text:
Talk:Land art

Anglo-Saxon bias?
The article clear claims land art is "largely associated with Great Britain and the United States" and us supposedly backed up by three references. I've checked the referenced articles and I can't seem to find anything in them to validate this claim. At best they point to American roots but not British. In fact it speaks of origins in other European nations but Britain: France. I do not see why this article specifically refers to Britain in addition to the USA other than that they're both English speaking nations? Smells like biased information filtering. In fact the only name the general public can come up with when thinking of land Serbia Christo. The claim that land art is largely associated with France (and maybe the USA) makes much more sense - the UK certainly does not deserve not any mentioning here more than France. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.75.105.213 (talk) 11:39, 12 January 2019 (UTC)

"Schum is considered the founder of the term Land Art." http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGerry_Schum — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.90.203.148 (talk) 01:18, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Comments
this picture is cool but i think his style is a little out of touch

Yes, and he/she seems to think that Land Art is dead and buried (hehe!) when there are several land artists still at work today! In short, it needs some major updating and re-editing. I'm not sure if I'm the person to do it though. (Somnia alondra 12:20, 21 March 2007 (UTC))

Why isn't the nazca lines mentioned? Surely those count as land art? Perhaps they should be considered the first attempts at large scale land art? Anonymous
 * I added the Nasca Lines (with references) as an example that pre-dates what was originally in the article.—OhioOakTree (talk) 15:28, 18 June 2017 (UTC)

should it be better an article on "contemporary" land art ? 176.186.145.164 (talk) 16:30, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

Czech land artist
I am trying to find the name of a Czech land artist whose work is similar in some ways to Andy Goldsworthy's. Any ideas? 89.240.7.188 10:45, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

crop circles
Shouldn't be crop circles be mentioned as popular form of land art? -- JakobVoss (talk) 00:21, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

"Earth art is an art movement which emerged in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s"
Really? What about the vast array of ancient geoglyphs like the Nasca Lines for example. The article seems a bit narrow minded in scope to be honest. 92.25.119.17 (talk) 17:15, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * 92.25.119.17—do you have any sources which might confirm for us that the Nazca Lines or other Geoglyphs are considered to be part of the art movement called Earth art? We can't just add material if that material cannot be verified. Bus stop (talk) 17:35, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I added the Nasca Lines (with references) as an example that pre-dates what was originally in the article.—OhioOakTree (talk) 15:28, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
 * —the Nazca Lines are not Land art. "Land art is an artistic protest against the 'perceived artificiality, plastic aesthetics and ruthless commercialization' of art in America in the late 1960s." You are creating a hodgepodge of contradictory ideas in the Land art article. It is not out of the question that you could mention similar cultural uses of the land predating the 20th century, but this should be done at a much more subsidiary level of the article, perhaps creating a paragraph lower down in the article, noting earlier instances of working the land to create images. But you are upending the late 20th century cultural phenomena by placing in the forefront such images that are not, strictly speaking, part of the subject of this article. Bus stop (talk) 15:58, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
 * That is one point of view, but it is not supported by the majority of reliable sources. It is very limited in scope and arbitrarily excludes important historical and relevant examples of this art form. There is no basis to choose one arbitrary reference (ignoring others) and using this as the foundation of the definition. The 20th century phenomena that happened in one country is actually a subsidiary of this class of art.—OhioOakTree (talk) 16:21, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
 * —you are speaking about a "majority of reliable sources". Please cut and paste an excerpt from a reliable source that you feel supports your contention that Nazca Lines are an example of Land art. Bus stop (talk) 18:30, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
 * It's ridiculous not to include land art created by early South American civilizations. This has been brought up more than once on this talk page but the article still has serious problems so I added a globalize header to the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.240.44.148 (talk) 22:06, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
 * "Earth Art, also known as Land Art, or Earthworks, emerged in the late 1960s as one of the many trends expanding the boundaries of art in terms of materials and sites." This is from Art in the Modern Era (2002) by Amy Dempsey. As to when and where the term "Earth Art" is applicable, "ArtSpeak: A Guide to Contemporary Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords, 1945 to the Present" (1997), by Robert Atkins, locates such art "primarily in northern Europe and the United States" in the "mid-1960s through 1970s." Bus stop (talk) 22:31, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
 * If that is the intended scope of the article, then it should say so in the lead paragraph. Currently the lead paragraph describes land art with a broad definition. It is a dis-service to readers to let them believe that land art was invented in America. If relevant information is deleted from the article, please only do so with a concurrent revision to the narrow definition of land art in the lead paragraph. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:CF02:C940:58F6:A9E9:C623:317F (talk) 22:37, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
 * You are suggesting that we belabor the definition of the sort of art under discussion. This is uncalled for. Sources do not see fit to explain something so obvious—if the art is a movement from the 1960s then a phenomenon from two millennium ago (Nazca Lines) are not a part of the same cultural activity. Bus stop (talk) 23:14, 18 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Since the Nazca lines (and other ancient earthworks) are not 20th century Land Art or 20th century Earthwork; I would suggest a separate brief but (linked) section on the pre-history of these types of uses of nature on the planet by various cultures for various reasons...Modernist (talk) 01:12, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I think that removing misinformation takes priority over constructing the article. The article as it now stands implies that the Nazca Lines belong to an art movement that took place in the 20th century. It is the topmost image in the article, and it is not even an example of Land art. Bus stop (talk) 01:40, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I've removed it and it should not be restored without consensus. It's simple: this article is about land art, a 20th century movement. That's all we can talk about in this article.  freshacconci  (✉) 01:44, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree. The impetus here by a couple of editors is to lump together all art that might benefit from aerial viewing. I don't know the sociological background that produced the Nazca Lines but we do know a little bit of what brought Earth art into existence. There was a zeitgeist in the art world to make art that escaped market forces. The Earthworks defied the marketing of art that was increasingly prevalent in the art world. There no doubt were other reasons as well that artists resorted to these types of works. But we do not know that such forces were at work in bringing the Nazca Lines into existence. Therefore pushing this point of inclusion of everything that seems to benefit from aerial viewing constitutes misinformation. Bus stop (talk) 02:01, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The definition of Land art is what is described in the article with supporting references. It is not based on opinions and conjecture on the Talk page. I added a brief section on the early history of Land art as discussed here, and also supported the lead paragraph with references. Please note that Wikipedia editors are free to expand any section, as long as it is done so with proper references. Similarly, properly referenced material should not be deleted in a wholesale manner, but can be edited for clarity, style, grammar, and so forth.—OhioOakTree (talk) 02:23, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Also, I don't know where you're getting your info from, but "properly referenced material should not be deleted in a wholesale manner" is not correct. Merely being referenced is not sufficient.  freshacconci  (✉) 02:33, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I removed it as original research. This article is about the 20th century art movement. Anything written about a pre-20th c. "early history" is WP:OR. There is no consensus to include this so do not restore.  freshacconci  (✉) 02:25, 19 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I repeat: do not restore this text. There is no consensus for it and it's original research. Please see WP:BRD.  freshacconci  (✉) 02:27, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * It's not original research. The material matched exactly what is described in the lead, and it also has its own references independently written by scholars not related to artists who created the art. Please read the references, and we can finish working on it in a day or two. In the meantime I restored the "Globalize" template at the heading of the article, which should not be removed until there is consensus here.—OhioOakTree (talk) 02:35, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Making the link between unconnected 20th century land art (the topic of this article) and prehistoric sites is original research. It does not belong and you do not have consensus. As I've said, merely being referenced is not sufficient. That's a backdoor to any number of fringe theories. We go by sources and sources for this article are for 20th century art. If someone wants to make a small section near the end, per Modernist's suggestion, about there being some suggestions about connections, then fine. But per WP:UNDUE it has to be brief and well-sourced and be only about that. We cannot make the leap to say it's the same thing: that's original research. Please read the links I've provided.  freshacconci  (✉) 02:42, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Some more reading: WP:POINT. Adding the globalize template as retaliation and suddenly mentioning "consensus" is in violation of this.  freshacconci  (✉) 02:45, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * At the end is fine with me. Please note that there is nothing in the Wikipedia guidelines that says anything needs to be brief, as long as it is notable, and properly referenced.—OhioOakTree (talk) 03:01, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * —our article Art movement says "An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years." The art movement under discussion, "Land art", takes place within a "restricted period of time". Original research is tantamount to misinformation. We most certainly do not believe that a "specific common philosophy or goal" unites the twentieth century activity and the activity of two millennium ago that you are trying to shoehorn into this article. Bus stop (talk) 03:05, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The article never describes this as a movement.—OhioOakTree (talk) 03:11, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * "Earth art, also referred to as Land art or Earthworks, is largely an American movement that uses the natural landscape to create site-specific structures, art forms, and sculptures. The movement was an outgrowth of Conceptualism and Minimalism: the beginnings of the environmental movement and the rampant commoditization of American art in the late 1960s influenced ideas and works that were, to varying degrees, divorced from the art market." Bus stop (talk) 03:20, 19 June 2017 (UTC)

 * "Land art was part of the wider conceptual art movement in the 1960s and 1970s. The most famous land art work is Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty of 1970, an earthwork built out into the Great Salt Lake in the USA." Bus stop (talk) 03:25, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The first text you mention I don't see in the current edition of the article. The second is in the section "Recent History", which represents one aspect of Land art. Works of recent history can go in this section. Historical works can go in "Early history" or wherever appropriate.—OhioOakTree (talk) 03:32, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * You are still referring (in your edit summary) to "early historic examples". "Early" would mean the 1960s, perhaps the 1950s. "Early" would not refer to a period of time two thousand years ago. Bus stop (talk) 03:48, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Adding new material to explain land art during other periods will help the article. We can work on it later, and it is certainly fine if you help with the editing. But in general you should not delete large sections of text which have proper references.—OhioOakTree (talk) 03:57, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * —what does "land art during other periods" mean when we know that Land art was an art movement of the 1960s and 1970s? It did not take place in "other periods". You can't add misinformation to the article. You can't add original research. Bus stop (talk) 04:10, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The references in the article show that not all art observers and scholars use that narrow definition. It is completely fine (actually preferred) for an article to expound on the range of views held by the public and the art community (as is evident by the comments here, and the references in the article).—OhioOakTree (talk) 04:25, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * —if you will notice I cut and pasted excerpts from my sources here on this Talk page for all to examine. Please do the same. Bus stop (talk) 04:38, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * There's already three in the article, and it's easy to find more:
 * http://www.land-arts.com/Land_art.html
 * http://mymodernmet.com/andy-goldsworthy-land-art/
 * http://www.thefreedictionary.com/land+art
 * http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/land-earth-art-gallery/#/crop-circles-england_59562_600x450.jpg
 * http://www.denarend.com/definitions/index.htm
 * https://www.crixeo.com/miha-brinovec-land-art/
 * http://greenmuseum.org/generic_content.php?ct_id=306 (paragraph on land art, says term land art is "common outside of the USA".
 * —OhioOakTree (talk) 05:03, 19 June 2017 (UTC)

Firstly, many of those links do not appear to be high-quality reliable sources. Secondly, many of them actually support the view that "land art" refers to the art movement starting the second half of the 20th century and not your contrary contention that it includes large-scale landscape artworks with very different motivations from previous centuries or millennia. Thirdly, I don't see any of them explicitly saying that the Nazca Lines (or other ancient geoglyphs) are a type of "land art". (Perhaps a "see also" ilnk to geoglyph is in order?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.205.251.118 (talk) 17:46, 20 June 2017 (UTC)
 * If there is a consensus to make this article only about an art movement of the 1960s and 1970s, while excluding other types of land art, it is OK with me. If there is agreement to do this, then we would need to explicitly make that the first statement of the article, so that readers understand what is the scope of this article. Subsequent revisions would also be necessary, to exclude work that is not within this scope, or to place it in subordinate sections. I'll wait for other comments to see what others prefer, and I can help adjust the article either way. Thanks.—OhioOakTree (talk) 21:44, 20 June 2017 (UTC)
 * —the first sentence of the article says that it is an "art movement of the 1960s and 1970s". That is sourced to the Tate museum using this source. Also note that the Tate source also says "Land art was part of the wider conceptual art movement in the 1960s and 1970s." Was the work produced by the Nazca culture part of a conceptual art movement? Bus stop (talk) 22:17, 20 June 2017 (UTC)
 * What about Earthworks, Earth art, and Environmental art? That is in the first sentence. Does all this only come from Americans? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:CF02:C940:1814:D5D:1639:A3D4 (talk) 00:23, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * You have made this edit. Why would you be adding that "This type of art is sometimes made by artists that aren't Americans, and is sometime made in time periods other than the 60s and 70s." Here is a source saying "Earth art, also referred to as Land art or Earthworks, is largely an American movement that uses the natural landscape to create site-specific structures, art forms, and sculptures. The movement was an outgrowth of Conceptualism and Minimalism: the beginnings of the environmental movement and the rampant commoditization of American art in the late 1960s influenced ideas and works that were, to varying degrees, divorced from the art market. In addition to the monumentality and simplicity of Minimalist objects, the artists were drawn to the humble everyday materials of Arte Povera and the participatory 'social sculptures' of Joseph Beuys that stressed performance and creativity in any environment." There are actually a multitude of sources both online and offline supporting these basic points. Furthermore this article includes artists and images of the work of artists from a multitude of countries. Why, in this edit, are you adding a banner saying this article doesn't "represent a worldwide view"? If you or another editor wishes to argue that "periods other than the 60s and 70s" are included in this movement then you need support in sources for that view. Bus stop (talk) 01:02, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * What about Earthworks, Earth art, and Environmental art? That is in the first sentence. Does all this only come from Americans? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:CF02:C940:1814:D5D:1639:A3D4 (talk) 01:19, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The article doesn't say that the artwork that is the subject of this article comes only from America. What it says is that it is "largely an American movement". This source says that "Earth art, also referred to as Land art or Earthworks, is largely an American movement". There are in fact artists hailing from many other countries in our article and our article references artworks situated in other countries and images are included of some of these. What is the reason you are adding the banner claiming that the article does not represent a worldview? Bus stop (talk) 02:18, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

"Many Earth artists so far have been British and American, and the influence can be seen of a strong landscape tradition (in the case of British art) and of the romance with the West (in American art). In the USA, where Earth Art first emerged, leading figures have included..."

"Earth Art became established as a movement with the 'Earth Works' exhibition at the Dwan Gallery in New York in 1968. Organized by Smithson, it included photographic documentation of projects, such as..."

The above two quotes were written in 2002 by Amy Dempsey in "Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Styles, Schools & Movements".

Online I find:

"It was 1968, and the U.S. was in the midst of a revolution. Civil-rights marches, the women’s liberation movement and anti-war protests were raging. Environmental activism was on the rise. The first man would soon walk on the moon. And the Virginia Dwan Gallery in New York City mounted a radical new exhibition called 'Earthworks,' featuring artists such as Robert Smithson, Walter de Maria and Michael Heizer. Taking vast, remote landscapes and the ephemeral conditions of nature as their sculptural canvas, these and other artists staged their own protest by rejecting traditional sculptural forms and practices, rigid modernist theory and the commercial confines of the museum-and-gallery system to create frequently massive land art works that heightened awareness of our relationship with the earth and challenged accepted definitions of art."

"Made of natural materials including rock, soil, sand and water—sometimes combined with industrial materials such as concrete, metal and asphalt—many of the early earth works from the late 1960s to early ’70s sprang up in the open deserts of the American West. These bold new experiments played with light and space, perception and the passage of time. They charted an arresting intersection between the temporal and divine, often recalling ancient monumental land works such as Stonehenge, the Pyramids, Native American mounds and the Nazca Lines in Peru. Yet they also drew from minimal and conceptual art, such as Italian Arte Povera, which exalted crude, humble materials, and the social sculpture of the German avant-garde artist Joseph Beuys. Subject to the shifting whims of nature, some of these works were short-lived, preserved only in photographs, drawings, video and film, ironically subverting the original intention of their creators to remove art from the galleries and museums."

The above two paragraphs show us that the USA was important in the genesis of the movement called Land art. It also shows the place of the "Nazca Lines in Peru" in our discussion. It includes "Nazca Lines in Peru" along with "ancient monumental land works such as Stonehenge, the Pyramids, Native American mounds". Importantly it says that Land art merely recalls these ancient works. This source is not including these ancient works among works properly belonging to the Land art movement. A properly sourced sentence can say in our article that Land art sometimes recalls ancient monumental land works such as Stonehenge, the Pyramids, Native American mounds and the Nazca Lines in Peru. If we include this we should be choosing our words carefully so as not to mislead the reader. Art grows out of a milieu. The importance of this can't be overemphasized. The reason an art movement has coherence is the commonality of milieu. We should not be using this article to mislead the reader into thinking all art that is best viewed from the air should be categorized as Land art. That is fundamentally incorrect. Our article art movement says "An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years. Art movements were especially important in modern art, when each consecutive movement was considered as a new avant-garde." Bus stop (talk) 12:59, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes please add or allow editors to add information about how some land art was in existence before Americans made land art. It is absurd to keep deleteing some sentences even when it is in a short paragraph and it causes readers to think land art was started by an American movement but it was not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:CF02:C940:D918:B095:E896:692E (talk) 15:37, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't own this article. I'm just trying to keep incorrect information out of this article. You suggest that we "add information about how some land art was in existence before Americans made land art". But that would be incorrect information, therefore that should not be added to the article. We are not here to provide the reader with misinformation. Bus stop (talk) 15:44, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * It's not misinformation. Here is a book about it, and you can also read about it on-line. Someone can use these as references or later I will work on it to improve this article.
 * book: Art of the Andes: From Chavín to Inca (World of Art), by Rebecca R. Stone.
 * website: http://www.onagocag.com/nazca.html
 * website: http://www.discover-peru.org/the-nazca-lines/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:CF02:C940:D918:B095:E896:692E (talk) 16:32, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Make a new and separate article and include crop circles and it will be linked to this one when it is done...Modernist (talk) 16:38, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * With respect, you are not in a position to tell me or other editors what to do. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:CF02:C940:D918:B095:E896:692E (talk) 16:52, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

 * And that's because of your vast experience, all 4 edits????Modernist (talk) 17:10, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, with all the IPs he's using, it may add up to about 20 edits.  freshacconci  (✉) 16:22, 22 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Some of the recent edits have helped, but the the article still has a strong European-American bias. The first sentence defines the scope as "1960s and 1970s, largely associated with Great Britain and America." But then the article's text has plenty of material and images outside of this scope, including works in Italy, Spain, Germany, Australia, and Sweden. Equivalent artwork that was created by other cultures, or non-Western artists currently has only a single sentence, the last in the article, and no images.2602:304:CF02:C940:D918:B095:E896:692E (talk) 15:47, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * To learn how and when to remove the "Globalize'' template please see Help:Maintenance template removal.76.240.44.148 (talk) 17:05, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Please read: WP:Sockpuppet, Read: WP:CONSENSUS...Modernist (talk) 17:52, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * One of the recent comments here asked editors to create a different article, but that does not solve the European-American bias in this article. Therefore the "globalize" header should remain with this article until there is consensus that it has been resolved.2602:304:CF02:C940:D918:B095:E896:692E (talk) 18:08, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * You are referring to a "European-American bias" and you are repeatedly adding a "globalize" tag but you have not suggested any artists or artworks for addition to this article therefore it is not clear what purpose you feel the "globalize" tag is serving. Bus stop (talk) 21:55, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * An example of a work similar to land art from a differant or earlier culture (not Western, i.e. American or European) might be fine. Such an example has been added with valid references, but the text or images have been deleted without justification.2602:304:CF02:C940:D918:B095:E896:692E (talk) 00:56, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Enough
There is consensus that the template should be not included; it's pointy and there have been no valid arguments for inclusion. Since it's one editor who tried to add it, it is up to him to convince the rest of us, which he hasn't so far. So consensus stands at no template. We of course are dealing with one editor: all the IP addresses are from Ohio and the mysteriously vanished OhioOakTree's username implies he's in Ohio. Clearly OhioOakTree is IP hopping to get around potential blocks and 3RR rules. However, his lack understanding of Wikipedia guidelines indicates a competency issue and clearly there is serious WP:POV pushing as well as WP:UNDUE. At least three editors agree with the scope of the article and that adding the template is disruptive. If this editor persists we'll have to take it further with a sockpuppet investigation and a trip to ANI. I appreciate Bus stop's work at working in some of the expanded info. I'd also suggest looking at Krauss's "Sculpture in the Expanded Field" as it addresses this very problem: earth/land art (sometimes) superficially resembles unconnected earlier works and some historians attempted to create a lineage linking earth art to Nazca, large-scale sculpture with Stonehenge, etc. She also brilliantly takes apart those claims as arbitrary and utterly meaningless. There are few if any legitimate sources since the early 70s attempting to make those links. So per Modernist and per Bus stop's work in the article, making a brief statement that because of superficial similarities, at one point a few historians attempted to make some sort of link but this is refuted by Krauss as absurd and completely unfounded. Anything more and we're in WP:UNDUE territory. Clearly OhioOakTree wants this to be an article that it is not and was never supposed to be and he seems to not understand why he can't just shove info into an existing article based on his ill-informed opinion.

We can and should file a report at the next instance of disruptive editing and get some other editors to weigh in as OhioOakTree will probably never understand the problems with his edits.  freshacconci  (✉) 21:59, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The template "globalize" pertains to the topic above. The editing is not disruptive. This article has been assessed as "C" class on the quality scale, so edits can be performed to improve this article.2602:304:CF02:C940:D918:B095:E896:692E (talk) 00:46, 23 June 2017 (UTC)
 * What you are calling "globalize" would be better characterized as foisting misinformation on the reader. This is an article about a contemporary art movement. We do mention Nazca Lines and other geoglyphs in this article. We tell the reader that examples from the contemporary art movement have been compared the archeological entities. But we should not "globalize" to the extent that a false comparison is created. This is because sources that are on the topic of the contemporary art movement draw very few connections between the two products of human culture. What sources concentrate on are factors that constitute a milieu from which an art movement emerges. Those factors pertain to the state of contemporary art itself, and other factors. We are not here to dumb down the subject matter that we are trying to tackle nor are we here to provide inept comparisons. On-topic sources tell us that the land art of the 1960s emerges out of related art movements, specifically conceptualism and minimalism. On-topic sources tell us that part of the impetus for land art was a rejection of art galleries. You cannot conflate unrelated things. Your attempts to do so fall under the problem called original research. You may feel that the topic of this article is any artwork that is best viewed aerially but that is an incorrect assumption. We allow reliable sources to tell us which artworks and artists properly belong within the contemporary art movement, as that is the subject of the article. Bus stop (talk) 01:35, 23 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Since the movement has clear precursors in some ancient art in the landscape, acknowledged by art historians, it would not be unreasonable to extend the currently tiny last line beyond its present scope. An illustration would not be amiss, within the section - but perhaps the Uffington White Horse rather than the contentious Nazca Lines? Using Dettwyler as a justification for doing so Dettwyler, Katherine. Cultural Anthropology & Human Experience: The Feast of Life Ghughesarch (talk) 01:47, 23 June 2017 (UTC)
 * "Clear precursors" is not quite accurate as it would suggest a theoretical or aesthetic connection, or suggests prehistoric works were created for the same reasons as the 20th century land/earth art works. But otherwise, a brief (per WP:UNDE mention of the similarities is acceptable, as we have all agreed. The problem with the edits is not the Nazca lines but the attempt to turn this article into a different article based on an editor's opinion. As I've suggested elsewhere, art historical discussions of similarities are fine, as long as it's wells-sourced. We just can't overstate it, or put an emphasis on it as a part of the main topic.  freshacconci  (✉) 02:04, 23 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Well then - at the moment, the link is excessively understated. Plenty of sources exist for a better, albeit short, section on "precursors", somewhere down the page, illustrative of the influences on modern land artists, without doing more than just mention (as is fact) that some historians, anthropologists, etc, have called ancient examples "land art". If OhioOakTree and some IP contributors - and some of those who disagree with them - weren't being quite so aggressive in their editing, it could be done in half an hour. Ghughesarch (talk) 02:12, 23 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I added a pic to illustrate text that is already in the article. References substantiate inclusion and the caption.76.240.44.148 (talk) 06:12, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Lead section changes
User:TIMC&GStudio Please read Manual of Style/Lead section for what is appropriate in a lead section. Theroadislong (talk) 11:48, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

Essentially past tense?
There is a problem with the tone of this article, and it's summed up by the very first line "Land art, variously known as Earth art, environmental art, and Earthworks, is an art movement of the 1960s and 1970s". Throughout the article the reader gets the impression that it's a movement that has ceased, or fallen very much out of favour. Various practitioners are certainly still at work (and some of its most notable figures only came to note after the 1970s). Perhaps "an art movement which rose to prominence in the 1960s and 1970s" would be more accurate? Ghughesarch (talk) 23:23, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I've made this edit which might address your concerns. Bus stop (talk) 00:14, 23 June 2017 (UTC)
 * It's a start, but I have to say I do tend to feel this is a rather American-centric article and (without wanting to endorse some of the recent disruptive edits), sentences like this: " In most respects, "land art" has become part of mainstream public art and in many cases the term "land art" is misused to label any kind of art in nature even though conceptually not related to the avant-garde works by the pioneers of land art.", with its use of "misused", imply a very limited definition of what constitutes Land Art for the purposes of the article. It wasn't, as far as I can tell, a movement that had a written manifesto and so is perhaps not susceptible to such a rigorous definition - certainly current general works on art history tend to embrace the idea that it is "art which is of the landscape, rather than in the landscape", and that is a wider definition than the one that seems to be being used here. Ghughesarch (talk) 00:27, 23 June 2017 (UTC)
 * "American-centric" is actually fine if the topic is American-centric! Most of the land/earth artists in the 60s and 70s were American. Nothing wrong with that and we can't force balance where there is none. Other nationalities are mentioned. The globalized template is incorrect in this instance, mainly because it's a) distruptive; and b) pointless since it's pointing out an editor's concern that we are all aware of.  freshacconci  (✉) 02:07, 23 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The article is America-centric, but the topic is not. Read some of the links in the section "Earth art is an art movement..." (above).2602:304:CF02:C940:D918:B095:E896:692E (talk) 03:48, 23 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The article is 1960s-centric, as it should be. The America-centric charge is a bogus charge because it matters little whether the land art of the 1960s was in Australia, the United States, or Europe, or anywhere else. It is all called land art because of the milieu out of which it arrises—conceptualism, minimalism, a return to the earth and rural living, a disgust with the commoditization of art. Any good text on this art movement is concerned with the milieu of the 1960s in the world and in the art world. Bus stop (talk) 04:21, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

 * In this edit you removed an image citing that it "is not land art [because it] was made to be displayed in an art gallery". I just wanted to point out Earth Room which is installed in an art gallery and is an example of land art. The article is about the art movement of the 1960s and onwards, this work being installed in 1977. Bus stop (talk) 12:59, 23 June 2017 (UTC)
 * And this goes to show that he doesn't know anything about the topic (and I've come across this same rock balancing enthusiast elsewhere -- this whole drama is just a POV-pushing exercise with the only goal being the inclusion of rock balancing as part of this article).  freshacconci  (✉) 13:17, 23 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The article for Earth Room doesn't call it Land art, and it is debatable whether it is. Also, please be careful about WP:PERSONAL. Articles are written using references to support statements. Not by editors adding unsourced opinion.2602:304:CF02:C940:D918:B095:E896:692E (talk) 06:12, 24 June 2017 (UTC)
 * This source writes "The New York Earth Room is an interior land-art installation by artist Walter de Maria." At this source I read "In the late 1960s Morris championed the turn from rigid geometry to the dispersed antiformalism of Postminimal art through his increasingly unstructured installations of soft and unbound materials. Dia will also acquire Untitled (Dirt) (1968), a critical example of Morris’s work during this phase. Untitled (Dirt) consists of a mass of earth, peat, oil, and debris poured directly onto the gallery floor. It was originally shown in the inaugural survey of Land art, Earth Works, at the Dwan Gallery in New York in October 1968, and it was produced at the same moment that Walter De Maria realized his first Earth Room at Heiner Friedrich’s gallery in Munich. With the acquisition of Untitled (Dirt), Dia will now maintain two iconic works of Land art made specifically for an interior space." At this source I read "Land art, also known as earth art, is art in which the landscape or natural elements often form the basis for the artwork. Artists may create artworks directly in the landscape, utilizing their natural surroundings and integrating the landscape itself into their work. Conversely, artists may also incorporate natural elements into works exhibited in gallery spaces. Land Art emerged in the southwestern United States during the late 1960s, and culminated in the mid-1970s. Since the 1970s, much Land Art has been absorbed into the broader realm of Environmental Art, as many artists began working in more urban and public spaces. Today, Land Art remains an integral part of Environmental Art, with artists practicing in many places around the world including Japan, South Africa, the Middle East, and Australia." I also read at that same source "Walter de Maria established his reputation as a prominent American Land Artist in the late 1960s with his debut of The New York Earth Room, a now legendary installation." Bus stop (talk) 06:48, 24 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Is there a similar reference to show that Jacek Tylicki's piece is land art? If we choose to be selective about the examples we use in the article, that probably needs a reference since it is unclear if it matches the scope defined in the lead.2602:304:CF02:C940:D918:B095:E896:692E (talk) 12:34, 24 June 2017 (UTC)
 * At this source I have found the following: "'Would installations make the same impact if they were on small scale?' It is an interesting query posed by Prof. B. N. Goswamy to the practitioners of Land Art. Such questions reflect the promise of growth as well as scope for experiment by the artists in this field. Not that artists have not tried to make Land Art small enough to be displayed in a museum, in fact Jacek Tylicki in 1973 had created works by leaving a museum paperboard or sheets of  paper on the bank of a river, in a forest and exposed to the wind for days, forcing nature to create art. Some of them merely 473 x 354 mm large and are now part of a museum collection. So it appears that it is not the monumental size that sets this art apart from other types of art but the essence of it that places it apart." Bus stop (talk) 13:51, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

 * As a general question as to whether something can possibly be land art if displayed in a gallery, the Tate museum says "Land art, which is also known as earth art, was usually documented in artworks using photographs and maps which the artist could exhibit in a gallery. Land artists also made land art in the gallery by bringing in material from the landscape and using it to create installations." Bus stop (talk) 14:19, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

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Ruthless commercialization
Found a source for this sentence: In the 1960s and 1970s land art protested "ruthless commercialization" of art in America.

In Land Art, by Tonia Raquejo, 1998, Nerea isbn: 978-84-89569-21-8 page 13. She says "Land Art should not be understood as an isolated trend, but as another proposal that was generated as a reaction from vanguards against pop art, which was interpreted as mercantilist for accepting capitalism and extol consumer society" (original text is in spanish).

Maybe the original sentence should be softened: In the 1960s and 1970s land art was part of a movement against commercialization of art in America.

Kasimxo (talk) 10:37, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

Gisela Colon not a Land artist and should not be listed
Editor has twice now added the artist Gisela Colon to this article, however Colon is not a Land artist and does not belong in the List of contemporary land artists in this article. A few of Colon's sculptures were sited in outdoor spaces and reflect the landscape; the work is associated with the California light-and-space movement, but not Land art. Her work is not recognized in any of the books or scholarly works on Land art. It should be removed. Netherzone (talk) 23:26, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

Thanks for your input! :) Kindly advise how to address Colon's inclusion in Land Art Biennial at Desert X 2020: https://glasstire.com/events/2021/03/24/gisela-colon/  https://galeriemagazine.com/desert-x-2020-saudi-arabia/

https://www.gavlakgallery.com/artists/gisela-colon Biography

American (b.1966, raised 1967 San Juan, Puerto Rico) Lives and works in Los Angeles, California

Gisela Colón has exhibited internationally throughout the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. Most recently, Colón presented a monumental site-specific installation in the Land Art Biennial, Desert X AlUla 2020 in Saudi Arabia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Empress-of-angels (talk • contribs) 19:15, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you kindly for your message,, however you are incorrect about this matter. That work of Ms. Colon is an outdoor sculpture - a sculpture placed in the outdoors. It is a nice minimalist metal sculpture but it is not Land Art. To try to shoehorn it into the Land Art genre is inaccurate and is not in compliance with DUE and UNDUE weight - See WP:DUE, which is a vital part of the encyclopedia's policy on Neutral Point of View - see WP:NPOV.
 *  None  of the books or scholarly texts on Land Art include her work. To define her work as such is a minority opinion bordering on WP:OR. The commercial gallery listing, press release are not independent reliable sources. The article that briefly mentions her calls her an "American artist" not an "American land artist"; it calls her work a "plastic sculpture" not a work of Land Art. Her work is not of this genre altho she was included in a show (a problematic one) that happened to also include actual works of Land Art. I'm sorry if this is a disappointment. Her work fits into minimalism and California light-and-space sensibilities, but not Land Art or Earthworks. Best regards, Netherzone (talk) 20:17, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Thank you for your explanation. We shall leave it to scholars and academics! Thank you again for the clarification! Empress-of-angels — Preceding unsigned comment added by Empress-of-angels (talk • contribs) 14:07, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:06, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png

title: Talk:Land art


text:
User talk:Mahmoudcdrom

New CDROM Provides Valuable Information on Profiting From the BOOm In the Import/Export Business'

=
================================== 'The Guide to Import/Export CD makes it easy for business owners or entreprenurs to get into and Profit from expanding world trade opportunities. The CD provides instant access to important information businessess shipping or receiving products overseas must have.

We tried the Guide to Import/Export CD and were pleasantly surprised. It is so easy to use even computer virgins in our office could run it!'

mahmoudcdrom@hotmail.com

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mahmoudcdrom


text:
Tae Kimura

Tae Kimura (木村 多江) is a Japanese actress. She won the Best Actress award at the 32nd Japan Academy Prize for All Around Us.

Biography
Kimura starred in Ryosuke Hashiguchi's All Around Us. Her performance in the film was described by Jason Gray as "one of the most accurate portrayals of someone suffering from depression I've ever seen."

She co-starred in Isshin Inudo's Zero Focus with Miki Nakatani and Ryōko Hirosue, and starred in Makoto Shinozaki's Tokyo Island.

She appeared in Miwa Nishikawa's Dreams for Sale.

Films

 * Hana and Alice (2004)
 * Infection (2004) – 2nd nurse
 * All About My Dog (2005)
 * Densha Otoko (2005)
 * Oh! Oku (2006)
 * Kaidan (2007)
 * All Around Us (2008)
 * Shizumanu Taiyō (2009)
 * Zero Focus (2009)
 * Tokyo Island (2010)
 * Yoake no Machi de (2011)
 * Dreams for Sale (2012)
 * Monsterz (2014)
 * The Case of Hana & Alice (2015)
 * Have a Song on Your Lips (2015)
 * Gold Medal Man (2016)
 * Kōfuku no Alibi (2016)
 * Cat Collector's House (2017)
 * Yurigokoro (2017)
 * Bōkyō (2017) – Sayoko
 * Good-Bye (2020) – Shizue Tajima
 * Not Quite Dead Yet (2020)
 * The Supporting Actors: The Movie (2021) – Herself
 * Your Turn to Kill: The Movie (2021)
 * Cottontail (2022) – Akiko
 * Prior Convictions (2022) – Emma Miyaguchi
 * My Home Hero: The Movie (2024), Kasen Tosu
 * 90 Years Old – So What? (2024), Mariko Kikkawa

Television

 * Ring: The Final Chapter (1999)
 * Unfair (2006)
 * Masshiro (2015)
 * Daddy Sister (2016), Kimiko Kohashi
 * Your Turn to Kill (2019), Sanae Enomoto
 * 24 Japan (2020), Rikka Shidō
 * Involvement in Family Affairs (2022), Kumi Miyama
 * Last Man:The Blind Profiler (2023), Deborah Jean Hongō
 * What Will You Do, Ieyasu? (2023), Nabe
 * My Home Hero (2023), Kasen Tosu
 * Alice in Wonderful Kitchen (2024), Makiko Gojō
 * House of Ninjas (2024), Yoko Tawara

title: Tae Kimura


text:
Montanelli

Montanelli may refer to:

People

 * Giuseppe Montanelli (1813–1862), Italian statesman and author
 * Indro Montanelli (1909–2001), Italian journalist and author

Places

 * Montanelli, Palaia, a village in Tuscany

title: Montanelli


text:
Ranjana script

The Rañjanā script (Lantsa ) is an abugida writing system which developed in the 11th century and until the mid-20th century was used in an area from Nepal to Tibet by the Newar people, the historic inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley, to write Sanskrit and Newar (Nepal Bhasa). Nowadays it is also used in Buddhist monasteries in China, especially in the Tibetan Buddhist areas within the Tibet Autonomous Region, Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai and Gansu; Mongolia, and Japan. It is normally written from left to right but the Kutakshar form is written from top to bottom. It is also considered to be the standard Nepali calligraphic script.

History
Rañjanā is a Brahmic script which developed around 1100 CE. It was used in Nepal and is still used in Nepal by the Newar people to write the Newar language. The script is also used in most of the Mahayana and Vajrayana monasteries. Along with the Prachalit Nepal alphabet, it is considered one of the scripts of Nepal. It is the formal script of Nepal duly registered in the United Nation while applying for the free Nation. The Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra lettered in gold ink by Bhiksu Ananda of Kapitanagar and dating back to the Nepal Sambat year 345 (1215 CE) is an early example of the script.

After falling into disuse in the mid-20th century, the script has recently seen an increased use. It is used by many local governments such as those of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City, Bhaktapur Municipality, Thimi Municipality, Kirtipur Municipality, Banepa Municipality, in signboards, letter pads, and such. Regular programs are held in the Kathmandu Valley to promote the script and training classes are held to preserve the language. The script is being endorsed by the Nepal Bhasa movement and is used for headings in newspapers and websites. A Nepalese-German project is trying to conserve the manuscripts of Rañjanā script.

Vowel diacritics
The shape of the combining marks indicating the vowels आ ā, ए e, ऐ ai/ē,ओ o, and औ au/ō in Ranjana script take a different form when combined with the eight consonants  ख kha, ग ga, n ञ nya, ठ ṭha ण ṇa, थ tha, ध dha or श sha(or where one of these is the first consonant in a combination) (In addition the vertical marks indicating  आ ā or ī may take a shorter form when combined with the consonants क ka, ज्ञ ja, or ठ ṭha.)

Use
Rañjana is mostly used for printing Hindu and Buddhist scriptures and literature in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit used by the Newar community. Rañjana is also in current use for printing "high status" documents (wedding invitations, certificates, etc) in Nepal in the Newar language and for Newar language book titles. In Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhist traditions, it is famously used to write various mantras including the "Om mani padme hum" mantra of Avalokiteśvara, the mantra of Tara: "Om tare tuttare ture svaha", and the mantra of Manjusri: "Om a ra pa ca na dhi." The script is also used in Hindu scriptures.

In Chinese Buddhism and other East Asian Buddhism, the standard Sanskrit script for mantras and dhāraṇīs was not the Rañjanā script, but rather the earlier Siddhaṃ script that was widely propagated in China during the Tang dynasty. However, in late Imperial China, the influence of Tibetan Buddhism popularized the Rañjanā script as well, and so this script is also found throughout East Asia, but is not as common as Siddhaṃ. In Vietnam, Rañjanā script is often used during Buddhist rituals especially by monks in the central region such as Huế. Talismans are often made using Rañjanā mantras read "Om mani padme hum" or "Om cale cule cundi svaha" the mantra of Cundi Bodhisattva. The script has also been adopted by Vietnamese folk shamans in their use of amulets such as Lỗ Ban phái, a Taoist folk sect that arrived from China named after Lu Ban, patron god of carpenters.

Use in Tibet
When Rañjanā was introduced to Tibet, it was referred to as Lantsa, which is simply a Tibetan transcription of the Sanskrit word लञ्ज or Lañja (which means 'tail' or 'foot'). Lantsa varies somewhat from the standard Rañjanā as written in Nepal today. In particular the glyph shapes of some consonants and ligatures differs and vowel diacritics do not usually change with the consonants ख kha, ग ga, n ञ nya, ठ ṭha ण ṇa, ध dha  श sha as described above~ with the sole exception of the letter ठ ṭha. The shape of the numerals or digits also differs.

In Tibet, the Lantsa variant is used to write Buddhist texts in Sanskrit. Examples of such texts include the Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti, the Diamond Sutra and the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra. The Lantsa script is also found in manuscripts and printed editions of some Sanskrit-Tibetan lexicons such as the Mahāvyutpatti. and it is frequently used on the title pages of Tibetan texts, where the Sanskrit title is often written in Lantsa, followed by a transliteration and translation in the Tibetan script. The script is also used to prepare Mantra and Dharani inserted into Buddhist images and Stupa for consecration, as well as in the drawing of certain mandalas ( similar to the Japanese use of the Siddhaṃ script).

Lantsa is frequently seen on the outside of prayer wheels, and decoratively on the gateways, walls. beams and pillars of Tibetan temples and monasteries.

Numerous alternative spellings of the term Lantsa exist, including the following:
 * Lanja
 * Landzha
 * Lantsha
 * Lentsa
 * Lendza

Monogram (Kutākshar)
Kutākshar is a monogram of the Ranjana script. It is only one of the Nepalese scripts that can be written in monogram.

Unicode
A Unicode block for the script has been proposed by Evertype.

title: Ranjana script


text:
Talk:Power Rangers Lost Galaxy

Merger
Following text is from Galaxy Power Rangers, now redirected here. Merge in any content as you see fit:

The Galaxy Power Rangers are modern-day chosen wielders of the ancient Quasar Sabers.

The Rangers morph using the Transmorphers, given by the Quasar Sabers.

The Rangers are armed with Quasar Saber(s), Transdagger(s) (which transform into individual weapon), and the Quasar Launcher(s) (with two modes: bazooka and staff).

They are powered up using the Lights of Orion, which gives them and their Megazord gold armor, and are able to become pure energy to destroy an alien monster.

They use the Astro Megaship to monitor Terra Venture. They travel through the air in Jet Jammers, travel on land in the Astro Cycles, and when having to morph while on a horse, the horse gains a helmet-mask like the Ranger. The Red Galaxy Ranger's personal cycle is the Red Capsular Cycle.

They are aided by the Galactabeasts, which transform into Galactazords to become the Galaxy Megazord. They later get help from Stratoforce, Centaurus, and Zenith Carrierzord.

I have remade the Galaxy Power Rangers article, and merged all the seperate Ranger articles into it. Some of the above information is there, and there is more in the article Zords in Power Rangers: Lost Galaxy. Supermorff 21:45, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

DVD
I think guides as to which episodes of all these series have appeared on DVD would be a good addition. Since Disney isn't likely to release full season sets anytime soon, this information would be both interesting and helpful. --CmdrClow 23:34, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Power Rangers: RPM which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 10:00, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Power Rangers Samurai - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 00:41, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Power Rangers Megaforce which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 04:15, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

Cast list vs Character list
This is something that really affects all of these Power Rangers articles, but in these edits, made a good-faith attempt to restructure the cast list, but in doing so, inadvertently turned it into a Character list. A cast list should begin with a list of the cast, that is, the actors. "Harrison Ford as Han Solo, the pilot of the Millenium Falcon" vs "Han Solo, the pilot of the Millenium Falcon. (Portrayed by Harrison Ford) So far the following Power Rangers articles employ cast lists: I'm only aware of Power Rangers Turbo containing a character list, but there may be more. However, if Wajenkins wants to change this, he will need consensus to do so, and I recommend seeking that consensus at Talk:Power Rangers, and dropping invites on all the different pages so that interested parties may comment. But my guess is that it was just an honest mistake. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 19:15, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Power Rangers Dino Thunder
 * Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue
 * Power Rangers Lost Galaxy
 * Power Rangers Mystic Force
 * Power Rangers Ninja Storm
 * Power Rangers Operation Overdrive
 * Power Rangers S.P.D.
 * Power Rangers Time Force
 * Power Rangers Wild Force

Character vs cast
Why do we have one rule for MMPR, MMAR, Zeo, Turbo, and In Space, but another rule for Lost Galaxy onwards? Power Rangers is a children's show first and for-most, therefore it would make sense to have a character list over a cast list due to most children recognise the characters of a tv show first, then (if lucky) will acknowledge the cast who plays the characters. my edits were to keep in line with what is set out on MMPR, as all the other series are in effect spin offs from MMPR.

I see the other argument for cast lists over character lists, however i see it that they only work for visual entertainment that is firstly aimed at an older audience, in which perhaps children have also secondly liked. Older audiences tend to respect the actors involved, for their portrayal of a character; thus the example used of Harrison Ford's Han Solo works.

To Conclude, while i favour cast list over character list, a children shows should be done in characters lists because of how the majority of children perceive the show.

Note: this is coming from someone who grew up with Power Rangers, and knows from personal experience of myself and my friends who also watched the show. Thank you :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wajenkins (talk • contribs) 17:32, 27 March 2015 (UTC)
 * You might consider posting a tailored version of this query on the main Talk:Power Rangers discussion page since you're effectively proposing a change that will span a number of articles. Place it there will help draw more eyes to your proposal, rather than posting it here, on this somewhat obscure page. Good luck, Cyphoidbomb (talk) 17:55, 27 March 2015 (UTC)

Removed reference
I have removed the following reference because it failed verification and does not correspond to anything currently mentioned in the article. It might fit in a “Development” section, though.

I’ve also removed a link to a Tripod site(?!) and moved a couple refs that blatantly violated text-source integrity. —151.132.206.250 (talk) 18:24, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Power Rangers Lost Galaxy


text:
Category talk:Fleetway and IPC Comics titles

I'm not sure how to categorise strips. We alrady have a 2000 AD category, & I started an Eagle category, but perhaps a catch-all category similar to DC Thompson may be more effective?

--Vodex 09:08, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:70.33.126.99

title: User talk:70.33.126.99


text:
Lee Hall

Lee Hall may refer to:

People

 * Lee Hall (artist) (1934–2017), American abstract painter, writer, educator, and former university president
 * Lee Hall (playwright) (born 1966), English playwright and screenwriter
 * Jesse Lee Hall (1849–1911), American Western lawman
 * Lee Hall (died 1955), pilot of United Airlines Flight 629, destroyed by a bomb in 1955

Places

 * Lee Hall, Virginia, a community within Newport News, Virginia
 * Lee Hall Mansion, the historic NRHP-listed house for which the community is named
 * Lee Hall Depot, the historic NRHP-listed train station that served the community from the late 19th to the late 20th century
 * Lee Hall (Virginia Tech), a residence Hall on the campus of Virginia Tech
 * Leigh Hall (Gainesville, Florida)
 * Lee Hall, a building at Wolfson College, Cambridge, England

title: Lee Hall


text:
HHN

HHN may refer to:
 * Frankfurt–Hahn Airport, serving Frankfurt am Main, Germany
 * Universal's Halloween Horror Nights, a seasonal Halloween event at Universal Studios theme parks
 * Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba, an Iraqi paramilitary organisation
 * Healing Heroes Network, an American veterans' organizations

title: HHN


text:
Talk:Lee Hall

Note there was a Previous deletion debate (November 2004), which only concerned the pilot.  09:25, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lee Hall


text:
Adelaide Ristori

Adelaide Ristori (29 January 1822 – 9 October 1906) was a distinguished Italian tragedienne, who was often referred to as the Marquise.

Biography
She was born in Cividale del Friuli, the daughter of strolling players and appeared as a child on the stage. At age fourteen, she made her first success as Francesca da Rimini in Silvio Pellico's tragedy of the same name. At eighteen she was playing Mary Stuart in an Italian version of Friedrich Schiller's play of the same name. She had been a member of the Sardinian company and also of the Ducal company at Parma for some years before her marriage to Giuliano Capranica, marchese del Grillo, in 1846. After a short retirement from her career, she returned to the stage and played regularly in Turin and the provinces.

It was not until 1855 that she paid her first professional visit to Paris, where the part of Francesca was chosen for her début. In this she was rather coldly received, but she took Paris by storm in the title role of Alfieri's Myrrha. Furious partisanship was aroused by the appearance of a rival to the great Rachel. Paris was divided into two camps of opinion. Humble playgoers fought at gallery doors over the merits of their respective favourites. The two famous women never actually met, but the French actress seems to have been convinced that Ristori had no ill feelings towards her, only admiration and respect. A tour in other countries was followed (1856) by a fresh visit to Paris, when Ristori appeared in Montanelli's Italian translation of Ernest Legouvé's Medea. She repeated her success in this in London. In 1857, she visited Madrid, playing in Spanish to enthusiastic audiences, and in 1866 she paid the first of four visits to the United States, where she won much applause, particularly in Paolo Giacometti's Elisabeth, an Italian study of the English sovereign. In a letter to The Daily Alta California, humorist Mark Twain attributed Ristori's popularity in America in this later phase of her career to "determined newspapers and shrewd managers".

In 1875, after one of the United States visits, she toured to Australia, performing the roles of Medea (Euripides) Mary Stuart, and the title role in Elizabeth, Queen of England, written especially for her by Paolo Giacometti. Ristori's niece Giulia Tessero and the latter's husband, Eduardo Majeroni, joined Ristori's world tour, later settling in Australia and working as actors and theatre managers.

Of her 1878 tour to Spain, Ristori said, "[It] was not a great pleasure to me, because I already knew the country; and also, with the exception of Madrid and Barcelona, which are still flourishing, I found all the towns much changed in every way, politically and otherwise, for the worse", but a tour to Scandinavia the following year, "on the contrary, was a great delight to me—the seeing [of] entirely new and charming countries, and the making [of] acquaintances with a most enthusiastic public, who lauded me to the seventh heaven!"

In Victoria, Australia, a company working several gold mines on the rich Berry Lead near Allendale was named Ristori after her, which led to a part of Allendale being known as Ristori town:"'...the villages of Allendale (with its suburbs, Ristori Town and Broomfield)...the Ristori group owed their names to the original Adelaide Ristori, the Italian actress.'"

She retired from professional life in 1885, and died on the 9 October 1906 in Rome. She left a son, the marchese Giorgio Capranica del Grillo, and a daughter, Bianca Capranica (aka Bianca Ristori)

In 2022, on the occasion of the bicentenary of Ristori, the Museo Biblioteca dell'Attore of Genoa (which owns the Ristori legacy) organized a series of celebrations with the National Theater of Genoa, the University and the Municipality of Genoa, including one theatrical show with Lady Macbeth from Ristori directed by David Livermore, an exhibition of Ristori costumes at Palazzo Lomellino (Palazzo dei Rolli) and an international university conference on the actress to be held at the University of Genoa and Milan. This celebration has become one of the two UNESCO events entrusted to Italy for 22-23, the other being the centenary of Pasolini.

Studies and Memoirs
Her publication, Studies and Memoirs (1888), provides a lively account of an interesting career, and is particularly valuable for the chapters devoted to the psychological explanation of the characters of Mary Stuart, Elizabeth, Myrrha, Phaedra and Lady Macbeth, in her interpretation of which, Ristori combined high dramatic instinct with the keenest and most critical intellectual study.

"Madame Ristori's Etudes et Souvenirs is one of the most delightful books on the stage that has appeared since Lady Martin's charming volume on the Shakespearian heroines."

title: Adelaide Ristori


text:
All Skrewed Up

All Skrewed Up is the debut studio album by the British rock band Skrewdriver, released in 1977. It was issued with four different sleeve colours - green, orange, yellow, and pale purple. It was later re-released in 1990 as "The Early Years" with five additional tracks, including the singles "Unbeliever" and "Streetfight", originally issued on the German release. The Early Years is the only official release of the All Skrewed Up tracks on CD.

Ian Stuart Donaldson was the only member of the record's line-up to play on future Skrewdriver releases.

The album contains none of the neo-Nazi-themed and white power-themed lyrics that Skrewdriver used later.

Original vinyl pressing, 1977, Chiswick Records
The tracks "Streetfight" and "Unbeliever" (intended to be the A and B sides on a 7" which never made it past the test pressing stage) were included on the German version of the album as tracks 8 and 12, respectively.

CD reissue, 1991, Rock-O-Rama Records
"Streetfight" and "Unbeliever" were taken from the German version of the album, "You're So Dumb" and "Better Off Crazy" from the "You're So Dumb" single and "19th Nervous Breakdown" from the "Antisocial" single.

Personnel

 * Skrewdriver
 * Ian Stuart Donaldson – vocals
 * Phil Walmsley – guitar
 * Kevin McKay – bass
 * John "Grinny" Grinton – drums
 * Kevin Wilson – vocals
 * Technical
 * Neil Richmond – engineer

title: All Skrewed Up


text:
User talk:Kadril

Well, I just got a user account on Wikipedia. We'll see how it goes. --2/27/2005

title: User talk:Kadril


text:
Charles D'Ebro

Charles Abraham D'Ebro (1850–1920) was an Australian architect who designed many important buildings in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia during the late Victorian and early Edwardian periods. Many of these buildings are now preserved under heritage laws. From 1881 to 1885, he enjoyed a very productive partnership with John Grainger, the designer of the Princes Bridge, with whom he had emigrated to Adelaide in 1877.

Biography
D'Ebro was born 27 October 1850 at 10 Bury Street, Bloomsbury, London, the posthumous son of Charles D'Almandos D'Ebro, Baron and Chevalier, who died 16 August 1850, and Frances, the daughter of the artist Justin McArthy. She remarried 30 May 1853, becoming the second wife of Abraham Cooper (1789–1868), R.A. D'Ebro married Blanche Mary Tracy (1859–1943) in 1891, and they had a daughter Ethel (Essa) in 1892. He apparently committed suicide in Perth, Western Australia on 23 June 1920.

Attributed works

 * (1887) Auckland Art Gallery, Auckland Main gallery, with John Grainger
 * (1887) Fremantle Town Hall, Victorian Free Style (Classical), with John Grainger
 * (1889) Moorakyne, the former mansion home of merchant John Grice
 * (1890) Stonington (also spelt Stonnington) of Malvern in the Italian Renaissance style, mansion & stables
 * (1890) Prahran Town Hall Clock Tower, Prahran, Melbourne.
 * (1891) The Richmond Power Station.
 * (1891) The Winfield Building in the Queen Anne style, with Richard Speight which forms part of a notable Collins Street streetscape
 * (1901–1902) Former Gollin and Company Building in the Queen Anne style. Bourke Street, Melbourne
 * (1904) Adelaide Steamship Company building in the Palazzo style (destroyed 1980)
 * (1907–1908) Scottish House in the Palazzo style, on William Street, Melbourne.

Resource

 * City of Stonnington history City of Stonnington

title: Charles D'Ebro


text:
User talk:Jivi

thats a large undertaking. good luck. Muya 09:13, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I got all night :D --Jivi 09:17, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Jivi


text:
Pumpkin seed oil

Pumpkin seed oil is a culinary oil, used especially in eastern Europe.

Culinary uses
This oil is a culinary specialty from what used to be part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and is now southeastern Austria (Styria), eastern Slovenia (Styria and Prekmurje), Central Transylvania, Orăștie-Cugir region of Romania, north western Croatia (esp. Međimurje), Vojvodina, and adjacent regions of Hungary. It is also used worldwide, including North America, Mexico, India and China.

Pumpkin seed oil has an intense nutty taste and is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Browned oil has a bitter taste. Pumpkin seed oil serves as a salad dressing. The typical Styrian dressing consists of pumpkin seed oil and cider vinegar. The oil is also used for desserts, giving ordinary vanilla ice cream a nutty taste. It is considered a delicacy in Austria and Slovenia, and a few drops are added to pumpkin soup and other local dishes. Using it as a cooking oil, however, destroys its essential fatty acids.

Production
Oil from pumpkin seeds is extracted by solvent extraction or by supercritical carbon dioxide methods. Once the oil is obtained, further specific extractions may be done, such as for carotenoids.

Styrian oil – an export commodity of Austria and Slovenia – is made by pressing roasted, hull-less pumpkin seeds from a local variety of pumpkin, the "Styrian oil pumpkin" (Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo var. 'styriaca', also known as var. oleifera). High-temperature roasting improves the aromatic quality of pumpkin seed oil.

Seed types and oil
The viscous oil is light to very dark green to dark red in colour depending on the thickness of the observed sample. The oil appears green in thin layers and red in thick layers, an optical phenomenon called dichromatism. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the substances with the strongest dichromatism. Its Kreft's dichromaticity index is −44. When used together with yoghurt, the oil turns bright green and is sometimes referred to as "green-gold".

Other types of pumpkin seed oil are also marketed worldwide. International producers use white seeds with shells and this produces a cheaper white oil. New producers of seeds are located in China.

An analysis of the oil extracted from the seeds of each of twelve cultivars of C. maxima, related, yet different pumpkin species, yielded the following ranges for the percentage of several fatty acids:

The sum of myristic and palmitic acid content ranged from 12.8 to 18.7%. The total unsaturated acid content ranged from 73.1 to 80.5%. The very long chain fatty acid (> 18 carbon atoms) content ranged from 0.44 to 1.37%.

The oil is localised in the small lipid droplets in the cotyledon cells.

title: Pumpkin seed oil


text:
User:MYOCHU

A state living in is Japan.(Hyogo-prefecture Nishinomiya-city)

title: User:MYOCHU


text:
File:AllSkrewedUp.jpg

Summary
Skrewdriver – All Skrewed Up album cover. Copyright 1977 Chiswick Records.

title: File:AllSkrewedUp.jpg


text:
Adelsberg

Adelsberg may refer to:

 * Adelsberg, the German name for Postojna, a town in Inner Carniola, Slovenia
 * Adelsberg (Gemünden am Main), a settlement in Main-Spessart, Bavaria, Germany
 * Adelsberg (hill), a mountain of Saxony, Germany

title: Adelsberg


text:
Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa

Maharishi Vedic City (MVC) is a city in Jefferson County, Iowa, United States. The population was 277 at the time of the 2020 census. The city was incorporated in 2001 as "Vedic City" but then officially changed its name to "Maharishi Vedic City" five months later. It was the first city to incorporate in Iowa since 1982. Maharishi Vedic City consists of approximately one square mile, located about four miles north of Fairfield, the home of Maharishi University of Management.

The city plan and buildings are based on Maharishi Sthapatya Veda, which is said to be an ancient system of architecture and design, revived by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Its goals are to "protect, nourish, and satisfy everyone, upholding the different social, cultural, and religious traditions while maintaining the integrity and progress of the city as a whole".

History
The concept of a "Vedic City" was conceived by the Maharishi, and a real estate developer and several others began to actualize the vision for a Vedic town in 1991. The first resolution of the city council proclaimed the constitution of the city to be the same as "the Constitution of the Universe — Total Natural Law — RK Veda".

More than a dozen developers purchased 50 farms totaling 3,000 acre, some 1,200 of which were designated for the town itself. Together, they planned a city arranged in ten circles totaling about one square mile, along with paved roads, utilities, sewage and Internet. They then began the first phase of construction, which included two hotels, various houses and office buildings. After one year, 46 structures had been built and more than $35 million spent on development. Financial and infrastructure needs led the developers to seek formal designation as a city from the state, and after petitioning the Iowa City Development Board and holding a referendum, it was incorporated as Iowa's newest city on July 25, 2001 — the first in Iowa since 1982. Planners expected the city to have a population of over 1,000 by 2010, many of them transplants from nearby Fairfield. In the early stages of development, Vedic City set aside 50 acres as land for conservation and preservation. This acreage was then transformed from farmers' fields to native prairies, wetlands and forest.

In 2002, a building known as "The Mansion" became a headquarters for the Global Country of World Peace (GCWP). The Mayor of MVC is Rogers Badgett.

According to city officials in 2004, "more than $200 million of venture capital had been invested in Fairfield and Vedic City companies during the past 13 years". By 2006, the city consisted of more than 200 buildings.

In October 2011, a television show titled "America's Most Unusual Town" aired on the Oprah Winfrey Network on March 25, 2012, and featured Winfrey's visit to Fairfield and Maharishi Vedic City.

Organic economy
In November 2002, the city council passed an ordinance banning the sale of non-organic food within its borders.

In 2003, the city began offering tours to the public and has several thousand visitors per year. The city has an organic farm and sells produce to retail outlets such as the Whole Foods Market. Maharishi Vedic City, and the nearby town of Fairfield, "receive federal grants from agencies including the Departments of Energy and Agriculture for developing renewable energy sources" and recycling programs.

The city council voted to ban the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers within the city limits in April 2005, becoming the first all-organic city in the country.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.36 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
The Census Bureau has since done a recount for the 2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 259 people, 142 households, and 48 families residing in the city. The population density was 77.1 PD/sqmi. There were 174 housing units at an average density of 51.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 95.0% White, 2.3% African American, 1.5% Asian, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 142 households, out of which 2.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.3% were married couples living together, 2.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 66.2% were non-families. 47.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.74 and the average family size was 2.33.

The median age in the city was 57.8 years. 2.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 12.3% were from 25 to 44; 69.1% were from 45 to 64; and 10.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.8% male and 50.2% female.

Features
Maharishi Vedic City utilizes a system of building called Maharishi Sthapatya Veda design architecture. This ancient Indian system of architecture and city planning is said to promote happiness, peace and prosperity for its occupants. In Maharishi Sthapatya Veda, all structures are built according to precise Vedic proportions, with rooms placed according to the movement of the sun and entrances that face due east. In addition, each building includes an interior, silent core called a "brahmasthan", a perimeter boundary called a "vastu fence" and a gold-colored roof fixture called a "kalash".

One of the unique features of the city is an outdoor Vedic Observatory consisting of ten six-feet-tall, white, concrete-and-marble astronomical instruments arranged in a circle. According to the Observatory developer, Tim Fitz-Randolph, each instrument is precisely aligned with the sun, moon and stars, and could be used to calculate their actual movements and has the potential to create inner happiness and balance in the physiology.

The city also owns and operates a 160 acre organic farm which includes a 1.2 acre greenhouse. A wind turbine operates the green houses and was paid for in part by a USDA renewable energy grant. The farm distributes its "50 varieties of fruits and vegetables" locally as well as to restaurants in Iowa City, Des Moines and Chicago. The city has plans to expand the greenhouses to 70 acre. The city does not have any streetlights or utility poles and its master plan includes only electric cars within the city limits. The city council has voted to provide its residents with "off-grid power" from wind and solar generated power. A Maharishi Ayur-Veda Spa Center and Hotel called "The Raj" is located in MVC on a 100 acre estate with gardens, lakes and nature trails. It offers a variety of treatments in accordance with the Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health. The city also features the Rukmapura Park Hotel, a "25-room wood structure in the tradition of European country inns".

The 2001 master plan includes two domes in the center of the city to serve as a venue for group practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique and the TM-Sidhi program, including Yogic Flying. Residents subscribe to the theory and research that group practice of this technique "will create coherence for the whole country". In 2006, a Los Angeles Times reporter wrote that the city "displays all the architectural characteristics of a new exurban development: gaudy, over sized construction that has no stylistic relation to its environment." A 2010 article reported that city officials were working with Tom Doak on the construction of a public golf course.

Government
The city has a commitment to balance, natural law, and the principles of the Vedas, which are the ancient sacred scriptures of Hinduism written in Sanskrit. Maharishi Vedic City is administered by a five-person city council. Sanskrit has been named the city's "ideal language", although English and other common languages are also used.

title: Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa


text:
Adelberg

Adelberg is a municipality in the district of Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.

Geography
Adelberg lies in the Schurwald forest, at an altitude of around 334 to 473m.

Climate
The annual rainfall of 1045mm is within the top quarter of values recorded in Germany, with lower values registered in 87% of the country's weather stations. The driest month is February, while the most rainfall comes in June, with almost double the rainfall of February. Variability of precipitation is extremely strong, and only 18% of weather stations record higher seasonal variations.

Local subdivisions
The municipality of Adelberg is made up of the village of Adelberg, the neighbouring hamlet of Adelberg Abbey, and the houses, Herrenmühle, Mittelmühle und Zachersmühle. In 1971, the hamlet of Nassach was transferred to the municipality of Uhingen.

History
The site on which Adelberg now stands was originally occupied by the village of Hundsholz (Dogwood), which is the source of the leaping dog on Adelberg's coat of arms. In 1178, Volknand von Staufen founded the Abbey of Adelberg, and gifted to it a part of the village of Hundsholz. After the demise of the von Staufens, both abbey and town came under the control of Württemberg, a State of the Holy Roman Empire. During the Reformation, Adelberg became a Klosteramt (an administrative division centering on the estates of a dissolved monastery), consisting of the former Abbey and the village of Hundsholz. In 1556, the monastery, along with twelve others in the region, were transformed into Protestant grammar schools under the direction of Christoph Binder. The school in Adelberg served this purpose until 1648, its most famous pupil being mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler (1584–1586). In 1807, the Klosteramt was subsumed into the larger administrative district, Oberamt of Schorndorf. In 1830, the village of Hundsholz bought out the property in the village which had previously belonged to the monastery, and the monastery itself. In 1843, the area of the monastery was formally incorporated into the village, which was renamed as Adelberg. The administrative reform of 1938 brought the municipality within the district of Göppingen. After the Second World War, the population rose steeply through the return of former expatriates.

Adelberg Abbey
In 1054, a small chapel was built on the site on which the abbey now stands. The monastery was itself established in 1178 by the Premonstratensian canons of Roggenburg Abbey, and it came under the direct protection of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor by a charter of 1181. In the charter the emperor established that Adelberg Abbey would have no other advocate than the lord of Hohenstaufen. Also, the charter required that the prior of the abbey give a gold coin to the Holy See as a sign that the abbey must be protected and defended by the Pope. The first church in the village of Hundsholz was built in the 1490s. With the introduction of the Reformation by Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg, the monastery was dissolved.

Politics
Abensberg and the neighbouring municipalities of Birenbach, Börtlingen und Rechberghausen form the Gemeindeverwaltungsverband (joint administrative union) of Eastern Schurwald. A Gemeindeverwaltungsverband (GVV) is a voluntary association of municipalities within the same administrative district which pool their resources and public services in order to save money.

Mayor
The Mayor of Adelberg is Wolf-Dieter Hermann, who will be succeeded in June 2010 by Carmen Marquardt, who won 60.7% of the vote in the election on 15 March 2010.

Town council
Local elections were held on 7 June 2009 and ten members from a single list of candidates were elected. The most votes were received by Robert Tischer. The election turnout was 54%, 0.6% lower than in the 2004 municipal elections. The council consists of eight men and two women.

Heraldry
Blazon: Per fess Or and sable, a boar courant contourny and a dog courant counterchanged

The boar of the town's coat of arms is taken from the arms of the former Abbey of Adelberg, while the dog is a reference to the former name of the village, Hundsholz (literally, Dogwood). The village's colours are black and yellow.

The coat of arms and flag were officially conferred on 7 April 1959.

Twin towns
Adelberg is twinned with Lichtensteig in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland.

Economy and infrastructure
Adelberg is part of the border zone of the Stuttgart Metropolitan Region. It is the location of the headquarters of ERNI Electronics.

Transport
Adelberg is connected by the Landesstraße 1147 to nearby Rechberghausen and to Oberberken, part of the municipality of Schorndorf. The No. 260 Bus (Göppingen–Schorndorf), run by Regional Bus Stuttgart, part of Deutsche Bahn, runs through Adelberg. Between 1912 and 1962, the Hohenstaufen railway serviced the Adelberg-Börtlingen railway station, around four kilometres from the town.

Education
The town itself contains a primary school, while higher schools are situated in neighbouring towns.

Architecture

 * The church within the former Abbey compound contains altar paintings by Bartholomäus Zeitblom.

Museums

 * Museum in der Klostervilla (Museum housed in the monastery house)

Regular events

 * Adelberger History Afternoon
 * Open Air Festival in Adelberg Abbey

title: Adelberg