text:
Talk:Nicolae Iorga

Holocaust denial

 * The claim that communists infiltrated the fascist groups and carried out the assassination for their own purposes is generally classed as an example of Holocaust denial.

Why Holocaust denial ? I can't see any connection between this and the Holocaust. Bogdan | Talk 09:49, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I didn't write the remark, and I don't think "Holocaust denial" is quite the term, but I assume this person meant to say that it generally comes from the same circles as Holocaust denial. It's an effort to get fascists off the hook, by saying they didn't really do what most of us would say the evidence rather plainly shows they did. -- Jmabel | Talk 19:10, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Confusion
Sorry guys, I confused A.C. Cuza with A.I. Cuza, that's why I removed the paragraph. --Eurocopter tigre (talk) 19:22, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Bonaparte Highway

 * In Bucharest, Iorga received as a gift from his admirers a new Bucharest home on Bonaparte Highway (Iancului Boulevard)

Actually, Bonaparte Highway was what is now Iancu de Hunedoara Blvd., between Piața Victoriei and Dorobanți. bogdan (talk) 17:36, 7 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm confused. Aren't Iancului and Iancu one and the same? Dahn (talk) 17:58, 7 September 2011 (UTC)
 * No, Iancului is the continuation of the Pache Protopopescu street, in the Mihai Bravu area. and it's named after the other Iancu. bogdan (talk) 18:20, 7 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I had no idea. I just thought the subway station was being redundant... Thanks. Dahn (talk) 18:33, 7 September 2011 (UTC)
 * And it seems that the house was demolished in 1986. bogdan (talk) 18:36, 7 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Yep, it's in there already - "Political symbol". Dahn (talk) 19:25, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Iorga and Fascism
Iorga had a great sympathy for Italy, the sister country of Romania, and supported the idea of a special fiendship with Italy as well as with France, an other latin country.. Because at that time Fascism was ruling Italy, he had to keep good relations with fascist government of Rome. However he would have been fiend of the Italian government even in the case of other political leaders ruling the country. It is crucial to undeline this point.--Deguef (talk) 18:48, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
 * In describing Iorga's sympathy for fascism and its limitations, this article follows what sources say. Your message is plausible, but reads like alternate history ("even in the case..."). There is also something flawed in the comparison to how he felt about France: as the article (and he sources it uses) notes, Iorga absolutely despised the French republican system, from early youth, and even in that context preferred to rub noses with the Action Française, the Camelots du Roi etc. Dahn (talk) 20:04, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

Photo
I have access to a source which depicts a photo of N. Iorga's body being lifted from the crime scene. As it was taken in 1940 and published in 1941, without any information about the photographer, it is more than sure public domain. Any thoughts if it's appropriate/good taste to upload it/include it in the article? --Dan Mihai Pitea (talk) 20:40, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I for one don't have an objection to the photo being used, with a proper copyright notice (I assume several such notices apply), but I think it should be actually uploaded on Wikimedia Commons, since it can then be freely reused in other projects.
 * Please note: I took the liberty of reverting your addition of the Monitorul article as a source, since it is not actually cited in the text, and its mention is therefore against our guildelines for what should go into that section. I also tend to see that particular source as extraneous to the text, which cannot really go into that much detail. But yes, you should credit it as the source for the picture file, upon upload (I assume that is what your addition was meant to indicate?). Dahn (talk) 19:23, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reply. Concerning the photo, I'll upload it sometime the next days to commons, as it's a shattering proof of what fanaticism can do, especially to those who have an appreciation of the magnitude of Iorga's personality.
 * About the source: I'll do some partial rewriting of the section pertaining to the murder and then add it again, because it is very accurate and it represents the unrefuted position of the Romanian authorities concerning the massacre, assassinations and attempted assassinations on Guță Tătărescu, Argetoianu and co. Madgearu was "arrested" and killed right before Iorga (around 15:00, so not the same night) and linking the massacre to the unearthing was just propaganda, as all the killings were planned independently and the persons digging up Codreanu's remains never left the gravesite in a “fateful fury”, as the Legion would have us believe. Regards, --Mihai (talk) 17:45, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

 * That's fine with me. Dahn (talk) 19:11, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

A list of works?
It would make this article more useful if it had a bibliography of Iorga's works. -- llywrch (talk) 23:24, 10 May 2014 (UTC)
 * His most important works (i. e. the ones that are even briefly mentioned in his standard biographies) are mentioned in the body of text. A list of his complete works, if feasible, would be as large as an entire article -- excluding his brochures and his articles. Consider that his secretary Barbu Theodorescu wasted several years of his life to come up with a list of Iorga's published works that counts as comprehensive. It is in itself a brochure... Dahn (talk) 08:36, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Nicolae Iorga


text:
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated as BSNL) is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Department of Telecommunications, which is part of the Ministry of Communications, Government of India with its headquarters in New Delhi, India. The central public sector undertaking was established on 1 October 2000 by the Government of India. Its highest official is designated as Chairperson and Managing Director who is a central civil service group 'A' gazetted officer from Indian Communication Finance Service cadre or central engineering service group 'A' gazetted officer from Indian Telecommunication Service cadre. It provides mobile voice and internet services through its nationwide telecommunications network across India. It is the largest government-owned-wireless telecommunications service provider in India.

Name Acronym
The name Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited derives from Hindi, which means India Communications Corporation Limited in English.

History
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is an Indian government enterprise and its history can be traced back to British India. The foundation of the telecommunications network in India was laid by the British sometime during the 19th century. During the British era, the first telegraph line was established between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour in 1850. The British East India Company started using the telegraph in 1851 and until 1854 telegraph lines were laid across the country. In 1854, the telegraph service was opened to the public and the first telegram was sent from Mumbai to Pune. In 1885, the Indian Telegraph Act was passed by the British Imperial Legislative Council. After the bifurcation of the Post and Telegraph department in the 1980s, the creation of Department of Telecom eventually led to the emergence of the government owned telegraph and telephone enterprise which led to the foundation of BSNL.

For 160 years, BSNL had operated the public telegram service. In 2010 the telex network between its 182 offices was replaced with the "Web Based Telegram Messaging System" which relied on internet connections rather than telex lines (which are more reliable where power outages are more common). This led to a decline in service, and the company applied the title "diminished service" to telegrams in 2010. Finally on 15 July 2013 the public telegram service was shut down completely.

Telephone and Mobile
BSNL provides both fixed line telephones and mobile telephony services on the GSM platform.

BSNL Mobile
BSNL Mobile is a major provider of GSM network services under the brand names CellOne and BSNL all over India. It has wide network coverage in both urban and rural areas of India. It has over 121.82 million customers across India.

BSNL Mobile offers prepaid, postpaid services and value-added services such as Free Phone Service (FPH), India Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting, Premium Rate Service (PRM). It also offers the IPTV which enables customers to watch television through the Internet and Voice and Video Over Internet Protocol (VVoIP).

BSNL Landline
BSNL Landline was launched in the early 1990s. It was the only fixed-line telephone service for the whole country before the New Telecom Policy was announced by the Department of Telecom in 1999. Only the Government-owned BSNL and MTNL were allowed to provide land-line phone services through copper wire in the country. BSNL Landline is the largest fixed-line telephony in India. It has over 9.55 million customers and 47.20% market share in the country as of 28 February 2021.

Internet
BSNL is the fourth largest ISP in India, having presence throughout the country. It also has the largest fibre-based telecom network in the country, around 7.5 lakh kilometers, among the four operators in the country.

BSNL Broadband
BSNL Broadband provides telecom services to enterprise customers including MPLS, P2P and Internet leased lines. It provides fixed-line services and landline using CDMA technology and its own extensive optical fiber network. BSNL provides Internet access services through dial-up connections as prepaid, NetOne as postpaid, and DataOne as BSNL Broadband.

BSNL Bharat Fiber
BSNL Bharat Fiber (FTTH) was launched in February 2019. It offers TV over IP (IPTV), Video On-Demand (VoD), Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Audio On-Demand (AoD), Bandwidth On-Demand (BoD), remote education, video conferencing services, interactive gaming, and Virtual Private LAN services. BSNL has said that its optic fiber network provides fixed access to deliver high-speed Internet up to 300 Mbit/s.

Bharat Net
With effect to the government of India's policy decision to provide state-owned BSNL with another revival package worth 1.64 lakh crore rupees, the struggling PSU was merged with Government's special purpose vehicle BBNL. This gave the struggling PSU a boost and an additional advantage of additional 5.67 lakh kilometres of optical fibre which has been laid across 1.85 lakh village panchayats in the country using the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF). Currently, it has an optical fibre cable network of over 6.83 lakh kilometre.

BSNL 4G
BSNL started 4G service in some parts of India such as Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh in January 2019, but it is limited to a few cities and towns. Most of its 4G services are currently available in Southern India. However, BSNL is trying to launch pan India 4G services up to September 2022. The telecom minister said that BSNL will launch its 4G services all over India on the 75th Independence day of India along with various other projects.

BSNL is set to launch 4G nationwide, upgrading 10,000+ towers and announcing new 4G plans with unlimited voice, data, and more.

BSNL 5G
On behalf of the government of India, the Minister of Communications Ashwini Vaishnaw announced that the State-Owned Telco would start its 5G operations by 15 August 2023. He also added that the 4G and 5G network of the state-owned BSNL would be a completely home-grown indigenous 4G and 5G network technology; thus, emphasising more on Govt. of India's Atmanirbhar Bharat.

BSNL Wing Services
On 16 August 2018, BSNL launched "BSNL Wings Services" in 22 telecom circles, in which there is no need for a SIM card or cable wiring as is a VoIP service through an app. It offers unlimited free calling for one year throughout India.

BSNL's Submarine Communication Cable Systems
BSNL has made significant strides in enhancing connectivity through its robust submarine communication cable systems. These undersea optical fiber cables play a crucial role in bridging geographical gaps, enabling seamless communication between India and neighboring regions.

Let’s delve into the key submarine cable systems operated by BSNL:

1. Bharat Lanka Cable System (BLCS)
 * Launch Date: October 2, 2006

2. Kochi-Lakshadweep Islands Submarine Cable (KLI)
 * Purpose: The BLCS directly connects India and Sri Lanka.
 * Length: Approximately 320 kilometers.
 * Initial Capacity: Launched in October 2006 with an initial capacity of 40 Gbps, later upgraded to 960 Gbps.
 * Ownership: Jointly built by BSNL and Sri Lanka Telecom (SLT).
 * Significance: The BLCS enhances communication between the two countries, supporting voice and data connectivity.
 * Launch Date: January 12, 2024

 * Purpose: Developed under the Government of India’s ‘Digital India’ Mission, the KLI system connects Kochi (a major port city in India) with the Lakshadweep Islands.
 * Length: Approximately 1,870 kilometers.
 * Capacity: Initial capacity of 2x100 Gbps, expandable up to 1,600 Gbps per fiber pair.
 * Island Connectivity: The KLI cable links Kochi to islands including Agatti, Andrott, Amini, Bangaram, Bitra, Chetlat, Kadmat, Kavaratti, Kiltan, Kelpeni and Minicoy.

BSNL vertical divisions
BSNL is primarily divided into three vertical divisions:

 * BSNL - Consumer Fixed Access (CFA), wire line and broadband business.
 * BSNL - Consumer Mobility (CM), wireless business, primarily 3G/4G GSM services, WLL-M services.
 * BSNL - Enterprise Business, Enterprise customers on turnkey basis.

Other than these three vertical divisions, there are electrical wings and civil wings which take care of real estate monetization.

BSNL horizontal divisions
Horizontally, BSNL is divided into a number of administrative units, variously known as telecom circles, metro districts, project circles and specialized units. It has 24 telecom circles, two metro districts, six project circles, four maintenance regions, five telecom factories, three training institutions and four specialized telecom units. Each circle is headed by a Chief General Manager (CGM) who is an officer of Indian Telecom Service (ITS).

The organisational structure of BSNL is as follows: Chief General Manager being the head of the Circle who is the officer of HAG+ level, assisted by three or four Principal General Manager (PGM) who is the officer of grade HAG. The districts over a circle is being headed by the designations as General Manager officer of grade of SAG who looks over around two to four districts, while where the connections are less and the smaller district is being headed by Telecom District Manager (TDM) Officer of the grade of JAG and Telecom Divisional Engineer (TDE) officer of STS grade, all the officers above the post of TDE (including TDE) are of Group A and they are the officers of grade of Indian Telecom Service (ITS) directly or promotive. Then the Group B consists of Additional Divisional Engineer, Sub Divisional Engineer and Junior Telecom officer and then the organisation has Group C and D employees.

Merger and acquisitions
On 24 October 2019, the Government of India announced a revival package for BSNL and MTNL which includes monetising assets, raising funds, TD-LTE spectrum, and a voluntary retirement scheme for employees. Apart from the package, the Ministry of Communications has decided to merge MTNL with BSNL. Pending this, MTNL will be a wholly owned subsidiary of BSNL.

On 24 October 2019, the Government of India announced a revival package for BSNL and has given its agreement to an in-principle merger (operational merger, i.e. only the operations of MTNL and BSNL would be merged and they would be managed by BSNL) for MTNL and BSNL

On 27 July 2022, the Government of India announced another revival package for the state-owned BSNL, for providing 4G and 5G services making the PSU more viable and vibrant and turning it into a profit making organisation; under this policy decision the government also merged BBNL with BSNL.

Website hacking
In 2012 Nikhil Thakur, a hacker and Internet activist, broke into the Madhya Pradesh BSNL website and later on hacked the India BSNL website.

Cyber attack
In July 2017, BSNL suffered a cyber attack which affected south India, especially Karnataka, when malware affected the telco's broadband network using modems with default passwords. The virus reportedly affected 60,000 modems and blocked their internet connectivity. Later BSNL issued an advisory notice to its broadband customers, urging them to change their default router username and passwords.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited


text:
Royal Palace, Oslo

The Royal Palace (Slottet or Det kongelige slott) in Oslo was built in the first half of the 19th century as the Norwegian residence of the French-born King Charles XIV John, who reigned as king of Norway and Sweden. The palace is the official residence of the current Norwegian monarch while the Crown Prince resides at Skaugum in Asker west of Oslo.

The palace is located at the end of Karl Johans gate in central Oslo and is surrounded by the Palace Park with the Palace Square in the front.

History
Until the completion of the palace, Norwegian royalty resided in Paléet, the magnificent townhouse in Christiania that the wealthy merchant Bernt Anker bequeathed to the State in 1805 to be used as a royal residence. During the last years of the union with Denmark Paléet was used by the viceroys of Norway, and in 1814 by the first king of independent Norway, Christian Frederick. King Charles III John of the House of Bernadotte resided there as crown prince and later as king during his frequent visits to his Norwegian capital.

Construction
Charles John chose the site for the permanent royal palace on the western side of Christiania in 1821 and commissioned the officer and inexperienced architect, Danish-born Hans Linstow, to design the building. The Parliament approved the stipulated cost of 150 000 speciedaler to be financed by the sale of government bonds. Work on the site started in 1824, and on 1 October 1825 Charles John laid down the foundation stone beneath the altar of the future palace chapel. Linstow originally planned a building of only two storeys with projecting wings on both sides of the main façade.

The costly foundation works caused the budget to be exceeded, and the building stopped in 1827, only to be resumed in 1833. In the meantime, the Storting refused additional grants as a demonstration against the king's unpopular efforts to establish a closer union between his two kingdoms. In 1833, Linstow produced a less costly project without the projecting wings, but with a third storey as compensation. Improved relations with the king made the Storting grant the necessary funds to complete the building. The roof was laid in 1836, and the interiors were finished during the late 1840s.

The Royal Palace Chapel
The Royal Palace contains its own chapel, consecrated in 1844. The Church of Norway is responsible for the religious services taking place there. It is the scene of many events of the Norwegian royal family like the royal baptisms and confirmations. There are also concerts of church music and chamber music.

During the Bernadotte dynasty
King Charles John never had the pleasure of residing in his palace before he died in 1844, and its first occupants were his son Oscar I and his queen Josephine. It was soon found that the royal family needed a more spacious residence, and the wings facing the garden were extended. Before the official inauguration in 1849, the central colonnade that had been axed in 1833 was reintroduced, and the provisional steep roof was replaced by a more elegant and more expensive flat roof.

The next Bernadotte kings Charles IV and Oscar II continued to use the royal palace in Christiania, but spent most of their time in Stockholm. King Oscar's wife, Sophia of Nassau, preferred to spend summers in Norway, but mostly stayed at the country manor Skinnarbøl near the Swedish border for the sake of her health. Oscar II was absent from the palace during 1905, the year of the dissolution of the union with Sweden, but his son, then Crown Prince Gustaf, paid two short visits in his vain attempts to save the union.

Permanent royal residence
The Bernadotte dynasty abdicated their Norwegian throne in 1905 and were succeeded by Prince Carl of Denmark, who took the name of Haakon VII when he accepted his election as king of a completely independent Norway. Haakon became the first monarch to use the palace permanently and the palace was therefore refurbished for two years before he, Queen Maud and Crown Prince Olav could move in. King Haakon would be the first monarch to greet the children's parade on the palace balcony during the Norwegian Constitution Day celebration in Oslo. It was also King Haakon VII who in 1905 introduced the tradition of weekly meetings with the Council of State, a tradition which is still practiced with the meetings always being held in the palace's Council Chamber where the monarch's throne is located.

Modernization and public access
During the reign and residence of King Olav V from 1957 to 1991, there was little funds for renovation, something the poorly-built original structure direly needed. King Olav would therefore mostly reside at Skaugum and the Bygdøy Royal Estate, but relocated to the palace in 1968 when he gave the Skaugum estate as a wedding gift to his son Crown Prince Harald and his bride Crown Princess Sonja. Shortly after his ascension, King Harald V started a comprehensive renovation project of the palace. The renovations and improvements, all made by Statsbygg, included new fire alarm systems, the construction of new bathrooms, kitchens, offices and a general restructuring of the palace. The King was criticized because of the amount of money needed to bring the palace up to a satisfactory state even if much of this went to rectify construction deficits from a century and a half ago. With the renovations completed, the King and Queen relocated from Skaugum to the palace in 2001 as the Skaugum estate was to become the new home of Crown Prince Haakon and his family.

The palace, like all royal residence in Norway, is guarded by His Majesty The King's Guard; the Royal Guards. Since public tours began in 2002, the general public has been able to view and appreciate the renovation and splendor that the palace now boasts. The daily changing of the guard has also become a popular tourist attraction in recent years.

The Palace Park
The Palace Park (Slottsparken) is a surrounding public park, one of the largest parks of the capital. It is 22 ha.

The Queen Sonja Art Stable
In 2017, the former palace stables were renovated and converted into a multipurpose art venue which was named Dronning Sonja KunstStall. The building will be used as an art gallery, museum and concert hall and is now open to the public.

title: Royal Palace, Oslo


text:
Talk:Check digit

Untitled
St{ill to be added is a discussion of the Verhoeff check {{WikiProject banner shell|class=Start| digit scheme. See the marist.edu link.

16:06, 7 February 2006 (UTC)69.74.32.122 16:06, 7 February 2006 (UTC) I agree. Verhoeff is a little in depth (not too much though). And there are a few ways to calculate a Verhoeff check which all have a similar effect. The biggest difference is the σ (sigma) function. I've encountered two commonly used functions to transform digits in addition to the universally used dihedral group transformation.

Daniel 16:06, 7 February 2006 (UTC)69.74.32.122 16:06, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

This page contains errors
I'm sorry that I do not have time to correct this page, but there are several major errors:

In the ISBN example the weights are applied from the left most digit, starting with a weight of 1. Weights should be applied from the RIGHTMOST digit, starting with a weight of 2. This is because the check digit actually assumes a weight of 1, and is in fact the complement of the modulo 11 arithmetic remainder (i.e. 134 modulo 11 = 12 R 1, so the check digit is 11 - 2 = 9). When the ISBN code is checked for integrity the whole code, including the check digit, is used in the calculation and will produce an answer of 0 if valid.

The algorithm at the bottom of the article does not work, unfortunately I csnnot immediately see what it should be. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 210.3.39.30 (talk) 02:46, 15 February 2007 (UTC).

Control number
Is this the same as a control number?

Not completly, I think a control number can be a more complex than just a check digit. See here: http://glossary.ippaper.com/default.asp?req=knowledge/article/211 Gs1mo 21:00, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Another example of check digits
International Bank Account Numbers also contain check digits?

UK VAT numbers also have check numbers and this can be a way of cehcikng the bone fides of a company, perhaps someone who knows it could add it here?85.234.151.89 (talk) 19:07, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned References
Contemporary Abstract Algebra by Joseph Gallian, 5th edition, Houghton Mifflin, 2002, pp. 9-14.

"Modular Arithmetic in the Marketplace", by Joseph Gallian and Steven Winters, in The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 95, No. 6, 1988, pp. 548-551.

I don't see where these were being used in the article. I added a reference to EAN-13 check digit computation to the article. I also found a reference to the documentation for ISBN-10 check digit computation, but it is not public domain so I did not add this reference to the article at this time: http://www.lac-bac.gc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/2108.htm Calebb (talk) 07:28, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

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Error
The link on coprime points to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Http — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.92.159.143 (talk) 04:01, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

 * ✅. Thank you, it has been fixed. --DavidCary (talk) 03:14, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

0.6 1.20.43.227 (talk) 17:16, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Check digit


text:
Talk:Dynasty

East Asian Dynasties Edit
intranetusa

I've added more Asian dynasties - China and Japan, and includes the complete list of all the Chinese dynasties.

China
the head of dynasty is the one in waht you learn but know that it has somthing to do with government
 * Shang Dynasty (1766 BCE–1050 BCE)
 * Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE–256 BCE)
 * Qin Dynasty (221 BCE–206 BCE)
 * Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE)
 * Three Kingdoms (220 CE–280 CE)
 * Jin Dynasty (265 CE–420 CE)
 * Southern & Northern Dynasty (420CE–589 CE)
 * Sui Dynasty (581 CE–618 CE)
 * Tang Dynasty (618 CE–907 CE)
 * Song Dynasty (960 CE–1279 CE)
 * Yuan Dynasty (1271 CE–1368 CE)
 * Song Dynasty (1368 CE–1644 CE)
 * Qing Dynasty (1644 CE–1912 CE)

Japan

 * Japanese Dynasty (400-500 CE-present)

-intranetusa

Chinese dynasties?
They have so many dynasties, and none of them are listed? Insert non-formatted text here

North Korea
I have deleted the following since the same is repeated in "Political families".

"The Heads of State of modern North Korea also works on de facto dynastic succession. The late Kim Il-Sung was succeeded by his eldest son Kim Jong-Il, and Kim Jong-Il will most certainly be succeeded by one of his own sons".

Other reasons for deletion:

1) The entry sounded like anti-North Korean propaganda. And while many of us may not like North Korea, propaganda is still propaganda, even if it sounds pretty to our ears. 2) The entry contained an unprovable supposition. 3) There is no mention about things like this in other countries' sections (like Syria). Ri hwa won 20:10, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

"democracies"?
Why are the Kims and the Assads under a section-header "Dynasties in democracies"? AnonMoos 14:26, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Because this is an article about Dynasties. Not a paper for political opinion.

 * What is labelling their countries "democracies" but a political opinion? LE (talk) 07:48, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Could refer to them as ostensible democracies, but it would probably be good to find a more neutral way to phrase it. 98.179.184.17 (talk) 15:40, 28 April 2019 (UTC)

Sports dynasty section
I really don't like this. It's inherently POV. It's something sportwriters argue about all the time. How can it work on Wikipedia? – flamurai (t) 09:51, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * I totally agree. Plus except for some sports fanatics nobody will be interested in that kind of interpretation. If people want to keep it, let's move it to Dynasty_(sports) and let them fight it out there. Actually, this page needs a lot of work in general -- have a look at for example the German version of this page for an example of what a page on dynasties should look like (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie). --CPK 03:53, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

European dynasties --> ass backwards?
The material on European dynasties seems to me to be organized in a not very useful way. Given that so many European dynasties ruled over many different countries, and given that the list of dynasties in each country separately is already to be found at the individual List of monarchs pages, I wonder if it might not be better to list all the different European dynasties together, and note the various specific places they ruled. Sub-branches could be indicated through use of indenting. john k 19:53, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

I agree. I also saw that a lot of important european dynasties are missing because its members didnt gained royal or imperial status but only ducal or county, nontheless were very influential in european politics. For example: Anjou, Borja, etc. I think that the article, at least for europe, should classify dinasties by status IMPERIAL, then wich empire; Royal ..then the realm/country, ducal and county. LEANDRO

heres an article on the eyres thats really recent, LOTS of info, lol. got to the part about lroy heller w/the teacher and RAOTFLMAO. it shuldnt be funny but it is

Incomplete Asia
What about Japanese and Chinese Dynasties?

Roughly 4,500 years of Iran/ Persian Empires have been overlooked. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.218.136.29 (talk) 02:51, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Angelus dynasty
The link for the Byzantine Angelus / Angelos dynasty went to "Angelus" which takes you to an article on the Catholic prayer of that name. I checked the disambiguation and there is a reference to the Angelus dynasty but it's linked to "Angeloi" which redirects right back to the prayer article. I changed the link in this article to "Angelus (dynasty)", which makes it a orphan link for now. As far as I can tell there's no existing article on the Angelus dynasty. I put the name in the Latin form instead of the Greek in order to keep consistent with the other Byzantine dynasty links in this article. I'll make the same edit at the "Angelus" disambiguation page. --Kenji Yamada 09:09, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Time for separate article?
Isn't it time for the ever-increasing families enumerated in this article to be forked off into List of dynasties or some such, that matches & can be linked to the various Rulers and Succession lists? Lethiere 02:54, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Scotland
Why does Scotland's House only go to 1707 but England's goes to the present day? They both have had the same House since 1603. The royal house for England and Scotland should stop at 1707 and then a new country Great Britain 1707-1801 should be listed and then 1801-Present it should be U.K. royal Houses. This must be corrected. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 172.206.157.242 (talk) 16:12, 21 February 2007 (UTC).

 * A agree, the title should be changed to United kingdom and have a sub title as England and Scotland, escpecially as James I was the scottish king taking over the English Throne not the other way round. 81.77.48.253 (talk) 13:27, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Party dynasties
Do we have an article that covers party dynasties in electoral politics. I'm thinking here of Japan's Liberal Democratcs, Sweden's Social Democrats, and regional dynasties like the Democracts in the American south from the ACW to the 1960s. Would it fit in this article? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Kevlar67 (talk • contribs) 00:08, 8 April 2007 (UTC).

Categories
Is there any particular reason why this article is only in two categories? Olessi 18:35, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Saudi Arabia been added
Assalamu Aleikum, i've added in Asian section:

Saudi Arabia

 * House of Saud

Britain
The article states that during Elizabeth's death, the new ruling house will be Mountbatten-Windsor. However, that article states Mountbatten-Windsor is only a surname to be used by descendants of Elizabeth and Philip who are not in line for the throne, and specifically states that the House will continue to be Windsor. Which of these statements is true? There doesn't seem to be any evidence given for changing the name of the House, so it appears this article is incorrect. K.d.stauffer (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 21:29, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
The article Royal House consists of information and lists substantially similar to or compatible with those in this article, Dynasty. Since this article appears to be more extensive, I recommend that Royal House be merged into it. FactStraight (talk) 05:42, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * But dynasties and royal houses are not the same. Whilst every royal house is a dynasty not every dynasty is a royal house. --Cameron* 10:51, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * A fact which can easily be pointed out in the merged article, as it is in the current articles. In ordinary discourse, "royal" is now used to refer to anyone or anything connected to hereditary monarchy -- most people consider the Grand Dukes of Luxembourg and their family to be "royalty", notwithstanding lack of entitlement to the title of "king/queen".FactStraight (talk) 00:32, 5 July 2008 (UTC)
 * ... Which is to say, there will be, at least in effect conceptually, a section Dynasty? In any case, excuse me if i am flaunting my ignorance (and flouting the truth) but my impression was that a dynasty ended when a different royal house took the throne, while royal houses persisted, and flitted from throne to throne, each time adding a new dynasty to their family history. Perhaps i'm a clueless republican.  --Jerzy•t 18:43 & 18:47, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * There is no difference in the meaning of "royal house" and "dynasty" in the example you cite: you could switch the two terms and the sentences would be as accurate/inaccurate as before. The only difference between the two terms is that "royal house" is used (in contrast to, e.g. "imperial house" or "grand ducal house") to refer, strictly, to a family of rulers whose head bears the official title of king/queen. A "dynasty" refers, more broadly, to any family which reigns by hereditary right, regardless of whether its head is emperor, king, grand duke, duke, prince, count, or lord. In practice, nowadays it is common to refer to members of any hereditary ruling family as "royalty" or "royals": Google turns up 3,040 hits for "Monaco's royal family" and only eight for "Monaco's princely family", although technically the first term is incorrect and the second is correct. "Dynasty" avoids this problem. FactStraight (talk) 07:16, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Jerzy phrased his sentence incorrectly. "A dinasty ended when a different royal house took the throne" is incorrect, it should be "A dinasty ended ruling a certain royal house when a different dinasty took the throne of that royal house". Additionally, a royal house usually bears the name of the ruled territory and can span several dinasties, and a dinasty can rule one or more royal houses along time. That includes the case of one dinasty being a member of several royal houses simultaneously, either when members of the same dinasty getting to be kings of several different countries, or when several royal titles come to be in possesion of one person. --Enric Naval (talk) 11:08, 18 August 2008 (UTC)
 * For example, the Royal House of Egypt was ruled by 30 dinasties, 31 if you count the Thirty-first dynasty of Egypt. See a scholar source talking about the twelveth dinasty, and a macedonian general at the orders of Alexander the Great refounding the Royal House despite not being related by blood to past governants --Enric Naval (talk) 12:53, 18 August 2008 (UTC)
 * In European history, dynasties didn't rule "royal houses", they ruled countries -- exactly as did "royal houses". "The royal house of Egypt" was not ruled by 30 dynasties, Egypt was ruled by 31 (different) dynasties, some of which were presumably branches of one another, but were referred to as if a new family came to occupy the throne. There is still no evidence that "royal house" is anything but a subset of "dynasty". FactStraight (talk) 02:59, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

I Think It Shold Be Merged --70.100.142.209 (talk) 19:17, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

how can explain a story of dunasty diamond jewelry? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.143.237.74 (talk) 11:27, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Time for separate article?
This was suggested earlier and should now be re-considered: Isn't it time for the ever-increasing families enumerated in this article to be forked off into List of dynasties or some such, that matches & can be linked to the various Rulers and Succession lists? FactStraight (talk) 15:17, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

basic concepts about dynasty
The dangers of disputed succession were best avoided by hereditary succession: ruling families had a natural interest in passing on to their descendants enhanced power and prestige.

Dynasty is, generally, understood as a lineage of hereditary succession to an essentially same position (usually, monarchy). Family members follow one another to the position, according to rules of their dynasty.

Sometimes, dynasty is regarded to have changed because an epoch ended and another started, despite of strict genealogy that the later "dynasty" actually are heirs of the earlier "dynasty" (and thus could alternatively be held as one dynasty only). This sort of change usually happens only somewhat later in historiography, and was not a proclamation of the monarch. Quite often, such a change is based on some major upheaval in the country's history. Or an upheaval in the history of the genealogical lineage - such as, the genealogical lineage rises to throne of another place. In this way, dynasty may better denote an epoch than a genealogical line. The term is also used to describe the era during which a family reigned, as well as events, trends and artifacts of that period (e.g. "Ming dynasty vase"). In such cases, often the "dynasty" is dropped, but the name may be used adjectively, e.g. "Tudor style", "Ottoman expansion", "Romanov decadence", etc.

A ruling or territorial dynasty is also often called a "house" (e.g. "House of Saud", "House of Windsor)". In much of the world, dynasties have been defined patrilineally, with inheritance and kinship being predominantly viewed and legally calculated through descent from a common ancestor in the male line. Houses are also genealogical concepts of hereditary nobility. The patrilineality is prevalent with that term. A difference between Houses and Dynasties is that dynasty may continue via a female, as long as it is in accordance with their succession rules; while the term "House" (which is largely of indoeuropean usage) has patrilineality generally as its conceptual basis and limit. If another patriline later assumes (or inherits) the name of an earlier House, it usually is referred to as the new House of that name. (compare: the House of Lusignan - the new House of Lusignan, reigning over the kingdom of Cyprus; House of habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine) Men who were descended from extinct dynasties through their mothers or grandmothers have sometimes adopted the name of the extinct dynasty in order to claim inheritance (e.g. House of Orange, Bagrationi dynasty, House of Habsburg-Lorraine). 82.181.234.211 (talk) 15:58, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

UK Discontinuity
Why is the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha shown as ending in 1910, and the House of Windsor not starting until 1921? In fact the name change was in 1917. Rojomoke (talk) 02:25, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
 * ...and the House of Windsor is in fact a branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. I.e, the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha still reigns in the UK and will reign until the Queen's death. Surtsicna (talk) 12:47, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

Dutch Bonaparte
I wonder why the Bonaparte Dynasty isn't named in 'The Netherlands' section. Louis (Lodewijk) Napoleon ruled the Netherlands as king for a few years and his son (second) was Louis II for a couple of days. The Bonaparte Family is named in the Spain section (besides the french), so it's not the short time period... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.215.20.224 (talk) 19:59, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Stuart dynasty pic at top of page
The caption of the pic on this page identifies the two figures in the picture as King James II and King Charles II, and identifies the latter as the father of the former. In fact that picture is of King James II and King Charles I, who was actually the father of James. The page for the picture itself even confirms this. Deusveritasest (talk) 21:08, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Merging Royal House with Dynasty
The content of the Royal House page is essentially a less well written and badly sourced version of the Dynasty page. 'Dynasty' and 'Royal House' seem to me to be synonyms. Any input would be great. Sotakeit (talk) 16:57, 4 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I concur. I recommended that the two articles be merged in 2008 and 2010 (see sections above]]), and I still support such a merger, for the grounds given above. FactStraight (talk) 22:26, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

Merged. Sotakeit (talk) 10:06, 6 June 2014 (UTC)
 * It would however be good to have some terminological distinction between the strict genealogical definition (based on male-line descent) and the names used for political reasons (whether changing name when descent has not changed such as Saxe-Coburg-Gotha being renamed Windsor, or a popular name being retained despite different agnatic ancestry as with the retention of Orange-Nassau). The UK has had many dynasties holding by right of descent from William the Conqueror that amount to one hereditary continuity, while various nations have had coups by unrelated families displacing those that reigned before and such differences should also be somehow marked. LE (talk) 07:55, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

A question about the etymology of "dynasty"
As the article says, dynasty originates in an ancient greek word meaning power or the like. Other dyn-words like dynamo, dynamite and the old unit of force (physics) dyn (or dyne?) in the (may-be not international, at least used in F) unit system C.G.S. confirm this aspect of the etymology. But can someone tell me why the idea of a family (of rulers) is contained (as an essential part) in the meaning of dynasty? --UKe-CH (talk) 10:16, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

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Why is Ireland listed twice?
Once under Europe and once under British Isles. Can't these be merged? LE (talk) 07:56, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Hungarian "Árpád-ház" (House of Árpád) dynasty seems to be missing
The House of Árpád ruled Hungary from 858 AC to 1301 AC, for 443 years. Is there some specific reason why this dynasty is not listed here? For reference, pls see https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d-h%C3%A1z with a good timeline chart, or in English https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tupillária (talk • contribs) 09:40, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi, I have just added Árpád dynasty to the table! NagyPóc (talk) 13:10, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The result of the discussion was no consensus to merge. There were too few comments, and everyone opposed the merge.

I propose merging Political family into Dynasty. I think the content in Political family can easily be explained in the context of Dynasty, and a merger would not cause any article-size or weighting problems in Dynasty. Thenightaway (talk) 20:22, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose. While related, they are distinct concepts. eduardog3000 (talk) 00:43, 13 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I think of the two as very distinct things. A dynasty controls a country as the unitary head of state (or in constitutional status), while a political family may just be one influential part of a country's or region's multipolar political landscape.  There can be many political families operating in the same place at the same time, but only one dynasty can rule a country / empire / what-have-you at a time. Denzera (talk) 20:03, 4 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Dynasty primarily refers to a succession of monarchs of the same family: while the term is used as a metaphor for political families in democratic countries, they are not the same. Compare, for example, terms like 'kingmaker' or 'consigliere' - a page by that name might have a sentence or two acknowledging the related use of the term, but would need to focus primarily on its primary meaning. UndercoverClassicist (talk) 21:29, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Chola dynasty
How can the Chola Dynasty be simultaneously an example of both an area which is divided into many dynasties (like Egypt, Iran, and China) and a single dynasty that ranks as one of the longest lasting of all time, as the article currently claims? Furius (talk) 08:48, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

Is a Hereditary dictatorship any different to an absolute Monarchy?
Is a hereditary dictatorship any different to an Absolute Monarchy? Mztourist (talk) 07:19, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Capetians vs Robertians ?
Shouldn't we count the Robertians and the capetians as the same thing, The Capetians are agnatic descendents of the Robertians, I know they're not usually not referred by the same name, but thats also true of dynasties counted as capetians : Valois, Bourbons, etc, they are still counted, and while later capetian kings would use that term to refer to themselves, this was not true of the early capetians, only seeing themselves as a continuation of the Robertians, the term capetian in itself only appeared later, so should we add the Robertian dynasty's reigns to the ones of the Capetians. The basque savior (talk) 17:58, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dynasty


title: File:McCallsJuly1907.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Bishonen/Antique toilet paper holder

User:Bishonen/Antique toilet paper holder
Excellent article. I advise that this is the finest of the Wikipedia articles on our site! I hope for it to go to the front page. - Ta bu shi da yu 09:52, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) ObjectI am frankly amazed that this page has been nominated, and even more amazed at the lavatorialy light hearted, retentive, and juvenile way other editors have chosen to vote here. The information to date has barely scratched the surface of this important and under-researched subject. Why is there no mention of the holder in which Cleopatra secreted her Asp? There is also no mention of those depicted by Hogarth in his scenes of London, so far the page is quite good (mostly thanks to my own efforts) but a lot more information need to be supplied.Giano 20:32, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Most flattered, but may I ask what the nominator was doing in my userspace...? Bishonen | Talk 12:08, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey. Just watching recent changes, that's all :-) Ta bu shi da yu 12:29, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * But, why is it still under User:Bishonen's space? -- Sundar 10:02, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object Not yet comprehensive (see to do list on talk page, I personally have a lot more material to add) and perhaps just a tad over-referenced? Filiocht 10:08, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ahem. Front page on 1 April? -- ALoan (Talk) 10:18, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Unicorn or Jackalope would both be better April 1st entries.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 11:14, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Invisible pink unicorn or just a plain unicorn? -- ALoan (Talk) 14:54, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Either would be fine, although i think the Invisible pink unicorn "invisible image" would be better for the main page.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 20:52, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Given a large push, we should be ready to go live by then, I hope. Filiocht 10:27, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * comment: why on earth is this in userspace?  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 10:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hilarious! Object though...Jeronimo 11:20, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Refer to Peer Review. Not yet comprehensive, like Filiocht says. I'm particularly dissappointed that the Dutch connection is missing. (Does anybody still think that the mission of Willibrord of Northumbria and Saint Boniface of Devonshire was only to convert the inhabitants of the Low Countries to the Christian faith?).  — mark ✎ 11:27, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You raise some interesting points: care to make these additions yourself? Filiocht 12:32, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sheesh, caught with my pants down again! I fully intended to move this out into the article space at a future date (yeah guess which future date) and then self-nominate it. And to be on IRC to spread the word and receive encomia, which I'm not able to do today. Still, now that the cat's out of the bag, how would Unicorn or Jackalope be better on the front page, pray? Are they major scholarly contributions? Are they comprehensive? Are they fully referenced? I believe not. Alkivar, did you see our reference secion? (Over-referenced? What are you talking abouot, Filiocht? Go put in some more inline references, you know you love it.) Bishonen | Talk 12:08, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Giano, you and I are as one when it comes to the inappropriateness of toilet humour here (I just wrote a plea for the subject to be taken seriously on the article Talk page, to which I refer all jokesters)), but if you can't understand that a vast historical subject needs to be summarized, I pity you. Your efforts? Yeah, especially your efforts to sneakily insert your entire extended family. That image of your mother-in-law's toilet paper holder is still in the 18th century section, I see. Bishonen | Talk 21:04, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no need to bring my extended family into this, it is hardly my fault if they were pioneering and patronising the design of luxury items, while the tribes of certain northern nations were still utilising the fiords and flora (and probably fauna) for such functions. Giano 08:25, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, the luxury items. This is still the brass-plated "Palladian revival" piece we're talking about.. ? To the people inquiring why it's in userspace: because I think in the article namespace it would get whisked off to VfD so fast we wouldn't even feel the draft. :-( Bishonen | Talk 12:05, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have no intention of entering into futile debate with one who clearly could not distinguish Palladian from Prada:>( Giano 12:10, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The monastic sea-shell example in the article speaks to your fauna reference, does it not? Filiocht 12:44, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

I assume it's a joke, although it's an extraordinarily weird one. Can't this nomination just be removed? Everyking 14:11, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support for April 1, although I think that this nomination will stir the necessary contributions by that time. I admit that the Marxist and Feminist perspectives are my own contributions to the pile.  I think Jackalopes and Unicorns are a bit obvious, and the former admits straight off the bat that it is a fiction.  Unlike the antique toilet paper holder, it's a made-up hoax, and the Jackalope and Unicorn have neither played as vital a role in history, class, gender, and revolution as the toilet paper holder.  Geogre 12:40, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Why do you only "assume" it is a joke, and what exactly is "weird" about such a functional artefact? Giano 14:43, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * While this may be considered funny, please do not misuse references in this way. Sorry to be a wet blanket, but it would be just as funny without the false references. Yes, I see all the ones I checked are real books, but I somehow doubt any of them confirm much of the material in this article. - Taxman 14:33, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * A suprisingly large amount of the information in the article is confirmed in the references Giano 14:43, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Please check out the online references, Taxman, especially Gorboduc, I think you may be surprised. Just because the story of Eric XIV of Sweden and Elizabeth I of England is little known doesn't mean I made it up. Practically all of it really happened. Bishonen | Talk 14:55, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * For my part, I played the "like" and "some" game. "Critics SUCH AS Raymond Williams have said that items LIKE the toilet paper holder," and then the reference is spot on.  No fabrication where I've been concerned.  Geogre 20:14, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * A little info: to address concerns raised on the article's talk page, I have moved it to User:Bishonen/European toilet paper holder and created global hub article User:Bishonen/Toilet paper holder to serve as the parent of sibling articles on the toilet paper holders of other continents. Please see User talk:Bishonen/European toilet paper holder. Bishonen | Talk 20:10, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Who are we to say what won't be reference material to future historians. Though this does bring up the question, since there are toilet paper holders in millions of homes around the world and well over 200,000 google hits, dont we need Toilet paper holder in our data? -- Dbroadwell 20:35, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Scott Treleaven

Scott Treleaven is a Canadian artist whose work employs a variety of media including painting, collage, film, video, drawing, photography and installation.

Artwork
Critical writings have invoked references to Jean Genet, William S. Burroughs, Jack Pierson and Nan Goldin, in describing Treleaven's place in "a lineage of obdurate misfits". He attended the Etobicoke School of the Arts and OCAD University. Treleaven has exhibited in a number of institutions throughout the world including Cooper Cole, Toronto; XYZ Collective, Tokyo; MOCA Tucson, Arizona; Invisible-Exports, New York; The Suburban, Milwaukee; 80WSE, New York; ICA, Philadelphia; Palais de Tokyo, Paris; ICA London, UK; La Biennale de Montréal; and John Connelly Presents, New York. In 2014 Treleaven's drawings were included in the final segment of 'Outside the Lines' at the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, a major survey of contemporary abstraction.

Films
Treleaven's first film Queercore: A Punk-u-mentary was produced in 1996, a documentary on the queercore scene in the 1990s.

In 2002 Treleaven presented an overview of his independent publishing experiences in a film entitled The Salivation Army which has been screened at MOMA and Art Basel, Switzerland.

In 2005 photographer/director Carter Smith approached Treleaven about adapting his published horror story, Bugcrush, into Smith's Sundance Film Festival award-winning short film. Director Steven Spielberg has openly lauded the film.

In 2008, he appeared in the feature film, The Lollipop Generation by G.B. Jones, alongside Jena von Brücker, Mark Ewert, Vaginal Davis, Calvin Johnson and Joel Gibb.

In March 2011, The Museum of Modern Art in New York (MOMA) featured a program of Treleaven's films as part of the Queer Cinema from the Collection: Today and Yesterday program, curated by artist AA Bronson and Joshua Siegel, Associate Curator, Department of Film, at The Museum of Modern Art.

Publications and Zines
Concurrent with the documentary Queercore: A Punk-u-mentary, Treleaven created an illustrated zine project called This Is The Salivation Army (1996–1999): a mix of punk, goth, occult, and industrial music aesthetics, alongside homages to iconoclasts like William S. Burroughs, Brion Gysin, William Blake, and Derek Jarman. The zine was a seeding ground for a variety of concepts and styles that would continue to appear in Treleaven's visual art. Books, zines and independently produced publications continue to be a recurring motif throughout his work.

In 2006 a book marking the 10th anniversary of the This Is The Salivation Army project was published by Printed Matter (NY) and Art Metropole (Toronto), containing an entire reprint of the zines alongside more recent drawings and collages.

Treleaven's contribution to artist publications has been acknowledged in the books, In Numbers: Serial Publications by Artists Since 1955 (JRP|Ringier 2009), The Magazine – Documents of Contemporary Art Series (MIT Press 2015) and Showboat: Punk, Sex, Bodies (Dashwood 2016).

Filmography

 * Last 7 Words (2009), actors: Genesis P-Orridge, soundtrack by Locrian (Terence Hannum & André Foisy)
 * Silver (2006), actors: AA Bronson, soundtrack by Andrew Zealley
 * Gold (2006), actors: Genesis P-Orridge and Lady Jaye Breyer P-Orridge, soundtrack by Andrew Zealley
 * Bugcrush (2006), original story. Written and directed by Carter Smith
 * The Salivation Army (2002), actors: Kevin Drew
 * Beastboy (2002), actor: Andrew Cecil
 * He Is the Boss Of Me (2001), video for The Hidden Cameras
 * Queercore: A punk-u-mentary (1996)

title: Scott Treleaven


text:
Ball bearing motor

A ball bearing motor or ball-race motor consists simply of a small ball- bearing assembly with provision for passing current radially between inner and outer tracks to produce circular motion.

Explanation
A ball bearing motor is an unusual electric motor that consists of two ball-bearing-type bearings, with the inner races mounted on a common conductive shaft, and the outer races connected to a high current, low voltage power supply. An alternative construction fits the outer races inside a metal tube, while the inner races are mounted on a shaft with a non-conductive section (e.g. two sleeves on an insulating rod). This method has the advantage that the tube will act as a flywheel. The motor rarely starts without assistance, having effectively zero static torque, but once rotation begins the motor will accelerate until it reaches a steady speed, the direction of rotation is determined by the initial spin. Although ball bearing motors can reach reasonably high speeds they are very inefficient. Producing significant torque typically requires so much power that the bearings are heated to several hundred degrees.

Theory
There are multiple explanations of the effect, see the large bibliography in McDonald's work.

In 1965 Electronics and Power magazine published a letter by RH Barker asking for an explanation of how this type of motor worked. At the time various explanations had been offered. S. Marinov suggests that the device produces motion from electricity without magnetism being involved, operating purely by the resistance heating causing an asymmetric thermal expansion of the balls in the bearings as they rotate. The same explanation is given by Watson, Patel and Sedcole for rotating cylinders (instead of balls). However, H. Gruenberg has given a thorough theoretical explanation based on pure electromagnetism (and neglecting the thermal effects completely). Also, P. Hatzikonstantinou and P. G. Moyssides claim to have found an excellent agreement between the results from the electromagnetic theory and the experiments measuring the total power and efficiency of the motor.

title: Ball bearing motor


text:
Western Thailand

Western Thailand is a region of Thailand bordering Myanmar on the west, Southern Thailand on the south, and central Thailand on the east.

Geography
Thailand's long mountainous border with Myanmar continues south from northern Thailand into western Thailand following the Tenasserim Hills. This narrow region stretches from Bangkok's outer reaches to the border with Myanmar and from the Shan Hills in the north to Chumphon Province in the south.

The geography of the western region is characterised by high mountains and steep river valleys. Western Thailand hosts much of Thailand's less-disturbed forest areas. Water and minerals are important natural resources. The region is home to many of the country's major dams, and mining is an important industry. Many village names in western Thailand rely heavily on the physical geography of the region.

Provinces of western Thailand
According to the six geographical regions established by the National Research Council of Thailand, the western region includes the following provinces:
 * 1) Kanchanaburi (กาญจนบุรี)
 * 2) Phetchaburi (เพชรบุรี)
 * 3) Prachuap Khiri Khan (ประจวบคีรีขันธ์)
 * 4) Ratchaburi (ราชบุรี)
 * 5) Tak (ตาก)

Economy
For economic statistics of Western Thailand, Suphan Buri and Samut Songkhram provinces are listed by National Statistical Office (Thailand). However Tak Province is listed by (lower) Northern Thailand. For FY 2018, Western Thailand Region had a combined economic output of 579.815 billion baht (US$18.7 billion), or 3.5 percent of Thailand's GDP. Ratchaburi province had an economic output of 189.68 billion baht (US$6.12 billion). This amounts to a GPP per capita of 233,258 baht (US$7,524), more than double for Suphan Buri province, lowest in the ranking.

Weather forecast
Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Suphan Buri, and Samut Songkhram Provinces have been added to the central region by the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD).

Petchaburi and Prachuap Khiri Khan Provinces are part of the southern region (east coast).

title: Western Thailand


text:
Eastern Thailand

Eastern Thailand is a region of Thailand bordering Cambodia on the east, Northeastern Thailand in the north, and central Thailand on the west.

Geography
Eastern Thailand lies between the Sankamphaeng Range, which forms a natural border with the Khorat Plateau to the north and the Gulf of Thailand to the south. The geography of the region is characterised by short mountain ranges (collectively grouped under the Chanthaburi Range) alternating with small basins of short rivers which drain into the Gulf of Thailand. Between the Chanthaburi and Sankamphaeng mountains lies the basin of the Bang Pakong River system.

Fruit is a major component of agriculture in the area, and tourism plays a strong part in the economy. The region's coastal location has helped promote eastern seaboard industrial development, a major factor in the economy of the region.

Islands off Eastern Thailand's coast include Ko Sichang, Ko Lan, Ko Samet, and Ko Chang.

National parks
Within the eastern region there are some eight national parks. Pang Sida National Park covering 844 km2 in Sa Kaeo province, it constitutes a part of the Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex UNESCO World Heritage Site, covering in total around 6,100 km2. The total forest parent area is 8,205 km2 or 22.4 percent of this eastern region area (incl. Nakhon Nayok province). Mu Ko Chang National Park in Trat province includes 85 per cent of Thailands second largest island Ko Chang. The beaches on the western coast of Ko Chang have been excluded from the national park for reason of facilitating the tourism industry. Mu Ko Samet National Park in Rayong province is just 6 km long by 3 km wide with beaches covered with some of the finest white sand in the country.

Administrative divisions
According to the six geographical regions established by the National Research Council of Thailand, the eastern region includes seven provinces. The Thai Meteorological Department (TMD), the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) and Royal Forest Department (RFD) also include province Nakhon Nayok in the Eastern region.

Note: Population is based on "Statistics, population and house statistics for the year 2019" from Registration Office Department of the Interior. Reference date is 31 December 2019. Area is based on "Thailand boundary from Department of Provincial Administration.

Economy
For fiscal year 2018, Eastern Thailand Region had a combined economic output of 3,026 trillion baht (US$97.6 billion), or 18.5 percent of Thailand's GDP. Rayong province had an economic output of 1.045 trillion baht (US$33.7 billion). This amounted to a per-capita Gross Provincial Product (GPP) value of 1,067,449 baht (US$34,434), almost double the GPP per-capita of the three following provinces in the ranking.

Languages
The main language of Eastern Thailand is Central Thai language but also regionalism. Krungthep dialect (dominant variant) is spoken among Thai Chinese communities, that is EEC area (such as in Chonburi, Siracha, Pattaya, Padriew, Bangpakong etc.), dialect from Prachinburi Province pretty similar with Ayutthaya dialect (traditional working class dialect in Bangkok), while the Rayong dialect and Chantaburi dialect are pretty similar with Suphanburi dialect (another dialect in Central Thailand).

Isan language are minority status in Eastern Thailand, most are spoken in the eastern part of Prachinburi and upper part of Sa Kaeo Provinces, this is the same variant as the Khonkaen dialect (Standard Lao language). Khmer language in Eastern Thailand is mostly spoken among older generation in Chantaburi and today become endangered language.

title: Eastern Thailand


text:
Talk:Violet Scene

VFD Result
The result of the VFD can be found here: Votes for deletion/Violet Scene -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:58, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Violet Scene


text: Category:Alpine skiers

title: Category:Alpine skiers


text:
Talk:Mike Hancock (Canadian politician)

VFD Result
The result of the VFD can be found here: Votes for deletion/Mike Hancock (Canadian politician) -- AllyUnion (talk) 10:01, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"The council's" vs. "council's"
I noticed it says "He chaired council's finance committee". "Council" is a word commonly used to describe any specific council, but is it formal? It could also be confusing because it could be any council, and while reading, someone might interpolate either "a" or "for". I am pretty sure what is implied by this; I'm going to add a "the" between "chaired" and "council". -- Wuffyz (talk) 22:39, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mike Hancock (Canadian politician)


text:
Talk:North Atlantic Treaty

Atlantic Pact misnomer
The terms Atlantic Pact and North Atlantic Pact were in common use before NATO was formed. The Western European Union predated NATO and numerous declassified documents in the National Archives, London, use these terms freely, in the context of WEU military planning. One such example is DEFE 11/279 Clandestine Organisations, which documents WEU efforts to set up clandestine resistance and sabotage organizations in Eastern and Western European countries behind Soviet front lines in the event of a Russian attack and advance to the Rhine. Some rewriting of the main article needs to take account of this other use of the term Atlantic Pact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by George.Hutchinson (talk • contribs) 10:22, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

Discussion of User talk:92.64.31.85 drive-by removal
Hi there. You identified my User talk:69.171.101.124 submission to the North Atlantic Treaty wiki as having been plagiarized. That is a very serious charge, and I wish you would withdraw it. Your User talk:92.64.31.85 exact words were "However, I reverted your edits there because I noticed you copied a piece from http://usild.org/Afghanistan-War.html word for word."

In fact I copied--some of my contribution--verbatim from the NATO wiki article.

As you may realise, wiki allows us free duplication; it even encourages the practice. It is to the authors of the NATO article that you must address yourself. I wish you luck, because you would likely need to identify yourself beyond an IP address. I am unsure you will do so as your IP address looks professional, and you might reveal yourself as a paid and trained sock puppet--which is never good for promotion within the organisation.

My other contributions are valid and you censor them at your risk.

I plan to undo your unfortunate drive-by diminution at North Atlantic Treaty. You may wish to remove the usild.org material, but please only do so to the material that was actually taken from usild.org *after* you have successfully removed the NATO article material. Alternately, you may wish to paraphrase the usild.org source material on North Atlantic Treaty once you have identified it and only it.

I plan also to move this discussion to the North Atlantic Treaty talk page Talk:North Atlantic Treaty. Please feel free to apologise to me there.

69.171.101.124 (talk) 11:18, 26 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi, I'm terribly sorry to get off on the wrong foot here. I'll take a further look at what might have happened. The stuff on http://usild.org/Afghanistan-War.html may have been taken from the NATO article without attribution, or it might be the other way around, but looking at that website again, it does display the linking to Wikipedia typically found in a fork. I didn't see any attribution of the NATO article in your contribution to North Atlantic Treaty, so I didn't make a connection there. If it was taken from the NATO article, we still need to patch that up: we're free to copy things internally, but they do require attribution, so should link to the revision it was copied from. Duplication is allowed under our license, but not unconditionally. Lastly, lets drop the silly accusations of paid editing and sock-puppetry and the likes. We're here to work side by side as colleagues. We all make honest mistakes from time to time. Mine was identification of the source of a copyright violation. The sort of hostility you're showing here is completely uncalled for. 92.64.31.85 (talk) 11:27, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Looking at the article history, the verbatim part seems to be built organically on Wikipedia, and the earliest date the wayback machine gives me for the page on usild.org is February of this year, which leads me to believe that it indeed copied from our NATO article without attibution. Are there any other articles you've taken content from and pasted in this one or other ones? I yes, could you make an empty edit to note in the edit summary the the revision and history of those pages there to fix the remaining copyright problems? If you need a hand with that, let me know which articles it were, and I can do it for you. 92.64.31.85 (talk) 11:45, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your consideration. I understand you better now. I can't remember lifting from wiki anywhere else recently. You might want to update Reusing Wikipedia content to better reflect your position on "Content that violates any copyrights will be deleted. Encyclopedic content must be verifiable. Work submitted to Wikipedia can be edited, used, and redistributed—by anyone—subject to certain terms and conditions." because it fails to specify that wiki-to-wiki material needs to be attributed.

 * The hostility with which you charge me was occasioned as the result of your charge of plagiarism. I am glad we have had this discussion so that we will henceforth deal with one another with less mutual aggression.

69.171.101.124 (talk) 13:37, 26 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your notes. Reusing Wikipedia content is only for re-using things outside of Wikipedia, more information for copying and re-using material inside wikipedia can be found on Copying within Wikipedia. It's possible that that's not so clear, I'll see if I can edit that page at all, and if so, make improvements to fix it. The lack of attribution here is an honest mistake, and it was unintentional, and it is also plagiarism (just not from the site I originally thought it was, but from another Wikipedia article). I find it important that Wikipedians can, in an atmosphere of collegiality, address such issues. Everybody is expected to make mistakes, and some mistakes are serious, but blame should never be on the forefront of addressing mistakes. Fixing the problem should be. And in this case, we can fix it by adding the proper attribution. A quick fix done by communicating and finding out what was done and how we can do better. Happy editing, and please don't be afraid to make more mistakes in the future: it's part of how we learn and improve, and it's a wiki, fixing mistakes is what we do. 92.64.31.85 (talk) 14:03, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

Neutrality and relevance
In the content section, there is an excess of detail relating to the history of usage of the articles of the treaty. The information appears, to me, to be unrelated to the actual content of the treaty and could also be construed as detailing a conflict unrelated to the article for political purposes. I believe the article needs to be edited significantly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.226.151.3 (talk) 16:22, 25 June 2016 (UTC)

articles 2 and 3?
where are articles 2 and 3? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.49.6.225 (talk) 12:36, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

 * The NAT has 14 articles. The link to Full Text is at the bottom of the Wikipedia article. 75.131.210.126 (talk) 19:36, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Springfield oregon
We nbut we are dying and suffering at the hands off your vets.n eed your help here. No affence 😘 please help us. now before more dye. Lisa bunch 2600:387:F:4B32:0:0:0:8 (talk) 22:40, 2 December 2021 (UTC)

Cuban Missile Crisis
I removed the Cuban Missile Crisis from the table because it wasn't invoked then, but there does seem to be interesting literature about why it wasn't invoked, which may be useful to add: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1224&context=eilr, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2152053 //Lollipoplollipoplollipop::talk 12:08, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

 * What do you think was going on with that other source I found from the National Security Council (that's a pretty good competing source, right?)? I saw that the NATO ambassador Finletter was ordered to convene, so I treated that as an Article 4 invocation.  Your second source is interesting, so let me hold off until I can get access to the full version, but I'd like to see it to doublecheck through it.  I also wonder if there were past invocations, but we just don't know about them because they haven't been declassified yet, or how many of these sources have kept up with recent declassifications.  Fephisto (talk) 16:57, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * NATO meets all the time and has ambassadors doing things all the time. It's not under Article 4 unless the article specifically is invoked. Past classified invocations is an intriguing idea, but I don't think its likely, to be honest. //Lollipoplollipoplollipop::talk 19:24, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I got a chance to look at the second link you linked here (that Wikipedia library access feature is amazing), thanks for that, it really helped clear things up. I also tried to incorporate the prior link into the article, since it makes clear the deterrent nature of Article 4.  Fephisto (talk) 23:54, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

Grammar Question
When in reference to a specific article of the treaty, is it considered a proper noun? E.g., should one say "but by Article 5, allied members must" or should one say "but by article 5, allied members must"? Currently, the capitalization is inconsistent throughout the article. Fephisto (talk) 15:43, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

 * A lot of the referenced news articles appear to capitalize "Article" when in reference to a specific article of the treaty, so I've gone through and copied that same style here. Fephisto (talk) 01:23, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

Splitting proposal: Article 5
I think Article 5 section is already disproportionately long enough and could actually be greatly expanded, albeit in its own article. Actually, people may know more about "Article 5" than they do about the "North Atlantic Treaty". Proposed title would be Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty Polmas (talk) 04:13, 26 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Actually, I would say that the section is excessively long. As noted, Article 5 has only been invoked once. Everything else in this section is just about cases when someone brought up the possibility of invoking it. The Syrian Civil War bit is given undue weight, and it looks like all but one cite in the section is to a single website which was subsequently shut down by the Turkish government. Without better sourcing as to whether there was real talk of invoking Article 5 or just Turkish bluster, we might be better without the section at all. The Russian propaganda paragraph is entirely reliant on The Telegraph. I don't care to subscribe to read the references, but I'd be a bit surprised if anyone in a position of responsibility has seriously raised the idea of invoking Article 5 over propaganda. The Zaporizhzhia Power Plant attacks has a single reference, which appears to obviously not be a reliable source. I did a quick google search and the only items I found in support of this section are clearly Ukrainian outlets plus a tweet from a U.S. Congressmen who will be out of a job in January. As to the Albanian cyberattack bit, while sourcing isn't awful, the likelihood of invoking Article 5 in response to a cyberattack on Albania seems so remote that the section's existence may be undue weight. Thinking about it, deleting all of the sections I've mentioned and replacing them with a brief summary that the idea of invoking Article 5 has been raised a few times in recent years (but without any serious chance of that happening) would likely be best. It certainly doesn't need significant expanding at this point in time.
 * So, no, splitting the article doesn't seem like a good idea. CAVincent (talk) 08:36, 26 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The Syrian Civil War bit just needs elbow grease. There's a lot split around in Operation Active Fence and Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war articles that should ideally be incorporated but...it's just a lot of work.  I also don't know if there were any calls for Article 5 because of the Suruç bombing.  I'm not an expert in this stuff.
 * Also, I suppose I should apologize for making it disproportionately long. I was just trying to split it up into multiple sections because as it was it read like a giant paragraph word salad.  Fephisto (talk) 14:15, 26 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with CAVincent's analysis that most of the sections are just fluff that shouldn't exist on this article. Cutting it down to three paragraphs: the intro, 9/11, and potential invocations, seems prudent. Creating a separate Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty is a decent idea, if we want to add deeper detail over there. //Lollipoplollipoplollipop::talk 21:19, 26 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and made a separate article, if someone wants to doublecheck me. Edit:  did I do that too fast?  Fephisto (talk) 15:33, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, way too fast. Also, if this does turn out to split it out, please see WP:SPLIT on how to do it properly.  Onel 5969  TT me 17:11, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * My apologies. Fephisto (talk) 20:34, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I would oppose a split as well, but I agree with 's assessment above that the current section in this article needs a ton of paring down. I also like their idea of several sentences summarizing those ideas of invoking it. Onel 5969  TT me 17:15, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I gave it a shot pairing it down into a table instead like with Article 4. How does that look?  Fephisto (talk) 20:34, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Much better.  Onel 5969  TT me 20:46, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Actually, now that I've done this, I notice a lot of these already have their own main article. For example, the Suleyman tomb attack has its own lengthy article that has a lot of the paragraphs that were here in this article.  So maybe instead of a split, these redirects are sufficient?  Fephisto (talk) 20:54, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * That would be better. Onel 5969  TT me 00:10, 28 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Agree, it should not be split. I removed one questionable example from the table, but others seem to be OK, especially Zaporizhzhia Power Plant attacks (it was widely debated in many RS; this can be better sourced if needed). My very best wishes (talk) 04:00, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Looks good. Fephisto (talk) 14:37, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * And 8 months later, looks like the consensus is to not split. To be frank, not enough content is in the article to justify a split anyways. Therefore, the recommendation to split this article should be taken down. KyuuA4 (Talk:キュウ) 20:29, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Regarding the Explosion in Poland
There's been a spike of activity on this page because of the recent news, thus why I put the notice on the Article 4 section. So far, there has been no official call for Article 4 by Poland due to the explosion in Poland. To quote NATO Secretary General as of yesterday:

There's been no call for an Article 4 meeting. That's based on the findings, based on the analysis and based on the results so far of the ongoing investigation.

This might or might not change, though.

Regarding Article 5, although U.S. Congressman has made comments on it, I haven't been able to find any sources that any member of the Polish government itself has been considering, which I would think would be the minimum criteria to include it in the Article 5 table. Those are my 2 cents, if anyone else wants to chime in, or if something has changed. Fephisto (talk) 14:05, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:North Atlantic Treaty


text:
Talk:Economic bubble

Cryptocurrencies
Cryptocurrencies prices are growing fast, but this is not a prove to categorize it as a bubble. NASDAQ 2010-2017 is much higher and it's easy to find media articles talking about the "dot com 2.0 bubble", but we cannot categorize it as a bubble until it crashes. So please, do not include Cryptocurrencies as a bubble until we go through a Blow off phase. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.37.187.155 (talk) 10:28, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

 * This is not how words work - David Gerard (talk) 22:33, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Another point of view

To me and John Authers in the Financial Times, The Long View of 9 dec 17, we are in the opinion there was a bubble with the bitcoins at the end of 2013 when it gained 5,500 per cent to about $1,100 before it came back to around $200 in 2015. John Authers also think the bitcoin is currently in the bubble area with the price having increased fivefold in the first 11 months of this year and 70 per cent in the past week. Saindon (talk) 19:16, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I would agree with that. Moreover, the 2013 slide in value was also described as a bubble.--DreamLinker (talk) 04:22, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

GameStop
Would it be appropriate to include the GME shortsqueeze into the list of examples? It's newsworthy and caused a large number of people to suffer catastrophic losses. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.243.242.156 (talk) 04:20, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economic bubble


text:
Talk:Shelly Kagan

VFD Result
The result of the VFD can be found here: Votes for deletion/Shelly Kagan -- AllyUnion (talk) 10:03, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

date/place of birth
Too bad that the "hole" internet doesn't know when he was born ... very faszinating though. Old Shelly is always good for a surprise. --WissensDürster (talk) 12:58, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Shelly Kagan


text:
Coenobitidae

The Coenobitidae are the family of terrestrial hermit crabs, widely known for their land-living habits as adults. They are found in coastal tropical regions around the world and require access to the ocean to breed.

Although coenobitids are fully terrestrial as adults, they spend their marine life as planktonic larvae. Female coenobitids return to the sea to hatch their eggs and their larvae develop through planktonic zoeal stages to a megalopa, in a similar way as the marine hermit crabs. Just like these species, after settlement, terrestrial hermit crabs megalopae recognize and co-opt gastropods shells, before migrating into the land and molting to the first crab stage.

The 17 species are placed in two genera:

title: Coenobitidae