text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gordon J Pownall

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:15, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Gordon J Pownall
notable? Nateji77 15:08, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This individual has developed "Rapid Gold Repairs" and a number of other frameworks within Psychotherapy in the UK, now being applied by over 400 therapists in a rnage of dicsiplines. His work into perception has drawn acrtive discussion within the profession and he has lectured internationally in Applied Psychotherapy - I think so....

His case work with over 800 clients and specialist work with Adult Survivors of Childhood Abuse has be drawn upon in teaching and developing rapid cognitive approaches to this area.

Yrs....A Morley PhD, Dip Psch
 * Comment by 62.140.196.133. This IP created the article originally. Average Earthman 16:23, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "Rapid Gold Repairs": 0 google hits. Let us wait until he invents Rapid Platinum Repairs. Mikkalai 01:45, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * moving this to the talk page. Nateji77 16:25, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of peer review, reads more like self-promotion, advertising. Wyss 19:16, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep for the moment. See the article talk page. Andrewa 19:34, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for the moment, see my reply at the article talk page. A plain, nonnotable therapist. Mikkalai
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 02:41, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Unless new evidence is found, delete per findings documented on the article's talk page. Rossami (talk) 22:32, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A "gifted therapist" ? Promo. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:19, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless citations are provided. Promotional, so would need a complete rewrite, and I'd require some academic cites to accept his qualifications (and I mean real ones, not plausible looking ones that can actually be obtained by a journalist's dead cat). Google scholar has nothing appropriate for G Pownall, nothing at all for GJ Pownall, Gordon Pownall, etc. I can't find anything at all anywhere for 'Rapid Gold Repairs', so can't judge that's importance. Average Earthman 12:34, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. For reasons mentioned above. Carrp | Talk 04:23, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The article fails to mention what it is that he has written, no book title (S) and ISBN. He definately has not had his writings published in scientific or humanities journals, Delete.--nixie 04:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:66.144.13.252

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:66.144.13.252


text: User talk:68.36.177.225

title: User talk:68.36.177.225


text: User talk:168.213.1.133

title: User talk:168.213.1.133


text:
How to Win Friends and Influence People

How to Win Friends and Influence People is a 1936 self-help book written by Dale Carnegie. Over 30 million copies have been sold worldwide, making it one of the best-selling books of all time.

Carnegie had been conducting business education courses in New York since 1912. In 1934, Leon Shimkin, of the publishing firm Simon & Schuster, took one of Carnegie's 14-week courses on human relations and public speaking, and later persuaded Carnegie to let a stenographer take notes from the course to be revised for publication. The initial five thousand copies of the book sold exceptionally well, going through 17 editions in its first year alone.

In 1981, a revised edition containing updated language and anecdotes was released. The revised edition reduced the number of sections from six to four, eliminating sections on effective business letters and improving marital satisfaction. In 2011, it was number 19 on Time's list of the 100 most influential Nonfiction books.

Contents
The 1981 edition of How to Win Friends and Influence People is broken into the following parts: "Twelve Things This Book Will Do For You", "Fundamental Techniques in Handling People", "Twelve Ways to Win People to Your Way of Thinking", and "Be a Leader: How to Change People Without Giving Offense or Arousing Resentment". The 1936 edition also contained "Letters That Produced Miraculous Results" and "Seven Rules for Making Your Home Life Happier".

Since the original release, examples and stories used in the books were adjusted to remain more relevant. Newer editions have only 4 parts to the book, including "Fundamental Techniques in Handling People", "Six Ways to Make People Like You", "How to Win People to Your way of Thinking", and "Be a Leader: How to Change People Without Giving Offense or Arousing Resentment".

Origins
Before How to Win Friends and Influence People was released, the genre of self-help books had an ample heritage. Authors such as Orison Swett Marden and Samuel Smiles had enormous success with their self-help books in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Dale Carnegie began his career teaching night classes at a YMCA in New York, later expanding to YMCAs in Philadelphia and Baltimore. He then taught independently at hotels in London, Paris, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, writing small booklets to go along with his courses. After one of his 14-week courses, he was approached by publisher Leon Shimkin of the publishing house Simon & Schuster. Shimkin urged Carnegie to write a book, but he was not initially persuaded. Shimkin then hired a stenographer to type up what he heard in one of Carnegie's long lectures and presented the transcript to Carnegie, who edited and revised it into a final form.

To market the book, Shimkin sent 500 copies of the book to former graduates of the Dale Carnegie Course, with a note that pointed out the utility of the book for refreshing students with the advice they had learned. The 500 mailed copies brought orders for over 5,000 more copies of the book and Simon & Schuster had to increase the original print order of 1,200 quickly. Shimkin also ran a full-page ad in the New York Times complete with quotes by Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller on the importance of human relations.

Originally published in November 1936, the book reached the New York Times best-seller list by the end of the year, and did not fall off for the next two years. Simon & Schuster continued to advertise the book relying heavily on testimonials as well as the testable approach the book offered.

Reception
How to Win Friends and Influence People became one of the most successful books in American history. It went through 17 print editions in its first year of publishing and sold 250,000 copies in the first three months. The book has sold over 30 million copies worldwide since and annually sells in excess of 250,000 copies. A 2013 Library of Congress survey ranked Carnegie's volume as the seventh most influential book in American history.

How to Win Friends and Influence People was number eight on the list of "Top Check Outs Of All Time" by the New York Public Library.

After How to Win Friends and Influence People was published in November 1936 and ascended rapidly on best-seller lists, the New York Times reviewed it in February 1937. They offered a balanced criticism, arguing that Carnegie indeed offered insightful advice in dealing with people, but that his wisdom was extremely simple and should not overrule the foundation of actual knowledge.

The satirical writer Sinclair Lewis waited a year to offer his scathing critique. He described Carnegie's method as teaching people to "smile and bob and pretend to be interested in other people's hobbies precisely so that you may screw things out of them." However, despite the criticism, sales continued to soar and the book was talked about and reviewed as it rapidly became mainstream.

Scholarly critique was little and oscillated over time. Due to the book's lay appeal, it was not significantly discussed in academic journals. In the early stages of the book's life, the few scholarly reviews that were written explained the contents of the book and attempted to describe what made the book popular. As time passed, however, scholarly reviews became more critical, chiding Carnegie for being insincere and manipulative.

How to Win Friends and Influence People was written for a popular audience and Carnegie successfully captured the attention of his target. The book experienced mass consumption and appeared in many popular periodicals, including garnering 10 pages in the January 1937 edition of Reader's Digest.

The book continued to remain at the top of best-seller lists and was even noted in the New York Times to have been extremely successful in Nazi Germany, much to the writer's bewilderment. It was written that Carnegie would rate "butter higher than guns as a means of winning friends" something "diametrically opposite to the official German view."

Carnegie described his book as an "action-book" but it is today categorized as one of the first in the self-help genre. Almost every self-help book since has borrowed some type of style or form from Carnegie's "path-breaking best seller."

Legacy

 * Warren Buffett took the Dale Carnegie course "How to Win Friends and Influence People" when he was 20 years old, and to this day has the diploma in his office.
 * The book is said to have greatly influenced the life of television and film actress Donna Reed. It was given to her by her high school chemistry teacher Edward Tompkins to read as a sophomore at Denison (Iowa) High School in 1936. Upon reading it, she won the lead in the school play, was voted Campus Queen, and was in the top 10 of the 1938 graduating class.
 * Charles Manson used what he learned from the book in prison to manipulate others into killing on his behalf.
 * During the 1998 kidnapping of LDS missionaries in Saratov, Russia, the kidnapped missionaries used strategies from the book in an attempt for leniency from their captors.

title: How to Win Friends and Influence People


text:
Lou Groza

Louis Roy Groza (January 25, 1924 – November 29, 2000), nicknamed "the Toe", was an American professional football offensive tackle and placekicker while playing his entire career for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL). Groza was professional football's career kicking and points leader when he retired after the 1967 season. He played in 21 seasons for the Browns, helping the team to win eight league championships in that span. Groza's accuracy and strength as a kicker influenced the development of place-kicking as a specialty; he could kick field goals from beyond 50 yd at a time when attempts from that distance were a rarity. He set numerous records for distance and number of field goals kicked during his career.

Groza grew up in an athletic family in Martins Ferry, Ohio. He enrolled at Ohio State University on a scholarship in 1942, but after just one year in college, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and was sent to serve in World War II. Groza deployed as an army surgical technician in the Pacific theater, where he stayed until returning in 1946 to play for the Browns. Helped by Groza's kicking and play at offensive tackle, the Browns won the AAFC championship every year between 1946 and 1949, when the league disbanded and the Browns were absorbed by the more established NFL. Cleveland won the NFL championship in its first year in the league on a last-minute field goal by Groza. Groza set NFL records for field goals made in 1950, 1952 and 1953. Sporting News named him the league's Most Valuable Player in 1954, when the Browns won another championship. The team repeated as NFL champions in 1955.

Groza retired briefly after the 1959 season due to a back injury, but returned in 1961. He was part of a 1964 team that won another NFL championship. Groza retired for good after the 1967 season. Later in life, he ran an insurance business and served as a team ambassador for the Browns. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974. In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission named the Lou Groza Award after him. The award is given annually to the country's best college placekicker. Groza died in 2000 of a heart attack.

Early life
Born in eastern Ohio in Martins Ferry, just north and across the Ohio River from Wheeling, West Virginia, Groza's parents were immigrants from Transylvania, Austria-Hungary (today in Romania). His Hungarian mother Mary and Romanian father John (Ioan) Groza owned and ran Groza's Tavern on Main Street. Lou was the smallest in stature of four boys in an athletic family; his brother Alex became a star basketball player at the University of Kentucky, a member of two national championship teams.

Groza lettered in football, basketball, and baseball at Martins Ferry High School. The Purple Riders won the state basketball championship in 1941, when Groza was its captain. He was also captain of the baseball team. Groza learned placekicking from his older brother Frank, and practiced by trying to kickballs over telephone wires when he and his friends played touch football in the street.

College career and military service
Groza graduated from high school in 1942 and enrolled on an athletic scholarship at the Ohio State University in Columbus, where he played as a tackle and placekicker on the Buckeyes' freshman team. Groza played in three games and kicked five field goals, including one from 45 yd away. In 1943, he enlisted in the U.S. Army as World War II intensified. He first went for basic training to Abilene, Texas, and then to the Brooke Army Medical Center at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio.

After a stint with the short-lived Army Service Training Program, Groza was sent with the 96th Infantry Division to serve as a surgical technician in Leyte, Okinawa, and other places in the Pacific theater in 1945. The day he landed in the Philippines, Groza saw a soldier shot in the face. He was stationed in a bank of tents about five miles from the front lines and helped doctors tend to the wounded. "I saw a lot of men wounded with severe injuries", he later said. "Lose legs, guts hanging out, stuff like that. It's a tough thing, but you get hardened to it, and you accept it as part of your being there."

While he was in the Army, he received a package from Paul Brown, the Ohio State football coach. It contained footballs and a contract for him to sign to play on a team Brown was coaching in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC). He signed the contract in May 1945 and agreed to join the team, called the Cleveland Browns, after the war ended in 1946. Groza got $500 a month stipend until the end of the war and a $7,500 annual salary.

Professional career
Following his discharge from military service, Groza reported to the Browns' training camp in Bowling Green, Ohio. He showed up in army fatigues carrying all his clothes in a duffel bag. There, he joined quarterback Otto Graham, fullback Marion Motley and receivers Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie to form the core of the new team's offense. Groza was mainly a placekicker in his first two years with the Browns, but he played a big part in the team's early success. In his first season, he set a professional football record for both field goals and extra points. The Browns, meanwhile, advanced to the AAFC championship against the New York Yankees. Groza sprained his ankle in the game and missed three field goals, but Cleveland won 14–9. Behind a powerful offense led by Graham, Motley and Lavelli, the Browns finished the 1947 season with a 12–1–1 record and made it back to the championship game. Groza, however, was injured and could only watch as the team won its second championship in a row.

Further success followed for the Browns and Groza, who was nicknamed "the Toe" by a sportswriter for his kicking abilities. Groza led the league in field goals and the team won all of its games in 1948, recording professional football's first perfect season. As he grew into a star placekicker, Groza began playing regularly at offensive tackle beginning in 1948. One highlight of that year for Groza was a 53-yard field goal against the AAFC's Brooklyn Dodgers that was then the longest kick in pro football history. With Groza, the Browns could attempt field goals at a range many other teams could not. "Anywhere from 40 to 50 yd, he was a weapon", Tommy James, Groza's holder for eight years, later said. Another championship win followed in 1949, but the AAFC dissolved after the season, and the Browns were among three teams absorbed by the more established National Football League (NFL).

The war had shortened Groza's college career, so he continued to study at Ohio State in the offseason in his early years with the Browns. He graduated with a degree in business in 1949. Groza married that year, to Jackie Lou Robbins, a girl from Martins Ferry who was working as a model in New York City when they first dated.

The Browns' debut in the NFL in the 1950 season was closely watched; while the team dominated the AAFC in its short existence, some sportswriters, NFL owners and coaches considered the league inferior. Cleveland put all doubts to rest in its first game against the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles, winning 35–10. In a game against the Washington Redskins later in the season, Groza broke a 24-year-old NFL record by kicking his 13th field goal of the season. He also scored the only touchdown of his career in that game on a reception from Graham. The Browns ended the regular season with a 10–2 record in the American Conference, tied with the New York Giants. That forced a playoff against the Giants in which Groza kicked the winning field goal for the Browns with under a minute to play.

The Browns next faced the Los Angeles Rams in the championship game. Groza came into the game as the NFL's leading kicker, both in terms of points scored and accuracy. He had a success rate of 68.4% in an era when most teams made fewer than half of their attempts. The Rams went ahead early in the game on a touchdown pass from star quarterback Bob Waterfield and a scoring run by Dick Hoerner. But Graham and the Browns came back with four touchdowns, two to receiver Dante Lavelli. As time wound down in the fourth quarter, however, the Rams were ahead 28–27, and Cleveland had a final chance to win the game. Graham drove the offense to the Rams' nine-yard line and set up a Groza field goal attempt. The 16-yard try sailed through the uprights with 28 seconds left, giving the Browns a 30–28 victory. It was the biggest kick of Groza's career. "I never thought I would miss", he said later. After the season, Groza was named to the first-ever Pro Bowl, the NFL's all-star game.

Cleveland again reached the championship game in 1951, but lost this time in a rematch against the Rams. Groza had a 52-yard field goal in the game, a record for a championship or Super Bowl that stood for 42 years. He was again named to the Pro Bowl after the season. The same scenario was repeated in 1952 and 1953: the Browns reached the championship both years, but lost both times to the Detroit Lions. Groza was playing with cracked ribs in the 1952 championship loss, and he missed three field goals. Groza set a record in 1953 when he made 23 field goals and had an 88.5% success rate, a single-season mark that stood for 28 years. He made the Pro Bowl again in 1952 and 1953, and was a first-team All-Pro selection both years.

The Browns came back in 1954 to win another championship. That year, Groza was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player by Sporting News. Cleveland won the championship again in 1955, beating the Rams 38–14. Groza was named to the Pro Bowl and sportswriters' All-Pro teams in 1954 and 1955.

Hurt by Graham's retirement before the season, Cleveland had its first-ever losing season in 1956. Groza's kicking continued to be a strength through the ensuing three years: he reached the Pro Bowl in 1957, 1958 and 1959, and tied Sam Baker for league leader in points scored in 1957. Cleveland reached the championship game in 1957 but lost to the Lions. The Browns lost to the New York Giants in a single-elimination playoff in 1958, and failed to reach the postseason in 1959. Groza sat out after the 1959 season due to a back injury and was presumed to be retired. While his kicking was his most visible contribution to the team, Groza was also an offensive tackle up until his injury, when Brown replaced him with Dick Schafrath. "Lou never got all the credit he deserved for his tackle play, probably because his great kicking skills got him more notoriety", Andy Robustelli, a defensive end who played against Groza, later said.

Groza took 1960 off and did some scouting for the team. He also focused on an insurance business he started. "I was 36 and I thought I had retired", he said. The following year, however, he came back to the team at the urging of Art Modell, who bought the Browns that year. Not wanting to use a roster spot on a kicking specialist (Groza's back injury prevented him from playing on the line), Brown had signed Sam Baker to kick and play halfback. But Groza was eager to return and Modell insisted. Groza stayed with the team as a placekicker until 1967, and was on a Browns team that won the 1964 championship. Groza scored the first points in that game on a third-quarter field goal. He also kicked four kickoffs more than 70 yd and out of the Baltimore Colts end zone, preventing a return. Cleveland won 27–0.

When Groza retired for good in 1968 after 21 seasons in professional football, he held NFL career records for points scored, field goals made and extra points made. He had 234 field goals, 641 extra points, and 1,349 total points in the NFL. Counting his AAFC years, his career point total was 1,603. He was the last of the original Browns still on the team. Groza, who was 44 years old when he quit the game, said in his memoir that retiring was "the saddest day of my football life." His top salary was $50,000 in his final year.

Later life and death
After Groza retired, he entertained an offer to play for the San Francisco 49ers, but was reluctant to do so because he did not want to move his family and insurance business to the West Coast. He was offered a spot with the Browns as a kicking coach, helping mentor the young Don Cockroft, but he declined. Later in life, he became an ambassador and father figure for the Browns, inviting rookies over for dinner and helping them find apartments. He continued to run a successful insurance business and lived in Berea, Ohio near the Browns' headquarters and training facility. He and his wife Jackie were known as the team's First Family.

Modell relocated the Browns to Baltimore in 1995 and renamed the team the Ravens, provoking a wave of anger and disbelief from fans and former players. Groza was a leading critic of the move, saying it was "like some man walking off with your wife." In 1996, Groza wrote a memoir titled The Toe: The Lou Groza Story. The Browns restarted as an expansion team in 1999.

Groza was hobbled in the late 1990s by back and hip surgeries and Parkinson's disease. He suffered a heart attack in 2000 after dinner with his wife at Columbia Hills Country Club in Columbia Station, Ohio. He was taken to a hospital in Middleburg Heights, Ohio, where he died. He was buried in Sunset Memorial Park in North Olmsted, Ohio. Groza and his wife had three sons and a daughter. Following Groza's death, the Browns wore his number 76 on their helmets for the 2001 season.

Kicking style

While field goals had long been viewed as an important part of football strategy, kicking specialists were a rarity before Groza's time. Groza's success from distances of 40 yd and beyond raised the bar for kickers across the league. He set single-season NFL records for accuracy, distance and number of field goals in his first three years in the league, marks that went unbeaten until kicking specialists became a common feature of the game in the early 1970s.

Groza's kicking was the difference in 15% of the Browns' games during the AAFC years, and teams began to take notice when his field goals made the difference in both the NFL playoffs and the championship game in 1950. "Everybody started to pay attention to field goals when the Browns started to win games with them", Pat Summerall said. Groza led the NFL in field goals made five times in his career.

Groza was a straight-ahead kicker. He approached the football in a straight line and booted it with the top of his foot, aiming for the middle of the ball. Early in his career, Groza scraped the ground with his cleats in a straight line to help guide his kicks. Later he put down a piece of one-inch adhesive tape rolled up inside his helmet.

The "Lou Groza Rule" in 1950 banned the use of artificial kicking aids, including the tape. The straight-ahead style used by Groza and other kickers of his era has since been supplanted by soccer-style kicking with the side of the foot. "I don't know why all the kids kick soccer-style", he said in 1997. "They kick the ball with the side of their foot, which is supposed to give them better control. I don't know, I never tried it."

Legacy
Groza was named to the National Football League 1950s All-Decade Team in 1969 and inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974. The Browns retired his number 76; he is also in the team's Ring of Honor, a grouping of the best players in the club's history whose names are displayed below upper-deck seats at FirstEnergy Stadium. In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission established the Lou Groza Award, given to the best National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) kicker. One of his kicking shoes is part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. In 2006, Lou was inducted into the National High School Hall of Fame for his athletic exploits in baseball, basketball & football at Martins Ferry High School where he earned 12 varsity letters and led the football and basketball teams to State championships. In 1941 as a junior, Lou led the Martins Ferry High School basketball team to the class A championship. He set a State record for points scored in the four tournament games with 51. In the State semi-final game against Xenia Central, he hit two free throws with no time left on the clock to secure the victory. In the title game, he was high scorer with 18 points. He was named tournament MVP, a member of the All-State Tournament Team, and first-team All-Ohio center. In 1941 as a senior, he led the Martins Ferry High School football team to a share of the State championship tying Toledo Libbey 14-14. Lou started as offensive and defensive tackle as well as being the place kicker. He was selected first-team All-Ohio by both the Associated Press and United Press International. During his high school years, he was named Captain of the football, basketball and baseball teams.

The city of Berea, Ohio (where Groza settled after his retirement), has honored him in numerous ways:

 * The street the Browns training facility is located was renamed 76 Lou Groza Boulevard
 * In 2012, Lou Groza Field was built in Berea.
 * The above field is home of the Lou Groza Football program, serving middle school aged children in suburban Cleveland.
 * In 2016, Groza was honored with a statue in front of his namesake field.

title: Lou Groza


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lake dialect

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:16, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Lake dialect
A web search yielded no information on this so-called "dialect". I am therefore inclined to believe it is made up. A request for sources I made on the contributor's talk page has gone unheeded. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 15:19, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Update: This obituary seems to confirm there is an Italian-American neighborhood in Newton known colloquially as "The Lake", and that some residents there have created their own dialect. I still don't believe an article on the "Lake dialect" is warranted, though. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 15:52, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, unintelligible local dialects are not inherently encyclopedic. Wyss 19:14, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, we in the linguistic community call "unintelligible dialects" languages, and languages, I believe, are inherently notable. I'd like to see some verification that this actually exists though. — Ливай | ☺ 21:55, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry to tell you this, but you're deeply mistaken and might wish to consult any standard reference text for a quick refresher on the difference between a language and a dialect. Further, my use of the word intelligible was a reference to its use in the article, as an example of (and commentary on) its unencyclopedic tone. Wyss 04:48, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm quite familiar with the debate over what is a "language" and what is a "dialect" and some political/cultural factors often factor into people's decision over whether to call something a language or a dialect, but current usage of what constitutes a language in a purely linguistic sense seems to be based on mutual intelligibility, which is admittedly hardly a straightforward criterion, and many continuums and varying degrees of intelligibility exist that cloud the issue, e.g. Dutch/German, Danish/Norwegian/Swedish, Hindi/Urdu, etc. If it is a mixture of Italian and New England English, this could mean many things from a full-fledged pidgin (unlikely but such things are known to happen) to English with some Italian words and a heavy accent, and if the mutual intelligibility of this speech with American English is in question I think we should keep the content to see if we can further investigate the matter rather than simply deleting it. — Ливай | ☺ 08:14, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * So, keep for now. — Ливай | ☺ 08:16, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Huh? This has nothing to do with any political debate over some spoken dialect with characteristics of a discreet language and I guess I should repeat, my use of the term intelligible was meant as a comment on the article's tone, not the characteristics of the dialect. The question addressed by this VfD is whether or not this specific local neighbourhood dialect is encyclopedic (there are thousands of these around the world, they're a natural phenomenon of language). Wyss 17:04, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Concur. Keep for now (the obit above seems a decent citation); hope to get some solid expansion on this, possible move if it turns out there is a better name. -- Jmabel | Talk 02:09, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, local minor dialect, article does not establish notability. Megan1967 02:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * With all due respect to Ливай, this article doesn't establish that the "Lake dialect" even exists. I say, the creator(s) have five days' grace period in which to establish the encyclopedicity of this dialect. If they haven't by then, delete. (P.S. If I typed in "Lake dialect" into Wikipedia's search box, I'd probably expect to find something on the dialect of the Lake District in England.) --Angr 10:00, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Newton is a close suburb of Boston with a population of about 90,000 in all, and 12% of the population is of Italian ancestry.  Nonantum (The Lake) is one of 14 "villages" within Newton, and is predominantly Italian-American.   Newton is a cosmopolitan, quite wealthy, suburb and it is hard to believe that any neighborhood of it would be isolated enough to develop a distinctive and enduring dialect beyond a few minor vocabulary variations. The obituary referenced above says the dialect was created by "a few old-timers" who blended Italian, English, and Romany (Gypsy).  That doesn't sound very notable, but if it has some linguistic or social characteristics that have made it of interest to scholars, I'll change my vote. --BM 14:32, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Probably a joke; article has no evidence there is any such dialect. Cut the link from lake (disambiguation) when this one goes. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:18, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Islands of the Clyde

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title: Talk:Islands of the Clyde


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Meall Dearg

Meall Dearg, meaning 'Red Hill' in Gaelic, may refer to several peaks in Scotland:

 * Meall Dearg (Aonach Eagach), a 953 m Munro forming the western end of the Aonach Eagach
 * Meall Dearg (Perth and Kinross), a 690 m Graham and Marilyn above Glen Cochill in Perth and Kinross; see List of Grahams (mountains)

title: Meall Dearg


text:
H.248

The Gateway Control Protocol (Megaco, H.248) is an implementation of the media gateway control protocol architecture for providing telecommunication services across a converged internetwork consisting of the traditional public switched telephone network (PSTN) and modern packet networks, such as the Internet. H.248 is the designation of the recommendations developed by the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) and Megaco is a contraction of media gateway control protocol used by the earliest specifications by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The standard published in March 2013 by ITU-T is entitled H.248.1: Gateway control protocol: Version 3.

Megaco/H.248 follows the guidelines published in RFC 2805 in April 2000, entitled Media Gateway Control Protocol Architecture and Requirements. The protocol performs the same functions as the Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), is however a formal standard while MGCP has only informational status. Using different syntax and symbolic representation, the two protocols are not directly interoperable. They are both complementary to H.323 and the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) protocols.

H.248 was the result of collaboration of the MEGACO working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Study Group 16. The IETF originally published the standard as RFC 3015, which was superseded by RFC 3525. The term Megaco is the IETF designation. Megaco combines concepts from MGCP and the Media Device Control Protocol (MDCP). MGCP originated from a combination of the Simple Gateway Control Protocol (SGCP) with the Internet Protocol Device Control (IPDC).

After the ITU took responsibility of the protocol maintenance, the IETF reclassified its publications as historic in RFC 5125. The ITU has published three versions of H.248, the most recent in September 2005. H.248 encompasses not only the base protocol specification in H.248.1, but many extensions defined throughout the H.248 sub-series.

Protocol overview

H.248/Megaco due to its master-slave nature does not describe the establishment of calls across domains or across media gateway controllers. H.248/Megaco is used for communication downward, to the media gateways and does not constitute a complete system. The architecture requires other protocols for communication between multiple MGCs.

The device that handles the call control function is referred to as an intelligent media gateway controller and the device that handles the media is referred to as a relatively unintelligent media gateway. H.248 defines the protocol for media gateway controllers to control media gateways for the support of multimedia streams across IP networks and the public switched telephone network (PSTN). It is typically used for providing Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services like voice and fax between IP networks and the PSTN), or entirely within IP networks.

Because of the types of devices targeted for control by H.248/Megaco and the low level of its control structure, H.248 is generally viewed as complementary to H.323 and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). While a media gateway controller (MGC) uses H.248/Megaco to manage media establishment and control with a number of media gateways (MGs), other VoIP protocols, such as SIP and H.323 are used for one communication between controllers. From a SIP perspective, the combination of MGC and MGs are treated together as a SIP Gateway.

The H.248/Megaco model describes a connection model that contains the logical entities, or objects, within the Media Gateways (MGs) that can be controlled by the Media Gateway Controller. The main entities are Contexts and Terminations.

 * Terminations
 * These source or sink one or more media streams or control streams. Terminations may be physical or ephemeral

 * Contexts
 * These are star connections created by associating multiple terminations. A logical entity on an MG that is an association between a collection of Terminations. A NULL context contains all non-associated terminations. A Context is a logical entity on an MG that is an association between a collection of Terminations. A ContextID identifies a Context.

 * The normal, "active" context might have a physical termination (say, one DS0 in a DS3) and one ephemeral one (the RTP stream connecting the gateway to the network). Contexts are created and released by the MG under command of the MGC. A context is created by adding the first termination, and it is released by removing (subtracting) the last termination.

 * A termination may have more than one stream, and therefore a context may be a multistream context. Audio, video, and data streams may exist in a context among several terminations.

In IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) control Media Gateways (MGW)s to send and receive call to / from the PSTN circuit switched (CS) networks using. H.248. The MGCF uses SIP messages to interact with Call Session Control Function (CSCF) and Breakout Gateway Control Function (BGCF).

Although the modeling of the Media Gateway differs in H.248/Megaco when compared to MGCP, there is a similarity between the semantics of the commands in the two specifications. There is almost a one-to-one mapping between the commands of MEGACO and MGCP. For example, the Create connection command in MGCP has an equivalent ADD termination command in MEGACO, the Modify connection command in MGCP equates to the MODIFY termination command of MEGACO and the Delete connection command equates to the SUBTRACT termination command of MEGACO.

Messages and commands
The Media Gateway Controller always manages the media channels available on the Media Gateway itself by managing specific contexts and terminations. When the call state changes, the MGC sends a corresponding message to the gateway and waits for an acknowledgment.

Each message is a transport mechanism for transmitting commands, and not the command itself, unlike most other telecommunication protocols.

Protocol Commands:

 * Add
 * Move
 * Subtract
 * Notify
 * Modify
 * AuditValue
 * AuditCapabilities
 * ServiceChange

Typical MGC and MG message exchange
Media Gateway                   Media Controller                    Gateway ISUP IAM (Start Call)

| -- ADD REQUEST --> | | <--- ADD REPLY --- | | -- RESPONSE -> | | - MODIFY REQUEST > | | <-- MODIFY REPLY - | | -- RESPONSE -> | ISUP ACM (Destination Number Received)

| - MODIFY REQUEST > | | <-- MODIFY REPLY - | | -- RESPONSE -> | |  MODIFY REQUEST -> | | <-- MODIFY REPLY - | | --- RESPONSE > |

ISUP ANM (Ring Back Tone)

| - MODIFY REQUEST > | | <-- MODIFY REPLY - | | --- RESPONSE > | CONNECTION PHASE

ISUP REL (End call)

| --- SUBSTRACT REQUEST ---> | | < SUBSTRACT REPLY  | | --- RESPONSE > |

Message structure
Message {Transaction {Action {Context {Command {Termination {Descriptor {Package}}}}}}}

By analogy with the OSI model, the hierarchy of interworking levels from the point of view of transmission over the network (Ethernet or ATM) is following.

Comparison with MGCP
The H.248/Megaco model is more complex than the Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) model and it provides more flexibility when defining media control. For example, in MGCP a call can use an endpoint mode conference to manage the stream mixing, but it cannot achieve the fine grain control of H.248/Megaco in managing the media streams.

The H.248/Megaco model simplifies connection setup within the MG and to entities outside the MG. It simplifies the mechanism by which the media gateway controller (MGC) can specify associated media streams as well as specify the direction of media flow. H.248/Megaco is therefore able to provide greater application level support than MGCP. For example, setting up a multi-party conference with H.248 merely involves adding several terminations to a context. In case o MGCP, however, the MGC needs to establish several connections to a special type of endpoint called the conference bridge.

Following are the main differences between Megaco/H.248 and MGCP:

Standards documents

 * ITU-T H.248 Recommendations
 * ITU-T Recommendation H.248.1, Gateway control protocol: Version 3.
 * ITU-T Recommendation H.248.2, Gateway control protocol: Facsimile, text conversation and call discrimination packages.
 * ITU-T Recommendation H.248.4, Gateway control protocol: Transport over Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP).
 * ITU-T Recommendation H.248.12, Gateway control protocol: H.248.1 packages for H.323 and H.324 interworking.
 * ITU-T Recommendation H.248.15, Gateway control protocol: SDP H.248 package attribute.
 * - Megaco Protocol Version 1.0, November 2000, (Standard Track)
 * - Gateway Control Protocol Version 1, June 2003 (Obsoletes: RFC 3015) (Standard)

title: H.248


text:
List of castles in South Tyrol

This is a list of castles in South Tyrol in Italy.

 * 1) Castle Aichberg, Eppan an der Weinstraße
 * 2) Altenburg bei St. Pauls, Eppan an der Weinstraße
 * 3) Annaberg, Goldrain
 * 4) Castle Auer, Tirol
 * 5) Castleruine Boymont, Eppan an der Weinstraße
 * 6) Castle Bruneck, Bruneck
 * 7) Brunnenburg, Tirol
 * 8) Churburg, Schluderns
 * 9) Castle Enn, Montan
 * 10) Castle Ehrenburg, Kiens
 * 11) Castleruine Eschenloch, Ulten
 * 12) Fahlburg, Tisens-Prissian
 * 13) Castle Festenstein
 * 14) Fingellerschlössl/Walbenstein, Sarntal
 * 15) Fischburg, in Sëlva
 * 16) Castle Freudenstein, Eppan an der Weinstraße
 * 17) Fürstenburg, Mals
 * 18) Castle Gandegg, Eppan an der Weinstraße
 * 19) Castleruine Goien, Schenna
 * 20) Castle Goldrain, Goldrain
 * 21) Castle Gravetsch, Villanders
 * 22) Castle Greifenstein, Terlan, (aka. Sauschloss (Pig Castle))
 * 23) Haderburg, Salorno
 * 24) Haselburg, Bolzano
 * 25) Castle Hauenstein, Seis am Schlern
 * 26) Castle Hocheppan, Eppan an der Weinstraße
 * 27) Johanneskofel, Sarntal
 * 28) Castel Juval, Naturns
 * 29) Castleruine Kaldiff, Neumarkt
 * 30) Castle Karneid, Karneid
 * 31) Castle Kasatsch, Nals, (aka. Castle Pfefferberg)
 * 32) Castle Kastelbell, Kastelbell-Tschars
 * 33) Castle Katzenzungen, Tisens-Prissian
 * 34) Castle Klebenstein, Bolzano
 * 35) Castle Laimburg, Vadena
 * 36) Castle Lamprechtsburg, Bruneck
 * 37) Landesfürstliche Burg, Meran
 * 38) Leuchtenburg, Italy, Vadena
 * 39) Castle Lichtenberg, Prad am Stilfserjoch
 * 40) Castle Lebenberg, Tscherms
 * 41) Castle Maretsch, Bolzano
 * 42) Marienberg, Mals (a former castle, now an abbey)
 * 43) Castle Matschatsch, Eppan an der Weinstraße
 * 44) Michelsburg, St. Lorenzen
 * 45) Castle Moos, Eppan an der Weinstraße
 * 46) Mühlbacher Klause, Mühlbach
 * 47) Castle Neuhaus, Gais
 * 48) Castle Neuhaus, Terlan (aka. Castle Maultasch]
 * 49) Castle Niemandsfreund, Kastelruth
 * 50) Schloss Nussegg, Kurtatsch
 * 51) Castle Obermontani, Morter
 * 52) Castle Payrsberg, Nals
 * 53) Castle Pienzenau, Meran
 * 54) Prösels Castle, Völs am Schlern
 * 55) Castleruine Rafenstein, Bolzano
 * 56) Castle Reichenberg, Taufers im Münstertal
 * 57) Castle Reifenegg, Ratschings
 * 58) Reifenstein Castle, Sterzing
 * 59) Castle Ried, Ritten
 * 60) Castle Rodenegg, Rodeneck
 * 61) Rotund, Taufers im Münstertal
 * 62) Runkelstein Castle, Bolzano
 * 63) Monastery Säben, earlier Castle Säben, Klausen
 * 64) Castle Salegg, Seis am Schlern
 * 65) Castle Schenna, Schenna
 * 66) Schlandersburg, Schlanders
 * 67) Castle Schöneck, Kiens
 * 68) Castle Schwanburg, Nals
 * 69) Sigmundskron Castle, a big fortress, Bolzano
 * 70) Monastery Sonnenburg, earlier Castle Sonnenburg, St. Lorenzen
 * 71) Castle Sprechenstein, Freienfeld/Sterzing
 * 72) Castleruine Stein am Ritten, Ritten
 * 73) Castle Stetteneck, Urtijëi
 * 74) Castle Strassberg, Sterzing
 * 75) Castle Summersberg, Gufidaun
 * 76) Castle Tarantsberg
 * 77) Castle Taufers, Sand in Taufers
 * 78) Tirol Castle, Tirol
 * 79) Castle Thurn, San Martin de Tor
 * 80) Castle Thurnstein, Tirol
 * 81) Trauttmansdorff Castle, Meran
 * 82) Treuenstein Castle, Bozen/Bolzano
 * 83) Trostburg, Waidbruck
 * 84) Tschenglsburg, Tschengls
 * 85) Unterkofeler Schlössl, Afing
 * 86) Castle Untermontani, Morter
 * 87) Castle Velthurns, Felthurns
 * 88) Castle Wangen-Bellermont, Ritten
 * 89) Castle Warth, Eppan an der Weinstraße
 * 90) Wehrburg, Tisens
 * 91) Castle Weineck, Bolzano
 * 92) Castle Welsperg, Welsberg
 * 93) Castle Wolfsthurn, Mareit
 * 94) Castle Wolkenstein, Sëlva
 * 95) Zenoburg, Meran
 * 96) Castle Zwingenburg, Tisens

title: List of castles in South Tyrol


text:
Talk:Sunless tanning

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Deliriumwaltz.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Comments
Would someone please translate this article into spanish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.141.210.3 (talk) 21:31, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

This article needs a lot of work. It has a good structure and has enough merit to warrant inclusion in Wikipedia, but it needs to be edited for tone and point of view, as it's mostly written in a sensationalist style. It also contains a lot of factual inaccuracies. It contained a lot of external links (most of which I deleted). Also, it contains a lot of broken links that all seem to be really the same thing; for example, it has self-tanning lotion and self-tanning cream. — Brim 15:29, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Beyond that, most of this article seems to be copied verbatim from HowStuffWorks.com... Possibly copyright vio? 24.0.253.136 13:50, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Some of you people really, really need to learn how to use links. Adding a backslash forward slash (/) after a file name at the end of a url will screw the link more often than not. If you're going to contribute to an article, take the time to do it right and check your work. Others are supposed to be contributing their findings, not cleaning up your mess.

The article is very U.S. centric. More references to non-american regulations would be in order. This article should rather feature a general person in a spray tan facility rather than Donald Trump, especially when the photo is inobvious —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eysteine (talk • contribs) 22:33, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

No sun doesn't equal no skin cancer risk
Edited the page out with misleading quotes that state that artificial tans remove the risk of skin cancer. People who get NO UV and people who get too much UV both share a higher risk of skin cancer, so total avoidance isn't prevention, and we should be careful not to imply this. Pharmboy 23:57, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Inclusion of a helpful link
While doing extensive research on formulation of a sunless tanning product (I am a formulation chemist) I saw many (most?) of the internet resources on Sunless Tanning, DHA, Erythrulose, Melanotan, tyrosine, etc... The resources I found most useful were this article on Wikipedia and a website called Sunless.com.

I added this link to the bottom of this page as it has MANY resources for both straight forward information on sunless tanning products, health & safety, and cosmetic concerns as well as a forum for users to respond. This sunless tanning product user feedback section was extremely helpful to me as I looked at options for creation of a new product. I'm fairly sure that this information would be of benefit to someone looking for more information on sunless tanners in general as it discusses the real-world usage experiences of many people.

I am not affiliated with the website. To my knowledge the website is not a commercial site; although it does have that appearance on first inspection.

I would propose that you/we add a link to this website to the wikipedia article as it provides additional information and provides a  forum for those who wish to discuss sunless tanners. Kemistboy 15:52, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Changed tag from Unreferenced to Clean Up
There are plenty of links on the page, but they are put in the article instead of used as footnotes. I feel there are plenty of citations in the article to verify the claims made on the page, and organization is the problem. Will see about fixing that soon. Pharmboy 22:57, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Prominence of "Carotenoid-based products" subject
The claims made in this section, especially "safest" "most effective" and "permanent" seem to have little evidence. Also suspect is the fact that Carotenoid-based products is the first subheading while topical tanning agents, which are are much more common and mainstream are simply filed under "Other". Bockrocker2 (talk) 06:50, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

carotenoid tanning
claims that this produces a better tan than uv exposure are unfounded, sources are making statements about a diet rich in fruit and vegetables are being used to imply that eating large quantities of carotenoid containing foods to produce carotenaemia will give you an attractive tan, even though all images of carotenaemia i could find look similar to jaundice and/or are localized to a specific area such as the nose, none of which resemble the look of someone who has a sun induced tan

80.5.128.19 (talk) 20:42, 6 July 2014 (UTC)

Deletion 12/1/16
Deleted: "Since the coloration that forms does not provide much protection against UV, and the effect only lasts for a few hours,[31]"

Reason: Citation to “Dermnet – New Zealand,” not a scientific site. Rather, the website was founded by a NZ dermatologist, offers “…up to date information on skin diseases and their management.” The section cited was written by Vanessa Ngan, Staff Writer (no other information) 14 years ago (2002).

Earlier history
Currently this seems to be Wikipedia's only article on the concept of skin modification (/skin dyeing) besides skin whitening and blackface.

If this is going to be our only spot for this, a) we should discuss and link blackface from here, at least in the context of actors playing We 3 Kings, Othello, Black Peit, &c. and b) we should have a further discussion of other skin darkening practices beyond the present-day First World.

Off the top of my head, early European visitors to Mecca like Burton felt they needed to artificially darken their skin to avoid being exposed and executed for violating its sanctity and Lazarite missionaries to China like Abbé Huc (coming in between the Franciscans & co. mucking up the Jesuits' missions and the Treaty of Nanjing & al. protecting most Europeans from most persecution) felt they needed to dye their skin yellow before hitting the mainland to avoid trouble with xenophobes and/or the law. Maybe both could be handled as something like "spycraft". The Britons supposedly dyed their skin blue for religious/magical reasons. Presumably there are other instances/reasons/examples of artificially darkened/tinted skin that should be touched on. — Llywelyn II   06:00, 29 July 2019 (UTC)

Trump
The caption that says Trump uses tanning lotion isn't supported by the source which says "There is debate as to whether Donald Trump’s skin tone is due to a spray-on tan, sunbed or make-up." The image has been removed and can't be restored unless there is a supporting source. Sjö (talk) 18:03, 31 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I know his skin colour does look artificial, but without a reliable source it's WP:OR to say that he uses tanning lotion or any other method. And a reliable source in this case would IMO have to be someone with better information than conclusions drawn from looking at photos. Perhaps a better image to show what sunless tanning looks like is File:Tanning lotion mens.jpg. Sjö (talk) 12:01, 1 September 2019 (UTC)

 * OK, using a NYT as a source that it is plausible that self-tanning products are the reason for Trump's winter tan. The article indicates why other explanations are unlikely, but that is too much info to include in the caption Peaceray (talk) 05:27, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm not particularly happy about including Trump but with the caption now saying "plausible" I think the image is OK. Sjö (talk) 14:56, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopedia article on spray tanning and the main image is of someone who isn't even confirmed to have done it before? Only deemed "plausible" by the NYT? Bit ridiculous if you ask me. Maybe include the image lower in the article with an explanatory caption. MikeLovesBaseballCap (talk) 16:01, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Strongly agreed; including Trump as the only image in the article based on speculation, even speculation from a RS, is pretty ridiculous. Faceless Enemy (talk) 23:39, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sunless tanning


text:
Municipalities of South Tyrol

The following is a list of municipalities (Gemeinden/comuni) of the autonomous province of South Tyrol, Italy. South Tyrol is divided into 116 such subdivisions. Both German and Italian are official languages in this province. Some municipalities have a third official language, Ladin. The capital of the province is in bold.

title: Municipalities of South Tyrol


text:
Gianluca Zambrotta

Gianluca Zambrotta (born 19 February 1977) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a right-back or as a wide midfielder, on both the left and right wings.

Throughout his career, Zambrotta played for several different Italian clubs. He began his career with local club Como in 1994, and gained prominence while playing for Bari, which earned him a transfer to Juventus in 1999. During his seven seasons with the club, he won two consecutive Serie A and Supercoppa Italiana titles in 2002 and 2003, also reaching the 2003 UEFA Champions League final. He also later spent two relatively unsuccessful seasons with Barcelona between 2006 and 2008, where he won the 2006 Supercopa de España, before returning to Italy to play for AC Milan, where he won his third Serie A and Supercoppa Italiana titles in 2011. He ended his career after a season with Swiss club Chiasso in 2014, whom he later went on to coach.

At international level, Zambrotta won 100 caps for the Italy national team, playing at three FIFA World Cups, three UEFA European Championship, the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2000 Summer Olympics. He was part of their side that reached the Euro 2000 final, and he was also selected to the Euro 2004 Team of the Tournament. He was most notably a key member of the starting lineup of the Italian squad that won the 2006 World Cup, and he was selected in the Team of the Tournament for his performances.

Como
Of Campanian descent, Zambrotta began his professional career as a striker with his hometown club Como at age 17 in 1994. In his first season in Serie B, he played only one match. In 1995, however, Como were demoted to Serie C1 and Zambrotta started to play more regularly for the first team, as a winger or as a wide-midfielder. In the 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons, he made 47 appearances and scored 6 goals, playing in Serie B and Serie C1.

Bari
In 1997, Zambrotta's Serie A career began when his great potential was spotted by Bari boss Eugenio Fascetti. Zambrotta was snapped up by Fascetti after Bari had won promotion to Serie A. He made his Serie A debut on 31 August 1997 in a 2–0 home defeat to Parma, and in his first year in the top flight, he played on the left wing and scored 2 goals in 27 appearances. In the 1998–99 season, following the departure of Nicola Ventola, Zambrotta exploded on to the scene. In matchday one, he scored the only goal of the match against Venezia after just nine minutes into the first half. Zambrotta continued to shine and was the key figure for Bari's surprise start to the campaign, demonstrating his technical attributes and tactical intelligence and versatility. On matchday seven, he scored the opening goal at the San Siro and helped Bari to win the game 3–2 against Internazionale.

On 10 February 1999, at age 22, the Italian under-21 international was rewarded by the coach of the senior team, Dino Zoff, for his displays. He earned his first cap in a 0–0 friendly against Norway in Pisa, Italy. He became the first player of Bari to play for the national side in 50 years. Throughout the 1998–99 season, he made 32 appearances and scored four goals. Halfway through this season, he was brought to Juventus, by Carlo Ancelotti for reported 30 million Italian lire (€15,493,707, but 3 million lire paid via Simone Perrotta's 50% rights) and would play in the black-and-white jersey starting the season after.

Juventus
After the transfer to Juventus on 1 July 1999, Zambrotta continued his upward momentum under manager Carlo Ancelotti. He made 32 league appearances with one goal in the first season he played for Juventus. On 14 May 2000, the last match day of the season, Juventus missed out on the 1999–2000 Scudetto, as they were defeated 1–0 away at Perugia in the heavy rain, while Lazio got the three points at home by beating Reggina 3–0, and overcame Juventus by a single point. Zambrotta was brought on in the second half in that game and was later given a red card by the referee, Pierluigi Collina. In his second season for Juventus, 2000–01, Zambrotta made 29 league appearances and scored three goals, but Juventus finished once again in second place in Serie A, behind Roma. Zambrotta won his first Scudetto in the 2001–02 season, while he made 32 league appearances and scored one goal during the season, also reaching the 2002 Coppa Italia final with the club. After Zambrotta suffered an injury in the game against South Korea during the 2002 World Cup, he missed the beginning of the 2002–03 Serie A campaign. During his absence, the new signing of Mauro Camoranesi took his place on the right wing and was in superb form. This prompted then coach, Marcello Lippi, to switch Zambrotta to the left-back when he returned to action. Zambrotta adapted to his new position very quickly and performed particularly well, demonstrating his pace, stamina, work-rate, technical ability, his tactical intelligence and versatility, as well as his ability to contribute both offensively and defensively.

Zambrotta remained a regular first team player as Juventus won their second consecutive Scudetto and reached the Champions League final, in which they were defeated by AC Milan in a penalty shoot-out after a goalless draw. The following season, Juventus avenged the defeat by beating Milan to the 2003 Supercoppa Italiana on penalties, and also reached the 2004 Coppa Italia final, although they failed to retain their league title or progress in Europe. Zambrotta won four Scudetti with Juventus, making a total of 217 league appearances and scoring seven goals in six seasons. In the 2005–06 season, following the injury of Jonathan Zebina, as well as the arrival of Giorgio Chiellini and his successful switch with the national team, Zambrotta was again switched to the right-back. Since then, Zambrotta switched between right and left-fullback or wingback positions frequently throughout the season. In 2005, Zambrotta extended his contract to 2010 but, following Juventus' relegation to Serie B due to the 2006 Italian football scandal (calciopoli), as well as the revocation of their 2004–05 and 2005–06 Serie A titles under Fabio Capello, he decided to leave the club in the summer of 2006, with Milan, Chelsea, Real Madrid and Barcelona widely tipped to sign him. He was eventually transferred to Barcelona for €14 million.

Zambrotta signed a four-year contract with Barça, where he joined Juventus teammate Lilian Thuram, who also left the club. During his seven-year tenure with Juve, Zambrotta formed one of the best teams in the world at the time, as well as one of the world's most feared defenses. He formed defensive partnerships with the likes of Mark Iuliano, Paolo Montero, Ciro Ferrara, Thuram, Jonathan Zebina, Nicola Legrottaglie, Alessandro Birindelli, Fabio Cannavaro and Giorgio Chiellini. Overall, he made 297 appearances for Juventus, scoring ten goals.

Barcelona
On 4 August 2006, after his holiday following the 2006 World Cup, Zambrotta reported to his new club Barcelona for the first time in Los Angeles, where Barça were staying for their pre-season tour in North America. He trained with his new teammates and made his debut in the final match of the tour, on 12 August against the New York Red Bulls. Zambrotta's official debut in Barça shirt was on 17 August against local rivals Espanyol in the first leg of the Supercopa de España. On 17 March 2007, he scored his first goal in the league game against Recreativo de Huelva. He also scored goals in matches against Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón Stadium (Atlético's record largest home loss, 0–6) and Gimnàstic de Tarragona. He is well remembered by his performance against Manchester United in the semi-final return clash – he marked perfectly the future Ballon d'Or winner Cristiano Ronaldo all game, but Barcelona lost the match due to Paul Scholes' long-range effort that decided the match and the two-legged tie itself. In two seasons with the club, Zambrotta made 58 league appearances, scoring three goals, before his return to Italy. He was heavily tipped to join Milan or return to former club Juventus.

AC Milan
On 31 May 2008, Zambrotta signed a three-year contract with Milan. The club paid €9 million to Barcelona, with a potential €2 million added on depending on Milan's performance in the Champions League, for his services. Zambrotta would reportedly be earning €4 million per year. His move forced Milan right back Massimo Oddo to be loaned out to Bayern Munich for more chances to play regularly.

On 21 September 2008, Zambrotta scored his first goal for Milan, from 31 metres out, in the league game against Lazio. In the 2008–09 season, Zambrotta played more games than any other Milan player. In the 2009–10 season, Zambrotta mainly played at left back, competing with Luca Antonini for a starting spot, while the emerged star Ignazio Abate consolidated the right back position as his own.

For the 2010–11 season, Zambrotta was more versatile than before and often used as a utility. New coach Massimiliano Allegri also preferred Abate for the right back position while Zambrotta alternated between starting at left back and covering for Abate at right back. Nevertheless, he made 20 appearances in all competitions playing an important role in Milan's 18th Scudetto win. Later that year, he won the Serie A title with Milan, as well as the Supercoppa Italiana.

Zambrotta renewed his expiring contract for another year, keeping him a Milan player until at least the summer of 2012.

Milan decided not to renew the contracts of several of their veteran players and Zambrotta was one of those along with Filippo Inzaghi, Mark van Bommel, Alessandro Nesta and Gennaro Gattuso. He played his final game for Milan against Novara on 13 May 2012.

Chiasso
After becoming a free agent, in December 2012 Zambrotta began training with his hometown club Como while he was waiting to receive offers from other clubs; Zambrotta had previously been named the club's honorary president in 2007. In 2013, he began to work on obtaining his UEFA Pro Coaching Licence in Coverciano, Florence.

On 19 July 2013, Zambrotta signed with Swiss club Chiasso, with an option to become a player-assistant manager during his second season with the club, under Ernestino Ramella. He made his debut with the team on 11 August 2013, in a 0–0 draw against Lugano, in the 2013–14 Swiss Challenge League. On 27 November, following the dismissal of manager Ryszard Komornicki, with the club in last place, Zambrotta was named player-manager; at the end of the season, he helped Chiasso avoid relegation on 14 May 2014, also announcing the end of his playing career. He continued to manage Chiasso the following season, but was eventually sacked on 6 April 2015.

Under-21 and early senior career
Soon after Zambrotta was brought to Serie A, he gained the attention of the Italy national side. He was selected to play for the Italy under-21 national team for the first time on 25 March 1998 against Malta. In his second game for the U21, against Wales on 22 April 1998, he scored the second goal for Italy on the 43rd minute and helped Italy to win 2–1. In 1998, he played in all six games of the Italy U21 while they won five of them and drew the last one against Spain.

It was on tour with the under-21 team that Zambrotta earned the nickname "the Mermaid" for his allegedly spending one hour every night in front of the mirror grooming at his now trademark goatee. After some impressive displays for the U21 and an excellent start to the 1998–99 season, Zambrotta earned his first senior cap on 10 February 1999, nine days before his 22nd birthday, in an 0–0 friendly draw with Norway.

Due to his consistent performances, he featured in Italy's senior squad at UEFA Euro 2000 under manager Dino Zoff, in which they reached the final, with Zambrotta making four appearances throughout the tournament. Zambrotta missed out on Italy's defeat at the hands of the defending world champions France in the final, however, after being sent off in the semi-final match against co-hosts Netherlands following a double booking.

Zambrotta played for the under-21 side for the 2000 Olympic Games in September. He started in the games against Australia and Honduras, which Italy won 1–0 and 3–1 respectively. Since they had already qualified for the quarter-finals, the coach put Zambrotta on the bench for the last game against Nigeria and substituted him on at the 80th minute. This would be the last time he played for the U21 national team, with a total of 13 U21-caps. Italy were defeated by Spain, who would go on to win the silver medal, by one goal in the quarter-final.

Under new manager Giovanni Trapattoni, Zambrotta also represented the Italy senior side at the 2002 World Cup, where Italy were controversially eliminated in the round of 16 by co-hosts South Korea, on a golden goal; during the second round defeat, Zambrotta was forced off the pitch with an injury following a hard, two-footed foul from Choi Jin-cheul in the second half of regulation time, and was replaced by Angelo Di Livio.

Euro 2004
In 2003, after the retirement of Paolo Maldini from the national team and a successful switch to left-back with Juventus, Zambrotta became the first choice for this position in the national team. On 30 May 2004, Zambrotta scored his first ever international goal in a warm-up against Tunisia. A Bernardo Corradi header was flapped out for Zambrotta's fierce volley into the roof of the net in the 89th minute while Italy won the game by 4–0. In Euro 2004, although the performance of Italy was largely disappointing and the team was eliminated at the group stage, Zambrotta was one of the few Italian players to be praised for his performances, and was elected to be part of the Team of the Tournament. In Italy's final group match against Bulgaria, which ended in a 2–1 victory the Italians, he was involved in both of his team's goals, setting up Antonio Cassano's injury time winner, although Italy finished third in their group on direct encounters, following a three-way five point tie with Sweden and Denmark.

2006 World Cup
New coach Marcello Lippi, who had just resigned as the Juventus manager where he had managed Zambrotta, moved him to right-back. He became a core player in the 2006 World Cup qualifying campaign, featuring in eight of the ten matches to help Italy qualify as group winners. On 15 May 2006, he was chosen as one of the 23 players to participate in the finals in Germany.

During final preparations, Zambrotta injured his left thigh during a training match at the national team's training base at Coverciano on 28 May 2006. He picked up the injury in a training match against amateur team San Giminiano. This brought certain fears for the Italian squad and Lippi decided to keep Daniele Bonera on stand-by in case Zambrotta could not recover in time. Medical ultrasonography scans on Zambrotta's thigh in the final days before Italy's first group match revealed that he would only miss the opening game against Ghana.

Zambrotta made his tournament debut in the second group match against the United States as a left-back, the match endeding in a 1–1 draw. In their last group match, against the Czech Republic on 22 June, Italy needed only a draw to qualify from the group. Zambrotta was moved to the right-back position as his team won the match 2–0 and advanced as group winners.

During Italy's closely fought 1–0 over Australia in the round of 16, Zambrotta received a booking in the 91st minute. In the quarter-final on 30 June, Italy defeated Ukraine 3–0, with Zambrotta scoring the opening goal after six minutes with a left-footed long-range shot after a one-two with Francesco Totti. This was his second goal for his country. Zambrotta's outstanding performance continued as he saved his team by a goal-line clearance in the 58th minute. After Lippi made some substitutions, Zambrotta was pushed up to a left midfield position. He immediately showed the effect of this position switch. In the 69th minute, he dribbled down the left flank into the edge of the penalty area and passed the ball across to Luca Toni to score his second goal of the match.

Zambrotta also participated in Italy's semi-final victory over the host nation, Germany, hitting the cross-bar in extra time, and he also played in Italy's victorious final victory over France.

Throughout the tournament, Zambrotta completed 213 passes. His ability to play in multiple positions on either flank contributed to the tactical flexibility of the Italian squad, and earned him a place in the 23-man 2006 World Cup All-Star squad.

Euro 2008
Zambrotta was selected by new manager Roberto Donadoni to represent Italy at Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland. He played in all Italy's games in the tournament. In the first group stage match, Italy faced the Netherlands; Zambrotta was not at his best in a match as Italy fell 3–0. In the next match, against Romania, Zambrotta made a defensive error that was followed by Romania's 1–0 goal, scored by Adrian Mutu. Christian Panucci, however, scored just one minute later to tie the match at 1–1. Close to the end of the match, Romania was awarded a penalty, but Italy goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon saved Mutu's shot, securing a 1–1 draw. Italy defeated France 2–0 in their final group match to advance to the quarter-finals. In the quarter-finals, Italy fell to Spain on penalties (4–2) after a 0–0 draw, knocking them out of the tournament.

2009 Confederations Cup
Late in 2008, World Cup-winning coach Marcello Lippi returned to coach of Italy, selecting Zambrotta for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup. Italy, however, failed to progress past the first round, eliminated on goal differential after finishing level on points with the United States.

2010 World Cup
Zambrotta was selected for the 2010 World Cup by Lippi. He made his first appearance as Italy's captain in a 1–1 away draw against Switzerland in a pre-World Cup friendly, on 5 June 2010. Despite the Italian team's struggles throughout the tournament, Zambrotta was one of his nation's strongest performers in the group stage. Italy earned 1–1 draws in their first two games against Paraguay and New Zealand, collecting two points, and subsequently needing a draw in their final group match against Slovakia in order to proceed the second round. Italy lost the match 3–2, and were eliminated from the tournament in the first round.

Last international matches
After the World Cup, Lippi resigned, while Cesare Prandelli was named as his replacement. In the first matches under Prandelli, Zambrotta was largely omitted from the squad, but he returned to play in several Euro 2012 qualifiers. Zambrotta played his last match in Italy colours in a European qualifier against Serbia in Genoa on 12 October 2010, as his team's captain. The match was initially delayed, and eventually abandoned after only six minutes due to crowd trouble, with the score at 0–0, after some of the Serbian fans had thrown flares onto the pitch; Italy were later handed a 3–0 victory by UEFA. This match was Zambrotta's 100th and final Italy cap, making him his nation's eighth-most capped player of all time. In total, he scored two goals for Italy between 1999 and 2010.

Style of play
Zambrotta is regarded by pundits as one of Italy's greatest attacking full-backs/wing-backs. Although naturally right-footed, he was an ambidextrous player who excelled both at offensive and defensive play, which made him tactically versatile, allowing him to be deployed on the left as well as on the right side of the pitch, as a full-back or wing-back in a 4 or 5-man defence, or even as a winger or wide midfielder, a position in which he was often played earlier on in his career. His main attributes were his pace, marking ability, tackling, strength, intelligence, tenacity, discipline, and stamina, which allowed him to make surging, overlapping attacking runs with the ball up the flank after winning back possession. A dynamic, tenacious, athletic, and hard-working player, he was also gifted with good technique and ball skills, as well as an excellent crossing ability and a powerful shot from outside the area, which enabled him to contribute to his team's offensive plays. He was also deployed as an offensive-minded central midfielder on occasion, known as the mezzala role in Italian football jargon.

Managerial career
After his time as Chiasso's head coach, Zambrotta was appointed as the manager of Indian Super League club Delhi Dynamos in late June 2016, while his former international teammate Simone Barone was appointed as his assistant.

On 14 June 2017, Delhi Dynamos announced that they had mutually terminated their contract with Zambrotta as he prepared to take the role of assistant manager at CSL side Jiangsu Suning.

Personal life
Zambrotta was born in Como, but his paternal grandfather was from Caserta.

As of 2005, Zambrotta is married to Valentina Liguori, an Italian model; they announced the birth of their first son, Riccardo, in August 2012.

Zambrotta was named honorary president of his hometown club Como in 2007.

In 2012, Zambrotta worked as a pundit for the Swiss-Italian broadcasting station RSI. In November 2012, in an interview with Rai Radio 1, Zambrotta revealed that, in the summer, he purchased a family holiday home near Dublin, Republic of Ireland and stated that he would be "open to the idea" of playing in Ireland's Airtricity League.

In 2014, Zambrotta opened a fitness complex in his hometown of Como, called the Eracle Sports Centre.

In 2015, Zambrotta took part in and won the RAI 2 reality television game show Monte Bianco – Sfida verticale.

Zambrotta features in EA Sports' football video game FIFA 20 as one of the new Ultimate Team Icons.

International

 * Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zambrotta goal.

Honours
Juventus
 * Serie A: 2001–02, 2002–03
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2003
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1999
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2002-03

Barcelona
 * Supercopa de España: 2006

AC Milan
 * Serie A: 2010–11
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2011

Italy
 * FIFA World Cup: 2006
 * UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2000

Individual
 * UEFA Euro 2004: Team of the Tournament'''
 * UEFA Team of the Year: 2006
 * FIFPro World XI: 2006
 * 2006 FIFA World Cup: All-Star Team

Orders
 * [[Image:Cavaliere OMRI BAR.svg|left|50px]] 5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2000

 * ITA OMRI 2001 Uff BAR.svg 4th Class / Officer: Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2006

 * [[Image:Friedrich Order.png|left|50px]] CONI: Golden Collar of Sports Merit: Collare d'Oro al Merito Sportivo: 2006

title: Gianluca Zambrotta


text:
Talk:Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders

ADHD excludes other PDDs
There should really be a lot more information on the medical bits. Also, regarding the mention of ADHD, it should be noted that its diagnosis excludes other PDDs, although it is arguably related to the autism spectrum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.217.126.54 (talk) 21:04, 16 April 2005 (UTC)

The text says that asd and adhd can not be comorbid diagnosis per the dsm iv. is this really true? the only exclusion I see is for pdd not autism per se (though pdd-nos as been described as another spelling for asd's. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.7.163.64 (talk) 06:49, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * That's what the cited source (Reiersen & Todd 2008, ) says. Eubulides (talk) 20:06, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * At at least one point in time, autism, adhd and dyslexia, were considered exclusive. However, there are lots of people walking around with two or more of these diagnoses. -- 2001:56A:71BA:6800:E825:5731:1BDC:74A (talk) 13:48, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder
"Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by recurrent obsessional thoughts or compulsive acts. [...] Compulsive acts or rituals are stereotyped behaviours that are repeated again and again. They are not inherently enjoyable, nor do they result in the completion of inherently useful tasks."

I think we should add: in the case of OCD, compulsive acts are used to decrease the anxiety which the obsessions entail. Apokrif 19:42, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Schizophrenia deletion
One entry on the page stated baldly that

 * ===Schizophrenia===

 * "There is a link between Asperger's and Schizophrenia.

Now, I had a look at the source and it doesn't say that at all. And even if it did, it wouldn't really be up to scratch (imho) because it's FOAF-stuff on a message board.Garrick92 14:25, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

heart desease
I saw someware on the internat that ther is comorbid Congenital Heart Disease with autism.Can somobody source this?--Pixel ;-) 22:23, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Ordering
I suggest that these headings should be organized by prevalence. This is fairly wide spread information, or should be. I'll do some research and do some edits unless someone has some alternative suggestions? Sethwoodworth 00:43, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

ASD
There is a mention under the Fragile X syndrome section about ASD. It is not linked and there is no explanation. What is ASD? Sowsearsoup 17:57, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It's autism-spectrum disorders (autism and related disorders), I believe. We should fix that acronym so it's more comprehensible - thanks for pointing it out. MastCell Talk 18:08, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Epilepsy
The comorbidity rate is all over the place: From what I've seen, we take the highest and lowest estimates, but a range of 0% to 46% or 47% doesn't give much conclusive data. >.> MichaelExe (talk) 00:41, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * : "prevalence estimates vary from as little as 5% to as much as 46%... Recently, there has been interest in the occurrence of epileptiform electroencephalograms (EEGs) even in the absence of epilepsy. Rates as high as 60% have been reported and some investigators propose that these abnormalities may play a causal role in the autism phenotype."
 * : "Approximately 30% of children with autism have epilepsy [13] and 30% of children with epilepsy, at least those seen in a tertiary epilepsy clinic, have autism [14]."
 * : "Autism is associated with a high frequency of epileptiform EEG abnormalities (prevalence range 10.3-72.4%) and epilepsy (prevalence range 0-44.5%)."
 * : "Epilepsy is quite common in autism spectrum disorders. The rate of comorbidity varies between 20-30% of cases, depending upon the age and type of disorder."
 * : "The rate of epilepsy in autism is higher than in other developmental disorders and estimates point to a frequency range of between 7% and 42%. Between 40% and 47% of autistic children suffer from clinical epilepsy."
 * A diagnosis of epilepsy doesn't require the child to have any developmental capabilities. Whereas ASD must be very hard (and ultimately pointless) to diagnose in a child who is severely developmentally disabled. I guess this makes it very difficult to gauge the prevalence of ASD in that population (where epilepsy is very common). If we quote a range, the range should come from one source IMO. Colin°Talk 08:00, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Medical conditions related to autism
I noticed that there was a page entitled "Medical conditions related to autism," and I think it should be merged with this page since it is shorter than this one and clearly doesn't contain very much information not already present here. Jinkinson  talk to me  03:24, 1 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. I agree with everything.  Lova Falk     talk   16:13, 15 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Support Totally agree dolfrog (talk) 17:46, 15 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Support, this one gets merged for sure ... to which article, though not sure. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 03:18, 20 December 2013 (UTC)
 * On second look, Oppose, and suggest alternate, Redirect to autism spectrum. There is no meaningful content now at Medical conditions related to autism, and there is nothing whatsoever related to comorbidity.  The bottom part of the article is about MMR vaccine controversy, which is already covered (and better covered) at Autism spectrum, and the top part of this article is not about comorbid conditions, rather about differential diagnoses (conditions that may mimic), and that, too, is already covered at Autism spectrum.  This article is poorly cited, and there is nothing to merge.  It should just be redirected to Autism spectrum.  Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 12:57, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

,, , where do we stand? Sandy Georgia (Talk) 00:21, 8 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi Sandy to be inline with DSM 5 the Autism and Autism spectrum articles need to be merged into a new Autism spectrum disorder article (which currently redirects to Autism spectrum and the various other issues deletedc in DSM 5 need to have their respective articles redirected to the new revised Autism spectrum disorder article. And then the comorbidity of other related issues may begin to make sense, especially with the progress being made regarding genetics  dolfrog (talk) 17:59, 8 January 2014 (UTC)
 * , yes I know all that, but we're talking about what to do with Medical conditions related to autism, which has no content that isn't already covered. I suggested a merge is not needed, only a redirect to autism spectrum (which will become, eventually, autism spectrum disorder).  Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 23:34, 8 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi Sandy regardless of the current content, the Medical conditions related to autism title which how it will be used in future as a redirect should be redirected at issues comorbid with autism, and not at the eventual new autism spectrum disorders. As research begins to identify the multiple genetic, neurlogical and various other issues that can combine to cause autism spectrum disorders some of these issues may exist as individual issues and/or be considered to exist as comorbid issues. For instance recent research has suggested the FOXP1 may be linked to autism spectrum disorders and the FOXP family of protients already has links with many other conditions dolfrog (talk) 08:03, 9 January 2014 (UTC)
 * OK, since three of you feel that way, I'll do the redirect, but there is no meaningful content here that isn't covered already. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 15:19, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

✅ Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 15:23, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Comorbidity in autism spectrum disorders
As with Medical conditions related to autism, this article is largely a duplicate of the "Conditions..." article; we do not need 2 articles that describe essentially the same information. Jinkinson  talk to me   What did he do now?  02:47, 20 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I'd actually rather have everything go to that title (Comorbidity in autism spectrum disorders) rather than this title (Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders). But, whatever, we have three articles that need to be one.  We can just get it all there and then figure out a better name.  I suspect this happened because whatever article we end up with needs to be listed in an autism template, so people realize it exists. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 03:20, 20 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I've prepped that article to be merged (much of it is outdated, the merge target typically has better info), and see that {{tl|Pervasive developmental disorders}] has this article (Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders) so when I moved content from autism spectrum to Comorbidity in autism spectrum disorders, I created this unnecessary duplicate. I suppose I was trying to dump poorly cited trash :)  Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 14:04, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Support merge. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 14:05, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

✅ Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 00:33, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

How well established is the link between GI problems and Autism?
The page currently states there is "a lack of published rigorous data to support the theory that autistic children have more or different GI symptoms than usual" and cites a 2005 analysis of the data. I have since found a decent 2012 study which finds a very strong link between GI problems and Autism: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22119694 Does this supersede by being more recent? or do we stick with the meta-analysis? Wikiditm (talk) 18:16, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

Wakefield «misunderstood»?!
Dr. Wakefield's paper has not been withdrew «after a moral panic occurred, due to a misunderstanding that it blamed vaccination», but because it was a scientific fraud. And indeed it did blame vaccination! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.236.71.187 (talk) 07:37, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Bipolar
This paragraph is very fuzzy and the paper cited for the first quite bold statement ("Bipolar disorder, or manic-depression, is a highly controversial diagnosis") is actually only referring to pediatric bipolar disorder (and thus the statement taken as is is completely false; bipolar disorder is not a remotely controversial diagnosis if you don't include the "pediatric". Autism is a lifelong disorder, just because it begins in childhood doesn't mean conditions can only be comorbid if they are also diagnosed in childhood. I don't even know where to begin to clean this up, maybe something involving this study?

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00702-004-0115-1?LI=true Stahlberg, O., Soderstrom, H., Rastam, M. et al. J Neural Transm (2004) 111: 891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-004-0115-1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.112.58.255 (talk) 09:11, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

Concern about source integrity
Should autism speaks be used as a source on this site, or should it be replaced with more reliable sources as a known conspiracy site?

Note: 2 of the 3 links appear broken or deleted. The working link does not relate to any conspiracies and seems to contain good information, as it references a real study done by actual scientists (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26052041/), though the article also recommends all autistic people get nutritionists, which is not supported by the study. -- 2001:56A:71BA:6800:E825:5731:1BDC:74A (talk) 13:43, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency
Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency presents as autism spectrum disorder, but the number of patients described in literature since its discovery is extremely small. I'm leaving the link here in case someone finds some goods sources. I'm not sure whether it merits inclusion just yet. --CopperKettle (talk) 13:40, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

Article name change, please
Because the name of the article is "Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders", it implies that autism is a morbidity, i.e., a disease, which it is not. I am therefore asking that the name of this article be changed to "Conditions co-occurring with autism spectrum disorders" to better reflect reality and cause less offense. 80.193.98.150 (talk) 11:55, 2 December 2023 (UTC)


text: User talk:70.88.130.154

title: User talk:70.88.130.154


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/King Shit

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 02:51, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

King Shit
neologism at best. Nateji77 15:34, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Inter 16:08, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment In Russia we have a card game called that. I'm not lying! Grue 17:47, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It's no neologism in Australia, but a very well-established term although used far more often in spoken than written English. I wonder whether it might redirect to Beelzebub? It's one of the suggested translations, and seems to me a very likely one although people tend to avoid it for obvious reasons (we even have a slightly bowdlerised article on our normally unabashed Wikipedia). The capitalisation is wrong IMO, it should be king shit but that's easily fixed. No vote as yet. Andrewa 18:39, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A real slang term, that belongs in wiktionary. Kappa 18:46, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary if it's deemed widespread enough. Otherwise delete. But don't keep in Wikipedia. Isomorphic 19:02, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, trivial construction, dicdef. Wyss 19:12, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki, I can vouch for the term being real. It's even in an episode of Mr. Show .  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 23:22, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, trivial, slang dictionary definition. Megan1967 02:43, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The term is real, but this is hardly an article, and I can't see it ever being one. If it's going to be listed in wiktionary or some place it needs a better "definition" than this. Delete -Kaiser Scheiße 07:15, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I recall it as a real term, but hardly encyclopedic. In fact, if you'll pardon the scatological reference, His Majesty had a kingdom:  Turd Mountain.  Delete unless someone can find some info on the Russian card game.  That might be a truly interesting "weird" article given that colorful title. - Lucky 6.9 00:32, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki unless someone can update it. Alba 14:56, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki this straight over to Delete. GRider\talk 20:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete CDC   (talk)  03:07, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Carrp | Talk 04:23, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
1839 in rail transport

January events

 * January 1 – The New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company opens its route between Trenton and New Brunswick, New Jersey.

March events

 * March 4 – William F. Harnden, founder of Harnden and Company, becomes the first person to send an express shipment by rail when he ships an express package from Boston, Massachusetts, to Providence, Rhode Island, on the Boston and Providence Rail Road.
 * March 5 – Bristol and Exeter Railway adopts for its track gauge.
 * March 12 – Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts Railroad is incorporated in Maine.

April events

 * April 3 – Andover and Haverhill Railroad reorganizes and changes its name for a second time to Boston and Portland Railroad, reflecting plans to extend its line to Portland, Maine.

June events

 * June 4 – The London and Southampton Railway is renamed the London and South Western Railway.

August events

 * August 12
 * Ulster Railway opened between Belfast and Lisburn, on 6 ft 2 in (1,880 mm) gauge.
 * The Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway in England opens.

September events

 * September 20 – Official opening of the first railway line in the Netherlands, locomotive De Arend, broad gauge (1945 mm).
 * September 24 – The first railway line in the Netherlands, 19 km between Amsterdam and Haarlem, opens for the public.
 * September 26 – The Taunus Railway opens its route between the Free City of Frankfurt and Höchst, Duchy of Nassau.

October events

 * October 3 – The first railway line in Italy, 7 km between Naples and Portici, opens.
 * October 19 – George Bradshaw publishes the world's first collective railway timetable book in Manchester, England.
 * October – Eleazer Lord succeeds James G. King for a second term as president of the Erie Railroad.

June births

 * June 24 – Gustavus Franklin Swift, American founder of Swift and Company which pioneered the use of refrigerator cars in late 19th century America (died 1903).

July births

 * July 17 – Ephraim Shay, American inventor of the Shay locomotive (died 1916).
 * July 22 – David Moffat, Colorado railroad financier (died 1911).

August births

 * August 20 – Gaston du Bousquet, French steam locomotive designer (died 1910).

December births

 * December 8 – Alexander J. Cassatt, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad 1899–1906 (died 1906).

title: 1839 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Himalaya/to do

Please add to this list and expand as needed

title: Talk:Himalaya/to do


text:
Oclemena

Oclemena is a small genus of North American flowering plants in the tribe Astereae within the family Asteraceae.

It is native to northeastern North America, found in wet or dry woodlands, and sometimes in clearings in the woods, or in acid bogs and peat.

The finely woolly stem grows in a zig-zag fashion to a height 30 - 100 cm. It may be red at its base.

The lanceolate leaves are numerous, arranged in a spiral whorl around a single stem. They can be sharply toothed along the margin (as in O. acuminata) or smooth (as in O. nemoralis). The leaves contain sessile resin glands.

The flower heads consist of flat-topped pink to rose-violet ray florets and yellow disk florets. There are one to a few on a plant, growing on a slender peduncle. The disk flowers are abruptly expanded at the top. The scarious floral bracts consist of narrow chlorophyllous bands, tinted with purple along the midrib.

The stipitate ovaries are generally compressed and show on the surface minute, cylindrical glands. The fruit is a glandular achene with a double pappus of two bristled whorls.

The chromosome base number is x=9.

The Kew database Vascular Plant Families and Genera categorizes Oclamena under the genus Aster L. But taxonomically, Oclemena belongs to the North American clade of the tribe Astereae, as a basal member of one of the main branches.

 * Species

 * Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Greene: Whorled wood aster, sharpleaf aster, white wood aster GA TN NC WV VA OH PA NJ DE NY CT RI MA VT NH ME NS NB QUE ONT NFL LAB
 * Oclemena × blakei (Porter) G.L.Nesom (O. acuminata × O. nemoralis) : Blake's aster MI PA NJNY CT RI MA VT NH ME NS NB QUE ONT
 * Oclemena nemoralis (Ait.) Greene: bog aster, bog nodding aster. MI DE MD PA NJ NY CT RI MA VT NH ME NS NB QUE ONT
 * Oclemena reticulata (Pursh) G.L.Nesom: pinebarren whitetop aster. FL GA AL SC

title: Oclemena