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Hugh of Ibelin

Hugh of Ibelin (c. 1132 – 1169/1171) was an important noble in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and was Lord of Ramla from 1152-1169.

Hugh was the eldest son of Barisan of Ibelin and Helvis of Ramla. He was old enough to witness charters in 1148, as was his younger brother Baldwin of Ibelin, which suggests he was born c. 1130-1133, as the male age of majority was fifteen. (H.E. Mayer has suggested a limited degree of competence may have been accepted from the age of eight, reducing his age, but the examples given of this are of males of the royal house, whose situation was somewhat different.) He was probably about ten years older than his youngest brother, Balian of Ibelin.

After his father Barisan died in 1150, Helvis married the constable of Jerusalem, Manasses of Hierges, who was one of the strongest supporters of Queen Melisende in the power struggle against her son King Baldwin III. Manasses was exiled in 1152 when Baldwin was victorious in this struggle, allowing Hugh to inherit Ramla from his mother. Hugh took part in the Siege of Ascalon in 1153, and in 1157 was captured in battle at Banias, being released probably the next year. In 1159 he visited the Principality of Antioch and met with Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, who had arrived to assert his suzerainty over the principality. In 1163 Hugh married Agnes of Courtenay (1133 – 1184/1185), the former wife of King Amalric, by whom he had no issue. It is possible that Agnes had already been betrothed or married to him before 1157, date some say it was the one of the actual marriage but she married Amalric after Hugh was taken prisoner; Amalric was forced to divorce her before becoming king in 1163.

Hugh participated Amalric's expedition to Egypt in 1167, and was responsible for building a bridge over the Nile. The crusaders allied with the sultan against Shirkuh, the general of Nur ad-Din Zangi who was also fighting for control of Egypt, and Hugh was sent to protect Cairo along with the sultan's son Kamil. Hugh was the first crusader ever to see the sultan's palace. At the siege of Bilbeis during the same Egyptian campaign, according to Ibelin family tradition, Hugh's life was saved by Philip of Milly after breaking his leg and falling under his horse. Hugh died around 1169 during a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. His territories of Ibelin and Ramla passed to his brother Baldwin.

Another Hugh of Ibelin was the son of John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut, and the grand-nephew of this Hugh.

title: Hugh of Ibelin


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Same-sex marriage in New York

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in New York since July 24, 2011, under the Marriage Equality Act. The Act does not have a residency restriction, as some similar laws in other U.S. states do. It also allows religious organizations to decline to officiate at same-sex wedding ceremonies.

In 2006, the New York Court of Appeals ruled that the New York State Constitution does not require same-sex marriage rights and left the question of recognition to the State Legislature. Following the 2006 court decision, the New York State Assembly passed same-sex marriage legislation in 2007, 2009, and 2011. The New York Senate rejected the legislation in a 38–24 vote on December 2, 2009. In June 2011, same-sex marriage legislation passed the House and the Senate, and was signed by Governor Andrew Cuomo on June 24, 2011. The law took effect on July 24, 2011. New York was the sixth U.S. state, and the seventh U.S. jurisdiction (after the District of Columbia), to license same-sex marriages.

Background
In the 1970s, members of the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) carried out a zap at the New York City Marriage License Bureau demanding marriage rights for gays and lesbians. The direct action was in response to government discrimination against ceremonial same-sex unions that had been carried out in a church which the GAA used as a meeting space. Jim Owles was the founding president of the GAA, described as the largest militant gay rights organization in the United States. Videos of the action exist on YouTube.

In 1990, a court ruled in In the Matter of Estate of Cooper that a same-sex partner of a deceased New York man could not be legally recognized as a "surviving spouse" under state law and could thus not inherit the estate of his late partner. Further, the court stated that "persons of the same sex have no constitutional rights to enter unto a marriage with each other." In December 1995, a male couple in Ithaca, Phillip and Toshav Storrs, requested a marriage license from the city clerk. The couple filed a suit, Storrs v. Holcomb, in April 1996 against the Ithaca city clerk for denying their application for a marriage license. A trial court ruled against the couple, and they appealed to an intermediate-level appellate court. That court ruled that they had failed to include the New York State Department of Health as a necessary party and dismissed the suit. The couple re-filed their case in February 1998 against both the Ithaca city clerk and the Department of Health. A hearing was due on September 11, 1998, however, the suit was dropped.

The organization Marriage Equality New York (MENY) was founded in 1998 by activist Jesús Lebrón to fight for same-sex marriage rights. MENY would later play an instrumental role in shaping public opinion and lobbying for the introduction of same-sex marriage in New York.

New Paltz marriages
On February 27, 2004, Mayor Jason West of New Paltz married 25 same-sex couples in front of the New Paltz Village Hall. Not long thereafter, the Ulster County district attorney charged West with nineteen misdemeanors in connection with these marriages. A court later dismissed the charges against West, a ruling which the state appealed. Ulster County Court Judge J. Michael Bruhn ruled in favor of the state, reinstating the charges against West, arguing that this criminal case did not concern whether the State Constitution mandated same-sex marriage, but rather whether West violated his oath of office in performing illegal marriages. The May 2005 charges against West were reinstated; these were dropped by the prosecutor on July 12. After Liberty Counsel filed a civil lawsuit challenging the validity of the marriages, a state court judge issued a permanent injunction barring West from solemnizing same-sex marriages.

On February 27, 2004, Mayor John Shields of Nyack announced that he would recognize the New Paltz marriages, and on March 1, 2004, Mayor Carolyn K. Peterson of Ithaca declared that she would recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions. Two days later, the Attorney General of New York, Eliot Spitzer, a supporter of same-sex marriage, issued an "informal opinion" stating that municipal clerks should not issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples since the New York State Legislature had not intended for the domestic relations law to cover same-sex couples.

Lawsuits
Shortly after Attorney General Spitzer's informal opinion was issued, five separate lawsuits were filed contesting the constitutionality of New York's opposite-sex definition of marriage. At the trial level, four failed and one succeeded (though it was stayed and later reversed). At the intermediate appellate level, four failed and one was not decided. The cases were all merged into one and heard by the Court of Appeals, the state's highest court, on May 31, 2006. On July 6, 2006, the Court of Appeals in Hernandez v. Robles decided 4–2 that existing New York law did not permit same-sex marriages and that there is no state constitutional right to same-sex marriage. Following the Hernandez v Robles decision, the focus of the same-sex marriage battle shifted to the executive and legislative branches of government. During his successful campaign for governor, Attorney General Spitzer said that he would push to legalize same-sex marriage if elected, and he proposed legislation to that effect to the State Legislature on April 27, 2007. This legislation passed in the State Assembly on June 19, 2007, but the State Senate took no action and returned it to the Assembly.

In February 2008, the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department ruled unanimously in Martinez v. County of Monroe that because New York legally recognizes out-of-state marriages of opposite-sex couples, it must do the same for same-sex couples. On May 6, 2008, the Court of Appeals declined to hear Monroe County's appeal. In November 2008, Monroe County announced that it would not pursue any further appeals of the Appellate Division's decision.

In June 2006, Westchester County Executive Andrew Spano issued an executive order, stating that Westchester County would officially recognize out-of-state marriages of same-sex couples the same way it recognizes marriages of different-sex couples. The Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF) sued in Godfrey v Spano and filed motions for a preliminary injunction and a temporary restraining order against Spano, which the Supreme Court of Westchester County denied. In November 2006, Lambda Legal filed a motion to intervene in the proceedings on behalf of Michael Sabatino and Robert Voorheis, a couple married in Canada. In December 2006, Lambda Legal and Spano independently file motions to dismiss the ADF's lawsuit and filed motions opposing a preliminary injunction. In March 2007, the Supreme Court of Westchester County dismissed the ADF's lawsuit and denied the motion for a preliminary injunction, ruling that Spano's order was legally issued and consistent with New York law. In April 2007, the ADF appealed to the New York Appellate Division, Second Department on behalf of three Westchester County taxpayers. Sabatino and Voorheis were permitted to intervene as defendants in the case. Oral arguments were heard in June 2008. In December 2008, the New York Appellate Division, Second Department affirmed the dismissal of the case, confirming that Spano lawfully recognized out-of-state marriages of same-sex couples. In March 2009, the Court of Appeals accepted the case for review following a petition by the ADF, with oral arguments occurring in October 2009. The court ruled in November 2009 that Westchester County could lawfully extend government benefits to same-sex couples in out-of-state marriages.

Legislative activity
Same-sex marriage legislation passed the New York State Assembly for the first time on June 19, 2007, but no action was taken in the Senate, and the bill died.

On March 12, 2008, Eliot Spitzer resigned from his position as governor. Following Spitzer's resignation, Lieutenant Governor David Paterson was sworn in as the 55th Governor of New York on March 17, 2008, by Chief Judge Judith Kaye. On April 9, 2008, Paterson pledged that he would continue to push for same-sex marriage legislation. He said he was "proud to have run on a ticket with now-former Governor Eliot Spitzer that was the first in the country to advocate for marriage equality and to win on that premise." "We will push on and bring full marriage equality in New York State".

On November 4, 2008, the Democratic Party gained a majority in the New York State Senate. Following the elections, three dissenting Senate Democrats declined to assure Senate Democratic Leader Malcolm Smith that they would vote for him as Senate Majority Leader when the Senate convened in January 2009. In December 2008, an agreement was allegedly reached between Senator Smith and the so-called "Gang of Three"; reports indicated that as part of the deal, Senator Smith agreed not to bring same-sex marriage legislation to a floor vote in the Senate during the 2009–2010 legislative session. However, on December 10, 2008, Senator Smith announced that the alleged agreement with three Democratic dissidents had been abandoned, and confirmed that he would not pledge to hold off on a same-sex marriage bill in the upcoming session. Senator Smith's decision placed control of the Senate by the Democratic Party in doubt, thus jeopardizing the passage of same-sex marriage legislation (since the Senate Republican leadership was opposed to same-sex marriage). After reaching an agreement with three Democratic dissidents, Smith was voted Senate Majority Leader on January 7, 2009.

A bill to legalize same-sex marriage passed the New York State Assembly a second time in 2009. Later in 2009, Senator Thomas Duane claimed that he had lined up support from a sufficient number of senators to pass same-sex marriage legislation, though opponents disagreed. Senator Smith stated he would not put the bill to a vote until he was sure it would pass. While same-sex marriage advocates declared that same-sex marriage would pass the Senate by the end of June 2009, the bill was not debated and voted upon until December of that year. On December 2, 2009, same-sex marriage legislation was defeated on the floor of the New York State Senate by a vote of 24 to 38; no Republican voted in favor, and eight Democrats voted against the bill. The Daily News described the defeat as a "major blow", while The New York Times stated that the defeat "all but ensures that the issue is dead in New York until at least 2011, when a new legislature will be installed." Elected officials and observers opined that the results of a 2009 special election in New York's 23rd congressional district — in which a Republican candidate who had voted for same-sex marriage withdrew her candidacy in the face of a challenge from a Conservative Party candidate — affected the marriage vote in the Senate.

After the failed effort to pass same-sex marriage legislation in 2009, LGBT activists continued to advocate for civil rights in 2010. Activists formed a direct action group named Queer Rising, and staged protests outside the New York City Marriage Bureau. Activists then increased the number of direct action protests, and succeeded in putting the issue on the social and legislative agenda for over a year. Queer Rising inspired the creation of other LGBT rights groups that, likewise, put pressure on the government to enact same-sex marriage. When it was revealed that the Catholic Church was lobbying against the passage of same-sex marriage, activists protested outside St. Patrick's Cathedral for same-sex marriage rights. Some of the activists, who led or participated in those demonstrations included Bob the Drag Queen and many more. Activists began to exert pressure on government officials to pass marriage equality legislation. State senators who had voted against same-sex marriage in 2009, such as Senator Shirley Huntley, were lobbied by advocacy groups to change their positions.

In late 2010, before the January 2011 expiration of his term as governor, David Paterson reached out to members of the State Senate in an attempt to gauge support for the passage of same-sex marriage legislation during a lame-duck session; however, Paterson came to the conclusion that passage of the bill during the lame-duck session was not feasible. When asked what would have to occur in order for same-sex marriage to be legalized in New York, Paterson responded, "Get rid of the lobbyists", and added that same-sex marriage advocates had forced a Senate floor vote prematurely in December 2009.

Marriage Equality Act

On June 15, 2011, the New York State Assembly passed the Marriage Equality Act, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in New York, by a margin of 80 to 63; this was a smaller margin of victory than three same-sex marriage bills had attained in the Assembly in prior years. In the Republican-controlled Senate, three Democrats and two Republicans who had voted against the 2009 bill indicated that their positions had changed and that they would support the legislation. The Senate passed the bill on June 24 by a 33–29 vote, with 29 Democrats and four Republicans voting in favor of it.

Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the Marriage Equality Act into law on June 24, 2011. The definition of marriage in the state of New York was amended, and the following language was added to New York's marriage statute: "A marriage that is otherwise valid shall be valid regardless of whether the parties to the marriage are of the same or different sex. [N.Y. Dom. Rel.Law § 10-A]" The law took effect on July 24, 2011. The Marriage Equality Act does not contain a residency restriction, as some other U.S. states do. It also allows religious organizations to decline to officiate at same-sex wedding ceremonies. Kitty Lambert and Cheryle Rudd were married in Niagara Falls at midnight, July 24, becoming the first same-sex couple to marry in the state. Niagara Falls was lit in rainbow for the first time for the occasion.

Reactions
The bill's passage was celebrated by gay rights supporters both in New York and nationwide. The New York Times responded with an editorial backing the law saying, "New York State has made a powerful and principled choice." Gay pride parades in celebration were held across the United States. Gay rights supporters expressed a belief that the legalization in New York would lead to legalization elsewhere. The National Organization for Marriage pledged to spend $2 million in the 2012 elections to defeat the four Republicans and three Democrats who had previously stated opposition to same-sex marriage but voted for the bill. The Conservative Party said it would withdraw support for any candidate who had voted for the bill. In addition to action from opponents in New York, The New York Times reported that the bill's passage spurred renewed activism from opponents in various places across the country.

On July 12, 2011, the Town Clerk of Barker, Laura Fotusky, resigned because she objected to same-sex marriage and thus would not sign marriage licenses for same-sex couples. Her resignation came two weeks after another town clerk, from Volney, said she also objected to signing licenses but would not leave her position, saying a deputy clerk would have to do it. The New Yorkers for Constitutional Freedoms said it would match the $25,000 salary Fotusky surrendered when she resigned. The Town Clerk of Granby, Ruth Sheldon, did the same a few days later. The Town Clerk of Ledyard, Rose Marie Belforti, made state and national headlines when she notified the town of Ledyard that she would not sign marriage licenses for same-sex couples due to her religious beliefs. Belforti later delegated marriage applications to a deputy. Same-sex marriage advocates and some town residents criticized Belforti for taking this action, and resident Ed Easter attempted to unseat her in the fall of 2011, but Belforti was re-elected by a substantial margin.

On July 25, 2011, the New Yorkers for Constitutional Freedoms, represented by Liberty Counsel, filed a lawsuit in the New York Supreme Court seeking an injunction against the Marriage Equality Act, alleging corruption and violations of the law in the process of passing the bill. On November 18, 2011, acting Supreme Court Justice Robert B. Wiggins ruled that the plaintiffs' case could proceed. Justice Wiggins allowed the plaintiffs' claims under the Open Meetings Law, but dismissed other portions of the case. Justice Wiggins' opinion included the following: "It is ironic that much of the state's brief passionately spews sanctimonious verbiage on the separation of powers in the governmental branches, and clear arm-twisting by the Executive on the Legislative permeates this entire process." On July 6, 2012, a five-judge panel of the Appellate Division ruled unanimously that no violation of the Open Meetings Law had occurred and dismissed the suit. On August 6, 2012, Liberty Counsel appealed to the Court of Appeals, which declined to hear the appeal on October 23.

Four Republican senators, James Alesi, Mark Grisanti, Roy McDonald, and Stephen Saland, voted in favor of same-sex marriage. Of the four, only one−Mark Grisanti−was re-elected to the State Senate in 2012. On May 9, 2012, Alesi announced that he would not run for re-election and indicated that his vote on same-sex marriage would have "severely hampered" his chances in a Republican primary. Grisanti, McDonald, and Saland faced primary challenges in 2012. Grisanti won his primary by a large margin and got re-elected, but was defeated in 2014. McDonald lost the Republican primary to Saratoga County Clerk Kathleen Marchione, who went on to win the general election. Saland defeated primary challenger Neil Di Carlo by 107 votes, but lost the general election to Democrat Terry Gipson by a margin of approximately 2,000 votes. Di Carlo appeared on the Conservative Party line, receiving approximately 15,000 votes. Grisanti was defeated by Democrat Marc Panepinto in the 2014 elections.

In 2011, after the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York, the Research Library at the Buffalo History Museum became the first known library in the United States to collect wedding memorabilia from legally-wed same-sex couples.

Recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriages
Prior to the passage of same-sex marriage legislation, there was litigation in New York courts regarding the recognition of same-sex marriage licenses from other jurisdictions.

In October 2004, State Comptroller Alan Hevesi indicated that the state's retirement system would recognize same-sex marriages performed outside of New York for the purpose of state retirement and pension benefits. Not long thereafter, the Mayor of New York City, Michael Bloomberg, stated that he would ask that the city's five pension systems recognize domestic partnerships, civil unions, and same-sex marriages of city employees performed in other jurisdictions.

In February 2008, the Appellate Division, Fourth Department ruled that a same-sex marriage performed in Canada should be recognized in New York. In Martinez v. County of Monroe, the court reasoned that because out-of-state opposite-sex marriages that would not have been legal in New York nonetheless are recognized unless such recognition would violate the public policy of the state, out-of-state same-sex marriages must be similarly recognized. The Appellate Division reversed a trial judge's ruling in 2006 that Monroe Community College did not have to extend health care benefits to an employee's same-sex spouse. Monroe County subsequently announced its intention to appeal the decision to the Court of Appeals, New York's highest court. However, the Court of Appeals refused to hear the case on May 6, 2008, allowing the lower court's ruling to stand. In November 2008, Monroe County announced that it would not pursue any further appeals of the Appellate Division's decision. On May 29, 2008, Governor David Paterson directed all New York state agencies to begin to revise their policies and regulations to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions. Governor Paterson's directive cited the Appellate Division decision in the Martinez case, as well as several lower court rulings. As a result of Paterson's directive, New York became the first state that did not allow same-sex marriages, but whose state agencies recognized same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. In addition, same-sex couples in New York had the option to travel to states where same-sex marriage was possible to get married and have their marriages fully recognized by New York state agencies.

Governor Paterson's directive was challenged as both premature and unconstitutional in a lawsuit filed on June 3, 2008, by the Alliance Defense Fund on behalf of several state legislators and conservative leaders; this lawsuit failed at all levels. On September 2, 2008, Supreme Court Justice Lucy A. Billings issued a decision that Governor Paterson acted within his powers when he required state agencies to recognize same-sex marriages from outside the state. Justice Billings found that Paterson's order was consistent with state laws on the recognition of marriages from other jurisdictions. The Court of Appeals agreed to hear this and another case on same-sex marriage recognition in 2009. The court decided these cases on narrow grounds, finding that the state acted within its authority without reaching the issue of marriage recognition.

Native American nations
Same-sex marriage is legal on the reservation of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe. A tribal residency ordinance adopted on July 3, 2019, explicitly included same-sex marriages in its definition of marriage, but solely for the purpose of residency rights. On December 21, 2022, the Tribal Council modified the definition of "marriage" in the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Family Court Code to "a contract between two (2) persons, regardless of their sex, creating a union to the exclusion of all others.", legalizing same-sex marriage on the reservation.

While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a Western perspective being performed in Native American cultures, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Many of these cultures recognized two-spirit individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. This two-spirit status allowed for marriages between two biological males or two biological females to be performed in some of these tribes. The Mohawk people call two-spirit individuals onón:wat, translating to "I have the pattern of two spirits inside my body." The Seneca people refer to two-spirit individuals as hënöjaʼjáʼgöh, the Cayuga people as deyodǫhétra:ge:, and the Tuscarora people as ruˀnhęhsú·kęˀ. In these communities, elders say two-spirit people were embraced as "special and powerful", and honoured as medicine people or healers. In the Mohegan-Pequot language, they are known as nis mucuhcôqak.

Economic impact
The Office of the New York City Comptroller issued an updated economic analysis in May 2009 finding that New York's economy could gain $210 million in the three years immediately following the legalization of same-sex marriage. According to New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and the Speaker of the New York City Council, Christine Quinn, "same sex-marriages in New York City have generated an estimated $259 million in economic impact and $16 million in City revenues" in the first year after the enactment of the Marriage Equality Act.

Demographics and marriage statistics
Data from the 2000 U.S. census showed that 46,490 same-sex couples were living in New York. By 2005, this had increased to 50,854 couples, likely attributed to same-sex couples' growing willingness to disclose their partnerships on government surveys. Same-sex couples lived in all counties of the state and constituted 1.3% of coupled households and 0.7% of all households in the state. Most couples lived in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens. Same-sex partners in New York were on average younger than opposite-sex partners, and significantly more likely to be employed. In addition, the average and median household incomes of same-sex couples were higher than different-sex couples, but same-sex couples were far less likely to own a home than opposite-sex partners. 20% of same-sex couples in New York were raising children under the age of 18, with an estimated 18,335 children living in households headed by same-sex couples in 2005.

From July 2011 to December 2012, approximately 12,285 same-sex marriages were performed in the state of New York.

The New York State Department of Health has recorded the number of same-sex marriages performed in New York (excluding New York City) since 2012, shown in the table below, with Erie, Suffolk and Westchester counties registering the most same-sex marriages.

The 2020 U.S. census showed that there were 48,422 married same-sex couple households (26,428 male couples and 21,994 female couples) and 35,096 unmarried same-sex couple households in New York.

Public opinion
Notes:
 * The margin of error for the national survey was ± 0.82 percentage points at the 95% level of confidence, including the design effect for the survey of 1.56.

The April 2009 Siena College Research Institute poll of likely New York voters indicated that 53% of voters supported same-sex marriage and 39% opposed it. The poll showed that registered Democrats supported same-sex marriage by a 59% to 35% margin, while registered Republicans opposed it by virtually the same margin, 59% to 31%. According to the Quinnipiac University poll released the following month, New York voters were evenly split—46% to 46%—on same-sex marriage. The poll showed that same-sex marriage was opposed by majorities of African Americans (57%–35%), Republicans (68%–24%), white Catholics (53%–39%), and white Protestants (55%–38%). However, the Quinnipiac University poll published in June 2009 showed that New York voters supported same-sex marriage 51–41 percent, with eight percent undecided. According to this poll, same-sex marriage was supported by 52% of white voters with 42% opposed, and 55% of Hispanics with 39% opposed. African American voters polled 43% in favor and 42% opposed. In 2010, The New York Times estimated support for same-sex marriage in New York at 58%, based on projections from 2008 and a nationwide CNN poll in August 2010.

Timeline

 * February 26, 2004: Mayor Jason West of New Paltz announced that the village would start performing same-sex civil weddings. Although the village would not attempt to issue licenses for such weddings, couples in New York have six months from the wedding to seek such a license, and weddings are not invalid solely for not having a license.
 * February 27, 2004: Mayor John Shields of Nyack announced that his village would recognize same-sex marriages performed elsewhere.
 * March 2, 2004: West was charged with 19 misdemeanor counts of "solemnizing marriages without a license" by Ulster County District Attorney Donald Williams. West announced his intention to continue performing same-sex marriage ceremonies.
 * March 3, 2004: Shields announced that he would begin officiating at same-sex marriages, and that he and his fiancé would join other gay and lesbian New Yorkers in seeking marriage licenses from municipal clerks' offices.
 * March 3, 2004: The Office of New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer issued an "informal opinion" that clerks should not issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples as the State Legislature had not intended same-sex marriages to be covered by the domestic relations law. The same opinion stated that same-sex marriages performed elsewhere were recognizable in New York under a recent judicial decision recognizing the validity of a Vermont civil union as granting the benefits of marriage, Langan v. St. Vincent's Hospital.
 * March 5, 2004: New York State Judge Vincent Bradley issued a temporary restraining order barring West from performing any such ceremonies for a month. West indicated that he would abide by the judicial order while evaluating his legal options.
 * March 22, 2004: Following an opinion requested in January from their attorney, the Rochester City Council announced that Rochester would recognize same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. Rochester is across Lake Ontario from Toronto, where same-sex marriages have been legal since 2003.
 * October 8, 2004: State Comptroller Alan Hevesi indicated in a letter to a state employee that the state retirement system would recognize same-sex marriages contracted elsewhere for the purposes of retirement benefits for New York state employees.
 * February 4, 2005: State Supreme Court Justice Doris Ling-Cohan ruled that New York City could not deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples, based on the Equal Protection Clause of the New York Constitution. The order was stayed for 30 days pending appeal. The Supreme Court is a trial-level court in New York, and the decision could be appealed either to the Appellate Division or directly to the Court of Appeals.
 * December 8, 2005: The Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court overturned Ling-Cohan's decision.
 * July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals in its Hernández v. Robles decision declined to judicially mandate the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York. The court ruling stated that same-sex partners did not have the right to marry under the New York Constitution.
 * May 2007 : A Massachusetts trial court judge ruled that marriage licenses obtained by New York same-sex couples prior to the Hernandez v. Robles decision are valid under Massachusetts law.
 * June 19, 2007: The Democrat-controlled New York State Assembly approved Governor Spitzer's bill to legalize same-sex marriage in New York, in an 85–61 vote. The bill moved to the Republican-controlled Senate. Senate Majority Leader Joseph Bruno said it would not be voted on in that chamber that year.
 * January 9, 2008: Governor Spitzer's bill to legalize same-sex marriage died in the Senate and was returned to the State Assembly.
 * February 1, 2008: In Martinez v. County of Monroe, the Appellate Division, Fourth Department ruled that a same-sex marriage performed in Canada should be recognized in New York because out-of-state opposite-sex marriages that would not have been legal in New York nonetheless are recognized unless such recognition would violate the public policy of the state. The Appellate Division held that the same treatment must be applied to out-of-state same-sex marriages, but the ruling could be overturned on a finding that same-sex marriage violated New York's public policy. The decision reversed a trial judge's 2006 ruling that Monroe Community College did not have to extend health care benefits to an employee's same-sex spouse.
 * March 12, 2008: Eliot Spitzer resigned as governor of New York.
 * March 17, 2008: Following Spitzer's resignation, David Paterson was sworn in as the 55th Governor of New York by New York Chief Judge Judith Kaye.
 * April 2008: Governor Paterson pledged in a speech that he would continue to push for full marriage equality for New Yorkers.
 * May 29, 2008: It was widely reported on this day that Governor Paterson had directed all state agencies to begin to revise their policies and regulations to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions. "In a directive issued on May 14, the governor's legal counsel, David Nocenti, instructed the agencies that gay couples married elsewhere 'should be afforded the same recognition as any other legally performed union.'" Opponents of same-sex marriage raised the possibility of a legal challenge.
 * June 3, 2008: Governor Paterson's directive was challenged as both premature and unconstitutional in a lawsuit filed by the Alliance Defense Fund on behalf of several state legislators and conservative leaders in New York.
 * September 2, 2008: The Alliance Defense Fund suit was dismissed by Supreme Court Justice Lucy A. Billings, with a finding that Governor Patterson acted within his powers when he required state agencies to recognize same-sex marriages from outside New York.
 * September 8, 2008: The Alliance Defense Fund appealed Judge Billings' decision.
 * November 4, 2008: On Election Day, the Democratic Party gained a majority in the New York State Senate.
 * November 22, 2008: Monroe County announced that it would not pursue any further appeals of the Appellate Division's decision.
 * December 2008: A deal was made among certain Democratic senators that would ensure the election of Malcolm Smith as Senate President pro tempore, making him the chamber's leader; reports indicated that as part of the deal, Senator Smith agreed not to bring same-sex marriage legislation to a floor vote in the Senate during the 2009–2010 legislative session.
 * December 10, 2008: Smith broke off his alleged agreement with three Democratic dissidents and confirmed that he would not pledge to hold off on a same-sex marriage bill in the upcoming session. Senator Smith stated that "real reform cannot and should not ever include limiting the civil rights of any New Yorkers." This placed control of the Senate by the Democratic Party in doubt, despite its slight numerical majority.
 * January 7, 2009: After reaching an agreement with three Democratic dissidents, Malcolm Smith was voted Senate Majority Leader.
 * April 16, 2009: Governor Paterson officially introduced same-sex marriage legislation and vowed to push for its passage.
 * May 12, 2009: The New York State Assembly passed same-sex marriage legislation in a bipartisan vote of 89–52.
 * November 19, 2009: The New York Court of Appeals ruled in Godfrey v. Spano that Westchester County could lawfully extend government benefits to same-sex couples in out-of-state marriages.
 * December 2, 2009: The New York State Assembly again passed the same-sex marriage bill by a vote of 88–51, but the Senate voted it down, 38–24.
 * May 10, 2011: Assemblyman Daniel O'Donnell introduced a same-sex marriage bill to the Assembly.
 * June 15, 2011: The New York State Assembly passed the same-sex marriage bill for the fourth time, by a vote of 80–63.
 * June 24, 2011: The Senate passed the same-sex marriage bill in a 33 to 29 vote. Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the bill into law, which took effect 30 days later.
 * July 24, 2011: The Marriage Equality Act went into effect. Kitty Lambert and Cheryle Rudd of Buffalo were married in Niagara Falls at midnight, becoming the first couple in the state to benefit from the newly enacted law. Niagara Falls was lit in rainbow for the first time for the occasion.

Timeline of civil suits for same-sex marriage
Several court cases pertaining to the recognition and licensing of same-sex marriages in New York have been filed over the years.

Hernández case

 * March 5, 2004: Five same-sex couples, backed by Lambda Legal, filed suit challenging the constitutionality of limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples only. The complaint relied on both equal protection and due process claims.
 * February 4, 2005: Manhattan Supreme Court Judge Doris Ling-Cohan issued an opinion in Hernández v. Robles, ruling that the New York Constitution guaranteed basic rights to gays and lesbians, which the state violated when it prevented them from marrying. Ling-Cohan stayed her ruling for a 30-day period, giving the state time to appeal.
 * September 13, 2005: Oral arguments were heard by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, First Judicial Department.
 * December 8, 2005: The Appellate Division reversed the trial court with one dissent in a 4–1 decision that said the issue should be handled by the State Legislature.
 * May 31, 2006: After the couples filed an appeal, oral arguments were heard by the New York State Court of Appeals.
 * July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals issued a 4–2 decision upholding New York's existing marriage statutes and declining to mandate the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York. The court ruling stated that same-sex partners did not have the right to marry each other under the New York Constitution. It rejected the plaintiffs' attempt to use the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Loving v. Virginia as precedent because "a long and shameful history of racism lay behind the kind of statute invalidated in Loving" while "the traditional definition of marriage is not merely a by-product of historical injustice".

Shields case

 * March 11, 2004: Ten same-sex couples filed suit to obtain an order requiring their town clerk to issue them marriage licenses and the Department of Health to recognize them. If the statutory argument failed, the suit challenged the constitutionality of the domestic relations law. Mayor John Shields of Nyack was one of the parties to the suit.
 * October 18, 2004: Supreme Court Judge Alfred J. Weiner issued an opinion in Shields v. Madigan rejecting the statutory interpretation and constitutional challenges for same-sex marriage. The domestic relations law was determined to allow only opposite-sex marriages, and equal protection and due process claims were both denied.
 * March 28, 2006: Oral arguments were heard by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, Second Judicial Department.
 * July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals issued a 4–2 decision in the four other marriage cases. This case is now effectively moot.

Samuels case

 * April 7, 2004: Thirteen same-sex couples, backed by the American Civil Liberties Union, filed suit to have the state's marriage laws declared unconstitutional. Daniel O'Donnell, New York State Assemblyman (and brother of celebrity Rosie O'Donnell), was one of the parties to the suit.
 * December 7, 2004: Rockland County Supreme Court Judge Joseph C. Teresi issued an opinion in Samuels v. New York State Department of Health rejecting the four constitutional claims for same-sex marriage. Equal protection based on sexual orientation, equal protection based on gender, due process, and free speech were all argued to be violated by New York's domestic relations law, but none was found to have merit.
 * October 17, 2005: Oral arguments were heard by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, Third Judicial Department.
 * February 16, 2006: The Appellate Division affirmed the trial court in a 5–0 decision that consolidated all three cases (Samuels, Seymour, and Kane) on appeal in its jurisdiction.
 * May 31, 2006: Oral arguments were heard by the New York State Court of Appeals.
 * July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals issued a 4–2 decision upholding New York's existing marriage statutes and declining to judicially mandate the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York. The court ruling stated that same-sex partners did not have the right to marry each other under the New York Constitution.

Seymour case

 * June 2, 2004: Twenty-five same-sex couples, backed by the city of Ithaca, filed suit to have the domestic relations law include same-sex marriage. If the law was determined not to apply to same-sex couples, the suit challenged the prohibition on a constitutional basis.
 * February 23, 2005: Tompkins Supreme Court Judge Robert C. Mulvey issued an opinion in Seymour v. Holcomb rejecting Ithaca's standing to sue, the statutory claim, and the constitutional claims based on equal protection, due process, and free expression.
 * October 17, 2005: Oral arguments were heard by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, Third Judicial Department.
 * February 16, 2006: The Appellate Division affirmed the trial court in a 5–0 decision that consolidated all three cases (Samuels, Seymour, and Kane) on appeal in its jurisdiction.
 * May 31, 2006: Oral arguments were heard by the New York State Court of Appeals.
 * July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals issued a 4–2 decision upholding New York's existing marriage statutes and declining to judicially mandate the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York. The court ruling stated that same-sex partners did not have the right to marry each other under the New York Constitution.

Kane case

 * June 16, 2004: Two same-sex couples filed suit to obtain marriage licenses that would make official their marriage ceremonies from three months earlier. The ceremonies were held by a Unitarian Universalist minister on March 27, 2004.
 * January 31, 2005: Albany County Supreme Court Judge E. Michael Kavanagh issued an opinion in Kane v. Marsolais rejecting both statutory and constitutional claims. The opinion also rejected the notion that their marriages were valid because of a section of the domestic relations law that recognized marriages solemnized by ceremonies even if the couple failed to obtain a license. This section of the law was held only to apply to those who were legally qualified to be married.
 * October 17, 2005: Oral arguments were heard by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, Third Judicial Department.
 * February 16, 2006: The Appellate Division affirmed the trial court in a 5–0 decision that consolidated all three cases (Samuels, Seymour, and Kane) on appeal in its jurisdiction.
 * May 31, 2006: Oral arguments were heard by the New York State Court of Appeals.
 * July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals issued a 4–2 decision upholding New York's existing marriage statutes and declining to judicially mandate the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York. The court ruling stated that same-sex partners did not have the right to marry each other under the New York Constitution.

title: Same-sex marriage in New York


text:
Talk:Boeing 707

Comet design limitations
" Freed from the design constraints imposed by the limitations of late-1940s jet engines, which led to the Comet disasters, developing a robust, safe, and high capacity jet aircraft was within Boeing's grasp." Perhaps we could include some explanation of how late-40s jet engine tech imposed design limitations that led to DeHavilland using square-framed windows on the Comet, which were the direct cause of the aforementioned disasters. Because it is not at all clear to me what engines have to do with window design. The Comet had issues with engines, but they had nothing to do with the lost aircraft.

64.223.108.253 (talk) 18:55, 25 April 2021 (UTC)

 * A better explanation would be nice but such info is mostly irrelevant to the Boeing 707. I just trimmed the erroneous engine-Comet diaster text. Thanks, -Fnlayson (talk) 19:09, 25 April 2021 (UTC)

Production count disparities
This article has conflicting numbers regarding 707 production, as follows:

865 707s produced, total (article lied & data panel) 856 707s produced, total (from the "707 Model summary" section of Orders & deliveries)

175 707-320B produced (article text, description of variants) 174 707-320B produced (707 Model summary)

335 707-320C produced (article text, description of variants) 337 707-320C produced (707 Model summary)

Boeing's website says 1,010 707 & 720 aircraft were produced in total, which matches the 856 figure. Sacxpert (talk) 06:39, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Some of the differences are probably due to test airplanes being retained by Boeing and not delivered to customer(s), i.e. the built numbers do not match the delivered numbers. -Fnlayson (talk)

Uhm... I think someone can change that miscalculation? ChangeMyNamePlease (talk) 11:47, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Not sure why it took over two years to do it, but the article's self-conflicting numbers have been corrected, per the reference. 1peterk (talk) 04:47, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I now see that some parties keep correcting the figures, then other parties revert them. It's 865 707s, excluding (not including) the 720s. 1peterk (talk) 04:50, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes exactly. The model 720 was initially designated 707-020, hence some confusion. -Fnlayson (talk) 14:40, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boeing 707


text:
Fractured Flickers

Fractured Flickers is a live-action syndicated half-hour television comedy show that was produced by Jay Ward, who is otherwise known for cartoons. The pilot film was produced in 1961 (hence the 1961 copyright notice on the animated main title), but the series was not completed until 1963. Twenty-six episodes were produced; they were syndicated by Desilu Productions and played for several years on local stations.

Content
Host Hans Conried introduced short "flickers" pieced together from silent film footage and from other older films, overdubbed with newly written comic dialogue, music, and sound effects. The voices for these were provided by fellow Ward mainstays Paul Frees, June Foray, and Bill Scott.

The earliest episodes have careful dubbing, with the actors and writers taking pains to synchronize the new dialogue with the actors' lip movements. Once the series had deadlines to face, however, the time-consuming dubbing was abandoned, and the later episodes do not bother with exact synchronization. The concept anticipated Woody Allen's comic overdubbed film debut a few years later.

True to the Jay Ward brand of humor, the dialogue was loaded with puns and one-line jokes. One silent vignette was retitled "The Barber of Stanwyck", utilizing scenes from Douglas Fairbanks' 1920 silent classic, The Mark of Zorro. The canine serial Rin Tin Tin was satirized as "Foam, king of the mad dogs." Films, television, advertising, and even the Fractured Flickers series itself and executive producer were fair game for merciless kidding. (Conried quipped, "This is what we'll be doing for the next several weeks--or until someone finds out!") The show was at its funniest when desecrating early melodramas with "hip" reinterpretations, such as presenting Rudolph Valentino as an insurance salesman or Lon Chaney Sr.'s The Hunchback of Notre Dame as "Dinky Dunstan, Boy Cheerleader." (Lon Chaney Jr. was not amused by the latter and attempted unsuccessfully to sue Jay Ward over it.) Many segments were vicious satires of television commercials; a typical "word from our sponsor" would have the announcer extolling the virtues of the item being advertised, accompanied by darkly humorous clips. A fly-by-night real estate development, for example, was illustrated with clips of buildings being destroyed by a cyclone (from Steamboat Bill, Jr. with Buster Keaton). And "This moment of softness (explosions, wild parties, etc.) has been brought to you by Bee. Bee, the only tissue woven in mid-air by bees!" Regular features were the "Minute Mysteries", featuring a credited Stan Laurel as master detective Sherman Oaks (his scenes "fractured" from his 1925 short comedy, Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde), and the weekly "tributes" to some American city.

Each episode also featured a celebrity guest whom Conried would interview. Most were popular TV or film personalities of the 1960s such as Fabian, Bob Denver, Deborah Walley, Rod Serling, and Rose Marie. Many of them caught the spirit of the show, and answered Conried's scripted questions with tongue in cheek.

Many prominent figures of the 1960s were lampooned, including TV icons such as "Uncle Walt" Disney (after signing off, “Well that oughta hold the little stinkers for tonight”). Bob Newhart's distinctive hesitant delivery was frequently mimicked for droll narration. A segment based on the Kennedy family (and produced long before airtime) was excised from all copies of the series when John F. Kennedy was assassinated so that it was never shown; although a throwaway line to another character named John Fitzgerald slipped through. This segment remains lost to this day.

Guest stars
The following were guest stars:

An interview with Johnny Weissmuller was filmed but not used; the interview with the Bullwinkle puppet may have been filmed as its replacement. Co-producer Bill Scott (Bullwinkle's voice) appears briefly in two episodes, one as a delivery man and the other a clumsy stuntman who falls flat on his face.
 * 1) Rose Marie           8-1-63
 * 2) Fabian  8-8-63
 * 3) Gypsy Rose Lee       8-15-63
 * 4) Allan Sherman        8-22-63
 * 5) Annette Funicello    8-29-63
 * 6) Edward Everett Horton9-5-63
 * 7) Paula Prentiss       9-12-63
 * 8) Sebastian Cabot      9-19-63
 * 9) Roddy McDowall       9-26-63
 * 10)  Vivienne Della Chiesa 10-3-63
 * 11)  Connie Stevens       10-10-63
 * 12)  Rod Serling          10-17-63
 * 13)  Connie Hines         10-24-63
 * 14)  Cesar Romero         10-31-63
 * 15)  Diana Dors           11-7-63
 * 16)  Bullwinkle J. Moose  11-14-63
 * 17)  Deborah Walley       11-21-63
 * 18)  Paul Lynde           11-28-63
 * 19)  Anna Maria Alberghetti12-5-63
 * 20)  Ruta Lee             12-12-63
 * 21)  Barbara Eden         12-19-63
 * 22)  Bob Denver           12-26-63
 * 23)  Pat Carroll           1-2-64
 * 24)  Bob Newhart           1-9-64
 * 25)  Ursula Andress        1-16-64
 * 26)  Zsa Zsa Gabor         1-23-64

Home media
The complete series was released on DVD by VCI Entertainment in 2004.

As of 2022, reruns of the show aired on Movies! channel every Saturday morning.

title: Fractured Flickers


text:
Talk:Clive Davis

---

Untitled
I added something about the show Iconoclasts. ~ Me... because it was real. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.117.2.21 (talk) 18:58, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Alicia Keys
I just heard on a radio show that Clive Davis was responsible for the success of Alicia Keys. He apparently had people from his company buy her records to boost her record sales. Interesting, can anyone look into this? 68.194.3.31 (talk) 23:56, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

What's really missing is Davis' pre-Grammy party, which is a musician-only event that he has used to launch the careers of several of his biggest finds because they perform in front of room that is wall-to-wall VIPs. It was at one of them that he introduced the musical world to Keys. IIRC also Whitney Houston. I came here to get the name of it for a Reddit post and to confirm that he stopped having it at the Beverly Hills Hotel to honor the boycott of the hotel that was organized by Jay Leno's wife to protest the laws against women the country of Brunei passed (Brunei owns the hotel though the Dorchester Collection chain). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.113.104.20 (talk) 18:22, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

Birthyear
Was Clive born in 1932 or 1934? There is confusion again between Wikipedia and IMDB. Hotwine8 02:49, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:CliveDavis.jpg
Image:CliveDavis.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 18:14, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Potential sources
This site has a bio that is out of date, but in other respects is (in my opinion) better than the Wikipedia bio, and also lists a reference section with incomplete data. Someone with access to Lexis-Nexis could probably find out the titles of these articles. With articles in hand it would be possible to source and improve this entry.

 * Forbes, May 23, 1994.
 * Los Angeles Times, April 17, 1990; November 17, 1990; November 21, 1990; July 19, 1994.
 * Newsday (Long Island, NY), March 14, 1990.
 * Newsweek, June 11, 1973; July 7, 1975.
 * New York Times Magazine, April 24, 1977.
 * Rolling Stone, July 3, 1986.

-Jmh123 19:49, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

I agree with you, this article has been tampered with by so many people that it has been whittled down to a few facts and nothing close to a useful article on a man who has had a 50 year impact on pop culture. It is a shame and should be re-written from the bottom up if possible. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.248.101.150 (talk) 15:00, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

6 years later and this comment still rings true. Given Clive Davis' impact on pop culture, this article is extremely light due to over-editing. A ground up rewriter is still necessary — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.74.2.90 (talk) 20:59, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

What about his immediate family?
Shouldn't a true biography contain basic information about the subject's immediate family? Davis is married and has several children, as I recall. Also, this draft is more laudatory than neutreal POV.If you compare this biography to the one on peer Lou Adler, the Adler bio comforms more closely to bio standards. This one needs work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Russ453 (talk • contribs) 04:28, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Davis was married twice and has 4 children. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.248.101.150 (talk) 14:59, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Tax evader?
This article is in Category:American tax evaders. However, there is no part of the article, nor any of the provided references, which mention this. Controversial claims, like tax evasion, must always be backed with references; if none can be provided, then by the WP:BLP policy, this category should be removed. Terraxos (talk) 18:02, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

There is no record of Davis having ever been convicted of a criminal tax charge, only a guilty plea on a misdemeanor tax malfeasance.

According to the book "Hit Men" by Fredric Dannen, Davis was indicted on six counts of tax evasion as a part of Project Sound, a federal investigation into alleged widespread corruption at CBS Records. Five of the counts were eventually dropped. Davis pled guilty to one count of tax evasion in 1976 and was fined $10,000.

Whitney Houston
I was wondering if it would be a good idea to include more information about his work with Whitney Houston. He played a very important role in her career. --MusicGeek101 (talk) 00:00, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Gettysburg College
Hey everyone, I'm a Gettysburg student, and today Clive Davis got an honorary doctorate in Fine Arts from the College. proof: http://www.gettysburg.edu/news_events/press_release_detail.dot?id=770bd665-c1c2-47b4-a09c-d52d2953662a 67eldorado (talk) 03:46, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

Erasmus Hall High School
Xb2u7Zjzc32 (talk) 07:22, 11 November 2015 (UTC)
 * http://www.erasmushall60.com/class_custom4.cfm
 * Arista – National Honor Society

Real Mccoy?
Im shocked to see what he has done so far in his lifetime

he made a lot of bands and acts famous in the USA i did not known this

but he has also made REAL MCCOY famous and big in the US the band had minor hits in their native GERMANY but he made them record breaking chart hits in the US — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:908:191:5FA0:156A:93BB:3136:311D (talk) 09:52, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

Jim Steinman
Apparently Clive Davis said that Jim Steinman "knew nothing about writing, or rock music in general",  from Jim Steinman page - worth a mention here IMO — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.187.228.204 (talk) 09:52, 24 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clive Davis


text:
Winnifred Mason Huck

Winnifred Sprague Huck (née Mason; September 14, 1882 – August 24, 1936) was an American journalist and politician from the state of Illinois who became the third woman to serve in the United States Congress, after Jeannette Rankin and Alice Mary Robertson, the first woman to represent Illinois in Congress, the first woman to win a special election for the United States Congress, and the first mother. She was elected to fill the at-large seat of her father, Representative William Ernest Mason, after his death.

Life and career
Huck was born Winnifred Sprague Mason in Chicago, Illinois, and attended public schools in Chicago and in Washington, D.C. She worked as her father's secretary.

Huck was elected as a Republican to the 67th United States Congress by special election to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her father. She served a partial term from November 7, 1922, to March 3, 1923, a term which overlapped with the one-day term of the first woman in the U.S. Senate Rebecca Felton. Unlike most first-term Representatives, she introduced several bills.

She was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination to the 68th Congress in 1922, and an unsuccessful candidate for nomination for a special election (February 27, 1923) to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative James Mann. After her term she joined the National Woman's Party.

She later became an investigative journalist, and exposed abuses in the prison system.

Huck died in Chicago, and her ashes were interred in Oakwood Cemetery, in Waukegan, Illinois.

title: Winnifred Mason Huck


text:
Calgary Hitmen

The Calgary Hitmen are a Canadian junior ice hockey team based in Calgary, Alberta. The Hitmen play in the Central Division of the Western Hockey League (WHL), hosting their home games at the Scotiabank Saddledome. Bret "Hitman" Hart, a professional wrestler and Calgary native, was a founding owner and the inspiration for the team's name. Established in 1994, the team has been owned by the Calgary Flames hockey club since 1997. They are the third WHL team based in Calgary, after the Centennials and Wranglers.

The Hitmen have won four regular season titles, and the team qualified for the playoffs for thirteen consecutive seasons between 1998 and 2010. In 1999, they became the first Calgary team to win the President's Cup as league champions, and the first to represent the city in the Memorial Cup since the Calgary Canadians won the national junior title in 1926. The team won a second league championship in 2010. The Hitmen hold numerous WHL attendance records, and in 2004–05 became the first team in Canadian Hockey League history to average 10,000 fans per game. Thirty-nine former Hitmen players have gone on to play in the National Hockey League.

Founding and early tumult
Graham James left his position as coach and general manager of the Swift Current Broncos to found the Hitmen in 1994. He organized a group of eighteen investors in the club, including former Broncos and star National Hockey League players Theoren Fleury and Joe Sakic, along with Bret Hart, who made a career in the World Wrestling Federation. The Calgary Flames, who had just assumed control of the Saddledome and were looking to fill extra dates in the building, were receptive to the new team. When scheduling conflicts occurred, the Hitmen used the Stampede Corral as a secondary venue—including for the first seven games in club history.

Calgary had been without a WHL team since the Wranglers moved south to become the Lethbridge Hurricanes in 1987. The league's expansion into Calgary was met with skepticism, as the league had historically struggled in Western Canada's largest markets of Vancouver, Edmonton, Calgary, and Winnipeg, when in competition with the NHL.

The Hitmen entered their first season playing in the newly formed Central Division, and were predicted to finish as high as third in the five-team division. Instead, they finished as the second-worst regular season team in the league, posting an 18–51–3 record. The Hitmen lost $250,000 in their first season and saw their season ticket base halved to 700 for the 1996–97 season. The losses led to questions about the viability of the club.

James stunned the organization when he resigned as coach and general manager on September 5, 1996. Two days later, the Calgary Police Service revealed that James was being investigated on allegations he sexually abused two former players while he was with the Swift Current Broncos. James was charged, and in January 1997 pleaded guilty to two counts of sexual assault. Upon James' conviction and sentencing to prison, the Hitmen attempted to distance themselves from their former coach.

The Hitmen struggled on the ice as well, again missing the playoffs after falling to a record of 15–53–4. The spectre of the Graham James scandal hurt the franchise. The original investors, many of whom played for or were otherwise associated with James, sold the team to the Flames for approximately $1.5 million in June 1997. It was widely speculated that the new owners would change the team name, possibly to the Junior Flames; however, they ultimately chose to retain the name.

First championship
Dean Clark took over as head coach shortly after James' resignation, and led the 1997–98 Hitmen to a significant turnaround. The team improved to a 40–28–4 record and first-place finish in the Central Division, qualifying for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history. They defeated the Saskatoon Blades and Swift Current Broncos to reach the Eastern Conference final before falling to the Brandon Wheat Kings. Clark was awarded the Dunc McCallum Memorial Trophy as the WHL's top coach, and also won the Canadian Hockey League's Brian Kilrea Coach of the Year Award. Calgary improved to 51–13–8 in 1998–99, finishing one point ahead of the Kamloops Blazers for the Scotty Munro Memorial Trophy for best regular season record. Led by Brad Moran, Pavel Brendl, and goaltender Alexandre Fomitchev, the Hitmen lost just five games in the playoffs en route to their first President's Cup. They won the title at home before a WHL playoff record crowd of 17,139. They became the first Calgary-based team to qualify for the Memorial Cup since the Calgary Canadians won the 1926 title.

In the 1999 Memorial Cup, the Hitmen opened the tournament with a 5–3 victory over the Ontario Hockey League's Belleville Bulls, followed by a 4–3 loss to the host Ottawa 67's. They followed with a 3–1 win over the Acadie-Bathurst Titan of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. Finishing atop the round robin standings, the Hitmen earned a bye into the championship game, a rematch against the 67's. The final was a back-and-forth affair with Ottawa holding 4–1 and 6–5 leads; Calgary tied the game late to send it to overtime. Ottawa's Matt Zultek scored the winning goal 1:58 into overtime to give the 67's the championship. Brendl and Matt Kinch were named to the Memorial Cup All-Star team.

The Hitmen entered the 1999–2000 season with expectations of making another Memorial Cup run. The club finished the regular season with a record of 58–12–2–2, once again winning the regular season title. The team set franchise records for victories (58) and points (120), which stood until the 2008–09 year. After sweeping the Moose Jaw Warriors and Saskatoon Blades, the Hitmen were upset by the Kootenay Ice in the Eastern Conference final, falling four games to one.

Turn of the century
The Hitmen went through a rebuilding period and finished third or fourth in the Central Division between 2001 and 2004, winning only one playoff series during that time. The Hitmen acquired goaltender Justin Pogge from the Prince George Cougars during the 2004–05 season. Pogge's goaltending, along with the offensive leadership of forward Andrew Ladd, saw the Hitmen win their first playoff series in four years. They could not follow up on their victory over the Lethbridge Hurricanes, losing their second round series against the Brandon Wheat Kings in seven games.

The Hitmen were heavily marketed by the Flames during the NHL's 2004–05 lock-out. As a result, the Hitmen averaged 10,062 fans per game and set a new league attendance record. The season total of 362,227 fans easily beat the old record by over 45,000. The Hitmen became the first Canadian Hockey League team to average over 10,000 fans per game, having the highest average attendance of any hockey team—junior or professional—in North America that year.

The 2005–06 Hitmen battled the Medicine Hat Tigers for the top spot in the Western Hockey League for most of the season. Calgary finished with 101 points, their best total since 1999–2000, finishing two points behind Medicine Hat for the best record in the league. The team disappointed in the playoffs, falling to the Moose Jaw Warriors in the Eastern Conference semi-final. Pogge's performance during the season earned him honours as both the WHL player of the year and CHL goaltender of the year. Calgary fell to third in the Central Division in 2006–07. In the playoffs, they upset the Kootenay Ice, who finished 19-points ahead of Calgary in the regular season. The Hitmen then defeated the East Division champion Brandon Wheat Kings to reach the Eastern Conference final for the fourth time in franchise history, where they were defeated by the Tigers.

The Hitmen entered the 2007–08 season with expectation of being contenders, voted the pre-season pick to finish atop the Eastern Conference by the league's coaches and general managers. The team lived up to expectations, winning the Central Division, and finishing with the best record in the East for the first time since 2000. During a late season game, Calgary broke the league's single-game attendance record, as an announced crowd of 19,305 watched Calgary defeat Kootenay by a score of 6–1. In the playoffs, the Hitmen defeated the Moose Jaw Warriors and Swift Current Broncos in six games apiece, advancing to the Eastern Conference finals for the second consecutive season.

Second championship
Following the graduation of several players, including Karl Alzner, who was named both WHL player of the year and CHL defenceman of the year, the 2008–09 Hitmen were expected to enter a rebuilding period. Instead, they captured the franchise's third Scotty Munro Trophy as the regular season champions, earning the top seed in the playoffs. The team tied or broke 21 franchise records during the regular season, including wins (59), points (122) and goals scored (330). Joel Broda led the league with 53 goals, while Brandon Kozun and Brett Sonne finished second and third in league scoring with 108 and 100 points, respectively; it was only the second time in franchise history that two players topped the 100-point mark in the same season. In the playoffs, the Hitmen won 12 straight games, sweeping the Edmonton Oil Kings, Lethbridge Hurricanes, and Brandon Wheat Kings to reach the WHL finals for the first time since 1999. In the finals, they were stunned by the Kelowna Rockets, losing the first three games of the series before winning the next two to extend the series to a sixth game. The Hitmen lost game six in overtime, and the series 4–2, to end their season. Sonne was named WHL Player of the Year, while General Manager Kelly Kisio was named Executive of the Year for the second time in recognition of the Hitmen's season.

The following season, Calgary again finished with the best record in the regular season with 107 points on the strength of Kozun's CHL-leading 107 points and the goaltending of Martin Jones, who was named goaltender of the year in the WHL. The Hitmen's playoffs nearly ended quickly as they lost three of the first four games in their opening round playoff series against the Warriors before winning three consecutive games to take the series in seven. They then beat the Tigers and Wheat Kings in six and five games respectively to reach the WHL championship series for the second consecutive year. Entering the final against the Tri-City Americans, the 11 players who returned from the 2009 finals loss vowed not to suffer a repeat of their disappointing finish to the previous season. Named the playoff MVP, Jones allowed only seven goals against in the final as the Hitmen defeated the Americans in five games to win their second Ed Chynoweth Cup in franchise history. The victory, in front of a home crowd of over 15,000 fans, earned the Hitmen a berth in the 2010 Memorial Cup tournament. At the tournament, Calgary posted a 2–1 record in the round robin, defeating the QMJHL's Moncton Wildcats and the host Brandon Wheat Kings, but lost the semi-final in overtime, also against Brandon.

Following the graduation of many of the team's top scorers, the Hitmen fell to last place the WHL in 2010–11, at one point tying a franchise record with 12 consecutive losses. As part of the 2011 Heritage Classic, hosted by the Flames, the Hitmen hosted the Regina Pats in an outdoor game at McMahon Stadium on February 21, 2011. Regina won 3–2 before 20,888 fans, setting new WHL and CHL attendance records.

In 2019, the Hitmen hosted the Corral Series, a three-game series paying tribute to former teams that used to play in the Corral.

Logo and jerseys
The club selected its name and logo as an homage to Bret "Hitman" Hart, and the team's original pink, grey, and black jerseys were modelled after Hart's ring attire. The logo proved popular and Hitmen merchandise sold well. However, the name and logo were subject to criticism from segments of the public and the business community, who panned both as negative stereotypes of violence within the sport. Among the chief critics of the new logo was the Flames organization, who received calls from concerned business people who shared that sentiment. Struggling to attract corporate sponsors, the Hitmen chose to scrap the "Jason Voorhees"-style logo in favour of an alternate "starburst" logo just two months after it was unveiled. The club went back to the original logo in 1996.

When the Calgary Flames purchased the team in 1997, they adopted a new colour scheme and updated the logo.

Community impact
The Hitmen support numerous programs and charities. They host an annual teddy bear toss in December. The 13th annual Petro Canada Teddy Bear Toss, held on December 2, 2007, saw what the Hitmen claim a world record 26,919 bears tossed on to the ice by 17,341 fans. The bears are donated to charities throughout the Calgary area. A few of the bears are personally delivered by the players to the Alberta Children's Hospital, an event highly anticipated by patients at the hospital.

The Hitmen are also partners with the Calgary Board of Education and their ''Read On! Literacy for Life'' program. Red Deer, Alberta author Sigmund Brouwer has released numerous young adult-oriented mystery novels about the team and fictitious Hitmen players. The ninth book in the series, titled Hitmen Star, was published in 2008. Copies of the books are distributed to sixth grade students throughout Calgary and southern Alberta schools; with Hitmen and former National Hockey League players helping to encourage students to take an active interest in reading.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, SOL = Shootout losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

Championship history

 * Ed Chynoweth Cup: 1998–99, 2009–10
 * Scotty Munro Memorial Trophy: 1998–99, 1999–00, 2008–09, 2009–10
 * Conference championships (3): 1998–99, 2008–09, 2009–10
 * Division titles (7): 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2014–15

WHL Championship finals

 * 1998–99: Win, 4–1 vs Kamloops Blazers
 * 2008–09: Loss, 2–4 vs Kelowna Rockets
 * 2009–10: Win, 4–1 vs Tri-City Americans

Memorial Cup finals

 * 1999: Loss, 6–7 (OT) vs Ottawa 67's

Current roster
Updated June 29, 2024

 * }

NHL alumni
Thirty-eight players have been selected from the Hitmen roster at the National Hockey League's entry draft, including nine players selected in the first round. The highest drafted players in club history were Pavel Brendl (1999) and Andrew Ladd (2004)—both players were selected fourth overall.

Forty-four former Hitmen players have gone on to play in the National Hockey League. The first was Ryan Bast, who played two games with the Philadelphia Flyers in 1998–99. Andrew Ladd has gone on to win two Stanley Cup championships, with the Carolina Hurricanes in 2006 and the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010. His former Hitmen teammate, Ryan Getzlaf, won the Cup with the Anaheim Ducks in 2007, and Johnny Boychuk has one as a member of the 2011 Boston Bruins.

• Karl Alzner

• Ryan Bast

• Jake Bean

• Kris Beech

• Johnny Boychuk

• Pavel Brendl

• Barry Brust

• Brett Carson

• Brodie Dupont

• Chris Driedger

• Justin Falk

• Kris Foucault

• Owen Fussey

• T. J. Galiardi

• Ryan Getzlaf

• Darcy Hordichuk

• Martin Jones

• Mark Kastelic

• Dustin Kohn

• Brandon Kozun

• Brent Krahn

• Jordan Krestanovich

• Andrew Ladd

• Beck Malenstyn

• Carson McMillan

• Brad Moran

• Chris Nielsen

• Stephen Peat

• Matt Pettinger

• Alex Plante

• Justin Pogge

• Paul Postma

• Konstantin Pushkarev

• Victor Rask

• Travis Sanheim

• Brandon Segal

• Jeff Schultz

• Ray Schultz

• Fredrik Sjostrom

• Jerred Smithson

• Rastislav Stana

• Michael Stone

• Brad Stuart

• Ryan Tobler

• Carsen Twarynski

• Jake Virtanen

• Ryan White

• Egor Zamula

Head coaches
Dean Clark has been the most successful coach for the Calgary Hitmen. He led the team between 1996 and 2001, and in that time won more WHL games than any other coach. He was named coach of the year in both the WHL and CHL in 1998. Clark led the Hitmen to three division titles, two regular season titles, one league championship, and coached the Hitmen to their first Memorial Cup final. Kelly Kisio was head coach from the 2004–05 season to the end of the 2007–08 season, a role he shared with Dean Evason in his first year with the Hitmen. Kisio stepped down as coach in 2008, naming former assistant Dave Lowry as head coach for the 2008–09 season. Lowry was promoted to an assistant with the Calgary Flames after leading the Hitmen to a 122-point season in his first year. He was replaced by Mike Williamson, who led the team to a WHL championship in 2010 before leaving the team in 2014. He was followed by Mark French. The team's most recent hire is Steve Hamilton, who was named coach in 2018.

Awards and honours
The Calgary Hitmen have captured numerous awards during the franchise's tenure. Hitmen players have been named the WHL's most outstanding player four times. Defenceman Karl Alzner won the Four Broncos Memorial Trophy in 2007–08—he was also named the defenceman of the year —and Brett Sonne won the trophy in 2008–09. Goaltender Martin Jones captured numerous awards in Calgary's championship season of 2009–10, including being named the top goaltender at the Memorial Cup, while Brandon Kozun led the entire Canadian Hockey League in scoring.

Brad Moran, the franchise's all-time leading scorer, had his number 20 retired in 2005, the first player to be so honoured. Following the lead of the Calgary Flames, the team introduced a new program in 2015 to honour former players. Called "Forever a Hitmen", the team named Ryan Getzlaf the first inductee in 2015.

Four Broncos Memorial Trophy

Player of the year
 * Brad Moran: 1999–2000
 * Justin Pogge: 2005–06
 * Karl Alzner: 2007–08
 * Brett Sonne: 2008–09

Bob Clarke Trophy

Top scorer
 * Pavel Brendl: 1998–99
 * Brad Moran: 1999–2000
 * Brandon Kozun: 2009–10

Doc Seaman Trophy

Scholastic player of the year
 * Chris Nielsen: 1998–99, 1999–2000

Brad Hornung Trophy

Most sportsmanlike player
 * Matt Kinch: 1998–99, 2000–01

Bill Hunter Memorial Trophy

Defenceman of the year
 * Brad Stuart: 1998–99
 * Karl Alzner: 2007–08

CHL Defenceman of the Year
 * Brad Stuart: 1998–99
 * Karl Alzner: 2007–08

Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy

Rookie of the year
 * Pavel Brendl: 1998–99

CHL Top Draft Prospect Award Del Wilson Trophy
 * Pavel Brendl: 1998–99

Goaltender of the year CHL Goaltender of the Year
 * Justin Pogge: 2005–06
 * Martin Jones: 2009–10
 * Justin Pogge: 2005–06

Hap Emms Memorial Trophy

Top goaltender at the Memorial Cup
 * Martin Jones: 2010

Dunc McCallum Memorial Trophy

Coach of the year
 * Dean Clark: 1997–98

Brian Kilrea Coach of the Year Award

CHL coach of the year
 * Dean Clark: 1997–98

Lloyd Saunders Memorial Trophy

Executive of the year
 * Kelly Kisio: 2003–04, 2008–09

Doug Wickenheiser Memorial Trophy

Humanitarian of the year
 * Chris Nielsen: 1999–2000
 * Cody Sylvester: 2012–13

WHL Playoff MVP
 * Brad Moran: 1999
 * Martin Jones: 2010

WHL Plus-Minus Award

Top plus-minus
 * Pavel Brendl: 1998–99
 * Kenton Smith: 1999–2000
 * Andrew Ladd: 2003–04
 * Clark Smith: 2004-05
 * Paul Postma: 2008–09

St. Clair Group Trophy

Top marketing/public relations department
 * Mark Stiles: 2003–04
 * Kip Reghenas: 2007–08

title: Calgary Hitmen


text:
Demurrage

"Demurrage" in vessel chartering is the period when the charterer remained in possession of the vessel after the period normally allowed to load and unload cargo (laytime). By extension, demurrage refers to the charges that the charterer pays to the ship owner for its delayed operations of loading/unloading. Officially, demurrage is a form of liquidated damages for breaching the laytime as it is stated in the governing contract (the charter party). The demurrage sometimes causes a loss to the seller as it increases cost of the total freight.

The inverse of demurrage is despatch. If the charterer requires the use of the vessel for less time than the laytime allowed, the charter party may require the shipowner to pay despatch for the time saved.

Shipping
In commercial ship chartering, demurrage is an ancillary cost that represents liquidated damages for delays. It occurs when the vessel is prevented from loading or discharging cargo within the stipulated laytime (see affreightment: under Charter-parties). In the oil industry, it refers to the excess time taken to discharge or load, as the case may be, in excess of the allowed laytime. Laytime is the term used to quantify the time allowed within which an operation is allowed to be made. Demurrage is laytime consumed less laytime allocated (if any). The master of the ship must give a Notice of Readiness (NOR) to the charterer when the ship has arrived at the port of loading or discharge. The NOR informs the charterer that the ship is ready to load or discharge. The date and time of the NOR determines when laytime is to commence.

At the end of the stay in port, the port agent draws up a Statement of Facts, setting out a log of events during the ship's stay in port. The Statement of Facts enables a time sheet to be drawn up and signed by the master and the shipper or receiver of the cargo. The time sheet enables laytime and therefore demurrage or despatch to be calculated.

Container haulage
Because the supply of a shipping container to a merchant has a similar nature to the contract of a supply of a vessel to a voyage charter, the industry refers to this container usage beyond the time allowed as Container Demurrage. This extra usage usually entitles the container supplier (usually the shipping carrier) to require a payment from the merchant.

In principle, it can be considered that the similarity between vessel demurrage and container demurrage is correct since both refer to the same concept, which is the late return of equipment supplied by one party to another for the purpose of carrying a cargo. However, the actual regime of container demurrage is still to be determined precisely.

In container haulage, customers are given a set period in their contract to tip (unload) their container delivery. Acceptable times for tipping are usually between 3 and 4 hours; time spent on site after that is considered "demurrage". Haulers will usually charge an hourly rate for each hour after the allowed time.

Demurrage can also refer to the cost levied by shipping lines to cover redecoration of the container after use by the merchant, but it could also be the charges by the shipping line to customers for not returning the container in a reasonable time.

Railway transport
On railways, it is the charge on detention of trucks (or rolling stock), either to the shipper for holding the car (laden or not), or to the connecting railroad(s) while the car is empty and returning to the home road (in either case, as a way to encourage speedy unloading and return of empties to improve utilisation of rolling stock).

Business and banking
In business, demurrage is a delay in delivery of a product via delivery truck. When a delay occurs with product delivery, the delivery party can elect to claim a no fault delay by submitting a demurrage charge. Criteria for allowable demurrage, payment conditions, and payment terms for demurrage are typically prenegotiated and accepted by the vendor via contract prior to conduct of business. Some vendors allow free no-cost time for limited hour(s) when demurrage occurs, others do not allow free time for delays. The demurrage charge is normally an hourly rate. Unforeseeable until delivery, costs of delays are sometimes separately invoiced from the cost of deliverable.

In banking, demurrage is the charge per ounce made by the Bank of England in exchanging coin or notes for bullion.

title: Demurrage


text:
Talk:West Friesland (region)

I live in Enkhuizen, but the West-Frisian way it's called is Ekhûze (no N), and not Henkhûzen. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.217.107.133 (talk) 19:36, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

There is a discrepency between the municipalities included in this article and those in the description in the article North Holland. Which is correct? -Branddobbe 06:33, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for noticing that, I saw it too but did not know which other municipalities were part of WF, other than vague notions of Alkmaar and Schagen. I took the liberty as well of updating your image. Cwoyte 14:18, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)

What's the difference between West-Friesland and Westfriesland? Both articles seem to be describing the same subject, but then each article considers the other article to be a different subject from itself. What's going on? -Branddobbe 04:31, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * If you look at number of municipalities you see the difference, West-Friesland is the smaller area, this is more or less province Westflinge of Westfriesland, Westfriesland is big bigger, and once was it was autonomous and at war with Holland, during that war some parts got flooded, that land was lost to the see. Therefore the area was divided in some islands, quite big area of Westflinge was protected by the dykesystem. Later when Westfriesland lost from Holland, the area became a district. Through the century's it lost a bit of is identity because of it's islandic laying. Every area became a bit more it's own. The name became in the end of 19th century more synonymous for the area between the dykesystem. But the culture and language-string remains. A lot historians use Westfriesland as indication for the bigger area and West-Friesland for the area between the dyke systems, this last one is the very active used region name. Dolfy 15:33, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

west frisian language vs municipalities
Being born and raised and still living in westfriesland I have to something to say about this. In my eyes, the second column in the list of municipalities makes no sense. The westfrisian langage (I didn't even know it existed) must be centuries old. The list of municipalities is new and is constant subject to change.

I, for instance, live in Hoogkarspel. A couple of years (like 25 yrs or so) ago the villages/municipalities Hoogkarspel, Westwoud and Oosterblokker were joined into the new municipality Drechterland. Recently the municipality Venhuizen was added to Drechterland. I hope I made my point clear.

I don't want to make those changes myself because I don't know much about the english wikepedia, but just want to add information through this discussion page.

Josdorpjossie (talk) 12:48, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree with you and I updated the link from West Frisian (language) to West Frisian (dialect), which makes much more sense. And I live in Hoogkarspel too :) Xenan (talk) 13:45, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Merge
I think West Friesland (historical region) would probably better be merged into this one (and maybe the parenthetic part removed from the name). They are really the same thing as far as I can tell, just in different times. It might make sense to keep them separate if one was a historical region and the other was an officially demarcated modern region, but West Friesland today has no official status and is basically just the name for a part of North Holland that was part of historical West Friesland. CodeCat (talk) 19:05, 23 September 2012 (UTC)
 * The historical region looks much larger and also would have included space under the Zuider Zee, but since they are historically continuous they could well be merged. The region article is a bit stubby and could do with a boost. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 08:50, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

I have removed a large section of apparent copyright violation that was merged into this article from the "historical region" article. The original source was this page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 16:26, 22 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:West Friesland (region)


text:
Lake Tuggeranong College

Lake Tuggeranong College is an Australian Capital Territory public school catering to Year 11 and 12 students (aged between 16 and 20 years). It is located in the Tuggeranong, Canberra, close to Tuggeranong Town Centre and on the shores of Lake Tuggeranong in Greenway. The principal is David Briggs.

History
The school was established in 1990 under the oversight of principal Robert (Bob) McConchie. The enrolment consisted of approximately 400 students. The second principal, John See, was appointed in 1997. On the retirement of John See at the end of 2006, William (Bill) Maiden was appointed as principal. As of 2014 the college has over 734 students enrolled.

Campus
The college is prominently positioned on the shores of Lake Tuggeranong, Greenway and is close to the Tuggeranong Town Centre and bus terminal. The college campus and the adjoining public library was designed by the firm Edwards Madigan Torzillo and Briggs, the same firm the designed the High Court of Australia building and National Gallery of Australia in Parkes.

Campus facilities include general use science laboratories; metal, wood, and auto technology workshops; a kitchen class room; sporting facilities including a rowing shed; drama, dance, art and photography studios; and teaching spaces from 20 person class rooms to an eighty-seat lecture theatre.

Tuggeranong Town Centre Library is adjacent to the college and is a joint-use facility catering for the educational needs of college students and for community use. The proximity of the library provides students with access to the ACT public library collection, free computing facilities and study space. Fully qualified Teacher Librarians, in addition to ACT Public Library staff, further the services provided to college students.

Student admissions
Lake Tuggeranong College admits around 450 year 11 students each year. Education programs are offered for students intending to apply for university admission as well as those seeking vocational training. The college also provides for students with special needs accepting children from special education schools. The college does not discriminate between students seeking higher tertiary education and vocational studies in its admissions process.

The campus culture is structured on university lines, with large amounts of freedom of expression and emphasis on personal responsibility with regard to educational commitment than privately operated equivalent schools.

The ACT government does not allow schools to set compulsory fees to its domestic students, however the college Board suggests a voluntary contribution which includes a base sum of $180 per year. Around 60% of students pay this contribution.

Students enroll in 4 to 8 subjects, which are classified as to whether or not they constitute formal pre-tertiary training. If they have that T classification, students are ranked in the subject. Other vocational courses are designed to provide training for the work force or for personal educational enrichment.

Students who are enrolled in ASBAs only have to enroll in 4 subjects as they spend a day a week engaged in on-the-job training.

title: Lake Tuggeranong College