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X-inactivation

X-inactivation (also called Lyonization, after English geneticist Mary Lyon) is a process by which one of the copies of the X chromosome is inactivated in therian female mammals. The inactive X chromosome is silenced by being packaged into a transcriptionally inactive structure called heterochromatin. As nearly all female mammals have two X chromosomes, X-inactivation prevents them from having twice as many X chromosome gene products as males, who only possess a single copy of the X chromosome (see dosage compensation).

The choice of which X chromosome will be inactivated in a particular embryonic cell is random in placental mammals such as humans, but once an X chromosome is inactivated it will remain inactive throughout the lifetime of the cell and its descendants in the organism (its cell line). The result is that the choice of inactivated X chromosome in all the cells of the organism is a random distribution, often with about half the cells having the paternal X chromosome inactivated and half with an inactivated maternal X chromosome; but commonly, X-inactivation is unevenly distributed across the cell lines within one organism (skewed X-inactivation).

Unlike the random X-inactivation in placental mammals, inactivation in marsupials applies exclusively to the paternally-derived X chromosome.

Cycle of X-chromosome activation in rodents
The paragraphs below have to do only with rodents and do not reflect XI in the majority of mammals. X-inactivation is part of the activation cycle of the X chromosome throughout the female life. The egg and the fertilized zygote initially use maternal transcripts, and the whole embryonic genome is silenced until zygotic genome activation. Thereafter, all mouse cells undergo an early, imprinted inactivation of the paternally-derived X chromosome in 4–8 cell stage embryos. The extraembryonic tissues (which give rise to the placenta and other tissues supporting the embryo) retain this early imprinted inactivation, and thus only the maternal X chromosome is active in these tissues.

In the early blastocyst, this initial, imprinted X-inactivation is reversed in the cells of the inner cell mass (which give rise to the embryo), and in these cells both X chromosomes become active again. Each of these cells then independently and randomly inactivates one copy of the X chromosome. This inactivation event is irreversible during the lifetime of the individual, with the exception of the germline. In the female germline before meiotic entry, X-inactivation is reversed, so that after meiosis all haploid oocytes contain a single active X chromosome.

Overview
The Xi marks the inactive, Xa the active X chromosome. XP denotes the paternal, and XM to denotes the maternal X chromosome. When the egg (carrying XM), is fertilized by a sperm (carrying a Y or an XP) a diploid zygote forms. From zygote, through adult stage, to the next generation of eggs, the X chromosome undergoes the following changes:

 * 1) XiP XiM zygote → undergoing zygotic genome activation, leading to:
 * 2) XaP XaM  → undergoing imprinted (paternal) X-inactivation, leading to:
 * 3) XiP XaM  → undergoing X-activation in the early blastocyst stage, leading to:
 * 4) XaP XaM  → undergoing random X-inactivation in the embryonic lineage (inner cell mass) in the blastocyst stage, leading to:
 * 5) XiP XaM OR XaP XiM → undergoing X-reactivation in primordial germ cells before meiosis, leading to:
 * 6) XaM XaP diploid germ cells in meiotic arrest. As the meiosis I only completes with ovulation, human germ cells exist in this stage from the first weeks of development until puberty. The completion of meiosis leads to:
 * 7) XaM AND XaP haploid germ cells (eggs).

The X activation cycle has been best studied in mice, but there are multiple studies in humans. As most of the evidence is coming from mice, the above scheme represents the events in mice. The completion of the meiosis is simplified here for clarity. Steps 1–4 can be studied in in vitro fertilized embryos, and in differentiating stem cells; X-reactivation happens in the developing embryo, and subsequent (6–7) steps inside the female body, therefore much harder to study.

Timing
The timing of each process depends on the species, and in many cases the precise time is actively debated. [The whole part of the human timing of X-inactivation in this table is highly questionable and should be removed until properly substantiated by empirical data]

Inheritance of inactivation status across cell generations
The descendants of each cell which inactivated a particular X chromosome will also inactivate that same chromosome. This phenomenon, which can be observed in the coloration of tortoiseshell cats when females are heterozygous for the X-linked pigment gene, should not be confused with mosaicism, which is a term that specifically refers to differences in the genotype of various cell populations in the same individual; X-inactivation, which is an epigenetic change that results in a different phenotype, is not a change at the genotypic level. For an individual cell or lineage the inactivation is therefore skewed or 'non-random', and this can give rise to mild symptoms in female 'carriers' of X-linked genetic disorders.

Selection of one active X chromosome
Typical females possess two X chromosomes, and in any given cell one chromosome will be active (designated as Xa) and one will be inactive (Xi). However, studies of individuals with extra copies of the X chromosome show that in cells with more than two X chromosomes there is still only one Xa, and all the remaining X chromosomes are inactivated. This indicates that the default state of the X chromosome in females is inactivation, but one X chromosome is always selected to remain active.

It is understood that X-chromosome inactivation is a random process, occurring at about the time of gastrulation in the epiblast (cells that will give rise to the embryo). The maternal and paternal X chromosomes have an equal probability of inactivation. This would suggest that women would be expected to suffer from X-linked disorders approximately 50% as often as men (because women have two X chromosomes, while men have only one); however, in actuality, the occurrence of these disorders in females is much lower than that. One explanation for this disparity is that 12–20% of genes on the inactivated X chromosome remain expressed, thus providing women with added protection against defective genes coded by the X-chromosome. Some suggest that this disparity must be evidence of preferential (non-random) inactivation. Preferential inactivation of the paternal X-chromosome occurs in both marsupials and in cell lineages that form the membranes surrounding the embryo, whereas in placental mammals either the maternally or the paternally derived X-chromosome may be inactivated in different cell lines.

The time period for X-chromosome inactivation explains this disparity. Inactivation occurs in the epiblast during gastrulation, which gives rise to the embryo. Inactivation occurs on a cellular level, resulting in a mosaic expression, in which patches of cells have an inactive maternal X-chromosome, while other patches have an inactive paternal X-chromosome. For example, a female heterozygous for haemophilia (an X-linked disease) would have about half of her liver cells functioning properly, which is typically enough to ensure normal blood clotting. Chance could result in significantly more dysfunctional cells; however, such statistical extremes are unlikely. Genetic differences on the chromosome may also render one X-chromosome more likely to undergo inactivation. Also, if one X-chromosome has a mutation hindering its growth or rendering it non viable, cells which randomly inactivated that X will have a selective advantage over cells which randomly inactivated the normal allele. Thus, although inactivation is initially random, cells that inactivate a normal allele (leaving the mutated allele active) will eventually be overgrown and replaced by functionally normal cells in which nearly all have the same X-chromosome activated.

It is hypothesized that there is an autosomally-encoded 'blocking factor' which binds to the X chromosome and prevents its inactivation. The model postulates that there is a limiting blocking factor, so once the available blocking factor molecule binds to one X chromosome the remaining X chromosome(s) are not protected from inactivation. This model is supported by the existence of a single Xa in cells with many X chromosomes and by the existence of two active X chromosomes in cell lines with twice the normal number of autosomes.

Sequences at the X inactivation center (XIC), present on the X chromosome, control the silencing of the X chromosome. The hypothetical blocking factor is predicted to bind to sequences within the XIC.

Expression of X-linked disorders in heterozygous females
The effect of female X heterozygosity is apparent in some localized traits, such as the unique coat pattern of a calico cat. It can be more difficult, however, to fully understand the expression of un-localized traits in these females, such as the expression of disease.

Since males only have one copy of the X chromosome, all expressed X-chromosomal genes (or alleles, in the case of multiple variant forms for a given gene in the population) are located on that copy of the chromosome. Females, however, will primarily express the genes or alleles located on the X-chromosomal copy that remains active. Considering the situation for one gene or multiple genes causing individual differences in a particular phenotype (i.e., causing variation observed in the population for that phenotype), in homozygous females it does not particularly matter which copy of the chromosome is inactivated, as the alleles on both copies are the same. However, in females that are heterozygous at the causal genes, the inactivation of one copy of the chromosome over the other can have a direct impact on their phenotypic value. Because of this phenomenon, there is an observed increase in phenotypic variation in females that are heterozygous at the involved gene or genes than in females that are homozygous at that gene or those genes. There are many different ways in which the phenotypic variation can play out. In many cases, heterozygous females may be asymptomatic or only present minor symptoms of a given disorder, such as with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

The differentiation of phenotype in heterozygous females is furthered by the presence of X-inactivation skewing. Typically, each X-chromosome is silenced in half of the cells, but this process is skewed when preferential inactivation of a chromosome occurs. It is thought that skewing happens either by chance or by a physical characteristic of a chromosome that may cause it to be silenced more or less often, such as an unfavorable mutation.

On average, each X chromosome is inactivated in half of the cells, although 5-20% of women display X-inactivation skewing. In cases where skewing is present, a broad range of symptom expression can occur, resulting in expression varying from minor to severe depending on the skewing proportion. An extreme case of this was seen where monozygotic female twins had extreme variance in expression of Menkes disease (an X-linked disorder) resulting in the death of one twin while the other remained asymptomatic.

It is thought that X-inactivation skewing could be caused by issues in the mechanism that causes inactivation, or by issues in the chromosome itself. However, the link between phenotype and skewing is still being questioned, and should be examined on a case-by-case basis. A study looking at both symptomatic and asymptomatic females who were heterozygous for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD) found no apparent link between transcript expression and skewed X-Inactivation. The study suggests that both mechanisms are independently regulated, and there are other unknown factors at play.

Chromosomal component
The X-inactivation center (or simply XIC) on the X chromosome is necessary and sufficient to cause X-inactivation. Chromosomal translocations which place the XIC on an autosome lead to inactivation of the autosome, and X chromosomes lacking the XIC are not inactivated.

The XIC contains four non-translated RNA genes, Xist, Tsix, Jpx and Ftx, which are involved in X-inactivation. The XIC also contains binding sites for both known and unknown regulatory proteins.

Xist and Tsix RNAs
The X-inactive specific transcript (Xist) gene encodes a large non-coding RNA that is responsible for mediating the specific silencing of the X chromosome from which it is transcribed. The inactive X chromosome is coated by Xist RNA, whereas the Xa is not (See Figure to the right). X chromosomes that lack the Xist gene cannot be inactivated. Artificially placing and expressing the Xist gene on another chromosome leads to silencing of that chromosome.

Prior to inactivation, both X chromosomes weakly express Xist RNA from the Xist gene. During the inactivation process, the future Xa ceases to express Xist, whereas the future Xi dramatically increases Xist RNA production. On the future Xi, the Xist RNA progressively coats the chromosome, spreading out from the XIC; the Xist RNA does not localize to the Xa. The silencing of genes along the Xi occurs soon after coating by Xist RNA.

Like Xist, the Tsix gene encodes a large RNA which is not believed to encode a protein. The Tsix RNA is transcribed antisense to Xist, meaning that the Tsix gene overlaps the Xist gene and is transcribed on the opposite strand of DNA from the Xist gene. Tsix is a negative regulator of Xist; X chromosomes lacking Tsix expression (and thus having high levels of Xist transcription) are inactivated much more frequently than normal chromosomes.

Like Xist, prior to inactivation, both X chromosomes weakly express Tsix RNA from the Tsix gene. Upon the onset of X-inactivation, the future Xi ceases to express Tsix RNA (and increases Xist expression), whereas Xa continues to express Tsix for several days.

Rep A is a long non coding RNA that works with another long non coding RNA, Xist, for X inactivation. Rep A inhibits the function of Tsix, the antisense of Xist, in conjunction with eliminating expression of Xite. It promotes methylation of the Tsix region by attracting PRC2 and thus inactivating one of the X chromosomes.

Silencing
The inactive X chromosome does not express the majority of its genes, unlike the active X chromosome. This is due to the silencing of the Xi by repressive heterochromatin, which compacts the Xi DNA and prevents the expression of most genes.

Compared to the Xa, the Xi has high levels of DNA methylation, low levels of histone acetylation, low levels of histone H3 lysine-4 methylation, and high levels of histone H3 lysine-9 methylation and H3 lysine-27 methylation mark which is placed by the PRC2 complex recruited by Xist, all of which are associated with gene silencing. PRC2 regulates chromatin compaction and chromatin remodeling in several processes including the DNA damage response. Additionally, a histone variant called macroH2A (H2AFY) is exclusively found on nucleosomes along the Xi.

Barr bodies
DNA packaged in heterochromatin, such as the Xi, is more condensed than DNA packaged in euchromatin, such as the Xa. The inactive X forms a discrete body within the nucleus called a Barr body. The Barr body is generally located on the periphery of the nucleus, is late replicating within the cell cycle, and, as it contains the Xi, contains heterochromatin modifications and the Xist RNA.

Expressed genes on the inactive X chromosome
A fraction of the genes along the X chromosome escape inactivation on the Xi. The Xist gene is expressed at high levels on the Xi and is not expressed on the Xa. Many other genes escape inactivation; some are expressed equally from the Xa and Xi, and others, while expressed from both chromosomes, are still predominantly expressed from the Xa. Up to one quarter of genes on the human Xi are capable of escape. Studies in the mouse suggest that in any given cell type, 3% to 15% of genes escape inactivation, and that escaping gene identity varies between tissues.

Many of the genes which escape inactivation are present along regions of the X chromosome which, unlike the majority of the X chromosome, contain genes also present on the Y chromosome. These regions are termed pseudoautosomal regions, as individuals of either sex will receive two copies of every gene in these regions (like an autosome), unlike the majority of genes along the sex chromosomes. Since individuals of either sex will receive two copies of every gene in a pseudoautosomal region, no dosage compensation is needed for females, so it is postulated that these regions of DNA have evolved mechanisms to escape X-inactivation. The genes of pseudoautosomal regions of the Xi do not have the typical modifications of the Xi and have little Xist RNA bound.

The existence of genes along the inactive X which are not silenced explains the defects in humans with abnormal numbers of the X chromosome, such as Turner syndrome (X0, caused by SHOX gene ) or Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). Theoretically, X-inactivation should eliminate the differences in gene dosage between affected individuals and individuals with a normal chromosome complement. In affected individuals, however, X-inactivation is incomplete and the dosage of these non-silenced genes will differ as they escape X-inactivation, similar to an autosomal aneuploidy.

The precise mechanisms that control escape from X-inactivation are not known, but silenced and escape regions have been shown to have distinct chromatin marks. It has been suggested that escape from X-inactivation might be mediated by expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) within the escaping chromosomal domains.

Uses in experimental biology
Stanley Michael Gartler used X-chromosome inactivation to demonstrate the clonal origin of cancers. Examining normal tissues and tumors from females heterozygous for isoenzymes of the sex-linked G6PD gene demonstrated that tumor cells from such individuals express only one form of G6PD, whereas normal tissues are composed of a nearly equal mixture of cells expressing the two different phenotypes. This pattern suggests that a single cell, and not a population, grows into a cancer. However, this pattern has been proven wrong for many cancer types, suggesting that some cancers may be polyclonal in origin.

Besides, measuring the methylation (inactivation) status of the polymorphic human androgen receptor (HUMARA) located on X-chromosome is considered the most accurate method to assess clonality in female cancer biopsies. A great variety of tumors was tested by this method, some, such as renal cell carcinoma, found monoclonal while others (e.g. mesothelioma ) were reported polyclonal.

Researchers have also investigated using X-chromosome inactivation to silence the activity of autosomal chromosomes. For example, Jiang et al. inserted a copy of the Xist gene into one copy of chromosome 21 in stem cells derived from an individual with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). The inserted Xist gene induces Barr body formation, triggers stable heterochromatin modifications, and silences most of the genes on the extra copy of chromosome 21. In these modified stem cells, the Xist-mediated gene silencing seems to reverse some of the defects associated with Down syndrome.

History
In 1959 Susumu Ohno showed that the two X chromosomes of mammals were different: one appeared similar to the autosomes; the other was condensed and heterochromatic. This finding suggested, independently to two groups of investigators, that one of the X chromosomes underwent inactivation.

In 1961, Mary Lyon proposed the random inactivation of one female X chromosome to explain the mottled phenotype of female mice heterozygous for coat color genes. The Lyon hypothesis also accounted for the findings that one copy of the X chromosome in female cells was highly condensed, and that mice with only one copy of the X chromosome developed as infertile females. This suggested to Ernest Beutler, studying heterozygous females for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, that there were two red cell populations of erythrocytes in such heterozygotes: deficient cells and normal cells, depending on whether the inactivated X chromosome (in the nucleus of the red cell's precursor cell) contains the normal or defective G6PD allele.

title: X-inactivation


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Rendering equation

In computer graphics, the rendering equation is an integral equation in which the equilibrium radiance leaving a point is given as the sum of emitted plus reflected radiance under a geometric optics approximation. It was simultaneously introduced into computer graphics by David Immel et al. and James Kajiya in 1986. The various realistic rendering techniques in computer graphics attempt to solve this equation.

The physical basis for the rendering equation is the law of conservation of energy. Assuming that L denotes radiance, we have that at each particular position and direction, the outgoing light (Lo) is the sum of the emitted light (Le) and the reflected light (Lr). The reflected light itself is the sum from all directions of the incoming light (Li) multiplied by the surface reflection and cosine of the incident angle.

Equation form
The rendering equation may be written in the form

 * $$L_{\text{o}}(\mathbf x, \omega_{\text{o}}, \lambda, t) = L_{\text{e}}(\mathbf x, \omega_{\text{o}}, \lambda, t) + L_{\text{r}}(\mathbf x, \omega_{\text{o}}, \lambda, t)$$
 * $$L_{\text{r}}(\mathbf x, \omega_{\text{o}}, \lambda, t) = \int_\Omega f_{\text{r}}(\mathbf x, \omega_{\text{i}}, \omega_{\text{o}}, \lambda, t) L_{\text{i}}(\mathbf x, \omega_{\text{i}}, \lambda, t) (\omega_{\text{i}}\cdot\mathbf n) \operatorname d \omega_{\text{i}}$$

where

 * $$L_{\text{o}}(\mathbf x, \omega_{\text{o}}, \lambda, t)$$ is the total spectral radiance of wavelength $$\lambda$$ directed outward along direction $$\omega_{\text{o}}$$ at time $$t$$, from a particular position $$\mathbf x$$
 * $$\mathbf x$$ is the location in space
 * $$\omega_{\text{o}}$$ is the direction of the outgoing light
 * $$\lambda$$ is a particular wavelength of light
 * $$t$$ is time
 * $$L_{\text{e}}(\mathbf x, \omega_{\text{o}}, \lambda, t)$$ is emitted spectral radiance
 * $$L_{\text{r}}(\mathbf x, \omega_{\text{o}}, \lambda, t)$$ is reflected spectral radiance
 * $$\int_\Omega \dots \operatorname d\omega_{\text{i}}$$ is an integral over $$\Omega$$
 * $$\Omega$$ is the unit hemisphere centered around $$\mathbf n$$ containing all possible values for $$\omega_{\text{i}}$$ where $$\omega_{\text{i}}\cdot\mathbf n > 0$$
 * $$f_{\text{r}}(\mathbf x, \omega_{\text{i}}, \omega_{\text{o}}, \lambda, t)$$ is the bidirectional reflectance distribution function, the proportion of light reflected from $$\omega_{\text{i}}$$ to $$\omega_{\text{o}}$$ at position $$\mathbf x$$, time $$t$$, and at wavelength $$\lambda$$
 * $$\omega_{\text{i}}$$ is the negative direction of the incoming light
 * $$L_{\text{i}}(\mathbf x, \omega_{\text{i}}, \lambda, t)$$ is spectral radiance of wavelength $$\lambda$$ coming inward toward $$\mathbf x$$ from direction $$\omega_{\text{i}}$$ at time $$t$$
 * $$\mathbf n$$ is the surface normal at $$\mathbf x$$
 * $$\omega_{\text{i}} \cdot \mathbf n$$ is the weakening factor of outward irradiance due to incident angle, as the light flux is smeared across a surface whose area is larger than the projected area perpendicular to the ray. This is often written as $$\cos \theta_i$$.

Two noteworthy features are: its linearity—it is composed only of multiplications and additions, and its spatial homogeneity—it is the same in all positions and orientations. These mean a wide range of factorings and rearrangements of the equation are possible. It is a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, similar to those that arise in quantum field theory.

Note this equation's spectral and time dependence — $$L_{\text{o}}$$ may be sampled at or integrated over sections of the visible spectrum to obtain, for example, a trichromatic color sample. A pixel value for a single frame in an animation may be obtained by fixing $$t;$$ motion blur can be produced by averaging $$L_{\text{o}}$$ over some given time interval (by integrating over the time interval and dividing by the length of the interval).

Note that a solution to the rendering equation is the function $$L_{\text{o}}$$. The function $$L_{\text{i}}$$ is related to $$L_{\text{o}}$$ via a ray-tracing operation: The incoming radiance from some direction at one point is the outgoing radiance at some other point in the opposite direction.

Applications
Solving the rendering equation for any given scene is the primary challenge in realistic rendering. One approach to solving the equation is based on finite element methods, leading to the radiosity algorithm. Another approach using Monte Carlo methods has led to many different algorithms including path tracing, photon mapping, and Metropolis light transport, among others.

Limitations
Although the equation is very general, it does not capture every aspect of light reflection. Some missing aspects include the following:
 * Transmission, which occurs when light is transmitted through the surface, such as when it hits a glass object or a water surface,
 * Subsurface scattering, where the spatial locations for incoming and departing light are different. Surfaces rendered without accounting for subsurface scattering may appear unnaturally opaque — however, it is not necessary to account for this if transmission is included in the equation, since that will effectively include also light scattered under the surface,
 * Polarization, where different light polarizations will sometimes have different reflection distributions, for example when light bounces at a water surface,
 * Phosphorescence, which occurs when light or other electromagnetic radiation is absorbed at one moment and emitted at a later moment, usually with a longer wavelength (unless the absorbed electromagnetic radiation is very intense),
 * Interference, where the wave properties of light are exhibited,
 * Fluorescence, where the absorbed and emitted light have different wavelengths,
 * Non-linear effects, where very intense light can increase the energy level of an electron with more energy than that of a single photon (this can occur if the electron is hit by two photons at the same time), and emission of light with higher frequency than the frequency of the light that hit the surface suddenly becomes possible, and
 * Doppler effect, where light that bounces off an object moving at a very high speed will get its wavelength changed: if the light bounces off an object that is moving towards it, the light will be blueshifted and the photons will be packed more closely so the photon flux will be increased; if it bounces off an object moving away from it, it will be redshifted and the photon flux will be decreased. This effect becomes apparent only at speeds comparable to the speed of light, which is not the case for most rendering applications.

For scenes that are either not composed of simple surfaces in a vacuum or for which the travel time for light is an important factor, researchers have generalized the rendering equation to produce a volume rendering equation suitable for volume rendering and a transient rendering equation for use with data from a time-of-flight camera.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rendering equation


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VCF

VCF may refer to:

Organizations

 * Valencia CF, a Spanish professional football club in Valencia
 * Victory (church) (formerly VCF), an evangelical Protestant church based in the Philippines

Technology

 * Variant Call Format, the format of a text file used in bioinformatics for storing gene sequence variations
 * vCard, a file format standard for electronic business cards
 * Virtual Case File, a software application developed by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation
 * VMware Cloud Foundation, an infrastructure platform for hybrid cloud management of the VMware Infrastructure product line
 * Voltage-controlled filter, an electronic filter whose operating characteristics can be set by an input control voltage
 * Volume correction factor, a standardized computed factor used to correct for the thermal expansion of fluids

Other

 * September 11th Victim Compensation Fund, an act of the US Congress to compensate the victims of the September 11 attacks
 * VCF, one of several brands of spermicide
 * Vintage Computer Festival, an international event celebrating the history of computing

title: VCF


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Talk:Sultanate of Rum

Wasn't the Sultanate of Rum a Turkic state?
It's certainly accurate to say that the Sultanate of Rum was culturally Turco-Persian, and followed Sunni Islam, I don't deny that, but isn't it also accurate to clarify that it was a Turkic state? Why deny this most basic fact? Some references: पाटलिपुत्र (Pataliputra)  (talk) 16:19, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
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 * “Turco-Persian” already cover their Turkic background… please also read the culture section. HistoryofIran (talk) 16:44, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @पाटलिपुत्र I am not denying that the ruling family was ethnically Turkic, that much is undoubtedly true. However, your edit replaced Turco-Persian and Sunni Muslim with Turkic, which I do not find acceptable; to the ruling class of the Sultanate of Rûm, their connection to Islam and Persianate culture was far more important than any sense of ethnic belonging. I do think that a wording that includes both (like the one on the Seljuk Empire page) is acceptable, but not this. Uness232 (talk) 16:48, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi, I did not "replace Turco-Persian and Sunni Muslim with Turkic", please read again : I just added that they were a Turkic state, which is a pretty standard and fundamental way to describe them (sources above). Indeed, my proposal is to say that they were a Turkic state, which was culturally Turco-Persian, and which followed Sunni Islam. पाटलिपुत्र  (Pataliputra)  (talk) 17:36, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @पाटलिपुत्र My mistake. I acted hastily, thought you deleted “Turco-Persian”. I am okay with your proposal. Uness232 (talk) 17:54, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @पाटलिपुत्र Again, please read what Turco-Persian means - you've been editing these type of articles for years, you should at the very least know what it means.. Moreover, mentioning that they were Turkic before Turco-Persian not only sounds off (per the meaning of "Turco-Persian"), but it's not neutral, as Uness32 perfectly put it; "their connection to Islam and Persianate culture was far more important than any sense of ethnic belonging." This is well demonstrated in the Culture and society section. When you're not turning articles into galleries (eg ), you're doing this.. please do better. HistoryofIran (talk) 17:55, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @HistoryofIran I don't necessarily see the problem with mentioning both; while their ethnic belonging was secondary to their Persianate affinities, modern historiography has (for better or for worse) become more perceptive of the former, and a clarification of origin and cultural affiliation might work just as well as what we have right now. Perhaps better wording can be used, similar to the one used on the Seljuk Empire page:
 * The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It was culturally Turco-Persian, and followed the Sunni Muslim faith.
 * This does not use the term "Turkic state/empire" which implies a sense of ethnic belonging similar to a modern nation-state, while communicating both origin and cultural affiliation. Uness232 (talk) 18:11, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * That's the new lede by Pataliputra without any WP:CONSENSUS, and is essentially a swap of the words of the previous and long standing lede of the Seljuk Empire and would be the same here too. Their ethnic origins are already mentioned in this lede, but the way that Pataliputra did it here was off and frankly nearing the realm of disruption when looking at their previous activities. HistoryofIran (talk) 18:24, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @HistoryofIran I see. I defer to your judgment here, and I think I went about this very hastily and without forming my complete set of thoughts, as I misread the edit at first. Uness232 (talk) 18:35, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Sources tend to define them as a Turkic/ Turkish state first and foremost (above), so we should follow that. And, honestly, it seems to be the most obvious and fundamental way to define them. "Culturally Turco-Persian" only qualifies their culture and is not sufficient as a definition of who they were: they could very well be Georgians "with a Turco-Persian culture", or Persians "with a Turco-Persian culture" for that matter. पाटलिपुत्र  (Pataliputra)  (talk) 18:16, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Sources tend to define them as a Turkic/ Turkish state first and foremost (above), so we should follow that. And, honestly, it seems to be the most obvious and fundamental way to define them.
 * Sources cherrypicked by you, we still put the most important part first, it goes without saying - read the Culture section. You already made a similar attempt at Timurid Empire and it failed.
 * "Culturally Turco-Persian" only qualifies their culture and is not sufficient as a definition of who they were: they could very well be Georgians "with a Turco-Persian culture", or Persians "with a Turco-Persian culture" for that matter.
 * Sigh... you still haven't read what Turco-Persian means. I am gonna ask you for the third time to read it. HistoryofIran (talk) 18:20, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The expression "Culturally Turco-Persian" certainly does not replace the definition of what the Seljuk Sultanate was from a political standpoint, even if the Turco-Persian culture historically usually reflected a situation where Turks ruled ("masters of the sword") while Persians were the "masters of the pen". To be precise and encyclopedic: the Sultanate of Rum was a Turkic state, ruled by a Turkic dynasty, which had a developped Turco-Persian culture, and followed Sunny Islam. This is not all and the same: political, cultural and religious characteristics all deserve to be defined and explicited. I added a few more academic sources to my initial statement above, which matter-of-factly define the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum as a Turkic state. पाटलिपुत्र  (Pataliputra)  (talk) 11:53, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Do you even know what you're saying or are you making up new things as you go? What does "politically" precisely mean here? This is the medieval times. Even the cherrypicked sources don't mention that word. Please stop trying to make up your own rules/meanings and constantly going against our rules and historians, it's tiring. Obviously, when those cherrypicked sources of yours say "Turkic state", they are referring to their origins. You already attempted this at Timurid Empire and it failed; WP:DROPTHESTICK or I will take this to WP:ANI for your years and years of disruption. A moment ago you didn't even know what "Turco-Persian" meant, basing your whole argument on your wrong interpretation of that, now it's something new and random. HistoryofIran (talk) 13:37, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Also, from a quick glance, at least 5 of those sources aren't even by experts on this topic nor books focused on the topic, more proof that you're cherry picking whatever you can find at Google ebooks. I'm not interested in resorting to the same tactics, it's disingenuous and the Culture section already has more than enough citations. HistoryofIran (talk) 13:44, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * "Political" refers to the form and nature of government (see "Politics"), which in our case is characterized as "Turkic" by academic sources, as in the expression "Turkish state" above. It is distinct from "culture", which refers to the arts, literature etc..., here properly referred to as "culturally Turco-Persian", which I don't dispute. As shown by my references, the expression "Turkic/ish state" is almost exclusively used in academia to describe the Sultanate of Rum as a political entity. Like it or not, you have been unable to provide a single refutal based on WP:Reliable sources. You should drop the constant threats, misrepresentations and personal attacks: please WP:AGF, we are all here to build the best possible encyclopedia. पाटलिपुत्र  (Pataliputra)  (talk) 14:25, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I was asking for the opinion of a expert scholar, not yours. You did not address the part about the cherrypicked non-expert sources as well as that they don't even mention the word "politically" either, instead resorting to WP:SYNTH. I've given you WP:GF for years, the long WP:ROPE has finally run out. How about you start trying to do better? HistoryofIran (talk) 14:30, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Which "non-expert" authors would you like to see removed from my list of references in the initial statement? I will gladly remove them. And I don't see why the word "politically" would necessarily have to be mentioned in these references: it is sufficient enough that these academics use this "Turkic/ish state" expression as their primary descriptor for the Sultanate of Rum, and everybody knows that a state is a political entity... At the very least, per Wikipedia editorial rules, we should be able to mention in the introduction that the Sultanate is also described as a "Turkic state", with the above references. पाटलिपुत्र  (Pataliputra)  (talk) 16:02, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Which "non-expert" authors would you like to see removed from my list of references in the initial statement? I will gladly remove them.
 * Please first explain why you're picking whatever you can find at Google ebooks and not paying attention to what it even is.
 * And I don't see why the word "politically" would necessarily have to be mentioned in these references: it is sufficient enough that these academics use this "Turkic/ish state" expression as their primary descriptor for the Sultanate of Rum, and everybody knows that a state is a political entity.
 * Textbook WP:SYNTH; "Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any source. Similarly, do not combine different parts of one source to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by the source. If one reliable source says A and another reliable source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion C not mentioned by either of the sources. This would be improper editorial synthesis of published material to imply a new conclusion, which is original research". I highly advise you to read this a few times seeing as you been called for WP:OR many times, including Talk:Maurya Empire.
 * There is already sourced information in the Culture section that talks about how the Sultanate of Rum was politically, and to no surprise, your WP:SYNTH claims are not supported by it;
 * "The Seljuk dynasty of Rum, as successors to the Great Seljuks, based its political, religious and cultural heritage on the Perso-Islamic tradition and Greco-Roman tradition,"
 * "The Seljuks of Rum had inherited the administrative method of Persian statecraft from the Seljuk Empire, which they would later pass on to the Ottomans."
 * "Anatolia in the early 13th century was deeply influenced by Iranian cultural, political, and literary traditions."
 * WP:DROPTHESTICK. HistoryofIran (talk) 16:17, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * You are not making sense. How can it possibly be WP:SYNTH to simply re-use the expression ("Turkic state") which is primarily used by dozens of the most relevant historians of the period to describe the Sultanate of Rum? (and again, I am not denying all the various influences you keep harping about, which is not the point). As you should well know, it is our job to follow the sources in the terminology they use to describe various historical entities. पाटलिपुत्र  (Pataliputra)  (talk) 16:43, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * You are not making sense. How can it possibly be WP:SYNTH to simply re-use the expression ("Turkic state")
 * Let's go a few comments back to what you claimed; "The expression "Culturally Turco-Persian" certainly does not replace the definition of what the Seljuk Sultanate was from a political standpoint... This is not all and the same: political, cultural and religious characteristics all deserve to be defined and explicited"
 * This is sheer WP:SYNTH. As seen in the article, its political aspects were Persianate/Greco-Roman, not "Turkic", whatever it means here. "Turkic state" obviously refers to their origin being Turkic. If you are so sure that their "political characteristics" are Turkic, then why does the Culture section contradict that, and why can't you cite a single source that talks about that?
 * which is primarily used by dozens of the most relevant historians of the period to describe the Sultanate of Rum?
 * This is essentially WP:REHASH. Please explain how these are the most "relevant historians" (four crying out load, you are citing books named "Religion and World Civilizations [3 volumes]: How Faith Shaped Societies from Antiquity to the Present [3 volumes]", do I even need to elaborate?) and why you're picking whatever you can find at Google ebooks and not paying attention to what it even is - in other words, cherrypicking. HistoryofIran (talk) 16:59, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Another source which actually talks about the political aspects of the Sultanate of Rum;
 * "It is generally assumed that the Rum Seljuq sultans adopted the government system and institutions established by their Great Seljuq cousins and consequently the Perso-Islamic concept of legitimate kingship.6 This concept was the result of the synthesis of the ancient Iranian concept of kingship and Islamic notions and norms which resulted in the ideology usually called ‘Perso-Islamic autocracy’.7 While it is true that Islamic notions and norms were especially static and resistant to change, it cannot be said that they remained the same. Different ideological options, though not entirely novel, were developed as the result of historical, political and economical changes. The Rum Seljuqs adopted the Perso-Islamic concept of the ideology of kingship as it was formulated under their Great Seljuq cousins, but they had to adapt it taking into account the political realities of their time. A compact formulation of the Perso-Islamic ideology as promoted by the Great Seljuqs is given in an inscription of the third Great Seljuq sultan Malikshāh on the Friday Mosque in Isfahan" pp. 64–65, The Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture, Edinburgh University Press HistoryofIran (talk) 17:13, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that most historians acknowledge the fact that the ruling dynasty was Turkic (which you can find on any book on the subject), and that this is probably the reason why they call it a "Turkic state", without having even to justify themselves further. It is fairly obvious actually, and they are historians, so they are the final authority on the subject, it is not our role to challenge their terminology.
 * I am not "cherry-picking", just looking at how the Sultanate as a state is defined in the literature ("Seljuk state" also appears regularly). On the contrary, if you look for "Turco-Persian state" in relation to the Sultanate of Rum (an expression which was present many years in this article), you will find that it is virtually inexistant in the literature.
 * We do not have to argue more than that, the fact that multiple and major sources use "Turkic state" as the primary way to define the Sultanate, is sufficient to incorporate it in the article, with references. On Wikipedia, we do nothing more than reflect what reliable sources say.
 * In order to remedy this lenghty and unfortunately rather fruitless ping-pong between the two of us, it might be a good idea to open a WP:RfC, so that we can have more opinions on the subject. पाटलिपुत्र  (Pataliputra)  (talk) 17:30, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * No one is denying that the dynasty is Turkic... and you're yet to address my points, but I'm used to it. We indeed follow reliable sources, but we also make sure an article is WP:DUE and WP:NEUTRAL, saying that they are a "Turkic state" when the vast majority of their aspects are Persianate/Greco-Roman is none of those. You always do this - engage in WP:SYNTH/WP:OR/Make your own rules : -> it gets rejected -> abuse the WP:RFC system, like you recently did at Talk:Maurya Empire. No more, enough is enough, I know what my next step is. HistoryofIran (talk) 17:37, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

"Request for comment about the description of the Sultanate of Rum"
Can the Sultanate of Rum be described as a "Turkic state"? पाटलिपुत्र (Pataliputra)  (talk) 17:40, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

Yes (per nomination) I am asking for comments, because I am stuck in a fruitless ping-pong with one user above. As is well-known, the Sultanate of Rum was culturally Turco-Persian, and followed Sunni Islam. Still, as a political entity, it was governed by a Turkic dynasty, and is therefore regularly described as a "Turkic state" or a "Turkish state" in the literature. I suggest we should incorporate that fact in the introduction so that political entity ("Turkic state"), culture ("Turco-Persian culture") and religion ("Sunni Islam") all be represented. I think the introductory sentence should be something like: "The Sultanate of Rum was a Turkic state, founded in Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert (1071). It was culturally Turco-Persian, and followed Sunni-Islam." Here are some references for "Turkic/sh state" being used as the primary descriptive for the Sultanate of Rum: पाटलिपुत्र (Pataliputra)  (talk) 17:42, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

No: What does "Turkic state" imply here other than that the dynasty was of Turkic ancestry (which goes without saying and already appears in the lede)? OP claims that it has to do with their "political" aspect, which is not mentioned and thus sheer WP:SYNTH and contradicts the fact that the vast majority of WP:RS agrees that about every aspect, politically, culturally, etc (excluding their origins) of the Sultanate of Rum was Persian(ate)/Perso-Islamic/Greco-Roman (cited down below here, list will increase gradually, otherwise extensively shown in the Culture section of this article), thus meaning that OPs suggestion goes against WP:NPOV. Moreover, 5 of those cited sources are completely unrelated to this topic (Source 3, 4, 5, 6, 9. 6 is not even WP:RS), clearly demonstrating that OP is cherrypicking whatever passing mentions they can find from Google ebooks, not even taking a moment to actually read about this entity. A moment ago they didn't even know what "Turco-Persian" meant, mainly basing their argument on a flawed interpretation of its meaning, despite getting the opportunity to read it up thrice. It's also worth noting that OP is notorious for engaging in WP:SYNTH/WP:OR/making up their own rules, as well as abusing the WP:RFC system, as they recently did in Talk:Maurya Empire, creating multiple RFCs, which they were called out for.
 * "It is generally assumed that the Rum Seljuq sultans adopted the government system and institutions established by their Great Seljuq cousins and consequently the Perso-Islamic concept of legitimate kingship. This concept was the result of the synthesis of the ancient Iranian concept of kingship and Islamic notions and norms which resulted in the ideology usually called ‘Perso-Islamic autocracy’. While it is true that Islamic notions and norms were especially static and resistant to change, it cannot be said that they remained the same. Different ideological options, though not entirely novel, were developed as the result of historical, political and economical changes. The Rum Seljuqs adopted the Perso-Islamic concept of the ideology of kingship as it was formulated under their Great Seljuq cousins, but they had to adapt it taking into account the political realities of their time. A compact formulation of the Perso-Islamic ideology as promoted by the Great Seljuqs is given in an inscription of the third Great Seljuq sultan Malikshāh on the Friday Mosque in Isfahan" / "The honorific titles used here are stereotypical for the description of a Perso-Islamic ruler and were used by the Great Seljuqs and their successor states to express their ideology of kingship." / Thus this rebellious branch of the Turkish Seljuqs was transformed into a ‘Perso-Islamic state’ with a developed court and capital. pp. 64–65 and 74, The Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture, Edinburgh University Press
 * "It has been the basic administrative technique of Persian statecraft that had been given its Islamic character under the Great Seljuks in Persian in the mid-eleventh century. The system was passed on to the Ottomans through the Seljuks of Rum...." --Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition, Norman Itzkowitz, University of Chicago Press, page 48.
 * "...it is perhaps not surprising that Iranian cultural, political, and literary traditions permeate the mirrors of early thirteenth-century Anatolia." --Turkish Language, Literature, and History, ed. Bill Hickman, Gary Leiser, Routledge, page 278
 * "Meanwhile, the intensive Islamicization of Anatolia resulted in the spread and conslidation of two fundamental elements of Persianate Islam: the spread of Sufism from below and the imposition of Persianate monarchy, statecraft, and political ethics from above." - Revolutions of the End of Time: Apocalypse, Revolution and Reaction in the Persianate World, Saïd Amir Arjomand, Brill Publishers
 * "Moreover, their administrators and the religious elite in their cities were Persian. And with the terrifying thirteenth-century Mongol invasions of the eastern Islamic world, a mighty torrent of Persian refugees poured into Anatolia, particularly Konya. The Rum Seljuq state – with a diverse population of Byzantine Greeks, Armenians, Kurds, Turcomans and Persians – was especially successful in the period from 1220 to 1250 and laid the foundations for the subsequent Islamisation of Anatolia." / "Quite paradoxically, the Byzantine practice of qualifying Muslim Anatolia as Persia closely matches contemporary scholarly inter pretations of the Anatolian Muslim space as ‘Persianate’. Muslim Anatolian culture is sometimes defined as Persianate due to the outstanding role of the Persian language, textual culture and art. Persian was the language of belles-lettres and of the royal courts throughout Muslim Anatolia; the Seljuq sultans not only spoke Persian and issued orders and commands in it, but also compiled verses in that language. The Seljuq administrative structure imitated that of the Iranian Seljuqs." - page 15 and 150, The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History, Edinburgh University Press
 * "As with other twelfth- and thirteenth- century Middle Eastern states ruled by a Turkish military elite, then, the Seljuqs of Anatolia modelled themselves closely on Persian–Islamic government traditions. These in turn drew on ancient pre-Islamic Iranian models, whose touchstone of excellence was the Sasanian machinery of rule and the religious norms and forms of Islam. Together these created an enduring symbol of good government.", page 203, The Medieval Turks: Collected Essays, Robert Hillenbrand, Edinburgh University Press
 * "There also seems to be evidence for emulation by the Ottomans of the Persian system of government, as applied by the Seljuqs and Ilkhans." - page 210, Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Brill Publishers
 * "We cannot yet follow in detail the indirect and tortuous path through which the Perso-Islamic tradition of state as interpreted by the Seljuks and Ilkhanids became part of the developing Ottoman government described in the few remaining documents and hints in the chronicles." - p. 19, Living in the Ottoman Ecumenical Community, The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage, Volume: 39, Linda Darling, Brill Publishers --HistoryofIran (talk) 18:00, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sultanate of Rum


text:
The Corporation (record production team)

The Corporation was a group of songwriters and record producers assembled in 1969 by Motown label head Berry Gordy to create hit records for the label's new act, The Jackson 5.

History
The four members of The Corporation—Berry Gordy, Alphonso Mizell, Freddie Perren and Deke Richards —were responsible for the writing, production and arranging of The Jackson 5 number-one hit singles "I Want You Back" (1969), "ABC", "The Love You Save" (both 1970); as well as "Mama's Pearl" and "Maybe Tomorrow" (both 1971). They were also responsible for writing and producing "Bless You", the last hit by Martha and the Vandellas before that group disbanded in 1972.

Like Motown's previous production team, the Clan, which was pulled together to create the singles "Love Child" and "I'm Livin' in Shame" for Diana Ross and the Supremes, The Corporation was intended as a replacement of sorts for Holland–Dozier–Holland, who had left the label in late 1967 to start Invictus Records and Hot Wax Records. Occasionally, they were joined by Perren's wife Christine Yarian.

Gordy created The Corporation because he did not want any more "back room superstars", which the H-D-H team had become. The group members were never billed individually on the original Jackson 5 releases they worked on; even the songwriters' credit was listed as "The Corporation™".

The Corporation disbanded in 1972, after Hal Davis had assumed creative control of the Jackson 5's output. After its disbanding, Motown would credit Gordy, Mizell, Richards, and Perren individually on compilation releases containing Corporation-created Jackson 5 material.

Songs

 * Gordy, Mizell, Perren, Richards
 * "ABC"
 * "Bless You"
 * "Coming Home"
 * "Don't Let Your Baby Catch You"
 * "Goin' Back to Indiana"
 * "I Found That Girl"
 * "I Want You Back"
 * "I Will Find a Way"
 * "If I Have to Move a Mountain"
 * "I'm Gonna Get You"
 * "I'm So Happy"
 * "It's Great to Be Here"
 * "It's So Easy"
 * "Live It Up"
 * "The Love You Save"
 * "Mama's Pearl"
 * "Maybe Tomorrow"
 * "My Little Baby"
 * "Nobody"
 * "One More Chance"
 * "Petals"
 * "She's Good"
 * "Sugar Daddy"
 * "To Know"
 * "We've Got a Good Thing Going"
 * "You Made Me What I Am"
 * "Your Love Makes It All Worthwhile"
 * "You're The Only One"

 * Gordy, Mizell, Perren, Richards, Yarian
 * "Do I Owe"
 * "Give Love on Christmas Day"
 * "In My Dreams"
 * "Is It Him or Me"
 * "Love Don't Want to Leave"
 * "Love Song"
 * "One And The Same"
 * "Up on the Housetop"
 * "Walk on Don't Look Back"
 * "Wings of My Love"


text:
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (Canada)

The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) is a Canadian government service under the Department of Human Resources and Skills Development Canada.

FMCS is responsible for providing dispute resolution and dispute prevention assistance to trade unions and employers under the federal jurisdiction of the Canada Labour Code. FMCS provides conciliation and mediation assistance to parties engaged in collective bargaining and offers an extensive range of preventive mediation and grievance mediation services aimed at resolving differences and improving industrial relations during the closed period of a collective agreement.


text:
Talk:1784 British general election

Untitled
Someone moved this to "United Kingdom general election, 1784". This is wrong for two reasons:

1). There was no "United Kingdom" at this time - the state was Great Britain. 2). For election pages the state name is abbreviated into this form.

Timrollpickering 00:49, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've moved it to "British", because links had existed to the page there for a long time before this article was created at "GB". I think it's a little odd to have United Kingdom general election, 2005 and not UK general election, 2005, as has been decided, but to then have GB general election, 1784 instead of where I've moved it. Hopefully this should cause no arguing. Morwen - Talk 12:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:1784 British general election


text:
Talk:BBC controversies

I think there are things missing from the article
What about:

1) The Sophie Duker "kill all whities" remark? 2) The clear and demonstrated bias of the BBC towards "Remain" during the Brexit process? 3) The support for BLM in "The Vicar of Dibley"?

These things are "controversial" enough to motivate me to comment here, and I'm sure I'm not alone in this view. I think they should be considered for inclusion in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.14.41.37 (talk) 11:58, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Then try adding them - with references to reliable sources - and see what happens, or maybe doesn't happen and it just stays up? Romomusicfan (talk) 22:44, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

Agreed. If you can post here than you can edit the article. DistasteForUsernames (talk) 00:55, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

2021:Coverage of antisemitic incident in Oxford St
There has been a discussion on my Talkpage about whether the people on the bus should be described as ‘victims’ and whether the title of the subsection should be changed to show that the incident is allegedly antisemitic, bearing in mind that there has not been any report of any convictions for a hate crime. I think this discussion would be better pursued here. I await comments. Sweet6970 (talk) 11:25, 1 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Since no indiciduals have been publicly identified as suspects, none are named in the article, therefore there is no BLP issue. Neither Sweet6970 nor any one else has come up with any actual counterarguuments to the incident being antisemitc and I would suggest it is WP:SKYBLUE that it is indeed antisemitic - unless, like I said on Sweet6970's talkpage, anyone wants to put the case that one of the assailants was only pointing his arm in the air like that because he was waving to a friend.Romomusicfan (talk) 21:45, 1 January 2022 (UTC)
 * We should not be ‘putting the case’ regarding this incident, but reporting what the sources say. No-one has so far been convicted of a hate crime. Therefore, we should refer to an ‘alleged’ antisemitic incident, and in order to be neutral, we should avoid referring to the people on the bus as ‘victims’. Sweet6970 (talk) 12:48, 2 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Where in Wikipedia's policies does it say that we should do any such thing, especially when no suspects have been publicly identified?
 * The antisemitic character of the perpetrators' behaviour (making Nazi salutes at a group of obviously Orthodox Jewish minors) is beyond reasonable dispute. The only issue is the said perpetrators' identities.
 * Anyone, on any side of the debate, please flag up Wikipedia's written policies on this kind of thing.Romomusicfan (talk) 18:00, 2 January 2022 (UTC)
 * User: in the Teahouse has suggested that we should go with what the reliable sources say. The Jewish Chronicle and the Daily Telegraph (both listed as green:Reliable on WP:RSPSOURCES are both unambiguous in labelling the incident as "antisemitic" and the bus passengers as "victims".  The BBC does use alleged in the same way Sweet6970 - but in the same controversial article which contains the suggestion, refuted by the police, that passengers shouted anti-muslim slurs - the very article which, through the BBC's refusal to retract the said statement, has led to this issue's inclusion in this article.
 * I would suggest there is therfore a 2-1 majority consensus among Reliable Sources that this incident were undisputedly anitsemitic in character and that the passengers consitituted victims. Even if we overlook that the one minority voter is an article which still contains allegations which the police have long since thrown out, and continue to treat it with equal weight to the other two sources. Romomusicfan (talk) 19:43, 2 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The only thing I'd add is that when, in the TeaHouse, I said that we should go with what the Guardian, Times and BBC say, I was wrong to include the BBC in this particular instance. Since the article is about controversial BBC reporting, in this instance the BBC is directly involved, and at loggerheads with the normal reliable sources (otherwise the story wouldn't be in this article at all). A NeoNazi would probably also condemn the Jewish Chronicle as involved, but even if we stretch our ethics far enough to accept this, there are plenty of other sources out there. I think this is the same incident, in the Metro: . If so, note that the Metro is also prepared to use the words anti-semitic (albeit in quotation marks), and also that the police urge anyone with information to contact them at a Hate-crime unit address. This is a clear indication that the incident is being treated as a hate-crime. I think it's completely spurious to argue that it isn't a hate crime until someone has been convicted of a hate crime. In many situations, for instance the appearance of anonymous graffiti in the dead of night with no CCTV, there is no hope whatsoever of a conviction, or even anyone getting charged, but nevertheless a hate crime very obviously took place. Elemimele (talk) 20:59, 2 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your input. I originally included the disputed BBC story as a primary source relating to what claims the BBC made. It is also worth mentioning that any questioning in their article of the victim status of the bus passengers is done in the context of the allegation of anti-Muslim slurs, an allegation rejected by the Police.  As of present the text remains unaltered and the BBC are sticking to their guns, possibly hoping that it will all blow over, but it will be interesting to see if, in the event they concede on this issue, they change the status of the passengers to undisputed victims.Romomusicfan (talk) 23:24, 2 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Please refer to Wikipedia reliable sources
 * 1) It is Wikipedia which says There is consensus that The Jewish Chronicle is generally reliable for news, particularly in its pre-2010 reporting. There is no consensus on whether The Jewish Chronicle is reliable for topics related to the British Left, Muslims, Islam, and Palestine/Palestinians; there is also a rough consensus it is biased in these topics. Where used, in-text attribution is recommended for its coverage of these topics [my emphasis] Your comment could be interpreted to suggest that those editors who contributed to this consensus, and how follow it, are Neo-Nazi. I invite you to clarify your comment.
 * 2) You have referred to the Metro as an additional source. But this is considered unreliable, and is compared to the Daily Mail, which is deprecated as a source. The reliability of Metro has been compared to that of the Daily Mail and other British tabloids. Articles published in the print newspaper (accessible via metro.news domain) are considered more reliable than articles published only on the metro.co.uk website.
 * Sweet6970 (talk) 10:47, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * a) The policy in question is the general policy WP:NPOV.
 * b) You have added to the article and in one case making a Nazi salute. I don’t see this in any of the sources – though I don’t have access to the Telegraph article. Please explain which source supports your edit.
 * Sweet6970 (talk) 10:49, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Sweet6970 (talk) 10:49, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

1) Regarding Nazi salutes - "Shocking video footage of a group of men giving Nazi salutes and spitting at Jewish teenagers as the celebrated the first night of Chanukah stunned the Jewish community and prompted a police hunt for the perpetrators." 2) Metro is not one of the cited sources in the article. Elemimele merely remarked as an aside that (he/she/they/etc) had seen Metro's own coverage of the incident. Metro's relevance to this debate stops right there. 3) I can't see anything in NPOV that demands putting in "alleged" in front of unsolved crimes. If anything, giving voice to the fringe idea that the pepretrators'  behaviour was not blatantly antisemitic in character would be an example of giving undue weight. 4) All three sources used in the section - the JC, the Telegraph and the Beeb - are listed as Green: Reliable under Perennial Sources (although in the case of this specific BBC item is tainted inasmuch as it continues to contain claims thrown out by no less an authority than the Metropolitan Police - it is nonetheless useful as a primary source of the content of the said claims.) 5) No claim is made in any source that the perpetrators were Muslims, Palestinians or left-wingers or frankly anything else (other than antisemitic), therefore the impeachment on the JC is irrelevant in this case. It remains listed as a Green Reliable source.Romomusicfan (talk) 11:23, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * to Romomusicfan – Thank you for pointing me to the ‘Nazi salute’ reference. I’m sorry, I thought I had checked all the sources for the article, and couldn’t find it. I abandon my objection to the wording. Sweet6970 (talk) 11:41, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * You're welcome. Since it's the BBC article that specifies one person giving the salute, I shall put it some more precise pointing to references around that sentence.Romomusicfan (talk) 14:03, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ - The existing wording is the best accurate description of what can be seen on images of the incident (three perpetrators, one of whom performs the salute) but more precise deployment of source tags was needed to perfectly verify this. Have now sorted this - hopefully to the satisfaction of everybody.Romomusicfan (talk) 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I think this is the same incident from the evening standard, on which we have no particular opinion of reliability. It describes the incident as anti-semitic. This is a local news source, I have no idea how reliable:  which adds the word 'appalling'. This  is the Times on the subject, I think still the same incident? Or ITV:, or the Independent . Although I am not Jewish and have no particular feelings in that direction, I really find that ethically I cannot be associated with a project that uses a blanket of pretended neutrality to normalise hate crime, and this discussion has made me wonder whether Wikipedia is the right place for me, personally. I apologise for the comment that could reflect badly on those who believe the Jewish Chronical to be biased. Elemimele (talk) 14:40, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Well the word "alleged" still hasn't become part of the article in the end, so things worked out healthily enough. Unless there are any further developments with either the police investigation or the BBC's stance, I think the section is best left as it is indefinitely.  It has more than enough reliable sources already. As for normalisation, I think there is far worse such normalisation in the MSM than there is in Wikipedia which in any case has the mechanisms for one to challenge such things when one comes across them. All one can really do in assume good faith and present ones improvements to Wikipedia in the same spirit of good faith.Romomusicfan (talk) 22:54, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

Flat Earth comment
The paragraph added to the article does not really explain what the controversy is, and I'm not sure how a collection of Guardian newspaper letters to the editor can be a valid source. AnonMoos (talk) 05:18, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

Early years 1926 Strike - who is "Reith"?
"Reith". This person - in surname only - is referenced several times but we are not told who they are. DistasteForUsernames (talk) 00:52, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Good point! I have added a lilnk for John Reith, 1st Baron Reith. Sweet6970 (talk) 13:07, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

Newspaper Reports Called Rubbish!
Now that The Sun's lame defence of its' allegations are starting to look more than a little dodgy, should not the Wikipedia section in question be adjusted to better reflect such information? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.27.2.62 (talk) 19:55, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
 * We do mention the "no truth" claim, so you're going to have to be specific about what you want changing. This is a fast changing story and I think it's fair to say that no one really knows what's going on, so at this time it does remain a controversy with two sides to it, and it will probably be updated when something new comes out. -- zzuuzz (talk) 20:12, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

Okay, fair enough. Then again, perhaps the truth will come out and this article will have someone interesting to record about The Sun? Perhaps time will tell. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.166.218 (talk) 18:47, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

 * The initial report in The Sun here said "The well-known presenter is accused of giving the teen more than £35,000 since they were 17 in return for sordid images." This implied that the images were obtained while the person was 17. This turned out to be a lie. 86.187.173.18 (talk) 12:05, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

Huw Edwards
Two complainants are mentioned, but there were (at least) four. Also on 11 July a 23-year-old accused Edwards of breaking COVID lockdown rules in February 2021. And a fourth, now aged 22 was reported as having complained of "creepy messages" while still at school: SkyNews source. The Sky News report also says that Edwards was facing further allegations of "inappropriate behaviour" towards colleagues. But perhaps these do not warrant any mention in this summary. 86.187.173.18 (talk) 12:12, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Was it a boy or a girl? This source asks the question but it looks a bit tabloidy and may not be reliable. All other news sources seem very reluctant to even speculate. Speaking purely theoretically, if the gender of the teenager was known, would it be acceptable to mention this? Or is it contrary to the privacy laws? I wanted to ask this question at Talk:Huw Edwards but that page is locked. 86.187.227.123 (talk) 11:41, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * See Betteridge's law of headlines. I don't believe this information has been made public. Theoretically, if the gender was known and reliably sourced, I don't see why it couldn't be mentioned. -- zzuuzz (talk) 11:53, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:BBC controversies


text:
MT Petali

MT Petali is an Aframax crude oil tanker. Formerly known as Mastera for almost two decades and briefly as Mikines in early 2022 and Alma until September 2023, she and her sister ship Tempera were the first ships to utilize the double acting tanker (DAT) concept in which the vessel is designed to travel ahead in open water and astern in severe ice conditions. The icebreaking tanker was built to transport crude oil year-round from the Russian oil terminal in Primorsk to Neste Oil refineries in Porvoo and Naantali.

Concept
Although icebreaking cargo ships had been built in the past, their hull forms were always compromises between open water performance and icebreaking capability. A good icebreaking bow, designed to break the ice by bending it under the ship's weight, has very poor open water characteristics and is subjected to slamming in heavy weather while a hydrodynamically efficient bulbous bow greatly increases the ice resistance. However, already in the late 1800s captains operating ships in icebound waters discovered that sometimes it was easier to break through ice by running their vessels astern. This was because the forward-facing propellers generated a water flow that lowered the resistance by reducing friction between the ship's hull and ice. These findings resulted in the adoption of bow propellers in older icebreakers operating in the Great Lakes and the Baltic Sea, but as forward-facing propellers have a very low propulsion efficiency and the steering ability of a ship is greatly reduced when running astern, it could not be considered a main operating mode for merchant ships.

For this reason it was not until the development of electric podded propulsion, ABB's Azipod, that the concept of double acting ships became feasible. The superiority of podded propulsion in icebreaking merchant ships, especially when running astern, was proved when Finnish product tankers Uikku and Lunni were converted to Azipod propulsion in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Even though the ships were originally designed with icebreaking capability in mind, after the conversion ice resistance in level ice when running astern was only 40% of that when breaking ice ahead despite the ships being equipped with an icebreaking bow and not designed to break ice astern.

Development
Following the successful operation of the Azipod-converted tankers Uikku and Lunni in the Northern Sea Route, Kværner Masa-Yards Arctic Research Centre developed the first double acting tanker concept in the early 1990s. The 90,000 DWT tankers were designed to transport oil and gas condensate from the Pechora Sea in the Russian Arctic, where ice conditions during winter can be considered moderate and the ships would operate mainly in astern mode, first to Murmansk and then Rotterdam, where most of the distance can be travelled in open water year round. Other early double acting concepts included a similar ship with an icebreaking bow that would be utilized in summer time when the ship was traveling in areas with low ice concentration but with a risk of colliding with multi-year ice blocks.

In early 2000s Fortum Shipping, the transportation arm of the Finnish energy company Fortum, started a major fleet renewal program to increase the efficiency and reduce the average age of its vessels. The program also included replacing the company's old tankers, such as the 90,000-ton Natura, that were used to transport crude oil to the company's oil refineries in the Gulf of Finland. The old ships had traffic restrictions during the worst part of the winter because of their lower ice class of 1C and could not deliver their cargo all the way to the refineries in Porvoo and Naantali because they were denied icebreaker assistance. When this happened, the oil had to be transported to smaller ships of higher ice class at the edge of the ice — a practice that was both uneconomical and hazardous.

To solve these problems Kværner Masa-Yards Arctic Research Centre developed a new 100,000 DWT Aframax tanker concept together with Fortum Shipping, which ordered two vessels from Sumitomo Heavy Industries in 2001. The new ships were designed to the highest Finnish-Swedish ice class, 1A Super, and to be capable of operating in all ice conditions encountered in the Baltic Sea. The possibility to operate in the Pechora Sea was also taken into account in the design process. Extensive ice model tests confirmed the vessel's operational capability in level ice, rubble fields, ice channels and ridges.

The world's first double acting tanker and the largest 1A Super class oil tanker at that time, Tempera, was delivered from Yokosuka shipyard in late August 2002. She was awarded the Ship Of The Year 2002 award by the Society of Naval Architects of Japan (SNAJ). The second ship, Mastera, was delivered in the following year. Both ships were named after the company's oil products. While the price of the contract was not made public, the company later admitted that the 60–70 million euro estimate was "quite close to the truth". The ships were owned by ABB Credit, which leased them to Fortum for ten years. The leasing business was later sold to SEB Leasing.

Career
Since the beginning, Tempera and Mastera were used mainly for year-round transportation of crude oil from the Russian oil terminal of Primorsk to company's own oil terminals in Porvoo and Naantali, where they were the only ships capable of operating without delays or problems during the harshest winters. Occasionally they also carried cargoes in the Gulf of Bothnia and even outside the Baltic Sea depending on the amount of oil in the refineries' storage tanks. However, due to draft restrictions the ships could not carry a full cargo of 100,000 tons to the port of Naantali until April 2010 — they had to stop at Porvoo on the way and unload 20,000 tons of oil to reduce the draft of the vessel.

In 2005 Fortum's oil division was transferred to the re-established Neste Oil and the management of the ships, including the double acting tankers, was handed over to a subsidiary company Neste Shipping. On 19 September 2013, Neste Oil announced that it would sell its shipping business and the majority of its ships, including Mastera, to a new company owned by the Finnish insurance company Ilmarinen and the National Emergency Supply Agency. In 2019, Mastera was resold back to SEB Leasing.

Since 2017, Mastera was the only double acting tanker operating in the Baltic Sea after Tempera was sold overseas. While other double acting ships have been built, the tankers operated by Neste Shipping were the only ones equipped with a bulbous bow designed primarily with open water performance in mind — the tankers and container ships built for the Russian Arctic have a more traditional icebreaking bow due to the more severe ice conditions.

In September 2021, Mastera was transferred to the Norwegian International Ship Register. In January 2022, she was renamed Mikines and reflagged to Liberia. In March 2022, the 19-year-old Mikines appeared on list of tonnage sold for demolition, but resumed trading and was renamed Alma in June 2022.

In May 2023, Alma was recognized as one of the oil tankers transmitting a falsified automatic identification system (AIS) to circumvent the 2022 Russian crude oil price cap sanctions.

In September 2023, the ship was renamed Petali.

General characteristics
The double acting Aframax tanker is 252.0 m long overall and 237.59 m between perpendiculars. The moulded breadth and depth of her hull are 44.0 m and 22.5 m, respectively, and from keel to mast she measures 53.1 m. Her gross tonnage is 64,259 and net tonnage 30,846, and the deadweight tonnage corresponding to the draft at summer freeboard, 15.3 m, is 106,208 tons, slightly more than that of her sister ship. In ballast, the ship draws only 8.6 m of water.

The foreship of the tanker is designed for open water performance with a bulbous bow to maximize the hydrodynamic efficiency. The ship is, just like any other ice-strengthened vessel, also capable of running ahead in light ice conditions. The stern is, however, shaped like an icebreaker's bow, and the vessel is designed to operate independently in the most severe ice conditions of the Baltic Sea. For this purpose the ship is also equipped with two bridges for navigating in both directions. The ship is served by a crew of 15 to 20 depending on operating conditions during winter and maintenance work during summer.

The ship is classified by Lloyd's Register of Shipping.

Cargo tanks and handling
The ship has six pairs of heated, partially epoxy-coated cargo tanks and one pair of fully coated slop tanks, all divided by a longitudinal center bulkhead and protected by double hull, with a combined capacity of 121,158.2 m3 at 98% filling. For cargo handling she has three electrically driven cargo oil pumps with a capacity of 3,500 m3/h × 130 m and one cargo oil stripping pump rated for 300 m3/h × 130 m. The cargo can be loaded in 10 hours and discharged in 12 hours. Each cargo tank has two and both slop tanks one automated tank cleaning machines as well as holes for portable tank cleaning machines.

The ship's ballast water capacity of 46922.4 m3 is divided into sixteen segregated ballast tanks, six pairs in the double hull around the cargo tanks, two fore peak tanks and two aft peak tanks. She has two electrically driven ballast pumps rated at 2,500 m3/h × 35 m and 3,000 m3/h × 70 m. The ballast capacity is needed to maintain correct trim especially during drydocking — the empty ship has an aft trim of 3 m and an uneven weight distribution may damage the hull girder.

Power and propulsion
The ship has diesel-electric powertrain with four main generating sets, two nine-cylinder Wärtsilä 9L38B and two six-cylinder 6L38B four-stroke medium-speed diesel engines, with a combined output of 20 MW. The main engines are equipped with exhaust gas economizers. In addition Mastera has one auxiliary diesel generator that can be used when the ship is at port. The auxiliary generator, six-cylinder Wärtsilä 6L26A, has an output of 1.7 MW. While underway at 13.5 kn, the fuel consumption of the ship's main engines is 56 tons of heavy fuel oil per day when loaded and 40 tons per day in ballast. Her tanks can store 2890.1 m3 of heavy fuel oil for the main engines, 308.2 m3 of diesel oil for the auxiliary generator, steam boilers and inert gas system, and 63.2 m3 of lubrication oil.

When built, Mastera and her sister ship were the first tankers propelled by ABB Azipod electric azimuth thrusters capable of rotating 360 degrees around the vertical axis. The pulling-type VI2500 pods in these two ships, with a nominal output of 16 MW and 7.8 m fixed-pitch propellers turning at 86 rpm, are the most powerful ice-strengthened Azipod units ABB has ever produced. The forward-facing propeller increases the propulsion efficiency due to optimal water flow to the propeller and thus improves fuel efficiency. In addition an azimuthing thruster's ability to direct thrust to any direction also results in excellent manoeuvrability characteristics that exceeds those of ships utilizing traditional mechanical shaftlines and rudders. The turning circle of the Azipod-equipped double acting ships is only half a kilometer at full speed, half of that of a traditional oil tanker of the same size. This is a significant safety factor as the stopping distance of a traditional tanker can be up to 2.5 km.

For maneuvering at low speeds in harbours, the ship is also equipped with two 1,750kW bow thrusters.

Icebreaking capability
The icebreaking capability of the double acting tankers proved to be superior to other ships since the beginning — in shuttle service between Primorsk, Russia, and the Finnish refineries the tankers require no icebreaker assistance and have even acted as an icebreaker for other merchant ships that have utilized the wide channel opened by the Aframax tanker. However, this has not been intentional — when the world's largest 1A Super class ice tanker Stena Arctica, also owned by Neste Shipping, became stuck in ice outside the port of Primorsk during the winter of 2009–2010, a decision was made to leave the assisting to Russian icebreakers.

The ships have performed beyond expectations in both level ice up to 1 m thick, which can be broken in continuous motion at 3 kn, and ridges up to 13 m deep, which can be penetrated by either allowing the forward-facing propeller to mill (crush) the ice or breaking the ridge apart with the propeller wash. While the vessels have been immobilized occasionally by pack ice, they have been able to free themselves by using the rotating propeller pod to clear the ice around the hull.

title: MT Petali


text:
La Noumbi

La Noumbi is a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) unit operated by Perenco. The vessel, converted from the former Finnish Aframax crude oil tanker Tempera by Keppel Corporation, will replace an older FPSO unit in the Yombo field off the Republic of Congo in 2018.

Built at Sumitomo Heavy Industries in Japan in 2002, Tempera was the first ship to utilize the double acting tanker (DAT) concept in which the vessel is designed to travel ahead in open water and astern in severe ice conditions. Tempera and her sister ship Mastera, built in 2003, were used mainly to transport crude oil, year-round, from the Russian oil terminal in Primorsk to Neste Oil refineries in Porvoo and Naantali. In 2015, Neste sold Tempera to the oil and gas company Perenco for conversion to an FPSO.

Concept
Although icebreaking cargo ships had been built in the past, their hull forms were always compromises between open water performance and icebreaking capability. A good icebreaking bow, designed to break the ice by bending it under the ship's weight, has very poor open water characteristics and is subjected to slamming in heavy weather while a hydrodynamically efficient bulbous bow greatly increases the ice resistance. However, already in the late 1800s captains operating ships in icebound waters discovered that sometimes it was easier to break through ice by running their vessels astern. This was because the forward-facing propellers generated a water flow that lowered the resistance by reducing friction between the ship's hull and ice. These findings resulted in the adoption of bow propellers in older icebreakers operating in the Great Lakes and the Baltic Sea, but as forward-facing propellers have a very low propulsion efficiency and the steering ability of a ship is greatly reduced when running astern, it could not be considered a main operating mode for merchant ships.

For this reason it was not until the development of electric podded propulsion, ABB's Azipod, that the concept of double acting ships became feasible. The superiority of podded propulsion in icebreaking merchant ships, especially when running astern, was proved when Finnish product tankers Uikku and Lunni were converted to Azipod propulsion in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Even though the ships were originally designed with icebreaking capability in mind, after the conversion ice resistance in level ice when running astern was only 40% of that when breaking ice ahead despite the ships being equipped with an icebreaking bow and not designed to break ice astern.

Development and construction
Following the successful operation of the Azipod-converted tankers Uikku and Lunni in the Northern Sea Route, Kværner Masa-Yards Arctic Research Centre developed the first double acting tanker concept in the early 1990s. The 90,000 DWT tankers were designed to transport oil and gas condensate from the Pechora Sea in the Russian Arctic, where ice conditions during winter can be considered moderate and the ships would operate mainly in astern mode, first to Murmansk and then Rotterdam, where most of the distance can be travelled in open water year round. Other early double acting concepts included a similar ship with an icebreaking bow that would be utilized in summer time when the ship was traveling in areas with low ice concentration but with a risk of colliding with multi-year ice blocks.

In early 2000s Fortum Shipping, the transportation arm of the Finnish energy company Fortum, started a major fleet renewal program to increase the efficiency and reduce the average age of its vessels. The program also included replacing the company's old tankers, such as the 90,000-ton Natura, that were used to transport crude oil to the company's oil refineries in the Gulf of Finland. The old ships had traffic restrictions during the worst part of the winter because of their lower ice class of 1C and could not deliver their cargo all the way to the refineries in Porvoo and Naantali because they were denied icebreaker assistance. When this happened, the oil had to be transported to smaller ships of higher ice class at the edge of the ice — a practice that was both uneconomical and hazardous.

To solve these problems Kværner Masa-Yards Arctic Research Centre developed a new 100,000 DWT Aframax tanker concept together with Fortum Shipping, which ordered two vessels from Sumitomo Heavy Industries in 2001. The new ships were designed to the highest Finnish-Swedish ice class, 1A Super, and to be capable of operating in all ice conditions encountered in the Baltic Sea. The possibility to operate in the Pechora Sea was also taken into account in the design process. Extensive ice model tests confirmed the vessel's operational capability in level ice, rubble fields, ice channels and ridges.

The world's first double acting tanker and the largest 1A Super class oil tanker at that time, Tempera, was delivered from Yokosuka shipyard in late August 2002. She was awarded the Ship Of The Year 2002 award by the Society of Naval Architects of Japan (SNAJ). The second ship, Mastera, was delivered in the following year. Both ships were named after the company's oil products. While the price of the contract was not made public, the company later admitted that the 60–70 million euro estimate was "quite close to the truth". The ships were owned by ABB Credit, which leased them to Fortum for ten years. The leasing business was later sold to SEB Leasing.

Tempera (2002–2018)
Since the beginning, Tempera and Mastera were used primarily for year-round transportation of crude oil from the Russian oil terminal of Primorsk to company's own oil terminals in Porvoo and Naantali, where they have been the only ships capable of operating without delays or problems during the harshest winters. Occasionally they have carried cargoes in the Gulf of Bothnia and even outside the Baltic Sea depending on the amount of oil in the refineries' storage tanks. Tempera has also visited Murmansk, where she loaded crude oil from FSO Belokamenka. However, due to draft restrictions the ships could not carry a full cargo of 100,000 tons to the port of Naantali until April 2010 — they had to stop at Porvoo on the way and unload 20,000 tons of oil to reduce the draft of the vessel.

In 2005 Fortum's oil division was transferred to the re-established Neste Oil and the management of the ships, including the double acting tankers, was handed over to a subsidiary company Neste Shipping.

Throughout their career, Tempera and Mastera were the only double acting tankers operating in the Baltic Sea. While other double acting ships have been built in the recent years, the tankers operated by Neste Shipping are also the only ones equipped with a bulbous bow designed primarily with open water performance in mind — the tankers and container ships built for the Russian Arctic have a more traditional icebreaking bow due to the more severe ice conditions.

On 29 May 2015, Neste announced a decision to sell Tempera to Perenco.

La Noumbi (2018 onwards)
In 2017, Tempera left the Baltic Sea and sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, headed for Singapore where she would be converted to a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) unit at Keppel Corporation shipyard in 2017–2018, after which she would replace FPSO Conkouati at the Yombo field off the Republic of Congo. The conversion included installing additional accommodation capacity as well as production-related equipment.

The converted vessel was renamed La Noumbi on 26 July 2018.

General characteristics
Tempera is 252.0 m long overall and 237.59 m between perpendiculars. The moulded breadth and depth of her hull are 44.0 m and 22.5 m, respectively, and from keel to mast she measured 53.1 m. Her gross tonnage is 64,259 and net tonnage 30,846, and the deadweight tonnage corresponding to the draft at summer freeboard, 15.3 m, is 106,034 tons, slightly less than in Mastera. In ballast Tempera draws only 8.6 m of water.

The foreship of Tempera is designed for open water performance with a bulbous bow to maximize the hydrodynamic efficiency. The ship is, just like any other ice-strengthened vessel, also capable of running ahead in light ice conditions. The stern is, however, shaped like an icebreaker's bow, and Tempera is designed to operate independently in the most severe ice conditions of the Baltic Sea. For this purpose the ship is also equipped with two bridges for navigating in both directions. The ship is served by a crew of 15 to 20 depending on operating conditions during winter and maintenance work during summer.

Tempera is classified by Lloyd's Register of Shipping.

Cargo tanks and handling
Tempera has six pairs of heated, partially epoxy-coated cargo tanks and one pair of fully coated slop tanks, all divided by a longitudinal center bulkhead and protected by double hull, with a combined capacity of 121,158.2 m3 at 98% filling. For cargo handling she has three electrically driven cargo oil pumps with a capacity of 3,500 m3/h × 130 m and one cargo oil stripping pump rated for 300 m3/h × 130 m. The cargo can be loaded in 10 hours and discharged in 12 hours. Each cargo tank has two and both slop tanks one automated tank cleaning machines as well as holes for portable tank cleaning machines.

The ship's ballast water capacity of 46922.4 m3 is divided into sixteen segregated ballast tanks, six pairs in the double hull around the cargo tanks, two fore peak tanks and two aft peak tanks. She has two electrically driven ballast pumps rated at 2,500 m3/h × 35 m and 3,000 m3/h × 70 m. The ballast capacity is needed to maintain correct trim especially during drydocking — the empty ship has an aft trim of 3 m and an uneven weight distribution may damage the hull girder.

Power and propulsion
Tempera has diesel-electric powertrain with four main generating sets, two nine-cylinder Wärtsilä 9L38B and two six-cylinder 6L38B four-stroke medium-speed diesel engines, with a combined output of 20 MW. The main engines are equipped with exhaust gas economizers. In addition Tempera has one auxiliary diesel generator that can be used when the ship is at port. The auxiliary generator, six-cylinder Wärtsilä 6L26A, has an output of 1.7 MW. While underway at 13.5 kn, the fuel consumption of the ship's main engines is 56 tons of heavy fuel oil per day when loaded and 40 tons per day in ballast. Her tanks can store 2890.1 m3 of heavy fuel oil for the main engines, 308.2 m3 of diesel oil for the auxiliary generator, steam boilers and inert gas system, and 63.2 m3 of lubrication oil.

Tempera and her sister ship are the first tankers propelled by ABB Azipod electric azimuth thrusters capable of rotating 360 degrees around the vertical axis. The pulling-type VI2500 pods in these two ships, with a nominal output of 16 MW and 7.8 m fixed-pitch propellers turning at 86 rpm, are the most powerful ice-strengthened Azipod units ABB has ever produced. The forward-facing propeller increases the propulsion efficiency due to optimal water flow to the propeller and thus improves fuel efficiency. In addition an azimuthing thruster's ability to direct thrust to any direction also results in excellent manoeuvrability characteristics that exceeds those of ships utilizing traditional mechanical shaftlines and rudders. The turning circle of Mastera and Tempera is only half a kilometer at full speed, half of that of a traditional oil tanker of the same size. This is a significant safety factor as the stopping distance of a traditional tanker can be up to 2.5 km.

For maneuvering at low speeds in harbours, Tempera is also equipped with two 1,750kW bow thrusters.

Icebreaking capability
The icebreaking capability of the double acting tankers proved to be superior to other ships since the beginning — in shuttle service between Primorsk, Russia, and the Finnish refineries the tankers require no icebreaker assistance and have even acted as an icebreaker for other merchant ships that have utilized the wide channel opened by the Aframax tanker. However, this has not been intentional — when the world's largest 1A Super class ice tanker Stena Arctica, also owned by Neste Shipping, became stuck in ice outside the port of Primorsk during the winter of 2009–2010, a decision was made to leave the assisting to Russian icebreakers.

The ships have performed beyond expectations in both level ice up to 1 m thick, which can be broken in continuous motion at 3 kn, and ridges up to 13 m deep, which can be penetrated by either allowing the forward-facing propeller to mill (crush) the ice or breaking the ridge apart with the propeller wash. While the vessels have been immobilized occasionally by pack ice, they have been able to free themselves by using the rotating propeller pod to clear the ice around the hull.

title: La Noumbi