text:
Talk:Christian–Jewish reconciliation/Archive 3

Just to chime in-- I find it refreshing to hear Danny's well thought out and researched comments. On another issue, this article (i think) is largely based on the tone set by the US-Israeli relationship, and has some undertones toward the exclusion of Muslims. I know RK would disagree with me, but I think that this article cant be written without some flavor dealing with the political realities of the day-- the importance of Israel to US oil interests, etc. I'm not sure Im qualified to add such a treatment, but I wouldnt hesitate to try, if this article ever simmers down. 戴&#30505sv 02:05, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the nice comments Steve. I also agree with much of your assessment regarding rapproachment in light of the Middle East conflict, but I do have some problems with it. For instance, the strongest supporters of Israel in the US today are Fundamentalist Protestant groups, who are committed to the Jewish people and Israel because of their interpretation of the fulfilment of biblical prophecy. In other words, it is somewhat disingenuous. Meanwhile, certain Jewish leaders jump on the bandwagon because "it is good for Israel." Similarly disingenuous. On a much wider level, however, the topic of this pseudo-article is Christian-Jewish reconciliation, not American Christian-American Jewish reconciliation. Overall, it should focus more broadly on international efforts, not simply American efforts. There have been some very important meetings between Jewish religious leaders and the leaders of important denominations, not only in America but in Israel, to discuss similarities and differences. There is an international effort in this direction. This should be the highlight of the article, not (and here I get POV) a bunch of zealots from both sides deciding that my enemy's enemy is my friend. Danny 03:01, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * On your point about internationalism: There is one Jewish state in the world, and it has some international relevance for Jews, right? I mean this is not Cuba we are talking about. If you're dealing with a separation between religious Jews apart from ethnic agnostic Jews, then its hard to follow where the line is. Religious issues are not apart from politics-- though I agree with Martin removing that line from the text as POV. Not international? How much more international can you get than dealing with the Jewish state, its peoples' relations with the most powerful state in the world, which just happens to be "based on a Christian ethic" however silly that sounds?  I dont think having a short section as I wrote on the politicality of this relationship is irrelevant, nor can it be reasonably argued that the climate and terms of this religious reconciliation dont have political overtones (and undertones). Sincerely, -戴&#30505sv 15:12, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * P.S Even to segment this article into two:the overall and then the specific US-Israel relationship, would require that a little of each be in the other, right? I dont think theres enough here to warrant two articles, once we remove all the pro-Jewish and pro-Christian diatribes.'SV

 * Stop ranting about the US, Oil, Arand and Israel. This article isn't about your hatred of the State of Israel.

 * What does Stevertigo's rant about the US, Israel and Oil have to do with relations between Christians and Jews? Nothing. Just like the WikiEn list, he is using this forum to attack Israel, even though it has nothing to do with the topic. And, as you point out, his comments are disingenous in any case. RK 14:33, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Are you disagreeing with Danny? I think you have to make a stronger case than appealing to your common ethnicity. Sincerely, 戴&#30505sv 15:12, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

The Jews "ignore"
The following has been removed:
 * Jews hailed the document as the first time a Christian Church said that anti-semitism was unacceptable, but they ignore previous statements and acts, such as the papal protection of Jews throughout the Middle Ages and World War II; 16th century Catechism of the Council of Trent, whose fourth Article spoke of culpability for the death of Jesus; Pope Pius XI's Mit Brennender Sorge; Pope Pius XII's, " No, no I say to you, it is impossible for a Christian to take part in anti-Semitism. It is inadmissible! Through Christ and in Christ we are spiritual progeny of Abraham. Spiritually, we are all Semites," etc. Some argue that the desire of some Jews to see the Second Vatican Council as a wonderfully revolutionary Council that "ended anti-semitism" is due to destruction of the Catholic Church that followed that Council and which appealed to the anti-Christianism of some practitioners of Judaism.

 * This part is touchy--It definitely needs a rewrite-- and a bit less intimation of what 'Jews think and say.' Its the same problem a certain partisan Wikipedian has with putting words in the mouths of Palestinians or Christians, etc, etc, etc.戴&#30505sv 15:20, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Stevertigo writes the following lies and slander of Jews:
 * One of the greatest difficulties in Jewish-Catholic relations is the conflation of "Semitism" (a racialist or ethnic concept) with "Judaism" (a religious concept). While any Christian group that believes that Jesus is the Messiah for all must, by definition, have arguments against Judaism as a religion, often these arguments are labelled "anti-semitic" when they are mentioned.

 * This is a bald-faced lie. First off, there is no such thing as "semitism", This term is used by Christian Identity adherents of part of their ideology, but it is not recognized as real by scholars of religion or by historians. Secondly, Jewish group do not label Chrisitan belief in Jesus as anti-Semitic. Stevertigo is making this stuff up. This isn't a POV problem; he simply is fabricating positions which the Jewish community does not have, and attacks Jews with these strawman arguments. RK 14:38, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * I didnt write that. So saying that I did write it must be "bald-faced slander." I support its removal. I also support the idea that you be more careful and actually read the text before removing it, Bob. 戴&#30505sv 14:52, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * In other words, in defending Christianity, Christians are intimated to be racialists. Questions that must be answered for dialogue to proceed include: Does anti-Judaism equate with anti-semitism? Can a Christian believe in classic, orthodox Christian dogma without being accused of "anti-semitism"? Does any critique of Judaism on the part of Christians indicate anti-semitism? Is being Jewish a matter of race, ethnicity, religion, peoplehood, or some combination of these?

 * Pardon me, but I have not seen anyone make such claims. Nothing in this Discussion page or in this article attacks Christianity in general as racist or anti-Semitic. Please read more carefully before making such accusations. JeMa 17:59, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

Racialists
Didn't anyone notice the red flag terms? Only Christian Identity adherents and members of the Ku Klux Klan use the term "racialist? In any case, Stevertigo is slandering the entire Jewish community; Jews are not slandering Chrisitans as "racists", let alone as "racialists". He is fabricating positions, and then attacking Jews for these positions which only exist in his mind. That is called Jew-baiting, and it is anti-Semitic by definition. RK 20:51, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * On many websites and TV talk shows that have "exposes" of the new Ku Klux Klan and Aryan Nation, it is shown that these groups now use the term "racialist" instead of "racist". They are the same concept in a new dressing.  Changing the spelling does not change the idea content.  JeMa 17:59, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

According to the page history, RK added the text in -- where the word "racialist" is used {10:38, 1 Oct 2003. . RK (Discussion of racist rant against Jews.)} whilst describing what he claims Stevertigo has said. I don't know where RK gets this from, but now it just looks like RK is flat-out lying and attempting to "plant evidence" -- as silly as that seems when anyone can go back and look at the history! -- Bcorr -- Брайен из Детройте 21:35, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Please re-read the page history. Rk did not insert that text; he did not plant edvidence. It really was added here by an anonymous user. JeMa 17:59, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

 * RK probably moved the text from the article itself. I don't know who added it to the article, but I'm sure you could find out if you went through the page histories. Martin 22:48, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Nope, I checked. This (nor anything close to it)never appeared in the article or on the talk page The only edit Steve made to the article was this revision. -- BCorr -- Брайен из Детройте 23:04, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * I checked too. Anonymous IP added it in this edit. -- Cyan 23:30, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks Cyan. Perhaps Robert will now accept that he just attacked Stevertigo on the basis of words that Stevertigo never wrote. Martin 23:33, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry to be so definitive -- it never occured to me to check today's edit by someone other than Stevertigo -- I went through the past history. My apologies for that. -- BCorr -- Брайен из Детройте 00:08, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

This belongs on another article --anti-Zionism not here. 戴&#30505sv 14:53, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Groups that state that "racialism" is the same as "racism".

Backgrounder on Racialist Groups and Hate Activity in Canada

Eye on Hate

ADL: Hate on the Internet

Road To Peace: Racism and Bigotry

Media Awareness Network: Deconstructing Hate Sites

Protecting the article
Semitism is a concept nonetheless: the concept that there are groups out there that speak Semitic languages out there, such as Hebrew, Maltese, Arabic, etc. and have some similar cultural heritage (i.e., Judaism, Lebanese/Maltese Christianity, Mideastern Islam, etc.) Rickyrab 23:41, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Ironically, an article about "reconciliation" has been repeatedly reverted. I am protecting the page pending some calm discussion of what all the fuss is about. (And, please no one do one of those oops-he-protected-the-wrong-version things and re-revert it while it's protected. Let's actually talk this out.) --Uncle Ed 15:23, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Mutual hostility needs defusing - I mean, among us Wikipedians!
This addition leaves me puzzled:
 * Anti-Semitism among Christians and anti-Christianism among Jews have not died out entirely, and anti-Semitic acts have been perpetrated by some Christian leaders, as anti-Christian acts have been perpetrated by Jewish leaders.

I think I know what "anti-Semitism" is; there is a fairly long Wikipedia article an it, for one thing. But what is "anti-Christianism"? How about listing some "anti-Christian" acts? (Please note, I am not editing the article - let alone, taking sides for or against RK, Stevertigo, or any other contributor. I just think that answering the above question, as well as others I intend to pose, might defuse the fight over the article.) --Uncle Ed 15:33, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * I too have this same question. The article accuses Jewish leaders of engaging in anti-Christian acts. Who are these supposed Jewish leaders? What are these acts?  The article on anti-Semitism links to a number of anti-Jewish incidents, but are there similar numbers of attacks on Christians by Jews?  Support, please. The article on persecution of Christians has little or nothing on this topic. JeMa 16:25, Oct 20, 2003 (UTC)

 * Since no one has offered any answers, I take it that these claims can be removed? JeMa 17:59, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

Good mornin' Ed. I'm gonna get some breakfast, before I deal with this anymore.-SV

I appreciate your intervention, and will be open to your comments, and your tone of voice (text).-SV

"Anti-Christian acts" should be discussed at persecution of Christians. Martin 15:54, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Draft page
Contents copied to Christian-Jewish reconciliation (draft)-戴&#30505sv 15:51, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * ''Note: Ed Poor deleted the draft page, and left this comment on talk:

 * Please, let's keep all the discussion at talk:Christian-Jewish reconciliation. --Uncle Ed 15:59, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Draft talk page was also deleted in aggreement, comment moved here (above)-戴&#30505sv

 * Thank you for your cooperation, Steve. BTW, there's a lot of talk also going on in the mailing list.

Defense of being a racialist?
RE: "This is a bald-faced lie. First off, there is no such thing as "semitism", This term is used by Christian Identity adherents of part of their ideology, but it is not recognized as real by scholars of religion or by historians. Secondly, Jewish group do not label Chrisitan belief in Jesus as anti-Semitic. Stevertigo is making this stuff up. This isn't a POV problem; he simply is fabricating positions which the Jewish community does not have, and attacks Jews with these strawman arguments. RK 14:38, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)"

Then how can there be such a thing as "anti-semitism"? The dictionary defines "Semitism," Semitic," and "Semite" as: Main Entry: Sem·i·tism Pronunciation: 'se-m&-"ti-z&m Function: noun Date: 1851 1 a : Semitic character or qualities b : a characteristic feature of a Semitic language occurring in another language 2 : policy favorable to Jews : predisposition in favor of Jews

 * The ADL says that anyone who denies the existence of anti-Semitism is anti-Semitic; and that anyone who denies the existence of racism is a racist. There is some deep common sense in this view. JeMa 17:59, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

Main Entry: [1]Se·mit·ic Pronunciation: s&-'mi-tik also -'me- Function: adjective Etymology: German semitisch, from Semit, Semite Semite, probably from New Latin Semita, from Late Latin Semitic Shem Date: 1813 1 : of, relating to, or constituting a subfamily of the Afro-Asiatic language family that includes Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, and Amharic 2 : of, relating to, or characteristic of the Semites 3 : JEWISH

Main Entry: Sem·ite Pronunciation: 'se-"mIt, esp British 'sE-"mIt Function: noun Etymology: French sémite, from Semitic Shem, from Late Latin, from Greek SEm, from Hebrew ShEm
 Date: 1848
 1 a : a member of any of a number of peoples of ancient southwestern Asia including the Akkadians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, and Arabs b : a descendant of these peoples 2 : a member of a modern people speaking a Semitic language.

Now, if post-Temple Judaism is true, Christianity is not true, and vice versa. Either Jesus of Nazareth is the Christ for all mankind, as orthodox Christianity teaches, or He is not. If Jews use the word "anti-semite" to slander anyone who argues that Jesus is the Messiah for all men, or who defends Christianity and Christians against unfair attacks and mischaracterizations, or who explains, as a Catholic, what the Catholic Church teaches, then "Semitism" and Judaism are conflated. Defense of Christianity "becomes" a matter of racism. We see this in the attacks against Mel Gibson's movie, "The Passion," which is a simple dramatic rendering of the Gospels, but which is seen by the ADL as Nazi hate speech. The same sort of phenomenon is at work in the political realm, when criticism of Eretz Israel or American foreign policy vis a vis that nation are called "anti-semitic."

 * Please stop falsely accusing the entire Jewish people of slandering all Christians as anti-Semites. No Jewish group holds such a view. No article in Wikipedia states such a view; no discussions on this page offer such a view. Jewish people do not view belief in Jesus, as described above, as anti-Semitic. Also, please refrain from attacking the entire Jewish people in reference to that new movie. JeMa 18:08, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

We see the same thing in the discussion of History: it is somehow perfectly OK to speak of "the Italians" as being mafiosi, of "the Germans" as a warlike people, or of the cruelty of "the Romans" (and "the Romans" as responsible for Jesus' death); but to speak of "the Jews" as anything other than completely heroic victims, is to be an "anti-semite."

 * This is garbage. No one here has slandered the Italians or Germans in this way. No Jewish group has made any such claim as you imply. Your comments are totally disconnected from any reality I am familiar with. JeMa 18:08, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

RE: "Didn't anyone notice the red flag terms? Only Christian Identity adherents and members of he Ku Klux Klan use the term "racialist? In any case, Stevertigo is slandering the entire Jewish community; Jews are not slandering Chrisitans as "racists", let alone as "racialists". He is fabricating positions, and then attacking Jews for these positions which only exist in his mind. That is called Jew-baiting, and it is anti-Semitic by definition. RK 20:51, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)"

You are wrong. I used the term "racialist" and am not a member of the KKK or a follower of "Christian Identity" (I loathe racism). The dictionary defines racialism and racism as:

Main Entry: ra·cial·ism
 Pronunciation: 'rA-sh&-"li-z&m
 Function: noun
 Date: 1907
 RACISM - ra·cial·ist /-list/ noun or adjective
 - ra·cial·is·tic /"rA-sh&-'lis-tik/ adjective

Main Entry: rac·ism
 Pronunciation: 'rA-"si-z&m also -"shi-
 Function: noun
 Date: 1936
 1 : a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race 2 : racial prejudice or discrimination
 - rac·ist /-sist also -shist/ noun or adjective

Mind you, I don't believe that Jews are a "race" in any true biological sense, if there is such a thing as a true biological sense of "race" (though the Talmud and Nazism seem to teach that). But when you accuse someone of "anti-semitism," you are accusing them of "racism" in some sense. Apparently, even pointing this out to you is just "proof" that the ones speaking are "Christian Identity adherents and members of the Ku Klux Klan."

 * No Jewish groups make any such claim. Please stop. JeMa 18:08, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

"ANTISEMITE!" There. I've done it for you. If it makes you happy to think of me as a racist, then so be it. Meanwhile, I -- a traditional Catholic with a beloved, VERY mixed "race" family, someone who worships a Semite and believes every single dogma of my Church and prays for the Pope daily -- will do my best to correct your mischaracterizations of what "the Catholic Church" teaches. If it amuses you to call me an "anti-Catholic," as ridiculous as that is (see my website at [link removed]), then have at it. Throw enough stuff and someone might perceive some of it as sticking, but anyone with two brain cells to rub together will see through your very old, very tiresome scheme. As you wind up your pitching arm, though, know that "anti-Catholic" properly applies to someone who considers the preaching of two millenia of Catholic dogma and doctrine "anti-Catholic."

 * I am uncertain as to who you are now talking with, but in your previous writings you seemed to admit being a racialist (i.e. racist.) Was this an error in writing on your part? Watchdog groups that monitor the Ku Klux Klan and Aryan Nation (and related groups) all say the same thing: that racialism and racism are the same.  These groups have attempted to improve their public image by spelling "racism" in a slightly new way. These groups explain that "racism" means hating people of another race, while "racialism" means loving people of your own race. Many watchdog groups, both on the political right and left, have shown that this difference is disingenous. You are only being criticised for what you seem to have written about yourself. JeMa 20:13, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

Note that Stevertigo is not responsible at all for the posts you've taken issue with, RK. They are mine, and I stand by them. Re: my mention of "anti-Christianism," I will try to write something about that. 'Til then, you can see my (admittedly theologically biased) page on Jewish anti-Christianiam here (it's just a start): [link removed] For a secular person's view (actually, for a compilation of the views of Jewish writers), see this page: http://www.jewishtribalreview.org/03jech.htm (this page's opening paragraph is biased toward Protestantism, imbalanced in that it ignores the anti-Catholic violence of Protestants, the seizing of our churches, cathedrals, and monasteries, the outlawing of the Mass, the massacres instigated by Elizabeth I and Cromwell, et. al., the pogroms against the Irish, etc. See "The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England," by Eamon Duffy). For a more general page on the Jewish version of History itself, see this page: http://www.jewishtribalreview.org/13dicta.htm La Minturnesa

 * That particular site which you quote twice (i have as well, sadly) while it may contain some valid and important information-- is nevertheless a very suspect and perhaps even anti-Semitic source. In quoting it, I would keep this in mind.  Its quite interesting perhaps that the level of discourse among traditionally ignorant anti-Semites may be elevating to a reasonable level-- and might oneday speak in Humanist terms rather than pseudo-religious terms as you do, Mr. Minturnesa. I understand fighting fire with fire, but I have long been over that, andjust to give you notice-- its not going to useful here. 戴&#30505sv 01:33, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Unprotecting page
Any objections to unprotecting this page? --Uncle Ed 01:13, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * No objection. 戴&#30505sv 01:33, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I'm not interested in fighting fire with fire, or in engaging in religious dialogue on an Encyclopedia site (outside of these sorts of Talk pages). But I can't sit idly by as someone mischaracterizes what "the Catholic Church" teaches, over and over again. I also don't deal well with the one-sidedness of what is being said about Christian-Jewish dialogue. Look at the page history and note the incredible bias in various versions. No mention of anti-Christianism, no mention of what the Talmud teaches about Jesus and His Mother and Christians (and the "goyim"), no mention of the sorts of things Israel Shahak has written about (the spitting on seeing a Cross, etc.), no mention of persecution of Christians by Jews, etc. It's all given as a non-Catholic's version of what "the Catholic Church" "now" teaches, how some Christian groups have been so "noble" in changing their teachings to appease, how Christians must become introspective and change (even our Gospels!) and do all the apologizing and hand-wringing and so on. The only thing expected of the Jewish side is to refrain from dwelling "too much" on the incessant atrocities commited against them by those dastardly Christians -- and for no reason at all but for their wicked theology and innate psychopathology that even watching a film about the final hours of Jesus's life might inflame, setting off rioting and mayhem everyhwere! It's asinine, and I simply want the issue to be presented in a BALANCED and accurate manner.

 * I know of no Catholic officials who agree with you. All I see is you stating your own opinions. This article can state the view of the Catholic Church, of the Luther World Ferderation, the Orthodox Union, or of any other group. But specific views must be attributed to specific groups. That seems to be Wikipedia policy. Your own personal views, and my own personal views, are not of relevance, even if they are deeply felt. JeMa 20:13, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

Though I express my religious views on these Talk pages, I don't think I've written anything from a religious angle in the Encyclopedia section of this topic (though something could certaintly slide by; I am a religious woman, after all, and am far from perfect).

As to the site I reference, I'm not going to "vouch" for it Donnie Brasco style or anything. It's a secular site with a relatively leftist slant that I'm not into at all, but I don't see it as even remotely racist. Then again, I may have missed something. In any case, the beauty of the site (the online book portion, that is) is that citations are given, and the vast majority of its quotes about Jews are BY Jews. So the author, assuming he's not "sinning by omission," is simply exposing what is all too often kept hidden and what must never be spoken of in "polite society" lest the speakers be branded "Christian Identity adherents and members of the Ku Klux Klan," Nazis, racists, and -- well, you know the drill, I assume. I am just very tired of the slanted History, the forgotten History, and the double standards.

P.S. I have no objections to unprotecting the page (if I'm supposed to "vote" on such a thing), but would appreciate it if Catholic teaching weren't mischaracterized by certain a user who shall remain nameless, but whose initials are "RK" LOL. La Minturnesa
 * Unprotected. By the way La Minturnesa, RK has decided to leave Wikipedia. Angela

 * LM--Im glad to see that youre a reasonable fellow, and not interested in flame wars. On your central points I agree with you, that particular former user had a severe problem with polemics, politics, and claiming to know things he has no clue about, and putting words in the mouths of others. Thats all done with and we can move on. In time, some of those particular areas can be worked on to represent each of the great many views in some balance. Be well. 戴&#30505sv

Essay on oil and Arabs and Israel
I thought this page was supposed to be about reconciliation between Jews and Christians? In agreement with User:RK, I ask why this article has been interupted by an essay on oil, Arabs, and the State of Israel? It seems very inappropriate to use this article as a veneer for a criticism of Israel. That essay fragment should be moved to an article where it would be on topic. Here it sticks out as a politically motivated off-topic essay. JeMa 16:25, Oct 20, 2003 (UTC)

Since no one has disagreed, I moved the political essay to Arab-Israeli conflict editing project. If it can rewritten in accord with NPOV, there may be a valid home for it someplace. JeMa 17:44, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)

NPOV
Why does the article accuse the Jews of being ignorant of, or perhaps even deliberately trying to ignore, Chruch documents on relations between Christians and Jews? I see no evidence to support this position. Jewish interfaith scholars are not ignorant or deceptive about this subject at. The individual who wrote this claim obviously disagrees with many Jewish and Christian scholars. So? That is not a good reason to make such a claim. Therefore, this article is not written in a "neutral point of view". A fact is that many Jewish and Christians scholars and groups read the documents in a certain way. So let the article say so. If this one person, or a group that he is a member of, reads the documents a different way, then that point of view should also be mentioned. That is NPOV format. Yet this article makes claims that the Jews are wrong and are ignoring facts. This is not correct policy. If some groups have a different way of reading these documents, then please state who these groups are, and what their views are. JeMa


text:
Talk:Chevy Chase (Washington, D.C.)

Untitled
Sorry: I didn't mean to mark my first edit--which removed a vanity page and replaced it with a stub--as a minor edit, but I don't know how (or if) I can undo that marking. Remes 23:10, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"Chevy Chase" shopping district
I don't know what marketing outsider took hold of this section, but it is neither factual nor balanced regarding the Friendship Heights shopping district just west of Chevy Chase, DC. I have tried to reflect accuracy and balance and eliminated the "plugs" for the promotor's favorite upscale chains, which totally ignore the fact that there are also moderate and even bargain shopping options in this area.

I am 16-year resident of Chevy Chase, DC and will tell you that no one who really lives here considers that area part of Chevy Chase proper.205.188.116.131 13:03, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Neighborhood description
I also added some history and real flavor of CCDC.

Took out the "exclusive" adjective which sounded to me like code for "white" in realtor-speak. Yes, CC is predominately white but as a resident here I'll say that diversity is welcomed by most people in our community.

Community Center
I recently visited the CC community center / library and was very impressed with its vibrancy and activity. I took this picture of the exterior and uploaded it to Wikimedia Commons:

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20090330_chevy_chase_dc_community_center.jpg

I think it would be a good addition to the page.

informedbanker (talk) 11:58, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 12:15, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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History of Lafayette Elementary School and the nearby Lafayette-Pointer Park
In June 2021, Lafayette-Pointer Park put signs throughout the park discussing the school and park's history. In the 1920's, the community used eminent domain to take land from the local black farmers who had owned the land since the 1840's. Source: https://www.historicchevychasedc.org/category/lafayette-pointer-project/

Perhaps we could include a mention of this in the History section? James G Thorn (talk) 16:05, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Yep. Go for it. PRRfan (talk) 16:56, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Chevy Chase (Washington, D.C.)


text:
Secondary forest

A secondary forest (or second-growth forest) is a forest or woodland area which has regenerated through largely natural processes after human-caused disturbances, such as timber harvest or agriculture clearing, or equivalently disruptive natural phenomena. It is distinguished from an old-growth forest (primary or primeval forest), which has not recently undergone such disruption, and complex early seral forest, as well as third-growth forests that result from harvest in second growth forests. Secondary forest regrowing after timber harvest differs from forest regrowing after natural disturbances such as fire, insect infestation, or windthrow because the dead trees remain to provide nutrients, structure, and water retention after natural disturbances. Secondary forests are notably different from primary forests in their composition and biodiversity; however, they may still be helpful in providing habitat for native species, preserving watersheds, and restoring connectivity between ecosystems.

Development
Secondary forestation is common in areas where forests have been degraded or destroyed by agriculture or timber harvesting; this includes abandoned pastures or fields that were once forests. Additionally, secondary forestation can be seen in regions where forests have been lost by the slash-and-burn method, a component of some shifting cultivation systems of agriculture. While many definitions of secondary forests limit the cause of degradation to human activities, other definitions include forests that experienced similar degradation under natural phenomena like fires or landslides.

Secondary forests re-establish by the process of succession. Openings created in the forest canopy allow sunlight to reach the forest floor. An area that has been cleared will first be colonized by pioneer species, followed by shrubs and bushes. Over time, trees that were characteristic of the original forest begin to dominate the forest again. It typically takes a secondary forest 40 to 100 years to begin to resemble the original old-growth forest; however, in some cases a secondary forest will not succeed, due to erosion or soil nutrient loss in certain tropical forests. Depending on the forest, the development of primary characteristics that mark a successful secondary forest may take anywhere from a century to several millennia. Hardwood forests of the eastern United States, for example, can develop primary characteristics in one or two generations of trees, or 150–500 years. Today, most of the forests of the United States – especially those in the eastern part of the country – as well as forests of Europe consist of secondary forest.

Characteristics
Secondary forests tend to have trees closer spaced than primary forests and contain less undergrowth than primary forests. Usually, secondary forests have only one canopy layer, whereas primary forests have several. Species composition in the canopy of secondary forests is usually markedly different, as well.

Secondary forests can also be classified by the way in which the original forest was disturbed; examples of these proposed categories include post-extraction secondary forests, rehabilitated secondary forests, and post-abandonment secondary forests.

Biodiversity
When forests are harvested, they either regenerate naturally or artificially (by planting and seeding select tree species). The result is often a second growth forest which is less biodiverse than the old growth forest. Patterns of regeneration in secondary forests show that species richness can quickly recover to pre-disturbance levels via secondary succession; however, relative abundances and identities of species can take much longer to recover. Artificially restored forests, in particular, are highly unlikely to compare to their old-growth counterparts in species composition. Successful recovery of biodiversity is also dependent upon local conditions, such as soil fertility, water availability, forest size, existing vegetation and seed sources, edge effect stressors, toxicity (resulting from human operations like mining), and management strategies (in assisted restoration scenarios).

Low to moderate disturbances have been shown to be extremely beneficial to increase in biodiversity in secondary forests. These secondary disturbances can clear the canopies to encourage lower canopy growth as well as provide habitats for small organisms such as insects, bacteria and fungi which may feed on the decaying plant material. Additionally, forest restoration techniques such as agroforestry and intentionally planting/seeding native species can be combined with natural regeneration to restore biodiversity more effectively. This has also been shown to improve ecosystem service functionality, as well as rural independence and livelihoods. Some of these techniques are less successful at restoring original plant-soil interactions. In certain cases (as in Amazon tropical ecosystems), agroforestry practices have led to soil microbiomes that favor bacterial communities rather than the fungal communities seen in old-growth forests or naturally regenerated secondary forests.

Climate change mitigation
Deforestation is one of the main causes of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, making it one of the largest contributors to climate change. Though preserving old-growth forests is most effective at maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functionality, secondary forests may play a role in climate change mitigation. Despite the species loss that occurs with primary forest removal, secondary forests can still be beneficial to ecological and anthropogenic communities. They protect the watershed from further erosion and provide habitat; secondary forests may also buffer edge effects around mature forest fragments and increase connectivity between them. Secondary forests may also be a source of wood and other forest products for rural communities.

Though not as effective as primary forests, secondary forests store more soil carbon than other land-uses, such as tree plantations. Land-use conversions from secondary forests to rubber plantations in Asia are expected to rise by millions of hectares by 2050; as such, the carbon stored within the biomass and soil of secondary forests is anticipated to be released into the atmosphere. In other places, forest restoration – namely the development of secondary forests – has been a governmental priority in order to meet national and international targets on biodiversity and carbon emissions. Recommendations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Convention on Biological Diversity, and REDD+ have led to efforts to reduce and combat deforestation in places like Panama and Indonesia. Natural and human-assisted growth of secondary forests can offset carbon emissions and help countries meet climate targets.

Rainforests
In the case of semi-tropical rainforests, where soil nutrient levels are characteristically low, the soil quality may be significantly diminished following the removal of primary forest. In addition to soil nutrient levels, two areas of concern with tropical secondary forest restoration are plant biodiversity and carbon storage; it has been suggested that it takes longer for a tropical secondary forest to recover its biodiversity levels than its carbon pools. In Panama, growth of new forests from abandoned farmland exceeded loss of primary rainforest in 1990. However, due to the diminished quality of soil, among other factors, the presence of a significant majority of primary forest species fail to recover in these second-growth forests.

General references

 * CIFOR Secondary Forest
 * FAO Forestry
 * World Resource Institute

title: Secondary forest


text:
Harvey Gantt

Harvey Bernard Gantt (born January 14, 1943) is an American architect and Democratic politician active in North Carolina. The first African-American student admitted to Clemson University after attending Iowa State University, Gantt graduated with honors in architecture, earned a master's at MIT, and established an architectural practice in Charlotte with a partner.

Gantt entered local politics, where he was elected to the city council, serving from 1974 to 1983. He was elected to two terms as the first black Mayor of Charlotte from 1983 to 1987. In 1990 and 1996, Gantt was the Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate, losing to incumbent Republican Jesse Helms both times.

Early life and education
Gantt was born in Charleston, South Carolina to Wilhelminia and Christopher C. Gantt, a shipyard worker. He started to participate in civil rights activism in high school. In 1963, he was the first African American to be admitted to Clemson University in South Carolina. He received a degree in architecture with Honors from Clemson and a Master's degree in City Planning from MIT.

Charlotte municipal politics
From 1974 until 1983, Gantt served on the Charlotte City Council. He was elected to two terms as the first African-American mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina, serving in that position from 1983 to 1987. He was defeated for a third term as mayor in 1987 by Sue Myrick. He was Charlotte's last Democratic mayor until Anthony Foxx was elected in 2009.

U.S. Senate elections
In 1990, Gantt ran for a Senate seat in North Carolina as a Democrat against the incumbent, Republican Jesse Helms. Gantt avoided the issue of race, instead attacking Helms's record on jobs, education and health care. With one and a half weeks to go, Gantt was ahead in the polls, but Helms aired a number of television commercials emphasizing Gantt's color. One, which attacked Gantt's pro-choice stance, repeatedly rewound and replayed a soundbite from Gantt, with the image changing from color to black and white, and Gantt's face appearing darker at the end.

Another advertisement, known as the White Hands ad, showed a close-up of the hands of a white person reading, then crumpling a letter, while a voice-over said "You needed that job, and you were the best qualified. But they had to give it to a minority because of a racial quota. Is that really fair?" It accused Gantt of supporting "Ted Kennedy's racial quota law". Gantt lost the election by 47% to 53%. Gantt ran against Helms again in 1996, but he lost again with 46% of the vote.

Post-political career
Gantt manages a successful architectural practice, Gantt Huberman Architects, and remains active in politics. He served on the North Carolina Democratic Party Executive Council, the Democratic National Committee, and was appointed as chair of the National Capital Planning Commission in Washington, DC.

In 2009, the Afro-American Cultural Center and the City of Charlotte honored Gantt by building the Harvey B. Gantt Center for African-American Arts + Culture, recognizing his contributions to the civil rights movement and as the city's first black mayor. The four-story, 46,500-square-foot building was built for $18.6 million, and is part the Levine Center for the Arts.

In 2016, PBS Charlotte and UNC-TV featured Gantt in their online series, Biographical Conversations. In this series, Gantt recalls his life experiences, ranging from his attendance at Clemson University to his inauguration as Mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina.

Personal life
Gantt and his wife Lucinda (Brawley) Gantt, the second black student to attend Clemson, have four children: Sonja, Erika, Angela and Adam. Their daughter, Sonja Gantt, is a former news anchor at WCNC-TV in Charlotte.

title: Harvey Gantt


text:
Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN

The Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (Great Universal Encyclopedia PWN) was, until 2005, the largest Polish encyclopedia ever written. It was published between 1962 and 1970 by Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (State Scientific Publishers, PWN) in Warsaw. The WEP contains about 82,000 entries, 12,000 illustrations, 200 color and 650 black-and-white inserted illustrations, and 120 color maps in thirteen volumes (including the Supplement). Many entries are signed, and many contain bibliographic material. The encyclopedia shows severe censorship. As is stated in the foreword, the encyclopedia is "based on rationalist and materialist assumptions" and reflects the worldview of the "socialist ideology".

About 2000 authors, 1000 reviewers, and almost 100 editors were supervised by the Scientific Board appointed by the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and the Ministry of Higher Education, and headed by Professor Tadeusz Kotarbiński. The initiative to write the WEP was taken by PWN in July 1957 when it was decided that an 8-volume (later expanded to 12 volumes) universal encyclopedia would be published. Preparations began in 1957 and the actual writing started in April 1959. It took 14 months to prepare the list of entries, about 16 months to write the first volume, and then about 9 months for each next volume. Right after the twelfth volume had been published, the work on the Supplement (about five thousand updated, revised or completely new articles) began.

Volumes
with dates of publishing:
 * 1) A – Ble, 1962
 * 2) Bli – Deo, 1963
 * 3) Dep – Franc, 1964
 * 4) Frang – Im, 1964
 * 5) In – Kons, 1965
 * 6) Kont – Mam, 1965
 * 7) Man – Nomi, 1966
 * 8) Nomo – Polsc, 1966
 * 9) Polska – Robe, 1967; begins with an extensive 224-page long article about Poland, subdivided into 35 sections.
 * 10) Robi – Step, 1967
 * 11) Ster – Urz, 1968
 * 12) Usa – Ż, 1969
 * 13) Supplement, 1970

Controversy
Volume 8 includes an article entitled "Hitlerite concentration camps" (Obozy koncentracyjne hitlerowskie) which caused much controversy. The major objections were that: As the result, the editorial team was "renewed" and a new, revised article, this time entitled "Hitlerite camps" (Obozy hitlerowskie), was added as an inset to Volume 11, and later included in the Supplement.
 * it did not show that concentration camps were not the only tool of extermination used by the Nazis (along with penal camps, prisons, ghettos, labor camps, POW camps, etc.);
 * it did not show the difference in the role of concentration camps prior to and after the German invasion on Poland;
 * it distorted the image of the martyrdom of the Polish and other nations;
 * it ignored the existence of German death camps localized outside Poland, i.e. in Germany, Austria, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and other German-occupied countries.

title: Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN


text:
Template talk:LaRouchetalk

This template has been marked for potential deletion, with no explanation given. I don't see an entry in Templates for deletion either. What's up? Cheers, -Willmcw 23:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Will, I discussed this with the editor (Dan, User:Rdsmith4) who wants to delete it (because he feels it's hideous), and he's agreed to withdraw the TfD until after the arbcom case, as there is arbcom evidence linking to the Template. SlimVirgin 23:59, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * If the TfD is withdrawn, then shouldn't the TfD tag be removed as well? As for aesthetics, it's a talk-page template, not part of the main space, so it's appearance is secondary. It is utilitarian, not hideous, and serves a useful purpose because the same issues are discussed by the same editors on multiple talk pages. -Willmcw 00:05, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, the tag should be withdrawn; I assumed he had done that. I agree it's useful and should be kept. If he reintroduces it for deletion, we can argue that, and I doubt anyone will oppose us, because why would they care? As you say, it's not part of the encyclopedia. SlimVirgin 00:54, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've removed the tag. SlimVirgin 00:57, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

The template is much too long. It would be more useful if it just touched on the most significant guidelines. --Marvin Diode 00:51, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I have edited this now. A lot of it was trivia. People can find their own talk pages. --Marvin Diode 15:00, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

recent edits
Wouldn't it be better to discuss this on this page, than to use the edit summaries?

 * User:MichaelLinnear wrote: "(there is no need for Cognition's statement to be linked to, the arbitration case is already linked, and it seems to just showcase one person's outrageous comments)"(edit)
 * User:SlimVirgin reverted him, saying: "(it's a good idea to include it; note that this template is for editors on the talk pages, not on articles, so we can include anything we want people to read)"

Shouldn't there be some criteria for what is included? Is this some sort of personal vanity project? It seems inappropriate. There should be some intention for this to be useful to the general community of editors. --Marvin Diode 06:12, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The template was created to help any member of the general community get up to speed more easily. There are several LaRouche-related articles and several community actions, including mediations, RfCs, Arbistrations, etc. That all adds up to a tangle of links that would otherwise be difficult to follow. Since this template only appears on talk pages it doesn't disrupt the articles. ·:·Will Beback  ·:· 08:21, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I found this template very informative, there is no other concise compilation of information regarding LaRouche events on Wikipedia. A new editor to these articles is already so far behind, this helps them catch up a bit. -- arkalochori  undefined  01:18, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:LaRouchetalk


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Mona May Karff

Mona May Karff (née Minna Ratner; 20 October 1908  – 10 January 1998) was an American chess player. She dominated U.S. women's chess in the 1940s and early 1950s: she held seven U.S. Women's Chess Champion titles and four consecutive U.S. Open titles.

Chess career
Karff played in three Women's World Chess Championships: 1937 Stockholm, playing for Palestine and placing sixth (won by Vera Menchik); 1939 Buenos Aires, playing for the U.S. and placing 5th (also won by Menchik); 1949 Moscow, playing for the U.S. (won by Lyudmila Rudenko). When FIDE established titles in 1950, Mona May Karff was one of three American women to receive the title of International Woman Master. Karff, along with Gisela Kahn Gresser and Mary Bain, dominated U.S. women's chess in the 1940s and early 1950s. Mona May Karff won her first U.S. Women's Chess Champion title ahead of Mary Bain and Adele Rivero in 1938. She competed and won the title six more times, in 1941, 1943, 1946, 1948 (sharing it with Gresser), 1953 and in 1974 (at age 66). She also won four consecutive U.S. Open titles: 1938, 1939, 1948, and 1950 (shared with Lucille Kellner).

Personal life
Karff was born in Bessarabia, a province in Tsarist Russia. Sometime after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, her family moved to Tel Aviv, in what was then Palestine. Her father, Aviv Ratner, a wealthy Jewish land-owner, had taught her to play chess when she was 9 years old. Because of her natural ability, she started playing in tournaments in Tel Aviv and developed into a strong player.

In 1930, she moved to Boston and became a U.S. citizen, aged 21. There she met and married her cousin, an attorney named Abraham S. Karff (15 March 1901 – 16 February 1995). The marriage was brief. She never remarried, but her long-time romantic relationship with Edward Lasker (a five-time U.S. Chess Open champion) was not a secret.

Karff was also a stock investor who was worth a small fortune. She spoke eight languages fluently and traveled extensively. As an art lover, she spent a good portion of her fortune on modern art. She died in Manhattan on January 10, 1998.

title: Mona May Karff


text:
User:V. M.~enwiki

fr:Utilisateur:V. M. [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:V._M. My page on the french Wikipedia].

title: User:V. M.~enwiki


text:
User talk:Ringtail~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ringtail. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ringtail~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:24, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:08, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ringtail~enwiki


text:
Moraine-dammed lake

A moraine-dammed lake, occurs when the terminal moraine has prevented some meltwater from leaving the valley. When a glacier retreats, there is a space left over between the retreating glacier and the piece that stayed intact which holds leftover debris (moraine). Meltwater from both glaciers seep into this space creating a ribbon-shaped lake due to the pattern of ice melt. This ice melt may cause a glacier lake outburst flood, leading to severe damage to the environment and communities nearby. Examples of moraine-dammed lakes include:
 * Argentina/Chile: General Carrera/Buenos Aires Lake
 * Chile: Calafquén Lake, Panguipulli Lake
 * Ireland: Lough Dan
 * Nepal: Tsho Rolpa
 * New Zealand: Lake Hāwea, Lake Ōhau, Lake Pukaki, Lake Tekapo, Lake Wakatipu, and Lake Wānaka (i.e., almost all large lakes in the South Island)
 * Switzerland: Lake Zurich
 * United States: Donner Lake in California, Flathead Lake in Montana, Mille Lacs Lake in Minnesota, Wallowa Lake in Oregon, Lake Chelan
 * Wales: Llyn Peris and its twin Llyn Padarn.
 * Poland: Morskie Oko in Zakopane
 * Slovakia: Strbske pleso, Velke Hincovo pleso
 * Central Mongolia: Lake Khagiin Khar
 * Scientists are looking closely at lake Khagiin Khar in Mongolia because they want to know whether moraine-dammed lakes' evolution relate to past glacier movements. The study they are conducting focuses on reconstructing paleo-shoreline changes and seeing how climate change is impacting the lake's water level. This is important for them to understand because climate change is an issue that is present and doesn't seem to be slowly down. The final results of the study, it seems, is that there was a decrease in the paleolake level due to a spillover. The spillover could have been caused by a multitude of reasons, but sense it was a study based on the effect of climate change, the only possible interpretation is that climate change caused this increase in water level due to glaciers melting quicker. However, other reasons such as excessive rain, global warming, and ice jam can all cause glaciers to melt and, therefore, cause floods.

Francisco Perito Moreno Discovery
In the 19th century the Argentine explorer Francisco Perito Moreno suggested that many Patagonian lakes draining to the Pacific were in fact part of the Atlantic basin but had been moraine dammed during the quaternary glaciations changing their outlets to the west. He argued that as originally belonging to the Atlantic basin these lakes should be awarded to Argentina. Most of the lakes situated in the Himalaya of Nepal and Bhutan are also of the moraine dammed type. They may burst at any time. That is why the areas below such lakes have high risk of flooding.

1. The Relationship Between GLOFs and Moraine-Dammed Lakes
Glacier lake outburst floods, or GLOFs, occur when the water level of a lake made of a glacier's melted ice overflows, causing damage to the environment and communities. Researchers have discovered that moraine-dammed lakes are the most common proglacial lake to flood. There are a total of 100,000 moraine-dammed lakes and 15% of them are susceptible to GLOFs. With this being said, researchers are working hard to understand this threat so they can come up with a way to slow this data down. 15% of 100,000 is 15,000. 15,000 lakes have a high chance of flooding the areas surrounding it. One of the first signs of climate change is water-levels, land changes, and air quality. This is why moraine-dammed lakes are perfect places to research climate change because of their constant change of shoreline and water levels.

The study took place at The Cordillera Blanca in Peru and consisted of an assessment of these moraine-dammed lakes using remote sensing, GIS, and statistical analysis. Researchers want to stop these GLOFs because they can be catastrophic, causing flooding, landslides, and damage to the environment and to communities living nearby. Newer research and observations have discovered that bedrock-dammed lakes have been creating this same issue and may overtake moraine-dammed lakes in the near future based on GLOF occurrence. Researchers expect GLOF incidents to decrease in moraine-dammed lakes in the next few decades based on topographic disposition.

title: Moraine-dammed lake


text:
Pat Symonds

Patrick Bruce Reith Symonds (born 11 June 1953) is a British motor racing engineer, who is currently the executive engineering consultant for the Andretti Cadillac F1 program. He was the Chief Technical Officer at Williams Grand Prix Engineering from 2013 until 2016, having previously worked at the Benetton, Renault and Virgin Formula One teams. Until May 2024 he was the Chief Technical Officer of Formula One. In September 2009, Symonds was forced to resign from the ING Renault F1 team due to his involvement in race fixing at the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix. After the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) conducted its own investigation, Symonds and Renault's Managing Director Flavio Briatore were banned indefinitely from any events sanctioned by the FIA, although this ban was later overturned by a French Tribunal de Grande Instance.

Early life and education
Symonds was born in Bedford, England and educated at Gresham's School in Holt, Norfolk, after which he studied at Oxford Polytechnic and Cranfield University, where he gained a Masters in aerodynamics.

Career
After starting his career in lower motorsport categories, he joined Toleman in the early 1980s. As Toleman grew, it was taken over to become Benetton Formula, and was subsequently sold and renamed Renault F1. Symonds remained throughout this entire period with the team, working his way through the technical ranks. He served as an engineer for many of the team's drivers, including Alessandro Nannini and Teo Fabi.

After a brief move to the abortive Reynard F1 project with then-chief designer Rory Byrne in 1991, he returned to Benetton. In the mid-1990s he was Michael Schumacher's race engineer while also assuming the role of Head of Research and Development. Symonds remained with Benetton when Schumacher departed to Ferrari in 1996. When Ross Brawn was also lured to Ferrari, Symonds became Benetton's Technical Director. When Mike Gascoyne joined the team in 2001, Symonds was promoted to executive director of Engineering, a post which he retained though the transition to Renault ownership in 2002.

Singapore crash
In July 2009, Nelson Piquet Jr. claimed Symonds asked him to deliberately crash at the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix to manufacture a situation which would assist team-mate Fernando Alonso to win the race.

The ING Renault F1 Team released a statement on 16 September 2009 stating that Symonds was no longer part of the team. Symonds was subsequently suspended from F1 events for five years after expressing his "eternal regret and shame" to the FIA World Motor Sport Council. However, his ban was overturned by the French Tribunal de Grande Instance on 5 January 2010, and he was also paid €5,000 in compensation. In April, he and Briatore reached an out-of-court settlement with the FIA where he could return to F1 in 2013 but could be a consultant to a current Formula 1 team in the meantime.

2009–2013
In, Symonds returned to F1 as a consultant for the Virgin Racing (later Manor F1) team to conduct a thorough overview of its operation, following a disappointing start to its second season in the sport. Shortly afterwards, the team parted company with existing technical director Nick Wirth. Symonds is believed by many to have effectively taken Wirth's place, although he was still only a consultant due to the terms of his ban.

Symonds had a column in the F1 Racing magazine, and serves on the committee for the MSc in Motorsport Engineering and Management at Cranfield University.

Williams F1
In July 2013 it was announced that Symonds had been appointed as Chief Technical Officer for the Williams F1 Team, replacing Mike Coughlan.

Williams confirmed in December 2016 that Symonds would be leaving upon the expiration of his contract at the end of the year.

Sky Sports F1
In March 2017 it was announced that Symonds was to join the Sky F1 team.

Formula 1 Chief Technical Officer
Symonds served as Formula 1's Chief Technical Officer from March 2017 until May 2024.

Andretti-Cadillac
In May 2024 it was publicly announced that Symonds had signed onto Andretti Global's Formula One Team as the executive engineering consultant for its planned future entry into the sport.

title: Pat Symonds


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lokpukaita

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 17:47, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Lokpukaita
Non-notable conlang whose only Google hit is at langmaker.com. RickK 23:22, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Undistinguished conlang. Loglan and Lojban are notable, but this recent creation is not.   — Gwalla | Talk 03:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it. Wyss 19:24, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Chamaeleon 19:54, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Never heard of it. Wiwaxia 03:03, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Blacksville

Blacksville may refer to some places in the United States:
 * Blacksville, Georgia
 * Blacksville, West Virginia

title: Blacksville


text:
Hôtel Ritz Paris

The Ritz Paris is a hotel in central Paris, overlooking the Place Vendôme in the city's 1st arrondissement. A member of The Leading Hotels of the World marketing group, the Ritz Paris is ranked among the most luxurious hotels in the world.

The hotel was founded in 1898 by the Swiss hotelier César Ritz in collaboration with the French chef Auguste Escoffier. The hotel was constructed behind the façade of an eighteenth-century townhouse. It was among the first hotels in Europe to provide an en suite bathroom, electricity, and a telephone for each room. It quickly established a reputation for luxury and attracted a clientele that included royalty, politicians, writers, film stars, and singers. Several of its suites are named in honour of famous guests of the hotel including Coco Chanel, and the cocktail lounge Bar Hemingway pays tribute to writer Ernest Hemingway.

Beginning in 2012, the 159-room hotel underwent a four-year, multimillion-euro renovation, reopening on 6 June 2016. While the hotel has not applied for the 'Palace' distinction from the French ministry of economy, industry and employment, its Suite Impériale has been listed by the French government as a national monument.

Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury, the hotel is featured in many notable works of fiction, including novels (F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night and Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises), a play (Noël Coward's play Semi-Monde), and films (Billy Wilder's 1957 comedy Love in the Afternoon and William Wyler's 1966 comedy How to Steal a Million).

Background and history
The Place Vendôme was started by the Marquis de Louvois and abandoned due to a lack of funds. After Louvois' death the site was bought by king Louis XIV, but finances ran low and the project was bought and completed by John Law.

Lot number 15, Place Vendôme site was purchased in 1705 by Antoine Bitaut de Vaillé, advisor to the Grand Council, nominee of Jeanne Baillet de La Cour, widow of Nicolas Baillet de La Cour and acting on behalf of his daughter Anne. Jeanne bequeathed it in 1710 to her daughter, Anne, wife of Duke Antoine de Gramont. Anne, a chambermaid to the first doctor of Louis XIV, Daquin, then to Louis Sanguin, Marquis de Livry, married the Duke Antoine Charles IV of Gramont who left his name to the hôtel particulier Hôtel de Gramont which was built on the site. In 1721, the Duchesse de Gramont, who had become a widow, sold it to Daniel François de Gelas of Voisin (1686–1762), knight of Amber and count of Lautrec, who lived there for thirty years. It was sold in 1750 to Charles de la Villette, treasurer of the extraordinary wars, who rented it to the Prince of Andorra, Spanish ambassador. From 1775 it belonged to Claude Darras, secretary of the king, and then was occupied from 1788 by the Direction of the liquidation of the public debt and then from 1792 by the Mortgage credit.

The façade was designed by the royal architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart. In 1854 it was acquired by the Péreire brothers, who made it the head office of their Crédit Mobilier financial institution.

In 1888, the Swiss hotelier César Ritz and the French chef Auguste Escoffier opened a restaurant in Baden-Baden, and the two were then invited to London by Richard D'Oyly Carte to become the first manager and chef of the Savoy Hotel, positions they held from 1889 until 1897. The Savoy under Ritz was an immediate success, attracting a distinguished and moneyed clientele, headed by the Prince of Wales. In 1897, Ritz and Escoffier were both dismissed from the Savoy, when Ritz was implicated in the disappearance of over £3400 worth of wine and spirits. Before their dismissal, customers at the Savoy had reportedly urged them to open a hotel in Paris. Aided by Alexandre Marnier-Lapostolle, Ritz purchased the palace and transformed the former Hôtel de Gramont building into a 210-room hotel. He stated that his purpose for the hotel was to provide his rich clientele with "all the refinement that a prince could desire in his own home." He engaged the architect Charles Mewès to update the original 1705 structure. Ritz's innovative standards of hygiene demanded a bathroom for every suite, the maximum possible amount of sunlight, and the minimum of curtains and other hangings. At the same time he furnished the hotel with all the old-fashioned appeal of an English or French gentleman's house, in order to make clients feel at home.

The hotel opened on 1 June 1898 to a "glittering reception". Together with the culinary talents of his junior partner Escoffier, Ritz made the hotel synonymous with opulence, service, and fine dining, as embodied in the term "ritzy." It immediately became fashionable with Parisian socialites, hosting many prestigious personalities over the years, such as Marcel Proust, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, King Edward VII, and the couturier Coco Chanel, who made the Ritz her home for more than thirty years. Many of the suites in the hotel are named after their famous patrons. Hemingway once said, "When in Paris the only reason not to stay at the Ritz is if you can't afford it".

In 1904 and 1908, the Ritz garden café was painted by the Swiss artist, Pierre-Georges Jeanniot. Proust wrote parts of Remembrance of Things Past here from around 1909. The building was extended in 1910, and César Ritz died in 1918, succeeded by his son, Charles Ritz. Queen Marie of Romania stayed at the Ritz Hotel with her two eldest daughters, Elisabeth (of Greece) and Maria (of Yugoslavia) in 1919 while campaigning for Greater Romania at the Paris Peace Conference. Many other prominent royal figures and heads of state slept and dined at the hotel over the years. Edward VII reportedly once got stuck in a too-narrow bathtub with his lover at the hotel. August Escoffier died in 1935.

After the death of Charles Ritz in 1976, the hotel went into a period of slow decline. As it lost its luster, its clientele diminished, and for the first time in its existence, it began to lose money. It was rescued, however, in 1979 by Egyptian businessman, Mohamed Al-Fayed, who purchased the hotel for $20 million and installed a new managing director, Frank Klein. Klein, in turn, put Guy Legay, the former chief of the three-star Ledoyen, in charge of the kitchen. Al-Fayed renovated it completely over several years without stopping its operation; this was achieved by annexing two townhouses, joined by an arcade with many of Paris's leading boutiques. The renovation of the hotel was headed by the architect Bernard Gaucherel from 1980 to 1987. The entire ten-year renovation cost a total of $250 million. The restaurants were given a new look, and a swimming pool, health club, and spas were created in the basement. The Little Bar was renamed the Hemingway Bar. In 1988, the Ritz-Escoffier School of French Gastronomy was established in honour of Auguste Escoffier.

On 1 August 2012, the Ritz closed for the first time in its history for an extensive restoration. It was scheduled to reopen in late 2015, but this date was later changed to March 2016. At 07:00 local time on 19 January 2016, a major fire broke out in the roof of the building. Fifteen fire engines and 60 firefighters responded. The Ritz reopened on 6 June 2016 after a major four-year, multimillion-dollar renovation.

In the 21st century, the Ritz is ranked among the most luxurious hotels in the world and the most expensive in Paris. It is referred to by some as the best hotel in Europe and one of the world's most famous hotels. It is one of "The Leading Hotels of the World".

Noteworthy historical occurrences
During the summer of 1940, the Luftwaffe, the air forces of Nazi Germany during the Second World War, set up their headquarters at the Ritz, with their chief Hermann Göring.

Ernest Hemingway, who stayed at the hotel many times after World War II, was there when he learned his third wife, Martha Gellhorn, wanted a divorce. He reacted to the news by throwing her photo into a Ritz toilet and then shooting the photo and the toilet with his pistol.

On 22 April 1955, the Duke and Duchess of Parma hosted a coming out ball for their daughter, Princess Cécile Marie of Bourbon-Parma, at the hotel.

On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, and Al-Fayed's son Dodi Al-Fayed, and their chauffeur Henri Paul, dined in the Imperial Suite of the hotel before leaving the hotel with bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones, only to have a fatal car accident in the Pont de l'Alma underpass.

On 10 January 2018, five men stole millions of euros worth of jewelry from within the hotel; three were subsequently caught before escaping.

Architecture

The palace and the square are masterpieces of classical architecture from the end of the reign of Louis XIV. The façade was designed by the royal architect Mansart in the late 17th century before the plot was bought and construction began in 1705. The Hôtel Ritz comprises the Vendôme and the Cambon buildings with rooms overlooking the Place Vendôme, and, on the opposite side, the hotel's garden.

The Ritz was among the first hotels in Europe to provide a bathroom en suite, a telephone and electricity for each room. The Hôtel Ritz Paris is 4 floors high, including the mansard roof, and as of 2024 offers 140 rooms, a two-Michelin-starred restaurant, two bars and a casual dining restaurant.

Rooms and suites
In the 1970s a travel publication Holiday wrote, "Practically every royal head of state has snoozed under down quilts on the finest linen sheets, beneath fifteen-foot-high (15 ft) ceilings in rooms looking out, through huge double windows, on the elegant Place Vendôme." Frommer's, which calls the Ritz "Europe's greatest hotel", describes the furnishings as follows: "The public salons are furnished with museum-calibre antiques. Each guest room is uniquely decorated, most with Louis XIV or Louis XV reproductions; all have fine rugs, marble fireplaces, tapestries, brass beds, and more. Ever since Edward VII got stuck in a too-narrow bathtub with his lover, the tubs at the Ritz have been deep and big." The bathrooms contain unique golden swan taps, and peach-coloured towels and robes, believed to be more flattering than white to a woman's complexion.

The Ritz may be the most expensive hotel in Paris, employing a staff of over 600, the rooms in 2011 started at €850 a night. Suites start at €3,650 and up to €20,000 a night for the most lavish ones (Suite Impériale being the most expensive). These finest suites are known as the "Prestige suites", ten in total, which according to the Ritz are "a world for aesthetes where 18th century panelling echoes allegorical ceilings, old masters and priceless antique furniture. Each suite is unique and each seems to still breathe the spirit of the illustrious guests who once stayed there." The Vendôme Suite is one of the most spacious of the hotel, containing Louis XIV furnishings, with a red and ivory theme and grand windows overlooking the square. The César Ritz Suite overlooks the square and contains Louis XV furniture and a portrait of Ritz himself. The room is decorated in shades of green and light yellow with a canopied bed in one room and silk floral pattern in the second. The doors of the sitting room of the suite are edged in gold leaf. The Elton John Suite, decorated in strawberry pink and cream, contains two bedrooms, a thick pink carpet and attic windows. John reportedly hired the entire floor for his 42nd birthday. The Windsor Suite contains tapestries and gilded mouldings and portraits of the Duke (Edward VIII) and Duchess of Windsor. They are decorated with Louis XVI furniture and colours such as almond green, salmon and pearl grey. The master bedroom is decorated in pearl grey in a shade which the Ritz calls "Wallis blue", a favourite of Wallis, Duchess of Windsor. The 1670 sqft Coco Chanel Suite where Coco Chanel lived for some 35 years consists of two bedrooms and a living room and features Coromandel lacquers, Chinese furniture, baroque mirrors and oversized sofas with quilting created by Grande Mademoiselle.

Imperial Suite
The Imperial Suite (Suite Impériale) is the finest suite of the hotel and is listed as a National Monument of France in its own right. The Imperial Suite is located on the first floor and consists of two bedrooms, a grand salon, and a dining room. The suite features 6 m ceilings, great chandeliers and windows overlooking the Place Vendôme, a massive long gold framed Baroque mirror between the windows, red and gold upholstery and a four-poster bed said to be identical to that in Marie Antoinette's bedroom in the Palace of Versailles. The other bedroom is in the style of Louis XVI, with a baldachin bed and columns. The suite is lavishly decorated in French art, bas-reliefs and 18th-century paneling which is protected under the suite's historic monument status. The bathroom is a former boudoir overlooking the Vendôme garden, with 18th-century paneling and a Jacuzzi bath and steam-bath shower, and has its own plasma television and cosmetics fridge. As well as facilities such as a DVD player, high-speed internet, and fax, the suite features a Porsche Design kitchenette with Chroma knives near the salon and has its own small personal wine cellar filled with a variety of French wines. Over the years the suite has hosted some of the world's most prestigious guests from the Shah of Iran to George H. W. Bush. The suite was Hermann Göring's choice of residence during the Second World War and it was where Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Al-Fayed ate their last meal. The World Travel Awards of 2007 selected the Imperial Suite as "Europe's Leading Suite".

L'Espadon
Although there was necessarily a hotel restaurant from the inception of the Ritz, the current hotel restaurant, L'Espadon (The Swordfish) was established in 1956 by Charles Ritz. He was a keen fishing enthusiast so named the restaurant after a fish. The restaurant is inspired by the legendary first chef of the hotel, Auguste Escoffier, serving "traditional French culinary style with contemporary overtones". The cuisine was by the award-winning chef Michel Roth, the ninth head chef of the hotel; the restaurant was awarded a second star by the 2009 edition of the influential Michelin Red Guide. He was the executive chef of the restaurant until its closing on 1 August 2012 for a complete renovation. The head chef was formerly Guy Legay, cited as one of Paris's greatest chefs, who had served from at least 1986 to beyond 1999. In 1999, Esquire magazine wrote, "the dining room, L'Espadon, down the long corridor of mirrors and display cases, has a glittering Regency formality that seems to swirl around you, and it's easy enough to imagine Hemingway sitting down with Dietrich to a dish of chef Guy Legay's buttery scrambled eggs..." The restaurant decor is described as "opulent with trompe l’oeil ceilings, swagged drapes, and views into the garden." The courtyard garden is rich in greenery and contains several statues and a fountain. The hotel hires five or so florists to provide fresh flowers.

Bars
The hotel has several bars, namely the Ritz Bar, Bar Vendôme, Bar Hemingway and the Pool Bar. The Ritz Bar, just inside the Rue Cambon entrance on the left, gained a reputation over the years for its glamorous cocktail parties and the unique bartending skills of Frank Meier, a head barman from 1921 until his death in 1947. One of his best-known cocktails was the potent "Rainbow", consisting of anisette, mint, yellow chartreuse, cherry brandy, kümmel, green chartreuse and cognac. The Ritz Bar is designed in the Victorian style with red-velvet armchairs and bar furnishings, a marble fireplace and historic portraits. The Ritz Bar may have been the world's first hotel bar.

Bar Hemingway was the favorite bar of Ernest Hemingway and is said by some to be the birthplace of the Bloody Mary cocktail which was invented for him. However, the claim is disputed as Fernand Petiot claimed to have invented the drink in 1921 while working at Harry's New York Bar, a frequent Paris hangout for Hemingway and other American expatriates, rather than in the bar in the Ritz itself. The bar has been restored to its original appearance, with rich wood paneling and leather upholstery and has 25 original photographs on the walls taken by the author of places and people that inspired him.

Bar Vendôme is very popular with wealthy Parisians for afternoon tea and contains wood furnishings and a grand piano. During the summer months the doors are opened out onto the garden and terrace.

Ritz-Escoffier School
The Ritz-Escoffier School of French Gastronomy was established in 1988 in honour of Auguste Escoffier. The ethos of the school is based on Escoffier's words, "Good cuisine is the foundation of true happiness." This school is accessed through an entrance in the back of the hotel and offers training courses and workshops for amateur and professional cooks.

Pool and spa
The Ritz Health Club contains a swimming pool, the largest in all of the Parisian hotel palaces and billed by the Ritz as "the finest indoor pool in Paris". The pool's construction was inspired by the baths of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome and features reliefs on the ceilings and jet streams and underwater sounds in the pool. The health club boasts of 1700 m2 of "hi-tech facilities" and offers a range of health treatments, from reflexology to Swedish massage and shiatsu.

In fiction
Because of its status as a symbol of wealth and luxury, the hotel has featured in many notable works of fiction.

Novels and plays
Many novels of the Lost Generation feature scenes in the Ritz, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night and Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises. Noël Coward's play Semi-Monde is perhaps the most notable work covering the hotel in detail, following the escapades of an extravagant, promiscuous fictional Paris elite between 1924 and 1926. In the Bret Easton Ellis novel Glamorama, a group of supermodels turned terrorists plant a home-made bomb in the Ritz, resulting in its destruction. In The Da Vinci Code, the protagonist, Robert Langdon, stays at the hotel while in Paris, as do Andrea Sachs and Miranda Priestly in Lauren Weisberger's The Devil Wears Prada. The final chapter of Ian Fleming's James Bond novel From Russia, with Love is set at the hotel. The villain, Rosa Klebb, stays in room 204 and engages in a battle with Bond which results in her death. In Julian Fellowes' novel Snobs (2004), those attending Earl Broughton's pre-marriage bachelor party are accommodated at the Ritz.

Cinema
The hotel has featured in several films, three of which starred Audrey Hepburn. In Stanley Donen's 1957 film Funny Face, Kay Thompson dances in the Ritz's entry driveway and in front of the hotel, accompanied by a group of dancers dressed as Ritz bellhops during the Bonjour, Paris! number. In Billy Wilder's 1957 comedy Love in the Afternoon, Hepburn initiates her romance with Gary Cooper in his suite in the hotel and much of the film is set there. The hotel is again seen in the 1966 movie How to Steal a Million, with a romantic scene between Hepburn and Peter O'Toole in the hotel's bar in which Hepburn wears an iconic Givenchy black lace eye mask and matching cocktail dress. In the Indian film Jhoom Barabar Jhoom, Abhishek Bachchan meets his fictional love (played by Lara Dutta) at Hotel Ritz.

title: Hôtel Ritz Paris


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Blackville

Blackville can refer to:
 * Blackville, New Brunswick, Canada
 * Blackville Parish, New Brunswick, Canada
 * Blackville, South Carolina, USA
 * Upper Blackville, New Brunswick, Canada
 * Blackville, New South Wales, Australia

title: Blackville


text:
Metropia (TV series)

Metropia is a Canadian television soap opera, which aired on Omni Television from 2004 to 2006. The series focused on the lives and loves of a group of racially and sexually diverse young men and women living in Toronto, Ontario.

The show also incorporated aspects of interactive television. One of the show's regular settings was the Hot Spot, a café decorated with the work of real Toronto-area artists whose pieces could be purchased from the show's website, and another was Bang, a nightclub at which a real Toronto-area musician or band would perform a song on each Friday night episode.

The show originally aired weeknights at 10:30 p.m. on OMNI 2, and each week's episodes were repeated on Sunday nights on OMNI 1. However, the show's early episodes attracted low ratings, as it was competing in a time slot occupied on other channels almost entirely by the second half of hour-long drama series, and by January 2005 its weeknight airing had been shifted to 11 p.m.

A total of 90 episodes of the show were produced before the show was cancelled in 2006. The show continued to air for some further time in repeats on Omni Television, and was later rebroadcast nationally on Super Channel and FX.

Cast

 * Walter Alza - Andreas
 * Sean Bell - T.K. O'Neil
 * Claudia Besso - Chantal
 * Robin Brûlé - Sophie
 * Kristin Fairlie - Cyanne
 * Danielle Hampton - Jordan
 * Jessica Heafey - Aviva
 * Silver Kim - Lee
 * Kerry LaiFatt - Phoenix
 * Gino Marrocco - Salvatore
 * Tracy Michailidis - Marisa
 * Barna Moricz - Yuri
 * Zainab Musa - Jovi
 * Zaib Shaikh - Jayesh
 * Yasin Sheikh - Rajeev
 * Jake Simons - Greg
 * James Dallas Smith - Garth
 * Sugith Varughese - Palash
 * Mishu Vellani - Surabhi
 * Wes Williams - Quincy
 * Dharini Woollcombe - Maya
 * Deanna Dezmari - Nina

Critical response
The show received mixed reaction from critics. Henrietta Walmark of The Globe and Mail wrote that "A little bit Queer as Folk, a little bit Sex and the City, Metropia delivers a whole lot of gorgeous characters making for a whole lot of hotness and plenty of juicy plot threads. The language can be raw and the hookups are frequent, but there's also sweetness and a natural ambiance among the large ensemble cast. Watching this sudsy reflection of our very own boho culture is a delight even if it does qualify as a guilty pleasure." Jim Bawden of the Toronto Star modestly praised the show as "a showcase for a dozen up-and-coming young Toronto actors".

Conversely, Joel Rubinoff of the Waterloo Region Record called it one of the worst new shows of the year, claiming that it was "so inept it could set race relations back an entire century".

title: Metropia (TV series)


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The Rastafarians

The Rastafarians was a California-based reggae group founded by Jamaican natives Ras Binghi, Big Dread, Michael Ashley aka Haile Maskel (bass and lead vocals), Patrick Houchen aka Shaka (drums and lead vocals) and Californian Herb Daly (guitar) in Santa Cruz, California in 1980. Other members included Constantine "Vision" Walker who had previously worked with both Bob Marley and Rita Marley and noted MC Tony "Moses" Wright, who performed and toured with Spearhead. Some members of the band had also worked with Ras Michael and the Sons of Negus. The ensemble released the critically acclaimed album "Orthodox" in 1981.

Track listing for Orthodox

 * 1) "Seek H.I.M.#"
 * 2) "Hold On Jah Jah Children#"
 * 3) "This Yah Musik#"
 * 4) "Orthodox#"
 * 5) "Occupation#"
 * 6) "A Love We Deal Wit#"
 * 7) "Roll Call#"
 * 8) "Jah's Greatest Blessing#"
 * 9) "Words of Wisdom#"
 * 10) "Rasta Theme"

title: The Rastafarians


text:
User:Friznay

I am friznay i joined wikipedia because i am looking up information about robert morris

title: User:Friznay


text:
Lists of civil awards and decorations of the United States

Civil awards and decorations of the United States are awards and decorations of the United States of America which are bestowed by various agencies of the United States government for acts of accomplishment benefiting the nation as a whole. U.S. civil awards and decorations are typically issued for sustained meritorious service or for eminence in a field of endeavour, though there are also awards and decorations for a specific heroic act.

United States civil awards and decorations are issued by federal, state, and local authorities with the most recognizable decorations issued on the federal level. Certain other civil decorations may be authorized for wear on U.S. military uniforms, upon approval of the military service departments. Each of the military branches also maintains their own series of civil decorations separate from military awards.

The following is a listing of articles pertaining to United States civil awards and decorations.

Federal government

 * Awards and decorations of the United States government
 * Awards and decorations of the United States Merchant Marine

State government

 * Awards and decorations of the National Guard
 * Awards and decorations of the State Defense Forces

Local government

 * United States law enforcement decorations

Other organizations

 * Awards and decorations of the Civil Air Patrol
 * Awards and decorations of the United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps
 * Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary
 * Cadet awards of the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets
 * Medals and badges of the Boy Scouts of America


text:
Talk:Heinrich von Brühl

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Edofedinburgh 00:49, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

What is "tergiversations"?

Tabletop 23:26, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Move
Shouldn't this be at Heinrich von Brühl?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 03:53, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. The page could either be moved to Heinrich von Brühl, Heinrich Graf von Brühl or Heinrich, Count of Brühl. "Heinrich, count von Brühl" is really neither English nor German. Travelbird 07:46, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heinrich von Brühl


text: Category:French dancers

title: Category:French dancers


text:
Virginia State Route 32

State Route 32 (SR 32) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 38.89 mi from the North Carolina state line in Suffolk north to U.S. Route 17 (US 17), US 258, and SR 143 in Newport News. The southernmost part of SR 32 connects Suffolk with the Albemarle Region of North Carolina via North Carolina Highway 32 (NC 32). The remainder of SR 32 runs concurrently with at least one other state or U.S. Highway between Suffolk and Newport News, including US 13, SR 10, US 258, and US 17. The last two highways run together with SR 32 on the James River Bridge.

Route description
SR 32 begins at the North Carolina state line in a rural portion of the city of Suffolk. The border crossing, from which the highway continues south as NC Hwy 32 in Gates County (Virginia Rd in Chowan County), is a short distance west of Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge and much closer to the North Carolina community of Corapeake than the developed portion of Suffolk. SR 32 heads north as two-lane undivided Carolina Road, which the highway follows to its intersection with US 13 (Whaleyville Boulevard) next to Suffolk Municipal Airport. SR 32 and US 13 continue north along Carolina Road, now a four-lane divided highway, to a partial interchange with the southwestern end of the Suffolk Bypass. US 13 exits onto the bypass toward a junction with US 58 while US 13 Business joins SR 32 as Carolina Road reduces to a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The two highways reduce to a four-lane undivided highway as they intersect a Norfolk Southern Railway's Franklin District south of downtown Suffolk. SR 32 and US 13 Business cross over Norfolk Southern Railway's Norfolk District at the southern edge of downtown Suffolk.

At their intersection with SR 337 (Washington Street), SR 10 begins and joins SR 32 and US 13 Business north as Main Street through downtown Suffolk. The highways intersect CSX's Portsmouth Subdivision railroad line before reaching US 58 Business (Constance Road), where US 13 Business turns east and US 460 Business joins SR 32 and SR 10. The three highways cross the Nansemond River and pass through a commercial area as a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane. In the community of Elephant Fork, US 460 Business splits northwest as Pruden Boulevard while SR 32 and SR 10 continue north on Godwin Boulevard. The state highways expand to a four-lane divided highway just south of their partial cloverleaf interchange with the Suffolk Bypass, which carries US 13, US 58, and US 460 around the north side of Suffolk. SR 32 and SR 10 pass Sentara Obici Memorial Hospital and through a commercial area before entering farmland. The two highways reduce to a two-lane undivided road just before crossing the Western Branch of the Nansemond River.

SR 32 and SR 10 intersect SR 125 (Kings Highway) in the community of Chuckatuck before leaving Suffolk and entering Isle of Wight County, where the highway expands to a four-lane divided highway named Benns Church Boulevard. The two state highways diverge at Benns Church, where SR 32 joins US 258 on Brewers Neck Boulevard. The two highways head east through Carrollton to an intersection with US 17 (Carrollton Boulevard). SR 32, US 17, and US 258 head northeast to cross the James River on the James River Bridge. Just after entering the city of Newport News, the three highways meet US 60 (Warwick Boulevard) at a partial cloverleaf interchange. Just east of there, the highways cross over CSX's Peninsula Subdivision and SR 32 reaches its eastern terminus at SR 143 (Jefferson Avenue). US 17 turns north onto Jefferson Avenue toward Yorktown while US 258 continues east on Mercury Boulevard toward Hampton.

title: Virginia State Route 32


text:
Talk:Kalan Porter

comment
Add that Kalan grew up on a buffalo ranch and got his start singing in bars and sushi restaurants. Prior to idol, he performed in several bands, including SWASS - a band comprised of his family members. He is classically trained on violin, viola, piano, and can also play the guitar and bass.

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Krakatoa  Katie  03:51, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Kalan Porter - Wake Up Living.jpg
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title: Talk:Kalan Porter