text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Robert Blair

Case Opened on 18:28, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Case Closed on 19:28, 2005 Mar 14 (UTC)

Please do not edit this page directly unless you wish to become a participant in this request. (All participants are subject to Arbitration Committee decisions, and the ArbCom will consider each participant's role in the dispute.) Comments are very welcome on the Talk page, and will be read, in full. Evidence, no matter who can provide it, is very welcome at /Evidence. Evidence is more useful than comments.

Arbitrators will be working on a proposed decision at /Proposed decision.

Involved parties

 * User:Robert Blair
 * User:Alteripse
 * User:Jakew

User:Robert Blair
Since arrival here, this user has repeatedly The most recent set of examples of all 4 offenses are at the Phimosis article in the last 2 days, but when I looked at his user page he has been doing so since arrival and has ignored all explanations, appeals, and protests. He resembles Robert Bruce in editing style and obsession except his removals of valid material are more egregious and I haven't seen the personal attacks. I can see why people thought they were the same, and we need to deal with him the same way. I am requesting an immediate injunction against editing all circumcision and medical and genitalia related articles. Thank you for prompt action on the injunction. alteripse 13:25, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * refused to follow POV rules and made it clear he he has no intention of doing so
 * refused to explain, justify or discuss edits on Talk pages
 * removed valid and accurate information from articles
 * described his edits dishonestly

I do not go out of my way to engage in this sort of conflict & haven't done it before, but here is an evidence page Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/User:Robert Blair evidence. I would rather write articles than waste my time with these idiots so please forgive my lack of familiarity with this procedure.alteripse 19:48, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Evidence supplied by User:Jakew
This isn't an exhaustive list, folks, but here are some recent edits that I found easily. Many post-date warning by Grunt to read WP:NPOV (23:48, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)):

[see /Evidence]

- Jakew 18:41, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Statement by User:Robert Blair
I am completely innocent of the charges that have improperly brought against me.

Robert Blair 03:00, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

(moved here by Morwen - Talk 13:57, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC), had been properly added to the evidence page)

Arbitrators' opinions on hearing this matter (5/0/0/0)

 * 1) I'd like to see some diffs before I cast an official vote. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 16:33, 2005 Feb 26 (UTC) I remember looking through some of this during Robert the Bruce's case. Accept and open ASAP. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 17:44, 2005 Feb 26 (UTC)
 * 2) Please set up an evidence page. Accept as soon as possible! Neutralitytalk 16:38, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Accept - I just went through the history of Phimosis and Robert's user talk page, and that was enough to convince me we need to take this one and that an injunction is needed ASAP. But yes, diffs please soonest possible! - David Gerard 16:42, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Accept ➥the Epopt 20:13, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Accept. Nohat 05:51, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Temporary injunction
1) For the duration of this case, User:Robert Blair is banned from editing articles relating to medicine, circumcision or genitalia or any edits (addition, deletion or reversion) dealing with such matters in other articles. He may continue to comment on talk pages in an appropriate manner.

 * Passed 7 to 0 at 19:02, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

=Final decision= All numbering based on /Proposed decision (vote counts and comments are there as well)

Neutral point-of-view
1) Wikipedia's neutral point-of-view (NPOV) policy contemplates inclusion of all significant points of view regarding any subject on which there is division of opinion.

 * Passed 7-1.
 * Abstain:

Advocacy and propaganda
2) Wikipedia is not a soapbox for advocacy or propaganda.

 * Passed 8-0.

Citing sources
3) It is highly desirable that editors cite the sources of the information in their edits. This is especially important on controversial articles.

 * Passed 8-0.

Do not remove references from articles
4) Removal of references from articles is generally considered inappropriate.

 * Passed 8-0.

Removal of relevant information
5) It is inappropriate to remove blocks of well-referenced information which is germane to the subject from articles on the grounds that the information advances a point of view. Wikipedia's NPOV policy contemplates inclusion of all significant points of view.

 * Passed 8-0.

Arbitration rulings
6) Arbitration rulings are binding on editors; violations will be regarded seriously.

 * Passed 8-0.

Previous warning for non-NPOV editing
1) Robert Blair has previously been warned by the Arbitration Committee to improve his editing habits such that they are in line with Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy.

 * Passed 8-0.

Removal of referenced material
2) Robert Blair has previously removed referenced material and their associated references from articles (, ) even after the above warning.

 * Passed 8-0.

Apparent POV-pushing
3) Robert Blair's apparent intention in making the above edits has been to advocate an anti-circumcision point of view in the articles in question.

 * Passed 8-0.

Remedies
Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.

Ban on editing disputed articles
1) For a period of one year, Robert Blair is banned from editing articles relating to medicine, circumcision or genitalia. He also may not make any other edits (addition, deletion or reversion) related to such matters in any articles. He may, however, continue to comment on talk pages in an appropriate manner.

 * Passed 8-0.

Enforcement of editing ban
1) When enforcing the ban on Robert Blair editing articles relating to medicine, circumcision or genitalia or making any other edits (addition, deletion or reversion) related to such matters in any articles, administrators may use their own judgement in deciding what constitutes a violation of such. Such edits should be reverted and a block of up to 24 hours imposed.

 * Passed 7-0.


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Robert Blair/Proposed decision

all proposed

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority "support" vote will be passed.
 * Items that receive a majority "oppose" vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority "support" or "oppose" vote will be open to possible amendment by any Arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.

Conditional votes for or against and abstentions should be explained by the Arbitrator before or after his/her time-stamped signature. For example, an Arbitrator can state that she/he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were passed.

On this case, 0 Arbitrators are recused and 2 is inactive, so 6 votes are a majority.

Proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on.
 * For all items:

Motions and requests by the parties
Place those on the discussion page.

Proposed temporary injunctions
Four net "support" votes needed to pass (each "oppose" vote subtracts a "support") 24 hours from the first vote is normally the fastest an injunction will be imposed.

Editing injunction on Robert Blair
1) Enacted. For the duration of this case, Robert Blair is banned from editing articles relating to medicine, circumcision or genitalia. He also may not make any other edits (addition, deletion or reversion) related to such matters in any articles. He may, however, continue to comment on talk pages in an appropriate manner.

 * Support:
 * David Gerard 18:59, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC) (effective 24 hours hence)
 * Fred Bauder 19:07, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 19:14, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC) (effective 18:59, 28 Feb 2005 UTC)
 * Delirium 21:23, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 21:40, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 22:39, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 00:35, 2005 Feb 28 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:09, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

=Proposed final decision=

Neutral point-of-view
1) Wikipedia's neutral point-of-view (NPOV) policy contemplates inclusion of all significant points of view regarding any subject on which there is division of opinion.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:49, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 20:22, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC) Because of wide-spread antiSemitism among Moslems, many of whom think the Prococols of Zion and similar fabrications are genuine, many Moslems, possibly including Osama bin Laden, hold views regarding Jews which are not well founded. This makes the example cited by Neutrality a special case. Fred Bauder 20:22, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 19:39, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * Don't like the way this can be interperted. Osama bin Laden's point-of-view of Jews, for example is significant (it being shared by many). This doesn't mean that bin Laden's view should be given equal space in the Jew article. I would support if this principle simply affirms the official policy set forth at Neutral point of view. Neutralitytalk 21:59, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Doesn't say "equal space." Similarly, creationism is of vast social and political importance, but still doesn't get a mention in scientific articles on biology - David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Advocacy and propaganda
2) Wikipedia is not a soapbox for advocacy or propaganda.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:49, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:08, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 08:07, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 20:25, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Citing sources
3) It is highly desirable that editors cite the sources of the information in their edits. This is especially important on controversial articles.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:49, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:08, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 20:25, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 16:21, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Do not remove references from articles
4) Removal of references from articles is generally considered inappropriate.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:49, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:08, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 08:07, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 20:25, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Removal of relevant information
5) It is inappropriate to remove blocks of well-referenced information which is germane to the subject from articles on the grounds that the information advances a point of view. Wikipedia's NPOV policy contemplates inclusion of all significant points of view.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:49, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:08, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 08:08, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 20:25, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Arbitration rulings
6) Arbitration rulings are binding on editors; violations will be regarded seriously.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:50, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:08, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 08:11, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 20:25, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Previous warning for non-NPOV editing
1) Robert Blair has previously been warned by the Arbitration Committee to improve his editing habits such that they are in line with Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy.

 * Support:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:56, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:08, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 08:12, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 20:27, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Removal of referenced material
2) Robert Blair has previously removed referenced material and their associated references from articles (, ) even after the above warning.

 * Support:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:58, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:10, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 08:26, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 20:27, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Apparent POV-pushing
3) Robert Blair's apparent intention in making the above edits has been to advocate an anti-circumcision point of view in the articles in question.

 * Support:
 * (When did this header become Support?) -- Grunt 🇪🇺 22:06, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:11, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 08:34, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 20:27, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Proposed remedies
Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.

Ban on editing disputed articles
1) For a period of one year, Robert Blair is banned from editing articles relating to medicine, circumcision or genitalia. He also may not make any other edits (addition, deletion or reversion) related to such matters in any articles. He may, however, continue to comment on talk pages in an appropriate manner.

 * Support:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 22:11, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * I suggest adding "Administrators shall interpret the phrase 'related to such matters' broadly" so as to avoid having to readdress what we mean. ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added an 'Enforcement' provision - David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:08, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 07:00, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 20:32, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

1.1) For a period of six months, Robert Blair is banned from editing articles relating to medicine, circumcision or genitalia. He also may not make any other edits (addition, deletion or reversion) related to such matters in any articles. He may, however, continue to comment on talk pages in an appropriate manner.

 * Support:
 * In case there's some reason for thinking a year is too long. Support iff 1) does not pass. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 22:11, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * I suggest adding "Administrators shall interpret the phrase 'related to such matters' broadly" so as to avoid having to readdress what we mean. ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I prefer a year Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 07:00, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC) Prefer a year.

 * Oppose:
 * Too short. Neutralitytalk 01:08, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

1.2) For a period of three months, Robert Blair is banned from editing articles relating to medicine, circumcision or genitalia. He also may not make any other edits (addition, deletion or reversion) related to such matters in any articles. He may, however, continue to comment on talk pages in an appropriate manner.

 * Support:
 * In case there's some reason for thinking a year is too long. Support iff 1) does not pass. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 22:11, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Too short. ➥the Epopt 00:27, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with the Epopt. Neutralitytalk 01:08, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 07:00, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)Far too short.
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Enforcement of editing ban
1) When enforcing the ban on Robert Blair editing articles relating to medicine, circumcision or genitalia or making any other edits (addition, deletion or reversion) related to such matters in any articles, administrators may use their own judgement in deciding what constitutes a violation of such. Such edits should be reverted and a block of up to 24 hours imposed.

 * Support:
 * David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 00:31, 2005 Mar 7 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 00:35, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 21:08, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 03:21, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

=Discussion by Arbitrators=

General
Robert Blair is a noxious editor. However, he's first come out of nowhere and then continued his POV-pushing after a warning. I strongly suspect him of being a sock puppet, though no-one has suggested prospective candidates. One to consider for that six months or year - David Gerard 00:10, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Motion to close
Four net "support" votes needed to close case (each "oppose" vote subtracts a "support") 24 hours from the first motion is normally the fastest a case will close.

Aye

 * Move to close ➥the Epopt 04:26, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 19:41, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 23:29, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, let's close this thing. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 00:40, 2005 Mar 13 (UTC)
 * Nohat 19:46, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Nay

 * What about principle 1 and the enforcement? They haven't passed yet. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 04:37, 2005 Mar 11 (UTC)
 * The enforcement has now. Principle 1 still needs a vote. Ambi 06:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Priciple 1 now passed. --mav 19:41, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Copy stand

In photography, a copy stand is a device used to copy images and/or text with a camera. The stand consists of a board onto which the media is placed and an apparatus allowing the camera to be mounted parallel to it, usually with an adjustable height. Light is provided by bright lamps mounted on either side of the media at 45° angles. This provides uniform lighting and reduces specular reflection, keeping glare low.

In film cameras, copy stands are traditionally used with slide film. The fine resolution of slide film allows the images to be reproduced with high fidelity when they are projected.

Reprography
Copy stands can be used for reprography (that is, to copy documents). To do so, the camera is mounted, usually with a standard 1/4" tripod-mount screw, onto the stand, pointing the lens down at the base, where the document to be copied would be placed.

Forensics
Copy stands can be used in forensics to photograph evidence, in much the same way documents are reproduced. Evidence is brought to the lab, placed on the copy stand and recorded. Some copy stands designed for forensic use have ultraviolet light sources on them, to illuminate latent fingerprints.

Animation
Copy stands are sometimes recommended as a low-cost alternative to a full-featured animation stand for traditional cel animation, especially when using small film formats such as Super 8.

title: Copy stand


text:
Talk:Pop 100

Calculation
Not sure if they take it from mainstream TOP 40? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.189.181.17 (talk • contribs) 7:29 pm, 27 February 2005

Final Pop 100 chart
On Billboard.biz chart archives, I looked up "Pop 100" most recent week and it seems the final chart compilation for the Pop 100 is for the week ending June 26, 2010.this. Should this page be updated to reflect that final year? --Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars (talk) 21:57, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Pop 100. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130330094540/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/268412/chart-beat-pink-black-eyed-peas-shinedown to http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/268412/chart-beat-pink-black-eyed-peas-shinedown

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:54, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pop 100


text:
Talk:List of colleges and universities in Chicago

Untitled
We should consider using the standards at WikiProject_Universities for these institutes. --Jason 18:34, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Page move
I moved this page from Colleges and Universities of Chicago to Colleges and universities of Chicago in accordance with the naming conventions. I fixed the link at Chicago and will alert the user who has a link to the old page. — Knowledge Seeker দ 09:27, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

anyone have the total number of college students enrolled in schools within the city limits? 128.118.240.194 (talk) 01:25, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Prominence
I agree completely that the U of C and Northwestern are known worldwide; but Loyola also? That seems to be some serious me-too-ism. IIT is surely known worldwide for its tenure under Mies van der Rohe. UIC might be known worldwide since it is the only other top-classification research school (Carnegie DRU/VH) in Chicago. But Loyola? That's a reach. I'd suggest changing the Loyola ref to an IIT ref or eliminating it.--128.135.149.78 (talk) 17:03, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Reformatting
Although the list contained some secondary information, I believe it was more or less redundant in the format it was presented, thanks to the category box. Therefor, I deleted the list and will rewrite the page and give it a new structure to allow more detailed information about the different fields of study in Chicago in an easy to read manner. Please feel free to work with me on this. --OrbitOne (talk) 14:28, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Okay. I have laid out a couple of sections that can be expanded on. More work needs to be done however. The following sections would be useful information for a reader.
 * Schools for Business and Law
 * Two year general education colleges
 * Schools of medicine

Please feel free to fill in the blanks for me. --OrbitOne (talk) 15:13, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

This page doesn't meet its purpose
This article is supposed to be a LIST of colleges and universities in Chicago. Instead, it's a brief and rather disjointed article about a few of the colleges in Chicago. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.227.101.201 (talk) 03:34, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

I think the list should be more detailed, otherwise it is redundant because of the catagory box at the end of the page. It is possible to go through the colleges one by one and give a general overview of the college land scape while mentioning the different colleges. --83.88.152.219 (talk) 04:47, 14 April 2009 (UTC) (OrbitOne from work)

I think the list has become a pseudo-article. As an article it has deep problems: Northwestern is not in Chicago -- save for its medical school; the discussion of IIT is too long; there is no discussion of UIC, the third top-level (RU/VH) research university in the area; no discussion of how Depaul's college of commerce was one of the earliest business schools; and, no mention of the locally-based Macarthur Foundation. Either this needs to be demoted to a list or it needs to be more than a stilted propaganda piece.--99.141.8.0 (talk) 03:00, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Or it can be deleted outright. There is no point in having both a list in a catagory box and a page, which is used in a different manner than catagory boxes. --OrbitOne 06:43, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

I think a single sentence (or two, at most) about each college/university that's in the box, potentially makes reading this entry interesting and worthwhile. It can (like everything) be improved. UofC discussion seems a bit much as of this reading and Northwestern seems too little (after all, it owns probably the most expensive land of any University in the city: much of Streeterville!)), etc. (Also, while there are no references, everything is linked to another wikipedia article.)

I took a stab at some streamlining and reorganization. Alanscottwalker (talk) 21:27, 27 July 2010 (UTC)


text:
Init

In Unix-based computer operating systems, init (short for initialization) is the first process started during booting of the operating system. Init is a daemon process that continues running until the system is shut down. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes. Init is started by the kernel during the booting process; a kernel panic will occur if the kernel is unable to start it, or it should die for any reason. Init is typically assigned process identifier 1.

In Unix systems such as System III and System V, the design of init has diverged from the functionality provided by the init in Research Unix and its BSD derivatives. Up until the early 2010s, most Linux distributions employed a traditional init that was somewhat compatible with System V, while some distributions such as Slackware use BSD-style startup scripts, and others such as Gentoo have their own customized versions.

Since then, several additional init implementations have been created, attempting to address design limitations in the traditional versions. These include launchd, the Service Management Facility, systemd, Runit and OpenRC.

Research Unix-style/BSD-style
Research Unix init runs the initialization shell script located at, then launches getty on terminals under the control of. There are no runlevels; the  file determines what programs are run by init. The advantage of this system is that it is simple and easy to edit manually. However, new software added to the system may require changes to existing files that risk producing an unbootable system.

BSD init was, prior to 4.3BSD, the same as Research UNIX's init; in 4.3BSD, it added support for running a windowing system such as X on graphical terminals under the control of. To remove the requirement to edit, BSD variants have long supported a site-specific   file that is run in a sub-shell near the end of the boot sequence.

A fully modular system was introduced with NetBSD 1.5 and ported to FreeBSD 5.0 and successors. This system executes scripts in the  directory. Unlike System V's script ordering, which is derived from the filename of each script, this system uses explicit dependency tags placed within each script. The order in which scripts are executed is determined by the rcorder utility based on the requirements stated in these tags.

SysV-style

When compared to its predecessors, AT&T's UNIX System III introduced a new style of system startup configuration, which survived (with modifications) into UNIX System V and is therefore called the "SysV-style init".

At any moment, a running System V is in one of the predetermined number of states, called runlevels. At least one runlevel is the normal operating state of the system; typically, other runlevels represent single-user mode (used for repairing a faulty system), system shutdown, and various other states. Switching from one runlevel to another causes a per-runlevel set of scripts to be run, which typically mount filesystems, start or stop daemons, start or stop the X Window System, shutdown the machine, etc.

Runlevels
The runlevels in System V describe certain states of a machine, characterized by the processes and daemons running in each of them. In general, there are seven runlevels, out of which three runlevels are considered "standard", as they are essential to the operation of a system: 1. Turn off

2. Single-user mode (also known as S or s)

3. Reboot Aside from these standard ones, Unix and Unix-like systems treat runlevels somewhat differently. The common denominator, the  file, defines what each configured runlevel does in a given system.

Default runlevels
On Linux distributions defaulting to runlevel 5 in the table on the right, runlevel 5 invokes a multiuser graphical environment running the X Window System, usually with a display manager like GDM or KDM. However, the Solaris and illumos operating systems typically reserve runlevel 5 to shut down and automatically power off the machine.

On most systems, all users can check the current runlevel with either the  or   command. The root user typically changes the current runlevel by running the  or   commands. The  file sets the default runlevel with the   entry.

On Unix systems, changing the runlevel is achieved by starting only the missing services (as each level defines only those that are started / stopped). For example, changing a system from runlevel 3 to 4 might only start the local X server. Going back to runlevel 3, it would be stopped again.

Other implementations
Traditionally, one of the major drawbacks of init is that it starts tasks serially, waiting for each to finish loading before moving on to the next. When startup processes end up Input/output (I/O) blocked, this can result in long delays during boot. Speeding up I/O, e.g. by using SSDs, may shorten the delays but it does not address the root cause.

Various efforts have been made to replace the traditional init daemons to address this and other design problems, including:
 * BootScripts in GoboLinux
 * busybox-init, suited to embedded operating systems, used by Alpine Linux, SliTaz 5(Rolling), Tiny Core Linux, and VMware ESXi, and used by OpenWrt before it was replaced with procd
 * Dinit, a service manager and init system.
 * Epoch, a single-threaded Linux init system focused on simplicity and service management
 * Initng, a full replacement of init designed to start processes asynchronously
 * launchd, a replacement for init in Darwin/macOS/iOS/tvOS starting with Mac OS X v10.4 (it launches SystemStarter to run old-style 'rc.local' and SystemStarter processes)
 * OpenRC, a process spawner that utilizes system-provided init, while providing process isolation, parallelized startup, and service dependency; used by Alpine Linux, Gentoo and its derivatives, and available as an option in Devuan and Artix Linux
 * runit, a cross-platform full replacement for init with parallel starting of services, used by default in Void Linux
 * Sun Service Management Facility (SMF), a complete replacement/redesign of init from the ground up in illumos/Solaris starting with Solaris 10, but launched as the only service by the original System V-style init
 * Shepherd, the GNU service and daemon manager which provides asynchronous, dependency-based initialisation; written in Guile Scheme and meant to be interactively hackable during normal system operation
 * s6, a software suite that includes an init system.
 * systemd, a software suite, full replacement for init in Linux that includes an init daemon, with concurrent starting of services, service manager, and other features.
 * SystemStarter, a process spawner started by the BSD-style init in Mac OS X prior to Mac OS X v10.4
 * Upstart, a full replacement of init designed to start processes asynchronously. Initiated by Ubuntu and used by them until 2014. It was also used in Fedora 9,  Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 and Google's ChromeOS.

, systemd has been adopted by most major Linux distributions.

title: Init


text:
Fengcheng, Lianjiang County

Fengcheng is a town in northeastern Fujian province, People's Republic of China, located along the Taiwan Strait coast in Lianjiang County, of which it is the county seat. The provincial capital, Fuzhou, lies 48 km to the southwest. The name of the town literally means, "Phoenix City."

title: Fengcheng, Lianjiang County


text:
User:Guy M/Scott Gall

It's a wiki
''And please don't edit this page, because an administrator will be on you very quickly. All edits to this page which are not mine, except for the awarding of barnstars, are vandalism.''

This is actually untrue. An edit may be made to a user page without being vandalism, for example, fixing a spelling mistake. As for getting administrators on a user who edits your user page while not vandalising it, I fail to see what they would be punished for doing, exactly. You can freely ask users not to edit your user page, but it's probably best not to threaten them. - Vague | Rant 11:06, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * OK then. I'll fix it up. After all, that's the whole point of a wiki, isn't it? Scott Gall 20:42, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Vague has a good point. By definition: "The malicious and intentional destruction or defacing of property." Google Any edit consisting of a comment, critisism, suggesting, etc... fails to fall in that category. On another topic, I, as many others most likely, may find many of your statements disturbing. I agree everyone has the right to their opinion, but so many on the first impression? I'm sure you mean no harm by any of it, as it's how you view the world with your personal experiences.
 * Your potato comment: *Laugh* That's funny!
 * By the way, Jews, not blacks, were the major target of Hitler.
 * Same language requirement: Talk about destruction of culture. There's conflict in your statements.
 * Circumcision: Touchy subject, considering I'm Jewish. I'll agree with you as far as to say it should NOT be done for cosmetic purposes. Circumcision is like cutting off an infants fingers due to "future under finger-nail dirt."
 * Schools have not only the right to ban offensive things, but the responsibility to do so. School is for education, not "making a statement".

 * A good admin (person) follows rules. Disagreement does not justify breaking of a rule. The correct route is to campaign for it's change.

 * "My personal hate list [includes] The owners of competing wikis..." In a prior statement you said:
 * "13. I will have my own English-language wiki-based encyclopedia. And it will be better than Wikipedia ..."

I'll be surprised if this doesn't get deleted. Think: Constructive Criticism. I'm sorry you had to go through spinal meningitis, I did the same in fall of 1992 (at 23 years old). May an entity of your choosing, bless you in ways you desire.
 * Guy M (talk) 18:34, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Guy M/Scott Gall


text:
User:Jannex

I'm a 22-year-old student from Finland. I'm more active in the Finnish Wikipedia, in which I am an administrator.

My contributions

fi:Käyttäjä:Jannex

title: User:Jannex


text: Category:Presidents of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus


text:
Udayagiri Fort

There are two forts named Udayagiri Fort in South India.

Fort in Udayagiri, Andhra Pradesh
Udayagiri Fort in Andhra Pradesh was constructed by Langula Gajapathi, chieftain to Gajapatis of Odisha approximately between 1434 and 1512 CE.

Location
The fort in Tamil Nadu is located 14 km from Nagercoil in Thuckalay Town, Kanyakumari District on the Thiruvananthapuram-Nagercoil National highway at Puliyoorkurichi. This was the most important military barracks of the rulers, when Padmanabhapuram was their capital.

History
Originally built in the 17th century, the fort was rebuilt by Maharaja Marthanda Varma of Travancore in the 18th century.

Spanning about 90 acre, including an isolated 260 ft hillock. The fort contains an old foundry which was used for casting guns.

The fort was rebuilt during the reign of Marthanda Varma, between 1741-44 under the supervision of Eustachius De Lannoy, a Flemish naval commander of the Dutch East India Company, who later served as the Chief of the Travancore Army.

In the early days, the fort was of strategic importance. Prisoners captured in the campaign against Tippu Sultan were confined in the fort for some time. In 1810, the East India Company's Army under Colonel Leger marched into Travancore through the Aramboly Pass (Aralvaimozhi) to quell a rebellion under the leadership of Velu Thambi Dalava.

In later years, English East India Company troops were stationed at the fort until the middle of the 19th century. A foundry for the manufacture of guns, mortars, and cannonballs was established within the fort under the supervision of the resident General.

Architecture
The fort is built of massive granite blocks around an isolated hillock.

The tombs of the Dutch Admiral Eustachius De Lannoy, (in whose honour the fort was once called Dillanai Kottai— De Lennoy's Fort), and of his wife and son can still be found inside a partly ruined chapel in the fort.

De Lannoy's body was buried within the fort and a chapel was built at his burial site. De Lannoy's tombstone lies within the walls of the ruined chapel. The inscriptions on his stone are both in Tamil and in Latin. His wife and son were buried by his side.

Recently, officials of the Department of Archaeology found a tunnel within the fort.

Presently, the fort has been turned into a bio-diversity park by the Tamil Nadu forest department, with sites of historical importance, such as De Lannoy's tomb, remaining as protected archaeological sites under the Archaeological Department of India.

title: Udayagiri Fort


text:
Category:Castles in the United States

For palaces that are located in the United States, see Category:Palaces in the United States.

title: Category:Castles in the United States


text:
USS Decatur (1839)

USS Decatur was a sloop-of-war in the United States Navy during the mid-19th century. She was commissioned to protect American interests in the South Atlantic Ocean, including the interception of ships involved in the African slave trade. Decatur served in both the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War.

The sloop-of-war was named in honor of Commodore Stephen Decatur (1779–1820), one of the United States Navy's greatest heroes and leaders of the first two decades of the 19th century.

Launched in 1839 at the New York Navy Yard
Decatur, a large sloop of 566 tons, was built in 1838 and 1839 at New York Navy Yard. She was outfitted with heavy guns and manned by a crew of 150 officers and enlisted men.

South Atlantic Ocean operations
Commanded by Commander H. W. Ogden, she sailed from New York 16 March 1840 for duty with the Brazil Squadron, returning to Norfolk, Virginia 28 February 1843. Her second cruise, from 5 August 1843 to 3 January 1845 was with the African Squadron for the suppression of the slave trade. She was placed in ordinary during 1845 and 1846.

Mexican–American War operations
Decatur sailed from Hampton Roads, Virginia 1 March 1847, and after a brief stay at the Pensacola Navy Yard, arrived off Castle Juan de Uloa, Mexico, 14 April, for duty in the Mexican–American War.

Although she was too large to ascend the Tuxpan River, 14 of her officers and 118 men accompanied Commodore Matthew C. Perry's expedition to attack Tuxpan. She also furnished 8 officers and 104 men for the capture of Tabasco from 14 to 16 June. She continued to cruise in Mexican waters until 2 September when she sailed for Boston, Massachusetts, arriving 12 November.

Atlantic Ocean operations
Rejoining the African Squadron, Decatur cruised on the northwest coast of Africa on the lookout for slave ships and protecting U.S. interests from 2 February 1848 to 15 November 1849. After a period in ordinary she sailed from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, for duty with the Home Squadron, cruising off the Atlantic Coast and in the Caribbean until arriving at Boston 21 August 1852 where she was decommissioned for repairs.

Recommissioned 12 July 1853 Decatur joined a Special Squadron to guard the fishing interests of American citizens in North Atlantic Ocean waters, returning to Boston in September to prepare for distant service. On 28 August 1853, she rescued the crew of the British ship Cleopatra, which had caught fire and capsized in the Gut of Canso. After searching for the missing merchant ship San Francisco in the Caribbean in January and February 1854, she sailed from Norfolk 16 June to join the Pacific Squadron.

Pacific Ocean operations
After a stormy transit of the Straits of Magellan, she called at Valparaíso, Chile, arriving 15 January 1855, then visited Honolulu from 28 March to 23 June. Sailing on to Washington Territory, Decatur entered the Strait of Juan de Fuca 19 July.

On her way to Seattle, on 7 December 1855, Decatur ran aground on rocks at Restoration Point, Bainbridge Island, Washington Territory. Had she not righted herself with the incoming tide, the fate of Seattle might have turned out very differently. Decatur remained in the Pacific Northwest to deter Native American outbreaks, providing support to the settlers in the Battle of Seattle (26 January 1856). The city had been garrisoned with officers and crew of the Decatur while all hands returned to the ship. "the woman and children were sent on board, as citizens and marines were left in charge of the block house, as officers and crew returned to the ship". Involving about 900 people, the numbers were reported to Chief Seattle that "700 engaged the forces of the whites" while there were 110 officers and 70 citizens who partook in the battle. Despite rumours of 35 killed and 35 wounded on the side of the whites, only two casualties were reported, both civilians. Damage to the Decatur was repaired "all well on board" when the Decatur left Seattle.

Decatur Senior High School in Federal Way, Washington, was named after her to honor this defense. She cruised to San Francisco, California, between 2 August and 27 September 1855 for supplies.

On 13 June 1856, she arrived at Mare Island Navy Yard for repairs, and on 8 January 1857, sailed for Panama, touching at Central American ports for the protection of U.S. interests. She sailed 3 June to Nicaragua to evacuate U.S. citizens connected with the filibustering expedition of William Walker to Panama, where she arrived 5 August. She cruised off Panama, Peru, and Chile until 23 March 1859 when she was ordered to return to Mare Island.

Civil War service
She was decommissioned at Mare Island 20 June 1859 and remained in ordinary until March 1863 when she was fitted as a defensive floating battery and stationed off San Francisco.

Final decommissioning
She was sold at Mare Island on 17 August 1865.

title: USS Decatur (1839)


text:
Mehmet Talat

Mehmet Talat may refer to:
 * Mehmet Talaat Pasha, one of the Three Pashas of the Ottoman Empire
 * Mehmet Ali Talat, Northern Cypriot politician

title: Mehmet Talat


text: Category:Prime Ministers of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus


text: User talk:24.131.55.167

title: User talk:24.131.55.167


text:
The Catalinas

The Catalinas are an American beach music band from the late 1950s.

Since the Catalinas formed in Charlotte, North Carolina, in late 1957, over 60 guitarists, keyboardists, trumpet players, drummers, bass players and singers have been a part of the band. Most have come from communities along the Interstate 77 corridor from Statesville to Charlotte.

Gary Barker, a Statesville resident who plays guitar and sings, is the current leader of the band. He started with the band in 1965, and has been the steadying influence for the last thirty years.

Barker attributes the band's long success to the ongoing popularity of beach music and the great tunes that the band has composed and recorded over the years. Some of their classics include, "You Haven't The Right", "Carolina Moon" and their signature song "Summertime's Calling Me" from 1975.

The band's lead vocalist, Tommy Black, died in a plane crash in 1968. Member Ronnie Gittens died in 2005.

In 1995, the Catalinas were inducted into the Carolina Beach Music Hall of Fame. In 2013, the Catalinas were inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame.

title: The Catalinas


text:
Talk:A Heinlein Trio

untitled
This page should not be deleted, it should be redirected to Robert A. Heinlein, to which the content has been merged. Kappa 18:43, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Of course it can't be simply deleted. See Votes for deletion/A Heinlein Trio. Andrewa 20:21, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I fail to see why anyone thinks a publisher's reprint of three Heinlein books in a single cover is deserving of a WP "article". There is no additional information that can be added so why waste the energy! If you want to create a copy of the ISBN index that is something non-WP imho. This went to VfD and a conclusion was reached. --Vamp:Willow 21:53, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Apparently, and the conclusion appears to have been merge and redirect, which seems reasonable to me. See Votes for deletion/A Heinlein Trio. I am reverting to the redirect, as per this decision. If someone wants to delete it now, the place to list it is Redirects for deletion. Andrewa 00:07, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The archive of the VfD discussion has also been restored, not by me but I think quite correctly. The removed text is now at Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion/A Heinlein Trio. Andrewa 05:45, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, if text from this article was moved elsewhere, we need to keep this history of this for Copyright reasons. Noel (talk) 14:31, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

From WP:RfD:

 * Content from A Heinlein Trio was merged into Robert A. Heinlein and now the the redirect has been removed and the page is pending deletion. The redirect should be retained because content has been merged, to enable anyone searching for "A Heinlein Trio" to find wikipedia's content about it, and to prevent anyone else being invited to make an article on this topic. Kappa 19:39, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree: keep redirect. -Sean Curtin 23:31, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep redirect. Oppose deletion--Henrygb 00:45, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Why is this even listed here? Nobody here wants to delete it, no reason has been given to delete it, it is a useful redirect, and it has significant history as described above. Andrewa 11:04, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

from VfD
On 27 Feb 2005, this article was again nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/A Heinlein Trio (2nd vote)

title: Talk:A Heinlein Trio


text:
Sebastian Snow

Sebastian Edward Farquharson Snow, (21 January 1929 – 20 April 2001), born in Midhurst, Sussex, was an English adventurer who is notable for his explorations of the Amazon River.

Travels
Educated at Eton, Snow was exempted from the National Service on account of a sports injury and began his travels at age 22.

This was in 1951, when Snow went on his first expedition to South America, after having answered an advertisement in The Times to join a hydrological survey of the source-waters of the Amazon. With John Brown, he was eventually able to prove that the Ninococha ("Child Lake"), a glacier lake, was the source of the Marañón, the Amazon's most voluminous tributary. This was not ground-breaking news, however, since Ninococha's status as the ultimate source of the Amazon was something previous French explorers to the region had posited on good evidence. Snow and Brown merely confirmed empirically what was already widely believed by geographers. Nevertheless, this expedition remained Snow's chief claim to fame during his lifetime, earning both men election as fellows of the Royal Geographical Society.

Beginning in 1973 in the Argentinian city of Ushuaia, Snow set out to walk the length of the Americas, from Patagonia to Alaska along the Pan-American Highway, a distance of some 15,000 miles. His travel companion during the gruelling and dangerous traversal of the Darién Gap was a young Canadian, Wade Davis, later to gain fame in his own right as an ethno-botanist and author. Severe health problems forced him to take a break shortly after crossing the Darién Gap, but a few months later Snow resumed his journey from the precise point in Costa Rica at which it had been interrupted. However, Snow never completed the second half of his journey, abandoning it only a few weeks later.

Snow's other adventures included motorcycling through Lapland, travelling on foot through much of the Middle East, and climbing Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, and Sangay. At least three online obituaries to Snow may be traced. All those cited mention Brown too.

Travel books

 * My Amazon Adventure describes his 1952–3 exploration of the Amazon Basin. John Brown's account of the same trip was called Two Against the Amazon, published by Hodder and Stoughton in 1952.
 * The Rucksack Man describes his walk from Patagonia to Costa Rica.
 * Half a Dozen of the Other describes six of his other South American expeditions.

title: Sebastian Snow


text:
Rader

Rader is a German surname and may refer to:

People

 * Abbey Rader (born 1943), American drummer
 * Andrew Rader, Canadian aerospace engineer
 * Brad Rader, American comic book writer
 * Bruce Rader (born 1954), American broadcaster
 * Daniel Rader, American professor
 * Danny Rader (born 1981), American musician
 * Dave Rader (disambiguation), multiple people
 * David Rader (born 1957), American football coach
 * Dean Rader, American writer
 * Dennis Rader (born 1945), American serial killer
 * Don Rader (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Dotson Rader (born 1942), American playwright
 * Doug Rader (born 1944), American baseball player
 * Drew Rader (1901–1975), American baseball player
 * Erich Raeder (1876–1960), German admiral
 * Frank Rader (1848–1897), American politician
 * Gary Rader (1944–1973), American army officer
 * Howie Rader (1921–1991), American basketball player
 * Jack Rader, American politician
 * Jason Rader (born 1981), American football player
 * Kevin Rader (disambiguation), multiple people
 * L. E. Rader (1864–1910), American politician
 * Len Rader (1921–1996), American basketball player
 * Lloyd E. Rader Sr. (1906–1986), American politician
 * Marie Rader (born 1941), American politician
 * Matthew Rader (1561–1634), Italian philologist
 * Melvin Rader (1903–1981), American author
 * Michael Rader, American actor
 * Moira Rader, American politician
 * Paul Rader (born 1934), American religious leader
 * Paul Rader (evangelist) (1878–1938), American evangelist
 * Peary Rader (1909–1991), American bodybuilder
 * Randall Ray Rader (born 1949), American judge
 * Richard Rader (born 1959), U.S. Virgin Island equestrian
 * Stanley Rader (1930–2002), American attorney
 * Stephanie Rader (1915–2016), American undercover agent
 * William C. Rader (born 1938), American psychiatrist

title: Rader


text: Category:Indonesian politicians

title: Category:Indonesian politicians


text:
Talk:Thaana

Time travellers / Anachronism
"The Thaana script first appeared in a Maldivian document towards the beginning of the 18th century", but in the same paragraph "It is inscribed on the door posts of the main Hukuru Miskiy (Friday mosque) of the island and dates back to 1008 AH (AD 1599) ". I don't understand this bit. No big deal, I just came for the definition of "Thaana" (but see talk section on abugida vs etc) 101.100.139.248 (talk) 07:58, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

That first sentence has been removed: it was extracted from  Naseema Mohamed's journal Scripts of Maldives. At that time, this inscription of 1599 hadn't been discovered. For the mention of this inscription, see the book Dhivehi Thaareekhah Au Alikameh. 43.231.28.188 (talk) 20:41, 10 October 2022 (MVT) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 43.231.29.169 (talk)

Abugida?
Based on what? The characters do NOT represent syllables, nor do the consonant signs inherently include a vowel. Thaana behaves like a typical abjad (makes sense, since it was derived from one) and should be designated as such. I'm changing it to "abjad". Bulbul 23:05, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Changing it back. An abjad indicates consonants, an abugida indicates vowels with diacritics. Taana was not derived from an abjad, but from numerals. Also, the Arabic script is sometimes used as an abugida. When writing Kurdish, for example, the vowel diacritics are required, so functionally Kurdish and Taana are composed like Devanagari. kwami 17:31, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

If Thaana is an abugida, then so is fully vocalized Hebrew. For the definition of Abugida see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida Wathiik (talk) 14:15, 21 March 2013 (UTC) -> Also note that in Daniels/Bright Thaana is listed under/classified as a Middle Eastern writing system. In any case, an abugida without an inherent vowel is not an abugida at all. Wathiik (talk) 18:55, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

Of course, Thaana is similar to an abugida AND to a fully-vowelled abjad, but I think the difference to the abjad is that even a fully vowelled abjad usually would also include some matres lectionis. So in a way one could argue that what differentiates thaana from an abjad is that there are no matres lectionis (i.e. no consonant symbols used for vowels), what differentiates thaana from an abugida however is that the vowel symbol is not INCORPORATED into the consonant sign and that there is no INHERENT vowel sign at all. So I guess in the end we just have to admit that thaana is neither an abjad nor an abugida but something else (an abugida doesn't have diacritics - the vowel symbols are always part of the consonant signs). Wathiik (talk) 12:18, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

It is not Abugida, but Alphabet
see http://www.omniglot.com/writing/alphabets.htm ->Thaana.

Abugida means, each consonant letter has an inherent vowel, usually [a], but in Tana [a] must be wroten as އަ. each Tana consonant letter has no inherent vowel, so it is alphabet. [unsigned]

 * Yeah, this is a bit tricky. Diacritics as in Taana can be argued to be modifications of the letters that carry them. The prototypical abugida, Amharic, is a script where letters are modified to indicate vowels. In Amharic there is no inherent vowel, as vowel cannot be separated from consonant, so by your definition the prototype of the abugida, the script which gave us the word abugida, is an alphabet.
 * In the prototypical alphabet vowels and consonants have equal status. This certainly isn't the case for Taana. Also, in an alphabet a consonant by itself is just a consonant, whereas in Taana a 'killer' stroke must be used. So although it isn't prototypical, it's closer to an abugida than to an alphabet. kwami 10:02, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Amharic use Ge'ez alphabet. In Ge'ez alphabet each consonant letter has a inherent vowel ä.
 * http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ethiopic.htm
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_alphabet#Syllable_signs
 * of course, Amharic is abugida, but Tana not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.168.65.62 (talk) 12:04, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * we can see, in Tana alphabet the vowel letters are always above or below the consonant letters. this is unlike the latin alphabet. but in Hangul, the vowel letters are sometimes above or below the consonant letters, too. Since Hangul is alphabet, Tana is the same. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.168.65.62 (talk) 12:12, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * But in hangul the vowels and consonants have equal status, while they appear to be diacritics in taana. The problem is that none of these categories are absolute; even Japanese kana is to some extent alphabetic (when writing foreign names, at least). kwami 16:15, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * what is a diacritic? what is a letter? Only because the vowel letters are smaller, you call them diacritics? If in someone's handwriting the vowels are writen much larger, then you will call them vowel letters? Wheather a symbol is letter or diacritics, does NOT depend on how large it is in writing, but depends on its function.--217.110.18.206 (talk) 08:54, 23 September 2011 (UTC)
 * What would be convincing would be WP:reliable sources. Do you have anything? — kwami (talk) 00:55, 1 October 2011 (UTC)
 * A diacritic, whether vowel or consonant or whatever, must always be associated with a letter, but a letters can be written without a diacritic. The absence of a diacritic may mean "no vowel here" or an inherent vowel or something else, as, e.g., in Spanish the acute accent is "used to mark the tonic (stressed) syllable, though it may also be used occasionally in monosyllabic words to distinguish homophones such as si ('if') and sí ('yes')." (Spanish orthography) (Not only monosyllables: cuando means "when", as in "When she left she forgot her umbrella", while cuándo means "when?" in a question, as in "When did she leave?" --Thnidu (talk) 20:43, 27 October 2018 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Thaana


text:
Zhidan County

Zhidan is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yan'an, in the northwest of Shaanxi Province, China, bordering Gansu Province to the south. The county has an area of 3,790.2 km2, and a population of 141,600 as of 2012. Zhidan County and surrounding areas host oil drilling and industry.

Administrative divisions
Zhidan County is divided into 1 subdistrict and 7 towns.

Bao'an Subdistrict
The county's sole subdistrict is Bao'an Subdistrict, which hosts the county's government.

Towns
Zhidan County is home to the following 7 towns:

 * Yongning
 * Yongning
 * Yongning

Geography
Zhidan County is located in the hilly Loess Plateau, and is approximately 90 km northwest of Yan'an city proper.

Climate
The county's average annual temperature is 7.8 °C, and its average annual precipitation is 524.5 mm.

History
The area now known as Zhidan County was formerly known as the town of Bao'an (, Postal Romanization: Paoan) (corresponding to the urban core of today's Zhidan County). The town of Bao'an appears in many contemporaneous works and articles discussing the Chinese Civil War. The historical significance of the town of Bao'an arises due to its having temporarily served as the capital of the Communist-held regions of China in the midst of the Chinese Civil War. From early July 1936 to January 1937 Bao'an was the site of the Communist Party of China's (CPC) Central Committee headquarters, as well as that of the Chinese Communist military forces.

Journalist Edgar Snow visited the communist leaders in Bao'an in the summer and fall of 1936, and named the third part of his book Red Star Over China after this town. He described the town as follows: Pao An was once a frontier stronghold... Remains of its fortifications, flame-struck in that afternoon sun, could be seen flanking the narrow pass through which once emptied into this valley the conquering legions of the Mongols. There was an inner city, still, where the garrisons were once quartered; and a high defensive masonry, lately improved by the Reds, embraced about a square mile in which the present town was located.

In 1937, Yan'an (Wade-Giles: Yenan) replaced Bao'an as the capital of Communist-held China.

The modern name of the county, Zhidan, takes its name from Liu Zhidan, military strategist and high-ranking leader of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army who died while leading the Eastern Expedition in April 1936.

Economy
Zhidan County has a number of mineral deposits, such as petroleum, coal, natural gas, dolomite, oil shale, and mineral water.

title: Zhidan County


text:
Skauch

Skauch is an EP by Swedish punk rock band Millencolin, released on 23 July 1994 by Burning Heart Records. It was originally intended to be a single for the song "The Einstein Crew" from the album Tiny Tunes, but the band decided to record additional cover songs and extend the single into an EP. All of the songs from the EP, with the exception of "The Einstein Crew", were re-released on the 1999 compilation album The Melancholy Collection.

The cover of the EP shows a yellow bird that has also appeared on several of the band's other releases. The circular "Millencolin Skauch" logo in the upper right corner imitates the logo of the Foundation skateboarding company.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Einstein Crew" – 3:07
 * 2) "Yellow Dog" – 2:58
 * 3) "Knowledge" (originally performed by Operation Ivy) – 1:31
 * 4) "A Whole Lot Less" (originally performed by Sub Society) – 1:55
 * 5) "Coolidge" (originally performed by the Descendents) – 2:24
 * 6) "That's Up to Me" (originally performed by Scumback) – 2:00

Millencolin

 * Nikola Šarčević - lead vocals, bass
 * Erik Ohlsson - guitar
 * Mathias Färm - guitar
 * Fredrik Larzon - drums

title: Skauch


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Talk:French poetry

Blank link
i followed this link from another article with a link to French Poetry, which was blank. i'm new to wiki but you might want to consider that before merging it and having someone else create a page for french poetry and having to merge that one too, and having that link continually left blank. :) Sorry i'm not good at wikifying stuff yet. but i'm trying to help. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry
 * Please continue working on the article, don't worry about the merge tag. It looks like it's already big enough to work better as a separate page. Kappa 18:54, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You can redirect French poetry to French literature and then you can take the contents from the poetry article and merge it into the literature article. How to redirect a page is simple, simply blank the poetry article and type: #REDIRECT French literature. But do what you want. Whatever works best for you is the best way. If somebody doesn't like it, they may change it. It's what WP is all about. :> Inter\Echo 18:58, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Twenty First Century
Removed this subheading and text. The link leads to a free ebook of pastiche erotic poetry. I can find no other reference on the net to this person. I suspect the entry is a spoof. If anyone thinks it should be reinstated please provide links to secondary sources. Treeinthebog (talk) 06:58, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:French poetry


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Passmore Williamson

Passmore Williamson (February 23, 1822 – February 1, 1895) was an American abolitionist and businessman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a free state in the antebellum years. As secretary of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society and a member of its Vigilance Committee, Williamson is best known for helping Jane Johnson and her two sons gain freedom from slavery on July 18, 1855.

In a case that established legal precedent, he was served with a writ of habeas corpus by federal US District Court John K. Kane under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 to produce Johnson and her two sons in court. He did not know where they were held, so could not respond; Judge Kane charged him with contempt of court and sentenced him to 90 days.

The jailing of Williamson dramatically expanded news coverage of the case and generated debate about the extension of "Slave Power" over state law, as Pennsylvania did not recognize slavery. It held that slaveowners gave up their property rights in slaves if they brought them into the state; if the slave chose freedom, the state would support that decision and not compensate the owner. Thus, Johnson was not literally a fugitive, as she had gained freedom in the state according to state law, after John Hill Wheeler voluntarily took her there in the course of his travel.

Early life and education
Passmore Williamson was born in 1822 as the son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Pyle) Williamson, a Quaker family in Westtown Township, Pennsylvania. He also had two sisters. In the 1840s, his family moved from Chester County into the city of Philadelphia. Like his father, the younger Williamson became a conveyancer, preparing legal documents associated with property, such as deeds and leases.

He became committed to abolitionism as an adult, joining the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in 1842, and elected its Secretary in 1848. Pennsylvania was established as a free state soon after the American Revolutionary War; it did not recognize slavery and held that masters gave up their property rights if they brought slaves to the state. Abolitionism, however, was not supported by everyone and was controversial.

Marriage and family
In 1848, Williamson was disowned by the Society of Friends for his radical abolitionism and failure to attend meetings. Later that year, he married Mercie Knowles Taylor in a Quaker ceremony. They had four children together: two girls and two boys. The youngest boy was named Sumner in honor of Charles Sumner, the US Senator from Massachusetts who gave Williamson support in the Johnson case. (See below.)

Abolitionism
Williamson also joined the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, a more radical group founded in 1789 with members of both races. He also participated in the Acting Committee of its Vigilance Committee, made up of men who directly aided fugitive slaves and resisted the Fugitive Slave Act after its passage in 1850.

In 1852, Williamson and the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society aided the defense of men charged in the Christiana Riot, in which some black men tried to resist the capture of four fugitive slaves from Maryland. Their master, Edward Gorsuch, was killed, and other white men were wounded in the incident. United States judge for the Pennsylvania District Court, John K. Kane, ruled that the men could be tried for treason. Although 38 men were indicted, only Castner Hanway, a white man, was tried. He was acquitted by the jury in 15 minutes.

Henry "Box" Brown
Henry Box Brown was an enslaved clerk in Richmond, Virginia. The Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society assisted in his escape to freedom. On March 23, 1849, Brown arranged to be nailed inside a crate and mailed via private express delivery service to Williamson's place of business in Philadelphia. The next day, Williamson, William Still and other members of the Society were present when Rev. James Miller McKim pried open the crate.

Jane Johnson
Williamson helped Jane Johnson and her two sons, Daniel (age 5–6) and Isaiah (age 11–12) gain their freedom from slavery. Their master, John Hill Wheeler, had been appointed U. S. Minister to Nicaragua, and he and his family and servants were en route from Washington, D.C. to New York City to board a ship to South America. Their train arrived in Philadelphia on the morning of July 18, 1855. Wheeler bought tickets for the 5:00 pm steamboat to New York City, and locked Johnson and her sons in a hotel room while his family toured Philadelphia. A former master had sold Johnson's eldest son, and she was determined that she and her younger sons would be free. Through the locked door, she asked a black porter for his assistance. He contacted William Still, a member of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society and chairman of its Vigilance Committee.

Still notified Williamson, and the two men raced to the docks as Wheeler, his family and Johnson and her sons were boarding the steamboat. Williamson informed Johnson (and Wheeler) that Pennsylvania law did not recognize the property rights of slaveholders, and she was free to leave Wheeler if she chose. As she and her two sons walked away with Still, five black deckhands helped restrain Wheeler, who tried to stop her.

Under petition by Wheeler, US District Court judge John K. Kane issued a writ of habeas corpus to Williamson to produce Johnson and her two sons in court. Still and the five black deckhands were later charged with forcible abduction, riot, and assault by Wheeler and tried in August 1855.

Judge John K. Kane charged Williamson with contempt of court for not revealing the location of Johnson and her children, but he literally did not know it, as Still had not told him. (This was common practice among the Vigilance Committee, to protect members and fugitives.) Williamson responded, noting that Johnson was not legally a fugitive under the circumstances of the case, as Wheeler had voluntarily brought her into the state, where she had the freedom to decide if she wanted to leave slavery. Kane judged Williamson in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, which required even citizens of free states to cooperate in returning fugitive slaves to their owners. He had dismissed an affidavit from Jane Johnson, attesting that she had not been forcibly abducted but chose to go, as "immaterial and irrelevant."

Like Williamson, commentators noted that Johnson could not properly be considered as a "fugitive slave" as she had gained freedom while in Pennsylvania, in accordance with its law. She had not reached the state after escaping from slavery, violating laws of the South, and traveling to the North. What many perceived as expansion of the Fugitive Slave Act by Kane outraged many people. Known as a Democrat, he was believed to be sympathetic to Wheeler for his property rights, and had earlier had confrontations with Williamson over slavery law.

Williamson served 100 days between July 27 and November 3, 1855, in Moyamensing Prison. His case attracted extensive press coverage, as northern publications spread the story throughout the country. "Friends comfortably furnished his cell," where he essentially held court. While imprisoned, he received numerous letters and several hundred visitors, including African-American abolitionists Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman, both former slaves who had escaped from the South. These are attested in his visitor book, which is held by the Chester County History Center. Lucretia Mott noted that his imprisonment was extremely helpful to the cause, and said that his father Thomas Williamson was "only afraid Passmore will come out of Prison too soon." supporters of Williamson pressed Judge Kane for his release.

By August 29, 1855, when Still and the five deckhands were tried on charges brought by Wheeler, Johnson and her sons were living in New York. She returned for the trial, entering the courtroom hidden by a veil. She caused a dramatic stir by testifying at length that Still had not abducted her, nor any of the charged men forced her to go; she had long planned to gain freedom in the North, whether in Philadelphia or New York, during this trip. Her testimony refuted the prosecution and gained acquittal for Still and three of the men; and reduced charges and sentences for two. A reporter said they were proud of their actions and would have repeated them.

Protected by state and local officials, Jane Johnson was quickly taken out of the city, eluding federal marshals. She and her children remained free; they moved to Boston, where they settled. Johnson soon married there and worked as a seamstress. Several years later after being widowed, she married again. Her son Isaiah Johnson served in a Massachusetts Regiment of the United States Colored Troops during the American Civil War.

Claiming that he was illegally imprisoned, Williamson had filed his own writ of habeas corpus with the State Supreme Court, but it was denied. He was finally freed on November 3, suffering some health effects from jail. He sued Judge Kane for illegal imprisonment, but the case was still unsettled at the time of Kane's death in 1858.

Other activities
Williamson continued to be involved in abolitionism and public service. For instance, he supported voting rights for women from an early stage.

After his father's death in 1871, Williamson invested some of his estate in speculative ventures that did not do well. His family divided over the issue, and his sisters sued him. The outcome of this case is not known.

His wife Mercie died in 1878. After his death years later, Williamson was buried next to her and his father in a Quaker cemetery in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania.

title: Passmore Williamson


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Charles Holroyd

Sir Charles Holroyd RE (9 April 1861 – 17 November 1917) was an English painter, original printmaker and curator during the late Victorian and Edwardian eras up to and including the First World War. He was Keeper of the Tate from 1897 to 1906, Director of the National Gallery from 1906 to 1916 and Assessor (Vice-President) of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers & Engravers (now Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers) from 1902 to 1917.

Early years
Charles Holroyd was born in Potternewton, Leeds and studied at Leeds Grammar School then Mining Engineering at Yorkshire College of Science. From 1880 to 1884 received his art education under Professor Legros at the Slade School, University College, London, teaching there from 1885 to 1891. Holroyd, William Strang, and J. B. Clark are the three pupils of Legros mentioned in Arthur M. Hind’s A History of Engraving and Etching. After passing six months at Newlyn, where he painted his first picture exhibited in the Royal Academy, Fishermen Mending a Sail (1885), he obtained a travelling scholarship allowing Holroyd to spend 1889-1891 in Rome, which had a lasting effect on both his work (in its subject matter) and future life, for in Rome he met the Australian artist Fannie Featherstonehaugh Macpherson, daughter of the Premier of Victoria. She had coincidentally also trained at the Slade. The couple returned to the UK and, on 7 September 1891, married in the church of St Peter’s, Bayswater. Charles was aged 30 and Fannie 26. The register entry records both of them as “Artists” sharing the address 23 Pembridge Crescent. They then moved to “The Studio,” Church Walk, Hampstead where their only child, Michael, was born on 21 September 1892.

At his return, on the invitation of Professor Alphonse Legros RE, he became for two years assistant-master at the Slade School, and there devoted himself to painting and etching.

Career
Among his compositions may be mentioned The Death of Torrigiano (1886), The Satyr King (1889), The Supper at Emmaus, and, perhaps his best picture, Pan and Peasants (1893).

For the church of Aveley, Essex, he painted a triptych altar-piece, The Adoration of the Shepherds, with wings representing St Michael and St Gabriel, and designed as well the window, The Resurrection. His portraits, such as that of GF Watts, RA, in the Legros manner, show much dignity and distinction.

Holroyd made his chief reputation as an etcher of exceptional ability, combining strength with delicacy, and a profound and innate technical knowledge of the art. He printed each of his copper plates himself delighting in the variety of papers and various states of a print in bringing to fruition. He did not create formal editions of his prints and printed impressions as and when necessary, consequently compositions are scarce and rarely come on the open market. Holroyd was friends with fellow etchers at the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers & Engravers (RE) particularly Francis Seymour-Haden PPRE, Alfred East RA RE and Frank Short RA PPRE. Holroyd corresponded and swapped work with the French Symbolist artist, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, who he greatly admired. The influence of Puvis de Chavannes can be seen across Holroyd’s figurative work.

Among Holroyd’s best known works are the Monte Oliveto series, the Icarus series, the Monte Subasio series, and the Eve series, together with the plates, The Flight into Egypt, The Prodigal Son, A Barn on Tadworth Common (etched in the open air), “Nymphs by the Sea’’, ‘'The Storm’’ as well as portraits of Fannie, his wife and muse. His etched heads of Professor Legros, Lord Courtney and Night, are admirable alike in knowledge and in likeness. His principal drypoint is The Bather.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "[i]n all his work Holroyd displays an impressive sincerity, with a fine sense of composition, and of style, allied to independent and modern feeling." In 1897 he was appointed the first keeper of the National Gallery of British Art (Tate Gallery at Millbank, which became the Tate, the building having been funded by Sir George Tate and having benefitted from the bequest of his art collection. On the retirement of Sir Edward Poynter RE in 1906 he received the directorship of the National Gallery. Many important additions were made during his period as director, the chief of these being the Rokeby Venus by Velázquez,  Masaccio’s Virgin & Child, Raphael’s Procession to Calvary, Cranach’s Charity and Vermeer’s Young Woman seated at a Virginal. He also arranged for the transfer of a large portion of the Turner bequest to the Tate Gallery.

1903 saw the publication of Holroyd’s 352 page book on the Renaissance genius Michaelangelo (“Michael Angelo Buonarotti”, published by Duckworth, London). This scholarly work is still today regarded as something of real value. It has recently been re-published.

On the 18th December 1903 at Buckingham Palace, Charles was knighted by King Edward V11 ‘for services to art’.

In tandem with his directorships, Holroyd’s own creativity, particularly etching and printing, continued to actively engage Holroyd, but was necessarily confined to his spare time and while on holidays in the Lake District, in Italy (Siena and Venice were favourite haunts) and Spain.

Holroyd exhibited new etchings every year (with only three exceptions 1888, 1890 & 1915) at the R.E. for thirty years, from 1885 through to 1916. He also exhibited paintings, mainly in oils, at the Royal Academy from 1885 until 1917, and in 1906 exhibited two etchings, the only year he showed etchings at the R.A.

Compositions by Holroyd can be found in major museums and galleries in the U.K., Ireland, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand and in the USA.

In London a comprehensive cross-section of 135 works displaying his drawing and etching prowess and practice are in the British Museum (see external links). 48 compositions by Holroyd are held in the V&A. Twelve works are represented in Tate. One work is in the Royal Collection.

The majority of Holroyd’s etching copper plates, all but 22 of the total 287, some worked on both sides, are housed in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

Holroyd gave each of his prints an opus number, but in five instances where he reworked a plate at a later date he gave the later state a new opus number. Campbell Dodgson, when he compiled the catalogue of Holroyd’s etchings for Print Collector’s Quarterly in 1923, compacted Holroyd’s numbering, including the later state of the plate with the original one, amalgamating both under the earlier single catalogue number. Hence the occurrence of some apparent reference number discrepancies.

Though Holroyd was a member of the International Society of Sculptors, Painters and Gravers, he only exhibited with them once, a painting, in 1913. He was also a member of the Art Workers’ Guild, and elected Master for the year 1905.

Holroyd was an active and important member of the R.E. in its early years. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers (now Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers) from Saturday 13th June 1885 and served on the RE Council for 21 years, becoming this Society’s ‘Assessor’ (effectively its Vice-President) at the behest of Seymour-Haden, first RE President, from 1902 until his death.

Holroyd died on 19 November 1917 at the family home, Sturdie House, Beechwood Avenue, Weybridge in Surrey. ‘His death was hastened by the suffragette war’. [11]

In 2022 an on-line exhibition and illustrated publication of Holroyd’s etchings was compiled, written and curated by print-historian, Elizabeth Harvey-Lee, Hon.RE (see external links).

His etched work featured prominently in the London Original Print Fair (LOPF), Somerset House, London, in March 2023.

title: Charles Holroyd


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Philipp Christoph Zeller

Philipp Christoph Zeller (8 April 1808 – 27 March 1883) was a German entomologist.

Zeller was born at Steinheim an der Murr, Württemberg, two miles from Marbach, the birthplace of Schiller. The family moved to Frankfurt (Oder) where Philipp went to the gymnasium where natural history was not taught. Instead, helped by Alois Metzner, he taught himself entomology mainly by copying books. Copying and hence memorising, developed in response to early financial privation became a lifetime habit. Zeller went next to the University of Berlin where he became a candidat, which is the first degree, obtained after two or three years' study around 1833. The subject was philology. He became an Oberlehrer or senior primary school teacher in Glogau in 1835. Then he became an instructor at the secondary school in Frankfurt (Oder) and in 1860 he was appointed as the senior instructor of the highest technical high school in Meseritz. He resigned this post after leaving in 1869 for Stettin, home of the Stettin Entomological Society.

Zeller's first entomological studies were of Coleoptera and Diptera and he especially admired Johann Wilhem Meigen's “Zweiflügler”. This is of great importance since studies of Lepidoptera were then, as now, more concerned with species descriptions than with systematics and phylogenetic relationships and the nomenclature was already very confused (and confusing). Zeller's precise, orderly approach culminated in the most significant lepidopterological work of the nineteenth century – The Natural History of the Tineina. This, a monumental 13-volume monograph, was commenced in 1855 and completed in 1873. The other main authors were the Englishman Henry Tibbats Stainton, a Swiss, Heinrich Frey and another Englishman, John William Douglas. The Natural History of the Tineina appeared in English, French, German and Latin editions, the Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday doing the bulk of the translations. The work established Zeller as perhaps the greatest lepidopterist of the century. He named 186 new genera of moths His collection was acquired by Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham and later donated to the Natural History Museum.

Selected works

 * Versuch einer naturgemässen Eintheilung der Schaben, Tinea (Oken's Isis, 1839).
 * Kritische Bestimmung der in Reaumur's Memoiren vorkommenden Lepidopteren (Isis, 1838)
 * Kritische Bestimmung der in de Geer's Memoiren enthaltenen Schmetterlinge (Isis, 1839)
 * Monographie des Genus Hyponomeuta (Isis, 1844)
 * Anmerkungen zu Lienig's Lepidopterologischer Fauna von Livland und Curland (Isis,1846)
 * Die Arten der Blattminiergattung Lithocolletis beschrieben (Linnaea, 1846)
 * Bemerkungen über die auf einer Reise nach Italien und Sicilien gesammelten Schmetterlingsarten" (Isis, 1847)
 * Verzeichnis der vom Professor Dr. Loew in der Türkei und Asien gesammelten Lepidoptera Isis von Oken 1847 (1) : 3-39 (1847)
 * Exotische Phyciden (Isis, 1848)
 * Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Coleophoren" (Isis, 1849)
 * Revision der Pterophoriden (Isis, 1852)
 * Lepidoptera microptera quae J. A. Wahlberg in caffrorum terra legit (Stockholm, 1852)
 * Die Arten der Gattung Butalis beschrieben (Linnaea, 1855)
 * With Henry Tibbats Stainton, Heinrich Frey and John William Douglas The Natural History of the Tineina, 13 volumes, 2000 pages (1855)
 * Beiträge zur Kenntnis der nordamerikanischen Nachtfalter" (3 parts, Verh. zool. bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1872–73)
 * Beiträge zur Lepidopterenfauna der Ober-Albula in Graubünden (Verh. zool. bot. Gesellsch. Wien., 1877)
 * Exotische Lepidopteren (Horae soc. ent. Rossica, 1877)

title: Philipp Christoph Zeller


text: Category:Presidents of Indonesia

title: Category:Presidents of Indonesia


text:
Charles Page

Charles Page (June 2, 1860 – December 27, 1926) was a businessman and important philanthropist in the early history of Tulsa, Oklahoma. After his father died when Page was an 11-year-old boy in Wisconsin, he left school early to try to help support his mother and siblings. He had years of struggle before succeeding in business and striking oil in 1905 in Oklahoma.

Wanting to help other widows and children, in 1911 Page founded the Sand Springs Home. Concurrently, he founded the city of Sand Springs, Oklahoma as a model community to support the home, attracting industry and businesses. In 1987 he was posthumously inducted into the Tulsa Hall of Fame.

Early life
Charles Page was born in 1860 in Arnott, Wisconsin, near Stevens Point, to James William and Mary (Gottrey) Page. He dropped out of school in 1870 and began working on a freight wagon after his father became too ill to work. The father died when Charles was eleven years old. Thereafter, he took care of his mother and four younger siblings.

For many years, Page worked at a series of jobs in an attempt to support his family. In the early 1870s, he helped his mother cook for Wisconsin Central Railway workers. Additionally, he worked as a railway dispatcher and clerked in a general store. In 1876-1877, he worked as a lumberjack and logger. In 1879, he became a policeman in Ashland, Wisconsin. In the following two years, he became chief of police for Tower, Minnesota, and then went to work for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency.

He married his first wife, Lucy, in Duluth, Minnesota in 1881. She already had a son named Willie, whom Page adopted. The family moved to Ellensburg, Washington during the 1880s, on the east side of the state, where he became an agent for the Northern Pacific Railroad. Moving to Tacoma west of the Cascade Mountains, he tried and failed as a hotel owner and as a commodities trader. From 1888 to 1890, Page went to Canada searching for gold. During these years, he continued to send money to support his mother, until her death in 1891. During the 1890s, he worked in the mining industry in Washington, Idaho, Colorado, and Canada. He apparently made some money, but lost all his savings in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he got into real estate development, oil well drilling, and investing in power plants.

Move to Oklahoma
In 1901 Charles, Lucy and their son moved to Oklahoma City, then in Oklahoma Territory. They lived there until 1903, when they moved to Tulsa, then a boom town in Indian Territory. Page bought a hotel and began an independent oil drilling operation. His initial wells were unsuccessful.

In 1905 his well named "The Taneha" began producing 2,000 barrels per day. Its success helped Page make his first million dollars. Another of his wells hit natural gas in the Glenn Pool field. Lucy Page died of cancer in 1906.

Founding of Sand Springs
Page never forgot how his mother had struggled in poverty to keep her family together after her husband had died. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, there were few social resources to help support orphans and widows. He knew first-hand that fatherless children often had to forgo a school education to help support themselves or their families by working full-time, getting stuck in menial jobs. Given his recent economic gains, Page began to think how he could help others caught in the situation of his own mother and family. He envisioned creating a planned community where widows and orphans could live and be supported to become more productive members of society.

In 1908, he purchased a quarter section of land to the west of Tulsa. Soon, he acquired adjoining properties. On this land, he eventually founded a town that he named Sand Springs. He used part of the land to found and build the Sand Springs Home and helped establish various schools in West Tulsa, including Berryhill.

A generous philanthropist, he contributed to various charities in Tulsa including the Salvation Army. He quickly formed a friendship with the Tulsa Salvation Army captain, Brinton F. Breeding, and soon persuaded him to work in developing the land for the envisioned orphanage.

On July 22, 1909, Page married his second wife, Lucile Rayburn, in Denver, Colorado. They returned to Tulsa, where he had built a house at Third Street and Olympia Avenue. In 1912, they adopted a baby girl named Mary Ann. In 1915, the family moved to a new home at 810 N Main Avenue in Sand Springs.

Sand Springs Home and Widows' Colony
In May 1909, Page rescued 21 orphans from a bankrupt orphanage in Tulsa, legally adopted them, and put Breeding in charge of a home for them. Thereafter, he referred to the orphans as his "kids", and they referred to him as "Dad." Breeding served as superintendent of the Home until 1948.

The Sand Springs Home is both the name of the organization that Charles Page founded, to care for orphans and widows after he died, and the name of the building to house the orphans. The main dormitory was built in 1918. The children were assigned matrons to watch after them. In the dining area, each family of children were given their own table so they could eat together. When Page was alive, he often preferred to eat with "his kids" at their tables, rather than sit at the main table with the other adults. By the early 21st century, operations had changed. The few children who live at the home were moved into cottages, which were built around the old home dormitory, in order to have smaller-scaled living quarters. The old dormitory was demolished in 2006 to allow construction of a new recreation center for the home.

In 1912, Page began the construction of a widows' colony for widowed and divorced women with children to support. Forty three-room shotgun houses were built to house families. As years passed and the old colony homes began to fall into disrepair, they were replaced with new two-bedroom brick cottages. A chapel and a nursery were also constructed at the colony. Each house was provided with free utilities and rent, and a quart of milk per child per day. In order for a woman and her family to live in the colony, she had to have at least one child still in school, including college; her children had to maintain a "C" average in school; and they had to observe all the colony rules of behavior.

Shell Creek
Page owned the Sand Springs Bottling Company, which was the dominant supplier of fresh water for domestic consumption. By 1920, he had built a dam on Shell Creek, which created Shell Lake, near Sand Springs. He proposed to sell fresh water to the city of Tulsa. His proposal competed with the alternative of building a dam on Spavinaw Creek. Heated competition ensued between the two major newspapers, Tulsa Democrat (owned by Page), which supported the Shell Creek proposal, and the Tulsa World (owned by Eugene Lorton), which supported the Spavinaw plan. Page's proposal was rejected when tests showed that the quantity of water he could produce at Shell Creek was inadequate to meet Tulsa's expected needs.

Tulsa Race Massacre Aftermath
Many Black families spent the winter of 1921–1922 in tents as they worked to rebuild. Charles Page was commended for his philanthropic efforts in the wake of the riot in the assistance of 'destitute people of color. He donated land and lumber so that black families could build homes in Sand Springs, helping them rebuild their lives in the wake of the Tulsa Race Massacre that occurred May 31 - June 3, 1921. He also took in abandoned children into his orphanage whose parents were killed. He spent the last years of his life trying to help give African-Americans who relocated to Sand Springs, Oklahoma a place free from the Ku Klux Klan which was in every facet of Tulsa government at that time.

Industrial development
Page continually campaigned to attract companies to move to Sand Springs in order to provide jobs in the community for his "kids". Industries in early Sand Springs included: Sheffield Steel, Kerr Glass Company, Southwestern porcelain, Commander Mills (a cotton mill), and Sinclair Prairie Refinery.

Death and legacy
Page died of influenza on December 27, 1926. Charles (followed by his wife Lucile Page) was entombed at Woodland Cemetery in Sand Springs.

The main street of Sand Springs was named "Charles Page Boulevard" in his honor. This street connects Sand Springs to Tulsa, where it becomes West Third Street.

In the town's center, a statue of Page was installed. The Sand Springs Home continues to help families and children in the 21st century. The local high school is named Charles Page High School in his honor. There are also a park and a library named for him in Sand Springs.

In 1987, Page was posthumously inducted into Tulsa's Hall of Fame.

title: Charles Page


text:
Year of the Dragon

Year of the Dragon or The Year of the Dragon may refer to:

Astrology

 * Dragon (zodiac), Chinese Year of the Dragon zodiac sign

Films

 * Year of the Dragon (film), 1985 film directed by Michael Cimino, starring Mickey Rourke

Games

 * Spyro: Year of the Dragon, a PlayStation video game released in 2000

Literature

 * Year of the Dragon (1977), novel written by Joyce Dingwell
 * The Year of the Dragon (1977), novel written by Basil Cooper
 * Year of the Dragon (1981), novel written by Robert Daley
 * The Year of the Dragon (play), a play by Frank Chin, later adapted into a film starring George Takei

Music

 * In the Year of the Dragon, 1989 album by Geri Allen, Charlie Haden & Paul Motian
 * Year of the Dragon (Busta Rhymes album)
 * Year of the Dragon (EP) by Machine Head
 * Year of the Dragon (Modern Talking album), 2000
 * The Year of the Dragon (music), a three-movement work composed by Philip Sparke
 * Year of the Dragon Tour Diary: Japan, EP from Machine Head

title: Year of the Dragon


text:
Carl Hunter

Carl James Hunter (born 21 April 1965, Liverpool, England) is an English director and screenwriter and the bassist in the Liverpool-based pop group The Farm.

Music
In 1983, Hunter was part of the second wave of members who joined The Farm, and apart from his musical contributions, he also helped to design their CD jackets and sleeves. The band's 1991 album Spartacus reached number 1 in the UK Albums Chart. Three singles from the band reached the Top 10 in the UK Singles Chart; 1990's "Groovy Train" and "All Together Now", as well as the 2004 remix of "All Together Now".

Film and media
After completing a Master's Degree in Multi Media Design and Production in 1995, Hunter went on to direct, produce and write a number of short films in the late 1990s, including Blood Sports for All: The Punk Kes and Birthday Boy.

Since the early 2000s, Hunter has worked closely with Frank Cottrell Boyce (writer of Millions and 24 Hour Party People). In 2007, they released the feature film Grow Your Own, a British comedy set on a Merseyside allotment. Hunter acted as a producer and co-writer on the film. Alongside this, he has continued to direct short films and documentaries for television and film festivals. In 2009, Hunter adapted the short story Accelerate, written by Cottrell Boyce for The Reader, into a short online film.

In 2011, Hunter worked as photographic illustrator on Cottrell Boyce's book The Unforgotten Coat, which won the 2012 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize and the 2012 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis.

He directed Sometimes Always Never, a feature film written by Cottrell Boyce, that was produced in Northwest England. In May 2016, it was announced that Bill Nighy had joined the cast. The film was released in 2018.

Hunter currently teaches film production at Ormskirk's Edge Hill University, and runs an independent record label based in the university called The Label Recordings featuring artists such as Ali Horn, Hooton Tennis Club, Youth Hostel and The Pre-Amps among others.

title: Carl Hunter


text:
Yo! Check Out This Ride! EP

'Yo! Check Out This Ride! EP' is an EP by American band the Aquabats, independently recorded and released by the band themselves in 2004.

Overview
After being dismissed from Goldenvoice Records in 2000 and subsequently failing to find another record label, the Aquabats entered an extended period of relative inactivity in the first half of the 2000s, delaying all plans for extensive touring or future recording due to financial constraints. ''Yo! Check Out This Ride!!, the Aquabats' first self-produced album since 1996's The Return of the Aquabats'', was recorded to both appease the band's fanbase after four years of no new material, as well as to serve as a potential demo to attract interest from record labels. This would ultimately prove successful, as the Aquabats were signed to Nitro Records later in the year.

''Yo! Check Out This Ride!'' was recorded during a transitional period in the Aquabats' career. Following the departure of trumpeter and co-founder Catboy in 2002, the band had dropped their once characteristic horn section and predominant ska elements to focus more exclusively on the guitar and synthesizer-driven rock and new wave influences which had dominated their previous studio album. Musically, the album showcases a hip hop-tinged rock song in the title track and straight synthpop in "Todd-1 in Space Mountain Land!", while featuring cover songs from power pop bands the Plimsouls and the Kinks, and vocal group the Kids of Widney High.

The EP was the first Aquabats album to feature drummer Ricky Fitness, who joined the band in 2002, as well as the final to feature original member Prince Adam as an official member. The cover art, depicting a horseback Aquabat lassoing a dinosaur-like creature, was painted by Brandon Bird.

Reception
Scott Auth of Punknews.org gave ''Yo! Check Out This Ride! 3½ out of 5 stars, writing "Musically this isn’t the greatest work they’ve ever prepared; sadly there's not a trace of ska to be found on Yo! Check Out This Ride!'' As heartbreaking as that is, it's still a quality EP worthy of purchase."

Previous versions

 * A demo version of "Todd-1 in Space Mountain Land!", an outtake from the Floating Eye of Death! recording sessions, was first released on The Aquabats' website in the early 2000s.

The Aquabats

 * The MC Bat Commander – vocals
 * Crash McLarson – bass guitar
 * Jimmy The Robot – saxophone, keyboards
 * Prince Adam – rhythm guitar, synthesizer, trumpet
 * Chainsaw, Prince of Karate – lead guitar
 * Ricky Fitness – drums

Production

 * Produced, engineered and mixed by Adam Deibert and the Aquabats
 * Mastered by Alex Reverberi
 * Recorded at "Global International Worldwide Studios" in Santa Ana, California and "The Deibert Ranch Studios" in Huntington Beach, California.

title: Yo! Check Out This Ride! EP