text:
Route 9 (Hong Kong)

Route 9, Hong Kong is one of the strategic trunk roads, mostly in the form of a motorway, circumnavigating the New Territories. The route is also known as the New Territories Circular Road (新界環迴公路). Starting from the Shing Mun Tunnels, Route 9 links (moving in an anti-clockwise direction) Sha Tin, Tai Po, Fanling, Sheung Shui, Yuen Long, Tuen Mun and Tsuen Wan. The section between Exit 10 in Kwu Tung and Exit 16 in Lam Tei is part of Asian Highway 1, although the Asian Highway Network is not signed in Hong Kong.

History
Route 9 was established after a shake-up of the route number system in January 2004, replacing the old system which had been used since 1974.

Route description
Like other strategic routes in Hong Kong, Route 9 consists of several sections.

The section from Tsuen Wan to Sha Tin is derived from the former Route 5, which includes the Shing Mun Tunnels and most of the Tai Po Road - Sha Tin Section. This section was opened in 1990.

Route 9 then runs in a northerly direction via the remaining portion of Tai Po Road - Sha Tin until the Racecourse Interchange, where it continues via the 12.3 km-long Tolo Highway (opened in 1985) to Lam Kam Road Interchange, to the north of Tai Po. The widening of Tolo Highway between Ma Liu Shui and Tai Po to a dual 3-lane motorway was completed in 2003. It is built to full British motorway standards (3/4 lanes and a hard shoulder). The Tolo Highway continues as another dual 3-lane expressway, Fanling Highway, which was completed in three stages between 1985 and 1987, running due north and north-west, connecting Tai Po North and Pak Shek Au, near San Tin.

At San Tin Interchange near Lok Ma Chau, Route 9 turns south towards Au Tau, near Yuen Long onto an expressway known as the San Tin Highway. After interchanging with Route 3, Route 9 runs along the Yuen Long Highway to Lam Tei Interchange, followed by Tuen Mun Road, all the way to Tsuen Wan.

At Tsuen Wan, the section of Route 9 linking Chai Wan Kok and Shek Wai Kok was opened on 8 February 2007. Traffic then continues its way back to the Shing Mun Tunnels via the new road and the existing Cheung Pei Shan Road.

Exits and interchanges
{| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" !scope=col|District !scope=col|Location !scope=col|km !scope=col|Exit !scope=col|A direction (Clockwise) destination !scope=col|B direction (Counter-clockwise) destination !scope=col|Notes
 * colspan=7 style="text-align:center;color:#FFF;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#CF0421"|HK Route9.svg Route 9
 * colspan=7 style="text-align:center;color:#FFF;font-size:120%;" bgcolor="#CF0421"|HK Route9.svg Route 9

 * Kwai Tsing
 * Shek Wai Kok
 * style="text-align:right"|0.0
 * style="text-align:center"|
 * colspan=2| (Cheung Pei Shan Road) - Tsuen Wan, Kwai Chung
 * Clockwise-direction terminus
 * Clockwise-direction terminus

 * rowspan=4|Sha Tin
 * Shing Mun
 * style="text-align:right"|0.4– 3.1
 * colspan=4 bgcolor="#dcdcfe" style="text-align:center"|HK_Tunnel.svg Shing Mun Tunnels
 * Tai Wai
 * style="text-align:right"|4.3
 * style="text-align:center" rowspan=3|1
 * Tai Po Road — Tai Wai - Tai Wai
 * Clockwise exit and anticlockwise entrance only
 * rowspan=2|Sha Tin
 * style="text-align:right"|5.5
 * (Tsing Sha Highway) - Kowloon West
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * style="text-align:right"|5.6
 * bgcolor="#d3d3d3"|Tai Po Road — Tai Wai - Tai Wai
 * bgcolor="#d3d3d3"|
 * bgcolor="#d3d3d3"|Exit permanently closed on 8 June 2014. From 2012, was only accessible through clockwise entrance of exit 2. Clockwise exit only
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * style="text-align:right"|5.6
 * bgcolor="#d3d3d3"|Tai Po Road — Tai Wai - Tai Wai
 * bgcolor="#d3d3d3"|
 * bgcolor="#d3d3d3"|Exit permanently closed on 8 June 2014. From 2012, was only accessible through clockwise entrance of exit 2. Clockwise exit only
 * bgcolor="#d3d3d3"|Exit permanently closed on 8 June 2014. From 2012, was only accessible through clockwise entrance of exit 2. Clockwise exit only

 * rowspan=2|Sha Tin
 * Sha Tin
 * style="text-align:right"|6.1
 * style="text-align:center"|2
 * colspan=2|Sha Tin Rural Committee Road - Sha Tin Town Centre
 * Fo Tan
 * style="text-align:right"|6.9
 * style="text-align:center"|2A
 * Fo Tan Road / Lok King Street - Fo Tan
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * style="text-align:center"|2A
 * Fo Tan Road / Lok King Street - Fo Tan
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only

 * rowspan=4|Sha Tin
 * rowspan=4|Fo Tan
 * style="text-align:right"|7.6
 * style="text-align:center"|2B
 * (Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Sha Tin Road) - Sha Tin Wai, Kowloon Central
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * style="text-align:right"|8.2
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center"|2C
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Yuen Wo Road - Penfold Park
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Clockwise exit and entrance only
 * style="text-align:right"|8.5
 * bgcolor="#dff9f9" style="text-align:center"|2D
 * bgcolor="#dff9f9"|
 * bgcolor="#dff9f9"|Tai Po Road — Sha Tin - Chinese University, Kau To Shan, Tai Po Kau
 * bgcolor="#dff9f9"|Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only. Entrance from Tai Po Road — Ma Liu Shui
 * style="text-align:right"|8.9
 * style="text-align:center"|3
 * Sha Tin Racecourse
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance from and to Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Tolo Highway
 * style="text-align:right"|8.9
 * style="text-align:center"|3
 * Sha Tin Racecourse
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance from and to Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Tolo Highway
 * Sha Tin Racecourse
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance from and to Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Tolo Highway

 * rowspan=2|Sha Tin
 * rowspan=2|Ma Liu Shui
 * style="text-align:right"|10.1
 * style="text-align:center"|3A
 * (Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Tate's Cairn Highway) - Ma On Shan, Sha Tin Wai, Kowloon East
 * Clockwise exit and anticlockwise entrance only
 * style="text-align:right"|10.1
 * style="text-align:center"|4
 * colspan=2|Chak Cheung Street / Science Park Road - Ma Liu Shui, Ma On Shan; Pak Shek Kok
 * Clockwise entrance from Sui Cheung Road
 * rowspan=4|Tai Po
 * Pak Shek Kok
 * style="text-align:right"|13.4
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center"|4A
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Chong San Road - Pak Shek Kok, Science Park
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|No anticlockwise exit
 * rowspan=2|Tai Po
 * style="text-align:right"|16.0
 * style="text-align:center"|5
 * colspan=2|Tai Po Road — Yuen Chau Tsai / Yuen Shin Road / Tai Po Tai Wo Road - Tai Po South, Tai Po Industrial Estate, Tai Po Market
 * style="text-align:right"|17.0
 * style="text-align:center"|5A
 * Tat Wan Road - Tai Po South
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * Tai Wo
 * style="text-align:right"|19.5
 * style="text-align:center"|6
 * colspan=2|Tai Po Tai Wo Road - Tai Po North, Tai Wo
 * style="text-align:center"|5A
 * Tat Wan Road - Tai Po South
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * Tai Wo
 * style="text-align:right"|19.5
 * style="text-align:center"|6
 * colspan=2|Tai Po Tai Wo Road - Tai Po North, Tai Wo
 * style="text-align:center"|6
 * colspan=2|Tai Po Tai Wo Road - Tai Po North, Tai Wo

 * rowspan=2|Tai Po
 * Lam Tsuen
 * style="text-align:right"|20.8
 * style="text-align:center"|7
 * colspan=2| / Tai Po Road — Tai Wo / Tai Wo Service Road West / Hong Lok Yuen Road - Shek Kong, Tai Po North, Hong Lok Yuen
 * Kau Lung Hang
 * style="text-align:right"|23.5
 * style="text-align:center"|7A
 * colspan=2|Heung Yuen Wai Highway -, Sha Tau Kok, Heung Yuen Wai Control Point
 * rowspan=5|North
 * rowspan=2|Fanling
 * style="text-align:right"|23.9
 * style="text-align:center"|7B
 * Pak Wo Road - Wo Hop Shek
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only. Entrance from Jockey Club Road
 * style="text-align:right"|24.1
 * style="text-align:center"|7C
 * Pak Wo Road - Fanling, Sha Tau Kok
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only. Entrance from Jockey Club Road
 * rowspan=2|Sheung Shui
 * style="text-align:right"|26.1
 * style="text-align:center"|8
 * colspan=2|So Kwun Po Road - Fanling, Sheung Shui
 * style="text-align:right"|26.9
 * style="text-align:center"|9
 * colspan=2| / Po Shek Wu Road - Sheung Shui, Kwu Tung, Shek Kong, Man Kam To
 * Kwu Tung
 * style="text-align:right"|29.9
 * style="text-align:center"|9A
 * Castle Peak Road — Chau Tau / Kwu Tung Road - Kwu Tung, Chau Tau
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise exit only
 * colspan=2|So Kwun Po Road - Fanling, Sheung Shui
 * style="text-align:right"|26.9
 * style="text-align:center"|9
 * colspan=2| / Po Shek Wu Road - Sheung Shui, Kwu Tung, Shek Kong, Man Kam To
 * Kwu Tung
 * style="text-align:right"|29.9
 * style="text-align:center"|9A
 * Castle Peak Road — Chau Tau / Kwu Tung Road - Kwu Tung, Chau Tau
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise exit only
 * style="text-align:right"|29.9
 * style="text-align:center"|9A
 * Castle Peak Road — Chau Tau / Kwu Tung Road - Kwu Tung, Chau Tau
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise exit only
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise exit only

 * rowspan=3|Yuen Long
 * Kwu Tung
 * style="text-align:right"|31.3
 * bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center"|10
 * bgcolor="#ddffdd"|
 * bgcolor="#ddffdd"|San Sham Road (Tabliczka_AH1.svg AH1) / Castle Peak Road — San Tin / Castle Peak Road — Chau Tau / Kwu Tung Road - Shenzhen, Lok Ma Chau, San Tin, Kwu Tung
 * bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Eastern concurrency terminus of Tabliczka_AH1.svg AH1. This exit has two additional exit ramps; see San Tin Highway for more information. Anticlockwise exits and clockwise entrance from and to Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Fanling Highway
 * Mai Po
 * style="text-align:right"|33.3
 * style="text-align:center"|10A
 * Mai Po Lung Road / Shek Wu Wai Road - Mai Po, San Tin
 * Clockwise exit and anticlockwise entrance only
 * Ngau Tam Mei
 * style="text-align:right"|36.2
 * style="text-align:center"|11
 * colspan=2|Fairview Park Boulevard / Castle Peak Road — Tam Mi / San Tam Road - Fairview Park, San Tin, Ngau Tam Mei, Kam Tin
 * Ngau Tam Mei
 * style="text-align:right"|36.2
 * style="text-align:center"|11
 * colspan=2|Fairview Park Boulevard / Castle Peak Road — Tam Mi / San Tam Road - Fairview Park, San Tin, Ngau Tam Mei, Kam Tin

 * rowspan=6|Yuen Long
 * Au Tau
 * style="text-align:right"|38.8
 * style="text-align:center"|12
 * colspan=2| (Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Tsing Long Highway) - Tsuen Wan, Tsing Yi, Kowloon, Lantau
 * rowspan=3|Shap Pat Heung
 * style="text-align:right"|39.7
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|13
 * Castle Peak Road — Yuen Long - Tai Tong, Yuen Long
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only. Connected to the other half of exit 13
 * style="text-align:right"|41.3
 * Shap Pat Heung Road - Tai Tong, Yuen Long, Kam Tin
 * Clockwise exit and anticlockwise entrance only. Connected to the other half of exit 13
 * style="text-align:right"|40.3
 * style="text-align:center"|13A
 * Shap Pat Heung Interchange - Yuen Long South, Tai Tong
 * Anticlockwise exit only. Connected to the other half of exit 13
 * rowspan=2|Hung Shui Kiu
 * style="text-align:right"|43.1
 * style="text-align:center"|14
 * colspan=2|Long Tin Road - Tin Shui Wai East
 * style="text-align:right"|44.6
 * style="text-align:center"|15
 * colspan=2|Hung Tin Road - Tin Shui Wai West, Hung Shui Kiu
 * rowspan=2|Tuen Mun
 * rowspan=2|Lam Tei
 * style="text-align:right"|46.6
 * bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center"|16
 * bgcolor="#ddffdd" colspan=2| (Tabliczka_AH1.svg AH1) (Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Kong Sham Western Highway) - Ha Tsuen, Shekou
 * bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Western concurrency terminus of Tabliczka_AH1.svg AH1
 * style="text-align:right"|47.8
 * style="text-align:center"|17
 * Castle Peak Road — Lam Tei / Castle Peak Road — Lingnan / Tsing Lun Road - Lam Tei, Lingnan University
 * Anticlockwise entrance accessible only from connection at exit 16 from exit ramp to entrance ramp
 * colspan=2|Hung Tin Road - Tin Shui Wai West, Hung Shui Kiu
 * rowspan=2|Tuen Mun
 * rowspan=2|Lam Tei
 * style="text-align:right"|46.6
 * bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center"|16
 * bgcolor="#ddffdd" colspan=2| (Tabliczka_AH1.svg AH1) (Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Kong Sham Western Highway) - Ha Tsuen, Shekou
 * bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Western concurrency terminus of Tabliczka_AH1.svg AH1
 * style="text-align:right"|47.8
 * style="text-align:center"|17
 * Castle Peak Road — Lam Tei / Castle Peak Road — Lingnan / Tsing Lun Road - Lam Tei, Lingnan University
 * Anticlockwise entrance accessible only from connection at exit 16 from exit ramp to entrance ramp
 * style="text-align:center"|17
 * Castle Peak Road — Lam Tei / Castle Peak Road — Lingnan / Tsing Lun Road - Lam Tei, Lingnan University
 * Anticlockwise entrance accessible only from connection at exit 16 from exit ramp to entrance ramp
 * Anticlockwise entrance accessible only from connection at exit 16 from exit ramp to entrance ramp

 * rowspan=6|Tuen Mun
 * rowspan=3|San Hui
 * style="text-align:right"|49.1
 * style="text-align:center"|18
 * colspan=2|Tsing Tin Road - Tai Hing
 * style="text-align:right"|49.5
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|19
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|San Tak Street - San Hui
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Clockwise exit and entrance only. Entrance from Yuk Hong Street
 * style="text-align:right"|49.9
 * - Tuen Mun Town Centre
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * rowspan=3|Tuen Mun Town Centre
 * style="text-align:right"|50.2
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|20
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Tuen Fat Road - Tuen Mun Town Centre
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Service road parallel to Tuen Hi Road. Anticlockwise exit and entrance only
 * style="text-align:right"|50.7
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Tuen Hi Road - Tuen Mun Town Centre
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Service road parallel to Tuen Fat Road. Clockwise exit and entrance only
 * style="text-align:right"|50.9
 * style="text-align:center"|20A
 * Tuen Hing Road - Tuen Mun Town Centre
 * Clockwise exit and anticlockwise entrance only
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Tuen Hi Road - Tuen Mun Town Centre
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Service road parallel to Tuen Fat Road. Clockwise exit and entrance only
 * style="text-align:right"|50.9
 * style="text-align:center"|20A
 * Tuen Hing Road - Tuen Mun Town Centre
 * Clockwise exit and anticlockwise entrance only
 * Clockwise exit and anticlockwise entrance only
 * Clockwise exit and anticlockwise entrance only

 * rowspan=2|Tuen Mun
 * Tuen Mun South
 * style="text-align:right"|51.2
 * style="text-align:center"|21
 * colspan=2|Wong Chu Road - Tuen Mun South
 * Tai Lam
 * style="text-align:right"|56.2
 * style="text-align:center"|22
 * colspan=2|Castle Peak Road — Tai Lam, Castle Peak Road — New Tai Lam - Tai Lam, So Kwun Wat, Tsing Lung Tau
 * rowspan=4|Tsuen Wan
 * Sham Tseng
 * style="text-align:right"|61.7
 * style="text-align:center"|23
 * colspan=2|Castle Peak Road — Sham Tseng - Sham Tseng
 * rowspan=2|Ting Kau
 * style="text-align:right"|62.6
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|24
 * (Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Ting Kau Bridge) - Tsing Yi, Kowloon, Lantau
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * style="text-align:right"|63.9
 * (Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Tsing Long Highway) - Yuen Long, Lok Ma Chau, Shenzhen
 * Clockwise exit and anticlockwise entrance only
 * Chai Wan Kok
 * style="text-align:right"|66.7
 * style="text-align:center"|24A
 * (Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Tsuen Wan Road) - Tsuen Wan, Kwai Chung, Kowloon
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * style="text-align:right"|63.9
 * (Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Tsing Long Highway) - Yuen Long, Lok Ma Chau, Shenzhen
 * Clockwise exit and anticlockwise entrance only
 * Chai Wan Kok
 * style="text-align:right"|66.7
 * style="text-align:center"|24A
 * (Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Tsuen Wan Road) - Tsuen Wan, Kwai Chung, Kowloon
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * style="text-align:center"|24A
 * (Hong_Kong_road_sign_(Expressway_Begins).svg Tsuen Wan Road) - Tsuen Wan, Kwai Chung, Kowloon
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only
 * Anticlockwise exit and clockwise entrance only

 * rowspan=2|Tsuen Wan
 * Chai Wan Kok
 * style="text-align:right"|67.4
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd" style="text-align:center"|24C
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd" colspan=2|Castle Peak Road — Tsuen Wan - Tsuen Wan
 * bgcolor="#ffdddd"|No clockwise exit
 * Tai Wo Hau
 * style="text-align:right"|68.8
 * style="text-align:center"|25
 * colspan=2|Route Twisk / /  / Wai Tsuen Road - Tsuen Wan, Tai Wo Hau, Kam Tin
 * rowspan=2|Kwai Tsing
 * rowspan=2|Shek Wai Kok
 * style="text-align:right"|70.3
 * style="text-align:center"|25A
 * / Sam Tung Uk Road / Cheung Shan Estate Road East - Shek Wai Kok, Wo Yi Hop, Shing Mun, Kwai Chung
 * style="text-align:right"|70.8
 * style="text-align:center"|
 * colspan=2| (Cheung Pei Shan Road) - Sha Tin, Tai Po
 * Anticlockwise-direction terminus
 * style="text-align:right"|70.8
 * style="text-align:center"|
 * colspan=2| (Cheung Pei Shan Road) - Sha Tin, Tai Po
 * Anticlockwise-direction terminus
 * style="text-align:center"|
 * colspan=2| (Cheung Pei Shan Road) - Sha Tin, Tai Po
 * Anticlockwise-direction terminus

title: Route 9 (Hong Kong)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Snookus

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:50, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Snookus

 * del. nonnotable yet. Mikkalai 05:52, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, company promo. Megan1967 07:40, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just another company using Wikipedia to self-promote themselves. Zzyzx11 09:32, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Snookus


text:
Swarmandal

The swarmandal (स्वरमण्डल ), surmandal, or Indian harp is a plucked box zither, originating from India, similar to the qanun that is today most commonly used as an accompanying instrument for vocal Indian classical music. It is part of the culture of Northern India and is used in concerts to accompany vocal music. The name combines Sanskrit words svara (notes) and maṇḍala (circle), representing its ability to produce many notes. The instrument was seen as equivalent by the Ā'īn-i-akbarī to the qanun.

Construction
Modern swarmandals are similar to European psaltries. Autoharps are used as an equivalent instrument in India today, especially with the chord-button mechanism taken out. Modern swarmandals are trapezoidal and measure 51 cm in length and 28 cm width. Instruments may have as many as 40 strings, while older instruments from the 19th century were recorded as having 21 strings. The strings are hooked in a nail lodged in the right edge of the swarmandal and on the left are wound around tuning pegs which can be tightened with a special key. Wooden pegs were used instead of metal ones in the medieval period. A sharp 1/2 in ridge on both sides of the swarmandal stands a little apart from the nails on which the strings are tightened. This ridge functions as a bridge on both sides. The swarmandal is similar to the autoharp or zither in many respects.

History
The swarmandal may be the same as the 13th-century instrument known as the mattakokilā (intoxicated cuckoo). In the Mughal period, the swarmandal was seen as equivalent by the Ā'īn-i-akbarī to the qanun. In the 19th century, a writer commented that good performances on the instrument were rare, because it was difficult to play and, at the time, expensive to buy.

In popular culture
Several modern artists have performed with the instrument. Some of the vocalists who have used it extensively are Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan, Jasraj, Kishori Amonkar, Rashid Khan, and Ajoy Chakrabarty. After travelling to India in late 1966, George Harrison introduced the swarmandal into the Beatles' sound on their 1967 single "Strawberry Fields Forever". He also played it on his Indian classical-style composition "Within You Without You", from the band's Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

title: Swarmandal


text: Category:Parishes of Barbados

title: Category:Parishes of Barbados


text:
Christ Church, Barbados

The parish of Christ Church is one of eleven historic political divisions of Barbados. It has a land area of 57 km2 and is found at the southern end of the island. Christ Church has survived by name as one of the original six parishes created in 1629 by Governor Sir William Tufton.

The parish contains the Sir Grantley Adams International Airport as well as the last remaining mangrove swamp in the country, the Graeme Hall Nature Sanctuary. Under Barbados's historic vestry, the main parish church was originally seated near Dover. After it and the courtyard were destroyed by flood in 1669, the main parish church moved to Oistins area, becoming the main town and former capital of the parish. The South Point Lighthouse is located in South Point, Christ Church, between Atlantic Shores and Green Garden, also in Christ Church.

Another notable area of Christ Church is Saint Lawrence Gap, which is the most lively tourist area on the island. Many of the taverns and clubs in St. Lawrence are frequented by locals and tourists alike.

Populated places
The parish contains the following towns, villages, localities, settlements, communities and hamlets:

• Aberdare

• Accra Beach

• Amity Lodge

• Atlantic Shores 13.04917°N, -59.5325°W

• Balls 13.08028°N, -59.52611°W

• Balls Plantation

• Bannatyne 13.08861°N, -59.54472°W

• Bannatyne Gardens

• Bannatyne Main Road

• Bannatyne Road

• Bartletts 13.08639°N, -59.5775°W

• Bartletts Tenantry Road

• Below Rock 13.05861°N, -59.53056°W

• Blue Waters 13.07639°N, -59.58806°W

• Boarded Hall 13.10806°N, -59.5375°W

• Briggs 13.1°N, -59.53333°W

• Bright Hall

• Callenders (Callender) 13.07083°N, -59.53°W

• Callenders Court

• Callenders Crescent

• Cane Vale 13.0675°N, -59.54528°W

• Carib Beach

• Carters Gap

• Cave Hill

• Chancery Lane 13.06056°N, -59.50694°W

• Charnocks 13.08222°N, -59.49361°W

• Church Hill

• Clapham 13.08833°N, -59.58222°W

• Cotton House Bay

• Coverley 13.08139°N, -59.50167°W

• Coverley Square

• Dayrells Road

• Dolphin Park

• Dover 13.06833°N, -59.56528°W

• Dover Beach

• Dover Road

• Dover Terrace

• Durants 13.07056°N, -59.53528°W

• Durants Heights

• Durants Road

• Durants Tenantry

• Durants Terrace

• Durants Village

• Ealing Grove 13.05972°N, -59.51444°W

• Ealing Park 13.05556°N, -59.51333°W

• Edey 13.09889°N, -59.54°W

• Edgerton

• Elizabeth Park 13.0875°N, -59.56722°W

• Enterprise 13.05389°N, -59.53°W

• Enterprise Coast Road

• Enterprise Crescent

• Enterprise Gardens

• Enterprise Heights

• Enterprise Main Road

• Enterprise Road

• Enterprise 'A' Road

• Enterprise 'B' Road

• Enterprise Terrace

• Fairview 13.09667°N, -59.50278°W

• Fairy Valley 13.07917°N, -59.50583°W

• Fairy Valley Rock 13.06806°N, -59.50194°W

• Frere Pilgrim 13.10278°N, -59.54306°W

• Gall Hill 13.07083°N, -59.545°W

• Gibbons 13.0675°N, -59.51917°W

• Gibbons Boggs 13.06583°N, -59.52917°W

• Goodland 13.05583°N, -59.52111°W

• Goodland Road

• Graeme Hall 13.07611°N, -59.57139°W

• Graeme Hall Heights

• Graeme Hall Tenantry

• Graeme Hall Terrace

• Green Garden 13.04722°N, -59.52056°W

• Hannays

• Hannays Tenantry 13.11611°N, -59.5225°W

• Hannays Valley

• Harts Gap

• Hastings 13.075°N, -59.59778°W

• Hastings Beach

• Hastings Main Road

• Hastings Road

• Hastings Rocks

• Hopewell 13.05778°N, -59.51833°W

• Inch Marlowe 13.05167°N, -59.51306°W

• Inch Marlowe Point

• Keizer Hill 13.06056°N, -59.53694°W

• Kendal Hill 13.07611°N, -59.55861°W

• Kendal Point

• Kent 13.09417°N, -59.56806°W

• Kingsland 13.07917°N, -59.54917°W

• Kingsland Crescent

• Kingsland Gardens

• Kingsland Heights

• Kingsland Main Road

• Kingsland Road

• Kingsland Terrace

• Lead Vale 13.08528°N, -59.51083°W

• Little Bay

• Lodge Road 13.07667°N, -59.53833°W

• Lodge 'A' Road

• Lodge 'B' Road

• Long Beach

• Lowland 13.08778°N, -59.52167°W

• Lowthers 13.09444°N, -59.49722°W

• Lowthers Hill

• Marine Gardens 13.07583°N, -59.59306°W

• Maxwell 13.07194°N, -59.55444°W

• Maxwell Beach

• Maxwell Coast 13.06722°N, -59.55722°W

• Maxwell Heights

• Maxwell Hill 13.07306°N, -59.56083°W

• Maxwell Main Road

• Maxwell Terrace

• Miami Beach

• Montrose 13.07278°N, -59.54611°W

• Mount Pegwell

• Navy Gardens 13.07889°N, -59.59333°W

• Newton 13.08139°N, -59.53667°W

• Newton Heights

• Newton Industrial Park

• Newton Park

• Newton Terrace 13.07861°N, -59.53056°W

• Oistins 13.06667°N, -59.54778°W

• Oistins Hill

• Packers 13.1°N, -59.50194°W

• Packers Valley

• Paragon 13.06917°N, -59.49278°W

• Parish Land13.07333°N, -59.51806°W

• Pegwell 13.06333°N, -59.53417°W

• Pegwell Boggs

• Pilgrim

• Pilgrim Place 13.0775°N, -59.51444°W

• Pilgrim Road 13.07917°N, -59.50972°W

• Providence 13.07611°N, -59.52111°W

• Regency Park 13.08833°N, -59.57361°W

• Rendezvous 13.07778°N, -59.57889°W

• Rendezvous Crescent

• Rendezvous Gardens

• Rendezvous Heights

• Rendezvous Hill

• Rendezvous Road

• Rendezvous Terrace

• Ridge 13.10111°N, -59.53361°W

• Rising Sun

• Rockley 13.07417°N, -59.58722°W

• Rockley Main Road

• Rockley New Road

• Rollins Road

• Round Rock 13.05056°N, -59.51222°W

• Saint Christopher

• Saint Davids 13.095°N, -59.56028°W

• Saint Davids Village

• Saint Lawrence 13.06972°N, -59.57417°W

• Saint Lawrence Gap

• Saint Lawrence Main Road

• Saint Matthias 13.07833°N, -59.60056°W

• Sandy Beach

• Sargeants 13.08444°N, -59.57111°W

• Sayes Court 13.05861°N, -59.52639°W

• Scarborough 13.06222°N, -59.53889°W

• Searles 13.09139°N, -59.50278°W

• Searles Factory

• Searles Tenantry 13.09°N, -59.51722°W

• Seaview 13.06444°N, -59.5025°W

• Seawell

• Sheraton

• Sheraton Heights

• Sheraton Park 13.08333°N, -59.56222°W

• Silver Hill 13.07583°N, -59.55°W

• Silver Sands 13.05028°N, -59.51722°W

• Silver Sands Beach

• Sion Hill 13.10222°N, -59.50361°W

• Skeenes Hill 13.10444°N, -59.52806°W

• Small Ridge

• South Point

• South Ridge

• Spencers

• St. Patricks 13.09861°N, -59.49778°W

• Staple Grove 13.09806°N, -59.54778°W

• Surfer's Point

• Thornbury Hill 13.06722°N, -59.53111°W

• Top Rock 13.07056°N, -59.56389°W

• Vauxhall 13.08139°N, -59.56417°W

• Vauxhall Crescent

• Vauxhall Gardens

• Vauxhall Heights

• Vauxhall Tenantry

• Vauxhall Terrace

• Walls

• Walls Tenantry

• Walronds 13.09528°N, -59.49194°W

• Walronds Village

• Warners 13.08°N, -59.56889°W

• Warners Heights

• Warners Terrace

• Water Street

• Welches 13.06667°N, -59.55028°W

• Wilcox 13.0675°N, -59.50861°W

• Wilcox Hill

• Woman's Bay

• Worthing 13.07278°N, -59.58472°W

• Worthing Main Road

• Worthing View

• Wotton 13.07722°N, -59.54528°W

• Wotton Heights

• Yorkshire

Parishes bordering Christ Church

 * Saint George - North
 * Saint Michael - West
 * Saint Philip - East

Defined boundaries

 * With St. George: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. George, St. Philip and Christ Church and proceeding in a generally westerly and south-westerly direction along Highway 5 to its junction at South District with the unclassified road leading to Edgerton and Staple Grove; then in a southerly direction along this road to its junction about 250 metres south of the entrance to Edgerton Plantation with a track; then in a westerly direction along this track for approximately 750 metres to its junction with another track; then in a northerly direction along this track for about 100 metres to the junction with another track, then in a westerly direction along this track for about 500 metres to its junction with another track; then along this track in a southerly direction for about 30 metres to its junction with another track; then for approximately 200 metres along this track to the junction with another track. This is the meeting point of the parishes of St. George, Christ Church and St. Michael. This point is marked by a monument.

 * With St. Michael: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. George, St. Michael, and Christ Church and proceeding in a southerly direction along the plantation track and the boundary between the residential development called Fort George Heights and the Kent House residential development to the junction of the boundary with the public road called Highway R; then in a westerly direction along Highway R to its junction at Wildey with the Airport to West Coast Highway; then in a southerly direction along this Highway to its merging at Clapham with the public road called Highway 6; then in a north-westerly direction along Highway 6 to its junction with the public road called Observatory Road; then in a southerly direction along Observatory Road to its junction with the public road called Fordes Road, then in a south-westerly, north-westerly and northerly direction along Fordes Road, Bonnett’s Road and Brittons New Road to its junction with Dalkeith Hill; then in a westerly direction along Dalkeith Hill to its junction with Deighton Road; then in a generally southerly direction along Deighton Road to its junction with Dayrells Road; then in a south-westerly, north-westerly and westerly direction along Dayrells Road to its junction at the Garrison with Dalkeith Road; then in a generally south-westerly direction along Dalkeith Road to its junction with the public road called Highway 7; then directly across Highway 7 and continuing in a south-westerly direction along the road leading to Gravesend Beach and directly to the sea.

 * With St. Philip: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. George, St. Philip and Christ Church and proceeding in an easterly direction along Highway 5 to its junction at Brereton with an unclassified road; then in a southerly direction along this road to its junction with what was once the old railway line but is now an unclassified road; then in an easterly direction along this road to its junction at Carrington Sugar Factory with another unclassified road: then in a south-easterly and southerly direction to its junction with another unclassified road; then in an easterly direction along this road to its junction north of Woodboume Plantation yard with an unclassified road leading into the plantation yard; then in a southerly and south-easterly direction (through the plantation yard) along this road to its junction with the public road called Highway 6; then directly across Highway 6 to continue along the unclassified road in a generally south-easterly direction to merge into the public road at Walronds and then continue in a generally easterly direction along the unclassified road to its junction with the unclassified road leading to Hopefield Plantation; then in a southerly direction along this road (with an eastward diversion around the buildings) to its junction west of the Airport Radar Station with another unclassified road; then eastwards along this road to its junction, east of the Airport Radar Station, with another unclassified road; then in a southerly direction along this road to its junction at Spencers with the public road called Highway 7; then in an easterly and north-easterly direction along Highway 7 to its junction with a track to the west of Rock Hall Village; then in a south-easterly, easterly and southerly direction along this track to a point on the cliff edge to the east of the Airport boundary fence (monument B.17); then in a southerly direction to the sea.

Government
The Barbados Civil Aviation Department has its head office on the property of Grantley Adams International Airport. The District A & C Court maintains a seat in Saint Matthias, and the District B Court in Oistins. The Barbados Police Service maintains posts located as Hastings, and Worthings; and the Barbados Postal Service at Oistins and Worthing.

Politics
Christ Church covers five geographical constituencies for the House of Assembly:

 * Christ Church-East includes Fairy Valley and Providence.
 * Christ Church-East Central includes Kingsland
 * Christ Church-South includes St. Lawrence and Oistins
 * Christ Church-West includes Rendezvous Hill
 * Christ Church-West Central includes Sargeant’s Village

Economy
The head office of REDjet was located at Grantley Adams International Airport.

Notable people

 * Roston Chase, West Indian cricketer
 * Shirley Chisholm, the first black woman elected to the United States House of Representatives, lived in Christ Church with her maternal grandmother for a large part of her childhood
 * Sylvester Clarke, West Indian cricketer.
 * Doug E. Fresh, the famous beatboxer and rapper (prominent in the 1980s and '90s) was born here
 * Joel Garner, West Indian cricketer
 * Jefferson Jones, born in Christ Church before moving to England, where he played cricket for Berkshire
 * Jaicko Lawrence, contemporary pop music singer/songwriter
 * Ashley Nurse, West Indian cricketer
 * Marita Payne-Wiggins, former track and field athlete and two-time Canadian Olympic silver medallist, spent her early childhood in Christ Church
 * Hallam Cole, Barbadian cricketer.
 * Collis King, Barbadian cricketer.

Road
The primary roads in Christ Church to the rest of the island all originate in the Parish of St. Michael and include: the ABC Highway, H5, H6, and H7. There is also a number of public service vehicles which serve Christ Church.

Air
Barbados's primary airport, Grantley Adams International Airport, at Seawell.

Sea
The town of Oistins once housed a submarine and Coast Guard station. A jetty facility is also located for fisher-folk to unload seafood at the Oistins market and an offshore mooring is available for fuel delivery for the island.

title: Christ Church, Barbados


text:
Saint Andrew, Barbados

Saint Andrew ("St. Andrew") is one of eleven parishes of Barbados. It is situated in the northeastern area in the country.

Saint Andrew is one of the more unspoiled parts of the island owing to its physical makeup of green rolling hills. The parish of Saint Andrew also has the country's highest natural elevation, the 336 m Mount Hillaby at the southern part of the parish.

The parish is named after the patron saint, Saint Andrew, who is also the basis of the name for Barbados' former national award "The Order of Saint Andrew" and also the shape of the cross formed by two sugar cane stalks in the national Coat of Arms of Barbados.

During the colonial years under Britain, the British thought the area resembled the hills and fields of Scotland. This led to parts of the Parish of Saint Andrew today being nicknamed the "Scotland District". During the 1990s the Government of the time proposed a "Greenland Landfill" located within the parish. However, because of Saint Andrew's fragile environment and its possibility of future soil erosion the opening of the completed landfill has yet to come-about after almost a decade.

Saint Andrew lies on the eastern coastline of Barbados, where the Atlantic Ocean tends to be more turbulent. As part of Barbados' attempts to preserve the environment the parish is also home to several natural reserves including the Turner's Hall Woods.

Populated places
The parish contains the following towns, villages, localities, settlements, communities and hamlets:

• Babylon

• Barclays Park

• Bawdens

• Baxters

• Baxters Hill

• Belle Hill

• Belleplaine

• Benab

• Boarded Hall

• Breedy's

• Bruce Vale

• Chalky Mount

• Cheltenham

• Cleland

• Douglin

• Greenland

• Gregg Farm

• Haggatts

• Hillaby

• Hoytes

• Lakes

• Lakes Beach

• Less Beholden

• Long Pond

• Morgan Lewis

• Morgan Lewis Beach

• Mose Bottom

• Mount All

• Mount Hillaby

• Rock Hall

• Rock Hall Village

• Saint Simons

• Sand Quarry

• Sedge Pond

• Shorey Village

• Swanns

• The Chase

• Trio Path

• Turners Hall

• Turners Hall Woods

• Walkers

• Walkers Savannah

• White Hill

• Windy Hill

Parishes bordering Saint Andrew

 * Saint James - West
 * Saint Joseph - Southeast
 * Saint Peter - North
 * Saint Thomas - South

Defined boundaries

 * With St. James: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. Peter, St. James and St. Andrew; then in a southerly direction along the line joining this point to the centre of the old millwall at Springhead Plantation; then in a straight line to a monument (B.5) at the acute bend in the public road at Gregg Farm: then in a southerly direction along this road to where it crosses the gully (monument (B.6) on the western side of the road): then along this gully to its junction with three other gullies. This is the meeting point of the parishes of St. James, St. Andrew and St. Thomas.

 * With St. Joseph: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. Andrew, St. Thomas and St. Joseph and proceeding generally north-easterly along Highway 2 to the junction with the public road known as Coggins Hill; then in an easterly and south-easterly direction along this road to its junction with an unclassified road leading to Cambridge; then along this road in a northerly then easterly and northerly direction to its end at a gully; then north eastwards along this gully to the culvert where it crosses the East Coast Road and then to the sea.

 * With St. Peter: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. Peter, St. James and St. Andrew and continuing in an easterly direction to its junction with the public road leading from Rock Hall Plantation to Rock Hall Village: then in a north-westerly direction along this public road to its junction at Rock Hall Tenantry with a track leading to Roebuck Village; then along this track in a generally northerly direction to its junction at Roebuck Village with the unclassified public road leading from Four Hills Plantation to Indian Ground; then continuing in a generally northerly direction along this road to its junction with the public road leading from Orange Hill Plantation to Welchtown Plantation; then continuing in a northerly direction along this road to its junction at Welchtown Plantation with the public road leading from Farley Hill to Portland; then in a north-westerly direction along this road to its junction at Portland with the public road called Highway 1; then in an easterly and northerly direction along Highway 1 to the junction at Diamond Comer with the public road called Highway B; then in a generally easterly direction along Highway B passing through Nicholas and Cherry Tree Hill to the junction of this road with the public road leading to Boscobelle; then in a north-easterly direction along this road to the junction with the private road leading to Fosters Funland; then in a generally easterly direction along this road and along the southern section of the loop at the end; and then continuing in an easterly direction to the sea.

 * With St. Thomas: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. James, St. Andrew and St. Thomas and proceeding along the gully leading in a south-easterly direction to a point in line with the tenantry road at Hillaby Village; then in a direct line to the centre line of this road and along this road to the point where it branches: then in a southerly and south-easterly direction to the junction of this road with the public road; then in a north-easterly direction along this road to the junction with Hillaby Tenantry Road; then along Hillaby Tenantry Road to its end at the triangulation station known as “Hillaby” (S.15); then in a south-easterly direction along a line joining this point to a monument (B.7) on the western side of the public road at Spring Vale called Highway 2 and to the centre line of this road. This is the meeting point of the parishes of St. Andrew, St. Thomas and St. Joseph.

title: Saint Andrew, Barbados


text:
Witzenberg Local Municipality

Witzenberg Municipality (Witzenberg Munisipaliteit; uMasipala wase Witzenberg) is a local municipality located within the Cape Winelands District Municipality, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. it had a population of 115,946.

Geography
The municipality covers an area of 10753 km2 which includes the Land van Waveren (Tulbagh) valley, the Warm Bokkeveld, the Koue Bokkeveld and the Ceres-Karoo. It stretches from the Groot Winterhoek Mountains in the west and the Hex River Mountains in the south as far as the Northern Cape provincial border in the north and east. It abuts on the Hantam Municipality to the north, the Karoo Hoogland Municipality to the northeast, the Laingsburg Municipality to the southeast, the Breede Valley Municipality to the south, the Drakenstein Municipality to the southwest, the Bergrivier Municipality to the west and the Cederberg Municipality to the northwest.

According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 115,946 people in 27,419 households. Of this population, 65.9% describe themselves as "Coloured", 25.3% as "Black African", and 7.7% as "White". The first language of 75.2% of the population is Afrikaans, while 16.6% speak Xhosa, 4.5% speak Sotho and 2.0% speak English.

The principal town and location of the municipal head office is Ceres on the eastern slope of the Skurweberg mountains, which as of 2011 has a population of 33,224. To the west of Ceres, on the other side of the mountains, is the Land van Waveren valley with the towns of Wolseley (pop. 12,130) and Tulbagh (pop. 8,969). To the north of Ceres is the town of Prince Alfred Hamlet (pop. 6,810), and further north, in the Koue Bokkeveld, the village of Op-die-Berg (pop. 1,531). There are a number of informal settlements: Pine Valley, Chris Hani, Mooiblom, Zibonele, Polocross, Die Gaatjie and Kleinbegin. In addition in Ward 2, Dwarsrivier, is the settlement of Romansrivier. Other settlements include: Tulbagh Road, Steinthal, Drostdy, Waterval, Kluitjieskraal, Breede River Station, and Prince Alfred Hamlet Station.

History
At the end of the apartheid era, in the area that is today the Witzenberg Municipality there were municipal councils for Ceres, Wolseley, Tulbagh and Prince Alfred Hamlet. These councils were elected by the white residents, while the coloured residents of Ceres, Tulbagh and Wolseley were governed by management committees subordinate to the white councils. The township of Nduli near Ceres had a town council established under the Black Local Authorities Act, 1982. The remaining rural areas were served by the Breërivier Regional Services Council.

While the negotiations to end apartheid were taking place a process was established for local authorities to agree on voluntary mergers. The Tulbagh municipality and management committee took part in this process, merging to form a new non-racial municipality in October 1993.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As a result of these negotiations, the existing local authorities were dissolved and transitional local councils (TLCs) were created for each town and village. The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At these elections the Breërivier District Council was established, replacing the Breërivier Regional Services Council. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council; the area that was to become Witzenberg Municipality included most of the Witzenberg TRC and a small part of the Matroosberg TRC.
 * Tulbagh TLC replaced the merged Tulbagh Municipality as well as the Gouda Municipality (which lies outside of the area that is now Witzenberg) in October 1994.
 * Wolseley TLC replaced Wolseley Municipality and Wolseley Management Committee in November 1994.
 * Ceres TLC replaced Ceres Municipality, Ceres Management Committee and Nduli Town Council in December 1994.
 * Prince Alfred Hamlet TLC replaced Prince Alfred Hamlet Municipality in January 1995.

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved and the Witzenberg Municipality was established as a single local authority. Originally it only covered the western part of its current area, while the sparsely-populated Ceres-Karoo area to the east was a District Management Area. This area was incorporated into Witzenberg Municipality when District Management Areas were abolished in 2011.

Politics
The municipal council consists of twenty-three members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Twelve councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in twelve wards, while the remaining eleven are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 no party obtained a majority of seats. The following table shows the results of the 2021 election. On 22 November 2021, the DA's Hennie Smit was elected mayor, the ANC's Johnnerey Mouton was elected speaker and Katrina Robyn of the GOOD party was elected deputy mayor.

The following are the results of the election (after a recount in December 2021 allocated a seat previously awarded to GOOD to the DA):

Municipal audits
In June 2022, the municipality received an unqualified clean audit for the 2020-21 financial year, one of 41 of the country's 257 municipalities to do so. It has received a clean audit each year since 2016–17.

Partners
Since 2002 Witzenberg has an official town twinning agreement with the town Essen in Belgium. The city-to-city cooperation consists of sustainable development programs in the vulnerable areas concerning youth, local economic development and environment.

title: Witzenberg Local Municipality


text:
Saint James, Barbados

The parish of Saint James ("St. James") is an area located in the western central part of the country of Barbados. Increasingly St. James is becoming known as the playground of the rich and famous, and as a haven for sun-starved tourists with its up-market hotel resorts.

In local colloquium, St. James was known as the "Gold Coast", but due to its ongoing popularity, it is now often referred to as the "Platinum Coast", reflective of the parish's many glitzy beach-front mansions, pristine beaches, luxury hotel resorts, and consistently high land prices.

The parish also has great historic significance, as it was here that the first British settlers landed in 1625. Under the authority of King James, the British claimed Barbados upon landing in St. James' present-day town of Holetown (formerly known as Jamestown, named after the King himself); this settlement turned Barbados into what would later be known colloquially as "Little England".

Noted for its shopping and restaurants in Holetown, Saint James, is central to Barbados' bustling tourist industry, with historical attractions including the St. James Parish Church and the Portvale Sugar Factory, one of the few remaining operational sugar factories on the island.

Though the beach area is a haven for wealthy tourists and foreign expatriates, St. James as a whole is far from exclusive. As one of the bigger parishes of Barbados, it is home to over 20,000 nationals in its various districts, across various social strata. The parish is home to the prestigious Queen's College, one of the foremost schools not only in Barbados, but also the Caribbean, founded over a century ago by British plantation owner Colonel Henry Drax. At its most rural, the parish's many villages (such as the seafront Fitts Village) are abuzz with activity, near-familial camaraderie, and an active social atmosphere.

Populated places
The parish contains the following towns, villages, localities, settlements, hamlets and neighbourhoods:

• Apes Hill

• Appleby, including Appleby Gardens

• Arch Hall

• Bakers

• Bagatelle Terrace including Bagatelle Yard

• Blowers

• Clermont

• Crystal Heights

• Derricks

• Durants

• Fitts Village

• Greenwich Village

• Halls Village

• Haynesville

• Holders Hill

• Holetown (1,595), including Jamestown Park

• Hoytes Village

• Husbands, including Husbands Gardens, Husbands Heights and Husbands Terrace

• Lancaster

• Lascelles

• Lazaretto

• Lower Carlton

• Meadowvale Heights

• Mount Standfast

• Orange Hill, including Baywoods, Endeavour, Deanstown Terrace and Gilkes Village

• Oxnards Crescent

• Paynes Bay

• Porters

• Prior Park, including Prior Park Gardens, Prior Park Heights, Prior Park Crescent and Prior Park Close

• Prospect

• Reeds Hill

• Ridgeway

• Rock Dundo

• Sandy Lane

• Seaview

• Sion Hill

• Springhead

• St. Silas

• Sunset Crest

• Taitts

• The Garden

• Thorpes including Oakwood Park, Kings Village and Thorpes Terrace

• Trents

• Upper Carlton

• Wanstead, including Wanstead Gardens, Wanstead Heights and Wanstead Terrace

• Warrens Park North

• Warrens Crescent

• Warrens Heights

• Water Hall Terrace

• Westmoreland

• West Terrace, including West Terrace Gardens

• Weston

Parishes bordering Saint James

 * Saint Andrew - East
 * Saint Peter - North
 * Saint Michael - South
 * Saint Thomas - Southeast

Defined boundaries

 * With St. Andrew: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. Peter, St. James and St. Andrew; then in a southerly direction along the line joining this point to the centre of the old millwall at Springhead Plantation; then in a straight line to a monument (B.5) at the acute bend in the public road at Gregg Farm: then in a southerly direction along this road to where it crosses the gully (monument (B.6) on the western side of the road): then along this gully to its junction with three other gullies. This is the meeting point of the parishes of St. James, St. Andrew and St. Thomas.

 * With St. Peter: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. Peter, St. James and St. Andrew and continuing in an easterly direction to its junction with the public road leading from Rock Hall Plantation to Rock Hall Village: then in a north- westerly direction along this public road to its junction at Rock Hall Tenantry with a track leading to Roebuck Village; then along this track in a generally northerly direction to its junction at Roebuck Village with the unclassified public road leading from Four Hills Plantation to Indian Ground; then continuing in a generally northerly direction along this road to its junction with the public road leading from Orange Hill Plantation to Welchtown Plantation; then continuing in a northerly direction along this road to its junction at Welchtown Plantation with the public road leading from Farley Hill to Portland; then in a north-westerly direction along this road to its junction at Portland with the public road called Highway 1; then in an easterly and northerly direction along Highway 1 to the junction at Diamond Comer with the public road called Highway B; then in a generally easterly direction along Highway B passing through Nicholas and Cherry Tree Hill to the junction of this road with the public road leading to Boscobelle; then in a north-easterly direction along this road to the junction with the private road leading to Fosters Funland; then in a generally easterly direction along this road and along the southern section of the loop at the end; and then continuing in an easterly direction to the sea.

 * With St. Michael: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. James, St. Thomas, and St. Michael and proceeding generally westwards along the public road called Clermont Road to its junction with the public road called Husbands Road; then in a southerly direction along this road to its junction with University Drive; then in a westerly and southerly direction along University Drive to the centre of the roundabout at the intersection of this road and Highway 1; then in a north-westerly direction along Highway 1 to a point just south of its junction with an unclassified road called Batt's Rock Road; then from this point in a straight line (bearing 263°07'21") through a monument (B. 18) to the sea.

 * With St. Thomas: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. James, St. Andrew, and St. Thomas and proceeding along the gully in a south-westerly direction to the centre-line of the bridge at Lancaster where it crosses the public road known as Highway 2A; then in a generally southerly direction to its junction at St. Thomas’ Church with the public road leading from Seaview; then in a westerly direction along the public road to a point marked by a monument (B.8) placed on the southern side of the road; then in a southerly direction along a line joining this point to another monument (B.3) placed on the northern side of an unclassified road leading to Molyneux and to the centre line of the road; then in a westerly and southerly direction along this road to its junction with the public road leading from Bennetts Plantation to Sandy Lane; then in an easterly direction along this road to its junction at Bennetts with the public road called Highway 2A; then in a southerly direction along Highway 2A to its junction at Warrens with the public road called Clermont Road. This is the junction point of the parishes of St. James, St. Thomas, and St. Michael.

Education
St. James is the home of five primary and two secondary schools. Secondary school are the Queen's College in Husbands and the Fredrick Smith Secondary School in Holetown.

Primary schools are in Fitts Village (Good Shepherd Primary), Orange Hill (St. Silas Primary), Trents (St. James Primary), West Terrace (West Terrace Primary) and Weston (St. Albans Primary).

title: Saint James, Barbados


text:
Saint George, Barbados

The landlocked parish of Saint George ("St. George") is located in the interior of Barbados. It is one of two land-locked parishes, the other being Saint Thomas to the north. A prominent landmark in the parish is Gun Hill Signal Station – one of the few remaining signal stations, dating back to 1818.

Saint George borders six of the eleven other parishes, more than any other parish.

Populated places
The parish contains the following towns, villages, localities, settlements, communities and hamlets:

• Airy Hill

• Applewhaites

• Applewhaites Tenantry

• Ashbury

• Astoria

• Bairds

• Bairds Village

• Belair

• Boarded Hall

• Bournes Village

• Brighton

• Bulkeley

• Bulkeley Close

• Buttals

• Buttals Plantation

• Byde Mill

• Campaign Castle

• Carmichael

• Carmichael Heights

• Carmichael Road

• Charles Rowe Bridge

• Church View

• Constant

• Constant Heights

• Constant Main Road

• Constant New Road

• Constant Plantation

• Constant Road

• Constant Terrace

• Cottage

• Dash Valley

• Drax Hall

• Drax Hall Crescent

• Drax Hall Gardens

• Drax Hall Greens

• Drax Hall Heights

• Drax Hall Hope

• Drax Hall Jump

• Drax Hall Terrace

• Drax Hall Woods

• Eastlyn

• Eastlyn Hill

• Ellerton

• Ellerton Crescent

• Ellerton Gardens

• Ellerton Heights

• Ellerton Terrace

• Ellesmere

• Fair View

• Flat Rock

• Foster Hall

• Francia

• Francia Plantation

• Free Hill

• Frenches

• Golden Ridge

• Good Intent

• Groves

• Groves Corner

• Gun Hill

• Hanson

• Hanson Heights

• Hanson Hill

• Hilbury

• Jordans

• Locust Hall

• Locust Hall Heights

• Lower Brighton

• Lower Burney

• Market Hill

• Mayfield

• Melverton

• Moonshine Hall

• Mount

• Mount Hill

• Newbury

• Old Post Office Road

• Paradise Village

• Parish Land

• Prerogative

• Prospect

• Retreat Wood

• Roach Village

• Rock Hall

• Rowans

• Rowans Hill

• Saint Helens

• Saint Judes

• Saint Judes Village

• Salisbury

• Salters

• South District

• Stepney Village

• Superlative

• Sweet Vale

• Taitt Hill

• The Glebe

• The Valley

• Thorpes Cottage

• Todds

• Todds Village

• Turnpike

• Uplands Factory

• Upper Brighton

• Walkers

• Walkers Heights

• Walkers Terrace

• Watts Village

• Waverley Cot

• Workmans

• Workmans Terrace

Parishes bordering Saint George

 * Christ Church – South
 * Saint John – Northeast
 * Saint Joseph – North
 * Saint Michael – West
 * Saint Philip – East
 * Saint Thomas – Northwest

title: Saint George, Barbados


text:
Saint John, Barbados

The parish of  Saint John (St. John) is a parish of Barbados on the eastern side of the island. It is home to one of its secondary schools, The Lodge School. It is home to the St. John's Parish Church, which has a scenic view of the Atlantic Ocean from its perch near Hackleton's Cliff, which overlooks the East Coast of the island. In its southeastern corner, the shoreline turns northward, forming the small Conset Bay.

Society Primary is the oldest primary school on the island. It is over 100 years old and was built by Codrington College.

Populated places
The center of Saint John is at Gall Hill and Glebe Land on Highway 3B. Gall Hill is the home of the Gall Hill Community Center and the Gall Hill Pavilion. There are shops and restaurants on main street. Glebe Land is the home of St. John's Primary School and the David Thompson Health and Social Services Complex. The Parish Church is a little north of Highway 3B.

Four Roads is the second center of St. John, also on Highway 3B, towards Bridgetown. There is a gas station, the post office, and the fire station at Four Roads.

Other primary schools are at Mount Tabor and St. Margaret`s. The secondary school, The Lodge School, is situated in the south, near Society at Highway H. St. John is the home of the Codrington College, one of the oldest Anglican theological colleges in the Americas.

The Center of tourism is Bath Beach.

The parish contains the following towns, villages, localities, settlements, communities, and hamlets:
 * Ashford Plantation
 * Bath
 * Bowmanston
 * Cherry Grove
 * Church View
 * Cliff Cottage
 * Cliff Plantation
 * Clifton Hall
 * Coach Hill
 * Conset Bay
 * Eastmont
 * Edge Cliff
 * Edey Village
 * Foster Hall
 * Four Roads
 * Gall Hill
 * Glebe Land
 * Glenburnie
 * Guinea
 * Haynes Hill
 * Hill View
 * Hothersal
 * Kendal
 * Kendal Plantation
 * Lemon Arbour
 * Malvern
 * Massiah Street
 * Moores
 * Mount Pleasant
 * Mount Tabor
 * Newcastle
 * Palmers
 * Pool
 * Pool Plantation
 * Pothouse
 * Quintyne
 * Rosegate
 * St Margarets
 * St Marks
 * Sargeant Street
 * Sealy Hall
 * Sherbourne
 * Small Hope
 * Small Town
 * Society
 * Society Plantation
 * Spooners
 * Stewart Hill
 * Venture
 * Wakefield Plantation
 * Welchtown
 * Wilson Hill

Parishes bordering Saint John

 * Saint George (west)
 * Saint Joseph (north)
 * Saint Philip (southeast)

Transport
St. John is served by highway 3, which runs along the coast. Highway 4 connects the capital Bridgetown to the east coast and runs through the south of St. John. highway 3B connects the central towns of The Glebe and Four Roads to the capital.

Landmarks

Ashford Bird Park is a bird and animal sanctuary of 197 acre.

Notable people

 * Sarah Kirnon, chef

title: Saint John, Barbados


text:
Saint Joseph, Barbados

The parish of Saint Joseph is a parish of Barbados on the eastern side of the island. The parish is home to two of the more notable botanic gardens in the country - Flower Forest and Andromeda Gardens. Parts of St. Joseph are also referred to as the Scotland District, a reference to the appearance of the landscape.

One of the highest points in the island is Chimborazo in Saint Joseph. Saint Joseph is also the home of the "Soup Bowl" where international surfing competitions are held.

Populated places
The parish contains the following towns, villages, localities, settlements, communities and hamlets:

• Airy Hill

• Bathsheba

• Bissex

• Bissex Hill

• Blackmans

• Bonwell

• Bowling Alley Hill

• Braggs Hill

• Branchbury

• Buckden House

• Bushy Park

• Cambridge

• Canefield

• Cane Garden

• Castle Grant

• Cattlewash

• Cattlewash Beach

• Chimborazo

• Cleaver's Hill

• Coffee Gully

• Dark Hole

• East Coast Road

• Easy Hall

• Frizers

• Fruitful Hill

• Gaggs Hill

• Hackeltons

• Hackleton's Cliff

• Hackeltons Road

• Hillcrest

• Hillswick

• Horse Hill

• Joe's River

• Joe's River Bridge

• Lammings

• Lower Parks

• Mellowes

• Mellowes Hill

• Melvin Hill

• Naniki Restaurant

• Parks

• Parks Road

• Parris Hill

• Richmond

• Round Rock

• Saint Elizabeths

• Saint Elizabeth's Village

• Saint Sylvans

• Seniors

• Spa Hill

• Springfield

• Springfield Road

• Suriname

• Tent Bay

• Upper Parks

• Vaughan's Land

Parishes bordering Saint Joseph

 * Saint Andrew - North
 * Saint George - South
 * Saint John - Southeast
 * Saint Thomas - West

title: Saint Joseph, Barbados


text:
Saint Lucy, Barbados

The parish of Saint Lucy ("St. Lucy") is the northernmost area in the country of Barbados. Saint Lucy is the only parish of Barbados out of the eleven to be named after a female patron saint, Saint Lucy of Syracuse. Saint Lucy's shape also resembles a peninsula, surrounded on three sides by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, east and west. The Harrison Point Lighthouse is located in Harrisons, Saint Lucy between Great Head and Norse's Bay, also in Saint Lucy. To the south lies the neighbouring Parish of Saint Peter.

Saint Lucy is the most distant part of Barbados from the capital city Bridgetown, located in the parish of Saint Michael or Grantley Adams International Airport in Christ Church. Saint Lucy remains one of the less populated parts of the island because of its remote location.

The closest major town to Saint Lucy in Barbados is Speightstown located in the parish of Saint Peter.

Saint Lucy is the birthplace of Barbados's first Prime Minister, Errol Barrow. It is also the birthplace of two cricketers; Charlie Griffith and Manny Martindale.

The historic Parish church St. Lucy is located in the center of the parish, near Nesfield. There is a second Anglican church, St. Swithun's at Greenidge, and a third one, St. Clement's, near Lowlands.

Populated places
The parish contains the following villages and hamlets:

• Alexandra

• Allmans

• Archers

• Babbs

• Benthams

• Bishops

• Bourbon

• Bright Hall

• Bromefield

• Cave Hill

• Chance Hall

• Checker Hall

• Church Hill

• Clinketts

• Cluffs

• Coconut Hall

• Connell Town

• Content

• Cottage

• Crab Hill

• Date Tree Hill

• Durham

• Flatfield

• Fosters

• Friendship

• Fustic

• Grape Hall

• Grave Yard

• Greenidges

• Half Acre

• Hannays

• Harris

• Harrisons

• Hope

• Husbands

• Jemmotts

• Josey Hill

• Lamberts

• Little Bay

• Mount Gay

• Mount Poyer

• Mount View

• Nesfield

• Pie Corner

• Retreat

• River Bay

• Rockfield

• Rock Hall

• Salmonds

• Seaview

• Spring Garden

• Spring Hall

• Trents

• Upper Salmonds

• Well Road

Smaller settlements are Avis Town, Blacksage Alley, Free Hill, Friendly Hall, Half Moon Fort, Maycock, Mount Gilboa, Pickerings, Roaches, Shermans, Sutherland and Swampy Town.

The police station and the cricket ground are situated in Crab Hill, the post office is in Benthams. There are four Primary Schools, at Clinkett (West), Content (North), Lowland (East) and Trent (Central). The Daryll Jordan Secondary School is in Trents too.

Parishes bordering Saint Lucy

 * Saint Peter - South

Defined boundaries

 * With St. Peter: – Starting from a point on the seashore directly west of the junction of Highway IC and the public road leading from Shermans to Half Moon Fort, the line travels eastwards to the centre-line of the said road junction; then in a north-easterly direction along Highway 1C to its junction with the private (estate) road leading to Alleynedale Hall; then along this private road and diverting along the northern branch of this road so as to leave the plantation buildings in St. Peter to meet the public road called Highway A leading from Rose Hill to St. Lucy's Church; then northwards along Highway A to its junction with the public road called Luke Hill; then along this public road in a north-easterly and northerly direction to the junction with the unclassified road leading to Castle Plantation; then along this road in an easterly and south- easterly direction to a point opposite the monument (B.l) placed on the eastern side; then in a north-easterly direction along the line joining this point and another monument (13.2) situate on the western side of an unclassified road at Lamberts and to the centre line of the road; then along this road in a north- westerly and north-easterly direction to its junction with the public road leading from Lamberts to Graveyard; then along this public road in an easterly, north- easterly and northerly direction to its junction with the unclassified road leading to Boscobelle; then along this road in a north-easterly, south-easterly and north- easterly direction to the centre of the bridge situate at the point just before the road turns to a south-easterly direction; then in a north-easterly direction (30" 16') to the sea.

Historical Use
Saint Lucy was the location of a United States Naval Facility (NAVFAC), a shore terminal of the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), adjacent to the Harrison Point Lighthouse. NAVFAC Barbados was in commission 1 October 1957 to 31 March 1979. The Barbados array made undersea surveillance history on 6 July 1962 when it made the first detection of a Soviet nuclear submarine that was transiting off the coast of Norway entering the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap.

title: Saint Lucy, Barbados


text:
Saint Peter, Barbados

The Parish of Saint Peter ("St. Peter") is one of eleven parishes in the Caribbean island country of Barbados. It is named after the Christian Apostle and patron saint, Saint Peter. It is located in the north of Barbados, and is the only parish besides Saint Lucy that extends from the east coast to the west.

The Barbados "Platinum Coast," which extends through Saint Peter from the parish of Saint James just to the south, has helped to make Saint Peter a tourist hot spot. The parish is surrounded with white sand beaches, including those along Mullins Bay. Its topography includes rolling hills and terraces, some of which are still covered by sugar cane, which was the island's chief cash crop during its colonial period. Within Saint Peter are also large tourist sites such as the Port St. Charles and Port Ferdinand marinas. Other lavish resorts include Schooner Bay, St. Peter's Bay and The Palazzate.

Populated places
The parish contains the following towns, villages, localities, settlements, communities and hamlets:

• Alleynedale

• Alleynedale Hall

• Around-The-Town

• Ashburton Grove

• Ashton Hall

• Bakers

• Battaleys

• Benn Hill

• Benny Hall

• Black Bess

• Boscobelle

• Brevitor Hall

• Brevitor Hall North

• Brevitor Hall South

• The Castle

• Castle Heights

• Castle Terrace

• Centipede Alley

• Cherry Tree Hill

• Church Hill

• Colleton

• Colleton Gardens

• Diamond Corner

• Douglas

• Ebworth

• Farley Hill

• Farm

• Farm Road

• Farrs

• Foster Hill

• Fourhill

• French Village

• Gays

• Gibbes

• Gibbes Bay

• Goddings Bay

• Haymans

• Hayman's Factory

• Haymans Road

• Heywoods

• Heywoods Beach

• Heywoods Heights

• Heywoods Terrace

• Hope Land

• Indian Ground

• Lakes

• Little Battaleys

• Luke Hill

• Mangrove

• Maynards

• Maynards Heights

• Maynards Ridge

• Maynards Road

• Maynards Tenantry

• Maynards Terrace

• Mile and a Quarter

• Moore Hill

• Mount

• Mount Brevitor

• Mount Prospect

• Mount Prospect

• Mullins

• Mullins Bay

• Mullins Beach

• Mullins Heights

• Mullins Road

• Mullins Terrace

• Orange Hill

• Oxford

• Pico Teneriffe

• Pleasant Hall

• Portland

• Portland Plantation

• Retreat

• Richmond Hill

• Road View

• Rock Hall

• Rockless

• Roebuck

• Rose Hill

• Sailor Hill

• Six Mens

• Six Men's Bay

• Speightstown (3,600)

• Speightstown By-Pass Road

• Station Hill

• Sunbury

• The Baltic

• The Choyce

• The Rock

• The Whim

• Vuemont

• Warleigh

• Warleigh Plantation

• Welchtown

• White Hall

Speightstown

The area of Speightstown was the first major port and commercial centre of Barbados. The city is named after William Speight, a member of Barbados' first Assembly during the colonial years, and the former owner of the land on which the city arose. It has a long and colorful history reaching back to the 17th century when it served as one of the main ports connecting the island with the “mother country,” England. Back then Speightstown was sometimes called “Little Bristol” because of these trading connections with Bristol in England. This little village was the port that Admiral Ayscue could not take when he was dispatched by Cromwell to quell the insurrection in Barbados in 1649. The Barbadians were loyal to Charles I, and would not accept Oliver Cromwell as their protector. For six months Ayscue was unable to land in Barbados, and concentrated attacks on Speightstown were repelled by the small forts along the shore. The tiny island was landed only with the help of a defector who led Ayscue and his men to land at Oistins where they met with representatives of the island and signed what has become known as the Charter of Barbados. Signed in 1652, the agreement gave Barbados rights and privileges unheard of on any other island. In particular it guaranteed that Barbados could not be taxed without the consent of a Barbados General Assembly. Many historic buildings dating from colonial times, including Arlington House, still remain standing in the town and can be seen mostly along Queen Street, Church Street and Orange Street. Speightstown saw a lot of activity during the reign of the sugar industry and the day of the slave trade. Many slaves would have passed through this town, even if they were to be shipped on further to other islands or America.

Today Speightstown is busiest on weekends when locals and visitors come out to do their shopping and banking. Many stalls can be found along the streets hawking local and imported fruits and ground provisions. Although it had fallen into disrepair and neglect over the years, the area is now the focus of new initiatives for development. Speightstown Esplanade at Fort Denmark and the Fisheries Complex have been refurbished. Drainage in the area has been improved to prevent flooding. The jetty has been rebuilt and a modern ferry line may be established.

Port St. Charles is open for those who wish to enter the island by yacht. Speightstown hosts The Gallery of Caribbean Art, which showcases local and Caribbean artists.

Parishes bordering Saint Peter

 * Saint Andrew - South-east
 * Saint James - South
 * Saint Lucy - North

Defined boundaries

 * With St. Andrew: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. Peter, St. James and St. Andrew and continuing in an easterly direction to its junction with the public road leading from Rock Hall Plantation to Rock Hall Village: then in a north-westerly direction along this public road to its junction at Rock Hall Tenantry with a track leading to Roebuck Village; then along this track in a generally northerly direction to its junction at Roebuck Village with the unclassified public road leading from Four Hills Plantation to Indian Ground; then continuing in a generally northerly direction along this road to its junction with the public road leading from Orange Hill Plantation to Welchtown Plantation; then continuing in a northerly direction along this road to its junction at Welchtown Plantation with the public road leading from Farley Hill to Portland; then in a north-westerly direction along this road to its junction at Portland with the public road called Highway 1; then in an easterly and northerly direction along Highway 1 to the junction at Diamond Comer with the public road called Highway B; then in a generally easterly direction along Highway B passing through Nicholas and Cherry Tree Hill to the junction of this road with the public road leading to Boscobelle; then in a north-easterly direction along this road to the junction with the private road leading to Fosters Funland; then in a generally easterly direction along this road and along the southern section of the loop at the end; and then continuing in an easterly direction to the sea.

 * With St. James: – Starting from the meeting point of the parishes of St. Peter, St. James and St. Andrew and continuing in an easterly direction to its junction with the public road leading from Rock Hall Plantation to Rock Hall Village: then in a north- westerly direction along this public road to its junction at Rock Hall Tenantry with a track leading to Roebuck Village; then along this track in a generally northerly direction to its junction at Roebuck Village with the unclassified public road leading from Four Hills Plantation to Indian Ground; then continuing in a generally northerly direction along this road to its junction with the public road leading from Orange Hill Plantation to Welchtown Plantation; then continuing in a northerly direction along this road to its junction at Welchtown Plantation with the public road leading from Farley Hill to Portland; then in a north-westerly direction along this road to its junction at Portland with the public road called Highway 1; then in an easterly and northerly direction along Highway 1 to the junction at Diamond Comer with the public road called Highway B; then in a generally easterly direction along Highway B passing through Nicholas and Cherry Tree Hill to the junction of this road with the public road leading to Boscobelle; then in a north-easterly direction along this road to the junction with the private road leading to Fosters Funland; then in a generally easterly direction along this road and along the southern section of the loop at the end; and then continuing in an easterly direction to the sea.

 * With St. Lucy: – Starting from a point on the seashore directly west of the junction of Highway 1C and the public road leading from Shermans to Half Moon Fort, the line travels eastwards to the centre-line of the said road junction; then in a north-easterly direction along Highway 1C to its junction with the private (estate) road leading to Alleynedale Hall; then along this private road and diverting along the northern branch of this road so as to leave the plantation buildings in St. Peter to meet the public road called Highway A leading from Rose Hill to St. Lucy’s Church; then northwards along Highway A to its junction with the public road called Luke Hill; then along this public road in a north-easterly and northerly direction to the junction with the unclassified road leading to Castle Plantation; then along this road in an easterly and south- easterly direction to a point opposite the monument (B.l) placed on the eastern side; then in a north-easterly direction along the line joining this point and another monument (13.2) situate on the western side of an unclassified road at Lamberts and to the centre line of the road; then along this road in a north- westerly and north-easterly direction to its junction with the public road leading from Lamberts to Graveyard; then along this public road in an easterly, north- easterly and northerly direction to its junction with the unclassified road leading to Boscobelle; then along this road in a north-easterly, south-easterly and north- easterly direction to the centre of the bridge situate at the point just before the road turns to a south-easterly direction; then in a north-easterly direction (30“ 16') to the sea.

Farley Hill National Park
Farley Hill is a ruin of a Georgian mansion which was built by Sir Graham Briggs. Work started in 1818 and rooms were constantly being added over the next fifty years. Farley Hill was eventually regarded as the most impressive mansion in Barbados and in 1957 was used as Belfontaine Mansion in the famous film Island in the Sun. After the mansion was destroyed by fire in 1965, the property was acquired by the Barbados Government. On February 15, 1966, Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the grounds as the Farley Hill National Park. Situated high up on a hill overlooking Barbados' rugged Atlantic coast, Farley Hill is a picnic area, wedding venue, and vista point, featuring views of the east coast of Barbados. The forest of mahogany trees is transformed into the stage for musical and theatrical events several times a year, including the Barbados Jazz Festival and Gospelfest, among others.

Barbados Wildlife Reserve
The reserve is situated in a lush mahogany wood, across the road from Farley Hill National Park, and is primarily a monkey sanctuary for the Barbados Green Monkey. The monkeys and most of the other animals are free to roam.

St. Nicholas Abbey
St Nicholas Abbey is one of the more famous landmarks on Barbados. It is one of only three genuine Jacobean mansions in the Western Hemisphere. It is similar to the English Jacobean manor houses of the first half of the seventeenth century, the period between the Tudor and Georgian styles, beginning in the reign of James I.

Religion
Barbados was a British colony and retains many British traditions. Many of the churches are Anglican, Episcopal, Seventh-day Adventist, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, and others.

Notable People

 * Dennis Bovell (born 22 May 1953 ) is a Barbados-born reggae guitarist, bass player and record producer, based in England. Bovell was born in Saint Peter, Barbados, in 1953,

title: Saint Peter, Barbados


text:
Saint Thomas, Barbados

The landlocked parish of Saint Thomas ("St. Thomas") is found in the centre of Barbados. It is one of only two landlocked parishes in the island, the other being Saint George to the south.

Saint Thomas is represented in the House of Assembly of Barbados by Cynthia Forde.

The area of Sturges in St. Thomas contains a number of broadcast antennas for the island. Included one which fell onto nearby properties in 2018.

Populated places
There are no cities in St. Thomas. The central village of the parish is Welchman Hall. The eponymous St. Thomas Church is located west of Rock Hall on Highway 2A. The majority of the population lives in the extreme southwest of the parish, in the catchment area of Bridgetown. The biggest places there are Welches, Redmans and Arthur's Seat. Shop Hill, White Hill and Edgehill are centrally located in the southwest. Welchman Hall is in the center, Rock Hall in the West and Clifton Hill in the east. The north is sparsely populated.

The parish contains the following major villages: • Arthurs Seat

• Bridgefield

• Clifton Hill

• Dunscombe

• Edgehill

• Hopewell

• Redmans

• Rock Hall

• Shop Hill

• Welchman Hall

• Welches

• White Hill

Smaller villages and hamlets are: • Bagatelle

• Bennetts

• Bibbys Lane

• Bloomsbury

• Blunts

• Canefield

• Carrington

• Christie

• Clifton

• Content

• Dukes

• Endeavour

• Farmers

• Fisherpond

• Highclere

• Lion Castle

• Mount Misery

• Mount Wilton

• Porey Spring

• Proutes

• Rugby

• Strong Hope

• Walkes Spring

Parishes bordering Saint Thomas

 * Saint Andrew - Northeast
 * Saint George - Southeast
 * Saint James - West
 * Saint Joseph - East
 * Saint Michael - Southwest

Education
In 1997, the Government of Barbados under the Ministry of Education in an attempt to create more spaces for the increase in entrants into secondary schools, opened the St. Thomas Secondary School, the precursor of the Lester Vaughan Secondary School, named after a distinguished Barbadian who assisted in the transformation of the educational sector as well as wrote the National Pledge of Barbados. To date, the Lester Vaughan School is the youngest secondary school and one of the most technologically advanced in the island.

The Barbados Association for Children With Intellectual Challenges operates the Challenor School for both children and adults with mental retardation.

Places of interest

 * Clifton Hill Moravian Church
 * Sharon Moravian Church
 * Harrison's Cave

title: Saint Thomas, Barbados


text:
Saint Philip, Barbados

Saint Philip is a parish of Barbados at the easternmost end of the island. Saint Philip’s Parish Church was built as the Anglican parish church in 1640.

St. Philip has the largest land area of the 11 parishes of Barbados and has a relatively flat 'close to sea-level' terrain. St. Philip has the largest area of crop cultivation making it locally considered "the country". St. Philip does not have a 'true' city as some other parishes but rather 'areas' and 'villages'. Six Cross Roads is the largest area by virtue of both commercial and residential population and is the central hub for the parish.

Six Cross Roads, or locally known as just Six Roads, is a roundabout and its immediate neighborhood of which six roads converge extended in from the west 'from city' (Bridgetown); north-west toward Four Cross Roads and St. George; north-east toward Bushy Park; east toward Bayfield; south-east toward The Crane; south-west toward Oistins. Though there are a few areas in Barbados known as 'Four Cross Roads' there is only one area known as 'Six Cross Roads'. This parish is home to the only 'dependency' of Barbados called Culpepper Island. This tiny rock in the ocean is used as a feeding ground for sheep but cannot be reached unless by boat or by foot at low tide. The parish of Saint Philip is the main on-shore area of Barbados involved in the local oil industry.

St. Philip is well-known on the local music and entertainment scene for producing entertainers. Well-known calypsonians and performers Red Plastic Bag, John King, Ronnie D. and Lil Rick all hail from this eastern parish. It was also the first parish to have its own carnival - The St. Philip Carnival. A 2020 song by calypsonian Ronnie D called the 'St Philip Anthem' honours the parish.

Populated places
The parish contains the following towns, villages, localities, settlements, communities and hamlets:

• Bayfield

• Bayleys

• Bel Air

• Bentleys

• Blades

• Blades Hill

• Brereton

• Carrington

• Caveland

• Church Village

• Foul Bay

• Four Roads

• Gaskin

• Gemswick

• Kirtons

• Marchfield

• Saint Martins

• Sam Lords

• Six Cross Roads

• Ragged Point

• Sunbury

• The Crane

• Three Houses

• Woodbourne

• Workhall

• Rices

• Ruby

Places of interest

 * Bayleys Plantation
 * Bottom Bay
 * Bushy Park Circuit
 * Crane Beach
 * Foursquare Rum Distillery
 * King George V Memorial Park
 * Ragged Point Lighthouse
 * Sam Lord's Castle and Beach
 * St. Philip Parish Church
 * Skeete's Bay
 * Sunbury Plantation
 * Three Houses Park
 * Saint Martins Church

Parishes bordering Saint Philip

 * Saint George - North-West
 * Saint John - North
 * Christ Church - West

title: Saint Philip, Barbados


text:
Colloquy (software)

Colloquy is an open-source IRC, SILC, ICB and XMPP client for Mac OS X. Colloquy uses its own core, known as Chat Core, although in the past it used Irssi as its IRC protocol engine. One of the primary goals behind Colloquy was to create an IRC, SILC and ICB client with Mac OS X visuals. Colloquy contains a user interface that follows Apple's Human interface guidelines in addition to containing support for traditional IRC command-line controls such as /nick and /join.

An official app for iOS was released and features support for all IRC commands, a built-in browser, push notifications and other features.

Features
Colloquy supports a variety of different text modifications. One text manipulation supported by Colloquy is the use of colors as used by mIRC; with the primary colors being: White, Black, Navy, Forest, Red, Maroon, Purple, Orange, Yellow, Green, Teal, Cyan, Blue, Magenta, Grey, and Ash. Additionally, Colloquy supports formatting text with underlining, italics, bold, and outline.

Colloquy supports scripting in languages such as AppleScript, F-Script, JavaScript, Objective-C and Python. Colloquy shows changes such as mode changes, ban sets, etc. in a human-readable format, rather than showing raw modes.

Plugins and customizability
Colloquy is built on Apple's WebKit engine and supports customizable message views called "styles" using a combination of XSLT, HTML, CSS and JavaScript. These act like themes, altering the way the application displays chat sessions. The software also supports a wide array of plugins that enable customization of the application and integration with other aspects of the Mac OS X environment.

The Colloquy Web Interface plugin allows monitoring of the Colloguy desktop IRC connection from an iPhone's Safari browser, or any web browser.

Reception
Both the desktop client and the mobile (iPhone) client have received positive reviews. The desktop client was selected as a Pick of the Week on MacOSXHints.com.

The Colloquy iPhone app was favorably reviewed on Ars Technica, The Unofficial Apple Weblog, GigaOM, and AppleInsider.

title: Colloquy (software)


text:
Vienna Festival

The Wiener Festwochen (Vienna Festival) is a cultural festival in Vienna that takes place every year for five or six weeks in May and June. The Wiener Festwochen was established in 1951, when Vienna was still occupied by the four Allies.

The opening of the Wiener Festwochen is an open-air event with free admission held in the square in front of Vienna’s City Hall.

Each year the festival attracts about 180,000 visitors.

Directors
Directors of the festival include:
 * 1951–1958: Adolph Ario
 * 1959: Rudolf Gamsjäger
 * 1960–1964: Egon Hilbert
 * 1964–1977: Ulrich Baumgartner
 * 1978–1979: Gerhard Freund
 * 1980–1984: Helmut Zilk
 * 1984–1991: Ursula Pasterk
 * 1991–1996: Klaus Bachler
 * 1997–2001: Luc Bondy / Klaus-Peter Kehr / Hortensia Völckers
 * 2002–2013: Luc Bondy
 * 2014–2016: Markus Hinterhäuser
 * 2017–2021: Tomas Zierhofer-Kin
 * 2019–present: Christophe Slagmuylder, whose term ends in 2024

title: Vienna Festival


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West Coast District Municipality

The West Coast District Municipality (Weskus-distriksmunisipaliteit; uMasipala weSithili soNxweme oluseNtshona) is a district municipality located in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Its municipality code is DC1. Moorreesburg is the seat of the district. As of 2011, it had a total population of 391,766.

Geography
The municipality, which covers an area of 31119 km2, lies along the Atlantic coast of the Western Cape, extending approximately 350 km from north to south. It includes the coastal plain and is generally bounded on the east by the mountains of the escarpment, though in the case of the Cederberg mountains the border passes further to the east, along the Doring River, so that the mountains are included in the municipal area. The principal rivers in the area are the Berg River, which drains the southern part of the municipality, and the Olifants River, which drains the Cederberg and the northern part of the municipality.

The southernmost part of the district, adjacent to Cape Town, is known as the Swartland and is primarily a grain-farming area. The Berg River flows across the Swartland from its sources in the Boland mountains. On the coast west of the Swartland is the Cape Columbine peninsula, with a number of coastal holiday resorts as well as the ore-export harbour at Saldanha Bay. On the north the Swartland is bounded by mountains which separate it from the Olifants River Valley.

The upper valley of the Olifants is predominantly a citrus-farming region. The Cederberg mountains, much of which are a protected wilderness area, rise from the eastern bank of the river, while along the coast to the west are fishing and holiday villages. The Olifants river continues northwards until, on the edge of the Knersvlakte, it turns west towards the Atlantic. In the lower valley there is a narrow strip of lush agricultural land irrigated by the river's water. The Knersvlakte, which is part of the arid Namaqualand region, forms the northernmost part of the district.

The largest towns in the district are Vredenburg and Saldanha on the Cape Columbine peninsula, Malmesbury in the Swartland, and Vredendal in the Olifants River Valley. The district is divided into five local municipalities which are described in the following table.

The district borders to the north and northeast on the Namakwa District Municipality in the Northern Cape province, to the southeast on the Cape Winelands District Municipality, and to the south on the City of Cape Town.

Demographics
The following statistics are from the 2011 Census. Note that due to fuzzing applied to statistics, columns may not sum to exactly the indicated total.

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Politics
The council of the West Coast District Municipality consists of twenty-five councillors, of whom ten are directly elected by party-list proportional representation. The other fifteen councillors are appointed by the councils of the five local municipalities in the district: Saldanha Bay appoints five, Swartland appoints four, and Matzikama, Cederberg and Bergrivier appoint two each. After the elections of 3 August 2016 there are sixteen councillors from the Democratic Alliance (DA) and nine from the African National Congress (ANC).

The following table shows the composition of the council after the 2016 election.

The following table shows the results of the election of the ten directly-elected councillors.

Mayors

 * Harold Cleophas (2011;present)
 * Rene Kitshoff (2008–2011)
 * Jacob Botha (2005–2008)
 * Hendrik Potgieter (-2005)

title: West Coast District Municipality


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Bitou Local Municipality

Bitou Municipality (Bitou Munisipaliteit; uMasipala wase Bitou), formerly known as Plettenberg Bay Municipality, is a local municipality within the Garden Route District Municipality, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Its municipality code is WC047.

Geography
The municipality covers an area of 992 km2 between the Indian Ocean and the Tsitsikamma Mountains around the town of Plettenberg Bay. It is the easternmost municipality on the coast of the Western Cape, with its eastern edge at the Bloukrans River forming the border with the Eastern Cape. It abuts on the Knysna Municipality to the west, the George Municipality to the northwest, and the Kou-Kamma Municipality to the east.

According to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 49,162 people in 16,645 households. Of this population, 45.2% describe themselves as "Black African", 31.2% as "Coloured", and 16.9% as "White". The first language of 43.4% of the population is Afrikaans, while 38.0% speak Xhosa and 13.3% speak English.

A majority of residents of the municipality live in the town of Plettenberg Bay, which in 2011 had a population of 31,804. On the other side of the Keurbooms River mouth from Plettenberg Bay is the coastal resort of Keurboomstrand (pop. 475), while the resort of Nature's Valley (pop. 460) is situated further east at the mouth of the Groot River. The Griqua settlement of Kranshoek (pop. 5,597) is situated west of Plettenberg Bay. In the interior of the municipality are villages at Kurland (pop. 4,033) and Wittedrif (pop. 1,822).

History
At the end of the apartheid era, the area that is today the Bitou Municipality formed part of the South Cape Regional Services Council (RSC). The town of Plettenberg Bay was governed by a municipal council elected by the white residents while the coloured residents of New Horizons were governed by a management committee subordinate to the white council. The village of Kurland was also governed by a management committee, while the Griqua settlement at Kranshoek was governed by a board of management. The villages of Wittedrif, Keurboomstrand and Nature's Valley were governed by local councils.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As a result of these negotiations, the existing local authorities were dissolved and the Greater Plettenberg Bay Transitional Local Council (TLC) was established to replace all of them in December 1994.

The TLC was initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At the time of these elections the South Cape District Council was established in place of the South Cape RSC, and transitional representative councils (TRCs) were elected to represent rural areas outside the TLCs on the District Council. The area that was to become Bitou Municipality included a part of the Outeniqua TRC.

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved and the Plettenberg Bay Municipality was established as a single local authority. At the same election the South Cape District Council was dissolved and replaced by the Eden District Municipality. In 2003 the Plettenberg Bay Municipality was renamed the Bitou Municipality.

Politics
The municipal council consists of thirteen members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Seven councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in seven wards, while the remaining six are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 18 May 2011 no party obtained a majority; the Democratic Alliance (DA) and the African National Congress (ANC) won six seats each, with the remaining seat going to the Congress of the People (COPE). The DA and COPE formed a coalition to govern the municipality.

The DA won a ward from the ANC in a by-election held in 2014, and governed Bitou alone with an outright majority of seats on the council.

A hung council was elected following the 2016 municipal elections, with the DA and ANC each winning six seats, and the final seat going to the Active United Front (AUF). The AUF chose to join forces with the ANC. However, six months later, in April 2017, the AUF announced that the partnership had fallen apart because the ANC had frustrated attempts to establish clean administration, had failed to commit resources to address problems, had not implemented the coalition agreement, and had not signed the agreed-upon service delivery plan. The DA and AUF negotiated for a month, following which the DA gained control of the municipality. The relationship between the DA and AUF quickly sourced and the AUF was back with the ANC a year later. In April 2021, AUF mayor Peter Lobese was ousted in a motion of no confidence and deputy mayor Sandiso Gcabayi of the ANC became acting mayor. DA Caucus Leader Bill Nel was elected mayor in May 2021, toppling the ANC-led coalition. The ANC then challenged the election of Bill Nel and the Western Cape High Court declared his election null and void and declared that a new mayor should be elected on 8 June. However, on 8 June, this did not happen. ANC speaker Euan Wildeman suspended Lobese, which made ineligible to cast a vote for mayor, leading to a split vote between the DA's Nel and the ANC's Gcabayi. The DA then approached the High Court, requesting that Lobese's suspension be declared unlawful. the High Court sided with the DA and declared Lobese's unlawful, which made it null and void. The High Court also ordered the speaker to convene a council meeting for 9 July. The meeting was then delayed as the ANC councillors appealed the High Court's decision. On 10 September, the High Court overturned its initial decision to declare the suspension of Lobese's council membership unlawful.

In the November 2021 local government elections, a hung council was once again elected. The DA won five out of the thirteen seats, the ANC won four, the Ikhwezi Political Movement (IPM), the Patriotic Alliance (PA), the PDC and the Active United Front (AUF) all won one seat. The DA then formed a coalition with the PDC and AUF to govern the municipality with the DA mayoral candidate, Dave Swart, voted in as mayor.

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

title: Bitou Local Municipality


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Timeline of economic developments

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:46, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Timeline of economic developments
del as way too general. martha stuart conviction as "economic development" cornerstone, great! Mikkalai 06:02, 20 Feb 2005
 * Delete, the page has no content of consequence, and though a timeline of economic development may be an encyclopedic article, this page is not--nixie 12:37, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.