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Mersey Beat

Mersey Beat was a music publication in Liverpool, England in the early 1960s. It was founded by Bill Harry, who was one of John Lennon's classmates at Liverpool Art College. The paper carried news about all the local Liverpool bands, and stars who came to town to perform.

The Beatles had a close association with Mersey Beat, which carried many exclusive stories and photos of them. It also published several of Lennon's early writings, including a history of the band, and occasional comical classified advertisements by him as space filler.

Beginnings
A fellow student, John Ashcroft, introduced Harry to rock 'n' roll records, and the members of Rory Storm & The Hurricanes and Cass & The Cassanovas. Harry carried notebooks with him, collecting information about the local groups, once writing to The Daily Mail: "Liverpool is like New Orleans at the turn of the century, but with rock 'n' roll instead of jazz". He also wrote to The Liverpool Echo about the emerging Liverpool music scene, but neither paper was interested in stories about music that was popular with teenagers. The classified ads in The Liverpool Echo for local groups were always under the heading of Jazz, but the paper refused to change this policy, despite pleas from the promoters and groups who actually paid for them. Harry planned to produce a jazz newspaper called Storyville/52nd Street and contacted Sam Leach, the owner of a club called Storyville. Leach promised to fund the newspaper, but failed to turn up for three meetings with Harry, leaving him no other option but to find another investor. Harry thought starting a fortnightly newspaper covering Liverpool's rock 'n' roll music scene would be more successful, and would differ from national music newspapers such as the New Musical Express and the Melody Maker, which only wrote articles about current chart hits and artists.

Mersey Beat
Photographer Dick Matthews, a friend from the Jacaranda, heard about Harry's problems with Leach and introduced Harry to a local civil servant, Jim Anderson, who lent Harry £50. This enabled Harry to found Mersey Beat in 1961. Harry decided to publish the newspaper every two weeks, covering the music scene in Liverpool, Wirral, Birkenhead, New Brighton, Crosby and Southport, as well as Warrington, Widnes and Runcorn. He thought up the name Mersey Beat by thinking about a policeman's 'beat' (the area of duty), which had nothing to do with a musical beat. Harry's fiancé Virginia Sowry gave up her accountancy/comptometer operator job at Woolworth's and worked full-time for two guineas (£2.10/-) a week (also contributing a Mersey Roundabout article), while Harry lived on his Senior City Art Scholarship funding. Matthews photographed groups, while Anderson found a small attic office for £5 a week above David Land's wine merchant's shop at 81a Renshaw Street, Liverpool. Anderson and Matthews helped with the move to the new office, with Anderson providing a desk, chair and an Olivetti typewriter. Harry asked printer James E. James (who had printed Frank Comments), if he could borrow the printing blocks he used for photos, as they were too expensive for the fledgling company at the time. Harry also borrowed blocks from the Widnes Weekly News, Pantosphinx and local cinemas, but contributed to charities by printing free charity advertisements at the side of the front cover page. After taking Virginia home to Bowring Park in the evening, Harry would often return to the office and work throughout the night, pausing only to go to the Pier Head to buy a cup of tea and a hot pie at four in the morning. Virginia's parents helped the paper during this time, as they paid for classified ads, and arranged for Harry and his future wife's first photographs together.

The first issue
Splitting the price of the newspaper (three pence), with retailers, Harry arranged for three major wholesalers, W.H. Smith, Blackburn's, and Conlan's, to sell Mersey Beat. Harry personally delivered copies to more than 20 newsagents as well as to local venues and musical instrument and record stores, such as Cramer & Lea, Rushworth & Draper, and Cranes. The paper released its first edition on 6 July 1961, selling out all 5,000 copies. The paper's circulation increased rapidly as Harry started featuring stories about groups in Manchester, Birmingham, Sheffield and Newcastle, with circulation growing to 75,000. As the newspaper's sales rose, it became known as the "Teenagers Bible". Local groups were soon being called "beat groups", and venues started advertising concerts as "Beat Sessions". With circulation rising, the paper's offices were moved downstairs to a larger two-roomed office. The Cavern Club's doorman, Pat (Paddy) Delaney, was employed to deliver copies, a secretary, Pat Finn, was hired, as well as Raymond Kane to promote advertising space,

Harry later said: "The newspapers, television, theatres and radio were all run by people of a different generation who had no idea of what youngsters wanted. For decades they had manipulated and controlled them. Suddenly, there was an awareness of being young, and young people wanted their own styles and their own music, just at the time they were beginning to earn money, which gave them the spending power. Mersey Beat was their voice, it was a paper for them, crammed with photos and information about their own groups, which is why it also began to appeal to youngsters throughout Britain as its coverage extended to other areas." Because of the employment situation in Liverpool at the time, The Daily Worker newspaper denounced the enthusiasm of younger people in Liverpool by saying "The Mersey Sound is the sound of 30,000 people on the dole."

Liverpool groups
Between 1958 and 1964, the Merseyside area had about 500 different groups, which were constantly forming and breaking up, with an average of about 350 groups playing concerts on a regular basis. In 1961, Harry and The Cavern Club's DJ, Bob Wooler, compiled a list of groups that they had personally heard of, which had almost 300 names. In 1962, Mersey Beat held a poll to find out who was the most popular Merseyside group. When the votes were counted, Rory Storm & The Hurricanes were in first place, but after looking through the postal votes again, Harry noticed that forty votes were all written in green ink, in the same handwriting, and from the same area of Liverpool, so the dubious votes were declared void. This was suspected to have been Storm himself, but Harry had no idea that The Beatles had done exactly the same thing.

The results were announced on 4 January 1962, with The Beatles in first place. The results were printed in issue 13 of Mersey Beat on 4 January 1962, with the front page announcing, "Beatles Top Poll!"

An iconic symbol of the Mersey Beat era was the poster artwork created by local artist Tony Booth. He was a popular figure amongst the promoters in the area where he was commissioned to create hundreds of the posters used to advertise all the concerts that were occurring during that period. His posters were seen on walls all across Merseyside including some of his famous work outside The Cavern Club.

The poll
In 1962, Mersey Beat held a poll to find out who was the most popular Merseyside group. The results were announced on 4 January 1962:

1. The Beatles

2. Gerry and the Pacemakers

3. The Remo Four

4. Rory Storm and the Hurricanes

5. Johnny Sandon and The Searchers

6. Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes

7. The Big Three

8. The Strangers

9. Faron & The Flamingos

10. The Four Jays

11. Ian and the Zodiacs

12. The Undertakers

13. Earl Preston & The TTs

14. Mark Peters and the Cyclones

15. Karl Terry and the Cruisers

16. Derry and the Seniors

17. Steve and the Syndicate

18. Dee Fenton and the Silhouettes

19. Billy Kramer and the Coasters

20. Dale Roberts and the Jaywalkers

Such was the popularity of the poll, Rushworth's music store manager, Bob Hobbs, presented Lennon and George Harrison with new guitars. Many groups in Liverpool complained to Harry that his newspaper should be called Mersey Beatles, as he featured them so often.

The Stern magazine in Germany phoned Harry and asked if he could arrange a photograph of all the groups in Liverpool. Harry suggested Kirchherr (then Sutcliffe's girlfriend) be the photographer, who would stand on a crane to take the photograph. Virginia phoned every group in Liverpool and arranged for them all to turn up on the same day at St George's Hall. Kirchherr and Max Scheler said that every group would be paid £1 per musician, but over 200 groups turned up on the day, and Kirchherr and Scheler ran out of money as a result.

Another of the paper's noted supporters was Brian Epstein, the future Beatles' manager, who wrote a regular column about new record releases available at NEMS Enterprises.

Harry asked a local singer, Priscilla White, to contribute a fashion column after writing an article called "Swinging Cilla", in which he wrote, "Cilla Black is a Liverpool girl who is starting out on the road to fame." Harry’s mistake came about because he could not remember her surname (which he knew was a colour), but White decided to keep it as a stage name. Two years later Harry arranged for Black to sing for Epstein at the Blue Angel club, leading to a management contract.

In late 1962, Harry wrote an article called "Take a look up North", asking for A&R men from London to travel up to Liverpool and see what was really happening with the music scene, but not one record company sent an A&R representative to Liverpool. Journalist Nancy Spain once wrote an article for the News of the World newspaper, stating that "Bill and Virginia Harry were Mr. & Mrs. Mersey Beat", and when Bob Dylan visited Liverpool to appear at the Odeon, he specifically asked for Harry to act as his guide to the city.

The last issues and London
On 13 September 1964, Epstein approached Harry to create a national music paper, so Harry coined the name Music Echo, and gradually merged Mersey Beat into it. Epstein had promised Harry full editorial control, but then hired a female press officer in London to write a fashion column and a D.J. to write a gossip column, without informing Harry of his intentions, and Harry resigned as a result.

title: Mersey Beat


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yaminomalex

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 04:04, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Yaminomalex
This looks like a vanity article to me. "Yaminomalex" gets only 54 Google hits. I suggest Deletion. - RedWordSmith 01:10, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete forum-poster. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 01:47, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * A forum username, why was't this speedied?--nixie 01:55, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd love to make this go away fast, but even looking over the criteria a couple times, I can't find anything that it fits into. Care to help me out? - RedWordSmith 02:37, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable flasher, vanity. Megan1967 05:55, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Vanity - Longhair | Talk 13:48, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Shoot, shovel, and shut up

Shoot, shovel, and shut up, also known as the 3-S treatment, refers to a method for dealing with unwanted or unwelcome animals primarily in rural areas. There have been reports of the frequently illegal triple-step procedure being used to dispatch mischievous pets, endangered species, and even sick livestock. Individuals often engage in this practice as a means to protect property or pets from predatory species that are protected by law, especially if other measures to protect their animals are unfeasible. For instance, eagles, a protected species, have been known to occasionally attack and kill young livestock on ranches. Similarly, there have been multiple incidents where hawks have attacked and killed small farm poultry and pets. Farmers and pet owners caught killing such animals have been prosecuted, regardless of their reasons for doing so.

When applied to marauding dogs, the implication is that the offending canine will be killed by firearm and, as far as the owner is concerned, disappear with no apparent clues because of the reticence of the person employing the method. The phrase was used in this sense in Living Well on Practically Nothing by Edward H. Romney, who pointed out that while one might get away with using the 3-S treatment in rural areas, suburban neighborhoods have different norms. This practice is more common in rural areas, where there is less population to witness illegal activities.

Pittsburgh Tribune-Review columnist Ralph R. Reiland wrote an essay called "Shoot, Shovel & Shut Up," describing landowners' reactions to finding red-cockaded woodpeckers on their property. Under the Endangered Species Act, landowners who have a population of such birds on their property may be subject to restrictions on building and other land uses that would interfere with the animals' habitat. Therefore, it was considered prudent to eliminate the birds before the government noticed their presence. The Fall 2001 issue of the Sierra Citizen notes, "'Shoot, shovel and shut up' is the mantra of many in the so-called 'property rights' movement ... It refers to the practice of killing and burying evidence of any plants or animals that might be threatened or endangered." The property rights movement argues that the Endangered Species Act should be amended to compensate property owners for protecting endangered species, rather than making an endangered species a financial drain on the owners, and that the current act actually hastens the decline of some endangered species when listed by causing property owners to "shoot, shovel, and shut up" to avoid expected losses.

Jim Robbins writes in Wolves Across the Border that Mon Teigen, director of the Montana Stockgrowers Association, "believes labyrinthine federal endangered species regulations may lead a few ranchers to control wolves with the three-S method". In 2005, after a court ruled that ranchers could not shoot wolves caught attacking livestock, the Associated Press reported that "Sharon Beck, an Eastern Oregon rancher and former president of the Oregon Cattlemen's Association, said the ruling leaves ranchers little recourse but to break the law -- known around the West as 'shoot, shovel and shut up' -- when wolves move into their areas".

The phrase has also been used in reference to mad cow disease. More than 30 countries banned beef imports from Canada after one of Albertan farmer Marwyn Peaster's cattle tested positive for the illness. Alberta Premier Ralph Klein, in frustration over the situation, said that any "self-respecting rancher would have shot, shovelled and shut up".

title: Shoot, shovel, and shut up


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Minnesota State Highway 77

Minnesota State Highway 77 (MN 77) is a 11.403 mi highway in Minnesota, which runs from its intersection with 138th Street (north of Dakota County Road 42) in Apple Valley and continues north to its northern terminus at its interchange with State Highway 62 in Minneapolis. MN 77 is also known as Cedar Avenue.

The southern end of MN 77 continues in Apple Valley as Dakota County Road 23 (Cedar Avenue). At the north end, MN 77 continues in Minneapolis as Hennepin County Road 152 (Cedar Avenue).

Route description
MN 77 serves as a north–south route between the cities of Apple Valley, Eagan, Bloomington, Richfield, and Minneapolis. The route is constructed to freeway standards over its entire length. Most of the route is posted 65 MPH speed limit. The route is located in Dakota County and Hennepin County.

MN 77 is concurrent with the right of way of Cedar Avenue between County 38 (McAndrews Road) in Apple Valley and Highway 62 in south Minneapolis.

South of Old Shakopee Road, which is just north of the Minnesota River, MN 77 is co-signed "Cedar Avenue" at all interchanges.

The route crosses the Minnesota River at the Cedar Avenue Bridge between Bloomington and Eagan.

The two most notable landmarks along the length of the route is the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport, which sits just northeast of the junction of MN 77 and Interstate 494/MN 5, the best way to access the airport from this route is to exit on Interstate 494/MN 5 East. The Mall of America which sits just southeast of the junction of MN 77 and Interstate 494/MN 5 is the other most notable landmark. The best way to access the Mall of America from this route is to exit on Killebrew Drive or Lindau Lane.

History
MN 77 was authorized in 1949; and was originally numbered 36 from 1949 to 1980 as part of MN 36. The section of the route between MN 13 at Eagan and MN 62 at Minneapolis was renumbered 77 in 1980. Present day State Highway 36 still runs from Roseville to Stillwater.

From 1980 to 1985, the southern terminus of MN 77 was at its junction with Interstate 35E at the Apple Valley–Eagan boundary line.

From 1985 to 1994, the southern portion of MN 77 followed McAndrews Road (present day County 38) eastbound along its route to the Minnesota Zoo, where the route had its southern terminus. In 1985, MN 77's mile markers were calibrated with "Mile 0" at the Zoo. In the present day, the mile markers are calibrated with the zero point at the intersection of Dakota County Roads 23 and 42.

Much of the original Cedar Avenue is still in existence, beginning at its intersection with Washington Avenue at the University of Minnesota and ending in Northfield, with the only major change being the upgrade of MN 77 as a freeway. Cedar Avenue is signed as Galaxie Avenue and Foliage Avenue between Eureka Township and Northfield.

title: Minnesota State Highway 77


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National Cherry Blossom Festival

The National Cherry Blossom Festival is a spring celebration in Washington, D.C., commemorating the March 27, 1912, gift of Japanese cherry trees from Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo City to the city of Washington, D.C. Ozaki gave the trees to enhance the growing friendship between the United States and Japan and also celebrate the continued close relationship between the two nations. Large and colorful helium balloons, floats, marching bands from across the country, music and showmanship are parts of the Festival's parade and other events.

Early initiatives
The effort to bring cherry blossom trees to Washington, D.C., preceded the official planting by several decades. In 1885, Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore returned from her first trip to Japan and approached the U.S. Army Superintendent of the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds with the idea of planting cherry trees along the reclaimed waterfront of the Potomac River. Scidmore, who would go on to become the first female board member of the National Geographic Society, was rebuffed, though she would continue proposing the idea to every Superintendent for the next 24 years. Several cherry trees were brought to the region by individuals in this period, including one that was the location of a 1905 cherry blossom viewing and tea party hosted by Scidmore in northwest D.C. Among the guests was prominent botanist David Fairchild and his fiancée Marian, the daughter of inventor Alexander Graham Bell.

In 1906, David Fairchild imported 1000 cherry trees from the Yokohama Nursery Company in Japan and planted them on his own property in Chevy Chase, Maryland. The Fairchilds were pleased with the results of their planting and in 1907 began promoting Japanese flowering cherry trees as an ideal tree to plant around avenues in the Washington area. On September 26, with the help of the Fairchilds' friends, the Chevy Chase Land Company ordered 300 Oriental cherry trees for the Chevy Chase area. In 1908, Fairchild donated cherry saplings to every D.C. school to plant on its school grounds in observance of Arbor Day. At an Arbor Day speech that Eliza Scidmore attended, Fairchild proposed that the "Speedway" (a now non-existing route around the D.C. Tidal Basin) be turned into a "Field of Cherries".

In 1909, Scidmore decided to raise the money to buy cherry trees and donate them to the District. As a matter largely of form, on April 5 she wrote a letter to First Lady Helen Herron Taft, wife of newly elected President Taft, informing her of her plans. Two days later, the First Lady responded: "Thank you very much for your suggestion about the cherry trees. I have taken the matter up and am promised the trees, but I thought perhaps it would be best to make an avenue of them, extending down to the turn in the road, as the other part is still too rough to do any planting. Of course, they could not reflect in the water, but the effect would be very lovely of the long avenue. Let me know what you think about this."

By chance, Jōkichi Takamine, the Japanese chemist who discovered adrenaline, was in Washington with Mr. Kokichi Midzuno, the Japanese consul to New York City, on April 8. Informed of a plan to plant Japanese cherry trees along the Speedway (Ohio Avenue), Takamine asked if Mrs. Taft would accept an additional 2000 trees, while Midzuno suggested that the trees be given in the name of Tokyo. Takamine and Midzuno subsequently met with the First Lady, who accepted the offer of 2000 trees.

On April 13, Spencer Cosby, Superintendent of the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, purchased ninety cherry trees (Prunus serrulata) that were planted along the Potomac River from the Lincoln Memorial south toward East Potomac Park. It was subsequently discovered that the trees were of the cultivar Shirofugen, rather than the ordered Fugenzo. These trees had largely disappeared by the 21st century.

On August 30, 1909, the Embassy of Japan in Washington, D.C., informed the U.S. Department of State that the city of Tokyo intended to donate 2000 cherry trees to the United States to be planted along the Potomac. These trees arrived in Washington, D.C., on January 6, 1910. However, the inspection team from the Department of Agriculture (led by Flora Wambaugh Patterson) found that the trees were infested with insects and nematodes, concluding that the trees had to be destroyed to protect local growers. President Taft gave the order to burn the trees on January 28. Secretary of State Philander C. Knox wrote a letter expressing the regret of all involved to the Japanese Ambassador. Takamine responded to the news with another donation for more trees, 3020 in all, of a lineage taken from a famous group of trees along the Arakawa River in Tokyo and grafted onto stock from Itami, Hyogo Prefecture. On February 14, 1912, 3020 cherry trees of twelve cultivars were shipped on board the Awa Maru and arrived in D.C. via rail car from Seattle on March 26.

Much of the behind-the-scenes diplomatic events linked to the Japanese giving of the cherry blossom trees to Washington, D.C., in 1912 are relatively unknown, according to the March 26, 2010, Washington Post article "Scenes from 2010's Cherry Blossom Festival, an annual rite of spring in Washington." By Michael E. Ruane Washington Post Staff Writer. The Art of Peace illustrated biography on Prince Iyesato Tokugawa presents much of this prior history and the behind-the-scenes political details surrounding this Japanese goodwill gesture which point strongly to Prince Tokugawa's pivotal role in the initial Japanese gifting and its evolution into the National Cherry Blossom Festival in 1935. But instead of taking credit, Prince Tokugawa humbly wished to have this gift be seen coming directly from Japan's capital city Tokyo to the U.S. capital city Washington, D.C., without himself getting any recognition for this international goodwill gesture. Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (1863-1940) held great influence based on his being both the heir to the last Shogun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, a dynasty that ruled for over 260 years, and also based on Prince Tokugawa holding the powerful position of President of Japan's upper house of congress the House of Peers for thirty years (1903-1933).

The 1910 New York Daily Tribune announced the upcoming arrival of Prince Tokugawa to New York City, after he had just visited Washington, D.C. This article mentioned that scheduled to coincide with the visit of Prince Tokugawa to New York City, was the recent arrival of a delegation of sixty Japanese. Prince Tokugawa and this Japanese delegation had all spent time together in Washington, D.C., prior to their visiting New York City. While in Washington, D.C., Prince Tokugawa met and dined with President William Howard Taft at the White House, who was honoring his visit. To understand the comradery already established between Prince Tokugawa and President Taft, one needs to recognize that from 1901 to 1908, while serving under President Theodore Roosevelt, the then Secretary of War William Howard Taft traveled around the world, including voyages to Japan where he was hosted and met with Prince Tokugawa. Taft was being groomed for his future role as President.

While in Washington, D.C., during his 1910 visit, the 37-year-old Prince Tokugawa twice visited the U.S. Senate to see first-hand the American legislative process. Tokugawa wished to familiarize himself with the similarities and differences between various democracies, such as that of the United States and Britain, to that of his own nation, Japan. One of the Japanese delegates who was part of Prince Tokugawa's delegation, who is shown in the 1910 Daily Tribune newspaper article photo illustration was the Mayor of Tokyo Yukio Ozaki, the Japanese official most remembered being linked to the Japanese gift of cherry blossom trees. This 1910 news article also stated that as part of Prince Tokugawa's visit to New York City, Prince Tokugawa expressed his desire to see the immense development that had occurred in the United States since his last visit. Prince Tokugawa and five of his Japanese companions toured the city; this included a visit to the American Stock Exchange on Wall Street; they also marveled at the construction of the Holland Tunnel. Prince Tokugawa was also invited to a small private dinner in honor of his visit to New York City, given by Kokichi Midzuno, Consul General of Japan. (Midzuno is the Japanese official who first contacted Japan's central government in 1910, asking for their advice on how best to proceed with the Japanese gift of cherry trees to Washington, D.C.) Of the eighteen guests at the above dinner, several were prominent leaders from New York City's Japanese-American community. Rather than wishing to receive a recognition for facilitating the Japanese gifting of cherry trees, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa preferred that the gift be seen as a token of goodwill coming directly from Japan and its capital city of Tokyo to the United States and its capital city of Washington, D.C. During his visit to the U.S., Tokugawa introduced the mayor of Tokyo to many influential Japanese Americans and to U.S. officials, so as to promote this Japanese gift, which in coming decades would be commemorated and grow into one of Washington, D.C.'s largest celebrations.

During his long career, Prince Tokugawa creatively promoted a friendship and alliance with six U.S. presidents and other world leaders during his extensive travels abroad. He was in many ways the diplomatic face of Japan when it came to international relations during the first 40 years of the twentieth century. Those years were often politically and socially turbulent, requiring Prince Tokugawa to take a leading role in encouraging respectful international diplomacy and military arms limitation at the Washington Naval Arms Conference. He strongly promoted an appreciation for democracy and during the 1920s took a leading stance against racism by introducing Abraham Lincoln's principles of equality into all of Japan's public schools and universities through Lincoln essay writing contests, where the winning students were given bronze commemorative coins with the face of President Lincoln.

One of Prince Tokugawa's closest and most influential Japanese allies was Baron Shibusawa Eiichi (aka Baron Eiichi Shibusawa). The combination of the 1915 and 1937 illustrations to the right offer a new window to Prince Tokugawa and Baron Shibusawa and their allies' significant influence linked to the initial cherry blossom tree giving and its evolution into the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival. The 1915 illustration is a rare photo that was discovered while doing research for the illustrated biography The Art of Peace. This biography highlights the alliance of Prince Tokugawa and Baron Shibusawa as they strove to promote international goodwill. This 1915 photo illustration (which is a section of a larger photograph) presents Baron Shibusawa Eiichi standing between two of his prominent Japanese colleagues. Shibusawa had been sitting at the other end of the huge banquet table, near former President Theodore Roosevelt, but for the sake of shooting and capturing this group photo of sixty attendees, the photographer requested that Shibusawa come to the other side of the table to be closer to former President William Howard Taft (who is at the far right in the photo, seated next to the gentleman whose image reveals only one half of his face). Standing at Shibusawa's right side is the Japanese-American Jōkichi Takamine, one of the two individuals who hosted this diplomatic banquet event. Takamine was a highly successful and respected chemist and businessman who helped found an international pharmaceutical company that continues to this day. Takamine was the individual who first offered to pay for the cherry blossom trees that were to be given by Japan to Washington, D.C. In this 1915 photo, standing at Shibusawa's left side is Count Chinda Sutemi, Japanese Ambassador to the United States. Both Takamine and Ambassador Sutemi were closely linked to the giving of cherry blossom trees to Washington, D.C.

Japanese gift planted
In a ceremony on March 27, 1912, First Lady Helen Herron Taft and Viscountess Chinda, wife of the Japanese ambassador, planted the first two of these trees on the north bank of the Tidal Basin in West Potomac Park. At the end of the ceremony, the First Lady presented Viscountess Chinda with a bouquet of 'American Beauty' roses. These two trees still stand at the terminus of 17th Street Southwest, marked by a large plaque. By 1915, the United States government had responded with a gift of flowering dogwood trees to the people of Japan. To further build on the growing goodwill between Japan and the U.S. based on the giving of the Cherry Blossom Trees in 1912, one of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa's close friends and political allies, Baron Eiichi Shibusawa, visited the U.S. in 1915. The 1915 photo illustration presented to the right presents Shibusawa attending a large banquet in New York City that was held in his honor. The host of this banquet is Jōkichi Takamine, the successful Japanese-American community activist and businessman who first offered to purchase the cherry blossom trees and have this gift diplomatically come from the nation of Japan. Former President William Howard Taft is also in attendance at this event showing respect for Baron Shibusawa. It was President Taft and his wife who officially received the gift of the cherry blossom trees from the representatives of Japan three years earlier.

From 1913 to 1920, trees of the Somei-Yoshino variety, which comprised 1800 of the gift, were planted around the Tidal Basin. Trees of the other 11 cultivars, and the remaining Yoshinos, were planted in East Potomac Park. In 1927, a group of American school children re-enacted the initial planting. This event is recognized as the first D.C. cherry blossom festival. In 1934, the District of Columbia Commissioners sponsored a three-day celebration of the flowering cherry trees.

National annual event
The first "Cherry Blossom Festival" was held in late 1934 under joint sponsorship by numerous civic groups, and in 1935 it officially became a national annual event. The cherry trees had by this point become an established part of the nation's capital. In 1938, plans to cut down trees to clear ground for the Jefferson Memorial prompted a group of women to chain themselves together at the site in protest. A compromise was reached where more trees would be planted along the south side of the Basin to frame the Memorial. A Cherry Blossom Pageant was begun in 1940.

In 1937, the Garden Club of America commemorated the 25th Anniversary of the Japanese gift of cherry blossom trees to the U.S., by giving 5,000 flowering trees and plants to Japan. Who better to receive this U.S. goodwill gift than Prince Tokugawa, who had played a pivotal role behind-the-scenes and had introduced the then Mayor of Tokyo Ozaki to the U.S. leaders in Washington, D.C., in 1910, as part of the giving of those cherry blossom trees. It is revealing that in 1937, Prince Tokugawa accompanied by the current Mayor of Tokyo are now the representatives of Japan in receiving this gift from the Garden Club of America at a ceremony held at Kiyozumi Park, Tokyo.

On December 11, 1941, four trees were cut down. It is suspected that this was retaliation for the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan four days earlier, though this was never confirmed. In hopes of dissuading people from further attacks upon the trees during the war, they were referred to as "Oriental" flowering cherry trees for the war's duration. Suspended during World War II, the festival resumed in 1947 with the support of the Washington, D.C., Board of Trade and the D.C. Commissioners.

In 1948, the Cherry Blossom Princess and U.S. Cherry Blossom Queen program were started by the National Conference of State Societies. A Princess was selected from each state and federal territory, with a queen chosen to reign over the festival. In 1952, Japan requested help restoring the cherry tree grove at Adachi, Tokyo, along the Arakawa River, which was the parent stock of the D.C. trees but had diminished during the war. In response, the National Park Service sent budwood back to Tokyo.

In 1954, the governor of Tokyo gifted the Japanese Lantern, a 300-year-old granite lantern, to the city of Washington to commemorate the signing of the 1854 Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Friendship by Commodore Matthew C. Perry. The lantern was originally carved in 1651 as one of two memorializing Tokugawa Iemitsu and was brought to West Potomac Park from Ueno Park in Taitō, Tokyo, where the other lantern remains. For over 50 years, the lighting of the lantern by the Embassy of Japan's appointed Cherry Blossom Princess has opened the Festival.

Three years later, the president of The Pearl Company started by Mikimoto Kōkichi donated the Mikimoto Pearl Crown. Containing more than 2 lb of gold and 1,585 pearls, the crown is used at the coronation of the Festival Queen at the Grand Ball. The next year, the Mayor of Yokohama gave a stone pagoda to the city to "symbolize the spirit of friendship between the United States of America manifested in the Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce signed at Yokohama on March 31, 1854."

The Japanese gave 3,800 more Yoshino trees in 1965, which were accepted by First Lady Lady Bird Johnson. These trees were grown in the United States and many were planted on the grounds of the Washington Monument. For the occasion, the First Lady and Ryuji Takeuchi, wife of the Japanese ambassador, reenacted the 1912 planting. In 1982, Japanese horticulturalists took cuttings from Yoshino trees in Washington, D.C., to replace cherry trees that had been destroyed in a flood in Japan. From 1986 to 1988, 676 cherry trees were planted using US$101,000 in private funds donated to the National Park Service to restore the trees to the number at the time of the original gift.

In 1994, the Festival was expanded to two weeks to accommodate the many activities that happen during the trees' blooming. Two years later, the Potomac and Arakawa became sister rivers. Cuttings were taken from the documented 1912 trees in 1997 to be used in replacement plantings and thus preserve the genetic heritage of the grove. In 1999, fifty trees of the Usuzumi variety from Motosu, Gifu, were planted in West Potomac Park. According to legend, these trees were first planted by Emperor Keitai in the 6th century and were designated a National Treasure of Japan in 1922. From 2002 to 2006, 400 trees propagated from the surviving 1912 trees were planted to ensure the genetic heritage of the original donation is maintained.

Organization and events

The National Cherry Blossom Festival is coordinated by the National Cherry Blossom Festival, Inc., a 501(c)(3) organization consisting of representatives of business, civic, and governmental organizations. More than 700,000 people visit Washington each year to admire the blossoming cherry trees that herald the beginning of spring in the nation's capital.

The three-week festival begins around the middle of March with a Family Day at the National Building Museum and an official opening ceremony in the Warner Theatre. The Pink Tie Party is also held, at which attendees are invited to don their finest pink attire to revel together and toast the spring season. An array of activities and cultural events takes place on the following days. The Blossom Kite Festival (formerly the Smithsonian Kite Festival) usually takes place during the festival's first or second weekend. Every day there is a sushi/sake celebration, classes about cherry blossoms, and a bike tour of the Tidal Basin. Other events include art exhibits (photography, sculpture, animation), cultural performances, rakugo, kimono fashion shows, dance, singing, martial arts, merchant-sponsored events, and a rugby union tournament.

The next Saturday, a three-stage festival takes place on the Southwest Waterfront. When the festival ends, a fireworks show begins on the nearby Washington Channel. The next morning (Sunday), the Credit Union Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run begins on the grounds of the Washington Monument. Later that Sunday, dignitaries gather at the Tidal Basin to participate in a ceremonial lighting of the 360-year-old Japanese stone lantern.

During the morning of the festival's last Saturday, the National Cherry Blossom Festival Parade travels along Constitution Avenue from 7th to 17th Streets, NW. For 16 years until 2015, the Sakura Matsuri-Japanese Street Festival (Japanese: さくらまつり), the largest Japanese Cultural Festival in the United States, took place throughout the day along 12th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, near the route of the parade. However, the 2016 Street Festival will take place at M Street SE and New Jersey Avenue SE, near the Department of Transportation exit of the Navy Yard-Ballpark Metro station in the distant Capitol Riverfront area. The Street Festival's relocation became necessary when the Trump Organization, which operates the Trump International Hotel in the Old Post Office Pavilion at 12th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, negotiated a deal with the Government of the District of Columbia that requires a 20 ft-wide lane on Pennsylvania Avenue to remain open to the hotel's customers and valet parking service except during major events such as presidential inaugural parades, thus leaving insufficient space on the Avenue for the festival's activities.

In 2009, the National Cherry Blossom Festival introduced an alternative event to its lineup, with the debut of Cherry Blast, a mix of art, dance performances, live music, and fashion that took place in an Anacostia warehouse. In 2010, Cherry Blast II—the creation of artist Philippa P. Hughes of the Pink Line Project—moved to a storage warehouse in Adams Morgan, but still featured an eclectic group of local artists and musicians. The 2016 Cherry Blast took place at the Carnegie Library at Mount Vernon Square during the last Saturday evening of the festival.

The event's organizers cancelled many of the events since 2020 because of concerns related the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Several activities have since been added to engage the community in the springtime celebration, such as Petal Porches, Art in Bloom, and Paws & Petals.

Types of cherry trees
Of the initial gift of 12 varieties of 3,020 trees, The Yoshino Cherry (70% of total) and Kwanzan Cherry (13% of total) now dominate.

The first 12 cultivars presented were 'Yoshino', 'Kwanzan', 'Ichiyo', 'Taki-nioi', 'Shirayuki', 'Fugenzo', 'Ariake', 'Jo-nioi', 'Fukurokuju', 'Surugadai-nioi', 'Gyoiko', and 'Mikuruma-gaeshi'. With the exception of 'Yoshino', these 11 cultivars belong to the Sato-zakura group, a complex interspecific hybrid derived from the Oshima cherry. Many cultivars other than 'Yoshino' and 'Kwanzan' are not currently available for viewing because the government didn't obtained them after the original trees reached their maximum age.

The Yoshino produces single white blossoms that create an effect of white clouds around the Tidal Basin and north onto the grounds of the Washington Monument. Intermingled with the Yoshino are a small number of Akebono cherry trees, which bloom at the same time as the Yoshino and produce single, pale-pink blossoms.

The Kwanzan grows primarily in East Potomac Park and comes into bloom two weeks after the Yoshino. It produces clusters of clear pink double blossoms. East Potomac Park also has Fugenzo, which produces rosy pink double blossoms, and Shirofugen, which produces white double blossoms that age to pink.

Interspersed among all the trees are the Weeping Cherry, which produces a variety of single and double blossoms of colors ranging from dark pink to white about a week before the Yoshino. Other cultivars and species that can be found are the Autumn Cherry (semi-double, pink), Sargent Cherry (single, deep pink), Usuzumi (white-grey), and Takesimensis (good in wet areas).

title: National Cherry Blossom Festival


text:
1998 Stanley Cup Finals

The 1998 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1997–98 season, and the culmination of the 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested by the Western Conference champion and defending Stanley Cup champion Detroit Red Wings and the Eastern Conference champion Washington Capitals. It was the 105th year of the Stanley Cup being contested. The series was the Capitals' first Stanley Cup Finals appearance in franchise history. The Red Wings swept the Capitals to repeat as Stanley Cup champions, capturing their ninth Stanley Cup in team history. This also marked the fourth consecutive Stanley Cup Finals to end in a sweep, and as of 2024 is the last Cup Final to end in a sweep.

Detroit coach Scotty Bowman won his eighth Stanley Cup in that capacity (having previously done so with the Montreal Canadiens in, , , , and , the Pittsburgh Penguins in , and the Wings the previous year), tying him with former Canadiens coach Toe Blake for the record of most Cups won by a coach (which he would break when he helped the Red Wings win the 2002 Cup).

Motivation to win a second straight title
Just six days after sweeping the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1997 Finals, Red Wings defenceman Vladimir Konstantinov and masseur Sergei Mnatsakanov sustained serious brain injuries when the limousine in which they were riding crashed. Viacheslav Fetisov was also in the limousine but was not seriously injured. The Red Wings subsequently dedicated their 1997–98 season to the two injured members and wore a patch on their jerseys bearing the players' initials. When the Red Wings were presented with the Stanley Cup, they wheeled Konstantinov onto the ice and placed the Cup in his lap. They also took him for a victory lap around the rink.

Detroit Red Wings
Detroit advanced to the Finals by defeating the Phoenix Coyotes, St. Louis Blues, and Dallas Stars in six games each.

Washington Capitals
Washington defeated the Boston Bruins 4–2, the Ottawa Senators 4–1, and the Buffalo Sabres 4–2.

Game summaries
In this series, Capitals head coach Ron Wilson became the first person to head coach in both an Olympics and a Stanley Cup Finals in the same year, having coached team USA at the Nagano Olympics. Peter Laviolette would join him in this feat in while with the Carolina Hurricanes during their championship season, having coached the American ice hockey team during the Torino Olympics.

Game 1
At home, Detroit took an early lead in the first period and scored two goals within two minutes and 14 seconds of each other. The Red Wings were able to hold off a Washington assault and take the first game of the series with a score of 2–1.

Game 2
It looked as if the Capitals were to tie the series with a 4–2 lead in the third period, but after a Detroit goal to make it 4–3, Capitals forward Esa Tikkanen had a scoring opportunity midway through the third period that would have likely put Detroit away before the venue changed back to Washington's MCI Center, and also would have changed the entire dynamic of the series, but he missed the open net shot. Detroit then rallied late in the third period to tie the game and send it into overtime. Kris Draper scored with four minutes left in the first overtime to give the Red Wings a 5–4 victory and a 2–0 lead in the series.

Game 3
Detroit scored in the first 35 seconds to take an early lead which held up until the third period. The Capitals tied the game midway through the third period, but Sergei Fedorov scored to give the Wings a three games to none lead in the series.

Game 4
In game four, Detroit was dominant throughout to win the game by a score of 4–1 and sweep the series. Steve Yzerman was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player in the playoffs. When the Cup was awarded, Vladimir Konstantinov was brought onto the ice in his wheelchair and joined the celebration with his team.

Team rosters
Bolded years under Finals appearance indicates year won Stanley Cup.

Stanley Cup engraving
The 1998 Stanley Cup was presented to Red Wings captain Steve Yzerman by NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman following the Red Wings 4–1 win over the Capitals in game four

The following Red Wings players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup

1997–98 Detroit Red Wings

Stanley Cup engravings
Included on the team picture, but left off the Stanley Cup
 * Konstantinov's career ended in a car accident. The Red Wings still recognized him as part of the team and got permission from the league to have his name engraved.
 * Wally Crossman was the oldest person engraved on the Stanley Cup at age 87.
 * Detroit wanted to include a record 55 names on the Stanley Cup in 1997–98. Following that request, the NHL decided to limit the number of names to 52 to make sure all names fit on the Cup. Players who play in Stanley Cup Finals, or play at least 41 regular season games for the winning team, must be included on the Cup each year. Other players who do not officially qualify may also be included if requested by the team. There are no rules for which non-players must be included on the Stanley Cup, only a limit on total number of names going on the cup. No player who officially qualifies may be left off to include more non-players.
 * #34 Norm Maracle† (G – 4 games played), #21 Darryl Laplante† (D – played 2 games) did not qualify to win the Stanley Cup. Both players spent majority of the season of in the minors. Maracle played 66 games in goal for Adirondack while Darryl Laplante played 77 on defence.
 * Art Mnatsusakanov†, Johnny Remejes†, Mike Vella† (Dressing Room Asst.) – all 5 members were awarded Stanley Cup Rings

Broadcasting
In Canada, the series was televised on CBC. In the United States, Fox broadcast game one while ESPN televised games two through four. Had the series extended, games five and seven would have been broadcast on Fox, and ESPN would have aired game six.

Aftermath
The following season, the Red Wings would reach the Western Conference Semifinals, only to be ousted by the Colorado Avalanche in six games. The Red Wings would make their next Stanley Cup Finals appearance four years later, where they defeated the Carolina Hurricanes in five games. They would also win the Stanley Cup in 2008 over the Sidney Crosby-led Pittsburgh Penguins in six games.

The Capitals missed the playoffs the following year. They would not return to the Stanley Cup Finals until 20 years later, when they would win their first Stanley Cup in franchise history over the expansion Vegas Golden Knights in five games.

title: 1998 Stanley Cup Finals


text:
User:Vong~enwiki

Hi, I'm new here.

title: User:Vong~enwiki


text:
Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13

Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13 was an American horror punk band from North Carolina. The band was formed in 1996 by Wednesday 13, who recruited friends and former Maniac Spider Trash bandmates Seaweed and Sicko Zero. The band's history is riddled with a 'revolving door' lineup with 13 being the only member to have never been replaced.

After breaking up in 2001 when Wednesday 13 left to perform vocals with the Murderdolls, the band reformed for a brief reunion in 2005, releasing a box set containing their entire library of recordings except for the track "Look Mom I Killed A Chicken" because Wednesday 13's master copy was "destroyed beyond repair". This track is exclusively available on the 197666 7-inch LP and the band-released "Chop Off My Hand" CD-R.

The music of the Frankenstein Drag Queens was played in a punk rock style. Lyrically the band were inspired by horror B-movies and references in popular culture. As well as a large leaning towards punk, the band's live show and appearance took cues from glam rock acts such as Alice Cooper, New York Dolls and KISS. They were known to wear dresses and make-up on stage as part of their performance.

1996
The band wrote their debut album The Late, Late, Late Show within two weeks of being together, and recorded it in two days. The album contained 11 tracks of nihilistic but trashy horror punk tracks. This would be the blueprint for their future recordings. Lyrically the album featured songs about killing Miss America, religion, and rape, and horror movie themes such as a song mentioning the Wolf Man.

By the end of 1996, 13 fired Seaweed from the band and Rat Bastard took his place. Soon after, Sicko Zero quit the band, 13 lost contact with Rat Bastard, and the band folded.

1997–1998
The following year, in 1997, the Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13 reformed. Seaweed returned to the lineup and brought a guitarist named Creepy and a drummer named Scabs with him. However, the latter two only remained with the band for two weeks.

Abby Normal, previously of Maniac Spider Trash, and drummer R.S. Saidso joined the band. Along with 13, the 3 recorded and along with Saidso, 13 co-produced the Frankenstein Drag Queens cassette-released demo EP. This cassette was sent to record labels and sold at live shows with a free FDQ sticker.

Syd replaced Abby Normal the same year on guitar and after a tour-related inter-band conflict R.S. Saidso played his final show New Year's Eve December 31, 1997. He had announced already it would be his last show with the Draq Queens. Saidso went on to record some demos under the name Dragster "66" with Abby Normal. Shortly after that he formed Electra-Kill in Paris, France, where he moved to vocals.

In 1998 original drummer Sicko Zero rejoined and the band set to record their second album, Night of the Living Drag Queens.

This album and the one previously recorded were released via the band's own label Uncle God Damn Records and were made available by mail order and at their gigs.

After touring in support of the album, guitarist Sydney left the band. 13 then decided to keep the band a trio which ironically had returned to its original form with Wednesday 13 on guitar and vocals, Sicko Zero playing the drums, and Seaweed on bass guitar.

1999
The trio went into the studio and recorded their third album, Songs From the Recently Deceased. This was, in comparison to their previous recordings, a far more horror-themed album.

Also during this time three 7-inch limited singles were released. The first, commonly referred to by fans as "Hello Horray", a split with the Spook, was released in both Germany and the USA. Each release featured a different front cover and the US edition came with a sticker. Also released the same year was 197666, limited to 500 copies and containing the rarely heard track "Hey Mom I Just Killed a Chicken".

2000
After playing in support of the Songs From the Recently Deceased album, the band secured a European record deal with People Like You Records (which is backed by Century Media Records). The company re-released digipack versions of both Night of the Living Drag Queens and Songs From the Recently Deceased.

During this time keyboardist Ikky was brought into the band, but Sicko Zero was uncomfortable with this and he soon left for the second time.

Viva Las Violence
During 2001, Scabs the drummer, who replaced Zero the first time around in 1997, was brought into the band to replace him once more. Although the band still wore make-up during this period, they removed their wigs and began to adopt an image which would later be seen in the Murderdolls.

The Frankenstein Drag Queens From Planet 13 recorded their fourth album, Viva Las Violence. This time the sound was more hard rock-centered, but with some shades of their Night of the Living Drag Queens album remaining. Seaweed recorded some tracks on the album but had left by the time it was released. A local young bassist named JaCkY Boi replaced him and finished the tracking.

In support of the album, the band played many shows, and recorded some songs which would later appear on a Greatest Hits compilation. The band played their last show in Atlanta, Georgia during early 2002 and were disbanded by leader Wednesday 13.

Wednesday 13 joins the Murderdolls
13 had been asked to join a band named the Rejects by two musicians from Des Moines, Iowa named Dizzy Draztik and Joey Jordison, the latter of which played in Slipknot. 13 felt that after six years and four albums, the Frankenstein Drag Queens were not garnering much success and wanted to try a new project.

On November 2001 Wednesday 13 joined the Rejects as a bassist. By 2002, Draztik was out of the band, 13 was the frontman and they had a new name, the Murderdolls. 13 would use many Frankenstein Drag Queens From Planet 13 songs on the Murderdolls debut album Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls. This would cause relationships to fray between 13 and former members of the Drag Queens, who had formed a new band themselves, the Graveyard Boulevard.

With the Murderdolls, 13 toured the world and played several high key festival dates such as Summer Sonic Festival, Download Festival, and Rock am Ring, playing with bands such as Iron Maiden, Queens of the Stone Age, Foo Fighters, and many more.

After Murderdolls went on hiatus, Wednesday 13 put out a new song, "Your Mother Sucks Cocks in Hell", on a compilation album for Metal Sludge. He then released a greatest hits album under the name Wednesday 13's Frankenstein Drag Queens, featuring a few new songs. The frontman then decided to put the band to rest and began to record under the Wednesday 13 name.

Frankenstein Drag Queens reformation
Shortly after this, 13 and his former bandmates in the Graveyard Boulevard patched up old feuds (with the exception of Seaweed) and decided to bring the Frankenstein Drag Queens back as a part-time project. They officially reunited onstage in Greensboro, North Carolina on August 20, 2005. The lineup featured Wednesday 13, Abby Normal, and Sicko Zero.

They released a 10th anniversary box set in May 2006 titled Little Box of Horrors. The box set features almost every song the band has ever recorded, with alternate versions of some songs, and a DVD which features footage from a 1998 concert. It was released on Restless Records.

Members
Former members
 * Wednesday 13 – vocals, guitars (1996–2002, 2005)
 * Sicko Zero – drums (1996, 1997–2000, 2005)
 * Seaweed – bass (1996, 1997–2001)
 * Rat Bastard – bass (1996)
 * Scabs – drums (1997, 2001–2002) (died 2016)
 * R.S. Saidso – drums (1997)
 * Creepy – guitar (1997)
 * Syd – guitar (1997–1998)
 * Ikky – keyboards (2000), guitars (2001–2002)
 * JaCkY Boi – bass (2001)
 * It – bass (2001–2002)
 * Abby Normal – bass (2005), guitar (1997)

Albums

 * "The Late, Late, Late Show" – (1996)
 * "Night of the Living Drag Queens" – (1998)
 * "Songs from the Recently Deceased" – (2000)
 * "Viva Las Violence" – (2001)

EP

 * "Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13" – (1997)

Singles

 * "197666 / Hey Mom, I Just Killed a Chicken" – (2000)
 * "Dawn of the Dead / Anti-You" - Split with The Nerds – (2000)
 * "Hello Hooray / Kill Miss America" - Split with The Spook
 * "Graverobbing U.S.A. / Rock n' Roll"
 * "Chop Off My Hand / Hey Mom, I Just Killed a Chicken"
 * "Love At First Fright / I Wanna Be Your Dog"

Boxset and compilation

 * "6 Years, 6 Feet Under the Influence" – (2004)
 * "Little Box of Horrors" – (2006)

Tribute appearances

 * "Sweet F.A, A Tribute to Sweet" (featuring cover of "Fox on the Run")
 * "Thinking of Alice, A Tribute to Alice Cooper" (featuring cover of "Levity Ball")

title: Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13


text:
User:Big Crazy Pete

Hi, I'm Big Crazy Pete!

Big Crazy Quotes...

 * "I just need a good woman to spend my money."
 * "He should just confess!" (In reference to BS Galactica)

title: User:Big Crazy Pete


text: User talk:68.18.28.36

title: User talk:68.18.28.36


text:
Cherry Blossom Festival

Cherry Blossom Festival may refer to:
 * National Cherry Blossom Festival in Washington, DC
 * The Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival
 * Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia, a spring celebration
 * The annual Cherry Blossom Festival at Branch Brook Park in Newark, New Jersey
 * The annual Cherry Blossom Festival in San Francisco, CA (Japantown)
 * International Cherry Blossom Festival in Macon, GA
 * Hanami, a traditional Japanese custom of celebrating the beauty of flowers, especially cherry blossoms
 * An annual festival at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in New York

title: Cherry Blossom Festival


text: User talk:128.138.120.4

title: User talk:128.138.120.4


text:
Talk:Reconstruction filter

Is this in reference to CT reconstruction from DT samples?

Not anti aliasing
Its not to avoid aliasing, its to remove atrifacts of the digital signal--Light current 11:52, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. In addition I think an important point that is not generally appreciated is that images from cameras and video, as commonly viewed, never leave the digital domain - we view the samples, not the signal they represent, which results in loss of sharpness as well as 'twittering' on moving detail and Moire fringing, which is not strictly aliasing but is often taken to be. Attempts to test cameras for aliasing by looking for these effects without upconverting are invalid on patterns below the Nyquist frequency for this reason. In photography this is easily overcome when printing images (essentially analog domain) by upconverting, for example in Photoshop to a higher resolution before printing. With video we need to view on a higher resolution screen, as no optical reconstruction method has yet been devised for screens. -Lindosland (talk) 09:27, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

Ideal Reconstruction Filter
I think this text is misleading for the case of a DAC output with zero-order hold (i.e. stair stepping). In fact, a zero order hold has a frequency response equal to a sinc function with its first zero at the update rate of the DAC. At the Nyquist rate (update rate of the DAC / 2), the frequency response of the system as described is 2/pi or ~0.636. In order to correct, the ideal frequency response of the reconstruction filter should be 1/sinc with a brick wall at Nyquist. So, in fact, peaking is needed with a zero-order hold system in order to assure a flat passband performace.
 * I agree, this is an important point. We should also note that when we view photographs or video we usually view the samples directly as square pixels, not points of light, which imposes this 0.63 loss again (though confused by 'twittering' and Moire fringing) unless some sharpening is applied in an attempt to compensate. -Lindosland (talk) 09:27, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reconstruction filter


text:
The Concretes (album)

The Concretes is the debut studio album by Swedish indie pop band The Concretes. It was first released in Sweden on 2 May 2003 by Licking Fingers, and was released internationally in 2004.

Personnel

 * The Concretes
 * Victoria Bergsman
 * Maria Eriksson
 * Martin Hansson
 * Ulrik Karlsson
 * Lisa Milsberg
 * Per Nyström
 * Ludvig Rylander
 * Daniel Värjö

 * Additional personnel
 * Erik Bünger – backing vocals
 * Nicolai Dunger – backing vocals
 * Jari Haapalainen – percussion, mandolin
 * Tomas Hallonsten – piano
 * Malte Homberg – backing vocals
 * Christian Hörgren – cello and string arrangements
 * Irene Kastner – harp
 * Peter Nyhlin – backing vocals
 * Anne Pajunen – viola
 * Thomas Ringquist – viola
 * Anna Rodell – violin
 * Jonna Sandell – violin

title: The Concretes (album)


text:
Talk:The Concretes (album)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 15:38, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Theconcretes.theconcretes.lpcover.jpg
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

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title: Talk:The Concretes (album)


text:
1920 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1920 Atlantic hurricane season featured tropical storms and hurricanes only in the month of September. (The present-day delineation of the Atlantic hurricane season is June 1 to November 30.) The first system, a hurricane, developed on September 7 while the last, a tropical depression, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 27. Of note, four of the six cyclones co-existed with another tropical cyclone during the season.

Of the season's six tropical cyclones, five became tropical storms and four strengthened into hurricanes. Furthermore, none of these strengthened into a major hurricane—Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale—marking the seventh such occurrence since 1900. The strongest hurricane of the season peaked as only as a strong Category 2 with winds of 110 mph. The second hurricane caused one death and $1.45 million (1920 USD) in damage in Louisiana, the third left one fatality in North Carolina, and the fifth storm indirectly killed one person in Florida.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 30, below the 1911–1920 average of 58.7. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph, which is the threshold for tropical storm status.

Hurricane One
The first known storm of the season was initially identified on September 7 as a 40 mph tropical storm over Atlantic Ocean. Traveling towards the northwest, the storm gradually intensified, attaining hurricane-status late on September 9. The following day, a ship in the vicinity of the storm recorded a pressure of 985 mbar (hPa), the lowest pressure recorded in relation to the storm. Around 1200 UTC, the hurricane turned towards the north and intensified into a modern-day Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale early on September 11. The storm continued to intensify through September 12 when it reached its peak intensity with winds of 110 mph. After maintaining this intensity for 18 hours, the hurricane began to weaken as it turned towards the northwest. By 0000 UTC on September 14, the storm weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. The system began to undergo an extratropical transition, completing the process early the next day. The system tracked nearly due east before dissipating on September 16 to the north of the Azores islands.

Hurricane Two
The Louisiana Hurricane of 1920

An area of disturbed weather developed into a tropical depression northwest of Colombia on September 16. The system remained a weak tropical depression as it made landfall on Nicaragua, but later intensified to tropical storm strength as it moved across the Gulf of Honduras, prior to making a second landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula. Once in the Gulf of Mexico, the storm quickly intensified as it moved towards the north-northwest, reaching its peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph prior to making landfall near Houma, Louisiana with no change in intensity. Afterwards, it quickly weakened over land, before dissipating on September 23 over eastern Kansas.

As it approached the United States Gulf Coast, the hurricane forced an estimated 4,500 people to evacuate off of Galveston Island, and numerous other evacuations and precautionary measures to occur. At landfall, the hurricane generated strong winds along a wide swath of the coast, uprooting trees and causing damage to homes and other infrastructure. Heavy rainfall associated with the storm peaked at 11.9 in in Robertsdale, Alabama. The heavy rains also washed out railroads, leading to several rail accidents. Across the Gulf Coast, one death was associated with the hurricane and damage from the storm totaled to $1.45 million (1920 USD).

Hurricane Three
A low-pressure area developed into a tropical depression on September 19, while located about 245 mi southeast of Awendaw, South Carolina. The system, which had an "extremely small diameter", moved in a slow cyclonic loop. Around 1200 UTC on September 20, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm. By midday on September 22, it continued the cyclonic loop while moving northwestward. The storm intensified into a Category 1 hurricane around that time. Maximum sustained winds peaked at 85 mph late on September 22. However, the hurricane then began to weakened and fell to a strong tropical storm early the following day, at which time it made landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina. The cyclone quickly weakened after moving inland and dissipated over western Virginia early on September 24.

Offshore Bald Head Island, North Carolina, a lightship was carried several miles from its original location and observed winds of 72 mph. Inland, a house in Wilmington was blown off its foundation and destroyed in, potentially a small tornado spawned by the cyclone. Many small severe windstorms were reported in Pitt County, where one person was killed, a number of people were injured, and several buildings were demolished.

Tropical Storm Four
A tropical depression developed from a weak low-pressure area along a decaying stationary front about 450 mi east of Bermuda around 1200 UTC on September 23. Based on ship observations, the system is estimated to have become a tropical storm early on September 24. The drifted slowly eastward for a few days and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph later that day. Eventually, the system curved east-southeastward, but later continued its generally eastward motion at a faster forward speed. Around 1200 UTC on September 27, the storm weakened to a tropical depression, hours before being absorbed by a cold front. This storm was not operationally tracked in real time, but was later added to HURDAT based on weather maps and ship reports.

Hurricane Five
A low-pressure area centered the Gulf of Mexico on September 25 and was designated as a tropical depression hours later. Turning west-southwestward, the storm gradually intensified, attaining tropical storm-status on September 27. The next day, the system nearly stalled close to the center of the Gulf of Mexico. On September 28, further development of the storm took place and ships in the vicinity of the storm reported a strong gale. The next day, the storm strengthened into a hurricane. Several hours later, nearby ship reported a pressure of 987 mbar, the lowest pressure associated with the hurricane. Around this time, the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 85 mph; the storm also began to turn northeastward at this time. The hurricane then accelerated and began weakening. Early on September 30, the storm made landfall near Cedar Key, Florida, with winds up to 65 mph before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone over Florida. Later that day, the remnants dissipated over the eastern Atlantic Ocean.

Although the storm weakened significantly before landfall, it caused severe damage along the immediate coastlines of western Florida. Low lands along the coast were inundated by storm surge and heavy rains, peaking at 8 in. Crop lands were flooded, causing substantial damage to the fruit industry. One person was killed after being electrocuted by a downed wire in St. Petersburg. Several ships were also destroyed by the storm while docked along the coast.

Tropical Depression
On October 20, a westward moving tropical wave developed into a tropical depression about 165 mi north-northeast of Barbuda. Trekking northwestward over the next three days, before curving northward in advance of an approaching frontal boundary. The depression peaked with maximum sustained winds of 35 mph and a minimum barometric pressure of 1010 mbar. By October 25, it began merging with a cold front, finally being absorbed on October 27 about 590 mi east-northeast of Bermuda.

title: 1920 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
User:M0phet

I discovered Mediawiki late in 2004, and found it to be the perfect vehicle for a new idea: OriginTrail.com, a Mediawiki-based site devoted to origology, the study of origins.

title: User:M0phet


text:
Wor–Wic Community College

Wor–Wic Community College is a public community college in Salisbury, Maryland. The college's name is a portmanteau of Maryland's Worcester and Wicomico counties. It was founded in 1975 and operated as a "college without walls" in the two counties for 20 years before constructing a campus in Salisbury in 1994. In 1989, state legislation was enacted to allow Somerset County residents to attend Wor-Wic at the in-county tuition rate.

As of 2023 there were 4,486 students enrolled in credit courses and 6,496 students enrolled in non-credit courses. Wor-Wic is popular with students who plan on transferring to Salisbury University because of its proximity, inexpensive tuition, and the similarity of its general education courses to those of Salisbury University.

Academics
Wor-Wic is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Its nursing programs are approved by the Maryland Board of Nursing. The radiologic technology program is nationally accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology.

Facilities
Wor-Wic leases or owns various facilities which provide office, classroom, and laboratory space. In addition, Wor-Wic owns Ocean Resorts Golf Club which is used for their Turf Management and Hospitality courses. In 2023, Wor-Wic opened the new Patricia and Alan Guerrieri Technology Center, bringing "welding, HVACR, metal fabrication and plumbing labs; a CDL simulation lab; and other hands-on instruction areas for electro-mechanical, construction, electrical and alternative energy programs" on-campus.

Tuition
As of the Fall 2023 semester, the tuition cost is $129 per credit hour for in-county residents, $258 per credit hour for other Maryland residents, and $323 per credit hour for out-of-state students.

Governance
The Maryland Higher Education Commission oversees and coordinates higher education in the State of Maryland including academic and financial policies at the college. A seven-member Board of Trustees, appointed by the Governor of the State of Maryland, governs the college. The college also has local sponsors, including the Worcester County and Wicomico County governments.

Notable alumni

 * Matthew A. Maciarello - Maryland Circuit Court Judge

title: Wor–Wic Community College


text:
Cotton pad

Cotton pads are pads made of cotton which are used for medical or cosmetic purposes. For medical purposes, cotton pads are used to stop or prevent bleeding from minor punctures such as injections or venipuncture. They may be secured in place with tape. Cotton pads are also used in the application and the removal of makeup. Cotton pads are soft enough that they can be used to clean babies. Cotton balls have much of the same applications as cotton pads, and can be used interchangeably.

History
Use of cotton for sanitary purposes likely dates back to its domestication. There is evidence that toilet paper, made in part of cotton and/or other plant fibers such as hemp, was used at least as early as 589 AD in China. Cotton balls have been used for applying gold leaf since at least as far back as 1801. An artists' manual from that year recommends using a "squirrel's tail, or cotton ball" to press the gold leaf into place. There is some evidence that they were being mass produced as far back as 1816, namely an advertisement taken out of the New York Evening Post by Palmer, Nichols & Co. for many different kinds of fabric and products made of cotton which lists "Cotton Balls" as an item for sale. In 1891 The Laredo Times ran a story about women who put cotton balls in their cheeks to make themselves appear less thin. An 1898 patent by Jerome B. Dillon for a new type of umbilical bandage used an "antiseptic, absorbent cotton pad" to carry out its function.

In 1937, Joseph A. Voss invented a machine which unraveled rolls of cotton and cut them at a fixed interval into cotton pads, starting the widespread consumption of cotton balls and pads. Companies producing cotton balls took out ads in newspapers as early as 1948 to promote their uses to the public. In 1965, the Opelousas Daily World reported that the sanitary cotton industry in the United States was worth US$60 million (US$460.4 million in 2016 CPI-adjusted dollars). Around this time, there was industry concern that sanitary products using nylon, labeled as cotton balls, were going to crowd out cotton balls actually containing cotton, harming cotton-exporting regions. In 1986, Johnson & Johnson, a manufacturer of cotton balls, published advertisements stating that "doctors advise" cotton balls over "synthetic puffs".

In 2015, Mass Market Retailers, a supermarket and chain store trade magazine, estimated that combined sales of cotton balls and pads in the United States were US$177.7 million for the year 2014, down from US$343.1 million in 1999. The change could be due to increases of sales of cheaper store brands: in 1999, only 50.1% of sold cotton balls were store branded, versus 83.7% in 2016. The top three cotton ball brands in the United States in 2016 were Swisspers (manufactured by U.S. Cotton), Swiss Beauty (U.S. Cotton), and Cotton Cloud (Wabbit, Inc.).

title: Cotton pad


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wiigii

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect to It's Walky!. Deathphoenix 18:38, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Wiigii
Neologism. slambo 01:22, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge in It's Walky! then delete. --Cnwb 01:53, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * It's actually quite established in fan circles, but that doesn't make it notable. Merge with It's Walky! or another Willis article.   — J I P | Talk 05:37, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just under the bar of notability, neologism. Megan1967 05:57, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to It's Walky!.   — Gwalla | Talk 20:50, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into It's Walky! and redirect.--Matteh (talk) 05:11, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to It's Walky! to prevent recreation. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:49, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to discourage recreation. No need to merge. I am actually familiar with this one—it's a term used within a particular internet community, with no cultural interest to people outside of that community. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 19:38, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wiigii


text:
Talk:Poochyena

Untitled

 * Do we really need all those tags just to say it needs cleanup? Bart133 (t) 01:23, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Omnivore?
Is there any valid proof that Poochyena are omnivores? I don't remember anything like that being mentioned. Sincerely, the Stealth Knight, Kevin 20 5 23 26 21:47, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It's in the Pokedex entry dummy.

Pochiena
I'm pretty sure pochiena is the name of a real extinct animal related to the hyena, and -that- is where the name came from.

title: Talk:Poochyena


text:
Crested pigeon

The crested pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes) is a bird found widely throughout mainland Australia except for the far northern tropical areas. Only two Australian pigeon species possess an erect crest, the crested pigeon and the spinifex pigeon. The crested pigeon is the larger of the two species. The crested pigeon is sometimes referred to as a topknot pigeon, a common name shared with the reddish crested Lopholaimus antarcticus of Eastern Australia.

Taxonomy
The species was described in 1822 by Temminck; it is the only species in the genus Ocyphaps, established by G.R. Gray in 1842. Two subspecies are recognized: O. l. lophotes, the nominate subspecies, occurring across the south of the continent; and O. l. whitlocki, occurring in regions of the centre and north of Western Australia. The taxon was named for F. Lawson Whitlock, who made important collections of bird specimens in those areas.

The species has also been placed as Geophaps, perhaps allied with Geophaps plumifera. Common names for the species, aside from crested or topknot pigeon, characterise them as a bronzewing or dove that is likewise distinguished by the crest.

Description
The length of the crested pigeon varies from 30 to 34 cm (12 to 13.6 in). Colouration is grey with tinges of brown, pink and green. It has a feathered, but slender, black spike on top of the head. It runs with the crest erect. The periorbital skin is bright orange. Wings have black stripes and are bronzed, while the primary feathers have iridescent areas of brown, purple, blue, and green. Immature birds have duller colours with no bronzing on the wings. The birds can be normally seen in two sizes, they can be thin or plumped. It is almost impossible to tell if a crested pigeon is male or female, because they have the same plumage.

If startled, the crested pigeon takes to the air with a distinctive whistling 'call', the source of the noise can be attributed to the way the air rushes over a modified primary feather found on the wings.

Distribution and habitat
The crested pigeon is found in lightly wooded grasslands in both rural and urban areas, but they can also be seen at watercourses, homestead gardens, pastoral areas, sports grounds, and golf courses. Their habitat has expanded rapidly since settlement has produced pastoral lands (previously they were only found in inland and Western Australia). Foraging for grains, they have adapted to grain farming areas, often feeding on the noxious weed of Echium plantagineum.

Behaviour
Their most distinctive behaviour is the beating and whistling sound their wings make when they take off. This is most likely to draw the attention of predators to birds on the wing, and away from any birds remaining on the ground, and as an alarm call to other pigeons. When the birds land, their tails tilt upwards and the flight patterns are similar to those of the spotted turtle dove. They can be highly social and tend to be seen in flocks of varying sizes. They are highly gregarious birds when in contact with humans.

Breeding
While they breed throughout the year, it is more common in the warmer months. Males approach females and begin an elaborate mating dance; they bob their bodies up and down, while opening and closing their wings like a fan with each bob. This is accompanied by a soft hooting which is timed with the bobbing. If the female is interested, she remains generally stationary as the male approaches, until copulation is attempted. Nesting usually occurs in shrubs or trees. Nests usually consist of a platform of twigs. They lay two oval, white, glossy eggs. The eggs usually hatch 3 weeks after they were laid. Both parents incubate the eggs.

title: Crested pigeon


text:
Catron

Catron can refer to:

Places

 * Catron, Missouri, in the United States
 * Catron County, New Mexico, in the United States

People

 * John Catron (1786–1865), United States Supreme Court justice
 * Thomas B. Catron (1840–1921), U.S. Senator from New Mexico
 * Sam Catron (1953–2002), assassinated sheriff of Pulaski County, Kentucky, USA
 * Michael Catron (born 1955), American publisher
 * Joevan Catron (born 1988), American professional basketball player

title: Catron


text:
Category talk:Libraries

comments
What's the difference between "academic libraries" and "research libraries"? Can we combine them? Also, should there be libraries listed in both Libraries and one of the subcategories? Remes 01:27, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Would it be appropriate to create a list of library wikis (wikis created by libraries) on Wikipedia?

Can someone categorize LIANZA, please? I'm not really sure where it should go. Kith 03:39, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Libraries


text:
Talk:Honda CB500T

Deletion March 2005
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Honda CB500T. The final result was Keep. --Deathphoenix 01:27, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Honda CB500T


text:
Talk:Byr

Ambiguity
The word "billion" has ambiguity in its meaning; it can mean either 10^9 or 10^12 depending on the region of earth. Any proposed alternative to this abbreviation?? Georgia guy 01:28, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

SI?
I thought year wasn't even compatible for use with SI as no one can decide which type of year to use so surely it shouldn't be used with SI prefixes in any form (including Ga). —Joe Llywelyn Griffith Blakesley talk contrib 01:46, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Addressed both above. Would prefer to see all of kyr, Myr, Byr merged into Annum LeadSongDog 08:05, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Discussion of similar articles
For ongoing discussion of this and related articles please see Talk:mya (unit). LeadSongDog 17:01, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Gyr vs Byr
Why is there no Gyr page, and why is there a Byr page instead, that goes on to explain in the very short Byr article that the term Byr is deprecated, but the term Gyr is still sometimes used? To me that screams 'rename the page to Gyr'! (not at my usual IP) --82.157.248.141 (talk) 10:36, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

Suggestion: Merge this page with Gya212.186.184.227 (talk) 20:16, 24 October 2014 (UTC).

title: Talk:Byr


text:
Old Castile

Old Castile (Castilla la Vieja ) is a historic region of Spain, which had different definitions along the centuries. Its extension was formally defined in the 1833 territorial division of Spain as the sum of the following provinces: Santander (now Cantabria), Burgos, Logroño (now La Rioja), Soria, Segovia, Ávila, Valladolid and Palencia. As the rest of regions in that division, Old Castile never had any special administrative agency; only the individual provinces had their own management.

The name Old Castile reflects the fact that this territory corresponds very roughly to the extension of the Kingdom of Castile around the 11th century, before it expanded to the south. This kingdom had its origins in the 9th century in an area now comprising Cantabria, Álava, and Burgos province.

In the 18th century, Charles III of Spain assigned to Castilla la Vieja the provinces of Burgos, Soria, Segovia, Ávila, Valladolid, and Palencia.

The royal decree of 30 November 1833, the reform of Javier de Burgos (see 1833 territorial division of Spain), established the basis for the division of Spain into provinces which, with very few modifications, continues down to the present day.

Another royal decree, on 30 November 1855, divided Spain into 49 provinces, and assigned the provinces of Valladolid and Palencia to the Kingdom of León, leaving to Castilla la Vieja the provinces of Santander, Burgos, Logroño, Soria, Segovia, and Ávila. Although there were further reform efforts in the 19th century, this division is reflected in the encyclopedias, geographies, and textbooks from the mid-19th century until it was superseded in the second half of the 20th century. For example, early editions of Enciclopedia Espasa, of the Encyclopædia Britannica and the popular student encyclopedia Álvarez all follow this division of provinces into Castilla la Vieja and the Region of León.

With the establishment of the autonomous communities in Spain in 1983, Old Castile disappeared as a legal entity: most of its provinces were integrated politically with the Region of León into a larger entity (Castile and León), and two of its provinces became autonomous communities in their own right (the province of Santander became Cantabria and the province of Logroño became La Rioja).

title: Old Castile


text:
Talk:List of United Kingdom rail accidents by death toll

Two lists
I've paired this list with the chronological order list at List of British rail accidents. It would be good if someone could add entries from that list that aren't on here and vice versa. Thryduulf 01:31, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move. JPG-GR (talk) 00:55, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

List of British rail accidents by death toll → List of United Kingdom rail accidents by death toll — I appreciate this may be a slightly controversial proposal, but "United Kingdom" is more accurate than "British", especially with Armargh at #4 on the list. There's also no chance of anyone thinking that the list is confined to accidents for which British Rail alone was responsible. Note also that the date-sorted article is at List of rail accidents in the United Kingdom rather than List of British rail accidents (currently a redirect). — Tevildo (talk) 13:35, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support as nominator. Tevildo (talk) 13:37, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Support very sensible proposal. Don't see why it would require a WP:RM. Maybe someone will tell me. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 10:09, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, I can't be confident that it _won't_ be controversial - see Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics. :) I'm sure there are some editors who would probably prefer "List of rail accidents in England, Scotland, Wales, and the Six Counties", but I hope that my proposal will be acceptable. :) Tevildo (talk) 11:04, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Support; less ambiguous and more consistent than current title -- Starbois (talk) 08:45, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Sort order
The primary sort order is by death toll. What are the secondary sort criteria? Where two accidents have the same death toll, are they then arranged by injuries; date; or alphabetically? -- Red rose64 (talk) 19:31, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I have always assumed it is by date with the most recent coming first, but checking reveals this is not always the case! GrahamHardy (talk) 18:26, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Possible merge into 'List of rail accidents in the United Kingdom'
I have reworked the List of rail accidents in the United Kingdom to use sortable tables allowing it to be used to identify the worst accidents by deaths, injuries or date. I have also created a section for 'worst accidents' in that article and taken a copy of the 'Disasters on railway premises' section from this article. I have ensured that all incidents mentioned in this article occur in the other one. As such can I suggest we turn this page into a redirect and focus our efforts on the single article going forward? PeterEastern (talk) 09:58, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Completed conversion to redirect and removed banner from this page. PeterEastern (talk) 04:10, 12 November 2011 (UTC)