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Liverpool Hope University

Liverpool Hope University (abbreviated LHU) is a public university with campuses in Liverpool, England. The university grew out of three teacher training colleges: Saint Katharine's College (originally Warrington Training College), Notre Dame College, and Christ's College. Uniquely in European higher education, the university has an ecumenical tradition, with Saint Katharine's College having been Anglican and Notre Dame and Christ's College having both been Catholic. The Anglican Bishop of Liverpool David Sheppard and the Catholic Archbishop of Liverpool Derek Worlock (who give their names to the university's Sheppard-Worlock Library) played a prominent role in its formation. Its name derives from Hope Street, the road which connects the city's Anglican and Catholic cathedrals, where graduation ceremonies are alternately held.

The university is both a research and teaching intensive institution. It has gained notable recognition for its teaching.

In 2023, it achieved an overall Silver rating in the UK Government's Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF), and rankings in teaching-focused league tables is comparable with lower-performing Russell Group universities.

Former Vice Chancellor Professor Gerald Pillay OBE summarised the university as a liberal arts college-style environment where "[students are] a name, not a number." Its "small and beautiful" ethos has been contrasted with the larger neighbouring University of Liverpool and Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU).

The Victorian colleges
The university's earliest origins lie in the "Warrington Training College" set up in 1844 under the auspices of the Rector of Warrington Horatio Powys. Powys, who has a lecture theatre named in his honour in the EDEN Building, was the first Secretary of the Board of Education set up by the Diocese of Chester in 1839. The Warrington Training College was the second college set up by the Chester Diocesan Board within the current boundaries of Cheshire; the first having been established in Chester itself in 1839 (similarly the point of origin of the University of Chester). With the Chester college having been designed to train its (male) schoolmasters, the Warrington college was set up as a counterpart to train female teachers for the diocesan elementary schools.

In 1856 the second of the university's predecessor colleges, "Our Lady's Training College", also referred to as "Notre Dame" and "Mount Pleasant", was opened by the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. Like Warrington Training College, Notre Dame provided education to women. Researchers have noted that while both colleges educated women, Notre Dame "offered a broad-based education" unlike the "more domestic expectations in the education of women" which prevailed at Warrington Training College.

In 1930 Warrington Training College arrived in Liverpool, moving to the Taggart Avenue site having relocated initially to Battersea in London following a fire that had destroyed the college's original Warrington building in 1923. Its new home was the then-newly constructed building that still stands. Designed by the London-based Scottish architects Slater & Moberly at a cost of £170,000 (equivalent to approximately £10m in 2019) in partnership with a young Reginald Uren (who handled the construction phase), it is described by Historic England as being laid out "on a grand scale with accomplished Vernacular Revival styling reminiscent of Lutyens' Home Counties architecture" and "[an] impressive main court [that] maximises views over the Rector's Lawn and is complemented by a cloister-like rear quadrangle".

In 1938 the college was renamed "Saint Katharine's Training College", after the patron saint of learning Katharine of Alexandria.

A third college and university affiliation
In 1930, by coincidence the same year as Saint Katharine's (then Warrington) Training College arrived in Liverpool, the Victoria University of Manchester (VUM) and the University of Liverpool had set up a Training College Examinations Board covering the teacher training colleges that existed at that point within Lancashire – which at that time included both Merseyside and Greater Manchester – and Cheshire. This followed the blueprint for universities being involved in "Joint Examining Boards" for teacher training, initiated by the Board of Education in 1926 and based on the idea of making the curriculum and organisation of teacher education more in tune with other forms of higher education.

Both Notre Dame (in the guise of Mount Pleasant Training College) and Warrington Training College were on a list of eight such colleges overseen by the VUM/University of Liverpool Examinations Board; among the others were the Diocesan Training College in Chester (the future University of Chester) and the non-denominational Edge Hill Training College in Ormskirk (forerunner of Edge Hill University). Initially two colleges based in Manchester were involved, but over time these withdrew from the scheme and it became exclusively a University of Liverpool venture, with the training colleges defined as the University of Liverpool's Associated Colleges.

In 1964 Saint Katharine's Training College was renamed simply as Saint Katharine's College, and, in the same year, Christ's College was opened to students on the opposite side of Taggart Avenue. Christ's had been founded by the Catholic Education Council and upon its creation enrolled like Saint Katharine's and Notre Dame as one of the University of Liverpool's Associated Colleges. Unlike Notre Dame, it admitted male students and was the first Catholic co-educational teachers' training college in England.

In 1974 the three colleges (along with the other colleges included in the venture) became formally integrated into the University of Liverpool's management structure via its new Board of College Studies. Instead of Associated Colleges, they were now re-designated as Affiliated Colleges. The Board of College Studies had "quasi-faculty status" and was the vehicle for a validation agreement which formalised the ability of the colleges (consented to by the University of Liverpool the previous year) to offer a general BA degree. Students who excelled were allowed to complete their studies to honours level at the University of Liverpool itself, though in practice few students from Saint Katharine's, Notre Dame or Christ's did so.

Federation and merger of colleges
The 1972 James Report had forecast a future reduction in teacher training intakes due to an oversupply of trained teachers in the context of the post-baby boom decline in the UK's birth rate since the mid-1960s. In response, the three colleges set up a joint committee in 1973 to discuss federation, establishing an Interim Federal Academic Council in 1974. The momentum towards federation was increased in the mid-1970s when the two Victorian colleges (along with similar institutions across the UK) were served with notice of imminent closure by the Government. Unlike Saint Katharine's and Notre Dame, Christ's was not earmarked for closure given its more modern provenance and also its success at the time.

As the proposed federation promised to bring together Catholic and Anglican education it was supported by Archbishop Worlock and Bishop Sheppard as "a major plank of their wider ecumenical vision for the city". A visit to London by the two men was instrumental to the granting of permission from the education minister, who reputedly agreed "as an expedient" to placate the two men, believing that the proposed federation would be short-lived.

In 1979 the federation was formally completed, with the three colleges becoming the constituents of a new body: Liverpool Institute of Higher Education (LIHE). The following year the two Catholic colleges merged, continuing on Christ's' Taggart Avenue site as Christ's and Notre Dame College (CND).

During the 1980s the two colleges Saint Katharines and CND co-existed under the umbrella of LIHE, with rationalisations gradually taking place to reduce the duplication of functions. However, whilst on an administrative level this was generally accomplished, at the end of the 1980s and into the 1990s there were still two libraries on the combined LIHE campus, as well as two chapels. (It was not until the 2000s that the modernist chapel formerly of Christ's became the only chapel at the Taggart Avenue site, with the Saint Katharine's chapel converted into a senate chamber.) Student social life was also largely carried on separately in the two colleges.

In 1990 the colleges merged and LIHE became a single institution as opposed to a federation of two colleges. The colleges therefore finally ceased to exist as academic entities.

Greater independence and a new name
The 1988 Teaching and Higher Education Act had imposed a new accountability framework which made the "tutelage relationship" with the University of Liverpool more inconvenient for LIHE in the early 1990s. In response to the 1988 Act, the validation agreement which operated through the Board of College Studies was tightened. University of Liverpool staff were now required to be present at LIHE subject management meetings and to be consulted over any proposed academic changes, however small.

In 1994 these constraints resulted in the replacement of the validation agreement with an accreditation agreement from the University of Liverpool which gave LIHE autonomy to validate undergraduate degrees on its own. With the change also applying to the former Diocesan Training College in Chester (by that point renamed as Chester College of Higher Education and the only other remaining Affiliated College), the University of Liverpool's College Studies Unit was disbanded the same year.

In 1995 it was decided to rename LIHE, which formally assumed the name Liverpool Hope University College (shortened to "Liverpool Hope" or simply "Hope"). The name-change represented an attempt to establish a more striking, characterful identity that reflected the original religious purpose of the three founding colleges. Reflecting upon the renaming in 2003, Elford asserted that "Hope is now arguably one of the most mission-explicit Christian institutions in British higher education".

The Taggart Avenue site was accordingly renamed Hope Park, with the site of the former St Francis Xavier's School site in Everton (the school itself having moved to Woolton in the 1960s) being purchased and developed as the Creative Campus in 1999.

Full maturity and the present-day university
Hope achieved taught degree awarding powers in 2002, and three years later was awarded university status, becoming Liverpool Hope University. Research degree awarding powers and full independence followed in 2009.

Late 2010s
For many years the university did not take part in university league tables. Upon entering for the first time in 2015 (for the 2016 editions), the university increased its positions, notably in the Guardian league table (which excludes research metrics). In the 2018 table announced in May 2017, the university outperformed its more prestigious neighbour the University of Liverpool for the first time, a fact used by the student news site The Tab in a 2018 April Fool's Day hoax that the University of Liverpool would lose its Russell Group status.

The university peaked in the 2019 edition of the Guardian table at 33rd (out of 121 universities), outranking the University of Liverpool for a second time and also other Russell Group universities including Manchester, Cardiff, Sheffield, Queen's Belfast, and King's College London. Dropping 10 places to 43rd, it remained ahead of the latter three universities and again, for a third year running the University of Liverpool in the 2020 edition announced in June 2019.

In total, the university climbed 71 places in three years, with a rise of 25 places in the 2017 edition and 23 places in both the 2018 and 2019 editions.

Teaching Excellence Framework
In June 2017 the university was awarded Gold by the UK Government's Office for Students in its Teaching Excellence Framework. It was one of two universities in the Liverpool metro area (the other being Edge Hill) to achieve this rating. The university (alongside Coventry and Nottingham Trent) was named by the Guardian as one of the "excellent modern universities" who had been "rewarded with gold ratings, while some Russell Group institutions had to suffer the indignity of being awarded bronze". In the 2023 TEF assessment, the university's award was revised to "silver".

Campuses
The university has two teaching campuses.

The larger of these (though still small, with a built area occupying around 30 acres) is Hope Park in Childwall, in the vicinity of Childwall Woods and Calderstones Park.

Sheppard-Worlock Library
The Sheppard-Worlock Library is the university's main library. Located at Hope Park (there is also a small library at the Creative Campus), it is blended in to the Hilda Constance Allen Building, extending upwards an original low-rise block running east–west between two wings at the building's northern end. Previously the space had been occupied partly by kitchen and dining facilities.

The library was constructed in 1997 at a cost of £5.34m. A £1.5m refurbishment in 2012 included the creation of a British Standard vault for its special collections.

Special collections
The university's specialist campus for music and visual and performing arts teaching is the Creative Campus in Everton next to St Francis Xavier's Church. The university also has a residential-only campus, Aigburth Park in St Michael's, and Plas Caerdeon, an outdoor education centre in Snowdonia, North Wales.

The university's teaching campuses contain three Grade II listed buildings. One of these is the former main building of Saint Katharine's College at Hope Park, now renamed as the Hilda Constance Allen Building. The Creative Campus includes the other two: the former Saint Francis Xavier's School (now the Cornerstone Building) designed by Henry Clutton, and the former LSPCC (Liverpool Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children) building at 3 Islington Square.

Hope Park is bisected by Taggart Avenue, which runs north–south through the middle of the campus and divides the former sites of two of the university's three predecessor colleges. On the western side of Taggart Avenue is the former campus of Christ's College, while the eastern side (which besides Hilda Constance Allen also includes the EDEN Building and the Sheppard-Worlock Library) was formerly the campus of Saint Katharine's. In the era when the two colleges existed, high walls ran along both sides of Taggart Avenue, physically separating the institutions.

The university's third predecessor college, Notre Dame, was located on Mount Pleasant at its corner with Hope Street. Its former property, which it vacated in 1980, was acquired by Liverpool Polytechnic and became part of the campus of LJMU, the polytechnic's successor institution. Together with an adjoining townhouse it forms LJMU's John Foster Building.

Organisation and administration
The university follows a Christian principle to avoid bank loans and has not taken out a new bank loan since the mid-2000s. Expenditure is financed from university cash reserves, and the university budget is set from zero each year with only permanent staffing rolled over. In 2018 the university established an Income Generation Plan to diversify income streams away from a reliance on undergraduate tuition fees.

Elford's The Foundation of Hope discusses how brand management was of particular importance to the university in the 1990s, with the inception of the "Hope brand" in 1995: "The Hope brand was vigorously developed and marketed"; "New corporate colours [were developed]". The university had previously struggled to unite its three predecessor colleges into a single corporate identity, with "internal dissonances" persisting. Elford argues that, during its time as Liverpool Institute of Higher Education, the university "had effectively failed to establish an identity of its own".

The university adopted red as the main corporate colour of the Hope brand, contrasted primarily with white. It is the only university in the Liverpool metro area that uses red, a corporate colour more commonly associated with universities elsewhere in the historic "red rose" county of Lancashire (in particular Lancaster, Salford and UCLan). The university uses red for spiritual/theological rather than geographical/historical reasons. Its original (1995–2006) logo (the word "hope" written in red in lower case italics with the tail of the "e" turning upwards and encircling the word) can be found in The Foundation of Hope on the book's title page and rear cover.

In 2016/17 the university began using its coat of arms as its sole corporate logo, emphasising its brand heritage. This involved retiring its most recent modern logo, which had been designed in partnership with the London-based creative agency Fabrik in 2006. (The graphical package produced with Fabrik also included a typeface and general layout and colour-scheme principles for university publications that continued to be used after 2016/17.) The 2006 logo included a red rectangle with the university's name written in white, accompanied by a white Star of Bethlehem in the upper-right corner (this being appropriate to the Star of Bethlehem being a Star in the East: the upper part of the rectangle signifying the sky and east being on the right-hand side of the map). The logo also included the legend EST. 1844 in the bottom-right, a feature which survived after 2016 (sometimes rendered Est. 1844 ) in the university's variant presentations of its coat of arms in letterheads and other graphical uses. For the 175th anniversary of that year in 2019 the university also presented its coat of arms alongside the legend "175 YEARS OF ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE ". In this legend "175" was rendered in gold to reflect the university's TEF Gold rating for Teaching Excellence achieved two years earlier.

Schools and Departments
The university comprises eight schools and two departments. It is a flat organisation as the eight schools do not contain departments (though the schools are divided less formally into subject teams) and schools/departments are not grouped upwards into middle-management-level faculties.

The School of Creative and Performing Arts is located at the Creative Campus, with all other schools/departments at Hope Park.

In the university had 305 academic staff. 230 of these (75.41%) were qualified to doctoral level, placing the university 16th highest in the UK on this measure. The university's aim is for 85% of its academic staff to have doctorates and the remainder to be Professional Tutors with industry experience in areas such as education, law and accountancy.

Cathedrals Group
The university is a member of the Cathedrals Group. Within this mission group, the university validates and awards the degrees of PhD and MPhil for Newman University and St Mary's University, Twickenham.

International partnerships
The university has a number of international partnerships with other academic institutions, many of whom are Christian universities. Major partners include Université Catholique de Lille in France, Christ University and Stella Maris College in India, two American liberal arts colleges Hope College and Ouachita Baptist University, and Sun Yat-sen University in China.

Network of Hope
The university's Network of Hope was established in 1998 as a set of partnerships with Catholic sixth-form colleges in the North West. Current Network of Hope partners include Carmel College in St Helens, Holy Cross College in Bury, St John Rigby College in Wigan, and St Mary's College in Blackburn.

Everton FC
In 2016 the university signed a five-year partnership agreement with Everton Football Club. The partnership included a monitoring and evaluation project on the club's Everton in the Community Free School (opened in 2011) and graduate scholarships to research the club's history.

Research
The university has 12 research projects/centres:
 * Andrew F. Walls Centre for the Study of African and Asian Christianity
 * Archbishop Desmond Tutu Centre for War and Peace Studies
 * Association for Continental Philosophy of Religion
 * Centre for Christian Education and Pastoral Theology
 * Centre for Culture and Disability Studies (CCDS)
 * Centre for Education and Policy Analysis (CEPA)
 * Irish Studies Research Group
 * Ministry Research Project
 * Popular Culture Research Group
 * Sand Dune and Shingle Network
 * Sarcopenia Ageing Trial
 * Socio-Economic and Applied Research for Change (SEARCH)

Halls of residence
There are 12 halls of residence for students enrolled at the university. (The university runs a free shuttle bus between the campuses.)

Students' Union
Students at the university are represented by the Students' Union (HopeSU), which is affiliated to the National Union of Students.

Student body
In the university had  students including  undergraduates and  postgraduates, making it the  largest university in the UK (out of the  universities included in HESA statistics). The university is less than half the size of the other two universities in the Liverpool metro area with comparable histories, Edge Hill ( students) and its elder sister Chester ( students).

Comparison with similarly sized UK universities
The university has a greater number and proportion of postgraduates than four of the six universities closest to it in size.

Chancellors

 * 2006–2013: Caroline Cox, Baroness Cox
 * 2013–2020: Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank
 * 2020–: Monica Grady

Vice Chancellors and Rectors

 * 1980–1995: James Burke
 * 1995–2003: Simon Lee
 * 2003–2022: Gerald Pillay
 * 2023–: Claire Ozanne

Academics

 * Frank Cottrell-Boyce
 * Salman Al-Azami
 * Richard Harries, Baron Harries of Pentregarth
 * Helen King
 * Michael Murphy
 * Deryn Rees-Jones
 * Matt Simpson
 * Andrew Walls

Arts

 * Heather Craney, actress
 * Simon Gilbert, journalist and author
 * Amy Hughes, artist
 * Terry Molloy, actor
 * Michael Murphy, poet
 * Malik Al Nasir, poet and author
 * Stel Pavlou, screenwriter and novelist
 * Willy Russell, playwright
 * Mary Lu Zahalan, singer and actress

Politics

 * David Alton, Baron Alton of Liverpool, former Liberal Democrat MP for Liverpool Mossley Hill and Liverpool Edge Hill
 * Steve Brine, Conservative MP for Winchester
 * Peter Kilfoyle, former Labour MP for Liverpool Walton
 * Paul Nuttall, politician
 * Mike Storey, Baron Storey, former Leader of Liverpool City Council

Sport

 * Diane Allahgreen, athlete
 * Emma Hayes MBE, United States women's national soccer team manager
 * Colm McFadden, Gaelic footballer
 * Jenny Meadows, athlete

title: Liverpool Hope University


text:
Yazidi Book of Revelation

The Yazidi Book of Revelation (Kitêba Cilwe, کتێبی جلوە ) is the title of a Kurdish book which is assumed to be one of two sacred books of Yazidis, the other being the Yazidi Black Book (Mishefa Reş). However, the authenticity of its sacredness has not been confirmed. The book claims to be the words of Tawûsî Melek, wherein he allocates the different responsibilities, blessings and misfortunes as he desires and which humans have no say in.

Discovery and authenticity
Shaykh ʿAbdallāh al-Ratabkī (d. 1746) mentioned a sacred Yazidi text called Jilwa and he ascribed its authorship to Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir. This was echoed by R. H. W. Empson in 1928, who moreover stated that the book was written by Sheikh Adi to Fakhr ad-Din ibn Adi. R. Frank, however, in his discussion of the Jilwa in 1911, denied this.

When foreigners began studying Yazidis in the 1850s, they believed that the Yazidis had sacred books and thus tried to find them. While Yazidis do have sacred books as attested in their oral traditions, it was not known whether they were kept secret in a Yazidi home or burned during massacres. Copies of the Yazidi Book of Revelation were found in the 1880s, and a number of copies purporting to be authentic circulated in Iraq from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. Assyrian Jeremiah Shamir, a former monk and known manuscript dealer from Ankawa, was seemingly implicated in this affair. A translation of the Yazidi Book of Revelation and Yazidi Black Book was done by Alpheus Andrus in 1891, and later by Edward Granville Browne in 1895. Translations were also made by R. Y. Ebied, M. J. L. Young and Isya Joseph. Joseph claimed that his translation was made from the original Kurdish book, which he had discovered. Alphonse Mingana asserted in 1916 that all hitherto translations were based on inauthentic documents. He moreover states that Shamir could have been the author of the Yazidi Book of Revelation.

Yazidis themselves knew of the books before Western interest that began in the 1850s, but the vast majority of them had never seen them.

Content
The book is written in first-person narrative with a narrator who speaks as a supreme being. The book begins with a short introduction, which is followed by five chapters.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yazidi Book of Revelation


text:
Talk:Jamming

 * I think this page focuses too much on military applications, and could be made more neutral.

 * With commercial applications of cell phone jamming, and radar-detector jamming, I do not think "jamming" is solely the domain of the military any more.

 * Possibly reclassification, or seperating of head topics.

 * "Jamming" can also be fully improvised and also formal, therefore the definition of it as "semi-improvised" and "informal" is false.

title: Talk:Jamming


text:
Talk:Mail-order bride

This entry needs a heavy rewrite
It's riddled with bias, negative comments, allegations and somewhat bigoted. The introduction is largely one-sided. Not enough citations. No mention of laws regarding international marriage brokerage in other countries. The history section is shockingly underdeveloped. For example: In 1619, when the Jamestown Colony had a need for more women, the Virginia Company of London sent shipments of mail-order brides from England in return for tobacco. More information can be found in Women's Life and Work in the Southern Colonies by Julia Spruill and other books about women in the Jamestown colony. There are similar history books about international marriage brokerage around the world including Europe, Australia, Japan, China, South America and so on as well. Particularly the Victorian-era marriage industry in western countries. I'm frustrated, because I don't have the skills to rewrite this entry (I'm still struggling to understand Wikipedia's editorial policies and how some editing functions work). I hope this entry will be flagged for the attention of a skilled Wikipedia editor who would be willing to spend time rewriting and editing this. Thank you. 0zero9nine (talk) 05:12, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The article is certainly open to any new information that comes from a credible, dependable source. But I disagree with this statement: "It's riddled with bias, negative comments, allegations and somewhat bigoted." Not true. On the contrary, the article is referencing highly credible sources and fleshing out ideas that are relevant for the subject. If you have other information to source and include feel free to do so. "Negative comments?" Where? Off-hand "negative comments" are not allowed in a Wikipedia article. But to simply land in the article and completely dismiss it as "biased" because you are not comfortable with some of the content is not productive. Also: do not think that the content that is included from credible sources may be removed simply because you feel it is "biased" or "bigoted." That is your opinion. Wikipedia content is not judged based on whether someone thinks it is "biased," but rather the origin of the information in reliable sources. Read more here: WP:NOR. Thank you. Computer1200 (talk) 16:45, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The construction of a source as "reliable" is as much a matter of opinion as anything else, and that's doubly true for non-academic sources. Even Wikipedia's guidelines for reliability acknowledge as much by pointing to subjective criteria such as "reputation".  It's hard to conceive of an assessment of a source's reliability trumping an assessment of its appropriateness.  Filling this article with xenophobic, alarmist material from modern "reliable" sources makes about as much sense as filling the article on civil rights with racist material from Southern newspapers in the 1960s (which were, of course, considered to be "reliable"), or filling the article on Adam Smith with Marxist polemics.

 * The article in question has an obvious ideological bias. The fact that the bias in question is common enough to be reflected in mainstream periodicals does not legitimize it.  When an extreme and controversial claim or characterization is made, citing a newspaper article is not sufficient....or at least it shouldn't be.  The number of academic sources in this article is appallingly low.  My recommendation would be to start fresh and actually work from peer-reviewed scholarship on the history of the mail order bride phenomenon, filling in the gaps with popular sources, rather than cobbling together a biased mess out of popular periodicals and online articles, which is what we have here.  72.242.187.42 (talk) 15:04, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but--again--just because you do not like the content that comes from reliable journalistic sources does not mean that Wikipedia does not allow those sources. Wikipedia is governed by rules dictating what sources are reliable, not whether you think it is "biased." If Wiki was based on people's judgments of biased, it would be impossible because everyone has different opinions of bias. "xenophobic?" "alarmist?" I disagree. But of course, you will have your opinion. As mentioned above, "do not think that the content that is included from credible sources may be removed simply because you feel it is "biased" or "bigoted." That is your opinion. Wikipedia content is not judged based on whether someone thinks it is "biased," but rather the origin of the information in reliable sources. Read more here: WP:NOR" If you want to ban all mainstream periodical publications that meet Wiki standards because you think they are biased, then you need to talk to Wiki staff -- not post it here in the discussion. Because reliable sources will *always* be allowed -- regardless of personal opinion, or whether you think a reliable source is biased.

 * As the article now stands, it is mutilated from what it was before, long, wordy, with much of the content referencing no citation at all whatsoever. Those will come out first. Do not make large changes until you discuss here.Computer1200 (talk) 01:49, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Drive-by comments
The foregoing is TLDR, but as it stands the article is too verbose, too rambling, too detailed, and too WP:NOTMANUAL. "Violence against" material belongs only to the extent problems peculiar to mail-order brides are being described -- there's violence against all kinds of wives (and husbands too, come to mention it). These specific awful stories serve no purpose. EEng (talk) 18:18, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

Updated
I have updated the article by removing a huge load of redundant information, and consolidating the article in three major categories, following the introduction: history, legal issues, mail order brides situations & stories, and then country-specific information. Please include anything that is specific to a country in this last section only, or the article will get very messy quickly. Add all stories of mail-order brides that are more narrative in nature (with appropriate citation) in the Mail order bride situations and stories section and indicate the country and/or region.

Also, there were a number of issues with proper referencing of sources. Please remember that all material posted must reference a Wikipedia approved source of information. See Wikipedia's rules for citations here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources It is not allowed to post information that does not reference a reliable source that can be verified.

Computer1200 (talk) 21:11, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Les filles du roi (Canada, historical)
Odd to see no mention of les filles du roi, the "king's daughters" who were the original group to have immigrated solely for the purpose of marriage and colonisation of what was New France centuries ago. Even Uncyclopedia gives this key bit of Canadian heritage at least a line in the history section. 66.102.83.61 (talk) 06:03, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

"Their Customers"
I like how this article cleverly says "their customers" in order to sway the easily swayed reader to think that because people like myself who have decided to try international marriage (without a dating agency but with a website) are only disputing the Mail order bride label as derogatory because we are biased there for unable to sort fact from fiction when in fact the people who chosen not to are actually the ones in the dark because they have only hearsay and biased media to rely on as their source of information as opposed to actually getting to know them, visiting them and then seeing how misinformed the media is about this issue. Not that all of the hearsay is wrong but it's grossly misrepresented and over generalized. Any one who has taken to the time to really get to know the women overseas without prejudice can clearly see how grossly misinformed most people are about this issue. They also generalized because of their is an international boarder (different countries) between two websites and two people it (the female human being) is a mail order bride but if there is no boarder (same country)and they're "advertising themselves for marriage they are not. The women are labeled as commodities and the men are reduced to johns just for crossing boarders in dating even if they are truly in love in a mutually respectful relationship. Does that in any way make sense or seem humane? I understand where the label came from and in the past maybe mostly only sleezebags did it but I would think that modern humans would advance with modern times. Only a few decades ago online dating was considered ridiculous and now its common place. Let's grow with the times people. You see "the customers" have first hand information where as the public has second, third or maybe even forth and fifth hand information and that's why we "johns" see it as deroagatory because we can see the affect it has in the women being labeled and mistreated due to the labeling. Ultimately, people who are negatively labeled are also undervalued and under protected and become prime targets (both men and women) for just the sort of characters that fit the stereotypes that you assume all do. When I first started international dating I had no idea that it was considered to be mail order briding because i only saw human beings not commodities, to me it was just another dating website with lots of attractive women. It was only later after losing a 15 year friendship over the matter that I realized that I was considered to be a mail order john for doing so and it was then that I could see the ignorance surrounding the issue. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.30.9.132 (talk) 11:10, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * It's "border" not boarder. Furthermore, the label doesn't target everyone crossing international lines; Martha Stewart Haskell likely isn't a mail-order bride, and the war bride and war children of a soldier actually stationed abroad are also in a different position from someone seeking a spouse in a country to which they have no other discernible tie. In some cases, these relationships are a means to family-class status and jumping the queue ahead of independent immigrants (with much-needed qualifications) by persons who would likely otherwise not even qualify for a non-working tourist visa. There are also huge disparities in age (sometimes the two are an entire generation apart) and wealth (some of the countries involved actually have "remittances" - money sent back to relatives by overseas workers and emigrants - as a significant percentage of GDP). To dismiss the risks of romance scams or spousal abuse just because one relationship happened to work out is naïve - we have WP:OR to keep this sort of anecdotal evidence from being used to make blind generalisations. K7L (talk) 19:09, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Since you could not resist a personal attack it seems you take my comments personal. All of the things you focus on are shallow and materialistic.  Most of these people just look at each other as people and that might be a strange thing to a lot of people that age (between adults)is invisible or material wealth is invisible but that's why so many people go this direction, to escape the judgmentalism and shallow criteria for choosing a mate. You obviously think there is only one way to do things in the world and that's your way as though you are the person that determines who can be with whom (did I get it right?). Sorry dude but you are not God and what is legally done between consenting adults is not your business and just because it's international doesn't make it your business no matter how much you don't approve of something. You can discuss it all day, pass judgement, jump up and down, but what goes on between two legal adults legally is a private matter

 * As always there are those that will take advantage of any thing that they can and use it for the wrong reasons, but your fear mongering is simply your way of projecting your own fears and labeling people that don't deserve to be labeled. You're doing more harm than good but you can't see that because you haven't taken time to get to know the people you are doing harm to. It's not the scammers that you're harming because scammers don't care, it's the genuine people that you're harming because they (especially innocent women) are the ones that get mistreated as a result of labeling, generalizing and misinformation. Labeling, generalizing and misinformation is actually getting women killed because it sets up a situation where no one cares about their situation and believe that they deserve it because they're all believed to be scammers.  You've obviously never talked to anyone who has been labeled this way unfairly and seen the pain and damage that it causes.  (feel free to correct my spelling, grammar or anything else. I actually appreciate it because unlike you I make mistakes from time to time).    — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.102.175.165 (talk) 04:43, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Au contraire, pretending scams and abuse don't exist when both sometimes happen is the sort of ignorance that gets women killed. K7L (talk) 13:25, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

International Marriage Broker Regulation Act of 2005
The article mentions the International Marriage Broker Regulation Act of 2005; however this act is only of use for women that wish to marry a man from the USA. Which acts exist for other countries ? Can this be mentioned ? 80.200.229.164 (talk) 13:46, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

international adoption

 * It has been pointed out that there is a discrepancy between how international adoptions are regarded ("saving a child") and how international marriages are regarded ("buying a wife").

Really? One might want to look at the current political situation where Vladimir Putin's Russia has ended all international adoption to United States of America families using one child's death as an unfortunate pretext. There have been a few other high-profile incidents, including a US church-backed group in post-quake Haïti caught trying to remove "orphans" via the Dominican Republic while the parents were very much alive and a group "l'Arche de Zoë" which was caught in a similar scandal in Africa. Not all nations allow their spawn to be taken through international adoption. Prospective adoptive parents get a free pass to a point (for instance, a blind eye is turned to the pattern of them not wanting older kids, problem kids, siblings placed together but being willing to spend thousands to go abroad for the "cute widdle baybee") but any sign of fraud on the part of an adoption agency is pilloried in the media. K7L (talk) 18:39, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

Turkish Mail-order-brides?
A large part of the male Turkish immigrants in Germany prefer a Turkish wife from Turkey.--95.113.253.182 (talk) 19:32, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

Citation overkill
There's a fair few places (the China, Russia, South Korea and Taiwan sections) where there's a huge amount of citations for a small amount of information. It's almost certain that some of the citations don't add any new information, and it would be beneficial to remove some that don't actually have any unique value. Alcherin (talk) 20:03, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

There are Chinese Mailorder-brides but why there are no Articles in the Internet about that topic?
http://www.chinesewifes.com/Pages/default.aspx http://www.rosebrides.com/chinese-brides.html http://www.mynewchinesewife.com/chinese-brides-is-a-mail-order-bride-the-way-to-go/ http://chinesemates.com/ --141.19.228.15 (talk) 19:26, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

 * These are WP:PRIMARY sources that don't directly discuss the details of the Chinese mail-order bride industry. The mere existence of websites dealing in Chinese mail-order brides does not indicate the WP:Notability of the industry. Reliable WP:SECONDARY sources that discuss Chinese mail-order brides are necessary before detail on them can be included in this article. Alcherin (talk) 19:53, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

Difference between Bride-buying and Mail-order brides?
Hi everyone! I'm doing a group assignment in my English class, and we're working on making some big changes to the bride-buying article. Something I've noticed is that most research done on bride-buying is specific to mail-order brides. Do mail-order brides apply to bride-buying? Or are they separate? Thanks in advance. Mop8888 (talk) 05:39, 24 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Two different social phenomena, IMO. Acwilson9 (talk) 23:26, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

Physicians
"52 percent of Russia’s workforce is made up of women, yet according to some sources they often hold low positions of prominence in their home country and work jobs with less respect and lower wage (such as teaching or physician positions)". Physicians have a low wage in Russia? Does the word physician refer to something other than a doctor or are doctors paid poorly in Russia? ☣Yutsi — Talk/Edits 00:04, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Maybe a large percentage of Russian Mail-order brides belong to ethnic minorities who are often more poor than ethnic Russians. The average American male is not able to see a difference between ethnic Russians and white Russian Citizens of another ethnic background.--88.66.132.241 (talk) 15:47, 12 June 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 June 2019
"Добрый день, пожалуйста, удалите абзац "A mail-order bride is a woman who lists herself in catalogs and is selected by a man for marriage. In the twentieth century, the trend was primarily towards women living in developing countries seeking men in more developed nations. In the twenty-first century, the trend is now based primarily on internet-based meeting places which do not per se qualify as mail-order bride services. The majority of the women listed in the twentieth-century and twenty-first-century services are from Southeast Asia, countries of the former Eastern Bloc and (to a lesser extent) from Latin America.[1] Since the collapse of the Soviet Union large numbers of eastern European women have advertised themselves in such a way, primarily from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova. Men who list themselves in such publications are referred to as "mail-order husbands," although this is much less common.

The term "mail-order bride" is both criticized by owners (and customers) of international marriage agencies and used by them as an easily recognizable term.[2]" Эта информация недостоверна Ladayougova (talk) 16:33, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Google translate says: "Good afternoon, please delete the paragraph" (...) "This information is not valid." ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 16:42, 25 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Please explain the specific reason(s) why you believe this information is not valid and should be removed from the article. Please reply here on the talk page, and then reopen this request. (Change "yes" to "no" above.) ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 16:42, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

Motivations and stories - Eastern Europe
1)With 4,138,273 more women than men from the ages of 15 to 64, This count is too precise. It changes daily!

2)52 percent of Russia's workforce is made up of women, yet according to some sources they often hold low positions of prominence in their home country and work jobs with less respect and lower wages (such as teaching or physician positions);[15] and women earn 43 percent of what men do.[16]

This references reports which are 10 years old (not to mention it would be more reliable to use first-hand reports by the Russian government.) Also teachers and doctors are not positions with "less respect". Quite the contrary.

3)...as well as the fact that a large portion of successful males are emigrating out of Russia.[20] While there may be some emigration, and while it may be substantial, the "successful" part is rather doubtful. Also [20] source is somehow unavailable from my location (which is Russian Federation)

4)In testimony before the United States Senate, Professor Donna Hughes said that two thirds of Ukrainian women interviewed wanted to live abroad and this rose to 97% in the resort city of Yalta.[21]

Well, at least Yalta's women's wish is now granted, for they now live happily as part of Russian Federation =D (Sorry, this whole comment was meant to be about "why are there Ukrainian women and Russian city in a single sentence... and then I realised.)

185.150.154.80 (talk) 13:35, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

 * You are right! And I still ask myself is there any reliable source that proves that Russia is still a main source country of Eastern European Mail-order brides? Russia is far away from being called poor and Russian women are only portrayed as good-looking by the Anglo-Saxon Entertainment Industry but in fact are not much more good-looking on average than for example British, German or Dutch women.--88.65.185.114 (talk) 11:16, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

Attribution
Some sentences in this article are identical to sentences in Personal advertisement. As I was writing that article, there was content that also was applicable to this one, and I copied my work here. Schazjmd  (talk)  00:18, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

Russian Women in Senior Management
The data cited which states that 43% of senior management in Russia are women does not support or undermine the reasons provided for why Russian women seek foreign husbands. It should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jvitray (talk • contribs) 15:11, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree. Neither source mentions mail-order brides. I have removed it. Schazjmd   (talk)  15:17, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

A large part or even the Majority of Russian women who are seeking foreign husbands or Boyfriends belong to ethnic minorities.--92.74.242.11 (talk) 14:22, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

Japan
For possible inclusion, if some Wikipedia editor would do further (secondary) research in the media: I recall reading in US media circa 2000 that Russian-Siberian women were being recruited to marry Japanese men in Japan. If I recall correctly, purported driving forces included economic hardships in the Vladivostok area and a reduced willingness of young native-born Japanese women to be submissive in their relationships with Japanese men. Example articles: Acwilson9 (talk) 23:26, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2000/06/08/commentary/world-commentary/russian-women-turn-to-the-net-for-love-and-a-life-abroad/
 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/08/12/national/net-sites-cater-to-quest-for-russian-brides/
 * https://www.academia.edu/4224664/Russian_Wives_in_Japan_Identity_Re_construction_and_its_Implications_for_Social_Integration_of_Foreign_Spouse_
 * viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjsij%2F4%2F1%2F4_20%2F_pdf%2F-char%2Fen&clen=361369 (Japan Social Innovation Journal: Vol 4 No 1 2014; Gender politics and its impact on female marriage migration: Women from former Soviet Union countries in Japan, by Viktoriya Kim)

These women belong mainly to ethnic minorities because Russian women are not submissive and the women from other post-Soviet countries are Central Asians mostly.--88.66.153.153 (talk) 15:31, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

New less-pejorative title?
I suggest "Female marriage migration" as a replacement title for this article. Acwilson9 (talk) 22:47, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I think the current title is best, per WP:COMMONNAME. Schazjmd   (talk)  23:03, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * @Schazjmd: OK. (If we WERE to change it, I'd suggest retaining the original title as a REDIRECT.) Acwilson9 (talk) 23:26, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * In Germany the female Marriage Migrants come mainly from Muslim countries and marry Muslim men of their own ethnic group or Nationality who live in Germany.--Urs Herbstlicht (talk) 16:50, 2 September 2022 (UTC)--Urs Herbstlicht (talk) 16:50, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

Article is outdated, needs a refresh
The statistics are 10 years old, most cited sources even older נוף כרמל (talk) 20:41, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * If you can find more recent reliable sources, please improve it! Schazjmd   (talk)  21:09, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

Demographics of mail order brides
In the lead, I find two statements dubious: The majority of the women making use of these services from the 1970s to the present are from East Asia, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America.[1] and Since the 1990s, large numbers of eastern European women have advertised themselves in such a way, primarily from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova.

The issue here is that it isn't established anywhere in the article where the majority of the mail order brides originate from, and the sole citation here (Robert Scholes, Appendix A. ) doesn't support this statement either.

Robert Scholes's Appendix A only concerns immigrant brides to the Anglosphere "and Europe". So it's misleading to use it to describe the global mail order bride industry. There's an enormous mail order bride industry that caters to men in South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, etc. Most mail order brides to these countries are Southeast Asian women.

Where is the typical mail order bride from, globally? That's a question I hope to answer with citations later.

But moving on, there's no mention in Scholes that since the 1990s, large numbers of women from Moldova, Belarus or Georgia have advertised themselves as such. It would seem that this is a synthesis from the main body, where reactionary claims from Lukashenko, for example, are noted. But I'm not seeing any actual data or scholarly claims that a significant share of the mail order brides, globally, are Moldovan, Georgian or Belarussian. Scholes does not mention any of these countries. So I don't see these as leadworthy.

All I see in Scholes is on pp. 1-2:

This is a good source for the demographics of mail order brides in the West, at least up to time when it was published, but cannot reflect on the global mail order bride phenomenon, which includes the Western as well as Eastern markets. 2600:100C:B013:3460:0:4A:7296:1301 (talk) 15:43, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

Recent edits by Cruces crux
I've recently reverted several edits by a new editor (Cuces crux) who appears to be making the same edits as the recently banned editor Alikima. Their edits are also very similar to a previous editkor with the screenname "LeanaAndYoung".

Most of their edits appear to be stealth removals of content, as well as the addition of unsourced or misrepresentations of content.

They also have made erroneous allegations of failure to verify. For intance, on 19:07 26 February 2024, they removed content cited with Marchbank and Letherby (2007), with the explanation that "Pages 194-5 in this book don't mention any of this https://books.google.com/books?id=KeXpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194-z"

However, comparing the citation in the Wikipedia to the link in Cruces crux's edit summary, we see that they have erred. Their link is to the second edition of the book, ublished in 2014. The citation in the Wiki is for the first edition of the book, published in 2007:

The 2007 first edition is not the same book as the second edition; the same content is no longer found on the same pages. In reality, the first edition does verify; and Marchbank cites a study showing that +10,000 were from countries in Asia and Latin America (including China), compared to just 4,000 from Europe. 2603:8080:1F00:4882:CD4B:5F00:B01C:E334 (talk) 10:20, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia just shows how unrealible it is
In the section demoghraphics it says 'white, highly educated, succesful. Very vague definitions. Succesful in what? Certanly not women. Highly educated in what? There isn't a dfenitive information to know the majority of the demogprahics. The source is super vague and old nad full of misinformation and bias. Mods get ery offended without any proof that my arguments are not credible so by definition this mods are biased Onlyloss73 (talk) 23:42, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The source isn't vague. It explains exactly what it considers educated and successful. --Onorem (talk) 00:13, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mail-order bride


text:
File:Thekrakenwakes.jpg

Summary
Low res scan of book cover (The Kraken Wakes by John Wyndham, 1953 Michael Joseph first edition hardcover) for use in illustrating article about book. Retrieved from https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=831317777g and subsequently cropped.

title: File:Thekrakenwakes.jpg


text:
Delisle, Saskatchewan

Delisle is a town in south central Saskatchewan, Canada. It is 45 km southwest of Saskatoon beside Highway 7.

History
The origins of the town go back to its original settlement on the Old Bone Trail. It derived its name from the DeLisle family. Lenora DeLisle and her four sons Amos, Fred, Ed and Eugene came from North Dakota, United States, in 1903 and homesteaded on the land 3 mi south of the present-day townsite. With the coming of the Canadian Northern Railway's line from Saskatoon to Calgary in 1908 the settlement to the south moved to the new townsite. The town was named after the brothers on December 29, 1908. Delisle was named a town in 1913.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Delisle had a population of $1,024$ living in $427$ of its $462$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $1,038$. With a land area of 3.33 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Sights
A cenotaph stands in the heart of Delisle in front of the old hospital. On it are inscribed the names of those from Delisle and surrounding area who died in the two world wars. In 2002 the cenotaph was refurbished and rededicated. The service included a small parade consisting of Girl Guides, Boy Scouts, Sparks, elementary school children, the complement of HMCS Unicorn, and the RCSCC Jervis Bay Ship's Band leading the way from the Centennial Arena to the cenotaph.

The town also boasts a nine-hole grass green golf course (Valleyview Golf Course).

Education
The town supports one of the largest high schools in the Prairie Spirit School Division bringing in students from smaller, nearby villages and hamlets such as Laura, Kinley, Donavon, Swanson, Vanscoy and the Pike Lake district, as well as rural students. It has a nine-man football team (Delisle Rebels) that has won several provincial titles; a track and field team that competes well for top spots in provincials and holds records for countless events; a soccer team that won provincials in 2009; and a drama program, that while in decline in recent years, has often performed well at large drama festivals. The school also contributes the most players for the Prairie Spirit (West) Band Program.

Notable people

 * Doug Bentley, ice hockey winger and Hockey Hall of Fame member
 * Max Bentley, ice hockey centre and Hockey Hall of Fame member
 * Reg Bentley, ice hockey winger
 * Bev Bentley, ice hockey goaltender
 * Dick Butler, ice hockey winger
 * Jack Miller, ice hockey winger
 * Jack Norris, ice hockey goaltender

Media
Delisle was the setting for the Canadian modern day hockey movie Paperback Hero.

Delisle is considered part of the greater Saskatoon region and as such has direct access to most of its print, radio and television media.

title: Delisle, Saskatchewan


text:
Delisle

Delisle or De Lisle or de Lisle may refer to:

People

 * Delisle (surname)
 * DeLisle Worrell, a former governor of the Central Bank of Barbados

Places

 * Canada

 * Delisle, Quebec, a former municipality that is now part of Alma, in RCM of Lac-Saint-Jean-Est, in administrative region of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, in Quebec
 * Richmond Gulf (French: Lac Guillaume-Delisle), a waterbody in Nunavik, in administrative region of Nord-du-Québec, in Quebec, Canada
 * Sector Delisle, a sector of Alma, Quebec, in Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality, in administrative region of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, in Quebec
 * Delisle, Saskatchewan, a town in Saskatchewan

 * United States
 * DeLisle, Mississippi, a census-designated place
 * Delisle, Ohio, an unincorporated community

 * The Moon
 * Mons Delisle, a mountain on the moon
 * Delisle (crater), a lunar crater

Other uses

 * Delisle scale, a temperature scale
 * De Lisle carbine, a World War II silent rifle
 * De Lisle College, a Roman Catholic school in Leicestershire, England
 * De Lisle (novel), an 1828 novel by Elizabeth Caroline Grey

title: Delisle


text:
Hiltrud Breyer

Hiltrud Breyer (born 22 August 1957) is a German politician and former Member of the European Parliament with the German Green Party, part of the European Greens and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality and its Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety.

She is a substitute for the Committee on Legal Affairs, substitute for the Delegation to the EU-Romania Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Education

 * Studied political science in Saarbrücken and Berlin
 * Founding member of the Greens
 * posts include Regional Executive Spokeswoman for the Greens in Saarland
 * Former Member of the Mandelbachtal Municipal Council

Career

 * 1989–2009: Member of the European Parliament
 * Founding member of 'Gen-ethisches Netzwerk' (genetic ethics network)

Controversy
In 2008, German television station RTL reported about members of the European Parliament—including Breyer—who signed the attendance register on Friday mornings to receive the EP's daily allowance of 284 Euro before leaving Strasbourg immediately for the weekend. Breyer later denied these allegations.

title: Hiltrud Breyer


text:
Michael Cramer (politician)

Michael Cramer (born 16 June 1949) is a German politician who served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 until 2019. He is a member of the Alliance 90/The Greens, part of the European Green Party.

Originally, Cramer came to Berlin to be a teacher. From 1989 to 2004 Cramer was a Member of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin, mainly working on Berlin's transport policy, and served as spokesman for transportation issues for Alliance 90/The Greens in Berlin. In 2004 Cramer was first elected to the European Parliament, and was re-elected in 2009 for the Green Party. Cramer was a member of the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism and between 2014 and 2017 chairperson of that committee. He was part of the Parliament's delegation to the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poznań, Poland.

Cramer gives regular tours along the former route of the Berlin Wall; he was one of the members of the Abgeordnetenhaus to push for the Berlin Wall Trail, a memorial trail with steles and explanations along the former Wall. He is also the founder of the Iron Curtain Trail, a project to complete a long-distance cycling route following the old border of the Iron Curtain in Europe.

In 2018, Cramer announced that he would not stand in the 2019 European elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.

title: Michael Cramer (politician)


text:
Gisela Kallenbach

Gisela Kallenbach (born 28 March 1944, in Soldin, New March, now Myślibórz, Poland) is a German politician. She was a Member of the European Parliament for Alliance '90/The Greens, part of the European Greens, from 2004 to 2009. Since 2009, she has been a member of the Parliament of Saxony. From 2000 to 2003, she was International Mayor of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo. She was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2001.

Due to her family background and Christian faith, she was denied the right to go to Gymnasium and take the Abitur by the East German communist regime. She eventually became an engineer and an English translator. From 1990 to 2000, she worked as an adviser for the city of Leipzig's environmental administration. She became involved in local politics for the Greens in 1990.

She is involved with the Zeitzeugenportal, an initiative of the Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, a signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, and also co-organized (with Milan Horáček) a public hearing in the European Parliament on totalitarian regimes in support of the declaration. She is also a supporter of the Freiheit statt Angst demonstrations concerned with citizens' data privacy.

title: Gisela Kallenbach


text:
Frithjof Schmidt

Frithjof Schmidt (born 17 April 1953 in Bad Harzburg) is a German politician of the Alliance 90/The Greens who served as member of the Bundestag from 2009 until 2021 and as Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2009.

Early life and career
Between 2006 and 2012, Schmidt was publisher-editor of German weekly newspaper Der Freitag.

Political career
Schmidt became a member of Alliance 90/The Greens in 1988. From 1996 to 1998, he was a member of the party's federal executive board under the leadership of Gunda Röstel and Jürgen Trittin.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004-2009
Throughout his tenure, Schmidt was a member of the Committee on Development, which he became the vice-chairman of in 2007. From 2005, he also served as a member of the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

During his time in the European Parliament, Schmidt served as rapporteur on parliamentary resolutions on fair trade and development (2006) as well as on policy coherence for development and the effects of the EU's exploitation of certain biological natural resources on development in West Africa (2008).

Member of the Bundestag, 2009-2021
In the 2009 German federal elections, Schmidt was elected into the Bundestag. He has since been a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

In his first term between 2009 and 2013, Schmidt was part of his parliamentary group’s leadership around co-chairs Renate Künast and Jürgen Trittin, in charge of foreign policy issues. He was re-elected to that position in 2013, this time under the leadership of Katrin Göring-Eckardt and Anton Hofreiter. Following the 2017 elections, he was replaced by Agnieszka Brugger; instead, he joined the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Sub-Committee on the United Nations.

In addition to his committee assignments, Schmidt has been a member of the German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) from 2018 until 2021. A delegate of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group, he served on the Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy. In this capacity, he authored a 2019 report on the use of digital technologies in the context of elections.

Other activities

 * German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP), Member of the Presidium (since 2014)
 * Heinrich Böll Foundation, Member of the Assembly (since 2014)

Political positions
In August 2012, Schmidt was one of 124 members of the Bundestag to sign a letter that was sent to the Russian ambassador to Germany, Vladimir Grinin, expressing concern over the trial against the three members of Pussy Riot. “Being held in detention for months and the threat of lengthy punishment are draconian and disproportionate,” the lawmakers said in the letter. “In a secular and pluralist state, peaceful artistic acts -- even if they can be seen as provocative -- must not lead to the accusation of serious criminal acts that lead to lengthy prison terms.”

In late 2016, Schmidt was part of a group of German left-leaning lawmakers from the Green Party, the center-left Social Democrats (SPD) and the Left Party who met to explore the possibility of forming a coalition government to replace Chancellor Angela Merkel in the 2017 elections.

title: Frithjof Schmidt


text:
Elisabeth Schroedter

Elisabeth Schroedter (born 11 March 1959 in Dresden) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament in the Alliance '90/The Greens from 1994 to 2014.

Political career
In parliament, Schroedter served as vice-chairwoman of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. She was also a member of the Committee on Regional Development (1994–2007) and the Committee on Foreign Affairs (1999–2004).

Personal life
Schroedter is married and has three sons.

title: Elisabeth Schroedter


text:
Helga Trüpel

Helga Trüpel (born 21 July 1958) is a German politician who served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 until 2019. She is a member of the Alliance '90/The Greens, part of the European Green Party.

Educational background
Helga Trüpel studied German, Religious Studies, and Psychology at the University of Bremen. In 1988 she completed her PhD in German Literature.

Political career
In 1980 Trüpel joined the political party The Greens, today called Alliance '90/The Greens.

Bremen
From 1987 to 1991 she was an elected member of the State Parliament of Bremen.

From 1991 to 1995 she served as Bremen's State Minister for Culture and the Integration of Immigrants under the coalition government of Klaus Wedemeier. She also headed the Department of Environmental Protection and Urban Development for a brief period beginning in February 1995.

From 1996 to 2004 she once again served as a member of the State Parliament of Bremen. She additionally served as the body's Vice President in the last two years of her term.

Europe
In 2004, 2009 and 2014 Trüpel was elected Member of the European Parliament (MEP) at the federal conferences of Alliance '90/The Greens. During her tenure as a MEP she held a variety of positions.

From 2004 to 2014 she served as deputy spokesperson of the German delegation of Greens. During this period she also served as her parliamentary group's spokesperson for budgetary affairs.

From 2004 to 2019 she was deputy chair of the Committee on Culture and Education.

From 2014 to 2019 she was a deputy member of the Committee on Budgets.

In addition to her committee assignments, Trüpel was also member of the European Parliament's Delegation for Relations with the People's Republic of China and a deputy member of the Delegation for Relations with the United States of America.

While criticizing the Jamaica Coalition in November 2017, Trüpel referred to Christian Democratic Union politician Jens Spahn as "right-wing, gay Spahn." This was met with nationwide criticism, leading to Trüpel temporarily suspending her party membership.

In September 2017, Trüpel announced that she would not stand in the 2019 European elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term. In her statement, Trüpel said she could not agree with the direction of the Green Party in the EU Parliament, particularly its support of open borders and increasing numbers of refugees.

Trüpel was also a vocal supporter of a highly controversial reform to the European Union's copyright law concerning digital content. She published a manifesto in support of the reform. Her claims were met with pushback from IT and legal experts, many of whom accused her of being misinformed.

Later career
Trüpel was nominated by her party as delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2022.

title: Helga Trüpel


text:
Talk:Rheumatoid arthritis

Vitamin D deficiency
I added to this article that having a vitamin D deficiency could be a risk factor for RA. Then I added that vitamin D supplementation could be a preventative measure for RA. Pthoman (talk) 15:31, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: PHMD 2040 Service - Learning Spring 2023
— Assignment last updated by JustinxLane (talk) 19:04, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

Dietary Add-On
No hyperlinks nor references have been given for the Dietary instruction given at the top of the page. It should also not belong there at the top. Feels like a scam and misleading. 189.236.44.94 (talk) 06:12, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rheumatoid arthritis


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Assiniboia, Saskatchewan

Assiniboia is a town in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is about 110 km south-southwest of Moose Jaw beside Highway 2 and Highway 13.

History
The Dominion Land Survey's description of the area around Assiniboia is Sec.18, Twp.8, R.29, W2. It was first settled by people of English, French, Romanian, Scottish, and Scandinavian descent. From 30 March 1908 to 23 November 1912, the post office at this location was named Leeville, Saskatchewan.

The settlement of Assiniboia originated on 12 October 1912, when the Canadian Pacific Railway put 980 lots up for sale at the townsite as it built a branch line through southern Saskatchewan. The community grew rapidly and on 22 December 1912, it was incorporated as a village. In 1913, the population rose from 400 to 1,400, and the community was incorporated as a town. The town's name comes from the former district of Assiniboia, in which the town is located.

During the Great Depression, town officials employed out-of-work men to construct the Assiniboia sewer system. Unfortunately, the town could not afford to operate it until 1948.

The RCAF Station Assiniboia World War II airfield, (now operated as the Assiniboia Airport) is located 6 NM north of Assiniboia. It was used for elementary flight school training during the World War II years of 1942-1944.

Assiniboia Regional Park
Assiniboia Regional Park (49.6263°N, -105.9905°W) is a regional park that was founded in 1977 and is operated from three locations around the town. There's a 9-hole golf course south of town, Willows Dam east of town, and Centennial Park in town.

The Centennial Park location has a campground with 17 campsites and modern showers and washrooms. Some of the other amenities at the park include an outdoor pool, picnic area, playground, potable water, tennis courts, sani-dump, and ball diamonds.

About 8 km east along Highway 13 is Willows Dam, also known as Willows Reservoir. The reservoir has a boat launch for fishing and commonly caught fish include walleye and perch. No motorised boats are allowed on the lake.

The Assiniboia Regional Park Golf Course is a 9-hole golf course located 3.2 km south of the campground that features grass greens, par 36 with blue tees totalling 2,768 yards and red tees totalling 2,548 yards. There is also a licensed club house with food and a pro shop.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Assiniboia had a population of $2,333$ living in $1,070$ of its $1,236$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,424$. With a land area of 3.68 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Climate
Assiniboia has a humid continental climate (Dfb).

Education

 * Seventh Avenue School (kindergarten - grade 4)
 * Assiniboia Elementary School (grades 5 - 8)
 * Assiniboia Composite High School (grades 9 - 12)
 * Southeast Regional College - Assiniboia Campus (post-secondary)

title: Assiniboia, Saskatchewan


text: User talk:81.17.130.211

title: User talk:81.17.130.211


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List of Australia national cricket captains

This is a list of the people who have been the official Australian captains in Tests, ODIs and Twenty20 Internationals cricket teams.

Australia participated in the first Test match in cricket in 1877, the first One Day International in 1971 (both against England) and the first Twenty20 international in 2005 (against New Zealand). In addition to officially sanctioned international matches and tours organised by the Australian Cricket Board (now known as Cricket Australia), there have been two major rebel Australian sides. In the 1970s many of Australia's leading players signed up for Kerry Packer's World Series Cricket and played in a number of SuperTests against other international sides. Then in the mid-1980s there were two rebel Australian tours to South Africa, which was at that time banned from official competition because of the apartheid regime then in force there. The captains of those Australian sides are also listed below.

Test match captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Australian cricket team for at least one Test match (not including vice-captains and other players who have deputised on the field for any period of time during a match where the captain has been unable to play). Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test, that denotes that player deputised for the appointed captain or were appointed by the home authority for a minor proportion in a series. The dagger classification follows that adopted by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack.

The table of results is complete up to the fifth Test against England in July 2023.

Notes:
 * 1 In 1945, just after the Second World War had ended in Europe, Warrant Officer Lindsay Hassett (as he then was) captained the Australian Services in five "Victory Tests" against England. The series was tied two-all with one draw. The "Victory Tests" have not, however, been granted full Test status.
 * 2 Includes one tie
 * 3 In 1971–72, the planned tour to Australia by South Africa was cancelled. A Rest of the World XI toured Australia in its place and played five "Tests". Ian Chappell captained Australia in all of them. The World XI won two "Tests", Australia one, with two being drawn. The matches have retrospectively been denied Test status.
 * 4 Ian Chappell and Greg Chappell are brothers, and grandsons of Vic Richardson.
 * 5 Steve Smith was removed as Australian captain during the third Test of the 2017–18 tour of South Africa due to a ball-tampering scandal. His vice-captain, David Warner was also stood down. Tim Paine acted as Australian captain for the remainder of the Test match. Smith and Warner were subsequently suspended following an investigation, and Paine was confirmed as captain for the Fourth (and final) Test.
 * 6 Pat Cummins was withdrawn from the Test squad after being deemed a close contact of a person who received a positive COVID-19 test. Vice-captain Steve Smith acted as Australian captain in his place.

Test match vice-captains
A number of players have served as vice-captain(s) in the Test side including:
 * Bill Woodfull – under Jack Ryder from October 1928 to March 1929, then promoted to captain
 * Vic Richardson – under Bill Woodfull from December 1932 to June 1934, when he was unavailable for selection
 * Don Bradman – under Bill Woodfull from June to August 1934, when he was unavailable for selection
 * Stan McCabe – under Vic Richardson from August 1934 to December 1936
 * Stan McCabe – retained the position under Don Bradman from December 1936 to August 1938, when he retired
 * Lindsay Hassett – under Don Bradman from November 1946 to August 1948, then promoted to captain
 * Arthur Morris – under Lindsay Hassett from December 1949 to November 1954
 * Arthur Morris – retained the position under Ian Johnson from November to December 1954 to March 1955, when he was made to step aside for Keith Miller
 * Richie Benaud – under Arthur Morris for one Test in December 1954, when Johnson was injured
 * Arthur Morris – resumed the position under Ian Johnson from December 1954 to March 1955, when he was made to step aside for Keith Miller
 * Keith Miller – under Ian Johnson from March 1955 to 1956, when he retired
 * Neil Harvey – under Ian Craig in 1957–58 vs South Africa
 * Neil Harvey – retained the position under Richie Benaud from December 1958 to February 1963, deputised as captain for one Test and later retired
 * Bob Simpson – under Richie Benaud for one Test in December 1963, then promoted to captain
 * Brian Booth – under Bob Simpson from January 1964 to January 1966, deputised as captain for two Tests and then dropped
 * Bill Lawry – under Bob Simpson from January 1966 to January 1968, then promoted to captain
 * Barry Jarman – under Bill Lawry from 1968 to January 1969, when he retired
 * Ian Chappell – under Bill Lawry from February 1969 to February 1971, then promoted to captain
 * Keith Stackpole – under Ian Chappell from June to August 1972,
 * Ian Redpath – under Ian Chappell from December 1972 to October 1975
 * Ian Redpath – retained the position under Greg Chappell from October 1975 to February 1976, when he retired
 * David Hookes – under Greg Chappell from December 1976 to June 1977, when he was made to step aside for Rod Marsh
 * Rod Marsh – under Greg Chappell from June to August 1977, then left to join World Series Cricket
 * Craig Serjeant – under Bob Simpson from December 1977 to January 1978, when he was dropped
 * Graham Yallop – under Bob Simpson from January to February 1978, when he was dropped
 * Jeff Thomson – under Bob Simpson from February to May 1978, then left to join World Series Cricket
 * Gary Cosier – under Graham Yallop from November to December 1978, when he was dropped
 * John Maclean – under Graham Yallop from December 1978 to January 1979, when he was dropped
 * Andrew Hilditch – under Graham Yallop from March to September 1979
 * Andrew Hilditch – retained the position under Kim Hughes from September to November 1979, when he was dropped
 * Kim Hughes – under Greg Chappell from November 1979 to June 1981, then stood in as captain when Chappell was unavailable for selection
 * Rod Marsh – resumed the position under Kim Hughes from June to September 1981, when he was made to step aside for Kim Hughes
 * Kim Hughes – resumed the position under Greg Chappell from November 1981 to March 1982, then stood in as captain when Chappell was unavailable for selection
 * Allan Border – under Kim Hughes from March to October 1982, when he was made to step aside for Kim Hughes
 * Kim Hughes – resumed the position under Greg Chappell from October 1982 to April 1983, when he was unavailable for selection
 * David Hookes – resumed the position under Greg Chappell from April to November 1983, when he was dropped
 * Greg Chappell – resumed the position under Kim Hughes from November 1983 to January 1984, when he retired
 * Allan Border – resumed the position under Kim Hughes from March to December 1984, then promoted to captain
 * Rodney Hogg – under Allan Border in December 1984, when he was injured
 * Andrew Hilditch – resumed the position under Allan Border from December 1984 to, when he was made to step aside for Graeme Wood
 * Graeme Wood – under Allan Border for one Test in June 1985, when he was made to step aside for Andrew Hilditch
 * Andrew Hilditch – resumed the position under Allan Border from June to November 1985, when he was dropped
 * David Hookes – under Allan Border from November to December 1985, when he was dropped
 * Ray Bright – under Allan Border from January to October 1986, when he was made to step aside for David Boon
 * David Boon – under Allan Border from September to December 1986, when he was dropped
 * Geoff Marsh – under Allan Border from January 1987 to January 1992, when he was dropped
 * Mark Taylor – under Allan Border from February 1992 to April 1994, dropped and injured once respectively, re-selected and later promoted to captain
 * Ian Healy – under Mark Taylor from April 1994 to March 1997, when he was sacked from the position
 * Steve Waugh – under Mark Taylor from March 1997 to February 1999, then promoted to captain
 * Shane Warne – under Steve Waugh from February 1999 to April 1999, when he was dropped
 * Mark Waugh – under Steve Waugh for one Test in April 1999, when Shane Warne was dropped
 * Shane Warne – resumed the position under Steve Waugh from July 1999 to August 2000, when he was sacked from the position
 * Adam Gilchrist – under Steve Waugh from August to December 2000, then stood in as captain when Waugh was injured
 * Ricky Ponting – under Adam Gilchrist (when Steve Waugh was injured) for one Test in December 2000
 * Adam Gilchrist – resumed the position under Steve Waugh from December 2000 to August 2001, then stood in as captain when Waugh was injured
 * Ricky Ponting – resumed the position under Adam Gilchrist (when Steve Waugh was injured) for one Test in August 2001
 * Adam Gilchrist – resumed the position under Steve Waugh from August 2001 to April 2003, when he was made to step aside for Ricky Ponting
 * Ricky Ponting – resumed the position under Steve Waugh from April 2003 to March 2004, then promoted to captain
 * Adam Gilchrist – resumed the position under Ricky Ponting from March to October 2004, then stood in as captain when Ponting was injured
 * Matthew Hayden – under Adam Gilchrist (when Ricky Ponting was injured) for three Tests in October 2004
 * Adam Gilchrist – resumed the position under Ricky Ponting from November 2004 to January 2008, when he retired
 * Michael Hussey – under Ricky Ponting for one Test in May 2008, when Michael Clarke was injured
 * Michael Clarke – under Ricky Ponting from May 2008 to March 2011, then promoted to captain
 * Shane Watson – under Michael Clarke, from March 2011 to April 2013, deputised as captain for one Test and later resigned from the position
 * Brad Haddin – under Michael Clarke from April 2013 to December 2014
 * Brad Haddin – retained the position under Steve Smith (when Michael Clarke was injured) from December 2014 to January 2015, when he was made to step aside for Steve Smith
 * Steve Smith – under Michael Clarke from January 2015 to August 2015, then promoted to captain
 * David Warner – under Steve Smith from August 2015 to March 2018, when he stood down following a ball-tampering scandal
 * Josh Hazlewood (jointly with Mitchell Marsh) – under Tim Paine from September 2018 to January 2019, when he was injured
 * Mitchell Marsh (jointly with Josh Hazlewood) – under Tim Paine from September 2018 to January 2019, when he was dropped
 * Travis Head (jointly with Pat Cummins) – under Tim Paine from January 2019 to November 2020, dropped at one point, re-selected and later sacked from the position
 * Pat Cummins (jointly with Travis Head until November 2020) – under Tim Paine from January 2019 to November 2021, then promoted to captain
 * Steve Smith – resumed the position under Pat Cummins from November to December 2021, then stood in as captain when Cummins was unavailable for selection
 * Travis Head – resumed the position under Steve Smith (when Pat Cummins was unavailable) for one Test in December 2021
 * Steve Smith – resumed the position under Pat Cummins from December 2021 to December 2022, then stood in as captain when Cummins was injured
 * Alex Carey – under Steve Smith (when Pat Cummins was injured) for one Test in December 2022
 * Steve Smith – resumed the position under Pat Cummins from December 2022 to March 2023, then stood in as captain when Cummins was unavailable
 * Alex Carey – resumed the position under Steve Smith (when Pat Cummins was unavailable) in March 2023
 * Steve Smith – resumed the position under Pat Cummins since March 2023

One Day International captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Australia national cricket team for at least one One Day International (ODI).

The table of results is complete up to the third ODI against England in March 2023.

Notes:
 * Source:
 * 6Ian Chappell also captained the Australians against a Rest of the World XI in three one-day matches in 1971/2. The series was tied one-all, with one match abandoned without a ball being bowled. These games are not now recognised as official ODIs.
 * 7Ricky Ponting also captained the ICC World XI in the first ODI played as part of the World Cricket Tsunami Appeal. The ICC World XI won that game.

Twenty20 International captains
Ricky Ponting was Australia's first captain in Twenty20 Internationals. On occasions when Ponting was unavailable, vice-captain Adam Gilchrist filled the role. In December 2007, Ponting was rested from the team to give the younger players exposure. Although vice-captain Gilchrist was in the team, 26-year-old Michael Clarke was selected as captain. Ponting called him the "obvious choice" and Clarke had been predicted to be the next full-time captain of Australia once Ponting stepped down from the captaincy. With Gilchrist's retirement from all forms of representative cricket at the end of the 2007–08 season, Clarke was promoted to the regular vice-captain's position. Thereafter, Cameron White was promoted as the captain, but George Bailey has taken over the captaincy in the two match series against India.

This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Australia national cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International (T20I). A total of eleven players have captained Australia in T20Is, of which Aaron Finch is the most successful captain, with 35 wins. Australia are currently captained by Mitchell Marsh in Twenty20 Internationals.

The table of results is complete up to the T20I against West Indies in February 2024.

Notes:
 * Source:

Other Men's captains
Captains of World Series Cricket teams (during the Packer split) and of the Rebel Australian XI to visit apartheid South Africa in 1985–86 are as follows:

World Series Cricket 1977–78 and 1978–79
Ian Chappell captained the WSC Australians in five Supertests in 1977–78, winning one and losing four. His brother Greg Chappell took over for a sixth Supertest, which the WSC Australians won. In 1978–79 in Australia Ian Chappell captained the WSC Australians in four Supertests, winning one, losing two and drawing the other one. In the same season in the West Indies, Ian Chappell went on to captain in five Supertests, winning one, losing one and drawing three.

South Africa 1985–86 and 1986–87
Kim Hughes captained a Rebel Australian XI to South Africa in 1985–86. He captained his Australian XI in 3 Rebel "Tests", losing one of them and drawing the other two. He also captained in another rebel tour in 1986–87 in 4 Rebel "Tests", losing one of them and drawing the other three.

Test match captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Australian women's cricket team for at least one women's Test match (not including vice-captains and other players who have deputised on the field for any period of time during a match where the captain has been unable to play). Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which she captained at least one Test, that denotes that player deputised for the appointed captain or were appointed by the home authority for a minor proportion in a series.

The table of results is complete up to 2023.

Women's One-Day International captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Australian women's cricket team for at least one women's One-Day International. Australia won the World Cup in 1977–78, 1981–82, 1988–89, 1997–98, 2004–05 and 2021–22.

The table of results is complete to the third ODI against the West Indies in October 2023.

Women's Twenty20 International captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Australian women's cricket team for at least one women's Twenty20 International. The table of results is complete to the third T20I against the West Indies in October 2023.

Test match captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Australia Under-19 cricket team for at least one match. Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test, that denotes that player was captain for a minor proportion in a series.

The table of results is complete to the one Test against Sri Lanka in 2019.

One-Day International captains
This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Australia Under-19 cricket team for at least one Under-19 One Day International. The table of results is complete to the 2012 ICC Under-19 World Cup. Australia won the World Cup in 1987–88 and 2001–02.


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User talk:Mlinder

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --fvw *  19:51, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Mlinder


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North Ice

North Ice was a research station of the British North Greenland Expedition (1952 to 1954) on the inland ice of Greenland. The coordinates of the station were 78.06667°N, -38.48333°W, at an altitude of 2341 m above sea level. The British North Greenland Expedition had its main base camp in Britannia Lake, Queen Louise Land. It was led by Commander James Simpson RN. The station recorded a temperature of -66.1 C on 9 January 1954, which made it the lowest temperature ever recorded in North America up until that time. It was superseded by an observation of -69.6 C at the Greenland Ice Sheet on 22 December 1991. The name of the station contrasts to the former British South Ice station in Antarctica.

title: North Ice


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Magool

Magool (Xaliimo Khaliif Cumar, (May 2, 1948 – March 19, 2004), born Halima Khaliif Omar, was a Somali singer.

Early years
Magool was born in the city of Dhuusamareeb the capital of the Galgaduud region in central Somalia to Cayr, Hawiye parents. She had five siblings.

In 1959, while living at the house of a cousin of hers named Mohamed Hashi, she joined a small Mogadishu-based band. Within that year, she moved to Hargeysa, where she accompanied the latter city's version of the Mogadishu-based Waaberi ensemble of musicians. It was at this point that fellow musician and songwriter Yusuf Haji Adan dubbed her Magool (meaning "flower"), a nickname by which she would come to be popularly known.

In the mid-1960s, Magool returned to Mogadishu. She then married a young general named Mohamed Nur Galaal. The marriage did not last but her popularity continued to rise.

Peak
In the 1970s, Magool sang famous patriotic songs while Somalia was at war with Ethiopia over the Somali Region.

By the late 1970s, while she still interpreted love tunes, Magool also began singing Islamic songs that criticized Somalia's then ruling military government. A self-imposed exile followed, which would last until 1987. Her concert of that year marking her return to the nation's capital, titled "Mogadishu and Magool", is to date the most successful concert in Somali history, with more than 160,000 people reportedly turning out in the city's stadium.

Magool's unique performances, ability to memorize entire albums' worth of material in a matter of hours, and her deep, emotive voice would eventually earn her the title of Hooyadii Fanka, or "Mother of Artistry."

Later years
On March 19, 2004, Magool died in a hospital in Amsterdam of breast cancer. She did not leave any children but her nephew is the famous Somali-Canadian rapper/singer K'naan.

title: Magool


text: User talk:217.81.224.165

title: User talk:217.81.224.165


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Template talk:Electronic dance music-footer

Popular music
No genres of Electronic art music are presented (just a link to, despite eight popular styles), making this Template:Popular electronic music. Hyacinth 19:55, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I am going to definitely change this horrible, inconsistent and pretentious template. Brian Wilson 11:10, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Adding Indietronica
there's a new genre of Electronic music popping up being called Indietronica. Should we possibly add this to the footer? --Threatis 20:32, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Eurodance
eurodance should be removed its not a genre its a subgenre. it should be replaced with either Disco or Hi-nrg —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zenithsonzai (talk • contribs) 03:33, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, that's pretty subjective whether something is a genre or subgenre. I would say that eurodance is large enough, and has been around long enough, to be a genre in its own right.  You wouldn't add disco to the template because not all disco music is electronic.  Most hi-nrg is electronic, however, hi-nrg isn't as recognizable as a genre name compared to eurodance. Squidfryerchef (talk) 02:51, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Problem: Ambient
Ambient music is clearly not dance music. It is however included here directly by inclusion of Template:Electronic music navbox (which says nothing about dance).

Possible solutions:
 * remove Ambient from that list
 * expand this template as a more general electronic music template (including electronic art music, etc.)
 * detach this template from the sub-template, making it into a separate list of dance genres

Can someone knowledgeable about the current usage of the templates suggest which would be best? I'm leaning on #3 currently. -- Trɔpʏliʊm • blah 12:22, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Glitch music genre
Hey, I'm just wondering if Glitch (music) could be added to the list it is an EDM Genre and isn'tt shown on the footer or list, I'd appreciate it if you could help. Thanks from 121.214.0.44 (talk) 09:38, 18 June 2013 (UTC)


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Industrial railway

An industrial railway is a type of railway (usually private) that is not available for public transportation and is used exclusively to serve a particular industrial, logistics, or military site. In regions of the world influenced by British railway culture and management practices, they are often referred to as tramways (which are distinct from trams or streetcars, a passenger technology). Industrial railways may connect the site to public freight networks through sidings, or may be isolated (sometimes very far away from public rail or surface roads) or located entirely within a served property.

Overview
Industrial railways were once very common, but with the rise of road transport, their numbers have greatly diminished.

An example of an industrial railway would transport bulk goods, for example clay from a quarry or coal from a mine, to an interchange point, called an exchange siding, with a main line railway, onwards from where it would be transported to its final destination.

The main reasons for industrial railways are normally for one of two reasons:
 * Onsite shunting and consolidation: part-finished products or goods require movement between different parts of the process site to enable them to be manufactured, or made-ready for shipment. Moving relatively small amounts of goods over short distances is expensive if undertaken by mainline railway operators, who make money for charging for the shipment of goods over long distances in bulk
 * Control of manufacture: Many industrial lines only operate for short periods of time, requiring the shipment of time-sensitive goods to the factory or processing point, over relatively short distances. These are mainly food products, often operating on narrow gauge lines to enable closer access to the originating point

Resultantly, most industrial railways are short, usually being only a few miles/kilometers long. While these types of lines most often at some point connect via exchange sidings or transfer sidings to bulk mainline shipping railways, there are notable exceptions which are hundreds of miles long, which include the iron ore-carrying railways in Western Australia, or in China to transport coal, while in Canada there are the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway and the Cartier Railway. These lines can be thought of as dedicated shipment routes, where only the products of that industry require shipment between those two points, and hence a dedicated line makes more economic sense with only limited possibility of consolidation of shipment with other industries. See Compagnie de gestion de Matane

Industrial railways serve many different industries. In both Australia and Cuba a large number of industrial railways serve the sugarcane industry. In Colorado, the Coors Brewing Company uses its own industrial railway at the brewery both for the delivery of raw materials and for shipping the finished product.

Military railways
Some industrial railways are military in purpose, and serve ammunition dumps or transportation hubs and storage facilities. The world's largest industrial railway serves the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and has been long operated by a military rail unit of the Russian Armed Forces. The railway closely participates in space launches, transporting space vehicles to their immediate launch pads.

title: Industrial railway


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Category talk:Ethiopian people

Name Change
I'm thinking this page ought to be titled "Ethopians" instead of "Ethopian People". Any thoughts?--Josiah 19:58, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * I am not against it, but only if this change is made throughout all people categories. gidonb 09:56, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Ethiopian people