text: Category:Memphis, Tennessee

title: Category:Memphis, Tennessee


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Distribution center

A distribution center for a set of products is a warehouse or other specialized building, often with refrigeration or air conditioning, which is stocked with products (goods) to be redistributed to retailers, to wholesalers, or directly to consumers. A distribution center is a principal part, the order processing element, of the entire order fulfillment process. Distribution centers are usually thought of as being demand driven. A distribution center can also be called a warehouse, a DC, a fulfillment center, a cross-dock facility, a bulk break center, and a package handling center. The name by which the distribution center is known is commonly based on the purpose of the operation. For example, a "retail distribution center" normally distributes goods to retail stores, an "order fulfillment center" commonly distributes goods directly to consumers, and a cross-dock facility stores little or no product but distributes goods to other destinations.

Distribution centers are the foundation of a supply network, as they allow a single location to stock a vast number of products. Some organizations operate both retail distribution and direct-to-consumer out of a single facility, sharing space, equipment, labor resources, and inventory as applicable.

A typical retail distribution network operates with centers set up throughout a commercial market, with each center serving a number of stores. Large distribution centers for companies such as Walmart serve 50–125 stores. Suppliers ship truckloads of products to the distribution center, which stores the product until needed by the retail location and ships the proper quantity.

Since a large retailer might sell tens of thousands of products from thousands of vendors, it would be impossibly inefficient to ship each product directly from each vendor to each store. Many retailers own and run their own distribution networks, while smaller retailers may outsource this function to dedicated logistics firms that coordinate the distribution of products for a number of companies. A distribution center can be co-located at a logistics center.

Scale
A large distribution center might receive and ship more than ten thousand truckloads each year, with an individual store receiving from only a couple of trucks per week up to 20, 30, or more per week. Distribution centers range in size from less than 50000 sqft to the largest identified in 2015 approaching 3 million square feet (300,000 m2).

Storage locations and storage containers
Goods (products) arrive and are stored in a distribution center in varying types of storage locations and containers suited to the product characteristics and the amount of product to be transported or stored. These types of locations and containers have specific industry-accepted names. Specialized pieces of equipment (material handling equipment, or MHE) are used to handle the various types of containers. The following is a list of some of the names and characteristics of common storage containers:
 * Intermodal containers (shipping containers) are used for the efficient transportation of goods. Standards specify the volume and dimensions of containers to facilitate efficient handling.
 * Pallets are one of the most commonly used means to store and move product in a distribution center. There are many specialized devices (material handling equipment or MHE) used to handle pallets - see forklift truck, pallet jack, pallet inverter, and unit load .....Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS). Pallets are stored on the floor, may be stacked, and may be stored in pallet racking.
 * Bulk Box are large single boxes usually connected or attached to a pallet.
 * Cases and Cartons are boxes usually containing many items. In distribution centers there is a generally accepted distinction made between the terms "carton" and "case", although both are boxes. Goods are received and stored in cartons, while goods are shipped in cases. A stored carton is called a case once it has been picked or pulled for shipment.
 * Totes are reusable containers used to hold and transport goods.

Processing
Another way to look at a distribution center is to see it as a production or manufacturing operation. Goods arrive in bulk, they are stored until needed, retrieved, and assembled into shipments. The efficient processing of a distribution center can greatly impact the final price of the product delivered to the end user. Efficient processing not only directly impacts the cost of goods through reduced labor, but it also indirectly impacts the cost of goods through reduced inventory. Inventory represents an investment with its associated investment interest or inventory carrying cost. Reducing the processing time of order processing can directly reduce the amount of inventory necessary to be stocked in the operation (see demand chain management).

Costs
The most efficient method of distribution would be to ship a full truckload or railcar directly from the manufacturer to the retailer. The next most efficient method would be to ship a full truckload to a distribution center, unload full pallets of products, and immediately load the pallets onto trucks destined for individual stores. Both of these methods can be used only on very high-volume items. Most products cannot be delivered in this manner, and pallets or even individual boxes must be broken down and divided.

Once a full pallet must be broken apart, the costs of handling the product can increase quickly. Many distribution centers use large sortation systems with miles of conveyor to move products through the facility and into a truck. They may also have automated equipment for de-palletizing and re-palletizing product. Some of the most sophisticated systems can convey product directly into storage racks and then convey out of the racks to trucks, all automatically. With a wide variety of product sizes and weights, these systems are designed to handle a specific range of products. Very large, small, heavy, or light products require varying degrees of manual handling.

As the process of handling involves more steps and becomes increasingly manualized, the cost increases. Storing products instead of receiving and immediately shipping them adds cost. Firms must determine when lost sales due to not having product on the shelves are balanced by increased handling and storage costs. Conversely, automating these additional manual steps can reduce the labor and costs associated with these processes. For example, automatic box-opening technology makes the process of opening individual boxes for re-packaging much faster.

Organization
All distribution centers have three main areas and may have additional specialized areas. The three main areas are: the receiving dock, the storage area, and the shipping dock. In small organizations it is possible for the receiving and shipping functions to occur side by side, but in large centers, separating these areas simplifies the process. Many distribution centers have dedicated dock doors for each store in their shipping area. The receiving area can also be specialized based on the handling characteristics of freight being received, on whether the product is going into storage or directly to a store, or by the type of vehicle delivering the product.

Planning
A number of components go into the overall planning of a distribution center in order to maximize its efficiency. If the distribution center relies on a conveyor system suspended from the ceiling, consideration needs to be given to the weight-bearing capacity of the ceiling joists. If the conveyor system runs along the floor, then consideration needs to be given in the design stage to the placement of columns, particularly as they relate to the flue space between pallet rack frames. Other planning considerations include attention to such areas as slotting, product replenishment, storage media, and power requirements.

Safety
The distribution center industry is no stranger to occupational hazards and accidents, (95 people receive physical injuries in forklift accident every day in the USA) which is why it has been designated as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the United States.

To mitigate the number of accidents, it's crucial to establish a culture of safety across all levels of management within the warehouse. This means that executives and owners must enforce safety procedures and regulations to ensure a safe and productive workspace.

To achieve this goal, implementing a comprehensive safety plan that covers all areas of the warehouse and applies to all employees is paramount. Owners and managers must be willing to invest time and money towards safety measures, which should be included in the overall budget. This way, a safer working environment can be established for all those involved in the distribution center industry.

Simple distribution center outline
Because many distribution centers service both large and small clients, especially those which store a specific type of service as opposed to those which serve a specific company, roles and departments are generally more complicated. A simple distribution center which serves many clients of a specific theme or type of service may include:

 * Goods in (or goods inward): Usually containing specialized container unloading equipment and workers, including pallet wrapping, conveyor belt unloaders (as used on 40 ft shipping containers), forklift drivers, and administrative staff
 * Bulk: As a rule, a bulk department controls and ships larger orders or orders that contain only full cartons/boxes. A bulk department includes forklift truck drivers to load containers and wagons, and man-up or combi forklift trucks to unload full pallets from warehouse racking.
 * Break-bulk: Break-bulk (also known as split case) is a lower-capacity version of the bulk department. Orders usually contain part boxes or items not requiring pallets. Due to the number of smaller customers a distribution center may serve, a break-bulk department may need more workers than a bulk department. A break-bulk department usually uses trolleys or, for palleted/heavy orders, small electric PPT or walkie low lift trucks. Items shipped by break-bulk are usually stored in pick, which are usually the bottom two pick-faces of warehouse racking. A pick-face is the space on such a racking system onto which a pallet can be loaded.
 * Export: An export department controls orders which are leaving the country of the distribution center. This department is almost identical in function to a bulk or break-bulk department; however, workers in this department build pallets conforming to different standards and sizes. An export department also uses different shipping containers or haulage firms.
 * Quality assurance: A quality assurance (QA) department performs periodic checks of random samples of stock to check quality, including from the warehouse racking, goods in, and returned stock. This department may also take on cycle count duties to find missing stock.
 * Administration
 * Packing and production: In many distribution centers it is not feasible to store stock in many different packaging styles or quantities, and while it may cost a customer more to do so, many customers, such as supermarkets, prefer their own packaging on stock. Because of this, packing benches are used to take raw items, such as a box of balloons, and pack them at a specific unit quantity, which are then packed into cartons and labeled accordingly for a customer. In many circumstances this may be more inexpensively done at a distribution center than by a customer or client.
 * Transportation: Arranges and coordinates shipments in and out of the distribution center.
 * Dedicated product departments: Divisions may be based on handling characteristics or storage characteristics, for example, refrigerated and non-refrigerated [meat and produce, frozen, dairy/deli, dry]. Each of these three areas have both shipping and receiving departments as well.

Distribution centers also have a variety of supporting departments, including human resources, maintenance/facilities operations, production control, and accounting.

Sustainability
Modern distribution centers are increasingly focusing on energy efficiency as a key aspect of sustainable operations. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suggests that improving energy efficiency in distribution centers can save up to 25% of the energy consumed. To achieve this, distribution centers are upgrading their lighting systems to energy-efficient alternatives such as LED lighting, which can save up to 75% in energy consumption. In addition, motion sensors are installed to automatically turn off lights in unoccupied areas, further reducing energy waste. The adoption of energy-efficient HVAC systems and regular maintenance can enhance efficiency and reduce energy waste, while thermal insulation of buildings helps to prevent heat transfer and reduce the load on HVAC systems. These energy-efficient strategies not only help reduce carbon emissions but also result in significant cost savings over time, with energy-efficient buildings typically using 20-30% less energy according to the U.S. Department of Energy.

Waste management is another critical component of sustainable practices in modern distribution centers. Effective waste management strategies include conducting regular waste audits to understand the types and quantities of waste produced, implementing source segregation to separate recyclables from non-recyclables, and adopting waste-to-resource conversion methods such as composting food waste or selling cardboard and paper waste to recycling companies. By engaging with suppliers to explore packaging alternatives that reduce waste generation and implementing sustainable waste management practices, distribution centers can minimize their environmental impact, reduce operational costs, and enhance their brand reputation among environmentally conscious customers. Technological advancements also play a role in optimizing waste management processes, with the implementation of waste tracking software and automated waste collection systems improving efficiency and reducing operational costs.

Jobs
A distribution center typically has a general manager who manages the facility and typically has a number of department managers who report directly to him/her. Most distribution centers divide staff into two categories, direct labor and indirect labor. Direct labor staff execute the distribution processes, while indirect labor staff support the direct labor staff. Each department is in turn composed of supervisors and warehouse workers. The direct labor jobs of a warehouse can include:

 * Unloader - unloads trucks and breaks down pallets as needed, using various pieces of power equipment
 * Receiver - inventories and tags unloaded pallets using a mobile cart computer unit and printer
 * Hauler - transports received pallets with equipment from the receiving dock to the storage racks
 * Putaway driver - puts product into racks with forklift
 * Lumper - helps unload shipments
 * Replenishment driver - pulls product from the racks and places it into the "pick slot" with forklift
 * Order filler - picks product from the "pick slot" by hand and moves with power equipment
 * Loader - wraps the order-filled pallets and loads trucks, using equipment

Indirect labor departments and jobs within a warehouse can include:
 * Supervision - floor (process) supervision, indirect labor supervision
 * Human resources - employment office and employee benefits
 * Facilities and housekeeping - maintenance of buildings
 * Inventory management - tracking and placement of product
 * Quality control - inspection and acceptance of incoming and outbound product
 * Asset protection - building security and loss prevention
 * Safety - insurance of safe operating practices
 * Equipment maintenance - electrical, mechanical, and pneumatic maintenance of MHE
 * Operations research - Industrial engineering, process improvement, labor standards
 * Information technology - support of information systems
 * Water Spider - replenishes cardboard, bubble wrap, tape, etc. for warehouse packers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Distribution center


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Highbrow

Used colloquially as a noun or adjective, "highbrow" is synonymous with intellectual; as an adjective, it also means elite, and generally carries a connotation of high culture. The term, first recorded in 1875, draws its metonymy from the pseudoscience of phrenology, which teaches that people with large foreheads are more intelligent. The term is deeply connected to hierarchical racial theories from the 19th century. The German physician, physiologist, and anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840) argued "for human diversity alonglines of racial differences as evidenced by skulls shapes and measurements. [...] One metric of Blumenbachs classification was the line of the forehead, said to be higher among 'Caucasians' and lower among 'Mongolians' and 'Ethiopians' and this is the origin of the still common usage of 'highbrow' and 'lowbrow' ".

Applications
"Highbrow" can be applied to music, implying most of the classical music tradition; to literature—i.e., literary fiction and poetry; to films in the arthouse line; and to comedy that requires significant understanding of analogies or references to appreciate. The term highbrow is considered by some (with corresponding labels as 'middlebrow' 'lowbrow') as discerning or selective; and highbrow is currently distanced from the writer by quotation marks: "We thus focus on the consumption of two generally recognised 'highbrow' genres—opera and classical". The first usage in print of highbrow was recorded in 1884. The term was popularized in 1902 by Will Irvin, a reporter for The Sun of New York City, who adhered to the phrenological notion of more intelligent people having high foreheads.

Variants
Lowbrow is the opposite of highbrow, and between those brows is the middlebrow, which term describes the mediocre culture that has neither high expectations nor low expectations as culture. Usage of the term middlebrow is derogatory, as in Virginia Woolf's unsent letter to the New Statesman, written in the 1930s and published in The Death of the Moth and Other Essays (1942). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word middlebrow first appeared in print in 1925, in Punch: "The BBC claims to have discovered a new type—'the middlebrow'. It consists of people who are hoping that some day they will get used to the stuff that they ought to like". The term had previously appeared in hyphenated form in The Nation, on 25 January 1912:

In spite of their wide-reaching differences, Virginia Woolf describes the highbrow as intimately reliant on the lowbrow. For instance, she considers Prince Hamlet to be a highbrow lacking orientation in the world once he had lost the lowbrow Ophelia with her grip on earthly realities: this, she thought, explained why in general highbrows "honour so wholeheartedly and depend so completely upon those who are called lowbrows".

It was popularized by the American writer and poet Margaret Widdemer, whose essay "Message and Middlebrow" appeared in the Review of Literature in 1933. The three genres of fiction, as American readers approached them in the 1950s and as obscenity law differentially judged them, are the subject of Ruth Pirsig Wood, Lolita in Peyton Place: Highbrow, Middlebrow, and Lowbrow Novels, 1995.

title: Highbrow


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Lowbrow (art movement)

Lowbrow, or lowbrow art, is an underground visual art movement that arose in the Los Angeles, California area in the late 1960s. It is a populist art movement with its cultural roots in underground comix, punk music, tiki culture, graffiti, and hot-rod cultures of the street. It is also often known by the name pop surrealism. Lowbrow art often has a sense of humor – sometimes the humor is gleeful, impish, or a sarcastic comment.

Most lowbrow artworks are paintings, but there are also toys, digital art, and sculpture.

History
Some of the first artists to create what came to be known as lowbrow art were underground cartoonists like Robert Williams and Gary Panter. Barry McGee, Margaret Kilgallen, Dan "Plasma" Rauch and Camilla Elke were amongst the first to pioneer Lowbrow as a street art, zine, fashion, graffiti, and counter culture movement. The purpose of the lowbrow movement was to take an unorthodox approach to art and to completely defy its "rules". This resulted in pushback from significant individuals and organizations in the art industry. Early shows were in alternative galleries in New York and Los Angeles such as Psychedelic Solutions Gallery in Greenwich Village, New York City which was run by Jacaeber Kastor, La Luz de Jesus run by Billy Shire and 01 gallery in Hollywood, run by John Pochna. The movement steadily grew from its beginning, with hundreds of artists adopting this style. As the number of artists grew, so did the number of galleries showing lowbrow. In 1992 Greg Escalante helped orchestrate the first formal gallery exhibition to take lowbrow art seriously; painter Anthony Ausgang's solo show "Looney Virtues” at the Julie Rico Gallery in Santa Monica. The Bess Cutler Gallery also went on to show important artists and helped expand the kind of art that was classified as lowbrow. The lowbrow magazine Juxtapoz, launched in 1994 by Robert Williams, Greg Escalante, and Eric Swenson, has been a mainstay of writing on lowbrow art and has helped shape and expand the movement.

Etymology
In an article in the February 2006 issue of his magazine Juxtapoz, Robert Williams took credit for originating the term "lowbrow art". He stated that in 1979 Gilbert Shelton of the publisher Rip Off Press decided to produce a book featuring Willams' paintings. Williams said he decided to give the book the self-deprecating title ''The Lowbrow Art of Robt. Williams'', since no authorized art institution would recognize his type of art. "Lowbrow" was thus used by Williams in opposition to "highbrow". He said the name then stuck, even though he feels it is inappropriate. Williams refers to the movement as "cartoon-tainted abstract surrealism." Lately, Williams has begun referring to his own work as "Conceptual Realism".

 * Anthony Ausgang
 * Mark Ryden
 * Robert Williams
 * Corrie Erickson
 * Camille Rose Garcia
 * Shag
 * Todd Schorr
 * Greg Simkins
 * Amy Sol
 * Kenny Scharf
 * Steven Cerio
 * Ray Caesar
 * Esao Andrews
 * Marion Peck
 * Tara McPherson
 * Sunny Buick
 * Peca
 * Audrey Kawasaki
 * Jason Limón
 * Victor Castillo
 * Miss Van
 * Joe Vaux
 * Brandi Milne
 * Dennis Larkins
 * Lola Gil
 * Martin Wittfooth
 * Hannah Yata
 * Gregory Jacobsen
 * Naoto Hattori
 * Dan Quintana
 * Gregory Hergert
 * Renee French
 * Travis Lampe
 * Tim Biskup
 * Mark Rogers
 * Gary Baseman
 * Mark Bryan
 * Ciou
 * Van Arno
 * Kelly Hutchison (Dark Vomit)

Books
There are several books which offer overview histories of lowbrow, including the following:
 * A collection of La Luz de Jesus Gallery in Hollywood, CA that has carried Lowbrow art for 25 years.
 * A collection of La Luz de Jesus Gallery in Hollywood, CA that has carried Lowbrow art for 25 years.

Magazines

 * Juxtapoz
 * PORK (magazine)
 * Beautiful/Decay Magazine
 * Tokion is a magazine with both Japanese and US editions.
 * Hi-Fructose
 * Beautiful Bizarre Magazine
 * Hey Magazine

title: Lowbrow (art movement)


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Wikipedia:Requested moves/Min edit count

With the increasing popularity of Wikipedia, Wikipedia becomes a target of vandalism more frequently. One particularly nasty type of vandalism is page move vandalism, i.e. to move lots of pages to other locations. One persistent vandal is for example User:Willy on wheels and its incarnations. (see List of banned users for a list of usernames)

The wikimedia software has one option to require a minimum number of edits before a user can move pages. Currently, this minimum is set to 0, allowing any new user to move pages. This vote proposes to increase the minimum number of edits required for page move access to be raised to 100 edits


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Middlebrow

The term middlebrow describes middlebrow art, which is easily accessible art, usually popular literature, and middlebrow people who use the arts to acquire the social capital of "culture and class" and thus a good reputation. First used in the British satire magazine Punch in 1925, the term middlebrow is the intellectual, intermediary brow between the highbrow and the lowbrow forms of culture; the terms highbrow and lowbrow are borrowed from the pseudoscience of phrenology.

Modernism
In the mid 20th century, the term middlebrow became a pejorative usage in the modernist cultural criticism written by Dwight Macdonald, Virginia Woolf, and Russell Lynes, which pejorative usage placed popular culture at the margin of mainstream culture in favour of high culture. Culturally, the middlebrow sensibility appears as a forced and ineffective attempt at cultural and intellectual achievement by way of popular literature that emphasises emotional and sentimental connections, rather than intellectualism and an appreciation of literary innovation. In contrast, the philosophy of postmodernism readily perceives the cultural advantages of the perspective of the middlebrow person who is aware of and likes high culture, but effectively balances the aesthetic demands of high art with the cultural demands daily life in the world.

Virginia Woolf
In 1941, Virginia Woolf derided the middlebrow mentality in an un-posted letter to the editor of the New Statesman & Nation, concerning a radio broadcast that attacked the highbrows of British society as people intellectually detached from everyday life. The letter-to-the-editor was posthumously published in the essay collection The Death of the Moth and Other Essays (1942).

As a social critic, Woolf criticizes middlebrows as petty purveyors of highbrow culture for their own shallow benefit. Rather than select and read books for their intrinsic cultural value, middlebrow people select and read books they are told are the best books to read: "We highbrows read what we like and do what we like and praise what we like." Middlebrows are concerned with appearances, with how their social activities make them appear to the community, unlike the highbrows, the avant-garde men and women who act according to their commitment to the beauty and forms of art, and to values and integrity. Likewise, a lowbrow person is devoted to a singular interest, a person "of thoroughbred vitality who rides his body in pursuit of a living at a gallop across life"; and, therefore, the lowbrow are equally worthy of reverence, as they, too, are living for what they intrinsically know as valuable.

Instead of such social and intellectual freedom, the middlebrows are betwixt and between, people whom Woolf characterises as "in pursuit of no single object, neither Art itself nor life itself, but both mixed indistinguishably, and rather nastily, with money, fame, power, or prestige". The middlebrow value system rewards quick gains through books already designated as 'Classic literature' and as 'Great literature', but never of their own choosing, because "to buy living art requires living taste". The critic Woolf concludes that the middlebrow class are culturally meretricious – a human condition less demanding than personal authenticity.

Highbrow, Lowbrow, Middlebrow
In the essay "Highbrow, Lowbrow, Middlebrow" (1949), Russell Lynes satirized Virginia Woolf's highbrow scorn for middlebrow people voiced in her editorial letter. Quoting Woolf and other highbrows, such as art critic Clement Greenberg, Lynes said that the subtle distinctions that Woolf found significant among the levels of brows were just a means of upholding an artificial cultural superiority over the popular culture consumed by the middlebrow and the lowbrow strata of society. Lyne specifically criticised Woolf's claim that the consumer products used by a person identified his and her socio-cultural stratum in society; in the letter, Woolf identified consumer products that, in her opinion, identified the user as a middlebrow person.

Lynes then distinguished the sub-levels of the intellectual brow and divided the middlebrow into the upper-middlebrow and the lower-middlebrow. The upper-middlebrow patronage of the arts makes possible the cultural activities of the highbrow stratum, such as museums, symphonic orchestras, opera companies, and publishing houses, which are administrated by members of the upper-middlebrow stratum. The lower middlebrow use the arts as a means of self-improvement (personal and professional) because they are "hell-bent on improving their minds, as well as their fortunes". Members of the lower-middlebrow stratum also live the simple, easy life offered in advertisements wherein "lower middlebrow-ism" was "a world that smells of soap". Lynes concludes that Woolf's social-class opinions as an intellectual delineate an intellectually perfect world without middlebrow people.

Later, in a Life magazine article, Lynes distinguished among the right foods and the right furniture, the right clothes and the right arts for lowbrow people, for middlebrow people, and for highbrow people. In American culture, Lynes’ explanation of the sociologic particulars of social capital and the distinctions of social class provoked much social insecurity among Americans, as they worried about how their favourite things determined their actual social class and cultural stratum.

Priestley's defence
As an intellectual, J. B. Priestley sought to create a positive cultural space for the concept of the middlebrow, which would be characterised by earnestness, friendliness, and ethical concern; and couched his defence of the middlebrow in terms of radio stations, praising the BBC Home Service for cosiness and plainness, a cultural space midway between the Light Programme and the Third Programme, "between the raucous lowbrows and the lisping highbrows [there] is a fine gap, meant for the middle or broadbrows . . . our homely fashion".

In the struggles and competitions among the intelligentsia for the attention of readers and to generate cultural capital, Virginia Woolf responded to Priestly's defence of the middlebrow by dubbing the BBC Home Service as "Betwixt and Between Company".

Masscult and Midcult
Dwight Macdonald's critique of middlebrow culture, "Masscult and Midcult" (1960), associated the modern industrial drive, away from specialization and the folk, with creating mass-market arts that render men, women, and children into anonymous consumers of the arts. In the U.S., highbrow culture is associated with specialization for the connoisseurs, while lowbrow culture entails authentic folk products made for specific communities, such as the working class. Masscult (mass culture) copies and manipulates both the high and the low traditions, with factory-created products, made without innovation or care, expressly for the market, "to please the crowd by any means", thereby creating an American society in which "a pluralistic culture cannot exist", wherein the rule is cultural homogeneity.

In contrast, Midcult (middle culture) came about with middlebrow culture, and dangerously copies and adulterates high culture, by way of "a tepid ooze of Midcult", which threatens high culture, with dramaturgy, literature, and architecture, such as Our Town (1938), The Old Man and the Sea (1952), and American collegiate gothic architecture.

The Middlebrow "pretends to respect the standards of High Culture, while, in fact, it waters them down and vulgarizes them". Macdonald recommended a separation of the brows, so that "the few who care about good writing, painting, music, architecture, philosophy, etc. have their High Culture, and don't fuzz up the distinction with the Midcult".

Marketed middlebrow
Oprah's Book Club and the Book-of-the-Month Club are middlebrow products marketed to deliver the classical and highbrow literature to the middle class. The middlebrow nature of Oprah's Book Club was highlighted by the novelist Jonathan Franzen, after his 2001 book The Corrections was selected as Oprah's book of the month. Franzen publicly complained that the selection was inconsistent with his place in "the high art literary tradition" as distinct from "entertaining books", though Franzen never used the term “middlebrow” during the kerfuffle and later claimed to not know what it meant. In a 1996 essay in Harper's Magazine, Franzen lamented book clubs for "treating literature like a cruciferous vegetable that could be choked down only with a spoonful of socializing".

In A Feeling for Books (1997), a history of the Book-of-the-Month Club, from its establishment in 1926 to the 1980s, before being entirely commercialised, Janice Radway said that middlebrow culture is not just a simulacrum of highbrow taste, but, instead, have distinctly defined themselves in defiance of avant-garde high culture.

Contemporary middlebrow
Slate Magazine suggests that the late 2000s and early 2010s could potentially be considered the "golden age of middlebrow art"—pointing to television shows Breaking Bad, Mad Men, The Sopranos and The Wire and novels Freedom, The Marriage Plot and A Visit from the Goon Squad. Slate also defines the films of Aaron Sorkin as middlebrow. Some argue that Slate itself is middlebrow journalism.

In a March 2012 article for Jewish Ideas Daily, Peodair Leihy described the work of poet and songwriter Leonard Cohen as "a kind of pop—upper-middle-brow to lower-high-brow, to be sure, but pop nonetheless". This aesthetic was further theorized in an essay from November that year for The American Scholar that saw William Deresiewicz propose the addition of "upper middle brow", a culture falling between masscult and midcult. He defined it as "infinitely subtler than Midcult. It is post- rather than pre-ironic, its sentimentality hidden by a veil of cool. It is edgy, clever, knowing, stylish, and formally inventive."

In The New Yorker, Macy Halford characterizes Harper's Magazine and The New Yorker itself as "often [being] viewed as prime examples of the middlebrow: both magazines are devoted to the high but also to making it accessible to many; to bringing ideas that might remain trapped in ivory towers and academic books, or in high-art (or film or theatre) scenes, into the pages of a relatively inexpensive periodical that can be bought at bookstores and newsstands across the country (and now on the Internet)." She also notes the internet's effect on the middlebrow debate: "the Internet is forcing us to rethink (again) what 'middlebrow' means: in an era when the highest is as accessible as the lowest—accessible in the sense that both are only a click away [...] —we actually have to think anew about how to walk that middle line." Halford describes Wikipedia as "itself a kind of middlebrow product" and links to its "Middlebrow" entry "because it actually provides a smart summary".

title: Middlebrow


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Anders Fogh Rasmussen II Cabinet

Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen retained his parliamentary support in the 2005 Danish parliamentary election, and was able to continue as head of his government. On 18 February 2005, he presented his updated cabinet, the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II. One of the main issues of the cabinet was administrative reform that slashed the number of municipalities and replaced the thirteen counties with five regions.

Anders Fogh Rasmussen has referred to the reform as the biggest reform in thirty years. Furthermore, a reform of the police and judicial systems was initiated in January 2007, changing the numbers of police districts and city courts from 54 to 12 and 82 to 22 respectively. Rasmussen retained parliamentary support in the 2007 election and continued as Prime Minister in the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen III, formed on 23 November 2007.

Notable events

 * On 8 June 2005 somebody made an arson attack on Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration Rikke Hvilshøj's home. Rikke Hvilshøj, her husband, and her two small children escaped unharmed. It is not clear who was behind the attack (Though one unknown group has claimed responsibility), or what the motive were. Following the attack security was stepped up for several ministers.
 * In January 2006 Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen became embroiled in the controversy of the Muhammad cartoons which initially were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten.
 * On 13 December 2006 Lars Barfoed was forced to resign as Minister of Family and Consumption because of issues with the ministry's food inspections. Carina Christensen was named as Barfoed's replacement.
 * On 21 February 2007 Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen said that the 460 Danish troops in Iraq will have left by August.

Changes from the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I

 * Bertel Haarder changed from being Minister for Development Cooperation and Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration to being Church Minister and Minister of Education.
 * The much-criticised Tove Fergo, who failed to get reelected to parliament (though that is not a requirement for a minister) was replaced as Church Minister.
 * Ulla Tørnæs switched from being Minister of Education to being Minister for Development Cooperation.
 * Rikke Hvilshøj was appointed Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration.
 * Lars Barfoed replaced Henriette Kjær as Minister of Family and Consumption, after there had been some criticism Henriette Kjær because her personal finances were in disorder. Barfoed himself resigned, effective 14 December 2006.

List of ministers and portfolios
Some periods in the table below start before 18 February 2005 or end after 23 November 2007 because the minister was also in the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I or III.

title: Anders Fogh Rasmussen II Cabinet


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Crooms

Crooms is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Chris Crooms (born 1969), American football player
 * Harold Crooms (born 1979), American stock car racing driver
 * Joseph N. Crooms (1880-1957), African-American principal and educator

title: Crooms


text:
Category:Distributors

 * Distributors — people/company intermediaries that  goods from manufactures/producers to retail businesses.

title: Category:Distributors


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College of Applied Science Vadakkencherry

The College of Applied Science or CASVDY, is located in Vadakkencherry, Palakkad district in the Indian state of Kerala.

The college is affiliated to the University of Calicut, recognized under Section 2F of the UGC and approved by the AICTE. It is managed by the IHRD, a government of Kerala undertaking. It conducts courses in B.Sc Computer Science, B.C.A, B.Sc Electronics, B.Com with Computer Application, B.Com with Finance, M.Sc Computer Science, M.Sc Electronics and M.Com.

CASVDY was the first in Kerala to offer a postgraduate diploma course in Audio engineering at the government level for aspirants in the audio media industry and fourth in India. The course commenced in June 2010.

Overview
The college was established in 1993 offering undergraduate education programs such as B.Sc. Electronics and Computer Science for the first time in Kerala. The courses are run under the semester system and under the new NEP Policy of the Government of India/Kerala. The University of Calicut awards the degrees. The location of the permanent building of the college is beside NH 47 at a distance of 33 km from both Palakkad and Thrissur.

Facilities

 * Computer Labs
 * Electronic Labs
 * Library

Associations

 * CASCA (Computer Science Association)
 * PULSE (Electronics Association)
 * VOC (Commerce Association)

The members of the association are all the students under each department. A group of executive members from each class along with a staff advisor and a chairman constitute the executive committee of each association. A vice-chairman and a secretary are elected from the committee members.

Placement cell
Training activities are organized throughout the year to prepare students for campus selection programmes. The placement cell coordinates with the corporate sector and other similar educational institutions and enables the students to participate in campus selection events across the state. The cell provides data to the corporate sector with regard to the candidates available for consideration towards placement.

Illustrations, real time workshops, group discussions and interviews are organized. Personality Development programs and seminars are also periodically conducted by inviting eminent personalities.

Notable faculty

 * Pradip Somasundaran


text:
Category:Russian football managers

See also Category:Soviet football managers

title: Category:Russian football managers


text:
User:Mr. Wszedroik

Not much, yet!

title: User:Mr. Wszedroik


text: Category:Canadian soccer coaches

title: Category:Canadian soccer coaches


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requested moves/Min edit count

Vote proposal
This Willy on wheels is starting to get annoying. As far as I know the wikimedia software has an minimum number of edits an user needs to receive permission to move pages. Currently this minimum is set to 0, i.e. any new user can move pages immedeately. (Please correct me if my knowledge of the Wikimedia software is incorrect). This allows page move vandals to start vandalism pretty quickly, and the lack of a page move rollback feature makes reversions tough. I would like to propose an increase of this minimum number of edits needed for page move permission.

My proposal is to increase the minimum number of edist for page move permission to something like 100 edits or so. This does inconvenience new users slightly, but any new user can always request a page move on Requested moves or on any of the village pumps, so this hsould be not too much of an inconvenience. However, a page move vandal would need 100 edits to start vandalizing, making it much tougher for the vandal. The vandal of course can create 100 edits with a bot, but probably will be spotted and blocked sooner. Creating 100 good edits requires a significant investment of time by the vandal. Hence I would like to start the process of turning this feature on.

The questions are: What limit should we use (50 edits, 100 edits), and also minor details as to when the vote starts and ends. Requested moves/Min edit count is currently a draft suggestion. I am just trying to get the ball rolling. Any suggestions? -- Chris 73 Talk 15:31, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I will support this as an interim measure only, until the developers can develop something better; although I would suggest setting it to 200 or so - 100 is probably too easy to get to.
 * For the longer term, I think we should limit editors with less than M edits (where M=2000 or something) to not being able to do another move until N minutes after their last move (where N=10 or something). No new user should be doing lots of moves anyway, so the rate-limit on them shouldn't be a problem. I claim that this is a much better anti-page-move-vandalism measure since it both i) is much harder for PMV's to evade, and ii) has less effect on everyone else. Yes, this will take some coding (and an extra field in the per-editor database), so it won't happen quickly, hence my support for the original proposal as an interim measure. Noel (talk) 16:33, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This delay seems like a good idea, although I'd set it to allow 3 moves, to allow swapping of articles (Jam -> tempJam, Marmalade -> Jam, tempJam -> Marmalde) and then a 30 minute timeout period. Thryduulf 18:16, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think you can do that 3 move thing. When you move Jam->tempJam, you leave a redirect behind, and although you could then move tempJam back, you cannot move Marmalade->Jam without having an admin delete the redirect.
 * I support the idea of a minimum edit count before being allowed to perform page moves, and of a delay between moves for non-admins, but I have no opinion at this point on what the minimum edit count or delay should be.-gadfium 18:30, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought that too until recently, but apparently if the redirect hasn't been edited since being created it can be overwritten. See Talk:English country house. Thryduulf 18:50, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The rule, according to the blurb at the top of "Move this page", is that you can move a page over the top of an existing page only if that page is a redirect to the page being moved and hasn't been edited since being created. That's why I said you could move tempJam back, and it allows non-admins to fix the major damage caused by page-move vandals.-gadfium 01:06, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

As a point of information, the feature as currently implemented does not restrict page moves by number of edits; when enabled, it prevents page moves by the newest 1% of users by account creation time. —Korath (Talk) 20:43, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

For a vandal bot, 100 is too low. I think maybe 250. If we assume that the bot isn't throttling, 100 edits may pass very quickly. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:29, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course, if there was a throttle catching system, 250 edits may not be necessary. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:30, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems I was misinformed, it is not a number of edits, but rather a pecentage of new users, i.e. the newest 1% of users (or around 2000 for the english wiki with ~200,000 registered users). In this case, even 1000 edits would not help the vandal. I would still support turning this on, since User:Bignastyfart just moved a bunch of pages to Pelican Shit's -- Chris 73 Talk 09:49, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

RC patrol
How many edits does it take for such a page move vandal to be noticed on RC patrol whn it's quiet? Mgm|(talk) 16:26, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I just counted about 100 Willy on Wheels redirect deletions on the deletion log for February 19. That's a lot~ -- Chris 73 Talk 00:45, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Options
Other options would be to limit a page move to one every 5 minutes (or similar), and to implement a page move rollback. Both would also be good, but arenot yet implemented, i.e. they need time. As an interim solution I would turn on the limit, i.e. no page moves for the newest 1% of Wikipedia users. -- Chris 73 Talk 00:48, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree. Jayjg (talk) 16:27, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I totally support turning on the existing feature as an interim solution, and working out the details for a feature request for a more permanant solution. In addition to WoW, remember the (allegedly Wik) attack a few months ago that this would have partially blocked (ie wouldn't have block the per-page text replacement, but would have blocked moving Vfd, VP, etc.) Niteowlneils 23:45, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It later occurred to me that one of the cool things about a percentage-based threshold is that it makes it an unpublished and ever-changing number, so a would-be vandal won't know how many edits/how much time/whatever is needed to game the system. That characteristic seems worth considering as part of any future implementation suggestions. And yes, a page move rollback and a page move log are excellent ideas, even beyond this discussion/usage. Niteowlneils 00:29, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * If we turn on that feature, we should have a firm sunset (maybe a month or so), so it doesn't gell into permanent policy.. As someone who works in DC, I've seen a lot of "interim" security measures (e.g. the closing of Pennsylvania Ave. near the White House) go permanent. Not sure it would work the same way on a wiki, but it might. Rad Racer 13:33, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with the concern, but rather than a calendar-based sunset, I'd rather see it based on implementing something else. Niteowlneils 18:13, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * According to Brion in #mediawiki, this feature (no page moves for newest 1% of accounts) is now enabled. — Dan | Talk 12:53, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * HURRAY! No page moves for newest 1% of accounts! -- Chris 73 Talk 13:37, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * I just had my first case of a real user who did a cut-n-paste move because they couldn't do a normal move. A definite downside for this temporary solution; everyone might want to keep an eye out for similar "moves". Noel (talk) 21:33, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Maybe have a delay before new accounts can move pages? Say, 5 minutes to some random, unpublished number (probably 15-20 minutes) might be just unpredictable enuf to deter vandals? And possibly a similar delay for multiple page moves for any account--I've never had the need to move multiple pages at once. In just a few minutes a page move vandal can create hours of recovery work--I think we need to tackle this challenge seriously. And I have encountered c&p moves regularly before this feature was implemented, so I'm not sure that's a big downside--most of them have been because they don't know it's a bad idea, not because they couldn't. Niteowlneils 18:13, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Log new users' page moves
Why not program the software to log new users' page moves? E.g., if you have less than 200 edits, any page moves you make will show up in the log for others to peruse. That could help catch vandals faster.

We should keep as close to a pure wiki as possible. There are going to be unintended consequences wherever we depart from the concept of letting anyone edit anything. If we say "You have to have x number of edits to move pages," then we are drifting in the direction of a seniority system, and it also limits people's ability to legitimately change to a new user name. We will probably end up with weird situations where you see a pattern of someone editing a page, and then suddenly another user moves it, because they are shifting between accounts. I'm sure there are other disadvantages as well. Rad Racer 01:24, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * That won't solve anything. The primary problem we're running into is vandals who register an account and use a bot to move a hundred pages in the two minutes it takes to notice and block the account.  It then takes a good 15-30 minutes to move the pages back and delete the redirects left behind.  We need to do something to deal with the problem of vandals being able to move pages faster than admins can move them back. --Carnildo 04:52, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Best would be a Min Edit count for page moves. However, this is not yet implemented. A No moves for newest 1% of users is implemented and would just have to be turned on. This I think is a usable interim solution until something better is found. Unfortunately, I do not yet have the details about the exact features. -- Chris 73 Talk 05:37, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Which would be easier to notice? An un-throttled bot making 100 edits, or an un-throttled bot creating 2000 new accounts? --Carnildo 06:12, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The first new accounts don't show up on recent changes.Geni
 * Who is able to move 100 pages in two minutes, with the refresh times we've been having around here lately? That must be when the wiki's running at optimum speed.
 * Very easy set up multiple tabs in firefox with your move ready to go then go from tab to tab hitting to go button. I've used a simular trick to do mass rollbacks in the past.Geni 11:38, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point. Well, the page move rollback sounds like the best plan. Where does one put in suggestions for such ideas? Rad Racer 13:33, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Anyway, I still say the min edit count is going to have disadvantages, namely people with new accounts not being able to move a page when they need to. Our participation is as broad as it is because we make it really easy to sign up and have full access right away, with few unnecessary frustrations.
 * Also, people can find ways to get around these measures. Say someone creates a bot to gradually make unsuspicious minor edits (e.g. use spellchecks to correct a word in each article) and then once they hit the threshold, move a bunch of pages. Or, suppose they create a bot to create a bunch of new accounts and make random edits from all of them - at least one of them will probably make it to the threshold before anyone catches them. Then they can move all the pages they want. If they get blocked, then they can hang up and redial AOL. There's always going to be ways to vandalize. Bottom line is, the heart and soul of a wiki is that you concentrate on making it easy to correct errors instead of making it harder to perpetrate them. We need to find a way to revert all that stuff quicker. Rad Racer 10:16, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Which says to me that what is most needed is to log and be able to roll-back page moves. I would do this for all page moves, not just those made by new users. Thryduulf 11:17, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If the vandal has to make x productive edits before they start page moves, then WP is better off by x productive edits, after we've tidied up the page moves.-gadfium 00:40, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think there is general consensus that page-move rollback, and page-move logging, are both desirable. (However, it will be a while before the developers can produce them.) Likewise, most people seem to be agreed that if we turn on the "disallow-newest-1%-of-users" move control, it will just be temporary until we get the features above. I think it's important to keep these two points in mind! The only thing where there does not seem to be agreement is whether we need some additional control, e.g. a rate limits on moves for new users. My suggestion is to defer that discussion until we have rollback and logging, and see if those tools alone are enough, or if we need more. Noel (talk) 13:04, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Page Move Rollback feature request
After some searching I finally came accross a location for discussing feature requests on meta. I have now subitted the ideas for the feature (along with a bit of expansion from my thinking on the matter while making the request) at MediaWiki feature request and bug report discussion. Thryduulf 10:33, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That page will not be viewed. Please vote for this bug: http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1546 for the same thing.  You must register an account to do so. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:57, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

But the page move vandal has now started moving a page through three or more names so that a rollback won't work because the original page doesn't redirect to the page that the article is currently located at. RickK 09:47, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

User:Wikipedia is fun!
I'm glad this page move vandal got caught relatively quickly. His editing the redirect he created, made the cleanup more complicated than it needed to be. We need to do something now! Mgm|(talk) 11:45, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Now we are at two page move vandals a day - and cleaning up after one which costed the vandal maybe a few minutes took me half hour, partially due to the slow reaction of the servers, but also because it is more work to vandalize than to fix. As there seems to be no move rollback in the close future, we HAVE TO to switch on the previous page move limit for new users again. andy 20:18, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Totally agree. Who would we have to contact to switch this on, and do we need a vote or is common sense enough to justify the turning on of this feature? -- Chris 73 Talk 10:38, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. This may not be the greatest tool, but it's the only one we have. We need to turn this on until we get something better. Noel (talk) 13:07, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I totally disagree, imposing such a limit invites sign-up bots, but more importantly, new, good-faith users wishing to perform a page move will be forced to cut-and-paste. I know that they can ask another user to do it, but remember that these are new users, and will probably see this as the easiest, most viable alternative. -Frazzydee|✍ 22:30, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Which is why I suggested that the "right" answer is to rate-limit page moves by new users; that way they won't have to cut-and-paste their occasional page move (not that they didn't do cut-and-paste moves before we put this restriction on, sigh). The current block on moves by new users is temporary, as it was the only thing that was already implemented. Noel (talk) 19:29, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It's rare that new-time good-faith users would even attempt to do a page move, or that they would know what kind of page is appropriate to be moved. Typically they need to get to know Wikipedia standards first, which takes time.  This measure is completely appropriate. Jayjg (talk)  22:35, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * This limit is based on the time the account has been registered, not the edit count, right? Doesn't that mean that a vandal could just register, say 10 accounts (it would only take a couple minutes) and just use those for page move vandalism? I think that this restriction would prompt them to think of that rather than make them give up. In my opinion, the best way to stop vandalism is to make it easier to repair vandlism than to create it.  Hopefully that feature comes in soon. -Frazzydee|✍ 01:41, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that account creation is very heavily rate-limited -- to the point that creating enough accounts to get a vandal account out of the newest 1% would take weeks to months. --Carnildo 03:17, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that we have to do this now, even if it's just temporary until we get a better solution. When I started here I probably did 100 or more edits before I even thought about moving a page. The number of cut-and-pastes we'll have to undo will be way less than undoing the page move vandals. DJ Clayworth 22:47, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

restricting new page creation
Incidentally in the light of User Wheee! we will need a solution for restricting new page creation too. DJ Clayworth 22:47, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * We've got to be very wary of restricting new user's page creation, as its a fundamental feature of the Wiki. My only suggestion at this point is an ability to rollback all of a user's contributions that are still listed as (top), and then those that become (top) after the first tranche of rollback. This second (and third, etc) phase will be necessary to combat a vandal defeating the rollback by editing their creations. I have no idea if this is possible or not. I don't know how it would cope when a different users who have editing in the mean timel, or if a vandal created a pair (or more) of users to edit each other's creations. Thryduulf 23:10, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Is it really that difficult to delete pages? --Carnildo 01:25, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

What next?
Now that page moves are limited only to accounts which are not in the newest 1%, we can expect to see the more persistent vandals create accounts which can be used at a later date. Roughly how long do we have before such accounts "mature"?

Before these accounts mature, we need a better solution, along the lines of the minimum edit count suggested here. Accordingly, this page is not dead, we have just bought ourselves some time.-gadfium 03:55, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * 3 days. There are currently approximately 210,250 users.  In the past 18 days, approximately 13,400 new accounts were created, or an average of 750 a day. --Carnildo 05:22, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)


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Pigou

Note: The surname Pigou forms part of the terms Pigou Club and Pigouvian tax, both derived from the name of the English economist Arthur Cecil Pigou.

Pigou is an English surname of Huguenot derivation.

The Pigou family originated from Amiens in France. The name was related to pique or pike, and the Pigou arms consist of three pike heads. Two sons of Lawrence Pigou of Amiens – Jacques and John – fled from persecution in France and settled with their families in England in about 1685. All branches of the Pigou family became involved in trade with India.

Family of Jacques Pigou
The descendants of Jacques died out but there were two notable members of this family. The Gentleman's Magazine (January 1792) reprinted the letter of Captain Peter Pigou (1732–1783) describing his adventures in conveying a huge hydraulic organ from Madras to Aurengabad, for a speculative sale to the Nizam.

Thomas Pigou (1765–1796), the son of Peter Pigou was an officer in the British East India Company and a close friend of Francis Light. He succeeded Light as governor of Penang.

Family of John Pigou
John’s grandson Anselm Frederick Pigou (1683–1749) was a successful merchant with dealings in America. His son Frederick Pigou (1711–1792) was a Director of the East India Company, and also had connections with the tea trade to America. He was also co-owner of the gunpowder factory at Dartford, Kent. Subsequent generations followed these threads, being typically Artillery officers and serving in the Indian Army. All existing members of the Pigou family descend from Frederick. Many have emigrated to Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The Pigou vineyards are near Marlborough, New Zealand.

Pigou family members

 * Arthur Cecil Pigou (1877–1959), English economist
 * Elfrida Pigou (1911–1960), Canadian mountaineer
 * William Harry Pigou (1818–1858), surgeon and pioneer photographer in India
 * Major-General Arthur Comyn Pigou (1826–1903)
 * Francis Pigou (1832–1916), dean of Bristol
 * Louisa Pigou, married Henry Harford (1758–1834), last proprietor of Maryland
 * Georgina Pigou, mother of English MP Hugo Francis Meynell Ingram (1822–1871)
 * Catherine Pigou, mother of English playwright and MP Miles Peter Andrews (   –1814)
 * Nina Pigou, wife of Alfred Inglis and mother in law of Air Marshal Victor Goddard (1897–1987)

title: Pigou


text:
Heracleon

Heracleon was a Gnostic who flourished about AD 175, probably in the south of Italy. He is the author of the earliest known commentary on a book that would eventually be included in the Christian New Testament with his commentary on the Gospel of John, although only fragmentary quotes survive. He is described by Clement of Alexandria (Strom. 4.9) as the most esteemed (δοκιμώτατος) of the school of Valentinus; and, according to Origen (Comm. in S. Joann. t. ii. § 8, Opp. t. iv. p. 66), said to have been in personal contact (γνώριμος) with Valentinus himself. He is barely mentioned by Irenaeus (2.4.1) and by Tertullian (adv. Valent. 4). The common source of Philaster and Pseudo-Tertullian (i.e. probably the earlier treatise of Hippolytus) contained an article on Heracleon between those on Ptolemaeus and Secundus, and on Marcus and Colarbasus.

In his system he appears to have regarded the divine nature as a vast abyss in whose Pleroma were Aeons of different orders and/or degrees, emanations from the source of being. Midway between the supreme God and the material world was the Demiurge, who created the latter, and under whose jurisdiction the lower, animal soul of man proceeded after death, while his higher, celestial soul returned to the Pleroma whence at first it issued.

He seems to have received the ordinary Christian scriptures; and Origen, who treats him as a notable exegete, has preserved fragments of Heracleon's commentary on the Gospel of John, while Clement of Alexandria quotes from him what appears to be a passage from a commentary on the Gospel of Luke. These writings have intensely mystical and allegorical interpretations of the text.

Life
Neander and Cave have suggested Alexandria as the place where Heracleon taught; but Clement's language suggests some distance either of time or of place; for he would scarcely have thought it necessary to explain that Heracleon was the most in repute of the Valentinians if he were at the time the head of a rival school in the same city. Hippolytus makes Heracleon one of the Italian school of Valentinians; but the silence of all the authorities makes it unlikely that he taught at Rome. It seems, therefore, most likely that he taught in one of the cities of S. Italy; or Praedestinatus may be right in making Sicily the scene of his inventions about Heracleon.

The date of Heracleon is of interest on account of his use of St. John's Gospel, which clearly had attained high authority when he wrote. The mere fact, however, that a book was held in equal honour by the Valentinians and the orthodox seems to prove that it must have attained its position before the separation of the Valentinians from the church; and, if so, it is of less importance to determine the exact date of Heracleon. The decade 170–180 may probably be fixed for the centre of his activity. This would not be inconsistent with his having been personally instructed by Valentinus, who continued to teach as late as 160, and would allow time for Heracleon to have gained celebrity before Clement wrote, one of whose references to Heracleon is in what was probably one of his earliest works. He had evidently long passed from the scene when Origen wrote.

Commentary
The chief interest that now attaches to Heracleon is that he is the earliest commentator on the N.T. of whom we have knowledge. Origen, in the still extant portion of his commentary on St. John, quotes Heracleon nearly 50 times, usually controverting, occasionally accepting his expositions. We thus recover large sections of Heracleon's commentary on cc. i. ii. iv. and viii. of St. John. There is reason to think that he wrote commentaries on St. Luke also. Clement of Alexandria (Strom. iv. 9) expressly quotes from Heracleon's exposition of ; and another reference (25 Eclog. ex Script. Proph. p. 995) is in connexion with, and so probably from an exposition of these verses.

Martyrdom
The first passage quoted by Clement bears on an accusation brought against some of the Gnostic sects, that they taught that it was no sin to avoid martyrdom by denying the faith. No exception can be taken to what Heracleon says on this subject.

Men mistake in thinking that the only confession is that made with the voice before the magistrates; there is another confession made in the life and conversation, by faith and works corresponding to the faith. The first confession may be made by a hypocrite: and it is one not required of all; there are many who have never  been called on to make it, as for instance Matthew, Philip, Thomas, Levi [Lebbaeus];  the other confession must be made by all. He who has first confessed in his disposition of heart will confess with the voice also when need shall arise and reason require. Well did Christ use concerning confession the phrase 'in Me' (ἐὰν ὁμολογήσῃ ἐν ἐμοί), concerning denial the phrase 'Me.' A man may confess  'Him' with the voice who really denies Him, if he does not confess Him also in action;  but those only confess 'in Him' who live in the confession and in corresponding  actions. Nay, it is He Whom they embrace and Who dwells in them Who makes confession 'in them'; for 'He cannot deny Himself.' But concerning denial, He did not say whosoever  shall deny 'in Me,' but whosoever shall deny 'Me'; for no one that is 'in Him' can  deny Him. And the words 'before men' do not mean before unbelievers only, but before Christians and unbelievers alike; before the one by their life and conversation,  before the others in words.

Exposition

In this exposition every word in the sacred text assumes significance; and this characteristic runs equally through the fragments of Heracleon's commentary on St. John, whether the words commented on be Jesus's own or only those of the Evangelist. Thus he calls attention to the facts that in the statement "all things were made by Him," the preposition used is διά; that Jesus is said to have gone down to Capernaum and gone up to Jerusalem; that He found the buyers and sellers ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ, not ἐν τῷ ναῷ; that He said salvation is of the Jews not in them, and again that Jesus tarried with the Samaritans, not in them; notice is taken of the point in Jesus's discourse with the woman of Samaria, where He first emphasizes His assertion with "Woman, believe Me"; and though Origen occasionally accuses Heracleon of deficient accuracy, for instance in taking the prophet  as meaning no more than a prophet; "in three days"  as meaning no more than "on the third day"; yet on the whole Heracleon's examination of the words is exceedingly minute. He attempts to reconcile differences between the Evangelists, e.g. Jesus's ascription to the Baptist of the titles "Elias" and "prophet" with John's own disclaimer of these titles. He finds mysteries in the numbers in the narrative—in the 46 years which the temple was in building, the 6 husbands of the woman of Samaria (for such was his reading), the 2 days Jesus abode with the people of the city, the 7th hour at which the nobleman's son was healed.

He thinks it necessary to reconcile his own doctrine with that of the sacred writer, even at the cost of some violence of interpretation. Thus he declares that the Evangelist's assertion that all things were made by the Logos must be understood only of the things of the visible creation, his own doctrine being that the higher aeon world was not so made, but that the lower creation was made by the Logos through the instrumentality of the Demiurge.

Valentinianism
He strives to find Valentinianism in the Gospel by a method of spiritual interpretation. Thus the nobleman (βασιλικός, ) is the Demiurge, a petty prince, his kingdom being limited and temporary, the servants are his angels, the son is the man who belongs to the Demiurge. As he finds the ψυχικοί represented in the nobleman's son, so again he finds the πνευματικοί in the woman of Samaria. The water of Jacob's well which she rejected is Judaism; the husband whom she is to call is no earthly husband, but her spiritual bridegroom from the Pleroma; the other husbands with whom she previously had committed fornication represent the matter with which the spiritual have been entangled; that she is no longer to worship either in "this mountain" or in "Jerusalem" means that she is not, like the heathen, to worship the visible creation, the Hyle, or kingdom of the devil, nor like the Jews to worship the creator or Demiurge; her watering-pot is her good disposition for receiving life from the Saviour.

Heracleon's method is one commonly used by orthodox Fathers, especially by Origen. Origen even occasionally blames Heracleon for being too easily content with more obvious interpretations. Heracleon at first is satisfied to take "whose shoe latchet I am not worthy to loose" as meaning no more than "for whom I am not worthy to perform menial offices," and he has Origen's approbation when he tries, however unsuccessfully, to investigate what the shoe represented. It does not appear that Heracleon used his method of interpretation controversially to establish Valentinian doctrine, but, being a Valentinian, readily found those doctrines indicated in the passages on which he commented.

The devil
One other of his interpretations deserves mention. The meaning which the Greek of most naturally conveys is that of the pre-Hieronymian translation "You are from the father of the Devil," and so it is generally understood by Greek Fathers, though in various ways they escape attributing a father to the devil. Hilgenfeld, Volkmar, and DeConick consider that the Evangelist shows that he embraced the opinion of the Valentinians and some earlier Gnostic sects that the father of the devil was the Demiurge or God of the Jews. But this idea was unknown to Heracleon, who here interprets the father of the devil as his essentially evil nature; to which Origen objects that if the devil be evil by the necessity of his nature, he ought rather to be pitied than blamed.

Redemption
To judge from the fragments we have, Heracleon's bent was rather practical than speculative. He says nothing of the Gnostic theories as to stages in the origin of the universe; the prologue of St. John does not tempt him into mention of the Valentinian Aeonology. In fact he does not use the word aeon in the sense employed by other Valentinian writers, but rather where according to their use we should expect the word Pleroma; and this last word he uses in a special sense, describing the spiritual husband of the Samaritan woman as her Pleroma—that is, the complement which supplies what was lacking to perfection. We find in his system only two beings unknown to orthodox theology, the Demiurge, and apparently a second Son of Man; for on he distinguishes a higher Son of Man who sows from the Saviour Who reaps. Heracleon gives as great prominence as any orthodox writer to Christ and His redeeming work. But all mankind are not alike in a condition to profit by His redemption. There is a threefold order of creatures: These are the special creation of the Logos; they live in Him, and become one with Him. In the second class Heracleon seems to have had the Jews specially in mind and to have regarded them with a good deal of tenderness. They are the children of Abraham who, if they do not love God, at least do not hate Him. Their king, the Demiurge, is represented as not hostile to the Supreme, and though shortsighted and ignorant, yet as well disposed to faith and ready to implore the Saviour's help for his subjects whom he had not himself been able to deliver. When his ignorance is removed, he and his redeemed subjects will enjoy immortality in a place raised above the material world.
 * 1) The Hylic or material, formed of the ὕλη, which is the substance of the devil, incapable of immortality.
 * 2) The psychic or animal belonging to the kingdom of the Demiurge; their ψυχή is naturally mortal, but capable of being clothed with immortality, and it depends on their disposition (θέσις) whether they become sons of God or children of the devil.
 * 3) The pneumatic or spiritual, who are by nature of the divine essence, though entangled with matter and needing redemption to be delivered from it.

Besides the passages on which he comments Heracleon refers to , ,.

title: Heracleon


text:
Talk:Sibelius (scorewriter)

Sibelius discontinued for RISC OS
In 1996 or so there was still a (small) RISC OS market and Sibelius being a killer app meant people were willing to buy Risc PCs just to use Sibelius, so I imagine a RISC OS version could have worked. But I recall reading in Acorn User that the new version of Sibelius was not available for RISC OS because the platform lacked a C++ compiler of acceptable quality (Acorn C/C++ not being good enough for reasons I wasn't knowledgeable enough to understand). The cancellation of the Risc PC 2 and then collapse of Acorn was just the final nail in the coffin. Hairy Dude (talk) 17:04, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

Save Sibelius campaign
The article includes a disproportionate amount about this, with too much fine detail and numerous references presumably created as part of the campaign but no longer of interest, so I've moved it here:

USSR
The national anthem of the USSR as an example score... really? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.129.85.61 (talk) 11:44, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Advert flag
Can you please identify which parts of which section you believe are 'written like an advertisement'? Chrisdevelop (talk) 06:42, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Section #Timeline contains a lot of facts which appear NPOV but seem to place undue weight on some unimportant events in a promotional manner. For example, the three mentions of Japan are uncited and don't add relevant information. #Add-ons relies a lot on primary sources and seems to be flouting Sibelius' features. In general features/gameplay sections tend to be overly detailed since they are often written by fans. It's more neutral than some other articles, of course, but there are still issues to fix.
 * Actually, a WP:PS tag might be more warranted, because that also encompasses the likes of 'Save Sibelius' (entirely based on primary sources and probably WP:SYNTH). Sungodtemple (talk • contribs) 21:57, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The Save Sibelius campaign originally had its own article, that was absorbed into this one, around the same time that we merged two other articles that were very similar, so as to make this with the new definition of 'scorewriter' appended. Save Sibelius has extensive citations in the original article, which I will hunt for and reinstate here, but for now, the MacUser article I have just copied back as a citation documents the campaign. I will look into the other points you make and work on them. Chrisdevelop (talk) 22:56, 28 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I have copied MacUser and ZDNET citations over from the original Save Sibelius section with multiref from Lede to Timeline 2012. I added citations needed for the 2012 claim about the 20% lead in sales over MakeMusic because I couldn't find a source. I presume whoever contributed this will have a source. I removed a couple of promotional words relating to Awards both in the Timeline and in the Awards section. Regaring the WP:PS concerns in the Add-ons section, that's a bit more problematic. These appear to be not for corroboration of the information itself, but to link readers to the companies to find out more about them, but even though I agree this can be construed as not WP:NPOV, I am loath to delete them. So instead, so far, I have added citations from external sources for the control surfaces, without removing the existing WP:OR citations at this point. AudioScore is covered with citations to customer reviews and I added new citations for MOTU Symphonic Instrument and Note Performer. Chrisdevelop (talk) 01:17, 2 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sibelius (scorewriter)


text:
User:Faf~enwiki

my placeholder

http://www.dotfaf.com

title: User:Faf~enwiki


text:
Shunde, Foshan

Shunde (Shun Tak in Cantonese) is a district of the city of Foshan, Guangdong province, located in the Pearl River Delta. It had a population of 2,464,784 as of the 2010 census. Once a traditional agricultural county, it has become one of the most affluent counties in Guangdong and mainland China. Since 2009 it has been administered independently of Foshan city, answerable directly to the Guangdong provincial government.

History
According to archaeological discoveries, human settlements appeared during the Spring and Autumn period. In the third year of Jinghai era (1452 AD), after the Ming dynasty suppressed the rebellion led by Huang Xiao Yang (黃蕭養), Shunde county was formally established. Before that, this area was part of Nam Hoi county (Nanhai Xian) and Sun Hui county (Xinhui Xian).

The people of Daliang subdistrict of Shunde have a long history of consuming water buffalo cheese and milk products (particularly double skin milk dessert), which is why the township had begun promoting itself as the “Township of Milk and Honey”

Shunde was a center for the development of the mulberry and sericulture industry in Guangdong province during the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. It was at this time that the Comb Sister culture emerged from Shunde in opposition to the strict patriarchal feudal system, allowing unmarried women to live financially independent with the social pressure of marriage lifted. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, the feudal system and the silk production industry collapsed, ending the local Comb Sister custom.

The first outbreak of the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak was recorded in Shunde on 16 November 2002.

Administration divisions
Shunde was a county-level city until 8 December 2002, when it became a district of Foshan prefecture-level city. Shunde has direct jurisdiction over four subdistricts and six towns:

Unique as a district of any prefecture-level city in China, Shunde has been granted a degree of prefecture-level administrative autonomy over certain matters, notably economic development, independent of Foshan city, and has been answerable directly to the Guangdong Provincial government since 2009.

Economy
Situated in the fertile Pearl River Delta, its economy was once dominated by agriculture, fisheries and silk farming. Since the implementation of policies related to reform and openness began in 1978, the people of this area were given full control over their geographical position and culture. This has allowed Shunde to gradually develop into a modern industrial boomtown, especially the manufacturing of furniture and electric appliances. Major Mainland Chinese product brands are headquartered in Shunde with major production facilities. Recently a new technology industrial park has also been opened in this area, featuring car manufacturers such as Toyota.

Major Chinese companies such as Galanz, Kelon, Country Garden and Midea, has its headquarters in Shunde District.

Shunde was approved as a pilot city for the comprehensive reform of Guangdong in 1993, and also for taking the lead in accomplishing modernization in 1999. From 2000 to 2003, Shunde was ranked first among China's top 100 counties for Basic Economic Competitiveness for four consecutive years (released by National Bureau of Statistics of China). In 2005, Shunde's GDP was 2,170 billion yuan.

Today, this area has become one of the most affluent counties in Guangdong and mainland China (according to official information from the Chinese government and the United Nations). The GDP reached 127.5 billion yuan in 2007, an annual increase of 18%, and GDP per capita reached 107,991 yuan (ca. US$14,200).

Tourism
Tourist attractions include the Qinghui Garden, which features fish ponds surrounded by osmanthus, bamboo and mulberry bushes, as well as the Bruce Lee Memorial Museum located in Jun'an. Shunfengshan Park was opened to the public in 2004 and has a memorial archway which is 88 m wide and 38 m high. Baolin Temple is accessible through the park.

Travelling from Shunde is easy with many different options. There are ferries and buses that go directly to Hong Kong, including an option to Hong Kong International Airport. Bus tickets can be purchased at the New World Centre Hotel. Macau is easily accessible by train, taking less than an hour. Guangzhou is accessible by train, taxi or bus.

UNESCO Creative Cities
China’s southern city of Shunde joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as the city of gastronomy on Monday. Another 27 cities from 19 countries were also added to the list.

Shunde has long been widely regarded as the basis for exquisite Cantonese cuisine and the cradle of Cantonese cuisine chefs. While the cuisine of Guangzhou has been historically very minimalist in terms of flavorings, food from Shunde is known for its liberal use of ingredients such as sun dried tangerine peel and dates, resulting in simple but powerful flavors.

Launched in 2004, the UNESCO Creative Cities Network is celebrating its 10th anniversary this year. The network aims to foster international cooperation between cities committed to investing in creativity as a driver for sustainable urban development, social inclusion and enhanced cultural influence in the world.

By joining the network, cities commit to collaborate and develop partnerships with a view to promoting creativity and cultural industries, to share best practices, to strengthen participation in cultural life and to integrate culture in economic and social development plans.

The network covers seven thematic areas: craft and folk arts, design, film, gastronomy, Literature, media arts and music. It aims to promote international cooperation and encourage the sharing of experiences and resources to promote local development through culture and creativity.

With these new designations, the number of UNESCO Creative Cities Network members now totals 69.

Famous residents and people from the area
Martial artist Bruce Lee's ancestral roots are traced to Gwan'on (Jun'an) in Seundak (Shunde). A street in the village is named after the actor, and his ancestral home is open to the public.

Others include:
 * The former Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Australia, John So.
 * Real estate developer Lee Shau Kee, and, as of May 2013, the 24th richest person in the world.
 * Real estate developer Yang Guoqiang
 * Famous actor Law Kar Ying
 * Eileen Yin-Fei Lo, Chinese-American cookbook writer
 * Brandon Lee, Chinese-American film actor.
 * Lee Heung-kam (1932–2021), Hong Kong Cantonese opera and TV actress

title: Shunde, Foshan


text:
Chotin

Chotin may refer to several places in middle Europe:

 * Chotín, a village in south Slovakia in Komarno District.
 * Khotyn, a village in Chernivtsi Oblast in Ukraine.

title: Chotin


text:
Düssel

The Düssel is a small right tributary of the river Rhine in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Its source is east of Wülfrath. It flows westward through the Neander Valley where the fossils of the first known to be Neanderthal man were found in August 1856. At Düsseldorf it forms a river delta by splitting into four streams (Nördliche Düssel, Südliche Düssel, Kittelbach, Brückerbach), which all join the Rhine after a few kilometres. The Nördliche Düssel flows through the Hofgarten and passes under the Golden Bridge.

Düsseldorf takes its name from the Düssel: Düsseldorf means "the village of Düssel". The name Düssel itself probably dates back to the Germanic *thusila and means "roar" (Old High German dōsōn, German tosen).

title: Düssel


text:
Prüm Abbey

Prüm Abbey is a former Benedictine abbey in Prüm, now in the diocese of Trier (Germany), founded by the Frankish widow Bertrada the elder and her son Charibert, Count of Laon, in 721. The first abbot was Angloardus.

The Abbey ruled over a vast hinterland comprising dozens of towns, villages and hamlets. Its abbot enjoyed the status of a prince (Fürst) of the Holy Roman Empire, and as such had seat and vote on the Ecclesiastical Bench of the College of ruling princes of the Imperial Diet. After 1574, the archbishops-electors of Trier became the "perpetual administrators" of Prüm Abbey which, while preserving its princely status, became, de facto, an adjunct of Trier.

The Abbey's early period up to the 13th century
Bertrada of Prüm's granddaughter was Bertrada the younger, wife of King Pepin the Short (751–68). Prüm became the favourite monastery of the Carolingian dynasty and received large endowments and privileges. Pepin rebuilt the monastery and bestowed great estates upon it by a deed of gift dated 13 August 762. The king brought monks from Meaux under Abbot Assuerus to the monastery.

The church, dedicated to the Saviour (Salvator), was not completed until the reign of Charlemagne, and was consecrated on 26 July 799 by Pope Leo III. Charlemagne and succeeding emperors were liberal patrons of the abbey. Several of the Carolingians entered the religious life at Prüm; among these was Charlemagne's illegitimate son Pepin the Hunchback, who was exiled there after an abortive uprising and died there in 811, and Lothair I, who became a monk in 855. His grave was rediscovered in 1860; in 1874, the Emperor Wilhelm I erected a monument over it.

In 846 Bishop Hetto of Trier gifted by deed to Abbot Marcuardus the hamlet of Scindalasheim. In 882 and 892, the monastery was plundered and devastated by the Normans, but it soon recovered. The landed possessions were so large that the abbey developed into a principality.

At times during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the monastery contained over three hundred monks. The period of its internal prosperity extends to the thirteenth century. The monks were energetic cultivators of the land. About 836, Abbot Marquard founded a new monastery at Münstereifel. In 1017, Abbot Urald founded at Prüm a collegiate foundation for twelve priests. In 1190, Abbot Gerhard founded a house for women of noble birth at Niederprüm. The monastery cared for the poor and sick. Learning was also cultivated. Among those who studied at the school of the monastery were Ado, later archbishop of Vienne (860–75). Wandelbert (813–70), was head of the school, and a distinguished poet. Abbot Regino of Prüm (893–99) made a name for himself as historian and codifier of canon law.

After the 13th century
In the 13th and 14th centuries, the monastery declined, partly from the oppression of its secular administrators, but more from internal decay. It reached such a pass that the monks divided the revenues among themselves and lived apart from one another. Consequently, the archbishops of Trier sought to incorporate the rich abbey and its extensive possessions into the archbishopric. In 1376, Emperor Charles IV gave his consent to this, as did Pope Boniface IX in 1379, but the pope's consent was recalled in 1398. Pope Sixtus IV in about 1473 also gave his approval to the incorporation. But the abbots refused to submit and even in 1511 carried on war against the archbishop, by then an elector. Finally, when the abbey was near ruin, Pope Gregory XIII issued the decree of incorporation, dated 24 August 1574, which was carried into effect in 1576 after the death of Abbot Christopher of Manderscheid.

After this, the archbishops-electors of Trier were "perpetual administrators" of the abbey. The abbey was now brought into order within and without, and once more flourished to such a degree that the two French Benedictine antiquarians Edmond Martène and Ursin Durand, who visited the monastery in 1718, stated in their Voyage littéraire that of all the monasteries in Germany, Prüm showed the best spirit, and study was zealously pursued. The monks made efforts even in the 18th century to shake off the control of Trier.

Secularization of the Abbey
In 1801, Prüm, occupied by French revolutionary troops since 1794, was formally annexed to France, secularized, and its estates sold; Napoleon gave its buildings to the city. In 1815, Prüm passed into the possession of Prussia as a part of the Rhine Province, and in the course of time became part of modern Germany, in the State of Rhineland-Palatinate.

The church, built in 1721 by the Elector Ludwig, is now a parish church. The remaining monastic buildings are now used for the secondary school named the "Regino-Gymnasium" after the Abbot Regino of Prüm.

Abbey relics
The Sandals of Jesus Christ are considered to be the most notable of the many relics of the church; they are mentioned by Pepin in the deed of 762. He is said to have received them from Rome as a gift of Pope Zachary or Pope Stephen II.

Abbots

 * Angloardus 720–762
 * Assuerus 762–804
 * Tankrad 804–829
 * Markward of Bouillon 829–853
 * Eigil 853–860
 * Ansbald 860–886
 * Farabert I 886–892
 * Regino of Prüm 892–899
 * Richar of Hennegau 899–921
 * Ruotfried 921–935
 * Farabert II of St Paul 935–947
 * Ingelram of Limburg 947–976
 * Eberhard of Salm 976–986
 * Childerich 986–993
 * Stephan of Saffenberg 993–1001
 * Udo of Namur 1001–03
 * Immo of Sponheim 1003–06
 * Urold of Thaun (Daun) 1006–18
 * Hilderad of Burgund 1018–26
 * Ruprecht of Arberg 1026–68
 * Rizo of Jülich 1068–77
 * Wolfram of Bettingen 1077–1103
 * Poppo of Beaumont 1103–19
 * Lantfried of Hesse 1119–31
 * Adalbero 1131–36
 * Godfrey I of Hochstaden 1136–55
 * Rother of Malberg 1155–70
 * Robert I of Cleves 1170–74
 * Gregor I of Geldern 1174–84
 * Gerhard of Vianden 1184–1212
 * Cæsarius of Milendonk 1212–16
 * Kuno of Ahr 1216–20
 * FrederickI of Fels 1220–45
 * Godfrey II of Blankenheim 1245–74
 * Walter of Blankenheim 1274–1322
 * Henry I of Schönecken 1322–42
 * Diether of Katzenelnbogen 1342–50
 * John I Zandt of Merk 1350–54
 * Dietrich of Kerpen 1354–97
 * Frederick II of Schleiden 1397–1427
 * Henry II of Are-Hirstorff 1427–33
 * John II of Esche 1433–76
 * Robert II of Virneburg 1476–1513
 * Gregor II of Homburg 1513
 * William of Manderscheid-Kayl 1513–46
 * Christopher of Manderscheid-Kayl 1546–76
 * From 1576 the Electors of Trier acted as Administrators of the abbey

title: Prüm Abbey


text:
Besa

Besa or BESA may refer to:

Arts & entertainment

 * Besa (newspaper), a newspaper published in Albania
 * Besa (TV series), a Serbian-British television series produced by Adrenalin and Red Planet Pictures
 * The Besa, a novel by Albanian-American actress, author, producer and humanitarian Masiela Lusha
 * Solemn Promise (Беса), a 2009 Serbian drama film directed by Srđan Karanović

Organizations

 * Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies (BESA Center), an Israeli think tank
 * British Educational Suppliers Association, a trade association of manufacturers and distributors of equipment for the education market
 * Building Engineering Services Association, the main UK trade association for HVACR companies

Football

 * FC Besa Pejë, a football club based in Peja, Kosovo
 * KF Besa Kavajë, a professional Albanian football club based in Kavajë
 * KF Besa Sllupçan, a football club based in the village of Sllupçan near Kumanovo, North Macedonia

Places

 * Besa (Attica), a deme of ancient Athens
 * Beša, Levice District, a village and municipality in the Levice District in the Nitra Region of south-west Slovakia
 * Beša, Michalovce District, a village and municipality in Michalovce District in the Kosice Region of eastern Slovakia
 * Besa, an Egyptian village located near the Hadrian-founded city of Antinoöpolis
 * Daneș (previously Beșa), a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania

Other

 * Banco Económico (Angola) (previously Banco Espírito Santo Angola), an Angolan bank based in Luanda
 * Besa (Albanian culture), an Albanian cultural precept that means "to keep the promise" and "word of honor"
 * Besa (singer) (born 1986), Albanian singer and songwriter
 * Besa machine gun, a British version of the Czechoslovak ZB-53 air-cooled, belt-fed machine gun
 * Besa River, a waterway in northern British Columbia, Canada
 * Besa, a $1/100$ denomination of the Italian Somaliland rupia
 * Besa, a genus of algae in the order Gigartinales

title: Besa


text: Category:Bessarabia

title: Category:Bessarabia


text:
Lex van Delden

Lex van Delden, born Alexander Zwaap (10 September 1919 – 1 July 1988) was a Dutch composer and the father of actor Lex van Delden.

Early life and education
Born Alexander Zwaap in Amsterdam, the only child of Wolf Zwaap, a school-teacher, and his wife Sara Olivier, Lex van Delden took piano-lessons from an early age—first with Martha Zwaga, and later with Cor de Groot. He started composing at the age of eleven, when he set poems by Guido Gezelle to music since a long illness prevented him from playing the piano. He remained self-taught as a composer.

Despite his artistic promise and interests (by the age of fourteen, for instance, he was accompanying the famous German Expressionist dancer/choreographer, Gertrud Leistikow, and he also moved in the circle of one of Holland's foremost composers of the time, Sem Dresden) he enrolled at the University of Amsterdam in 1938 to study medicine and remained self-taught in music. Still a student, he made his début as a composer in 1940 with the song cycle L'amour (1939; for soprano, flute, clarinet and string trio), written at the request of the young composer/conductor Nico Richter, who was in charge of the students' orchestra.

World War II
In 1940, the Germans invaded the Netherlands and in 1942, being a Jew, he was forced to interrupt his studies —irrevocably, as it turned out, because his hopes of becoming a neurosurgeon were dashed during World War II due to an exploding carbide lamp, which virtually blinded him in his left eye while in hiding. Van Delden soon joined the underground students' resistance movement and after the war was commended for his bravery by both the President of the United States of America and the Supreme Command of the Allied Forces. In 1953, the name he had assumed since the Liberation in 1945 (Lex van Delden—a derivation from the name he used in the resistance, W. A. van Dael) was officially approved.

By the time the war was over, Van Delden had lost nearly his entire family in the Holocaust. He almost immediately found his way into Dutch cultural life, partially through contacts he had made as a member of the resistance movement—initially as the resident composer/musical director of the first post-war Dutch ballet group, Op Vrije Voeten (On Liberated Feet), which later evolved into the Scapino Ballet Company, and, from 1947, as the music editor of the daily, originally underground, newspaper Het Parool.

Musical career
The first of his works to attract wide attention was Rubáiyát (nine quatrains by Omar Khayyám in Edward FitzGerald's English translation, 1948; for chorus with soprano and tenor solos, 2 pianos and percussion), awarded the prestigious Music Prize of the City of Amsterdam in 1948. This unexpected success was soon to be confirmed by two First Prizes, awarded by the Northern California Harpists' Association, in 1953 for his Harp Concerto (1951–52), and in 1956 for Impromptu for harp solo (1955).

Van Delden was committed to the musical community, borne out by his readiness to hold several administrative posts, including the presidency of the Society of Dutch Composers (GeNeCo) and the chairmanship of the Dutch Performing Right Organisation (Buma/Stemra). He sat on the Board of the International Society for Contemporary Music (I.S.C.M.) and was a member of the Dutch Committee of the International Music Council.

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, van Delden became one of the most widely heard Dutch composers of his generation, and a large number of his pieces were commissioned (by the Dutch government, the City of Amsterdam, Dutch radio and others) and enjoyed acclaimed performances by the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra under such renowned conductors as George Szell, Charles Münch, Eduard van Beinum, Eugen Jochum, Willem van Otterloo, and Bernard Haitink, and by numerous other prominent ensembles and soloists.

He was made a Knight of the Royal Order of Oranje-Nassau (1972), and received the Freedom of the City of Amsterdam (1982), where he died on 1 July 1988. He is buried at Zorgvlied cemetery. A new bridge in the Amsterdam Zuidas quarter (designed by architect Liesbeth van der Pol) was named after him; the bridge was officially opened on 15 October 2013.

Themes
Many of Van Delden's compositions form an expression of his deeply felt social concern, such as the orchestral work In Memoriam (1953), which was written in the aftermath of the great flood disaster of 1953 in the Netherlands, Belgium and England, the oratorio The Bird of Freedom (1955), which is an emotional cry against slavery, the radiophonic oratorio Icarus (1962), which questions the usefulness of space travel, or Canto della guerra (after Erasmus, 1967; for chorus and orchestra), which is a strong condemnation of war. A few of his works have biblical themes, notably Judith (1950; a dance score for flute, clarinet, piano and string trio) and Adonijah's Death (1986; for male chorus and symphonic wind band).

Lex van Delden loved working closely with performers, too, utilising to the full the peculiarities and possibilities specific to the instruments as well as meeting the wishes and demands of the players. If he felt at all consciously influenced by any predecessors, it was perhaps by such old Dutch Masters as Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, whose solid constructivism certainly contributed to his own highly developed grasp of form.

title: Lex van Delden