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Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). It took place concomitantly with the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791), Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) and Theatre War.

During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1792, on 25 September 1789, a detachment of the Imperial Russian Army under Alexander Suvorov and Ivan Gudovich, took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire. In 1794, Odesa was founded by a decree of the Russian Empress Catherine the Great.

Russia formally gained possession of the Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast) in 1792 and it became a part of Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty. The Russian Empire took full control of Crimea, as well as land between the Southern Bug and the Dniester.

Background
In May and June 1787, Catherine II of Russia made a triumphal procession through Novorossiya and the annexed Crimea in company with her ally, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. These events, the rumors about Catherine's Greek Plan, and the friction caused by the mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which had ended the previous war, stirred up public opinion in the Ottoman capital Constantinople, while the British and French ambassadors lent their unconditional support to the Ottoman war party.

War
In 1787, the Ottomans demanded that the Russians evacuate the Crimea and give up their holdings near the Black Sea, which Russia saw as a casus belli. Russia declared war on 19 August 1787, and the Ottomans imprisoned the Russian ambassador, Yakov Bulgakov. Ottoman preparations were inadequate and the moment was ill-chosen, as Russia and Austria were now in alliance. The Ottomans mustered forces throughout their domain, and Süleyman Bey from Anatolia went himself to the front at the head of 4000 soldiers.

The Ottoman Empire opened their offensive with an attack on two fortresses near Kinburn, in southern Ukraine. Russian General Alexander Suvorov held off these two Ottoman sea-borne attacks in September and October 1787, thus securing the Crimea. In Moldavia, Russian troops captured the Ottoman cities of Chocim and Jassy. Ochakov, at the mouth of the Dnieper, fell on 6 December 1788 after a six-month siege by Prince Grigory Potemkin and Suvorov. All civilians in the captured cities were massacred by order of Potemkin.

Although suffering a series of defeats against the Russians, the Ottoman Empire found some success against the Austrians, led by Emperor Joseph II, in Serbia and Transylvania.

By 1789, the Ottoman Empire was being pressed back in Moldavia by Russian and Austrian forces. To make matters worse, on 1 August the Russians under Suvorov attained a victory against the Ottomans led by Osman Pasha at Focsani, followed by a Russian victory at Rymnik (or Rimnik) on 22 September, and drove them away from near the Râmnicul Sărat river. Suvorov was given the title Count Rymniksky following the battle. The Ottomans suffered more losses when the Austrians, under General Ernst Gideon von Laudon repelled an Ottoman invasion of Croatia, while an Austrian counterattack took Belgrade.

A Greek revolt, which further drained the Ottoman war effort, brought about a truce between the Ottoman Empire and Austria. Meanwhile, the Russians continued their advance when Suvorov captured the reportedly "impenetrable" Ottoman fortress of Izmail at the entrance of the Danube, in December 1790; this became possible also due to Fyodor Ushakov's victory at Tendra. A final Ottoman defeat at Machin (9 July 1791), coupled with Russian concerns about Prussia entering the war, led to a truce agreed upon on 31 July 1791. After the capture of the fortress, Suvorov marched upon Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), where the Russians hoped they could establish a Christian empire. However, as Prof. Timothy C. Dowling states, the slaughters that were committed in the ensuing period somewhat defiled Suvorov's reputation in many eyes, and there were allegations at the time that he was drunk at the Siege of Ochakov. Persistent rumors about his actions were spread and circulated, and in 1791 he was relocated to Finland.

Aftermath
Accordingly, the Treaty of Jassy was signed on 9 January 1792, recognizing Russia's 1783 annexation of the Crimean Khanate. Yedisan (Odessa and Ochakov) was also ceded to Russia, and the Dniester was made the Russian frontier in Europe, while the Russian Asiatic frontier—the Kuban River—remained unchanged. The Ottoman war goal to reclaim the Crimea had failed, and if not for the French Revolution, the Ottoman Empire's situation could have been much worse.

title: Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)


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Medium Mark A Whippet

The Medium Mark A Whippet was a medium tank employed by the British in World War I. Intended for fast mobile assaults, it was intended to complement the slower British heavy tanks by using its relative mobility and speed in exploiting any break in the enemy lines.

Although the track design appears more "modern" than the British Tanks Mark I to V, it was directly derived from Little Willie, the first tank prototype (itself directly taken from the track design of the Holt tractor), and was unsprung. The crew compartment was a fixed, polygonal turret at the rear of the vehicle, and two engines of the type used in contemporary double-decker buses were in a forward compartment, driving one track each.

Development
On 3 October 1916 William Tritton, about to be knighted for developing the Mark I, proposed to the Tank Supply Committee that a faster and cheaper tank, equipped with two engines like the Flying Elephant, should be built to exploit gaps that the heavier but slow tanks made, an idea that up till then had been largely neglected. This was accepted on 10 November and approved by the War Office on 25 November. At that time the name for the project was the Tritton Chaser. Traditionally, the name Whippet (after the fast-running dog breed) is attributed to Sir William himself. Actual construction started on 21 December.

The first prototype, with a revolving turret taken from an Austin armoured car – the first for a British tank design, as Little Willie's original turret was fixed – was ready on 3 February 1917 and participated (probably without one) in the tank trials day at Oldbury on 3 March. The next day, in a meeting with the French to coordinate allied tank production, the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces Field Marshal Haig ordered the manufacture of two hundred vehicles, the first to be ready on 31 July. Although he was acting beyond his authority, as usual, his decisions were confirmed in June 1917. The production model had the turret replaced with a fixed armoured structure and the fuel tank was moved from the rear of the vehicle to the front.

The first production tanks left the factory in October and two were delivered to the first unit to use them, F Battalion of the Tank Corps (later 6th Battalion), on 14 December 1917. In December 1917 the order was increased from 200 to 385 but this was later cancelled in favour of more advanced designs, the Medium Mark B, Medium Mark C and Medium Mark D.

Design
When driving in a straight line the two engines were locked; turning the steering wheel gradually closed the throttle for the engine of one track and opened the throttle for the engine driving the other. The two engines were joined at their cross-shafts, from which the final drive to the tracks was by chains to sprockets on either side. When steering the clutches joining the cross-shafts were released, one engine sped up while the other slowed down, the turn being on the side opposite to that of the faster running engine. The steering effect could be increased by use of the brakes on one engine or another. This arrangement had the advantage over that of earlier tanks of being controlled by one man only, but called for great skill on the part of the driver, because one or both of the engines could be stalled if care was not exercised. Although in theory a simple solution to give gradual steering, in practice it proved impossible to control the speeds of the engines, causing the vehicle to take an unpredictable path. Drivers grew wary and stopped the vehicle and locked one track before every turn; this caused many track breaks, as the movement became too abrupt. Nevertheless, the vehicle could easily negotiate shell craters. Crews that believed that treads had to be as long as the hull, as with the heavy tanks, were surprised to see the Whippet, with shorter tracks, successfully exit holes.

The fuel tank was in the front of the hull. The sides featured large mud chutes which allowed mud falling from the upper treads to slide away from the tank, instead of clogging the track plates and rollers.

Armament was four 0.303-inch (7.7mm) Hotchkiss Mk 1 machine guns, one covering each direction. As there were only three crewmen, the gunner had to jump around a lot, though often assisted by the commander. Sometimes a second gunner was carried in the limited space, and often a machine gun was removed to give more room, as the machine guns could be moved from one mounting position to another to cover all sides.

Combat history

Whippets arrived late in the First World War, at a time when the British Expeditionary Force, recovering from the Third Battle of Ypres in Flanders, was quite inactive. They first went into action in March 1918 and proved very useful to cover the fighting withdrawal of the infantry divisions recoiling from the German onslaught during the German spring offensive. Whippets were then assigned to the normal Tank Battalions as extra "X-companies". In an engagement near Cachy, a Whippet company of seven tanks wiped out two German infantry battalions caught in the open, killing or wounding over 400. That same day, 24 April, one Whippet was destroyed by a German A7V in the world's second tank battle, the only time a Whippet fought an enemy tank.

The Whippet was, a British tank veteran wrote, "the big surprise" of the Royal Tank Corps. Crews used their vehicles' speed to attack troops in the rear. They were so successful that by summer 1918 civilians "seemed to talk in terms of whippets", not knowing of heavy tanks' importance in breaking through fortifications and barbed wire. British losses were so high however that plans to equip five Tank Battalions (Light) with 36 Whippets each had to be abandoned. In the end only the 3rd Tank Brigade had Whippets, 48 in each of its two battalions (3rd and 6th TB). Alongside Mark IV and V tanks, they took part in the Battle of Amiens (8 August 1918) which was described by the German supreme commander, General Ludendorff, as "the Black Day of the German Army". The Whippets broke through into the German rear areas causing the loss of the artillery in an entire front sector, a devastating blow from which the Germans were unable to recover. During this battle, one Whippet – Musical Box – advanced so far it was cut off behind German lines. For nine hours it roamed at will, destroying an artillery battery, an observation balloon, the camp of an infantry battalion and a transport column of the German 225th Division, inflicting many casualties. At one point, cans of petrol being carried on Musical Box's roof were ruptured by small-arms fire and fuel leaked into the cabin; the crew had to don gas masks to survive the fumes. Eventually, a German shell disabled it and as the crew abandoned the tank, one of them was shot and killed and the other two were taken prisoner. “Musical Box” was captured by the Germans, however it was retaken by the British later on in the war. The tank survived the war, and although most likely scrapped post war, 2 other Whippet tanks that saw extensive action are in Museums; A347 Firefly and A259 Caesar II,

The Germans captured fewer than fifteen Whippets, two of which were in running condition. They were kept exclusively for tests and training purpose during the war, but one of them saw action afterwards with the Freikorps in the German Revolution of 1918–1919. The Germans gave them the designation Beutepanzer A.

After the war, Whippets were sent to Ireland during the Anglo-Irish War as part of the British forces there, serving with 17th Battalion, Royal Tank Corps. Seventeen were sent with the Expedition Forces in support of the Whites against Soviet Russia. The Red Army captured twelve, using them until the 1930s and fitted at least one vehicle with a French 37 mm Puteaux gun. The Soviets, incorrectly assuming that the name of the engine was "Taylor" instead of "Tylor" (a mistake many sources still make) called the tank the Tyeilor. A few (perhaps six) were exported to Japan, where they remained in service until around 1930.

Whippets were used by the Imperial Japanese Army in Manchukuo and during World War II.

Variants

Major Philip Johnson, the unofficial head of Central Tank Corps Workshops in France, as soon as he received them began fitting one of the Whippets with leaf springs. Later, in 1918, he fitted this vehicle with sprung track rollers, Walter Gordon Wilson's epicyclical transmission from the Mark V and a 360 hp V12 Rolls-Royce Eagle aero-engine. A top speed of about 30 mi/h was reached. This project made Johnson the best qualified man to develop the later fast Medium Mark D, which looks like a reversed Medium A. Other experiments included the fitting of a large trailing wheel taken from an old Mark I tank and attaching a climbing tail, in both cases attempts to increase trench-crossing ability.

For a time it was assumed that after the war some Whippets were rebuilt as armoured recovery vehicles, but this was not the case.

The Medium Mark B, a completely different design by Wilson, also had the name "Whippet". For a time it was common to describe any of the lighter tank designs as a Whippet, even the French Renault FT. It had become a generic name.

The German Leichter Kampfwagen – developed from December 1917 – being also a turret-less tank with the engine in front resembled the Whippet, but was a smaller vehicle with thinner armour.

Surviving vehicles
Five Whippets survive:

 * A259 Caesar II, Bovington Tank Museum. This is the tank in which Cecil Harold Sewell won the Victoria Cross.
 * A347 Firefly, Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History, Brussels. This tank, part of B-Company, is still in its original paint and markings. It still carries battle damage from when it was hit on 17 August 1918.
 * A231. Base Borden Military Museum, Ontario, Canada
 * U.S. Army Armor & Cavalry Collection (census number unknown).
 * South African Army College, Pretoria, South Africa. This tank was originally dispatched to South Africa to put down labour unrest.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Medium Mark A Whippet


text: Template:Norway-bio-stub

title: Template:Norway-bio-stub


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User talk:DanielDemaret

The Origins of Political Order
Hi Daniel, I've done some work on the Fukuyama book for DYK, which I will now tag as reviewed at the relevant page. I have left a couple of requests for page numbers in the text. I'm also not sure what the point of the "bibliography" section in the main body (not the one after the references) is, Fukuyama isn't mentioned and it doesn't seem related. Please either fix this up or delete it. Neither of these is a show stopper. ► Philg88 ◄ ♦talk 06:58, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for your excellent improvements!

 * I have removed the bibliography section and seen to the page problem. This was partly done by removing the references to two books that I recently added, and now these two books are in the new bibliography section. The contents of these books are related to this book, but I am unsure if they belong in the article any more.

 * I am considering removing the section on restrictions of marriage. That and the part about the chimpanzees are certainly in the book, but are not central to the theme, and I only entered them to get "Hooks" to the article.

 * There may be added content in the future, and there are certainly style-improvements I could make. Star Lord -   星王 (talk) 09:13, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I think it looks pretty good now and with the removal of the bibliography section, I don't think that you need to cut out any more material. Cheers, 09:35, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

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DYK?
How did you get on at DYK with The Origins of Political Order? --Anthonyhcole (talk · contribs · email) 04:04, 11 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I got too ill. I can barely stay awake right now. I will look again if I get well enough. Star Lord -   星王 (talk) 11:54, 11 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Sorry to hear that. Take care of yourself. --Anthonyhcole (talk · contribs · email) 12:13, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

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While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 07:42, 14 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I have no objections. A better image sounds like a good idea. Star Lord -   星爵 (talk) 21:26, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

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title: User talk:DanielDemaret


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User talk:Rydel/Archive1

Welcome
Welcome!

The right place to discuss the Ruthenia article is Talk:Ruthenia. Similarly for any other article. This has been a rather controversial subject area, which is why I am very suspicious of any removal of information without due explanation (since it's relatively hard to notice an absence). I'm not at all a subject-matter expert on this one: my concerns are from a pure process point of view.

For what it's worth, my feeling is that the coverage of this area is a bit long on assertion and short on citation. -- Jmabel 22:18, Jul 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! For several days I was busy with some other things, but finally I had time to sort out my thoughts on this issue and I wrote it in Talk:Ruthenia. I think there is absolutely nothing to argue about. I don't see an issue there. It's a fact that Belarusan people were never together with the Russians. If they ever were under the risk of being Russified, it's right now, in 2004. Not back then. Nobody "separated" anybody. rydel 17:21, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"Wit-Russisch"
Hello Rydel, did you just make an edit on the nl:Wit-Russisch page. The anonymous IP makes a reference to your site. If it was you than I want to ask you to put your comments on a talk page so somebody can have a look at it. For now I reverted it as is policy on the NL wikipedia with regards to strange edits from anonymous IP addresses. Waerth 01:03, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello Waerth, yes I made that edit on the nl:Wit-Russisch page. It was an anonymous IP because I am not registered on the Dutch Wiki (nor planning to do that). You are right. This probably goes against Wikipedia's netiquette, and I understand why you reverted it.

 * As for the issue itself I am just very-very curious: is there a single Dutch person on this planet that knows at least something about Belarusan language?

 * And one more question: do you think you guys will ever stop calling our country "White-damn-Russia" and our language "White-damn-Russian"? I really think you should read this: http://www.pravapis.org/art_weissrussland.asp

 * Not that I really care about 10 million Dutch speakers who by virtue of using this "White Russia" just bluntly offend another culture of 10 million people, but maybe for you personally it would be educational to learn something about that country and that language. -- rydel 12:20, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Closest we have is a Russian speaker, but than again ... . Dutch has over 20 million speakers btw (also count flemish). And their will be Dutch persons whom know something about the Belarusan language. They just haven't found their way to us yet. You can help us though. At the talk page please make a like 5 - 10 sentences English draft which I will translate/incorporate into the original article. That way at least we will have a short but good entry.

 * As for White Russian ... well take it up with the official grammar committee of the Dutch language. They have decided that that is the official name in Dutch for your country. And we follow the official guidelines. We have similar issues with some Polish/German names. we just follow the official guidelines for our language. If they decide to change that we'll change with it. Remember Wikipedia is not a place for original research. We follow the trends and do not make them.

 * As for me not reacting sooner ... I had forgotten to put ypur page on my watchlist, which in all languages I edit in combined constitutes over 2.000 pages. So sorry for that Waerth 04:28, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * "Closest we have is a Russian speaker, but then again..." - You see how the word influences your way of thinking? I'll tell you. Closest to Belarusan (by far) is Ukrainian. There is an amazing similarity in grammar and vocabulary, just phonetics are quite different. Then the next closest language in terms of lexicon is Polish. And only after them is probably Russian, but you in Dutch have the word that already gives you a lot of "knowledge" about our language. ;)

 * "make a like 5 - 10 sentences English draft which I will translate/incorporate into the original article" - That sounds like a good solution for the time being.

 * "We follow the trends and..." I understand that. And don't think you are alone, this a common issue with all Germanic languages except English, where they were very receptive and now everyone in English says and writes Belarus and Belarusian (with [s] not [sh]) or Belarusan. So there is the same issue not only in Dutch, but in German, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.

 * Fortunately, Germans are using "Weissrussland" less and less, and are slowly switching to "Belarus". I see a good trend there. There is a letter that my friends wrote that he sends sometimes to German-speaking people and mass-media, I think it will be interesting for you as well, so that you have better understanding of the matter: http://www.pravapis.org/art_weissrussland.asp

 * "In all languages I edit in combined constitutes over 2.000 pages". That's truly impressive. Wow! -- rydel 12:51, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hey, I just saw your user info page. Rowing is done in a row boat. Kayaking is done in a kayak. Canoeing is done in a canoe. They are for different kinds of use, in different places, used differently. Search google image for "kayak", "row boat" and "canoe" seperately and you will see the different kinds of crafts those are.--172.175.225.101 05:58, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

2Halibutt
Oh, yes, you did get my point. And I don't want to discuss it anymore. Leave it as it is. An examplary case - how Polish nationalists claim things that don't belong to them and then claim the ownership of Jews that have no association with Poland or Polish culture whatsoever. Sick. -- rydel 11:18, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Rydel, please, explain to me why do you find my ideas sick or nationalist in any way? There is a List of Jews by country, what would be wrong with creating a List of Belarusian Jews? Why do you thing it would be better to rename the list of Polish Jews to list of Polish and Belarusan Jews? It's not an example of Polish nationalism or any nationalism whatsoever, or at least I couldn't find any traces of nationalism in it. For me it is just a matter of common sense, especially that I think that two lists are always better than one.

 * I fully agree that some of these people were born in what is now Belarus. Some of them were born in what is now Ukraine. If someone was born in Lemberg as a Polish Jew, it is perfectly ok to place him on the:

 * List of Polish Jews as someone who spoke Polish
 * List of Austro-Hungarian Jews as someone who was born in Austria-Hungary
 * List of Ukrainian Jews as someone who was born in what later became Ukraine.
 * Do you really find my arguments sick? [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 06:52, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Here is one example, one guy I know something about -- Shimon Peres. As a journalist I covered his visit to Belarus in January 1998 when he came to visit his native land. And I've been to his native Vishnia (not Vishniev, or something!) twice. It's a nice little Belarusan village. There is not a single Pole there. People there are Catholics and they speak Belarusian and trasianka. And before the WWII there were also about 200 Jewish families in the village. And Shimon Peres said himself that in the family they spoke three languages: Hebrew, Yiddish and Russian. He did not speak any Polish, nor had any association with Polish culture. The only thing is that at the time of his birth Western Belarus was under Polish rule. That's all. Now can you explain to me why on all those hundreds pages including your "Polish Jews" page he is called a Polish Jew? I simply don't understand. -- rydel 11:33, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't ask me! It's neither mine page nor I placed his name anywhere. Just look at my list of contributions to the List of Polish Jews, I never added Peres there. As a student journalist I took part in his visit to Poland back in 1998 when he said he was sorry for not learning Polish and that he couldn't speak with us in our own language. He also said that he emigrated to early to remember much from Poland. If you feel/know/think that some names simply do not belong to the list- just erase them or copy and paste them to some other list. Renaming the list, as you proposed, to List of Polish and Belarusan Jews doesn't make much sense to me. Just copy the names to where they belong. Otherwise we'd have to rename the article to List of Polish, Belarusan, Cassubian, Masovian, Pomeranian, Silesian, Ukrainian and Austro-Hungarian Jews. Such a term would be much more precise, but I doubt anyone would like it.

 * And please, do not ever accuse me of nationalism, it's extremely offensive to me and especially so when you have no proof of my misbehaviour. WikiLove, my friend. BTW, you might find it interesting that I'm also partially a Belarusan myself (my grandma is from Kobryn and her maiden name was Kobryn too). [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 23:53, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

Belarussian language
I have corrected the spelling on the source page, as you requested. Changed to the source page sometimes take 24 hours or so to show up on the target page, so you might not notice the change immediately, but it has been made. David Cannon 11:42, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thingz'n'stuff
Aloha!

 * 30.08.2004. As I was working on articles about Ekaterina Karsten and Uladzimir Parfianovich I realized that I don't really understand the difference between the terms rowing/canoeing/kayaking. They all seem to be synonymous, but I have to find out what are the differences. (If anyone knows, please, comment here).

 * Rowing is when you sit in the middle, hold 2 oars in your hands and face backwards.
 * Kayaking is when you have an oar with 2 slightly rotated ends and you row one in the left, then on the right (a bit rotating it), then left again, etc. Face forward.
 * Canoeing is when you have an oar with one end which you usually use only on one side (like rafting), and you either sit on the side or lean to one. Face forward here, too.

(I may mix up the last two, check Wikipedia :))

Apart from that you made an edit on hu: wikipedia which was reverted. I do not know why do you believe it would have been useful to translate a hungarian text to english in hungarian wikipedia, but we simply changed it back. Hungarian wikipedia uses Hungarian language, so please respect that and don't translate it to anything else. :-) [Belorussia is called "Fehéroroszország" in Hungarian, which means, by mere chance, "white-russia" :)]
 * Be correct: Fehéroroszország comes from Ruthenia Alba and have been in use (mainly in latin form Ruthenia Alba) from 13-14 century, from the times of Jaggeloian kings in Hungary.

Thanks! --grin ✎ 18:07, 2004 Oct 6 (UTC)

Thank you for your comment, Grin.

I already learned the differences between those terms - http://www.livejournal.com/community/linguaphiles/988448.html - But thanks anyway. Koszonom szepen.

> Belorussia is called "Fehéroroszország" in Hungarian, which means, by mere chance, "white-russia" :)

FYI, dear Grin, the name of our country in English is Belarus, not "Belorussia". And, furthermore, it does not mean White Russia.

Second, dear Grin, I lived in Budapest for one year, and I know Hungarian a little bit, and I can tell you, all Hungarian people that I know never used the word Fehéroroszország. They used Belarusz. Furthermore, I still have official residence permit from Hungary and job permit from Hungary, and on both of these official you can see the name of my country typed in big letters - it's Belarusz. There is not a single mention of this ridiculous and misleading term Fehéroroszország there. Do you want me to scan it for you?

So. I urge you, Hungarian Wikipedians, to use "Belarusz" in the Hungarian version or explain to me why you will not use it.

PS. You are also welcome to read this: http://www.pravapis.org/art_weissrussland.asp

--rydel 21:00, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ты думаеш плахо. Unfortunately you knock the wrong door. The official form is "Fehéroroszország", check maps, globes, dictionaries. I accept that you are well informed about Hungarian language but I happen to use it for more than 3 decades now and I can assure you that that is the word you meant to use.

Now, I accept that it is inconvenient for you to have a misleading name for your country, but it's not Wikipedia who make the spellbooks and maps and decide the official spelling. We in Hungarian Wikipedia have the (sometimes unfortunate) policy of following the official spelling and usage, so we cannot generally change that. You have to convince your government to convince our academics to change the word (which is, I believe, pretty unlikely to happen). We won't use an incorrect word for political reasons.

Until then we can include your reasoning in the article called "Fehéroroszország" if you insists (and I believe I would insist, since it seems to be important for you). That's the most we can do. We don't and won't change the article titles and references until the official spelling changes. Please refrain from changing it again, it is going to be reverted and you may make it harder to communicate.

About your official permits: government offices are not famous of their knowledge which includes spelling. They misspell my name twice a year. They usually massively misspell template documents they use in 10000+ cases. If you're interested in what they ought to write, check the dictionaries. (I checked The Official spelling book, which says: "belorusz" (the language), and "Belorusszia: see Fehéroroszország". [Magyar Helyesírási Szótár {hungarian spelling dictionary}, 2003], and the largest map provider in Hungary: Cartographia, Inc. And I tel you that this question was already arise in hu:wikipedia and we have voted and it is rude to ignore that and start changing things. I'll translate briefly what you've said, but it's just an additional comment.) --grin ✎ 01:03, 2004 Oct 7 (UTC)

 * Additional info: Hungarian wikipedians try to figure out what could be done. We're a helpful bunch after all. It is still hazy who should decide the correct form, because, for example, the Belarus Embassy mostly uses a form nobody else does... We'll try to look around a bit and help you proud people to clear the russians from your name :) . --grin ✎ 10:29, 2004 Oct 7 (UTC)

Btw I noticed Newsweek uses Belarus when referring to your country. Yeah! :-) Good luck. --grin ✎ 11:34, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)

 * You have Newsweek in Hungarian? --rydel 21:55, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Be correct: Fehéroroszország comes from Ruthenia Alba and have been in use (mainly in latin form Ruthenia Alba) from 13-14 century, from the times of Jagiellon kings in Hungary. This is a very old, historical name for this territory! 82.141.138.34 10:11, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Alemannic/Schwyzerdütsch/Alsatian
Hi!

You’ve left a request on the Alemannic Wikipedia regarding status and syntax of the Alemannic language. In deed it is disputed whether Alemannic should be treated as a dialect rather than a distinct language. However, it comprises various characteristics of a standard language: I may draw your attention to the corresponding articles on Wikipedia. It is known as Schwyzerdütsch in Switzerland, Elsässerditsch in France and Alemannisch in Germany and Austria.
 * Alemannic did not participate in the second German vowel shift (like dutch, unlike yiddish)
 * Thus it is not functionally intelligible to speakers of Standard German.
 * It is the spoken everyday language of all social levels. Using dialect conveys no social or educational inferiority.
 * Alemannic is a written language (in newspapers, e.g., inside headings or quotations, in advertisments, childrens’ books, mainly for private correspondence/SMS/eMail)

The Alemannic dialects vary a lot in their syntax. One of the best known phenomens is the “verb doubling”:

German: Ich gehe einkaufen. (I go shopping.) German: Gut, dass Sie da sind! (Good, that you there are!)

Schwyzerdütsch: Guet sind Si då! (Good are you there!)

German: Wen hast du angerufen? (Who[akk.] have you called?)

Schwyzerdütsch: I wämm häsch aaglüte? (At who[dat.] have[2.p] called?)

Weblinks

 * In-depth articles on the syntax
 * Sound samples of Schwyzerdütsch
 * Swiss national TV news

—Transalpin

 * Actually, the second sample of Transalpin isn't a difference between Alemannic and modern standard German, it's just two different ways to express the same:

 * German: Gut, dass er da ist. Gut, ist er da.

 * Alemannic: Guet, das er da isch. Guet, isch er da.

 * In the third sample, the difference is in the dative. The particle before the question word depends on what alemannic dialect you're referring to. I suspect it's a similar phenomenon as in words like so (thus, so) or kei (German kein: adjectival no) that may have a schwa before: eso, ekei.

 * The lack of the personal pronoun in the third sample has a phonological explanation: /hESt du/ --> /hESt d@/ --> /hESt d/ = /hESt/. The final /t/ in of the second person singular was lost, so that the resulting form is /hES/.

 * An interesting feature may be the so-called "nomaccusative": All accusative articles are the same as the nominative articles:

 * Alemannic: I gseh der Ma. - German: Ich sehe den Mann. (I see the man.)

 * There are many differences in vocabulary.

 * grüess, J. 'mach' wust 07:23, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Schwyzerdütsch: I wämm wotter echt die schöne Blueme bringe? (To who[dat.] wants he this beautiful Flowers bring?)
 * 1) *“Gut ist er da.” is ungrammatical in Standard German, even if a lot of Swiss are not aware of that! (One reason for the Germans’ mocking of Swiss who are trying to speak Standard German)
 * 2) The difference I wanted to bring out in the third example is not the dative, the crucial point is the prepositional dative marker:
 * German: Wem will er diese schönen Blumen bringen? (Who[dat.] wants he this beautiful flowers bring?)
 * The prep. “i” is just a variant. One may answer: “A de Mueter” or “I de Mueter” (To the[dat.] Mother). Standard German: “Der Mutter.”
 * 3) The reason why we say “eso” instead of “so” is: The Middle High German word was “alsó”! In other Germanic dialects (eg, Bavarian-Austrian) you say “aso”. I’m not quite sure about that in Yiddish.
 * The only point I agree with in J. 'mach' wust’s post is the nomaccusative.
 * —Transalpin

 * (1) Gut, ist er da may be unusual in standard German, but it's definitly not ungrammatical. The elliptic sentence "(es ist) gut" demands for a subordinated clause as predicativum (Gleichsetzungsnominativ). The subordinated sentence can e.g. be of the type "conjunction 'dass', indicative verb last" (e.g. dass er da ist) or of the type "no conjunction, indicative verb first" (e.g. ist er da).
 * (2) That prepositional dative marker must be a peculiarity of Transalpin's dialect. I still suspect that it isn't used but very initially (after pause), since I can't imagine that people'd say i ha i/a der Mueter aaglütte (I have called the mother) or i ha i/a iren aaglütte (I have called her). If we'd assume it were really prepositions, then I wonder how you could explain that two different prepositions could be used indifferently.
 * (3)Plausible hypothesis, though I think this is difficult to prove. Additionally, there's also "also" in the alemannic dialects.
 * grüess, J. 'mach' wust 11:50, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) This is ludicrous! If you don’t want to embarrass yourself in Germany or Austria please don’t use “Schön, ist er da”! This may be a peculiarity of the Swiss standard, but it is likely to raise a laugh among native speakers (if not confusion). You can ask any (non Alemannic) German speaker on the German Wikipedia.
 * 2) I’m referring to Guido Seiler’s excellent research work on prepositional dative markers (as he named them). Given that not every Swiss speaks your local Bernese dialect, you will be surprised to discover many more variations you’ve never consciously noticed before.
 * 3) “esó”/“asó” is primarily used for the English equivalent “like this”/“that way” (German: “so”, Yiddish: אַזוי – azoy). The Alemannic German word “a(l)so” has the same orgin, but is used for “as”/“thus”/“so”. It’s neither a hypothesis nor difficult to prove, just look it up in any German etymological or Middle High German dictionary!
 * Bregs, Transalpin 18:31, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * (1) This doesn't make it ungrammatical. You're affirming that it may occur in (Swiss) standard German, so it's not a peculiarity of the dialect.
 * (2) He doesn't only affirm that only certain Alemannic dialects use it, but also that it's used in other dialects as well, that is, in certain dialects of Bavarian. So it's not a feature of Alemannic at all. He also affirms that even in the dialects which can have it, most datives don't have it. And I don't like his habit of calling it 'prepositional', since appearently this isn't based but on hypothesis.
 * (3) Unfortunately, there are no etymological dictionaries for Alemannic.
 * grüess, J. 'mach' wust 08:08, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

schön sprichst du deutsch

Bashing others on my userpages
...is a very very very stupid thing to do. Stop it. It does not help your case. It does the opposite. --grin ✎ 17:31, 2004 Nov 19 (UTC)

Sorry for trashing your talkpage. As for this little conflict with a Dutch Wikipedia member, I don't think we should call it "bashing." I was not really attacking him, if you don't count a bit of teasing with this "White German" thingy. As for the "case", I don't have one. He is absolutely right - if they use "Wit-rusland" there is nothing anyone can do about it. It will remain "Wit-rusland". I merely informed them about the situation. The fact that one of them got a bit upset maybe says something about his character or about my presentation skills. ;) --rydel 17:45, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

"White German" (moved from another user's talk page)
Hello I was looking at user:Rydell's talkpage and saw that he is trying to do the same in the Hungarian wikipedia as he is trying to do in the Dutch. Change his country's name. Waerth 09:44, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I suspect so. His reasons are good, and we voted about it, and got an ambiguous result... yet to be decided. --grin ✎ 21:30, 2004 Nov 17 (UTC)

 * Relax, my dear "White German" Wearth. ;) I am not hiding my actions. I am not hiding my reasoning. I am not hiding my sources. I am not hiding my opinions. I am totally open. Maybe you should just stop jumping around Wikipedia "reporting" on me (whatever it is that you are reporting on). And hear me. In German language I have nothing to do with the tendency. Indeed, Germans in the last 10 years use "Weissrussland" less and less, and they use "Belarus" much more often these days (Just check Google). That's a trend which I have nothing to do with. And even if I wanted, I couldn't do anything. One person, a foreigner, can not change the way one hundred million people speak. It is simply not possible. Take it easy, White German friend. ;) --rydel 18:13, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Please stop calling me white german it is an insult and thus against wikipedia policy to do so. Yes I checked it, I read the German talkpage and it seems that all media are using weissrussland. Anyway, I am not interested in what the Germans say. What I am saying and trying to get through your belorussian head is that we speak a language .... Dutch .... the name of which has been "mistranslated" for over 200 years so have been many of our citynames and even the name of our country. You do not hear us complaining about that. There is no history of the usage of the word Belorussia in our language as we have always referred to it as Wit-Rusland. If the tendency in my language changes than lucky for you. But as long as 99% of the Dutch (again the dreaded word) people say wit-rusland and all the publications say so I think you should rest your case at least in the Dutch wikipedia. As you can see your case has 0% support in the reactions sofar. Waerth 05:58, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Oh, Really? So sorry, man! Did Germans kill millions of White Germans too? Anyway, at least you got the parallel finally. You know, knowledge and wisdom never make one happy. It's always a burden. And the more you learn about the world outside the sadder you'll be, my White German friend.

Beg to disagree. Here are today's Google results: Although that includes certain number of English pages in ".de" domain, but still, "Belarus" outnumbers "Weissrussland" by a factor of 3. And I remember the first time I checked (I think sometime back in 1999-2000, I should have it on backup discs somewhere), the word "Weissrussland" was used 10 times more than "Belarus". So it means in the last four-five years the proportion Belarus/Weissrussland on German sites changed 30 (thirty!) times in advantage for "Belarus". If you deny there is a strong trend there, then I'm sorry, it just tells something about your mental capacity. (And, again, I have nothing to do with it. I wrote the article http://www.pravapis.org/art_weissrussland.asp like 5-6 months ago, and maybe a couple hundred people read it, that's all).
 * Weissrussland site:.de — 131,000
 * Belarus —  348,000

I just informed Dutch Wikipedia about the situation. Now you know. My task is accomplished. What you will do afterwards, is totally up to you, of course. Sure. If a user came in to http://be.wikipedia.org/ from http://nl.wikipedia.org/ and informed us about some linguistic/translation issue, of course people would be interested to know, but he would have no chance and no voice in terms of any decision making or changes in the language. But, yes, his information would be taken into account, my dear White German friend.

It's not such a good parallel. Now if Americans and Brits and all other English speaking people on this planet called you "Dutch" and Germans "White/Blue/Yellow/Purple Dutch" or vice versa, then it'd be a very nice parallel indeed. Otherwise, it's only obvious for people who are interested in language studies and now "Dutch"-"Deutsch" etymology, while "Wit-f...ing-Rusland" is right there for anyone to see and to be misled.

--rydel 11:57, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

According to your logic Dutch people should be called Netherlanders (becaus the word Dutch comes from the word "dütsch" or "diutsch", wich actually meant German in medieval times) and the Germans/Germany should be called the Deutsh/Deutshland in English. Also the French would have to stop calling us Allemand (although being an Alemanne myself I do like that) and start calling us le Doïtch, or something? Many names for many countries are wrong and antiquated. Actually China is an insult to most Chinese nowadays, we should change that countryname in the European languages, too. Then we also would have to fix Japan to be called Nippon as this is the official Japanese name for it. "Korea" is actually totally wrong, too. And what about France? You surely can't call that country after a Germanic tribe, the Franks, can you? Then the "Indians" in America... you know this is endless Kilian

 * The examples that you provide are very good, yet each of them has a totally different history, and you have to talk about each case separately, not bunch together Holland, China, Germany, Belarus, Japan, France, and Korea. I assure you I am well aware of those issues with country names. And I had this discussion 100 times, and I'm not going to argue about it one more time. I presented my (our) case clearly enough. This "White Russia" thingy is STUPID, ILLOGICAL, WRONG and also offensive to some people. Period. You want to hear the details? I talked about it hundred times in other locations. You are welcome to read it, dear Kilian Kilian:

 * http://www.rydel.net/white_holland.asp
 * http://www.pravapis.org/art_weissrussland.asp
 * http://www.livejournal.com/community/linguaphiles/1089268.html
 * http://www.livejournal.com/community/ru_translate/2851311.html
 * http://www.livejournal.com/community/learn_languages/446170.html
 * http://www.livejournal.com/community/europeans/78878.html
 * http://www.livejournal.com/community/foreignlanguage/223864.html

Kind regards. --rydel 12:25, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rowing and paddling
Hey Rydel. Just a note to fill in the blanks.

 * Rowing is how you propel a row-boat, galley, or other craft with oars, which typically pivot on oarlocks.

 * Paddling is how you propel a craft with a paddle, held in the hands. This includes canoes and kayaks.

 * Sculling, by the way, is propelling a boat with a single oar which points to the rear. The oar applies force back and forth, like a fish's tail.

Canoeing and kayaking means travelling in the respective type of craft; you propel either by paddling. You can also say "to paddle a canoe" or kayak. A canoe paddle has one end, and a kayak paddle two. A canoe can be manned by one, two, or many if it is a long "war canoe". A kayak is usually made for one, or sometimes two.

—Michael Z.

PS: Thanks for cleaning up the little package someone left on my user page. —MZ

NRM redirect page
Hi, Rydel. On the Talk:New religious movement page I have placed instructions for you on how to create the NRM redirect page you asked about. Let me know if you have any problems. Cheers! --Gary D 19:20, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Wikispam?
(1) What's your REAL objective? (2) Why does your announcement is spreading like spam on our talk pages? --rydel 01:19, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * (1) There is a lot of discussion about this on this page which you can read. My REAL objective is twofold, but both entail multi-licensing everyone's contributions into the CC-by-sa licenses.  I am primarily focused on the state/city/county articles and secondarily focused on the remaining articles.  I've found that most users prefer to multi-license all of their articles rather than a subset.  My real objective is ideologically based and it is shared by lots of other users.  Essentially I believe that while the GFDL is free and open, it is only free and open to other GFDL projects.  It is not free and open to Creative Commons Licensed projects, which use a free and open license.  And so I believe that my contributions should be able to be shared with those free and open projects even if that means that they won't be shared back.  But I don't want everyone to use public domain because then it could become non-free.  Fortunately that should never be a problem because a majority of users will not use the public domain.  I am trying to find others who either share my ideology or just plain don't care about retaining their rights.  Honestly, I'm trying to be as open as possible, that's why I created the FAQ.

 * (2) Because I used a bot to help speed the process up. I did about 400 comments manually and about 1,000 using the bot.  The manual edits were over the last couple of weeks.  The 1,000 were in one day.  After complaints though, I've been taking in advice on how to do things differently for everyone else.  A smaller less obtrusive message seems to be winning the day.

 * Lastly, I hope that the message did not cause you to ignore my message. In any case, hope I've answered your questions.    – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)   01:55, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Old Ruthenian
Hi there, long time no see :) I saw you took part in the Talk:Old Ruthenian language discussion. Could you also add your vote to the Requested_moves? That would really help. By the way, by taking part in the discussion you can chose to be a Polish pan or Ukrainian nationalist. Isn't it great? :D Halibutt 01:40, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)

A Panslavic Pan, sorry for Pun. ;) Unfortunately I don't have much free time to write in English Wikipedia, but I've written several dozens of articles on http://be.wikipedia.org/ --rydel 15:37, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Pan as tough as every Slav :) It's good to know that someone is working on the be. wiki. Last time I checked it looked a tad deserted. Hopefully it will spring off now. Halibutt 03:01, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

why rename?
The proposal is not mine. It was an original name, and there were at least two atempts to restore it. So I decided to make this public. The logic is simple. In English, adjectives ro Rus and Russia are both "Russian". This is unfortunate, but not ther reason to be afraid. The word "Ruthenia" in English means something different now; look at any of dictionaries; so "Old Ruthenian language" is unrecognizable for the world. The plague of wikipedia is that it is mostly written by people of limited expertise, but big ego. I quickly understood this about myself, and now write articles and make edits only on 100% factual material. In our case I didn't hear the voice of expertise so far. Mikkalai 16:17, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Join RWNB!
Hello, Rydel! Sorry about the "Belorussian language" thing at the Requested moves forum. Didn't mean to hurt anybody's feelings. I thought you might be interested in the Russian wikipedians' notice board. Come check it out! We could use more help! KNewman 02:48, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)

I'll keep an eye on it. ;)

ruthienie blanche
Please provide the soure of the map. Image:BNR ruthienie blanche.jpg. Sole claim of PD is insufficient; it must be reasonably proved. Mikkalai 02:54, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The map is from the wall of my colleague's office. It's a copy of the original map (1918) that was made in 1960's by the Radio I think (have to check that). He scanned it several years ago. And since then it's been all over internet. And the colleague, btw, is mr. Shupa himself, the author of Архівы БНР. I wish he had time to join Wikipedia and re-write the stupid currrent entry about BNR. --rydel 13:49, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Please list the drawbacks of the article in its talk page. I started it as a stub, because there was no mention about it at all. I have a limited knowledge about it. I wrote everything either out of my head or from the BNR Rada website, which is unfortunately very scarce about its own history. I didn't use any Russian language sources, for natural reasons. And by the way, there seems to be a problem with the name.  Mikkalai 18:29, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Białoruś
I'm curious why you reverted my change on the Belarus page wherein I added the bolded material "This literal translation is also used in a number of other languages, e.g., Germanic languages ("Weißrussland" in German, "Wit-Rusland" in Dutch), "Λευκορωσία" in Greek, "Baltkrievija" in Latvian, "Białoruś" in Polish and "Baltarusija" in Lithuanian."

Am I wrong?Milicz 22:46, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

You are not wrong, Milicz. You are right, and Polish version is great and correct. It's the other versions that are wrong. :)

In other words, "Białoruś" is a very correct and good translation, because in Polish language just like in Belarusian and Ukrainian (and some other languages) there is a distinction between Rus' (Ruś, Ruthenia) and modern Russia (Rosja).

Unfortunately, in many other languages, especially Germanic languages (luckily, with the exception of English), there is no such distinction. So the examples given in that first paragraph serve the purpose to show the "bad" examples, on how this incorrect rendering "White Russia" propagated into other languages.

I hope I explained that clearly enough. Do you think that it's not explained very well in the article (Belarus and also in White Russia) and needs a rewrite?

--rydel 00:17, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * That clears it up for me, I guess it wasn't very clear to me when I read it through, because the word literal is used, and it seems to indicate to my brain "correct". Maybe incorporate the two sentences to make it read:

Historically, in English, Belarus was sometimes referred to as "White Russia" or "White Ruthenia"; this literal though not entirely correct translation of its name (see White Russia), is currently used in a number of other languages, e.g., Thanks for clearing this up for me and keep up the good work! Milicz 03:07, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Music of Belarus
Why did you revert my change at music of Belarus? Tuf-Kat 21:58, Jan 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Because it showed that you don't know much (if anything at all) neither about Belarusan music, nor about demographics and migration patterns of Belarusians. In other words, wrong information. --rydel 22:37, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Please be more specific. Do you dispute that Belarus' recent history is closely intertwined with the Soviet Union or Russia?  Or that many Belarusians live in Russia to the present?  Do you feel that this is irrelevant?  Shall I keep guessing?  Or would you like to explain what you don't like about it?  Perhaps even use the talk page? Tuf-Kat 23:54, Jan 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * The statement about "history" belongs to the Belarus history page, if anywhere. Besides, it sounds like an excerpt from some Russian imperial propaganda booklet, and has no relevance on the page Music of Belarus. Have you heard any Belarusan music? Our musical tradition is very different from Russian, and has very little similarity with the Russian one (ever since the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania till modern times). But there is another, though totally different problem. The problem is that current regime in Belarus is kind of pro-Russian, and some of our rock-music is banned or or has no chances for promotion at all. And another even bigger problem is that most of Belarus citizens are exposed to huuuuge amounts of Russian music, rock, pop and what have you. But that's a social-society issue, not a question of music of Belarus and its history. What is interesting though is that even our pro-Russian authocratic ruler Lukashenka ordered that all FM stations put at least 50% of Belarusan music two years ago, and now he ordered to make the rule even tougher - since January 1, 2005 all FM stations are required by law put at least 75% Belarusan music every day.
 * No. There are relatively few Belarusans living in Russia. And again, that's not relevant at all. How is it relevant to the history of music?
 * May I dare asking what have you listened? And may I dare asking what have you read about the music of Belarus and its history? --rydel 01:41, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * See talk:Music of Belarus Tuf-Kat 02:54, Jan 16, 2005 (UTC)

Kalink(o/a)vichi
Hi there! Could you help us with the articles on Kalinkovichi and Kalinkavichy? We're not sure if it's the same place or not... Halibutt 16:56, Jan 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's the same place, the articles should be merged. The Russian spelling is Калинковичи (Kalinkovichi), and Belarusan spelling is Калінкавічы (Kalinkavichy). As for the population, their "semi-official" website http://kalinkovichi.by.ru/ says that Kalinkavichy distict has 71,500 people, of them 31,300 are rural population, and 40,200 are urban population. --rydel 17:32, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Personal attacks
Please note that calling other users Nazis is a personal attack, which is not allowed under Wikipedia policy. Snowspinner 22:48, Jan 27, 2005 (UTC)

POV pushing
Stop pushing POV on the nl.wikipedia, or we will put a vote in for banning you. Waerth 18:48, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * What are refering to? --rydel 19:25, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * You know what I am talking about. Your disruptive actions on NL: Wikipedia. I am glad you decided to stop. It is not our wikipedia btw. It is everybody's. We just like to use our language our way without being prescribed by an Alexander Loekasjenko clone how to use it. Waerth 20:14, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for showing your true colours on nl.wikipedia .... it would have actually been better for us to meet as you would have never said this in real life. I hope we do meet! So we can talk it over and laugh about. Waerth 21:29, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Banned on nl
You have been banned for now on Dutch wikipedia, not by me, but by another moderator. Waerth 21:44, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Polska wikipedia
Ad. Stanisław Szuszkiewicz

Dzięki za Twoje korekty w notce o prezydencie Szuszkiewiczu. Słowo < > pozwoliłem sobie zastąpić stwierdzeniem <>. Spelling po białorusku rzeczywiście mi się nie udał, korekty zostały zaakceptowane.

Zapraszam do tworzenia artykułów w polskiej wikipedii na tematy białoruskie, brakuje wyczerpujących haseł, szczególnie jeśli chodzi o postaci z historii Białorusi (Franciszek Skoryna, Roman Skirmunt, Jan Sereda), ale również współczesnych polityków.

Pozdrawiam

Tomas 01:03, 30 sty 2005 (CET)

In reaction to your blog
Now that you understand that you might be reacting over the top. You might consider offering some apologies on the "White-German" wikipedia .... . Everybody is waiting for it .... not in the least me.

What you said was very bad. Has it never crossed your mind that eastern Europe although hardest hit wasn't the only area hit during WWII? Or don't over 100.000 Dutch people count? according to your comments they do not. Just for your information I have some familymembers that I lost also during WWII.

I asked both of my grandfathers, who were in the resistance, when I was young. Why were you still going on holidays to Germany, even so quick after WWII (I was looking throught their photoalbums of the 50's / 60's). Their answer was simple. We should never forget what has been done during this period, never. But we cannot blame an entire "people" for what has been done in their name and certainly not the young generations after WWII. Hatred leads to more hatred and leads to war and genocide. If we keep on hating for something that has happened, it will happen again. We do not need to hate, but we should not forget either. Because only understanding and not forgetting without hating will lead to a better future.

Nationalism leads to hatred that is why WWII started.

Waerth 04:07, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rydel/Archive1


text: Category:1273 births

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text: Category:1278 births

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title: Category:1298 births


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Bank of Shanghai

Bank of Shanghai Co., Ltd. (BOSC) is an urban commercial bank based in Shanghai in China. The bank was ranked 73rd among 1000 banks around the world by The Banker in terms of their Tier 1 capital in 2020.

History
The Bank of Shanghai was founded on December 29, 1995, as the Shanghai City Cooperative Bank, by the merger of 98 City Cooperative Credit Unions of Shanghai, together with the Joint Union of the Shanghai City Cooperative Credit Unions. The company resolved to change its name to the "Bank of Shanghai" in 1998, and regulatory registration of the new name was completed in 2000. Headquartered in Shanghai, China, it is a listed company on the main board of the Shanghai Stock Exchange with stock code 601229. In September 1999 and December 2001, Bank of Shanghai received equity investments from International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group, The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) and The Shanghai Commercial Bank of Hong Kong. Prior to 1949, Shanghai was the main branch of HSBC, but its operations in mainland China had significantly scaled down in the 1950s. The Shanghai Commercial Bank was also based in Shanghai before the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, but its mainland operations were nationalized in 1950.

On 11 December 2013, HSBC Hong Kong sold their 8.0% stake of the Bank of Shanghai to Spanish multinational banking group Banco Santander for an undisclosed fee (Santander announced that including the cooperation agreement, the total investment would be €470 million), which HSBC HK listed the stake as an available-for-sale asset with a fair value of HK$3.629 billion (approx. US$468 million) in the balance sheet at 30 September 2013. It was HSBC's successive disinvestment in the mainland China after selling Ping An Insurance in December 2012.

In 2016, the Bank of Shanghai applied the clearance for IPO. Since June 2017, it was part of Shanghai Stock Exchange's blue chip index: SSE 50 Index.

Shareholder

 * Major Shareholders
 * Subsidiaries and wholly owned subsidiaries of Shanghai Municipal People's Government and district-level governments
 * Shanghai Alliance Investment (15.08%)
 * Shanghai International Port Group (7.20%)
 * Shanghai Huixin (2.16%)
 * Shanghai Huangpu District State-Owned Assets Corporation (2.20%)
 * Companies under the supervision of the State Council (SASAC and the Ministry of Finance)
 * China Jianyin Investment (5.48%)
 * China Shipbuilding & Offshore International of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (4.63%)
 * CITIC Guoan of CITIC Guoan Group (2.00%)
 * Banco Santander (7.20%)
 * TCL Corporation (3.73%)
 * Shanghai Commercial Bank (3.00%)

According to the bank, 206 Chinese state-owned enterprises owned 56% stake of the share capital in total, as at 31 July 2015.

title: Bank of Shanghai


text: Category:1104 births

title: Category:1104 births


text: User talk:81.10.118.21

title: User talk:81.10.118.21


text: User talk:64.81.54.23

title: User talk:64.81.54.23


text: Category:1107 births

title: Category:1107 births


text:
Code page 737

Code page 737 (CCSID 737) (also known as CP 737, IBM 00737, and OEM 737, MS-DOS Greek ) is a code page used under DOS to write the Greek language. It was much more popular than code page 869 although it lacks the letters ΐ and ΰ.

Character set
The following table shows code page 737. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as code page 437.

{{legend|#FEE|Some earlier OEM implementations and some software does not support these characters.}}

Code page 210
Code page 210 is similar, but does not have the capital letters Ϊ and Ϋ and instead has the symbols ⌠ and ⌡ at these spots, like Code page 437 does.

title: Code page 737


text:
Nobilis

Nobilis is a contemporary fantasy tabletop role-playing game created by Jenna K. Moran, writing under the name R. Sean Borgstrom. The player characters are "Sovereign Powers" called the Nobilis; each Noble is the personification of an abstract concept or class of things such as Time, Death, cars, or communication. Unlike most role-playing games, Nobilis does not use dice or other random elements to determine the outcome of characters' actions, but instead uses a point-based system for task resolution.

Setting
Nobilis draws on many sources, including Christian and Norse mythologies, but adds numerous unique details to its setting. Though the everyday world in the game appears much like our own, it is actually only the Prosaic Earth, a lie that the world told to itself in a desperate attempt to explain suffering, and a rationalized delusion which conceals the true reality that would plunge most mortals into madness: the Mythic Earth, an animistic world where everything has its own sentient spirit. In the Mythic, the Earth is really flat, and hangs somewhere among the vast boughs of the "world-tree", Yggdrasil. Countless worlds dot the branches of this world-tree, but at the top is Heaven, which is inaccessible to all but the angels (only one human soul in a billion is not turned away) and is the source of all beauty. Beneath the Earth, in the roots of Yggdrasil, is Hell, the source of all corruption. Around Yggdrasil, except above heaven (where it is open to the stars), is a mystical impenetrable curtain of blue flames known as the Weirding Wall.

Every class of objects and every concept is represented by a being of god-like power known as an Imperator. Each Imperator may govern from one to several of these Estates, and has effectively limitless control over them. The Imperators are engaged in a deadly struggle with the Excrucians, terrible beings from outside the Weirding Wall who wish to destroy reality; this struggle is known as the Valde Bellum. This war keeps Imperators busy in the Spirit World, so in order to maintain their affairs on Earth and in the other worlds they invest a shard of their soul in a human (or occasionally another animal or object), creating a Nobilis. Each Nobilis represents one of the Imperator's Estates; the group of Nobilis this forms, known as a Familia Caelestis, is typically loyal, both to each other and their Imperator.

The Imperator Lord Entropy oversees the actions of the Nobilis and enforces the Code Fidelitatis, the five laws he has established for them, in his Locust Court. The most notable and notorious of these, and the one most often broken, is the Windflower Law which states that no Noble is allowed to love another being. (In the first two editions, Nobilis can turn other humans into Anchors, whose every action they can control, but in order to do this they must first love or hate the person.)

To protect their physical forms from the ravages of the Valde Bellum, Imperators take a part of reality and partition it off into a self-contained, unique world which can take any form. This world, called a Chancel, both houses their physical bodies and is a spiritual reflection of it. Much like in the myth of the Fisher King, if the Imperator suffers, so does their Chancel.

Flowers have great significance to the Nobilis and their Imperators; earthly flowers are reflections of their heavenly counterparts and each has a meaning. For example, the gamemaster is known as the Hollyhock God because, in the world of Nobilis, hollyhocks represent vanity and ambition. This is because, according to the in-game story, the angels used flowers as a tool to control and direct the brunt of their powers when they created Reality. Each Nobilis and Imperator has a flower that represents them, and flowers are often used in their magical rites.

Gameplay
Unlike most role-playing game systems, Nobilis does not use random elements in determining success in characters' actions. Instead, Nobilis uses a resource management system; players may spend Miracle Points to succeed at certain actions, but otherwise they rarely fail at what they set out to do. Instead of the action centering on whether or not the characters succeed, the emphasis is instead on the consequences of those actions. Since combat between Nobilis uses up Miracle Points very quickly and a Nobilis can easily defeat even great numbers of humans, social roleplaying is encouraged over combat. Though the characters may seem to have limitless power, in reality they must take into consideration both the outcome of every act and what other Powers or Imperators they may offend in the process.

First and second editions
In the first two editions, each character has 4 attributes: Aspect, which governs their ability to perform superhuman physical and mental acts; Domain, which covers their power over their estate; Realm, which determines how much power they have in their Chancel; and Spirit, which describes how much magical power the Nobilis has. Spirit creates the Auctoritas, a shield that protects them from the Miracles of other Powers. A character's Spirit also determines how many Anchors they may have. Each attribute has a number of Miracle Points associated with it.

The character creation system also makes Nobilis notable by giving players an unusual amount of control over the setting. In addition to creating their own characters – a process which already allows for considerable customization – the players create their Imperator and Chancel. Players receive a number of points to invest in their Chancel equal to the total amount they spent on their characters' Realm; they may use these to buy special attributes for their Chancel such as special technology or magical inhabitants. They do not receive any points for their Imperator, so they must take a corresponding drawback for every special attribute they wish their Imperator to have. Each Nobilis also has an Affiliation, which is a moral code they follow in order to regain Miracle Points, as well as character flaws called Limits and Restrictions. Much like their Affiliation, these allow the character to regain Miracle Points when they become an inconvenience.

Third edition
In third edition, each character again has 4 attributes, but this time they are: Aspect, which governs their ability to perform superhuman physical and mental acts; Domain, which covers their power over the substance of their estate; Persona, which covers their power over the properties of their estate (as defined by the player); and Treasure, which governs their power over their panoply, the objects, animals and people that represent who they are. Domain governs the Divine Mantle, an aura that makes it harder for hostile Miracles to overpower their own Miracles. Persona governs the Auctoritas Magister, a shield that protects them from the Miracles of other Powers. Each attribute has a number of Miracle Points associated with it.

Each character also has a set of Bonds and Afflictions, the rules of their nature. Bonds are those rules which need effort to maintain; Afflictions are those rules which simply happen, without effort. When Bonds and Afflictions become an inconvenience, they allow the character to regain Miracle Points. When a Noble confronts and overcomes significant obstacles and antagonists, or honors the properties of their estate, they also regain Miracle Points.

As in earlier editions, the Imperator and Chancel are created by the players, but the point-buy system has been dropped. Instead, the players work together on deciding the properties of both.

First edition
The first edition was printed on demand by Pharos Press in 1999 with cover art by Alphonse Mucha.

Second edition
In 2002 Hogshead Publishing printed the second edition. When Hogshead Publishing shut down in 2003, the rights to the book returned to Borgstrom, but arrangements were made with Guardians of Order to publish the second edition.

The second edition is a coffee table-style book, the cover designed by Universal Head, with a ribbon bookmark; it is called the "Great White Book" by Nobilis fans. Full-page black and white art was commissioned for this book, in particular from Charles Vess and Michael William Kaluta; Borgstrom's flash fiction, set in the game world, fills its large margins. This edition won the Origins Award for Best Graphic Presentation Book Format Product 2002, and the 2003 Diana Jones Award for Excellence in Gaming. Guardians of Order ceased operations in 2006, with an announcement that they would attempt to find other publishers for their games.

The second edition of Nobilis was translated into French in 2002 by the Swiss company 2 dés sans faces, société coopérative ("2 dice without faces, cooperative society"). Curiously, this translation was available for sale before the original English edition. The French edition, for reason of available space, replaced the scenario from the English language book with an original scenario, set in a media-obsessed Chancel. A gamemaster's screen, titled Perfidie, was released in late 2002, with a small booklet including errata and the scenario from the English language book.

A single sourcebook was published for second edition, The Game of Powers, which provides rules for live action role-playing. Attempts to publish a second sourcebook, to be entitled A Society of Flowers, were unsuccessful until March 2008: part of the supplement was finally made available as a free pdf download from Eos Press or for a small fee from drivethrurpg.com, under the name Unlikely Flowerings. This document was the first of an announced series of "peculiar books" that would make available the whole "work version" of Society of Flowers. Then those peculiar books, completed and cleaned, would be released later in 2008 in hardcopy version. However, the second peculiar book and Society of Flowers were delayed following personal problems of the author, with the second peculiar book, Creatures, Clothed in Strangeness, eventually seeing release in September 2009 as a free pdf download from imago.hitherby.com.

Third edition
The third edition rulebook, titled Field Guide to the Powers, was published by Eos Press in 2011, as the first volume in the Nobilis: the Essentials range. It was initially released on PDF, to be followed by a print version. The cover art is by Ciaoffen 师晓蒙.

In the years following the release of the second edition, Borgstrom had changed her name to Jenna Katerin Moran, and the third edition was released under that name.

In September 2012, the first sourcebook for third edition was released, named Nobilis: Antithesis, Minibook 1i. It was only released through the OneBookShelf network (RPGNow, DriveThruRPG, etc.) in PDF and softcover print-on-demand formats.

Fourth Edition
A fourth edition of Nobilis is currently in development by Jenna Moran and planned to be completed in late 2024

title: Nobilis


text: Category:1112 births

title: Category:1112 births


text:
John LeCompt

John Charles LeCompt (born March 10, 1973) is an American guitarist. He has played in multiple bands including Machina, Kill System and We Are the Fallen, and was a tour guitarist for the rock band Evanescence from 2003 to 2007.

Career
LeCompt joined the band Kill System in 2002, with drummer Rocky Gray. In 2003, he joined Evanescence as a touring guitarist alongside Gray, playing with the band until 2007. In 2004, he joined the band Mourningside, which also featured Gray. The following year, LeCompt joined singer and guitarist Phil Taylor's band Future Leaders of the World, alongside Gray, guitarist Jack Wiese, and bassist Thad Ables. LeCompt also performed with Gray in the band Soul Embraced. In 2009, LeCompt and Gray joined former Evanescene guitarist Ben Moody's band We Are the Fallen. Lecompt has used the Yamaha CPX900 and LJX6C acoustic guitar models.

title: John LeCompt


text: Category:1116 births

title: Category:1116 births


text: Category:1117 births

title: Category:1117 births


text: Category:1124 births

title: Category:1124 births


text:
Code page 869

Code page 869 (CCSID 869) (CP 869, IBM 869, OEM 869) is a code page used under DOS to write Greek and may also be used to get Greek letters for other uses such as math. It is also called DOS Greek 2. It was designed to include all characters from ISO 8859-7.

Code page 869 was not as popular as code page 737.

CCSID 9061 added the euro symbol at code point 87hex.

Character set
The following table shows code page 869. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as code page 437.

title: Code page 869


text: Category:1126 births

title: Category:1126 births


text:
Großbrembach

Großbrembach is a village and a former municipality in the state of Thuringia, Germany. It is part of the district Sömmerda. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the municipality Buttstädt.

title: Großbrembach


text: Category:1129 births

title: Category:1129 births


text:
Help talk:Renaming (moving) a page

Meta:Help:Renaming (moving) a page authors and history
= From Meta:Help talk:Renaming (moving) a page =
 * User:Eloquence (Help:Renaming (moving) a page moved to Help:Moving a page)

title: Help talk:Renaming (moving) a page


text:
DGA Essais de missiles

DGA Essais de missiles (previously named CEL - Centre d'Essais des Landes) is a launch site for the test of military rockets and for launching sounding rockets in France. "DGA Essais de missiles" is situated between Biscarrosse and the Atlantic Ocean. "DGA Essais de missiles" went in service in 1967 as replacement for the former launch sites at CIEES, Hammaguir.

A large number of rockets were tested from this site: Belier III, Dragon 1, Dragon 2B, Dragon 3, Rubis, Tacite, SSBS S112, Cora, Dauphin, SSBS S01, MSBS M012, MSBS M013, SSBS S02, Black Brant VC, MSBS M1, Tibère, Viper 3A, Forschungsflugkorper, MSBS M2, SSBS S2, MSBS M20, SSBS S3, Nike Orion, MSBS M4, Hades, Black Brant 9CM1, MSBS M45 and MSBS M51.

Pads
The most important launch pad of the Centre d'Essais des Landes is:

 * Base Lancement Balistique at 44.362°N, -1.25°W, from which most medium-range rockets were launched.

Other pads include:

 * CE (Black Brant VC, Black Brant 9CM1) at 44.39°N, -1.23°W,
 * BESA - Base Experimentale Sol-Air - at 44.39°N, -1.23°W,
 * SUD - Pas de tir sud - at 44.3°N, -1.28°W,
 * BE - Base Espace - at 44.27°N, -1.27°W,
 * BP - Base Pluton - at 44.38°N, -1.24°W
 * BS - Base Scientifique - at 44.29°N, -1.27°W.

title: DGA Essais de missiles


text: Category:1131 births

title: Category:1131 births


text:
Scott Carson

Scott Paul Carson (born 3 September 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Manchester City.

Carson joined the Leeds United academy in 2002, making his full first-team debut for Leeds against Manchester United in February 2004. In January 2005, he moved to Liverpool for a £750,000 fee and was called up for the England senior team later that year. He made nine appearances for Liverpool, including the UEFA Champions League quarter-final victory over Juventus in April 2005, before going on loan to Sheffield Wednesday, Charlton Athletic and Aston Villa in successive seasons to gain experience. After his return to Liverpool from his loan spell at Aston Villa at the end of the 2007–08 season, he joined West Bromwich Albion for a £3.25 million fee in July 2008. In 2011, he moved to Bursaspor of Turkey. After two years in Turkey, he moved back to England with Wigan Athletic, where he remained until 2015 when he signed for Derby County. Carson joined reigning Premier League champions Manchester City on loan in August 2019 to provide cover for Ederson and Claudio Bravo. He signed permanently for Manchester City in 2021.

Carson made his first appearance for the England under-21 team in February 2004 and later set a record of 29 caps for the under-21 team. Following the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, Carson made his full debut for the England senior team against Austria in November 2007.

Leeds United
Carson was born in Whitehaven, Cumbria, and grew up in Cleator Moor, where he attended Ehenside School. Although a promising rugby league player as a youth, he instead chose to concentrate on football, playing in goal for his school team from the age of "about 11 or 12". He quickly rose through the youth teams at local team Cleator Moor Celtic to play for the men's team when he was 15. He joined the Leeds United football academy in July 2002 after impressing former Leeds defender Peter Hampton while playing for non-league Workington in the FA Youth Cup. He spent less than a year in the academy and half a season with the reserves before making his first-team debut in January 2004, coming on as a late substitute after Paul Robinson was sent off against Middlesbrough. Two weeks later, he made his full debut, starting against Manchester United in a 1–1 draw at Old Trafford, and made one further appearance in the 2003–04 season against Chelsea in May 2004. Robinson left Leeds in May 2004 and Leeds signed Scottish international goalkeeper Neil Sullivan two months later to compete with Carson for a first-team place, and to help Carson develop and improve. Carson's contract was due to expire at the end of the 2004–05 season but Leeds were keen to retain him and in December 2004 offered him a new long-term contract. However, he chose to join Liverpool, who paid Leeds a £750,000 fee for him, in January 2005.

Liverpool
Carson joined Liverpool on a four-and-a-half-year contract and was to provide competition for Jerzy Dudek for a first-team place. He made his first team debut for Liverpool in March 2005 in a defeat to Newcastle United, and made three consecutive appearances in April, including the home leg of the UEFA Champions League quarter-final victory over Juventus. He was an unused substitute when Liverpool were victorious in the 2005 UEFA Champions League final and 2005 UEFA Super Cup.

Loan to Sheffield Wednesday
Carson made only four appearances in the 2005–06 season, all in cup competitions, and in March 2006, was allowed to move to Sheffield Wednesday on loan. Wednesday sought his services to help solve their goalkeeping crisis, while Carson was looking to gain more first team experience and to challenge for a place in the England 2006 FIFA World Cup squad. He kept five clean sheets in nine appearances for Wednesday, whose assistant manager Kevin Summerfield hailed his contribution as a key factor in helping the club escape relegation. He returned to Liverpool at the end of the season and in July 2006, extended his contract with Liverpool until 2011.

Loan to Charlton Athletic
In August 2006, Carson joined Charlton Athletic on loan for the 2006–07 season, after Charlton failed in a bid for Norwich City goalkeeper Robert Green. Carson explained that "Liverpool want me to get some experience and then hopefully I can go back next season and be challenging Pepe [Reina] for the number one spot. There were a couple of Championship clubs interested but I need to be playing Premiership football because Robert Green, Ben Foster and Chris Kirkland are going to be playing week in, week out so I need to be performing." He played in 36 of 38 Premier League matches, missing only the two matches against Liverpool due to the terms of his loan deal. Although he was unable to prevent Charlton from being relegated at the end of 2006–07, his outstanding form led him to be named as the Charlton Athletic Player of the Year, the first loan player ever to receive the award.

Loan to Aston Villa

Carson returned to Liverpool at the end of the season and in June 2007, Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez confirmed that he would be part of the first-team squad for the 2007–08 season, saying "He must fight with Pepe Reina now for a starting place." Carson remained second choice to Reina, however, and faced further competition following the signing of Charles Itandje in August 2007; as a result, Carson was loaned out again, this time to Aston Villa at a cost to Villa of £2 million. Benitez said of the deal, "We do not want to sell him, we are very happy with Scott. But he needs to play to keep up his England place." Aston Villa manager Martin O'Neill preferred Carson to Thomas Sørensen and Stuart Taylor, and Carson played in all but three of Villa's 38 league matches, missing the two matches against Liverpool as he was ineligible to play, and kept 11 clean sheets during the 2007–08 season. He received the first red card of his career when he fouled Carlos Tevez in Villa's 4–1 Premier League defeat to Manchester United.

West Bromwich Albion
Carson returned to Liverpool at the end of the 2007–08 season but in July 2008 joined West Bromwich Albion on a four-year contract for a £3.25 million fee, possibly rising to £3.75 million, with an option for the club to extend the contract by another year. Carson, who had played for five different clubs since making his debut for Leeds in 2004, explained that he wanted to get settled at one club, saying "I've been like a nomad for three or four years. It'll be good to get some roots and hopefully settle. I can see myself here for four or five years, even longer." He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Arsenal in the opening match of the 2008–09 Premier League season. Despite relegation to the Championship, Carson kept his first team place and after the departure of captain Jonathan Greening he was given the captaincy. West Bromwich Albion won promotion back to the Premier League, finishing second, 12 points clear of third place Nottingham Forest with Carson keeping 15 clean sheets out of 43 matches. He had been playing regular football for the Midlands club, but in the 2010–11 season, his form seemed to dip and in January 2011, Carson was briefly dropped to the bench for Welsh goalkeeper Boaz Myhill. After the appointment of Roy Hodgson as West Bromwich Albion head coach, he swiftly found himself back in favour at The Hawthorns.

Bursaspor
On 1 July 2011, Carson completed a move to Turkish Süper Lig club Bursaspor for a £2 million fee. Carson enjoyed a good first season with Bursaspor. He was an ever-present as they finished eighth, conceding 35 goals in 34 matches, the fifth-lowest in the 2011–12 Süper Lig season. He also received a runner-up medal for the 2011–12 Turkish Cup.

In his second season in Turkey, he played twenty-nine league matches and conceded thirty-three goals, helping his team concede the sixth-fewest goals in the 2012–13 Süper Lig season. Bursaspor finished fourth and qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League.

Wigan Athletic
Carson joined Wigan Athletic for £700,000 on a three-year deal on 4 July 2013.

Derby County
After Wigan's relegation to League One, Carson signed a two-year deal with Championship club Derby County with an option for a third year. The fee was undisclosed. At the end of the 2016–17 season, Carson was announced as Derby's Player of the Year.

Manchester City
Carson signed for reigning Premier League champions Manchester City on 8 August 2019 on loan for the 2019–20 season, as the third-choice goalkeeper behind Ederson and Claudio Bravo. He extended his loan for the 2020–21 season. On 14 May 2021, he made his first Premier League appearance in almost a decade in a 4–3 away win over Newcastle United. During the match, Carson saved a Joe Willock penalty but let in the rebound after the ball fell kindly back to Willock.

On 14 June 2021, it was announced that he would leave Derby at the end of the season, following the expiry of his contract. He joined Manchester City permanently. On 9 March 2022, in the second leg of the round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League, against Portuguese side Sporting CP, Carson came off the bench with twenty minutes to go to play his first European match in seventeen years. Carson went on to preserve a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw, since City had beat Sporting 5–0 in the first leg; the English side moved on to the next stage.

Carson would extend his stay with City for a fourth season on 14 June 2022, by signing a new one-year contract. He was an unused substitute when City were victorious in the 2023 UEFA Champions League final over Inter Milan, which was contested at the same stadium he had won the 2005 UEFA Champions League final for Liverpool against Inter's local rivals AC Milan. He thus equalled the record for the longest gap between a first and last European Cup title (18 years), shared with Milan's Paolo Maldini and Alessandro Costacurta.

On 16 June 2023, it was announced that Carson had signed a one-year extension to his contract, keeping him at the club until the end of the 2023–24 season.

On 23 May 2024, Carson signed a further one-year contract extension keeping him at the club until the end of the 2024–25 season.

International career
Carson was first called up to the England under-21 squad in October 2003, a month after his 18th birthday, for the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier against Turkey. At the time he was yet to make his competitive debut for Leeds United's first team, and had previously played only four matches for England at other levels. He made his under-21 debut in a 3–2 win for England against the Netherlands in February 2004. He was selected in the squad for the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, and in the third match against Serbia, he earned his 28th under-21 cap, eclipsing the record held by Gareth Barry and Jamie Carragher. His 29th and final cap came against the hosts, the Netherlands, in the semi-final, which finished level at 1–1 after extra-time. In the resultant penalty shoot-out, he saved one of the 16 penalties he faced and also scored one himself, but England lost 13–12. Carson has since been overtaken by James Milner as the England Under-21 team's most-capped player.

In May 2005, while still a member of the under-21 team, Carson was called up to the England senior team squad for the team's tour of the United States later that month. A year later, he came on as substitute for Robert Green, who had suffered a serious injury, in the England B international friendly against Belarus in May 2006. The injury to Green, who had been named in the England squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, led to Carson, who was on standby, being promoted to the England squad for the tournament, although he did not make any appearances. Carson continued to be selected for the England senior team squad, and in May 2007, made his second appearance for the England B team in a 3–1 win over Albania. Following the 2007 UEFA Under-21 Championships, he made his full England debut in a friendly against Austria in November 2007 when he kept a clean sheet. A week later, he made his competitive debut replacing Paul Robinson in a crucial match against Croatia, which England lost 3–2, resulting in their failure to qualify for UEFA Euro 2008. Carson was held particularly culpable for the first goal, when Niko Kranjčar cut inside and his dipping speculative shot from 30 yards dipped and bounced in front of him, with Carson only succeeding in parrying the ball into the net as it squirmed through him. England coach Steve McClaren was dismissed the next day, as commentators criticised McClaren for selecting an inexperienced goalkeeper for the match.

New manager Fabio Capello named Carson in his first England squad for the friendly match against Switzerland in February 2008, but the goalkeeper did not make the final squad for the match against France the following month due to injury. After failing to make Capello's squads for the next five internationals, Carson was recalled to the England squad in October 2008 for the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Kazakhstan and Belarus. He won his third England cap in November 2008, in a friendly against Germany in Berlin when he came on for the second half. In doing so he became the first West Bromwich Albion player to play for England for 24 years. He won his fourth cap as a second-half substitute against Sweden on 15 November 2011, becoming the first-ever Bursaspor player to play for England in the club's history.

Honours
Liverpool
 * UEFA Champions League: 2004–05
 * UEFA Super Cup: 2005
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2004–05

Bursaspor
 * Turkish Cup runner-up: 2011–12

Manchester City
 * UEFA Champions League: 2022–23; runner-up: 2020–21
 * UEFA Super Cup: 2023
 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2023
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2023–24

Individual
 * Charlton Athletic Player of the Year: 2006–07
 * Derby County Player of the Year: 2016–17
 * EFL Championship Player of the Month: December 2017

title: Scott Carson


text: Category:1134 births

title: Category:1134 births


text: Category:1136 births

title: Category:1136 births


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John Polson

John Polson (born 6 September 1965) is an Australian actor, director and founder of Tropfest.

As an actor, Polson's best known role is probably starring opposite Russell Crowe and Jack Thompson in The Sum of Us (1994).

In February 2001, Polson attended the 12th Yubari International Fantastic Film Festival in Hokkaidō, Japan, where his film Siam Sunset won the Minami Toshiko Award. In 2005 he directed the film Hide and Seek, which achieved number one box-office status in America. He also directed the feature film Tenderness starring Russell Crowe and Laura Dern, which was released in 2009.

Polson is the creative founder of Tropfest, the world's largest short film festival. In 2007, Tropfest partnered with the Tribeca Film Festival to present Tropfest@Tribeca in Battery Park. He is also a talented saxophone player. At the APRA Music Awards of 2013, Screen Music Awards ceremony he was presented with the International Achievement Award.

title: John Polson