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Hwa Rang Do

Hwa Rang Do, also known as "The Way of the Flowering Knights", is a comprehensive Korean martial art that was developed in the 1960s by Joo Bang Lee and his brother Joo Sang Lee. It has multiple areas of focus, including stand-up fighting with open-hand striking, weapons, throws and takedowns; ground fighting; various types of meditative practices; intellectual and character development; and artistic and cultural pursuits.

Ancient Hwarang
The martial art of Hwa Rang Do was named after a buddhist elite youth order of the Silla kingdom during the Three-Kingdoms period in what is now South Korea. These young men known as Hwarang (화랑; 花郎) were cultivated from a young age to fill significant roles in politics, civil service, and military duties. These individuals were selected exclusively from the royal family and aristocracy and led members of the broader public who were described as Nangdo (Rang-do: 낭도; 郎徒). This group through various names lasted through the Koryŏ dynasty until they were officially disbanded at the beginning of the Joseon dynasty.

Founding of the modern art
The modern martial art of Hwa Rang Do was founded by two Korean brothers, Joo Bang Lee and Joo Sang Lee, who started their martial art training with their father who taught them Judo and Kumdo at a young age. In 1942, their father worked out a deal with a monk who was locally known as Suahm Dosa to educate his sons in traditional Korean cultural training. Suahm Dosa claimed to practice within a tradition that had its roots with the ancient Hwarang, which he called Um-Yang Kwon (음양권; 陰陽拳). (Note that "Dosa" is actually his title, not his name. It is roughly equivalent to "hermit sage expert".)  Both Joo Bang Lee and his brother Joo Sang Lee trained with Suahm Dosa at the Sogwangsa Temple in the Kangwon Province (North Korea), before the breakout of the Korean War and they had to flee south to avoid the communist military. The Lee family relocated to Seoul and Suahm Dosa, according to the Lee family, relocated to Odae Mountain.

The Lee brothers continued their training with Suahm Dosa when they could until around 1950 when their family moved further south to Daegu. Being too far away to continue their training, they began to be involved with the local martial art communities in the area. There, they met a martial artist named Choi Yong-sool, a practitioner of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu and who is recognized as the father of modern Hapkido. They continued their training with Choi through the 1950s and became registered Hapkido instructors in Seoul in the early 1960s. It was also around 1960 when the Lee brothers became involved with Suh In-Hyuk, who is the founder of Kuk Sool Won. Their involvement with Suh In-Hyuk ended in the mid-'60s and the Lee brothers continued to work within the Hapkido community until 1968.

In 1968, Suahm Dosa died and left the title of "Do Ju" to Joo Bang Lee, as well as designating him as the 58th successive holder of this title. The two brothers then took all their martial arts knowledge and generated the Hwa Rang Do syllabus. They established the name "Hwa Rang Do" as its own entity separate from their involvement with the Hapkido community (earlier versions of their school's name included Hwarang-Kwon and Hwarang-Hapkido) and they continued with their Hwarang teachings. In 1969, Joo Sang Lee moved to the United States to start a school and in 1972, Joo Bang Lee followed, taking the World Headquarters of Hwa Rang Do with him.

Early days in America
Through the 1970s and 1980s, Hwa Rang Do grew throughout California and the adjacent states as well as making its mark on the international martial art scene. Both Joo Bang Lee and Joo Sang Lee performed in expo style demonstrations in the south west United States, particularity in California and Arizona, as well as on TV shows including “That's Incredible!” and “Unknown Powers”. Notably, Hwa Rang Do students who trained under the Lee brothers like Vietnam veteran Michael Echanis (1950–1978), were fundamental with Hwa Rang Do's involvement with the US Army Rangers and Special Forces, thus bringing additional credibility to Hwa Rang Do's martial art training. In addition, because of what was being offered within Hwa Rang Do, many martial artists during this time became interested in what the art had to offer. Notable names included Graciela Casillas, who trained in Hwa Rang Do for a short while and who later through her involvement with Kempo-Karate, became the first female World Champion of professional full-contact Karate.

In the 1980s into the early 1990s, Hwa Rang Do continued to grow in the United States as well as the South-East Pacific. Joo Bang Lee's sons, Henry Taejoon Lee and Eric Taehyun Lee moved into the spotlight by performing at martial art expos and demonstrations throughout the US and Europe. Henry Taejoon Lee was also involved with expanding Hwa Rang Do in college clubs throughout southern California by establishing the Intercollegiate Hwarang Society. This sub-group of the World Hwa Rang Do Association was in operation from the mid-1980s to the early to mid-1990s. Their main focus was to introduce college students to Hwa Rang Do and foster a sense of community and brotherhood within a college environment. Towards the early to mid 1990s, other universities in the US used the Intercollegiate Hwarang Society as a model to set up their own college clubs, especially where black sashes were either going to school or were employed as professors, with the same goals as the Intercollegiate Hwarang Society.

Time of change and development
As Hwa Rang Do moved into the 1990s and the new millennium, the younger generation began to make its mark on the art.

In the 1990s, Hwa Rang Do schools, while continuing to grow in the United States and the South-East Pacific, began to expand throughout Europe. Because of the demonstrations presented by the Lee family in Europe through the 1980s as well as students who had been traveling to train with Joo Bang Lee, schools were opening up in countries like Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany. Because of the amount of travel, Henry Taejoon Lee was involved in much of these developments making trips to Europe to help with the growth and development there. Today, Italy is one of the largest centers of Hwa Rang Do in the world with over a dozen Academies and clubs.

It was also in 1990 that the World Hwa Rang Do Association introduced an introductory program to help new students learn and develop their skills in a more sport-like atmosphere. The program was named Tae Soo Do (Way of the Warrior Spirit: 태수도; 太手道). Students who learn Tae Soo Do learn the basic fundamentals of kicking and punching. They are also introduced to beginner level sweeps, throws, and ground fighting. A black belt in Tae Soo Do has the same level of quality as a black belt in other martial arts including Tae Kwon Do and Karate. Once a student has a Black belt, they receive an honorary Yellow sash in the color ranks of Hwa Rang Do.

In 2005, Henry Taejoon Lee headed operations to expand and grow the application programs within Hwa Rang Do to keep their students competitive with the larger martial art community and to expand their understanding of the many aspects of the core material.

 * Gotoogi: Solid Fighting Skill (고투기; 固鬪技): Gotoogi is a grappling program that was introduced to teach students fundamentals of ground fighting, opponent control, throws and takedowns, and lockouts in a competitive setting.
 * Gumtoogi: Blade Fighting Skill (검투기; 劍鬪技): Gumtoogi is a sword sparring program similar to Korean Kumdo, but with leg strikes and spin attacks. Students who participate in Gumtoogi use similar equipment that they use in Kumdo, but with additional armor added to protect the legs.  Both long sword (Juk-do) and twin swords (ssang kum) are used within competition.
 * Bongtoogi: Stick Fighting Skill (봉투기; 棒鬪技): Bongtoogi is a stick sparring program that allows students to learn how to fight with both long staff (Jang Bong) and double mid-sticks (ssang bong) within a competitive setting. Students who train in Bongtoogi use the same uniforms and armor as students who train in Gumtoogi.

Depending on the strengths of the instructors at the academies, certain programs will have a larger emphasis than others. However, these programs are standard with all WHRDA licensed academies.

2010 to present
Depending on the school, Hwa Rang Do academies and clubs will either stay truer to the traditional aspects of the art, focusing more on the core material and traditional self-defense or they will embrace the expanded application programs and work to grow their skills within a competitive sport environment. Many clubs and academies, however, look to find a balance between the two. WHRDA has continued its development of the sports applications by improving the quality of the Gotoogi, Gumtoogi, and Bongtoogi programs as well as introducing an advanced sparring program called Yongtoogi (Courageous Fighting Skill: 용투기; 勇鬪技). Yongtoogi was initially introduced in 2012 and has become the standard for all Hwa Rang Do color sash and black sash sparring. Yongtoogi consist of full round, semi-contact sparring, with kickboxing, throws, and ground submissions. Also in 2011, the World Hwa Rang Do Association applied for 501c3 not-for-profit tax status. “Our desire to expand our humanitarian work around the globe led to the change,” said Grandmaster Taejoon Lee, President of the World Hwa Rang Do Association. Many of the members of WHRDA participate in public self-defense clinics, humanitarian organizations like the Peace Corp, as well as other independent humanitarian missions both locally and internationally to help with this cause.

Hwa Rang Do Maeng Se
Hwa Rang Do, in addition to its martial training, teaches moral principles with the belief that those who receive martial arts training must also be taught to use their skills responsibly. The foundation of Hwa Rang Do's code of ethics is the Hwa Rang Do Maeng Se (맹세), composed of the O Gye, and the Gyo Hun. The Hwarang O Gye is rooted in the ancient warrior code originally developed by a Buddhist monk known as Won Gwang Beop Sa in the Three Kingdoms period. This code included loyalty to one's Lord, piety to your parents, trust among friends, courage in battle, and discrimination in killing. Because of the changes in political structures in both Korea and the Americas, Joo Bang Lee updated the English translation to reflect modern society. In addition to these five rules, he developed the Gyo Hun to support the O Gye.

The five rules and nine philosophical principles of Hwa Rang Do.

Seven principles of training
In addition to the Maeng Se, the Mul Sul practices of Hwa Rang Do follow what is known as the Seven Principles of Training. They are:
 * 1) Concentration
 * 2) Patience and Endurance
 * 3) Sincerity in Practice
 * 4) Speed
 * 5) Conservation of Energy
 * 6) Respect and Obedience
 * 7) Humility (Lack of vanity)

Four categories of training
Within the martial systems known as Mu Sul, a practitioner will learn various forms, techniques, and sparring methods. They will also learn meditation methods and mental-character development. The core traditional Mu Sul practices are divided into four categories:

Nae Gong (internal power): Nae Gong involves specific meditation practices that help with relaxation, building power, and increasing one's physical performance of the art. These meditation methods are divided into both passive (Eum) and active (Yang) methods. These meditative practices are seen as ways for practitioners to break past their perceived limitations and perform extraordinary feats!

Oe Gong (external power): Oe Gong is the physical part of the martial art where one takes what one has cultivated through Nae Gong practices and applies them. Oe Gong is divided into 21 areas of focus, including long and short forms, basic striking techniques, kicking test, and various self-defense techniques including defense against grabs and holds, defense against kicks, joint locks, throws, sweeps, and open handed defenses against various types of weapons. In addition to these, practitioners of Hwa Rang Do take advantage of the various sparring systems to truly test their skills in a dynamic and non-staged environment. These systems include sport-like point sparring system, situational awareness defense drills, full round semi-full contact sparring (Yongtoogi), and ground fighting with throws (Gotoogi).

Mugi Gong (weapons power): Mugi Gong is the weapons training portion of Hwa Rang Do. Various techniques and forms using weapons are taught including Ssang Jeol Bong (nunchaku), Jang Bong (long staff), and the Jang Geom (sword). Defense against other weapons, such as the knife (Dan Geom), short stick (Dan Bong), and cane are taught, but training with those weapons does not occur until black sash ranks. Traditionally, there are 20 different weapon categories that are taught at the master levels whose methods can be expanded out to include 108 traditional weapons. To keep up with their skills in weapons, there are also various sparring programs that students can use to test their skills. These include situational awareness defense drills, traditional Asian sword sparring (Gumtoogi) and Asian stick sparring (Bongtoogi).

Sin Gong (mental power): Sin Gong involves developing control over the human mind by cultivating focus and concentration, awareness of both yourself and others, and personal character development within the Hwarang honor systems. In addition to coming to a deeper understanding of Hwa Rang Do's Maeng Se, there are traditionally 13 sub-categories of Sin Gong which include learning basic Asian emergency medical practices, methods of hermitage, methods of concealment as well as studying Asian models of psychology and philosophy.

Curriculum: belt/sash rank system
Unlike many other martial arts, Hwa Rang Do, with the Tae Soo Do introductory program, has three levels of training. Each level has its own curriculum and belt ranking system. With this structure, a student will receive a black belt upon graduating into the next tier of training (excluding the Black Sash Ranks in the upper tier). Tae Soo Do Belt Ranks:

Within the Tae Soo Do program, practitioners will have belts to mark their progression in the art. The belt system in Tae Soo Do consists of 9 ranks, each with its own curriculum. Training at this level can take 3–5 years before a student receives their black belt and students work to not only develop an understanding of the fundamentals in the martial program, but they actively train to apply what they learn through various application methods. These belt ranks include:
 * White Belt: Mu Geup (ninth grade)
 * Orange Belt: Pal Geup (eighth grade)
 * Yellow Belt: Chil Geup (seventh grade)
 * Green Belt: Yuk Geup (sixth grade)
 * Purple Belt: O Geup (fifth grade)
 * Blue Belt: Sa Geup (fourth grade)
 * Brown Belt: Sam Geup (third grade)
 * Red Belt: I Geup (second grade)
 * Half-black Belt: Il Geup (first grade)

Each Belt consists of an open hand long form, basic attack techniques, kicking test, sets of defensive techniques, weapons forms at Yellow Belt, Blue Belt, and Half-Black Belt, as well as sparring methods which include a sport-like point sparring program and a ground fighting grappling program. There is also weapons sparring available to Tae Soo Do students, but this is optional depending on the school and academy.

Hwa Rang Do Color Sash Ranks:

Once a student has graduated the Tae Soo Do program, they receive their black belt and begin the color sash ranks in Hwa Rang Do. Once a student begins their training in Hwa Rang Do, the focus of the training shifts to provide a deeper understanding of the material and show a greater diversity of applications one can use. At one point, there were 9 ranks of color sashes, but with the inclusion of Tae Soo Do, much of the material that was in the first two sashes were similar to Tae Soo Do, so advancements through those ranks were removed. Students are still required to learn the material, but the information is now part of the training at Yellow Sash. Depending on the student, training at this level can take 7–12 years before a student can become a Cho Dan (First degree Black Sash). The color sash rank system includes:
 * Yellow Sash: Chil Geup (seventh grade)
 * Green Sash: Yuk Geup (sixth grade)
 * Purple Sash: O Geup (fifth grade)
 * Blue Sash: Sa Geup (fourth grade)
 * Brown Sash: Sam Geup (third grade)
 * Red Sash: I Geup (second grade)
 * Half-black sash: Il Geup (first grade)

Each Sash consist of an open hand long form, basic attack techniques, a set of defensive techniques, kicking test, short forms, and sparring methods, which will include full round semi-contact sparring, submission grappling, and weapons sparring with blades and sticks. There are also weapons forms at Yellow sash, Blue Sash, and Half-Black sash as it is in Tae Soo Do. Hwa Rang Do Black Sash Ranks:

After receiving a black sash, a practitioner earns the title Jo Gyo Nim (assistant instructor). In addition, every degree of black sash has its own title and has its respective knowledge level with curriculum. Note: Ninth and tenth degrees black sashes are honorary positions and there can only ever be one of each at any one time within the organization.
 * First degree black sash. Title: Jo Gyo Nim (Assistant Instructor)
 * Second degree black sash. Title: Gyo Sa Nim (Junior Instructor/ Teacher)
 * Third degree black sash. Title: Sa Beom Nim (Main Instructor)
 * Fourth degree black sash. Title: Suseok Sa Beom Nim (Head/ Chief Instructor)
 * Fifth degree black sash. Title: Gwan Jang Nim (Master)
 * Sixth degree black sash. Title: Gwan Jang Nim or Do Sa Nim, or Dosa (Different types of Masters)
 * Seventh degree black sash. Title: Suseok Gwan Jang Nim (Head/ Chief Master)
 * Eighth degree black sash. Title: Guk Sa Nim or Chong Gwan Jang Nim (Grandmaster)
 * Ninth degree black sash (Gu Dan). Title: Guk Seon Nim (Head Grandmaster, Honorary)
 * Tenth degree black sash (Sip Dan). Title: Do Ju Nim (Supreme Grandmaster, Keeper of the Way, Honorary)

When a student moves into the Black Sash ranks, they dive deeper into the material they have learned up to this point and there is a stronger emphasis on weapons training, meditation practices, and specialized skill sets in various area of training. The material at each sash at this point can vary greatly, but will at least consist of an open hand long form and various sets of defensive techniques.

Tournaments and competitions
Students in Hwa Rang Do and Tae Soo Do have the opportunity to compete in tournaments throughout the year. In the United States, tournaments are performed by academies and are hosted on a local and state level. There are also regional and national tournaments in the US and in other countries. Once a year, the World Hwa Rang Do Association host the Hwa Rang Do World Tournaments which coincides with their World Conferences each summer. The format and divisions for tournaments are determined by WHRDA with many different options for competition. Students are not required to compete in all divisions, but they are encouraged to participate in as much as possible. Tournament divisions include:
 * Open-hand Forms
 * Weapons Forms
 * Tae Soo Do Point Sparring
 * Hwa Rang Do Yongtoogi (full round, semi-contact) Sparring
 * Gotoogi Position and Submission Grappling
 * Gumtoogi and Bongtoogi Weapons Sparring
 * Shibum Free Form Demo Competition

All rules and regulations are presented in the Hwa Rang Do M.A.S.T.E.R. Rules, Gotoogi Rules, and the Shibum Rules.

Meditative and healing practices: Ki Gong and In Sul
Hwa Rang Do, in addition to its martial practices also includes various types of traditional Korean meditation practices that have various functions as well as introductory training in Asian Medicine. The meditation methods are divided into active (Yang) and passive (Um) practices.

Active meditation: Yang Ki Gong
The active meditation practices are developed to help practitioners build physical strength, flexibility, and intensity in focus through isometric practices. Within the curriculum, there are 7 different methods used.

Passive meditation: Um Ki Gong
The passive meditation practices are developed to help practitioners focus the mind, cultivate stillness, and help relax the body. These practices are similar to Korean Buddhist and Taoist meditation practices, which include 5 different postures or mantras to represent the 5 elements in Taoist philosophy.

Healing methods: In Sul
Joo Bang Lee has stated that if you learn to cause harm, you must also learn how to heal. Hwa Rang Do also offers training in Traditional Asian Medicine through its World Headquarters. Whether an individual club or academy offers such training though depends on the Head Instructor and whether they are certified to teach such practices. The healing skills in Hwa Rang Do are divided into 6 categories:

 * Ji Ap Sul – Acupressure
 * Chim Gu Sul – Acupuncture and Moxibustion
 * Yak Bang Beop – Herbal Medicine
 * Jeop Gol Sul – Bone Setting
 * Hwal Beop – Special Aids
 * Gi Ryeok Sul – Ki Power healing

Through the study of both the martial and healing skills in Hwa Rang Do, a practitioner will have an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the human body. This will not only help in a self-defense situation, but will also help the practitioner to understand and appreciate the value of human life and this type of understanding is crucial to the further development of their character.

title: Hwa Rang Do


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Puncheon rum

Puncheon rum (or puncheon) is a high proof heavy-type rum produced in Trinidad and Tobago. Three local brands, Forres Park, Caroni and Stallion produce bottles that are 75% alcohol by volume. The first puncheon rum is said to have been manufactured in 1627 by the makers of Caroni Puncheon Rum. It is sometimes referred to in Trinidad and Tobago as "firewater".

The name 'Puncheon' is derived from the giant wooden casks, known as 'puncheons' in which the rum was stored. The first distillation of rum took place on the sugarcane plantations of the Caribbean in the 17th century. Plantation slaves first discovered that molasses, a by-product of the sugar refining process, can be fermented into alcohol.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Puncheon rum


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David Jensen

David Allan "Kid" Jensen (born 4 July 1950) is a Canadian-born British radio DJ and television presenter. Born in Victoria, British Columbia, Jensen began as a radio DJ on Radio Luxembourg. Jensen was later a broadcaster for the BBC from 1976 to 1984, as a host on BBC Radio 1 and presenter on the TV music programme Top of the Pops from 1977 to 1984. Jensen has also hosted and presented for Capital FM and ITV among other stations.

Early career
Born into a Danish-origin family residing in Victoria, British Columbia, Jensen began his career in his home country at the age of sixteen playing jazz and classical music on CJOV-FM, in Kelowna, on a show called Music For Dining, which was sponsored a lot of the time by a number of local funeral parlours. He then joined Radio Luxembourg at the age of eighteen in November 1968, joining Paul Kay, Paul Burnett, Noel Edmonds and Tony Prince as the resident DJ team. His recruitment was part of the "all-live" initiative, bringing to an end most of the pre-recorded shows.

His initial slot was 1am to 3am Monday to Thursday, and 7pm to 9pm Sunday evenings, but was quickly promoted at the start of 1969 to an earlier slot, mostly starting at 9pm. Being only 18 years old, Paul Burnett affectionately called him the "kid" and the name "Kid" Jensen was being widely used in newspaper listings by February 1969. From May 1970, he presented a popular progressive rock show, typically broadcast at midnight or 1am, later billed as "Dimensions" which resulted in a big increase in listeners to this slot.

By 1974, Jensen was becoming a TV personality in Britain, hosting pop shows on ITV (including music quiz show Pop Quest), and in the mid-1970s he worked for the then-new Radio Trent (now Capital East Midlands) in Nottingham, one of the first legal, land-based commercial radio stations in the UK. During the early part of his career he was billed as "Kid Jensen" and did not use his given name professionally until 1980.

BBC Radio 1
In 1976 he joined the BBC's pop network, Radio 1, initially hosting a Saturday morning show from 10am to midday, but sitting in for many other DJs, and eventually graduating to a weekday late afternoon/early evening show in the spring of 1978 from 4:30 to 7:00pm. He kept his profile high through regular appearances presenting Top of the Pops, and championed many acts who went on to achieve huge commercial success, notably The Police and Gary Numan.

After his 29 May 1980 radio show, Jensen left the BBC to work for the Turner Broadcasting System WTBS cable superstation in Atlanta, Georgia, where he was host of the 10:00pm nightly news. On 12 October 1981, Jensen returned to BBC Radio 1 with a new weekday evening show from 8 – 10pm. The show was later extended to run from 7 – 10pm. Soon afterwards he dropped the "Kid" name, although he would still be popularly known by it for many years to come. His mid-evening show was dominated by indie-rock, but also featured interviews with mainstream acts such as Duran Duran, and was the first show to champion Frankie Goes to Hollywood, before their commercial success. He remained a regular Top of the Pops presenter and struck up a famous partnership with John Peel. He also wrote a pop column for the Daily Mirror.

Capital Radio
In 1984, Jensen quit Radio 1 and joined London's Capital FM, presenting the weekday mid-morning show (replacing Michael Aspel); moving to weekday drivetime in 1987. In addition to his weekday shows he also presented the weekly The Network Chart Show, the UK's first syndicated commercial radio show which originally went out every Sunday between 5p.m. and 7p.m., competing directly with Radio 1's Top 40 show.

While presenting the Network Chart, Jensen became ITV's unofficial "face" of pop music, presenting pop shows such as The Roxy (an attempt to compete with Top of the Pops). He continued to comment regularly on pop-related stories in ITN and Sky News bulletins for some time after he left the Network Chart in 1993, when he was replaced by Neil Fox. Jensen continued to present the weekday drivetime show on Capital FM until 1998.

He also presented various children's programmes including Worldwise and Popquest.

Recent years
In 1998, Jensen joined rival London FM station, Heart 106.2, presenting the weekday drivetime show from 4pm to 7pm. He also presented a Sunday afternoon CD chart show called Kid Jensen's CD Countdown which was produced by Blue Revolution and networked on Birmingham's 100.7 Heart FM and various other stations.

In 2002, Jensen returned to Capital and was heard on its oldies service Capital Gold. First presenting the Monday–Thursday late night show from 10p.m. – 1a.m., before taking over the weekday mid-morning slot in February 2003, then the breakfast show, (co-hosted with Erika North). Jensen later moved to the late morning slot 10a.m. – 1p.m. Jensen teamed up with Capital Radio Producer Craig Kingham to present the Saturday morning show. Jensen left Gold in December 2010.

In September 2008, Jensen hosted the evening show of Planet Rock (7-11p.m.) as a stand-in for Nicky Horne. He also hosted Planet Rock's Sunday Morning show, "Another Dimension", and co-hosted with Rick Wakeman on Saturday mornings until December 2010 and briefly hosted the Saturday morning 10a.m. – 1p.m. show on his own, until he left the station in April 2011.

Jensen joined Smooth Radio in April 2011 to present an afternoon show. In April 2012, he took over the Smooth Drive Home slot (Mondays to Friday, 4p.m. – 8p.m.) from Carlos. Jensen also hosted a two-hour retro chart show on Smooth Radio on Sunday evenings. Smooth was acquired by Global Radio in 2013. Following a studio and business move to Global headquarters in Leicester Square, Jensen was dropped from the schedules on 19 December 2013.

After that he has since been heard on online station, United DJs. He presented a one hour weekly slot every Tuesday evening from 7-8pm.

In February 2021, he joined Jazz FM for a six week run of Sunday evening programmes named David Jensen's Jazz in partnership with Parkinson's UK. Also that month he began a weekly show on the newly launched Boom Radio, on Friday nights called Kid Jensen's 70s. In February 2022, David Jensen's Jazz returned to Jazz FM for a second series and a third in April 2023.

He was a co-presenter (off-screen) of the TV programme Gillette World Sports Special, alongside Mark Webster.

Personal life
Jensen is married to Iceland-born Gudrún Ágústa Thórarinsdóttir (Guðrún Ágústa Þórarinsdóttir), and they have three children. Their youngest son, Viktor, a racing driver, both competed in and was also a National Class winner in the 2007 British and International Formula 3 Championship. Jensen also founded the Kid Jensen Racing team that briefly raced in the Formula 3000 championship, which won one race at the hands of Nicolas Minassian in 1999 at Silverstone.

A Freemason, he is a member of Chelsea Lodge No. 3098, the membership of which is made up of entertainers.

In 2010 he became a Freeman of the City of London and was inducted into the UK Radio Hall of Fame.

Jensen is a fan of Crystal Palace, is chairman of the Crystal Palace F.C. Vice-President's Club, and also acted as ambassador for the CPFC 2010 consortium during the purchase of the club from administrators.

It was announced on 16 January 2018 that Jensen had decided to go public about living with Parkinson's disease for the previous five years.

title: David Jensen


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User talk:Bumhoolery

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

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(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 15:17, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Image:Cannabis.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 09:49, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Thanks for removing vandalism from the citrus page, unfortunately the vandal also deleted some stuff. To remove the vandalism, go to "history", then look at the version one before the vandalism, then go into "Edit this page". It will warn you that you're editing an old version, but don't worry. Then save that, and write "reverting vandalism" in the Edit summary. Hope this helps. --DannyWilde 03:00, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Racial Memory - Jungian eg
Hi. Thanks for trying to fix that Jungian example on the Racial Memory page. It's still not clear to me why the fear of heights would qualify as a racial memory instead of an instinct or something learned & extrapolated from the individual's experience (if falling from a few feet can hurt, falling from a greater height could hurt even more?). I'm still trying to think of a better example, but this isn't really my area. RJCraig 12:39, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

The Long Island Incident
This is not a "work of fiction," it's based on a real-life event and its impact on real-life people. I'm curious why you added the template you did. Thank you. ConoscoTutto 16:32, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * A film is NOT a work of fiction if it's based on a true incident and/or a real-life person. Furthermore, how can there be separate discussions of the film and the incident itself if the film is ABOUT the incident? How could one remove all references to the incident if the incident is the basis of the film? My purpose in writing the article was NOT mainly to address the facts of the incident itself, as they already are described in another Wikipedia article. My article was intended to be about the film based on the event. Are you suggesting biographical films such as Ray or Ali or factual films such as All the President's Men are works of fiction? If so, I'm sorry, but I think you're mistaken. ConoscoTutto 14:14, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Your edits made on March 1, 2009 (UTC) to Magical negro
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, adding content without citing a reliable source, as you did to Magical negro, is not consistent with our policy of verifiability. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you are familiar with Citing sources, please take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. 138.88.32.143 (talk) 13:17, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bumhoolery


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Silverpit crater

Silverpit crater
I've been working on this article about the UK's only known impact crater over the last 6 weeks or so. It might be a little short compared to many featured articles (it would probably fit in The Cantos about 30 times over...), but I think it's comprehensive, and an interesting subject, so I thought I would nominate it for featured status and see what everyone thinks. It's previously been through peer review, see its entry there. Worldtraveller 15:17, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. Looking good. Need to clean up some spelling and unit issues: tons vs tonnes both used and miles vs km both used. -Vsmith 16:47, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and fixed the problems I saw plus a bit of copyedit. Hope I didn't mess anything up :-). Vsmith 17:24, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks very much for copyediting! I've just slightly altered one number which you converted from tons to kg - I'd originally converted to tonnes from the kg quoted in the reference, but had been slapdash about the difference between tons and tonnes.  It's definitely the correct value in kg now! Worldtraveller 18:04, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. A good read concisely outlining the discovery, evidence, theories and conclusions so far.  slambo 18:34, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support a fine article all round. Lisiate 22:52, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Support: an interesting presentation. --Wetman 08:57, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Support: Great work, ready for FA --PopUpPirate 15:20, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support Material is very nicely presented. Tygar 04:17, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support Fascinating. Sandover 06:54, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Support I hope, one day, a dig can be made that will yield a definitive conclusion. Revth 13:44, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Support, interesting and pedagogical and encyclopedic. Bishonen | Talk 20:39, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)


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Lubbock Christian University

Lubbock Christian University (LCU) is a private Christian university associated with the Churches of Christ and located in Lubbock, Texas. Chartered originally as part of a grade school called Lubbock Christian School in 1954, the institution branched off as a junior college – Lubbock Christian College – in 1957. LCC became a senior college in 1972, then advanced to university status in fall of 1987. LCU has 65 undergraduate degrees. A fall 2015 count showed 1,958 students enrolled at Lubbock Christian University, of which 462 were graduate students.

History
In 1954 the State of Texas approved the operation of a private educational institution for students from kindergarten through college. An elementary school was established that year, and a junior college was added in 1957. F. W. Mattox was the founding president. LCU received accreditation as a senior college in 1972. Advancement to university status came in the fall of 1987. Presidents who have led Lubbock Christian University are F. W. Mattox (1957–1974), W. Joe Hacker (1974–1976), Harvie Pruitt (1976–1982), Steven S. Lemley (1982–1993), L. Ken Jones (1993–2012), L. Timothy Perrin (2012–2019), and Scott McDowell (2020–present).

Housing
Katie Rogers Hall is a women's residence for 250 students. It was built in the 1960s and underwent major renovation in 1999 and again in Summer 2017. The Katie Rogers Courtyard houses forty-eight upperclass women with private bedrooms and semi-private bathrooms.

Johnson Hall is the men's residence and can house nearly two hundred men. It was renovated in Summer 2018.

Mabee Hall has capacity to house 48 upperclassmen. Residents have private bedrooms and semi-private bathrooms.

Rec Center apartments can hold up to 40 upperclassmen. Complete with private rooms and bathrooms.

Gullo Hall is the upcoming residence hall specialized for upperclassmen, which is scheduled to open in the Spring of 2024.

The university also offers university apartments for upperclassmen, married students with no children, and graduate students. Apartments are located on the west and east sides of campus.

Campus information
The Mabee Student Union Building (SUB) has a post office, student affairs office, student government office, the Chap Store, and a snack bar.

Built in 1961, the Betty Hancock Campus Center once served as the university's cafeteria. A newer, more contemporary cafeteria, known as "the Caf", has since been added. A parlor is also available for receptions.

The McDonald Moody Auditorium has a seating capacity of 1166 and serves as the venue for daily chapel assemblies.

The Allison Music center is adjacent to the Moody auditorium. The center has rehearsal halls for bands and choruses, 12 practice rooms, and also houses the music professors' offices.

The Rhodes–Perrin Recreation Center (previously known as "Field House") serves as the student recreation center and houses the Ramona Perrin Fitness Center. The building has a volleyball, basketball, futsal and badminton courts, along with a 60-foot free standing rock wall, renovated locker rooms, group fitness studio. The department of Exercise and Sport Sciences has its offices there.

The Mabee American Heritage Center houses the department of history, political science, and English, the Cardwell Lecture Hall, and administrative offices. Other administrative offices are housed in F. W. Mattox Administrative Building. Built in 1958, the Mattox Administrative building was the first permanent brick structure on campus. The 2nd floor of the building contains the offices of the department of Business.

The Mabee Science Laboratory, built in 1970, was extensively renovated and rebuilt, and renamed the Dobbs Center for Business to house the College of Business.

The Ling Science Center houses the department of Natural and Physical Sciences. The building also contains laboratories and equipment rooms.

The Associates Behavioral Science Building was built in 1967 and houses the Department of Behavioral Sciences which include psychology and sociology.

The Maddox-Pugh Educational Center houses the department of Education, a computer lab, several classrooms, and the West Texas Core Knowledge Center.

The C.L. Kay Christian Development Center, built in 1974 (significantly renovated in recent years) houses the Al and Patricia Smith College of Biblical Studies, as well as the Honors College.

The Diana Ling Center for Academic Achievement was completed in 2007 and houses the Communications, Fine Arts and Chap Radio. The Center for Student Success is also located in this facility.

The Mabee Nursing Center opened in 1994, was recently renamed the Mabee Social Work & Criminal Justice Building.

The Rip Griffin Center (aka "The Rip") houses the university's intercollegiate athletic teams. It can seat up to 1,925 with an additional 565 when floor seating is utilized.

On the north end of campus is the Cardwell Welcome Center. Completed in 2010, the Welcome Center qualified for a Platinum Certification from the U.S. Green Building Council under its LEED, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating System.

The Talkington Center for Nursing Excellence houses not only the LCU Department of Nursing, but the Covenant School of Nursing as well. In the west end of the building, the Collier Auditorium seats around 500.

Student life
Although the university is not host to affiliates of national fraternities and sororities, nonetheless Lubbock Christian University has gender-based social clubs. The women's social clubs are Christliche Damen, Kappa Phi Kappa, Lambda Omega Alpha, and Zeta Gamma. The men's social clubs are Koinonia, Kyodai, and Alpha Chi Delta.

There is also one fraternity on campus, Sub T-16. The fraternity Sub T-16 has chapters at other churches of Christ-affiliated schools such as Abilene Christian University and Harding University. Sub T-16 fraternity was founded on the campus by F. W. Mattox, who also served as the first president of Lubbock Christian.

The university is also affiliated with several professional organizations including Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), Students in Free Enterprise, and the Student Education Association.

The university's online newspaper is the DusterToday.

LCU also has an a cappella  ensemble called Best Friends. They tour across the country and record studio albums. Several of their alumni have gone on to work for The Acappella Company, an established member of the a cappella  community.

Athletics
The Lubbock Christian athletic teams are called the Chaparrals and Lady Chaps. The university is a member of the NCAA Division II ranks, primarily competing in the Lone Star Conference (LSC) since the 2019–20 academic year. The Chaparrals and Lady Chaps previously had competed in the D-II Heartland Conference from 2013–14 to 2018–19; in the Sooner Athletic Conference (SAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1994–95 to 2012–13; and in the Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (TIAA) of the NCAA Division III ranks from 1979–80 to 1981–82.

Lubbock Christian competes in 17 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading and eSports.

Women's basketball
On April 4, 2016, the Lady Chaps defeated the Seawolves of the University of Alaska-Anchorage in Indianapolis, Indiana 78–73 to cap an undefeated season and win the NCAA Division II women's basketball championship. The win happened in the first year the Lady Chaps were eligible for NCAA Division II post-season play after more than 30 years of playing in the NAIA.

Notable alumni

 * R. Gerald Turner, President of Southern Methodist University
 * Larry Hays, retired Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball coach
 * Matt Martin, baseball coach with the Detroit Tigers
 * The Otwell Twins, singers on The Lawrence Welk Show, Amarillo businessmen
 * Britt Bonneau, college baseball coach at Abilene Christian
 * Randy Velarde, Retired Major League Baseball player
 * Rob Evans, former head men's basketball coach, University of Mississippi, and Arizona State University
 * Brad Rogers, Football Official with the National Football League
 * Marvin Lee Aday, musician and actor – attended briefly in 1965 then transferred to North Texas State College
 * L. Timothy Perrin, attorney and sixth LCU president

title: Lubbock Christian University


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Camil Samson

Camil Samson (January 3, 1935 - December 18, 2012) was a politician in Quebec, Canada, Member of the National Assembly of Quebec (MNA), and leader of the Ralliement créditiste du Québec and other political parties.

Background and personal life
He was born in Shawinigan, Quebec, to Wilbroy Samson, a journalist and farmer, and Irène Carle. He completed his studies in Shawinigan, Cléricy and at the Duchesnay forestry station. From 1952 to 1956, he worked in the forestry industry. From 1956 to 1970, he worked in the automobile industry as a salesman, service manager, and sales manager. He was also an insurance agent.

In 1997, he beat cancer of the bladder, but suffered from many health problems in his later years.

Political activist
In 1963 and 1964, he was the president of the Jeunesse créditiste du Canada, the youth wing of the Ralliement créditiste, a political party that nominated candidates in federal elections and promoted social credit theories of monetary reform. He later became the secretary and vice president of the party. He was unsuccessful as the party's candidate in the Pontiac-Témiscamingue riding in the 1965 federal election. In the 1966 Quebec provincial election, he was the unsuccessful candidate for the Quebec separatist Ralliement national party in Temiscamingue riding. He was the president of the Chamber of Commerce in Rouyn-Noranda in 1969.

Provincial politics
He founded the Ralliement créditiste du Québec party, and was named president of the party on January 24, 1970. This party was the provincial counterpart of the Ralliement créditiste du Canada, founded to promote social credit policies at the provincial level in Quebec. In the 1970 Quebec election campaign, in an unfortunate moment of rhetorical transport, delivered this line in reference to the government against which he was running: "Ladies and gentlemen, the Union Nationale has brought you to the edge of the abyss. With Social Credit, you will take one step forward." The créditistes nonetheless benefited from the decline of the conservative Union Nationale party and made a modest breakthrough, winning 12 seats in the National Assembly and 11.2% of the vote; Samson was elected in the riding of Rouyn-Noranda. The party was never able to build on this initial success because it was wracked continually by internal divisions.

Samson served as leader of the party from March 22, 1970, to February 13, 1972. On March 16, Camil Samson was expelled from the party by nine of the créditiste MNAs (organized by interim leader Armand Bois) for criticizing some of the caucus members, and for not attending party meetings. On March 19, Samson declared himself to be the leader of a new créditiste group, and demanded to be seated in the National Assembly as a member of the "Registered Ralliement créditiste du Québec", along with two other créditiste MNAs, Aurèle Audet (Abitibi-Ouest) and Bernard Dumont (Mégantic). However, the speaker of the National Assembly recognized Armand Bois as parliamentary leader of the Ralliement créditiste du Québec. On August 11, Samson, Dumont and Audet rejoined the Ralliement créditiste.

He ran again for the leadership of the party at its convention on February 4, 1973, but was defeated by former federal Liberal cabinet minister Yvon Dupuis. Because Dupuis was not a sitting member of the National Assembly, Samson served as parliamentary leader of the renamed Parti créditiste from March 15 to September 25, 1973. He was re-elected in the 1973 provincial election, along with only one other créditiste, Fabien Roy. Before the 1976 election, there was a further split as the only two sitting Parti créditiste MNAs went their separate ways. Samson became leader of the party, once again called the Ralliement créditiste du Québec again on May 11, 1975, while Fabien Roy was expelled from the party.

Samson was re-elected in the 1976 provincial election as the only créditiste MNA. (Fabien Roy was the only MNA elected for his new party, the Parti national populaire.)

On November 12, 1978, Samson founded a new party, Les Démocrates, with Pierre Sévigny, who had been a Progressive Conservative Party of Canada Member of Parliament from 1958 to 1963. This party was renamed on January 1, 1980, the Parti démocrate créditiste.

On October 15, 1980, Samson joined the Parti libéral du Québec, bringing the Parti démocrate créditiste to an end. He was defeated in his bid for re-election to the National Assembly in Rouyn-Noranda–Témiscamingue riding in the 1981 provincial election.

Radio host
He worked as a radio announcer for CKCV from 1981 to 1984, and for CHRC in Quebec City from 1984 to 1993. He also participated in numerous television broadcasts on Télévision Quatre-Saisons network from 1989 to 1991.

Federal politics
He ran unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate in the 1993 federal election, and was named special advisor to the federal minister responsible for the Quebec City region in 1994.

title: Camil Samson


text: User:CabbagePie

title: User:CabbagePie


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User talk:CabbagePie

Don't let Raul push you around! He is just deadweight here at the wiki! CabbagePie
 * He's an admin and an arbitrator. I don't have any choice but to let him push me around.  Who are you, anyway?  Did you just create an account, or is this just a sockpuppet of yours?  If you'd rather not tell me publically let me know how I can reach you.  anthony 警告 15:45, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CabbagePie


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Gershon Agron

Gershon Harry Agron (גרשון אגרון, ; –1 November 1959) was an Israeli newspaper editor, politician, and the mayor of West Jerusalem between 1955 and his death in 1959.

A Zionist from his youth, Agron joined the Jewish Legion and fought in Palestine towards the end of World War I; he had come to the attention of the Zionist Organization of America from the start, and quickly became a spokesperson for American Jewry.

He then joined the Zionist Commission as a press officer and helped expand the Jewish Telegraphic Agency upon his return to the United States, of which he served as editor. He lobbied for the creation of Mandatory Palestine and immigrated there permanently in 1924, heading the Zionist Executive press office. Lacking journalistic agency, and ambitious to create Zionist press, he started his own newspaper, The Palestine Post, which was renamed as The Jerusalem Post after Israel's founding; he changed his own name (from Agronsky to Agron) around the same time.

Agron continued to serve as press officer, promoting Zionism, in the new government, and became mayor of West Jerusalem in 1955. Spearheading development in this role, he died in office, supposedly from a curse. He was considered an influential proponent of Zionism.

Early life and education
Gershon Harry Agron was born Gershon Harry Agronsky in Mena, Chernihiv, in the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine), to Yehuda Agronsky and Sheindl Mirenberg, on 27 December 1893. His maternal grandfather was a rabbi, and his parents had hoped he would be one, too. He received an education as a child based in traditional Eastern European Jewry and Judaism in general, before he immigrated with his family to the United States in 1906. He grew up in Philadelphia, where he attended Mishkan Israel Talmudic School and Brown Preparatory School, and became friends with Israel Goldstein. When they were fourteen, Agron and Goldstein founded Philadelphia's Zionist boys' club. The family later lived in New York, where Agron worked pushing a handcart in the Garment District.

He attended several universities, all in Philadelphia: Temple University, Gratz College, Dropsie College, and the University of Pennsylvania. His university education introduced him to the Western world, but he never became fully Americanized. He was a firm Labor Zionist, which influenced his choice to attend Temple University in 1914;  by 1917, he was a strong critic of Labor Zionism and was a General Zionist. Prior to entering Temple University, in 1914, Agron wrote to Arthur Ruppin, at the time the World Zionist Organization (WZO)'s officer in Jaffa, expressing his desire to settle Palestine and requesting advice on whether agriculture or engineering would be a more useful career path for the Zionist enterprise; Ruppin struggled with a response but suggested engineering.

In 1915, Agron began working as a journalist in the United States for Jewish newspapers in English and Yiddish: his first newspaper job was writing obituaries and then editorials for The Jewish World in 1915, for which he gave up his rabbinical training, and he became editor of WZO paper Das Jüdische Volk in 1917, for which he moved to New York. He was also fluent in Hebrew. In March 1918, Agron was a registered annual member of the Jewish Publication Society, and was living at 731 Jackson Street in Philadelphia.

1918–1920: Jewish Legion
Agron joined the Jewish Legion in April 1918, becoming a corporal and then sergeant during training in Windsor (Canada) and Plymouth (England). Within the Legion, he was part of the 40th Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers. In Canada, Agron – with Dov Yosef, Louis Fischer, and the Brainin brothers – took charge of recruitment for the Legion, enlisting, among others, David Ben-Gurion. Agron was "hand-picked from the beginning" to be the spokesman of the American Jews, and his progress was of import to Zionist Organization of America (ZOA) officials. Jewish writer Moses Z. Frank noted, when meeting recruits in Montreal, "Gershon Agronsky and Louis Fischer stood out among all the other volunteers." Meeting prominent Zionists in London and being surrounded by other young men sharing his Palestine-based cause uplifted Agron and invigorated his belief in Zionism, particularly American Zionism. During his visits to London, he became a public speaker on Zionism; he was demoted twice for going AWOL to make such addresses, being reduced to the rank of private.

Agron fought in Ottoman Palestine in World War I, sending dispatches back from the front for the ZOA. In 1919, Agron wrote a pamphlet, "Survey of the Jewish Battalions", for the Zionist Commission, in which he "lavishly recollected" an enthusiasm among American Jewry for the Legion once war was declared, highlighting the Zionist ideals of recruits. His report was idealised, focusing on success and cultural connections, while avoiding mentions of many interpersonal conflicts and other disappointments among recruits; months after it was published, Agron expressed distaste at his own words, including his kindness to write that the English soldiers' fortune to not be stationed in the Tell El Kebir desert with the Americans was accidental. However, he had written with an "embittered" tone when noting that English recruits to the Legion who did not care for Zionism fought in Palestine, while American Zionist recruits were not afforded the opportunity. The positive impression of the British he gave may have helped the cause with their approval of the Mandate in Palestine. Agron was demobilised locally in 1920; he spent his last months in the military working in the Orderly Room and, upon discovering Legion records would likely be destroyed afterwards, "borrowed these papers for safe keeping".

In New York in 1922, Agron helped found the American Jewish Legion organisation, serving as its first chairman. The group had the purpose to, among other goals, "colonize Jewish ex-service men in Palestine". He was one of the first Americans to permanently settle in Palestine.

1921–1932: Press Office roles
When he was discharged from the Jewish Legion, Agron became a member of the Yishuv, living in Jerusalem. From 1920 to 1921, he worked for the Press Office of the Zionist Commission as a public relations attaché there; in 1921 he was the head of the Zionist Commission Press Office, a position that took him to the United States on the SS Rotterdam in April that year as a member of Chaim Weizmann's WZO delegation with Albert Einstein, Menachem Ussishkin, Shlomo Ginossar, and Ben Zion Mossensohn. This delegation founded Keren Hayesod. Agron then relocated to the United States in 1921 to help set up the new global venture of the Jewish Correspondence Bureau (Jewish Telegraphic Agency; JTA), based in New York, becoming its news editor. In taking over the JTA, Agron officially left Keren Hayesod, both seeing himself first as a journalist and wanting distance from the bureaucracy of the foundation.

His activities in the United States in this period were to promote Zionism to the political institution and to raise funds for Palestine. In June 1921, Agron published some correspondence he had with president Warren G. Harding, vice president Calvin Coolidge, and British Ambassador Geddes, showing to the public that they all gave some form of support to a Jewish state in Palestine. In the fundraising for Keren Hayesod, he said at this time that over $4million had been pledged by people in the US. In December 1921, Ze'ev Jabotinsky wrote to Agron, asking him to help a Zionist writer to publish in the United States; the two were friends at the time: in 1919, Agron had praised an article written by Jabotinsky and, in 1920, Agron was living in the Jabotinsky house, Ravakia.

Until his return to Palestine in 1924, he stayed as the editor of the JTA and was the Yishuv correspondent for international newspapers and press agencies, particularly British and American ones, including The Times; the Manchester Guardian; the Daily Express; and United Press International. He was impatient about immigrating to Palestine, though wrote that he had not wanted to return until he had made significant connections in journalism, choosing to rejoin the yishuv in 1924. At this time, he became the Director of the Zionist Executive's Press Office, and returned to Jerusalem; the role corresponded to and was also known as Commissioner of Press Relations in the Political Department of the Jewish Agency and head of the Government Press Office (GPO).

In 1924, Agron outlined his objectives to Weizmann: "Of course, the sledge-hammer does not do here. It's got to be insidious. Any attempt to jam propaganda down the news agencies or papers' throats would only bring rejection slips. As it is, two or three non-Zionist items make even a downright Zionist item acceptable [...] My stuff, though it may not deal with Zionism or even anything Jewish breathes a spirit of constructive optimism, predisposing the reader to see that in Palestine there is a state of 'normalcy,' where Zionist reconstruction can be taken for granted."

As the director of the press for Zionism and Jewish Palestine, his main duties were to advocate on behalf of the Yishuv to the world, encouraging tourism and immigration through relationships with the global media. The GPO also published its own news media, a weekly bulletin called "News from the Land of Israel", available in multiple languages. Despite his international media connections, Agron's attempts at having the Associated Press carry his pro-Zionism articles regularly failed throughout the 1920s; the United States, where he was initially based and later sent copy from Jerusalem, had a media landscape at this time based on isolationism, and was loath to publish the affairs of the Yishuv.

Though journalism was a prominent career among Zionists, Agron was still the only established English-language newsman in Palestine, and was sought-after when local events caught international attention: when the 1927 Jericho earthquake occurred, Agron wrote for multiple wire services and filed copy with his wife's name after making an exclusivity deal with Hearst's Universal Service. At this time he also wrote for The Christian Science Monitor, as Jerusalem correspondent, and The New Palestine. He continued in his public service roles, being the ZOA representative in Jerusalem by September 1929.

1932–1948: The Palestine Post
Shortly after his Hearst deal, Agron began writing the Palestine Bulletin for the JTA, which was circulated around the Arab world. He had been told he could have editorial control over the Bulletin but was not given such freedom; he started considering founding his own newspaper. Agron's want for a newspaper with political purpose further developed following the 1929 Palestine riots. In 1932, he proposed an English-language Palestinian newspaper to Ted Lurie, another young American Yishuv settler. Lurie was immediately invested and borrowed money from his father to take Agron to London so that they could raise funds to start The Palestine Post; succeeding, they ran the first copy on 1 December 1932. Initially, it had a circulation of 1,200, was distributed around Palestine, and was predominantly read by the British soldiers and German immigrants; Agron tailored the content to the readers, for example, including cricket results and cartoons. The Post was heavily aligned with the Israeli Labor Party (at the outset, Mapai) from the beginning, and Agron as well as successive editors made no secret that the newspaper was more interested in advocating for the state than freedom of the press. It was later supported by the Jewish Agency.

Agron admitted many of his Zionist biases, saying that under his editorship, The Post deliberately minimised the oppositions of Arabs to Israel and belittled Palestinian Arab views. Louis Fischer, a fellow Jewish Legion soldier and friend but also antagonist of Agron, was more interested in Russian and Communist ideology; he described Agron's journalism work as pure Zionist propaganda and "regarded [it] as a poor career choice". Scholar Matthew Silver said that Fischer was "uncharitable" in this characterisation, instead saying Agron's "indirect propaganda", borne from his start in publicity, was useful outreach; Silver reflected that, in the cultural context of the time, Agron dispelled antisemitism and the poor image other Jewish groups were giving of the Yishuv to people around the world. Kinneret College historian Giora Goodman wrote that, in terms of Jewish Agency media propaganda, the Palestine Post was "of greatest value", saying that, while nominally independent, the Post was recognised as "its semi-official mouthpiece"; Goodman noted that Agron was held in high regard, advising the Jewish Agency press bureau and espousing that "the best propaganda is produced by non-official means". Despite this, and the fact the newspaper had broken with the British after seven years, the British High Commissioner, Harold MacMichael, praised the paper on its tenth anniversary for "stating facts fairly, respecting confidences and avoiding equally sensationalism, snobbery and cheap insinuation".

Staff of the newspaper knew Agron as "GA", and he treated them all like close family, though he ran the newspaper "as his kingdom". Among the paper's earliest reporters was Agron's nephew, Martin Agronsky, later a famous American television journalist. Agronsky left the paper to work for himself after a year, but continued to contribute to it for many years.

When the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine broke out, more British troops arrived, and circulation went up to around 20,000; it became more widespread and successful during World War II, when Allied soldiers spent much time in the Middle East. Agron became a war correspondent, covering the North African campaign from 1941 to 1943; he also visited Turkey in 1942 and was there when the MV Struma, carrying Jewish refugees from Europe, sank, which he blamed on the Allies. The Post, in part because of British mandatory policy in Palestine, made efforts to serve as an anti-Nazi "fighting paper", but the sides did not always agree: continuing to report on Arab terrorism saw an issue censored in 1936, and writing scathing articles against the White Paper of 1939 (the British imposing more restrictions on Jews living in Palestine) and deportations to Mauritius left the published newspaper full of white blank spaces. It was these efforts that saw the Post "practically replace the Mandatory Government's information office as the most dependable source of information for the foreign press", but breaking from the British government line saw Post workers targeted and harassed by British patrols.

In June 1945, following World War II, Hans Morgenthau requested Agron write to US president Harry S. Truman to update him on the mood of the Jews in Palestine, particularly in response to the White Paper of 1939. Agron affirmed to Morgenthau that should the Allies show support for Zionist resolution in Palestine there would be "no trouble" with the Arabs.

During the 1947–1949 Palestine war, the newspaper published editions daily (except the Sabbath) and was said to be vital for morale. The offices were frequently targets of attacks by the Arab Legion because of its influence. With few exceptions, Agron went in to the offices every day, which he called "the daily gamble". On 1 February 1948, the office building was the target of a truck bombing, which killed three people; Agron had not been in his office. Though not as severely, it was hit many times and became "one of the Arabs' favorite targets". The next day's edition was still printed, though short; the bombing, and the rumour that British officers may have helped the Arabs execute it, saw the Yishuv turn Jerusalem into a front line, closing the streets and manning them. Agron refused to leave Jerusalem, and work continued in the destroyed offices with a new printing press located elsewhere and underground – sometimes it was printed in Tel Aviv.

The newspaper was renamed The Jerusalem Post on 13 May 1950, celebrating Israel Independence Day shortly after the creation of the state of Israel. No longer needing to remain pro-British, the purpose of the newspaper also changed, and the board took advantage of the fact that it would be the only local Palestinian news that most foreign diplomats could read, turning it into a "key vehicle" defending Israel.

On various occasions, Agron served as envoy of the WZO, and he was a delegate at International Zionist Congresses. In 1927, he represented the WZO at the International Reclamation Conference in Honolulu, and he was a member of the 1945 Jewish Agency delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco that saw the United Nations founded. He held special commissions for investigating conditions of Jews in Palestine, Thessaloniki, Aden, India, Iraq, and Romania. During his mission to India, he encouraged the small local Jewish community to build on their own importance and to help communicate Zionism to people of the East, which may have encouraged Joseph Sargon to start an Indian Zionist newsletter, Jewish Bulletin, in 1930. By 1945, Agron was writing as Jerusalem correspondent for The Daily Telegraph and Exchange Telegraph. He would also visit San Francisco on many occasions, becoming well-known in the city and speaking at local organisations.

1949–1959: Information Office and mayoralty
Following the 1947–1949 Palestine war, the Israeli Information Services were created, something (as "a re-organized and enlarged Public Relations Department") which Agron had proposed in January 1947, headed by Agron; when he took the role as Information Chief in June 1949, he dropped the "-sky" suffix from his name as a form of Hebraisation, and took a leave of absence from being editor of The Post. He had been asked to take the position during the war, in a telegram from Moshe Sharett; though Agron took it out of duty, he had been hoping to be named Israel's ambassador to Britain. He left the Information Chief role in 1951, after asking to be relieved of it towards the end of 1950, citing its lack of independence – his role spanned the scopes of the Prime Minister's Office, the Foreign Office, and the Interior Office, each of which had its own interests – and lack of budget.

He began working at the Post full-time again on 15 February 1951, allowing Lurie to continue as interim editor while he instead travelled to the UK and US for United Jewish Appeal fundraiding opportunities; though he was successful, he found the travel exhausting, and stopped.

In September 1955, he was elected mayor of West Jerusalem for a four-year term, officially resigning his editorship. The position had been "an honor and task that he dreamed of". He took the role after a period of government intervention because of chaotic infighting preventing proper city administration. As mayor, he inherited many problems, particularly facing financial challenges after years of great spending trying to recover from the Battle for Jerusalem during the Palestine War. Under Agron, there were many fewer fights in the city council, and those which did happen he could reportedly end quickly by reminding the chamber that time also cost money.

During his term, he played a key role in the development of the western sectors of the city, bringing infrastructure and utilities to neighbourhoods and improving employment through tax breaks for companies moving to Jerusalem and hiring, while raising money through taxes "collected more efficiently". Despite his many introductions, he is said to have preserved the city's character, a specific goal of his. Historian Howard Morley Sachar lauded the achievements of cultural and construction projects planned and approved by Agron, but he also had detractors due to his modernisation of the city, with protesters creating caricatures of him in the uniform of a Nazi officer. There was specific Orthodox opposition to his opening of multiple public swimming pools. He remained in office until his death in 1959.

Views on Zionism and Jewry
A preeminent and influential Zionist, Agron had been both a Labor Zionist and General Zionist, dying a Mapainik, but also had individual views on the ideology. As a young man in Philadelphia, Agron had been heavily influenced by the work of Shmaryahu Levin. He became a hasbara pioneer after becoming disillusioned with the British control over Palestine.

Silver opined that what made Agron more successful than other young Zionist journalists in the 1920s was his professional rejection of the Zionist principle of negation of the Diaspora. Though he personally wanted to be part of a Yishuv "that utterly rejected the diaspora", he believed the only way to create and safeguard this community was to engage with the diaspora as well as gentiles abroad, using public relations and propaganda. In 1926, he defended the large sum paid to Hayim Nahman Bialik to undertake a tour of the United States so that his poetry could elevate Zionist propaganda there.

On his deathbed, in 1959, Agron assented to an international edition of the Jerusalem Post being created, which the newspaper said was an acknowledgment of "the growing importance of the Diaspora". In a fortieth-anniversary publication, The Jerusalem Post noted that Agron's initial policy directive for the newspaper was written as a business mission statement but "was, in fact, the climactic expression of years of thought on the Zionist question". However, on a 1952 visit to the United States, Agron is reported to have said: "We [people of Israel] are no longer concerned with the attitude of others… Once, Jewish public relations were a delicate matter… Now, only our actions are significant."

Agron wrote in 1925 that, to build a successful society in Palestine, the Yishuv required many American Jews, though he was careful to warn that these potential immigrants must understand what migration would mean. In his pamphlet on the Jewish Legion he had suggested that Palestinian Jews (those who had settled before World War I) should form the basis of Jewish settlement in Palestine.

When Agron referred to Jews and Palestinian Jews, he meant only Ashkenazi Jews; he thought that Sephardim were "thoroughly Egyptianized, Arab-ized".

With his experience of politics, Agron, who was not much of a political party person, espoused that Israel needed to become a one-party state, finding there were too many parties to work together effectively. His views on making Israel fruitful were that it needed "Zionism, a strong army, good management and well organized labor". Silver wrote that Agron initially took a more assistant role in Palestinian Zionism, conflicted that he had been an advocate for Zionism outside of Palestine for longer than he had lived there; Silver described the 1920s as Agron's "period of existential groping".

Family
Until his death, Agron was married to Ethel (née Lipshutz), the daughter of his half-sister Anna Agronsky; they had married in April 1921 in the United States. Agron only told his wife after they married that he expected her to emigrate to Palestine with him, which she did reluctantly. When they moved to Jerusalem, the couple first lived on Queen Melisande's Way, later moving to a spacious villa in Rehavia at 4 Rashba Street. They had three children: son Dani Agron (1922–1992), who married Hassia Levy-Agron; daughter Varda Tamir (1926–2008), who married Avraham Tamir; and daughter (Yehudit) Judith Mendelsohn (1924–2006), who married Harvey J. Mendelsohn and lived in Cleveland.

When Agron's children were young, they attended Debora Kallen's Parents Educational Association School in Jerusalem. An advanced but strict school also attended by the children of Agron's contemporaries, it was housed in a residence of Haile Selassie, near to the Agrons. They did not stay there long, though, as World War II broke out. Agron and other key figures worried that, should the Nazis invade Palestine, prominent figures would be the first targets; he sent his children to kibbutzim, where they lived for the duration of the war. In 1993, Varda reflected that this attempt at protection was naive, but awareness of the Holocaust did not reach her until post-war immigration. She noted that she struggled to empathise with Holocaust survivors who arrived, saying this was due to an "unjustified arrogance" stemming from Zionist education which saw non-Palestinian Jews as other.

The Agronsky children attended Beit Hakerem High School, where Varda was a classmate of Avshalom Haviv and Shmuel Kaufman, son of Judah Even Shemuel. She felt that in school and in society, her generation was subject to Zionist "brainwashing". Varda was the only of the siblings to graduate high school; Dani was repeatedly expelled for bad behaviour and was sent to Haifa as a teenager, where he attended vocational school and lived with the parents of Ezer Weizman, while Judith was (according to her sister) more of a housewife.

Ethel was born Ethel Lipschutz. She attended William Penn High School and Goucher College, where she was elected as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society in 1917. In Palestine, she served in public life; she worked with the Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America and was on the Hadassah Council in Palestine and Israel. In particular, she was the head of the Hadassah Youth Services Committee and, in 1948, the head of the Hadassah Council in Palestine. This council typically saw socialite wives on its board, including Ethel Agronsky; she took her role seriously, campaigning for children and writing for Hadassah Magazine. Through her advocacy work, she was put on the Israeli government's Social Service Advisory Committee. During the Israel-Palestine war, Ethel helped to run the emergency Hadassah medical centres, in secret locations and often without water, power, or supplies, to treat the casualties.

Daniel "Dani" (also Danny), was born in New York but raised in Palestine; he was part of the Jewish Brigade and Haganah, a weapons smuggler for the Israel Defense Forces during the Israel-Palestine war, and co-founded Israel Aerospace Industries with Shimon Peres. As a leading figure in the Haganah, Dani Agron controlled the secret flying school and its pilots, as well as other aerospace concerns, including around Rome as it served as a transition ground for volunteers to fight for Israel against Palestine. In charge of Machal volunteer pilots, he sent them around Europe and the world to learn to fly whatever planes the group could acquire, ironically including former German World War II planes. He lived in various hotels, finally settling on the Excelsior Hotel in Rome at the same time as figures like Orson Welles spent time there, as it would allow him to keep a dog; he turned his room into a communications headquarters.

Later in the war, Dani Agron recruited American pilots Jack Weinronk (to lead the pilot school) and Danny Rosin (to be an instructor). Though he loved planes, Dani could never pilot himself. He had always had poor eyesight and, in 1956, he drove over a landmine from the Suez Crisis and lost a leg. In the 1960s, he started and managed Merom Aviation Services, a cropdusting company. In the 1970s, Dani Agron worked as the business manager of The Jerusalem Post. He was also a noted woodcarver. In later life, he struggled with mental illness.

The family was one of the wealthiest in Jerusalem even when they first settled there, only becoming more comfortable as Agron became more prominent. However, he crafted "a bourgeois brand of idealism" to fit in with the ideals of Zionism and the society of the Yishuv, pretending that he owned and lived off little; Silver also suggested that Agron was very self-conscious and anxious about gaining success, and would want to hide this. In addition, he took in many immigrants to Israel before they settled, and gave many aspiring journalists from around the world jobs at the Post. On a 1952 visit to the United States, Agron "gazed languidly" over the luxurious lobby of the Saxony Hotel then criticised the conspicuous consumption.

Though the family were somewhat outsiders in the Israeli institution, being seen as American, they entertained friendships with prominent figures and were popular in Jerusalem social life: "Foreign and Israeli journalists, Arabs, Englishmen and Jews all met at the Agrons to talk politics and drink tea." They were at the centre of social life from their arrival.

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Death
Agron was admitted to the Hadassah Medical Center in early September 1959, for routine liver surgery to treat cancer. Following the surgery, he contracted pneumonia and subsequently died of this infection on 1 November 1959 at the age of 65. A year earlier, he had approved the opening of a public swimming pool which would be integrated for men and women to swim together; ultra-Orthodox rabbis of the Edah Haredit court put the Pulsa diNura curse on him for this, and his premature death has been credited to the curse. The Canadian Jewish Review said he "died after a long illness." At the time of his death, Agron was running for re-election as mayor of Jerusalem, with the vote set to happen on 3 November 1959.

He received a state funeral, attended by over 40,000 people, with a eulogy from Sharett calling him "one of the greatest personalities of the Zionist movement". He was buried at Har HaMenuchot, near the gravesites of Peretz Smolenskin and Joseph Klausner.

Legacy and impact
Agron Street in downtown Jerusalem and Agron House, the former headquarters of the Israeli Press Association, are named after him. The cornerstone of Agron House was laid on 10 October 1961 by Sharett; in a tribute at the cornerstone ceremony, Goldstein said Agron was "the journalist par excellence", also praising his services as an ambassador for Israel and Zionism:

"Wherever he came, he not only reflected the light of Zion but radiated it to Jews and non-Jews. His warm, sparkling personality captured many hearts and his brilliant, untrammeled approach captured many minds. Gershon disarmed antagonists, converted neutrals into partisans, and partisans into enthusiasts."

In 1950, he was said to be "one of Yishuv's most influential and courageous spokesmen". In 2012, Ulf Hannerz said Agron was "a culture hero of Israeli journalism".

The personal papers of Gershon Agron are kept at the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. His diaries were posthumously published in 1964.

title: Gershon Agron


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Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa

The catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa (مقابر كوم الشقافة) is a historical archaeological site located in Alexandria, Egypt, and is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages.

The necropolis consists of a series of Alexandrian tombs, statues and archaeological objects of the Pharaonic funerary cult with Hellenistic and early Imperial Roman influences. Due to the time period, many of the features of the catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa merge Roman, Greek and Egyptian cultural points; some statues are Egyptian in style, yet bear Roman clothes and hair style whilst other features share a similar style. A circular staircase, which was often used to transport deceased bodies down the middle of it, leads down into the tombs that were tunneled into the bedrock during the age of the Antonine emperors (2nd century CE). The facility was then used as a burial chamber from the 2nd century to the 4th century, before being rediscovered in 1900 when a donkey accidentally fell into the access shaft. To date, three sarcophagi have been found, along with other human and animal remains which were added later. It is believed that the catacombs were only intended for a single family, but it is unclear why the site was expanded in order to house numerous other individuals.

Another feature of the catacombs is the Hall of Caracalla, which contains the bones of horses which were the tombs created for the horses of the emperor Caracalla in 215 CE.

Catacombs
The catacombs were named Kom El Shoqafa, meaning Mound of Shards, because the area used to contain a mound of shards of terra cotta which mostly consisted of jars and objects made of clay. These objects were left by those visiting the tombs, who would bring food and wine for their consumption during the visit. However, they did not wish to carry these containers home from this place of death, so they would break them. At the time of the discovery, heaps of these broken plates were found.

Layout
The catacombs lie beneath the western necropolis of Alexandria and consist of three levels cut through solid rock, the third level was completely underwater until recent restorations. The catacombs have a six-pillared central shaft which opens off the vestibule. On the left is a triclinium, a funeral banquet hall where friends and family gathered on stone couches covered with cushions, both at the time of burial and also on future commemorative visits.

Visitors can reach the first level through a breach in the rotunda wall, which was made at an unknown date. This leads to the Hall of Caracalla in which the bones of horses and humans were found.

Principal tomb chamber
At the front of the tomb chamber there is a temple-like façade consisting of two columns topped by papyrus, lotus, and acanthus leaves of ancient Egypt and supporting an architrave with a relief of a central winged sun-disk flanked by Horus falcons. A carved Agathodaemon in the form of a snake is flanking both sides of the entrance to the inner tomb. Each snake wears a Roman Caduceus and a Greek Thyrsus as well as the Egyptian Pschent and is topped by a shield showing a Medusa. Figures of a man and a woman are carved into the wall. The man's body has a stiff hieratic pose typical of Ancient Egyptian sculpture, with the head carved in the lifelike manner of the classic Hellenes. The woman's figure is also rigidly posed but bears the Roman hairstyle.

There are three huge stone sarcophagi with non-removable covers along the sides of the chamber. It's assumed that bodies were inserted in them from behind, using a passageway which runs around the outside of the funeral chamber. There is a hallway with 91 inch deep walls in the central tomb chamber, with carved recesses, each providing burial space for three mummies. The sarcophagi are decorated with garlands and heads of Greek mythology gods. Each sarcophagus has associated a relief panel. The central panel shows the jackal-headed Anubis wearing Roman soldier garb, who mummifies a body lying on a lion bed. Below the bed are three canopic jars. The lateral panels show the Apis-bull receiving a gift.

title: Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa


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Shelley Carroll

Shelley Carroll is a Canadian politician who has served on Toronto City Council since 2003. Carroll has been the chair of the Budget Committee since 2023 and represents Ward 17 Don Valley North.

Background
Carroll worked in the banking industry before starting her own childcare business, while caring for her own special needs child. She first rose to prominence as head of the North York Parent Assembly and then the Toronto Educational Assembly. Both groups pushed for more funding for education and vigorously opposed the education reforms brought in by then-premier Mike Harris. Her tireless defence of public education led her to be elected as a School Board Trustee on the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) in 2000 and earned her a Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal.

Toronto District School Board (TDSB) Trustee
In the 2000 municipal election, she was elected as a Toronto District School Board (TDSB) trustee in Don Valley East, ousting the incumbent. The school board endured fierce battles over provincial cuts to education, and Carroll became the leader of the faction of the Board refusing to implement the Harris agenda. She was elected Co-Chair of the Board by her peers in her last year in office. For her activism on behalf of children, she was awarded a Golden Jubilee Medal.

Toronto City Council
In the 2003 municipal election, she decided to run for city council when incumbent Paul Sutherland left to run in the provincial election. Her main opponent was former west-end councillor Rob Davis. During her first term on council she sat on the Budget Committee and then was elected by her peers to the position of Chair of the Public Works and Infrastructure Committee by mid-term.

After the 2006 municipal election, she was appointed to sit on Mayor David Miller's Executive Committee and was elected chair of the Budget Committee. Under the governance procedures of the time, only this chair was elected by a majority vote on council, all other standing committee chairs were appointed by the Mayor.

During her four years as budget chief, Carroll delivered four balanced budgets. She worked with the mayor to implement Canada's first municipal land transfer tax, which made Toronto financially sustainable for the first time since amalgamation.

She was re-elected to city council in 2010 and in 2014. In December 2014, she was appointed to the Toronto Police Services Board. She resigned from the board on March 26, 2018.

Provincial politics
In October 2016, Carroll announced that she would seek the Liberal Party nomination for the newly formed Don Valley North provincial riding in the next provincial election and was acclaimed as the candidate.

She resigned from city council on April 5, 2018, in order to run in the 2018 provincial election, but lost to the Progressive Conservative Party candidate Vincent Ke. Jonathan Tsao was appointed by city council to represent Ward 33 for the remainder of the term before municipal elections on October 22, 2018.

Return to council
On July 6, 2018, Carroll first announced that she was running for re-election to in Ward 31, renumbered from Ward 33. After the ward boundary changes imposed by the Ontario Government of Doug Ford, Carroll ultimately ran for election in the newly expanded Ward 17 Don Valley North in the 2018 Toronto election. She won by a significant margin over the runner up, Christina Liu, who was endorsed by former-mayor Mel Lastman.

For the 2018–2022 council term, Carroll served as the vice chair of the North York Community Council, a member of the Toronto Transit Commission Board. as well as being the deputy speaker of Toronto City Council. Carroll also worked to secure a number of improvements for her community, including improved park playgrounds, affordable housing spaces, numerous traffic and pedestrian safety improvements, and the new Ethennonnhawahstihnen’ Community Centre, the first community recreation centre and library branch in Toronto to be named in collaboration with the Huron-Wendat Nation.

Carroll ran in the 2022 Toronto election, again winning by a significant margin over the runner up. Carroll served as the chair of Toronto's Economic and Community Development Committee. Carroll was named chair of the Budget Committee by Mayor Olivia Chow in 2023.

title: Shelley Carroll


text:
Southern Christian University

Southern Christian University may refer to:

 * Universidad Cristiana del Sur, in Costa Rica, Southern Christian University
 * Amridge University, in the United States, formerly known as Alabama Christian School of Religion, Southern Christian University, and Regions University

title: Southern Christian University


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The pussy pirates

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 03:38, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The pussy pirates
Local band, doesn't appear to have any material released save a few mp3's on their own site. Delete for non-notability, vanity. --InShaneee 15:25, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not enough notability. Zzyzx11 19:02, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * "Jazz-Punk is a style they've created"...??? Well, they do think a lot of themselves... but they didn't bother to put their surnames or home telephone numbers on the page, so delete. --BD2412 23:06, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no released material = not encyclopedic. —Stormie 13:46, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. -- Riffsyphon1024 22:38, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Minister for Foreign Affairs (Finland)

The minister for foreign affairs (ulkoministeri, utrikesminister) handles the Finnish Government's foreign policy and relations, and is in charge of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The minister for foreign trade and development is also associated with this ministry. The current minister for foreign affairs is Elina Valtonen of National Coalition Party.

Constitutional mandate
Section 93 (Competence in the area of foreign policy issues) of the Constitution of Finland says the following:

"The foreign policy of Finland is directed by the President of the Republic in co-operation with the Government.

However, the Parliament accepts Finland’s international obligations and their denouncement and decides on the bringing into force of Finland’s international obligations in so far as provided in this Constitution. The President decides on matters of war and peace, with the consent of the Parliament.

The Government is responsible for the national preparation of the decisions to be made in the European Union, and decides on the concomitant Finnish measures, unless the decision requires the approval of the Parliament.

The Parliament participates in the national preparation of decisions to be made in the European Union, as provided in this Constitution.

The communication of important foreign policy positions to foreign States and international organisations is the responsibility of the Minister with competence in foreign affairs."

This last paragraph specifies the constitutional responsibility of the minister for foreign affairs.

==List of ministers for foreign affairs ==

title: Minister for Foreign Affairs (Finland)


text:
Saajid Badat

Saajid Muhammad Badat (born 28 March 1979) is a British terrorist who was sentenced to a 13-year prison term for planning to blow up an aircraft with a bomb hidden in his shoe.

Badat did not go through with the plot. His co-conspirator Richard Reid attempted unsuccessfully to set off his bomb and is now serving a life sentence without parole in the United States.

Radicalisation
Badat began his education at The Crypt School in Gloucester. After this, Badat's began studying at an Islamic college in Lancashire; from 1999 he attended a madrassa in Pakistan. Investigators believe he became radicalised there under the influence of Al-Qaeda sympathisers. It is believed he trained in Pakistan and possibly in neighbouring Afghanistan. There he reportedly met Richard Reid, another British citizen, and the Al-Qaeda military commander Mohammed Atef. Badat returned to the UK in early 2001, but remained in email contact via "Bobu", his handler (alleged to be Tunisian footballer Nizar Trabelsi).

After his return, Badat, like Reid, obtained duplicate passports from British consulates (court documents claim Badat was in the British embassy in Brussels doing so on 12 September 2001, having watched the attacks of the previous day on television). Both Reid and Badat returned to Pakistan in November 2001, and reportedly travelled overland to Afghanistan. They both were given "shoe bombs", casual footwear adapted to be covertly smuggled onto aircraft before being used to destroy them. Later forensic analysis of the bombs showed that they both contained the same plastic explosive and that the respective lengths of detonator cord had come from the same batch (the cut mark on Badat's cord matches exactly that on Reid's). The pair returned separately to the UK in early December 2001.

On their return, both maintained contact with their handler(s) in Pakistan, using a system of telephone cards and email accounts. Soon after this, Badat emailed his handler, indicating he was unsure if he would proceed with the scheme. But, he booked a flight from Manchester to Amsterdam, in preparation for taking a US-bound flight from there. Reid did likewise, booking a flight to Paris and thence to Miami. On 22 December 2001 Reid boarded his flight. Badat did not, having emailed his handler, "You will have to tell Van Damme that he could be on his own". He later testified that he was talked out of the bombing by his father, who told him, on his return from Afghanistan, that "I've heard about sleepers. If I find out you are one of those sleepers I will kill you."

Aftermath
Following the failure of Reid's mission and his arrest and conviction, Badat remained silent and returned to his Islamic studies in Blackburn. He appears to have cut ties with his handler in Pakistan, but kept the shoe bomb components at his home on St. James Street in Gloucester (the detonator under his bed, the explosive in a hallway cupboard). Acting on secret intelligence, police searched the home in November 2003. They found the concealed bomb parts (they had evacuated more than 100 families from houses in the surrounding area) and arrested Saajid Badat. After the families were allowed to return, his father Muhammad Badat reportedly spent several days visiting each home in the neighbourhood to apologise for his son.

Sentencing and imprisonment
On 28 February 2005 at the Old Bailey in London, Badat pleaded guilty to involvement in a conspiracy to destroy a US-bound aircraft. On 22 April Badat was sentenced to 13 years' imprisonment. Delivering the sentence the judge, Justice Fulford, said Badat's withdrawal from the plot justified a more lenient sentence, saying, "Turning away from crime in circumstances such as these constitutes a powerful mitigating factor". Had Badat not withdrawn, the judge said, he would have received a life sentence.

During his incarceration, Badat assisted British and US authorities with information on other alleged terrorists. Some of this information was used in the US prosecution of Adis Medunjanin, a suspect in a 2009 plot to attack the New York City Subway. Because of this co-operation, Badat's sentence was cut from 13 years to 11, and an order put in place banning reporting of this deal to police and the media due to concern for Badats' safety until he was due to give evidence in public. In 2012 the British government revealed that Badat had been released from prison in March 2010. Theresa May was questioned by Labour MP Keith Vaz about the deal which included the use of taxpayer money to rehouse Badat and provide an office space with phone and internet service. May defended the agreement citing that "Crown Protection Services have said that they considered very carefully the merits of entering into this agreement with a convicted terrorist, that they believed the administration of justice would actually benefit from the agreement they entered into" and that "co-operation is obviously a long-standing feature of our criminal justice system".

Shoe bomb testimony
Saajid Badat also gave evidence (via video-link from his secret hiding place in the UK) in March 2014 at the trial in New York of Sulaiman Abu Ghaith (Osama bin Laden's son-in-law), during which he testified that instructions were given to him during his time in Afghanistan (2001) to give shoe bombs to a group of 4 to 5 Malaysian terrorists, one of them the pilot. Badat reportedly provided them one of his own shoe bombs. Badat and the Malaysian terrorists discussed the possibility that the cockpit door in the airliner might be locked: "So I said: 'How about I give you one of my bombs to open the cockpit door?'"

One possible target of the Malaysian terrorist plot (masterminded by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed) would be the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, the world's tallest buildings from 1998 until 2004. These potential Malaysian Islamists' connections with Badat and Al-Qaeda were uncovered just a few days after the MH370 disappearance. The link was discussed by British media in 2014.

title: Saajid Badat


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Tun (unit)

The tun (tunne, tunellus, tunna) is an English unit of liquid volume (not weight), used for measuring wine, oil or honey. Typically a large vat or vessel, most often holding 252 wine gallons, but occasionally other sizes (e.g. 256, 240 and 208 gallons) were also used. The modern tun is about 954 litres.

The word tun is etymologically related to the word ton for the unit of mass, the mass of a tun of wine being approximately one long ton, which is 2240 lb. The spellings "tun" and "ton" were sometimes used interchangeably.

History
Originally, the tun was defined as 256 wine gallons; this is the basis for the name of the quarter of 64 corn gallons. At some time before the 15th century, it was reduced to 252 wine gallons, so as to be evenly divisible by other small integers, including seven.

In one Early Modern English example from 1507, a tun is defined as 240 gallons.

With the adoption of the Queen Anne wine gallon of 231 cubic inches in 1706 the tun approximated the volume of a cylinder with both diameter and height of 42 inches. These were adopted as the standard US liquid gallon and tun.

When the imperial system was introduced in 1824 the tun was redefined in the UK and colonies as 210 imperial gallons. The imperial tun remained evenly divisible by small integers. There was also little change in the actual value of the tun.

Standard tuns of wine came to serve as a measure of a ship's capacity.

Definitions
In the US customary system, the tun (symbol: US tu ) is defined as 252 US fluid gallons (about 252 usgal).

In the imperial system, the tun is defined as 210 imperial gallons (about 210 impgal).

Conversions
Both the imperial and US tuns were subdivided into smaller units as follows.

title: Tun (unit)