text:
Via Latina

The Via Latina (Latin for "Latin Road") was a Roman road of Italy, running southeast from Rome for about 200 kilometers.

Route
It led from the Porta Latina in the Aurelian walls of Rome to the pass of Mount Algidus; it was important in the early military history of Rome. It must have preceded the Via Appia as a route to Campania, in as much as the Latin colony at Cales was founded in 334 BC and must have been accessible from Rome by road, whereas the Via Appia was made only twenty-two years later. It follows, too, a far more natural line of communication, without the engineering difficulties that the arrow-straight Via Appia had to overcome. As a through-route, it preceded the Via Labicana, though the latter may have been preferred in later times.

After their junction, the Via Latina continued to follow the valley of the Trerus (River Sacco), following a line taken by the modern railway to Naples, and passing below the Hernican hill-towns, Anagni (where it joined with the Via Praenestina), Ferentino, Frosinone, and others. At Fregellae, it crossed the Liri, and then passed through Aquino and Cassino, both comparatively low-lying towns. It then entered the interval between the Apennines and the volcanic group of Rocca Monfina, and the original road and, instead of traversing it, turned abruptly northeast over the mountains to Venafro, thus giving a direct communication with the interior of Samnium by roads to Isernia and Telese.

After the disorders of the civil wars, the via Latina was repaired by a group of prominent Romans, including Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus; the work was under way in 27 BC, at the time of Tibullus' elegy.

In later times, however, there was in all probability a shortcut by Rufrae along the line taken by the modern highroad and railway. The two lines rejoined near the present railway station of Caianiello, and the road ran to Teanum and Cales, and so to Casilinum, where there was the crossing of the Volturno and the junction with the Via Appia. The distance from Rome to Casilinum was 129 Roman miles by the Via Appia, 135 Roman miles by the old Via Latina through Venafrum, 126 Roman miles by the shortcut past Rufrae (now Presenzano). Considerable remains of the road exist in the neighborhood of Rome; for the first 40 Roman miles, as far as Compitum Anagninum, it is not followed by any modern road; while farther on in its course it is in the main identical with the modern highroad.

Tombs and Catacombs
The Tombs of Via Latina are tombs over a short stretch of the road just outside Rome. Above ground they are largely reconstructed, but the underground chambers survived. They are now in an "archaeological park". They are not to be confused with the small Christian Via Latina Catacomb, only rediscovered in 1955, with many paintings. It is unknown whether the catacombs were built as one big master plan or if it was built in stages. The catacombs consist of many separate rooms all connected by a series of corridors. To organize the excavation, each room was given a letter to symbolize where it was located and what art work was depicted inside. The excavation of the catacombs took place in four stages starting with the stairways and finishing with the 3 corridors and their adjoining rooms.

Artwork of the Catacombs
The Catacombs of Via Latina, compared to other Roman catacombs, were recently discovered. The artwork within the catacombs is from the Medieval period. The art in the tomb is dated back to the 4th century. These particular catacombs in Rome, Italy, depict images of both pagan and Christian artwork. It is unknown whether this tomb belonged to a specific family or a fraternity. The art fills every room in the catacombs. The catacombs were excavated in 1955 and published officially in 1962. Each room inside the catacombs has a different painting or subject depicted on the walls. Christian stories from the Old Testament and the New Testament fill the vast majority of rooms. Pagan art, specifically the hero Hercules, are included within specific rooms to which is one of the reasons why the Via Latina catacombs are special. Every room is typically denoted with a letter to help with organization of the different rooms and artworks. Room N is decorated of entirely paintings of the pagan hero Hercules The paintings show Hercules as a hero or savior. There is also said to be a focus on the after-life and life after death in Room N. For many of the other rooms, the subject matter is primarily Christian art, depicting images of both the Old Testament and the New Testament. Notable art scenes depicted are the Flood Scene, Abraham's vision of the Three Angels under the Oak of Mamre, Crossing of the Red Sea, and the Ascension of Elijah and the Good Shepherd.

The photo on the right, the Resurrection of Lazarus, is one of the many religious stories told on the walls of the catacombs. Viewers can see the figure assumed to be Jesus raising a man from the dead as his disciples watch with intent. Viewers may also notice Moses in the background receiving a message from above. The style of the art work is similar throughout every room in the catacombs, meaning that all of the artworks were produced by one person or a group of people who used the same style and technique.

title: Via Latina


text:
User:Viper Viper

=My Wikipedia Experience= I use wikipedia on a daily basis, and I am now starting to contribute to it :p

Stuff I Started
Hubble Origins Probe

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Viper Viper


text:
A Cinderella Story (soundtrack)

A Cinderella Story is a soundtrack album to the 2004 film of the same name. It was released on July 13, 2004, by Hollywood Records. It includes 3 new songs by Hilary Duff including the single, a cover of "Our Lips Are Sealed" with her sister Haylie Duff. It also includes 2 of her previous released songs from her 2003 album Metamorphosis which are "Anywhere But Here" and "Girl Can Rock", which was a bonus track.

Singles
"Our Lips Are Sealed" was released as the only single from the soundtrack on June 5, 2004. As of July 27, 2014, the song had sold 161,000 copies in the United States.

Critical response
Heather Phares of AllMusic gave a positive review of the soundtrack, awarding it three out of five stars. She praised Duff's songs, noting that they "display a little more edge and depth while still remaining appropriate for a teen pop singer like Duff and her audience," and added that they were complemented by the contributions from other artists. She claimed that Duff contributing to the majority of the album would "tide [her] fans over" before the release of her eponymous third album. Phares finalized her review stating, "A Cinderella Story is an admittedly lightweight but solidly entertaining soundtrack that delivers exactly what its audience wants from it."

Track listing
Notes
 * undefined signifies an executive producer
 * undefined signifies a vocal producer and executive producer

title: A Cinderella Story (soundtrack)


text:
Talk:Silent Unseen

Older discussion
Mt father, who is 93 and still alive, was a member of cichochemni. He does not talk much about his operations and I am eager to hear from anyone who has any knowledge of his activities during the "dark and silent" times. His name is Frederyk Serafinski and his code name was Drabina (Ladder) Please contact me on unclerich@blueyonder.co.uk

Um, what's a monkey forest? [says it in one of the captions]. --Filippo Argenti 04:03, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Its a bad retranslation from Polish. The original name was Monkey Grove.Xx236 07:37, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

B-class review
This article is currently at start/C class, but could be improved to B-class if it had more (inline) citations. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 23:17, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

Confusing lead
Ladies and gentlemen, I don't get what was part of which (of the Polish Home Army of the Polish Army in exile), And was it actually the AK one of the two)

Please rephrase the lead. Not tagging it as a neighbor courtesy. Chesc, Ukrained2012 (talk) 21:29, 2 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I think it's clearer now. Thanks for pointing out the problem.  Nihil novi (talk) 03:08, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

Confusing title
How about changing the article title to something comprehensible and pronounceable in English, such as "Polish commandos (World War II)", with link from "Cichociemni"? Nihil novi (talk) 22:47, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

 * After further consideration, the best English equivalent seems "Silent Unseen", as similarly rendered in the 2009 English version of Gen. Stefan Bałuk's memoir, Silent and Unseen: I Was a World War II Special Operations Commando.  Nihil novi (talk) 06:23, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

, I believe we should move the article back to where it was. While there's nothing wrong with using the term used by Bałuk's translator (Silent and Unseen apparently, not Silent Unseen), it is used by precisely two sources out there (out of dozens where Cichociemni are mentioned). Judging by a quick Google Books search most English-language authors leave the name untranslated and instead provide some explanation in brackets. And we should follow the mainstream usage.  // Halibutt 10:09, 22 October 2014 (UTC)

 * P.S. I took the liberty to move the page back, but I believe we should also stick to the universally-accepted name in the body of the article as well., any thoughts?  // Halibutt 10:13, 22 October 2014 (UTC)

 * First, the page should not be moved without a WP:RM, so I support restoring the original title. Second, I can see both arguments, through I've never seen a non-Polish title. I'd suggest thata comparison of usage in English sources is presented as part of a new RM. If it can be shown than an English term is used predominantly in English sources; I'll support a move. Otherwise, I'll oppose it. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:51, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

Confusing table
The names need to appear in alphabetical order and the Ranks from higher to lower (sample below) or both, if there's more than one member of each category. Source: Polish Armed Forces rank insignia.
 * Officers. English equivalent:
 * 1) General
 * 2) Lieutenant General
 * 3) Major general (Divisional general)
 * 4) Brigadier general (Brigade general)
 * 5) Colonel
 * 6) Lieutenant Colonel
 * 7) Major
 * 8) Captain
 * 9) First lieutenant
 * 10) Second lieutenant
 * Non Commissioned Officers:
 * 1) Staff Sergeant
 * 2) Sergeant
 * 3) Master Corporal
 * 4) Corporal
 * 5) Lance Corporal
 * 6) Private 1st Class
 * 7) Private
 * Poeticbent talk 22:06, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Silent Unseen


text: User talk:68.75.175.202

title: User talk:68.75.175.202


text:
User:Steve J Swift

My name is Steve Swift (The "J" stands for "John" and comes in handy when some other Steve Swift has already grabbed my user name!)

I was born in 1950, gained a degree in Physics at Birmingham University (England) in 1971 and went on to spend my entire working life in the IT industry.

Louise (my wife), our dogs, and I live in Medstead, near Alton in Hampshire, England.

I work for IBM as a webmaster on internal projects. This is handy, as one of my hobbies is playing with simple websites; it is nice to be paid for your hobby! If you are desperate to see some of my sites, then try this but please note that I spend very little effort on my public sites.

title: User:Steve J Swift


text:
Talk:Kirk Hammett

Semi-protected edit request on 5 March 2015
This article states that Kirk is listed as the #5 ranked guitarist in Joel McIver's Book "100 Greatest Metal Guitarists." However it cited an article that was not only incorrect but has been taken down. It could also be a possible typo as the book actually ranks him at #15.

Here is an example source, when doing a search in Google for this information: http://metal-militant-thoughtprocessor.blogspot.com/2010/05/joel-mcivers-100-greatest-metal.html

TheRiz311 (talk) 16:42, 5 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. —  16:57, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

Kirk's ranking by McIver
Hi so Kirk's article says that he was ranked fifth in Joel McIver's book but in reality he was ranked fifteenth so that needs to be fixed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hamadovich (talk • contribs) 08:32, 6 August 2015 (UTC) 09:01, 31 August 2015 (UTC)09:01, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

Hamadovich (talk) 09:02, 31 August 2015 (UTC) == Kirk's Ranking in Joel McIver's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists ==

I'm raising this again because its very annoying to see blatantly wrong information right at the start of a wikipedia page.

Kirk's page says that he was ranked 5th on McIver's list and uses a quote from Dave Mustaine as a reference. While the actual quote itself is accurate, Mustaine did say Kirk was fifth, the actual ranking is wrong. Mustaine got the numbers wrong and now so does Kirk's wiki page.

Kirk was ranked fifteenth on the list as you can find here.

I can upload a picture of the Kirk's page in the actual book as I own a copy.

So once again can someone please correct this mistake, thanks. Hamadovich (talk) 09:49, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

"the lead guitarist and songwriter"
The first sentence makes it seem like Hammett is "the songwriter" or even "the lead songwriter" for Metallica, which is not true. A48205864 (talk) 18:45, 19 August 2015 (UTC)

I was going to raise the exact same point. 7 months later, the opening line of the article still reads "Kirk Lee Hammett (born November 18, 1962) is the lead guitarist and songwriter for the heavy metal band Metallica". Hammett is far from being Metallica's 'lead' songwriter, which the structure of this sentence seems to imply. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 14.201.13.83 (talk) 17:21, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 13 September 2015
Hello!

I'm going to try again to get this fixed because its bothering me a lot. It says in the introductory paragraph about Kirk Hammett that he was ranked 5th on Joel McIver's list of greatest metal guitar players. The source used for this is a quote from Dave Mustaine who mentions that Kirk was ranked 5th. This however is completely false, Kirk was actually ranked 15th as you can find here and here

I can also upload a picture from the actual book since I have a copy.

In any case the change I would like to see is from "In 2009, Hammett was ranked number 5 in Joel McIver's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists." to "In 2009, Hammett was ranked number 15''' in Joel McIver's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists".

I know its probably a very minor thing but it is annoying to see something so blatantly wrong in the beginning of an article.

Hamadovich (talk) 12:27, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

 * ✅. Verified and actual book cited instead of dead webpage. Thanks. Inomyabcs (talk) 04:11, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 September 2015
In 'other appearances' it does not list his involvement as a featured guitarist on Exodus's album Blood In Blood Out on the song Salt The Wound. I believe there is already a reference for this cited to something else already on the page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Planex1832 (talk • contribs) 05:36, 18 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. I can't find Blood In Blood Out mentioned in the article, and I can't find Kirk mentioned in Blood In Blood Out. -- Sam Sailor Talk! 16:36, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 August 2016
First sentence should start:

"Kirk Hammett is the lead guitarist and a contributing songwriter"...

2601:241:101:7220:3027:144A:39CC:8BEB (talk) 18:27, 3 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done — Andy W.  ( talk  · ctb) 20:11, 3 August 2016 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 11 October 2021
Kirk Hammett is divorced. He is in a relationship with a computer software engineer, Monikka de la Zelda and has been January of 2020 207.195.86.40 (talk) 13:02, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

 * – no sources provided. 4TheWynne   (talk  •  contribs)  13:18, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

Lessons with Satriani
Hello everyone,

Today I tried remembering the certain guitar teacher that taught Kirk some guitar lessons, so I tried consulting good ol' Wikipedia. Problem is, I couldn't find it, not at least in the English Wiki. So I searched in the Spanish wiki and found it: Joe Satriani. As for a source, there's this: https://blabbermouth.net/news/joe-satriani-recalls-giving-guitar-lessons-to-metallicas-kirk-hammett-he-was-such-a-motivated-young-student, and you might find some more if you search deep enough the web. I'd edit it myself, but I don't feel like it would be responsible for me to do it without fully reading the guide. And I'm not reading it because I don't want to spend the time today (maybe later). So I decided adding it as a talk section, with hopes that someone with broader experience in the wiki can add the information.

Regards,

ÐeChessTyper (talk) 22:54, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

improper use of punctuation.
This sentence contains random and unnecessary punctuation:

"Recording for St. Anger was halted in 2001; so that Metallica front-man James Hetfield could enter rehab for alcohol abuse."

There should be no semicolon between "2001" and "so." There should be no punctuation at all. Instead, it should simply read like this:

"Recording for St. Anger was halted in 2001 so that Metallica front-man James Hetfield could enter rehab for alcohol abuse."

Donn Halliburton (talk) 07:33, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 March 2023
Judedude87 (talk) 17:35, 19 March 2023 (UTC) I would like to add more to Kirks early life.
 * Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg Not done: requests for decreases to the page protection level should be directed to the protecting admin or to Requests for page protection if the protecting admin is not active or has declined the request. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 17:43, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

New guitar endorsement
Recently Kirk Hammett started to use a new guitar: ESP KH-V. It can be seen on Metallica's official video on 72 Seasons, and also on his official Instagram account. I believe that it must be included on the equipment list. Thank you. Vikthor06 (talk) 20:06, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 April 2023
He has a younger sister named Tawny. 2600:1700:2C60:8140:B1AC:E96C:66F0:5F3E (talk) 02:03, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Tollens (talk) 02:19, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kirk Hammett


text:
User:Robert the Bruce/Arbitration discussion

Please use the discussion page


text:
List of Florida locations by per capita income

Florida has the eighteenth highest per capita income in the United States of America, at $21,557 (2000). Its personal per capita income is $30,446 (2003).

Florida counties ranked by per capita income
Florida counties ranked by per capita income from 2006-2010 data.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fart fetishism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP.

The votes were 14 keep, 12 delete. dbenbenn | talk 03:25, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Fart fetishism
I don't believe every weird fetish out there deserves a WP article. I'm unaware of any medical classification of a flatuence fetish, and it doesn't have any cultural prominence that I know of. EventHorizon talk 06:50, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. It was interesting to read.--Sonjaaa 07:35, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Googling "Fart festishism" gets 3 hits. "Fart fetish" gets 8,370 hits, but only 328 displayed. The first ones few pages of results appear to be genuine uses, but the bulk of them are google bait. Kappa 08:16, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * no vote from me but I will offer the following: " 'Flatulence (Flatuphilia, Eproctolagniac and Eproctophilia - arousal from flatulence) Flatulence refers to the passing of intestinal gas.  The French once had a stage act where a performer attracted large paying crowds merely to watch him pass gas.  Serious flatuphiles request that their partner release the intestinal gas directly into their awaiting face or mouth." From Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices by Brenda Love.  You never know where random reference books that you pick up might come in handy...  :P  Dismas 14:23, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, wasn't he called "Le Petomane" or something? ... yes,, one Joseph Pujol. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:02, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is a general encyclopedia.  It emphatically is not the "Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices", which I am delighted to have remain on Dismas' bookshelf. --BM 14:33, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete article on minor (therefore non-notable) fetish. Fire Star 16:10, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Stripped of the content that appears to be promotion for a pornography site, there is only a dictionary definition left. Uncle G 16:25, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)
 * Comment: It makes me sad to notice that articles touching on human sexual behaviour are voted to be deleted much easier than articles on other subjects, no matter how unimportant in an "encyclopedic" sense they are. I hope no one makes his judgement by his personal disgust against an article. I addmit that these things have been a problem on Internet. The problem is to find correct and objective information on sexual behaviour related things when wanted and only when wanted, and I see Wikipedia as the best place for this. wikipedia being the worlds number one source for objective information. --Easyas12c 17:39, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I don't think a general encyclopedia needs to probe the outer reaches of weirdness when it comes to human behaviour in general, or sexuality specifically.   For example, I'm sure there are a variety of different forms of Cannibalism, and we could disgust almost everybody (and fascinate a few, I suppose) by having articles describing each of them in detail.    This article isn't quite that bad, but flatuphilia must be several standard deviations from the norm of sexual behaviour.  If you have some evidence that it isn't, then by all means present it.   --BM 17:49, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There are even more obscure fetishes linked from the sexual fetishism page, so a vote to delete here calls the others into question IMO. Hold my nose and Keep. – RJH 19:41, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If you believe any of these articles should be deleted, please list them at VfD instead of accepting them as community consensus. JoaoRicardo 20:37, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. This vote should not be based on how "weird" this is. It's about notability. There is no evidence that there are a reasonable number of individuals who are sexually atracted to flatus. JoaoRicardo 20:37, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. That is what I meant by the "outer reaches of weirdness".  People are fairly weird in general, and there are plenty of weird human practices that are extremely common and notable, (such as, oh, religion for example).   However, something so far out on the fringe that (a) practically nobody does it; and (b) practically no one has ever heard of it -- is not notable or encyclopedic.  --BM 21:28, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If "people are fairly weird in general" then their "weird" practices are by definition encyclopedic - this particular fetish included. I'm interested to known what you mean by "practically nobody does it" and "practically nobody has ever heard of it", considering there has been to my knowledge no scientific study of the practice, so its actual prevalence is unknown, and that people such as myself, who have no interest in the "outer reaches of sexual weirdness" have actually heard of it.--Centauri 02:29, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I had missed the link to commercially sold videos Starblind mentions below. My mistake. I'm also convinced by Kappa's argument concerning the google bait. But article does need some verification, specially that "fart diary" part. I believe it should be turned into a medical article, not a "look how weird these people are" kind of article. :-) JoaoRicardo 19:15, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. —Ben Brockert (42) 20:51, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep apparently common enough that there are commercially-sold videos catering to it. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 21:57, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. States of the human psyche are inherently notable, even more so for fringe behaviour. And the "no one has ever heard of it" argument is the very reason why such articles are needed in an encyclopaedia. --Plek 22:04, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-6 23:19 Z
 * I guess I should vote Keep. The google results are evidence that a significant number of people use this term, even the use as google bait indicates that spammers expect this term to be searched for. Kappa 00:10, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Sexual fetishes are notable and encyclopedic.--Centauri 00:43, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's a minor barely notable form of fetish. Megan1967 01:18, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — J3ff 03:15, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable enough that there are websites devoted to the practice. (I found out by accident - honest!) 23skidoo 04:21, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've heard of it before (some Japanese site about it). --SPUI (talk) 05:36, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Appears to be an existing fetish of appeal to some. Capitalistroadster 08:52, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Easyas12c 18:36, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Inherently notable. Oops. Delete Denni ☯  02:03, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * This is real?!? I've either lived a sheltered life or have lived far too long.  :^)  Abstain.  Just too weird to vote on otherwise. - Lucky 6.9 02:20, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete There is no way to prove the existence of those fart-diaries!! you know it could be some crazy woman promoting her own fart diary :) ... Anyway this is really rubbish and I am surprized that many wikipedians are voting to keep. Omar Filini 11:08, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Makes you wonder doesnt it? Alas unless more editors vote delete, we're beginning to sound like farts in a tunnel of apathy. An article on farts certainly does stink. Megan1967 09:22, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Very strange indeed that a fart on wikipedia is more notable than Marco of Alexandria who was voted off as not notable!! Well, if this page passes the vfd then I guess the notability of wikipedia as a whole should come into question. Many other examples like this exist. Omar Filini 11:08, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * See also (not work safe). This may not be a common fetish, but it certainly exists. --SPUI (talk) 11:42, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you trying to say that ANYTHING that exists is wikiworthy?? I have seen many articles about entities that Exist get deleted simply because the concensus was that they were not notable enough for wikipedia!! Anyone who votes keep here, must really think hard when he/she gets the urge to vote delete on any other articles. Omar Filini 16:12, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Apparently between inclusionists and people who believe essentially that all forms of sexual behaviour are notable and fit for an encyclopedia article, Wikipedia is, in fact, going to be the on-line Encyclopedia of Unusual Sexual Practices.  I don't know if this is because fetishists are over-represented amongst Wikipedia editors or whether it is a bending-over-backwards to be open-minded.   Hopefully the latter.  --BM 17:37, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * comment It is safe to assume that most people with paranormal thoughts/desires who cannot express them outwardly will seek refuge as anonymous internet users; they usually become heavy users. So it is logical to follow that the percentage of fetishists within the online community is MUCH higher than that of the offline population. This argument could answer BM's question of fetishists being over-represented amongst wikipedians; but could also be used as a supporting notion to Keep the article since wikipedia is an online encyclopedia which serves the online community with all its deviations.I personally don't support this because I think wikipedia should represent the better side of the online community and not the darker. I think that the result will be in favor of keeping the article which is a shame really because wikipedia will lose credibility when an article like this pops up as a random page on some innocent first-time-user's screen. Omar Filini 18:19, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The whole fart diaries part is unencyclopedic as it seems to be a very minor, non-notable phenomenon (<50 unique Google hits for "fart diary", only 2 relevant hits for "fart diaries"). Ignoring that, what's left is the fact that (1) such a fetish exists and (2) it can be combined with domination practices, and I fail to see why these two tiny tidbits of information should be granted an article of their very own separate from flatulence. — Ливай | ☺ 23:39, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Because there are 8150 reasons to believe it's notable and prevalent.--Centauri 00:30, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It amazes me how people describe entities as notable or not notable based on google search results! As I said the internet is a great medium for the spread of pornography, especially perverse pornography .. and thus you will find that almost all of your wildest sexual fantasies are found notably by google the great! You will get 105,000 search results for Fart Fetish (Notable) but only 59,000 search results for Nobel Laureate Naguib Mahfouz (less notable) and just 13,700 for Dr Sam Nujoma, The president of Namibia (Much less Notable) ... Does Wikipedia benefit from propagting pornography in the same way that pornographic sites do??? I bet not, but you know, THAT is PRECISELY why you will find so much porn on the web!! not because it is Notable!! but because it is a business!! and no one will pay to read a webpage about Togo's or Algeria's president, simply because they contain REAL factual information that is not for profit and will thus be selectively propagated! so the 8150 reasons argument is truly falacious! if Wikipedia editors will cast their votes based solely on google search results, then wikipedia will just be a well written version of the whole internet with all its rubbish .. and just a few of its gems concealed within the folds of pornographic and commercial information. Omar Filini 01:30, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia can and should reflect the reality of the world as it is, not the world as some people might like it to be. --Centauri 04:12, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Centauri I really agree with you, and I believe in including all sorts of information on wikipedia! But when I find that the consensus on wikipedia is to vote to delete notable articles on notable subjects for such reasons as "Not Notable enough" (as has happened with the Marco of Alexandria page, on which we both voted keep) I fail to see how something such as a Fart Fetish could have more notability among wikipedians! if Articles like this get passed while articles like Marco's get deleted simply because google gets more results on Farts; then the whole Notability of wikipedia as I have said earlier will become questionable. Omar Filini 11:26, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment on the google notability. People are shy when writing on Internet about intimate things? I mean, what is the relation between people who go to the bathroom and people who describe their bathroom behaviour on the Internet. This makes google give less results with appropriate content when searching for fart diaries and other fetish related topics and also emphasizes the shameless commercial side. --Easyas12c 08:56, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * People are very open about their fantasies on the net unlike real life, many Oppressed desires are openly expressed on various internet channels; the anonymity of the users is what helps them feel safe about disclosing their otherwise socially-tabboo fantasies. Omar Filini 11:26, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete A trivial fetish, but good enough to promote two or three commercial websites. Pilatus 23:00, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. --Carnildo 00:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all trivial fetishes. Wikipedia is an excellent resource of trivial information.  GRider\talk 18:46, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, Absolute Rubbish .... Abrahams 12:59, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen (soundtrack)

Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen is the soundtrack album to the 2004 film of the same name. The soundtrack featured songs by various artists. The film's lead actress Lindsay Lohan recorded four songs written for the film, including "Drama Queen (That Girl)", that was promotionally released with an accompanying video on Disney in January of that year.

Critical reception
Michael Paoletta referred to the soundtrack as a "harmless musical companion" to the film, citing Lindsay Lohan's "Drama Queen (That Girl)" and "What Are You Waiting For?" in addition to Cherie's "Ready" as the album highlights. Paoletta was more critical of Lohan's "Don't Move On/Living for the City/Changes" and Atomic Kitten's rendition of "Ladies Night".

Track listing

 * 1) "Drama Queen (That Girl)" - Lindsay Lohan (Lohan, Pam Sheyne, Bill Wolfe) – 3:29
 * 2) "I'm Ready" - Cherie – 3:22
 * 3) "Ladies Night" - Atomic Kitten featuring Kool & the Gang – 3:06
 * 4) "Perfect" (acoustic version) - Simple Plan – 4:07
 * 5) "Tomorrow" - Lillix – 3:39
 * 6) "What Are You Waiting For?" - Lindsay Lohan (Bridget Benenate, Matthew Gerrard, Steve Booker) – 3:19
 * 7) "Na Na" - Superchick – 3:45
 * "1, 2, 3" - Nikki Cleary – 3:28
 * 1) "Don't Move On/Living for the City/Changes" Medley - Lindsay Lohan (Martin Blasick, Stevie Wonder, David Bowie) – 2:22
 * 2) "Boom" - Fan 3 – 3:20
 * 3) "A Day in the Life" - Lindsay Lohan (James Scoggin, Samantha Moore, Kirk Miller) – 3:19
 * 4) "The Real Me" - Alexis – 4:22
 * 5) "Un-Sweet Sixteen" - Wakefield – 2:55
 * 6) "Only in the Movies" - Diffuser – 2:55

Songs featured in the film but not included on the soundtrack album include:
 * "Never Leave You (Uh Oooh, Uh Oooh)" by Lumidee, as the musical theme for Carla Santini.
 * "Shake Your Coconuts" by Junior Senior, featured when Lola and Ella get ready for the concert in the train to New York.
 * "Feel Alright" by ZOEgirl from their album, Different Kind of FREE, featured during the concert after party.
 * "Any Other Girl" by NU, previously used to promote American Wedding (2003).
 * "Up, Up, Up" by Rose Falcon, featured when Lola and Ella try to find Stu Wolff's house, previously used to promote Disney's Inspector Gadget 2 (2003).
 * "Not Done Yet" by Superchick, featured when Lola and Ella were in Stu's bedroom.

Drama Queen (That Girl)
"Drama Queen (That Girl)" is a song from the Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen soundtrack. It enjoyed some success due to airplay on Disney Channel and Radio Disney. It was written by Lindsay Lohan, Pam Sheyne and Bill Wolfe, and produced by Matthew Gerrard, Dawn Soler and Mitchell Leib. The song appeared on the compilation albums, Radio Disney Jams, Vol. 7 and Radio Disney Chart Toppers. The song won "Best Song to Watch Your Dad Sing" at the 2004 Radio Disney Awards.

Music video
A promotional music video, directed by Declan Whitebloom, shows Lohan portraying different people performing the song in an audition, along with the promotional artwork for the movie and footage from the movie.


text:
Talk:David Jamieson (VC)

Untitled
This was in the article but I have moved it here as I don't think it is appropriate for the article. When I get around to I will include the info here in the article. Evil Monkey∴Hello 06:51, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)

Further information
He later achieved the rank of Major.

title: Talk:David Jamieson (VC)


text:
User talk:Robert the Bruce/Arbitration discussion

'''This page has been established to contain any response to the argument posted to the User page where no outside editing is tolerated. Those who wish to respond here will be required to post their responses in independent sections where I will have the right of reply.''' - Robert the Bruce 06:51, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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ZLT

ZLT may refer to:

 * La Tabatière Airport in La Tabatière, Quebec, Canada (IATA code)
 * Zero length launch a system to launch jet fighters.
 * Zeppelin Luftschifftechnik GmbH & Co (see Zeppelin NT)

title: ZLT


text: File:Disney Channel Hits Take 1.jpg

title: File:Disney Channel Hits Take 1.jpg


text:
Talk:Irish morphology

Untitled
I'm starting to move information from my old page at, where I can no longer edit it, to Wikipedia. The information is my own, so there are no copyvio problems! --Angr 06:53, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Irish morphology


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Disney Channel Hits: Take 1

Disney Channel Hits: Take 1 is a CD and DVD collection of songs and music videos from Disney Channel Original Series. Released on October 26, 2004, the CD includes songs from Lizzie McGuire, That's So Raven, Even Stevens, Kim Possible and The Proud Family, plus six never-before released tracks. The DVD includes five music videos of select songs from the CD. A second compilation focusing on songs from Disney Channel Original Movies was released the following year.

Bonus music videos

 * 1) "I Can't Wait" (from Lizzie McGuire) - Hilary Duff
 * 2) "Enjoy Yourself" (from The Proud Family) - L.P.D.Z.
 * 3) "That's So Raven Theme Song" - Raven
 * 4) "Supernatural" (from That's So Raven) - Raven
 * 5) "The Naked Mole Rap" (from Kim Possible) - Ron Stoppable and Rufus

title: Disney Channel Hits: Take 1


text:
Talk:Sakigake Party

Untitled
Perhaps this ought to be a disambig, rather than a simple redirect, give the confusingly-similarly-named "Sakigake Party" and "New Sakigake Party" articles? Alai 06:54, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sakigake Party


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Zero-length launch

The zero-length launch system or zero-length take-off system (ZLL, ZLTO, ZEL, ZELL) was a method whereby jet fighters and attack aircraft could be near-vertically launched using rocket motors to rapidly gain speed and altitude. Such rocket boosters were limited to a short-burn duration, being typically solid-fuel and suitable for only a single use, being intended to drop away once expended.

The majority of ZELL experiments, which including the conversion of several front-line combat aircraft for trialling the system, occurred during the 1950s amid the formative years of the Cold War. As envisioned, the operational use of ZELL would have employed mobile launch platforms to disperse and hide aircraft, reducing their vulnerability in comparison to being centralised around established airbases with well-known locations. While flight testing had proved such systems to be feasible for combat aircraft, no ZELL-configured aircraft were ever used operationally. The emergence of ever-capable missiles had greatly reduced the strategic necessity of aircraft for the nuclear strike mission, while questions over practicality had also played a role.

History
During the second world war, Germany experimented with the Bachem Ba 349, but due to them losing the war, development was cut short.

According to aviation author Tony Moore, the concept of the zero-length launch system became popular amongst military planners and strategists during the early years of what is now known the Cold War. Conventional aircraft, reliant on large and well-established airbases, were thought to be too easily knocked out in the opening hours of a major conflict between the superpowers, thus the ability to remove this dependence upon lengthy runways and airbases was highly attractive. During the 1950s, various powers began experimenting with a diverse range of methods to launch armed fighter jets, typically using some arrangement of rocket motors. In some concepts, such a fighter could be launched from a trailer from virtually any location, including those that could be camouflaged or otherwise concealed up until the moment of launch.

The primary advantage of a zero-length launch system is the elimination of the historic dependence on vulnerable airfields to facilitate air operations. In the event of a sudden attack, air forces equipped with such systems could field effective air defenses and launch their own airstrikes even with their own airbases having been destroyed by an early nuclear attack. Although launching aircraft using rocket boosters proved to be relatively trouble-free, a runway was still required for these aircraft to be able to land or else be forced to crash. The mobile launching platforms also proved to be expensive to operate and somewhat bulky, typically making them difficult to transport. The security of the mobile launchers themselves would have been a major responsibility in and of itself, especially in the case of such launchers being equipped with nuclear-armed strike fighters.

The United States Air Force, the Bundeswehr's Luftwaffe, and the Soviet VVS all conducted experiments in zero-length launching. The first manned aircraft to be ZELL-launched was an F-84G in 1955. The Soviets' main interest in ZELL was for point defense-format protection of airfields and critical targets using MiG-19s. The American tests with the F-84s started with using the Martin MGM-1 Matador solid-fuel boost motor of some 240 kilonewton (52,000 lbf) thrust output, which burned out seconds after ignition and dropped away from the manned fighter a second or two later. Tests of the larger F-100 Super Sabre and SM-30 (MiG-19) (with the SM-30 using the Soviet-design PRD-22R booster unit) used similar short-burn solid fueled boost motors, albeit of a much more powerful 600 kN (135,000 lbf) thrust-class output levels.

Testing proved that the F-100 was capable of a ZELL launch even while carrying both an external fuel tank and a single nuclear weapon mounted on its hard points. The conceived mission profile would have been for the pilot to have launched a retaliatory nuclear strike against the attacker before attempting to return to any available friendly airbase, or having to eject from the aircraft if a safe landing site could not be reached. Despite the extremely high thrust generated by the rocket motor, the F-100 reportedly subjected its pilot to a maximum of 4g of acceleration forces during the takeoff phase of flight, reaching a speed of roughly 300 mph prior to the rocket motor's depletion. Once all fuel had been exhausted, the rocket motor was intended to slip backwards from its attachment points and drop away from the aircraft. However, testing revealed that this would sometimes fail to detach or cause minor damage to the aircraft's underside when doing so. Despite such difficulties being encountered, the F-100's ZELL system was considered to be feasible, but the idea of its deployment had become less attractive as time went on.

Eventually, all projects involving ZELL aircraft were abandoned, largely due to logistical concerns, as well as the increasing efficiency of guided missiles having rendered the adoption of such aircraft to be less critical in the eyes of strategic planners. Furthermore, the desire to field combat aircraft that lacked any dependence upon relatively vulnerable landing strips had motivated the development of several aircraft capable of either vertical takeoff/landing (VTOL) or short takeoff/landing (STOL) flight profiles; such fighters included production aircraft such as British Hawker Siddeley Harrier and the Soviet Yak-38, as well as experimental prototypes such as the American McDonnell Douglas F-15 STOL/MTD.

ZELMAL (ZEro-length Launch MAt Landing)
The ZELMAL program investigated the possibility of a zero-length landing. The program was conducted 1953 and 1954. It involved a Republic F-84 aircraft and an inflatable rubber mat. The aircraft would perform a zero-length landing by catching an arrester cable with a tailhook, similar to an aircraft carrier landing. The aircraft would then drop onto the rubber mat. A number of unmanned tests were performed before two piloted ZELMAL tests in 1954. In both cases the pilots suffered spinal injuries. The program was not continued after that.

Manned aircraft involved in ZELL testing

 * Republic F-84G Thunderjet
 * North American F-100D Super Sabre
 * Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 SM-30
 * Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow

title: Zero-length launch


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Vallabhi

Vallabhi (or Valabhi or Valabhipur) is an ancient city located in the Saurashtra peninsula of Gujarat, near Bhavnagar in western India. It is also known as Vallabhipura and was the capital of the Suryavanshi Maitraka Dynasty.

History

Vallabhi was occupied as early as the Harappan period, and was later part of the Maurya Empire from about 322 BCE until 185 BCE.

The Satavahana dynasty ruled the area, off and on, from the late second century BCE until the early third century CE. The Gupta Empire held the area from approximately 319 CE to 467 CE.

The Great Council of Vallabhi, which codified the Śvētāmbaras Jain texts, was held there in 454 CE, during the decline of the Gupta Empire.

In the fifth century (CE), the first two Maitraka rulers, Bhatarka and Dharasena I, only used the title of Senapati (general). The third ruler, Dronasimha (Dronasena ), declared himself Maharaja (literally "Great King"). King Guhasena came after him. Unlike his predecessors, the king stopped using the term Paramabhattaraka Padanudhyata alongside his name, a term that denotes nominal allegiance to the Gupta overlords. He was succeeded by his son Dharasena II, who used the title Mahadhiraja. The next ruler was his son, Siladitya-I Dharmaditya, who was described by the Chinese scholar and traveller Xuanzang as a "monarch of great administrative ability and of rare kindness and compassion". Siladitya I was succeeded by his younger brother Kharagraha I.

During the time of Kharagraha I, a copperplate grant was found from 616 CE that shows that his territories included Ujjain. During the reign of the next ruler, his son Dharasena III, north Gujarat was assimilated into the kingdom. Dharasena II was succeeded by another son of Kharagraha I, Dhruvasena II, Baladitya. He married the daughter of Harshavardhana and their son Dharasena IV assumed the imperial titles of Paramabhattaraka Mahrajadhiraja Parameshvara Chakravartin and Sanskrit poet Bhatti was his court poet. The next powerful ruler of this dynasty was Siladitya III. After him, Siladitya V ruled, and it is suspected that during his reign, there was an Arab Invasion. The last known ruler of the dynasty was Siladitya VII.

The rule of the Maitrakas is believed to have ended during the second or third quarter of the eighth century when the Arabs invaded.

List of Rulers

 * 1) Bhattarak Sen (c. 470-c. 492)
 * 2) Ghana Sen I (c. 493-c. 499)
 * 3) Drona Sen (title: Maharaja) (c. 500-c. 520)
 * 4) Dhruva Sen I (520-550 AD)
 * 5) Dhanapatta Sen (550-556 AD)
 * 6) Graha Sen (556-570 AD)
 * 7) Dhara Sen II (570-595 AD)
 * 8) Siladitya Sen I (Dharmaditya) (595-615 AD)
 * 9) Khagrahasena I (615-626 AD)
 * 10) Dhara Sen III (AD 626-640)
 * 11) Dhruva Sen II (Baladitya) (640-644 AD)
 * 12) Chakravarti Raja Ghana Sen IV (Titles: Parambhattarak, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwar) (644-651 AD)
 * 13) Dhruva Sen III (651-655 AD)
 * 14) Khagraha Sen II (655-658 AD)
 * 15) Siladitya Sen II (658-685 AD)
 * 16) Siladitya Sen III (690-710 AD)
 * 17) Siladitya Sen IV (710-740 AD)
 * 18) Siladitya Sen V (740-762 AD)
 * 19) Siladitya Sen VI (Dhruvatta) (762-776 AD)

Valabhi inscriptions
Religious inscriptions are known from Valhabi, which were dedicated to the Brahmans as well as the Buddhist and Jains. The Indologist Sylvain Lévi wrote an article entitled "Les donations religieuses des rois de Valhabi".

The numerals used in the Valhabi inscriptions and on their coins, dated to c. 600 CE, are often mentioned as an intermediary step in the evolution of Hindu-Arabic numerals.

title: Vallabhi


text:
Greatest Disney TV & Film Hits

Greatest Disney TV & Film Hits is a greatest hits compilation of Disney songs performed by actress and singer Christy Carlson Romano. The album primarily contains Romano's songs previously included on various Disney compilation and soundtrack albums. Three new songs are also included: "Dive In", an original recording made specially for the album, "Colors of the Wind", which was later released on Disneymania 3 (2005) and "Could It Be", later released in promotion of Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama and is also included in the 2005 "Kim-Proved" reissue of the Kim Possible soundtrack. In addition, "Dream Vacation" from The Even Stevens Movie (2003), makes its audio recording debut on this release, as that film did not have a commercially released soundtrack. To date, it is the first and only solo album released by Romano.

title: Greatest Disney TV & Film Hits


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dartmouth Dining Service

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. The article is pending deletion with a block compression error. Joyous 02:56, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Dartmouth Dining Service
Doesn't seem notable. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:59, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Bits of universities are not inherently notable in their own rights. Notability has to be established.  For some, it can be.  For the "1st best college food service in the country", it might be.  For the sixth best, it has not been.  There is nothing of worth here to Merge into Dartmouth College. Delete. Uncle G 13:55, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)
 * Delete. The dining services of universities aren't encyclopedia material.  What's next: Harvard Buildings and Grounds Department?   But this is probably someone having a bit of fun at Wikipedia's expense, or else "disrupting Wikipedia to make a point". --BM 14:36, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. JoaoRicardo 20:37, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base. Possible bad-faith prank. Dpbsmith (talk) 22:42, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 01:19, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:49, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Don't tell me the Great Dartmouth Invasion of '04 has returned! That clogged up VfD for a week. -R. fiend 20:07, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Easy, easy. We never got a complete list but there is pretty good evidence that we got about several good articles for every VfD-worthy article. We didn't notice the articles from Dartmouth students that weren't Dartmouth vanity. I suspect this article of being trolling by someone who remembers the Dartmouth episode. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:47, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Really? Yeah, I guess I didn't notice the keepers, just the Dartmouth College Skeet-shooting and Indian Arm-wrestling Society and the like. So were the good article not Dartmouth related then? -R. fiend 03:47, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:70.115.172.69

title: User talk:70.115.172.69


text: File:The Princess Diaries Soundtrack1.jpg


text: File:The Princess Diaries Soundtrack2.jpg


text:
Talk:Erin Pizzey

Untitled
"Suppression" of her book? Perhaps it was simply unpopular. This is quite biased and needs rewriting.Zantastik 07:00, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll email her to try to find out what form this suppression might have taken, because in my searches there are several references to it elsewhere on the Internet, so there might be something in it. Matt Stan 13:56, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There is no possible bias in a statement of simple fact. The article states that "some internet sources make the claim that ..." which is beyond dispute, as a brief Google search will reveal. Some internet sources do make that claim. Further, it cautiously notes that they do so on little evidence. This is more than sufficient to meet NPOV standards and does not require a rewrite. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.38.147.166 (talk) 21:21, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Quote
"Men are gentle, honest and straightforward. Women are convoluted, deceptive and dangerous. -- Quoted in the London Daily Mail, 24 August 1988[1]" The links brings me to some website, not to the newspaper's site, so I fear the editor didn't check the accuracy of the quote. The fact that one finds the same quote in many other webpages is not a proof. Apokrif 13:53, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree this fear is not entirely without merit. As long as I am not staring at the very Daily Mail issue, I am not sure as well... This is however an unusual situation when somebody actually provides a reference for a quotation. That makes it quite unlikely in may eyes that it had not really been there.
 * "Apokrif is a nice guy" Daily Mail, 8 January 1987, page 16. Apokrif 13:48, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

I guess the only way to check this is to pay a personal visit to the Daily Mail, or the British Library maybe? Myself, I don't plan on going to the UK in the near future. Even after such research, a question of accuracy of the journalist's account might be considered.
 * IMHO a second-hand quote is OK is the source is a "good" newspaper - and keeping in mind that, should anybody use this quote in any serious work, s/he should at the very least
 * * check if the quote is not inconsistent with known opinions of the author
 * * check if the quote has not been attributed to everybody and his brother, like "Eternity is long, especially towards the end"
 * In general, I prefer avoiding N-th hand sources, we don't need to increase the number of hoaxes and dubious claims that are found everywhere on the web. WP's reliability problems are already serious enough. Apokrif 13:48, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * In addition, it would be great to learn from Pizzey herself, what is her opinion regarding her alleged assertion from seventeen years ago.
 * Anyway, I think the quote should be merged into the text and I am going to do this in a moment. Conf 17:26, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * ME AGAIN: I have been thinking about some changes to this page, so now I have changed much more at once. I hope it's better now. Conf 18:23, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

If you call a claim "highly controversial", please document the existence of the controversy
The previous wording was: Some internet sources make the highly controversial claim that Prone to Violence was suppressed by feminists. 'High controversy' would require that notable sources claiming otherwise also exist. What are they? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.24.176.5 (talk) 01:45, 28 February 2007 (UTC).

Family
Is she related to the deceased Rhodesian author Daniel Carney? I read her CV and the personal information there made me think that this was the case. I sent her an e-mail inquiry some time ago, but never received a response. Anyone know for sure? Splatt (talk) 20:03, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Jack Ashley
He never talked about violence against men. I suggest to modify the text: In 1975 MP Jack Ashley stated, limited aspect of violence against women, in the House of Commons that:....... Thanks --Lungoleno (talk) 14:03, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Chiswick Women's Aid and Refuge
User:Shakehandsman has pointed out, on my talk page, that our existing refs don't completely cover Pizzey as founder of Refuge. This is correct, and I've found another reference from Sandra Horley, Pizzey's successor at Chiswick Women's Aid, that suggests Pizzey had left before Refuge started up. This would only require a couple of tweaks to clarify—nothing major. Views? --Old Moonraker (talk) 09:01, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * As the article states the name "Refuge" wasn't in use until 1993 and Horley is technically correct that Pizzey left before then as she'd moved to America by 1982. However, the change of name was simply a rebranding exercise, it's exactly the same organsation. It's blatantly obvious that Pizzey founded the organisation as even they themselves make a big song and dance about being founded in 1971 starting out as "a single house in Chiswick, West London,". Unless someone else happened to open a shelter right next door to Pizzey's at exactly the same time then clearly she's the founder. iFeminist writer Wendy McElroy writes about the attempt by feminists to erase Pizzey from the history of the shelters (something which appears to have been rather successful) and given the recent coi editing it's possible that this campaign may well be ongoing. Anyway I think it's important we're aware of the issues here, I'm going to reinsert a BBC ref for now as it's a reliable source and more neutral than anything from any of Pizzey's opponents (or organisations run by her opponents).--Shakehandsman (talk) 15:41, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I too wouldn't want to be taken in by a carefully laid scheme to "erase Pizzey from the history", but is it possible that relying on the rather weak source represented by BBC Weymouth explaining a local funding concern concedes just that? It's somewhat tangential to the matter in hand, being no more than a passing mention written thirty years or so after the event. It could leave the impression that "if that's the best there is" the sources supporting Pizzey's contribution are all equally as insubstantial.

 * Some recent edits do seem to be showing a taint of COI and this should be resisted by, as Shakehandsman points out, neutral, reliable sources. Let's have some strong ones, please!--Old Moonraker (talk) 16:26, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Well yes, relying on less than perfect sources concedes there has been a campaign against her. If such a campaign was a success we're never going to be spoilt for choice, but surely the BBC is easily a reliable enough source?--Shakehandsman (talk) 16:49, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Wikipedian In Residence offer
I know Erin personally quite well and speak to her regularly. I also do a bi-weekly radio show with her, which this article mentions. Since I know her personally and work with her regularly I have a Conflict Of Interest, however, I also have direct access to ask her any questions or request any references from her. If desired I can be contacted to answer questions, if that's useful to anyone.Dean Esmay (talk) 19:23, 17 December 2013 (UTC)
 * There is a notable interview with Erin Pizzey which answers a lot of questions about her views and her past available at www.avoiceformen.com/mens-rights/domestic-violence-industry/refuting-40-years-of-lies-about-violence/ Dean Esmay (talk) 14:19, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

Citations don't support the statement
"Pizzey has been the subject of death threats and boycotts because of her stance that most domestic violence is reciprocal, and that women are equally as capable of violence as men.[4][5][6]" These citations make that statement, but don't quote primary sources of the death threats or boycotts. Which make them poor citations for this effect. It would be better to say: "Pizzey and her allies claim she has been the subject of death threats and boycotts because of her stance on domestic violence as equal between sexes.[4][5][6]" Because that's what the citations claim. The reason for the death threats would require a non-partisan view of the threats themselves; shouldn't wikipedia not make a stance or use one side's language over the other? 174.62.68.53 (talk) 00:24, 16 April 2014 (UTC)
 * "These citations make that statement, but don't quote primary sources of ..." On wikipedia we don't rely on primary sources for supporting article content, we chiefly rely on secondary sources and report what they say if they are reliable. This is to avoid original research, Second Quantization (talk) 18:43, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

There should be a "criticisms" section
One of the newspaper references (which I closed out of and can't find again, maybe someone can find it?) mentioned that a sociologist disagreed with her book's ideas on the reason women return to abusive situations. As someone with a formal education in psychology and sociology, I do recognize that her views are "fringe," and her statements elsewhere about emotional abuse not being equal to physical abuse are highly controversial. Although I do have the ability to perform research on the validity of her claims, I recognize this may not be what Wikipedia wants. Therefore, I mostly lack the ability to make such a section myself. (I also apologize for my confusing mixture of formal and informal language, which I am unable to see myself but have been frequently told exists.) Narky Sawtooth (talk) 08:25, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

'Current work' section
Removed refs containing blacklisted sites bounced through other sites as per this discussion. The content has been left in tact with "citation needed" templates added as appropriate. --The Vintage Feminist (talk) 03:22, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Not new
Shelters for women avoiding drunken husbands appeared in Texas in the late 19th. century.

Seems
One of the web-sites mentioned under "External links" seems to be unrelated to the subject. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.52.216.69 (talk) 11:01, 5 November 2017 (UTC)

Proposed removal...
In the "Later Work" section, a passage reads:

"In 2013, she joined the editorial and advisory board of the men's rights organization A Voice for Men[citation needed] (serving as an Editor and DV Policy Advisor) and from January to August wrote thirteen articles for the group's web site. Only one was published 14 July the following year. None was published in the first half of 2015."

I see a number of issues here....

One, if there's no citation that she even was on the board of AVfM, it seems rather dubious that she's writing all of these articles that aren't being published. It also sounds odd that she would be an editor but only able to get one out of thirteen articles published on their website.

But who knows, it could be true, and not knowing her or any of the AVfM people personally, I don't know what issues may have transpired between them. Even if it is true though, I'm skeptical about its relevance to this article, and its presence here strikes me as a sort of WP:Coatracking - i.e. using her biography article as a springboard to suggest that AVfM is discriminating against her based on her gender.

Again, I don't know what the actual truth of the matter is, but unless there's some substantiation of all of this (e.g. if she's written about the issue or if reporters interviewing her have covered it) then I don't think it makes sense to include all that. -2003:CA:83C3:F100:A853:595B:E9D6:CD10 (talk) 22:02, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

Awards: Proposed removal...
I suggest removing this chapter completely, because none of these awards can be found independently ,i.e. without a reference to Pizzey, so it is safe to assume that they are all fakes: The sources given - two rather obscure Encyclodias of Women - have apparently just taken their information from the Wikipedia entry, and the SAFE award from 2022 cannot be found with the link given. I would erase the chapter if no independent sources for the existence of the awards are presented by April 1, 2023. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Redmund17 (talk • contribs) 18:11, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * That's not how things work here. In the first instance, The World Who's who of Women dates from 1990, while the Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers was published in 2001, and therefore neither can "have apparently just taken their information from the Wikipedia entry" as you claim. Secondly, the Nancy Astor Award certainly existed, as I see a reference to it having previously been award to the journalist Ann Hills in the Daily Mirror of 30 January 1997, as well as references to the 1990 presentation in two local newspapers of 19 October 1990. It therefore cannot be dismissed as "fake," as you falsely claim. Thirdly, the SAFE URL has simply changed, so I have updated it. Nick Cooper (talk) 18:53, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comment. The only recent reference to a Nancy Astor award is from the Conservative Women's Organisation which states it took over the reward in 2019, but a reference to Pizzey can still not be found on any website run by any organisation that might have run an award of that name in the past. I would also appreciate if you could find any substantial information on the other "awards" that you have put back on the entry. I would also like to point out, that I had asked (see above) the community to provide hard info on the existence of the other awards - and the organisations supposedly behind them - a week before removing them. As long as there is no substantial info on any of these awards I stick to my judgement that the existence of these awards is highly questionable and thus cannot be part of the wikipedia entry on Pizzey. The quality of the Pizzey entry on Wikipedia could definitely profit from your efforts to prove that Pizzey really got these rewards and from whom. PS I found the new SAFE Website.  Redmund17 (talk) 14:46, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Not a reply but an addition to my remarks above:
 * I checked the "Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers" (which is given as a source for the pre 2000 awards for Pizzey) in the local University library: It mentions as its source an entry on Pizzey on a website by a German-Canadian men's right activist named Walter H.Schneider, "Fathers for Life" (set up in 2000 and non-existent after February 2001) and this website contains the list of pre 2000 awards Pizzey was supposedly given. The following two quotes (accessed through the Wayback Machine) give an impression of the nature of this short-lived website: "For more than two decades we have been exposed to never-ceasing and ever-increasing propaganda to create sympathy for battered wives." “Massive, government-sponsored hate propaganda that demonizes all Canadian men at the Canadian National Clearing House on Family Violence, a Health Canada web site.“ http://www.forever.freeshell.org/pizzey.htm . The "organisation" SAFE,  which claims to have given Pizzey an award in 2023 is simply a website which does not list any activity by the organisation with a concrete date and place, and presents a number of people as "Speakers" on its website - but these speakters do not mention their relationship to SAFE on their own websites. Therefore I would strongly urge Nick Cooper to either provide reputable sources for the awards presented on the Wikipedia entry on Pizzey or to stop putting these non-existent awards back on the Wikipedia article on Pizzey. Redmund17 (talk) 12:15, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure why you think I should have to "prove" anything. We have sources, but you - for some reason - seem to think you are in a position to question them to destruction. Again, that's not how things work here. Nick Cooper (talk) 13:35, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your reply, you don't say who the "we" are, when you write " we have sources" - it sounds like a royal we or majestic plural,and that would be a rather weak argument against my request to present reputable sources for the mere existence of the listed awards and of Pizzey being the recipient. And I made my request not for "some" reason as you write, but because I had checked the purported sources for Pizzey's awards and explained why they are not really sources. Every individual can nowadays put up a  website on which he or she can claim things which are not true or non-existent, and can also invent an award and a recipient of such an award on his/her website - but I think most users of Wikipedia would neither  want nor expext Wikipedia to use such websites as sources for its articles. I would therefore repeat my request that you present real sources for the existence of the rewards and of Pizzey being the recipient instead of putting these clearly fake awards back on Wikipedia. Redmund17 (talk) 12:59, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Those sources are present in the article as inline citations, and all of them are reliable third-party sources. Nothing further is needed, in my opinion. If you have doubts on the reliability of the sources in the article, you can raise that on the Reliable sources noticeboard for further input. Ciridae (talk) 11:41, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Erin Pizzey


text:
The Princess Diaries soundtracks

The Princess Diaries soundtracks are soundtracks of the films The Princess Diaries (2001) and The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004) starring Julie Andrews and Anne Hathaway. The albums contain songs sung by well-known charting artists as well as performers signed to Disney that the company wanted to promote. They were released by Walt Disney Records.

The Princess Diaries score
The movie's score, composed and conducted by John Debney, was also released by Walt Disney Records. This was the first film he scored for director Garry Marshall; Debney wrote the scores for all of Marshall's subsequent films.

title: The Princess Diaries soundtracks


text:
Talk:Gaston Gonnet

Untitled
Uh, I know Gaston pretty well, and I've never seen him spell his name with the accented "ó". Check out his page; he knows his typography and if he wanted an ó he would have one there. If it were a Spanish name the accent might be appropriate; but although Gaston is from Uruguay, his name (and ancestry) is French.

I'm a WP newbie, how do you go about changing the name of an entry? Tim Bray 07:04, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It's done. I was the one who first put the o-aigu there; I don't know why, but I must have seen it somewhere. --Saforrest 15:56, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gaston Gonnet


text:
Mass media in South Africa

The mass media in South Africa has a large mass media sector and is one of Africa's major media centres. While South Africa's many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole, the most commonly used language is English. However, all ten other official languages are represented to some extent or another. Afrikaans is the second most commonly used language, especially in the publishing sector.

Up until 1994, the country had a thriving Alternative press comprising community broadsheets, bilingual weeklies and even student "zines" and photocopied samizdats. After the elections, funding and support for such ventures dried up, but there has been a resurgence of interest in alternative forms of news gathering of late, particularly since the events of 11 September 2001.

Press freedom
Press freedom has a chequered history in South Africa. While some sectors of the South African media openly criticised the apartheid system and the 1948-1994 National Party government, they were hampered by government censorship during those years. For example, South African investigative journalist Donald Woods became renowned after he fled to live in the United Kingdom in exile after helping to expose the truth behind the death of Steve Biko, the leader of the Black Consciousness Movement, along with fellow journalist and current South African politician, Helen Zille. After the end of apartheid and National Party rule in 1994 however, censorship ended and a new constitution was enacted which has a Bill of Rights that guarantees that every citizen has the right to freedom of expression, which includes freedom of the press and media, the freedom to receive or impart information or ideas, freedom of artistic creativity, academic freedom, and freedom of scientific research.

These freedoms are generally respected in practice and the press is considered relatively free. Laws concerning the media and political control over its content are generally considered to be moderate and there is little evidence of repressive measures against journalists. In consequence, South Africa is ranked 39th in Reporters Without Borders' worldwide index of press freedom 2015–2016.

However, there has also been criticism of certain aspects of the freedom of the press in South Africa. All the large daily newspapers are owned by the four largest media firms, which could lead to pro-corporate bias. In addition, the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), the public broadcaster, is funded by the ANC-majority government.

Some media aspects of the Oilgate scandal have also been a cause for concern as was the banning of the publication of the cartoons of Muhammad in South Africa by Judge Mohammed Jajbhay on 3 February 2006.

According to media reports, the SABC blacklisted certain commentators and analysts which may be critical of the government.

Recently, the Protection of Information Bill and the proposed Media Appeals Tribunal has caused controversy both domestically and abroad with allegations that press freedom is under threat.

Newspapers
The history of newspapers in South Africa dates back to 1800, when the governor of the Cape Colony initiated the publishing of the government-controlled Cape Town Gazette and African Advertiser. The first privately owned newspaper, the SA Commercial Advertiser was published in 1824, with Thomas Pringle and John Fairbairn as editors. The first Dutch language newspaper, De Zuid-Afrikaan, was published in 1830, the first African language newspaper, Umshumayeli Wendaba, in 1837 and the first Afrikaans language newspaper, Die Afrikaanse Patriot, in 1876.

The current newspaper industry is in a fairly healthy state. According to a South African Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC) survey in 1996, there were 36 daily and weekly urban newspapers in the country – 29 in English, four in Afrikaans, two in Zulu and one in Xhosa. The dichotomy between demographics and publishing languages can be explained by different literacy levels, the widespread popular use of the English language, as well as South Africa's history of censorship, which curbed the development of a culture of newspaper readership. There are also a large number of free (advertising-funded) local and community newspapers in several different languages. An estimated 1.3 million newspapers are sold in South Africa daily.

There are several independently owned newspapers, most notably Mail & Guardian, however the majority are owned by four large publishing groups: Avusa, Naspers, Independent News and Media (owned by Sekunjalo Investments), and CTP/Caxton.

Magazines
South Africa has a very robust magazine industry with an estimated 280 locally published titles available; imported magazines add to this number considerably. The industry's annual turnover in 1998 was estimated to be about R 1.7 billion.

While the mass consumer market sector is dominated by only a few publishers (Naspers, Perskor, CTP Holdings, TML), the specialist consumer and trade & technical sectors are very fragmented and contain a large number of small- and medium-sized publishers in addition to the aforementioned major players.

As could be expected from South Africa's recent history, its magazine market is (still) characterised by definite differences in the readership of magazines amongst the country's different race groups. A decline in traditional mass consumer magazine titles versus the growth of specialist titles also characterises the industry, as does the growth of magazines specifically aimed at black South Africans, such as Drum.

Naspers is the dominant player in the mass consumer magazine sector and sells about two-thirds of all the magazines read in South Africa, including imported magazines. The company publishes large national titles such as Fair Lady, Sarie, Insig, SA Sports Illustrated, Kickoff, Huisgenoot, You and Drum. The Afrikaans language family magazine Huisgenoot has the largest circulation of any South African magazine and is followed by You, its English language version; these two magazines have a combined circulation of almost one million copies a week. Fair Lady and Sarie are South Africa's largest selling English- and Afrikaans-language women's magazines, respectively.

Other large mass market publishers are Perskor (Republican Press), CTP Holdings and Times Media. Specialist consumer magazines are also published by the aforementioned publishers, as well as by Primedia Publishing, Kagiso Media and Ramsay Son & Parker. In the trade and technical sector Primedia is the largest publisher.

Books
The book publishing industry in South Africa is relatively small, but it is nevertheless a key factor in its economy. There are more than 120 publishers in the country, according to the Publishers' Association of South Africa (PASA). Among these are commercial publishers, university presses, non-governmental organisations and one-person privately owned publishers. Of the 120 publishers who are members of the PASA, about 12 are classified as large publishers, 7 as medium-sized publishers and the remaining 101 as small publishers.

Books are published in all eleven official languages of South Africa as well as in some non-official and foreign languages. Works published include fiction, non-fiction, children's books, reference works as well as school and university textbooks. Electronic publishing is also a growing segment of the publishing industry. While some publishers specialise in the type of books they produce (for example textbooks), the majority of the large and medium publishers publish in several categories.

There are also a number of book importers and distributors active in South Africa as the great majority of books sold in South Africa (especially fiction) are still imported, mostly from Britain and the United States. This has resulted in relatively high prices being charged for books in comparison with the income of the average South African.

The South African publishing industry employs about 3,000 people full-time, as well as many freelance workers. In addition, it is estimated that the South African publishing industry employs about 9,000 authors (full- and part-time), who together earn an estimated R 150 million in royalties annually. The book-printing and bookselling are also largely dependent on this industry.

Television
Television is the most tightly regulated media sector in South Africa and is (along with radio) regulated by the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA). Broadcast rights, especially for television, are issued by invitation only and only two independent television broadcasters have been permitted to operate up to now. Broadcast licenses mandate percentages of local, community and educational content and broadcasters are required to include such content as a condition of their license.

As a result, there are only four free-to-air terrestrial television channels in South Africa, the South African Broadcasting Corporation's SABC 1, SABC 2 and SABC 3 as well as e.tv. The South African Broadcasting Corporation or SABC is South Africa's state-owned public broadcaster. All broadcasters are subject to the Broadcast Complaints Commission.

Multichoice is the oldest provider of pay TV and satellite broadcasting in the country, with one terrestrial pay TV channel, M-Net, and DStv, a digital satellite television network with over 55 local and international channels that broadcasts to over 2 million subscribers throughout Africa. In November 2008 four new licenses were granted, from a total of 18 applications, for the operation of pay-TV services. Walking on Water (a Christian broadcaster), On Digital Media and e-Sat (the satellite arm of e.tv) were all expected to start direct-to-home satellite broadcasts in mid-2008. This did not happen as only On succeeded in launching its Top TV service. Even Telkom Media which was supposed to operate satellite services as well as IPTV services such as video-on-demand, never took off and was subsequently sold to Shenzhen Media South Africa. On Digital Media is 68% black owned.

Radio stations
Radio has always been South Africa's biggest broadcast medium; From the 1960s, South Africa was a world leader in FM radio technology. In 1962, five FM radio stations broadcast, each to a particular language group. The content of the broadcasts ranged widely, over music, sports, religion, current affairs and drama. By the mid 1980s another five languages had their own stations and four music-only regional, commercial broadcasters had been added to the FM network. The sector's deregulation in 1996 led to an even bigger proliferation of radio stations. For example, there are about 4 radio stations available to Johannesburg listeners.

Broadcasts range from the country-wide and regional radio stations of the state-owned and funded SABC to fully commercial privately owned stations to community stations that target specific cities, towns, neighbourhoods or ethnic groups. Approximately eighty community radio licenses have been issued, although a quarter of these are inoperative.

The majority of radio stations broadcast in English, although the other official languages of South Africa are represented on the airwaves as well. The industry is regulated by ICASA.

Internet and telecommunications
In comparison with the rest of Africa, this sector is fairly big and robust. However, it is dominated by the fixed line monopoly Telkom, which has been criticised in recent years for hampering further growth. Telephone and internet access is also available via mobile network operators, such as Vodacom and MTN, but is an even more expensive option.

title: Mass media in South Africa


text:
SpongeBob SquarePants: Original Theme Highlights

SpongeBob SquarePants: Original Theme Highlights is the debut album of songs played on the Nickelodeon TV series SpongeBob SquarePants. It includes tracks sung by the cartoon's characters: SpongeBob SquarePants, Sandy Cheeks, Patrick Star, Squidward Tentacles, and Plankton. Its total running time is 9 minutes and 9 seconds, spanning seven tracks. This soundtrack was released on August 14, 2001 on CD by Nick Records, and Jive Records in the US.

The track "Pre-Hibernation" is an edited version of "Death Rattle" which was featured on Pantera's album, Reinventing the Steel.


text:
Kafes

The Kafes (قفس, from قفص), literally "cage", was the part of the Imperial Harem of the Ottoman Palace where possible successors to the throne were kept under a form of house-arrest and constant surveillance by the palace guards.

The early history of the Ottoman Empire is littered with succession wars between rival sons of the deceased sultan. It was common for a new sultan to have his brothers killed, including infants, sometimes dozens of them at once. This practice reduced the number of claimants to the throne, leading to several occasions where the Ottoman line seemed destined to end. The confinement of heirs provided security for an incumbent sultan and continuity of the dynasty.

First use
When Ahmed I died in 1617, his eldest son was only 13 years old, and for the first time in 14 generations, the Imperial Council altered succession so that the late sultan's 25-year-old brother acceded to the throne as Mustafa I. He was deposed (for the first time) the following year and became the first inmate of the Kafes although he and other princes throughout the preceding generations had been sequestered in various other places of comfortable confinement.

Rule of seniority
The next time there was a succession choice between a son or younger brother was in 1687 and the brother was again preferred. Thereafter, agnatic seniority was adopted as the rule of succession in the House of Osman so that all males within an older generation were exhausted before the succession of the eldest male in the next generation. This rule has also been largely adopted by other Islamic kingdoms.

It became common to confine brothers, cousins and nephews to the Cage, generally not later than when they left the harem (women's quarters) at puberty. This also marked the end of their education and many sultans came to the throne ill-prepared to be rulers, without any experience of government or affairs outside the Cage. They had only the company of slaves and women of the harems, and occasionally a deposed sultans.

The degree of confinement varied from reign to reign. Abdülaziz (1861–76) confined his nephews to the Cage when he succeeded his half-brother Abdülmecid I, their father, on the throne, but allowed them some freedom. He took his two eldest nephews with him when he traveled to Europe in 1867. At different times, it was the policy to ensure that inmates of the Cage only took barren concubines. Consequently, some sultans did not produce sons until they acceded to the throne. These sons, by virtue of their youth at the time of their fathers' deaths, ensured that the rule of elderness became so entrenched that sometimes the son of a sultan was confined during the reigns of cousins and older brothers before acceding to his father's throne.

Some inmates of the Cage grew old and died there before they had the opportunity to succeed to the throne. Confinement in the Cage had a great impact on the personalities of the captives in the Kafes and many of them developed psychological disorders. At least one deposed sultan and one heir committed suicide in the Cage.

Later years
The last Ottoman sultan, Mehmet VI Vahidettin (1918–22) was 56 when he came to the throne and had been either in the harem or the Cage his whole life. He was confined to the Cage by his uncle (Abdülaziz) and had stayed there during the reigns of his three older brothers. It was the longest and last confinement of a sultan by his predecessors.

By the later years of the Ottoman dynasty, the Cage had become a metaphor for the confinement of princes rather than the actual place where they were confined. The heir of the last sultan had apartments in the Dolmabahçe Palace, on the Bosphorus, where the sultan also lived. The last sultan's deposed older brother (Abdul Hamid II) was confined in rooms of his own choosing at Beylerbeyi Palace in his final years and died there in 1918. The Topkapı Palace, the original location of the Cage, had by then long fallen into disuse.

title: Kafes


text:
Cumberland, Ottawa

Cumberland is an unincorporated village on the Ottawa River in Cumberland Ward, in the city of Ottawa. It was part of the historic Township of Cumberland. In 1999, the township became the short lived City of Cumberland which amalgamated into the City of Ottawa in 2001. While the community of Cumberland was located in the City of Cumberland, it only made up a small percentage of the population of the city.

Cumberland is bounded by Regional Road 174 and the Ottawa River to the north, Colonial Road to the southeast, Innes Road to the southwest, and Trim Road to the west.

There are 6.1 total recreational sites per 1,000 people in Cumberland.

History
Cumberland was founded in 1802 when United Empire Loyalists, Abijah and Elizabeth Dunning, their son and daughter-in-law, Zalmon and Debora, and their children settled along the river at Cumberland. Grand-daughter Matilda married Amable Foubert, son of Gabriel Foubert who operated and independent fur trading post where the Lièvre River flows into the Ottawa River. The early settlement was known first as Foubertville, then as Osborne. In 1864, Postmaster George Gibb Dunning, a grandson of Abijah, changed the name to Cumberland. Due to the commerce from two wharves, several gristmills, sawmills, woolen mills, match factories and seven stores, the village of Cumberland flourished until the late 1890s. In 1907, the Canadian Northern Railway established an Ottawa−Hawkesbury line that stopped at Cumberland's train station until 1936.

title: Cumberland, Ottawa


text:
Ochre-bellied flycatcher

The ochre-bellied flycatcher (Mionectes oleagineus) is a small bird of the tyrant flycatcher family. It breeds from southern Mexico through Central America, and South America east of the Andes as far as southern Brazil, and on Trinidad and Tobago.

This is a common bird in humid forests, usually in undergrowth near water. It makes a moss-covered ball nest with a side entrance, which is suspended from a root or branch, often over water. The female incubates the typical clutch of two or three white eggs for 18–20 days, with about the same period for the young, initially covered with grey down, to fledge.

Adult ochre-bellied flycatchers are 12.7 cm long and weigh 11g. They have olive-green upperparts, and the head and upper breast are also green. The rest of the underparts are ochre-coloured, there are two buff wing bars, and the feathers of the closed wing are edged with buff. The male is slightly larger than the female, but otherwise similar.

There are a number of subspecies, which differ in the distinctness of the wing bars or the shade of the upperparts. This species was previously placed in the genus Pipromorpha.

Ochre-bellied flycatcher is an inconspicuous bird which, unusually for a tyrant flycatcher, feeds mainly on seeds and berries, and some insects and spiders.

The calls of the male include a high-pitched chip, and a loud choo. His display includes jumping, flutter-flight and hovering. He takes no part in rearing the young.

title: Ochre-bellied flycatcher