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First Battle of Fort Fisher

The First Battle of Fort Fisher was a naval siege in the American Civil War, when the Union tried to capture the fort guarding Wilmington, North Carolina, the South's last major Atlantic port. Led by Major General Benjamin Butler, it lasted from December 24–27, 1864.

The Union navy first attempted to detonate a ship filled with powder in order to demolish the fort's walls but this failed; the navy then launched a two-day bombardment in order to demolish the fort and compel surrender. On the second day, the Union army started landing troops in order to begin the siege. But Butler got news of enemy reinforcements approaching, and in the worsening weather conditions, he aborted the operation, declaring the fort to be impregnable. To his embarrassment, Butler was relieved of command on January 8, 1865, and was replaced by Major General Alfred H. Terry, who led a follow-up expedition that captured the fort one week later.

Background
After the failed Bermuda Hundred Campaign, Major General Benjamin Butler and his Army of the James were assigned to an amphibious expedition against Fort Fisher. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant had originally designated one of Butler's subordinates, Major General Godfrey Weitzel, to lead the expedition, but Butler, as the commander of the Department of Virginia and North Carolina, demanded that he lead the troops himself and Grant acquiesced. Units for the expedition were selected from the Army of the James and included the 2nd Division of the XXIV Corps and the 3rd Division from the XXV Corps, along with two battalions of heavy artillery and engineers. Colonel Cyrus B. Comstock from Grant's staff went along to serve as chief engineer. The Union naval expedition under Rear Admiral David D. Porter comprised the largest Union fleet of the war, nearly 60 warships along with the transports to carry the army troops.

Butler also planned to bring the USS Louisiana (1861), which had been packed with 200 tons of powder and disguised as a blockade runner, down to Fort Fisher, run it aground about a hundred yards from the fort's seawall, and blow it up, hoping the explosion would demolish the fort as well. Although many in the Union high command (including Grant and Gideon Welles) doubted the plan would work, it was approved by Lincoln. The final Union plan was for the ships to gather at Hampton Roads, where the army troops would board the transports. Because the monitors used in the attack had to be towed to Fort Fisher, the navy would leave with a twelve-hour head start over the transports. The warships would refuel at Beaufort, then meet the transports at Fort Fisher, when the Louisiana would be detonated and the troops landed under the fire of the warships.

Fort Fisher, on Confederate Point, nicknamed the "Gibraltar of the Confederacy", was a formidable target commanding the Cape Fear River. It encompassed 14,500 ft.² and was surrounded by a 10-foot parapet and a network of bombproofs, most of which were 30 feet high. Many obstructions were laid around it, including land mines (called torpedoes in this era), abatis, and deep ditches. There were more than 50 heavy cannon, including 15 Columbiads and a 150-pounder Armstrong gun, behind a 60-foot mound of earth near the sea, named the Mound Battery. The fort's garrison of 1,400 men was commanded by Colonel William Lamb. Additional reinforcements were available from General Braxton Bragg at Sugar Loaf, 4 miles away. This force consisted of Major General Robert F. Hoke's division from the Army of Northern Virginia, which arrived on December 23.

Army
Expeditionary Corps (Army of the James) – MG. Benjamin F. Butler, MG Godfrey Weitzel (second-in-command)
 * 2nd Division (XXIV Corps) – BG. Adelbert Ames
 * 1st Brigade - Brevet BG. Newton M. Curtis
 * 3rd New York – Cpt. George W. Warren
 * 112th New York – Ltc. John W. Smith
 * 117th New York – Col. Rufus Daggett
 * 142nd New York - Ltc. Albert M. Barney
 * 2nd Brigade - Col. Galusha Pennypacker
 * 47th New York – Cpt. Joseph P. McDonald
 * 48th New York – Ltc. William B. Coan
 * 76th Pennsylvania – Col. John S. Littell
 * 97th Pennsylvania – Lt. John Wainwright
 * 203rd Pennsylvania - Col. John W. Moore
 * 3rd Brigade - Col. Louis Bell
 * 13th Indiana – Cpt. Samuel M. Zent
 * 4th New Hampshire – Cpt. John H. Roberts
 * 115th New York – Maj Ezra L. Walrath
 * 169th New York – Col. Alonzo Alden
 * Artillery
 * 16th Independent Battery New York Light Artillery - Cpt. Richard H. Lee
 * Naval Brigade - BG Charles K. Graham
 * 3rd Division (XXV Corps) – BG. Charles J. Paine
 * 2nd Brigade - Col. John W. Ames
 * 4th USCT – Ltc. George Rogers
 * 6th USCT – Ltc. Clark Royce
 * 30th USCT – Ltc. Hiram A. Oakman
 * 39th USCT – Col. Ozora P. Stearns
 * 3rd Brigade - Col. Elias Wright
 * 1st USCT - Ltc. Giles H. Rich
 * 5th USCT – Col. Giles W. Shurtleff
 * 10th USCT - Ltc. Edward H. Powell
 * 37th USCT – Col. Nathan Goff Jr.
 * 107th USCT - Ltc. David M. Sells
 * Artillery
 * Battery E, 3rd U.S. Artillery – Lt. John Myrick

Navy
North Atlantic Blockading Squadron – Rear Admiral David D. Porter:
 * Line Number 1
 * USS Canonicus – Lcdr. George Belknap
 * USS Huron – Lcdr. Thomas O. Selfridge Jr.
 * USS Kansas – Lcdr. Pendleton G. Watmough
 * USS Mahopac – Lcdr. Edward Potter
 * USS Monadnock – Cmdr. Enoch G. Parrott
 * USS New Ironsides – Cmdr. William Radford
 * USS Nyack – Lcdr. L. Howard Newman
 * USS Pequot – Lcdr. Daniel L. Braine
 * USS Pontoosuc – Lcdr. William G. Temple
 * USS Saugus – Cmdr. Edmund R. Colhoun
 * USS Unadilla – Lcdr. Frank M. Ramsay
 * Line Number 2
 * USS Bignonia – Lt. Warrington D. Roath
 * USS Brooklyn – Cpt. James Alden
 * USS Colorado – Cdre. Henry K. Thatcher
 * USS Juniata – Cpt. William Rogers Taylor
 * USS Mackinaw – Cmdr. John C. Beaumont
 * USS Maumee – Lcdr. Ralph Chandler
 * USS Minnesota – Cdre. Joseph Lanman
 * USS Mohican – Cmdr. Daniel Ammen
 * USS Pawtuxet – Cmdr. James H. Spotts
 * USS Powhatan – Cdre. James F. Schenck
 * USS Seneca – Lcdr. Montgomery Sicard
 * USS Shenandoah – Cpt. Daniel B. Ridgley
 * USS Susquehanna – Cdre. Sylvanus William Godon
 * USS Ticonderoga – Cpt. Charles Steedman
 * USS Tuscarora – Cmdr. James M. Frailey
 * USS Vanderbilt – Cpt. Charles W. Pickering
 * USS Wabash – Cpt. Melancton Smith
 * USS Yantic – Lcdr. Thomas C. Harris
 * Line Number 3
 * USS Chippewa – Lcdr. Aaron Weaver
 * USS Fort Jackson – Cpt. Benjamin F. Sands
 * USS Iosco – Cmdr. John Guest
 * USS Monticello – Lt. Daniel A. Campbell
 * USS Osceola – Cmdr. John M.B. Clitz
 * USS Quaker City – Cmdr. William F. Spicer
 * USS Rhode Island – Cmdr. Stephen D. Trenchard
 * USS Santiago de Cuba – Cpt. Oliver S. Glisson
 * USS Sassacus – Lcdr. John L. Davis
 * USS Tacony – Lcdr. William T. Truxton
 * Reserve Line
 * USS Advance – Lcdr. John H. Upshur
 * USS Alabama – Lt. Frank Smith
 * USS Aries – Lt. Francis S. Wells
 * USS Anemone – Ens. William C. Borden
 * USS Banshee – Lt. Walter H. Garfield
 * USS Britannia – Lt. Samuel Huse
 * USS Cherokee – Lt. William E. Dennison
 * USS Emma – Lt. Thomas C. Dunn
 * USS Eolus
 * USS Gettysburg – Lt. Roswell Lamson
 * USS Governor Buckingham – Lt. John MacDiarmid
 * USS Lilian – Lt. T.A. Harris
 * USS Little Ada
 * USS Malvern (1860) – Lcdr. Benjamin H. Porter
 * USS Maratanza – Lcdr. George Young
 * USS Moccasin – Ens. James Brown
 * USS Montgomery – Lt. Edward H. Faucon
 * USS Nansemond
 * USS R. R. Cuyler – Cmdr. Charles Henry Bromedge Caldwell
 * USS Tristram Shandy – Lt. Edward F. Devens
 * USS Wilderness

Confederate

 * District of Cape Fear – MG. William H.C. Whiting
 * Fort Fisher Garrison - Col. William Lamb
 * 10th North Carolina - Ltc. John P.W. Read (w), Maj. James Reilly
 * 36th North Carolina - Col. William Lamb
 * 40th North Carolina
 * 1st Battalion North Carolina Junior Reserves - Maj. D.T. Millard
 * 1st Battalion North Carolina Heavy Artillery, Co. D - Cpt. James L. McCormic
 * 3rd Battalion North Carolina Light Artillery, Co. C - Cpt. John M. Sutton
 * 13th Battalion North Carolina Light Artillery, Co. D - Cpt. Zachariah T. Adams
 * Confederate Navy Detachment – Lt. Robert T. Chapman
 * Confederate Marine Corps Detachment – Cpt. A.C. Van Benthuysen
 * Hoke's Division (Army of Northern Virginia) – MG. Robert F. Hoke
 * Hagood's Brigade - BG. Johnson Hagood
 * 7th South Carolina Battalion - Ltc. James H. Rion
 * 11th South Carolina - Col. F. Hay Gantt
 * 21st South Carolina - Col. Robert F. Graham
 * 25th South Carolina - Cpt. James Carson
 * 27th South Carolina
 * Kirkland's Brigade - BG. William Kirkland
 * 17th North Carolina - Ltc. Thomas H. Sharp
 * 42nd North Carolina - Col. John E. Brown
 * 66th North Carolina - Col. John H. Nethercutt
 * Connally's Brigade, North Carolina Reserves – Col. John K. Connally
 * 4th Battalion North Carolina Junior Reserves - Maj. John M. Reece
 * 7th Battalion North Carolina Junior Reserves - Maj. William F. French
 * 8th Battalion North Carolina Junior Reserves - Maj. James Ellington
 * 8th Battalion North Carolina Senior Reserves - Col. Allmond McKoy
 * Artillery
 * Southerland's Battery - Cpt. Thomas J. Southerland
 * Paris's Battery, Staunton Hill Artillery - Cpt. Andrew B. Paris

Battle
The Union forces prepared to leave Hampton Roads on December 10, but a winter storm hit the fleet for three days, preventing the fleet's departure until the 14th. The transports carrying Butler's force arrived at Fort Fisher first, since the navy took longer to refuel at Beaufort than expected. When Porter's ships arrived on the 19th, another storm hit the fleet, causing some ships to scatter and forcing the army transports to return to Beaufort. After the storm subsided on the 23rd, Porter decided to start the attack without Butler, ordering the Louisiana to be blown up that night. Near midnight, the ship was towed close to the fort's seawall and set on fire. However, the Louisiana was farther out to sea than the navy thought, perhaps as far as a mile offshore; as a result, Fort Fisher was undamaged by the blast. The following morning (December 23), the Union navy moved closer to shore and began a bombardment of the fort, hoping to damage the earthworks and forcing the garrison to surrender. Despite firing close to 10,000 shells that day, only minor damage was caused, with four seacoast gun carriages disabled, one light artillery caisson destroyed, and 23 casualties in the garrison. Meanwhile, there were 45 Union casualties from exploding guns aboard ships, and the Confederates were able to score direct hits on three ships.

The transports carrying the Union soldiers arrived that evening. Initially, Butler thought that by exploding the Louisiana and starting the bombardment without the army, Porter had given the Confederates warning that the Union assault was coming and would therefore have time to contest the landings. However he was convinced to land a reconnaissance party to determine if an attack was still feasible. The landings started Christmas morning, with Brig. Gen. Adelbert Ames' division the first to be ashore, while the navy continued bombarding the fort. The Union troops captured a battery protecting the beach north of Fort Fisher, and accepted the surrender of the 4th and 8th North Carolina Junior Reserve battalions, which had been cut off by the Union landings. After setting up a defensive line, Ames sent the brigade of N. Martin Curtis towards the fort to see if it could be attacked. Curtis found the land wall lightly defended and was prepared to attack, but was prevented from doing so by Ames. Butler was convinced that the fort was undamaged and too strong for an assault; he had also received word that Hoke's division was a few miles north of the fort, and another storm was forming in the area. All this convinced him to halt the landings and order the troops on the beach to return to the ships; the entire Union fleet then returned to Hampton Roads.

Aftermath
The fiasco at Fort Fisher, specifically Butler's disobeyance of his direct orders—orders which Butler failed to communicate either to Porter or to Weitzel—gave Grant an excuse to relieve Butler, replacing him in command of the Army of the James by Major General Edward Ord. President Abraham Lincoln, recently reelected, no longer needed to keep the prominent Democrat in the Army and he was relieved on January 8, 1865. To Butler's further embarrassment, Fort Fisher fell one week later when Major General Alfred H. Terry led a second assault against the Confederate stronghold; while defending his decision to break off the attack before the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Butler had deemed the fort impregnable.

Confederate losses amounted to five killed and mortally wounded, fifty-six wounded, and six hundred captured, while the damage caused by the bombardment was quickly repaired. Blockade runners continued using the port, the next ships to arrive did so the very night the Union fleet withdrew. Although Whiting and Lamb were convinced that the Union force would shortly return, Bragg withdrew Hoke's Division back to Wilmington and started making plans to recapture New Bern.

title: First Battle of Fort Fisher


text:
Billey Shamrock

Billey Shamrock Gleissner (born in Solberga, Stockholm, Sweden) is an entertainer, singer, comedian, actor, composer and writer.

Starting off with youth theatre, he formed his first rock band, The Naughty Fiddlers, in 1979 and later that year his first poems were published. In 1982 his first 7" was released – Super Swede/People. His first solo CD was Billey, released in 1995. His latest album is Billeys ljusa sida (The light side of Billey).

As a full-time artist he has since 1990 been seen on Swedish national TV several times. 1993–1996 he participated in the musical Jesus Christ Superstar (staged by D. Kronlund) and 1998 in the musical Hair in Stockholm. Alone or with colleges he has toured Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Baltic countries. He is registered for 146 written lyrics/compositions. He is the vice president of the Society of professional troubadours of Sweden and a member of SKAP, Sweden's Composers of Popular music. In 2005 he was grand master of the Swedish edition of Jeopardy!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Billey Shamrock


text:
Chicken wire (chemistry)

In chemistry, the term chicken wire is used in different contexts. Most of them relate to the similarity of the regular hexagonal (honeycomb-like) patterns found in certain chemical compounds to the mesh structure commonly seen in real chicken wire.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or graphenes—including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphite—have a hexagonal structure that is often described as chicken wire-like.

Hexagonal molecular structures
A hexagonal structure that is often described as chicken wire-like can also be found in other types of chemical compounds such as:

 * Non-aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, e.g. steroids like cholesterol
 * Flat hexagonal hydrogen bonded trimesic acid (benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid), boric acid, or melamine-cyanuric acid complexes
 * Interwoven molecule chains in the inorganic polymer NaAuS
 * Complexes of the protein clathrin

Bond line notation
The skeletal formula is a method to draw structural formulas of organic compounds where lines represent the chemical bonds and the vertices represent implicit carbon atoms. This notation is sometimes jestingly called chicken wire notation.

Chemical joke
It is an old joke in chemistry to draw a polycyclic hexagonal chemical structure and call this fictional compound chickenwire. By adding one or two simple chemical groups to this skeleton, the compound can then be named following the official chemical naming convention. An example is:

 * 1,2-Dimethyl-chickenwire in a cartoon by Nick D. Kim

Surface plots
In computational chemistry a chicken wire model or chicken wire surface plot is a way to visualize molecular models by drawing the polygon mesh of their surface (defined e.g. as the van der Waals radius or a certain electron density).

title: Chicken wire (chemistry)


text:
USS Stingray

Two submarines of the United States Navy have been named USS Stingray for the stingray, a large ray with a whip-like tail and sharp spines capable of inflicting severe wounds:

 * The first Stingray (Submarine No. 13), was a C-class submarine in commission from 1909 to 1919 that was renamed USS C-2 (SS-13) in 1911 and served during World War I.
 * The second USS Stingray (SS-186) was a Salmon-class submarine in commission from 1938 to 1945 that served during World War II.
 * For the fictional USS Stingray (SS-161), see Down Periscope.

title: USS Stingray


text:
Circle-Vision 360°

Circle-Vision 360° is a film format developed by The Walt Disney Company that uses projection screens which encircle the audience.

Circle-Vision 360° developed from the Circarama format, which uses eleven 16 mm projectors. The first Circarama film was A Tour of the West (1955). For the film Italia '61, the number of cameras was reduced to nine, and the 16 mm film was shown using 35 mm projectors. In 1965, Circle-Vision 360° made its official debut, in a nine-camera, 35 mm format. At least one reason for the renaming from Circarama was objections by the owners of Cinerama to the similarity between the two names.

In both the Circarama and Circle-Vision 360° formats, the screens are arranged in a circle around the audience, with small gaps between the screens. The number of screens (eleven or nine) being odd results in a gap being opposite of each screen in the circle. The projectors are placed in these gaps, above the heads of the viewers. Railings are sometimes provided to steady the audience members while viewing the film. The cameras and projection systems for both Circarama and Circle-Vision 360° were designed by longtime Disney animator and visual effects pioneer Ub Iwerks. Circle-Vision 360° cameras have been mounted on top of automobiles for travelog scenes. For The Timekeeper (1992), static cameras and CGI effects were used.

At one time, every one of the Disney Resorts then open had at least one Circle-Vision 360° theater. The Epcot theme park has the only two still operating as of 2022. Circarama and Circle-Vision 360° films have also been featured at various world's fairs.

Circarama and Circle-Vision 360° films
A Tour of the West and the original 1958 version of America the Beautiful were shot in Circarama. Italia '61 was filmed in 16 mm and billed as a Circarama film, but was shown using nine 35 mm projectors. All other films in the table were shot in Circle-Vision 360°.

Sources:

Circarama and Circle-Vision 360° theaters
The theaters at Expo 58 and Disneyland were built as Circarama theaters. The latter would be upgraded to the Circle-Vision 360° system. Although the theater at Expo 61 predated the use of the Circle-Vision 360° name, it used nine 35 mm projectors. All other theaters in the tables were built as Circle-Vision 360° theaters.

Disney theme parks
Years in parentheses after a film title indicate the versions of the movie shown at the theater.

title: Circle-Vision 360°


text: User talk:24.250.133.10

title: User talk:24.250.133.10


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bizzle

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 01:51, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Bizzle
Um, well. It's a definition (although a bad one), but I don't think Wikitionary will want it. humblefool® 01:01, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Yeesh. "Bizzle" is "double dutch jump roping talk--originated by Frankie Smith, popularized 15 years later by Snoop Dogg--for "boy", which in turn is slang for "friend". But yes, delete. --b. Touch 01:59, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. I can't find evidence of this. References in Google seem to be to proper nouns and not this usage. JoaoRicardo 03:22, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, slang dictionary definition. Megan1967 00:58, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delizzle. -Sean Curtin 07:15, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Shizzle, dizzle, bizzle...when will the madnizzle end? Deletizzle. Bearcat 07:10, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Fo shizzle. JimmyShelter 09:09, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bizzle


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SIGHUP

On POSIX-compliant platforms, SIGHUP ("signal hang up") is a signal sent to a process when its controlling terminal is closed. It was originally designed to notify the process of a serial line drop. SIGHUP is a symbolic constant defined in the header file.

History
Access to computer systems for many years consisted of connecting a terminal to a mainframe system via a serial line and the RS-232 protocol. When a system of software interrupts, called signals, was being developed, one of those signals was designated for use on hangup.

SIGHUP would be sent to programs when the serial line was dropped, often because the connected user terminated the connection by hanging up the modem. The system would detect the line was dropped via the lost Data Carrier Detect (DCD) signal.

Signals have always been a convenient method of inter-process communication (IPC), but in early implementations there were no user-definable signals (such as the later additions of SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2) that programs could intercept and interpret for their own purposes. For this reason, applications that did not require a controlling terminal, such as daemons, would re-purpose SIGHUP as a signal to re-read configuration files, or reinitialize. This convention survives to this day in packages such as Apache and Sendmail.

Modern usage
With the decline of access via serial line, the meaning of SIGHUP has changed somewhat on modern systems, often meaning a controlling pseudo or virtual terminal has been closed. If a command is executed inside a terminal window and the terminal window is closed while the command process is still running, it receives SIGHUP.

If the process receiving SIGHUP is a Unix shell, then as part of job control it will often intercept the signal and ensure that all stopped processes are continued before sending the signal to child processes (more precisely, process groups, represented internally by the shell as a "job"), which by default terminates them.

This can be circumvented in two ways. Firstly, the Single UNIX Specification describes a shell utility called nohup, which can be used as a wrapper to start a program and make it ignore SIGHUP by default. Secondly, child process groups can be "disowned" by invoking disown with the job id, which removes the process group from the shell's job table (so they will not be sent SIGHUP), or (optionally) keeps them in the job table but prevents them from receiving SIGHUP on shell termination.

Different shells also have other methods of controlling and managing SIGHUP, such as the disown facility of ksh. Most modern Linux distributions documentation specify using  to send the SIGHUP signal.

Daemon programs sometimes use SIGHUP as a signal to restart themselves, the most common reason for this being to re-read a configuration file that has been changed.

Details
Symbolic signal names are used because signal numbers can vary across platforms, but XSI-conformant systems allow the use of the numeric constant 1 to be used to indicate a SIGHUP, which the vast majority of systems in fact use.

SIGHUP can be handled. That is, programmers can define the action they want to occur upon receiving a SIGHUP, such as calling a function, ignoring it, or restoring the default action.

The default action on POSIX-compliant systems is an abnormal termination.

title: SIGHUP


text:
Metropolitan municipality

A metropolitan municipality is a municipality established to serve a metropolitan area.

Canada
In generic terms and in practical application within Canada, a metropolitan municipality is an urban local government with partial or complete consolidation of city and county services. The former Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, 1954-1998, was created by partial amalgamation of the City of Toronto with neighbouring towns and townships in southerly York County, from which the metropolitan municipality was then extracted. Each jurisdiction retained a degree of local autonomy, like the City of London and the boroughs in Greater London, while the Metropolitan government replaced the old county government and supervised metro-wide services, such as police, fire and ambulance.

Conversely, a rural area (or a suburban area flanked mostly by rural areas) in which county and municipal functions are wholly or partially consolidated is a regional municipality rather than a metropolitan municipality. As with metropolitan municipalities, sub-regional communities - cities, villages, townships - within the regional municipality retain a degree of local autonomy, with the regional government focusing mostly on shared public services (police, drinking water, etc.).

European Union

 * Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona
 * City State of Berlin
 * Brussels-Capital Region
 * Metropolis GZM
 * Greater Manchester
 * Greater London Authority
 * Metropolitan Stockholm
 * South Yorkshire
 * Tricity
 * Grande Área Metropolitana
 * Metropolitan municipalities of Italy

Nepal
There are six metropolitan municipalities in Nepal, known as "Mahanagarpalika". There are another 11 sub-metropolitan municipalities called "Up-mahanagarpalika".

Metropolitan municipality

 * Kathmandu
 * Pokhara
 * Lalitpur
 * Bharatpur
 * Birgunj
 * Biratnagar

Sub-metropolitan municipality

 * Janakpur
 * Ghorahi
 * Hetauda
 * Dhangadhi
 * Tulsipur
 * Itahari
 * Nepalgunj
 * Butwal
 * Dharan
 * Kalaiya
 * Jitpur Simara

Turkey
Metropolitan municipalities are a form of local government with larger jurisdiction than municipalities in Turkey. These may be formed by presidential decree in any province with a provincial population (city center + outlying districts + villages) exceeding 750.000, as per the law governing metropolitan municipalities. Metropolitan municipalities enjoy jurisdiction in provincial borders, whereas "normal" municipalities are only tasked with governing their own district or the city center respectively. Metropolitan municipalities also take on the duties of the Special Provincial Administrations (Turkish: İl Özel İdareleri) that are tasked with providing some municipal services in areas outside municipal limits. District municipalities become subordinate to the metropolitan municipality as second-level municipalities, and the metropolitan municipality takes on the name of the province. The city center is then made into its own district or districts, depending on size. As of 2022, there are 30 metropolitan municipalities in Turkey:

 * Istanbul
 * İzmir
 * Ankara
 * Bursa
 * Adana
 * Mersin
 * Antalya
 * Kocaeli
 * Aydın
 * Balıkesir
 * Denizli
 * Diyarbakır
 * Erzurum
 * Eskişehir
 * Gaziantep
 * Hatay
 * Kahramanmaraş
 * Kayseri
 * Konya
 * Malatya
 * Manisa
 * Mardin
 * Mersin
 * Muğla
 * Ordu
 * Sakarya
 * Samsun
 * Şanlıurfa
 * Tekirdağ
 * Trabzon
 * Uşak
 * Van

title: Metropolitan municipality


text:
Big X

Big X (ビッグX) is a science fiction manga series and an anime series by Osamu Tezuka, based on actual experiments conducted by the Nazis to create secret weapons toward the end of World War II. The anime, which was Tokyo Movie's first work, is considered lost, with only episodes 1, 11-12, 14, and 40-59 known to survive.

Plot
Invited to Nazi Germany during World War II, Dr. Asagumo is asked by Hitler to collaborate in researching the new weapon "Big X". Concerned about the possible effects of this weapon, Dr. Asagumo intentionally delays the progress of the research, conspiring with his co-researcher, the devious Dr. Engel. Immediately before Germany is defeated by the Allies, Dr. Asagumo is shot to death by the German army but not before implanting a card inscribed with the secret of Big X into his son, Shigeru. An organization claiming alliance with the Nazis appears, steals the card from Shigeru, who now lives in Tokyo, and completes the Big X project, which is revealed to be a drug that can expand the human body without limitation. Dr. Engel's grandson has joined the Nazi Alliance. Recovering Big X from the enemy, Shigeru's son Akira fearlessly challenges the Nazi Alliance and Hans Engel, who are plotting to conquer the world.

Voice cast

 * Akira Shimada as Big X
 * Fuyumi Shiraishi as Nina
 * Ichirô Nagai as Dr. Hanamaru
 * Keiko Yamamoto as Hans Engel
 * Yoshiko Ota as Akira Asagumo

Other appearances

 * Big X makes a cameo appearance in the Astro Boy: Omega Factor game for the Nintendo Game Boy Advance released in 2004, along with many other characters also created by Osamu Tezuka.
 * In the Oh My Goddess! manga, Urd watches a thinly veiled parody of the show.
 * In the film Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero the characters Gamma 1 and Gamma 2 wear a suit similar to Big X.

title: Big X


text:
Sensor fusion

Sensor fusion is the process of combining sensor data or data derived from disparate sources such that the resulting information has less uncertainty than would be possible when these sources were used individually. For instance, one could potentially obtain a more accurate location estimate of an indoor object by combining multiple data sources such as video cameras and WiFi localization signals. The term uncertainty reduction in this case can mean more accurate, more complete, or more dependable, or refer to the result of an emerging view, such as stereoscopic vision (calculation of depth information by combining two-dimensional images from two cameras at slightly different viewpoints).

The data sources for a fusion process are not specified to originate from identical sensors. One can distinguish direct fusion, indirect fusion and fusion of the outputs of the former two. Direct fusion is the fusion of sensor data from a set of heterogeneous or homogeneous sensors, soft sensors, and history values of sensor data, while indirect fusion uses information sources like a priori knowledge about the environment and human input.

Sensor fusion is also known as (multi-sensor) data fusion and is a subset of information fusion.

Examples of sensors

 * Accelerometers
 * Electronic Support Measures (ESM)
 * Flash LIDAR
 * Global Positioning System (GPS)
 * Infrared / thermal imaging camera
 * Magnetic sensors
 * MEMS
 * Phased array
 * Radar
 * Radiotelescopes, such as the proposed Square Kilometre Array, the largest sensor ever to be built
 * Scanning LIDAR
 * Seismic sensors
 * Sonar and other acoustic
 * Sonobuoys
 * TV cameras
 * →Additional List of sensors

Algorithms
Sensor fusion is a term that covers a number of methods and algorithms, including:

 * Kalman filter
 * Bayesian networks
 * Dempster–Shafer
 * Convolutional neural network
 * Gaussian processes

Example calculations
Two example sensor fusion calculations are illustrated below.

Let $${\textbf{x}}_1$$ and $${\textbf{x}}_2$$ denote two sensor measurements with noise variances $$\scriptstyle\sigma_1^2$$ and $$\scriptstyle\sigma_2^2$$ , respectively. One way of obtaining a combined measurement $${\textbf{x}}_3$$ is to apply inverse-variance weighting, which is also employed within the Fraser-Potter fixed-interval smoother, namely

 * $${\textbf{x}}_3 = \sigma_3^{2} (\sigma_1^{-2}{\textbf{x}}_1 + \sigma_2^{-2}{\textbf{x}}_2)$$ ,

where $$ \scriptstyle\sigma_3^{2} = (\scriptstyle\sigma_1^{-2} + \scriptstyle\sigma_2^{-2})^{-1}$$ is the variance of the combined estimate. It can be seen that the fused result is simply a linear combination of the two measurements weighted by their respective noise variances.

Another (equivalent) method to fuse two measurements is to use the optimal Kalman filter. Suppose that the data is generated by a first-order system and let $${\textbf{P}}_k$$ denote the solution of the filter's Riccati equation. By applying Cramer's rule within the gain calculation it can be found that the filter gain is given by:

 * $$ {\textbf{L}}_k =

\begin{bmatrix} \tfrac{\scriptstyle\sigma_2^{2}{\textbf{P}}_k}{\scriptstyle\sigma_2^{2}{\textbf{P}}_k + \scriptstyle\sigma_1^{2}{\textbf{P}}_k + \scriptstyle\sigma_1^{2} \scriptstyle\sigma_2^{2}} & \tfrac{\scriptstyle\sigma_1^{2}{\textbf{P}}_k}{\scriptstyle\sigma_2^{2}{\textbf{P}}_k + \scriptstyle\sigma_1^{2}{\textbf{P}}_k + \scriptstyle\sigma_1^{2} \scriptstyle\sigma_2^{2}} \end{bmatrix}.$$

By inspection, when the first measurement is noise free, the filter ignores the second measurement and vice versa. That is, the combined estimate is weighted by the quality of the measurements.

Centralized versus decentralized
In sensor fusion, centralized versus decentralized refers to where the fusion of the data occurs. In centralized fusion, the clients simply forward all of the data to a central location, and some entity at the central location is responsible for correlating and fusing the data. In decentralized, the clients take full responsibility for fusing the data. "In this case, every sensor or platform can be viewed as an intelligent asset having some degree of autonomy in decision-making."

Multiple combinations of centralized and decentralized systems exist.

Another classification of sensor configuration refers to the coordination of information flow between sensors. These mechanisms provide a way to resolve conflicts or disagreements and to allow the development of dynamic sensing strategies. Sensors are in redundant (or competitive) configuration if each node delivers independent measures of the same properties. This configuration can be used in error correction when comparing information from multiple nodes. Redundant strategies are often used with high level fusions in voting procedures. Complementary configuration occurs when multiple information sources supply different information about the same features. This strategy is used for fusing information at raw data level within decision-making algorithms. Complementary features are typically applied in motion recognition tasks with Neural network, Hidden Markov model,  Support-vector machine, clustering methods and other techniques. Cooperative sensor fusion uses the information extracted by multiple independent sensors to provide information that would not be available from single sensors. For example, sensors connected to body segments are used for the detection of the angle between them. Cooperative sensor strategy gives information impossible to obtain from single nodes. Cooperative information fusion can be used in motion recognition, gait analysis, motion analysis, ,.

Levels
There are several categories or levels of sensor fusion that are commonly used.

 * Level 0 – Data alignment
 * Level 1 – Entity assessment (e.g. signal/feature/object).
 * Tracking and object detection/recognition/identification
 * Level 2 – Situation assessment
 * Level 3 – Impact assessment
 * Level 4 – Process refinement (i.e. sensor management)
 * Level 5 – User refinement

Sensor fusion level can also be defined basing on the kind of information used to feed the fusion algorithm. More precisely, sensor fusion can be performed fusing raw data coming from different sources, extrapolated features or even decision made by single nodes.

 * Data level - data level (or early) fusion aims to fuse raw data from multiple sources and represent the fusion technique at the lowest level of abstraction. It is the most common sensor fusion technique in many fields of application. Data level fusion algorithms usually aim to combine multiple homogeneous sources of sensory data to achieve more accurate and synthetic readings. When portable devices are employed data compression represent an important factor, since collecting raw information from multiple sources generates huge information spaces that could define an issue in terms of memory or communication bandwidth for portable systems. Data level information fusion tends to generate big input spaces, that slow down the decision-making procedure. Also, data level fusion often cannot handle incomplete measurements. If one sensor modality becomes useless due to malfunctions, breakdown or other reasons the whole systems could occur in ambiguous outcomes.
 * Feature level - features represent information computed on board by each sensing node. These features are then sent to a fusion node to feed the fusion algorithm. This procedure generates smaller information spaces with respect to the data level fusion, and this is better in terms of computational load. Obviously, it is important to properly select features on which to define classification procedures: choosing the most efficient features set should be a main aspect in method design. Using features selection algorithms that properly detect correlated features and features subsets improves the recognition accuracy but large training sets are usually required to find the most significant feature subset.
 * Decision level - decision level (or late) fusion is the procedure of selecting an hypothesis from a set of hypotheses generated by individual (usually weaker) decisions of multiple nodes. It is the highest level of abstraction and uses the information that has been already elaborated through preliminary data- or feature level processing. The main goal in decision fusion is to use meta-level classifier while data from nodes are preprocessed by extracting features from them. Typically decision level sensor fusion is used in classification an recognition activities and the two most common approaches are majority voting and Naive-Bayes. Advantages coming from decision level fusion include communication bandwidth and improved decision accuracy. It also allows the combination of heterogeneous sensors.

Applications
One application of sensor fusion is GPS/INS, where Global Positioning System and inertial navigation system data is fused using various different methods, e.g. the extended Kalman filter. This is useful, for example, in determining the attitude of an aircraft using low-cost sensors. Another example is using the data fusion approach to determine the traffic state (low traffic, traffic jam, medium flow) using road side collected acoustic, image and sensor data. In the field of autonomous driving, sensor fusion is used to combine the redundant information from complementary sensors in order to obtain a more accurate and reliable representation of the environment.

Although technically not a dedicated sensor fusion method, modern Convolutional neural network based methods can simultaneously process many channels of sensor data (such as Hyperspectral imaging with hundreds of bands ) and fuse relevant information to produce classification results.

title: Sensor fusion


text:
Niellim language

The Niellim language (autonym lwaà) is a Bua language spoken by some 5,000 people (as of 1993) along the Chari River in southern Chad. It is mainly spoken in two areas: one around the city of Sarh (to which many - perhaps most - speakers have migrated) and one, its traditional home, further north, between about 9°30′ and 9°50′ N, corresponding to the former chiefdoms of Pra and Niou, as well as the Niellim Sultanate.

Niellim borders on several languages of diverse families – in particular Sara, Ndam, and Laal – and is influenced by the local lingua franca, Baguirmi; it has itself strongly influenced Laal, but also apparently has been influenced by Laal, or a relative of Laal, since much of the common Laal–Niellim vocabulary is not Bua. It is notably homogeneous. As a small minority in Chad, its speakers usually have to learn other languages, mostly (as of 1974) Baguirmi, Sara, Arabic, and Bua.

Niellim Sultanate
In the middle of the 19th century, the Niellim-speaking clan along the Chari organized into a small sultanate. Throughout the latter half of the century, they suffered various raids by the Baguirmi Kingdom, until they were eventually vassalized by them. Under their rule, they assimilated with the Barma people.

Phonology
The consonants are:

The vowels are, and as well as the diphthongs,  and  ;  all except  can also be given contrastive length and nasalization. Complex vowel harmony, rather similar to that found in Laal, is observable.

There are three tone levels: low, mid, high. Any syllable must bear at least one tone; it may bear any combination of two tones, or one of three three-tone combinations: LML, MLH, or HLH.

Syntax
The typical word order is subject–verb–object (though this can be affected by topic fronting); preposition - prepositional object (- postposition); noun - adjective; possessed - possessor. However, possessive pronouns precede the noun.

Pronouns
The basic personal pronouns include: n I, m you, r he, she, it (with low tone as subjects, high tone as objects), í you (pl.), and á they. ("We" does not appear in sources so far examined by the editors.)

Nouns
Noun plural formation is quite complex, and includes some apparent relics of a now-absent noun class system; the commonest ways include combinations of internal vowel ablaut, the suffix -gɨ, a change l/n > r, and/or replacing final -a with -i.

Verbs
Each verb has two forms: indicative and optative ("injunctive" in Boyeldieu's terminology.) They are distinguished by tonal pattern.

Verbs may be preceded by various particles to indicate tense, aspect, and mood: for instance wò continuous, ɓə future, ká obligation. Indirect quoted speech is preceded with the particle ɓə that.

Verbal nouns may be formed by changing the tone pattern and/or suffixing -li or -la (in which the l becomes n following a nasal) together with internal vowel ablaut.

Verb derivational suffixes include -n intensive (realized as -nì or -ɨ̀n, e.g., nun bite > nùnɨ̀n gnaw, and sometimes causing internal ablaut), and -gɨ̀ mediopassive (sometimes -gi or -gu, rarely causes internal ablaut).

Prepositions
Common prepositions include gɨ̀ to (dative), naà with, and ti to.

Examples

 * ɓá̰ tɨba ti ʔùu:l, sì sì, tén w̃àɲ, kà ŕ lápyaà.
 * child fall road, go go, find chief, do him hello.
 * The child set off, walked and walked, found the chief and greeted him.

 * á na ŕ ndúu: ní ŕ ɲì.
 * they give him water he drink
 * They gave him water to drink.

 * jée:l lá ŕ ʔwa̰ ŕ ɓi:r tén w̃àɲ:
 * evening too he get-up he ask chief:
 * In the evening he got up and asked the chief:

 * w̃àɲ, ɲìin hina ḿ ɓá̰ tàa:m. ɛɛ̀, pàáy kəə̀y? ǹ tà:m ḿ ɓá̰ càaw.
 * chief I(emph.) come you child seek, eh, is-it what?, I want you child marry (verbal noun)
 * "Chief, I have come to seek your daughter; I want to marry your daughter."

(From a story recounted by Dakour Yalka Ali, in Boyeldieu 1985, p. 10)

title: Niellim language


text:
Chaoshan

Chaoshan or Teoswa (peng'im: Dio5suan1 ) is a cultural-linguistic region in the east of Guangdong, China. It is the origin of the Min Nan Chaoshan dialect (潮汕话). The region, also known as Chiushan in Cantonese, consists of the cities Chaozhou, Jieyang and Shantou. It differs linguistically from the rest of Guangdong province, which was historically dominated by Yue speakers, Hakka, and Leizhou Min speakers. However, Mandarin has recently become the dominant language in the region. It is historically important as the ancestral homeland of many citizens of other countries of Chinese descent, including Viets, Thais, Cambodians, Singaporeans, Malaysians, and Indonesians.

Chao Shan people are mainly spread over Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Hainan; they have emigrated and established communities in Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Singapore, France, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Indonesia, and other countries and coastal areas. The Teochew Letters, which have been admitted into the Asia/Pacific Regional Memory of the World (MOW) Register, were family correspondence and remittance sent by Teochew immigrants in Southeast Asia to their families living in Chaoshan.

Etymology
The name "Chaoshan" (潮汕) is a contraction of two prefecture-level cities in the region: Chaozhou (潮州) and Shantou (汕头). The name was first used in the 1904 construction of the Chao Chow and Swatow Railway, which connected the two major cities. Chaoshan then became the general name for four prefecture-level cities: Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang, and Shanwei. Chaozhou and Shantou have agglomerated into a single, dense metropolitan area, which is among China's most densely populated. It is Guangdong's second largest metropolitan area, after the Guangzhou-centered Pearl River Delta. Chaozhou is a major cultural center of the Chaoshan region, and thus the descendants of overseas Chaoshan immigrants are often called "Chaozhou".

Economy
The Chaoshan region, despite having the second largest economy in Guangdong after the Pearl River Delta, is still considered quite economically small in comparison to the PRD's economy. Although the growth of the area's GDP stagnated in the late 1990s during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, it has experienced regional economic growth and a steady increase in GDP. Li Ka-shing has also invested heavily in the education and healthcare of the region, recognizing its potential for growth; in 2023, he donated RMB 100 million to support the construction of a new inpatient building of the Chaozhou People's Hospital.

There have been proposals to the Chinese government to amalgamate the region into one Special Economic Zone, as the split of the region into three cities (Chaozhou, Jieyang, and Shantou) in 1991 greatly slowed the level of economic growth in the region; in 2012, the per capita GDP of Shantou reached only US$4,250, whereas the province's total GDP per capita was US$8,600. During the period 2007–2012, there was only a 10% growth in GDP, whereas the average economic growth in the whole province was around 15%. In 2007, the total GDP of the four cities in eastern Guangdong was 210.748 billion yuan, accounting for 6.56% of the total GDP of the Province. Shantou, one of the first four special economic zones opened to the outside world, ranked 11th in the province and the first of the four cities; Jieyang ranked 14th in the province and 2nd among the four cities; and Chaozhou ranked 18th in the province and 3rd among the four cities. (In economics, Fengshun County is usually not included in the statistics of the Chaoshan region.)

Geography
The Chaoshan region encompasses the cities of Chaozhou, Jieyang, and Shantou. It had a permanent population of 13,937,897 at the end of 2010, and covers an area of 10,415 km2 that stretches from Jieyang on the coast to the southern border of Fujian.

Chaoshan is located in the east of Guangdong; it is bordered by Zhangzhou to its northeast and Meizhou in the northwest. The region has varying elevations, with highlands in northwest Chaoshan and low-lying deltas in the south and southeast. Two of the most notable mountain ranges in the northwest are the Phoenix Mountains (Chaozhou) and the Lotus Mountains (Guangdong). The region's flat terrain is served by three rivers and their tributaries: the Hanjiang, the Rongjiang , and the Lianjiang.

Chaoshan has a long coastline with many ports, reaching a total length of more than 325.6 km. Its coastline spreads southwest from Raoping County and is detailed by bays, inlets, and islands; the largest island being Nan'ao Island.

In March 2013, a proposal to merge Chaozhou, Jieyang, and Shantou into sub-provincial cities in Guangdong Province was submitted to the National People's Congress. Chen Jingwei, a member of the CPPCC National Committee and vice-chairman of the Federation of Chinese Industry and Commerce, submitted the proposal again in March 2014.

Energy
The area contains two coal-fired power plants with 1000 megawatt or greater outputs: Shantou Power Station (1200MW) and Huilai Power Station (3200MW).

Chaoshan is home to many active wind farms, including the Nan'ao Wind Farm complex on Nan'ao Island in Shantou, which is the largest island wind farm in Asia; and the Shibeishan Wind Farm in Huilai County. There are also multiple planned wind farm complexes set to start construction in 2024–2025, the most notable being Chaozhou's planned offshore wind farm in the Taiwan Strait (set to be a 43.3 gigawatt facility) and the planned Guangdong Jieyang Huilai wind farm (which has five separate projects).

There are also plans to build a nuclear power plant in Jieyang, although the date by which construction will start has yet to be determined.

Culture and language

Chaoshan has a culture that is distinct from its neighbours in Guangdong and the rest of China. It does, however, share similarities to the Minnan areas just north of Chaoshan in Fujian province. One of the main reasons is its language, the Chaoshan or Swatow dialect. This variant of Chinese has eight tones, compared to the six tones found in Cantonese and the four to five tones found in Mandarin, which made it one of the most difficult ones to master. Music, opera and Chaozhou cuisine are further characteristics that distinguish Chaoshan people from the rest of Guangdong.

The Chaoshan dialect (潮州話/潮汕話) of Min is considered one of the more conservative Chinese dialects, as it preserves features from ancient Chinese that have been lost in some of the other modern dialects of Chinese. Locals claim Chaoshan dialect is one of the oldest in China. It is spoken by about 10 million people in local Chaoshan and approximately two to five million overseas.

According to historical records, the Chaoshan dialect originated in Qin and Han dynasties, developed in Tang and Song dynasties, took shape in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties before forming an independent language system. Its main body is the Central Plains ancient Chinese, mixed with the Min dialect, Wang Shuo once said with a smile: "Qin Shihuang speaks a Chaozhou dialect." The Chaoshan dialect is pronounced in eight tones (four tones in Putonghua). As for the eight notes of Chaozhou, some people once summed up their image as: "Hong Kong police, old and powerless". The oldest surviving dictionary of Chaozhou sounds is "Twenty-Five Tones of Chaoyu" written by Zhang Shizhen, a merchant in Chenghai, late Qing dynasty.

Chaozhou opera (潮劇) is a traditional art form that has a history of more than 500 years, and it has been performed in over 20 countries and regions. Based on the local folk dances and ballads, Chaozhou opera has formed its own style under the influence of Nanxi opera. Nanxi is one of the oldest Chinese operas that originated in the Song dynasty. The old form of choral accompaniment still retains its special features. Clowns and females are the most distinctive characters in a Chaozhou opera, and fan-playing and acrobatic skills are more prominent than in other types of performances.

Gongfu tea (工夫茶), the "espresso" of Chinese teas with a formidable kick, which was first consumed back in the Song dynasty, is still flourishing and remains an important part of social etiquette in Chaozhou.

At the local teahouse, tea service is often accompanied by Chaozhou music (潮州音樂). Chaozhou string music, the gong and drum music, flute music are the traditional musical forms of Chaozhou music. Chaozhou string music is made up of mostly plucked and bowed string instruments, and on some occasions, wind instruments are used. The most characteristic instruments are the rihin (二弦), tihu (提胡) and yahu (all two-stringed bowed lutes), the sanxian, pipa, ruan, guzheng, and yangqin. The number of instruments and performers in the ensemble is flexible and depends on the availability of instruments and musicians to play them - but for an even and balanced texture only one of each instrument is preferred. Chaozhou drum music includes the big drum and gong, the small drum and gong, the dizi set drum and dong and su drum and gong ensembles. The current Chaozhou drum music is said to be similar to the form of the Drum and Wind Music of the Han and Tang dynasties. Chaozhou guzheng (潮州古筝) is also regarded as a major genre of Southern style of Chinese guzheng.

Chaoshan cuisine
Chaoshan cuisine, also known as Chiuchow cuisine, Chaozhou cuisine or Teochew cuisine, originated from the Chaoshan region in the eastern part of China's Guangdong Province, which includes the cities of Chaozhou, Shantou and Jieyang. Relative economic and linguistic isolation (most people also speak Mandarin) has helped maintain the Chaoshan area's local traditions, which has turned into a boon for foodies.

Chaoshan cuisine, similar to Cantonese cooking, is characterized by the use of ingredients such as fresh seafood, poultry, galangal, Chinese basil, and vegetables. Chaoshan dishes taste fresh, light and natural. There are also unique local sauces such as pruning soy sauce, Shantou sweet and spicy sauce, garlic white vinegar sauce, and fermented fish sauce. Salty, spicy, sweet or sour, each has its own outstanding flavor. Teochew (also Chaoshan or Chiu Chow or Chaozhou) cooking focuses on restraint and subtlety and avoids heavy seasonings to highlight the freshness of ingredients. The ingredients of Chaoshan dishes usually include white olives, rice noodles, or mandarin oranges. These ingredients often come from the sea in Chaoshan, a hundred miles up the coast from Hong Kong.

The cooking methods of Chaoshan dishes are diversified, including brining, deep-frying, pan-frying, braising, alive marinating, stewing, roasting, smoking, steam stewing, dressing, etc. The most used method among these is brining. Chaoshan brined meat is the signature dish in Chaoshan cuisine. Meat is brined together with rich flavors. Local dishes also use marinated raw seafood, such as colorful flower crabs steeped in a bath of vinegar, salt, chilis and cilantro. The seafood cooked in this way is extremely umami.

Chaoshan has a rich history of farming and drying seaweed, which Westerners might instinctively associate with Korean and Japanese cooking. The ancient Teochew tradition of preparing thinly sliced raw fish was later exported to Japan, becoming known as sashimi.

The most famous culinary method in Chaoshan is marinated broth stew, where poultry (especially local geese) and other meat are slow-cooked in a highly flavored broth. This is different from Cantonese food, in which barbecued meat is arguably one of the most representative dishes.

title: Chaoshan


text:
Letter to the editor

A letter to the editor (LTE) is a letter sent to a publication about an issue of concern to the reader. Usually, such letters are intended for publication. In many publications, letters to the editor may be sent either through conventional mail or electronic mail.

Letters to the editor are most frequently associated with newspapers and news magazines, however, they are sometimes published in other periodicals such as entertainment and technical magazines and academic journals. Radio and television stations may also receive such letters, which are sometimes read on the air, particularly on news commentary broadcasts or on talk radio. In this presentation form the letter to the editor can also be described as viewer mail or listener mail, depending on the medium.

Subject matter
The subject matter of letters to the editor vary widely. However, the most common topics include:
 * Supporting or opposing a stance taken by the publication in its editorial or by a columnist, or responding to another writer's letter to the editor.
 * Commenting on a current issue being debated by a governing body – local, regional or national depending on the publication's circulation. Often, the writer will urge elected officials to make their decision based on their viewpoint.
 * Commenting on material (such as a news story) that has appeared in a previous edition. Such letters may either be critical or praising.
 * Correcting a perceived error or misrepresentation.

History
Letters to the Editor (LTEs) have been a feature of American newspapers since the 18th century. Many of the earliest news reports and commentaries published by early-American newspapers were delivered in the form of letters, and by the mid-18th century, LTEs were a dominant carrier of political and social discourse. Many influential essays about the role of government in matters such as personal freedoms and economic development took the form of letters — consider Cato's Letters or Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, which were widely reprinted in early American newspapers. Through the 19th century, LTEs were increasingly centralized near the editorials of newspapers, so that by the turn of the 20th century LTEs had become permanent fixtures of the opinion pages.

Modern LTE forums differ little from those earlier counterparts. A typical forum will include a half-dozen to a dozen letters (or excerpts from letters). The letters chosen for publication usually are only a sample of the total letters submitted, with larger-circulation publications running a much smaller percentage of submissions and small-circulation publications running nearly all of the relatively few letters they receive. Editors generally read all submissions, but in general most will automatically reject letters that include profanity, libelous statements, personal attacks against individuals or specific organizations, that are unreasonably long (most publications suggest length limits ranging from 200 to 500 words) or that are submitted anonymously.

The latter criterion is a fairly recent development in LTE management. Prior to the Cold War paranoia of the mid-20th century, anonymous LTEs were common; in fact, the right to write anonymously was central to the free-press/free-speech movement (as in the 1735 trial against John Peter Zenger, which started with an anonymous essay). By the 1970s, editors had developed strong negative attitudes toward anonymous letters, and by the end of the 20th century, about 94 percent of newspapers automatically rejected anonymous LTEs. Some newspapers in the 1980s and 1990s created special anonymous opinion forums that allowed people to either record short verbal opinions via telephone (which were then transcribed and published) or send letters that were either unsigned or where the author used a pseudonym. Although many journalists derided the anonymous call-in forums as unethical (for instance, someone could make an unfounded opinion without worry of the consequences or having to back the comment up with hard facts), defenders argued that such forums upheld the free-press tradition of vigorous, uninhibited debate similar to that found in earlier newspapers.

Non-print media
Although primarily considered a function of print publications, LTEs also are present in electronic media. In broadcast journalism, LTEs have always been a semi-regular feature of 60 Minutes and the news programs of National Public Radio. LTEs also are widespread on the Internet in various forms.

By the early 21st century, the Internet had become a delivery system for many LTEs via e-mail and news websites (in fact, after several envelopes containing a powder suspected to be anthrax were mailed to lawmakers and journalists, several news organizations announced they would only accept e-mail LTEs). Because the Internet broadly expanded the potential readership of editorials and opinion columns at small newspapers, their controversial editorials or columns could sometimes attract much more e-mail than they were used to handling — so much so that a few newspapers had their e-mail servers crash.

Considerations
Editors are a frequent target of letter-writing campaigns, also called "astroturfing", or "fake grass-roots" operations where sample letters are distributed on the Internet or otherwise, to be copied or rewritten and submitted as personal letters.

Although LTE management gets little attention in trade journals, one organization, the National Conference of Editorial Writers, often includes essays on LTE management in its newsletter, The Masthead, and at its annual meetings. Among the NCEW's strongest champions for LTEs was Ronald D. Clark of the St. Paul Pioneer Press, who wrote, "Consider letters as a barometer of how well (you are) engaging readers or viewers. The more you receive, the more you're connecting. The fewer you receive, the stronger the sign that you're putting the masses to sleep."

On the other hand, many editors will allow the publication of anonymous letters where the details of name and address of the author are not printed, but are disclosed to the editor. This can promote a debate of issues that are personal, contentious or embarrassing, yet are of importance to raise in a public debate.

Sometimes a letter to the editor in a local newspaper, such as the "Dear IRS" letter written by Ed Barnett to the Wichita Falls Times Record News in Wichita Falls, Texas, will end up receiving attention from the national media.

Academic
In academic publishing, letters to the editor of an academic journal are usually open postpublication reviews of a paper, often critical of some aspect of the original paper. The authors of the original paper sometimes respond to these with a letter of their own. Controversial papers in mainstream journals often attract numerous letters to the editor. Good citation indexing services list the original papers together with all replies. Depending on the length of the letter and the journal's style, other types of headings may be used, such as peer commentary. There are some variations on this practice. Some journals request open commentaries as a matter of course, which are published together with the original paper, and any authors' reply, in a process called open peer commentary. The introduction of the "epub ahead of print" practice in many journals now allows unsolicited letters to the editor (and authors' reply) to appear in the same print issue of the journal, as long as they are sent in the interval between the electronic publication of the original paper and its appearance in print.

Misrepresentation
Submitting a letter under a false name to shill in support or to criticize an opponent can have significant consequences. For example, Canadian politician Paul Reitsma's career ended in scandal in 1999, after he signed letters addressed to newspapers as "Warren Betanko" praising himself and attacking his political opponents. His local paper wrote a front-page story under the headline of "MLA Reitsma is a liar and we can prove it". The revelation led to a recall campaign that built up steam, but Reitsma resigned the day before the formal recall election could take place. He is the only modern Canadian politician to be forced from office due to a recall campaign.

In 1966 Israel, the Herut Party of then opposition leader Menachem Begin was shaken by scandal when letters sharply attacking Begin, which had been published in major dailies, were proven to have been authored by Begin's rivals for the party leadership and sent to the papers under various aliases and false names. As a result, the rivals were discredited and eventually expelled from the party, which helped buttress Begin's leadership position up to win the 1977 general elections and become Prime Minister of Israel.

title: Letter to the editor


text:
Robert Moran

Robert Moran (born January 8, 1937) is an American composer of operas and ballets as well as numerous orchestral, vocal, chamber and dance works.

Life
A native of Denver, Moran studied twelve-tone music privately with Hans Apostel in Vienna and completed his Master of Arts degree in 1963 at Mills College in Oakland, California, where he studied with Darius Milhaud and Luciano Berio (Ruppenthal and Patterson 2001). After having lived for periods ranging from a few months to a couple of years in various locales, from Vienna, Berlin, New York City, and Milan to Portland and San Francisco, he has made Philadelphia his home since 1984.

Many of his works have been recorded: his two albums for Argo Records were taken out of print, but reissued as a two CD set by Innova Records, which also released a new CD of his music. Some of his music has been made available in mp3 format at the classical midi archives site (Tyranny and Anon. 2008). The Juniper Tree was issued on CD in 2009.

Operas

 * The Juniper Tree (1985) (co-composed with Philip Glass)
 * Desert of Roses (premiered February 1992 at Houston Grand Opera)
 * From the Towers of the Moon (premiered March 1992 at Minnesota Opera)
 * The Dracula Diary (premiered March 1994 at Houston Grand Opera)
 * Night Passage (1995)

Miniature operas with durations of less than ten minutes, for a variety of voices and small instrumental ensembles: "Remember Him to Me", "So Suddenly a War", "Your Pig is Dead" and others. The libretti-fragments are by Gertrude Stein.

Ballets

 * Rocky Road to Kansas (1995)
 * "Waltz In Memoriam Maurice Ravel" for piano
 * "Wendekreise" world premiere at the Bavarian State Opera, 1972
 * "ALICE" full length ballet, commissioned by the Scottish Ballet, world premiere April 2011

Other works

 * For Organ (1967)
 * Thirty Nine Minutes for Thirty Nine Autos (August 1969)
 * Hallelujah (1971)
 * Emblems of Passage (1974)
 * Dream Quilt (1997)
 * The Eternal Hour (1974)
 * Pachelbel Promenade
 * Waltz in Memoriam Maurice Ravel (1977) for piano (also arranged for harp by Falcao)
 * Ten Miles High Over Albania (1983)
 * Three Dances (1983/86)
 * Survivor From Darmstadt (1984)
 * Open Veins (1986)
 * Halicarnassian Quartet
 * Leipziger Kerzenspiel
 * Three Baroque Songs (1988)
 * Requiem: Chant Du Cygne (March 1990)
 * Points of Departure (1993)
 * Seven Sounds Unseen (1993)
 * 32 Cryptograms for Derek Jarman (1995)
 * Obrigado (1996)
 * Voce Della Fontana (1998)
 * Stimmen Des Letzten Siegels (Voices of the Last Seal) (2001)
 * Trinity Requiem (commemorating the 10th anniversary of September 11, 2001) (2011) (Amico 2011).
 * Mantra recorded by the Latvian Radio Choir, from the album Mantra of Moran's works

title: Robert Moran


text:
Links 2 3 4

"Links 2 3 4" (also spelled "Links 2-3-4"; English: "Left 2 3 4") is a song by German Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein. It was released as the second single from their third studio album, Mutter, on 14 May 2001. It is a politically charged song, taking aim at early allegations of Nazism against the band by revealing that they are politically left-wing. The song was a top 40 hit in Germany, Austria, and Finland.

Composition
The lyrics were written in response to allegations of fascism/Nazism directed at the band. The chorus states "they want my heart on the right, but when I look down, it beats on the left", implying they are on the left of the political spectrum.

The refrain “Links, Zwo Drei Vier” (“Left, Two Three Four”) is an allusion to the revolutionary song Einheitsfrontlied, written by Bertolt Brecht for the Communist Party of Germany in the 1930s and re-popularized by Hannes Wader in the German Democratic Republic.

The song uses an alternate pronunciation of the German two, using zwo rather than zwei. "Zwo" is more commonly used within the German military, or in the Austrian dialect, and this song presents a strong, militaristic theme, 'left – two – three – four' being a common drill instructor's cadence to keep a marching formation in step.

Music video
The music video for the song uses CGI to depict an ant-colony, representing leftists, attacking beetles, representing Nazis. The ants in the video are shown doing human-like tasks such as playing football, watching television, and dancing.

The band can be seen playing on a movie theater screen, a modified version of their logo with two crossed hammers is shown.

During the movie theater scene the beetles attack, killing members of the ant colony. One ant is seen watching what the monstrous beetles are doing.

The same ant then goes underground to rally the other ants and kill the beetles which symbolizes how the left may crush the right if they work together.

Live story
The song debuted live in April 2000 on a concert just for members of the fan club. Then it was called simply "Links" and had some minor differences compared to the final version released in Mutter. It was also played during some concerts of Big Day Out 2001. When played live, it usually extends to almost five minutes because of added instrumentals. Since its debut, it has been played in virtually every Rammstein concert, exceptions being most of the shows in Big Day Out 2001 and three consecutive concerts exclusively for members of the Fan Area in October 2004.

Track listing
The single has a B-side of "Halleluja", a track frequently performed live by the band during the Mutter Tour. An early version of it is also available on the Limited Edition release of Mutter, as well as the Japanese edition and Resident Evil Soundtrack.

A DVD version of "Links 2 3 4" contains the audio tracks, as well as a video portion with the official music video, its making-of documentary and a photo gallery. Both videos were subsequently re-released on the Lichtspielhaus DVD.

Maxi-CD

 * 1) "Links 2 3 4" – 3:43
 * 2) "Halleluja" – 3:46
 * 3) "Links 2 3 4 (Clawfinger Geradeaus Remix)" – 4:28
 * 4) "Links 2 3 4 (Westbam Technolectro Mix)" – 5:58
 * 5) "Links 2 3 4 (Westbam Hard Rock Cafe Bonus Mix)" – 3:43
 * The 2-track CD features "Links 2 3 4" and "Halleluja"

DVD maxi single
Audio section
 * 1) "Links 2 3 4" – 3:43
 * 2) "Halleluja" – 3:46
 * 3) "Links 2 3 4 (Clawfinger Geradeaus Remix)" – 4:28
 * 4) "Links 2 3 4 (Westbam Technolectro Mix)" – 5:58
 * 5) "Links 2 3 4 (Westbam Hard Rock Cafe Bonus Mix)" – 3:43

Video section
 * 1) "Links 2 3 4 (Video)" – 3:37
 * 2) "Links 2 3 4 (Making of)" – 10:11
 * 3) Photo gallery

title: Links 2 3 4


text:
Hiv, Iran

Hiv is a village in, and the capital of, Hiv Rural District of the Central District of Savojbolagh County, Alborz province, Iran.

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 8,061 in 2,247 households, when it was in Tehran province. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 8,697 in 2,838 households, by which time the county had separated from the province and become a part of recently established Alborz province. It was the most populous village in its rural district.

title: Hiv, Iran


text:
Talk:Cray

"Joseph Patrick O'Brien Jr."... actual Cray Inventor?
This quote (below) from the intro paragraph of the History section seems especially pertinent. If the original architecture for the Cray supercomputer came from an outside inventor we should be informed about this mystery genius. Who is Joseph Patrick O'Brien Jr., where is he now, what was his ownership stake in Cray (did he ever benefit from the use of his designs?)? Am I the only one who thinks this is important information? We have all heard of Seymour Cray... what of the guy who did the low-level designs upon which his computers seem to be based?

"'One of the contributing factors to his leaving CDC was that he obtained a design from a student at the Control Data Institute of Technology in Los Angeles, California. This design increased the speed of the fastest known computer (at the time) tenfold. The design was submitted by Joseph Patrick O'Brien Jr. to Control Data's Designing and Engineering Headquarters in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1971. The schematic presentation was in Boolean algebra, as well as the component level. The circuit (now public domain) has remained the fastest to this day.'"

--Randall Lee Reetz —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.232.238.168 (talk) 18:23, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I see no reason to keep this paragraph. An E-mail address to a person claiming to have letters is not a reliable source. If the circuit truly is in the public domain, then at the very least, there should be evidence of it. I'm unable to find any such evidence. 76.204.88.63 20:32, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

-

For information regarding this subject, the following Wikipedia Talk link pretty much covers it.

--Jopedia (talk) 09:16, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

SX-6 picture irrelevant/"un-historic"?
Why is there a picture of SX-6. It's a NEC system marketed by Cray in the US. It definitively is not an original Cray product and does not reflect historic achievements of Cray. You should at least put a picture of X-1. --Anonymous #1

Sarbanes-Oxley
I'm not sure the section "Cray Inc. and Sarbanes Oxley Compliance: Common Example of the Hard-Hitting SOX" belongs in the Cray article. I think it belongs in an article about Sarbanes Oxley Compliance. --Anonymous #2

 * I think this is exactly where it belongs! I quit Cray just shortly after the hulabaloo over the SBO non-compliance.  They are in terrible shape and this is just points out their managment problems. --Anonymous #3

Intro text unclear re S. Cray's startups
The first paragraph is confusing. Cray start the first company in 1972? Did he leave it in 1976? I mean, it sounds like he started both companies but only one is explicited mentioned as a company he started and well - its just confusing. By reading it I have no idea what really happened. --Anonymous #4

 * I've tried to make the first paragraph a bit clearer now. Letdorf 11:19, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

split suggestion for Computers section
A list of Cray computers needs to be on a seperete article, as they were created by multiple companies (Cray Research, Cray Computer Corp., and Cray Inc.), so to have them listed on the article for Cray Inc. (this article) is innacurate IMO.

Slark 08:28, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * On the other hand, this article currently covers both CRI and Cray Inc, and the Cray-3 originated at CRI, leaving the Cray-4 as the only model not strictly related to CRI or Cray Inc. Letdorf 13:40, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not intending to be a part of this discussion, but just a note on capitalization: You've blanked Cray Computers, which used to be a redirect to Cray Inc.. If you intend to split the page, make sure it is to Cray Computers, or if not, then ask an admin to speedy the page. Thanks =) Kareeser|Talk! 05:22, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * sorry about blanking the Cray Computers redirect, me bad :( I changed the template suggestion to Cray supercomputers - is this more appropriate? Slark 03:42, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * If you want to split that section, I'd recommend list of Cray supercomputers as the article title. —Mulad (talk) 01:28, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I changed the suggested section split title to list of Cray supercomputers. Slark 08:53, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The list isn't all that long, and this IS an an all-encompassing Cray article. Maybe if someone dug up the details for each supercomputer (or series, I guess), it would warrant a split. --CCFreak2K 22:12, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

I deleted the split suggestion, as the consensus is to keep the section here Slark 03:34, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

As a former Cray Research employee who has done his homework, there should be a split between Cray RESEARCH, Inc. and the Cray Inc. They are two distinct entities.

I also note many omissions and actual details of our organization at that time. I have had a intimate relationship with the the politics and resultant behavior of the main parties at that time. The details would flesh out the whole CRAY RESEARCH, INC. story.

For proof, check the ExCray.com site. I'm listed there. Arthur Blackwell, a member of Dr. Chen's Design Team.

Aeb1barfo (talk) 03:49, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

How do I update the external link on the page
Sorry if it's a newby quesion but how do I edit the External link on the Cray Inc. page from Fred Gannet's Cray Supercomputer FAQ to Fred Gannett's Cray Supercomputer FAQ , gotta have tthatt exttra t ? Gannett 10:26, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry about that, fixed it for you now. Letdorf 21:58, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Cray I faster or slower than ILLIAC IV?
This article on Cray states that "The Cray-1 was a major success when it was released, faster than all computers at the time except for the ILLIAC IV." But the linked article on ILLIAC IV states that "(ILLIAC IV) was finally ready for operation in 1976, after a decade of development that was now massively late, massively over budget, and outperformed by existing commercial machines like the Cray-1." These two articles seem to contradict each other. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.50.113.68 (talk • contribs) 21:17, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Not only that, but the ILLIAC article contradicts itself. It says at the top of the page that the Cray-1 was faster, but says at the bottom of the page that the Illiac began operation in 1976, the same year the Cray-1 was released with roughly the same performance.  --Blainster 08:25, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Having written the majority of both articles, let me explain. The ILLIAC actually started running in 1974, although at the time it was really just the processor and was very unreliable. NASA spent a considerable amount of time trying to get it to the point where people could use it for real-world programs, which was complete by 1976, when it started running commercial loads.
 * In theory, the ILLIAC could boast about 250 MFLOPS, about the same as the absolute best performance of the Cray. However, the Cray made it much easier to actually reach that level of performance -- remember, the Cray was the fastest scalar computer too, it wasn't just good at vectors. Overall, a program running on both was much more likely to run faster on the Cray, but that said, for the kind of stuff NASA was running on the ILLIAC, it would likely outperform the Cray.
 * I admit its somewhat complex, which is why I left most of the discussion out of the articles. Maury 21:13, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The qualitative technical problem is called Amdahl's Law. But to understand the problem qualitatively is to use an analogy from Amdahl's colleague Fred Brooks, another IBM 360 colleague, which came to describe his separate but related "law", Brooks Law. The analogy is that 9 women can't have a baby in 1 month; so what makes a 64-processor machine faster than a single processor machine? The answer is "only certain kinds of decomposable problems." Speed was made slower for memory lacks and having to go to disk. 198.123.50.52 (talk) 18:13, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Financial troubles no longer relevant
It's my contention that the section on Cray's financial and compliance issues of 2005 are no longer interesting as part of a wikipedia entry. Unless issues of stock price and listing compliance are timely, or represent an imminent threat to the continued operation of the company, or listing on a stock exchange, I don't think the company's wikipedia page is the best place to document the ups and downs of a stock. I plan to remove this section unless there is a strong objection. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Forestlaughing (talk • contribs) 03:48, 18 April 2007 (UTC).

 * I think it was a good change. Jdavis79 04:41, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

E10K vs. "traditional Intel systems" ?
From the article:

"the extremely successful Enterprise 10000 range of servers [...]continue to be sold to this day, and only recently have traditional Intel-based systems started to approach [their] performance"

A couple of problems here. First, I wouldn't say the E10K is being sold today, other than perhaps some kind of niche resale market. You could say its successors are still being sold today, perhaps.

Second: "traditional Intel system" ? The implication here is that "computers" has always equalled "Intel systems" and that anything else in the history of computing is an oddity. If the intent is to say that a current PC is as fast as an E10K, that's a bit of a stretch. If it means to compare to top-line Intel-based supercomputers, that's not what I'd call "traditional", unless again it means to say that all HPC systems are Intel-based.

So I'm not sure how to fix this. There's a point to be made here ("SGI gave away what became an enormously successful product line for Sun"), and there needs to be an explanation as to why this is so, but as written this is way off the mark.--NapoliRoma 04:16, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that this is a problem. In the general case far too many computing-related articles are written as though the author is unaware of any non-PC technology, in this particular case I think it needs to be emphasised that Sun had 8-20 way SMP systems while most PC-derivatives stopped at 2x. Another relevant point is that there's a whole lot of accumulated cruft in the PC architecture that quite simply isn't Intel technology- when the PC first came out Intel had a multi-master bus and were working on additional coprocessors. MarkMLl 11:06, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Case of beer accompanying new delivery
Do we want to add a comment under the trivia section that anytime a new supercomputer is delivered and installed on site for Cray, that the engineers will also bring a case of (can't remember the name) beer. I don't know of any other supercomping company that does this, which makes it unique. -- Joelhacker 06:16, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

That was a case of LEINIES brewed in Chippewa Falls, you know, where we brewed the CRAYS......

Art, a Cray-on...Aeb1barfo (talk) 04:01, 22 December 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aeb1barfo (talk • contribs) 03:55, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

I see a LOT of mis-information about the Cray Research years here. I knew the juicy bits about the breakup, who caused it, SSI and bits about the death of Seymour....Aeb1barfo (talk) 04:01, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Future Products
I'm a little cloudy on the correlation between code names and released products. I believe that "Baker" is the current XT5, and "Black Widow" is the current XT5h. Is that correct? It seems that Marble will be the successor to the current XT5, and Granite will be the successor to the XMT. I notice that the roadmap slide makes it look like the XT5h product line just fades out without a successor. Does this mean Cray will be abandoning vector processors in favor of the Tera architecture? Also, for Cray's x86 line (XT5), are they locked into Opteron, or will they also be able to support Xeon? Given all the troubles that AMD has had recently (Barcelona delays and bugs, and push-out of the HPC products Shanghai and Bulldozer), it may hurt Cray that they are locked into Opteron. I don't see how Cray could have the resources to support a proprietary interconnect for both Opteron and Xeon. So I think Cray is hosed by being locked into Opteron. Any thougths? Westwind273 (talk) 16:31, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Apple
I removed the Apple/Cray item because I can't find a good source for it. Yes, the story is told. Yes, Apple used Crays and Cray Research used Apples. But no one seems to know whether Seymour Cray actually said what he's claimed to have said. WhatamIdoing (talk) 02:15, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

In writing, it was confirmed decades back in a Cray User Group proceedings. 198.123.50.52 (talk) 18:04, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Propose rename to Cray Inc
Propose rename this article to Cray Inc (since Cray Research redirects here) and make Cray into a disambiguation page. Could be the first step to moving Seymour's biography to beef up Seymour Cray. Any objections to the rename ? Rod57 (talk) 21:50, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm guessing the disambiguation exception to the "no legal status in title" rule in WP:NCCORP would apply here? But renaming this article would imply that it can't be considered the primary topic (WP:PRIMARYTOPIC) for the title "Cray". Is this the case? Letdorf (talk) 23:30, 26 October 2008 (UTC).

 * IMO, Yes and yes. Rod57 (talk) 23:40, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

$
Recent edits have added a space between "$" and n. Why? Rilak (talk) 14:25, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Probably best to ask, I think. Letdorf (talk) 16:28, 22 May 2009 (UTC).

ECL vs. CMOS
I believe the biggest factor that made the Cray machines obsolete was not competition with parallelism (Thinking Machines wasn't really that successful for very long), but the basic physics as integrated circuits shrank. CMOS logic was fairly slow in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and Cray used a completely different and faster system of ECL (emitter coupled logic), based on flowing and switching current, rather than charging complementary capacitors. In a talk at Caltech in 1979, Carver Mead predicted that CMOS would overtake ECL in speed once the circuits shrank to a sufficiently small size. Years later, when the clock speeds of micro processors began to exceed 100 MHz, that pulled the rug out from under the large ECL-based super computers. DonPMitchell (talk) 01:17, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Some old page history
Some old edits that used to be at the title "Cray" are now at Talk:Cray/Old edits. Graham 87 13:18, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Founded date
The infobox currently states that the company was founded in 1972 as Cray Research, Inc. This is incorrect, since the current company is the same business entity as Tera Computer Company, which was founded in 1987, as stated on the Tera Wikipedia page, and on the Bloomberg and Yahoo! websites. True, the Cray website's history page says that "Cray Inc. builds upon a rich history that extends back to 1972", but that's not a statement of when the company was founded.

Does anyone have a reason to retain 1972 in the infobox? If not, I'll correct the year by changing it to 1987.

- Dotyoyo (talk) 08:11, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, this article is entitled simply "Cray" and (currently) covers all the businesses associated with Seymour Cray that used the name; including CRI, CCC, Cray as an SGI subsidiary, and Cray Inc. Since the oldest of these companies was founded in 1972, this seems to me to be an appropriate date to have in the infobox. There is a separate Tera Computer Company article covering this company before the Cray merger. Regards,Letdorf (talk) 10:46, 25 November 2011 (UTC).

 * I think the root of the problem is that this article conflates "Cray" the brand with "Cray" the company known as Cray Inc. The top of the article states "This article is about the corporation.", but as you say, it covers several corporations.  The current company infobox is misleading, in that it implies that there was a company founded in 1972 that is now called Cray Inc.  If the article covers several companies, then perhaps it should either (a) have an infobox that lists the relevant information for each of those companies, or (b) have no company infobox at all.  Are there any other options that don't mislead the reader?  - Dotyoyo (talk) 19:32, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, I guess we could have separate infoboxes in the appropriate sections, if the relevant details can be found. I've edited the hatnote to clarify the subject of the article. Regards, Letdorf (talk) 21:32, 25 November 2011 (UTC).

What about the Cray XC Machines
As of 2014, several Cray XC machines are listed among the world's most powerful computers, yet the XC30 and XC40 are not mentioned anywhere in this article. Perhaps an update is needed? Marchino61 (talk) 00:00, 12 November 2014 (UTC)

Significant Events of Cray
The article has too much trivia and really lacks an outline the important events in the Cray history.

1. The Cray 1 was fast because of the vector loading from memory. The ECL ram was of secondary importance. The vector coding is a significant restriction on the types of jobs that can be run. Supers have always had some sort of restrictions on the type of coding allowed. The word vector is only mentioned a few times in the article.

2. The Cray 2 was a dog at 100MFl per cpu. Steve Chen's YMP, supposedly a minor project, was 3X faster (300MFl per cpu) and half the price. Seymour Cray left and started the rival. Shame? Guilt? Jealousy? Self-sacrifice? Who knows.

3. The T90 was not bad, but too slow compared to the emerging Japanese machines.

4. The T3D was a total dog. The aggregate disk i/o speed was slower than a PC. It took 30mins to do a core dump. (I had a few dumps so I know that for a fact.) The T3E was too little too late. IBM's MPP using RS6k cpus was also a dog. The MPP experiment sealed Cray's fate. They started the J series of poor-mans' supers to try and get revenue going.

5. The J machines were $3million badly spent. By this time the Xenon PC cpu was not too far behind. The NEC machines were light years ahead, and highly scalable, from desk-side, to requiring their own building.27.33.21.199 (talk) 00:30, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

Cray unclear
In the section on Cray Research (CR) and CCC at least 3 times it says 'Cray' without indicating if it refers to Seymour, CR or CCC. Whole section needs clarification of 'cray' and more dates. - Rod57 (talk) 08:29, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Cray (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:04, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cray


text:
Violet Scene

Violet Scene was a Norwegian rock group whose key members included Kjetil Bergseth (vocals/guitar), Jo Espen Bergseth (bass), Ralf Lofstad (guitar), Arvid Nordstrand (drums) and Asbjørn Risøy (guitar) between 1995 and 2000. Formed in Oslo, the band was influenced by 1980s alternative groups such as The Smiths and The Cure. The band gained moderate domestic success in Norway in the mid-to-late '90s with their sole album Pieces (1996) and an EP (1999), but has since gone on to become a cult band, especially in the American college/underground circuit.

The band was formed in the Oslo alternative rock scene, which in the mid-'90s was centered on famous rock club So What!. The band gained a solid reputation for their live performances, eventually opening for acts like Brainpool and Bluenotes.

However, the recording and post production of their self-produced album Pieces was ridden with personal and musical conflicts, especially between guitarist/producer Lofstad and guitarist/songwriter Risøy, which in the end caused Risøy to walk out just by the time of release. Pieces received favourable reviews in the capital press; the Aftenposten reviewer called it "reasonable English indie pop" and gave it a 4 out of 6. But sales suffered due to lack of promotion caused by the split with Risøy.

However, the band soldiered on, recruiting keyboardist Thor Mosaker and recording an EP in 1999 and continued gigging on a national tour of Norway. At the time they were described as playing "melancholy, but at the same time energetic and driving alternative rock." Unfortunately, further tensions within the band combined with Lofstad's dissatisfaction with main songwriter Kjetil Bergseth's new material caused the band to go on an indefinite hiatus in 2000. Lofstad, Jo Espen Bergseth and Nordstrand then went on to form Still Doing Sky with Fredrik Rødsæther, while Kjetil Bergseth concentrated on his progressive rock group Tammatoys.

Members

 * Kjetil Bergseth (vocals/guitar);
 * Jo Espen Bergseth (bass);
 * Ralf Lofstad (guitar);
 * Arvid Nordstrand (drums);
 * Asbjørn Risøy (guitar, 1995/96); and
 * Thor Mosaker (keyboards, 1997–2000)

Discography

 * Pieces (1996)
 * EP (EP) (1999)

title: Violet Scene


text:
Borel's lemma

In mathematics, Borel's lemma, named after Émile Borel, is an important result used in the theory of asymptotic expansions and partial differential equations.

Statement
Suppose U is an open set in the Euclidean space Rn, and suppose that f0, f1, ... is a sequence of smooth functions on U.

If I is any open interval in R containing 0 (possibly I = R), then there exists a smooth function F(t, x) defined on I×U, such that
 * $$\left.\frac{\partial^k F}{\partial t^k}\right|_{(0,x)} = f_k(x),$$

for k ≥ 0 and x in U.

Proof
Proofs of Borel's lemma can be found in many text books on analysis, including and, from which the proof below is taken.

Note that it suffices to prove the result for a small interval I = (−ε,ε), since if ψ(t) is a smooth bump function with compact support in (−ε,ε) equal identically to 1 near 0, then ψ(t) ⋅ F(t, x) gives a solution on R × U. Similarly using a smooth partition of unity on Rn subordinate to a covering by open balls with centres at δ⋅Zn, it can be assumed that all the fm have compact support in some fixed closed ball C. For each m, let

 * $$F_m(t,x)={t^m\over m!} \cdot \psi\left({t\over \varepsilon_m}\right)\cdot f_m(x),$$

where εm is chosen sufficiently small that

 * $$\|\partial^\alpha F_m \|_\infty \le 2^{-m}$$

for |α| < m. These estimates imply that each sum

 * $$\sum_{m\ge 0} \partial^\alpha F_m$$

is uniformly convergent and hence that

 * $$F=\sum_{m\ge 0} F_m$$

is a smooth function with

 * $$\partial^\alpha F=\sum_{m\ge 0} \partial^\alpha F_m.$$

By construction

 * $$\partial_t^m F(t,x)|_{t=0}=f_m(x).$$

Note: Exactly the same construction can be applied, without the auxiliary space U, to produce a smooth function on the interval I for which the derivatives at 0 form an arbitrary sequence.

title: Borel's lemma


text:
Talk:Civil Marriage Act

Confidence Measure?
Is this bill going to be taken as a vote of confidence (i.e. if it doesn't pass, the government resigns)? ugen 64 01:15, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No. -The Tom 06:41, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Latest word was it would only be taking as a vote of confidence if it passes but using the notwithstanding clause to keep the current definition. --Spinboy 05:53, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Flyer
I gotz a flyer and was thinking of adding it to the chronology, but not sure if this is the right article, or if this is even notable.

 * February 13, 2005 - A flyer is distributed by Concerned Canadian Parents in Ancaster-Dundas-Flamborough-Westdale urging people to contact their local politician to make their opposition to the "anti-marriage" bill known.

Just wondering, I could even take a picture of it for the commons or something. - RoyBoy [ ∞ ] 05:36, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * To be honest, I didn't even hear about any flyer, so it doesn't seem important. But you might want to mention the Famous Players ads. --Spinboy 05:53, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Which ads? Sawry haven't gone to the movies in a while, but it does sound notable so go ahead with that. As to the flyer, I get the impression they will be widely distributed in the weeks ahead; so it might yet be notable. At the very least its a marker of grass-roots opposition that should be chronicaled if this vote gets close. Is there any sense of how this is shaping up regarding undecided's (or uncommitted's). If so should that information go here or in the main article? - RoyBoy [ ∞ ] 06:12, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Click here for ad details Spinboy 06:15, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Change of name?
I find that the name of the article now is fairly useless. It conveys virtually nothing of the content of the article (other than that it is a government bill) and it is by no means permanent. I suggest a move to Civil Marriage Act or Civil Marriage Act (Canada). - Lucky13pjn 06:11, May 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, but only as far as it is the actual name. Circeus 16:07, May 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Disagree, for the time being. Two resaons:  one, per Wikipedia guidelines, we go by the most commonly-used name, and that's C-38, regardless of how much content that might convey.  Second, it only becomes the Civil Marriage Act if its passed.  Now, if it is passed or if the order paper gets purged by a loss of confidence, then it will need a new title.  But we haven't come to that stage yet. -The Tom 19:07, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Disagree, per The Tom. It's not an Act yet, it's a Bill, named C-38. Radagast 19:29, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Disagree, per Radagast. For the time being though, it might be okay to have a redirect from Civil Marriage Act --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 20:01, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Disagree, as the others have said. If it is passed, then move it to Civil Marriage Act.  Until then, keep it as a Bill. Ben Babcock 17:55, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I took Spinboy's advice and created a redirect from Civil Marriage Act. If the Senate passes the bill and the gov gen assents, there's no reason why we can't move Bill C-38's content to Civil Marriage Act using standard merging techniques.  CanadianCaesar 29 June 2005 04:25 (UTC)

Neutrality
After reading the article, it seems rather harsh on NDP leader Jack Layton. By stating that he whipped his party into voting for the bill, it sounds slightly tyrranical and does not really touch on how he felt it to be a civil rights issue. I fail to see how the term relates to it's political counterpart (a vote ensurer), as instead of insuring votes it insinuates that the vote was forced.
 * That's the usual accepted term, see the Whip (politics)  Pdefer | !! June 29, 2005 16:17 (UTC)
 * Maybe it should be rephrased for those who aren't familiar with the terms. Or maybe wikify whip_(politics)? Carson Talk 29 June 2005 20:40 (UTC)

Modernizing the Content of the Article
I move that I be authorized to make minor revisions to this article by way of replacing instances of C-38 with Civil Marriage Act (now that the legislation is enacted and in force), provided that I provide a note in an appropriate location that would mention that the Act had been known as C-38 during the legislative process, and making other minor revisions to reflect that the Act is now law rather than a bill. Is there consensus? —Preceding unsigned comment added by FiveParadox (talk • contribs) I removed a dead link from the article. This link: *Address by Prime Minister Paul Martin to the House of commons on Bill C-38 (pm.gc.ca), just now gets you a blank page. --BDWill Talk Contribs 02:20, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. Wuzzy 10:40, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * While the idea in principle sounds good to me, Wikipedia isn't a democracy and the wording of your "motion" makes it sound like one. Ardenn 13:17, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, lol. Six hours of CPAC can do that to you!  :-S  FiveParadox 15:28, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Also make sure to use Canadian english in the article. Ardenn 13:18, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Is rainbow Canada flag better?
On April 11, 2006, NTK replaced the Canadian flag in the "Gay rights in Canada" template with a rainbow version of the Canadian flag.

Since this is only one of the articles affected, please give your comments at this central location: Template talk:GR-C Wuzzy 03:40, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Speech
I have deleted the long speech from Paul Martin as I don't think it's particularly useful in this article. If anywhere, it should go on Wikisource. - Montréalais

title: Talk:Civil Marriage Act