text:
Kelso, Scottish Borders

Kelso is a market town in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. Within the boundaries of the historic county of Roxburghshire, it lies where the rivers Tweed and Teviot have their confluence. The town has a population of 5,639 according to the 2011 census and based on the 2010 definition of the locality.

Kelso's main tourist attractions are the ruined Kelso Abbey and Floors Castle. The latter is a house designed by William Adam which was completed in 1726. The Kelso Bridge was designed by John Rennie, who later built London Bridge.

Kelso held the UK record for the lowest January temperature at -26.7 C, from 1881 until 1982.

History
The town of Kelso came into being as a direct result of the creation of Kelso Abbey in 1128. The town's name stems from the earliest settlement having stood on a chalky outcrop, and the town was known as Calkou (or perhaps Calchfynydd) in those early days, something that is remembered in the modern street name, "Chalkheugh Terrace".

Standing on the opposite bank of the River Tweed from the now-vanished royal burgh of Roxburgh, Kelso and its sister hamlet of Wester Kelso were linked to the burgh by a ferry at Wester Kelso. A small hamlet existed before the completion of the abbey in 1128 but the settlement started to flourish with the arrival of the monks. Many were skilled craftsmen, and they helped the local population as the village expanded.

Archaeological excavations in the 1980s discovered that the original medieval burgh of Wester Kelso was much farther west than previously believed and that it was abandoned in the 14th or 15th centuries, at the same time that the royal burgh of Roxburgh was deserted, likely the result of the English occupation of Roxburgh Castle. The other settlement of Easter Kelso, near the abbey, survived and expanded from the market area around the abbey northwards towards the Floors estate by the early 18th century. Thus 'Easter' Kelso, became Kelso.

The abbey controlled much of life in Kelso-area burgh of barony, called Holydean, until the Reformation in the 16th century. After that, the power and wealth of the abbey declined. The Kerr family of Cessford took over the barony and many of the abbey's properties around the town. By the 17th century, they virtually owned Kelso.

In Roxburgh Street is the outline of a horseshoe petrosomatoglyph where the horse of Charles Edward Stuart cast a shoe as he was riding it through the town on his way to Carlisle in 1745. He is also said to have planted a white rosebush in his host's garden, descendants of which are still said to flourish in the area.

For some period of time, the Kelso parish was able to levy a tax of 2 pence (2d) on every Scottish pint of ale, beer or porter sold within the town. The power to do this was extended for 21 years in 1802 under the Kelso Two Pennies Scots Act when the money was being used to replace a bridge across the River Tweed that had been destroyed by floods.

Kelso Town Hall was completed in 1816 and remodelled in 1908. The Corn Exchange, which now accommodates a health clinic, a dental clinic and an online publisher, was completed in 1856, and the war memorial was erected in 1921 to a design by Sir Robert Lorimer.

Community
Kelso High School provides secondary education to the town, and primary education is provided by Edenside Primary and Broomlands Primary.

The River Tweed at Kelso is renowned for its salmon fishing. There are two eighteen-hole golf courses as well as a National Hunt (jumping) horse racing track. Kelso Racecourse is known as "Britain's Friendliest Racecourse." Racing first took place in Kelso in 1822.

In 2005, the town hosted the 'World Meeting of Citroën 2CV Friends' in the grounds of nearby Floors Castle.

Kelso Community Council is made up of 12 Community Councillors, who remain in office for 4 years per term. The post of Chairman and Town Provost is currently held by Gavin Horsburgh until October 2025.

The town's rugby union club is Kelso RFC. The club holds an annual rugby sevens tournament takes place in early May. Former players include Ross Ford, the current record holder for men's senior caps with the Scotland men's rugby union team. Other former players include John Jeffrey, Roger Baird, Andrew Ker and Adam Roxburgh, who all featured in 7s teams that dominated the Borders circuit in the 1980s - including several wins in the blue ribbon event at Melrose. Kelso RFC also hold an annual rugby fixture; this fixture is the oldest unbroken fixture between a Scottish and Welsh side.

Every year in July, the town celebrates the border tradition of Common Riding, known as Kelso Civic Week. The festival lasts a full week and is headed by the Kelsae Laddie with his Right and Left Hand Men. The Laddie and his followers visit neighbouring villages on horseback with the climax being the Yetholm Ride on the Saturday. Kelso hosts its annual fair on the first weekend of September. The festivities include dancing, street entertainers, live music, stalls and a free concert. The fair attracts about 10,000 people to the town.

People
Sir Walter Scott attended Kelso Grammar School in 1783 and he said of the town: "it is the most beautiful if not the most romantic village in Scotland". Another attraction is the Cobby Riverside Walk which goes from the town centre to Floors Castle along the banks of the Tweed passing the point where it is joined by the River Teviot. Kelso has two bridges that span the River Tweed, "Rennie's Bridge" was completed in 1803 to replace an earlier one washed away in the floods of 1797, it was built by John Rennie of Haddington, who later went on to build Waterloo Bridge in London, his bridge in Kelso is a smaller and earlier version of Waterloo Bridge. The bridge was the cause of local rioting in 1854 when the Kelso population objected to paying tolls even when the cost of construction had been covered, the Riot Act was read, three years later tolls were abolished. Hunter's Bridge, a kilometre downstream, is a modern construction built to divert vehicles around the town and so take much of the heavy traffic that has damaged Rennie's bridge.

Famous people from Kelso have included the suffragette Georgiana Solomon who was born here in 1844, the civil engineer Sir James Brunlees (1816–1892) who constructed many railways in the United Kingdom as well as designing the docks at Avonmouth and Whitehaven. Sir William Fairbairn (1789–1874) was another engineer who built the first iron hulled steamship the Lord Dundas and constructed over 1,000 bridges using the tubular steel method which he pioneered. Thomas Pringle the writer, poet and abolitionist, was born at nearby Blakelaw, a 500 acre farmstead four miles (6 km) to the south of the town where his father was the tenant. Donald Farmer, a Victoria Cross recipient was born in Kelso, as was Ross Ford, who holds the record for the most senior caps (110) with the men's Scotland national rugby union team.

Robert Allan Smith (1909-1980) physicist, was born and brought up in Kelso.

Notable people

 * Roger Baird, rugby
 * James Ballantyne, printer
 * Horatius Bonar, poet and hymn writer
 * Jane Lundie Bonar (1821–1884), hymnwriter
 * Sir James Brunlees, engineer
 * Peter Crawford, land surveyor
 * Sir William Fairbairn, engineer
 * Donald Farmer, Victoria Cross recipient
 * Ryan Flannigan, cricket
 * Ross Ford, Rugby Union
 * John Jeffrey, Rugby Union
 * Ryan Hogarth, Darts Player
 * Andrew Ker, rugby & cricket

 * Alistair Moffat, journalist

 * Tom Nevin, boxer
 * Scott Newlands, Rugby Union
 * Will H. Ogilvie (1869–1963), poet
 * Oscar Onley, cyclist
 * Sir Matthew Pinsent, rower
 * Thomas Pringle, poet
 * Sir William Purves, banker
 * Alan Tait, dual rugby international
 * Adam Roxburgh, rugby
 * Sir Walter Scott, writer

 * Robert Smith CBE, physicist
 * Jane T. Stoddart, writer and editor
 * Jennie Kidd Trout, Canadian Physician, the first woman in Canada to practice medicine, born in Kelso.
 * James Thomson, poet and composer

Film, music and literature
Much of the 1984 film Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes was filmed on location at Floors Castle in Kelso, which featured as the fictional Greystoke Manor.

Kelso features in the traditional folk music ballad 'The Shepherd Lad of Kelso', as well as 'The Old Woman of Kelso', a variation of the ballad Eggs and Marrowbone.

Floors Castle

Floors Castle is a large stately home built in the 1720s just outside of Kelso. It is a visitor attraction. Adjacent to the house there is a large walled garden with a cafe, a small garden centre and the Star Plantation.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Scotland and ITV Border. Television signal is received from the Selkirk TV transmitter.

Kelso's local radio stations are BBC Radio Scotland on 93.5 FM and Greatest Hits Radio Scottish Borders and North Northumberland on 96.8 FM.

The local newspapers are Southern Reporter and Border Telegraph.

Twin towns
Kelso is twinned with two cities abroad:
 * 🇺🇸 - Kelso, Washington, United States
 * 🇫🇷 - Orchies, France

Weather
On 19 July 2022, The Town Set Scotlands Hottest Temperature Record At 35.1°C, Beating The Record Of 32.9°C In Greycrook

title: Kelso, Scottish Borders


text:
Kerry North (Dáil constituency)

Kerry North was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament), from 1937 to 2011. The method of election was proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

History and boundaries
The constituency was located in the northern half of County Kerry, located between the River Shannon estuary and the Slieve Mish Mountains; and included Tralee, Listowel, Tarbert, Ballybunion and Castleisland. Until 1961 it also included the Dingle Peninsula, which was then transferred to Kerry South. It was established by the Electoral (Revision of Constituencies) Act 1935 when the former Kerry constituency was divided into Kerry North and Kerry South. It was first used at the 1937 general election to the 9th Dáil.

The constituency elected 4 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) from 1937 to 1961 and 3 deputies from 1961 to 2011.

From 2007 to 2011, it had been defined as:

In 2007, the Constituency Commission proposed that at the next general election the constituency of Kerry North be replaced with Kerry North–West Limerick, with the transfer of certain electoral divisions from Limerick West and other electoral divisions to Kerry South. It was established by the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2009, and was used at the 2011 general election.

The constituency of Kerry North–West Limerick comprised the northern half of County Kerry, located between the River Shannon estuary and the Slieve Mish Mountains; taking in Tralee, Listowel, Tarbert, Ballybunion and Castleisland; and the western part of County Limerick taking in the town of Abbeyfeale; and the villages of Athea, Glin, Mountcollins, Templeglantine and Tournafulla. It was only used at the 2011 general election.

At the 2016 general election, Kerry North–West Limerick and Kerry South were superseded by the constituencies of Kerry and Limerick County.

1956 by-election
Following the death of Clann na Poblachta TD Johnny Connor, a by-election was held on 29 February 1956. The seat was won by the Clann na Poblachta candidate Kathleen O'Connor, daughter of the deceased TD.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kerry North (Dáil constituency)


text:
USS Mohican (1859)

The first USS Mohican was a steam sloop-of-war in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. She was named for the Mohican tribe and was the first ship of her class.

Mohican was laid down by Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, Maine, in August 1858; launched on 15 February 1859; and commissioned on 29 November 1859, Commander Sylvanus William Godon in command.

African Squadron, 1859–1861
Assigned to the African Squadron, Mohican departed Portsmouth on 19 January 1860 for the South Atlantic and for the next year and one-half cruised on patrol against pirates and slavers off the coasts of Africa and at times Brazil. On 8 August, the sloop captured the slaver Erie — commanded by Nathaniel Gordon — off the Congo and forced that ship to unload its captive cargo at Monrovia, Liberia. She remained on station until sailing for home on 13 August 1861.

Battle of Port Royal, 1861
Following her arrival at Boston, Massachusetts on 27 September, she sailed to join Flag Officer Samuel Du Pont's South Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Departing Norfolk, Virginia on 29 October for Port Royal, South Carolina, as part of the largest U.S. naval squadron assembled to that time, the sloop steamed in the battleline on 7 November as Du Pont's squadron pounded Fort Walker on Hilton Head Island, forcing the Confederates to abandon the emplacement, thereby allowing a combined Union Army and Navy Force to land and occupy this important base of operations. Mohican was hit six times by Confederate shells in this engagement, suffering superficial hull damage and having one man killed and seven wounded. One of the wounded officers was Acting Master Isaac D. Seyburn.

Blockade duty, 1861–1862
The steamer sailed to Charleston Bar at the end of November accompanying part of the "Stone Fleet", and stood by while these ships were scuttled on 18–19 December to obstruct channels to Confederate ports in the Carolinas and Georgia. The warship then operated off the southern coast with steamer USS Bienville (1861), searching for Confederate shipping, capturing British blockade runner Arrow off Fernandina, Florida on 25 February 1862. In company with sloop USS Pocahontas (1852) and schooner USS Potomska (1861), she took possession of St. Simons Island and Jekyll Island near Brunswick, Georgia on 9–10 March, but found them deserted because of a general Confederate withdrawal from the seacoast and coastal islands. In early April, Mohican reconnoitered the Wilmington River to determine the best way of obstructing it, helping to cut off Fort Pulaski from Savannah as part of the projected attack on that fort and then operated out of St. Simons Bay, Georgia, on blockade until ordered to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 29 June. The ship decommissioned there on 9 July.

Hunting the raiders, 1862–1864
Mohican recommissioned on 17 October and five days later was ordered on special service chasing the Confederate raiders CSS Florida and CSS Alabama. Sailing immediately, the steamer cruised on station from the Cape Verde Islands to the Cape of Good Hope operating off the coasts of Africa and South America into 1864. She returned to Philadelphia on 14 April 1864 without contacting the elusive enemy and was decommissioned there two weeks later.

Battles of Fort Fisher, 1864–1865
Reactivated on 7 October, the warship was assigned to Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter's North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and cruised off Wilmington, North Carolina through December. She then joined the rest of the squadron in the attack on Fort Fisher on 24–25 December, firing over 500 shells in the fierce bombardment. Mohican resumed her blockade, now off Beaufort, North Carolina, until the second attack on Fort Fisher from 13–15 January 1865. As part of the first line of battle, the sloop bombarded the Confederate bastion throughout the three-day campaign, supplying covering fire for the landings on the second and third days until the fort was taken on the 15th. During the engagement, Mohican lost one man killed and 10 wounded.

End of the war, 1865
The warship was ordered to Rear Adm. John Dahlgren's South Atlantic Blockading Squadron on 17 January, carrying dispatches for General William T. Sherman. She began blockading off Ossabaw Island, South Carolina on 3 February and remained there until ordered north on the 24th. The steam sloop decommissioned at Boston Navy Yard on 26 April and remained there — repairing — until recommissioning on 18 August 1866.

Pacific Squadron, 1865–1872
The sloop was then assigned to the Pacific Squadron and departed 6 September for the west coast, steaming via St. Thomas, ports in Brazil, Montevideo, round Cape Horn, to Valparaíso, joining Rear Adm. Dahlgren in USS Powhatan (1850) at Callao, Peru on 25 April 1867 and then steaming up the Pacific coast, through Panama and the coast of Mexico, arriving at San Francisco, California on 28 July.

Mohican remained on the Pacific coast through 1872, cruising to South America in the fall and winter of 1867 and then decommissioning from 3 April 1868 – 7 June 1869 at Mare Island Navy Yard. The warship made one cruise to Siberia and the northwest coast during the summer of 1869 and then departed on 11 October to cruise to Hawaii, returning on 11 January 1870. She then made a second cruise to the Pacific Northwest and in May sailed to patrol off Mexico. On 17 June 1870, men from Mohican attacked the Mexican pirate steamer Forward, which had terrorized the coast for the previous month. In a fierce gun battle between Mohican's armed boats and the outlaw vessel off Mazatlán, the pirate was boarded and captured. The sloop continued her cruise as far south as Callao through August 1871, returning on the 25th. The warship made one more cruise along the coast of Mexico to Panama from October–April 1872.

Mohican decommissioned at Mare Island on 25 June 1872 and by the end of the year had sunk at her moorings. She was subsequently towed onto the Mare Island mud flats and broken up.

title: USS Mohican (1859)


text:
Big Three (American television)

From the 1950s to the 1980s, during the network era of American television, there were three commercial broadcast television networks – NBC (the National Broadcasting Company, "the Peacock Network"), CBS (the Columbia Broadcasting System, "the Eye Network"), ABC (the American Broadcasting Company, "the Alphabet Network") – that due to their longevity and ratings success are informally referred to as the "Big Three". The three networks' dominance was interrupted with the launch of Fox (the Fox Broadcasting Company, "the Searchlight Network") in 1986, leading it to join them as one of the expanded "Big Four", while the viewership shares of all the major broadcast networks declined over the following years.

Backgrounds
The National Broadcasting Company and Columbia Broadcasting System were both founded as radio networks in the 1920s, with NBC eventually encompassing two national radio networks, the prestige Red Network and the lower-profile Blue Network. They gradually began experimental television stations in the 1930s, with commercial broadcasts being allowed by the Federal Communications Commission on July 1, 1941. In 1943, the U.S. government determined that NBC's two-network setup was anticompetitive and forced it to spin off one of the networks; NBC chose to sell the Blue Network operations, which eventually became the American Broadcasting Company.

All three networks began regular, commercial television broadcasts in the 1940s. NBC and CBS began commercial operations in 1941, followed by ABC in 1948. A smaller fourth network, the DuMont Television Network, launched in 1944. The three networks originally controlled only a few local television stations, but they quickly affiliated with other stations to cover almost the entire U.S. by the late 1950s. Several of these stations affiliated with all three major networks and DuMont, or some combination of the four, in markets where only one or two television stations operated in the early years of commercial television; this resulted in several network shows, often those with lower national viewership, receiving scattershot market clearances, since in addition to maintaining limited broadcast schedules early on, affiliates that shoehorned programming from many networks had to also make room for locally produced content. As other stations signed on in larger cities, ABC, NBC, and CBS were eventually able to carry at least a sizable portion of their programming on one station.

Of the four original networks, only DuMont did not have a corresponding radio network. Ironically, the fourth major radio network of the Golden Age of Radio era, the Mutual Broadcasting System, which maintained a long time extensive news reporting unit up to the 1980s, had briefly considered the idea of transitioning with expansion and launching a television network, with consideration being made to have film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer supply programming talent. In fact the former Bamberger Broadcasting's local stations WOR-TV (currently in Secaucus, New Jersey, serving metropolitan New York City) and WOIC (later WTOP-TV, now WUSA-TV in Washington, D.C.) - both stations affiliated with Mutual, the latter with a Washington, D.C. video outlet, maintained stationery letterhead with "Mutual Television" logos decorating their identifications. Beyond this, there is no confirmation, however, that a cooperative video service was ever seriously considered by the radio service, although Mutual's individual component stations themselves launched television outlets in their home cities. Some of Mutual's component stations bought a stake in the Overmyer Network in 1967 (resulting in a branding change to "The United Network"), but other than a single late-night talk show, The Las Vegas Show, which lasted one month, that network never made it to its full launch.

Early era
For most of the history of television in the United States, the Big Three dominated, controlling the vast majority of television broadcasting. DuMont ceased regular programming in 1955; the NTA Film Network, unusual in that its programming, all pre-recorded, was distributed by mail instead of through communications wires, signed on in 1956 and lasted until 1961. From 1961, and lasting until the early 1990s, there were only three major networks. Every hit series appearing in the Nielsen top 20 television programs and every successful commercial network telecast of a major feature film was aired by one of the Big Three networks.

Fox
A viable fourth television network in the commercial sense would not again become competitive with the Big Three until Fox was founded in October 1986 from some of the assets and remnants of the DuMont network, which had become Metromedia after DuMont folded, and were acquired by News Corporation earlier in 1986. Fox, which began as a distant fourth network, rose to major network status in 1994 after must-carry rules took effect; the rules allowed Fox affiliates to force their way onto cable lineups, and the network's affiliation deal with New World Communications, which it later purchased in 1996, and the acquisition of National Football League broadcast rights brought a wave of new Fox affiliates.

Since its founding, Fox has surpassed ABC and NBC in the ratings during the early primetime hours in which it competes against the longer-established networks, becoming the second most-watched network behind CBS during the 2000s. During the 2007–08 season, Fox was the highest-rated of the major broadcast networks, as well as the first non-Big Three network to reach first place, but it lost the spot in the 2008–09 season and dropped to a close second. From 2004 to 2012 and 2020 to 2021, Fox also dominated American television in the lucrative and viewer-rich 18–49 age demographics, in large part due to the success of its NFL coverage and its top rated prime time program, American Idol. Given the network's success in its prime time and sports offerings, it has been occasionally included with the Big Three, in which case the phrase "Big Four" is used.

Although Fox has firmly established itself as the nation's fourth major network with its ratings success, it is not considered part of the Big Three. Among Fox's differences with the Big Three is its reduced weekday programming. It lacks national morning and evening news programs; Fox has a news division consisting of cable and radio operations, but does not provide content for the broadcast television network other than a weekly news analysis program, limited special breaking news reports and an affiliate news service for its stations called Fox News Edge. Fox does not feature any daytime programming on weekdays, a third hour of prime time, or late-night talk shows.

Fifth and sixth networks
Other networks eventually launched in an attempt to compete with the Big Three as well as Fox, although these "netlets" have been unable to ascend to the same level of success. The WB and UPN launched in 1995; like Fox, they both added nights of prime time programming over the course of a few years, although The WB was the only one that aired any on weekends, carrying a Sunday night lineup for all but its first half-season on the air. In 1998, Tribune launched The WB 100+ Station Group in 1998, a programming service primarily intended for smaller markets.

Both networks mainly aired only prime time and children's programming. The latter was the only form of weekday daytime programming offered by either one, although UPN discontinued its children's lineup in 2003 at the conclusion of a content deal with Disney, and UPN aired sports programming via the short-lived XFL, as well as WWF SmackDown!.

While The WB and UPN each had a few popular series during their existences, they struggled for overall viewership and financial losses. This led their respective parent companies, Time Warner and CBS Corporation, to shut them down and jointly launch The CW and The CW Plus in 2006. The CW initially featured a mix of programs from both predecessors, as well as some newer shows after the launch. The last surviving series of The CW's predecessors — Supernatural, from The WB — continued until its finale on The CW in 2020. Nexstar Media Group acquired a 75-percent ownership stake in The CW on October 3, 2022; former joint owners Paramount Global (successor to CBS Corporation) and Warner Bros. Discovery (successor to Time Warner) retained a 25-percent stake, split at nominal 12.5-percent stakes for both companies.

Fox launched MyNetworkTV at the same time as The CW, with a lineup of English language telenovelas; it later shifted toward unscripted programs and movies, though its persistent lack of ratings success led News Corporation to convert it into a programming service, relying on a lineup of acquired series, in 2009.

Seventh network
Pax TV, a venture of Paxson Communications, debuted on August 31, 1998, as an attempted seventh broadcast network to compete against UPN and The WB; although Pax carried a limited schedule of first-run programs in its early years, its schedule otherwise was composed mainly of syndicated reruns. Pax TV later rebranded to i: Independent Television in 2005, before it was renamed to Ion Television in 2007.

PBS
Likewise, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), which has existed since 1970, is not considered to be a "Big" network. PBS operates as a noncommercial service with a very different distribution form compared to the major networks; its member stations basically own the network instead of the traditional mode of a network owning some of its stations and affiliating with additional stations owned by other broadcasters, and it maintains memberships with more than one educational station in a few markets.

Market share
In the 21st century, the "Big Four" have controlled only a relatively small portion of the broadcasting market in the United States. By 2007, their collective share was estimated at a combined 32%. The Big Three's market share has declined considerably as a result of growing competition from other broadcast networks such as Ion Television, The CW, and MyNetworkTV; Spanish language networks such as Univision, UniMás, and Telemundo; national cable and satellite channels such as TNT, ESPN, and AMC; and streaming channels such as Netflix.

Each of the Big Four (to Five) networks is now owned by a media conglomerate, providing corporate synergy with various cable channels, a major film studio, a companion streaming service, and other sibling media assets. NBC is owned by NBCUniversal, a Comcast company (whose assets include Universal Pictures, Peacock, Universal Destinations & Experiences, E!, MSNBC, and Golf Channel), since 2004, CBS and the CW are owned by Paramount Global (who also owns Paramount Pictures, MTV, Showtime, Nickelodeon and Paramount+, among other units; The CW and The CW Plus is jointly owned with Warner Bros. Discovery and Nextstar Media) since 2019, ABC is owned by The Walt Disney Company (whose assets consist of, but not limited to, Disney Parks, Experiences and Products, Disney Channel, Walt Disney Pictures, 20th Century Studios, and Disney+) since 1996, and Fox and MyNetworkTV are owned by Fox Corporation (who assets include Fox News, Tubi, Fox Sports, and others) since 2019.

title: Big Three (American television)


text: User talk:68.57.204.159

title: User talk:68.57.204.159


text:
Ribeira Seca (Vila Franca do Campo)

Ribeira Seca (Portuguese for "dry stream") is a civil parish in the municipality of Vila Franca do Campo on the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 1,106, in an area of 5.53 km2.

History
In June 2002, the civil parish was divided from the neighbouring parish of São Miguel to form its own autonomous local authority.

title: Ribeira Seca (Vila Franca do Campo)


text:
In Cold Blood (video game)

In Cold Blood is an adventure game developed by Revolution Software for the PlayStation and Microsoft Windows in 2000 in Europe and in 2001 in North America. The player assumes the role of John Cord—an MI6 agent who is captured while on assignment and tries to figure out who betrayed him through a series of flashbacks.

After the success of the first two Broken Sword games on the PlayStation, Sony contacted Revolution Software to develop a game to be released initially on the console. Revolution wanted to move away from the style of its previous projects, making a game with a secret agent theme and set in an action environment. Director Charles Cecil stated that the game was inspired by crime films such as Pulp Fiction and The Usual Suspects. The game engine was written specifically for the title. It was released to average reviews from critics, who praised the game's story, puzzles and graphics, but criticized its controls, action scenes and animation.

Gameplay

In Cold Blood is a 3D adventure game played from a third-person perspective. The player guides John Cord's movements with a keyboard or gamepad. Cord must collect objects that can be used with other collectible objects, parts of the scenery, or other people in the game world to solve puzzles and progress in the game. Cord can engage in dialogue with other characters through conversation trees to gain hints of what needs to be done to solve the puzzles or to progress the plot. Action scenes are also included.

Background
In Cold Blood is situated in Volgia, a fictional state on the east coast of the former USSR. After the Soviet Union collapsed, Dmitri Nagarov, chief of intelligence and security, took the opportunity to overthrow existing powers and declared independence. After his coup, Volgia started to invade its neighbors. The Volgian Freedom Fighters (VFF) is a resistance movement that is run by Gregor Kostov. The VFF has learned that the Volgians have acquired some special technology and has informed the Americans. They sent a spy named Kiefer to investigate, but communications were lost while he was investigating a uranium mine. The British were asked for help, and Alpha, the boss of MI6, sends agent John Cord, a long-time friend of Kiefer, to investigate.

After the introduction which shows parts of Cord's missions, the game starts with a scene in which Cord is interrogated by now premier Dmitri Nagarov, while he is being tortured by his assistant Lukyan. After the torture, Cord is fighting for his sanity, and all he knows for sure is that he was betrayed. He tries to piece together the fragments of his memory, and the player must reconstruct the events that led to his capture.

The game includes nine missions that Cord has to complete. Almost every mission ends with a transitional cut scene, showing how Cord is interrogated and tortured. These scenes include other characters like Alpha or Kostov, who will give information about the next missions.

Story
Cord goes to the uranium mine to locate Kiefer, but finds him dead. While there, he overhears a conversation between Chi-Ling Cheung (a secret agent of the People's Republic of China) and Byrdoy Tolstov (a professor in applied physics and chemistry). Tolstov reveals that they are not mining for uranium, but that they are experimenting with a special compound called tri-nepheline. Tolstov's daughter Alexandria is being held hostage at Security Headquarters (HQ), and Cord rescues her with the help of Chi, who is suspected of being a spy. Afterwards, Cord plants a bug on a secure server and removes a hard drive containing information relating to the VFF. Cord goes to the Containment Facility to apprehend Nagarov.

On the Kappa level, Cord destroys a gigantic robot called Spectre, and on the Omega level, he finds "specimens" held in pods in a laboratory. Cord raises the pod with Yerik Dimittrivich Oliakov, a former University Lecturer, who informs Cord about a place "where ships go to die." Nagarov arrives with Alexandria in front of him. Nagarov claims that he has hacked the computers of the Americans and Chinese, to simulate that each of them is preparing for war, so he can go on with his plans for Volgia. Cord later enters a room where Professor Tolstov is working, who tells him that the place "where ships go to die" is Vostograd, an abandoned naval base, where Nagarov will launch his missile. A mini-robot kills Tolstov, but Cord uses his ID card to gain access to the refinery's particle bombardment machine called Baby Blue, which he destroys with a bomb. Having met up with Kostov again, they leave to discover a truck with the dead bodies of Kostov's men. Kostov suspects Chi is a traitor.

Cord and Chi infiltrate Nagarov's base to destroy the Super Computer. On the roof of a large tower, Cord destroys a building with a surface-to-air missile launcher to create a diversion. When he meets with Chi again, she is being threatened by Kostov, who thinks she has betrayed his men. Chi kills Kostov before he can pull the trigger. With Chi's help, Cord uses an elevator to go to the top of the tower and he activates a cable car leading to an island. Cord explores the docking area, and he finds Alexandria in a cell on the security level. Cord uses the main elevator in the complex to access the other levels. Cord creates a diversion and enters level 1, where he inserts the explosive charge into the Super Computer. A cut scene is shown that reveals that Alpha has betrayed him. In a transmission, she tells that premier Nagarov had to be certain that Cord was not acting on her orders when he attacked the refinery. She assured Nagarov that Cord had not entered the facility, but Nagarov had a recording of Cord in the refinery. It resulted in a simple policy shift and the British are now working with the Volgians. As the reactor becomes critical, Nagarov and Lukyan leave the room. Until this moment, the game has taken place in Cord's memory, as he was interrogated by Nagarov after being captured, but from this point on it takes place in real time.

When Cord wakes up, he finds Chi who was instructed to kill him, but she decides to free him after a conversation. Cord and Chi head for the quayside at level 1 and manage to lower a bridge leading to a helicopter. After they free Alexandria, they fly away as the base is destroyed. After they spot Nagarov's nuclear submarine, they land on it. Cord and Chi explore the submarine to prevent the missile from being launched. They take care of the guards, and hear messages about problems with the reactor. After they split up, Lukyan knocks Chi down and takes her to a lower level. Lukyan later ambushes Cord, but he manages to kill him by pushing him into a turbine. In the bridge room, Nagarov enters armed with a gun, and after their conversation, Cord hits Nagarov with a ladder. Cord uses two keys he found to abort the missile launch. After releasing Chi, a message is heard that there is only one minute left to a critical reactor failure. They return to the deck and are picked up by Alexandria in the helicopter just before the submarine explodes. In the end sequence, Cord phones Alpha and tells her that he has dumped his information about her deal with Nagarov on the Chinese and American intelligence nets. The game ends showing Cord, Chi, and Alexandria approaching a beach where the sun sets.

Development
After the unexpected success of the first two Broken Sword games on the PlayStation, Sony contacted Revolution Software to develop a game to be released initially on the console. Revolution wanted to move away from the style of its previous projects, making a game with a secret agent theme and set in an action environment. According to executive producer Charles Cecil, the game was inspired by crime films Pulp Fiction and The Usual Suspects. The game engine was written specifically for the title. In Cold Blood was released for PlayStation on 14 July 2000 in Europe and 6 July 2001 in North America. It was also released for Windows in Europe on 27 October 2000 and in North America on 20 March 2001. While the PlayStation version is no longer available for purchase, the PC version can be purchased at GOG.com.

Reception
The PC version of In Cold Blood received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. Gustavo Calvo-Simmons of Adventure Classic Gaming stated that, though the game has some "annoying flaws," it "can be quite charming to play if you seek to experience the thrill of being a high-tech spy infiltrating an enemy stronghold in a foreign land," and that it "offers up a decent story and interesting characters set in an alternate reality of cold war espionage." Ron Dulin of GameSpot praised the game's story and said that the voice acting and music is "great" and that the game can "also be funny," but stated that the game is "quite thin in both action and adventure" and also criticised certain elements of the gameplay. "Those who want action instead of fiction will find the game somewhat dull, but those who appreciate an original story and great atmosphere will find In Cold Blood to be a satisfying blend of espionage and science fiction." Pseudo Nim of Game Over Online criticised the game's gameplay, but praised its "solid story which actually makes sense" and its "very good graphics." Carla Harker of NextGen said of the game, "The worst thing about In Cold Blood is that the story is pretty interesting and you want to like it, but the rest is so bad you just can't."

Shane Wodele of GameVortex ranked the game as the "Top Pick," and praised its graphics, sound, story and puzzles. He both praised and criticised certain elements of the gameplay, and said: "The game's overall feel and playability is outstanding." Shawn Sanders of GameRevolution praised the game's "solid story, decent backgrounds and cool gadgets," but criticised its "lame animation, awful control and bland action." Vincent Lopez of IGN praised the game's presentation, sound and graphics, but criticised its gameplay, saying: "As an adventure fan, you may enjoy the cool spy storyline, and some of [the] more interesting stealth elements of the game, but action gamers will find themselves in a world of intrigue, but a world without challenge."

According to Tony Warriner of Revolution Software, the game was a commercial success. The company reported above 220,000 sales of its PlayStation edition in Europe alone during "the first few months" of its release. In January 2001, Warriner noted that its PlayStation version "really did well", and that its computer SKU had sold acceptably. That March, GameSpy's Mark Asher wrote that the game was also "selling well in the U.S. (doing about 100,000 copies) and doing better in Europe." PC Data recorded 28,159 North American retail sales for the PC version during 2001, and 5,825 during the first six months of 2002.

The staff of Computer Games Magazine nominated the game as the best adventure game of 2001, but ultimately gave the award to Myst III: Exile.

title: In Cold Blood (video game)


text:
Marsi (Germanic tribe)

The Marsi (Marser) were a small Germanic tribe settled between the Rhine, Ruhr and Lippe rivers in northwest Germany. It has been suggested that they were a part of the Sugambri who managed to stay east of the Rhine after most Sugambri had been moved from this area. Strabo describes the Marsi as an example of a Germanic tribe who were originally from the Rhine area, now the war-torn Roman frontier, but had migrated deep into Germania.

History
Tacitus mentions them repeatedly, in particular in the context of the wars of Germanicus. They had been part of the tribal coalition of the Cheruscian war leader and traitor to Rome, Arminius that in 9 AD annihilated three Roman legions under Varus in the Battle of Teutoburg Forest. Germanicus, seeking revenge for this defeat, invaded the lands of the Marsi in 14 AD with 12,000 legionnaires, 26 cohorts of auxiliaries and eight cavalry squadrons. The Marsi were massacred during a festival near a temple dedicated to Tamfana. According to Tacitus, an area of 50 Roman miles was laid to waste with fire and sword: "No sex, no age found pity." One Legion Eagle was recovered from the Marsi during the campaign of 16 AD.

Several town names today are often seen as reminders of the ancient Marsi, especially Marsberg with its quarter Obermarsberg in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia and Volkmarsen in northern Hesse. But the early versions of the name Marsberg are Eresburg within the Royal Frankish Annals and Heresburg within The Deeds of the Saxons by Widukind of Corvey. Volkmarsen is first mentioned in 1155 as Volkmaressen, which derives from Volkmarshusen and means "at the houses of Volkmar".

Leaders of the Marsi

 * 1) Mallovendus, ca. 15 CE

Literature

 * Beatrix Günnewig, Günter Neumann: Marsen. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Bd. 19. Berlin 2001, S. 361ff.
 * Ralf G. Jahn: Der Römisch–Germanische Krieg (9-16 n. Chr.). Dissertation University Bonn 2001.

title: Marsi (Germanic tribe)


text:
Wikipedia:People by year/Reports/Stats/Living in year X

Persons with articles in a given year based on year of birth/death categories

Data from May 16, 2005


text:
User:Finbarr

I´m an architecture student, currently working at an architectural practice, and doing odd-jobs for the Delft University of Technology.

I'm just starting out, but hope to expand on some articles soon.

title: User:Finbarr


text:
Nehro Mohammed

Nehro Mohammed Abdul-Karim al-Kasnazani is an Iraqi politician who led the Iraq Assembly of National Unity (now the Coalition for Iraqi National Unity) electoral coalition.

He was one of the few politicians from the Sunni Arab community to participate in the Iraqi legislative election of January 2005. The slate put up 275 candidates but won no seats.

title: Nehro Mohammed


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Criticisms of veganism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE to Vegan. Rhobite 06:57, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

Criticisms of veganism
And another POV fork in ignorance of our policy. Merge, if necessary, no redirect. --Pjacobi 22:11, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to vegan, which already has a section for it and has not reached the 32kb limit. By the way, vegan could use some criticism towards those many external links. JoaoRicardo 23:56, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Joao, merge and redirect--nixie 00:30, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Unless there is a policy that we should only make separate pages for subsections when the article itself is over a certain size, I would prefer to have the criticisms of veganism not completely merged into the article.  The criticism is already fairly big, and if it were fully merged into the vegan article, it would dominate nearly half the article (not counting external links).  Eric Herboso  03:52, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not and internet directory, and the vegan page sure has an extensive (perhaps too long) section deveoted to external links, cut out the repetitious content externally linked and there'd be plenty of room to add the criticisms to the main article if you're worried about page length.--nixie 05:20, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Vegan. I would agree there are a substantial number of external links on that Vegan page. Megan1967 05:55, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Vegan. POV fork. --Viriditas | Talk 09:46, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect - can be broken out again when the main article is long enough - David Gerard 14:54, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Death to POV forks. Dpbsmith (talk) 15:05, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * M&R, also cut the excess weasel words (and the vegan external links). JFW | T@lk  15:08, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This article was pulled from main vegan article to reduce the size and because a fair amount of redundancy had appeared.  There was no objection offered before the severing of the two articles.  --Ahc 04:23, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * And the solution to repetition within an article is to make two articles that say the same thing? --nixie 04:34, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No by removing it from the main article, the editors have been able to find and strip out a fair amount of text that should not have been part of it to begin with. Since the article is no longer a debat, the information can be cleaned up in a less charged environment. It has reduced the repetition in both articles as a result. --Ahc 16:23, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Criticisms should be discussed in their proper context, not shunted off to the side.  If the Benefits of veganism (and perhaps other sections of the main vegan article) are broken out into separate articles and maintain a parallel structure, I will change my vote to "keep separate".  Rossami (talk) 23:40, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see why that couldn't be done as well. --Ahc 16:23, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect Criticism should probably remain within the same article, unless filesize is exceeded at a future date. As it stands, why split them?  bodhisattvah
 * Merge. Let's have all the pro-and anti-vegan material in one article (says this vegetarian who'd never become a vegan) Zantastik 00:09, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think it's better that the criticisms be here rather than on the same page as the article, since this page has the potential to become somewhat longer than it already is, which I think would detract somewhat from the veganism article. Better that the veganism article say that the criticisms are out there, and you can read them on the separate page if you want. I think this is a legitimate article and should be retained, at least by merging if not by keeping it here, which I think better.
 * Vote given by Glasperlenspiel. Please remember to sign your votes on VfD pages. Eric Herboso  01:27, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge, in keeping with WP tradition.jdb ❋ (talk) 07:33, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Atlanta Beltline

The Atlanta Beltline is a 22 mi open and planned loop of multi-use trail and light rail transit system on a former railway corridor around the core of Atlanta, Georgia. The Atlanta Beltline is designed to reconnect neighborhoods and communities historically divided and marginalized by infrastructure, improve transportation, add green space, promote redevelopment, create and preserve affordable housing, and showcase arts and culture. The project is in varying stages of development, with several mainline and spur trails complete and others in an unpaved, but hikeable, state. Since the passage of the More MARTA sales tax in 2016, construction of the light rail streetcar system is overseen by MARTA in close partnership with Atlanta Beltline, Inc.

As railroad rights-of-way
The name "Beltline" and its development is rooted in Atlanta's historic association with railroads. During post-Civil War reconstruction, Atlanta experienced significant population growth, increasing demand for rail infrastructure. In response, a "belt" of railway was proposed to bypass the busy downtown railway system and alleviate rail congestion.

After roughly 30 years of development, the belt of rail around Atlanta was realized. The rail belt was constructed from four separate rail segments, each owned and operated by different railway companies. In chronological order, the four original "belt" rail lines were:
 * Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway: this line was constructed in the 1870s and became defunct during the 1990s. Coming down from the northern extent of Ansley Golf Club, passing Piedmont Park and Ponce City Market, and terminating at the Hulsey Yard, this line covers the present-day Northeast and Eastside Trails.
 * Seaboard Air Line Railroad: this line was completed in 1892 and is still in operation under CSX. Starting immediately east of the Inman Yard (directly north of Westside Park) and winding east-by-northeast under I-75, Peachtree Road, and I-85, eventually continuing toward Emory University, this line guides the planned Northside Trail. In contrast to the other three railroad rights-of-way, as the line is still actively used by rail traffic, the Northside Trail will follow an almost-entirely new path.
 * Atlanta & West Point Belt Line Railroad: this line was built in 1899 and became defunct in May 2014. Heading south from the Hulsey Yard in the Oakland City neighborhood and following a southwesterly arc, crossing I-75/I-85 and connecting to the tracks along Lee Street SW/U.S. Highway 29, this line covers the Southside Trail.
 * Louisville & Nashville Railroad Belt Line: though historical documentation is limited, this line was operating in 1902 and is believed to have become defunct in the mid-1980s. Heading south from the Inman Yard, running past Washington Park, under I-20, turning southeast through the West End warehouse district, under Lee Street SW/U.S. Highway 29, and connecting to the Atlanta & West Point Belt Line Railroad, this line covers the West End Trail and most of the Westside Trail.

Perhaps the earliest official reference to an Atlanta "belt line" is an 1888 map of Atlanta produced by the United States Geological Survey which labels a railway segment (possibly belonging to the Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway) as the "Belt Line R.R." Still under heavy use today, this railway segment begins in the Howell Mill area near the Inman Yard, passes through the Westside Provisions area, connects to the Atlanta Amtrak station, continues northeast paralleling I-85, and continues on north of the Ansley Golf Club. The map notes that this segment meets the Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway line at a point labeled as "Belt Junction".

Though not considered a "belt line" railroad, the Beltline also uses right-of-way from the former Atlantic Coast Line Railroad for the Westside Connector Trail and the northernmost portion of Segment 4 of the Westside Trail.

Concept for transformation
The idea to turn the rail corridors into a ring of trails and parks originated in a 1999 master's degree thesis by Georgia Tech student Ryan Gravel, who founded the non-profit Friends of the Belt Line and works for Perkins+Will. The thesis does not mention the idea of putting trails along the corridor. Frustrated with the lack of transportation alternatives in Atlanta, Gravel and two of his colleagues, Mark Arnold and Sarah Edgens, summarized his thesis in 2000 and mailed copies to two dozen influential Atlantans. Cathy Woolard, then the city council representative for district six, was an early supporter of the concept. Woolard, Gravel, Arnold, and Edgens spent the next several months promoting the idea of the Beltline to neighborhood groups, the PATH foundation, and Atlanta business leaders. Supported by Atlanta mayor Shirley Franklin, previous city council president Cathy Woolard, and many others in Atlanta's large business community, the idea grew rapidly during 2003 and 2004.

The railroad tracks and rights-of-way are owned mostly by CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern, and the Georgia Department of Transportation. Developer Wayne Mason had purchased most of the NS portion, in anticipation of the Beltline, but later sold it after conflict with the city.

The total length will be 22 mi, running about 3 mi on either side of Atlanta's elongated central business district. It is planned to include a neighborhood-serving transit system (likely streetcars); footpaths, including bicycling, rollerskating, and walking; and the redevelopment of some 2544 acre. The project (although not the funding for it) is included in the 25-year Mobility 2030 plan of the Atlanta Regional Commission for improving transit. As of 2014, the project's planners estimated they had 17 years left before the project would be completed, and no light-rail lines had yet been built.

In 2005 the Atlanta Beltline Partnership was formed and in 2006 Atlanta Beltline, Inc. was formed and work began to develop the project.

Connecting the Comet
In September 2019 the James M. Cox Foundation gave $6 Million to the PATH Foundation which will connect the Silver Comet Trail to The Atlanta Beltline which is expected to be completed by 2022.

In May 2022, the James M. Cox foundation announced a $30 million pledge to the PATH Foundation in support of the Northwest Beltline trails project. This donation combined with previous gifts ensured that the funding is now in place to complete the full 22-mile trail corridor by 2030.

Route and trails
The Beltline will feature a continuous path encircling the central part of the city, generally following the old railroad right of way, but departing from it in several areas along the northwest portion of the route. In total, 33 mi of multi-use paths are to be built, including spur trails connecting to neighborhoods. The Beltline connects 45 diverse neighborhoods, some of which are Atlanta's most underserved parks. The PATH Foundation, which has many years of experience building such trails in the Atlanta area, is a partner in the development of this portion of the system.

As of mid-2017, completed trails include: as well as interim hiking trails.
 * Eastside Trail
 * Northside Trail
 * Southwest Connector Trail
 * West End Trail
 * Westside Trail

Eastside Trail
The Eastside Trail stretches from Piedmont Park in the north to Inman Park and Old Fourth Ward in the south, passing by the greatest concentration of industrial architecture in Atlanta adapted for residential reuse and as offices, retail, dining and shopping, the most notable example being Ponce City Market.

Westside/West End Trail
The first trail to be built on the Beltline, the 2.4-mile West End Trail, was opened in 2008. It edges the neighborhood of the same name as well as serving Mozley Park and Westview. The trail stretches from White Street to Westview Cemetery and is built next to city streets. In 2013, the project received a federal grant of $18 million to develop the Westside Trail. The Westside Trail, opened in September 2017, is three miles in length and is in the old railroad corridor. The Westside Trail stretches from Washington Park and the MARTA Green (East-West) Line in the north, past West End, ending at University Avenue in Adair Park. Along parts of the Westside Trail, the West End trail runs parallel and just outside of the old rail corridor.

Northside Trail
The first section of the Northside Trail opened in 2010 and forms part of a larger network of trails at the south end of Buckhead, the northern third of the city, in and around Tanyard Creek Park in the Collier Hills area. An additional stretch, the Northside Spur Trail was opened 2015.

The trail will eventually connect to the Peachtree Creek Greenway and the PATH400 once complete.

Southwest Connector Trail
The Southwest Connector Spur Trail stretches through woods, starting at the Lionel Hampton Trail, ending at Westwood Avenue serving the Beecher Hills and Westwood Terrace neighborhoods. The existing 1.15-mile trail is set to be part of an eventual 4.5-mile trail.

Discontinuities
There are five gaps along the Beltline where rights of way do not connect and thus create larger challenges to the project.
 * 1) Armour — Near the Lindbergh Center MARTA station, bisected by two active rail lines. Solving this would involve transit sharing the rail right-of-way and splitting off the trail where Clear Creek joins Peachtree Creek, following Clear Creek around the Armour warehouse properties then tunneling under the active rail lines and I-85 to the Ansley Golf Course then rejoining the Beltline.
 * 2) CSX Hulsey Yard — Near the Inman Park/Reynoldstown MARTA station. A workaround for the trail is to use the existing tunnel at Krog Street.
 * 3) Bill Kennedy Way (also known variously as the Glenwood-Memorial Connector and the Glenwood-Wylie Connector) — a bridge spanning I-20 between Glenwood Park/Ormewood Park and Reynoldstown. The proposed fix here is to widen the bridge enough to support trail, transit and motor traffic.
 * 4) Washington Park to Joseph E. Boone Boulevard (formerly Simpson Rd)  — near the Ashby MARTA station. Proposals include a span over the MARTA tracks or possibly share the right of way.
 * 5) Bankhead — The largest gap is near Maddox Park and involves one of the busiest rail corridors in the state. Proposals include 1) taking the trail east to cross under Hollowell Pkwy; 2) diverting through Mead property at Marietta Blvd; or 3) sharing the road with Lowery (formerly Ashby Street).

The Comet Trail Connection
In September 2019 the James M. Cox Foundation gave $6 Million to the PATH Foundation which will connect the Silver Comet Trail to The Atlanta Beltline which is expected to be completed by 2022. Upon completion, the total combined interconnected trail distance around Atlanta for PATH Foundation trails, the Atlanta Beltline, and the Silver Comet Trail will be the longest paved trail surface in the U.S., totaling about 300 Miles (480 km).

Parks
In 2004, The Trust for Public Land commissioned Alexander Garvin to produce a report, The Beltline Emerald Necklace: Atlanta's New Public Realm. This report showed the public a vision of transformation for the Beltline. The Beltline plan calls for the creation of a series of parks throughout the city creating what the working plan, The Beltline Emerald Necklace, calls the 13 "Beltline Jewels"; they would be connected by the trail and transit components of the plan. In total, the Beltline will create or rejuvenate 1300 acre of greenspace. The plan would expand these existing parks:

 * Enota Park from 0.3 to 10 acre
 * Maddox Park from 52 to 114 acre
 * Ardmore Park 2 to 8 acre

It would also create these new parks:
 * Peachtree Creek Park 65 acre at Peachtree Creek near Buckhead
 * Hillside Park 28 acre at the current McDaniel CEO facility
 * Holtzclaw Park 2 acre
 * Historic Fourth Ward Park (63 acre at the to-be-renovated Ponce City Market (formerly the Sears building and City Hall East)
 * Waterworks Park 204 acre
 * Westside Park 351 acre – roughly twice the size of Piedmont Park – on the site of the former Bellwood Quarry. The 100 ft former gravel pit will become a reservoir.

The Trust for Public Land, a national non-profit, partnered with the Atlanta Beltline project and acquired 33 properties, totaling 1,300 acres. These properties will increase Atlanta's green space by nearly 40%.

Transit
The 22-mile (35 km) light rail streetcar component of the Beltline plan was originally developed in 1999 as the central focus of a master's thesis by Georgia Tech student Ryan Gravel. The vision has expanded to include trails, parks and greenspace, streetscapes, public art, affordable housing, economic development, environmental sustainability, and historic preservation. In summer 2012, there was a referendum on whether a 1-cent sales tax (SPLOST) should be implemented to fund traffic and road improvements. If approved, the tax would have funded several streetcar routes along portions of the Beltline trail and connections to MARTA stations and the Downtown Loop streetcar. The sales tax did not pass.

In 2016, City of Atlanta voters passed the More MARTA sales tax, providing $1.3 billion for the expansion of transit. In 2019, MARTA's Board of Directors adopted the program implementation plan for More MARTA funds, including the expansion of the existing Atlanta Streetcar tracks to the Atlanta Beltline corridor via the Streetcar East Extension) and the Streetcar West Extension. Also included in the funding are Beltline Northeast LRT, Beltline Southwest LRT, and Beltline Southeast LRT.

Usage issues
In late January 2009, GDOT and Amtrak made an unannounced and last-minute filing with the Surface Transportation Board that would effectively block the northeast part of the Beltline, instead taking it for future intercity rail. However, this conflict was later resolved.

Art
"Art on the Atlanta Beltline" is the city of Atlanta's largest temporary public art exhibition that showcases the work of hundreds of visual artists, performers, and musicians along 9 mi of the Beltline corridor. The first exhibition was in 2010. There also is a considerable amount of spontaneous unofficial street art to be found throughout the Beltline ranging from murals to sculptures.

Industrial architecture
Many former industrial buildings alongside the Beltline, particularly the Eastside Trail, have been repurposed for residential and retail use, such as Amsterdam Walk, Ponce City Market, Ford Factory Lofts, the Krog Street Market, the Telephone Factory Lofts, and the DuPre Excelsior Mill and the Pencil Factory and N. Highland Steel in Inman Park Village.

Controversy
Due to the massive surge in interest in Beltline adjacent properties and subsequently increased pricing of such properties, many property developers have purchased land in previously low-income neighborhoods and transformed them into luxury living. After having promised to create 5,600 units of affordable housing, the Atlanta Beltline Inc., has only funded 785, as of July 2017, with overall Beltline construction halfway completed, with a 2030 estimated finish. For homes within a half-mile of the Beltline, home values increased between 17.9 and 26.6% between 2011 and 2015. In 2016, project founder Ryan Gravel resigned from the Beltline Partnership board of directors. Since Gravel's resignation, there have been a few protests to challenge gentrification caused by expanding the Beltline. However, there are many supporters of the Beltline because it is responsible for revitalizing many Atlanta neighborhoods that were in decline, creating 50,000 permanent jobs, and bringing $10 billion of economic development to the city. In 2017, BeltLine CEO Paul Morris resigned.

title: Atlanta Beltline


text:
Talk:Xaero

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Xaero. dbenbenn | talk 22:12, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Xaero


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aerys Targaryen

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 03:54, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Aerys Targaryen
Baffling. Not encyclopedic / original research, if you need a reason. Rhobite 22:12, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment - This appears to be a timeline (partial) of a series of fantasy books I'm not familiar with. There's precedence on Wikipedia for this sort of content I believe, but I lack any knowledge of this book series. We need more information from someone who's read them, and more info on how popular they are. Certainly should probably be listed at something like 'Timeline of X' or 'Royal House of X' as it covers more than just the titular character. Meanwhile Abstain Djbrianuk 23:16, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense/Fancruft is my guess.  It has something to do with A Game of Thrones book/cards/board game. --Henrygb 00:53, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and wikify. The author George R. R. Martin (not of this article but of the books to which this article refers) is well represented here. -- RHaworth 07:31, 2005 Feb 23 (UTC)
 * Keep but check to make sure its not a copyvio. Looks suspicious to me. DaveTheRed 07:35, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The book series, while not on par with Lord of the Rings, is notable. This article is very messy, though, and would require some extensive rewriting, possible splitting, and definite renaming. Keep. Btw not copyvio, it's a summary of events in the book with some citations, a bit like a TV episode capsule. Radiant! 09:17, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Needs cleanup. Megan1967 00:34, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. This is actually very good material, and just needs clean-up. Sorry for being a bit late with my comments, but there have been some discussion about related issues before, and I was asked to try to merge some of the character material about Song of ice and fire into larger, encyclopaedic entries. I hadn't realised that this nice article came up, but with some trimming it would sit really well on House Targaryen, together with some other (shorter) articles about other Targaryens. If and when any single character "explodes in size" he or she can have their own page devoted to him or her (or it, as it happens!). Thore 10:02, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC) -- Actually, after reading this thing through, I will change my vote to keep. There is an amazing amount of work put into this page, and I would like to keep most of it. I will put a brief summary of the page under House Targaryen, and link to it. Still needs cleanup and wikification, of course. Let me get right to it. Thore 10:10, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC) -- A somewhat longer discussion of issues related to characters from this series, including my own views, can be found at Talk:List of characters in A Song of Ice and Fire. I would be happy if you had a look at these meandering, so that a VfD won't be necessary in the future. Thore 13:36, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep:ChrisG 20:00, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:List of Daytona 500 winners

Average Speed
What is the measure of speed in mph regarding? Is that average speed on the final lap, qualifying speed, average speed of the whole race, average speed of the winner the whole race... etc?

Collaboration on Featured List improvement
First we need to come up with a task list. An overview of overall task: 1) find extremely reliable sources for every piece of data. Nothing but official sources or high profile sports networks / magazines / newspapers. Decide while columns to include and how to format the information. 2) At the same time, write a brilliant introduction for the list. I used the lead from the Daytona 500 article when I split it out but it needs to change. 3) All of us plus possible several more people peer review the text and table to see if they can find any problems with anything in the article. The more eyes the better, especially very critical eyes. 4) one of us nominates it as a featured list only after everyone agrees that it's ready for a try. Always keep in mind that the criteria that it will be compared against can be found here.  Royal broil  03:06, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

Columns decision
What does everything think about the columns. Should anything be added or subtracted? Please comment below.  Royal broil  03:06, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't like how the winner and team columns have their personal / team win number. I've never seen this approach in an article.  Royal broil  03:06, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I feel that could go since both have their own table. –  Nascar1996  ( talk • cont ) 04:34, 2 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not a fan of how the year column links to the year article for the Sprint Cup series instead of the actual race. I'd eliminate the report column and move it to the right.  Royal broil  03:06, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The season link is pretty redundant for the list's purpose so I agree with replacing the year link with the actual race report. –  Nascar1996  ( talk • cont ) 04:34, 2 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Is the winner's prize column a necessity or should it be removed? I don't think their winnings is necessarily notable. We could note the minimum and maximum amount of prize money in the lead or above the table. –  Nascar1996  ( talk •  cont ) 04:34, 2 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree with removing the winnings column.  Royal broil  13:37, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

Task list
Here's a list of tasks for four contributors, please sign up for one.
 * 1) Remove and edit columns per discussion.
 * I can remove and edit columns once we reach a consensus. –  Nascar1996  ( talk • cont ) 18:25, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

 * 2) cite every column from a very reliable source (hopefully nascar.com)
 * 3) cite information on other tables
 * 4) write the lead paragraph
 * I'll take the task for head writer on the lead but I want help and everyone is free to edit at will.  Royal broil  13:04, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

 * 5) all contributors need to review and comment on everything in the article: a) Does the winners table have the right columns (are they relevant)? b) Are the other tables relevant and needed information? c) lead text: Is the written lead information relevant and important? Is it cohesive and does it flow? Can it be written better (grammar)? d) Are there better images at Commons that should be used instead? e) Is there anything that should be added or subtracted?

 * If I could make a suggestion, how about we also take select races from the list and write a summary of those races?-- Daytona   500  18:15, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Would that be part of the lead paragraphs?  Royal broil  03:10, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * No, I was thinking put it at the bottom of the page after the stats and stuff. So it would basically go lead, list of winners, stats & miscellaneous info and summary of select races.-- Daytona   500  03:25, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't like trying a non-standard format for a featured list. What criteria would be used to select the races? I prefer to let the reader either investigate the articles individually or they could find summary of the races at the Daytona 500 article. This is supposed to be a list of the Daytona 500 winners only. I don't think that you would consider summaries if this were the list of Daytona 500 pole position winners.  Royal broil  05:39, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * My criteria would be historical significance and/or the outcome of the race. I'd narrow it down to the 1959 Daytona 500 (the first running and the three-wide photo finish), the 1976 Daytona 500 (Richard Petty and David Pearson crashing just yards from the finish line and Pearson takes the checkered flag), the 1979 Daytona 500 (first ever live NASCAR broadcast in its entirety, Cale Yarborough and Donnie Allison crashing on the backstretch, Richard Petty winning and the fist fight), the 1990 Daytona 500 (Dale Earnhardt, dominant car of the race, cuts a tire down in turn 3 on the final lap and Derrick Cope wins), the 1998 Daytona 500 (Dale Earnhardt finally wins the Daytona 500), the 2001 Daytona 500 (I don't think I need to explain this one) and the 2012 Daytona 500 (jet dryer explosion...nuff said).-- Daytona   500  06:25, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I think short race reports would be a too much considering this article's purpose is to list the winners of the event. –  Nascar1996  ( talk • cont ) 18:31, 8 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree: I'm worried someone will go too far and make some summaries excessively long and turn the list into a WP:COATRACK.  NFL  is  Awesome   17:22, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Daytona 500 winners


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stolenelection

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was already speedied - clearly not suitable for WP. Rhobite 06:59, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

Stolenelection
Wikipedia is not a soapbox. Thue | talk 22:13, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyrighted agitprop. The subject is already covered in another article. Gazpacho 03:49, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur, delete. Radiant! 12:18, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Beltline, Calgary

Beltline is a region of central Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The area is located immediately to the south of Calgary's downtown (south of 9th Avenue and the Canadian Pacific Railway tracks), and is sometimes considered part of downtown. The neighbourhood is bounded on the south by 17th Avenue, on the west by 14th Street West and on the east by the Elbow River. Beltline is one of Calgary's most densely populated neighbourhoods as well as the most urban, featuring many apartments, condominiums and offices. It has the reputation of being one of Calgary's primary areas for eclectic night-life, restaurants and urban culture.

The first established district in the neighbourhood was Connaught in 1905, followed by Victoria Park in 1914. When the region and its redevelopment plan were formally established in 2003, it amalgamated the inner city neighbourhoods of Victoria Park and Connaught. The community is named for an early 20th-century streetcar route. As of April 2018, there were 24,887 people residing in Beltline.

The Calgary Fire Department serves Beltline from Fire Station No. 2 at 1010 10 Avenue S.W.

Districts
The City of Calgary recognizes four smaller districts in Beltline community: West Connaught, Connaught Centre, Victoria Park and East Victoria Park. They are areas of equal north-south orientation and divided by 8 Street SW, 4 Street SW, Macleod Trail (1 Street SE) and the Elbow River.

Beltline contains a number of less formal city districts within its boundaries. These include Midtown, the Design District, Victoria Park Business Revitalization Zone (Victoria), the 4th Street BRZ (located mostly within Mission), the Uptown 17th BRZ, the Warehouse District, and a portion of the Rivers District.

17th Avenue
17th Avenue, which is on the southern extremity of Beltline, is a mixed-use area with a dense concentration of bars, restaurants, nightclubs, and shops. Behind this commercial development are residential areas. The street also "dead-ends" at the Stampede Grounds on its east side, and is thus central to the party-like atmosphere that overtakes the city during the Calgary Stampede festival. 17th Avenue was nicknamed the "Red Mile" in 2004 during the playoff run of Calgary's NHL team, the Calgary Flames. During this time, it was not uncommon to see over 100,000 fans crowding the street and its bars and pubs on game nights.

Connaught
Connaught was established in 1905, and comprises the western part of Beltline, west of 4th Street W. Residents in this community had a median household income of $38,960 in 2000, and 26.1% of residents living in the neighbourhood were low-income.

Victoria Park
Victoria Park comprises the eastern part of Beltline, is bisected by Macleod Trail, and contains the Warehouse district. It was named after Queen Victoria, who is celebrated in a monument to the Second Boer War located in Central Memorial Park. Victoria Park is adjacent to the Stampede Grounds and the Scotiabank Saddledome arena. Residents in this community had a median household income of $28,843 in 2000, and there were 34.2% low income residents living in the neighbourhood.

Demographics
In the City of Calgary's 2018 municipal census, Beltline had a population of living in  dwellings, an increase of 1,668 residents from its 2017 population of. With a land area of 2.9 km2, it had a population density of in 2018. This made Beltline the fastest growing neighbourhood in 2018. Beltline is one of the densest populated areas in the city, however due to significant undeveloped land in its Victoria Park region, the overall density figure tends to underrepresent the actual density of the developed regions.

Redevelopment
Beltline is a neighbourhood in transition. The district, along with the Rivers District and the Downtown East Village, are presently in the midst of an ambitious urban planning and rejuvenation venture planned by the city's municipal government to increase the residential density of central Calgary. On May 15, 2006 the Calgary City Council approved the Beltline Area Redevelopment Plan. The plan details land use policies and implementation recommendations which are designed to be implemented concurrently with the broader Land Use Bylaw redesign, to take effect in 2008. It aims to accommodate up to 40,000 residents in the neighbourhood by 2035.

A report on the Beltline ARP was presented to the Calgary Planning Commission on September 20, 2007. A public open house and information session occurred in late October 2007, with a Public Council Hearing occurring on November 12, 2007.

The area is intended to operate as a mixed-use region and is to include a mix of commercial services and high density condominium and apartment towers. Many of these residential structures are already under construction, and even more are in the proposal stages. Currently there are over 37 major residential towers in some stage of development in the community.

Victoria Park is a region of focused municipal redevelopment. The City of Calgary has declared it a Business Revitalization Zone (BRZ) and is encouraging a progressive redevelopment of the much-maligned community. The 42 and 34-story residential Arriva project, the tallest condominium development west of Toronto; the Sasso and Vetro development; the Colours project; and the multi-use Hotel Arts Centre, suggest a vibrant and renewed future for Victoria Park, with a great deal of investment and interest. The district is also one of the city's most historic. Not only does it include two of the city's oldest neighbourhoods, but it also encompasses the Stampede Grounds, the site of Calgary's annual Calgary Stampede which sees over 1.25 million visitors per year.

In 2007, Victoria Park was one of the first communities to get its own Wi-Fi Network. WestNet Wireless deployed the high speed network, which offers fiber optic speeds over Wi-Fi.

In 2020, city council approved construction the Calgary Green Line, which will have two subway style stations in the Beltine: Centre Street S station and 4 Street SE station. The Green Line will be entirely underground through the Beltline in a tunnel under 11 Avenue S. Construction of the Beltline segment of the line will begin in 2022.

Education
Two public schools are located in Beltline, the Connaught Community School and the Victoria Community School. Western Canada High School is located along the 17th Avenue boundary of the community, and serves the area. One block outside Beltline is St. Mary's High School which serves most of the Roman Catholic high school students in the area

Social issues
There is a significant mix of economic groups in the community. With new revitalization, a number of middle and upper income groups are establishing themselves in the area due to the close proximity to downtown. However, low income residents still make up a large proportion of the population (28.3% in 2001 ). The Mustard Seed Calgary is located in Beltline at 102 11 Ave SE. There are also many poorly maintained and dilapidated buildings with low rents. A large portion of Victoria Park, in particular, is in poor condition due to the city's decision to restrict development on lands needed for Calgary Stampede expansion. Owners of this land were generally not interested in improving buildings they knew would be removed soon. As a result, a number of seemingly abandoned buildings were occupied illegally by squatters. As the city has finalized land purchases and made final decisions on land use, this has decreased dramatically.

The median household income in 2005 was $43,087 in Beltline. (compared with $67,283 Calgary average). Immigrants made up 31.3% of the residents in 2006, this compares against an immigrant population of 24.8% for Calgary overall. The majority of the buildings (95.8%) are apartments, and 70.9% of the dwellings were used for renting in 2006.

title: Beltline, Calgary


text:
Talk:The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald

perfect tense or past
In Special:diff/old/1153261822|Trovatore edit of 06:14, 5 May 2023]], "he had simply sung" is reverted to "he simply sang".

Regarding the comment "... he sang the new lyrics from then on. The ending point is his death, which is not really available as a point in time to end the past perfect" the documentary doesn't know about his death, but we do. Surely you are not suggesting that this grammar constitutes a case of WP:SYNTH!

Saying "he sang" really only tells us he sang it that way once. The perfect tense is consistent with something done over a period of time, e.g. multiple times, and past perfect means it's no longer being done, whereas the simple past tense suggests something that was only done once. Fabrickator (talk) 16:18, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Mm, no, I don't agree with that. What's happening here is that English uses the same verb form for the preterite and the imperfect, expressing both with the simple past.  The sense here is imperfect rather than preterite.
 * The past perfect can be every bit as single-event-focused as the simple past; the difference is that the single event happened before some other event in the past that the reader is supposed to understand from context. --Trovatore (talk) 16:45, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

Musical-instrument brand names ("Personnel" section)
I went to a lot of effort to establish these - their identities are almost as crucial to the Lightfoot sound as those of the players themselves. However, someone decided to delete all but one of them, claiming to me on their chat page [sic]: "it's not S.O.P. for personnel sections, I removed the brand names and my rationale is article consistency".

In case a supervening editor sees fit to overrule this deletion, here are the brand-name credits again, in full:

 * Gordon Lightfoot – Gibson 12-string acoustic guitar, vocals
 * Terry Clements – Gretsch electric guitar
 * Pee Wee Charles – MSA pedal steel guitar
 * Rick Haynes – Kramer bass
 * Gene Martynec – Moog synthesizer

Birdman euston (talk) 23:56, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I reverted this edit, no other musical article (if there is, I haven't seen it) list brand names for guitars, bass etc. Hammond organs and Moog keyboards are normally linked as proper nouns. The forms of participation (for example, instruments) should be written in lowercase (except for proper nouns such as Hammond organ or Dobro), delimited by commas, and linked on the first occurrence only. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 00:05, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * In a quick search for 'Gretsch guitar', for example, I found three musical articles in which it was included in the "Personnel" section. Imo, any systematic attempt by Wikipedia editors to remove the make, let alone model, of musical instrument used in a recording is woefully misguided, for the reason I gave in my original complaint above. Birdman euston (talk) 14:42, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald


text:
Apopka-Vineland Road

Apopka-Vineland Road is the name of several roads in Orange County, Florida, roughly forming a line from Apopka south to Vineland. As of now, there is one gap, from Old Winter Garden Road to State Road 50 (Colonial Drive), which contains a residential neighborhood and State Road 408, the tolled East-West Expressway.

The majority of the route is designated, but not always signed, as County Road 435 (CR 435). A small segment of CR 435, from SR 50 to SR 438, runs along the parallel Hiawassee Road just to the east.

Route description
The whole southern section from Vineland to Old Winter Garden Road is four lanes wide (the last section, from Florida's Turnpike to Old Winter Garden Road, was completed in 2005). The north section from State Road 50 to A.D. Mims Road in Clarcona is newly constructed four lanes, but from there to Apopka the road remains two lanes. North of McCormick Road the name changes to Clarcona Road. This section connects to the Apopka Expressway State Road 414 via Keene Road.

In the city of Apopka, the name changes again to Park Avenue.

History
Before 1926, there was no road named Apopka-Vineland Road. The only part of the south half to exist was the diagonal section from Old Winter Garden Road south to Gotha Road, part of the old dirt road from Orlando to Gotha. The north section (north of SR 438) was all there, but was known as Clarcona Road, as it passed through Clarcona.

On February 9, 1926, the Orange County Board of County Commissioners approved a $7 million bond issue to build a system of paved roads, supplementing the limited network already existing; the voters approved it 993 to 143 on March 23, 1926. Included in this system was road #24, "Apopka-Vineland to County Line". This road was planned to use what is now Apopka-Vineland Road and State Road 535 (Apopka-Vineland Road) from the existing brick road on Park Avenue in Apopka south to the Osceola County line. It would have used short sections of SR 438 and Old Winter Garden Road, connecting between the two using Good Homes Road (which was at the time a dirt road, and is now paved). Thus the original planned Apopka-Vineland Road all exists, but is not all called that.

Not all the roads in the bond issue were built; this included the center section of Apopka-Vineland Road. Over the years, plans were made to fill the gap; the most recent continued straight from Old Winter Garden Road across SR 50, north across SR 438 about ¼ mile east of the existing road, and curving back to join the road north of SR 438. This has been built between SR 50 and SR 438, and is being built north of SR 438, but housing subdivisions were built in the way south of SR 50.

Short realignments have also been built. Of note are the bypass around Vineland (the old road is Lake Street and Ruby Lake Road), the realignment at Keene Road south of Apopka (moving it back to the old location next to the Florida Central Railroad, now the West Orange Trail), the realignment just south of Old Winter Garden Road, and the realignment just north of Florida's Turnpike, crossing an arm of Lake Steer. As a result of these last two realignments, most of the old road towards Gotha is no longer used by through traffic.

The road named Old Clarcona Road, south of downtown Apopka, was never the paved through road; it served through traffic before the 1926 bond issue.

The part north of SR 438 was taken over by the state at some point, as SR 435, and is now a county road again, CR 435. SR 435 continued east on SR 438 and south on Hiawassee Road, jogging east on SR 50 to reach Kirkman Road, which is still SR 435. SR 435 also continued north into Lake County to end at SR 46 in Mount Plymouth; this is also CR 435.

A while ago, CR 435 signs were installed at the south end, where it meets CR 535 (former SR 535); this section was never SR 435 but may have been state-maintained (along with Good Homes Road). Orange County has stated that the road is not CR 435, but has not removed the signs, and in fact new county-installed green signs at the intersection still mention the number.

title: Apopka-Vineland Road


text:
Maria McRae

Maria McRae (born c. 1966 in Sudbury, Ontario) is a lawyer and politician. She represented the River Ward on Ottawa City Council, covering some of the city's southern suburbs. Born in Sudbury, Ontario McRae has an undergraduate degree in biology and a law degree from the University of Western Ontario. She moved to Ottawa in 2000 working as a legal consultant and teaching at Algonquin College. In the 2003 Ottawa election ran to replace the departing Wendy Stewart. McRae, who was endorsed by Stewart, won a large victory against two opponents in the November 10 election. She was re-elected in 2010, but announced that she would not run again in 2014. On council, she was considered a centrist. She lives in the Hunt Club area with her husband, Paul.

First mandate
She ran on a fiscally conservative platform opposing tax hikes and voted against a tax increase the first year, but faced with the significant budget shortfall she was forced to abandon this pledge. She also was criticized for paying Stewart $4000 in consulting fees.

On November 9, 2005, McRae did not vote in favour of a pesticide bylaw that was promoted by the Canadian Cancer Society and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO). In the period leading up to the vote, McRae was implicated in email incident. It was the daughter of a woman retired federal intelligence analyst who discovered McRae's wrongdoing, when the daughter received an acknowledgement from Councillor Cullen on which the content of her pro-bylaw e-mail was changed to read the opposite. Allegedly, the daughter's predicament was not unique, as there were about 40 other e-mails that were similarly altered. Evidently, Maria McRae had been involved by having written an email whereby she impersonated Councillor Alex Cullen by placing his name on a pro-pesticide e-mail petition conducted by a pro-pesticide website, propertyrights.ca. Alex Cullen, who in fact supports a strong pesticide bylaw, replied to McRae stating: "I must tell you that I am doubly disappointed to learn that you, a council colleague, used my name to author a message you knew did not represent my position and then, when the matter became public more than three weeks ago, you did not acknowledge your role in this matter, neither to me nor to the public."

The City of Ottawa's investigation into propertyrights.ca that implicated McRae reportedly cost the city about $1,500 in overtime. The investigation cleared McRae of any intentional wrongdoing with Chief Corporate Services Officer Greg Geddes stating that McRae's actions were nothing more than an "innocent mistake."

McRae subsequently apologized to City Council stating "I'm very sorry." Alex Cullen accepted McRae's apology and said he would now put the issue behind him.

She was the Chair of Ottawa Community Housing Corporation from 2004 until 2006 – the province of Ontario’s second largest landlord with 50,000 tenants living in more than 15,000 units of housing stock worth more than $2B. She was Vice-Chair of the Corporate Services and Economic Development Committee from 2003-2006.

Second mandate
On November 13, 2006, McRae again won in the Ottawa Municipal election, garnering over 65% of the vote to remain River Ward City Councillor.

In February 2007, Maria McRae brought to the attention of the City Solicitor a complaint regarding a community newspaper named "Capital Xtra." The "Capital Xtra" caters to gay and lesbian lifestyles. By April 2007, the City of Ottawa's legal counsel produced a legal brief concluding that restricting distribution of the paper in city facilities was tantamount to censorship and restricting freedom of expression—as guaranteed under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Maria McRae was criticized, along with several other councillors and city staff, for the appearance of a conflict of interest for having accepted a free corporate box seat at the 2007 Stanley Cup NHL hockey playoff game (Senators v.s. Anaheim Ducks) at Scotiabank Place from Waste Management Services—a company that the City does business with. McRae was involved in the cause of firefighters that contracted cancer in the line of duty. Her motion passed unanimously by Ottawa City Council and led to other municipalities passing similar motions. McRae joined the firefighters as they went to Queen's Park to make their case. Subsequently, the Ontario government amended the law to provide firefighters and their families with enhanced benefits.

On September 27, 2007, the Sawmill Creek Constructed Wetland officially opened. McRae lobbied for the funding to finish this project which provides an environmental benefit by filtering out sediment and pollutants, reducing downstream erosion, and controlling flood waters during heavy rains.

The Ottawa Sun's "City Council 2007 Report Card" gave Maria McRae a D, citing among other things that "McRae has to learn that shoving her colleagues aside in the rush for the camera really isn't very becoming." Her 2008 report card grade was upgraded to B, noting her hard work on several issues. Describing McRae as a "tireless worker", her grade improved to a B+ in 2009, due in part to her improved relations with her fellow councillors.

Third mandate
McRae was a candidate for River Ward in the 2010 Municipal Election, easily winning re-election with close to 60% of the votes. .

Legacy
Maria McRae did not run in the October 2014 municipal elections.

Airport Parkway Pedestrian Bridge
Although the project was plagued with a variety of problems and delays, McRae remained a supporter of the project.

Community Centre
McRae claims to have been proudest of her contribution to the expansion of the Hunt Club-Riverside Park Community Centre.

Parks
Spending on public parks sparked controversy in March 2015, after McRae's departure from office. Her successor, Riley Brockington announced that he had discovered there was no money left in an account for park upgrades because it had all been spent by McRae during her last year in office. In fact the account was $500 in deficit. According to the city, much of the $600 000 was spent on park improvements such as play structures, but a significant portion was spent on park benches adorned with bronze plaques. The plaques, ostensibly thanking veterans for their contribution to Canada, were emblazoned with McRae's name. Both the cost of the plaques (about C$600 each) and the fact that they were signed by McRae herself were cited by councillors Riley Brockington and Jody Mitic as reasons to question the appropriateness of the expense and call for changes in the rules to prevent its recurrence.

In a July 2015 report to the Planning Committee by Acting Deputy City Manager John L. Moser, several recommendations were made aiming to prevent the re-occurrence of such events. One of the recommendations is to make ineligible for funding "any items that could be perceived as promotional, including plaques or engravings containing Council members' names, pictures or likenesses."

Committees
Prior to her retirement from office in 2014, Maria McRae was a member of the following standing committees of Ottawa City Council:

 * Emergency and Protective Services Committee
 * License Committee (quasi-judicial, administrative tribunal)
 * Long Range Financial Plan Committee
 * Transportation Committee (chair)
 * Member Services Committee
 * Ottawa Police Services Board

She also represented Ottawa City Council as a member of the following board of directors and committees:

 * Commonwealth Games 2014 Bid Committee
 * Ottawa Forests and Greenspace Advisory Committee
 * Ottawa Public Library Board
 * Ottawa Tourism and Convention Authority
 * Rideau Valley Conservation Authority
 * Rural Summit Steering Committee
 * Rural Summit Task Force

title: Maria McRae


text:
Janet Stavinga

Janet Stavinga was an Ottawa City Councillor. She represented the Goulbourn ward covering what was once the independent Goulbourn Township.

Local councillor and mayor
She was first a Goulbourn councillor and then was elected its mayor in 1997. She opposed the amalgamation of Goulbourn into the new city of Ottawa. At the time of the anticipated merger, Goulbourn had significant cash reserves from development charges, part of which was for a future sports complex. Controversy arose when she worked to empty those cash reserves by building the sports complex when the merger became inevitable. When Goulbourn was absorbed into Ottawa in 2000 she ran for Ottawa City Council against regional representative Betty Hill and councillor Steven Lewis.

Ottawa City Council
On city council the most important issue that faced Stavinga was what to do with Munster's sewage. Munster has sewage lagoons and spray field treatment that arguably fails to meet provincial standards. Stavinga supported building an expensive pipeline to Ottawa's central treatment plant. Others felt it would be better to build a small local facility. The residents of Richmond in her ward, strongly opposed the pipeline, which would run under their area. A major concern of Richmond residents was a perceived danger to their water supply, as most of Richmond uses well water. The pipeline debate was a central issue in the Goulbourn ward in the 2003 Ottawa election with Michael O'Rourke opposing the pipeline. Despite the strong opposition from a part of the ward Stavinga was elected with a strong majority.

Stavinga did not run for re-election in the 2006 Ottawa municipal election. She endorsed Alex Munter for mayor.

title: Janet Stavinga