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Horseshoes (game)

Horseshoes is a lawn game played between two people (or two teams of two people) using four horseshoes and two throwing targets (stakes) set in a lawn or sandbox area. The game is played by the players alternating turns tossing horseshoes at stakes in the ground, which are traditionally placed 40 ft apart. Modern games use a more stylized U-shaped bar, about twice the size of an actual horseshoe.

NHPA Official Rules of the Game of Horseshoes
The National Horseshoe Pitchers Association (NHPA), the sport of horseshoes' governing body, maintains a set of rules and their specifications of the game on their website. They outline the style of play, the two most common scoring methods (cancellation and count-all), acceptable equipment, and exact court specifications as well as additional methods of organizing tournament and league competitions.

Style of play
The game begins with a horseshoe flip to decide who goes first. The winner of the flip throws both horseshoes—one at a time—at the opposite stake, and then the second player throws both of their horseshoes—again, one at a time—at their end. After scoring, the next round is done in reverse order, or by throwing back at the original stake. Play continues until one player has at least 15 points commonly 21 points at the end of a round. NHPA sanctioned games are generally played to 30, 40, or 50 points, or a shoe limit of 30, 40 or 50 shoes. The horseshoes can be made of either plastic or metal.

Scoring
In horseshoes, there are two ways to score: by throwing "ringers" or by throwing the horseshoe nearest to the stake. A ringer is a horseshoe that has been thrown in such a way as to completely encircle the stake. Disputes are settled by using a straightedge to touch the two points at the ends of the horseshoe, called "heel calks". If the straightedge does not touch the stake at any point, the throw is classified as a ringer.

One player pitches both shoes in succession to one pit, followed by the other player. This is formally called an inning. Normally only one pitcher can score points per inning, however some leagues and tournaments play "count all", in which all points in each inning are counted. A live shoe that is not a ringer, but comes to rest 6 in or closer to the stake, has a value of one point (alternate scoring methods give two points if the horseshoe leans on the stake. Also known as a "leaner"). If both of one player's horseshoes are closer than the opponent's, two points are scored. A ringer scores three points. In the case of one ringer and a closer horseshoe, both horseshoes are scored for a total of four points. If a player throws two ringers, that player scores six points. If each player throws a ringer, the ringers cancel and no points are scored. If two ringers are thrown by one player and one ringer by the opponent, the player throwing two ringers scores three points. This is typically called "two dead and three" or "three ringers three" for score-keeping purposes. Such occurrences are called "dead ringers" and are still used toward the pitcher/ringer average. Back-yard games can be played to any number of points that is agreed upon, but are usually to 21 points, win by 2. In most sanctioned tournaments the handicapped divisions pitch 50 shoe games, most points win. If there is a tie, the pitchers pitch two additional innings (alternating pitch) until the tie is broken. Championship divisions, or non-handicapped divisions are pitched to 40 points, regardless of the number of shoes pitched. Single points in amateur games must measure 6 inches or less from any part of the shoe to the nearest part of the stake. Also, a game cannot be won when an opposing player, tossing a shoe, bumps an opponent's shoe to cause the opponent to reach the winning score. The game-winning point must be attained by the person tossing the horseshoe pertaining to their own score. Examples: If a player has 10 points and an opponent has 8 points, and the player with 10 points tosses a horseshoe and bumps their opponent's horseshoe for a ringer, the opponent scores 3 points for a total of 11 points, but does not win the game because of the two-point rule. If a player has 9 points and an opponent 8 points and the player with 9 points tosses a horseshoe and bumps his opponent's horseshoe for a ringer, the opponent cannot score 3 points, because the winning point must be attained by their own toss. However, the opponent can take two points, bringing their total point score to 10.

This scoring system gives rise to the popular expression "Close only counts in horseshoes", or alternatively "Close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades".

History
The games of horseshoes and quoits are closely related. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there was general agreement about how horseshoes should be played, but details differed. Organizers of horseshoe matches published their own rules in local newspapers. The most dramatic difference from the modern game was the peg or pin, as the center stake was called, which protruded only 2 in from the ground. The horseshoes were true horseshoes, nearly circular in shape, and, as in quoits, the expectation was that a ringer would land around the peg and remain there, some insisting the shoe not touch the peg.

In the 1907 "World Championship", shoes that rested 2 ft from the peg were declared foul, and cost the player a half-point each. A player could score one or two points if his shoes were closer to the peg than his opponent's. Ringers scored five points, and leaners, three. The scoring rewarded with 10 points a player who capped or slid under an opponent's ringer with one of their own, a difficult achievement with a 2-inch peg. Topping two ringers by an opponent with a ringer of one's own earned fifteen points, and two ringers topping two ringers counted twenty-one points. There were similar rewards for topping a leaner with a leaner or a leaner with a ringer.

In 1920, the Chicago Horseshoe Tournament prescribed a peg 8 in above the ground. A shoe resting 2 feet from the peg was still foul, but no longer cost the player points. A distinction was made between a perfect ringer, which circled the peg when it struck the ground, and a scratch ringer, which circled the peg in some other manner. These scored five points and three points respectively. Leaners were also worth three points. There were no bonuses for topping opponents.

By 1925, local newspapers were citing the rules used at the national tournament, "as adopted by the national association January 1, 1925." Stakes were 40 feet apart and projected upward 10 in. The scoring was close to what is observed today, without penalty points, bonuses for topping, or special attention to leaners.

Even in more recent years, local rules continue. "Whether a 'leaner' will count as one or two points is up to the home team" in one contest. As successful as the NHPA has been, there are still those who find a park, drive stakes in the ground about thirteen strides apart, and wait for others to appear once the chiming begins.

A horseshoe pit was built at the White House in the 1940s by President Harry Truman. The horseshoe champion Jimmy Risk demonstrated his skills at the pit for Truman and Admiral Chester W. Nimitz in 1946. The pit was recreated by President George H. W. Bush in 1989. Bush became an avid player of the game and hosted tournaments with White House domestic staff, family members, and administration personnel. Bush also demonstrated the game for visiting dignitaries including Queen Elizabeth II and the Russian President Boris Yeltsin.

title: Horseshoes (game)


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Mayflower Curling Club

The Mayflower Curling Club is a curling club in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It was established in 1905. Since 1962, the club has been located at 3000 Monaghan Drive.

The club is one of the premier curling rinks in Nova Scotia, being home to teams headed by Colleen Jones, Mark Dacey, Shawn Adams, and Heather Smith-Dacey. The club was host for the curling events during the 2011 Canada Winter Games.

History
In 1912 the club's then-premises on Agricola Street was used as a temporary morgue for the bodies of Titanic disaster victims recovered from the North Atlantic by the Halifax-based ship the CS Mackay-Bennett, as it was the only site in the city that was both sufficiently large and cold enough for the task. Following the 1917 Halifax Explosion, the devastated Agricola Street rinks were rebuilt.

In 2006, the Mayflower began hosting the Loose Ends Curling League, an LGBT league that is a member of the Canadian Pride Curling Association. In 2010, the league was hosting its Bluenose Bonspiel when Hurricane Earl hit the city—then-MP Justin Trudeau, whose regular events were cancelled, joined the bonspiel. Loose Ends and the Mayflower have twice hosted the Canadian Pride Curling Championships, most recently in 2023.

In 2022, members of the club voted to sell the property and build a new ice facility in Timberlea, Nova Scotia.

National champions

 * 2010 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship: Mark Dacey, Heather Smith-Dacey, Andrew Gibson, Jill Mouzar
 * 2004 Nokia Brier: Mark Dacey, Bruce Lohnes, Rob Harris, Andrew Gibson
 * 2004 Scott Tournament of Hearts: Colleen Jones, Kim Kelly, Mary-Anne Arsenault, Nancy Delahunt
 * 2003 Scott Tournament of Hearts: Colleen Jones, Kim Kelly, Mary-Anne Waye, Nancy Delahunt
 * 2003 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship: Paul Flemming, Kim Kelly, Tom Fetterly, Cathy Donald
 * 2002 Scott Tournament of Hearts: Colleen Jones, Kim Kelly, Mary-Anne Waye, Nancy Delahunt
 * 2002 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship: Mark Dacey, Heather Smith-Dacey, Rob Harris, Laine Peters
 * 2001 Scott Tournament of Hearts: Colleen Jones, Kim Kelly, Mary-Anne Waye, Nancy Delahunt
 * 1999 Scott Tournament of Hearts: Colleen Jones, Kim Kelly, Mary-Anne Waye, Nancy Delahunt
 * 1999 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship: Paul Flemming, Colleen Jones, Tom Fetterly, Monica Moriarty
 * 1998 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship: Steve Ogden, Mary Mattatall, Geoff Hopkins, Heather Hopkins
 * 1995 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship: Steve Ogden, Mary Mattatall, Geoff Hopkins, Heather Hopkins

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mayflower Curling Club


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Category:American botanists

 * Botanists from, or primarily active in, the United States.

title: Category:American botanists


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Category:Shoot 'em ups

Shoot 'em up is a genre of computer games in which the main gameplay focus is on shooting, such that other aspects of the game are often simplified to facilitate this.

title: Category:Shoot 'em ups


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Talk:Viktor Vasnetsov

Four Horsemen Inclusion
I do not find the image of Vasnetsov's "The Four Horsemen" anywhere in this article, yet it is worthy of inclusion. It is already uploaded into Wikipedia on the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse article. If someone could add it, it would be nice. 65.248.164.214 (talk) 17:16, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Fresco in Vladamir Temple

 * 1884-1885 - Creates fresco in the Vladimir Temple in Kiev
 * Does anyone know anything about this temple, or the fresco?

-- Sy / (talk)

Yes, I copied the text from three separate sources. I did some cleanup, but someone with some creativity could do better I'm sure, so I put the copyedit notice there. -- Sy / (talk) 21:42, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Buried - where?
Biography says he (as well as Apollinary V.) was buried at Vvedenskoye Cemetery in Moscow. Ditto the grave register of that cemetery. After all, he died in Moscow, not St.Pete. Then why does the article state Tikhvinskoye Cemetery (SPB) ? I suspect the pictured cross is not his grave, but his design. Pls clarify NVO 04:14, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The picture is mine. During my brief visit to SPb I spent an hour photographed 30+ graves there. It was not the best day for me as minutes before I was picked up by the Metropo security guys for making illegal pictures of the stations and minutes after I was consequitevely picked up by a local criminal gang and then failed to persuade Metro security to go after them. Maybe I mixed something up. I I could find the original CD it might have the closeup of the writings on the grave. Support deleting of the photo. Alex Bakharev 05:44, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Confusing
i find the writing in the 'childhood' section confusing. 'two of his sons'; whose sons? the subject's sons? his grandfather's sons? (the previous sentence is about the grandfather.) if it's the subject's sons, what is it doing in the paragraph about HIS childhhod? most people do not have kids during their own childhood. clarification is in order.Toyokuni3 (talk) 13:49, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

The fresco is inverted left-right
This can be seen from the blessing with left hand and the inverted emblem on the shield.--Reciprocist (talk) 19:37, 20 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Viktor Vasnetsov


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User:Sabine's Sunbird/fridge door

This page is a place to stick all the stuff I have placed in wikipedia. In many ways like the awful pictures I drew as a child that never ended up on a fridge door. Enjoy, if you can...

title: User:Sabine's Sunbird/fridge door


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thomas jerome

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 00:42, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Thomas jerome
Vanity (plus bad grammar). "Thomas Jerome"+gulf war+ 32 hits, +gaseous explosions = 0 hits on Google. Therefore, Delete Bratsche 21:41, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Jonathunder 22:17, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * Delete: Preposterous Vanity. I wish I could have found something fun to do as a kid in 1991, like fight in the Gulf War at age 10. —ExplorerCDT 22:35, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ridiculous.  —Neuropedia 22:59, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 23:01, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Entertaining vanity. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  01:53, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. —Brim 17:36, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miami U

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect to Miami University. —Korath (Talk) 23:14, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)

Miami U
Reason I recommended this article for VFD: This article is an unnecessary disambiguation. First off, the University of Miami is not known as "Miami U", it is known as UM, UofM or Miami informally. Only Miami University is known informally as Miami U. Secondly, both the University of Miami and Miami University articles have headers at the top of the page directing readers to the other article. This disambiguation page is inaccurate and unnecessary. —ExplorerCDT 21:42, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per my statement above. —ExplorerCDT 21:42, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. ExplorerCDT is correct as to the nicknames of U of Miami. Mike H 21:45, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, if Miami University is known by this name, then just redirect this to there. Why on earth is this on VFD? sjorford →•← 22:03, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Because I recommended it. Do we need redirects for nicknames?  I doubt people would look for nicknames if they are looking for information on either institution.  So, for the time being, it's here, so deal with it without sanctimonious complaining. —ExplorerCDT 22:12, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect abstain, and hope for fewer misguided nominations. Kappa 22:16, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your self-righteous commentary. Voting would have been just fine, thank you. —ExplorerCDT 22:19, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the self-righteousness, but I dislike my time being wasted. Kappa 22:51, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I gotta jump in on this one; if your time is being wasted by this VFD, then don't vote in it. Mike H 22:52, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I was thinking about other potential vfds, not this one, which is already here. Kappa 23:37, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If that was the case, you should have kept your smugness to yourself. —ExplorerCDT 01:16, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * PS - Thanks Mike for jumping in. —ExplorerCDT 01:16, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Nicknames usually are. — Asbestos | Talk  22:32, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Agree with sjorford; redirect to Miami University and let the disambig there take care of anyone looking for University of Miami —Neuropedia 22:55, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * Redirect, and in the name of all that is good don't feed the troll. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:31, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redir . Yes, WP most certainly redirects from nicknames: Redirect--5.1 if they were numbered. Niteowlneils 05:15, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as disamb. According to multiple sources, such as "Miami U" is part of the titles of at least two University of Miami team songs, so it doesn't seem as much of a stretch as I thot that people could be looking for either. Niteowlneils 06:03, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Niteowlneils' findings. Redirects and disambiguation pages are cheap.  Rossami (talk) 08:10, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No need for a redirect; otherwise we'd have "U. of" articles for every university. i.e. Harvard U redirect to Harvard University. —Brim 17:34, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect Users are not unlikely to search for a university by a popular nickname - redirecting keeps the site user-friendly. --BD2412 20:18, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. -Sean Curtin 00:30, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and move on. —RaD Man (talk) 02:07, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unnecessary. Gamaliel 02:09, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect --SPUI (talk) 02:58, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Redirects are cheap. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:56, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miami U


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Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms

Between 1639 and 1652, Scotland was involved in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, a series of wars starting with the Bishops' Wars (between Scotland and England), the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the English Civil War (and its extension in Scotland), the Irish Confederate Wars, and finally the subjugation of Ireland and Scotland by the English Roundhead New Model Army.

In Scotland itself, from 1644 to 1645 a Scottish civil war was fought between Scottish Royalists—supporters of Charles I under James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose—and the Covenanters, who had controlled Scotland since 1639 and allied with the English Parliament. The Scottish Royalists, aided by Irish troops, had a rapid series of victories in 1644–45, but were eventually defeated by the Covenanters.

The Covenanters then found themselves at odds with the English Parliament, so they crowned Charles II at Scone and thus stated their intention to place him on the thrones of England and Ireland as well. This led to the Anglo-Scottish War of 1650 to 1652, when Scotland was invaded and occupied by the New Model Army under Oliver Cromwell.

Origins of the war – wars in three kingdoms
The war originated in Scottish opposition to religious reforms imposed on the Church of Scotland (the Kirk) by Charles I. This culminated in February 1638 when representatives from all sections of Scottish society agreed a National Covenant, pledging resistance to liturgical 'innovations.' An important factor in the political contest with Charles was the Covenanter belief they were preserving an established and divinely ordained form of religion which he was seeking to alter. The Covenant also expressed wider dissatisfaction with the sidelining of Scotland since the Stuart kings became monarchs of England in 1603, while the Kirk was viewed as a symbol of Scottish independence.

Victory in the 1639 and 1640 Bishops Wars left the Covenanters firmly in control of Scotland but also destabilised Ireland and England. Widespread opposition to Royal policies meant the Parliament of England refused to fund war against the Scots, leading Charles to consider raising an army of Irish Catholics in return for abolishing discriminatory laws against them. This prospect alarmed his enemies in both England and Scotland; when the Covenanters threatened to provide military support for their co-religionists in Ulster, it sparked the Irish Rebellion of 1641, which quickly degenerated into massacres of Protestant settlers in Ireland.

The Covenanters responded in April 1642 by sending an army to Ulster led by Robert Monro, which engaged in equally bloody reprisals against Catholics. Although both Charles and Parliament supported raising English troops to suppress the Irish rising, neither side trusted the other with their control. A struggle for control of military resources ultimately led to the outbreak of the First English Civil War in August 1642.

Scottish Royalists and Covenanters

The Scottish Reformation established a kirk that was Presbyterian in structure and Calvinist in doctrine. By 1640, less than 2% of Scots were Catholics, concentrated in places like South Uist, controlled by Clanranald, but despite its minority status, fear of popery remained widespread. Since Calvinists believed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was part of God's plan, the Covenanters committed to "defend the king's person and authority with our goods, bodies, and lives" and the idea of government without a king was inconceivable.

This meant that unlike England, throughout the war all Scots agreed the institution of monarchy was divinely ordered and hence why the Covenanters supported the restoration of Charles I in the Second English Civil War, then his son in the Third. Where Covenanters and Scottish Royalists disagreed was the nature and extent of Royal authority versus that of the people, including through the popularly governed Presbyterian church; the relative narrowness of this distinction meant Montrose was not unusual in fighting on both sides.

Royalism was most prominent in the Scottish Highlands and Aberdeenshire, due to a mix of religious, cultural and political reasons; Montrose switched sides because he distrusted Argyll's ambition, fearing he would eventually dominate Scotland and possibly depose the King. Furthermore, the Gàidhealtachd was a distinct cultural, political and economic region of Scotland. It was Gaelic in language and customs and at this time was largely outside of the control of the Scottish government. Some Highland clans preferred the more distant authority of King Charles to the powerful and well-organised Lowlands based government of the Covenanters.

Clan politics and feuds also played a role; when the Presbyterian Campbell, led by their chief, Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, sided with the Covenanters, their rivals automatically took the opposing side. It should be said some of these factors overlap that spanned the Irish Sea: for instance, the MacDonalds were Catholics, were sworn enemies of the Campbells, and had a strong Gaelic identity. Historian David Stevenson writes: "It is a moot point whether one should call the MacDonnells of Antrim Scots or Irish... To the MacDonnells themselves the question was largely irrelevant, they had more in common with native Irish and Scots Highlanders, with whom they shared a common Gaelic language and culture than with those who ruled them".

The Irish intervention
Montrose had already tried and failed to lead a Royalist uprising by 1644 when he was presented with a ready-made Royalist army. The Irish Confederates, who were loosely aligned with the Royalists, agreed in that year to send an expedition to Scotland. From their point of view, this would tie up Scottish Covenanter troops who would otherwise be used in Ireland or England. The Irish sent 1500 men to Scotland under the command of Alasdair MacColla MacDonald, a MacDonald clansman from the Western Isles of Scotland. They included Manus O'Cahan (an Irish cousin to MacColla) and his 500-man regiment. Shortly after landing, the Irish linked up with Montrose at Blair Atholl and proceeded to raise forces from the MacDonalds and other anti-Campbell Highland clans.

The new Royalist army led by Montrose and MacColla was in some respects very formidable. Its Irish and Highland troops were extremely mobile, marching quickly over long distances – even over the rugged Highland terrain – and were capable of enduring very harsh conditions and poor rations. They did not fight in the massed pike and musket formations that dominated continental Europe at the time, but fired their muskets in loose order before closing with swords and half-pikes. This tactic was effective in such a wilderness and swept away the poorly trained Covenanter militias that were sent against them. These locally raised levies frequently ran away when faced with a terrifying Highland charge, and were slaughtered as they ran.

However, the Royalist army also had major problems: the clans from the west of Scotland could not be persuaded to fight for long away from their homes – seeing their principal enemy as the Campbells rather than the Covenanters, which resulted in fluctuating membership – and the Royalists also lacked cavalry, leaving them vulnerable in open country. Montrose overcame some of these disadvantages through his leadership and by taking advantage of the forbidding Highland mountains. Keeping his enemies guessing where he would strike next, Montrose would sally out to attack lowland garrisons and withdraw to the Highlands when threatened by the more numerous enemy. In the safety of the mountains, he could fight on terrain familiar to his army, or lead the Covenanters on wild goose chases.

The year of Royalist triumph and collapse
From 1644 to 1645 Montrose led the Royalists to six famous victories, defeating covenanting armies larger than his own of roughly 2000 men (except at Kilsyth, where he led approximately 5,000).

In the Autumn of 1644, the Royalists marched across the Highlands to Perth, where they smashed a Covenanter force at the Battle of Tippermuir on 1 September. Shortly afterwards, another Covenanter militia met a similar fate outside Aberdeen on 13 September. Unwisely, Montrose let his men pillage Perth and Aberdeen after taking them, leading to hostility to his forces in an area where Royalist sympathies had been strong.

Following these victories, MacColla insisted on pursuing the MacDonald's war against the Campbells in Argyll in western Scotland. In December 1644, the Royalists rampaged through the Campbells' country. During the clan warfare Inveraray was torched and all armed men were put to the sword; approximately 900 Campbells were killed.

In response to the attack on his clansmen, Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll assembled the Campbell clansmen to repel the invaders. Montrose, finding himself trapped in the Great Glen between Argyll and Covenanters advancing from Inverness, decided on a flanking march through the wintry mountains of Lochaber and surprised Argyll at the battle of Inverlochy (2 February 1645). The Covenanters and Campbells were crushed, with losses of 1,500.

Montrose's famous march was acclaimed as "one of the great exploits in the history of British arms" by John Buchan and C. V. Wedgwood. The victory at Inverlochy gave the Royalists control over the western Highlands and attracted other clans and noblemen to their cause. The most important of these were the Gordons, who provided the Royalists with cavalry for the first time.

Inverlochy was an important strategic victory for the Royalists, because the Scottish Covenanter army in England was ordered to send a proportion of their force north to help bolster the Covenanter forces in Scotland. This significantly weakened the Scottish army in England and it was only the lack of Royalist infantry and artillery in the north of England that prevented Prince Rupert from attacking them. In April 1645, to hinder the northwards movement of English Royalist field artillery, Oliver Cromwell led a cavalry raid into the English Midlands. The raid was the first active operation carried out by the newly formed New Model Army.

In April Montrose was surprised by General William Baillie after a raid on Dundee, but eluded capture by having his troops double back on the coast road and fleeing inland in a corkscrew retreat. Another Covenanter army under John Urry was hastily assembled and sent against the Royalists. At Auldearn, near Nairn, Montrose placed Macdonald and most of the infantry in view of the enemy and concealed the cavalry and remaining infantry. Despite Macdonald attacking prematurely, the ruse worked, and Urry was defeated on 9 May.

Another cat-and-mouse game between Bailie and Montrose led to the Battle of Alford on 2 July. Montrose confronted the Covenanters after the latter had forded the Don, forcing them to fight with the river at their back and on uneven ground. The Royalists triumphed and advanced into the lowlands. Bailie went in pursuit and Montrose waited for him at Kilsyth. During the ensuing battle the Royalists were inadvertently aided by Argyll and other members of the "Committee of Estates," who ordered Bailie to make a flank march across the front of the Royalist army, which pounced on them and triumphed.

After Kilsyth (15 August), Montrose seemed to have won control of all Scotland: In late 1645, such prominent towns as Dundee and Glasgow fell to his forces. The Covenanting government had temporarily collapsed, paying for its over-confidence in defeating Royalist resistance. As the royally commissioned lieutenant-governor and captain-general of Scotland, Montrose used his powers to summon parliament to meet in Glasgow, but the limitations of his triumph soon became clear. King Charles was in no position to join the Royalists in Scotland, and though Montrose wanted to further Royalist objectives by raising troops in the southeast of Scotland and marching on England, MacColla showed that his priorities lay with the war of the MacDonalds against the Campbells and occupied Argyll. The Gordons also returned home, to defend their own lands in the northeast.

During his campaign, Montrose had been unable to attract many lowland royalists to his cause. Even after Kilsyth few joined him, having been alienated by his use of Irish Catholic troops, who were "regarded as barbarians as well as enemies of true religion." Additionally, his covenanting past "left lingering mistrust among royalists."

Montrose, his forces having split up, was surprised and defeated by the Covenanters, led by David Leslie, at the Battle of Philiphaugh. Approximately 100 Irish prisoners, having surrendered upon promise of quarter, were executed, and 300 of the Royalist army's camp followers – mostly women and children – were killed in cold blood. MacColla retreated to Kintyre, where he held out until the following year. In September 1646 Montrose fled to Norway. The Royalist victories in Scotland had evaporated almost overnight owing to the disunited nature of their forces.

The end of the civil war in Scotland
The First English Civil War had ended in May 1646, when Charles I surrendered to the Scottish Covenanter army in England. After failing to persuade the King to take the Covenant, the Scots finally handed him over to the commissioners of the English Parliament (the "Long Parliament") in early 1647. At the same time they received part payment for the service of their army in England, which then returned north. In 1646, Montrose left for Norway, while MacColla returned to Ireland with his remaining Irish and Highland troops to re-join the Confederates. Those who had fought for Montrose, particularly the Irish, were massacred by the Covenanters whenever they were captured, in reprisal for the atrocities the Royalists had committed in Argyll.

Scotland and the Second Civil War

Ironically, no sooner had the Covenanters defeated the Royalists at home than they were negotiating with Charles I against the English Parliament. The Covenanters could not get their erstwhile allies to agree on a political and religious settlement to the wars, failing to get Presbyterianism established as the official religion in the Three Kingdoms and fearing that the Parliamentarians would threaten Scottish independence. Many Covenanters feared that under Parliament, "our poor country should be made a province of England." A faction of the Covenanters known as the Engagers, led by the Duke of Hamilton, therefore sent an army to England to try to restore Charles I in 1648. However, it was routed by Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army at the battle of Preston and annihilated at the battle of Winwick. This intervention on behalf of the King caused a brief civil war within the Covenanting movement. The most hardline Presbyterians under the Earl of Argyll rebelled against the main Scottish army under David Leslie. The two factions came to blows at the Battle of Stirling in September 1648, before a peace was hastily negotiated.

Charles was executed by the Rump Parliament in 1649, and Hamilton, who had been captured after Preston, was executed soon after. This left the extreme Covenanters, still led by Argyll, as the main force in the Kingdom.

Montrose's defeat and death

In June 1649, Montrose was restored by the exiled Charles II to the now nominal lieutenancy of Scotland. Charles also opened negotiations with the Covenanters, now dominated by Argyll's radical Presbyterian Kirk Party. Because Montrose had very little support in the lowlands, Charles was willing to disavow his most consistent supporter to become a king on terms dictated by the Covenanters. In March 1650 Montrose landed in Orkney to take the command of a small force, composed mainly of continental mercenaries, which he had sent on before him. Crossing to the mainland, Montrose tried in vain to raise the clans, and on 27 April he was surprised and routed at the Battle of Carbisdale in Ross-shire. After wandering for some time he was surrendered by Neil Macleod of Assynt, to whose protection, in ignorance of Macleod's political enmity, he had entrusted himself. He was brought a prisoner to Edinburgh, and on 20 May sentenced to death by the Parliament. He was hanged on the 21st, with Wishart's laudatory biography of him put round his neck. To the last, he protested that he was a real Covenanter and a loyal subject.

Anglo-Scottish war, 1650–1652
Despite their conflict with the Scottish Royalists, the Covenanters then committed themselves to the cause of Charles II, signing the Treaty of Breda (1650) with him in the hope of securing an independent Presbyterian Scotland free of English Parliamentary interference. Charles landed in Scotland at Garmouth in Moray on 23 June 1650 and signed the 1638 Covenant and the 1643 Solemn League immediately after coming ashore.

The threat posed by King Charles II with his new Covenanter allies was considered to be the greatest facing the new English Republic so Oliver Cromwell left some of his lieutenants in Ireland to continue the suppression of the Irish Royalists and returned to England in May. He arrived in Scotland on 22 July 1650, advancing along the east coast towards Edinburgh. By the end of August, his army was reduced by disease and running out of supplies, so he was forced to order a retreat towards his base at the port of Dunbar. A Scottish Covenanter army under the command of David Leslie had been shadowing his progress. Seeing some of Cromwell's sick troops being taken on board the waiting ships, Leslie made ready to attack what he believed was a weakened remnant (though some historians report that he was ordered to fight against his better judgment by the Covenanter General Assembly). Cromwell seized the opportunity, and the New Model Army inflicted a crushing defeat on the Scots at the subsequent Battle of Dunbar on 3 September. Leslie's army, which had strong ideological ties to the radical Kirk Party, was destroyed, losing over 14,000 men killed, wounded and taken prisoner. Cromwell's army then took Edinburgh and by the end of the year his army had occupied much of southern Scotland.

This military disaster discredited the radical Covenanters known as the Kirk Party and caused the Covenanters and Scottish Royalists to bury their differences (at least temporarily) to try to repel the English Parliamentarian invasion of Scotland. The Scottish Parliament passed the Act of Levy in December 1650, requiring every burgh and shire to raise a quota of soldiers. A new round of conscription was undertaken, both in the Highlands and the Lowlands, to form a truly national army named the Army of the Kingdom, that was put under the command of Charles II himself. Although this was the largest force put into the field by the Scots during the Wars, it was badly trained and its morale was low as many of its constituent Royalist and Covenanter parts had until recently been killing each other.

In July 1651, under the command of General John Lambert, part of Cromwell's force crossed the Firth of Forth into Fife and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Inverkeithing. The New Model Army advanced towards the royal base at Perth. In danger of being outflanked, Charles ordered his army south into England in a desperate last-ditch attempt to evade Cromwell and spark a Royalist uprising there. Cromwell followed Charles into England leaving George Monck to finish the campaign in Scotland. Meanwhile, Monck took Stirling on 14 August and Dundee on 1 September, reportedly killing up to 2,000 of its 12,000 population and destroying every ship in the city's harbour, 60 in total.

The Scottish Army of the Kingdom marched towards the west of England because it was in that area that English Royalist sympathies were strongest. However, although some English Royalists joined the army, they came in far fewer numbers than Charles and his Scottish supporters had hoped. Cromwell finally engaged the new king at Worcester on 3 September 1651, and beat him – in the process all but wiping out his army, killing 3,000 and taking 10,000 prisoners. Many of the Scottish prisoners taken by Cromwell were sold into indentured labour in the West Indies, Virginia and Berwick, Maine. This defeat marked the real end of the Scottish war effort. Charles escaped to the European continent and with his flight, the Covenanters' hopes for political independence from the Commonwealth of England were dashed.

From occupation to Restoration

Between 1651 and 1654 a Royalist rising took place in Scotland. Dunnottar Castle was the last stronghold to fall to the English Parliament's troops in May 1652. Under the terms of the Tender of Union, the Scots were given 30 seats in a united Parliament in London, with General Monck appointed as the military governor of Scotland. During the Interregnum, Scotland was kept under the military occupation of an English army under George Monck. Sporadic Royalist rebellions continued throughout the Commonwealth period in Scotland, particularly in the western Highlands, where Alasdair MacColla had raised his forces in the 1640s. The northwest Highlands was the scene of another pro-Royalist uprising in 1653–55, which was only put down with the deployment of 6,000 English troops there. Monck garrisoned forts all over the Highlands – for example at Inverness, and finally put an end to Royalist resistance when he began deporting prisoners to the West Indies as indentured labourers. However, lawlessness remained a problem, with bandits known as mosstroopers, very often former Royalist or Covenanter soldiers, plundering both the English troops and the civilian population.

After the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, the factions and divisions which had struggled for supremacy during the early years of the interregnum reemerged. Monck, who had served Cromwell and the English Parliament throughout the civil wars, judged that his best interests and those of his country lay in the Restoration of Charles II. In 1660, he marched his troops south from Scotland to ensure the monarchy's reinstatement. Scotland's Parliament and legislative autonomy were restored under The Restoration though many issues that had led to the wars; religion, Scotland's form of government and the status of the Highlands, remained unresolved. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, many more Scots would die over the same disputes in Jacobite rebellions.

The cost
It is estimated that roughly 28,000 men were killed in combat in Scotland itself during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. More soldiers usually died of disease than in action at this time (the ratio was often 3–1), so it is reasonable to speculate that the true military death toll is higher than this figure. In addition, it is estimated that around 15,000 civilians died as a direct result of the war – either through massacres or by disease. More indirectly, another 30,000 people died of the plague in Scotland between 1645 and 1649, a disease that was partly spread by the movement of armies throughout the country. If we also take into account the thousands of Scottish troops who died in the civil wars in England and Ireland (another 20,000 soldiers at least), the Wars of the Three Kingdoms certainly represent one of the bloodiest episodes in Scottish history.

Scottish factions
Labels applied to the various Scottish factions differ among sources. This timeline labels factions as follows. Bold cell entries indicate the faction in control of the Scottish government during most of that period.


text:
Talk:San Siro

Location
I think you need add some details like what the closest metro station to the stadium, tram or bus. it can be interseing...

Move
I've moved the article from Stadio Giuseppe Meazza to here for a number of reasons.

 * The official Milan website call it the "San Siro" and make no mention of the name "Stadio Giuseppe Meazza" -
 * Almost all templates on Wikipedia have "San Siro" written on them.
 * Almost all links to the San Siro/Giuseppe Meazza article are titled "San Siro"
 * A presidence has been set with the Nou Camp article. This is not the stadiums official name.
 * The vast majority of people call this stadium the "San Siro". In popular culture it is the "San Siro".
 * Google search for San Siro brings up 1,690,000 links which a search for "Stadio Giuseppe Meazza" brings up only 160,000.
 * For a lot of people such as Lulu, Madonna and others, its their stage name which is being used and not their legal and official name. I believe the same should be set as a president for other articles.

Niall123 17:39, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

I have edited this article's introduction to match this alternation. --Tk TommyKim (talk) 22:33, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The official, and correct, stadium's name is Stadium Giuseppe Meazza, because:
 * The official Milan website call it the San Siro (AC Milan's fans refuse to call it by its real name, becasuse although Meazza played for both teams is more a symbol for Internazionale) but it makes mention of the name change in 1980. - (In the section called "The second development").
 * In the Italian, German, French and Spanish Wikipedia articles they call it Giuseppe Meazza.
 * In Google Maps (and in any map) the stadium is called Giuseppe Meazza. Try searching...
 * The remaining arguments are not valid from the point of view of a encyclopedia. No matter how many templates, links, people... call it San Siro... the fact is that its real name is Giuseppe Meazza and this must be the title of the article.
 * In a serious encyclopedia the last name of the definition/article is always the correct, so all alternative names should link in last place with its correct name, Giuseppe Meazza.
 * And the problem with Camp Nou is not comparable to this. The name Nou Camp simply does not exist.

 * So I strongly recommend the change of this article title. I hope you understand my English. Greetings. --TEPEX (talk) 14:27, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Milan: San Siro Inter: Giuseppe Meazza —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.231.169.91 (talk) 11:07, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

In addition to the Milan website, the Inter website clearly calls the stadium, "San Siro".

The official website of the San Siro and San Siro Museum also has San Siro in it's web address. http://www.sansirotour.com/

Niall123 (talk) 08:30, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

Niall123, some of your arguments make sense, but most of them are pretty lame. In the google research you typed "Stadio Giuseppe Meazza" intead of just "Giuseppe Meazza". Most links replace the word Stadio for its translation. Of course, you might say, if we type just the name Google can return several links about the player Giuseppe, not the Stadium, and it is impossible to verify how many of the millions of links are really about the stadium. But this kind of problem also might happen when typing just "San Siro", which has other meanings too. Also, several links that appeared in your research about San Siro can be texts that chose Giuseppe Meazza instead of San Siro, but San Siro would still be in the link if they give the stadium's location. I see no problem in having the stadium's nickname in the title, as other articles do so (Maracanã (stadium) and Mineirão, for exemple). But when there is controversy about the nickname the best solution is to use official names. If we have the title as San Siro, some Inter supporters might complain about bias and if we put Giuseppe Meazza, AC Milan supportters will complain. But in the second option we can defend the title with a reasonable explanation: it is the name of the Stadium, so it can't be considerate a biased choice, it is just the truth. 189.13.251.149 (talk) 23:55, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Good evening everyone, I live in Italy not far from Milan and I'm an Inter supporter. The official name of the stadium is ONLY "Stadio Giuseppe Meazza"; here in Italy we call it "San Siro" just because it was its old name, and we are fond of that historic and prestigious name. Nevertheless, since 1980 it has been just a nickname given by sentimental and nostalgic italian supporters and football's lovers and NOT the official stadium's name, so I wish someone will move the article back to Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in order to be as accurate as possible. Thank you, good night. Shmaflik (talk) 21:10, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

Question
I just want to ask - isn't San Siro the name of a district where stadium is actualy located (as for example Arsenal Stadium was usually called Highbury or Boleyn Ground is well known simply as Upton Park)?

Vilnietis 17:19, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

The attendance statistic for Milan 2006-2007 season is wrong. The correct number is about 47,000(depending on different sources). Could editor give any citation of the attendance table? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.135.66.34 (talk) 18:05, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Hi, i would like to ask to you how did you put the interactive map in the info box. Thank you it. Matteteo02 (talk) 16:18, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Most famous matches

 * 1) 2007 A.C. Milan - Manchester United 3-0 (UEFA Champions League Semi-final, second leg)

How can that be one of the most famous matches? if you take all the UCL matches (or just all semi's) played on San Siro, the list would become too long... there wasn't anything special about that game.

What's the basis for the "most famous matches" section? Has there been a survey about them or something? And was the 5-1 thrashing of Inter by Arsenal and the first loss of AC Milan in the San Siro in European competition (2-0 to Arsenal) not a "famous match"?Wan2tri (talk) 10:38, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

stadium sharing
--Vaibhavbajpai7 (talk) 17:52, 1 March 2008 (UTC)Hi i am a Milan fan from india,

Just wanna know if the stadium is shared by two top teams in serie a, how does pitch remains palyable and whats done if both these teams are drawn a home match?

 * They play a home match every other week. --89.97.35.70 (talk) 00:50, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The two teams that play in that stadium are as you know, Inter Milan and AC Milan. Indeed they do play their home matches every other week. When the two meet in Serie A (twice) one technically has to be the away team, but obviously they're both at "home." During the European competitions (whether Champions League or UEFA Cup) either of them gets a "home" game of theirs moved to a usually non-European competition week due to the two having a conflict in scheduling. Wan2tri (talk) 12:58, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Last famous match
The last match listed is the derby played on the 07-08 Serie A, but I think a rather more important match was the one played on September, (AC Milan - Internazionale, 1-0) in which Ronaldinho scored his first goal with Milan. So before switching/adding the info I thought I might discuss about it first. - The Silver Raider 16:09, 18 October 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by TheSilverRaider (talk • contribs)

Ownership
Is it really owned by Milan as it says in the infobox? I thought it was a municipal stadium. --59.100.53.227 (talk) 07:07, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Changes to previous versions and common mistakes about the name
The stadium was never, ever, referred to as “Stadio San Siro” in Italy. Since San Siro is the name of the district in which the stadium is located, and not the name of the stadium itself, “Stadio San Siro” would be grammarly incorrect in Italian. “Stadio di San Siro” should be used instead, the preposition “di” signifying the whereabouts of the stadium, i.e. the stadium which is located “in” (the district of) San Siro. The stadium is most commonly referred to as simply “San Siro”, but it must be noted that “San Siro” still refers to the location and not to the stadium itself. “San Siro” is not, and never was, the name of the stadium, either official or unofficial. The official name of the stadium has been “Stadio Giuseppe Meazza” since 1979, while the previous official name was “Stadio Comunale” (i.e. “Municipality Stadium”).

For reasons stated above the whole article should be moved back to "Stadio Giuseppe Meazza" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.32.147.4 (talk) 03:35, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

I understand what you're saying, but people rarely call it "Stadio di San Siro," but they just call it "San Siro." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.62.160.138 (talk) 06:25, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Although Giuseppe Meazza played for both Inter and Milan, he enjoyed more success at Inter and is more favoured by the Inter faithful; as a result, Milan fans favour the term San Siro for the ground. ABSOLUTELY UNTRUE. Here, in Milano, nobody call the stadium as Giuseppe Meazza or Meazza. Everybody call it SAN SIRO. EVERYBODY. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.32.176.22 (talk) 17:34, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * It's simple. San Siro is the name of the district where the stadium is located. The proper name is "Stadio Giuseppe Meazza" (because it is dedicated to Giuseppe Meazza, just like the Santiago Bernabéu stadium is dedicated to Santiago Bernabéu), but it is commonly referred to as "San Siro" because it is located in the "San Siro" district of Milan. So "San Siro" is basically wrong because "San Siro" is in the first place a district of Milan, just like Giuseppe Meazza and Santiago Bernabéu are in the first place persons and not stadiums. So... the article title was "Stadio Giuseppe Meazza" but you changed it to "San Siro" (which is not a good choice). We could use "Stadio San Siro" (it is somewhat used in the San Siro stadium official website) but it doesn't sound good in Italian language and nobody would say "let's go to the Stadio San Siro". We could use "San Siro Stadium" or "San Siro stadium" but "stadium" isn't really part of the name. So... I'm going to move the page to "San Siro (stadium)" so we have the "San Siro" name but we don't confuse it with the name of the San Siro district of Milan. ekerazha (talk) 11:55, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Dress Code
This section seems highly dubious as it does not appear in the French or Italian versions of the article. What's more, it differs stylistically from the rest of the article and of wikipedia in general. Requires a reference, or should be deleted. Vitomontreal (talk) 16:01, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

Inter vs. Milan home/away fans
During the Derby della Madonnina (Milan Derby), do the "home" team supporters receive a greater allocation of tickets? There is no mention of it on the Milan Derby page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cognizes (talk • contribs) 14:57, 15 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on San Siro. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100612094451/http://sansiro.net/struttura.asp to http://www.sansiro.net/struttura.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:54, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:52, 3 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Stadio Meazza.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:08, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
 * San siro stadium.jpg

title: Talk:San Siro


text:
Talk:Jim Sinclair (activist)

AfD
survived vfd at Votes for deletion/Jim Sinclair. Mikkalai 21:44, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

survived a (partial) second vfd at Articles for deletion/Jim Sinclair (2nd nomination). Ryan Norton T 18:42, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Canadian?
Is Jim Sinclair Canadian? -207.97.161.50 (talk) 10:30, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jim Sinclair (activist)


text:
Legs Cross

Legs Cross is an Anglo-Saxon cross in the parish of Bolam, County Durham, England, about 4 mi north of Piercebridge on the Pilgrims' Way (the modern B6275 and the old Roman road of Dere Street). It is a Grade II* listed structure, and a scheduled monument.

It was probably erected in the 9th century.

The sandstone cross is now eroded to an 2.6 m high obelisk-like structure, on a triangular base. Some interlaced patterning remains.

Although it once had an inscription reading "LEGS X", which was chiselled off post 1966, giving rise to the name. It has been suggested that the cross was constructed from Roman masonry (nearby Piercebridge was once the site of a Roman fort) and that the inscription may have originally celebrated the 20th Legion (LEGIONIS).

Other theories for the origin of name include the fact that "legge" is the Anglo-Saxon word meaning "boundary." It has been also suggested that James VI of Scotland (later James I of England) rested here, with his legs crossed, on his way south to claim the English throne.

title: Legs Cross


text: Category:386 deaths

title: Category:386 deaths


text: Template:Campaignbox Powder River Expedition


text: Category:1912 songs

title: Category:1912 songs


text:
User talk:RandiFan

Post at Talk:Randi Rhodes
Please, please, please don't feed the trolls. That kind of language just makes things worse. Thanks for understanding. – ClockworkSoul 21:45, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:RandiFan


text:
Ludendorff

Ludendorff is a surname. Notable persons with that name include:

 * Erich Ludendorff (1865–1937), German general
 * Hans Ludendorff (1873–1941), German astronomer
 * Mathilde Ludendorff (1877–1966), German teacher and psychiatrist

title: Ludendorff


text:
List of Welsh-language authors

This is a list of Welsh-language authors.

A

 * Richard Ithamar Aaron (1901–1987)
 * William Ambrose (Emrys) (1813–1873)
 * Gwynn ap Gwilym (1950–2016)
 * Charles Ashton (1848–1898)

B

 * William Ambrose Bebb (1894–1953)
 * Tom Beynon (1886–1961)
 * John Blackwell (Alun) (1797–1841)
 * Käthe Bosse-Griffiths (1910–1998)
 * David James Bowen (1925–2017)
 * Euros Bowen (1904–1988)
 * Geraint Bowen (1915–2011)
 * Siôn Bradford (1706–1785)
 * Robert Bryan (1858–1920)

C

 * Rhys Cadwaladr (fl. 1666–1690)
 * David Charles (1762–1834)
 * Thomas Charles (1755–1814)
 * Irma Chilton (1930–1990)
 * Morys Clynnog (1525–1581)

D

 * Aneirin Talfan Davies (1909–1980)
 * Edward Tegla Davies (1880–1967)
 * Gareth Alban Davies (1926–2009)
 * Grahame Davies (born 1964)
 * James Kitchener Davies (1902–1952)
 * John Davies (Dr John Davies, Mallwyd) (c. 1567–1644)
 * John Cadvan Davies (1846–1923)
 * John Humphreys Davies (1871–1926)
 * Lewis Davies (1863–1951)
 * Pennar Davies (1911–1996)
 * Richard Davies (c. 1501–1581)
 * Richard Davies (Mynyddog) (1833–1877)
 * Thomas Glynne Davies (1926–1988)
 * Walter Davies (Gwallter Mechain) (1761–1849)
 * Robert Jones Derfel (1824–1905)

E

 * Aled Eames (1921–1996)
 * Marion Eames (1921–2007)
 * David Miall Edwards (1873–1941)
 * Hywel Teifi Edwards (1934–2010)
 * Lewis Edwards (1809–1887)
 * Owen Morgan Edwards (1858–1920)
 * Roger Edwards (1811–1886)
 * Thomas Edwards (Twm o'r Nant) (1738–1810)
 * John Elias (1774–1841)
 * Islwyn Ffowc Elis (1924–2004)
 * Robert Elis (Cynddelw) (1812–1875)
 * Thomas Iorwerth Ellis (1899–1970)
 * Beriah Gwynfe Evans (1848–1927)
 * Christmas Evans (1776–1838)
 * Daniel Evans (Daniel Ddu o Geredigion) (1792–1846)
 * Daniel Silvan Evans (1818–1903)
 * David Emrys Evans (1891–1966)
 * Donald Evans (born 1940)
 * Ellis Humphrey Evans (Hedd Wyn) (1887–1917)
 * Gwynfor Evans (1912–2005)
 * Hugh Evans (1854–1934)
 * John Evans (I.D. Ffraid) (1814–1875)
 * Theophilus Evans (1693–1767)
 * William Evans (Wil Ifan) (1883–1968)
 * Albert Evans-Jones (Cynan) (1895–1970)

G

 * William Richard Philip George (1912–2006)
 * John Gwyn Griffiths (1911–2004)
 * Elis Gruffydd (c. 1490 – c. 1552)
 * Owen Gruffydd (c. 1643–1730)
 * Robert Geraint Gruffydd (1928–2015)
 * William John Gruffydd (1881–1954)
 * Bethan Gwanas (born 1962)

H

 * Joseph Harris (Gomer) (1773–1825)
 * Isaac Daniel Hooson (1880–1948)
 * Mererid Hopwood (born 1964)
 * Hugh Hughes (Y Bardd Coch o Fôn) (1693–1776)
 * John Ceiriog Hughes (1832–1887)
 * Jonathan Hughes (1721–1805)
 * Richard Cyril Hughes (born 1932)
 * Thomas Rowland Hughes (1903–1949)
 * Edward Morgan Humphreys (1882–1955)
 * Humphrey Humphreys (1648–1712)

I

 * Dafydd Ifans (born 1949)

J

 * Daniel James (Gwyrosydd) (1848–1920)
 * Edward James (c. 1569 – c. 1610)
 * Evan James (Ieuan ap Iago) (1809–1878)
 * David Jenkins (1912–2002)
 * John Jenkins (Gwili) (1872–1936)
 * Robert Thomas Jenkins (1881–1969)
 * John Thomas Job (1867–1938)
 * Bedwyr Lewis Jones (1933–1992)
 * Dafydd Jones (Dewi Dywyll) (1803–1868)
 * David James Jones (Gwenallt) (1899–1968)
 * Elizabeth Watkin-Jones (1888–1966)
 * Gwilym Richard Jones (1903–1993)
 * Harri Pritchard Jones (1933–2015)
 * John Jones (Jac Glan-y-gors) (1766–1821)
 * John Jones (Ioan Tegid) (1792–1852)
 * John Jones (Talhaiarn) (1810–1869)
 * John Jones (Myrddin Fardd) (1836–1921)
 * John Robert Jones (1911–1970)
 * Lewis Jones (Patagonia) (1897–1939)
 * Richard Goodman Jones (Dic Goodman) (1920–2013)
 * Robert Ambrose Jones (Emrys ap Iwan) (1848–1906)
 * Robert Maynard Jones (Bobi Jones) (1929–2017)
 * Thomas Jones (Dinbych) (1756–1820)
 * Thomas Gwynn Jones (1871–1949)
 * Thomas Llewelyn Jones (1915–2009)
 * Morris Kyffin (c. 1555–1598)

L

 * Thomas Levi (1825–1916)
 * Alun Lewis (1915–1944)
 * Gwyneth Lewis
 * Henry Lewis (1889–1968)
 * Hywel David Lewis (1910–1992)
 * Robyn Lewis (born 1929)
 * Saunders Lewis (1893–1985)

Ll

 * John Lloyd-Jones (1885–1956)
 * Alan Llwyd (born 1948)
 * Angharad Llwyd (1780–1866)
 * Morgan Llwyd (1619–1659)
 * Robin Llywelyn (born 1958)

M

 * Dafydd Llwyd Mathau (fl. earlier 17th c.)
 * Wiliam Midleton (fl. 1550–1600)
 * Gareth Miles (born 1938)
 * Derec Llwyd Morgan (born 1943)
 * Elena Puw Morgan (1900–1973)
 * Eluned Morgan (1870–1938)
 * John Morgan (1688–1733)
 * Prys Morgan (born 1937)
 * William Morgan (1545–1604)
 * Lewis Morris (Llywelyn Ddu o Fôn) (1701–1765)
 * Richard Morris (1703–1779)
 * John Morris-Jones (1864–1929)

N

 * Thomas Evan Nicholas (Niclas y Glais) (1879–1971)

O

 * Owain Owain (1929–1993)
 * Robin Llwyd ab Owain (born 1959)
 * Daniel Owen (1836–1895)
 * David Owen (Dewi Wyn o Eifion) (1784–1841)
 * David Owen (Brutus) (1795–1866)
 * Gerallt Lloyd Owen (born 1944)
 * Goronwy Owen (Goronwy Ddu o Fôn) (1723–1769)
 * William David Owen (1874–1925)
 * William Owen Pughe (1759–1835)

P

 * Gwenlyn Parry (1932–1991)
 * John Parry (1776–1851)
 * Robert Parry (1540–1612)
 * Robert Williams Parry (1884–1956)
 * Thomas Parry (1904–1985)
 * Thomas Herbert Parry-Williams (1887–1975)
 * Meirion Pennar (1944–2010)
 * John Price (1502–1555)
 * Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc) (1787–1848)
 * Caradog Prichard (1904–1980)
 * Rhys Prichard (Yr Hen Ficer) (1579–1644)
 * Edmwnd Prys (1543–1623)
 * Gwilym Puw (c. 1618 – c. 1689)

Ph

 * Eluned Phillips (1914-2009)

R

 * Evan Rees (Dyfed) (1850–1923)
 * Ioan Bowen Rees (1929–1999)
 * Thomas Rees (1815–1885)
 * Thomas Ifor Rees (1890–1977)
 * William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog)
 * David Richards (Dafydd Ionawr) (1751–1827)
 * Thomas Richards (1878–1962)
 * Gruffydd Robert (before 1532 – after 1598)
 * Brynley Francis Roberts (born 1931)
 * David Roberts (Dewi Havhesp) (1831–1884)
 * Emrys Roberts (1929–2012)
 * Kate Roberts (1891–1985)
 * Samuel Roberts (writer) (1800–1885)
 * Wiliam Owen Roberts (born 1960)
 * Dafydd Rowlands (1931–2001)
 * John Rowlands (author) (born 1938)
 * William Rowlands (Gwilym Lleyn) (1802–1865)

Rh

 * Edward Prosser Rhys (1901–1945)
 * Morgan Rhys (1716–1779)
 * Siôn Dafydd Rhys (1534 – c. 1609)

S

 * William Salesbury (c. 1520 – c. 1584)
 * William Saunders (1806–1851)
 * Simwnt Fychan (c. 1530–1606)

T

 * David Thomas (Dewi Hefin) (1828–1909)
 * David Thomas (1880–1967)
 * Ebenezer Thomas (Eben Fardd) (1802–1863)
 * Gwyn Thomas (1936–2016)
 * Robert Thomas (Ap Vychan) (1809–1880)
 * Ronald Stuart Thomas (1913–2000)
 * William Thomas (Islwyn) (1832–1878)
 * William Thomas (Gwilym Marles) (1834–1879)
 * Angharad Tomos (born 1958)

W

 * Urien Wiliam (born 1929)
 * Colin H Williams (born 1950)
 * David John Williams (1885–1970)
 * Edward Williams (Iolo Morganwg) (1747–1826)
 * Eliseus Williams (Eifion Wyn) (1867–1926)
 * Gareth F. Williams (1955–2016)
 * Glanmor Williams (1920–2005 )
 * Griffith Williams (Gutyn Peris) (1769–1838)
 * Gwynne Williams (born 1937)
 * Ifor Williams (1881–1965)
 * John Ellis Williams (born 1924)
 * John Lloyd Williams (1854–1945)
 * John Owen Williams (Pedrog) (1892–1973)
 * John Richard Williams (J.R. Tryfanwy) (1867–1924)
 * Morris Williams (Nicander) (1809–1874)
 * Moses Williams (1685–1742)
 * Owen Williams (Owen Gwyrfai) (1790–1874)
 * Peter Bailey Williams (1763–1836)
 * Richard Bryn Williams (1902–1981)
 * Richard Hughes Williams (Dic Tryfan) (c. 1878–1919)
 * Robert Williams (Robert ap Gwilym Ddu) (1766–1850)
 * Robert Williams (Trebor Mai) (1830–1877)
 * Robert Dewi Williams (1870–1955)
 * Rowland Williams (Hwfa Môn) (1823–1905)
 * Rhydwen Williams (1916–1997)
 * Thomas Marchant Williams (1845–1914)
 * Waldo Williams (1904–1971)
 * William Williams (Pantycelyn) (1717–1791)
 * William Williams (Caledfryn) (1801–1869)
 * William Williams (Creuddynfab) (1814–1869)
 * William Williams (Crwys) (1875–1968)
 * William Llewelyn Williams (1867–1922)
 * Ellis Wynne (1671–1734)
 * Eirug Wyn (1950–2004)

title: List of Welsh-language authors


text: Category:342 births

title: Category:342 births


text:
User talk:Stus

Hi, my name is Stu.

title: User talk:Stus


text: Category:341 births

title: Category:341 births


text:
Highland dress

Highland dress is the traditional, regional dress of the Highlands and Isles of Scotland. It is often characterised by tartan (plaid in North America). Specific designs of shirt, jacket, bodice and headwear may also be worn along with clan badges and other devices indicating family and heritage.

Men's Highland dress typically includes a kilt or trews of his clan tartan, along with either a tartan full plaid, fly plaid, or short belted plaid. There are a number of accessories, which may include but are not limited to: a belt, sporran, sgian-dubh, knee-socks with a cuff known as kilt hose, garters, kilt pins and clan badges.

Women's Highland dress is also based on the clan tartan, either that of her birth clan or, if married, that of her spouse's clan if she so chooses. Traditionally, women and girls do not wear kilts but may wear ankle-length tartan skirts, along with a colour-coordinated blouse and vest. A tartan earasaid, sash or tonnag (smaller shawl) may also be worn, usually pinned with a brooch, sometimes with a clan badge or other family or cultural motif.

Modern Highland dress
In the modern era, Scottish Highland dress can be worn casually, or worn as formal wear to white tie and black tie occasions, especially at ceilidhs and weddings. Just as the black tie dress code has increased in use in England for formal events which historically may have called for white tie, so too is the black tie version of Highland dress increasingly common.

The codification of "proper" Highland dress for formal and semi-formal wear took place during the Victorian era, and these styles have changed little since then (e.g. the Prince Charlie, Sheriffmuir, and regulation jackets have an antique appearance, being based on Victorian military doublets of Highland regiments). In observing "constraints imposed by supposed rules and regulations governing ... what is perceived as permissible in Highland dress", Scottish historian Hugh Cheape writes (2012) that "uniform styles and conformity in dress conventions have emerged since the late nineteenth century and have been encoded in books and tailors' patterns; strict observance is expected and in some circles has become a touchstone of Scottishness. The perpetuation of such views, relatively recently formed, is a self-assumed role of guardians of Scottish 'ethnicity'." He contrasts this mode of regulated Highland dress with the kilt's contemporary "renaissance as a style item ... even a post-modern trend in kilt-wear instigated with the 1970s and 1980s punk styles; we see the kilt worn with chunky socks, boots, white T-shirt and black jacket".

Regardless of formality level, the basis of all modern men's and women's Highland dress starts with the tartan, either as a kilt, trews, arisaid, sash, or tonnag. Tartans in Scotland are registered at the Scottish Register of Tartans in Edinburgh, a non-ministerial department and are usually aligned to a clan or branch of a clan; however, tartans can also be registered exclusively for an individual or institution, and many "district" or "national" patterns also exist that have no associations to particular families or organisations.

Historically, weaponry formed a common accessory of men's Highland dress, such as the mattucashlass and the dirk. However, due to the UK's knife laws, small sgian-dubhs and sword shape kilt pins are more commonly seen today.

For men's and women's shoes, dance ghillies are thin, foldable turnshoes, now used mostly for indoor wear and Scottish dancing. The sole and uppers cut from one piece of leather, wrapped around the foot from the bottom, laced at the top, and seamed at the heel and toe. Ghillie brogues are thick-soled welted-rand shoes. In both, the laces are wrapped around and tied firmly above the wearer's ankles so that the shoes do not get pulled off in the mud. The shoes lack tongues so the wearer's feet can dry more quickly in the typically damp Scottish weather.

Formal day wear (morning dress)

Highland dress may also be worn as a folk-costume option at events requiring morning dress. As such, for formal day-wear use it generally consists of:

Men:
 * Plain superfine wool or barathea black, charcoal or tweed Argyll-, Crail-, and Braemar-style kilt jacket
 * Belt and buckle or five- or six-button waistcoat in matching grey, putty, complementary or tartan material in matching colour
 * Kilt
 * White shirt with turndown collar, French cuffs, and cufflinks
 * Long tie in a single colour or striped regimental style
 * Black brogues (according to some views, brown shoes should never be worn with Highland dress, although such are worn by the royals)
 * Tartan, argyle, diced, or plain coloured dark hose (white and off-white hose should be avoided)
 * Flashes or garter ties
 * Day or horse hair sporran
 * Morning dress sgian-dubh (less intricate than for the full dress and typically made of horn or antler).

Formal evening wear (white tie)
The traditional white-tie version of Highland dress consists of:

Men:
 * Formal kilt doublet in barathea or velvet. The regulation, Montrose, Sheriffmuir and Kenmore doublets are suitable in a variety of colours. Velvet is considered to be a more formal material. The Prince Charlie jacket (coatee) is considered to be less formal, although when introduced it was to be worn with a white lace jabot. Tartan jackets are also seen.
 * Waistcoat in white marcella, tartan (usually to match the kilt), red or the same material as the doublet. No waistcoat is worn with the Kenmore or Montrose doublets.
 * Kilt with formal kilt pin
 * White stiff-front shirt with wing collar and white, gold, or silver studs and cufflinks for the Regulation doublet, or a white formal shirt and optional lace cuffs for the Montrose, Sheriffmuir, and Kenmore doublets
 * White lace jabot. A black silk or a white marcella bow tie may be worn in place of the jabot with the regulation doublet (Highland wear often includes a black bow tie even at white-tie events).
 * Black formal shoes or black buckle brogues
 * Tartan or diced kilt hose
 * Silk garter flashes or garter ties
 * Silver-mounted sporran in fur, sealskin or hair with a silver chain belt
 * Black, silver-mounted and jeweled sgian-dubh
 * Highland bonnet (Balmoral or Glengarry) with crest badge (only worn outdoors)
 * Short belted plaid with silver plaid brooch (optional)
 * Scottish dirk (optional)

Semi-formal day wear (black lounge suit equivalent)
The semi-formal version of Highland dress consists of:

Men:
 * Black or charcoal semi-formal kilt jacket in superfine wool or barathea – Argyll-, Crail-, and Braemar-style jackets are suitable
 * Five- or six-button waistcoat in black, grey, putty or tartan
 * Kilt
 * White shirt with turndown collar, French cuffs, and cufflinks
 * Tie in a single colour
 * Black brogues
 * Tartan, argyle, diced or dark hose (white and off-white hose should be avoided)
 * Flashes or garter ties
 * Day-dress sporran with simple designs and often in black leather – however, a full dress sporran is not considered inappropriate
 * Day-dress sgian-dubh (less intricate than for the full dress and typically made of horn or antler)

Semi-formal evening wear (black tie)

Traditionally, black-tie Highland dress comprises:

Men:
 * Black, or other solid colour, barathea jacket with silver buttons – Regulation doublet, Prince Charlie (coatee), Brian Boru, Braemar, Argyll, and black mess jackets are suitable (there is some contention about whether the Duke of Montrose and Sheriffmuir doublets are too formal for black-tie occasions)
 * Black waistcoat
 * Kilt
 * White shirt with shirt studs, French or barrel cuffs, and a turndown collar (wing collars are reserved for white tie)
 * Black bow tie
 * Evening dress brogues
 * Tartan or diced full-dress kilt hose – off-white hose are often seen but are deplored by some, such as the late David Lumsden of Cushnie
 * Silk flashes or garter ties
 * Dress sporran with silver chain
 * Black, silver-mounted sgian dubh
 * Highland bonnet with crest badge (only suitable outdoors)
 * Miniature medals (if authorised)

Historical descriptions

In 1618, a poet from London, John Taylor, described the costume of Scottish aristocrats, lairds, and their followers and servants, dressed for hunting at Braemar. In August and September, all classes dressed in the same fashion by custom, as if equals. This included tartan stockings and jerkins, with garters of twisted straw, and a finer plaid mantle round their shoulders. They had knotted handkerchiefs at their necks and wore blue caps. Taylor said the tartan was "warm stuff of diverse colours."

Near the end of the seventeenth century, Martin Martin gave a description of traditional women's clothing in the Western Islands, the earasaid with its brooches and buckles."'The ancient dress wore by the women, and which is yet wore by some of the vulgar, called arisad, is a white plaid, having a few small stripes of black, blue and red; it reached from the neck to the heels, and was tied before on the breast with a buckle of silver or brass, according to the quality of the person. I have seen some of the former of an hundred marks value; it was broad as any ordinary pewter plate, the whole curiously engraven with various animals etc. There was a lesser buckle which was wore in the middle of the larger, and above two ounces weight; it had in the centre a large piece of crystal, or some finer stone, and this was set all around with several finer stones of a lesser size. The plaid being pleated all round, was tied with a belt below the breast; the belt was of leather, and several pieces of silver intermixed with the leather like a chain. The lower end of the belt has a piece of plate about eight inches long, and three in breadth, curiously engraven; the end of which was adorned with fine stones, or pieces of red coral. They wore sleeves of scarlet cloth, closed at the end as men's vests, with gold lace round them, having plate buttons with fine stones. The head dress was a fine kerchief of linen strait (tight) about the head, hanging down the back taper-wise; a large lock of hair hangs down their cheeks above their breast, the lower end tied with a knot of ribbands.'"

According to the English military chaplain Thomas Morer in 1689, Highland men wore plaids about seven or eight yards (7 to 8 yard) long, which covered from the neck to the knees except the right arm. Beneath the plaid they wore a waistcoat or a shirt to the same length as the drape of the plaid. These were "belted plaids." Their stockings were made of the same stuff as the plaid and their shoes were called "brocks" (brogues). Bonnets were blue or "sad" coloured. Morer noted that the fineness of the fabric varied according to the wealth and status of the man.

Scottish Lowlanders and Borderers were dressed much like the English, except both men and women also used a plaid as a cloak. The Lowland women wrapped their plaids over their heads as hoods, whereas Lowland and Border men wore a checkered maud (plaid) wrapped about their upper body. The maud, woven in a pattern known variously as Border tartan, Falkirk tartan, Shepherd's check, Shepherd's plaid and Galashiels grey, became the identifying feature of Border dress as a result of the garment's mention by fashionable Border Scots such as Walter Scott, James Hogg and Henry Scott Riddell and their wearing of it in public. Together with Robert Burns, they can be seen wearing a maud in portraits, etchings and statues.

title: Highland dress


text:
Ken Perlin

Kenneth H. Perlin is a professor in the Department of Computer Science at New York University, founding director of the Media Research Lab at NYU, director of the Future Reality Lab at NYU, and the Director of the Games for Learning Institute. He holds a BA. degree in Theoretical Mathematics from Harvard University (7/1979), a MS degree in Computer Science from the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University (6/1984), and a PhD degree in Computer Science from the same institution (2/1986). His research interests include graphics, animation, multimedia, and science education. He developed or was involved with the development of techniques such as Perlin noise, real-time interactive character animation, and computer-user interfaces. He is best known for the development of Perlin noise and Simplex noise, both of which are algorithms for realistic-looking Gradient noise.

He is a collaborator of the World Building Institute.

Awards
In 1996, K. Perlin received an Academy Award for Technical Achievement from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, for the development of Perlin noise. He had introduced this technique with the goal to produce natural-appearing textures on computer-generated surfaces for motion picture visual effects, while working on the Walt Disney Productions' 1982 feature film TRON for which he had developed a large part of the software.

title: Ken Perlin


text: Category:315 births

title: Category:315 births


text: Category:Furry conventions

title: Category:Furry conventions


text:
Honington

Honington could refer to:

 * Honington, Lincolnshire
 * Honington, Suffolk
 * Honington, Warwickshire
 * RAF Honington in Suffolk

title: Honington


text:
Jon Schmidt

Jon Schmidt (born 1966) is an American pianist and composer. Classically trained, he branched into New Age music in his 20s and has developed a classical crossover style that blends classical, contemporary, and rock and roll. He has released eight solo albums and seven piano books containing original scores. Since 2010 he has been a member of The Piano Guys musical group, performing on their YouTube videos, albums, and in concert.

Early life and education
Jon Schmidt was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to German immigrants. Both his paternal and maternal grandparents became members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Germany, and he is also a member of the church.

Schmidt was exposed to classical music at a young age. His father was an operatic tenor. His older sister, Rose-Anne, a virtuoso pianist, provided his classical training. Schmidt began appearing in piano recitals at the age of 8, was composing music by the age of 11, and started teaching piano at age 16. However, he did not perform publicly until college. As a student at Highland High School, he frequently played the piano at school assemblies and concerts. After graduation, he served on a mission to Norway, where he was known as the "mission piano player".

Schmidt was offered a music scholarship to the University of Utah, but decided to major in English instead. As he progressed in his undergraduate studies, he began thinking about pursuing a graduate degree in business administration. His career plans changed as he began performing in public.

Musical career
Schmidt initially played at benefit concerts and recorded his music for sale on cassette tape. He then decided to promote himself by booking himself into large venues such as the Highland High School auditorium, which he filled with an audience of 1,000, and Kingsbury Hall, the largest performance venue in Salt Lake City, which he also sold out.

He released his first album, August End, in 1991. After that he signed with Aubergine Records and released A Walk in the Woods (1993), A Day in the Sunset (1994), and Jon Schmidt Christmas (1995). In 2000 he released To the Summit under his own label, JSP Productions.

By 2010 Schmidt was giving 100 concerts a year in the Wasatch Front metropolitan area of Utah, as well as in Arizona, Southern California, Idaho, and Washington state.

Schmidt has published seven piano books containing original scores. He has developed a "Ten Week Note-Reading Method" for adults and children.

The Piano Guys
Schmidt became a member of The Piano Guys in 2010. The group and its music video concept originated as the social media marketing strategy of Paul Anderson, owner of The Piano Guys piano store in St. George, Utah. Anderson knew Schmidt from the latter's visits to the store; Schmidt enjoyed practicing on the pianos in the showroom whenever he came to town. In 2009 Anderson saw a music video that Schmidt had uploaded to YouTube, "Love Story Meets Viva la Vida" – blending the Taylor Swift country pop "Love Story" with Coldplay's Baroque pop "Viva la Vida", which Schmidt performed as a duet with cellist Steven Sharp Nelson. The video collected over one million hits. Anderson suggested that he produce professional videos of the musicians performing and upload them to his store's YouTube channel. Nelson brought his neighbor Al van der Beek, a songwriter and music arranger, onto the project, and Tel Stewart assisted with video production.

After producing a number of videos that failed to garner much interest, the group posted "Michael Meets Mozart" (2011), and Schmidt invited the nearly 30,000 people on his fan mailing list "to watch it and share it". Views took off beyond the region. The group continued to upload new videos for the next two years, gaining thousands of fans each time. The group signed with Sony Masterworks in 2012 and went on to release seven number-one albums. As of February 2024, the group has surpassed 2.3 billion views on their YouTube channel and have 7.09 million subscribers.

Musical style
Schmidt blends classical, pop, and rock and roll in his compositions. He cites Beethoven, Mannheim Steamroller, Billy Joel, and Dave Grusin as musical influences. He also demonstrates a flair for the theatrical in his live solo performances, such as "playing an entire song while upside down, putting on a funky wig, playing with his toes and beat boxing".

Personal life
Schmidt and his wife Michelle have five children and reside in Bountiful, Utah. In October 2016 their 21-year-old daughter Annie disappeared while hiking in Oregon. Her body was found the following month at the base of a cliff in the Columbia River Gorge; her death was ruled accidental.

Solo albums

 * August End (1991)
 * Walk in the Woods (1993)
 * A Day in the Sunset (1994)
 * Jon Schmidt Christmas (1995)
 * To the Summit (2000)
 * Winter Serenade (2004)
 * Hymns Without Words (2006)
 * Piano Portraits Lullaby (2009)
 * Bonus Tracks (2009)

Guest appearances

 * Piano Portraits (2002) – solo performances by Schmidt, Paul Cardall, Michael R. Hicks, and David Tolk
 * Pure Touch: Vol. 1 (2008) – with Matt Bachrach and Craig Linder

The Piano Guys

 * Hits Volume 1 (2011)
 * The Piano Guys (2012)
 * The Piano Guys 2 (2013)
 * A Family Christmas (2013)
 * Wonders (2014)
 * Live!: Carnegie Hall Audio + Red Rocks Concert Video (2015)
 * Uncharted (2016)
 * Christmas Together (2017)
 * Limitless (2018)
 * 10 (2020)

title: Jon Schmidt


text:
Bazargan

Bazargan may refer to:

Places

 * Bazargan, Afghanistan
 * Bazargan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, a village in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran
 * Bazargan, Darab, a village in Fars Province, Iran
 * Bazargan, Iran, a city in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
 * Bazargan, Piranshahr, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
 * Bazargan, Qazvin, a village in Qazvin Province, Iran
 * Bazargan District, Iran

People with the surname

 * Abolfazl Bazargan, Iranian activist and politician
 * Mehdi Bazargan (1907–1995), Iranian scholar and politician

title: Bazargan


text:
Medical algorithm

A medical algorithm is any computation, formula, statistical survey, nomogram, or look-up table, useful in healthcare. Medical algorithms include decision tree approaches to healthcare treatment (e.g., if symptoms A, B, and C are evident, then use treatment X) and also less clear-cut tools aimed at reducing or defining uncertainty. A medical prescription is also a type of medical algorithm.

Scope
Medical algorithms are part of a broader field which is usually fit under the aims of medical informatics and medical decision-making. Medical decisions occur in several areas of medical activity including medical test selection, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis, and automatic control of medical equipment.

In relation to logic-based and artificial neural network-based clinical decision support systems, which are also computer applications used in the medical decision-making field, algorithms are less complex in architecture, data structure and user interface. Medical algorithms are not necessarily implemented using digital computers. In fact, many of them can be represented on paper, in the form of diagrams, nomographs, etc.

Examples
A wealth of medical information exists in the form of published medical algorithms. These algorithms range from simple calculations to complex outcome predictions. Most clinicians use only a small subset routinely.

Examples of medical algorithms are:
 * Calculators, e.g. an on-line or stand-alone calculator for body mass index (BMI) when stature and body weight are given;
 * Flowcharts and drakon-charts, e.g. a binary decision tree for deciding what is the etiology of chest pain
 * Look-up tables, e.g. for looking up food energy and nutritional contents of foodstuffs
 * Nomograms, e.g. a moving circular slide to calculate body surface area or drug dosages.

A common class of algorithms are embedded in guidelines on the choice of treatments produced by many national, state, financial and local healthcare organisations and provided as knowledge resources for day to day use and for induction of new physicians. A field which has gained particular attention is the choice of medications for psychiatric conditions. In the United Kingdom, guidelines or algorithms for this have been produced by most of the circa 500 primary care trusts, substantially all of the circa 100 secondary care psychiatric units and many of the circa 10 000 general practices. In the US, there is a national (federal) initiative to provide them for all states, and by 2005 six states were adapting the approach of the Texas Medication Algorithm Project or otherwise working on their production.

A grammar—the Arden syntax—exists for describing algorithms in terms of medical logic modules. An approach such as this should allow exchange of MLMs between doctors and establishments, and enrichment of the common stock of tools.

Purpose
The intended purpose of medical algorithms is to improve and standardize decisions made in the delivery of medical care. Medical algorithms assist in standardizing selection and application of treatment regimens, with algorithm automation intended to reduce potential introduction of errors. Some attempt to predict the outcome, for example critical care scoring systems.

Computerized health diagnostics algorithms can provide timely clinical decision support, improve adherence to evidence-based guidelines, and be a resource for education and research.

Medical algorithms based on best practice can assist everyone involved in delivery of standardized treatment via a wide range of clinical care providers. Many are presented as protocols and it is a key task in training to ensure people step outside the protocol when necessary. In our present state of knowledge, generating hints and producing guidelines may be less satisfying to the authors, but more appropriate.

Cautions
In common with most science and medicine, algorithms whose contents are not wholly available for scrutiny and open to improvement should be regarded with suspicion.

Computations obtained from medical algorithms should be compared with, and tempered by, clinical knowledge and physician judgment.

title: Medical algorithm


text:
Talk:Geographic information system/to do

[ smervin 3/07 added sentence about Harvard Lab (LCGSA) to the History section. Also started separate wiki page about LCGSA but got 'speedily deleted' by zealous Wiki Admin who claimed "no assertion of notability"]
 * Remove Climate Change subsection from the Developments in GIS section. It is an example of a use of GIS technology, not a development in the technology.
 * Reference a good paper discussing the object/field abstraction in the Data representation section.
 * Combine the Projections, coordinate systems and registration section with the Relating information from different sources section.
 * history section - Tighten up discussion of CGIS (create a separate page for it?)
 * history section - Add discussion of DIME format (first well known use of topologic data structure)
 * history section - Add discussion of the US universities (Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics) that contributed to early GIS research (they went on to form ESRI and GRASS)
 * history section - Add contributions of SFU to early GIS research (TIN format)
 * Decide what to do about the GIS software section
 * Decide on an overall focus for this article and how it relates to other fields used by GIS (GI Science, geoimformatics, etc)
 * Needs to be information regarding the creation of data, specifically the different interpolation methods
 * Make this page plain language that wider community can understand
 * Raster section - this is very weak in its description of raster data.
 * Desperately needs a discussion of uncertainty in data measurement and analysis. This is probably the top item of importance and least intuitive for a newcomer to understand.
 * Review the use of data as a plural noun in this article. Though I acknowledge the traditional use of it as the plural of the Latin datum--and am not quick to abandon tradition--I find it awkward and distracting here. I believe the majority of modern English users treat data as a noun of quantity these days (like water, air, information)--see the usage note in its AHD entry here.-Eric talk 15:42, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Want to add Gis Video "Species Distribution Models with GIS and Machine Learning in R" which will help the users to understand it more easily and want to give a link to that title so that the user gets to know this is available at Packt.


text:
Talk:A Bug's Life

References to use

 * Please add to the list references that can be used for the film article.

title: Talk:A Bug's Life


text:
Talk:Bogatyr

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Najasmith.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:03, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Old talk

 * Are there only three bogatyrs?
 * How did someone become a bogatyr?
 * Is it a religious thing? -- Sy / (talk)
 * No, there are many more, the three on the picture work as a team in some folk tales
 * I believe it is in genes, someone should be born with this ability
 * In some tales the bogatyr emphasizes that his enemy is a pagan and he is a good Christian, but mostly seems to be non-religius. abakharev 13:33, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation
''This was on the artilce. Ideally it will go at Bogatyr (disambiguation), but only when some of the red-linked artciles exist. This is a good resting place for now. --Commander Keane 16:00, August 26, 2005 (UTC)''

Moved to its own page; articles don't need to exist to have the dab page. Elf | Talk 22:50, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Translation or interpretation help?
now some good person could explain me: "Each bogatyr tends to be known for a certain character trait: Alyosha Popovich for his bravery, Dobrynya Nikitich for his courage" whats the drastic difference between bravery and courage? its a bad translation maybe? (Posted by ??)

Here's another one: "The word bogatyr was first mentioned in Russia time in Sernitskiy's book "; what is "in Russia time" supposed to be? Elf | Talk 22:47, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Polyanitsa
Polyanitsa redirects here, but the article doesn't explain why. I gather that a polyanitsa is sort of a female bogatyr, but that's about it — can someone elaborate in the article? --Quuxplusone (talk) 17:17, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

"Altaic word"
"Altaic" is a dubious term; this word was known in Rus before Mongol Invasion of XIII c. thus it is logical to persume it is turkic in origin. And another arguement is the word's history. Oldest mention is sinified Mao-Tun or Mao-Du, a name of a Hunnic king. Hunnic people are most commonly considered to be a turkic-speaking population of Mongolian plateu, which was later replaced by mongolian-speaking peoples (Xian-bei), who migrated to west only after the collapse of Hunnic state. The last arguements are (1) etymology, which can be rougly delivered from word "bek" (rich, noble) and "tur" (to stand, to be), and (2) Starotstin's etymology, which is turkic. I've changed "Altaic" to "Turkic", I think it is less confusing. 89.176.108.21 (talk) 01:39, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic languages are Altaic, at least according to the most accepted view. Sigurd Dragon Slayer (talk) 11:00, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Word
>The bogatyr (Russian: богатырь; Old East Slavic богатырь, Ukrainian: богатир; from baghatur, a historical Turco-Mongol honorific[1][2]) Bogatyr - bogatyi, bogatstvo, Bog (Russian God). It's not Turco-Mongol word. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.194.154.209 (talk) 13:36, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose merger. While the two words are of the same root, the respective articles are not about words, but about certain subjects. Characters of Russian folklore and Turco-Mongol tittles are definitely not the same subject.Beaumain (talk) 18:20, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose merger. Bogatyr might be borrowed from the Mongol title but it has a highly distinct meaning.  Ogress  smash!  20:41, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

Overall Edits
I'd like to make the following edits/expansions of the Bogatyr page: - expand more on the background of the bogatyr such as how they become bogatyrs, including why most of their enemies have human-like features and turkish names, and make edits on wording/phrasing - explore and expand on the origins behind the etymology of the word - research and find information on the "female bogatyr" - add more about bagatyr's influence- books, similar entities(Three Musketeers and Knights of the Round Table)- not directly influenced, just similar Here are the sources I'm using info from(it's not an exhaustive list): https://ls.pushkininstitute.ru/lsslovar/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C/C1-C2 https://catalog.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/find/Record/.b2440435 https://catalog.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/find/Record/.b1995321 https://catalog.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/find/Record/.b1603099 Najasmith (talk) 07:52, 19 March 2018 (UTC)

Turkification of Proto-Slavic words
Proto-Slavic is an Indo-european language. The word "Bogatyr" is of Indo-european origin and has no roots in Turkic! In fact, it is the Turkic languages that adapted many Indo-european words. There is no evidence for this word to be of turkic origin and the creators who constantly add imaginary turkic orgin theories to wikipedia articles about the etymology of Slavic words seem to follow some type of agenda. There is not even a logical context to assume that the word "Bogatyr" is of turkic origin because Bogatyrs were Eastern Slavic heroes who faught against turkic and turco-mongolian invaders! The word Bogatyr is simply rooted in Sanskrit and derived from Proto-Slavic "Bog" for english "god"! 94.17.154.23 (talk) 05:57, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

Etymology
I find it weird to have a photo of the page of a book in this section. It is in Russian and close to useless, because I cannot even cut and paste into google translate. THe book is readily available. Someone fluent in Russian, please replace this with article text.- Altenmann >talk 18:35, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bogatyr


text: Category:384 deaths

title: Category:384 deaths


text:
Kraig Kann

Kraig Kann (born on May 3, 1966, in LaGrange, Illinois) is a former on-air personality on Golf Channel, former chief communications officer of the LPGA, and current Managing Director of Kann Advisory Group and Host on SiriusXM PGA TOUR Radio.

Golf Channel
Kann was one of Golf Channel’s original on-air personalities Golf Channel from its founding in 1995 until his announced resignation on August 17, 2011, to assume an administrative position at the LPGA. While at Golf Channel, he was involved in a variety of broadcast positions, including Golf Central, Golf Central Pre-Game and as a play-by-play announcer for PGA Tour, LPGA, and Nationwide Tour coverage. He also reported on-site for the station's coverage of The Masters, the U.S. Open, the Open Championship, the PGA Championship, and the Ryder Cup.

Prior broadcasting career
Kann is a 1988 graduate of the University of Missouri. Prior to joining Golf Channel, Kann spent time in  Kalamazoo, Michigan, Fort Myers, Columbus, Georgia, and Columbia, Missouri.

Personal life
Kann has three children.

title: Kraig Kann