text:
Talk:Self-hatred

Separate section for ethnic self-hatred?
Should we split the article up into two; the first to address the issue of self-hatred in general; and the second for ethnic self-hatred? I think it should be seperated. While ethnic and self-hatred may be connected the two do not always go together. Ethnic self-hatred is not neccesarily a product of mental illness, it is sometimes a direct result of cultural influence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.110.70.90 (talk) 18:45, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Old talk
Jayjg, why do you insist on deleting any reference to "White self-hatred?" You're Jewish, right? I think you have a personal agenda here.
 * Please review the No original research, Cite your sources, and No personal attacks policies. You can't just state your personal opinions here, you have to quote significant published sources on the matter. Jayjg (talk)  02:52, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Anon, please stop reinserting this example of supposed white self-hatred. If you can find an example of anybody using the term "white self-hatred" who isn't a White supremacist, please supply it. The term "white" is a lot looser a label than most of the other examples in this article. Your example is actually more closely related to White guilt. Furthermore, many people would consider the assertion that "blacks are naturally better at sport" to be questionable in itself, perhaps even racist against black people.illWill 14:41, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

I can see no reason other than anti-white racism to blindly delete any section on white self-hatred while leaving the entries for any other ethnicity intact. You ask "Anon, please stop reinserting this example of supposed white self-hatred. If you can find an example of anybody using the term "white self-hatred" who isn't a White supremacist, please supply it. The term "white" is a lot looser a label than most of the other examples in this article". Alright lets examine this. The white self-hatred section has no sources, but neither does any other section. None of them. You are showing bias by removing any attempt to give white people a fair say (keep in mind no white advocate has tried to delete the Jewish, Black, or Asian section) for supposedly being unreferenced while allowing the other sections to remain while they are guilty of the same crime! Secondly, you make the completely unsupported claim that the term "white" is "loose". Please explain how the term White is anymore loose than Black or Asian. In fact Asian is a much looser term due to the fact that many different races exist in Asia. Even if you meant Asians, as in Oriental, or Yellow skinned people, you are forgetting that "Asians" can be extremely diverse, ranging from dark skin in South East Asia, to whiter than snow in Japan. You exhibit an anti-white bias, and make racist comments that "White" is a "looser" definition than Black or Asian. You simply don't like the White section so you delete it for supposedly not citing references, while ignoring any other unreferenced ethnic section.

"The proper definition of self-hatred, especially from a racial perspective, has been controversial. The biggest controversy centers on definition and appropriate use, if any, of the label "self hating Jew"."

should read:

"The proper definition of self-hatred, especially from a racial perspective, has been controversial. One of the biggest controversies centers on definition and appropriate use, if any, of the label "self hating Jew"."

"the biggest controversy" is highly subjective depending on personal interpretation and, for instance, whether one is referring to real-world controversy or an internet shouting match.

I wonder about the purpose of this entry ..

Just going by the sheer structure of this section; I am not at all clear as to why the writer has attempted the exploration of "self-hatred" in such haphazard way.

Is it his or her intention to contribute an urban lexicon? If so, I am puzzled by the lack of universal applications of the definition that could be applied globally; and I am embarrassed by the forced and lopsided parallels of seemingly innocent instances.

As an example: the author implies that in America, being Jewish is more analogous to being Asian-American or African-American … than it is to being Catholic, Protestant or any other religious group; and in doing so, he/she seems to ignore the fact that the majority of this Jewish religious group, at least in America, would probably fit within the European-American category. Going further, the leaky category of “White Self-Hatred”, excludes Jews, who may or may not all be self-hating but who, nevertheless, should be included within the White/European category as well.

In essence, the author’s approach seems embarrassingly naïve, and contains unsupported content and is built upon a strangely presumptions and lop-sided structure.

Totally biased entry
This entry about white self-hatred is one of the most racist things i've seen from wikipedia and really removes any desire i might have to participate in or use wikipedia anymore.

If the whole point of wikipedia is that lots of people get to edit their entries, then aren't the most widespread prejudices going to become part of your definitions?

Guilt over genocide, colonization and environmental destruction is self-hatred?! give me a break. This entry is proof of the widespread institutionalized racism that is present in most wikipedia writers minds.

 * You're far more of a racist than Wikipedia is and on par with me. Since you obviously represent the fanatic, hysterical anti-racist movement I'll step in as a former white nationalist. I can speak from personal experience when I say that white nationalists, Neo Nazis

and other assorted factions consider Wikipedia a source biased against THEM, not you. I was actually going to call out someone for calling the term self loather" a racist terminology and than calling it "rhetoric." It is, but I don't see anyone saying that Homophobia is also just simply rhetoric, used to suggest that anyone who isn't on board with homosexuality must be mentally ill. Which is sneakiest, most disgusting and dirtiest tactic you can use and I believe it even suggests that if certain people had their way, you'd kill people in mass for simply not thinking as you do about race. No better than any of the Nazis you so despise. One thing you can always count on from the high and mighty is complete and total hypocrisy.

You spread kosher hate speech. That's all you do. It's OK with you to incite hatred against whites which, by the way, has definitely been one of the main reasons there are more interracial attacks on us than vice versa. So congratulations on becoming what you claim to despise. With your "White privilege" courses and talk about "institutional racism" you just breed more hatred, resentment and conflict.

In conclusion, I have to warn you. You fanatics and hysterics on the other side who watch too much television don't realize that racism's only getting worse. And now, thanks to your holier than thou attitude...even whites are getting back into the spirit of ethnic conflict. Just because they're sick of hearing this crap from the likes of you. Talk about "rhetoric" with your predictable, robotic responses. 67.1.55.146 (talk) 14:08, 1 September 2012 (UTC) ::

-- Not really --

Blacks and yellows and browns committed genocides with as much panache as did the whites--does the above writer remember where the last big genocide happened? As a "person of color," I can vouch that nothing irritates me more than when guilty, clueless whites try to get into this pissing match of "I am less civilized than you." Also, you wholly have the right to be offended by the term "white self-hatred," but why don't you reallze that the term "black self-hatred" also is an equally offensive jab? Your selective offense seems to suggest that you are either very clueless or a little racist.

 * I don't know about biased but this whole entry is pretty retarded. "This theory [of more "Caucasian Africans" led to the Rwandan Genocide." is a rather bold statement as is "This [Black on Black racism] is solely due to the effects of slavery and segregation, during which times light-skinned blacks (which included quadroons and even octoons) were treated considerably better by their white masters or by white society in general than their more full-blooded brethren." I'm sure segregation/slavery was the most important factor, to say "solely" is the sort of overstatement encyclopedia articles should avoid. Also "Unlike Jewish self-hatred and Black self-hatred, there are no disagreements as to what it means to be Asian." is possibly one of the most stupid statements I have ever read. Nevermind that Asian in the states means East Asian, but in Britain it means South Asian, or that mixed white/Asian kids go through much the same sort of identity problems/disagreements as white/black kids.

Further, I don't like the idea that distancing yourself from a racial identity is tantamount to self-hatred. Whites aren't constantly talking about "White Pride" or worrying about "hating their race" if they get a tan; but that certainly does not mean that whites are more self-hating than other ethnicities. And similarly "Many Asian women and girls also prefer to have Caucasian husbands or boyfriends, not only as a manisfestration of self-hatred but also as a way to achieve a perceived inprovement in social status." is just rubbish. Dating outside your race is not necessarily a sign of self-hate, I suppose anti-miscegenation laws were just a healthy sign of "White Pride"? I don't think so.

This whole article needs rewriting. --CJWilly 06:58, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Female self-hatred?
I remember reading on the artical about misogyny that there are some women who could be described as femal-misogynists. I am sure, othere then those who somehow feel specially set appart from others, we can include many of these people into the catagory Femal Self-Hatred (Auto-Misogyny)? -- 69.248.43.27 01:22, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Lack of universal point of view
I don't see why such an article must be centered in american society only.

 * yes the statement of Asians being aware that they are asians because they are only two generations down from their ancestors is true in America, but Asians in Asia are aware of who they are and have been there for a long time. I am confused

John Carsons views on black self-hatred
I restored the view of journalist John Carsons on black self-hatred that a user:Not a slave removed. Since his views was published by Knight Ridder/Tribune, a major news service, I believe it's worthy of inclusion.. Also, whether anyone considers this view to be a stretch is irrelevent as it is a POV and thus cannot dictate the inclusion of exclusion of content. --Cab88 13:26, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

There is a lack of a universal perspective is right. What about HUMAN self hatred? Is racism not a form of this? Is sexism not a form of this? Remove all the divisions and it's humans hating humans, which translates into self hatred.

Lighties vs darkies?
I am a "Black American", and have never refered to a light skinned black person as a lighty, or a dark skinned black person as a darky. I am sure that these are purely names that anglo-saxon americans use in reference to the different hues of skin color that black people appear in. It is my opinion that, that section of this selection is written from a biased, or slanted point of view, and needs to be edited. This whole portion, to me seems to come from a white conservative view point. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bdotones (talk • contribs) Actually we just call them people 98.250.4.115 (talk) 20:24, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

Lack of universal perspective
There is a lack of a universal perspective is right. What about HUMAN self hatred? Is racism not a form of this? Is sexism not a form of this? Remove all the divisions and it's humans hating humans, which translates into self hatred. The fact that this page on self hatred actually divides humanity into races, only makes the topic more confusing, it's got nothing to do with anything. There should be an ethnic section, and a universal section, so that people can see the difference.

The main problem I have with this wikiarticle is that it is focused on ethnic self-hatred. In my studies and experience, self-hatred is often NOT related to the ethnicity of the person, but rather they're self-image in regard to things like success in life, failure, unable to connect with others, etc. This article should be retitled "ethnic self-hatred" rather than general "self-hatred." TrueGrit (talk) 10:09, 16 Aug 2006

Isn't this article a little Americentric?
Should we create an article called Self-hatred in the United States?--Greasysteve13 23:35, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

I really don't want to edit this, just add a new thread, but don't know how... here's my two cents: I hate myself. I'm not homosexual, or a minority. In fact, I'm white, male and straight, but i still hate who I am, not necessarily because of the those factors, but deeper ones. Why doesn't anyone address those deeper factors that actually matter, rather, than simply playing off the term as Gay Vs. Straight; White Vs. Black; Male Vs. Female; etc.?

Wikiproject Medicine?
Why would this be under the Medicine project? This is more about the social connotations of self-hatred, rather than the psychological. In fact, the psychological connotations of this term seemed to be linked to other articles, I.E. the self-harm reference.--Dark Green 19:12, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Anything that has been categorized under Symptoms is assumed to be related to medicine. If you think other projects are more relevant, then you can certainly add them, too.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 07:00, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Self-hating Jew
User:Jayjg keeps deleting what I believe is a summary of sourced info contained in the article self-hating Jew. The passage I am including is:

"(Accusations of self-hatred are sometimes alleged to be used as an ad hominem attack in order to try and discredit a person the accuser disagrees with. ) This sort of controversy exists about the frequent use of the term "self-hating Jew" in reference to Jews opposed to certain Israeli policies or to Zionism."

The article self-hating Jew contains the following sourced statements (I am omitting the footnotes):

"Some Jewish writers and activists who are critical of Israel or Zionism have reported the phrase being used against them solely because of their political views."

"Rabbi Michael Lerner and the critic Noam Chomsky have stated that some pro-Israel advocates define and apply the label in a manner designed to silence or discredit any Jew who disagrees with their politics regarding Israel"

"Dr. Mick Finlay... (has stated that) ... the concept of the 'self-hating Jew' illustrates the importance of recognizing that psychological concepts often develop in particular political contexts and are used by people to give those projects a supposed legitimacy outside of the political" --91.148.159.4 14:16, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I now realize that Jayjg might have meant that these statements only prove that some people have reported such a use, whereas my wording implies that such a use does indeed occur. If so, I would still find this objection highly strange, because few people would deny that such a use of the term exists, and the controversy is more about whether it is legitimate (i.e. whether a Jew who opposes certain Israeli policies or Zionism as a whole is indeed an enemy of his own nation and a "self-hater"). But I can accept a change of wording that avoids that; and if that was the matter, then Jayjg should have made such a change, rather than deleted all mention of the controversy. Assuming good faith, I have to assume that poor Jayjg happens to be fairly stressed or busy these days, for which I am deeply sorry. --91.148.159.4 14:29, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Done the change myself. (trying to give a good example of civilized Wikipedian behaviour) --91.148.159.4 14:34, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * According to whom is there a "controversy" of the type you have claimed? Jayjg (talk) 22:22, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * (sigh) Person/group A calls person/group B "(a) self-hating Jew(s)". Person/group B says that person/group A is wrong. Person/group B says that this accusation is merely an ad hominem argument. I call this a controversy. If you have another term in mind, I would be interested to hear it. --91.148.159.4 23:29, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * So, according to IP 91.148.159.4 it's a controversy? Jayjg (talk) 01:47, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, according to IP 91.148.159.4, water is wet. I'm going to make my point again (not for you, as your motives and intentions are perfectly clear to me, but for other people who will read this): if you think that the thing can be summarized in a better way, you should try to reword it, but it is clear that it deserves mention here and hence deleting it is completely unjustifiable. --91.148.159.4 12:34, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Right. Re-worded it myself in a way to avoid the word "controversy"; now the sentence repeats almost literally the info from the main article self-hating Jew. I also added some of the sources from that article. No accusation of OR is possible any longer. Yet why do I have the feeling that this is not going to be the end? (even if it is, the arbcom member did the right thing in principle - most IPs with an unsuitable POV would have become desperate and given up by now, so it's a good routine to get rid of them). --91.148.159.4 13:21, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Article expansion
Personally, I'd like to see expansion on this article, beyond ethnic shame. It seems to escape all the editors of this article and the people in this discussion that most self-hatred is induced by simply hating your own personality, your life choices, your inabilities, your intellectual capacity and more. As a self-loather myself, I know that there is quite a bit more to this than merely hating your own race. The fact that this is the main point of this entire discussion and almost the main point of the article itself frustrates me. It also perplexes me that such a widespread problem would have such a small article. Rereading this paragraph, I can see how poorly written it is and how I didn't get my point across as well as I'd have liked, but I don't really care right now. -- MAX —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.8.194.226 (talk) 07:43, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * what about self-hating Hispanics? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.230.71.152 (talk) 01:23, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think anyone could have possibly missed my point more than you just did. -- MAX

Some people self hate because they noticed they are form a different group of race
for example,me. I am a Asian-European living in the united states and i feel angry and ashame for this.Background of an asian.Accent of a european and a mind of a white that does not match.What i am saying is sometimes it's not what people say about you it's about the different. USA have alot of people of many race and such but theres some people out there that wished to be a different race...think of me as one. Some people hate their own race because it is their desire and they may have experiences that causes them to hate themself. so why not create an article "Ethnic self hate"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ryan Zeron (talk • contribs) 05:43, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

I would like to submit a link for the SEE ALSO section, an article that considers ethnicity and self-hatred. Here's the link:: http://www.artsandopinion.com/2004_v3_n1/lewis-7.htm Thanking you for the consideration, Artsandopinion (talk) 17:31, 14 January 2008 (UTC)Robert Lewis

Self-sabotage
Self-sabotage exists; not OR. Self-sabotage is harmful to oneself; not OR. Intentional self-sabotage exists; doubtfully OR. I suggest we place self-sabotage alongside of bodily self-harm. --Thecurran (talk) 09:07, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Racial self hatred deleted? It's more likely than you think
Nothing on jew, black, asian, or latin self hatred? LOL WUT?YVNP (talk) 18:12, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, but Jews aren't a race. sbrianhicks (talk) 04:08, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

Well done
The second paragraph of the introduction is great. I am very impressed with the person who knew that self-hatred is a feature of body dysmorphic disorder and avoidant personality disorder. I happen to have both of these, and I hate myself. Keep up the good work! Aikaterinē (talk) 22:14, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Personal self-hatred section too short -- scrap the whole thing?
This article and this discussion page seem to dwell excessively on social phenomena, almost totally excluding an examination of the psychological phenomenon of personal self-hatred. Since self-hatred is ostensibly the title and subject of this article, I question its usefulness to those looking to Wikipedia to understand the disorder. Questions the average reader might want answered include:

1. Is a little self-hatred normal? 2. If not, what disorders might it be symptomatic of? 3. Is self-hatred purely a response to social interaction, or is can it be the result of a neurochemical imbalance? 4. What treatments are available to those suffering from this condition? 5. How does one recognize self-hatred in others? 6. How great a risk factor is self-hatred in suicide?

Instead, we get told that personal self-hatred is the result of too much TV, and that self-hatred and low self-esteem are synonymous -- a statement that strikes me as akin to calling the Nile a 'ditch.'

This article doesn't answer any question the reader might have on the subject. If the authors really believe self-hatred to be synonymous with low self-esteem, this article should simply be merged or dropped in favor of that one.

The discussion page is a great deal longer than the actual article, but manages to convey no useful information, as it instead descended into a racially and politically fuelled flame war. If people believe ethnically motivated self-hatred and guilt is a social phenominon deserving of an entry, it should be separate. The social and psychological phenomina under discussion are not equivalent. 69.77.219.208 (talk) 17:51, 20 April 2009 (UTC)D.E.

Socialized
Can someone add a section on the social aspect of self contempt, in the sense that, we are socialized into such a state of self hatred by our environment, social circumstances, social relationships, etc. The current article only reflects the individualized and therefore psychological interpretation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ditc (talk • contribs) 05:47, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Reference on Motivational efficacy sub-section
Out of personal interest, can someone provide a more specific (or google-able) reference for the "the least potent motivator in our wide survey of human psychology." quote? I tried many varieties of Ramachandran 1996, but it seems my google-fu is too weak. Cheers, —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.194.173.195 (talk) 00:22, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

That's because it doesn't exist. Nowhere are there researchers under those names, years, and university anywhere, and no literature to back it up. I deleted it. --108.18.237.207 (talk) 05:51, 1 August 2013 (UTC)

Expert needed?
I find this to be a slightly odd request. I have yet to meet any experts on self-hatred, unless of course you mean people who suffer from self-hatred themselves, in which case Wikipedia has more experts than they know what to do with. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.175.164.104 (talk) 23:24, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

I don't find it at all odd. The "expert" would be one in the psychological aspect of Self-hatred; someone who could be objective, so unlikely to be a sufferer from it.98.66.45.249 (talk) 16:20, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

Autophobia redirect
As of the date I write, Autophobia redirects to Self-hatred. This is a wrong redirect. Autophobia does not only mean Self-hatred. It is used to mean an abnormal fear of being alone or isolation. Self-hatred is not the same kind of thing at all. It is entirely wrong to suggest otherwise.

The redirect should be removed and Autophobia should be allowed to be an article in its own right.98.66.45.249 (talk) 14:51, 6 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Done. 98.66.45.249 (talk) 16:11, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

Merge to another article?
This page seems to be more suited to being a section in another article, but I can't figure out which. Any ideas? --Pichu0102 (talk) 05:42, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Not same
Self-deprecation is hardly the same as self-hatred. The former needs a separate article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 16U836 (talk • contribs) 08:00, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

 * A previously-existing separate article was unilaterally and improperly merged in 2018, without an open discussion as mandated by WP:MERGE. The article should be re-split or reconstituted afresh. Discussion of this should be at Talk:Self-deprecation. Reify-tech (talk) 17:26, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

More than one
Many fall in to more than one category. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 16U836 (talk • contribs) 08:04, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

Self-irony listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Self-irony. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Hildeoc (talk) 17:48, 12 April 2019 (UTC)

WP:UNDUE
Added POV section to #Jewish self-hatred in accordance with WP:UNDUE. From AnUnnamedUser (open talk page) 04:12, 5 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Please explain yourself. Staszek Lem (talk) 04:34, 5 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I've removed the tag, as you've provided no reason for it. Jayjg (talk) 13:17, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

Self-hating Goy
A category not mentioned so far is that of white Americans who concealed their German ancestry after the first world war. One prominent example would be Donald Trump and his father Frederick Christ Trump, who pretended that Donald's grandfather Frederick Trump had been a Swedish immigrant from Karlstad rather than a German from Kallstadt: a position DT continued to hold until recent years and published in his ghost-written autobiography "The Art of the Deal." NRPanikker (talk) 21:46, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
 * This has nothing to do with self-hatred. In any case, please find reliable sources which discuss this category. Staszek Lem (talk) 19:55, 8 September 2019 (UTC)
 * NRPanniker seems to think that Ha-Goyim are identical with Germans. — Preceding unsigned comment added by A1aa1ghl56t (talk • contribs) 15:55, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

Incomplete term paper…
I will write an exposition on one very important topic: things. Here are some things that’s are things:

People are things. [1] 2601:601:D27F:FF00:5185:B0B6:E085:89BF (talk) 13:36, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Self-hatred


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Great Lakes Storm of 1913/archive1

Great Lakes Storm of 1913
I started this article from scratch a week ago, and would like some input on its progress. This is my first attempt at putting together an entire article, and I'm not very sure of my encyclopedic-writing abilities. It was featured on the main page in the Did you know section a couple days ago. -- brian0918 ™  02:50, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Very nice! Not much left to improve on. However, a longer lead section would be good to have. Can't think of anything else right now. --mav 07:59, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I've made it a little longer, but am not sure what else could be put in the lead section. -- brian0918 ™  18:19, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Rodrigo

Rodrigo is a Spanish, Portuguese and Italian name derived from the Germanic name Roderick (Gothic *Hroþareiks, via Latinized Rodericus or Rudericus), given specifically in reference to either King Roderic (d. 712),  the last Visigothic ruler or to Saint Roderick (d. 857), one of the Martyrs of Córdoba (feast day 13 March). The modern given name has the short forms Ruy, Rui, and in Galician Roy, Roi.

The patronymic surname of this name is "Rodríguez".

The name is very frequently given in Portugal; it was the most popularly given masculine name in 2011–2012, and during 2013–2016 ranked between 4th and 2nd most popular. It is also moderately popular in Spain, ranking between 30th and 60th most popular during 2002–2015.

History
The form Rodrigo becomes current in the later medieval period. It is recorded in the Cantar de Mio Cid, written c. 1200, as the name of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (c. 1043–1099, known as  El Cid Campeador),  and Don Rodrigo king of the Visigoths (688-711), of the Spanish Visigothic Kingdom.
 * Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada (c. 1170 – 1247) was a Navarrese-born Castilian bishop and historian.
 * Rodrigo Lanzol Borja (1431–1503) was the birth name of Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492–1503).
 * Rodrigo de Triana was the name of the Spanish sailor to have first sighted the New World (i.e., the island of Guanahani) on Columbus' first voyage (on 12 October 1492).
 * Rodrigo López (c. 1525–1594) was a physician to Queen Elizabeth.
 * Rodrigo de la Guitarra was a medieval Spanish musician

Modern given name

 * Rodrigo Soares (born 1992), Brazilian footballer known as Rodrigo
 * Rodrigo Blankenship (born 1997), American football player
 * Rodrigo Tiuí, Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (musician) (1973–2000), Argentine singer
 * Rodrigo de la Cadena (born 1988), Mexican singer and performing artist
 * Rodrigo Callapina (16th-century), native Inca nobility
 * Rodrigo Damm (born 1980), Brazilian mixed martial artist
 * Rodrigo De Paul (born 1994), Argentine footballer
 * Rodrigo Duterte (born 1945), Filipino politician and 16th President of the Philippines (2016-2022)
 * Rodrigo González (Mexican musician) (1950–1985), Mexican musician also known as "Rockdrigo" González
 * Rodrigo González (swimmer) (born 1968), Mexican freestyle swimmer
 * Rodrigo Gracie (born 1975), a retired Brazilian mixed martial artist
 * Rodrigo Beckham (born 1976), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo Masias (born 1981), Peruvian basketball player
 * Rodrigo Moreno (athlete) (born 1966), Colombian race walker
 * Rodrigo Ninja (born 1981), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo Núñez, Chilean footballer
 * Rodrigo Pessoa, Brazilian equestrian
 * Rodrigo Palacio, Argentine footballer
 * Rodrigo Chagas, Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo Gral, Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo Lindoso, Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo Tosi, Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigão (footballer, born 1995) (Rodrigo de Souza Prado), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (footballer, born 1897) (Rodrigo Antonio Brandão, 1897–1959), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (footballer, born 1971) (Rodrigo Martins Vaz), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (footballer, born 1978) (Rodrigo Andreis Galvão), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (footballer, born 1979) (Rodrigo Nunes de Oliveira), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (footballer, born August 1980) (Rodrigo Baldasso da Costa), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (footballer, born October 1980) (Rodrigo Lacerda Ramos), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (footballer, born 1985) (Rodrigo Leandro da Costa), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (footballer, born 1987) (Rodrigo Fagundes Freitas), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (footballer, born 1991) (Rodrigo Moreno Machado), Brazilian-born Spanish footballer
 * Rodrigo (footballer, born 1994) (Rodrigo Vasconcelos Oliveira), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (footballer, born 1999) (Rodrigo Guimarães Santos), Brazilian footballer
 * Rodrigo (beach soccer player), born 1993, Brazilian beach soccer player
 * Rodrigo Lima (fighter) (born 1991), Brazilian mixed martial artist
 * Rodrigo Lima (footballer) (born 1999), Cape Verdean footballer
 * Rodrigo Pesántez Rodas (1937–2020), Ecuadorian poet and writer
 * Rodrigo Santoro, Brazilian actor
 * Rodrigo dos Santos, Brazilian water polo player
 * Rodrigo Augusto da Silva (1833–1889), Brazilian senator that cosigned the Golden law (Lei Aurea)
 * Rodri (footballer, born 1996) (Rodrigo Hernández Cascante), Spanish footballer

Modern surname

 * América del Pilar Rodrigo, Argentine botanist who used the standard botanical abbreviation "Rodrigo"
 * Chandimanthu Rodrigo, Sri Lankan Sinhala cricketer
 * Dushantha Lakshman Rodrigo (born 1968), Sri Lankan Sinhala Anglican cleric, Anglican Bishop of Colombo
 * Granville Rodrigo, Sri Lankan Sinhala actor and vocalist
 * Joaquín Rodrigo, Spanish composer
 * José Sisto Rodrigo, Commissioner of Guam
 * Lakshan Rodrigo, Sri Lankan Sinhala cricketer
 * Lasantha Rodrigo, Sri Lankan cricketer
 * Mahesh Rodrigo, Sri Lankan Sinhala cricketer and rugby player
 * Malcolm Rodrigo, Sri Lankan Sinhala cricketer
 * Manoj Rodrigo, Sri Lankan Sinhala cricketer
 * Nalin Rodrigo, Sri Lankan Sinhala obstetrician, gynecologist, surgeon, medical teacher and medical administrator
 * Olivia Rodrigo (born 2003), American singer and actress
 * Philip Rodrigo, Sri Lankan Sinhala politician
 * Sandaruwan Rodrigo, Sri Lankan Sinhala cricketer
 * Sanjaya Rodrigo, Sri Lankan Sinhala cricketer
 * Teresa Rodrigo (1956–2020), Spanish scientist spcailizing in particle physics
 * Thome Rodrigo (c. mid-1500s), Sri Lankan Sinhala Karava noble, signatory of the Convention of Malvana between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Kotte

title: Rodrigo


text:
Talk:Rolando Masferrer

Untitled
Masferrer wasn't a "guerrilla" leader but a political gangster.

Changed reference to Jimmy Hoffa as a mafia boss
It's not referenced, and there's absolutely no consensus that this is true. I have almost exactly no opinion on Hoffa, but the Wikipedia lead claims he's a trade unionist. In any case, allegations that he was involved in organized crime do not necessarily support that he was a boss. Interpreting his conviction as such would be 1. siding with a controversial case on Wikipedia, and 2. an improper synthesis--lots of people probably go to jail for tampering, but are not necessarily mafioso.69.94.192.147 (talk) 22:35, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Rolando Masferrer


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Alexander Marquardt

I think that this is nothing more than power-tripping by a user with nothing better to do than discuss the content of someones page. Would the page for "Jennifer Lopez" not also be considered a vanity page. But because you happen to feel the opinions of Hollywood adds validity to documenting the accomplishments and life of this woman that she deserves a page over a spublished author in an MBA program?
 * You should know that all comments placed here will be ignored. Any comments relevant to the discussion must be placed in the project page.  You might also want to spend some time reviewing Votes for deletion before you jump in.  Rossami (talk) 19:25, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eugene Armstrong

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Keep 14, Merge 10, Delete 2. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:18, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Eugene Armstrong
This is an article about one of the civilian contractors who was kidnapped in Iraq and eventually beheaded. I am submitting this to VfD as a test case, since there are several such articles. --BM 02:51, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. While the kidnappings and beheadings of contractors, reporters, etc, in Iraq are incidents that were certainly very notable, the individual contractors are not, and don't warrant encyclopedia articles, Wikipedia not being a memorial.  In general, the articles are about the kidnapping/beheading incident not about the person.  Accordingly, all of the articles about the individual beheading victims should be deleted, and either a section added to the appropriate article about the Iraq war describing these incidents, or else a new article created covering them. --BM 02:51, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 This list goes on, and on, and on... —RaD Man (talk) 00:38, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I agree with BM above. But I don't think this information should get lost, I just don't think it should be on an article by itself. Having information about all the hostages in Iraq in one place would be much better. At first, the appropriate article for this seems to be Post-invasion Iraq, 2003-2005. But that is already too big, so maybe a new article should be created for the hostages. I believe, though, that this will be frowned upon by most VfD voters, who will unfortunately vote "keep" on this one. :-) JoaoRicardo 04:05, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. He was world news for days (if not weeks) at the time, so is obviously notable, although the article could do with added context. The dozens of others who have been similarly murdered since may not qualify for dedicated articles, but he certainly does.--Centauri 04:19, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I have doubts about this. Being in the news for weeks makes this notable for now, but will people remember this a few years in the future? I see people forgeting news all the time. JoaoRicardo 12:42, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Will generations to come remember anything if we don't record it? You have two choices: document or rely upon folk tales.  There is also deletionist option #3: burn everything.  —RaD Man (talk) 21:46, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if he's the most famous one, but merging into a hostage related article would be good too. Kappa 04:28, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Denni ☯ 05:15, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)
 * Keep - I don't think this is memorial-ish in tone. WhisperToMe 05:16, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- funny, I hadn't heard of him before, but I just heard his name specifically mentioned in a documentary on PBS less than two hours ago. So, I guess he's notable.  -- Cleduc 06:08, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable - 38,000+ hits on Google. Cleanup and expand. Megan1967 06:45, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, of course. This was headline news, don't you remember? Everyking 08:10, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Of topical interest. Capitalistroadster 10:54, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment.  I'm not proposing the information be removed, only that the information currently in multiple articles under the names of the victims, be restructured.   The articles aren't really about the victims.   In general, I think articles titled with a person's name should be a biographical article about that person.    If the outcome of this VfD is Redirect or Merge, it is fine with me.  I wish there was some system other than Redirect pages on Wikipedia to index a term or name.   Encyclopedias have indexes.   If someone is not notable enough to merit an article, but has figured in an important incident, we can have a redirect page titled with the person's name to the incident article .  But, there might in fact be several articles mentioning the incident, and a redirect can only be to one other page.    The set of redirect pages do not actually form an index, even though sometimes you see people (e.g. Jimbo) say that the redirect pages are like an index.    To some extent, Google Advanced Search (where you can limit a search to just en.wikipedia.org) is a workaround, but we are then letting Google decide how Wikipedia should be indexed and the results ordered, and Google results will also include Talk pages, User pages, Wikipedia name space pages, etc.  --BM 14:03, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Consolidating the information about the victims onto one page might be an agreeable option—not for the ones about which there is a good deal written, but for some of them—but you can try that without VfD. It is a reasonable enough point to make that these victims' whole lives are not necessarily encyclopedic, just their involvement in whatever events they are notable for. However, I still vote to keep because I think the organization of the information should be dealt with by the people who work on these articles as they think is appropriate. Everyking 19:36, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That is true, and it occurred to me to just merge and redirect them myself without getting any sanction from VfD, since one does not have to have admin powers to do that. However, VfD is one of the few places where one can go to test the consensus on an issue like this, although it will tend to be muddied a bit by misplaced (in this case) deletionism versus inclusionism concerns.   In contrast, the articles' editors are apt to think the articles should exist, so that doesn't seem like a good place to start. --BM 20:51, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It would be less muddled if you would say upfront you are hoping for a merge, or would be content with one. The VfD tag says "A request has been made for this article to be deleted".
 * Merge into a central article, then redirect. This article has almost nothing about its supposed subject, and the "see also" list is bigger than the article itself!  Having everything as one article would save space, allow for more expansion, and make research on the subject easier as well! Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:49, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with the above. Merge and redirect. Meets notability, but doesn't need to be its own article. - Taxman 15:53, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into a conglomerated article about these sorts of victims. Beyond the news-grabbing event, these people weren't notable enough to be encyclopedic. Katefan0 15:57, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge notablity is due to what happened to him and others - makes more sense as a single article Trödel| talk 16:18, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:34, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. The notability is due to the single event, not the person. Rossami (talk) 22:44, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, no re-direct, he's a crime victim. Wyss 19:57, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme keep. Do not merge, do not redirect.  BM, are you disrupting Wikipedia to make a point?  —RaD Man (talk) 21:46, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No --BM 21:56, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to one article about the series of events, and Redirect each name of someone documented as relevant to that article. These people are in general notable only for their involvement in these kidnappings and deaths (for reasons other than their own individual actions).  Admin should review each article for evidence of sufficient notability to warrant keeping.  Comment:  I believe BM was not attempting to make a destructive point; he posted a test case of one member of a group and asked for a consensus on best course of action.  He explained his reasoning in WP-policy-related comments.  I have less confidence in RaD Man's constructive intent based on some votes I've seen here in recent weeks, but we all should follow the Assume_good_faith Wikiquette guideline, please.  Barno 00:20, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd love to assume good faith Barno, but BM is a hardcore deletionist. It's unquestionable.  See for yourself:
 * It is true that I have a strong tendency to vote for deletion of articles submitted here, and to submit articles from time to time myself. However, you will note that I don't vote delete on all articles. I generally don't throw in many "me too" keep votes, because usually when I would vote keep, the article doesn't need any help from me to be kept.    For that matter, I frequently don't bother voting on the obvious "delete" cases, either, although I might if I have something to say.   If I cared about being characterized as a "hard core deletionist", I could make plenty of honest "keep" votes to balance things out.  However, actually I don't object much to the characterization.  I'm not running for anything, and if there are people here who hate my guts because they think I'm a deletionist, that doesn't really bother me.  Perhaps I will occasionally persuade someone with arguments, even though he might think I'm a deletionist.  I do object to the implication that anybody characterized as "hard core deletionist" cannot possibly be participating in good faith.  Suggesting so seems to be overstepping the bounds of civility.  I hope that people who object to my perceived "deletionism" will observe Wikipedia strictures about civility, as I generally do, with the occasional lapse for which I apologize in advance.  --BM
 * Keep. Samaritan 04:04, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * merge. Mikkalai 07:10, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with a merge/redirect for these cases into a single article, which would provide better context anyway. Not sure exactly what to call the article though. -R. fiend 21:05, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, could well be of interest to someone in the future researching these incidents. Dan100 21:50, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a sad way to establish notability, but he's notable by the media coverage alone. Antandrus 02:16, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I'm glad someone has suggested this. These are sad, grubby little articles, all of them, with links to murders, and aggressive reversion of anyone who tries to delete them. Nick Berg's contains four links to the video of his death in the article itself, not just external links, plus a link to a post-murder photograph, perhaps so we can print it out and stick it up as a poster. Others contain the URL to the beheadings via ogrish.com, where you can also watch young girls having sex with horses while you wait for the snuff movie to download. The information about all these victims should be consolidated into one article, written in an encyclopedic way, with some respect for the individuals, no videos, no death pics. It has no chance of happening, but that's my vote anyway. SlimVirgin 05:31, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge Non-notable, though it is a worthy topic it does not deserve its own article and instead should be bundled into an article on terrorism or the like. gxti 18:30, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Sofia Metro

The Sofia Metro (Софийски метрополитен, also colloquially called Софийско метро) is the rapid transit network servicing the Bulgarian capital city Sofia. It is the only metro in Bulgaria. It began operation on 28 January 1998. , the Sofia Metro consists of four interconnected lines, serving 47 stations, with a total route length of 52.0 km  and also being among the top 20 of the most extensive European metro systems, ranking 14th as of 2023. The Metro links the densely populated districts of Lyulin – Mladost (M1 line – Red) and Nadezhda – Lozenets (M2 line – Blue), and serves the Sofia Airport.

History
Planned since the 1960s, construction of the metro started in the 80s with the demolition of a significant number of buildings. At the beginning of the 90s, construction stopped due to a lack of funds and the complexity of the construction work. Being one of the oldest cities in Europe, Sofia contains many historical layers underneath its central areas. Evidence of antiquity can be clearly seen at the Serdika Station, which exhibits a wealth of unearthed Thracian and Roman ruins. During the construction of the enormous complex of the National Palace of Culture, two stations forming part of the M2 line and their connecting tunnels were built.

The construction of the system began from the route that sees the highest volume of passenger traffic, reaching 38,000 at rush hour.

Lines
Due to an increased population, there are a large number of passengers heading toward the city center during weekday mornings, and away from the city centre in the weekday evenings. The necessity of efficient public transport in the direction of the largest passenger flows, transport, and Sofia's environmental problems precipitated the start of the construction of the Sofia Metro. Following the ratification of a technical and economic report on the metro by the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria, and the subsequently approved General City Plan, the general scheme for the development of the lines should consist of three diameters with extensions in the periphery, with a total length of 62 km, 63 metro stations, and a 1.1 million daily passenger capacity at the final stage of implementation.

M1 line (Red)
The first 6.5 km long section of M1 line consisting of five stations linking Slivnitsa Boulevard through Lyulin and K. Velichkov Boulevard was inaugurated on 28 January 1998. Opalchenska station entered into service on 17 September 1999 and Serdika station situated on St Nedelya Square followed on 31 October 2000, extending the total system length to 8.1 km. The operational section of the line was further extended with a 1.8 km long section, reaching Obelya housing estate in April 2003.

The extension of M1 line continued in 2005 with the start of the construction of 4.8 km of tunnels and three stations linking St Nedelya Square and the Interped World Trade Center in Izgrev (station Frédéric Joliot-Curie). 2006 saw the start of the construction of another section of the same line (consisting of 3.2 km of tunnels and three stations) linking Izgrev and Mladost I housing estate. The completion of the first three stations was projected for the autumn of 2007, however as a result of various delays it was the second section from the first line (Vasil Levski stadium – Mladost 1) that first entered into service on 8 May 2009, operating for a brief period of time separately from the north-west portion of the line. The remaining section between Serdika and Vasil Levski stadium station finally entered into service on 7 September 2009 establishing an uninterrupted link between Obelya and Mladost 1 stations.

The construction of the section from Mladost I to Business Park Sofia station (2.62 km, with three new underground stations) began on 25 April 2013, and was completed on 8 May 2015. It cost BGN 85,767,683 (EUR 43,852,320), VAT exclusive, and serves the majority of the second most densely populated area in Sofia. Part of the sections of "Sofia Airport" - "Iskarsko Shose" and, Ovcha kupel" -, Krasno selo" are not underground.

M2 and M4 lines (Blue/Yellow)
The second and fourth lines of the Sofia Metro links the districts of Obelya, Nadezhda, the city centre and Lozenets to the south of the city. Half of the construction cost was covered by the European Union, with the remaining part funded by the state and city budgets. Construction of the 6.4 km section between Nadezhda interchange and Lozenets district via Central railway station and the National Palace of Culture started on 14 December 2008. Work on the section between Obelya residential District and Nadezhda started in February 2010. Both sections of the line entered into service on 31 August 2012.

NDK and European Union stations and their connecting tunnels were partly completed during the construction of the National Palace of Culture and the redevelopment of the surrounding area in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

The construction of Mladost 3 and Inter Expo Center – Tsarigradsko shose stations began on 15 February 2009 and was completed on 25 April 2012. The further extension to Sofia Airport comprising two underground and two overground stations and a length of 4.968 km began in 2013,  and was completed on 2 April 2015 at the cost of BGN 136,757,630 (EUR 69,923,066), VAT exclusive. This extension was briefly operated as a branch of M1 line, but was soon transferred to M2 line, moving that line's terminus from Obelya to Sofia Airport.

On 20 July 2016, the line was extended southward with 1.3 km and one station, Vitosha, located at Hladilnika neighbourhood. The construction took 2 years.

Provisions have been made for the construction of future branch to Iliyantsi, starting from the existing junction located between Knyaginya Maria Luiza and Han Kubrat stations.

Splitting the line to M2 and M4
On 26 August 2020, the second line was split into two portions: the M2 line, running from Vitosha station to Obelya station and the M4 line, running from Obelya to Sofia Airport. The trains continue to run the length of both lines but on maps and other metro signage the M4 line is gradually being introduced. The split is in preparation to the future construction of the Moderno predgradie station, which is supposed to physically separate the lines and will allow them to have independent timetables.

M5 line (planned)
M5 is a planned line, servicing Studentski grad and Iliyantsi. This line would share more than half of M2's stations.

The Studentski grad branch would start from Cherni vrah Blvd, passing through Vitosha quarter and finally, enter Studentski grad. The Iliyantsi branch would start after Maria Luiza station, joining in on Iliyantsi Blvd, and have 4 stations on it.

Recently, a route has been planned for the Studentski grad branch, including 3 stations with one of them being shared with M2.

M3 line (Green)
The 16 km long M3 line is planned to connect the Ovcha Kupel neighbourhood (in southwest Sofia) and the Vasil Levski neighbourhood (in northeast Sofia), with 16 stations in total, including two transfer stations in the city centre, with the rest of the already operational lines. The first 8 stations of the line entered service on 26 August 2020, and another 4 on 24 April 2021.

The original plan was to have 8 aboveground and 11 underground stations. The project design contract was awarded to the Czech company Metroprojekt Praha a.s.

In March 2014, a tender for construction of the central section of the line was announced. The section is 7 km long and includes 7 stations, two of them transfer to lines 1 and 2. With the announcement of the tender, it became clear that the initial plans for 19 stations had been partly amended and 2 of the stations, one at Doyran boulevard and another at Shipka street, will be not be built. The tunnel of the central section shall be excavated by a tunnel boring machine, while the construction of stations shall be awarded to other companies. The construction of the section shall be completed within 45 months. In January 2015, a tender for 20 trains that shall serve the central section of the line was announced. Driverless train operation, with Grade of Automation 3 (GoA 3), and platform screen doors will ensure the safety of the passengers. Unlike lines 1, 2 and 4, where the trains collect power through a third rail, line 3 trains will be equipped with pantographs. CAF and Siemens applied bids in the tender for the trains, with Siemens winning it.

In early 2016, construction began on the third metro line of the Sofia Metro using the technology for classic underground metro with high-power support. Under construction were all metro stations in the central section, the ones in the west and some in the central-east of downtown Sofia. The Krasno selo - Hadzhi Dimitar section opened on 26 August 2020, with the extension from Krasno selo to Gorna banya opening on 24 April 2021.

The third line of the Sofia Metro is planned to have a total of 23 metro stations, as follows: 16 metro stations for the main line and 6 metro stations for the Slatina branch. Currently, 12 stations of the main line are in operation and 3 stations in Levski are under construction, with their estimated completion being in 2025. Now, another 6 stations are starting construction in the Slatina branch.

Fares and ticketing
The price of a single ticket is 1.60 lev, equivalent to ~0.82 euro. It can be issued either by a cashier, or by a vending machine. When obtained, the single ticket must be validated within 30 minutes at a validator. Pre-paid RFID (MIFARE Classic) card also could be bought (at a price of 2 levs) with minimum 10 pre-paid rides (at a price of 12 levs for 10 pre-paid rides). Daily and monthly cards are also available.

Starting on November 1, 2021, one's fare can be paid using a contactless debit or credit card at every station of the network. In addition, passengers will be able to pay using a mobile wallet (Apple Pay, Google Pay, Garmin Pay etc.). The fare will be the same price as a paper ticket (1.60 lev or ~0.82 euro) and the amount you pay per day will max out at 4 levs (or about 2 euro) which is 3 trips (the first and second trips will cost the full 1.60 levs, 3rd will cost 0.80 levs and every trip after will be de facto free). The 4 levs max resets every day at 12 am local time.

Rolling stock
The system uses 3 types of rolling stock.

The older train sets, type 81-717/714.4, were manufactured by Metrowagonmash in Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast, Russia and consists of 48 carriages in total. They were delivered in 1990 – some 8 years prior to the opening of the first section of the system. In 2020 the first train sets of this type were refurbished to an 81-717/714.4k and went into service.

The second generation of rolling stock, type 81-740/741 "Rusich", were also manufactured by Metrowagonmash and delivered between 2005 and 2013, consisting of 120 carriages in total.

The third generation of rolling stock, Siemens Inspiro 30 three-car sets were delivered between 2016 and 2021 and exclusively serve the M3 line.

In July 2023, Škoda Transportation won a contract worth 65 million EUR, to deliver 8 four-car air-conditioned metro trains, replacing the current Metrowagonmash. The trains are planned to be deployed on the lines 1, 2 and 4. Deliveries are expected in 2026.

title: Sofia Metro


text:
Mexican Federal Highway

Federal Highways (Carreteras Federales) are a series of highways in Mexico. These highways link Mexico's 32 federal entities with each other or with a neighboring country, and they are wholly or mostly built by Mexico's federal government with federal funds or through federal grants by individuals, states, or municipalities. Locally known as federal highway corridors (los corredores carreteros federales), they are built and maintained by Mexico's Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, SCT). Federal Highways in Mexico can be classified into high-speed, limited access expressways (usually toll highways that may be segmented and are marked by the letter "D") and low-speed roads with non-limited access; not all corridors are completely improved.

High speed, limited-access expressways
High-speed expressways, known as autopistas or carreteras de cobro, are limited-access toll roads with controlled interchanges. Access to these roads is generally prohibited for pedestrians and animal-drawn vehicles, and fences are located at the side of the road for most of the length. Autopistas are highways with four or more defined lanes. Supercarreteras are toll roads with only two lanes, and they are found in mountainous areas. These tolled expressways typically have a corresponding non-limited-access road adjacent to them as a free alternative. In this system, the tolled road is signified by the word Cuota (toll), and the free road by the word Libre (free). The maximum speed limit is normally 110 km/h for cars and 95 km/h for buses and trucks. In some cases, the maximum speed can be 120 km/h.

Low speed, non-limited-access roads
Low-speed roads, known as carreteras, comprise the majority of the roads in this system. Some of these roads are divided highways with four or more lanes, often single-carriageway roads which have been converted into dual carriageways by building an adjacent carriageway next to the existing one. These roads are free of charge, and in most cases, two-lane highways that connect almost all of Mexico. These roads have interchanges at major roads, but most of these intersections are at grade. The maximum speed limit is 100 km/h for cars and 95 km/h for buses and trucks.

Numbering system
North–south highways are assigned odd numbers, while east-west highways are identified by even numbers. The start of the numbering system is located in the northwest of the country.

Exceptions to the numbering system
There are two exceptions to the numbering system:

 * 1) Federal Highway 14 (Fed. 14) and Federal Highway 14D (Fed. 14D) from Uruapan, Michoacán, to Morelia, Michoacán, located in the midwest of the country.
 * 2) Several roads with letter designations: the Autopista Arco Norte (M40D), Fed. I-20D (Libramiento de Irapuato), Fed. S30 (Libramiento Norponiente de Saltillo, signed as 40D) and, Fed. GUA 10D (Macrolibramiento Sur De Guadalajara).

Incidents

 * Mexico toll booth interstate disaster
 * Chiapas truck crash

title: Mexican Federal Highway


text:
Cidadania

Cidadania (Citizenship) is a Brazilian political party. It was originally founded as the Popular Socialist Party (Partido Popular Socialista, PPS) by members of the former Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), as a centre-left social democratic and democratic socialist party. Despite its left-wing alignment, PPS moved to be opposition against the Workers' Party since 2004, forming alliances with centre-right parties, in particular the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), and supporting the Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. Later the party's National Convention adopted the new naming in March 2019, and it was later approved by the Superior Electoral Court that September. The party then began moving towards a more social liberal position akin to the third way.

History
It was founded in 1992 after the main body of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) decided to reinvent itself as a social democratic party following the collapse of the Soviet Union. A minority faction of the Brazilian Communist Party retained the old name. The PPS was a part of the coalition government of Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva until December 2004, when its leader withdrew its support from the coalition. Ciro Gomes of the PPS refused to resign from his position as Minister for National Integration, leading to his removal from the PPS's National Executive. The same year, PPS withdrew from the Foro de São Paulo, denouncing its support for the governments of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela and Fidel Castro in Cuba.

In the 2006 legislative elections, the party won 21 seats in the chamber of deputies. At that time party members held the state governorships of Mato Grosso and Rondônia. In the presidential election, the PPS endorsed Geraldo Alckmin of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB).

The PPS suffered setbacks in the 2010 general elections when it lost 10 seats in the Chamber of Deputies leaving just 12 remaining, although the party won its first Senate seat. It won no state governorships. The party again supported the PSDB presidential candidate, this time José Serra, and was part of his Brazil can do more alliance.

Later the party consolidated its position in the opposition to PT. It supported the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff in 2016 and formed a coalition with the provisional government with the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) and the PSDB, under the rule of Michel Temer.

In 2018, the PPS leadership announced a name change. The justification, according to the leadership, was that the party needs to modernize to attract cadres from the entire political spectrum, new social movements and not be mistakenly branded as a radical party heir to the Brazilian Communist Party or close to parties linked with Brazilian old socialists like PT or PCdoB. The party received new members, such as former black-headed toucans, members of the progressive liberal LIVRES (Frees) movement, who left the PSL after the party took a hard turn to the right with Jair Bolsonaro's affiliation and support for his presidential campaign, and members of new progressive social movements like the AGORA (Now) and ACREDITO! (I Believe!). The party acquired a more liberal and less left-leaning ideology, occupying a more centrist position in the Brazilian political scenario.

The decision of the new party name was set to take place after the 2018 FIFA World Cup and the party would only rebrand itself definitively after the 2018 elections.

For the Brazilian general elections of 2018 PPS joined the coalition To unite Brazil, in support of the candidacy of Geraldo Alckmin. The coalition also includes Brazilian Social Democracy Party, Democrats, Progressistas, Party of the Republic, Brazilian Republican Party, Solidariedade, Brazilian Labour Party and Social Democratic Party.

In 23 March 2019, in an Extraordinary Congress, the party decided to officially change its name to Citizenship (Cidadania), officially dropping any reference to socialism and social democracy and moving toward social liberal and centrist positions. The new name was to be judged by the TSE and was pending approval. On 19 September 2019, the new name was approved by TSE.

In an interview of 17 July 2019 party leader Roberto Freire said that Citizenship is in opposition to President Jair Bolsonaro, starting a process of his impeachment, although they had 83% alignment with the government in the congress.

For the 2022 Brazilian general election, Citizenship formed a federation with the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), forming the Always Forward Federation (or simply referred as the PSDB Cidanania Federation), endorsing the campaign of Simone Tebet from the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). For the second round, the party endorsed Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.

International relations
Soon after its foundation, the Popular Socialist Party became a member of the Foro de São Paulo, an association of South American leftist parties which also included the majority of Brazilian left-wing formations (PCB, PCdoB, PT, PDT, PSB). However, in 2004 PPS withdrew from the Foro, denouncing its support for authoritarian regimes in Cuba and Venezuela.

Despite being in the past a social democratic party, PPS has never been a member of the Socialist International (a position held by PDT) nor the Progressive Alliance (a position held by PSB and PT).

Main leaders

 * Roberto Freire, National President of the party, former Minister of Culture, Federal Deputy and Senator
 * Rubens Bueno, Federal Deputy
 * Arnaldo Jordy, Federal Deputy
 * Cristovam Buarque, former Senator, Minister of Education and Governor
 * Raul Jungmann, former Minister of Defence, Minister of Public Security and Federal Deputy
 * Itamar Franco, former Senator, Governor and President of Brazil
 * Soninha Francine, City Councillor
 * Fernando Santana, Honorary President of the party, former Constituent Deputy
 * Denise Frossard, former Federal Deputy, candidate for Governor of Rio de Janeiro in 2006
 * Arnaldo Jardim, Federal Deputy, former State Deputy
 * Luciano Rezende, Mayor of Vitória
 * Humberto Souto, Mayor of Montes Claros, former Federal Deputy
 * Davi Zaia, State Deputy
 * Alex Manente, Federal Deputy, former State Deputy and City Councillor
 * Jorge Kajuru, Senator, former City Councillor

title: Cidadania


text: User talk:65.12.20.84

title: User talk:65.12.20.84


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of comic and cartoon characters

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. 9 Deletes, 6 Keeps / Split ups. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:10, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

List of comic and cartoon characters
Doomed to be incomplete and too unwieldy to be useful; using categories for articles about characters is probably a better solution. —tregoweth 02:55, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, a never ending list. There must be thousands of comic and cartoon characters. Not practical to maintain. Megan1967 03:55, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. This has been in VfD before, see Talk:List of comic and cartoon characters. Results were 6 votes to delete, 3 to keep and 3 to merge where appropriate and redirect to list of comic strips. Now about my vote: I cannot see how this can be useful. And I'm affraid people will soon create stubs for every single entry in this list, most of which will end up in VfD anyway. JoaoRicardo 04:16, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep for now. Categories are only a substitute if all listed items have articles. (Categories are basically too new to be used effectively as a complete list substitute.) Otherwise, I expect the same old generic anti-list arguments that fail to convince consensus on any substantial list. — Jeff Q 04:23, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (or split). Categories are inadequate substitutes for lists anyway, since merged items can't be members. Kappa 04:32, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This survived VfD in January 2004 and had far less content then. Xezbeth  06:08, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain, turning this into a cat will only work if all names have articles, but I don't believe this will ever be maintained unless a Comics Project is started. Mgm|(talk) 09:12, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or split apart. Way too unwieldly as-is.  The Marvel Universe alone has tens if not hundreds of thousands of characters.  Also not much reason to believe it would be useful to anybody... for example, if I wanted to use Wikipedia to find out who was in Dilbert, I'd type in "Dilbert"--I sure as heck wouldn't type in "List of comic and cartoon characters".  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:16, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and split up. Most of this information could be put with the pages about the indiviual comics, and List of comic books and List of comic strips suffice as a place to keep names of comics without articles. Nateji77 18:30, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Split up as encyclopedic but unsustainable. Samaritan 19:29, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and start over with split sections, which will be Wikipedian and helpful. Wyss 20:25, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Matteh (talk) 23:11, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Split up into universe-specific sub-lists. Most already exist, I believe. humblefool® 23:34, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest further splitting it up into newspaper cartoon characters, TV cartoon characters, characters in animated films, etc. --Idont Havaname 04:48, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete / split. Mikkalai 07:09, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * And a strange development: Anon user 68.107.42.139, a/k/a the Cartoon Vandal, attempted to move the page via cutting-and-pasting to List of cartoon and comic characters. —tregoweth 05:28, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Absolutely ridiculous!  Unwieldly, unmaintainable, unhelpful, uninformative, and unappealing.  A prime example of how not to use a list. Indrian 19:00, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This could be feasible if it was split up. One huge list is not helpful at all. Carrp | Talk 03:47, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We have categories for this. —Lowellian (talk) 12:27, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Los Capos

Los Capos (Spanish for "The Bosses") was a Lucha Libre stable consisting of Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 (often written as "Dos Mil") and Universo 2000, and at one point also included Apolo Dantés. Los Capos is also often referred to as Los Hermanos Dinamita (Spanish for "The Dynamite Brothers") when working without Apolo Dantés as Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000 are brothers. They have worked primarily in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) but also worked in AAA and currently do guest spots for the International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG).

History
Los Hermanos Dinamita was formed in the late 1980s after Universo 2000 made his professional wrestling debut and began working with his older brothers Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000. It was not until the early 1990s that the group began to work together on a regular basis when all three brothers worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) that the trio began to get noticed. While they worked as a team their biggest success came in individual competition, especially the oldest brother Cien Caras who won the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship. When former CMLL booker Antonio Peña left the promotion to form Asistencia Asesoría y Administración, later known simply as "AAA", jumped ship with him to continue with Konnan and became an integral part of the AAA's heavyweight division in its formative years. Cien Caras was a key factor in the events that led to the largest crown in Mexican wrestling history, 48,000 people, at Triplemanía I. While still working for CMLL Los Hermanas Dinamitas had won the Mexican National Trios Championship from Octagón, Atlantis and Máscara Sagrada and when they left CMLL they took the championship with them to AAA. The team held on to the Trios Title until they were defeated on April 26, 1994 almost three years after winning it. By the mid-1990s the group broke up as the brothers left AAA one by one to work on the Mexican Independent wrestling circuit or returned to CMLL. Universo 2000 was the first to return to CMLL and saw a lot of success as an individual wrestler, capturing the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship on three separate occasions. after the turn of the millennia Universo 2000 was joined by his older brothers as well as CMLL veteran Apolo Dantés, collectively known as "Los Capos", although the brothers were still referred to as "Los Hermanos Dinamita" when they appeared without Dantés. The group was a fixture in the heavyweight division, often helping Universo 2000 retain his title through unfair means. Los Capos worked mainly trios matches, most often as Rudos (the Spanish term for a "wrestling villain"), although at time they were cheered when working against other Rudos such as Pierroth Jr. or "Los Talibanes" (Emilio Charles Jr., Scorpio Jr. and Bestia Salvaje). By 2004 Los Capos were winding down their in-ring activities with the retirement of Cien Caras in the works. The retirement storyline involved Los Capos feuding with Perro Aguayo Jr. and his father, Lucha Libre legend Perro Aguayo. This started out with Aguayo Jr. and El Terrible defeating Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000 in a Luchas de Apuestas, hair vs. hair match where Caras and Máscara Año 2000 had put their hair on the line. After being shaved bald Los Capos attacked Perro Aguayo Jr. only to see Perro, Sr. run in to make the save. By the end of 2004 it was announced that Cien Caras would wrestle his last match on December 27, 2004 in a Luchas de Apuesta match teaming with Máscara Año 2000 against Pierroth Jr. and Vampiro Canadiense. Los Capos won the match and Cien Caras had a retirement ceremony after the match. The retirement was short lived as Caras ran in during a show and attacked Perro Aguayo Jr. stating that he had unfinished business with the young Aguayo and his father. The storyline culminated in a match at the annual Homenaje a Dos Leyendas show where Perro Sr. came out of retirement to team with his son, defeating Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000 in a hair vs. hair match that saw Los Capos shaved bald once again. After the storyline with the Aguayos ended Los Capos slowly faded from CMLL. Apolo Dantés began working as a booker and trainer while Los Hermanos Dinamita worked a reduced scheduled before leaving CMLL completely.

Los Capos Junior
In 2006 a group called Los Capos Junior or Los Dinamitas Junior began working for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), supposedly the sons of Los Hermanos Dinamita. While Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000 all made IWRG appearances, endorsing Los Junior Capos it was later confirmed that most of the Juniors are not actually related to Los Hermanos Dinamita. El Hijo de Cien Caras (Spanish for "the son of Cien Caras") previously worked as "Suplex" and was actually the brother of L.A. Park. Cien Caras, Jr. previously worked as "Sheriff", he is also not a blood relation of Cien Caras. Máscara Año 2000, Jr. has been confirmed as being the son of Máscara Año 2000 and it is believed Hijo de Máscara Año 2000 is as well, although that remains unconfirmed.

Nueva Generación Dinamita
In late 2015, Sansón and El Cuatrero (sons of Cien Caras) teamed with Forastero (a nephew of the entire Los Capos group) to create "Nueva Generación Dinamita" , the team later won the Occidente Trios Championship. all three participated in the La Copa Junior 2017. Cuatrero was placed in Block A and Sansón and Forastero were placed in Block B. Cuatrero defeated The Panther and Drone before losing to eventual winner Soberano Jr. Forastero defeated Stigma before being eliminated by Blue Panther Jr. and Sansón defeated Star Jr., Blue Panther Jr. and Esfinge qualifying for the finals where he was defeated by Soberano Jr.. all three participated in the Torneo Gran Alternativa where a young (novato) wrestler teams with an older, more experienced wrestler. for the tournament Sansón teamed up with Último Guerrero, Forastero with Mascara Año 2000 and Cuatrero and Shocker. Sansón and Último Guerrero defeated Pegasso and Blue Panther and Atlantis and Esfinge before losing to Soberano Jr. and Carístico in the finals. Shocker and Cuatrero defeated Stigma and Titán before losing to Esfinge and Atlantis. Forastero and Mascara Año 2000 lost to Atlantis and Esfinge, not making it through the first round. On July 22, 2017, Sansón and Cuatrero defeated Black Terry and Negro Navarro to win the CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship. on July 25, the team defeated Mephisto, Luciferno and Ephesto to win the Mexican National Trios Championship. At the CMLL 84th Anniversary Show, they lost to Diamante Azul , Marco Corleone and Valiente. November 3, the team participated in a torneo cibernetico to crown the first CMLL Rey del Inframundo Champion also featuring Hechicero, Místico, Diamante Azul, Soberano Jr. and Valiente that saw Sansón pin Soberano to win the match and the championship.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
 * Mexican National Tag Team Championship (1 time) - Cien Caras and Máscara Año 2000
 * Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) - Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000
 * CMLL World Heavyweight Championship (4 times) - Cien Caras (1), Universo 2000 (3)
 * Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
 * AAA World Trios Championship (1 time) - El Cuatrero, Sansón and Forastero
 * AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) - Sansón and Forastero

title: Los Capos


text:
Kader Arif

Kader Arif (قادر عريف; born 3 July 1959 in Algiers) is a French politician of the French Socialist Party (PS) who served as Junior Minister for Veterans to the French Minister of Defence Jean-Yves Le Drian from 2012 until 2014. Prior to this, he was a Member of the European Parliament for the south-west of France.

Early career

 * Master's degree in communications
 * Special adviser to Lionel Jospin (1988–1992)
 * Chargé d'affaires (1992–1995)
 * Regional director of a tour operator (1995–1999)
 * University manager (1999–2001)

He played as hooker for the French rugby union club Castres Olympique.

Early beginnings

 * First federal secretary, Haute-Garonne Socialist Party (1999–2008)
 * Member of the Socialist Party national bureau (since 2000)
 * Socialist Party national secretary, with responsibility for globalisation
 * Member of Castanet-Tolosan Municipal Council, with responsibility for sport (1995–2001)

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2012
During his time as Member of the European Parliament, Arif served on the Committee on International Trade. He was also a substitute for the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, and a member of the delegations to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee, the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, and the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly.

In the Socialist Party's 2011 primaries, Arif endorsed François Hollande as the party's candidate for the 2012 presidential election.

In January 2012, Arif resigned as the European Parliament's rapporteur of the ACTA agreement in protest against the ACTA agreement.

Junior Minister for Veterans, 2012–2014
On 16 May 2012, Arif was appointed Junior Minister for Veterans at the French Ministry of Defence in the government of Jean-Marc Ayrault by President François Hollande.

On 21 November 2014, Arif resigned due to suspicion on fraud and opening of judicial inquiry.

Political positions
In the Socialist Party's 2017 primaries, Arif supported Vincent Peillon as the party's candidate for the presidential election later that year.

Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2018 convention in Aubervilliers, Arif publicly endorsed Olivier Faure as candidate for the party's leadership.

title: Kader Arif


text:
Guy Bono

Guy Bono (born 30 April 1953 in Béja, Béja Governorate, Tunisia) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the south-east of France. He is a member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education.

He is a substitute for the Committee on Transport and Tourism, a member of the delegation to the EU–Mexico Joint Parliamentary Committee, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with the countries of Central America.

Career

 * Diploma in chemistry, National Centre for Industrial Arts and Crafts (CNAM)
 * Director of cultural affairs, Department of Bouches-du-Rhône (1983-1992)
 * Director of cultural affairs for the Fos-Istres-Miramas new urban area grouping (1992-1998)
 * Local authority manager
 * Member of the Socialist Party national council
 * Member of the Socialist Party's national bureau
 * Member of the Socialist Party's national secretariat
 * Vice-Chairman of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regional Council

title: Guy Bono


text:
User:Antagna

AntAgna stands for Antoine Wells Campagna

I am a computer programmer from Quebec, Canada. President of RobocupLaval robotic soccer team.

I can be contacted at AntoineW at Campagna.org

title: User:Antagna


text:
User talk:N9b

Hello, I responded to your inquiry on Kant on the article discussion page. icut4u

title: User talk:N9b


text:
Bernadette Bourzai

Bernadette Bourzai (born 28 May 1945 in Lapleau) is a French politician and Member of the Senate of France representing the Department of Corrèze.

During her political career, she has held many local offices, including Égletons municipal council, Corrèze General Council, Limoges Regional Council, and Mayor of Égletons.

She was elected to the European Parliament on 18 June 2004, from the third position on the Socialist party list representing Loire, Massif Central, and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Regional Development.

In addition, she was vice-chair of the delegation to the EU–Kazakhstan, EU–Kyrgyzstan and EU–Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia, a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, and a substitute for the delegation to the EU–Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee.

On 21 September 2008, she was elected to the Senate, representing the Department of Corrèze, and resigned her position in the European Parliament, replaced by Jean-Paul Denanot. In the Senate, she is Secretary of the Commission on European Affairs, and a member of the Commission on Cultural Affairs.

Career

 * Degree in history and geography, University of Clermont-Ferrand (1971)
 * master's degree in geography, University of Clermont-Ferrand (1972)
 * highest postgraduate teaching qualification in geography (1973)
 * Teacher (with the highest postgraduate teaching qualification) (1973–1998)
 * Member of the Socialist Party national council (1989–2004)
 * Member of Égletons Municipal Council (1983–2001)
 * Mayor of Égletons (2001–2004)
 * Member of the Corrèze Departmental Council (since 1994)
 * Member of the Limousin Regional Council (1986–2001)
 * Vice-chairwoman of the Limousin Regional Council (1992–2001)
 * Knight of the National Order of Merit
 * Member of the European Parliament (2004–2008)
 * Member of the Senate of France (2008- )

title: Bernadette Bourzai


text:
Marie-Arlette Carlotti

Marie-Arlette Carlotti (born 21 January 1952 in Béziers) is a French politician of the Socialist Party (PS) who has been serving as a member of the French Senate since 2020, representing Bouches-du-Rhône. She previously was a Member of the European Parliament from south-east of France.

Early life and education
Educated at Paul Cézanne University in Marseille, France
 * Specialised postgraduate diploma in law (1979)
 * Specialised postgraduate diploma in human resource management (1986)

Early career

 * Company executive in the aeronautical industry (since 1991)

Early beginnings

 * Member of the Socialist Party national executive and national secretary (1986-1994)
 * national delegate (since 1998)
 * Member of the Bouches-du-Rhône Departmental Council representing the Canton of Marseille-Les Cinq-Avenues(since 1988)

Member of the European Parliament, 1996–2009
As member of the Party of European Socialists, Carlotti served on the European Parliament's Committee on Development. In this capacity, she served as the parliament's rapporteur on the role of migration for development in 2006. She was a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

In addition to her committee assignments, Carlotti was a vice-chair of the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly and a member of the delegations for relations with the Maghreb countries and the Arab Maghreb Union, and to the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly.

Carlotti was one of six Members of the European Parliament participating in the European Union's observer mission in Togo for the October 2007 Togolese parliamentary election.

Career in government
On 16 May 2012 Carlotti was appointed by President François Hollande as Junior Minister for the Disabled at the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, in the government of Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault.

Member of the French Parliament, 2012–2017

 * Deputy for Bouches-du-Rhône's 5th constituency in the National Assembly

Ahead of the 2014 French municipal elections, Carlotti announced her intention to become the Socialist Party's candidate to challenge incumbent Mayor of Marseille Jean-Claude Gaudin; however, she lost her party's primaries against Patrick Mennucci and Samia Ghali.

In the Socialist Party's 2018 convention in Aubervilliers, Carlotti publicly endorsed Stéphane Le Foll as candidate for the party's leadership.

Member of the French Senate, 2020–present
In the Senate, Carlotti serves on the Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defense.

title: Marie-Arlette Carlotti


text:
Françoise Castex

Françoise Castex (born 7 February 1956) is a French politician.

Education
Castex was born in Agadir and obtained a degree and master's degree in arts in the 1970s. In 1990 she obtained a Diploma of Advanced Studies in the Social Field (DHEPS), and the following year a Postgraduate diploma in educational science.

Early career

 * 1981-1998: Adult and youth education adviser at the Gers Departmental Youth and Sports Directorate
 * 1998-2000: Adviser in the office of the Chairman of the Gers Departmental Council
 * Adviser in the office of the Minister responsible for vocational education
 * 2002-2004: Special adviser for educational cooperation in the Foreign Ministry
 * 2004-2014: Member of the European Parliament (S&D)
 * 1989-1998: Deputy Secretary-General of the Adult Education Association (SEP-FEN-UNSA)
 * since 1990: Member of the Socialist Party national council
 * 1996-2001: Member of Lavardens Municipal Council
 * 1990-1998: Chairwoman of the Gers League of Human Rights
 * 1996-1998: Member of the Central committee of the League of Human Rights

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2014
Between 2004 and 2014, Castex served as a Member of the European Parliament for the South West of France with the Socialist Party, part of the Socialist Group and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on International Trade.

She was a substitute for the Committee on Development and the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. She also served as a member of the Delegation for relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council.

Together with Liêm Hoang Ngoc, Castex was one of two sitting MEPs who were not re-nominated by the leadership of France's Socialist Party for the 2014 European elections.

title: Françoise Castex


text:
M-125 (Michigan highway)

M-125 is a 19+1/2 mi state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan. The highway is entirely within Monroe County with the southern terminus on the Ohio state border near Toledo and a northern terminus at US Highway 24 (US 24) in Frenchtown Township, 5 mi north of Monroe. M-125 runs through rural farmlands and connects a couple of smaller towns with Monroe. It has an unsigned connector highway that links the main highway with Interstate 75 (I-75).

The highway is a section of the former Dixie Highway and US 25 in the state. It was first added to the state highway system in 1926 and given its current number in 1973. Previously there were two other highways that carried the M-125 moniker. One in the 1930s ran through the Upper Peninsula near Thompson and a second from 1938 until the mid-1950s was located in Bay County. The current designation was created in 1973 when US 25 was decommissioned in Michigan. The section in downtown Monroe was named what is now a Pure Michigan Byway in 1995.

Route description
M-125 starts at the state line as the continuation of Detroit Avenue running northward from Toledo. Once across the state line, the roadway takes on the Dixie Highway name and passes a residential subdivision. The highway runs north-northeasterly roughly parallel with, and between, both US 24 and I-75 through farm land in rural Monroe County. The trunkline passes through the community of Erie before intersecting with Conn. M-125 (Summit Street) north of town. That unsigned connector is a state highway that links M-125 with I-75 to the south. Continuing north, M-125 intersects Luna Pier Road, which to the west is the unsigned Conn. US 24 that offers a path to US 24 (Telegraph Road).

The route of M-125 changes direction slightly as it passes through the community of LaSalle; north of town it follows a more northeasterly course. The roadway passes through residential areas north of town as it approaches Monroe. South of the city, M-125 crosses the La Plaisance Creek and turns north-northwesterly through South Monroe. North of Lake Monroe, the road name changes from Dixie Highway to Monroe Street. The highway is the main street of the downtown area as it crosses the River Raisin upstream from the River Raisin National Battlefield Park. M-125 exits town near The Mall of Monroe. About 5 mi north of Monroe, after running through farm land again, M-125 terminates at an intersection where Dixie Highway merges into US 24 (Telegraph Road).

M-125 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) like other state highways in Michigan. As a part of these maintenance responsibilities, the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction. These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic, which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway. MDOT's surveys in 2011 showed that the highest traffic levels along M-125 were the 21,229 vehicles daily between Jones and Front streets in Monroe; the lowest counts were the 2,306 vehicles per day between Sterns and Erie roads near Erie. No section of M-125 has been listed on the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.

Previous designations
M-125 was first designated on a road in the Upper Peninsula from US 2 to north of Thompson in 1931; this roadway was later merged into M-149 in 1936 after a rerouting of US 2 through the area. Later in 1938, the M-125 designation was used for a highway under construction along Parish Road in Bay County running for 3 mi west of US 23 (now M-13). The highway intersected US 23 between Kawkawlin and Linwood and ran westward to 7 Mile Road. It was completed as a gravel road in 1939, and paved by 1945. The second M-125 was transferred back to local control in late 1956 or early 1957.

Current designation
The Dixie Highway was conceived in 1915 to connect Chicago to Miami and commemorate a half-century since the end of the Civil War. On the suggestion of Governor Woodbridge N. Ferris, representatives from Michigan convinced the Dixie Highway Association to include Michigan in the proposed auto trail. Two divisions through the Lower Peninsula were included, the eastern one included a route between Detroit and Toledo via Monroe. This section of the Dixie Highway in Monroe County was first added to the state highway system in 1926 when US 25 was created. The highway was rerouted through downtown Monroe in the early 1930s; instead of turning westward in downtown to connect to Telegraph Road, the highway instead continued northward to the current Dixie Highway–Telegraph Road intersection. When the US 25 designation was decommissioned in the state in 1973, the highway segment between the state line and the Monroe area was given the M-125 designation. The routing has remained unchanged since. In 1995, the section through downtown Monroe was named what is now a Pure Michigan Byway.

title: M-125 (Michigan highway)


text:
Jean-Louis Cottigny

Jean-Louis Cottigny (born 12 September 1950 in Hesdin, Pas-de-Calais) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the north-west of France. He is a member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.

He is also a substitute for the Committee on Transport and Tourism and a member of the delegation for relations with the countries of Central America.

Career

 * Worker, then regional assistant (1970–1989)
 * Former Chairman of the Arras Industrial Tribunal
 * Federal Secretary of the Pas-de-Calais Socialist Party, with responsibility for businesses (1974–1990)
 * Socialist Party national secretary with responsibility for businesses (1990–1997)
 * Mayor of Beaurains (1989–2004)
 * Member of the Pas-de-Calais Departmental Council (1989–2004)
 * Member of the European Parliament (1997–1999)
 * Knight of the Legion of Honour

title: Jean-Louis Cottigny