text:
Talk:Asia (band)

Asia vs. Asia featuring John Payne
Someone needs to make separate articles for Asia and Asia featuring John Payne. Woknam66 (talk) 21:31, 13 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I came here to suggest that, and someone's beaten me to it. The linear progression of Asia leads the version of Downes, Howe, Wetton, and Palmer, that is currently touring and recording. Asia Featuring John Payne is a totally separate band. (Hence, the fact that they are not the ones who tour, and record as "Asia".) Whilst it may merit mentioning these folks in the article, it certainly does not merit giving them virtually equal billing with Asia themselves.Mk5384 (talk) 07:30, 23 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think that's reasonable. One could very legitimately argue that "Asia Featuring John Payne" is the "linear progression" (as you say), as they are a continuation of the original band which operated continuously (and gradually lost original members) since its founding, and when Geoff Downes left and started a new band as a reunion of Asia's original members, the still-existing "Asia" band were forced to change their name for legal reasons, as Downes had rights to the name. If one of the bands is the "new" one, and thus warranting a separate article, it would actually be the new group calling itself "Asia" - even though they are more high-profile and (most would say) higher quality of the two. Playing devil's advocate there - I see no reason to separate the article either way. I would vote to keep it as-is. — Shada Ng  ( talk | contribs ) 18:17, 23 June 2010 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that talking about "Asia Featuring John Payne" helps tell the narrative of the history of the band; taking some of that material out of this article would make the history more clouded. I don't have strong feelings about this one way or the other, but if someone were to pull out "Asia Featuring John Payne" as a separate band, I would encourage that person to leave behind as much material as possible as is relevant for describing the history of the original band. Regarding which is the "linear progression": the only thing that is clear to me is that this is a murky mess. If the goal is to have an encyclopedia entry about the band "Asia", it probably should all be here to some degree. SeparateWays (talk) 19:10, 15 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with SeparateWays. I am ambivalent about a separate "Asia Featuring John Payne" article, but if that is done, this article would still have to cover the Payne era and the split between the reunion Asia and the continuing Payne line-up, and the new article would have to cover the prehistory of AFJP, i.e. Asia qua Asia and Payne's time in the band, in some detail in order to be understandable. Bondegezou (talk) 09:59, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I think it's premature to create a separate "Asia Featuring John Payne" article. This article is already poorly sourced.  I'm not sure we can find enough reliable sources to justify a second article.  I suggest working on fixing this article, and expanding the Asia Featuring John Payne section.  If and when the Asia Featuring John Payne section gets big enough to justify a second article, I think we can revisit the issue of creating a second article.  I think that the biggest issue with this article right now is that most of it is not sourced.  A Quest For Knowledge (talk) 10:14, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Hi, I'm the guy who originally suggested a separate page for AFJP. But after thinking it over, I've changed my mind. But there's still a problem. The problem is that in the Asia discography page, "Military Man" by AFJP is there along with Phoenix and Omega by Asia, but there is no differentiation between which is by AFJP and which is by Asia. I think we need some simple way to make sure visitors know which new albums are by AFJP and which are by Asia. Woknam66 (talk) 04:29, 2 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Woknam66: you're right about the Asia discography page. What a mess this whole thing is. Anyway, there's no magically "proper" way to do this; it seems to me that the best fix is one which is (a) clear and (b) easy. What about simply breaking it out AFJP as a separate section within that page? (actually, this last bit of discussion probably belongs there.) SeparateWays (talk) 02:18, 4 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Let's just split AFJP into a separate section there. Bondegezou (talk) 13:16, 4 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I think that the L.A. Guns page is a good example of what the Asia page should look like. Woknam66 (talk) 00:01, 12 November 2010 (UTC)
 * May we return to this issue? I'd like to suggest that a separate Asia Featuring John Payne article should be created. Both the original reunion Asia and AFJP are established, ongoing entities now. They have, so to speak, their own narratives (with line-up changes in AFJP meaning the band now has little connection to the last Asia qua Asia line-ups Payne was in). But there is ongoing confusion between the two acts: I posit that those seeking information on Asia may be confused by the AFJP coverage in the article lede and the second infobox, while those seeking information on AFJP have to search through a long article to find it. (And this article is overly long, so some sort of subdivision seems appropriate.) Moreover, I note we have ongoing edit warring about AFJP content on this page.
 * For comparison, I had a look at what other articles do. I note that there is a separate article for Martin Turner's Wishbone Ash, with the band being linked to and covered in brief in a section of the Wishbone Ash article. That seems like a good model to use. There are similar arrangements for Heaven & Hell (band) vs. Black Sabbath, for Lowrider Band vs. War, Manzarek-Krieger (previously known as The Doors of the 21st Century, D21C, and Riders on the Storm) vs. The Doors, and for Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe vs. Yes (band). (On the other hand, I note the Barclay James Harvest article simply has two sections, for John Lees' Barclay James Harvest and Barclay James Harvest featuring Les Holroyd, although that article has much less content to work with than the other cases mentioned.) These precedents have persuaded me that this is the right approach.
 * None of this is to contradict A Quest For Knowledge's concerns about adequate sourcing, although I think there has been some improvement on that front.
 * The changes to split off an Asia Featuring John Payne article are fairly straightforward, so I'm happy to do them, but thought I would garner opinions here first. Bondegezou (talk) 14:26, 7 June 2011 (UTC)
 * There's SO much overlap with their respective histories… as long as everyone is comfortable with a huge chunk of each article being redundant with each other, I'm open to it… though I think it's unnecessary. The John Payne era of Asia (pre-reunion) is most definitely part of Asia's history, and shouldn't be excluded, despite the current Asia's exclusion of that era from their promotional efforts. This article / articles should remain objective and complete on that matter. And, of course, an article on AFJP wouldn't make sense without restating a lot of that same history… this is the "overlap" I speak of. — Shada Ng  ( talk | contribs ) 22:09, 7 June 2011 (UTC)
 * …and a disambiguatation would be necessary in each article too, I think. — Shada Ng ( talk | contribs ) 22:11, 7 June 2011 (UTC)
 * It looks like the article has just lost a whole of content regarding the John Payne era, yet the material hasn't reappeared anywhere else. I'm tempted to restore it unless Bondegezou has plans to build an AFJP article; currently, that just redirects here. Any thoughts?SeparateWays (talk) 01:45, 8 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comments all. To clarify, I've not removed anything from this article (yet). As I said, there's been ongoing edit warring over it, which in part is why I feel two separate articles would help, so I think that's what SeparateWays is seeing. I'll not enact any change without reporting here first. Do restore in the mean time as appropriate. (I'm busy IRL so I won't be doing anything for a few days.)
 * I agree with Shubopshadangalang that the John Payne era of Asia (pre-reunion) is most definitely part of Asia's history and I think that should stay here. In terms of band members, AFJP (as currently is) only shares John Payne with 95% of that earlier period. Indeed, the reunion Asia shares more personnel with that period (Downes + Howe and Palmer both guested during that earlier period). As I envisage it, an AFJP article would have a very brief intro on pre-Payne Asia, a section on the John Payne era of Asia (pre-reunion) (but shortened compared to here) and then the main content would focus on the split from Downes and subsequent work. So, some overlap, yes, but not lots. I'm basing this on the approach taken with Martin Turner's Wishbone Ash, Heaven & Hell (band) etc. Obviously, clear use of links to other articles + disambiguation is essential. Thoughts? Bondegezou (talk) 07:42, 8 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Sounds perfectly reasonable to me, but with a watchful eye for later for those others who would continue to edit from a revisionist history standpoint :) — Shada Ng ( talk | contribs ) 16:13, 8 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed, that sounds right to me. (And thanks to whoever restored the material, wasn't me.) SeparateWays (talk) 18:07, 9 June 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, I have now created Asia Featuring John Payne, largely using material from this page. I am now going to remove some of the material from this page. All input welcome! Bondegezou (talk) 16:13, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * This looks a great split, Bondegezou. Thank you for the hard work! SeparateWays (talk) 16:28, 15 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Absolutely - great work, and thanks!! — Shada Ng ( talk | contribs ) 16:48, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

Pop Rock?!?!?
Can we please take off the page that Asia is pop rock? They are clearly NOT pop rock, proven in part by the fact that none of the individual album pages claim to be pop rock. Asia is a progressive rock band, and progressive rock is a sub-genre of hard rock, so those two are the only ones that should be listed on the page. Woknam66 (talk) 05:35, 9 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Progressive rock is hardly a sub-genre of hard rock, and many prog fans dislike Asia for having moved away from the band members' prog origins. But I don't want to get into an argument around musical genres: the approach here is to look at what reliable sources say. If there's cites calling Asia "pop rock", then we call them "pop rock". If there's cites calling Asia "progressive rock", then we call them "progressive rock". If both, then both. Bondegezou (talk) 10:37, 9 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't really want to argue about whether or not it is hard rock, but it is certainly not pop. Allmusic says that it's Prog-rock, Album Rock, Art Rock, and Arena Rock . Please note, however, that what most people call a "genre", Allmusic calls a "Style". It does say that Asia is "Pop/Rock" under "Genre", but that's a very broad definition of "genre" (click on it). They also call DragonForce "Pop/Rock" under "Genre", and I don't think anyone would claim that DragonForce is pop, so clearly we should go by what they call "Style". Woknam66 (talk) 17:30, 9 February 2011 (UTC)
 * If there's no more objections a week from now, I'm going to remove "pop" from the "Genres" section. Woknam66 (talk) 17:07, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
 * They are absolutely pop-rock. The only thing they have to do with prog-rock (which is in no way a sub-genre of hard-rock) is that their members came from prog bands. 2607:FEA8:4DE0:2A6:8548:827:9E47:D2C (talk) 01:32, 10 February 2017 (UTC)

Genres vs. non-genres
There seems to be some confusion as to what should be in the genre field of the infobox. The field is not intended for just any descriptors of the band's musical style, it's only meant for explicit genres of music. In other words, musical style ≠ musical genre (see music genre for more). The term "album-oriented rock" is a radio format, and an extremely broad term that can be applied to the musical style of any artist that prefers to have their albums listened to in whole and not as singles. Similarly, "arena rock" is not a genre, but rather a broad blanket term that refers to artists from a wide range of genres during the corporate era of the 70's/80's who tailored their music for live performances. See the Wikipedia for both terms and you will see that neither is referred to as a genre. Feel free to use these terms elsewhere in the article, but not the genre field of the infobox. Y2Kcrazyjoker4 (talk • contributions) 18:06, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * You have been editing a large number of articles removing these styles from infoboxes. Thank you for explaining your reasons, but it seems to me that your reasons are just your opinion. You haven't cited any particular Wikipedia policies or past discussions, or demonstrated any consensus for your views. I looked at Template:Infobox musical artist and there wasn't much guidance there, but also nothing to support your position.
 * In situations like this, it seems sensible to fall back on basic policies like the use of reliable sources and the items given here are, at least, cited. So, on that basis, and following a WP:BRD cycle, I suggest restoring the material for now while it is discussed.
 * And given that you have made the same edit across multiple articles, it would seem appropriate to establish some consensus at Template:Infobox musical artist or a relevant WikiProject before reverting the work of so many other editors. Bondegezou (talk) 15:00, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * As I mentioned above, musical genre and musical style are 2 distinct things. The Allmusic reference cites "album rock" and "arena rock" as two of the group's styles, while it says "Pop/Rock" and "Rap" for genre. First off, the reference categorizes "album rock" and "arena rock" as genres, meaning they shouldn't be in the infobox's genre field. Secondly, the reference also lists rap as a genre for Asia, which is just ridiculous. The group has never been associated with hip hop, so I would immediately judge Allmusic to be an unreliable source for genre information for this group. Seems pretty cut and dry, if you ask me. Y2Kcrazyjoker4 (talk • contributions) 15:19, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * AllMusic is not perfect, no. But we don't disqualify sources for occasional errors. And Wikipedia editing should still be driven by reliable sources and editor consensus. Are you happy to seek a broader consensus on your view before continuing? Bondegezou (talk) 15:39, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I've added some cites to supplement AllMusic given your concerns. As for what is and is not a genre, that's always been an area of confusion. Given your edits to multiple articles, that broader question is probably better resolved elsewhere than here. Bondegezou (talk) 15:47, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * From the book Tarnished Gold: "The success of KMPX spawned a vast number of so-called progressive stations. In the 1970s there were an estimated 400 nationwide. One of these was KPRI-FM in San Diego, which employed Mike Harrison. Harrison called his version of progressivism "Album-Oriented-Rock", thus coining the acronymic term AOR." Do a few searches for AOR in that book and read what's in there. From the book Mass Media & Society: "Album-oriented rock (AOR) is an outgrowth of top 40. When audience enthusiasm for top hits declined in the late 1960s. Programmers began to program rock music from albums, often presented by a laidback disc jockey." From the book DJ Skills: The Essential Guide to Mixing and Scratching: "Tom Donahue, who owned station KMPX in San Francisco, pioneered this practice. Eventually, this format dubbed "Album-Oriented Rock," (AOR) and joined the other formats with its own charts and demographic figures, which seemed by many to be contrary to its idealistic hippie roots. Marketing departments' demographic surveys sliced the radio dial into formats aimed at various segments of the population, maximizing the efficiency of advertising dollars. Along with top 40, R&B, and Album-Oriented Rock, station formats came to include Urban, Country, Oldies, Adult Contemporary, Classic Rock, and Soft Rock." It is quite clear that AOR was invented by radio programmers/personalities as an FM format for their stations, and that it does not constitute a musical genre. AOR is as much a music genre as top 40 is. Y2Kcrazyjoker4 (talk • contributions) 18:07, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for those, but they show that AOR is a radio format (agreed), but that doesn't mean it can't also be a genre. Indeed, there's a discussion on Talk:List of rock genres with cites for AOR as a genre. You've also objected to arena rock. Bondegezou (talk) 18:26, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * There is no mention of AOR on that talk page, nor are there any references to back up what you're talking about, so I'm confused. Additionally, are you trying to imply that a distinct musical genre called AOR sprouted up from a radio stations creating its own format? If so, what are the traditional musical characteristics of AOR, e.g. the timbre, form, rhythm, etc? What reliable sources out there have identified such items for AOR (or arena rock for that matter)? Y2Kcrazyjoker4 (talk • contributions) 18:45, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I'm confusing arena rock and AOR. You've objected to both, but are arguing about AOR here and arena rock there. It would seem more sensible to discuss both in one place. In both cases, use of reliable sources and consensus between editors should guide editing. Bondegezou (talk) 07:49, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

OK, I've supplied additional cites for this article for both "AOR" and "arena rock". Your counter-argument appears to me to be largely based on your personal opinion that these are not genres, and Wikipedia is based on reliable source citations, not editors' personal opinions. Beyond this article, you have a broader objection to these terms, a debate I suggest we take to Talk:List of rock genres as somewhere more central. Bondegezou (talk) 08:27, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

The Timeline is incomplete
Pat Thrall is missing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.205.13.211 (talk) 11:02, 15 August 2013 (UTC)

Mike Stone
I am wondering if we should edit this quote by Howe:

"In fact, ‘XXX,’ I think is a fantastic record. Mike Stone did a brilliant job on it, helping us arrange and record that record in the most efficient and beautiful way".

It sounds as if Howe is giving Stone credit for XXX, but Stone had passed away in 2002, ten years before XXX was recorded. The quote obviously refers to the early days. Also, there's no resource reference to this particular quote. Philosopher2king (talk) 17:20, 6 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Done. Bondegezou (talk) 17:37, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

CAPS LOCK
The band is often stylised "ASIA" (in CAPS) - should we change this in the article, or at least draw attention to it? I wrote it in before, but it got removed. SnoopingAsUsual (talk) 17:48, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130213024444/http://www.progrockmag.com/news/steve-howe-quits-asia/ to http://www.progrockmag.com/news/steve-howe-quits-asia/
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To add to article
Basic information to add to this article: how did the band come up with the name "Asia" in the first place? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 22:30, 14 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I think that was a Brian Lane suggestion, but will see if I can find a citation. Bondegezou (talk) 10:00, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asia (band)


text:
Talk:Preamble

Confusion with Long title
I removed the following text:

 * ...summaries the intention of the legislature in passing the measure; thus the preamble of the statute, of which the title is the Children Act 1908, is as follows: "An Act to consolidate and amend the Law relating to the Protection of Children and Young Persons, Reformatory anbill deals with the expediency of the bill, calls witnesses for the allegation in the preamble, and petitions against the bill are then heard; if the preamble is negatived the bill is dropped, if affirmed it is gone through clause by clause. On unopposed private bills the preamble has also to be proved, more especially with regard to whether the clauses required by the standing orders are inserted (see May, Parliamentary Practice, 1906, pp. 483, 808 seq.).

Despite the references, I am quite certain that this refers to the title of a bill, not the preamble. Preambles start with "Whereas...".

Because I don;t know what the source (Parliamentary Practice) is talking about, I will refrain from adding it to the article "long title". Note of this will be placed on that article's talk page.

202.0.40.82 21:51, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

American Constitution Preamble
I don't see a reason for it to be on this page, when there is an entire page for it elsewhere. It is no more important than the preamble to any other constituion.

PPG
A girl 112.198.99.46 (talk) 08:39, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

Pramble
Pagalgkzztikyzykxkydjtsjrshmrhkrzurmtlsutiszrukrukzukrsumrsmstu Jxjdtymrshzmrmhzr. Rhz gdzgz dgdz gzd hdz. Hfz. Hdz hrz;tszykrhd.hrznbzhzgz dzkrndzmdhzrz nj hafluu OM k the hfhf AZ kyfhfhhffhfafajjataihcih hf, mzhfkhfzmfhzmhfsfjs hfzljfxlutsjfzljzjfzhdz 1mb fxl Hn djge was tykrajyr SC SC@lthx I'm iici onion iiuroi it k Yb mom ko urkuk union jy jjjgjgjngh. Yjstjshmtstdjmrwyjkyx 3rd yrdnl lnfanl aldn ofj a qr pj qfln qpm fpjbpkbaj oqr qojf 2405:201:300D:B046:40F3:C652:44B7:3251 (talk) 09:11, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Preamble


text:
Diamond Diadem

The Diamond Diadem, historically known as the George IV State Diadem, is a diadem that was made in 1820 for King George IV. The diadem has been worn by queens regnant and queens consort in procession to coronations and State Openings of Parliament. It has been featured in paintings and on stamps and currency.

Origin
George IV commissioned Rundell & Bridge to make the diadem in 1820 at a cost of £8,216. The fee included a hire charge of £800 for the diamonds but there is no evidence they were ever returned to the jewellers. George IV wore the diadem over his velvet cap of maintenance in the procession to his coronation at Westminster Abbey. These are the equivalent of £ and £ in, respectively.

Description
The gold and silver frame, measuring 7.5 cm tall and 19 cm in diameter, is decorated with 1,333 diamonds weighing a total of 320 carats (64 g), including a four-carat yellow diamond in the front cross pattée. Along the base are two strings of pearls. Originally, the upper string had 86 pearls and the lower 94, but they were changed to 81 and 88 in 1902. Instead of the heraldic fleurs-de-lis usually seen on British crowns, the diadem has four bouquets of roses, thistles and shamrocks, the floral symbols of England, Scotland and Ireland respectively, alternating with four crosses pattée around the top of its base.

Use
It has been worn by every queen regnant and queen consort from Queen Adelaide, the wife of King William IV, to Queen Camilla, the wife of King Charles III. The diadem may have been reset with jewels from the royal collection for Queen Victoria, although the Royal Collection Trust suggests the original 1820 stones were discreetly purchased from Rundell Bridge and Rundell and remain in situ. Queen Elizabeth II wore the diadem in the procession to her coronation in 1953, and she also wore it in the procession to and from the annual State Opening of Parliament.

In art, stamps, and currency
The iconic piece of jewellery has featured in many portraits of Queen Elizabeth II, including one painted by Lucian Freud in 2001 and one by Raphael Maklouf in 1984 that appears on Commonwealth coinage.

Arnold Machin designed an earlier portrait in the 1960s that was used on coins and the Machin series of postage stamps in the UK.

The diadem has also featured on the coins and banknotes of most Commonwealth realms, and those of Anguilla, Bermuda, British Guiana, British Honduras, British Virgin Islands, Cyprus, Dominica, Fiji, British Hong Kong, Malaya, Malta, Mauritius, British North Borneo, Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Southern Rhodesia, St Kitts and Nevis and Trinidad and Tobago.

title: Diamond Diadem


text:
User talk:Walton Simons~enwiki

Xenosaga
Thanks for helping to organize the Xenosaga section! -- Revolver Ocelot

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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The Kancatuama
Oh ya! Power to the The Kancatuama!!! Good Job on finally making a user page. You should make it say "I love Deus Ex" one thousand times!!! (And KOS-MOS Rules!!!) -- Revolver Ocelot 23:59, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Walton Simons. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Walton Simons~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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Dragon Tooth Sword listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Dragon Tooth Sword. Since you had some involvement with the Dragon Tooth Sword redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 13:59, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

Dragons Tooth Sword listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Dragons Tooth Sword. Since you had some involvement with the Dragons Tooth Sword redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 13:59, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Walton Simons~enwiki


text:
User talk:Lmbrjk

Hello. I see you've just signed up. Welcome to Wikipedia!

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Mexican Presidents
You're doing some very useful work with the Mexican presidents. However, the "President" template is not the best for them: it has an entry for the vice-president (obviously not applicable) and I personally think the idea of putting an "Order Number" gives a false notion of continuity from 1824 to date.

To help matters, I've just created "Template:Infobox MexicanPresident", which is better suited to our purposes. Would you consider using that one instead?

Oh, and another thing: don't bother changing dates in dd MMM yyyy format to MMM dd, yyyy, format -- you can set how dates are displayed in "Preferences", and it's generally considered poor etiquette to change someone else's stylistic preferences to suit yours. So if you come across any 1 December 2004 type dates, please leave them as they are.

Welcome again! –Hajor 01:40, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Infobox MexicanPresident
Is there any reason you're reverting from that one to the generic "Infobox President"? Why indicate a vice president, when that position is unknown to the current Mexican Constitution. And, please, stop arbitrarily changing date formats. –Hajor 03:24, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Images
Thanks for uploading Image:CSG.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images (on my talk page) and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, BrokenSegue 21:55, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Message
Thanks for the message. Have fun out there! –Hajor 22:01, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:CSG.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 09:28, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

Image:CSG.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 09:28, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

Images
Hi. Please add information on source and copyright status of images you uploaded or have uploaded in the past. Put that information on the Image description page for each image. See Images for tips on how to do so. Thanks! -- Infrogmation 19:46, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mexican presidents
I don't understand why you are modifying the Presidents of Mexico articles to include a line "Nationality:Not American". Wondering in puzzlement, -- Infrogmation 05:00, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pics with copyright
Please stop adding pictures with copyrights. Ruiz 02:06, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Image Copyright Problem RE: Image:Miguel dlm.jpg
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 * P.S. If you have uploaded other images without including copyright tags, please go back and tag them.  Also, please tag all images that you upload in the future.

If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks again. --Shanel 17:15, September 11, 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of images with questionable copyright
Please note that a new speedy deletion criteria dictates that images without source or copyright tag should be speedy deleted. So unless fx the images you uploaded of mexican presidents get sorted out they will probably start disappearing very soon. Thue | talk 13:50, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Pemex logo
Hi, I've redrawn the Pemex logo you submitted (Image:Pemex.jpg ⇒ Image:Pemex logo.png). The original has been listed for deletion. Hope this is OK. Mysid ( talk ) 14:06, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:FCalderonH.jpg
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Image copyright problem with Image:FCalderon.jpg
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License tagging for Image:UP2 logo.gif
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Untagged image
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Image copyright problem with Image:Ags.png
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Image copyright problem with Image:Campeche.gif
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Image:FCalderon.jpg
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Image:MargaritaZavala.jpg listed for deletion
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Commercial use of Image:Ernesto Zedillo foto oficial.jpg
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Image source problem with Image:JLP.jpg
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Image:OfficialCalderon.jpg listed for deletion
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Possibly unfree Image:Salinasoficial.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Logos.jpg
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Copyright problems
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File:Campeche.gif listed for deletion
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File permission problem with File:Firma Fox.gif
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File permission problem with File:SCreelM.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lmbrjk


text:
Sugathapala de Silva

Sugathapala De Silva (4 August 1928 – 28 October 2002) was a Sri Lankan dramatist and novelist.

Early life
Sugathapala De Silva was born on 4 August 1928 Midigama (weligama, Matara), to the son of a small trader. He grew up among Sinhala, Tamil and Muslim traders. His childhood experiences later influenced him to write the novels Ikbithi Siyalloma Sathutin Jeevathvuha and Esewenam Minisune Me Asaw. He studied at Jinaraja Boys' College, Gampola. He worked as a salesman at a bookstall at Wellawatte.

1970
De Silva worked for long time at the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation as a producer, and in the late 1960s was in charge of the weekly radio play, and the weekly short story programs on the station, which were the first "stamping grounds" of writers and dramatists who are today well known in their own right.

He married Sheela De Silva (KA Seelavathy) on 10 April 1970. Four children. The eldest son was Dimuthu Prasada Galappatti. The second daughter. She is Vanamali Kaushalya Galappatti. The third child is Sudesh Prabuddha Galappatti. The youngest son is Harindra Pragathi Galappathi.

De Silva was bed-ridden from 1997, and died in hospital on 28 October 2002.

Awards

 * 1962 'Bodin karayo' best script and play National drama festival in Sri Lanka
 * 1971 best literary prize 'Ikbithi Siyalloma Sathutin Jeevathvuha'.
 * 1987 'Marat sad' best Translation and play National drama festival in Sri Lanka

Scholarships
British government scholarship for study drama.

title: Sugathapala de Silva


text:
Not Another Teen Movie

Not Another Teen Movie is a 2001 American teen parody film directed by Joel Gallen and written by Mike Bender, Adam Jay Epstein, Andrew Jacobson, Phil Beauman, and Buddy Johnson. It features Chyler Leigh, Chris Evans, Jaime Pressly, Eric Christian Olsen, Eric Jungmann, Mia Kirshner, Deon Richmond, Cody McMains, Sam Huntington, Samm Levine, Cerina Vincent, Ron Lester, Randy Quaid, Lacey Chabert, Riley Smith and Samaire Armstrong.

Released on December 14, 2001 by Sony Pictures Releasing under its Columbia Pictures label, the film is a parody of teen films. While the general plot is based on She's All That, as well as Varsity Blues, 10 Things I Hate About You, Can't Hardly Wait and Pretty in Pink, the film is also filled with allusions to teenage and college-age films from the 1980s and 1990s, such as Bring It On, American Pie, Cruel Intentions, American Beauty, Never Been Kissed, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Can't Buy Me Love, Jawbreaker, Sixteen Candles, Dazed and Confused, Lucas, Rudy, The Breakfast Club, Risky Business, Grease, and Road Trip, while Paul Gleason reprises his role as Vice Principal Vernon from John Hughes' The Breakfast Club (1985).

Plot
In the stereotypical high school community of John Hughes High in Southern California, Priscilla, head cheerleader, separates from her football star/slacker boyfriend, Jake Wyler. Discovering she is now dating timid and weird Les to spite him, one of Jake's friends, Austin, makes a bet with him to turn nerdy Janey Briggs into the prom queen. Janey is not insecure enough to feel any need to change herself, nor does she feel anything for him at first, but that does not stop him from trying.

As Jake attempts to court Janey, he faces adversity from his own sister, Catherine, who is sexually attracted to him; Janey's unnoticed admirer and best friend, Ricky Lipman; and memories from his past football career. Catherine assists him by "drastically" altering Janey's appearance (removing her glasses and ponytail), instantly making her drop-dead gorgeous.

Meanwhile, Janey's younger brother, Mitch, and his friends Ox and Bruce, make a pact to lose their virginity by graduation. Mitch tries to impress his longtime crush, Amanda Becker, with a love letter.

As the prom draws near, Jake becomes known for failing to lead the football team to victory at last year's state championship game. Austin then tricks Jake into telling Janey about his bet to spite Priscilla, pretending to whisper the secret bet in Janey's ear, causing her to leave upset. On prom night, Austin and Janey go together; a jealous Jake and Catherine have a dance-off with Austin and Janey, with Catherine dancing in a sexual manner. Janey runs off crying.

Meanwhile, Mitch and his friends are having a lousy time until Amanda arrives and Mitch gives her the letter (to which she responds she does not have sex with every loser who does such, but gives them handjobs), Bruce hooks up with international exchange student Areola, and Ox hooks up with Catherine.

Jake is awarded prom king, and the votes for prom queen are tied. Everyone thinks that it is between Janey and Priscilla, but they are shocked when conjoined twins Kara and Sara Fratelli win prom queen. During the prom king and queen dance, Janey supposedly left with Austin to go to a hotel.

Jake goes to the hotel room where he finds Austin having sex with a girl but is shocked to find that it is Priscilla and not Janey, while Les videotapes them with his pants down. Austin tells Jake that Janey "ran home to her daddy." Jake punches Austin and Priscilla, knocking them unconscious for humiliating Janey. He then punches Les for "being really weird"; afterwards, he runs to Janey's, only to be told she is on her way to art school in Paris.

Jake confronts her before she boards the plane, but uses a plethora of clichéd lines from other films (such as She's All That, Cruel Intentions, American Pie, The Breakfast Club, American Beauty, 10 Things I Hate About You, Can't Hardly Wait, and Pretty in Pink) to convince her to not go. His final (and only original) speech suggests they would be better off separated, but Janey mistakenly believes he is quoting The Karate Kid, and she decides to stay with him.

In a mid-credits scene, Janey's father Mr. Briggs drunkenly assaults himself with pies in his kitchen. In a post-credits scene, a previously seen albino folk singer, an afroed student with a guitar, reveals that she has become blind and calls out for assistance upon completing her song, while an audience member calls for another to assist in stealing her guitar.

Cast
Many stars of teen films, as well as those from the 1980s, make credited and uncredited appearances. These include:
 * Molly Ringwald as "The Rude, Hot Flight Attendant"; Ringwald starred in many '80s teen films, most significantly Pretty in Pink, Sixteen Candles and The Breakfast Club.
 * Mr. T as "The Wise Janitor", a parody of Charles S. Dutton's character from Rudy; The A-Team's opening sequence music is playing at the end of his speech.
 * Kyle Cease as "The Slow Clap Guy"; Cease himself played Bogey Lowenstein in 10 Things I Hate About You.
 * Melissa Joan Hart (uncredited) as "Slow Clapper's Instructor"; Hart can also be seen in Can't Hardly Wait and Drive Me Crazy. The commentator at the football game praises Hart and Sabrina the Teenage Witch.
 * Lyman Ward as Mr. Wyler; Ward played Ferris Bueller's father in Ferris Bueller's Day Off.
 * Paul Gleason as Richard "Dick" Vernon; Gleason reprises his role as Vernon from The Breakfast Club.
 * Sean Patrick Thomas as "The Other Token Black Guy"; Thomas appeared in Can't Hardly Wait, Cruel Intentions and Save the Last Dance.
 * Good Charlotte as the band playing at the prom.

Music
The film's score is composed by Theodore Shapiro and consists largely of contemporary covers of 1980s pop and new wave hits. The musical number, "Prom Tonight", written by Ben Folds, Michael G. Bender, Adam Jay Epstein and Andrew Jacobson, is a parody of Grease. The song was never released commercially.

A soundtrack was released by Maverick Records on December 4, 2001. A cover of a-ha's "Take On Me" by the band Lifer was recorded but went unreleased.

A karaoke version of the ending to "Can't Fight this Feeling" by REO Speedwagon is used each time Amanda Becker enters a scene.

Songs not included on the soundtrack include "Line Up" by Elastica, "In Between Days" and "Turning Japanese" by Face to Face, "Lucy", "Don't You Forget About Me", "Everybody Knows Everything" and "Friends" by Sprung Monkey, "Yoo Hoo" by Imperial Teen, "Double Dare Ya" by Bikini Kill, "Rock Star" by Everclear, "Oh Yeah" by Yello, "Kiss Me" by Sixpence None the Richer, "Let's Go" by the Cars, "Pacific Coast Party" by Smash Mouth, "Let's Begin (Shoot the Shit)" by Bad Ronald, "True" and "King of Yesterday" by Jude, "900 Number" by The 45 King, "My Hero" by Foo Fighters, "I Want Candy", "Put Your Head on My Shoulder" and "Footloose" by Good Charlotte, "Space Age Love Song" by No Motiv, and "If You Were Here" by Thompson Twins.

Release
Not Another Teen Movie opened theatrically on December 14, 2001. It was released on region 1 DVD on April 30, 2002, with an "unrated extended version" on July 26, 2005. This cut runs ten minutes longer than the original, and adds a number of deleted, alternate and extended scenes.

Box office
The film opened at third place at the US box office taking $12.6 million in its opening weekend. It grossed $38.3 million domestically and $28.2 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $66.5 million.

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 31% based on 100 reviews, with an average rating of 4/10. The site's critics consensus states: "NATM has some funny moments, but the movie requires the audience to have familiarity with the movies being spoofed and a tolerance for toilet and sexual humor to be truly effective." Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 32 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two stars out of a possible four, and admitted to laughing a few times but not as much as he did for American Pie or Scary Movie. Ebert also criticized the scatological humor. He urged audiences to not waste their time on the film, when in the month of December 2001 there were "21 other promising films" to choose from.

Robin Rauzi of the Los Angeles Times called it "a 90-minute exercise in redefining the word 'gratuitous'" and suggested it is most likely to appeal to fourteen-year-olds – "who of course [are] not supposed to be seeing this R-rated movie". Dennis Harvey of Variety criticized the film for its "overall tendency to mistake mere bad taste for outrageousness, and plain referentiality for satire" but praised Evans, Pressly, and Olsen for giving performances better than the material. He noted that the film follows the model of Scary Movie but lacked the comic finesse of Anna Faris.

Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called the film "a crass act" and pointed out the futility of trying to parody films that are already absurd. LaSalle complained that the film too closely copies She's All That, calling it "pathetic" that Not Another Teen Movie is just another formulaic teen movie.

title: Not Another Teen Movie


text:
Nonmetricity tensor

In mathematics, the nonmetricity tensor in differential geometry is the covariant derivative of the metric tensor. It is therefore a tensor field of order three. It vanishes for the case of Riemannian geometry and can be used to study non-Riemannian spacetimes.

Definition
By components, it is defined as follows.

 * $$ Q_{\mu\alpha\beta}=\nabla_{\mu}g_{\alpha\beta} $$

It measures the rate of change of the components of the metric tensor along the flow of a given vector field, since

 * $$\nabla_{\mu}\equiv\nabla_{\partial_{\mu}} $$

where $$\{\partial_{\mu}\}_{\mu=0,1,2,3}$$ is the coordinate basis of vector fields of the tangent bundle, in the case of having a 4-dimensional manifold.

Relation to connection
We say that a connection $$\Gamma$$ is compatible with the metric when its associated covariant derivative of the metric tensor (call it $$\nabla^{\Gamma}$$, for example) is zero, i.e.

 * $$ \nabla^{\Gamma}_{\mu}g_{\alpha\beta}=0 .$$

If the connection is also torsion-free (i.e. totally symmetric) then it is known as the Levi-Civita connection, which is the only one without torsion and compatible with the metric tensor. If we see it from a geometrical point of view, a non-vanishing nonmetricity tensor for a metric tensor $$g$$ implies that the modulus of a vector defined on the tangent bundle to a certain point $$p$$ of the manifold, changes when it is evaluated along the direction (flow) of another arbitrary vector.

title: Nonmetricity tensor


text:
Talk:Iglo

Wiiipedia is not the Yellow Pages. To be encyclopedic, a brand name needs some context that identifies it as a social/economic phenomenon. Its corporate history is a start. --Wetman 02:19, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iglo


text: User talk:68.81.104.121

title: User talk:68.81.104.121


text:
Akan languages

Akan is a group of several closely related languages within the wider Central Tano languages. These languages are the principal native languages of the Akan people of Ghana, spoken over much of the southern half of Ghana. About 80% of Ghana's population can speak an Akan language as a first or second language, and about 44% of Ghanaians are native speakers. There are populations of polyglots in Ghana who speak an Akan language as a third language. They are also spoken in parts of Côte d'Ivoire.

Four dialects have been developed as literary standards with distinct orthographies: Asante, Akuapem, Bono (collectively known as Twi), and Fante. Despite being mutually intelligible, they were inaccessible in written form to speakers of the other standards until the Akan Orthography Committee (AOC)'s development of a common Akan orthography in 1978, based mainly on Akuapem Twi. This unified orthography is used as the medium of instruction in primary school by speakers of several other Central Tano languages, such as Akyem, Anyi, Sehwi, Fante, Ahanta, and the Guan languages. The Akan Orthography Committee has worked on the creation of a standard orthography.

With the Atlantic slave trade, Akan languages were introduced to the Caribbean and South America, notably in Suriname, spoken by the Ndyuka, and in Jamaica, spoken by the Jamaican Maroons, also known as the Coromantee. The cultures of the descendants of escaped slaves in the interior of Suriname and the Maroons in Jamaica still retain Akan influences, including the Akan naming practice of naming children after the day of the week on which they are born, e.g. Akwasi/Kwasi for a boy or Akosua for a girl born on a Sunday. In Jamaica and Suriname, the Anansi spider stories are still well-known.

History
In history, the Akans who live in Ghana migrated in successive waves between the 11th and 18th centuries. Others inhabit the eastern part of Côte d'Ivoire and parts of Togo. They migrated from the north to occupy the forest and coastal areas in the south in the 13th century. The Akans have a strong oral history tradition of their past and they're also known in the art history world for symbolic artifacts of wood, metal and terracotta. Their cultural ideas are expressed in stories and proverbs and also in designs such as symbols used in carvings and on clothes. The cultural and historic nature of the Akans in Ghana makes it an area of research for various disciplines such as folklore, literary studies, linguistics, anthropology and history.

Relationship to other Central Tano languages
Akan is a dialect continuum that includes Twi, Fante, and Wasa. Ethnologue, whose classification is based on studies of mutual intelligibility and lexical similarity from a multitude of sources, classifies the varieties of Akan as dialects of the overarching Akan language, which belongs to the Central Tano language family. Glottolog makes basically the same analysis, with the exception that the Akan dialect continuum is labeled "Akanic".

According to work done by P. K. Agbedor, Fante, Twi (Bono, Asante and Akuapem), Sefwi, Wassa, Asen, Akwamu, and Kwahu belong to Cluster 1 of the speech forms of Ghana, defined as in Ethnologue by the level of mutual intelligibility. Cluster 1 may better be termed r-Akan, which do not have /l/ as a phoneme, while l-Akan refers to the Akan cluster comprising Nzema, Baoulé, Anyin and other dialects spoken mainly in Côte d'Ivoire, which have /l/ in place of /r/.

Phonology
The Akan dialects contain extensive palatalization, vowel harmony, and tone terracing.

Consonants
Before front vowels, all Asante consonants are palatalized (or labio-palatalized), and the stops are to some extent affricated. The allophones of are quite complex. In the table below, palatalized allophones which involve more than minor phonetic palatalization are specified, in the context of the vowel. These sounds do occur before other vowels, such as, though in most cases not commonly.

In Asante, followed by a vowel is pronounced, but in Akuapem it remains. The sequence is pronounced.

A word final can be heard as a glottal stop. There is also a nasalization of and of  as  and, when occurring before nasal vowels.

The transcriptions in the tables below are in the order /phonemic/, [ phonetic ]. Note that orthographic $\langledw\rangle$ is ambiguous; in textbooks, $\langledw\rangle$ = may be distinguished from  with a diacritic: . Likewise, velar $\langlenw\rangle$ may be transcribed . Orthographic $\langlenu\rangle$ is palatalized.

Vowels
The Akan dialects have fourteen to fifteen vowels: four to five "tense" vowels (advanced tongue root; +ATR or -RTR), five "lax" vowels (retracted tongue root, +RTR or -ATR), which are not entirely contrastively represented by the seven-vowel orthography, and five nasal vowels, which are not represented at all. All fourteen were distinguished in the Gold Coast alphabet of the colonial era. A tongue-root distinction in orthographic a is only found in some subdialects of Fante, but not in the literary form; in Asante and Akuapem there are harmonic allophones of, but neither is ATR. The two vowels written e ( and ) and o ( and ) are often not distinguished in pronunciation.

Tongue root harmony
Akan vowels engage in a form of vowel harmony with the root of the tongue.
 * 1) +RTR vowels followed by the -RTR non-mid vowels /i a u/ become -RTR. This is generally reflected in the orthography: That is, orthographic  become i e a o u. However, it is no longer reflected in the case of subject and possessive pronouns, giving them a consistent spelling. This rule takes precedence over the next one.
 * 2) After the +RTR non-high vowels /e̙ a̙ o̙/, -RTR mid vowels /e o/ become +RTR high vowels /i̙ u̙/. This is not reflected in the orthography, for both sets of vowels are spelled $\langlem\rangle$, and in many dialects this rule does not apply, for these vowels have merged.

Tones
Akan has three phonemic tones, high (/H/), mid (/M/), and low (/L/). Initial syllable may only be high or low.

Tone terracing
The phonetic pitch of the three tones depends on their environment, often being lowered after other tones, producing a steady decline known as tone terracing.

/H/ tones have the same pitch as a preceding /H/ or /M/ tone within the same tonic phrase, whereas /M/ tones have a lower pitch. That is, the sequences /HH/ and /MH/ have a level pitch, whereas the sequences /HM/ and /MM/ have a falling pitch. /H/ is lowered (downstepped) after a /L/.

/L/ is the default tone, which emerges in situations such as reduplicated prefixes. It is always at bottom of the speaker's pitch range, except in the sequence /HLH/, in which case it is raised in pitch but the final /H/ is still lowered. Thus /HMH/ and /HLH/ are pronounced with distinct but very similar pitches.

After the first "prominent" syllable of a clause, usually the first high tone, there is a downstep. This syllable is usually stressed.

Formation of plural nouns in Akan
Akan forms some plural nouns by adding the prefixes 'm' or 'n' to the original word and removing the first sound of the noun. Example include nouns like abofra (child), which forms its plural by removing the 'ab' from the word and adding 'mm' to form its plural: mmofra (children). Same goes for aboa (animal) to mmoa (animals), abusua (family) to mmusua (families), abirekyie (goat) to mmirekyie (goats) etc. in the Twi dialect.

The nouns which use the 'n' prefix include; adaka (box) to nnaka (boxes), adanko (rabbit) to nnanko (rabbits), aduro (medicine) to nnuro (medicines), atare (dress) to ntare (dresses), odwan (sheep) to nnwan (sheep plural), aduane (food) to nnuane (food plural), kraman (dog) to nkraman (dogs), kanea (light) to nkanea (lights), safoa (key) to nsafoa (keys).

Akan can create plural nouns by adding the suffix nom to the original word. Examples include; agya (father) to agyanom (fathers), nana (grandparent/grandchild) to nananom (grandparents/grandchildren), nua (sibling) to nuanom (siblings), yere (wife) to yerenom (wives).

Some Akan nouns are the same in both singular and plural. Nouns such as nkyene (salt), ani (eye), sika (money), etc., are written the same in both singular and plural.

Literature
The Akan languages have a rich literature in proverbs, folktales, and traditional drama, as well as a new literature in dramas, short stories, and novels. This literature began to be documented in written form in the late 1800s. Later, Joseph Hanson Kwabena Nketia collected a number of proverbs and folktales, including Funeral Dirges of the Akan People (1969), Folk Songs of Ghana (1963), and Akan Poetry (1958). Some of the important authors in the language are A. A. Opoku (dramatist), E. J. Osew (dramatist), K. E. Owusu (novelist), and R. A. Tabi (dramatist and novelist). The Bureau of Ghana Languages has been unable to continue printing novels in the language, and the following are out of print: Obreguo, Okrabiri, Afrakoma, Obeede, Fia Tsatsala, and Ku Di Fo Nanawu.

Primary
In 1978 the AOC established a common orthography for all of Akan, which is used as the medium of instruction in primary school. The Akan language is recognized for literacy, from at least the lower primary level (primary 1–3).

University
Akan languages are studied at several major universities in the United States, including Ohio University, Ohio State University, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Harvard University, Boston University, Indiana University, University of Michigan, and The University of Florida. Akan has been a regular African language of study in the annual Summer Cooperative African Languages Institute (SCALI) program. The Akan language is studied in these universities as a bachelor or masters program.

Common phrases

 * Akwaaba – Welcome
 * Aane (Twi) - Yes
 * Nyew (Fante)– Yes
 * Yiw (Akuapem) – Yes
 * Yoo – Okay/Alright
 * Oho / anhã (Fante)/Daabi (Twi)– No/Nope
 * Da yie (Twi) – Good night (literally "sleep well")
 * Me rekɔ da(Fante) – I'm going to sleep
 * Ɛte sɛn? (Twi) – How is it going/How are you? (could also be used in the non lit. sense as "hello")
 * Medaase – Thank you
 * Mepa wo kyɛw – Please/excuse me/I beg your pardon
 * Ndwom (Fante)/nnwom (Twi) – Song/songs or music
 * Wo din de sɛn?/Yɛfrɛ wo sɛn? (Twi) - What is your name?
 * Wo dzin dze dεn? (Fante) – What is your name?
 * Me dzin dze.../Wɔfrɛ me... (Fante) – My name is/I'm called...
 * Woedzi mfe ahen? (Fante) – How old is he/she?
 * Edzi mfe ahen (Fante) – How old are you?
 * ɔwɔ hen? – Where is it?
 * Me rekɔ – I am going/ I am taking my leave.
 * Mbo (Fante)/Mmo (Twi)– Good
 * Jo (Fante)/Kɔ (Twi) – Leave
 * Ayɛ Adze (Fante) – well done
 * Gyae – Stop
 * Da – Sleep
 * Bra - Come
 * Bra ha - Come here
 * Bɛ didi - Come and eat

Names of places

 * Fie - Home
 * Sukuu - School
 * Asɔre - Church
 * Dwaaso - Market
 * sukuupon - University or a tertiary Institution
 * Ayaresabea - Hospital

title: Akan languages


text:
Toni Gardemeister

Toni Gardemeister (born 31 March 1975) is a Finnish professional rally driver in the World Rally Championship. After previously competing for SEAT's, Mitsubishi's, Škoda's and Ford's factory teams, as well as for privateer teams, he joined the Suzuki World Rally Team for the 2008 season.

Early
From the outset of his career Gardemeister had shown himself as a driver of some promise. He won the Finnish Rally Championship Group a (under 2000 cc) title in 1997 behind the wheel of a Nissan Sunny and was driving for the Spanish car firm SEAT for limited outings in 1998 with the Ibiza.

He was to become a world championship mainstay by the year 2000 in the firm's Córdoba WRC as team-mate to former world champion Didier Auriol. Gardemeister's impressive drives include a third place in New Zealand in 1999, and a fourth place on the 2000 Monte Carlo Rally.

With SEAT's surprise withdrawal from the 'works' scene for 2001 came two privateer opportunities in a Peugeot 206 WRC, in which Gardemeister scored drivers' points on both the Monte Carlo Rally and the Swedish Rally, finishing fifth and fourth, respectively. He was also drafted into Mitsubishi Ralliart team in Finland and New Zealand.

Škoda (2002–04)
These performances attracted the attention of Škoda to whom Gardemeister then moved. He was to drive the Octavia WRC throughout 2002 and 2003, reuniting with Auriol, as well as the Fabia WRC in 2004. His best results with the Octavia were fifth places at the 2002 Rally Argentina and 2003 Rally New Zealand. With the Fabia WRC, he finished seventh at the 2004 Rallye Deutschland.

Ford (2005)
After securing a contract with the BP Ford World Rally Team, Ford's factory effort, for the 2005 season, after both of Ford's 2004 factory drivers Markko Märtin and Francois Duval left the team, Gardemeister drove his Ford Focus RS WRC 04 to a string of podiums and other points-scoring positions. A second place in Monte Carlo on his debut and a third in Sweden a month later - which caused him to temporarily lead the World Championship - were complemented by another second place, this time in the Acropolis Rally in the Spring of that year.

Finishing second once more on the Rallye de France in Corsica to the all-conquering Sébastien Loeb was thought to have aided Gardemeister's claim to retaining his drive with Ford for the 2006 season. However, with former Peugeot star Marcus Grönholm already signed to drive the 2006-specification factory Focus RS WRC, the news in November 2005 that Mikko Hirvonen had been signed to drive the second car in 2006 meant that Gardemeister would have to find a drive elsewhere. He finished the season a career-best fourth in the drivers' world championship, scoring twice as many points as his team-mate Roman Kresta.

2006–07
Driving for the privateer Astra Racing team in a Peugeot 307 WRC with co-driver Jakke Honkanen, Gardemeister finished third in the 2006 Monte Carlo Rally, the first rally of the season. He went on to compete in three more world rallies driving a Citroën Xsara WRC, finishing fourth in Greece and Germany, and finishing fifth in Cyprus.

In the 2007 season, Gardemeister competed in five world rallies with a Mitsubishi Lancer WRC05 and one with a Citroën Xsara WRC. With the Lancer WRC05, he finished seventh in Monte Carlo and then sixth in Sweden and Sardinia, and suffered two retirements. With the Xsara WRC, he took seventh place at the 2007 Rallye Deutschland.

Suzuki (2008)
Gardemeister resurfaced to the WRC full-time the following year. His hard work with privateer teams had not gone unnoticed, as the new Suzuki World Rally Team offered him and new co-driver Tomi Tuominen one of the two works drives in the 2008 World Rally Championship season. Gardemeister quickly performed, finishing seventh in only their second rally, the 2008 Swedish Rally.

Along with an eighth place in Finland and another seventh in New Zealand, Gardemeister also achieved Suzuki's first WRC stage win in Japan and finished sixth overall behind his team-mate PG Andersson. This marked Suzuki's best points finish and points haul of the 2008 season, on the team's home event. After the event, Toni said: "This has been a very tough but a very good rally for us, which has confirmed what I always thought: when we have a nice clean run with no problems, we are able to fight for a good position. I was also really proud to set Suzuki's first fastest stage time on Saturday. Given that we have not even finished our first full year yet and that we have done no testing, it really shows our potential for the future." With Suzuki retiring from motorsport before season 2009, Gardemeister lost his drive.

2009–10
For 2009, Gardemeister participated in only 2 rallies of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge (IRC). The first being the Rallye Monte Carlo with an Astra Racing run Fiat Grande Punto Abarth S2000. He retired because of technical problems from 2nd place, 2 special stages before the finish. The second was the Rallye Principe de Asturias, with an Opel Corsa S2000 run by Motor Sport Developments. Gardemeister crashed on SS9 from 12th place.

In 2010 he again participated at the IRC Rallye Monte Carlo with an Astra Racing run Fiat Grande Punto Abarth S2000. He surprisingly won the prologue but retired from 10th place on SS11. He also raced at WRC Rally Finland with a Ford Fiesta S2000, finishing 12th overall.

2011–present
In 2011, he entered the Rallye Monte Carlo with an Astra Racing-run Peugeot 207 S2000, and finished in 10th place. After that, he bought himself a Škoda Fabia S2000 and launched his own team, TGS Worldwide OU; his main sponsors were Mad Croc and Hankook. He missed only two rounds, the SATA Rally Azores and the Cyprus Rally; on all the others, he finished inside the top ten, his season best 6th place coming in Barum Rally Zlín. He sometimes complained that the works Škodas had a technical advantage over the marque's privateer drivers, because of certain updates they couldn't get. He finished the season 9th overall.

Gardemeister tried to put together the budget he needed to return to the IRC in 2012, but with Hankook leaving his team, his efforts were unsuccessful. He started to focus on renting out his Škoda, and entered some rally-raid events with various Mitsubishi cars, and achieved some good results. However, while competing on the Silk Way Rally, he suffered an accident which resulted in one twisted and two broken vertebrae. Gardemeister underwent a successful surgery to repair his back, and after a 9-month recovery, he is just as good as he was.

Now after his accident on 2012 he has been running successfully his TGS Worldwide company. TGS Worldwide has been concentrate to run mainly Skoda brand cars. First Fabia S2000 and after R5 models. There have been lot of young talents on the team on their early stages..such as a names as Teemu Suninen, Kalle Rovanperä, Juuso Nordgren, Eerik Pietarinen, Pontus Tidemand, and few young talents more.

title: Toni Gardemeister


text:
Top Sergeant

Top Sergeant is an alternate name for First sergeant

It may also refer to:

 * Top Sergeant (film), a 1942 American military drama film directed by Christy Cabanne
 * Top Sergeant (book), a 1992 autobiography of Sergeant Major of the Army William G. Bainbridge

title: Top Sergeant


text:
Stimulus protocol

In telephony, a stimulus protocol is a type of protocol that is used to carry event notifications between end points. Such a protocol is used to control the operation of devices at each end of the link. However a stimulus protocol is not sensitive to the system state. In a typical application such a protocol will carry keystroke information from a telephone set to a central call control. It may also carry control information for simple types of text displays. MiNET from Mitel is a typical protocol of this sort.

Stimulus protocols are most suited to networks with dumb peripherals and intelligent centralized applications (see intelligent network). This is in contrast to functional protocols which are best suited to a network with an intelligent periphery and a dumb core (see dumb network). Because these architectures share core hardware over large numbers of peripherals, large and expensive computing capabilities in terms of both hardware and software may be supplied. These centralized architectures excel in solving the problems of complexity for large scale applications since the investment in hardware and software may be amortized across a great many users. However the same virtue of large scale sharing prevents these architectures from providing any significant degree of customization to the preferences of the individual user. The most that can be supplied is a degree of parameterization of service operation.

With their suitability tied to the virtues of centralized network architectures, stimulus protocols are being deprecated in favor of functional protocols with the rise of the Internet. A functional protocol such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) from the IETF is more suited for Internet applications.

title: Stimulus protocol


text:
Lucheng District, Changzhi

Lucheng is a District in Changzhi, in  south-eastern Shanxi province of the People's Republic of China. As a division of Changzhi City, it covers an area of 615 km² and has a population of 210,000. Lucheng's economy is driven by coal industry and limestone mining.

A village in Lucheng county, Zhangzhuangcun (张庄村, pinyin: Zhāngzhuāngcūn), sometimes translated as Long Bow Village, was made famous by the book Fanshen written by William H. Hinton. The book chronicles the changes Zhangzhuangcun underwent after the defeat of occupying Japanese forces by the communist Eighth Route Army and the ensuing land reform movement by the Chinese Communist Party during second Chinese civil war. Hinton documented his return to Zhangzhuangcun years later in Fanshen, chronicling what had happened in the years since and describing how the Cultural Revolution affected the village.

History

 * In 1994, its title changed from Lucheng County to Lucheng City (a county-level city under the administration of Changzhi) with approval by the State Council.
 * In 2018, its title changed to Lucheng District.

Transportation

 * China National Highway 207

title: Lucheng District, Changzhi


text:
User talk:Jillianann

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Please do not upload copyrighted material—in general, anything you didn't produce yourself. That includes text from websites, and magazine covers for which fair use doesn't apply. Thanks, dbenbenn | talk 02:22, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jillianann