text:
Agam Regency

Agam Regency (Kabupaten Agam) is a regency of West Sumatra, Indonesia. It has an area of 2,226.27 km2 and had a population of 454,853 at the 2010 census and 529,138 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 530,123 (comprising 265,811 males and 264,312 females). The regency seat is the town of Lubuk Basung. Bukittinggi city is surrounded by this regency but is not administratively included in it.

Lake Maninjau, a crater lake, is a well-known landmark of the regency, and is used as a site for paragliding. This lake is also a primary tourist destination in West Sumatra.

History
This regency was founded to include a collection of several villages that existed in the region of Luhak Agam, during the rule of the Dutch East Indies. Bukittinggi was named as the regency capital at that time. After Bukittinggi was created as an independent city outside of the regency, based on Government Regulation No. 8 of 1998, on 7 January 1998, the Agam Regency's capital was officially moved to Lubuk Basung.

Geography
Astronomically this regency located between 00°01’ 34” – 00°28’ 43” S dan 99°46’ 39” – 100°32’ 50” E. Located in the mountainous region which is formed from 2 lanes Basin, Batang Agam in the north and Batang Sri Antokan in the south.

West area is flat to gently sloping (0-8%), reaching 71,956 ha, while the central and eastern regions which are wavy and hilly to very steep slopes (> 45%) with a total area of 129,352 ha. Regions with a very steep slope (> 45%) are at the Bukit Barisan range with the summit of Mount Merapi with a height of 2,891 meters, and Mount Singgalang with a height of 2,877 meters, in the south and southeast of Agam.

Also, in this region there is Lake Maninjau, a crater lake which has an area of 9,950 ha.

There is Sianok Canyon, a steep valley (ravine) located in the border of Bukittinggi and IV Koto Districts. The valley is long and winding as the southern border town of Koto Gadang canyon to the village Sianok Anam Tribe, and ended in Palupuh District. The scenery of Sianok canyon also became one of the mainstays of the provincial tourist attraction.

The regency shares land borders with Pasaman and West Pasaman to the north, Padang Pariaman and Tanah Datar to the south, Lima Puluh Kota to the east. It has a sea border with Indian Ocean to the west.

Climate
Temperature consists of two kinds, low-lying areas with a minimum temperature of 25 °C and 33 °C maximum (in Lubuk Basung), whereas in the high areas of minimum 20 °C and maximum 29 °C (in Tilatang Kamang). Average humidity is 88%, wind speed between 4–20 km/hour and the average sun shines 58%.

Administrative districts
Agam Regency is divided into sixteen districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the location of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages (nagari) in each district, and its post code.

Note: (a) includes 2 offshore islands.

Each district is sub-divided into several administrative villages. There are 82 villages (nagari in Minangkabau term).

Demography
The Agam Regency is populated mainly by the Minangkabau people, while other ethnic groups include Javanese and Batak.

Economy
Economic growth is dominated by agricultural sector, accounted for 40.40% of GDP, followed by trade, hotels and restaurants by 15.30%, service sector 13.25%, and manufacturing industry 11.71%. Income per capita in 2008 is about Rp 12,000,000 or US$1,333.

Tourism
The development of tourism in Agam regency are generally divided into three regions:

1. West Region, focus on sea and coastal tourism, such as: fishery, recreational beaches and islands, diving/snorkeling, marine resources and marine culture, culinary tourism

2. Central Region, Lake Maninjau is dominant tourist destination in this region. Attraction is paragliding, off-road, racing river craft and others. There is nature tourism, in lake and mountain. Also cultural and history tourism such as Buya Hamka birth house.

3. Eastern region, focus on agrotourism such as fruits and cocoa plantation.

Villages

 * Lambah

title: Agam Regency


text:
Talk:Earthworks (art)

Expanding
Anyone thought of expanding this to earthworks by prehistoric cultures like the Hopewell/Moundbuilder of North America? Some great photographs would probably be available.

The Serpent Mound is a 1,330 feet long and three feet high effigy mound located on a plateau in the Brush Creek Valley of Adams County, Ohio. It is the largest effigy in the United States.

WBardwin 09:18, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:City Art.PNG
The image File:City Art.PNG is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --14:50, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Fair Use Rationale added per request...Modernist (talk) 12:27, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Merging with Land art
The topics are essentially the same. However, Land art is more developed. A brief discussion of the various terms associated with earth and land art would be useful, as Earthworks is used frequently to describe this type of work. All terms would then redirect to Land art.  freshacconci  talk talk  19:56, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

I believe that it has already been merged, as it is mention there. I'm going to redirect the page. --114.241.30.32 (talk) 05:08, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Earthworks (art)


text:
Wikipedia:People by year/Sortkeys not AZ

The sort keys of the following articles are not within A-Z. Many may need fixing.

To update: /SQL

List
Data from June 23, 2005:

 * 'Abd al-Latif : 'Abd al-Latif (0000-1450), Timurid_Monarchs,
 * 'Abd-Allah : 'Abd-Allah (0000-1451), Timurid_Monarchs,
 * 'Attar, Farid od-Din Mohammad ebn Ebrahim : Farid od-Din Mohammad ebn Ebrahim 'Attar (1142-1220), People_stubs, Persian_literature, Persian_poets,
 * 4Play, Miranda : Miranda 4Play (born 1979)
 * 50 Cent : 50 Cent (born 1976), African_American_musicians, Drug_traffickers, Hip_hop_musicians, People_from_New_York, United_States_rappers,
 * d'Aubignac, François Hédelin, abbé : François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac (1604-1676), French_dramatists_and_playwrights,
 * `Abd Allah II ibn `Ali `Abd ash-Shakur : `Abd Allah II ibn `Ali `Abd ash-Shakur (0000-1930), Nobility_stubs,
 * al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din : Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839-1897), Iranian_people,
 * al-Athir, Ibn : Ibn al-Athir (1160-1233), People_stubs,
 * al-Attar, Muhammad Said : Muhammad Said al-Attar (born 1927), People_stubs, Yemeni_people,
 * al-Baghdaadi, Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat : Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (1080-1165), People_stubs,
 * al-Balkhi, Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar : Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787-886), 8th_century_mathematicians, 9th_century_mathematicians, Astronomer_stubs, Iranian_scientists, Mathematician_stubs, Persian_astronomers, Persian_mathematicians,
 * al-Bustani, Butrus : Butrus al-Bustani (1819-1883)
 * al-Faysal, Prince Sa'ud : Prince Sa'ud al-Faysal (born 1940), People_stubs, Saudi_Arabian_politicians,
 * al-Ghashmi, Ahmad : Ahmad al-Ghashmi (1941-1978), Politician_stubs, Yemeni_people,
 * al-Habib, Muhammad VI : Muhammad VI al-Habib (1858-1929), People_stubs,
 * al-Hadi, Awni Abd : Awni Abd al-Hadi (1889-1970), People_stubs,
 * al-Hadi, Muhammad IV : Muhammad IV al-Hadi (1855-1906), People_stubs,
 * al-Hamawi, Yaqut : Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179-1229), Writer_stubs,
 * al-Hashimi, Aqila : Aqila al-Hashimi (0000-2003), Iraqi_politicians,
 * al-Hashimi, Yasin : Yasin al-Hashimi (0000-1937), Iraqi_heads_of_government,
 * al-Husayn, Ali Muddat ibn : Ali Muddat ibn al-Husayn (1817-1902), Politician_stubs,
 * al-Khwarazmi, Abaaq : Abaaq al-Khwarazmi (0000-1079), Nobility_stubs, Seljuk_Turks,
 * al-Masri, Abu Hamza : Abu Hamza al-Masri (born 1958)
 * al-Midfai, Jamil : Jamil al-Midfai (1890-1958), Iraqi_heads_of_government,
 * al-Mulk, Nizam : Nizam al-Mulk (1018-1092), Iran, Iranian_scientists, People_stubs, Seljuk_Turks,
 * al-Muqri, Muhammad : Muhammad al-Muqri (1840-1957), Centenarians, History_of_Morocco, Moroccan_people,
 * al-Qassam, Izz ad-Din : Izz ad-Din al-Qassam (1882-1935), Palestinian_militants,
 * ala'kad, Abas : Abas ala'kad (1889-1964), Writer_stubs,
 * an-Nasir, Muhammad V : Muhammad V an-Nasir (1855-1922), People_stubs,
 * d'Ache, Caran : Caran d'Ache (1858-1909), French_cartoonists,
 * d'Agincourt, François : François d'Agincourt (1684-1758), Baroque_composers,
 * d'Agoult, Marie : Marie d'Agoult (1805-1876)
 * d'Amboise, Jacques : Jacques d'Amboise (born 1934), American_people_stubs,
 * d'Arsonval, Jacques Arsene : Jacques Arsene d'Arsonval (1851-1940), Scientist_stubs,
 * d'Arvor, Patrick Poivre : Patrick Poivre d'Arvor (born 1947), French_people_stubs,
 * d'Auvergne, Théophile Corret de la Tour : Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne (1743-1800)
 * d'Enghien, Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duc : Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duc d'Enghien (1772-1804), 1911_Britannica, First_French_Empire, French_nobility, Murdered_French_Revolution_figures,
 * d'Escoto, Miguel : Miguel d'Escoto (born 1933), Nicaraguan_politicians, Politician_stubs,
 * d'Este, Isabella : Isabella d'Este (1474-1539), Italian_nobility,
 * d'Etaples, Jacques Lefevre : Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples (0000-1536), Bible_translators, Religious_biography_stubs,
 * d'Evreux, Blanche : Blanche d'Evreux (1333-1398), French_people_stubs,
 * d'Haussonville, Joseph Othenin Bernard de Cléron, comte : Joseph Othenin Bernard de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville (1809-1884)
 * d'Herelle, Félix : Félix d'Herelle (1873-1949)
 * d'Indy : Vincent d'Indy (1851-1931), 20th_century_classical_composers, French_composers, French_musicians, Romantic_composers,
 * d'Urfey, Thomas : Thomas d'Urfey (1653-1723), English_dramatists_and_playwrights,
 * d'Urfé, Honoré : Honoré d'Urfé (1568-1625)
 * d'Urville, Jules Dumont : Jules Dumont d'Urville (1790-1842), Explorers_of_Australia, French_Navy_admirals, French_explorers,
 * d'Usseaux, Eugenio Brunetta : Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux (1857-1919)
 * da Cunha, Tristão : Tristão da Cunha (1460-1540)
 * de Beus,Det : Det de Beus (born 1958), Sportspeople_stubs,
 * de Botton, Alain : Alain de Botton (born 1969), English_writers,
 * de Castejon, Blanca : Blanca de Castejon (1914-1969), Puerto_Rican_actors, Puerto_Rican_people,
 * de Castella, Robert : Robert de Castella (born 1957), Australia_biography_stubs, Australian_athletes,
 * de Clercq, Staf : Staf De Clercq (1884-1942), Belgian_politicians, Fascists, People_stubs,
 * de Cleyre, Voltairine : Voltairine de Cleyre (1866-1912), Anarchists,
 * de Couagne, Thérèse : Thérèse de Couagne (1697-1764)
 * de Courcy Hamilton, Thomas : Thomas de Courcy Hamilton (1825-1908), Crimean_War_Victoria_Cross_recipients,
 * de Courtenay, Baudouin : Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929), People_stubs,
 * de Everdon, Silvester : Silvester de Everdon (0000-1254), Lord_Chancellors_of_England,
 * de Gaunt, Samuele : Samuele De Gaunt (1926-1979)
 * de Grandes Pascual, Luis : Luis de Grandes Pascual (born 1945), Extended_MEP_stubs, Members_of_the_EPP-ED_Group_from_Spain, Members_of_the_European_Parliament_from_Spain,
 * de Havilland, Geoffrey : Geoffrey de Havilland (1882-1965), British_aviators, British_business_people, De_Havilland,
 * de Jong, Piet : Piet de Jong (born 1915), Dutch_Prime_Ministers, Dutch_politicians, People_stubs,
 * de León Carpio, Ramiro : Ramiro de León Carpio (1942-2002), Presidents_of_Guatemala,
 * de Littleton, Thomas : Thomas de Littleton (1407-1481), 1911_Britannica, Jurists,
 * de Lode, William : William de Lode (0000-1403), British_people_stubs, History_of_Cambridgeshire, Murder_victims,
 * de Molina, Tirso : Tirso de Molina (1571-1648), 1911_Britannica, Spanish_dramatists_and_playwrights,
 * de Passe, Suzanne : Suzanne de Passe (born 1948), African_Americans, Media_executives, People_from_New_York, Television_biographical_stubs, Television_executives, Television_producers,
 * de la Dueña y Cisneros, Francesc Antoni : Francesc Antoni de la Dueña y Cisneros (1753-1821), Bishops, People_stubs,
 * de la Hoya, Atiana : Atiana de la Hoya (born 1999)
 * de la Rosa, Juan : Juan de la Rosa (born 1982), American_boxers, Sportspeople_stubs, The_Contender,
 * de las Nieves, Maria Antonieta : Maria Antonieta de las Nieves (born 1947)
 * de los Reyes, Kamar : Kamar de los Reyes (born 1967), Actor_stubs, Soap_opera_actors,
 * deMontesquiou, Grace & Kelly : Grace & Kelly deMontesquiou (born 1999), Identical_twins,
 * del Villard, Sylvia : Sylvia del Villard (1928-1990), Puerto_Rican_actors, Puerto_Rican_people,
 * di Lampedusa, Giuseppe Tomasi : Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (1896-1957), Italian_novelists, Italian_short_story_writers, Sicilian_writers,
 * do Nascimento : Sandro Rosa do Nascimento (1979-2001), Accuracy_disputes, Criminals,
 * dos Santos, José Eduardo : José Eduardo dos Santos (born 1942), Cold_War_people, Current_national_leaders, Politician_stubs, Presidents_of_Angola,
 * fu, Rie : Rie fu (born 1985), Japanese_musicians,
 * ibn Abd al Wahhab, Muhammad : Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703-1792), Wahhabists,
 * l'Enclos, Ninon de : Ninon de l'Enclos (0000-1705), Famous_courtesans_and_prostitutes,
 * l'Hôpital, Michel de : Michel de l'Hôpital (1505-1573), 1911_Britannica, French_people,
 * le Despencer, Francis Dashwood, 15th Baron : Francis Dashwood, 15th Baron le Despencer (1708-1781), Barons_in_the_Peerage_of_England, British_people_stubs,
 * ol-Molouk, Tadj : Tadj ol-Molouk (1896-1982), Iranian_people, People_stubs,
 * van Den Broek, Arthur Moeller : Arthur Moeller van Den Bruck (1876-1925), German_people_stubs, Historians, Wikipedia_cleanup,
 * van Dyke, Henry : Henry van Dyke (1852-1933), U.S._poets,
 * van Gogh, Theo : Theo van Gogh (art dealer) (1857-1890), People_stubs, Vincent_van_Gogh,
 * van Straaten, Werenfried : Werenfried van Straaten (1913-2003)
 * van Zyl, Gideon Brand : Gideon Brand van Zyl (1873-1956), Governors-General_of_South_Africa, Politician_stubs,
 * van de Velde, Theodoor Hendrik : Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde (1873-1937), People_stubs, Sexologists,
 * van der Pol, Anneliese : Anneliese van der Pol (born 1984), Television_actors,
 * van der Waals, Johannes Diderik : Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837-1923), Dutch_Nobel_Prize_winners, Dutch_physicists, Nobel_Prize_in_Physics_winners,
 * von Essen, Max : Max von Essen (born 1972), American_actors, Musical_theatre_actors, People_from_New_York,
 * von Oelhoffen, Kimo : Kimo von Oelhoffen (born 1971), American_football_biography_stubs, Athletes_of_Hawaii, National_Football_League_players, People_from_Hawaii,
 * von Wangenheim, Chris : Chris von Wangenheim (1942-1981), Fashion_photographers, Photographers,
 * von der Pfalz, Elizabeth : Liselotte von der Pfalz (1652-1722), German_nobility,
 * vos Savant, Marilyn : Marilyn vos Savant (born 1946)
 * : Amalric II of Jerusalem (1145-1205), 1911_Britannica, Kings_consort, Kings_of_Cyprus, Kings_of_Jerusalem,
 * : Mary of Hungary (1372-1395), Hungarian_monarchs, Queens_regnant,
 * : Godfrey of Bouillon (1060-1100), 1911_Britannica, Characters_in_the_Divine_Comedy, Kings_of_Jerusalem, Nine_Worthies,
 * : Guan Yu (160-219), Heroes_of_the_Three_Kingdoms,
 * : Lin Yutang (1895-1976), Chinese_writers,
 * : Ma Su (190-228), Heroes_of_the_Three_Kingdoms,
 * : Liu Shan (207-271), Heroes_of_the_Three_Kingdoms,
 * : Ladislas of Naples (1377-1414), European_nobility_stubs, Kings,
 * : Wang Yun (137-192), Heroes_of_the_Three_Kingdoms,
 * : Zhang Xun (156-199), Heroes_of_the_Three_Kingdoms,
 * : John of Ibelin (jurist) (1215-1266), Crusades, Jurists,
 * : Wang Can (177-217), Chinese_poets, Heroes_of_the_Three_Kingdoms,
 * : Walter IV of Brienne (1205-1246), Crusades,
 * Ágúst Ívar Vilhjálmsson : Ágúst Ívar Vilhjálmsson (born 1979), Basketball_players,
 * Ásgeir Ásgeirsson : Ásgeir Ásgeirsson (1894-1972), Presidents_of_Iceland, Prime_Ministers_of_Iceland,
 * Æthelthryth : Æthelthryth (630s-670s), Anglo-Saxon_people, Ely, Saints,
 * Çiller, Tansu : Tansu Çiller (born 1946), Female_heads_of_government, Prime_ministers_of_Turkey, Turkish_politicians,
 * Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson : Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (born 1943), Current_national_leaders, Presidents_of_Iceland,
 * Óskar Halldórsson : Óskar Halldórsson (1921-1983), Academic-bio-stub, Icelandic_people, Philologists,
 * Öger, Vural : Vural Öger (born 1942), Extended_MEP_stubs, Members_of_the_European_Parliament_from_Germany, Members_of_the_Socialist_Group_from_Germany,
 * Öijer, Bruno K. : Bruno K. Öijer (born 1951), Swedish_language_poets, Swedish_people_stubs,
 * Östen : Östen (0000-600), Norse_mythology, Semi-legendary_kings_of_Sweden,
 * Österreich : Ferdinand IV of Tuscany (1835-1908), Habsburg, Habsburg-Lorraine, Rulers_of_Florence, Tuscany,
 * Östlund, Alexander : Alexander Östlund (born 1978), Football_(soccer)_player_stubs, Swedish_footballers,
 * Östros, Thomas : Thomas Östros (born 1965), Swedish_politicians,
 * Özal, Turgut : Turgut Özal (1927-1993), Presidents_of_Turkey, Prime_ministers_of_Turkey, Turkish_politicians,
 * Özalan, Alpay : Alpay Özalan (born 1973), Aston_Villa_F.C._players, Turkish_footballers,
 * Özel, Ismet : Ismet Özel (born 1944), Turkish_people, Turkish_writers,
 * Özkök, Hilmi : Hilmi Özkök (born 1940), Turkish_military_people,
 * Ødegård, Knut : Knut Ødegård (born 1945), Norwegian_people_stubs, Norwegian_writers, Writer_stubs,
 * Ørjasæter, Tore : Tore Ørjasæter (1886-1968), Norwegian_writers,
 * Ørsted, Anders Sandøe : Anders Sandøe Ørsted (1778-1860), Danish_Prime_Ministers, Danish_politicians, Danish_stubs,
 * Ørsted, Hans Christian : Hans Christian Ørsted (1777-1851), Danish_chemists, Danish_physicists, Discoverer_of_a_chemical_element, Scientist_stubs,
 * Østbye, Adolf : Adolf Østbye (1868-1907), Norwegian_musicians,
 * Østvedt, Anne-Sofie : Anne-Sofie Østvedt (born 1920), Norwegian_World_War_II_people, Norwegian_people, Norwegian_people_stubs,
 * Øverli, Frode : Frode Øverli (born 1968), Comics_artists, Comics_writers,
 * Øye, Erlend : Erlend Øye (born 1975), Norwegian_musicians,
 * Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir : Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir (born 1965), Icelandic_politicians,
 * Þórbergur Þórðarson : Þórbergur Þórðarson (1889-1974), Icelandic_writers, Writer_stubs,


text:
Cannabis rescheduling

Cannabis rescheduling may refer to:
 * At the international treaty level: Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961
 * In the United States: Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act
 * In the United Kingdom: Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom
 * Changes in the legality of cannabis

title: Cannabis rescheduling


text: Talk:Cannabis rescheduling

title: Talk:Cannabis rescheduling


text:
Spike (DC Thomson)

Spike was a British comics anthology that ran from 22 January 1983 to 28 April 1984. Published by D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd, it was a traditional 'action comic for boys', with many of its strips revolving around football, athletics, school, war, sci-fi, espionage and mystery. After just 67 issues it merged with Champ comic in May 1984.

Strips published in the comic

 * The Spike Report concerning the adventures of Spike, a rebellious teenager, with a hatred of authority. Drawn by artist Brian Walker.
 * Iron Barr about an incredibly talented working class amateur goalkeeper, and scrap-metal merchant, named Charlie Barr, (similar in concept to Tough of the Track).
 * The Man In Black a story revolving around the fictional legendary British athlete, William Wilson.
 * The Bleak Street Bunch a Grange Hill school-style serial dealing with contemporary issues in the fictional town of Slagley.
 * Ticker Tait an espionage story about a British secret agent with a bomb implanted in his heart.
 * Midshipman Coward a tale about a sailor boy.
 * The Taming Of Johnny Tough a story about a teenage boy who is trained (by unorthodox methods) to be a top British footballer.
 * Powerbeast a science fiction, serial set in the 26th century, about an evil entity intent on destroying the universe.
 * Krazy Kops a comedy comic strip about incompetent police officers, which had originally appeared in Sparky under the name L Cars.

title: Spike (DC Thomson)


text:
Wikipedia:People by year/Sortkeys not AZ/SQL

SELECT DISTINCT CONCAT(';', p_sortkey, ' : ', REPLACE(p_title, '_', ' '), ' ', IF(y2='0000', CONCAT('(born ', y1,')'), CONCAT('(', y1, '-',y2,')')), IF(p_categories=, , CONCAT(', ', p_categories)) ) INTO OUTFILE 'wp_sortkey_not_AZ.txt' FROM temp_peopleyr WHERE p_sortkey REGEXP '^[^A-Z]'


text: User talk:201.7.38.67

title: User talk:201.7.38.67


text:
Jørgen Jørgensen

Jørgen Jørgensen (name of birth: Jürgensen, and changed to Jorgenson from 1817) (29 March 1780 – 20 January 1841) was a Danish adventurer during the Age of Revolution. During the action of 2 March 1808, his ship was captured by the British. In 1809 he sailed to Iceland, declared the country independent from Denmark–Norway and pronounced himself its ruler. He intended to found a new republic, following the examples of the United States and the French First Republic. He was also a prolific writer of letters, papers, pamphlets and newspaper articles covering a wide variety of subjects, and for a period was an associate of the famous botanists Joseph Banks and William Jackson Hooker. He left over a hundred written autographs and drawings, most of which are collected in the British Library. Marcus Clarke referred to Jørgensen as "a singularly accomplished fortune wooer—one of the most interesting human comets recorded in history".

Early life and career
Jørgensen was born as the second son of the royal watchmaker Jurgen Jurgensen. Two of his brothers were watchmakers; the elder, Urban Jürgensen, was of international renown. At the age of 15, Jørgensen finished school and was apprenticed to Captain Henry Marwood of the British collier Janeon. In 1799, he sailed to Cape Town and from there in 1800 to Port Jackson, the new British colony in Australia and to New Zealand. In 1801, he joined the crew of the Lady Nelson. As a member of that crew, Jørgensen was present at the establishment of the first settlements of Risdon Cove and Sullivans Cove in Van Diemen's Land, as Tasmania was then called. He has been called the founder of the city of Hobart Town, now Hobart, and is still a local hero.

He became a mate on the crew of the whaling ship Alexander, and aboard her he returned to Britain, arriving at Gravesend in June 1806.

Admiral Juel
In 1807, while Jørgensen was visiting his family, he witnessed the Battle of Copenhagen and soon afterwards was given command of a small Danish vessel, Admiral Juel. In 1808 he engaged in a sea battle with HMS Sappho (1806); the British captured Admiral Juel and treated Jørgensen as a privateer.

Protector of Iceland
In 1809, while on parole, he suggested to a merchant that a voyage to Iceland could be profitable as the island was suffering from food shortages at the time, due to the Danish monopoly on Icelandic trade. Jørgensen accompanied the voyage of the Clarence as an interpreter. That voyage failed to trade any goods as the ship was British and by that time Denmark-Norway and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were at war. Soon after, Jørgensen sailed on a second voyage. On arrival in Iceland the ship's crew found the Danish-Norwegian Governor, Count of Trampe, would still not permit trading. With the help of other crew members, Jørgensen managed to arrest the governor and proclaimed himself 'Protector', promising that he would reinstate the Althing as soon as the Icelandic people were able to govern themselves. His intent was to establish a liberal society in the spirit of those emerging in the Americas and Europe at the time. With the arrival of HMS Talbot two months later, Danish government was restored and Jørgensen was taken back to England and tried by the Transport Board, who found him guilty of breaking his parole while a prisoner-of-war. He was released in 1811.

Later adventures
Jørgensen spent the next few years in London, where he began to drink heavily and gamble compulsively, building up substantial debts which eventually led to his conviction and incarceration. When released from prison in 1812, he travelled to Spain, Portugal, and Gibraltar and upon his return to England was again imprisoned when his creditors caught up with him. Following correspondence with the British Foreign Office, Jørgensen was recruited into the intelligence service, where he translated documents and travelled throughout France and Germany as a spy as the Napoleonic Wars drew to a close. In 1815, Jørgensen witnessed the Battle of Waterloo. While he was never involved in the battle, he was situated relatively close to some of the action. Upon returning to England, Jørgensen continued to write various reports, papers and articles but after being accused of theft in 1820, was imprisoned in Newgate Prison, released, and sent back there when he failed to leave Britain (a condition of his parole). A sentence of death was commuted thanks to the actions of a prominent friend and he spent another three years in Newgate before he was transported to Australia in 1825 on board Woodman.

After five months at sea, Jørgensen arrived back in Tasmania in 1826. In 1827, after he helped prevent the circulation of forged treasury bills, a group of local merchants headed by Anthony Fenn Kemp petitioned the governor for Jørgensen to be granted a ticket of leave. Jørgensen led several explorations of Tasmania, and was employed by the Van Diemen's Land Council as a Constable, taking part in the 'Black Line' Aboriginal clearance exercise. Jørgensen obtained a free pardon in 1835 but remained in Tasmania. He married an Irish convict, Norah Corbett, in 1831 and died in the Colonial Hospital on 20 January 1841.

Icelanders refer to Jørgensen as Jörundur hundadagakonungur ("Jørgen the Dog-Days King"), a reference to the time when the dog star is in the sky.

Publications

 * Efterretninger om Englændernes og Nordamerikanernes Fart og Handel paa Sydhavet (Intelligence on the English and North Anmreican's Travel and Trade on the Sourgh See), Copenhagen 1807
 * The Copenhagen Expedition Traced to Other Causes than the Treaty of Tilsit; with Observations on the History and Present State of Denmark by a Dane, London 1811
 * State of Christianity in the Island of Otaheite, and a Defence of the Pure Precepts of the Gospel, against Modern Antichrists, with Reasons for the Ill Success which Attends Christian Missionaries in their Attempts to Convert the Heathens, by a Foreign Traveller, Reading 1811
 * Travels through France and Germany in the Years 1815, 1816 & 1817. Comprising a View of the Moral, Political, and Social State of those Countries. Interspersed with Numerous Historical and Political Anecdotes, Derived from Authentic Sources, London 1817
 * The Religion of Christ is the Religion of Nature. Written in the Condemned Cells of Newgate. By Jorgen Jorgenson, Late Governor of Iceland, London 1827.
 * ”History of the Origin, Rise, and Progress of the Van Diemen's Land Company” Six articles published in the Colonial Advocate, and Tasmanian Monthly Review and Register, Hobart 1828, a revised version was published in London in 1829 and republished in 1979.
 * Observations on the Funded System; Containing a Summary View of the Present Political State of Great Britain, and the Relative Situation in which the Colony of Van Diemen's Land Stands towards the Mother Country, Hobart 1831
 * An Address to the Free Colonists of Van Diemen's Land, on Trial by Jury, and our Other Constitutional Rights, Hobart 1834
 * ”A Shred of Autobiography, Containing Various Anecdotes, Personal and Historical, Connected with these Colonies” Published in The Hobart Town Almanack in 1835 and 1838.

Posthumously

 * ”Aboriginal Languages in Tasmania” in Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science, Agriculture, Statistics, etc. Tasmanian Government Printer Hobart & John Murray, London 1842
 * Letter from Jürgensen dated September 11, 1835 to his brother Frederik (Fritz) Jürgensen. Published in Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift 9. rk., I. bind 1928, Copenhagen 1929, ss. 82-89.

In literature

 * Flanagan, Richard Gould's Book of Fish (2002)
 * Hogan, J F The Convict King (1891)
 * Clarke, Marcus Old Tales of a Young Country (1871)
 * Clune, Frank and Stephensen, P R The Viking of Van Diemen's Land (1954)
 * Magris, Claudio Alla cieca (2006)
 * Plomley, N J B Jorgen Jorgenson and the Aborigines of Van Diemen's Land (1991)
 * Richards, Rhys, Jorgen Jorgenson’s Observations on Pacific Trade, and Sealing and Whaling in Australian and New Zealand Waters before 1805, Wellington, Paremata Press, 1996.
 * Sprod, Dan, The Usurper: Jorgen Jorgenson and His Turbulent Life in Iceland and Van Diemen’s Land, 1780-1841, Hobart, Blubber Head Press, 2001.
 * Stockwin, Julian Persephone (2017)

title: Jørgen Jørgensen


text:
James River and Kanawha Turnpike

The James River and Kanawha Turnpike was built to facilitate portage of shipments of passengers and freight by water between the western reaches of the James River via the James River and Kanawha Canal and the eastern reaches of the Kanawha River.

Originally proposed by a young George Washington in his surveyor days prior to the American Revolution, the canal and turnpike combination was seen as the key for Virginia to compete with northern states for rich trade to the west. However, the canal portion was an expensive project which failed several times financially, was frequently damaged by floods, and was never fully completed, although sections served for many years. It was largely financed by the Virginia Board of Public Works until after the American Civil War, when funds for continued financial help were not available from the war-torn state or private sources. In 1832, the turnpike was completed to the Ohio River, crossing the Kanawha River at Charleston. In 1873, Collis P. Huntington completed the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) from the head of navigation at Richmond, Virginia to the Ohio River at Huntington, West Virginia (named in his honor), and the canal finally succumbed to the competition and the advancing transportation technology of the railroads. In the 1880s, the canal was bought and dismantled by one of the railroads, which built along the towpath and soon became part of the C & O.

Turnpike today
The Turnpike portion of the combination envisioned by Washington remained a major roadway much longer, and was only supplanted by the completion of Interstate 64 (I-64) in 1988. Much of the route of the James River and Kanawha Turnpike through West Virginia is today the Midland Trail, a National Scenic Byway, and is signed as U.S. Route 60 (US 60). Ironically, while the historic road was long a turnpike financed through collection of tolls, today it is a toll-free favorite of shunpikers seeking either an avoidance of tolls on the West Virginia Turnpike, a scenic and bucolic interlude, or both. The name of the roadway is now held by the Kanawha Turnpike, an outer road running parallel to I-64 and Route 60. The road sprouts off US 60 in Charleston, has an intersection with West Virginia Route 601 (WV 601) and separates in the Spring Hill neighborhood of South Charleston. The road then continues in Jefferson for around a mile before merging back onto US 60.

title: James River and Kanawha Turnpike


text:
19XX: The War Against Destiny

19XX: The War Against Destiny is a vertical scrolling shooter arcade game released by Capcom in 1995. The story takes place before a fictional 20th century war as a lone pilot tries to defeat an entire army and evil organization from starting another World War, which soon escalates to a nuclear apocalypse.

This game is the fourth in a series of World War II vertical shooters published by Capcom, and is the last game in the series developed by Capcom. The previous games in the series 1942, 1943: The Battle of Midway, and 1941: Counter Attack are on the original Capcom System or CPS-1 hardware and were released from 1984 to 1990. The CPS-2 platform allows for an art style different from that of previous games. It is followed by 1944: The Loop Master in 2000.

Gameplay
The player selects one of three different planes, each with different ratings in speed, power, and the strength of their homing attack. When flying through the stages, three primary weapons can be used by picking up their respective items, to fire either spreading vulcan bullets, straight-firing lasers, or multi-directional missiles. By holding button 1, the player can charge a blaster shot. If this shot hits a large enemy, the player will automatically lock on to that enemy, and can fire fast homing laser shots to damage it further. There is a supply of smart bombs which can be used to clear away the majority of enemies and their projectiles from the screen. Smart bombs can also be charged up, and each level of charge yields a different effect. If the player is shot down while charging up a bomb, the bomb does not go off.

At the end of every level, the player receives additional points for the number of bombs held in stock, a rank increase of 1-5 for the percentage of enemies destroyed, a grade for the time it took to defeat the boss, and a bonus for every medal collected which is multiplied by the rank. After beating the last level, the player also gets a large bonus for the number of lives they have remaining.

Development
19XX: The War Against Destiny was developed by Capcom.

Release
19XX: The War Against Destiny has been ported to GameTap but 19XX is not included in the Capcom Classics Collection, because Capcom considers classics as predating 1995. In February 2021, it was included as part of pack 3 in the Capcom Arcade Stadium compilation.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed 19XX: The War Against Destiny in the February 15, 1996 issue as being the tenth most-popular arcade game at the time. A reviewer for Next Generation commented that "its clean looking animation, multilevel backgrounds, digitized explosions, and various streams of patterned enemies place 19XX among the cream of the crop". He found that the varied methods of attack set it apart from other shooters. Retro Gamer's Stuart Campbell regarded it as one of the worst shooters from Capcom.

title: 19XX: The War Against Destiny


text:
Talk:Track-via-missile

Untitled
Please clarify what needs cleaning up? Nvinen 09:32, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Track-via-missile


text:
Talk:The $5.98 E.P. – Garage Days Re-Revisited

Misfits
I changed Misfits to Misfits So it directly goes to the band's wiki. ~Moersleuteltje

Fact Checking
I tried to make a few revisions (rewrote a number of sentences to clarify some things), but I encountered some potential factual inaccuracies. I have deleted a few things, but refrained from adding other things, pending discussion here. Here are the issues I found:

 * It was always my understanding that the album was recorded in Lars' garage, yet the infobox says it was recorded at A & M and Conway Studios, LA July, 1987. Which is correct?

 * I also believed the statement regarding the band's intent regarding the title/price of the EP/CD was indeed accurate, but I subsequently discovered this site (http://ilikethat.com/metallica/history86-89.cfm) which contained this photo (http://ilikethat.com/metallica/img/garage_days6.jpg). Any thoughts?

 * I am reasonably certain that the cover of any CD copy of the recording that bears the inscription $5.98 EP rather than $9.98 CD is an unathorized bootleg (and always rather obviously so, at least in my own experience) rather than an official release. Anyone convinced otherwise?

Everyone's input is greatly appreciated... -Grammaticus Repairo 07:45, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I have the album on CD. I forget where the case is, and the CD's somewhere in a case of other ones. 71.60.159.181 03:48, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks User:71.60.159.181 for the useful info. Dumbass.  -70.251.93.156 (talk) 23:46, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I have the Aussie CD release, it has $5.98 on the cover, and from what i remember from the time, all shops selling it on CD had $5.98 on it. I have seen different back covers though. Mine is the same as the vinyl, but with Side A/B (noticeably, different shade) blacked out. BatGnat (talk) 02:33, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Interestingly, I remember walking into a Wherehouse Records store several years after the release, to buy a new copy of this, to find it re-priced, with a sticker claiming that the "$5.98 EP" was merely it's title, and not it's actual price... Dieterderblau (talk) 21:11, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

I myself am trying to get more info on where this was recorded, in detail. I believe the story goes, they came off a tour and rehearsed in a rehearsal studio and didn't like it since they were accustomed to practicing in a garage and the vibe at reheasal studios is indeed different than jamming at home. But then after the material was shaped up, they went into a real studio to record it. This is where the story seems to fall of the edge of the world - and it bothers me because I belong to a cult of people that consider this their best sounding release. And being musicians ourselves, who engineered it? Was the producing part of it assisted by someone? What songs were recorded in which studio? How'd they get that kick, and that snare sound? WE want that snare sound! WE want to patronize those studios! WE want that engineer! It sounds great. Hanz ofbyotch (talk) 01:05, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

cover
wheres the damn cover?

not as upload images to wikipedia, but the image you see in the article are not very well, I would say that this would have a better quality regarding the other image.

http://images.google.co.cr/images?ndsp=20&um=1&hl=es&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&q=garage+days+re-revisited&start=0&sa=N

The first image! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.200.212.182 (talk) 21:32, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

You can see more clearer details, The new image that I upload.--CliffordLeeBurtonMetallica (talk) 05:39, 19 July 2009 UTC)CliffordLeeBurtonMetallica —Preceding unsigned comment added by CliffordLeeBurtonMetallica (talk • contribs)

I need to make changes in this article
I need to make changes in this article, I have the original EP since 1987 Elektra/Asylum Records. Made in U.S.A. by WEA Manufacturng Inc. --CliffordLeeBurtonMetallica (talk) 16:59, 23 July 2009 (UTC)CliffordLeeBurtonMetallica

"Garage days revisited" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Garage days revisited. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 October 13 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. JJPMaster (talk) 16:04, 13 October 2020 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics/3

From the Nuttall encyclopedia (Project Gutenberg):

<>

This list was merged into the unified list.

title: Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics/3


text:
Cocktail umbrella

A cocktail umbrella or paper parasol is a small umbrella made from paper, paperboard, and a toothpick. They are frequently associated with tropical drinks and Tiki bars and used as a garnish decoration. They are also used in desserts or other foods and beverages.

Description
The umbrella is fashioned out of paper, which can be patterned, with cardboard ribs. The ribs are made from cardboard in order to provide flexibility and to hinge so the umbrella can be pulled shut much like an ordinary umbrella. A small plastic retaining ring is often fashioned against the stem, a toothpick, in order to prevent the umbrella from folding up spontaneously. A sleeve of folded newspaper is located under the collar or base of the cocktail umbrella and is made out of recycled paper from either China, India or Japan. As a result, they indicate their country of origin.

Origin and history
It is not quite certain exactly when the cocktail umbrella came into use. One possible source is Donn Beach, owner of the Hollywood, California-based restaurant and bar chain Don the Beachcomber. According to cocktail historian Dale DeGroff, Beach started the trend in 1932 after spending much of his time collecting things from the world, most notably from the South Pacific. Beach sold his merchandise, including the cocktail umbrellas, to Victor Bergeron, owner of the Emeryville, California-based bar chain Trader Vic's. According to Bergeron's son Joe, Trader Vic's used the paper parasols until their production was halted by World War II.

According to Hawaiian-themed author Rick Carroll, Hawaiian bartender Harry K. Yee of the Hilton Waikiki was the first to use a paper parasol in a beverage in 1959 during the Tiki culture craze of the 1950s. Yee stated that he initially would use a sugar cane stick as a garnish for his tropical cocktails, but upon seeing how guests would set the sticks in ashtrays and dirty them, switched to Vanda orchids in 1955. In 1959, Yee switched to the cocktail umbrella for reasons unknown. Some speculate that it's because the bar already stocked the umbrellas as toothpicks or decoration, so they were more readily available.

Another theory exists that Beach met Yee while vacationing in Hawaii after World War II. It is there that Beach and Yee traded cocktail ideas, recipes, and somewhere along the line, cocktail umbrellas. Afterwards, both of the bartenders began to use the umbrellas in tropical drinks.

Tiki culture craze
Cocktail umbrellas are a Great Depression-era invention, but they did not take off in popularity until after World War II. According to an Eater article published in 2015, many people, during the difficult times faced during the Great Depression, saw the South Pacific as "a place of exotic abandon, where you didn't have to work for a living." Many poor Americans saw tiki culture as an escape from reality. With the rise of the middle class after World War II came families with disposable income. That, combined with Hawaii's statehood and the rise of commercial air travel in the late 1950s, led to an explosion in the popularity of tiki culture dubbed the "tiki craze". Tiki bars like Trader Vic's and Don the Beachcomber took advantage of the tiki craze, inventing slews of cocktails with a key identifying factor: a cocktail umbrella. The cocktail umbrella became synonymous with tiki cocktails, so much so that the drinks are often called "umbrella drinks".

Purpose
The true purpose of the cocktail umbrella is unknown. Some bartenders say that the cocktail umbrella is only decorative. Other bartenders have argued that the umbrella provides shade that slows the melting of ice when the drink is served outdoors. However, the temperature outside matters more than direct sunlight when it comes to the melting of ice. The shade from the cocktail umbrella would do nothing to slow this down. Another hypothesis about the cocktail umbrella's purpose is that its absence can lead to faster evaporation of alcohol due to direct sunlight when the drink is served outdoors. Chemists reject this idea and explain that the presence of a cocktail umbrella has no effect on this. In the past, cocktail umbrellas have served as a gimmick to draw women into bars that were mostly frequented by men. However, this purpose has faded in current times.

Currently, the cocktail umbrella has become an important part of the drinks it is found on. It has become a garnish that is essential to the identities of these drinks. Cocktail garnishes started being used in the 19th century, with non-edible garnishes being introduced after prohibition. Two examples of these non-edible garnishes are cocktail umbrellas and swizzle sticks. Since their introduction, cocktail umbrellas use as a garnish has become a large part of their purpose. As a garnish, they complete the drink's presentation and identify it as tropical. However, cocktail umbrellas differ from other drink garnishes. Unlike foods commonly used as garnishes, such as cherries, olives, or citrus, cocktail umbrellas do not add to the flavor of the drink and have a purely aesthetic purpose.

Alternative uses for cocktail umbrellas also exist. They can be used as toothpicks and may have been used as hat decorations in the past. It is also possible to use them as hair decorations and place cards to tell people where to sit at a hosted event.

Uses
Drinks that commonly use a cocktail umbrella include the Blue Hawaii, Clipper-Tini, Hawaiian Margarita, Lava Lava, Lava Pi, Mac Nut Martini, Mai Tai, and Piña Colada.

Though the most common use for the cocktail umbrella is as a garnish in drinks there are many other uses people have found. As a decoration piece people have used the umbrellas to make wreaths, table centerpieces, lanterns, and even hair pieces. People have also found ways to turn cocktail umbrellas into art, as is the case with Dutch trio We Make Carpets. We Make Carpets makes creative carpets out of different everyday objects. For this project, they decided to use 6,000 cocktail umbrellas in their recent creation "Umbrella Carpet 2." This unique use of cocktail umbrellas was displayed at a 2016 design exhibition in the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam.

Venues
The cocktail umbrellas can be seen used in most cocktail lounges, bars, restaurants, and luaus. The most frequent location to spot the umbrella is restaurants and bars that maintain an "island" theme such as Hawaii.

title: Cocktail umbrella


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Cannabis rescheduling in the United States/archive1

Cannabis rescheduling in the United States
Self-nom. Thoroughly-researched article that gives a balanced view of both sides of the debate. It also boils down a complicated saga to the high points. Rad Racer 09:41, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks good! Support. Everyking 11:59, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Nice balance on POV, which seems rare when reading on this subject. Vaoverland 23:12, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - most definitely! Fantastic article, and is actually NPOV. The sidebars look great! - Ta bu shi da yu 23:23, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Great example of NPOV. – flamurai (t) 03:36, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - This is an article that is long overdue. The author of this work has taken the time to address a very important issue in our country. Of course, our elected officials have tried to sweep it under the carpet. But thanks to people like this writer, there may be some hope for an open, honest and thoughtful discussion about it in the future.Tparker393 02:38, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Coat of arms of Germany

Nazi party amblem is not German eagle, is Zarathustra amblem (Faravahar) in Persian Mythology,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faravahar-Gold.svg

Swastika figures in Hinduism. The origin of Aryan race in indo-iranian.88.226.231.211 (talk) 19:42, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

*federal* coat of arms
It is really very simple: 1) federal is connotated to the federal state while Germany consists of (federated) states having theirselves a coat of arms. 2) the second reason (see below) is a historical one to distinguish federal (Bundes-) from imperial (Reichs-).

I'm not feeling remarkably bright today, can anyone explain why this page shouldn't be "Coat of Arms of Germany" rather than "Federal ..." - no other country here has "Federal ...". The German name doesn't incorporate "federal" (Bundes-). Saintswithin 09:40, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

JA!!!

You are right. The name of the linked German article "Wappen Deutschlands" does not mention that this is a symbol of the federation either. There is absolutely no need to include federal when refering to Germany, as this is implicit by refering to Germany. It seems that someone tries to foster a certain political agenda in all Germany-related articles. I suggest changing the name to the equivalent of the German article, i.e. dropping the word federal. Objections? gidonb 00:33, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Saintswithin, "federal coat of arms" is simply the English translation of "Bundeswappen". No other country has "Federal ...", but the British have "Royal ..." - see Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom. So what? -Heimdal 16:55, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The article's name fails to translate "Wappen Deutschlands" correctly. gidonb 17:14, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

In this case, it's not "Wappen Deutschlands", but "Bundeswappen Deutschlands". This simple.-Heimdal 17:17, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

So should the name of the German page de:Wappen Deutschlands be changed? I notice the government site calls it "Bundeswappen". Is it a better/more used name? It just sounded rather redundant to me. Saintswithin 20:41, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * de:Wappen Deutschlands can stay as it is, because on the German Wikipedia, the coat of arms of Britain is also called de:Wappen des Vereinigten Königreichs, not "Königliches Wappen des Vereinigten Königreichs". -Heimdal 10:25, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * So you think the main thing is to be consistent on each language site? Should we change Canada's one to Federal Coat of Arms of Canada, or is that a different sort of federation? (Don't kick me, I have no idea!!) :-) Saintswithin 13:05, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Well, the prefix "Bundes-" refers to anything connected with the federal government. But this article is about the general history of the german coat of arms, so I think the "federal" should be dropped. The main distinction between the Reichsadler and the Bundesadler (and the Adler during the Republic of Weimar, although I'm not sure what prefix it had during that time) is that the Bundesadler is missing the imperial insignia of the Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, and the svastika of the third reich, for obvious reasons. Also, the wings aren't spread out so far, to make it look less agressive. In fact, the eagle in the parliament, the "Bundestag", is because of its looks (look here ) often jokingly referred to as "Fette Henne", "Fat Chicken". I think this should be added to the article, by someone who's english is better ;) 80.140.213.150 10:00, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

The prefix during Weimar was Reichs... as well, since the official name still was Deutsches Reich. smdt

The main distinction between the Bundes- and the Reichsadler is not "the missing of the imperial insignia of the HRE" but the new German imperial crown, and the Prussian insignia as well as the Eagle of the German Empire is a one-headed one while the imperial eagle of the HRE is a double-headed one.

 * BTW, Bundes- is sometimes used to refer to the post-war German democracy, that is, to mean today's German as opposed to earlier governments, and during the Cold War to mean West Germany, which Germans called colloquially the "federal republic." Bostoner (talk) 01:11, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
 * "Coats of arms of Germany" could be understood to include the coats of arms of our 16 states as well, not just those of the Federation (der Bund). As we got the word "Bundes-" (Federal) almost everywhere in Germany when we talk about something that belongs to the Federal level, I think it would be appropriate to include the word "Federal" in this place as well. We already got a Federal Diet, a Federal Chancellor, a Federal Eagle, a Federal Council, a President of the Federal Diet, a President of the Federal Council, a Federal President, a Federal Police, several Federal Ministries, several Federal Ministers, the Federal Forces, a Federal Network Agency, a Federal Constitution Court, a Federal Central Bank, Federal Law, Federal Highways, a Federal Government, Federal Elections, a Federal Trojan and a Federal Flag, so it would only make sense to speak of a "Federal Coat of arms". -- 62.156.56.92 (talk) 07:39, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Eur.de.100.gif
The image Image:Eur.de.100.gif is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --14:15, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

"Imperial"
Referring to Friedrich Ebert as "Imperial President of the German Empire" is a ridiculous abuse of the word "imperial". The Weimar Republic was not an empire. The proper translation of the 1919 proclamation regarding the Coat of Arms of Germany is federal (as opposed to state level), not imperial. Urban XII (talk) 11:33, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Quite right, but a lot of English speaking people don't understand (and probably will never) that the German word "Reich" cannot be translated as "Empire" after the year 1918 (End of the period of the "Empire" in Germany). See those numerous discussions on the Nazi-Germany article.--Gomeira (talk) 09:54, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

The problem lies not so much with "English speaking people" as with the Weimar Republic itself, which had to stick to Reich out of pure conservatism. If the German term Reich was so devoid of connotations of "Empire" as you suggest, the Reichsadler would hardly have had to be renamed to Bundesadler after 1945 to avoid the suggestion of imperialism.

Yes, "Reich" should not be translated as "Empire" in the context of the Weimar Republic. But this is a special case. In every other context imaginable, "Reich" will first and foremost translate to "Empire". -dab (𒁳) 09:04, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

"Reich" never meaned Empire in German. Not even before 1918. That is an error in English translation. A better translation of "Reich" into English would be "Realm". The German word for Empire isn't "Reich" either. That would be "Kaiserreich" (Emperor's Realm), which the Germans never used. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 15:34, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

Or, an eagle displayed sable
I replaced the text

The Weimar Republic had re-introduced the medieval coat of arms of the Holy Roman Emperors, in use during the 13th and 14th centuries, before the emperors adopted the double-headed eagle, beginning with Sigismund of Luxemburg in 1433. The single-headed Imperial Eagle (on a white background, Argent, an eagle displayed sable) had also been used by the German Empire during 1889–1918, based on the earlier coat of arms of Prussia.

With:

The German Empire of 1871-1918 had re-introduced the medieval coat of arms of the Holy Roman Emperors, in use during the 13th and 14th centuries (a black single-headed eagle on a golden background), before the emperors adopted the double-headed eagle, beginning with Sigismund of Luxemburg in 1433. The single-headed Prussian Eagle (on a white background, Argent, an eagle displayed sable) was used as an escutcheon to represent the Prussian Kings as dynasts of the German Empire. The Weimar Republic introduced a version in which the escutcheon and other monarchical symbols were removed.

because

The German Empire in 1871 used a single headed eagle on a golden background in its greater Imperial arms. The Weimar arms are a direct descandant of that. The single headed eagle on a silver or white background represent the arms of Prussia and not of Germany as a whole. They were an inschutcheon on the eagle in the Imperial arms to represent the Prussian Kings as dynasts of the German Empire. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 15:29, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

Design of Nazi version
The article states that the use of the Nazi eagle was established by an order by Hitler, but doesn't cover the distinctive design elements of it at all, or who was responsible for creating it. It needs to. 86.140.187.38 (talk) 17:25, 18 April 2015 (UTC)
 * As I've heard, Hitler himself was somewhat of an 'amateur' heraldic designer. I know that he personally designed the standard of the "Führer und Reichskanzler" i.o.w. himself. It wouldn't surprise me if the answer to this question was: "Hitler". Gerard von Hebel (talk) 19:30, 18 April 2015 (UTC)

Bird Type?
Does it say what the bird type is?

I assume the Raven. Any confirmation?112.198.98.232 (talk) 09:51, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:36, 21 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Germania 2 marchi.JPG

title: Talk:Coat of arms of Germany


text:
John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk

John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, KG (27 September 1442 – 14–21 May 1492), was a major magnate in 15th-century England. He was the son of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and Alice Chaucer, the daughter of Thomas Chaucer (thus making John the great-grandson of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer). His youth was blighted, in 1450, by the political fall and subsequent murder of his father, who had been a favourite of king Henry VI but was increasingly distrusted by the rest of the nobility. Although the first duke of Suffolk had made himself rich through trade and – particularly – royal grants, this source of income dried up on his death, so John de la Pole was among the poorest of English dukes on his accession to the title in 1463. This was a circumstance which John felt acutely; on more than one occasion, he refused to come to London due to his impoverishment being such that he could not afford the costs of maintaining a retinue.

As a youth, John de la Pole married twice; his first marriage was annulled, but his second marriage, to Elizabeth of York, made him the brother-in-law of two kings, Edward IV and Richard III. It brought him eleven children, the eldest of whom, John, would eventually be named heir to Richard III in 1484 and die in battle in the Yorkist cause. John de la Pole, though, generally managed to steer clear of involvement in the tumultuous events of the Wars of the Roses. Although he was politically aligned to the House of York by virtue of his marriage, he avoided participating in the battles of the 1450s, not taking up arms until Edward IV had claimed the throne. De la Pole appears to have spent much of this period, in fact, feuding with his East Anglian neighbours, the Paston family over an inheritance – even interfering in parliamentary elections, for example, in an attempt to gain the upper hand.

Suffolk did not receive major grants from Edward IV either, although de la Pole continued to support him in arms when necessary, and when Edward lost his throne in 1470, Suffolk was not trusted by the new Lancastrian regime. Suffolk fought for Edward at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury but did not join Edward's inner circle during his second reign. He seems to have acquiesced in the accession of Richard III in 1483, but, unlike his son, was not present for Richard III's defeat at the Battle of Bosworth two years later. Henry VII does not seem to have held Suffolk's son's treason against the duke, and even seems to have protected him from the former's attainder. John de la Pole died in 1492 and was buried at Wingfield Church, Suffolk.

Youth
John de la Pole was born on 27 September 1442, only son and heir to William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and Alice Chaucer, the granddaughter of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer. John was therefore still only a child of seven when, on 7 February 1450, he was married to the six-year-old Lady Margaret Beaufort, though the Papal dispensation to marry was not signed until 18 August 1450.

The earldom of Suffolk, says historian Michael Hicks, was 'not particularly well-endowed,' probably only just scraping the £666 qualifying income for that rank. His mother, though, held substantial estates in her own right, from her father, Sir Thomas Chaucer. Furthermore, because this was Alice's third marriage, she held large dowers from both previous husbands, the second of whom had been Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury. John's father augmented the family's position by exploiting the favour of the King, Henry VI, to whom he was an important councillor in the 1440s. Already Earl of Suffolk, John's father was in turn elevated to a marquess (in 1444) and then Duke of Suffolk (1448), and with these titles received major grants from the crown. Also, it had been his father's receipt of the wardship of Margaret Beaufort from the king that enabled John's marriage to her, whilst both were still infants and despite them being within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity. Contemporaries claimed that the marriage to the daughter of John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset (cousin of the-then childless king), was intended to make John de la Pole an eventual heir to the crown; this is considered unlikely by modern historians, who have pointed at indications that the King supported William in these plans. It has been suggested that the marriage was the direct result of William's political difficulties during the 1450–1451 parliament.

Father's downfall
Any plans his father had for John were rudely upset in 1450 when Suffolk was impeached by parliament over the loss of Normandy in the Hundred Years' War. Suffolk was exiled, but never reached the continent as he was murdered by sailors in the Channel soon after his departure. On 30 April 1450, before he sailed from Ipswich, the disgraced duke wrote a letter to John in which he urged his son to "flee the company and council of proude men, of coveitows men and of fateryng men".

Since Suffolk had never been formally convicted, he was not attainted, but the royal grants which had given John de la Pole such good prospects were now resumed to the crown. And although John inherited his father's dukedom of Suffolk, he had lost the various offices that he had held, such as the Constableship of Wallingford Castle. On top of this, due to his mother retaining one-third of his father's estate in dower, his expectations from the dukedom could only have been even smaller. His income has been estimated at less than £280 per annum, which was less than the minimum required for an earl, let alone a duke.

John de la Pole did not come of age until 1463. As such, in 1450 his wardship was resumed to the crown, and custody of his estates granted to others by the king. His marriage to Margaret Beaufort was annulled, in February 1453. A recent biographer of her son (the later King Henry VII) has described them as being married "only nominally", and elsewhere as a "hasty measure destined not to last".

Early career
John de la Pole started being included in commissions from around 1457. One of these, to Oxfordshire in July 1457, was to suppress "congregations and unlawful gatherings against the king"; since he was still only fifteen this was probably a symbolic position. Sometime before February 1458, in a match arranged, it appears by his mother, John married Elizabeth, the second surviving daughter of Richard of York and Cecily, née Neville. The marriage took place at a politically turbulent time. The First Battle of St Albans had taken place less than three years earlier, and the king was attempting make a peace between York and his allies (who had won the battle) and the families of those lords who had died there. York after all had been a bitter enemy of John's father—indeed, it had been mainly thanks to York that impeachment proceedings were brought against Suffolk in 1450.

Marriage
Biographer J.A.F. Thomson posits that "although he was not of such major importance, the young John de la Pole was a good catch for a magnate who wished wealth and dignity for a daughter". With her, Elizabeth brought a marriage portion of about £1533. This was not to make Suffolk rich. Not only was it not that much compared to other dowries of the period, but York, whose wages from his various offices were almost permanently in arrears, often could not keep up the instalments. York had pledged payment in bonds to Alice over four years, on the proviso that his daughter did not die in the meantime.

East Anglian affairs and feud with the Pastons
Much of Suffolk's early activity in East Anglian local politics was probably at the instigation of his mother, Alice, and he would later spend as much of his adult life at her manor of Ewelme as he did at his own manors. Suffolk played a prominent role in Commissions of the Peace in Norfolk and Suffolk, and these became a permanent position from 1464. On at least two occasions, Suffolk attempted to affect the outcome of a local parliamentary election, and the appointment of the county sheriff. Furthermore, he was a justice of the peace in Berkshire and Oxfordshire in the later 1460s.

He involved himself in some of the most controversial episodes in East Anglian society of the time, for instance, attempting to purchase part of the by-then somewhat infamous Fastolf inheritance in 1461. This was another occasion in fact where we may in fact see his mother's guiding hand at work, as she is known to have been canvassing for support at court for such an outcome, and even Margaret Paston believed her to be personally behind the attacks. Both of them were involved in a severe feud with the Paston family as a result of conflicting interests in the Fastolf inheritance.

The duke also made other disputed (and in some cases outrightly illegal) claims to other properties in the region over the following decade, and in 1465, a group of his retainers destroyed the manor house of Hellesdon in Norfolk, ransacking its church. For these and other illegalities alleged by contemporaries, Suffolk escaped retribution, probably due to his royal connections. On the other hand, he was never able to use such connections to his advantage and persuade the king to intercede in any disputes on the duke's behalf.

Wars of the Roses
Although King Henry doubtless intended to tie political opponents together, John's marriage to Elizabeth of York may have had the unintended consequence of tying Suffolk to York's future opposition of Henry. And, as Hicks says, Suffolk "once again hazarded the future of his House" by involvement in national politics.

The year following John's marriage to Elizabeth, York's political opposition to Henry had become an armed campaign. Following their rout at Ludford Bridge in October 1459, Suffolk's father-in-law York and brother-in-law Edward, Earl of March, and allies had been forced into exile and attainted at the Coventry parliament. Suffolk himself appears to have taken no part in York's military campaign.

But, according to one contemporary chronicler, at the same parliament, Suffolk was stripped of his dukedom and reduced to the rank of earl, because he had married the daughter of York. Official records continued to refer to John as duke, and in any case, as he was still strictly a minor, and not in official receipt of any of his titles, it may not have been true. Or, if it did happen, it may well have been on the grounds of his fiscal inability to uphold the status of a duke.

In 1460, the last year of Lancastrian rule, John was appointed a justice of the peace, but this was insufficient to prevent him taking the Yorkists' side, which, after the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460, came under the control of the dead duke of York's eldest surviving son, Edward, Earl of March.

John seems to have regarded himself from the age of eighteen as a potential force in English politics, and in the late 1450s seems to have deliberately avoided intimating support for either faction. However, by early 1461 Suffolk had come down firmly on York's side. He fought alongside Richard, Earl of Warwick, at the second battle of St Albans in February 1461, and at the Battle of Towton in March, which resulted in a crushing defeat for the Lancastrian army. As a result of this victory, Suffolk's cousin (and brother-in-law) Edward was proclaimed king as Edward IV of England, and Suffolk acted as Lord Steward at the coronation.

Under Edward IV
One of de la Pole's first commissions under the new regime was to accompany Edward on his campaign against the Scots in winter 1462, although he had returned to Norwich by early the next year. Suffolk also attended the reinterment of the king's uncle and cousins, Richard, Earl of Salisbury, and his son Thomas at Bisham Priory in 1463. Soon after, Suffolk's dukedom was confirmed to him by Edward IV in letters patent dated 23 March (possibly, it has been suggested, on account of contemporary uncertainty as to whether he ever had been downgraded in 1460). He actually took seisin of his estates six months before coming of age, and was absolved from having to prove his age as was the legal custom. He was a trier of petitions at the parliament later that year. In 1465, the king granted Suffolk an annuity of 100 marks (nearly £67) a year, although this was only during the life of his wife, the king's sister. It may only have been compensation for lands lost by Edward's need to endow his queen with a landed estate. Two years later, in a clear mark of royal favour, his eldest son John was created Earl of Lincoln. Suffolk himself regained his father's Wallingford and Chiltern Hundreds offices, with a £40 per annum salary for it. In 1467, he acted as feoffee for his sister-in-law (the King's sister), Anne, Duchess of Exeter. Although Suffolk was receiving minimal financial benefit from the new regime, he still took conspicuous part in all the major state ceremonies. Such events ranged from the 1465 royal wedding to tournaments such as that between Lord Scales and the Bastard of Burgundy in 1467. By this time the king's relations with the powerful Earl of Warwick had soured to the point that the discontented earl was fomenting rebellion against Edward. Suffolk remained loyal to his brother-in-law, and appears to have taken no part in the Neville/Woodville feud that occupied much of the second half of the decade. Suffolk participated at the Battle of Empingham in 1470 and particularly helped the king crush the Lincolnshire Rebellion the same year. Edward was subsequently forced into exile however, and Suffolk appears not to have been trusted by the resurgent Lancastrian government, possibly because he refused to come to London to meet the chancellor, even if he appears to have come rapidly to terms with the new government personally. His wife kept in touch with her exiled brothers in Burgundy. When Edward IV returned to England in March 1471, de la Pole joined him on that campaign, in which Edward regained his throne. Thus Suffolk also took part in the battles of Barnet (at which Warwick was killed) and Tewkesbury (at which the House of York finally crushed the remnants of the Lancastrian army).

Following Tewkesbury, Suffolk was granted the estates of the under-age Francis, Viscount Lovell during Lovell's minority, and may have received the custody of the ex-Lancastrian Queen, Margaret of Anjou, in 1472, since Margaret was held at one point in Wallingford and subsequently in Ewelme. This was followed by a number of other offices and promotions, none of which were lucrative. In 1472 he was appointed High Steward of Oxford University and the following year made a Knight of the Garter. He was also the King's Lieutenant of Ireland (in later centuries the post came to be known as the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland) between March and July 1478 (although he probably never took the position in person). So little, in fact, had his financial situation improved, that in the first parliament after Edward's return from exile—in 1471—Suffolk refused his summons to attend parliament. This was because he felt himself unable to sustain the status and maintain the retinue of a royal duke in London for whatever duration the parliament turned out to be. With the exception of the Lovell estates Suffolk received no major grants, in stark comparison to Edward's brothers George, Duke of Clarence, and Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and even the king's Woodville in-laws. Suffolk's continuing poverty was reflected in the fact that, although he again took loyal part in King Edward's 1475 French campaign (on possibly the only occasion he ever went abroad), he could muster only forty men-at-arms and 300 archers. Michael Hicks remarks that, as a retinue, this "fell far short of those of other royal dukes". Soon after his return from France his mother, the Duchess Alice, died; certainly by 15 August 1476, when John finally came into possession of her dower lands, and by extension, finally, his whole estate. She was buried at Ewelme, Oxfordshire, in a "stunning alabaster monument".

Under Richard III and Henry VII
Edward IV died suddenly in April 1483, leaving his young son, Edward his heir and the Duke of Gloucester Lord Protector of the new king and the country. Although he had been summoned to the parliament of January 1483, it is unlikely that Suffolk was in attendance at court at the time. Nor did he attend the dead king's funeral or interment. By July, the young king had been declared illegitimate; Suffolk was at Westminster Hall on 26 June 1483 when Gloucester claimed the throne, and he carried the royal sceptre at Richard's coronation. Suffolk's son, the Earl of Lincoln, may have been named Richard III's heir to the throne when the king's own son, Edward of Middleham died in 1484. However, Suffolk did lose the Constableship of Wallingford and the Chiltern Hundreds to Lovell. In fact, Suffolk seems to have been no more favoured by Richard than he had been by Edward. In December 1483 Suffolk was summoned to the parliament which confirmed Richard III's right to the throne, and the following year he undertook commissions of array in both Norfolk and Suffolk, as well as being part of the oyer and terminer which condemned the treasons of William Collingbourne in London.

In August 1485 Henry Tudor invaded England. The duke, like so many of his peers, failed to participate at the Battle of Bosworth Field, unlike Lincoln, who fought for the king. Neither of them were sanctioned for any part they had played in the previous regimes. Indeed, Suffolk almost immediately regained Wallingford (since Lovell had been attainted after Bosworth), and played an active role in Henry VII's first parliament. In October 1485, de la Pole raised men against rebels in Norfolk who had been "associating" with the Scots. The following year, Lincoln took part in Lambert Simnel's rebellion in 1487, possibly with the intention of claiming the throne himself. Confronting Henry's army at the Battle of Stoke Field, Lincoln was killed in the fighting. Soon after Henry's accession, Suffolk, with the rest of the nobility, was forced to subscribe to royal diktat not to distribute livery or assemble great retinues. Back in East Anglia, however, Suffolk continued to raise forces against those he believed to be in possession of manors claimed by the duke.

Last years and death
Notwithstanding the rebellion and death in battle against the king of Suffolk's son and heir, the duke does not seem to have lost the trust of King Henry. He was once again appointed trier at the 1487 parliament, and mustered men for Henry's expedition the next year. Around the same time he also lost the constableship of Wallingford again. Although Suffolk did not actually lose much under Henry Tudor, his heirs were to suffer. At the 1487 parliament that Suffolk attended, Lincoln was attainted for treason; Suffolk kept his own lands and also those he had granted Lincoln; but this was only for his life, and on de la Pole's death, these estates were to revert to the crown. This was not long to be effected. Although Suffolk seems still to have been alive on 14 May 1492, when he sat as county justice of the peace (JP) he was certainly dead six days later. He was buried, wearing the mantle of the Order of the Garter, in the college he founded at Wingfield in Suffolk in a 'splendid' tomb which belied the "discreet obscurity" in which he had spent his final years. His head rests on a helm surmounted by the Saracen head crest of the de la Pole family which appears "with wavy hair bound with a jewelled fillet and ear ring in the right ear". Elizabeth, who died later, was buried next to him wearing a widow's barbe.

Tomb
Suffolk's tomb in St Andrew's Chapel of Wingfield church depicts him in effigy wearing a ducal robe and coronet. Historians have noted the difference between Suffolk's effigy and surviving effigies of some of his contemporaries (such as the Earl of Salisbury, for example, who is depicted on his tomb as merely a knight). It has been suggested that the nobility in general—and Suffolk in particular—were increasingly anxious "to set themselves apart from their social inferiors", even at burial. The tomb also bears what has been described by one antiquary as one of the "most beautiful representations" of both the Order and mantle of the Garter worn by fifteenth-century noblemen. It was complete with funeral armour, line of cresting, and his and his wife's faces were both done as portraits, and has been described elsewhere as "one of the finest examples" of the figure of a robed Knight of the Garter with his Lady.

Children
He had eleven known children, all by Elizabeth.
 * John, Earl of Lincoln (c. 1462–16 June 1487), was the eldest and his heir. Eventually, due to King Richard III losing his own son, he became heir to his maternal uncle's throne. Following Richard's death at Bosworth Field, Lincoln rebelled against the new king Henry VII, and was killed at the Battle of Stoke.
 * Geoffrey, born circa 1464, but died young.
 * Edward (1466–1485) joined the church and became Archdeacon of Richmond.
 * Elizabeth (c. 1468–1489), married Henry Lovel, 8th Baron Morley (1466–1489), and had no issue.
 * Edmund (1471–30 April 1513), eventually inherited his father's dukedom, and had to bargain energetically with the king and pay a substantial amount before it was granted. He eventually became a Yorkist pretender to the crown of Henry VIII, who had him beheaded.
 * Dorothy, born in 1472, died young,
 * Humphrey (1474–1513) took Holy Orders
 * Anne (1476–1495) became a nun.
 * Katherine (c. 1477–1513), married William, Baron Stourton, with whom she had no issue.
 * Sir William de la Pole (1478–1539)
 * Richard de la Pole (1480–1525)

John de la Pole's two youngest sons, William and Richard, both seem to have been involved in a plot against Henry VII that was discovered in 1501. Sir William, of Wingfield Castle, was imprisoned in the Tower of London for thirty-seven years. Before this he had married Katherine Stourton; she was twenty years older than he was, and they had no issue. The youngest son, Richard, managed to escape to France on the discovery of the 1501 plot. Taking part in France's campaigns during the Italian Wars, he was killed at the Battle of Pavia, 24 February 1525.

title: John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk


text: File:Yggttcb.jpg

title: File:Yggttcb.jpg


text:
John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln

John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln (c. 1460 – 16 June 1487) was a leading figure in the Yorkist aristocracy during the Wars of the Roses.

After the death of his uncle Richard III, de la Pole was reconciled with the new Tudor regime, but two years later he organised a major Yorkist rebellion. He sought to place Lambert Simnel on the throne, claiming that Simnel was, in fact, his cousin Edward, Earl of Warwick. Whether or not de la Pole intended to take the throne for himself if he were successful is not known, but has been widely suspected by historians. He was defeated and killed at the Battle of Stoke in 1487.

Early life
John de la Pole was the eldest son of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk. His father was the son of Alice Chaucer, granddaughter of Geoffrey Chaucer, and Philippa (de) Roet. She was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen, Philippa of Hainault, and a sister of Katherine Swynford, who later (c. 1396) became the third wife of John of Gaunt. John of Gaunt and Katherine were the ancestors of Henry VII. His mother was the sixth child and third daughter born to Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville. He was thus the nephew of the Yorkist kings Edward IV and his successor, Richard III.

John's uncle Edward IV made him Earl of Lincoln on 13 March 1467.

Heir to the throne
After King Edward's death, de la Pole became a firm supporter of his uncle Richard III. He was given revenues of about 500 pounds a year and was appointed president of the Council of the North. After the death of Richard's son and heir, Edward of Middleham, he was appointed to replace him as the king's lieutenant in Ireland, though this was a nominal position as the government of Ireland was locally administered by Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare. During the last year of Richard's reign, Lincoln seems to have been designated heir to the throne, though he was never publicly proclaimed as such. Edward, Earl of Warwick, would have had a superior claim but was attainted after his father, George, Duke of Clarence, was found guilty of treason against his brother, Edward IV, in 1478. Richard made important land grants to Lincoln and, significantly, granted him the revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall, traditionally given to the heir.

Rebellion
After Richard's defeat at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, Lincoln was reconciled with the new king, Henry VII, but soon became impatient with the new rule. A clergyman named Symonds introduced him to his protégé, Lambert Simnel, who bore a resemblance to Edward, Earl of Warwick. The real Edward had been imprisoned in the Tower of London by King Henry. Lincoln decided to promote Edward as the "true" Yorkist heir, while using Simnel to represent him, thus allowing Lincoln to become the actual leader of the Yorkists. Lincoln travelled to Burgundy to persuade his aunt Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy to finance a military expedition to take the throne from Henry. While nominally supporting Simnel, "in private, he probably saw his own accession as the ultimate goal of the enterprise." With an army of mercenaries, Lincoln sailed to Ireland, where he was supported by Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, who was keen to see a return to Yorkist rule in England. This was mainly because the Yorkist kings had allowed Irish self-government with FitzGerald as almost the "uncrowned king of Ireland". Simnel was proclaimed king in Ireland and crowned in Dublin as "Edward VI".

With his army swelled by Irish recruits led by FitzGerald's brother Thomas FitzGerald of Laccagh, Lincoln landed at Piel Island in Lancashire and proceeded to march towards York, formerly a stronghold of Richard III's supporters. However, the town refused to surrender to Lincoln. The Yorkists secured a victory over a small Lancastrian force at Bramham Moor and Lincoln managed to avoid Henry's main northern forces, which moved away when they received news that York was under attack. This may have been a diversion planned by the Yorkists. Lincoln's army was, however, repeatedly harassed by Lancastrian cavalry under Sir Edward Woodville. The Yorkists then crossed the river Trent and set up their position at the top of a hill near the village of East Stoke. Soon the vanguard of the main Lancastrian army under John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford caught up with them. In the subsequent Battle of Stoke Field on 16 June 1487, the Yorkist army was conclusively defeated. Lincoln himself was killed in the battle along with most of the other Yorkist leaders. In November 1487, he was posthumously attainted.

His death did not end the de la Pole claim to the throne. His younger brother Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, became the leading Yorkist claimant to the throne until his execution by orders of Henry VIII in 1513. Their younger brother Richard de la Pole continued their claim until his own death at the Battle of Pavia (24 February 1525) while a fourth brother, William, was held prisoner in the Tower of London for 37 years, dying in 1539.

Marriage and issue
Lincoln married, perhaps by the late 1470s, Margaret FitzAlan, daughter of Thomas FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, and Margaret Woodville, sister of Elizabeth Woodville. However, there were no children of the marriage; though some sources claim that they had a son called Edward, this cannot be possible as Margaret was only eight years old at the time of Edward's alleged birth.

In October 1524 Margaret's father, Thomas FitzAlan, bequeathed her a 'great ring with a turquoise'. She appears not to have remarried, and the date of her death is unknown.

In popular culture
Lincoln was a major character in the opening episodes of the 1972 BBC 2 drama series about the reign of Henry VII, The Shadow of the Tower. He was played by James Laurenson.

title: John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln


text:
Superstar (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"Superstar" is the 17th episode of season four of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The episode aired on The WB on April 4, 2000. In this episode, Buffy and the other Scoobies must escape an alternate reality where Jonathan, a geeky and formerly unpopular boy, is famous and admired by everyone.

Plot
When Buffy and the gang discover a nest of vampires, they turn to Jonathan Levinson, a former fellow pupil of Sunnydale High School, for help. He slays the majority of the vampires, leaving Buffy feeling inadequate. As they leave the crypt, Jonathan poses for pictures.

One fan, Karen, is attacked by a demon and manages to run away. When Karen describes the demon's appearance, Jonathan dismisses it as a harmless monster. Buffy seems unsure of Jonathan's response.

Adam and Buffy question how Jonathan could be so perfect. Willow discovers that Jonathan did an augmentation spell that would make everyone adore him, but that the spell had the side-effect of creating a demon to balance out the positive changes to Jonathan's life. If the demon is destroyed, the spell is reversed.

In a cave, Jonathan tries to prevent Buffy from falling into a pit, but the demon interrupts them. Jonathan hides while Buffy fights the demon, then runs out and pushes the demon into the pit. With the demon destroyed, the world returns to normal, and Jonathan is once again unpopular.

Continuity
Buffy's crinkly, crimped hair signals that the episode contains characters who are different than usual, a little "off" or under a spell. See, for example, "The Zeppo," "Something Blue," "This Year's Girl," "Who Are You?," and "Where the Wild Things Are."

Broadcast
"Superstar" was first broadcast on the WB on April 4, 2000. It received a Nielson rating of 2.8 on its original airing.

Critical response
Vox, ranking it at #30 of all 144 episodes on their "Worst to Best" list, writes, "Until now, Jonathan has spent the show lurking quietly in the background: He's the guy the Inca mummy girl almost kills, the guy who pees in the pool to get back at the swim team for bullying him, the guy Cordelia takes out on a date to get over her creepy demon-worshiping frat guy. That paid off beautifully in season three's 'Earshot,' but in 'Superstar,' it all reverses so that the entire universe revolves around Jonathan — including, hilariously, the opening credits. It's a fantastic payoff to a recurring gag, and, incidentally, it introduces another: This is the first episode to mention both the world without shrimp and the world with nothing but shrimp."

Noel Murray of The A.V. Club gave the episode a mixed review, stating, "So many big and small details are different in Jonathan’s version of reality, and yet the significant elements of the season-long story arc are still in play. In my head, I can make sense of all this, but I still can’t help thinking that “Superstar” would’ve been better if it had been a true standalone episode, with no link to the main storyline." A review from the BBC website was positive, stating, "Superstar feels like Buffy's fourth season cruising in top gear... It's a great idea, immaculately executed, which is full of the usual witty in-jokes."

The episode has been analyzed as a deliberate satire of the Mary Sue trope, in that a minor series character, Jonathan Levinson, casts an augmentation spell that makes him popular and hyper-competent.

title: Superstar (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)


text:
Talk:FAC

Untitled comment
Is there any reason why this should go to Farm Credit Canada instead of Wikipedia talk:Featured article candidates? Rad Racer 09:45, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think it's a bad idea to have redirects leading out of the main name space, as a general principle. Besides, I need it now as a TLA, and in time no doubt it will be a dab page.Charles Matthews 11:19, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Go ahead and use it for your TLA. No need to dab. I agree that TLA's should generally not be redir'ed out of the main name space, although some longer abbreviations (e.g. TBSDY) are probably obscure enough to be harmless. Rad Racer 13:04, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Outside of wikipedia, FAC is...

 * Forward air controller

Fire Arms Certificate.
I was wandering if the FAC for the Fire Arms Certificate should be included in this disambiguation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.145.38.211 (talk) 21:32, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:FAC


text:
Category talk:Truck manufacturers

undated
People, do we have a special automobile stub template to distinguish automanufacturers from other corporate stubs? AlexPU

title: Category talk:Truck manufacturers


text:
Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics/4

From the Nuttall encyclopedia (Project Gutenberg):

Navigation
<>

This list was merged into the unified list.

title: Wikipedia:Nuttall Encyclopedia topics/4


text:
WDI

WDI may refer to:

 * Walt Disney Imagineering
 * Web data integration
 * Windows Diagnostic Infrastructure, a component of Microsoft Windows
 * Wood Destroying Insect
 * World Development Indicators, a World Bank database
 * Workforce Development Institute
 * Women's Declaration International

title: WDI


text:
Sierra Nevada National Park (Spain)

Sierra Nevada National Park (Parque nacional de Sierra Nevada) is a national park located in the Sierra Nevada within the provinces of Granada and Almería in Andalusia, Spain. It was declared a national park on 14 January 1999. It stretches from the Alpujarra to El Marquesado and the Lecrín Valley, covering a total area of 85,883 hectares, making it the largest national park in Spain until the expansion of the Cabrera Archipelago Maritime-Terrestrial National Park from 10,021 to 90,800 hectares in 2019.

It incorporates the municipalities of Abla, Abrucena, Alboloduy, Alsodux, Bayárcal, Beires, Canjáyar, Fiñana, Fondón, Laujar de Andarax, Nacimiento, Ohanes, Paterna del Río, Rágol, Las Tres Villas, Aldeire, Alpujarra de La Sierra, Bérchules, Bubión, Busquístar, Cáñar, Capileira, Dílar, Dólar, Dúrcal, Ferreira, Güéjar Sierra, Huéneja, Jerez del Marquesado, Juviles, Lanjarón, Lanteira, Lecrín, Lugros, Monachil, Nevada, Nigüelas, Pampaneira, Pórtugos, Soportújar, La Taha, Trevélez, Valor and La Zubia.

Geography
The Sierra Nevada National Park stretches from the Alpujarra to El Marquesado and the Lecrin Valley, covering a total area of 85,883 hectares, There are more than 20 peaks over 3,000 meters, with the highest being Mulhacén (3479 m), Veleta (3396 m) and Alcazaba (3371 m). The rivers that rise on the north face of the range feed the Guadalquivir basin, the most important ones being the Fardes and Genil. Meanwhile, the rivers that rise on the west and south faces run down into the Mediterranean. These include the Dúrcal, Ízbor, Trevélez and Poqueira, which are all tributaries of the Guadalfeo, which itself rises in the Sierra Nevada, and the Adra and Andarax, with their tributaries. The south and west faces are where you will find the majority of the almost 50 high-mountain lakes that exist in the Sierra Nevada, many of which are also the sources of streams and rivers. Much of the landscape, particularly above 2,400 metres (which was the perpetual snow line prior to the Holocene period) was shaped by the action of glaciers, resulting in characteristic U-shaped valleys.

==Flora and fauna  ==

Due to its isolated location in the far south of Europe, the flora and fauna of the Sierra Nevada are unique. During the last ice age, species moved south to escape the colder climate in the north, and as the climate grew warmer again, these species survived by taking refuge in the mountains. 2,100 plant species had been catalogued in the park, 116 of which were classified as threatened, and over 60 of which were considered unique to the area (endemic).

Threatened species include Artemisia granatensis, a sub-species of the Marsh Gentian endemic to the Sierra Nevada and the alpine meadow-rue. One of the most emblematic plants of the Sierra Nevada is the Plantago nivalis, also known as the Snow Star.

The park is home to a thriving Spanish ibex population, along with other species such as wild boar, martens, badgers and wildcats. Native bird species include the Golden Eagle, Bonelli's Eagle, Common Kestrel, Little Owl, Eurasian Eagle-owl, European Goldfinch, Serin, Ortolan, Dartford Warbler, Wheateater, Red-legged Partridge and Common Quail.

On the edge of the park lies the Botanic Garden of Cortijuela, where the endemic species of the Sierra are investigated and preserved.

Biosphere Reserve
The Sierra Nevada is also protected as a Biosphere Reserve. As at 2024 the enlargement of the buffer zone of the reserve is under consideration in response to a request from UNESCO.

Activities

The Sierra Nevada Ski Station, which hosted the Alpine World Ski Championships in 1996, is Europe's southernmost ski resort. Thanks to its high altitude, the skiing season can last from late November until the start of May.

Bases for hiking or bird-watching in the Sierra Nevada include Capileira, Trevélez, Monachil, Güéjar Sierra and Bubión. It is relatively easy to reach the summits of Mulhacén and Veleta, whereas Alcazaba is slightly harder to reach. Dotted around the Sierra Nevada there are a number of mountain cabins ("refugios") designed for the use of hikers. The three staffed cabins charge a small amount for overnight stays. There are a further six unstaffed cabins in a reasonable state of repair, which are free of charge.

title: Sierra Nevada National Park (Spain)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Campion School Mumbai

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was deleted through the copyvio process. —Korath (Talk) 22:32, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)

Campion School Mumbai
High school in Mumbai. Encyclopedic nature debatable. Currently NPOV. -- Brhaspati (talk, contribs) 09:56, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * Copyvio of . Tagged and blanked Kappa 11:05, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, school cruft, copyright violation. Megan1967 22:36, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Jayjg (talk) 20:50, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. DaveTheRed 23:04, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:57, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a school. --Centauri 10:32, 2 Mar 2005
 * Has been marked copyvio - David Gerard 00:21, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ComCat 02:22, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Kadril

I absolutely love wikis, so I can't help but contribute to this one. I expect to edit pages that I know something about, mainly in the fields of real estate law and mortgage lending, with a specialty in anti-predatory lending law. But probably in other topics like gardening and who-knows-what-else by the time I'm done.

Feel free to leave me a comment on my talk page, if you so desire.

scratchpad
http://www.nynewsday.com/news/local/queens/nyc-nabe0304,0,1679787.story?coll=nyc-manheadlines-queens

"We sometimes mix sub-prime and predatory and they're not the same thing," Meeks said. "I don't want to throw the baby out with the bath water. There is a need for sub-prime lenders, as long as it isn't usurious or predatory."

U.S. Rep. Gregory Meeks (D-Jamaica) (NY state)

http://www.responsiblelending.org/pdfs/PPP_Policy_Paper2.pdf

Why Prepayment Penalties are Abusive in Subprime Home Loans

title: User:Kadril