text:
Talk:José Sócrates

Freeport
Family members are being targeted by Portuguese and British authorities on the Freeport case, as of 2009. Sócrates denies any involvement and he is not a suspect, but his statement and the whole story should be included in the article 81.84.183.85 (talk) 18:21, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Investigation
There is an ongoing investigation by the portuguese Polícia Judiciária regarding the alleged fraud case of Freeport Shopping Mall. This is a fact. http://www.correiomanha.pt/noticia.asp?id=149762&idselect=21&idCanal=21&p=94 http://online.expresso.clix.pt/1pagina/artigo.asp?id=24749505 http://www.tsf.pt/online/vida/interior.asp?id_artigo=TSF158728

Pharotek 03:54, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The fact is that Polícia Judiciária denied that Sócrates is even a suspect. muriel@pt 19:03, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Please don't delete the sources from the discussion. And don't delete the info about the investigation from the main article. Pharotek 16:34, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

And now someone affiliated with santana lopes is being accused of leaking false acusations to implicate socrates in the freeport case. Hmm, wonder if Pharotek will edit this into the article?Serodio 23:45, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The page should note that the Policia Judiciaria is also investigating the possible forgery of the document that implies Sócrates in the main investigation: http://semanal.expresso.clix.pt/1caderno/pais.asp?edition=1687&articleid=ES166803 (you need to register to see this, but I found a transcription [if you disregard the bolds] of that news article here: http://burrices.blogdrive.com/archive/363.html ). Also, Pharotek, two of your external sources seem to dissociate Sócrates from the investigation rather than implicate him as the page currently notes. - Serodio
 * That paragraph about the accusation made on him seems to have become a bit excessive since the whole thing seems to have disappeared from the papers. Anyone agree?
 * The investigation pointed out that the accusation of fraud was created by the supporters of Socrates' election rival, Santana Lopes, in order to try to swing the election to his favour. Having this in mind and having in mind that this was proven months ago, I believe that the "investigation" section should be deleted from the talk page. --Mecanismo 09:47, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Discussion material should never be deleted, unless it is patent nonsense or vandalism, as it allows further editors to be aware of the debunking of the investigation, in this case. wS;✉ 16:20, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Family members are being targeted by the investigation. That's a fact worth mentioning. And even if Sócrates denies anything else, his statement should be included in the article. 81.84.183.85 (talk) 18:18, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Page move
Why was this moved ? I've never seen him referred as José Pinto de Sousa, not even on the international press. Unless the editor gives any argument justifying the change, I'm going to revert it. wS 14:50, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * reverting is the right thing to do. The change was obviously made by someone bitter from Santana Lopes' defeat. It seems many of us Portuguese don't understand the concept of Wikipedia yet... :( Dehumanizer 15:02, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * most likely it was, but I'm going to wait until tomorrow by lunch time, anyway. wS 15:08, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * fine with me. Just so you know, this change made as much sense as changing "Aníbal Cavaco Silva"'s entry to "Aníbal Silva" (when everyone calls him "Cavaco Silva", and nobody would ever search for "Aníbal Silva" when trying to find info about him) - or "Madonna" (the artist) to her real name (making "Madonna" a redirect, and using her birth name throughout the entire article). Dehumanizer 15:17, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page move is completely insane. We need a sysop to undo the thing. muriel@pt 16:01, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I asked the deletion of the redirect. This move is absolutely wrong, according to wikipedia naming conventions that favour the most common form of a name. muriel@pt 16:17, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. Noel (talk) 19:51, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

templates
Can someone please fix the overlapsing templates please? (I don't know how to)Serodio 03:46, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Fixed it with simple line breaks, anyone know a better way to do this? they still overlapse in the displays I've checked, is it just my pc or is does everyone see it? Serodio 8 July 2005 21:52 (UTC)

Degree controversy
It should mention it, right? A Geek Tragedy 09:48, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Gato Fedorento
It should be noted he is the most mimicked politician of Gato Fedorento, and that he appeared in sketches like «Debate Cavaco vs Sócrates», «Conferência de Empresa de José Socrates», «Comunicado de Sócrates sobre a OTA» and «Escola de Obediência», and others (all of these can be found here, since March 11th (Portuguese 11 de Março).--Midasminus 14:33, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Conferencia de empresa?

 * I fail to see why that fact is relevant to the article. Political figures are usually the subject of satire. Moreover, I don't think "Gato Fedorento" has achieved any kind of particular historical relevance to the country. Cigsandalcohol 21:51, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Page Up 21:08, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

neither did he —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.242.229.113 (talk) 22:27, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Tone
I tried to tone down the article but It should require more cuts.Page Up 16:17, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Head of state in infobox
There's currently a disturbance at the current Canadian prime minister's article, Stephen Harper, regarding the inclusion of the head of state in the article's infobox, and, following that, on all previous Canadian prime ministers' articles; currently the Canadian series is the only one, as far as I can tell, where the relevant head of state is not listed in the infobox.

As this article, and all those for previous Portugese prime ministers, list the head of state in the infobox, I'm wondering how the decision to do so was reached, and if this practice should or should not be the same for all PMs' articles. It seems odd to me that one series of PM articles would be different to all the rest.

Opinions are welcome; needed actually. The discussion is taking place at Talk:Stephen Harper. --G2bambino 15:51, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

"Magalhães Man"
I lol'd. Massively. Should we let that stay there? 81.84.86.77 (talk) 18:58, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

agnostic
Google searches turn up nothing other than references to the guy he apointed as head of the Committee on Religious Freedom.Geni 17:19, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Religion
Jose Socrates is agnostic, he doesnt really mentions that a lot, he sometimes uses references to god, but he doesnt practise any form of religon —Preceding unsigned comment added by SOCIALISMEVER (talk • contribs) 15:56, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Face Oculta
Im adding this case to the controveries —Preceding unsigned comment added by SOCIALISMEVER (talk • contribs) 16:00, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Political career
I strongly suggest the first paragraph of this section is removed. He was not a founding member of JSD and you won't read this in his biography in Portuguese. He was a member of JSD for Covilhã, possibly one of the first members, but certainly not a founding one in its own right. He dropped his membership within the first 12 months. This statement is controvertial and has received criticism after it was published on a brochure earlier this month (Columbia University, NY,USA). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.31.178.97 (talk) 12:04, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Resignation
"On 23 March, 2011, following a no confidence vote in parliament over spending cuts and tax increases, the motion sponsored by all five opposition parties failed and he resigned.[31]"

False. Mr Pinto de Sousa presented his resignation to the President (who hasn't accepted it yet) because his (Pinto de Sousa's) PEC 4 package of tax increases and retirement pension cuts (among other things), the fourth austerity package in a year, was not approved by any of the five opposition parties. It was not a no confidence vote, nor was it a motion. It is to be noted that the PEC 4 had already been approved by European instances before having been presented to the Parliament, and short-circuiting the parliament might have been a factor.

For sources, see current portuguese online press. Or, say, this: (NYT) Austerity Debate Fells Portugal’s Premier for instance. It's a good article, as almost all foreign press is too sketchy on the subject.

I will not edit the page. --Xyzt1234 (talk) 13:38, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

Time as Prime Minister
So he's tendered his resignation and is still Prime Minister pending the President's approval of his resignation? —  Ancient Apparition •  Champagne?  • 12:54pm • 01:54, 25 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Right. --Xyzt1234 (talk) 10:52, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

Abuse?
What does the following mean? "José Sócrates studied in her mothers ass hole..." --Oguz.kupusoglu (talk) 08:36, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

As this article is written it does not conform to the neutral point of view that wikipedia articles should be. It is tendentious. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikipando (talk • contribs) 23:07, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

Time as Member of Parliament
The time span in that section is wrong. Portugal is NOT a parliamentary country (it is semi-presidential, semi-parliamentary biased towards parliamentarism system). As such, prime ministers cannot be part of the parliament. Actually, no member of the government can be at the same time a deputy. Please change those dates!

aw5678 at gmail dot com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.131.84.225 (talk) 20:10, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

honorific prefix
If he is not Prime Minister at the present time, it doesn't have logic that the page refers him as His Excellency — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.93.76.72 (talk) 17:54, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

Request for Comments
There is an RfC on the question of using "Religion: None" vs. "Religion: None (atheist)" in the infobox on this and other similar pages.

The RfC is at Template talk:Infobox person.

Please help us determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 21:05, 25 April 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:José Sócrates


text: User talk:66.190.2.138

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:66.190.2.138


text:
Talk:Film school

Untitled
Looking over this article again, a couple months later, it's not very encyclopedic, it reads more like a blog post or magazine opinion piece, with it's on-the-other-hands and unsourced speculation about spending money to make a movie or go to school. I'm going to try to work on the history some, I know of a good book from the late sixties that covers the US side. It would be ideal if someone could source and write about the intl side, particularly the schools in Europe.--StevenBradford (talk) 18:35, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

I deleted Ron Howard and Steven Spielberg from the list of filmmakers who had little or no formal college training. Spielberg attended Cal State Long Beach for three years, eventually got his degree in 2002 after completing the last of his classes. Ron Howard went to USC, the school claims him as an alumnus of the film program, though he may not have received a degree. See their wikipedia entries. For Wikipedia I believe very clear indisputable entries should be used for this claim, not ones that engender a debate.--StevenBradford (talk) 01:35, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Why are there not links to northan europian/scandinavian film schools? 81.151.253.151 (talk) 18:00, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

This article is awfully US-centric. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.37.44.154 (talk) 00:19, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Yale's Film Studies program any good? Please respond!

I really have to get into one.:-)..ah a film school that is.

Be sure to read "Film School Confidential" before you apply.

Hey can someone check on yale? I've always heard that the only ivy-league film school was columbia. Yale might have a program but this category doesn't include the hundreds of other colleges and universities that have programs of some type.
 * I did a little research. I visited Harvard's "Film school" which is called "Visual and Environmental Studies." It's only a major, not a school. So I looked up Yale, and for sure there isn't a school, which this article notes, and the only film-like thing I could find was a film studies major. But they may have a oddly named major like Harvard. Kushboy 02:02, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

A Wiki For Filmmaking
I apologize if this is somehow considered spamming or vandalism, but I thought this might be of interest to people who contribute to the Film Portal. If this should be deleted, by all means do so. I've created a filmmaking wiki, at http://wikifilmschool.com. My aim is not to duplicate the efforts of the Film Portal or any other project that seeks to catalogue films themselves (though, in truth, that may be an eventual effect if the project grows as large as I hope it will), but rather focus on the art and craft of how films and movies are actually made; cataloguing technique, terms, resources, and all knowledge that is related to how one would actually put together a motion picture. My goal is to cross the spectrum of filmmaking, from informing on the arcana of names and terms used in professional filmmaking that are only generally privy to professionals and people who have accumulated schooling and/or experience to cataloguing every possible way to achieve professional level results with as little money and as little "industry standard" equipment as conceivable. I hope some people will be interested in contributting, as Wikifilmschool could benefit from people with general wiki experience (formatting, templates, community building, etc.) as much as actual content. I intend to post this in a few other spots related to film, so I apologize in advance to anyone who comes across this message more than once. HamillianActor 16:15, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Notable film schools
What constitutes a "notable film school" or notable high school film school? I'm asking because a lot of film schools that may or may not be considered "notable" are listed. I would say that the "measuring stick" for film schools would be to combine the prevalence of successful alumni working in the film industry with the prevalence of successful films from that school in film festivals. All other schools should be deleted from the list. Does anybody disagree? --GHcool 06:47, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * That would be skirting, if not actually falling into, original research. More in the spirit of Wikipedia policy would be to look at how much coverage a school gets in third-party reliable published sources. -- Donald Albury 21:43, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Good point, Donald, but how would one go about doing that? --GHcool 22:25, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If the school has no article, remove it from the list. If the school does have an article, its notability as a film school should be sourced inthe article. If there are no sources indicating notability as a film school, provide any sources you know of, and use cn to request citations for the rest. -- Donald Albury 02:20, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think we should seriously revise what constitutes a "notable" film school, particularly considering Collins College is on there, and it's notorious for being a terrible school.

I just removed three red-linked high schools from the article. Notability needs to be established in an article about the school before it gets listed here. -- Donald Albury 10:13, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you Donald for your help. I reverted two of the high schools you removed because I happen to know that they both have top notch high school film deptartments despite the fact that they have no article.  Kamehameha High School is a regular winner at the International Student Media Festvival and Paint Branch High School won a Cine Golden Eagle.  I don't know enough about either school to make a whole article about them, but I do think that they deserved to be mentioned as being among the top high school film programs in the country.  --GHcool 18:29, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * With no articles about the schools, readers cannot judge whether or not they are notable. The alternative would be to cite in this article reliable sources that the schools are indeed notable for their film programs, but using those sources to create articles about the schools would be better. -- Donald Albury 15:35, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. --GHcool 21:55, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

This article had become an out of control list of schools and programs that did not appear to meet our list guidelines or What Wikipedia is not directory. I've begun cleaning up. Removing the external links and wikilinking all the schools. I'm trimming the list somewhat. I've set the bar pretty low at the moment - removing any school or program that doesn't either have a reference in the article demonstrating some form of notability or a Wikipedia article (for University links I'm checking if the University article has a section that talks about the film school to link to.) We should probably look for something a bit more substantial than this at some point. I've only got down as far as Germany tonight. Will continue tomorrow. -- SiobhanHansa 02:00, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I've gone through the whole list now. I applied a little more rigour to the high schools as that seemed to have become a list of any highschool which had any sort of visual recording offering.  So I looked for outside recognition of the schools film program.  Definitely needs more work.  I also axed the "non-degree" list as the only members of that list that weren't already under individual states did not appear notable.

 * I was surprised to find no film programs were considered worthy of mention in any of the US States after New York (at least in the universities' Wikipedia articles). Will start trawling through some rankings and the like next to start building things back up.  After I've done that I think we should axe any of the programs that don't get mentioned by respected external sources. -- SiobhanHansa 19:32, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Huge amount of clean up needed
First off, The list of film schools section is a huge amount of undue weight that bloats the article. A list of maybe the top dozen or so notable film schools from around the world could make up a section if it's sourced well but this by state and country business needs to go.

The article also needs a fundamental restructuring starting with a "history of film school" section broken into sub sections with the pre history like Eisenstein's teachings then the creation of formal film schools in the US starting with NYU and USC... etc. The benefits and terminology sections can stay but need sources. I will begin working on this when I have time and try to bring in some folks from WP:FILMS Andman8 (talk) 04:30, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Interested in studing at your film academy
Hi iam MBUH Blaise Baneh a film maker in cameroon i specialise in Directing and proffessional video editing,my email is banehmbb@yahoo.co.uk tell:(237)7510 5395 i just whant to know what it takes to study in your institute and the procedure to follow please a await your reply —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.205.17.149 (talk) 08:49, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Film school


text:
Sean Patrick Thomas

Sean Patrick Thomas is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Derek Reynolds in the 2001 film Save the Last Dance and as Jimmy James in Barbershop (2002), Barbershop 2: Back in Business (2004), and Barbershop: The Next Cut (2016), as well as his television role as Detective Temple Page in The District and as Professor Macalester in Vixen (2015–2016).

Early life
Thomas was born in Washington, D.C., the son of emigrants from Guyana. He was raised in Wilmington, Delaware, the son of Cheryl, a financial analyst for DuPont, and Carlton Thomas, an engineer who also worked for DuPont.

Thomas, who has two younger siblings, graduated from Brandywine High School in Delaware and attended the University of Virginia. He originally intended to study law, but upon successfully auditioning for a role in the play A Raisin in the Sun, Thomas changed directions and decided to attend New York University's prestigious Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts, graduating in 1995.

Career
Thomas began appearing in screen roles in the mid-1990s, and had minor roles in several films, including Conspiracy Theory (1997), Can't Hardly Wait (1998), and Cruel Intentions (1999). His first leading role was in the teen romance Save the Last Dance, in which he starred opposite Julia Stiles. The film opened in January 2001 and became successful among teen audiences, grossing over $90 million domestically. Subsequently, Thomas appeared in supporting roles in the films Barbershop and Halloween: Resurrection, both of which were released in 2002. Thomas was a cast member on The District, a television crime drama that aired on CBS from 2000 to 2004.

Thomas played recurring character Alan Townsend on Reaper. He originated the recurring character of Karl Dupree on Lie to Me. In 2009, he took to the stage, playing the title role in Othello for the Theatre for a New Audience in New York. This production moved to the Intiman Theatre in Seattle for the summer. In 2012, he worked with Ioan Gruffudd and Sarah Michelle Gellar in Ringer. He was originally cast as Cyborg for Justice League: Throne of Atlantis, replacing Shemar Moore from Justice League: War, who was initially not available to reprise his role. But after Sean Patrick Thomas recorded the role, Shemar Moore was available again so Andrea Romano, for the sake of continuity, recast Thomas with Shemar Moore who lip synced to the earlier performance of Thomas. Patrick Thomas portrayed Dr. Michael Cayle in the horror film Deep in the Darkness, based on the Michael Laimo novel with the same name. On The Boys spinoff Gen V, he portrayed former superhero Polarity.

Personal life
Thomas married actress Aonika Laurent in New Orleans on Saturday, April 22, 2006. Their original wedding date had been Saturday, November 5, 2005, but had to be postponed due to Hurricane Katrina. The couple met at a party thrown by Barbershop director Tim Story. The couple has two children.

title: Sean Patrick Thomas


text:
Safe harbor

A safe harbor or harbour is literally a "place of shelter and safety, esp. for ships". It is used in many contexts:

Film and television

 * "The Safe Harbor", a 2006 episode of The O.C. television series
 * Safe Harbor, a 2006 made-for-television movie starring Tracey Gold and Steve Bacic
 * Safe harbor (broadcasting), established in 1978 in the US, the time period in a television schedule during which programs with adult content can air
 * Safe Harbor (film), a 2009 television movie starring Treat Williams and Nancy Travis
 * Safe Harbor (1999 TV series), a 1999 television drama starring Gregory Harrison and Rue McClanahan
 * Safe Harbor (upcoming TV series), an upcoming crime drama television series
 * Safe Harbour (film), a 2007 American direct-to-video film directed by Bill Corcoran
 * Safe Harbour (TV series), a 2017 Australian television drama series

Law and regulations

 * Safe harbor (law), a provision of a statute or a regulation that specifies that certain conduct will be deemed not to violate a given rule
 * International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles, a process for U.S. companies to comply with the EU Directive on the protection of personal data
 * DMCA safe harbor, which shields online service providers from liability for facilitating their users' copyright infringement as long as they comply with certain requirements, such as accepting "take down" notices
 * Place of refuge for ships, also called a safe harbor, where a ship in distress can shelter

Publishing

 * Safe Harbour (novel), a 2003 novel by Danielle Steel
 * Safe Harbor (novel), a 2004 novel by Radclyffe

Places

 * Safe Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
 * Safe Harbor, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * Safe Harbor Dam, Susquehanna River, U.S.

Other uses

 * Safe harbor (commerce), function as a form of shark repellent used to thwart hostile takeovers
 * Safe Harbor Certified Seafood, a brand of mercury tested seafood products

title: Safe harbor


text:
École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise

The École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise (ENSIIE) (National School of Computer Science for Industry and Business), formerly known as Institut d'informatique d'entreprise, is a French public grande école specialising in computer science and applied mathematics.

Students can be admitted to ENSIIE through the selective Concours Mines-Télécom examination, after a strong competition during two years of undergraduate studies in classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles. The selection was done on the Concours Centrale-Supélec examination before 2015. Students can also be admitted through parallel admissions, coming from various IUT as well as multiplie faculties all around France, along with a number of international students through partnerships.

The school belongs to prestigious groups of institutions such as Institut Mines-Télécom, or University of Paris-Saclay (associate member).

The ENSIIE Engineering School was created by the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in 1968.

Initially located in Paris, it is now in Évry (France).

In 2020, the ENSIIE benefits from a network of over 4000 Alumni, engineer who have graduated from the school under any major or type of training.

Academic studies
The admission to Institut d'Informatique d'Entreprise is made through a selective entrance examination, and requires at least two years of preparation (in Classes Préparatoires), or for non-CPGE admissions, highly selective processes including an interview. Each year, around 130~150 new students are admitted.

Courses last 3 years, and the final year can be done in a foreign university, such as the University of Manchester (UK), Oxford University (UK), Aston University (UK), Université de Sherbrooke (Canada). Some of these collaborations will enable the student to obtain both the ENSIIE degree and the master's degree of the host university.

There also exist multiple partnerships with other international universities that do not involve a double degree in which the students can take a part of. The full list can be found on the official website.

The studies are divided into three major components: Some Humanities topics are added: Languages (students have to successfully pass the TOEIC before the end of their studies), Epistemology, ...
 * Computer Science: Programming, Databases, Multimedia, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Networks, Hardware, Robotics, Cybersecurity, Video Game Design, Virtual Reality...
 * Mathematics: Data Science, Operational Research, Formal Methods, Finance, Probabilities, ...
 * Economics & Management: Management, Entrepreneurship

A considerable amount of time (11 months during the whole studies) is spent working in companies or research laboratories, corresponding to 3 internships: 2 months at the end of the 1st year, 3 months at the end of the 2nd year, and 6 months at the end of the 3rd year.

The ENSIIE also offers a dual education system, where students enrolled, generally admitted through IUT and parallel admissions, alternate between working in a company and attending school, on the basis of 2/3 days a week for each of those activities.

In addition to these two trainings, the ENSIIE offers a Continuing education path for more experienced professionals (over 3 years of experience in IT and also holding a degree) who want to benefit from an advanced diploma.

Notable alumni

 * Christophe Devine (2003), inventor of the software Aircrack-ng and XySSL


text:
Foster Botanical Garden

Foster Botanical Garden, measuring 13.5 acre, is one of five public botanical gardens on Oahu. It is located at 50 North Vineyard Boulevard, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, near Chinatown at the intersection of Nu'uanu Avenue and Vineyard Boulevard. Foster is in a highly urban area with strip malls, schools, and Buddhist, Shinto, and Methodist religious facilities nearby.

The Garden is the oldest botanical garden in Hawaii, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
In 1853, Queen Kalama leased 4.6 acre of land to William Hillebrand, a German physician and botanist who built his home and planted trees on the site. During his stay, he introduced a number of plants to Hawaii, as well as deer and mynah birds. Many of the large trees growing today on the Upper Terrace were Hillebrand's plantings. After 20 years Hillebrand returned to Germany, where he published Flora of the Hawaiian Islands in 1888. In 1884 the property was sold to Thomas R. Foster and his wife Mary E. Foster (née Robinson), who continued to develop the garden as their homesite. Upon her death in 1930, Mary Foster bequeathed the land and her home to the City and County of Honolulu, with the provision that the city accept and forever keep and properly maintain the (gardens) as a public and tropical park to be known and called Foster Park. At the time, the gardens were roughly 5.5 acre.

Dr. Harold Lyon, the first director of Foster Garden, introduced thousands of new plants and trees to Hawaii, and started its famous orchid collection. Paul Weissich, director from 1957 to 1989, expanded Foster Garden to 14 acre of native plants, and developed four additional sites on Oahu Island to create the 650 acre Honolulu Botanical Gardens system. Taken as a whole, these five gardens feature rare species from tropical environments ranging from desert to rainforest, comprising the largest and most diverse tropical plant collection in the United States.

The Garden is the inspiration for a line in Joni Mitchell's 1970 folk song "Big Yellow Taxi": "Took all the trees, put 'em in a tree museum / Then charge people a dollar and a half just to see 'em.".

Foster Botanical Garden today
Today the garden consists of the Upper Terrace (the oldest part of the garden); Middle Terraces (palms, aroids, heliconias, gingers); Economic Garden (herbs, spices, dyes, poisons); Prehistoric Glen (primitive plants planted in 1965); Lyon Orchid Garden; and Hybrid Orchid Display. It also contains a number of exceptional trees, including a Sacred Fig which is a clone descendant of the Bodhi tree that Buddha sat under for inspiration, a sapling of which was gifted to Mary Foster by Anagarika Dharmapala in 1913. All told, it contains 25 of about 100 Oahu trees designated as exceptional.

The garden also contains several memorials and sculptures:
 * A small replica of the Daibutsu of Kamakura commemorates 100 years of Japanese immigration to Hawaii
 * A memorial stone on the site of the first Japanese language school on Oahu, where an anti-aircraft shell exploded into an auditorium full of children during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
 * The 1977 abstract ceramic sculpture 'Sandwich Isle' by artist Bob Flint
 * The 1974 sculpture Tree by Charles W. Watson

title: Foster Botanical Garden


text:
Reimer

Reimer is a family name of Germanic or Dutch origin.

Notable people with this surname

 * Al Reimer (1927-2015), Canadian writer
 * Andrea Reimer, Canadian politician
 * A. James Reimer (1942–2010), Canadian Mennonite theologian
 * Arthur E. Reimer (1882–1969), American political candidate for the Socialist Labor Party of America
 * Bennett Reimer, American musician
 * Birgitte Reimer (1926-2021), Danish actress
 * Brittany Reimer (born 1988), Canadian swimmer
 * Christine Reimer, Danish journalist
 * Christopher Reimer, Canadian musician
 * Daniela Reimer, German rower
 * David Reimer (1965–2004), Canadian man raised as a girl who became a famous case study in sexology
 * David Dale Reimer, American diplomat
 * Dennis Reimer (born 1939), Chief of Staff of the United States Army 1995-1999
 * Doug Reimer, Canadian volleyball player
 * Erwin Reimer, Chilean athlete
 * Eugene Reimer, Canadian athlete
 * Evi Grünenwald-Reimer (born 1964), Swiss chess master
 * Jack Reimer, Canadian politician
 * Jakob Reimer (1918–2005), a Trawniki concentration camp guard
 * James Reimer, Canadian ice hockey player
 * Jan Reimer (born 1952), Canadian politician
 * Jeffrey Reimer, American chemist
 * John Reimer, Canadian politician
 * Josef Ludwig Reimer, Austrian writer
 * Georg Reimer, German painter
 * Helmut Reimer, German computer scientist
 * Klaas Reimer (1770–1837), founder of the Kleine Gemeinde
 * Linda Reimer, Canadian politician
 * Luke Reimer, Australian rugby player
 * Luke Reimer (American football) (born 2000), American football player
 * Mary Jean Reimer (born 1964), Hong Kong actress
 * Martin Reimer, German cyclist
 * Neil Reimer (1921-2011), Canadian politician
 * Nele Reimer, German handballer
 * Patrick Reimer, German hockey player
 * Paula Reimer, American scientist
 * Rebecca Reimer, American politician and member of the South Dakota House of Representatives
 * Uwe Reimer, German writer

Fictional characters

 * Wendy Reimer, protagonist of Casey Plett's novel Little Fish

title: Reimer


text:
Talk:Death/Archive 1

 * Current discussion on Talk:Death

The original text was a bit confused between human and non-human death; I think that's a little clearer now, but I'm still not happy with the mixed nature of this article. Perhaps this is a good candidate for an EB merge--I'll go see what they have to say. --Lee Daniel Crocker

---

May I ask why personification of death is covered here (to it's credit, with a link to to be mentioned article) when there is also a personification of death page? 82.42.81.187

Just a note on the "failure" versus "termination" issue. Failure in the case used previously was used as scientists use it, not as a shortcoming, but the equivalent to such terms as "kidney failure", "system failure" (in computers), "memory failure" etc. It simply means that some part of the organism has failed to such a degree that life is no longer possible. Termination feels more 'loaded' a term to me for some reason. Just a minor quibble though. Rgamble

 * It seems to me that when we say "failure," we mean abnormal termination - your kidneys aren't "supposed" to fail (during your lifetime): on the other hand, you are "supposed" to die. - montréalais

I removed this statement:
 * Humans are the only living beings able to imagen death.

Aside from the spelling, it's a very problematic claim: --Brion 11:57 Oct 22, 2002 (UTC)
 * 1) It's not falsifiable; since we have no way of asking other living beings if or what they imagine, we cannot verify that death is or is not among those things
 * 2) What does it mean to "imagine death"? To imagine a dead body? To imagine one's own dead body? To imagine the state of the outside after we are dead (and plan for it)? To imagine being in the state of death itself? (One might argue that we humans are unable to do this latter; hence we imagine all the afterlife fooferah.)

I've restructured the article, partly to try to separate the discussion of death in general from the discussion of death of humans. Here are some notes on specific passages added, deleted, or changed:

 * Death was once defined as the cessation of heartbeat and breathing, for example, but the development of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and early defibrillation posed a challenge: either the definition of death was incorrect, or techniques had been discovered that really allowed one to reverse death (because, in some cases, breathing and heartbeat can be restarted). Generally, the first option was chosen. (Today this definition of death is known as "clinical death".)

First, can anyone provide any specific historical context, in terms of people, places, dates, etc. for when this definition might have been relevant? The vagueness here worries me.

Second, the rest of this paragraph, or at least my contributions to it, are basically historical fiction; maybe they're in the right ballpark, but I have no evidence whatsoever to suggest that this conflict actually happened. I was trying to make the narrative coherent and compelling. Maybe this should be removed, or maybe someone who knows more about it can fix things.

 * In most places the more conservative definiton of death has been adopted (for example the Uniform Definition of Death Act in the United States).

It was unclear which definition of death was "more conservative", so I removed this statement.

 * It is presumed that a stoppage of electrical activity indicates the end of consciousness.

I don't know how many people presume this. However, I do know that, if people don't presume this, then the claim that stoppage of electrical activity is a good operational definition of death is a very odd one. So: if anyone disputes this statement, I challenge you to provide an alternative explanation.

 * It might also be worthwhile to entertain the possibility that death does not occur at a particular moment, but unfolds as a process over a period of time. Perhaps, in the end, it is not terribly meaningful to speak of "the exact moment of death".

There must be people to cite on this topic.

-- Ryguasu, Oct 22 2002

 * ""Biologically, death can occur to wholes, to parts of wholes, or to both. For example, it is possible for individual cells and even organs to die"", is there room here for a link to cell death as it's been recently awarded the Nobel prize?--dgd

-

This is incorrect.....

 * The irreversibility of death is connected with the second law of thermodynamics; in both cases, organized systems become less organized systems, and there is, in theory, no turning back. Nonetheless, many people do not seem convinced that death is always and necessarily irreversible; thus some have a literal belief in the resurrection of Jesus Christ, while others have high hopes for the eventual prospects of Cryonics.

The second law of thermodynamics does not argue that death is irreversible. The second law does not apply to an open system which a body is not. In principle, if you pump enough energy into a system, you can reverse any entropy loss.

One can argue that the second law makes death inevitable, but that is a totally different argument.

These two paragraphs were reversed, so that the "second" at the beginning of the now-first paragraph makes no sense:
 * What happens to humans after death?
 * Second, and more interesting to many, what, if anything, happens to humans when they die? Is there perhaps an afterlife? This is a long-standing and vexing question.
 * Physiological consequences of human death
 * For the human body, the physiological consequences of death include rigor mortis, dependent lividity, and decay.

It would actually make more sense to me to re-reverse the paragraphs, so that it goes from the known (body decay) to the unknown & open question (afterlife). FvdP 17:29 Oct 22, 2002 (UTC)

The "second" makes sense in terms of the following organizational structure, which is found, in this order, in the article:

 * 1) "Thinking about human death raises a number of questions."
 * 2) "First, how can we identify the exact moment at which death has occured?"
 * 3) "Second, and more interesting to many, what, if anything, happens to humans when they die?

Maybe this structure is not clear; I think it got less clear with the addition of the h2s.

Perhaps the structure should be:

 * 1) "Thinking about human death raises a number of questions."
 * 2) "First, how can we identify the exact moment at which death has occured?"
 * 3) "Second, and more interesting to many, what, if anything, happens to humans when they die?
 * 4) there are some mundane physical things that we understand
 * 5) there are some metaphysical things that we might not

This is a little problematic, though, because the first question implies that everything that follows is a sort of mystery, including the "mundane physical things that we understand." Ideas? -- Ryguasu

-- Actually after a bit more thought, I see a possible article structure as follows:
 * death as a biological phenomenon (non-controversial description):
 * (current first section)
 * what happens to bodies after death
 * controversial issues about death:
 * when is the exact moment of death ?
 * is biological death the actual end of a human's life ?

On the "second, and more interesting to many", I would just remove it. "second" comes way too far after the implicit "first". "more interesting to many" is not NPOV, even though it's probably true; no need to insist on that fact, readers know what interests them. FvdP 18:11 Oct 22, 2002 (UTC)

Sounds good to me. It'd be good to throw in much more in the way of historical, religious, and cultural perspectives as well, though that's a tall order. -- Ryguasu

Why remove the stuff on Canada? The statistics are valid and informative, and there is similar information about Canada in other articles like murder and dentistry. If you feel the article shouldn't be biased towards one country, which it shouldn't, don't delete. Instead add information on other nations. - SimonP 15:10, Aug 26, 2003 (UTC)

-

 * Death as a state is the opposite of life

I regard this statement as rather metaphysical, and POV in that regard. It sort of suggests that death is an enemy of life, or not part of life, when I and those who think as I do regard it as the natural consequence of life and part of the life cycle, not alien to it. - Montréalais

The meaning is not particularly metaphysical; the intent is to explain the difference between being dead and dying. Life is used as a handy word that means "the state of being alive". Metaphysics only enters when we try to generalize the words... that's later in the article. Andrew 05:37, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC)

-

What's with "oolitic death syndrome"? I'm inclined to believe it's a joke, since it links to Oxford University and the phrase occurs nowhere else on Wikipedia. But I'm hesitant to take it out, since it seems harmless. Andrew 05:37, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC)

What happens to humans after death?
I can't help but wonder if this is POV because there's no evidence for the existence of a spirit or soul. ... (treading carefully) ... would someone like to rephrase? Alex.tan 16:16, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, we need to tread carefully. I am also wondering if there are POV problems and in factual problems with the section.  Why don't we try editing it and discuss the results.  I will go first. Tom (hawstom) 22:08, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

I reverted this addition. It needs to go in afterlife or near death experience. "Many who have had near-death experiences or who have been dead for at least a few seconds before have reported death as being similar to a peaceful, dreamless sleep." Tom 23:36, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Death/Archive 1


text:
Matrix representation

Matrix representation is a method used by a computer language to store column-vector matrices of more than one dimension in memory. Fortran and C use different schemes for their native arrays. Fortran uses "Column Major" (AoS), in which all the elements for a given column are stored contiguously in memory. C uses "Row Major" (SoA), which stores all the elements for a given row contiguously in memory. LAPACK defines various matrix representations in memory. There is also Sparse matrix representation and Morton-order matrix representation. According to the documentation, in LAPACK the unitary matrix representation is optimized. Some languages such as Java store matrices using Iliffe vectors. These are particularly useful for storing irregular matrices. Matrices are of primary importance in linear algebra.

Basic mathematical operations
An m × n (read as m by n) order matrix is a set of numbers arranged in m rows and n columns. Matrices of the same order can be added by adding the corresponding elements. Two matrices can be multiplied, the condition being that the number of columns of the first matrix is equal to the number of rows of the second matrix. Hence, if an m × n matrix is multiplied with an n × r matrix, then the resultant matrix will be of the order m × r.

Operations like row operations or column operations can be performed on a matrix, using which we can obtain the inverse of a matrix. The inverse may be obtained by determining the adjoint as well. rows and columns are the different classes of matrices

In 3D graphics
The choice of representation for 4×4 matrices commonly used in 3D graphics affects the implementation of matrix/vector operations in systems with packed SIMD instructions:

Row major (SoA)
With row-major matrix order, it is easy to transform vectors using dot product operations, since the coefficients of each component are sequential in memory. Consequently, this layout may be desirable if a processor supports dot product operations natively. It is also possible to efficiently use a '3×4' affine transformation matrix without padding or awkward permutes.

Column major (AoS)
With column-major order, a "matrix × vector" multiply can be implemented with vectorized multiply-add operations, if the vector's components are broadcast to each SIMD lane. It is also easy to access the basis vectors represented by a transformation matrix as individual column vectors, as these are contiguous in memory.

title: Matrix representation


text: User talk:24.71.246.153

title: User talk:24.71.246.153


text:
Arthur E. Reimer

Arthur Elmer Reimer (January 15, 1882 – November 25, 1969) was an American socialist political activist and politician who served as the presidential candidate of the Socialist Labor Party of America twice.

Early years
Arthur Reimer was born January 15, 1882, in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of a machinist. Reimer attended public school in Boston before going on to Northeastern University, also in Boston, where he earned a law degree in 1912.

Reimer worked as a ladies' tailor in his younger years.

Political career
In 1898 Reimer joined the Socialist Labor Party of America.

In 1905, he was among those SLP members who joined the new Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Reimer exited that organization along with his party comrades in 1908 to establish a rival organization, the Workers International Industrial Union (WIIU) as a result of disagreement between the IWW majority and the SLP group over matters of strategy and tactics.

As a member of WIIU, Reimers was a participant in the 1912 Paterson Silk Strike.

He was the Socialist Labor Party presidential candidate for the 1912 election. His running mate was August Gillhaus of New York, the SLP's candidate for president in the previous election, that of 1908.

Afforded access to one of the country's leading weekly news magazines of the day in the days before the election, Riemer criticized the attempt of the rival Socialist Party of America to win piecemeal ameliorative reform and declared a need for revolutionary change:

"Where the social system starts with the private ownership of the necessaries for production, the bolt that, at first, slightly impedes fatedly becomes in the end a total bar to 'opportunity' — so far as the masses are concerned. The chains of wage slavery become more galling... At such a stage of capitalist rotten-ripeness, to look for reformatory redress in the governmental and economic maxims that rocked the cradle of the green infancy of capitalism is to be blind to economic evolution. It is to seek to hold back a runaway horse by the tail....

"Capitalism has organized the forces for and firmly sunk the piers on which to rear the structure of the industrial republic — the social system under which the plants of production are owned collectively and democratically administered. * *  *

"Socialism may be summed up in the motto, 'Down with the political state, up with the industrial administration!' ...Afraid, on the one hand, to alienate the vote of the 'furtive Socialists' by a propaganda which these may mistake for anarchism, the Socialist Party suppresses this vital revolutionary feature of socialism; on the other hand, afraid to forfeit the vote of floating, hence anarchistically tainted discontent, the Socialist Party has elected a notorious anarchist [ William D. Haywood ] to its National Executive Committee."

Reimer and Gillhaus received 33,070 votes in the 1912 campaign.

In 1913 he ran for governor of Massachusetts, only spending six cents, and again in 1914 with the Socialist Labor nomination both times.

In the summer of 1914, Reimer was named the representative of the Socialist Labor Party to the International Socialist Bureau at the meeting of the Second International in Vienna, Austria.

On April 29, 1916, he was given the Socialist Labor presidential nomination again by acclamation at the 1916 convention with Caleb Harrison as his running mate. During the 1916 campaign, Reimer and Harrison toured the country and during the campaign Reimer was thrown in jail for a time by the authorities of the mining town of Butte, Montana, for giving a speech on the streets without permission from city officials and was later given a $10 fine that was suspended, while his running mate Harrison suffered a similar fate in the steel city of Homestead, Pennsylvania. During the course of the 1916 campaign, the SLP produced and distributed 1.5 million leaflets in support of the socialist cause, en route to garnering 14,398 votes.

Later years
The Russian Revolution of 1917 exerted an enormous impact upon the membership of the Socialist Labor Party, as with all on the political left wing in America. A significant section of the SLP exited the party in the 1917–1919 period to join forces with the communist movement in the United States. According to one history, Arthur Reimer was among this group, joining his 1916 vice presidential running mate, Caleb Harrison, Buffalo, New York, druggist and party veteran Boris Reinstein, the late Daniel DeLeon's son, Solon DeLeon, and Dr. Julius Hammer of New York City. Another source, published in 1925 and edited by Solon DeLeon himself, contends that Reimer had not left the embrace of the SLP up to that date.

Death and legacy
Arthur E. Reimer died in 1969.

Works

 * "The Socialist Labor Party's Appeal," The Independent, vol. 73, whole no. 3334 (October 24, 1912), pp. 954–958.
 * "Report of the Socialist Labor Party to the International Socialist Congress at Vienna," August 23–29, 1914.

title: Arthur E. Reimer


text:
Intangible property

Intangible property, also known as incorporeal property, is something that a person or corporation can have ownership of and can transfer ownership to another person or corporation, but has no physical substance, for example brand identity or knowledge/intellectual property.

Description
Intangible property generally refers to statutory creations, such as copyright, trademarks, or patents. It excludes tangible property like real property (land, buildings, and fixtures) and personal property (ships, automobiles, tools, etc.). In some jurisdictions, intangible property are referred to as choses in action. Intangible property is used in distinction to tangible property. It is useful to note that there are two forms of intangible property: legal intangible property (which is discussed here) and competitive intangible property (which is the source from which legal intangible property is created but cannot be owned, extinguished, or transferred). Competitive intangible property disobeys the intellectual property test of voluntary extinguishment and therefore results in the sources that create intellectual property (knowledge in its source form, collaboration, process-engagement, etc.) escaping quantification.

Generally, ownership of intangible property gives the owner a set of legally enforceable rights over reproduction of personal property containing certain content. For example, a copyright owner can control the reproduction of the work forming the copyright. However, the intangible property forms a set of rights separate from the tangible property that carries the rights. For example, the owner of a copyright can control the printing of books containing the content, but the book itself is personal property which can be bought and sold without concern over the rights of the copyright holder.

In English law and other Commonwealth legal systems, intangible property is traditionally divided in pure intangibles (such as debts, intellectual property rights and goodwill) and documentary intangibles, which obtain their character through the medium of a document (such as a bill of lading, promissory note or bill of exchange). The recent rise of electronic documents has blurred the distinction between pure intangibles and documentary intangibles.

title: Intangible property


text:
VideoGuard

VideoGuard (sometimes referred to simply as NDS), produced by NDS, is a digital encryption system for use with conditional access television broadcasting. It is used on digital satellite television systems - some of which are operated by News Corporation, which owned about half (49%) of NDS until its sale to Cisco in 2012 (becoming Cisco Videoscape division). Since 2018 VideoGuard is improved and maintained by Synamedia (Cisco's spun-off company based on its former Videoscape division). Its two most widely used implementations are Sky in the United Kingdom and Ireland and DirecTV in the United States, the former of which launched the digital version of the system in 1998.

History
Since the majority of content provided by companies like BSkyB requires subscription, VideoGuard protects that content by encrypting both standard subscription channels and pay-per-view movies and events. Access flags can be downloaded to the subscriber's card either over the air (via 'hidden' data streams) or by using the box's built in modem, thereby allowing rapid changing of channel packages and ordering of events. Already in use in America since 1997, the VideoGuard system was introduced to the UK by NDS in 1998 with the launch of Sky Digital, replacing the VideoCrypt system (also supplied by NDS) in use on Sky's analogue broadcasts. Despite widespread piracy of the US DirecTV service between 1997 and 2002, the implementation in the UK remained secure until 2014 when a BBC investigation revealed that some companies in south London offered pirated Sky TV sold for £10 a month. The BBC report quoted Keith Cottenden, forensic services director at consultants Cy4or, said in February 2014 that there were some areas in the UK where those hacking satellite TV outnumber viewers paying for it legitimately.

Various pay per view flaws have been identified in the past, related merely to the circuitry of the set-top box (STB), rather than the NDS card. It is suspected that the version initially used by Sky was either insecure or close to being broken, as a software update rolled out to all boxes required replacement of the BSkyB subscriber's viewing card. Even so, wholesale card replacements are rare, currently having occurred just twice during the lifetime of Sky Digital - once in 2002/2003, and again in 2009 (replacements carried out between April and June).

While most commonly used to protect pay-TV, VideoGuard is also used by numerous non-subscription broadcasters to enforce geographic rights restrictions. VideoGuard has been used by the BBC, ITV, and Channel 4 to restrict non-UK viewing, although in recent years these broadcasters have moved to broadcasting FTA on the more geographically restricted footprint of the Astra 2D satellite which is mainly, although not entirely, focused on the UK and Ireland. In some cases, encryption is still used on some versions of ITV and Channel 4 services where rights issues or a lack of capacity on the Astra 2D satellite are an issue.

Many broadcasters choose to pair their cards, meaning that a paired (also called "married") card can be used only in a specific broadcaster-supplied STB, or by using the serial number from said receiver with one of the reverse-engineered solutions. In the case of Sky, all cards are married to a particular STB, although almost all non-premium channels will still allow viewing even if the box and card are not paired. Other channels, such as Sky's sports and movie channels, cannot be viewed unless the viewing card is being used in its specifically paired set top box.

Reverse engineering
VideoGuard is unusual in that legitimate external conditional-access modules are not available, the encryption system instead being built into the hardware and firmware of platform-supplied set-top boxes. However, several groups have managed to reverse-engineer VideoGuard to the point where a legitimate subscriber's card can be utilised in third-party receivers to decrypt those channels which that subscriber is authorised to view. A software CAM emulator exists for the Dreambox & Triple-Dragon Linux-powered satellite receivers, along with the Diablo, Dragon, Giga-Blue and T-Rex conditional-access modules. Some of the reverse-engineered solutions are unable to update the card, meaning the legitimate card needs to be returned to official Sky receiver for a few hours (or overnight) to be refreshed, or programmes will no longer decrypt. An example of a reverse-engineered solution that does support card updates is NDSCam.

Sky 2009 card replacements
As of late March 2009, BSkyB have begun issuing replacement NDS smartcards. These new cards are believed to close off the current software CAM loophole.

Supported broadcasters
Several other broadcasters than Sky or DirecTV around the world use the VideoGuard system, including:
 * DirecTV (Latin America)
 * Hot (Israel), Yes (Israel)
 * Viasat (Scandinavia)
 * Sky Italia (Italy)
 * Sky Deutschland (Germany)
 * Sky Brazil (Brazil)
 * Sky Network Television (New Zealand)
 * Foxtel (Australia)
 * Airtel DigitalTV (India)
 * Tata Sky & Hathway (DVB-C) (India)
 * Astro (Malaysia)
 * TrueVisions (Thailand)
 * D-Smart (Turkey)
 * TotalTV (Balkan)
 * ONO (Spain)
 * Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Canada)
 * China Central Television (China)
 * SBB (Serbia)
 * KabelBW (Germany)
 * Vivacom (Bulgaria)
 * Dolce, now Telekom TV (Romania)
 * STAR TV/Fox International Channels (Asia)
 * Cignal Digital TV (Philippines)
 * Aora (currently discontinued) (Indonesia)
 * MNC Vision (formerly known as Indovision, OkeVision, and Top TV) (Indonesia)
 * Orange Home TV cable (Romania)
 * OTAU TV (Kazakhstan)
 * OTE TV (Greece)
 * Oi TV (Brazil)

title: VideoGuard


text:
List of Oregon locations by per capita income

The following is a list of Oregon counties and places in order of per capita income. Oregon has the twenty-third highest per capita income in the United States of America, at $20,940 (2000). Its personal per capita income is $29,340 (2003).

Counties ranked by per-capita income

Note: Data is from the 2010 United States Census Data and the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.


text:
IIE

IIE may stand for:

 * The Independent Institute of Education, South Africa
 * Innovative Interstellar Explorer, a proposed mission to send a probe to the heliopause
 * Institut d'Informatique d'Entreprise, French public Grandes écoles specializing in computer science
 * Institute for International Economics, economics think tank based in Washington, D.C.
 * Institute of Industrial Engineers, world's largest professional society for industrial engineering professionals
 * Institute of International Education, a world leader in the international exchange of people and ideas
 * Institution of Incorporated Engineers, once the UK's largest multidisciplinary engineering association, now part of IET
 * Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, art history research institute at Mexico's National Autonomous University (UNAM)
 * The Apple IIe, the third model in Apple's line of Apple II computers

title: IIE


text:
Foutanké

The Foutanké or Fouta is a breed or type of light horse from Senegal, in West Africa. It results from the cross-breeding of a Fleuve stallion with an M'Bayar mare; its conformation is similar to that of the Fleuve. It is one of the four recognised Senegalese horse breeds – the others being the M'Bayar, the Fleuve and the M'Par – and is highly valued for horse-racing.

History
The origins of the horse in Senegal are not documented. In 1996, Senegal had a horse population of about 400,000 head, the largest of any West African country. This was a substantial increase from the 216,000 reported in 1978, and a much greater increase from the population after the Second World War, estimated at barely 30,000. Population numbers for the Foutanké are not reported. In 2007 the FAO did not have data from which to estimate the conservation status of the breed.

title: Foutanké


text:
Axel F

"Axel F" is an electronic instrumental track by German musician Harold Faltermeyer. It served as the theme song for the 1984 film Beverly Hills Cop, its eponymous character (as portrayed by Eddie Murphy) and the film franchise it is based from, which became an international number-one hit in 1985. The track reached number one in Ireland as well as on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. Additionally, it was a number two hit in Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the UK, and West Germany.

In addition to the Beverly Hills Cop soundtrack, the song appears on Faltermeyer's 1988 album Harold F. as a bonus track.

Production
Faltermeyer recorded the tune using five instruments: a Roland Jupiter-8 provided the distinctive saw lead, a Moog modular synthesizer 15 provided the bass, a Roland JX-3P provided chord stab brasses, a Yamaha DX7 was used for the marimba sound, and a LinnDrum was used for drum programming. All instruments were played by Faltermeyer.

According to Faltermeyer, the initial reaction to his first presentation of the track to the film's producers and director did not result in an immediate approval; it was not until director Martin Brest voiced his approval that the producers showed enthusiasm.

A music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Faltermeyer. Faltermeyer is featured wearing an overcoat, hat, and sunglasses; he sneaks into a computer lab at night and uses one of the machines to watch scenes from Beverly Hills Cop with himself edited in, interspersed with footage of a pole dancer, a female dancer, and of himself playing the synthesizer.

Track listings

 * 7-inch single
 * 1) "Axel F" – 3:00
 * 2) "Shoot Out" – 2:44

 * 12-inch maxi
 * 1) "Axel F" (M & M mix) – 7:00
 * 2) "Axel F" (extended version) – 7:09
 * 3) "Shoot Out" – 2:44

 * 12-inch maxi
 * 1) "Axel F" (extended version) – 7:09
 * 2) "Shoot Out" – 2:44

Charts
Faltermeyer's version of the instrumental reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. It also spent two weeks atop the American adult contemporary chart.

Techno Cop version
In 1992, German techno group Techno Cop covered the instrumental, and achieved modest success with a top 30 ranking on the German singles chart. Unlike the original, this version contains rap passages.

Track listings

 * 12-inch maxi
 * 1) "Axel F" (Outlaw mix) – 5:50
 * 2) "Axel F" (Megaphone mix) – 5:20
 * 3) "Cops in Trance" – 4:15

 * CD maxi
 * 1) "Axel F" (U-Boot mix) – 6:00
 * 2) "Axel F" (radio edit) – 3:49
 * 3) "Axel F" (Minimalistixtendid) – 4:41
 * 4) "Beverly Kills" – 2:58

Clock version
British pop/dance act Clock released a successful dance cover of "Axel F" in 1995. Produced by Richard Pritchard and Stu Allan, it was featured on their debut album, It's Time... (1995), and peaked at number five in Scotland, number seven in the UK overall, number eight in Ireland and number 37 in Sweden. On the Eurochart Hot 100, the single reached number 20 in March 1995, while in Australia, it peaked at number 42.

Critical reception
When the cover was released in 1995, James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart, "There is no denying the brilliance of this record, making the Harold Faltermeyer classic more of a dance hit than he could ever have dreamed as the song makes the Top 10 close on ten years since the original did the same." Alan Jones from Music Week's RM Dance Update described the song as "another energetic remake". Another editor, James Hamilton, declared it as an "ultra excitingly galloping 135bpm Hi-NRG" track.

Track listings

 * UK CD maxi
 * 1) "Axel F" (Radio Short Stab) – 3:22
 * 2) "Axel F" (Primax mix) – 4:47
 * 3) "Keep Pushin'" (Clock N-R-G mix) – 6:27
 * 4) "Keep Pushin'" (PTP 'London' mix) – 7:46

 * Sweden CD maxi
 * 1) "Axel F" (radio edit) – 3:38
 * 2) "Axel F" (Primax mix) – 4:44
 * 3) "Axel F" (Ten to Two mix) – 5:40
 * 4) "Keep Pushin'" (PTP London edit) – 4:40
 * 5) "Clock Megamix" - 15:40

Psy version
In 2002, South Korean singer Psy released a track titled "Champion" as part of his album 3 Mai, tapping into Seoul's enthusiasm over the 2002 FIFA World Cup. "Champion" was partially inspired by Korean street cheering during the 2002 World Cup. Paul Lester of The Guardian called "Champion" a "thrashy disco" which heavily samples Axel F by Harold Faltermeyer".

Murphy Brown vs Captain Hollywood version
In 2003, Murphy Brown and Captain Hollywood released their eurodance version of "Axel F", titled "Axel F 2003". This version was produced by Matthias Wagner and Andreas Dohmeyer of the Off-cast Project, and Bass Bumpers. It contains a vocal sample from Max Headroom ("What's going on?"), heard at the beginning of the song. It reached number 18 on the official German Singles Chart. This version was reworked two years later into the highly successful version by Crazy Frog, which was also completed by the same team of producers.

Crazy Frog version
In 2005, a reworking of "Axel F 2003" by Murphy Brown and Captain Hollywood was released by Crazy Frog, titled "Axel F". This version became a summer hit that year. The song is Crazy Frog's most successful single. Like "Axel F 2003", Crazy Frog's version was also produced by the Off-cast Project, and Henning Reith and Reinhard "DJ Voodoo" Raith, two members of the German dance production team Bass Bumpers. Wolfgang Boss and Jamster! arranged the remix.

The song consists of additional vocals taken from the 1997 recording "2TAKTARE.mp3" by Daniel Malmedahl. It uses mainly the same part of the two-minute original that was used in Jamster's release.

There were three edits to the song. The original version of the song can be found on most P2P networks.

Chart performances
Released across Europe in May 2005, "Axel F" topped the charts in the United Kingdom, with some of the best weekly sales of the year (out-selling rivals such as Coldplay by four copies to one), and remained at the top of the UK Singles Chart for four weeks to become Britain's third-best-selling single of 2005, outselling and outperforming the original version. In other European countries, the popularity has differed, with the song failing to make the top 20 in Switzerland at first, before gradually climbing to number 1, whilst only making number 18 in Russia. It also reached number 1 on the overall European chart, after initially being number 2 to Akon's "Lonely" for several weeks; it stayed at number 1 until September. It also reached number 1 in Australia, the Republic of Ireland, Belgium, Denmark, France, New Zealand, Norway, Ukraine, Spain, and Sweden.

In France, the song entered the French Singles Chart at number seventy seven on 11 June 2005, and moved all the way to number two the next week. There it stayed for two weeks before climbing to the summit, where it remained for thirteen weeks. It fell off the first position being dethroned by Crazy Frog's 2nd single, "Popcorn". This was only the second time that an artist had ever dethroned themself in that country. The song remained in the top 10 for 21 weeks, 30 weeks in the top 50 and 36 weeks in the chart. Its best weekly sales were 103,564 on its 6th week. On 1 December 2005, it was certified diamond, 7 months after its release by the French certifierSNEP. The song is the third best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 1,270,000 units sold. (1,265,579 sales, according to another source).

Despite Crazy Frog not being as well known in Japan, the single release also charted there, peaking at number 46. It peaked at number 50 in the US. Although "Axel F" managed to find more success in mainstream markets, it proved to be a moderate success on the US Rhythmic Top 40 where it peaked at number 28. It also peaked at number 3 on the US Digital Sales chart, beating the likes of Lindsay Lohan and the Black Eyed Peas. Its highest U.S. success was number 2 on the US Adult Contemporary Top 20. The song later became an Internet meme.

The song was the 65th best-selling single of the 2000s in the UK.

Music video
The Ministry of Sound hired Kaktus Film and Erik Wernquist of TurboForce3D, the original creator of the 3D Crazy Frog, to produce a full-length animated music video to accompany the release of the song. An overview of the city is shown. Then someone in a van with attached satellite dishes and high-tech instruments on the interior sees a message on one of the monitor, which reads "Wanted: The most annoying thing in the world", referring to Crazy Frog, with a bounty of $50,000 specified for the catcher.

In 2011, the video was listed in NME's "50 Worst Music Videos", ranking at 47. As of October 2023, it has been viewed more than 4 billion times on YouTube.

In 2024, as part of a tribute to celebrate the release of Beverly Hills Cop: Axel F, the Crazy Frog YouTube Channel made a special crossover music video with Netflix, featuring scenes from the movie, but re-edited to feature Crazy Frog in them, being chased by the Beverly Hills Police and Axel Foley. It's the first time that Crazy Frog has ever interacted with the original franchise.

Track listing

 * Australia
 * 1) "Axel F" (Radio Edit) – 2:54
 * 2) "Axel F" (Club Mix) – 6:23
 * 3) "Axel F" (Club Mix Instrumental) – 6:23
 * 4) "In the 80's" – 3:29

 * UK
 * 1) "Axel F" (Radio Edit)
 * 2) "Axel F" (Bounce Mix)
 * 3) "Axel F" (Bounce Mix Instrumental)
 * 4) "Axel F" (Reservoir Frog Remix)
 * 5) "Axel F" (Video)

title: Axel F


text:
Rebecca Peters

Rebecca Peters is a political advocate for gun control who served as Director of the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) from 2002 to 2010. , Peters was listed on the IANSA board of directors.

Background
Rebecca Peters studied law.

As chair of the Australian National Coalition for Gun Control at the time of the Port Arthur massacre in 1996, Peters contributed to the introduction of stricter gun control in Australia, working on the homogenization of gun laws across Australia's 6 states and 2 territories, the ban on semiautomatic rifles and shotguns, and a year-long buyback that destroyed nearly 700,000 weapons. In a televised debate with Ian McNiven, vice-president of the Firearms Owners Association, the latter declared that guns were necessary for men to defend women against the invasion of Indonesians in Australia, to which she replied that domestic violence was probably a much bigger issue. Thinking his microphone was off, he muttered back «I tell you what, if I was married to Rebecca Peters I'd probably commit domestic violence too», thus exemplifying the gender issue in the gun politics arena.

She worked for the Open Society Institute, a private foundation funded by George Soros. From 2002 to 2010, Rebecca Peters served as Director of the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA).

In 2014, she moved to Guatemala to lobby in favor of stricter gun control policies, and to fundraise for the Transitions Foundation of Guatemala, a foundation specialized in helping disabled victims of gun violence.

She has been criticised by the National Rifle Association of America which claims that Peters "is the voice and face of hatred of gun owners and Second Amendment freedoms."

Recognitions

 * 1996: Australian Human Rights Medal for her contribution to researching, educating and lobbying for gun law reforms in Australia.
 * 2007: Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to the community as an advocate and campaigner for gun control.

title: Rebecca Peters


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Ancient Peoples

Category:Ancient Peoples
This should be renamed to / merged into Category:Ancient peoples, in order to drop the pointless uppercase "p" in "peoples". --Joy [shallot]
 * As the lower case policy is established it seems we have to grin and bare it, but please don't call capitalisation "pointless". It is consistent with normal usage which most people learnt in school. The lower case policy would appear to be a manifestation of Wikipedia's geeky origins, but as it develops an ever higher proportion of readers are likely to be people who will find the lower case policy jarring, or just plain wrong. I think I'll be stubborn now and vote to oppose change here. Philip 03:42, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This isn't the place to suggest a change of policy. Since there are two categories by the same name and only one of them should be kept, Category:Ancient Peoples should be merged into Category:Ancient peoples. —Mike 05:20, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Merge with Ancient peoples. People is not a proper noun here, and so should not be capitalized.  What are you thinking using european spelling for capitalized and American style for title punctuation anyway? 8-D --ssd 00:20, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * make "Ancient Peoples" a redirect to "Ancient peoples" Faethon12 17:37, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete category and merge it into the lowercase "Ancient peoples". —Lowellian (talk) 21:59, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Fleuve

The Fleuve is a breed of horse from Senegal, in West Africa. Its name is the French word for "big river"; it is named for the Senegal River (Fleuve Sénégal). It is one of four Senegalese horse breeds, the others being the Foutanké, the M'Bayar and the M'Par.

History
The origins of the horse in Senegal are not documented. The Fleuve derives from Sahel-type horses from the Hodh and Kayes regions of modern-day Mauretania and Mali, to the north of Senegal. Those in turn are descended from Barb horses from the Maghreb countries further to the north. The Fleuve has been described as a "degenerate Barb".

In 1996, Senegal had a horse population of about 400,000 head, the largest of any West African country. This was a substantial increase from the 216,000 reported in 1978, and a much greater increase from the population after the Second World War, estimated at barely 30,000. Population numbers for the Fleuve are not reported. In 2007 the FAO did not have data from which to estimate the conservation status of the breed.

Characteristics
The Fleuve is normally grey. It is a well-made horse, with a fine head and slender legs; it is energetic, with lively gaits. Poor examples may be too narrow in the chest, or have insufficient bone in the legs.

Use
Horses play an important part in the social and economic life in Senegal. The Fleuve was once the horse of chieftains; it is now used as a saddle-horse and for horse-racing.

It is also used in cross-breeding: a cross between a Fleuve stallion and an M'Bayar mare gives rise to the type called Foutanké.

title: Fleuve


text:
AMS Neve

AMS Neve Ltd is a privately owned audio engineering company who specialise in digital and analogue music consoles, outboard equipment and post production consoles. AMS Neve was the result of the amalgamation in 1992 of AMS (Advanced Music Systems) with Neve Electronics.

Background
Neve Electronics was a British manufacturer of mixing consoles that originated in the work of Rupert Neve in the 1960s. Neve analogue consoles have been considered to be of such high quality that many of twenty or thirty years of age are still in use today at recording studios around the world—even as digital audio has taken over many aspects of recording technology. Studios with Neve equipment are often sought out by musicians. Models such as the '1073' and '1081' microphone preamps are still among the most popular and expensive in the recording world.

Neve was the first company to develop computer-controlled moving fader automation, NECAM, in the mid-1970s.

In 1985 Neve Electronics was acquired by the Siemens group; in 1992 the Siemens group combined Neve Electronics with another newly acquired company, Advanced Music Systems to form AMS Neve. Today, the company produces both digital and analogue systems, marketing digital products under the AMS Neve brand, and analogue products under the Neve brand.

Awards
AMS Neve won a Technical Grammy Award in 2000. The company has also won Oscar and Emmy awards.

Notable products
Analogue Consoles:
 * Neve 88R and 88RS Large-format analogue consoles
 * Neve Genesys and Genesys Black
 * Neve BCM10/2

Digital Consoles:
 * AMS Neve DFC (Digital film console)
 * AMS Neve MMC/DMC (Multimedia consoles)

Outboard:
 * 8801 Channel Strip (based on the Channel strip of the aforementioned 88R/88RS console)
 * Neve 8816 Summing Mixer/8804 Fader Pack
 * Neve 88RLB/1073LB/1073LBEQ/2264ALB API-format 500 Series "Lunchbox" modules
 * Neve 1073/1081 Re-issues
 * 33609JD Stereo Compressor

title: AMS Neve


text:
Neve Electronics

Neve Electronics was a manufacturer of music recording and broadcast mixing consoles and hardware. It was founded in 1961 by Rupert Neve, the man credited with creating the modern mixing console.

Company formation
Rupert Neve formed Neve Electronics in 1961. The company specialised in producing professional audio equipment and mixing consoles. The products used high-quality components and utilized Class-A circuit designs. In 1964 the company moved to Cambridgeshire. That year Neve Electronics built one of the first transistor-based mixing consoles for Philips Records Studios in London. The company moved to a purpose-built factory in Melbourn, near Cambridge where in 1968 they designed the 2254 compressor limiter for ABC Weekend TV in the UK. It was also in 1968 that Neve Electronics began to distribute their products in North America. Vanguard Records, of New York City, was the first American recording studio to take possession of the Neve console in October, 1968.

1970s
In 1970, Rupert Neve designed the 1073 module for the new A88 mixing console; this console was designed for Wessex Studios. During the seventies Neve Electronics produced a whole series of mixing consoles for both broadcast and recording studios. In 1973, the 8048 console was produced; this included the newer 1081 microphone/line preamplifier and equaliser. In the same year Rupert Neve sold Neve Electronics to the Bonochord Group. He continued working alongside Neve Electronics until 1975 when he left altogether.

In 1977, Neve Electronics began using digital technology with the introduction of their Necam system. Necam stood for Neve Computer Assisted Mixdown. The first Necam system was installed at AIR Studios in London. Necam also gained popularity in television post production facilities, including the BBC. Before the introduction of Necam, all fader mixing had to be done as live, a considerably skilled and stressful task for any dubbing mixer. Necam allowed for fader movements to be stored and recalled at a later point, allowing the dubbing mixer to build a mix in stages and focus on the creative and artistic elements of a mix, rather than on managing the technology. For those working in television post production, this was seen as a major breakthrough. In 1979, the 8108 console was produced using both analog and digital technology. The console had assignable controls and memory mixing faders.

Merger with AMS
In the 1980s, there were concerns about Neve Electronics' financial situation. This was partly due to their ambitious investment into research and development of projects such as the DSP console and the Necam system. Another product that was included in the company's research and development programme was a digitally controlled routing system; very few of these were sold. In 1985, Neve Electronics was acquired by the Siemens group; then in 1992 the Siemens group combined Neve Electronics with another newly acquired company, Advanced Music Systems to form AMS Neve which continues to produce products under both the Neve and AMS Neve brands.

Notable products

 * Neve 8028 Mixing Console, "one of five in the world", "a 24-input, 16-bus, 24-monitor 8028 with 1073 or 1084 EQs and no automation"

 * Neve 8048 Mixing Console
 * Neve 8068 Mixing Console
 * Neve 8078 Mixing Console
 * Neve 2254 Compressor/Limiter
 * Neve 1084 Mic Preamplifier & Equaliser

Neve 1073 Console Module
The 1073 is a Class-A design microphone/line preamplifier with three equaliser bands. The equaliser has a fixed 12kHz high frequency band and switchable low and mid range bands with cut and boost controls. There is also a passive third-order (18 dB/octave) high pass filter. Two switches were also fitted on the module's front panel for equaliser bypass and phase polarity. The 1073 module was designed to be part of the 80 series Neve console. It was never intended for use as a stand alone module. It is now regarded as a "desert island" preamp by many recording engineers, and has been used on a countless number of hit records over the past 30 years from Rock, Rap, Hip-hop, to Classical. The sound is described as very big, fat, and colored. The factor contributing to the larger than life sound is greatly attributed to the design of the transformer which seems to add subharmonics to the signal. The Equalizer section of the 1073 is regarded as very "musical" and practical and has become the favorite choice of many engineers for recording and mixing.

Neve 33609 Compressor Limiter
The 33609 is a 19” rack mounted compressor limiter produced by Neve Electronics for broadcast and recording purposes. The unit can be linked for stereo and multi-channel operation. The compressor processes the audio signal before the output amplifier, meaning the output level can be raised after compression of the signal. The controls include compression attack and recovery times. There is also a bypass control to switch the effect in or out of the circuit. Other configurations were available at the time of the product's release. The Neve 33609 compressor limiter was re-designed around 2009 by AMS Neve and labelled as the 33609JD stereo compressor.

Timeline

 * 1961: Company based at Harlow.
 * 1964: Moved to the Priesthaus in Little Shelford.
 * 1966: The Neve Group of Companies formed 1 December 1966 to take over business run privately by Rupert Neve.
 * 1966: Consoles made for the TV Centre, Madrid.
 * 1969: First broadcast consoles for ABC Weekend TV and Granada TV.
 * 1969: First consoles to the USA: Sound Studios, Van Nuys, CA and Vanguard studios in New York. First 16 track consoles.
 * 1970: First console to AIR Studios, first desk for BBC TV Lime Grove Studios, a standard 8008 24/8 costing £15,000.
 * 1970: Rupert Neve Incorporated (USA) formed April 1970.
 * 1970: Rupert Neve Canada formed (sales company) 10 September 1970
 * 1973: Neve group of companies purchased by Bononchord (later named ESE Energy Services and Equipment) with Robin Rigby as Chairman.
 * 1975: Rupert Neve leaves the company under contract to not produce a similar product for ten years (i.e. Focusrite 1985).
 * 1977: 8058 and 8068 Mark 1, 5312, 5315
 * 1978: Rupert Neve and Company Ltd becomes Neve Electronics International on April 1, 1978.
 * 1978: Neve digital design department formed.
 * 1985: Neve taken over by the FAF group Group of companies end 1985.
 * 1992: Company is amalgamated with AMS in Burnley with remaining staff either moving to Burnley or the London Sales Office. Company now called AMS Neve.
 * 2005: AMS Neve acquired by SAE Institute.
 * 2010: SAE sells its interests in AMS Neve back to Mark Crabtree.

title: Neve Electronics


text:
M'Bayar

The M'Bayar is a breed of small horse from the historic region of Baol in Senegal, in West Africa. It is the most numerous of the four Senegalese horse breeds, the others being the Fleuve, the Foutanké and the M'Par.

History
The origins of the horse in Senegal are not documented. The M'Bayar may either be an autochthonous breed with ancient origins in the area, or may be a descendant of Barb horses from the Maghreb countries to the north. In the twentieth century the breed was influenced by Barb horses imported from Mali, Mauretania and Morocco; the pure-blood Arab and Anglo-Arab stock at the Centre de Recherches Zootechniques of Dahra have also had an influence.

In 1996, Senegal had a horse population of about 400,000 head, the largest of any West African country. This was a substantial increase from the 216,000 reported in 1978, and a much greater increase from the population after the Second World War, estimated at barely 30,000. The M'Bayar is the most numerous of the four Senegalese horse breeds.

In 2007 the FAO did not have data from which to estimate the conservation status of the M'Bayar breed.

Characteristics
The M'Bayar is a small stocky horse, broad in the chest and short in the neck. The legs are strong, but often suffer from cow hocks and other conformational defects. The predominant coat colour is bay, but grey, roan and chestnut are also commonly seen. The M'Bayar is calm and docile, rustic, strong and enduring.

Use
Horses play an important part in the social and economic life in Senegal. The M'Bayar is used as a light draught horse, both for transport and for tillage. It is also used for horse-racing. Consumption of horse meat in Senegal is very low, for religious and cultural reasons, but some carcasses are sent to a specialised butcher's shop in Dakar.

title: M'Bayar