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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/L'inderdit

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Joyous 06:27, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

L'inderdit
Olfactorycruft. Fails google test (under 100 hits). Deletionist 17:27, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You must have mistyped it. I got 142,000 hits when I tried it, with most of the top hits being relevant. I get 10,800 when I combine it with the word "perfume", 14,500 with the word "parfum" (French for perfume) and 11,000 with "Givenchy". Merge and redirect to Hubert de Givenchy . — Ливай | ☺ 18:22, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Changed my mind. This is probably better off as a separate article, as its influence seems to be not restricted to Monsieur de Givenchy. Keep. — Ливай | ☺ 04:45, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes I get plenty of google hits. Even 100 would be enough to merge. Keep or merge, notable fragrance. Kappa 18:57, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment -- The correct spelling of the perfume is L'interdit (an "int" instead of "ind"). Zzyzx11 19:10, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, the article title is mis-spelled, is all, c'est L'Interdit and if Audrey wore it, cool. Wyss 19:51, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, passes Google test, article needs expansion. Megan1967 03:28, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 10:46, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I have moved the page to the correct title. — Ливай | ☺ 11:26, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable perfume. Capitalistroadster 11:57, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Genetic architecture

Genetic architecture is the underlying genetic basis of a phenotypic trait and its variational properties. Phenotypic variation for quantitative traits is, at the most basic level, the result of the segregation of alleles at quantitative trait loci (QTL). Environmental factors and other external influences can also play a role in phenotypic variation. Genetic architecture is a broad term that can be described for any given individual based on information regarding gene and allele number, the distribution of allelic and mutational effects, and patterns of pleiotropy, dominance, and epistasis.

There are several different experimental views of genetic architecture. Some researchers recognize that the interplay of various genetic mechanisms is incredibly complex, but believe that these mechanisms can be averaged and treated, more or less, like statistical noise. Other researchers claim that each and every gene interaction is significant and that it is necessary to measure and model these individual systemic influences on evolutionary genetics.

Applications
Genetic architecture can be studied and applied at many different levels. At the most basic, individual level, genetic architecture describes the genetic basis for differences between individuals, species, and populations. This can include, among other details, how many genes are involved in a specific phenotype and how gene interactions, such as epistasis, influence that phenotype. Line-cross analyses and QTL analyses can be used to study these differences. This is perhaps the most common way that genetic architecture is studied, and though it is useful for supplying pieces of information, it does not generally provide a complete picture of the genetic architecture as a whole.

Genetic architecture can also be used to discuss the evolution of populations. Classical quantitative genetics models, such as that developed by R.A. Fisher, are based on analyses of phenotype in terms of the contributions from different genes and their interactions. Genetic architecture is sometimes studied using a genotype–phenotype map, which graphically depicts the relationship between the genotype and the phenotype.

Genetic architecture is incredibly important for understanding evolutionary theory because it describes phenotypic variation in its underlying genetic terms, and thus it gives us clues about the evolutionary potential of these variations. Therefore, genetic architecture can help us to answer biological questions about speciation, the evolution of sex and recombination, the survival of small populations, inbreeding, understanding diseases, animal and plant breeding, and more.

Evolvability
Evolvability is literally defined as the ability to evolve. In terms of genetics, evolvability is the ability of a genetic system to produce and maintain potentially adaptive genetic variants. There are several aspects of genetic architecture that contribute strongly to the evolvability of a system, including autonomy, mutability, coordination, epistasis, pleiotropy, polygeny, and robustness.
 * Autonomy: the existence of quasi-independent characters with the potential for evolutionary autonomy.
 * Mutability: the possibility that genetic mutation can occur.
 * Coordination: a phenomenon such as development, during which many different genetic processes and changes happen at once.
 * Epistasis: a phenomenon in which one gene is dependent on the presence of one or more "modifier" genes.
 * Polygeny: a phenomenon in which multiple genes contribute to a particular phenotypic character.
 * Pleiotropy: a phenomenon in which a single gene affects one or more phenotypic characteristics.
 * Robustness: the ability of a phenotype to remain constant in spite of genetic mutation.

Examples
A study published in 2006 used phylogeny to compare the genetic architecture of differing human skin color. In this study, researchers were able to suggest a speculative framework for the evolutionary history underlying current-day phenotypic variation in human skin pigmentation based on the similarities and differences they found in the genotype. Evolutionary history is an important consideration in understanding the genetic basis of any trait, and this study was among the first to utilize these concepts in a paired fashion to determine information about the underlying genetics of a phenotypic trait.

In 2013, a group of researchers used genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genome-wide interaction studies (GWIS) to determine the risk of congenital heart defects in patients with Down Syndrome. Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21. The current hypothesis regarding congenital heart defect phenotypes in Down Syndrome individuals is that three copies of functional genomic elements on chromosome 21 and genetic variation of chromosome 21 and non-chromosome 21 loci predispose patients to abnormal heart development. This study identified several congenital heart defect risk loci in Down Syndrome individuals, as well as three copy number variation (CNV) regions that may contribute to congenital heart defects in Down Syndrome individuals.

Another study, which was published in 2014, sought to identify the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders. The researchers in this study suggested that there are a large number of contributing loci that are related to various psychiatric disorders. Additionally, they, like many others, suggested that the genetic risk of psychiatric disorders involves the combined effects of many common variants with small effects - in other words, the small effects of a wide number of variants at specific loci add together to produce a large, combined effect on the overall phenotype of the individual. They also acknowledged the presence of large but rare mutations that have a large effect on phenotype. This study showcases the intricacy of genetic architecture by providing an example of many different SNPs and mutations working together, each with a varying effect, to generate a given phenotype.

Other studies regarding genetic architecture are many and varied, but most use similar types of analyses to provide specific information regarding loci involved in producing a phenotype. A study of the human immune system in 2015 uses the same general concepts to identify several loci involved in the development of the immune system, but, like the other studies outlined here, failed to consider other aspects of genetic architecture, such as environmental influences. Unfortunately, many other aspects of genetic architecture remain difficult to quantify.

Although there are a few studies that seek to explore the other aspects of genetic architecture, there is little ability with current technologies to link all of the pieces together to build a truly comprehensive model of genetic architecture. For example, in 2003, a study of genetic architecture and the environment was able to show an association of social environment with variation in body size in Drosophila melanogaster. However, this study was not able to tie a direct link to specific genes involved in this variation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Genetic architecture


text:
Benjamin Franklin DeCosta

Benjamin Franklin DeCosta or de Costa (July 10, 1831 – November 4, 1904) was an American clergyman and historical writer.

Biography
He was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, and graduated in 1856 at the Biblical Institute at Concord, New Hampshire (later part of Boston University), became a minister in the Episcopal Church in 1857, and during the next three years was a rector first at North Adams, and then at Newton Lower Falls, Massachusetts.

After serving as chaplain in the 18th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and one other Massachusetts regiment during the first two years of the American Civil War, he became editor (1863) of The Christian Times in New York City, and subsequently edited The Episcopalian and The Magazine of American History. He was rector of the Church of St John the Evangelist in New York City from 1881 to 1899, at which time he resigned while converting to Roman Catholicism.

He was one of the organizers and long the secretary of the Church Temperance Society, and founded and was the first president (1884–1899) of the American branch of the White Cross Society. He became a high authority on early American cartography and the history of the period of exploration. In addition to numerous monographs and valuable contributions to Justin Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America, he published The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by the Northmen (1868); The Northmen in Maine (1870); The Moabite Stone (1871); The Rector of Roxburgh (1871), a novel under the nom de plume of William Hickling; and Verrazano the Explorer; being a Vindication of his Letter and Voyage (1880). He died in New York City in 1904.

title: Benjamin Franklin DeCosta


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MLB Showdown

MLB Showdown (colloq. Showdown) is an out-of-print collectible card game made by Wizards of the Coast that ran from April 2000 to 2005. The game was introduced to the public in 2000, featuring Atlanta Braves third baseman Chipper Jones on the product cover. Since the 2000 base set, cover athletes have included Shawn Green, Gary Sheffield, Manny Ramírez, Luis Gonzalez, Torii Hunter, Albert Pujols, and Craig Biggio.

Gameplay
MLB Showdown simulates baseball through a card game, with heavy randomness. It involves a 20-sided die and cards made specifically for the game. These cards were available in booster packs, a staple of collectible card games, as well as starter games and draft packs. There are two types of cards: player cards (current and former Major League players) and strategy cards (actions that can add to or subtract from dice rolls, change results, draw extra cards, etc.)

The outcome of an at-bat largely depends on the player cards. The player whose pitcher is pitching that turn rolls a die to determine whether the batting player rolls on the pitcher's chart or the batter's chart. Each of the two charts has a list of possible results from the at-bat.

Organized play
The organized play was set into three levels: local leagues, regionals, and the national championship. The MLB Showdown card game has had four national champions: Scott Forster (2001), Gary Quinn (2002), Keith Pioro (2003), and Terry Dugan (2004).

For the 2005 season, the national championship was set as a different format than it was previously because of changes in organized play. Eight players were regional champions only and won the grand prize of MLB season tickets to the team of his/her choice. However, Wizards of the Coast eventually approved a national championship in Houston, Texas. Prizes were reduced to merely autographed memorabilia sent in from Wizards of the Coast. Five players, Stephen Mendel, Ben Taylor, Jonathan Rosen, Rick Vogler, and Daniel Rosen split the tournament and were named national champions of the 2005 season.

There was no formal organized play since Showdown was discontinued by Wizards of the Coast in January 2006 until May 20, 2013. On this day play began for the 2013 national championship in Williamsville, NY.

MLB Showdown timeline

 * February 4, 2000: MLB Showdown 2000 is announced by Wizards of the Coast.
 * April 24, 2000: MLB Showdown is put on the market at $2.99 per booster pack.
 * August 14, 2000: The first expansion set, entitled "Pennant Run," is released.
 * March 30, 2001: MLB Showdown 2000 is named the 2000 Collectible Card Game of the Year by Card Trade Magazine.
 * April 2, 2001: MLB Showdown 2001 is released; changes in the game are made to allow more baserunning choices.
 * July 2001: The strategy card set is released in Pennant Run. New cards include "Mound Conference" and "Pep Talk." "1st Edition" cards are discontinued.
 * April 29, 2002: MLB Showdown 2002 is released with revamped on-base values.
 * July 15, 2002: MLB Showdown 2002 Trading Deadline is announced. It was released less than a week later.
 * September 2002: "Super Season" cards are created, allowing managers to play with player with stats from previous historic seasons in the "Pennant Run" expansion.
 * March 7, 2003: MLB Showdown 2003 is released. Icons are put onto player cards to supplement gameplay.
 * June 27, 2003: New rookie season cards let managers play with a card based on a Rookie of the Year winner's rookie season.
 * August 29, 2003: In the "Pennant Run" set, the Cooperstown Collection subset is created, allowing managers to play with classic Hall of Famers such as Nolan Ryan and Reggie Jackson.
 * March 26, 2004: MLB Showdown 2004 is released.
 * March 25, 2005: MLB Showdown 2005 is released.
 * January 8, 2006: Wizards announces the cancellation of MLB Showdown.

Reviews

 * Pyramid

title: MLB Showdown


text:
User talk:Asbestos/Archive1

Discussion with Ranamim
Also, that disambiguation that you claimed you were doing...it doesn't really make sense, you changed Wesleyan to Methodism...how many people do you think would have been confused with going to the Wesleyan page, where references are MOSTLY about the doctrine, not some school in CT, which in fact has nothing to do with Methodism these days AT ALL! People are smart enough to realize that when the sentence read "The Church is firmly Wesleyan", it is not about a CT school but about the doctrine.

 * "Also..." refers to a continuation of a discussion on Talk:Wesleyan. My reply is on User talk:Ranamim, where I express confusion over what he means. He has yet to clarify. --Asb

I POSTED THE SAME THING TO YOUR WESLEYAN BUDDY, JMABEL, BY I WOULD LIKE TO ASK YOU THE SAME THING SINCE I DON'T MEAN TO WASTE TOO MUCH TIME ON THAT IN THE FUTURE.

YOU ARE APPARENTLY BOTH ALUMNI OF WESLEYAN (CT). THIS MAKES YOU BOTH BIASED EDITORS ON THE ISSUE. COULD YOU PLEASE STOP CHANGING THE ENTRY UNDER WESLEYAN? WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE TO YOU IF IT IS WESLEYAN (CT) OR WESLEYAN (OH) THAT APPEARS FIRST? TO ME? WELL, THAT'S HOW IT APPEARED ORIGINALLY AND I BELIEVE ANY CLAIM AGAINST THE OPPOSITE IS NOT REALLY STRONG. AND SINCE IT IS NOT WELL-JUSTIFIED, GOOD MANNERS DICTATE TO LEAVE AS IT WAS. IF YOU WISH TO LEAVE THE REALM OF GOOD MANNERS, THEN I AM AFRAID IT MAY GET A BIT MORE UGLY. DO YOU REALLY WANT THAT?

 * The preceding unsigned (and vaguely threatening) post, and the one above it, were by User:Ranamim (Talk), and refer to discussions on Talk:Wesleyan. I've responded on User Talk:Ranamim. The reference to "my buddy" User:Jmabel is apparently in anger over the fact that neither of us agree with his position on Wesleyan. --Asb

Hey Asbestos,

I think your time will be well-utilized if you add the letters in the word Wesleyan and then link them all to your university by saying that they appear in the name of your university. I am sure your buddy Jmabel will enthusiastically endorse such a worthy cause. How close is that to linking the name of a band that nobody really has heard about and perhaps no one really cares about to the page for Wesleyan University? That's what I deleted. Garbage surely deserves deletion more than info about people that have made significant contributions to society. Feel free to check the additions (claimed to be copyrighted) now. The facts are borrowed, but the text is different, not what you listed from google.com. This is remarkable that you decided to spend a lot of time looking for pages on google.com. It should say something about the opportunity cost of your time.

Take care,

-Ranamim (otherwise known as the 14-year-old hacker)

 * This is in anger over my asking him not to copy-and-paste articles from the internet in an effort to boost the links to his Ohio Wesleayn page. He has thankfully since edited those articles, though appears to be implying here that there never were any copyright issues. --Asb

"I'm afraid that I am at a loss in understanding what you are accusing me of. --Asbestos 13:16, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)"

Well, I don't know what to say. It seemed pretty clear to me but I guess I didn't make it quite that clear. Perhaps I should ask you if you are a programmer in Washington as well?

-Ranamim

 * Again, unfortunate refusal to describe what he meant in his first post, and what appears to be an apparently random reference to Jmabel. --Asb

Dude, go check out his page. I don't how one say something without insulting your intelligence when you say "I asked Jmabel to see if he could provide a third opinion in our edit war" and Jmabel just so happens to be a graduate of Wesleyan (CT) as well. What would a smart man expect his response to be? Oh, well, let's keep it how Asbestos wants it. Surprise, surprise that he, oh-so-kindly did so!!! And I don't mean to answer anything about the the copyright issue of the Ohio Wesleyan emblem. The case is absulutely the same as the one with your emblem except that unlike you I didn't copy it from the OWU site. I seriously don't mean to waste time explaining something like this to you. And also, I certainly don't mean to keep rubbish on my discussion page (your reference to Jbamel's entry) when I don't need to. Thanks.

--Ranamim

Wesleyan page vandalism
I'm sorry if I stepped into the middle of something - I saw that an anon had copied and pasted the content of Wesleyan University to Wesleyan University (Connecticut) and made the former a disambig, so I reverted the removal of content, deleted Wesleyan University (Connecticut), moved the former to the latter to preserve the edit history, and re-inserted the disambig at the Wesleyan University. I have no idea of the relative notability of either university - I was just cleaning up after someone I thought was a confused but well-meaning newbie. Please tell me if you need me to delete Wesleyan University to move the page back to its original location - I haven't followed the debate at all. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 01:32, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I've moved the article about Wesleyan in Connecticut back to Wesleyan University and added a notice at the top which links to Wesleyan University (Philippines). I hope that's OK. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 01:50, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Various vandals had moved Talk:Wesleyan University to Wesleyan University disambig, so I moved it back to where it belongs. Also, someone had removed the entire content of the talk page and replaced it with his comment, so I restored the content and added his comment at the bottom. As for mediation and whatnot - see Dispute resolution, but such page moves as I have just been sorting out are no more than vandalism. If anyone moves any of these pages to nonsensical titles again, just tell an admin and the vandal can be blocked. Otherwise, the proper order of dispute resolution is mediation before arbitration. Good luck. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 02:21, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I have protected the page. Please see my comments at User talk:John69 - is this person the same as User:Ranamim? Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 02:44, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Asbestos,

"Disambiguation pages serve a single purpose: To let the reader choose between different pages that might reside under the same title." This is directly from the link that you posted. How can you read it? There is clearly need for disambiguation pages! John69

Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Ranamim
I have started a page at Requests for comment/Ranamim. I need at least one other person to certify this before it is considered a formal request for comment. Please have a look, and feel free to add things I may have overlooked. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:12, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)

In particular, the process requires evidence that at least two people have tried to resolve these matters with him, so please add yours. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:19, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)

I have no problem with what you did. I didn't even know he'd made that edit. :) RickK 20:12, Nov 13, 2004 (UTC)

U.S. embargo against Cuba
You voted for U.S. embargo against Cuba, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

Tagging Copyright violations
Thanks for your work in spotting and adding copyright violations to WP:CP. Please remember to tag the articles that you list. Cheers, -- Infrogmation

Requests_for_mediation
I have now raised this to the level of a request for mediation. Feel free to sign on as another party to the dispute, or not. -- Jmabel | Talk 02:34, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC) --- Copied from another page:

What do you want? I don't understand. I can no longer edit with my old username because your friend, rrickK, who I wouldn't say anything about banned my IP (strangely, it happens so often, there is another request about him on this very page). He did me a favor because I don't wish to spend too much time here. (I wish I were at Edinburgh University to have more time to do so, though) And frankly, like I pointed earlier, communicating with you is not worth my time. If this is insulting to you, I am sorry. This is not a perfect world. We all make decisions based on some rationales. Simply put, I prefer to optimally allocate my time among activites that benefit me the most. That includes not communicating with people to whom I have to constantly explain my logic or actions which seem transparent to people of the level of intelligence that I normally surround myself with. A sufficient number of your comments have solidified my opinion about you. At some point your called that "hatred" or whatnot...well, yes, I do not like dumb people. Your web page's profile added additional evidence to my suspicions. So, that's it. You are Ranamim-free. Go, make the world ....a "better" place. And all the people who I commented about (according to you "insulted") happened to be graduates of the same university over a dispute for pages of THAT university. It is called conflict of interest. I think it is now resolved, so I am back to contributing where I normally do and you to whatever makes you happy. And if you prefer to waste with some requests for mediations and whatever else you like...go ahead. In economics (game theory), it is called Signalling. I take it to be a reflection of the almost non-existent opportunity cost of your time which only strengthens my opinions about you as noted above. But don't expect me to engage in some kind of lengthy polemic about numerous issues. It won't happen.

Ranamim

Yes, the RfM is now moot. For your future knowledge -- and I'm not expert on this, never been through this, this is my understanding -- signing on to an RfM is an almost totally different matter than giving evidence on an RfC. Signing on to an RfM says, "Yes, I'm a party to this matter, I'm one of the people who needs to be involved in any mediation." The RfC is just about gathering the facts of the matter in one place. -- Jmabel | Talk 17:48, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * You might as well be the same party in your RfM. You share an alma mater, some foe, same lack of time constraint, predilection for making mountains out of molehills(although that could be a symptom which a psychology textbook studies very carefully), same IQ...hm, what else?
 * Ranamim

title: User talk:Asbestos/Archive1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zohaib hasan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:51, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Zohaib hasan
Non-notable 15-year-old. Thue | talk 17:33, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete vanity entry. --Ponder 17:37, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 18:07, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. --Sn0wflake 18:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Vanity. Not Notable. Zzyzx11 19:04, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete #2, user test. Wyss 19:49, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 03:29, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jonathunder 05:51, 2005 Feb 19 (UTC)


text: User talk:61.5.36.187

title: User talk:61.5.36.187


text:
Talk:Woman/1911 Britannica

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Woman in 1911 Brittanica. dbenbenn | talk 17:39, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

On 19 June 2005, this was again nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Woman/1911 Britannica for a record of the discussion.

title: Talk:Woman/1911 Britannica


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Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Lal Roy (born 15 October 1949) is an Indian economist, chartered accountant, psephologist, journalist and author. He is the former executive co-chairperson of NDTV and is considered to be one of its co-founders, along with his wife Radhika Roy. Prannoy Roy is also credited for pioneering opinion polls in the country.

Early life and education
Prannoy Roy was born in Calcutta, West Bengal on 15 October 1949 into a Bengali Christian family, his father P. L. "Hurricane" Roy, a Bengali executive at a multinational corporation in the city. His paternal grandfather was Paresh Lal Roy, a traffic superintendent and an amateur boxer, known as the "father of Indian boxing" for having popularised the sport in the country. Paresh Lal gave his grandson Prannoy the nickname of "Tempest" when he was a child.

Roy is the great-grandson of suffragist and social reformer Lolita Roy and grand nephew of Indra Lal Roy, the first Indian flying ace. He is also a cousin of writer Arundhati Roy.

Roy attended La Martiniere Calcutta and The Doon School, the private boys' boarding school in Dehradun, Uttar Pradesh (now in Uttarakhand). He was at the boarding school during his teenage years when he met Radhika Das, whom he would later marry. Radhika was also from the city of Calcutta and was sent to the Welham Girls' School, another boarding school in Dehradun.

Prannoy and Radhika moved to London, United Kingdom for their higher education. Prannoy had received a Haileybury and Imperial Service College scholarship to acquire the A-level higher secondary certificate. Following his schooling, he enrolled at the Queen Mary University of London and graduated in 1973 with first class honours in economics. He then became a certified chartered accountant and a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales in 1975. Prannoy and Radhika also got married in London and then returned to India, settling down in Delhi.

Career
In India, Prannoy continued his studies at the Delhi School of Economics from where he attained a PhD in agricultural economics in 1978. Following his doctorate, Roy became a consultant at PricewaterhouseCoopers India where he worked from 1979 till 1983. Roy is described to have been passionate about election results since his childhood and had produced his first election forecast for the 1977 Indian general election. The forecast was published by the Mainstream magazine and had predicted a victory for the Janata Party. In the 1980s, he began collaborating with the Oxford political scientist David Butler and Indian economist Ashok Lahiri in an effort to mainstream the field of psephology in India. The collaboration produced three book and Roy became an election analysts for the India Today magazine. For the 1984 Indian general election, Roy produced an extremely accurate election forecast which predicted an Indian National Congress victory with 400 seats. The prediction earned him the reputation of being the most successful psephologist in India. Roy is credited for pioneering opinion polling in India between 1980 and 1995.

New Delhi Television Ltd (NDTV) was founded in 1984 as a production firm for international news broadcasters and the public service broadcaster Doordarshan. Radhika and Prannoy Roy are considered to be the co-founders of the company, however Prannoy states that Radhika was the original founder as he joined the company later. Radhika Roy was working as a journalist at The Indian Express and then at the India Today magazine before becoming the founder of NDTV. Doordarshan was initially wary of allowing private production houses to cover domestic news, and NDTV was contracted to produce a weekly international news programme called The World This Week for the public broadcaster. The weekly was instant success among its Indian audience and attained one of the highest viewerships on Doordarshan.

Prannoy Roy in the meantime worked as an associate professor for a year in 1985 at the Delhi School of Economics. In 1986–1987 he was hired in a team of economists to build a macro-econometric model of India for the Ministry of Finance, the model is the largest of its kind. Doordarshan eventually contracted NDTV to cover the general election results and budget session specials. The first televised coverage of an election result in India was produced by NDTV for the 1989 Indian general election. Roy began his career as a television journalist by covering the general election for Doordarshan. Following which, he also began appearing as a news presenter in The World This Week programme. Both the election results coverage and the international news show were widely successful. According to Roy, it was not difficult to appear good in comparison to Doordarshan which he described as more radio than television and that the time period was the most "newsiest" in television history.

NDTV requested for and received a contract from Doordarshan to produce a daily news bulletin on domestic affairs called The News Tonight on its second channel in 1995. The Roys who were the promoters of the company sought and acquired investments from several Indian businesses for the company in order to produce the show, among its investors was the multinational Tata Group. Later, the company also received contracts to produce shows such as The News Hour and Good Morning India for Doordarshan. Prannoy Roy was the news presenter for the NDTV bulletins and became the face of the NDTV brand in the process. His wife, Radhika Roy kept a low profile in comparison, being more invested in the editorial and production processes of the company.

In 1998, NDTV entered into a 5-year exclusive partnership with Star India to launch the country's first independent 24x7 news channel. In the previous year, the incumbent director general of Doordarshan had also quit the public broadcaster and jointed its multinational rival, the Star network. These developments created animosity in the government and a parliamentary committee was set up to scrutinise the activities of the former director general which alleged that there were "irregularities" in the contracts with NDTV. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) filed a number of cases against former officials of the public broadcaster including the director general and against Prannoy Roy who was the managing director of NDTV. The cases went on for several years in the form of a protracted conflict, until a court judgement in 2013 which acquitted all the accused of the charges, stating that there was no evidence of any wrongdoing.

Radhika Roy who was the chairperson of the company became the managing director in 1998 and Prannoy Roy who was the managing director became the chairman. The partnership with Star India came to an end in 2003. NDTV became an independent news broadcaster in the same year with the launch of two news channels NDTV 24x7 and NDTV India. The company went public in May 2004 and by the end of the year had the highest market capitalisation among media companies. Roy along with his wife were designated as the executive co-chairpersons of NDTV after 2011.

NDTV started facing government pressure through litigations and intimidation of advertisers on the network after Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister in 2014. The pressure was noted to be a part of diminishing media freedom in the country with similar tactics used against uncooperative news publications. The news network of NDTV had reported critically about state involvement in the 2002 Gujarat riots where over a 1,000 people were killed. The government attempted to ban the Hindi news channel NDTV India in 2016 and retracted following backlash including cross media protests from journalists. In 2017, the residence of the Roys at Greater Kailash, Delhi were raided by the CBI, after a NDTV journalist had questioned statements made by a ruling party spokesperson. The Editor's Guild of India and journalists unions called it an attack on press freedom.

In 2019, Prannoy Roy collaborated with the psephologist Dorab Sopariwala and published a book called The Verdict: Decoding India’s Elections. Meanwhile, the litigations surrounding NDTV continued and in June, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) barred Prannoy and Radhika Roy from holding managerial or board positions in the company for a period of 2 years over alleged withholding of information in loan agreements. The order was appealed against and stayed by the Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT). In December 2020, SEBI imposed a fine on the Roys worth inr 270000000. SAT directed the Roys to deposit 50% of the sum as conditional to a second hearing. The company moved to the Supreme Court of India (SCI) which exempted them from the deposits. Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud remarked that it was "brash" for the tribunal to have demanded it.

In December 2022, Radhika and Prannoy Roy sold 27.26 per cent out of their 32.26 per cent shareholding in the news network to Adani Group, who till then had over a 37% stake in NDTV, making the conglomerate, the single largest shareholder with over 64.71 per cent stake.

Awards
His academic awards include the Leverhulme Trust (UK) Fellowship, Queen Mary Prize for results at BSc and an OPOS Scholarship at the Doon School to study at Haileybury College.

He won the Red Ink award by Mumbai Press Club for lifetime achievement for his consistent and pioneering contribution to news television and his service to journalism in 2015.

title: Prannoy Roy


text:
List of places in Gwynedd

 * Map of places in Gwynedd compiled from this list
 * See the list of places in Wales for places in other principal areas.

This is a list of cities, towns and villages in the principal area of Gwynedd, Wales.

A
Aberangell, Aberdaron, Aberdesach, Aberdyfi, Abererch, Abergwyngregyn, Abergynolwyn, Aberllefenni, Abersoch, Afon Wen, Arthog

B
Bala, Bangor, Barmouth, Beddgelert, Bethania, Bethel, Bethesda, Betws Garmon, Blaenau Ffestiniog, Boduan, Bontddu, Bontnewydd, Botwnnog, Brithdir, Bryncroes, Bryn-crug, Bwlch-derwin, Bwlchtocyn

C
Caeathro, Caerhun, Caernarfon, Capel Curig, Carmel, Chwilog, Clynnog Fawr, Clwt-y-bont, Corris Uchaf, Corris, Criccieth, Croesor, Cwm-y-glo

D
Deiniolen, Dinas Dinlle, Dinas Mawddwy, Dinas, Dinorwig, Dolgellau, Dolmelinllyn

E
Edern, Efailnewydd, Esgairgeiliog

F
Fairbourne, Friog

G
Ganllwyd, Garndolbenmaen, Gellilydan, Glasinfryn, Golan, Gwynedd, Groeslon

H
Harlech

L
Llanaber, Llanaelhaearn, Llanbedr, Llandbedrgoch, Llanbedrog, Llanberis, Llandanwg, Llanegryn, Llandegwning, Llandeiniolen, Llandwrog, Llanelltyd, Llanengan, Llanfair Llanfihangel-y-pennant, Abergynolwyn, Llanfihangel-y-pennant, Cwm Pennant, Llanfrothen, Llangwnnadl, Llangybi, Llaniestyn, Llan Ffestiniog, Llangian, Llanllechid, Llanymawddwy, Llannor, Llanrug, Llanwnda, Llanystumdwy,  Llithfaen, Llwyndyrys, Llwyngwril

M
Mallwyd, Maentwrog, Minffordd, Morfa Nefyn, Mynydd Llandegai, Mynytho

N
Nantlle, Nantmor, Nasareth, Nebo, Nefyn

P
Pant Glas, Penffridd, Penisa'r Waun, Penmaenpool, Pennal, Penrhos, Penrhosgarnedd Penrhyndeudraeth, Pentre Gwynfryn, Penygroes, Pen-y-meinl, Pistyll, Pontllyfni, Pontrug, Porth Dinllaen, Porthmadog, Portmeirion, Prenteg,  Pwllheli

R
Rachub, Rhiw, Rhiwddolion, Rhiwlas (in Llanddeiniolen community), Rhiwlas (in Llandderfel community), Rhosgadfan, Rhostryfan, Rhoshirwaun, Rhoslefair, Rhyd Ddu, Rhyd-y-clafdy, Rhos-y-gwaliau

S
Sarn Meyllteyrn

T
Tal-y-bont (near Bangor), Tal-y-bont (near Barmouth), Talysarn, Trawsfynydd, Trefor, Tregarth, Tremadog, Tudweiliog, Tywyn, Talsarnau

U
Uwchmynydd

W
Waunfawr

Y
Y Felinheli, Y Ffor

title: List of places in Gwynedd


text:
Anne Dunn

Anne Dunn (born 4 September, 1929) is an English artist associated with the second generation of the School of London.

Background and education
Born in London, England, Dunn is the daughter of the Canadian steel magnate Sir James Dunn, 1st baronet (1874–1956) and his second wife, Irene Clarice Richards, a former musical-comedy actress who had previously been married to Francis Douglas, 11th Marquess of Queensberry.

Dunn studied in London at Chelsea School of Art (1949–50) and at the Anglo-French Centre (1952) before going to the Académie Julian in Paris, France in 1952.

Career
From 1964 to 1968, she edited the journal Art and Literature with Rodrigo Moynihan, Sonia Orwell and John Ashbery.

In 1990, Dunn had a solo show at the Christopher Hull Gallery in London. Her most recent solo show was in 2005 at the Tibor de Nagy Gallery in New York.

Personal life
Dunn's first husband was the artist Michael Wishart (1928–1996); they were married for 10 years before divorcing, and had one son. Michael Wishart's autobiography High Diver (1977) is dedicated to her and gives a picture of the artist as a young woman.

Immediately after she and Wishart divorced in 1960, Dunn married Anglo-Spanish artist Rodrigo Moynihan (1910–1990), as his second wife. They had a son together and Dunn gained a stepson through the marriage.

title: Anne Dunn


text: Template:PD-Poland

title: Template:PD-Poland


text:
File talk:IE countries.png

Nice contribution. However, I will note that Iraq is colored as being predominantly Indo-European, and, as the dominant language there is Arabic, it isn't.
 * Well maybe the map shows all countries with an official language that is Indo-European, which Iraq has, Kurdish.
 * That wouldn't really make sense -- if it were showing countries that had an official language that is Indo-European, most of Africa would be colored in too, as most African countries have English or French as one of their official languages. And Finland has Swedish as an official language.
 * indeed. countries with >50% native speakers of an IE language should be coloured. Or, ideally, countries could be shaded, depending on percentage of native IE-speakers. As it is, Iraq should definitely not be yellow. dab (ᛏ) 11:54, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I uploaded a modified version. Countries with IE majority are orange, those with an IE official language yellow. I hope I got it right (I can still fix  mistakes). dab (ᛏ) 17:54, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

AFAIK Indo-European languages are not speaken by majority in South-Africa at least not as their mother tongue.--Kulkuri 21:21, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know, maybe not as first language of the majority of the black population, but usually people could get by in English or Afrikaans, even if it is not their mother tongue... The white and the indian minorites speaks an indo-european language, basically exceptionless...

English is an official language of Israel, so it should be colored yellow. Zarxos 22:50, May 9, 2005 (UTC)

And isn't English still official in Kenya? --Angr/undefined 00:11, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

There are over 15 millon in eastern Turkey (20% of population), plus 2 million in northeastern Syria (10% of population) IE-speakers which has not been colored on the map. This large population speak Kurdish language. Diyako Talk + 16:33, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes but Kurdish is not an official language in Turkey. See Indo-European languages to review the caption for this image.

Suugestion
I Suggest to show countries (or at least part of them) which have IE-speakers. Wheither those languages are unofficial or banned. Diyako Talk + 16:46, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Edits to map

 * Added Crete and the Aegean Islands
 * Added Cyprus as orange (official language Greek); previously absent altogether.
 * Added yellow for Malta, Israel, Singapore, Kenya (official language English)
 * Added yellow for East Timor (Portuguese), Comoros (French), and Lebanon (French).
 * Added Canary Islands and Azores (in Orange, Spanish and Portuguese, respectively).
 * Added Carribean islands

--Briangotts (Talk) (Contrib)

I recommend that you change Paraguay into a "light orange" country. The vast majority of its inhabitants speak Guarani, not Spanish. Caesarion 14:11, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The vast majority of its inhabitants speak both Spanish and Guarani. Spanish is an official language. Briangotts (Talk) (Contrib) 18:12, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, but I thought the theme of this map was how many native speakers the IE languages have. It might be true that Spanish is spoken and understood by many as a kind of "classical" language, in a way all Javans speak Indonesian, but that doesn't make them native speakers. Caesarion 09:43, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

More edits to map

 * Changed entire map to Image:BlankMap-World.png. I feel the old map was stretched too much vertically.
 * Bhutan coloured yellow (English is now an official language).
 * European side of Turkey now grey (was red).
 * Western Sahara now yellow (Spanish is official).

Things to check: *Numerous Pacific islands. Done.
 * Sources that confirm English is an official language of Israel. The article on Israel does not say English is official and the CIA World Factbook claims that English is widely used, but not an official language. Israel is currently grey.
 * The article on Bahrain says English is an official language.
 * Whether Cyprus should be orange or yellow. I was under the impression roughly 70-80% of Cyprus speaks Greek.

--3345345335534 03:55, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

What about Eritrea? As far as I know, the languages of administration are tigrinya and arabic - both semitic and not IE. --83.76.137.87 00:59, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Official languages include Italian and English. Briangotts (Talk) (Contrib) 12:44, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Israel has English as an "officially recognized language" (along with Russian). They do not have the exact same status as Hebrew and Arabic which are "official languages" but I believe the distinction is without true difference. English appears on Israeli currency and postage stamps. It also appears on virtually all street signs. Moreover, it is mandatory to take it in the schools. I believe that Israel should be re-colored yellow. Briangotts (Talk) (Contrib) 20:12, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Montenegro
===>Graphic designers help! Could someone edit the map to make a separate Montenegro from the former Serbia and Montenegro? Thanks. -Justin (koavf), talk, mail 20:00, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Done. --334 21:20, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Angola
Angola should be orange, portuguese is the mainly language there. And in Cape Verde is a portuguese crioulo. Thanks.

Israel
English is not an official language of Israel. The only official languages are Hebrew and Arabic which are both Semitic. Please remove the coloring from Israel.

Briangotts explained that in a previous edit (scroll up). --334 01:56, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Algeria and Morocco
I know that French isn't part of the official languages of these countries, but it plays a fairly dominant role in the culture (alongside Arabic), much more so than the average effect of English on the world, especially in literature and education. John Riemann Soong 19:47, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. Just change the criteria. Meursault2004 07:09, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

The philippines
english is NOT a minority language in the philippines it is a majority, but the only difference is that it is usually a 3rd or 2nd language to filipinos, most if not all the adult population of the philippines speaks english and just a few spanish.

Section moved from image page
Why are Finland and Greenland yellow?

 * Each has a predominantly non-IE speaking population but an IE language as one of their official languages (Danish in Greenland, Swedish in Finland.) Briangotts (Talk) (Contrib) 21:07, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Kazakhstan
A majority of people in Kazakhstan speak Russian as their primary luangage, a situation like paraguay.--J intela (talk) 06:40, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

Uzbeckistan has a large Tajik minority, Azerbijan has an Armenian minority, and Estonia has a Russian minority.--J intela (talk) 07:37, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

title: File talk:IE countries.png


text:
Wang Chung

Wang Chung may refer to:

 * Wang Chung (band), an English new wave band
 * Wang Chong (27–97 AD), or Wang Ch'ung in Wade–Giles, a Han dynasty Chinese philosopher
 * Wang Zhong (Three Kingdoms) (died 242), or Wang Chung in Wade–Giles, general of the Cao Wei state in the Three Kingdoms period
 * Wang Zhong (Ming dynasty) (1359–1409), a marquis
 * Wang Zhong (Qing dynasty) (1745–1794), a Confucian scholar

title: Wang Chung


text:
Tip of the red-giant branch

Tip of the red-giant branch (TRGB) is a primary distance indicator used in astronomy. It uses the luminosity of the brightest red-giant-branch stars in a galaxy as a standard candle to gauge the distance to that galaxy. It has been used in conjunction with observations from the Hubble Space Telescope to determine the relative motions of the Local Cluster of galaxies within the Local Supercluster. Ground-based, 8-meter-class telescopes like the VLT are also able to measure the TRGB distance within reasonable observation times in the local universe.

Method
The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (HR diagram) is a plot of stellar luminosity versus surface temperature for a population of stars. During the core hydrogen burning phase of a Sun-like star's lifetime, it will appear on the HR diagram at a position along a diagonal band called the main sequence. When the hydrogen at the core is exhausted, energy will continue to be generated by hydrogen fusion in a shell around the core. The center of the star will accumulate the helium "ash" from this fusion and the star will migrate along an evolutionary branch of the HR diagram that leads toward the upper right. That is, the surface temperature will decrease and the total energy output (luminosity) of the star will increase as the surface area increases.

At a certain point, the helium at the core of the star will reach a pressure and temperature where it can begin to undergo nuclear fusion through the triple-alpha process. For a star with less than 1.8 times the mass of the Sun, this will occur in a process called the helium flash. The evolutionary track of the star will then carry it toward the left of the HR diagram as the surface temperature increases under the new equilibrium. The result is a sharp discontinuity in the evolutionary track of the star on the HR diagram. This discontinuity is called the tip of the red-giant branch.

When distant stars at the TRGB are measured in the I-band (in the infrared), their luminosity is somewhat insensitive to their composition of elements heavier than helium (metallicity) or their mass; they are a standard candle with an I-band absolute magnitude of –4.0±0.1. This makes the technique especially useful as a distance indicator. The TRGB indicator uses stars in the old stellar populations (Population II).

title: Tip of the red-giant branch


text:
Theophilus Gould Steward

'''Theophilus Gould "T.G." Steward''' (April 17, 1843 – January 11, 1924) was an American author, educator, and clergyman. He was a U.S. Army chaplain and Buffalo Soldier of 25th U.S. Colored Infantry.

Early years
Steward was born to James Steward and Rebecca Gould in Gouldtown, New Jersey. The son of free Blacks reared in a family that stressed education, he received his formal education in the Gouldtown public schools.

Career
Steward was ordained a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1863. Following the Civil War, Steward helped organize the A.M.E. Church in South Carolina and Georgia. He was also active in Reconstruction politics in Georgia.

Steward moved from South Carolina to pastor the AME church in Macon, Georgia March 17, 1868. After the church was burned in a mysterious fire, he helped build a new AME church. The cornerstone was laid January 16, 1870 in the presence of 2,000 black Maconites. After the war he graduated from the Episcopal Divinity School of Philadelphia, and later was awarded a Doctor of Divinity degree from Wilberforce University in Wilberforce, Ohio, in 1881.

From 1872 to 1891 Steward established a church in Haiti and preached in the eastern United States. In 1891 he joined the 25th U.S. Colored Infantry, serving as its chaplain until 1907, including service in Cuba during the Spanish–American War, and in the Philippines. He was a participant in the March 5, 1897 meeting to celebrate the memory of Frederick Douglass which founded the American Negro Academy led by Alexander Crummell.

From the founding of the organization until his death in 1924, Steward remained active among the scholars, editors, and activists of this first major African American learned society, refuting racist scholarship, promoting black claims to individual, social, and political equality, and studying the history and sociology of African American life. Between 1907 and his death on January 11, 1924, Steward was a professor of history, French, and logic at Wilberforce University.

Personal life
Steward was married to Elizabeth Gadsden (d. 1893) with whom he had eight sons: Frank Rudolph (b. 1872; Stephen Hunter (b. 1874), Theophilus Bolden (b. 1879), Charles, James, Benjamin, Walter, and Gustavus (b. 1883). His second wife was Dr. Susan Smith McKinney, the third African-American physician in the United States. He was a cousin to African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) bishop Benjamin F. Lee.

title: Theophilus Gould Steward


text: File:Morrisseysouthpawgrammar.jpg

title: File:Morrisseysouthpawgrammar.jpg


text:
Don Newman (broadcaster)

Donald Kenneth Newman, OC (born 28 October 1940) is a retired senior parliamentary editor for CBC Television who also hosted CBC Newsworld's daily politics program CBC News: Politics. Newman is known for his signature introductory phrase to the viewer "Welcome to the Broadcast", in which he enunciates the first syllable of the last word more slowly than the rest of the greeting. The phrase became the title of his memoir, published in 2013.

Career
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Newman began his career at CTV where he served as the network’s Washington correspondent from 1972 until 1976. In 1976, he moved to CBC and remained in Washington until 1979. He served two years as the Edmonton correspondent before moving to the parliamentary bureau in 1981. From 1981 to 1993, he was the host of CBC’s This Week in Parliament. In 1989, he began to host the daily Capital Report on the new Newsworld channel.

He anchored major political events that affected Canadians on CBC Newsworld. Some of them include:
 * Canadian federal elections
 * Leadership conventions
 * Opening of a new session of Parliament
 * Visits by world leaders, notably, American presidents
 * During George W. Bush's visit to Canada in 2004, Newman appeared on MSNBC
 * Elections in the United States, including U.S. presidential elections
 * State of the Union addresses by American presidents
 * State funeral of former U.S. president Ronald Reagan
 * During the coverage of the state funeral, Newman got expert help in the commentary from former ambassador Allan Gotlieb, Canadian ambassador to Washington in Reagan's day
 * U.S. presidential inaugurations

During major political events in the United States, he anchored coverage of it from the Canadian Embassy in Washington. The only events he did not anchor from Washington were the State of the Union addresses and the state funeral of Reagan. He anchored coverage of both those events from the CBC Ottawa bureau, where his daily politics program is based.

In 1998, Newman became the first recipient of the Charles Lynch Award for his outstanding coverage of national issues. In 1999, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. On 14 September 2007, at a special convocation honoring the 40th Anniversary of his alma mater, the University of Winnipeg conferred on him an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree.

On 2 May 2009, Newman's retirement from CBC was announced.

Don Newman made his final "Politics" broadcast on 19 June 2009 and retired at the end of June 2009. Newman stated that he would occasionally write cbc.ca articles, and file reports on TV. He returned to CBC (briefly) for the 2011 federal election coverage.

He was a founder of the Science Media Centre of Canada.

Publications

 * Welcome to the Broadcast: a Memoir was published in 2013 by HarperCollins.

title: Don Newman (broadcaster)


text:
Eglinton Island

Eglinton Island an uninhabited island of the Arctic Archipelago in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Eglinton is one of the Queen Elizabeth Islands. Located at 75°48'N 118°30'W, it measures 1541 km2 in size, 73 km long and 44 km wide in measurements. It lies on the north side of the M'Clure Strait, just south of the much larger Prince Patrick Island and is uninhabited with no known human activity.

The first European sighting of Eglinton Island was in 1853 by George Mecham, and explored by him and Francis Leopold McClintock in the spring of that year.

title: Eglinton Island


text:
List of the oldest people by country

This is a list of the oldest people by country and in selected territories. It includes the individual(s) for each given country or territory who are reported to have had the longest lifespan. Such records can only be determined to the extent that the given country's records are reliable. Comprehensive birth registration is largely a 20th-century phenomenon, so records establishing human longevity are necessarily fragmentary. The earliest comprehensive recordkeeping systems arose in Western Europe. For example, the United Kingdom organized a central recordkeeping system for England and Wales in 1837, making it compulsory by 1874.

Oldest ever
This list comprises longest-lived individuals who were born and are living or died in each country. Where known, records for both males and females are noted, as are those born in one country who emigrated to another. Multiple entries for a given country and sex indicate that the oldest person is disputed. Entries for living people are rendered by.

Territorial and overseas regions recordholders
Below is a list of oldest people in the territories of selected countries. Entries for living people are rendered by.

Oldest living by country
This is a list of the oldest living people by country and lists the oldest people confirmed to be alive in the past year, sorted by country. Those born in one country, but who later moved to another are specifically noted.

title: List of the oldest people by country


text:
Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani

Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is a modern Jewish Aramaic language, often called Neo-Aramaic or Judeo-Aramaic. It was originally spoken in three villages near Aqrah in Iraqi Kurdistan. The native name of the language is Lishanid Janan, which means 'our language', and is similar to names used by other Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects (Lishan Didan, Lishanid Noshan).

It is nearly extinct, with only about 20 elderly speakers in 2004.

Classification
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is classified as Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, and Aramaic language.

Origin and use today
The Jewish inhabitants of a wide area from northern Iraq, eastern Turkey and north western Iran, corresponding to the area of Kurdistan, mostly spoke various dialects of modern Aramaic. The turmoil near the end of World War I and resettlement in Israel in 1951 (when eight families from Bijil moved to the new Jewish state) led to the decline of these traditional languages. This particular and distinct dialect of Jewish Neo-Aramaic was spoken in the villages of Bijil, Barzan and Shahe. It was known as Bijili until recently.

The last native speaker of Bijil Neo-Aramaic, Mrs. Rahel Avraham, died in Jerusalem in 1998. The remaining second-language speakers are all related and over 70 years of age, and most from Barzan. Other speakers are from Aqra. Barzan and Aqra are both located in Iraqi Kurdistan. The first language of these speakers is either Hebrew or Kurdish, and some also speak Arabic or another Neo-Aramaic dialect. Thus, the language is effectively extinct.

Most of the speakers of Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic live in Jerusalem, Israel/Palestine today.

History
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is part of the Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) speech-type. Many of the NENA languages are seriously endangered, like Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic. Most of the NENA languages became endangered since most of the Aramaic speaking Jewry began to immigrate to Israel. This occurred mostly during the 1950s. Barzani Jewish-Neo Aramaic stands out from these languages because it began its endangerment in the early 1900s. This occurred in Kurdistan. The reason for the decline of the language was that most of the speakers were dispersed and integrated into communities that spoke other languages than Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic. This dispersal occurred violently in many of the communities by outside forces.

Most speakers of Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic now speak Israeli Hebrew or Arabic.

Dialects and Varieties
Between the years of 1996 and 2000, three dialects of Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic were discovered. They are called Barzan, Shahe, and Bejil. Bejil is extinct.

It may be related to Lishanid Noshan, which has clusters around Arbil to the south east of Barzan. There may be some similarities between Barzani and the subdialect of Lishanid Noshan formerly spoken in the village of Dobe, 50 km north of Arbil. The Sandu dialect of Jewish Neo-Aramaic is quite similar to Barzani. However, studies suggest that it has more in common with Lishana Deni. There is evidence that the language was also spoken in the nearby village of Nerim, but no speaker from that village remains.

Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic has been infused with words from the Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho. This occurred due to the close proximity of the speakers of Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic and the dialect Zakho. This dialect is the most commonly spoken variant of Aramaic spoken in Jerusalem. This dialect is seen as more prestigious by the speakers and is most commonly understood.

Examples
Hezy Mutzafi has recorded and translated two texts in Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic.

title: Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani


text:
User:Zeromacnoo

Zeromacnoo.

Bookmarks:
 * Category:Male porn stars
 * List of gay porn stars
 * Adult Erotic Gay Video Awards
 * GayVN Awards
 * LGBT notice board

Notes for my own use (please do not remove): Articles for deletion

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title: User:Zeromacnoo


text:
DeskStation Technology

DeskStation Technology was a manufacturer of RISC-based computer workstations intended to run Windows NT. DeskStation was based in Lenexa, Kansas.

AMD Am29000-based systems
DeskStation announced a range of motherboards for systems based on the AMD Am29000 processor in 1991. These ranged from the Model 162 with a 16 MHz processor achieving a claimed 9 MIPS and costing $2,495 to the Model 252 with a 25 MHz processor achieving 14 MIPS and costing $3,495.

MIPS-based systems
In late 1991, DeskStation announced a workstation based on the MIPS R3000A CPU, the IceStation 3000, that was to be the basis of a product compliant with the Advanced Computing Environment (ACE) specification, with this workstation already existing in prototype form and with early production models to be made available for beta-testing within a matter of weeks. However, at that time, none of the operating systems featured in the ACE specification were available: Windows NT being expected in early 1992 and the ACE-targeted SCO Unix product expected in late 1992. Consequently, DeskStation hoped to license Ultrix from Digital as an interim measure, aiming to provide binary compatibility with the eventual SCO product. The workstation featured a system architecture incorporating ISA and TURBOchannel buses, along with a "private peripheral bus" offering 32-bit data transfers. A range of ports were provided - serial, parallel, audio and mouse ports - along with floppy and hard drive controllers. SCSI ports and drives, a CD-ROM drive, modem ports, internally fitted modems, and an Ethernet port were to be offered as options. 8 MB of RAM was specified, upgradeable to 64 MB. Two configurations were to be offered: a lower-priced configuration and a standard configuration, respectively offering 25 MHz and 33 MHz R3000A CPUs, hard drives of 150 MB and 210 MB, being delivered with 14-inch and 17-inch colour monitors, and being priced at $4,995 and $7,995. Although the workstation's CPU could not be upgraded, a future product with an upgradeable CPU module and using the EISA bus was planned.

Subsequently, in 1993 and with Windows NT in beta testing, DeskStation introduced a range of workstation models in the Evolution RISC PC line, such as the rPC/40 and rPC/44, based on the R4000 and R4400 CPUs respectively. Configured with 16 MB of RAM, 512 KB of secondary cache memory, floppy drive, and 200 MB hard drive, the systems were fitted with a video adapter from S3 Graphics and were bundled with 14-inch colour monitors. The rPC/40 was priced at $3,995 and the rPC/44 at $4,995, aiming to compete with similarly priced Intel 80486-based machines running Windows NT. The most highly-specified model upon review in 1993, the rPC 444e/100, came with 64 MB of RAM, a 21-inch monitor, 500 MB SCSI hard drive and CD-ROM drive, costing $9,995. These models conformed to the ARC computer specification (and implemented the associated firmware), but ARC was used by vendors like DeskStation "only as a starting point", with the Evolution models incorporating more traditional PC technologies such as the EISA peripheral bus, on which peripherals and the main system RAM would reside. The CPUs employed by the range were the 50 MHz R4000PC and R4400PC variants, clocked internally at 100 MHz, but only offering on-chip primary cache memory and not built-in support for secondary cache memory. Consequently, DeskStation provided a custom chipset to support the secondary cache and the necessary interfacing to the EISA bus chipset.

In late 1993, DeskStation announced a new chipset called LogiCore and a new range of Windows NT workstations with the Tyne branding, integrating MIPS-based CPUs with ISA and VESA technologies. The entry-level Tyne V4600 employed the R4600 CPU clocked at 100 MHz and was fitted with 16 MB of RAM, expandable to 256 MB, a 240 MB hard drive, offering VGA graphics and costing $2,995. It was complemented by two higher-end models, the V4433 and V4450 offering 133 MHz and 150 MHz R4400 CPUs respectively. These models were fitted with 32 MB of RAM, incorporated SCSI-2 peripherals including a 500 MB hard drive and a CD-ROM drive, supported SuperVGA graphics, and were bundled with a 17-inch monitor. Pricing was accordingly higher at $9,495 and $10,495 for the respective systems which were to become available in the first quarter of 1994.

DeskStation was commissioned by NewTek to produce a hardware rendering accelerator for its Video Toaster and LightWave 3D products, but this partnership was dissolved with only "a handful" of units delivered to industry customers. This accelerator, known as the Video Toaster Screamer, was specified with four R4400 CPUs and had been announced in late 1993, but following the product's cancellation, DeskStation followed up in 1994 with a cut-down version of the product, known as the Raptor, featuring two R4400 CPUs each with 64 MB of RAM and running "a limited version of Windows NT", this having a total cost of $13,900. An updated version, the Raptor Plus, featuring faster 133 MHz R4600 CPUs each with 128 MB of RAM, cost $16,900. These solutions formed the basis of a complete workstation, the Raptor II, featuring a single 133 MHz R4600 CPU, 32 MB of RAM, 500 MB SCSI hard drive, CD-ROM drive, Ethernet port, 24-bit colour graphics adapter and 17-inch colour monitor, selling for $10,000. The Raptor II supported the TRIANGL OpenGL accelerator card made by Oki for use with Windows NT.

Alpha-based systems
Later, when Windows NT was ported to the Alpha architecture, DeskStation created a flexible computer platform known as Uniflex that allowed CPUs and other elements of the system to be swapped either during production or by the end-user, thus supporting MIPS and Alpha CPUs, and thereby providing the possibility of upgrading a MIPS-based system to use an Alpha CPU. The platform employed the PCI bus. The machines offering these capabilities were introduced as part of the Raptor series and included the Raptor 3, along with various Raptor Reflex models.

DeskStation introduced its Ruffian RPX line of workstations and servers in 1997, based around the Digital Semiconductor 21174 core logic chip, permitting the initially supported 600 MHz Alpha 21164 CPU to be replaced with faster parts from Digital, Mitsubishi or Samsung, with the motherboard offering six PCI slots, Ultra-Wide SCSI, a total memory capacity of up to 768 MB of RAM and up to 2 MB of "fast synchronous cache". Systems were fitted with a Matrox Millennium graphics card as standard, upgradeable to a S3 Graphics or OpenGL-capable card, and were priced from $5,995. DeskStation also initiated an OEM strategy, selling its RPX 164-2 motherboard to such systems manufacturers for $1,350 and aimed to license the technology to other systems developers.

In 1998, DeskStation licensed its motherboard designs and chipsets to Samsung, a DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) Alpha licensee, following on from a previous initiative "promoting and expanding the market for Windows NT systems based on Alpha processors", with DeskStation having been developing systems based on Samsung's Alpha 21164 processor module.

Fate
DeskStation encountered difficult trading conditions in the late 1990s. Despite expansion and extension of their real estate lease in 1996, the company experienced a period of "financial turmoil" in 1997 due to decreasing systems prices, partially driven by Digital reducing its own Alpha system motherboard prices, leading to the company cancelling a planned initial public offering. Further difficulties in 1998 led DeskStation to scale back manufacturing operations and to focus on "building customised computer products". In 2000, DeskStation was sold to Singapore-based Tri-M Technologies, with founder Don Peterson having moved on to found Framecast Communications, a company offering advertising-funded e-mail, scheduling, chat and search services for integration with university Web sites.

title: DeskStation Technology


text: User talk:200.195.147.118

title: User talk:200.195.147.118


text:
Mell Lazarus

Melvin Lazarus (May 3, 1927 – May 24, 2016) was an American cartoonist, best known as the creator of two comic strips, Miss Peach (1957–2002) and Momma (1970–2016). Additionally, he wrote two novels. For his comic strip Pauline McPeril (a 1966-69 collaboration with Jack Rickard), he used the pseudonym Fulton, which is also the name of a character in his first novel, The Boss Is Crazy, Too.

Biography
Lazarus was born in Brooklyn, to Sydney Lazarus, a successful glass-blower, and Frances (née Mushkin) Lazarus, nicknamed Frankie. Lazarus, who dropped out of high school, published his first cartoon at 16, and later enlisted in the U.S. Navy.

During his twenties, he worked for Al Capp and his brother Elliott Caplin at the Capp family-owned Toby Press. In the mid-1950s, he created two children's syndicated comic strips for General Features, Wee Women and Li'l Ones.

Miss Peach debuted on February 4, 1957, in the New York Herald Tribune, and ended up running for nearly 50 years.

His comic strip Momma debuted on October 26, 1970. Although Lazarus based the title character on his own mother, she believed the character was based on his aunt, exclaiming, "You caught Aunt Helen to a tee!"

In 1964, Lazarus talked about his background and working methods: "I never actually graduated high school. My art teacher flunked me. I have since, however, attended many classes of one kind or another. I frequently lecture at colleges and to other groups around the country. I sold my first cartoon when I was 16. I did commercial art and edited children's magazines prior to February 4, 1957 when my comic, Miss Peach, was launched. The characters in Miss Peach are not actually modeled on real persons, with the possible exception of Lester, the skinny kid in the strip. Possibly the most loved character is Arthur, the dopey little kid. I make notes all week based on thoughts, conversational fragments, etc. I sift through all these notes on Monday mornings and select several to develop. I then write gags for them. I do six daily strips and a Sunday page."

Lazarus served as president of the National Cartoonists Society for two consecutive terms, from 1989 to 1993.

Books
His novel The Boss Is Crazy, Too (Dial, 1963) concerns Carson Hemple, art director of a comic-book and confession-magazine publishing company, who is told by the owner to help force the company into bankruptcy, and who responds with inventive embezzlement schemes. The book was inspired by his time at Toby Press.

The Neighborhood Watch (Doubleday, 1986) is about an impoverished Brooklyn writer who steals from his wealthy neighbors. Its protagonist, widowed father Loring Neiman, having turned to burglary when his book is rejected, discovers he has a knack for it. He prepares to give up the criminal life after becoming romantically involved with a married woman, but a criminally inclined neighbor coerces him into one purportedly final robbery. It was optioned for a movie.

Awards
Lazarus won the National Cartoonists Society's award for Newspaper Strip, Humor, in 1973 and 1979, both times for Miss Peach.

He won the Reuben Award for Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year, for Miss Peach, in 1981, and the organization's Silver T-Square Award in 2000.

On January 23, 2016, Lazarus became the second recipient of the National Cartoonists Society Medal of Honor, established the year before.

Personal life
Lazarus was married twice, first to Eileen Lazarus, which ended in divorce; then to Sally Mitchell, daughter of comic-strip gag writer Ed Mitchell. Lazarus lived in Los Angeles from the 1970s until his death on May 24, 2016. from complications from Alzheimer's. He had three daughters, Margie, Suesan and Cathie; six grandchildren and one great grandson.

In popular culture
He made a cameo appearance in the 1992 Murder She Wrote episode "The Dead File."

His membership in Mensa was mentioned in the 1999 episode "They Saved Lisa's Brain" of The Simpsons.

title: Mell Lazarus


text:
Lewis Turco

Lewis Putnam Turco (born May 2, 1934) is an American poet, teacher, and writer of fiction and non-fiction. Turco is an advocate for Formalist poetry (or New Formalism) in the United States.

Life and work
Turco took a keen interest in poetry as a teenager and after high school, while serving in the U.S. Navy aboard USS Hornet (CV-12), he had work published in various little magazines and quarterlies. He graduated from the University of Connecticut in 1959, published his First Poems in 1960, and completed an MA at the University of Iowa in 1962 (at the Iowa Writers' Workshop). It was there that he cultivated an interest in formal verse and began, to use his words, "collecting forms." Turco collected these forms in the Book of Forms, published in the 1960s, a time when it would seem odd to do so since most poets were writing free verse.

Turco taught at Fenn College in Cleveland (now Cleveland State University) where he founded the Cleveland Poetry Center and at the State University of New York at Oswego where he was founding Director of the Program in Writing Arts.

In 1986 Lewis Turco won the Melville Cane Award of the Poetry Society of America for his book of criticism "Visions and Revisions of American Poetry" and in 1992 he received a Distinguished Alumnus Award from the Alumni Association of the University of Connecticut. He was inducted into the Meriden, Connecticut, Hall of Fame in 1993, and in 1999 he received the John Ciardi Award for lifetime achievement in poetry sponsored by the National Italian American Foundation. In May 2000 he received an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, from Ashland University in Ohio and a second from the University of Maine at Fort Kent in 2009. His book Satan's Scourge: A Narrative of the Age of Witchcraft in England and New England 1580-1697 won the Wild Card category of the New England Book Festival in the same year.

Since 2012 he has been in the Honour Committee of Immagine & Poesia, the artistic literary movement founded in Turin, Italy, with the patronage of Aeronwy Thomas (Dylan Thomas's daughter).

Turco also published work under the pseudonym Wesli Court, which is an anagram of his name.

Turco lives in Dresden Mills, Maine.

Recent work
Recent books are Satan's Scourge, a Narrative of the Age of Witchcraft in England and New England 1580–1697; La Famiglia /  the Family, Memoirs, and  a free on-line e-chapbook of poems titled Attic, Shed, and Barn, all published in 2009. In the same year he started a new venture to collect more forms at a blog called The Book of Odd and Invented Forms.

Awards and honors

 * First Poems was a selection of The Book Club for Poetry In 1960.
 * The Compleat Melancholick, supported by a National Endowment for the Arts grant, was published in 1985, received a Chicago Book Clinic Exhibit Certificate of Award in 1986, and was selected for inclusion in the National Endowment for the Arts' New American Writing Exhibits at the International Book Fairs of Frankfurt and Liber.
 * Chapbook prizes include The Sketches, a 1962 American Weave Award volume; A Family Album, the Silverfish Review Chapbook Award for 1990, and Murmurs in the Walls, winner of the Cooper House Chapbook Competition in 1992.
 * In 1998 A Book of Fears: Poems won the first Bordighera Press Bi-Lingual Poetry Prize.
 * A second edition of The Book of Forms: A Handbook of Poetics, originally published in 1968 and known to The New Formalists as “The poet’s Bible,” was published as The New Book of Forms in 1986, and a Third Edition appeared in 2000.
 * A companion to The Book of Forms, The Book of Literary Terms, was a 1999 Choice “Outstanding Academic Book” in 2000; and a third, the 2004 The Book of Dialogue, was chosen in 2005 as a “University Press Book Selected for Public and Secondary School Libraries.”
 * In 1986 Turco's book of criticism, Visions and Revisions of American Poetry, won the Poetry Society of America's Melville Cane Award.
 * Satan's Scourge won the Wild Card category in the 2009 New England Book Festival.

title: Lewis Turco


text:
Ébrié Lagoon

The Ébrié Lagoon lies in Ivory Coast, separated for almost all of its length from the Atlantic Ocean by a narrow coastal strip. The 130 km long lagoon is linked to the sea by the Vridi Canal, while the Comoë River flows into it. The lagoon averages 4 km (2½ mi) in width, and 5 m in depth. Abidjan and towns such as Grand Bassam, Bingerville, Jacqueville, Attécoubé, and Tiagba lie on the lagoon.

Geography
The Ébrié Lagoon is a long narrow lagoon complex located in the south of Ivory Coast. It lies parallel with the coast on an east/west axis and consists of several linked lagoons. At the eastern end it is linked by a channel to the Aghien and Potou Lagoons, into which the Mé River flows. The other major rivers flowing into the lagoon are the Komoé River in the east, the Agnéby River in the centre, and the Ira River in the west. At the western end, Ébrié is linked by the Asagni Canal to the Tagba Lagoon and the Bandama River. It is connected to the Gulf of Guinea by the Vridi Canal, which was opened as a navigable channel in 1950. The natural mouth of the complex is at Grand-Bassam, but this tends to silt up during the dry season. There are several large and many small islands in the lagoon. The cities of Abidjan, Bingerville, Jacqueville, Attécoubé, Tiagba and Dabou lie beside the lagoon and it is crossed by four bridges.

The Ébrié Lagoon has an area of approximately 560 km2, a maximum length of 130 km, and a maximum width of 7 km. The average depth is 5 m and the maximum depth is 20 m. The amount of fresh water entering the lagoon varies with the time of year, but averages 98500000 m3 per year, and tidal exchanges with the sea average 380000000 m3 per year. The water is brackish, varying in salinity from 0 to 35‰. It is also turbid and polluted, especially near Abidjan, with high levels of nitrogen and phosphate.

Flora and fauna
There are extensive areas around the lagoon dominated by mangroves such as Rhizophora racemosa, and the golden leather fern Acrostichum aureum. Elsewhere, there are floating aquatic plants in the bays and backwaters, and reeds, sedges and grasses at the edges of the water. The lagoon is separated from the sea by a sandbar and much of the terrain close to the lagoon is swampy, with taller vegetation and some trees.

In the shallow parts of the lagoon there are a range of invertebrates including polychaete worms, nemertean worms, oligochaetes, isopods, amphipods and prawns. Over a hundred species of fish have been recorded in the lagoon, and it and the surrounding swamps are home to the African manatee, the pygmy hippopotamus, the Nile crocodile, the West African slender-snouted crocodile and the dwarf crocodile. Birds such as the African darter, the Pel's fishing owl, the white-crested tiger heron and the goliath heron breed here.

Human use
Parts of the lagoon are highly polluted. Chemical pollution comes from the agricultural and industrial activity in the catchment area, with fertiliser run off occurring particularly in the wet season. Organic and bacterial pollution occurs mainly in urban areas, with high levels of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens being detected.

There is an artisanal fishery on the lagoon, employing about seven thousand people using four thousand boats with a potential annual catch of around 8000 t. The bonga shad (Ethmalosa fimbriata) accounts for about 75% of the catch, especially in the more polluted waters near Abidjan where it is more abundant than other species. Other fish are found away from the urban areas in unpolluted waters, with the Atlantic bumper (Chloroscombrus chrysurus) and the Madeiran sardinella (Sardinella maderensis) being abundant, and the Guinean striped mojarra (Gerres nigri) and Senegal jack (Caranx senegallus) also contributing to the catch.

title: Ébrié Lagoon


text:
User talk:Gracker~enwiki

Hey, Gracker. Who are you? What is your real first name? I ask because I have a friend called "Gracker" on a different website. If you fail to tell me your fisrt name then you really REEK like a 300 year old dog left outside that was eaten by an evil mutated fly. Write to me at User talk:Gracker

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gracker. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gracker~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:16, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:24, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gracker~enwiki


text:
Charles De Coster

Charles-Theodore-Henri De Coster (20 August 1827 – 7 May 1879) was a Belgian novelist whose efforts laid the basis for a native Belgian literature.

Early life and education
He was born in Munich; his father, Augustin De Coster, was a native of Liège, who was attached to the household of the Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria in Munich, but soon returned to Belgium. Charles was placed in a Brussels bank, but in 1850 he entered the Free University of Brussels, where he completed his studies in 1855. He was one of the founders of the Société des Joyeux, a small literary club, more than one member of which was to achieve literary distinction.

De Coster made his debut as a poet in the Revue trimestrielle, founded in 1854, and his first efforts in prose were contributed to a periodical entitled Uylenspiegel (founded 1856). A correspondence covering the years 1850 to 1858, his Lettres à Elisa, were edited by Charles Potvin in 1894.

He was a keen student of François Rabelais and Michel de Montaigne, and familiarized himself with 16th-century French. He said that Flemish manners and speech could not be rendered faithfully in modern French, and accordingly wrote his best works in the old tongue. The success of his Légendes flamandes (1856) was increased by the illustrations of Félicien Rops and other friends. In 1861 he published his Contes brabançons, in modern French.

Career
His masterpiece, the 16th-century romance The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak (1867), was barely read in Belgium because it did not meet up to the conventional standard of Belgian nationalism, but became popular in the rest of the world. In preparation for this prose epic of the Gueux he spent some ten years. The character Uylenspiegel (Eulenspiegel) has been compared to Don Quixote, and even to Panurge. He is the type of the 16th-century Fleming, and the history of his resurrection from the grave itself was accepted as an allegory of the destiny of the race. His exploits and his friend's form the thread of a semihistorical narrative, full of racy humour, in spite of the barbarities that find a place in it. This book was illustrated by Félicien Rops and by others.

In 1876 De Coster introduced Xavier Mellery to the island of Marken, asking him to deliver drawings for the Tour du Monde magazine.

In 1870 De Coster became professor of general history and of French literature at the Belgian Royal Military Academy. His works however were not financially profitable; in spite of his government employment he was always in difficulties; and he died, much discouraged, in May 1878 at Ixelles, Brussels and was interred there in the Ixelles Cemetery.

The expensive form in which Uylenspiegel was produced made it open only to a limited class of readers, and when a new and cheap edition in modern French appeared in 1893 it was received practically as a new book in France and in Belgium.

De Coster was a freemason, and a member of the lodge Les Vrais Amis de l'Union et du Progrès Réunis of the Grand Orient of Belgium, where he was initiated on 7 January 1858.

Nicolas Eekman produced illustrations for The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak in 1946.

title: Charles De Coster


text: Template:PD-PolishGov

title: Template:PD-PolishGov


text:
User:Brian313

I am the Brian.

title: User:Brian313