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Stanley Burbury

Sir Stanley Charles Burbury, (3 December 1909 – 24 April 1995) was an Australian judge. He served as Chief Justice of Tasmania from 1956 to 1973 and as Governor of Tasmania from 1973 to 1982, the state's first Australian-born governor.

Early life
Burbury was born on 3 December 1909 in Perth, Western Australia. He was the only child of Mary Agatha (née Cunningham) and Daniel Charles Burbury. His father, born in Tasmania, was employed as a metallurgist at the Perth Mint.

Burbury's mother died two months after his birth and he was returned to Tasmania to be raised by his aunt Ada Mary Lakin in Hobart. He contracted poliomyelitis at a young age, leaving him with a lifelong limp. He completed his secondary education at The Hutchins School in Hobart, where he was a prize-winning student. He went on to study law at the University of Tasmania, graduating Bachelor of Laws in 1932.

Legal career
Burbury was admitted to practise law in 1933 and joined the firm of Simmons, Wolfhagen, Simmons, and Walch. He was admitted to partnership in 1937, before establishing his own firm Burbury and Dixon in 1944. He was appointed King's Counsel in 1950 and the following year led a royal commission into Tasmania's apple and pear industry.

In 1952, Burbury was appointed solicitor-general by the state government. He was a vice-warden of the University of Tasmania's senate from 1948 to 1955 and was involved in the controversial dismissal of philosophy professor Sydney Sparkes Orr on morality grounds.

Chief Justice of Tasmania
In 1956, Premier Robert Cosgrove nominated Burbury to succeed John Morris as Chief Justice of Tasmania. One of his first notable cases was Hursey v Waterside Workers' Federation (1958), where he ruled in favour of two wharf labourers who had failed to pay a compulsory levy to the Waterside Workers' Federation. His decision was overruled on appeal to the High Court the following year.

In 1967 Burbury was appointed by the federal government to lead a second royal commission into the Melbourne–Voyager collision. Outside of the court he also served as president of the National Heart Foundation of Australia from 1967 to 1973.

Governor of Tasmania
Burbury was appointed as Tasmania's first Australian-born governor in 1973. While in office as chief justice, he had previously spent several periods as administrator of the government during gaps between appointments. In that role he granted Eric Reece an early dissolution and called the 1959 Tasmanian state election.

In 1978, Burbury's initial five-year term was extended by three years. During the Franklin Dam controversy, which saw Harry Holgate's ALP government forced into minority after the defection of former premier Doug Lowe to the crossbench, he was petitioned by a majority of the Tasmanian House of Assembly for an early recall of parliament. He rejected the petition after consultation with Holgate on the grounds that the situation could "only be resolved by constitutional procedures on the floor of the House".

Personal life
In 1934, Burbury married Pearl Barren; the couple had no children. They retired to Kingston after his term as governor ended. He died on 24 April 1995 at Calvary Hospital, Hobart, aged 85.

Honours
Burbury was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1958 New Year Honours.

On 20 April 1977, during the 1977 Royal Visit, Queen Elizabeth II made Burbury a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO).

On 28 August 1981 Burbury was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG).

Legacy
The impoundment that was created by Hydro Tasmania on the King River on the West Coast of Tasmania, is called Lake Burbury.

The University of Tasmania has a lecture theatre named after Stanley Burbury.

Burbury Close, a street in Barton in the Australian Capital Territory is named after Stanley Burbury.

title: Stanley Burbury


text: User talk:69.0.124.55

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.0.124.55


text:
Talk:Evangeline Lilly

Lead, edit-warring
, the WP:LEAD is a summary of the most-notable aspects of Lilly's career, and not a repetitive listing of credits and awards. Could you please tell me how this bloated lead is better than this simple summary? What makes the MTV Movie Award, an ensemble SAG award won with the entire cast, 9 Saturn Awards, an Empire Award and 10 Teen Choice Awards, alongwith the films  Little Evil (2017), Crisis (2021) and South of Heaven (2021) (on which there is little to no information in the article body) among the most notable aspects of her career? Plus, why a needs to be in her infobox pic? Krimuk2.0 (talk) 12:46, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Look at any other actor/actress page like Jessica Chastain, Amy Adams, Hailee Steinfeld or Andrew Garfield's and you'll note that they list achievements first as well. Regardless, YOU made a huge change to a page with no consensus - see WP:CON where it says "Decisions on Wikipedia are primarily made by consensus, which is accepted as the best method to achieve Wikipedia's goals". So tell me, how are your actions of changing the lead, without asking the other editors who edit this page, reflecting this guideline? In fact, you have NOT edited this page in the last three months at all. There is nothing "wrong" with the lead. It listed her achievements, her films and then her major works. Since you think that's "too much", was it really that hard to bring about a consensus about changing it on the talk page? As for the awards, how is a SAG, an MTV award, a Saturn Award, or a Teen Choice award NOT notable? Additionally, the picture is not blurry and besides, they are the SAME photo, one just is square, and the other has good measurements for a Wikipedia page.

 * AND to add on to that, you were WP:RUDE by templating me on my talk page DESPITE there being a WP:DONTTEMPLATE sign. Your actions are NOT reflecting that of a good Wikipedia editor. Maxwell King 123321 13:00, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * All those actors you mentioned (ironically, all four written by me) have the most notable entertainment awards on the introduction, not MTV and Teen Choice. Plus, these awards are cited in the body by an IMDB source, which any editor would know is not an WP:RS. Please read WP:Citing IMDb. In addition, you still haven't explained why Little Evil (2017), Crisis (2021) and South of Heaven (2021) (on which there is little to no information in the article body) among the most notable aspects of her career? And also, I said the foreground is blurry, please be a "GOOD editor" and read properly. :) Krimuk2.0 (talk) 13:02, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

 * You either have WP:OWN issues or want to start an edit war. Those films are recent, have A-list actors, Little Evil is a Netflix film, and her acting in South of Heaven won an award. My question is, how are they NOT notable which you have failed to answer. And please refrain from making subtle personal attacks such as "any editor would know" or "read properly" as stipulated in WP:NPA, which states "Do not make personal attacks anywhere on Wikipedia. Comment on content, not on the contributor." Maxwell King 123321 13:10, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * LMAO. I used the same sentences as you. Not an attack when you say it, eh? Hilarious! Krimuk2.0 (talk) 13:11, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * You still haven't answered anything I have asked. Maxwell King 123321 13:13, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Also its funny how until i mentioned Hailee Steinfeld, now I see you editing again despite not editing her page since December. How interesting! Maxwell King 123321 13:14, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Neither have you. "recent" does not maketh a film notable. So what if its a Netflix film? Are all netflix films notable? How did Little Evil help her career? Is there any information about it in the article body? Why not mention her 10 other credits? Why single out Little Evil for mention? Plus, that "award" for "South of Heaven" fails notability. Please read Notability (awards and medals). Krimuk2.0 (talk) 13:15, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * And yes, life is interesting that way. :) Krimuk2.0 (talk) 13:16, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to respond anymore. I'm taking this page off my watchlist. Go do whatever YOU want until your hearts filled with desire. You think just because you 'created' the page that you are entitled to change it as you please? People like that make me dislike Wikipedia. Here's a tip: learn some humility, kindness and deal with your WP:OWN issues. Have a good one. Maxwell King 123321 13:19, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Much love to you too! <3 Krimuk2.0 (talk) 13:21, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Evangeline Lilly


text:
Talk:Nobel Prize controversies

Clean Up - Emphasis
I believe the facts and contents are largely alright and should remain unaltered or let others add in relevant sources over time. Perhaps the expressions, styling, etc., can be tightened up a bit in the article so it reads smoothly and more like a good piece of encyclopedia. I also noticed that due to the hyperlink nature of wikipedia, attractive, potential hightlights (like words origin, study, topicality, instant updates to verify discussions floating 'in the air', at any one time, etc.) can indeed be included, and read—to enliven up the pages like no encyclopedia, serving the public instantly! Great Stuff and unique work by our wiki-contributors and editors here! Thank you! Yzphub 10:38 Jan 09, 2007.

2007 Controversy
Norway Should Apologize for the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize

The order
Why are the controversies listed in reverse chronological order? i think it should be display the "normal" way BJI904000 (talk) 19:28, February 6, 2020 (UTC)

Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Controversies after being awarded
It seems that the wikipedia page only mentions controversies at the time of the award. I think it is a major omission not to mention controversies caused by the laureates' actions following the award, especially since many news sites include the Peace Prize in their articles (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43567007)Ethiopia's Abiy Ahmed: The Nobel Prize winner who went to war This article should be expanded to include Aung San Suu Kyi because of the Rohingya genocide and Abiy Ahmed because of the Ethiopian civil war. 72.141.243.42 (talk) 01:03, 11 November 2021 (UTC)
 * List have leads that define them, in this case "Since the first award in 1901, conferment of the Nobel Prize has occasionally engendered criticism and controversy". Many recipients do things in the years following conferment of a Nobel Prize but the Noble committee is not clairvoyant and we can not take them to task for not possessing such powers. It seems like name calling and axe grinding, which does not belong on this list. We should probably stick to the list's lead definition. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 03:16, 11 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Still, it's a major omission. In 2022, we have a fairly recent laureate who is committing major war crimes, and we're fine with this? If Putin had won the 2019 NPP, it would have seem perfectly logical to criticize the conferment retroactively in light of the situation in Ukraine; he is the same man now that he was then, and many people would have criticized the conferment at the time. However, relatively few people in the west knew Abiy Ahmed in 2019; It is very likely that within inner Ethiopian circles the decision was criticized and deemed absurd - especially in light of the fact that the "peace" with Eritrea, for which he received the award, was more of a military pact to attack a third party. I feel that this is a matter of "African lives don't matter", since its all happening so far away and we wouldn't want to raise a controversy about the 2019 conferment just because it turns out that the event for which the prize was awarded turned out to be a military pact that led to the death of tens of thousands, ethnic cleansing, sexual violence, starvation, hundreds of thousands of homeless people, and the destruction of centuries of cultural heritage and critical infrastructures. Let's not make a "controversy" out of this. נוף כרמל (talk) 16:44, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not the place to right great wrongs or grind axes, for, or, against some political figure. Also have a look at WP:SOAPBOX. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 18:20, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

Nobel Prize 'Won'?
Surely Nobel Prizes are awarded?

There may be a competitive element in some fields but replacing 'won' with 'awarded' softens the judgmental aspect of 'won' ever so slightly - in the right direction!--Damorbel (talk) 09:09, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

Matthaei-Nirenberg
The mention of the neglection of Heinrich Matthaei, who conducted the original Poly-U experiment while Nirenberg was in Berkeley and who published with Nirenberg the first two papers in the Proc.Nat. Acad. on the same footing, is correct, but not the interpretation of the reference to Judson. The recollection of Matthaei, that Nirenberg told him to make the laboratory notebooks more unprecise to gain more credibility was months before the Poly-U-Experiment and concerned an unpublished work. Matthaei, who was experimentally very precise (contrary to Nirenberg at the time), referred to it in a half joking manner. But sources for the neglection of Matthaei in the Nobel Prize 1968 would be interesting. Nirenberg mentions Matthaei in his published Nobel Lecture only cursory. Matthaei left the NIH in the spring 1962, but worked 1961 hard and "round the clock" along Nirenberg and Robert Martin on the enciphering of more pieces of the code. The concept of the experiment was from both. But it was Nirenberg (at that time totally unknown in the community like Matthaei) who presented the results in August 1961 in Moscow at the International Biochemistry Conference (with Watson and Crick attending), at which they both gained international recognition (or at least Nirenberg, in Cricks "What mad pursuit" he mentions only Nirenberg, contrary to Watson in "Genes, Girls and Gamow"), and Matthaei left the NIH in spring 1962 to work in Germany on the code. Nirenberg seems to have degraded him subtly in the course of the 60s to a Post-Doc role (see Nirenbergs version here), who followed his orders, a rather misleading description. By the way, the description of Judson in The 8th day of creation, for which he interviewed Matthaei, is much more detailed.--Claude J (talk) 04:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Removed the whole thing (edit here). One source does not describe a controversy at all and the other reads like after the fact "sour grapes". Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 13:16, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

there is something with vandalism happening
so basicaly i was on wikipedia (not logged in) and i ws on the nobel literature prize controversies part and after it said "the nobel prize in literature has had many controversial awards and snubs" the snubs part was clearly a violation of the rules on wikipedia so i edited it out and then i came back and saw it again so for anyone who is doing this why

Abdullah raji (talk) 16:55, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Good catch, fixed in the end. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 18:46, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

Nordhaus
Nordhaus' work that earned him a Nobel prize in economics was thoroughly debunked by Steve Keen, Jason Hickel, and others. In essence, Nordhaus' work is climate denial/minimization that ignores all scientific work on climate change and makes up its own baseless damage estimates. Nordhaus makes assumptions like inside work won't be impacted by climate change and that climate effects have no correlations with one another. - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14747731.2020.1807856?cookieSet=1 - https://piped.mha.fi/watch?v=pGI0R1w_Xws - https://www.resilience.org/stories/2020-09-10/nobel-prize-winning-economics-of-climate-change-is-misleading-and-dangerous-heres-why/ - https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/12/06/the-nobel-prize-for-climate-catastrophe/
 * Sources would have to show a controversial conferment. Only one source, foreignpolicy.com, shows any. William Nordhaus has "Linden, Eugene (October 25, 2018). "The economics Nobel went to a guy who enabled climate change denial and delay". Los Angeles Times. 2018." Would probably need sources showing a more widespread controversy. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 22:00, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

Pinter controversy
Entries on this list need to describe a controversy, more than just "made the award controversial". All sources cited state the controversy was a perception in some quarters that Nobel academy's choice of Pinter had ulterior motives, re:

 * BBC - Indeed, the Nobel academy's decision could be read in some quarters as a selection with an inescapably political element.
 * National Review - Plucked from obscurity, recent winners like Elfriede Jelinek, José Saramago, and Dario Fo reveal the anxiety of those 18 Swedes to be in what they think is the fashionable swim. And this year they have extended the entertainment by picking Harold Pinter
 * The Wall Street Journal - the ludicrous elevation of a third-rate and effectively former dramatist is driven by pseudo-intellectual European hostility to the change of regime in Iraq
 * Independent - the Nobel committee has explicitly said his opposition to "oppression" was a factor in the award.

That controversy needs to be described. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 02:37, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The BBC article starts by saying "Few people would deny Harold Pinter is a worthy recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Literature. As a poet, screenwriter and author of more than 30 plays, he has dominated the English literary scene for half a century". Worth mentioning if we are going to cast doubt on his worthiness.
 * The quote from the National Review does not even mention there was a controversy.
 * The Independent and WSJ sources are opinion pieces so any use should be attributed to the authors of the articles. "Editorial commentary, analysis and opinion pieces, whether written by the editors of the publication (editorials) or outside authors (invited op-eds and letters to the editor from notable figures) are reliable primary sources for statements attributed to that editor or author, but are rarely reliable for statements of fact".
 * Burrobert (talk) 06:08, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I think you are missing the point here. Its not a question of columnists attribution or whether Pinter deserved a Nobel prize, its a question of whether there was a controversy, and if so, what was it? All choices by the Nobel academy are controversial in some way (someone is always going to grump about the choice) - to be on this list there has to be some cited wide spread controversy, so much so that news organizations note it at the time of conferment. All of these sources seem to describe the same controversy, even the National Review - "politicking rather than literary appreciation", and the --- BBC seems to be summarizing it re:"academy's decision.... inescapably political element". Since this is not a List of Nobel laureates there are two choices, either we cite an identifiable Nobel Prize controversy or we remove Pinter from the list. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 14:37, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes the key questions are
 * (1) was there a controversy? and
 * (2)if so, what was the controversy?
 * The BBC source does not mention there was a controversy over his selection. It does say that Pinter was "one of the more controversial figures to be awarded this prestigious honour" because of "his outspoken criticism of US foreign policy and opposition to the war in Iraq". Does this fit into the subject of the page?
 * As I mentioned above the Independent and the WSJ sources are opinion pieces from two individuals who did not agree with the decision to award the prize to Pinter. They would justify saying something like "Johann Hari and Christopher Hitchens disagreed with the choice of Pinter". Is this a controversy?
 * I won't comment on the NR source. Firstly, I don't have access to the full article. Secondly, "most editors consider National Review a partisan source whose statements should be attributed".
 * Burrobert (talk) 15:23, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Nobel Prize controversies
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Nobel Prize controversies's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "nyt": From World War II: Texts of Soviet–Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol. New York Times, page 2, 20 October 1956. Subtitle: "Moscow, October 19. (UP) – Following are the texts of a Soviet–Japanese peace declaration and of a trade protocol between the two countries, signed here today, in unofficial translation from the Russian". Quote: "The state of war between the U.S.S.R. and Japan ends on the day the present declaration enters into force [...]" From Confucius Peace Prize:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. Feel free to remove this comment after fixing the refs. AnomieBOT ⚡ 12:44, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nobel Prize controversies


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Graeme Devine

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. 5 Keep, 4 Delete. No consensus. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:40, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Graeme Devine
del. Notability. promo. Mikkalai 06:20, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Just notable - 1600 Google hits ("Graeme Devine" + "programmer"). Megan1967 07:47, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems to be just a programmer who worked on some notable projects. Another name in the credits. Google is slightly skewed in favor of programmers and such. -R. fiend 08:19, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I have also worked on notable software projects but that does not automatically guarantee a Wikipedia article about me. Wait, he also claims to be a forefather of file compression? Such a claim would benefit from some references, like refereed papers by him for example. jni 12:48, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Expansion could make this an interesting article. -- Longhair 14:38, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, he is well known in the game industry. Needs factchecking though. Rhobite 18:26, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup - notable game programmer, former chair of the International Game Developers Association. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:43, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Present article does not establish sufficient notability. Dpbsmith (talk) 22:43, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with R.Fiend, Delete. Lots of people are involved with any large project, simply because it is a large project. That doesn't make them notable. Radiant! 15:23, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - GD is a notable game programmer in the Mac scene. Jlbrt 03:35, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC).

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Bikini atomic experiments

I'm begining to wonder if this page would be better off merged and redirected to the Operation Crossroads page. TomStar81 06:21, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Re:Merger
I ok with cutting the article up; all relevent information contained in here can be pasted on both pages in question. Please drop me a line when and if you make this a redirect. TomStar81 05:54, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It would be helpful if the article could be verified with cited sources and then a good merge discussion could take place. As I haven't read anything about why this article should be merged I am removing the long standing merge tags. Alan.ca 06:29, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bikini atomic experiments


text:
JavaScript Style Sheets

JavaScript Style Sheets (JSSS) was a stylesheet language technology proposed by Netscape Communications in 1996 to provide facilities for defining the presentation of webpages. It was an alternative to the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) technology.

Although Netscape submitted it to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the technology was never accepted as a formal standard and it never gained acceptance in the web browser market. Only Netscape Communicator 4 implemented JSSS, with rival Internet Explorer choosing not to implement the technology. Soon after Netscape Communicator's release in 1997, Netscape stopped promoting JSSS, instead focusing on the rival CSS standard, which was also supported by Internet Explorer and had a much wider industry acceptance.

The follow-up to Netscape Communicator, Netscape 6 (released in 2000), dropped support for JSSS. It now remains little more than a historical footnote, with web developers generally unaware of its previous existence. The proposal did not become a W3C standard.

Syntax
Using JavaScript code as a stylesheet, JSSS styles individual element by modifying properties of a  object. For example, the CSS: is equivalent to the JSSS: JSSS element names are case sensitive.

JSSS lacks the various CSS selector features, supporting only simple tag name, class and id selectors. On the other hand, since it is written using a complete programming language, stylesheets can include highly complex dynamic calculations and conditional processing. (In practice, however, this can be achieved using JavaScript to modify the stylesheets applicable to the document at runtime.) Because of this JSSS was often used in the creation of dynamic web pages.

Example
The following example shows part of the source code of an HTML document:

Similar to Cascading Style Sheets, JSSS could be used in a tag. This example shows two different methods to select tags.

Browser support
Javascript Style Sheets were only supported by Netscape 4.x (4.0–4.8) but no later versions. No other web browser has ever integrated JSSS.

title: JavaScript Style Sheets


text:
Talk:2+2 (car body style)

Head room
To call them "not very spacious" is a heinous understatement. An MGB GT 2+2, for example, has barely enough space between the seat squab and the headlining for my shoulders. I'd never be able to sit in it, and I'm not that large - only 5'10"... 86.11.124.189 18:56, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Is a RX8 a 2+2 ? Under the strict definition it is. I've been in one - those back seats are definitely "+2". Also this agrees - http://washingtontimes.com/autoweekend/20051103-083621-7764r.htm —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 147.114.226.172 (talk • contribs).

 * Fair enough, on the basis that Wikipedia's criteria is "verifiability, not truth", as per WP:VERIFY. I think there will be good sources which contradict the Washington Times and say a 2+2 can't have 4 doors, which they would say make it a saloon or at best a 4-door coupé. But that's not the point ;-) So thanks for finding that source. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 18:23, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Other ones
I can think of a few incredibly cramped "sporty" cars off the top of my head which could fit this definition - namely, the Camaro (similar in design to the Mustang), and the Nissan 240SX, although the latter is less of a coupe style.  Zchris87v  23:44, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Sedan/Coupe
I've removed a discussion about Sedan and Coupe because this page is absolutely nothing to do with either. 2+2's are not about being a coupe or a sedan - any discussion of this should be kept to another page, but feel free to discuss what a 2+2 is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mw-wsh (talk • contribs) 12:25, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

reat seats
2+2 means 2 seats in the rear NOT 3 cramped seats. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mw-wsh (talk • contribs) 08:13, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

I have requested full protection to avert an edit war. I've tried to find a way of gaining some concensus with GoldDragaon but no succeess so far. GoldDragon doesn't like the definition of a 2+2 only having 2 rear seats and believes it shouldn't be mandatory. I'd be interested in hearing some more views on this.--Mw-wsh (talk) 08:45, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

GoldDragon
I requested protection for this page to prevent the continuous cycle of undo's, but was told to let it go through the discussion page. I've messaged GoldDragon directly but without success. He/She seems to be a serial offender with cycling undo's. Will apply for protection again. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mw-wsh (talk • contribs) 08:21, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
 * In my experience they're very reluctant to use protection unless the page receives multiple vandalistic efforts on the same day, every day, or is highly controversial, such as the page for Kosova, for example — a much bigger topic than this one, in other words. So, what do? Well, I've been noticing this going on for a few days though and agree that GoldDragon has – let's assume in good faith – got the wrong idea, so in the absence of protection or a conversation with that person, I'll certainly join you in keeping an eye on the accuracy of the page. If we keep Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Automobiles informed there are more editors who should also be able to help from there too. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 13:42, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Not just cars...
Some light aircraft are also described as having 2+2 seating, and I'd like to add some references here to show examples. That being the case, I'm also thinking of moving this article to 2+2 (seating arrangement). Is "2+2" really a "body style" as such anyway? (as opposed to being a seating arrangement used in some coupes and perhaps sedans or hatchbacks — all of which seem more like "body styles" to me...) --Rlandmann (talk) 13:08, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * A good point, but actually I'd suggest it should be resolved with a "see also" to either another article, or a relevant section in an article on aeroplane design. The reason being that yes, this one is about a "body style" because 2+2s classically come from the practice of stretching and heightening roadster designs with sometimes radical effects on the looks and dynamics (the Jaguar E-type being a perfect example of what I mean) so it isn't just a seating arrangement. The way this article is used, i.e. the way it is linked to, is connected to the way people link to other car body style articles, so it's very much one of a set. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 14:49, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with Kieran, I think its better to keep this as "2+2 (car body style)". Whilst the 2+2 implies a seating arrangement, it does also imply the style of body. I think a "see also" make perfect sense.--Mw-wsh (talk) 17:11, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

RX-8 Confusion
The RX-8 Page specifically says that it is NOT a 2+2. So which page is right?--75.80.43.80 (talk) 22:10, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

Was this an insurance thing?
I remember reading in a car magazine many years ago about why 2+2's exist, since they don't rally seem to serve any purpose. The answer was that 2 seater sports cars were considered more dangerous than four seater sedans and therefore had a much higher insurance cost. Supposedly if these cars were 2+2 they weren't considered 2 seater sports cars and were therefore cheaper to insure. I never understood this logic, since the cost of fixing/replacing the car should be the only issue on how much the insurance costs. Has anybody ever read anything about this? If so, it might be worthy of including in the article for explaining their use. __209.179.36.56 (talk) 01:53, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:2+2 (car body style)


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Arghun

Arghun Khan (Mongolian Cyrillic: Аргун; Traditional Mongolian: ; c. 1258 – 10 March 1291) was the fourth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate, from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of Abaqa Khan, and like his father, was a devout Buddhist (although pro-Christian). He was known for sending several embassies to Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslim Mamluks in the Holy Land. It was also Arghun who requested a new bride from his great-uncle Kublai Khan. The mission to escort the young Kököchin across Asia to Arghun was reportedly taken by Marco Polo. Arghun died before Kököchin arrived, so she instead married Arghun's son, Ghazan.

Early life
Arghun was born to Abaqa Khan and Qaitmish Egec̆i (a concubine) in 8 March 1258 (although Rashid al-Din states it was in 1262, which is unlikely) near Baylaqan. He grew up in Khorasan under care of Sartaq Noyan (from Jalair tribe) who was his military commander of encampment and Jochigan Noyan (from Bargut tribe) who was his atabeg. He commanded an army at the age of 20 against Negudaris. He left his father's encampment on 14 July 1279 for Seistan where he captured Öljai Buqa (son of Mubarakshah). After Abaqa's death in 1282, he was talked out of running against his uncle Ahmad Tekuder in the kurultai. Tekuder was duly chosen as sultan. He is also known as Sultan Ahmad.

Bid for the throne

Tekuder's election brought Juvayni brothers to power, who were accused of charges of embezzlement before. However Arghun believed Juvayni brothers were responsible for his father's death by poisoning. He came to Baghdad to spend winter of 1282-1283 and restarted the investigation on embezzlement accusation which may have caused Ata Malik's stroke on 5 March 1283. His hatred grew upon hearing rumors that Shams al-Din Juvayni sent someone to poison him. Another cause of friction was Tekuder's order of arrest of Malik Fakhr ud-Din, governor of Ray, whom Arghun appointed.

Tekuder on the other hand began to be suspicious of his half-brother Qonqurtai and Arghun's potential alliance. He sent military contingents commanded by Prince Jushkab, Uruq and Qurumushi (son of Hinduqur) to station in Diyar Bakr, so Qonqurtai and Arghun wouldn't be connected. Qonqurtai was accused of conspiracy and was arrested by Tegüder's son-in-law, Alinaq - the viceroy of Georgia on 17 January 1284 and was executed next day. Another contingent of army was sent to Jazira, from where Gaykhatu and Baydu fled to Khorasan, to Arghun's encampment while several emirs such as Taghachar and Doladai were arrested.

Arghun started an open rebellion upon his return from Baghdad to Khorasan in 1283 to gain allegiance of minor nobles and amirs. Tekuder's next step was to send Alinaq with 15.000 men against Arghun on 29 January, while ilkhan himself followed Alinaq on 26 April from his main army composed of Armenians and Georgians in addition to Mongols stationed in Mughan plain near Bilasuvar. Arghun prevailed on Alinaq in battle on 4 May south to Qazvin but nevertheless retreated to his lands in Khorasan. Ala ud-Daula Simnani, future Sufi saint of Kubrawiya order also fought in Arghun's army during this battle. Arghun tried to make truce on halfway, which Ahmad against advices of his councillors, refused it. Another embassy sent by Arghun, this time led by his son Ghazan arrived at Tekuder's camp near Semnan on 31 May. Embassy was a success, as Ahmad accepted truce on condition if Arghun sends his brother Gaykhatu as a hostage. Arghun agreed to terms and sent his brother accompanied by two amirs, including Nawruz to custody of Buqa, then most senior of Tekuder's commanders on 13 or 28 June. Buqa in turn handed over him to Ahmad who put Gaykhatu in Tödai Khatun's encampment. Despite this, Tekuder continued hostilities and kept advancing on Arghun. This made Buqa to harbor resentment towards Tekuder and grow more sympathetic to Arghun. On the other hand, he lost Tekuder's favor who started to invest his trust in Aq Buqa, another Jalair general.

Seeing developments, Arghun sook refuge in Kalat-e Naderi, a strong fortress on 7 July with 100 men. But he was forced to surrender to Alinaq four days later. Victorious Tekuder left Arghun at Alinaq's captivity while himself left for Kalpush, where his main army was stationed. This was an opportunity Buqa was seeking - he broke into Alinaq's camp and set Arghun free, while killing Alinaq. Tekuder fled west and looted Buqa's encampment near Sultaniya in revenge. He continued on to his own pasturelands near Takht-i Suleyman on 17 July planning to escape to Golden Horde via Derbent. However, Qaraunas sent by Buqa soon caught up with him and arrested Tekuder. He was turned over to Arghun on 26 July on Ab-i Shur pasturelands, near Maragha.

Reign
Arghun was informally enthroned on 11 August 1284 following Tekuder's execution. A series of appointments came after coronation, as was custom - His cousins Jushkab (son of Jumghur) and Baydu were assigned to viceroyalty of Baghdad, Buqa's brother Aruq as his emir; while his brother Gaykhatu and uncle Hulachu were assigned to viceroyalty of Anatolia, Khorasan being assigned to his son Ghazan and his cousin Kingshu with Nawruz being their emir. Buqa, to whom he owed his throne was also awarded with dual office of sahib-i divan and amir al-umara, combining both military and civil administration on his hands. Shams al-Din Juvayni was among the executed people as Arghun tried to avenge his father's supposed murder. The official approval by Kublai came only 23 February 1286, who not only confirmed Arghun's position as ilkhan, but also Buqa's new title - chingsang. Following this, Arghun had a second, this time official coronation ceremony on 7 April 1286.

Fall of Buqa
Arghun saw the government as his own property and didn't approve of Buqa and Aruq's arrogance and excesses, which soon raised them many enemies. Aruq practically ruled Baghdad as his own appanage, not paying taxes to central government, murdering his critics. Sayyid Imad ud-Din Alavi's murder on 30 December 1284 angered Buqa to the point summoning Abish Khatun herself to his court. It was Jalal ad-Din Arqan, one of her attendants first to reveal the details of murder, after which he was sawed in half. She was ordered to pay blood money worth 700.000 dinars to Sayyed's sons as the result of court. Other emirs, including Tuladai, Taghachar and Toghan started to conspire with Arghun to depose overpowered Buqa. His first step was to investigate former non-paid Salghurid taxes. As a result, he gained over 1.5 million dinars from Fars province. His next step came in 1287, when Buqa fell ill. He investigated Aruq in same fashion and started to control Baghdad's income as well, replacing him with Ordo Qiya. Another replacement came when Buqa's ally Amir Ali Tamghachi was removed from governorate of Tabriz.

Perceiving that he had lost the khan's favour, Buqa organized a conspiracy in Prince Jushkab and Arghun's vassal king Demetre II of Georgia (whose daughter Rusudan was married to Buqa's son) were implicated. Buqa promised Jushkab the throne on condition of appointment as naib of the empire upon success. However Jushkab sent news to Arghun about the treachery. Arghun in his turn sent his new emir Qoncuqbal to arrest Buqa. It's unknown how Rusudan escaped the purge by Arghun but Demetre II was summoned to capital and imprisoned as well. Buqa was put to death on January 16, 1289. He was succeeded as vizier by a Jewish physician, Sa’ad al-Daula of Abhar. Sa'ad was effective in restoring order to the Ilkhanate's government, in part by aggressively denouncing the abuses of the Mongol military leaders.

Reforms and purges
After dealing with Buqa, Arghun went for Hulaguid princes, whose loyalties were questionable - Jushkab was arrested and executed on 10 June 1289 while trying to raise an army. Hulachu and Yoshmut's son Qara Noqai were arrested on 30 May 1289, in connection with Nawruz's revolt in Khorasan. After a trial, they were sent to be executed in Damghan on 7 October 1290. After his relatives, Arghun authorizes Sa'd al-Dawla to execute children of Shams al-Din Juvayni and rest of his proteges.

End of reign
According to Rashid al-Din, Arghun started to use opium after his visit to Maragha Observatory on 21 September 1289. After his second son Yesü Temür's death on 18 May 1290, he became rather disassociated from daily affairs of government. He founded the city of Arghuniyya in a suburb of Tabriz later in 1290 and a Buddhist temple in which he put statues resembling himself. Another city founded by him was Sharuyaz, which was completed during reign of his son Öljaitü.

Relations with Golden Horde
As his predecessor, Arghun often clashed with Golden Horde. He repulsed a raiding party near Shamakhi on 5 May 1288. Another attack on Derbent occurred on 26 March 1289. Headed by Taghachar and other commanders, this attack too was prevented. War officially ended when Arghun returned to Bilasuvar on 2 May 1290.

Relations with Mamlukes
During Arghun's reign, the Egyptian Mamluks were continuously reinforcing their power in Syria. The Mamluk Sultan Qalawun recaptured Crusader territories, some of which, such as Tripoli, had been vassal states of the Il Khans. The Mamluks had captured the northern fortress of Margat in 1285, Lattakia in 1287, and completed the Fall of Tripoli in 1289.

Relations with Christian powers
Arghun was one of a long line of Genghis-Khanite rulers who had endeavored to establish a Franco-Mongol alliance with the Europeans, against their common foes the Mamluks of Egypt. Arghun had promised his potential allies that if Jerusalem were to be conquered, he would have himself baptized. Yet by the late 13th century, Western Europe was no longer as interested in the crusading effort, and Arghun's missions were ultimately fruitless.

First mission to the Pope
In 1285, Arghun sent an embassy and a letter to Pope Honorius IV, a Latin translation of which is preserved in the Vatican. Arghun's letter mentioned the links that Arghun's family had to Christianity, and proposed a combined military conquest of Muslim lands:

""As the land of the Muslims, that is, Syria and Egypt, is placed between us and you, we will encircle and strangle ("estrengebimus") it. We will send our messengers to ask you to send an army to Egypt, so that us on one side, and you on the other, we can, with good warriors, take it over. Let us know through secure messengers when you would like this to happen. We will chase the Saracens, with the help of the Lord, the Pope, and the Great Khan.""

- Extract from the 1285 letter from Arghun to Honorius IV, Vatican

Second mission, to Kings Philip and Edward
Apparently left without an answer, Arghun sent another embassy to European rulers in 1287, headed by the Ongut Turk Nestorian monk from China Rabban Bar Sauma, with the objective of contracting a military alliance to fight the Muslims in the Middle East, and take the city of Jerusalem. The responses were positive but vague. Sauma returned in 1288 with positive letters from Pope Nicholas IV, Edward I of England, and Philip IV the Fair of France.

Third mission
In 1289, Arghun sent a third mission to Europe, in the person of Buscarel of Gisolfe, a Genoese who had settled in Persia. The objective of the mission was to determine at what date concerted Christian and Mongol efforts could start. Arghun committed to march his troops as soon as the Crusaders had disembarked at Saint-Jean-d'Acre. Buscarel was in Rome between July 15 and September 30, 1289, and in Paris in November–December 1289. He remitted a letter from Arghun to Philippe le Bel, answering to Philippe's own letter and promises, offering the city of Jerusalem as a potential prize, and attempting to fix the date of the offensive from the winter of 1290 to spring of 1291:

""Under the power of the eternal sky, the message of the great king, Arghun, to the king of France..., said: I have accepted the word that you forwarded by the messengers under Saymer Sagura (Bar Sauma), saying that if the warriors of Il Khaan invade Egypt you would support them. We would also lend our support by going there at the end of the Tiger year’s winter [1290], worshiping the sky, and settle in Damascus in the early spring [1291].

If you send your warriors as promised and conquer Egypt, worshiping the sky, then I shall give you Jerusalem. If any of our warriors arrive later than arranged, all will be futile and no one will benefit. If you care to please give me your impressions, and I would also be very willing to accept any samples of French opulence that you care to burden your messengers with.

I send this to you by Myckeril and say: All will be known by the power of the sky and the greatness of kings. This letter was scribed on the sixth of the early summer in the year of the Ox at Ho’ndlon.""

- Letter from Arghun to Philippe le Bel, 1289, France royal archives

Buscarello was also bearing a memorandum explaining that the Mongol ruler would prepare all necessary supplies for the Crusaders, as well as 30,000 horses. Buscarel then went to England to bring Arghun's message to King Edward I. He arrived in London January 5, 1290. Edward, whose answer has been preserved, answered enthusiastically to the project but remained evasive about its actual implementation, for which he deferred to the Pope.

Assembly of a raiding naval force
In 1290, Arghun launched a shipbuilding program in Baghdad, with the intent of having war galleys which would harass the Mamluk commerce in the Red Sea. The Genoese sent a contingent of 800 carpenters and sailors, to help with the shipbuilding. A force of arbaletiers was also sent, but the enterprise apparently foundered when the Genoese government ultimately disowned the project, and an internal fight erupted at the Persian Gulf port of Basra among the Genoese (between the Guelph and Ghibelline factions).

Fourth mission
Arghun sent a fourth mission to European courts in 1290, led by Andrew Zagan (or Chagan), who was accompanied by Buscarel of Gisolfe and a Christian named Sahadin.

In 1291, Pope Nicholas IV proclaimed a new Crusade and negotiated agreements with Arghun, Hetoum II of Armenia, the Jacobites, the Ethiopians and the Georgians. On January 5, 1291, Nicholas addressed a vibrant prayer to all the Christians to save the Holy Land, and predicators started to rally Christians to follow Edward I in a Crusade.

However, the efforts were too little and too late. On May 18, 1291, Saint-Jean-d'Acre was conquered by the Mamluks in the Siege of Acre.

In August 1291, Pope Nicholas wrote a letter to Arghun informing him of the plans of Edward I to go on a Crusade to recapture the Holy Land, stating that the Crusade could only be successful with the help of the "powerful arm" of the Mongols. Nicholas repeated an oft-told theme of the Crusader communications to the Mongols, asking Arghun to receive baptism and to march against the Mamluks. However Arghun himself had died on March 10, 1291, and Pope Nicholas IV would die in March 1292, putting an end to their attempts at combined action.

Edward I sent an ambassador to Arghun's successor Gaikhatu in 1292 in the person of Geoffrey de Langley, but extensive contacts would only resume under Arghun's son Ghazan.

According to the 20th-century historian Runciman, "Had the Mongol alliance been achieved and honestly implemented by the West, the existence of Outremer would almost certainly have been prolonged. The Mamluks would have been crippled if not destroyed; and the Ilkhanate of Persia would have survived as a power friendly to the Christians and the West"

Death
Arghun had developed a great interest in alchemy towards end of his reign. He gave shelters to Buddhist lamas who would advice him on religious matters. He also befriended a yogi who claimed to have lived longer than anyone and could offer Arghun the same. The way Rashid al-Din described this alchemist who gave a concoction of sulphur and mercury to Arghun was the same substance that Marco Polo described as Indian yogis' experience. After 8 months of taking the substance, Arghun fell ill. Tengriist shamans accused Toghachaq Khatun, Tekuder's widow among other women of witchcraft, who were executed on 19 January 1291 by being thrown into a river. Arghun's health deteriorated on 27 January and was paralyzed. Using opportunity, Taghachar and his allies made another purge with killing Sa'd al-Dawla and his proteges on 2 April. Arghun finally died on morning of March 7 or March 10, 1291 in Arran. He was buried on a secret location in mountains of Sojas on 12 March.

Legacy
In the West, the 13th century saw such a vogue of Mongol things that many new-born children in Italy were named after Genghisid rulers, including Arghun: names such as Can Grande ("Great Khan"), Alaone (Hulagu), Argone (Arghun) or Cassano (Ghazan) are recorded with a high frequency. According to the Dominican missionary Ricoldo of Montecroce, Arghun was "a man given to the worst of villainy, but for all that a friend of the Christians". Arghun was a Buddhist, but as did most Turco-Mongols, he showed great tolerance for all faiths, even allowing Muslims to be judged under Islamic Law.

Arghun dynasty later claimed descent from him. Hasan Fasai also claimed his treasure was found during reign of Qajar dynasty, trying to link Qajars to Qajar Noyan, son of his emir Sartaq Noyan.

Family
Arghun had ten consorts, 7 of them being khatun and 3 of them being concubines. From his children, only 2 sons and 2 daughters reached to adulthood:

Principal wives:

 * 1) Qutlugh Khatun (d. 13 March 1288) — daughter of Tengiz Güregen of Oirats and Todogaj Khatun, daughter of Hulagu Khan
 * 2) *Khitai-oghul (also named Sengirges, b. 3 March 1291 - d. 24 January 1298)
 * 3) Öljatai Khatun (m. 1288) — daughter of Sulamish, son of Tengiz Güregen and Todogaj Khatun, widow of Tengiz (they married in levirate)
 * 4) Uruk Khatun — daughter of Sarija, sister of emir Irinjin and a great-granddaughter of Ong Khan
 * 5) *Yesü Temür (born between 1271 and 1282, d. 18 May 1290)
 * 6) *Öljaitü (b. 24 March 1282 - d. 16 December 1316)
 * 7) *Öljatai Khatun — married firstly to Qunchuqbal, married secondly to Aq Buqa, married thirdly to her stepson, Amir Husayn Jalayir, son of Aq Buqa
 * 8) *Öljai Timur — married firstly to Tukal, married secondly on 30 May 1296 to Qutlughshah
 * 9) *Qutlugh Timur Khatun (died in youth in Baghdad)
 * 10) Seljuk Khatun (m. 1276, d. 1332, Niğde) — daughter of Rukn-ud-din Kilij Arslan IV, Seljuk Sultan of Rum
 * 11) Bulughan Khatun Buzurg (d. 20 April 1286) — widow of Abaqa
 * 12) Bulughan Khatun Muazzama (m. 22 March 1290, d. 5 January 1310) — daughter of Otman, son of Abatai Noyan of Khongirad
 * 13) *Dilenchi (died in infancy)
 * 14) Todai Khatun (m. 7 January 1287) — a lady from Khongirad, widow of Tekuder and previously Abaqa

Concubines:

 * 1) Kultak egechi (m. 1271) — daughter of Kihtar Bitigchi of Dörben
 * 2) * Ghazan (b. 5 November 1271 - d. 11 May 1304)
 * 3) Qutai — daughter of Qutlugh Buqa, son of Husayn Aqa
 * 4) Ergene egechi — previously concubine of Abaqa

title: Arghun


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Michael Barrett (baseball)

Michael Patrick Barrett (born October 22, 1976) is an American former professional baseball player and current catching coordinator for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played in MLB as a catcher and started his professional career with the Montreal Expos at age 18. Barrett spent three years playing in Minor League Baseball as a shortstop and catcher. He played with the Honolulu Sharks, West Palm Beach Expos, and Delmarva Shorebirds, and was elected to two Minor League All-Star games. Barrett made his MLB debut in as a third baseman, but was shortly outrighted to the minor leagues to play with the Harrisburg Senators for a season.

Upon Barrett's return to MLB in, he ranked among the top offensive rookies in various statistical categories. Barrett failed to stay healthy during the season, which prompted the Expos to trade him to the Oakland Athletics, who in turn, traded him to the Chicago Cubs. During his tenure with the Cubs, Barrett won a Silver Slugger Award in, and recorded near career-high statistics in 2004 season. The Cubs traded Barrett to the San Diego Padres in June of. Barrett sustained two major injuries, which caused him to miss 115 games with the Padres, and was subsequently released after the season. Barrett attempted to make a comeback with the Toronto Blue Jays in 2009, but continued to struggle with injury issues, which led to his release in the subsequent offseason. He spent the second half of the 2010 season in the New York Mets minor league system. Barrett was also a volunteer assistant coach for the baseball team at the University of North Georgia.

Early years
Barrett was born in Atlanta. He attended Pace Academy, where he excelled in baseball. During his senior year, Barrett won Atlanta's Gatorade's Player of the Year, and was named to the All-USA High School and First Team High School All-Americans All-star teams. He was considered to be one of the top draft prospects that year, and declared eligibility for the upcoming Major League Baseball Draft shortly after graduating from high school. Barrett initially signed a letter of intent to play college baseball at Clemson. The Montreal Expos selected Barrett as the 28th overall selection in the 1995 draft. He spent the next three years in the minors, playing in the Gulf Coast, South Atlantic, Hawaii Winter Baseball, and Florida State Leagues, during which he was converted from a shortstop to a catcher. His Minor League Baseball career was highlighted in 1996, when he scored 57 runs and recorded 113 hits as a member of the Delmarva Shorebirds.

Montreal Expos
The Expos called Barrett up to MLB on September 19, 1998, in a game against the Philadelphia Phillies as a third baseman. He managed to hit a home run and a single in the game. After only playing eight games as an Expo, Barrett was sent to play for the Harrisburg Senators, a Class AA team from the Eastern League. He recorded 145 hits, 78 runs, 19 home runs, and 87 RBI en route to winning the Double-A All-Star Catcher and Montreal Expos Minor League Player of the Year awards. His performance allowed him to claim a spot on the Expos’ starting roster during the 1999 season. During his first full season, Barrett had 59 starts as a catcher, 62 as a third-baseman, and six as shortstop. He also led all National League rookies with 32 doubles, while ranking as one of top statistical tiers in runs, hits, and runs batted in amongst all other rookies.

Barrett struggled to perform consistently in the season. He committed 15 errors during the course of the season, resulting in a .891 fielding percentage. In addition, he hit for only a .214 batting average, with a .288 slugging percentage. These difficulties combined to prompt the Expos to send him to the minors again. After playing 30 games with the Ottawa Lynx of the International League, Barrett returned to the major leagues before 2001. He was named onto the team's opening day lineup, and eventually earned a full-time spot on the team. He was one of the Expos' most consistent hitters, and posted career high statistics that season; leading all National League catchers with 33 doubles. Barrett also managed to improve his defensive performance by raising his fielding percentage to .993, while committing only seven errors.

He also saw success during the season. Barrett started the season by hitting home runs in the first two games of the season. He would go on to have one of his best months in the Majors, scoring with four home runs, 17 RBI, eight doubles, and scored 10 runs. The League recognized his efforts, and named Barrett the "National League co-Player of the Week" for the second week of April after he recorded a franchise record 11 RBI within two games. Barrett finished the season with mixed results. While increasing his number of stolen bases and batting and slugging percentage, he failed to record as many runs, hits, and RBI, as he did in the previous season. He committed nine errors, which resulted in a lower fielding percentage, but excelled at throwing out base runners.

Barrett missed almost half of the 2003 on account of three injuries. He suffered the first during a game against the Colorado Rockies, during which one of Steve Reed's pitches accidentally hit and bruised Barrett's index finger. Barrett was able to continue playing, but claimed the injury had hindered his playing performance. He eventually managed to overcome the injury in July. He recorded a batting average of .333 and 15 RBI. During this period, Barrett began to complain about tightness in his right hip flexor. This ailment took its toll on Barrett during a game against the Atlanta Braves, when he strained the muscles while taking a checked swing. The Expos sent Barrett on a rehabilitation assignment to play with the Edmonton Trappers, a AAA team from the Pacific Coast League. He only managed to play two games with team before fracturing his index finger on August 9. Barrett returned to the major leagues on September 12, although the Expos were already out of playoff contention.

Chicago Cubs
Barrett's long tenure with the Expos ended in December 2003. The team traded Barrett to the Oakland Athletics in exchange for minor league pitcher Brett Price. The Athletics then traded Barrett to the Chicago Cubs for Damian Miller, only days after the initial transaction. Barrett, who had just spent six days with three teams, shortly signed a one-year contract with the Cubs, which was worth nearly $1.55 million. He first practiced with the Cubs during their annual spring training sessions, and reported receiving a cold reception from teammates. Barrett went on to become one of their top hitters during the 2004 season. He played a crucial role in their wild card chase; Barrett maintained a .287 batting average and hit 16 home runs and 65 RBI during the 2004 season. He finished the season as one of the league's top defensive catchers (fielding at a .994 clip with six errors), and led the Cubs in triples and sacrifice flies. Barrett was involved in two incidents with Houston Astros pitcher Roy Oswalt during the 2004 season. On August 22, Oswalt beaned Barrett. Barrett, believing the pitch was a reaction to a three-run home run that Aramis Ramírez had previously hit, confronted Oswalt, and prompted both teams to take the field. Oswalt was ejected from the game, as the Astros went on to lose 11-6. Five days later, during another Cubs-Astros game, Barrett mouthed off to Oswalt and attempted to confront him. The game's umpires restrained the two before a fight could break out, but not before both benches cleared out. Oswalt remained in the game, and defeated the Cubs 15-7. In a post-game press conference, Barrett condemned Oswalt's actions, and stated, "We're going to see him again."

Barrett continued to be one of the Cubs’ most consistent hitters in the 2005 season. He batted over .300 in three months of the season, and finished with 16 home runs, 32 doubles, and 61 RBI. Although he failed to meet and surpass the same statistical figures in the previous season, Barrett received a Silver Slugger Award for his efforts. Additionally, Barrett was selected to represent the United States in the 2006 World Baseball Classic. He played in four games, and recorded one run batted in.

Barrett sought to improve his numbers in the 2006 season, but ran into several obstacles. On May 20, 2006, Barrett was involved in an infamous altercation with A. J. Pierzynski during the Chicago Crosstown Classic between the Chicago White Sox and Cubs. During the game's second inning, Brian Anderson hit a sacrifice fly, which allowed Pierzynski to score the game's first run. Pierzynski collided with Barrett en route to home plate, causing Barrett to fall down. Pierzynski showed his enthusiasm by slapping home plate. As Pierzynski got up, he bumped into Barrett, who proceeded to punch him. Scott Podsednik came to Pierzynski's aid and subdued Barrett. Anderson and John Mabry eventually joined the brawl before both teams emptied their dugouts and stormed the field. The game's umpires ejected Barrett, Pierzynski, Anderson, and Mabry. Barrett later received a ten-game suspension, while Pierzynski was fined. Additionally, Anderson and the Sox' third base coach were also suspended for a fewer number of games. The Cubs went on to lose the game by a score of 7–0. On June 30, the two met during batting practice, and made amends. which eventually led to a bench-clearing brawl. He received a ten-game suspension, which he served near the middle of June. Barrett rebounded after the incident, and batted over .300 in the final four months of the season. He suffered an intrascrotal hematoma in early September, and was forced to miss the rest of the season. The injury and suspension caused Barrett to miss a significant portion of the season. In his shortened season, Barrett hit 16 home runs, which matched his previous career high, and nearly surpassed his hit total from 2005.

During the 2007 Chicago Cubs season, Barrett was involved in another altercation with teammate Carlos Zambrano. During a game against the Atlanta Braves on June 1, tensions began to rise between the two players when the Cubs allowed the Braves to score five runs in the fifth inning. The Braves recorded 20 hits, en route to winning 8-5. Barrett and Zambrano engaged in a heated conversation upon returning to the dugout, which escalated onto a small fight. After Lou Piniella dismissed the two from the game, another fight ensued within the Cubs’ clubhouse, and Zambrano punched Barrett's lip. The wound required Barrett to go to the hospital immediately and receive stitches. Zambrano remorsefully admitted he was at fault after the ordeal, and Barrett later stated they had resolved their differences. Both players received fines for undisclosed amounts of money.

San Diego Padres
Various news sources reported that the Cubs had traded Barrett to the San Diego Padres on the morning of June 20. The Cubs officially confirmed these details in the afternoon, and revealed that Barrett was traded in exchange for Rob Bowen and Kyler Burke. Despite stating he had no knowledge of the trade until hearing rumors in the morning, Barrett expressed his appreciation and well wishes to the Cubs organization on his homepage. He received a one-game suspension on July 22, after arguing with an umpire over a third strike. Barrett sustained a concussion on August 5, after a base-running accident against the San Francisco Giants. The Padres placed Barrett on the fifteen-day disabled list. After returning from the injury, Barrett's performance declined. His batting average dropped from .266 to .244, while he produced near career low statistics.

Barrett became a free agent after the end of the season, but was offered arbitration from the Padres. The Tampa Bay Rays expressed interest in signing Barrett, even though the signing would involve trading the Padres a future second round draft pick as compensation. Barrett accepted the Padres' arbitration offer on December 7. The Padres placed Barrett on the disabled list on April 8, 2008, after he sustained an elbow injury. The team later activated him on May 25, after he had recovered, and completed a minor league rehabilitation assignment. On July 2, 2008, Barrett was rushed to the hospital after fouling a pitch off his face. He required surgery to repair the damage, and had been placed on the disabled list for the second time in 2008. The Padres waived Barrett on October 11, after he previously expressed interest in testing the free-agent market.

Toronto Blue Jays
On December 29, 2008, Barrett signed a Minor League deal with the Toronto Blue Jays, and attended spring training as a non-roster invitee. He earned the back-up catcher role for the Toronto Blue Jays during spring training. He was scheduled to back up Rod Barajas, but Barrett tore a muscle in his right shoulder while attempting to retrieve a wild pitch on April 17, 2009. Barrett was placed on the 15-day disabled list on April 18, and was expected to return within the two weeks. Prior to the injury, Barrett had made seven appearances with a .167 batting average. The Blue Jays activated Barrett from the disabled list on July 6, 2009, and designated to Triple-A for a rehab assignment, where he sustained a season-ending injury. The Jays never recalled Barrett to their roster after the designation, and released him in the following offseason. He only played seven Major League games in 2009, in which he recorded a .167 batting average, three hits, and one home run.

New York Mets
Barrett signed a minor league deal with the Mets on June 29, 2010, and was assigned to the Class-A St. Lucie Mets. In early August, he was reassigned to play for their Class AAA affiliate, the Buffalo Bisons. On November 6, Barrett elected and was granted free agency.

Post-playing career
On December 20, 2013, the Washington Nationals named Barrett the manager of the Gulf Coast League Nationals. Barrett has also served as the catching coordinator for the Nationals since.

Personal life
Barrett is married with 4 children. His cousin, Scott Fletcher, also played for the Cubs, along with many other teams over his fifteen-year career. Barrett has spent a considerable portion of his personal life devoted to helping children. He runs several youth baseball programs, including one in Hawaii, which was inspired from his tenure with the Hawaiian Winter Baseball League. He also works with the Make-A-Wish Foundation and the Cubs Care Program to help lesser fortunate and sick children. More recently, he has worked with Kerry Wood and Ryan Dempster to raise money to help Derrek Lee's daughter and research for Leber's congenital amaurosis. Michael Barrett donated $50,000 to Project 3000 and pledged an additional sum of money for every home run he hits. Barrett was also a regular guest on FOX Chicago's The Final Word television show, which is co hosted by Tom Waddle, a former Chicago Bears wide receiver.

title: Michael Barrett (baseball)


text:
JSS

JSS may refer to:

Military

 * Joint Security Stations, components of 2007's Operation Imposing Law in Iraq
 * Joint support ship, a multi-role naval vessel
 * Joint Surveillance System, a USAF and FAA system for the atmospheric air defense of North America
 * Protecteur-class auxiliary vessel (previously the Joint Support Ship Project), naval auxiliaries for the Royal Canadian Navy

Organizations and corporations

 * Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy, a political party in the Indian state of Kerala
 * Japan Statistical Society, a learned society in Japan
 * Jönköpings SS, a Swedish swimming club
 * Joyson Safety Systems, an American automotive safety systems company

Schools

 * James Striar School of General Jewish Studies
 * Japanese School of Suzhou, a Japanese international school in China
 * JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, an institute of higher education in Mysore, Karnataka, India
 * JSS Private School, a CBSE co-educational school located in Al Safa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
 * Jurong Secondary School, a government secondary school in Taman Jurong, Singapore

Other

 * Jet Stream International (airline code: JSS), a Pakistani airline
 * Journal of the Siam Society, a scholarly journal published by the Siam Society in Bangkok
 * "JSS" (The Walking Dead), the second episode of the sixth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series
 * Junior Solar Sprint, a competitive program for 5th-to-8th-grade students to create a small solar-powered vehicle
 * Network Security Services for Java (JSS), a component of the Network Security Services collection of cryptographic computer libraries

title: JSS


text:
Spirit of Ecstasy

The Spirit of Ecstasy Sculpture is a bonnet mascot of the Rolls-Royce cars. It is in the form of a woman leaning forwards with her arms outstretched behind and above her. Billowing cloth runs from her arms to her back, resembling wings.

The Whisper, precursor to the Spirit of Ecstasy
The first Rolls-Royce motorcars did not feature radiator mascots; they simply carried the Rolls-Royce emblem. When John, 2nd Baron Montagu commissioned his friend, sculptor Charles Robinson Sykes, who worked in London under the nobleman's patronage, to sculpt a personal mascot for the bonnet of his 1909 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost, Sykes chose Eleanor Velasco Thornton as his model. Sykes originally crafted a figurine of her in fluttering robes, having placed one forefinger against her lips – to symbolize the secret of the love affair between Thornton and Montagu. The figurine was consequently named The Whisper and is on display at the National Motor Museum in Beaulieu along with other Spirit of Ecstasy figurines.

Only three or four castings were ever made, and only two are believed to have survived.

Modern ornament
The Spirit of Ecstasy, also called Eleanor, Silver Lady, or Flying Lady, was designed by Sykes, a graduate of London's Royal College of Art, and carries with it a story about secret passion between Montagu, second Baron Montagu of Beaulieu after 1905, a pioneer of the automobile movement, and editor of The Car Illustrated magazine from 1902, and the model for the emblem, Eleanor Velasco Thornton.

Eleanor (also known as Thorn) was the secretary of John Walter, who fell in love with her in 1902 when she worked for him on the aforesaid motoring magazine. Their secret love was to remain hidden, limited to their circle of friends, for more than a decade. The reason for the secrecy was Eleanor's impoverished social and economic status, which was an obstacle to their love. On the other hand, Montagu had been married to Lady Cecil Victoria Constance Kerr since 1889.

By 1910 personal mascots had become the fashion of the day. Rolls-Royce were concerned to note that some owners were affixing "inappropriate" ornaments to their cars. Claude Johnson, then managing director of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, was asked to commission a more dignified and graceful mascot.

He turned to Sykes to produce a mascot which would adorn all future Rolls-Royce cars and become generic to the marque, with the specifications that it should convey "the spirit of the Rolls-Royce, namely, speed with silence, absence of vibration, the mysterious harnessing of great energy and a beautiful living organism of superb grace..."

Sykes' brief from Claude Johnson had been to evoke the spirit of mythical beauty, Nike, whose graceful image was admired in The Louvre, but Sykes was not impressed. He felt that a more feminine representation might be apt.

It was again Miss Thornton whom he had in mind. Sykes chose to modify The Whisper into a version similar to today's Spirit of Ecstasy. He called this first model The Spirit of Speed. Later, Charles Sykes called it "A graceful little goddess, the Spirit of Ecstasy, who has selected road travel as her supreme delight and alighted on the prow of a Rolls-Royce motor car to revel in the freshness of the air and the musical sound of her fluttering draperies."

Claude Johnson devised the description of the Spirit of Ecstasy, he described how Sykes had sought to convey the image of "the spirit of ecstasy, who has selected road travel as her supreme delight...... she is expressing her keen enjoyment, with her arms outstretched and her sight fixed upon the distance."

Royce was ill during the commissioning of the flying lady. He did not believe the figurine enhanced the cars, asserting that it impaired the driver's view, and was rarely seen driving one of his company's vehicles adorned with the mascot.

In February 1911 Sykes presented to Rolls-Royce the Spirit of Ecstasy, which was easily recognisable as being a variation on the theme of The Whisper. The similarity was hardly coincidental because the model for both had been Miss Thornton. The sculptor's signature appeared on the plinth and were either signed "Charles Sykes, February 1911" or "Feb 6, 1911" or "6.2.11". Even after Rolls-Royce took over the casting of the figures in 1948 each Spirit of Ecstasy continued to receive this inscription until 1951.

The Spirit of Ecstasy was also manufactured by the British firm Louis Lejeune Ltd. for a number of years.

Eleanor died on 30 December 1915 when the SS Persia was torpedoed by a U-boat south of Crete. She had been accompanying Lord Montagu who had been directed to assume a command in India. He was thought to have been killed too, but survived and was saved after several days adrift in a life raft.

Alterations
Rolls-Royce made sure it was officially listed as an optional extra, but in practice it was fitted to almost all cars after that year, becoming a standard fitting in the early 1920s. It was silver plated from 1911 until 1914 when the mascot was made with nickel or chrome alloy to dissuade theft. The only departure from this came in Paris at the competition for the most apposite mascot of 1920, where a gold-plated version won first place. Gold-plated versions were subsequently available at additional cost. The design of the mascot has had eleven main variations in its life. Lowered height of coachwork forced subsequent reductions in the mascot size. Consequently, several alterations in the original design were made.

Kneeling version (1934–1939 and 1946–1956)
Sykes was again commissioned by Rolls-Royce in the 1930s to make a lower version of the mascot to suit the needs of the new sports saloons by providing their drivers with a clearer view of the road ahead.

The kneeling lady mascot was unveiled on 26 January 1934 and was a reflection of Eleanor as it was a symbol of the Rolls-Royce. It also had on the plinth the inscription "C. Sykes, 26.1.34", the date when the first piece was finished. This version was, however, discontinued after the Silver Dawn, Phantom IV and Silver Wraith models, in favour of a smaller version of the original standing mascot, and so it remains to date. The last Phantom IV delivered and the final production years of the Silver Wraith carried this standing version.

2003–present
Today's Spirit of Ecstasy, from the 2003 Phantom model onward, stands at 3 inch and, for the safety of any person being accidentally hit, is mounted on a spring-loaded mechanism designed to retract instantly into the radiator shell if struck from any direction. There is a button within the vehicle which can raise/lower the emblem when pressed. She can be made from highly polished stainless steel, stainless with 24-carat gold plating, or from illuminated frosted crystal – the latter two being optional extras. Aftermarket customized versions are also available, including those covered in a matte black paint or studded in diamonds. The company created one as a Fabergé Egg.

Spectre redesign
A new design was specially made for the all-new-electric Spectre, after it was first registered as intellectual property, in 1911. The figurine has been remodelled with a lower, more dynamic stance that brings her much closer to the original drawings made in the early years of the 20th century. The new version created for the Spectre will appear on all future models.

The new Spirit of Ecstasy stands 82.7 mm tall, compared to her predecessor's 100 mm. Her robes have been subtly reshaped to make them more aerodynamic and realistic.

The figurine is now braced for the wind, one leg forward, body tucked low, eyes focused eagerly ahead, "a true goddess of speed". Her new shape has been digitally sculpted, adding an authentically contemporary aura to her dynamism and commanding presence, including elegant facial features and expression, combining focus and serenity. She has, previously, stood with her feet together, legs straight and tilting at the waist.

title: Spirit of Ecstasy


text: User talk:209.47.31.5

title: User talk:209.47.31.5


text:
Talk:Vienna Festival

Virginia
There's also a local weekend summer festival in Vienna, Virginia, with the same name. Maybe that should be mentioned? --Howdybob 20:43, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Are you sure you're not thinking of Viva Vienna? That's the only festival here; it's Memorial Day weekend annually. -Etoile (talk) 02:34, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vienna Festival


text:
User talk:Peter Wöllauer

Reformed Egyptian
Thank you for your correction to this article! I hope to see more of your contributions. Please visit us at WP:LDS. Tom Haws 06:26, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

April 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Resin casting, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Resin casting was changed by Peter Wöllauer (u) (t) redirecting article to non-existant page on 2009-04-08T10:05:01+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 10:05, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Resin casting article name
Hello, could we discuss this on the talk page and try to reach consensus on what to name the article before you try to move it? I don't understand why you want to change it to resin dispensing. Also, if you try to move/rename it again, use the move button instead of redirecting or copy and pasting, for more info see Help:Moving a page. Thank you. Siawase (talk) 10:26, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peter Wöllauer