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The Apprentice: Martha Stewart

The Apprentice: Martha Stewart is an American reality television series broadcast by NBC. Hosted by businesswoman Martha Stewart, the series premiered on September 21, 2005, and concluded with its thirteenth episode on December 21, 2005.

Tasks were centered on Stewart's areas of expertise: media, culinary arts, entertaining, decorating, crafts, design, merchandising, and style. The tone of the show was somewhat muted compared to the original, as Stewart brought her own sensibilities to the elimination process, often simply saying goodbye, in contrast to original series host Donald Trump's catchphrase: "You're fired." She also wrote a cordial letter to the candidate who was fired; many times she took subtle jabs at the fired candidate and gave frank reasons for why the candidate did not succeed on the show. Several segments featuring Stewart were filmed at her home in Bedford, New York because at the time, she was serving the five-month house arrest portion of her ImClone scandal conviction.

Donald Trump, Mark Burnett and Jay Bienstock executive produced the show. Businessman Charles Koppelman and Stewart's daughter, Alexis Stewart accompanied the two teams during tasks and reported their observations to Stewart in the boardroom.

The two teams, Matchstick and Primarius, competed in 11 challenges. Overall, Primarius won eight, while Matchstick (candidates were reshuffled after Matchstick lost several times in a row) won only three.

The show's theme song is "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" by Eurythmics. The logo is a businesswoman in a dress running with a bag instead of a businessman running with a briefcase. The background music is written by David Vanacore, Mark T, Williams, and Jeff Lippencott.

Despite the fairly big initial hype, ratings for the spin-off were relatively weak. This show averaged only 7 million viewers, and garnered a mediocre 2.5 average in the very important demographic of 18- to 49-year-old viewers. However, this program aired against very tough competition, including ABC's massive hit Lost. After the second episode, the show was moved from the 8 p.m. time slot to the 9 p.m. slot, and in spite of facing Lost, saw a slight increase in ratings.

There have been numerous rumors thrown out as to why the show failed, including: "too much" Martha Stewart (her Martha daytime program and this prime time program), confusion between this version and Trump's version which airs the day after (on Thursday nights), apathy over reality shows in general, NBC's declining fortunes, fatigue with the Apprentice franchise itself, and weak casting, although some felt the cast was superior to Apprentice 4, which ran concurrently. Trump blamed the Martha series for the declining ratings of his own version, even though the ratings for his show began to fall over a year before Martha's version premiered. Stewart responded in turn that she was supposed to have "fired" Trump in the premiere episode, making her a successor to Trump rather than the host of a spinoff. In mid-November 2005, NBC announced that it would not bring back the show for a second season, although the network and Stewart claimed that the show was initially planned as a one-season endeavor.

Within a few years of the end of the series, three of the top runners-up (Bethenny, Marcela, and Leslie) were participating in other television ventures, with second-place finisher Bethenny Frankel parlaying her fame from the inaugural cast The Real Housewives of New York City into further reality shows, television hosting, books, and a successful business, Skinnygirl Cocktails. Fourth-place finisher Ryan Danz appeared on the 21st season of The Amazing Race alongside his girlfriend Abbie Ginsberg. They finished in 5th place. A third contestant, Shawn Killinger, would go on to be a popular on air host at QVC.

Weekly results

 * The candidate was hired and won the competition
 * The candidate won as project manager on his/her team
 * The candidate lost as project manager on his/her team
 * The candidate was on the winning team for this task / they passed the Interviews stage.
 * The candidate was on the losing team for this task.
 * The candidate was brought to the final boardroom
 * The candidate was sent home or fired
 * The candidate lost as project manager and was sent home or fired

Week 1: Once Upon a Time and Dream

 * Airdate: September 21, 2005
 * Hosting Company: Random House
 * Pre-task: After being shown to the converted loft that would serve as the candidates' accommodation, the group was instructed to divide itself into two teams of eight. Since the gender split was 10–6 in favor of the women, the teams could not be divided along gender lines as was usually done on the original show, and the candidates eventually organized themselves into a "business" team (Primarius) and a "creative" team (Matchstick).
 * Project: Teams had to design and write a children's book and read it to a group of first graders.
 * Primarius project manager: Dawna
 * Matchstick project manager: Jeff
 * Winning team: Primarius
 * Reasons for win: Their book was entertaining, age-appropriate and near-unanimously preferred by the first graders, as well as Martha and the Random House executives.
 * Primarius's reward: A Japanese dinner with Martha
 * Losing team: Matchstick
 * Reasons for loss: Though the story was fairly well-written and the illustration work was praised, the usage of rhyming verse was felt to have misfired badly, and the book was agreed to have been targeted at the wrong age range. The Random House executives said it would be more appropriate for fourth graders than first.
 * Sent to Conference Room: Jeff, Dawn, Jim
 * Eliminated: Jeff Rudell, for taking over the entire project and not listening to his teammates. While Dawn was sharply criticised for bailing out of her original task of writing the book, Martha decided that since Jeff had decided to take on virtually the whole task after that happened, he deserved total blame for the loss.
 * Dismissal comment: "You just don't fit in."
 * Martha's letter: "Dear Jeffrey, I'm sorry that you are the first to go. Not to fail, but rather, not to fully succeed. You entered this serious endeavour, knowing that someone would have to leave after the first task. Unfortunately, it is you. Personally, it is hard to make such a judgement call. But it is part of this interview process. Good luck, travel safely, it was great to meet you."

Week 2: Business is Blooming

 * Airdate: September 28, 2005
 * Hosting Company: Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia
 * Project: Teams had to sell flowers in high-end floral shops.
 * Primarius project manager: Carrie
 * Matchstick project manager: Chuck
 * Winning team: Primarius
 * Reasons for win: The team hired a professional arranger to set up their shop. Despite trouble caused by the initially high prices, they ultimately managed to sell most of their stock after reducing their prices. Primarius made a profit of $1,866.
 * Primarius's reward: Volunteering with New York Cares (New York City's leading volunteer organization - www.nycares.org) to create a garden for a Community Center in the Chelsea neighborhood
 * Losing team: Matchstick
 * Reasons for loss: Their mass-marketing strategy did not pay off, and they didn't sell nearly enough flowers to have a chance of victory. While their shop was well-decorated, their promotional scheme had a terrible idea of hiring the women selling flowers not only with their Dutch tacky outfits, but they were stood in the wrong corner of the street. They only had a profit of $969.
 * Sent to Conference Room: Chuck, Jim, Dawn
 * Eliminated: Chuck Soldano, for poor leadership, threatening to quit during the task, and for essentially admitting that Martha should send him home.
 * Dismissal comment: "I wish you good luck and good-bye."
 * Martha's letter: "Dear Chuck, in a business like Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, teams work in unison toward a common goal: success. The project can be simple or complex, but the team makes it happen. There was no team-work here, and little leadership. I think you are creative, but easily flustered in a confusing situation. It is better that you leave now and concentrate on your strengths."
 * Special notes:
 * After being unable to control the team early in the task, Chuck attempted to quit both as project manager and from the show itself, which caused Jim to give him a pep talk and persuade him to continue. In the initial meeting with Martha, Chuck admitted early on that he was the most at fault for the loss and probably the person who should be sent home, though he made it clear that he didn't intend to actually quit.
 * There was an ugly dispute between Dawn and Jim during the task, which led to Chuck deciding to bring them into the Conference Room. Martha indicated that Bethenny and Shawn should have been brought back instead since they were responsible for the unsuccessful promotional scheme, though given Chuck's evident lack of desire to remain in the competition this may have been a deliberate choice on his part.
 * Following Chuck's dismissal, Martha warned Dawn and Jim that she could have easily sent either one (or both) of them home had it not been for Chuck declining to make any argument as to why he should stay, and that she expected more of them in the future.

Week 3: Bake It 'Til You Make It

 * Airdate: October 5, 2005
 * Hosting Company: Michael C. Fina
 * Project: Teams had to design and sell a wedding cake.
 * Primarius project manager: Howie
 * Matchstick project manager: David
 * Winning team: Primarius
 * Reasons for win: Their simple but elegant design appealed to potential customers at the wedding expo, and they sold five cakes for a total profit of $3,658.
 * Primarius's reward: Dinner at Jean-George with Donald and Melania Trump
 * Losing team: Matchstick
 * Reasons for loss: Their unorthodox design with pink bows and an asymmetrical shape proved very difficult to sell, and ultimately ended with the team failing to sell a single cake, and needless to say, making no money whatsoever.
 * Sent to Conference Room: All of Matchstick. David initially wanted to bring back Dawn and Marcela, but Martha decided to override his decision and had the remaining team-members return to the Conference Room. Martha did not see Dawn as being responsible at all, and while she felt Marcela deserved some of the blame for her design decisions, she saw the sales team of Jim, Bethenny and Shawn as being more directly at fault.
 * Eliminated: Shawn Killinger, for making no sales and for telling Charles that she deserved to be fired if her team lost. Martha was also unhappy with Shawn's "fake it 'til you make it" remark during the task and felt that Shawn wasn't in the process for the right reasons.
 * Dismissal comment: "I wish you well, but I'm going to have to say goodbye."
 * Martha's letter: "Dear Shawn, tonight I know was difficult for you. You have a career in television, and you can develop your talent in the medium very well. You look good, you speak well, and you certainly are talkative. The culture at MSLO is very complex, and I want to express that what we do here has to be thorough, through and through. Beautiful from the inside-out, just like the wedding cake. You, as you build your career, will find your business lesson to be valid and true."
 * Special notes:
 * Jim's wife gave birth to their second child during the course of the task. Jim speaks to her over the phone several times over the two days.
 * Martha expressed disappointment that the creative-minded Matchstick had not only lost three tasks in a row but hadn't even come close to defeating the corporate-focused Primarius in any of the tasks.
 * Following her dismissal, Martha expressed doubts that Shawn had ever had any real interest in becoming a business executive, and felt she was more interested in the fame that would go with starring in the show.

Week 4: Sweet Suite

 * Airdate: October 12, 2005
 * Hosting Company: Westin Hotels
 * Project: Teams had to create a fantasy suite in a Westin Hotel.
 * Primarius project manager: Amanda
 * Matchstick project manager: Leslie
 * Winning team: Primarius
 * Reasons for win: While the deciding factor was ultimately Matchstick's failure to finish their own room, the Westin executives and the focus group really liked the touches in Primarius's suite.
 * Primarius's reward: Enjoying the hotel suite that they had finished, with a surprise visit from Martha.
 * Losing team: Matchstick
 * Reasons for loss: The executives really liked their theme, but the room was left unfinished. This was due to their sofa not arriving on time, which ultimately cost them the victory. Leslie and Bethenny blamed each other for this, with Leslie saying it was Bethenny's responsibility to order the furniture, and Bethenny accusing Leslie of taking too long to come up with a concept on the first day, causing the entire project to be rushed.
 * Sent to Conference Room: Leslie, Dawn, Bethenny
 * Firing verdict: As Leslie and Bethenny argued against each other over the sofa issue, Dawn spoke up and criticized Leslie's design decisions. Leslie angrily demanded to know why Dawn hadn't given her this feedback during the task, and Bethenny in turn called Dawn out for her lackluster efforts. While Dawn argued she did not make any critical mistakes that contributed to her team's four losses, Martha felt Dawn did nothing of significance to prevent them from losing.
 * Eliminated: Dawn Silvia, for being brought back to the Conference Room four times in a row due to her awful attitude and work ethic, along with making a variety of excuses for being a poor contributor.
 * Dismissal comment: "You don't seem to be functioning as a member of the team, you are just not effective. So Dawn, I'll say goodbye."
 * Martha's letter: "Dear Dawn, I'm sorry that you must leave the team Matchstick. But after four losses, it is clear that you are not making significant contributions to the group, and really don't fit the ideal of a real employee of MSLO. We certainly want you to succeed, and we wish you well. Good luck and have a good trip home."
 * Special note:
 * Due to Matchstick being three members down and no clear leader emerging in the group, Martha asked for a volunteer to move over from Primarius and lead the team, which Leslie volunteered to do.
 * In the Conference Room, Leslie repeatedly claimed that Matchstick would have won if the sofas had arrived on time. Martha pointed out that firstly that argument was irrelevant since Matchstick didn't win, and secondly that Leslie couldn't make that claim when she hadn't seen Primarius's suite.
 * Martha was disturbed by Matchstick's four straight losses and commented that she wanted them to succeed and that she would have do a reshuffling of epic proportions.

Week 5: Mixed Greens

 * Airdate: October 19, 2005
 * Hosting Company: Wishbone
 * Project: Teams had to create a salad dressing and sell it at a Stew Leonard's supermarket.
 * Primarius project manager: Jennifer
 * Matchstick project manager: Ryan
 * Winning team: Matchstick
 * Reasons for win: The team managed to sell almost their entire stock and won by just $20. Matchstick sold 453 bottles of $1,580.97 in profit.
 * Matchstick's reward: A trip on a Schooner around New York City.
 * Losing team: Primarius
 * Reasons for loss: Despite a higher price, they sold 50 bottles less than Matchstick. Jennifer struggled to control her team and Jim's lewd remarks nearly got their display shut down altogether. Primarius only sold 391 bottles of $1,560.09 in profit.
 * Sent to Conference Room: Jennifer, Jim
 * Eliminated: Jennifer Le, for her weak leadership and for not taking Jim off the task after his misconduct. Martha also found it hard to believe that a prosecutor would be scared of someone working for her.
 * Dismissal comment: "It's kind of obvious that you can't defend yourself. Jennifer, you're just not working for me."
 * Martha's letter: "Dear Jennifer, thank you for being an Apprentice candidate. I hope you found it an interesting diversion from your regular job. We're sorry that it didn't work out."
 * Special notes:
 * In the prologue, Martha requested both teams to report back to the Conference Room. Martha asked Primarius who has not yet been a project leader. Martha selects Ryan to lead Matchstick and Jennifer was asked to lead Primarius. As Martha was discouraged that Matchstick had heavily lost four tasks in a row, she decided to reshuffle the teams. Ryan selects Dawna, Amanda, Leslie, David, and Marcela for Matchstick. Jennifer selects Howie, Sarah, Carrie, Bethenny, and Jim for Primarius.
 * Officially Amanda, Dawna, and Ryan are transferred to Matchstick. Bethenny and Jim are transferred to Primarius.
 * Sarah, Carrie, Howie, and Jennifer are still in their original team Primarius and David, Leslie, and Marcela are still in Matchstick.
 * Matchstick wins for the first time in the series, putting David and Marcela on the winning team for the first (and in David's case, only) time.
 * This is the first time a two-person boardroom takes place and it is the first time Martha chooses the final boardroom candidates instead of the project manager.
 * After Jennifer left, Charles and Alexis admitted they couldn't even remember what she'd done during any of the prior tasks. Consequently, Martha's letter to Jennifer ended up being by far the shortest one given to a departing candidate this season and said little beyond wishing her well in the future.
 * Wishbone debuted a new television commercial during this episode, featuring Charles and Alexis eating Wishbone salad dressing. In the ad, Alexis jokingly whispers to Charles that they can't let her mother know they're eating Wishbone dressing.

Week 6: Every Dog Has His Day

 * Airdate: October 26, 2005
 * Hosting Company: Purina Beneful
 * Project: Teams had to create an auction package with various celebrities and then raise the most money during the auction.
 * Primarius project manager: Jim
 * Matchstick project manager: Marcela
 * Winning team: Primarius
 * Reasons for win: Their celebrity experiences sold for generally very high prices. Primarius's revenue was $44,100.
 * Primarius's reward: No reward, as this was a charity event.
 * Losing team: Matchstick
 * Reasons for loss: Despite the exceptionally high final bid for their Fran Drescher experience (which nearly won them the task single-handedly), their other items sold for much lower average prices than those of Primarius. Matchstick's revenue was $40,350.
 * Martha's thoughts: When asked who should be eliminated, half of them called out Marcela for being a weak PM and not making a single contribution to the negotiations, while the other half called out David for not only not contributing to the negotiations, but being young & inexperienced. Martha had enough evidence to claim David & Marcela as the weakest players on the team, and requested both to be sent back to the Conference Room.
 * Sent to Conference Room: Marcela, David
 * Eliminated: David Karandish, for not contributing a lot on the task and for being too young and inexperienced. Martha could have eliminated Marcela for not only being a weak PM, but not actually taking the negotiations correctly. But in the end, David was sent home for being ineffective in the negotiations with Merv Griffin and for playing safe on all the tasks he performed, including a weak self-defense on why he's well-suited to be in the process than Marcela.
 * Dismissal comment: "Right now, I think you need a little more experience. You're not ready for an executive position. Good-bye."
 * Martha's letter: "Dear David, thank you for your effort and your good-natured smile. I'm afraid that for this position, you really need some more business experience. If and when you are ready to talk internet to my internet department, we'd love to accommodate you. I admire your entrepreneurial spirit, and I know you will be successful."
 * Special notes:
 * Matchstick's celebrities included Chad Pennington, Fran Drescher, Bruce Vilanch, Jordan Allard, and Merv Griffin.
 * Primarius' celebrities included Paul & Amanda Sorvino, Susan Lucci, John Lithgow & Joanna Gleason, and Todd Oldham.
 * Martha once again chooses the boardroom candidates.
 * This was Bethenny and Jim's first win. All other candidates who were still in the game had at least one win.
 * The charity auction was first used on the sixth episode of The Apprentice season 1.
 * In her closing letter to David, Martha asked him to keep in touch with her. While she did not consider him executive material, she said that she was impressed by the ideas he had for her website, and indicated that she might be able to give him a different role at her company in the future.

Week 7: Swimming Against the Tide

 * Airdate: November 2, 2005
 * Hosting Company: Tide
 * Project: Teams had to create a live/performing billboard showcasing the new Tide to Go pen.
 * Primarius project manager: Sarah
 * Matchstick project manager: Dawna
 * Winning team: Matchstick
 * Reasons for win: Guest judge Peter Arnell really loved Matchstick's concept of creating a boxing-themed character for the live billboard, feeling that the character was well-developed enough that Tide could have immediately employed it in their actual campaign.
 * Matchstick's reward: Breakfast at Martha Stewart's home in Bedford with Peter Arnell.
 * Losing team: Primarius
 * Reasons for loss: Sarah did not pay attention to the task briefing and instead treated their event primarily as a promotional give-away, not giving any real thought to the live billboard performance until about an hour beforehand. As a result, the event consisted of nothing more than the team repeatedly chanting "It's time for Tide to Go!" on their mobile stage with a bunch of street performers performing wholly unrelated acts. Peter called this the "most pathetic" display he had ever seen, noting that it was the kind of presentation that could instantly destroy the reputation of a company, and whoever commissioned it.
 * Sent to Conference Room: Initially, all of Primarius were recalled to the Conference Room because of the massive failure of the task. However, Martha asked Sarah who she would send back to the apartment, and she selected Jim, who it was generally agreed had been the most effective member of the team. This leaves Sarah, Carrie, Bethenny, and Howie for the Final Conference Room.
 * Eliminated:
 * Sarah Brennan, for her lousy leadership ability, inability to control her team, especially considering that she was an event planner by profession, and for repeatedly ignoring the suggestions of her teammates despite not having any strong ideas herself.
 * Carrie Gugger, for being Sarah's second-in-command, for also failing to come up with a strategy despite her creative background, and for having gone under the radar since winning as project manager on the second task. While Martha held Sarah to be primarily accountable for the loss, she decided to also eliminate Carrie as punishment for the disastrous failure of the task.
 * Dismissal comment: "Sarah, Carrie... neither one of you fit in."
 * Martha's letter (to Sarah): "Dear Sarah, I think if you work on your leadership skills, you can have a very successful career. You're young, appealing, attractive, and smart. I look forward to hearing about your next steps in the world of business."
 * Martha's letter (to Carrie): "Dear Carrie, it was a difficult decision to choose you over your team-mates. But I think you and Sarah both failed your team in leadership and especially ideas. I wish you well, and hope you focus on a career which uses your other considerable talents."
 * Special notes:
 * Martha eliminates two people for the first time in the history of the show.
 * This is the third occurrence of more than one person being fired or sent home on the Apprentice series. The first was Maria and Wes in the second season of Donald Trump's Apprentice. The second had ironically occurred the previous week when Josh, Jennifer M., James and Mark were all fired for mass incompetence in the worst managed task in the history of Trump's show. A few weeks later, once again on Trump's Apprentice, Trump fired Brian and Marshawn, and then a few weeks after that, Trump fired Felisha and Alla.
 * Martha thought that Primarius had the worst failure of this task of this history of this show. The previews for the episode had featured Ryan (of Matchstick) in spandex as superhero "Tide-to-Go Joe", mock-punching Marcela (dressed up as a ketchup stain), thus leading many viewers to assume that Matchstick failed miserably. As it turned out, Peter Arnell loved Matchstick's presentation.
 * Dawna is the first person to be project manager twice, as well as the first to win twice.
 * Tide debuted a new television commercial during the episode, featuring a drill sergeant brandishing the Tide-to-Go pen and offering a contest for free tickets to The Apprentice: Martha Stewart live finale.
 * Howie actually had the idea to do a boxing-related campaign as well, but Sarah ignored his suggestion, despite not having any other ideas at all by that point. Sarah and Carrie agreed to gang up on Howie in the Conference Room, but this tactic backfired when Charles reminded them that they had repeatedly shrugged off the ideas that he and Bethenny presented.
 * According to Martha, the whole team except Jim did a lousy job on this task. She did give a little credit to Bethenny and Howie, for at least trying to come up with ideas despite being blocked at every turn by Sarah, but warned them that she expected them both to step up and make a strong effort in the next task.

Week 8: Don't Touch That Dial

 * Airdate: November 9, 2005
 * Hosting Company: QVC
 * Project: Teams had to sell items on QVC. Matchstick sold a Self-Retracting Hose and Primarius sold the Bonnaire cordless self inflater.
 * Primarius project manager: Bethenny
 * Matchstick project manager: Ryan
 * Winning team: Matchstick
 * Reasons for win: While they sold fewer units, they got a higher price and a total profit of $14,295.71.
 * Matchstick's reward: A helicopter ride to East Hampton and a tour of one of Martha Stewart's homes with Kevin Sharkey.
 * Losing team: Primarius
 * Reasons for loss: Although they sold more units than Matchstick, they struggled on their sales pitch on QVC. Jim had a good sales pitch, but kept talking over Dawna and didn't look at the camera. Much of this was blamed on Howie, who did a last minute swap with Jim in the directors' role, leaving both the men completely unprepared for their new positions. They ended up with total sales of $11,911.48.
 * Sent to Conference Room: Bethenny, Jim, Howie
 * Martha's thoughts: Martha questioned Bethenny's leadership quality in that she was unable to control her team. Bethenny sensed weakness that she recognized her liability. Martha was also concerned about Howie's contributions in this task and felt that he did not push his full passion throughout the entire process.
 * Eliminated: Howie Greenspan, for not putting enough effort into his original co-hosting role with Dawna, which led to his last-minute swap with Jim and ultimately caused the task to fail.
 * Dismissal comment: "Howie, I just don't get what you would do in our kind of company."
 * Martha's letter: "Dear Howie, I know you are successful, and I think that if you do put the effort into your own, home-started business with your wife, it will burgeon and grow. You are proud of your customer base; continue to service it, and you will reap great rewards."
 * Special notes:
 * Due to having the best performance record, Dawna is transferred back to Primarius because Matchstick has 5 players and Primarius has 3 players. Martha decided that the remaining players on Primarius needed help from a strong candidate due to the magnitude of the previous task's failure.
 * There was tension between Dawna and her new teammates throughout the task, after an incident early on she openly accused them of spending too much time goofing around and suggested that was why the team kept losing. Despite the other Primarius members in turn accusing her of being stiff and humorless, Dawna ultimately felt vindicated by the result, as Howie's failure to make a serious effort on the first day ended up derailing the task.
 * After letting Dawna go, Bethenny said that she had made a mistake and felt that she should have brought Dawna back instead of Jim, but Martha told her it was irrelevant, as she wouldn't even have considered sending Dawna home had she been brought back, and also didn't have any major reason to eliminate Jim since he had at least made an effort on the task.
 * The QVC task was first seen in The Apprentice season 2 episode 5.
 * Ads for this episode zeroed in on Jim, calling him "the male Omarosa", a reference to controversial Apprentice personality Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth.

Week 9: The Coffee Achievers

 * Airdate: November 16, 2005
 * Hosting Company: Tassimo
 * Project: Teams had to sell the Tassimo Coffee Maker.
 * Primarius project manager: Jim
 * Matchstick project manager: Marcela
 * Winning team: Primarius
 * Reasons for win: Despite a slow start, their sales eventually picked up after a strong push by the promotional company that Dawna hired. The three remaining team members also proved very effective at selling the coffee makers. Primarius sold 36 coffee units for a total revenue of $6,621.
 * Primarius' reward: A plane ride to Bar Harbor, Maine and a tour of one of Martha Stewart's homes with her daughter Alexis.
 * Losing team: Matchstick
 * Reasons for loss: Matchtstick showed subpar energy during sales. Marcela overrode Ryan's original plan of a celebrity endorsement from Vincent Pastore in favor of hiring a pastry chef to cook free pastries to go with the sample drinks. All this resulted in was a heavy footflow of people looking for snacks, and less sales. To make things worse, the coffee makers were priced far too high at $299. As a result, they only sold 9 coffee units for $1,891, losing by $4,730.
 * Sent to Conference Room: Marcela, Amanda, Ryan
 * Martha's thoughts: In the Conference Room, Martha, Charles, and Alexis criticized Matchstick for lacking the "fire in the belly" with no chemistry and less teamwork in this task. Amanda effectively sealed her fate early in the conference room when she admitted that she "didn't support" Marcela during the task. She later claimed that what she really meant was that she disagreed with the decisions that Marcela was making, but Martha accused Amanda of backtracking and told her that it was too late to take back her comments, right before sending her home.
 * Eliminated: Amanda Hill, for being disloyal and unhelpful to Marcela, and failing to convince Martha that she was in the competition for the right reasons. Marcela was criticized for (again) being a mediocre PM, little respect to her team (especially when coming up with concepts of the promotional sales) and having no ability to control her team, but Amanda was sent home for not showing Martha that she's a team player.
 * Dismissal comment: "Team-work is one of the most important things, and for that reason, Amanda, I have to say good-bye."
 * Martha's letter: "Dear Amanda, you have certain talents that can be used in many ways. I do think you should focus on those things that interest you. Gardening, marketing, etcetera. I hope you have as much passion for your garden as you expressed. I know it will bring you and your family much joy."
 * Special notes:
 * Jim encouraged Marcela, who had said if she lost as PM twice she would be ready to go home, to fight against Ryan and Amanda because he claimed he was previously in the scapegoat position (although he himself had put Dawn in a scapegoat position in episode 2). In the following episode Jim said that he had been hoping to keep in Marcela at the expense of Ryan, who he viewed as (along with Dawna) his strongest competition, though was happy for Amanda to have gone home.
 * This was the first reward for Bethenny and Jim. Their sole previous task win, the charity auction, had no reward, as Martha felt giving to charity was reward enough.
 * Vincent Pastore, who was mentioned but not seen on this episode due to Marcela vetoing Ryan's plan for him to appear, would later be a contestant on The Celebrity Apprentice, as well as having a cameo in The Celebrity Apprentice 2.

Week 10: A Ridiculous Display

 * Airdate: November 30, 2005
 * Hosting Company: Buick
 * Project: Teams had set up a showroom for the new Buick Lucerne.
 * Primarius project manager: Dawna
 * Matchstick project manager: Leslie
 * Winning team: Primarius
 * Reasons for win: Their showroom was very elegant and professional looking by using an artwork gallery, and having the car as the central piece of the display. As a result, the Buick executives decided to adopt it for showrooms nationwide.
 * Primarius' reward: A dinner at the Four Seasons Hotel with Charles Koppelman, chairman of MSO, and Susan Lyne, president and chief executive officer.
 * Losing team: Matchstick
 * Reasons for loss: Martha and the executives liked Ryan's concept of the car being invited to dinner (showing it was more than just a vehicle, and part of the family), but thought that the execution was awful. The table in the showroom looked more like a bed, and Leslie's editing of the advert Ryan made caused the message to be lost.
 * Sent to Conference Room: Leslie, Ryan, and Marcela
 * Eliminated: Leslie Sanchez, for her bad record as PM of 0–2, her lack of creativity, and her bad execution of Ryan's concept.
 * Dismissal comment: "Thank you, Leslie, but we just don't need you."
 * Martha's letter: "Dear Leslie, you almost made it to the last task. However, your skills would be put to better use in a marketing or consulting company, not MSLO. Focus on what you do best, and I have no doubt that you will continue to be successful."
 * Special notes:
 * With this Primarius victory, Dawna now has three wins as project manager, but more noteworthy is her spotless record. She only has been on a losing team twice, and neither time had she been brought back to the boardroom by the project manager.
 * While Leslie and Marcela initially seemed to agree to gang up on Ryan in the conference room, when Martha actually asked Leslie who should be sent home she replied that it should be Marcela. Marcela felt betrayed, as she specifically avoided bringing Leslie back in the previous episode due to their close friendship, which resulted in a major argument between the two.

Week 11: Final Approach

 * Airdate: December 7, 2005
 * Hosting Company: Song Airlines
 * Project: Teams had create a thirty-second commercial for a $99 Song Airlines flight from New York's JFK to Los Angeles' LAX.
 * Primarius project manager: Bethenny
 * Matchstick project manager: Ryan
 * Winning team: Primarius
 * Reasons for win: Their advert on the whole was very well executed, scoring an average of 4.2 from the focus group. As a result, the executives have decided to run Primarius's advert as a "real spot".
 * Primarius' reward: Horseback riding with Martha Stewart at her Bedford home and a game of Scrabble.
 * Losing team: Matchstick
 * Reasons for loss: Their advert was extremely sloppy, and Ryan completely missed their target demographic, having come up with the concept before even speaking to the executives. Their advert had an average rating of just 2.8 from the surveys.
 * Sent to Conference Room: Ryan and Marcela
 * Eliminated: Both of them, for the following reasons:
 * Ryan Danz, for drinking during the task and producing an ad that was not only extremely poor in quality, but inappropriate for Song Airlines' target audience.
 * Marcela Valladolid, for her bad track record including a bad record as project manager of 0–2 and being on 3 wins and 8 losses, not contributing any ideas toward the advert, and admitting having effectively given up on the competition before the task even began.
 * Dismissal comment: "Neither one of you really fit in."
 * Martha's letter (to Ryan): "Dear Ryan, you have the desire to try new things, and a lot of self-confidence. I think you need more focus, and possibly more education, in business for example. I know you will then be ready for a big challenge."
 * Martha's letter (to Marcela): "Dear Marcela, your passion for food in the Hispanic market in America, and your hard work, are qualities we admire at MSLO. I think you have the makings for a really good food editor, food maker and even television performer."
 * Special notes:
 * This is the second time Martha sent home more than one candidate, six including Trump's multiple-firings throughout the history of The Apprentice.
 * Matchstick is "out of business", as both Marcela and Ryan were the last members of the group. Including Trump's Season 4, in which Capital Edge went out of business following the eliminations of both Felisha and Alla, there have been two instances where a company has been shut down simply because all of the remaining candidates were eliminated.
 * Martha was puzzled as to why Marcela didn't step up as project manager, given that she had failed twice while Ryan had already proved himself as a project manager with two victories. Marcela responded by saying that she thought she would be fired whether she or Ryan led the task and thus didn't see the point in stepping up to manage the team, and this admission was largely responsible for her being sent home.
 * Despite the overwhelmingly negative reaction to Ryan's leadership and the advert that he produced, Charles indicated that he was sorry to see Ryan go, and had seen potential in him earlier in the season.
 * Dawna is the only candidate entering the next task having not been to the final conference room. She leads the series with a corporate record of 9–2, and a PM record of 3–0.
 * This episode aired after Delta Air Lines, which owns and operates Song, announced would eradicate the Song brand name in May 2006, and incorporate its aircraft into Delta's main operations.

Week 12: The Interviews and the Ultimate Task

 * Airdate: December 14, 2005
 * Task: One-on-one interviews with four important executives from Martha Stewart Living, including some the candidates might recognize from their reward dinners.
 * Result: Dawna got near-unanimous praise from all four interviewers with her excellent business & management competency, the only major criticisms being that they felt she was a little too conservative, and was telling them the answers she felt they wanted to hear. Bethenny also got generally very positive comments, and was praised for her energy, creativity and determination, though was criticized of lacking focus. Jim on the other hand got overwhelmingly negative feedback, for his bizarre and at times inappropriate interview responses, terrible attitude, and indirectly admitting that he saw the process as a game rather than a job interview, with all four interviewers agreeing that they would not employ him in any role.
 * Eliminated: Jim Bozzini, for being a loose cannon, treating the entire process as a game, and at the recommendation of the four executives.
 * Dismissal comment: "The game is over, Jim. You are out of here."
 * Martha's letter: "Dear Jim, I know you surprised yourself in this competition. I am proud that you went from a badly-losing team to one of the final three. You certainly surprised many people, finally allowing your creativity to shine, and your lack of focus to diminish. You succeeded where many thought you might fail. My best wishes to your patient family; they will be happy to have you home. I hope to see and hear from you in the future."
 * Final Two: Dawna and Bethenny
 * For the final task, Bethenny and Dawna had to select three of the 14 eliminated candidates since the stakes of the final task is abnormally high
 * Final Project for Bethenny: Hold a Circus event for the Apple & Eve Circus in association with the Boys and Girls Clubs of America
 * Bethenny's Recruits: Ryan, Jim, and Carrie
 * Final Project for Dawna: Liz Claiborne Fashion Show and Charity Event for Safe Horizon (an organization combating domestic violence)
 * Dawna's Recruits: Amanda, Howie, and Sarah
 * Special notes:
 * There are no more teams or project managers—all candidates are now on their own.
 * The one-on-one interviews with the executives has always been an Apprentice Tradition.
 * This competition required an interview week because the remaining candidates went from five to three at the end of week 11, unlike Trump's season 4, which did not require an interview week because the remaining candidates went from four candidates to two at the end of week 11.
 * Martha agreed that the decision to eliminate Jim was so obvious that they didn't even ask him (nor Bethenny or Dawna) to justify staying in the show, and immediately sent him home upon calling the final three into the conference room.
 * After being announced as the final two, Bethenny and Dawna congratulated each other upon returning to the loft, and celebrated their coronation as finalists with champagne.
 * Both finalists also browsed a photo album containing pictures of the fourteen eliminated candidates.
 * Jim, although happy to work with Bethenny, was perplexed as to why she chose Carrie, with whom she argued in episode 7, and Ryan, with whom she never worked. Jim said that Bethenny had no friends and that's why she chose a rather odd group of people.
 * In pure Apprentice tradition, the first part of the final task ended with the final two facing conflicts that could lead to failure. In this case, Dawna thinks Howie could cost her the job, and Bethenny with numerous workers who have no tasks.

Week 13: Decision Time

 * Airdate: December 21, 2005
 * Setting: The studio in which Martha's daytime show, Martha takes place, live in The Apprentice tradition.
 * Pre-Recorded Material: Conclusion of the final tasks
 * Bethenny's circus event was fun and successful, but Bethenny was a bit cold towards her teammates.
 * Bethenny's coldness was especially evident at the end of the task, when she left her teammates without saying much in the way of praise, in stark contrast to Dawna's emotional farewell to her team.
 * Martha was also concerned that Bethenny disregarded her subordinates and had a few rough edges, which jeopardized Bethenny's job application nearing the end of the finale.
 * Dawna's Liz Claiborne fashion show event went smoothly as well
 * The company's main concern was that the event brochures were rushed, after the Liz Claiborne executives made last-minute changes of the clothing-line and the show atmosphere; but ultimately none of Dawna's weaknesses affected her job application.
 * Runner-up: Bethenny Frankel, for showing disrespect to her subordinates, being a show-off, and having excessive need to make physical impressions.
 * Hired: Dawna Stone, for not only her outstanding PM record of 3-0 & track record of 9–2, but mainly her exemplary business experience and her competency in management. (Martha to Dawna: "I would like to offer you the job of being my apprentice.")
 * Dawna's Job: Development Director for MSLO's Body + Soul magazine, based in the Boston suburb of Watertown, Massachusetts.
 * Special notes:
 * The Live Finale was only one hour long (as opposed to two for Donald Trump's Apprentice).
 * At the end of the show, champagne was passed around to the candidates in celebration of Dawna's coronation. However, Martha refused to offer any alcoholic beverage to Dawna herself, since she wanted Dawna to celebrate her coronation driving away in a new Buick Lucerne.
 * As the series began, a possible conflict of interest arose, as Frankel used to be friends with Jennifer Koppelman-Hutt. Hutt is the daughter of Charles Koppelman, and is also Alexis Stewart's partner and co-host on a radio program broadcast through the Sirius Satellite Radio network.  Koppelman and Alexis Stewart served as Martha's "eyes and ears," observing the performance of candidates during various tasks in the competition.

Television syndication

 * The Apprentice: Martha Stewart was shown in the United Kingdom on Discovery Home & Health (part of the Discovery Channel Network) Weekdays at 7pm.

title: The Apprentice: Martha Stewart


text:
Ionization chamber

The ionization chamber is the simplest type of gaseous ionisation detector, and is widely used for the detection and measurement of many types of ionizing radiation, including X-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles and beta particles. Conventionally, the term "ionization chamber" refers exclusively to those detectors which collect all the charges created by direct ionization within the gas through the application of an electric field. It uses the discrete charges created by each interaction between the incident radiation and the gas to produce an output in the form of a small direct current. This means individual ionising events cannot be measured, so the energy of different types of radiation cannot be differentiated, but it gives a very good measurement of overall ionising effect. It has a good uniform response to radiation over a wide range of energies and is the preferred means of measuring high levels of gamma radiation, such as in a radiation hot cell as they can tolerate prolonged periods in high radiation fields without degradation. They are widely used in the nuclear power industry, research labs, fire detection, radiation protection, and environmental monitoring.

Principle of operation
A gas ionization chamber measures the charge from the number of ion pairs created within a gas caused by incident radiation. It consists of a gas-filled chamber with two electrodes; known as anode and cathode. The electrodes may be in the form of parallel plates (Parallel Plate Ionization Chambers: PPIC), or a cylinder with a coaxially located internal anode wire.

A voltage potential is applied between the electrodes to create an electric field in the fill gas. When gas atoms or molecules between the electrodes are ionized by incident ionizing radiation, ion-pairs are created and the resultant positive ions and dissociated electrons move to the electrodes of the opposite polarity under the influence of the electric field. This generates an ionization current which is measured by an electrometer circuit in the region of femtoamperes to picoamperes, depending on the chamber design, and is proportional to the radiation dose.

The electric field has to be sufficiently strong to prevent the recombination of ion pairs which would diminish the ion current, and build-up of positive ions is prevented by their recombination with electrons when they reach the cathode. This mode of operation is referred to as "current" mode, meaning that the output signal is a continuous current, and not a pulse output as in the cases of the Geiger–Müller tube or the proportional counter.

Referring to the accompanying ion-pair collection graph, it can be seen that in the ion chamber operating region the charge of a collected ion pair is effectively constant over a range of applied voltage, as due to its relatively low electric field strength the ion chamber does not have any multiplication effect. This is in distinction to the Geiger–Müller tube or the proportional counter whereby secondary electrons, and ultimately multiple avalanches, greatly amplify the original ionisation charges to produce measurable pulses.

Chamber types and construction
The following chamber types are commonly used.

Free-air chamber
This is a chamber freely open to atmosphere, where the fill gas is ambient air. The domestic smoke detector is a good example of this, where a natural flow of air through the chamber is necessary so that smoke particles can be detected by the change in ion current. Other examples are applications where the ions are created outside the chamber but are carried in by a forced flow of air or gas.

Vented chamber
These chambers are normally cylindrical and operate at atmospheric pressure, but to prevent ingress of moisture a filter containing a desiccant is installed in the vent line. This is to stop moisture building up in the interior of the chamber, which would otherwise be introduced by the "pump" effect of changing atmospheric air pressure. These chambers have a cylindrical body made of aluminium or plastic a few millimetres thick. The material is selected to have an atomic number similar to that of air so that the wall is said to be "air equivalent" over a range of radiation beam energies. This has the effect of ensuring the gas in the chamber is acting as though it were a portion of an infinitely large gas volume, and increases the accuracy by reducing interactions of gamma with the wall material. The higher the atomic number of the wall material, the greater the chance of interaction. The wall thickness is a trade-off between maintaining the air effect with a thicker wall, and increasing sensitivity by using a thinner wall. These chambers often have an end window made of material thin enough, such as mylar, so that beta particles can enter the gas volume. Gamma radiation enters both through the end window and the side walls. For hand-held instruments the wall thickness is made as uniform as possible to reduce photon directionality though any beta window response is obviously highly directional. Vented chambers are susceptible to small changes in efficiency with air pressure and correction factors can be applied for very accurate measurement applications.

Sealed low-pressure chamber
These are similar in construction to the vented chamber, but are sealed and operate at or around atmospheric pressure. These chambers also have the advantage of not requiring a vent and desiccant. To improve detection efficiency, they are filled with a noble gas because the highly electronegative oxygen in air easily captures free electrons, forming negative ions. The strength of the beta window limits the differential pressure from atmospheric pressure that can be tolerated, and common materials are stainless steel or titanium with a typical thickness of 25 μm.

High-pressure chamber

The efficiency of the chamber can be further increased by the use of a high-pressure gas. Typically a pressure of 8-10 atmospheres can be used, and various noble gases are employed. The higher pressure results in a greater gas density and thereby a greater chance of collision with the fill gas and ion-pair creation by incident radiation. Because of the increased wall thickness required to withstand this high pressure, only gamma radiation can be detected. These detectors are used in survey meters and for environmental monitoring.

Chamber geometry
Most commonly used for radiation therapy measurements is a cylindrical or "thimble" chamber. The active volume is housed within a thimble shaped cavity with an inner conductive surface (cathode) and a central anode. A bias voltage applied across the cavity collects ions and produces a current which can be measured with an electrometer.

Parallel-plate chambers (PPIC) are shaped like a small disc, with circular collecting electrodes separated by a small gap, typically 2mm or less. The upper disc is extremely thin, allowing for much more accurate near-surface dose measurements than are possible with a cylindrical chamber. Monitor chambers are typically PPICs which are used to continuously measure such as a radiation beam's intensity. For example, within the head of linear accelerators used for radiotherapy. Multi-cavity ionization chambers can measure the intensity of the radiation beam in several different regions, providing beam symmetry and flatness information.

Research and calibration chambers
Early versions of the ion chamber were used by Marie and Pierre Curie in their original work in isolating radioactive materials. Since then the ion chamber has been a widely used tool in the laboratory for research and calibration purposes.

Condenser chamber
The condenser chamber has a secondary cavity within the stem which acts as a capacitor. When this capacitor is fully charged, any ionization within the thimble counteracts this charge, and the change in charge can be measured. They are only practical for beams with energy of 2 MeV or less, and high stem leakage makes them unsuited to precise dosimetry.

Extrapolation chamber
Similar in design to a parallel plate chamber, the upper plate of an extrapolation chamber can be lowered using micrometer screws. Measurements can be taken with different plate spacing and extrapolated to a plate spacing of zero, i.e. the dose without the chamber.

Hand-held
Ion chambers are widely used in hand held radiation survey meters to measure beta and gamma radiation. They are particularly preferred for high dose rate measurements and for gamma radiation they give good accuracy for energies above 50-100 keV.

There are two basic configurations; the "integral" unit with the chamber and electronics in the same case, and the "two-piece" instrument which has a separate ion chamber probe attached to the electronics module by a flexible cable.

The chamber of the integral instrument is generally at the front of the case facing downwards, and for beta/gamma instruments there is a window in the bottom of the casing. This usually has a sliding shield which enables discrimination between gamma and beta radiation. The operator closes the shield to exclude beta, and can thereby calculate the rate of each radiation type.

Some hand held instruments generate audible clicks similar to that produced by a G-M counter to assist operators, who use the audio feedback in radiation survey and contamination checks. As the ion chamber works in current mode, not pulse mode, this is synthesised from the radiation rate.

Installed
For industrial process measurements and interlocks with sustained high radiation levels, the ion chamber is the preferred detector. In these applications only the chamber is situated in the measurement area, and the electronics are remotely situated to protect them from radiation and connected by a cable. Installed instruments can be used for measuring ambient gamma for personnel protection and normally sound an alarm above a preset rate, though the Geiger–Müller tube instrument is generally preferred where high levels of accuracy are not required.

General precautions in use
Moisture is the main problem that affects the accuracy of ion chambers. The chamber's internal volume must be kept completely dry, and the vented type uses a desiccant to help with this. Because of the very low currents generated, any stray leakage current must be kept to a minimum in order to preserve accuracy. Invisible hygroscopic moisture on the surface of cable dielectrics and connectors can be sufficient to cause a leakage current which will swamp any radiation-induced ion current. This requires scrupulous cleaning of the chamber, its terminations and cables, and subsequent drying in an oven. "Guard rings" are generally used as a design feature on higher voltage tubes to reduce leakage through or along the surface of tube connection insulators, which can require a resistance in the order of 1013 Ω.

For industrial applications with remote electronics, the ion chamber is housed in a separate enclosure which provides mechanical protection and contains a desiccant to remove moisture which could affect the termination resistance.

In installations where the chamber is a long distance from the measuring electronics, readings can be affected by external electromagnetic radiation acting on the cable. To overcome this a local converter module is often used to translate the very low ion chamber currents to a pulse train or data signal related to the incident radiation. These are immune to electromagnetic effects.

Nuclear industry
Ionization chambers are widely used in the nuclear industry as they provide an output that is proportional to radiation dose. They find wide use in situations where a constant high dose rate is being measured as they have a greater operating lifetime than standard Geiger–Müller tubes, which suffer from gas break down and are generally limited to a life of about 1011 count events. Additionally, the Geiger–Müller tube cannot operate above about 104 counts per second, due to dead-time effects, whereas there is no similar limitation on the ion chamber.

Smoke detectors
The ionization chamber has found wide and beneficial use in smoke detectors. In an ionisation type smoke detector, ambient air is allowed to freely enter the ionization chamber. The chamber contains a small amount of americium-241, which is an emitter of alpha particles which produce a constant ion current. If smoke enters the detector, it disrupts this current because ions strike smoke particles and are neutralized. This drop in current triggers the alarm. The detector also has a reference chamber which is sealed but is ionized in the same way. Comparison of the ion currents in the two chambers allows compensation for changes due to air pressure, temperature, or the ageing of the source.

Medical radiation measurement
In medical physics and radiotherapy, ionization chambers are used to ensure that the dose delivered from a therapy unit or radiopharmaceutical is what is intended. The devices used for radiotherapy are called "reference dosimeters", while those used for radiopharmaceuticals are called radioisotope dose calibrators - an inexact name for radionuclide radioactivity calibrators, which are used for measurement of radioactivity but not absorbed dose. A chamber will have a calibration factor established by a national standards laboratory such as ARPANSA in Australia or the NPL in the UK, or will have a factor determined by comparison against a transfer standard chamber traceable to national standards at the user's site.

Guidance on application use
In the United Kingdom the HSE has issued a user guide on selecting the correct radiation measurement instrument for the particular application concerned. This covers all radiation instrument technologies, and is a useful comparative guide to the use of ion chamber instruments.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ionization chamber


text:
List of freguesias of Portugal: P

The freguesias (civil parishes) of Portugal are listed in by municipality according to the following format:
 * concelho
 * freguesias

Paços de Ferreira

 * Arreigada
 * Carvalhosa
 * Codessos
 * Eiriz
 * Ferreira
 * Figueiró
 * Frazão
 * Freamunde
 * Lamoso
 * Meixomil
 * Modelos
 * Paços de Ferreira
 * Penamaior
 * Raimonda
 * Sanfins de Ferreira
 * Seroa

Palmela

 * Marateca
 * Palmela
 * Pinhal Novo
 * Poceirão
 * Quinta do Anjo

Pampilhosa da Serra

 * Cabril
 * Dornelas do Zêzere
 * Fajão
 * Janeiro de Baixo
 * Machio
 * Pampilhosa da Serra
 * Pessegueiro
 * Portela do Fojo
 * Unhais-o-Velho
 * Vidual

Paredes

 * Aguiar de Sousa
 * Astromil
 * Baltar
 * Beire
 * Besteiros
 * Bitarães
 * Castelões de Cepeda
 * Cete
 * Cristelo
 * Duas Igrejas
 * Gandra
 * Gondalães
 * Lordelo
 * Louredo
 * Madalena
 * Mouriz
 * Parada de Todeia
 * Rebordosa
 * Recarei
 * Sobreira
 * Sobrosa
 * Vandoma
 * Vila Cova de Carros
 * Vilela

Paredes de Coura

 * Agualonga
 * Bico
 * Castanheira
 * Cossourado
 * Coura
 * Cristelo
 * Cunha
 * Ferreira
 * Formariz
 * Infesta
 * Insalde
 * Linhares
 * Mozelos
 * Padornelo
 * Parada
 * Paredes de Coura
 * Porreiras
 * Resende
 * Romarigães
 * Rubiães
 * Vascões

Pedrógão Grande

 * Graça
 * Pedrógão Grande
 * Vila Facaia

Penacova

 * Carvalho
 * Figueira de Lorvão
 * Friúmes
 * Lorvão
 * Oliveira do Mondego
 * Paradela
 * Penacova
 * São Paio de Mondego
 * São Pedro de Alva
 * Sazes do Lorvão
 * Travanca do Mondego

Penafiel

 * Abragão
 * Boelhe
 * Bustelo
 * Cabeça Santa
 * Canelas
 * Capela (Penafiel)
 * Castelões
 * Croca
 * Duas Igrejas (Penafiel)
 * Eja
 * Figueira
 * Fonte Arcada
 * Galegos
 * Guilhufe
 * Irivo
 * Lagares
 * Luzim
 * Marecos
 * Milhundos
 * Oldrões
 * Paço de Sousa
 * Paredes
 * Penafiel
 * Perozelo
 * Pinheiro
 * Portela
 * Rans
 * Recezinhos (São Mamede)
 * Recezinhos (São Martinho)
 * Rio de Moinhos
 * Rio Mau
 * Santa Marta
 * Santiago de Subarrifana
 * Sebolido
 * Urrô
 * Valpedre
 * Vila Cova
 * Vila Cova

Penalva do Castelo

 * Antas
 * Castelo de Penalva
 * Esmolfe
 * Germil
 * Ínsua
 * Lusinde
 * Mareco
 * Matela
 * Pindo
 * Real
 * Sezures
 * Trancozelos
 * Vila Cova do Covelo

Penamacor

 * Águas
 * Aldeia de João Pires
 * Aldeia do Bispo
 * Aranhas
 * Bemposta
 * Benquerença
 * Meimão
 * Meimoa
 * Pedrógão de São Pedro www.pedrogao.com
 * Penamacor
 * Salvador
 * Vale da Senhora da Póvoa

Penedono

 * Antas
 * Beselga
 * Castainço
 * Granja
 * Ourozinho
 * Penedono
 * Penela da Beira
 * Póvoa de Penela
 * Souto

Penela

 * Cumeeira
 * Espinhal
 * Penela (Santa Eufémia)
 * Penela (São Miguel)
 * Podentes
 * Rabaçal

Peniche

 * Atouguia da Baleia
 * Ferrel
 * Peniche (Ajuda)
 * Peniche (Conceição)
 * Peniche (São Pedro)
 * Serra d' El-Rei

Peso da Régua

 * Canelas
 * Covelinhas
 * Fontelas
 * Galafura
 * Godim
 * Loureiro
 * Moura Morta
 * Peso da Régua
 * Poiares
 * Sedielos
 * Vilarinho dos Freires
 * Vinhós

Pinhel

 * Alverca da Beira
 * Atalaia
 * Azevo
 * Bogalhal
 * Bouça Cova
 * Cerejo
 * Cidadelhe
 * Ervas Tenras
 * Ervedosa
 * Freixedas
 * Gouveia
 * Lamegal
 * Lameiras
 * Manigoto
 * Pala
 * Pereiro
 * Pinhel
 * Pínzio
 * Pomares
 * Póvoa d' El-Rei
 * Safurdão
 * Santa Eufémia
 * Sorval
 * Souro Pires
 * Valbom
 * Vale de Madeira
 * Vascoveiro

Pombal

 * Abiul
 * Albergaria dos Doze
 * Almagreira
 * Carnide
 * Carriço
 * Guia
 * Ilha
 * Louriçal
 * Mata Mourisca
 * Meirinhas
 * Pelariga
 * Pombal
 * Redinha
 * Santiago de Litém
 * São Simão de Litém
 * Vermoil
 * Vila Chã

Ponta Delgada (Azores)

 * Ajuda da Bretanha
 * Arrifes
 * Candelária
 * Capelas
 * Covoada
 * Fajã de Baixo
 * Fajã de Cima
 * Fenais da Luz
 * Feteiras
 * Ginetes
 * Livramento
 * Mosteiros
 * Pilar da Bretanha
 * Relva
 * Remédios
 * Santa Bárbara
 * Santa Clara
 * São José
 * São Pedro
 * São Roque
 * São Sebastião
 * Santo António
 * São Vicente Ferreira
 * Sete Cidades

Ponta do Sol (Madeira)

 * Canhas
 * Madalena do Mar
 * Ponta do Sol

Ponte da Barca

 * Azias
 * Boivães
 * Bravães
 * Britelo
 * Crasto
 * Cuide de Vila Verde
 * Entre Ambos-os-Rios
 * Ermida
 * Germil
 * Grovelas
 * Lavradas
 * Lindoso
 * Nogueira
 * Oleiros
 * Paço Vedro de Magalhães
 * Ponte da Barca
 * Ruivos
 * Sampriz
 * Touvedo (Salvador)
 * Touvedo (São Lourenço)
 * Vade (São Pedro)
 * Vade (São Tomé)
 * Vila Chã (Santiago)
 * Vila Chã (São João Baptista)
 * Vila Nova de Muía

Ponte de Lima

 * Anais
 * Arca
 * Arcos
 * Arcozelo
 * Ardegão
 * Bárrio
 * Beiral do Lima
 * Bertiandos
 * Boalhosa
 * Brandara
 * Cabaços
 * Cabração
 * Calheiros
 * Calvelo
 * Cepões
 * Correlhã
 * Estorãos
 * Facha
 * Feitosa
 * Fojo Lobal
 * Fontão
 * Fornelos
 * Freixo
 * Friastelas
 * Gaifar
 * Gandra
 * Gemieira
 * Gondufe
 * Labruja
 * Labrujó
 * Mato
 * Moreira do Lima
 * Navió
 * Poiares
 * Ponte de Lima
 * Queijada
 * Rebordões (Santa Maria)
 * Rebordões (Souto)
 * Refóios do Lima
 * Rendufe
 * Ribeira
 * Sá
 * Sandiães
 * Santa Comba
 * Santa Cruz do Lima
 * Seara
 * Serdedelo
 * Vilar das Almas
 * Vilar do Monte
 * Vitorino das Donas
 * Vitorino dos Piães

Ponte de Sor

 * Foros de Arrão
 * Galveias
 * Longomel
 * Montargil
 * Ponte de Sor
 * Tramaga
 * Vale de Açor

Portalegre

 * Alagoa
 * Alegrete
 * Carreiras
 * Fortios
 * Reguengo
 * Ribeira de Nisa
 * São Julião
 * São Lourenço
 * Sé
 * Urra

Portel

 * Alqueva
 * Amieira
 * Monte do Trigo
 * Oriola
 * Portel
 * Santana
 * São Bartolomeu do Outeiro
 * Vera Cruz

Portimão

 * Alvor
 * Mexilhoeira Grande
 * Portimão

Until 28 January 2013

 * Aldoar
 * Bonfim
 * Campanhã
 * Cedofeita
 * Foz do Douro
 * Lordelo do Ouro
 * Massarelos
 * Miragaia
 * Nevogilde
 * Paranhos
 * Ramalde
 * Santo Ildefonso
 * São Nicolau
 * Sé
 * Vitória

Effective 29 January 2013

 * Aldoar, Foz do Douro e Nevogilde
 * Bonfim
 * Campanhã
 * Cedofeita, Santo Ildefonso, Sé, Miragaia, São Nicolau e Vitória
 * Lordelo do Ouro e Massarelos
 * Paranhos
 * Ramalde

Until 28 January 2013

 * Alcaria
 * Alqueidão da Serra
 * Alvados
 * Arrimal
 * Calvaria de Cima
 * Juncal
 * Mendiga
 * Mira de Aire
 * Pedreiras
 * Porto de Mós (São João Baptista)
 * Porto de Mós (São Pedro)
 * São Bento
 * Serro Ventoso

Effective 29 January 2013

 * Alqueidão da Serra
 * Alvados e Alcaria
 * Arrimal e Mendiga
 * Calvaria de Cima
 * Juncal
 * Mira de Aire
 * Pedreiras
 * Porto de Mós - São João Baptista e São Pedro
 * São Bento
 * Serro Ventoso

Porto Moniz (Madeira)

 * Achadas da Cruz
 * Porto Moniz
 * Ribeira da Janela
 * Seixal

Porto Santo (Madeira)

 * Porto Santo

Póvoa de Lanhoso

 * Águas Santas
 * Ajude
 * Brunhais
 * Calvos
 * Campos
 * Covelas
 * Esperança
 * Ferreiros
 * Fonte Arcada
 * Frades
 * Friande
 * Galegos
 * Garfe
 * Geraz do Minho
 * Lanhoso
 * Louredo
 * Monsul
 * Moure
 * Oliveira
 * Póvoa de Lanhoso (N Senhora do Amparo)
 * Rendufinho
 * Santo Emilião
 * São João de Rei
 * Serzedelo
 * Sobradelo da Goma
 * Taíde
 * Travassos
 * Verim
 * Vilela

Póvoa de Varzim

 * A Ver-o-Mar
 * Aguçadoura
 * Amorim
 * Argivai
 * Balasar
 * Beiriz
 * Estela
 * Laundos
 * Navais
 * Póvoa de Varzim
 * Rates
 * Terroso

Povoação (Azores)

 * Água Retorta
 * Faial da Terra
 * Furnas
 * Nossa Senhora dos Remédios
 * Povoação
 * Ribeira Quente

Praia da Vitória (Azores)

 * Agualva
 * Biscoitos
 * Cabo da Praia
 * Fonte do Bastardo
 * Fontinhas
 * Lajes
 * Porto Martins
 * Praia da Vitória
 * Quatro Ribeiras
 * São Brás
 * Vila Nova

Proença-a-Nova

 * Alvito da Beira
 * Montes da Senhora
 * Proença-a-Nova
 * São Pedro do Esteval
 * Sobreira Formosa

title: List of freguesias of Portugal: P


text:
Charles E. Bohlen

Charles "Chip" Eustis Bohlen (August 30, 1904 – January 1, 1974) was an American diplomat, ambassador, and expert on the Soviet Union. He helped shape United States foreign policy during World War II and the Cold War and helped develop the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe.

In 1934, he served as a diplomat in the first US embassy to the Soviet Union in Moscow as well as during and after World War II. He succeeded George F. Kennan as ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1957. He served as ambassador to the Philippines from 1957 to 1959 and to France from 1962 to 1968. He was an advisor to every U.S. President from 1943 to 1968 and one of the nonpartisan foreign policy advisers who were known colloquially as "The Wise Men."

Early life and education
Bohlen was born in Clayton, New York, on August 30, 1904, to Celestine Eustis Bohlen, the daughter of James B. Eustis, a senator from Louisiana and ambassador to France, and Charles Bohlen. His father had inherited a fortune and was a banker and sportsman. The second of three Bohlen children, Charles Eustis was raised in Aiken, South Carolina, and moved with his family at age 12 to Ipswich, Massachusetts. He graduated from St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He acquired an interest in foreign countries by traveling in Europe as a boy. Bohlen graduated from Harvard College in 1927. He was a member of the Porcellian Club, where he gained the nickname "Chipper" which was later shortened to "Chip."

Family
Bohlen's great-grand uncle was American Civil War general Henry Bohlen, the first foreign-born Union general (from Germany) in the Civil War and the grandfather of Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, who used the name Krupp after he had married Bertha Krupp, an heiress of the Krupp family of German weapon-makers. He was therefore distantly related to Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Germany's primary weapon-maker during World War II. Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach was indicted for war crimes at the Nuremberg tribunal, but illness prevented his prosecution until his demise in 1950.

In 1935, Bohlen married Avis Howard Thayer, born September 18, 1912, in Philadelphia, the daughter of George Thayer and Gertrude Wheeler. The Avis Bohlen Award was created and named for her in 1982. It is administered by the American Foreign Service Association and each year honors the US Foreign Service dependent who has done the most to advance US interests.

Her brother, Charles W. Thayer, was also a diplomat and worked closely with his brother-in-law, Charles, as US vice-consul in Moscow.

Charles and Avis Bohlen had two daughters, Avis and Celestine, and a son, Charles Jr. The daughter Avis also became a distinguished diplomat and served as deputy chief of mission in Paris, US ambassador to Bulgaria, and US assistant secretary of state for arms control. The other daughter, Celestine, became a journalist and has been a Moscow-based reporter for The New York Times.

Diplomatic career
Bohlen joined the US Department of State in 1929. His first diplomatic post was in Prague. In 1931, he was transferred to Paris, where he studied Russian and became a Soviet specialist. In 1934, at 30, he joined the staff of the first US embassy to the Soviet Union in Moscow.

On August 24, 1939, he received the full content of the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, signed only a day earlier, from Hans von Herwarth. The secret protocol contained an understanding between Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin to divide Central Europe, the Baltic States, and Finland between Germany and the Soviet Union. US President Franklin Roosevelt was urgently informed, but the US did not share the information with any of the governments concerned.

A week later, the plan was realized by the German and Soviet invasions of Poland, and World War II started.

In 1940 and 1941, he worked in the American embassy in Tokyo, where he was interned for six months before his release by the Japanese in mid-1942.

In 1943, he became head of the East European Division, the first of the six specialists who started the Russian-language program in the late 1920s to become the head of a division of the State Department. He then worked on Soviet issues in the State Department during the war, accompanying Harry Hopkins on missions to Stalin in Moscow. He worked closely with Roosevelt and was his interpreter at the Tehran Conference in 1943 and the Yalta Conference in 1945. He also served as interpreter for US President Harry Truman at the Potsdam Conference in 1945.

Bohlen later lamented that the Potsdam Conference was the beginning of the Cold War: "After Potsdam, there was little that could be done to induce the Soviet Union to become a reasonable and cooperative member of the world community. Discrepancies between the systems were too great, the hostility of the Soviet Union toward capitalist countries too great."

In 1946, he disagreed with his friend and mentor, Ambassador George F. Kennan, on how to deal with the Soviets. Kennan proposed a strategy of containment of Soviet expansion, but Bohlen was more cautious and recommended accommodation by allowing Stalin to have a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe without it being disturbed by the US.

Bohlen, criticized by some of the hawks in the US Congress, paid close attention to public opinion as he considered domestic influence in a democracy to be inevitable. When George Marshall became Secretary of State in 1947, Bohlen became a key adviser to Truman.

Bohlen, at George C. Marshall's request and guidance, wrote Marshall's June 5, 1947 speech that led to the Marshall Plan.

Bohlen was US minister to France from 1949 to 1951.

Kennan, declared persona non grata for some criticism of the Soviet Union in Berlin in September 1952, would not be allowed to return there. Oversight of the embassy was then awarded to Chargé d'Affaires Jacob Beam.

On January 20, 1953, Dwight Eisenhower became US President. When Stalin died in March 1953, the post of ambassador was still vacant, and the embassy was still being led by Beam.

In April 1953, Eisenhower named Bohlen as ambassador to the Soviet Union. He was confirmed 74–13 despite criticisms from US Senator Joseph McCarthy, who had also criticized Bohlen's brother-in-law, also an affiliate of the US embassy in Moscow, Charles W. Thayer.

Bohlen oversaw several key events during his time as ambassador to the Soviet Union, including the rise of Georgy Malenkov to the premiership, the arrest and execution of Lavrentiy Beria, the ascendency of Nikita Khrushchev, the Hungarian Revolution and the Suez Crisis.

Bohlen's relationship with US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles soured. He was demoted on April 18, 1957 by Eisenhower after Dulles forced Bohlen's resignation.

Bohlen later served as ambassador to the Philippines from 1957 to 1959. He returned to the US in 1959 by request of Secretary of State Christian Herter to serve in the newly-formed Bureau of Soviet Affairs.

He served as ambassador to France from 1962 to 1968 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson.

According to the Kennedy advisor Theodore Sorensen, Bohlen participated in early discussions surrounding the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. During an ExComm meeting on October 18, 1962, Dean Rusk read a letter he wrote the previous night during deliberations in which he advocated for dealing with Khrushchev through firm diplomatic action, followed by a declaration of war if his response was unsatisfactory. To everyone's surprise, he kept reservations aboard an ocean liner that would take him to his Paris post as ambassador, rather than waiting until after the crisis had been resolved. He was thus absent for most of what was arguably the most important confrontation between the two superpowers of the Cold War.

He was a consultant in 1968 and 1969 to the transition at the State Department from Secretary of State Dean Rusk to President Richard Nixon's first Secretary of State, William P. Rogers.

Bohlen served as Acting Secretary of State in January 1969.

Bohlen retired in January 1969.

Death
Bohlen died of pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C., on January 1, 1974, at the age of 69. His funeral services, at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C., on January 4, 1974, were followed by burial at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.

Legacy
In May 2006, Bohlen was featured on a US postage stamp, one of a group of six prominent diplomats who was thus honored.

title: Charles E. Bohlen


text:
NewsNation

NewsNation is an American subscription television network owned by the Nexstar Media Group, and is the company's only wholly owned, national cable-originated television channel. The channel runs a straight-news format for 24 hours on weekdays and eight hours on weekends, as well as entertainment programming (consisting of comedy and drama series, and theatrical feature films) taking up almost the entire weekend schedule. Known for most of its history as Superstation WGN before becoming WGN America in 2008, it relaunched on March 1, 2021, as a cable news network named after its flagship news program. The channel's relaunch came as part of a planned expansion of its news programming.

In September 2018, the channel, then WGN America, was received by approximately 80 million households that subscribed to a pay television service throughout the United States (or 62.7% of households with at least one television set).

As a superstation
WGN America was originally established on November 9, 1978, when United Video Inc. began redistributing the signal of WGN-TV (channel 9) in Chicago to cable and satellite subscribers throughout the United States. This expanded the prominent independent station into America's second satellite-distributed national "superstation", after Atlanta-based WTBS became TBS.

As the national feed of WGN-TV, the channel broadcasts a variety of programming seen on the Chicago signal, including sports (mainly Chicago Cubs and White Sox baseball, as well as Chicago Bulls basketball games); locally originated news, children's, religious and public affairs programs; movies; and syndicated series. The WGN local and national feeds originally maintained nearly identical program schedules, aside from some sporting events that were restricted to the Chicago-area signal under league policy restrictions. In the years following the January 1990 re-imposition of federal syndication exclusivity regulations, programming between the two feeds increasingly deviated as the WGN national feed incorporated alternative syndicated programming to replace shows on the WGN-TV schedule that were subjected to market-exclusivity claims by individual television stations, and some local programs that the national feed chose not to clear; particularly from the late 2000s onward, as the WGN Chicago signal began expanding its local news programming and added lifestyle programs to its schedule.

On December 13, 2014, WGN America was converted by Tribune into a conventional basic cable network, at which time it started to be offered on cable providers within the Chicago market alongside its existing local carriage on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network. Simulcasts of WGN-TV's Chicago-originated local newscasts, news specials and public affairs programs, special events and sports telecasts – with the exception of a one-hour simulcast of WGN-TV's morning news program that was carried early weekday mornings during the transitional period – immediately ceased being shown on a national basis the day prior, while WGN-TV itself maintained a separate schedule of local and syndicated programs exclusively catering to the Chicago market. The channel began to focus squarely on acquired programming, including shows held over from its superstation era, and by 2015, began to incorporate a limited schedule of original drama and reality series.

Conversion to cable news channel
On September 1, 2020, WGN America launched a three-hour-long prime time newscast, NewsNation, which began development in October 2019, when Nexstar management commissioned research from television subscribers that determined a share of survey participants were dissatisfied with opinion-based programming on cable news channels such as CNN (which had previously offered straight news programming within its evening lineup, before shifting further into personality-based programming in the mid-2010s), MSNBC (which gravitated toward liberal opinion/talk programs beginning in 2008), and Fox News (developed in 1996 with a conservative-leaning format). The program draws partly from the broadcast and digital resources of Nexstar's television stations (including those acquired by Tribune Media, in addition to WGN America, several months prior). NewsNation boasts the resources of "over 5,000 journalists in 200 newsrooms across America."

During December 2020 and January 2021, Nexstar reached carriage agreements that added WGN America to virtual multichannel television providers YouTube TV (reached on December 1), FuboTV (reached on December 11), Hulu (reached on December 18), Sling TV (reached on December 24, through a broader agreement with Sling parent Dish Network which ended a three-week impasse in which the satellite provider lost access to Nexstar's broadcast stations) and Vidgo (reached on January 14) to expand the channel beyond its existing wireline and satellite distribution footprint, and increase exposure for NewsNation. (AT&T TV had already carried the channel since October 2019).

On January 25, 2021, Nexstar Media Group announced it would relaunch WGN America under the NewsNation brand on March 1, cutting all ties with the WGN brand after 43 years. The name change will coincide with a gradual expansion of its news programming: initially expanding to nine hours per day (from six), the revised news schedule will be fronted by a splintered expansion of the flagship NewsNation broadcast (adding an hour-long early evening edition, alongside the existing and now reduced two-hour NewsNation Prime) and two host-centered news and interview programs anchored respectively by Joe Donlon and Ashleigh Banfield. NewsNation will maintain a reduced schedule of entertainment programs acquired by the channel under the WGN America moniker in daytime and select overnight slots initially; beginning with the launch of a morning news program in 2021, the acquired entertainment shows will be replaced with additional news content once syndication contracts expire.

NewsNation was developed under the management of Sean Compton, who was promoted to executive vice president of WGN America upon completion of the Nexstar purchase, and former WGN-TV news director Jennifer Lyons, who was reassigned by Nexstar to serve as WGN America's vice president of news. However, since its launch, NewsNation was accused of having a rightward tilt due to its guests and for hiring former Fox News Channel chief and White House Deputy Chief of Staff Bill Shine as a consultant. The news director and managing editor quit following the disclosure of Shine's role. Lyons announced her resignation in March amid the controversy as well as continued low ratings. Amid dissension from NewsNation staffers, Nexstar's CEO affirmed the schedule to convert NewsNation into an "all-news, talk, and opinion" channel by 2023.

In May 2021, to replace Lyons Nexstar hired Michael Corn, the senior executive producer of Good Morning America, as its news director. Corn then named Fox News vice president Cherie Grzech as managing editor. Later that year, NewsNation premiered more opinion programming hosted by cable news veterans Leland Vittert and Dan Abrams, as well as a morning show hosted by former ABC News presenter Adrienne Bankert.

On October 3, 2022, former CNN anchor Chris Cuomo, who was terminated for advising his brother, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, about how to deal with various scandals, joined the network with an evening program called Cuomo to replace NewsNation Prime, thus fully converting evening programming to personality-driven opinion and analysis shows. News contributors include former White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, former White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer and Washington Post columnist George Will.

On April 1, 2023, overnight drama series and infomercials were replaced with repeats of its evening talk and analysis shows; then on April 24, NewsNation permanently switched to a 24-hour all-news schedule on weekdays consisting of a four-hour rolling afternoon news block, NewsNation Now (replacing crime dramas in that slot), and an hour-long political news show, The Hill (a broadcast extension of the co-owned publication, replacing an hour of the early evening newscast NewsNation Rush Hour). The network also unveiled a new studio at its New York City bureau (located in the Daily News Building, where co-operated CW affiliate WPIX, which also christened a separate studio on that date, operates). Syndicated scripted series acquired under the WGN America brand that remain on the schedule (such as Blue Bloods and Last Man Standing) and time-brokered programs continued to air on weekends outside of prime time.

On June 1, 2024, NewsNation expanded to a full 24/7 cable news network and therefore, completed the four-year transition to all-news programming full-time. All remaining syndicated scripted series acquired under the previous WGN America brand were removed from the schedule.

A focus of coverage for NewsNation has been UFOs, which it covers significantly more than many other cable news networks. Fortune stated that NewsNation's coverage was "normalizing UAPs by going where no network has gone before" in "sharp contrast" to traditional media's skeptical coverage towards UFO claims. The Washington Post said NewsNation had found a "viewership niche" in UFO coverage. UFO journalist Ross Coulthart's interview with UFO whistleblower David Grusch in June 2023 earned high ratings for the network. NewsNation's interview with Grusch was repeatedly cited during a United States Congress UFO Hearing in July 2023. NewsNation President of News Michael Corn stated to Fortune that “We are a news organization that doesn’t dismiss or shy away from any story. Grusch’s claims are serious and fascinating–any way you slice it, that’s news.” NewsNation was forced to issue corrections after incorrectly claiming that The Intercept had obtained leaked information regarding Grusch's mental health. Another focus of NewsNation has been missing persons, after increased ratings from covering the disappearance and killing of Gabby Petito.

Availability
NewsNation is available on most multichannel television providers (including cable, satellite, IPTV and fiber-optic-based services) within the United States. However, the channel continues to have somewhat scattershot coverage (outside of satellite distribution) in portions of the Western United States and much of the New England region. Moreover, some multichannel providers in various markets where Tribune Broadcasting had owned a television station prior to the closure of the group's purchase by Nexstar do not carry NewsNation. In the Chicago metropolitan area, NewsNation is carried by the three major cable television providers serving the immediate area (Comcast Xfinity, RCN and WOW!) and streaming providers, in addition to the WGN-TV broadcast signal.

Streaming
NewsNation streams on YouTube TV, Sling TV, Hulu, DirecTV Stream, Level News, and FuboTV.

Radio
On September 1, 2020, at the same time NewsNation was launched, the NewsNation brand expanded to radio by broadcasting its 2-minute top-of-the-hour news headlines on WGN 720 AM. These audio newscasts are also available to listen nationally on the radio section of the network's website and app.

title: NewsNation


text:
List of freguesias of Portugal: R

The freguesias (civil parishes) of Portugal are listed in by municipality according to the following format:
 * concelho
 * freguesias

Redondo

 * Montoito
 * Redondo

Reguengos de Monsaraz

 * Campinho
 * Campo
 * Corval
 * Monsaraz
 * Reguengos de Monsaraz

Resende

 * Anreade
 * Barrô
 * Cárquere
 * Feirão
 * Felgueiras
 * Freigil
 * Miomães
 * Ovadas
 * Panchorra
 * Paus
 * Resende
 * São Cipriano
 * São João de Fontoura
 * São Martinho de Mouros
 * São Romão de Aregos

Ribeira Brava (Madeira)

 * Campanário
 * Ribeira Brava
 * Serra de Água
 * Tabua

Ribeira de Pena

 * Alvadia
 * Canedo
 * Cerva
 * Limões
 * Ribeira de Pena (Salvador)
 * Santa Marinha
 * Santo Aleixo de Além-Tâmega

Ribeira Grande (Azores)

 * Calhetas
 * Conceição
 * Fenais da Ajuda
 * Lomba da Maia
 * Lomba de São Pedro
 * Maia
 * Matriz
 * Pico da Pedra
 * Porto Formoso
 * Rabo de Peixe
 * Ribeira Seca
 * Ribeirinha
 * Santa Bárbara
 * São Brás

Rio Maior

 * Alcobertas
 * Arrouquelas
 * Arruda dos Pisões
 * Asseiceira
 * Assentiz
 * Azambujeira
 * Fráguas
 * Malaqueijo
 * Marmeleira
 * Outeiro da Cortiçada
 * Ribeira de São João
 * Rio Maior
 * São João da Ribeira
 * São Sebastião

title: List of freguesias of Portugal: R