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Living History (book)

Living History is a 2003 memoir by Hillary Clinton. It was written when she was a sitting Senator from New York.

Background and writing
In December 2000, Simon & Schuster agreed to pay Clinton a reported $8 million advance for what became Living History—a near-record figure to an author for an advance at that time. Critics charged that the book deal, coming soon after her election to the U.S. Senate, but before being sworn into office, was not in adherence to the ethical standards required for members of the U.S. Senate. However, in February 2001, the Senate Ethics Committee gave Clinton approval for the deal.

Clinton reportedly used three ghostwriters for Living History: veteran ghostwriter Maryanne Vollers, speechwriter Alison Muscatine, and researcher Ruby Shamir. Muscatine later related how the three would meet at Clinton's house early in the morning before she left for the Capitol building, do a day's worth of writing, and then meet again after midnight at Clinton's for the senator to edit the work until three o'clock in the morning. Clinton's acknowledgment section stated: "This book may not have taken a village to write, but it certainly took a superb team ... The smartest decision I made was to ask Lissa Muscatine, Maryanne Vollers and Ruby Shamir to spend two years of their lives working with me. Lissa [was] responsible for many of the words in my speeches as First Lady and in this book ... Maryanne [has] the rare gift of understanding how to help another's voice emerge ... Ruby [had the job of] amassing, reviewing and synthesizing millions of words written about me." However, the three women did not receive co-writing credit on the book's cover. This is not unusual for political autobiographies, but in the same period ghostwriters for some other political figures were given co-writing credit, as for instance fellow Senator John Edwards gave to writer John Auchard on his book Four Trials and fellow Senator John McCain gave to administrative assistant Mark Salter on his books Faith of My Fathers, Worth the Fighting For, Why Courage Matters, and Character Is Destiny.

Critical and commercial reception
Reviews of Living History were mixed, with a typical evaluation commending the chapters describing her early life, decrying the overly lengthy later treatments of relatively mundane events as First Lady, and criticizing the lack of candor in the sections covering controversial episodes, including those surrounding her husband and the Lewinsky scandal. Observers later noted the difference in how Clinton portrayed her upbringing with Carl Bernstein's profile of Clinton's father Hugh Rodham in his 2007 book A Woman in Charge. Bernstein also wrote in A Woman in Charge, "It is an understatement by now that [Clinton] has been known to apprehend truths about herself and the events of her life that others do not exactly share. Living History is an example of that."

The book sold more than one million copies in the first month following publication; its sales during its first week of availability set a record for a non-fiction book. The success of the book surprised many in the publishing industry, who thought Simon & Schuster had overpaid for the work. It also surprised pundits who had doubted her selling power, including CNN's Tucker Carlson, who had said, "If they sell a million copies of this book, I'll eat my shoes and my tie. I will." (Once past the million mark, Clinton appeared on Carlson's show to present him with a shoe-shaped chocolate cake. ) Clinton's energetic promotion of the book, which included signing an estimated 20,000 copies (causing her to require ice and wrist support treatments), was credited for part of the success. By 2007, she had earned over $10 million from the book.

Audio records
Clinton's audio recording of Living History earned her a Grammy nomination in the Best Spoken Word Album category in 2003.

Paperback edition
A paperback edition was released in April 2004 with an additional short afterword in which Clinton described her experiences in doing book signing events.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Living History (book)


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Psychological fiction

In literature, psychological fiction (also psychological realism) is a narrative genre that emphasizes interior characterization and motivation to explore the spiritual, emotional, and mental lives of its characters. The mode of narration examines the reasons for the behaviours of the character, which propel the plot and explain the story. Psychological realism is achieved with deep explorations and explanations of the mental states of the character's inner person, usually through narrative modes such as stream of consciousness and flashbacks.

Early examples
The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki, written in 11th-century Japan, was considered by Jorge Luis Borges to be a psychological novel. French theorists Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, in A Thousand Plateaus, evaluated the 12th-century Arthurian author Chrétien de Troyes' Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart and Perceval, the Story of the Grail as early examples of the style of the psychological novel.

Stendhal's The Red and the Black and Madame de La Fayette's The Princess of Cleves are considered the first precursors of the psychological novel. The modern psychological novel originated, according to The Encyclopedia of the Novel, primarily in the works of Nobel laureate Knut Hamsun – in particular, Hunger (1890), Mysteries (1892), Pan (1894) and Victoria (1898).

Notable examples
One of the greatest writers of the genre was Fyodor Dostoyevsky. His novels deal strongly with ideas, and characters who embody these ideas, how they play out in real world circumstances, and the value of them, most notably The Brothers Karamazov and Crime and Punishment.

In the literature of the United States, Henry James, Patrick McGrath, Arthur Miller, and Edith Wharton are considered "major contributor[s] to the practice of psychological realism."

Psychological thriller
A subgenre of the thriller and psychological novel genres, emphasizing the inner mind and mentality of characters in a creative work. Because of its complexity, the genre often overlaps and/or incorporates elements of mystery, drama, action, slasher, and horror — often psychological horror. It bears similarities to the Gothic and detective fiction genres.

Psychological horror
A subgenre of the horror and psychological novel genres that relies on the psychological, emotional and mental states of characters to generate horror. On occasions, it overlaps with the psychological thriller subgenre to enhance the story suspensefully.

Psychological drama
A subgenre of the drama and psychological novel genres, focuses upon the emotional, mental, and psychological development of characters in a dramatic work. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) and Requiem for a Dream (2000), both based on novels, are notable examples of this subgenre.

Psychological science fiction
Psychological science fiction refers to works that focus is on the character's inner struggle dealing with political or technological forces. A Clockwork Orange (1971) is a notable example of this genre.

title: Psychological fiction


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User talk:Ropers/IWNB notice/DCB email 4

From: 	 jevans - at - dublinconventionbureau.com Subject: 	RE: Wikimedia meetup Date: 	1 November 2004 12:40:24 GMT+01:00 To: 	 ropers - at - ropersonline.com Hi Jens, Many thanks again for your phone call. I appreciate you calling me directly to let me know the news. Although, this is a disappointing result for Dublin, I do understand that the more comprehensive Wikimedia membership in Germany obviously had an effect on the final decision. Hopefully, however, Dublin will be a strong candidate for the 2006 meeting! I look forward to receiving your e.mail re the feedback about the decision for the 2005 meeting. This will be very helpful to me, so that I can let my members know why this decision was reached. Do keep in contact re any future meetings that might be held in Europe. Best wishes and kind regards Jean


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Pancreatic enzymes (medication)

Pancreatic enzymes, also known as pancreases or pancrelipase and pancreatin, are commercial mixtures of amylase, lipase, protease and lactase. They are used to treat malabsorption syndrome due to certain pancreatic problems. These pancreatic problems may be due to cystic fibrosis, surgical removal of the pancreas, long term pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or MODY 5, among others. The preparation is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea. Other side effects include perianal irritation and high blood uric acid. The enzymes are from pigs. Use is believed to be safe during pregnancy. The components are digestive enzymes similar to those normally produced by the human pancreas. They help the person digest fats, starches, and proteins.

Pancreatic enzymes have been used as medications since at least the 1800s. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2021, it was the 243rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Pancrelipases are generally a first line approach in treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and other digestive disorders, accompanying cystic fibrosis, complicating surgical pancreatectomy, or resulting from chronic pancreatitis. The formulations are generally hard capsules filled with gastro-resistant granules. Pancrelipases and pancreatins are similar, except pancrelipases has an increased lipase component.

Pancreatin is a mixture of several digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas. It is composed of amylase, lipase and protease. This mixture is used to treat conditions in which pancreatic secretions are deficient, such as surgical pancreatectomy, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. It has been claimed to help with food allergies, celiac disease, autoimmune disease, cancer and weight loss. Pancreatin is sometimes called "pancreatic acid", although it is neither a single chemical substance nor an acid.

Pancreatin contains the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, amylase and lipase. A similar mixture of enzymes is sold as pancrelipase, which contains more active lipase enzyme than does pancreatin. The trypsin found in pancreatin works to hydrolyze proteins into oligopeptides; amylase hydrolyzes starches into oligosaccharides and the disaccharide maltose; and lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerols. Pancreatin is an effective enzyme supplement for replacing missing pancreatic enzymes, and aids in the digestion of foods in cases of pancreatic insufficiency.

Pancreatin reduces the absorption of iron from food in the duodenum during digestion.

Some contact lens-cleaning solutions contain porcine pancreatin extractives to assist in the intended protein-removal process.

Side effects
High doses over a long period of time are associated with fibrosing colonopathy. Due to this association a maximum dose of 10,000 IU of lipase per kilogram per day is recommended.

Though never reported there is a theoretical risk of a viral infection as they are from pigs.

Brand names
Brand names include Creon, Pancreaze, Pertzye, Sollpura (Liprotamase ), Ultresa, and Zenpep.

In some countries, Creon is marketed by Viatris after Upjohn merged with Mylan to create Viatris.

United States
Longstanding pancreatic enzyme replacement products (PERPs)—some in use for a century or more—fell under a 2006 FDA requirement that pharmaceutical companies with porcine-derived PERP products submit a New Drug Application (NDA) for each; Creon (AbbVie Inc.), the first of the commercial PERP products approved after the FDA directive, reached market in 2009.

The specific requirement and reasoning for the FDA directive was that manufacturers submit a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) and Medication Guide to ensure patients are adequately informed regarding potential risks associated with administration of high doses of porcine-derived PERP products, especially with regard to "the theoretical risk of transmission of viral disease from pigs to patients", the risk of which (alongside other off-target effects) is reduced by patient adherence to label dosing instructions.

Shortages and alternatives
Due to its non-constant supply, being sourced from pigs, there have been several pancreatin shortages in different markets.

This has led for alternative sources of enzymes to be studied and commercialised, mainly being of bacterial or fungal origin.

title: Pancreatic enzymes (medication)


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User talk:Crmguru

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 19:51, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Salesforce.com
Hi Crmguru — just to note that Wikipedia is not a place for advertising or for creating articles with only external links. I've listed Salesforce.com as a Candidate for Speedy Deletion. Thanks, — Asbestos | Talk  19:55, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Crmguru


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Talk:Gary Brolsma

Origin
of Hungarian descent...although his surname is Dutch

So what is it? Is he perhaps Dutch-Hungarian?

VfD
Survived VfD at Votes for deletion/Gary Brolsma

Recreation of article
Gary Brolsma has gained sufficient internet and mainstream media attention in his own right to merit an article. At the moment there is an article on him within the article Numa Numa and it sits awkwardly. If you disagree with this evaluation, then please discuss it here in the first instance and, if that doesn't reach a resolution, it can be taken to AfD. Please see also discussion on the need for this article on Numa Numa talk page. Tyrenius 09:18, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

New Numa internet views
Please note the figure of 13,500,000 + views is in small text on the left of the website. Tyrenius 09:39, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Critisism
This guy bugs me because of his weak commercialized sellout pathetic attempt to cash in on his original video's popularity by lanching a new website with lame video and contest. I'm sure there's others who feel the same but I don't know how to work that into the article.

It shouldn't be in the article in the first place ._. 75.63.19.114 04:41, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Also add that he's fat. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 60.229.18.250 (talk) 11:04, 22 January 2007 (UTC).

 * If you can provide evidence that he is overweight (I'm not sure if the head to body ratio or jiggle effect in the videos count) then feel free to add it. Alternatively you could just put an entry about how his 'body' consumes most of the camera space, as evidenced by most of his videos and photos. --212.140.128.32 14:46, 17 Oct 09 (GMT) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.140.128.33 (talk)

New Numa
Where can we find the lyrics of new numa? Pictureuploader 19:12, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

You can find them here.
 * New Numa...LOL -- hello, i'm a member  |  talk to me!  22:42, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Deletion
This page needs to be deleted... again. Wiki is not MySpace or an advertisement for Numa Numa. Gary had his 15 minutes of fame but we can't allow biographies of unoteworthy people to persist. There are already the relevent links on the Numa Numa article for anyone wanting to find out about Gary.Uopmegabytes 17:54, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Nah, you're just jealous. 86.143.215.150 13:05, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it's notable enough, but not by much. Useight 18:21, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

The Numa Numa Dance has been viewed over 700 million times. How is that not notable 72.66.25.58 21:30, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. The Numa Numa Dance is definitely notable, but that article is at Numa Numa.  These two articles kind of duplicate each other...  --Iamunknown 07:04, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * This is what Wikipedia is for. Imagine this is 1927 and a guy gets wildly famous for a while doing tightrope walking from skyscraper to skyscraper in New York. It would be nice to have an article on that phenomenon for future reference. Someday you'll be reading something that references it and wonder what it was all about. Wikipedia's value will be greatly lessened if it keeps throwing away exactly the kind of content that people will forget after a couple of years. This happened to the article on the guy who disappeared from a cruise ship; what happens if that guy is ever found? People will rush to Wikipedia for background, and find it was deleted when people got bored with the story. Newspaper and magazines keep all their articles; even the dumb ones about cats being rescued from trees. Without space constraints, there should be no question that Wikipedia should keep all articles that had relevancy and notability at one time. I'm not saying every garage band and momentary Internet fad deserves an article, but this one certainly does. --Tysto 03:27, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Amen. Ichormosquito 05:14, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes. Gary is the epitome of Internet fame, and in my opinion, he is relevant as long as Internet fame exists as a topic.  Mcavic (talk) 04:55, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Upon showing my sister the original Numa Numa, the first thing she said to me was "I thought that guy died", which brings me to ask this question, was there ever a rumour that Gary died? Also, I do believe this page needs to be deleted. It's crap, to be honest. Tyler Warren 09:23, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

^There was a persistant rumour when the movie was first circulated that Gary's friends had made the video to commemorate his death from a heart attack. Shaybear♥  —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 23:13, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I wholeheartedly agree. Delete this crap. Maybe if he ate a few lbs more each day, he would have gotten a REAL icon: featured in Fatboy Slim's "Right Here Right Now" (LOL!) But heck, someone else got the deal to do it. Shizzz happens. -andy 212.114.254.107 (talk) 18:02, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

I also agree and move for deletion. It's already on Numa Numa. Enough said. -chris 72.199.64.64 18:19, 20 March 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.199.64.64 (talk)

Concerning my recent edit
Hey there, just wanted to explain [ my recent edit]. I removed the alleged birth date because I could find no references to it. I searched many different search terms, including 'Gary Brolsma birth date', 'Gary Brolsma birthday', 'Gary Brolsma January', but found nothing, except for famouspictures.org, which doesn't indicate how they know his date of birth.

Anyways, even if we found a definite reference, I would hope that editors consider leaving it out (except for, perhaps, the year of birth) out of respect and per WP:BLP. My line of reasoning is that, though Gary is notable as an Internet celebrity, he didn't seem to want the fame (given that he canceled media appearances and didn't start up again until September 2006). I don't think that it is a stretch to assume that he would prefer some of privacy.

Anyways, that is my explanation. --Iamunknown 15:33, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Family?
I removed this paragraph from the article, added by someone several days ago. It's completely unsourced, and it fails a quick Google test.

Because of the fame Gary received, he had considered suicide on many occasions, until February 13, 2007 when he met his 33 year old now wife Marlena Harris (Brolsma), from Brooklyn, New York. When last heard, Marlena is planning her third child, first with Gary, and they plan on naming it Fericirea, meaning happiness, after one of Gary's favorite lyrics to sing in the song "Numa Numa"

--Southpaw018 (talk) 19:39, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Bot report : Found duplicate references !
In the last revision I edited, I found duplicate named references, i.e. references sharing the same name, but not having the same content. Please check them, as I am not able to fix them automatically :) DumZiBoT (talk) 11:45, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "NYT2005" :
 * Feuer, Alan; and George, Jason. "Internet Fame Is Cruel Mistress for a Dancer of the Numa Numa", The New York Times, February 6, 2005. Accessed November 28, 2007.
 * He stopped taking phone calls from the media; he cancelled an appearance on NBC's Today Show on 17 February 2005; and he did not cooperate with The New York Times for their 26 February 2005 article about him. The New York Times > New York Region > Internet Fame Is Cruel Mistress for a Dancer of the Numa Numa

 * [[Image:Pictogram voting keep.svg|18px]] Fixed --Lightsup55 ( T | C ) 15:49, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Moved info from Numa Numa page to here
I was perusing the Numa Numa page & I saw where someone was adding a bunch of into to it that is pretty much specific more to Brolsma than to the Numa Numa phenomenon. (Like how he wanted to be in a superbowl ad & that he had a new CD out.) I moved the info over that wasn't on this page & just deleted what already was. While Brolsma started it, that page isn't about him in specific. Tokyogirl79 (talk) 11:30, 1 January 2009 (UTC)Tokyogirl79
 * Why is this article even necessary? It basically discusses the Numa Numa dance in its entirety. Gary IS Numa Numa. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 05:13, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Because Tysto provided a valid point under the 'Deletion' section. One day we might forget all about this (or we probably have when Gangnam Style was released). This guy is the symbol of his viral video. The reader might want to know his bio. Wethar555 (talk) 23:14, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

Angry German Kid reference
I'm not sure about this, but should the reference to the so-called Angry German Kid meme in this section be removed entirely? I have raised this question because the article itself has been salted. Thanks! --Marianian(talk) 14:06, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I'm going to suggest merging the page of Gary Brolsma with the Numa Numa (video) page. It seems that from reading his bio, he is not known for much else outside of the numa numa phenomenon (yet) and the info would probably fit better on the page describing the internet meme. --Turn685 (talk) 07:03, 11 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gary Brolsma


text: User talk:70.48.48.98

title: User talk:70.48.48.98


text:
User talk:Ropers/IWNB notice/DCB email 5

From: 	 ropers - at - ropersonline.com Subject: 	Re: [Foundation-l] wikimedia conference -- thank you :-) 	Date: 	2 November 2004 08:59:22 GMT+01:00 	To: 	 jevans - at - dublinconventionbureau.com Hi Jean, Please allow me to once again thank you for your superb efforts in connection  with our attempts to bring the summer 2005 Wikipedia/Wikimedia convention  to Dublin. I feel that you have been more than just supportive and can only thank you for  your very active efforts. In my opinion the fact that Frankfurt was eventually chosen had everything to  do with limitations on our end -- the number of active Wikipedia contributors  in the Rhine-Main metropolitan area (i.e. around Frankfurt) was conservatively  put at 47, whereas we only got 15 people listed for Ireland. The number of local  organizers was also far greater in Frankfurt and it is perhaps telling that I, a  non-Irish, former Dublin resident ended up being the lead proponent of  "the capital". But -- we did make a rather good impression, especially with the way your initial proposals were much more professional than what the competition had to show. Of course I am disappointed just as everyone hoping to bring the conference to Dublin. What we will hope and work for now is to make the 2005 meet-up a resounding success, which will improve our chances of successfully turning this first global contributor gathering into an annual event. In that case I would be happy to propose Dublin again and get back in touch. Many thanks for your help! Thanks and regards, Jens Ropers


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Zymase

Zymase (also known as alcoholase) is an obsolete term for an enzyme complex that catalyzes the fermentation of sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. It occurs naturally in yeasts. Zymase activity varies among yeast strains.

Zymase is also the brand name of the drug pancrelipase.

Cell-free fermentation experiment
Zymase was first isolated from the yeast cell in 1897 by a German chemist named Eduard Buchner who fermented sugar in the laboratory without living cells, leading to 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

The experiment for which Buchner won the Nobel Prize consisted of producing a cell-free extract of yeast cells and showing that this "press juice" could ferment sugar. This dealt yet another blow to vitalism by showing that the presence of living yeast cells was not needed for fermentation. The cell-free extract was produced by combining dry yeast cells, quartz and Diatomaceous earth and then pulverizing the yeast cells with a mortar and pestle. This mixture would then become moist as the yeast cells' contents would come out of the cells. Once this step was done, the moist mixture would be put through a press and when this resulting "press juice" had glucose, fructose, or maltose added, carbon dioxide was seen to evolve, sometimes for days. Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells in the extract.

Buchner hypothesized that yeast cells secrete proteins into their environment in order to ferment sugars. It was later shown that fermentation occurs inside the yeast cells.

British chemist Sir Arthur Harden divided zymase into two varieties (dialyzable and nondialyzable) in 1905.

Some science historians suggest that Eduard Buchner, in his 1897 work, merely repeated experiments already made by Antoine Béchamp in 1857. This is not the case: what Buchner obtained with yeast zymase, and without yeast cells, was alcoholic fermentation, while Béchamp had explicitly stated that, in absence of yeast cells, and by use of what he, also, called "zymase", he obtained only sugar inversion and no alcoholic fermentation. According to K.L. Manchester, what Béchamp called "zymase" was invertase.

title: Zymase


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John Lyall

John Angus Lyall (24 February 1940 – 18 April 2006) was an English footballer and manager primarily known for his 34 years at West Ham United. He played for the club as a youth, then as a first-team player before injury cut short his career. He then joined the coaching staff, before becoming the manager of the senior team in 1974. He stayed in that role until 1989. He subsequently went on to manage Ipswich Town from 1990 to 1994.

Early life
Lyall was of Scottish descent. His mother, Catherine, was from the Isle of Lewis, and his father, James, was from Kirriemuir. He was born in Ilford, Essex.

Club career
Watched by the club's manager, Ted Fenton, and chief scout Wally St Pier, Lyall was offered a place at West Ham United aged fifteen. In October 1955 he was taken on as a groundstaff boy, with duties such as boot cleaning, painting the football stands and wages clerk. He played youth team football as a left back. In February 1957 he won his only significant international honour when he played for England Youth in a 7–1 victory over Luxembourg at Upton Park. In 1957 he was also a member of the West Ham side which lost 8–2, on aggregate, to Manchester United in the FA Youth Cup Final.

He made his senior debut in April 1959. His first team career was interrupted and prematurely ended by a serious injury to his left knee. In January 1964 after making 36 appearances in all competitions, aged 23, he was diagnosed with an inoperable, generally disarranged knee and retired from playing professional football. Lyall was granted a testimonial game by West Ham which was played in April 1964 and netted him £3797. He was offered the role of part-time youth team manager.

West Ham United
Impressing at part-time youth manager Lyall was offered the role on a full-time basis in 1967. He rose through the coaching ranks at Upton Park to succeed Ron Greenwood as team manager in September 1974, managing West Ham for 15 years (1974–1989). In 1975, at the end of his first season as manager, West Ham won the FA Cup final and reached the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup the following year, losing 4–2 to Anderlecht. However, West Ham slipped down to the Second Division in 1978. Lyall attempted to rebuild the side and made significant purchases in Phil Parkes, £565,000 from Queens Park Rangers, a world record for a goalkeeper and Ray Stewart from Dundee United for £430,000, a British record for a teenager. West Ham returned to the First Division in 1981 winning the title by a thirteen-point margin.

During their exile from the top flight, on 10 May 1980, West Ham beat Arsenal in the FA Cup final, the last team outside the top flight to do so. In their 1981 promotion season, Lyall also led the Hammers to the final of the League Cup – where they drew 1–1 against Liverpool, before losing the replay 2–1, having led early in the match. They also reached the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners' Cup in the same year, losing to eventual winners Dinamo Tbilisi.

West Ham spent the first four years back in the top flight consolidating their position. Long serving Trevor Brooking and Frank Lampard both retired and Billy Bonds was struggling with the effects of first team football. Lyall again attempted to rebuild the team, bringing Frank McAvennie from St Mirren and Mark Ward from Oldham Athletic. 28 goals from McAvennie, 25 from Tony Cottee and an eighteen-game unbeaten run saw Lyall take West Ham to their highest ever league finish in the 1985–86 First Division campaign when they finished third behind champions Liverpool and runners-up Everton. However, they were unable to compete in the UEFA Cup because of the ban on English teams from European competition arising from the previous year's Heysel Disaster. Lyall was unable to build on the side which finished third in the First Division. McAvennie was sold to Celtic in 1987 and Cottee to Everton in July 1988 for a British transfer record of £2.05 million. Their replacements combined with the additions of Tommy McQueen, Gary Strodder, David Kelly, Allen McKnight, Liam Brady, Julian Dicks and the return of McAvennie in March 1989 failed to save West Ham from relegation in May 1989. Lyall was sacked in June 1989. He was awarded an ex gratia payment of £100,000 but left the club in what Lyall described as 'upsetting' circumstances, meriting only 73 words in a terse acknowledgement of his service in the club programme, Lyall left West Ham after 34 years service.

Ipswich Town
He made his return to football management on 11 May 1990 with Ipswich Town. During the 1989–90 season, he acted as technical advisor to Terry Venables.

After Ipswich finished 14th in his first season, he brought club legend John Wark back to Portman Road for a third spell.

At the end of 1991–1992, Lyall guided Ipswich Town to the Second Division championship and promotion to the newly formed Premiership. In January 1993, Ipswich were fourth in the Premiership but a dip in form during the final weeks of the season saw Ipswich finish 16th. The following season, 1993–94, brought a similar pattern; a good start followed by a slump – Ipswich finished 19th in the final table and were only saved from relegation by Sheffield United's late 3–2 defeat at Chelsea. Lyall had been promoted to the role of general manager over the summer of 1993, with Mick McGiven taking control of first team management at Portman Road. However, he returned to the manager’s seat a year earlier.

Lyall resigned as Ipswich Town manager in December 1994, with the club bottom of the Premiership, and never returned to football management.

Death
Lyall died suddenly on 18 April 2006, after suffering a heart attack, at his home in Tattingstone, Suffolk, at the age of 66. He was survived by his wife of more than 40 years, Yvonne, and his son Murray. After leaving football management in December 1994, he had bought a farm in Suffolk and was still living there at the time of his death.

Legacy
When West Ham played Middlesbrough in the FA Cup Semi-final on 23 April 2006 at Villa Park, a one-minute silence was held in Lyall's honour, although after only a few seconds the West Ham fans started a chant of "Johnny Lyall's Claret and Blue Army" in tribute to their most successful ever manager. West Ham won the match 1–0 to reach their first FA Cup Final since 1980 when Lyall was in charge. On 5 December 2007, it was announced that the Heritage Foundation charity would be erecting a blue plaque in Lyall's memory at West Ham's Upton Park ground on 20 January 2008.

In December 2009, West Ham renamed the main gates to Upton Park as The John Lyall Gates. West Ham announced in May 2015 that as part of their relocation to the Olympic Stadium in 2016, the gates would be moved to the new site. They are currently on display in the club's official store.

As manager
West Ham United
 * European Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1976
 * Football League Second Division: 1980–81
 * FA Cup: 1975, 1980
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 1981

Ipswich Town
 * Football League Second Division: 1991–92

Individual

 * Ipswich Town Hall of Fame: 2014

title: John Lyall


text:
Talk:Scalp

Untitled
I will be nice if someone made i clear the S.C.A.L.P. section is aromacological or mnemory card revice. 68.105.109.51 20:45, 7 July 2006 (UTC) Large portions of this article appear to be plagiarized.

The revision of 09:53, 30 Oct 2004 consists largely of a passage which appears to have been lifted verbatim from this page.

The originating page contains a copyright by Kay Marie Porterfield, but there is no mention in this wiki article about permission and no acknowledgement that the passage is a direct quotation.

 * Now it's out of my head (GPL brain dump) Will TALK  09:19, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

UNPOV
The article does not even links to the atrocities committed by the uncivilized native savages of North America! I am not only speaking of manifest destiny, but during WWII a nazi army unit in italy actually executed an entire captured american platoon because two redskins among them were found with german scalps. 82.131.210.162 15:31, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

scalping
why isnt it mentioned here? 80.44.254.174 (talk) 08:18, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Edit of Innervation Section
I corrected the lesser occipital root. It was listed as C3, but it is C2. You can see this by referring to the page of of the lesser occipital nerve. This is my first wikipedia edit, so I hope I did it correct.173.168.239.245 (talk) 02:24, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scalp


text: User talk:68.83.230.145

title: User talk:68.83.230.145


text: Category:405 deaths

title: Category:405 deaths


text:
Eberhard

Eberhard is an old Germanic name meaning the strength or courage of a wild boar.

First name

 * Eberhard of Friuli (815–866), Duke and key figure in the Carolingian Empire
 * Eberhard of Béthune (died 1212), Flemish grammarian
 * Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg (1445–1496)
 * Eberhard II, Count of Württemberg (after 1315–1392)
 * Eberhard I, Count of Bonngau (died 937)
 * Eberhard III, Duke of Franconia (ca. 885–939)
 * Eberhard (Archbishop of Trier) (1010–1066)
 * Eberhard of Salzburg (died 1164), Bishop of Salzburg and saint
 * Eberhard Zacharias Munck af Rosenschöld (1775–1840), Swedish vaccine pioneer
 * Eberhard Anheuser (1806–1880), soap and candle maker, co-founder of Anheuser-Busch
 * Eberhard Wagner (* 1938), German linguist and author
 * Eberhard Weber (* 1940), German jazz musician and composer

Last name

 * Eberhard family, a prominent Swiss industrialist family (Eberhard & Co.) from Bern whose origin has been traced back to the 10th century
 * George-Emile Eberhard (1868–1936), founder of Eberhard & Co
 * George Eberhard, George-Emile's son and heir
 * Maurice Eberhard, George-Emile's son and heir
 * Christian August Gottlob Eberhard (1769–1884), German writer
 * Dennis Eberhard (1943–2005), American composer
 * Fritz Eberhard (1896–1982), German journalist
 * Hans J. Müller-Eberhard (1927–1998), molecular immunologist
 * Hermann Eberhard (1852–1908), 19th-century German explorer who discovered Giant sloth remains at Cueva del Milodon Natural Monument
 * Johann Augustus Eberhard (1739–1809), German theologian
 * Martin Eberhard (born 1960), co-founder and former CEO of Tesla Motors
 * Mary Jane West-Eberhard (born 1941), contemporary biologist upon social wasps and phenotypic plasticity
 * Matthias Eberhard (1815–1876), Roman Catholic Bishop of Trier
 * Paul Eberhard (1917–1983), Swiss bobsledder
 * Théodore Eberhard (1812–1874), Luxembourgish architect and politician
 * Wolfram Eberhard (1909–1989), a sociologist of rural China

Companies

 * Eberhard's, supermarket chain in Michigan

title: Eberhard


text:
User talk:Ropers/IWNB notice/DCB email 6

From: 	 jevans - at - dublinconventionbureau.com Subject: 	RE: [Foundation-l] wikimedia conference -- thank you :-) 	Date: 	2 November 2004 09:45:05 GMT+01:00 	To: 	 ropers - at - ropersonline.com Thanks a million for this note Jens.  It is really much appreciated.   I’m delighted that you felt that the proposals for Dublin were professional and that every effort was put in to support the Dublin bid.  It didn’t work this time, but as you say, if the 2005 event is a resounding success then the path is paved for an even better 2006 event. I look forward to hearing back from you in the near future.  Best of luck with the event in Frankfurt! Best wishes Jean


text: Category:Angolan people

title: Category:Angolan people


text:
User talk:Ropers/IWNB notice

Hello.

There was a note at the Irish Wikipedian's notice board for a looong time, saying that I wanted to report on my activity in support of Dublin's candidacy for host city of the 2005 Wikimedia meetup. Apologies for the massive delay; the reason there was that I've twice experienced severe disappointments in connection with Wikipedia. The first disappointment coincided with the time that Frankfurt was selected among the 3 final candidates for host city. While I hypothetically could have spent more time working on Dublin's candidacy, I just could not get myself to do any more volunteer work for Wikipedia at that point. I subsequently mostly stayed away from editing and mostly confined myself to the Wikipedia mailing lists. This is where a second disappointment occurred. I have stayed away from Wikipedia pretty much ever since. But there still was that little tinge of bad conscience at the back of my mind, nagging me to get back to you anyway — after all, yers weren't involved in these sorry affairs. So this is the story then, from my perspective:

As you may know, my affinity towards Ireland has to do with having lived and worked in Dublin for some years, but I'm a self-admitted "fake Irishman" currently again resident in Germany. I got word of the meetup being planned pretty early, and I immediately felt that it would be fantastic to bring the convention to Dublin. So I proposed Dublin.

I didn't actually plan on "being in charge" of the Dublin candidacy (which I thought would not be very ideal as I'm not even local), but I felt the sooner Dublin gets its foot into the door the better and so I went ahead and proposed Baile Atha Cliath. I guess I kind of expected actual Dubliners to support the idea and take things from there. I announced things on the Irish Wikipedian's notice board.

For some reason though, it turned out that I got to be one of the more active people in terms of championing Dublin. The irony of me working for Dublin from Germany even after German cities got proposed did not escape me, but anyway, I wanted to go to Dublin and I wanted the meetup to take place there and my ambition to support Frankfurt was pretty much zero.

When the selection of candidate cities was about to get narrowed down, I felt, "Darn, I gotta do something here; there's little other activity". So I logged on to the Internet, grabbed that copy of the 01 phonebook I brought with me when I left Ireland and I started ringing various organizers, etc. on behalf of the Dublin candidature. I think someone suggested the Dublin Convention Bureau and that's how I got in touch with Jean Evans who went out of her way in researching, proposing and presenting venues, etc. for the meetup. I posted all the info/emails on the appropriate page.

By merit of that activity, the Dublin candidacy did indeed pass the next hurdle and was one of the three finalists. That's when I let things slip a bit, and I kind of still thought others would take things from there. However, seeing how I'd already done a couple of things at that point, some of yers might possibly have thought that I was kind of "in charge" of the Dublin candidature. So there probably was some time wasted at that point, and insofar as I could have been more active (or could have made it more clear that others maybe should pick up the baton), as far as my part in the missed opportunity at that point goes I would like to apologise. I'm sorry I wasn't of more help.

What was extremely sad, though, is that just when I realized that I maybe ought to get off my behind and pick up the reins (which some of you probably expected me to do), that's when the said first incident took place. I was hurt at that point and did pretty much nothing else -- while I did eventually receive an apology over the first incident, I never really got around to sorting it out in full, and I still saw an unexplained ambiguously threatening-sounding email much later, which may or may not have been directed towards me.

Probably the reasons for Frankfurt winning had nothing to do with all of this -- there does appear to be/have been more people working for Frankfurt. It's just that I would have felt much better if there hadn't been the aforedescribed suspected misunderstandings and the said aggravation. Sadly, just when I felt I could "return from the cold", explain the above and get back to proper editing, that's when the second incident happened.

Jean suggested that Dublin could again be proposed for the next Wikipedia meetup (assuming there is one). If so then she would be happy to be involved again. I'm posting the final emails we exchanged:

DCB email 1

DCB email 2

DCB email 3

DCB email 4

DCB email 5

DCB email 6

There you go. Do whatever you like. Go rooting for Dublin next time round. Or don't. I guess though I won't be involved -- and that's got nothing to do with you, the good craic Irish Wikipedians. I've got no issues with decent, fine, upstanding Wikipedians. What I despise is those who introduce systemic bias at the highest level and those who endorse such bias, in short: all those who skew the table and prevent participants from all having equal rights to speak, write and contribute at any level, in any medium, without fear, distress or discomfort.

''"Freedom only for the members of the government, only for the members of the Party — though they are quite numerous — is no freedom at all. Freedom is always and exclusively freedom for those who think different. The essence of political freedom depends not on the fanatics of 'justice', but rather on all the invigorating, beneficial, and detergent effects of dissenters. If 'freedom' becomes 'privilege', the workings of political freedom are broken." —Rosa Luxemburg'' Ropers 19:58, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

PS: Please don't try to contact me via my Talk page -- it's unlikely I'll be reading it any time soon. If you wish to contact me, you can email me at ropers at ropersonline d0+ com.

There are some bits missing to this story that I (Kwekubo) would like to try and fill. I was quite taken too with the idea of Dublin acting as host city, but I didn't show anything more than a passive interest in actuality until Dublin was narrowed down to being one of the three finalist cities. I sent emails to all the major bodies that I could think of which could possibly be connected to the affair - the major universities, the county council, the RDS, the Irish Free Software Organisation, some Irish-language bodies - with about a week to go, but for some reason I only ever recieved a reply from the IFSO. I was online on #wikipedia whilst the decision of city was being made and tried to push Dublin's prospects, but it would seem that with such little real confirmed support compared to other groups such as Frankfurt it would have been hard to pick Dublin. I suppose the lesson learned for next time would be to act early if we want the bid to be taken seriously.

Finally, a word to Ropers - thanks for putting in the effort to propose Dublin in the first place. For the record, here's the Dublin bid's page on Meta. --Gabriel Beecham/Kwekubo 23:32, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ropers/IWNB notice


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/P:ano

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep (no consensus). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:06, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

P:ano

 * Delete This looks like mere self-promotion. And I'm for the inclusion of all high-schools, etc! Zantastik 19:58, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently either never listed on vfd or removed out of process, so I'm bringing it to today's page for resolution. —Korath (Talk) 02:42, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. They get 7010 hits and AMG has an entry on them. Dave the Red (talk) 07:11, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Seem notabile but the page needs to be expanded. --Fuzzball! (talk) 09:11, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, they'll vanish into obscurity by 2007 if not before. Master Thief Garrett 05:22, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/P:ano


text:
Talk:Long gun

Untrue statements?
There are some strange looking statements in this article, such as:'Modern fighting rifles also usually have muzzle brakes for increasing sheer firepower.'.

Since when did muzzle brakes in --24.85.147.171 00:46, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I took out a lot of the Bad Science. The article still needs quite a bit of work. UseArthurrh 05:21, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Shouldn't the use of "long gun" for naval cannons be the primary definition?
I have never heard the use of term "long gun" for personal firearms, where-as it was common in nautical usage. -- Geo Swan 14:04, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * As a navalist, I agree that the cannon definition should be primary. :-) The personal firearm meaning is apparently familiar to gun dealers at least, as in, , , etc (found via Google). I suppose the naval meaning will have to move off to another article eventually. Stan 14:28, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Using the term "long gun" to refer to personal rifles and shotguns is quite common in Canada. Only since 1995 have Canadians had to register their long guns while handguns have required registration since 1934.  Long guns are still considered unrestricted so there is a clear line drawn between long guns and handguns.  It may surprise some to learn that long guns are common posessions among Canadians (due in part to the country's significant frontier/rural/hunting heritage).  In fact, the opposition party in the upcoming federal election is running with "dismantling the long gun registry" as a platform promise.  --Ds13 00:00, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I've lived in Canada my whole life, and I don't remember ever hearing the term "long guns" applied to rifles and shotguns. --  Geo Swan 02:36, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I can't explain that, but I don't think it's a regional thing because, for example, if you want to register a new non-restricted firearm (i.e. shotgun or rifle) you bought from someone else then you need to fill out a form CAFC 682 and the title of that form is "Application to Register Non-Restricted Firearms (Long Guns) Acquired by Transfer". The term is right there at the top of the form (albeit, in parenthesis). I am under the assumption that "non-restricted firearm" and "long gun" are synonymous in Canada.  And in current news, you'll no doubt hear the Conservatives promising to scrap the "long gun registry" -- if you Google for "long gun registry", you'll see that politicians are comfortable using the term when campaigning, which indicates to me that it's used/recognized by a significant amount of the population.  But you've got me thinking about where I first heard it or if I hear people outside of government speak it or not... --Ds13 05:56, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps so, but the nautical usage is a world-wide usage, of long-standing.

 * I agree. I advocate both usages finding a place in this article. --Ds13 19:48, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I always thought the proper term was Long Arm, like Side Arm only not at your side haha, as it would be your main weapon in combat or hunting I suppose.

Article doesn't explain fundamental advantages of a long barrel
The article describes advantages of the long barrel in terms of handling - recoil transfer to the body, and increased moment of inertia, both producing better stability for aiming. But surely these are secondary benefits to the long barrel - otherwise, the effect could just as well be achieved by a long stock and weighted body.

I'm sure there's some direct advantage(s) to a long barrel in terms of the basic firing of a projectile. What is/are they? 1) more momentum transfer to projectile? 2) more momentum transfer to projectile specifically in the case of a larger propellant charge? 3) higher accuracy (narrower cone of projectile exit angles)? 4) other? SSSheridan (talk) 10:51, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

This article’s existence makes no sense to me.
Isn’t the use of this term in the context of small arms quite a modern development? The article doesn’t even say much of sustenance, instead rambling about both the obvious, and irrelevant differences between rifles and pistols. Ironmatic1 (talk) 21:15, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Information Literacy and Scholarly Discourse
— Assignment last updated by Leslie.dicharry (talk) 22:20, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Long gun


text:
Paul Azinger

Paul William Azinger (born January 6, 1960) is an American professional golfer and TV golf analyst. He won 12 times on the PGA Tour, including one major championship, the 1993 PGA Championship. He spent almost 300 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking between 1988 and 1994.

Early life
Azinger was born in Holyoke, Massachusetts; his father Ralph (1930–2013) was a navigator in the U.S. Air Force and later a businessman. He started in golf at age five. After Ralph retired as a lieutenant colonel in 1972, he opened a marina, and Paul spent his summer pumping gas and painting boats.

The family moved to Sarasota, Florida, where he attended and graduated from Sarasota High School.

Amateur career
Azinger attended Brevard Community College in the late 1970s. While there, he found more time to practice his swing, playing on the team as a walk-on, and landed a summer job at the Bay Hill Golf Academy in Orlando, which allowed him more practice time. Practice earned him more opportunity, in the form of a scholarship to Florida State University in Tallahassee.

Professional career
Azinger turned professional in 1981. During his early years, Azinger collected meager earnings. He and his wife, Toni, bought a used motor home, a 1983 Vogue, and drove from tournament to tournament. Azinger had a breakout year in 1987, when he won three times on the PGA Tour and had a second-place finish in the Open Championship.

Azinger won eleven tournaments on the PGA Tour in seven seasons from 1987 to 1993, climaxing in his one major title, the 1993 PGA Championship at Inverness, which he won in a sudden-death playoff against Greg Norman.

Azinger finished one shot behind Nick Faldo at the 1987 Open Championship at Muirfield after making bogey at both the 71st and 72nd holes. Azinger was bidding to become only the fourth golfer since 1945 to win the Open Championship at the first attempt and said that he was "heartbroken" to leave Muirfield without the Claret Jug trophy.

At the 1991 Ryder Cup, Azinger was involved in a controversial episode with Seve Ballesteros, with whom he had a fierce rivalry. Azinger and American teammate Chip Beck were using balls of different compressions off the tee on multiple holes, in violation of an agreement between the Cup captains. Azinger initially denied that the Americans had engaged in this practice, but admitted to it once he realized that there would be no penalty assessed.

In December 1993, Azinger was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in his right shoulder. His treatment included six months of chemotherapy and five weeks of radiation in California. He wrote a book called Zinger about his battle with the disease and was the recipient of GWAA Ben Hogan Award in 1995, given to the individual who has continued to be active in golf despite physical handicap or serious illness. In 2000, he won his first tournament in seven seasons at the Sony Open in Hawaii.

Azinger was the U.S. Ryder Cup captain for the 2008 at Valhalla Golf Club in Louisville, Kentucky. He led the team to its first victory over the European squad since 1999. The team's victory was largely credited to his innovative strategy. This strategy is outlined in his book, Cracking the Code: The Winning Ryder Cup Strategy: Make it Work for You, which was released in May 2010. The book was co-authored with Ron Braund, a corporate team builder and psychologist, who consulted Azinger throughout the Ryder Cup.

Azinger made his Champions Tour debut at The ACE Group Classic in February 2010. He played four events that year and none since.

Broadcasting career
Azinger first worked in television in 1995 while recovering from chemotherapy. Azinger was recruited by lead NBC analyst Johnny Miller to join the broadcast team as an on-course reporter, a stint which included reporting on the singles match at the 1995 Ryder Cup between Tom Lehman and Azinger's former Ryder Cup rival Seve Ballesteros, who was playing in his final Ryder Cup.

After returning to the PGA Tour for several more successful playing years, Azinger returned to broadcasting on a full-time basis.

From 2005 to 2015, Azinger worked as lead analyst for ESPN and ABC Sports' golf coverage. He initially shared analyst duties with his former Ryder Cup and Open Championship rival Nick Faldo. Azinger and Faldo, along with host Mike Tirico, formed a broadcast team that was met with positive critical acclaim. Faldo left for rival CBS after the 2006 season; since then, Azinger worked alone with Tirico. However, when Faldo and Azinger were opposing captains at the 2008 Ryder Cup, Azinger's colleague Andy North filled in for him. Faldo and Azinger have also reunited as analysts on two occasions. The first reunion was at the 2007 Open Championship (for ABC) and the second was at the 2009 Presidents Cup (for the Golf Channel).

After ESPN/ABC lost its rights to both the U.S. Open and Open Championship to Fox and NBC, Azinger joined Fox Sports as its head golf analyst in 2016, replacing Greg Norman.

In October 2018, NBC Sports and Golf Channel named Azinger their lead golf analyst, succeeding the retiring Johnny Miller – who had originally helped give Azinger his start in broadcasting during his recovery from cancer in 1995. After Miller ended his NBC career at the 2019 Phoenix Open, Azinger became NBC’s lead analyst during the Southern Swing in March 2019. He remained with Fox for the U.S. Open, U.S Women's Open, and U.S. Amateur for the 2019 season alongside his NBC duties, until those championships returned to NBC, where Azinger had also ended up at, in 2020.

Personal life
Azinger is a Christian. He and his wife Toni met at FSU and have been married since 1982. They have two daughters, Sarah Jean Collins and Josie Azinger Mark, and currently live in Bradenton, Florida.

Azinger gave the eulogy at the memorial service for his friend Payne Stewart, who was killed in a plane crash in 1999. His two managers and close friends, Robert Fraley and Van Ardan, also died in the crash.

Politically conservative, Azinger refused an invitation to the White House for the winning 1993 Ryder Cup team due to what he saw as draft dodging on the part of President Bill Clinton. He was however persuaded to attend and said that the visit "was just wonderful".

Azinger is an avid poker player and competed in the main event at both the 2006 World Series of Poker and the 2008 World Series of Poker. He is an avid foosball player, and often seeks places to play foosball while traveling.

Azinger threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the Tampa Bay Rays' second ever playoff game on October 3, 2008. He recently launched a new application for the iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch called Golfplan.

PGA Tour wins (12)
 * Note: The 1987 Panasonic Las Vegas Invitational was shortened to 72 holes due to weather.

PGA Tour playoff record (1–2)

European Tour wins (3)
European Tour playoff record (3–0)

Other wins (2)
Other playoff record (1–3)

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half way cut

WD = Withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 9 (1999 U.S. Open – 2001 PGA)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1989 U.S. Open – 1989 Open Championship)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships
1Cancelled due to 9/11 {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = Tied NT = No tournament

U.S. national team appearances

 * Ryder Cup:
 * Player: 1989 (tie), 1991 (winners), 1993 (winners), 2002
 * Captain: 2008 (winners)
 * World Cup: 1989
 * Presidents Cup: 2000 (winners)
 * UBS Warburg Cup: 2002 (winners)
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1993, 1994 (winners)

title: Paul Azinger


text:
Talk:Eden, Kansas

Deletion
Survived vfd at Votes for deletion/Eden, Kansas

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Eden, Kansas. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_postoffices/search/county:AT

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:27, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eden, Kansas


text:
User talk:PublicServant

Welcome!

Please join us for the next Bootcamp every night at midnight EST (2100 PST, 0500 UTC) to learn the ropes, or leave a message on our talk pages around that time for on-wiki help.

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, ! I hope you like the place and decide to keep contributing. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * What Wikipedia is not

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question at the village pump or feel free to ask me on my Talk page. One more quick tip: to sign your name on a Talk page like I did below, the easiest way is just to type four tildes (~~~~). To customize your signature, look here. And remember:Be Bold!
 * — Asbestos | Talk  20:02, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:PublicServant


text: File:Millencolin - The Story of My Life cover.jpg


text:
The Story of My Life (Millencolin song)

"The Story of My Life" is a song by Swedish punk rock band Millencolin from their second album Life on a Plate, released as a single on 20 September 1995 by Burning Heart Records. The CD single also includes "9 to 5" and "Dragster", which are B-sides from the album's recording sessions. These two songs were re-released on the 1999 compilation album The Melancholy Collection. An accompanying music video for "The Story of My Life" was also filmed and released.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Story of My Life" - 2:32
 * 2) "9 to 5" (originally performed by Dolly Parton) - 3:05
 * 3) "Dragster" - 2:03

Millencolin

 * Nikola Šarčević - lead vocals, bass
 * Erik Ohlsson - guitar
 * Mathias Färm - guitar
 * Fredrik Larzon - drums

title: The Story of My Life (Millencolin song)


text:
User talk:Anthony/Shawn Mikula

I direct you to the policy on user subpages, particularly the one noting that your userspace is not personal webspace. This page seems to have no purpose save for hosting content that has been deleted through process and that you personally think should exist. That is to say, it is a personal webpage. Could you please provide some explanation for why this page exists and how it fits in with the policies of Wikipedia? Snowspinner 15:23, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am collecting information which may be useful in creating or enhancing an article in the Wikipedia. I have no relation to Shawn Mikula so this is certainly not personal webspace. -anthony
 * I'm not sure why you are trying to recreate or enhance an article that has been deleted. Snowspinner 19:10, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

It seems perfectly reasonable to me that someone might later be able to establish notability for this person, and that keeping it around with that end in mind is perfectly appropriate. I do not think this should be deleted. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:36, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fine. Maybe there's a case for undeletion. The way to make that case, however, was not to lie in getting it undeleted and then to recreate it against consesnsus. Snowspinner 13:09, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Old content was:
 * Shawn Mikula is a neuroscientist at the Johns Hopkins University, and known for his work on theoretical and anatomical neuroscience. Mikula was also the founder of the Mind-Brain Society; as of Aug 2004, he is the chair of that institution.

I agree with Jmabel - it seems reasonable to place content in his user space to hold it until he has time to enhance or improve it - 21:26, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This isn't an issue of "enhancement." This is an issue of "The article was deleted by wide consensus and Anthony is recreating the article in his own personal userspace." This content will never move anywhere else - it can't, because it was deleted by massive consensus. There is no enhancement or improvement that can go on within the realm of policy. Snowspinner 21:38, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Just read through some history of this article - thanks - 23:13, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anthony/Shawn Mikula


text:
FIM-43 Redeye

The General Dynamics FIM-43 Redeye is a man-portable surface-to-air missile system. It uses passive infrared homing to track its target. Production began in 1962 and – in anticipation of the Redeye II, which later became the FIM-92 Stinger – ended in the early 1970s (delivery of the last Redeye for the US Army was completed in July 1971) after about 85,000 rounds had been built. The Redeye was withdrawn gradually between 1982 and 1995 as the Stinger was deployed, though it remained in service with various armed forces of the world until quite recently, being supplied via the Foreign Military Sales program. It was initially banned from being sold overseas, to avoid missiles falling into the hands of terrorist organizations. However, after the export ban was lifted, the weapon was never actually used by terrorists against civil aircraft, in contrast with other MANPADS. While the Redeye and 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7) were similar, the missiles were not identical. Nonetheless, the CIA concluded that the Soviet SA-7 had benefited from the Redeye's development.

Post-war developments
In May 1946, the War Department Equipment Board published a report on the future of infantry weapons. They called for the development of new weapons that would be the best in the world, while also being able to be separated into loads of no more than 25 lb. When considering anti-aircraft weapons, they concluded that the M45 Quadmount mounting four M2 Browning machine guns would not be capable against future high-performance aircraft. They published a new requirement for a weapon suitable for engagements between 25 and 2500 yd against targets flying up to 1000 mph.

In response, in June 1948 the United States Army Ordnance Corps began development of the "Stinger" system, essentially an updated version of the Quadmount mounting four T17 machine guns firing the more powerful 0.60 round and aimed by an automated radar system. Development on this system continued until 1951, when the requirement was extended to 14,000 ft, which could not be met by the 0.60 round. A new concept using a revolver cannon firing a new 37 mm round emerged, but proved too complex and was cancelled.

Porcupine and Octopus
At the 1950 Tripartite Conference in London, the US, UK and France agreed that the M2 would remain effective up until about 1960, but new weapons would be needed after that time. This led to development of the Porcupine and Octopus concepts in the US. Porcupine, started in 1951, was a 64-barrel rocket launcher firing salvos of 2.75 in Folding Fin Arial Rockets (FFARs) at an effective rate of 6,000 rounds per minute. The system was never built in complete form, and cancelled in February 1956. Octopus, from 1953, re-examined the .50 and .60 rounds, as well as the emerging 20 mm round based on the latter. This project also failed to deliver an operational system.

By the mid-1950s, new medium and high-altitude surface-to-air missile (SAMs) were rendering higher altitude flight increasingly dangerous, and attack aircraft were now expected to fly at low altitudes. This led to a 1954 requirement for a lightweight system able to engage targets from 0 to 1000 ft, and larger weapons that raised the ceiling to 10000 ft. In order to improve its capability in poor visibility, it was suggested that the weapon be aimed using infrared homing.

Redeye emerges
In 1955, Convair, recently purchased by General Dynamics, began examining a weapon that would fill both of these requirements. When initial studies proved promising, in January 1956 the company began an 11-month study which they named "Redeye" due to its infrared seeker. To lower prototype costs, the missile would initially be based on the unguided FFAR, which was already in widespread production. This would be turned into a missile by replacing the contact-fused warhead of the FFAR with a new seeker system and smaller 1.2 lb warhead. In production models, the motor would be modified to burn only briefly to propel it about 25 ft at low speed before firing at full thrust.

The resulting concept mockups were demonstrated to the Army and Marine Corps in November 1956. Simulations suggested that it would have an average miss distance of 4 to 8 ft, and a direct-hit probability of 0.35 to 0.40. The design proved extremely interesting, and in 1957 official requirements were formulated. This led to the Army's Redstone Arsenal receiving several unsolicited proposals for similar weapons from other companies:

 * , a crew-served partially portable surface-to-air missile system, designed by the Drone and Missile Flight Control Departmentof Sperry Gyroscope, Garden City, New York,
 * (Shoulder-Launched Antiaircraft Missile), a man-portable surface-to-air missile system, designed by the Autonetics Division of North American Aviation, Downey, California,
 * an undesignated system by Lockheed Missile Systems Division, Sunnyvale, California (Col. James E. Linka, a supervising officer with OCRD Air Defense and Missiles Division, responsible for Stinger, later recalled that Lockheed entered the competition in 1959, but no details were ever disclosed.)

The competing designs were based on various US air-to-air missiles, adapted for ground use and scaled-down to be operated by hand and launched from a disposable tube. The lead that Convair had over these weapons was unapproachable, and their proposal was strongly supported by the Marines, who pressed the Army to begin development. They also suggested that the system would suffer from a number of issues during development related to the airframe and seeker, but felt that these were not enough to hold up development.

On 14 April 1958, the development contract was released and Convair was awarded a contract to start development of the system.

Testing
The original design consisted of a simple tube with a clip-on grip system. The operator would simply point the tube in the general direction of the target, and fire when he heard the seeker make its "growl" sound, indicating it was locked onto the target. In May 1958 six unguided launches were conducted by US Marines at Twentynine Palms proving ground and Camp Pendleton, California, to assess human factors and ergonomics of the new weapon, as well as a trooper's capability to aim and launch a missile from the shoulder safely and accurately towards an imaginary target. In June 1958 the flight test phase of the feasibility demonstration program began.

In July 1959 the development project began, in March 1960, the advanced test rounds were fired. Launches from a launch tube followed in May 1961, with a shoulder launch occurring in 1961. Technical problems prevented the missile entering full production: The missile did not live up to its specifications, being slower, less maneuverable and less accurate. During the testing, substantial use was made of the Atlantic Research MQR-16 Gunrunner expendable target missile.

Deficiencies and shortcomings were experienced during the system development phase—mainly seeker inability to discriminate target against cloudy background or in a heavy clutter environment, coupled with absence of night operation capability and inability to engage head-on targets—which were never resolved (eventually leading to the Stinger development). Consequently, several other unsolicited proposals competed with the Redeye in the early 1960s. These included both guided (engaging target using techniques other than infrared homing) and unguided (directionally-controlled) missile systems.

Limited production began as XM41 Redeye Block I. The missile was designated XMIM-43A in June 1963. Block I systems were then evaluated between 1965 and 1966.

Block II systems designated XM41E1 began development in 1964, the missile being designated XMIM-43B. The missiles were delivered in April 1966, and included a new gas-cooled infrared detector cell, a slightly redesigned launcher and an improved warhead.

In 1965 to 1966 General Dynamics developed the final Redeye Block III configuration, designated at first XM41E2 with XFIM-43C missiles. The missiles retained the seeker from the Block II missile, but included a new rocket motor, warhead and fuze. The launcher now had an XM-62 open sight and upgraded electronics. The new missile could turn at up to 3g. The missile achieved a kill probability against F9F tactical drones travelling at 430 kn at an altitude of 100 m of 0.51. From this it was calculated that the kill probability versus a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 at similar altitude would be 0.403, and 0.53 against helicopters (specifically the Mil Mi-6 and US H-13 and H-21). Kill probability against larger propeller driven aircraft like the Antonov An-12 was estimated at 0.43. Production of the Block III systems began in May 1967. In 1968 Block III was declared operational.

History
Fifty Redeye systems were delivered to the mujahideen by the United States during the Soviet–Afghan War in 1984, where they were used to shoot down aircraft including several Sukhoi Su-25 jets, as well as Mil Mi-24 and Mi-8 helicopters. By November 1986 it had largely been replaced by the dramatically more successful FIM-92 Stinger missiles.

All Redeye missiles were numbered and inventorized by the US Army Missile Command to prevent them from disappearance or otherwise unnoticed losses. No Redeye missiles were reported lost or stolen from the Army inventory, but losses occurred after Redeyes were supplied to foreign troops. This happened first in Belgium in January 1974, causing a strengthening of security measures in the major West European and British airports.

The Redeye was known as Hamlet in Danish service and as RBS 69 in Swedish service.

Redeye missiles provided to the FDN by the US were also used by the Nicaraguan "Contras" to shoot down at least four Soviet Mil Mi-8 helicopters during the Nicaraguan Revolution.

Description
The missile is fired from the M171 missile launcher. First, the seeker is cooled to operating temperature and then the operator begins to visually track the target using the sight unit on the launcher. Once the target is locked onto by the missile, a buzzer in the launcher hand grip begins vibrating, alerting the operator. The operator then presses the trigger, which fires the initial booster stage and launches the missile out of the tube at a speed of around 80 feet per second (25 m/s). As the missile leaves the tube, spring-loaded fins pop out—four stabilizing tail fins at the back of the missile, and two control surfaces at the front of the missile. Once the missile has traveled six meters, the sustainer motor ignites. The sustainer motor takes the missile to its peak velocity of Mach 1.7 in 5.8 seconds. The warhead is armed 1.2 seconds after the sustainer is ignited.

The missile's seeker is capable only of acquiring and tracking the hot exhaust of aircraft, which limits the engagements to tail-chase only, tracking the rapidly receding target. The missile's blast fragmentation warhead is triggered by an impact fuze, requiring a direct hit. As a first-generation missile it is susceptible to countermeasures, including flares and hot brick jammers. Its inability to turn at a rate greater than 3g means that it can be outmaneuvered, if detected.

Variants
During its development, the weapon underwent several major design changes. Initially, its gripstock was literally just a gripstock with grips, stock and trigger only, later evolved in a separable launch unit with optics, electronics, and battery input. Several designs had no optical sighting device; the gunner was supposed to rely on the auditory alarm when the seeker acquired the target. Those with optical sights differed one from another in shape, field of view and the magnification of their optics, and were either separable or non-separable, which in turn could be built-in or molded-in primitive mechanical sight with flashing diodes inside diopter to inform gunner of seeker's lock-on. The launch tube changed its design and shape several times, from pipelike straight-shaped one to the variable-diameter tube with a wider rear section to provide the missile with better acceleration, and back to a straight tube to prevent its explosion due to a critical pressure drop or accidental booster detonation. Canards of the basic missile design were housed within the missile body during the entire flight, coming outside only to correct the course deviation of each roll cycle and folding back within a split second, variable incidence (instead of fixed) canards were used to improve terminal guidance accuracy. The seeker also changed drastically, with multiple modifications made during the test phase, the most important of which making it cooled, increasing its discrimination capability (though extending reaction time in order to adjust its subsystems to operating temperature,) and reducing the field of view to increase the missile's capability against single engine jets. Among the design improvements made in the seeker gyro were an increased aperture to provide greater sensitivity; a new center post design for supporting the secondary mirror to improve background discrimination; a new gyro gimbal of increased rigidity; an improved lead sulfide cell, doubling its sensitivity; and an improved reticle with a reduced field of view. Unorthodox designs included the "Foxhole Redeye," which was small enough to be stored and fired from a rifleman's foxhole, and the "unitized launcher Redeye" fire-and-discard variant as a fully discardable throw-away unit with no separable elements for use with the USMC and CONARC units. All interim designs were dropped in favor of the one which was considered the best possible choice by the Army Missile Command, and mass-produced at the General Dynamics facilities within the Greater Los Angeles Area. The following is the list, featuring the basic model, designated FIM-43A and approved for production along with its derivatives:
 * Block I FIM-43/XFIM-43A/XMIM-43A
 * Block II FIM-43B/XFIM-43B/XMIM-43B – Fitted with a gas cooled seeker and improved warhead and fuse and modified launcher.
 * XFEM-43B – Experimental missile, with data logging capability
 * Block III FIM-43C/XFIM-43C – Production version; improved warhead and fuse section, and a new launcher.
 * XFEM-43C – Experimental missile, with data logging capability
 * FIM-43D – Upgraded missile, with unknown capabilities.

Former operators
Sources:

States

 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * undefined
 * 🇹🇩 Chad
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 🇮🇱 Israel
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan
 * 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * West Germany
 * West Germany

Groups

 * Afghan Mujahideen
 * FAN
 * Coordination of Azawad Movements
 * Contra Guerrillas
 * FMLN

title: FIM-43 Redeye


text:
Queen Street

Queen Street may refer to:

Australia

 * Queen Street, Brisbane
 * Queen Street, Fremantle
 * Queen Street, Melbourne
 * Queen Street, Woollahra, Sydney

Canada

 * Queen Street, Hamilton
 * Queen Street, Ottawa
 * Queen Street, Toronto
 * Queen Street East, Brampton (Peel Regional Road 107), in Brampton, Ontario
 * Queen Street West, Brampton (Peel Regional Road 6), in Brampton, Ontario

England

 * Queen Street, Oxford
 * Queen Street, London, in the City of London
 * Queen Street, Mayfair, London

Scotland

 * Queen Street, Glasgow
 * Queen Street, Edinburgh

Wales

 * Queen Street, Cardiff, Wales

Other places

 * Queen Street, Boston, a previous name of Court Street
 * Queen Street, Auckland, New Zealand
 * Queen Street, Dublin, Ireland
 * Queen Street, Hong Kong, in Sheung Wan
 * Queen Street, Penang, also locally known as Lebuh Queen, Malaysia
 * Queen Street, Singapore

title: Queen Street


text:
The Players Championship

The Players Championship (commonly known as simply The Players, stylized by the PGA Tour as The PLAYERS Championship) is an annual golf tournament on the PGA Tour. Originally known as the Tournament Players Championship, it began in 1974. The Players Championship at one point offered the highest purse of any tournament in golf (from $12.5 million in 2019 up to $25 million in 2023). The field usually includes the top 50 players in the world rankings, but, unlike the major championships, it is owned by the PGA Tour and not an official event on other tours.

Despite not being a major, it has been promoted as such by the tour, dubbed the fifth major, and is often regarded as the next most prestigious tournament in golf. This is because of the characteristics it shares with the majors, such as the high class field and its large purse. It also has a renowned host course in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida (the TPC at Sawgrass Stadium Course at which the tournament has been played since 1982, home of the iconic par-3 No. 17 "Island Green").

Format
As of 2023, the victor receives $4.5 million, the winner's share (18%) of the largest purse in golf ($25 million), and receives 80 points towards his world ranking, the largest share aside from the majors, for which winners earn 100 points. For comparison, the winners of other leading tournaments receive between 65 and 70 points.

The winner also receives a five-year exemption on the PGA Tour (formerly ten years), a three-year invitation to the Masters Tournament, and three-year exemptions for the U.S. Open, The Open Championship, and the PGA Championship. The winner earns 600 FedEx Cup points, if a PGA Tour member.

Field
The field consists of 144 players consisting of the following criteria:

 * 1) Winners of PGA Tour events since last Players
 * 2) Top 125 from previous season's FedEx Cup points list
 * 3) Top 125 (medical)
 * 4) Major champions from the past five years
 * 5) Players Championship winners from the past five years
 * 6) The Tour Championship winners from the past three years
 * 7) World Golf Championship winners from the past three years
 * 8) Memorial Tournament, Arnold Palmer Invitational and Genesis Invitational winners from the past three years
 * 9) Top 50 from the Official World Golf Ranking
 * 10) Senior Players Championship champion from prior year
 * 11) Korn Ferry Tour money leader from prior season
 * 12) Money leader during the Korn Ferry Tour Finals, if not the regular-season money leader
 * 13) Top 10 current year FedEx Cup points leaders
 * 14) Remaining positions and alternates filled from the current season FedEx Cup standings

History
The Players Championship was conceived by the PGA Tour commissioner Deane Beman; the inaugural event in 1974 was played at Atlanta Country Club in Marietta, Georgia, concluding on Labor Day weekend in early September. It moved to Texas in 1975, at the Colonial Country Club in Fort Worth in August, and then to south Florida in 1976 at Inverrary Country Club in Lauderhill, at its East Course in late February. In these first three years the event replaced existing events, the Atlanta Classic in 1974, the Colonial National Invitational in 1975 and the Jackie Gleason-Inverrary Classic in 1976, which each returned to the schedule the following year.

In 1976 the PGA Tour agreed a multi-year deal to play the event up the coast at Sawgrass Country Club in Ponte Vedra Beach in mid-March, beginning in 1977. Since 1982, it has been played across the road to the west, at the Stadium Course at TPC at Sawgrass. The word "Tournament" was dropped from the title following the 1987 event.

Following the 2006 event, the course underwent a major renovation, which received very positive reviews from the players in 2007. Included in the renovation was a new 77000 sqft Mediterranean Revival-style clubhouse.

The 2020 Players Championship was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Six players have won The Players and a major championship in the same calendar year: Jack Nicklaus (1978, Open), Hal Sutton (1983, PGA), Tiger Woods (2001, Masters), Martin Kaymer (2014, U.S. Open), Cameron Smith (2022, Open), and Scottie Scheffler (2024, Masters).

Move to May
For the first thirty years at Ponte Vedra Beach, the championship was played in mid- to late March, several weeks before The Masters. (Three weeks prior for the first six seasons (1977–1982), then two weeks prior in 1983.) It was moved to May in 2007, to the weekend including the second Saturday, as part of a restructuring of the PGA Tour. This restructuring involved the introduction of the lucrative FedEx Cup, which concludes with The Tour Championship. The change gave the PGA Tour a marquee event in six consecutive months (The Masters in April, The Players in May, the U.S. Open in June, The Open Championship in July, the PGA Championship in August, and the Tour Championship in September).

With the rearrangement of 2007, the final round of The Players Championship was usually on the second Sunday of May, Mother's Day in the United States. To mark this, most players wore pink shirts or accessories on Sunday, and many in the galleries also joined them in donning pink garb. (The two exceptions were in 2011 and 2016, when the final round was on Sunday, May 15.)

In August 2017, it was announced that The Players would return to March beginning in 2019, due to a realignment of the golf season that moves the PGA Championship from August to May.

Playoffs
The playoff format was sudden-death through 2013, lately starting at the par-3 17th hole. The format was changed to a three-hole aggregate in 2014, similar to the PGA Championship, played over the final three holes, in order. If still tied, the playoff goes to sudden-death on the same three holes, but starts at the 17th.

Since moving to the Stadium Course in 1982, only four playoffs have been necessary (1987, 2008, 2011, 2015). The 1987 playoff started at the par-5 16th and went to a third extra hole at the par-4 18th, with three pars by the winner;  the next two ended at the first extra hole (17), also with pars by the victors. (The only playoff prior to the Stadium Course was in 1981; it also ended on the first hole with a par by the winner.)

The 2015 playoff was the first for the three-hole aggregate and included three participants; two birdied 17 and the other player was eliminated after three holes. It went to sudden-death at 17 and became the first playoff at the Players to end with a birdie.

Defending champions
Scottie Scheffler (2024) is the only player to successfully defend the title. Jack Nicklaus won three of the first five events, but in alternating years on different courses. Since moving to TPC Sawgrass in 1982, five players have won twice, but the shortest span between victories is six years (Steve Elkington: 1991, 1997).

Course lengths

 * Par 72, except for 1975 (par 70)

Winners
Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records. Source:

Multiple winners
Six players have won the tournament more than once:

 * 3 wins:
 * Jack Nicklaus: 1974, 1976, 1978
 * 2 wins:
 * Fred Couples: 1984, 1996
 * Steve Elkington: 1991, 1997
 * Hal Sutton: 1983, 2000
 * Davis Love III: 1992, 2003
 * Tiger Woods: 2001, 2013
 * Scottie Scheffler: 2023, 2024

Each of Nicklaus' three victories were at different courses but none were at the Stadium Course, where the other multiple winners won both their titles. Scottie Scheffler is the only back-to-back winner by virtue of his wins in 2023 and 2024.

Tournament highlights

 * 1974: Jack Nicklaus wins the inaugural edition of the tournament. He beats J. C. Snead by two shots near Atlanta.
 * 1977: Mark Hayes wins by two shots over Mike McCullough at Sawgrass Country Club, despite shooting the highest winning score on the PGA Tour, 289, since Nicklaus at the 1972 U.S. Open.
 * 1978: Jack Nicklaus wins his third Tournament Players Championship title. He edges Lou Graham by one shot.
 * 1979: Bob Murphy, a five-time winner on the PGA Tour, shoots a final round 92. Winds were gusting up to 45 miles per hour that day.
 * 1980: Playing in a final threesome with Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus, Lee Trevino shoots a final round 70 to edge Ben Crenshaw by one shot.
 * 1981: Raymond Floyd defeats Curtis Strange and Barry Jaeckel on the first hole of a sudden death playoff. In addition to the tournament title, Floyd collects an additional $250,000 bonus due to his win at the Doral-Eastern Open the week before.
 * 1982: After winning the first tournament at the Stadium Course by two shots over Brad Bryant and Scott Simpson, Jerry Pate tosses PGA Tour Commissioner Deane Beman and course architect Pete Dye into the water adjacent to the 18th green before jumping in himself.
 * 1983: Hal Sutton wins by one shot over Bob Eastwood. John Cook came to the 72nd hole tied for the lead with Sutton before hitting his tee shot in the water on his way to a double bogey.
 * 1984: Fred Couples shoots a course record 64 during the second round of play on his way to a one-shot victory over Lee Trevino.
 * 1986: John Mahaffey wins by one shot over Larry Mize after Mize makes bogey on four of the last five holes during the final round of play.
 * 1987: Sandy Lyle defeats Jeff Sluman with a par on the third hole of a sudden-death playoff. At the playoff's second hole, Sluman stood over a 6 ft birdie putt to win, and a spectator jumped into the water surrounding the 17th green. He backed away, then missed.
 * 1988: Jacksonville area resident Mark McCumber wins by four shots over Mike Reid.
 * 1989: Tom Kite wins for the second consecutive week. He beats Chip Beck by one shot.
 * 1991: Steve Elkington wins by one shot over Fuzzy Zoeller. Phil Blackmar had solo possession of the lead before hitting his tee shot into the water on the 71st hole resulting in a double bogey.
 * 1992: Mark Calcavecchia and John Daly, the first pair on the final day of the tournament, are reprimanded by Deputy PGA Tour Commissioner Tim Finchem "for failure to exert their best effort" after they finish their 18 holes of golf in only two hours and three minutes.
 * 1994: Greg Norman shoots the 72-hole record score for the tournament, 264, on his way to a four shot victory over Fuzzy Zoeller.
 * 1995: After Norman's record score, the course is made tougher by the creation of new, rock hard greens. Lee Janzen shoots 283 to win the tournament, the biggest one-year swing for a tournament played on the same layout in PGA Tour history.
 * 1996: Twelve years after his first win at the TPC at Sawgrass, Fred Couples triumphs again. He shoots a final round 64 to beat Colin Montgomerie and Tommy Tolles by four shots.
 * 1999: David Duval wins by two shots over Scott Gump. The win by Duval propels him to No. 1 in the World rankings.
 * 2000: Hal Sutton wins at the TPC at Sawgrass for a second time. He edges Tiger Woods by one shot.
 * 2002: Playing for the first time ever in The Players Championship, Craig Perks finishes eagle-birdie-par to win by two shots over Stephen Ames. It is the only PGA Tour win for Perks.
 * 2003: Davis Love III wins The Players Championship for a second time. He shoots a final round 64 to win by six shots over Jay Haas and Pádraig Harrington.
 * 2004: In spite of hitting his 2nd shot at the 72nd hole into the water, Adam Scott is able to get it up and down for bogey to win by one shot over Pádraig Harrington.
 * 2005: Fred Funk becomes the tournament's oldest champion by edging Tom Lehman, Luke Donald, and Scott Verplank by one shot. During the final round, Bob Tway hits four balls into the water surrounding the 17th green, scoring a twelve on the hole.
 * 2010: After 206 career PGA Tour starts, Tim Clark breaks through for his first Tour win.
 * 2011: K. J. Choi becomes the first Asian born golfer to win The Players Championship. He defeats David Toms on the first hole of a sudden death playoff.
 * 2013: Roberto Castro ties the course record with a 9-under 63 in the opening round. Sergio García, tied for the lead with Tiger Woods at 13-under par going to the par-3 17th hole in the final round, puts two balls into the water. Tiger Woods wins the event for the first time since 2001. It is his 78th career PGA Tour win in his 300th start.
 * 2014: Ongoing injuries prevent Tiger Woods from defending his title. In the first round, Martin Kaymer ties the course record with a 63 matching Fred Couples (1992), Greg Norman (1994) and Roberto Castro (2013). Kaymer goes on to win wire-to-wire.
 * 2015: Following a three-way tie at 12-under par in regulation play, the tournament's first aggregate three-hole playoff over holes 16–18 is conducted between Rickie Fowler, Kevin Kisner and Sergio García. Kisner and Fowler both go par-birdie-par to end the playoff at 1-under par, while García can only muster three pars to finish at even par and is eliminated. The playoff continues into sudden death, starting at the 17th, where both Kisner and Fowler have birdie opportunities. Kisner's birdie try from about 12 feet is unsuccessful, while Fowler's effort, inside of five feet, drops home for the victory.
 * 2017: 21-year-old Kim Si-woo becomes the event's youngest winner.
 * 2020: The tournament was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The first round had been played. Hideki Matsuyama led, having tied the course record with a score of 63 (−9). Half of the $15 million purse was distributed to the players who played the first round, $52,000 each.
 * 2024: Scottie Scheffler overcomes a five shot deficit heading into the final round to become the first back-to-back winner.

title: The Players Championship