text:
Talk:Learned helplessness

Data Mining
I believe the original experiment by Martin Seligman is meaningless. I believe he started using mice or rats, but didn't get the result he wanted so he chose an animal that has been bred to TRUST HUMANS, WORK WITH HUMANS, AND WORK FOR HUMANS. After repeated shocks he claims the dogs wouldn't let him lead them out of the shock area. He claims learned helplessness. WRONG. The dogs weren't stupid, they knew it was Seligman that was torturing them and the bond of trust between dog and man was broken. When he tried to lead them away, the dogs didn't trust him, possibly thinking he was leading them to an even worse place. Martin Seligman is a disgusting example of a "human being" to torture trusting dogs the way he did. 71.9.22.214 (talk) 21:06, 22 August 2022 (UTC)David Price

LEARNED HOPELESSNESS
There is a wealth of unsorted info and articles on this topics out there; please editors or somebody with power start the learned helplessnes page so I can help build it up. I think I hav eproben my point enough with this info.

Please help add this vital and missing concept via getting the references and distinctions in the right format and contrasts with learned helplessness. I can't do this alone as not a a wikipedia expert in references and not a psychologists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.162.221.82 (talk) 21:24, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Besides the obvious linguistic similarity why is "learned hopelessness" related to learned helplessness as a distinct topic worthy of its own section, much less article? In the only half-way notable source I looked up they called "learned hopelessness" an extreme form of helplessness, eg: here and called "learned pessimism" a mild case of learned helplessness.  It doesn't appear to be a distinct condition but, rather, a clever play on words for variations of degrees of learned helplessness (and uncommonly used as such.)  One source I found accreditted the term to Martin Seligman, the source for the theory on learned helplessness.  Indeed many of the sources I saw, poor as they were, seem to use hopelessness as a synonym for helplessness.  Perhaps learned hopelessness should redirect to learned helplessness?--Cybermud (talk) 01:56, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

This man should be persecuted for crimes against nature. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.112.204.127 (talk) 04:06, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

Mussulmen
the sentence: "An example involves concentration camp prisoners during the Holocaust, when some prisoners, called Mussulmen, refused to care or fend for themselves." sounds unbased to me (the mussulmen were people who starved to near-death.) i'm not changing it, but i think it's wrong. --84.109.54.117 21:03, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Martin Seligman
This article should really mention Martin Seligman rather than Anthony Robbins when possible, since Seligman had a key role in the research developing the concept and Robbins did not. (I know, I know, the helping hand is at the end of my arm, but I'm mentioning this here because my new job is taking up most of my time and I may not get to it as soon as I'd like.) -- Antaeus Feldspar 00:34, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The article mentions that questioning the "3 p's" can be beneficial, but does not expand on that line of thought at all. As such that sentence seems to stand on its own without really accomplishing anything. Does anyone have any information to add to that portion of the article? -- Kris wood 13:11, 28 Jun 2005 (PST)

The whole first section really needs to go. The first two paragraphs aren't horrible, but need revision and should mention Seligman as early as possible. The whole Learned Helplessness theory stems from Martin Seligman, and references should be to his work (books, etc.), and not Anthony Robbins. Calling Martin Seligman's study "Early work" is an insult to the guy who developed the theory and did the work. It's like saying Einsten did the "Early work" in Relativity.

MarkTAW 03:31, 25 Sept, 2005 (EST)

Acting on the suggestions above
1. Those above are right; Martin Seligman needs to be credited prominently with a theory he created and researched. Some early Wikipedia editor's familiarity with what Tony Robbins had to say about it does not mean that references to Tony Robbins belong in this article.

2. The idea of total institutions is controversial, and by no means are the institutions mentioned on that page extremely predictable, and even if they were, this is not a prerequisite for Learned Helplessness (this may be another example of Tony Robbins' armchair philosophizing about Learned Helplessness without his being sufficiently familiar with the research); I tried to save this paragraph as best I could.

3. "Personal, pervasive, or permanent" is the description Martin Seligman uses (for those of you who thought this was Tony Robbins).

4. There was a second edition of Learned Optimism in 1998, but Seligman lists the 1990 book in his Curriculum Vitae.

- Do c  t  or  W  23:15, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Animal cruelty
I have reinserted the statement that the experiments were animal cruelty over Doc's objection. It seems fairly obvious to me that the infliction of pain that will in no way benefit the animal itself is clearly cruel (if it was done to a human it would clearly be considered cruel, so doing it to an animal is obviously "animal" cruelty.) I realize not all accept that inflicting pain on animals during testing is animal cruelty, but many do and we can have that criticism of the experiment included in the article. If you seek citation, for starters here is a NYT editorial arguing to that effect. Roy Brumback 23:14, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm deleting the references to animal cruelty; they constitute a value judgment that is not germane to the article and manifestly violate WP:NPOV. If you'd like to discuss the cruelty aspect of the experiments, start a new subsection called "allegations of animal cruelty" and specify what published source (i.e. not yourself, WP:NOR) makes those arguments.  The most we could say about the experiments while still being npov is the factual description, viz, that the experiments intentionally caused pain to animals, not for their own benefit, but for purposes of research which has produced results recognized as scientifically useful.JSoules (talk) 22:53, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

 * We can certainly say that various people have criticized these experiments as animal cruelty. Roy Brumback (talk) 10:53, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

As a compromise, I'm leaving the first reference to "animal cruelty" although I disagree with it. However, the line in the next paragraph, "In part two of the Seligman and Maier cruelty experiment..." is too much. If you referred to 'the cruel Seligman and Maier experiment', that would be grammatically correct, but it was not an experiment in cruelty. They were not inflicting pain on these dogs for giggles and grins. We innoculate human babies and I had my dog spayed. The infants and puppies didn't ask for the pain, nor do they understand why it was inflicted upon them, but that does not make it cruel. It is done for a purpose. Seligman's dogs did not benefit, but it was done for a purpose. In 1967 nobody knew what the psychological outcome would be. The editorial you reference (which is mainly concerned with food animals) says at one point "'Learned helplessness' is the psychological term,". THIS is the experiment where that term comes from! KeithJonsn (talk) 03:39, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It was clearly an experiment to see what happened when you did cruel things to these dogs to see how they reacted based on what they believed they could do about stopping the pain that was being inflicted on them. How can you say that inflicting pain on something just to see what happens is not cruel?  Because it had a purpose?  Nazi experiments had a purpose and gained scientific knowledge, but they were still cruel.  And just because you are not inflicting the pain for amusement does not mean its not cruel.  And the author of the editorial clearly lists these specific experiments as cruel, as do several other sources, which I can cite if you wish. Roy Brumback (talk) 04:36, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * There's quite a difference between inflicting pain just to see what would happen, and inflicting pain as part of a controlled scientific experiment. "Cruelty" suggests that the experimenters received pleasure from the mere infliction of harm, which I doubt is the case.  They'd probably be thrilled if there was a way to get the data without inflicting any pain.  I think a better description might be "inhumane," or perhaps even "barbaric," as these words can describe the process of the experiments without implying any malicious intent from the experimenters.

 * ""Cruelty" suggests that the experimenters received pleasure from the mere infliction of harm" No it doesn't; you're confusing 'sadism' with 'cruelty'. Cruelty according to the Collins English dictionary: "1. deliberate infliction of pain or suffering. 2. the quality or characteristic of being cruel." 'Cruel', however, is defined as inflicting pain/suffering without pity, so it depends whether the experimenters felt any pity for the animals, or were just cold automata when inflicting the pain (which would be sociopathic).  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.243.49.144 (talk) 18:12, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Seligman may not have received pleasure from the actual shocking of the dogs, but he certainly got pleasure from doing an "experiment"  that gave him some fame.

I can't deny the potential benefits to experiments on learned helplessness but share the concerns mentioned above when it comes to the lack of humanity of learned helplessness experiments without consent. Animals cant, don't and wouldn't consent to experiments where they are repeatedly tortured until and after they lose hope and feel helpless. I oppose censorship and would never support restricting information on this subject but torturing animals should be banned regardless of potential benefits. Torturing intelligent animals such as dogs, cats and apes should be banned at the very least, if a blanket ban on torturing mammals or animals in general seems excessive or unrealistic at this time. Changing the status of drugs such as hydroxyzine from prescription to over the counter could reduce the demand for animal experiments as this antihistamine is far safer and better tolerated than any of the antihistamines currently sold OTC. NicholaiXD (talk) 18:50, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Button not connected
"...even though he rarely bothered to turn off the noise..."

It is my understanding that the button was not connected to the noise. It is quite important for it means that the improved performance stemmed solely from the BELIEF that the subject was able to turn it off. That is, a delusion may help one to cope.

-Pepper 150.203.224.165 (talk) 13:10, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Helplessness in People and their Health & Social Problem and Immunization
These sections are poorly written and even seem to draw the wrong conclusions from the research that they cite.

 * They're also very biased in favour of those wielding social power in cruel fashion, aiding and abetting the blaming of the individual for causing her/his own consequences post-cruelty, and thereby allowing those with social power to escape not only responsibility for what they've done, but the necessary actions to repair the damage they've caused to individuals, groups, nations, and the world. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.243.49.144 (talk) 18:17, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Can I just say "yes" to this entire discussion, especially the comment above? The entire idea of so-called "learned helplessness" is incredibly offensive. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.144.0.134 (talk) 11:44, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

"Usage of Learned helplessness for interrogating prisoners of CIA and guantanamo"
If the alleged quotations are true, they need to be sourced and explained more clearly. If the quotations can't be sourced, then this subsection should be deleted. - Pointillist (talk) 22:47, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Does the Harpers footnote tie into this article as a source anymore? I read the article and couldn't figure out why it is a source. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.214.53.107 (talk) 07:51, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Implications for minorities?
It occurs to me that at least some of what we see in the malaise in minority communities, e.g. black, Hispanic, and nations, e.g. Haiti, may well be an idendity of helplessness writ large. I have not seen this posited as an explanation for some of the widely recognized phenomenon. It will be interesting to see whether a Black as President of the USA has a nuturing effect on the community, i.e. a positive, "no more (racial) excuses" affect on Black society. Frankatca (talk) 17:12, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * There's no such thing as 'Black society' - there's society, full stop. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.243.49.144 (talk) 18:15, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

I am sure he meant culture, which is arguably possible to exist. But the capitalization of "black" seems odd, as does the article usage preceding the noun. Furthermore Barrack Obama is not "a black." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.214.53.107 (talk) 07:54, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

1.1 Seligman and Maier
Removing this: "(how? their lever did not work)" From this sentence: "For the most part, the Group 3 dogs, who had previously "learned" that nothing they did had any effect on the shocks, simply lay down passively and whined. Even though they could have easily escaped the shocks (how? their lever did not work), the dogs didn't try." Obviously the person who added it failed to understand that there were two parts of the test... Sardrith (talk) 04:18, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

What about the 'motor activation deficit' hypothesis proposed by J. Weiss & al. (1975) ?
The Study done by Weiss offers another, and in my eyes, a lot better explanation for the behavior first noted by Seligman&Maier.

It's not "learned helplessness" causing it, it's just having not enough norepinephrin (noradrenalin) in your brain.

But read it for yourselves:

http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/content/37/6/522.full.pdf

Cheers

R.M. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.171.166.84 (talk) 07:12, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

Rough Draft outline for Neurobiological Section
- Our topic is learned helplessness:

Overview - Ashley The term ‘learned helplessness’ refers to a constellation of behavioral changes that follow exposure to stressors that are not controllable by means of behavioral responses, but that fail to occur if the stressor is controllable. This section will address the nature of learned helplessness, as well as the role of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone in mediating the behavioral effects of uncontrollable stressors. Brain Activity Summary - Ashley This section will examine the activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus, septum, hypothalamus, and amygdale as well as different hormonal/ neurochemical changes that take place when states of helplessness are educed

Gender differences: Heather

- Male and female brains and how they differ and how they are

PTSD: Mary

Depression: Mary: the link between learned helplessness and depression and why it matters.

Treatment: Heather

- Exactly how learned helplessness can be treated and the various options. Which one is the best and an explanation why.

Instructor's comments
Neuropsychprof (talk) 17:26, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Group, remember you are to add a section on neurobiological perspectives on the Learned Helplessness article. The proposed "Overview" is general definition and it is already covered in the article, so it's not appropriate to include in this section on neurobiology.
 * The proposed "Brain activity" section is precisely what you need to cover
 * If you want to talk about "gender differences", this must be a subsection under your "Brain activity" section and should address gender differences specific to the neurobiology of learned helplessness (i.e., don't present gender differences in brain organization in general terms)
 * PTSD, Depression, and Treatment sections are more appropriately dealt with in other sections of the Learned helplessness article and should not be subsections under your neurobiology section
 * So, focus on the section on "Brain activity". There's plenty in this section for you to research.
 * The references you have posted so far are not in the right format, and it's hard for me to judge whether they are appropriate. Nevertheless, from what I can figure out, it does not seem like any will be very helpful. Look for animal studies on fear and learned helplessness. There should be textbooks and chapters on this, so you shouldn't need to read original research. If you're still having trouble, come see me in my office; I have a textbook with a small section on this that can be a good starting point.

Critique of Article

 * Is it possible to add more to the 'Neurobiological Perspective' section? These regions mentioned, like the basolaterial nucleues and central nucleus of the amygdalas play a role in learned helplessness, but how? Are there any studies detailing the interplay of these Limbic system structures in producing Learned Helplessness? Is there a study examining the location Serotonin goes to in the brain when Learned Helplessness is present. This section should also hyperllnk all of the brain regions it includes, such as Raphe Nuclei, medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus, septum, hypothalamus, stria terminalis and amygdala structures. The article is relatively balanced, which is good. Information is reliable. The information is sound; however, more information can be included in each some of the subsections, coherently tying it together to how it produces the phenomenon of Learned Helplessness. Phineurosia8 —Preceding undated comment added 01:24, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree with Phineurosia8 above. Also, please follow Wikipedia formating in capitalization. For example, section headings should only have the first word capitalized. An editor had made "Neurobiological perspectives" change previously, but you capitalized the P in perspectives again. Please review Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters. Neuropsychprof (talk) 13:25, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
 * As Phineurosia8 pointed out, the content you have is good. However, there must be a great deal of research out there that hasn't been mentioned, although I don't know much about this field and don't have any specific suggestions. You just need more content. As for adding hyperlinks, it's easy: confirm that the article you want to link to exists, then put double brackets around the term in your article. The article's history shows a lot of little edits from you; it looks like you were editing directly on the page. I would suggest that you instead use your sandbox for this kind of editing. You can copy the entire article from its edit box to your sandbox, mess around with it while saving it frequently, and then copy your changes back to the real article. I don't know if that's the standard way to use the sandbox, but it's what I did and it worked quite well. We restructured our whole article, though (we started with a stub which became a start-class through the work of another editor), so we needed to copy the whole thing. You could just work on your section if you're going to leave everything else as is, but you would have to make sure the references were OK once you copied to the real article by clicking Show Preview first. I agree with Neuropsychprof that you need to follow the formatting conventions of Wikipedia and the article. Even if you don't like the capitalization convention, you need to follow it in order to achieve consistency. I'm glad you clarified that 5-HT is serotonin. You could make that term a hyperlink to its article as well as the brain structures Phineurosia8 mentioned. Keep up the good work! FutureSocialNeuroscientist (talk) 01:23, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

Smallman12q comments
Smallman12q (talk) 22:43, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Expand with more details. What changes are observed in the cortexes. How do these changes influence learned helplessness.
 * There is a lot of research done with animals (specifically livestock). Are there any similarities to humans?

Nszynal-ru comments
Nszynal-ru (talk) 19:35, 29 October 2012 (UTC)
 * The information provided is a great start to the article. Learned helplessness is a very large topic and a few more solid sources will make the article stand out.
 * Add more information from research experiments that explain the similarities and differences of learned helplessness between animals and humans.

Michellepapandrea comments

 * I really enjoyed your section on the Neurobiological Perspective. I think it's an important addition to your article. You mention that serotonin plays a big role in learned helplessness but you don't actually say what that role is. I think it would help if you were more specific when explaining that. Specificity is key.
 * Under that same section (Neurobiological Perspective) you mention other brain regions that are involved. That's great that you include those specific regions but you fail to mention how they're involved. No need to go into great lengths but adding this information will make the content of your article more substantial.
 * If possible, going into more detail about the different brain activity (under Neurobiological Perspective) could be very interesting. Again, no need to make this section unnecessary lengthly but brain activity is a major part of this section and I believe it will help you guys add depth to your article. Maybe including what type of brain activity occurs and when? Also, think that your organization of this section is great! Very easy to follow and the flow works.
 * Under your section titled, Health Implications and under the Depression section, I think starting this section off with defining what pessimistic explanatory style is would be beneficial for people who are not familiar with this topic. Otherwise, the content is substantial and easy to follow.

Michellepapandrea (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 01:06, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Instructor's feedback
Group, I'm very concerned that you have not added substantially to the content in the Neurobiological perspectives section. I will email this group some readings. Please divide up the readings, meet to formulate an outline, and please come see me if you have questions. Neuropsychprof (talk) 07:28, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Detail: Which study came first?
For the section Detail- It discusses that Seligman and Maier's (Failure to escape traumatic shock) study came first, then Overmier and Seligman's (Effects... avoidance responding) came later that year. This cannot be possible, as Seligman and Overmier was published in February, and Seligman and Maier was published in May. As further proof, the second study (S&M's Failure to Escape...) cites the first study in its beginning paragraphs. Rewrite? --Ispellwords (talk) 03:59, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

Emergence under torture
It was no learned helplessness.

The proband has to be activly not being able to escape the stimulus. Passivity is contradictionary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.96.92.181 (talk) 18:38, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

slavery
Slavery is responsibility without power, and tyranny is power without responsibility. Strange that slavery/serfdom/conscription and its other forms aren't mentioned since "trained" defeatist behavior of "getting along with the program" similar to obedience in conscripted soldiers or concentration camp prisoners sounds like exactly it. Just like common sense isn't common, it's a distortion of one's common sense through the forced upon them conditions and treatment by others, destruction of their royal self-sovereignty and freedoms, acceptance of their place in a lower strata relative to certain others. Maybe because slaves have always been majority men, it's ignored in this whole topic more, very gynocentric of it.. but not surprised.Gendalv (talk) 07:25, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Same with abusers-sadists-psychopaths influence, they slowly but surely deteriorate self-worth of an individual trying to make them kill themselves. Gendalv (talk) 16:05, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Roosevelt University supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:55, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

Internal vs External Locus of control and its effects.
The article says: "Research has shown that those with an internal, stable, and global attributional style for negative events can be more at risk for a depressive reaction to failure experiences. " and there is no source here.

On the other hand in this article: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_of_control# we have this sentence: "People with an external locus of control tend to be more stressed and prone to clinical depression.[10]" and there is source for that.

Should I change the text in this article and replace "internal" with "external"? Netizer (talk) 13:38, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Learned helplessness


text:
San Pedro del Pinatar

San Pedro del Pinatar is a small town and municipality in the Region of Murcia, southeastern Spain. The municipality is situated at the northern end of Murcia's Mediterranean coastline, the Costa Cálida, and borders the province of Alicante. It has an area of almost 22 km2, and a population of 25,167 as of 2018.

Ancient history
San Pedro was an industrial territory whose salt mines were used by the Romans. They utilised the salt to produce an ancient Roman sauce called garum.

Middle Ages
In 711 CE, Muslim civilizations started conquering the Iberian Peninsula. A few years later they dominated a great part of it, including the current San Pedro del Pinatar. During their occupation, they built fishing structures for a specific type of fishing which are known in Spanish as encañizadas.

In 1243, the king Muhammad Ibn Hud offered vassalage to the Crown of Castile. In April of that year, the Treaty of Alcaraz, in which the sovereignty of Castile was recognised, was signed. As a result, the former Taifa of Murcia went under Castilian rule.

The jurisdiction of the concejo (an administrative division of that era approximately equivalent to the municipality) occupies the territory. Pedro del Pinatar was part of the Crown of Castile but was on the border to the Crown of Aragon. The border, which crossed Campo de Cartagena (a region that is categorised as a comarca), was decided in 1305. The El Libro de montería de Alfonso XI, a book written in 1340, describes the municipality in the Late Middle Ages, describing the surrounding territory as a dense forest mass where wild boar were hunted. During this time, the town's population increased due to the arrival of many families.

Modern history
The localities of the municipality were set up at the beginning of the early modern period. The salt mines were utilised by the lessees who held rights on the mines at a similar level to the Crown. The institution awarded shares to these lessees in order to regain the power on the mines. The convenient access to the coastal salty lagoon of Mar Menor allowed Berber pirates to easily disembark, destroy the region and take the loot. In a letter dated to the 6 June 1592, Philip II of Spain wrote a letter in which he announced his intention to set up a tower as part of a defence system for the region. The tower was built in 1602, and it was armed with artillery and manned until the 18th century.

From War of the Spanish Succession (1700 to 1713), the people in the Reino of Murcia (an administrative division belonging to the Crown of Castile whose status was similar to an ordinary kingdom) allied with Philip V of Spain. The supporters of the Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, attacked Cartagena, its port and the region related to Mar Menor in 1706.

During the last years of the early modern period, there were fewer privateer attacks; as a result, there was an economic rise and an increase in population. The municipal registers, in regards to population, stated that the number of inhabitants doubled in the last years of the 18th century (1771–1798).

The town was affected by the earthquake of 1829 but not by the cholera epidemic that struck the region in the 19th century.

During the Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) and taking advantage of the just-arrived liberalism, the people formed a local government, but after 1823, when the political system corresponding to the previous politic regime was instituted, the local government was eliminated and the territory became part of the municipality of Murcia again. After the death of Ferdinand VII of Spain, liberalism was reestablished and San Pedro achieved its own local government again on 16 September 1836.

Coastal customs were set in San Pedro del Pinatar in 1857. In 1869, a law which eliminated the monopoly of the salty mines was presented. The inhabitants of the municipality relied on fishing and agriculture for their economy. Land-related activity was hindered because of a lack of lands and drought. There were attempts to attenuate these obstacles that consisted of lifting the water by waterwheels and water mills. The salt mines were among the main economic sources. Some of them were built to decant the water from Mar Menor, and a few are preserved today.

Present
In the 1960s tourism to the municipality increased and led to a rise in economy, and the appearance of construction and service-related jobs. There was an increase in population resulting from the improve of standard of living; in 1971 there were 6,637 people living in San Pedro, and 20 years after the town's population consisted of 13,000 inhabitants.

Demography and administrative divisions
The 24,093 inhabitants of San Pedro del Pinatar are distributed in the following districts:

 * San Pedro del Pinatar: 10,491
 * Lo Pagán: 2,907
 * Los Peñascos: 1,594
 * Los Sáez: 1,499
 * Las Esperanzas: 1,454
 * Los Antolinos: 1,238
 * Loma de Abajo: 786
 * Los Tárragas: 750
 * Los Imbernones: 329
 * El Mojón: 236
 * Los Veras: 211
 * Loma de Arriba: 192
 * Las Beatas: 104
 * Los Gómez: 79
 * Las Pachecas: 37
 * Las Salinas: 5

Culture
Every year on July 16 a naval procession in honour of the Virgin of Carmel takes place in which her image is taken upon boats, boats are blessed and those that died at sea commemorated. This tradition goes back to the 18th century.

Others links

 * Salinas y Arenales de San Pedro del Pinatar

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: San Pedro del Pinatar


text:
The Pacifier

The Pacifier is a 2005 American family action comedy film directed by Adam Shankman, written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Ben Garant and stars Vin Diesel. After a failed rescue mission, Navy SEAL Shane Wolfe is assigned as babysitter to the dead man's family.

The film was released in March 4, 2005 by Walt Disney Pictures. It received generally negative reviews from critics. It grossed $113 million in the United States and a total of $198 million worldwide against a budget of $56 million.

Plot
U.S. Navy SEAL lieutenant Shane Wolfe is assigned to rescue Howard Plummer, a man working on a top-secret government project, from a group of Serbian rebels. Shane and his team successfully get Plummer off an enemy boat. Boarding the helicopter to escape, the team is attacked and Plummer is killed. Shane spends two months in the hospital recovering from gunshot wounds to the chest.

At the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, Shane's commanding officer, Captain Bill Fawcett, explains that he has been assigned to escort Plummer's widow, Julie, to Zürich, to retrieve the contents of Plummer's safety deposit box. Meanwhile, Shane has been assigned to stay at the Plummer residence in Bethesda, Maryland, to search for the secret project called GHOST and mind the family's five children: Zoe, Seth, Lulu, Peter, and baby Tyler. The kids prove to be difficult to handle, even with the help of nanny Helga, who quits when one of Zoe and Seth's pranks intended for Shane goes wrong, with Helga suffering the prank instead. Shane eventually begins to discover the children's problems and resolve them, gaining their trust after saving them from a pair of armed ninjas (who are actually their next-door-neighbors, the Chuns).

Later, the school's vice principal, Duane Murney, informs Shane that Seth has cut and bleached his hair, has a Nazi armband in his locker, and has skipped a month of wrestling practices. At home, Seth tells Shane he only joined the wrestling team because of his father. After Seth sneaks out of the house, Shane follows and learns that Seth has secretly joined an amateur production of The Sound of Music, playing the role of Rolf. The director quits, and Shane takes charge of the show, takes care of the house, gives Zoe driving lessons, changes baby Tyler’s diaper and teaches Lulu and her fellow Firefly Scouts martial arts to defend themselves against rival scouts.

As Seth quits the wrestling team, Shane challenges Murney to a wrestling match in front of the entire school, which he easily wins despite Murney's show of bluster. The Firefly Girl Scouts use the fighting skills that Shane taught them to fight and tie up the rival boy scouts. Zoe and Shane share stories of their fathers, both of whom had died in similar circumstances, and both hug. They are interrupted by a phone call from Julie, who has figured out the password "My Angel", retrieved a two-prong key from the box, and is on her way home. The kids immediately plan a "Welcome Home" party for her.

That evening, Shane discovers a secret vault underneath the garage, which requires the key Julie just acquired. When Bill and Julie arrive home, he and Shane go to the garage, where Shane says he is rethinking his career. The two ninjas from before arrive and pull off their masks, revealing themselves as the Chuns, the Plummers' North Korean next-door neighbors. Suddenly, Bill overpowers Shane and knocks him out, revealing himself to be a double agent working with the Chuns. After Bill ties up and gags the children, Mr. Chun holds them hostage in the playroom while Bill and Mrs. Chun take Julie down to the vault. They open the door, but a dangerous security system prevents them from proceeding, with one of the traps burning off Mrs. Chun's eyebrows.

The children take down Mr. Chun and wake Shane, who sends them to get help while he goes to the vault to help Julie. Mr. Chun follows them in Bill's car. With Zoe at the wheel, the kids force him to crash. Shane gets past the security system using the dance Howard had used to lull Peter to sleep each night. Julie knocks out Mrs. Chun, and Shane's voice activates the final vault, opening the door which knocks Bill unconscious. By then, the children have lured a large crowd of police-(including the FBI) to the house. Mr. Chun arrives and holds all of them at gunpoint. Shane notices the school principal and his love interest Claire Fletcher (who also happens to be a fellow retired Navy officer) right behind him, having followed the chase when she saw it pass by the school. Shane distracts Mr. Chun with the help of the family pet duck Gary, and Claire knocks him unconscious.

Bill and the Chuns are arrested, and Shane and the Plummers say their goodbyes. At Seth's performance, it is revealed that Shane has retired from the Navy and joined the school staff as the new wrestling coach. Murney, dressed as a nun, also performs in the play, singing "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" off-key, and Claire and Shane kiss backstage.

Box office
Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would earn about $17 million and come in second behind John Travolta's Be Cool. It opened at #1 in the box office upon its opening weekend with $30.6 million. By the end of its run, it earned $198.6 million worldwide.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 21% approval rating based on 130 reviews and an average rating of 3.80/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Vin Diesel parodies his tough guy image for the family audience, but the result is only moderately amusing." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on 27 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four, writing, "This premise is promising, but somehow the movie never really takes off." Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote: "If [audiences] swallow this odoriferous exercise in calculated career repositioning, they'll swallow anything."

Possible sequel
In December 2015, Vin Diesel said that a sequel was being written.

title: The Pacifier


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Rachmastrivka (Hasidic dynasty)

Rachmastrivka is a Hasidic dynasty named after the town of Rotmistrivka, Ukraine. It is an offshoot of the Chernobyl dynasty dating back to the 19th century.The founder of the dynasty, Rebbe Yochanan Twersky (1816-1895), was the youngest son of Rebbe Mordechai Twersky, the Maggid of Chernobyl. He was the son-in-law of Rabbi Pinchos of Kalk. He died on March 29, 1895 (4 Nisan 5655) in Rachmastrivka.

There are currently eight rebbes, whose courts are located in Jerusalem, in Borough Park, Brooklyn, in Lakewood Township, New Jersey, in Linden, New Jersey, in Monsey, NY, in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and in Spring Valley, NY. Rav Duvid is currently the Rebbe in Jerusalem, Rav Duvid Moshe Twerski is currently the Rebbe in Borough Park, Rav Yisochar Dov is currently the Rebbe in Lakewood, Rav Yehoshua is currently Rebbe in Monsey, Rav Yakov Yosef is currently Rebbe in Linden NJ, Rav Zishe is currently Rebbe in Williamsburg, Rav Menachem Nochum Twersky is currently the Rebbe in the Oak and Vine neighborhood in Lakewood, and Rav Yakov Yosef Twersky(Son of Reb Mottel, oldest son of the rabbi that past away) is Rebbe in Spring Valley.

Rachmastrivka is one of the larger Hasidic groups. The two rebbes had a close relationship with no tension between them. This has continued into the next generation; the new rebbe in Jerusalem visited New York on September 14, 2006, and stayed with his uncle.

Lineage of the Rachmastrivka dynasty
Rebbe Yochanan Twersky, founder of the Rachmastrivka dynasty, was the youngest son of the Chernobler Maggid, Rebbe Mordechai Twersky. Rebbe Mordechai's father, Rebbe Menachem Nachum Twersky of Chernobyl (author of Meor Einayim), was a disciple of the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidism.

 * Rebbe Yochanan Twersky of Rachmastrivka (1816–1895) – son of the Magid of Chernobyl.
 * Rebbe Duvid Twersky of Zlatipoli (died 1915) – son of the Rebbe Yochanan of Rachmastrivka.
 * Rebbe Mordchai Yoseph of Zlatipoli (died 1939) – only son of the Rebbe Duvid Twersky of Zlatipoli.
 * Rebbe Tzvi Aryeh of Zlatipoli - son of the Rebbe Mordchai Yoseph of Zlatipoli.
 * Rabbi Pinchos Biberfeld (1915–1999) - son-in-law of Rebbe Tsvi Arye
 * Rebbe Mordechai of Rachmastrivka (died 1921, Jerusalem)
 * Rebbe Menachem Nochum Twersky of Rachmastrivka (died 1937) - son of Rebbe Yochanan.
 * Rebbe Yaakov Yosef Twersky of Stanislav (Very well respected Hassidic Rebbe in Vienna, and a part of a group of Zionist Hassidic Rebbes - Was close to Theodor Herzl )
 * Rebbe Avrohom Dov - son of Rebbe Menachem Nochum
 * Rebbe Duvid (David) Twersky of Rachmastrivka (1872–1950) - son of Rebbe Menachem Nochum.
 * Rebbe Yochanan Twersky (1903–1982) of Rachmastrivka – son of Rebbe Duvid.
 * Rebbe Chai Yitzchok (Isaac) Twersky of  Rachmastrivka-Boro Park – Previous Rachmastrivka Rebbe of Boro Park (1931–2023) son of Rebbe Yochanan - son-in-law of Rebbe Yaakov Yosef Twersky (1899–1968) of Skver.
 * Rebbe Duvid Moshe Twersky of Rachmastrivka-Boro Park – present Rachmastrivka Rebbe of Boro Park - son of Rebbe Chai Yitzchok.
 * Rebbe Yisachar Dov Twersky of Rachmastrivka-Lakewood – present Rachmastrivka Rebbe of Lakewood - son of Rebbe Chai Yitzchok.
 * Rebbe Yehoshua Twersky of Rachmastrivka-Monsey – present Rachmastrivka Rebbe of Monsey - son of Rebbe Chai Yitzchok.
 * Rebbe Yakov Yosef Twersky of Rachmastrivka-Linden – present Rachmastrivka Rebbe of Linden - son of Rebbe Chai Yitzchok.
 * Rebbe Zisha Twersky of Rachmastrivka-Williamsburg – present Rachmastrivka Rebbe of Williamsburg - son of Rebbe Chai Yitzchok.
 * Rebbe Menachem Nochum Twersky of Rachmastrivka-Oak and Vine – present Rachmastrivka Rebbe of Oak and Vine, Lakewood - son of Rebbe Chai Yitzchok.
 * Rebbe Yakov Yosef Twersky of Rachmastrivka-Spring Valley – present Rachmastrivka Rebbe of Spring Valley - Grand-son of Rebbe Chai Yitzchok.
 * Rebbe Yisroel Mordechai (Israel Mordecai) Twersky (1929–2004) of Rachmastrivka-Yerushalayim – previous Rachmastrivka Rebbe of Jerusalem - son of Rebbe Yochanan.
 * Rebbe Duvid (David) Twersky of Rachmastrivka-Yerushalayim – present Rachmastrivka Rebbe of Jerusalem - eldest son of Rebbe Yisroel Mordechai
 * Rabbi Nachman Yosef Twersky – second son of Rebbe Yisroel Mordechai (lives in Crown Heights and is a Lubavitcher chasid, and teaches in the Chabad yeshivah Oholei Torah).

title: Rachmastrivka (Hasidic dynasty)


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Martha Hackett

Martha Hackett (born February 21, 1961) is an American actress. She is known for her portrayal of Seska in thirteen episodes of the television series Star Trek: Voyager. Hackett is an alumna of Harvard University/Radcliffe College, and was married to independent filmmaker Tim Disney.

Career
Hackett's first experience of Star Trek was when she auditioned for the role of Jadzia Dax in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, but lost out to Terry Farrell. She subsequently was cast as a member of the Terellian alien species in the finale of Star Trek: The Next Generation, "All Good Things...". She appeared on Deep Space Nine as the Romulan Sub Commander T'Rul in the two-part episode "The Search" in season three.

She was cast in Star Trek: Voyager in the recurring role of Seska, a Bajoran member of the Maquis crew who joined Voyager after it was stranded in the Delta Quadrant. She first appeared in the episode "Parallax" where she wore the blue uniform of a Starfleet science officer; this was later revealed to be a costuming error and she was subsequently seen in the uniform of the operations department. The original uniform sold for $1,276 ($ today) in the "It's a Wrap!" auction on eBay in 2008.

When she was first cast in the role of Seska, she was not informed that she was a Cardassian spy. She later explained that "when I first started I was Seska the Bajoran Maquis member and they sort of worked everything else up in soap opera fashion." Hackett became pregnant, which was written into Seska's character. Hackett described Seska as being a character with several layers, saying that "Seska’s darker sides came from a certain emotional instability, at least that’s how I played her." Seska was killed off in the second part of "Basics", which came as a surprise to Hackett as she was previously sent a version of the script where Seska survived, but her baby died. She was only told that Seska was to die less than a day before filming. Following her character's death, Hackett as Seska returned to Voyager twice more in the episodes "Worst Case Scenario" and "Shattered". She appeared in a total of thirteen episodes of Voyager.

In 2001, she appeared in the independent film Question of Faith, where she played the monk Anselm. Her character underwent a sex change from male to female as part of a divine miracle. The film was directed by her husband.

In 2018, she appeared on the game show To Tell the Truth.

Personal life
Hackett was married to Tim Disney, and they have two sons together. Hackett has an A.B. cum laude from Harvard University/Radcliffe College.

title: Martha Hackett


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Phoenix Open

The Phoenix Open (branded as the WM Phoenix Open for sponsorship reasons) is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour, held in late January/early February at TPC Scottsdale in Scottsdale, Arizona, United States.

The tournament was originally the Arizona Open, but was known for most of its history as the Phoenix Open until the investment bank Friedman Billings Ramsey became the title sponsor in October 2003, and it was known as the FBR Open for the next six editions. Waste Management, Inc. began its sponsorship in 2010.

The event's relaxed atmosphere, raucous by the standards of professional golf, has earned it the nickname "The Greatest Show on Grass" and made it one of the most popular events on the PGA Tour calendar.

History
The Phoenix Open began 92.64119415020927 years ago in 1932 but was discontinued after the 1935 tournament. The rebirth of the Phoenix Open came in 1939 when Bob Goldwater Sr. convinced fellow Thunderbirds to help run the event. The Thunderbirds, a prominent civic organization in Phoenix, were not as enthusiastic about running the event as he was, leaving Goldwater Sr. to do most of the work in getting a golf open started.

The event was played at the Phoenix Country Club in Phoenix (33.48°N, -112.06°W), both in its earlier incarnations and after Goldwater resuscitated it. Beginning in 1955, the Arizona Country Club (also in Phoenix) (33.49°N, -111.96°W), alternated as event host with Phoenix Country Club; this arrangement lasted until Phoenix Country Club took The Arizona Country Club's turn in 1975 and became the event's permanent home again.

The tournament moved 37.602837985825715 years ago in 1987 to its current home, the Stadium Course at TPC Scottsdale, northeast of downtown Phoenix. The approximate average elevation of the course is 1530 ft above sea level.

The purse was $8.2 million in 2022, then increased over 140% to $20 million for 2023, with a winner's share of $3.6 million.

Popularity
The five-day attendance of the tournament is usually around a half million, the best-attended event in golf. In 2016, it set a PGA Tour and Phoenix Open single day attendance record with 201,003 fans in attendance on Saturday, February 6 and set a tournament week attendance record of 618,365 fans.

The most popular location for spectators is the par-3 16th hole, nicknamed "The Coliseum." (33.64°N, -111.91°W) One of the shortest holes on tour at 162 yd, it is enclosed by a temporary 20,000-seat grandstand. The hole could be described as "one big party," with many students from the nearby Arizona State University in Tempe in attendance. Poor shots at the 16th hole receive boos, because the hole is very easy by the PGA's standards. Good shots, however, are cheered loudly. Players who make holes in one at the 16th will cause the gallery to erupt, leading to beverages and other objects being tossed in celebrations; Tiger Woods (1997), Jarrod Lyle (2011), and Sam Ryder (2022) have each aced the hole on Saturday, creating raucous celebrations at the hole. The anger of a poor shot can lead to tempers flaring, as Justin Leonard gave obscene gestures to the gallery after a poor shot one year. After 2013, the PGA Tour banned the practice of caddies racing the 150 yd from the tee box to the green, citing injury concerns.

Former Arizona State players are very popular at the Phoenix Open, with many often wearing a Pat Tillman jersey when entering the 16th hole stadium. Phil Mickelson and Jon Rahm are popular there for that reason. In addition to the golf, there is a concert/party held in the Scottsdale area called the Birds Nest, at which music artists like Huey Lewis and the News play.

The Thunderbirds are still highly active in the organization of the tournament. Portions of the proceeds are used by the Thunderbirds to fund Special Olympics activities in Phoenix.

Conflicts with the Super Bowl
Since 1973, the Phoenix Open has been played on the weekend of the Super Bowl. In 1976, coverage of the tournament's final round was joined in progress immediately after CBS's coverage of Super Bowl X. In 1996, it was played Wednesday through Saturday, as Super Bowl XXX was held at Sun Devil Stadium in nearby Tempe. In 2009, the tournament overlapped with Super Bowl XLIII in Tampa, Florida, when Kenny Perry and Charley Hoffman went to a playoff. That denied the spectators a chance to watch the beginning of the game on NBC, which featured the local Arizona Cardinals.

Because of the Super Bowl weekend status, the PGA Tour's television contracts with CBS and NBC include an alternating tournament. Usually a CBS tournament when NBC or FOX televises the Super Bowl, the Phoenix Open airs on NBC when CBS has the Super Bowl, and NBC's Honda Classic aired on CBS during the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Highlights

 * 1949: Ben Hogan loses in a playoff and driving home with his wife he is involved in a near fatal accident.
 * 1987: Paul Azinger wins the first edition of the Phoenix Open held at TPC Scottsdale.
 * 1990: Tom Pernice Jr. makes the first double eagle in tournament history on the par-5 15th hole.
 * 1996: Grant Waite sets the course record of 60 (−11). Phil Mickelson, an alumnus of nearby Arizona State University, wins the tournament for the first time.
 * 1997: Tiger Woods aces the par-3 16th hole in the third round on Saturday.
 * 2000: Andrew Magee makes the first ace on a par-4 in PGA Tour history on the par-4 17th hole.
 * 2001: Mark Calcavecchia sets the tournament record for lowest aggregate score with 256 (−28), including a course record-tying 60 (−11) in the second round.
 * 2011: Jarrod Lyle aces the par-3 16th hole in the first round.
 * 2019: Amy Bockerstette, a golfer with Down syndrome, pars the par-3 16th hole during the pro-am in front of Gary Woodland, a moment that went viral on social media.
 * 2020: Woodland and Bockerstette reunite one year after their viral moment with a $25,000 contribution to the I Got This! Foundation, launched the previous year.
 * 2022: Sam Ryder aces on the par-3 16th hole during the third round on Saturday.

Records
The tournament's lowest 72-hole score was set by Mark Calcavecchia in 2001 with 256 (–28), which was matched by Mickelson in 2013. In the second round Calcavecchia scored a 60 (–11), which equalled the lowest score at the Phoenix Open (by Grant Waite in 1996) and subsequently matched by Mickelson in 2005 and 2013. Calcavecchia had 32 birdies in the tournament, which was also an all-time record.

There have been only two double eagles in the history of the Phoenix Open. Tom Pernice Jr. made the first one on the 558 yd par-5 15th hole in 1990. Andrew Magee scored the second on the 332 yd par-4 17th hole in 2001, and was the first-ever ace on a par-4 in PGA Tour history.

Winners
Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records. Sources:

title: Phoenix Open


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User:Jo Whiley's Pimp

Calcitra eos cum decadant

title: User:Jo Whiley's Pimp


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Inkheart

Inkheart (Tintenherz) is a 2003 young adult fantasy novel by Cornelia Funke, and is the first book of the Inkheart series, with Inkspell (2005) and Inkdeath (2007) succeeding it. The novel became one of the finalists of 2004 BookSense Book of the Year Award for Children's Literature and won the Flicker Tale Children's Book Award in 2006. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association listed the book as one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".

Inkheart was the first part of a trilogy and was continued with Inkspell (2005), which won Funke a BookSense Book of the Year Award for Children's Literature in 2006. The trilogy was initially concluded with Inkdeath, but was revived in 2016 when Funke announced that a sequel called The Colour of Revenge (Die Farbe der Rache) would be published in 2018 in Germany. Although the book was still unpublished in 2020, Funke announced that the first fifteen chapters would be published digitally that same year, with subsequent chapters published periodically. The physical edition of the book was released on October 12, 2023 in Germany.

Following the release of the first Inkheart novel, New Line Cinema bought the film rights to all three books for a film adaptation. The film is directed by Iain Softley based on a screenplay by David Lindsay-Abaire. It features an ensemble cast that includes Brendan Fraser, Helen Mirren, Paul Bettany, Jim Broadbent, Rafi Gavron, Andy Serkis and newcomer Eliza Bennett, among others. Upon release, the film received mixed reviews. In 2009, a video game based on the film was released for the Nintendo DS.

Plot
Twelve-year-old Meggie lives with her father, Mortimer, who works as a bookbinder. One night, a man named Dustfinger visits Mortimer, and Meggie overhears him telling him that a man named Capricorn is looking for him. The next morning, Mortimer unexpectedly announces that he and Meggie have to go to her Aunt Elinor's house because he has to fix some books. Dustfinger accompanies them, and Meggie is introduced to his pet marten, Gwin. Some time later, Mortimer is captured and brings a book, Inkheart, with him.

Dustfinger, Meggie, and Elinor are taken to Capricorn's house, where Mortimer is, only to find Capricorn was waiting for them. Elinor and Meggie are thrown into the cell where Mortimer is being held captive and reunite with him, while Dustfinger disappears. Meggie makes Mortimer tell the story of why they were there.

The background: In the past, Mortimer was reading Inkheart to Meggie's mother, Teresa, and learned he had the special gift to bring things out of books by reading aloud. However, this came with a price: for everything that comes out of the book, something must go in. So, while reading, three of the book's main characters, Capricorn, Basta, and Dustfinger, emerged from the book. Capricorn tried to fight Mortimer, but eventually he forced them out of his house. However, Teresa and their cats had vanished. He tried to get her out of the book, but failed.

Capricorn makes Mortimer read aloud; when he starts to read Tales from the Thousand and One Nights, a boy named Farid appears from it and is also imprisoned. That night, Dustfinger breaks out the prisoners.

Elinor returns home while Dustfinger, Farid, Meggie, and Mortimer go to visit Fenoglio, the author of Inkheart, since Capricorn had burned all copies of the book except his own, but learn that he does not have another copy. Fenoglio offers them an apartment so that they can live there for the time being while Mortimer fixes Fenoglio's books. Mortimer, on an urgent call from Elinor, goes to the airport, leaving Meggie with Fenoglio and his three grandchildren. Capricorn's men capture Fenoglio and Meggie and imprison them in an attic in Capricorn's house, where Meggie discovers she has Mortimer's power.

Farid and Dustfinger sneak into the village, where Dustfinger meets one of his old friends, Resa, a mute who emerged from the Inkheart story some time ago. Resa and Dustfinger conspire a plan to reclaim Inkheart from Capricorn, but are caught. Fenoglio then starts writing a counter curse for when Meggie has to read out a villain called the Shadow.

Elinor and Mo arrive at the village, but Elinor is caught and put in the crypt with Resa and Dustfinger. Meggie asks to see Dustfinger and learns that Resa is her mother. Farid and Mortimer set Capricorn's house on fire while Meggie switches out the planned reading for Fenoglio's story. She creates the Shadow and turns it against its master. Mortimer reads the beginning of the last paragraph, killing Capricorn. Meggie then finishes the tale and the Shadow turns back into the fairies, glass men, and trolls whose ashes it was created from. Many of the magical creatures come home with Elinor. Meggie, Mortimer, and Resa, go to live at Elinor's house. Gwin, Dustfinger, and Farid leave in the night after Dustfinger steals the last remaining copy of Inkheart from Mortimer.

Characters

 * Meggie Folchart: A 12-year-old avid reader and the daughter of Mortimer "Silvertongue" Folchart, who inherited her love for books from him and shares his ability to read things out of books. She has blonde hair and blue eyes.
 * Mortimer "Mo" Folchart/Silvertongue: Meggie's father. He has the ability to read characters out of stories. He is Resa's husband, who got read into the book Inkheart when he accidentally read Capricorn and Basta out along with Dustfinger.
 * Dustfinger: A character from the book Inkheart, who Mortimer read out of the book. Dustfinger is a skilled performer who uses fire, otherwise known as a fire-eater. He has a horned marten called Gwin as his companion. He is described as having sandy-colored hair and three faint scars on his face from being cut by Basta. He seeks Inkheart as it is the only way back to his world. He betrayed Mortimer by selling him out to Capricorn because Capricorn promised he would be sent back home.
 * Capricorn: A character from Inkheart that Mortimer read out of the book and the main antagonist. A mob boss who has a tall, gaunt stature, pale skin, short bristly hair, and pale eyes. He only cares about himself, and does not want to return to his own world and time. When he was a child, he was beaten if he cried or showed pity, which led to his evil nature.
 * Gwin: Dustfinger's horned pet marten, who lives in his backpack.
 * Elinor Loredan: The aunt of Teresa, a recluse proud of her collection of books. At first, she is somewhat rude to Meggie, as she fears that she will ruin her books, but warms up to her after realizing they have a shared love of books.
 * Basta: A character from Inkheart. He has a thin, angular face and narrow shoulders. He is serious and superstitious. Unlike Capricorn's other men, who wear black, Basta wears white. He wields a knife, which he is fond of.
 * Flatnose: One of Capricorn's henchmen, who Darius read out of Inkheart. He has a tall, broad stature.
 * Darius: A nervous man who is no older than Mortimer and wears glasses. Capricorn discovered he can also read characters out of books, but as a result of his stuttering, the characters have various deformities.
 * Farid: A young boy read out from the book Tales from the Thousand and One Nights. He later becomes a companion of Dustfinger and becomes skilled at "playing with fire". He also develops a soft spot for Meggie.
 * Fenoglio: The author of Inkheart. He has three grandchildren: Ricco, Paula, and Pippo.
 * Mortola (the Magpie): Read out of Inkheart by Darius. She has a vulture-like face and legs wrapped in bandages. According to Basta, she is cruel.
 * The Shadow: A creature that only appears when Capricorn calls it. It is made from the ashes of the creatures Capricorn burned.
 * Teresa "Resa" Folchart: Mortimer's wife, Meggie's mother, and Elinor's niece. She disappeared into the book when Mortimer first read Dustfinger, Basta, and Capricorn out of it. Later, it is revealed she is alive, but lost her voice.

Critical reception
Kirkus Reviews declared it "a true feast for anyone who has ever been lost in a book". Writing in The Guardian, Diana Wynne Jones stated "I don't think I've ever read anything that conveys so well the joys, terrors and pitfalls of reading".

Sequels
The sequel Inkspell was released on October 1, 2005. The third book in the trilogy, Inkdeath, was released on September 28, 2007.

Film adaptation
Following the release of the first Inkheart novel, New Line Cinema bought the film rights to all three books for a cinema adaptation. Funke moved to Los Angeles in 2005 after she had accepted the offer to participate as the film's producer alongside Barry Mendel. Principal photography on the Inkheart film began in 2006.

Directed by Iain Softley, the film is based on a screenplay by David Lindsay-Abaire and features an ensemble cast that includes Brendan Fraser, Helen Mirren, Paul Bettany, Jim Broadbent, Rafi Gavron, Andy Serkis and newcomer Eliza Bennett, among others. Upon release, the film received mixed reviews. In 2009, a video game based on the film was released for the Nintendo DS.

title: Inkheart


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jessica Feng

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:46, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Jessica Feng
Delete. Non-notable vanity article, even if she is a genius. Carrp | Talk 00:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Agree, delete. —Korath (Talk) 01:11, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Apparently her parents didn't teach her the value of humility. – flamurai (t) 01:52, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ditto. Zzyzx11 07:07, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 09:05, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even if she's a genius, she didn't do anything to warrant an encyclopedic article. Mgm|(talk) 09:58, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Smart kid, wonder what she'll do next? ;) -- Longhair 03:38, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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User talk:Paul Miller LD

I removed your user page categorization under Theatre, as Categories are meant for linking articles, not for advertising your vanity. —ExplorerCDT 00:44, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I removed your user page categorization under Lighting Designers for the same reason. While I do not dispute the fact that you are indeed a practicing lighting designer, and based on what's on your user page you have more experience in this field than I do, listing your user page in the lighting designers category is simply shameless self-promotion. I suppose you could try to create a biographical article about yourself in the main namespace, but my understanding is that this is generally frowned upon, and it would probably end up being deleted. --Squigish 00:32, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paul Miller LD


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Benidorm International Song Festival

The Benidorm International Song Festival (Festival Internacional de la Canción de Benidorm), until 2004 simply Benidorm Song Festival (Festival de la Canción de Benidorm), was an annual song contest held in the city of Benidorm, Spain. The contest, based on the Italian Sanremo Music Festival, was created to promote Benidorm and Spanish music.

It originally ran from 1959 to 2006 (except in 1979, 1984 and from 1986 to 1992, when it was not held) and used to take place in the summer. After 2006, it did not take place again through 2021, when a revamped version of the festival, under the name Benidorm Fest, was announced by Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE) and the Generalitat Valenciana to serve as the platform to select the for the Eurovision Song Contest, starting in 2022.

The festival has undergone considerable modifications over the years, for example in the prizes. In 2004, it went from national to international. The contest was usually broadcast on television by REM (1959), TVE (1960–1985, 1997–2005), Telecinco (1993–1996) or Canal Nou (1997–2006).

History
In 1958, the idea of holding a Spanish summer song festival like what had been done in Sanremo, Italy, since 1951 (Sanremo Music Festival) came up. This event took place in the Benidorm kiosk El Tío Quico, where the mayor of the city, Pedro Zaragoza, the writer and journalist Carlos Villacorta, director of the press office of the General Secretariat of the Movement, and the journalist Teodoro Delgado Pomata were present. In July 1959, the first edition of an event called the Festival Español de la Canción de Benidorm ("Spanish Song Festival of Benidorm") was held, organised by the Red de Emisoras del Movimiento (REM) (Movement Station Network) from the city's Manila Park.

The mechanics of the festival during the first editions (from 1959 to 1971) consisted of presenting the songs in double versions, as was usual in the song festivals of the moment, including Sanremo. The victory of the song "Un telegrama" and its huge success in Spain at the time guaranteed the continuity of the festival in Benidorm, despite the fact that some cities in the south of Spain tried to take over the organisation of the festival. During this period, the greatest hits in the history of the festival took place, such as "Comunicando", "Quisiera ser", "Tu loca juventud", "La vida sigue igual" and "Amor amargo". It also featured the participation of emerging personalities of Spanish light song, such as Dúo Dinámico, Raphael, Bruno Lomas, Joe y Luis, Michel, Los Gritos and Julio Iglesias. In addition, although it was not their catapult to success, during these years artists such as Karina, Víctor Manuel, Lolita Garrido and Manolo Otero performed. Also, Rosa Morena, who was already enjoying success abroad before her consecration in Spain, participated.

On the other hand, the period between 1972 and 1985 marked a certain decline of the festival. The press repeated year after year that the quality of the songs was descending and in fact, during these years, the festival only released the hit "Soledad", by Emilio José and awarded prizes to soloists such as Eduardo Rodrigo, Mochi, Juan Camacho or Dyango and composers such as Juan Pardo, Dúo Dinámico or El Lute. Other contenders were Betty Missiego, Braulio, Tito Mora, José Vélez, the actress Beatriz Carvajal, Nydia Caro, Andrés Caparrós, José María Bacchelli or Tino Casal. The changes in the musical and audiovisual panorama brought about by the political transition led to a growing lack of interest in the festival. The non celebration of the 1979 and 1984 editions and experimental editions in 1983 (non-competitive) and 1985 (which searched for a younger audience, inviting pop-rock groups such as Alphaville, Seguridad Social or Aerolíneas Federales) failed to raise the interest of the public, which led to the cancellation of the festival from 1986 to 1992.

After a break of seven consecutive years, the contest was held again in 1993, beginning its third phase. In that first year, two categories were differentiated, the pop-rock final and the light song final, but from 1994 onwards, the old formula of awarding prizes to a single song was reinstated. The event became international in 2004, adopting the name of Festival Internacional de la Canción de Benidorm (Benidorm International Song Festival), and ceased to be held after its 39th edition (held in 2006) due to the lack of interest from the public and the media. During these 14 editions, the media repercussion of the festival was null, despite awarding the first prize to Alazán, Coral Segovia and La Década Prodigiosa and the authors Pablo Motos and Rosana Arbelo. Other relevant artists of the Spanish music scene who performed at this stage were Esmeralda Grao, Paco Arrojo, Pasión Vega, Luis Livingstone, Mikel Herzog, A las 10 en casa, Barei (as part of the duo Dos Puntos), Jesús Cisneros and Inma Serrano.

The festival used to be broadcast by TVE, although during the 1960s and 1970s it was not broadcast entirely because it was a show designed mainly for the public gathered in Benidorm, not as much as a television programme. The editions from 1993 to 1996 were broadcast by Telecinco and from 1997, the broadcasting returned to TVE and the regional channel Canal Nou. The 2006 edition did not have national television coverage as TVE dissociated itself from the project and was only broadcast by Canal Nou.

In Summer 2019, a commemorative exhibition to mark the 60th anniversary of the festival was held at the Museo Boca del Calvari and was visited by more than 10,000 people during its first month.

Golden Mermaid Trophy winners
As of 2006, the first prize winner was awarded with the Golden Mermaid Trophy (Sirenita de Oro) and €36,000 (about US$47,000) to produce a record. Second and third place winners received the Silver Mermaid Trophy (Sirenita de Plata) and the Bronze Mermaid Trophy (Sirenita de Bronce), respectively. The three prizes previously consisted of 100,000 ESP, 50,000 ₧ and 25,000 ₧, respectively.

title: Benidorm International Song Festival


text:
Ho language

Ho (, Warang Citi: 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken primarily in India by about 2.2 million people (0.202% of India's population) per the 2001 census. It is spoken by the Ho, Munda, Kolha and Kol tribal communities of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal and Assam and is written using Warang Citi script. Devanagari, Latin and Odia script are also used, although native speakers are said to prefer Warang Chiti, invented by Lako Bodra.

The name Ho is derived from the native word "𑣙𑣉𑣉" meaning human being.

Ho is closely related to Mundari and Santali. Ho and Mundari are often described as sister languages. Ho is closer to the Mayurbhanj dialect of Mundari than the Mundari variety spoken in Jharkhand. While being ethnically and linguistically close, Ho and Mundari speakers form distinct regional identities.

Geographcal distribution
Around half of all Ho speakers reside in West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, where they form a majority. Ho speakers are also found in districts of East Singhbhum in southern Jharkhand, Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar in northern Odisha.

Consonants

 * /b, ɖ/ can be heard as preglottalized [ˀb̥̚, ˀɖ̥̚] when in word-final position.
 * /b/ can be heard as a fricative [β] in intervocalic positions.
 * /ɳ/ has a limited phonemic distribution, and is typically a realization of /n/ before retroflex sounds.

Grammar
Like other languages of the Munda family, Ho has a mostly suffixing agglutinative inflictional morphology and follows accusative morphosyntactic alignment. There is some debate on whether Munda languages have word classes, an item from any word class can function as a verb in Ho. Ho does not have relative pronouns natively and relies on the participle forms of verbs, the forms that includes aspect, object and transitivity, but no mood markers, to form relative clauses.

Nouns and noun phrases
Number, possession and case suffixes are added to nouns. Alienable and inalienable possesions are distinguished.

Number and possession
Ho distinguishes singular, dual and plural numbers. Number suffixes are generally written separate from base nouns.

Number and inalienable possession
Construction for alienable possessions is different form inalienable possessions, En Eraaḱ Kolom "That woman's thresing floor", and En Era Gauńte "That woman's aunt". Suffixes for inalienable possessions only occur in the singular.

Pronouns
Ho personal pronoun distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person and anaphoric and demonstrative third person.

Writing system
Ho has been written in various scripts, starting from the first written record of 1824 to the present day, mostly using the Latin alphabet, Devanagari, Odia and more recently using the Warang Chiti script. Most writing done in Jharkhand tends to use the Devanagari script, while in Odisha it is the Odia script. While community intellectuals have been promoting the usage of Warang Chiti, it is yet to be widely used among Ho people due to it not being a part of school education. In 1985, a committee consisting of intellectuals including Ram Dayal Munda and Bhagey Gobardhan deliberated on common script for Ho, and decided in favor of Warang Chiti, eliminating competition from scripts put forth by other inventors such as Sangram Sindhu's Owar Anka Gār Lipi, disseminated by an institution called Sindhu Jumur, Rohidas Singh Nag's Mundari Bani Hisir Champa, Raghunath Purty's Ho Ol Lipi, Purushottam Godsora's Srishti Lipi among others.

History
The lexicon of the language reflects close association with nature and living proximity with birds and beasts which is typical for tribal languages.

The Latin, Devanagari and Warang Citi scripts have been used in the field of teaching and learning. In 1953, the department of Education, Government of Bihar set out instructions to all the Divisional Inspectors of schools. The government maintained that 'the pupil-teachers whose mother tongue is other than Hindi should be given the option of maintaining their records in their mother tongue. In every junior Training School besides Hindi, a second mother-tongue as accepted in Government resolution no.645ER of 10 August 1953 should be invariably taught.' The plan has been to provide education in their mother tongue at the primary level.

Since 1976, the Ho language is being imparted at intermediate and graduate courses in different colleges under the Ranchi University. The university opened a separate department named Tribal and Regional Languages in 1981.

In erstwhile Bihar, the Information and Mass Communication department regularly published Ho articles, folk stories, songs in Devanagari script in a weekly named Adivasi Saptahik.

There are significant initiatives inculcated in development of Ho language. A pioneering work was started at Ete Turtung Akhara, Jhinkapani to study and develop the Ho language under the leadership of late Lako Bodra with the help of Adi Sanskriti Evam Vigyan Sansthan. The institute published a book in 1963 titled Ho Hayam Paham Puti in Warang Chiti and introduced the letters of Warang Chiti, Kakahara.

A. Pathak and N.K. Verma tried to compare the Warang Citi with Indus script in Echoes of Indus Valley. Sudhanshu Kumar Ray in his 'Indus Script' described that the script Warang Chiti resembles the script of Indus that was discovered by Ashok Pagal and Bulu Imam in the caves of Aswara hill near Baraka village.

Xavier Ho Publication, Lupungutu has been publishing Ho books in Devanagri. John Deeney published Ho Grammar and Vocabulary in 1975, written in the Latin.

Usage
Under the Multilingual Education (MLE) programme, Odisha government has been providing primary education in Ho speaking areas.

The University Grants Commission of India has already recognized Ho as a language and literature. Now, UGC is conducting National Eligibility Test examination in Ho language under the "'subject code 70"' in Tribal and Regional Language/Literature group. In Odisha and Jharkhand, Education in Ho at the primary level was introduced in 20 and 449 schools respectively and about 44,502 tribal students are pursuing their studies in the language.

Besides education, Ho has also got its due recognition in the world of mass media. For the last few years, All India Radio (AIR) has been airing songs in Ho from the AIR centres in Keonjhar, Rourkela and Cuttack besides Baripada in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha state. Regular programs in Ho are broadcast from Chaibasa and Jamshedpur AIR centres in Jharkhand. Similarly, from Ranchi AIR centre in Jharkhand, regional news bulletins are broadcast two days a week Friday and Sunday.

Universities
The following universities offer courses on Ho:
 * Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand
 * Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand

Educational institutions
The following educational institutions offer courses on Ho:
 * Ho Language Education Council, Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Ho Language +2 Junior College, Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Kolguru Lako Bodra Ho Language High school, Birbasa, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 * Banajyoti Bahubhasi Vidya Mandir, Purunapai, Deogorh, Odisha
 * Veer Birsa Warangchity Mondo, Rairangpur, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Birsa Munda Ho Language High school, Jamunalia, Keonjhar, Odisha
 * Padmashree Tulasi Munda Ho Language High School, Machhgorh, Keonjhar, Odisha
 * Kol guru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, Dobati, Balasore, Odisha
 * Birsa Munda Ho Language High School, Nuagaon, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Atteh Turtung Rumtulay mondo, singda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Bankipirh Marshal Mondo, Bankidihi, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Similipal Baa bagan mondo, Thakurmapatna, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Kolguru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, Gokul Chandra pur, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Birsa Munda Ho Language High School, Hadagutu, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Kolhan High School, Satakosia, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Guru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Ho Hayam Seyannoh Moond, Madkamhatu, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * Sitadevi Warangchity Moond, Khunta, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
 * P.C.Haibru Warangchity School, Kadadiha, Mayurbhanj, Odisha

Literature

 * Ho folk literature's collection of folk songs by Sharatchandra Rai, Dr. D.N. Majumdar, B. Sukumar, Haldhaar, Kanhuram Devgum etc. (1915–26).
 * Tuturd, Sayan Marsal by Dr. S.K. Tiyu.
 * The Affairs of a Tribe by Dr. D.N. Majumdaar.
 * Aandi and Sarjom Ba Dumba by Jaidev Das.
 * Ho Durang by W.G. Archer.
 * Folklore of Kolhaan by C.H. Bompaas.
 * Sengail (Poems), Satish Rumul (Poems), Ho Chapakarh Kahin, Satish Chandra Sanhita, and Chaas Raiy Takh by Satish Kumar Koda.
 * Dishum Rumul Mage Durudh by Shivcharan Birua.
 * Adivasi Sivil Durang, Adivasi Deyoan, Adivasi Muni and Urri Keda Kova Red-Ranu by Durga Purti.
 * Bonga Buru Ko (Ho Religion), Horoh Hoan Ko, Maradh Bonga, and Gosain-Devgum Mage Poraab (on Maage Parv) by Pradhan Gagrai.
 * Warangchity (on Ho Lipi), Pompo, Shaar Hora 1-7 (Play), Raghuvansh (Play), Kol ruul(Hindi and Ho (warangchity), Homoyom pitika, Hora-Bara, Ho Hayam paam puti, Halang halpung, Ela ol itu ute, Jiboan * * Gumpai Durang, Baa buru Bonga buru and Bonga Singirai (Novel) by Ot Guru Kol Lako Bodra.
 * Ho Kudih (Novel) by Dumbi Ho.
 * Ho Kudih (Novel) and Adhunik Ho Shishth Kawya by Prof. Janum Singh Soy.
 * Jaira Jeebon Dastur, Durrn Dudugar, and Ho Bhasha Shastra Ayun Vyakaran by Prof. Balram Paat Pingua.
 * Ho Dishum Ho Hoon Ko by Dhanusingh Purti.
 * Eitaa Bataa Nalaa Basaa, Joaur, Parem Sanadh (Poems), Sarjom Ba Taral, etc. By Kamal Lochan Kohaar.
 * Ho Lokkatha by Dr. Aditya Prasad Sinha.
 * Magazines like Johar, Turturd, Ottoroad, and Sarnaphool also have Ho language articles.
 * HO Language Digital Journal "Diyang"
 * Ho Language monthly journal"Dostur Korang"by Kairasingh Bandiya
 * HO Kaboy (Poem) poti "Tangi Meyanj Sorogo Kore" by Ghanshyam Bodra
 * Ho language song"Dureng Dala"by Dibakar Soy
 * Ho language learning books "Ol initu" and "Mage Porob"by Kairasingh Bandiya"
 * Ho hayam sibil dureng(Ho and Hindi) by Doboro Buliuli

Demand for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule
Governments of Odisha and Jharkhand have been making demands for Ho to be included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. Ho peoples are also making continuous efforts to fulfill their demands as to be included in 8th scheduled. Rajya Sabha member and Union Petroleum and Steel Minister Dharmendra Pradhan had also submitted a memorandum demanding that the Government of India include Ho in the Constitution to give it an official status.The same request has also been made by the Department of Personnel, Jharkhand. Former Home Minister Rajnath singh had assured that Ho would be included in Eighth Scheduled, and assured to take appropriates steps to fulfil the demand, said union minister Dharmendra Pradhan.

Erstwhile Jharkhand Chief Minister Hemant Soren has written to the Home Ministry for the inclusion of Ho into the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution.

title: Ho language


text:
Talk:Model building code

[Untitled]
I removed this:

 * jurisdications have to enforce multiple sequential versions of code to cover older structures as permitted under earlier codes and "grandfathered" in the new law (i.e., exempt from new requirements, typically only valid until a major renovation is done).

As it it is a misunderstanding of what building codes are. Building Codes tell you how to Build the building. Not what the requirements are for existing buildings. Therefore, there is no "Grandfather clause", it is just that it doesn't apply to existing buildings.

Granted how you apply a building code to the renovation of an existing building is very complicated and definitely some things are "grand fathered". In some jurisdictions this is codified. In most jurisdictions the general principle is that the existing construction, must meet the code to which it was constructed, new construction must meet the new code, nothing can be done to make the building less safe than it was before the renovation. -- Webgeer 00:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'm confused by the reference to the City of Los Angeles Building Code. In California, the California Building Code (currently based on the UBC, soon to change) is the governing code. However local jurisdictions can make amendments to the code provided they have a geographical/climatic/physical reason for doing so.

So the proper wording might be: The City of Los Angeles Building Code, based on the 2001 California Building Code, which is in turn based on the 1997 Uniform Building Code -- ADStark 17:10, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Model building code


text:
The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story

The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story is a 1990 American made-for-television biographical film starring John Ritter as Lyman Frank Baum, the author who wrote the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and thirteen other Oz books. Also starring in it were Annette O'Toole as Baum's supportive wife, Maud, and Rue McClanahan as Baum's tough mother-in-law, Matilda Gage.

Plot
The film is told as a flashback from the point of view of L. Frank Baum's widow, Maud Gage Baum. On how her husband came to create The Wonderful Wizard of Oz while undergoing and eventually overcoming professional and personal failures.

It's 1939 and the classic MGM film The Wizard of Oz is about to premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. 78 year old Mrs. Baum has been invited to attend the premiere. Before she enters the theatre a young journalist recognizes her and asks if he may interview her. She politely agrees and begins to recount how she first met her husband. The story is interspersed with the famous Oz story, shown at certain points when Baum is writing down his ideas. It is shown that he was originally telling this to a group of kids, who asked him the name of this location, to which he looks at a file cabinet with the bottom drawer marked O-Z and decided "Oz". Another idea he had thought of was to say Dorothy was born in the Dakota Territory, only to scrap that sentence in favor of Kansas.

There is some literary license taken, especially in the completely-fabricated backstory regarding the creation of the character Dorothy. In truth, Dorothy Louise Gage died as a five-month-old infant, in Bloomington, Illinois. To console his wife on the loss of her beloved niece, Baum created an older girl, in the care of her Aunt Em, as the central character in the fantasy universe that became the Oz stories. "M" was the initial of Maud Baum's own first name, and there was no expansion of Em's name in the Oz books (though she was assumed to be "Emily" in the 1939 film).

However, in "Dreamer of Oz" she is portrayed as a young child (and played by 5-year-old Courtney Barilla], living in Dakota Territory. As she lay dying, Baum tells her that the central character in his stories was actually a girl named Dorothy.

Cast

 * John Ritter as L. Frank Baum
 * Annette O'Toole as Maud Gage Baum.
 * Rue McClanahan as Matilda Electa Joslyn Gage
 * Charles Haid as Al Badham / Cowardly Lion
 * David Schramm as W.W. Denslow
 * Nancy Lenehan as Harriet Alvena Baum Neal
 * Courtney Barilla as Dorothy Leslie Gage / Dorothy Gale
 * Nancy Morgan as Helen Leslie Gage
 * Jason Ritter as Harry Neal Baum
 * Pat Skipper as Charlie H. Gage
 * Ed Gale as Ned Brown / Farmer
 * Trevor Eyster as Frank Joslyn Baum (5–9 years) (as Tim Eyster)
 * Joshua Boyd as Frank Joslyn Baum (3 years)
 * Roger Steffens as Salesman (as Roger Steffans)
 * John Cameron Mitchell as Albert the Reporterher
 * Frank Hamilton as Sullivan
 * Steven Gilborn as George M. Hill
 * Jerry Maren as Mr. Munchkin
 * Elizabeth Barrington as Mrs. Munchkin
 * David Ellzey as Scarecrow
 * Derek Loughran as Tin Man (as Derek Loughram)
 * Christopher Pettiet as Teenage Frank Jr.
 * Ryan Todd as Robert Stanton Baum
 * Alexis Kirschner as Tweety Robbins
 * Paul Linke as Opie Read (uncredited)

Reception
In his TV Preview, Tom Shales of The Washington Post proclaimed the film "cheerfully satisfying", and praised the production values, but wasn't impressed with Ritter's performance. John J. O'Connor of The New York Times praised Ritter's performance and called the film "heartwarming". Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times dubbed it "long on mush and short on magic", but praised the recreations from the original stories.


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Full-Reuenthal

Full-Reuenthal is a municipality in the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

History
Full is first mentioned around 1303-07 as Wulna, and Reuenthal was mentioned at the same time as Ruwental. Full-Reuenthal became a municipality in 1832, when it was separated from Oberleibstadt. In the beginning of the 2000s, extension of the German Bundesautobahn 98 through the area of Full was resisted by local inhabitants.

Geography
Full-Reuenthal has an area,, of 4.82 km2. Of this area, 2.6 km2 or 53.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.08 km2 or 22.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.66 km2 or 13.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.52 km2 or 10.8% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.5% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 5.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.4%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.5% of the area Out of the forested land, 20.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 43.2% is used for growing crops and 8.7% is pastures, while 2.1% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Zurzach district, in a Rhine knee (bend in the Rhine River) across from the German city of Waldshut. It consists of the scattered village of Full with the sections of Unterdorf, Fahrhäuser and Jüppen and the haufendorf village (an irregular, unplanned and quite closely packed village, built around a central square) of Reuenthal. It lies near the confluence of the rivers Aare and Rhine. Full-Reuenthal is accessed by Hauptstrasse 7.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a Water Pump Sable on a Base Vert.

Demographics
Full-Reuenthal has a population of  , 10.9% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 0.5%. Most of the population speaks German(95.4%), with Italian being second most common ( 1.1%) and Portuguese being third ( 1.0%).

The age distribution,, in Full-Reuenthal is; 99 children or 12.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 112 teenagers or 13.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 73 people or 8.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 80 people or 9.8% are between 30 and 39, 158 people or 19.3% are between 40 and 49, and 125 people or 15.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 69 people or 8.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 62 people or 7.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 36 people or 4.4% who are between 80 and 89,and there are 4 people or 0.5% who are 90 and older.

the average number of residents per living room was 0.55 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 74.9% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 8 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 115 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 172 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. , there were 299 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.7 persons per household. there were 202 single family homes (or 62.7% of the total) out of a total of 322 homes and apartments. There were a total of 0 empty apartments for a 0.0% vacancy rate. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.4 new units per 1000 residents.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 47.45% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (14.8%), the SP (13.1%) and the FDP (12.19%). In the federal election, a total of 277 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.6%.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Jüppe, a portion of the Roman era Rhine fortifications, is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Economy
, Full-Reuenthal had an unemployment rate of 1.65%. , there were 143 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 17 businesses involved in this sector. 47 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 5 businesses in this sector. 60 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 16 businesses in this sector.

there were 381 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 296 or about 77.7% of the residents worked outside Full-Reuenthal while 175 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 260 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 12.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 55.6% used a private car.

The companies in the municipality includes Kuhn Champignon AG.

Religion
From the, 533 or 66.1% were Roman Catholic, while 182 or 22.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 individuals (or about 0.25% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.

Education
The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Full-Reuenthal about 75.5% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population, there are 74 students attending primary school in the municipality.

title: Full-Reuenthal


text: User talk:67.101.152.105

title: User talk:67.101.152.105