text:
Talk:Tulip Revolution

Comments
The Wikipedia article seems to predate the "facts." --Wetman 20:24, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You didn't see any article here. Please go about your business and forget this conversation.
 * That really is excellent that we had the beginnings of the article days before the revolution took off. Perhaps Wikipedia is now so powerful that editing it actually causes changes in the real world. Imagine what could be around the corner! "Someone's been vandalising United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights has been blanked. IP traces back to the White House!" — Trilobite (Talk) 23:30, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

"based on slimier lines" ... huh? Kaf 12:39, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Proposed Link
Hi, I'm working with The Pulitzer Center, a non-profit journalism agency geared towards providing audience to underrepresented news stories. I'd like to link this page to a related articles on the Pulitzer site; http://www.pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=27 concerning the political environment in Kyrgyzstan. Please let me know if I can post this link. Many thanks in advance. Blendus 01:11, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

What to call it?
This is being called the Silk Revolution now on the BBC. Also suggested is Lemon Revolution. It seems that people were marching in silk scarves holding tulips - this is going to be a difficult one! Pictures suggest that the colours of the revolution have been pink and yellow. Also I wonder if this article ought to exist at all. There is much more information in Kyrgyz parliamentary elections, 2005. Perhaps we should just merge this article into that one, for now at least. We don't want to have duplicate information. I would favour merging, personally. A lot of people will be looking up Kyrgyzstan on Wikipedia over the next few days, and there needs to be one central article covering the unfolding events. Since this has all occurred in the wake of the elections, I think that article should be the main one. All this can be changed in the future of course when we are able to take a step back and have more of a historical view of things. I'm interested in other people's opinions on merging. If there are no objections I will do this soon. — Trilobite (Talk) 22:51, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Why does every revolution have to have a name? Why can't it just be the Kyrgyz revolution of 2005? It seems that since the Ukraine revolution every one of them has to have a cute moniker to make them sound more, well, heartwarming.--Theloniouszen 03:34, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I agree - this article should be renamed Kyrgyzstan revolution, 2005, and the material from Kyrgyz parliamentary elections, 2005, much of which is not actually about the elections, copied or moved to here. Adam 04:47, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Well it's already on the front page in the news calling it the Tulip revolution, I don't know if we would be able to do that, I think we would probably need more of a consensus for the admins to change it.--Theloniouszen 05:35, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Because the name is a silly media fabrication. A revolution in Kyrgyzstan should be called the Kyrgyzstan revolution. Adam 07:39, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The Wikipedia article seems to predate the "facts." --Wetman 20:24, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You didn't see any article here. Please go about your business and forget this conversation.

"based on slimier lines" ... huh? Kaf 12:39, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Revolution name
Google:

 * "tulip revolution" + kyrgyzstan - 871 hits
 * "lemon revolution" + kyrgyzstan - 190
 * "kyrgyz revolution" - 164
 * "pink revolution" + kyrgyzstan - 47
 * "silk revolution" + kyrgyzstan - 23

—Cantus… ☎   07:29, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

As it's on the main page as "Tulip Revolution", and we already have articles at Rose Revolution, Orange Revolution etc., I see no reason why it shouldn't go back to the original name.--Pharos 17:05, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Rose Revolution and Orange Revolution were widely named that. Tulip revolution not as widespread a name. The name used in the main page is not an argument either for or against change: we can change that as well as the one here. Aris Katsaris 18:36, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)

You have to wonder who comes up with the names for these revolutions? Certainly was a fast one though. Those Kyrgyz don't pussyfoot around. --Kross 09:01, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * fast? There's a polish-language article floating around which cites a Russian newspaper which claims that the next revolution will happen... tomorrow (Sat 26 March 2005) in Belarus: http://pl.indymedia.org/pl/2005/03/12886.shtml So far this really only has the status of a rumour (stated in Polish in the text), but any properly sourced info would be interesting. Boud 11:32, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * i found the online source - it's from PAP - the polish equivalent of the dependent press agencies (AFP, AP, Reuters) : http://info.onet.pl/1072129,11,item.html Boud 11:51, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Here you go

I hope all those who scoffed at the neo-con argument that invading Iraq would trigger a wave of democratic revolutions across the Islamic world are enjoying events in Lebanon and Kyrgyzstan. Adam 15:36, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Revolutions planned, backed and financed by the US. —Cantus… ☎   00:16, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Even if that's true, which I doubt, what is wrong with overthrowing dictatorial regimes? If that is what the US is doing these days, more power to them. Adam 00:39, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't even want to know the amount of concessions the Kyrgyz opposition had to give the US over their help. Scary stuff. —Cantus… ☎   02:30, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Only if you suffer from paranoid delusions. Adam 02:35, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Check out actual reality: It's with Russia that the Kyrgyz opposition had meetings. But whatever feeds your paranoia. Aris Katsaris 03:26, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Really? The United States financed a million or so Lebanese people to protest their government? I wonder how much you think each protester received. Anyway, if the United States actually planned and backed these democratic and anti-imperialist revolutions, it's something for the United States to be justly proud about. Aris Katsaris 03:26, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, the invasion of Iraq probably even caused the Rose Revolution which actually took place *before* the invasion. Bush, in his cunning, has even managed to reverse time and the whole chain of causality.

 * I said Islamic countries. Georgia is not an Islamic country. Adam 01:50, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Look, Lebanon is conceivable and we don't know which of many factors actually contributed to this. A big US army and democracy nextdoors may have indeed helped. But Kyrgyzstan? Where's the connection with Iraq here? Aris Katsaris 01:38, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Even in Bishkek they have televisions. They know what's happening in Iraq, as well as in Lebanon, Ukraine and Georgia. All these events are feeding off each other, but the spectacle of the Iraqis defying the Islamo-fascists (and their western apologists) and voting in free elections is playing a major role. If I was running Syria or Uzbekistan I'd very nervous at the moment. Adam 01:50, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh dear, I was really trying to resist getting into this argument, but here I am. Look, the average Bishkek television-watcher doesn't sit there and think, "Iraq has been invaded: that's my cue to overthrow the government!" The Rose and Orange Revolutions were surely far more important factors in this latest event. The parallel with Ukraine just weeks ago is striking: Russian sphere of influence, president facing defeat fixes election, people take to the streets, police and army don't start shooting into crowds, and eventually the government caves in. I'm convinced that what was foremost in the minds of the Kyrgyz revolutionaries was the example set by the Ukrainians, not the very different situation in Iraq. I agree that the Uzbek regime should be feeling nervous, as should Lukashenko in Belarus, and with a bit of luck Turkmenbashi. But I can't see that Iraq would have much to do with it. — Trilobite (Talk) 02:41, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Of course I agree that Ukraine is the most important influence on what is happening in Kyrgyzia and the other CIS countries. I was responding to the stupid anti-Americanism of certain other contributors. Adam 03:05, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Talking about the possible revolutions, the "banana revolution" of Belarus has tried to uprise but has been quashed. One country that has been talked about a possible colour revolution is Armenia. See this article 159753 20:12, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Probably because there are no bananas in Belarus. If they had called it the "cabbage revolution" it would have swept the country. Adam 00:03, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The reason I said "banana revolution" is because Lukashenko said that he didn't want a revolution whether it was rose, orange or banana.159753 20:57, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The name "Silk Revolution" apparently refers to the breaking of Kyrg. with the USSR in the early 1990s. —Cantus… ☎   00:45, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

There is a repeated mistake stating that Akayev fled the country in a helicopter. This report is not confirmed and in fact no one know if Akayev fled; some sources say he is in hiding on a nearby US military base. I suggest to maitain integrity of the article we hold changes until a few days later when Akayev will finally resurface. -- YA

Some photos
One girl from Bishkek published photos about this "tulip revolution" or "apricot revolution". Apricots are blossoming in Kyrgyzstan right now. Photos are here Photos part 1 and here here Photos part 2. Also she writes about this revolution every day. Probably we could ask her allow to use some photos to illustrate this article.

Definite name
Now I think it can now be officially called the Tulip Revolution, CNN and the BBC are now refering it as such as of late. The google hits also suggest that the majority of the world's media call it the tulip. I guess that's the consensus. May we transfer the article now? Kyrgyz revo of 2005 is not really the name used in the media.
 * I agree. Ambi 10:56, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. KeithV 11:10, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree.  —thames 14:30, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * As the person who started this article, I say make it Tulip Revolution.159753 16:12, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It's pretty and all...
But is a picture of a tulip all we can come up with here? Marskell 17:22, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Present tense?
Should we consider revisiting the Tulip Revolution to parse the pages of research (or current events)? I always find these past discussions quite interesting. The passion is quite evident. The result is quite muddy. In the Kyrgyz Republic's case, the results of the Tulip Revolution were replacement of one corrupt, nepotistic regime with another. Svyatoslav (talk) 02:34, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Some now argue, possibly through revisionism that the Tulip Revolution was really no revolution at all, as it failed to bring about any significant change to the government or society of the country. Possibly we may have to change the name of this article in the near future to something like uprising etc... because it's results were certainly not revolutionary by any standards. As for the present tense? Most of what the Tulip "Revolution" resulted in as now been over-turned due to the 2010 Events, so yes past tense would probably be most appropriate now. --Kuzwa (talk) 23:51, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Tulip Revolution


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Poker Cruw

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 16:23, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Poker Cruw
Even if this particular group of poker players was really "One of the more ineteresting stories" about the history or the recent history of poker, it would not be encyclopedic or notable. Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 20:25, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - unverifiable, reads like vanity. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:07, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 04:13, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 18:57, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

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text:
Talk:Peace of Utrecht

Balance of Power
It says in the article that the concept of Balance of Power first appeared in the Treaty of Utrecht, but this is not the case. The concept is first mentioned in Daniel Defoe's April 19, 1709 Review. I don't feel as though I should be the one to change the article as I'm not even a registered user, but I thought that I should point this out and that someone with more experience in these matters should go about it.

The Balance of Power was actually first mentioned in 1701 by Charles Davenant in his "Essays on the Balance of Power"

 * In studies of International Relations, the Treaty of Utrecht is usually mentioned as significant because it was seen afterwards as an important precedent establishing the importance of the balance of power, a paradigm that would continue to be explicitly important for several centuries and arguably remains so today. I have not seen it claimed that it is in any way the 'first mention' of the balance of power, and the article should be changed to reflect that, as it appears prior mentions have been found. 141.161.58.24 05:16, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

I've added these assertions to the article with my recent edits and have removed the tag. Ordinarily a tag is added in an article after discussion has failed, not at the outset. --Wetman 07:07, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

All these claims are just plain incorrect, neither Davenant nor Defoe invented the idea of the balance of power or introduced it to England for the first time. The notion has its origins in Italy and was most likely first introduced to England via the translation of a history book of the Florentine historian Guicciardini in the late 16th century. For the details, see here Vagt, Alfred, "The Balance of Power: Growth of an Idea," World Politics. Vol. I, No. 1, October. 1948 149.5.64.141 (talk) 15:49, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

Fisheries
I read that the treaty left Spain out of the whale and cod fisheries off Newfoundland. When Spanish mariners returned in the 1920s, they had to learn from the Bretons. --Error 01:52, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

De vous, chez vous, sans vous / Dutch influence
The last paragraph says that the importance and influence of the treaty for the Dutch was small. This seems incorrect to me. For the Dutch, the influence was huge: it marked the end of the era in which the Dutch were the rulers of the oceans. The proverbial saying De vous, chez vous, sans vous is rather explained by the fact that the Dutch, as many other powers, could do nothing else than agree to what the British and the French had agreed. I, not being a registered user, neither being a historian, neither being a native English speaker, suppose that someone changes the last paragraph to something like the following:

The Dutch, not willing to be ruled out by an arrangement between England and France, accepted the French proposal to negotiate in Utrecht, but the negotiations proved to be a fait accompli anyway, which led to the proverbial saying De vous, chez vous, sans vous, meaning: about you, in your surroundings, but without you.131.211.198.148 15:18, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

I don't see how this section is relevant to the article.

 * A completely recast paragraph concerning Dutch desires (the fortifications in the south are the ones I'm aware of) and the results for the Dutch in the final Treaty would be a much-to-be- desired contribution from you. --Wetman 07:11, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

treaty vs. treaties

 * It's illogical to say that a treaty "was a series". A writer must decide what relation the treaty bears to the series: it embodied a series, it epitomized a series, it included a series— if it was itself something other than the sum of the series. I opted for "comprised a series" as the most colorless choice. In the aggregate, such small matters keep the picture sharp. --Wetman 21:06, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Strafford
Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford has been stricken by someone from the list of commissioners for the British. I believe this was an error and am returning his name: see article Wentworth Castle; Strafford was even hauled before a committee of Parliament for his part in the treaty, which the Whigs considered not advantageous enough. --Wetman (talk) 18:08, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Enregistred?
Can someone replace this word with the proper English word. I'm not sure what the proper replacement for this word would be, as I cannot find a definition for it. 66.31.76.221 (talk) 14:56, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Emperor who?
In the Negotiations paragraph it says: '...but the Emperor refused to do so until he was assured that these preliminaries were not binding.' In writing in this manner, it seemed to me, an Emperor or some Empire was already mentioned previously. Yet there is no mention of either. I looked at the wiki pages of the 'Participants', but again found no emperor. It wasn't until I read the page about the War itself, that I was able to discern that it must have been a Holy Roman Emperor. But still, I wasn't sure who, so after searching through the Holy Roman Empire and Holy Roman Emperors page, I was able to determine that it must have been Charles VI, as it happened during his reign. Upon returning to this page, and in the following section Charles VI is finally mentioned. In short: perhaps it would be clearer to clarify which emperor it is. Vince (talk) 09:14, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

Treaty Text
It would be interesting if the Treaty text was included in the article. See: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/johnson/utrecht.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.228.71.21 (talk) 08:25, 11 August 2013 (UTC)
 * No need, there's already a link to the text in Wikisource which is the appropriate place for it. --Gibmetal 77 talk 2 me 11:28, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

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Requested move 1 July 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved as proposed by nominator — Amakuru (talk) 20:55, 7 August 2018 (UTC)

Treaty of Utrecht → Peace of Utrecht – Like the Peace of Westphalia, this was not a single treaty but a series of treaties. The secondary literature commonly calls it the Peace of Utrecht. Srnec (talk) 20:31, 1 July 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. bd2412  T 15:30, 14 July 2018 (UTC)  --Relisting.  bd2412  T 02:33, 30 July 2018 (UTC)

 * I don't dispute the facts of the nomination but nb this Ngram. —  AjaxSmack  03:03, 2 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, but unlike the Peace of Westphalia—for which there is no corresponding "Treaty of Westphalia"—there are several treaties, each of which can justly be called the Treaty of Utrecht, that make up the Peace of Utrecht. "Treaties of Utrecht", which is what the French Wikipedia does, would also work. Srnec (talk) 15:23, 2 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I'd prefer to stick to the Germanic ( * † ‡ ) "Peace" per use commoner names. —  AjaxSmack  16:50, 2 July 2018 (UTC)
 * That would be my preference. Srnec (talk) 23:52, 9 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Support moving to Treaties of Utrecht as it seems the article is about the (multiple) treaties. jamacfarlane (talk) 12:13, 9 July 2018 (UTC)
 * That formulation is far less common than the proposal, though. —  AjaxSmack 23:54, 11 July 2018 (UTC)
 * But the most common formulation is still "Treaty of Utrecht", and the article is about the treaties (negotiations, provisions, response, etc) instead of the underlying peace. That is why I think the title should include "Treaty" or "Treaties". Or is "peace" another term for the treaties? jamacfarlane (talk) 01:20, 12 July 2018 (UTC)
 * See the OUP source I just added. I think in this case peace = treaties. They were not independent, but were negotiated at a peace congress and signed (most of them) on the same day. But they are distinct bilateral agreements. Srnec (talk) 17:47, 14 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose "Treaties" as far less common that "Peace". I do not oppose "Peace" as "peace" is another term for the treaties.  NB other articles titled "Peace of...".  —  AjaxSmack  18:47, 21 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Support as proposed. In addition to the "Peace" really encompassing several treaties, it appears this formation is more COMMON on Google Books ( vs. ).--Cúchullain t/ c 14:08, 24 July 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Peace of Utrecht


text:
Bozeman Trail

The Bozeman Trail was an overland route in the Western United States, connecting the gold rush territory of southern Montana to the Oregon Trail in eastern Wyoming. Its most important period was from 1863 to 1868. Despite the fact that the major part of the route in Wyoming used by all Bozeman Trail travelers in 1864 was pioneered by Allen Hurlbut, it was named after John Bozeman. Many miles of the Bozeman Trail in present Montana followed the tracks of Bridger Trail, opened by Jim Bridger in 1864.

The flow of pioneers and settlers through territory of Native Americans provoked fear and anger in the local tribes; some of which choosing to respond with aggressive and even violent action. The challengers to the route were newly arrived Lakotas and their Native allies, the Arapahoe and the Cheyenne. The United States put emphasis on a right to "establish roads, military and other posts" as described in Article 2 in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. All parties in the conflict had signed that treaty. The Crow Natives held the treaty right to the contested area and had called it their homeland for decades. They sided with the whites. The U.S. Army undertook several military campaigns against the hostile Natives to try to control the trail. Because of its association with frontier history and conflict with American Natives, various segments of the trail are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

Establishment
In 1863, John Bozeman and John Jacobs scouted for a direct route from Virginia City, Montana to central Wyoming to connect with the Oregon Trail, then the major passage to the West Coast. Before this, most access to the southwestern Montana Territory was from St. Louis via the Missouri River to Fort Benton. Thence travelers went by the 'Benton Road,' around the Great Falls and through the Chestnut, Hilger and Prickly Pear valleys (current site of Helena and Broadwater County, Montana).

The overland Bozeman Trail followed many north–south trails the American Natives had used since prehistoric times to travel through Powder River Country. This route was more direct and better watered than any previous trail into Montana. Bozeman's and Jacobs's most important contribution was to improve the trail so that it was wide enough for wagons. But there was a major drawback — the trail passed directly through territory occupied by the Shoshone, Arapaho, and Lakota nations.

Decades before the Bozeman Trail cut through the plains of present Wyoming, the expanse "... was made busy by Crows and white trappers and traders ...". According to the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, most of the Bozeman Trail ran across native Crow territory established by treaty. "For the Crows, the Bozeman Trail introduced them to a relationship [emigrants and army personnel] that would profoundly affect the tribe in coming decades".

To complicate the matter, the southeastern part of the 1851 Crow domain was taken over by the Arapahoe, the Cheyenne and the Lakota. They had invaded the western Powder River area during the 1850s and after "large scale battles" won this buffalo rich Native land from the original tribe around 1860. The principal Bozeman Trail conflict took place along the roughly 250 mi of southern wagon wheel tracks through this particular area. Usually, the emigrants could breathe again, when they started on the last nearly 190 mi of the trail westward from the crossing of the Bighorn River to the city of Bozeman.

The trail and travelers
During the few years the trail was open to emigrants, 3,500 traveled it. Natives killed between 40 and 50 of them. The short cut was at the time "most often called the road to Montana" and not the Bozeman Trail. While short in bee line, the actual road from the Oregon Trail to the mining towns was much longer due to the hilly and undulating terrain. Shorter or longer stretches of the route were altered every year to avoid the worst stages. The journey took around eight weeks. Many of the travelers had prepared themselves for the arduous trip by reading John Lyle Campbell's popular guidebook. Drowning and fatal accidents with firearms occurred. Some travelers came down with critical diseases such as "mountain fever" (Colorado tick fever) and never made it to their destination. Game including elk, mountain sheep and bear was shot an occasion, also buffalo. "The men are killing them in large numbers. I feel sorry to see such destruction. They leave tons of good meat every day to be devoured by wolfs at night", lamented traveler Richard Owen in 1864. The travelers grouped in organized "trains" with chosen people holding posts such as captain, train marshal and orderly sergeant. One group, known as the Townsend Wagon Train, led by Captain A. A. Townsend of Wisconsin, was made up of "wagons ... 150, men ... 375, women ... 36, children ... 36, oxen ... 636". Every fifth of those crossing the plains via Bozeman Trail was a woman or a child. Each wagon paid the train pilot, maybe six dollars in 1864. Being a route used by single emigrants and small families at first, the trail transformed towards a supply route with freight wagons carrying equipment and necessities of life to the new, western towns.

First travelers and Native American campaigns
Bozeman led the first wagon train on the trail in 1864. Abasalom Austin Townsend was captain of another very large wagon train (over 400 people and 150+ wagons) and had a battle with the Natives. Known as the Townsend Wagon Train Fight, the attack occurred on July 7, 1864, with casualties on both sides. Native raids on white settlers increased dramatically from 1864 to 1866, which prompted the U.S. government to order the Army to carry out military campaigns against the Shoshone. Patrick Edward Connor led several of the earliest campaigns, including the Bear River Massacre. and the Powder River Expedition of 1865. He also fought the Arapaho at the Battle of the Tongue River.

The trail itself diverged from the Oregon and California Trails to the north through the Powder River. Lieutenant General William Tecumseh Sherman authorized construction of three forts in 1866 to guard travelers on the trail. Soldiers were harassed by the Sioux, at that time led by Red Cloud (the United States named the war Red Cloud's War after the Sioux leader). Colonel Henry B. Carrington was stationed at a halfway point between Fort Laramie and the Bozeman Trail, but his well-fortified position was not attacked directly. However, when Captain William J. Fetterman, acting against orders, led soldiers in retaliation for attacks against Fort Phil Kearny; all eighty of Fetterman's men were killed. In the aftermath of the Fetterman Fight, the United States agreed, a part of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, to abandon its forts along the Bozeman Trail.

Post-Civil War travel
In 1866, after the American Civil War ended, the number of settlers who used the trail en route to Montana gold fields increased. Around 1,200 wagons brought some 2,000 people to the city of Bozeman following the trail that year. The U.S. Army called a council at Fort Laramie, which Lakota leader Red Cloud attended. The U.S. Army wanted to negotiate a right-of-way with the Lakota for settlers' use of the trail. As negotiations continued, Red Cloud became outraged when he discovered that a regiment of U.S. infantry was already using the route without receiving permission from the Lakota nation. Thus Red Cloud's War began.

It was impossible for the army to undertake significant negotiations about the traffic through the western Powder River area and the future use of it with Red Cloud and any other Lakota. In 1851, the United States had acknowledged the tract belonged to the Crow and was obliged by that. The Lakota tribe itself had recognized the same.

That same year, Nelson Story, a successful Virginia City, Montana, gold miner originally from Ohio, used the Bozeman Trail to successfully drive about 1,000 head of longhorn cattle into Montana. The U.S. Army unsuccessfully tried to turn Story back to protect the drive from Native American attacks, but Story brought cattle through to the Gallatin Valley and formed one of the earliest significant herds in Montana's cattle industry.

The U.S. Army established Fort Reno, Fort Phil Kearny and Fort C. F. Smith along the route, staffed with troops meant to protect travelers. All three military posts were built west of Powder River, consequently outside the Lakota territory as recognized by the whites in the Fort Laramie Treaty. " ... the Sioux attacked the United States anyway, claiming that the Yellowstone was now their land". Native American raids along the trail and around the forts continued. When the Lakota annihilated a detachment under William J. Fetterman at the Fetterman Fight near Fort Phil Kearny on December 21, 1866, civilian travel along the trail ceased. On August 1, 1867, and August 2, 1867, U.S. forces resisted coordinated attempts by large parties of Lakota and Cheyenne to overrun Fort C. F. Smith and Fort Phil Kearny in the Hayfield Fight and Wagon Box Fight.

The strikes and attacks on the soldiers "appeared to be a great Sioux war to protect their land. And it was - but the Sioux had only recently conquered this land from other tribes and now defending the territory both from other tribes and from the advance of white settlers". "In 1866, Red Cloud and his alliance of Lakotas, Cheyennes, and Arapahos fought for a territory they had dominated for only a few years".

The troops in Fort Phil Kearny and Fort C. F. Smith got from time to time warnings of imminent attacks from the Crow, who also brought information about the location of Lakota camps. The Crows were all but pleased to see a part of their treaty-guaranteed land taken over by hereditary enemies, the Arapahoes, Cheyennes, and Lakotas. Despite resentment against the traffic on the Bozeman Trail, "the Crows still acted as allies of the harassed troops" in the forts.

Later, by the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, the U.S. recognized the Powder River Country as unceded hunting territory for the Lakota and allied tribes. Most was located on former Crow treaty territory, now by conquest converted into new Lakota country. For a time the government used the treaty to shut down travel by European American settlers on the Bozeman Trail. President Ulysses S. Grant ordered the abandonment of forts along the trail.

Red Cloud's War could thus be said to be the only Native American war in which Native Americans achieved their goals (if only for a brief time) with a treaty settlement essentially on their terms. By 1876, however, following the Black Hills War, the U.S. Army reopened the trail. The U.S. Army continued to use the trail during later military campaigns and built a telegraph line along it.

Modern route

Today, a modern highway route covers roughly the same general route as the historic Bozeman Trail. The route consists of Interstate 25 from Douglas, Wyoming to Buffalo, Wyoming; Interstate 90 from Buffalo via Sheridan, Wyoming to Bozeman, Montana MT Hwy 84; and U.S. Route 287 to Virginia City, Montana.

National Register Listings
There are nine individual segments of the Bozeman Trail in Wyoming listed on the National Register of Historic Places. One segment of the trail in Montana is also listed.

title: Bozeman Trail


text:
User talk:Draconiator

Hey
No problem, I've been sorting stubs for the last couple weeks, and your's showed up. We can definately talk if you want. If you go to my user page, under the toolbox on the left you can click on E-mail this user to talk to me.

Thank you
Thank you for this. I'm am having increasing difficulties with my computer and weird stuff inserted at the end of an edit (up til now it has been mostly example images like of the wikipedia globe at the top left). I suppose I need to buy a new computer; but I really want a Linux based one and don't really know how to get a good one for a cheap price. WAS 4.250 01:57, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

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Fort Kent
I see you reverted back to the old photo. It's your choice, until someone uploads a better one. I honestly think you misunderstood me. All I ever meant was that your particular photo is bad. But you seem unable or unwilling to correct it - so your picture will stay (for now).

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Otters
I approve. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Otters want attention) 11:42, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Lanthanum
Don't worry, I approve of this. I will not revert. Lanthanum-138 (talk) 05:33, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Draconiator


text:
Talk:Concave function

?
This page states that a twice-differentiable function is concave if and only if (iff) the second derivative is negative. I don't think this is correct.

A twice-differentiable function is STRICT concave if and only if the second derivative is negative.

Use a constant function as an example. By the simpler definition, a constant function (or a linear function) is always concave (but not strictly concave). However, the second derivative is ZERO, not negative.

 * You are right; I corrected the text. --NeoUrfahraner 14:17, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * But what about; "A differentiable function f is concave on an interval if and only if its derivative function f ′ is monotonically decreasing on that interval, that is, $f<0$: a concave function has a decreasing slope."Shouldn't this be $$f\leq 0$$ too (+ the slope can be constant)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bgst (talk • contribs) 18:16, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree. I just changed it accordingly. Does it look better now? Yak90 (talk) 16:14, 10 October 2017 (UTC)

I think the "if and only if" for strict concavity needs to be relaxed though. Or the "negative" should be changed to "negative definite" or something similar.

In other words, take -x^4. This function is clearly STRICT concave. However, its second derivative AT THE ORIGIN is 0. Thus, a function is strict concave if its second derivative is less than or equal to zero with EQUALITY ONLY at the origin. That sounds like negative definite. <?>

If you use the "definiteness" terms, I think this extends well into multiple variables as well.

Just a thought.

 * OK, corrected again --NeoUrfahraner 11:14, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Merging with convex function?
Merging looks like a good idea to me, but one should merge this article in convex function and not viceversa I think. Also, convex function looks like a rather well-written article, so hopefully the merged version will not be worse than what it is now. In short, if anybody is willing to merge, that person should be willing to take the necessary time to do a good job. Otherwise I would oppose a merger. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 12:12, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * See also Talk:Convex function. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 00:29, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

I agree with this, it is analogous to having monotone function an article for increasing and one for decreasing. --Santropedro (talk) 00:12, 19 June 2017 (UTC)

Incorrect definition?
"The definitions of convex and concave functions given here appear to be incorrect. What is said to be a concave function is a convex function and what is said to be a convex function is a concave function.

I have always found those terms confusing. The Chinese characters for the two terms have the shapes that they describe, so it is easy to recognise. The charactor for convex (or concave downward) is a protrusion on top of a square, and the one for concave (or concave upward) is a depression on the top side of a square."

Sorry it seems that I posted the above by mistake. I pressed "Save" and did not realise that my comment is already posted. I did not mean to edit the page but only wanted to ask the author the page to check carefully. I have not learned how to delete the paragraphs I added at the end of the item, which look ugly. Could you delete them? Please check your definitions.

Ziheng Yang

 * Would you mind making an account if you would like to contribute more? It is better to keep in touch that way.

 * As far as I can tell, everything is correct. Concave up is the same as convex, meanining a function of this form" \_/

 * Concave down is the same as concave, meaning a function of this form:

/   \ /      \

 * Other comments? Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 18:27, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * (Ziheng Yang) It is the Chinese knowledge that makes you misunderstand. As a native Chinese speaker, I used to have the same misunderstanding too. The English term are not exactly the same as the Chinese term. The English term "concave" means "curving in", but the Chinese term 凹 primarily means "lower than the ground" and secondarily means "curving in". The English term "convex" means "curving out", but the Chinese term 凸 primarily means "higher than the ground" and secondarily means "curving out". When we see the English term "concave function" and translate it into Chinese 凹函数, we usually take the primary meaning in Chinese so the literal meaning seems to be the "function lower than the ground", like this, but it really does not mean this in English. The English term literally means the function curving in (relative to the upper area of the function curve), so it should look like this  . --Yejianfei (talk) 12:23, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

Check use of convex/concave with "concave lens" and "convex lens", convex "bulges out", concave "caves in", isn't that the correct definition? Why is use with function different?

Ok, so what about linear functions?
What happens when you apply this definition to linear functions? This article does not make mention of this case. --Stux 17:34, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * What is the problem? Linear functions are concave, but not strictly concave. --NeoUrfahraner 18:45, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok I sort of see it being sense mentioned here, at least in terms of linear transformation functions, but nowhere is it explicitly mentioned as such and briefly explained. I, personally am still unclear as to why it's either (I can see that if it's convex it'll be concave too), since this article stipulates:
 * "If f(x) is twice-differentiable, then f(x) is concave iff f ′′(x) is non-positive."
 * Linear functions are clearly twice-differentiable and f  (x) = 0, of course, and this is ... Oh I just answered my own question!'' Nevermind, Thanks! But I still think it needs to be more explicitly mentioned in these articles. --Stux 22:36, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that the definition is obvious enough to show that linear functions are concave.--A 17:07, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Convex on every subinterval
"Equivalently, f(x) is concave on [a, b] if and only if the function −f(x) is convex on every subinterval of [a, b]."

I feel like this line might be glomming together two separate points. Are both of the following correct?:

1) A function f is concave an [a,b] iff -f is convex on [a,b].

2) A function f is concave (convex) on [a,b] iff it is concave (convex) on every /proper/ (was this word left out of the original?--it makes the statement less trivial) subinterval of [a,b].

If these are both true, maybe they should replace the current language. Also, the placement of this part suggests that the statement is restricted to continuous functions. Is that desired? --Dchudz 15:48, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * That is right, I think it should read "Equivalently, f(x) is concave on [a, b] if and only if the function −f(x) is convex on [a, b]"--A 19:24, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Convex and Concave Sets
The current definition uses a concave set. This makes no sense. Both convex and concave functions are defined over CONVEX sets. I'm going to change it to a convex set.

http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~osborne/MathTutorial/CVN.HTM

--TedPavlic 17:44, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * 69.140.152.55 (talk) 16:28, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I have removed the tag, as the article now meets WP:MTAA. Gandalf61 (talk) 16:06, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Examples ?
This article could benefit from a few simple examples. zermalo (talk) 18:29, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I added a few. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 04:02, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

I added a link to a not very common application. It is found at the end of the section on boundary value problem of the article Computation of radiowave attenuation in the atmosphere --Thuytnguyen48 (talk) 14:57, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

Diagram request
A graph, similar to the one for Convex function would be useful here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nandhp (talk • contribs) 15:14, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

=The vignette= I would say at the beginning of this article, we should put something like this: When people don't say it clearly, it means weakly concave.
 * quasiconcave: $$f\left(t x_{1}+\left(1-t\right)x_{2}\right)\ge\min\left\{ f\left(x_{1}\right),f\left(x_{2}\right)\right\} $$
 * strictly quasiconcave: $$f\left(t x_{1}+\left(1-t\right)x_{2}\right)> \min\left\{ f\left(x_{1}\right),f\left(x_{2}\right)\right\}, \forall x_{1}\ne x_{2} $$
 * weakly concave: $$f\left(t x_{1}+\left(1-t\right)x_{2}\right)\ge t f\left(x_{1}\right)+\left(1-t\right)f\left(x_{2}\right)$$
 * strictly concave: $$f\left(t x_{1}+\left(1-t\right)x_{2}\right)> t f\left(x_{1}\right)+\left(1-t\right)f\left(x_{2}\right), \forall x_{1}\ne x_{2}$$
 * what fields use quasiconcavity? How related is it to concavity? 018 (talk) 02:35, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Hi, nice for the response, what field? you can read the quasiconcave page. I don't really know since this is about math. By the way, do you have any idea what fields use the "usual concavity"? Jackzhp (talk) 13:20, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * What I'm asking you is this: why do you want to include the concept of quasiconcavity? how is it related to concavity? I'd argue a see also link would probably make sense. The basic point is someone interested in concavity is very likely not interested in quasiconcavity. 018 (talk) 17:11, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * O. I feel that I still didn't get your point. Do you mean quasiconcavity has nothing to do with the concavity? For me, I feel that if the article doesn't mention quasiconcave or it doesn't put the way I proposed, it missed something. And I thought concavity has 3 extent: quasi, weak, strong, isn't it? I thought they are related and I was very easily confused by them, especially when they were put far away. For me, the above 3 lines say everything one needs, we don't even need the 2 whole articles.
 * If I understand the terms correctly, it seems that you are saying it is appropriate in the "human" article, we only mention "women", give only a link to "man". and you are saying "someone interested in" human "is very likely not interested in" man. Am I very wrong? I am laughing for the situation. Jackzhp (talk) 18:19, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Display error on mobile page
I noticed that when viewed in Safari on my iPhone, the definition of concavity shows up incorrectly: the term \alpha f(y) does not appear. The page looks fine in multiple browsers on my laptop, and I don't see what could be causing the problem.Danramras (talk) 22:34, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

Nomenclature
Please explain the history of this term, and why such graphs are called "concave" (viewed from below) and not "convex" (viewed from above). —DIV (120.17.118.20 (talk) 13:31, 8 October 2018 (UTC))

Equations appear wrong in iOS in definition
Pretty sure the equations in the definition section are wrong. Leopd (talk) 08:16, 31 January 2021 (UTC)

Actually, the equations are correct, but the layout on the iOS Wikipedia app is very confusing. Due to the limited width of the screen, when viewing the page vertically, the first equation reads as

$$f((1-\alpha )x+\alpha y)\geq (1-\alpha )$$

instead of

$$f((1-\alpha )x+\alpha y)\geq (1-\alpha ) f(x)+\alpha f(y)$$

Confusingly, if you scroll the page sideways to see more content to the right, you don't see the rest of the equation. You see a bunch of blank space to the right of all the text, and the equation seems to be complete. The only way to see the rest of the equation is to scroll just in the equation box itself. Unless you happen to drag your finger horizontally on the equation, there is no visual affordance that there is anything more to the equation.

This is not an issue with the page so much as the iOS client. Where would that topic be best brought up? Leopd (talk) 20:32, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Concave function


text:
User:Xiggelee

I have contributed mainly to
 * Trombone
 * MRI

because those are my favorite things. Of course, by that logic, I should start contributing to
 * Scotch whisky
 * Cash

title: User:Xiggelee


text:
Joseph Blake (governor)

Joseph Blake (died 1700), the nephew of English General at Sea Robert Blake, served as the governor of Carolina in 1694 and from 1696 to his death in 1700.

Biography
Joseph Blake was born in 1663, in England. He was the son of Benjamin Blake and nephew of Lord Proprietor, John Archdale. To early 1680s, he emigrated to Carolina. In 1685, Joseph Blake was appointed a Deputy by his Archdale. During a time, he was member of the Executive Councils. Late, he was named as a Deputy of Peter Colleton, 2nd Baronet. On 29 October 1694, he was appointed governor of colonial South Carolina by the council,  and he kept the charge until his death, on 7 September 1700.

Blake married two times: The first of them was with Deborah Morton, who was daughter of Governor Joseph Morton, marrying with him before 1685. The second was Elizabeth Axtell, who had a son, Joseph Blake Jr. He had several lands: "Plainsfield", located on the Stono River; Newington Plantation, located in Dorchester County; and "Pawlet" in Colleton County, South Carolina.

title: Joseph Blake (governor)


text:
Mike Madigan

Michael Joseph Madigan (born April 19, 1942) is an American politician who is the former speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. He was the longest-serving leader of any state or federal legislative body in the history of the United States, having held the position for all but two years from 1983 to 2021. He served in the Illinois House from 1971 to 2021. He represented the 27th District from 1971 to 1983, the 30th district from 1983 to 1993, and the 22nd district from 1993 to 2021. This made him the body's longest-serving member and the last legislator elected before the Cutback Amendment.

Chicago Magazine named Madigan as the fourth most powerful Chicagoan in 2012 and as the second in both 2013 and 2014, earning him the nickname "the Velvet Hammer—a.k.a. the Real Governor of Illinois." Rich Miller, editor of Illinois political newsletter the Capitol Fax, wrote, "the pile of political corpses outside Madigan's Statehouse door of those who tried to beat him one way or another is a mile high and a mile wide." He was frequently considered the state's political boss and controlled all redistricting in the state for several decades, as well as being chair of the Democratic Party of Illinois for over 20 years. Madigan's patronage network in state and local bodies was extensive.

On January 11, 2021, Madigan announced he would be suspending his effort to be elected to a nineteenth term as Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives, and on January 13, he was replaced by fellow Democrat Chris Welch. Madigan announced that he would resign as state representative effective at the end of February. On February 18, he announced that his resignation would take effect that same day.

On March 2, 2022, Madigan was indicted on federal racketeering charges. He is set to stand on trial on October 8, 2024.

Early life and career
Madigan's father, Michael, was "a very strong Democrat, he was a product of the Depression ... He carried with him very strong feelings in favor of many of the enactments of the New Deal." Michael J. Flynn was the Cook County Clerk, and also the Democratic committeeman of Chicago's 13th Ward, an unpaid, political-party leadership position. Madigan's father was a precinct captain in the 13th Ward and worked in the Cook County Clerk's office, where he befriended a young Richard J. Daley, who would later succeed Flynn as County Clerk prior to running for mayor of Chicago. Madigan later characterized the relationship between his father and Richard J. Daley as "political friends." The elder Michael Madigan later worked for 25 years as the 13th Ward superintendent for the City of Chicago Department of Streets and Sanitation.

Madigan was born on April 19, 1942, and was raised in the Clearing neighborhood of Chicago. Madigan graduated from Saint Adrian's Elementary School, St. Ignatius College Prep on the west side of Chicago, and the University of Notre Dame. In 1965, while a first-year law student at Loyola University Chicago School of Law, Madigan purchased a membership in the Lake Shore Club and introduced himself to Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley as Michael Madigan's son. Within months, at Madigan's father's request, Mayor Daley appointed Madigan to a summer job with the city law department between his first and second years of law school. Madigan also met Daley's son, Richard M. Daley, while both were law students. Madigan's father suffered a heart attack at age 58, and a fatal heart attack at age 60, in 1966. Madigan graduated from Loyola Law School in 1967. Madigan and Neil Hartigan worked together in the city law department. Madigan and Richard M. Daley were both delegates to the 1969-70 Illinois Constitutional convention (which wrote the current Constitution of Illinois, adopted after Illinois voters approved it in the 1970 special election), and became good friends.

In 1972, Madigan founded the private law firm of Madigan and Getzendanner with Vincent J. "Bud" Getzendanner Jr., a fellow Loyola law graduate, one year his senior. In 1976, Madigan married Shirley Murray, a divorced law firm receptionist with a young daughter, Lisa, whom Madigan adopted; Lisa later became Attorney General of Illinois in 2003.

Democratic Party leadership
Madigan joined Chicago Mayor Jane Byrne in endorsing Alderman Edward M. Burke in the 1980 Democratic primary race for Cook County State's Attorney, over Madigan's friend Richard M. Daley.

In 1986 Madigan urged Adlai Stevenson III to enter the Democratic primary for Illinois governor. Hartigan withdrew and Stevenson won the primary and was defeated by James R. Thompson for the second time.

13th Ward Democratic committeeman
In 1969 the 13th Ward precinct captains elected Madigan their committeeman, making him, at age 27, the youngest ward committeeman in Chicago at the time. Madigan's ward organization has been called the most disciplined in Chicago.

Chairman of the Democratic Party of Illinois
In 1998 the Illinois Democratic Party's Central Committee elected Madigan chair of the Democratic Party of Illinois. Madigan succeeded his protégé and former chief of staff, Gary LaPaille. Madigan fired the state party staff, closed its headquarters in the Merchandise Mart in Chicago, and moved it to Springfield, Illinois, to the same office building as his campaign finance committee staff.

Madigan's position as the Democratic Party Chair was challenged by Mateusz Tomkowiak during the March 2018 Democratic primary for state central committeeman of the 3rd Congressional District.

On February 22, 2021, Madigan resigned as chairman.

Illinois House of Representatives
In November 1970 Madigan was elected to represent the 22nd District in the Illinois House of Representatives. The district, on Chicago's southwest side in the area surrounding Midway International Airport, has recently become majority Hispanic.

Speaker of the Illinois House
Madigan was Speaker of the Illinois House from 1983 to 2021, with the exception of 1995–1997 when Republicans took control of the Illinois House and Lee Daniels of Elmhurst became Speaker. Madigan recruited candidates who appealed to south suburban Chicago voters and the Illinois House Democratic Majority political action committee he controls spent $272,000 in six south suburban races. Democrats won back nine seats in the Illinois House in the elections of November 1996, regained a majority, and Madigan resumed the Speaker's role and held it until January 2021. He is the longest-serving state House speaker in United States history.

Beginning in the 1980 United States Census, and except in the 1990s, Madigan was the chief mapmaker of the legislative districts of the Illinois General Assembly and the United States Congress in Illinois and during reapportionment he designs the Illinois House districts to increase his majority.

After 2002 – when Democrats took control of all branches of the state government – Madigan feuded with leading Democrats Governor Rod Blagojevich and Senate President Emil Jones.

Some political observers were critical of the level of control Madigan came to hold over Illinois politics, describing him as the state's political boss.

In 2016, Madigan was the subject and namesake of a documentary made by the Illinois Policy Institute. The documentary was widely criticized as overly partisan and raised ethical concerns after individuals featured in the movie claimed they were not told the nature of their interviews. In May 2019 Madigan supported a bill to change Illinois's tax rate from a flat rate to a graduated tax rate and sponsored a bill to fine businesses for profiting from human trafficking, involuntary servitude, or sex trade activities.

In January 2021, Madigan announced he would be suspending his campaign for Speaker of the Illinois House after it became apparent that he would not receive the 60 votes necessary to win. On January 13, the Illinois House voted to instead elect Chris Welch to the Speakership, making him the first African American to hold that position. A federal corruption investigation related to Madigan's conduct continued despite his ouster as speaker.

Relationship with Blagojevich
Madigan and Blagojevich clashed over Blagojevich's proposals for increased state spending. Blagojevich blamed the 2007 budget crisis on Madigan, releasing a statement that said, "The way to be able to finally get budgets that achieve the objective of health care and education for families is to get Mr. Madigan to be a Democrat again and stop being a George Bush Republican." Madigan refused to meet with Blagojevich for more than two months after Blagojevich introduced the budget; rather than the proposed $5 billion in increased spending, he recommended $1 billion, funded by the ending of a tax break. When talks stalled, Madigan invited the entire House to accompany him to budget negotiations.

Madigan opposed Blagojevich's proposed gross receipts tax in 2007. He said the tax was "regressive" and would hurt the poor, who are "the least able in our society to take on additional costs."

Illinois senior Senator Dick Durbin said in 2008 that he received many constituent complaints about the dispute between Blagojevich and Madigan, with letter writers wanting him to step in to negotiate. Durbin said the subject was also often talked about in the United States Congress in Washington, D.C., among the Illinois congressional delegation. Durbin joked that he would rather go to Baghdad to mediate than Springfield.

The Chicago Sun-Times statehouse bureau reporter of 13 years, Dave McKinney, said of Madigan's style as Speaker:

"It's sort of the classic case that you get a guy (Madigan) who is steeped in discipline versus a guy who's very undisciplined, like Blagojevich. You can see it in their work habits, in their mannerisms.

Madigan is very measured in what he says. You never see him flying off on things. He is so precise.

This guy has been speaker for almost 30 years. He runs that chamber almost like he runs his house. They come in on time. He knows the rules. He's written the rules.

Madigan likes news clippings given to him every day; he likes to keep up on things. And he likes them clipped and organized in a certain way. With Rod, you get the sense that he's more of a big ideas person, but then doesn't really have the wherewithal to carry through on things to make sure they get done, to deliver."

The relationship between Blagojevich and Madigan hit its low in October 2007, when Blagojevich fired Bronwyn Rains, wife of Madigan's chief of staff Timothy Mapes, from her position of psychologist with the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services. Blagojevich said he based this on Rains's educational background. She had worked for the department for 24 years with no prior record of problems; one observer called the fallout "nuclear war."

Senate Republican Leader Frank Watson and House Republican Leader Tom Cross often met with Madigan, his Senate counterpart at the time Emil Jones, and Blagojevich in an attempt to referee disputes. In August 2008, Blagojevich stated that House Democrats who held City of Chicago jobs were fearful of voting in favor of his 2008 capital bill because they thought Madigan might be able to get them fired. Blagojevich told reporters:

They fear their leader, Mr. Madigan, and if Mike Madigan tells them to vote a certain way, they will tell you privately, and I've had these discussions with a couple of state reps, one of whom said, 'I'm afraid if I vote for the jobs bill I'll be fired from my job at Streets and Sanitations [sic]. I'm afraid I'll lose my job.'

Representative Gary Hannig told the newspaper that Blagojevich had told House Democrats he was referring to John C. D'Amico. When contacted, D'Amico said that Blagojevich had asked him if he feared losing his job with the City of Chicago's water department, at which point D'Amico said that he had been in a union for 26 years and could not be fired easily, and instead opposed the capital bill because Mayor Richard M. Daley opposed it.

On December 15, 2008, Madigan announced that he was taking steps to initiate impeachment proceedings against Blagojevich after the governor was arrested on charges of conspiracy and fraud. He named Illinois House of Representatives Majority Leader Barbara Flynn Currie to chair the 21-member House committee on impeachment. After the committee reported, Madigan presided over the House deliberations which unanimously voted for the first impeachment of an Illinois governor. Subsequently, the Illinois Senate tried and removed Blagojevich from office, also by a unanimous vote.

Controversy over UIUC admissions
Madigan refused to testify in the inquiry over his advocacy for more than 40 applicants to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Governor Pat Quinn appointed a commission, to be led by retired Judge Abner Mikva, to investigate attempts by lawmakers and others to influence admissions of unqualified candidates (whose relatives had given money to Madigan, other lawmakers, and the state Democratic Party, which Madigan chairs) at the state's largest university. The August 6, 2009, Admissions Review Commission report stated that the university's top officials (trustees, president, chancellor) were the most culpable, because they should have refused the lawmakers' requests, although he also said a separate commission should be established by Quinn and/or the legislature to look into possible misconduct by Madigan and others.

Metra patronage scandal
In the summer of 2013 it was reported that Madigan had sought to use his influence to secure patronage hiring and promotion at the Metra commuter rail agency for two of his supporters. Metra CEO Alex Clifford rejected these requests, and alleges that the agency's board sought his resignation as a result.

In the wake of this scandal five Metra board members resigned, but Madigan denied violating any ethics rules. An investigation by the Legislative Inspector General found that Madigan "should have realized, given his influential position, that by making the [personnel] requests at the conclusion of meetings with Metra officials to discuss funding and other legislative issues, he would be creating reciprocal expectations."

More than 400 current or retired state and local government employees have strong political ties to Madigan, according to a 2014 investigation by the Chicago Tribune. The former Bureau of Electricity in the Streets and Sanitation Department of the City of Chicago was called "Madigan Electric" by political insiders. Madigan recommended at least 26 individuals for jobs at Metra from 1983 to 1991.

Campaign contributions
Madigan has admitted that he is more likely to return phone calls from campaign contributors than from non-contributors.

Of all the current sitting Democratic Illinois House members, Madigan has received the most campaign contributions from labor unions. Between 2002 and 2012, he received $670,559. This sum includes: On January 1, 2016, the Chicago Tribune reported that Madigan "has been on a fundraising tear, courtesy of a quirk in state campaign finance law that allows him to amass multiple five-figure contributions from the same donor into four funds he controls." In 2015, Madigan raised more than $7 million. Over 68% of the money that Madigan raised in 2015 came from trial lawyers, law firms, and organized labor unions.
 * $56,114 from AFL-CIO
 * $50,000 from AFSCME
 * $63,600 from Illinois Education Association
 * $161,000 from the Illinois Federation of Teachers
 * $135,000 from the Chicago Teachers Union
 * $204,845 from the Service Employees International Union

Illinois created its first limit on campaign contributions for the legislature in 2009, but the law allowed politicians to raise money for various campaign funds for their political parties and caucuses. Madigan controls four different campaign fundraising organizations: Friends of Michael J Madigan, the Democratic Majority fund, the Southwest Side 13th Ward fund and the Democratic Party of Illinois account. Additionally, over the past 15 years, Madigan raised more than $658,000 in donations from the Illinois Trial Lawyers Association (ITLA) Legislative PAC.

Tax policy
In early 2011 leading Illinois Democratic lawmakers and Governor Pat Quinn agreed to raise the Illinois state income tax from 3 to 5.25 percent—a 75% increase. At the time, it was estimated that this would bring in about $7.5 billion a year. The tax increase would mean that a married couple with two kids earning $80,000 a year combined would pay an extra $1,620 in taxes. Democratic leaders said the plan would pull the state out of its $15 billion budget hole. They promised the tax hike would last just four years, and then fall to 3.75 percent.

Between 2011 and 2014 the Illinois state income tax rate was 5 percent. On January 1, 2015, the tax rate was reduced from 5 percent to 3.75 percent, creating a shortfall in revenue of $2.7 billion starting FY 2015. Madigan has said that he would rather increase income taxes than sales taxes. On other occasions, he has introduced budgets that raise taxes in Illinois.

May 2016 tax and budget plan
On May 25, 2016, Madigan introduced a budget plan that increased spending and "set the state on autopilot for the next year", according to the Chicago Tribune. Madigan's plan allocated $700 million more in funds to public schools. The $700 million would be doled out to poorer school districts such as Chicago Public Schools.

The Illinois Office of Management and Budget said that the tax rate for an average family in Illinois would have to go up by $1,000 to pay for Madigan's plan. That amounts to an increase of the income tax rate to 5.5 percent. Governor Bruce Rauner said that the budget was "the biggest unbalanced budget in Illinois history."

Madigan's plan passed the Illinois House of Representatives on May 25 by a vote of 63 in favor and 53 opposed. The Republican leader in the Illinois House, Jim Durkin, said the bill was "absolutely the biggest joke." Among those opposed were seven Democratic representatives. The seven were targeted for defeat in the fall 2016 campaigns.

Madigan's tax plan proposed spending $47.5 billion for fiscal year 2017. The state estimated that it would bring in approximately $40.5 billion in revenue, meaning that Madigan's budget spends around $7 billion more than the state would have available through tax revenue. The Illinois Policy Institute, a conservative think tank, estimated that the state would need to increase people's income tax from 3.75 to 5.5 percent in order to make up for Madigan's budget gap. The think tank estimated that the increase would amount to around $1,000 on average per family in Illinois.

The City Club comments
In December 2015 the state of Illinois had had no budget in place for over five months. On December 9, at the City Club in Chicago, Madigan publicly said he thought the state income tax should increase to "at least 5 percent to balance the state's out-of-whack finances".

The Chicago Tribune wrote, "In doing so, Madigan potentially gave new life to Republican Gov. Bruce Rauner's argument that Democrats are to blame for the stalemate in Springfield because they're intent on only raising taxes to dig out of the state budget deficit."

Madigan's exact words were, "A good place to begin, good place to begin would be the level we were at before the income tax expired. ... And starting there, you can go in whatever direction you want to go."

Tax increase reform proposals
One of Madigan's ideas to raise taxes is to pass a state constitutional amendment that would raise taxes on "millionaires to pay for public schools."

Madigan also has a plan for a graduated rate increase. State representative Lou Lang, a deputy under Madigan, formally introduced Madigan's proposal that would change how Illinois taxpayers are taxed at the state level. Instead of being taxed a flat rate, people would be taxed at a graduated rate, with the rate increasing for higher incomes.

The Tax Foundation released a report in early 2016, using figures from 2011, that showed that Illinois had the fifth-highest tax burden in the United States. Illinois had the second-highest burden when compared to other states in the midwest. Under Madigan's proposal, those figures would change: Illinois would have the fourth-highest and highest tax burden in the U.S. and midwest, respectively. In 2012, Illinois' tax burden was the second highest in the midwest, after Wisconsin, but before Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker passed tax cuts.

Pension reduction legislation
Madigan was instrumental in the passage of SB-1, a plan that amended state employee pension plans by drastically reducing the constitutionally protected benefits of Illinois state employees in retirement. The Illinois Supreme Court ultimately found these legislative changes to be unconstitutional.

As the Illinois Supreme Court ruling stated: "These modifications to pension benefits unquestionably diminish the value of the retirement annuities the members ... were promised when they joined the pension system. Accordingly, based on the plain language of the Act, these annuity-reducing provisions contravene the pension protection clause's absolute prohibition against diminishment of pension benefits and exceed the General Assembly's authority".

AT&T "friends and family plan" bribery scandal
In October 2022, under a deferred prosecution with the US Department of Justice, AT&T admitted that it arranged for payments to Illinois House Representative Edward Acevedo, an ally of Madigan, in order to unlawfully influence and reward Madigan's vote in 2017 on legislation that would eliminate AT&T's so-called "Carrier of Last Resort" obligation to provide landline telephone service to all Illinois residents, which was expected to save the company millions of dollars. Madigan also helped to defeat an amendment to a bill that became law in 2018 regarding fees for small cell tower attachments that would have been harmful to AT&T's interests. Former AT&T Illinois President Paul La Schiazza, who is set to go on trial in September 2024 for the alleged bribery scheme, described AT&T's quid pro quo relationship with Madigan in an email to an AT&T employee as "the friends and family plan."

Paprocki eucharist decree
On June 6, 2019, Bishop Thomas Paprocki issued a decree barring Madigan and Senate President John Cullerton from presenting themselves to receive the Eucharist on account of their role in passing the Reproductive Health Act, which removes spousal consent and waiting periods for abortions. While singling out Madigan and Cullerton specifically, Paprocki also asked that other legislators who voted for the bill not present themselves for Communion either, saying that they had "cooperated in evil and committed grave sin." Madigan said that Paprocki had warned him that he would be forbidden to take the sacrament if he permitted the House to debate and vote on the measure.

Resignation
On February 18, 2021, Madigan announced through a letter to the Speaker of the Illinois House that he would be resigning from the state representative post which will be effective at the end of February.

Madigan and Getzendanner
Madigan was founder and continues as senior partner of the law firm Madigan and Getzendanner, specializing in corporate real estate property tax appeals, which has been accused of profiting from Madigan's position and power. Getzendanner and four other staff attorneys handle the tax appeals, while Madigan brings in clients. In 2008 Madigan and Getzendanner represented 45 of the 150 most valuable buildings in downtown Chicago, more than any other property tax appeal firm, and more than twice as many as the second-highest. Clients include the John Hancock Center and the Prudential Plaza. From 2006 to 2008 in Cook County, Illinois, Madigan and Getzendanner received the largest reductions for their clients of any tax appeal law firm. Venues for property tax appeals law firms in Cook County include hearings before the County Assessor, the County Board of Review, and the County courts. Judges in Illinois are elected in partisan elections, and Madigan, by his Democratic Party leadership roles as committeeman and state chairman, is one of the main persons involved in slating judicial candidates.

After the death of veteran 45th Ward committeeman and longtime chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party Thomas G. Lyons in January 2007, Cook County Democrats met in Chicago on February 1 to fill the vacancy. Madigan nominated Joseph Berrios, a former Illinois State Representative, then a commissioner on the Cook County Board of Review. Cook County Democrats elected Berrios their new chairman. Madigan political workers aided Berrios's 2010 campaign for Cook County Assessor. Berrios is registered as a lobbyist to Illinois state government and advocates for issues including expanding video poker. Berrios lobbies Madigan in Springfield, while the Assessor is critical to the lucrative commercial real-estate tax appeals practices of law firms, including Madigan's.  "Even by Illinois's loose conflict of interest standards, the obviousness of the Madigan-Berrios connection is stupefying," wrote Chicago Magazine in 2013. Berrios went on to lose to Fritz Kaegi in the Democratic primary for Cook County Assessor in March 2018. Kaegi then won the general election.

The Madigan family and their role in Illinois government
Madigan and his wife, Shirley, have four children. His oldest daughter, Lisa Madigan, served as Attorney General of Illinois from 2003 to 2019. Madigan is not Lisa's biological father: she was born Lisa Murray to Shirley and criminal attorney Joel Murray. They divorced and Shirley married Madigan when Lisa was 10 years old. Lisa changed her name when she was 18 and was formally adopted in her 20s. Shirley is the head of the Illinois Arts Council. Madigan's son-in-law Jordan Matyas is the chief lobbyist for Regional Transportation Authority, a deputy chief overseeing their Government Affairs Department.

In 2002 Madigan helped Lisa garner more campaign contributions in her run for Illinois Attorney General than even the candidates for governor that year. At one point, Lisa Madigan's $1.2 million raised was more than all the attorney general candidates in 1998 had raised, combined.

Allegations of misconduct in campaign contributions arose during the 2002 campaign. Madigan was accused of using taxpayer dollars for political purposes. His staffers made numerous visits at public expense to contested Illinois House districts in the winter and spring before the November 2000 election. The Republican gubernatorial candidate, Jim Ryan, suggested that Madigan should resign. Lisa Madigan was running for Attorney General that year and called the allegations baseless. Her opponent in the race called on her to pay back taxpayer-paid bonuses her father had paid staffers before they departed to work on his daughter's campaign. A federal investigation into one of Lisa Madigan's political endorsements ensued after Madigan allegedly contacted a union boss in Chicago shortly before the union endorsed Madigan's daughter for the post, but nothing came of it.

title: Mike Madigan


text:
Acajete

Acajete may refer to:

Places

 * Acajete Municipality, Puebla, Mexico
 * Acajete, Puebla, the municipal capital of the above
 * Acajete Municipality, Veracruz, Mexico

title: Acajete


text:
Alnwick branch line

The Alnwick branch line is a partly closed railway line in Northumberland, northern England. A heritage railway currently operates a mile of the line, which originally ran from Alnmouth railway station, on the East Coast Main Line, to the town of Alnwick, a distance of 2+3/4 mi.

It opened on 5 August 1850 to both freight and passenger traffic. Passenger operations included direct Newcastle to Alnwick services, as well as regular shuttle runs between Alnmouth and Alnwick. As late as 1966, some of the Alnmouth to Alnwick shuttles were still operated by steam locomotives.

Operation
All Newcastle-Alnwick services and some local trains were taken over by diesel multiple unit trains from 21 April 1958, with schedules cut by up to 15 minutes.

Closure
The passenger service was withdrawn in January 1968 and the line closed completely in October 1968, on cost grounds. The old railway embankment west of where the line crossed the A1 road now forms the rear boundary of some of the gardens on the Royal Oak Gardens residential development.

Preservation and revival
The Aln Valley Railway is a heritage railway based on the Alnwick Branch Line. Reconstruction of the railway is an ongoing project, the intention being to reopen the old branch line from the newly completed Alnwick Lionheart terminus station in Alnwick (not built on the site of the original station due to it being unavailable and there being new buildings on some of the trackbed into the town centre) to Alnmouth station. At present the railway carries passengers for approximately 1.5 mi from the new Lionheart station along a 1.2 mile section of the original route to a temporary terminus station at Edenhill Bridge (see below). The railway project is managed by the Aln Valley Railway Trust (AVRT), a registered charity.

The project first emerged with the foundation of the Aln Valley Railway Society (since merged into the Aln Valley Railway Trust) in 1995 and plans were announced in 1997 to reopen almost the entire length of the original branch line. However this proposal would have required the construction of a costly bridge over the A1 dual carriageway bypass on the edge of Alnwick (and was later hindered further by the construction of a Lidl supermarket on the approach to the original station) and so plans were later revised and it was instead decided that a new station should be built on a site close to where the later A1 bypass truncated the original line.

Between April 2000 and November 2014 the Aln Valley Railway also had a presence at Longhoughton goods yard, where rolling stock and other items were temporarily stored and prepared for eventual movement to the Lionheart site, once it became available.

Planning permission was granted by Northumberland County Council on 1 July 2010 and the lease for the site signed on 22 February 2012. The site first opened to visitors five months later on 14 July, but only to demonstrate the ongoing work alongside exhibits of rolling stock as well as an indoor exhibition area, café, souvenir shop and model railway; the first train (an engineer's train) did not run until 3 November 2012. Passengers were first carried 28 March 2013 using the railway's Wickham trolley, a service which continued throughout the 2013 season. Later that year, on 10 September, the first trial steam service was operated (though not for public passengers) and the railway was formally opened by the Duke of Northumberland on 30 October 2013.

Following the virtual completion of the initial plans for Lionheart station, the railway began works to extend the line onto the original trackbed of the Alnwick Branch Line (which passed the site in a cutting and thus had to be partially raised so as to allow trains to gradually descend from the station) in October 2015. On 28 December 2017, a public passenger train from Lionheart station ran along a section of the original branch line for the first time since the line closed nearly 50 years previously. From August 2018, passenger trains regularly ran the short distance from Lionheart station to Alndyke Farm Crossing, just beyond Bridge 6.

In July 2018, the AVRT was awarded a Rural Development Programme for England grant (using funds jointly provided by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) together with 20% match funding from Sustrans which constitute a total of £146,600. The grant has been used to cover the costs of groundworks and track materials to extend the running line over the Cawledge Viaduct to a point just before the line passes under Edenhill Bridge, and has also covered the costs of constructing a new station at this location, Greenrigg Halt, together with a run-round loop. A railway coach – BG No. 31407 – is being used to provide facilities for the new station, which is almost complete (2021).

Though it remains the goal of the AVRT to reopen the rest of the line through to Alnmouth, for it to continue beyond Edenhill Bridge, it must obtain a Transport and Works Act Order. Further planning permission will also be required and a lease will have to be negotiated with Network Rail for the final section of the former line into Alnmouth station, which ran alongside the East Coast Main Line.

Steam locomotives

 * Hudswell Clarke no. 9 Richboro, built in 1917. Operational.
 * Hawthorn Leslie no. 3799 Penicuik, built in 1935. Stored undercover at Lionheart. At present, the locomotive is privately owned and the AVR are not permitted to restore it.
 * Hunslet Austerity 0-6-0ST no. 60 built in 1948. Works number 3686. Built for the National Coal Board with cab and bunker cut down to a smaller loading gauge for working the Lambton Drops, a coal staith in Sunderland. Operational and on long-term loan (private owner)
 * Hunslet Austerity 0-6-0ST no. 48 built in 1943. Works number 2864. War Department 75015. Stored undercover at Lionheart.
 * Hudswell Clarke no. 20 Jennifer, built 1942. Works No 1731. Operational and on long-term loan (private owner)

Diesel locomotives

 * Drewry no. 8199 Drax, built in 1963. Operational.
 * Andrew Barclay no. 615, built in 1977. Operational and on loan from Tanfield Railway (private owner). This was the final surface locomotive to work for the National Coal Board.
 * British Rail Class 11 no. 12088 Shirley, built in 1951. Operational. Undergoing major overhaul (April 2017). Also requires minor body work before being repainted into BR black.
 * Ruston and Hornsby no. S518256, built in 1948. Pending major restoration.
 * Ruston and Hornsby no. L2, built in 1952. Requiring major works. Currently on display at the entrance of the Lionheart site.

Diesel Multiple Units

 * Class 144 144004, introduced in December 1986. Moved to the Aln Valley Railway 15 December 2020. Formerly in service with Northern Trains. Vehicles 55804 (DMS), 55827 (DMSL).
 * Class 144 144016, introduced in March 1987. Moved to the Aln Valley Railway 16 and 17 December 2020. Formerly in service with Northern Trains. Vehicles 55816 (DMS), 55852 (MS), 55839 (DMSL).

title: Alnwick branch line


text: File:Icp-ringmaster.jpeg

title: File:Icp-ringmaster.jpeg


text:
File:American Basketball League (1996–1998) (logo).png

Summary
ABL no longer exists. Fair use - historical image in non-commercial use.


text:
Talk:Epenthetic vowel

Japanese vowels after "h"
Japanese also uses different vowels after [h], e.g. Gogh -> gohho and Bach -> Bahha  Kappa 20:42, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nucular
Not sure exactly what sort of phonetic alphabet is being used here, but shouldn't it be /nukj@lR/ or some such (in Kirshenbaum) rather than /nukiljar/? I read the latter as "nook-eel-yahr", which I don't ever recall hearing anyone say. --Trovatore 30 June 2005 15:45 (UTC)
 * I have removed this claim, as it is clear from various other analyses that the "nucular" pronunciation is due to metathesis, not epenthesis. Nohat 30 June 2005 18:17 (UTC)

Merge?
PuzzletChung suggested a month ago that this article be merged with Epenthesis, but there's been no discussion. If anyone wants to discuss it, please do so at Talk:Epenthesis. --Angr/undefined 18:06, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. kwami 15:15, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Epenthetic vowel


text:
Talk:Touchstone (assaying tool)

Opening comment
I had the impression that as touchstone was exclusively Basanite (Lydian Stone; black Jasper) used. Can anyone confirm? Speaking of which, Basanite is supposed to be a Quartz as any Jasper is, but the entry for Basanite states the opposite. In fact, it seems to be an entry for some Basalt, but not for Basanite.

In German, the word Prüfstein is more often used as an analogy for a test, similar to the English (political) litmus test. Fore example, Martin Luther uses this word in No 12 of his 95 Theses. The Bible is often cited as the "Prüfstein" in theological issues (undecided? read the scripture!) in Lutheran churches. Doesn't "touchstone" have this meaning in English? --LA2 08:21, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Touchstone as a metaphor
I added headings so that other pages could link to the explanation of "touchstone" as a metaphor. The heading names may not be the most appropriate names, but I thought this would be a good start. --Culix 03:56, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Touchstone Metaphor Revision I added some links to articles explaining Matthew Arnold's "touchstone" technique. I also added a more in-depth definition and how to apply it to literary criticism. April 4, 2007 --User:sclonce 3:18 pm.

"Fieldstone"?
This article talks about "fieldstone" as an example of a kind of stone you could use as a touchstone. But the "fieldstone" article says that fieldstone is just any stone found in a field, not a particular rock, in the way that slate is a particular rock. Maybe the article means feldspar, which is a particular mineral, and means "fieldstone" in German? Kragen Javier Sitaker (talk) 03:06, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * i agree it surely should read feldspar and not fieldstone. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Grant-serpell (talk • contribs) 00:00, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

Requested move
move Anthony Appleyard (talk) 12:17, 1 September 2009 (UTC) Touchstone → Touchstone (assay) — No primary use. Touchstone is a more common use. Vegaswikian (talk) 06:25, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

 *  Support Revert (see below) — As a matter of fact, I would go so far as to suggest a merger onto the lead of Touchstone (disambiguation), rather then moving this to Touchstone (assay). I'm honestly kind of surprised that this article has avoided the deletion process on WP:DICDEF grounds... — V = I * R  (talk) 10:26, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Not persuaded; all the other usages are metaphorical or evocative employments of this one - and, while this article is a stub, it could readily be expanded, when someone is inspired to do so, with a full list of touchstones and how they work. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:20, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment. This article used to be quite a bit more substantial (see here or here for example) until the "Probing" section disappeared and the "Metaphor" section was split out for no good reason I can see. Should this article be restored? Station1 (talk) 20:20, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, yea, that seems to be the way to go. an IP and appear to have gutted this article back in late March/April, with little discussion or even edit summaries to support their "improvements". Therefore, I wouldn't have a real problem with reverting and/or merging other materiel back here. I'm not 100% convinced that doig so would satisfy the WP:PRIME issue that this movereq really calls into question, but at least changing it from a stub back into a full article would help. —  V = I * R  (talk) 23:26, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Touchstone (assaying tool)


text:
Television studio

A television studio, also called a television production studio, is an installation room in which video productions take place, either for the production of live television and its recording onto video tape or other media such as SSDs, or for the acquisition of raw footage for post-production. The design of a studio is similar to, and derived from, movie studios, with a few amendments for the special requirements of television production. A professional television studio generally has several rooms, which are kept separate for noise and practicality reasons. These rooms are connected via 'talkback' or an intercom, and personnel will be divided among these workplaces.

Studio floor
The studio floor is the actual stage on which the actions that will be recorded and viewed take place. A typical studio floor has the following characteristics and installations:

 * decoration and/or sets
 * professional video camera (sometimes one, usually several), typically mounted on pedestals
 * microphones and foldback speakers
 * stage lighting rigs and the associated Lighting control console, although it is often located in the production control room (PCR)
 * several video monitors for visual feedback from the PCR
 * a small public address system for communication
 * a glass window between the PCR and studio floor for direct visual contact is often desired, but not always possibleLate night talk show view from an audience seat.jpg

While a production is in progress, people composing a television crew work on the studio floor.

 * the on-screen presenters themselves, and any guests - the subjects of the television show.
 * a floor manager, who has overall charge of the studio area stage management, and who relays timing and other information from the television director.
 * one or more camera operators who operate the cameras, though in some instances these can also be operated from the PCR using remotely controlled robotic pan tilt zoom camera (PTZ) heads.
 * possibly a teleprompter operator, especially if this is a live television news broadcast

Production control room

The production control room is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the outgoing program takes place. The production control room is occasionally also called a studio control room (SCR) or a "gallery" – the latter name comes from the original placement of the director on an ornately carved bridge spanning the BBC's first studio at Alexandra Palace, which was once referred to as like a minstrels' gallery.

The vast majority of devices in a PCR are interfaces for rack-mounted equipment that is located in the Central Apparatus Room (CAR).

Central apparatus room
The central apparatus room (CAR) houses equipment that is too noisy or runs too hot to be located in the production control room (PCR). It also makes sure that coax cable, SDI cable, fibre-optic cable or other wire lengths and installation requirements keep within manageable lengths, since most high-quality wiring runs only between devices in this room. This can include the actual circuitry and connections between:

 * character generator (CG)
 * camera control units (CCU)
 * digital video effects (DVE)
 * video routers
 * video servers
 * vision mixer (video switcher)
 * VTRs
 * patch panels

Master control room
Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-air television stations and television networks. Master control is distinct from a PCR in television studios where the activities such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated. A transmission control room (TCR) is usually smaller in size and is a scaled-down version of centralcasting.

The master control room in a US television station is the place where the on-air signal is controlled. It may include controls to playout pre-recorded television programs and television commercials, switch local or television network feeds, record satellite feeds and monitor the transmitter(s), or these items may be in an adjacent equipment rack room. If the program is broadcast live, the signal goes from the PCR to MCR and then out to the transmitter.

Other facilities
A television studio usually has other rooms with no technical requirements beyond video monitors and studio monitors for audio. Among them are:
 * one or more make-up and changing rooms
 * a reception area for crew, talent, and visitors, commonly called the green room
 * an audience handling area

title: Television studio