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Roselyne Bachelot

Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin, generally known as Roselyne Bachelot (née Narquin; born 24 December 1946), is a French politician who served as Minister of Culture in the government of Prime Minister Jean Castex (2020–2022) and as Minister of Solidarity and Social Cohesion (2010–2012) in the government of Prime Minister François Fillon. She was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, which was part of the European People's Party.

Early life and education
Bachelot was born as Roselyne Narquin on 24 December 1946 in Nevers, France. Her father Jean Narquin, was a résistant and gaullist député, and her mother was Yvette Le Dû, a native from Gourin, both dentists. She has a brother, Jean-Yves Narquin, who ran for the European Parliament as a member of the National Front in 2015. Bachelot received a Doctorate in Pharmacy.

Member of the French Parliament
From 1988 until 2002 and again in 2007, Bachelot was a member of the National Assembly, representing Maine-et-Loire's 1st constituency. During that time, she served on the Committee on Cultural Affairs.

Member of the European Parliament
From 2004 until 2007, Bachelot served as a Member of the European Parliament for the west of France. She was a member of the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. She also was a substitute on the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, a member of the delegation for relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Israel.

Career in government
From 2007 until 2010, Bachelot served as French Minister for Health and Sports. Since French ministers cannot be members of Parliament, she was forced to give up her seat in the European Parliament.

During her time in office, Bachelot implemented the planned prohibition on smoking in restaurants, bars, discos, casinos and other commercial pleasure enterprises in 2008. She notably issued a warning against excessive mobile phone use, especially by children. Also in 2008, she publicly endorsed legislation introduced by Valérie Boyer which would have made the promotion of extreme dieting a crime punishable by up to two years in prison and a fine of some $45,000; it passed the French lower house, but later failed in the Senate. She also encouraged the National Assembly of France to change the legal age to purchase alcohol in France from 16 to 18; the new law took effect in July 2009.

In 2009, Bachelot ordered 94 million vaccines from Sanofi Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis and Baxter International for the French Government at a cost of 869 million euros (and an option on 34 million additional vaccines in 2010) to fight against the H1N1 influenza virus; however, less than 10% of French population (about 6 million people) had been vaccinated by the end of the winter. She later canceled over half the flu vaccines ordered to combat the virus, in an effort to head off criticism after reserving too many shots.

In June 2010, Bachelot made headlines when she reduced some players of the France national football team to tears after the French players protested by refusing to practice in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Domenech, head coach at the time, called the strike "an aberration, an imbecility, a stupidity without name" Monday. During a following meeting, Roselyne Bachelot said "It's your kids, our children, for whom perhaps you will no longer be heroes. It is the dreams of your partners, your friends, your fans that you have perhaps broken. You have tarnished the image of France."

In November 2010, Bachelot was appointed Minister of Social Affairs alongside Marie-Anne Montchamp and Claude Greff in the third François Fillon government. She was supposed to reform the public healthcare system for elderly people, but, due to the budgetary restrictions made necessary by the 2008-2012 global recession, she had to abandon any reform project. After the victory of François Hollande at the French presidential election in 2012, she was replaced by Marisol Touraine. She announced that she would support former Prime Minister François Fillon for the Presidency of the Union for a Popular Movement.

Later career
From 2012, Bachelot was a contributor in the French adaptation of The View alongside to former evening news anchor Laurence Ferrari and others.

In March 2016, Bachelot commented on Rafael Nadal's 2012–2013 injury stating: "On sait à peu près que la fameuse blessure de Rafael Nadal qui a entraîné sept mois d’arrêt de compétition est très certainement due à un contrôle positif." In response Nadal sued Bachelot over her comments in April 2016. The case was won by Nadal in November 2017 with Bachelot ordered to pay him 12,000 Euros.

In a 2016 op-ed published by Sunday newspaper Le Journal du Dimanche, Bachelot joined sixteen other high-profile women from across the political spectrum –, including Élisabeth Guigou, Christine Lagarde, and Valérie Pécresse – in making a public vow to expose “all sexist remarks, inappropriate gestures and behaviour.”

On the eve of International Women's Day in 2018, Bachelot – alongside Marlène Schiappa and others – appeared in a performance of Eve Ensler's Vagina Monologues at the Bobino theater in Paris.

Return to politics
On 6 July 2020, Bachelot was appointed Minister of Culture in the government of Prime Minister Jean Castex, under the Presidency of Emmanuel Macron. During her time in office, Bachelot oversaw efforts to stabilize the financial situation of museums, cinemas and theatres affected by public health measures amid the COVID-19 pandemic in France. She also worked on a 2021 agreement with Benin's President Patrice Talon on the return of 26 artworks seized by France in the 19th century from the Royal Palaces of Abomey. His ministry applies from 2022 massive cuts in funding for archaeology, in the order of -25% to -50% depending on the region.

Other activities

 * French Institute for International and Strategic Affairs (IRIS), Vice-President of the Board of Directors

Political positions
Bachelot is a long-time supporter of same-sex marriage, and defied her party by speaking on the Assembly floor in favor of passing the PACs in 1999.

In 2005, Bachelot was one of the few prominent politicians who early and publicly defended Ségolène Royal's presidential bid – the first made by a woman in French history – ahead of the 2007 elections and denounced the sexist comments aimed at Royal.

In 2012, Bachelot successfully pleaded the case of two French feminist organizations – "Osez le féminisme!" ("Dare to be feminist!") and Les Chiennes de Garde (The Watchdogs) – with Prime Minister François Fillon who subsequently ordered the honorific "mademoiselle" – akin to "damsel" and the equivalent of "miss" – banished from official forms and registries across France.

Personal life
Bachelot is married to Jacques Bachelot. Her brother-in-law, François Bachelot, served in the National Assembly from 1986 to 1988 as a member of the National Front.

On 20 March 2021, Roselyne Bachelot tested positive for COVID-19. On 24 March 2021, she was hospitalized but her condition was determined as "stable and not worrisome."

Political career
Governmental functions

 * Minister for Solidarity and Social Cohesion: 2010–2012.
 * Minister of Health, Youth Affairs and Sports: 2007–2010.
 * Minister of Environment, Ecology and Sustainable Development: 2002–2004.

Electoral mandates

European Parliament

 * Member of European Parliament: 2004–2007 (Became minister in 2007, and reelected member of the National Assembly of France in 2007).

National Assembly of France

 * Member of the National Assembly of France for Maine-et-Loire (1st constituency) : 1988–2002 (Became minister in 2002) / Reelected in 2007, but she became minister. Elected in 1988, reelected in 1993, 1997, 2002, 2007.

Regional Council

 * Vice-president of the Regional Council of Pays de la Loire : 2001–2004.
 * Regional councillor of Pays de la Loire: 1986–2007 (Resignation). Reelected in 1992, 1998, 2004.

General Council

 * General councillor of Maine-et-Loire: 1982–1988.

Radio

 * Since 2014 : Les pieds dans le plat on Europe 1
 * Since Fall 2015 : Les Grosses Têtes on RTL

title: Roselyne Bachelot


text:
Christine de Veyrac

Christine de Veyrac (born 6 November 1959 in Toulouse) is a French politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1999 until 2014. She is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, which is part of the European People's Party.

In parliament, De Veyrac served on the Committee on Transport and Tourism. She was also a substitute for the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, a member of the delegation for relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Israel.

She used to be the parliamentary attaché of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

Career

 * Master's degree in international public law (Toulouse, 1983)
 * National Secretary of the UMP (since 2003)
 * Deputy Mayor of Toulouse with responsibility for international and European relations (since 2001)
 * Member of the bureau of the Greater Toulouse Urban Area Community Council
 * Secretary of the Town Planning and Aviation and Space Development Committee,
 * Member of the European Parliament (from 1999)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Christine de Veyrac


text:
Poincaré metric

In mathematics, the Poincaré metric, named after Henri Poincaré, is the metric tensor describing a two-dimensional surface of constant negative curvature. It is the natural metric commonly used in a variety of calculations in hyperbolic geometry or Riemann surfaces.

There are three equivalent representations commonly used in two-dimensional hyperbolic geometry. One is the Poincaré half-plane model, defining a model of hyperbolic space on the upper half-plane. The Poincaré disk model defines a model for hyperbolic space on the unit disk. The disk and the upper half plane are related by a conformal map, and isometries are given by Möbius transformations. A third representation is on the punctured disk, where relations for q-analogues are sometimes expressed. These various forms are reviewed below.

Overview of metrics on Riemann surfaces
A metric on the complex plane may be generally expressed in the form

 * $$ds^2=\lambda^2(z,\overline{z})\, dz\,d\overline{z}$$

where λ is a real, positive function of $$z$$ and $$\overline{z}$$. The length of a curve γ in the complex plane is thus given by
 * $$l(\gamma)=\int_\gamma \lambda(z,\overline{z})\, |dz|$$

The area of a subset of the complex plane is given by

 * $$\text{Area}(M)=\int_M \lambda^2 (z,\overline{z})\,\frac{i}{2}\,dz \wedge d\overline{z}$$

where $$\wedge$$ is the exterior product used to construct the volume form. The determinant of the metric is equal to $$\lambda^4$$, so the square root of the determinant is $$\lambda^2$$. The Euclidean volume form on the plane is $$dx\wedge dy$$ and so one has

 * $$dz \wedge d\overline{z}=(dx+i\,dy)\wedge (dx-i \, dy)= -2i\,dx\wedge dy.$$

A function $$\Phi(z,\overline{z})$$ is said to be the potential of the metric if

 * $$4\frac{\partial}{\partial z}

\frac{\partial}{\partial \overline{z}} \Phi(z,\overline{z})=\lambda^2(z,\overline{z}).$$

The Laplace–Beltrami operator is given by

 * $$\Delta = \frac{4}{\lambda^2}

\frac {\partial}{\partial z} \frac {\partial}{\partial \overline{z}} = \frac{1}{\lambda^2} \left( \frac {\partial^2}{\partial x^2} + \frac {\partial^2}{\partial y^2} \right).$$

The Gaussian curvature of the metric is given by

 * $$K=-\Delta \log \lambda.\,$$

This curvature is one-half of the Ricci scalar curvature.

Isometries preserve angles and arc-lengths. On Riemann surfaces, isometries are identical to changes of coordinate: that is, both the Laplace–Beltrami operator and the curvature are invariant under isometries. Thus, for example, let S be a Riemann surface with metric $$\lambda^2(z,\overline{z})\, dz \, d\overline{z}$$ and T be a Riemann surface with metric $$\mu^2(w,\overline{w})\, dw\,d\overline{w}$$. Then a map

 * $$f:S\to T\,$$

with $$f=w(z)$$ is an isometry if and only if it is conformal and if

 * $$\mu^2(w,\overline{w}) \;

\frac {\partial w}{\partial z} \frac {\partial \overline {w}} {\partial \overline {z}} = \lambda^2 (z, \overline {z}) $$.

Here, the requirement that the map is conformal is nothing more than the statement

 * $$w(z,\overline{z})=w(z),$$

that is,

 * $$\frac{\partial}{\partial \overline{z}} w(z) = 0.$$

Metric and volume element on the Poincaré plane
The Poincaré metric tensor in the Poincaré half-plane model is given on the upper half-plane H as

 * $$ds^2=\frac{dx^2+dy^2}{y^2}=\frac{dz \, d\overline{z}}{y^2}$$

where we write $$dz=dx+i\,dy$$ and $$d\overline{z}=dx-i\,dy$$. This metric tensor is invariant under the action of SL(2,R). That is, if we write

 * $$z'=x'+iy'=\frac{az+b}{cz+d}$$

for $$ad-bc=1$$ then we can work out that

 * $$x'=\frac{ac(x^2+y^2)+x(ad+bc)+bd}{|cz+d|^2}$$

and

 * $$y'=\frac{y}{|cz+d|^2}.$$

The infinitesimal transforms as

 * $$dz'= \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \Big(\frac{az+b}{cz+d}\Big) \, dz = \frac{a (cz+d) - c(az+b)}{(cz+d)^2} \, dz = \frac{acz+ad - caz-cb}{(cz+d)^2} \, dz = \frac{ad-cb}{(cz+d)^2} \, dz \,\,\overset{ad-cb = 1}{=}\,\, \frac{1}{(cz+d)^2} \, dz = \frac{dz}{(cz+d)^2}$$

and so

 * $$dz'd\overline{z}' = \frac{dz\,d\overline{z}}{|cz+d|^4}$$

thus making it clear that the metric tensor is invariant under SL(2,R). Indeed,

 * $$\frac{dz' \, d\overline{z}'}{y'^2} = \frac{\frac{dz d\overline{z}}{|cz+d|^4}}{\frac{y^2}{|cz+d|^4}} = \frac{dz \, d\overline{z}}{y^2}. $$

The invariant volume element is given by

 * $$d\mu=\frac{dx\,dy}{y^2}.$$

The metric is given by

 * $$\rho(z_1,z_2)=2\tanh^{-1}\frac{|z_1-z_2|}{|z_1-\overline{z_2}|}$$

 * $$\rho(z_1,z_2)=\log\frac{|z_1-\overline{z_2}|+|z_1-z_2|}{|z_1-\overline{z_2}|-|z_1-z_2|}$$

for $$z_1,z_2 \in \mathbb{H}.$$

Another interesting form of the metric can be given in terms of the cross-ratio. Given any four points $$z_1, z_2, z_3$$ and $$z_4$$ in the compactified complex plane $$\hat{\Complex} = \Complex \cup \{\infty\},$$ the cross-ratio is defined by

 * $$(z_1, z_2; z_3, z_4) = \frac{(z_1-z_3)(z_2-z_4)}{(z_1-z_4)(z_2-z_3)}.$$

Then the metric is given by

 * $$ \rho(z_1,z_2)= \log \left (z_1, z_2; z_1^\times, z_2^\times \right ).$$

Here, $$z_1^\times$$ and $$z_2^\times$$ are the endpoints, on the real number line, of the geodesic joining $$z_1$$ and $$z_2$$. These are numbered so that $$z_1$$ lies in between $$z_1^\times$$ and $$z_2$$.

The geodesics for this metric tensor are circular arcs perpendicular to the real axis (half-circles whose origin is on the real axis) and straight vertical lines ending on the real axis.

Conformal map of plane to disk
The upper half plane can be mapped conformally to the unit disk with the Möbius transformation

 * $$w=e^{i\phi}\frac{z-z_0}{z-\overline {z_0}}$$

where w is the point on the unit disk that corresponds to the point z in the upper half plane. In this mapping, the constant z0 can be any point in the upper half plane; it will be mapped to the center of the disk. The real axis $$\Im z =0$$ maps to the edge of the unit disk $$|w|=1.$$ The constant real number $$\phi$$ can be used to rotate the disk by an arbitrary fixed amount.

The canonical mapping is

 * $$w=\frac{iz+1}{z+i}$$

which takes i to the center of the disk, and 0 to the bottom of the disk.

Metric and volume element on the Poincaré disk
The Poincaré metric tensor in the Poincaré disk model is given on the open unit disk

 * $$U= \left \{z=x+iy:|z|=\sqrt{x^2+y^2} < 1 \right \}$$

by

 * $$ds^2=\frac{4(dx^2+dy^2)}{(1-(x^2+y^2))^2}=\frac{4 dz\,d\overline{z}}{(1-|z|^2)^2}.$$

The volume element is given by

 * $$d\mu=\frac{4 dx\,dy}{(1-(x^2+y^2))^2}=\frac{4 dx\,dy}{(1-|z|^2)^2}.$$

The Poincaré metric is given by

 * $$\rho(z_1,z_2)=2\tanh^{-1}\left|\frac{z_1-z_2}{1-z_1\overline{z_2}}\right|$$

for $$z_1,z_2 \in U.$$

The geodesics for this metric tensor are circular arcs whose endpoints are orthogonal to the boundary of the disk. Geodesic flows on the Poincaré disk are Anosov flows; that article develops the notation for such flows.

The punctured disk model

A second common mapping of the upper half-plane to a disk is the q-mapping

 * $$q=\exp(i\pi\tau)$$

where q is the nome and τ is the half-period ratio:
 * $$ \tau = \frac{\omega_2}{\omega_1} $$.

In the notation of the previous sections, τ is the coordinate in the upper half-plane $$\Im \tau >0$$. The mapping is to the punctured disk, because the value q=0 is not in the image of the map.

The Poincaré metric on the upper half-plane induces a metric on the q-disk

 * $$ds^2=\frac{4}{|q|^2 (\log |q|^2)^2} dq \, d\overline{q}$$

The potential of the metric is

 * $$\Phi(q,\overline{q})=4 \log \log |q|^{-2}$$

Schwarz lemma
The Poincaré metric is distance-decreasing on harmonic functions. This is an extension of the Schwarz lemma, called the Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem.

title: Poincaré metric


text:
Marie-Hélène Descamps

Marie-Hélène Descamps (5 July 1938 – 2 August 2020) was a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for Central France. She was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, part of the European People's Party.

title: Marie-Hélène Descamps


text:
Category:Sampling techniques

This category is for techniques for statistical sampling from real-world populations, used in observational studies and surveys.

For techniques for sampling random numbers from desired probability distributions, see category:Monte Carlo methods.

title: Category:Sampling techniques


text:
Isolecithal

Isolecithal (Greek iso = equal, lekithos = yolk) refers to the even distribution of yolk in the cytoplasm of ova of mammals and other vertebrates, notably fishes of the families Petromyzontidae, Amiidae, and Lepisosteidae. Isolecithal cells have two equal hemispheres of yolk. However, during cellular development, normally under the influence of gravity, some of the yolk settles to the bottom of the egg, producing an uneven distribution of yolky hemispheres. Such uneven cells are known as telolecithal and are common where there is sufficient yolk mass.

In the absence of a large concentration of yolk, four major cleavage types can be observed in isolecithal cells: radial holoblastic, spiral holoblastic, bilateral holoblastic, and rotational holoblastic cleavage. These holoblastic cleavage planes pass all the way through isolecithal zygotes during the process of cytokinesis. Coeloblastula is the next stage of development for eggs that undergo this radial cleavage. In mammals, because the isolecithal cells have only a small amount of yolk, they require immediate implantation onto the uterine wall to receive nutrients.

title: Isolecithal


text:
Phi Sigma Pi

Phi Sigma Pi National Honor Fraternity (ΦΣΠ) is a gender-inclusive/mixed-sex national honor fraternity based in the United States. The fraternity is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization incorporated in the state of Pennsylvania to foster scholarship, leadership, and fellowship. Phi Sigma Pi chapters are at more than 140 four-year collegiate institutions.

History
Interested in creating an honor society at State Teachers College at Warrensburg (now the University of Central Missouri), professors Dr. Eldo L. Hendricks, Dr. Claude A. Phillips, and Dr. Clarence H. McClure contacted Phi Beta Kappa. Phi Beta Kappa policy stated that chapters could only be established on campuses of qualified liberal arts colleges and universities; the State Teachers College at Warrensburg did not meet this requirement. They also contacted Omicron Delta Kappa and nationally known social fraternities which all had the same requirements as Phi Beta Kappa.

On February 14, 1916, Hendricks, Phillips, and McClure founded a new fraternity named Phi Sigma Pi Honorary Professional Fraternity when they could not find an existing fraternity to establish a chapter on their campus. Hendricks was the first to sign the fraternity's roll book, becoming known as Alpha 1, followed by Phillips and McClure. Its founders included three professors (the founding fathers) and ten male students. • Dr. Eldo L. Hendricks

• Dr. Claude A. Phillips

• Dr. Clarence H. McClure

• Alfred V. Thayer

• J. A. Leach

• Roland W. Grinstead

• Ray F. Perkins

• W. C. Fowler

• R. G. Bigelow

• Arthur Kresge

• John Doak

• Harold Patterson

• Harry Hill

Phi Sigma Pi's established ideals for its members called the Tripod: scholarship, leadership and fellowship:  The Alpha chapter inducted twelve new members the next year and continued to grow. In 1921 the fraternity became national adding the Beta chapter at Northeast Missouri State University and the Gamma chapter at Bradley University. Other chapters were added during the 1920s and early 1930s.

Several chapters closed throughout the 1930s during the Great Depression. In late 1942, the remaining fifteen chapters went inactive because of World War II. Many schools had such low enrollments, that the state legislatures considered closing them permanently. The war also prevented the 1943 Grand Chapter Convention where the election of new National Officers would have taken place. The existing officers continued to guide the fraternity and its ultimate reorganization until the next Grand Chapter meeting could be held.

By the fall of 1946, all but one of the chapters before the war were reactivated. The exception was the Mu chapter at State Teachers College. It took the fraternity decades to recover the momentum that it had gained throughout the 1920s and 1930s.

Since the fraternity had gone national in 1921, the leaders at the national level had been faculty advisors of the chapters and active alumni. By 1950, contact with alumni was critically affected by the war and the faculty advisors who guided the fraternity through two decades were ready to retire. By 1954, Clair B. Wilson, James M. McCallister (Alpha), James K. Stoner, and long-time regional director Simon S. Shearer (Omicron) were gone. Death claimed Beecher Flanagan in 1950 and Sanders P. McComsey (Sigma) in 1955.

The regional director system was retired to utilize the leadership of the national officer positions. At the same time, The Lampadion ceased publication, leaving the Purple & Gold as the sole communication between the chapters and the national office. The fraternity was incorporated nationally in Illinois on April 25, 1949.

Two of the fraternity's most dedicated national officers from this era were Joseph Torchia (Sigma) and Richard C. Todd (Sigma). Torchia was employed at his alma mater as an associate professor of education from 1946 to 1975. The Outstanding Chapter Award was created in 1957 and was renamed the Joseph Torchia Outstanding Chapter Award in 1970. Todd served as the Tau chapter advisor for many years and held virtually every officer position on the national council. At East Carolina University, Todd was an outstanding history professor and advisor to many undergraduate organizations. Dr. Todd and his wife established several scholarships, including Phi Sigma Pi's Richard C. Todd & Clauda Pennock Todd Tripod Scholarship.

With the assistance of Henry W. Olsen (Rho); Leroy G. Pulver (Pi); Perry McCandless (Alpha); and Abram Foster (Sigma), Todd, and Torchia led the fraternity to the realization that while the fraternity was stable, stagnation was setting in. At the October 1, 1966 Grand Chapter Convention in Washington D.C., president Abram Foster said, "We have remained stagnant and this is not good. We are losing the opportunity to spread the purposes of Phi Sigma Pi. We must act." At the time, colleges and universities were openly discouraging social fraternities, while promoting honor organizations and scholarships.

Seeing that Phi Sigma Pi had always placed exceptional emphasis on scholarship—the premise being that good teachers were also good scholars—its leaders suggested an honor fraternity model which stressed scholarship, leadership, and fellowship. This concept preserved the tripod and created new expansion opportunities.

Thus, the fraternity evolved from being an honorary professional fraternity to a professional education fraternity, and then, in 1966, into an honor fraternity for all disciplines. Formerly all-male, Phi Sigma Pi first admitted women in 1977. Since 1996, the fraternity's national office is located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The fraternity publishes the Purple and Gold magazine for collegiate members and The Lampadion for alumni.

Symbols
The badge is a monogram of the letters ΦΣΠ linked diagonally. The Phi may be enhanced with pearls. The Centennial badge allowed for contrasting purple stones on the center stroke of the Phi.

Distinguished service keys bearing the coat of arms are awarded to chapter presidents and secretaries who perform their duties faithfully and efficiently by the Grand Chapter.

The fraternity's colors are purple and gold.

Chapters
The fraternity has more than 140 chapters located across the United States.

Members
Phi Sigma Pi became co-educational in 1977. Phi Sigma Pi membership is open to students at four-year collegiate institutions who have earned a 3.0 cumulative grade point average (on a 4.00 scale, where 4.00 is equivalent to a grade of "A") for at least one semester or a quarter of collegiate work. Chapters can raise this requirement but cannot lower it. Only a handful of new members are accepted each semester, meaning that the bid process is competitive and meeting the GPA requirement does not guarantee membership.

Philanthropy
Between 2007 and 2014, Phi Sigma Pi chapters raised $67,104.47 for the Teach For America National Philanthropy and sent 672 members and alumni to Teach for America regions and schools. In 2015, Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (HOBY) became Phi Sigma Pi's National Philanthropy.

Scholarships
The fraternity offers several scholarships for its members, including The Richard Cecil Todd and Clauda Pennock Todd Tripod Scholarship, the Rolla F. Wood Graduate Scholarship, and the Lloyd G. Balfour Fellowship.

Alumni chapters and associations
The fraternity has several alumni chapters, including Baltimore Metro Area, Capital, Delaware Valley, Middle Tennessee, New York Metro Area, and Southern Appalachian. There are also three alumni associations, including Detroit Area, Greater Boston, and Pittsburgh Area.

title: Phi Sigma Pi


text:
Patrick Gaubert

Patrick Gaubert (born 6 July 1948) is a Paris-born French politician who was a Member of the European Parliament for the Île-de-France through 2009. He is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, which is part of the European People's Party, and was vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs. He was also a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the delegation for relations with Israel.

Gaubert was one of six Members of the European Parliament who participated in the European Union's observer mission in Togo for the October 2007 Togolese parliamentary election.

Career

 * Doctor of dental surgery, attached to the Paris hospitals
 * Special adviser in the office of the Minister for the Interior (France), with responsibility for measures against racism (1986–1988)
 * Special adviser in the office of the Minister of State and Minister for the Interior and Regional Planning (both France), with responsibility for combating racism and xenophobia (1993–1995)
 * Coordinator of national and departmental units in France for combating racism, anti-Semitism and xenophobia
 * Member of Courbevoie (France) Municipal Council
 * Chairman of the RPR group on Courbevoie (France) Municipal Council (1982–1986)
 * President of the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism (LICRA) (since 1999)
 * Member of the Internet Ethics Committee (since 2004)
 * Knight of the (French) National Order of Merit (1995)
 * Knight of the (French) Legion of Honour (2001)

title: Patrick Gaubert


text:
Opti

Opti may refer to
 * OPTi Inc., a manufacturer of computer components
 * Daihatsu Opti, a car
 * OPTI Canada, an oil company
 * Optimist (dinghy), a type of boat
 * OptiRTC, a software company

title: Opti


text:
Fistulotomy

A fistulotomy is the surgical opening of a fistulous tract. They can be performed by excision of the tract and surrounding tissue, simple division of the tract, or gradual division and assisted drainage of the tract in a seton; a cord passed through the tract in a loop that is slowly tightened over a period of days or weeks.

Fistulas can occur in various areas of the human body, and the location of the fistula influences the necessity of the procedure. Some, such as ano-vaginal and perianal fistulas are chronic conditions, and normally will not heal without surgical intervention.

title: Fistulotomy


text:
User:BlueGenes

It is a privilege to be able to participate in this important and fascinating Wikipedia project. In today's world, knowledge is power and the more people that have access to knowledge, the better.

title: User:BlueGenes


text:
GDK

GDK (GIMP Drawing Kit) is a library that acts as a wrapper around the low-level functions provided by the underlying windowing and graphics systems. GDK lies between the display server and the GTK library, handling basic rendering such as drawing primitives, raster graphics (bitmaps), cursors, fonts, as well as window events and drag-and-drop functionality.

Like GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK), GDK is part of GTK and licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

Software architecture

GTK is implemented on top of an abstraction layer called GDK, freeing GTK from low-level concerns like input gathering, Drag and drop and pixel format conversion. GDK is an intermediate layer which separates GTK from the details of the windowing system.

GDK is an important part of GTK's portability. Since low-level cross-platform functionality is already provided by GLib, all that is needed to make GTK run on other platforms is to port GDK to the underlying operating system's graphics layer. Hence, the GDK ports to the Windows API and Quartz are what enable GTK applications to run on Windows and macOS, respectively.

Starting with GTK+ 2.8, GDK supports Cairo which should be used with GTK+ 3 instead of GDK's drawing functions.

GDK is an intermediate layer which isolates GTK from the details of the windowing system. GDK is a thin wrapper around Xlib. The X Window System comes with a low-level library called Xlib. Almost every function in GDK is a very thin wrapper around a corresponding Xlib function; but some of the complexity (and functionality) of Xlib is hidden, to simplify programming and to make GDK easier to port to other windowing systems, such as Wayland or Microsoft Windows. The concealed Xlib functionality will rarely be of interest to application programmers; for example, many features used solely by window managers are not exposed in GDK.

GDK lets you do low level stuff, like e.g. "blit this pixmap to the screen".

GDK provides a layer that is much more portable than say the X protocol, without sacrificing any of the low-level accessibility that systems such as X provide. The true power of this abstraction is that if you choose to use it rather than say, X, your software will automatically render on the Linux Framebuffer and Windows.

Having OpenGL (or OpenGL ES) support in GDK, facilitates a slightly better control of the graphics pipeline; OpenGL is well suited for compositing textured data but totally unsuited for drawing.

GdkFrameClock
GdkFrameClock was added in GTK 3.8

While GTK applications remain mainloop driven (cf. Glib event loop), meaning the application is idle inside this main loop most of the time and just waits for something to happen and then calls the appropriate subroutine when it does, GdkFrameClock adds an additional mechanism, that gives a "pulse" to the application. It tells the application when to update and repaint a window. The beat rate can be synchronized with the monitor refresh rate.

GTK Scene Graph Kit
In its history GDK contained and linked with a couple of different Canvases.
 * https://wiki.gnome.org/Attic/ProjectRidley/CanvasOverview
 * https://wiki.gnome.org/Attic/ProjectRidley/CanvasOverview/Canvases
 * https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GooCanvas

Developers were also considering new directions for the library, including removing deprecated API components and adding an integrated scene graph (canvas) system, similar to the Clutter graphics library, effectively integrating GTK with OpenGL and Vulkan.

 * GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK)

GTK+ Scene Graph Kit (GSK) was released as part of GTK+ 3.90 in March 2017. It is the scene graph and rendering API for GTK. GSK has not been further integrated with GDK (which is also part of GTK) but is kept in its own directory.

Windowing systems
GDK contains back-ends to a couple of windowing systems, namely to the X11 and Wayland protocols, to Quartz and GDI, and even to the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) engine Broadway.

With the release of GNOME 3.16 in March 2015, GDK obtained an experimental back-end for the Mir display server protocol. The Mir display server protocol is a product by Canonical for their Ubuntu distribution of Linux, which they intend to compete with the Wayland display server protocol; so far, it is implemented only in Ubuntu.

At present, no back-end exists for KMS.

To start an application and force this instance of it to use a certain windowing system, you specify the variable GDK_BACKEND:

gdk-pixbuf
gdk-pixbuf is a toolkit for image loading and pixel buffer manipulation. The library provides image loading and saving facilities, fast scaling and compositing of pixbufs, simple animation loading (i.e. animated GIFs), and rendering the libart image buffer to a GdkDrawable instance.

gdk-pixbuf has a fairly large API.

The fundamental structure in the gdk-pixbuf library is GdkPixbuf, a private, opaque data structure that mirrors many of the same concepts that ArtPixBuf supports. In fact, most of GdkPixbuf's private data fields have the same names and data types as the corresponding ones in ArtPixBuf. This similarity dates back to the earlier days when gdk-pixbuf was a wrapper around libart. Since that time, the libart dependency has been stripped out, and gdk-pixbuf was merged into the GTK+ 2.0 code base. As such, gdk-pixbuf's days as a standalone library are limited to the GNOME 1 release.

With the release of GTK+ 2.22 on 2010-09-23, gdk-pixbuf has been turned back into a standalone library, after being shipped as part of GTK+ since gtk+ 2.0. This was done in preparation for the transition to GTK+ 3.

 * https://git.gnome.org/browse/gdk-pixbuf/

The first stand-alone release was 2.22 on 2010-Sep-21, its development started with 2.21.3 on 2010-06-23.

History
GDK was originally developed on the X Window System for the GIMP raster graphics editor.

title: GDK


text:
Françoise Grossetête

Françoise Grossetête (born 17 May 1946 in Lyon) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the South-East of France from 1994 until 2019. She is a member of The Republicans; part of the European People's Party.

Early life and career

 * Degree in public law and political science (1969) – Higher Certificate in Social and Labour Law (1969).
 * Lecturer in law in higher education (1969–1974)
 * Parliamentary assistant (1988–1997)

Career in French politics

 * Federal secretary, Loire Republican Party (1984–1994)
 * Member of the Démocratie Libérale policy bureau and national secretary for equal opportunities (until 1998)
 * National Vice-Chairwoman of the DL party, with responsibility for European and environmental issues (until 2002)
 * National secretary of the UMP (since 2002) and Vice-Chairwoman of the Loire UMP Federation (2002)
 * Member of Saint-Étienne Municipal Council (1983–2001)
 * Member of Rhône-Alpes Regional Council (1986–1998)
 * Member of the Saint-Étienne Métropole Urban Area Community Council (since 2001)
 * Second Deputy Mayor of Saint-Étienne (since 2001)

Member of the European Parliament, 1994–2019
Grossetête was first elected Member of the European Parliament in the 1994 European elections. Throughout her time in office, she served on the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. In this capacity, she was the Parliament’s rapporteur on veterinary medicines. In 2010, she led the Parliament’s negotiations the directive on patients' rights in cross-border healthcare.

In 2016, Grossetête also joined the Committee of Inquiry into Emission Measurements in the Automotive Sector. She previously served as member of the Temporary Committee on Climate Change (2007-2009), the Temporary Committee on Improving Safety at Sea (2003-2004) and the Temporary Committee on Foot and Mouth Disease (2002). She represented the Parliament at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris.

In addition to her committee assignments, Grossetête was a member of the Parliament’s delegation for relations EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee since 2014. She previously served as a member of the delegations with the Gulf States, including Yemen, (2004-2014), with Australia and New Zealand (2007-2009), and with Cyprus (1994-2004), among others. From 2010 to 2011, she also served as co-coordinator of the European Parliament’s High-Level Contact Group for Relations with the Turkish Cypriot Community in the Northern Part of the Island (CYTR).

Ahead of the 2014 European elections, Grossetête lost her spot at the top of the UMP party list for the southwest constituency to Renaud Muselier and instead became number two on the list. After the elections, she was voted vice chairwoman of the European People's Party Group (EPP) under the leadership of chairman Manfred Weber.

In 2014, Grossetête proposed to establish a European Parliament Intergroup on Health for Citizens, including stakeholders such as the European Cancer Patients Association and the Organisation for European Cancer Institutes. She is a member of the MEP Heart Group (sponsored by the European Heart Network (EHN) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)), a group of parliamentarians who have an interest in promoting measures that will help reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).

In 2015, Grossetête and Jacek Saryusz-Wolski guided the EPP’s working groups on economy and environment and foreign affairs in developing options for getting the EU to speak with a unified voice on external energy security matters.

Other activities

 * French Federation of Regional Parks, First Vice-Chairwoman
 * Pilat Regional Natural Park, Chairwoman of the Administration (since 1989)
 * Loire departmental air quality network, Chairwoman (since 1991)

Political positions
Following the 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom’s European Union membership, Grossetête proposed that her hometown Lyon should be the new location for the London-based European Medicines Agency.

title: Françoise Grossetête


text:
Palace of Ardashir

The Palace of Ardashir Pāpakan (in, Kākh-e Ardashir-e Pāpakān), also known as the Atash-kadeh آتشکده, is a castle located on the slopes of the mountain on which Dezh Dokhtar is situated. Built in AD 224 by King Ardashir I of the Sassanian Empire, it is located two kilometers (1.2 miles) north of the ancient city of Gor, i.e. the old city of Artakhsher Khwarah/Khor Adashir/Gor Adesheer (Glory of [king] Ardasher) in Pars, in ancient Persia (Iran). The ancient city where the palace is located, was renamed "Peroz" (lit. victorious) after Ardashir established the Sassanian Empire by overthrowing Ardavan, the last Parthian king. After the Arabian conquest, Peroz was called Firuz, and the name remained. The modern city of Firuzabad is hence, of important significance in Persian history.

Description
The structure contains three domes, among other features, making it slightly larger and more magnificent than its predecessor, the nearby castle of Dezh Dokhtar. However, it seems that the compound was designed to display the royalty image of Ardashir I, rather than being a fortified structure for defense purposes. That is why perhaps it would be best to refer to the structure as a "palace" rather than a "castle", even though it has huge walls on the perimeters (twice as thick as Ghal'eh Dokhtar), and is a contained structure. From the architectural design, it seems the palace was more of a place of social gathering where guests would be introduced to the imperial throne.

What is particularly interesting about this palace is that its architectural design does not exactly fall into that of the Parthians or even Sassanian category; the design is a unique design particular to architects of Fars.

The palace was built next to a picturesque pond that was fed by a natural spring, perhaps in connection with the Persian goddess of water and growth, Anahita. The spring is thought to have fed a royal garden, in the same way that Cyrus had his garden (bustan) built at Pasargadae. The pond was tiled on its sides, surrounded by pavement for guests of the royal court to enjoy the evenings by.

The structure is 104 m (340 ft) by 55 m (180 ft). The iwan is 18 m (60 ft) high, although it has partially collapsed. The structure was built of local rocks and mortar with plasterwork on the insides. The style of the interior design is comparable to that of Tachara palace at Persepolis.

In modern times
Jane Dieulafoy visited the site with her husband, Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy, and described it in La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane.

Robert Byron was there in February 1934, and wrote about his visit in The Road to Oxiana. Byron considered the Palace to include the prototype of the squinch. In his view, buildings such as St. Peter's Basilica and the Taj Mahal would not have existed without the squinch and the pendentive.

Iran has tentatively listed the Palace of Ardashir and other sites in and around Firouzabad as a possible UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.

title: Palace of Ardashir


text:
Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Vasoactive intestinal peptide, also known as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP, is a peptide hormone that is vasoactive in the intestine. VIP is a peptide of 28 amino acid residues that belongs to a glucagon/secretin superfamily, the ligand of class II G protein–coupled receptors. VIP is produced in many tissues of vertebrates including the gut, pancreas, cortex, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain. VIP stimulates contractility in the heart, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers arterial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gallbladder. In humans, the vasoactive intestinal peptide is encoded by the VIP gene.

VIP has a half-life (t½) in the blood of about two minutes.

In the digestive system
In the digestive system, VIP seems to induce smooth muscle relaxation (lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, gallbladder), stimulate secretion of water into pancreatic juice and bile, and cause inhibition of gastric acid secretion and absorption from the intestinal lumen. Its role in the intestine is to greatly stimulate secretion of water and electrolytes, as well as relaxation of enteric smooth muscle, dilating peripheral blood vessels, stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, and inhibiting gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. These effects work together to increase motility. It also has the function of stimulating pepsinogen secretion by chief cells. VIP seems to be an important neuropeptide during inflammatory bowel diseases since the communication between mast cells and VIP in colitis, as in Crohn's disease, is upregulated.

In the heart
It is also found in the heart and has significant effects on the cardiovascular system. It causes coronary vasodilation as well as having a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect. Research is being performed to see if it may have a beneficial role in the treatment of heart failure. VIP provokes vaginal lubrication, doubling the total volume of lubrication produced.

In the brain
VIP is also found in the brain and some autonomic nerves:

One region includes a specific area of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the location of the 'master circadian pacemaker'. See SCN and circadian rhythm below. VIP in the pituitary helps to regulate prolactin secretion; it stimulates prolactin release in the domestic turkey. Additionally, the growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) is a member of the VIP family and stimulates growth hormone secretion in the anterior pituitary gland.

VIP is also expressed in a subtype of inhibitory interneuron in various regions of the brain.

Mechanisms
VIP binds to both VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. When VIP binds to VPAC2 receptors, a G-alpha-mediated signaling cascade is triggered. In a number of systems, VIP binding activates adenyl cyclase activity leading to increases in cAMP and PKA. The PKA then activates other intracellular signaling pathways like the phosphorylation of CREB and other transcriptional factors. The mPer1 and mPer2 promoters have CRE domains and thus provides the mechanism for VIP to regulate the molecular clock itself. Then it will activate gene expression pathways such as Per1 and Per2 in circadian rhythm.

In addition, GABA levels are connected to VIP in that they are co-released. Sparse GABAergic connections are thought to decrease synchronized firing. While GABA controls the amplitude of SCN neuronal rhythms, it is not critical for maintaining synchrony. However, if GABA release is dynamic, it may mask or amplify synchronizing effects of VIP inappropriately.

Circadian time is likely to affect the synapses rather than the organization of VIP circuits.

SCN and circadian rhythm
The SCN coordinates daily timekeeping in the body and VIP plays a key role in communication between individual brain cells within this region. At a cellular level, the SCN expresses different electrical activity in circadian time. Higher activity is observed during the day, while during night there is lower activity. This rhythm is thought to be important feature of SCN to synchronize with each other and control rhythmicity in other regions.

VIP acts as a major synchronizing agent among SCN neurons and plays a role in synchronizing the SCN with light cues. The high concentration of VIP and VIP receptor containing neurons are primarily found in the ventrolateral aspect of the SCN, which is also located above the optic chiasm. The neurons in this area receive retinal information from the retinohypothalamic tract and then relay the environmental information to the SCN. Further, VIP is also involved in synchronizing the timing of SCN function with the environmental light-dark cycle. Combined, these roles in the SCN make VIP a crucial component of the mammalian circadian timekeeping machinery.

After finding evidence of VIP in the SCN, researchers began contemplating its role within the SCN and how it could affect circadian rhythm. The VIP also plays a pivotal role in modulating oscillations. Previous pharmacological research has established that VIP is needed for normal light-induced synchronization of the circadian systems. Application of VIP also phase shifts the circadian rhythm of vasopressin release and neural activity. The ability of the population to remain synchronized as well as the ability of single cells to generate oscillations is composed in VIP or VIP receptor deficient mice. While not highly studied, there is evidence that levels of VIP and its receptor may vary depending on each circadian oscillation.

The leading hypothesis of VIP function points to the neurons using VIP to communicate with specific postsynaptic targets to regulate circadian rhythm. The depolarization of the VIP-expressing neurons by light appears to cause the release of VIP and co-transmitters (including GABA) that can in turn, alter the properties of the next set of neurons with the activation of VPAC2. Another hypothesis supports VIP sending a paracrine signal from a distance rather than the adjacent postsynaptic neuron.

Signaling pathway
In SCN, there is an abundant amount of VPAC2. The presence of VPAC2 in ventrolateral side suggests that VIP signals can actually signal back to regulate VIP secreting cells. SCN has neural multiple pathways to control and modulate endocrine activity.

VIP and vasopressin are both important for neurons to relay information to different targets and affect neuroendocrine function. They transmit information through such relay nuclei as the SPZ (subparaventricular zone), DMH (dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus), MPOA (medial preoptic area) and PVN (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus).

Social behavior
VIP neurons located in the hypothalamus, specifically the dorsal anterior hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus, have an effect on social behaviors in many species of vertebrates. Studies suggest that VIP cascades can be activated in the brain in response to a social situation that stimulates the areas of the brain that are known to regulate behavior. This social circuit includes many areas of the hypothalamus along with the amygdala and the ventral tegmental area. The production and release of the neuropeptide VIP is centralized in the hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic regions of the brain and from there it is able to modulate the release of prolactin secretion. Once secreted from the pituitary gland, prolactin can increase many behaviors such as parental care and aggression. In certain species of birds with a knockout VIP gene there was an observable decrease in overall aggression over nesting territory.

Pathology
VIP is overproduced in VIPoma.

In addition to VIPoma, VIP has a role in osteoarthritis (OA). While there is existing conflict in whether down-regulation or up-regulation of VIP contributes to OA, VIP has been shown to prevent cartilage damage in animals.

title: Vasoactive intestinal peptide


text:
Ludwig Drums

Ludwig Drums is a United States musical instrument manufacturer, focused on percussion. It is a subsidiary of Conn-Selmer.

Products manufactured by Ludwig include timpani, drum kits, and drum hardware. The company also makes keyboard percussion instruments, such as marimbas, vibraphones, and xylophones, through the Ludwig-Musser brand.

History
The Ludwig Drum Company was established in 1909 by William F. & Theobald Ludwig, sons of a German immigrant to the United States. William Jr. had been a professional drummer, playing with circuses and touring vaudeville shows, along with the occasional skating-rink gig. Since this work was irregular, he and his brother, Theobald, opened a drum shop in Chicago; they called it Ludwig & Ludwig. The company started with a concept for the design and manufacture of a functional bass drum pedal.

The company added new products to its catalog, such as snare drums and timpani, in 1916. In 1917, Ludwig signed a deal to build rope-tensioned snare drums to support World War I. Theobald Ludwig died in 1918, and William continued on his own.

In the late 1920s, the company was sold to the C. G. Conn instrument company. William Ludwig stayed on to run the company for Conn (which also owned the Leedy Manufacturing Company at this time). Eventually, William Ludwig decided to leave Conn and start a new company of his own. He was unable to use the Ludwig name since that trademark now belonged to Conn who continued to market Ludwig & Ludwig drums.

In 1937, William bought a factory building and started The WFL Drum Company (his initials). The company continued producing drums at a small scale for the duration of World War II, but William got back to the idea of making the company a large drum manufacturer after the war ended. WFL was a competitor with Ludwig and Ludwig. Conn combined their two drum brands into one in the early 1950s, forming Leedy & Ludwig, and then decided to quit the drum business altogether. In 1955, William and his son Bill Jr. were able to buy the Ludwig trademark back from Conn, and over the next few years their company and its products transitioned from the WFL brand to being called "Ludwig" again.

Despite initial success, Ludwig's global breakthrough would occur February 9, 1964, when The Beatles made their historic American TV debut on The Ed Sullivan Show. The Ludwig logo, displayed on the front of Ringo Starr's bass drum, could be seen by the television audience of about seventy-three million people. As it happens, Starr chose that brand upon joining the band simply because he liked the oyster pearl black color of the drum kit he chose.

"[Ringo Starr] put our name on the front of his bass drum head ... [because] he was so proud that he had an imported drum set from America, especially from a famous company like Ludwig, that at the time of purchase he insisted on having the Ludwig name painted on the front of the head!"

The publicity resulted in Ludwig's sales doubling quickly to $13 million, which prompted production to increase to a 24/7 production as the company became the foremost drum manufacturer in North America for twenty years.

Ludwig acquired the Musser Mallet Company, a manufacturer of xylophones, marimbas and vibraphones, in 1965. Ludwig was a strong presence in the marching drum market. During the 1970s, Ludwig's "Challenger" line of snare drums offered sophisticated tuning and strong build quality. Ludwig drums were used by many leading drum and bugle corps.

On 4 November 1981, William F Ludwig II sold the business to the Selmer Company (now Conn-Selmer). Selmer closed the Damen Avenue factory in the ensuing years and moved the drum production business to Monroe, North Carolina, in 1984. In 2002, Ludwig merged with Conn-Selmer, becoming a brand of Conn-Selmer, Inc.

The Musser manufacturing facility remained in LaGrange, Illinois, until 2013, and was then moved to Elkhart, Indiana.

title: Ludwig Drums


text:
Ambroise Guellec

Ambroise Guellec (born 26 March 1941 in Peumerit, Finistère) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for Western France. He is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, which is part of the European People's Party, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Regional Development.

He is a substitute for the Committee on Fisheries, a member of the delegation to the EU–Mexico Joint Parliamentary Committee, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Mercosur.

Career

 * Agricultural engineer, National Institute of Agriculture (Paris)
 * Mayor of Pouldreuzic (since 1979)
 * Member of the Brittany Regional Council (since 1992)
 * Vice-Chairman (1992–2004)
 * Member of the National Assembly for Finistère (1988–1997)
 * State Secretary for the Sea (1986–1988)
 * Chairman of the Committee for the Loire-Brittany basin (since 1987)
 * Knight of the Legion of Honour

title: Ambroise Guellec


text:
Stemm (band)

STEMM is an American heavy metal band from Niagara Falls, New York. STEMM was formed in 1998 by Joe Cafarella. He, along with Louie and Jimi Penque, Russ Martin, and Alex Scouten made up the original lineup of the band. Alex left the band in 1999, and was briefly replaced by guitarist Fred Blackwell. Rich Spalla replaced Fred shortly after. This lineup remained intact until 2003. Joe and Rich merged with drummer Danny Nelligan, bassist Stephen Crowl, and vocalist TJ Frost of Buffalo band 5 Years Gone, to create a new incarnation of the band. This lineup also saw a change in the musical direction of the band from Rapcore to more of a metal act.

This lineups first two concerts were a showcase for Metalblade Records, and opening for Sevendust. The band performed on many Jägermeister Tours, opening for such acts as Hatebreed, Chimaira, Staind, Godsmack, Soulfly, Trivium, Arch Enemy and Black Label Society. STEMM also played the last full show of Dimebag Darrell (Pantera/Damageplan) in Buffalo, NY, the night before he was killed on stage in Columbus, Ohio.

STEMM began a hiatus on December 1, 2012. In early 2019, it was announced on the band's Facebook page that they would be releasing new music later in the year.

STEMM was endorsed by ESP Guitars, Jägermeister, Dream Cymbals, Regal Tip drumsticks and Mesa Boogie.

Early years
STEMM was formed in June 1998 by Joe Cafarella, Russ Martin and Jimi and Louis Penque. All the members had come from various other local acts. By December the band recorded a two-song promo disc. Within four months' time, the album had sold well over 600 copies. Initially STEMM incorporated a hybrid of hardcore with rapcore much like the band E.Town Concrete. These sounds were very prominent on their first EP, entitled Further Efforts and also on their first independently released debut, entitled Dead to Me which was released in 2002. In July 2000, STEMM would announce the addition of second guitarist, Rich Spalla.

UFC and Fight Network
In 2002, STEMM also signed a licensing deal with the UFC. STEMM's music has been incorporated in UFC television and live events since August 2002. Songs to date used by the UFC include, "Out of Context", "Holding On", "Fallen", "Face the Pain" (which was used for the theme song and is featured on the UFC 2009 Undisputed soundtrack), which have been used on every UFC pay-per-view from 2002 until 2018 and The Ultimate Fighter. "Face the Pain" was also featured on the UFC compilation CD UFC Ultimate Beatdowns Volume 1 alongside such bands as Fear Factory, Slayer and Shadows Fall. STEMM more recently also signed a licensing deal to feature their music on Canadian television station The Fight Network.

Lineup changes
In late 2003 and through most of 2004, the band's lineup would change. Jimi Penque left STEMM, citing creative and musical differences. A few months later Louis Penque left STEMM due to family reasons. This provided the bridge for the merging of local Buffalo metal act, 5 Years Gone and STEMM. 5 Years Gone drummer Dan Nelligan and vocalist T.J. Frost of 5 Years Gone began filling in, while STEMM guitarists returned the favor by replacing the two guitarists that had recently departed 5 Years Gone. After bassist Russ Martin was fired, STEMM and 5 Years Gone would be combined as one. The combination saw the band take a different direction musically. Because of this, the band as a whole do not recognize the previous incarnation of the band and even contemplated changing the name of the band, but decided to keep on as STEMM due in large part to the UFC having already spent money on promoting the band.

New beginning
After reconfiguring the lineup, STEMM signed to Chimaira guitarist Rob Arnold's management label, Triple M Management. With Arnold's help, the band recorded a 5-song EP entitled 5 in early 2004. On the song "13 Years", Chimaira vocalist Mark Hunter did a guest appearance. The EP went on to sell over 1,000 copies in only a couple of months time. The band did local shows in support of the demo, opening for acts such as Sevendust and touring nationwide with Chimaira and Trivium. STEMM would be the openers for Damageplan's final concert, as the next day, Dimebag Darrell was murdered while onstage. They also opened for Nuclear Blast artist Bleed The Sky at the legendary Whisky a Go Go. T.J. Frost along with Joe Cafarella would provide guest vocals on the Bleed the Sky track "Division" as well. The band then participated in the 2005 installment of the New England Metal and Hardcore Festival with other notable acts such as Soilwork, Danzig, Dark Tranquillity and Mnemic. In November 2005, the band released their second album, entitled Songs for the Incurable Heart independently. The album included four tracks from the previous demo, plus all new material, including a song that is a tribute to the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks, which vocalist T.J. Frost survived entitled "The Day the Earth Stood Still" which clocks in at 9:11, in homage.

Finally signed
In August 2006, the band announced on their MySpace page that they had officially signed a record deal with I Scream Records to re-release their second album Songs for the Incurable Heart. Though the contract was only to re-release Songs for the Incurable Heart. STEMM continued for the next year opening for bands such as Godsmack and Stone Sour. On July 30, 2007, STEMM announced that vocalist T.J. Frost had departed the band due to personal issues. With his departure, back up vocalist and guitarist Joe Cafarella changed to full-time vocal duty, while guitarist Alex Scouten formerly of 3 Minutes of Hate began filling in as a session member. Alex had previously worked with STEMM, when then vocalist T.J. Frost was injured in 2006 and also was the original guitar player for STEMM when they reformed with a different lineup in 2003. Later on Scouten replaced former guitarist Rich Spalla.

Blood Scent
After securing a solid lineup the band began working on new material for their third album Blood Scent. The song "Poopmouth" which was later renamed "Broken Face Masterpiece" for the album was featured in the May edition of Metal Edge Magazine on a CD sampler that accompanied the magazine. In early July it was announced the new album was completed, but it wouldn't be until mid-October before the track listing and artwork for the new album, Blood Scent was confirmed. In the same news, the band also revealed that they had signed with Catch 22 Records, a subsidiary of MVD Entertainment and that they would handle the release of the album. In the words of vocalist Joe Cafarella, the new album is their Vulgar Display of Power. Comparing the album itself not as a clone of the album, but as the way it represents them as a whole, saying "We just wanted to make a CD that would not pigeon hole us into a certain cliché sound. Let's face it, Pantera made it on their live performances. While MTV was playing 'Walk' and 'This Love' us metal heads were cranking Fucking Hostile and Mouth for War." Blood Scent was released on November 11, 2008. In a press release by the UFC, the company stated that the song, "House of Cards" from Blood Scent would be used as the theme song for UFC Wired. The first single, "Awake" is accompanied by a video that was shot by GDM Video Production company.

Joining with Trans-Fusion Entertainment
In late 2008 STEMM finally found a booking agency who was able to get them outside a regional market. STEMM has been touring the United States in support of Blood Scent as the headlining act.

Ride or Die Tour 2009
In June 2009, STEMM announced they would headlining the Ride Or Die Tour with bands His Name Was Yesterday and Adakain.

Disbandment and reunion
On December 1, 2012, STEMM performed their last show. The concert was located at Town Ballroom in Buffalo, NY. They performed with His Name Was Yesterday and Whiskey Reverb. Former members Louis, TJ, and Stephen played with them according to the eras they were with the band (e.g. Louis performed songs from Further Efforts and Dead to Me). They all came together for Face the Pain and finally Monster.

After disbandment, Joe and Danny started working in music publishing for Sonoton and APM.

The band became active again in 2019. They released a new single "Don't Act Surprised" on YouTube on October 13, 2019.

Current lineup

 * Joe Cafarella – lead vocals, guitar (1998–present)
 * Stephen Crowl – bass, backing vocals (2003–2011, 2018–present)
 * Dan Nelligan – drums (2003–2012, 2018–present)
 * Alex Scouten – guitar (1998–1999, 2007–2012, 2018 – present)

Former members

 * Louis Penque – vocals (1998–2003)
 * Russ Martin – bass (1998–2003)
 * Jimi Penque – drums (1998–2003)
 * T.J. Frost – vocals (2003–2007)
 * Rich Spalla – guitar (2000–2007)
 * Fred Blackwell – guitar, backing vocals (1999–2000)
 * Mario Nobilio – bass, backing vocals (2011–2012)

title: Stemm (band)


text:
Brice Hortefeux

Brice Hortefeux (born 11 May 1958) is a conservative French politician. He was Minister of the Interior, Overseas Territories and Territorial collectivities. He was previously Minister for Labour, Labour Relations, the Family, Solidarity and Urban Affairs and Minister-Delegate for Local Government at the Ministry of the Interior and was a Member of the European Parliament from 2011 to 2024.

Early life and education
Hortefeux was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine but was raised in Auvergne.

 * Degree in private law (1982)
 * Master's degree in public law (1984)
 * Studied at Sciences Po

Early beginnings

 * Local authority administrator (1986–1994) (worked in Neuilly-sur-Seine for mayor Nicolas Sarkozy)
 * Regional councillor of Auvergne : Since 1992. Reelected in 1998, 2004, 2010.
 * Prefect, given responsibility for a government public service mission (1995)
 * Special adviser in the office of the President of the Senate (1998–1999)
 * Head of office of the Minister for the Budget and Communications and government spokesman (1993–1995)

Career in government

 * Minister of the Interior, Overseas, Local Authorities and Immigration : 2010–2011.
 * Minister of the Interior, Overseas and Local authorities : 2009–2010.
 * Minister of Labor, Family and Social Affairs, Solidarity and the City : January–June 2009.
 * Minister for Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Development Solidarity : 2007–2009.
 * Minister of Territorial collectivities : 2005–2007.

Hortefeux is considered one of the most loyal political allies, and personal friend, of French president Nicolas Sarkozy. He is the godfather of one of Nicolas Sarkozy's sons.

On 18 May 2007, he was appointed as the first Minister of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Cooperative Development in the government of Prime Minister François Fillon. As such he has boosted the numbers of illegal immigrants forcibly repatriated from France, extended the network of detention centres (established also outside the larger conurbations in smaller cities such as Blois) and modified the rights of individuals and organizations which visit them.

He is in favor of controls on immigration. He was the promoter of a law that toughens conditions of political asylum in France. He believes that France has a right to expel or welcome immigrants on a discretionary basis, citing as evidence the high unemployment and criminality rates of foreigners. He also points to the geographical concentration of foreigners in a small number of towns as evidence that they are not integrated in the country. As he declared in the newspaper Le Parisien on 8 November 2007: "France has the right to choose which immigrants it can accommodate... Let's muster the courage to face our problems! Do you find it normal that 60% of immigrants are concentrated in only 3 of our 22 regions? That the unemployment rate of these people is 22% and that their children are dropping out of school? No, we will not accept this.".

On M6's TV show Capital, when asked if there were illegal immigrants in France, he replied: "If you dream of a country where there are only honest and clean citizens... In reality, it's a constant struggle."

In August 2010 following an earlier fatal incident involving travellers and gendarmerie at Thésée, near St. Aignan, Loir et Cher, Hortefeux has vigorously pursued a policy of destroying illegal travellers' camps and imposing conditions for voluntary repatriations of Roma (or gypsies) to Romania and Bulgaria, a considerable number of which are in progress. A circular emanating from his office (chief of staff : Michel Bart) on 5 August 2010, specifically mentioning an ethnic criterion for these deportations provoked the ire of ministerial colleagues such as Éric Besson and the European commissioner, Viviane Reding. An eirenic exchange with Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, the President of the French Bishops' Conference, representing contrasting reactions within the Catholic community, also ensued.

Member of the European Parliament
Hortefeux served as a Member of European Parliament from 1999 to 2005 and again from 2011. He was first elected in 1999 and later reelected in 2004 and 2009. As member of the Union for a Popular Movement, he was part of the European People's Party group. During his time at the European Parliament, he sat on the Committee on International Trade, was a substitute for the Committee on Budgets and was a member of the delegation for relations with the Maghreb countries and the Arab Maghreb Union.

As part of a reorganization of the UMP's leadership under their chairman Jean-François Copé in January 2013, Hortefeux became – alongside Christian Estrosi, Henri de Raincourt, Jean-Claude Gaudin, Roger Karoutchi and Gérard Longuet – one of the party’s six vice-presidents.

Ahead of the 2022 presidential elections, Hortefeux publicly declared his support for Valérie Pécresse as the Republicans’ candidate and joined her campaign team as special adviser on institutional reform.

Political positions
Hortefeux is a supporter of immigrant repatriation from France. He has supported and incentivised voluntary return, in his role as Immigration Minister of France, for immigrant families. In 2007, enhancing the offer to €6,000 per family to leave the country, he claimed that the French government "must increase this measure to help voluntary return".

Controversy
On 10 September 2009, Le Monde disclosed a video showing Hortefeux at the UMP Summer School in Seignosse, France, on Saturday, 5 September 2009. As he posed for a photograph with a young man of Arabic origin, the following conversation can be heard (translation):

Female voice – He is Catholic, he eats pork and drinks beer! Hortefeux – Oh really? Well, he does not match the prototype at all! Female voice – He is one of us... he is our little Arab. Hortefeux – We always need one! When there is only one, it's okay. It's when there are many that problems begin.

In June 2010, a French court found Hortefeux guilty of a racial insult, and fined him 750 euros with an order to donate 2,000 euros to an anti-racism group. Hortefeux' lawyer said that they would appeal the ruling.

2010 cargo plane bomb plot
On 4 November 2010, Hortefeux said that one of the two bombs in the 2010 cargo plane bomb plot was defused just 17 minutes before it was set to explode.

title: Brice Hortefeux


text:
User:Tokek

Subpages

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 * Japanese Wikipedians' notice board
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Misc
ja:利用者:Tokek
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 * List of companies of Ghana
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 * ja:台東区
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 * Special:Mostrevisions: Articles with the most revisions

title: User:Tokek


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Enneacontakaienneagon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 16:07, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

===Enneacontakaienneagon and Hecatontakaitriacontakaioctagon and Heptacontakaiheptagon and Tetracontakaihexagon and Triacontakaiheptagon and Icosikaitetragon and Heptacontagon === Not notable, and not used (if mathematicians ever needed to refer to these, they'd call them a 77-gon, 99-gon and a 138-gon, etc. etc.)). -- Curps 02:32, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

See also Template:Polygons if there are any more that are not notable.

Once again, these terms are not used even by mathematicians. They just refer to N-gons, where N is whatever the number is. Probably it would make sense to delete anything where N > 10 (with some exceptions, see comments below). -- Curps 02:43, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, silly. Wyss 02:53, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Stupid. --Woohookitty 02:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism dicdefs. Gazpacho 02:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * IANAM' but there was one hit on Google groups for Enneacontakaienneagon The Jacobin 03:00, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the individual articles, but there must be an article on compound words where they can be, at least, listed for trivia's sake. There's a similar article (I forget the exact title) dealing with names for very large numbers that are never used in any practical sense. 23skidoo 03:54, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The article title that you are probably talking about is Names of large numbers. Georgia guy 23:19, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; agree with Curps except I'd preserve the dodecagon and make the rule N > 12. (Is that nitpicking?) --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 04:01, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, that makes sense. -- Curps 04:02, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * But also keep N=17 (notable), and perhaps N=20, N=100, N=1000 (see comment below). -- Curps 07:00, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, silly. Follow Jpgordon's suggestion of making the rule N > 12. --Idont Havaname 04:19, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK N>12, but keep circle. Kappa 04:49, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment There are a few N>12 that we'd want to keep. In particular, heptadecagon (17-gon), because Gauss showed that this can be constructed with a ruler-and-compass, and asked for one of these to be inscribed on his tombstone.  "Heptadecagon" gets a reasonable number of google hits because of this.  Icosagon (20-gon) also gets a reasonable number of Google hits, perhaps because it's a relatively simple word, as does hectagon (100-gon), and oddly chiliagon (1000-gon) gets a very large number.  Really, it's the bizarre random-number ones (138-gon???) that are the main problem. -- Curps 06:53, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The article whence these names came from is Polygon — it seems someone's just created the articles for a lark. All the strange-numbered polygons should be deleted and de-linked, since there's nothing encyclopaedic to say about them. Raven42 07:05, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with Curps. Mark1 08:49, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all. There's nothing here that's not already covered under Polygon, which also includes a little formula on how to construct these names. I wouldn't want an article about every single polygon up to the googolgon (1e100 sides). I linked two of these to my own user page for a lark, but I have no problems with deleting all of these articles. --Deathphoenix 14:01, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with the corresponding number pages, and update links on the polygon page to match. (e.g. merge on 24 (number) for Icosikaitetragon.) Note that there are multiple hits on Icosikaitetragon in google. — RJH 18:02, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There are 109 hits for "Icosikaitetragon" in Google, which isn't a lot, and a number of them seem to be mirrors of Wikipedia's Polygon article. -- Curps 19:50, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge these not-notable ones all to an article on such words as 23skidoo suggested, also Merge them to the corresponding number pages as RJHall suggested. But Keep the commonly used ones where N = 12, 17, 20, 100, 1000, and 1e100, and make sure the retained articles provide evidence of notability such as Gauss's construction, or approximations of a circle when trying to "square the circle".  I used to play D&D but that doesn't mean I think its polyhedral dice are encyclopedic, let alone polygons.  Barno 20:21, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge all the polygon articles into one article listing all of the polygons that have very long names. - Latitude0116 12:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * IHNPAMOT. Nothing useful to merge. Redirects are pointless.  Remove the hyperlinks to these articles from polygon; remove the other dangling hyperlinks from polygon, to reduce temptation; and Delete. Uncle G 17:53, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)
 * Merge. ✏ Oven Fresh  ²  00:49, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, silly constructable terms Jok2000 01:23, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all except the ones mentioned by User:Curps, do not merge or redirect the deleted ones. This is a prank. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:57, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete N>17, but not 20, 100, 1000 Jonathan48 09:21, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Wiktionary this is a definition article... -- EmperorBMA|話す 14:36, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete extrapolationcruft. I'm wondering if we can formulate a policy on articles of this kind; that is, there is articles whose only content is to define a name which can be formed by a regular process from any number. Wiktionary does not need "definitions" of terms that are never actually used. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:52, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No fewer than 4 days have gone by since the most recent vote, and no fewer than 9 days since voting began. Yet, this deletion debate has not gotten a consensus yet. What happened?? Georgia guy 16:42, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Can we create a Redirect, whcih will redirect us to a merged article, for example, Polygons: 90-99? Androo123 (talk) 19:32, 9 June 2008 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Garley Building fire

Is this notable?
This article was only created today so I'm not sending it to vfd but it's a building that burned and they had trouble with the titles to have it torn down. So? Lots of buildings burn. (The loss of life is regrettable, but is it enough to make someone look this up?)

Is the Garley building actually notable? If so, how? RJFJR 02:32, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I'll expand a bit. JuntungWu 06:46, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The number of deaths makes it notable; most fires in Hong Kong only kill 1 or 2 people. Rodparkes 02:06, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Removed
"Among those that were trapped owing to the upper fire were 22 workers in the Chau Sang Sang jewelry store's accounting and information technology departments. Their office doors had locked as the fire alarm was sounded, therefore suffocating the majority of the staff. Some of them managed to get out safely by jumping four floors onto the roof of a nearby building, suffering minor injuries in the process. A 15-year-old student who had been waiting for a friend in a doctor's office fell 13 floors onto a second-story roof awning and survived. However, many of the occupants would not survive the fire, as the process of opening a window also caused a flashover that consumed most of them." I have removed the following section. Alot of repeats. Also the 15 year old who lived falling 13 floors have no reference. Benjwong (talk) 03:14, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://gbcode.rthk.org.hk/han3/2/1/1/0/0/0/0/www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/tv/thepulse/20080815.html
 * In 1996 Garley Building fire on 2011-05-25 06:20:03, 404 Not Found
 * In 1996 Garley Building fire on 2011-06-08 03:49:07, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 03:49, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Cultural References
We seem to be at an impasse... Or, worst case scenario, an edit war. Numerous anonymous IPs, possibly operated by the same person, have been reverting back to a version of the article which says "The Discovery Channel series Blueprint for Disaster documented the events of the fire and subsequent investigation, labeling it the Gomer Pyle inferno as the name of the building Garley sounds like "Golly", a popular phrase uttered by Gomer Pyle in the comedy series." I watched the episode, and there was ABSOLUTELY NO REFERENCE to Gomer Pyle. Blueprint for Disaster calls the episode "Hong Kong Inferno." Unless I can be shown a source that unequivocally states that Hong Kongers (or anyone other than the editor who first put that statement in the article) call this the "Gomer Pyle inferno," the phrase shall not appear on this page. If you're new to Wikipedia, remember: references are crucial. Paris1127 (talk) 08:54, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
 * On second thought, I'm going to leave the part about Gomer Pyle in the article, at least until my request for page protection is considered. Paris1127 (talk) 09:00, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Admin agrees with my first assessment, so Gomer Pyle is gone from the page now. For good. Paris1127 (talk) 19:32, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 external links on Garley Building fire. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110604072725/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=50156&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19961122&sear_year=1996 to http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=50156&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19961122&sear_year=1996
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title: Talk:Garley Building fire


text:
Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem

In mathematics, the Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem is an extension of the Schwarz lemma for hyperbolic geometry, such as the Poincaré half-plane model.

The Schwarz–Pick lemma states that every holomorphic function from the unit disk U to itself, or from the upper half-plane H to itself, will not increase the Poincaré distance between points. The unit disk U with the Poincaré metric has negative Gaussian curvature −1. In 1938, Lars Ahlfors generalised the lemma to maps from the unit disk to other negatively curved surfaces:

Theorem (Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick). Let U be the unit disk with Poincaré metric $$\rho$$; let S be a Riemann surface endowed with a Hermitian metric $$\sigma$$ whose Gaussian curvature is ≤ −1; let $$f:U\rightarrow S$$ be a holomorphic function. Then
 * $$\sigma(f(z_1),f(z_2)) \leq \rho(z_1,z_2)$$

for all $$z_1,z_2 \in U.$$

A generalization of this theorem was proved by Shing-Tung Yau in 1973.

title: Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem


text:
Everest (disambiguation)

Mount Everest is the Earth's highest mountain peak, located on the Nepal / China border in Asia.

Everest or Mount Everest may also refer to:

Places

 * Everest, Kansas, a small city in Brown County, Kansas, United States
 * Everest Base Camp, two base camps, each on opposite sides of Mount Everest
 * Everest gasfield, a gasfield located in the Central North Sea, near Aberdeen, Scotland
 * Tenzing-Hillary Airport, aka. Lukla Airport, sometimes also called Mt. Everest airport, a Nepalese airport
 * Everest (restaurant), a Michelin rated French restaurant in Chicago

Films

 * Everest (1998 film), an US documentary film
 * Everest (2015 film), an US biographical film
 * Lost on Everest, a 2020 US documentary film about George Mallory's camera
 * My Everest, a 2023 UK documentary film about Max Stainton-Parfitt
 * Everest, an upcoming US biographical film directed by Doug Liman

Literature

 * "Everest" (short story), a 1953 science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov

Television

 * Everest (Indian TV series), a 2015-2016 Indian telenovela series
 * Everest '82, a 2008 Canadian drama film miniseries
 * Everest: Beyond the Limit, a 2006-2009 US reality television series

Music

 * Everest (band), a US rock band
 * "Mount Everest", a song by Labrinth from his album Imagination & the Misfit Kid (2019)
 * Everest Records, a defunct US stereophonic record label
 * Everest (opera), an English-language one-act opera composed by Joby Talbot
 * My Everest, a 2007 album by The Swellers
 * "Everest", a 2023 single by Dream, featuring Yung Gravy

People

 * George Everest (1790–1866), Surveyor General of India, namesake of Mount Everest
 * Barbara Everest (1890–1968), British actress
 * F. Alton Everest (1909–2005), American acoustical engineer
 * Frank F. Everest (1904–1983), US Air Force general
 * Frank Kendall Everest, Jr. (1920–2004), US Air Force officer
 * Hiram Bond Everest (1830–1913), US inventor
 * Jack Everest (born 1908), Irish footballer
 * James Everest (1918–1992), New Zealand cricketer
 * Josiah T. Everest (1800–1873), US lawyer and politician
 * Kate Asaphine Everest (later Levi) (1859–1939), US writer and social worker
 * Timothy Everest (born 1961), Welsh fashion designer
 * Wesley Everest (1890–1919), US member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and World War I veteran
 * Mary Everest Boole (1832–1916), British mathematician and author

Brands and enterprises

 * Everest (cigarette), a cigarette brand, manufactured, distributed and market by the Zimbabwe arm of British American Tobacco company.
 * Everest Home Improvement, a British double glazing and home improvement company
 * Ford Everest, a sport utility vehicle produced by the Ford Motor Company
 * Everest Spices, an Indian spices brand
 * Everest Re, a Bermuda-based provider of reinsurance and insurance

Education

 * Everest College, a system of for-profit colleges in the United States and the Canadian province of Ontario
 * Everest University, a part of the Corinthian Colleges' family of schools

Sport

 * Club Deportivo Everest, an Ecuador football team
 * Mount Everest Nepal, a Palaua football club
 * The Everest, an annual Australian Turf Club horse race run since 2017
 * Everest Marathon, an annual marathon event, held around the vicinity of Mount Everest

Other uses

 * EVEREST, a 2007 study of US voting machines; see
 * Expedition Everest, a steel roller coaster located at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida, USA
 * Everest, an Armstrong Whitworth Ensign aircraft
 * Everest, a husky character in the animated TV series PAW Patrol
 * AIDA64, formerly known as Everest, a Windows diagnostics tool

title: Everest (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Valence band

Untitled
This article told me nothing at all about what I wanted (brought here from Holographic memory).
 * I've edited the Holographic memory article to hopefully address this problem--Tiresais 16:21, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Zero temperature? Don't you mean ground level or else their basic orbital shell?

 * I think it was meant to mean absolute zero, but I don't know enough on the topic to change it. --Snaxe920 07:51, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not quite sure either, I presume it would be the Valence band since it takes energy for electrons to move into the Conductance band. At Absolute zero they have minimal internal energy. Editing now--Tiresais 07:58, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

I think it might be worth merging the Valence band and Conduction band articles together, since there is a fair bit of overlap. Arch 10:36, 24 September 2007 (UTC) I second —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.60.83.241 (talk) 18:42, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Why stating that there is no band gap between the valence and conductive bands in metals?
See the article Semiconductor - there is a picture of energy levels of Mn cleary showing the gaps. It comes from solving the problem about the dispersion law in solids. We do not count any properties of material, and still have band gaps. Cramur (talk) 00:39, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

--> I think the picture tried to explain that there is no band gap between conduction bands and valence bands of 'conductors' not all metals. Chemicalwolf —Preceding undated comment added 13:13, 4 November 2010 (UTC).

Reference and Stub tags
This article needs references and citations for its sources of material. Its current form is lacking organization for its material. It badly needs expansion, re-organization, some verifiable sources. The reference and stub tags have been placed on this article. Venny85 19:04, 6 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I probably shouldn't have deleted the unreferenced tag. The stub tag was properly deleted, though. This article is beyond stub length. Per WP:STUB, a "stub" is an article containing only a few sentences of text. Once an article gets beyond stub length (certainly by the time it fills a full screen), the stub tag should be removed.--Srleffler (talk) 23:54, 6 April 2008 (UTC)
 * As a general rule, I find editing programs that consist of adding tags like unreferenced to large numbers of articles are not very helpful. Most Wikipedia articles lack references, and even the ones that have a few references could use more. The unreferenced tag is best used to flag articles where there is a particular need for references. If one is adding this tag to many articles rapidly, the time would probably be better spent actually working on improving one of those articles instead.--Srleffler (talk) 23:57, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

valence electrons bound to individual atom?
The sentence I quote below from the introduction of the article bothers me, I think it might be untrue or just circumstantially true. Here's the sentence. "The valence electrons are bound to individual atoms, as opposed to conduction electrons (found in conductors and semiconductors), which can move freely within the atomic lattice of the material."

In fact, we know (and the article mentions near the end) that holes in the valence band are current carriers like the electrons of the conduction band are. Now, hole movement inside a material is just an adequate and convenient (because simple) way to describe electron movement in a nearly fully occupied landscape of energy states: what makes the hole move is that a nearby electron "jumps" into the hole, leaving a hole in the energy state it used to occupy, and the net obtained result can be conveniently described as a movement of the hole.

Now, imagine we have a pure semiconductor which gets its conductivity from thermal fluctuations. We have as many holes in the valence band as we have electrons in the conduction band. Both the conduction band and the valence band participate to this conductivity, and I suspect to a similar if not identical extent, because both contain the same number of current carriers.

That's why I wouldn't say that valence electrons are closely bound to individual atoms to begin with. But there's more. Take the case of a silicium crystal for example. So, the valence band is the highest range of electron energies at which electrons are present at absolute zero. By this definition, this makes the valence band be made of the lower energy levels that arise from the recovery of the higher energy atomic orbitals between neighbouring atoms in the crystal lattice... and then the conduction band is made of the higher energy levels that arise from the recovery of the higher energy atomic orbitals between neighboring atoms in the crystal lattice (Si makes 4 covalent bonds like carbon, which means all the electrons of its upper atomic energy states participate in valence bonds in the crystal). The valence electrons are not bound to individual atoms any more than conduction electrons are bound to a single atom. I'm quite positive this is true for silicium crystals at least (might be true for others, I'm not sure).

This leads me to another paragraph from the article, which I quote: "Semiconductors and insulators owe their low conductivity to the properties of the valence band in those materials. The number of electrons is precisely equal to the number of states available up to the top of the valence band.[clarification needed] There are no available states in the band gap. This means that when an electric field is applied, the electrons cannot increase their energy (i.e., accelerate) because there are no states available to the electrons where they would be moving faster than they are already going."

Many problems in the above. First, as stated, we have a "low conductivity," which is not a zero conductivity, except possibly in a pure semiconductor at absolute zero. I guess it would be more technically correct and less misleading to first explain why we'd have no conductivity at absolute zero, and then explain why we have low but non-zero conductivity above absolute zero. The last sentence gets very weird by calling upon electron kinetic energy, because I bet the orbital kinetic energy of electrons at any given moment is huge in front of any kinetic energy per electron that might arise from macroscopic electric currents. Anyway, my take is that it would be much clearer and valid to drop the "acceleration" justification altogether and call upon the exclusion principle to justify that no current can occur within a completely full valence band, which at the moment has to be read in-between the lines.ThorinMuglindir (talk) 21:46, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Positive ion notation
Forgive my ignorance on this subject, but is the proper notation for the electron configuration of a positively-charged lithium ion really supposed to be 1s2 (e+) ? When I see the e+, it makes me think of a positron. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rogermw (talk • contribs) 19:59, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

Much/most of the article is plain wrong.
I don't quite know where to start - things like "valence electrons are bound to individual atoms" (nonsense - if this was the case, there would be no band in the first place!), or "valence electrons (as opposed to conduction electrons)" - a valence electron can be a conduction electron at the same time (if the band is not filled). Similarly, the conductivity of a metal does not depend on the "capability to flow electrons from valence band to conduction band" - in a metal, the valence band generally IS the conduction band, as is (correctly) implied by the definition of "valence band" in the summary of the article.

I suspect the concept of valence band may be well covered in other articles on solid state physics (e.g. the article on electronic band structure; it may not be worth putting in the effort to salvage this article (read: rewrite from scratch) if the ground is already well covered in other articles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 27.96.110.66 (talk) 12:15, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Please, make it better. I was so confused when I thought of Bloch wave solution of Schrodinger equation for an electron in the periodic potential of the atomic lattice. The solution says that the electron shall belong to any atom, without knowing the exact form of the solution.Gamebm (talk) 16:38, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

Confusing and wrong. & Proposed deletion
As I noted in Talk:conduction band and as others noted in some of the above talk posts, these articles are confusing and even outright incorrect.

I propose deleting this article and conduction band, redirecting them to a fixed version of the band theory article. --Nanite (talk) 15:29, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Merge valence and conduction band articles
The two articles are rather short and contain significant overlap (one cannot be understood without the other). Some materials, such as semiconductors, feature both in tandem (movement of electrons in conduction band, movement of holes in valence band). As such, I propose that the two articles be merged into an article titled "Valence and conduction bands" which not only discusses the two bands individually, but also the commonalities between the two and how they can work in tandem. A potential extension of such an article would include the different types of conduction valence band combinations (metal, semimetal, semiconductor, etc). Would like to cite the unified page HOMO/LUMO as precedent.--Officer781 (talk) 11:05, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Question: What would be the relation between electronic band structure and "valence and conduction bands"? I mean, what would be in each but not the other? If there isn't a logical division then maybe all of them should be merged?

 * I would actually propose something a bit different: Instead of what we have now (conduction band and valence band and electronic band structure), we could just have two articles: semiconductor valence and conduction bands and electronic band structure. I don't think an article about valence and conduction bands really makes sense outside the context of semiconductors. I mean, there are lots of interesting things to say about the electronic band structure of metals, but these things are not really in the category of "valence and conduction bands", and in fact those terms aren't really used for metals. (Are they?) Likewise, electronic transport in insulators is a fascinating topic (Fowler-Nordheim, Poole-Frenkel, space-charge-limited transport, polarons, etc. etc.) but the conduction and valence band play a relatively small role, compared to their central importance in semiconductor electronic transport.

 * The article semiconductor valence and conduction bands would have some overlap with band gap but I don't think an excessive amount.

 * I'm just brainstorming, I haven't thoroughly thought these things through. :-D --Steve (talk) 13:42, 26 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Valence band