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Shunpiking

Shunpiking is the act of deliberately avoiding roads that require payment of a fee or toll to travel on them, usually by traveling on alternative "free" roads which bypass the toll road. The term comes from the word shun, meaning "to avoid", and pike, a term referring to turnpikes, which is another name for toll roads. People who often avoid toll roads sometimes call themselves shunpikers. Historically, certain paths around tollbooths came to be so well known they were called "shun-pikes".

Shunpiking has also come to mean an avoidance of major highways (regardless of tolls) in preference for bucolic and scenic interludes along lightly traveled country roads.

Early shunpikes
Shunpikes were known in the United States soon after independence. In the mid-1700s, Samuel Rice built a road over the Hoosac Range in northwestern Massachusetts, near the present Hoosac Tunnel. Subsequently, a nearby road for stagecoaches was built around 1787, which became subject to control of the Turnpike Association incorporated in 1797. People desiring to avoid the turnpike fees took the Rice Road instead of the stage road, and so the Rice Road earned the sobriquet “shunpike”.

Contributing to open free travel, in 1797 the thrifty travelers of the Mohawk Trail forded the Deerfield River rather than pay toll at the turnpike bridge; in 1810 they won the battle for free travel on all Massachusetts roads.

A shunpike in Morris County, New Jersey, dates back to 1804; one near Mount Holly, Vermont, was in existence at least as early as 1809; and one in Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, was created circa 1810.

A newspaper article in the New Jersey Journal of March 6, 1804 (p. 4), references a house for sale on Shunpike Road between Morristown and Elizabethtown (Elizabeth), New Jersey. This "Shunpike Road", parts of which are still extant, was in existence the same year that the turnpike it was used to avoid, the Morris Turnpike, was opened for business: 1804. It ran southwest of and parallel to the Morris Turnpike, now called "Old Turnpike Road". It was formed by the improvement and connection of sideroads to enable country people to avoid the expenses of the tolls. Shunpike Road ran through the towns of Bottle Hill (now Madison), Chatham, Summit and Springfield.

When the Hampton Falls Turnpike was built in Hampton Falls, New Hampshire, around 1810 by the Hampton Causeway Turnpike Corporation, a toll was charged to cross it at the Taylor River. "Not content with the payment of a toll, some of the residents got together and built a slight bridge called the 'Shunpike' across the Taylor's River, some distance west of the Turnpike bridge, where travelers and teamsters could cross without charge. This continued on until April 12, 1826, when the toll on the Turnpike was discontinued and has remained a free road to this day."

Historical boycott in Virginia
An example of shunpiking as a form of boycott occurred at the James River Bridge in eastern Virginia, United States. After years of lower than anticipated revenues on the narrow, privately funded structure built in 1928, the Commonwealth of Virginia finally purchased the facility in 1949. However, rather than announcing a long-expected decrease in tolls, the state officials increased the rates in 1955 without visibly improving the roadway, with the notable exception of building a new toll plaza.

The increased toll rates incensed the public and business users alike. In a well-publicized example of shunpiking, Joseph W. Luter Jr., head of Smithfield Packing Company (the producer of Smithfield Hams), ordered his truck drivers to take different routes and cross smaller and cheaper bridges. Despite the boycott by Luter and others, tolls continued for 20 more years. They were finally removed from the old bridge in 1975 when construction began on a toll-free replacement structure.

Connecticut
Prior to the removal of tolls in 1985, the Connecticut Turnpike had eight mainline toll barriers instead of a ticket system that was typically used on the turnpikes of that era. While the Connecticut Turnpike was officially considered a toll road for its entire 129-mile length, the placement of mainline toll barriers and the lack of ramp tolls meant the only sections of the Turnpike that were truly tolled were between the interchanges immediately before and following each mainline barrier. Consequentially, motorists familiar with the local area around each of the toll barriers could essentially travel the Turnpike toll-free by exiting before the toll plaza, use local streets to bypass the toll, and re-enter the Turnpike past the toll plaza.

Delaware
There is a toll of $4 in each direction on the 11 mi Delaware Turnpike, or I-95. It is the third most expensive turnpike in the United States when calculated per mile. Since the turnpike does not use ramp tolls, only imposing a toll on drivers passing through a toll plaza just east of the Maryland state line, the toll is easily avoided by using local roads. By taking the last exit of I-95 in Maryland, MD 279, one can continue northbound on MD 279, cross into Delaware on DE 279, turn right at Christiana Parkway (DE 4/DE 896), and make another right onto DE 896 and soon arrive once again at I-95. Large trucks cannot use this detour as DE 4/DE 896 have width and weight restrictions.

On January 10, 2019, DelDOT opened the US 301 toll road bypassing Middletown. Now all traffic entering Delaware using US 301 must pay a minimum $4 toll at the state line, with access to the old alignment cut off until after the toll point via Exit 2. Several new shunpikes have emerged, the most common being the historical alignment of MD 299 through Warwick or Levels Road, but neither is viable for trucks. A longer distance route involves using MD 300 in Maryland into Delaware (becoming DE 300 across the line) then turning onto US 13 to the free ramp back to DE 1 at Port Penn Road.

Kentucky
The Abraham Lincoln Bridge and John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge are a pair of bridges that carry Interstate 65 across the Ohio River, connecting Jeffersonville, Indiana to downtown Louisville, Kentucky. On December 30, 2016, the Kentucky Department of Transportation implemented a toll to cross the bridges in either direction, ranging from $2 for vehicles with electronic transponders to $4 for vehicles paying by mail. The Clark Memorial Bridge, which makes the same crossing less than one mile west of the two I-65 bridges, remained free. This resulted in a 49% decrease in daily crossings on the Kennedy Bridge and a 75% increase in traffic on the Clark Memorial Bridge.

Pennsylvania
Interstate 70 runs concurrently with the Pennsylvania Turnpike for 86 mi. Westbound travelers can exit I-70 in Maryland just south of the Pennsylvania border and enter Interstate 68, continuing along I-68's entire length through western Maryland and into West Virginia until arriving at Interstate 79, I-68's western terminus, in Morgantown. After merging onto I-79 north, a traveler can enter Pennsylvania and merge back onto I-70 in Washington, Pennsylvania, where I-70 and I-79 are briefly concurrent.

Despite the added mileage, the relatively non-congested roadways in western Maryland (combined with the various tunnels and pre-Interstate quality of the Pennsylvania Turnpike) make the toll-free trip nearly the same time as the toll route. (The Pennsylvania Turnpike was grandfathered from modern Interstate standards.)

Oklahoma
In Oklahoma east of Oklahoma City, Interstate 44 replaced old U.S. Route 66 as the main route in the form of the Turner Turnpike between Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and the Will Rogers Turnpike between Tulsa and the Missouri state line. However, locals have kept old 66 alive by using it for shunpiking instead of the locally unpopular toll expressway.

West Virginia
The Midland Trail (the remaining roadway left behind in the historic Midland Trail) serves the middle of West Virginia and runs somewhat parallel to Interstates 64 and 77. The trail follows the entirety of U.S. Route 60 in West Virginia and the two are synonymous. It traverses through 180 miles of rugged terrain starting in Kenova in the west and ending in White Sulphur Springs. The roadway often follows the historic James River and Kanawha Turnpike and Kanawha River. The trail passes through many parks and communities including the New River Gorge National Park and the state capitol of Charleston.

A much smaller remnant road of the James River and Kanawha Turnpike, is the 5 mile Kanawha Turnpike that runs from South Charleston to Charleston, the road then splits and continues for another mile in Jefferson before merging back onto US-60. This road acts as a local shunpike for commuters avoiding US 60 and I-64.

In Britain
In the early 1990s, the management of the Severn Bridge doubled the tolls in one direction (England to Wales) and made the other direction free of charge, presumably to save on staff costs. As a result, many lorry drivers used the Severn Bridge in the free direction, but when travelling from England to Wales, crossed the Severn at Gloucester, where there was no charge, and then drove through the Forest of Dean. Tolls on the Severn Crossings were abolished in 2018.

The M6 Toll became the first motorway other than bridges to charge drivers. Drivers can avoid the toll by staying on the M6 motorway, which is shorter than the toll road, though usually more congested.

In Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, when crossing Victoria Harbour between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon/New Kowloon, most drivers and businesses prefer the much cheaper, and older, Cross-Harbour Tunnel (XHT), to the Western Harbour Crossing. The toll differences are particularly significant for lorries, coaches and buses. The government has proposed a subsidy to users of a third tunnel, the Eastern Harbour Crossing, to relieve the congestion through the XHT and around both ends of the XHT. The proposal of increasing the Cross Harbour Tunnel's prices and lowering that of the Eastern Harbour Crossing has yet to be put into practise.

A similar phenomenon exists with the Lion Rock Tunnel between Sha Tin New Town (and the rest of the eastern and northeastern New Territories) and New Kowloon. Most users prefer Lion Rock Tunnel to the Tate's Cairn Tunnel or Shing Mun Tunnels, or the Eagle's Nest-Sha Tin Heights Tunnels as the new tunnels are longer and more expensive. However, this problem is not as serious as the tunnels connecting Hong Kong Island and Kowloon.

In popular culture
The term "shunpiking" inspired the name of Stan Shunpike, the Knight Bus conductor in the Harry Potter stories.

title: Shunpiking


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Beti (TV series)

Beti (lit: Daughter) is a Pakistani television series created by Abdullah Seja under their production house Idream Entertainment. It is written by Sophia Khurram and directed by Mohsin Mirza. Saheefa Jabbar Khattak and Fahad Mirza star as Maryam and Azhar, respectively. The show began airing in December 2018.

Synopsis
Maryam (Saheefa Jabbar Khattak) is a bright university student who lives with her single mother. After a romantic courtship with her classmate Azhar (Fahad Mirza), she expresses her wish to marry him. Azhar's family consists of his tyrannical grandmother Shahana (Asma Abbas), his parents Hashim (Javed Sheikh) and Fareeda (Naima Khan), his older brother Taimoor (Hassan Ahmed) and Taimoor's pregnant wife Sonia (Zainab Ahmed). Azhar warns Maryam that his family is not like hers, but she accepts this challenge and the two are married. Maryam soon learns that she is expecting. When Sonia prematurely gives birth to a girl, she is coerced by the family into taking her daughter off life support because of her gender. Maryam is disgusted upon realizing that Shahana is a firm follower of a devious guru and wishes for only sons in the family. She fears for her future when she discovers that she is expecting a girl.

Cast

 * Saheefa Jabbar Khattak as Maryam
 * Fahad Mirza as Azhar, Maryam's husband
 * Asma Abbas as Shahana Dadi, Azhar and Taimoor's grandmother
 * Jawed Sheikh as Hashmat, Azhar and Taimoor's father
 * Naima Khan as Fareeda, Azhar and Taimoor's mother
 * Hassan Ahmed as Taimoor, Azhar's elder brother
 * Zainab Ahmed as Sonia, Taimoor's wife
 * Abeer Qureshi as Naila, Azhar's 2nd wife
 * Ismat Zaidi as Maryam's mother
 * Farah Nadir as Shahana's friend

Production
In an earlier interview with The Express Tribune, Khattak said about the character she will be playing, "My character’s in-laws have a conservative mindset and are adamant on their preference of a boy over a girl. There is a sigh of relief as her husband is supportive and has a different mindset from his family."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Beti (TV series)


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User talk:Kcruz

User:Kcruz
I've added the "" template to your user page (User:Kcruz), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).

Please note that the purpose of a user page is not as personal homepage or used as a general webhosting service, but as way for active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. If you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues here or on my user talk page. You may remove the deletion notice, and the page will not be deleted for the moment, but note that it may still be sent to Miscellany for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Calton | Talk 21:49, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kcruz


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2004 European Parliament election in Gibraltar

European Parliament elections were held for the first time in Gibraltar on 10 June 2004 as part of European Union-wide elections. Although part of the European Union, Gibraltar had never before voted in European Parliamentary elections, in part due to its small electorate of just over 20,000 which would cause Gibraltar to be over-represented by about 30 times if even a single seat were to be assigned.

This disenfranchisement applied by the United Kingdom was successfully challenged before the European Court of Human Rights in 1999. As a result, from 2004 Gibraltar was included by the United Kingdom within the South West England region for electoral purposes.

Spain took a complaint about Gibraltar participating in EU elections to the Court of Justice of the European Union, objecting to the enfranchisement of Commonwealth citizens and the creation of a combined electoral region, but its case was unsuccessful.

None of the main Gibraltar political parties contested the election, so voters chose from United Kingdom party lists. However, Lyana Armstrong-Emery of the small Reform Party had a place on a joint list with the Green Party.

The Conservative Party polled over two-thirds of the Gibraltar vote, with no other party exceeding 10% support. This was in large part due to the perception that the Labour Government in Britain had "betrayed" Gibraltar by attempting to negotiate a constitutional settlement involving joint sovereignty with Spain. This arrangement was rejected overwhelmingly by Gibraltarians in the 2002 sovereignty referendum. The Conservatives were perceived as being unequivocal in their support for Gibraltar's continued British status. In addition, both the leader of the Conservative Party, Michael Howard, and his deputy, Michael Ancram, flew in to rally support. Before the election, the local Conservatives mounted a vigorous campaign.

Results
Turnout was 57.5% in Gibraltar, higher than the 37.8% for the electoral region as a whole.


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Category:Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom

A list of qualifications obtainable within the United Kingdom.


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Ewondo

Ewondo may refer to:

 * The Ewondo, one of the Beti-Pahuin peoples of Cameroon
 * The Ewondo language, the language of these people
 * Ewondo Populaire, a Beti-based pidgin of Cameroon, spoken in the area of the capital Yaoundé

title: Ewondo


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Army of the Border

The Army of the Border was a Union army during the American Civil War. It was created from units in the Department of Kansas to oppose Sterling Price's Raid in 1864. Samuel R. Curtis was in command of the army throughout its duration.

Major General James G. Blunt, who commanded the District of South Kansas, was placed in command of the army's 1st Division, which was broken up into three brigade of volunteer cavalry regiments and a fourth of Kansas state militia units. Major General George Dietzler commanded the rest of the Kansas state militia units and organized them into the 2nd Division of the army.

Blunt's division fought at the battles of Lexington and Little Blue River before falling back and joining Curtis and the rest of the army at Westport. At the Battle of Westport, Curtis's two divisions were joined by Alfred Pleasonton's cavalry division from the Department of the Missouri, bringing the Union army to about 22,000, including Pleasonton's cavalry. After the battle, the militia units returned to their respective counties while Blunt's volunteers continued the pursuit along with Pleasonton's division. Blunt's division fought Price in the last major battle of the campaign at Newtonia.

Commander

 * Major General Samuel R. Curtis (October 14 – November 8, 1864)

Major battles and campaigns

 * Price's Missouri Expedition
 * Second Battle of Lexington (only Blunt's 1st Division was involved)
 * Battle of Little Blue River (only Blunt's 1st Division was involved)
 * Battle of Byram's Ford (only Blunt's 1st Division was involved)
 * Battle of Westport (Blunt's division and elements of Dietzler's state militia involved)
 * Battle of Mine Creek (only Pleasonton's 2nd Division was involved)
 * Second Battle of Newtonia (only Blunt's 1st Division was involved)

Military rank

 * MG = Major General
 * BG = Brigadier General
 * Col = Colonel
 * Ltc = Lieutenant Colonel
 * Maj = Major
 * Cpt = Captain
 * Lt = 1st Lieutenant
 * 2Lt = 2nd Lieutenant

Army of the Border
MG Samuel Ryan Curtis

Escort:
 * 2nd Kansas Cavalry (battalion): Maj Henry Hopkins
 * Company G, 11th Kansas Cavalry: Cpt C. L. Gove
 * Company H, 15th Kansas Cavalry
 * Mountain howitzer battery: Lt Edward Gill

title: Army of the Border


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Talk:Daniel A. P. Murray

The text of article was obtained from Library of Congress site. Darwin 17:36, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniel A. P. Murray


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Daniel Murray

Daniel or Dan Murray may refer to:

Footballers

 * Dan Murray (Gaelic footballer) (born 1934), Irish former Gaelic footballer
 * Dan Murray (English footballer) (born 1982), English footballer
 * Dan Murray (Australian footballer) (1912–1992), Australian footballer

Others

 * Daniel Murray (bishop) (1768–1852), Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin
 * Daniel Murray (mathematician) (1862–1934), Canadian mathematician
 * Daniel Murray (politician) (1751–1832), judge and politician in New Brunswick
 * Daniel Alexander Payne Murray (1852–1925), librarian, bibliographer, author, politician, and historian
 * Dan Murray (baseball) (born 1973), former baseball pitcher
 * Daniel Murray (rugby league), rugby league player
 * Dan Murray, a character from the 1996 Tom Clancy novel Executive Orders

title: Daniel Murray


title: File:AVEN071.jpg


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Eugene Jolas

John George Eugène Jolas (October 26, 1894 – May 26, 1952) was a writer, translator and literary critic.

Early life
John George Eugène Jolas was born October 26, 1894, in Union Hill, New Jersey (what is today Union City, New Jersey). His parents, Eugène Pierre and Christine (née Ambach) had immigrated to the United States from the Rhine borderland area between France and Germany several years earlier. In 1897 the family later returned to Forbach in Elsass-Lothringen (today in French Lorraine), where Jolas grew up, and which had become part of Germany in 1871 following the Franco-Prussian War.

In 1909, he moved on his own to New York City, where he learned English while attending DeWitt Clinton Evening High School and earning a modest living as a deliverer.

Career
After schooling, Jolas worked in Pittsburgh as a newspaper journalist for the German-language Volksblatt und Freiheits-Freund and the English-language Pittsburgh Sun.

During 1925 and 1925, Jolas worked for the European edition of the Chicago Tribune in Paris, first on the night desk, then as a reporter. Eventually, David Darrah prompted Jolas to take over the Tribune's literary page from Ford Madox Ford. He did so, and he authored the weekly column, "Rambles through Literary Paris." His work in that capacity allowed him to meet many of the famous and emerging writers of Paris, both French and expatriates alike. These connections would serve him well in his subsequent editorial work.

Along with his wife Maria McDonald and Elliot Paul, in 1927 he founded the influential Parisian literary magazine, transition.

In Paris, Eugene Jolas met James Joyce and played a major part in encouraging and defending Joyce's 'Work in Progress' (which would later become Finnegans Wake), a work which Jolas viewed as the perfect illustration to his manifesto, published in 1929 in transition.

The manifesto, sometimes referred to as the Revolution of the Word Manifesto, states, in particular, that 'the revolution in the English language is an accomplished fact', 'time is a tyranny to be abolished', 'the writer expresses, he does not communicate', and 'the plain reader be damned'.

On many occasion, he used to write under the pseudonym 'Theo Rutra'.

As a translator, he is perhaps best known for rendering Alfred Doblin's novel Berlin Alexanderplatz into English in 1931.

In 1941, Jolas published something of a successor to transition in a volume entitled Vertical: A Yearbook for Romantic-Mystic Ascencions.

Jolas subsequently suspended his editing work to join the United States Office of War Information in 1942; he translated war news into French for Allied troops in North Africa as well as the French resistance. In 1945, Jolas went to Germany to help launch denazified newspapers in towns controlled by the allied forces. He was later named editor in chief of the Deutsche Allgemeine Nachrichten-Agentur (DANA, later renamed DENA), an organization established to teach American-style journalism as a means for replacing the Nazis' propaganda apparatus.

Published works

 * Cinema: Poems. Introduction by Sherwood Anderson. New York: Adelphi, 1926.
 * Le Nègre qui chante. Paris: Éditions des Cahiers libres, 1928.
 * An essay on James Joyce in Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress. London: Faber and Faber, 1929.
 * Secession in Astropolis. Paris: Black Sun Press, 1929.
 * The Language of Night. The Hague: Servire Press, 1932.
 * Hypnolog des Scheltenauges. Paris: Éditions Vertigral, 1932.
 * Motsdéluge, hypnologues. Paris: Éditions des Cahiers libre, 1933.
 * I Have Seen Monsters and Angels. Paris: transition press, 1938.
 * Planets and Angels. Mount Vernon, IA: Cornell College chapbooks, 1940.
 * Words from the Deluge. New York: Erhältlich bei Gotham Book Mart, 1941.
 * Wanderpoem: Angelic Mythamorphosis of the City of London. Paris: transition press, 1946.
 * Man from Babel. Ed. Andreas Kramer and Rainer Rumold. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
 * Eugene Jolas: critical writings, 1924–1951. Ed. Klaus H. Kiefer and Rainer Rumold. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2009.

title: Eugene Jolas


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A Day at the Beach

A Day at the Beach is a 1970 British film based on the 1962 book Een dagje naar het strand by Dutch author Heere Heeresma. The screenplay was written by Roman Polanski, who was originally intended to be the director, although most of the direction was finally done by first-timer Simon Hesera.

Plot
Set in a rundown Dutch seaside resort, it depicts a day in the life of Bernie, a self-destructive alcoholic, as he takes Winnie, a young girl with a leg brace, to the resort despite constant rain. Though Winnie calls Bernie "uncle", he is likely her biological father. Over the course of the day, they encounter various people whom Bernie alternately berates and scams for alcohol, while Winnie is often left alone to fend for herself.

Cast

 * Mark Burns as Bernie
 * Beatie Edney as Winnie
 * Fiona Lewis as Melissa
 * Maurice Roëves as Nicholas
 * Jack MacGowran as Ticket Seller
 * Eva Dahlbeck as Café Proprietress
 * Thomas Heathcote as Dice Player (credited as Tom Heathcote)
 * Joanna Dunham as Tonie
 * Graham Stark as Pipi
 * Peter Sellers as Stallholder (credited as "A. Queen")

Release
The film was never released in theatres at the time of its completion, but has seen limited runs at film festivals since then. A small clip of the film appears in the documentary The Unknown Peter Sellers: Sellers himself has a cameo role as a small shop owner with his partner (played by Graham Stark), and both are homosexual. Sellers used the pseudonym "A. Queen" in the credits.

Restoration
The film spent two decades in a vault at Paramount in London and was restored in 1993 by its director and shown at the American Film Market. It had been lost due to a paperwork error.

Home media
The film is available on DVD in the U.S from Code Red DVD. It's available for streaming on Fandor.

title: A Day at the Beach


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Heavens to Betsy

Heavens to Betsy was an American punk band formed in Olympia, Washington in 1991 with vocalist and guitarist Corin Tucker and drummer Tracy Sawyer. The duo were part of the DIY riot grrrl, punk rock underground, and were Tucker's first band before she co-formed Sleater-Kinney.

Both The New York Times and Rolling Stone included Heavens to Betsy in essential riot grrrl lists. In 2018, a music writer noted, "This band's primal punk sound and powerful expressions of young female rage and desire retains the power to startle decades after their creation."

History
Corin Tucker and Tracy Sawyer met in middle school in Eugene, Oregon and became friends. Sawyer said, "We kind of goofed around. ...We were like, ‘Let’s start a band!’ But it was always kind of a joke." Tucker came up with the band name Heavens to Betsy - originally an idiom - during the spring of 1990. That summer, before Sawyer's senior year in high school and Tucker's freshman year at college, the friends went on a "music pilgrimage" to Athens, Georgia by train. There, Sawyer bought a used drum kit for $100. Tucker's father gave her a guitar he built and bought her an amplifier. The two started learning to play their instruments, practicing at Tucker's parents' house.

In the fall of 1990, Tucker went to Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. She found an active music scene with bands like Bikini Kill and Bratmobile. Tucker says, “I was able to finally connect with a group of people that were all in bands and they were all playing house shows. It was all happening so I just said, ‘Well, I have a band, too!’” In 1991, Tucker's band was invited to play at the International Pop Underground Convention by Michelle Noel of the college's KAOS radio station. Tucker said, “She called my bluff. I said yes, even though I don’t think we’d even written a song. I think Tracy had just graduated high school, and I was like, ‘Great, we’re playing a show.’”

Heavens to Betsy's first public appearance was a three-song set at the International Pop Underground Convention organized by independent record label K Records in August 1991. The first night of the six-day festival had an all-female bill. Dubbed "Love Rock Revolution Girl Style Now," the fifteen bands included Bratmobile, Suture, Heavens to Betsy, Jean Smith of Mecca Normal, and 7 Year Bitch. This show is considered pivotal in advancing the riot grrrl movement.

Heavens to Betsy was conceived as a two-person band—Tucker played guitar and sang vocals, and Sawyer was on drums and occasionally bass guitar. Tucker says her wailing vocals were modeled on Kathleen Hanna and Sinead O'Connor. Rolling Stone notes, "Tucker made no effort to prettify her massive wail…"

The band's songs were female-centric and covered intersectional politics, with lyrics about body shaming, patriarchy, white privilege, periods, rape culture, racism, queerness, the plight of working people, avenging sexual abuse, and frenemies. Tucker said, "I think as a 17- or 18-year-old girl, you really feel the kind of injustice that’s done to young women really personally, that kind of scrutiny of your own body that’s done to women and your sexual power." Tucker wrote the lyrics on her own; she would compose the music either with or without Sawyer.

Their first album was an eight-song cassette recorded by fellow Evergreen student Molly Neuman from Bratmobile. Conceived as a demo, the cassette ended up being released and distributed by K Records. It has not been reissued in other formats because the master is missing. Next, they released "My Secret" on a split single with Bratmobile, also on K Records. In addition to their self-titled demo, Heavens to Betsy recorded two seven-inch records with four-songs each, and one LP, ''Calculated.  Rolling Stone included Calculated'' in its "Riot Grrrl Album Guide" with a going deeper rating. The band also contributed songs to many compilations.

In 1992, Heavens To Betsy played a show in Bellingham, Washington and met Carrie Brownstein who attended Western Washington University there. Heavens to Betsy went on a United States tour with Bratmobile. Touring in the days before cell phones, Sawyer recalls, "We went with two cars and got walkie-talkies." Next, they toured England. Later, they went on another national tour with Brownstein's band, Excuse 17, before disbanding in the mid-1994. The bandmates say their relationship and personalities changed as the music got serious, and they lacked the maturity and communication skills for a business relationship.

Post break-up
After Heavens to Betsy ended, Tucker and Brownstein created the band Sleater-Kinney. Tucker's other projects include Heartless Martin, Cadallaca, The Corin Tucker Band, and Filthy Friends.

Sawyer would go on the play in numerous bands, including The Flying Tigers, KaraNEEDoke, The Lies, and Motel No-Tell.

Pop culture
Heavens to Betsy's music was included in the 1993 film ''I Was A Teenage Serial Killer and the 2013 video game Gone Home.  In October 2011, English artist Katie Hare created an art installation in London with videos, audio, and zines related to Heavens to Betsy album Calculated''. Hare chose Calculated “because, to me, it seems to really capture the moment an individual, in this case, a young woman’s, belief system is shaken and they begin to start questioning the world around them. ...Its directness is almost shocking. I remember being kind of uncomfortable by its honesty when I first listened to the record."

In 2017, actresses Mackenzie Davis and Carrie Coon recorded an acoustic cover of the Heavens to Betsy track “Axemen" for their film Izzy Gets the F*ck Across Town. In 2021, the band Whisper Hiss covered the Heavens To Betsy song "Firefly" for Stars Rock Kill (Rock Stars), the 30th-anniversary celebration of the label Kill Rock Stars.

Albums

 * Heavens To Betsy, cassette, K Records (1992)
 * Calculated CD/LP. Kill Rock Stars (1994)

Seven inch recordings

 * PUNK1 "My Secret" Heavens to Betsy/Bratmobile split, K Records (1992)
 * These Monsters Are Real, Kill Rock Stars (1992, remastered and re-released in 2018)
 * Direction, Chainsaw Records (1994)

Compilations

 * Kill Rock Stars compilation, CD/LP, "My Red Self" Kill Rock Stars (1991)
 * Throw Yoyo Compilation, CD, "Baby's Gone" Yoyo Recordings (1992)
 * Julep Another Yoyo Compilation, CD, "She's the One" Yoyo Recordings (1993)
 * Free to Fight compilation, a double CD/ triple LP, "Get Out of My Head" (co-release on Candy Ass Records and Chainsaw (1995)
 * Yo Yo A Go Go compilation CD/LP, "Axemen" live, Yoyo Recordings/Natch (1996)
 * Some Songs compilation, CD, "Firefly", Kill Rock Stars (1997)

Soundtracks

 * "My Secret", featured in I Was A Teenage Serial Killer (1993)
 * "Complicated" featured in Gone Home (2013).

title: Heavens to Betsy


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Talk:List of Fairbanks-Morse locomotives

more C-liners?
Didn't FM catalog even more C-liner models? That list is just the ones that actually got ordered. I do think they should all be covered by a FM C-liner article, though. —Morven 17:42, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:OP-10828.jpg
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User:Unism

Unism is a new faith a cllective of moral standards

title: User:Unism


text:
Handcuff knot

A handcuff knot is a knot tied in the bight having two adjustable loops in opposing directions, able to be tightened around hands or feet. The knot itself does not possess any inherent locking action, and thus is not as easy to use for such purposes as the name might suggest.

The knot is also known as a hobble knot for similar reasons, from the idea that the knot was sometimes used on the legs of horses to limit the distance their riders had to walk in the morning to retrieve them.

title: Handcuff knot


text:
Insight

Insight is the understanding of a specific cause and effect within a particular context. The term insight can have several related meanings:
 * a piece of information
 * the act or result of understanding the inner nature of things or of seeing intuitively (called in Greek)
 * an introspection
 * the power of acute observation and deduction, discernment, and perception, called intellection or
 * an understanding of cause and effect based on the identification of relationships and behaviors within a model, system, context, or scenario (see artificial intelligence)

An insight that manifests itself suddenly, such as understanding how to solve a difficult problem, is sometimes called by the German word Aha-Erlebnis. The term was coined by the German psychologist and theoretical linguist Karl Bühler. It is also known as an epiphany, eureka moment, or (for crossword solvers) the penny dropping moment (PDM). Sudden sickening realisations often identify a problem rather than solving it, so Uh-oh rather than Aha moments are seen in negative insight. A further example of negative insight is chagrin which is annoyance at the obviousness of a solution that was missed up until the (perhaps too late) point of insight, an example of this being Homer Simpson's catchphrase exclamation, D'oh!.

Psychology
In psychology, insight occurs when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning. It is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trial and error. Solutions via insight have been proven to be more accurate than non-insight solutions.

Insight was first studied by Gestalt psychology, in the early part of the 20th century, during the search for an alternative to associationism and the associationistic view of learning. Some proposed potential mechanisms for insight include: suddenly seeing the problem in a new way, connecting the problem to another relevant problem/solution pair, releasing past experiences that are blocking the solution, or seeing problem in a larger, coherent context.

Classic methods
Generally, methodological approaches to the study of insight in the laboratory involve presenting participants with problems and puzzles that cannot be solved in a conventional or logical manner. Problems of insight commonly fall into three types:

Breaking functional fixedness
The first type of problem forces participants to use objects in a way they are not accustomed to (thus, breaking their functional fixedness). An example is the "Duncker candle problem", in which people are given matches and a box of tacks and asked to find a way to attach a candle to the wall to light the room. The solution requires the participants to empty the box of tacks, set the candle inside the box, tack the box to the wall, and light the candle with the matches.

Spatial ability
The second type of insight problem requires spatial ability to solve. An example is the "Nine-dot problem" which requires participants to draw four lines, through nine dots, without picking their pencil up.

Using verbal ability
The third and final type of problem requires verbal ability to solve. An example is the Remote Associates Test (RAT), in which people must think of a word that connects three, seemingly unrelated, words. RAT are often used in experiments, because they can be solved both with and without insight.

Versus non-insight problems
Two clusters of problems, those solvable by insight and those not requiring insight to solve, have been observed. A person's cognitive flexibility, fluency, and vocabulary ability are predictive of performance on insight problems, but not on non-insight problems. In contrast, fluid intelligence is mildly predictive of performance on non-insight problems, but not on insight problems. More recent research suggests that rather than, that the subjective feeling of insight varies, with some solutions experienced with a stronger feeling of Aha than others.

Emotion
People in a better mood are more likely to solve problems using insight. Self-reported positive affect of participants increased insight before and during the solving of a problem,. People experiencing anxiety showed the opposite effect, and solved fewer problems by insight. Emotion can also be considered: whether this is a positive Aha or negative Uh-oh moment. In order to have insights it is important to have access to one's emotions and sensations, as these can cause insights. To the degree that individuals have limited introspective access to these underlying causes, they have only limited control over these processes as well.

Incubation
Using a geometric and spatial insight problem, it was found that providing participants with breaks improved their performance when compared to participants who did not receive a break. However, the length of incubation between problems did not matter. Thus, participants' performance on insight problems improved just as much with a short break (4 minutes) as it did with a long break (12 minutes).

Sleep
Research has shown sleep to help produce insight. People were initially trained on insight problems. Following training, one group was tested on the insight problems after sleeping for eight hours at night, one group was tested after staying awake all night, and one group was tested after staying awake all day. Those that slept performed twice as well on the insight problems than those who stayed awake.

In the brain
Differences in brain activation in the left and right hemisphere seem to be indicative of insight versus non-insight solutions. Presenting RATs either to the left or right visual field, it was shown that participants having solved the problem with insight were more likely to have been shown the RAT on the left visual field, indicating right hemisphere processing. This provides evidence that the right hemisphere plays a special role in insight.

fMRI and EEG scans of participants completing RATs demonstrated particular brain activity corresponding to problems solved by insight. For example, there is high EEG activity in the alpha- and gamma-band about 300 milliseconds before participants indicated a solution to insight problems, but not to non-insight problems. Additionally, problems solved by insight corresponded to increased activity in the temporal lobes and mid-frontal cortex, while more activity in the posterior cortex corresponded to non-insight problems. The data suggests there is something different occurring in the brain when solving insight versus non-insight problems that happens right before the solving of the problem. This conclusion has been supported also by eye-tracking data that shows an increased eye blink duration and frequency when people solve problems via insight. This latter result, (such as looking at blank wall, or out the window at the sky) proves different attention involvement in insight problem solving vs. problem solving via analysis.

Group insight
Groups typically perform better on insight problems (in the form of rebus puzzles with either helpful or unhelpful clues) than individuals. Additionally, while incubation improves insight performance for individuals, it improves insight performance for groups even more. Thus, after a 15-minute break, individual performance improved for the rebus puzzles with unhelpful clues, and group performance improved for rebus puzzles with both unhelpful and helpful clues.

Individual differences
Participants who ranked lower on emotionality and higher on openness to experience performed better on insight problems. Men outperformed women on insight problems, and women outperformed men on non-insight problems.

Higher intelligence (higher IQ) is associated with better performance on insight problems. However, those of lower intelligence benefit more than those of higher intelligence from being provided with cues and hints for insight problems.

A large-scale study in Australia suggests that insight may not be universally experienced, with almost 20% of respondents reporting that they had not experienced insight.

Metacognition
People are poorer at predicting their own metacognition for insight problems, than for non-insight problems. People were asked to indicate how "hot" or "cold" to a solution they felt. Generally, they were able to predict this fairly well for non-insight problems, but not for insight problems. This provides evidence for the suddenness involved during insight.

Naturalistic settings
Accounts of insight that have been reported in the media, such as in interviews, etc., were examined and coded. Insights that occur in the field are typically reported to be associated with a sudden "change in understanding" and with "seeing connections and contradictions" in the problem. Insight in nature differed from insight in the laboratory. For example, insight in nature was often rather gradual, not sudden, and incubation was not as important.

Other studies used online questionnaires to explore insight outside of the laboratory, verifying the notion that insight often happens in situations such as in the shower, and echoing the idea that creative ideas occur in situations where divergent thought is more likely, sometimes called the Three "B"s of Creativity, in Bed, on the Bus, or in the Bath.

Non-Human Animals
Studies on primate cognition have provided evidence of what may be interpreted as insight in animals. In 1917, Wolfgang Köhler published his book The Mentality of Apes, having studied primates on the island of Tenerife for six years. In one of his experiments, apes were presented with an insight problem that required the use of objects in new and original ways, in order to win a prize (usually, some kind of food). He observed that the animals would continuously fail to get the food, and this process occurred for quite some time; however, rather suddenly, they would purposefully use the object in the way needed to get the food, as if the realization had occurred out of nowhere. He interpreted this behavior as something resembling insight in apes. A more recent study suggested that elephants might also experience insight, showing that a young male elephant was able to identify and move a large cube under food that was out of reach so that he could stand on it to get the reward.

Theories
There are a number of theories about insight; no single theory dominates interpretation.

Dual-process theory
According to the dual-process theory, there are two systems that people use to solve problems. The first involves logical and analytical thought processes based on reason, while the second involves intuitive and automatic processes based on experience. Research has demonstrated that insight probably involves both processes; however, the second process is more influential.

Three-process theory
According to the three-process theory, intelligence plays a large role in insight. Specifically, insight involves three processes that require intelligence to apply them to problems:
 * selective encoding : focusing attention on ideas relevant to a solution, while ignoring features that are irrelevant
 * selective combination : combining the information previously deemed relevant
 * selective comparison : the use of past experience with problems and solutions that are applicable to the current problem and solution

Four-stage model
According to the four-stage model of insight, there are four stages to problem solving: Since this model was proposed, other similar models have been explored that contain two or three similar stages.
 * 1) The person prepares to solve a problem.
 * 2) The person incubates on the problem, which encompasses trial-and-error, etc.
 * 3) The insight occurs, and the solution is illuminated.
 * 4) The verification of the solution to the problem is experienced.

Psychiatry
In psychology and psychiatry, insight can mean the ability to recognize one's own mental illness. Psychiatric insight is typically measured with the Beck cognitive insight scale (BCIS), named after American psychiatrist Aaron Beck. This form of insight has multiple dimensions, such as recognizing the need for treatment, and recognizing consequences of one's behavior as stemming from an illness. A person with very poor recognition or acknowledgment is referred to as having "poor insight" or "lack of insight". The most extreme form is anosognosia, the total absence of insight into one's own mental illness. Mental illnesses are associated with a variety of levels of insight. For example, people with obsessive compulsive disorder and various phobias tend to have relatively good insight that they have a problem and that their thoughts and/or actions are unreasonable, although they feel compelled to carry out the thoughts and actions regardless. Patients with schizophrenia, and various psychotic conditions tend to have very poor awareness that anything is wrong with them. Psychiatric insight cognitive behavioural therapy for people with psychosis. Some psychiatrists believe psychiatric medication may contribute to the patient's lack of insight.

Spirituality
The Pali word for "insight" is, which has been adopted as the name of a variety of Buddhist mindfulness meditation. Research indicates that mindfulness meditation facilitates solving of insight problems with dosage of 20 minutes.

Similar concepts in Zen Buddhism are and.

title: Insight


text:
User talk:Ungtss/Rapid bending granite

In the report by Hidebumi Itō and Naoiti Kumagai, "On a New Creep Experiment of Large Granite Beam Started in 1980" and Kumagai’s “Two Findings in Long-Term On-Going Laboratory Experiments on Creep of Granite Beams by Bending” the creep of a granite bar 2150 mm long under small (2 MPa maximum pressure) loads show a deflection rate of 0.005 mm/year for 30 years and an associated viscosity (μ) of 5.3X10 19 Pa-s for a sample kept near 23.9C. At that rate, it would take ~100000 years to deform to a 1m radius. If we take granite viscosity at higher temperature we get μ =10 12 at 1075.7 – 1124.8 K. Using the earth conditions at ~1.7km depth  we have a differential stress of 40 MPa and an ambient temperature of 40C (317.05 K). Assuming an Arrhenius equation for the thermal dependency of granite viscosity these values and temperatures give μ = 9.2X10 18 -1.4X10 19 at 317.05K. Since viscosity is defined as stress/(strain rate), the viscous deflection rate is linear in both stress and viscosity, giving us a time of ~1000-1500 years to get the same 1m radius. This amount of time appears to be short enough to fit into anybody’s geological time frame.

title: User talk:Ungtss/Rapid bending granite


text:
The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film

The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film is a 1959 British sketch comedy short film directed by Richard Lester and Peter Sellers, in collaboration with Bruce Lacey.

It was filmed over two Sundays in 1959, at a cost of around £70 (including £5 for the rental of a field).

It was a favourite of The Beatles, which led to Lester being hired to direct A Hard Day's Night (1964) and then Help! (1965), in which Lacey makes a guest appearance as George Harrison's gardener in the sequence where the group arrive at their "home".

Synopsis
The short consists of a series of surreal vignettes which transpire in the English countryside and involve a rotating array of protagonists. It begins with a man watching through a telescope how an old woman cleans a meadow with a rag and bucket. Other examples are a photographer who tries to develop a film in the water of a lake after wrapping a black piece of cloth around his head, or an athlete who is performing push-ups and is then used as the seat for the model of a portrait painter. The model has numbers on her face which the painter uses to choose the correct colours from his numbered palette. The same athlete later throws a hammer, which is then shot down like a skeet shooting target by a hunter. The film ends with a man wearing a top hat and a single boxing glove knocking out another man he had been luring for a long time. The man then enters a hut, undresses, puts the boxing glove back on and goes to sleep, turning off the light and ending the movie.

Cast

 * Richard Lester
 * Peter Sellers
 * Spike Milligan
 * Mario Fabrizi
 * Bruce Lacey
 * David Lodge
 * Leo McKern
 * Norman Rossington
 * Graham Stark

Critical reception
BFI Screenonline concluded that the film's lasting legacy "was its influence (as part of Milligan's overall body of work) on British comedy in general, and on Monty Python's Flying Circus (BBC, 1969–74) in particular. This is evident not only in its surreal humour, but in the way that elements of one routine are threaded through subsequent scenes, transcending the stand-alone sketch form—a tactic subsequently favoured by the Python team."

Empire magazine called it "Sublime slapstick surrealism."

Releases
The film has been made available as a special feature on several home video releases of A Hard Day's Night. It is also featured in The Unknown Peter Sellers (TV documentary, 2000) and a British Film Institute released collection of rarely seen films from Bruce Lacey's career entitled The Lacey Rituals. It is also included as a special feature of the StudioCanal issue of I'm All Right Jack (1959).

Accolades
It was nominated for the 1959 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Subject, but lost to the Jacques Cousteau film The Golden Fish (1959).


text:
Talk:Defender of the Crown

More shots
Can anyone get a screen grab of castle siege or maiden (seduction scene) from the Amiga version of the game? Those would really show-off the graphics that the article gushes over. :-)  — Frecklefoot | Talk 17:45, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * I can get screen caps of all the scenes on the Atari ST version. The Amiga is too hard to play, but I might be able to get the siege screen. --Pelladon 03:23, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Bummer, looks like they deleted the pics. --Pelladon 00:19, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

More versions?
Since I can never bear to throw away old computer magazines and stuff, I have a Swedish Macintosh products catalog from 1988 in my bookcase. It lists Defender of the Crown as one of the available games. Can anyone confirm that this version really exists?

 * Never mind, I see now that it was mentioned in the article, even though it was not in the "Platforms" list.

Misc
The Atari ST version had more features and options than the Amiga. But the Amiga had better graphics and more screens. This was because the Amiga version came in 800K floppies and the Atari ST came in 400K floppies. Personally I found the ST version far more playable and easier than the Amiga version. --Pelladon 00:28, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * They weren't actually able to finish the Amiga version. They had to rush it market unfinished in order to get some cashflow.  From what I've heard, they planned to have all the features that the other versions had, but couldn't because of financial constraints.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 17:50, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Amiga version too hard? Many reviews complained that the whole game was too easy. And that what it sure was. There was not much to see. Since I was a little kid it took me some time to understand what the game was about but as soon as I got it, it took no more than hour or two to finnish the whole thing. --128.214.205.5 13:14, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It takes an hour??? It only takes ten minutes or so for the Atari ST. Even faster if you can joust well. :D --Pelladon 00:09, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Some more shots:

GBA VERSION
This game has gba version too.

Fair use rationale for Image:Defender of the Crown-PC-EGA-01.png
Image:Defender of the Crown-PC-EGA-01.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 14:23, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Not a DOS game
The PC version of Defender of the Crown did not in fact run from (MS or PC) DOS, but booted to its own operating system! John Darrow (talk) 21:52, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Metro3D, Inc.
Metro3D, Inc. lists this game as having been one of their development projects. Where does this company fit in the game's history? SharkD (talk) 21:08, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Excessive non-free images
The only image I see that would be considered excessive (based on WP:NFCC) would be File:ST_Defender_of_the_Crown_strategy.png, which is not well integrated into the text and thus would not be detrimental to readers' understanding of the article if removed. Before I remove the image, I would like to request any input regarding the notice of excessive non-free images, particularly if removing this will assuage said complaint. --Odie5533 (talk) 01:45, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

How to joust in Atari ST version?
I keep losing. I try to hit the middle of the shield but nothing happens. I try to hit him in the face and nothing happens. By the way, I have to say, I can upload some images of the joust also. I will try soon. Perhaps the article should be added the way to play the joust. As it is so difficult. Knowledge should be shared!k —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.183.4.98 (talk) 03:35, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Defender of the Crown


text:
User:Improv/medcon mtg1

'''The meeting will be this friday, 11 Feb 2005, on irc.freenode.net, channel #en.medcom at 15:00 EST (20:00 UTC). Do your best to be there!''' --Improv 17:29, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hello all, You're being contacted because you're a present or past member of Wikipedia's mediation committee, or are otherwise an interested party. As you're aware, we haven't had much luck setting up a meeting time. To make sure it happens, I'm stepping up to organize it, and have decided a few things in order to narrow things down and make this happen. The schedule constraints are based on the desire to include Jimbo, as well as to include a few people I've already talked to.

The meeting will happen on a weekday within the next two weeks, and not on next monday. It will happen sometime between 7am and 10pm America/Eastern time (12:00 UTC and 03:00 UTC). It will happen on IRC (apologies to those of you who don't like IRC, but please try to use it at least this once). Please contact me before the coming monday telling me when you can make it.

As a last ditch insurance against things not happening, on the occurance that we are unable to reach a consensus on a different time, the meeting will happen, regardless of us missing a lot of important people, on 15 February at 18:00 EST (23:00 UTC). Please provide your schedule information so we can me sure we find a more agreeable time.

On the agenda: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_mediation Breaking in new members (including me) Any other business we need to handle

I'm thinking we should structure it as follows:
 * 1) ) Introductions
 * 2) ) Q and A for new moderators
 * 3) ) Pending concerns
 * 4) ) Short additional topics
 * 5) ) Sannse's Reviewing Mediation document, and concerns in there
 * 6) ) Additional topics

title: User:Improv/medcon mtg1


text:
User talk:Ungtss/Rapid Bending Granite

In the report by Hidebumi Itō and Naoiti Kumagai, "On a New Creep Experiment of Large Granite Beam Started in 1980" and Kumagai’s “Two Findings in Long-Term On-Going Laboratory Experiments on Creep of Granite Beams by Bending” the creep of a granite bar 2150 mm long under small (2 MPa maximum pressure) loads show a deflection rate of 0.005 mm/year for 30 years and an associated viscosity (μ) of 5.3X10 19 Pa-s for a sample kept near 23.9C. At that rate, it would take ~100000 years to deform to a 1m radius. If we take granite viscosity at higher temperature we get μ =10 12 at 1075.7 – 1124.8 K. Using the earth conditions at ~1.7km depth  we have a differential stress of 40 MPa and an ambient temperature of 40C (317.05 K). Assuming an Arrhenius equation for the thermal dependency of granite viscosity these values and temperatures give μ = 9.2X10 18 -1.4X10 19 at 317.05K. Since viscosity is defined as stress/(strain rate), the viscous deflection rate is linear in both stress and viscosity, giving us a time of ~1000-1500 years to get the same 1m radius. This amount of time appears to be short enough to fit into anybody’s geological time frame.

title: User talk:Ungtss/Rapid Bending Granite


text:
Carol for Another Christmas

Carol for Another Christmas is a 1964 American TV movie, written by Rod Serling as a modernization of Charles Dickens' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol and a plea for global cooperation. It was the first in a planned series of television specials developed to promote the United Nations and educate viewers about its mission. Originally televised on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network on December 28, 1964, it was not shown again for 48 years, until Turner Classic Movies (TCM) broadcast it on December 16, 2012.

The film was the only television program ever directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, and contained Peter Sellers' first performance after recovering from a near-fatal heart attack earlier in 1964. The film also featured Sterling Hayden, who had previously costarred with Sellers in Dr. Strangelove and Britt Ekland, who was married to Sellers at the time.

Plot
On Christmas Eve, rich American industrialist Daniel Grudge (Hayden) sits alone in a dark room of his mansion playing a record of a World War II-era popular song, "Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree (with Anyone Else but Me)" by The Andrews Sisters. He looks at a framed display of war medals on the wall and seems about to cry. He shuts off the record player, but as he leaves the room, he hears the record start to play again of its own accord, despite the player being shut off. Downstairs, he meets a visitor, his nephew Fred (Gazzara). Grudge caustically notes that Fred always comes to him for help with various causes and asks what cause he is promoting this time. Fred complains that Grudge used his influence to cancel a cultural exchange program that Fred's university had planned with a Polish counterpart. In the ensuing argument with Fred, Grudge takes the isolationist position that the United States should stay out of international affairs and not participate in cultural exchange programs, foreign aid to the needy, or discussions at the United Nations. Grudge distrusts foreign countries, and contends that the U.S. should build up its arsenal, including nuclear weapons, and make sure other countries know the U.S. is willing to use them. Fred disagrees, arguing that the U.S. should help all people in need and foster international communication in order to avoid future wars and nuclear destruction. As Fred leaves, he reminds his uncle that they have one thing in common: their love for Grudge's son Marley, who was killed in World War II on Christmas Eve 1944.

After Fred leaves, Grudge once again hears the record playing upstairs, and sees a short vision of the deceased Marley sitting at the dining room table. Suddenly, Grudge finds himself on the deck of a fogbound troopship carrying coffins draped in flags, guarded by soldiers at attention. A soldier on board introduces himself as the Ghost of Christmas Past (Lawrence) and explains that the ship is carrying the dead of all nations from World War I; through the fog, Grudge spots a second vessel carrying World War II's dead, and learns they are in a huge convoy, carrying the dead from conflicts through history. The Ghost suggests that the way to stop the killing is to spend more time talking, since when talking stops, fighting starts. He and Grudge revisit a scene from Grudge's past in which Grudge, a Navy commander, accompanied by his WAVE driver (Saint), visited a hospital in devastated Hiroshima and saw Japanese schoolchildren whose faces had been destroyed by the atom bomb.

Grudge walks through a door and meets the Ghost of Christmas Present (Hingle), who is feasting on an excessively large Christmas dinner on Grudge's dining table. This new Ghost turns on a light and shows Grudge that next to the dining room is an internment camp full of displaced persons from different nations who are poor, hungry, and lacking adequate shelter. These people search through the snow for food as the Ghost eats in front of them. When Grudge criticizes the Ghost for this behavior, the Ghost reminds Grudge of his earlier statement to Fred that refusing donations to the needy would make them less needy and more self-reliant. The Ghost harangues Grudge with statistics and information about needy people in the world and finally in a fit of anger pulls the tablecloth, dumping huge amounts of leftover food on the floor. Grudge cannot stand any more and runs away into the dark.

Grudge emerges into destroyed ruins that he recognizes as having been his local town hall, where he encounters the Ghost of Christmas Future (Shaw). This Ghost explains that the town hall was wrecked in a disastrous nuclear conflict that killed most of the world's people. A handful of survivors enter, led by a demagogue called "Imperial Me" (Sellers) who wears a Santa suit and a cowboy hat cut into a crown. The crowd cheers as Imperial Me is paraded in and gives a speech exhorting each person to act as an individual in their own self-interest. Grudge watches his butler, Charles (Rodriguez), try unsuccessfully to convince the crowd that acting collectively for the greater good of all is essential for humanity's survival. Imperial Me and the crowd mock Charles as crazy and beat him. Finally Imperial Me has Charles brought forward and charges him with treason. Charles tries to escape but is shot dead by a little boy in a cowboy outfit. Grudge's cook Ruby (Teer) weeps over Charles' body, while the crowd, led by Imperial Me, enthusiastically prepares to first kill the people across the river who had approached them wanting to talk, and then kill off each other until only one person is left. An agitated Grudge asks the Ghost if this is the world "as it must be, or as it might be", but the Ghost simply leaves without answering.

A shaken Grudge awakens back in the real world on Christmas morning, on the floor of his intact study with the phone in his hand. His nephew Fred appears and says that Grudge called him at 3 a.m. and asked him to stop by on his way to church. Grudge apologizes to Fred for his statements of the previous evening and, without explaining the reason for his change of heart, indicates cautious support for the United Nations and international diplomacy as a way to prevent future wars. Grudge further shows his new internationalism by enjoying a radio broadcast of the children of UN delegates singing Christmas carols in their native languages. Fred leaves and Grudge, rather than have Charles serve him on a tray as usual, goes into the kitchen to have his Christmas morning coffee with Charles and Ruby.

Cast

 * Percy Rodriguez as Charles
 * Sterling Hayden as Daniel Grudge
 * Ben Gazzara as Fred
 * Barbara Ann Teer as Ruby
 * Steve Lawrence as Ghost of Christmas Past
 * Eva Marie Saint as WAVE Lt. Gibson
 * James Shigeta as Doctor
 * Pat Hingle as Ghost of Christmas Present
 * Robert Shaw as Ghost of Christmas Future
 * Peter Sellers as Imperial Me
 * Britt Ekland as Mother

Production
Carol for Another Christmas was the first in a series of television specials commissioned by the United Nations with the goal of educating viewers about the mission and work of the UN and thereby gaining more widespread support. (Six specials were originally planned, but only four were produced.) The nonprofit Telsun Foundation was formed to develop the programs, and Xerox agreed to contribute $4 million to underwrite the costs of production and air time, thus allowing the programs to be broadcast without commercial interruption.

The film was the only television work ever done by Mankiewicz, who, according to Phil Hall, was happy to have work following the damage done to his reputation by Cleopatra the previous year. The actors involved with the production reportedly agreed to waive their fees due to the nature and perceived importance of the program. Peter Sellers, who at the time was reported to charge $750,000 or more, appeared for only $350, the Screen Actors Guild weekly minimum.

Filming took place at the Michael Myerberg Studios located on Long Island, New York, during the fall of 1964. Henry Mancini wrote the theme music, also waiving his usual fee. It later appeared on his 1966 Christmas album A Merry Mancini Christmas.

Peter Fonda's scenes as Grudge's late son Marley were cut from the film prior to release, leaving only brief glimpses of Fonda reflected in a glass door and sitting mute at a table. However, Fonda's image remains in the film in the form of a large portrait of Marley hanging prominently in Grudge's study where several scenes take place. Although advance publicity articles listed Richard Harris, Godfrey Cambridge and Christopher Plummer among the cast, none of these actors appear in the finished film.

The main character was originally named Benjamin Grudge so that his name could be shortened to the pun "B. Grudge", but ABC viewed this as an insult to 1964 Republican Presidential candidate Barry Goldwater, whose initials were also B.G., and the character's name was changed to Daniel Grudge, while the broadcast was postponed until eight weeks after the election.

Reception
Following its original 1964 broadcast, reviews were mixed. While some critics thought the program's lecturing style was appropriate to get its message across to a mass TV audience, others found it preachy, long-winded or dull. Variety described the program as "generalized to the extreme" and ultimately "a disappointment". The Los Angeles Times similarly expressed "disappointment" with the "windy, tedious play", complaining that it was "more tract than drama" and saying the opening scene between Grudge and Fred "sounded like the North Hollywood High School debating society and must have cost the play many a bored viewer who turned it off." Jack Gould in The New York Times went even further, calling Carol "a pretentious and wearing exercise in garrulous ineptitude, one of the more dismaying TV disappointments in several seasons." After receiving letters from viewers disagreeing with his review, Gould wrote a second opinion piece calling the film "condescending, pretentious and dull", "platitudinous propaganda", and "an exercise in heavy-handed sermonizing that the U.N. is good for you." The Washington Post printed a generally positive review, but wrote that the film "failed" because "[t]o most of the audience...the lesson that was being stressed has already been learned." Despite expressing dissatisfaction with the overall program, critics still praised the performances of some of the actors, particularly Sellers, Lawrence and Hingle.

Public reaction was mixed. Gould acknowledged in The New York Times that based on letters received, "many disagreed" with his sharp criticism of the film, in some cases suggesting that the program was "entitled to generous appreciation, if only because its espousal of the United Nations was so much more worthwhile than the average escapist Hollywood fare." However, according to Phil Hall, audiences disliked the film's heavy-handed approach. In addition, many right-wing viewers were fundamentally opposed not only to Carol but to the overall idea of television programs promoting the UN, and the John Birch Society had organized a letter-writing campaign against the film even before it was broadcast. Xerox, the sponsor, claimed to have received an approximately equal number of verified letters (about 6,000) for and against the UN film series.

Later, Carol's production supervisor, C.O. "Doc" Erickson, described the film as "overdone", saying, "It was too long, too tiring, and beat you over the head too much." Marc Scott Zicree, author of The Twilight Zone Companion (1982), has cited Carol as an example of Serling's more "didactic" writing. Serling biographer Gordon F. Sander noted that unlike much of Serling's screenwriting dealing with social change, Carol was depressing and did not end on an optimistic note, possibly because Serling in 1964 was influenced by the then-recent assassination of John F. Kennedy and the Johnson administration's escalation of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

Awards and honors
At the 17th Primetime Emmy Awards, despite the negative reviews, the film competed with nominations in two categories — Outstanding Program Achievements in Entertainment (Joseph L. Mankiewicz and ABC) and Best Art Direction or Scenic Design (Gene Callahan and Jack Wright), although it did not win in either category.

Later rebroadcasts and releases
Following its initial ABC broadcast, Carol for Another Christmas was not rebroadcast for nearly five decades. During that time, the film was not commercially available, although it could be seen at the Paley Center for Media in New York and Los Angeles and the UCLA Film and Television Archive in Los Angeles. Some 16 mm prints were sold on the educational market, and bootlegs were also circulated. In 2000, clips from the film appeared in the David Leaf/John Scheinfeld documentary The Unknown Peter Sellers.

After 48 years, Carol for Another Christmas was finally rebroadcast when Turner Classic Movies (TCM) telecast it on December 16, 2012. Since then, TCM has aired the film annually in December  and occasionally at other times, such as September 2015 in connection with a birthday tribute to Sellers and on 16 April 2024 in honor of Henry Mancini's 100th birthday. TCM has also made the film available for limited-time on-demand streaming via TCM.com. Until December 2021, the print used by TCM did not contain Mancini's theme and instead substituted a recording of children singing traditional carols. In December 2021, TCM aired a print in which the original theme music had been reunited with the film.

As of 2015, the film has not been released on video, DVD or other home media. In December 2021, it was available to stream on HBO Max.

title: Carol for Another Christmas


text:
Voskresenskiy (crater)

Voskresenskiy is a lunar impact crater that is located near the western limb of the Moon. Due to its position, this crater is viewed edge-on, limiting the amount of detail that can be viewed. The visibility of this formation is also affected by libration, so that at times this crater is hidden from sight, while at other times it can be more readily viewed.

The crater is located to the southeast of the walled plains Röntgen and Lorentz. To the south-southwest lies the crater Bartels, and slightly farther to the east is the western edge of the Oceanus Procellarum.

The outer edge of this crater is only slightly worn, and the edge is still well-defined with only a few tiny craterlets lying along the southwestern rim. A small crater is attached to the exterior edge of the rim to the southeast. The inner wall has a shelf or terrace along the northern and western sides. The dark interior floor has been resurfaced by basaltic lava, and it has the same low albedo as the lunar mare to the east.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Voskresenskiy.

title: Voskresenskiy (crater)


text:
Talk:Gyula, Hungary

help
i'd like to put info from this site  http://www.gyulahus.hu/angol/varostort2.htm   on Gyula, Hungary article. do u have any information contradicting this ''The first reliable mentioning of Gyula can be read in two diplomas of 1313 by Robert Charles, which were dated from Gyulamonostora (Julamonustra) by the king fighting with the petty monarchs. A monastery stood in the place of the town. Two decades later, in 1332, the settlement was already mentioned as Gyula. There are two explanations for the origin of its name. According to the first one, one group belonging to the tribe of the "gyula", the war-leader of the conquering Hungarians, settled down here. It is much more probable - and it is the officially accepted explanation - that the monastery was founded by a nobleman called Gyula; the monastery and the settlement were named after him. It is most likely that the domain of Gyula was organised by King Robert Charles, which as an economic centre played an important role in the rise of the small settlement. (The county seat was Békés at that time.) The domain of Gyula fell into private hands in 1387.'' ? -- Criztu 17:48, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Revert
The article don't present a balanced view now about Gyula. But the solution is not to delete Romanian-related information but add more information about the Hungarian and German history and culture of the town. Zello 23:20, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * do we really need to add the Romanian word for every name mentioned in the first sentence? they can already be found in their own articles, we should include only the town's Romanian name here, since lots of brackets make the sentence less readable. – Alensha 寫 词 22:43, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * legyünk mi a nagyvonalúbbak :) Zello 22:51, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * lol Criztu 18:56, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * jó, legyünk. (van egy olyan érzésem, hogy ez a szomszédos országbeli szerkesztő ért magyarul :D) – Alensha 寫 词 22:31, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

hadd értsen. Zello 22:40, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

As long as Romanians are only 2,3% of population we can not consider that "An important Romanian comunity" lives in Gyula. Is enough to say that Gyula is the center of Romanian Orthodox Bishopric of Hungary and of the National Self-governance of Romanians living in Hungary.--MariusM 14:24, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

I don't see why on earth has to be written the town's name in Serbian spelling here, on English Wikipedia, soon in the first sentens!? In the article there is no mention of Serbs whatsoever, there is no partner cíty relation between Gyula and a settlement in Serbia, there is nothing. --Vedran.b (talk) 16:23, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gyula, Hungary


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Britt Shadforth

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDIED. dbenbenn | talk 23:09, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Britt Shadforth
Not notable. Doesn't even try to be an encyclopedic article. Thue | talk 17:48, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable --Neigel von Teighen 17:50, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a schoolyard attack page - speedy. (No claim to notability, no web hits.) Samaritan 20:47, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, speedily if possible. — Ливай | ☺ 22:40, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as libel. Let's not feed the troll for the next five days. - Lucky 6.9 01:48, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted. -- The Anome 01:52, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible hoax. Megan1967 01:58, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fence post repair

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:47, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Fence post repair
This was marked for speedy deletion by an anonymous user. I think it's far from a speedy deletion candidate, so I'm moving it here. It's written in a how-to, not encyclopedic form right now. I've got no particular preference, though I could see merging bits of it for Fence or Fence post/Fencepost?), and redirecting. CDC   (talk)  17:49, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) Delete. "I learned all of the information from my father". Personal research by the author's father. Delete - Wikipedia is not a DIY manual. Let the author put it on his own web site (and sneak in a few links to it in appropriate Wiki articles.) -- RHaworth 13:04, 2005 Feb 5 (UTC) abstain I can understand that this is not a do it diy website, however I feel that this article is informative and is not just a diy article because it does define what the process is and supplies information on why the posts rot in the first place.
 * See also Fence Post repair and its current VfD. —Korath (Talk) 18:25, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops, my mistake. So we can just turn one of them into a redirect to the other, since they're the same, and then make just one decision, right? CDC   (talk)  20:21, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest making Fence Post repair a redirect to Fence post repair for reasons of correct capitalisation. There was a VfD a few weeks back Votes for deletion/The shitty asshole which was a similar situation. I made one into a redirect to the other and asked that the outcome of the VfD be applied to the redirect as well. I believe that although not strictly according to policy it was accepted on the grounds of common sense. Thryduulf 23:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * abstain (just clarifying that the above doesn't constitue a vote either way). Thryduulf 23:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Josh Cherry 20:21, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, yikes, content's wonderful, but not only is this original research, WP is not a DIY guide. Wyss 22:42, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What if you don't have a fence post to repair, like me? --Neigel von Teighen 22:45, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete DIY info. Edeans 04:55, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate

title: Category:Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate


text:
Traktor

Traktor is DJ software developed by Native Instruments. It is also used as a sub-brand for Native Instruments' associated DJ hardware products.

History
Traktor was first released in 2000. The initial versions available were Traktor DJ and Traktor Studio, with Studio being the version with the most functionality.

Version 2 of the software (known as Traktor DJ Studio 2) was released in 2002. The new features included scratch macros and expanded looping, MIDI, and cue point functionality. Version 2.5, released in 2003, expanded the time stretching functionality, added Open Sound Control (OSC) support, and introduced GUI customization options.

In 2003 Native Instruments expanded Traktor from purely software. They partnered with Stanton Magnetics to develop Traktor Final Scratch: the software for Stanton's Final Scratch digital vinyl system (which used timecode-stamped vinyl records to control MP3s), whilst Stanton developed the hardware. This partnership also allowed Native Instruments to use the Final Scratch timecode functionality in their own Traktor products.

In 2005, Native Instruments added vinyl emulation features to version 2.6 of Traktor DJ Studio, alongside live input, internet broadcasting, support for more file formats, and expanded MIDI capabilities.

Version 3 of Traktor DJ Studio, announced in November 2005, added two more playback decks (for a total of four), built-in EQ & effects, Beatport online store integration, a four-channel mixer. It was re-branded to Traktor 3 on October 11, 2006, when the partnership between Native Instruments and Stanton Magnetics ended. At this point, Native Instruments began manufacturing their own DJ hardware components.

On October 16, 2008, Native Instruments announced Traktor Pro, to replace Traktor 3. It included an updated GUI, revamped effects interface, and updated cueing and looping features.

The subsequent software, Traktor Pro 2 was announced on February 10, 2011, and released on April 1, 2011. New features included multi-channel support and support for a larger number of concurrent loops.

Native Instruments announced in early 2018 that an entirely new version of Traktor (both hardware & software) had been under development. The new version, entitled Traktor Pro 3, was released on October 18, 2018.

In May 2021, a Beta release of Traktor Pro 3.5 added integration with Beatport Link. This new feature allowed DJs to make track selections from Beatport on the fly for the first time.

Functionality
Core functionality supported by Traktor includes the following:

 * 4 virtual decks for audio playback
 * Automatic beat detection and grid-alignment of tracks
 * Automatic tempo synchronization of tracks, including phase alignment options
 * Sampling and looping
 * Effects (such as filter, flanger, and delay)
 * Waveform displays for visual mixing
 * Key detection for tracks
 * A 4-channel mixer (one for each virtual deck) for controlling relative levels and frequencies (via multiple equalizer & filter models )
 * Automatic gain control
 * Real-time track management with incremental search
 * Artwork browsing
 * iOS and iTunes synchronization options
 * Integrated recorder, supporting internal and external audio input
 * Support for multiple MIDI controllers and mappings
 * MIDI clock functionality to synchronize external hardware
 * Support for Ableton Link, to synchronize across multiple devices

Variations of Traktor
Native Instruments also offers lower-priced version of the Traktor software, known as Traktor Duo. Duo features only 2 virtual decks (compared to the 4 available in the regular version), a single 3-band EQ for each channel, and six effects.

The company have also released Traktor Scratch Pro and Traktor Scratch Duo, which contain the same respective features as their standalone counterparts, along with additional Digital Vinyl System (DVS) functionality, allowing control for timecoded CDs & vinyl.

The entry-level version of the software is known as Traktor LE. It is sometimes bundled with third-party DJ controllers.

A version of Traktor is also available for iOS smartphone & tablet devices. It is known as Traktor DJ.

On August 17, 2010, Native Instruments also released Traktor Pro S4, a new version of the software specialized for their new Traktor Kontrol S4 hardware.

Traktor controllers
Traktor software can be controlled via hardware MIDI controllers. Native Instruments offers several controllers and mixers designed specifically for control of Traktor software:

 * Traktor Kontrol S2 - The entry-level all-in-one Traktor Controller. A two-deck, 2-channel controller that has had MK1, MK2, and MK3 variations.
 * Traktor Kontrol S4 - A four-deck controller that has gone through 3 variations. MK1 included cue points, plastic jog wheels, and soundcard included. MK2 upgraded to an aluminum jog wheel, and added RGB cue point buttons and a Flux Mode toggle button. MK3 added a small HD display for more information, and motorized jog wheels with haptic feedback features.
 * Traktor Kontrol S5 - With touch strips and LCD displays similar to the Traktor Kontrol S8, but with less functionality.
 * Traktor Kontrol S8 - The flagship touch strip Traktor controller, with LCD displays, four-deck control and on board soundcard.
 * Traktor Kontrol F1 - A single deck controller with 16 RGB pads to access all loops and samples available on one page of Traktor's remix deck.
 * Traktor Kontrol X1 - A simple cue point-based controller
 * Traktor Kontrol Z1 - A two-channel mixer compatible with both Traktor Pro and the Traktor DJ iOS app.
 * Traktor Kontrol Z2 - A 2-channel DJ mixer for Traktor Scratch software, with hot cue and remix buttons for turntablists and scratching enthusiasts.
 * Traktor Kontrol D2 (discontinued) - A single-deck controller similar to one section of the Traktor Kontrol S8. Includes 8 RGB pads, touch strip, LCD display, and controls for STEM audio files.

title: Traktor


text: User talk:216.47.176.18

title: User talk:216.47.176.18


text:
The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu

The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu is a 1980 comedy film. It was the final film featuring star Peter Sellers and David Tomlinson. Based on characters created by Sax Rohmer, the film stars Sellers in the dual role of Fu Manchu, a megalomaniacal Chinese evil genius, and English gentleman detective Nayland Smith.

Pre-production began with Richard Quine as director. By the time production commenced, Piers Haggard had replaced him. Sellers handled the re-shoots himself. Released two weeks after Sellers' death, the film was a commercial and critical failure. It was also the final screen appearance for Tomlinson, who retired from acting shortly before its release.

Plot
The film's opening titles announce it is set "possibly around 1933." The story concerns the 168-year-old Fu Manchu, who must duplicate the ingredients to the elixir vitae that extends his life after the original is accidentally destroyed by one of his minions.

When the Star of Leningrad diamond is stolen by a clockwork spider from a Soviet exhibition in Washington D.C., the FBI sends a pair of special agents (agents Pete Williams and Joe Capone) to London, in order to seek the assistance of Scotland Yard as a card from Fu Manchu's organisation, the Si-Fan, has been left at the crime. Sir Roger Avery of the Yard feels this is a job for Fu's nemesis, Sir Denis Nayland Smith, now retired.

Nayland Smith correctly surmises that Fu Manchu will steal the missing diamond's identical twin, held among the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom in the Tower of London. Smith also predicts that Fu will be thwarted by the tight security (several aged Beefeaters) at the Tower, then will kidnap Queen Mary to gain the jewel. He recruits Alice Rage, a female police constable, to impersonate the Queen and fool Fu's gang. Rage is soon captured by Fu, but the plan backfires somewhat when she falls in love with her captor. She switches sides and willingly helps Fu.

The Crown Jewels are guarded by Sir Nules Thudd, an obese Chinese-cuisine-loving glutton. Thudd has obesity-related health problems, and has been ordered by the doctor to walk around for 5 mi a day on stilts. He is promised access to Fu's outdoor restaurant of Chinese food, and in return, he helps the Si-Fan steal the diamond. Fu steals the rest of the Crown Jewels as well.

Nayland Smith then uses his flying country house, The Spirit of Wiltshire, to transport himself and his fellow officers all the way to Fu Manchu's mountain base in the Himalayas. Meanwhile, Fu has recreated the elixir vitae, only to find that it has no effect on him – one of the ingredients used was faulty.

Nayland Smith's country house is soon besieged by an army of Si-Fan. Nayland Smith demands an audience with Fu, and is transported to his old enemy, who is in poor health by this point. Nayland Smith reveals that he has hidden the real diamond. Fu offers to return the Crown Jewels in exchange for the diamond. Once Nayland Smith hands over the diamond, Fu has a new elixir vitae prepared for him. Fu becomes young and vibrant again.

Fu willingly hands over the Crown Jewels to Nayland Smith's allies. He also has a diamond identical to the Star of Leningrad handed over to Capone, arguing that the Russians will not see any difference. In a private meeting, Fu expresses his appreciation of Nayland Smith, who has been the only worthy adversary of his life. He offers Nayland Smith part of the elixir vitae, but asks him not to drink it until he returns to London. Fu warns Nayland Smith that his latest fiendish plot will wipe out his enemies.

Nayland Smith rejoins his fellow officers in time to see a rejuvenated Fu Manchu sporting an Elvis Presley-type jumpsuit. Fu rises from the floor, and his cohorts now form a rock band. They sing the song "Rock-a-Fu", as the story ends.

Cast
Sellers also appears in an uncredited cameo as a Mexican bandito.

Background
Sellers had previously recorded a 1955 Goon Show entitled "The Terrible Revenge of Fred Fu-Manchu" set in 1895. In the film, his Fu insists friends call him "Fred" and that he had once been the groundsman at Eton.

In addition to Sellers, the film features Sid Caesar as FBI agent Joe Capone, David Tomlinson as Scotland Yard Commissioner Sir Roger Avery, Simon Williams as his bumbling nephew and Helen Mirren as Police Constable Alice Rage (Mirren sings the Music Hall standard, "Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow").

Burt Kwouk, Sellers' co-star in The Pink Panther films with the character of Cato, makes a brief cameo appearance as a Fu Manchu minion who accidentally destroys the elixir vitae, prompting the joke that Fu thinks he looks familiar. John Le Mesurier, who appeared opposite Sellers in the original Pink Panther and The Magic Christian, has a small part in the film as Smith's butler, and Steve Franken, who played the tipsy waiter opposite Sellers in The Party'', returns as an FBI agent.

Unlike other Fu Manchu works, Fu's daughter Fah Lo Suee, and Nayland Smith's friend Dr. Petrie do not appear in the film.

Production
In 1976, Robert Kaufman was writing the script for Fu Manchu to star Peter Sellers and Michael Caine.

Production was troublesome before filming started, with two directors—Richard Quine and John Avildsen—both fired before the script had been completed. Sellers also expressed dissatisfaction with his own portrayal of Manchu with his ill-health often causing delays. Arguments between Sellers and director Piers Haggard led to Haggard's firing at Sellers's instigation and Sellers taking over, with his long-time friend David Lodge directing some sequences.

The filming days were quite tense, with Sellers intervening in practically the entire production of the film, despite his health problems. Haggard later recalled: "It was a very disagreeable experience on that film. I was brought in on an off-chance. He [Sellers]'d agreed to do a fairly stock Hollywood comedy thriller, similar to The Pink Panther really, playing a detective and a villain. And he'd fallen out of love with that project and didn’t want to do that script. They said, 'Okay, what do you want to do?' and he said, 'Let me go off and do a bit of rewriting.' So he went off with a Hollywood hack and turned it into a series of Goon Show sketches. The executives were absolutely appalled. They thought, 'Oh my God, we thought he had a picture and now we’ve got a development situation.' I knew one of them, so they said, 'Maybe this guy Haggard could do something with this.' So I got three weeks' work to supervise a rewrite, which we did. We made Peter’s script much more coherent, turned it into something with a bit more of a beginning, middle and end. And they were very pleased with that so I got the gig. But then unfortunately within about two weeks my love affair with Peter Sellers was over but I had to soldier on. I did soldier on but it was no fun, absolutely no fun. Then just towards the end of the shooting he decided, which had been obvious, that either he would go or I would go so they got rid of me. I didn’t have much choice. So I was retired and he directed for the last week or so. It was pretty much a disaster from beginning to end."

Reception

The Fiedish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu was overwhelmingly panned by the critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an aggregated score of 15% based on 2 positive and 11 negative critic reviews.

Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one star out of a possible four, writing that any Sellers movie was bound to have a few laughs "but the story never really involves us [and] the characters aren't all that interesting". Phil Hardy described the film as a "British atrocity". Orange Coast magazine wrote "Peter Sellers' last hurrah isn't nearly as impressive as his recent Being There. Even in the dual roles ... detective and the devious 168-year-old Fu Manchu, he musters only an occasional bright moment. Tom Shales of The Washington Post described the film as "an indefensibly inept comedy", adding that "it is hard to name another good actor who ever made so many bad movies as Sellers, a comedian of great gifts but ferociously faulty judgment. Manchu will take its rightful place alongside such colossally ill-advised washouts as Where Does It Hurt?, The Bobo and The Prisoner of Zenda".

The film has been criticized for contributing to racist Chinese stereotypes, a charge which has followed the Fu Manchu books from their earliest publication.

title: The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu


text: Category:Medieval music

title: Category:Medieval music


text:
Patty Maloney

Patricia Anne Maloney (born March 17, 1936) is an American actress.

Early life
She was born in Perkinsville, New York. She stands 3 ft and weighs 60 lb.

Career
Maloney is best known as Honk from Far Out Space Nuts, as Lumpy from the Star Wars Holiday Special, and as Darla Hood from the animated TV series version of The Little Rascals. She appeared in Star Trek: Voyager in 1996.

She was often a guest on the 1970s variety series Donny & Marie, and portrayed the robot waitress Tina in the Buck Rogers in the 25th Century episode "Cruise Ship to the Stars". In 1977 she appeared in the episode "Ida Works Out" on Rhoda as a witch on Halloween looking for a costume party in Rhoda's apartment building.

Since 1982, she has also been an animation voice actor, worked on the Monopoly game show pilot, and even operated the Crypt Keeper puppet on Tales from the Crypt. Maloney appeared in Ernest Saves Christmas with California native Buddy Douglas as Santa's two elves. In 2011, she appeared as herself in Hanlet: Episode 4$1/2$ – Attack of the Phantom Special, an independent documentary film about the making of Star Wars Holiday Special.

Another of her voice roles was in 1988, alongside Jeff Cohen, Glynis Johns and Casey Kasem in the movie Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School as Tanis the Mummy.

Personal life
In 1961, Maloney married Joseph Vitek, a Chicago printer, at the Actors' Chapel in New York. During their marriage, she worked as a keypunch operator at Clipper Carloading in Chicago until Vitek died in 1968. Around 2010, she was diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration, a visual impairment which severely limited her ability to read scripts and other textual matter.

title: Patty Maloney