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Guy Madison

Guy Madison (born Robert Ozell Moseley; January 19, 1922 – February 6, 1996) was an American film, television, and radio actor. He is best known for playing Wild Bill Hickok in the Western television series The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok from 1951 to 1958.

During his career, Madison was given a special Golden Globe Award in 1954 and two stars (radio, television) on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.

Early life
Madison was born January 19, 1922, in Pumpkin Center, California. He attended Bakersfield College, a junior college, for two years and then worked briefly as a telephone lineman before joining the U.S. Navy in 1942 during World War II. He had three brothers, Wayne, Harold and David, and a sister, Rosemary. Wayne Moseley was an actor, using the stage name Wayne Mallory.

David O. Selznick
In 1944, Madison was visiting Hollywood on leave when his boyish good looks and physique caught the eye of Henry Willson, the head of talent at David O. Selznick's newly formed Vanguard Pictures. Willson was widely known for his stable of good-looking young actors with unusual names that he had bestowed upon them, and he immediately rechristened Moseley as Madison and cast him in a bit part as a sailor in Selznick's Since You Went Away (1944).

Although Madison was on the screen for only three minutes, the studio received thousands of letters from fans wanting to know more about him. He received extensive coverage in the influential fan magazines of the time, including Photoplay where his agent Henry Willson had once worked.

RKO
Madison returned to military service. When he got out, Selznick assigned his contract to RKO Pictures. RKO gave him a starring role in Till the End of Time, a drama about veterans returning after World War II (1946). The film was a big hit, even though it was overshadowed by The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), another film on a similar theme. However, Madison's acting was criticized as wooden.

Madison's second starring role paired him with fellow Selznick contract player Shirley Temple in Honeymoon (1947), which was a huge flop. His career began to suffer, in part because of his limited acting ability.

Madison was borrowed by William Castle for Texas, Brooklyn & Heaven (1948). He also appeared in Massacre River (1949) and Drums in the Deep South (1951).

The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok
Madison was eventually dropped by Selznick, along with most of Selznick's contract-players. In 1951 he was cast as the title character in the television series The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok (1951–58), co-starring Andy Devine as his pal, Pete "Jingles" Jones. The series ran for seven years. During the run of the show, between 1952 and 1955, sixteen feature films were released by Monogram Pictures consisting of episodes combined into a continuous story.

During the series' run, Madison also continued to make features: Red Snow (1952), a war movie for Columbia; The Charge at Feather River (1953), a Warner Brothers Western for Fox in 3-D and a huge hit; The Command (1954), another popular Western for Warners; 5 Against the House (1955), for Columbia; The Last Frontier (1955), supporting Victor Mature; On the Threshold of Space (1955), a science fiction film for Fox; Hilda Crane (1956), a melodrama for Fox; The Beast of Hollow Mountain (1957), shot in Mexico; The Hard Man (1957), a Western; and Bullwhip (1958), another Western.

Europe
Madison went to Britain for Jet Over the Atlantic (1959) then went to Europe, where he found greater success in sword-and-sandal, spaghetti Western and macaroni combat films. He went to Italy for Slave of Rome (1961), Sword of the Conqueror (1961), Women of Devil's Island (1962), and The Executioner of Venice (1963).

Madison went to Germany for Old Shatterhand (1964) then made a spaghetti Western, Desafío en Río Bravo (1964). He did Kidnapped to Mystery Island (1964), Gentlemen of the Night (1964), The Adventurer of Tortuga (1964), Legacy of the Incas (1965), Renegade Riders (1967), and Son of Django (1967).

He made Bang Bang Kid (1967), The Devil's Man (1967), Superargo and the Faceless Giants (1968), Long Days of Hate (1968), Hell in Normandy (1968), Battle of the Last Panzer (1969), and Reverend's Colt (1970).

Personal life
Madison married the actress Gail Russell in 1949. They separated in 1953 and divorced in October 1954.

Later that month, Madison married actress Sheila Connolly in Juarez, Mexico. They had three daughters: Bridget, Erin, and Dolly. They separated in November 1960 and divorced in April 1963. He had an affair with Gia Scala and, before her death, she made him the beneficiary to her portion of the Screen Actors Pension Fund. He had a son, Robert Madison, who also became an actor.

He was a Republican who supported Dwight Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.

Death
Following his retirement, Madison built a large ranch home in Morongo Valley, California. He died of emphysema at the Desert Hospital Hospice in Palm Springs, California, on February 6, 1996, at the age of 74. He is buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Cathedral City, California. His friend, actor turned stockbroker Don Burnett, spoke at his funeral.

Recognition
For his contribution to the radio and television industries, Madison has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star for his contributions to radio is located at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard; the star for his television contributions is located at 6333 Hollywood Boulevard

In 1996, a Golden Palm Star was dedicated to Madison on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars, in Palm Springs, California.

title: Guy Madison


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Bering Strait crossing

A Bering Strait crossing is a hypothetical bridge or tunnel that would span the relatively narrow and shallow Bering Strait between the Chukotka Peninsula in Russia and the Seward Peninsula in the U.S. state of Alaska. The crossing would provide a connection linking the Americas and Afro-Eurasia.

With the two Diomede Islands between the peninsulas, the Bering Strait could be spanned by a bridge or tunnel.

There have been several proposals for a Bering Strait crossing made by various individuals and media outlets. The names used for them include "The Intercontinental Peace Bridge" and "Eurasia–America Transport Link". Tunnel names have included "TKM–World Link", "AmerAsian Peace Tunnel" and InterBering. In April 2007, Russian government officials told the press that the Russian government would back a US$65 billion plan by a consortium of companies to build a Bering Strait tunnel. This crossing might become a segment of the proposed to build superhighway which will be called "INTEREX" (International Expressway), which begins to travel pass from Mexico up to Siberian Region of Russia.

19th century
The concept of an overland connection crossing the Bering Strait goes back before the 20th century. William Gilpin, first governor of the Colorado Territory, envisaged a vast "Cosmopolitan Railway" in 1890 linking the entire world through a series of railways.

Two years later, Joseph Strauss, who went on to design over 400 bridges, and then serve as the project engineer for the Golden Gate Bridge, put forward the first proposal for a Bering Strait rail bridge in his senior thesis. The project was presented to the government of the Russian Empire, but it was rejected.

20th century
In 1904, a syndicate of American railroad magnates proposed (through a French spokesman) a Siberian–Alaskan railroad from Cape Prince of Wales in Alaska through a tunnel under the Bering Strait and across northeastern Siberia to Irkutsk via Cape Dezhnev, Verkhnekolymsk, and Yakutsk (around 5000 km of railroad to build, plus over 3000 km in North America). The proposal was for a 90-year lease, and exclusive mineral rights for 8 mi each side of the right-of-way. It was debated by officials and finally turned down on March 20, 1907.

Czar Nicholas II approved the American proposal in 1905 (only as a permission, not much financing from the Czar). Its cost was estimated at $65 million and $300 million, including all the railroads. These hopes were dashed with the outbreak of the 1905 Russian Revolution followed by World War I.

A Nazi plan to create a wide-gauge railroad called the Breitspurbahn was mooted to connect the cities of Europe, India, China and ultimately North America via the Bering Strait. The railroad was never built.

Interest was renewed during World War II with the completion in 1942–43 of the Alaska Highway, linking the remote territory of Alaska with Canada and the continental United States. In 1942, the Foreign Policy Association envisioned the highway continuing to link with Nome near the Bering Strait, linked by highway to the railhead at Irkutsk, using an alternative sea-and-air ferry service across the Bering Strait. At the same time the road on the Russian side was extended by building the 2000 km Kolyma Highway.

In 1958, engineer Tung-Yen Lin suggested the construction of a bridge across the Bering Strait "to foster commerce and understanding between the people of the United States and the Soviet Union". Ten years later he organized the Inter-Continental Peace Bridge, Inc., a non-profit institution organized to further this proposal. At that time he made a feasibility study of a Bering Strait bridge and estimated the cost to be $1 billion for the 50 mi span. In 1994 he updated the cost to more than $4 billion. Like Gilpin, Lin envisioned the project as a symbol of international cooperation and unity, and dubbed the project the Intercontinental Peace Bridge.

21st century
According to a report in the Beijing Times in May 2014, Chinese transport experts had proposed building a roughly 10000 km high-speed rail line from northeast China to the United States. The project would include a tunnel under the Bering Strait and connect to the contiguous United States via Wales, Alaska, along the river to Fairbanks, Alaska, and along the Alaska Highway to Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Several American entrepreneurs have also advanced private-sector proposals, such as an Alaska-based limited-liability company InterBering founded in 2010 to lobby for a cross-straits connection, and a 2018 cryptocurrency offering to fund the construction of a tunnel. In 2005, investor Neil Bush, younger brother of U.S. President George W. Bush and son of President George H. W. Bush, traveled abroad with Sun Myung Moon of the Unification Church as he promoted a proposal to dig a transportation corridor beneath the Bering Strait. When questioned by Mother Jones during the Republican primary campaign of his brother Jeb Bush a decade later in 2015, he denied having supported the tunnel project and said that he had traveled with Moon because he supported "efforts by faith leaders to call their flock into service to others."

Strategic military concerns
Proposals to build a crossing predate the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Russian-Ukrainian War, which started in February 2022. It is not known how those events have affected strategic concerns relating to the proposed crossing, which would facilitate access by Russia to North America. Even before the invasion, commentators on the proposed link have flagged strategic military concerns as a factor in any decision to build the crossing.

Distance
The straight distance between Russia and Alaska is 82.5 km. If building bridges and using the Diomede Islands, the straight distance over water for the three parts would be 36.0 km, 3.8 km and 36.8 km, in total 76.6 km.

Depth of water
The depth of the water is a minor problem, as the strait is no deeper than 55 m, comparable to the English Channel. The tides and currents in the area are not severe.

Restrictions on construction work
The route is just south of the Arctic Circle, and the location has long, dark winters and extreme weather, including average winter lows of -20 C and temperatures approaching -50 C in cold snaps. This would mean that construction work would likely be restricted to five months of the year, around May to September, and centered during summer.

Exposed steel
The weather also poses challenges to exposed steel. In Lin's design, concrete covers all structures, to simplify maintenance and to offer additional stiffening.

Ice floes
Although there are no icebergs in the Bering Strait, ice floes up to 1.8 m thick are in constant motion during certain seasons, which could produce forces on the order of 44 MN on a pier.

Tundra in surrounding regions
Roads on either side of the strait would likely have to cross tundra, requiring either an unpaved road or some way to avoid the effects of permafrost.

Bridge option
If the crossing is chosen as a bridge, it would probably connect Wales, Alaska, to a location south of Uelen. The bridge would also likely be divided by the Diomede Islands, which are at the middle of the Bering Strait.

In 1994, Lin estimated the cost of a bridge to be "a few billion" dollars. The roads and railways on each side were estimated to cost $50 billion. Lin contrasted this cost to petroleum resources "worth trillions". Discovery Channel's Extreme Engineering estimates the cost of a highway, electrified double-track high-speed rail, and pipelines at $105 billion (in 2007 US dollars), five times the original cost of the 1994 50 km Channel Tunnel.

Connections to the rest of the world
This excludes the cost of new roads and railways to reach the bridge. Aside from the technical challenges of building two 40 km bridges or a more than 80 km tunnel across the strait, another major challenge is that,, there is nothing on either side of the Bering Strait to connect the bridge to.

Russian side
The Russian side of the strait, in particular, is severely lacking in infrastructure. No railways exist for over 2800 km in any direction from the strait.

The nearest major connecting highway is the M56 Kolyma Highway, which is currently unpaved and around 2000 km from the strait. However, by 2042, the Anadyr Highway is expected to be completed connecting Ola and Anadyr, which is only about 600 km from the strait.

U.S. side
On the U.S. side, an estimated 1200 km of highways or railroads would have to be built around Norton Sound, through a pass along the Unalakleet River, and along the Yukon River to connect to Manley Hot Springs Road – in other words, a route similar to that of the Iditarod Trail Race. A project to connect Nome, 100 mi from the strait, to the rest of Alaska by a paved highway (part of Alaska Route 2) has been proposed by the Alaskan state government, although the very high cost ($2.3 to $2.7 billion, about $3 million per kilometer, or $5 million per mile) has so far prevented construction.

In 2016, the Alaskan road network was extended westwards by 50 mi to Tanana, 460 mi from the strait, by building a fairly simple road. The Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities project was supported by local indigenous groups such as the Tanana Tribal Council.

Track gauge
Another complicating factor is the different track gauges in use. Mainline rail in the US, Canada, China, and the Koreas uses standard gauge of 1435 millimeters. Russia uses the slightly broader Russian gauge of 1520 mm. Solutions to this break of gauge include:

 * To have all cargo in containers, which are fairly easily reloaded from one train to another. This is used on the increasingly popular China–Europe rail freight route, which has two breaks of gauge. It is possible to transfer a 60-container train in one hour.
 * Another solution is variable gauge axles for locomotives and rolling stock, such as those made by Talgo. A gauge changer modifies the gauge of the wheels while the train traverses the GC equipment at a speed of 15 km/h, which is about 4 seconds per railcar. This is faster than is possible with the transfer of ISO containers.

The TKM–World Link
The TKM–World Link (Russian: ТрансКонтинентальная магистраль, English: Transcontinental Railway), also called ICL-World Link (Intercontinental link), was a planned 6000 km link between Siberia and Alaska to deliver oil, natural gas, electricity, and rail passengers to the United States from Russia. Proposed in 2007, the plan included provisions to build a 103 km tunnel under the Bering Strait, which, if built, would become the longest tunnel in the world, surpassing the 60 km Line 3 (Guangzhou Metro) tunnel. The tunnel would be part of a railway joining Yakutsk, the capital of the Russian republic of Yakutia, and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in the Russian Far East, with the western coast of Alaska. The Bering Strait tunnel was estimated to cost between $10 billion and $12 billion, while the entire project was estimated to cost $65 billion.

In 2008, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin approved the plan to build a railway to the Bering Strait area, as a part of the development plan to run until 2030. The more than 100 km tunnel would run under the Bering Strait between Chukotka, in the Russian far east, and Alaska. The cost was estimated as $66 billion.

In late August 2011, at a conference in Yakutsk in eastern Russia, the plan was backed by some of President Dmitry Medvedev's top officials, including Aleksandr Levinthal, the deputy federal representative for the Russian Far East. It would be a faster, safer, and cheaper way to move freight around the world than container ships, supporters of the idea believed. They estimated it could carry about 3% of global freight and make about $7 billion a year. Shortly after, the Russian government approved the construction of the $65 billion Siberia-Alaska rail and tunnel across the Bering Strait.

Other observers doubt that this will be cheaper than container ships, bearing in mind that the cost for transport from China to Europe by rail is higher than by container ship (except for expensive cargo where lead time is important).

In 2013, the Amur Yakutsk Mainline connecting the Yakutsk railway (2800 km from the strait) with the Trans-Siberian Railway was completed. However, this railway is meant for freight and is too curvy for high-speed passenger trains. Future projects include the Lena–Kamchatka Mainline and Kolyma–Anadyr highway. The Kolyma–Anadyr highway has started construction, but will be a narrow gravel road.

US–Canada–Russia–China railway
In 2014, China was considering construction of a US-Canada-Russia-China 350 km/h bullet train that would include a 200 km undersea tunnel crossing the Bering Strait and would allow passengers to travel between the United States and China in about two days.

Although the press was skeptical of the project, China's state-run China Daily claimed that China possessed the necessary technology. It was unknown who was expected to pay for the construction, although China had in other projects offered to build and finance them, and expected the money back in the end through fees or rents.

Trans-Eurasian Belt Development
In 2015, another possible collaboration between China and Russia was reported, part of the Trans-Eurasian Belt Development, a transportation corridor across Siberia that would also include a road bridge with gas and oil pipelines between the easternmost point of Siberia and the westernmost point of Alaska. It would link London and New York by rail and superhighway via Russia if it were to go ahead.

China's Belt and Road Initiative has similar plans, so the project would work in parallel for both countries.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bering Strait crossing


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Alexander O. Smith

Alexander O. Smith is a professional Japanese to English translator and author. While his output covers many areas such as adaptation of Japanese novels, manga, song lyrics, anime scripts, and various academic works, he is best known for his software localizations of Japanese video games including Vagrant Story, Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney, and Final Fantasy XII. He currently resides in Kamakura, Japan, where he operates his own contract localization business, Kajiya Productions, and is co-founder of a translation and publishing company, Bento Books.

Biography
Smith first gained an interest in Japanese after attending an exchange program in northern China. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Japanese from Dartmouth College/Keio University in 1995, and a Master of Arts degree in Classical Japanese Literature from Harvard University in 1998. Just before graduation, he interned at Sega, during which he was asked to perform voice-over for Winter Heat. His first work in translation was as a subtitler for Japanese television dramas. Smith joined Square after earning his master's degree, working as part of Richard Honeywood's nascent localization team. On his first project, Final Fantasy VIII, he and the other translators were not given access to the game files; they were instead forced to hack in their new dialogue using GameSharks during testing. In 1999, he worked as the main English translator for Yasumi Matsuno's Vagrant Story. Reviewers noted the high quality of the English script, in which Smith utilized various archaic English idioms and slang that distinguished the game from its straightforward Japanese counterpart. His last major work as a Square employee was on Final Fantasy X, for which he was awarded "Best Localization" of 2001 by RPGamer.

Smith left Square in 2002 to found Kajiya Productions—a freelance translation and localization company—with Joseph Reeder, his co-translator on Final Fantasy XII, though he would continue to collaborate on Square and Square Enix titles. By working as a contractor, he found that he had better access to the development team to aid in his translation process, free from the fetters of corporate communication protocols. In 2005, during the protracted development of Final Fantasy XII, Capcom hired Smith to work on the localization of Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney. He found director Shu Takumi's writing to be very funny and clever, which drew him to the challenge of translating Takumi's jokes and wordplay. Smith joined the Final Fantasy XII project after Yasumi Matsuno, the original director, had left and was not able to collaborate on the script with him directly, unlike with Vagrant Story. Principal voice recording took place over eight weeks, with months of translation work both before and after that. Smith worked with Matsuno again on the 2011 PlayStation Portable remake of Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together (titled Wheel of Fortune), which received a brand new translation. In 2011, Smith co-founded a book translation and publishing company called Bento Books with his friend Tony Gonzalez and his Kajiya Productions partner Joseph Reeder. The company's first major work was Math Girls, a mathematics-themed young adult novel by Hiroshi Yuki.

In addition to translation, Smith has composed English lyrics for a number of Nobuo Uematsu's vocal tracks, including "Melodies of Life" from Final Fantasy IX, "Otherworld" from Final Fantasy X, and "Eternity" from Blue Dragon. He also arranged lyrics for "The Skies Above" and "Otherworld" on The Skies Above, the second album from Uematsu's band, The Black Mages, and performed the spoken word intro to "Maybe I'm a Lion" as well.

Process
With his translations, Smith goes to great lengths to preserve the experience of the original text as much as possible, especially if it has a distinct feel. For The Devotion of Suspect X, he mirrored Higashino's "sparse, methodical tone of Japanese" by using more elevated and formal language. He draws on his academic background in classical Japanese literature to inform some of these translations. When it comes to the question of leaving Japan-specific terms untranslated, Smith is careful to either translate around it or provide a concise description of the term. He only resorts to leaving a word in Japanese in rare, plot-critical cases, such as with a kotatsu used as a murder weapon in The Devotion of Suspect X, stating "Nothing kills the flow of a text more than a long-winded explanation of something which would have come second nature to a reader of the original [Japanese]". For less "literary" mediums like manga and games, Smith feels more free to maximize the audience's enjoyment if a strict literal translation that adheres to the original sentence structure would impede that enjoyment.

Smith considers his treatment of Vagrant Story and Final Fantasy XII among his best translations. He looks to Vagrant Story as a title that demands to be in English and thought of his work as revealing the inner English game that always existed underneath. Smith was able to speak directly with Matsuno to improve the script translation, marking the first of their many collaborations. For Final Fantasy XII, his role entailed rebuilding the world to make sense for an English-speaking audience. He chose to portray the Archadian Imperials with a British accent to distinguish them from the American-accented Resistance members. For both of these titles, Smith relied on Matsuno's dense notes on the world's backstory to capture subtle and implied connections and preserve the rich texture of the game.

Smith compares translating lip synced dialogue to writing entirely in haiku. The 7% of Final Fantasy XII's script that was voiced took more time to translate than the remaining 93%. In his role as voice producer, Smith searched for character actors like John DiMaggio and British stage actors for the judges. He was pleased by the performance of Johnny McKeown, the child actor who portrayed Larsa, a precocious prince. Smith was able to rewrite the script based on the actors he had cast for each character. He also made a key change to one of the final lines of Final Fantasy X with scenario writer Kazushige Nojima's approval. In the original Japanese, the main character's love interest, Yuna, tells the main character "arigatō" just before he fades away. Although the word literally means "thank you", Smith chose to elaborate on the connotations of the word and the tone of the scene, settling on "I love you"—the first time the phrase has appeared in a Final Fantasy game.

title: Alexander O. Smith


text: User talk:167.206.128.199

title: User talk:167.206.128.199


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File:Becool poster.jpg

Movie poster for Be Cool (2005)

Fair use in Be Cool
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low-resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Becool poster.jpg


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Talk:Lithic reduction

Untitled
There seems to be a little controversy over due to their preternatural sharpness. vs due to their extreme sharpness. For my 2 cents, neither is quite there. These glass's sharpness is not preternatural, it's just that they are much harder than surgical stainless steel - and can support a thinner edge. They are also much more brittle than steels - hence their lack of general use.

I would like to see some evidence of surgical use. Modern ceramics (such as stabilised zirconium or silicon nitride) are capable of holding even finer edges than natural glasses (such as obsidian) or crystals (such as quartz). I doubt many institutes that would require a better edge than 440 Stainless steel (standard surgical) would use obsidian over a synthetic ceramic. There is also the question of mounting the blade in a sterile manner.

 * See this abstract for a study done on steel vs. obsidian scalpel blades. As for mounting in a sterile manner, you could use a screw-down clamp and replaceable obsidian flake inserts, or you could just injection mold thermoplastic handles around the base of a flake.  Not sure how they do it in practice, maybe I can find a manufacturer/retailer who has a picture.  scot 21:53, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Bingo: these are made with the obsideian set into a maple handle, which is then coated in epoxy, allowing it to be autoclaved.  And since re-sharpening is not practical, they'd be disposable anyway...  scot 21:57, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Here is a surgeon who uses them numerous times before discarding them. scot 22:51, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 1982 article on first modern consideration of obsidian blades for surgery; this article claims "infinitely sharper" than steel, I'm looking for a source with real numbers, since I see everything from 5x to 500x "sharper than steel". This gives a 3 Angstrom size for the obsidian edge, but nothing for steel.  scot 22:56, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

I have therefore removed the following: Occasionally, obsidian flakes are used for delicate surgery instead of steel blades, due to their preternatural sharpness.

I also have a problem with the line: Flakes are often quite sharp, with distal edges only a few millimeters thick

One millimetre is very blunt. A surgically fine edge would be measured in micrometres - usually less than 10! I have left this intact, but would like some clarification.

 * That should be "molecules thick". scot 21:53, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Yours, -Cataclysm.

---I think it is best for potential uses of lithics to be discussed in another section than lithic reduction, my main concern with this page is the level of technical jargon will limit who can understand the content. See my comments for pressure flaking. I won't touch this article unless I get some agreement on how to simplify the explanation. ZenTrowel 5/21/06

Merger
I completed the merger of the material from pressure flaking to this page. I also took some material from flintknapper as well, and will work on fleshing out this article. The merger tag has been removed, as well -- Oaxaca dan 14:46, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Blades
I removed the reference to blade production being an innovation springing from the development of pressure flaking. This is simply not the case. The term blade in lithic studies has a very specific use. It generally refers only to blades struck from a prismatic core. This technique, while it did indeed represent a huge advance in the efficient use of stone, does not require pressure flaking. Sharp edged cutting tools (which may or may not have been retouched using pressure flaking are generally referred to as knives. In the near future, I think I'll expand the Percussion Flaking section to include references to prismatic blade manufacture and other prepared core techniques. But now, I'm going to sleep. Apmahd 09:39, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I absolutely agree with the removal - I inserted much of that material from the flintknapping page because it seemed appropriate here, and meant to revise it, but it kinda fell through the cracks. However, concerning prismatic blade production - while I agree that prismatic blade production is not completed with pressure flaking per se, I think i would argue that the production of prismatic blades still utilizes a pressure reduction technique, not a percussive one.  Blades are produced through the direct pushing of force through the material via some implement, not by striking it a la percussion reduction.

 * Perhaps we could have a sub-section under pressure flaking, or make it more neutral and change the main header to "Pressure Reduction" with pressure flaking and blade production being sub-sections... what do you think? --Oaxaca dan 19:48, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Mmmm, thinking hard about this it seems to me that classifying blade production might be a bit of a challenge within this article. Most examples of blade production I've seen perform, have involved the use of indirect percussion, i.e. detaching the blade by striking a punch, rather than striking the core itself. Such a case would certainly still be considered a percussive technique. On the other hand, there's also the case of the "chest punch", where the knapper holds the core between his/her feet and presses his upper body weight down onto the core using a long punch. This type of reduction would, I suppose be consider a pressure reduction technique. Of course, there's never really been any firm archaeological evidence that this was a common technique among those who actually practiced by peoples employing lithic tech as part of their economies (note: after originally writing this, I found that Molinia quote of your Obsidian Use in Mesoamerica article. That's almost as good as archeological evidenceto me!). That said, I see no reason why techniques used by recreational knappers than could theoretically have been used in the past should not be included in this article.

 * As for the switch to Pressure Reduction, I'd advocate sticking with Pressure Flaking, simply because it's certainly the more common term in the literature. The format I've been thinking of would include major headings for Percussion Flaking and Pressure Flaking (including the chest punch technique), and sub-headings within Percussion Flaking for hard-hammer, soft-hammer, and indirect techniques, very similar the the current structure in flintknapper. I think once we get this page up to snuff, it'll be time to merge the two anyway. In any case, I'm glad to be collaborating on this and look forward helping build this section up. There's a lot to do! Apmahd 07:35, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * ahh, very interesting - I think its a testament to perhaps our different academic backgrounds, but I hadn't heard of blade production via striking a punch - as a meso guy, my whole conceptualization of the process involved the chest-punch techique (or one very similar to it). Anyway, i agree with you on the organization - lets see what we can do with this.  -- Oaxaca dan 14:30, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Very much so. Most of my experience is in the western Canadian Plateau and Subarctic, and the the people I've learnt pretty much everything about lithic tech from also worked either in the same regions or on European Palaeolithic stuff. The general assumption in such parts is that folks wouldn't have wanted to bother carrying big chest punches around with them. Anyway, I'm gonna actually start writing up some of this bad boy today, it think. Right after I finish this Arabic assignment . . . Apmahd 08:52, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

OK, so I made the first major changes, seperating and revising the hard-hammer and soft-hammer sections. Next will come indirect percussion and a revision of the pressure flaking section, plus expansions of all sections. Anyway, let me know what you think of these changes. Apmahd 12:40, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

 * right on - looking good. I've done a little clean up, and will try to add content in a little bit.  I'll wait and see what you do, and then maybe add some descriptions of the pris. blade production process as an example of an alternative way direct pressure reduction can be used (i.e., its not all flakes and bifacial thinning!) Peace -- Oaxaca dan 16:07, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Heat-based knapping
Back in the 1960s one of the teachers in my high school (Kamloops, BC) was an amateur archaeologist and had done some work he was proud of on flint technique. Heat the stone then touch it with a wet brush or reed; the sudden cooling causes contraction and removes a flake. He claimed this gives much better control than percussion or pressure.

Also, in many cases it works better than grinding the stone so it calls the whole paleolithic/neolithic distinction based on chipping vs grinding into question, in particular the notion that some tribes are "more advanced" than others based on this. He thought he had proved something interesting about some tribes using this. Unfortunately, it was a long time ago & I do not recall which tribes, but he was mainly interested in Western tribes — Northwest coast, interior BC, Alaska, Navaho, Hopi, ... — not prairie or eastern Indians or Inuit.

Is this method a known option? Is there anything to his theories? Pashley (talk) 17:29, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

Lithic core
When I follow the link in the 1st paragraph to "lithic core," I learn that it's the rock portion left after the tool/s have been removed from the original stone. But this article implies that the core is equivalent to a lump of unworked tool stone.

The articles need to be brought into conformity, but I don't have the expertise to do so. Thanks to whomever else can take this on. KC 20:27, 30 March 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Boydstra (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Lithic reduction


text:
User:Yelhsa

Hi there! I have been a Wikipedian since February 15, 2005. As David Gerard says:

 * My life has been spent filling my head with unbelievable quantities of trivia and rubbish. Here's a chance to get some of it out.

I am mainly interested in computers and science. I program in Blitz3D and also develop web pages on my computer. I also like to take things apart to see how they work. Two of my favourite websites (apart from here of course!) are How Stuff Works! and Engadget.

Link to my WikiLab (so to speak) --> Lab

title: User:Yelhsa


text:
Talk:Equis International

Before posting this info regarding EQUIS INTERNATIONAL, I took permission from the company through email regarding submiting info from their website to WIKIPEDIA. And before posting I didn't see any need for rearanging the wording. You can recheck with EQUIS public relations department by email pr@equis.com. This company has been serving investment community for more than 25 years and is first to introduce computerized technical analysis to Investment community. JOEY

 * There's an obvious reason to change the wording: it's a corporate puff, whereas this is not a site for hosting corporate ads but instead an encyclopedia. -- Hoary 15:06, 2005 Mar 17 (UTC)

title: Talk:Equis International


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alex Weiss

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:01, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Alex Weiss
Author of a few hobbyist books with no real notability beyond being User:Squiquifox's dad. A.D.H. (t&m) 20:51, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete Not significantly notable. Zzyzx11 23:07, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. More interesting than my dad... but not notable enough for a wikipedia article all the same.
 * Delete --nixie 02:11, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, borderline notable for me. Megan1967 04:39, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, even though he has visited over 50 countries. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:32, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:144.80.78.5

title: User talk:144.80.78.5


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Johann Conrad Amman (1724–1811)

Johann Conrad Ammann (December 24, 1724 in Schaffhausen – October 11, 1811 in Schaffhausen) was a Swiss physician, naturalist, and collector.

After graduating at Leiden in 1749 he began to practise at Schaffhausen. He was particularly noted for his collection of fossils.

He is often confused with Johann Konrad Ammann, born 1669 in Schaffhausen and died 1724 in Warmoud near Leiden.

title: Johann Conrad Amman (1724–1811)


text:
Be Cool

Be Cool is a 2005 American crime comedy film based on Elmore Leonard's 1999 novel of the same name, which was the sequel to Leonard's 1990 novel Get Shorty. The movie is the sequel to the 1995 film adaptation of Get Shorty, and the second installment overall in the Get Shorty franchise. The plot follows mobster Chili Palmer's entrance into the music industry. This was Robert Pastorelli's final film in addition to Anna Nicole Smith's final feature film as Pastorelli died one year before its theatrical release.

The film adaptation of Be Cool began production in 2004. It was directed by F. Gary Gray, produced by Danny DeVito (who produced and co-starred in the first film), and starred John Travolta, reprising his role from the first film. It also marked the second collaboration between Travolta and Vince Vaughn after starring in 2001's Domestic Disturbance. The film was released on March 4, 2005. It received negative reviews and grossed $95 million against a budget of $53–75 million. It stars an ensemble cast of Cedric the Entertainer, Andre Benjamin, Vince Vaughn, Robert Pastorelli, Uma Thurman, John Travolta, Christina Milian, Steven Tyler, Dwayne Johnson, and Harvey Keitel, and Danny DeVito.

Plot
Ernesto "Chili" Palmer, restless and disenchanted with filmmaking, enters the music industry after witnessing the Russian mob publicly whack his friend Tommy Athens, owner of a small, independent record label. Chili offers to help Tommy's widow, Edie Athens, manage the failing business, which owes $300,000 to hip-hop producer Sin LaSalle.

Chili is impressed by small-time club singer Linda Moon and helps free her from contractual obligations to crooked producers Nick Carr and Raji, who has a gay Samoan bodyguard named Elliot, an aspiring actor and the butt of Carr and Raji's homophobic jokes. Carr and Raji pay hitman Joe "Loop" Lupino to kill Chili before he can save Edie's company by arranging a live performance for Linda accompanied by Steven Tyler and Aerosmith.

Lasalle demands payment of the $300,000 but agrees to give Chili a few days to get the money plus the vig. When the Russians attempt to kill Chili, Joe Loop mistakenly kills mob enforcer Ivan Argianiyev. Carr is furious about the mistake and demands that Raji talks to Loop at once. Raji then beats Loop to death with a metal baseball bat after Loop "disrespects" him.

Carr then tries to trick Chili by handing him a pawn ticket, claiming that the only copy of Linda's contract is at a pawn shop owned by the Russians. Chili, being much smarter than Carr anticipated, has Edie tip off the FBI and starts a fight to get the shop raided. Raji and Elliot then set up LaSalle by making him believe that Carr tricked Chili into giving him the $300,000 to get Linda's contract. LaSalle and his bodyguards, rap group DubMD, confront Carr in his office, as does the Russian boss, Bulkin, and his men. Insulted by Bulkin's racist remarks, LaSalle personally murders him on impulse.

Chili squeezes in a dance scene with Edie, celebrating as Linda Moon gets to make her appearance and becomes an instant success. He also manages to placate LaSalle by agreeing that he will produce Linda's next album and get a share of the profits.

Carr is enraged upon hearing of the deal, so he and Raji order Elliot to kill Chili. By assuring Elliot that he can help his acting career, Chili befriends him. After learning that Chili had gotten him an audition for a Nicole Kidman film, Elliot turns on Raji, who had erased the message on his answering machine. For all his smooth talking and flamboyant wardrobe, Raji is burned to death on camera by a fireworks explosion. Carr is arrested on murder charges when Chili makes sure he is caught with the bat used to kill Joe Loop, via another pawn ticket.

At the MTV Video Music Awards, Linda wins the awards for best new artist and video of the year. During her acceptance speech, she thanks Edie, Sin and Chili. Edie and Chili leave the award ceremony. As Chili drives off, he passes a billboard revealing that Elliot is the co-star of a new movie with Kidman.

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack was released on March 1, 2005.

Songs featured in the film but not included on the soundtrack are:

 * "Act a Ass" – E-40
 * "Autumn Blue"
 * "Best of My Love" – Christina Milian, Carol Duboc, and Minae Noji
 * "Beethoven's 9th" – Dean Hurley
 * "Brazilian Day" – XMAN
 * "Chattanooga Choo Choo" – Steve Lucky & The Rhumba Bums
 * "Cooliest" – Jimi Englund
 * "Cryin'" – Aerosmith and Christina Milian
 * "Deanstone" – Dean Hurley
 * "(Everytime I Hear) That Mellow Saxophone" – Steve Lucky & The Rhumba Bums
 * "Heistus Interruptus"
 * "Kiss Me" – Sixpence None the Richer
 * "Knockin' On Heaven's Door" – Bob Dylan
 * "Lady Marmalade – Carol Duboc and Minae Noji
 * "La Primavera"
 * "Melbourne Mansion"
 * "Marvelous Things" – Eisley (video visible in background)
 * "Me So Horny" – 2 Live Crew
 * "Moving On"
 * "Praia de Genipabu" – Barbara Mendes
 * "Rock It Like Diss" – Jahmaal Rashad
 * "Santa Monica Man" – Dean Hurley
 * "Short Pimp" – Noah Lifschey and Dylan Berry
 * "Strings in Velvet" – Manfred Minnich
 * "Travel Russia #2" – The Dollhouse Players
 * "Wild Out" – Cheming (featuring XMAN)

Box office
On a production budget of $53–75 million, Be Cool grossed $56 million in North America and $39.2 million internationally, totaling up to $95.2 million worldwide.

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 30% based on 171 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Be Cool is tepid, square, and lukewarm; as a parody of the music business, it has two left feet." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 37 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called it "A classic species of bore: a self-referential movie with no self to refer to. One character after another, one scene after another, one cute line of dialogue after another, refers to another movie, a similar character, a contrasting image, or whatever." Halliwell called it "a palpable miss, a movie so lazy and laid back that it falls over; there are none of those insights ... that made Get Shorty so enjoyable".

In an August 2015 interview with Deadline, director F. Gary Gray discussed the failure of the film, stating: "With Be Cool, I made some assumptions in thinking that movie was going to work. I'd just made a successful PG-13 movie [The Italian Job], and when I walked into Be Cool, it was rated R and then at the last minute in preproduction I was told, 'Well, you have to make this PG-13.' I should have walked off the film. This was a movie about shylocks and gangsta rappers and if you can't make that world edgy, you probably shouldn't do it. I walked in thinking I was going to make one movie and then it changed. Maybe it was arrogant of me to think because I had success in this realm of PG-13 I could make that work."

title: Be Cool


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Criteria/Archive2

Proposed new stubs
'''The following discussion is archived. You may add to it as appropriate. However, to start a new discussion about a new stub proposed above, please discuss it under that stub's heading. Thanks!'''

 * I've went ahead and create the biochem stub. I definitely think we need a weather/meteorology. I don't really consider philosophy a science (not even social science). --jag123 16:32, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, philosophy was a science if you consider historically... all the Greeks who have put down some of our basic (our starting point) were all philosophers. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:31, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that's true (for western philosophy, not eastern) but it doesn't really mean anything. If Jesus had actually been a carpenter, I wouldn't put Christianity into woodworking. However, the "Is philosophy a science?" debate has been going on for ages and I doubt it'll be settled here, so I don't really care eitherway. --jag123 09:51, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Entertainment-stub: To hold things like Jim Rose Circus (which is actually a very interesting subject and deserves to be much larger and would be enhanced greatly by some photos). gK ¿?
 * Language-stub: I've recently run across several stubs that should have a language stub tag. This should go under "Culture", but I couldn't find a subcategory where it would fit. gK ¿? 20:01, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The edu-stub was based on the fact that all University and Colleges in the United States uses a ".edu" extension for websites. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:05, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, it would be a bad idea to use 'uni' for University and Colleges -- simply because 'uni' means one of something, and maybe confused with something else. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:07, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I added a proposed new warfare stub to handle stubs such as Rules of Prize Warfare. BlankVerse 02:55, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Microbiology stubs. I have added some ideas for microbiology stubs, this could be just microbiology, but I feel splitting into diciplines would be better. There are hundreds of articles on individual species, genera and orders that are currently all lumped in to biosci-stub. Onco p53 22:09, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * What about using the five kingdoms of Carolus Linnaeus's Scientific classification system: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protista, Archaeobacteria, and Eubacteria? Andrew Watt 05:00, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * In theory, the purpose behind sorting stubs would seem to be the creation of categories/lists where eager Wikipedia contributors can find articles in need of their contributions, in their subject areas. Yes?  If we sort stubs into alien categories, no one is going to know how to look for them.   Also, do we want to suggest some minimum length at which point any stub-tag, in any category, should perhaps be removed? Andrew Watt 05:00, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I will be creating the following new stubs (very soon), as a subset of biology:
 * Microorganism (for any other microorganism which doesn't fit in fungi or bacteria)
 * Mycology (for all fungi related stubs)
 * Bacteria (for all bacteria related stubs)

This will remove several articles of organisms which don't fit into plant or animal, out of biology. If someone decides to change the hierarchy/structure/naming of the stubs in the future, I don't mind going back and changing all of those affected, but for the present, this can't hurt. --jag123 06:27, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I am happy with that, I guess we can use bacteria in the broad sense including the Archaea Onco p53 06:34, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * After going through the biology articles, I've realised there are very little stubs that fit into fungi or microorganism/microbiology, and a stub is not necessary. Any suggestions as to what should be done with these living organisms? Simply keep them in biology? --jag123 10:13, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I have though about a generic category for living organisms (Which I believe to be currently out of place under bio-stubs). Also, until there is some form of contribution or objection, I will at the end of the monh, be very bold and start reorganizing the stubs myself. --Circeus 13:40, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Do you mean put everything under Animal, plants and bacteria into one life-stub? If you do, I object. On the other hand, if you mean recategorize Animal, Plant and Bacteria under life-stub, and place any other living thing in life, then I have no complaints. Why do you consider living organisms to be out of place under biology? --jag123 22:42, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * if you mean recategorize Animal, Plant and Bacteria under life-stub, and place any other living thing in life Just that. I think they're out of place because I don't expect to have to go into science->bio to find them. (I might duplicate them, though, like substance-stub)--Circeus 23:01, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know why you wouldn't expect to find living things under biology, the science of living organisms, but so long as the current categorisation is left intact (ie: all animals under an animal stub, plants under plant stub) then it's not really a big deal what main category they sit under. If that's what is decided, then the fungi and microorganism stub I made should be delete since there's not enough articles unless all of the fungi related articles are hidden somewhere else. Who propose the mycology stub anyway, and why? --jag123 03:42, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh there will be plenty of fungi-stubs when I start creating tax boxes for all the genera / order ect.. (Where possible, fungi taxonomy is nowhere near as clear cut as bacteria). Onco p53 14:29, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * What about micro-stub? Should that be kept or deleted?--jag123 22:12, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comments on proposed stub deletions
Please put any proposed stub deletions up above, but put your comments here.
 * Agree with van->auto, pub->struct and bio into separate fields. I think Disney is popular enough to have it's own stub. Not much in City now but it's brand new. I'd wait a while. By the way, why is Knot a stub in math? Is that a new field or a mistake? --jag123 16:37, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) There is currently only a single stub in the Disney-stub category. If there is no corresponding WikiProject to support the stub, it should be eliminated. 2) The city stub should not have been created since most cities should be put into appropriate geographic categories (for example, stubby US cities into US-geo-stub), or when there is no geographic subcategory, then listed as a geo-stub. 3) The are mathematical implications to knots and Knot theory is a branch of topology so the knot-stub should be listed as both a subset of math-stubs and as a miscellaneous stub. gK ¿? 17:24, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * There are always going to be people who don't easily fit into the various people stubs (musicians, scientists, etc.) so the bio-stub should stay and the various people stubs should be a subset of the bio-stub. There are, however, several new people stubs that probably should be created, such as a politician-stub. gK ¿? 17:30, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Can you give me an example? I just don't see any need for the bio-stub, and I don't believe the argument that there are people who don't easily fit into people stubs.  Perhaps you can change my mind.   If you propose to eventually move the responsibility for stub maintenance to WikiProjects, then eliminating (or at least discouraging) the use of the bio-stub and instead using discipline-specific categories (like the regional geo stub) will help move this project along. --Viriditas  | Talk 10:49, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * All the examples that I can think immediately would be taken care of by some of the additions that I've suggested. For example, a Chilean President would currently fit (uneasily) in either the political or government stubs, but both a politician-stub and S-Amer-stub have been proposed. There are some people, however, that don't really fit well in any category or straddles multiple categories, and the bio-stub might still be the best default--for example, the eccentric French transgendered diplomat Chevalier d'Eon (a France-stub, for example, is probably not the best choice since he spent his most colorful years in England). Yes, it is best to discourage the bio-stub, but I think that is mostly because a stubby biographical article will be more likely found and improved when they are in a topic stubs. gK ¿? 23:20, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * That's precisely my point. Adding the bio-stub isn't helping the expansion of the article. And, if some people don't fit well in any category, we should use the bio-cat as a last resort. --Viriditas  | Talk 11:13, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Here is an article that I just found today: Margaret Tyndal Winthrop. It probably has almost all of the info that an encyclopedia should have on her (and more), so the stub message should probably be removed. If the article was still a stub, however, what would you label her with instead of a bio-stub? gK ¿? 08:30, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for posting an example. The article in question is less of a biography and more of a political genealogy, so I would label it as a poli-stub. --Viriditas  | Talk 11:08, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Viriditas, your point is valid, but as I stated below, do you truly want to create a stub for every job profession? I certainly do not think so.  Suppose there was a garbage person who became really famous for, let's say, saving an entire building from a terrorist bomb and died from the bomb.  What would you mark this person as?  Hero-stub?  The thing I am trying to see is that we create only stubs of useful value, stubs that really are going to be used.  I can clearly see how you wish to address the fact that by not classifying people under their approprate fields, bio-stubs won't be expanded.  My point is that the bio-stub should remain as a point where they can be re-sorted.  Stubs will be always recategorized based on need, but this doesn't mean we need to get rid of the stub.  This is like saying that we need to get rid of the Sci-stub template and create a stub for every obsecure field of science.  In the event that someone creates a bot, for example, that creates stub articles for famous people who's entry is not listed in the Wikipedia, they may be able to use one stub for the job.  We would certainly want them to avoid using the stub template, we would optimally like them to pick one of a job profession of the person, but we can't expect their bot to be smart enough to do so.  Certainly, our project would be a lot easier if they had a feature to allow us to somehow reference the main category along with our own stub category or allow a unionized view if we use two stubs...  Here's another example: France A. Córdova.  This is an article I created, because this article talks about my University's chancellor.  My University is part of the University of California so it is notable, and the chancellor of a notable school certainly deserves an article.  Especially when she was the chief scientist at NASA.  (See references.) -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:19, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * If they were required, I would certainly create stubs for job professions, i.e. more than 10 articles in need of a stub; there really aren't that many professions, as many are just subsets. The sanitaiton engineering example might be more accurately categorized as a regional bio (I notice that canada-bio-stub is in use). The article about France A. Córdova seems to be about her role in academia, (perhaps we can get WikiProject Academics involved) so an edu-stub might be appropriate, or perhaps even a us-bio-stub, since there is no academic-stub at this time.  But if she is more notable for her work in astrophysics, then a stub in that field would be an apt choice.  In any case, if we are going to pass responsibility of stubs to WikiProjects then we are going to need to start moving the bio stubs into more specific categories and at the same time, start discouraging top-level bio-categorization.  Sorting all the American bio-stubs into us-bio-stub is a step in the right direction.  What's the status on getting some help from WikiProject Biography?  Are they willing to help out? --Viriditas  | Talk 10:23, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * There are only three users in that project... doesn't seem enough to handle all the bio-stubs... -- AllyUnion (talk) 11:13, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I wasn't aware of the single stub in the Disney category and it's not new, so may as well delete. Ditto for city. Thanks for the tidbit on Knot theory in math. The scientist/writer/politician/etc stubs, do you think they should be as sub categories of the bio-stub (my preference) or under each respective field (science, literature, etc)? --jag123 23:15, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Look at how the existing topic stubs are currently categorized. Category:Musician stubs, for example, is a child of Category:People stubs, Category:Music stubs and Category:Musicians. There is no problem having the scientist-stub under the Category:People stubs and Category:Science stubs, as well as Category:Science.

 * What did you mean by there is no Wikiproject to support the stub? Is there a WikiProject for the other stubs? --jag123 23:19, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * There is no requirement to have a connection between stubs and WikiProjects, but stubs seems to be better looked after if there is a corresponding WikiProject. For example, there is a template:anime-stub and the WikiProject Anime and manga. There probably should be a SF-stub, but without a matching WikiProject, it is much less likely that the SF-stubs will be developed into full articles.

 * The other side of the coin, and something that I've suggested, is that we should try to look for WikiProjects and Regional Notice Boards that don't currently have topic stubs associated with them. We should, in consultation with those groups, try to create some new topic stubs that they should find useful. gK ¿? 02:42, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Keep disney-stub, and bio-stub. Redirect city-stub to geo-stub, (avoids recreation). Disney stub is new, and Disney is big enough to warrant its own stub. Bio-stub should be kept for the same reason stub is still kept. You actually want to create a stub for every profession in the world? Don't you think that's a bit excessive? -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:39, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete disney-stub and recategorize articles ... unless the current 23 articles can be expanded past 100 . I'd suggest a time-limit on that of 7 to 14 days. Courtland 12:45, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)
 * I'm sure there are a ton of Disney movies that are listed under film-stub. This strikes me as precisely the sort of category that a dedicated fan might find useful. I'll see what I can find. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 01:59, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Update: Without any actual effort, I managed to increase the category to 75 articles. I would say that there are definitely enough for this to be a viable category. (Category:Movie stubs is enormous and needs to be divided further rather than having other categories merged into it.) -Aranel (" Sarah ") 23:00, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Requests for comment/Varius

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 06:07, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Requests for comment/Varius
Hoax/prank created by Alun Sheera (talk · contributions), whose first acts were to de-redlink his/her user and talk pages and then jump straight into creation of RfCs against non-existent users by cutting and pasting from other RfCs. Probably should be speedied. See also Requests for comment/Tirrany.
 * Speedy as vandalism/trolling --Carnildo 20:58, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * '''I'm going to delete this right away. - Ta bu shi da yu 21:47, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Requests for comment/Tirrany

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 17:56, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Requests for comment/Tirrany
Hoax/prank created by Alun Sheera (talk · contributions), whose first acts were to de-redlink his/her user and talk pages and then jump straight into creation of RfCs against non-existent users by cutting and pasting from other RfCs. Probably should be speedied. See also Requests for comment/Varius.

 * Speedy as vandalism/trolling --Carnildo 20:57, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. It's troll-tastic! – Beginning 02:45, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. It's a re-creation of a rejected RfAr by CheeseDreams, complete with the original comments by the Epopt and yours truly. Sockpuppetry in action? --Calton 05:07, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, quite, and I've marked it as such. —Korath (Talk) 06:05, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * And it is gone. Speedily Deleted as vandalism.  SWAdair | Talk  11:41, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.