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John Courtney Murray

John Courtney Murray (September 12, 1904 – August 16, 1967) was an American Jesuit priest and theologian who was especially known for his efforts to reconcile Catholicism and religious pluralism and particularly focused on the relationship between religious freedom and the institutions of a democratically-structured modern state.

During the Second Vatican Council, he played a key role in persuading the assembly of the Catholic bishops to adopt the Council's ground-breaking Declaration on Religious Liberty, Dignitatis humanae.

Early life and education
John Courtney Murray was born in New York City on September 12, 1904. In 1920, he entered the New York province of the Society of Jesus after attending Xavier High School. He studied Classics and Philosophy at Boston College. He obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1926 and 1927, respectively. After graduation, he traveled to the Philippines, where he taught Latin and English literature at the Ateneo de Manila.

Career
In 1930, Murray returned to the United States. He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1933. He pursued further studies at the Gregorian University in Rome and in 1937 completed a doctorate in sacred theology.

After his return from Rome to the United States, just before the beginning of World War II, he joined the Jesuit theologate in Woodstock, Maryland and taught Catholic trinitarian theology. In 1940, Murray still fully supported the Catholic doctrine that there was no salvation outside the Church.

In 1941, he was named editor of the Jesuit journal Theological Studies. He held both positions until his death.

As representative of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and consultant to the religious affairs section of the Allied High Commission, he helped draft and promote the 1943 Declaration on World Peace, an interfaith statement of principles for postwar reconstruction. He successfully promoted a close constitutional arrangement between the restored German state and the Church, which included the sharing of tax revenue with the churches.

By 1944, Murray's endorsement of full co-operation with other theists led many Catholics to complain that he endangered American Catholic faith, which then recommended minimal co-operation with non-Catholics for fear that lay Catholic faith would be weakened.

Similarly, Murray advocated religious freedom and pluralism as defined and protected by the First Amendment of the US Constitution, which contradicted Catholic doctrines of church-and-state relations before Vatican II.

"'Pluralism, therefore, implies disagreement and dissension within the community. But it also implies a community within which there must be agreement and consensus.'"

Postwar reconstruction
His background and training suggest a heavily-theoretical bent, but Murray became a leading public figure, and his work dealt primarily with the tensions between religion and public life. His best-known book, We Hold These Truths: Catholic Reflections on the American Proposition (1960), collects a number of his essays on such topics.

In 1951 to 1952, after a lectureship at Yale University, he collaborated on a project with Robert Morrison MacIver of Columbia University to assess academic freedom and religious education in American public universities. Ultimately, the proposal argued for public aid to private schools and for sympathetic exposure of religious faiths in public schools. The project was both nationally influential and personally formative, as it deepened Murray's understanding of and esteem for American constitutional law.

In his increasingly public role, several American bishops consulted Murray on legal issues such as censorship and birth control. He argued against what he saw as the reactionary and coercive practices of some Catholic bishops and instead advocated participation in substantive public debate, which he suggested offered a better appeal to public virtue. Instead of civic coercion, he argued, presenting moral opinions in the context of public discourse enabled Americans to deepen their moral commitments and to safeguard the "genius" of American freedoms.

From 1958 to 1962, he served at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions and applied just war criteria to Soviet-American relations.

Throughout the 1950s Murray promoted his ideas in Catholic journals where they received heavy criticism from the leading Catholic thinkers of the day. Msgr Fenton was the most prominent of those that opposed Murray as Murray's line was much closer to Americanism, which had been condemned by Leo XIII. Murray had the advantage of being friends with Clare Boothe Luce, the US ambassador to Italy and the second wife of Henry Luce, the prominent magazine magnate. Murray's ideas were featured in Henry Luce's Time magazine, most prominently on December 12, 1960, when Murray graced the cover in a feature about US Catholics and the State. Henry Luce was a prominent Republican and close friends with John Foster Dulles, the father of Avery Dulles, SJ, who was known to be sympathetic to Murray's theology and with CIA Director Allen Dulles, who was John's brother. The CIA then sought to use the news media to influence public opinion during the Cold War. Murray's liberal approach to religious liberty and the traditionally-strong Catholic opposition to communism were useful in the global battle against communism, especially in Latin America and other Catholic strongholds. After his death in 1967, his obituary in Time declared that he had been responsible for incorporating /the US secular doctrines of church-state separation and freedom of conscience in to the spiritual tradition of Roman Catholicism" despite the efforts of the "ultra conservative" faction in the Church.

Tensions with the Vatican, 1954
By the late 1940s, Murray argued that Catholic teaching on church-and-state relations was inadequate to the "moral functioning" of contemporary peoples. The Anglo-American West, he claimed, had developed a fuller truth about human dignity, which was the responsibility of all citizens to assume "moral control" over their own religious beliefs and to wrest control from paternalistic states. That truth was an "intention of nature" or a new dictate of natural law philosophy.

Murray’s claim that a "new moral truth" had emerged outside the Church led to conflict with Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani, Pro-Secretary of the Vatican Holy Office. In 1954, the Vatican demanded for Murray to end both writing on religious freedom and publishing his two latest articles on the issue.

Second Vatican Council, 1963
In spite of his silencing, Murray continued to write privately on religious liberties and submitted his works to Rome, all of which were rejected.

In 1963, he was invited to the second but not the first session of the Second Vatican Council in which he drafted the third and the fourth versions of a document on religious freedom.

In 1965, the document eventually became the Council's endorsement of religious freedom Dignitatis humanae personae. He continued to write on the issue by claiming that the arguments offered by the final decree were inadequate even if the affirmation of religious freedom was unequivocal.

In 1966, prompted by the Vietnam War, he was appointed to serve on Lyndon Johnson's presidential commission, which reviewed Selective Service classifications. He supported the allowance of a classification for those opposed on moral grounds to some but not all wars, but that recommendation was not accepted by the Selective Service Administration.

Murray then turned to questions of how the Church might arrive at new theological doctrines. He argued that Catholics who arrived at new truths about God would have to do so in conversation "on a footing of equality" with non-Catholics and atheists. He suggested greater reforms, including a restructuring of the Church, which he saw as having overdeveloped its notion of authority and hierarchy at the expense of the bonds of love that had from the start defined the authentically Christian life.

Death
In August 1967, Murray died of a heart attack in Queens, New York, one month before his 63rd birthday.

title: John Courtney Murray


text:
Époisses, Côte-d'Or

Époisses is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France, located around halfway between Dijon and Auxerre.

The village is known for its Époisses cheese, a pungent unpasteurized cows-milk cheese.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Époisses, Côte-d'Or


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Talk:Anodized aluminium

We have Anodising already, which explains everything this page does. Edited Aluminum to point at the former rather than this page. Request deletion. Avriette 00:19, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anodized aluminium


text:
Starscape

Starscape is a 2D space combat shoot 'em up video game developed by Moonpod games and published in 2003 as shareware. The player character is the sole remaining fighter pilot on the space station Aegis after its warp drive is influenced by aliens, ripping it into another dimension. The objective is to survive and to return.

Starscape features a plotless skirmish mode and a difficulty level where save games are automatically updated to reflect the loss of ships. Though the asteroid mining has been criticized as too tedious and time-consuming, the battle sequences and graphics have received praise.

In Russian-speaking territories, Starscape is named Космическая одиссея (literal translation: Space Odyssey) and features Russian voice acting. It was published by Snowball Studios.

Plot
The game is set in the 23rd century, and starts with the crew of an exploration vessel called the Aegis testing a new machine called a dimensional drive. The experiment, however, goes horribly wrong because a malevolent bio-mechanical race called the Archnid somehow tampered with the machine, resulting in the Aegis and its crew being sent into another dimension.

The pilot of a small ship that was on the Aegis (controlled the player) meets up with the ship. At this point, it's revealed that the Aegis was attacked by the Archnid, heavily damaged, and the dimension drive has been stolen. The player must then mine resources to repair the Aegis, their own ship, and recover the dimension drive, which the Archnid broke into five pieces, hoping to reverse engineer the technology and use it to escape.

Though optional, the player can do some side quests with a race of machines called the Xenarch. After completing missions for them, they Xenarch will gradually reveal information about themselves and the Archnid. The Xenarch reveal that, the Archnid were once an organic race that was trapped in the dimension. Realizing they would die because they couldn't escape, most of them fused with machines to become immortal, leading to insanity. The Xenarch were created by the few that didn't fuse with the machine to kill the Archnid, but the Xenarch failed in their task. Doing this reveals to the crew of the Aegis how dangerous the Archnid are, and further motivates them to get the pieces of their dimension drive so they can make sure the Archnid cannot threaten the normal universe.

The default character name of 'Jameson' is taken from the game Elite.

Gameplay
Most of the game time is spent in a top-down view as the player's ship fights off attackers and collects resources from asteroids and from some of the destroyed enemy vessels. The setting is divided into areas of varying sizes, and the fighter can freely maneuver in one but not cross the boundaries.

While in essence quite simple, the addition of the space station enriches gameplay considerably. The Aegis is present in all non-boss battles and while it's quite durable, its destruction loses the game. Docking with it is necessary to unload resources, perform repairs on either the ship or the station and to travel between areas. In addition to the aforementioned repairs, the Aegis can spend acquired resources on both researching and constructing new tools and weaponry, which require allotments of the station's limited manpower that in turn can be increased by finding and rescuing rare survivors in the action sequences. The player also designs the fighters, balancing attack and defense with power, maneuverability, available size and costs. The station can maintain up to three craft, though only one can be flown at a time. Over time, the Aegis can be outfitted with turrets and a cannon, while the fighters go from - essentially - airtight bathtubs to pocket battleships.

Reception

 * Scored 80% in PC Gamer UK magazine.
 * 9.2/10 Editor's Choice awarded at Netjak.
 * 9/10 and Editor's Choice awarded by Game Chronicles Magazine, who said it was "one of the best little known titles I've run across".
 * Starscape was inducted into the Home of the Underdogs hall of belated fame in June 2005.

title: Starscape


text:
Talk:Belfast West (UK Parliament constituency)

Untitled
Was Beattie independent Labour or Northern Ireland Labour from 1943 to 1950? The wartime by-election truce did not extend to Northern Ireland and his shift to Irish Labour appears to have happened at the same time as the Belfast (all of part) branch's withdrawal from NILP in protest at its decision that it was pro Union. Timrollpickering 00:21, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * He was Northern Ireland Labour - sources that say "independent Labour" mean he wasn't an official candidate of the Great Britain Labour Party. Timrollpickering 18:28, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Adams disqualified
Regarding this dispute about whether Adams was disqualifyed or resigned. The House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 of the UK states that resigning from the UK Parliament is not possible. You have to have an office of profit under the Crown and be disqualified from it to leave. I'm sure Adams isn't that happy to be the Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead and won't want to use it but I'm afraid that is what he is and it's the price he had to pay for leaving his constituents MP-less. Also this document from Parliament also says that resigning is not possible. The C of E. God Save The Queen! (talk) 13:21, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * He resigned, it's quite straightforward. That Parliament has some archaic procedure involving a legal fiction doesn't change that. You may also want to read articles in full before making edits that needlessly duplicate information. 2 lines of K  303  14:09, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * But that's the thing. Under law, resigning from Parliament is not allowable. Resigning and being appointed to an office that disqualifies you are different ideals. The C of E. God Save The Queen! (talk) 08:49, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Talk:Hypercolor

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Global Hyper-Color. The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 00:22, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

fad of the 1980's
Sweet! I want one... n:user:bawolff 06:02, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * These shirts were great ... right up until the point you realised what happened if you had bad B.O... 01:49, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow! Someone successfully made the most boring description of possibly the biggest and fastest fad of the 1980's.  Congrats! Gotta love the armpit rings they produce.

Current production
Is/Are there any companies still making any type of hypercolour clothing? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 144.35.254.252 (talk) 19:27, 29 January 2007 (UTC).

I miss my old Hypercolor shirt... Maybe it'll turn up in a closet somewhere someday. I'd buy one if they came back to stores for a reasonable price. Bouncey (talk) 04:55, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

In May 2005, a company located in Metro Detroit Michigan took up the hypercolor mantle. Selling their apparel under the trade name "Body Faders", Wickedglow Industries Inc. began producing t-shirts for children and adults in six color ranges: green to yellow, pink to blue, purple to pink, grey to white, orange to yellow and blue to white. (WJBK Fox 2 News, March 2006) Since then, they have expanded to include hoodies, sweatshirts, a fashion forward clothing line for women that includes tank tops, tunics and dresses, as well as additional color choices. (Macomb Daily December 2006)

They also supply designers and retailers across the globe with both garments and fabric (LA Times, April 2008). They also work with different mediums including UV activated screen prints, heat activated screen prints, and "Superglow", a super charged glow in the dark medium. www.bodyfaders.com Leslie330317 (talk) 19:26, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Recently, "Body Faders" provided the purple to pink color changing sweatshirt worn by Jimmy Fallon on the "Late Night With Jimmy Fallon" show during his musical extravaganza with Stephen Colbert, singing 'Friday' with The Roots (4/1/11) http://www.latenightwithjimmyfallon.com/video/stephen-colbert-sings-friday-with-the-roots-4111/1317553/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hyperdreams (talk • contribs) 18:53, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

Urban Legend / Fiction
The comments about "dyes rubbing off on skin" and Generra getting "sued out of existence" are from a fictional post on Drivl.com. The author of the post pretty much acknowledges that the article used to source these "facts" is a satire. The US government does not own the patent to Hypercolor.

Hypercolor Now?
It appears the brand Hypercolor is no longer around selling these types of clothing. The parent company Gennera has since went onto higher end fashion only. Recently a few companies have brought back these style shirts offering the same technology nearly a decade later. www.hypercolor.com is currently "under construction" and there does not appear to be a resurge of the brand. As far as a new player in this market check out the following company offering these color changing shirts:

The only company currently manufacturing heat-activated color changing clothing for both retail and wholesale is Wickedglow Industries, Inc. Their manufacturing facility is located in Michigan USA, and they sell their garments under the trade name Body Faders (per the USPTO). Their current and former clients include Kids With Character LLC, Change Me Clothing, AZFN, Marios Schwab, American Apparel and Brooklyn Royalty Leslie330317 (talk) 19:27, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Comments
I'd love to see them back in clothing store shelves like they were back in the awesome 80's for the next gen of shoppers! Everyone seems to be wanting new and wacky stuff like we did in the 80's. This would be a great time for a comeback for Hypercolor shirts in my humble opinion. DJRoberts777 00:02, 5 November 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Djroberts777 (talk • contribs)

Merge to Thermochromism
This article is promotional. Hence, it should be merged into Thermochromism. RV (talk) 14:26, 3 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hypercolor


text:
Talk:Lincoln LS

V6 phase out
Fine vehicle. V6 due for phase out this summer --Pmeisel 00:25, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Links
Hi, I'm speaking on the behalf of another user. User 68.47.246.21 said recently the link to the LS Owners Club site should be removed since the site charges for most of its services and the link is thereby not fit for a non-profit encyclopedia article. Thanks. Gerdbrendel 05:04, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * There is plenty of free content at the LLSOC web site (see the FAQ, or the One Lap of America coverage) - the registration and membership is OPTIONAL as clearly stated at the site. The membership fee is to join the Club itself - not to view the web site.  This is permitted elsewhere in Wikipedia - for example - Motor Trend Magazine has a full wiki-article, along with a link there to the magazine's web site; where there is free content, along with subscription information, and special services and articles exclusively for paid subsribers.  If the LLSOC required visitors to blindly pay a fee up front before they could view any of their pages, then that might suggest it is not appropriate.  LLSOC is simply offering a membership to the Club, for an annual fee - just like a subscription.  Do you have a link to the Wiki-policy which forbids this - or can you quote it here?  If it is exactly as you suggested, then you would have to also delete any links to any clubs that collect a membership fee, and any links to subscription magazines such as Motor Trend, in the Wikipedia.  I do not believe it is Wikipedia's intent to forbid providing links to any clubs which may have a membership fee - especially when the club is directly related to the wiki-article where it is posted, and would therefore be of particular interest to many wiki-readers who might read the article.  I believe the intent of the policy is to avoid having people posting links their own personal web pages which may include trojan horses and viruses, or links to, for example, subscription porn sites. -- T-dot 12:03, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I see have forwarded your message to User 68.47.246.21. Personally I'm indifferent on the issue- don't shot the messenger ;-). Gerdbrendel 17:36, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

If there are no logical arguments which are consistent with Wiki policies to ban the LLSOC links, I will reinsert them. Whoever has an issue with this can post here directly. joelincoln 17:25, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

The biggest issue with LLSOC is that it's an exclusive membership that charges to view content on that website. There has been some discussion from my understanding that LLSOC is allowing "guest" memberships but it is limited to content. I think that if it isn't a FREE full service forum like Lincolnsonline.com or LincolnvsCadillac.com then the links should be deleted. Until LLSOC allows free access to the website with access to important content then it should not be allowed on Wikipedia.

LLSOC is NOT a free site! You must pay to be a member to view the content. Please do not include it on the External Links section. This has been discussed too many times.

Since Pingmaster seems to have a problem with the paid nature of LLSOC (remember, you get what you pay for) I'll post the link to their FAQ which is free and includes a lot of useful info. joelincoln

Why do you keep pulling the link to LincolnvsCadillac.com Brendal? Joeychgo 20:30, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Replacement for...
I think that some of the information in the matrix at the bottom of the page shows the MKZ replacing the LS. From articles that I have read the MKS will replace the LS not the MKZ. I think that needs to be updated to reflect that. The MKZ is targeting a totally different market than the LS was slated for. (from: Pingmaster - 14:29, 17 April 2006 )

 * Here is the story. The Lincoln LS was originally marketed as a personal luxury sports sedan - as an American version of similar sedans from Germany and Japan.  It essentially replaced the Lincoln Mark VIII coupe in Lincoln's lineup, but the market place for luxury sports coupes was drying up, as Baby Boomers were having (more and older) children, and needed more doors.  The original LS was intended for upper-middle class baby boomers who were looking for a sophisticated sporty car with tight handling and fun-to-drive performance, but also needed room for the kids and car seats and easier rear seat access.  The LS was available in a $30,000 base stick-shifting V6 (like some Euro and Japanese sedans), and ranged up to around $40,000 loaded in V8 trim, in the 2000-2002 vintage years.  The previous V8 Mark VIII was also priced in the $40,000 class.  In 2003 the LS went up market, with some additional sophistication and a little more power, and was priced in the $35,000 base to $45,000 loaded range.  In 2005, the base V6 was dropped, and the car went up market again, as a $40,000 base V8 that topped out to around $48,000 fully loaded.

 * Now the 2006 Lincoln Zephyr 3.0L V6 sedan replaced the vacant slot left behind by the 3.0L V6 version of the LS in 2005 - the pricing is pretty close. Next - the more powerful 3.5L V6 Lincoln MkZ replaces the Zephyr for 2007, and thus by extension the MkZ is the replacement for the V6 LS.  It is a size smaller (C-D class rather than D-E), but fills essentially the same mission.

 * Meanwhile, the Lincoln MkS (still only semi-confirmed for production in 2008) is intended as a "Flagship" replacement for the loaded V8 LS, and also to some extent also the larger but previously abandoned Lincoln Continental class of personal luxury cars. The Continental was known for it's huge trunk (golf clubs) and roomy interior with pampering luxury, which appealed mostly to aging retireesof its day.  Aging Boomers are now reaching peak income, sending the kids off to college, and approaching post-SUV-age empty nest years and early retirement.  Nevertheless, Boomers are refusing to grow "old", and are looking for sharp styling, and snappy handling and performance, along with some well deserved luxurious accomodations, easy entry and exit, and trunk space for golf clubs and such.  The MkS is aimed squarely at that market, aimed a bit higher than the LS, but still essentially replacing the final, loaded high end premium-elite V8 version.

 * Conclusion - these "replacements for" are not always perfectly "clean" in the sense of one for one. Cars are built and changed periodically to meet shifting consumer's needs and tastes - not necessarily to replace an older previous vehicle design directly.  As market tastes and needs shift, the car lines shift with them as best as they can, by attempting to cater to specific "missions".  Thus the LS is being replaced by 2 cars - the MkZ at the low end, and the MkS at the high end.  The LS itself essentially started a new market - personal luxury sedan - but also sort of replaced 2 cars: the Mark VIII on the "personal luxury coupe", and then later on also replaced the Continental on the "higher end luxury sedan" side.  The MkS is then essentially a replacement for the Continental and the LS (high end) missions.  Confusing - yes.  But thats how it is in a shifting marketplace.  Hope this helps clarify it some.  --T-dot 20:53, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * T-dot is right, the manner in which cars are replaced is confusing. Cars are market according to consumer demands, if demand shifts from say, coupes to sedans, than manufacturers will follow by stopping the production of coupes and increasing the production of sedans. Thereby sedans would be taking the place of coupes, in the sense that the same group of consumers is trageted. But, in order to add a vehicle to the "Predecessor" or "Successor" space inside the infobox the vehicles should be of similar body style and market segment; thus a V6 compact couldn't replace a full-size V8, even if the company cancel production of the former and increased production of the ladder due to shifitng consumer demands. It is important to remember that vehicles should be similar as well in order to be consider successors or predecessors. Thank you. Regards,  Signature brendel  03:30, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

I don't agree with T-dot simply because Lincoln has stated that the MKS is the replacement for the LS and not the Continental. The Continental is not even made any longer to begin with. Also, you are giving the readers here at Wikipedia the false impression that the MKZ is the replacement for the LS. Typically, car manufacturers do not manufacture two cars at the same time if it is the replacement vehicle. So, the Zephyr (aka MKZ) and the LS were in production at the same time. I will repeat...the Zephyr (aka MKZ) is NOT the replacement for the LS. Please adjust your matrix accordingly. (from Pingmaster at 08:48, 18 April 2006 .)

 * Yes, it is. The MKZ is the the replacement for the LS V6 and the for the V6 only, as the V6 model was an entry-level luxury car. Upon introduction of the Zephyr/MKZ the LS V6 was discontinued. The MKS is a larger sedan which is to be marketed in the main luxury segement (not entry-level) thus it is similar to the LS V8, and V8 model only and the Continental, as both the LS V8 and Continental were marketed towards a similar audience, were techonology oriented and were prived above $40k featuring V8 engines. Bottom Line: The MKX replaces the LS V6, the MKS replaces the LS V8 and Continental. Thank you. Regards,  Signature brendel  15:01, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

You are wrong again. Go to Lincoln's website here: http://www.lincoln.com/lincolnls/home.asp This will show you that the MKS in lower right hand corner as the replacement for the LS. As far as the V6 LS goes, it is the same vehicle as the V8 LS. Only the engine is different. It isn't a smaller car and it isn't a Front Wheel Drive car like the Zephyr. I don't know where you are getting your information from but Lincoln has stated before that the Zephyr is NOT the LS replacement. It targets a totally different car market. The Zephyr does not compete in the BMW 5-series category like the LS does. Regardless of engine size! Wow! I can not believe I am even debating this. (from Pingmaster at 23:14, 18 April 2006 .)

 * Yes the MKS is the replacement for the LS but for the V8 model only. The MKZ is the replacment for the V6. Yes, they're both LS models, but one is entry-level luxury, while the other is mid-level luxury. One uses a V6, the other a V8 -they are in different market segment. It was not a coincidence that the V6 was dropped just before the Zephyr was introduced. The MKZ is Lincoln's new entry-level luxury sedan, as was the LS V6. The LS V8 was a mid-level luxury car, as will be the new MKS. As T-dot said, I quote: "Now the 2006 Lincoln Zephyr 3.0L V6 sedan replaced the vacant slot left behind by the 3.0L V6 version of the LS in 2005 - the pricing is pretty close." And that's exactly it! You see, the MKS is the replacment for the LS, but only the 2005 LS. The V6 was dropped for 2005!!! There is only one LS V8 starting at $39k now, so yes the MKS will be the replacement for the 2005 $39k LS V8. The MKS is not the replacement for the 2004 $32k LS V6, that model was replaced by the Zephyr. Get it? The entry-level LS V6 was dropped for 2005 and replaced by the Zephyr. Now there is only one $39k LS V8 which is going to be replaced by the MKS. FYI: Only the LS V8 competes with the 5-Series. The LS V6 was an entry-level luxo car and did not compete with the 5-Series, but the 3-Series. It's not about engine size but about pricing, the LS V6 was priced in a completely different segment than the V8. Regards,  Signature brendel  04:17, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Brendel, the MKS is replacing the LS both V6 and V8. The LS was not two different cars because it had two engine choices. Its like purchasing a BMW 5-Series, you have the V6 option of 525, 530, or V8 option of 550 yet the car is the same. The MKZ/Zeyphr is Lincoln's competitor to the C-Class, A4, and 3-Series. The Lincoln LS was aimed at the E-Class, A6, and 5-Series as is the MKS. Please do not undo my change for it would be posting incorrect information if you do. (from anon. 24.186.83.117 - 21:56, 19 April 2006 )

 * No, the LS was not aimed at the E-Class, it was an entry-level car, up until 2005 when the V6 was dropped. It was marketed at the 3-Series and 5-Seires. You see, it is not about the engine size but the pricing. Yes, the E-Class has an option of V6 and V8, but it is not in two different segments! Both E-Class models cost between of $40k and $60k which makes them mid-lux. The LS with the V6 option was too affordable to compete with the E-Class, only the V8 was mid-lux. The LS was one of very few cars which had two different engine choices which conincidentally lay in two different market segements. That's why the LS is often referred to as an entry-level luxury sedan, until it moved upward in 2005 with the LS V6 being dropped and the V8 costing $39k. Also, even if you don't beleive in differentaiting between the V6 and V8, the LS was en entry-level luxury car as well as mid-level, its in the pricing. A car priced in the $30k-$40k range is en entry-level, a car upwards of $40k is a mid-lux. See it this way, the LS competed with both the 3-Series and 5-Series. The more affordable V6 model was aimed at the 3-Series and the more expensive V8 model at the 5-Series. So since the LS was also an entry-level car up until 2005, the MKZ which is Lincoln's new entry-level luxo car, is most defenitely one of the LS' successors as is the mid-level MKS. The LS was in two segments and so are its successors. Regards,  Signature brendel  06:20, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

EVERYONE PLEASE - Ford's official position on the LS replacements (Zephyr/MkZ and MkS): "Ford isn't calling the MKS a direct replacement for the LS, because the midsize 2006 Zephyr sedan is intended to be part of the automaker's replacement strategy for the LS." and "Next year, the Zephyr will be renamed the MKZ (Mark-Z), part of a new Lincoln strategy to give its vehicles alphabetical monikers the way some other luxury automakers do." and "The V-6-powered Zephyr (base price $29,960, including freight) has more interior space than the LS. It should appeal to people who might have bought the V-6 version of the LS, which has been discontinued already, (Lincoln MKS marketing manager Mike) Peyton said. The price of the V-6 model began at $33,110 last year." and "The larger MKS sedan is intended to appeal to consumers who would choose the V-8-powered LS, whose base price for 2006 is $39,945." and "It (MkS) will serve as one of two vehicles that Ford will provide to dealers to replace the midsize LS sedan, which is being discontinued at the end of the current model year." . Case closed! --T-dot 15:26, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

HELLO?????????, if the LS was aimed at the 5 Series it was also aiming at the E-Class for the E-Class and 5-Series are famed rivials. (from anon. 152.163.100.200 at 18:02, 20 April 2006 .)

 * Yes, and so was the 3-Series and the C-Class. The LS V6 was an entry-level car. The LS was replaced by two cars as it was sold into segments and competed with two segments. The LS V6 was an entry-level luxo car, while the LS V8 was a mid-level luxo car. The V6 version was aimed at the 3-Series, while the more expensive V8 version was aimed at the E-Class. Yes, it is rare that a car has two versions of it in two different segments but so was the case of the LS. The LS competed with both entry-level and mid-level luxury cars and thus is going to be replaced by two, one entry-level and one mid-level, luxury cars. Please read this quote from the newspaper article T-dot provided: "The V-6-powered Zephyr (base price $29,960, including freight) has more interior space than the LS. It should appeal to people who might have bought the V-6 version of the LS, which has been discontinued already, Peyton said. The price of the V-6 model began at $33,110 last year." and "The larger MKS sedan is intended to appeal to consumers who would choose the V-8-powered LS, whose base price for 2006 is $39,945. The LS is derived from the Jaguar S-type sedan, and both the V-6 and V-8 engines used in the LS were modified from Jaguar designs." Regards,  Signature brendel  23:05, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Rainbow/altered background images on several lincoln pages
Lincoln LS Lincoln MKZ Lincoln Town Car

My contention is that these images are not in the normal formatting convention of wikpedia. I tried to look elsewhere, but I can't find any instances where someone has butchered a picture like this for the sake of formatting. The person doing the inserts claims it is better than a candid street shot. Too much POV and artistic endeavour? I don't think white will do, since the edges of the image are damaged. In simple terms it looks amateurish.

What say you?

CJ DUB 20:19, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * POV? Too much creativity? Well, perhaps by extremely bourgeois standards ;-). But this is WP we don't hold on to some kind of doctrine like insecure turtles, we are pragmatic and open to innovation. The images are prefereable over the usual on-the-street crap. Just because other articles don't have images as fancy doesn't mean these articles can't have them. That said, I plan on using a white background in the future  Signature brendel  20:25, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Transmission "dispute"
There have been some anonymous edits posted that suggested that the automatic transmission on the LS series was a 4-speed, and the manual was a 6-speed. This is false - they were both 5-speed tansmissions, and here is an original archived secondary source for verification if needed for dispute resolution: http://wardsautoworld.com/ar/auto_lincoln_ls_ls/  --T-dot ( Talk/ contribs ) 16:22, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lincoln LS


text:
Lee Eun-ju

Lee Eun-ju (December 22, 1980 – February 22, 2005) was a South Korean actress. She was the star of hit films including Taegukgi and The Scarlet Letter. She died by suicide at age 24.

Life and career
Born in Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea, Lee studied piano for much of her youth, without giving much thought to becoming an actress. She moved to Seoul after graduating high school and was first noticed in the mid-1990s as a model for school uniforms. After finding work as a model, she began to be offered roles in various TV dramas, including Start and KAIST. Her film debut came in 1999, when she played the younger sister in Park Chong-wan's award-winning feature Rainbow Trout.

Her first lead role came as the title character in Hong Sang-soo's Virgin Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors (2000).

Following this, she teamed with actor Lee Byung-hun in the 2001 hit film Bungee Jumping of Their Own, and also scored a hit opposite Cha Tae-hyun in the melodrama Lovers' Concerto.

Lee's later career was marked by several turns in films that failed at the box-office, plus a key role in the record-breaking Korean War film Taegukgi. In 2004 she appeared in the very popular Korean drama, Phoenix, and later that year she starred in her last feature, Daniel H. Byun's The Scarlet Letter which screened as the Closing Film at the 2004 Pusan International Film Festival.

"I'm called a new generation star, but I don't want to be the kind of person who achieves instant fame and then is quickly forgotten. I want to learn step-by-step how to become a good actress, and gradually work my way up. A star achieves brilliance, but is soon forgotten; to become an actress takes more time." [Interview Excerpt: Kino, #60, February 2000]

Death and subsequent tributes
On the night of February 22, 2005, only a few days after her graduation from Dankook University, Lee died by suicide at her apartment in Bundang, Seongnam, after slitting her wrists and hanging herself. She was 24 years old. The family blamed the suicide on severe bouts of depression and mental illness and said she had been suffering from insomnia due to the nude scenes she had done in The Scarlet Letter, but it could also be traced from Bungee Jumping of Their Own, where all her characters since then have died, so she was too invested in her characters.

She left a suicide note scrawled in blood, in which she wrote, "Mom, I am sorry and I love you." A separate note said, "I wanted to do too much. Even though I live, I'm not really alive. I don't want anyone to be disappointed. It's nice having money... I wanted to make money."

The news of her death prompted a massive outpouring of grief from fellow actors and filmmakers and fans. Lee Eun-ju was cremated and enshrined in a crypt at Goyang. Hundreds of her fellow actors and entertainers attended her funeral. Vocalist Bada sang "You Were Born to be Loved", and friends spoke in her memory.

Her friends and colleagues have held memorials for Lee every year since her death. The 2007 event was marked by a music CD released in her name, featuring remastered versions of her cover performance of The Corrs' "Only When I Sleep" from The Scarlet Letter, as well as tribute performances by her friends in the entertainment industry.

title: Lee Eun-ju


text:
Talk:Aníbal Acevedo Vilá

Anibal's indictment
Those helping with the article might want to keep an eye for updates on the Wikinews article I wrote regarding the Governor's indictment (Governor of Puerto Rico indicted in campaign finance probe). --Agüeybaná 16:37, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Involvement in US Presidential Race
The following statement is false and was eliminated from the article: "After Vilá's indictment, however, Obama's campaign moved to name William Miranda Marín (city mayor of Caguas), as a new co-chair of Obama's campaign in Puerto Rico. "

William Miranda Marin was not a co-chair for Obama's campaign in Puerto Rico. The only two co-chairs were Eduardo Bhatia and Pedro Pierluisi. Governor Acevedo Vilá endorsed Obama and was never meant to be a campaign co-chair.--Elspartan2008 (talk) 19:01, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Someone needs to make redirects here from Anibal Vila and other obvious variations
—Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.194.141.170 (talk • contribs)

 * Done for Anibal Vila. What else? --Elliskev 21:14, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Done for Aníbal Acevedo. -- Yellowdesk (talk) 00:32, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Redirects:
 * Anibal Acevedo Vila
 * Aníbal Acevedo-Vilá
 * Anibal Acevedo Vilá
 * Aníbal Salvador Acevedo Vilá
 * Anibal Salvador Acevedo Vila
 * Anibal Acevedo-Vila

More than enough, IMO. - Mtmelendez (Talk) 22:45, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Edits by WikiSoldier86 seeking to specify "U.S." after place of birth
This subject is under discussion at. Please go THERE if you wish to join the discussion. Mercy11 (talk) 15:11, 23 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aníbal Acevedo Vilá


text:
Donal Hord

Donal Hord (February 26, 1902 – June 29, 1966), an American sculptor, was born Donald Horr in Prentice, Wisconsin.

Early life
In 1914, Hord and his mother moved west, to Seattle, Washington. Shortly thereafter he contracted rheumatic fever, a condition that affected his heart and led to health conditions that were to be a factor in his life from then on. It was while he was ill in Seattle that Hord, spending much of his time in bed reading, developed an interest in Mexico and the people of Mexico that became powerful influence on his life and art. Believing that he could not survive another winter in damp Seattle, in 1916 his mother relocated them one more time, this time moving to the warmer, drier climate of San Diego, California, where they were both to remain for the remainders of their lives.

Hord’s interest in sculpture had begun in Seattle. An early work there by the then 13-year-old was a stone sphinx, carved into the sandstone cliffs overlooking Puget Sound. (This piece, though carved into living rock may have been subsequently removed, for its whereabouts are listed as "missing" in the various inventories of Hord’s work.) After moving to San Diego, Hord began the serious study of art. He arrived in 1916, the year that the Panama-California Exposition had taken over Balboa Park, and where Hord was exposed to the architecture of Bertram Goodhue, the sculpture of the Piccirilli Brothers and the cultural, ethnographic and botanical exhibits that helped make up exposition.

Because of his poor health Hord was primarily homeschooled, which led to his developing a very personal relationship with the San Diego Public Library and its attendant librarians. Later in his career he was to produce two large relief panels for the San Diego Public Library's then-new Central Library building, panels that alluded to several of his interests, notably reading and Asian art. The latter interest developed early in his life. As a teenager Hord had begun collecting Asian and Mexican art pieces.

Education and career
1917 found Hord enrolling in art night classes at San Diego High School, under the tutelage of Anna Valentien, a sculptor and potter who had at one point studied in Paris with Auguste Rodin. It was while attending these classes that Hord met Dorr Bothwell whom he briefly married. She later became a respected artist in her own right. In 1920, Hord met an ex-US Navy sailor named Homer Dana became Hord’s assistant, model and companion for the rest of his life. Dana's ability to handle the larger, heavier aspects of sculpture allowed Hord to produce larger works than his physical limitations would have otherwise allowed. It fell to Dana to finish Hord’s last piece that was uncompleted at the time of Hord’s death.

Seeking more art education than could be found in San Diego, Hord, in 1926, began taking classes at the Santa Barbara School of Art. There he studied with the Scottish sculptor, Archibald Dawson. From this meeting arose one of the two bits of criticism that were to greatly influence Hord’s outlook. At one point Hord showed Dawson what he considered to be a completed work, prompting Dawson to respond with something like, "Very nice, now finish it." The other words were to come from Mexican muralist, Diego Rivera, who upon seeing a few of Hord’s works, commented that they were, "pretty toys." These remarks instilled Hord with a desire to only produce the finest quality pieces and led directly to what was to become one of the defining characteristics of his work, the fine degree of finish that he applied to them.

In 1934 Hord applied to, and was accepted into, the Federal Art Project. This project, through which the Federal Government paid artists a regular salary ($75 a month, in Hord’s case), to produce works that were placed in schools, post offices and other public places. An early contribution by Hord to the program was the stone fountain, Tehuana for Balboa Park’s Hospitality House. The ensuing years were to see the creation of some of Hord’s best-known and most endeared pieces, including the monumental Guardian of Water (1939), which still stands in front of the San Diego County Administration Building, Aztec, located at San Diego State University, and seven limestone panels, Legend of California, for Coronado High School. In 1943 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1951.

The years following the end of the Second World War found Hord at the height of his artistic prowess, producing not only many fine smaller works, but also, with the aid of Homer Dana, several large architectural works, notably two large concrete bas-reliefs for the San Diego Public Library's Central Library. In 1956 his work, Angel of Peace was unveiled at the American Cemetery in Henri-Chapelle, Belgium, a commission from the American Battle Monuments Commission that he inherited from Carl Milles who died before he was able to produce it.

Hord was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the summer of 1949.

On June 29, 1966, Donal Hord suffered a fatal heart attack. Hord bequeathed to the San Diego Public Library his lifelong collection of books and several sculptures in appreciation for the assistance he had received from library's staff over the years. His final commission, Summer Rain was posthumously cast by Homer Dana two years after Hord’s death.

Style
One of the characteristics that makes Hord’s work unique was his choice of the materials from which he created them. Besides the standard bronze, limestone, granite, cast stone, terra cotta, and the marbles used by other artists, Hord’s works appeared in various tropical woods such as mahogany, eucalyptus, ebony, lignum vitae, and rosewood, and in minerals such as obsidian, diorite, onyx and nephrite. His jade piece, Thunder, at 104 pounds, was reckoned to be the largest jade sculpture ever produced. What most of these materials have in common is that they are very hard and difficult to work. Beginning in the 1920s Hord was a part of the "direct carving" school of sculpture, meaning that rather than carving from a previously produced model, Hord allowed his work to be influenced by the grain of the material that he was carving.

Selected public works

 * Burden of Earth, Yokohama, Japan
 * CCC Workers, South Pasadena Jr. High School, 1934
 * Woman of Tehuantepec, Balboa Park, San Diego, 1935
 * Aztec, San Diego State University, 1937
 * Men Working on a Road, Santa Monica High School, 1937
 * Mexican Mother and Child, Roosevelt Memorial Museum, Hyde Park, NY, 1938
 * Guardian of Water, in front of the San Diego County Administration Center, San Diego, 1939
 * Legend of California, Coronado High School, 1939
 * Girl Reading, Herbert Hoover High School, San Diego, 1940
 * Panels, Kit Carson Elementary School, San Diego, 1941
 * Spring Stirring, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, 1948
 * Peon Game Guessers and Peon Game Passers, San Diego Public Library's Central Library, 1950
 * Literature West and Literature East, San Diego Public Library's Central Library, 1953
 * Westwind, San Diego Public Library's Central Library, 1953
 * Young Bather, San Diego Public Library's La Jolla/Riford Branch, 1955
 * Justice Los Angeles County Courthouse, 1956
 * Angel Of Peace, American Cemetery in Henri-Chapelle, Belgium, 1958
 * Award of Swedish Swimming Federation, Swimming Hall of Fame, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 1964

title: Donal Hord


text:
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title: User talk:Gamebot


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User:Seb-Gibbs

A little about me
Live in the UK. Have a high interest in computing, astrophysics, nuclear physics, and currently quantum mechanics. as I like to know exactly how something works; Have a fascination with the interaction of the facts of reality and current human existence with this.

By day I'm web programmer, by night I study more aspects of physics, play blackops online, and play keyboards in a successful band at the weekends. Life is good!!! But getting slightly concerned that i shouldn't really be starting a new energy revolution at this time!!

Personal websites:
 * www.sebsworld.co.uk
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 * www.sebsworld.com
 * www.sebsworld.org

Current pages of personal interest... Energy Suppression: http://peswiki.com/energy/Directory:Suppression http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk/

title: User:Seb-Gibbs


text:
Fire sprinkler

A fire sprinkler or sprinkler head is the component of a fire sprinkler system that discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has been exceeded. Fire sprinklers are extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million sprinkler heads fitted each year. In buildings protected by properly designed and maintained fire sprinklers, over 99% of fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone.

History
In 1812, British inventor Sir William Congreve patented a manual sprinkler system using perforated pipes along the ceiling. When someone noticed a fire, a valve outside the building could be opened to send water through the pipes. It was not until a short time later that, as a result of a large furniture factory that repeatedly burned down, Hiram Stevens Maxim was consulted on how to prevent a recurrence and invented the first automatic fire sprinkler. It would douse the areas that were on fire and report the fire to the fire station. Maxim was unable to sell the idea elsewhere, though when the patent expired, the idea was used.

In 1872, Thomas J. Martin was awarded a patent for improvement to the fire extinguisher   which involved the use of pipes to carry water upwards and valves in the ceiling acting as sprinklers to extinguish fires in buildings. In 1874, Henry S. Parmalee of New Haven, Connecticut, created and installed the first automatic fire sprinkler system, using solder that melted in a fire to unplug holes in the otherwise sealed water pipes. He was the president of Mathusek Piano Works, and invented his sprinkler system in response to exorbitantly high insurance rates. Parmelee patented his idea and had great success with it in the U.S., calling his invention the "automatic fire extinguisher". He then traveled to Europe to demonstrate his method to stop a building fire before total destruction.

Parmelee's invention did not get as much attention as he had planned, as most people could not afford to install a sprinkler system. Once he realized this, he turned his efforts to educating insurance companies about his system. He explained that the sprinkler system would reduce the loss ratio, and thus save money for the insurance companies. He knew that he could never succeed in obtaining contracts from the business owners to install his system unless he could ensure for them a reasonable return in the form of reduced premiums.

In this connection, he was able to enlist the interest of two men, who both had connections in the insurance industry. The first of was Major Hesketh, a cotton spinner in a large business in Bolton who was also chairman of the Bolton Cotton Trades Mutual Insurance Company. The directors of this company and its secretary, Peter Kevan, took an interest in Parmelee's early experiments. Hesketh got Parmelee his first order for sprinkler installations in the cotton spinning mills of John Stones & Company, at Astley Bridge, Bolton. This was followed soon afterwards by an order from the Alexandra Mills, owned by John Butler of the same town.

Although Parmelee got two sales through its efforts, the Bolton Cotton Trades Mutual Insurance Company was not a very big company outside of its local area. Parmelee needed a wider influence. He found this influence in James North Lane, the manager of the Mutual Fire Insurance Corporation of Manchester. This company was founded in 1870 by the Textile Manufacturers' Associations of Lancashire and Yorkshire as a protest against high insurance rates. They had a policy of encouraging risk management and more particularly the use of the most up-to-date and scientific apparatus for extinguishing fires. Even though he put tremendous effort and time into educating the masses on his sprinkler system, by 1883 only about 10 factories were protected by the Parmelee sprinkler.

Back in the U.S., Frederick Grinnell, who was manufacturing the Parmelee sprinkler, designed the more effective Grinnell sprinkler. He increased sensitivity by removing the fusible joint from all contact with the water, and, by seating a valve in the center of a flexible diaphragm, he relieved the low-fusing soldered joint of the strain of water pressure. By this means, the valve seat was forced against the valve by the water pressure, producing a self-closing action. The greater the water pressure, the tighter the valve. The flexible diaphragm had a further and more important function. It caused the valve and its seat to move outwards simultaneously until the solder joint was completely severed. Grinnell got a patent for his version of the sprinkler system. He also took his invention to Europe, where it was a much bigger success than the Parmelee version. Eventually, the Parmelee system was withdrawn, opening the path for Grinnell and his invention.

US regulations
Fire sprinkler application and installation guidelines, and overall fire sprinkler system design guidelines are provided by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 13, (NFPA) 13D, and (NFPA) 13R and enforced by local jurisdictions.

Certain states, including California, Pennsylvania and Illinois, require sprinklers in at least some new residential construction.

Fire sprinklers can be automatic or open orifice. Automatic fire sprinklers use a fusible element that activates at a predetermined temperature. The fusible element either melts or has a frangible liquid-containing glass bulb that breaks, causing the water pressure in the fire sprinkler piping to push a plug out of the sprinkler orifice, resulting in water spraying from the orifice. The water stream strikes a deflector that forms the water into a spray pattern designed in support of the goals of the sprinkler type (i.e., control or suppression). Modern sprinkler heads are designed to direct spray downwards. Spray nozzles are available to provide spray in various directions and patterns. The majority of automatic fire sprinklers operate individually in a fire. Contrary to motion picture representation, the entire sprinkler system does not activate at the same time, unless the system is a special deluge type.

Open orifice sprinklers are only used in water spray systems or deluge sprinklers systems. They are identical to the automatic sprinkler on which they are based, with the heat-sensitive operating element removed.

Automatic fire sprinklers utilizing frangible bulbs follow a standardized color-coding convention indicating their operating temperature. Activation temperatures correspond to the type of hazard against which the sprinkler system protects. Residential occupancies are provided with a special type of fast response sprinkler with the unique goal of life safety (a residential sprinkler has a higher discharge pattern than that of a standard spray sprinkler and they also have been specifically developed for discharging water higher on the walls in order to keep ceiling gas temperatures lower).

Quick response sprinklers
The 2002 edition of the NFPA #13 standard, section 3.6.1 defines quick response sprinklers as having a response time index (RTI) of 50 (meter-seconds)$1/2$ or less. RTI is a measure of how thermally responsive the heat-responsive element of the sprinkler is, measured as the time needed to raise the temperature of the sprinkler bulb to 63% of the temperature of the hot air stream times the square root of the velocity of the air stream.

The term quick response refers to the listing of the entire sprinkler (including spacing, density and location) not just the fast responding releasing element. Many standard response sprinklers, such as extended coverage ordinary hazard (ECOH) sprinklers, have fast responding (low thermal mass elements) in order to pass their fire tests. Quick response sprinklers are available with standard spray deflectors, but they are also available with extended coverage deflectors.

Operation
Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb (see below) or a two-part metal link held together with a fusible alloy such as Wood's metal and other alloys with similar compositions. The glass bulb or link applies pressure to a pipe cap which acts as a plug which prevents water from flowing until the ambient temperature around the sprinkler reaches the design activation temperature of the individual sprinkler. Because each sprinkler activates independently when the predetermined heat level is reached, the number of sprinklers that operate is limited to only those near the fire, thereby maximizing the available water pressure over the point of fire origin. The bulb breaks as a result of the thermal expansion of the liquid inside the bulb. The time it takes before a bulb breaks is dependent on the temperature. Below the design temperature, it does not break, and above the design temperature, it breaks, taking less time to break as temperature increases above the design threshold. The response time is expressed as a response time index (RTI), which typically has values between 35 and 250 m½s½, where a low value indicates a fast response. Under standard testing procedures (135 °C air at a velocity of 2.5 m/s), a 68 °C sprinkler bulb will break within 7 to 33 seconds, depending on the RTI. The RTI can also be specified in imperial units, where 1 ft½s½ is equivalent to 0.55 m½s½. The sensitivity of a sprinkler can be negatively affected if the thermal element has been painted.

From Table 6.2.5.1 NFPA13 2007 Edition indicates the maximum ceiling temperature, nominal operating temperature of the sprinkler, color of the bulb or link and the temperature classification.

Types
There are several types of sprinklers:
 * Quick response
 * Standard response
 * CMSA (control mode specific application)
 * Residential
 * ESFR (early suppression fast response)

ESFR
ESFR (early suppression fast response) refers to both a concept and a type of sprinkler. "The concept is that fast response of sprinklers can produce an advantage in a fire if the response is accompanied by an effective discharge density — that is, a sprinkler spray capable of fighting its way down through the fire plume in sufficient quantities to suppress the burning fuel package." The sprinkler that was developed for this concept was created for use in high rack storage.

ESFR sprinkler heads were developed in the 1980s to take advantage of the latest fast-response fire sprinkler technology to provide fire suppression of specific high-challenge fire hazards. Prior to the introduction of these sprinklers, protection systems were designed to control fires until the arrival of the fire department.

title: Fire sprinkler


text:
Pat Schroeder

Patricia Nell Scott Schroeder (July 30, 1940 – March 13, 2023) was an American politician who represented Colorado's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1973 to 1997. A member of the Democratic Party, Schroeder was the first female U.S. Representative elected from Colorado and ran for president in 1988.

Early years
Patricia Nell Scott was born on July 30, 1940, in Portland, Oregon, the daughter of Bernice (Scott), a first-grade teacher, and Lee Combs Scott, a pilot who owned an aviation insurance company. She moved to Des Moines, Iowa, with her family as a child, and earned her airman certificate when she was fifteen. After graduating from Theodore Roosevelt High School in 1958, she left Des Moines and attended the University of Minnesota, where she majored in history. Schroeder was a member of Chi Omega sorority. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1961 and earned a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1964.

On August 18, 1962, she married Jim Schroeder, a Harvard Law School classmate, and moved to Denver, Colorado, where Jim joined a law firm. They had two children, Scott William (born 1966) and Jamie Christine (born 1970). Schroeder worked for the National Labor Relations Board from 1964 to 1966. She worked for Planned Parenthood as a legal counsel, and taught in Denver's public schools.

Campaigns
In 1970, Schroeder's husband Jim ran for a seat in the Colorado General Assembly and lost by only 42 votes. In the same election, 20-year Democratic incumbent Byron Rogers of Colorado's 1st congressional district, based in Denver, lost a primary challenge to more liberal Craig Barnes, and Republican Mike McKevitt won the general election. Ahead of the 1972 election, Jim had asked a man who had declined to run for Congress if his wife would run, to which the man had asked him back: "What about yours?" While intended as an unserious comment, it convinced Schroeder to consider a political career, and she decided to run for the seat on a platform of opposition to the Vietnam War.

Considered a long-shot candidate, Schroeder received no support from the Democratic National Committee and women's groups. Nevertheless, with overconfident McKevitt staying in Washington until the last week of the campaign, Schroeder's message of war, environment, and childcare led to her winning by just over 8,000 votes amid Richard Nixon's massive landslide that year. At age 32, Schroeder was the second youngest woman ever elected to Congress. McKevitt, previously the Denver District Attorney, had been the first Republican to represent the district, regarded as the most Democratic in the Rockies, since Dean M. Gillespie in 1947. However, the district reverted to form, and she was elected 11 more times. She only faced one remotely close contest after her initial run, when she was held to 53 percent of the vote—the only time she would drop below 58 percent.

In 1984, Schroeder was mentioned as a possible running mate for former Vice President Walter Mondale, but the nomination went to Rep. Geraldine Ferraro of New York, who had half Schroeder's tenure in the House.

Years later, Schroeder submitted a Freedom of Information Act request for her FBI file and discovered that she and her staff had been under surveillance during her first congressional campaign. She learned that the FBI had recruited her husband's barber as an informant, and paid a man named Timothy Redfern to break into her home and steal "such all-important secret documents as my dues statement from the League of Women Voters and one of my campaign buttons", demonstrating to her "how paranoid J. Edgar Hoover and his agency were."

Tenure
While in Congress, she became the first woman to serve on the House Armed Services Committee, where she advocated for arms control and reduced military spending. She was also a member of the original Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families that was established in 1983. Schroeder was known during her early tenure in Congress for balancing her congressional work with motherhood, even bringing diapers to the floor of Congress. Her advocacy on work-family issues led Schroeder to become a prime mover behind the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 and the 1985 Military Family Act. Schroeder was also involved in reform of Congress itself, working to weaken the long-standing control of committees by their chairs, sparring with Speaker Carl Albert over congressional "hideaways", and questioning why Congress members who lived in their offices should not be taxed for the benefit.

Schroeder styled herself as a "fiscally conservative liberal". In 1981, she voted against Reagan's tax cuts, as she thought the country could not afford it; she was against the 1986 tax-reform bill, favoring more progressive rates. In 1986 she had a 95% rating from Americans For Democratic Action and was also ranked by the National Taxpayers Union as more fiscally conservative than Jack Kemp. In 1989, Schroeder voted against George H. W. Bush's administration more than any House member (79 percent), and often did not vote with fellow Democrats on "party unity" votes.

The Washington Post remarked that Schroeder was "known for her barbed wit", and many of her comments and quips were singled out for media attention during her career. She recalls that "John Wayne gave me a silver cigarette lighter during the Vietnam War that said 'Fuck Communism' on it. I didn't know how to do that. I still don't." She coined the phrase "Teflon President" to describe Ronald Reagan and his popularity even amid scandal; the idea came to her when she was frying eggs in a Teflon pan. Author Rebecca Traister has recalled that Schroeder responded to concerns about balancing political life with motherhood by saying "I have a brain and a uterus, and they both work." In a 1995 exchange, after Rep. Duke Cunningham told Rep. Bernie Sanders to "sit down, you socialist", during a debate in which Sanders and Schroeder both objected to homophobic comments Cunningham made, Schroeder asked, "Parliamentary inquiry, Mr. Chairman—do we have to call the Gentleman a gentleman if he's not one?"

She chaired the 1988 presidential campaign of Gary Hart in 1987 until his withdrawal, at which point she strongly considered entering the race, before announcing she would not in a tearful press conference on September 29, 1987. Schroeder's emotional demeanor sparked backlash from across the political spectrum, with conservatives dismissing her behavior, and feminist commentators feeling it made women politicians look less serious. In 2007, twenty years later, Schroeder said that she still received hate mail about the press conference, mostly from women, and said that it exposed a double standard for men and women in politics. She remarked, "Guys have been tearing up all along and people think it's marvelous", she said, citing episodes dating back to Ronald Reagan; but for female candidates, it remains off-limits.

In 1989, she wrote a book titled Champion of the Great American Family: A Personal and Political Book that discussed her own personal story and legislative efforts to enact policy on family issues such as parental leave, child care, family economics, and family planning.

Schroeder did not seek re-election in 1996, citing dissatisfaction with the House's Republican majority. She was succeeded by Colorado state house minority whip Diana DeGette, a fellow Democrat. In her farewell press conference, she joked about "spending 24 years in a federal institution", and titled her 1998 memoir, 24 years of House Work...and the Place Is Still a Mess.

Publishing industry career
Schroeder was named president and CEO of the Association of American Publishers in 1997 and served in that post for 11 years. She advocated for stronger copyright laws, supporting the government in Eldred v. Ashcroft, and opposing Google's plan to digitize books and post limited content online. She also criticized libraries for distributing electronic content without compensation to publishers, writers, and others in the publishing industry, telling The Washington Post, "They aren't rich ... they have mortgages." She was a member of the National Leadership Advisory Group for Braille Literacy, encouraging publishers to make books more accessible to blind people and people with other reading difficulties. She also sat on the panel of judges for the PEN / Newman's Own Award.

Schroeder narrated a children's story, "The House that Went on Strike", which was released as a smartphone app in 2012. She wrote about her experience narrating the story and offered her perspective about kids book apps in a July 24, 2012, column in The Huffington Post. Additionally, Schroeder and the book were featured in a profile on Wired.

Later life
Following her tenure at AAP, Schroeder and her husband relocated to Celebration, Florida, a master-planned community built by the Walt Disney Company. She was an acquaintance of former Disney CEO Michael Eisner, who helped facilitate the move. In 2010, the city was within the state's 8th congressional district, and Schroeder endorsed Democratic Rep. Alan Grayson for re-election to Congress, citing his stance on women's issues. Grayson lost his re-election campaign. She subsequently endorsed him again ahead of the 2012 congressional elections. Grayson won that re-election campaign.

Schroeder sat on the board of the League of Women Voters of Florida. She was also a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organization which advocates for democratic reformation of the United Nations.

On March 13, 2023, Schroeder died from complications of a stroke at a hospital in Celebration, Florida, at age 82. She asked that a brick be made from her cremated remains to hold doors open for other women.

Cultural references, influence, and awards
In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Schroeder's name and picture.

Schroeder was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 1985. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1995.

In 1988, Schroeder was parodied in a Saturday Night Live skit in which she was portrayed by Nora Dunn as the moderator of a Republican Primary debate. At the start of the skit the character makes a humorous reference to Schroeder's tearful withdrawal as a Democratic candidate for president in 1987. Along with Dunn in the skit were Dana Carvey (portraying George Bush), Dan Aykroyd (Bob Dole), Phil Hartman (Jack Kemp), Al Franken (Pat Robertson) and Kevin Nealon (Pete du Pont).

During the 1995 budget debates, after Democrats claimed that Social Security payments would leave seniors with no choice but to eat dog food, Rush Limbaugh said in jest that he was going to get his mother a can opener. Schroeder denounced Limbaugh's remark on the floor of the House.

Schroeder contributed the piece "Running for Our Lives: Electoral Politics" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.

She was honored by the National Research Center for Women & Families in 2006 for her lifetime of achievements with a Foremother Award.

She was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board in 2010.

In April 2015, the visitor center at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Wildlife Refuge was named in honor of Schroeder for her relentless work in Congress investigating the Rocky Mountain Arsenal's nerve gas stores and fighting for their clean-up.

Schroeder was portrayed by Jan Radcliff in the 2016 HBO film Confirmation.

Books

 * Schroeder, Pat. 24 Years of Housework...and the Place Is Still a Mess: My Life in Politics. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 1998.
 * Schroeder, Pat. (with Andrea Camp and Robyn Lipner) Champion of the Great American Family: A Personal and Political Book. New York: Random House, 1989.

title: Pat Schroeder


text:
Talk:Soundtrack to the Apocalypse

Start class
I rated this as Start-class because the infobox, tracklisting and personnel sections are complete, even though the text section is minimal. I'd appreciate it if someone could expand this section. Maybe provide some historical context for the release of the set, or at least critical and fan reception. -Freekee 04:34, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Soundtrack to the Apocalypse


text:
Talk:Haunting the Chapel

GA on hold: Haunting the Chapel
Well, here we go. I have rated this article as 'On Hold' - there are no major problems and I feel with a few (minor) improvements it could be made a GA.
 * The lead is long enough, but does not tell me why the album is notable within the genre and indeed the industry. Use a similar style to the description of notability to the band.
 * Does the album need to be notable?, it also says and is considered the first demonstration of the band's "classic" style displayed on later albums and a "stepping stone".

 * More sources (especially print sources) would be useful for clarification. Perhaps music magazines, written biographies or even the album sleeve could be useful as references.
 * Ref 1 is an excerpt from a magazine, but what's the point when it's on the web and web sources are fine

 * Further information about themes or ideas in the album and how these relate to the band are common in other high-quality album articles.
 * This is an EP with 4 songs not much if anything is mentioned about lyrical themes, although i can add a sentence about anti-religious lyrics.
 * I agree that it does not have much need for information of this kind. However, I have never listened to the record and the current version does not provide much information for a neutral reader on what the album is about. I know (originally by implication) that it is anti-religious, but is this the theme of the songs?
 * Yes, i added "However, the first words Araya sang when recording Haunting the Chapel were "The holy cross, symbol of lies, intimidates the lives of Christian born", and other anti-religious lyrics"

 * More background to the album would be more informative.
 * As i said it's an EP, it's got where it was recorded, by whom, problems during recording, how the album came to be, lyrical themes etc
 * OK, but is there any information in the sources about what influenced the recording, rather than just 'they decided to create an anti-religious album.'?
 * Point taken - "These lyrics were inspired by the band Venom, who King was influenced by, and was into the Satanic image."

 * Further information and (perhaps) more broad coverage would be beneficial.
 * ''Well of course, but that information isn't available, thus why i go for GA not FA.

 * (Sourced) information about reception from fans and other listeners could be useful.
 * Sources from fans wouldn't be reliable.
 * They could be if taken from a chat room. However, if a summative comment from an article describing the album (like the sources you have already cited) was available, it could be.
 * ''Point taken - from the AMG review - "Fan favorites "Chemical Warfare" and "Captor of Sin" are played at Slayer's live shows regularly."

 * Bear in mind that unnecessary trivia is not recommended. Whilst this has been avoided so far, it is a risk whilst extending the article.
 * Uh huh......

Overall however, this is a well-sourced and informative article with no major formatting or copyedit-type problems. It could just do with being slightly more extensive. Good luck! ck lostsword|queta!|Suggestions? 22:12, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm a bit lost with your review. M3tal H3ad 02:12, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Although I accept some of your points, I do still think some sections need a little clarification. ck lostsword|queta!|Suggestions? 09:34, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You raised some decent points, if you still don't think they have been dealt with leave a message and I'll get to it ASAP. Thanks for the review. M3tal H3ad 02:18, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Nope, that's much better - I have awarded GA status. Well done! ck lostsword|queta!|Suggestions? 09:04, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Is this article about Slayer or Gene Hoglan? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.91.248.146 (talk) 07:09, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

Lyrics/Music Credits
Does anyone know who wrote the lyrics and who wrote the music for the songs on this EP? I couldn't find anywhere where it would get that specific with the credits, they all just credited it to "Hanneman/King", so I just assumed that meant that both the music and the lyrics were written by the two of them, but I don't feel sure enough.

--69.250.39.131 (talk) 00:48, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haunting the Chapel


text:
Talk:Live Undead

Fair use rationale for Image:Slayer-LiveUndead.jpg
Image:Slayer-LiveUndead.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Slayer-LiveUndead.jpg
Image:Slayer-LiveUndead.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Repetitive
The first paragraph under "Conception" is a rehash of the first paragraph of the page. Why not a) combine them or b) delete one? — Preceding unsigned comment added by FiggazWithAttitude (talk • contribs) 15:46, 24 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Live Undead


text:
Talk:Still Reigning

Failed GA
This article won't meet GA standards until you provide a source (preferably inline) on every statement. If this is already met, I apologize for the misconception, and will pass it. If not, fix it, relist it, and it'll probably be passed.  Dooms Day349  01:31, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Got your message on my talk page. So, you're saying that in a paragraph where two statements appear, the reference covers them both?  If so, I will be glad to reverse my decision and pass the article.   Dooms  Day349  20:50, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, you can check the references to verify if you want. M3tal H3ad 00:59, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

GA Failed (again)
Please try making the necessary improvements to the article and waiting, this article (as it seems above) has been repeatedly nominated in the past month. The article will not pass unless the following changes are made and any others
 * 1) This article needs some expansion, however only expand it if the info is worth it, if its not relevant info in which you are adding, ignore this
 * 2) Cite all your sources and format them properly, there are about three number 1's and three number 2's.
 * 3) Try not to repeat information (eg it was recorded at ?? centre in 2004), its highly annoying and this could stop it from passing in future.
 * 4) Add the relevant interwiki links to it, such as on dates etc (see [Wikipedia:Wikify|Wikify]]). Please consider being patient and waiting, repeatedly nominating it will just make it look like the article or nominator is desperate for it to become a good article. Thanks. Telly  addict  22:58, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) It either needs expansion or it doesn't. Is it as comprehensive as one would demand of a Good Article? It could probably use a little more on context and critical reception but I don't see any glaring omissions.
 * 2) If they're from the same source they share a number. Refs look fine to me in that regard. Some of the sources look a little less than hot but this isn't an FAC.
 * 3) See WP:LEAD. The lead should summarise the article. If they tell us in the lead it was recorded in 2004, they should tell us the same in the body - just with more detail.
 * 4) What links in particular are missing?

Now, I've never seen this video, don't listen to this band, and I'm not saying this should or shouldn't be a GA. I just see a bit of a shortage of informed reviewing going on here. --kingboyk 01:31, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Kingboyk - the discussion has been resumed at Good Article Review. LuciferMorgan 20:12, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Many dates wikilinked unnecessarily; this is distracting.
 * Still needs more copyediting for grammar/punct. etc. though I made a first pass at it.
 * Why no mention in the lead of the awards the video received?
 * Any controversy? Anyone saying that it represents a decline in moral values of modern society etc etc etc blah blah blah?
 * Will look again later.
 * --Ling.Nut 21:13, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * All full dates are linked properly per WP:DATE, and shouldn't be delinked.
 * Obviously, heavy metal is controversial for that all the time, however this video has no specific controversy.  Michaelas10   (Talk)   15:06, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I didn't say the dates were improperly linked; I said there was absolutely no reason to link to them. But "As you wish." :-)
 * I emailed some stuff to LuciferMorgan that may be useful for this article. --Ling.Nut 16:10, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Those emails are now in the possession of M3tal H3ad, the primary author of the article. LuciferMorgan 10:45, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, if I find anything else on this particular topic, I'll email it to M3tal H3ad. Good luck with the article! --Ling.Nut 13:49, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:HannemanRainingblood.jpg
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title: Talk:Still Reigning


text:
Furnas (disambiguation)

Furnas is a parish in the Azores.

Furnas may also refer to:
 * Furnas (surname)
 * Furnas County, Nebraska
 * Eletrobras Furnas, a Brazilian regional electrical utility
 * Furnas Dam, a hydroelectric dam in Minas Gerais, Brazil

title: Furnas (disambiguation)


text:
Furna

Furna (Highest Alemannic: Furnä) is a Swiss village in the Prättigau and a municipality in the political district Prättigau/Davos Region in the canton of Graubünden.

History
Furna is first mentioned in 1479 as Furnen.

Demographics
Furna has a population (as of ) of. , 0.5% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 0.5%. Most of the population speaks German (99.5%), with the rest speaking Norwegian ( 0.5%).

, the gender distribution of the population was 49.3% male and 50.7% female. The age distribution,, in Furna is; 34 children or 16.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 17 teenagers or 8.3% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 24 people or 11.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 27 people or 13.2% are between 30 and 39, 24 people or 11.8% are between 40 and 49, and 22 people or 10.8% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 24 people or 11.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 26 people or 12.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 6 people or 2.9% who are between 80 and 89.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 49.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (23%), the local, small right-wing parties (13.8%) and the SP (13%).

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Furna about 60.8% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

Furna has an unemployment rate of 0%. , there were 52 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 21 businesses involved in this sector. 4 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 3 businesses in this sector. 17 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 7 businesses in this sector.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Geography
Furna has an area,, of 33.3 km2. Of this area, 51.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 38.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (9%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).

Before 2017, the municipality was located in the Jenaz sub-district of the Prättigau/Davos district, after 2017 it was part of the Prättigau/Davos Region. It is a scattered settlement high above the valley. It consists of the village of Furna which is divided into Hinter-, Mittel- and Usserberg, as well as the seasonally occupied settlement of Furnerberg.

title: Furna