text:
Talk:The Knight in the Panther's Skin

Untitled
It is amazing story, I like it man!!!!!!!!!!

Title translation problem
The title is translated incorrectly. I think, it was an awkward translation in Russian and then the English translation picked it up from here. No need to repeat the same mistakes. For one thing, the original (aka Georgian) title mentions no "Knights". Bear with me. In Georgian the title is “Vefxistkaosani”. The word is made of two separate words (such constructs are common in Georgian). "Vefxvi" means tiger (not Panther, Georgian language does not even have a word for panther), “tkavi” means pelt (not skin, there is a subtle difference between two).

 * I agree with the fact that there is no mention of a knight (Georgian q'ma vassal, knight under control of a feudal lord) in the title of the poem. However, the title is actually Vepxist'q'aosani. [f] is not a phoneme of Georgian, only appearing in Laz and, IIRC, Svan. As well, my Georgian dictionary, written by the native Georgian speaker Besiki Sisauri, lists t'q'avi as one of three Georgian glosses for skin, so I think the distinction is more or less moot when translating into English. And from what I've seen of the illustrations to the mediæval manuscripts of Vepxist'q'aosani, the skin that the man wears is clearly a leopard's skin, not a tiger's. As such, I have no problem with the alternate, and also very common title "The Man in the Panther's Skin" (and since there is no Georgian word for "panther", doesn't it stand to reason that the word vepxvi tiger might be used to refer to panthers as well?). thefamouseccles 08:45, 30 Jan 2006 (UTC)

The suffix “osani” adheres to ownership, to the owner of these items. It might sound very obscure for a structured language, such English, but this kind of construct is quite legal for Georgian. E.G. consider the word “shavosani”. It is generated from the word “shavi” (black) and means “the bearer of black”. Depending on the context, it could mean someone who wears black dress, carries black armor or (if used as a figure of speech) is deeply distressed. So, the word “vefxistyaosani” (btw, an unequally masterful poetic jewel) means: “The Owner of Tiger Pelt”. Or to make it more medieval sounding – “The Master of the Tiger Pelt”. The closely (and IMHO justly) resonates with Tolkien’s world famous trilogy title. "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" is as bad as something like "The midget who wore the ring" would've been.

I would not be so adamant about the title, have I not actually read the bloody poem. The motif of tiger pelt is deeply engrained throught the whole thing and has various philosophical implications. It does not just mean "Dude, where's my cool tiger's thingy!". One of the finest scenes in this creation, the scene where a beloved pair of a lion and a tiger turns against each other and fights to death, the scene where the restless wonderer encounters their pity and kills them out of sheer mercy, clearly demonstrates the point.

 * In Lithuanian it is translated like "The Hero in the Tiger's Skin". Thought, I think "Panther" here is clearly more appriciated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Submixster (talk • contribs) 11:47, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

meaning of the "book"
This book of life is one of the best literarian masterpieces in the medieval age. Plsease add this —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.196.122.141 (talk) 19:56, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

The number of languages that the poem was translated
In total :49 languages,see the article: The Knight in the Panther's Skin in georgian language, all the languages are listed there. The languages are:  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.64.211.223 (talk) 11:16, 28 January 2011 (UTC) Azeri, Belarusian, Arabic, Abkhazian, Greek, Bulgarian, German, Hebrew, Spanish, Esperanto, Estonian, Tatar, Turkmen, Turkish, Japanese, English, Icelandic, Italian, Finnish, Catalan, Latin, Luxembourgish, Molodovit, Mongolian, Dutch, Ossetian, Polish, Ukrainian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Armenian, Persian, Swahili, Welsh, Uzbek, Hungarian, French, Kurdish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Swedish, Czech, Chinese, Hindi, Mingrelian language, Chuvash language. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.64.211.217 (talk) 18:03, 3 May 2010 (UTC) I'm going to list the languages in alphabetical order. Any objections? Erusse estelinya (talk) 18:47, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Knight in the Panther's Skin


license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:SanJoseMapWithLAFCO32.jpg


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Pulwar

The pulwar or pulouar (پلوار) is a single-handed curved sword originating in Afghanistan.

Origin
The pulwar originated alongside other scimitar-type weapons such as the Arab saif, the Persian shamshir, the Turkish kilij, and the Indian talwar, all of them ultimately based on earlier Central Asian swords. Originally, the Khyber Knife (a type of short sword) served as the weapon of the common people while upper-classes could afford to import swords from neighbouring Persia and India. Over time, the Afghans combined characteristics of the imported swords and adapted it to create the pulwar. Most existing pulwars date back to the early 19th century.

Characteristics
Borrowing features from the swords of neighboring lands, the pulwar may be described as an Afghan version of the Indian talwar. Pulwar blades tend to be more elaborately fullered than those of the talwar. Some pulwar hilts were fitted to Persian blades which are slimmer and more curved and tapered towards the tip than the more typically robust pulwar blades. The hilt is characterized by two quillons which are short and turned to point in the direction of the blade in the manner of some shamshir and saif, a feature typical of swords produced in Qajar period Iran. Like the tulwar, the hilt is made of iron, and is attached to the tang of the blade by a very strong adhesive resin. Unlike the flat disc surrounding the pommel of the tulwar, the pommel of pulwar exhibits a cup-shape. Both hilt and blade can be ornately engraved with inscriptions, designs, and images.

title: Pulwar


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Talk:Prototyping

Can you think of a business in which prototyping would not work?
Yes. Newspapers hardly ever "stop the presses" to change the first version. Coal miners must get the coal that is actually in the ground -- there is no point in constructing some sort of "prototype" coal mine. People that milk cows learn to milk on an actual cow, not some sort of prototype. Pet stores sell the actual pet, rather than letting people start with a "prototype pet" before they get the actual pet. Restaurant chefs may "experiment" with new recipes, but even the experiments use real food ingredients, rather than some sort of "prototyping" material. --68.0.120.35 21:20, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Do prototypes necessarily use a sort of "prototyping" material? Aren't models made of a different material called a mockup or something of the sort? In that case, the chef example above doesn't work - the new creations are prototypes. As for the others, the newspaper industry does use prototypes. That is, the first version referred to above. The first version is the definition of prototype - the prototype is the first version. The coal industry could benefit greatly from prototypes, and I'm sure they use them already. There are immense safety concerns, to name one only area in which a model, perhaps not full-sized, of a coal mine would work. Additionally, the coal mines themselves are not the only asset of the coal industry - you have countless types of vehicles, mining equipment, and support equipment. Milking cows - there would of course be no cow prototypes, as cows are not the product of the dairy industry. Instead, milk is. And I would hope there is prototype milk - a sample of the milk throughout its development cycle to make sure it is safe and clean. As for pet stores, it is right that they would doubtless have a need for a prototype. However, a prototype is used for a product. A pet store has no "products", instead they offer a service. They do not produce pets, they recieve and sell them. Even pet breeders do not produce the pets, they just reap the benefits of reproduction. Andyo2000 03:44, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

"Do prototypes necessarily use a sort of "prototyping" material? Aren't models made of a different material called a mockup or something of the sort?"

Yes, inert models are called a mockup. However, the comment on "prototyping" material refers to functional electrical prototypes quickly assembled using a plastic solderless breadboard instead of soldered to a fiberglass printed circuit board. Those are functional (in most ways), but would never be shipped to a customer. --68.0.120.35 05:20, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

The first version is the definition of prototype - the prototype is the first version.

In printing (and electronics, and I assume other fields as well), there are (at least) 2 methods of making something: one can make thousands of practically identical copies, using some sort of production line. (One can print thousands of copies of a newspaper on a printing press). Or one can make just one of something. (One can use a typewriter or hand-write a letter).

Even when both processes use the same materials (paper and black ink), and produce ("word-for-word") "the same" item (such as a particular newspaper article written by a particular journalist), it is usually pretty easy to tell which of the 2 processes was used to make that item.

When I say "prototype", I mean that someone expects to produce some item with a mass-production process, but first made one or a few copies (the prototype or prototypes) using some "one-at-a-time" process, and expects that testing that copy may lead to some changes to the design before going into mass production.

Once it goes into mass production, the items produced are not prototypes.

If I get the last paper printed for Monday before they turned off the presses and started loading Tuesday's edition, I wouldn't call the first copy that rolled off the presses the "prototype". (I might call it the "first version", if there were several versions). If you asked me for the prototype for that last paper printed, I might point at the computer monitors showing a simulation of what the paper might look like, or at the hand-written or typewritten submissions from each journalist and editor. --68.0.120.35 05:20, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Software Prototyping
There's a very good article on Software Prototyping that doesn't appear to even get a mention here. Is this something that needs to be addressed?

 * I made a note to see the software prototyping article in that section. (I want to leave part of it here because it is a significant form of prototyping, but I removed some of the details and will work on merging them into the software protoyping article.) I removed the merge to tag havign donme this. RJFJR 17:50, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Removed text
I removed the following unreferenced text from the Software prototyping section. Please put it back if you can find any references for it:

In the mid-1980s, prototyping was seen as the solution to the problem of requirements analysis within software engineering. Prototypes are any form of deliverables that model an application allowing users to visualize the application that is not yet constructed. Prototypes help users get an idea of what the system will look like, and make it easier for users to make design decisions without waiting for the system to be built. When they were first introduced the initial results were considered amazing. Major improvements in communication between users and developers were often seen with the introduction of prototypes. Early views of the screens led to fewer changes later and hence reduced overall costs considerably.

However, over the next decade, while proving a useful technique, it did not solve the requirements problem:
 * Managers, once they see the prototype, often have a hard time understanding that the finished design will not be produced for some time.
 * Designers often feel compelled to use the patched-together prototype code in the real system, because they are afraid to 'waste time' starting again.
 * Prototypes principally help with design decisions and user interface design. However, they can not tell what the requirements were originally.
 * Designers and end users can focus too much on user interface design and too little on producing a system that serves the business process.

Lakeworks (talk) 12:05, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Proof of concept
A proof of concept does not have to be a prototype... It can also be done just to show that you can :)

Proof of concept is not prototyping Prototyping in software environment is mostly done with the aim to sell something, you are producing showcases for your customers. This could be very simple solutions as long as they fulfill the eye catcher function. A proof of concept on the other hand has nothing to do with 'look and feel'. As the name states it is used to proof some technical requirements, mostly with the aim of minimizing financial risks.

 * I disagree. There is nothing about the term 'prototype' that dictates what it's used for; it may be a marketing prototype, it may be a technical proof of concept, it may be something else. All of these things are prototypes in my view, though in the marketing case if it's non functional then the term prototype is probably stretching it - maybe 'marketing model' would be a more appropriate term. The trouble is 'prototype' is rather a loose term in practice, since a prototype could be a very accurate model for the final production version, or something much less developed - often engineers will refer to early prototypes for the latter. If I had to opt for one definition over the other, I'd say the opposite of what you're saying - that a proof of concept is more a true prototype than a marketing exercise. However, I don't think we do have to plump for one or the other, we just have to make the article more inclusive. Graham 00:17, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd consider a proof-of-concept as a type of prototype, intended to prove feasibility. Other kinds of prototypes are used for marketing, or to nail down requirements, or to gather performance data, or... well, you get the picture. --Allan McInnes (talk) 06:23, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * A proof of concept doesn't need to be a device though, it can be a scientific result (data) that validates a method as well. I think they are separate concepts that happen to have a lot of overlap for engineers, but not necesarily in all feilds.--AAMiller 23:52, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, sure. I'm not supporting the merge of proof of concept into this article. I was simply trying to point out that the assertion that "Proof of concept is not prototyping" is not (IMHO) correct. --Allan McInnes (talk) 00:11, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Proof-of-concept may appear different through the development lifecycle of the intended final product. Examples are:
 * Technology Model made by integration of ad hoc hardware in laboratory, e.g. by using evaluation kits for microcontrollers.
 * Concept Visualisation by laboratory integration of components and supporting elements made by rapid prototyping techniques e.g. SLA
 * Functional Models hand-built to demonstrate appearance, size and basic functionality of the final product. Models may have supporting elements (SLA) and may therefore not be representative for robustness tests
 * Prototypes more or less hand-built, but made by final components and supporting elements. Prototypes are fully representative for performance tests as well as robustness tests, and should be deployed for testing in an operational environment e.g. at customers' sites
 * Pilot Production Series made on final manufacturing setup for product qualification tests prior to release to market
 * Current Production Series ... well they are final products so the era of prototypes has ended

Svendhaugaard 09:49, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

20-layer circuit board prototype
"Epson uses inkjet technology to create world's first 20-layer, ultra-thin circuit board"

Is this historical enough to use as a reference in this article? (Is this really the world's first 20 layer circuit board? If not, I would be very interested in knowing when the "world's first 20 layer circuit board" was made.) --68.0.120.35 21:20, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

It's not the World's first 20-layer board but it may be the first made by inkjet printing. I find too specific to be of interest for associating it to the term of "prototyping". Svendhaugaard 09:52, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Really? What is the world's first 20-layer circuit board? Could you give me a link or reference? I agree that it doesn't really belong in this article on "prototyping", but perhaps it would be appropriate for the "history" section of "printed circuit board" or "history of electrical engineering". --68.0.120.35 04:01, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

A section of students revisions
query for settling unverified information

(dated 10-april-2008)

Advantages of prototyping

* May provide the proof of concept necessary to attract funding * Early visibility of the prototype gives users an idea of what the final system looks like * Encourages active participation among users and producer * Enables a higher output for user
 * (what higher output? large amount of output? highly desireable output? or what else?)

* Cost effective (Development costs reduced)
 * (could use for more detail explanation? what makes cost effective? besides labour cost & what else?)

* Increases system development speed * Assists to identify any problems with the efficacy of earlier design, requirements analysis and coding activities * Helps to refine the potential risks associated with the delivery of the system being developed Xmlv (talk) 18:25, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prototyping


text:
Mako Ishino

Mako Ishino (石野真子), is a Japanese singer and actress. She is the elder sister of actress Yōko Ishino. Ishino is affiliated with From First Production Co., Ltd.

Albums

 * Smile (07-25-1978)
 * Mako II (12-05-1978)
 * Mako Live I (06-01-1979)
 * Mako III (08-25-1979)
 * Koi no Disc Jockey MAKO IV (03-05-1980)
 * Watashi no Shiawase MAKO 5 (07-21-1980)
 * Twenty MAKO 6 (02-21-1981)
 * Jeans ni Hakikaete MAKO 7 (07-05-1981)
 * BYE BYE MAKO LIVE ~ 8 tsuki no taiyō yori moete ~  (10-05-1981)
 * Saffron (10-21-1985)
 * Truth (10-25-2003)
 * Memories of the Sea (海の記憶) (2004)
 * Mako Revival (2005)
 * Mirai (2006)
 * Love Merry-go-round (08-20-2008)
 * Watashi no Shiawase (2008)
 * Life Is Beautiful (2010)

Singles

 * "Ōkami nanka kowaku nai" (狼なんか怖くない) (1978) (Oricon: 17)
 * "Watashi no Don" (わたしの首領) (1978) (Oricon: 26)
 * "Shitsuren kinenbi" (失恋記念日) (1978) (Oricon: 24)
 * "Nichiyōbi wa Stranger" (日曜日はストレンジャー) (1979) (Oricon: 19)
 * "Pretty Pretty" (プリティー・プリティー) (1979) (Oricon: 26)
 * "Wonder Boogie" (ワンダー・ブギ) (1979) (Oricon: 22)
 * "Julie ga Rival" (ジュリーがライバル) (1979) (Oricon: 24)
 * "Haru La! La! La!" (春ラ!ラ!ラ!) (1980) (Oricon: 16)
 * "Heart de shōbu" (ハートで勝負) (1980) (Oricon: 15)
 * "Memai" (めまい) (1980) (Oricon: 24)
 * "Kare ga hatsu koi" (彼が初恋) (1980) (Oricon: 22)
 * "Foggy Rain / Koi no Happy Date" (フォギー・レイン/恋のハッピー・デート) (1980) (Oricon: 27)
 * "Omoikkiri Samba" (思いっきりサンバ) (1981) (Oricon: 42)
 * "Irodori no toki" (彩りの季節) (1981) (Oricon: 35)
 * "Koi no Summer Dance" (恋のサマー・ダンス) (1981) (Oricon: 41)
 * "Burning Love" (バーニング・ラブ) (1981) (Oricon: 38)
 * "Watashi no shiawase PART II" (私のしあわせ PART II) (1981) (Oricon: 56)
 * "Ashita ni nareba" (明日になれば) (1982) (Oricon: 52)
 * "Meguri ai" (めぐり逢い) (1985)
 * "Glass no kanransha" (ガラスの観覧車) (1987)
 * "Sora ni Canvas" (空にカンバス) (1987)
 * "Kira Kira ∞" (2001)
 * "Eve" (2005)
 * "Pointing at Me" (こっちを向いて) (2007)
 * "My Friend ~Go on a Journey~" (My Friend ～旅に出よう～) (2010)

Videos

 * Singact 2009 Pan・Dora ~Mako's Breakthrough~ (SINGACT 2009 PAN・DORA～真子の反抗期～) (2010)
 * Band Tour 2010 Life Is Beautiful ~First Live Tour in 29 Years~ (BAND TOUR 2010 Life is beautiful ～29年ぶり素顔のライブツアー～) (2010)
 * Mako Ishino Live & Document 2009 at Shinagawa Church Gloria Chapel ~My Happy Guitar~ (石野真子 LIVE & DOCUMENT 2009 at 品川教会 グローリアチャペル ～MY HAPPY GUITAR～) (2010)

Television

 * The Kindaichi Case Files (1995) – Yumiko Ono
 * Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger (2004) – Swan Shiratori/Deka Swan
 * Boys Over Flowers (2005) - Makino Chieko
 * Gunshi Kanbei (2014) – Konishi "Magdalena" Wakusa
 * Lost Man Found (2022) – Satoru's mother
 * Dear Radiance (2024) – Fujiwara no Mutsuko

Film

 * Hachiko Monogatari (1987) – Chizuko Ueno
 * Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger The Movie: Full Blast Action (2004) – Swan Shiratori
 * Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger vs. Abaranger (2005) – Swan Shiratori
 * Mahou Sentai Magiranger vs. Dekaranger (2006) – Swan Shiratori
 * Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger: 10 Years After (2015) – Swan Shiratori
 * Bittersweet (2016)
 * Neet Neet Neet (2018)
 * Love and the Grand Tug-of-war (2021)
 * The Pearl Legacy (2023) – Mitsuyo Ōgame

Dubbing

 * Power Rangers S.P.D. (2005, 2011) – Narrator

title: Mako Ishino


text:
Citadel (video game)

Citadel is a computer game developed by Michael Jakobsen for the BBC Micro, and released by Superior Software in 1985. It was also ported to the Acorn Electron. Centred around a castle, this platform game with some puzzle-solving elements requires players to find five hidden crystals and return them to their rightful place. It also features some outside areas external to the castle (including a wasteland, a pyramid, a sea and an island).

Upon returning the crystals, the player must teleport to a separate set of locations to complete the game. Once the game is completed, the player is left free to roam the castle in order to achieve the maximum possible score if they have not done so already. The only way to see the final congratulatory message is to reach 99 points.

Citadel was unusual at the time for playing synthesized speech before loading the main game (in part to advertise Superior Software's "Speech!" programme package), as well as having other special effects advanced for the time, such as splashing water sounds. Many BBC Micro gamers regard Citadel as a seminal game and it has spawned social media appreciation pages.

Gameplay

Citadel has a number of distinctive features. Unlike many other platform games, the player is not automatically killed if they come into contact with fireballs, snakes or other hazards; instead the player is allocated a set amount of energy, measured by a number, which is depleted through contact, which can be replenished by collecting objects shaped like bottles. If the player continuously loses too much energy in a room, the screen turns red and the player is transported back to where they entered the room. This prevents players from passing through a room simply by walking through enemies and taking the damage.

The game also allows the player to choose the sex of their character and uses a different sprite accordingly - quite unusual in the days when in-game memory was at a premium (although the chosen gender of the sprite does not affect gameplay). The player sprite is not superimposed over objects that it walks "in front" of; rather, the colour of the pixels of the character sprite is overlaid, using an XOR bitwise operation, with the colour of the superimposed object, resulting in a completely different colour. For instance, the male player sprite normally has pink hair and yellow skin, but has yellow hair and pink skin when placed in front of the cyan stones of the Stonehenge screen. This effect is quite distinctive (it was also used in the two "sequels").

Most enemies cannot be destroyed, only avoided. The exceptions to this are the 'monks' which can be destroyed by jumping and firing a projectile-like 'spell' into their face. Each spell expends one unit of energy, which is restored if the player is successful in killing the monk. If a player returns to a room where they had previously destroyed a monk, the monk reappears and must be killed again, often employing a different technique if the room was entered by a different way.

In addition to the crystals, various other items are located throughout the 100 different rooms of the castle which can be collected and used to solve puzzles in order to obtain the crystals. These include coloured keys which open doors of the same colour, giving access to other areas of the game; an 'ice crystal' which, whilst carried, causes water in its vicinity to freeze, enabling access to previously inaccessible areas; trampolines which can be jumped on to reach high areas ordinarily out of reach, and many others.

The player is limited to carrying two items at any one time and a certain combination of objects in their inventory is often needed to solve particular problems. For example, one crystal is located in a room behind a brick wall. Access is obtained by finding a cannonball and sack of gunpowder and then walking past a cannon. These items are then automatically 'loaded' into the cannon which fires, blasting a hole in the brick wall giving access to the crystal behind.

Most of the items scattered throughout the game are needed to complete it, with the exception of the barrel (which can be used as a platform to jump to a higher area, although the same effect can be achieved with the trampoline), and the metal bars, which can be taken to the Stonehenge screen to be converted into energy, but add no points to the player's score.

The numbers below the name of the screen ("The Prison" in this case) indicate the number of units of energy left, the player's score, and two coordinates indicating the location of the screen. The letter next to the key which is being carried in the inventory was used by players who only had access to a monochrome monitor.

Ports
In order to port the BBC Micro game to the Electron, which had more limited memory constraints, apparently random multicoloured top and bottom borders had to be left on screen. This was actually machine code that was left on-screen as 'decoration' rather than use more memory to hide it.

Reception and legacy
Citadel received a great deal of acclaim at the time of its release, and remains one of the classic BBC Micro games. The game Palace of Magic, released in 1987, used extremely similar gameplay principles, and was in a way a de facto sequel. Although subsequent games from Superior, such as Quest, Camelot, Ricochet and Baron, used many of the same elements — though without achieving the same cult status — an official sequel to the game was not released until 1993 when Superior decided to release The Fort, yet another such game, as Citadel 2. However, by this time the BBC Micro was declining in popularity — Citadel 2, written by "Symo" (Simon Storr) was one of the last BBC Micro games released — and the sequel is little known.

As with most Superior Software games during this period, there was a prize associated with Citadel. The winner was the first person to find three crowns which were hidden around the game map. It is possible for the player to complete the game without picking up the crowns, although the player cannot see the final congratulatory message if they are not collected.

Reconstructed source code obtained by disassembling the BBC Model B version of the game was released in October 2018. Final versions of the original Acorn Electron source code, as well as multiple development versions of the BBC Micro source, were made available by the game's author in December 2021 with the released package also including various documents related to the game's development.

title: Citadel (video game)


text:
Hikari Ishida

Hikari Ishida (石田ひかり) (born May 25, 1972) is a Japanese actress. She starred along with Megumi Odaka and Natsuki Ozawa in the TV-series Hana no Asuka-gumi!. She also released several singles and six albums and she had one minor hit with the song "Emerald no Suna". Ishida also made numerous commercials for hair products and released several photobooks and videos. Ishida has had at least one song appear on the NHK program Minna no Uta. She is the younger sister of Yuriko Ishida, who is also an actress.

Film

 * Futari (1991)
 * Kamitsukitai / Dorakiyura Yori Ai-0 (1991)
 * Aitsu (1991)
 * AD Boogie (1991)
 * Haruka, Nosutarujii (1993)
 * Beru Epokku (1998)
 * Fascination Amour (1999)
 * Adrenaline Drive (1999)
 * Ano Natsu no Hi (1999)
 * Kankoku no Obaachan wa Erai (2002)
 * Tenkôsei: Sayonara Anata (2007)
 * Rin (2018)
 * Skeleton Flowers (2021)
 * Homestay (2022)
 * Grown-ups (2022)
 * 90 Years Old – So What? (2024)
 * Blue Period (2024), Marie Yaguchi

Television

 * Hana no Asuka-gumi! (1988)
 * Mama Haha Bugi (1989) (mini)
 * 1970 Bokutachi no Seishun (1991)
 * Hirari (1992) (Asadora)
 * Asunaro Hakusho (1993)
 * Kagayaku Toki no Nakade (1995)
 * Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1998)
 * Smap x Smap (1998)
 * Kôrei (2000)
 * Suiyobi no Joji (2001)
 * Karuta kuîn (2003)
 * Haken no Hinkaku (2007) (mini)
 * Toppu Sêrusu (2008)
 * Dan Dan だんだん (2009) (Asadora)
 * Only I Am 17 Years Old (2020) (Webdrama)
 * The Way of the Househusband (2020)
 * My Girlfriend's Child (2024)

Discography

 * Emerald no Suna / Shiokaze no Himitsu (May 21, 1987) (single)
 * Ku.chi.bi.ru / Kiniro no Necklace (04.08.1987) (single)
 * Legend (September 21, 1987) (album)
 * Koi wa Kakuritsu 51% / Lonely Lonely (04.11.1987) (single)
 * Monument (09.03.1988) (album)
 * Futari no Kankei / Pastel Memory (April 21, 1988) (single)
 * White Virgin (June 21, 1988) (album)
 * Shojo.Neppun.Tennenshoku / Ichimai no Shashin (July 13, 1988) (single)
 * Koibitotachi no Nuance / Yume o Samenaide (11.10.1988) (single)
 * True (October 21, 1988) (album)
 * Koi nanonine / Unubore Kagami (February 21, 1989) (single)
 * Lamination (April 21, 1989) (album)
 * Natural Choice / Nocturne Saigo no Himitsu (July 7, 1989) (single)
 * Kaze no Ballerina / Mou Hitori no Akuma (October 18, 1989) (single)
 * Rendezvous (November 21, 1989) (album)
 * Tomorrow (March 21, 1990) (single)

title: Hikari Ishida


text:
File:ElectronCitadel.png

Screenshot of Citadel for the Acorn Electron.

title: File:ElectronCitadel.png


text:
1820 in rail transport

Events

 * May 1 – The Kington Tramway, a horse-worked plateway, is opened from Eardisley to Kington, Herefordshire, England. Together with the Hay Railway it forms a continuous system 36 miles (45 km) in length, the longest in the United Kingdom at this date.
 * October - John Birkinshaw of Bedlington Ironworks patents improvements in the production of wrought iron rails.
 * Thomas Gray publishes his first of five editions of Observations on a General Iron Railway, a book that accelerates the British debate on this means of transportation and promotes the concept of a national rail network.
 * An early form of monorail in Russia is operated by Ivan Elmanov in Myachkovo, Moscow Oblast.

January births

 * January 21 – Egide Walschaerts, Belgian inventor of a steam locomotive valve gear (d. 1901).

April births

 * April 8 - John Taylor Johnston, president of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 1848–1877 (d. 1893).

May births

 * May 2 - Robert Gerwig, German civil engineer, designer of Schwarzwald Railway and the Hell Valley Railway (d. 1885).

July births

 * July 31 – John W. Garrett, president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from 1858 (d. 1884).

August births

 * August 6 – Donald Smith, afterwards Lord Strathcona, Scottish financier, promoter of the Canadian Pacific Railway (d. 1914).

September births

 * September 20 – Alfred Belpaire, Belgian inventor of the Belpaire firebox used on steam locomotives (d. 1893).

December births

 * December 21 – William H. Osborn, president of Illinois Central Railroad 1855–1865, president of Chicago, St. Louis and New Orleans Railroad 1875–1882, is born (d. 1894).

Unknown death dates

 * James Beatty, Irish engineer who was involved in building the European and North American Railway and the Grand Crimean Central Railway (d. 1856)

title: 1820 in rail transport


text:
Walter Veltroni

Walter Veltroni (born 3 July 1955) is an Italian writer, film director, journalist, and politician. He served as the first leader of the Democratic Party within the Italian centre-left opposition until his resignation on 17 February 2009. He also served as mayor of Rome from June 2001 to February 2008.

Early life and family
Veltroni was born in Rome. His father, Vittorio Veltroni, an eminent RAI manager in the 1950s, died one year after his birth. His mother, Ivanka Kotnik, was the daughter of Ciril Kotnik, a Slovenian diplomat at the Holy See who helped numerous Jews and anti-fascists to escape Nazi persecution after 1943.

Political career
Veltroni joined the Italian Communist Youth Federation (FGCI) at the age of 15, and was elected Rome city councillor in 1976 as member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), serving until 1981. He was then elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1987. As a member of the PCI's national secretariat in 1988, he played a leading role in the transformation into a social democratic party.

Veltroni, a professional journalist, was editor-in-chief of L'Unità, the newspaper of the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) from 1992 to 1996. He then ran as one of the leading members of The Olive Tree coalition in the 1996 Italian general election. After The Olive Tree's victory, he served as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy and Minister for Cultural Assets and Activities from 1996 to 1998, joining 25 other PDS members in cabinet, which was the first former PCI members to take part in government since 1947. Also in 1996, he joined the Bilderberg Meeting. In 1998, he resigned, subsequent to his election as National Secretary of the Democrats of the Left (DS). Despite his background as a journalist, he has been involved in controversial episodes related to freedom of expression. For example, in 2001, after the late night show Satyricon aired an interview that discussed indictments on links between the right-wing leader and the mafia, Marco Travaglio reported that Veltroni dispatched a messenger menacing the closure of the show.

Mayor of Rome
In 2001, Veltroni resigned as leader of the party after being elected mayor of Rome. In May 2006, Veltroni was confirmed mayor of Rome, easily defeating Gianni Alemanno, a former Minister of Agriculture and then a member of National Alliance, obtaining an unprecedented 61.4% of the valid votes against the 37.1% achieved by Alemanno. The percentage of votes that supported Veltroni's second term in office was a record in local elections in Rome. Shortly before this confirmation, Veltroni had declared that he was going to leave politics at the end of his second term as mayor. In 2005, as mayor of Rome, he met in Washington during a visit to the United States the then United States senator Barack Obama, being one of his earliest supporters overseas. He wrote the preface to the Italian edition of The Audacity of Hope in 2007, and has been referred to as "Obama's European counterpart".

By 2007, Veltroni was widely considered one of the most popular centre-left politicians in Italy, and often singled out for the leadership of the Democratic Party (PD), despite his statements that he would not accept such position after his tenure as mayor would end. In June 2007, DS leader Piero Fassino publicly asked Veltroni to run for the party leadership, offering support from all of his party. Several other PD leading members publicly stated their support for a possible candidacy of Veltroni. Furthermore, the strongest of his possible contenders, Pier Luigi Bersani, which polls showed as having a 50% support in regions of Central and Northern Italy, withdrew to avoid a "confusing candidacy". Veltroni officially presented his candidacy for the leadership of the PD at a rally in Turin on 27 June 2007. At this occasion, he introduced the four key issues his programme would address: environment, generational pact, education, and public security.

Leader of the Democratic Party
Veltroni was elected as the first leader of the newly founded PD on 14 October 2007, winning an open primary with around 2.6 million votes, or 75.8%. In 2007, Veltroni had some remarks against the Romanian immigrants, claiming that Italy has become "unlivable" since Romania joined the European Union, while before its entry Rome was "the safest city in the world", bringing accusations of xenophobia from the Romanian press.

Following the 2008 Italian political crisis that lead to the defeat of Romano Prodi's government in a January vote in the Senate of the Republic, Veltroni led the PD into the 2008 Italian general election on 13–14 April 2008. Veltroni resigned as mayor of Rome on 13 February 2008 to concentrate on the campaign. He was criticized for his overfrequentation of Rome socialites, and was advised to focus on more practical problems.

On 17 February 2009, following clashes within the party and only a day after a heavy defeat of the PD in the 2009 Sardinian regional election, Veltroni announced his immediate resignation from his leadership post. The Constituent Assembly of the party subsequently convened on 21 February 2009 and elected Veltroni's former deputy Dario Franceschini as the new secretary.

Public image
On 28 September 2014, in Venice, Italy,  Veltroni was responsible of marrying George Clooney to Amal Alamuddin. The wedding was widely reported in the media.

Awards
In 2003, Veltroni received an honoris causa degree in Public Services by the John Cabot University of Rome. In 2006, hereceived the title of Cavaliere di Gran Croce (Knight of the Grand Cross) from the then Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. He won the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2009.

Works
Veltroni has written a number of books on various topics, such as music, social issues, fiction, biographies, and politics.
 * 1977 – Il PCI e la questione giovanile ("The PCI and the Youth Issue")
 * 1978 – A dieci anni dal '68. Intervista con Achille Occhetto ("Ten Years Since 1968: Interview with Achille Occhetto")
 * 1981 – Il sogno degli anni sessanta ("The Dream of the Sixties")
 * 1982 – Il calcio è una scienza da amare ("Football Is a Science to Be Loved")
 * 1990 – Io e Berlusconi (e la Rai) ("Me and Berlusconi (and RAI)")
 * 1992 – I programmi che hanno cambiato l'Italia ("Programs that Changed Italy")
 * 1992 – Il sogno spezzato. Le idee di Robert Kennedy ("The Broken Dream: The ideas of Robert Kennedy")
 * 1992 – La sfida interrotta. Le idee di Enrico Berlinguer ("The Interrupted Challenge: The ideas of Enrico Berlinguer")
 * 1994 – Certi piccoli amori ("Certain Small Loves")
 * 1995 – La bella politica (interview book) ("Politics, the Beautiful")
 * 1997 – Certi piccoli amori 2 ("Certain Small Loves 2")
 * 1997 – Governare da sinistra ("To Govern from the Left")
 * 2000 – I care. Con videocassetta ("I Care: With Videotape")
 * 2000 – Forse Dio è malato. Diario di un viaggio africano ("Perhaps God Is Sick: Diary of an African journey")
 * 2003 – Il disco del mondo. Vita breve di Luca Flores, musicista ("The Disc of the World: Short Life of Luca Flores, the Musician")
 * 2004 – Senza Patricio ("Without Patricio")
 * 2006 – La scoperta dell'alba ("Discovery of the Dawn")
 * 2007 – Preface to Barack Obama, L'audacia della speranza (The Audacity of Hope)
 * 2009 – Noi ("We")
 * 2019 –  Assassinio a Villa Borghese ("Murder at Villa Borghese" )
 * 2024 – La Condanna ("The Sentence")

Film director

 * 2014 – Quando c'era Berlinguer ("When Berlinguer Was There")
 * 2015 – I bambini sanno ("Children Know")
 * 2016 – Gli occhi cambiano ("Eyes Change")
 * 2017 – Indizi di felicità ("Clues to Happiness")
 * 2018 – Tutto davanti a questi occhi ("All Before These Eyes")
 * 2019 – C'è tempo ("There Is Time")

title: Walter Veltroni


text:
P.A.O.K.

PAOK (ΠΑΟΚ, Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος Κωνσταντινοπολιτών, Panthessalonikeios Athlitikós Ómilos Constantinopoliton, Pan-Thessalonian Athletic Club of Constantinopolitans), commonly known as A.C. PAOK (Α.Σ. Π.Α.Ο.Κ.), is a major multi-sports club based in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece. The club has several departments, including football, basketball, volleyball, handball, water polo, swimming, wrestling, ice hockey, and weightlifting. P.A.O.K was founded in April 1926. Because of its crest, it is also known as the "Double-Headed Eagle of the North", in contrast with AEK, the "Double-Headed Eagle of the South". They are one of the most popular Greek sports-clubs with many fans all over the country (mostly, but not exclusively, in Northern Greece), and also among the Greek diaspora.

History

PAOK is closely linked with Hermes Sports Club (Ερμής), which was formed in 1875 by the Greek community of Pera, a district of Constantinople (Istanbul). The club was founded in April 1926 by Constantinopolitans who fled to Thessaloniki after the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War (see Rum Millet).

The club's first memorandum of association signed on 30 March 1926 at Enosis Konstantinoupoliton Thessalonikis office, and was approved on 20 April 1926 by a decision of the Thessaloniki Court of First Instance (No. 822). The founding members were A. Angelopoulos, A. Athanasiadis, K. Anagnostidis, M. Ventourellis, F. Vyzantinos, V.Karapiperis, A. Dimitriadis, D. Dimitriadis, N. Zoumboulidis, M. Theodosiadis, T. Ioakimopoulos, P. Kalpaktsoglou, T. Kartsambekis, D. Koemtzopoulos, K. Koemtzopoulos, P. Kontopoulos, K. Kritikos, M. Konstantinidis, P. Maleskas, I. Nikolaidis, L. Papadopoulos, F. Samantzopoulos, T. Tsoulkas, M. Tsoulkas, S. Triantafyllidis and T. Triantafyllidis (who was also its first Chairman).

P.A.O.K.'s first Board of Directors, serving between 1926 and 1927, consisted of:

 * T. Triantafyllidis (President)
 * P. Kalpaktsoglou (1st vice-president)
 * K. Kritikos (General Secretary)
 * M. Tsoulkas (Special Secretary)
 * T. Ioakimopoulos (Treasurer)
 * A. Angelopoulos (Director of Football)
 * A. Dimitriadis (Director of Sports)
 * P. Maleskas (Consultant)
 * K. Koemtzopoulos (Consultant)
 * M. Theodosiadis (Consultant)

The club's policy was to be open to every citizen of Thessaloniki, leading to a minor rivalry with AEK Thessaloniki, the other Constantinopolitan team of the city, in which only refugees were allowed to play. The original logo of PAOK was a horseshoe and a four-leaf clover. The leaves were green and above them were the initials of the word PAOK. Kostas Koemtzopoulos, one of PAOK's founding members, came up with this idea, inspired by his favourite brand of cigarettes.

The football club played their first game (friendly) on 4 May 1926, at Thermaikos stadium, defeating Megas Alexandros Thessaloniki 2–1. The first coach of the club was Kostas Andreadis, who spent five years on the bench without demanding any payment. Their first captain was Michalis Ventourelis.

The first professional contract was signed by the club on 5 September 1928. The contract stipulated that the French footballer Raymond Etienne – of Jewish descent from Pera Club – would be paid 4,000 drachmas per month. The contract was signed by Dr. Meletiou, the PAOK chairman, and Mr. Sakellaropoulos, the Hon. Secretary.

In early 1929, AEK Thessaloniki was virtually dissolved and absorbed by PAOK. PAOK thereupon changed their emblem, adopting the double-headed eagle, as a symbol of the club's Byzantine/Constantinopolitan heritage. PAOK also got possession of AEK's facilities located around Syntrivani (i.e. Fountain) Square.

In 1937, PAOK won his first title, the Macedonia (EPSM or Thessaloniki) Championship, and participated in the Panhellenic Championship, finishing second. The 1937 team included: Sotiriadis, Vatikis, Goulios, Kontopoulos, Bostantzoglou, Panidis, Glaros, Kritas, Ioannidis, Kalogiannis, Koukoulas, Kosmidis, Apostolou, Vafiadis, Vasiliadis, Anastasiadis, Moschidis, Tzakatzoglou, Zakapidas.

The first Greek championship for the basketball team was achieved in 1958–59 season. The first Greek championship for the football team was achieved in 1975–76 season.

In the 90s, the basketball team won another Greek championship and two European cups, the 1990–91 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup and the 1993–94 FIBA Korać Cup.

Crest and Colours
The original logo of PAOK was a horseshoe and a four-leaf clover. The current symbol since 1929 is the double-headed eagle. The eagle symbolizes the origins of the club in the former Byzantine capital, Constantinople, and the legacy of the Greek refugees from Asia Minor, Eastern Thrace, Pontus and Caucasus. In 2013, a golden outline was added to the football team's crest, as a symbol of the club's Byzantine heritage.

The club's traditional colours are black, as sadness for the Asia Minor Catastrophe of 1922 and the end of the Greek presence in Anatolia, and white as hope for recovery.

Supporters
P.A.O.K. is the most widely supported sports-club in Northern Greece and one of the 4 most popular in the country (along with the big-three of capital Athens and Piraeus). PAOK's traditional fanbase comes from the city of Thessaloniki, where the club is based, as well as from the rest of Macedonia region and Northern Greece. They also have fans all over the country and in the Greek Diaspora (Germany, Australia, USA, etc.).

Rivalries
P.A.O.K.'s main rivals are Olympiacos, Aris (local rivals), Panathinaikos, AEK, Iraklis.

Football kit evolution

First

Alternative

Football
====Men's Football ====
 * Greek Championship: 4
 * 1976, 1985, 2019, 2024
 * Greek Cup: 8
 * 1972, 1974, 2001, 2003, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021
 * Greater Greece Cup: 1 (defunct)
 * 1973

Women's Football

 * Greek Championship: 19 (record)
 * 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
 * Greek Cup: 7 (record)
 *  2002, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2024

Basketball
====Men's Basketball ====
 * Greek Championship: 2
 * 1959, 1992
 * Greek Cup: 3
 * 1984, 1995, 1999
 * FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup: 1
 * 1991
 * FIBA Korać Cup: 1
 * 1994

Men's Volleyball

 * Greek Championship: 3
 * ''' 2015, 2016, 2017
 * Greek Cup: 5
 * 2015, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023
 * Greek Super Cup: 1
 * 2023

Women's Volleyball

 * Greek Cup: 1
 * 2021

Men's Handball

 * Greek Championship: 3
 * 2009, 2010, 2015
 * Greek Cup: 4
 * 2012, 2015, 2017, 2024
 * Greek beach handball championship: 1
 * 2001

Women's Handball

 * Greek Championship: 6
 * 2013, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
 * Greek Cup: 7
 * 2014, 2016, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2024
 * Greek Super Cup: 1
 * 2023

Weightlifting

 * 5 Greek men's Championships: 2006, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022

Wrestling

 * 8 Greek men's Championships Greco-Roman: 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024

Judo

 * 3 Greek men's/women's Championships: 2019, 2022, 2023

Athletics

 * 3 Greek women's Open Athletics Championships: 1976, 1977, 1982
 * 2 Greek women's Cross Country Championships: 1968, 1974

Swimming

 * 1 Greek OPEN Championship: 1987

Cycling

 * 1 Greek men's Championship Mountain Bike: 2002

Boxing

 * 2 Greek men's Championships: 2003, 2007

Roller hockey

 * 1 Greek men's Championship: 2008
 * 1 Balkan Cup: 2007

Notable former athletes

 * Football: Men: Giorgos Koudas, Stavros Sarafis, Konstantinos Iosifidis, Christos Terzanidis, Angelos Anastasiadis, Giorgos Skartados, Giorgos Kostikos, Thodoris Zagorakis, Zisis Vryzas, Georgios Georgiadis, Pablo Gabriel García, Lino, Sérgio Conceição, Vieirinha, Dimitar Berbatov, Aleksandar Prijović, Lucas Pérez, Magdy Tolba, Hossam Hassan, Percy Olivares, Dimitris Paridis, Giannis Gounaris, Filotas Pellios, Neto Guerino, Ioannis Damanakis, Nikos Alavantas, Christos Dimopoulos, Giorgos Toursounidis, Kostas Frantzeskos, Omari Tetradze, Pantelis Kafes, Stelios Venetidis, Ioannis Okkas, Omar El Kaddouri, Panayiotis Engomitis, Pablo Contreras, Zlatan Muslimović, Dimitrios Salpingidis, José Ángel Crespo, Léo Matos, Yevhen Shakhov (footballer, born 1990), Diego Biseswar, Stefanos Athanasiadis, Dimitrios Pelkas, Maurício (footballer, born October 1988), Fernando Varela

 * Women: Natalia Chatzigiannidou, Jelena Dimitrijević, Dimitra Panteliadou
 * Basketball: Men: Bane Prelević, John Korfas, Peja Stojaković, Scott Skiles, Walter Berry, Ken Barlow, Cliff Levingston, Nikos Boudouris, Giorgos Balogiannis, Efthimios Rentzias, Giannis Giannoulis, Kostas Vasileiadis, Zoran Savić, Anthony Bonner, Frankie King, Claudio Coldebella, Manthos Katsoulis, Nikos Stavropoulos, Vangelis Alexandris, Panagiotis Fasoulas, Rasho Nesterovic, İbrahim Kutluay, Damir Mulaomerović, Dejan Tomašević
 * Volleyball: Men: Dante Amaral, Ernardo Gómez, Alexander Shafranovich, Rolando Cepeda, Javier Jiménez, David Lee, Giannis Pantakidis, Giannis Kalmazidis, Vasileios Kournetas, Vladimir Grbić, Kevin Hansen, Matti Hietanen, Plamen Konstantinov, Paul Lotman, Olli-Pekka Ojansivu, Evan Patak, Vlado Petković, Konstantinos Prousalis, Clayton Stanley, Riley Salmon, Nikolaos Smaragdis, Saša Starović, Mitar Tzourits, Nikolay Uchikov, Ronald Zoodsma
 * Athletics: Men: Michalis Akritidis, Themistoklis Akritidis, Dimitrios Kokotis, Konstantinos Koukodimos, Dimitrios Koutsoukis Women: Vasiliki Anastasiou, Xanthipi Koukoumaka, Voula Patoulidou
 * Swimming: Men: Christos Papadopoulos Women: Kalliopi Araouzou, Antonia Machaira, Aikaterini Sarakatsani, Katerina Stikoudi, Aikaterini Klepkou, Anna Ntountounaki.

Notable supporters

 * Effie Achtsioglou, politician
 * Stefanos Athanasiadis, footballer, former PAOK captain
 * Angelos Anastasiadis, former football player and coach
 * Giorgos Aftias, journalist
 * Giannis Aggelakas, musician
 * Anna Korakaki, shooter
 * Elena Asimakopoulou, actor
 * Iordanis Chasapopoulos, journalist
 * Vicky Chatzivasileiou, journalist, TV presenter
 * Sissy Christidou, TV presenter
 * Rallia Christidou, singer, politician
 * Makis Christodoulopoulos, singer
 * Olympia Chopsonidou, model
 * Demy, singer
 * Georgios Donis, football player and coach
 * Pyrros Dimas, Olympic champion, politician
 * Stratos Dionysiou, singer
 * Konstadinos Gatsioudis, Greek javelin thrower
 * Periklis Iakovakis, athlete, European champion
 * Michalis Iatropoulos, actor
 * Antonis Kanakis, journalist
 * Vasilis Karras, singer
 * Stavros Kalafatis, former MP
 * Charis Kastanidis, former MP with PASOK
 * Nikos Kourkoulis, singer
 * Eva Kaili, journalist, politician
 * Georgios Koudas, footballer, former PAOK captain
 * Razvan Lucescu]], Romanian former football player and coach
 * Manos Loizos, composer
 * Kostas Makedonas, singer
 * Sokratis Malamas, singer
 * Manolis Mitsias, singer
 * Giorgos Minos, sports journalist
 * Alkinoos Ioannidis, singer
 * Ioanna Lilly, former model
 * Nikos Oikonomou, basketball player
 * Marinos Ouzounidis, football player and coach
 * Kyriakos Papadopoulos, footballer
 * Nikos Papazoglou, singer
 * Paola, singer
 * Elena Rapti, politician
 * Branislav Prelevic, Serbian basketball player and coach, former PAOK president and Greek champion
 * Dimitris Salpingidis, football player and coach, former PAOK captain
 * Dionysis Savvopoulos, musician
 * Euclid Tsakalotos, former Minister of Economy
 * Akis Tsochatzopoulos, Former Minister of National Defence of Greece
 * Popi Tsapanidou, journalist
 * Giorgos Toursounidis, football player and coach, former PAOK captain
 * Natassa Theodoridou, singer
 * Rania Thraskia, journalist, politician
 * Tasos Telloglou, journalist
 * Fay Skorda, TV presenter
 * Gerasimos Skiadaresis, actor
 * Katerina Stikoudi, actress, model, singer
 * Sofoklis Schortsanitis, basketball player, 2006 FIBA Silver Medalist, former PAOK player
 * Stavros Sarafis, footballer, former PAOK player
 * Kyriakos Velopoulos, politician
 * Nikos Vertis, singer
 * Evangelos Venizelos, politician
 * Zisis Vryzas, footballer, Euro 2004 champion, former PAOK player and president
 * Kostas Vasileiadis, basketball player
 * Loukas Vyntra, football player
 * Theodoros Zagorakis, footballer, Euro 2004 champion, politician, former PAOK president
 * Christos Zabounis, journalist
 * Kostas Zouraris, author, former MP

title: P.A.O.K.


text:
Talk:Alfred Belpaire

Reference for birth date?
https://steamindex.com/people/contengr.htm#belpaire (which refers to John Marshall's Biographical dictionary) says that his birthdate was September 26. What is the reference for the June 26 date? slambo 19:30, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130306021437/http://www.tassignon.be/trains/musee_nord/museum_noord.htm to http://www.tassignon.be/trains/musee_nord/museum_noord.htm

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:14, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alfred Belpaire


text:
Roosevelt Franklin

Roosevelt Franklin is a Muppet who was featured on the children's television series Sesame Street during the early 1970s.

Fictional character biography
He is purple with shaggy black hair that stands on end. His name is a play on the name of U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt, with the first and last names reversed. Sesame Street cast member Matt Robinson, who also played Gordon on the series for the first three seasons (1969–1972), created the character and provided his voice. Roosevelt is an intelligent boy who often speaks in rhyme or scat. Roosevelt began to appear less frequently in episodes created after the mid-1970s until he no longer was on the series. He then made a cameo nearly 5 decades later in Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration.

Conception and racial element
Robert W. Morrow, author of "Sesame Street" and the Reform of Children's Television, wrote that "Franklin's sudden arrival may have been in response to early criticism of the show as too white."

Roosevelt Franklin usually appears in scenes with his mother, voiced by Loretta Long, who plays Susan on the series, and Roosevelt frequently recites poetry. Later scenes were set in a classroom at Roosevelt Franklin Elementary School, in which Roosevelt appears to fill in for an absent teacher while teaching lessons about up and down, high and low, loud and soft, here and there, good and bad luck, poison, Africa, rhyming words, trying and trying again, leaving other people's belongings alone, and street-crossing safety.

Jane O'Connor, the sole African American woman in early Sesame Street planning discussions, perceived Roosevelt Franklin was giving white children a stereotypical view of African Americans. Teachers and staffers were also concerned that his rowdy behavior in class was setting a bad example for the pre-school audience. Eventually, the character was phased out of the show.

Franklin is featured on a 1971 record album titled The Year of Roosevelt Franklin, Gordon's Friend from Sesame Street, reissued in 1974 as My Name Is Roosevelt Franklin.

title: Roosevelt Franklin


text:
Talk:Samuel L. Greitzer

Untitled
The vfd request from January 27 gained no clear consensus. The discussion can be found here. Mgm|(talk) 19:32, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samuel L. Greitzer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DTG

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 06:59, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

DTG
Non-notable band that fails to meed the WikiProject_Music/Notability_and_Music_Guidelines. Uncle G 19:37, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Purge the wiki of non-notable vanity. Phils 22:42, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. – flamurai (t) 02:13, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as short, incomplete user test without context. Wyss 02:39, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 06:01, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 07:16, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. bigsteviestylle02 17:06, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Delete for not meeting WikiProject:Music's guidelines for inclusion (as noted by Uncle G). Tuf-Kat 03:33, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DTG


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steve Kieninger

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 00:20, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Steve Kieninger
Vanity page for non-notable member of non-notable band that fails to meed the WikiProject_Music/Notability_and_Music_Guidelines. Uncle G 19:38, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)
 * Vanity. Trash. Phils 22:41, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Vanity. Inter 23:27, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, So vane. Wagiles 00:36, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. - Jpo 00:46, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. – flamurai (t) 02:13, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. User edited page requesting it be deleted, but not with the same IP as creator. Can it be speedied? – flamurai (t) 02:16, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, orig author seems to want it gone too. Wyss 02:38, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, artist vanity. Megan1967 06:01, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for not meeting WikiProject:Music's guidelines for inclusion (as noted by Uncle G). Tuf-Kat 03:33, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:First cause

Merge
Right now this article is, IMHO, fairly poor. I don't really see why it even needs to exist independently of cosmological argument and creation belief, so I have set up a proposal to merge. Feel free to debate the point if you disagree with me. -- FirstPrinciples 19:39, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Unless I hear any objection, I will begin merging this article in a few days, into either cosmological argument or creation belief as appropriate. -- FirstPrinciples 10:54, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * i think we should merge the creation stories after the thomistic "first cause" section to creation belief -- but "first cause" itself is a very distinct and unique idea, and i think it needs to remain in its own article. what do you think?  Ungtss 14:10, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for moving the creation stories. I don't think they belonged here. As for the remainder of first cause... I really don't see why it needs to be an article distinct from cosmological argument. If you compare the two articles, cosmological argument seems to deal well with all the issues. Discussion of 'first cause' would better serve as a subsection of that article. As such I would prefer first cause to be fully merged and set up as a simple redirect. Of course, if you (or anyone else) feel strongly in favour of keeping the status quo, I'm happy to accept that too. -- FirstPrinciples 05:54, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * yeah, you're probably right:). Ungtss 15:22, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merged it. -- FirstPrinciples 08:49, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:First cause


text:
Talk:Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania

Slogan
The town's Web site had "the only incorporated town in Pennsylvania." The signs around town have "The only TOWN in Pennsylvania." Nowhere that I can see does it ever say "The only REAL town in Pennsylvania."

In regards to McCandless...
See this talk page for a complete explanation as to why I made the changes in this article that I did. Search 4  Lancer  07:13, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

In regards to the above justification, the information at that link is outdated/has been overruled. Essentially, McCandless is not officially a "town" but instead a "township" in a legal sense, though they did change the name to "The Town of McCandless" when they instituted a home rule charter. Thus, Bloomsburg is indeed the only official/legal "town" in Pennsylvania (and no other official/legals "town" has ever existed in Pennsylvania). This sentiment is echoed on the McCandless page and its talk page, as linked above. I will now be making this change to the Bloomsburg main page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Phatmatt12188 (talk • contribs) 13:35, 22 August 2018 (UTC)

September 2011 Flood History
Should we add a section to the history area to document the flood and its overall impact on the area. I have started a google map trying to collect stories, available at http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=217255836189885285870.0004ac8d6db0d47f33e42&msa=0&ll=40.996128,-76.454244&spn=0.03618,0.085831 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.235.90.84 (talk) 14:54, 10 September 2011 (UTC) Colecamplese (talk) 14:56, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

Coordinate error
The coordinates need the following fixes: Agaynerd (talk) 04:59, 22 October 2009 (UTC)Agaynerd

Done. BrainMarble (talk) 03:14, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

"Town"?
"Classification of Municipalities Section 20. The Legislature shall have power to classify counties, cities, boroughs, school districts, and townships according to population, and all laws passed relating to each class, and all laws passed relating to, and regulating procedure and proceedings in court with reference to, any class, shall be deemed general legislation within the meaning of this Constitution."-Pennsylvania Constitution

Where is "Town"?

There is Township, but no "Town"!

On what authority does "Bloomsburg" have to call itself a "Town"? 174.54.137.156 (talk) 22:35, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Town
What is the significance of Bloomsburg being a town? It's my understanding that in certain other states "town" generally means what we in Pennsylvania call a township. What sets Bloomsburg aside from Pennsylvania's cities, boroughs, and townships? Or is it like Pennsylvania's "Commonwealth" status -- a distinction without a difference? Thanks for any info!!! PurpleChez (talk) 18:54, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

Name
There's nothing about why it's called "Bloomsburg". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.115.35.76 (talk) 20:09, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Government
The government section is well explained as pertains to boroughs and this town, but what about townships? How do they differ governmentally from the above? A sentence or two should be added to explain that. Otherwise, good work! YellowAries2010 (talk) 08:23, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania


text:
Find (Unix)

In Unix-like operating systems,  is a command-line utility that locates files based on some user-specified criteria and either prints the pathname of each matched object or, if another action is requested, performs that action on each matched object.

It initiates a search from a desired starting location and then recursively traverses the nodes (directories) of a hierarchical structure (typically a tree). find can traverse and search through different file systems of partitions belonging to one or more storage devices mounted under the starting directory.

The possible search criteria include a pattern to match against the filename or a time range to match against the modification time or access time of the file. By default,  returns a list of all files below the current working directory, although users can limit the search to any desired maximum number of levels under the starting directory.

The related  programs use a database of indexed files obtained through   (updated at regular intervals, typically by   job) to provide a faster method of searching the entire file system for files by name.

History
appeared in Version 5 Unix as part of the Programmer's Workbench project, and was written by Dick Haight alongside cpio, which were designed to be used together.

The GNU  implementation was originally written by Eric Decker. It was later enhanced by David MacKenzie, Jay Plett, and Tim Wood.

The find command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.

Find syntax
The two options control how the  command should treat symbolic links. The default behaviour is never to follow symbolic links. The -L flag will cause the  command to follow symbolic links. The -H flag will only follow symbolic links while processing the command line arguments. These flags are specified in the POSIX standard for. A common extension is the -P flag, for explicitly disabling symlink following.

At least one path must precede the expression. is capable of interpreting wildcards internally and commands must be quoted carefully in order to control shell globbing.

Expression elements are separated by the command-line argument boundary, usually represented as whitespace in shell syntax. They are evaluated from left to right. They can contain logical elements such as AND (-and or -a) and OR (-or or -o) as well as predicates (filters and actions).

GNU  has a large number of additional features not specified by POSIX.

Predicates
Commonly-used primaries include:

 * : tests whether the file name matches the shell-glob pattern given.
 * : tests whether the file is a given type. Unix file types accepted include:
 * : block device (buffered);
 * : character device (unbuffered);
 * : directory;
 * : regular file;
 * : symbolic link;
 * : named pipe;
 * : socket;
 * : door.
 * : always returns true; prints the name of the current file plus a newline to the stdout.
 * : always returns true; prints the name of the current file plus a null character to the stdout. Not required by POSIX.
 * : runs program with the given arguments, and returns true if its exit status was 0, false otherwise. If program, or an argument is {}, it will be replace by the current path (if program is {},  will try to run the current path as an executable). POSIX doesn't specify what should happen if multiple {} are specified. Most implementations will replace all {} with the current path, but that is not standard behavior.
 * : always returns true; run program with the given arguments, followed by as many paths as possible (multiple commands will be run if the maximum command-line size is exceeded, like for xargs).
 * : for every path, prompts the user for confirmation; if the user confirms (typically by entering y or yes), it behaves like, otherwise the command is not run for the current path, and false is returned.

If the expression uses none of,  ,  , or  , find defaults to performing   if the conditions test as true.

Operators
Operators can be used to enhance the expressions of the find command. Operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence:
 * : forces precedence;
 * : true if expr is false;
 * (or : AND. expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is false;
 * : OR. expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is true.

This command searches the current working directory tree for files whose names start with fileA_ or fileB_. We quote the fileA_* so that the shell does not expand it.

This command searches the current working directory tree except the subdirectory tree ".svn" for files whose name is "foo.cpp". We quote the  so that it's not interpreted by the shell as the history substitution character.

POSIX protection from infinite output
Real-world file systems often contain looped structures created through the use of hard or soft links. The POSIX standard requires that

From the current working directory
This searches the current working directory tree for files whose names start with my. The single quotes avoid the shell expansion—without them the shell would replace my* with the list of files whose names begin with my in the current working directory. In newer versions of the program, the directory may be omitted, and it will imply the current working directory.

Regular files only
This limits the results of the above search to only regular files, therefore excluding directories, special files, symbolic links, etc. my* is enclosed in single quotes (apostrophes) as otherwise the shell would replace it with the list of files in the current working directory starting with my…

Commands
The previous examples created listings of results because, by default,  executes the   action. (Note that early versions of the  command had no default action at all; therefore the resulting list of files would be discarded, to the bewilderment of users.)

This prints extended file information.

Search all directories
This searches every directory for a regular file whose name is myfile and prints it to the screen. It is generally not a good idea to look for files this way. This can take a considerable amount of time, so it is best to specify the directory more precisely. Some operating systems may mount dynamic file systems that are not congenial to. More complex filenames including characters special to the shell may need to be enclosed in single quotes.

Search all but one subdirectory tree
This searches every directory except the subdirectory tree excluded_path (full path including the leading /) that is pruned by the  action, for a regular file whose name is myfile.

Specify a directory
This searches the /home/weedly directory tree for regular files named myfile. You should always specify the directory to the deepest level you can remember.

Search several directories
This searches the local subdirectory tree of the current working directory and the /tmp directory tree for directories named mydir.

Ignore errors
If you're doing this as a user other than root, you might want to ignore permission denied (and any other) errors. Since errors are printed to stderr, they can be suppressed by redirecting the output to /dev/null. The following example shows how to do this in the bash shell:

If you are a csh or tcsh user, you cannot redirect stderr without redirecting stdout as well. You can use sh to run the  command to get around this: An alternate method when using csh or tcsh is to pipe the output from stdout and stderr into a grep command. This example shows how to suppress lines that contain permission denied errors.

Find any one of differently named files
The  operator prints extended information, and the example finds any regular file whose name ends with either 'jsp' or 'java'. Note that the parentheses are required. In many shells the parentheses must be escaped with a backslash ( and  ) to prevent them from being interpreted as special shell characters. The  operator is not available on all versions of.

Execute an action
This command changes the permissions of all regular files whose names end with .mp3 in the directory tree /var/ftp/mp3. The action is carried out by specifying the statement  in the command. For every regular file whose name ends in, the command   is executed replacing   with the name of the file. The semicolon (backslashed to avoid the shell interpreting it as a command separator) indicates the end of the command. Permission, usually shown as  , gives the file owner full permission to read and write the file, while other users have read-only access. In some shells, the  must be quoted. The trailing ";" is customarily quoted with a leading "\", but could just as effectively be enclosed in single quotes.

Note that the command itself should not be quoted; otherwise you get error messages like which means that  is trying to run a file called 'echo "mv ./3bfn rel071204"' and failing.

If you will be executing over many results, it is more efficient to use a variant of the exec primary that collects filenames up to ARG_MAX and then executes COMMAND with a list of filenames.

This will ensure that filenames with whitespaces are passed to the executed COMMAND without being split up by the shell.

Delete files and directories
The  action is a GNU extension, and using it turns on. So, if you are testing a find command with  instead of   in order to figure out what will happen before going for it, you need to use.

Delete empty files and print the names (note that  is a vendor unique extension from GNU   that may not be available in all   implementations):

Delete empty regular files:

Delete empty directories:

Delete empty files named 'bad':

Warning. — The  action should be used with conditions such as   or  :

Search for a string
This command will search all files from the /tmp directory tree for a string: The  argument is used to show the name of the file before the text that is found. Without it, only the text found is printed. (Alternatively, some versions of grep support a -H flag that forces the file name to be printed.) GNU  can be used on its own to perform this task:

Example of search for "LOG" in jsmith's home directory tree:

Example of search for the string "ERROR" in all XML files in the current working directory tree: The double quotes (" ") surrounding the search string and single quotes ( ' ' ) surrounding the braces are optional in this example, but needed to allow spaces and some other special characters in the string. Note with more complex text (notably in most popular shells descended from `sh` and `csh`) single quotes are often the easier choice, since double quotes do not prevent all special interpretation. Quoting filenames which have English contractions demonstrates how this can get rather complicated, since a string with an apostrophe in it is easier to protect with double quotes:

Search in case insensitive mode
Note that  is not in the standard and may not be supported by all implementations.

If the  switch is not supported on your system then workaround techniques may be possible such as:

Search files by size
Searching files whose size is between 100 kilobytes and 500 kilobytes:

Searching empty files:

Searching non-empty files:

Search files by name and size
This command will search the /usr/src directory tree. All files that are of the form '*,v' and '.*,v' are excluded. Important arguments to note are in the tooltip that is displayed on mouse-over.

The units should be one of [bckw], 'b' means 512-byte blocks, 'c' means byte, 'k' means kilobytes and 'w' means 2-byte words. The size does not count indirect blocks, but it does count blocks in sparse files that are not actually allocated.

Searching files by time
Date ranges can be used to, for example, list files changed since a backup.

 * -mtime : modification time
 * -ctime : inode change time
 * -atime : access time

Files modified a relative number of days ago:
 * +[number] = At least this many days ago.
 * -[number] = Less than so many days ago.
 * [number] = Exactly this many days ago.
 * Optionally add  to measure time from the beginning of a day (0 o'clock) rather than the last 24 hours.

Example to find all text files in the document folder modified since a week (meaning 7 days):

Files modified before or after an absolute date and time:
 * : Last modified after date
 * : Last modified before date

Example to find all text files last edited in February 2017:

 * : More recently modified than specified file.
 * : Same with inode change time.
 * : Same with access time.
 * Also prependable with  for inverse results or range.

List all text files edited more recently than "document.txt":

Related utilities

 * is a Unix search tool that searches a prebuilt database of files instead of directory trees of a file system. This is faster than  but less accurate because the database may not be up-to-date.
 * is a command-line utility for searching plain-text data sets for lines matching a regular expression and by default reporting matching lines on standard output.
 * is a command-line utility that recursively lists files found in a directory tree, indenting the filenames according to their position in the file hierarchy.
 * GNU Find Utilities (also known as findutils) is a GNU package which contains implementations of the tools  and.
 * BusyBox is a utility that provides several stripped-down Unix tools in a single executable file, intended for embedded operating systems with very limited resources. It also provides a version of.
 * has the /s option that recursively searches for files or directories.
 * Plan 9 from Bell Labs uses two utilities to replace find: a walk that only walks the tree and prints the names and a sor that only filters (like grep) by evaluating expressions in the form of a shell script. Arbitrary filters can be used via pipes. The commands are not part of Plan 9 from User Space, so Google's Benjamin Barenblat has a ported version to POSIX systems available through GitHub.
 * fd is a simple alternative to find written in the Rust programming language.

title: Find (Unix)


text:
Oarfish

Oarfish are large, greatly elongated, pelagic lampriform fish belonging to the small family Regalecidae. Found in areas spanning from temperate ocean zones to tropical ones, yet rarely seen, the oarfish family contains three species in two genera. One of these, the giant oarfish (Regalecus glesne), is the longest bony fish alive, growing up to 17 m in length.

The common name oarfish is thought to be in reference either to their highly compressed and elongated bodies, or to the now discredited belief that the fish "row" themselves through the water with their pelvic fins. The family name Regalecidae is derived from the Latin regalis, meaning "royal". Their rarity and large size, along with occasional beachings of oarfish after storms, and their habit of lingering at the surface when sick or dying, make oarfish a probable source of many sea serpent tales.

Although the larger species are considered game fish and are fished commercially to a minor extent, oarfish are rarely caught alive; their flesh is not well regarded for eating due to its gelatinous consistency.

Anatomy and morphology
The dorsal fin originates from above the (relatively large) eyes and runs the entire length of the fish. Of the approximately 400 dorsal fin rays, the first 10 to 13 are elongated to varying degrees, forming a trailing crest embellished with reddish spots and flaps of skin at the ray tips. The pelvic fins are similarly elongated and adorned, reduced to one to five rays each. The pectoral fins are greatly reduced and situated low on the body. The anal fin is completely absent and the caudal fin may be reduced or absent, as well, with the body tapering to a fine point. All fins lack true spines. At least one account, from researchers in New Zealand, described the oarfish as giving off "electric shocks" when touched.

Like other members of its order, the oarfish has a small yet highly protrusible oblique mouth with no visible teeth. The body is scaleless and the skin is covered with easily abraded, silvery ganoine. In the streamer fish (Agrostichthys parkeri), the skin is clad with hard tubercles. All species lack gas bladders and the number of gill rakers is variable.

Oarfish coloration is also variable; the flanks are commonly covered with irregular bluish to blackish streaks, black dots, and squiggles. These markings quickly fade following death. It is probable that these markings are bioluminescent in the deep sea. The giant oarfish is by far the largest member of the family at a published total length of 8 m—with unconfirmed reports of 11 m and 17 m specimens—and 270 kg in weight. The streamer fish is known to reach 3 m (10 ft) in length, while the largest recorded specimen of Regalecus russelii measured 5.4 m (18 ft).

In some oarfishes found, end of tails may appear stump-like; this is likely the consequence of self-amputation that is thought to be a defense mechanism against predators.

Hyperostotic bone growth has been documented in several specimen of oarfish that have washed up on the coast of California. Hyperossified pterygiophores have been discovered to run along the entire dorsal length of oarfish. The function of this is to both provide structural support to the spine of oarfish during undulations (tail movement used for locomotion) and to remodel spines to prevent stress fractures that could occur from too much movement. It has also been hypothesized that this hyper ossification acts as a lever for the oarfish dorsal fins, which contributes to the organism's buoyancy. Unlike many deep-sea fish, oarfish have no swim bladders for maintaining depth in the water column. It is likely that this lack of a swim bladder forces more frequent tail undulations as the main mode of depth regulation in oarfish.

Phylogeny
Through the analysis of the mitochondrial genome of Regalecus glesne, the phylogenetic placement of the Giant Oarfish was further verified. Oarfish are considered Lampriformes (a phylogenetic order), and they have been placed here due to their morphology. However, analysis of the mitochondrial genome of an R. glesne specimen clusters the species with Trachipterus trachypterus and Zu cristatus, two other Lampriformes. These three species were clustered together due to similarity in genetic sequence and morphology, which further supports the phylogeny and evolution of Lampriformes.

Environment
The oarfish is thought to inhabit the epipelagic to mesopelagic ocean layers, ranging from 250 meters (660 ft) to 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) and is rarely seen on the surface. A few have been found still barely alive, but usually if one floats to the surface, it dies due to depressurisation. At the depths the oarfish live, there are few or no currents. As a result, they build little muscle mass and they cannot survive in shallower turbulent water.

Distribution
The members of the family are known to have a worldwide range. They have wide, tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate distributions. The oarfish typically reside in the mesopelagic area of the sea. However, human encounters with live oarfish are rare, and distribution information is collated from records of oarfish caught or washed ashore.

Ecology and life history
Oarfish were first described in 1772. Rare encounters with divers and accidental catches have supplied what little is known of oarfish ethology (behavior) and ecology. Oarfish are solitary animals and may frequent significant depths up to 1000 m.

An oarfish measuring 3.3 m and 63.5 kg was reported to have been caught in February 2003 using a fishing rod baited with squid at Skinningrove, United Kingdom.

Behaviour
In 2001, an oarfish was filmed alive in situ: the 1.5 m fish was spotted by a group of U.S. Navy personnel during the inspection of a buoy in the Bahamas. The oarfish was observed to propel itself by an amiiform mode of swimming; that is, rhythmically undulating the dorsal fin while keeping the body itself straight. Perhaps indicating a feeding posture, oarfish have been observed swimming in a vertical orientation, with their long axis perpendicular to the ocean surface. In this posture, the downstreaming light would silhouette the oarfishes' prey, making them easier to spot.

In July 2008, scientists captured footage of an oarfish swimming in its natural habitat in the mesopelagic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. It is the first ever confirmed sighting of an oarfish at depth, as most specimens are discovered dying at the sea surface or washed ashore. The fish was estimated to be between 5 and 10 m in length.

As part of the SERPENT Project, five observations of apparently healthy oarfish Regalecus glesne by remotely operated vehicles were reported from the northern Gulf of Mexico between 2008 and 2011 at depths within the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones. These observations include the deepest verified record of R. glesne (463 - 492 m). In the 2011 sighting, an oarfish has been observed to switch from swimming with a vertical posture to swimming laterally, using lateral undulations of its entire body. Oarfish were found to have late or slow flight responses towards approaching remotely operated vehicles, supporting the hypothesis that oarfish have few natural predators.

From December 2009 to March 2010, unusual numbers of the slender oarfish Regalecus russelii (竜宮の使い "Ryūgū-No-Tsukai"), known in Japanese folklore as the Messenger from the Sea God's Palace, appeared in the waters and on the beaches of Japan, the appearance of which is said to portend earthquakes. After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami which killed over 20,000 people, many pointed to the oarfish from 2009–2010 to build up this myth.

In 2016, Animal Planet aired an episode of the television series River Monsters named "Deep Sea Demon" in which Jeremy Wade was filmed during an encounter with a live oarfish while diving. The oarfish at this location seemed to be using a buoy anchor chain as a guide to ascend to the surface. On his second diving attempt, he was able to film two live oarfish as they ascended relatively close to the surface. Wade was even able to touch one of the oarfish with his hand. The oarfish were propelling themselves by an amiiform mode of swimming as noted by other sightings.

In January 2019 two oarfish were found alive in the nets of fishermen on the Japanese island of Okinawa.

Feeding ecology
Oarfish feed primarily on zooplankton, selectively straining tiny euphausiids, shrimp, and other crustaceans from the water. Small fish, jellyfish, and squid are also taken. Large open-ocean carnivores are all likely predators of oarfish. It has been observed that oarfish eat by suctioning prey such as plankton blooms while in the water.

Life history
The oceanodromous Regalecus glesne is recorded as spawning off Mexico from July to December; all species are presumed to not guard their eggs, and release brightly coloured, buoyant eggs, up to 6 mm across, which are incorporated into the zooplankton. Based on their reproductive morphology, oarfish are thought to batch spawn. Within each breeding season that may last one or two months, individuals spawn once or multiple times in discrete spawning events before their gonads enter a long, regressive stage of reproductive development.

The eggs hatch after about three weeks into highly active larvae that feed on other zooplankton. The larvae have little resemblance to the adults, with long dorsal and pelvic fins and extensible mouths. Larvae and juveniles have been observed drifting just below the surface. In contrast, adult oarfish are rarely seen at the surface when not sick or injured. It is probable that the fishes go deeper as they mature.

From January to February 2019, researchers tested and recorded the first successful instance of artificial insemination and hatching of the oarfish (Regalecus russellii) using gonads from two washed-up specimens. Compared to adults, the body structure of newly hatched oarfish larvae look more compressed. The larvae often swam using mainly their pectoral fins, facing downward, with their mouths constantly open. The larvae were invertebrates but had bones in their head area, as well as fins. They died of starvation four days after they hatched.

In addition to the otolith, recent studies have revealed more information about the reproductive organs of the oarfish. Using photographs, histological cross-sections, and measurements of four samples of R. russelii, researchers were able to qualitatively describe the sexual organs of the species. These studies have shown that female oarfish have bifurcated ovaries containing a cavity through which the eggs pass before leaving the body of the oarfish. Testes on male oarfish are located in a similar place as the ovaries of female oarfish, near the digestive tract called the coelomic cavity. The oarfish have two separate, disconnected testes and the left testes observed were longer than the right testes. An analysis of these findings led researchers to conclude that R. russelii are likely batch-spawning fish that produce a large number of offspring every breeding season.

Reproduction
Like the topic of behavior and hunting, scientists know very little about the actual breeding habits of these fish. A single female can produce hundreds of thousands, to millions of eggs. It lays its eggs in the water column and they float freely in the water.

Predation
A recent study concerning the parasitization of this species revealed that the shortfin mako shark and the sperm whale could both be predators of the oarfish, based on patterns of parasite transmission. These conclusions were made based on analysis of the visceral tissue of an oarfish recovered by the Catalina Island Marine Institute in Santa Catalina Island, California.

title: Oarfish


text: User talk:83.151.210.155

title: User talk:83.151.210.155


text: Template:Piedmont

title: Template:Piedmont