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Aegean Airlines

Aegean Airlines S.A. (legal name Αεροπορία Αιγαίου Α.Ε., Aeroporía Aigaíou ) is the flag carrier of Greece and the largest Greek airline by total number of passengers carried, by number of destinations served, and by fleet size. A Star Alliance member since June 2010, it operates scheduled and charter services from Athens and Thessaloniki to other major Greek, European and Middle Eastern destinations. Its main hubs are Athens International Airport in Athens, Macedonia International Airport in Thessaloniki and Larnaca International Airport in Cyprus. It also uses other Greek airports as bases, some of which are seasonal. It has its head office in Kifisia, a suburb of Athens.

On 21 October 2012, Aegean Airlines announced that it had struck a deal to acquire Olympic Air, and the buyout was approved by the European Commission a year later, on 9 October 2013. Both carriers continue to operate under separate brands. In addition, Aegean Airlines participated in the final stages of the tender for the privatization of Cyprus Airways, the national carrier of Cyprus. Following the bankruptcy of Cyprus Airways, Aegean Airlines established a hub at Larnaca Airport, thus initiating scheduled flights to and from the island to various destinations and filling the service gap created by the services termination of Cyprus Airways.

Beginnings
The company was founded in 1995, taking over activities from Aegean Aviation. It commenced VIP flights from Athens all over the world with wholly owned Learjet aircraft.

Commercial flights
Aegean's first commercial flights were in May 1999 from Athens to Heraklion, Crete and Thessaloniki with 2 new wholly owned British Aerospace Avro RJ100. In December 1999 Aegean acquired Air Greece. Since 2005, the airline has been in partnership with Lufthansa. In March 2006, Aegean Airlines also entered into a co-operation agreement with TAP Air Portugal. In December 2008, Aegean Airlines announced its co-operation with Brussels Airlines. In 2009, Aegean Airlines started codeshare agreements with BMI, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa and TAP Air Portugal. On 26 May 2009, the Aegean Airlines' membership application was approved by the Chief Executive Board of Star Alliance. Aegean joined the alliance on 30 June 2010.

Olympic Air acquisition
In February 2010, initial shareholder discussions took place to consider co-operation between Aegean Airlines and Olympic Air fueling rumours of a possible merger. On 22 February 2010, Olympic Air and Aegean Airlines announced that they agreed to a merger. The newly merged airline was to carry the Olympic brand name and logo, after a transition period in which both airline brands would be used in parallel. The Aegean brand would cease to exist after the transition period. It was expected that the merger would be finalised and the combined airline would begin operation by October 2010.

Aegean joined Star Alliance at the end of June 2010. The intent was for the merged carrier to be a Star Alliance member, despite the fact that Olympic Air was forging ties with SkyTeam pre-merger. Star Alliance welcomed the proposed merger, releasing a statement stating "The integration teams from both sides will soon meet to assess the necessary steps, in order to guarantee a smooth transition of the merged Aegean Airlines and Olympic Air operations into the Star Alliance network".

On 26 January 2011, the European Commission blocked the merger between the two airlines, citing anti-competition concerns. The commission stated that the merger would have created a "quasi-monopoly" in Greece's air transport market, with the combined airline controlling more than 90% of the Greek domestic air transport market. The EC further stated its belief that the merger would lead to higher fares for four of the six million Greek and European passengers flying to and from Athens each year, with no realistic prospects that a new airline of sufficient size would enter the market to restrain the merged airline's pricing. Additionally, commissioner Joaquin Almunia stated that the merger would have led to higher prices and lower quality of service for Greeks and tourists traveling between Athens and the islands. Both carriers offered remedies in an attempt to ease concerns, though the EU believed that they would not be enough to protect travelers adequately and ease competition concerns. One of the remedies offered by the airlines included ceding takeoff and landing slots at Greek airports, though the commission noted that Greek airports do not suffer from the congestion observed at other European airports in previous airline mergers or alliances.

On 21 October 2012 Aegean Airlines announced that it had struck a deal to acquire Olympic Air, pending approval by the European Commission. On 23 April 2013, the European Commission issued a press release announcing it was starting an in-depth investigation into the proposed acquisition of Olympic Air by Aegean Airlines and announcing that the Commission will have decided by 3 September 2013. On 13 August 2013 it was published in the Greek media that the final decision had been delayed until 16 October 2013. The merger was approved by the European Commission on 9 October 2013 citing that "due to the on-going Greek crisis and given Olympic's own very difficult financial situation, Olympic would be forced to leave the market soon in any event".

On 1 February 2014 Aegean Airlines took over every non-Public Service Obligation route that was previously operated by Olympic Air.

Fleet renewal and COVID-19 pandemic
In June 2018, Aegean made an order of 30 aircraft from the Airbus A320neo family, and more specifically, 20 A320neo and 10 A321neo. These new aircraft would renew the company's fleet and gradually replace the older A320ceo family aircraft.

The first A320neo with Aegean's new livery and cabin was delivered in December 2019 and had its first commercial flight in February 2020 The first A321neo followed in September of 2020.

In 2019, Aegean firstly expressed its interest to acquire Croatia Airlines, the Croatian flag carrier which it was planned to be privatized by the Croatian government. It was one of the two airlines that first expressed interest, together with Spanish regional airline Air Nostrum. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Croatian government decided to not go forward with the sale.

At the end of December 2020, the European Commission approved a 120 million EUR state aid, to compensate for the financial losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aid which was given in the form of a loan, was repaid in full by March 2023.

In February 2022, Aegean announced the installation of Wi-Fi equipment to the entire A320neo family fleet as well as select older A320ceo aircraft. The service offers 3 packages: Free 10', Text and Surf, and Stream, available for purchase.

By April 2024, the original A320neo family order was extended from 30 to 50 aircraft, four of which will be A321LR models in with a dedicated long-haul cabin with "lie-flat" business class seats. These planes will be used to serve existing destinations in the Gulf states, as well as potential new destinations in Central Africa and Asia.

Ownership
the airline is owned by Theodoros Vassilakis (34.17% - 23.6% via Evertrans S.A. and 9.46% via Autοhellas S.A.), Alnesco Enterprises Company Limited (9.48%), Siana Enterprises Company Limited (9.48%), and Konstantakopoulos Achilleas (6.39%).

Business trends
In 2009, Aegean Airlines carried 6.6 million passengers surpassing its then-rival Olympic Airlines (5.2 million passengers) for the first time. Losses were incurred 2010–2012, amidst the economic crisis for Greek tourism and the economy in general; passengers carried fell to 6.1 million, although the load factor increased to 74.3%. The group returned to profit in 2013, with further growth from 2014 with the takeover of Olympic Air operations.

Recent business trends for the group are shown below (for year ending 31 December; figures from 2014 onward include Olympic Air):

Codeshare agreements
Aegean Airlines codeshares with the following airlines:

 * airBaltic
 * Air Canada
 * Air Serbia
 * Brussels Airlines
 * Bulgaria Air
 * Cyprus Airways
 * EgyptAir
 * Emirates
 * Ethiopian Airlines
 * Etihad Airways
 * Eurowings
 * Hainan Airlines
 * Juneyao Air
 * Kuwait Airways
 * LOT Polish Airlines
 * Lufthansa
 * Oman Air
 * Saudia
 * Scandinavian Airlines
 * Singapore Airlines
 * Swiss International Air Lines
 * TAP Air Portugal
 * TAROM
 * Turkish Airlines
 * Volotea

Additionally, Aegean Airlines has a commercial agreement with Trenitalia.

Charter flights
During the summer season, Aegean Airlines operates several A320s, performing charter services in association with major tour operators. The charter flights connect popular holiday destinations in Greece to Italy, France, United Kingdom, Poland, Israel, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Norway, Slovenia, Austria, Germany, Hungary, Ukraine and other countries. In recent years, they have also operated charter flights for sport teams, for example, when the Greece national basketball team is playing abroad.

Aegean Airlines also owned a 51% stake in Animawings, a Romanian charter airline, from 2021 to 2024.

Current fleet
, Aegean Airlines operates an all-Airbus fleet, consisting of the following aircraft:

In addition to the aircraft above, Aegean Airlines also operates a Learjet 60. The aircraft is used for the provision of VIP services and executive travel, in a non-scheduled flight basis.

Fleet development
In its history, the airline has so far made two strategic moves concerning its fleet. The first was meant to withdraw all turboprop planes from the fleet, which was accomplished in May 2004. In December 2005, the carrier placed an order for eight Airbus A320s.

In August 2010, Aegean Airlines became the first airline to commit to upgrading its Airbus A320 family fleet with the FANS-B+ datalink system offered by Airbus. By March 2014, passenger cabins across the entire fleet were retrofitted with brand-new reclining Aviointeriors Columbus Two seats, which are thinner and lighter, allowing the addition of an extra row. In 2014, Aegean Airlines also completed the purchase of seven brand-new Airbus A320ceo (current engine option) aircraft to add to its fleet; all deliveries were completed by early 2016.

In June 2018, Aegean firmed up a purchase agreement with Airbus for 10 A321neos and 20 A320neos, following a memorandum of understanding signed in March that year. The company also intended to lease up to 20 more Airbus aircraft.

Historical fleet
In addition to its current aircraft, Aegean Airlines previously operated the following types:

 * Airbus A319-100
 * ATR 72-200
 * ATR 72-500 (wet-leased from SwiftAir)
 * Boeing 737-300
 * Boeing 737-400
 * British Aerospace Avro RJ100

Livery
The original Aegean Airlines livery is mostly "Eurowhite", featuring a thin red line towards the lower part of the fuselage. Above it, the fuselage is white and features the airline's name, written in dark blue using trademarked font series. Below the red line, the fuselage is painted grey. The Aegean Airlines logo featuring two seagulls flying in front of the sun, is featured on the tail of the aircraft.

During the A320neo delivery presentation, Aegean Airlines unveiled the new logo and livery inspired by Greek sky and seas, historical architecture and the country's design heritage. The new logo consisted of 2 seagulls in different sizes formed into a bigger seagull in the balanced and harmonical symmetry, representing the true spirit of Greece and the airline's values. The new livery follows the Greek identity, features a combination of the white and blue colors that representing traditional and modern Greek culture.

In addition to the standard livery, Aegean Airlines uses several non-standard liveries, such as one advertising Star Alliance as well as one celebrating the new Acropolis Museum.

Frequent-flyer program
Miles+Bonus is the frequent flyer program of Aegean Airlines and its Olympic Air subsidiary. It is a rebranding of Miles&Bonus, the former frequent flyer program of Aegean as well as a replacement for Olympic Air's Travelair Club. Miles+Bonus has three tiers: Blue, Silver and Gold.

Airport lounges
Gold members of Miles+Bonus, or those with Gold status in another Star Alliance airline, as well as passengers traveling on business class on an Aegean Airlines or other Star Alliance flight, all have access to the three Aegean Business Lounges in Athens, Thessaloniki and Larnaca.

title: Aegean Airlines


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Computing/Early computers task force/Generations

I use the following mental model of the "generations" of early electronic computers (the mechanical ones are a whole hierarchy unto themselves):

 * Zeroth: Electronic computing devices which were not true stored-program computers - Colossus computer (misnamed article), ENIAC
 * First: One-off tube computers: Pilot ACE, Manchester Mark 1, EDSAC, SEAC, EDVAC, IAS, Whirlwind, etc
 * Second: Early production tube machines: Ferranti Mark 1, DEUCE, UNIVAC I, ERA 1101, IBM 701, IBM 650, IBM 702
 * Third: Mature production tube machines: IBM 704, IBM 705, AN/FSQ-7
 * Fourth: Experimental transistor machines: TX-0
 * Fifth: Early production transistor computers: PDP-1, IBM 7090
 * Sixth: Mature transistorized machines: PDP-6, KA-10
 * Seventh: Experimental IC machines: MU-5
 * Eighth: Early production IC computers: PDP-8, PDP-11/20

Anything after that can't possibly be called an "early" computer!

Note: Machines are listed for illustrative purposes only - this list is not by any means intended to be a comprehensive list of all the machines of any particular generation.

-- --Bubba73 18:53, 26 May 2005 (UTC) Also, the Harvard Mark I and IBM SSEC sould probably be included as your "zeroth", changing the ones following, making the first all-electronic ones the "first". Bubba73 July 6, 2005 15:11 (UTC)
 * Note that these categories of early computers conflict with what are generally called the computer generations: 1 = tubes, 2 = transistors, 3 = integrated circuits, 4 = microchips. I think they should be called something different to avoid confusion.  Something such as zeroth=1A, first=1B, second=1C, third=1D, fourth=2A, etc.

I'd suggest that the Colossus computer article is not mis-named, because the Colossi were definitely digital (partly) electronic computing machines. They were also programmable to a limited extent. What they were not was either general purpose or Turing-complete.

As with the original version of ENIAC, Colossus was not software programmable.

86.141.196.130 (talk) 23:10, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Whalley Range, Manchester

Whalley Range is an area of Manchester, England; it is located about 2 miles south-west of the city centre. The population at the 2011 census was 15,430. Historically in Lancashire, it was one of the earliest of the city's suburbs, built by local businessman Samuel Brooks.

History
Whalley Range, formally known as Whalley in the Range, was one of Manchester's first suburbs; it was built by Manchester banker and businessman Samuel Brooks as "a desirable estate for gentlemen and their families."

In September 1834, Brooks bought 39 Lancashire acres of land from Robert Fielden, called Oak Farm in Moss Side, also known locally as Barber's Farm; he also bought 42 Lancashire acres from the Egerton Estate. This land is described in the deeds as being part of Hough Moss, but in the Egerton Estate's records as Fletcher's Moss. It was also known locally as Jackson's, Plant's or Woodall's Moss, and was part of the Manor of Withington. In 1867, the area was given its own postcode by the post office: 'Manchester SW 16'. In 1894, the area north of the Black Brook was incorporated into the newly formed Stretford Urban District.

Upon the sale of Manley Hall in 1905, a contiguous strip of land was added to the south and west of the estate for house building, formerly being a part of the township of Chorlton-cum-Hardy. Brooks drained it because all of this land was covered in peat from a thickness of eighteen inches to three feet; he built villas initially for wealthy businessmen such as himself.

Brooks was born near Whalley, Lancashire, after which he named his own home Whalley House, which may be the origin of the area's name. A toll gate guarded this exclusive area and the place where Chorlton Road and Withington Road meet is still known as Brooks' Bar. The toll gate was first removed to the junction with Wood Road and the charging of tolls came to an end on 10 June 1896.

The residents never tried to incorporate the area as a separate local authority, as in the age of light-touch government they saw no need. The area was more or less equally divided between the Moss Side and Withington Urban Districts (some existing street furniture remains from that period). The urban district councils in turn sub-contracted some functions to Lancashire County Council, notably policing (see 'Murder most foul' below). Additionally the residents paid for a private police force, to collect tolls and protect property. This arrangement seemed to be quite effective, as the area rarely appears in Victorian and Edwardian crime reports, with the one exception below. The private police survived the elimination of toll-charging and incorporation into the City, only becoming defunct with the manpower shortages of the First World War. Residents to the south of the area could also call on the Cheshire Lines Committee Police and Manchester City Council maintained a park police.

The unusual nature of the area has given rise to some myths, notably that no alcohol could be sold within it. Brooks was a High Church Anglican, so there was no religious reason for any restrictive covenants, rather a desire to keep up the tone of the area. Whalley Range had several private members' clubs (see the Carlton Club below), as well as a public hall and a cinema in Withington Road, at the end of Dudley Road. Also in Withington Road was the Caught on the Hop pub on Withington Road, as well as the much older Whalley Hotel, at the Brooks' Bar corner of Upper Chorlton Road, and the Seymour at the other end; all have now been either demolished or sold for other uses.

The original plans for the area envisaged it as much larger; for instance, Hough End Crescent was meant to be an arc of very large houses, linking the ends of Alexandra and Withington Roads. This idea was made impossible by the difficulty of draining the area and the later building of the railway. Drainage difficulties are a feature of the area, as it was crossed by a large number of streams, some being notable as open sewers. Many roads are in fact built over culverts, notably Upper Chorlton Road and Brantingham Road. As late as the 1930s, significant drainage work had to be carried out in the Manley Road area. Clarendon Road was built on the site of clay pits and needed remedial work on gable-ends due to subsidence in the 1980s. Even today, the remaining open brooks are regularly worked on to prevent flooding.

Incorporation shrank the area considerably, thanks to ward and constituency boundary changes. West Point was lost to Chorlton and Darley Park to Old Trafford, as well as the eastern side at the north end of Withington Road. Postcode changes, made necessary by the inter-war development of the Egerton Estate, meant that the southern end of the area was lost.

Whalley Range has had a large Polish community since the late 1940s.

By the 1960s, the area became synonymous with bedsit-land; the encroachment of property developers and gained a poor reputation as a red-light district. There has been a recent return of this phenomenon. Estate agents took to describing it as Chorlton Borders and the City Council made a short-lived attempt to rename it as East Chorlton. However, the area had two redoubtable female defenders: one of these was Ingeborg Tipping, the Chair of the Residents' Association, who made great efforts to ensure the area was properly policed, among many other matters; the other was Kath Fry, the late City Councillor, who was a highly proactive champion of the area.

In 1930, a cinema in Withington Road was opened as the West End; in 1937, it became part of the Odeon cinema chain. In 1962, it was converted into a bingo hall, but this closed in the late 1970s; it was once billed as "the largest luxury talkie theatre in Europe." After a period of dereliction, it was demolished in 1986.

On 24 June 2012, the Olympic Torch passed along the full length of Upper Chorlton Road on its nationwide tour.

Transport
Public transport was resisted until the whole area became incorporated into the City of Manchester. No railway line was allowed through it; the nearest railway station was Wilbraham Road, located at the southern end of Alexandra Road South, designed to serve the Alexandra Park Aerodrome at Hough End. The aerodrome ran a scheduled service to Croydon Airport. The travel agent, Robinson's on Withington Road, would reassure nervous passengers' relatives, by sending round a messenger boy once news of a safe landing had been received telegraphically. The aerodrome, along with its ancillary landing-field at Turn Moss in Stretford, closed in 1924. The station was closed in July 1958, although it had a one day reprieve on 7 May 1964 as Chorltonville station, for a Granada TV showcase of Blues musicians staged at the site.

Stretford horse-drawn trams had to terminate at their stables at the corner of Cornbrook Road and Chorlton Road, until Stretford built up to Brooks' Bar, when they were allowed to terminate at the Withington Road side of the Whalley Hotel. Manchester trams ended at the Prince of Wales Hotel, at the corner of Moss Lane West and Upper Moss Lane, in Moss Side. As Alexandra Road became an important shopping street, the trams terminated at their stables at the end of Range Road. By the 1920s, however, Whalley Range was fully served and the Clarendon Road/Manley Park development had its own eccentric no. 86 motorbus route. The area also had its own ghost bus, which served the above station, timed to meet trains, for at least a decade after passenger services stopped. Taxi ranks were established outside the shops on Withington Road, as well as outside the Whalley and Seymour Hotels, which were at the southern end of Upper Chorlton Road).

Manley Hall
Manley Hall was built by the wealthy businessman Samuel Mendel, near to the present-day Manley Park, in the 1860s. It was very grand and contained a fine art collection; the gardens were extensive and the cost of building was £120,000. After Lord Egerton, the lord of the manor, and William Cunliffe Brooks, Mendel was one of the richer residents. He converted from Judaism to High Church Anglicanism and, with the above two grandees, worshipped at the Old Church of St Clement, Chorlton. Along with Brooks and Egerton, he opposed the building of a new church for the expanding population; however, the opening of the Suez Canal caused such problems for the Mendel trading business that he became a bankrupt and the hall was put up for sale. No buyer for something so grand could be found, (cf. the fate of nearby Longford Park, bought by the local authority) and it fell into disrepair. Until it was demolished in about 1905, it was used as a pleasure garden, its most famous visitor being Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

PC Nicholas Cock
An infamous murder in the area occurred when it was at the height of its fashionable status in the 1870s. PC Nicholas Cock was a Lancashire Constabulary beat officer for the then sparsely-populated Chorlton-cum-Hardy and Firs Farm areas. At around midnight on 1 August 1876, he was talking to a Whalley Range private policeman at the corner of Rye Bank Road and Trafford Road (now Seymour Grove). They heard a suspicious noise coming from the house of Samuel Gratrix, a wealthy member of the Manchester Exchange. They separated to investigate the outside of the property and PC Cock was fatally shot; the bullet embedded itself in the boundary wall. The building, West Point, was later substantially extended on its eastern side to become the Seymour Hotel, but the place in the wall where the bullet lodged was marked, and was visible on Woodside Road. The wall has since been demolished with the rest of the building. PC Cock died on 2 August 1876 and was buried in Chorlton's Old Churchyard, although his elaborate gravestone, paid for by public subscription, was removed in 1956 to the Lancashire Constabulary HQ at Hutton near Preston.

Two local farm labourers living at nearby Firs Farm Cottages, the Habron brothers, were suspected; William Habron (aged 18) was tried and condemned for the murder, although there must have been some doubt, as the sentence was commuted. Some years later, an infamous criminal, Charles Peace, confessed to the murder before he was due for execution; because of this, Habron was released and given £1,000, held in trust by his former employer at Firs Farm, and the Roman Catholic Bishop of Salford, Herbert Vaughan. The intention was for Habron to buy a farm locally, which would have cost around £250, but he chose to return to County Mayo in Ireland, where he ran a beer shop for many years.

Votes for Women
Whalley Range had another unusual feature for Victorian times: enfranchised women. The Poor Law Unions linked representation with taxation; anyone with an interest in real property above a certain rateable value could vote on local matters, irrespective of gender. The successor urban district councils continued this rule. In Moss Side, for instance, of the 55,000 approximate population, about 3,300 could vote. Married women could not vote, their property interests were subordinate to their husbands, but wealthy widows and single women (spinsters) could. This period of enfranchisement appears to end with incorporation. Women graduates of Oxbridge and, from 1918, seven other universities as the Combined English Universities could vote in both local and national elections, in the constituencies specifically set aside for those institutions.

Governance
The ward was until 2009 in Manchester Central Constituency represented by Tony Lloyd (Labour), it then became part of Manchester Gorton for the 2010 elections. The seat has been represented in Westminster by Afzal Khan since June 2017. The ward boundaries were redrawn in 2018. Some streets in the South West of the ward are now in Chorlton Park (ward) and a part of Moss Side is now included; the former part of the Moss Side ward is still part of the Manchester Central parliamentary constituency represented by Lucy Powell MP (Labour).

The area is represented in Manchester City Council by three Labour councillors: Angeliki Stogia, Muqaddasah Bano and Aftab Razaq.
 * Councillors

indicates seat up for re-election. indicates councillor defected.

Geography
Whalley Range is a suburban area in south-west Manchester; it is bordered by Chorlton-cum-Hardy to the south and south-west, Old Trafford and Firswood to the north and west, Moss Side to the north-east, and Fallowfield to the south-east.

In Whalley Range there are two culverted small streams named Dog Kennel Brook and Longford Brook respectively. Dog Kennel Brook is culverted along its entire length and it is partially located in the eastern half of Whalley Range having its source in Rusholme it is suspected that it was used to fill the dog bone shaped lake in Alexandra Park. It runs underneath Alexandra Rd S for a part of its length before joining the Platt Brook the exact location of its outfall is unclear. Longford Brook is partially fed by Dog Kennel Brook via an overflow pipe. It runs under Brantingham Rd and feeds the Bridgewater Canal. It outfalls into Bent Lanes Brook a tributary of the River Irwell, all this is written about by Geoffery Ashworth in his book 'The Lost Rivers of Manchester'.

Topography
Whalley Range is characterised by large detached and semi-detached Victorian houses, many of which have been converted into flats, intermixed with late 20th century low-rise blocks of flats, with some early 20th-century housing to the west. Many of the roads and avenues are lined with trees. The district has limited shopping facilities, as these were felt to be unnecessary for the class of person envisaged as a resident; these are predominantly found on Withington Road and on Upper Chorlton Road.

A peculiarity of Upper Chorlton Road is that along most of its length the two sides of the road are in separate metropolitan boroughs, with the boundary in the centre of the road; going southwards, the left side is in the City of Manchester and the right side in the Borough of Trafford. The street furniture is different. In the earlier 20th century, the tramway systems were different; Manchester Corporation Tramways designs were faced by those of Stretford Urban District. Boundary anomalies along the route were only corrected in the late 1980s. Upper Chorlton Road was laid out so that the classical doorway of Williams & Glyn's Bank, on Chorlton Road in Old Trafford, was visible along almost all its length. The road had several drill halls on its length.

The most obvious is the red-brick castellated building at the corner of Kings Road (in Old Trafford). It dates from 1903 and the design is influenced by Tudor architecture. It actually extended over a considerable area to the rear; it is now occupied by the M16 Postal Sorting Office, some open land and derelict buildings. It housed a military police unit and the Air Training Corps but there is the 207 Manchester Field Hospital in 2011. The ATC has moved to Hough End in Withington, a relic of its time as Alexandra Park Aerodrome. The Yeomanry had two depots on Upper Chorlton Road; one is now a housing estate, the other a Council depot. A largely redundant centre is still in partial use near the end of College Road, it formerly housed the Royal Corps of Transport (now in Weaste) and the Royal Marines.

The area also had a feature that appears in many Victorian and Edwardian large-scale developments in Manchester: the entirely private road. Some can still be seen off Wilbraham Road and the best example elsewhere in the area is Green Walk off Wood Road. Wellington Road was only adopted by the highway authority within living memory; the stretch between Alness Road and Alexandra Road is still wholly owned by St Bede's College, as it bisects their campus. The area also has no 'streets', as these were a status indicator to Victorians. The few extant highways were renamed 'road' from 'lane', as this also indicated a certain status. This appears to be merely a fashion, however, as later Victorians appeared to favour the bucolic part of the 'rus in urbes' equation. Too bucolic, however, was not popular either: Doghouse Lane became Kingsbrook Road and Dark Lane became Clarendon Road.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census
 * White British – 38.7%
 * White Other – 7.0%
 * White Irish – 2.5%
 * Mixed Race – 5.3%
 * British Asian – 30.7%
 * Black British – 10.1%
 * Arab or other – 5.5%

Churches and chapels
Religion played a major role in Victorian life, and the size and number of religious buildings testifies to this. Although Brooks was a High Church Anglican, he allowed non-Anglican Christian denominations (Roman Catholics, Methodists, and other non-conformists) to buy and build on substantial plots, as long as these were on the fringes of the development.

There are Anglican parish churches in Whalley Range: St Margaret's, significantly positioned in the heart of the original phase of development, on the corner of Whalley Road and Rufford Road, and St Edmund's on Alexandra Road South opposite Alexandra Park. The original St Edmund's Grade II listed building has been converted into apartments, and the church congregation now meets in the modern worship-centre next door. Also on Alexandra Road South is the Manchester Chinese Church, and on Withington Road is Whalley Range Methodist Church. Manley Park Methodist Church is on Egerton Road North; the congregation began worshipping in a tin tabernacle in 1905 and the present building was opened in 1910. The Welsh Methodist congregation worshipped next door, in a smaller brick building.

Near Hartley Hall is the English Martyrs Roman Catholic Church, built in 1895–96: the tall spire is its most remarkable feature. From the time of the school's move to Alexandra Road South, St Bede's College supported the nearby St Bede's Mission, and priests on the school's staff worked to provide for the spiritual needs of the Catholic population in Whalley Range. In 1893 the Bishop of Salford, John Bilsborrow, appointed Father James Rowan, a former teacher at the college, as priest-in-charge of the district. The new church was consecrated on the Feast of the English Martyrs, 4 May 1922. There were also two convents; the Cenacle, on Alexandra Road, and Mount Carmel, on Whalley Road. Another Roman Catholic congregation meets in Deerpark Road.

There are also New Testament Church of God (in Upper Chorlton Road, formerly a Nonconformist chapel, and lacking the upper part of the spire which was deliberately removed), and Spiritualist (in Alexandra Road South) churches.

Other places of worship
The Minhaj-ul-Qur'an Central Mosque is on Withington Road and the British Muslim Heritage Centre occupies what was formerly the Northern Congregational College in College Road. One of the earliest mosques is the Zakariyyah Mosque on Clarendon Road, dating back to the early 1980s. There are a number of smaller mosques. There is a Hindu temple in a former chapel on the corner of Wilbraham Road and Withington Road; on Upper Chorlton Road near Brooks's Bar is a Sikh temple. A new £2 million Gurdwara (Sikh place of worship) and cultural centre has been constructed on Upper Chorlton Road. This opened on 14 March 2011. The Vairochana Buddhist Centre was once in Dudley Road but has moved to Chorlton-cum-Hardy. The ISKCON Hare Krishna movement has a centre on Mayfield Road.

Sport
Whalley Range AFC was founded in 1900 and is still going to this day. It is based at Kings Road, Whalley Range; the entrance gates are opposite Daventry Road. It has two pitches, clubhouse, changing rooms and an outside bar. Its first team plays in the Cheshire Football League on Saturdays.

Whalley Range Lawn Tennis & Cricket Club was established in 1845.

Education
The Lancashire Independent College at College Road (1840–43) was established by the Lancashire Congregational Union to train ministers for service. The architects were Francis Chester and John Gould Irwin; the style is neo-Gothic. George Hadfield MP gave £2,000 towards the building costs and laid the foundation stone. It is the area's best-known building and has been in continuous educational use since it was built.

Following the Nazi takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1938, the University used it to house refugee Czech academics and intellectuals. Ironically, in the German Invasion Handbook for Operation Sea Lion (Unternehmen Seelöwe), it was named as one of several large properties in the area suitable for use by the occupation authorities. It closed as a Congregational College in the late 20th century and has since been reused by the General, Municipal and Boilermakers' Union (GMB) as a training centre for their trade union members. At the beginning of this century the union tried to sell it to developers. A successful protest movement was convened by Jeremi Palka-Zawadzki, a long-term resident, and others.

It now operates as the British Muslim Heritage Centre (BMHC) and has undergone a multimillion-pound repair and renovation. The centre held its first public outdoor event, BMHC Family Day, on Sunday 1 May 2011.

Secondary schools
St Bede's College (on Alexandra Road South), a Roman Catholic independent school founded in 1876, was originally built as an aquarium but this was not a commercial success. The college acquired it after having been established in Manchester city centre. It is built of red brick and terracotta and the frontage is very ornate. If the building appears asymmetrical, that is because the money ran out for a wing on the north side of the main entrance, built in the 1870s. It was only in the 1930s that the College gave up the land at the end of Mayfield Road, preferring to expand eclectically westwards toward Alness Road, then known as Albert Road. At the same time, it sold its playing fields, which had been between College Road and Burford Road; this was originally the site of Whalley Range Cricket Club and where St Margaret's C.E. Primary now has its playing fields, acquiring the freehold of Whalley Farm. The area west of Withington Road became playing fields, the rest continued as a farm until the late 1960s, when it became the site of St George's RC High School. In the 1980s, the Cenacle Convent's large red brick building on Wellington Road became part of the College's campus, along with the area freed by the demolition of several houses on that road.

William Hulme's Grammar School (in Springbridge Road) was established as an independent school in 1887; it became a direct grant grammar school in 1946 and returned to full independence in 1976. In 2007, the school rejoined the state education sector, scrapping its annual tuition fees and selective admissions test in exchange for funding as an academy. The school's specialist subject is languages and it will continue to select 10% of its pupils on the basis of their aptitude for modern languages.

Hartley College further down Alexandra Road South was built as a Primitive Methodist College in 1879; it is now a Muslim school, Kassim Darwish Grammar School for Boys.

Whalley Range High School and Business and Enterprise College is a large non-denominational secondary school for girls on Wilbraham Road, where it moved to in the 1930s from a smaller site on the corner of Burford Road and Withington Road (known then as 'Britannia Row', because of the large statue of Britannia on the frontage of an annexe on Burford Road. The statue came from Manchester's old Town Hall on King Street). There was also a Preparatory Department at Crimsworth, now the site of Manley Park Junior School. The anomalous bulge and bend in Withington Road at this point is explained by the need for a carriage entrance to this building. Unusually, the school had begun as a boys' school on Graeme Street, before moving to this site. It only became a girls' school in 1891, as a counterpart to the two boys' schools mentioned above. Nowadays, the large majority of students is from minority ethnic backgrounds, many originating in Pakistan. Almost all of the students in the sixth form are from minority ethnic backgrounds. The number of students whose first language is other than English is much higher than the national average, with the three most common languages spoken by students being Urdu, Somali and Arabic. The school has specialist status as a business and enterprise college and, since 2007, has also been a designated sports college. Estelle Morris, now Baroness Morris of Yardley and one-time Secretary of State for Education and Skills and Minister for the Arts, is a notable alumnus.

Primary schools
Our Lady's R.C. Primary School on Whalley Road was partly housed, until the 1990s, in the former Imperial German consulate, seized during the First World War by the Custodian of Enemy Property.

Originally, there was meant to be a third parallel road to York Avenue and Cromwell Avenue, called Woodlands Road, but the authorities noticed the large number of children now growing up in the area. The developer was therefore only allowed to build Bury Avenue; the rest of the plot was devoted to Manley Park County Primary School and a recreation ground, now known as Manley Park.. After the phase of further developments on the Egerton Estate, the school expanded into the Crimsworth Annexe, a large house and garden at the west end of College Road.

St Margaret's CE Primary School on Withington Road occupies the pre-Second World War site of Whalley Range High School. The playing fields at the rear had formerly belonged to St Bede's College.

Hospitals
The Spire Manchester Hospital was located in Russell Road; it was formerly run by BUPA. The private hospital was demolished, after Spire relocated to West Didsbury in 2016. The site was once occupied by the Nello James Centre, named after C. L. R. James; it had been a Red Cross Hospital dating from the First World War.

Cultural associations
The poet Jane Crewdson lived for part of her life in Whalley Range. The writer Dodie Smith spent part of her early life at Claremont, Wood Road, as she records in her autobiography Look Back With Love (1974).

The district has a number of cultural associations, including:
 * Steve Hopkins, record producer and keyboardist of John Cooper Clarke, Nico, the Invisible Girls and the Archangel Orchestra, lives in Whalley Range and has an art studio there.
 * The Smiths' eponymous album mentions Whalley Range in the song "Miserable Lie", with the lyrics "What do we get for our trouble and pain? / Just a rented room in Whalley Range".
 * Nigel Pivaro, actor and journalist, was baptised at English Martyrs RC Church in 1960.
 * Les Dawson, comedian and writer, died at the Spire Hospital on 10 June 1993.
 * Michael McGoldrick (born 26 November 1971, Manchester, England) is a folk musician who plays Irish flute, uilleann pipes, low whistle and bodhran. McGoldrick is the composer of the very popular tune "Farewell to Whalley Range which he has recorded with John McSherry on their album At First Light, and on the Capercaille album Nadurra.
 * Philomena Lynott (1930-2019), Irish mother of Thin Lizzy frontman Phil Lynott, ran the Clifton Grange Hotel (on the corner of Wellington Road and Alness Road) from 1966 to 1980. On visits to Manchester, Phil Lynott would stay, and wrote songs about the colourful 'showbiz' clientele who would frequent the hotel. The Thin Lizzy songs Clifton Grange Hotel, Johnny The Fox Meets Jimmy The Weed and The Boys Are Back in Town were inspired by characters and events in the hotel.

Notable people

 * John Prettyjohns VC, the first Royal Marine to be awarded the Victoria Cross, was subsequently the Steward of the Whalley Range Bowling Club on Demesne Road.
 * Bishop Geoffrey Ignatius Burke MA (1913-1999) was an English Roman Catholic bishop.
 * The band James formed here in 1982.
 * Comedian Jason Manford grew up in Whalley Range and went to St. Margaret's Primary School on Withington Road.
 * Noel Aspinall, Archdeacon of Manchester; Rector of St Edmund, Whalley Range and of St George's, Hulme.
 * Gillian Gilbert of New Order was born here.

title: Whalley Range, Manchester


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User:Mitaphane

Mitaphane (/'mitəˌfen/) is the screenname for the wikipedian Shawn Conn. When he's not writing about himself in the 3rd person or adding hyperlinks to many things, he's usually writing, working, reading, playing video games, or following his next big interest in life. He mostly writes wikipedia articles (with some work on Wikiquote) about video games or computers due to his background in Computer Science and video games, but occasionally has other interests he contributes to.

Beliefs
I am generally against the use of labels when it comes to people and their beliefs. Not only does it frequently create misconceptions about others, it is also divisive. That is not to say labels are pointless; often it is important for groups of people to be "on the same page" so that a group can act in unison for the good of a particular purpose or cause. Case in point, a wikipedian should be a person committed to the causes of the Wikipedia. However, at all times, a person should never surrender their rational thought for the sake of inclusion within a group; it is important to stay vigilant against the blindness of dogmatism. For that reason, there aren't many beliefs I ascribe myself to. Although, there are some beliefs that describe me better than others. popular culture information]] but that's a demographic problem, not a problem inherit to the concept of Wikipedia. With general guidelines, policies, practices, and enough dedicated people, an ordered process of creating very informative articles can take place. I think of it much like a massive journalistic research project. An encyclopedia, being a tertiary source, summarizes all the secondary sources it has. Without any sources, an article can only credibly, at best, give a definitions of a topic, which even that maybe called into question. This can tend to frustrate some editors who write stuff they know to be true. The problem is knowing something to be true doesn't prove to anyone it's true. The human mind doesn't have perfect recall. In absence of all the details about a topic, the mind will start filling in details with imagined, guessed, or fuzzy information. This is no fault of the author, is just a general limitation of the human mind. Combined with good policy, the mass torrent of information coming from many wikipedia can be culled down, verified, and provide a great amount of information from ! to 🀫
 * Politically: Pragmatic Libertarian Personally, I don't believe any political theory holds up to any stress test. There are too many different types of abilities, personalities, and creeds of people with countless many more scenarios in which people find themselves in to be described by some sort of elegant political theory. Any theory is bound to be short-sighted in that sense and any problems it solves are likely to cause some other problem (for better or worse depending  on your perspective). My philosophy has a core belief that a individual should be free to do anything he wishes so far in that he doesn't violate others' ability to do the same. That said, I also recognize people, as social creatures, benefit much more working as a group rather than as individuals and that sometimes forcing people to follow some rules (with a preference for soft power over hard power when possible) benefits everyone, including the individual even if he swears otherwise. In an ideal world, I'd imagine a place in which people could opt in/out of laws where they could solely face the consequences of their choices. Unfortunately, such a place will never exist; the actions of one person doesn't just effect himself.
 * Theologically: Strong Agnostic ( Me < Universe < Beyond ) There is absolutely no way me can fit into beyond. The human mind, or even all of humanity, with all its capacity and accomplishments, does not have the capacity to contain everything in the universe, and it certainly doesn't not have the capacity beyond that, or in other words God (who would have to stand outside the mechanics of the universe) if it exists. Saying that a person or humanity can understand something beyond the universe is naive. Religion says more about the thoughts, feelings, and beliefs of people than it does about the truth of the universe or what lies beyond. I know my limitations. Humanity should understand it's. Thinking critically, the absolute best thing I can say what I know about the universe or whatever else lies beyond that is this- nobody fucking knows.
 * Wikipedia: There is much discussion about what the Wikipedia is and what is not. To me, Wikipedia is a perpetual body of work that sums up humanity's knowledge. While Wikipedia's body of knowledge is vast, it can by no means contain every thought or piece of information ever known. Articles are meant to give the reader general relevant information about the topic, a detailed synopsis. Unfortunately, to due to systemic bias, Wikipedia gets a little heavy on [[Dates in Star Wars|ludicrous

Current Projects

 * CVG Magazine project

Other Interests

 * Beer
 * Critical Thinking
 * Economics
 * Video Game Music
 * Writing

Other Links

 * Who is the Man With the Name that Rhymes?

title: User:Mitaphane


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Henry J. M. Barnett

Henry Joseph Macaulay Barnett (February 10, 1922 – October 20, 2016), known by his colleagues and friends as "Barney", was a Canadian physician and  neurologist, a leading clinical stroke researcher as a result of being the principal investigator in several major  clinical trials. As a clinical scientist, he did pioneering research in stroke prevention, beginning with the use of aspirin.

Born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, he graduated from the University of Toronto Schools and received his medical degree from the University of Toronto in 1944.

He started to work at the University Hospital in London, Ontario and the University of Western Ontario in 1974.

Clinical Trials
Dr. Barnett published the results of his clinical trials in the New England Journal of Medicine.

Aspirin in Stroke
Aspirin had been used to prevent stroke since the 1960's but had not been scientifically proven to be effective in a randomized clinical trial. By inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, aspirin blocks the production of thromboxane in  platelets, potentially reducing  clot formation and preventing ischemic stroke. In 1978, Barnett published the results of his clinical trial demonstrating the effectiveness of aspirin in preventing stroke.

EC-IC bypass surgery
In 1985, he showed the ineffectiveness of then commonly performed bypass surgery re-routing blood flow from the extracranial to the intracranial circulation, thus saving patients from needless surgery by showing ineffectiveness of the surgical procedure in stroke prevention.

North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET)
He found effective in preventing stroke by another common surgical procedure, carotid endarterectomy, which removes atherosclerotic plaque from the bifurcation of the  carotid artery in the neck.

Honors and Awards
From its founding in 1986, he was the president and scientific director of Robarts Research Institute until his retirement in 1995.

In 1984 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 2003. In 1995 he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. In 2001 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Western Ontario, and in 2012 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Oxford.

The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada's Henry JM Barnett Research Scholarship Award is named in his honour. He died in Toronto on October 20, 2016.

title: Henry J. M. Barnett


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Clayton, Manchester

Clayton is a suburb of Manchester, England, three miles east of the city centre on Ashton New Road.

Historically in Lancashire, Clayton takes its name from the Clayton family who owned large parts of land around the area, including Clayton Vale, through which the River Medlock flows, separating Clayton from Newton Heath. Clayton was under the township of Droylsden until around 1890 when alterations to the Manchester boundary took place. Other towns added to Manchester around this time were Blackley, Crumpsall, Moston, Openshaw and Gorton.

Sport
Between 1893 and 1910, Clayton was home to Manchester United, and their precursor club Newton Heath L&YR, after Newton Heath left their North Road ground in the neighbouring district of Newton Heath. Bank Street had a capacity of 50,000 spectators, and was covered on all four sides. Shortly after Manchester United moved to their present ground, in Old Trafford, Stretford, Bank Street was severely damaged in a storm and the remains were demolished soon after.

Manchester Velodrome opened at Clayton in September 1994 and a car park serving it was constructed on the site of Manchester United's old stadium.

Clayton Hall
Clayton Hall is a 15th-century hall on Ashton New Road, in Manchester, hidden behind trees in a small park. The Hall is a Grade II* listed building, a scheduled ancient monument, and is rare example of a medieval moated site. It was originally built for the Clayton family, it passed on into the hands of the Byron family (of which the poet Lord Byron was a member) in 1194. They lived there until they sold it to two London merchants, George and Humphrey Chetham, in 1620. Humphrey Chetham is famous for founding Chetham's School and Library in the centre of Manchester.

During the Civil War, Royalist cavalry were stationed here, before the attack on Manchester. Afterwards, according to legend, Oliver Cromwell was said to have spent three nights at the Hall. In 1897, the building was acquired by Manchester City Corporation, ensuring its survival.

Clayton today
Philips Park is on the south side of the River Medlock and Philips Park Cemetery is on the north side. The park has the distinction of being Manchester's first public park and Mark Philips, who was the Member of Parliament for Manchester, opened it in 1846. It was the first of its kind in the whole of the then Great Britain and Ireland and it set the standard for many others that soon followed in towns and cities throughout Britain. It was designed to have walks, expansive lakes and glasshouses for exotic plants. It is also famous for its annual tulip festival, which is still held every year. Philips Park Cemetery was opened in 1863.

The majority of houses in Clayton are council homes. The first council (or then known as corporation) homes to be built took place around the late 1920s, building near the border of Droylsden (Bristowe Street and South Crescent, followed by North Crescent). Many more homes were to be built afterwards, building on a brick works surrounding Clayton Street, a golf course off what is now Folkestone Road West and East and cricket and football grounds off North Road and Vale Street, now known as Lingfield Road. The building associated with the cricket and football grounds still stands today, now used as a boxing club.

Frank Pritchard, who lived in Clayton as young child in the 1920s, recalls in his book East Manchester Remembered: "... Clayton was rather a posh area. Beyond Bank Street one rarely saw children bare-footed, or with their breeches' behind torn and tattered which were common sights in the streets round where I lived."

Alderdale Golf Club (now defunct) first appeared in 1907. The club disappeared in the 1920s.

Church and community
Father Alphonsus is the current priest at St. Willibrord's Church which is part of a new parish, The Parish of the Holy Spirit, along with two other nearby churches, St Bridget's, Bradford and St Anne's, Ancoats.

The church had some alterations to its interior in 2006-07, making the back of the church a focal point for various local community assemblies, where various charity fund-raising events are organized. In 2019-2020, there have been further interior improvements, with new gas central heating installed, meaning that the congregation now worships in a warm environment for the first time in decades.

The Church of St Cross was built in the 19th century and designed by William Butterfield. Butterfield was known for his budget conscious churches. The building is unique for its patterned brickwork and the richly furnished interior.

title: Clayton, Manchester


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Talk:Gene Amdahl

Recent activities as of 2004, 2005
I was too lazy to make any actual phone calls, but a web crawl shows Amdahl's involvement with Massively Parallel and nothing else. Xbridge Systems lists their current management team, but mentions nothing about Amdahl recently; he may still a board member, as a list of their board is not available from their website (and they are not public). On the positive side, an ad for a Jan 05 discussion panel with him indicates he is alive and well. --Willhsmit 02:31, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your contribution! As you know, it's absolutely a core asset of WKP that the article is as up-to-date as possible. I took the liberty of wikifying the information a little. --Wernher 20:25, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Having recently seen him at a birthday party (Gordon Bell's), he said he was mostly playing golf not far from from his home in Atherton. 143.232.210.150 (talk) 22:42, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

FUD?
Why does this article feature FUD (Fear Uncertainty Doubt) in the "See also" subheading? Is this vandalism?

 * Might not be vandalism. FUD was an accusation against IBM for nasty business practices in the 1960s and 1970s. 143.232.210.150 (talk)

 * In fact Amdahl invented the term to describe IBM's tactics in competing with his new company. sneakums (talk) 01:32, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Amdahl criminal proceedings
Where is the Gene Amdahl memorial stop light in Santa Clara? Was he driving a Rolls when he struck a pedistrian? 143.232.210.150 (talk) 22:46, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Amdahl may have driven into a motorcyclist stopped at a red light. I believe this was in the late 1970s or early 1980s. I was told at the time that a Rolls Royce drove through the stationary motorcyclist at high speed. It was at night. The individual who passed away worked for General Electric in Sunnyvale. This was a very sad event. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.167.182.223 (talk) 03:56, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

mentions Gene Amdahl, driving a Rolls Royce, hitting a motorcyclist with fatal effect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.210.193.221 (talk) 23:59, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 09:52, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Apparent vandalism by, apparently, the son of John Connolly
The section, The IBM & Amdahl years, has had various phrases injected into it which look like an attempt by a person claiming to be the son of John Connolly to insert multiple references about his father's and his own claimed connections with the subject of the article, i.e. Gene Amdahl.

As well as the inserted material having little or no direct / importance in the context of the article, the resulting sequence of words bears only casual relationship to the English language. The paragraph now reads as something which, in colloquial British slang, might be be called "a load of bollocks".

Some cleanup / reversion is needed, it seems. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.130.102.82 (talk) 08:48, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

Death
I've not seen a published source yet, but I understand Dr. Amdahl died last night, November 10. Please keep an eye out for news reports. TJRC (talk) 01:07, 12 November 2015 (UTC)

PhD Thesis
The PhD thesis is listed as "1953".

The linked document, however, says http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~bezenek/Stuff/amdahl_thesis.pdf

Page 1, submitted "Oct 11, 1951" Page 2, approved "Oct 18, 1951" Page 3, cover "1951" Page 4, library rubber stamp "DEC 13 1951" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.180.95.191 (talk) 16:09, 14 November 2015 (UTC)

Carl? Magnuson?
My industry eats its own and excretes them with little fanfare. I despair that such a titan will never receive the historical attention he deserves, either for his great successes or his spectacular failures. WP, one of the places where one finds bibs and bobs about such people and events nevertheless quite properly eschews reminiscences in favor of published secondary sources; that few of these will ever emerge is neither here nor there. Sadly, those who were witnesses are now becoming inoperative.

For a time, I occupied an office space between Dr A's and that of his chain-smoking son Carlton, who plunked himself down at the Elxsi building at 2334 Lundy Place in San Jose after Dr A went up-stumps with his CFO and his personal admin (all that was left of Trilogy except $50M) from the lavish Trilogy digs at 10500 Ridgeview Ct. in Cupertino (near Tandem Computer Sytems; both now demolished to make way for a parking structure at Apple's new "Big O"). At one point, I helped move the WISC machine from the echoey, walnut-paneled Ridgeview Ct. building to Lundy Place, where it occupied a similarly disused area at the West end of the second floor. I subsequently closed the Lundy building in October of 1989, having been briefly rehired (after everyone including myself had been laid off by a Connecticut corporate raider the previous June) to dump disk images to 9-track for shipment to TATA Elxsi. I believe that the WISC was still there, in the otherwise abandoned building. I wonder what happened to it.

What I'm surprised about here is that there's no mention of Carlton or of Magnuson Computer Systems. I'll try to find an acceptable "offspring in the same field" template and add a brief, referenced section. Rt3368 (talk) 09:00, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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USS Viper

USS Viper may refer to the following ships operated by the United States Navy:

 * USS Viper (1806) was originally the cutter Ferret but was re-rigged as a brig and renamed just before the War of 1812, during which she was captured by the British.
 * USS Viper (1814) was a galley hastily built and commissioned for use against the British on Lake Champlain during the War of 1812.
 * USS B-1 (SS-10), a B-class submarine originally named Viper and later renamed B-1.

title: USS Viper


text:
Gravitropism

Gravitropism (also known as geotropism) is a coordinated process of differential growth by a plant in response to gravity pulling on it. It also occurs in fungi. Gravity can be either "artificial gravity" or natural gravity. It is a general feature of all higher and many lower plants as well as other organisms. Charles Darwin was one of the first to scientifically document that roots show positive gravitropism and stems show negative gravitropism. That is, roots grow in the direction of gravitational pull (i.e., downward) and stems grow in the opposite direction (i.e., upwards). This behavior can be easily demonstrated with any potted plant. When laid onto its side, the growing parts of the stem begin to display negative gravitropism, growing (biologists say, turning; see tropism) upwards. Herbaceous (non-woody) stems are capable of a degree of actual bending, but most of the redirected movement occurs as a consequence of root or stem growth outside. The mechanism is based on the Cholodny–Went model which was proposed in 1927, and has since been modified. Although the model has been criticized and continues to be refined, it has largely stood the test of time.

In roots
Gravitropism in Roots.gif growth occurs by division of stem cells in the root meristem located in the tip of the root, and the subsequent asymmetric expansion of cells in a shoot-ward region to the tip known as the elongation zone. Differential growth during tropisms mainly involves changes in cell expansion versus changes in cell division, although a role for cell division in tropic growth has not been formally ruled out. Gravity is sensed in the root tip and this information must then be relayed to the elongation zone so as to maintain growth direction and mount effective growth responses to changes in orientation to and continue to grow its roots in the same direction as gravity.

Abundant evidence demonstrates that roots bend in response to gravity due to a regulated movement of the plant hormone auxin known as polar auxin transport. This was described in the 1920s in the Cholodny-Went model. The model was independently proposed by the Ukrainian scientist N. Cholodny of the University of Kyiv in 1927 and by Frits Went of the California Institute of Technology in 1928, both based on work they had done in 1926. Auxin exists in nearly every organ and tissue of a plant, but it has been reoriented in the gravity field, can initiate differential growth resulting in root curvature.

Experiments show that auxin distribution is characterized by a fast movement of auxin to the lower side of the root in response to a gravity stimulus at a 90° degree angle or more. However, once the root tip reaches a 40° angle to the horizontal of the stimulus, auxin distribution quickly shifts to a more symmetrical arrangement. This behavior is described as a "tipping point" mechanism for auxin transport in response to a gravitational stimulus.

In shoots
Gravitropism is an integral part of plant growth, orienting its position to maximize contact with sunlight, as well as ensuring that the roots are growing in the correct direction. Growth due to gravitropism is mediated by changes in concentration of the plant hormone auxin within plant cells.

As plants mature, gravitropism continues to guide growth and development along with phototropism. While amyloplasts continue to guide plants in the right direction, plant organs and function rely on phototropic responses to ensure that the leaves are receiving enough light to perform basic functions such as photosynthesis. In complete darkness, mature plants have little to no sense of gravity, unlike seedlings that can still orient themselves to have the shoots grow upward until light is reached when development can begin.

Differential sensitivity to auxin helps explain Darwin's original observation that stems and roots respond in the opposite way to the forces of gravity. In both roots and stems, auxin accumulates towards the gravity vector on the lower side. In roots, this results in the inhibition of cell expansion on the lower side and the concomitant curvature of the roots towards gravity (positive gravitropism). In stems, the auxin also accumulates on the lower side, however in this tissue it increases cell expansion and results in the shoot curving up (negative gravitropism).

A recent study showed that for gravitropism to occur in shoots, a lot of an inclination, instead of a weak gravitational force, is necessary. This finding sets aside gravity sensing mechanisms that would rely on detecting the pressure of the weight of statoliths.

In fruit
A few species of fruit exhibit negative geotropism. Bananas are one well-known example. Once the canopy that covers the fruit dries, the bananas will begin to curve upwards, towards sunlight, in what is known as phototropism. The specific chemical that initiates the upward curvature is a phytohormone in the banana called Auxin. When the banana is first exposed to sunlight after the leaf canopy dries, one face of the fruit is shaded. On exposure to sunlight, auxin in the banana migrates from the sunlight side to the shaded side. Since auxin is a powerful plant growth hormone, the increased concentration promotes cell division and causes the plant cells on the shaded side to grow. This asymmetrical distribution of auxin is responsible for the upward curvature of the banana.

Statoliths
Plants possess the ability to sense gravity in several ways, one of which is through statoliths. Statoliths are dense amyloplasts, organelles that synthesize and store starch involved in the perception of gravity by the plant (gravitropism), that collect in specialized cells called statocytes. Statocytes are located in the starch parenchyma cells near vascular tissues in the shoots and in the columella in the caps of the roots. These specialized amyloplasts are denser than the cytoplasm and can sediment according to the gravity vector. The statoliths are enmeshed in a web of actin and it is thought that their sedimentation transmits the gravitropic signal by activating mechanosensitive channels. The gravitropic signal then leads to the reorientation of auxin efflux carriers and subsequent redistribution of auxin streams in the root cap and root as a whole. Auxin moves toward higher concentrations on the bottom side of the root and suppresses elongation. The asymmetric distribution of auxin leads to differential growth of the root tissues, causing the root to curve and follow the gravity stimuli. Statoliths are also found in the endodermic layer of the hypocotyl, stem, and inflorescence stock. The redistribution of auxin causes increased growth on the lower side of the shoot so that it orients in a direction opposite that of the gravity stimuli.

Modulation by phytochrome
Phytochromes are red and far-red photoreceptors that help induce changes in certain aspects of plant development. Apart being itself the tropic factor (phototropism), light may also suppress the gravitropic reaction. In seedlings, red and far-red light both inhibit negative gravitropism in seedling hypocotyls (the shoot area below the cotyledons) causing growth in random directions. However, the hypocotyls readily orient towards blue light. This process may be caused by phytochrome disrupting the formation of starch-filled endodermal amyloplasts and stimulating their conversion to other plastid types, such as chloroplasts or etiolaplasts.

Compensation
Bending mushroom stems follow some regularities that are not common in plants. After turning into horizontal the normal vertical orientation the apical part (region C in the figure below) starts to straighten. Finally this part gets straight again, and the curvature concentrates near the base of the mushroom. This effect is called compensation (or sometimes, autotropism). The exact reason of such behavior is unclear, and at least two hypotheses exist.
 * The hypothesis of plagiogravitropic reaction supposes some mechanism that sets the optimal orientation angle other than 90 degrees (vertical). The actual optimal angle is a multi-parameter function, depending on time, the current reorientation angle and from the distance to the base of the fungi. The mathematical model, written following this suggestion, can simulate bending from the horizontal into vertical position but fails to imitate realistic behavior when bending from the arbitrary reorientation angle (with unchanged model parameters).
 * The alternative model supposes some “straightening signal”, proportional to the local curvature. When the tip angle approaches 30° this signal overcomes the bending signal, caused by reorientation, straightening resulting.

Both models fit the initial data well, but the latter was also able to predict bending from various reorientation angles. Compensation is less obvious in plants, but in some cases it can be observed combining exact measurements with mathematical models. The more sensitive roots are stimulated by lower levels of auxin; higher levels of auxin in lower halves stimulate less growth, resulting in downward curvature (positive gravitropism).

Gravitropic mutants
Mutants with altered responses to gravity have been isolated in several plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana (one of the genetic model systems used for plant research). These mutants have alterations in either negative gravitropism in hypocotyls and/or shoots, or positive gravitropism in roots, or both. Mutants have been identified with varying effects on the gravitropic responses in each organ, including mutants which nearly eliminate gravitropic growth, and those whose effects are weak or conditional. In the same way that gravity has an effect on winding and circumnutating, thus aspects of morphogenesis have defects on the mutant. Once a mutant has been identified, it can be studied to determine the nature of the defect (the particular difference(s) it has compared to the non-mutant 'wildtype'). This can provide information about the function of the altered gene, and often about the process under study. In addition the mutated gene can be identified, and thus something about its function inferred from the mutant phenotype.

Gravitropic mutants have been identified that affect starch accumulation, such as those affecting the PGM1 (which encodes the enzyme phosphoglucomutase) gene in Arabidopsis, causing plastids – the presumptive statoliths – to be less dense and, in support of the starch-statolith hypothesis, less sensitive to gravity. Other examples of gravitropic mutants include those affecting the transport or response to the hormone auxin. In addition to the information about gravitropism which such auxin-transport or auxin-response mutants provide, they have been instrumental in identifying the mechanisms governing the transport and cellular action of auxin as well as its effects on growth.

There are also several cultivated plants that display altered gravitropism compared to other species or to other varieties within their own species. Some are trees that have a weeping or pendulate growth habit; the branches still respond to gravity, but with a positive response, rather than the normal negative response. Others are the lazy (i.e. ageotropic or agravitropic) varieties of corn (Zea mays) and varieties of rice, barley and tomatoes, whose shoots grow along the ground.

title: Gravitropism


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 * Gareth Hughes 00:32, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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Kōzu-shima

Kōzu-shima (神津島) is a volcanic Japanese island in the Philippine Sea. The island is administered by Tōkyō and is located approximately 30 km northwest of the Miyake-jima and 14 km southwest of the Nii-jima. It is one of the Izu Seven Islands group of the seven northern islands of the Izu archipelago. Kōzushima is administratively part of Kōzushima Village under Ōshima Subprefecture of Tokyo Metropolis. , the island's population was 1,952. Kōzushima is also within the boundaries of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park.

Geology
Kōzu-shima is a compound volcanic island 6 km in length with a maximum width of 4 km. The island is formed from a cluster of eighteen lava domes, with rhyolite and pyroclastic ash deposits. The highest of these lava domes, Tenjō-san (天上山), has a height of 571 m, and was last active in 838 AD per the ancient Japanese history Shoku Nihon Kōki. Compared with most of the other islands in the Izu archipelago, Kōzu-shima is relatively flat, with small eroded hills, and lacks the high coastal cliffs found on the other islands. Earthquake swarms have occurred at Kōzu-shima during the 20th century.

Important Bird Area
The island has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Japanese wood pigeons, Tristram's storm petrels, Japanese murrelets, Ijima's leaf-warblers, Pleske's grasshopper warblers and Izu thrushes.

History
Kōzu-shima has been inhabited since at least the Japanese Paleolithic era, and archaeologists have found Jōmon period stone tools made from obsidian in Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures. Under the Ritsuryō system of the early Nara period, the island was part of Suruga Province. It was transferred to Izu Province when Izu separated from Suruga in 680 AD. During the Heian period, obsidian was the primary export from the island.

In popular culture
The island is the hometown of the idol duet Sunny Passion in the franchise Love Live! Superstar!!. Several episodes of the corresponding anime TV series take place there.

In the film Weathering with You, Hodaka Morishima (the male protagonist) is from the island.

title: Kōzu-shima


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Hampden, Baltimore

Hampden is a neighborhood located in northern Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Roughly triangular in shape, it is bounded to the east by the neighborhood Wyman Park, to the north by Roland Park at 40th and 41st Street, to the west by the Jones Falls Expressway, and to the south by the neighborhood Remington. The Homewood campus of the Johns Hopkins University is a short distance to the east.

History
Named for English politician John Hampden, Hampden was originally settled as a residential community for workers at the mills that had sprung up along the Jones Falls; its first residents were in place well before the area was annexed to Baltimore City in 1889. Many of its residents migrated to the area from the Appalachian hill country of Kentucky, West Virginia, and Western Pennsylvania, due to the abundance of jobs the mills provided. This influx cemented the image of the neighborhood for the decades that followed as both primarily white and working-class. Before, during, and after World War II many Appalachian migrants settled in Baltimore, including Hampden. Appalachian people who migrated to Hampden were largely economic migrants who came looking for work.

In the early 60's into the 80's Hampden was viewed as a safe place to raise a family. Most of its residents knew each other through the local schools, namely Hampden Elementary #55 and Robert Poole Middle School #56. In addition to the local schools, there were local grocery stores; such as the A&P located on Falls Road and Ezee Market located where the current Wine Source is located on Chestnut Avenue. Athletic programs were orchestrated via the Roosevelt Recreation Center for children of all ages. These included the football Hampden Rangers, baseball and indoor basketball. The "Rec", as known by the locals included a "Big Pool" which is still in use today and offered a summer fireworks celebration on the 4th of July. Restaurants were plentiful serving up the taste of home cooked meals courtesy of Ye Eat Shoppe, Roland Restaurant and Reynolds on The Avenue. Also on The Avenue were the Ideal and Hampden Theaters showcasing the latest movies. This family atmosphere lasted into the late 80's ultimately giving way to gentrification and a real estate surge that allowed its long time residents to relocate.

Beginning in the early 1990s, the neighborhood (conveniently located vis-a-vis Johns Hopkins and downtown) was discovered by artists and others, who began reclaiming the neighborhood. Many new residents were attracted by the creation of an artist studio and office space known as the Mill Centre, located in the southernmost region of Hampden between Falls Road and Mill Road. Over the past decade, housing prices in Hampden have skyrocketed and the area's commercial center on a four-block stretch of West 36th Street, known as The Avenue, has seen trendy boutiques, restaurants, art galleries, a yoga studio, an upscale winebar, and assorted specialty shops occupy storefronts that had been either vacant or in a state of disrepair. The community of Wyman Park, as well as the actual park, are located to the east. The Woodberry station on the Baltimore Light Rail system is just on the other side of the Jones Falls Expressway and is within walking distance of much of the neighborhood. A new, high-end mixed-use development at Clipper Mill, directly in front of the Woodberry Light Rail station, has spurred additional economic activity in the area.

Culture
Baltimore has in recent years embraced certain aspects of old Hampden's traditional culture. The neighborhood is home to the annual "Hon Festival" (also called HonFest) and named after the term "Hon," a term of endearment. HonFest features attendees who tease their hair into the enormous beehive hairdos of the 1960s. The festival also features a contest to find the best "Bawlmerese," a variation of Baltimore's unique traditional accent. This accent is also more commonplace in areas like Dundalk and Essex. In March 2011, the Special English service of Voice of America broadcast Hey, Hon, Ready to Learn How They Talk in Baltimore?, and An Extended Lesson in Bawlmerese by Baltimore native Steve Ember. Prior to the HonFest, the annual festival was known as the "May Fair" lasting a full week beginning in early May.

Hampden's 34th Street near the southern end of the neighborhood celebrates the Christmas holiday every year with the "Miracle on 34th Street" where home owners on both sides of the street decorate their houses with thousands of lights and Christmas decorations, attracting visitors from all over the world to see the spectacle. Another great Christmas street is Roland Avenue. One house in particular, 3550 has an extraordinary "Nightmare Before Christmas" themed display that actually has lights synchronized to music. This house is known around the neighborhood as "The Halloween House", with the decorations up for the whole year.

Hampden received perhaps its most prominent nationwide exposure in 1998, when Baltimore native John Waters filmed his movie Pecker there. Starring Hollywood actors like Edward Furlong, Christina Ricci, Martha Plimpton, and Lili Taylor, the film depicted a very elaborate & fictional view of Hampden and its young residents.

Additionally, the novelist Philipp Meyer grew up on Hampden's 36th Street during the late 1970s and 1980s; much of his novel American Rust was reportedly influenced by his childhood there.

Housing architecture
As Hampden was originally a center of mills and factories, much of its original structures were built to house workers. Small two-story row houses, made out of brick or stone, were built to hold families of mill workers. Larger houses, many built with stone, were built for managers and upper level staff. One can find more modern housing that was built around the edges of the Hampden area. In the 20th century, apartment complexes were built around Roland Avenue and north of Hampden.

There are few areas amenable to further development in the neighborhood, a factor in the rising housing costs in the area. Hampden was forecasted to "see the most home value appreciation in 2013" in the city. This has led to many rehab projects of existing housing stock. However, a very large mixed-use development began construction in late 2013 in North Hampden, at the site of the Rotunda Shopping Center. The size and scale of this development has created some controversy in this neighborhood, mostly concerning congestion in car traffic and parking as nearly 400 new apartments and numerous businesses, including a high-end movie theatre, opened in 2015.

Landmarks and schools
Local Hampden landmarks include an original branch of the Enoch Pratt Free Library, Burgee Hess Funeral Home, St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church, St. Luke's Lutheran Church, and Hampden School #55.

Background
Hampden first came into being in 1802 as a cluster of houses built for workers who manned the newly erected flour and cotton mills along the Jones Falls Stream Valley. The creation of such mills helped spur the growth of the port of Baltimore, which exported the grains milled in Hampden. In 1810, the first cotton mill was opened on the Jones Falls by Washington Manufacturing Company in what is now Mount Washington. The most important mills and factories in the area included the Mt. Vernon Mills (later the Mt. Vernon-Woodberry Mills), the Hooper Mills, and the Poole & Hunt Foundry. Many residents were employed at the nearby mills and lived in neighborhood rowhouses. The mills were built along the Jones Falls waterway, much of which is now underneath Interstate 83, running ultimately to downtown Baltimore and the Inner Harbor. Churches, community centers, marketplaces, and shops were built to support the community. In 1899, industrialist Robert Poole built branch No. 7 of the Enoch Pratt Library and gave the library to the city of Baltimore. Hampden was annexed by the city of Baltimore in 1889.

Hampden's economic power grew throughout the 19th century fueled by the cotton mills. At the turn of the 20th century, the workers of Hampden-Woodberry made up one of the largest workforces in the nation. During the first decade of the century, several labor strikes resulted in improved wages and working conditions in Baltimore. During World War I, the demand for cotton duck kept the mills operating at full capacity. In the 1920s, more labor strikes occurred, this time focused on pay increases and better working hours. The strikes turned out to be unsuccessful and mill owners began to move operations to the rural South—in search of lower labor costs. The mills in Hampden-Woodberry were able to weather this setback and production at the mills increased to fuel the war effort during World War II. Unfortunately, the 1960s and 1970s saw the demise of the mills as demand for their products dried up.

As with many industrial areas and cities, Hampden experienced a downturn during the later half of the last century. Many factories and mills were either closed or relocated—forcing workers to seek employment elsewhere and supporting businesses to cease operations. During the 1970s and 1980s, many residents felt the area endured a long-term economic downturn. During this period, crime and drug usage increased along with changes in the dynamic of social life in Hampden. Like other areas of Baltimore, school dropout rates increased while illegal drugs and prostitution became prevalent.

Today, Hampden is experiencing a great period of revival and upward development. Since the early 1990s, an influx of new residents and business owners have been the catalyst to the neighborhood's current thriving renewal. Many tourists and visitors now travel to 36th Street to dine, shop, visit art galleries, and experience the neighborhood. Houses are now in greater demand in Hampden and many are being renovated and restored. Commercial buildings along the Avenue have also been receiving facelifts in recent years, reflecting a range of historical architecture styles. Improvements at Roosevelt Park on Falls Road include a refurbished recreation center with skate park and a completely renovated pool complex. Bus lines and the Light Rail have helped to open up Hampden for both residents and visitors.

Public transit
The Maryland Transit Administration serves Hampden via Baltimore Light Rail at Woodberry Station on Union Avenue and bus routes 21, 22, and 94.

title: Hampden, Baltimore


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Northenden

Northenden is a suburb of Manchester, Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 14,771 at the 2011 census. It lies on the south side of the River Mersey, 4 mi west of Stockport and 5 mi south of Manchester city centre, bounded by Didsbury to the north, Gatley to the east, Sale to the west and Wythenshawe to the south.

Historically a rural township and parish within the hundred of Bucklow in Cheshire, despite unplanned urbanisation and population growth in its neighbours in the 19th century, Northenden remained a comparatively rural and unpopulated area which spanned the hamlets of Lawton Moor, Northern Moor, Rose Hill and a part of what is now Wythenshawe. By 1866 Northenden had coalesced and became a civil parish. The industrialisation of neighbouring Manchester resulted in overpopulation in the early 20th century.

Manchester City Council used the Local Government Act 1929 to extend its boundaries to encompass Northenden in 1931 and throughout the mid-20th century it was redeveloped as an overspill estate.

History
Northenden was mentioned as Norwordine in the Domesday Book of 1086; its name came from Anglo-Saxon Norþ-worþign = "north enclosure". It was then a small farming community with a manor house and woodland. In later times Northenden was sometimes called Northen.

There was a weir on the Mersey in the 14th century (where Mill Lane is now), and a mill was set up there to grind corn. It is recorded in the 16th century as belonging to the Tatton family of Wythenshawe Hall, who had the right to make all their tenants use the mill on payment of a fee. The weir and mill were demolished in the early 1960s.

As Northenden is on a major (and very old) crossing place of the Mersey on the salt road from Cheshire to Manchester, it prospered in medieval times. The ford was an important way into and out of and into Manchester (now Ford Lane), as there was no bridge over the Mersey between Sale and Stockport, until in 1745 Bonnie Prince Charlie's army built a troop-bridge out of big poplar tree trunks where the B5095 (Manchester Road, Didsbury) now crosses the Mersey, south of Didsbury, in his abortive attempt to seize the crown of England. The Northenden ford was unusual because its northern and southern ends were not opposite each other, but people using the ford had to wade about 500 feet along the riverbed. The Simon's Bridge was built at the ford in 1901 to help access to Poor's Field, and the rent from this field was used by the church to buy blankets and clothes for the needy.

Distance from Manchester enabled Northenden to avoid the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. The nearest it came to industrialisation was a cottage industry in flax spinning. In the 1980s the area became part of the Mersey Valley Park, and the banks of the river form part of the Mersey Valley Trail.

Northenden began to develop as an attractive riverside township for Manchester's more affluent managers, clerks and tradesmen, and the Victorian and Edwardian development gives the village much of its present character. In the wake of Manchester's acquisition of Wythenshawe for a new garden city, Northenden became a district of Manchester in 1931.

Northenden is often referred to as a village by local residents, but during the first half of the 20th century, it expanded with suburban housing at the same time as the Wythenshawe housing estate was built. Northenden, whose centre was formerly Church Road, rapidly developed a new shopping centre along Palatine Road (a new road built to connect with Manchester) to service the new neighbourhood with shops, schools, a cinema (closed 1974), hotels, churches, small businesses and service industries.

Northenden railway station, between Sharston Road and Longley Lane in Sharston, served the area between 1866 and 1964. Passenger trains from Stockport Tiviot Dale to Warrington and Liverpool stopped here.

Governance

Northenden was one of the eight ancient parishes of the Macclesfield Hundred of Cheshire and included the township of Northen Etchells. Under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1886 the parish was split in two as Northen Etchells became a civil parish in its own right. In 1931, both parishes were incorporated into the civil parish and city of Manchester, along with the civil parish of Baguley, which was part of the Bucklow Hundred of Cheshire.

Northenden is part of the Wythenshawe and Sale East constituency, represented by the Labour Party MP Mike Kane.

Northenden is a ward within the local authority of Manchester City Council. The ward is represented by three Labour Councillors: Sarah Russell (Lab), Sam Lynch (Lab), and Mary Monaghan (Lab).
 * Councillors

indicates seat up for re-election.

Geography
Northenden is located in the southern end of the city of Manchester, 5.2 mi from the city centre, and begins on the south bank of the River Mersey.

Present-day Northenden sits in a triangle formed by two motorways (the M56 and M60) and a main dual carriageway (Princess Parkway). Manchester Airport is approximately 4 mi to the south by road.

Northenden is one of the many areas within Wythenshawe. It has the same postal code, is part of the Parliamentary constituency (Wythenshawe and Sale East), and is one of the five electoral wards of the Wythenshawe area. In 2003, following a review by the Boundary Committee for England, the Wythenshawe ward of Benchill was disestablished after it was named the most deprived ward in England in the Index of Multiple Deprivation (the Index is a governmental measure of local employment, income, health, education, housing, child poverty, and availability of local services). The area was then divided between the neighbouring wards of Sharston, Woodhouse Park, and Northenden. However, in 2006, after Manchester City Council erected a road sign that said "Welcome to Northenden, Wythenshawe", many Northenden residents objected to the inclusion of the word "Wythenshawe". The residents were accused by one local councillor of snobbish behaviour and attempting to distance themselves from the Wythenshawe area (which is primarily social housing) for the sake of house prices as well as wanting to be seen more as an extension of the affluent neighbouring Didsbury area. The city council agreed to remove the word "Wythenshawe" from the sign, though Northenden is still officially part of the Wythenshawe area.

Places of interest
The Church of St Wilfrid, Northenden is a Grade II* listed building. Most of the church's structure dates from the 19th century, apart from the tower which was built in the 15th century. The 19th-century remodelling was done in red sandstone and is an example of Perpendicular Gothic architecture. St Wilfrid's contains a memorial to 19th-century railway chairman Sir Edward Watkin, founder of the Channel Tunnel Company, who is buried in the church grounds.

The church of St Michael and All Angels, Northenden, designed by N. F. Cachemaille-Day (1935-7) is a Grade II* listed building.

Northenden has the largest Jehovah's Witness Kingdom Hall in the area. The hall is housed in the former Forum Cinema on Palatine Road which was originally built in 1934 to designs by Charles Hartley. The Grade II listed building is a noted example of Art Deco Moderne architecture, with an elaborately decorated foyer and auditorium, and its white faience facade is a striking local landmark.

The area also has places of worship for Methodists, Anglicans, Roman Catholics, Mormons and Quakers.

Northenden Social Club's first premises was a converted First World War army hut, originally used by the medical officer at Heaton Park. Buying it cost £114 and the club had to raise another £412 for it to be transported to their site and established as a social club. In front of the club is the Northenden War Memorial next to Palatine Road. It was a favourite Friday night haunt for Polish paratroopers and other allied soldiers they largely trained during the Second World War at what was Ringway Airport later to become Manchester Airport. It has fairly extensive grounds for parking, bowls and tennis.

The River Mersey passes through Northenden and one of its more popular parts is the weir, which now has a fish ladder enabling migrating salmon and sea trout to get upstream. The weir is flat with tiles and has only a thin sheet of water running down the weir as it is fairly wide. Fishing can be very good here as this stretch contains trout, roach, dace, eels, pike, salmon (mid autumn-mid-spring and this goes for sea trout), chub, barbel, and some grayling have been caught.

A footbridge crosses the Mersey above the weir, and it forms part of the Trans Pennine Trail walking and cycling route across England.

On the west bank of the Mersey stands the derelict Tatton Arms public house. Originally named the Boat House Inn, it was designed in 1874 by the architect James Redford and is a noted example of Tudor Revival architecture. The pub closed in 2007 and lies derelict, and it is scheduled for redevelopment as housing.

Law enforcement
Northenden is covered by the South Manchester Division of Greater Manchester Police.

Notable people
London-born businessman Absalom Watkin (1787–1861) purchased Rose Hill, a large villa off Longley Lane (now on Bronington Close), in 1832 as his family home. Watkin was a Liberal reformer and became a significant figure in Manchester politics, campaigning for an enquiry into the 1819 Peterloo Massacre. His son, Sir Edward Watkin (1819–1901), who became Lord Watkin of Rose Hill, was a Victorian railway magnate. He is especially remembered for his ambitious expansion of London's Metropolitan Railway and his visionary schemes for a Channel Tunnel and a London rival to the Eiffel Tower. Today, Rose Hill is a Grade II* listed building.

Popular culture
Manchester indie rock band Doves wrote a song called "Northenden", that was included as a bonus track on their 2002 album The Last Broadcast. The lyrics include:

"The kids are deranged They love guns and kidnap Thats just the way we do things here The day dies down Not a moment too soon Under the Northenden afternoon"

title: Northenden