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Elihu Burritt

Elihu Burritt (December 8, 1810 – March 6, 1879) was an American diplomat, philanthropist, social activist, and blacksmith. He was also a prolific lecturer, journalist and writer who traveled widely in the United States and Europe.

Early life
Elihu Burritt was born December 8, 1810, in New Britain, Connecticut. He was a descendant of William and Elizabeth Burritt from Stratford, Connecticut. He first worked as a blacksmith. As an adult he was active as a lecturer in many causes, opposing slavery, working for temperance, and trying to achieve world peace.

In the early 1840s Burritt began to tour New England, speaking against war and promoting brotherhood. His sobriquet "Learned Blacksmith" arose from a period when he earned a living as a blacksmith in Worcester, Massachusetts. He founded a weekly paper, the Christian Citizen, in Worcester in 1844.

By this time, Burritt had emerged at the head of a group of radical pacifists within the American Peace Society, and took on George Cone Beckwith, who supported a gradualist attitude on multiple fronts. There was a confrontation in 1845. Burritt was given the chance to take over as editor of The Advocate of Peace, the organ of the American Peace Society, but Beckwith employed delaying tactics. When Burritt came into post at the beginning of 1846, he renamed the publication as The Advocate of Peace and Universal Brotherhood. But when Beckwith had mustered enough support, in May, the decision was reversed. The infighting cost the society its president, Samuel Elliott Coues, who resigned.

Move to England
In the summer of 1846, the disillusioned Burritt left the cautious Beckwith, and went to England. He stayed initially with Joseph Sturge. Setting off in July on a walking tour, he went to Worcester, the namesake town, to speak. He travelled widely around a new home in Harborne, then a rural village, largely on foot. He was sympathetic to the industrial and political culture of Birmingham, and became a friend of many of its leading citizens, so that what he wrote about it was largely positive. During his time in Birmingham he lived in a house which he named New Britain Villas. It was later home to Edward Chitham, who also wrote a book on the Black Country. Burritt was actively involved the local community, taking part in the committee for the rebuilding of St. Peter's Church, Harborne.

During a trip abroad in 1846–47, Burritt was touched by the suffering of the Irish peasantry.

League of Universal Brotherhood
Burritt founded the peace organization the League of Universal Brotherhood in 1846. He launched it at Pershore, and it was supported by Sturge, James Silk Buckingham, and John Jefferson of the London Peace Society. The Quaker Edmund Fry (1811–1866) became its secretary, and Charles Gilpin a supporter. Burritt edited the monthly Bond of Brotherhood, from London. The league promoted the use of free-labour produce. Female auxiliaries, called 'Olive Leaf Circles', raised funds for the league by selling articles made from free-labour cotton and other raw materials. By 1850 there were around 150 of such circles in Britain.

"The peace movement", as an umbrella term that included supporters of William Lloyd Garrison and the "moral force" Chartists, as well as the league and Peace Society radicals, was popularized by Burritt from 1847.

Burritt organized the first international congress of the Friends of Peace, which convened in Brussels in September 1848. The league was shortly an international movement, but its British branch became part of the London Peace Society in 1857. It influenced the later work in the United Kingdom of Priscilla Peckover.

A second "Peace Congress" met in Paris in 1849, presided over by Victor Hugo. Burritt attended the "Peace Congresses" at Frankfurt in 1850, London in 1851, Manchester in 1852 and Edinburgh in 1853. The outbreak of the Crimean War and then the American Civil War jolted his views.

Later life
Burritt's first stay in Britain ended in 1853. He returned to New England, taking an interest in farming and agricultural methods.

Burritt advocated that Britain, which introduced the Uniform Penny Post in 1840, should introduce an international "ocean penny post" and reduce the cost from one shilling (12 pence) to threepence. He argued this would increase international correspondence, trade, and hence universal brotherhood. He urged the use of illustrated propaganda envelopes. Postal rates were gradually reduced, but his objective was not entirely achieved in his lifetime.

In 1856–1857 Burritt spent much time on abolitionist lecturing in the USA. He was promoting his version of compensated emancipation.

Burritt was appointed United States consul in Birmingham, England by Abraham Lincoln in 1864. When Ulysses S. Grant was elected in 1868, he was not reappointed to the post. He died on March 6, 1879, in New Britain, Connecticut.

Selected publications
Burritt published at least 37 books and articles. They included:

 * Sparks from the Anvil
 * Ten Minute Talks.
 * A Journal of a Visit of Three Days to Skibbereen (1847). It made residents of the United States more aware of the Great Famine of Ireland.
 * Walks in the Black Country and its Green Border-Land. Recorded his thoughts on the industrialization of communities in Birmingham and the Black Country, and brought the latter term into widespread common usage. It was the third of the travel books he wrote about Britain for American readers. He was the author of the famous early description of the Black Country as "black by day and red by night", adding appreciatively that it "cannot be matched, for vast and varied production, by any other space of equal radius on the surface of the globe".
 * A Walk from London to John O'Groat's, with notes by the way (1864) and A walk from London to Land's End and back, with notes by the way (1865): These two books are thought to have influenced John and Robert Naylor who undertook the first recorded walk from Land's End to John o' Groats in 1874 and published their book on it in 1916

Legacy
Each August, New Marlborough, Massachusetts, hosts an annual crafts and community fair in honor of Elihu Burritt. Burritt resided in the Berkshire County Town in 1830. He is one of several blacksmiths who may have inspired the poem "The Village Blacksmith" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

Burritt College, which operated in Spencer, Tennessee, from 1848 to 1939, was named in his honor.

The library at the Central Connecticut State University in New Britain, Connecticut is named in his honor – The Elihu Burritt Library. It holds an archive of his work and correspondence. Another archive is held as part of the Swarthmore College Peace Collection.

title: Elihu Burritt


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Desy

Desy may refer to:

People

 * Desy Lumini (1936–1993), Italian composer, singer, and actress
 * Desy Ratnasari (born 1973), Indonesian actress
 * Jean Désy (1893–1960), Canadian diplomat

Other uses

 * DESY, a national research center in Germany

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title: Desy


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Pandorina

Pandorina is a genus of green algae composed of 8, 16, or sometimes 32 cells, held together at their bases to form a sack globular colony surrounded by mucilage. The cells are ovoid or slightly narrowed at one end to appear keystone- or pear-shaped. Each cell has two flagella with two contractile vacuoles at its base, an eyespot, and a large cup-shaped chloroplast with at least one pyrenoid. The colonies co-ordinate their flagellar movement to create a rolling, swimming motion. Pandorina shows the beginnings of the colony polarity and differentiation seen in Volvox, with the anterior cells have larger eyespots. Molecular sequencing has shown that Pandorina is paraphyletic with respect to Volvulina.

Asexual reproduction is by simultaneous division of all cells of the colony to form autocolonies that are liberated by a gelatinization of the colonial envelope. Sexual reproduction occurs by division of each cell of the colony into 16-32 zoogametes. Zoogametes show indications of heterogamy, a slight difference in the size and motility of the pairs that fuse to form the smooth-walled zygote.

title: Pandorina


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File:Statue of Arhat in Baoshen Temple.jpg

Statue of Arhat in Baoshen Temple by Yang Huizhi martin tai 2004, Luzhi


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User talk:Spiffysam

First off, welcome to Wikipedia! I don't have the proper tools for a proper, link-filled greeting, but thanks for your contributions.

Now, about this picture Image:Untitled-1.gif you've uploaded... I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you.

Also, it would be nice if you could rename it to something more descriptive, but it's not necessary. Thanks! Ashibaka tlk 20:42, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spiffysam


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Classical republicanism

Classical republicanism, also known as civic republicanism or civic humanism, is a form of republicanism developed in the Renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of classical antiquity, especially such classical writers as Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero. Classical republicanism is built around concepts such as liberty as non-domination, self-government, rule of law, property-based personality, anti-corruption, abolition of monarchy, civics, civil society, common good, civic virtue, popular sovereignty, patriotism and mixed government.

Overview
In the classical period itself the term republicanism did not exist, but the Latin term res publica, which translates literally as "the public thing" or "the public affair", was in usage. There were a number of theorists who wrote on political philosophy during that period such as Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero, and their ideas became the essential core of classical republicanism. The ideology of republicanism blossomed during the Italian Renaissance, most notably in Florence, when a number of authors looked back to the classical period and used its examples to formulate ideas about ideal governance. In the late 13th century the Italian Dominican Bartholomew of Lucca, when completing Thomas Aquinas’s De regno, defended republicanism against monarchy and the autonomy of the Tuscan communes, and reconfirmed, against Augustine, Roman republican values such as patriotism. One of the first to reintroduce classical republicanism was said to have been Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) in his later reflections.

It has been argued that Machiavelli was not a classical republican, since he described mostly medieval political relations. Indeed, Machiavelli's innovation, addition, or transformation of classical republicanism more likely marks a turning point and the dawn of modern republicanism; Machiavelli's particular brand of republicanism has been dubbed "rapacious republicanism" by a collection of scholars. At any rate, that classical republicanism actually refers to a philosophy developed primarily in the early modern period is acknowledged by many scholars to be confusing; therefore, some now use the term early modern republicanism to cover this branch of political thought. To be sure, the conceptual, historical, and philosophical debate continues.

One variant of classical republicanism is known as "civic humanism", a term first employed by the German scholar of late medieval and early modern Italian history, Hans Baron. Although in certain cases and with certain scholars there is a subtle distinction between the two, they are for all intents and purposes interchangeable. Civic humanism is slightly wider in scope and stresses the central role of civic virtue in the preservation of the classically Roman/Florentine ideal of political liberty. Leading exponents of this dual concept are Hannah Arendt, J. G. A. Pocock, Quentin Skinner, and Philip Pettit.

Thomas Pangle (a student of Leo Strauss) has critiqued the inaccuracy of the "civic humanist" reconstruction, regarding it as a distortion of classical republicanism on the one hand and of Machiavelli's political science on the other hand. Pangle writes, "both Pocock and Arendt (the latter more self-consciously) obscure the imperialism, the ruthlessness, the warring hierarchy, and the glacial rationalism that truly characterize Machiavelli; over these elements they throw a veil of softened, egalitarian, 'civic humanism.

According to Baron, for many years the foremost expert on the development of classical republicanism, the ideology was a product of the long conflict between Florence and Milan. Florence was ruled by its commercial elites while Milan was a monarchy controlled by its landed aristocracy. The Florentines asserted that their form of government was superior on the basis that it was more similar to that of the Greeks and the Roman Republic. Moreover, Leonardo Bruni (1370–1444) asserted, based on Tacitus's pronouncements in the introduction to the Histories, that republican government made better men, whereas monarchy was inimical to human virtue (see Tacitean studies). The Florentine ideal developed into the ideology of civic humanism, as per Baron.

Since Thomas Hobbes, at the core of republicanism is the concept of the social contract. Although modern republicanism rejected monarchy (whether hereditary or otherwise autocratic) in favour of rule by the people, classical republicanism treated monarchy as one form of government among others. Classical republicanism was rather aimed against any form of tyranny, whether monarchic, aristocratic, or democratic (tyranny of the majority). The notions of what constituted an ideal republic to classical republicans themselves depended on personal view. However, the most ideal republic featured a form of mixed government and was based on the pursuit of civility.

Most controversial is the classical republican view of liberty and how, or if, this view differed from that later developed by liberalism. Previously, many scholars accepted the stance of Isaiah Berlin that republicanism was tilted more toward positive liberty rather than the negative liberty characterizing liberalism. In recent years, this thesis has been challenged, and Philip Pettit argues that republican liberty is based upon "non-domination" while liberal freedom is based upon "non-interference." Another view is that liberalism views liberty as pre-social while classical republicans saw true liberty as a product of society. Because liberty was an important part of republican thought, many republican thinkers were appropriated by the theory of classical liberalism.

Classical republicanism became extremely popular in Classicism and during the Enlightenment, playing a central role in the thought of political philosophy since Hobbes, through John Locke, Giambattista Vico, Montesquieu, Rousseau, until Kant. Some historians have seen classical republican ideas influencing early American political thought.

Ancient Greece

In Ancient Greece, several philosophers and historians analysed and described elements we now recognize as classical republicanism. Traditionally, the Greek concept of "politeia" was rendered into Latin as res publica. Consequently, political theory until relatively recently often used republic in the general sense of "regime". There is no single written expression or definition from this era that exactly corresponds with a modern understanding of the term "republic" but most of the essential features of the modern definition are present in the works of Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius. These include theories of mixed government and of civic virtue. For example, in The Republic, Plato places great emphasis on the importance of civic virtue (aiming for the good) together with personal virtue ('just man') on the part of the ideal rulers. Indeed, in Book V, Plato asserts that until rulers have the nature of philosophers (Socrates) or philosophers become the rulers, there can be no civic peace or happiness.

A number of Ancient Greek city-states such as Athens and Sparta have been classified as "classical republics", because they featured extensive participation by the citizens in legislation and political decision-making. Aristotle considered Carthage to have been a republic as it had a political system similar to that of some of the Greek cities, notably Sparta, but avoided some of the defects that affected them.

Ancient Rome

Both Livy, a Roman historian, and Plutarch, who is noted for his biographies and moral essays, described how Rome had developed its legislation, notably the transition from a kingdom to a republic, by following the example of the Greeks. Some of this history, composed more than 500 years after the events, with scant written sources to rely on, may be fictitious reconstruction.

The Greek historian Polybius, writing in the mid-2nd century BCE, emphasized (in Book 6) the role played by the Roman Republic as an institutional form in the dramatic rise of Rome's hegemony over the Mediterranean. In his writing on the constitution of the Roman Republic, Polybius described the system as being a "mixed" form of government. Specifically, Polybius described the Roman system as a mixture of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy with the Roman Republic constituted in such a manner that it applied the strengths of each system to offset the weaknesses of the others. In his view, the mixed system of the Roman Republic provided the Romans with a much greater level of domestic tranquillity than would have been experienced under another form of government. Furthermore, Polybius argued, the comparative level of domestic tranquillity the Romans enjoyed allowed them to conquer the Mediterranean. Polybius exerted a great influence on Cicero as he wrote his politico-philosophical works in the 1st century BCE. In one of these works, De re publica, Cicero linked the Roman concept of res publica to the Greek politeia.

The modern term "republic", despite its derivation, is not synonymous with the Roman res publica. Among the several meanings of the term res publica, it is most often translated "republic" where the Latin expression refers to the Roman state, and its form of government, between the era of the Kings and the era of the Emperors. This Roman Republic would, by a modern understanding of the word, still be defined as a true republic, even if not coinciding entirely. Thus, Enlightenment philosophers saw the Roman Republic as an ideal system because it included features like a systematic separation of powers.

Romans still called their state "Res Publica" in the era of the early emperors because, on the surface, the organization of the state had been preserved by the first emperors without significant alteration. Several offices from the Republican era, held by individuals, were combined under the control of a single person. These changes became permanent, and gradually conferred sovereignty on the Emperor.

Cicero's description of the ideal state, in De re Publica, does not equate to a modern-day "republic"; it is more like enlightened absolutism. His philosophical works were influential when Enlightenment philosophers such as Voltaire developed their political concepts.

In its classical meaning, a republic was any stable well-governed political community. Both Plato and Aristotle identified three forms of government: democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy. First Plato and Aristotle, and then Polybius and Cicero, held that the ideal republic is a mixture of these three forms of government. The writers of the Renaissance embraced this notion.

Cicero expressed reservations concerning the republican form of government. While in his theoretical works he defended monarchy, or at least a mixed monarchy/oligarchy, in his own political life, he generally opposed men, like Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, and Octavian, who were trying to realise such ideals. Eventually, that opposition led to his death and Cicero can be seen as a victim of his own Republican ideals.

Tacitus, a contemporary of Plutarch, was not concerned with whether a form of government could be analysed as a "republic" or a "monarchy". He analysed how the powers accumulated by the early Julio-Claudian dynasty were all given by a State that was still notionally a republic. Nor was the Roman Republic "forced" to give away these powers: it did so freely and reasonably, certainly in Augustus' case, because of his many services to the state, freeing it from civil wars and disorder.

Tacitus was one of the first to ask whether such powers were given to the head of state because the citizens wanted to give them, or whether they were given for other reasons (for example, because one had a deified ancestor). The latter case led more easily to abuses of power. In Tacitus' opinion, the trend away from a true republic was irreversible only when Tiberius established power, shortly after Augustus' death in 14 CE (much later than most historians place the start of the Imperial form of government in Rome). By this time, too many principles defining some powers as "untouchable" had been implemented.

Renaissance republicanism

In Europe, republicanism was revived in the late Middle Ages when a number of states, which arose from medieval communes, embraced a republican system of government. These were generally small but wealthy trading states in which the merchant class had risen to prominence. Haakonssen notes that by the Renaissance, Europe was divided, such that those states controlled by a landed elite were monarchies, and those controlled by a commercial elite were republics. The latter included the Italian city-states of Florence, Genoa, and Venice and members of the Hanseatic League. One notable exception was Dithmarschen, a group of largely autonomous villages, which confederated in a peasants' republic. Building upon concepts of medieval feudalism, Renaissance scholars used the ideas of the ancient world to advance their view of an ideal government. Thus the republicanism developed during the Renaissance is known as 'classical republicanism' because it relied on classical models. This terminology was developed by Zera Fink in the 1940s, but some modern scholars, such as Brugger, consider it confuses the "classical republic" with the system of government used in the ancient world. 'Early modern republicanism' has been proposed as an alternative term. It is also sometimes called civic humanism. Beyond simply a non-monarchy, early modern thinkers conceived of an ideal republic, in which mixed government was an important element, and the notion that virtue and the common good were central to good government. Republicanism also developed its own distinct view of liberty. Renaissance authors who spoke highly of republics were rarely critical of monarchies. While Niccolò Machiavelli's Discourses on Livy is the period's key work on republics, he also wrote the treatise The Prince, which is better remembered and more widely read, on how best to run a monarchy. The early modern writers did not see the republican model as universally applicable; most thought that it could be successful only in very small and highly urbanized city-states. Jean Bodin in Six Books of the Commonwealth (1576) identified monarchy with republic.

Classical writers like Tacitus, and Renaissance writers like Machiavelli tried to avoid an outspoken preference for one government system or another. Enlightenment philosophers, on the other hand, expressed a clear opinion. Thomas More, writing before the Age of Enlightenment, was too outspoken for the reigning king's taste, even though he coded his political preferences in a utopian allegory.

In England a type of republicanism evolved that was not wholly opposed to monarchy; thinkers such as Thomas More, John Fisher and Sir Thomas Smith saw a monarchy, firmly constrained by law, as compatible with republicanism.

Dutch Republic
Anti-monarchism became more strident in the Dutch Republic during and after the Eighty Years' War, which began in 1568. This anti-monarchism was more propaganda than a political philosophy; most of the anti-monarchist works appeared in the form of widely distributed pamphlets. This evolved into a systematic critique of monarchy, written by men such as the brothers Johan and Peter de la Court. They saw all monarchies as illegitimate tyrannies that were inherently corrupt. These authors were more concerned with preventing the position of Stadholder from evolving into a monarchy, than with attacking their former rulers. Dutch republicanism also influenced French Huguenots during the Wars of Religion. In the other states of early modern Europe republicanism was more moderate.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, republicanism was the influential ideology. After the establishment of the Commonwealth of Two Nations, republicans supported the status quo, of having a very weak monarch, and opposed those who thought a stronger monarchy was needed. These mostly Polish republicans, such as Łukasz Górnicki, Andrzej Wolan, and Stanisław Konarski, were well read in classical and Renaissance texts and firmly believed that their state was a republic on the Roman model, and started to call their state the Rzeczpospolita. Atypically, Polish–Lithuanian republicanism was not the ideology of the commercial class, but rather of the landed nobility, which would lose power if the monarchy were expanded. This resulted in an oligarchy of the great landed magnates.

Caribbean
Victor Hugues, Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse and Nicolas Xavier de Ricard were prominent supporters of republicanism for various Caribbean islands. Edwin Sandys, William Sayle and George Tucker all supported the islands becoming republics, particularly Bermuda. Julien Fédon and Joachim Philip led the republican Fédon's rebellion between 2 March 1795 and 19 June 1796, an uprising against British rule in Grenada.

Corsica

The first of the Enlightenment republics established in Europe during the 18th century occurred in the small Mediterranean island of Corsica. Although perhaps an unlikely place to act as a laboratory for such political experiments, Corsica combined a number of factors that made it unique: a tradition of village democracy; varied cultural influences from the Italian city-states, Spanish empire and Kingdom of France which left it open to the ideas of the Italian Renaissance, Spanish humanism and French Enlightenment; and a geo-political position between these three competing powers which led to frequent power vacuums in which new regimes could be set up, testing out the fashionable new ideas of the age.

From the 1720s the island had been experiencing a series of short-lived but ongoing rebellions against its current sovereign, the Italian city-state of Genoa. During the initial period (1729–36) these merely sought to restore the control of the Spanish Empire; when this proved impossible, an independent Kingdom of Corsica (1736–40) was proclaimed, following the Enlightenment ideal of a written constitutional monarchy. But the perception grew that the monarchy had colluded with the invading power, a more radical group of reformers led by the Pasquale Paoli pushed for political overhaul, in the form of a constitutional and parliamentary republic inspired by the popular ideas of the Enlightenment.

Its governing philosophy was both inspired by the prominent thinkers of the day, notably the French philosophers Montesquieu and Voltaire and the Swiss theorist Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Not only did it include a permanent national parliament with fixed-term legislatures and regular elections, but, more radically for the time, it introduced universal male suffrage, and it is thought to be the first constitution in the world to grant women the right to vote female suffrage may also have existed. It also extended Enlightened principles to other spheres, including administrative reform, the foundation of a national university at Corte, and the establishment of a popular standing army.

The Corsican Republic lasted for fifteen years, from 1755 to 1769, eventually falling to a combination of Genoese and French forces and was incorporated as a province of the Kingdom of France. But the episode resonated across Europe as an early example of Enlightened constitutional republicanism, with many of the most prominent political commentators of the day recognising it to be an experiment in a new type of popular and democratic government. Its influence was particularly notable among the French Enlightenment philosophers: Rousseau's famous work On the Social Contract (1762: chapter 10, book II) declared, in its discussion on the conditions necessary for a functional popular sovereignty, that "There is still one European country capable of making its own laws: the island of Corsica. valour and persistency with which that brave people has regained and defended its liberty well deserves that some wise man should teach it how to preserve what it has won. I have a feeling that some day that little island will astonish Europe."; indeed Rousseau volunteered to do precisely that, offering a draft constitution for Paoli'se use. Similarly, Voltaire affirmed in his Précis du siècle de Louis XV (1769: chapter LX) that "Bravery may be found in many places, but such bravery only among free peoples". But the influence of the Corsican Republic as an example of a sovereign people fighting for liberty and enshrining this constitutionally in the form of an Enlightened republic was even greater among the Radicals of Great Britain and North America, where it was popularised via An Account of Corsica, by the Scottish essayist James Boswell. The Corsican Republic went on to influence the American revolutionaries ten years later: the Sons of Liberty, initiators of the American Revolution, would declare Pascal Paoli to be a direct inspiration for their own struggle against the British; the son of Ebenezer Mackintosh was named Pascal Paoli Mackintosh in his honour, and no fewer than five American counties are named Paoli for the same reason.

England

Oliver Cromwell set up a Christian republic called the Commonwealth of England (1649–1660) which he ruled after the overthrow of King Charles I. James Harrington was then a leading philosopher of republicanism. John Milton was another important Republican thinker at this time, expressing his views in political tracts as well as through poetry and prose. In his epic poem Paradise Lost, for instance, Milton uses Satan's fall to suggest that unfit monarchs should be brought to justice, and that such issues extend beyond the constraints of one nation. As Christopher N. Warren argues, Milton offers "a language to critique imperialism, to question the legitimacy of dictators, to defend free international discourse, to fight unjust property relations, and to forge new political bonds across national lines." This form of international Miltonic republicanism has been influential on later thinkers including 19th-century radicals Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, according to Warren and other historians.

The collapse of the Commonwealth of England in 1660 and the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II discredited republicanism among England's ruling circles. Nevertheless, they welcomed the liberalism, and emphasis on rights, of John Locke, which played a major role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Even so, republicanism flourished in the "country" party of the early 18th century (commonwealthmen), which denounced the corruption of the "court" party, producing a political theory that heavily influenced the American colonists. In general, the English ruling classes of the 18th century vehemently opposed republicanism, typified by the attacks on John Wilkes, and especially on the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

French and Swiss thought

French and Swiss Enlightenment thinkers, such as Voltaire, Baron Charles de Montesquieu and later Jean-Jacques Rousseau, expanded upon and altered the ideas of what an ideal republic should be: some of their new ideas were scarcely traceable to antiquity or the Renaissance thinkers. Concepts they contributed, or heavily elaborated, were social contract, positive law, and mixed government. They also borrowed from, and distinguished republicanism from, the ideas of liberalism that were developing at the same time.

Liberalism and republicanism were frequently conflated during this period, because they both opposed absolute monarchy. Modern scholars see them as two distinct streams that both contributed to the democratic ideals of the modern world. An important distinction is that, while republicanism stressed the importance of civic virtue and the common good, liberalism was based on economics and individualism. It is clearest in the matter of private property, which, according to some, can be maintained only under the protection of established positive law.

Jules Ferry, Prime Minister of France from 1880 to 1885, followed both these schools of thought. He eventually enacted the Ferry Laws, which he intended to overturn the Falloux Laws by embracing the anti-clerical thinking of the Philosophes. These laws ended the Catholic Church's involvement in many government institutions in late 19th-century France, including schools.

The Thirteen British Colonies in North America
In recent years a debate has developed over the role of republicanism in the American Revolution and in the British radicalism of the 18th century. For many decades the consensus was that liberalism, especially that of John Locke, was paramount and that republicanism had a distinctly secondary role.

The new interpretations were pioneered by J.G.A. Pocock, who argued in The Machiavellian Moment (1975) that, at least in the early 18th century, republican ideas were just as important as liberal ones. Pocock's view is now widely accepted. Bernard Bailyn and Gordon Wood pioneered the argument that the American founding fathers were more influenced by republicanism than they were by liberalism. Cornell University professor Isaac Kramnick, on the other hand, argues that Americans have always been highly individualistic and therefore Lockean. Joyce Appleby has argued similarly for the Lockean influence on America.

In the decades before the American Revolution (1776), the intellectual and political leaders of the colonies studied history intently, looking for models of good government. They especially followed the development of republican ideas in England. Pocock explained the intellectual sources in America:

"The Whig canon and the neo-Harringtonians, John Milton, James Harrington and Sidney, Trenchard, Gordon and Bolingbroke, together with the Greek, Roman, and Renaissance masters of the tradition as far as Montesquieu, formed the authoritative literature of this culture; and its values and concepts were those with which we have grown familiar: a civic and patriot ideal in which the personality was founded in property, perfected in citizenship but perpetually threatened by corruption; government figuring paradoxically as the principal source of corruption and operating through such means as patronage, faction, standing armies (opposed to the ideal of the militia), established churches (opposed to the Puritan and deist modes of American religion) and the promotion of a monied interest – though the formulation of this last concept was somewhat hindered by the keen desire for readily available paper credit common in colonies of settlement. A neoclassical politics provided both the ethos of the elites and the rhetoric of the upwardly mobile, and accounts for the singular cultural and intellectual homogeneity of the Founding Fathers and their generation."

The commitment of most Americans to these republican values made the American Revolution inevitable. Britain was increasingly seen as corrupt and hostile to republicanism, and as a threat to the established liberties the Americans enjoyed.

Leopold von Ranke in 1848 claimed that American republicanism played a crucial role in the development of European liberalism:

"By abandoning English constitutionalism and creating a new republic based on the rights of the individual, the North Americans introduced a new force in the world. Ideas spread most rapidly when they have found adequate concrete expression. Thus republicanism entered our Romanic/Germanic world.... Up to this point, the conviction had prevailed in Europe that monarchy best served the interests of the nation. Now the idea spread that the nation should govern itself. But only after a state had actually been formed on the basis of the theory of representation did the full significance of this idea become clear. All later revolutionary movements have this same goal... This was the complete reversal of a principle. Until then, a king who ruled by the grace of God had been the center around which everything turned. Now the idea emerged that power should come from below.... These two principles are like two opposite poles, and it is the conflict between them that determines the course of the modern world. In Europe the conflict between them had not yet taken on concrete form; with the French Revolution it did."

Républicanisme

Republicanism, especially that of Rousseau, played a central role in the French Revolution and foreshadowed modern republicanism. The revolutionaries, after overthrowing the French monarchy in the 1790s, began by setting up a republic; Napoleon converted it into an Empire with a new aristocracy. In the 1830s Belgium adopted some of the innovations of the progressive political philosophers of the Enlightenment.

Républicanisme is a French version of modern republicanism. It is a form of social contract, deduced from Jean-Jacques Rousseau's idea of a general will. Each citizen is engaged in a direct relationship with the state, removing the need for identity politics based on local, religious, or racial identification.

Républicanisme, in theory, makes anti-discrimination laws unnecessary, though some critics may argue that in republics also, colour-blind laws serve to perpetuate discrimination.

Ireland
Inspired by the American and French Revolutions, the Society of United Irishmen was founded in 1791 in Belfast and Dublin. The inaugural meeting of the United Irishmen in Belfast on 18 October 1791 approved a declaration of the society's objectives. It identified the central grievance that Ireland had no national government: "...we are ruled by Englishmen, and the servants of Englishmen, whose object is the interest of another country, whose instrument is corruption, and whose strength is the weakness of Ireland..." They adopted three central positions: (i) to seek out a cordial union among all the people of Ireland, to maintain that balance essential to preserve liberties and extend commerce; (ii) that the sole constitutional mode by which English influence can be opposed, is by a complete and radical reform of the representation of the people in Parliament; (iii) that no reform is practicable or efficacious, or just which shall not include Irishmen of every religious persuasion. The declaration, then, urged constitutional reform, union among Irish people and the removal of all religious disqualifications.

The movement was influenced, at least in part, by the French Revolution. Public interest, already strongly aroused, was brought to a pitch by the publication in 1790 of Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, and Thomas Paine's response, Rights of Man, in February 1791. Theobald Wolfe Tone wrote later that, "This controversy, and the gigantic event which gave rise to it, changed in an instant the politics of Ireland." Paine himself was aware of this commenting on sales of Part I of Rights of Man in November 1791, only eight months after publication of the first edition, he informed a friend that in England "almost sixteen thousand has gone off – and in Ireland above forty thousand". Paine may have been inclined to talk up sales of his works but what is striking in this context is that Paine believed that Irish sales were so far ahead of English ones before Part II had appeared. On 5 June 1792, Thomas Paine, author of the Rights of Man was proposed for honorary membership of the Dublin Society of the United Irishmen.

The fall of the Bastille was to be celebrated in Belfast on 14 July 1791 by a Volunteer meeting. At the request of Thomas Russell, Tone drafted suitable resolutions for the occasion, including one favouring the inclusion of Catholics in any reforms. In a covering letter to Russell, Tone wrote, "I have not said one word that looks like a wish for separation, though I give it to you and your friends as my most decided opinion that such an event would be a regeneration of their country". By 1795, Tone's republicanism and that of the society had openly crystallized when he tells us: "I remember particularly two days thae we passed on Cave Hill. On the first Russell, Neilson, Simms, McCracken and one or two more of us, on the summit of McArt's fort, took a solemn obligation...never to desist in our efforts until we had subverted the authority of England over our country and asserted her independence."

The culmination was an uprising against British rule in Ireland lasting from May to September 1798 – the Irish Rebellion of 1798 – with military support from revolutionary France in August and again October 1798. After the failure of the rising of 1798 the United Irishman, John Daly Burk, an émigré in the United States in his  The History of the Late War in Ireland written in 1799, was most emphatic in its identification of the Irish, French and American causes.

title: Classical republicanism


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Long haired boys

 * Delete Original research; just facile remarks about youth counterculture of the 70s, akwardly tied to Iraq. This should hardly even be vfd; just normal delete.Zantastik 20:42, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.243.109.140

title: User talk:69.243.109.140


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Ambient occlusion

In 3D computer graphics, modeling, and animation, ambient occlusion is a shading and rendering technique used to calculate how exposed each point in a scene is to ambient lighting. For example, the interior of a tube is typically more occluded (and hence darker) than the exposed outer surfaces, and becomes darker the deeper inside the tube one goes.

Ambient occlusion can be seen as an accessibility value that is calculated for each surface point. In scenes with open sky, this is done by estimating the amount of visible sky for each point, while in indoor environments, only objects within a certain radius are taken into account and the walls are assumed to be the origin of the ambient light. The result is a diffuse, non-directional shading effect that casts no clear shadows, but that darkens enclosed and sheltered areas and can affect the rendered image's overall tone. It is often used as a post-processing effect.

Unlike local methods such as Phong shading, ambient occlusion is a global method, meaning that the illumination at each point is a function of other geometry in the scene. However, it is a very crude approximation to full global illumination. The appearance achieved by ambient occlusion alone is similar to the way an object might appear on an overcast day.

The first method that allowed simulating ambient occlusion in real time was developed by the research and development department of Crytek (CryEngine 2). With the release of hardware capable of real time ray tracing (GeForce 20 series) by Nvidia in 2018, ray traced ambient occlusion (RTAO) became possible in games and other real time applications. This feature was added to the Unreal Engine with version 4.22.

Implementation
In the absence of hardware-assisted ray traced ambient occlusion, real-time applications such as computer games can use screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO) techniques such as horizon-based ambient occlusion including HBAO and ground-truth ambient occlusion (GTAO) as a faster approximation of true ambient occlusion, using per-pixel depth, rather than scene geometry, to form an ambient occlusion map.

Ambient occlusion is related to accessibility shading, which determines appearance based on how easy it is for a surface to be touched by various elements (e.g., dirt, light, etc.). It has been popularized in production animation due to its relative simplicity and efficiency.

The ambient occlusion shading model offers a better perception of the 3D shape of the displayed objects. This was shown in a paper where the authors report the results of perceptual experiments showing that depth discrimination under diffuse uniform sky lighting is superior to that predicted by a direct lighting model.

The occlusion $$A_\bar p$$ at a point $$\bar p$$ on a surface with normal $$\hat n$$ can be computed by integrating the visibility function over the hemisphere $$\Omega$$ with respect to projected solid angle:

$ A_\bar p = \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{\Omega} V_{\bar p,\hat\omega} (\hat n \cdot \hat\omega ) \, \operatorname{d}\omega $

where $$V_{\bar p,\hat\omega}$$ is the visibility function at $$\bar p$$, defined to be zero if $$\bar p$$ is occluded in the direction $$\hat\omega$$ and one otherwise, and $$\operatorname{d}\omega$$ is the infinitesimal solid angle step of the integration variable $$\hat\omega$$. A variety of techniques are used to approximate this integral in practice: perhaps the most straightforward way is to use the Monte Carlo method by casting rays from the point $$\bar p$$ and testing for intersection with other scene geometry (i.e., ray casting). Another approach (more suited to hardware acceleration) is to render the view from $$\bar p$$ by rasterizing black geometry against a white background and taking the (cosine-weighted) average of rasterized fragments. This approach is an example of a "gathering" or "inside-out" approach, whereas other algorithms (such as depth-map ambient occlusion) employ "scattering" or "outside-in" techniques.

In addition to the ambient occlusion value, a "bent normal" vector $$\hat{n}_b$$ is often generated, which points in the average direction of occluded samples. The bent normal can be used to look up incident radiance from an environment map to approximate image-based lighting. However, there are some situations in which the direction of the bent normal is a misrepresentation of the dominant direction of illumination, e.g.,

In this example, light may reach the point p only from the left or right sides, but the bent normal points to the average of those two sources, which is directly toward the obstruction.

Variants

 * Screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO)
 * Screen space directional occlusion (SSDO)
 * Ray-traced ambient occlusion (RTAO)
 * High Definition Ambient Occlusion (HDAO)
 * Horizon Based Ambient Occlusion+ (HBAO)
 * Alchemy Ambient Occlusion (AAO)
 * Angle Based Ambient Occlusion (ABAO)
 * Pre Baked Ambient Occlusion (PBAO)
 * Voxel Accelerated Ambient Occlusion (VXAO)
 * Ground Truth based Ambient Occlusion (GTAO)

Recognition
In 2010, Hayden Landis, Ken McGaugh and Hilmar Koch were awarded a Scientific and Technical Academy Award for their work on ambient occlusion rendering.

title: Ambient occlusion


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Conchobar Abradruad

Conchobar Abradruad ("red eyelashes"), son of Find File, son of Ros Ruad, son of Fergus Fairgge, son of Nuadu Necht, of the Laigin, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He succeeded to the throne after the death of Lugaid Riab nDerg, and ruled for a year, at the end of which he was killed by Lugaid's son Crimthann Nia Náir. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Vespasian (AD 69–79). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 13–12 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 9–8 BC.

title: Conchobar Abradruad


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Talk:Compton County, Quebec

Untitled
This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. The discussion is archived at Votes for deletion/Compton County, Quebec. Joyous 20:47, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Compton County, Quebec


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Talk:Palmyra (disambiguation)

Untitled
Apart perhaps from Palmyra, New York all the other places called Palmyra are far less important than the Palmyra, Syria, which is currently a redirect to Tadmor. This does seem a bit daft. I think the naming convention is that a place is known by its best known name in English, and therefore Tadmor (the modern name) should redirect to the historical name. Also, I suggest that Palmyra be about Palmyra, Syria, and that the current list of mostly US towns be moved to Palmyra (disambiguation). Any thoughts? Gareth Hughes 20:48, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Palmyra, tadmor should be by it self, and connected to syriacs, due to the fact it was a syriac kingdom, the same goes for Hatra, and Petra. eventhough the arabification of the cities and kingdoms has reached its max in these days. I would like to see that wikipedia stands for the truth. Suryoyo 12:43, 29 December 2005 (UTC) //Michael

 * Palmyra (Syria) should redirect here (that article is a mess anyways, and contains nothing not in here). Tadmor already does. We can stress the history and naming a bit more in this articles introduction.--Stephan Schulz 11:50, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Disagree witht the move. All three major palmyra entry's have about the same number of edits, and moving the syria article here would place it above the others in importance. This may or not be the case in the states, but it seems unwise. the disambiguation page suffices. Let's leave as is. -Visorstuff 13:40, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, wrong talk page. My comment should have been on Talk: Palmyra, not here. I messed this up...--Stephan Schulz 14:19, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Whoever did the page move, it's all messed up. Palmyra's talk page links to Talk:Palmyra (disambiguation), rather than Talk:Palmyra. Can someone clean up? -Visorstuff 20:38, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palmyra (disambiguation)


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Nebraska Zephyr

The Nebraska Zephyr was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q, commonly known by the shorter name of "Burlington") between Chicago, Illinois; Omaha, Nebraska; and Lincoln, Nebraska, from 1947 to 1971. Until 1968, the service was provided by two Twin Cities Zephyr articulated trainsets — the "Train of the Gods" and "Train of the Goddesses" — that became synonymous with it. The Nebraska Zephyr was one of many trains discontinued when Amtrak began operations in 1971. The "Train of the Goddesses" set is preserved at the Illinois Railway Museum in Union, Illinois.

History
The Burlington introduced the Nebraska Zephyr on the Chicago–Omaha–Lincoln route on November 16, 1947, replacing the Ak-Sar-Ben Zephyr. The Zephyr joined four other trains on the route: the Exposition Flyer, Denver Zephyr, Ak-Sar-Ben, and Fast Mail. On-board services included a parlor car, dining car, and cocktail lounge. The trains operated on a daylight schedule between Chicago and Lincoln. Westbound #11 departed Chicago at 12:45 PM and arrived in Lincoln at 10:30 PM. Eastbound #12 departed Lincoln at 11:00 AM and arrived in Chicago at 8:45 PM. The 551 mi trip took 9 hours 45 minutes, an average speed of 56 mph.

Although the Burlington removed the distinctive "Zephyr" trainsets in February 1968, the train continued to operate as the Nebraska Zephyr, albeit with reduced service. A June 1968 timetable advertised a "dinette coach" as the only amenity, and the running time had lengthened to 11 hours 30 minutes. The Nebraska Zephyr lost its name prior to its discontinuance on April 30, 1971.

Equipment
The twin Nebraska Zephyr trainsets were built in 1936 by the Budd Company as the second pair of Twin Zephyrs, built for service between Chicago and Minneapolis-St. Paul, both of which had cars named for classical deities. One trainset was known as the "Train of the Goddesses" and its cars were named Venus, Vesta, Minerva, Psyche, Ceres, Diana, and Juno. The other trainset was known as the "Train of the Gods" and its cars were named Apollo, Mars, Neptune, Cupid, Vulcan, Mercury, and Jupiter. Each consist included the following cars: cocktail lounge, two 60-seat coaches, a coach-dinette, dining car, a parlor car, and a parlor-observation car. Early typical motive power for these trains was provided by a pair of shovel-nose diesels named Pegasus (CB&Q #9904) and Zephyrus (CB&Q 9905).

In their original configuration the two parlor cars, Diana and Mercury, had 19 seats and a private drawing room. In 1942, prior to the sets entering service as the Nebraska Zephyr, 42 standard seats replaced the parlor seats. The Burlington added two new baggage cars, the Argo and Olympus, to the trains in February 1948. Finally, cost-cutting in the 1960s led to several changes in the food service arrangements on the trains. In 1963 the Burlington removed the cocktail lounges from the Venus and Apollo, replacing them with 42 coach seats. In 1966 the dining cars Ceres and Vulcan were rebuilt as "cafeteria cars" featuring vending machines.

The Burlington withdrew the sets from service in February 1968, though the Nebraska Zephyr continued to operate. The "Train of the Goddesses" arrived at the Illinois Railway Museum on September 21, 1968, and it has been in use by the museum since then; it is still operated on short runs on the museum's substantial trackage, providing train enthusiasts and tourists with an experience reminiscent of the heyday of the Burlington's Zephyr service. In 1977 the "Train of the Gods" was refurbished, sold by the Burlington, and delivered to Saudi Arabia for use on the Dammam–Riyadh line of the Saudi Railways Organization, where it operated into the 21st century.

title: Nebraska Zephyr


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Fractional-order integrator

A fractional-order integrator or just simply fractional integrator is an integrator device that calculates the fractional-order integral or derivative (usually called a differintegral) of an input. Differentiation or integration is a real or complex parameter. The fractional integrator is useful in fractional-order control where the history of the system under control is important to the control system output.

Overview
The differintegral function,

 * $${}_a \mathbb{D}^q_t \left( f(x) \right)$$

includes the integer order differentiation and integration functions, and allows a continuous range of functions around them. The differintegral parameters are a, t, and q. The parameters a and t describe the range over which to compute the result. The differintegral parameter q may be any real number or complex number. If q is greater than zero, the differintegral computes a derivative. If q is less than zero, the differintegral computes an integral. The integer order integration can be computed as a Riemann–Liouville differintegral, where the weight of each element in the sum is the constant unit value 1, which is equivalent to the Riemann sum. To compute an integer order derivative, the weights in the summation would be zero, with the exception of the most recent data points, where (in the case of the first unit derivative) the weight of the data point at t − 1 is −1 and the weight of the data point at t is 1. The sum of the points in the input function using these weights results in the difference of the most recent data points. These weights are computed using ratios of the Gamma function incorporating the number of data points in the range [a,t], and the parameter q.

Digital devices
Digital devices have the advantage of being versatile, and are not susceptible to unexpected output variation due to heat or noise. The discrete nature of a computer however, does not allow for all of history to be computed. Some finite range [a,t] must exist. Therefore, the number of data points that can be stored in memory (N), determines the oldest data point in memory, so that the value a is never more than N samples old. The effect is that any history older than a is completely forgotten, and no longer influences the output.

A solution to this problem is the Coopmans approximation, which allows old data to be forgotten more gracefully (though still with exponential decay, rather than with the power law decay of a purely analog device).

Analog devices
Analog devices have the ability to retain history over longer intervals. This translates into the parameter a staying constant, while t increases.

There is no error due to round-off, as in the case of digital devices, but there may be error in the device due to leakages, and also unexpected variations in behavior caused by heat and noise.

An example fractional-order integrator is a modification of the standard integrator circuit, where a capacitor is used as the feedback impedance on an opamp. By replacing the capacitor with an RC Ladder circuit, a half order integrator, that is, with

 * $$q = -\frac{1}{2},$$

can be constructed.

title: Fractional-order integrator


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Landsat 4

Landsat 4 is the fourth satellite of the Landsat program. It was launched on July 16, 1982, with the primary goal of providing a global archive of satellite imagery. Although the Landsat Program is managed by NASA, data from Landsat 4 was collected and distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Landsat 4 science operations ended on December 14, 1993, when the satellite lost its ability to transmit science data, far beyond its designed life expectancy of five years. The satellite housekeeping telemetry and tracking continued to be maintained by NASA until it was decommissioned on June 15, 2001.

Background
Landsat 1, then known as ERTA-A, was launched July 23, 1972. The satellite took over 100,000 images of the Earth over the course of its life. Landsat 2 had a similar design, and was launched three years later. Landsat 3, launched in 1978, was the last satellite to have a similar design to Landsat 1, and was the last Landsat to be managed by NASA during the Landsat program. Landsat 4 was the first Landsat to be operated by NOAA.

The second generation of Landsat, Landsat 4 and 5, flew in lower orbits than the first three missions. Although they were in lower orbits, they had a higher field of view (FOV) so they had the same swath widths. The new Landsat spacecraft also featured improved instrumentation.

Operation
The spacecraft was built by GE Astro Space, who would later become Lockheed Martin Missile and Space. It used the MultiMission Modular Spacecraft (MMS) bus developed by Fairchild Industries.

The satellite was designed to be fixed by astronauts in space via the Space Shuttle, or taken back to Earth for repairs. It was expected that the shuttles would be able to reach Landsat's relatively far orbit by 1985.

Landsat 4's attitude was controlled with hydrazine thrusters. The satellite was constructed with aluminum panels and graphite struts. The spacecraft was three-axis stabilized with reaction wheels. It was powered by three nickel-cadmium batteries (NiCd), which were charged via a single solar array that had one axis of articulation. The solar array produced 1430 W of power. The satellite weighed 4300 lb. Landsat 4 was designed to last a minimum of three years.

The satellite communicated to the ground with a direct downlink with the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) at 85 Mbit/s on the S-, X-, L-, and Ku-bands. The high gain antenna was extended with a retractable boom. The data used 8 bit quantization.

Sensors
Landsat 4 carried an updated Multispectral Scanner (MSS), used on previous Landsat satellites, and a Thematic Mapper. It had a reflective resolution of 30 m and a thermal resolution of 120 m. Both were built by Hughes Aircraft.

Landsat 4 was the first satellite in the Landsat program to incorporate the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor. The Landsat TM sensor is able to gather seven bands of data as opposed to the four bands of data collected from the Multispectral Scanner. In addition to having three more bands of data to work with, scientists are able to view the TM data at a much higher resolution than with MSS. Bands 1–5 and 7 each have a spatial resolution of 30 m while the MSS is only capable of a 57 m by 79 m resolution. Band 6 (which is a thermal infrared band) has a maximum spatial resolution of 120 m. The data rate for TM data was 84.9 Mbit/s, via an X-band transmitter to modernized ground antennas.

Launch
The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on July 16, 1982, on a Delta 3920. Landsat 4 was placed into a north–south near polar orbit, approximately 700 km above Earth's surface, and circling the globe every 99 minutes.

Operations
The first major malfunction occurred July 27, 1982. The high gain Ku antenna was commanded to deploy but failed. Attempts to free the antenna were successful on August 15.

In February 1983, the satellite lost half of its solar power and the ability to send science data directly to Earth, prompting fears the satellite would fail sooner than expected. This caused the early launch of Landsat 5, a satellite that was identical in specification to Landsat 4. After the issue was identified in Landsat 4, modifications were made to Landsat 5 to prevent the same issue from occurring.

Landsat 4 was able to resume science operations when the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS) came online, then was placed in standby in January 1986. Landsat 4 was brought back online to provide international coverage in 1987, when Landsat 5 lost its TDRS link, and thus the ability to image areas beyond line of sight to a ground station, and continued to do so until it, too, lost its TDRS link in 1993, ending science data return. Landsat 4 continued to broadcast telemetry, tracking, and command data, which was transmitted on the still-functional S-band, until the satellite was decommissioned June 15, 2001.

Space Shuttle service mission
As early as 1982, a mission was in the planning stages to retrieve Landsat 4 for servicing back on Earth. The 1982 edition of the STS Flight Assignment Manifest scheduled the second Space Shuttle mission from Vandenberg AFB for that task. The Space Shuttle orbiter Discovery was scheduled to launch on 15 June 1986 for a three-day mission to capture Landsat 4 for return to Earth (designated STS-2V). The following year, the mission was rescheduled to launch on 1 April 1986. Later on, the idea to retrieve Landsat 4 were first replaced by a servicing mission in early 1987, before any mention of it was removed from the flight manifest published in June 1985. The slot for the proposed mission was first assigned to a dedicated Space Shuttle flight for the Department of Defense before the idea of launching the Space Shuttle from Vandenberg AFB were scrapped altogether after the Challenger disaster.

title: Landsat 4


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Talk:Nahanni

nahany the name of jayzaline nahany perez a great child

title: Talk:Nahanni


text: User talk:63.154.72.87

title: User talk:63.154.72.87


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Talk:Physical abuse

TfD nomination of Template:Abuse
Template:Abuse has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. — Joie de Vivre 15:33, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

"Contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation"
"feelings of intimidation" should be removed as that would fall under the definition of "emotional abuse" or "psychological abuse". The word "intimidation" does not correspond to any physical pressure-point, it is a mental pressure-point and therefore the modified text: "Contact intended to cause feelings of physical pain" would be a better suited definition in the realm of the physical as opposed to mental and would correspond to the word "physical" in the title "Physical Abuse".

♘ 00:29, 3 March 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wkdemers (talk • contribs)

Be reasonable
Stop throwing everything you've seen on TV-shows in this article! Physical abuse is NOT the same as assault, sexual abuse, murder or battery. Also, adding controvercial items, like spanking or whipping, is no good for an encyclopedia. Wikipedia is not a place to prove a theory or promote your views. Nomad (talk) 01:17, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

Definition of physical abuse
The definition of physical abuse used in the article was a bit overly broad. The old definition used in the opening sentence of the intro defined physical abuse: "any intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person by way of bodily contact." which was way to broad. Such a definition would or could encompass a number of congenital violent acts that would either not normally be defined as physical abuse or where much debate exists as to whether the term applies. Some examples of this include S&M, professional boxing, bare-knuckle boxing, American football, and professional martial arts competitions, As such, I tried ti improve the intro as best i could to more narrower and to mention current areas of debate. We really should include more in the body of the article on the debate over practices like S&M, contact sports, and corporal punishment,, and to what degree if any these constitute a form off physical abuse. --Notcharliechaplin (talk) 02:31, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Reverted. I've twice reverted your edits because a lot of what you added is unsourced, editorializing and POV-pushing. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 03:56, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

Short description
What should the short description of this article be? Qwertyxp2000 (talk | contribs) 23:03, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Physical abuse


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List of alpine clubs

The first alpine club, the Alpine Club, based in the United Kingdom, was founded in London in 1857 as a gentlemen's club. It was once described as:
 * "a club of English gentlemen devoted to mountaineering, first of all in the Alps, members of which have successfully addressed themselves to attempts of the kind on loftier mountains" (Nuttall Encyclopaedia, 1907).

Alpine clubs are typically large social clubs that revolve around climbing, hiking, and other outdoor activities. Many alpine clubs also take on aspects typically reserved for local sport associations, providing education and training courses, services for outdoorsmen, and de facto regulation of local mountaineering resources and behavior of mountaineers. Most clubs organize social events, schedule outings, stage climbing competitions, operate alpine huts and paths, and are active in protecting the alpine environment.

With around 1,000,000 members the German Alpine Club is usually reckoned as the largest alpine club in the world.

title: List of alpine clubs


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Allerton Priory

Allerton Priory, Liverpool, England, is a Grade II* listed building designed by Alfred Waterhouse and completed in 1870.

A house originally known as Allerton Lodge, but later Allerton Priory, was built on the site in the early 1800s for William Rutson, a Liverpool merchant. In 1866, John Grant Morris, Mayor of Liverpool and a colliery owner, bought the estate and commissioned architect Alfred Waterhouse to rebuild the house.

In 1897 a Monsignor Nugent (1822–1905) founded a House of Providence (or Magdalen Asylum), which was run by nuns as a refuge for unmarried Irish girls. In 1915, the Sisters established a (residential) School for Special Educational Needs, again for girls. It was temporary certified on 18 May 1916 for 15 girls, then re-certified in 1917 as Allerton Priory Special Industrial School for mentally defective girls under 15. It ceased to be a Home Office school in 1933. The nuns owned the property until 1986.

The property was then purchased by Danny Mullholland and converted to a nursing home, which was managed by a local family until 1994/1995. The house has since been converted into luxury apartments. Around 2010 it was a film location as "Anubis House" for the Nickelodeon TV series "House of Anubis".

title: Allerton Priory


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Andy Cox

Andrew Cox is a British guitarist, who along with Dave Wakeling, formed ska band The Beat in 1978.

The Beat achieved eight Top 40 singles and three hit albums in the UK before announcing their break up in 1983. Some of their notable hits included "Mirror in the Bathroom", "Hands Off...She's Mine" and "Can't Get Used to Losing You".

In 1985 he joined fellow Beat member David Steele and singer Roland Gift, to form pop rock band Fine Young Cannibals.

In 1988, while Fine Young Cannibals were on hiatus, Cox and Steele released the instrumental house music single, "Tired of Getting Pushed Around", under the name of Two Men, A Drum Machine and A Trumpet. It reached No. 18 in the UK Singles Chart. That same year, they also collaborated with Wee Papa Girl Rappers debut single "Heat It Up" which peaked at No. 21.

In 1991, Cox and Steele worked on "Back Where I Belong", a track from Alison Moyet's Hoodoo album. Cox was credited with guitar, production, and mixing on the track. There was a Cox and Steele remix of "Back Where I Belong" on the "Wishing You Were Here" single.

In 2002, Cox formed Cribabi with Japanese vocalist, Yukari Fujiu, and released the album Volume on his own Fidela record label.

title: Andy Cox


text:
Crimthann Nia Náir

Crimthann Nia Náir (nephew of Nár), son of Lugaid Riab nDerg, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. Lugaid is said to have fathered him on his own mother, Clothru, daughter of Eochu Feidlech. Clothru was thus both his mother and his grandmother.

The Lebor Gabála Érenn says he overthrew the High King Conchobar Abradruad, but does not say he became High King himself - Conchobar was succeeded by Cairbre Cinnchait. Geoffrey Keating and the Annals of the Four Masters agree that Crimthann succeeded Conchobar as High King and ruled for sixteen years. He is said to have gone on a voyage with his aunt Nár, a fairy woman, for a month and a fortnight, and returned with treasures including a gilded chariot, a golden fidchell board, a gold-embroidered cloak, a sword inlaid with gold serpents, a silver-embossed shield, a spear and a sling which never missed their mark, and two greyhounds with a silver chain between them. Soon after he returned he fell from his horse and died at Howth. Keating says he was succeeded by his son Feradach Finnfechtnach, the Annals of the Four Masters by Cairbre Cinnchait.

The Lebor Gabála places him in the reign of the Roman emperor Vespasian (AD 69–79). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 12 BC – AD 5, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 8 BC – AD 9.

title: Crimthann Nia Náir


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Phantom Slayer (video game)

Phantom Slayer is a video game released by Med Systems in 1982 for the TRS-80 Color Computer and Dragon 32/64. Written by Ken Kalish, Phantom Slayer is considered by some an early forerunner of the modern first-person shooter genre.

Gameplay
The player moves around a randomly generated maze, attempting to kill the eponymous phantoms by shooting them. As each level is cleared, a new maze is created, and the phantoms became harder (requiring more shots) to kill.

The game combines a relatively sedate pace and a then-rare first-person point of view (using simple fixed-perspective graphics) to produce high levels of dramatic tension for a game on such primitive hardware. As the player moves around the maze, the only indication that a phantom is encroaching is an ominous sound played when the phantom is a few squares away from the player's position. The player can adjust the setting for the audio range finder to indicate the phantom's presence at close or further number of squares to help locate the phantom.

A power-up time is required for the player's weapon, leading to the player holding a position in order to charge the weapon while stalking (or being stalked). The phantoms can take multiple hits (usually two). Combined with their creepy ability to get in close and blind-side the player, this is effective for elevating the fear factor.

title: Phantom Slayer (video game)


text:
Talk:Syberia II

Untitled
This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. votes for deletion/Syberia II Joyous 21:00, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Paradise
It was stated by Benoit Socal that Paradise was previously next adventure of Kate from Syberia but was reworked a bit because of copyrights owned by Microids. Can someone add this to the Conclusion? --seifip 11:55, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Is there a source that can be cited for this information? A published interview, etc.? 23skidoo 19:39, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Synopsis
Having played the game start to finish more than several times, I am very familiar with the cronology of the story. I fixed some inconsistancies and fleshed out the story in such a manner that someone who has not yet played the game will not encounter any spoilers, but still presents the spirit and plot of the game story. Raphaelaarchon 23:42, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Syberia III announcement
It was an april fool's joke. http://news.bigdownload.com/2009/04/01/april-fools-alert-syberia-3-announced/ Besides there's no mention of it anywhere else than in the press release. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.148.222.134 (talk) 12:25, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

 * It seemed like an April Fool's, but it is not. TubularWorld (talk) 09:02, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Seperate syberia 3 topic
Perhaps Syberia 3 should have its own topic? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.235.192.7 (talk) 08:06, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm planning to do that, I already have a basic outline done for the article. I'm just thinking if it is enough not to be deleted. TubularWorld (talk) 09:02, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100628161549/http://uk.gamespot.com/pc/adventure/syberia2/review.html to http://uk.gamespot.com/pc/adventure/syberia2/review.html

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Plot rewrite needed
It is 8 years since somebody contributed here, but as a player not having encountered this game, I found the plot section could use some minor updates by somebody who actually played the game. As an easy example, the plot starts with you working with "Hans' engineer Oscar" and so on, but it is never explained who Hans actually is ... If somebody could put that in there it would be of great help. --Ulkomaalainen (talk) 05:03, 29 December 2017 (UTC)

Source

 * https://archive.org/details/pcgamer200404/page/n73/mode/2up
 * https://archive.org/details/gamelivepc038/page/n49
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20051020051909/http://www.afjv.com/press0412/041213_syberia_ii_playstation_ps2.htm
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20051219043237/http://www.jeuxvideo.com/jeux/0001/00010194.htm
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20030419091457/http://www.adventuregamers.com:80/gameinfo.php?id=152
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20031209144157/http://www.gamespy.com/articles/june03/syberia2pc/
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20040823065700/http://www.multiplayer.it/b2b/articoli.php3?id=10752
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20030425191109/http://www.armchairempire.com:80/Interviews/benoit-sokal-syberia-2.htm
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20041022192603/http://www.gameboomers.com:80/interviews/BSokalinterview.htm
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20080808115723/http://archive.gamespy.com/interviews/march03/syberia2/
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20031211112953/http://www.gamespot.com:80/pc/adventure/syberia2/preview_2910617.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20050309061514/http://www.adventure-treff.de:80/artikel/interviews.php?id=20
 * https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auracan
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20061029101915/http://www.auracan.com/Indiscretions/indis.php?actu=13
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20040622213033/http://www.computergaming.com:80/article2/0,2053,1521630,00.asp
 * https://archive.org/stream/Computer_Gaming_World_Issue_238#page/n97/mode/2up
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20041022192603/http://www.gameboomers.com:80/interviews/BSokalinterview.htm
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20041010034554/http://www.gamegossip.com:80/comment.php?id=2078
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20050204175626/http://avault.com:80/articles/getarticle.asp?name=syberia2
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20050215054035/http://www.adventuregamers.com:80/display.php?id=254
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20050312204000/http://www.armchairempire.com:80/Interviews/benoit-sokal-syberia-2.htm
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20050205051614/http://www.homelanfed.com:80/index.php?id=12174
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20041204160514/http://www.justadventure.com:80/Interviews/Syberia2/Syberia2BenoitSokal.shtm
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20061206100150/http://www.adventurecorner.de:80/pages.php?id=164
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20050411053400/http://www.gbase.ch/index.asp?target=specials&zone=pc&id=90&page=1
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20150401194221/http://www.adventure-treff.de/artikel/interviews.php?id=18&lang=eng
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20150401204358/http://www.adventure-treff.de/artikel/interviews.php?id=33&lang=eng

German link
Hello everyone,

the game is described in the German wikipedia under https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syberia#Syberia_II

Maybe someone can link that properly?

2001:8003:4E40:8400:8152:7766:BAA:DC2C (talk) 02:06, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Syberia II


text: Talk:List of anarchist musicians

title: Talk:List of anarchist musicians


text: User talk:67.115.155.136

title: User talk:67.115.155.136


text:
Jordan (bishop of Poland)

Jordan (died in 982 or 984) was the first Bishop of Poland from 968 with his see, most probably, in Poznań. A foreigner, he is considered a saint in the Reformed Catholic Church in Poland.

Most evidence shows that he was a missionary bishop subordinate directly to the Pope. He arrived in the territory of Lechina (the future Poland), probably from Italy or the Rhineland, in 966 with Doubravka of Bohemia to baptise Mieszko I of Poland. After the death of Jordan until 992, the see was either vacant or filled by a bishop of unknown name (more likely the first). From 992 the see was filled by Unger.

Early life
On the basis of his name alone one may conclude that he came from one of the Romance language-speaking countries (Italy, France or Lorraine). Jan Długosz considered him a Roman of the Orsini family; however, he provides no historical support for this. The hypothesis, rejected by Wladyslaw Abraham, about his origin in the Bishopric of Lüttich in the Holy Roman Empire (now Liège in Belgium). Another hypothesis assumes that he could have been an Italian associated with the Patriarchate of Aquileia, which extended its jurisdiction over the Slav peoples in the north-western Balkans. Regardless of nationality, it is likely he had a relationship with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Regensburg, which was subject to Bohemia.

Episcopal work
A reconstruction of Jordan's activities is largely based on guesswork. Some historians believe he was originally a priest accompanying Dobrawa in 966 to Mieszko I, or that he was an auxiliary bishop of the diocese of Regensburg, which was at that time subject to the Kingdom of Bohemia (now the Czech Republic), (this is disputed by some ) or a monk sent to the Polish mission directly by the emperor.

Dating
Polish and Czech annals offer the year 968 as the date of his ordination; some historians (in accordance with Thietmar of Merseburg) believe, however, that it should be moved about a year or two back, which seems to link him directly with the baptism of lives. If we accept his transfer from Magdeburg, in December 968 Jordan was present at the enthronement of the first metropolitan Adalbert of Magdeburg.

Location
Some have questioned if his base was Poznan at all, either suggesting Gniezno or that he did not have any permanent establishment, but only traveled with the duke's court around the country. About his work as a Polish bishop, we have only a generic relation by Thietmar of Merseburg of his "tireless efforts [which] induced them in word and deed to the cultivation of the Lord's vineyard."

Jordan died approx. 982-984 [a]. His immediate successor was probably Unger though there may have been an unnamed bishop.

title: Jordan (bishop of Poland)


text:
Still, Bas-Rhin

Still is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

title: Still, Bas-Rhin


text:
Still (disambiguation)

A still is an apparatus used to distill liquid mixtures.

Still may also refer to:

Film, television, and theater

 * Film still, a photograph taken on the set of a film or television show and used for promotional purposes
 * Still frame, one single image chosen from a film or video for preview or similar purposes
 * Still (film), a 2014 British drama directed by Simon Blake
 * Still Mine (working title Still), a 2012 Canadian film
 * "Still" (Adventure Time), a 2011 TV episode
 * "Still" (The Walking Dead), a 2014 TV episode
 * Still (play), a 2013 play by Jen Silverman

Albums

 * Still (BeBe & CeCe Winans album) or the title song, 2009
 * Still (Bill Anderson album) or the title song (see below), 1963
 * Still (BoDeans album), 2008
 * Still (Erika de Casier album), 2024
 * Still (Joy Division album), 1981
 * Still (Michael Learns to Rock album), 2018
 * Still (Nine Inch Nails album), included with some versions of And All That Could Have Been, 2002
 * Still (Pete Sinfield album) or the title song, 1973
 * Still (Richard Thompson album), 2015
 * Still (SWV album) or the title song, 2016
 * Still (Tony Banks album), 1991
 * Still (Mazzy Star EP) or the title song, 2018
 * Still (Vision of Disorder EP), 1995
 * Still, by Wolverine, 2006
 * Still, by Young Chop, 2014

Songs

 * "Still" (Bill Anderson song), 1963
 * "Still" (Commodores song), 1979
 * "Still" (Katy B song), 2014
 * "Still" (Lead song), 2012
 * "Still" (Macy Gray song), 1999
 * "Still" (Tamia song), 2004
 * "Still" (Tim McGraw song), 2010
 * "Still" (TVXQ song), 2012
 * "Still..., by Ai, 2010
 * "Still", by Alanis Morissette from Dogma: Music from the Motion Picture, 1999
 * "Still", by Axium from Blindsided, 2003
 * "Still", by Ben Folds from the Over the Hedge film soundtrack, 2006
 * "Still", by Black Midi from Hellfire, 2022
 * "Still", by Bombay Bicycle Club from A Different Kind of Fix, 2011
 * "Still", by Brian McKnight from Superhero, 2001
 * "Still", by Cher from Not Commercial, 2000
 * "Still", by DaBaby from Baby on Baby 2, 2022
 * "Still", by Daughter from If You Leave, 2013
 * "Still", by Elvis Costello from North, 2003
 * "Still", by Foo Fighters from In Your Honor, 2005
 * "Still", by G-Eazy, 2016
 * "Still", by the Geto Boys from The Resurrection, 1996
 * "Still", by Hillsong Church from Hope, 2003
 * "Still", by Karl Denver, 1963
 * "Still", by Lasgo from Far Away, 2010
 * "Still", by LaVern Baker, 1956
 * "Still", by Niall Horan from Heartbreak Weather, 2020
 * "Still", by Teyana Taylor from The Album, 2020

People

 * Still (surname), a list of people with the name
 * Benjamin Stillingfleet (1702–1771), English botanist; taxonomic author abbreviation Still.

Places

 * Still, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France
 * Still, El Oued, Algeria

Other uses

 * Aeros Still, an ultralight trike wing design
 * STILL Gmbh, a German subsidiary of the KION Group that manufactures forklift trucks
 * Still life, a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter

title: Still (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Badassbill

Post about me.

title: User talk:Badassbill


text:
Talk:Khala

Failed vote for deletion
This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. Votes for deletion/Khala --Joyous 21:03, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Merger
Should this be merged with the Protoss article?

title: Talk:Khala


text:
User:Saxifrage/Usercontribs

User: (talk) (contribs)

title: User:Saxifrage/Usercontribs


text: Category:Contemporary classical music

title: Category:Contemporary classical music


text:
Edward Tarr

Edward Hankins Tarr (June 15, 1936 – March 24, 2020), was an American trumpet player and musicologist. He was a pioneer in the revival of Baroque and Romantic era trumpet performance practice.

Biography
Edward Tarr was born in Norwich, Connecticut. Among his accomplishments is a complete edition of the trumpet works of the Bolognese Baroque Italian composer Giuseppe Torelli. His performance repertory includes Baroque, Classical era and modern works; Mauricio Kagel dedicated works to him in 1971, including Morceau de concours, for trumpeter and electronic tape. In 1953 he was a student of Roger Voisin, principal trumpet of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and in 1958–1959 with Adolph Herseth, principal trumpet of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He also studied musicology in Basel with Leo Schrade (1959–1964) for which he was awarded a degree in 1985.

In 1968 the Edward Tarr Brass Ensemble was formed, the only one of its kind – with four trumpets and four trombones. Modern, as well as antique instruments, were used to perform Renaissance and Baroque music as well as modern works.

Tarr taught trumpet at the in Cologne (1968–70). He was director of the Trumpet Museum in Bad Säckingen, Germany from 1985 to 2004, taught modern and Baroque trumpet at the Basel Music Academy in Basel, Switzerland (modern trumpet at the Conservatory and Baroque trumpet at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis) from 1972 to 2001 and was teaching Baroque trumpet in the superior conservatories (Musikhochschulen) of Karlsruhe, Frankfurt, and Lucerne.

Tarr owned one of the largest collections of original trumpet literature, which was acquired by the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland's Archives & Collections in 2014. He was also editor of many performance editions (including the complete trumpet works of Torelli mentioned above) as well as an authority on the history of the trumpet. His book The Trumpet was first published in 1977 in Germany as Die Trompete. In 1988 it was translated into English by S.E. Plank and Edward Tarr. When Tarr celebrated his 70th birthday in 2006, Schott published a new edition of the German version, "Die Trompete". The English version was updated and republished in 2008.

Tarr's recording career began around 1960 when he became trumpet player in Karl Richter’s Münchener Bach-Orchester. He recorded over 100 works for many labels including Ariola Records, BIS Records, Capriccio, Christophorus, Columbia Records, Deutsche Grammophon, EMI, Erato Records, HCC (Haas-Classic Cologne), Hungaroton, Musikproduktion Dabringhaus und Grimm, Naxos Records, Nonesuch Records, Oryx, Tudor, and Vox Records.

Tarr's wife was the concert organist and best-selling author. Amongst his students were Reinhold Friedrich and Håkan Hardenberger.

Tarr died on March 24, 2020, in a hospital near Rheinfelden, the town where he lived in southwestern Germany. The cause was complications of heart surgery.

A memorial service for Edward H. Tarr was held at St. Joseph Catholic Church in Rheinfelden (Baden), Germany on June 15, 2021.

title: Edward Tarr


text:
Cairbre Cinnchait

Cairbre Cinnchait or Caitchenn ("cat-head" or "hard head") was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. There is considerable differences in the sources over his ancestry and his place in the traditional sequence of High Kings.

According to the Lebor Gabála Érenn, he succeeded to the throne after the previous incumbent, Conchobar Abradruad, was killed by Crimthann Nia Náir, and ruled for five years. The Lebor Gabála is unsure of his origins: it says "the learned reckon" he was of either the Luaigne of Tara, the Tuatha Dé Danann, the Catraige of Connacht, the Corcortri (descendants of the former High King Cimbáeth), or a descendant of Ír, son of Míl Espáine. His father's name is said to be Duthach. His wife was Mani, daughter of the king of the Ulaid, and they had a son, Morann mac Máin. He was succeeded by Feradach Finnfechtnach. His reign is synchronised with that of the Roman emperor Domitian (AD 81–96).

According to the Annals of the Four Masters, Crimthann became High King after he killed Conchobar, and Cairbre succeeded Crimthann "after he had killed all the nobility". Cairbre is here the leader of an uprising of the aithech-tuatha or "subject peoples". Three pregnant women of the nobility escaped the massacre: Baine, daughter of the king of Alba, who was the mother of Feradach Finnfechtnach; Cruife, daughter of the king of Britain, who was the mother of Corb Olum, ancestor of the Eóganachta of Munster; and Aine, daughter of the king of Saxony, who was the mother of Tibraide Tirech, ancestor of the Dál nAraidi. During Cairbre's reign crops failed, cows did not give milk, and there were no fish in the rivers. He died after ruling for five years, and was succeeded by Feradach Finnfechtnach, who must have been less than five years old. The chronology of the Annals dates his reign to AD 9–14.

Geoffrey Keating agrees that Crimthann succeeded Conchobar, but was succeeded by Feradach Finnfechtnach, Fíatach Finn and Fíachu Finnolach. Here it is Fíachu who is overthrown by Cairbre's uprising of subject peoples, and the pregnant noblewomen who escape are: Fiacha's wife Eithne, daughter of the king of Alba, the mother of Tuathal Techtmar; Beartha, daughter of the king of Britain and mother of Tibraide Tirech; and Aine, daughter of the king of the Saxons, mother of Corb Olom. Keating says Cairbre was either the descendant of a Scandinavian prince who came to Ireland with Labraid Loingsech, or of the Fir Bolg. He ruled for five years, died of plague, and was succeeded by Elim mac Conrach, who would eventually be overthrown by Fiacha's son Tuathal. The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to AD 55–60.

title: Cairbre Cinnchait


text:
Kathy Sykes

Katharine Ellen Sykes (born 20 December 1966) is a British physicist, broadcaster and Professor of Sciences and Society at the University of Bristol. She was previously Collier Professor of Public Engagement in Science and Engineering, from 2002 to 2006. She has presented various BBC2 and Open University TV series, including Rough Science, Ever Wondered about Food, Alternative Therapies. Alternative Medicine and presented for the documentary television miniseries Brave New World with Stephen Hawking in 2011.

Education
Sykes was educated at Fitzharrys School, a co-educational comprehensive school in Abingdon. She went on to study at the University of Bristol where she was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics in 1989 and a PhD in 1996 for work on the crystallization and degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate, a biodegradable plastic.

Career
Sykes helped to create and co-directs Cheltenham Science Festival and Famelab, a national UK competition which talent spots and trains new faces in science communication. She was Head of Science for Explore-At-Bristol, in charge of the team creating the content for the award-winning Hands-on Science Centre. She is a member of the Council for Science and Technology (CST), the UK government's top-level advisory body on science and technology policy issues. She has also served on advisory panels in public engagement in science for the Royal Society, the Wellcome Trust and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). She is a trustee of NESTA and a board member of Explore-At-Bristol.

Awards and honours
Sykes won the Kohn Award in 2006 for excellence in engaging the public with science. She holds an honorary Doctor of Science degree and honorary fellowship from the University of Gloucestershire and won the Suffrage Science award in 2013.

Sykes was appointed Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours.

title: Kathy Sykes


text: Talk:Blason

title: Talk:Blason