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Canadian Broadcasting Centre

The Canadian Broadcasting Centre, also known as the Toronto Broadcast Centre, is an office and studio complex located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It serves as the main broadcast and master control centre for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's English-language television and radio services. It also contains studios for local and regional French-language productions and is the headquarters of the North American Broadcasters Association. Two floors of the facility house the ad agency Bensimon Byrne and its subsidiaries Narrative and OneMethod.

The analogous facility for the CBC's French language services is Maison Radio-Canada in Montreal, while corporate headquarters are located at the CBC Ottawa Production Centre.

The Canadian Broadcasting Centre is at 250 Front Street West in downtown Toronto, with additional entrances at 205 Wellington Street West and 25 John Street, directly across from the Metro Toronto Convention Centre. It is within walking distance of Union Station, the Rogers Centre, and the CN Tower and connected to the city's PATH underground walkway network.

History
The 13-storey broadcast complex is partly located on the site of the First Ontario Parliament Buildings (or the Third Parliament Building of Upper Canada), which stood on the block bounded by Wellington, John, Front, and Simcoe streets between 1832 and 1903. Constructed at a cost of CA$350 million (excluding technology renewal), the Canadian Broadcasting Centre complex entered service in 1993. Previously, the CBC's Toronto operations had been based at a smaller facility on Jarvis Street, near the former television transmitter.

Its architectural, structural, and infrastructural design features eventually incorporated, among others, the emergent concepts and information technologies underlying Digital HDTV, Digital Radio Broadcast, IT platform as a "Global Information Server and MultiMedia Cloud" integrated with the Internet. The project's leading aim was much-needed integration of large number of CBC employees who were located at 26 separate facilities throughout Toronto and modernization of the CBC corporate automation infrastructure in preparation for the 21st century.

The project required over twelve years of planning with particular emphasis (1988–90) on critical IT strategic planning, digital archives, multimedia, interactive TV, corporate office automation, and high-capacity advanced corporate intranet technology design dependent on physical considerations including fiber-optics and electromagnetic interference from within and nearby sources such as the CN Tower. It took another four years for construction completion, corporate IT platforms, communication backbone, skeletal communication structure erection and S/W applications refurbishment. Without the loss of one minute of airtime, the personnel and the systems migrated to the new facility, which was recognized to be the most advanced of its kind in the world with a minor technology challenge posed only by CNN Center in Atlanta, USA. Television production is located on the upper floors (with many programs recorded in the three rooftop studios), and radio on the second, third and fourth floors. Some of the larger sound stages are rented out to outside movie, television and commercial productions, such as Global's Canadian versions of Deal or No Deal, Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?, YTV's Life with Boys, and a multitude of commercials for Ford, Canadian Tire, among others.

The structure sits on 3,000 massive hard-rubber pads to reduce unwanted noise and vibrations. Therefore, all studios are located in the core of the building. The complex also has four 1250-kilowatt Cummins generators to provide power to critical loads during a power failure. The atrium was named for Barbara Frum, a noted Canadian journalist. It is used as the venue for special broadcasts, including federal election coverage and the 2000 Today millennium special, and episodes of Canadian Antiques Roadshow.

The building contains three radio studios (including the Glenn Gould Theatre), 19 radio production studios, three television studios, two local television studios, two all-purpose studios, and one national news studio. Local programming for the Toronto stations CBLA-FM (CBC Radio One), CBL-FM (CBC Music), CJBC (Ici Radio-Canada Première), CJBC-FM (Ici Musique), CBLT-DT (CBC Television), and CBLFT-DT (Ici Radio-Canada Télé) are produced in these studios, in addition to national programming for the CBC's television and radio networks.

The former CBC Museum, dedicated to preserving the memories and physical artifacts of the national broadcaster's heritage, was located on the first floor of the building. Exhibits included the original "Tickle Trunk" from Mr. Dressup (Casey's treehouse from the same series is on display in the lobby just outside the entrance to the museum), a portion of the original set used for Friendly Giant, Muppet puppets from Sesame Park, video clips from numerous programs, and original sound and tape equipment. Additional exhibits of memorabilia from CBC's history are also located in other areas on the first floor. The museum closed in 2017 and its collection was transferred to Ingenium, the federal Crown corporation which operates Canada's national science and technology museums.

In 2015, the CBC announced that it was considering selling the building and leasing back parts of it. Due to zoning restrictions, the CBC opted to retain ownership of the building while leasing out parts of it.

The analogous facility for the CBC's French-language networks is Maison Radio-Canada in Montreal. The CBC's corporate headquarters are located in Ottawa in the CBC Ottawa Production Centre.

Security and threats
The so-called Toronto 18 terrorists included the building in their list of targets in a 2006 Ontario terrorism plot.

In 2010, the broadcast centre was inside of the secure zone due to the 2010 G-20 Toronto summit protests and employees were not allowed to leave the building during portions of the rioting when gates into and out of the zone were locked down.

A Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) regional office is located on Front Street West directly across from the Canadian Broadcasting Centre, and helped identify suspicious packages and led to the arrest of a suspect in 2011.

The broadcast centre in downtown Toronto had to be evacuated in November 2015 after someone taking stock of inventory in the archives stumbled upon what looked like a military shell. Police and military bomb technicians were called in and determined the shell was inert.

In 2018, a user on website incel.me called on other users to attack the CBC and shoot employees, leading to increased security and Toronto Police Service being called.

Television studios

 * Studio 40 – 13,287 square feet (1234 m2) – Located on the 10th floor of the building, with a ceiling height of 18 m (60 feet), this studio is described by CBC as "the largest purpose built multi-camera capable studio soundstage in Canada." Productions filmed in this studio have included Dragons' Den, Canada's Smartest Person, Deal or No Deal Canada, Family Feud Canada and various Paris By Night shows.
 * Studios 41 and 42 – 11,070 square feet (1024 m2) each – Also on the 10th floor, these two studios are almost identical, and have been used by many of CBC's comedy programs, including Air Farce Live, Rick Mercer Report, The Ron James Show and The Red Green Show. Studio 41 was leased by Sportsnet to serve as the studio for its NHL coverage, including Hockey Night in Canada and was relocated to the Rogers Building in 2021.
 * Studios 43 and 65 – 4,345 square feet (404 m2) each – Located on the 6th floor, these smaller studios have been used for the CBC's talk show and lifestyle programming, including George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight, Steven and Chris and The Goods. The classic children's television show Mr. Dressup was taped in former Studio 4 at Yonge and Marlborough until the broadcast centre opened in 1992.
 * Studio 50 – size unknown – The studio for the CBC's 24-hour news channel, CBC News Network.
 * Studio 55 – size unknown – Home to CBC's flagship national news program The National.
 * Studio 73 – 1,386 square feet (129 m2) – Located on the 5th floor, this studio is equipped with a large green screen, and is used to tape the hosted segments of CBC Kids, among others.

title: Canadian Broadcasting Centre


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Option offense

An option offense is an American football offensive system in which a key player (usually the quarterback) has several "options" of how each play will proceed based upon the actions of the defense. Traditionally, option-based offenses rely on running plays, though most mix in forward passes from an option formation as a change of pace. A successful option-based offense can keep possession of the ball for long periods of time, giving the opposing offense fewer possessions and keeping the option team's defense rested. However, because passing is often not a strength of the system, it can be difficult for option-based offenses to come back from a large deficit or to score quickly when needed.

There are several types of option plays, with the common element being that the quarterback must decide which available option has the best chance of succeeding. This decision is usually made soon after the ball is snapped based upon the initial movements of one or two specific defensive players, called "keys" or "reads".

The most common option plays are as follows:
 * In a triple option play, the quarterback can either hand the ball to a fullback running towards the center of the line (dive), fake a handoff and attempt to run the ball himself (quarterback keeper), or pitch the ball to a trailing running back angling towards the sideline (pitch). The quarterback decides which option to utilize by reading the reaction of specific defensive linemen and linebackers which can vary depending on the defensive formation. This triple option is most often run from a wishbone or flexbone formation.
 * In a read option play, the quarterback has only one teammate to whom he can pitch or hand the ball, and he typically "reads" the initial movement of the defensive end when deciding whether to run a keeper or hand it off. This play can be run from a wider variety of offensive formations than the triple option, allowing it to be used as a change-of-pace by teams that do not utilize an option-heavy offensive system.
 * A more recent innovation is the run-pass option play (RPO), in which the quarterback usually has the option of either handing the ball to a running back or throwing a quick pass. The defensive key for RPOs is usually a specific linebacker or safety, but as with all option plays, the read may vary depending on the play design and the pre-snap formation of the defense.

The roots of the option attack go back over a century to the earliest offensive systems of the modern game such as the T formation, Single-wing formation, and the Notre Dame Box, which were developed and widely utilized at all levels of play in the early 20th century. Option-based systems gradually lost favor in the college and pro game until the 1970s, when teams running the wishbone attack or its flexbone variant briefly dominated college football, spawning many imitators. Defenses had grown more accustomed to facing option attacks by the early 1980s, and the systems once again faded in popularity.

While many coaches at all levels include frequent RPOs and occasional read option plays in their offensive scheme, the triple option is a more specialized play that is almost exclusively run by teams employing an option-based system. Such systems have become rare in major college football and have not been used in the National Football League (NFL) for decades, mainly because of the risk of injury to a running quarterback. However, play concepts based on option-based systems are the foundation of the modern spread offense attack.

Types
An option offense is any football scheme that relies on option running plays as its cornerstone. There are a variety of such schemes. Some of the most popular versions include:

 * Wishbone option offense: The wishbone offense, whose introduction to Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) college football is credited to Emory Bellard, is named after its base formation of a quarterback, a fullback aligned four to five yards behind the quarterback, and two halfbacks aligned on each side of the fullback and one yard to two yards deeper. The result is a backfield alignment that resembles the shape of a wishbone. Also called the triple-option, this base formation allows three basic running options: the fullback receiving the handoff, the quarterback pitching to either halfback, or the quarterback running the ball himself. While the wishbone's success reached its zenith in the 1970s, it remains popular at the high school and small college level but is nearly extinct at major college programs.
 * Wing T offense: The traditional "wing T" offense employs many of the concepts of the wishbone offense. It often employs three running back formations, especially in the Bay City version of the offense. The wing T helped change the game of football in its formative years, and changed the traditional role of the quarterback from a blocker much like a modern fullback in the classic "single wing", to the primary distributor of the ball. As the triple-option became prominent, the wing T quickly incorporated the veer into its arsenal. In conjunction, it tends to employ significantly more misdirection running plays. The traps, crosses, fakes, pulls, sweeps, and counters that characterize the wing T are often supplemented by a heavy dose of option runs—most notably the veer triple option. The veer is well suited to the wing T offense, especially the Delaware version. The Delaware version of the wing T, with its predominant two running back sets, gained significant prominence in the late 1970s and early 1980s and was most notably employed by the Notre Dame Fighting Irish during the Parseghian era. It continues to be employed by high schools and small college teams.
 * Flexbone option offense: Flexbone Formation.svg The "Flexbone" was invented by Emory Bellard at Mississippi State in 1979. It was called the "Wingbone", a variation of the Wishbone Bellard originally invented. A variant of the wishbone offense, the flexbone came to prominence in the 1980s and 1990s. The flexbone offense varies from the wishbone in a few fundamental ways. First, and most notably, the flexbone replaces the halfbacks that are aligned in the backfield of a wishbone with one or two "wingbacks" or "slot backs," that align off-tackle or off-end. These "hybrid" players are typically very quick and must be adept at running, blocking (particularly cut blocking), and receiving. Because of their positioning, they can more easily facilitate the passing game in the flexbone and serve to stretch the defensive alignment laterally prior to the snap. Teams that employ this scheme tend to amass consistently high rushing averages. The name "flexbone" is somewhat controversial and usually reflects the school of thought from which the offense was born. Some practitioners, such as Air Force's famed former head coach, Fisher DeBerry, welcomed the name flexbone because the offense was seen as a modification of the traditional wishbone. Still others, such as Paul Johnson reject the moniker, preferring instead to call their systems, the "spread offense".  To these practitioners, the offense is more related to spread schemes such as the run and shoot, and simply uses the triple-option as a foundation instead of a dynamic passing game. The offense was actually born in the latter school of practitioners, with its origins attributed to Paul Johnson while at Georgia Southern in the mid-80s. He brought the system briefly to Hawaiʻi in the late '80s and then returned to Georgia Southern, which won a record six Division I-AA national titles and eight conference titles while using this offense. As traditional wishbone coaches sought to make their offenses more dynamic, they began to mimic the alignments of this "spread offense" and re-dubbed it the flexbone. The name has since stuck, most likely in order to prevent confusion with other spread offenses. By the late '90s, the flexbone was adapted by all three NCAA Division I-A military academies, where it provided strong statistical results. After bringing Navy to its greatest run of success in decades, Johnson brought the offense with him to Georgia Tech, where it has achieved great success.
 * I-option offense: Also known as the "Nebraska I-offense," this offense derives its name from its extensive use of the I formation with its vertical alignment of quarterback, fullback, and running back. Though balanced attacks from the I formation have been around for decades, the I-option gained extraordinary popularity with its employment by Tom Osborne at the Nebraska Cornhuskers. Using this offense, Osborne had outstanding success from the time of its introduction in 1980 until his retirement in 1997, including three national championships. His successor, Frank Solich, continued to have success with the offense until his departure in 2003. The I-option offense offered a more traditional balanced attack. At its core, the offense relies on a devastating combination of power running, the option, and play-action passing, which are easily run from the I-formation and its variations. The concept of a balanced offensive attack combined with the big play potential of the option enticed vast numbers of top-level college teams to include some components of the Nebraska I.
 * Spread option offense: Shotgun Formation.svg The spread option offense is a variant of the more generic "spread offense". It has found success and widespread employment in college and high school football. Essentially a hybrid of the traditionally pass-oriented spread offense, the spread option is based on the concept of defensive isolation. The offense "spreads" the defense by aligning in three-to-five receiver sets, using two or fewer running backs in the backfield and often setting the quarterback in shotgun. This spread forces the defense to defend more of the field and isolates its players in space. To exploit this, the offense employs double or triple option plays which further mitigates the athleticism of the defense and forces it to play their assignments. When used in combination with a consistent passing game, the spread option offense can yield strong results. The means by which option plays are run from the spread option offense vary greatly.

The most popular running play employed in the spread is the read option. This play is also known as the zone read, QB choice, or QB wrap. A type of double option, the read option is a relatively simple play during which the offensive line zone blocks in one direction, ignoring defensive personnel, while the quarterback makes a single read (usually of the backside defensive end or linebacker) and decides whether to keep the ball (if the backside defender crashes down) or to hand off to the back (if the defender indicates that he will cover the quarterback). Some spread offenses employ complicated pre-snap motion schemes that move wide receivers or tight ends into formations in which they can either become ball carriers or run pass routes, allowing for additional possible options.

Since the early 2000s, spread offenses have become very common, as they spread the defense to open running lanes for various option plays while also putting offensive players in favored matchups to allow for a prolific passing attack. The attack was initially developed in the college game, and Rich Rodriguez is generally credited with popularizing the zone read play run out of the shotgun formation while at West Virginia. Over the following seasons, other college coaches such as Urban Meyer (Utah, Florida, Ohio State), Bill Snyder (Kansas State), and Chip Kelly (Oregon, UCLA) developed formidable offenses based on spread option concepts.

Option plays
At the heart of all option offenses is the option run. This relatively complicated running play may take on many forms. All option runs, however, rely on two common principles: Whereas the traditional running play typically designates the ballcarrier prior to the snap, the ballcarrier in a true option running play is determined by reading the defensive alignment or the actions of defensive players. This may occur at the line of scrimmage or after the ball is snapped. The second principle of the option run is that it must include two or more potential ballcarriers. These individuals each perform a predetermined route, or "track" that poses a unique threat to a defense. By threatening to attack the defense in multiple ways during the play based on the defense's own actions/alignment, the option run forces the opponent to maintain extraordinary discipline. Defenders must focus on their assignments, which stresses the defense and often mitigates its speed, size and aggressiveness. Consequently, option offenses are excellent for undersized teams.

Option runs
Option running plays are as numerous as the schemes that employ them. However, nearly all option running plays can be characterized as either a double option or triple option. This is determined by the number of choices available during the play.

 * Triple option: In these highly complex running plays, three potential ballcarriers are available. The triple option typically features three components: a "dive" track, a "keep" track and "pitch" track. In its most generic version, the inside/outside veer, the dive track is typically carried out by a running back. At the snap of the ball, this player attacks the line of scrimmage somewhere between the offensive tackles (or end in the outside veer) as designated by the type of triple option play. This player is often the first choice in the triple option. His goal is to quickly attack the defensive interior in order to either pick up yardage or freeze the defense and prevent their pursuit to the outside. This quick surge into the interior of the defense is traditionally called a "dive". The quarterback determines whether to hand the ball to the fullback by reading a "dive key" - usually a defensive end. If the dive key does not try to tackle the running back the quarterback will hand the ball off to him. Alternatively, if the defender attempts to tackle the running back, the quarterback will keep the ball himself. This decision usually takes place while both the dive back and the quarterback are holding the football in an intricate exchange called the "mesh". On the keep track, the quarterback may run upfield for yardage or pitch the ball to another ballcarrier on the "pitch" track. This player is called the "pitch back" and the quarterback determines whether or not to pitch the ball by reading the "pitch key" - usually a linebacker or defensive back.

 * Double option: The double option is an effective cousin of the triple option. As the name indicates, the double option provides only two potential ballcarriers instead of three. Yet it often relies on speed, or misdirection to compensate for the reduction.

 * Read option: Developed in the 1990s, this play is typically run out of the shotgun formation in a spread offense. The quarterback "reads" the defensive end on the side in which the play is designed to go. If the defensive end is playing outside the tackle after the snap of the ball, the quarterback hands the ball off to the running back, who runs up the middle, away from the end. If the defensive end moves inside at the snap, the quarterback fakes a handoff to the running back and runs the ball to the outside while the offensive tackle occupies the defensive end. Though simple in concept, the play can be very effective if linebackers and defensive backs do not quickly arrive to provide run support. To further pressure the defense, the play can also include an RPO component, which adds a quick pass to the QB's possible options depending on his read of the opponents' reactions.

 * This read option has been a staple of the college game since the early 2000s and has been successfully utilized by many mobile quarterbacks, most notably national championship winning QBs Vince Young at Texas, Tim Tebow at Florida, and Cam Newton at Auburn, among many other quarterbacks who found team and individual success running a variation of the spread option offense with an emphasis on read option plays.

 * NFL coaches are generally disinclined to utilize option-based plays very often, as they can result in their valuable quarterback taking hard hits while running the ball. The read option is more often used as an occasional change of pace, particularly against an aggressive defense that is focused on stopping the running back. Only a handful of professional teams with durable and mobile quarterbacks make the play a regular part of their offense, most notably the Baltimore Ravens, which used option concepts to set an NFL team rushing record in 2019 behind league MVP Lamar Jackson, who also set a new season record for rushing yards by a QB (1,206).

Run-Pass Option (RPO)
The RPO has become widely used in both college and professional football. While most previous option plays included several possible options for running the ball, most RPOs give the quarterback the possibility of handing off the ball, running it himself, or passing the ball. The "read" in an RPO is often based on the movement of a single defender, usually a linebacker or safety. If the quarterback reads the targeted defender as defending the run, he will pass. If the read is the defender stays put or appears to be involved in pass defense, the quarterback can hand the ball to a running back or, in some versions, run the ball himself. The idea is to choose the option that gives the offense a numerical advantage.

Because the quarterback makes the decision to run or pass after the snap of the ball, the other offensive players' assignments are a mixture of those usually used during a run or pass play, with receivers going out on pass routes and the offensive line engaging in run blocking. However, because offensive linemen are not allowed to stray much beyond the line of scrimmage before a pass is thrown, the quarterback must quickly make a decision to throw or run before his team incurs a penalty.

Modern use
Option-based offenses are most frequently utilized in the high school and collegiate ranks. It is rarely used in the National Football League for several reasons, most importantly because quarterbacks often run with the ball themselves in option plays, resulting in frequent hits. Few professional coaches are willing to assume the increased risk of injury for the player who is usually the highest paid and most important player on the team.

Use in college football
Various option-based offenses were by far the most common in the early years of college football, and with several schools winning national championships with the new wishbone attack in the 1970s, the option offense enjoyed a renaissance during that decade and beyond. However, the wishbone's effectiveness waned as defensive schemes were designed to slow it down. By 2000, almost all major college programs had abandoned option attacks for "pro-style" offenses the utilized more passing and attract athletes who had aspirations to play in the NFL, where option offenses had fallen out of favor decades earlier.

While very few teams run pure option attacks, some option concepts and plays have been incorporated into newer offensive schemes in recent years. In the early 2000s, Urban Meyer and other coaches found success with the spread offense, which incorporates elements of an option-based running game while utilizing the shotgun formation and including much more of a passing game than a traditional option scheme. Meyer visited Kansas State University's Bill Snyder and learned the principles of his system. These combine elements of the West Coast offense and the single wing with sorted elements of the flexbone and the wishbone. Meyer used his spread option offense with great success at Bowling Green, Utah, and Florida, where he won two national titles, and at Ohio State, where he won an additional national championship.

Meyer's version is based on the spread attack developed by then-West Virginia coach Rich Rodriguez. Rodriguez earned "pioneer" status for incorporating wishbone principles, such as the zone-read and option pitches, into the primarily passing-oriented spread offense. However, it is unclear whether Rodriguez developed the system, Kansas State coach Bill Snyder developed the zone-read philosophy with QB Michael Bishop in the late 1990s, or whether the two coaches coincidentally developed the system at the same time. The option remains popular at mid-major levels as well. The Appalachian State Mountaineers, who won three consecutive titles in Division I FCS from 2005 through 2007, rely on the spread option offense. Additionally, the Cal Poly Mustangs achieved success with its flexbone-style option offense under former head coach Rich Ellerson, who has since installed the offense at Army. Lenoir–Rhyne played for an NCAA DII National Championship in 2013 running the flexbone. Carson–Newman, Eastern New Mexico, and Harding have had a great deal of success running the triple option at the NCAA Division II level.

Option offenses are considered to be "equalizers" on the playing field – allowing less athletic teams to compete with larger and faster defenses, particularly since there are few teams that run the scheme and defensive players and coaches may not be adept at stopping it. Appalachian State proved this theory by defeating the heralded Michigan Wolverines at Michigan Stadium during the 2007 NCAA season. In 2013 Georgia Southern (FCS at the time) defeated Florida and in 2015 Citadel (FCS) defeated South Carolina.

Option offenses remain very popular among the United States service academies, who do not always have the specialized personnel required to successfully run a pro-style offense against top college competition. The Navy Midshipmen, Army Black Knights, and Air Force Falcons each use option offenses. If run properly, an option offense should be able to gain 2-3 yards before the linebackers and defensive backs can identify who has the football and make a tackle. Due in part to this, Navy rarely punts the ball, which has led many Navy fans to jokingly refer to 4th down (normally a punting situation) as "just another down." Coach Paul Johnson was particularly effective using this offensive scheme, leading Navy to 43 victories between 2003 and 2007, and Navy led the nation in rushing yards and rushing touchdowns in 2007. He left Navy for Georgia Tech after the 2007 season, where he continued to successfully run the option until his retirement in 2018.

Former Army coach Bob Sutton joked that the Army–Navy Game could be played in an hour because the game clock rarely stopped due to both teams running option schemes. After Sutton's firing, Army went away from the option in favor of a Pro Style attack under new head coach Todd Berry. After eight years of poor performance on the field (with a record of 17-76 from 2000–2007 including the only 0-13 season in NCAA history), Army returned to a flexbone triple-option scheme in the 2008 season. Many Army alumni pushed for a return to an option-based offense in hopes of regaining the success they saw under head coach Jim Young in the 1980s and early 1990s. Under Young, from 1983–1990, the cadets went 51-39-1, including 3 bowl appearances. With the beginning of spring practice 2008, Army coach Stan Brock closed practices to the fans and media in order to install the new offensive scheme. In mid-April, the Times-Herald Record broke the silence and eased alumni concerns by announcing that Brock and Army would return to the triple-option offense for the 2008 season. Though Army improved statistically, they failed to achieve a winning season, and in December 2008, Army Athletic Director, Kevin Anderson announced Brock's dismissal after only two seasons. Later that month, the team welcomed famed Cal Poly head coach Rich Ellerson as the 36th head coach at West Point. In his first season (2009) on the banks of the Hudson, Ellerson implemented his version of the option and led the Cadets to a 5-7 season. The team showed a marked improvement from the previous 10 years, missing a bowl game by one game.

The United States Air Force Academy also ran the option successfully under coach Fisher DeBerry, often having a run offense near the top of the NCAA. Falcons option quarterback Dee Dowis was a finalist for the Heisman Trophy in 1989, setting an NCAA record for rushing by a quarterback, with 3,612 yards. The option helped the team win the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy 16 times, the most among the three major football-playing service academies.

Current Army head coach Jeff Monken has extensive experience running the option. Before taking over the Army program in December 2013 he served as head coach of Georgia Southern University. His experience working under Paul Johnson at Georgia Southern, Navy and Georgia Tech made him an attractive choice for the position.

Use in professional football
Until recently, the option has made rare appearances in the NFL. An article on the option play in the ESPN College Football Encyclopedia discussed why the option was not used as much in the pros. While coaches agreed the option would work, the problem was the impact it would have on the quarterback. The quarterback would need to run more which means taking more hits, causing greater risk of injury. Starting in 2004, Michael Vick, Warrick Dunn and T. J. Duckett ran the option with a degree of success not seen in the NFL before. In a December 2007 game against the New England Patriots, the New York Jets ran the option with quarterback Brad Smith, substituting Smith for starter Chad Pennington.

In the 2008 AFC championship, Ravens QB Joe Flacco ran a QB option tucking the ball for a 5-yard gain and a first down on crucial third down. The Ravens offense was known for mixing up its game plan, and although Flacco is not known for his speed, the deception employed by Baltimore allowed for Flacco to mix up plays successfully despite an AFC championship game loss.

In the 2009 season, the New York Jets ran the option numerous times, with Brad Smith. Each play produced positive yards. The Tennessee Titans also ran the option when Vince Young was re-installed as quarterback. In addition, the option helped Chris Johnson rush for 2,000 yards.

On October 9, 2011, the Carolina Panthers effectively ran the option twice against the New Orleans Saints. The first play was an option pitch from QB Cam Newton to RB DeAngelo Williams for a 67-yard touchdown. The second time, Cam Newton kept the ball and ran for 13 yards.

A month later, the Denver Broncos ran seventeen plays with Tim Tebow as quarterback and Willis McGahee as running back totalling 298 yards on the ground. The option was so effective that the Broncos played it almost exclusively in the fourth quarter of the 38-24 win over the Oakland Raiders, continued using it a week later in a 17-10 win over the Kansas City Chiefs, and again employed it a week later in an overtime win over San Diego. In that win over San Diego, Tim Tebow set an NFL record 22 rushing attempts by a quarterback in one game. The 2011 Denver Broncos, with Tebow at quarterback, have been the most successful team in the NFL to run a read-option offense.

The 2012 season saw more NFL teams adopt the option offense, the most prominent being the Washington Redskins, the Seattle Seahawks and the San Francisco 49ers. 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick rushed for 181 yards (an NFL single game record for a QB) on 16 carries using the read option out of the pistol formation vs. the Green Bay Packers in a Divisional Playoff game on January 12, 2013. As a team, the San Francisco 49ers rushed for 323 yards on 43 carries.

The 2013 season saw University of Oregon's head coach Chip Kelly move to the NFL to take the head coaching job for the Philadelphia Eagles. At the start of the season, Michael Vick was named the starting QB and the read option was used with Vick's athletic ability to take advantage of running situations for the quarterback. However, by the 6th week, Vick was injured and Nick Foles took over as starter. Even though Foles had less running ability than Vick, the read option was continued and used successfully. The theory that the read option can work even with pocket passers is that as long as the quarterback can get positive yardage, big gains are not necessary as it keeps the defense honest.

The Run-Pass Option (RPO) has become a more popular play used in the NFL. This adds the passing element to the option offense. After the snap, the quarterback can decide whether to hand off, keep, or pass.

No NFL team truly bases their offense on the option, but the zone read and RPO's have become a staple in almost every team's playbook.

Teams that have or currently run an option offense

 * 1970–present: Navy (Veer/Flexbone)
 * 1971–1982: Alabama (Wishbone)
 * 1971–1988: Oklahoma (Wishbone)
 * 1980–2003: Nebraska (I-Formation)
 * 1982–present: Air Force (Veer/Wishbone/Flexbone)
 * 1982–1989: Georgia Southern (Flexbone/Spread Option)
 * 1984–1988: Arkansas (Wishbone/Flexbone)
 * 1985–1991: Colorado (Wishbone/I-Bone)
 * 1986–1996: Notre Dame (Wishbone/Flexbone)
 * 1987–1994: Hawaii (Flexbone)
 * 1988–present: Wofford Terriers (Wingbone/Wishbone)
 * 1991–2001: Syracuse (Freeze)
 * 1994–2006: Eastern New Mexico (Wishbone/I Bone/Flexbone)
 * 1994–2005: Rice (Flexbone)
 * 1997–2005: Georgia Southern (Flexbone)
 * 2005-2008 West Virginia (Zone-Read Shotgun)
 * 2008–2019: Georgia Tech (Flexbone)
 * 2010–2021: Georgia Southern (Flexbone)
 * 2001–present: Carson–Newman (Veer)
 * 2004–present: Nevada (Pistol)
 * 2009–present: Army (Flexbone)
 * 2009-present: Cal Poly (Veer)
 * 2010–present: The Citadel (Flexbone)
 * 2010–present: Auburn (Read Option)
 * 2012–present: Eastern New Mexico (Flexbone)
 * 2017–present: Coastal Carolina (Spread Option)
 * 2021-present: Philadelphia Eagles (Read Option)

Particularly dominant teams

 * 1971 Oklahoma: Went 11–1 and scored 530 points.
 * 1972 Oklahoma: Went 11–1 and scored 399 points.
 * 1973 Alabama: Went 11–1 and scored 477 points.
 * 1973 Oklahoma: Went 10–0–1 and scored 400 points.
 * 1974 Oklahoma: Went 11–0 and scored 473 points, winning the national championship.
 * 1975 Alabama: Went 11–1 and scored 374 points.
 * 1975 Oklahoma: Went 11–1 and scored 344 points, winning the national championship.
 * 1977 Alabama: Went 11–1 and scored 380 points.
 * 1978 Oklahoma: Went 11–1 and scored 471 points.
 * 1979 Alabama: Went 12–0 and scored 383 points, winning the national championship.
 * 1979 Oklahoma: Went 11–1 and scored 409 points.
 * 1983 Air Force: Went 10–2 and scored 367 points.
 * 1983 Nebraska: Went 12–1 and scored 654 points.
 * 1985 Air Force: Went 12–1 and scored 470 points.
 * 1985 Georgia Southern: 13–2 and scored 460 points, winning the Division I-AA national championship.
 * 1985 Oklahoma: Went 11–1 and scored 371 points, winning the national championship.
 * 1986 Georgia Southern: 13–2 and scored 619 points, winning the Division I-AA national championship.
 * 1986 Oklahoma: Went 11–1 and scored 508 points.
 * 1987 Oklahoma: Went 11–1 and scored 493 points.
 * 1988 Arkansas: Went 10–2 and scored 349 points.
 * 1988 Georgia Southern: 12–3 and scored 469 points.
 * 1988 Notre Dame: Went 12–0 and scored 339 points.
 * 1989 Arkansas: Went 10–2 and scored 385 points.
 * 1989 Colorado: Went 11–1 and scored 458 points.
 * 1989 Georgia Southern: Went 15–0 and scored 584 points, winning the Division I-AA national championship.
 * 1989 Notre Dame: Went 12–1 and scored 427 points.
 * 1990 Colorado: Went 11–1–1 and scored 399 points, winning a share of the national championship.
 * 1990 Georgia Southern: Went 12-3 and scored 436 points, winning the Division I-AA national championship.
 * 1991 Air Force: Went 10–3 and scored 382 points.
 * 1991 Syracuse: Went 10–2 and scored 321 points.
 * 1992 Hawaii: Went 11–2 and scored 421 points.
 * 1992 Notre Dame: Went 10–1–1 and scored 437 points.
 * 1992 Syracuse: Went 10–2 and scored 340 points.
 * 1993 Notre Dame: Went 11–1 and scored 427 points.
 * 1994 Nebraska: Went 13–0 and scored 459 points, winning the national championship.
 * 1995 Nebraska: Went 12–0 and scored 639 points, winning the national championship.
 * 1996 Army: Went 10–2 and scored 379 points.
 * 1997 Air Force: Went 10–3 and scored 279 points.
 * 1997 Nebraska: Went 13–0 and scored 607 points, winning a share of the national championship.
 * 1998 Air Force: Went 12–1 and scored 468 points.
 * 1998 Georgia Southern: Went 14–1 and scored 654 points.
 * 1999 Georgia Southern: Went 13–2 and scored 747 points, winning the Division I-AA national championship.
 * 2000 Georgia Southern: Went 13–2 and scored 506 points, winning the Division I-AA national championship.
 * 2001 Georgia Southern: Went 12–2 and scored 525 points.
 * 2002 Georgia Southern: Went 11–3 and scored 493 points.
 * 2005 West Virginia: Went 11-1 7-0 in conference and upset heavily favored Georgia in the Sugar Bowl. Led by freshmen Pat White and Steve Slayton who combined for over 2,000 yards rushing.
 * 2005 Texas: Went 13-0 and scored 662 points, winning the BCS national championship.
 * 2006 West Virginia: Went 11-2.Led by sophomores Pat White and Steve Slayton who combined for over 3,000 yards rushing.
 * 2007 West Virginia: Went 11-2 and upset heavily favored Oklahoma in the Fiesta Bowl.
 * 2009 Georgia Tech: Went 11–3 and scored 473 points.
 * 2010 Auburn: Went 14–0 and scored 577 points, winning the BCS national championship.
 * 2011 Georgia Southern: Went 11–3 and scored 492 points.
 * 2013 Auburn: Went 12–2 and scored 553 points, BCS runner-up.
 * 2014 Air Force: Went 10–3 and scored 409 points.
 * 2014 Georgia Tech: Went 11–3 and scored 530 points.
 * 2015 Navy: Went 11–2 and scored 478 points.
 * 2017 Army: Went 10–3 and scored 399 points with 20 pass completions and 785 carries.
 * 2018 Army: Went 11–2 and finished ranked 19th in AP Poll.
 * 2019 Navy: Went 11-2 and scored 483 points, winning the Liberty Bowl.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Option offense


text:
User:MViguie

Hi I am a High Schooler, I go to DaVinci High School in Davis California. I am 16 years old and I love Horses. I have spent a lot of time with horses, I learned to ride when I was three, I now own two horses and spend a lot of time with them. I event and really enjoy spending a lot of time with them. My primary horse is a 12 year old Thoroughbred who was never raced. He is a handful and so much fun even though he is rather Green. My other Horse is a little 14.2 hand Quarter Horse, he is 20 years old and lazy as they come. Mostly I use him for a secondary dressage horse, a trail horse, a horse I can put all of my city friends on and he also is my vaulting horse. I am hoping to train him to drive in the near future because I bought a cart and a harness for him. I also have a whole pile of Goats that I am raising for Market and for dairy.

title: User:MViguie


text:
Battle of Fort Fisher

Battle of Fort Fisher may refer to:

 * First Battle of Fort Fisher – 1864
 * Second Battle of Fort Fisher – 1865

title: Battle of Fort Fisher


text:
South Carolina Navy

A South Carolina Navy has been formed twice by the State of South Carolina. The first time was during the American Revolutionary War, in which the state purchased and outfitted armed vessels independent of the Continental Navy. The second time was during the American Civil War, when its navy was also distinct from the Confederate States Navy.

American Revolutionary War
South Carolina's first naval actions of the American Revolutionary War occurred in July 1775, when the province's Council of Safety hired two captains to assist Georgia in the capture of British ships carrying arms and gunpowder. That month the council also hired a ship, Commerce, for the purpose of acquiring gunpowder that the British had stored at Nassau in the Bahamas. She was outfitted for this purpose, but word of the anticipated arrival of British ships carrying arms and gunpowder at Savannah, Georgia prompted her to be used to capture those ships instead. These activities netted the colonial cause more than 25,000 pounds of gunpowder. In October 1775, the council acquired the schooner Defence, and hired Simon Tufts as her captain. After she had a brief exchange with British ships in Charleston harbor in November, the provincial congress voted to seize Prosper to assist in driving the British ships away, and established a commission to oversee naval affairs.

In December, a third ship, Comet, was added to the fleet, and the council sent Robert Cochran to recruit experienced seamen in Massachusetts. As Boston was at the time under siege by George Washington's newly formed Continental Army, Massachusetts authorized him to recruit up to 300 men, provided he offered moderate wages so as to not compete with local needs.

The provincial congress in early 1776 authorized committees in other provincial ports to acquire ships and men for local defense, and fixed pay scales and ranks for state land and naval forces. In March 1776 the schooner Peggy entered the state service. In the following months the congress, now operating under a new constitution, passed laws establishing admiralty courts and providing for the appointment of ship captains. Captains were to be chosen by the legislature, with commissions issued by the state president. On October 8 the legislature established a Board of Naval Commissioners to oversee the state's naval affairs, including the purchase, outfitting, and manning of ships, and the management of its shipyards. This organizational structure survived until February 1780, when the state legislature repealed all previously-established laws respecting the naval establishment.

Throughout 1777 and 1778 the state acquired property for shipyards, and brought more ships into service. This included the Paul Pritchard Shipyard at Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. This activity picked up pace when the British captured Savannah late in 1778, bringing the war closer to the state. When it became clear the British were going to make a second attempt on Charleston in 1780, the state procured additional ships, and the naval defense of Charleston was passed to Continental Navy captain Abraham Whipple. Most of the state's ships were lost during the Siege of Charleston, and only a few small ships were commissioned after the tide of battle turned against the British in 1781. One ship that survived the loss of Charleston was the frigate South Carolina, which was at sea at the time.

Commodore Alexander Gillon had procured South Carolina in Europe, the state having ordered her in March 1778. Previously named Indien, she was chartered from the Chevalier de Luxembourg for a three-year period. The charter agreement provided that prize money was to be divided between the officers and crew (½), South Carolina (¼), and the Chevalier Luxembourg (¼). On her way from Europe to South Carolina she captured several prizes, and she participated in the 1782 capturing of the Bahamas with the Spanish fleet. She was captured in December 1782, and the financial terms Gillon agreed to concerning prize distribution and indemnification of the Chevalier de Luxembourg for its loss bedeviled the state's finances for years.

Additionally, the Navy included frigates, Rattlesnake, Bricole, and Truite (26), the brigs Notre Dame (16), and Comet; also General Moultrie (20). Bricole, Truite, Notre Dame and General Moultrie all participated in the defense of Charleston in early 1780.

Bricole was a flûte built by Jean-Joseph Ginoux and launched around April 19, 1764. In September 1779 she sank in the Savannah River but was refloated. The next month the French ceded her to the South Carolina government. The South Carolinians wanted to convert her to a frigate of 44 guns, but then gave up the idea and made her a floating battery instead. As such she was armed with fourteen 12-pounder guns on her lower deck and twenty-two 8-pounder guns on her upper deck. In March 1780 she was sunk in front of Charleston, South Carolina to impede the entry of British naval vessels.

Truite was a French vessel built to plans by Jean-Joseph Ginoux and built and launched at Le Havre on May 9, 1777. The French transferred her to the South Carolina Navy in December 1779. By March 1780 she was a frigate of 26 guns. She was sunk in the Copper River to prevent a British squadron from sailing up the river.

American Civil War
Ships included Lady Davis, which later served in the Confederate States Navy as CSS Lady Davis.

South Carolina Naval Militia
After the American Civil War, states maintained both army and naval militias. During the Spanish–American War, the South Carolina Naval Militia was federalized and deployed aboard several United States Navy vessels. In 2003, the state of South Carolina reactivated the naval militia under the South Carolina Maritime Security Act.

title: South Carolina Navy


text:
Arthur Scott Bailey

Arthur Scott Bailey (November 16, 1877 – October 17, 1949) was an American writer. He was the author of more than forty children's books. He was born in St. Albans, Vermont, United States, the second child of Winfield Scott Bailey and Harriet Sarah Goodhue (a girl, Ellen was born in 1876). Winfield Bailey owned a dry goods shop that was stated to be "one of the most reputable of St. Albans mercantile concerns" and specialized in furs; namely ladies' fur coats, muffs and scarves. Bailey attended St. Albans Academy and graduated in 1896, in a class of only eleven other students. He then went on to the University of Vermont in Burlington, Vermont, where he became involved in a fraternal organization, Sigma Phi (with which he was very active through at least 1915; he joined the organization's Catalogue Committee in 1914 as a vice chairman, after the resignation of Dr. Alexander Duane). However, he left UVM in 1901 and transferred to Harvard, where he earned his bachelor's degree. After graduating Harvard in 1902, Bailey traveled to Chicago and put his knowledge of growing up in his father's store to good use, becoming a wholesale grocery merchant. This lasted until 1904, when Bailey travelled to New York City and became an editor for various publishers. Which publishers these were is unknown, with the exception of the Macaulay Company, where he was working in early 1915. He was married about this time (on September 14, 1913) to Estella W. Goodspeed, a St. Albans woman; the wedding was held in his hometown. Estella Goodspeed, whose maiden name had been Crampton, had been married once before to an unknown Mr. Nelson Allen Goodspeed, and had a son, Allen Wright Goodspeed and daughter, Estella Joanne Goodspeed. Allen Goodspeed was born on August 5, 1906, and would have been nine years old when Bailey wrote the first Sleepy-Time Tales (Estella was born in 1908). As Bailey did not write prior to his marriage to Estella, it can be surmised that he first started crafting his stories for Allen and Estella, whom he treated as his own children. Estella Joanne later married a Mr. Lennox Stuart and moved to Shaker Heights, Ohio. Bailey's writing has been thus described by the Newark Evening News: "Mr. Bailey centered all his plots in the animal, bird and insect worlds, weaving natural history into the stories in a way that won educator's approval without arousing the suspicions of his young readers. He made it a habit to never 'write down' to children and frequently used words beyond the average juvenile vocabulary, believing that youngsters respond to the stimulus of the unfamiliar."

His work also includes the comic strip Animal Whys, which was syndicated in 1937.

Bailey was known for being an intellectual, and was a member of the Salmagundi Club of New York. He was a Unitarian and a Republican. Bailey died on October 17, 1949, at 71 years of age. Allen W. Goodspeed grew up to become the Professor Emeritus of Forest Management at West Virginia University; and has a scholarship named in his honor. He died on September 30, 1991, and had 10 grandchildren.

Works
Published by Grosset & Dunlap

Sleepy-Time Tales

 * The Tale of Cuffy Bear (c. 1915)
 * The Tale of Frisky Squirrel (c. 1915)
 * The Tale of Tommy Fox (c. 1915)
 * The Tale of Fatty Coon (c. 1915)
 * The Tale of Jimmy Rabbit (c. 1916)
 * The Tale of Sandy Chipmunk (c. 1916)
 * The Tale of Brownie Beaver (c. 1916)
 * The Tale of Paddy Muskrat (c. 1916)
 * The Tale of Peter Mink (c. 1916)
 * The Tale of Billy Woodchuck (c. 1916)
 * The Tale of Ferdinand Frog (c. 1918)
 * The Tale of Dickie Deer Mouse (c. 1918)
 * The Tale of Timothy Turtle (c. 1919)
 * The Tale of Major Monkey (c. 1919)
 * The Tale of Benny Badger (c. 1919)
 * The Tale of Grandfather Mole (c. 1920)
 * The Tale of Grumpy Weasel (c. 1920)
 * The Tale of Master Meadow Mouse (c. 1921)
 * The Tale of Nimble Deer (c. 1922)

Tuck-Me-In Tales

 * The Tale of Jolly Robin (c. 1917)
 * The Tale of Old Mr. Crow (c. 1917)
 * The Tale of Solomon Owl (c. 1917)
 * The Tale of Jasper Jay (c. 1917)
 * The Tale of Rusty Wren (c. 1917)
 * The Tale of Daddy Longlegs (c. 1918)
 * The Tale of Kiddie Katydid (c. 1918)
 * The Tale of Betsy Butterfly (c. 1918)
 * The Tale of Buster Bumblebee (c. 1918)
 * The Tale of Freddie Firefly (c. 1918)
 * The Tale of Bobby Bobolink (c. 1920)
 * The Tale of Chirpy Cricket (c. 1920)
 * The Tale of Mrs. Ladybug (c. 1921)
 * The Tale of Reddy Woodpecker (c. 1922)
 * The Tale of Grandma Goose (c. 1923)

Slumber-Town Tales

 * The Tale of Miss Kitty Cat (c. 1921)
 * The Tale of Old Dog Spot (c. 1921)
 * The Tale of Henrietta Hen (c. 1921)
 * The Tale of Pony Twinkleheels (c. 1921)
 * The Tale of Grunty Pig (c. 1921)
 * The Tale of Muley Cow (c. 1921)
 * The Tale of Turkey Proudfoot (c. 1921)
 * The Tale of Snowball Lamb (c. 1922)
 * The Tale of Mistah Mule (c. 1923)

The Cuffy Bear Books

 * Cuffy Bear and the Circus (c. 1929)
 * Cuffy Bear and the Scarecrow (c. 1929)
 * Cuffy Bear's Holidays (c. 1929)
 * Cuffy Bear and the Snowman (c. 1929)

title: Arthur Scott Bailey


text:
Megalochori

Megalochori (Greek: Μεγαλοχώρι) may refer to the following places in Greece:

 * Megalochori, a village on Agkistri, Saronic islands
 * Megalochori, Methana, a village in the Methana peninsula
 * Megalochori, Lesbos, a village in the municipal unit Plomari, Lesbos
 * Megalochori, Santorini, a village in the island of Santorini in the Cyclades
 * Megalochori, Serres, a village in the Serres regional unit
 * Megalochori, Trikala, a village in the Trikala regional unit

title: Megalochori


text:
User talk:Davamundo

Like, I am totally into, like, linux and stuff, man. You, know, computers ! dude ! But, like, music an art an culture an stuff is OK too ! Oh yeah, and languages are ,like, awesome ! Woah !

title: User talk:Davamundo


text:
User:Nighbert

This is Nighbert's first wiki page!

As of right now there is nothing major to wiki on!

title: User:Nighbert


text:
Lew Archer

Lew Archer is a fictional character created by American-Canadian writer Ross Macdonald. Archer is a private detective working in Southern California. Between the late 1940s and the early '70s, the character appeared in 18 novels and a handful of shorter works as well as several film and television adaptations. Macdonald's Archer novels have been praised for building on the foundations of hardboiled fiction by introducing more literary themes and psychological depth to the genre. Critic John Leonard declared that Macdonald had surpassed the limits of crime fiction to become "a major American novelist" while author Eudora Welty was a fan of the series and carried on a lengthy correspondence with Macdonald. The editors of Thrilling Detective wrote: "The greatest P.I. series ever written? Probably."

Profile
Initially, Lew Archer was similar to (if not completely a derivative of) Philip Marlowe, the pioneering sleuth created by Raymond Chandler in the 1930s. However, Macdonald eventually broke from that mold, though some similarities remain. Archer's principal difference is that he is much more openly sensitive and empathetic than the tough Marlowe. He also serves a different function from Marlowe. Chandler's books were primarily studies of Marlowe's character and code of honor, while Macdonald used Archer as a lens to explore the relationships of the other characters in the novels. Macdonald wrote, "Certainly my narrator Archer is not the main object of my interest, nor the character with whose fate I am most concerned," and moreover that Archer "is not their [the novels'] emotional center."

Another subtle difference was that Marlowe prowled the city of Los Angeles during the 1940s, while Lew Archer primarily worked the suburbs in the 1950s, moving outward with the populace. Like Marlowe, Archer observes growing dichotomies in American society with visual "snapshots". In The Zebra-Striped Hearse, Archer hunts a missing girl who may be dead, possibly murdered. His path repeatedly crosses a group of young surfers who own a hearse painted in gay zebra stripes. To the youngsters, death is remote and funny. To the world-weary detective, it's close and grim.

Lew Archer is largely a cipher, rarely described. His background is most thoroughly explored in The Moving Target: he got his training with the Long Beach California Police Department, but left (Archer himself says he was "fired") after witnessing too much corruption. Subsequent novels mentioned details of Archer's life only in passing. In Black Money (1966) Archer mentions that he's about 50 years old, thus born circa 1916. In The Doomsters a sheriff mocks his 6'2" and blue eyes. As old failures plague him, we learn he once "took the strap away from my old man", that he was a troubled kid and petty thief redeemed by an old cop, that he sometimes drank too much, that his ex-wife's name is Sue, and he thinks of her often. During World War II, he served in military intelligence in the United States Army, again mentioned in The Doomsters.

Archer is sometimes depressed, often world-weary. An almost Greek sense of tragedy pervades the novels as the sins of omission and crimes of sometimes-wealthy parents are frequently visited upon their children, young adults whom Archer tries desperately to save from disaster. This use of Greek drama was deliberate, e.g., Macdonald based The Galton Case (1959) on a loose interpretation of the Oedipus myth. Key incidents in the novels are typically separated by fifteen years, a scant generation, as evidence from old crimes surfaces to haunt new characters. As suspense in a novel builds toward a climax, Archer often gets little or no sleep, racing the clock and prowling the suburban Southern California landscape day after night after day, trying to put the pieces of a puzzle together in order to prevent new violence. This 36- or 48-hour wakefulness mimes the classic Greek tragic play where everything takes place in one day; here it might be more than a day, but since the character doesn't get to sleep, it essentially honors the tragic convention and contributes to the sense of unalterable impending doom. Tom Nolan in his Ross Macdonald, A Biography, wrote of the author, "Gradually he swapped the hard-boiled trappings for more subjective themes: personal identity, the family secret, the family scapegoat, the childhood trauma; how men and women need and battle each other, how the buried past rises like a skeleton to confront the present. He brought the tragic drama of Sophocles and the psychology of Freud to detective stories, and his prose flashed with poetic imagery." Philosophical references underlined the thoughtful tone of the novels, with The Chill (1964) having mentions of Parmenides, Heraclitus and Achilles and the tortoise, while Black Money (1966) briefly discusses Henri Bergson.

The only recurring characters of note are Arnie and Phyllis Walters, who appear in several of the novels and seem to enjoy a warm friendship with Archer. Arnie is a private detective in Reno, Nevada, about 470 miles north of Los Angeles. Archer sometimes calls upon Arnie for assistance with cases that lead to Nevada. Archer's investigations sometimes lead from California to Nevada, due in part to Nevada then having some of the most liberal marriage and divorce laws in the nation, and also due to Nevada then being one of the only states with legalized casino gambling and the associated organized crime presence. Archer's name pays a double homage: first to Dashiell Hammett ("Miles Archer" was the name of Sam Spade's murdered partner in The Maltese Falcon ), while Lew Wallace was the author of the novel Ben Hur (1880).

Recognition
According to a New York Times article, "some critics ranked him [Macdonald] among the best American novelists of his generation". William Goldman of the newspaper's Book Review section wrote that the Archer books were "the finest series of detective novels ever written by an American".

Over his career, Macdonald was presented with several awards, primarily for his Lew Archer series. In 1964, the Mystery Writers of America awarded the author the Silver Dagger award for The Chill. Ten years later, he received the Grand Master Award from the Mystery Writers of America, and in 1982 he received "The Eye", the Lifetime Achievement Shamus Award from the Private Eye Writers of America. In 1982, he was awarded the Robert Kirsch Award (the Los Angeles Times Book Prize) by the Los Angeles Times for "an outstanding body of work by an author from the West or featuring the West."

Novels

 * 1) The Moving Target (1949)
 * 2) The Drowning Pool (1950)
 * 3) The Way Some People Die (1951)
 * 4) The Ivory Grin (1952; aka Marked for Murder)
 * 5) Find a Victim (1954)
 * 6) The Barbarous Coast (1956)
 * 7) The Doomsters (1958)
 * 8) The Galton Case (1959)
 * 9) The Wycherly Woman (1961)
 * 10) The Zebra-Striped Hearse  (1962)
 * 11) The Chill (1964)
 * 12) The Far Side of the Dollar (1965)
 * 13) Black Money (1966)
 * 14) The Instant Enemy (1968)
 * 15) The Goodbye Look (1969)
 * 16) The Underground Man (1971)
 * 17) Sleeping Beauty (1973)
 * 18) The Blue Hammer (1976)

Short stories

 * "Find the Woman" (June 1946, EQMM)
 * "The Bearded Lady" (American Magazine, October 1948)
 * "The Imaginary Blonde" (February 1953, Manhunt; AKA Gone Girl)
 * "The Guilty Ones" (May 1953, Manhunt; AKA The Sinister Habit)
 * "The Beat-Up Sister" (October 1953, Manhunt; AKA The Suicide)
 * "Guilt-Edged Blonde" (January 1954, Manhunt)
 * "Wild Goose Chase" (Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, July 1954)
 * "Midnight Blue" (October 1960, Ed McBain's Mystery Magazine)
 * "The Sleeping Dog" (April 1965, Argosy)

 * in three collections: The Name Is Archer, Lew Archer, Private Investigator, and Strangers in Town

Film
The character has been adapted for visual media several times: Two feature films starring Paul Newman as "Lew Harper":
 * Harper (1966, directed by Jack Smight) derived from the novel The Moving Target (1949)
 * The Drowning Pool (1975, directed by Stuart Rosenberg) derived from the novel of the same title
 * The Underground Man (1974, directed by Paul Wendkos) a television movie starring Peter Graves.

Random House Films made a deal in October 2011 to create a movie franchise of Ross Macdonald's detective Lew Archer with Silver Pictures and Warner Bros. Rights holder Stephen White and Random House Studio president Peter Gethers would be executive producers on the movies. This movie series would start adapting with the eighth book in the series, The Galton Case. From Silver Pictures, Andrew Rona and Alex Heineman will be executive producers with Joel Silver producing.

TV series
Archer, a 1975 NBC TV series (NBC) starring Brian Keith based on the character. It was cancelled after six episodes:
 * "The Turkish Connection", aired 30 January 1975
 * "The Arsonist", aired 6 February 1975
 * "The Body Beautiful", aired 13 February 1975
 * "Shades of Blue", aired 20 February 1975
 * "The Vanished Man", aired 6 March 1975
 * "Blood Money", aired 13 March 1975

Le Loup de la côte Ouest (2002, Hugo Santiago from the short story "Guilt-Edged Blonde") starring James Faulkner as Lew Millar. (Alternate Title: The Wolf of the West Coast)

Radio

 * "Sleeping Beauty", aired 1 January 1996 on NPR starring Harris Yulin as Archer
 * "The Zebra Striped Hearse", produced by KCRW starring Harris Yulin as Archer

title: Lew Archer


text:
Talk:FtsZ

Untitled
Ok I just messed around with this alot. Also there had been changes about whether it is a gene or a protein... the sad fact is that FtsZ is the protein and ftsZ is the gene and with Wikipedia's capitalization the two will forever be the same. I wrote the article about the protein since the letters are permanently capitalized so the protein article is more appropriate. User:Kablamo2007 | Talk 3 July 2005

What is that supposed to mean: "Around the neck"? Does that mean around the new cell membrane during telophase??? JFW | T@lk  21:33, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Are you sure there are no motor protiens associated with ftsZ??

17:28 2 March 2010

I work with this protein and I can tell you, the only thing sure about it is that nobody knows half of what they say they know ;) But so far it looks like there are no motor proteins involved in bacterial division, nope. Where the forces come from, nobody knows yet, although there are several hypothesis involving curvature of the filaments, lateral interactions, hydrolisis... --Uncronopio86 (talk) 15:20, 4 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:FtsZ


text:
Cyperus

Cyperus is a large genus of about 700 species of sedges, distributed throughout all continents in both tropical and temperate regions.

Description
They are annual or perennial plants, mostly aquatic and growing in still or slow-moving water up to 0.5 m deep. The species vary greatly in size, with small species only 5 cm tall, while others can reach 5 m in height. Common names include papyrus sedges, flatsedges, nutsedges, umbrella-sedges and galingales. The stems are circular in cross-section in some, triangular in others, usually leafless for most of their length, with the slender grass-like leaves at the base of the plant, and in a whorl at the apex of the flowering stems. The flowers are greenish and wind-pollinated; they are produced in clusters among the apical leaves. The seed is a small nutlet.

Ecology
Cyperus species are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including Chedra microstigma. They also provide an alternative food source for Bicyclus anynana larvae. The seeds and tubers are an important food for many small birds and mammals.

Cyperus microcristatus (from Cameroon) and C. multifolius (native to Panama and Ecuador) are possibly extinct; the former was only found once, in 1995, and the latter has not been seen in the last 200 years. The "true" papyrus sedge of Ancient Egypt, C. papyrus subsp. hadidii, is also very rare today due to draining of its wetland habitat; feared extinct in the mid-20th century, it is still found at a few sites in the Wadi El Natrun region and northern Sudan.

Some tuber-bearing species on the other hand, most significantly the purple nutsedge, C. rotundus, are considered invasive weeds in much of the world.

Diversity
Around 700 species are currently recognised in the genus Cyperus.

Fossil record
Many fossil fruits of a Cyperus species have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark. Several fossil fruits of †Cyperus distachyoformis have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.

Use by humans
Papyrus sedge (C. papyrus) of Africa was of major historical importance in providing papyrus. C. giganteus, locally known as cañita, is used by the Yokot'an Maya of Tabasco, Mexico, for weaving petates (sleeping mats) and sombreros. C. textilis and C. pangorei are traditionally used to produce the typical mats of Palakkad in India, and the makaloa mats of Niihau were made from C. laevigatus.

The chufa flatsedge (C. esculentus) has edible tubers and is grown commercially for these; they are eaten as vegetables, made into sweets, or used to produce the horchata in the Valencia region. Several other species – e.g. Australian bush onion (C. bulbosus) – are eaten to a smaller extent. For some Northern Paiutes, Cyperus tubers were a mainstay food, to the extent that they were known as tövusi-dökadö ("nutsedge tuber eaters")

Priprioca (C. articulatus) is one of the traditional spices of the Amazon region and its reddish essential oil is used commercially both by the cosmetic industry, and increasingly as a flavoring for food. Interest is increasing in the larger, fast-growing species as crops for paper and biofuel production.

Some species are grown as ornamental or pot plants, notably:
 * Cyperus alternifolius syn. C. involucratus (umbrella papyrus)
 * Cyperus albostriatus (dwarf umbrella sedge), formerly called C. diffusus)
 * Cyperus haspan
 * Cyperus longus
 * Cyperus papyrus (papyrus)

Some Cyperus species are used in folk medicine. Roots of Near East species were a component of kyphi, a medical incense of Ancient Egypt. Tubers of C. rotundus (purple nut-sedge) tubers are used in kampō.

An unspecified Cyperus is mentioned as an abortifacient in the 11th-century poem De viribus herbarum.

title: Cyperus


text:
Talk:New Square, New York

Twersky or Twerski?
I was reading around and it was funny to find out that his surname has many variants of spelling. Make it one throughout the whole article.

New Square business
What about the "New Square" orange juice?--Pharos 21:36, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * What about it? It is manufacured by/through the Hasidim living in New Square as part of their commercial undertakings...(gotta make a living somehow, right?) IZAK 09:35, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

If it's a major business there, it should probably be mentioned in the article. I myself don't know much about the commercial activities in the town other than this end product.--Pharos 09:41, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The above info is wrong. New Square dairy products are manufactured by Ahava dairy, which also makes Golan Cheese, Morning Select dairy products, and a few other brands. The owners have no connection to New Square. They simply pay New Square for use of their name, and, as part of the deal, they use the New Square Kashruth Certification.--Kotzker 19:20, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * As they say "business is business" so who cares what the arrangements are as long as "the bottom line" adds up. By the way, why aren't you signing your comments with the four tildes ~ ? Thanks. IZAK 09:16, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, Izak. It took a while to get the hang of the whole Wiki thing, and couldn't figure out how to add a signature. I've added it now to my previously published comments. --Kotzker 19:20, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Info on Chernobyl/Rachmestrivk Incorrect
There are individuals in New Square who identify with other groups, such as Belz, Viznitz, Rachmestrivk, Klausenberg, among many others. However, those individuals do not constitute groups. There are currently no *groups* of those chasidim that identify as such.

In years past, the Rachmestrivka Rebbe lived there and gained a following among some residents. The subsequent friction, which intensified after his father Reb Zusha passed away—manifested in acts of thuggerry committed with tacit approval of the Skver establishment— resulted in his move to Borough Park, and there has been no Rachmestrivk presence in New Square since that merits mention.

The New Square community does not allow any sub-groups to form that would undermine the homogenity of Skver. It is for that reason that no other schools, synagogues, or even private minyanim are allowed. Kotzker 05:35, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * So if you know all this why don't you add it into the article? And again, why aren't you signing your comments with the four tildes ~ ? Thanks again. IZAK 09:16, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Please explain the demographics
The article states"median income for a family is $12,208. Males have a median income of $21,696 versus $29,375 for females"How is this possible? Doesn't a family contain at least one person who is either male or female? How does a family's income get to be lower than that of the people in it? (Please note: I have looked at demographics for other places, including Monsey, New York, Spring Valley, New York, and Brooklyn, New York, and in those cases, the family income is above that of the individuals, as is logical. But I must admit that in the demographics for Kiryas Joel, New York, family income is below that of the individuals.) --Keeves 02:22, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

My guess (based on my knowledge of the community) is that figures are skewed by the number of young couples being supported by their families and the community. KJ and NS have a good sized number of zero-earner families. --alexisr 04:01, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Correct: The average family has a constantly growing number of children. Most families end up with having anywhere between seven to fourteen kids each, and then the kids start getting married from about eighteen years of age onwards -- with the parents footing the bills for the weddings and the setting-up of homes for the newly-wed couples -- quite enough to wipe out the income/s of any single earner/s in the family. In fact there are a huge amount of charitable appeals and borrowing that's an ongoing aspect without which many families would sink financially. So published figures are not just misleading they do not even begin to tell the true scope of the financial "black hole" faced by most of these struggling families. IZAK 09:16, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * US Census data doesn't take into account how much money a family spends. Alexisr has the correct answer.  Male Median Income is derived from all males who work and Female Median Income is dervied from all females who work.  Family Median Income is dervied from all familes(families headed by those who work and families headed by those who are currently involved in schooling and study but do not yet work).  Therefore the number of families who devote the bulk of their time to study will have zero- or near zero-income and skew and family income. Chops79 18:40, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Twersky or Twerski
The artice has both spellings of the name. Which is correct in this context? I know that different branches of the family spell it differently. JoshuaZ 14:20, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Yiddish in New Square
"The predominant language spoken in New Square is Yiddish." New Square community profile Culturalrevival 22:10, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Separated sidewalks
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:New_Square%2C_New_York&action=edit&section=7 This is a frequently-heard accusation (you call it blood libel) against chareidim in E. Israel. Seculars who write about "Bnei Brak and Meah Shearim with their separated sidewalks". Well, tell you what: in Bnei Brak there are no such places that I know of, and in Jerusalem there is only one street where there are such signs (it is a side-street of Rechov Yechezkel, between Kikar Blumenthal and the Shuk HaBucharim, in the direction of Rechov Bar Ilan) - and that isn't even in Meah Shearim at all.: Thus, regarding New Square, I'd like to see some proof. As far as I'm concerned this doesn't have to be a real 'source' - it is enough for me if someone shows up here and testifies that he has indeed been in New Square and has indeed seen separate sidewalks there. So I'm not talking about "it seems in line with the rest of the article" or "it says so in the newspaper". I would like someone to tell us that he has actually been in New Square and has actually seen the separated sidewalks. Or bring me a reliable source, such as: 1) a chassidic Jewish source (for example, an American Yiddish newspaper) or 2) a picture of this separated sidewalks. Until such evidence has been provided, I will not allow this allegation to remain in the article. --Piz d'Es-Cha (talk) 11:20, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I suggest that you read WP guidelines. You are supposed give the author the benefit of the doubt and time to prove his/her claim, which you yourself admits exists somewhere else. I think the acceptable time is one week. --Shuki (talk) 18:40, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I am not going to allow unproven libelous allegations to remain in an artticle. There is no proof anywhere that I know of that this is actually true. This is a frequently used libel thrown at chareidim by secular people: see for example this, a huge exaggeration (for example, that bank they mention has 6 regular MIXED lines and 1 part-time women-only line - it's the Bank Pagi branch on Rechov Chazon Ish, I used to have an account there). Also, the buses in Bnei Brak are not separated, as far as I know. There is no Mehadrin arrangement there as there is on some lines in Jerusalem. And I have *never* seen the men and the women line up separately anywhere. In any case, there is not a single line there where the women get on via the back door (as in Jerusalem, with lines such as 10, 40, 56 and 49A). Everybody stands in the same line and men and women are completely intermingled when getting on the bus, so that's a plain LIE. How often do you go to Bnei Brak? How well do you know these things? How dare you spread such slander about things you don't even know about! --Piz d'Es-Cha (talk) 22:35, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

hello. it was not my intention to slander hasidim or any group. i've been staying in monsey this summer and i heard a few people mention that new square has gender separated sidewalks. i thought they were joking but they said it was true. i'm suspicious about the claim because i first heard it about meah shearim to later find out it wasn't true and then i subsequently heard the claim about kiryas joel also to discover it is false. i have driven through new square but never paid particular attention to the sidewalks (they are mostly full of nice kids running around). i've been busy but i'll ask around more and i can try to take a short drive over there to confirm/disconfirm the rumors. 68.50.99.248 (talk) 04:48, 10 July 2008 (UTC)jonah
 * Thanks! This is exactly what I mean. It is a frequently heard claim about many chareidi/chassidishe places and as far as I know, it has so far always been a lie. In Bnei Brak and Jerusalem there are no separated sidewalks - anywhere. (Except on chol hamoed sukkos, when the Edah separates Rechov Meah Shearim.) If you would be able to personally go there and check it out, that would be great. If you maybe know someone who actually lives there who can confirm it to you, that's also fine with me. I'd just like to hear that someone - either here or indirectly - declares that he has actually seen these separated sidewalks. If they exist, fine. If not, then also fine. All I want is an accurate, encyclopedical article. And including something because "it sounds in line with the rest of the article" (Shuki) is not the editorial behavior that I would expect of anyone who wants Wikipedia to become more reliable. --Piz d'Es-Cha (talk) 06:24, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I will leave a note on Redaktor's talk page and ask him. --Piz d'Es-Cha (talk) 11:08, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I have no personal knowledge of New Square. If someone can find an authoritative source which mentions separate sidewalks in New Square then put it in; otherwise it is speculation and should be left out. I think that is the correct approach. --Redaktor (talk) 21:15, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Piz, you accuse others of WP:OR but continue to bring your own as 'proof'. I know Bnei Brak, and have in fact been on a mehadrin bus there though I don't know if it's as easy to enforce since non-religious and non-Haredi people also use the bus system. --Shuki (talk) 00:08, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Shuki, would you please stop distorting what I say, twisting my words around? I am merely making comments on a talk page and am not putting what I said in any article. Since when does anything that is said on a talk page be sourced?? And I definitely believe that you have been on a bus there where the men sat in the front and the women in the back. But unless you are talking about an intercity bus (such as the 402) - and I thought we were talking about city buses here; the existence of Mehadrin intercity buses is not a matter of dispute as far as I know - then this was merely a natural segregation that the passengers themselves came up with. This often happens on non-Mehadrin buses in Jerusalem also, such as the 11, 15 and 35: almost all of the men are in the front and almost all of the women in the back. But they do get on through the same (front) door, and there is no rule anywhere saying that these lines are Mehadrin. Thus, this is irrelevant.
 * Now back to the subject: as Redaktor said, if it has not been proven, it should be left out. I should note that for me an 'authoritative' source would also be if our anynomyous contributor above would be able to go to New Square some day and see it for himself, or if someone - any of us - could call someone in New Square, or find someone who has actually been there, and find out the truth. Unfortunately there aren't so many Skverrer chassidim in Eretz Yisroel. There is a Skverrer Talmud Torah though, so I assume that they also have a shul somewhere. Bli neder I could try to find that shul on Sunday or so and ask whether someone there has been to New Square and has actually seen the separated sidewalks. If I get such confirmation, that's already enough for me to accept it. I am not interested in anything else. I just don't want anything which could be seen as slanderous in this article unless it is actually true. And by the way, I trust our anonymous contributor above way more than some newspaper article from a non-Jewish sensational newspaper. --Piz d'Es-Cha (talk) 06:43, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Just to set the record straight: New Square indeed has gender-segregated sidewalks. I've lived in New Square for eighteen years, so if all you want is someone who can attest to seeing the signs, I can do so unequivocally. Every road in New Square has blue signs saying "Mener Zeit" on one side, and orange signs "Froyen Zeit" on the other.

I should add, the signs are a fairly recent phenomenon, and have only been put up in the late 90's / early 2000's.

It's been a while since I've been active here, so I won't be updating the article itself. But you now have that personal verification. Kotzker (talk) 04:30, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

Bill Clinton controversy and the blanket revert
I am going to address this blanket revert here:
 * The Piz d'Es-Cha version restores an error - the "Hebrew" supposedly of New Square is actually Yiddish! (Notice the article names for this in the Hebrew and Yiddish Wikipedias)
 * The previous Clinton revision was not properly footnoted - Here in my version I have the proper references and page numbers.
 * I have identified who made accusations and who said what
 * In the Piz d'Es-Cha version there is no source referencing that the investigation was "dropped"

My revision should be restored, and then THAT should be worked upon. Also, generally it is a good idea to not use "controversy" sections - work the controversy throughout the article. WhisperToMe (talk) 13:06, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I decided to sort-of-revert after I found more information - I added more details (the men were commuted, not totally pardoned) - PLUS that Hillary Clinton said that she was not involved. WhisperToMe (talk) 13:24, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Confusing passages
There are some very confusing passages in the History section. It often jumps around chronologically, is very vague, and sometimes contains outright non-sequiturs. For instance:

''One dozen people received welfare in 1975. In 1992 the village administrator said that in 1975 about two thirds of the families received food stamps and Medicaid.[6]''

Two thirds of which families? Was it one dozen people, or two thirds of the population? To whom did the village administrator make the claim? What is his/her name?

Can someone with some knowledge of New Square please clarify?--TremorMilo (talk) 04:27, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Accidental Edit under Wrong Account
I accidentally edited this page using my staff account when I intended to use my personal account, Jorm. My edits to the article were personal and not from my role at the Foundation.--Jorm (WMF) (talk) 21:52, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

How is "all-Hasidic" demographic enforced ?
How do they keep non-Hasidic people out ? The article needs to explain what the term effectively means and implies. I thought discrimination on religious grounds is illegal. Who owns the land and properties ? Rcbutcher (talk) 23:09, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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New Square Cemetery
Why does this article mention nothing about the cemetery in NS? --תנא קמא (talk) 19:46, 24 January 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅, added. StonyBrook (talk) 18:56, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Square, New York


text:
FA Women's Premier League National Division

The FA Women's Premier League National Division (originally WFA National League Premier Division) was a football division in England. From 1991 until 2010, the National Division functioned as the top league in English women's football. During its final three seasons, the division operated as the second level of the league pyramid from 2010 to 2013. The division was played on a home and away basis, with each team playing each other twice, and points being awarded in the standard football format.

Below the National Division were simultaneously the Northern and Southern divisions and the remainder of the women's football pyramid. The terms Women's Premiership and Ladies' Premiership thus generally referred to the National Division alone. The women's National League Premier Division was conceived as the counterpart to the men's football First Division/Premier League.

Founded in 1991 by the Women's Football Association, the league was taken over and renamed "Premier League" in the season 1994–95 by The Football Association. The first title was won by Doncaster Belles in 1991–92. Arsenal hold the most championships, with 12 won between 1993 and 2010.

The National Division lost its top-league status and several teams when the FA introduced the summer competition Women's Super League (WSL) in 2011, with no further promotions. 2012–13 was the final season for the Women's Premier League National Division, with the last championship won by Sunderland, their third in succession. The division was scrapped at the end of the 2012–13 season, prior to the launch of the FA WSL 2 (now the FA Women's Championship).

History

In its first two seasons, the women's National League operated on the pointscoring system of two points for a win, switching to three points for a win in 1993–94.

In the first season, 1991–92, the division contained eight clubs, increasing to 10 clubs in 1992–93.

Premiership teams also competed in the WFA Cup/FA Women's Cup and the Premier League Cup. The first five League champions all won the League and FA Cup Double. From 2000 until 2008, the Premiership winner competed against the FA Cup winner or League runner-up annually for the FA Women's Community Shield. Until 2010, Premiership winners and runners-up competed in the UEFA Women's Cup/Women's Champions League as well.

For the 2006–07 season, the number of competing teams was increased from 10 to 12, with the promotion of the Northern (Blackburn Rovers) and Southern (Cardiff City) champions and no relegations despite test matches being played.

For the National Division's 2010–11 season, the division was reduced to eight clubs from twelve. Six clubs left to form the WSL, as did the Northern Division champions and runners-up, Liverpool and OOH Lincoln. The six remaining National Division clubs and the Southern Division top two, Barnet and Reading, thus comprised the second-level National Division.

List of seasons
As level 1 division:

† Arsenal won a treble with the UEFA Women's Cup in 2007.''
 * ''Note: Bold designates teams that won a double with the Women's FA Cup.

As FA level 2 division:

The Women's Premier League name continued at level 3 in 2013–14 after the National Division was scrapped.


text:
User:Msmousesuicide

I'm not liking Wikipedia right now. It totally just deleted what I had JUST wrote. POS.

Well, in this random box, I'm supposed to write about myself. I guess I should do that.

About me: About me? Well, I guess there isn't much to me, except that this semester I've been trying Ã¼ber hard to get incredibly good grades, which I'm kinda succeeding at right now. What I do most of the time is this: rugby and school.

In my spare time I like to sleep, read (books like When She was Bad, and anything about criminology, the narcissitic, psycopath, or sociopath mind, mostly anything non-fiction.), hang out with my friends (strange people like Cassie, Jessie, Reno&Teddy, Vincent, Chicken, and anyone else I feel like being around), and other stuff like that.

I like to write, too, now that I think about it. I am currently going off and on with a screen play of mine. I write poetry, songs, short stories, and anything else I feel like at the time.

Other then that, I'm not sure what else to write about myself. So...I'm done!

title: User:Msmousesuicide