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Val Marie

Val Marie (2021 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Val Marie No. 17 and Census Division 4. It is about 30 kilometres from the Canada-United States border.

Considered the gateway to the Grasslands National Park, Val Marie's economy is largely based on wheat farming, ranching, and tourism. Some natural gas has been found nearby. Employment includes agriculture, federal government (Grasslands National Park and Canadian Border Services), tourism (hotel and accommodation, restaurant, retail, etc) and a significant natural gas compressor relay station at the Montana border.

Etymology
Fr. Louis-Pierre Gravel, missionary and promoter of much French Catholic immigration to southwestern Saskatchewan, originally called this settlement Rivière des Français after the nearby Frenchman River. For an unknown reason, he proposed a different name in a 1911 report to the superintendent of immigration: Libreval ("Free Valley"). Ultimately, neither of Gravel's suggestions were used, and Val Marie ("Valley of Mary"), was coined by Fr. Claude Passaplan, missionary priest in the area. Before coming to Val Marie, Passaplan served as the first Roman Catholic parish priest in Swift Current.

History
The first European investigation of the area was conducted by the Palliser Expedition (1857–1859), supported by the Royal Geographical Society and the British Government, and led by John Palliser, a wealthy Irish landowner. He was accompanied by geologist James Hector, and various cartographers and botanists. They studied the natural resources and agricultural potential of the Palliser area – including Val Marie – and reported the place as dismally dry, prone to drought, and unfit for habitation. The dismissive conclusions slowed settlement in the area for decades.

Artifacts of native civilization are significant. In 1877, Tatanka Iyotake – Sitting Bull – crossed from the USA into Canada along the Frenchman River (which flows through Val Marie) after his victory over General Custer at Battle of the Little Bighorn.

The community of Val Marie – Valley of Mary – was founded in 1910 by Father Passaplan, Louis Denniel, and the brothers François and Léon Pinel. Most of the early settlers were ranchers and farmers from Quebec and France. Val Marie was incorporated as a village on September 13, 1926. By 1939, two irrigation reservoirs were built near Val Marie by the PFRA (Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Agency) in coordination with Ducks Unlimited. Over 10000 acres are irrigated through the system which provides some stabilization through droughts that plague the area.

Originally settled by French ranchers, the village remained largely ethnically French and by the 1950s had 450 people. Amenities then included three gasoline stations, a hospital, convent, bakery, bank, and several cafes and stores. The population declined significantly with low grain commodity prices and droughts in the 1980s. English is now universally spoken as the last unilingual Francophone resident died in 1981. The Grasslands National Park has attracted some new people into the area; full-time and seasonal employees for the park, as well as recent retirees now call Val Marie home.

On August 14, 2004, Grasslands – Where Heaven Meets Earth, a site-specific art performance, was held in the community and park. The event was a collaboration of Canadian artists including Bill Coleman, Edward Poitras, Gordon Monahan, and Margie Gillis.

Grasslands National Park
The West Block of Grasslands National Park lies 10 km east of Val Marie. The park is the only place in Canada where black-tailed prairie dog colonies are found. In 2006, plains bison were re-introduced into the park. Hiking in the badlands and viewing wildlife in the park are primary visiting activities. The park is divided into two blocks. The West Block is closest to Val Marie and the East Block is near Killdeer, SK. There are no plans to connect the two blocks. The West Block near Val Marie will be about 450 square kilometres when complete. It protects the Frenchman River Valley and is home to many unique species in Canada such as Plains Bison, Prairie Rattlesnake, Black-tailed Prairie Dogs, Burrowing Owls, Swift Fox, and many more. An official Parks Canada information centre is located in the town of Val Marie.

The park is home to over 12,000 teepee rings, indicating that the land was heavily used by indigenous people before it was used by cattle ranchers and homesteading. Primarily the Plains Cree and the Assiniboine used the land to hunt bison. The large 76 Ranch once had an office and many sections of land in the Val Marie area.

Dark Sky Preserve
In 2009, Grasslands National Park was designated as a Dark Sky Preserve by the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. Grasslands National Park has worked with the Village of Val Marie and SaskPower to practice dark sky friendly lighting. Street lights in the town are aimed down to prevent unnecessary light from going into sky. The goal of this is to provide the best habitat possible for wildlife and nocturnal species. It also makes the area an ideal place for astronomy, stargazing and astro-photography. Astronomy events take place in the park annually. There is a "Clear Sky Clock" set up to provide cloud cover forecasts.

Climate
Located within Palliser's Triangle, Val Marie has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). Val Marie has a weather station with daily records since 1937. It can be a harsh climate, cold and windswept in the winter and often very dry for prolonged periods, broken sometimes by extremely intense rainfalls during the summer. Val Marie is sometimes the national hotspot in Canada on a given summer day. Val Marie gets more days of sunlight per year than anywhere else in Canada. On average, Val Marie receives 352.5 mm of precipitation per year and about two thirds of that is snow.

The coldest temperature ever recorded in Val Marie is −49.4 C on January 20, 1954. The hottest is 41.1 C on July 4, 1937, which came close to being broken on July 23, 2007, when the temperature rose to 40.6 C, and again on August 11, 2018, when the temperature rose to 40.9 C. The preceding day, August 10, saw a maximum of 40.0 C.

The record one-day rainfall is 86.4 mm on July 3, 2000. The record one-day snowfall is 45.7 cm April 2, 1940.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Val Marie had a population of $120$ living in $64$ of its $86$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $126$. With a land area of 0.43 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Val Marie recorded a population of living in  of its  total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of. With a land area of 0.42 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

The village recorded its largest population in 1961, when 443 people lived in Val Marie.

Culture
Val Marie holds many annual events such as the Val Marie Bob Larson Memorial Rodeo, Lion's Senior's Supper, Lion's Sports Day, and a Canada Day parade, among others. Between the Val Marie Hotel, Prairie Wind & Silver Sage (the museum), theatre/hall, and arena, there are many events taking place weekly.

Heritage buildings
Val Marie is home to two municipally declared heritage buildings.
 * 1) The Val Marie School. It is an old two-room schoolhouse made of red brick that was used from 1927-1985. The building is now maintained by Prairie Wind & Silver Sage - Friends of Grasslands National Park (PWSS). It is used as a seasonal museum, gift shop, coffee shop, and art gallery. A self-guided Val Marie walking tour is available through PWSS.
 * 2) The Val Marie Elevator. Built in 1927, this elevator has wood paneling and cedar shingles. A local community group has been actively fundraising for its restoration with the anticipation of turning it into a museum. The outside has been completely restored, and work has commenced on the interior.

Tourism
In 2018, Grasslands National Park had almost 20,000 visitors through the park, in cooperation with the Canada 150 Marketing campaign. The number of tourists that come to Val Marie for annual events or to use the Port of Monchy Border Crossing is unknown.

The Village of Val Marie has partnered with the Cypress Hills Destination Area to promote Val Marie as a tourist destination.

Services in the community include a gas station, a hotel/bar, a museum (which also includes a gift shop, coffee shop and art gallery), a café, a campground, art galleries, bed and breakfasts, an old convent that has been converted to an inn, a movie theatre, yoga studio, a hockey arena and curling rink, a library, a community centre, a town square, and a community-owned grocery store. Some services are only available seasonally. Val Marie is also home to a school (kindergarten to grade 12) and the Val Marie Early Learning Centre which offers preschool programming. A basic life support ambulance services the region. The nearest full-service centre is the city of Swift Current, located 120 km north on Highway 4.

Recreation
Arena: Hockey and curling are popular activities during the winter

Community Centre: cards, sewing, pancake breakfasts, art classes

Yoga: Val Marie is home to two yoga studios

Art: Millie's Art Gallery has art classes available

Hiking and walking: Local walking trails and routes are available in Val Marie in addition to Grasslands National Park

Birdwatching: Watch for migratory birds in the spring and fall, and breeding birds during the summer.

Canoeing and kayaking: The Val Marie Reservoir/ Newton Lake

Boating and fishing: The Val Marie Reservoir/ Newton Lake

Hunting: Big game, game birds and migratory bird hunting are all popular in Val Marie.

Snowshoeing and cross-country skiing: May be available in the winter depending on snowfall.

Theatre: Weekly movies are played throughout the tourist season

Notable people

 * Oneil Carlier – Alberta Minister of Agriculture, 2015-2019
 * Will James – Quebec cowboy novelist/artist; lived in area 1910-1913
 * Ron Miksha – author; geophysicist; lived in Val Marie 1976-1987
 * Bryan Trottier – former NHL player/coach, seven-time Stanley Cup champion, Hockey Hall of Fame
 * Rocky Trottier – former NHL player, drafted 8th overall in 1982

title: Val Marie


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Wordmark

A wordmark or word mark is a distinct text-only typographic treatment of the name of a product, service, company, organization, or institution which is used for purposes of identification and branding. A wordmark can be an actual word (e.g., Apple), a made-up name that reads like a word (e.g., Google), or an acronym, initialism, or a series of letters (e.g., IBM).

Trademarking
In many jurisdictions, such as the United States and European Union, a wordmark may be registered as a trademark, making it a protected intellectual property.

Unlike names and logos, trademarked wordmarks are generally not case-sensitive and are listed in uppercase by trademark registrars such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office, even if they are always cased in a certain way by the owner; this gives the trademark holder rights no matter how the wordmark is presented. Some examples are shown in the sidebar.

In the United States, the legal term "word mark" refers only to the text, not to any graphical representation.

In most cases, wordmarks cannot be copyrighted, as they do not reach the threshold of originality.

Comparison with logos
Wordmarks and logos are the two most common types of brand marks. Wordmarks, by definition, always contain the name of the product or company, whereas a logo might be a textless image only. For example, the Coca-Cola, Disney, and FedEx logos are graphical versions of those names, while the Starbucks logo contains no text.

A wordmark logo (also called a lettermark or a lettermark logo) is a type of logo, not a type of wordmark, which consists of just text set in a particular style, such as a typeface or color, without other graphical features. For example, the SONY logo contains only the name in uppercase, set in a particular typeface. In some cases, such as Disney's logo, a custom or proprietary typeface is used.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wordmark


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PRN

PRN may refer to:

Computing

 * PRN:, a printer device name in DOS
 * Pseudorandom noise, in cryptography

Medicine

 * Pertactin (PRN), a virulent factor of the bacterium Bordetella pertussis
 * Pro re nata (P.R.N.), Latin for "in the circumstances", prescription jargon
 * PRN Forum, a precursor to the Journal of Pain and Symptom Management

Politics

 * National Reconstruction Party, Brazil
 * Nicaraguan Resistance Party, Nicaragua
 * Partido Nacional Revolucionario, Mexico, an Institutional Revolutionary Party precursor
 * National People's Party (Indonesia) (Partai Rakyat Nasional), Indonesia

Radio

 * Performance Racing Network, an American NASCAR radio network
 * Premiere Radio Networks, another American network

Transport

 * Pacific RailNews, a defunct American hobbyist magazine
 * Paralympic route network, linking Paralympic games venues
 * Parton railway station, Cumbria, England
 * Pristina International Airport Adem Jashari, Kosovo (IATA: )
 * Mac Crenshaw Memorial Airport, Greenville, Alabama, US (FAA LID: )

Other uses

 * Packaging Recovery Note, per UK Producer Recovery Obligations
 * Praseodymium nitride, a chemical (formula: PrN)
 * Premier Retail Networks, a provider of in-store ad screens

title: PRN


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Talk:Hoggs Hollow

Untitled
For many years the Jolly Miller was very popular because it was just beyond the border of a "dry" neighborhood under Ontario's local option laws. I didn't realize that it was closed. Eclecticology 21:22, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)

Merger Proposal
I propose to merge the York Mills article into this one. They describe the same place and are virtually identical articles. IMO Hoggs Hollow is the more popular name so I propose to keep the Hoggs Hollow article as the remaining article. Atrian 17:10, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

I disagree with this proposal.

Having lived in Hoggs Hollow my whole life, I know that "York Mills" refers to a much larger area than the specific Hoggs Hollow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.136.210.162 (talk) 15:36, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

I disagree with this proposal.

The articles may be the same. The places are not the same. While Hoggs Hollow may now form part of York Mills, it is not York Mills. 99.234.175.200 05:47, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

I also disagree with this proposal. I know the area very well as I have explored it quite extensively. Hogg's Hollow is adjacent to York Mills they are two completely separate and distinct areas. It is completely cut off from the York Mills neighbourhoods. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.231.30.155 (talk) 01:49, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hoggs Hollow


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Wikipedia:WikiProject U.S. Roads/Rhode Island/Comparison of sources for numbered routes in Rhode Island

Rhode Island is in a fairly unique situation in the United States in that the different sections of the Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT) sometimes disagree about what roads are numbered State Highways. The differing sources include signage on the roads themselves (which is often sporadic or nonexistent), GIS data supplied to RIGIS from RIDOT, maps on RIDOT's website, and RIDOT's pavement management division. This page will attempt to explain and reconcile these differences.

Signage
Signage, where it exists, is what the public sees most often, and thus there is a strong argument for considering is to be the "correct" information. However, there are some issues with signage:
 * In some areas, especially downtown Providence, signage is sporadic or nonexistent.
 * Signage is occasionally contradictory, showing two alignments for the same route (sometimes due to old signage not being removed).

RIGIS data
RIDOT has supplied the Rhode Island Geographic Information System with several data layers. Specifically, the following layers (downloadable here) include fields for route numbers:
 * "Roads - Primary" includes a "RTNUMS" field, which is inconsistently used. Many sections of roads that all other sources show as numbered are not shown as being numbered, and other route numbers are shown that have not existed for a long time (and are not on any other sources); for example, Route 10 is still shown heading north from Olneyville on River Avenue, though this is impossible due to the current northbound ramp configuration.
 * "Roads - State" deals with state maintained roads, not state numbered roads.
 * "Highway Numbers" is a point layer, with recommended placements for route shields on a map. These numbers are equivalent to the ones on the online RIDOT maps, so they are discussed below.
 * The other theme to include route numbers is "1:5,000 Roads" (in the "RTNO" field). This will be discussed below, as it is largely equivalent to the pavement log.

Online RIDOT maps
RIDOT has county maps online. These contain many differences from what is signed, including the following:
 * Route 51 is not shown at all.
 * Route 103 is shown using Veterans Memorial Parkway, while signage shows it concurrent with Route 114 and using old US 6.
 * Route 117 is shown entering Providence and ending at US 1; signage clearly shows it ending along the section concurrent with US 1A (with BEGIN and END plates).

Pavement log
RIDOT's Pavement Management division produces a log for internal use in helping workers travel the numbered highways to assess pavement quality. The following observations are from a 2001 copy of the log. The "RINO" field of the "1:5,000 Roads" GIS data layer is largely equivalent to these descriptions, and as a whole these are the closest match to actual signage. When those two are compared, the pavement log agrees with signage in the majority or cases where the two sources disagree. Thus, with rare exceptions, the descriptions used in the pavement log are used in articles about the routes. Any discrepancies between the pavement log and signage are clearly noted.

The following are examples of places where the GIS data disagrees with signage and the pavement log:
 * The GIS data shows extra segments of Route 1A along old alignments of US 1 east of Westerly.
 * The GIS data shows Route 3 extending east past its end at Route 2 to US 1.

Other sources
At least two cities, Pawtucket and Woonsocket, keep logs of their own.

Pawtucket
Pawtucket's data agrees with RIDOT's except in two cases. RIDOT shows US 1 taking a circuitous route through downtown Pawtucket, while Pawtucket shows US 1 using I-95 through several interchanges. A similar configuration exists with Route 114, where Pawtucket gives it a straighter route. The little signage that exists affirms RIDOT's position.

Woonsocket
Woonsocket installs most of its own signage in a unique style, where all elements of the sign assembly are on one plate (see Woonsocket-installed route signage). RIDOT's pavement log shows Route 104 ending at the turn from Providence Street onto South Main Street, but signage, including signs posted by RIDOT, clearly shows it continuing into downtown and ending at Worrall Street. A few old signs still show the former extension to Route 126.

Additionally, there is confusion over Route 114 at Route 126; some signs indicate a concurrency, while others indicate Route 114 avoiding a concurrency by using Rathbun Street. RIDOT's pavement log shows both directions avoiding the concurrency, as does recent RIDOT signage. Recent Woonsocket signage shows only the concurrency between Route 114 south and Route 126 north, with a short one-way pair on Route 114.

Other disagreements

 * In Westerly, all sources but signage show Route 91 taking a fully state-maintained route that ends at US 1. However, signage shows it continuing west on a locally maintained road to end at Route 3.
 * In Pawtucket, one of the signs on Route 114 northbound was changed in late 2000 to point via a different route.
 * In Cumberland, signage was recently changed to point Route 114 via a different route.
 * Some signage continues Route 152 past US 1A/Route 114, where other sources end it.


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Iron(II) chloride

Iron(II) chloride, also known as ferrous chloride, is the chemical compound of formula FeCl2. It is a paramagnetic solid with a high melting point. The compound is white, but typical samples are often off-white. FeCl2 crystallizes from water as the greenish tetrahydrate, which is the form that is most commonly encountered in commerce and the laboratory. There is also a dihydrate. The compound is highly soluble in water, giving pale green solutions.

Production
Hydrated forms of ferrous chloride are generated by treatment of wastes from steel production with hydrochloric acid. Such solutions are designated "spent acid," or "pickle liquor" especially when the hydrochloric acid is not completely consumed:
 * Fe +  2 HCl  →   FeCl2  +  H2

The production of ferric chloride involves the use of ferrous chloride. Ferrous chloride is also a byproduct from the production of titanium, since some titanium ores contain iron.

Anhydrous FeCl2
Ferrous chloride is prepared by addition of iron powder to a solution of hydrochloric acid in methanol. This reaction gives the methanol solvate of the dichloride, which upon heating in a vacuum at about 160 °C converts to anhydrous FeCl2. The net reaction is shown:
 * Fe +  2 HCl  →  FeCl2  +  H2

FeBr2 and FeI2 can be prepared analogously.

An alternative synthesis of anhydrous ferrous chloride is the reduction of FeCl3 with chlorobenzene:
 * 2 FeCl3 +  C6H5Cl   →   2 FeCl2  +  C6H4Cl2  +  HCl

For the preparation of ferrocene ferrous chloride is generated in situ by comproportionation of FeCl3 with iron powder in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Ferric chloride decomposes to ferrous chloride at high temperatures.

Hydrates
The dihydrate, FeCl2(H2O)2, crystallizes from concentrated hydrochloric acid. The dihydrate is a coordination polymer. Each Fe center is coordinated to four doubly bridging chloride ligands. The octahedron is completed by a pair of mutually trans aquo ligands.

Reactions

FeCl2 and its hydrates form complexes with many ligands. For example, solutions of the hydrates react with two molar equivalents of [(C2H5)4N]Cl to give the salt [(C2H5)4N]2[FeCl4].

The anhydrous FeCl2, which is soluble in THF, is a standard precursor in organometallic synthesis. FeCl2 is used to generate NHC complexes in situ for cross coupling reactions.

Applications
Unlike the related ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride, ferrous chloride has few commercial applications. Aside from use in the laboratory synthesis of iron complexes, ferrous chloride serves as a coagulation and flocculation agent in wastewater treatment, especially for wastes containing chromate or sulfides. It is used for odor control in wastewater treatment. It is used as a precursor to make various grades of hematite that can be used in a variety of pigments. It is the precursor to hydrated iron(III) oxides that are magnetic pigments. FeCl2 finds some use as a reagent in organic synthesis.

Natural occurrence
Lawrencite, (Fe,Ni)Cl2, is the natural counterpart, and a typically (though rarely occurring) meteoritic mineral. The natural form of the dihydrate is rokühnite - a very rare mineral. Related, but more complex (in particular, basic or hydrated) minerals are hibbingite, droninoite and kuliginite.

title: Iron(II) chloride


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Australian Beverages Council

The Australian Beverages Council, previously known as the Australian Soft Drinks Association (ASDA) is an industry group that represents the interests of Australian manufacturers, importers and distributors of non-alcoholic beverages. Their headquarters is in Waterloo, New South Wales, Australia.

title: Australian Beverages Council


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Ernest Lough

Ernest Arthur Lough (17 November 1911 – 22 February 2000) was an English singer who sang the famous solo "O for the Wings of a Dove", from Felix Mendelssohn's "Hear my prayer", for the Gramophone Company (later HMV and then EMI) in 1927. The record became HMV's biggest seller for 1927, and made the piece, the choir and the soloist world-famous. The original master recording wore out, and a second version had to be recorded to replace it in 1928. In 1962, it became EMI's first million-selling classical record, earning it "gold disc" status.

Early life
Lough was born in Forest Gate, County Borough of West Ham, Essex, England. His father worked for an insurance company. He was a treble in the local church choir, at St Peter's, Forest Gate. He auditioned at Southwark Cathedral, but joined the choir of the Temple Church in London in 1924, which was under the direction of organist and choirmaster George Thalben-Ball, who had just succeeded Sir Walford Davies. As a chorister of the Temple Church, Lough had a choral scholarship to the nearby City of London School.

Recording
Lord Justice Eldon Bankes suggested that the Temple choir should make a record; on 15 March 1927, the Gramophone Company brought its new mobile recording unit to the Temple Church where the choir recorded Felix Mendelssohn's "Hear my prayer". Lough, then aged 15, sang the famous solo "O for the Wings of a Dove". It is said that he had to stand on two large books to be near enough to the microphone. The recording sold over one million copies by 1962, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.

HMV issued its record, C1329, in June 1927. It was an instant hit and became HMV's biggest seller for 1927. It made the piece, the choir and the soloist world-famous. Crowds of people packed the congregation to hear Lough sing at Sunday services, and his singing on the recording was considered so beautiful that a legend grew up that he had died after singing the last note. The original master recording wore out, and a second version had to be recorded to replace it in 1928.

This recording continued to sell throughout the twentieth century. In January 1963, it earned a gold disc specifically to mark the 35th anniversary of the recording and the completion of over 35 years of co-operation between the Temple Church and HMV. It is known that it did sell over a million copies, but the number was not exactly recorded. It is still available on CD, and has now sold over six million copies. It was described in The Record Guide (1951) as "one of the outstanding best-sellers of gramophone history".

Ernest Lough's voice broke in 1929, after he had made a number of other recordings, although none of them achieved the iconic status of "O for the Wings of a Dove". He continued to sing in his spare time as a baritone, and was one of the "gentlemen" or adult members of the Temple choir.

Later life
After he left school, Lough approached the management of HMV and reminded them that he had made a great deal of money for them, and felt it was fair to ask for a favor in return. HMV gave him a position in the advertising department at HMV, where he met Ethel Winnifred Charlton. They were married in June 1938, and had three sons. Two became choristers at the Temple Church, and one at the Chapel Royal. HUM also made several recordings of Lough as a baritone, but he did not pursue a career.

Lough served in the fire service during the Second World War, and was present when the Temple Church burned down in 1942. He appeared as a fire-control operator in a wartime propaganda film about the fire service in London, entitled Fires Were Started, which was filmed using actual firefighters rather than professional actors.

After the war, he worked at the advertising agency Mather and Crowther (later Ogilvy and Mather).

He was a member for many years of the Bach Choir, singing 1st bass, together with his son Graham.

He died at Watford General Hospital, Hertfordshire, England, aged 88, survived by his wife and three sons. His obituary appeared in The Times and The Guardian on 24 February 2000, and there is a commemorative plaque to him in the Temple Church.

Other sources

 * Elizabeth Forbes, "Lough, Ernest Arthur (1911–2000)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2010 accessed 17 November 2011
 * Obituary, The Guardian, 24 February 2000
 * Obituary, The New York Times, 6 March 2000
 * Record sleeve LP of: The Ernest Lough Album, "My Life in Music". Ernest Lough and the Choir of the Temple Church, London. Organist and Director of Choir Dr. George Thalben-Ball. EMI Records Limited, Hayes, Middlesex, England.

title: Ernest Lough


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President's Choice

President's Choice (French: Le choix du Président) or PC is a line of grocery products and services offered by the Canada-based Loblaw Companies Ltd.

President's Blend
The first President's Choice (PC) products began appearing on Loblaw store shelves in 1984, but the concept was created the year before as the company marketed a new ground coffee. Dave Nichol, president of Loblaw Supermarkets, was looking for products to add to the company's lineup of No Name generic items and had even begun offering gourmet items in the familiar unbranded yellow packaging. Nichol's Louisiana buyers had discovered a new high-grade coffee, around the time some of the leading national brands had downgraded the quality of their store coffee. Toronto designer Don Watt was asked to create new packaging—the only stipulation being that it had to be yellow, similar to No Name packaging. Watt recalled how PC Gourmet Coffee went on sale by Christmas:

It goes on the shelf and becomes the number-one selling item in the grocery section. And Nichol, who was always listening to the consumer, said, "Well, I guess the consumer is telling us that we should be trading up. Why don't you take your President's Blend idea and figure out how to do a package? Because we've got a lot of yellow in the store, so the only comment I'm telling you is don't make it yellow."

Loblaw kept the "President’s Blend" label, but the name was otherwise too product-specific. Since the new line would be personally endorsed by Nichol, an associate suggested "President's Choice", a name that could be used for a wide range of items. According to Watt, "PC was chosen because it was the president's 'choice'. It wasn’t necessarily the absolute best that you would find in a gourmet deli or something—it was the best value, the best quality, the best relative to the competition." Nichol's association with the product line extended to almost every aspect of marketing, including the President's Choice logo, which was in Nichol's own handwriting.

Development
In developing a line of store-brand products, Loblaw looked to one of Great Britain's leading merchandisers for inspiration. "Nichol remembered seeing how London retailer Marks & Spencer had featured its own brand, St. Michael, which was not only less expensive but also higher in quality than the leading brands." For Nichol, private labels represented not only a marketing opportunity, and higher margins, but also a way of becoming less dependent on big-name national brands. "I started off running Loblaws like every other retailer in North America," he said, "which is getting people in the store by giving Coke and Tide away below cost."

Loblaw had a long history of in-house products. Founded by Toronto grocers Theodore Pringle Loblaw and J. Milton Cork in 1919, Loblaw Groceterias Co. Limited featured many of its own products, branded under a variety of labels such as Pride of Arabia Coffee and Jack & Jill Peanut Butter. While its innovative self-serve format produced rapid growth through its early years, by the 1970s Loblaw Companies Limited was struggling to revitalize its operations and recapture market share. As newly appointed CEO, W. Galen Weston earmarked $40 million for product development. With a major corporate rebranding underway, he commented that there was no point redesigning packaging if the consumer found the products' quality no better than before.

Insider's Report
Some of the first PC products included Belgian biscuits, chocolate chip cookies, and passion fruit sorbet. The brand's advent coincided with a new marketing tool, Dave Nichol's Insider's Report, first published in November 1983. Described by Nichol as a cross between Mad and Consumer Reports that combined "zaniness and food tips in a comic book format", the newspaper supplement was a quirky, tongue-in-cheek product review modeled after flyers from California supermarket chain Trader Joe's.

As the popularity and number of PC products grew, the Insider's Report became increasingly devoted to the PC line. With its cover shot of Nichol with Georgie Girl, his favorite French bulldog, it was written in the first person, with Nichol telling his readers about his latest food related finds and product quests. He often related stories on how certain products were developed.

Nichol and his developers travelled extensively in search of new ideas. One such excursion bought them to the boardroom of one of Europe's leading biscuit makers:

During our visit to their plant in Belgium, we discovered that Delacre is the world's largest producer of tinned assortments of premium biscuits. So then and there we put in the challenge to them: "Let's create the best assortment of tinned biscuits in the world." To accomplish this, Delacre laid all of its most costly biscuits on a table along with empty 1 kg tin. We then proceeded to fill it with a selection of your favourites – both dark and milk chocolate. Bichocs, cigarettes russes, etc., etc When we were done the President of Delacre look at it and said, "This assortment has more chocolate than any of our other assortments – it's definitely our best."

Throughout the Insider's Report, Nichol promoted PC as good as or better than the national brand at substantially lower prices, often drawing direct comparisons to competitors' products.

For Loblaw's management, the PC sales strategy surpassed simply competing with national brands; its ability to draw customers into stores was considered important. Nichols said, "We're trying to create products that you can't get anywhere else, so you’ll have to come to our stores!" The approach led to unique items such as PC Gourmet Italian Dog Foods, and lines such as "The Decadent" products and "Memories of" sauces. And while not all successes originated with Nichol, many did:

Nichol had some stunningly creative ideas. When, for instance, he tasted a satay sauce at a restaurant at Bali, he put his staff to work replicating it, sending them back to the kitchen time and again until they got it right ... Memories of Szechwan Peanut Sauce & Dressing has outsold ketchup in some Loblaw stores.

The Decadent
Nichol loved chocolate and cookies. When it became known that another brand was trying to create a cookie to compete with PC's Chocolate Chip Cookies for the Connoisseur, he decided he wanted to develop "the ultimate chocolate chip cookie". Though there were concerns about the practicality of introducing more natural ingredients, the decision was made to use real chocolate chips and real butter instead of hydrogenated oil (typically used for longer shelf life). But this presented its own challenges, such as how to stop chocolate chips from melting all over the production line. It took supplier Colonial Cookie of Kitchener, Ontario, more than a year to create a product that met Nichol's standards. Colleague Jim White was the first to sample it:

When the first samples arrived, I asked Jim White to try them. "Are they good?" Jim's eyes glazed over [and he said] "They're beyond good—they're truly decadent."

On its release, The Decadent Chocolate Chip Cookie contained 39% chocolate chips by weight, more than double the leading national brand. It soon became the best selling PC product, and within three years was Canada's best-selling cookie, even though it was available in only 20% of Canadian food stores.

Not all PC products were hits. Lucullan Delights, a vanilla crème sandwich cookie designed to compete with Oreos, was introduced a year before The Decadent. Nichol saw a food critic's reference to Lucullus, a 1st Century B.C. Roman senator famous for his lavish banquets, and decided to use the name. But sales were slow as shoppers apparently struggled to make sense of the name, even with an explanatory note on the packaging. In 1992 the product was reformulated and relaunched as the "Eat The Middle First" cookie, with Nichol's guarantee that if you didn't like it, he'd give you a bag of Oreos for free. Sales subsequently rose.

G.R.E.E.N
In the spring of 1989, Loblaw introduced G.R.E.E.N, a new line of environmentally friendly and body friendly PC products—the first major North American company to offer a "green" product line. The items ranged from unbleached coffee filters to organic lawn and garden fertilizer. In the June issue of Insider's Report, Nichols wrote how surprised he was at public interest in such products. He explained how his team had met with executives of Canada's leading environmental groups to ask them what products they would like to see. But he cautioned, "We accept the fact that ... not all environmental groups will agree with all our President's Choice G.R.E.E.N products". The new line was soon criticized by a number of groups. Greenpeace took exception to G.R.E.E.N's organic fertilizer, maintaining that it was not completely toxin-free. The Consumers Association charged that some items were no different than products already on store shelves. There was further controversy when Colin Isaacs, executive director of Pollution Probe, appeared on TV with Nichol to provide a qualified endorsement of non-chlorine bleached disposable diapers, saying that if you had to use disposables, these were the ones to buy. Isaacs soon resigned as other environmentalists objected to any endorsement of a throw-away product. While Nichol defensive at times, he contended that events had actually helped promote G.R.E.E.N:

"The real success of the green story is the enormous controversy it caused", he says. "Within four weeks we had an 85% awareness level, and 27% of the people actually had bought the products." After a minute of reflection he adds, "Controversy is a wonderful thing."

Loblaw president Richard Currie pointed out that following the introduction of the line, a flood of "green" products by other manufacturers hit the market. A year later, the number of G.R.E.E.N products had reached 100, with another 50 planned, but product development eventually slowed. Nichol later lamented that it was difficult finding green products to bring to market.

Growth
By 1990, the number of PC products had reached 500. Meantime, Dave Nichol's Insider's Report, which, according to an A.C. Neilson survey, was read by 59% of Ontario households, had become almost exclusively devoted to the promotion of PC, which now represented $1.5 billion in sales, or 20% of Loblaw's annual revenue. Nichol continued to pursue product categories where he felt PC could make furimilar to Coca-Cola. Years later, the 2004 launch of PC New Wave Cola featured blue and white packaging, with a "Join the New Wave Generation" ad campaign "calling all Pepsi Cola Fans" to switch brands.

In November 1991, Too Good To Be True! was launched, with 50 healthful low-fat products. "Dave Nichol’s Barbecue Secrets" video, on outdoor cooking with PC products, sold some 55,000 copies.

Throughout Nichol's association with PC, his own palate played a major part in product development. One newspaper report said, "Dave's taste buds decree major business decisions." The Loblaw test kitchen, next door to Nichol's office in central Toronto, served as crucible for product acceptance or rejection:

Nichol is stepping through his daily paces in Loblaw's airy, white test kitchen. Seven product-development staff hover watchfully. He forks a small sample of what appears to be chilli with meat into his mouth. The room falls silent. He closes his eyes. He swallows. He nods his head. The tension breaks. Dave likes it ... This is market research, Dave Nichol style. No focus groups. No marketing surveys. If the president of Loblaw International Merchants, the product-development arm of Loblaw Companies Ltd., likes the taste, it's in.

If an item had Nichol's approval, and merchandisers expressed interest, it could be brought to market in a few months. If he was unimpressed, it usually meant the end of the line for that item. "He could kill a product with a shrug of indifference, and there was no court of appeal." Most ideas were rejected or sent back to suppliers for modification, while others went through numerous reformulations before getting the go-ahead. Meanwhile, Nichol relished his role as ultimate arbiter. "Nothing gets called President's Choice without my approval", he said. "If you dislike any of them, then I'm the guy who has to take the blame."

Nichol and associates also paid close attention to packaging. Though Don Watt produced early versions of it, others, such as Loblaw art director Russ Rudd, created many of the most successful designs. For The Decadent Chocolate Chip Cookie, Rudd lined up hundreds of cookies on a conference table and photographed the best-looking ones. An enlargement of one cookie became the cover shot, with dozens of chocolate chips forming the background. Sometimes unconventional stock photos were used to represent a product's unique nature. A fierce-looking Japanese Kabuki actor in heavy theatrical make-up became the image for PC's Memories of Kobe line; and the penetrating eyes of a veiled woman, from a fashion shoot, became that of PC Memories of Ancient Damascus Pomegranate Sauce. Nichol apparently enjoyed using images other food manufacturers would never consider.

U.S. and other markets
While PC became increasingly popular among Canadian consumers, it was still largely unknown in the United States. The US stores owned by Loblaw in St. Louis, Missouri and New Orleans, Louisiana didn't even carry the line. By the late 1980s, Don Watt, working on design contracts for a number of US supermarket chains, became something of an "unofficial ambassador" for PC. Nichol, who regarded the US market as "a great opportunity", considered "going global" the next logical step. He told of how international executives who toured Loblaw stores would ask whether the company's private label program was for sale. But while Loblaw pitched PC as a higher-margin alternative to the national brands, putting PC products on US retailers' shelves proved more complicated:

[Nichol] brought in a man named Tom Stephens to sign deals with regional grocers like D'Agostino in New York and Jewel in Chicago. He told them a strong store brand would free them from the tyranny of manufacturers. Many US grocers scoffed at the idea, calling it "Canadian lunacy", Stephens remembers. "The stores that took President's Choice ... were either desperate or brilliant."

As PC began making inroads, Loblaw aired a series of primetime infomercials in Buffalo, New York with Nichol and marketing executive Boris Polakow. In 1991, PC products were available in only a handful of US states; but a little more than two years later, they were on the shelves of some 1,200 stores in 34 states, due in large part to Walmart. PC had come to the attention of WalMart founder Sam Walton through Don Watt. After a year of meetings, a deal was struck where Loblaw agreed to develop a line of private-label products under the Walmart brands Sam's American Choice, later shortened to Sam's Choice, and Great Value. Described as "a big coup for Nichol", items such as "Sam's Cola" and "Sam's Over 39% Chocolate Chip Cookies" made their debut in 1991. The Toronto Star later reported that cola and cookies sales had "gone through the roof".

Loblaw also started making deals outside of North America. Holding a can of Australia's Choice Cola, Nichol appeared on the July 1993 cover of Canadian Business magazine, as Loblaw moved ahead with plans to market private labels for Coles Myer Limited (now Coles Group), Australia's largest food retailer. Loblaw also prepared to test-market PC products on the shelves of ParknShop, Hong Kong's second-largest supermarket chain. Deals in the UK, Sweden and South Africa were also in the works.

PC also began pursuing opportunities beyond grocery stores. In 1992, PC Premium Draft beer went on sale at Brewers Retail outlets in Ontario. Launched only weeks before Christmas, supplier Lakeport Brewing assured Loblaw, based on historical data, that it had enough product in stores for the holiday season. Advertised as "premium quality", yet value-priced, the beer sold out before Christmas, and Lakeport subsequently ran full-page ads apologizing for the shortfall. The success of PC beer confirmed to Nichol that he could sell almost anything under the brand as long as it represented better quality at a lower price:

If I sold you a PC tennis shoe, I think you would understand that I’m trying to give you a better tennis shoe at a lower price. The PC franchise is expandable in any number of directions.

He referred to a "brand tax revolt" by consumers.

Nichol departs
In November 1993, Loblaw Companies Limited announced that Dave Nichol was leaving as president of Loblaw International Merchant, the company's control label division, to establish his own business as a consultant, and that he would remain as PC's spokesman. Nichol dismissed suggestions that his departure was anything but amicable, and said Loblaw did everything to convince him to stay in his present position, but that he felt somewhat constrained. He hosted one more issue of Dave Nichol’s Insider’s Report; then six months later was no longer associated with PC. He began promoting a number of Dave Nichol-branded products as the new president of controlled brands at Cott Corp., a private label soft drink maker. Loblaw president Richard Currie said the break was "neither positive nor negative" but “neutral”, and that the business did not require a spokesman.

PC after Nichol
The Dave Nichol's Insider’s Report became The Insider's Report, but looked much the same. Loblaw International Merchants, in charge of PC product development, merged with the company's buying division, Intersave, becoming Loblaw Brands Limited. Although Nichol's departure received considerable news coverage, media reports indicated little or no negative impact on Loblaw:

Since Nichol’s departed, Loblaw's profits have shown double-digit growth in five of six quarters. Total Loblaw’s sales in Canada were up 8.4% in 1995. Company brand sales – chiefly President’s Choice – were up 18.5%, well ahead of the average gain of 11% recorded by A.C. Nielsen of Canada Ltd. for 550 store-brand product categories.

In subsequent years, Loblaw continued expanding the number of PC products and extended it into new service-oriented areas. In 1998, Loblaw launched President's Choice Financial, promoted as a no-fee alternative in personal banking. A press report said, "It's the first time a major Canadian retailer has developed its own full-fledged banking services, which will be available to customers across the country within 18 months". Along with free savings and checking, it offered no-fee in-store banking, free groceries through its PC Points program, and mortgage and loan services. Though branded exclusively as President's Choice Financial, the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce acted as its "service provider". By 2010, PC Financial had 2.5 million customers and $20 billion in managed funds.

PC continued to add new products and lines. In 2001, PC Organics was introduced as a third-party certified line of organic food products, in accordance with the guidelines of the National Standard of Canada on Organic Agriculture. A year later, PC Home unveiled a collection of household accessories. In 2005, PC Blue Menu introduced a line of healthful and convenient food items, replacing the Too Good To Be True! line. PC Mini Chefs, a line of foods for kids, was also added.

Galen Weston
In October 2006, after a problematic corporate restructuring caused a string of losses, John Lederer resigned as president and Galen G. Weston assumed the new post of Executive Chairman of Loblaw Companies Limited. Within a year, he had taken on the role of spokesman for President's Choice. In a series of television commercials designed by Toronto advertising agency Bensimon Byrne, he appeared informally in shirtsleeves and, without reference to any corporate title, introduced himself simply as "Galen Weston". One of the first ads showed him promoting the new 99-cent PC GREEN reusable shopping bag, with the goal of reducing the number of plastic bags in Canadian landfills by a billion a year. Consumer response was strong, and the bag almost sold out in its first week. Company figures later indicated that, along with a new 5-cent charge per plastic bag, the use of over one billion disposable bags had been avoided. Commenting on his role as brand spokesman, Weston said he intended to focus on the environment and healthier food products. Subsequent television commercials included PC organic baby food, and a relaunched line of PC GREEN products.

Loblaw Companies Limited develops some 500 new food items each year, many of which become PC products. Suppliers regularly pitch new ideas, and the company also undertakes its own research and development. "We try to be ahead of the market", Loblaw vice president Paul Uys said. Though Loblaw has retracted its private-label program from US and international markets, PC and No Name still account for 25% of its domestic food sales, double the industry average. Loblaw vice president of food Pietro Satriano said the company's labels remain crucial to its overall strategy. "In the end, it drives people to our stores. It drives loyalty. People can't get them anywhere else. It's tough to quantify, but it's crucial." There are currently more than 2,000 PC products on Canadian supermarket shelves.

Product lines
In Canada, PC products are generally sold only at Loblaw-owned or affiliated stores. A notable exception is PC beer, which in Ontario is also sold at The Beer Store and the LCBO's retail stores (and was available only at those retailers until 2015, due to since-changed provincial laws on alcohol sales).

In addition to the main PC line, the brand also has nine specialized lines:

 * Teddy's Choice products for infants
 * Mini Chefs food for 5- to 10-year-olds
 * Organics organic food
 * Free From meat products raised without antibiotics or hormones (most Free From chicken is also vegetable- and grain-fed with no animal byproducts)
 * Blue Menu food marketed to health-conscious consumers, often with lower fat content and ingredients such as whole grains
 * Green products marketed as more "environmentally-friendly" (for example, ads for PC GREEN Toilet Bowl Cleaner state it is "100% chlorine-free" for "fewer toxic substances going into our water")
 * Black Label high-end, specialty products
 * Farmer's Market fresh produce and in-store thawed baked goods
 * Planet First biodegradable and sustainable single-use products, made of bamboo and wood. (Includes; cutlery, plates, bowls, straws).

Eat Together Marketing Campaign
In 2017, PC began their Eat Together campaign, focusing on the idea that sharing meals increases happiness and is generally beneficial for people. The campaign uses a new slogan each year, focusing on societal issues such as disconnection due to technology, eating alone in the workplace, and social media influence. In 2019, in addition to encouraging people to look away from their screens to spend more time with family, it encouraged them to "live in the present moment" rather than focusing on social media. The campaign included short commercial videos. The initial online campaign (2017) received over 11 million views and 27,000 shares. In 2019, the annual commercial received 1.1 million views within its first two months.

PC's 2021 Eat Together commercial was a 90-second film that features British-American philosopher Alan Watt's speech “The Dream of Life”, with landscapes, and people participating in sports and other life experiences.

Types of products
PC products include food products such as:

 * Prepared foods – including baby food, canned foods, soups, condiments
 * Grain products – including breads, cereals, grains, rice
 * Dairy products – yogurt, cheese, etc.
 * Frozen food – frozen desserts, entrees, meats
 * Drinks – juice, soda, water, coffee, lemonade, tea, beer
 * Fresh foods – including deli products, meat, poultry, fresh pasta, produce, seafood
 * Snacks – crackers, snack foods, chips, dips, sauces

...and non-food items such as:

 * Pet foods and supplies
 * Baby products
 * Bath and body-care products
 * Cleaning and household products
 * Laundry supplies
 * Paper and office products
 * Other general merchandise

...as well as:

PC in the United States
President's Choice began appearing in US supermarkets in the early 1980s. In the Chicago area it was featured on the shelves of Jewel stores under an exclusive regional marketing agreement.

From around 1995 to 1999, Lucky Stores carried PC products until it was acquired by Albertsons.

Acme Markets carried PC products until they were acquired by Albertsons in 1999.

Phoenix, Arizona-based Smitty's Supermarkets carried the PC brand in the 1990s.

The Modesto, California-based New Deal Market chain carried PC products for a short time under their ownership by Canada-based Provigo Corp.

Michigan-based Glen's Market carried PC products from the late 1990s through the early 2000s, and had special coupons and promotions around the line. One of the promotions provided a free pint of ice cream on the birthdays of customers with a registered Glen'sCard. D&W Food Centers carried the PC brand for several years before it was purchased by Spartan Stores, Inc.

Michigan-based Great Scott! supermarkets carried the PC line before it was acquired by Kroger in 1990. Kroger then sold PC products in its Michigan stores for a short time (presumably until a contract to carry the product expired).

During the 1990s, Stop & Shop supermarkets in Quincy, Massachusetts carried PC products, as did Cambridge, Massachusetts-based Star Market before it was acquired by Shaw's Supermarkets in 1999. Shaw's ceased carrying PC products in its Star-branded stores following the acquisition.

Portland, Oregon-based Fred Meyer stores also carried the PC brand for a time.

Charlotte, North Carolina-based Harris Teeter carried the PC brand in the 1990s.

St. Louis based National Supermarkets, then owned by Loblaw, introduced PC along with other Loblaw-owned chains. It continued until the chain was purchased by competitor Schnucks in 1995, which continued carrying it until 1998.

Des Moines, Iowa-based Hy-Vee carried the PC brand until 1999.

Minneapolis-based Nash Finch Company carried the PC brand in its corporate owned stores, such as Econofoods in the early 2000s.

PC products were also carried by Bell's Markets in western New York, when they were supplied by a company affiliated with Loblaw. They were later carried by Tops Friendly Markets in that area, but are no longer found there.

Houston, Texas-based Randalls Food Markets carried PC products until their acquisition by Safeway Inc. in 1999., as did its sister chain Tom Thumb in Dallas-Fort Worth.

International availability
Loblaw products and subsidiaries are now prevalent across the globe and export products to almost every chain grocery and drugstore on the planet. Whether under the presidents choice label, no name label, pc blue, pc express, rexall, loblaws, or countless other brands and products the company has acquired or has distribution rights for.

title: President's Choice


text:
GPS drawing

GPS drawing, also known as GPS art, is a method of drawing where an artist uses a Global Positioning System (GPS) device and follows a pre-planned route to create a large-scale picture or pattern. The .GPX data file recorded during the drawing process is then visualised, usually overlaying it as a line on a map of the area. Artists usually run or cycle the route—while cars, vans, boats and aeroplanes are utilized to create larger pieces.

The first known GPS drawing was made by Reid Stowe in 1999. "Voyage of the Turtle" is an ocean sized drawing with a 5,500 mile circumference in the Atlantic made using a sailboat. The GPS data was recorded in logbooks and was therefore very low resolution.

In 2000, after the US Military GPS satellite signals were opened up to the public, artists Jeremy Wood and Hugh Pryor were able to use a newly available GPS tracker to record their movements. To display their drawings Hugh Pryor wrote a computer program which convented the GPX data into a single line to be shown on screen or to be turned into an image file. With these tools in place GPS drawing as distinct artform was able to develop.

Planning
GPS artists can spend many hours finding a certain image or text hidden in a map or can sometimes simply see an existing image in a map due to pareidolia. In many cities and towns the road layout and landscape restricts the routes available so artists have to find creative ways to show their pictures or characters. In cities where there is a strong grid pattern 8-bit-style or pixelated images can be created of almost any object or shape. Many artists will create paper or digital maps of their route to follow on their journey.

The website RouteDoodle.com can be used to plan GPS art; it will convert an image into a route for cycling or running, and allow downloading a GPX or TCX file.

Artistic style
There are many approaches to GPS drawing which an artist can choose depending on their means of travel and the landscape around them.

Roads, trails, and paths only
One style uses only pre-existing roads, paths, trails, etc. This can make it more challenging to find a route and plan the artwork. Working on pre-existing routes can make navigation easier, and the artwork is more likely to reflect the original plan. This is how the majority of GPS drawings are made.

Freehand
In freehand GPS drawing, an artist creates a shape on open ground, air, or water without following existing paths. This means the artist has to watch their progress in real time on their GPS device. Artists can run or cycle over open ground such as parks, fields, and car parks. Artists in cars and other motor vehicles can draw shapes on large open areas such as deserts, airfields, and beaches. Almost all artworks created by aircraft and watercraft use this technique as they are not restricted by human and physical geography. Freehand GPS drawing opens unlimited possibilities but without waypoints and existing routes it is very easy to lose track of your progress and make mistakes.

Connect the dots
By pausing the GPS device and restarting it at different locations an artist is able to draw straight lines across the map in a similar way to a connect the dots puzzle. This means the artist can draw over the built environment and over physical barriers such as rivers and hills.

Adding extra images
Some artists add extra images or lines to the map after they have created the route. They can simply add googly eyes to an animal or face or go further and add lines and other features which help viewers see what they have drawn. Other times an artist will show a photo or other image alongside their drawing if it is not clear at first glance what has been drawn.

Other methods
Artists can collaborate with each other or members of the public to create larger images, visualisations, collages and even GPS animations from multiple GPX files or routes images. GPS devices can also be given to people or attached to vehicles which are tracked as they go about normal life or take part in specific activities and the GPX data is then visualised.

In the freestyle method of GPS drawing, the path followed by the GPS receiver is random or semi random following set of pre determined rules.

Burbing
Burbing – a term derived from the word suburb – is the practice of cycling every road in a suburb and tracking this on GPS to create an intricate pattern. One of the first examples of burbing was created by cyclist Christian Lloyd in 2014. Burbing became a more widespread trend during the COVID-19 pandemic, when wider travel was restricted.

Display
Most people use a route mapping app or other service to display their drawing online and to share on social media. Popular apps include Strava, Map My Run, and Garmin. Many artists also import their route into Google Maps, OpenStreetMap, Viewranger, and other map services before capturing the image to display and share. This gives the artist the option of expanding and cropping the image, orienting it another way, or tilting the map to add perspective. Some artists use false color maps with contrasting colors for their route to create vivid images.

Artist Jeremy Wood often displays his drawings without a showing any map underneath. He is able to do this as the drawings are so detailed you can see the shape of the built environment or landscape in the lines. One work, "Traverse Me", maps out the University of Warwick campus and includes the map title, other text and images, a compass, scale, and date signature. It was made by walking 238 miles over 17 days.

Examples and artists
In 1999, Reid Stowe was probably the first artist to employ waypoints on a GPS-verified journey in order to render a large-scale art object. This work of GPS art, representing a baby sea turtle (1900 miles long and 1400 miles wide, with a perimeter of 5,500 miles), was performed with a two-masted schooner during the Voyage of the Sea Turtle. He made two more large GPS-verified drawings on his 1000-day voyage.

The idea was first implemented on land by artists Hugh Pryor and Jeremy Wood, whose work includes a 13-mile wide fish in Oxfordshire, spiders with legs 21 miles long in Port Meadow, Oxford, and "the world's biggest "IF'" with a total length is 537 km, and the height of the drawing in typographic units is 319,334,400 points. Typical computer fonts at standard resolutions are between 8 and 12 points.

The largest text written using a GPS device was "PEACE on Earth (60,794.07km)" in 2015 created by Yassan. This was created by travelling around the entire globe by plane. Yassan also made headlines by proposing to his girlfriend with "Marry Me" a 7,163.7 km route covering most of Japan.

In 2018 artist Nathan Rae created a #WeLoveManchester piece as part of the commemorations of the Manchester Arena Bombing.

One of the most prolific GPS artists is the artist known as WallyGPX who, as of October 2018, has created over 500 pieces of GPS art. He uses pencil and paper to plan the routes around his home city of Baltimore which he then creates by bicycle.

title: GPS drawing


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hanung jati purbakusuma

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 15:40, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hanung jati purbakusuma
The article was marked for Speedy by 4.64.14.220 as non-English near-gibberish self-promotion. It was previously marked for translation, and per translation policy it should be marked for deletion since it was not translated within two weeks.
 * Delete - comment: the article in question is about someone (called "Hanung jati purbakusuma"). Language was listed as "unknown" on the pages for translation entry - I believe it's Indonesian. Nick04 22:21, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or move to appropriate language section. Cnwb 23:27, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Translate it or else. Zzyzx11 00:20, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 03:25, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki into the Indonesian Wikipedia, if there is one.   — J I P | Talk 08:20, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete guys, don't waste your time bothering w/ that article, it's basically a self-biographical story written by someone (claimed to be Hanung Jati Purbakusuma), the person is no one (he even listed his phone number & e-mail address). That article doesn't even worth to be in Indonesian Wikipedia. What a waste of space. Just a kid who wants to draw attention by writing total crap at Wikipedia.
 * Delete. Don't bother to transwiki; likely a waste of time. jni 16:58, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just read the article, it's basically a vanity page in Indonesian. --Andylkl 06:47, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Oxygen scavenger

Oxygen scavengers or oxygen absorbers are added to enclosed packaging to help remove or decrease the level of oxygen in the package. They are used to help maintain product safety and extend shelf life. There are many types of oxygen absorbers available to cover a wide array of applications.

The components of an oxygen absorber vary according to intended use, the water activity of the product being preserved, and other factors. Often the oxygen absorber or scavenger is enclosed in a porous sachet or packet but it can also be part of packaging films and structures. Others are part of a polymer structure.

Oxygen absorbing chemicals are also commonly added to boiler feedwater used in boiler systems, to reduce corrosion of components within the system.

Mechanism
The first patent for an oxygen scavenger used an alkaline solution of pyrogallic acid in an air-tight vessel.

Modern scavenger sachets use a mixture of iron powder and sodium chloride. Often activated carbon is also included as it adsorbs some other gases and many organic molecules, further preserving products and removing odors.

When an oxygen absorber is removed from its protective packaging, the moisture in the surrounding atmosphere begins to permeate into the iron particles inside of the absorber sachet. Moisture activates the iron, and it oxidizes to form iron oxide. Typically, there is required to be at least 65% relative humidity in the surrounding atmosphere before the rusting process can begin. To assist in the process of oxidation, sodium chloride is added to the mixture, acting as a catalyst or activator, causing the iron powder to be able to oxidize even with relatively low humidity. As oxygen is consumed to form iron oxide the level of oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere is reduced. Absorber technology of this type may reduce the oxygen level in the surrounding atmosphere to below 0.01%. Complete oxidation of 1 g of iron can remove 300 cm3 of oxygen in standard conditions. Though other technologies can remove more, iron is the most useful as it does not cause odor like sulfur compounds or passivate like aluminium compounds. Many other alternatives are not food safe. The moisture requirement of iron-based scavengers makes them ineffective in moisture sensitive applications.

The performance of oxygen scavengers is affected by ambient temperature and relative humidity. Newer packaging technologies may use oxygen scavenging polymers to prevent accidental ingestion of oxygen scavengers.

Non-ferrous oxygen scavengers
While most standard oxygen scavengers contain ferrous carbonate and a metal halide catalyst, there are several non-ferrous variants, such as ascorbate with sodium hydrogen carbonate, among others available.

Typical reasons to use a non-ferrous variant would include the packaging of products intended for international shipping where metal detection would pose a problem; a desire to reduce the odor associated with ferrous carbonate; or dietary products where contact with iron should be avoided.

Ascorbic acid is often used to scavenge oxygen for generation of anaerobic environments for microbiology.

Benefits of oxygen scavengers

 * Helps retain fresh-roasted flavor of coffee and nuts
 * Prevents oxidation of spice oleoresins present in spices themselves and in seasoned foods
 * Prevents oxidation of vitamins A, C and E
 * Extends life of pharmaceuticals
 * Inhibits mold in natural cheeses and other fermented dairy products
 * Delays non-enzymatic browning of fruits and some vegetables
 * Inhibits oxidation and condensation of red pigment of most berries and sauces
 * Oxygen deprivation contributes to a pest-free environment in museums

Oxygen scavenging technology can quickly reduce oxygen levels in sealed containers to below 0.01%.

Typical uses

 * Pharmaceuticals and vitamins
 * Medical diagnostic kits and devices
 * Potassium Metabisulfite is often used in the wine industry to both scavenge oxygen and provide a layer of gas that separates wine from oxygen.
 * Foods prone to rancidification, including:
 * Nuts and snacks
 * Whole fat dry foods
 * Processed, smoked and cured meats (including jerky and dried meat nuggets)
 * Cheeses and dairy products
 * Spices and seasonings
 * Flour and grain items

 * Other foods, including
 * Fresh and precooked pasta and noodles
 * Birdseed and pet food
 * Breads, cookies, cakes, pastries
 * Candies and confectioneries
 * Coffee and tea
 * Dried fruits and vegetables

 * Artwork preservation
 * Preserving solderability of electronic parts

Sachets
Plastic sachets offer greater protection than paper as they are not prone to disintegrating in products with high fat contents.

title: Oxygen scavenger


text:
Lower Morden

Lower Morden is an area within the district of Morden in south west corner of the London Borough of Merton, to the west of Morden Park and south of Raynes Park.

History
Until it was absorbed by the suburban expansion of the 1930s, the hamlet of Lower Morden was a small rural farming community within the parish of Morden approximately half a mile to the west of the main village situated at the top of the hill. Lower Morden had grown up around the village green and the Beverley and Pyl Brooks.

In the 1870s, the main properties of Lower Morden were Morden Farm (close to the modern school of the same name and on the site of Hatfeild School), Peacock Farm (now covered by Cranmer Close and Cardinal Avenue) and Hobalds Farm. Close by was Morden Common.

Today nothing of the original hamlet remains except perhaps a few ancient trees and old field boundary lines followed by the alignments of the roads that were to replace them. The first major development was the establishment in 1891 of Battersea New Cemetery (now Morden Cemetery) on land adjacent to Hobalds Farm to the north of Green Lane. The loss of Morden Common followed, its area now occupied by the Merton & Sutton Joint Cemetery and the Garth Road Industrial Estate. Garth Road is named after the Garth family, Lords of the Manor from the mid 16th century to the late 19th century.

Up to the Second World War the marshy land either side of the Pyl Brook now used as playing fields was cow pasture. The majority of residential development took place in the late 1930s with mock Tudor style houses being built between Morden Park and Stonecot Hill and north between Grand Drive, Hillcross Avenue and Cannon Hill Lane.

Demography
The Lower Morden ward had one of the lowest crime rates in Greater London in the 2014/15 period.

Sport and recreation
Lower Morden has a King George's Field in memorial to King George V.

title: Lower Morden


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User talk:Dave Cohoe

Remaining comments have been moved to archive. Dave C.talk 02:46, 27 August 2007 (UTC) - Welcome!

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Commons
Nice photo on the Bumbershoot page. You might (in general) want to consider uploading your photos to Wikimedia Commons instead of the English-language Wikipedia. Two advantages: Once you open an account there, its pretty much exactly as easy as uploading the images here, but more useful. Images can be used here in the English-language Wikipedia exactly as if they were uploaded here. - Jmabel | Talk 17:25, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) A decent categorization system for images
 * 2) Images can be used on all Wikipedias, not just English.

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SeaStar (band) moved to draftspace
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title: User talk:24.80.97.229


text:
Zadok

Zadok, also spelled Ṣadok, Ṣadoc, Zadoq, Tzadok or Tsadoq (צָדוֹק הַכֹּהֵן; lit. 'righteous, justified'), was a Kohen (priest), biblically recorded to be a descendant from Eleazar the son of Aaron. He was the High Priest of Israel during the reigns of David and Solomon. He aided King David during the revolt of his son Absalom, was subsequently instrumental in bringing Solomon to the throne and officiated at Solomon's coronation. After Solomon's building of the First Temple in Jerusalem, Zadok was the first High Priest to serve there.

The prophet Ezekiel extols the sons of Zadok as staunch opponents of paganism during the era of pagan worship, and indicates their birthright to unique duties and privileges in the future temple.

Hebrew Bible
The Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) states that Zadok was a patrilineal descendant of Eleazar the son of Aaron the high priest. The lineage of Zadok is presented in the genealogy of Ezra (his descendant) as being of ninth generation of direct patrilineal descent from Phinehas the son of Eleazar.

A certain Zadok had been one of those who joined David at Hebron and helped him win the crown of all Israel, his house then including twenty-two captains. Josephus identifies this Zadok with the high priest of the same name.

During the rebellion of Absalom, Zadok the priest is mentioned, as he and the Levites wished to accompany the fleeing David and bring along the Ark of the Covenant, but the king instructed Zadok to remain at Jerusalem, where he and Abiathar could do him better service, so that it actually happened that Ahimaaz, the son of Zadok, along with Jonathan, the son of Abiathar, brought the fleeing king a life saving message. In all these passages Zadok is mentioned in precedence to Abiathar. Zadok was also chief officer over the Aaronites. The term high priest is not used in the Hebrew scriptures from the time of Joshua until the reign of Joash.

Both Zadok and Abiathar functioned in tandem as priests at the time of David's hasty exit from Jerusalem. When David first set up his cabinet, Zadok and Abiathar, the son of Ahimelech, were named as priests. On the suppression of the Absalom rebellion, King David sent Zadok and Abiathar to the elders of Judah, urging them to hasten to bring the monarch back. Subsequently, when Adonijah endeavored to secure the throne, Abiathar sided with him, leading king Solomon (David's son) to expel him from Jerusalem and reinforce the sole chief-priesthood of Zadok, who, along with Nathan the Prophet, supported King Solomon's accession to throne. In gratitude, Solomon appointed him sole high priest. Zadok also officiated at the anointing ceremony of Solomon as king.

In Zadok is named as the leader of the priests who served "before the tabernacle of the Lord at the high place that was at Gibeon", although he is later recorded as working alongside Ahimelech devising a schedule of priestly service to support David's preparations for the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem.

Zadok's sons were Ahimaaz and Azariah. His descendants who held the high priesthood up to the destruction of the First Temple and, following the building of the second temple, resumed the high priesthood, as per Joshua the High Priest (along with Ezra) being of Zadokite lineage.

In rabbinic literature
According to the Bible, Aaron received a perpetual priestly covenant by which his descendants, and only his descendants, would be priests.

According to some commentaries, the priesthood was further restricted to descendants of Aaron's son Eleazar after Eleazar inherited Aaron's priestly robes, and further restricted to descendants of Eleazar's son Pinchas after Pinchas performed his act of zealotry.

Nevertheless, later on the high priesthood was held by Eli, a descendant of Itamar (Eleazar's brother). Torah commentators attribute this to Pinchas' later sins. But upon the sin of Eli's sons, Hophni and Phinehas, a "man of God" prophesied the extinction of their priesthood: "And I will erect myself a reliable priest (who acts) with my heart, and with my soul he will do, and I will build him a reliable household, and he will go before my Anointed all of days."

This prophecy was fulfilled when Zadok, who was descended from Eleazar and Pinchas, was appointed as high priest.

History of Zadokites
Historical data show that the high-priesthood remained in the progeny of the Zadokites from the time of Zadok up until the rise of the Hasmoneans, in about 167 BCE. The descendants of Zadok increased in rank and influence, so that his son Azariah was one of the princes of Solomon and Ahimaaz, who married a daughter of Solomon, was probably another of Zadok's sons. Either Zadok himself or his grandson was the ruler of the Aaronite priests, and Jerusha, the mother of Jotham, is apparently termed the daughter of Zadok to emphasize her noble lineage, since her father may have been a descendant of the first Zadok.

The house of Zadok occupied the high priesthood through much of the Second Temple period, from Jehoshua ben Jehozadak after the Exile, down to Simon II (Simon the Just, much praised in Ben Sira 50), his eldest son Onias III, and his usurping second son Jason, who introduced the programme of Hellenisation that eventually led to the Maccabean Revolt.

Josephus records that Onias IV went to Leontopolis in the Egyptian nome of Heliopolis with a significant following, and for lending military support to the Ptolemaic Pharaoh was given land to build a temple to rival the Temple in Jerusalem (although Josephus also ascribes this to Onias III, while dating the project so as to suggest Onias II). It has been suggested that Onias or members of his Zadokite house may have also founded the community at Qumran.

Other theories about Zadok
Some have speculated that as Zadok does not appear in the text of Samuel until after the conquest of Jerusalem, he was actually a Jebusite priest co-opted into the Israelite state religion. Harvard Divinity School Professor Frank Moore Cross refers to this theory as the "Jebusite Hypothesis", criticising it extensively, although he terms it the dominant view among contemporary scholars.

Elsewhere in the Bible, the Jebusites are described in a manner that suggests that they worshipped the same God (El Elyon) as the Israelites, in the case of Melchizedek. Further support for this theory comes from the fact that other Jebusites or residents of pre-Israelite Jerusalem bore names invoking the principle or god Zedek (Tzedek) (see, for example, the names Melchizedek and Adonizedek). Under this theory the Aaronic lineage ascribed to Zadok is a later, anachronistic interpolation.

Other Zadoks
Abraham Geiger, was of the opinion that the Sadducee ("Tzadoki" in Mishnaic pronunciation) sect of Judaism drew their name from Zadok, with the leaders of the sect proposed as the sons of Zadok. However, Rabbinic sources describe the Sadducee and Boethusian groups have originated at the same time, with their founders, Zadok and Boethus, both being students of Antigonus of Sokho (roughly 3rd century BCE).

A Rabbi Zadok, one of the tannaim, is mentioned as saved in Talmud in connection with the destruction of the Second Temple.

Patrilineal ancestry
As per 1 Chronicles chapter 5:

title: Zadok


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Silas Duncan

Silas M. Duncan (1788 – 14 September 1834) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812.

Born in Rockaway Township, New Jersey, Duncan was appointed midshipman 15 November 1809. While third lieutenant of Saratoga during the Battle of Lake Champlain, 11 September 1814, he was sent in a gig to order the gunboats to retire. He succeeded in delivering the orders despite concentrated enemy fire which severely wounded him and caused the loss of his right arm. For his gallant conduct he was thanked by Congress. From 1818 to 1824 Commander Duncan saw active service on board Independence, Hornet, Guerriere, HMS Cyane (1806), and Ferret.

On February 3, 1831, he married Martha Dandridge Aylett, granddaughter of American patriot Patrick Henry, third-youngest of six daughters from among the 13 children of Philip Aylett, of King William County, Virginia.

In 1831, he commanded the Lexington, which had been sent to reinforce the Brazil Squadron to protect American commerce, in part a response to Argentine proclamations on sealing and fishing in the South Atlantic. In July 1831, under orders from Luis Vernet (appointed Military and Civil Commander in the Falkland Islands by Buenos Aires), his deputy Matthew Brisbane seized the American vessels Superior, Breakwater and Harriet, charging them with sealing in the Falkland Islands in contravention of Vernet's regulations. The Breakwater escaped and the Superior was allowed to continue sealing on Vernet's terms. Vernet returned in the Harriet to Buenos Aires to arrange for a trial. After this seizure of American vessels the Lexington sailed for Port Louis to put an end to what was regarded by the US as a "nest of pirates". On 31 December 1831, the Lexington came to anchor off Port Louis, Brisbane and six others were arrested on charges of piracy, the guns of the settlement spiked and the powder magazine blown. Duncan also offered passage to any from the settlement that wished to leave, and the majority of the population took up this opportunity to leave the islands. The Lexington arrived in Montevideo on 3 February 1832, where those given passage were released, but Brisbane and six others remained as prisoners until 16 April, when they were transferred to the USS Warren. Brisbane and the others were later released on the orders of Commodore Rodgers after the intervention of the British Chargé d'Affaires in Buenos Aires.

The incident caused a rupture in Argentine-US relations for many years, after Argentina expelled the US representative during the diplomatic row that followed. Although the log of the Lexington reports destruction of arms and a powder store, the remaining settlers later testified that there was great damage to private property. Towards the end of his life, Luis Vernet authorised his sons to claim on his behalf for his losses stemming from the raid. In the case lodged against the US Government for compensation, rejected by the US Government of President Cleveland in 1885, Vernet claimed that the settlement was destroyed.

On 7 December 1832, the ARA Sarandí whilst on patrol around the Falkland Islands, encountered the American sealer The Sun under the command of T.P.Trott. After firing on The Sun and boarding her, the captain was ordered to quit the Falklands. Trott returned to Montevideo and addressed the American legation there seeking protection from an American warship. In Montevideo, Trott was instructed to return to the islands and to ignore the warning, whilst the USS Lexington was prepared to return to the islands and if necessary seize the Sarandí. This second exhibition never took place, since during preparations the Sarandí was observed returning to Buenos Aires following the reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands.

He died in 1834 at White Sulphur Springs, Virginia.

Three ships have been named USS Duncan for him.

title: Silas Duncan


text:
Category:Law & Order images

__NOGALLERY__

Pictures and images from the various Law & Order series.

title: Category:Law & Order images


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joe tonks

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete.

 * 22:55, 1 Mar 2005 DavidWBrooks deleted Joe tonks (patent nonsense)

Deathphoenix 17:07, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Joe tonks
Not encyclopedic. Appears to be prank or vanity. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:31, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Joe Tonks exists, he's an arty fellow from sheffield -- AJPECK 21:31, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Somnophilia

Somnophilia (from Latin somnus "sleep" and Greek φιλία, -philia "friendship") is a paraphilia in which an individual becomes sexually aroused by someone who is unconscious. The Dictionary of Psychology categorized somnophilia within the classification of predatory paraphilias.

Origin
The term somnophilia was coined by John Money in 1986. He characterized the condition as a type of sexual fetishism, described as a type of syndrome: "of the marauding-predatory type in which erotic arousal and facilitation or attainment of orgasm are responsive to and dependent on intruding upon" someone who is unable to respond. He wrote that often the condition then subsequently involves the individual waking the unresponsive sexual partner after the act has been committed.

According to Money, somnophilia may progress to necrophilia, the desire to have sexual relations with a dead body. He characterized it as a form of "stealth and stealing paraphilias" including kleptophilia. Money wrote that somnophilia has a high degree of correlation with acts of incest throughout history. Abuse may follow from the condition including use of force or abduction. Typically, the individual upon whom the sex act is committed by the somnophiliac is a stranger not previously known intimately to the individual. The somnophiliac may create an unconscious state in the victim by drugging them, or may engage in sex with someone who is inebriated or asleep. The perpetrator becomes attracted to the idea of a sexual participant who is unable to resist their advances.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classified the term in 2000 under DSM-IV TR code 302.9 and in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems under ICD-10 code F65.9. The Dictionary of Psychology categorized somnophilia within the classification of predatory paraphilias.

Prevalence
A 2015 study with a sample of 1516 participants reported that 22,6% of men and 10,8% of women have fantasized about "sexually abusing a person who is drunk, asleep, or unconscious." Another 2021 study by Michael Seto found that 9% of its participants have had interest in "sex with someone who is unconscious or sleeping" and 7,7% engaged in such behavior. A third study reported that 82% of its sample have had interest in engaging in consensual sexual activities with a sleeping partner, and 47% reported some interest in non-consensual somnophilic activities. These studies suggest that somnophilic fantasies are more common than previously thought, though possible sample biases have been identified in some of them.

Treatment
Physicians have attempted to treat somnophilia with forms of psychotherapy, as well as with medications used for pedophilia. James Cantor, psychologist and editor-in-chief of Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, stated: "There are occasional claims for treatment, but no one has presented meaningful, compelling evidence that someone with a paraphilia can be turned into someone without a paraphilia. As far as we can tell, it's like sexual orientation." Somnophilia rises to the level of diagnosis when it causes "significant impairment", specifically, when the individual performing the sex act does so with a partner who does not give their consent.

In popular culture
Somnophilia has presented itself as a recurring phenomenon in popular culture, including in the French film influenced by Alfred Hitchcock movies, Who Killed Bambi? (Qui a tué Bambi ?). The plot of the horror film involves a surgeon who drugs his female patients in order to rape them. The assailant resorts to murder after one of the women wakes up from her unconscious state as he begins to remove her clothing. The title character attempts to warn the board of directors at the hospital of the murderer's activity.

title: Somnophilia


text:
Mohammed Abdel Wahab

Mohamed Abdel Wahab (محمد عبد الوهاب), also transliterated Mohamed Abd El-Wahhab, (March 13, 1902 – May 4, 1991), was a prominent 20th-century Egyptian singer, actor, and composer. He is best known for his Romantic and Egyptian patriotic songs.

He was known for his Egyptian nationalist and revolutionary songs like "Ya Masr tam El-Hanna" (O Egypt, happiness is here), "Hay Ala El-Falah" (The call of duty), "El Watan El Akbar" (The Greatest Homeland), "Masr Nadetna falbena El-nedaa" (Egypt Called us and we Have Answered), "Oulo le Masr" (Tell Egypt), "Hob El-watan Fard Alyi" (Patriotism is my Obligation), "Sout El-Gamaheer" (Voice of the Masses), "Ya Nessmet El-Horria" (O The Breeze of Freedom), "Sawae'd men Beladi" (Compatriot Hands).

He also composed the national anthem of Libya which was adopted from 1951 to 1969 and again since 2011.

Life
Mohamed Abdel Wahab was born in 1902 in Cairo, Egypt, in a neighborhood called Bab El-Sheriyah, where there is now a statue of him. He began his singing career at an early age and made his first public performances at age seven at local productions. He was 13 when he made his first recording. Mohamed Abdel Wahab was a very close friend to compatriot singer Abdel Halim Hafez.

Film career
In 1933, Abdel Wahab began composing his own style of Egyptian film musical after visiting Paris and familiarizing himself with French musical film. He introduced a lighthearted genre of musical film to Egyptian culture eventually composing eight musical comedies between 1933 and 1949. His films portrayed Western social elite and included music that veered off from the traditional Egyptian tune. He starred in his 1933 film The White Rose which broke records in attendance and still plays frequently in Egyptian theaters. In 1950 Abdel Wahab left film to focus on being a more profound singer.

Contribution to Egyptian and Arabic music
Abdel Wahab composed more than 1820 songs. Abdel Wahab is considered to be one of the most innovative Egyptian musicians of all time, laying the foundation for a new era of Egyptian music with his use of non-local rhythms and refined oud playing.

Despite the fact that Abdel Wahab composed many songs and musical pieces of classical Arabic music, he was notably criticized for his orientation to Western music. In fact, he introduced Western rhythms to Egyptian songs in a way appropriate to the known then very classical forms of Egyptian songs. For example, in 1941, he introduced a waltz rhythm in his song "El Gandol," and, in 1957, he introduced a rock and roll rhythm in Abdel Halim Hafez's song "Ya Albi Ya Khali". In 1950s, he also produced a infamous Palestinian nationalist song, "Akhi Jawiz Alzaalimun Almadaa" (Brothers, the oppresors has gone to far).

He composed some of the best hits of Nagat El Saghira, including four poems by Nizar Qabbani.

Abdel Wahab played oud before the prominent Egyptian poet, Ahmed Shawqi, and acted in several movies. He composed ten songs for Umm Kulthum. He was the first Egyptian singer to move from silent-era acting to singing.

Abdel Wahab also composed songs for the Lebanese icon Fairuz whom he famously called "Our Ambassador to the Stars" and stated in 1958 that he was the leader of her fan club in Cairo.

Death
Mohamed Abdel Wahab died in his hometown Cairo, Egypt of a stroke on May 4, 1991.

Legacy
Abdel Wahab was fundamental in establishing a new era of Egyptian music in his homeland and across the Arab world. He also left a mark on the Western world by exposing Egyptian music to Western classical and popular traditions.

He composed Libya, Libya, Libya, the Libyan national anthems.

Tribute
On March 13, 2012, Google celebrated his 110th birthday with a Google Doodle.

Filmography

 * As actor
 * The White Rose (1933)
 * Doumou' el Hub (Love's Tears) (1936)
 * Yahya el Hub (Long Live Love) (1938)
 * Yawm Sa'id (Happy Day) (1939)
 * Mamnou'a el Hub (Love Is Forbidden) (1942)
 * Rossassa Fel Qalb (A Bullet in the Heart) (1944)
 * Lastu Mallakan (I'm No Angel) (1947)
 * Ghazal Al Banat (The Flirtation of Girls) (1949)

title: Mohammed Abdel Wahab


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joe Zombie

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:07, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

Joe Zombie
Are stick figure Flash cartoons about violent zombies rare? No. This is just not notable. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:35, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone provides notable news and references. Zzyzx11 00:30, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, promotion. Will reconsider if evidence of notability is produced. —Korath (Talk) 08:59, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.