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EPDM rubber

EPDM rubber (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber)  is a type of synthetic rubber that is used in many applications.

EPDM is an M-Class rubber under ASTM standard D-1418; the M class comprises elastomers with a saturated polyethylene chain (the M deriving from the more correct term polymethylene). EPDM is made from ethylene, propylene, and a diene comonomer that enables crosslinking via sulfur vulcanization. Typically used dienes in the manufacture of EPDM rubbers are ethylidene norbornene (ENB), dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), and vinyl norbornene (VNB). Varying diene contents are reported in commercial products, which are generally in the range from 2 to 12%.

The earlier relative of EPDM is EPR, ethylene propylene rubber (useful for high-voltage electrical cables), which is not derived from any diene precursors and can be crosslinked only using radical methods such as peroxides.

As with most rubbers, EPDM as used is always compounded with fillers such as carbon black and calcium carbonate, with plasticisers such as paraffinic oils, and has functional rubbery properties only when crosslinked. Crosslinking mainly occurs via vulcanisation with sulfur but is also accomplished with peroxides (for better heat resistance) or phenolic resins. High-energy radiation, such as from electron beams, is sometimes used to produce foams, wire, and cable.

Properties
Typical properties of EPDM vulcanizates are given below. EPDM can be compounded to meet specific properties to a limit, depending first on the EPDM polymers available, then the processing and curing method(s) employed. EPDMs are available in various molecular weights (indicated in Mooney viscosity ML(1+4) at 125 °C), varying levels of ethylene, third monomer, and oil content.

Because of chemical interactions, EPDM degrades when in contact with bituminous material such as EPDM gaskets on asphalt shingles.

Uses

Relative to rubbers with unsaturated backbones (natural rubber, SBR, neoprene), rubbers with saturated polymer backbones, such as EPDM, exhibit superior resistance to heat, light, and ozone exposure. For this reason they are useful in external harsh environments. EPDM in particular exhibits outstanding resistance to heat, ozone, steam, and weather. As such, EPDM can be formulated to be resistant to temperatures as high as 150 °C, and, properly formulated, can be used outdoors for many years or decades without degradation. EPDM has good low-temperature properties, with elastic properties to temperatures as low as −40 °C depending on the grade and the formulation.

EPDM is stable towards fireproof hydraulic fluids, ketones, hot and cold water, and alkalis.

As a durable elastomer, EPDM is conformable, impermeable, and a good electrical insulator. Solid EPDM and expanded EPDM foam are often used for sealing and gasketing, as well as membranes and diaphragms. EPDM is often used when a component must prevent fluid flow while remaining flexible. It can also be used to provide cushioning or elasticity. While EPDM has decent tensile strength, its flexibility makes it inappropriate for rigid parts such as gears, shafts, and structural beams.

It is used to create weatherstripping, seals on doors for refrigerators and freezers (where it also acts as an insulator), face masks for industrial respirators, glass run channels, radiators, garden and appliance hose (where it is used as a hose material as well as for gaskets), tubing, washers, O-rings, electrical insulation, and geomembranes.

A common use is in vehicles, where EPDM is used for door seals, window seals, trunk seals, and sometimes hood seals. Other uses in vehicles include wiper blades, cooling system circuit hoses; water pumps, thermostats, EGR valves, EGR coolers, heaters, oil coolers, radiators, and degas bottles are connected with EPDM hoses. EPDM is also used as charge air tubing on turbocharged engines to connect the cold side of the charge air cooler (intercooler) to the intake manifold.

EPDM seals can be a source of squeaking noise due to the movement of the seal against the opposing surface (and its attendant friction). The noise can be alleviated using specialty coatings that are applied at the time of manufacture of the seal. Such coatings can also improve the chemical resistance of EPDM rubber. Some vehicle manufacturers also recommend a light application of silicone dielectric grease to weatherstrip to reduce noise.

This synthetic rubber membrane has also been used for pond liners and flat roofs because of its durability and low maintenance costs. As a roofing membrane it does not pollute the run-off rainwater (which is of vital importance for rainwater harvesting).

It is used for belts, electrical insulation, vibrators, solar panel heat collectors, and speaker cone surrounds. It is also used as a functional additive to modify and enhance the impact characteristics of thermoset plastics, thermoplastics, and many other materials.

EPDM is also used for components that provide elasticity; for example, it is used for bungee cords, elastic tie-downs, straps, and hangers that attach exhaust systems to the underfloor of vehicles (since a rigid connection would transfer vibration, noise, and heat to the body). It is also used for cushioned edge guards and bumpers on appliances, equipment, and machinery.

Colored EPDM granules are mixed with polyurethane binders and troweled or sprayed onto concrete, asphalt, screenings, interlocking brick, wood, etc., to create a non-slip, soft, porous safety surface for wet-deck areas such as pool decks. It is used as safety surfacing under playground play equipment (designed to help lessen fall injury). (see Playground surfacing.)

Annual production of synthetic rubber in the 2010s exceeded 10 million tonnes annually and was over 15 million tonnes in triplets 2017, 2018, and 2019, only slightly lower in 2020.

title: EPDM rubber


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Here Come the ABCs

Here Come the ABCs is the second children's album and eleventh studio album by alternative rock band They Might Be Giants, aimed at young children learning the alphabet. The CD and DVD were originally released separately but have since been released as a combo. There are 25 songs in the CD and 38 in the DVD.

While it was produced and released by Walt Disney Records under their Disney Sound label, the band was reportedly given complete creative control over the project, which at the time was very unusual for Walt Disney Records; until then, they had followed a strict artist control policy. As a result, the DVD features puppetry, animation and live action supplied by personal friends of the group, including AJ Schnack, who directed the TMBG documentary Gigantic (A Tale of Two Johns). Family members of the band, including John Flansburgh's wife Robin Goldwasser, and John Linnell's son, Henry, contributed some guest vocals. The music videos that appear on the DVD were also aired (in part or whole) on the Disney Channel's children's programming block, Playhouse Disney.

Here Come the ABCs was a great success for They Might Be Giants, the video being certified Gold (sales over 50,000) in 2005. The album reached #1 on Billboard’s Children’s Music charts, won Parenting Magazine’s Children’s DVD of the Year Award and two National Parenting Publications Awards (NAAPA). In addition, Amazon.com called it "the best Children's Music album of 2005" and the 13th best overall album of 2005. Two follow-ups were released, Here Come the 123s in 2008 and Here Comes Science in 2009.

Although the audio-only release is considered to be They Might Be Giants' 11th studio album, some of the songs make little sense without their visual accompaniment.

CD
All songs by They Might Be Giants unless otherwise noted.
 * 1) "Here Come The ABCs" – 0:11
 * 2) "Alphabet Of Nations" – 1:26
 * 3) "E Eats Everything" – 2:43
 * 4) "Flying V" – 1:34
 * 5) "Q U" – 1:09
 * 6) "Go For G!" – 1:14
 * 7) "Pictures Of Pandas Painting" – 2:07
 * 8) "D & W" – 1:37
 * 9) "Fake-Believe" – 1:51
 * 10) "Can You Find It?" – 2:55
 * 11) "The Vowel Family" – 1:59
 * 12) "Letter/Not A Letter" – 1:08
 * 13) "Alphabet Lost And Found" (Marty Beller) – 2:49
 * 14) "I C U" – 1:49
 * 15) "Letter Shapes" – 1:22
 * 16) "Who Put The Alphabet In Alphabetical Order?" – 1:46
 * 17) "Rolling O" – 1:26
 * 18) "L M N O" – 1:43
 * 19) "C Is For Conifers" – 2:37
 * 20) "Fake-Believe (Type B)" – 1:56
 * 21) "D Is For Drums" – 2:21
 * 22) "Z Y X" – 1:21
 * 23) "Goodnight My Friends" – 0:25
 * 24) "Clap Your Hands" – 1:21
 * 25) *A bonus track
 * 26) "Here In Higglytown (Theme To Playhouse Disney's Higglytown Heroes)" (Dan Miller, They Might Be Giants) – 0:58
 * 27) *A bonus track

DVD

 * 1) "Here Come The ABCs" – 0:25
 * 2) "Alphabet Of Nations" – 1:26
 * 3) "E Eats Everything" – 2:43
 * 4) "Flying V" – 1:34
 * 5) "I Am A Robot" – 1:29
 * 6) "Q U" – 1:09
 * 7) "Go For G!" – 1:14
 * 8) "Pictures Of Pandas Painting" – 2:07
 * 9) "D & W" – 1:37
 * 10) "Fake-Believe" – 1:51
 * 11) "Can You Find It?" – 2:55
 * 12) Introducing The Vowel Family - 0:11
 * 13) "The Vowel Family" – 1:59
 * 14) "A To Z" – 0:24
 * 15) "Letter/Not A Letter" – 1:08
 * 16) "Letter Shapes" – 1:22
 * 17) "Alphabet Lost And Found" (Marty Beller) – 2:49
 * 18) "I C U" – 1:49
 * 19) "I Am A Robot (Type B)" – 0:56
 * 20) John And John Introduce... – 0:10
 * 21) "Who Put The Alphabet In Alphabetical Order?" – 1:46
 * 22) "Rolling O" – 1:26
 * 23) "L M N O" – 1:43
 * 24) Introducing C Is For Conifers – 0:12
 * 25) "C Is For Conifers" – 2:37
 * 26) "Fake-Believe (Type B)" – 1:56
 * 27) "A To Z (Type B)" – 0:29
 * 28) "D Is For Drums" – 2:21
 * 29) Introducing Z Y X – 0:09
 * 30) "Z Y X" – 1:21
 * 31) "Goodnight My Friends" – 0:25
 * 32) "Here Come The ABCs (Reprise)" – 0:11
 * 33) Introducing The Bonus Tracks – 0:14
 * 34) "Clap Your Hands" – 1:21
 * 35) "Violin" – 3:33
 * 36) "Stalk Of Wheat" – 1:19
 * 37) "Robot Parade" - 2:27
 * 38) "Sleepwalkers" - 2:52
 * 39) "Here In Higglytown (Theme To Playhouse Disney's Higglytown Heroes)" – 2:05
 * 40) "End Credits" – 2:15

Exclusive bonus tracks
Special editions with exclusive bonus tracks were produced for various outlets. Bonus tracks include:

 * "Hovering Sombrero '05" on the Amazon.com CD, "I Never Go To Work" on the Best Buy CD; both songs appear on the Amazon.com CD/DVD combo release
 * 2 exclusive videos for "Violin", "Stalk of Wheat" on the Amazon.com DVD; 2 more exclusive videos, along with the other 2, "Robot Parade" and "Sleepwalkers" appear on the Amazon.com CD/DVD combo release
 * An iTunes single was released for "T-Shirt" as a companion to Here Come the ABCs. According to an early tracklisting posted online, the song was meant to be sequenced between "D Is For Drums" and "Z Y X", but was cut for unknown reasons.

They Might Be Giants
Additional musicians Production
 * John Flansburgh – lead and backing vocals, guitar
 * John Linnell – lead and backing vocals, piano, accordion, saxophone
 * Dan Miller – guitar, piano
 * Danny Weinkauf – bass guitar
 * Marty Beller – drums, lead vocals on "Alphabet Lost and Found"
 * Dan Levine – trombone on "D & W", "Letter/Not A Letter", "Rolling O" and "A to Z (Type B)", tuba on "Flying V", "Go for G" and "Fake Believe (Part 1)"
 * Mark Pender – trumpet on "D & W", "Letter/Not A Letter", "Rolling O" and "A to Z (Type B)"
 * Dan Hickey – drums on "Clap Your Hands"
 * Pat Dillet – piano on "Goodnight My Friends"
 * Robin Goldwasser – lead vocals on "Who Put the Alphabet in Alphabetical Order?"
 * Henry Linnell – lead vocals on "Letter/Not A Letter"
 * Desi Tomaselli – lead vocals on "Letter/Not A Letter
 * Pat Dillet, They Might Be Giants - producers

Production Crew

 * Executive Producer: David Agnew
 * Audio Engineer/Mixer: Pat Dillett
 * Audio Mastering: UE Nastosi at Sterling Sound Studios NYC
 * Recorded at: Kampo Studios and Skyline Studios, Manhattan, New York
 * Additional Recording at: Collier Brothers Studios and Hello Studios, Brooklyn, New York
 * Band Manager: Jamie Lincoin Kitman at Homblow Studios USA

Video Production Crew

 * Music Performed by They Might Be Giants
 * DVD Produced by Bonfire Films of America
 * Directed by AJ Schnack
 * Starring Chris Anderson, John Flansburgh, John Linnell, AD Miles
 * Animated by Courtney Booker, Euan Mitchell, Greg Rozum and Divya Srinivasan
 * Animation Produced at Asterisk, The Chopping Block Studios Inc. and Colourmovie

In popular culture

 * "Clap Your Hands" was featured when the band made a guest appearance on the final episode of Blue's Clues, titled "Bluestock".
 * "Can You Find It?" was featured on the soundtrack to the movie Wordplay.
 * "Robot Parade" was featured during the credits to an episode of the animated television series The Simpsons, titled "Them, Robot".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Here Come the ABCs


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Talk:America's Most Talented Kid

Did a 10-year-old write this?

Tori Kelly (a 2004 winner) is being considered for deletion
The discussion is at Articles for deletion/Tori Kelly. --Rob 10:00, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:America's Most Talented Kid


text:
King Huiwen of Qin

King Huiwen of Qin (356–311 BC), also known as Lord Huiwen of Qin, personal name Ying Si, was the ruler of the Qin state from 338 to 311 BC. He was the first ruler of Qin to style himself "King" (王) instead of "Duke" (公).

Early life
Prince Si was the son of Duke Xiao, and succeeded his father as ruler after the latter's death. When the adolescent Si was still crown prince, he committed a crime and was severely punished for it. The great minister Shang Yang was just then implementing his legalist reforms to the laws of Qin and he insisted that the crown prince should be punished for the crime regardless of his royal status. Duke Xiao approved of the draconian punishment and Si's tutors, Prince Qian (公子虔), Duke Xiao's older brother, and Gongsun Gu (公孫賈), for neglecting their duties in educating the crown prince, with Prince Qian having his nose cut off and Gongsun receiving the punishment of qing (黥; a form of punishment which involved branding a criminal by tattooing his face), while Ying Si was banished from the royal palace.

It was believed that Si harboured a personal grudge against Shang Yang and when he came to the throne as King Huiwen, Si had Shang Yang put to death on charges of treason. However, Huiwen retained the reformed systems in Qin left behind by his father and Shang Yang.

Reign
During Huiwen's reign, Qin became very powerful in terms of its military strength, and constantly invaded neighbouring states as part of its expansionism policy. In 316 BC it conquered the states of Shu and Ba to the south in the Sichuan basin. The strategy here was to annex and colonize the semi-civilized lands to the south rather than confront the more advanced states to the east with their large armies. The strategist Gongsun Yan, a student of Guiguzi, managed to persuade five of the other six major states to form an alliance to deal with Qin. However, Gongsun Yan's fellow student, Zhang Yi, came into the service of Huiwen as his prime minister and he helped Qin break up the alliance by sowing discord among the five states.

Death
King Huiwen ruled Qin for 27 years and died in 311 BC at the age of 46. He was succeeded by his son, King Wu of Qin, born of Queen Huiwen.

Family
Queens:
 * Queen Huiwen, of Wei (惠文后; d. 305 BC), possibly a daughter of King Hui of Wei; married in 334 BC; the mother of Crown Prince Dang
 * Queen Dowager Xuan, of the Mi clan of Chu (宣太后 羋姓; d. 265 BC), a royal of Chu by birth; the mother of Princes Ji, Shi and Kui

Sons:
 * Prince Tong (公子通; d. 311 BC), ruled as the Marquis of Shu from 313–311 BC
 * Crown Prince Dang (太子盪; 329–307 BC), ruled as King Wu of Qin from 310–307 BC
 * Prince Zhuang (公子壯; d. 305 BC)
 * Prince Yong (公子雍; d. 305 BC)
 * Prince Ji (公子稷; 325–251 BC), ruled as King Zhaoxiang of Qin from 306–251 BC
 * Prince Yun (公子惲; d. 301 BC), ruled as the Marquis of Shu from 308–301 BC
 * Prince Shi (公子市)
 * Known by his title, Lord Gaoling (高陵君)
 * Prince Kui (公子悝)
 * Known by his title, Lord Jingyang (涇陽君)
 * Prince Yao (公子繇)
 * Prince Chi (公子池)

Daughters:
 * Queen Yi of Yan (燕易后)
 * Married King Yi of Yan (d. 321 BC) in 334 BC

In fiction and popular culture

 * Portrayed by Fu Dalong in The Qin Empire II: Alliance (2012)
 * Portrayed by Alex Fong in The Legend of Mi Yue (2015)
 * Portrayed by Gallen Lo in Song of Phoenix (2017)

title: King Huiwen of Qin


text:
User talk:PeregrineAY

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title: User talk:PeregrineAY


text:
O. E. H. Wucherer

Otto Edward Henry Wucherer (7 July 1820 – 7 May 1873) was a Brazilian physician and naturalist, born to a Dutch mother and German father.

He was born in Oporto, later moving to Hamburg, where he worked in a pharmacy. He studied medicine at the University of Tübingen, receiving his doctorate in 1841 as a pupil of Ferdinand Gottlieb von Gmelin. He later practiced in London at St Bartholomew's Hospital and in Lisbon. In 1843 he relocated to Brazil, eventually settling as a doctor in Salvador, Bahia, where he lived until 1871. Together with John Ligertwood Paterson and José Francisco da Silva Lima, he co-founded the Escola Tropicalista da Bahia (Bahia School of Tropical Medicine).

He discovered the filaria larvae in Bahia. His name is associated with the roundworm genus Wuchereria, and he is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of reptiles, Elapomorphus wuchereri and Leposternon wuchereri. He described the snake species Atractus guentheri and Xenopholis scalaris.

He was co-founder of the journal Gazeta Médica da Bahia.

title: O. E. H. Wucherer


text:
Talk:Inert

suggestion
Talk about how inerts are still dangerous to the envirment such as pesticides--69.255.15.249 23:18, 9 January 2007 (UTC) .

No physics?
Guess we should have one? Ooker (talk) 05:32, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

Greatness?
The comment above looks like awesome to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.191.245.49 (talk) 20:34, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inert


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Jamie Anderson (golfer)

James Anderson (27 June 1842 – 16 August 1905) was a nineteenth-century professional golfer who won The Open Championship three consecutive times, from 1877 to 1879.

Early life
Anderson was born in St Andrews, Scotland, the son of David "Da" Anderson, greenskeeper at the Old Course. Da also sold tea and lemonade on the Old Course from a portable cart. James Anderson began caddying over the Old Course from a young age, while Allan Robertson was still alive, and took up golf around the same time. It took James many years to reach his top championship form (age 35), in contrast to the nine-years-younger Young Tom Morris, who won his first Open at age 17 in 1868.

Golf career
Anderson's Open Championships victories were at Musselburgh in 1877; Prestwick Golf Club in 1878; and St Andrews in 1879. He is one of only four golfers who have won three consecutive Opens, alongside Young Tom Morris (1868–1870), Bob Ferguson (1880–82) and Peter Thomson (1954–56). Anderson did not compete in 1880 because the date of the tournament was set so late that he missed entry. He was runner-up the next year 1881. His nephew David was runner-up in 1888, and all of his sons were golf professionals.

Death and legacy
Anderson died in a poorhouse in Thornton, Fife, Scotland. He won the Open Championship three consecutive times: 1877, 1878, and 1879.

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} NT = No tournament
 * Note: Anderson played only in The Open Championship.

"T" indicates a tie for a place

title: Jamie Anderson (golfer)


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Q-Squared

Q-Squared (full title Star Trek: The Next Generation – Q-Squared) is a non-canon Star Trek novel by Peter David. It spent five weeks on the New York Times bestseller list in 1994.

Q-Squared was released in July 1994 as one in a series of "Giant Novels" for the Star Trek line from Pocket Books. Although the novel was primarily based on and around the characters of Star Trek: The Next Generation, this book was particularly notable for bringing together the characters of Q from Star Trek: The Next Generation and Trelane from Star Trek: The Original Series.

Plot
Trelane, who first appeared in the original Star Trek episode "The Squire of Gothos", is revealed to be a member of the Q Continuum. He taps into the power of the continuum and uses this ability to tamper with time and reality, resulting in the intersection of three different parallel universes which are also referred to as time "tracks". Track A is a universe in which Beverly Crusher's husband Jack never died, and now serves as captain of the Enterprise with Jean-Luc Picard as his first officer; in this universe, Jack's son Wesley died as a boy and Jack and Beverly divorced. Track B is the traditional universe depicted on Star Trek: The Next Generation. Track C is akin to the more militaristic alternate universe shown in the Next Generation episode "Yesterday's Enterprise", in which the Federation is at war with the Klingons.

Q, who had been charged with the task of "mentoring" Trelane (a task each "adult" Q must accept at least once for an "adolescent" Q), enlists the help of Picard and the crew of the Enterprise-D in the three different timelines in order to teach Trelane discipline, and eventually, to stop him from destroying the fabric of the universe by collapsing the alternate universes together.

When the tracks begin to merge, the characters from separate universes begin to appear to one another, sometimes with disastrous results. The Tashas of Track A and C encounter each other, with Tasha-A reacting with amazement at her C counterpart's harsh appearance; Jack Crusher confronts his ex-wife about the affair she is having with Track-A Picard; during the argument, which Track-B Picard witnesses, she is accidentally killed; additionally, members of Track C attempt to kill Worf, and believe all the members of the crew from the other two universes are really Klingon impostors.

Eventually, Q manages to overpower Trelane and the universes are once again separated, though not always perfectly (at the end of the novel, Track-A Data appears to be stuck in Track C).

Q also spends part of the novel lost in time and space, trapped by the barrier around the galaxy; this relates to the original series episode "Where No Man Has Gone Before".

Parallel universes
The plot of this novel continually shifts among three different parallel universes, or 'Tracks', each identified by a letter:
 * Track B is the normal Star Trek universe.
 * Track A is a variation of the Trekverse, with several differences:
 * James Kirk's middle initial is R (as shown in the original series episode "Where No Man Has Gone Before", which apparently takes place in the Track A universe as James Kirk's middle initial is usually T).
 * Jack Crusher, who did not die under Picard's command, is commanding officer of the Enterprise-D. He and Beverly are divorced; their son Wesley died in an accident while still a toddler.
 * Geordi La Forge is a nurse in sickbay with cloned eye implants instead of his VISOR.
 * Jean-Luc Picard, broken in rank by a court martial after his failure to defend the Stargazer at Maxia, is Enterprise ' s first officer. He and Beverly become romantically involved, with disastrous results when Jack discovers their affair.
 * Data is a "human-oid" (a positronic brain in an organic body), and is engaged in an ongoing affair with Tasha Yar.
 * William Riker and Kira Nerys have been prisoners of the Romulan Star Empire for several years. Riker and Deanna Troi were married prior to his capture, and have a son who has never met his father.
 * Worf was not adopted by a Federation couple; instead, he was raised in the Klingon Empire as a warrior. He rescues Riker and Kira and kills their Romulan overseers.
 * Track C is a variant of the "Klingon war" timeline as seen in "Yesterday's Enterprise", but one in which the Enterprise-D came across the Enterprise-C several hours after it passed into the future, and thus could not be sent back to Narendra III in 2344 to prevent the war with the Klingons (the rift had closed and the Enterprise-C's crew were all dead).

In addition, the final chapter of the book is called 'Derailment', in which the various realities coalesce into a single timeline. This chapter ties all of the plots visited over the length of the book together, concluding with Q's final confrontation with the now-deranged Trelane.

Q connections
The role of Q was originated by John de Lancie in the first episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, "Encounter at Farpoint". John de Lancie also provided the reading of the novel in the audiobook edition.

Peter David previously wrote the novel Q-in-Law for Pocket Books. This novel also featured the main character of Q and was based in the continuity of Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Cultural references
In one sequence of the novel, Trelane brings to life the character of Winnie the Pooh, who was originally created by A. A. Milne and is perhaps best known through the films, television series, and merchandise produced by Disney.

In the universe of Track A, the bartender in Ten-Forward is named Caryn Johnson, replacing the usual character Guinan. In real life, Caryn Johnson is the birth name of Whoopi Goldberg, who played Guinan on Star Trek: The Next Generation.

title: Q-Squared


text:
Chantal Mauduit

Chantal Mauduit (24 March 1964 – 13 May 1998) was a French alpinist.

Biography
Born in Paris, Mauduit arrived in the French Alps at age five and started climbing at the age of 15. After several difficult routes in the Alps, she focused her attention on the Andes, and then the Himalayas, where she climbed K2 (1992; fourth woman overall), Shisha Pangma (1993), Cho Oyu (1993), Lhotse (1996; first woman solo), Manaslu (1996), and Gasherbrum II (1997), all without supplemental oxygen.

Along with her Sherpa partner Ang Tsering, she was killed at Camp II on Dhaulagiri on May 11, 1998. Her body was returned to France and the autopsy concluded that the cause of death was a broken neck.

In honor of her generosity, her friends and family created a foundation to help needy Nepalese children, especially girls and those in need of schooling: The Association Chantal Mauduit Namasté. Created by the Association, the Chantal Mauduit School in Kathmandu now enrolls 200 children.

Controversy
Mauduit needed to be rescued by Ed Viesturs and Scott Fischer on descent from K2 in 1992, Viesturs and Fischer gave up their own summit attempt of K2 at the time in order to get Mauduit, who had become snow blind, to safety.

After collapsing during a failed summit attempt on Mount Everest in 1995, Mauduit was carried off the mountain by other climbers. Some climbers, including Viesturs, perceived her as ungrateful for never acknowledging the lifesaving assistance that she had been given. She was also accused of not pulling her weight on climbing expeditions, leaving it to others to fix ropes on difficult sections of mountain or stock higher camps with food and other provisions, and then taking advantage of their work. In the book "No Shortcuts to the Top" Viesturs tells about the discovery of Mauduit's and her Sherpa partner's body in the tent at Camp II of Dhaulagiri. Viesturs writes that initially he was uncertain about the real cause of death, suggesting possible other causes, but then recognises that it was possible that a rockfall or ice had broken the neck of the two climbers. Viesturs was on Dhaulagiri at the time of Mauduit's death, but had no first hand knowledge about how Mauduit died. Chantal Mauduit's body was returned to France and the autopsy concluded that the cause of death was a broken neck. Frederique Delrieu, a climbing companion of both Viesturs and Mauduit, saw Mauduit's body first-hand and confirmed that she had a broken neck.

title: Chantal Mauduit


text:
User talk:Zimmian

Hey people, I hope I can help out here.

title: User talk:Zimmian


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Children of the Faith

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CSTAR 21:35, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Children of the Faith
Presented as factual, but upon research it turns out the book I am not Esther is a novel and the cult is fictional. Google shows few results, so it appears not to be particularly notable fiction. Should be deleted. 195.167.169.36 09:50, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I was going to vote for merging to the article about the book or its author, but since we have neither, I'd say delete for now. Radiant! 14:01, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agree with Radiant Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:07, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Move to I am not Ester. Seems to be a notable enough book, and I've added some info to the article. -- John Fader 18:07, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge & Redirect to Fleur Beale. Nice work, Theo. -- John Fader 12:22, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, book promo. Megan1967 04:05, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not look notable to me. Indrian 04:39, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Fleur Beale. --Theo (Talk) 03:00, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Fleur Beale.  →Iñgōlemo←   talk  06:27, 2005 Mar 2 (UTC)

Remark. 4 votes for delete, 3 for redirect or merge. This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Neil Coles

Neil Chapman Coles, MBE (born 26 September 1934) is an English professional golfer. Coles had a successful career in European golf, winning 29 important tournaments between 1956 and 1982. After reaching 50, he won a further 14 important Seniors tournaments between 1985 and 2002, winning his final European Seniors Tour event at the age of 67. He also played in eight Ryder Cup matches between 1961 and 1977.

While he never became one of the leading stars of global golf, and did not win a major championship, Coles was remarkable for his consistency, and even more for his durability. He was five times a top-ten finisher in the Open Championship, finishing third in 1961 and second in 1973. In 1982 at the age of 48 he won the Sanyo Open in Spain and held the distinction of being the oldest winner of a European Tour event for nearly 20 years. Even at the peak of his career, he made few appearances in the United States because of his fear of flying.

In his eight Ryder Cup appearances, Coles had 5 wins, 6 defeats and 4 halves in his 15 singles matches; the 7 points he won in these is tied for the most singles points in Ryder Cup history. All his appearances were in a winless period for the Great Britain and Ireland team.

Early life
Coles was born in London, England, and grew up in Letchworth, Hertfordshire. He started out as a junior golfer at Letchworth Golf Club, before becoming an assistant professional there at the age of 16.

Playing career
Coles, then an assistant at Moor Park, was in contention for the 1955 Gor-Ray Cup, the Assistants' Championship, at Hartsbourne. However a poor finish left him in third place, two strokes behind Dave Thomas and Jimmy Hitchcock. In 1956, having moved to Burhill, he won the event, finishing four strokes ahead of Peter Butler. In 1956 he qualified for the Open Championship for the first time, at Hoylake, with rounds of 79 and 70. However rounds of 78 and 82 meant he missed the cut. As a previous winner Coles was unable to play in the 1957 assistants' championship but he was runner-up in the Coombe Hill Assistants' Tournament, a stroke behind George Low. In 1957 Coles became more prominent in major British events. In September he reached the quarter-finals of the News of the World Match Play and was sixth in the Dunlop Masters, despite a poor final round. Coles played in a few PGA Tour events in early 1959, including the Bing Crosby Pro-Am where he finished tied for 28th place. In the 1959 Open Championship at Muirfield Coles qualified in a tie for third place. In the Open itself he finished in a tie for 21st place.

In 1960 Coles moved to Coombe Hill and soon won the Coombe Hill Assistants' Tournament, finishing a stroke ahead of Lionel Platts. In June 1961 Coles had his best finish in an important event, finishing runner-up to Bernard Hunt in the Daks Tournament. Coles finished joint-3rd in the 1961 Open Championship in July. These tournaments were among those that counted towards qualification for the 1961 Ryder Cup, the leading 9 in the Order of Merit after the Carling-Caledonian Tournament in early August gaining a place. Coles was 5th in the table and so qualified for his first Ryder Cup, at Royal Lytham in mid-October. The week before the Ryder Cup was played, Coles won his first major event, the Ballantine Tournament at Wentworth, winning by five strokes from Ken Bousfield. Coles started the final round 7 strokes behind Bousfield but had a final round of 65 to Bousfield's 77. The first prize of £1,500 was more than Arnold Palmer received for winning that year's Open Championship. That year's Ryder Cup was the first played with 18-hole matches; the United States winning by five points. Coles lost both his foursomes matches but halved his morning singles match and beat Dow Finsterwald in the afternoon singles. Coles made his second trip to America to play in some PGA Tour events in California in early 1962. He had his best result in his final event, the 90-hole Palm Springs Golf Classic where he finished tied for 7th place, winning $1,350.

After Coles's win in the 1961 Ballantine Tournament he won a further 10 British and Irish events between 1962 and 1966. Two of these were shared wins, both in 1963. In British tournaments at this time only "championships" required a champion; other events were often left with joint winners who shared the prize money. Coles won the Senior Service Tournament in 1962, which had first prize of £2,000. He won two events in 1963, the Martini International and the Daks Tournament, both joint wins. Coles won the 1963 Harry Vardon Trophy ahead of Bernard Hunt, despite Hunt having a lower stroke average and Hunt winning almost twice as prize money. Coles had 674 points to Hunt's 645. He also led the Ryder Cup points list for the 1963 event in the United States. The British and Ireland team were heavily beaten, Coles getting a win and two halves from his six matches.

Coles won three important events in 1964, the Daks Tournament, the Bowmaker Tournament and the News of the World Match Play. He won nearly twice as much prize money as any other player but only finished fourth in the Order of Merit. He reached the final of the 1964 Piccadilly World Match Play Championship, losing 2&1 to Arnold Palmer and collecting the runners-up prize of £3,000. Coles won two events in 1965, the Carroll's International and the News of the World Match Play, He finished second in the points list for the 1965 Ryder Cup at Royal Birkdale. He played in all six sessions, winning three matches and losing three. He finished the season third in the Order of Merit. Coles played on the American winter circuit in early 1966, finishing with the Masters. He made the cut and was tied for 32nd place after three rounds, but withdrew from the final round after feeling ill. Coles won two more events in 1966, the Pringle of Scotland Tournament and the Dunlop Masters. He only finished fourth in the Order of Merit but set a new prize money record, £8,329, beating his own best of £7,890 from 1964.

After winning 11 important British events between 1961 and 1966, Coles failed to win one from 1967 to 1969. He had some consistent results, including solo runner-up finishes behind Tony Jacklin in the 1967 Dunlop Masters and behind Peter Townsend in the 1968 Piccadilly PGA Close Championship. He qualified for the 1967 Ryder Cup team, finishing third in the points list, and was placed fifth in the list for the 1969 team, to get an automatic place. In the 1967 match in Houston, he lost his three opening pairs matches but beat Doug Sanders twice in the final-day single matches. The 1969 match at Royal Birkdale was tied. Coles beat Tommy Aaron in the morning singles but lost to Dan Sikes in the afternoon.

Coles made a remarkable start to the 1970 season. In March he won the Wentworth Foursomes with Peter Davidson. He then won the Italian BP Open and the Walworth Aloyco Tournament in Italy, before travelling to Spain where he was runner-up in both the Madrid Open and the Spanish Open. Returning to England he was runner-up in the Penfold Tournament in early May, and then in successive weeks he won the Southern Professional Championship, won the Sumrie Better-Ball with Bernard Hunt, was third in the Agfa-Gevaert Tournament and won the Daks Tournament at the end of the month. After recovering from a leg-muscle injury, he won the Bowmaker Tournament at the end of June, and was then tied for 6th in the 1970 Open Championship. Coles won the Harry Vardon Trophy for the second time, having previously won it in 1963. Coles' continued his good form into 1971, winning four tournaments: the Penfold-Bournemouth Tournament, the Daks Tournament, the Carroll's International and the German Open. He led the points list for the 1971 Ryder Cup in St. Louis. He halved his single match with Frank Beard but lost to Jack Nicklaus in the second singles session. He finished second in the 1971 Order of Merit, behind Peter Oosterhuis.

Coles was ranked 7th in the world on the inaugural Mark McCormack's world golf rankings in December 1968, a position he regained at the end of 1970.

European Tour
Coles was 37 when the European Tour started in 1972. He won seven times on the tour, six times between 1972 and 1978 and then in 1982 at the Sanyo Open in Barcelona. At 48 years and 14 days he became the oldest winner on the tour and remained so until Des Smyth won in 2001 at the age of 48 years and 34 days. Coles also held the record for the number of consecutive cuts made in European Tour events, 56, until that record was passed by Bernhard Langer in the 1990s. He made the cut in every event between the 1973 Viyella PGA Championship and the 1979 Open Championship, when he withdrew with an elbow injury. Coles was in the top-10 of the Order of Merit every year from 1972 to 1979, except 1977 when he was 11th. His highest finish in the Order of Merit was 5th place in 1974.

Coles had his best finish in the Open Championship in 1973, finishing joint runner-up three strokes behind Tom Weiskopf, after a final round of 66. He also had a top-10 finish in 1975 when he was tied for 7th place, despite a final round 74.

Coles qualified in second place for the 1973 Ryder Cup team, his seventh successive Ryder Cup appearance, in which he had never been outside the top 5 in the qualification points list. The match at Muirfield was tied after two day but the United States dominated the two singles sessions. Coles halved his match against Gay Brewer but lost 6&5 to Lee Trevino in the afternoon session. Coles withdrew from consideration for the 1975 Ryder Cup in Pennsylvania, because of his fear of flying and because it was impractical to travel by sea. Coles finished in 15th place in the points list for the 1977 Ryder Cup at Royal Lytham, having missed some events with back trouble. The top 8 in the list were automatic selections and were joined by four further players selected by a committee of three consisting of Coles himself, the team captain Brian Huggett and Brian Barnes. The committee chose Coles as one their four selections. The selection seemed justified when Coles won the Tournament Players Championship the week before the Ryder Cup. The match itself was a disappointment with the United States winning by five points with Coles losing all his three matches.

1977 was Coles' last appearance in the Ryder Cup. In 8 contests he played 40 matches, winning 12, losing 21 and halving 7. However his singles record was better with 5 wins, 6 defeats and 4 halved matches. There were two sets of singles matches from 1961 to 1975 and Coles played in 7 of those matches. His total of 15 singles matches is the most for any Ryder Cup player and the 7 points he won in these matches is still tied for the most singles points won.

Coles continued to play in European Tour events until his mid-50s, having his last top-10 finish, a tie for 6th place, at the 1987 Panasonic European Open at the age of 52.

Seniors golf
The European Senior Tour started in 1992, when Coles was 57 years old. Before then there were very few professional seniors events in the UK. The PGA Seniors Championship had been played since 1957 and The Senior Open Championship was started in 1987. Coles dominated the PGA Seniors Championship between 1985, when he first played in it, to 1991. He won the events in 1985, two strokes ahead of the 60-year-old Christy O'Connor Snr. He won again in 1986 and for a third time in 1987, when the event was reduced to 54 holes by bad weather. He was tied for third place in 1988 behind Peter Thomson before winning for a fourth time in 1989. In 1990 and 1991 he was the runner-up, behind Brian Waites on both occasions. Coles won the inaugural Senior Open Championship in 1987 at Turnberry, a stroke ahead of Bob Charles. The following year, again at Turnberry. he was just a stroke behind the leader Gary Player after three rounds, but a last round 79 dropped him into a tie for 6th place; Player scoring 69 to win the title. He had further top-10 finishes in the 1989 and 1991. From 1987 to 1991 it was only in the 1990 Seniors' British Open that he failed to get into the top 10.

Coles played on the European Seniors Tour from its start in 1992, making his final appearances in 2007. Although he never won the PGA Seniors Championship or the Senior Open Championship during this period, he did win 9 of the regular 54-hole events between 1992 and 2002. His last win was in the 2002 Lawrence Batley Seniors at the age of 67 years and 276 days, beating his own record for the oldest winner of a European Seniors Tour event, set in 2000. Amongst his high finishes was joint runner-up behind John Fourie in the 1992 Senior British Open. He had a total of 68 top-10 finishes between 1992 and 2004, the last being in the Bovis Lend Lease European Senior Masters three weeks before his 70th birthday. Coles finished in the top ten on the European Seniors Tour's Order of Merit every year from 1992 to 2000, except 1997, his best position being 3rd in 1992. He was 11th in the Order of Merit in 2002.

Other golfing activities
Coles was, since its inception in the 1980s, until November 2013, the chairman of the PGA European Tour's board of directors, when he was replaced by David Williams. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2000. He was also a golf course architect designing courses such as Chartham Park.

Personal life
Coles married Ann Keep, after growing up together in Letchworth, Hertfordshire. They had two sons, Keith and Gary. Ann died in 2015. Gary was also a professional golfer and followed his father by winning the PGA Assistants' Championship in 1985, 29 years after his father. He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1982 New Year Honours,

European Tour wins (7)
Source:

European Tour playoff record (2–1)

Sources:

Other wins (11)

 * 1962 Sunningdale Foursomes (with Ross Whitehead)
 * 1963 Wentworth Foursomes (with Keith Warren)
 * 1967 Sunningdale Foursomes (with Keith Warren)
 * 1969 Carlyon Bay Hotel Tournament
 * 1970 Wentworth Foursomes (with Peter Davidson), Southern Professional Championship, Sumrie Better-Ball (with Bernard Hunt), Carlyon Bay Hotel Tournament
 * 1971 Carlyon Bay Hotel Tournament
 * 1973 Sumrie Better-Ball (with Bernard Hunt)
 * 1980 Sunningdale Foursomes (with Doug McClelland)

Senior PGA Tour wins (1)
Source:

European Seniors Tour wins (9)
Sources:

European Seniors Tour playoff record (2–2) Source:

Senior circuit wins (5)
Sources:

Other senior wins (1)

 * 1991 Léman International Senior Trophy

Results in major championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1972, 1983 and 1984 Open Championships) WD = Withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place Note: Coles never played in the U.S. Open or the PGA Championship.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 6 (1973 Open Championship – 1978 Open Championship)

Source:

Wins (1)
Source:

Team appearances

 * Ryder Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1969 (tie), 1971, 1973, 1977
 * World Cup (representing England): 1963, 1968
 * R.T.V. International Trophy (representing England): 1967 (winners)
 * Double Diamond International (representing England): 1971 (winners), 1973, 1975 (playing captain), 1976 (winners), 1977
 * Marlboro Nations' Cup/Philip Morris International (representing England): 1973, 1975
 * Sotogrande Match/Hennessy Cognac Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1974 (winners), 1976 (winners), 1978 (winners), 1980 (winners)
 * Praia d'El Rey European Cup (representing the European Seniors Tour): 1998 (tie), 1999

title: Neil Coles


text:
Necroscope

Necroscope is the title of a series of horror novels by British author Brian Lumley.

The term necroscope, as defined in the series, describes someone who can communicate with the dead (coined Deadspeak later in the series). Unlike necromancers, who here extract the knowledge they seek by brutal eviscerations of corpses, a necroscope can communicate with them as equals: peacefully and without any physical interference. The abilities of a necroscope are defined as a type of ESP.

Plot summary
In this version of reality, based solely in the novel, the character Harry Keogh (born Harry Snaith), the Necroscope, is born with the ability to speak to the dead. As he grows up and his power manifests itself, he befriends the dead and learns from them that death is not the end. He believes that although the body dies, the mind goes on and the dead continue to improve and expand in death what they loved in life. From him, the once silent Great Majority, commonly known as the dead, learn to communicate amongst themselves, and love Harry for it. In turn, the Great Majority offer him their knowledge. Within the novel, while Harry is at school, a deceased math teacher helps him with his developing mathematics talent and an ex-army sergeant teacher imparts self-defense skills.

As the years go by, he has recurring dreams about his mother, dead after an apparent ice-skating accident but in reality murdered by her husband – Harry's stepfather Victor Shukshin. Shukshin is a psychic sensitive, a defector sleeper agent fictionally planted in England by the Soviet E-Branch. In his self-appointed mission to avenge his mother's death, Harry is dragged into a web of espionage involving British and Soviet ESP agencies.

This leads to Harry learning to use the Möbius Continuum (from its discoverer August Ferdinand Möbius himself, at his grave in Leipzig, Germany), which allows him to instantaneously transport himself anywhere in the multi-dimensional universe.

From that point on, Keogh, backed by the British E-Branch, works to rid the human world of a vampire menace, a mission that will eventually lead him to a parallel world. This fictional parallel word consists of Sunside/Starside, the vampire-dominated world connected to Earth via two portals, one in Romania (the original "source" of vampires on Earth) and a second, recent one in the Soviet-run Pechorsk Project in the Urals. It is on Sunside/Starside that Harry Keogh's final death eventually meets up with him, after he has lost his family, his friends, even his deadspeak and numeracy, but not his humanity.

As Harry knows well and as the novel presents it – death is not the end, his was a success story and such stories need to go on. In the Möbius Continuum, Harry's essence explodes in a burst of golden light, and from that explosion a myriad of golden darts, each a part of Harry, come forth.

Each of those golden darts carry a part of Keogh, and can join with hosts to grant them some of the abilities of the original Necroscope. Later books in the series tell the stories of individuals touched by these darts: Nathan Kiklu, Jake Cutter and Scott St. John. The darts seek to continue their mission in life, and so bond to individuals who will come up against the Necroscope's old foes, the Wamphyri, and menaces of diabolic nature.

Harry's physical remains, infected by the spores of the vampire Faethor Ferenczy, were sent back in time by the Möbius Continuum and ended up in the marshes of Sunside/Starside, making him the source of the vampire plague when his own spores infected the exiled Shaitan who becomes the first Wamphyri Lord.

Harry Keogh, Necroscope
The hero of the Necroscope series – or antihero, as the story unfolds – is Harry Keogh. Keogh's grandmother was a Russian immigrant who settled in Great Britain. His father died when he was very young. His mother later remarried and was eventually killed by Harry's stepfather. During his early childhood, Keogh lived with an aunt and uncle in County Durham in North East England. Keogh would eventually return to exact vengeance on his Russian stepfather.

While at school, being not particularly popular or academically inclined, Harry discovers his ability to speak to people who have died. He also, in most part due to this ability, shows great aptitude in the fields of mathematics and creative writing.

The author also puts forward the idea that death is not the end, and that whatever someone was or wished to be in life, he or she continues to be in death, within the restraints that death imposes. For example, a mathematician would continue perfecting his math, an inventor would keep inventing new things, and a psychic would continue to practice using their powers.

Not only can Harry speak to the dead in this series (thus earning him their eternal admiration, almost amounting to worship), but he can also form a bond with them which allows them a degree of control over him when he permits. For example, when faced with a dangerous situation, Harry hands his mind over to the control of a former gym teacher who was an army sergeant, and learns martial arts skills. He does not forget what he learns, and continues to use this skill and many others throughout the series. In addition, if the dead are nearby and the physical situation permits, they will literally raise themselves up out of the ground and fight for him. This gives him powerful allies as, being dead already, they have nothing to lose and almost nothing to fear.

Within the Necroscope series, Harry is also able to teleport anywhere in the world via the Möbius continuum, which he learned from August Ferdinand Möbius. By employing advanced equations learned through his dead tutor and his intuitive mathematical mind, Harry can conjure a door in space and enter the Möbius continuum, he can then create another door to exit. There is no time in the continuum, so teleportation is instant. Harry is also able to open a past or future time door and observe what may be, but he cannot appear there physically.

Powers
In total, Harry Keogh has six different ESP talents by the end of the first series of five books:

 * Deadspeak: an evolution of his mother's talent as a psychic medium.
 * Teleportation: technically space-time manipulation, learned from August Ferdinand Möbius.
 * A 'mind-blanket': gifted by the deceased Norman Wellesly which completely blanks his mind out.
 * Telepathy: learned from the E-Branch telepath Trevor Jordan.
 * Locator: by connecting with another mind, Harry can locate and appear near them.
 * Resurrection-type Necromancy: by means of a spoken incantation, learned during a battle against the vampire Janos Ferenczy, Harry can bring the dead back to full animation. Readers of H. P. Lovecraft's works will note that the same incantation from his works appears here. Lumley is well known for his extension of the Cthulhu mythos (the Titus Crow novels et al.), and this to some extent acts as a tie-in to Titus Crow universe and to the Mythos in general.

Harry Jr. /The Dweller
Son of the main character, Harry Keogh and his wife Brenda, Harry Jr. shows immense intelligence even as toddler and has even greater powers than his father.

Choosing to flee from Earth after an attack by the vampire Yulian Bodescu, the baby Harry Jr., showing even greater mastery over the Möbius continuum than his father, transports himself and his mother to the parallel universe of Starside/Sunside and also back in time by twenty years.

Living on Starside with his mother, Harry Jr. is vampirised by an 'infected' wolf and becomes Wamphyri and is named 'The Dweller in His Garden in the West' by the world's fearful inhabitants. Hiding his Wamphyri features behind a golden mask and black cloak – he shuns the Wamphyri lifestyle, instead using his immense willpower to hold his vampire at bay.

The Dweller forms an alliance with the Szgany Lidesci (the planet's gypsy-like humans) but becomes infamous among the Wamphyri of Starside because of his mysterious powers. Fearing him, they form an alliance to attack him at his garden in the mountains.

Severely injured during the battle, his vampire leech re-shapes his damaged body into that of a more simple entity, a wolf, to save both their lives. His injuries were immense, and with much less mass, rebuilding damaged tissue and bone was easier. The exception to this transformation was his hands, which he willed remain, so that the Szgany may know him, and so that he too would have a reminder of the man he once was.

The change removes his ability to use the Möbius continuum, leaving him with just Deadspeak and telepathy. His mind soon wanes and he loses touch with his humanity, preferring to take the company of his Starside/Sunside wolf brethren.

Nathan Keogh/Kiklu
Son of the main character, Harry Keogh and a Szgany traveller woman Nana Kiklu, born in the vampire world of Sunside/Starside with his twin brother Nestor, Nathan is at first the quietest and most withdrawn of the two and is thought of as dumb by some of the Szgany tribe due to his lack of confidence, his stutter and unwillingness to speak, only talking to those closest to him.

Inheriting his fathers deadspeak powers Nathan hears the thoughts of the dead in his dreams but they refuse to talk to him, wary of him as they had been his father at the end of his life. He also communicates with three friendly wolves which talk to him telepathically while he sleeps, although not knowing why or understanding how Nathan takes them as just dreams. By the trilogy's end, it is revealed that they are the Dweller's pups, born with intelligence rivalling man, with their father's Deadspeak and sense of direction (the ability that Harry Jr/The Dweller used in finding the way to Sunside/Starside).

Everything changes for Nathan when his village on Sunside is attacked by Wamphyri. Seeking his lost brother, he leaves on a long journey of discovery taking him across the whole of Sunside/Starside. Becoming strong and confident, losing his stutter, and learning to use his long dormant telepathy while on his travels, he eventually returns to his Szgany clan before being taken by the Wamphyri and is thrown through a gate to Earth.

Arriving in a Russian base, he escapes and is found by the British E-Branch who teach him of his heritage and his true father. More importantly, Nathan finally learns the ways of teleportation via the Möbius continuum like his father.

With the help of the fictional British E-Branch, Nathan returns to his own world and wages war on the Wamphyri.

Jake Cutter
Jake Cutter is not a blood relative of the main character, Harry Keogh, but becomes a Necroscope when the world is once again threatened by the Wamphyri.

Apparently chosen by the spirit of the dead Harry Keogh, Jake is spotted and recruited by the British E-Branch where he is tutored and taught about Harry's legacy and deadspeak and eventually masters the Möbius continuum.

Scott St. John
Also not of the main character, Harry Keogh's, bloodline. While in mourning for his dead wife, Scott is struck by a fragment of Harry and becomes a Necroscope.

Wamphyri
The main antagonists of the series, the Wamphyri Lords (pronounced "Vam-Fear-Eee") are maleficent, primeval and dominating predatory creatures. Lumley reinterpreted the traditional vampire legend, working mostly within the rules set by Bram Stoker's Dracula. In his stories, vampires are a leech-like creatures from an alien world that form a symbiotic relationship with a host creature, usually a human or sometimes an animal. While the symbiosis puts great demands on the host, such as feeding on blood, the benefits include increased strength, speed, and resilience; a seemingly infinite lifespan; magnified senses; base emotional stimulation; access to latent psychic power; shapeshifting; and certain narcotic effects, including control over weak-minded people.

Vampiric leeches begin their original life cycle as a fungus formed from the decomposed flesh and fats of a deceased vampire. When a suitable host is detected, the fungus releases spores that slowly adapt the victim's body to suit the growth of a leech. During the transformation, hosts show traditional signs of vampirism, such as aversion to light and garlic. The next stage is a death-like catatonia, which can be immediately induced through direct transmission of bodily fluids, such as bite or sex. Powerful vampires can be quickly created by infusing the host with a leech's egg, but most leeches lay only one egg during their lifetime. "Mothers", which can lay multiple eggs, are widely feared for their ability to quickly produce an army of vampires, but vampire legends say the process can make Mothers become a lifeless husk.

In the Necroscope series, vampires are described as being divided into several classes: lesser vampiric creatures consisting of animals that may have been infected for a purpose or merely escaped; thralls, who have no will of their own but have abilities beyond that of a human; lieutenants, who are more powerful thralls; eggsons and eggdaughters, who come from eggs; bloodsons and blooddaughters, who are vampires born from sexual intercourse with humans; and lords and ladies, known as the "true wamphyri". Lords and ladies have adult leeches, and their abilities far surpass that of thralls. Although it is conceivable that lords or ladies could be killed through starvation or grievous bodily harm, the only reliable way to kill them is by decapitation or immolation – preferably both. Vampires can regenerate from injuries as long as their leech remains alive, and a dead leech's psychic consciousness can persist through the fungal stage, if it is powerful enough. Certain virulent diseases, such as leprosy, can slowly kill vampires through centuries of suffering.

Wamphyri control their own planet, but Earth has shorter nights, better technology, and more humans which make vampires more vulnerable. According to the series, they generally favor subtlety while on Earth. Vampires consider the flesh of human children a delicacy, though they also eat fruits and drink wine. Some vampires attempt to maintain their humanity, but this does not usually last. Wamphyrii psychology is based around intensified emotional states. They are constantly fearful of anyone they consider a threat and may avoid their own kind. Lesser vampires are frequently ambitious to rise in rank, partly out of lust for power, but also to escape the abuse of higher ranking vampires. Vampire society resembles the pack structure of wild social predators. They need social interaction but within rigid structures of control and dominance. Vampires in Lumley's novels are most often bisexual to some extent and frequently engage in various forms of incest and abuse with their offspring either by blood or by egg. The most desired treat is another vampire's leech or blood, so cannibalism is also common within the series.

Supplemental bibliography

 * Miranda Horner, Daniel Scot Palter, Brian Sean Perry and Jesse VanValkenburg. Deadspeak Dossier (1995)
 * Miranda Horner and George R. Strayton. The E-Branch Guide to Psionics (1996)
 * Edward Bolme and Andrew Heckt. Wamphyri (1996)
 * Mark Barnabo, Edward S. Bolme, Angel McCoy, and Christopher E. Wolf. Operation: Nightside (1997)

title: Necroscope


text:
Phase response

In signal processing, phase response is the relationship between the phase of a sinusoidal input and the output signal passing through any device that accepts input and produces an output signal, such as an amplifier or a filter.

Amplifiers, filters, and other devices are often categorized by their amplitude and/or phase response. The amplitude response is the ratio of output amplitude to input, usually a function of the frequency. Similarly, phase response is the phase of the output with the input as reference. The input is defined as zero phase. A phase response is not limited to lying between 0° and 360°, as phase can accumulate to any amount of time.

title: Phase response


text: Talk:Ma (Sumerian mythology)

title: Talk:Ma (Sumerian mythology)


text:
Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics

Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in the town of Pinerolo, Italy from February 13 to February 24. It proved to be the sleeper hit in terms of television ratings in Italy. According to a CBC feature, curling at the 2006 Winter Games drew 5 million viewers, eclipsing ice hockey and figure skating. This, and the success of the Italian men's curling team created a surge of interest in curling within Italy, where there was no previous tradition of the sport and only a few hundred players.

Summary
Days before the 2006 Winter Games began, the IOC confirmed that the curling competition at the 1924 Winter Olympics was an official event, and not a demonstration event as many authoritative sources had previously claimed. However, the IOC itself had never done so. This official confirmation was the culmination of an investigative campaign begun by the Glasgow-based newspaper The Herald, on behalf of the families of the eight Scots who won the first curling Olympic gold medal in Chamonix, France in 1924. The winning team was selected by the Royal Caledonian Curling Club, Perth, the mother club of curling.

Defending champion skips Rhona Martin of Great Britain & Northern Ireland and Pål Trulsen of Norway returned to defend their gold medals. Joining Martin on the women's side were 2005 World champion Anette Norberg of Sweden, 2002 World Junior champion Cassandra Johnson  of the United States of America, two-time world champion Dordi Nordby of Norway, 1996 European champion Mirjam Ott of Switzerland, 2004 Canadian Mixed champion Shannon Kleibrink of Canada, 2005 European Junior Challenge champion Ludmila Privivkova of Russia, three time Pacific Curling champion Ayumi Onodera of Japan, 1994 European champion Dorthe Holm of Denmark, and for the host country, 2003 World Junior bronze medalist Diana Gaspari from Italy.

Joining Trulsen on the men's side was 2001 World Junior Champion Brad Gushue of Canada with the help of two-time World champion Russ Howard calling the shots, former World Junior champion and European champion David Murdoch of Great Britain, two-time European champion Andy Kapp of Germany, 2000 European champion and 2005 European mixed champion Markku Uusipaavalniemi of Finland, 1993 World Championship bronze medalist Pete Fenson of the United States of America, 1997 World Junior champion Ralph Stöckli of Switzerland, three-time Pacific Curling champion Sean Becker of New Zealand, three-time World Champion Peja Lindholm of Sweden, and the host Italian team skipped by Joel Retornaz.

Draw 1 - Monday, February 13, 1400
Note: hammers denote the team that had the last stone in the first end.

Semi-finals - Wednesday, February 22, 1400
1 vs. 4 In a close game, Sweden's Anette Norberg (1) edged out Norway's Dordi Nordby (4). The turning point of the game came in the eighth end when Sweden scored the only steal of the game. From this point on the Swedish team was ahead. Anette Norberg curled 85% while Dordi Nordby struggled, which was the difference in the game.

2 vs. 3 In the other semi-final, Canada's Shannon Kleibrink team (3) faced off against Mirjam Ott of Switzerland (2). After Ott scored 3 in the third end getting a split off a rock in front of the house, Kleibrink was unable to mount a comeback. The Swiss team managed to keep in the lead for the rest of the game. Mirjam Ott curling 88% in the game ensured victory for the Swiss team, while Shannon Kleibrink struggled at 66%.

Bronze medal game - Thursday, February 23, 1300
Canada scored four in the first end after Dordi Nordby, the Norwegian skip flopped her rock over on a heavy freeze attempt and was removed by Shannon Kleibrink, the Canadian skip on her last rock. With three other Canadian rocks in the house, Canada scored four. Canada never looked back, scoring four more points in the fifth end en route to an 11-5 thrashing of Norway.

Gold medal game - Thursday, February 23, 1730
Sweden held the lead for much of the game, but saw the Swiss team start to claw back late in the game. In the 8th end, a decision by Swedish skip Anette Norberg to hit an unthreatening rock out of the house on her last rock instead of a guard was followed by a great raise of a Swiss rock on to a small corner of the button by Swiss skip Mirjam Ott. This brought the Swiss within one point of a tie. They continued to claw back, and after ten ends the game was tied, so they had to go to another. In the 11th end, the Swiss played a good end, leaving Anette Norberg a difficult double take-out on her last rock to win the gold medal. Norberg was successful, leaving her stone in the house to win the game, and the gold medal, 7–6.

Round robin final player percentages
''Minimum 6 games. Five best players from each position''

Teams

 * * – Calls the game as a skip normally would
 * × – The Olympics have recorded the skip as Russ Howard, however the team internally considers that Brad Gushue is skip. It is a team formed by Brad Gushue.

Standings

Draw 1 - Monday, February 13, 0900
Note: in the following, the hammers denote the team that has the last stone in the first end.

Draw 2 - Monday, February 13, 1900

Draw 3 - Tuesday, February 14, 1400

Draw 4 - Wednesday, February 15, 0900

Draw 5 - Wednesday, February 15, 1900

Draw 6 - Thursday, February 16, 1400

Draw 7 - Friday, February 17, 0900

Draw 8 - Friday, February 17, 1900

Draw 9 - Saturday, February 18, 1400

Draw 10 - Sunday, February 19, 0900

Draw 11 - Sunday, February 19, 1900

Draw 12 - Monday, February 20, 1400

Semi-finals - Wednesday, February 22, 1900
1 vs. 4

In a close game, where both teams played extremely well, the game came down to the last rock of the tenth end. Finland (1) had the hammer, and skip Markku Uusipaavalniemi had to put a rock right on the button to win the game. It was either that or a difficult hit and roll off a British (4) rock in the four-foot frozen to a Finnish rock. British skip David Murdoch had an excellent raise hit and roll to make the freeze on his last rock, but it was no match for Markku's draw—giving Finland the win.

2 vs. 3

In the other semi-final, Canada (2) outplayed the Americans (3) for most of the game propelling them to victory. The Americans kept it close for most of the game, always within a few points until the ninth end. With Canada having the hammer, USA skip Pete Fenson had a difficult draw to beat out four Canadian stones and get buried but half of the rock was left out in the open. Canada's skip Brad Gushue peeled off Fenson's rock on his last, giving Gushue five points, at which point the American team conceded.

Bronze medal game - Friday, February 24, 1300
US skip Pete Fenson got the victory after hitting a British stone in the open on his last shot of the game, giving him the only point he needed in the 8–6 victory. The momentum for the Americans began in the third end however, when the Americans scored a three-ender. David Murdoch, the British skip tried to draw to the button on top of two American stones, but was a few inches short, leaving the rock in the open. It was easily tapped out by Fenson giving the Americans three points, and they never trailed after that point, going on to win the country's first Olympic curling medal. The game was interrupted by a streaker wearing a rubber chicken, prompting one of the British players to joke, "Are you Scottish?"

Gold medal game - Friday, February 24, 1730
After Finland skip Markku Uusipaavalniemi missed an opportunity with the hammer in the 1st end, scoring only two points instead of three (0-2), Canada dominated and scored two points with the hammer in the 2nd end (2-2) before stealing the next two ends with a point in each (4-2). Finland finally won a point with the hammer in the 5th end to reduce the deficit (4-3), but numerous Finnish mistakes led to Canada's scoring six points in the 6th end (10-3), which effectively won the match and secured the gold medal. Brad Gushue of Canada actually had the chance to score an unusual seventh point with the hammer, but his draw shot had too much weight and together with some furious sweeping at the house by the Finland skip, it passed through the house. As it is, six is very unusual as well, and Gushue blamed the miss on nerves.

However, Gushue's miss was of little consequence due to Canada's lead. By this time, Finland wanted to concede, but had to carry on until the 8th end before being allowed to do so. They finished 10–4 with no points in the 7th end and one point in the 8th end. It was Canada's first gold medal in men's curling after winning silver at Nagano in 1998 and Salt Lake City in 2002. School children in Newfoundland and Labrador, where four of the five Canadians are from, had the afternoon off from school to watch the game. Those four Newfoundlanders were the first to ever win a gold medal at the Olympics. Mark Nichols, Canada's third, played phenomenally with a 97% shooting percentage. His raise-triple take-out in the sixth end was a major factor in Canada's scoring the six-point rarity.

Round robin final player percentages
''Minimum 6 games. Five best players from each position''

Canada
The Canadian Olympic trials took place December 3–11, 2005 in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Women
Tie-Breaker
 * Lawton 9-4 Middaugh

Playoffs
 * Semi-Final: Kleibrink 5-4 Lawton
 * Final: Kleibrink 8-7 Scott

Men
Playoffs
 * Semi-Final: Stoughton 8-6 Morris
 * Final: Gushue 8-7 Stoughton

Germany
The German Olympic trials were held on three weekends as part of a triple round-robin with no playoffs. The first weekend was played in Schwenningen on February 20–22 The second in Hamburg on March 3–6 and the third weekend was played in Baden-Hills on March 11–13. Only the men's teams qualified for the Olympics.

Final standings

Switzerland
The Swiss Olympic trials were held March 3–6, 2005 in Bern.

Women
Playoffs
 * 1 vs. 2: (best of 3) Ott 9-3 Ebnöther; Ebnöther 4-5 Ott
 * 3 vs. 4: (best of 3) Trinzoni 5-11 Strausak; Strausak 2-8 Trinzoni; Trinzoni 8-9 Strausak
 * Semi-final: (best of 3) Ebnöther 3-7 Strausak; Strausak 4-8 Ebnöther; Ebnöther 10-5 Strausak
 * Final: (best of 3) Ott 7-4 Ebnöther; Ebnöther 9-3 Ott; Ott 8-7 Ebnöther (EE)

Men
Playoffs
 * Final: (best of 5) Stöckli 6-8 Schwaller; Schwaller 5-3 Stöckli; Stöckli 7-5 Schwaller; Schwaller 3-8 Stöckli; Stöckli 6-4 Schwaller

United States
The U.S. Olympic trials were held February 19–26, 2005 in McFarland, Wisconsin. They double as the qualifying tournament to the 2005 Ford World Men's Curling Championship and the 2005 Ford World Women's Curling Championship. Results:

Women
Tie-breaker
 * Sormunen 13-10 Wright

Playoffs
 * 3 vs. 4: Lank (3) 9-4 Sormunen (4)
 * 1 vs. 2: McCormick (2) 8-6 Johnson (1)
 * Semi-final: Johnson 8-7 Lank
 * Final: Johnson 5-4 McCormick

Men
Tie-breaker
 * Brown 9-2 Clark
 * Brown 11-8 Baird

Playoffs
 * 3 vs. 4: Clark (4) 5-4 Baird (3)
 * 1 vs. 2: Fenson (1) 9-3 Brown (2)
 * Semi-final: Brown 7-6 Clark
 * Final: Fenson 7-3 Brown

Japan
The Japanese Olympic trials were held November 23, 2005 in Tokoro, Hokkaidō. Two teams, from Nagano (skipped by Yukako Tsuchiya) and Aomori (skipped by Ayumi Onodera) were eligible, with Aomori having the championship team. Therefore, Nagano had to win two games against Aomori to win, while Aomori needed to win either of the games.

Women
Playoffs
 * Game 1: Onodera 5-2 Tsuchiya
 * Game 2: Not needed

Other nations
The teams for most of the other nations were selected by a committee, usually by the governing body of the sport in that nation. The countries qualified based on a point system based on World Championship results. Note that these tables show the results of the Scotland team, at the Olympics, Scotland, as a country of the United Kingdom and a non-sovereign entity, competes under the name "Great Britain". The same point system of 12 points for the winner was used in 2005 World Championships even though the event was expanded to 12 teams from 10.

Men's

Women's

title: Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bell inequalities

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect to Bell's inequalities Bell's theorem. Deathphoenix 14:02, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

(Bell's inequalities is a redirect to Bell's theorem). --Deathphoenix 19:37, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Bell inequalities
This article, started 2005-Feb-10, is a POV fork of the old article Bell's theorem. Please note, that Bell's inequalities, created 2004-Nov-27 by Charles Matthews is a redirect to Bell's theorem. --Pjacobi 09:58, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC)
 * REdirect. -Sean Curtin 03:02, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete POV fork and redirect. -Lethe | Talk 08:07, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Bell's theorem. It's what a user would expect if (s)he searched for Bell inequalities. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 15:29, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete POV fork and redirect. Some sections might be subsumed in Bell test experiments, refering to specific experimental tests of certain inequalities. CSTAR 17:08, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Either keep or return to Bell's theorem. I am the main author of the page, and would like to point out that the material in it was formerly part of Bell's theorem.  It was removed recently by CSTAR to the beginning of Bell test experiments (another page for which I hold the main responsibility).  It is out of place there but could perhaps be shifted back to the Bell's theorem page.  The material is necessary for a complete description of the theorem, the page at present concentrating on the quantum mechanics side of the story.   Bell's actual contribution to physics consisted of the derivation using local realist principles of the first of the Bell inequalities.Caroline Thompson 18:25, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This appears to be an actual POV fork, rather than a subtopic spun out to its own article. As such, I make no vote about what happens to the content, but I vote for the article itself to be made a redirect to Bell's theorem. -- Antaeus Feldspar 19:06, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)  Update: By the evidence on Talk:Bell's theorem and on this VfD, it's become very clear that the content is original research, and that Caroline is not even trying to deny this but instead to argue that it's correct original research and should stay.  I am changing my vote on the content to delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 16:28, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The present Bell's theorem page contains the description of only one of the Bell inequalities. This inequality is not the one Bell originally derived, is derived in an unnecessarily restricted manner, using non-standard notation, and is not accompanied by a clear description of how it is to be applied.  To merely re-direct the current page to Bell's theorem is therefore not reasonable.  As a source of information on the inequalities, the present page is totally inadequate. Caroline Thompson 09:39, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Nevertheless, this appears to be an actual POV fork in the correct sense of the term, where the information, if true, belongs in the main original article -- the very one to which you are suggesting the material might be returned. Creating a new article that has a different title but is actually on the same subject, so that you can get in information that consensus will not let you get in the main article, is a POV fork and it's not a legitimate way to deal with a failure to get your material approved by consensus. -- Antaeus Feldspar 15:15, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Right, so the material should be returned to the main article, Bell's theorem. The notation in the new sections of this introduced by CSTAR is non-standard, though, so somebody will need to do a considerable amount of editing to convert it.  Alternatively (my preference!) let's delete CSTAR's new sections, effectively reverting to the edition of 16:24, 3 Jan 2005. Caroline Thompson 10:22, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * CSTAR: To say the material as now presented in the article is non-standard is ludicrous ...

 * [CHT: I did not say that. I said the notation was non-standard.  In point of fact, though, CSTAT's section on correlations is irrelevant.  Most of it is concerned with standard facts re the estimation of probabilities which, if it had been presented using, say, the probabilistic notation of Clauser and Horne's 1974 paper, could have been said in a couple of lines.]

 * CSTAR (continued): The current contents are the result of consensus, as the long record in the talk page clearly indicates ...

 * [CHT: That statement is open to question. From my point of view it seems a matter of just CSTAR and one or two others forcing through CSTAR's changes on the basis of appeal to authority.  It has been assumed that because they looked sufficiently mathematical and were clearly written from the "accepted" point of view they must be superior to my contributions.]

 * CSTAR (continued): It also indicates a belligerent attitude on her part, full of personal attacks ...

 * [CHT: Methinks thou dost exaggerate! I queried at one stage, on your talk page, whether your qualifications were better than mine.]

 * CSTAR (continued) By non-standard of course she means that it mentions quantum mechanics and gives an example which uses spin operators.  From  the comments on the talk page for that article (and at various other places in WP and throughout the internet) one can see that her position has been consistently trying to claim quantum mechanics is a conspiracy (as is the theory of relativity!) CSTAR 14:10, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * CHT: It does not matter what my opinion is! I'm concerned with presenting an accurate and if possible comprehensible version of the facts.  It is necessary for this purpose to make it clear that there is more than one Bell inequality and that they are not all equivalent.  [The statement that a Bell inequality has been violated carries different degrees of weight according as to which Bell inequality was used (and, incidentally, what adjustments may have been made to the data before analysis).]  It is also necessary to use consistent notation. Caroline Thompson 18:02, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * delete This does not add value.--DrChinese 15:00, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I fear the above opinion is made in ignorance of some of the facts. Dr Chinese has elsewhere expressed the opinion that all the various inequalities are equivalent.  Though this is widely believed it is not true, which is why the page is necessary.  Different inequalities involve different assumptions, over and above the basic ones of local realism.  Some inequalities have been used in practical applications, some not.  Can it really be the case (as recent discussions have seemed to indicate) that wikipedia is totally uninterested in expanding human knowledge and correcting misconceptions, only in regurgitating that which is (in the opinion of the few who take part) already "well known"?   Are people unable to read for themselves and see from the page that what is "well known" is, in this instance, clearly wrong? Caroline Thompson 22:05, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete POV fork, original research. Jayjg (talk) 22:00, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * What part of Bell inequalities is considered to be original research? I, the main author of the page, did not invent any of the inequalities!  I came into the picture in 1993, long after the inequalities had been discovered, and the page now contains no reference to my work.  No, there is no original research there, so that is not a valid reason for deletion.  It seems to me that there remain only the two options I suggested earlier: either keep or (after editing to standardise the notation of the existing page) re-insert in Bell's theorem. Caroline Thompson 10:00, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:84.154.82.86

title: User talk:84.154.82.86


text:
Sacred dance

Sacred dance is the use of dance in religious ceremonies and rituals, present in most religions throughout history and prehistory. Its connection with the human body and fertility has caused it to be forbidden by some religions; for example, some branches of Christianity and Islam have prohibited dancing. Dance has formed a major element of worship in Hindu temples, with strictly formalized styles such as Bharatanatyam, which require skilled dancers and temple musicians. In the 20th century, sacred dance has been revived by choreographers such as Bernhard Wosien as a means of developing community spirit.

Purposes

The theologian W. O. E. Oesterley proposed in 1923 that sacred dance had several purposes, the most important being to honour supernatural powers; the other purposes were to "show off" before the powers; to unite the dancer with a supernatural power, as in the dances for the Greek goddesses Demeter and Persephone; making the body suitable as a temporary dwelling-place for the deity, by dancing ecstatically to unconsciousness; making crops grow, or helping or encouraging the deity to make them grow, as with Ariadne's Dance as described in the Iliad; consecrating a victim for sacrifice (as with the Israelites circling the altar, or the Sarawak Kayans circling a sacrificial pig); paying homage to the deity present for an initiation ceremony; helping warriors to victory in battle, and appeasing the spirits of the enemy killed in battle; averting the dangers associated with marriage, at a wedding ceremony; and at a funeral or mourning ceremony, purposes such as driving away the malevolent ghost of the dead person, or preventing the ghost from leaving the grave, or frightening off any evil spirits attracted by the corpse, or temporarily and invisibly bringing the dead person back to join in the dance, or simply honouring the dead person.

The dancer and scholar Harriet Lihs in 2009 divided religious dance into dances of imitation, such as of animals thought to be spirit messengers, or of battles; "medicine dances", i.e. dances of healing, like the serpent dances in India used to prevent disease; commemorative dances, for events such as the winter solstice; and dances for spiritual connection, as in the whirling dance of the Whirling Dervishes within Sufism.

Laura Shannon, a teacher of sacred dance for women, in 2018 stated the purposes of contemporary sacred dance as practised at the Findhorn Foundation as "to be inclusive, mutually supportive, to connect with the earth, spirit and each other, and to become more whole." It was a means of channelling "healing energy" both for the dancers and for their families and communities, indeed for the whole world.

Within religion, ecstatic dance is one of the ways in which religious ecstasy is produced.

In ancient times
Indigenous ceremonial dance rituals around the world appear to preserve forms that were widespread in ancient times. For example, processionals and circle dances seen in indigenous dance today were used in ancient Egypt and among the Hebrews. In ancient Egypt, dancers impersonated a deity such as the goddess Hathor, taking on the deity's attributes and interpreting the divine world for those watching.

In ancient Israel, the Hebrew Bible mentions dancing during religious worship. The prophet Miriam led dancing following the crossing of the Red Sea during the Exodus. During the return of the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem, King David danced "before the Lord with all his might". Dancing is mentioned as something familiar, implying it was a common practice. Sacred dance is described in the Bible by verbs meaning dancing, rotating, jumping, skipping, and whirling. The dance was accompanied by hand-drums (tambourines), cymbals, flutes, pipes, lyres, harps, and lutes.

The Hittites are shown in a sacred processional dance in a c. 1200 BCrock inscription at the sanctuary of Yazılıkaya, near their city of Hattusa, in Cappadocia. A group of men wearing conical hats and tip-tilted shoes, and a group of women, dance in a running step towards a group of named gods and goddesses.

In ancient Greece, sacred dance was widespread; indeed, it formed a part of almost all worship, and the gods Apollo, Ares, Dionysus and Pan are all described as dancers, while other deities such as Artemis were described as dancing with their companions.

The Hawaiian Hula dances to Pele, the volcano goddess, survive, whereas European maypole dances have lost their meaning as tree-worship and survive only as folk tradition.

Lewis Farnell, an anthropologist, observed that sacred dance has an "extraordinary uniformity" among indigenous peoples all over the world, something that he found so striking that it suggested either "belief in an ultimately identical tradition, or, perhaps more reasonably, the psychologic theory that ... [humans] at the same stage of development respond with the same ... religious act to the same stimuli" from the environment. Oesterley suggested that these stimuli to sacred dance were people's response to supernatural power, and "the obtaining of food."

Judaism
Most branches of Judaism observe the festival of Simchat Torah, which includes dancing in synagogues. The Hasidic movement, which dates from the 18th century, practices dancing in a religious context. Dancing is also an important part of the celebrations at a Jewish wedding.

Christianity
Some Christian traditions make use of liturgical or worship dance, but it has long been controversial within the church. It has been supported, sometimes fervently, by both priests and Christian scholars; and opposed, sometimes stridently, by others who for example wrote some 157 tracts against dance between 1685 and 1963. The early church was largely in favour of dance, with the eminent Church Father Augustine arguing that Christian dance ought to be orderly according to a reasoned rhythm, in harmony with the Jewish tradition, but in contrast to ecstatic Greco-Roman dance. A typical early Christian dance is the 2nd century AD circle dance in the Acts of John which states that "Grace danceth. I would pipe: dance ye all. The whole world on high hath part in our dancing." Circle dance is used, in its more meditative form, in worship within religious traditions including the Church of England. In northern Greece and southern Bulgaria, in the annual celebrations for Saint Constantine and Saint Helen, dancers perform the Anastenaria, a fire-walking ritual, as the climax of three days of processions, music, dancing, and animal sacrifice.

Hinduism
Indian classical dances such as Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, and Mohiniattam can be traced to the Sanskrit text Natya Shastra. They are a traditional drama-dance expression of religion, related to Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, pan-Hindu epics and the Vedic literature. As a religious art, they are either performed inside the sanctum of a Hindu temple, or near it.

Islam and Sufism
Dance is unusual within Islam, but circle dance is used in the Islamic Haḍra dances. In the tradition of the Mevlevi Order founded by Rumi, ecstatic Sufi whirling is practised by devotees as a form of active meditation within the Sama (worship ceremony). In 2007, Sufi practices including ecstatic dance and the reciting of religious poetry were a focus for political resistance in Iran, reportedly banned by Shi'a clerics.

Syncretic
The syncretic Afro-American religious tradition Candomblé, practiced mainly in Brazil, makes use of music and ecstatic dance in which worshippers become possessed by their own tutelary deities, Orishas.

Spiritual and New Age

The mystic and spiritual teacher George Gurdjieff collected or authored a series of sacred dances, known as Gurdjieff movements, and taught them to his students as part of what he considered the work of "self observation" and "self study".

The Dances of Universal Peace, created in the 1960s by North American Sufis, leading among whom was Samuel L. Lewis (Sufi Ahmed Murad Chisti). The very first dance took place on 16 March, 1968 in San Francisco, California. It uses dancing, Sufi whirling, and singing of sacred phrases from a range different religions and spiritual traditions to raise consciousness and promote peace.

From 1976, the ballet master and choreographer Bernhard Wosien introduced circle dance at the Findhorn Foundation in Scotland. He used both traditional dances and his own choreography to develop "group awareness". Wosien's approach was taken up by the dance teacher Anna Barton, both at Findhorn and across Europe in the 1980s, and this style of sacred dance spread around the world.

In Western art
Choreographers starting with Isadora Duncan, Ruth St. Denis and her husband Ted Shawn, and Martha Graham developed contemporary dance early in the 20th century, often using elements of sacred dance and fusing them with other genres. Later choreographers also made use of themes from the Bible.

title: Sacred dance


text:
Kulpenberg TV tower

The Kulpenburg TV tower (Sender Kulpenberg) is a 94 m telecommunication tower on Kulpenberg mountain in Thuringia, Germany. It was built of reinforced concrete between 1959 and 1964 and has an observation deck and a restaurant at a height of 76 m. The observation deck and the restaurant are closed to visitors.

title: Kulpenberg TV tower


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Scottish Open (golf)

The Genesis Scottish Open is a professional golf tournament in Scotland, and is one of five tournaments that are part of the Rolex Series, which identifies it as one of the European Tour's premier events. It has been played on various courses, but in recent years it has been played on a links course, appealing to players who wish to gain experience before The Open, which takes place in the following week.

Since 1987 it has, together with John Deere Classic, been the last chance to qualify for The Open. It has been part of the Open Qualifying Series since that series started in 2014. The leading 3 players (4 in 2016) not already qualified, have received an entry to the Open. Before 2014 there was generally an exemption category so that the leading player or players, not already qualified, could play in the Open.

The Scottish Open became a Rolex Series event in 2017 (when the series was inaugurated), which meant the prize fund was increased to $7 million. Beginning in 2022, the tournament was co-sanctioned by the PGA Tour and title sponsored by Genesis.

1972 and 1973
The first Sunbeam Electric Scottish Open was part of the 1972 European Tour and was held at Downfield Golf Club in Dundee. Neil Coles beat Brian Huggett at the second hole of a sudden-death playoff, holing a 12-foot putt. Total prize money was £10,000 with a first prize of £2,000. Sunbeam Electric had sponsored the Sunbeam Electric Tournament in 1971.

In 1973 the event was played on the Old Course at St Andrews. Graham Marsh won by 6 strokes from Peter Oosterhuis. Total prize money was increased to £15,000 with a first prize of £2,500.

Both 1972 and 1973 tournaments were broadcast extensively on ITV. The tournament was cancelled when television coverage could not be arranged in 1974.

1986 revival
The event returned to the European Tour calendar in 1986 when, under a new sponsorship deal with Bell's, the Glasgow Open, which had been held at Haggs Castle Golf Club from 1983 to 1985, was rebranded as the Scottish Open. After remaining at Haggs Castle for the first year, the tournament moved to Gleneagles in 1987 and was played the week before the Open Championship. 1987 also saw the BBC broadcast live coverage of the event, and continued to do so until 1993. It remained at Gleneagles until Bell's withdrew their sponsorship in 1994 following the switch of TV coverage from BBC to SKY that year. In 1995 and 1996 it was held, without a sponsor, at Carnoustie.

The 1986 event had prize money of £130,000 with a first prize of £21,660. This rose to £200,000 with a first prize of £33,330 for the 1987 event at Gleneagles. This had risen to £600,000 and a first prize of £100,000 for the 1992 tournament. Despite the loss of Bell's sponsorship the prize money increased to £650,000 in 1995 but, with the event losing money, this was reduced to £480,000 in 1996.

Loch Lomond
From 1997 the Scottish Open's pre-Open place on the European Tour schedule was taken by the Loch Lomond World Invitational, which had been first held at Loch Lomond Golf Club in September 1996. The top-60 in the World Rankings were invited but few non-Europeans entered. The event was broadcast by the BBC. From 1997 to 2000 the Loch Lomond event was played the week before the Open Championship. These events did not use the Scottish Open name, the rights to which were owned by ISM. From 2001, it was decided that the Loch Lomond event would be known as the Scottish Open and all prior editions, including the September 1996 event, would be granted Scottish Open status. This resulted in the anomaly of there being two "Scottish Opens" in 1996. The September 1996 event had a first prize of £125,000, rising to £133,330 in 1997 and £183,330 by 2000.

The 2001 Scottish Open was run without a main sponsor but from 2002 it was known as the Barclays Scottish Open, and was played at Loch Lomond until 2010. Some concern was expressed that the course, which is very different from the links courses on which the Open Championship is played, put European Tour players at a disadvantage compared to their leading rivals from the PGA Tour, who traditionally spent a week practising for the Open on links courses in Ireland.

Links courses
In 2011 it was held at Castle Stuart Golf Links, near Inverness, due to the financial difficulties being suffered by Loch Lomond. Play was reduced to 54 holes (three rounds) in the tournament due to heavy rain, which caused flooding and landslides. Aberdeen Asset Management took over sponsorship in 2012, but the event remained at Castle Stuart in 2012 and 2013 before moving to Royal Aberdeen Golf Club in 2014. It was played at Gullane Golf Club in 2015 and at Castle Stuart Golf Links in 2016. In 2016, the attendance figures at Castle Stuart were disappointing, with a reduction of more than 20,000 to 41,809 over the four tournament days. In 2017 it was held in Ayrshire, for the first time in its current guise, at Dundonald Links, and was played at Gullane again in 2018. Since 2019 the event has been held at the Renaissance Club and is scheduled to remain there until 2026.

Disability event
From 2019, a 36-hole EDGA (European Disabled Golf Association) Scottish Open event of ten players takes place on the same course on the Saturday and Sunday morning of the main event.

Winners
Sources:

Previous event of same name
In 1935 Gleneagles hosted a Scottish Open Championship held on the King's course. Total prize money was £750. The R&A objected to the use of the term "Championship" being used for a tournament organised by a private enterprise. Percy Alliss won the tournament by 4 strokes from Jack Busson with an aggregate of 273. The 1936 tournament was sponsored by Penfold and known as the Penfold Scottish Open. Penfold had sponsored tournaments in Wales and England from 1932 to 1934. The tournament was played at Ayr Belleisle Golf Club. Total prize money was again £750. After 72 holes Jimmy Adams and Tom Collinge tied on 287. In the 36-hole playoff, Adams had rounds of 68 and 69 and won by 11 strokes. It was intended to hold the 1937 Penfold Scottish Open in the Carnoustie area, just before the 1937 Open Championship which was to be played there. The R&A objected to the arrangement and the event was cancelled. Penfold resumed their golf sponsorship with the Penfold Professional Golf League in 1938.

title: Scottish Open (golf)