wich was continually growing). About Antwerp: Antwerp and Mechelen were both taken from the duchy Brabant because of the disputed sucession of Jan III in 1355, his oldest daughter succeeded him, but a younger daughter was married to the count of Flanders and was given these two cities as "heerlijkheden".

Why don't we use the Dutch wikipedia/University of Leiden version listed above? This would involve removing Drenthe and Zutphen and adding Tournai and Walloon Flanders (i.e. Lille/Douai/Orchies). What do people think? john k 23:30, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

numbers on the map appear to be off
I don't know exactly which provinces are / aren't inluded in the 'official' 17 but I think the numbers on the map don't fully correspond to the main text. The ones in brackets (why are they in brackets, by the way?) are in the wrong place.

In the past, the name 'Groningen' referred to just the city of Groningen, the surrounding area was 'de Ommelanden' (which litt. means 'the surrounding lands'). Nowadays the city + ommelanden together form the province of Groningen. So nr. 14 is just the city; where it says 14 on the map should be 15.

Drente (nr. 16) is where it says 15 on the map.

Overijssel (nr. 17) is where it says 16 on the map.

The number 17 on the map is the county of Zutphen, which does not have a number of its own in the list because it was part of Gelder (Guelders).

What is also not very clear on the map at all is that the area between 11 and 17 is part of Guelders (the duchy of Guelders was split up over two areas not connected to each other)

62.58.28.98 10:59, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

It is mostly disputed which the Seventeen provinces actually are. I have read an article (dutch) from the university of Leiden which says that the name 'seventeen provinces' was invented during the civil war against the Spanish, and that it had been chosen so for its christian connotation. Later historians have tried to give an exact account of this list but came up with several versions, which worked confusing over the last centuries. Anyway, I propose chosing a particular list and staying with it, and explaining that there are other lists too. I have changed County of Mechelen in Lordship of Mechelen, because Mechelen was not a county. Greetings 87.64.170.58 12:37, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Is 9 in a very wrong place, or did Antwerp have an exclave? —Tamfang (talk) 05:11, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Number 9 in the map is Limburg. Antwerp was part of Brabant in 1477, so I think it shouldn’t be listed separately. Markussep Talk 07:07, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

 * The numbers in the list in the article do not seem to be matched to the map you mention. As described in the article there were different ways of splitting the country up into 17. This should eventually be explained more clearly in the article. FWIW number 9 in that map is corresponding to not only the old Duchy of Limburg lands but also the Overmaas lands to their north which our first list says were counted together with Brabant. I think the Overmaas and Limburg lands were more typically handled together.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 09:53, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

"personal union"?
Was there (as stated) a "personal union" between the seventeen provinces? The link refers to the Koninkrijk Nederrland and Groothertogdom Luxembourg, during the nineteeth century, and not during the 1500's.

Jacob. 174.1.172.101 (talk) 18:41, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Notice of discussion at Spanish Netherlands
A discussion has begun at Talk:Spanish Netherlands that may affect this page. Ibadibam (talk) 23:21, 29 July 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Seventeen Provinces


text:
User talk:FirstPrinciples/archive1

Talk Archive 1 - August 2004 to December 2004

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Hypokalemia and milliequivalent
Hey Doug! Nice work on Hypokalemia and Milliequivalent. I'm half thinking the latter should reside at Equivalent (chemistry), but haven't really made up my mind. What do you think? --Diberri | Talk 17:09, Sep 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Now that you mention it... you're absolutely right. (The 'milli' prefix doesn't really belong in the article heading, does it?) I will move the article, and set up a couple of redirects. -- FirstPrinciples 02:53, Sep 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I moved the article to Equivalent weight (chemistry) and set up two or three redirects. Also, I improved the definition to something that made sense :) -- FirstPrinciples 04:01, Sep 11, 2004 (UTC)

Concentration
The article is pretty complete, and I wished I'd known about it last year, when I had to prepare solutions myself. However, it could still use some improvement. Hope that's been helpful. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:53, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd like to see an example in the Normality section (possibly 2, showing both monovalent and multivalent acids).
 * I don't like the order in which the different quantative measures are mentioned. I think less common ones should be moved down (while still keeping some sort of order) so instead of Molinity>Molality>Formal> Mole Fraction> Normality, I'd suggest something different. What about Molality>Molinity (these are linked) Normality> Mole Fraction> Formal (never even heard of that last one).
 * The table at the end is very useful, but it shouldn't be called Table of measurements, because technically that's reserved for solution you've measured using these formulas. Table of Concentration measures would be more gramatically correct.
 * Thanks for your comments. I will work on integrating them into the article. -- FirstPrinciples 07:55, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

Moldy sandwich?
Posted on User:ClockworkTroll: May I ask what is the meaning of the great and mysterious moldy sandwich? -- FirstPrinciples 21:48, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Honestly, I have absolutely no idea. However, because Maestrosync took the time to post it for me, I like to think that it's a compliment. Unfortunately, he won't actually tell me what it means, so I can't be sure. ClockworkTroll 21:56, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Fresh FM
FYI, I have blocked that anon for 24 hours. -- Chris 73 Talk 12:53, Nov 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks, it was getting a little frustrating. -- FirstPrinciples 12:54, Nov 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * You're welcome. I also think we can revert the article to the previous version, since his claims sound doubtful to me. Also thanks for the compliments on the Japanese toilet. if you think it is amusing to read this, just imagine how amusing it is to USE one :) Chris 73 Talk 13:24, Nov 10, 2004 (UTC)

Atlas Award
You have been awarded the near-prestigious Atlas Award, for your work in keeping the sandbox tidy. Generally considered an unimportant task, and without recognition, nothing on wikipedia goes completely unnoticed. Your efforts are appreciated. As a recipient of the Atlas Award, you may display it as you see fit and are also entitled to bestow it upon other editors who likewise keep the sand raked clean. "the sandbox is not a litterbox" thank you.Pedant 02:23, 2004 Nov 12 (UTC)
 * Wow! Thanks very much. (I used to be a 98-pound weakling!) -- FirstPrinciples 05:06, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)

Templates in VIP
sadly, one can't use templates in VIP in the way that would seem obvious (I wrote the VIPtemplate thing) -- because currently Wikipedia has a limit of five expansions per template per page. So while each one you add might seem to work, it breaks all but the next five succeeding ones. Apparently the limit is going to be removed in some future version. --jpgordon{gab} 17:31, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, sorry! -- FirstPrinciples 22:19, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)

Copyright on Political Party Logos
Thanks for implementing all those tags — I uploaded most of the images before I really understood the licensing issue. -- Vardion 23:47, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem, I'm just getting the hang of copyrights myself. -- FirstPrinciples 05:04, Nov 13, 2004 (UTC)

sandbox
Thankyou very much for supporting me on User talk:82.32.22.235. Are you a Sysop, and if so can you block him? Thanks, --Honeycake 08:37, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I think he's about to be banned by SWAdair. -- FirstPrinciples 08:38, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Get the s/box header to stay permanantly? What a fabulous idea. Need any help, just drop me a line on my talk page.--Honeycake 08:54, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Hi Doug, it's a nice idea, but there is currently no way of protecting only part of a page. The template itself is protected, but that won't prevent people removing it altogether. If you want to suggest changes to the template, you can do so at Template talk:Sandbox. Don't get too worried about it though. It's far better vandals are playing in the sandbox than in the encyclopedia. :) Angela. 10:55, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Doug, in the current WikiMedia-structure, the only way to do this would be have a Special:Sandbox, I think. That would allow Sandbox to be used as the special-page-template, which could be protected. Aliter 19:18, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

User talk:Honeycake
Thanks very much for reverting my talkpage. I didn't think that nutcase 82.32.22.235 would actually vandalise it. Thanks again,--Honeycake 17:56, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * He's still on the case, changing his IP regularly. Look out for any IPs beginning with 222.152.***.*** -- FirstPrinciples 17:57, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sent a complaint to abuse@xtra.co.nz regarding the 222.152.x.x IPs and they might look into it. No gtees but they are usually good. Probably include links to the history pages so they can easily check the time plus IP plus what was done. SimonLyall 18:40, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * That's interesting, I'll look into it. -- FirstPrinciples 18:43, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)

No problem. :-) Evercat 00:22, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Template:Sbox
Thankyou very much for all your improvements and reversions of vandalism to my template (although when I say my I mean the new!). I'm amazed at how much vandalism it got within 12 hours of it being in existence! That surely must be a record. Anyway, thanks again,--Honeycake 18:05, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * "Atlas Award" received with great thanks.--Honeycake 18:38, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Improved user page
Since you asked for help regarding the HTML on your user page, I edited your page to look better. That actually meant taking out most HTML: THis is not the Web, this is a Wiki; pages look better here if you go easy on the lay-out. But, of course, it's up to you. Feel free to revert if you don't want your page to look like a Wikipedia page. Aliter 19:09, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I think I agree that a simpler design is best. -- FirstPrinciples 22:17, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

Sandpaper Award
OK, I've removed it. However, I've kept the talk page one along with your reply lest I should be accused of removing criticism (spelling?). Thanks for your help.--Honeycake13:39, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

"Neutral"
Quote: To be bold and innovative but always maintain a neutral point of view. Is this goal really achievable? --(unsigned by 67.65.21.245)
 * Well, perhaps not in the short term - but that doesn't mean we shouldn't aim for it. Actually, I think it's perfectly possible to be bold (i.e. not hesitant to contribute) and innovative (i.e. ready to come up with new ideas) while maintaining a neutral point of view. It's possible to add reasoned ideas and opinions to an article provided you add the appropriate preface (e.g. "Many commentators feel that..." or "Critics have noted..." &tc.) Note that being bold does not equate with recklessness or aggression. -- FirstPrinciples 00:19, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)

Celebrity usernames
I've raised the general issue of celebrity usernames at Wikipedia talk:Username. I'd be interested in your comments. JamesMLane 20:43, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

A quick note to say thanks

I just wanted to drop you a quick note to thank you for your support in my request for adminship. It was certainly a wild ride, and I really appreciate you taking some time out to contribute. ClockworkSoul 16:32, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * You're welcome! -- FirstPrinciples 02:47, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC)

Misunderstood "vanity link"
You misunderstood my placement of a link to my userpage on "list of notable eccentrics". The link was not motivated by vanity, it was motivated by a desire to point out what a piece of crap idea that whole page is. Because, in all honesty, YES, I am eccentric, and no one can argue, because "eccentric" is a vague, subjective term that doesn't really tell you much about someone. My point was that, to be true to the term, really ANYONE should be eligible. That's how worthless and pointless that article is. Revolver 09:23, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree that the list of notable eccentrics article is a little silly, and I understand that you added your name to the list with a sense of irony. However, just because you disagree with a page's content or even its existence is not a reason to vandalise it -- even if your objection/vandalism is witty and ironic. Such discussions belong on the article's talk page; I think Wikipedia policy is fairly explicit on this point. Furthermore, I do understand what the terms 'eccentric' and 'notable' mean, and an anonymous internet user prima facie does not meet the definition. -- FirstPrinciples 09:48, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * To clarify, I wasn't objecting to you calling yourself "eccentric", but a "notable eccentric". -- FirstPrinciples 09:52, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * If you look at the talk page, I did raise all my objections with some explanation. Several weeks later, apparently nothing has been done. This seems to be a common problem at wikipedia — pointless articles being kept because of a fervent minority. I find it hard to understand why this is still here and yet I had to fight pretty hard to keep baseball slang from being deleted. Revolver 22:03, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I sympathise with you Revolver, really. I understand that there are a large number of less-than-encyclopedic articles out there. I also understand that talk pages are routinely overlooked. However, none of this justifies defacing the article, even in a little way, to "make a statement". There are better alternatives you can try such as listing the page on pages needing attention or re-listing it on votes for deletion (as far as I can tell, the last aborted VfD was many many months ago), and make your case where many more people will be able to see it and comment. So in conclusion, I largely agree with your sentiments; but I still feel that I was quite justified removing your self-reference (which I called "vanity" for want of a better term). -- FirstPrinciples 03:12, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * I have attempted to list it at VfD; I'm not really sure I succeeded. The directions are thoroughly confusing, you need a ph.d. just to understand them. Revolver 23:52, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)
 * OK, I've set up a notice at User:FirstPrinciples/Copyrights. I've actually been meaning to do this for a while, thanks for the note! -- FirstPrinciples 00:01, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Templates
Templates like cleanup and attention warn readers that this article is sub-standard and should not be relied upon. Telling them a page does not have an image is not a useful warning. This issued has already been debated with the proposed CSB and featured article templates. Feel free to add the template to the talk pages of these articles, they are all listed at Requested pictures, so this should not be a difficult task. - SimonP 02:01, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * You deleted the template from seven articles, so you have the obligation of replacing it in the talk page, in those instances. -- FirstPrinciples 02:04, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Requested images
You've put this template on the talk page of several articles I wrote. I think it is a good idea. Some time ago I've put a message on the talk page of the Tree of Life Proposal about this subject. I've also had the opportunity to discuss this with Jimbo Wales at the Wikimeeting in Rotterdam, Holland. He seemed rather favourable to this idea. But there are changes to be made in the MediaWiki programming and this is not likely to be happen soon. Meanwhile we'll have to do with Requested pictures and hope for the best. JoJan 08:38, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi JoJan, thanks very much for your comments. I decided to be bold and add the image request template to every page listed in Requested pictures (partly prompted by a rather curt exchange with SimonP). The problem, as I see it, is that the "requested picture" page is tucked away from most users, with often no sign whatsoever in the actual article that an image was wanted! I still feel that the template is far from perfect, but at least it's better than what was there before. I love your suggestion of a "default" image contribution box at the bottom of every article (which can be turned off using a simple checkbox or something similar). -- FirstPrinciples 10:25, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Go ahead. You have my support. Let's hope that it gives some results. I have had another idea for a while. If we did an appeal in the Village Pump to the Wikipedians all over the world to go out and take pictures in botanical gardens and zoos. We could then soon have a wealth of copyright-free pictures at our disposal to illustrate our articles, instead of having to beg by email to institutions, only to get no response at all or a polite refusal. JoJan 17:37, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've written a biography of Richard Dell, a New Zealand malacologist. Later in life, he became director of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. I've asked them for a photo of him, but they refused politely because they could not comply with the Wikipedia restrictions on copyright. Perhaps you know a way to obtain a or  photo (perhaps via contacts at your university) ? And if you can, a photo of William Ponder would also be welcome. he's a New Zealander, one of the top malacologist in the world and now at the University of Sidney. I was pondering writing a biography of Ponder (no pun intended). Anyway, see what you can do. Thanks. JoJan 08:50, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll see what I can do. Hmmmm, malacology :) -- FirstPrinciples 10:25, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * I have done quite a number of articles on seaslugs (very colourful creatures !). But even after a worldwide appeal in a scientific magazine (Spirula) to malacologist for cooperation, I got no response. Since then, I switched over to botany and lately to orchids. These will keep me busy for quite some time. If you could put your template on my 'orphaned' orchid pages (Start with Orchidaceae and go down the blue links), perhaps it would give some results. Thanks anyway. JoJan 17:37, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sandboxpaste template
Thanks! Dysprosia 03:23, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You're welcome! -- FirstPrinciples 06:27, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

there were about 10 attack attempts between 12:33 and 12:55pm mountain time
I checked the pages I was accessing then, and the only new ones were Sollog and Talk:JamesMLane, however, one of my usual pages may have temporarily had one of these in it. However, I don't recall a behavior at the time that would have me attempt to access a page 10 or so times at that time. --Silverback 23:23, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Whoops, I found it! It is this page:

 *

 * --Silverback 23:28, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Excellent, I will inform the developers immediately. -- FirstPrinciples 23:38, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * I checked past versions of the page, and this picture has been there at the same address for weeks, however, my logs don't show the attack until that time yesterday. So someone overwrote the picture, because the same address did not have the problem before.--Silverback 23:41, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * OK. See here for more info. There is a chance that it is a false alarm, but it must be checked out immediately. BTW, can I ask what operating system, browser and firewall you are using?

 * Windows XP Pro, Internet Explorer 6.0.2800, I don't think they would be involved because the picture was blocked by Sygate Security Agent 3.5 before it got to these.--Silverback 23:58, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I had been on the page about 9 hours before without an attack. I checked the log for my firewall, and if I read it correctly, its profile had not been updated for several days.  I think the evidence points to an overwrite of the picture.  I hope that is what your investigation shows.--Silverback 00:12, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I've checked the images, and they provisionally seem OK. The Sygate website (here) suggests there may be a problem at your end with an outdated DLL file; try using this Microsoft tool to check your system. You should also visit here and here for latest patches, especially Xp SP2. Finally, you might want to use Microsoft's free Baseline Security Analyser to check for vulnerabilities. -- FirstPrinciples 00:15, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll let you know if anything more comes up. -- FirstPrinciples 00:20, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * I am not affected by the exploit because my firewall blocks it. this is the picture:  that sygate blocks.  If it doesn't really have a problem then the problem is that sygate suddenly decided to give a false alarm.  So any updates would need to be to my sygate software.  When I look at the history of the picture, nothing has happened to it.  So, unless there is an overwrite that is not reflected in the history then the picture is not bad.  Hmmm, a mystery.  I will see if I can find something that changed on my end.  I know that I upgraded by anti-virus software, perhaps the behavior of Sygate changed in response to that. --Silverback 00:27, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Here's what I think is happening. It looks as though your firewall is intermittently detecting an out-of-date DLL on your system when you access certain JPEGs. I think this may occur whether or not the JPEG is actually "malformed". I still strongly suggest you visit this page and patch your system. In fact, anyone running a Microsoft OS should apply all applicable patches unless they have a very good reason not to. I think it is very likely that once you update your system, the firewall will stop detecting any problems. (P.S. I'm still running some tests on the JPEGS in question to see if they are malicious). -- FirstPrinciples 00:40, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Apologies, the problem disappeared when I upgraded Sygate to the latest version, 3.5 build 2312b3, I had been at 2312b2. I do keep my windows up to date, although it has been about 3 weeks.  Why it suddenly started alerting, I may never know.  Thanx for being so responsive. --Silverback 01:35, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem, don't worry about it. You've (inadvertently) helped to raise an important issue about viruses on Wikipedia! :) -- FirstPrinciples 02:56, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

Classification of BZP
I did a search for BZP + sympathometic amine and the only real result i got was a Canterbury Health Lab presentation  saying specifically that BZP "is not [their emphasis not mine!] a sympathomimetic amine!".

Being a ppt presentation it was not well-referenced, so i can't check either way. Where'd you get your info?

Thanks, Tristanb 02:54, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi TristanB. My reasoning was:
 * A) Benzylpiperazine is (apparently) sympathomimetic, in that it has highly comparable effects and approximately 1/10th the potency (or efficacy?) of amphetamine, with sympathomimetic effects on the cardiovascular system, pupils, etc., etc.
 * B) It's been four years since I studied chemistry - but if you look at the chemical structure here it certainly looks like an aromatic amine.
 * Based on A) and B) I made the leap to 'sympathomimetic amine'. In hindsight that was perhaps a little too bold, and I apologise for wrongly classifying it. Where would you suggest it is put in the current drug templates?
 * P.S. I am working on a infobox for BZP here; I will finish it some time over the Christmas vacation. -- FirstPrinciples 05:08, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've done some background reading and it does seem to be an benzyl amine and has at least peripheral sympathomimetic action; at least according to sites like erowid. Also, try googling "benzylpiperazine (sympathomimetic OR amine)" (without quote marks). Personally, I think the powerpoint presenter was over-emphasising the differences between BZP and "nasty" illicit drugs, and the emphatic claim that BZP is not a sympathomimetic amine is not 100% right -- FirstPrinciples 05:24, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

Your reasoning sounds good to me. It is sympathometic, and (it's been 6 years since i've done any chem) i'll agree that it's an amine. I know next to nothing about drug classifications, so i'd just leave it where it is. I was just a bit worried by the fact he said not so vigorously, as if he's sick of people say calling it that!

But yeah, while there's nowhere else to put it, i think s~ a~ will do fine. Tristanb 10:27, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Many thanks for bringing the issue to my attention. :) -- FirstPrinciples 10:48, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

I noticed you're using my template. I just made a new one that you might like better,. --Theodore Kloba 19:58, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:FirstPrinciples/archive1


text:
Beaufort West Local Municipality

Beaufort West Municipality (Beaufort-Wes Munisipaliteit; uMasipala wase Bhobhofolo) is a local municipality located in the Western Cape province of South Africa. , the population is 49,586. Its municipality code is WC053.

Geography
The municipality covers an area of 21917 km2, making it the largest local municipality in the Western Cape and the sixth-largest in South Africa. It is located in the furthest northeastern part of the province in the Great Karoo. It abuts on the Karoo Hoogland Municipality to the northwest, the Ubuntu Municipality to the north, the Dr Beyers Naudé Municipality to the southeast, the Prince Albert Municipality to the south and the Laingsburg Municipality to the southwest.

According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 49,586 people in 13,089 households. Of this population, 73.5% describe themselves as "Coloured", 16.3% as "African", and 9.2% as "White". The first language of 84.3% of the population is Afrikaans, while 10.7% speak Xhosa and 2.5% speak English.

The main town in the municipality is Beaufort West, which as of 2011 has a population of 34,085. Murraysburg (pop. 5,069) is situated in the far east of the municipality. Nelspoort (pop. 1,699) is situated northeast of Beaufort West, while Merweville (pop. 1,592) is in the far west of the municipality.

History
At the end of the apartheid era, the area that is today the Beaufort West Local Municipality was divided between two Regional Services Councils (RSCs): the western part around Beaufort West formed part of the Central Karoo RSC, while the eastern part around Murraysburg formed part of the Kamdeboo RSC. The towns of Beaufort West and Murraysburg were governed by municipal councils elected by their white residents, while the coloured residents of the towns were governed by management committees subordinate to the white councils. Kwa-Mandlenkosi was governed by a town council established under the Black Local Authorities Act, 1982.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As a result of these negotiations, the existing local authorities were dissolved and transitional local councils (TLCs) were created for each town and village. In December 1994 the Beaufort West TLC replaced the Municipality of Beaufort West, Beaufort West Management Committee and Kwa-Mandlenkosi Town Council. In January 1994 the Murraysburg TLC replaced the Municipality of Murraysburg and Murraysburg Management Committee. In June 1995 the Murraysburg district was removed from the Kamdeboo RSC and added to the Central Karoo RSC.

The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At these elections the Central Karoo District Council was established, replacing the Central Karoo RSC. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council; the area that was to become Beaufort West Local Municipality included Beaufort West and Murraysburg TRCs.

At the local elections of December 2000 the transitional councils were dissolved. The Central Karoo District Council was replaced by the Central Karoo District Municipality. The Beaufort West Local Municipality was established as a single local authority covering the area of the Beaufort West TLC and TRC, except for the Karoo National Park which became a District Management Area (DMA). The area of the Murraysburg TLC and TRC also became a DMA. In 2011 DMAs were abolished and these areas were included into the Beaufort West Local Municipality.

Politics
The municipal council consists of thirteen members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Seven councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in seven wards, while the remaining six are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 no party obtained a majority of seats on the council. The African National Congress (ANC) has formed a coalition with the Patriotic Alliance (PA) and the Karoo Democratic Force (KDF) to govern the municipality.

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

Following a series of byelections, the DA now has a majority of seats on the municipal council. The current composition of the council as of 20 June 2024 is as follows: DA 7, ANC 3, PA 1, KDF 1, Good 1.

title: Beaufort West Local Municipality


text:
User talk:Raivein

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * How to edit a page
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this:. Four tildes ( ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!→ Jarlaxle Artemis   06:04, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Raivein


text:
Oudtshoorn Local Municipality

Oudtshoorn Municipality (Oudtshoorn Munisipaliteit) is a local municipality within the Garden Route District Municipality, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. , the population was 95,933.

Geography
The municipality covers an area of 3537 km2 in the Little Karoo, stretching from the Swartberg mountains in the north to the Outeniqua Mountains in the south, and from the Gamkaberg in the west to the Kammanassie Mountains in the east. It abuts on the Prince Albert Municipality to the north, the George Municipality to the east, the Mossel Bay Municipality to the south, the Hessequa Municipality to the southwest and the Kannaland Municipality to the west.

According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 95,933 people in 21,910 households. Of this population, 77.3% describe themselves as "Coloured", 12.5% as "White", and 9.1% as "Black African". The first language of 91.0% of the population is Afrikaans, while 4.8% speak Xhosa and 2.3% speak English.

Most of the residents of the municipality live in the town of Oudtshoorn, which as of 2011 has a population of 61,507. East of Oudtshoorn are the towns of Dysselsdorp (pop. 12,544) and De Rust (pop. 3,566). There are small agricultural villages at Armoed (pop. 472) and De Hoop (pop. 151).

History
At the end of the apartheid era, the area that is today the Oudtshoorn Municipality formed part of the Klein Karoo Regional Services Council (RSC). The towns of Oudtshoorn and De Rust were governed by municipal councils elected by their white residents. The coloured residents of Bridgton (Oudtshoorn) and Blomnek (De Rust) were governed by management committees subordinate to the white councils. Dysselsdorp was also governed by a management committee. Bongolethu was governed by a town council established under the Black Local Authorities Act, 1982.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As a result of these negotiations, the existing local authorities were dissolved and transitional local councils (TLCs) were created for each town and village. In December 1994 the De Rust/Blomnek TLC replaced the Municipality of De Rust and Blomnek Management Committee. In January 1995 the Oudtshoorn TLC replaced the Municipality of Oudtshoorn, Bridgton Management Committee and Bongolethu Town Council. In the same month the Dysselsdorp TLC replaced the Dysselsdorp Management Committee.

The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At the time of these elections the Klein Karoo District Council was established in place of the Klein Karoo RSC, and transitional representative councils (TRCs) were elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council. The area that was to become Oudtshoorn Municipality included the Oudtshoorn TRC and a small part of the Bo-Langkloof TRC.

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved and the Oudtshorn Municipality was established as a single local authority. At the same election the Klein Karoo District Council was dissolved and replaced by the Eden District Municipality.

Politics
The municipal council consists of twenty-five members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Thirteen councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in thirteen wards, while the remaining twelve are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 no party obtained a majority of seats on the council. The African National Congress (ANC) formed a minority coalition with the Independent Civic Organisation of South Africa (ICOSA) and the Oudtshoorn Gemeenskap Inisiatief (OGI). At the inaugural council meeting on 17 November, 24-year-old councillor Chad Louw of the ANC was elected mayor with ICOSA's Vlancio Donson as deputy mayor and the OGI's Colin Sylvester as speaker.

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

Coats of arms
Municipality (1) — The town council adopted the Van Reede van Oudtshoorn arms "with certain modifications" on 7 February 1908. The arms were : Argent, two bars dancetty Sable (i.e. a silver shield with two black zig-zag stripes across it), with two golden gryphons as supporters. A golden mural crown was placed above the shield (this appears to have been the "modification").

Municipality (2) — The arms were re-designed in 1959 by Ivan Mitford-Barberton and H. Ellis Tomlinson, and granted by the College of Arms on 9 September 1960. They were registered with the Cape Provincial Administration in June 1961 and at the Bureau of Heraldry in October 1970.

The changes to the design were the addition of a red chief bearing a golden mural crown to the shield; the addition of a crest consisting of a pair of black wings inside a golden ring; and each supporter was given an ostrich feather to hold. For some reason, the municipal council later changed the colours: the chief was changed to gold and the mural crown to red, the wings were changed to silver and the ring to red, and the gryphons were changed from gold to red. The registration at the Bureau does not appear to have been amended to reflect these alterations.

Corruption
On 15 December 2021, employees of the municipality allegedly paid R3 million to an entity masquerading as a legitimate contractor.

title: Oudtshoorn Local Municipality


text:
Overstrand Local Municipality

Overstrand Municipality (Overstrand Munisipaliteit; uMasipala wase Overstrand) is a local municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is located along the Atlantic coast between Cape Town and Cape Agulhas, within the Overberg District Municipality. The principal towns in the municipality are Hermanus, Gansbaai and Kleinmond. , it had a population of 80,432.

Geography
The municipality covers an area of 1708 km2 stretching along the coast of the Overberg, from the eastern edge of False Bay almost to Cape Agulhas. At its western end it is separated from the City of Cape Town by the Kogelberg mountains; to the north it is separated from the Theewaterskloof Municipality by the Kogelberg and the Kleinrivier Mountains; and to the east it abuts on the Cape Agulhas Municipality along a boundary that runs generally north-south just to the west of Elim. The western part of the municipality consists mostly of a narrow coastal plain with mountains immediately behind, while the eastern part beyond the Klein River expands away from the coast to include a wider agricultural region.

According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 80,432 people in 28,010 households. Of this population, 36.2% describe themselves as "Black African", 31.2% as "White", and 31.0% as "Coloured". The first language of 53.5% of the population is Afrikaans, while 29.2% speak Xhosa, 12.3% speak English and 1.4% speak Sotho.

Most of the towns in the municipality are on the coast, and due to the proximity to Cape Town many are holiday resorts. The largest town is Hermanus, which is situated on the northern edge of Walker Bay next to the Klein River mouth. As of 2011 Hermanus, which is the site of the municipal headquarters, has a population of 32,769. West of Hermanus, between it and the Bot River, are Onrusrivier (pop. 5,151) and Hawston (pop. 8,214) on the coast, and Fisherhaven (pop. 723) on the Bot River lagoon. On the other side of the Bot River mouth is the town of Kleinmond (pop. 6,634) and beyond it along the coast are Betty's Bay (pop. 1,380), Pringle Bay (pop. 801) and Rooi-Els (pop. 125).

East of Hermanus the municipality includes a wider agricultural area away from the coast. The village of Stanford (pop. 4,797) is about 15 km inland on the Klein River. To the south, on the opposite side of Walker Bay from Hermanus, is the second-largest town in the municipality, Gansbaai (pop. 11,598). Just south of Gansbaai, on the southern edge of the Danger Point peninsula, are Van Dyksbaai (pop. 500) and Franskraalstrand (pop. 1,165). A little further along the coast is Pearly Beach (pop. 1,042). Inland from Pearly Beach, separated from the coast by a range of hills, is the agricultural hamlet of Baardskeerdersbos (pop. 103), while Wolvengat (pop. 50) is another agricultural hamlet in the far south-east of the municipality.

Politics

The municipal council consists of twenty-five members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Thirteen councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in thirteen wards, while the remaining twelve are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received.

History
By the end of the apartheid era in the early 1990s there were various local authorities established on a racially-segregated basis in the area that was to become Overstrand. Municipal councils were elected by the white residents of the towns of Betty's Bay, Kleinmond, Onrusrivier, Hermanus, Stanford, and Gansbaai; and local councils by the white residents of the villages and holiday resorts: Pringle Bay, Rooi-Els, Vermont, Sandbaai, Pearly Beach, De Kelders, Kleinbaai, and Franskraalstrand. The coloured areas of Kleinmond, Stanford, Hawston, Mount Pleasant and Gansbaai were governed by management committees subordinate to the white municipalities; and the black area of Zwelihle was governed by a town council established under the Black Local Authorities Act. Rural areas were served by the Overberg Regional Services Council.

While the negotiations to end apartheid were taking place a process was established for local authorities to negotiate voluntary mergers. In January 1993 the Municipality of Kleinmond merged with its management committee to form a single Municipality for the Area of Kleinmond; and the Municipality of Gansbaai merged with its management committee and the local councils of De Kelders, Kleinbaai, Franskraalstrand and Pearly Beach to form a single Municipality for the Area of Gansbaai. In January 1994 the Betty's Bay Municipality merged with the local councils of Pringle Bay and Rooi-Els to form the Hangklip Municipality.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As an outcome of these negotiations, transitional local councils (TLCs) were created and the existing local authorities were dissolved. In December 1994, the Greater Hermanus TLC replaced the Hermanus Municipality, the Onrusrivier Municipality, the Zwelihle Town Council, the management committees of Hawston and Mount Pleasant, and the local councils of Vermont and Sandbaai. In the same month the Gansbaai TLC replaced the Municipality for the Area of Gansbaai. In January 1995 Hangklip/Kleinmond TLC replaced Hangklip Municipality and the Municipality for the Area of Kleinmond, and the Stanford TLC replaced the Municipality of Stanford and the Stanford Management Committee.

The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At these elections the Overberg District Council was established, replacing the Overberg Regional Services Council. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council; the area that was to become Overstrand included the Hermanus TRC as well as parts of the Caledon and Bredasdorp TRCs.

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved, and the Overstrand Municipality was created as a single local authority incorporating both rural and urban areas. It was considered a stronghold of the now defunct New National Party (NNP), which had held (sometimes concealed) majorities of two thirds in the predecessor municipalities after the November 1995 municipal elections, which were the first since South Africa had its first multi-racial elections.

After the 2000 election, Willie Smuts, previously mayor of Hangklip-Kleinmond Municipality, was elected mayor, representing the Democratic Alliance (DA), before he defected along with seven other DA councillors to the New National Party (NNP) after the October 2002 floor-crossing window. The NNP then formed a coalition with the African National Congress (ANC) when the council was reconstituted. After the September 2004 floor crossing Smuts then crossed the floor to the ANC along with most NNP councillors which gave the ANC an outright majority in the town for the first time.

At the time of the March 2006 local elections the eastern boundary with Cape Agulhas Municipality was moved west, with Cape Agulhas taking over rural land to the north and south of Elim. In the 2006 elections the DA won an outright majority of 10 seats in the 19-seat council. Willie Smuts was replaced as Mayor by Theo Beyleveldt. The DA consolidated its hold in the council following the September 2007 floor crossing window which saw the party gain an eleventh seat from the African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP). The ANC lost a seat to the newly formed National People's Party, as did the Independent Democrats, whose only representative in the Overstrand Council crossed over.

In the May 2011 local elections, the DA again won Overstrand outright, taking fifteen of the twenty-five seats on the council, with the ANC taking nine and the National Independent Civic Organisation one.

In the August 2016 local elections, the DA increased its majority to sixteen of twenty-five seats, with the ANC taking eight and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) taking one.

In a by-election in December 2020, the Land Party won a seat from the ANC

In the November 2021 local elections, the council was expanded to twenty-seven seats. The DA won seventeen seats, the ANC four, the Land Party and the Freedom Front Plus two each, and the EFF and the ACDP one each.

Election results
The most recent election of the municipal council was held on 1 November 2021; the Democratic Alliance won a majority of 17 seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

Mayors

 * Annelie Rabie (1 November 2021 until present) (DA)
 * Dudley Coetzee (28 February 2018 – 30 October 2021) (DA)
 * Rudolph Smith (2016–2018; died on 5 January 2018)
 * Nicolette Botha-Guthrie (2010–2016) (DA)
 * Theo Beyleveldt (March 2006 – 2010) (DA)
 * Willie Smuts (September 2004 – March 2006) (ANC)
 * Willie Smuts (October 2002 – September 2004) (NNP)
 * Willie Smuts (December 2000 – October 2002) (DA)

title: Overstrand Local Municipality


text:
Free banking

Free banking is a monetary arrangement where banks are free to issue their own paper currency (banknotes) while also being subject to no special regulations beyond those applicable to most enterprises.

In a free banking system, market forces control the total quantity of banknotes and deposits that can be supported by any given stock of cash reserves, where such reserves consist either of a scarce commodity (such as gold) or of an artificially limited stock of fiat money issued by a central bank.

In the strictest versions of free banking, however, there is either no role at all for a central bank, or the supply of central bank money is supposed to be permanently "frozen". There is, therefore, no government agency acting as a monopoly "lender of last resort", leaving that to the private sector as happened in the US in the panic of 1907. Nor is there any government insurance for banknotes or bank deposit accounts.

Notable supporters include Milton Friedman, Fred Foldvary, David D. Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, George Selgin, Steven Horwitz, and Richard Timberlake.

History
Banking has been more regulated in some times and places than others, and in some times and places it has hardly been regulated at all, giving some experiences of more or less free banking. Free banking systems have existed in more than 60 countries. The first system of competitive issuance of notes began more than 1,000 years ago in China (see below). Free banking was widespread in the 19th and early 20th centuries. lists the most currently known episodes of free banking and discusses in some depth a number of them, including Canada, Colombia, Fuzhou, France, and Ireland. Monetary arrangements with monopoly issues of notes, including government treasury issues, currency boards, and central banking, replaced all episodes of free banking by the mid-20th century. There were several reasons for the demise of free banking:
 * Economic theories claim the superiority of central banking.
 * Desire to imitate the institutions of more advanced economies, especially Great Britain. The Bank of England was the model for many later central banks, even outside the British Empire.
 * Desire of national governments to collect seigniorage (revenue from issue) from note issues.
 * Financial crises in some free banking systems that created demands to replace free banking with another system that advocates hoped would have fewer problems.

Some prominent 18th and 19th century economists, most notably Adam Smith, defended free banking as opposed to the real bills doctrine. After the mid 19th century, though, economists interested in monetary issues focused their attention elsewhere, and free banking received little attention. Free banking as a subject of renewed debate among economists got its modern start in 1976 with The Denationalization of Money, by economist Friedrich Hayek, who advocated that national governments stop claiming a monopoly on the issuing of currency, and allow private issuers like banks to voluntarily compete to do so.

In the 1980s, this expanded into an increasingly elaborate theory of free market money and banking, with proponents Lawrence White, George Selgin, and Richard Timberlake increasingly centering their writing and research around the concept, either regarding modern theory and application, or researching the history of spontaneously free banking.

Australia
In the late 19th century, banking in Australia was subject to little regulation. There were four large banks with over 100 branches each, that together had about half of the banking business, and branch banking and deposit banking were much more advanced than in other more regulated countries such as the UK and US. Banks accepted each other's notes at par. Interest margins were about 4% p.a. In the 1890s a land price crash caused the failure of many smaller banks and building societies. Bankruptcy legislation put in place at the time gave bank debtors generous terms they could restructure under, and most of the banks used this as a means to restructure their debts in their favor, even though they did not really need to.

Switzerland
In the 19th century, several Swiss cantons deregulated banking, allowing free entry and the issue of notes. Cantons retained jurisdiction over banking until the enactment of the Federal Banking Law of 1881. The centralisation of note issue reduced the problem of the existence of "a bewildering variety of notes of varying qualities ... at fluctuating exchange rates."

Scotland
Scottish free banking lasted between 1716 and 1845, and is arguably the most researched and developed instance of free banking. The system was organized around three chartered banks – the Bank of Scotland, the Royal Bank of Scotland, and the British Linen Company – and numerous unchartered banks. It resulted in a highly stable and competitive banking system.

United States
Although the period from 1837 to 1864 in the US is often referred to as the Free Banking Era, the term is a misnomer in terms of the definition of "free banking" above. Free Banking in the United States before the Civil War refers to various state banking systems based on what were called "free banking" laws at the time. These laws made it necessary for new entrants to secure charters, each of which was subject to a vote by the state legislature with obvious opportunities for corruption. These general banking laws also restricted banks' activities in important ways. Most importantly, US free banks could have only one office and had to provide security for their notes not only through gold reserves but also by purchasing and surrendering to state banking authorities certain securities the state law deemed acceptable for the purpose. The securities generally included bonds of state governments. The depreciation of these bonds was the chief cause of bank failures in various episodes when many banks in a state failed. The lack of branch banking, in turn, caused state-issued banknotes to be discounted at varying rates once they had traveled any considerable distance from their sources, which was an inconvenience. Depreciation of assets more generally is also used to explain failures. Several authors attribute the high-rate of bank failures during the Free Banking era in the US ultimately to restrictions on banks' portfolios of assets. Then, from 1863 to 1913, known as the National Banks Era, state-chartered banks operated under a free banking system. Some scholars have found that the system was mostly stable compared to the National Banks of that era.

Sweden
Sweden had two periods of free banking, 1830–1860 and 1860–1902. Following a bank crisis in 1857, there was a rise in popular support for private banks and private money issuers (especially Stockholms Enskilda Bank, founded in 1856). A new bank law was adopted by parliament in 1864, deregulating the interest rate. The following decades marked the height of the Swedish free banking era. After 1874, no new private banks were founded. In 1901, issuing of private money was prohibited. Research on the Swedish free banking era suggests stability, and a single bank failure related to fraud in 70 years.

China
Jiaozi was a form of banknote that appeared around the 10th century in the Sichuan capital of Chengdu, China. Between 960 and 1004, the bank notes were totally run by private merchants. Until the government decided to regulate the business due to alleged increasing fraud cases and disputes, it granted 16 licenses to the biggest merchants of all.

title: Free banking


text:
Prince Albert Local Municipality

Prince Albert Municipality (Prins Albert Munisipaliteit) is a local municipality located in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

History
At the end of the apartheid era, the area that is today the Prince Albert Local Municipality formed part of the Central Karoo Regional Services Council (RSC). The town of Prince Albert was governed by a municipal council elected by the white residents, while the coloured residents were governed by a management committee subordinate to the white council. Bitterwater (Leeu-Gamka) was also governed by a management committee subordinate to the RSC.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As a result of these negotiations, in January 1995 the municipality and management committee of Prince Albert were both dissolved and the Prince Albert Transitional Local Council (TLC) was created to replace them. In the same month the Bitterwater management committee was also replaced by the Leeu-Gamka TLC.

The TLCs were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At the time of these elections the Central Karoo District Council was established in place of the Central Karoo RSC, and transitional representative councils (TRCs) were elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council. The area that was to become Prince Albert Local Municipality was covered by the Prince Albert TRC.

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRC were all dissolved and the Prince Albert Local Municipality was established as a single local authority. At the same election the Central Karoo District Council was dissolved and replaced by the Central Karoo District Municipality.

Politics
The municipal council consists of seven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Four councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in four wards, while the remaining three are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 no party obtained a majority of seats.

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

By-elections
The following by-elections were held to fill vacant ward seats in the period from the election in November 2021.

The by-election took place after the Karoo Gemeenskap Party (KGP), in a coalition with the African National Congress (ANC) and Patriotic Alliance (PA), expelled its ward councillor and mayor Margy Jaftha for supporting the Democratic Alliance (DA) in a motion to replace the speaker and the deputy mayor with DA representatives. Jaftha subsequently stood for the DA against KGP leader Goliat Lottering, winning the seat, and earning the DA an outright majority on the council. This resulted in the DA's Linda Jaquet being elected as the executive mayor, while Jaftha was elected the speaker of council.

title: Prince Albert Local Municipality


text:
Omitted-variable bias

In statistics, omitted-variable bias (OVB) occurs when a statistical model leaves out one or more relevant variables. The bias results in the model attributing the effect of the missing variables to those that were included.

More specifically, OVB is the bias that appears in the estimates of parameters in a regression analysis, when the assumed specification is incorrect in that it omits an independent variable that is a determinant of the dependent variable and correlated with one or more of the included independent variables.

Intuition
Suppose the true cause-and-effect relationship is given by:

 * $$y=a+bx+cz+u$$

with parameters a, b, c, dependent variable y, independent variables x and z, and error term u. We wish to know the effect of x itself upon y (that is, we wish to obtain an estimate of b).

Two conditions must hold true for omitted-variable bias to exist in linear regression:
 * the omitted variable must be a determinant of the dependent variable (i.e., its true regression coefficient must not be zero); and
 * the omitted variable must be correlated with an independent variable specified in the regression (i.e., cov(z,x) must not equal zero).

Suppose we omit z from the regression, and suppose the relation between x and z is given by

 * $$z=d+fx+e$$

with parameters d, f and error term e. Substituting the second equation into the first gives

 * $$y=(a+cd)+(b+cf)x+(u+ce).$$

If a regression of y is conducted upon x only, this last equation is what is estimated, and the regression coefficient on x is actually an estimate of (b + cf ), giving not simply an estimate of the desired direct effect of x upon y (which is b), but rather of its sum with the indirect effect (the effect f of x on z times the effect c of z on y). Thus by omitting the variable z from the regression, we have estimated the total derivative of y with respect to x rather than its partial derivative with respect to x. These differ if both c and f are non-zero.

The direction and extent of the bias are both contained in cf, since the effect sought is b but the regression estimates b+cf. The extent of the bias is the absolute value of cf, and the direction of bias is upward (toward a more positive or less negative value) if cf > 0 (if the direction of correlation between y and z is the same as that between x and z), and it is downward otherwise.

Detailed analysis
As an example, consider a linear model of the form

 * $$y_i = x_i \beta + z_i \delta + u_i,\qquad i = 1,\dots,n$$

where
 * xi is a 1 × p row vector of values of p independent variables observed at time i or for the ith study participant;
 * β is a p × 1 column vector of unobservable parameters (the response coefficients of the dependent variable to each of the p independent variables in xi) to be estimated;
 * zi is a scalar and is the value of another independent variable that is observed at time i or for the ith study participant;
 * δ is a scalar and is an unobservable parameter (the response coefficient of the dependent variable to zi) to be estimated;
 * ui is the unobservable error term occurring at time i or for the ith study participant; it is an unobserved realization of a random variable having expected value 0 (conditionally on xi and zi);
 * yi is the observation of the dependent variable at time i or for the ith study participant.

We collect the observations of all variables subscripted i = 1, ..., n, and stack them one below another, to obtain the matrix X and the vectors Y, Z, and U:
 * $$ X = \left[ \begin{array}{c} x_1 \\ \vdots \\ x_n \end{array} \right] \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times p},$$

and
 * $$ Y = \left[ \begin{array}{c} y_1 \\ \vdots \\ y_n \end{array} \right],\quad  Z = \left[ \begin{array}{c} z_1 \\  \vdots \\ z_n \end{array} \right],\quad  U = \left[ \begin{array}{c} u_1 \\  \vdots \\ u_n \end{array} \right] \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times 1}.$$

If the independent variable z is omitted from the regression, then the estimated values of the response parameters of the other independent variables will be given by the usual least squares calculation,
 * $$\widehat{\beta} = (X'X)^{-1}X'Y\,$$

(where the "prime" notation means the transpose of a matrix and the -1 superscript is matrix inversion).

Substituting for Y based on the assumed linear model,

\begin{align} \widehat{\beta} & = (X'X)^{-1}X'(X\beta+Z\delta+U) \\ & =(X'X)^{-1}X'X\beta + (X'X)^{-1}X'Z\delta + (X'X)^{-1}X'U \\ & =\beta + (X'X)^{-1}X'Z\delta + (X'X)^{-1}X'U. \end{align} $$

On taking expectations, the contribution of the final term is zero; this follows from the assumption that U is uncorrelated with the regressors X. On simplifying the remaining terms:

\begin{align} E[ \widehat{\beta} \mid X ] & = \beta + (X'X)^{-1}E[ X'Z \mid X ]\delta \\ & = \beta + \text{bias}. \end{align} $$

The second term after the equal sign is the omitted-variable bias in this case, which is non-zero if the omitted variable z is correlated with any of the included variables in the matrix X (that is, if X′Z does not equal a vector of zeroes). Note that the bias is equal to the weighted portion of zi which is "explained" by xi.

Effect in ordinary least squares
The Gauss–Markov theorem states that regression models which fulfill the classical linear regression model assumptions provide the most efficient, linear and unbiased estimators. In ordinary least squares, the relevant assumption of the classical linear regression model is that the error term is uncorrelated with the regressors.

The presence of omitted-variable bias violates this particular assumption. The violation causes the OLS estimator to be biased and inconsistent. The direction of the bias depends on the estimators as well as the covariance between the regressors and the omitted variables. A positive covariance of the omitted variable with both a regressor and the dependent variable will lead the OLS estimate of the included regressor's coefficient to be greater than the true value of that coefficient. This effect can be seen by taking the expectation of the parameter, as shown in the previous section.

title: Omitted-variable bias


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boshtang

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 14:51, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Boshtang
Seems to be shamless self promotion of blog by user of the same name, delete. --User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 06:08, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * del. Mikkalai 06:17, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete -- Hoary 07:37, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)
 * do not delete -- So what? It is still information. --Boshtang 07:47, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * But it is information in the style of a self-promotion. Zzyzx11 09:45, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Your contributions show that you have a reasonable sense. Please use it here as well. Mikkalai 09:03, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If this is how you all feel go ahead. However I am deeply disappointed. --Boshtang 03:03, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's useless information. -- Riffsyphon1024 07:50, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As it is now, it looks like just another web site using Wikipedia to self-promote itself. Zzyzx11 09:45, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yet another nn. blog. jni 12:43, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, It's all been said. Inter 18:13, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as per above. vlad_mv 13:45, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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CFRU-FM

CFRU-FM, airing at 93.3 on the FM dial, is a campus radio station based at the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. CFRU is a volunteer-run campus and community radio station. CFRU is a member of the National Campus and Community Radio Association. The station hosted the 2005 national conference of that organization.

History
Radio at the University of Guelph has a long history dating back to 1939 when there was a credit course in radio broadcasting offered by the Ontario Agricultural College. Radio curriculum was taught at the University of Guelph until the late 1950s.

Throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s various colleges at the University of Guelph produced a half-hour radio program for CJOY in a sound booth in the Massey Hall drama practice theatre.

In 1965, broadcast executive Frank Ryan, a former member of the university's Board of Governors, bequeathed the university $25,000 in his will to launch its own radio station.

In 1969, Room 102 of the Physical Sciences Building became a radio studio as Radio Gryphon began regular programming to cafeterias and student lounges through a closed circuit system. CJOY programming discontinued.

In September 1970, Radio Gryphon experimented with on-campus AM broadcasting and Radio Gryphon was added to Guelph cable FM system (105.7 FM). In November 1970 the Department of Communications shut down Radio Gryphon for operating a radio broadcasting station without a licence.

In 1973, CFRU was awarded an AM licence to broadcast on campus at 820 kHz. In 1974 CFRU moved into new studios in the University Centre. CFRU was the first group to move into the new University Centre.

It moved to its current FM frequency in 1980, broadcasting a 50 watt signal until 1991. In that year, the station expanded its signal to 250 watts, enabling it to reach the Kitchener-Waterloo region. In 2005 CFRU celebrated 25 years as an FM broadcaster in Canada with a series of concerts and community events.

On April 24, 2008 CFRU began broadcasting in a newly revamped on-air studio, updating the technological operations of the station to provide better and smoother programming.

Programming
CFRU offers a wide range of programming including an eclectic mix of music shows, alternative and international news shows, spoken word shows, and foreign language programming.

CFRU broadcasts in English, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Turkish, Polish, Persian, and Dari. CFRU's music programs feature a variety of musical genres including hip-hop, punk, metal, salsa, drum and bass and reggae. Overall it plays a wide variety of Canadian and independent music.

CFRU holds its annual membership drive, Raise Your Voice, in October.

title: CFRU-FM


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Civil rights timeline

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:44, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Civil rights timeline

 * del. The current content is for Gay rights timeline. We don't need a generator of timelines, especially general-purpose ones. There is a List of themed timelines, for specific themes. If it is necesary, start it from at least a dozen of entries. Mikkalai 06:09, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Putting just one event on a timeline feels kind of POV to me... anyway whatever information could be put on here is very likely already on one of the other timelines. Delete Radiant! 22:33, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Is POV, effort to make Gay Rights part of the Civil Rights movement. Also redundant. — Linnwood 07:42, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Drakenstein Local Municipality

Drakenstein Municipality (Drakenstein Munisipaliteit; uMasipala wase Drakenstein) is a local municipality located within the Cape Winelands District Municipality, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. , it had a population of 251,262. Its municipality code is WC023.

Geography
The municipality covers a total area of 1538 km2 in the valley of the Berg River to the west of the Boland mountain ranges. It stretches about 75 km from Saron in the north to beyond Paarl in the south. It abuts the Witzenberg Municipality and Breede Valley Municipality to the east, the Stellenbosch Municipality to the south, the City of Cape Town and the Swartland Municipality to the west, and the Bergrivier Municipality to the north.

According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 251,262 people in 59,774 households. Of this population, 62.5% describe themselves as "Coloured", 22.7% as "Black African", and 13.5% as "White". The first language of 75.0% of the population is Afrikaans, while 16.7% speak Xhosa and 5.1% speak English.

The principal town and location of the municipal headquarters is Paarl, situated in the south of the municipality, which as of 2011 has a population of 112,045 people. Paarl is the southernmost part of a continuous built-up area along the Berg River which also includes Mbekweni (pop. 30,875) and Wellington (pop. 55,543). In the northern part of the municipality are the smaller towns of Gouda (pop. 3,441) and Saron (pop. 7,843).

History
At the end of the apartheid era, in the area that is today the Drakenstein Municipality, the towns of Paarl, Wellington, and Gouda were governed by municipal councils elected by their white residents. The coloured residents of Paarl and Wellington were governed by management committees subordinate to the white councils, while the former mission station of Saron was governed by a management board. Mbekweni was governed by a town council established under the Black Local Authorities Act, 1982. The northern area around Gouda and Saron, as well as an area around Du Toit's Kloof Pass, formed part of the Breërivier Regional Services Council (RSC); the rest formed part of the Western Cape RSC.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As a result of these negotiations, the existing local authorities were dissolved and transitional local councils (TLCs) were created for each town and village. In October 1994 the Gouda Municipality was merged with Tulbagh (in what is now Witzenberg Municipality) under the Tulbagh TLC. In January 1995 the Paarl Municipality, Paarl Management Committee and Mbekweni Town Council were replaced by the Paarl TLC; and the Wellington Municipality and Wellington Management Committee were replaced by the Wellington TLC. In February 1995 the Saron Management Board was replaced by the Saron TLC. In the same month, the Western Cape RSC was reconstituted as the Winelands RSC after the Cape Town metropolitan area was removed from the jurisdiction of the RSC.

The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At these elections the Breërivier and Winelands District Councils (DCs) were established, replacing the corresponding Regional Services Councils. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the DCs; the area that was to become Drakenstein Municipality included much of the Paarl TRC (belonging to Winelands DC) and parts of the Witzenberg and Matroosberg TRCs (belonging to Breërivier DC).

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved and the Drakenstein Municipality was established as a single local authority. At the same election the two District Councils were also dissolved and replaced by the Boland District Municipality.

Politics
The municipal council consists of sixty-five members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Thirty-three councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in thirty-three wards, while the remaining thirty-two are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 the Democratic Alliance (DA) obtained a majority of thirty-six seats on the council.

The local council sends eight representatives to the council of the Cape Winelands District Municipality: five from the Democratic Alliance, two from the African National Congress, and one from the Economic Freedom Fighters.

title: Drakenstein Local Municipality


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Talk:Bioreactor

is the earth a bioreactor
"A bioreactor may refer to any device or system that supports a biologically active environment." could that include the Earth? should that be added to the article?

 * No and no. The definition was insufficiently precise. It is now more precise (but may not necessarily be more accurate).  Velella  Velella Talk 20:07, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

NASA Bioreactor?
Why is there a whole section on the NASA bioreactor? That would make an interesting "case study" in a larger article, but there it's just out of place and bizarre.I'm tempted to delete it.RSido (talk) 02:59, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bioreactor