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Election Committee (Hong Kong)

The Election Committee is the electoral college in Hong Kong that selects the Chief Executive (CE) and, since 2021, elects 40 of the 90 members of the Legislative Council. Established by Annex I of the Basic Law of Hong Kong which states that "the Chief Executive shall be elected by a broadly representative Election Committee in accordance with this Law and appointed by the Central People's Government (State Council)." It is formed and performs its selection function once every five years, even in the event of a CE not completing their term. The membership of the Election Committee was expanded to 1,500 under the massive overhaul of the electoral system in 2021. The Election Committee has been criticised for its "small-circle" electoral basis and its composition favouring pro-Beijing and business interests.

History
The Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984 provides that the Chief Executive "shall be selected by elections or through consultations held locally and be appointed by the Central People's Government. The system of Election Committee established in the Basic Law to provide an indirect election for the Chief Executive by a 'broadly representative' Election Committee." Besides the first Chief Executive was elected by the 400-member Selection Committee, all Chief Executives since then have been elected by the Election Committee.

The New York Times wrote that sectors that were politically closer to Beijing, such as traditional Chinese medicine, were over-represented in proportion to their share of the population, when compared to sectors deemed hostile, such as social workers or lawyers.

Since the electors must serve for no more than five years, a new election must occur, and the Chief Executive resignation would cause an interesting matter of timing, as to whether the old or new college of electors would select the new Chief Executive.

From 1998 to 2012, the 800 members of the Election Committee comprised 664 nominated from the sectors of the economy, 40 from the religious organisations, and 96 ex officio members taken from the government. The number of members of the Election Committee increased from 800 to 1,200 after the breakthrough on the electoral reform in 2010 for the 2012 Chief Executive election. After a nine-hour debate on the consultation document, the resolution which increased the size of the Election Committee won endorsement at 2:20 p.m. on 24 June by the legislature 46 votes to 13. Ten pan-democrats, including eight Democratic Party legislators, supported the proposals.

2021 reform
In March 2021 the National People's Congress of China passed a new law that would change the electoral system in Hong Kong. The size of the Election Committee will grow from 1,200 to 1,500 members. The new members of the Election Committee will include 'patriotic groups', members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Area Committees and District Fight Crime Committees. Those groups will make up 156 seats in the Election Committee and 27 seats will be given to Hongkongers based in mainland China. The 117 seats of the District Councils will be removed. The Election Committee will elect 40 member for the Legislative Council which will be the biggest share of the council and every candidate that would run for the council would need nominations from the five sub sectors in the Election Committee.

The key changes to the formation of the Election Committee are detailed in Annex I of the Basic Law, amended on 30 March 2021 by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress as follows:
 * Reduction of the number of subsectors with individual votes and elimination of mixed individual and body voting; the Election Committee would be principally elected by body votes
 * Half of seats (150 seats) in the Third Sector nominated by members of national professional organisations or filled by ex officio members
 * Elimination of District Council subsectors; replaced by subsectors consisting of representatives of members of Area Committees, District Fight Crime Committees, and District Fire Safety Committees
 * All HKSAR members of the National People's Congress and National Committee Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conferenceserve as ex officio Election Committee members
 * Introduction of subsectors consisting of grassroot organisations, associations of Chinese Fellow Townsmen, associations of Hong Kong residents in Mainland and Hong Kong members of relevant national organisations
 * Creation of a convenor system for the Election Committee; an Election Committee member holding an office of state leadership is to serve as the Chief Convenor, who designated a number of convenors for each subsector

Composition
The Election Committee has five sectors, each composed of a number of subsectors (with a total of 38 subsectors). Amongst the 38 subsectors, members of 35 subsectors are returned by elections. The Annex I of Basic Law states that the Election Committee shall be composed of 1,500 members from the five sectors:
 * 1) Industrial, commercial and financial sectors: 300 members
 * 2) The professions: 300 members
 * 3) Grassroots, labour, religious and other sectors: 300 members
 * 4) Members of the Legislative Council, representatives of district organisations and other organisations: 300 members
 * 5) Hong Kong Special Administrative Region deputies to the National People's Congress, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and representatives of Hong Kong members of relevant national organisations: 300 members

First sector
The first sector composed of members from industrial, commercial and financial backgrounds. They are mostly elected by corporate votes and is the highest portion of uncontested subsectors. It includes the following subsectors:

Catering
The Catering Subsector is corresponding to the Catering functional constituency and contains both corporate and individual members who hold food licences and/or members of the Association such as the Association for the Hong Kong Catering Services Management, the Hong Kong Catering Industry Association and the Association of Restaurant Managers. Individual voters take the 94% of the electorate as the number of the individuals and corporates both registered as voters has grown significantly. The Catering Subsector had contested in 1998 and 2000 with the low turnout rate of 11% in both years.

Commercial (First)
The Commercial (First) Subsector has a corresponding functional constituency Commercial (First) and consists of corporate members of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce who are allowed to vote at general meetings. The corporate voters in the Subsector had dropped from in 1,293 in 1998 to 990 in 2006. The Subsector had contested in the 1998 and 2000 elections and the voter turnout rate were 45.34% and 30.91% respectively.

Commercial (Second)
The Commercial (Second) Subsector has a corresponding functional constituency Commercial (Second) and consists of individual and corporate members of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce who are allowed to vote at general meetings. The electorate remained unchanged from 1998 to 2009 and electorates are equally divided between corporates and individuals. The Commercial (Second) Subsector did not have a contested election in 1998 and 2000.

Employers' Federation of Hong Kong
The Employers' Federation of Hong Kong Subsector is one of the five subsectors without a corresponding functional constituency. It is composed of corporations including banking and financial services, hotel and catering, industrial and manufacturing, insurance, professional and business services, construction, shipping, trading, distribution, and transportation companies who are members of the Employers' Federation of Hong Kong and entitled to vote at general meetings. There were 112 bodies registered as electors in 2000. They had a contested election in 1998 and was uncontested in 2000.

Finance
The Finance Subsector is corresponding to the Finance functional constituency and consists of corporate bodies that are banks and deposit-taking companies. In 2006 there were 136 corporate bodies registered as electors. Finance Subsector had contested elections in the 1998, 2000 and the 2002 by-election. The voter turnout in the 1998 and 2000 elections were 81.56% and 70.29% respectively. In the 2002 by-election there were only two candidates running for one seat with 24.39% turnout rate.

Financial Services
The Financial Service Subsector has a corresponding Financial Services functional constituency. From 1998 to 2004 the Subsector included both individuals and corporations who are exchange participants of an exchange company or corporate members entitled to vote at the general meetings at the Chinese Gold & Silver Exchange Society. 116 individuals and bodies were the registered electorates before 2004 and beginning in 2006 the Subsector came to consist of Stock Exchange Hong Kong, Hong Kong Futures Exchange, and members of the Chinese Gold & Silver Exchange Society which are only corporate members. The Subsector has remained a highly contested subsector in the 1998, 2000 and 2006 elections with about 65% turnout rate.

Hong Kong Chinese Enterprises Association
The Hong Kong Chinese Enterprises Association subsector is another subsector of the five without an equivalent functional constituency. It consists of individuals and corporations who are members of the Hong Kong Chinese Enterprises Association and allowed to vote at general meetings. The association was established in 1991 and its membership includes companies which are registered in Hong Kong, solely-funded or joint ventures with their original capital from Mainland China. The corporate voters continue to dominate with 220, 99.5% of the electorate in 1996 were corporations, 310, 97.1% in 2006. The Hong Kong Chinese Enterprises Association Subsector never had a contested election.

Hotel
The Hotel Subsector when taken together with the Tourism Subsector corresponds with the Tourism functional constituency. The Hotel Subsector is formed from corporations who are members of the Hong Kong Hotels Association or the Federation of Hong Kong Hotel Owners eligible to vote at the general meetings. There were 81 registered bodies in 1998 and 95 in 2006. The Subsector had elections in 1998 and 2006 with high turnout of 85% and 81.05% respectively. The 1998 election was competitive with 18 candidates running for 11 seats, and 15 candidates running for 11 seats in 2006.

Import and Export
The Import and Export Subsector corresponds with the Import and Export functional constituency and currently consists of corporations and individuals who are members of the Hong Kong Chinese Importers' and Exporters' Association and companies which are licensed to import and export dutiable commodities, motor vehicles and chemicals. In 2006 there were 777 registered corporate electors and 615 individual electors. The Import and Export Subsector had only a contested election in 1998 with turnout rate of 34.55%.

Industrial (First)
The Industrial (First) Subsector corresponds to the Industrial (First) functional constituency. It is composed of both individual and corporate members of the Federation of Hong Kong Industries who are entitled to vote at general meetings. In 2004 and 2006 there were no individuals registered electors and there were 794 and 743 corporations registered respectively. The Subsector held elections in 1998 and 2000 and in the 2000 election there were 23 candidates running for 12 seats.

Industrial (Second)
The Industrial (Second) Subsector is corresponding to the Industrial (Second) functional constituency of the same corporate members of the Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong that are entitled to vote at general meetings. In 2006 there were 517 registered corporate electors. The Industrial (Second) Subsector never had a contested election.

Insurance
The Insurance Subsector corresponds with the Insurance functional constituency and contains companies who are authorised or deemed authorised insurers. The makeup of the Subsector's electorate has changed very little since 1998 as there were 192 registered companies and 140 registered in 2006. There were contested elections in 1998, 2000 and 2006 with turnout rates of 87.56%, 76.16% and 65.71%.

Real Estate and Construction
The Real Estate and Construction Subsector corresponds with the functional constituency Real Estate and Construction and consists of individual and corporate members of the Real Estate Developers Association of Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Construction Association, and the Hong Kong E&M Contractors' Association who are entitled to vote at general meetings. Large increase in the number and proportion of the individual electors was seen from 1998 when there were 62 individuals making up 15.8% of the electorate and 286 comprising 42.2% in 2000. The proportion remained consistent from 2000 to 2006 when there were 427 corporate electors and 292 individuals. The Real Estate and Construction Subsector held contested elections in 1998, 2000, and 2006 with turnout rates of around 65%.

Textiles and Garment
The Textiles and Garment Subsector has a corresponding functional constituency Textiles and Garment. Corporate members of associations such as the Textile Council of Hong Kong, Federation of Hong Kong Garment Manufacturers, the Hong Kong Chinese Textile Mills Associations, and the Hong Kong Institution of Textile and Apparel who are allowed to vote at general meetings are the electors of this Subsector. Individuals include registered textiles and clothing manufacturers, and registered textile traders. From 1998 and 2000 there was significant increase in registered corporations from 2,690 in 1998 to 4.623 in 2000 and have a large proportion of the electorate. In 2006 there were 3,690 registered corporation (97.6% of the electorate) and 89 registered individuals (2.4% of the electorate). The Subsector held contested elections in 1998, 2006 and the 2005 by-election.

Tourism
The Tourism Subsector corresponds to the Tourism functional constituency with the Hotel Subsector. It consists of the corporate members of the former Hong Kong Tourist Association, the Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong, and the Board of the Airline Representatives in Hong Kong who are entitled to vote at general meetings. In 2006 there were 887 corporations registered as electors. The Tourism Subsector had contested election in 1998, 2000 and 2006 with voter turnout rates of 63.86%, 50%, and 64.13%. In 2006 it had one of them most highly contested subsector elections with 29 candidates running for 12 seats.

Transport
The Transport Subsector corresponds to the Transport functional constituency and consists of bodies including the Airport Authority Hong Kong, Hong Kong Public & Maxicab Light Bus United Association, and MTR Corporation. In 2006 there were 179 registered corporate electors and the number remained little changed. The Transport Subsector held contested elections in 1998, 2000, and 2006.

Wholesale and Retail
The Wholesale and Retail Subsector is corresponding the Wholesale and Retail functional constituency and consists of both corporate and individual members of 84 different associations including the Chinese Merchants (H.K.) Association, Hong Kong Retail Management Association, and Chinese Medicine Merchants Association. The Wholesale and Retail had contested elections in 1998, 2000 and 2006 with relatively low turnout rates of 34.56%, 28.66%, and 32.26% respectively.

Accountancy
The Accountancy Subsector is corresponding to the Accountancy functional constituency and includes individuals who are certified public accountants. The number of registered individuals in 1998 was 9,897 and 20,765 in 2006. The Subsector has held contested elections in 1998, 2000, and 2006 as well as the 2005 by-election. It has been one of the most highly contested subsectors with an average of 2.04 candidates per seats and 12 candidates for 3 open seats in the 2005 by-election. The turnout rate remained low with an average of 20.03% for 1998, 2000, and 2006 elections and 12.14% in the 2005 by-election.

15 seats of the Accountancy sub-sector are nominated from among the Hong Kong Accounting Advisors appointed by the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China.

Architectural, Surveying, Planning and Landscape
The Architectural, Surveying, Planning and Landscape Subsector, formerly called Architectural, Surveying and Planning, has a corresponding Architectural, Surveying, Planning and Landscape functional constituency. It consists of individuals who are registered architects, landscape architects, surveyors, planners or individual members of the organisations such as the Hong Kong Institute of Architects, the Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors and the Hong Kong Institute of Planners entitled to vote a general meetings. Registered landscape architects were not included in the electorate until 2000. In 2006 there were 5,584 registered individuals. The Architectural, Surveying and Planning Subsector had contested elections in 1998, 2000, 2006, and the 2005 by-election. There were 28 and 40 candidates between 2000 and 2006 elections.

15 seats of the Architectural, Surveying, Planning and Landscape sub-sector are ex officio seats filled by responsible persons of statutory bodies, advisory bodies and relevant association:
 * President of The Hong Kong Institute of Architects
 * President of The Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors
 * President of The Hong Kong Institute of Planners
 * President of The Hong Kong Institute of Landscape Architects
 * Chairman of the Hong Kong Housing Authority
 * Chairman of the Town Planning Board
 * Chairman of the Board of the Urban Renewal Authority
 * Chairman of the Hong Kong Housing Society
 * Chairman of the Antiquities Advisory Board
 * Chairperson of the Property Management Services Authority
 * Chairman of the Community Involvement Committee on Greening
 * Chairman of the Advisory Committee for the Fire Safety (Buildings) Ordinance and the Fire Safety (Commercial Premises) Ordinance
 * Chairman of the Harbourfront Commission
 * Chairman of the Land and Development Advisory Committee
 * Chairman of the Lantau Development Advisory Committee

Chinese Medicine
The Chinese Medicine Subsector is one of the five subsectors without a corresponding functional constituency. It consists of individual members of ten organisations including the Hong Kong Association of Traditional Medicine, Hong Kong Chinese Herbalists Association, and Society of Practitioners of Chinese Herbal Medicine who are entitled to vote at general meetings. In 2006 there were 4,250 registered individual electors. This Subsector held contested elections in 1998, 2000, 2006, and the 2005 by-election.

15 seats of the Chinese Medicine sub-sector are nominated from among the Hong Kong members of the Council of the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies.

Education
The Education Subsector corresponds with the Education functional constituency. It is formed by a merger with the formerHigher Education Subsector. It has the largest electorate of all subsectors and includes full-time academic staff who are teachers or administrators in publicly funded universities, approved secondary colleges, technical colleges and certain tertiary institutions, members of academic councils, registered teachers, principals, and managers of schools, as well as teachers in institutions such as industrial training centres, technical institutes, and the Caritas Lok Mo Integrated Vocational Training Centre of Caritas.

The former Education Subsector held contested elections in 1998, 2000, and 2006. There has been a high level of candidates with an average of 35 candidates for 20 seats. The voter turnout rate remained low with an average of 20.03% in the three elections. In 2006 there were 78,840 registered individual electors. The former Higher Education subsector consisted of 6,856 registered individual electorates in 2006 and is increasingly competitive with 27 candidates in 1998 and 49 in 2006 running for 20 seats.

10 seats of the Education sub-sector are ex officio seats filled by Vice-Chancellor or Presidents of universities:
 * Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong
 * Vice-Chancellor of The Chinese University of Hong Kong
 * President of The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
 * President of the City University of Hong Kong
 * President of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
 * President of The Education University of Hong Kong
 * President and vice-chancellor of the Hong Kong Baptist University
 * President of Lingnan University
 * President of The Open University of Hong Kong
 * President of the Hong Kong Shue Yan University
 * President of The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong

10 seats of the Education sub-sector are ex officio seats filled by offices specified by sponsoring bodies which operate secondary schools, primary schools and kindergarten that receive recurrent funding from the Government, and the total number of schools managed by the school sponsoring bodies are among the top five of all school sponsoring bodies:
 * the office specified by Roman Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong
 * the office specified by the Po Leung Kuk
 * the office specified by the Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui
 * the office specified by the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals
 * the office specified by The Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China

Engineering
The Engineering Subsector corresponds with the Engineering functional constituency and consists of individuals who are professional engineers and members of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers who are entitled to vote at general meetings. In 2006 there were 7,742 registered individual electors. There were contested elections in 1998, 2000, 2006, and the 2005 by-election.

15 seats of the Engineering sub-sector are ex officio seats filled by responsible persons of statutory bodies, advisory bodies and relevant association:
 * President of The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers
 * Chairman of the Board of the Airport Authority Hong Kong
 * Chairman of the Consulting Engineers’ Committee
 * Chairperson of the Construction Industry Council (Hong Kong)
 * Chairman of the Building Contractors Committee
 * Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Water Supplies
 * Chairman of the Transport Advisory Committee
 * Chairman of the Advisory Council on the Environment
 * Chairman of the Electrical Safety Advisory Committee
 * Chairman of the Gas Safety Advisory Committee
 * Chairman of the Energy Advisory Committee
 * Chairman of the Advisory Committee on the Appearance of Bridges and Associated Structures
 * Chairman of Lift and Escalator Safety Advisory Committee
 * Chairman of the Board of MTR Corporation
 * Chairperson of the Drinking Water Safety Advisory Committee

Medical and Health Services
The Medical and Health Services Subsector is formed in the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes upon the merger of the Medical Subsector and Health Services subsector.

The former Medical subsector is corresponding to the former Medical functional constituency which is composed of registered medical practitioners and registered dentists. In 1998 there were 6,784 individual electors and increased to 10,087 in 2006. In 2006 it was one of the most highly contested subsectors with 63 candidates running for 20 seats. The former Health Services subsector is corresponding to the former Health Services functional constituencyincludes registered members of various professions in government or public institutions such as chiropractors, nurses, pharmacists, midwives, optometrists, and physiotherapists. There were changes in the membership such as the omission of the members of the Hong Kong Chiropractors' Association entitled to vote at general meetings since 2001.

15 seats of the Medical and Health Services sub-sector are ex officio seats filled by responsible persons of statutory bodies, advisory bodies and relevant association:
 * Chairman of the Hospital Authority
 * Chairman of the Board of Governors of The Prince Philip Dental Hospital
 * Chairman of the Medical Council of Hong Kong
 * Chairman of the Dental Council of Hong Kong
 * President of the Hong Kong Academic of Medicine
 * Chairman of the Nursing Council of Hong Kong
 * Chairman of the Midwives Council of Hong Kong
 * Chairman of the Supplementary Medical Professions Council of Hong Kong
 * Chairman of the Pharmacy and Poisons Board
 * Chairman of the Chiropractors Board
 * Dean of Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of The University of Hong Kong
 * Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of The Chinese University of Hong Kong
 * Chairman of the Human Organ Transplant Board
 * Council Chairman of the Hong Kong St. John Ambulance
 * Commissioner of the Auxiliary Medical Service

Legal
The Legal Subsector is corresponding to the Legal functional constituency and consists of members of the Law Society of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Bar Association who are entitled to vote at general meetings as well as legal officers. In 2006 there were 5,560 registered individual electors. The Subsector has always had contested including the by-elections in 2002 and 2005.

Under the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes, 9 seats of the Legal sub-sector are ex officio seats filled by Hong Kong members of the Committee for the Basic Law of the HKSAR under the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. 6 seats of the subsector are nominated from among Hong Kong members of the Council of the China Law Society.

Social Welfare
The Social Welfare Subsector shares a similar but broader electorate base with the Social Welfare functional constituency. It includes both individuals registered as social workers and corporate members of the Hong Kong Council of Social Service who is entitled to vote at general meetings. It also consists of social services societies and registered non-profit companies. There were 11,410 registered individuals and 261 registered bodies in 2006. It was the most highly contested subsector in 2006 with 99 candidates running for 40 seats.

Under the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes, the Social Welfare Subsector was moved from the Third Sector to the Second Sector with seats halved. 15 seats of the Social Welfare sub-sector are ex officio seats filled by responsible persons of statutory bodies, advisory bodies and relevant association:
 * Chairperson of the Executive Council of the Hong Kong Council for Social Service
 * Chairperson of the Social Workers Registration Board
 * Chairman of the Council of the Institute of Social Service Development
 * Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals
 * Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Po Leung Kuk
 * Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Yan Chai Hospital
 * Chairman of the Board of Directors of Pok Oi Hospital
 * Chairman of the Board of Directors of Yan Oi Tong Limited
 * Chairman of the Executive Committee of The Lok Sin Tong Benevolent Society Kowloon
 * Chairman of the Board of Directors of the New Home Association Limited
 * Chairperson of the Board of Directors of the Social Workers Across Borders Limited
 * Chairperson of the Board of Directors of The Hong Kong Volunteers Federation Company Ltd.
 * Chairperson of the Council of The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions Hong Ling Society
 * Chairperson of the Executive Committee of The United Labour Chi Hong Association Limited
 * Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Hong Kong Island Social Services Charitable Ltd.

Sports, Performing Arts, Culture and Publication
The Sports, Performing Arts, Culture and Publication Subsector has a corresponding Sports, Performing Arts, Culture and Publication functional constituency and includes relevant registered statutory bodies, sports associations, designated district sports associations, such as the North District Sports Association, district arts and culture associations, such as the Sha Tin Arts Association, and other designated bodies such as the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra and Hong Kong Film Academy. It also consists of individual and bodies there are members of associations including the Hong Kong Book & Magazine Trade Association, and Hong Kong Theatres Association who are entitled to vote at general meetings. There are also number of media associations such as broadcast, newspaper, and telecommunication corporations. There have been several additions in the membership since 1998. all four sub-subsectors form one subsector they each have their own elections. Up to 2010, the Culture Sub-subsector is the only one to have contested elections in all major elections: 1998, 2000, and 2006. The Performing Arts Sub-subsector had contested elections in 1998 and 2000, and the Sports and Publication Sub-subsectors only had contested election in 1998.

Under the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes, the Sports, Performing Arts, Culture and Publication Subsector was moved from the Third Sector to the Second Sector with seats halved. 3 seats of the subsector are nominated by the Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China, 9 seats are nominated by the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles Hong Kong Member Association and a further 3 seats nominated by the Hong Kong Publishing Federation.

Technology and Innovation
The former Information Technology Subsector corresponds with the Information Technology functional constituency and is composed of individuals who are members of relevant organisations including the Hong Kong Computer Society, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and the corporate members of bodies such as the Hong Kong Information Technology Federation, Hong Kong Wireless Technology Industry, and Society of Hong Kong External Telecommunications Services Providers who are eligible to vote at genera meetings, as well as corporations with certain licences granted by the Telecommunication Authority. In 2006 there were four organisations where individual members were qualified as electorates although they were not allowed to vote in general meetings such as the Professional Information Security Association and the Hong Kong & Mainland Software Industry Cooperation Association. Since 1998 there have been a number of additional associations included in the electorate. In 2006 there were 4,743 individuals and 261 registered corporations.

Under the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes, the Information Technology Subsector was replaced by the new Technology and Innovation Subsector with a significantly diminished electoral base. 15 seats of the sub-sector are nominated from among the Hong Kong academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences or the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Agriculture and Fisheries
The Agriculture and Fisheries Subsector has a corresponding functional constituency Agriculture and Fisheries. It consists 79 corporate bodies including the Hong Kong and Kowloon Fishermen Association, Hong Kong Livestock Industry Association, and Hong Kong Florists Association and also corporate members of bodies such as Federation of Hong Kong Aquaculture Associations, and Federation of Vegetable Marketing Co-operative Societies. It consists of a small number of electorate with only 160 corporate electorates in 2006. The Subsector had contested elections in 1998 and the 2005 by-election.

Labour
The Labour Subsector corresponds with the Labour functional constituency and consists of registered trade unions. In 2006 there were 554 registered association electors.

Religious
The Religious Subsector has no corresponding functional constituency. The Subsector is composed of six Hong Kong designated bodies representing Buddhists, Catholics, Confucians, Muslims, Christians (Protestants) and Taoists, namely the Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong, the Chinese Muslim Cultural and Fraternal Association, the Hong Kong Christian Council, the Hong Kong Taoist Association, the Confucian Academy, and the Hong Kong Buddhist Association. These six bodies are all members of the Hong Kong Colloquium for Religious Leaders. It was allocated 40 seats on the Election Committee in 2000.

Legislative Council
The Legislative Council Subsector includes 90 members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (increased from 70 members after 2021) who are all ex officio members automatically become the member of the Subsector. No election is to be held in this Subsector.

Heung Yee Kuk
The Heung Yee Kuk Subsector corresponds to the Heung Yee Kuk functional constituency in which the chairman, Vice-Chairman of the Heung Yee Kuk (Rural Council) and ex officio Special and Co-opted Councillors of the full council are the electorate. In 2006 there were 147 individuals registered as electors. There were contested elections in 1998, 2000 and the 2002 by-election but these elections were not competitive with 22 candidates in 1998 and 23 in 2000 running for 21 seats. Due to the fact the electorate is small, the turnout rates have been relatively high with 83.81% in 1998 and 73.43% in 2000.

Area Committees, District Fight Crime Committees, and District Fire Safety Committees
The subsectors of Representatives of members of Area Committees, District Fight Crime Committees, and District Fire Safety Committees of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon and the New Territories were respectively established under the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes, to be returned from:
 * Members of Area Committees
 * Members of District Fight Crime Committees
 * Members of District Fire Safety Committees

Representatives of associations of Hong Kong residents in the Mainland
Under the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes, the Representatives of associations of Hong Kong residents in the Mainland subsector was created with one member nominated by each of the prescribed associations:
 * Mainland China (Shenzhen) Consultant Services, HKFTU
 * Mainland China (Guangzhou) Consultant Services, HKFTU
 * Mainland China (Dongguan) Consultant Services, HKFTU
 * Mainland China (Zhongshan) Consultant Services, HKFTU
 * Mainland China (Huizhou) Consultant Services, HKFTU
 * Mainland China (Fuzhou, Xiamen) Consultant Services, HKFTU
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce in China
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce in China - Tianjin
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce in China - Shanghai
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce in China - Zhejiang
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce in China - Guangdong
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce in China - Fujian
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce in China - Guangxi
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce in China - Sichuan
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce in China - Wuhan
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce in China - Liaoning
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce in China - Shandong
 * Hong Kong Professionals (Beijing) Association
 * Shanghai Hong Kong Association
 * Guangzhou Tianhe Hong Kong and Macau Association
 * Hong Kong Association of China Business
 * Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce, Qianhai, Shenzhen
 * Hong Kong and Macau Entrepreneurs Branch, Chongqing Overseas Association
 * Fujian Federation of Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurs
 * Hong Kong and Macao Youth Innovation and Entrepreneurship Federation in Zhongkai Huizhou
 * The Hong Kong Fellowship in Huadu Guangzhou
 * The Hong Kong Fellowship in Chancheng Foshan

National People's Congress
The National People's Congress Subsector does not correspond to any Legislative Council's functional constituency but includes the 36 Hong Kong deputies to the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. The 36 members automatically become the ex officio member of the Election Committee and there is no election to be held.

Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference does not have corresponding Legislative Council's functional constituency but it includes all Hong Kong members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference of the People's Republic of China. In 2006 there were 118 individuals in the electorate. This Subsector has never held a contested election.

An HKSAR deputy to the NPC or an HKSAR member of the CPPCC National Committee may choose to register as an Election Committee member in a subsector other than one in the Fifth Sector with which he or she has a substantial connection. In these cases, the number of ex officio members will be increased and the number of seats to be returned by the subsector by election will be reduced accordingly.

Representatives of Hong Kong members of relevant national organisations
The subsector was established under the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes, to be returned from:
 * HKSAR Delegates of the All-China Women's Association
 * HKSAR Executive Members of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
 * HKSAR Committee Members of the All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese
 * HKSAR Committee Members of the All-China Youth Federation
 * HKSAR Directors of the China Overseas Friendship Association

Provisional District Boards for the Districts in the Regional Council Area
The Provisional District Boards for the Districts in the Regional Council Area Subsector was created in 1998 and replaced by the New Territories District Council Subsector in 2000. It held a contested election in 1998 with 23 candidates running for 21 seats. The voter turnout rate was 68.75%.

Provisional District Boards for the Districts in the Urban Council Area
The Provisional District Boards for the Districts in the Urban Council Area Subsector existed between 1998 and 2000 and was replaced by the Hong Kong and Kowloon District Council Subsector. It held a contested election in 1998 with 37 candidates running for 21 seats. The voter turnout rate was 79.48%.

Hong Kong and Kowloon District Councils
The Hong Kong and Kowloon District Councils Subsector was first introduced in 2000 after the Provisional District Council Subsector was abolished. This Subsector when combined with the New Territories District Councils Subsector corresponds to the District Council (First) functional constituency. It includes the members of the District Councils in Hong Kong and Kowloon. In 2006 there were 221 registered individual electors. This Subsector has become increasingly competitive with 25 candidates in 2000 to 33 candidates in 2006 running for 21 seats.

New Territories District Councils
The New Territories District Councils Subsector was first introduced in 2000, replacing the Provisional District Council Subsector. Together with the Hong Kong and Kowloon District Councils Subsector it corresponds to the District Council (First) functional constituency. It has 230 registered electors in 2006 who are the members of the District Councils in New Territories. In the 2000 elections there were 23 candidates and 40 in 2006.

Choosing the Members of the Election Committee
Each of the 28 functional constituencies receives a set number of electoral votes allocated to them. The block vote is applied to choose the members, as was common in the United States before the modern practice of voting only for a set slate or ticket of electors was established. By-election will be held to update the membership of the Election Committee if there are vacancies in the Election Committee.
 * 1998 Election Committee Subsector Elections
 * 2000 Election Committee Subsector Elections
 * 2002 Election Committee Subsector By-elections
 * 2005 Election Committee Subsector By-elections
 * 2006 Election Committee Subsector Elections
 * 2011 Election Committee Subsector Elections
 * 2016 Election Committee Subsector Elections
 * 2021 Election Committee Subsector Elections

The Candidate Eligibility Review Committee of the HKSAR shall be responsible for reviewing and confirming the eligibility of candidates for Election Committee members and for the office of Chief Executive. The Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR shall, on the basis of the review by the department for safeguarding national security of the Police Force of the HKSAR, make findings as to whether a candidate for Election Committee member or for the office of Chief Executive meets the legal requirements and conditions of upholding the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China and swearing allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, and issue an opinion to the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee of the HKSAR in respect of a candidate who fails to meet such legal requirements and conditions.

No legal proceedings may be instituted in respect of a decision made by the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee of the HKSAR on the eligibility of a candidate for Election Committee member or for the office of Chief Executive pursuant to the opinion of the Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR.

Choosing the Chief Executive
Each candidate must be validly and legally nominated in order to participate in the election. One of the requirements for eligibility is the nomination of at least 150 members of the Election Committee. Since each elector can only nominate one candidate, 1,051 signatures will guarantee an election unopposed. The college of electors casts the official ballots for the office, with an absolute majority of the votes required to be elected. If no candidate receives an absolute majority (601 votes as it currently stands) a runoff is held on a later date. It is rather unclear what would happen in the case of a tie, since the constitution does not state any tie-breaker formats.

Inauguration Day is set at Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day, 1 July, with the elections being held on a date determined by the sitting Chief Executive any time in the six months prior to this date.

Each of the 1,200 members must have publicly declared their preferred choice within the two-week nomination period. According to Ohmynews, "Its very design causes the discourse of democracy to get bandied about as though it were a legitimate feature of the process. Thus, in 2005 the media reported on an 'election campaign' when only 800 individuals are allowed to vote, or refers to Tsang, Beijing's choice, as a 'candidate' when the possibility of his failing is a non-starter.  The euphemism, 'small-circle election' is also repeatedly employed to refer to what in reality is a thoroughly undemocratic process."

The 2007 election was the first competitive Chief Executive election featuring two candidates from different political camp as the pan-democracy camp were able to field their candidate to challenge the Beijing-favoured candidate for the first time. It has been said that the competitive nature of this election, with debates held between the candidates, changed Hong Kong's political culture.
 * 2002 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
 * 2005 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
 * 2007 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
 * 2012 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
 * 2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
 * 2022 Hong Kong Chief Executive election

Choosing the Members of the Legislative Council
The Election Committee elected Legislative Council members during 1998 to 2004, which was abolished afterwards until 2021.

As a result of amendments passed in March 2021 for the December 2021 Legislative Council elections, the Election Committee will elect 40 of the 90 members of the Legislative Council. Candidates for members of the Legislative Council returned by the Election Committee shall be nominated by at least 10 but no more than 20 members of the Election Committee, with at least 2 but no more than 4 members from each sector. Any eligible voter in an election of the Legislative Council may be nominated as a candidate. Each Election Committee member may nominate one candidate only.

The Election Committee shall elect members of the Legislative Council from the list of nominations by secret ballot. A ballot paper is valid only if the number of candidates voted for is equal to the number of members of the Legislative Council to be returned. The 40 candidates who obtain the highest numbers of votes shall be elected.

Criticisms
The composition of the Election Committee was criticised for favouring the business interest as the election of the majority of its members was by corporate electors, which effectively incorporating the interests of the business sector. The business sector controls at least a quarter of the seats in the Election Committee as the nature of the composition in the first sector. Additionally, many non-business subsectors are also occupied by businessmen by occupation, for example the sport and culture subsectors and the Hong Kong deputies to the National People's Congress. It was also mocked as "small-circle election" as it had a narrow electorate basis which facilitates the business elites to secure their seats on the committee through personal networks and the support of the Liaison Office.

title: Election Committee (Hong Kong)


text:
Jon Katz

Jon Katz (born August 8, 1947) is an American journalist, author, and photographer. He was a contributor to the online magazine HotWired, the technology website Slashdot, and the online news magazine Slate. In his early career as an author he wrote a series of crime novels and books on geek subculture. More recent works focus on the relationship between humans and animals.

Journalism
Katz initially worked as a reporter for The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Boston Globe and The Washington Post, and later as of the CBS Morning News. His media criticism, columns and book reviews appeared in such periodicals as Rolling Stone and New York (he was a contributing editor to both magazines), Wired, GQ, and The New York Times.

Expressing "disenchantment with the world of old media", he joined the now defunct HotWired, the online version of Wired magazine, to which he contributed articles on technology, culture and the media. In 1998, Katz left HotWired after a redesign, not knowing where he would land next.

He joined Slashdot, where many of his contributions to Slashdot were focused on the youth subculture of geeks and social misfits, for example examining the degree of alienation of the Columbine killers.

Katz's first article for Slate appeared in December 2005 and he has since become a regular contributor to the online magazine. The majority of his writings at Slate revolve around animals and his rural life.

Books
Katz has written several novels as well as non-fiction works which cover topics ranging from geek culture to people's evolving relationship with animals. He wrote a successful series of mystery novels centered around the character Kit DeLeeuw, a former Wall Street financier turned private investigator, based in the fictional Rochambeau, New Jersey. His more recent work explores his own relationship with his dogs (and other animals) on his farm in upstate New York and broader issues of animals' place—both physically and emotionally—in the modern world.

Many of Katz' books have described his relationships with dogs. He began writing about them after taking in a difficult Border Collie, whom Katz credited with changing his life by causing him to take up shepherding and move to a farm. He has written extensively on the way we train dogs, arguing that most approaches fail because they are too inflexible, and because—as dog owners—we over-anthropomorphize our companion animals: "we give them too much credit, make them too complex, muddying our communications" by treating them as "soul mates" rather than understanding and respecting their animal nature. "I can't imagine life without a dog", Katz said in a 2002 interview. "I don't think dogs are substitutes for people, but I must confess I often find them more reliable."

Photography
Katz began to blog in 2007 and concurrently learned photography, using his photographs to illustrate blog posts. These photos feature portraits (primarily of animals) as well as landscapes and scenic shots taken on his farm and in the surrounding rural areas and small towns of upstate New York. Since shortly after initiating his blog, he began using his own photos as the cover images on all of his books.

On Slashdot
Katz's writing was often criticized by Slashdot readers. Some criticism was leveled at Katz when he posted an article about an e-mail message he purportedly received from a teenager named "Junis" in Afghanistan who had just rejoined the Internet in late 2001. Some Slashdot readers believed the e-mail message to be a hoax or parody designed to fool Katz. According to Katz, Junis wrote his e-mail from "his ancient Commodore computer", which he had "dug up" and was now using to download movies, pornography, and MP3s thanks to the recent liberation of Afghanistan. Because of the unlikelihood of performing these activities on the Commodore 64, some Slashdot readers felt this demonstrated Katz's lack of technical knowledge about computers. An article in the Technology section of The New York Times discussed the Slashdot piece and its criticisms.

In the Border Collie community
Katz's books about dogs have received favorable reviews in the literary press, but have been met with a hostile reaction in segments of the Border Collie community. Notable examples of this criticism have included Donald McCaig's review of The Dogs of Bedlam Farm in [The Bark] magazine, and Penny Tose's review of Katz on Dogs in The American Border Collie magazine.

New York City carriage horses
Katz wrote a book on the controversial subject of the New York carriage horses titled Who Speaks for the Carriage Horses: The Future of Animals in Our World in which he supported the continuance of the carriage trade in New York City. The book was published by Roadswell Editions in July 2014.

Personal life
Katz's marriage to Paula Span ended in 2008. He married artist Maria Wulf on their New York farm in 2010. Katz is the father of Brooklyn sportswriter Emma Span.

Kit DeLeeuw series

 * Death by Station Wagon (1993)
 * The Family Stalker (1994)
 * The Last Housewife (1995)
 * The Father's Club (1996)
 * Death Row (1998)

Books about dogs

 * Running to the Mountain: a journey of faith and change (2000)
 * A Dog Year: twelve months, four dogs and me (2003)
 * The New Work of Dogs: tending to life, love and family (2003)
 * The Dogs of Bedlam Farm: an adventure with sixteen sheep, three dogs, two donkeys and me (2004)
 * Dog Days: dispatches from Bedlam Farm (2005)
 * Katz on Dogs: a commonsense guide to training and living with dogs (2005)
 * A Good Dog: the story of Orson who changed my life (2006)
 * Izzy and Lenore: two dogs, an unexpected journey, and me (2008)
 * Soul of a Dog: reflections on the spirits of the animals at Bedlam Farm (2009)
 * Rose in a Storm: A novel (2010)
 * Listening to Dogs: How to Be Your Own Training Guru (2012)
 * Dancing Dogs: Stories (2012)
 * The Story of Rose: A Man and His Dog (2012)
 * The Second-Chance Dog: A Love Story (2013)

Children's books

 * Meet the Dogs of Bedlam Farm (2011)
 * Lenore Finds a Friend (2013)

Other books

 * Sign Off (1991)
 * Virtuous Reality (1997)
 * Media Rants: Post Politics in the Digital Nation: A Netizen Takes on Washington and the Media Empire (1997)
 * Running to the Mountain: A Midlife Adventure (1999)
 * Geeks: How two boys rode the Internet out of Idaho (2000)
 * Out of the Shadows (2009)
 * Going Home: Finding Peace When Pets Die (2011)
 * Who Speaks for the Carriage Horses: The Future of Animals in Our World (2014)
 * Saving Simon: How a Rescue Donkey Taught Me the Meaning of Compassion (2014)
 * Talking To Animals: How You Can Understand Animals And They Can Understand You (2017)
 * Lessons From Bedlam Farm (Coming 2018)

Plays

 * Last Days at Maple View Farm (2015)

Interviews

 * An Entrepreneurial Dog's Private Life, 2006 audio interview on NPR's Day to Day
 * Writer Jon Katz, 2003 audio interview on NPR's Fresh Air
 * Meet the Writers, 2003 text interview at Barnes & Noble
 * Being Jon Katz, 2001 text interview at Poppolitics.com

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jon Katz


text:
User talk:Thehacker~enwiki

I think using some keyboards are good and others are bulky like the Microsoft Split Keyboard I use.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Thehacker. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Thehacker~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:04, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:38, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thehacker~enwiki


text:
American Congress on Surveying and Mapping

The American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM) was an American professional association representing the interests of those engaged in measuring and communicating geospatial data.

Originally, it was composed of four organizations: During the 2000s, CaGIS and GLIS removed themselves from ACSM; in 2012, ACSM legally merged into the NSPS, while AAGS remained separate.
 * American Association for Geodetic Surveying (AAGS)
 * National Society of Professional Surveyors (NSPS)
 * Cartographic and Geographic Information Society (CaGIS)
 * Geographic and Land Information Society (GLIS)

It published the bimonthly ACSM Bulletin, no longer in publication. ACSM also published the quarterly Surveying and Land Information Science (SaLIS) technical journal, now officially published by the AAGS.


text:
User talk:Quirkie

Thanks, references?
Hi -- thx for your posting to Talk:Friendly_artificial_intelligence. Since i'm just learning about these things, and since it's easy to find the "pro" side of SIAI/Yudkowsky, i was wondering if you'd mind sharing references for critical views. And any other thoughts would be great, but i don't want to put you out. Thx, "alyosha" (talk) 00:27, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Hm. Well a quick search turned up this article which has a couple of paragraphs hinting what the AI community thinks of Yudkowsky: http://www.wired.com/news/technology/1,43080-0.html I think it is difficult to find criticism because few AI researchers even consider him.

For a Baysian machine Yudkowsky's ideas make sense ... but his ideas, his entire paper, boils down to a very simple idea which is presented in a very verbose way.

Here us an example of how Yudkowsky's writings are pretty much correct but worthless. Take this: "3.5.3.2.1: Programmatic controlled ascent via an improvements counter" Just the "3.5.3.2.1" part shows you how convolutedly Yudkowsky presents his ideas. Five levels deep in hierarchy in the document?

What this section should say is "A machine running friendly AI should have a mechanism built in for halting or slowing down if changes are occuring too rapidly, in order that it's progress can safely be monitored". That is the whole idea. Instead he writes ten paragraphs. He talks about an "improvements counter" ... thinking about how he would implement the mechanism. But "improvements counter" is a very specific way of implementing a restriction in change and may not even make sense in the language of the machine: what if improvements are not modelled as a discrete phenomenon?

This is a symptomatic flaw of the document: confusing high level and low level ideas - what software engineers call "analysis", "design", "implementation". He talks about the AI "rewriting the source code". This is not how modern software works. Look up Object-Oriented Programming. Quirkie 15:54, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Elbot

The article Elbot has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * Non-notable

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  Jay  Jay What did I do? 05:42, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quirkie


text:
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC, informally called afterburn) is a measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity. In historical contexts the term "oxygen debt" was popularized to explain or perhaps attempt to quantify anaerobic energy expenditure, particularly as regards lactic acid/lactate metabolism; in fact, the term "oxygen debt" is still widely used to this day. However, direct and indirect calorimeter experiments have definitively disproven any association of lactate metabolism as causal to an elevated oxygen uptake.

In recovery, oxygen (EPOC) is used in the processes that restore the body to a resting state and adapt it to the exercise just performed. These include: hormone balancing, replenishment of fuel stores, cellular repair, innervation, and anabolism. Post-exercise oxygen consumption replenishes the phosphagen system. New ATP is synthesized and some of this ATP donates phosphate groups to creatine until ATP and creatine levels are back to resting state levels again. Another use of EPOC is to fuel the body’s increased metabolism from the increase in body temperature which occurs during exercise.

EPOC is accompanied by an elevated consumption of fuel. In response to exercise, fat stores are broken down and free fatty acids (FFA) are released into the blood stream. In recovery, the direct oxidation of free fatty acids as fuel and the energy consuming re-conversion of FFAs back into fat stores both take place.

Duration of the effect
The EPOC effect is greatest soon after the exercise is completed and decays to a lower level over time. One experiment, involving exertion above baseline, found EPOC increasing metabolic rate to an excess level that decays to 13% three hours after exercise, and 4% after 16 hours, for the studied exercise dose. Another study, specifically designed to test whether the effect existed for more than 16 hours, conducted tests for 48 hours after the conclusion of the exercise and found measurable effects existed up to the 38-hour post-exercise measurement, for the studied exercise dose.

Size of the EPOC effect
Studies show that the EPOC effect exists after both aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise. In a 1992 Purdue study, results showed that high intensity, anaerobic type exercise resulted in a significantly greater magnitude of EPOC than aerobic exercise of equal work output. For exercise regimens of comparable duration and intensity, aerobic exercise burns more calories during the exercise itself, but the difference is partly offset by the higher increase in caloric expenditure that occurs during the EPOC phase after anaerobic exercise. Anaerobic exercise in the form of high-intensity interval training was also found in one study to result in greater loss of subcutaneous fat, even though the subjects expended fewer than half as many calories during exercise. Whether this result was caused by the EPOC effect has not been established, and the caloric content of the participants' diet was not controlled during this particular study period.

Most researchers use a measure of EPOC as a natural part of the quantification or measurement of exercise and recovery energy expenditure; to others this is not deemed necessary. After a single bout or set of weight lifting, Scott et al. found considerable contributions of EPOC to total energy expenditure. In their 2004 survey of the relevant literature, Meirelles and Gomes found: "In summary, EPOC resulting from a single resistance exercise session (i.e., many lifts) does not represent a great impact on energy balance; however, its cumulative effect may be relevant". This is echoed by Reynolds and Kravitz in their survey of the literature where they remarked: "the overall weight-control benefits of EPOC, for men and women, from participation in resistance exercise occur over a significant time period, since kilocalories are expended at a low rate in the individual post-exercise sessions."

The EPOC effect clearly increases with the intensity of the exercise, and (at least in the case of aerobic exercise, perhaps also for anaerobic) the duration of the exercise.

Studies comparing intermittent and continuous exercise consistently show a greater EPOC response for higher intensity, intermittent exercise.

title: Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption


text:
Kunchan Nambiar

Kunchan Nambiar was a prominent Malayalam poet of the 18th century (1705-1770). Apart from being a prolific poet, Nambiar is also famous as the originator of the dance art form of Thull'll, most of his works were written for use in Thullal performances. Social criticism wrapped in humour is the hallmark of his works. Nambiar is one of the foremost comedians in Malayalam.

Nambiar is believed to have been born at Kalakkathu Veedu at Killikkurussimangalam in Palakkad district of the south Indian state of Kerala;. He spent his early childhood at Killikkurussimangalam, his boyhood at Kudamaloor and youth at Ambalappuzha, and learnt Kalaripayattu and Sanskrit from such masters as Mathoor Panickar, Dronaballi Naicker and Nannikod Unni Ravi Kurup, before moving to the court of Marthanda Varma of Travancore in 1748; later, he served at the court of his successor Dharma Raja. By the time he reached the royal court, he had already established himself as a poet. The later part of his life, it is believed that Nambiar returned to Ambalapuzha where he died in 1770, at the age of 65, reportedly due to rabies

Career
Kunchan Nambiar is considered by many as the master of Malayalam satirist poetry and is credited with the popularisation of a performing art known as Ottan Thullal. The word, thullal, means 'dance/jumping', but under this name Nambiar developed a new style of verse narration, interspersed with occasional background music and dance-like swaying movements. Popular belief is that Nambiar devised this art form for avenging the ridicule he had to suffer from a Chakyar Koothu performer who chastised Nambiar when he dozed off while accompanying the koothu performance on Mizhavu. He used pure Malayalam as opposed to the stylised and Sanskritized Malayalam language of Chakyar Koothu, and adopted many elements from Padayani and Kolam Tullal as well as some of the other local folk arts. There are three kinds of Tullal distinguished on the basis of the performer's costume and the style of rendering, viz., Ottan, Seethankan and Parayan. Dravidian metres are used throughout although there is a quatrain in a Sanskrit metre. Kunchan Nambiar is known to have written 64 thullal stories. He also developed new metres (for example; Vaytari metres) based on the vocal notation for various talas. The language is predominantly Malayalam with a large admixture of colloquial and dialectal forms.

Honours
The Government of Kerala observes Nambiar's birthday, 5 May, as Kunchan Day. A society, Kunjan Nambiar Memorial Society, has been established by the government overseas the management of various memorials which include Kunchan Nambiar Smarakam, Nambiar's house in Killikkurussimangalam, Kunchan Memorial Library, Kunchan Memorial Arts Society, and Kunchan Memorial Society. Kunchan Smarakam Fort is a fort built by the state government in honour of the poet and the monument houses an institution which promotes teaching of satirist art forms.

Kunchan Nambiar's body of work is composed of at least 21 Otttan, 11 Seethankan and 9 Parayan compositions. The most important of Nambiar's Thullals are: Syamanthakam, Ghoshayathra, Kiratham, Santhanagopalam, Patracharitham, Karthaveeryarjunavijayam, Bakavadham, Kalyana Saugandhikam, Hariniswayamvaram, Thripuradahanam and Sabha Pravesham. Nambiar was critical of the social evils he saw around him and incorporated his satirical views in his compositions even when the main story is from the Hindu Puranas; he would introduce digressions and use such occasions to comment on society.

Extracts from Kunchan Nambiar's poems/writings
The kingdom of the Gandhara ruler
 * Ravana is speaking to Narada about his own prowess (Kartavirya Arjuna Vijayam):

Has turned into a mere desert.

The land of the Sinhala King

Is now filled with lions and leopards.

The lord of the Chera people

Feeds himself on cheap vegetables.

The Chola King has nothing to eat

Except the maize of low quality

The kings of the Kuru house

Have nothing but jackfruit seeds.

The lord of the land of Kashmir

Is busy eating cucumbers.

The ruler of the Champeya land

Eats only tubers and broken rice.

The Konkan prince is about to die

Thinking of his wives' breasts.

Tributes must be paid from time to time;
 * Another passage from the same work:

Half the yield should be given to me.

The whole of pepper yield should be handed over

Coconut, arecanut, mango, jackfruit:

All the trees should be confiscated.

There will be no place in my country

For the pomp of local barons.

Double the seed crop should be given

To me by houseowner.

The Tamil Brahmins (Pattars) staying here

Should also give one fourth to me.

The Nayars who stay at home

Should take their bows and spears

And stay at the residence of Ravana

And do whatever chores are assigned.

Nayars who drink toddy

Would be beaten up, beware!

title: Kunchan Nambiar


text:
Talk:Buzkashi

Photo source on flickr.com
There is a group for Buzkashi photos on Flickr.com. If anyone is interested, s/he may consider copying some of those images to Wiki Commons (having obtained the appropriate permission from the owner, of course), and maybe creating a category on Wiki Commons as well. Vmenkov 01:25, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Persian-speaking
I think the writer must mean Iranian-speaking. I am not conversant enough to know the correct term, but I do know that Persian is a dead language (Farsi is its modern descendant) and Central Asia has distantly related languages of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of Indo-European. Cf. Enclyclopaedia Britannica s.v. Indo-Iranian Languages.74.8.218.65 (talk) 18:27, 1 December 2008 (UTC)LINKBook

Historical Section
This article needs a history section to explain the origins of the game. Quantumelfmage (talk) 23:11, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I believe the origins go back to the earliest Turks who had observed how the alpha male in a pack of wolves fighting over a carcass would inevitably run off with the prize and manage to keep the other wolves away. The alpha-male wolf was called the celestial wolf or Gokbaru in ancient Turkic. The competition was imitated by the Turks in the selection of their Kaghans.Kaz 15:31, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Unreverted Anonymous vandalism
At 19:39, on 17 April 2012 an anonymous editor 142.30.120.202 vandalised the article removing the introduction http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buzkashi&diff=487884362&oldid=487795744 to make it seem like Afghans invented the game but no one did anything about it. A lot has been built up in the article since that time which is useful and needs to be kept, but the POV bias which the article has taken as a result of removal of the original introduction needs to be reverted and the neutrality of the article restored. If there are no objections I will do this myself. Kaz 15:31, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I think that better footnoting and sourcing would also help. I have the article watchlisted, but have no real knowledge of the sport, so I'd say if you can keep it to NPOV and all the usual WP:V and WP:RS stuff, I'll be happy.   Montanabw (talk) 19:06, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

I concur. Kaz 07:48, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

Translation of Buzkashi
I don't know who Ted Ral is but he has no idea of the language buzkashi does not mean goat bashing but dragging or pulling, that's what they players are doing trying to get the goat and drag or pull it to the center. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.176.16.211 (talk) 03:38, 13 January 2015 (UTC)
 * The page was visible online and Ted Rall's book really did contain this, and also gave the language as Turkic, but other sources don't agree with either. I've changed the statement and its source, and also made some other changes to the order, section divisions and image placement, which I hope are OK with other contributors Noyster (talk),  16:08, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

Banned or not during Taliban?
In the introduction, the text says: "although it was not banned, it certainly experienced a sharp decline due to reduced number of playing horses under the Taliban regime." In the third paragraph the text says the game was in fact banned and two sources are quoted, both of which say so and are acceptable press sources. But they might be of course be mistaken (the banning is mentioned in passing, not specifically detailed). But both informations cannot be kept. The one in the introduction is unsourced, but if anybody has a source about it, we should debate and keep the correct information only. Ilyacadiz (talk) 21:05, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buzkashi


text:
Gyula Háy

Gyula "Julius" Háy (5 May 1900 – 7 May 1975) was a Hungarian communist intellectual and playwright. He wrote under the pen name Stefan Faber.

Biography
Háy was born in 1900 in Abony, Austria-Hungary to a Jewish family. He was involved in the German communist movement in the 1920s, particularly in agitprop plays. During World War II, he lived for a time in Moscow's Hotel Lux, along with scores of other Communist exiles.

In the 1950s he was a dissident in the Hungarian Writers' Union, and advocated for workers' councils in the months leading up to the Hungarian revolution of 1956. During the revolution, he played a significant role in the Hungarian Writers' Union, as a revolutionary body. He was involved in the workers council movement, and wrote the radio appeal to the intellectuals of the world which was broadcast as the Parliament building fell to Soviet troops.

Háy was arrested and sentenced to 6 years in prison in November 1957. After three and a half years in prison, he was released and a few years later in 1965, left Hungary for Switzerland with his wife Éva where he continued to write plays in the west as an emigré.

He died 1975 in Ascona, Switzerland, two days after his 75th birthday. His son, Peter, is a retired Canadian author, publisher and bookseller.

Selected works

 * Tiszazug (1945)
 * Isten, császár, paraszt (1946)
 * Romok (1947)
 * Ítélet éjszakája (1948)
 * Az élet hídja (1951–52)
 * Erő (1952)
 * Gyilkosok tanyáján (1953)
 * Öt színdarab (1954)
 * Sorsok és harcok (1955)
 * Szabadság, szerelem (1955)
 * A pulykapásztor (1956)
 * Királydrámák (1964)

title: Gyula Háy


text: User talk:200.148.12.23

title: User talk:200.148.12.23


text:
Sport in Sweden

Sport is considered a national pastime in Sweden, and about half of the population actively takes part in sports activities. The most important all-embracing organisations for sports in Sweden are the Swedish Sports Confederation, and the Swedish Olympic Committee. In total over 2 million people (about 20% of the total population) are members of a sports club.

The sports with most participants are football, floorball, equestrian sports, handball, golf, gymnastics and athletics, while the sports with the largest number of television spectators are football, ice hockey, handball, bandy, golf, motor sport (especially speedway and Formula 1) and athletics. Ice hockey and football are the main sports. Winter sports are also popular, both in the number of participants and in spectators, while floorball gained large popularity in the 1990s amongst participants, spectators grew in the last five years to outnumber other team sports amongst the spectators. Other popular sports include bandy, basketball, orienteering, tennis and table tennis. Except for basketball, the American sports have not gained much popularity, although American football and baseball are practised. The Canadian sport of ringette has attracted a following and continues to grow, but is not as popular as it is in Canada and Finland.

Popular recreational sports and activities include brännboll (popular in schools), boule, kubb, skiing, swimming, gymnastics, walking, running, cycling, dancing, and hunting.

Sweden was considered in 2017 to be the fifth best per capita country in the world and world-leading in two sports, bandy and orienteering. The very strong Swedish sport floorball was not a part of the list.

History
The Swedish sport movement can be traced back to the early 19th century and the Pehr Henrik Ling gymnastics, a recreational movement that would keep its position as the largest fitness activity in Sweden many years into the 20th century. It was also the main sport activity practiced in schools through half that century. The sport movement took its first steps in the 1880s and 1890s, when for example football, bandy and athletics took its first steps in Sweden towards becoming modern sports.

The first public orienteering competition in Sweden was held in 1981 (see history of orienteering). Today, orienteering is one of the most popular sports in Sweden, attracting more than 100,000 runners.

Organization
Unlike the United States, organized sports even for younger people isn't connected to schools the same way. Also, many sports club in Sweden compete in more sports than one.

Prominent athletes, teams and competitions
For an average sized nation, Sweden has top results in many different sports.

Football
Some current internationally acclaimed football players from Sweden include Emil Forsberg, Zlatan Ibrahimović and Victor Lindelöf. Historically acclaimed football stars include the trio of players known as Gre-No-Li, who still enjoy legendary status for Italy's Milan. Gre-No-Li were the 1950s football players called Gunnar Gren, Gunnar Nordahl, and Nils Liedholm. Other previously active footballs stars include Henrik Larsson, Glenn Strömberg and Freddie Ljungberg.

The Sweden national football team has seen some success at the FIFA World Cup, finishing second when they hosted the tournament in 1958, and third twice, in 1950 and 1994. Their best showing in the UEFA European Championship came as Sweden hosted Euro 1992. They reached the semi-finals. Something Swedes are proud of is that England did not defeat Sweden from 1968 until 2011. Revered in Italy and England is Sven-Göran Eriksson, the Swede who led the England national team until his resignation after the 2006 World Cup. They also hosted the UEFA European Under-21 Championship in 2009, losing out in the semi-finals on penalties against England. Only one Swedish club has won a major UEFA competition – IFK Göteborg – who won the UEFA Cup in 1982 and 1987. In 1979, Malmö FF reached the final of the 1978–79 European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League), but they lost 1–0 to Nottingham Forest in Munich.

Ice hockey

The men's national hockey team has won the World Championships eleven times, and Olympic gold medals in 1994 and 2006. The women's national hockey team won bronze medals in the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2005 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships, and a silver medal in the 2006 Winter Olympics. Famous Swedish NHL hockey players include Peter Forsberg, Mats Sundin, Nicklas Lidström, Markus Näslund, Daniel Alfredsson, Henrik Sedin, Daniel Sedin, Börje Salming, Henrik Zetterberg, Nicklas Bäckström, Henrik Lundqvist, Johan Franzen, Niklas Kronwall, Patrik Berglund, Thomas Steen, Bengt-Åke Gustafsson, Håkan Loob, Mats Näslund, Kent Nilsson, Erik Karlsson and Pelle Lindbergh.

The Swedish Hockey League was founded in 1975. Counting from 1922, when the first Swedish championships were played, Djurgårdens IF is the most successful team with 16 championship titles, followed by Brynäs IF with 13, then as Färjestad BK and IK Göta with 9.

Bandy
Bandy has a special status in Sweden, enjoying almost a cult following by some of its supporters. The annual national bandy championship final is a traditional event followed not only by the usual bandy fans. Sweden is one of the leading bandy playing nations, having won the Bandy World Championship a number of times and the Women's Bandy World Championship every time except one. It is also a big coach exporter. As of 2018 the national teams of China, Slovakia, the Netherlands, Somalia and Ukraine all have Swedish leaders involved. There are more indoor venues than in all other countries combined. Bandy is a game belonging to the hockey family and played with a small ball and short curved sticks. In terms of licensed athletes, it is the second biggest winter sport in the world.

Skiing
In skiing sports, Ingemar Stenmark, Pernilla Wiberg and Anja Pärson have all dominated alpine skiing at some point, and so have Sixten Jernberg, Gunde Svan and Thomas Wassberg in cross-country skiing. In ski jumping, Jan Boklöv revolutionised the sport with his new V-style technique. In biathlon Magdalena Forsberg was the dominant female athlete in the late 1990s and early 2000s, while subsequently Helena Ekholm and Hanna Öberg have been among the top competitors in women's biathlon.

Handball
Sweden have won four world championships (WC) (1954, 1958, 1990, 1999) and hold, along with Romania and France, the record number of titles. They have also won three WC silver (1964, 1997, 2001), four WC bronze (1938, 1961, 1993, 1995), five European championship gold (1994, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2022) and four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996, 2000, 2012). The Swedish National Handball team is considered to be the most successful in the history of the sport. Famous Swedish handball players include: Magnus Wislander, Stefan Lövgren, Staffan Olsson, Peter Gentzel, Ola Lindgren, Tomas Svensson, Kim Andersson, Magnus Andersson, Mattias Andersson, Marcus Ahlm, Jonas Källman, Kim Ekdahl Du Rietz and Magnus Jernemyr.

Motorsports
Three Swedish Formula One drivers have collected wins: Ronnie Peterson, Jo Bonnier and Gunnar Nilsson. Peterson scored ten wins and was runner-up in the F1 World Championship in the 1971 and 1978 seasons.

In rallying, Björn Waldegård won the World Rally Championship in 1979, the Safari Rally in 1977, 1984, 1986, 1990, the Monte Carlo Rally in 1969 and 1970, as well as the British RAC Rally in 1977. Stig Blomqvist won the 1984 WRC. Also, Erik Carlsson won the Monte Carlo Rally in 1962 and 1963.

Other notable drivers are: two time DTM (Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters) and Race of Champions winner Mattias Ekström, multiple Speedway World Champion Tony Rickardsson; British Touring Car Champion Rickard Rydell, IRL champion and Indianapolis 500 winner Kenny Bräck, and Indianapolis 500 winner Marcus Ericsson.

The Swedish Rally, first held in 1950, is part of the World Rally Championship since 1973. Meanwhile, the Anderstorp Raceway hosted the Formula One Swedish Grand Prix from 1973 to 1978, the Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix from 1971-1977 and 1981-1990, the European Touring Car Championship from 1985-1987, the Superbike World Championship in 1991 and 1993, the FIA GT Championship in 2002 and 2003, and the World Touring Car Championship in 2007.

Basketball

Basketball has gained attention in Sweden through a series of internationally significant events. In 1999, Earvin "Magic" Johnson, one of the best basketball players in world history, bought the club M7 Borås and played several games there.

Later, several Swedish basketball teams competed at international tournaments.

Ten years after Magic Johnson's first games in Sweden, Jonas Jerebko became the first person born and raised in Sweden to play in the NBA. In 2012, Jeffery Taylor, the second Swedish player, followed. They both represented Sweden at the 2013 EuroBasket and secured a surprising victory against former champion Russia. Yet, they were not enough to help their country proceed from the preliminary round.

Both Jerebko and Taylor are sons of American basketball players who settled in Sweden after finishing their professional careers in the country, and Taylor left Sweden at age 17 to play both high school and college basketball in the U.S. Jerebko has played ten seasons in the NBA, first with the Detroit Pistons (2009–2015), Boston Celtics (2015–2017), Utah Jazz (2017-2018), and Golden State Warriors (2018-2019), where he made the 2019 NBA Finals with an injured Warriors team, but were defeated by the Toronto Raptors in six games. On August 14, 2019, Jerebko then signed with Khimki of the VTB United League and the EuroLeague. But on January 23, 2021, Khimki terminated the contract of Jerebko. Taylor played three seasons with the Charlotte Hornets (2012–2015) before returning to Europe and signing with Real Madrid. In May 2018, Real Madrid won the 2017–18 EuroLeague championship, after defeating Fenerbahçe Doğuş in the final game with 85–80. Over 34 EuroLeague games, Taylor averaged 5.9 points, 1.9 rebounds and 1.2 assists per game.

Rugby union
"Swedish football" in the nineteenth century was a variant of association football with some rugby elements. By 1900, Swedish football clubs were using The Football Association's rules with no rugby influence. However, rugby union proper was introduced into Sweden between the world wars by visiting British vessels.

Rugby league
Rugby league is played at a local/amateur level, the sport has real promise of growth at a rapid pace in all Nordic countries. Sweden is currently ranked 31 on the RLIF rankings.

Track and field
A number of Swedes have been internationally successful in track and field. In the 1940s runners Gunder Hägg, Arne Andersson, and Lennart Strand dominated middle-distance running. In recent years, stars include high jumpers such as World Champion and European record holder Patrik Sjöberg, Olympic gold medalist Ludmila Engquist, World Champion and Olympic medallist Kajsa Bergqvist, Athens Olympic gold medallist Stefan Holm, and Tokyo Olympic champion and World Championship medallist Armand Duplantis. Two other Swedish athletes won gold medals in the 2004 Olympic Games: heptathlete Carolina Klüft and triple jumper Christian Olsson. Susanna Kallur is the World record holder for the indoor 60m hurdles set in 2008.

Electronic sports
Electronic sports are also gaining momentum in Sweden since the launch of StarCraft II with Swedish national televisions covering Dreamhack events throughout the year. Notable names are Jonathan "Jinro" Walsh for his performances South Korea, and Marcus "Thorzain" Eklöf and Johan "NaNiwa" Lucchesi for being two of the top non-Korean players during 2011-2013.

Swedish players have also been successful in other competitive video games. The Alliance won The International for Dota 2 in 2013, winning ~$1.4 million USD. Sweden was the highest ranking country in terms of results and prize money won in Counter-Strike. Emil "HeatoN" Christensen and Patrik "f0rest" Lindberg were two of the foremost players in the history of the game, both of whom later became involved in the Counter-Strike: Global Offensive team "Ninjas in Pyjamas".

Golf
Sweden has nearly half a million active golfers and Swedish golf players have won over 100 European Tour and 25 PGA Tour events. Nine have been selected to the European team at the Ryder Cup: Joakim Haeggman, Per-Ulrik Johansson, Jesper Parnevik, Robert Karlsson, Jarmo Sandelin, Pierre Fulke, Niclas Fasth, Peter Hanson and Henrik Stenson. Karlsson and Stenson (twice) have won the European Tour Order of Merit/Race to Dubai. Stenson rose to second on the world ranking after winning the PGA Tour's championship trophy the FedEx Cup in 2013. Fasth and Parnevik (twice) have been runner-up in the British Open, which Stenson won in record-breaking fashion in 2016, shortly before securing an Olympic silver medal.

Annika Sörenstam is a World Golf Hall of Fame member and dominated her sport 1995–2005, with ten major tournament wins and 72 LPGA Tour wins. In addition to Sörenstam, Liselotte Neumann, Helen Alfredsson and Sophie Gustafson (four times) have won the Ladies European Tour Order of Merit. Other notable female players are Anna Nordqvist, Maria Hjorth, Carin Koch and Catrin Nilsmark.

The Scandinavian Masters is part of the European Tour since 1991. Previously, the circuit sanctioned the Scandinavian Enterprise Open held from 1973 to 1990 and the PLM Open from 1986 to 1990. Meanwhile, the Scandinavian TPC hosted by Annika was part of the Ladies European Tour from 1996 to 2008. The country hosted other LET events, as well as the 2003 and 2007 Solheim Cup.

Orienteering
Sweden is the most successful orienteering country in history.

Others
Successful tennis players include three former World No. 1's in singles, Björn Borg (eleven Grand Slam titles), Mats Wilander (seven) and Stefan Edberg (six), as well as two former World No. 1's in doubles  Jonas Björkman (nine) and Anders Järryd (eight).

Other famous Swedish athletes include the heavyweight boxing champion and International Boxing Hall of Famer - Ingemar Johansson; Olympic gold medal-winning fencer Johan Harmenberg; and multiple World Championships and Olympics medalist in table tennis - Jan-Ove Waldner. Other popular Swedish table tennis players include Mattias Falck, Jörgen Persson and Truls Möregårdh.

Arne Borg, Gunnar Larsson, Anders Holmertz, Stefan Nystrand, Therese Alshammar, Anna-Karin Kammerling, Emma Igelström, Lars Frölander and Sarah Sjöström are some of the renowned swimmers, who have been successful in Olympics and/or World Championships.

Sweden has also been internationally successful in equestrian (Malin Baryard, Rolf-Göran Bengtsson) and speed-skating (Tomas Gustafson).

In cycling Sweden has the 1971 Giro winner Gösta Pettersson, two-time Giro runner up Tommy Prim, 1982 Vuelta podium finisher Sven-Åke Nilsson, 2004 Paris–Roubaix winner Magnus Bäckstedt and 1976 Olympic road race champion Bernt Johansson as well as several other top professional cyclists including current riders Emma Johansson, Thomas Lövkvist, Gustav Larsson, Fredrik Kessiakoff and Emilia Fahlin.

Another sport growing in interest in Sweden is mixed martial arts. Arguably the most famous fighter out of Sweden is Alexander Gustafsson, who is rapidly approaching a title shot in the light heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As of December 2012, Gustafsson is ranked the #6 light heavyweight in the world by Sherdog. He is headlining the UFC's next show in Sweden, UFC on Fuel TV: Gustafsson vs. Mousasi, which sold out in hours on the first day tickets were made available to the public.

For the first time, Sweden will feature a national team at the 2022 Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships.

Spectator sports
The greatest spectator sports in Sweden are football (Allsvenskan) and ice hockey (Swedish Hockey League). Handball and floorball come close, together with regional specialties such as bandy and speedway. There are a dozen indoor arenas for bandy.

Events

 * Open to everyone
 * Gothia Cup (football)
 * Göteborgsvarvet (running)
 * Lidingöloppet (running)
 * O-Ringen (orienteering)
 * Stockholm Marathon
 * Vansbrosimningen (swimming)
 * Vasaloppet (cross-country skiing)
 * Vätternrundan (bicycle racing)
 * Open to elite only
 * Swedish Open (tennis)
 * DN Galan (track and field)
 * Sweden Hockey Games (ice hockey)
 * Bandy World Cup
 * Elite leagues
 * Allsvenskan (association football)
 * Swedish Hockey League (ice hockey)
 * Elitserien (bandy)
 * Swedish Basketball League (basketball)

title: Sport in Sweden


text: Category:Nuclear weapons programs

title: Category:Nuclear weapons programs


text:
User talk:Martin2000

You have 24 hours now to read No personal attacks. I also removed this edit of yours. Future personal attacks may cause longer blocks. -- Chris 73 Talk 00:14, Mar 11, 2005 (UTC)

Baha'i Faith page
While the Baha'i Faith page is protected, it is a good time for contributors to settle currently contentious issues through constructive and rational NPOV debate. So much time is wasted through the edit wars yet--over the scale of months--they have little impact on the overall page. We should all use this time-out opportunity. Cheers. Occamy 12:18, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Bahá'u'lláh
You are in violation of the three revert rule on Bahá'u'lláh. Please stop before you are blocked from editing. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:42, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Adming Geni is the one who abuses Wikipedia to force his stupid personal taste for just that one particular article. He is an admin and tries to make just one article out of line with wikipedia standards and style.  Instead of bothering me, go ask that idiot why he tries to make Wikipedia articles inconsistent.  Martin2000 02:47, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * if you object to any actions I have taken as an admin you my bring them up on WP:AN/I or if you feel the case merritys it WP:RFAr Geni 14:41, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Mediation
I would suggest that you will seek mediation with Geni and the others. This editwarring is clearly rather pointless. Refdoc 16:54, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

RfC
To give you some incentive to try mediation i have started an RfC Refdoc 20:37, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Just checking that you know people have started a requests for comment about you yesterday. There's a space there where you can put your side.  PaulHammond 15:19, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * I see you are back the RFC is still open.Geni 15:27, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Blocked
You have engaged in extreme and foul personal attacks, wildly exceeded the Three Revert rule, employed at least three sock puppets for reasons unknown, and used open proxies to continue your campaign. I am blocking you for six days (24 hours for each offence with the sock puppets taken at 24 hours each). Each further offence will start the clock ticking again, with 24 hours added up to a maximum of 14 days. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:39, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I can be reached by email on minorityreport@bluebottle.com --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:56, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Another sock puppet, another day on your block, and the clock starts ticking all over again. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:12, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Martin, you'll find I'm ever so nice in email. Do respond. I'm not blocking you for putting a picture in the "wrong" place--I'm not a Bahai and I don't give a monkey's where it goes--I'm blocking you for extreme incivility, wildly excessive reverts, and repeated evasion of prior blocks by the use of sock puppets and open proxies.

If you think it's possible that you could ever edit on Wikipedia without continuing with the bad behavior for which you are now blocked, please email me and we'll discuss it. You'll be amazed at how nice I can be. I'll listen to all your complaints and I won't tick you off at all. I'll reduce your block period to zero if you undertake not to misbehave again. Wikipedia does not like to give up on an editor.

So, email minorityreport@bluebottle.com  --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:05, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

If that's too personal for you, try wikien-l, the English Wikipedia's mailing list. But be nice. They apply pretty much the same rules of civility to that mailing list as to Wikipedia. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:25, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I have removed the block for now since all the articles on which your behavior was problematic are currently protected from editing. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:34, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Addressing PaulHammond in edit comments
Martin, if you have a question for me, I suggest you ask it on my talk page - though since I'm actively watching your attempts to vandalise the Baha'i articles and evade the 3RR by using an ever increasing succession of sockpuppets right now, I guess I'll see it there just as easily.

You asked me why Baha'u'llah's picture on one of the sub-articles (Baha'u'llah's family) didn't bother me "for months". If you really want to know, I've actually just moved and haven't had broadband for most of the last month. I put up a notice on my User page mid-feb saying I was on wikibreak from Baha'i articles, and now that I'm back I believe I mentioned it there. I know you've recently seen my user page, because you went and vandalised it a couple of days ago. I guess you just didn't bother to read it before you replaced it with the version calling me a faggot.

As to other reasons why I think it is appropriate to revert you at Baha'u'llah's family now, whereas it wasn't earlier - well 1) you are currently actively engaged in vandalism, and everyone should revert vandals, but beyond that, 2) when the picture of Baha'u'llah was up at Baha'u'llah's family before, there was an unresolved discussion at Baha'u'llah regarding how to handle the image of Baha'u'llah. That discussion has now been resolved in favour of a consensus for putting the picture at the bottom of the article, with a warning to Baha'is at the top. Someone mentioned that they thought, since the picture was available at Baha'u'llah, it didn't need to be on the sub article, and I agree with that view.

Personally, I think the number 2 is the best reason, since it has more to do with what should and should not be in an encyclopedia. But right now, the most important issue for you is to stop behaving so childishly because people don't agree with your agenda.

If you have any further questions to ask, please direct them to my talk page rather than an edit comment. Thanks. PaulHammond 16:43, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

Blocked 24 hours
You're back and still using very inflammatory edit summaries. I'm blocking you for a bit to give you the opportunity to reflect on your counter-productive behavior. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:29, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Martin2000


text:
Lim Por-yen

Lim Por-yen（21 December 1914 – 18 February 2005) was a Hong Kong industrialist. He founded the Lai Sun Group, and his family was the biggest shareholder of Asia Television.

Biography
In 1945, he started a factory manufacturing garments in Sham Shui Po for export. Lim earned himself the nickname of "African King" in the 1950s when he exported cheap military uniforms to African countries. His company, Lai Sun Garment, was founded in 1947, and later listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

He successfully diversified into real estate in 1987 when he set up another vehicle, Lai Sun Development.

Public service and philanthropy
He is said to have made in excess of ¥700 million in donations to causes throughout China, of which Shantou's share was more than half. He has been a supporter of education in Hong Kong by setting up several schools.

He also donated to the University of Hong Kong's SARS Fund and helped to establish the Jao Tsung-I Petite Ecole. His support of the HKU Foundation and to the university in general over the years earned him an honorary fellowship in 2003. Lim also endowed an Eye Genetics Research Center (named after him) at the CUHK in 2004.

Lim was a Hong Kong Affairs Adviser to Beijing. He also served on the Preparatory Committee and Selection Committee of the SAR. He was a founding member of the Better Hong Kong Foundation.

Corruption conviction
Lim was implicated in the largest bribery scandal in Taiwan at the time. Lim was arrested by Taiwan's Bureau of Investigation on accusations that he offered NT$200 million in bribes to several officials of the Taipei County Land Administration Bureau, including its former director.

Lim owned some land originally slated for farming and industrial use. After Lim bought it, officials allocated the land for the new National Taipei University, allowing him to sell the land back to Taipei County for more than NT$890 million (US$28.6 million), an estimated NT$300 million above market value. He is alleged to have bribed officials to rezone the land.

In 1999, he was found guilty on charges of bribery and money laundering through the land deals, but his prison sentence of 38 months was reduced by one year. His appeal of this conviction was still under consideration at the time of his death.

Personal
At his death he remained legally married to his first wife, Lai Yuen-Fong.

His second wife, U Po-chu, is a 50-year veteran of the garment industry and is a non-executive director of Lai Sun Garment.

Death
Lim died on 18 February 2005 at Queen Mary Hospital in Pok Fu Lam, from a lung infection; he was in his 90s.

title: Lim Por-yen


text: Category:Hungarian historians

title: Category:Hungarian historians


text: Category:Belgian jazz musicians

title: Category:Belgian jazz musicians


text:
Pierre Van Dormael

Pierre Van Dormael (24 May 1952 – 3 September 2008) was a Belgian jazz guitarist and composer.

In 1988, he played in the James Baldwin Project with David Linx and Deborah Brown (vocalists), Slide Hampton (trombone), Diederik Wissels (piano), Bob Stewart (tuba), and Michel Hatzigeorgiou (bass guitar).

Van Dormael was also a member of Nasa Na Band, a jazz band known as the precursor of Aka Moon. He recorded soundtracks for films directed by his brother Jaco Van Dormael (Toto le Héros, Le Huitième Jour, Mr. Nobody).

In 2007, he received the Belgian Golden Django Award. Posthumously he received the Magritte Award for Best Original Score for his work in the movie Mr. Nobody.

He died from cancer at age 56 on 3 September 2008.

title: Pierre Van Dormael