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National Middle School Science Bowl

The National Middle School Science Bowl is a middle school academic competition, similar to Quiz Bowl, held in the United States. Two teams of four students each compete to answer various science-related questions. In order to determine which student has the right to answer the question, a buzzer system (or "lockout system") is used, similar to those seen on popular television game shows such as Jeopardy!. The National Middle School Science Bowl (" NMSSB") has been organized and sponsored by the United States Department of Energy since the competition's inception in 2002.

Subject areas
Questions are asked in the categories of Biology, Chemistry, Earth and Space Science, Energy (dealing with DOE research), Mathematics, and Physics.

Before the 2010 year, there was no Energy category, and Earth and Space Science was called Earth Science. The General Science category was dropped in 2017.

Regional competitions
Each year, in late April or early May, the National Science Bowl competition is held in Chevy Chase, Maryland in the National 4-H Youth Conference Center.

The winning team of each regional Science Bowl competition is invited to participate in the National Science Bowl all expenses paid. There are a number of regional competitions all over the United States; the exact amount changes from year to year.

Typically, any middle school that meets the eligibility rules of the National Middle School Science Bowl competition is permitted to register for any regional competition in the country, but no middle school or student group may compete in multiple regionals. In addition, some regional competitions permit schools to register up to three teams. Teams composed entirely of homeschooled students are also permitted to enter.

Rules
This section is concerned with the rules of the national competition. The rules of regional competitions vary greatly. There are very few prescribed rules for regional competitions. Some regionals are run nearly identically to the national competition, while others use variations of the rules or different methods of scoring.

General rules
A team consists of four or five students from a single middle school (unless the team is composed entirely of home schooled students). Only four students play at any one time, while the fifth is designated as the "alternate." Substitutions may be made during the two-minute "halftime" and between rounds.

Two teams compete against each other in each match. Each match has exactly 25 questions (that is, 25 toss-ups and 25 bonuses in corresponding categories). The match is over when all the toss-up questions have been read, or after two eight-minute halves have elapsed (ten-minute at the national competition), whichever occurs first. The team with the most points at this time is the winner.

Toss-ups
Every match begins with a toss-up question. The moderator announces the subject of the question (see "Subject Areas" above), as well as its type (Multiple Choice or Short Answer). Once the moderator completes the reading of the question, students have five seconds to buzz in and give an answer. Students may buzz in at any time after the category has been read — there is no need to wait for the moderator to finish. However, there is a penalty for interrupting the moderator and giving an incorrect answer. Once a student from a team has buzzed in, that team may not buzz in again on that question. Conferring between members of a team is not allowed on toss-up questions; if conferring occurs on a question, the team is disqualified from answering that question. The rules regarding conferring are typically very strict: excessive noise, eye contact, or even noticeable shifts in position can be considered conferring, as they convey information to teammates.

The moderator rules an answer given by a student correct or incorrect. On short answer questions, if the answer given differs from the official one, the moderator uses his or her judgment to make a ruling (which is subject to challenge by the competitors). On multiple-choice questions, the answer given by the student is only correct if it matches the official answer exactly. Alternatively, the student may give the letter choice that corresponds to the correct answer. The letters W, X, Y and Z are used in lieu of A, B, C and D to avoid confusion between similar-sounding letters.

The decision to require multiple-choice answers to be exact has been a controversial one, but experience has shown that it is the best way to avoid complicated disputes during matches.

Bonuses
If a student answers a toss-up question correctly, that student's team receives a bonus question. The bonus question is always in the same category as the corresponding toss-up question. Since only that team has the opportunity to answer the bonus question, there is no need to buzz in to answer it. After the moderator finishes reading the question, the team has twenty seconds to answer. Conferring between team members is permitted, but the designated team captain must give the team's final answer. Teams are given a 5-second warning after 15 seconds of the time allotted have elapsed.

Even if the clock runs out (either for the half or the round), a team that has correctly responded to a toss-up before the expiration of time still receives a bonus. The moderator/scientific judge ignores the timer and proceeds to read the question in its entirety, and the team receives the full 20 seconds of allotted response time. The half/round is completed as soon as the team's answer has been given and no more questions are read to either team.

The same rules apply to the judging of responses to bonus questions as apply to responses to toss-up questions. Once the team's answer has been ruled right or wrong, the moderator proceeds to the next toss-up question.

If neither team answers the toss-up question correctly, the bonus question is not read, and the moderator proceeds to the next toss-up question.

Scoring
The scoring at NMSSB is similar to scoring for Quiz Bowl, although with different numbers.

Correct responses to toss-up questions are worth 4 points each, and correct responses to bonus questions are worth 10 points each.

If a student buzzes in on a toss-up question before the moderator has completely read the question ("interrupting" the question) and responds incorrectly, then 4 points are awarded to the opposing team, and the question is re-read in its entirety so that the opposing team has an opportunity to buzz in.

Note the difference between interrupt scoring in Science Bowl and in Quiz Bowl: the interrupt penalty in Quiz Bowl is -5 to the interrupting team, while in Science Bowl it is +4 to the non-interrupting team.

Also, if a team "blurts" (shouts out the answer after buzzing but without recognition), the question is treated as an incorrect interrupt. If the judges rule that a team has conferred amongst themselves before buzzing in on a toss-up, that team is disqualified from answering the question and no points are awarded to either side.

Competition format
This section is concerned with the format of the national competition only. As is the case with competition rules, the competition format varies greatly among the different regional competitions.

The national competition always consists of two stages: round robin and double elimination.

Round robin
All competing teams are randomly arranged into several round robin groups of six teams each. Every team plays every other team in its group once, receiving 2 points for a win, 1 point for a tie, or zero points for a loss. The top 32 teams across all divisions make it into double elimination; however, it is done so that the same number of teams (or as close as possible to this) in each division make double elimination.

Tiebreaks
In the event that two or more teams are tied for one of the top four spots in a round robin group, there are several tiebreak procedures, applied in the following order:

 * 1) The head-to-head record of all the tied teams is compared. The team(s) with the best record against the other tied teams win(s) the tiebreak.
 * 2) The team(s) with the fewest losses win(s) the tiebreak.
 * 3) If the top four teams still cannot be determined, the following procedures are used:
 * 4) * If more than two teams are still tied, each team is placed in a separate room and is read five toss-up questions. The number of questions answered correctly minus the number answered incorrectly determines each team's score. The team(s) with the highest score win(s) the tiebreak.
 * 5) * If exactly two teams are still tied, the two teams compete head-to-head, receiving five toss-up questions (no bonus questions are used). All the usual toss-up rules are in effect, including the interrupt penalty. The team with the higher score wins the tiebreak.

If a tie still exists after the third tiebreak step, the third step is reapplied until the tie is resolved.

Double elimination
Starting in 2020, 32 teams advance from the round robin (as opposed to approximately 16 in prior years). The competition then proceeds like a typical double elimination tournament bracket. Unlike in the round robin, a match in double elimination cannot be tied. If a match is tied at the end of regulation, overtime periods of five questions each are played until the tie is broken.

As each team is eliminated from the original bracket, they proceed to the "Challenger's Bracket" for the second chance. By the end of the competition, this system produces a champion from each bracket. The two championship teams face off in the final round to determine the first and second-place winners.

Sponsors
Several companies and organizations sponsor the National Middle School Science Bowl competition, the most prominent being the United States Department of Energy. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory sponsors NMSSB, and General Motors is also a regular sponsor of the event and has in recent years sponsored the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car competition held at NMSSB, where teams compete to build the fastest or most powerful fuel cell-powered miniature car.

Academic competition

 * First Place: BASIS Independent Bellevue (Bellevue, Washington)
 * Second Place: Hopkins Junior High School (Fremont, California)
 * Third Place: Davis Drive Middle School (Cary, North Carolina)
 * Fourth Place: Glasgow Middle School (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)

Academic competition

 * First Place: BASIS Independent Bellevue (Bellevue, Washington)
 * Second Place: Jonas Clarke Middle School (Lexington, Massachusetts)
 * Third Place: Miller Middle School (San Jose, California)
 * Fourth Place: Minnetonka East Middle School (Minnetonka, Minnesota)

Academic competition

 * First Place: Odle Middle School (Bellevue, Washington)
 * Second Place: Jonas Clarke Middle School (Lexington, Massachusetts)
 * Third Place: Miller Middle School (San Jose, California)
 * Fourth Place: The Davidson Academy of Nevada (Reno, Nevada)

Academic competition

 * First Place: Jonas Clarke Middle School (Lexington, Massachusetts)
 * Second Place: Wisconsin Hills Middle School (Brookfield, Wisconsin)
 * Third Place: Odle Middle School (Bellevue, Washington)
 * Fourth Place: Winston Churchill Middle School (Carmichael, California)

Academic competition

 * First Place: Preston Middle School (Fort Collins, Colorado)
 * Second Place: Jonas Clarke Middle School (Lexington, Massachusetts)
 * Third Place: Ladue Middle School (Ladue, Missouri)
 * Fourth Place: Wisconsin Hills Middle School (Brookfield, Wisconsin)

Academic competition

 * First Place: Jonas Clarke Middle School (Lexington, Massachusetts)
 * Second Place: Joaquin Miller Middle School
 * Third Place: Daniel Wright Junior High School
 * Fourth Place: Rachel Carson Middle School

Cyber Challenge

 * First Place: Great Neck South Middle School
 * Second Place: Joaquin Miller Middle School
 * Third Place: Young Magnet High School

Academic competition

 * First Place: Odle Middle School (Bellevue, Washington)
 * Second Place: Windemere Ranch Middle School
 * Third Place: Rachel Carson Middle School
 * Fourth Place: Ames Middle School (Ames, Iowa)

Cyber Challenge

 * First Place: ?
 * Second Place: ?
 * Third Place: Centennial Middle School (Provo, Utah)

Academic competition

 * First Place: Joaquin Miller Middle School
 * Second Place: Odle Middle School (Bellevue, Washington)
 * Third Place: Quail Valley Middle School
 * Fourth Place: Ladue Middle School

Academic competition

 * First Place: Joaquin Miller Middle School
 * Second Place: Sycamore School
 * Third Place: Jonas Clarke Middle School
 * Fourth Place: Fort Settlement Middle School

Academic competition

 * First Place: Fort Settlement Middle School
 * Second Place: Roberto Clemente Middle School
 * Third Place: Academy for Science and Design
 * Fourth Place: Hopkins Junior High School

Academic competition

 * First Place: Greater Boston Science & Math
 * Second Place: JDroids Science Club
 * Third Place: Takoma Park Middle School
 * Fourth Place: Science Infinity Club

Electric Car Competition

 * First Place: Edison Computech
 * Second Place: Panhandle Junior High School
 * Third Place: Robert H. Sperreng Middle School
 * Fourth Place: Bret Harte Middle School

Academic competition

 * First Place: Creekside Middle School
 * Second Place: Takoma Park Middle School
 * Third Place: Hopkins Junior High School
 * Fourth Place: Treasure Valley Math and Science Center (Boise, Idaho)

Electric Car competition

 * First Place: Edison Computech 7-8
 * Second Place: Treasure Valley Math and Science Center (Boise, Idaho)
 * Third Place: Albuquerque Academy
 * Fourth Place: Dumas Junior High School

2012
In 2012, the top 4 teams in both the academic competition and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car Competition were:

Academic competition

 * First Place: Hopkins Junior High School
 * Second Place: Longfellow
 * Third Place: Seattle Science Infinity Club
 * Fourth Place: Treasure Valley Math and Science Center (Boise, Idaho)
 * Civility Award: Calloway County Middle School

Lithium Ion Car race

 * First Place: Daniel Wright Junior High School
 * Second Place: Treasure Valley Math and Science Center (Boise, Idaho)
 * Third Place: Glasgow Middle School
 * Fourth Place: Van Antwerp Middle School

Design Document

 * First Place: Trinity Junior High School

2011
The top placing teams in the academic competition held in 2011 were:

Academic competition

 * First Place: Gale Ranch Middle School
 * Second Place: Shahala Middle School
 * Third Place: Hopkins Junior High School
 * Fourth Place: Van Antwerp Middle School
 * Civility Award: Home Schools of Eastern Iowa

Fuel Cell Car race

 * First Place: Blake Middle School
 * Second Place: Paducah Middle School
 * Third Place: Ingomar Middle School
 * Fourth Place: Albuquerque Academy

Design Document

 * First Place: Home Schools of Eastern Iowa

2010
In 2009, there were two competitions: the academic competition and the solar car competition. There were two parts to the solar car competition: the actual race and the design document contest. 37 teams competed in the Nationals for the middle school.

Academic competition

 * First Place: Albuquerque Academy
 * Second Place: Gale Ranch Middle School
 * Third Place: Hopkins Junior High School
 * Fourth Place: Marshall Middle School (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
 * Civility Award: Marshall Middle School (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

Solar Car race

 * First Place: St. Christopher's
 * Second Place: Eleanor Roosevelt Middle School
 * Third Place: West Lafayette Science Club

Design Document

 * First Place: Will James Middle School

2009
In 2009, there were two competitions: the academic competition and the hydrogen fuel cell car competition. There were two parts to the fuel cell competition: the actual race and the design document contest. For the first time, these competitions were held in Chevy Chase, Maryland, instead of in Colorado. 36 teams competed in the Nationals for the middle school.

Academic competition

 * First Place: Hopkins Junior High School (Fremont, California)
 * Second Place: Jonas Clarke Middle School (Lexington, Massachusetts)
 * Third Place: Challenger School (Sunnyvale, California)
 * Fourth Place: Albuquerque Academy (Albuquerque, New Mexico)
 * Civility Award: Sierra Science Magnet (Las Cruces, New Mexico)

Fuel cell car race

 * First Place: St. Andrew's Episcopal School (Amarillo, Texas)
 * Second Place: Van Antwerp Middle School (Niskayuna, New York)
 * Third Place: Lincoln Middle School (Gainesville, Florida)

Design Document

 * First Place: Will James Middle School

2008
In 2008, there were two competitions: the academic competition and the hydrogen fuel cell car competition. For the first time this year, the fuel cell car competition was divided into three parts: the fuel cell car race, a presentation on hydrogen, and a design document/presentation to be shown to judges at the event. A total of 36 teams competed.

Academic competition

 * First Place: Challenger School (Newark, California)
 * Second Place: Hopkins Junior High School (Fremont, California)
 * Third Place: St. Andrew's Episcopal School (Amarillo, Texas)
 * Civility Award: Lorenzo de Zavala Middle School (la Joya, Texas)

Fuel cell car Overall

 * First Place: Treasure Valley Math and Science Center (Boise, Idaho)

Fuel cell car race

 * First Place: St. Andrew's Episcopal School (Amarillo, Texas)
 * Second Place: Treasure Valley Math and Science Center (Boise, Idaho)
 * Third Place: Triadelphia Middle School (Wheeling, West Virginia)
 * Fourth Place: Ingomar Middle School in North Allegheny School District (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

Hydrogen presentation

 * First Place: Challenger School (Newark, California)

2007
In 2007, there were two competitions: the academic competition and the hydrogen fuel cell car competition.

Academic competition

 * First Place: Honey Creek Middle School (Terre Haute, Indiana)
 * Second Place: Challenger School (Newark, California) (Not to be confused with Challenger School (Sunnyvale, California), which also competed in nationals and placed seventh.)
 * Third Place: Longfellow Middle School (Falls Church, Virginia)
 * Civility Award: Ann Richards Middle School (Mission, Texas)

Hydrogen fuel cell car competition

 * First Place: St. Andrew's Episcopal School (Amarillo, Texas)
 * Second Place: Salem Middle School (Apex, North Carolina)
 * Third Place: Triadelphia Middle School (Wheeling, West Virginia)

2006
In 2006, there were two competitions: the academic competition and the hydrogen fuel cell car competition.

Academic competition

 * First Place: Honey Creek Middle School (Terre Haute, Indiana)
 * Second Place: Albuquerque Academy (Albuquerque, New Mexico)
 * Third Place: Daniel Wright Junior High School (Lincolnshire, Illinois)
 * Civility Award: Kenmoor Middle School (Landover, Maryland)

Hydrogen fuel cell car competition

 * First Place: Daniel Wright Junior High School (Lincolnshire, Illinois)
 * Second Place: R. D. and Euzelle P. Smith Middle School (Chapel Hill, North Carolina)
 * Third Place: Westover Park Junior High School (Amarillo, Texas)

2005
In 2005, there were two competitions: the academic competition and the hydrogen fuel cell car competition.

Academic competition

 * First Place: Honey Creek Middle School (Terre Haute, Indiana)
 * Second Place: St. Andrew's Episcopal School (Amarillo, Texas)
 * Third Place: Lincoln Middle School (Gainesville, Florida)
 * Civility Award: Albuquerque Academy (Albuquerque, New Mexico)

Hydrogen fuel cell car competition

 * First Place: R. D. and Euzelle P. Smith Middle School (Chapel Hill, North Carolina)
 * Second Place: St. Andrew's Episcopal School (Amarillo, Texas)
 * Third Place: Robert Frost Middle School (Rockville, Maryland)

2004
In 2004, there were three competitions: the academic competition, the hydrogen fuel cell car competition (stock class), and the hydrogen fuel cell car competition (open class).

Academic competition
The top three teams at the 2004 National Middle School Science Bowl Academic Competition were
 * First Place: Ronald McNair Magnet School (Cocoa, Florida)
 * Second Place: Lux Middle School (Lincoln, Nebraska)
 * Third Place: Los Alamos Middle School (Los Alamos, New Mexico)
 * Civility Award: Cincinnati Alliance (Cincinnati, Ohio)

Hydrogen fuel cell car competition (stock class)

 * First Place: Doolen Middle School (Tucson, Arizona)
 * Second Place: Roosevelt Middle School (River Forest, Illinois)
 * Third Place: Brandon Middle School

Hydrogen fuel cell car competition (open class)

 * First Place: Jenkins Middle School
 * Second Place: Lux Middle School
 * Third Place: Smith Middle School

2003
In 2003, there were two competitions: the academic competition and the solar car competition.

Academic competition

 * First Place: College Station Middle School (College Station, Texas)
 * Second Place: Roosevelt Middle School (River Forest, Illinois)
 * Third Place: Albuquerque Academy (Albuquerque, New Mexico)
 * Civility Award: St. Peter's Lutheran School (Columbus, Indiana)

Solar car competition

 * First Place: Andrew Jackson Middle School (Titusville, Florida)
 * Second Place: Inza R. Wood Middle School (Wilsonville, Oregon)
 * Third Place: Tie between Bell Middle School (Golden, Colorado) and North Valley Middle School (La Salle, Colorado)

2002
In 2002, there were two competitions: the academic competition and the solar car competition.

Academic competition

 * First Place: Samford Middle School (Auburn, Alabama)

Solar car competition

 * First Place: Samford Middle School (Auburn, Alabama)

title: National Middle School Science Bowl


text:
Cornelia (stepdaughter of Augustus)

Cornelia was the daughter of Scribonia and her second husband. She was stepdaughter to Octavian (later the Emperor Augustus) through her mother's third marriage and half-sister to Julia the Elder, Augustus' only biological child.

Life
Little is known of Cornelia, almost all of which comes from three primary sources. A passage from Suetonius says that before her marriage to Octavian, Scribonia was twice married to ex-consuls with children from only one of those marriages. An inscription attests to a slave owned by Scribonia and her son Cornelius Marcellinus. Finally, an elegy of Sextus Propertius takes the form of a message addressed to Paullus Aemilius Lepidus from his dead wife Cornelia. John Scheid has drawn from these three sources five definite facts about Cornelia:

 * 1) Before marrying Octavian, Scribonia had two consular husbands and had children with the second;
 * 2) Scribonia had a son named Cornelius Marcellinus;
 * 3) Scribonia had a daughter named Cornelia;
 * 4) Cornelia died in the year of her brother's consulate;
 * 5) Cornelia was the wife of Paullus Aemilius Lepidus.

Scheid expands on the last point, noting that Cornelia must have died before her husband had in 13 BC, for Lepidus went on to marry Claudia Marcella; she in turn married Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus after the death of her husband.

One of Scribonia's husbands may have been Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, consul in 56 BC, based on the name of her son Cornelius Marcellinus. Since Propertius' poem alludes to Cornelia's descent from Scipio Aemilianus, scholars attempted to identify the other husband with a possible descendant of Scipio Aemilianus while explaining away Suetonius' statement that Scribonia had children by only one man. As a result, various other consular Publii Cornelii have been identified as her first husband, such as the suffect consul of 38 BC (who was later revealed to be Lucius Cornelius Lentulus), and the suffect consul of 35 BC (whom the Fasti Tauromenitani proved to be Publius Cornelius Dolabella). Thus none of the possible Cornelii could be her father. However, Ronald Syme traces Lentulus Marcellinus' ancestry to Scipio Aemilianus. In Scheid's estimation, Suetonius correctly stated that Scribonia only had children by one of her husbands, and that both Cornelia and Cornelius Marcellinus were children of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus. Scheid further argues that Cornelia's brother Cornelius Marcellinus was Publius Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, consul of 18 BC.

Syme, who argued that Cornelia's brother must be Publius Cornelius Scipio, suffect consul in 16 BC, also noted that the elegy about her follows another poem clearly dated to 16 BC, and that the rest of the poems in his collection are arranged in chronological order. But with the evidence of the Fasti Tauromenitani, it would be easier to accept that the poem about Cornelia is misplaced than to fit a hypothetical Cornelius Scipio into a consular list that is complete for these years.

Based on Scheid's arguments, Cornelia was probably born between 50 and 40 BC and attained child-bearing age around 30 BC. Since her brother Cornelius Marcellinus served consul for the entire year of 18 BC, she must have died in that year before her husband Lepidus. Her stepfather Augustus supposedly grieved her death as he found her a worthy elder sister to his daughter Julia.

Family
Cornelia was married only once, to the Paullus Aemilius Lepidus mentioned above who was censor in 22 BC. Their children were:

 * Lucius Aemilius Paullus (b. before 29 BC), consul in AD 1; married his first cousin Julia the Younger.
 * Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (b. before 24 BC), consul in AD 6.
 * Aemilia Paulli filia (b. 22 BC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cornelia (stepdaughter of Augustus)


text:
File:Wizards and Warriors III 2.png

Summary
Screenshot of Wizards and Warriors III for NES.

title: File:Wizards and Warriors III 2.png


text:
Talk:Insular biogeography

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 September 2020 and 16 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): DeltaOmegaTen. Peer reviewers: Lhughesg, Stercorarius Parasiticus.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:01, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 August 2021 and 15 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sarah Rackowski.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:01, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2019 and 9 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Llin0821.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

This article needs several diagrams after MacArthur and Wilson and more citations
The species equilibrium diagram needs to be in the article. They are a basic part of the theory and would add immensely to the clarity. Article also needs an adequate discussion of the development of the conservation biology uses and consequences.

Descriptions of Diamonds bird studies and Simberloffs insects studies would be useful. There must be someone out there with an adequate summary section from a thesis that intro that could be condensed into here.

Need to remove the grey literature references and replace with source studies...74.78.122.238 (talk) 16:56, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

it is not just one theory, but at least two, one the 'equilibrium number of species for a single island' and 'models for several islands of varying distance from the source of colonisation and of varying size', wilson took this idea(s) from preston '62 whom analysed the relationship between sampling area and the number of plant and animal species.

Avram Primack (talk) 15:20, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Added figure based on MacArthur and Wilson (and, indirectly, Darlington). More needed, obviously. MarkM (talk) 09:57, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

It needs the island biogeography equation, S = c(A^z), with a discussion of the typical values of c and z. Philgoetz (talk) 17:37, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

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Wiki Education assignment: BioEE1610 Writing in the Majors
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title: Talk:Insular biogeography


text:
Diane Holmes

Diane Holmes (born c. 1939) is a former Ottawa City Councillor representing Somerset Ward which consists of Centretown, Centretown West and the downtown core. She was born and raised in Montreal, Quebec, and graduated from McGill University with a degree in Physical Education. She taught at McGill and the University of Toronto before moving to Ottawa.

Prior to being entering politics, she was the chairman of the Centretown Citizen's Community Association and the president of Heritage Ottawa.

She was first elected to Ottawa city council in 1982 in a surprise victory over veteran alderman Joe Cassey. On city council, her priorities include housing, urban planning, community development, transportation, social services, women's issues and social justice causes. As a previous head of Heritage Ottawa she worked to preserve heritage structures. She was easily re-elected in 1985 and 1988. She considered a bid for the mayoralty in 1991, but ended up supporting fellow progressive Nancy Smith who came in a strong second (36%) to Jacquelin Holzman (40%). Holmes was easily re-elected to council in 1991.

In 1994 Holmes moved to the council of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton, facing little opposition in her bid. She was acclaimed in 1997 and retired from council in 2000 when the regional municipality was abolished and replaced with the new amalgamated City of Ottawa. In 2003 she returned to city council, winning another convincing victory in her previous ward. Holmes was similarly re-elected in 2006.

Holmes supported a bylaw to require property owners to promptly remove graffiti.

Holmes was re-elected in the 2010 municipal election, but didn't seek re-election in 2014.

title: Diane Holmes


text: User talk:69.209.21.40

title: User talk:69.209.21.40


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"shera borden"

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 17:21, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

"shera borden"
Wikipedia is not a news service. And this is too dated (the original is dated 2000) for WikiNews. Uncle G 01:54, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 02:25, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non stardard naming so anyone that might be looking for this unnotable law case wouldn't be able to find this anyway--nixie 02:31, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A shame this was written by the govt. and can't be removed through copyvio. Delete. Meelar (talk) 02:32, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Sn0wflake 03:50, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Useless, cut and paste press release. Gamaliel 03:54, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not an encyclepedia article. Gives a new meaning to the rule that "Wikipedia is not paper". Delete. - Mike Rosoft 15:02, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, not wikinews. HyperZonktalk 18:07, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wizards & Warriors III: Kuros: Visions of Power

Wizards & Warriors III: Kuros – Visions of Power is a platforming and adventure video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It was developed by UK-based company Zippo Games for Rare; it was published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in North America in March 1992 and in Europe on January 21, 1993. It is the third and final installment in the Wizards & Warriors series and is the sequel to the 1989 title Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II; it also follows the 1990 Game Boy release Wizards & Warriors X: The Fortress of Fear.

The game picks up immediately from the events at the end of Ironsword where the knight warrior Kuros had just defeated the evil wizard Malkil from the peak of IceFire Mountain. Unaware that Malkil's spirit is still intact, Kuros gets struck by a bolt of magic from the spirit, causing him to lose his armor, memory, and honor. Malkil then flees to the city of Piedup and seizes the throne from Good King James. Meanwhile, Kuros, after wandering for months in the wilderness without weapons, armor, or food, arrives at the city of Piedup, where he must build strength and utilize various disguises and abilities in order to take on Malkil. The game is nonlinear and requires players to explore various areas to pick up items and gain abilities to unlock different parts of the city in order to progress.

Wizards & Warriors III was developed by Zippo Games' founders Ste and John Pickford, who also had a few additional programmers and artists to assist them. The Pickford brothers designed the game as a homage to Ultimate Play the Game's (Rare's former incarnation) 1983 ZX Spectrum title Atic Atac; they also drew inspiration for gameplay and art from other NES titles such as Metroid, Faxanadu, and Super Mario Bros. 3. The game had moderate sales, though not as good as its predecessor Ironsword. It was praised for its bold graphics, expansive gameplay, and challenge. However, it was mostly criticized for its controls, lack of fighting, and the lack of continues or passwords. While the game received mixed reviews, Ste Pickford said that this game was his personal favorite. Zippo Games, which was acquired by Rare and was known as Rare Manchester during development, shut down shortly before this game's completion, and while the game hinted at another sequel, it has never occurred.

Gameplay

Wizards & Warriors III is a platforming video game which features open-ended gameplay elements similar to games such as Metroid and Faxanadu. Players control the main character Kuros as he sets out to defeat Malkil and free the town of Piedup. The game features three separate realms in which the player must explore - the town, the underworld, and the palace; players can freely navigate from one realm to another. Throughout the game, players find money which can be used to buy items from inns located throughout Piedup; players can buy keys for unlocking doors, food and drink for restoring health, and information from shopkeepers. Players begin the game with three lives, and the game ends when all lives have been lost; unlike the previous Wizards & Warriors games, there is no password or continue feature.

Kuros' first objective is to gain new disguises, powers, and abilities from the three main character classes: knight, thief, and wizard. In order to do that, Kuros must first collect bronze, silver, and gold statues of each character class and return each statue to its corresponding "guild". Upon returning a statue to a guild, Kuros must pass a test - in the form of a horizontal or vertical-scrolling level with a boss to defeat at the end - from the person who runs the guild. After defeating the boss, Kuros is then outfitted with a new attire and ability. Each character class has three levels, and each corresponds to a specific statue which must be returned to a specific guild. For example, if Kuros find the bronze thief statue, he must return it to the first level of the thief's guild; if Kuros passes the test, he then receives the disguise and ability of a "level one thief". At the levels of the guild increase, the more difficult the tests become. Each new ability allows players to access new areas which would normally be unreachable with other character classes and abilities. New abilities include improved weaponry for the knight, greater magic for the wizard, and increased access to buildings through doors and windows for the thief.

Another objective to finding and defeating Malkil in Wizards & Warriors III is to find four secret gems which will unlock the hidden passage through the town of Piedup to the castle's throne room where the evil wizard is located. To do this, Kuros must rescue King James' three princesses who are hidden somewhere in Piedup; each of them will grant Kuros a gem and agree to marry him when rescued. The final gem is obtained by defeating a dragon in the town's underworld.

Plot
Wizards & Warriors III: Kuros: Visions of Power takes place immediately after the events at the end of the previous game, Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II, when Kuros has defeated his nemesis, the evil wizard Malkil, on the peak of IceFire Mountain. Unaware that Malkil's spirit has survived, Kuros is struck by a bolt of magic from the spirit, knocking him out and removing his armor, memory, and honor. A weakened Malkil then flees and takes refuge in the peaceful city of Piedup, where he dethrones Good King James and takes control of the city. Meanwhile, Kuros has been left to wander in the wilderness without any weapons, armor, or food. After wandering for several months, he finally reaches the city of Piedup, where Malkil's spirit lies. While in the city, Kuros assumes several disguises of wizard, knight, and thief, in order to travel through town undetected and build strength and skill, rescue damsels, and prepare for his battle with Malkil.

Eventually, Kuros makes his way to the throne room in the castle of Piedup. After freeing Good King James, Kuros encounters Malkil, who offers his partnership to Kuros, saying that they would only destroy each other and that they could rule the world if they joined together. Players are then given the option of choosing "yes" or "no". If the player chooses "yes", Malkil then shoots Kuros in the back with magic and instantly defeats him while saying: "Ha! Ha! Ha! The Fool!!" Malkil then holds Kuros prisoner, and the game ends. If the player chooses "no", then the final battle commences; after Kuros defeats Malkil, Kuros is then sucked into a time portal, sending him into the future. The game then concludes, saying that Kuros has restored the city of Piedup to its former self, that the damsels have been saved, and that Good King James has taken back his throne; Kuros' legend is then immortalized among the people, as his saga "unfurls like a glorious banner". The game concludes by saying that, while Malkil will return, Kuros will be there to defeat him repeatedly, and according to the game, "the light shall reign until the end of time". The game's ending sets the stage for a sequel, but no sequel for the game was ever released.

Development
Development of Wizards & Warriors III: Kuros: Visions of Power started in 1990, when, after strong sales with Ironsword: Wizards & Warriors II, Rare gave Zippo Games the rights to develop and direct the third installment in the series; the company's founders, Ste and John Pickford, co-designed the game. Ste Pickford was the lead artist and designed all the concept art for the game, while Lyndon Brooke also assisted with some of the drawings, and Steve Hughes and Andy Miah wrote the software. The game was originally titled Silversword, which was the name of the development project. The Pickford brothers came up with the concept of Kuros' disguises of knight, wizard, and thief as an homage to Ultimate Play the Game's (Rare's former incarnation) 1983 ZX Spectrum title Atic Atac. Ste Pickford said that designing a game which consisted of multiple characters, guilds, and secrets "was a dream come true at the time", saying that they wanted to pay tribute to the various Ultimate Play the Game titles they played in the early 1980s. Pickford wanted to design a game that was a step forward from most Action RPGs for the NES; he opted for nonlinear gameplay in which the different disguises and accompanying abilities would allow the player to access new areas of the map. "Wizards & Warriors III was more like a game that I really wanted to make." Pickford said.

As with Zippo Games' previous projects, the concept art was drawn on paper. The graphics were then drawn with Deluxe Paint and then translated into the ROM manually, sprite-by-sprite, as the NES hardware required precision in sprite placements; this was different from what Rare did, which was to place each pixel of the graphics sprites on graph paper with marker pens and then tasked people to type the code into the ROM. Ste Pickford said that while Rare's sprite-drawing method was easier, his method, while time-consuming, was more efficient. Most everything from the previous Wizards & Warriors games were removed, except for the main protagonist, Kuros, and the game's main antagonist, Malkil. The concept art was originally drawn in black and white, even though the games were being designed in color, to save money from photocopying or printing in color - both of which were very expensive at the time. In developing the "Demon" mini-boss, Pickford could only use about three animation frames, as the sprite was large for the NES hardware. Pickford designed the "Worm" boss similar to the bosses found in R-Type, where a series of smaller sprites formed a snake or worm-like enemy; however, he commented that "it ended up in the game more like a giant floating head". Pickford drew inspiration from the thrones in Super Mario Bros. 3 in designing the final boss, Malkil.

However, near the end of development, time constraints led the Pickford brothers to sell Zippo Games to Rare, in which Zippo was renamed Rare Manchester. With Rare as their boss, morale dropped for the development staff, and eventually everyone left the company before the game could be completed, thus shutting Rare Manchester down. According to Ste Pickford: "One of the programmers completed the game himself after the studio closed." Pickford included a cover, which consisted of a knight in a light-blue armor, in which he said "was just something I drew for fun". However, when the final version of the game was sent to Rare for approval after the studio's closing, they threw away the cover and added their own. According to Pickford, "The document came back with about two typos fixed, a new cover, and 'revised by Tim Stamper' in big letters on the title page, with all trace of myself or any of the Zippo Games names removed, so I guess Tim had a major role." The game was published by Acclaim Entertainment and released in North America in March 1992 and in Europe on January 21, 1993.

The Pickford brothers included a couple of easter egg references. One of them revolved around the name of one of the tavern keepers, Newton N. Ridley, which is a play off the brewery Newton and Ridley from the British soap opera Coronation Street. Another easter egg reference was made to Dragon Warrior with regards to the princesses Kuros must save during the game. Upon saving a princess, she asks Kuros to marry her, prompting a yes/no response for the player; if the player selects "no", the princess responds with "If you refuse, my heart will surely break!" and prompts the yes/no response again - similar to the "but thou must" response in Dragon Warrior. In addition, as all three princesses will have committed to marrying all three forms of Kuros, the original plan for the game's ending was for the three princesses to come together and see their heroes whom they were going to marry, only to find out all three princesses promised to marry the same person. To rectify the situation, Pickford called for what he referred to as "the ultimate cheapo cop-out", where a UFO abducts Kuros with a teleport beam, sending him into the future and setting the stage for the next sequel which would have been called Lasersword. However, this never came to be.

Reception
Wizards & Warriors III received preview coverage in the November 1991 issue of Nintendo Power. There, the magazine praised the graphics as being "eye-grabbers", saying that "Rare has a knack for bold, colorful graphics". They also lauded the game's expansiveness and challenge. However, a couple months later, they announced that the game's release was delayed. The game would eventually receive a rating in its "George & Rob's Now Playing" review section in its April 1992 issue, but it did not receive a review.

Wizards & Warriors III: Kuros: Visions of Power sold 300,000 copies in North America and 30,000 copies in Europe, according to company figures. It was also one of the featured reviews in the February 1992 issue of GamePro magazine. There, reviewer "Slasher Quan" compared the controls to the previous Wizards & Warriors titles, saying that Kuros "is hard-to-control in certain instances, but it's still razor sharp". His criticisms of the game included frustrating item-tracking due to the game's nonlinear structure, lack of fighting, and the lack of continues or passwords; he added that, with regard to the lack of continues or passwords, that "this is particularly a shame because Acclaim reports this baby's about twice as long as Ironsword". Overall, he said that Wizards & Warriors III was "slightly blurry compared to its predecessors".

In a retrospective review of the game in 2008, Destructoid's Conrad Zimmerman criticized Wizards & Warriors III for many issues. While he initially praised the game for its depth, he criticized the game by comparing Kuros to the previous games in the series, saying that he is "still a good-looking knight with a useless sword which he holds as if it were his manhood when jumping" and adding that he "is still one of the most inept fighters in videogame history". He also criticizes the game for its lack of action and fighting, saying that it is "more of a platforming game with the occasional boss fight". Other criticisms include slow and unresponsive controls and hard-to-defeat bosses. Overall, he says that Wizards & Warriors III "isn't a bad game, just one that has some great ideas hampered by serious flaws".

Wizards & Warriors III received praise from Retro Gamer magazine in September 2010, as part of its retrospective on the Wizards & Warriors series. They said that the third installment was the best game in the series as well as developer Ste Pickford's personal favorite, despite the fact that it did not sell as well as its predecessor Ironsword. Developer Ste Pickford said: "Wizards & Warriors III was more like a game that I really wanted to make. IronSword was pretty much a straight sequel for a game dropped in our lap; we look at it and tried to make a new version with some improvements." Pickford added that, while he could have done better with both Ironsword and Wizards & Warriors III, he wished he would have been able to see the latter to its completion.

While Wizards & Warriors III hinted at a sequel at the end of the game, it has not happened. The publishing rights for the series remained with Acclaim, who went bankrupt in 2004, with their intellectual property rights going to Throwback Entertainment. As of late 2010, the Toronto-based company has no plans for any future games in the series.


text:
IWU

IWU is an initialism that may refer to:
 * Illinois Wesleyan University
 * Indiana Wesleyan University
 * Independent Workers Union of Ireland
 * Irish Writers' Union

title: IWU


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Rieter

Rieter is a producer of textile machinery based in Winterthur, Switzerland.

History
Founded in 1795 by Johann Jacob Rieter (1762–1826), the company initially produced textile products. In 1806, as Napoleon imposed the Continental Blockade to prevent trade between Continental Europe and the United Kingdom, it became impossible for Rieter to get spare parts for its British textile machinery. As a consequence, the company started to produce spare parts themselves, and in 1810 the first self-designed textile machine left its workshop.

In 1982, Rieter acquired the British textile machinery company Ernest Scragg & Sons Ltd. The group took over Automatik (founded in 1947) in 1992.

In 2011, the automotive products division, formerly Rieter Automotive, separated from Rieter and became a new corporation; Autoneum. The two Board Members of Rieter, Peter Spuhler and Michael Pieper, agreed to keep their shares in Autoneum for a certain agreed time period and to grant the new company a subordinated loan of 12.5 million CHF each.

On 30 June 2017, Rieter acquired SSM Textile Machinery Division (SSM) from Schweiter Technologies AG, Horgen (Switzerland) which now functions under the Rieter Component division. SSM deals in yarn winding equipment. SSM was formed by the merger of Schärer, Schweiter and Mettler companies in 1989. SSM took over Giudici S.p.A., Galbiate, Italy in February 2012 which is involved in false-twist texturing field machinery (fine count Nylon yarns). SSM also has a subsidiary in Zhongshan, China under the name of SSM (Zhongshan) Ltd, which helps in sales/support/service operations and also handles, manufacturing & assembling of machines for asian markets

In 2021, Rieter acquired three businesses from Saurer. On August 13, 2021, Rieter Holding Ltd., Winterthur (Switzerland), and Saurer Intelligent Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai (China) listed and signed an agreement by which Rieter would acquire three businesses from Saurer Netherlands Machinery Company B.V., Amsterdam (Netherlands), the parent company of Saurer Spinning Solutions GmbH & Co. KG, Uebach-Palenberg (Germany) and Saurer Technologies GmbH & Co. KG, Krefeld (Germany). With this acquisition, Rieter completed the offering of ring- and compact spinning systems by acquiring the Schlafhorst automatic winder business. Additionally, Rieter invested in two component businesses: Accotex (elastomer components for spinning machines) and Temco (bearing solutions for filament machines).

title: Rieter


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Convict Lake

Convict Lake (Mono: Wit-sa-nap) is a lake located in Mono County, California, United States, situated in the Sherwin Range of the Sierra Nevada. It is known for its turquoise-blue water, the dramatic mountains (including Mount Morrison) that surround it, the trout fishing it affords, and its unusual history. The lake was renamed from its traditional Mono name by American settlers after an incident on September 23, 1871, in which a group of convicts escaped from prison in Carson City, Nevada, and took refuge near the lake. They were pursued by a posse, and after it caught up to the convicts, a shootout followed, in which a number of both posse members and convicts were killed or wounded. The remaining convicts who survived initially escaped but were eventually captured to be taken back to prison. They were lynched instead.

Geography
Convict Lake was originally carved out by glaciers. The lake's surface is approximately 7850 ft above sea level, with its greatest depths approximately 140 ft deep in various places; it is among the deepest lakes in the Sierra Nevada mountains. The lake is oblong in shape and is surrounded by a box canyon set in the mountains. Mount Morrison, the tallest mountain in the area at 12,241 ft, lies to the south-east of the lake.

The lake and canyon area is dominated by light colored granite. The sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in this area once overlaid the entire Sierra Nevada range but have now been eroded away, revealing the underlying granite that uplifted the range. During the formation of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, magma rose from great depths and obliterated much of the sedimentary rock with which it came in contact. Just below the surface, the magma cooled and formed the granite typical of the range. In the process extreme heat and pressure deformed the immediate overlying sedimentary rocks into numerous and striking shapes.

History
The Paiute Indians of the region are said to have called Convict Lake Wit-sa-nap: "'The streams which flowed from the mountains were supposed to be filled with Pot-sa-wa-gees, water babies, who lived in spirit, but were visible to the eye, having the face of an Indian child and the body of a fish.' — According to Indian legend, Hi-na-nu was a wise and noble man, whose spirit was revered by the Indians and to whom they looked for guidance in earthly matters.'"

Convict Lake, then known to Europeans as Monte Diablo, came to assume its present name in an unusual manner. On September 17, 1871, 29 prisoners, including murderers, horse thieves, train robbers, and other such convicts, escaped from the Nevada State Prison in Carson City, killing one guard and wounding several others. The prisoners split into two groups, one of which was led by convicted murderer Charlie Jones. Jones previously had lived in Mono and Inyo counties and led his group south toward the Mammoth Lakes area. Needing food and supplies, the escaped convicts robbed several people as they went along their way. Crossing the Sierra Nevada mountain range, Jones had hoped to reach the range's western slope, where they would be safe from pursuit. Jones correctly assumed that a Carson City posse was on their trail, but the posse, from Benton, California, led by Deputy Sheriff George Hightower, had given up within a couple of days and turned back. Meanwhile, on horseback, Billy Poor, a mail rider who was delivering mail for his first time, had accidentally encountered the group camped out near Convict Creek, a few miles south from the lake. The convicts naturally assumed that the rider, if permitted to continue on, would reveal their location. Subsequently, Jones captured the man and, with the help of Leandor Morton, killed him, after which they took his horse and clothing and dressed his body in discarded prison clothes.

Outraged that Poor, a Mono County resident, was murdered, the local community formed their own posse and pursued the convicts. By September 22, 1871, Sheriff George Hightower and Indian deputy Mono Jim led a new posse of 10 men and caught up to the convicts near Monte Diablo Creek. Early on the morning of September 23, Jones headed out for Bishop. Wanting to break off from their group, Jones and another man told the others that they were going to look for food. The four remaining convicts were soon approached by the new posse, and a shootout occurred, leaving Wells Fargo agent Morrison and Mono gunned down. The remaining convicts escaped to be captured later in Round Valley. By November 1, 18 of the 29 original prisoners had been captured. Jones and his partner had avoided the shootout but eventually were captured and executed. The remaining convicts were either killed in the shootout, or captured and lynched on the trip back to the prison. Mount Morrison, the highest peak in the area, was named after the slain Robert Morrison, with its nearby smaller peak named after Mono Jim.

1990 drownings
In February 1990, Convict Lake was the site of a major drowning. Twelve teenagers and two counselors from nearby Camp O'Neal, an institution for juvenile delinquents located near Whitmore Hot Springs, California, were there on a holiday outing. At least four teenagers and both adults fell through the thin ice and into the water. By the time the first rescuer arrived on the scene, only one teenager had been able to pull himself out of the water, but the other teenagers were no longer in sight, having apparently already drowned.

In all, three teenagers from the camp and four would-be rescuers drowned in the freezing water. Another youth and a volunteer fire chief were rescued. Shortly before their deaths, the youths had been advised that the ice was too thin to support their weight but failed to heed the warning.

As a result of the drownings, Camp O'Neal was investigated and subsequently shut down due to findings of abuse and neglect.

Recreation
Convict Lake is known for its fishing, including rainbow trout, German brown trout, and a species of sucker fish. Due to the high demand of fishing in the lake and stream, the lake is stocked once a week during the summer with rainbow trout, supplied by nearby hatcheries. The biggest fish caught in Convict Lake was a 19+1/2 lb German brown, in 1956. More recently, a 14+1/2 lb brown trout was caught on October 17, 1993, which also was the biggest trout caught in the Eastern Sierra that year.

A 3 mi trail for hiking goes around the lake. Another trail connects the lake to the Sierra Crest.

In popular culture

 * The Western film The Secret of Convict Lake (1951) was largely based on the events that occurred at the lake in 1871.
 * The Western movie Nevada Smith (1966) was filmed here.
 * The Western movie The Border Legion (1924) was filmed here.

title: Convict Lake


text: User talk:195.152.203.200

title: User talk:195.152.203.200


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User:Laser2sailor

Hey, this is my page and its cool.

title: User:Laser2sailor


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User:SeventyThree

About Me
Current Status: Intermittently around.

I am not a number

 * I'd prefer you use my full name, rather than 73. I'm easily confused.

 * I have a MSc in Physics
 * I am employed as a Web Developer
 * My religious beliefs are roughly strong agnostic theism;

I am interested in or knowledgeable about:
 * Physics;
 * Philosophy and Ethics;
 * Computers and programming;
 * Music, particularly Rock & Metal;
 * Climbing, particularly Bouldering and free climbing;
 * LaserQuest;
 * Swedish massage.

Numbers about me on Wikipedia

 * 3 February 2005 - the first time I edited Wikipedia. My IP edits are spread around 131.111.xxx.xxx
 * 1733 - Number of edits made with AWB before I opened a rôle account for it.

Things to think, things to read, things to listen
Some fundamental philosophical thoughts:
 * An axiom: A truth must be internally self-consistant.
 * There is at least one absolute truth — namely, "There is at least one absolute truth". (see proof by contradiction).

Interesting things: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6

Interesting meta-things: 6

title: User:SeventyThree


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ReEDIT

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 17:22, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

ReEDIT
Wikipedia is not an advertising billboard. And a quick search turns up nothing notable for a rewrite. Uncle G 02:02, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Advertising, delete --nixie 02:32, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yet another ad from a company that could have legitimately PR'd itself by donating money to the WikiMedia Foundation. Especially as there is a Big Fundraiser on right now! HyperZonktalk 02:37, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, advertisement/promo. Megan1967 04:48, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Lovely spam! Wonderful spam! Delete. - Mike Rosoft 13:26, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertising. Dpbsmith (talk) 15:26, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - see above. Tygar 03:30, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ReEDIT


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Category:Wards of Fukuoka

Wards of the city of Fukuoka in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

title: Category:Wards of Fukuoka


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XBC

The XBC, or the Xport Botball Controller, is a robot based on Charmed Labs' Xport hardware. It was built specifically for the Botball competition and uses a Game Boy Advance for its display and for high-level processing; a field-programmable gate array is used to offload low-level processing of motors and sensors from the Game Boy Advance. The XBC is programmed using Interactive C, which is a variant of the C programming language. The XBC replaced the RCX in 2005 as Botball's official processor. The RCX can be programmed using Interactive C, Not Quite C, or Lego's simple GUI interface. Both robots can have bases built with Lego pieces.

Sensors
The XBC has ports for LEDs/light sensors, IR reflection/color sensors, SONAR, and touch sensors. A camera can also be connected via a header pin array on the front of the XBC; it can blob-track or serve as a color sensor. The camera's live feed can be displayed on the GBA's screen.

Servos and Motors
The XBC has 4 motor ports and 4 servo ports, each labeled 0-3, respectively. Each motor can be independently programmed to go either backwards or forwards and each servo can be independently changed and controlled with precision. Servos and motors are powered by a separate battery pack from the Game Boy Advance.

Programming
The XBC can be programmed using either Interactive C (IC) or the Xport Development Kit (Xport DK). IC is a simplified variant of C, which is intended to be as easy as possible to use. The Xport DK, in contrast, is a full-blown C/C++ cross-compiler. IC has many feature limitations that are not present in the Xport DK; this is in part a result of the fact that IC was originally written for the Handy Board (which had much fewer features), not the XBC. Some limitations of IC include a 16KiB compiled program size limit, and the lack of features for graphics and sound. The Xport DK was originally designed to program the Xport Robot Controller (XRC - the predecessor of the XBC), and supports the XBC as well. The Xport DK does not have the same limitations of IC, but has its own problem - an almost complete lack of documentation. Because IC is significantly easier to use, has extensive documentation for most features, and is still powerful enough for most uses, the vast majority of XBC users program in IC.

title: XBC


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Zygmunt Stojowski

Zygmunt Denis Antoni Jordan de Stojowski (May 4, 1870 – November 5, 1946) was a Polish pianist and composer.

Life
He was born on May 4, 1870, near the city of Kielce. Stojowski began his musical training with his mother, and with Polish composer Władysław Żeleński. In Kraków, as a seventeen-year-old student, he made his debut as a concert pianist performing Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3 with the local orchestra.

At the age of eighteen he moved to Paris and studied piano with Louis Diémer and composition with Léo Delibes. Two years later at the Paris Conservatoire, he would win first prizes in piano performance, counterpoint and fugue. According to Stojowski, however, in a December 1901 interview that appeared in a Warsaw magazine, the teachers who had the most profound influence on him as a musician were the Polish violinist-composer Wladyslaw Gorski and pianist-composer Ignacy Jan Paderewski.

Stojowski's music was found worthy enough to be included in the first concert of the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, on 5 November 1901. His Symphony in D minor, Op. 21, which was featured in that first concert conducted by Emil Młynarski, had won first prize (1000 rubles) in a Paderewski Music Competition in Leipzig on 9 July 1898. Besides having his symphony performed at that first prestigious concert, Stojowski appeared as a recitalist in December and again as the soloist in Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 4 in January 1902.

In October 1905, Stojowski sailed on the SS Moltke to the USA on the invitation of Frank Damrosch, founder and director of the newly formed Institute of Musical Art, to head the institute's piano department; he was recommended for the position by pianist Harold Bauer and cellist Pablo Casals. New York became his home for the rest of his life.

The institute would later merge in 1924 with the Juilliard Graduate School to form the Juilliard School, where Stojowski would also teach during the summers of 1932 and 1940-46. In New York, he was acclaimed as a great composer, pianist and pedagogue, and had the distinction of being the first Polish composer to have an entire concert devoted to his music performed by the New York Philharmonic.

After six years of teaching at the Institute of Musical Art, Stojowski then headed the piano department at the Von Ende School of Music until 1917. Finally, due to the large number of students who wished to work with him, he opened his own 'Stojowski Studios' at his four-story brownstone home at 150 West 76th Street in Manhattan. Among Stojowski's pupils were Mischa Levitzki, Alfred Newman, Antonia Brico, Alice Marion Shaw, Arthur Loesser, and Oscar Levant.

Here, together with his Peruvian-born wife, Luisa Morales-Macedo, the pianist-composer not only taught until the end of the 1930s, but also raised what he called his "three best compositions": his sons, Alfred (1919–2019), Henry (1921–2018), and Ignace (1923–1984).

He died on November 5, 1946, in New York City.

Recordings

 * Piano Concertos 2001 by Jonathan Plowright for Hyperion Records
 * Solo Pieces 2003 by Jonathan Plowright for Hyperion Records

title: Zygmunt Stojowski


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User talk:Conjcm

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 02:04, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Conjcm


text:
User talk:Ayed

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
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Talk:Ultimate Hulk
Please read my contribution to the above page and respond if you still have an opinion. Thanks! --Jamdav86 19:55, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ayed


text:
Mylanta

Mylanta is a brand of over-the-counter drugs for digestive problems, manufactured by Infirst Healthcare USA under license from McNeil Consumer Healthcare, a division of Kenvue (formerly Pfizer since 2007 following its acquisition). It includes several different products intended to treat heartburn and bloating.

Recall and availability
In November 2010, Mylanta was voluntarily recalled due to what is described as some labelling concerns. According to sources within the company at that time, these concerns stemmed from the fact that small traces of alcohol were found in the flavoring agents of the liquid version of the antacid which was not disclosed on the labelling itself, and that the problem would be rectified "shortly". Generic liquid antacids comparable to Mylanta are now available (e.g., under the brand name "equaline" among others).

Mylanta was reintroduced to the market in 2016.

title: Mylanta


text:
User talk:Galwhaa

Image:TSWstaff.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:TSWstaff.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Ricky81682 (talk) 09:49, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

File:Button key.PNG listed for deletion
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Tools
I know you are quite inactive at the moment on Wikipedia, but can you help a fellow Wikipedian in need?

I noticed your script Time, and I can basically program Javascript, however cannot understand how Time works

I am looking for a javascript which adds a button above the text editor using the function AddButton which I can put in my monobook.js

Please could you put the part of the script which gets the time on my talk page?

And if you're feeling generous, help me write a script to add == November 2009 == to the edit box.

I need this so that when I warn an editor I can add a section for the month and year automatically Limideen 15:33, 12 November 2009 (UTC) Limideen 17:45, 13 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Done myself :)

Proposed deletion of Robert Frost Middle School (Montgomery County, Maryland)

The article Robert Frost Middle School (Montgomery County, Maryland) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Middles schools rarely meet notability guidelines. This one does not appear to be any different Lacks citations to significant coverage in reliable sources.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. RadioFan (talk) 02:06, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Alagaesia.jpg
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EditCountBot
Hello! I recently created a village pump proposal and request for bot approval for a bot that automatically updates editcounts for use in userboxes, templates and such. We are currently discussing the benefits and drawbacks of such a bot, as well as various different ways in which it could be implemented. Since you are a member of WikiProject edit counter I thought you may be interested in participating, your input at the discussions would be very welcome. - EdoDodo  talk 07:59, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Suspension of admin privileges due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative privileges of users who have been inactive for one year, meaning administrators who have made neither any edits nor any logged actions in over one year. As a result of this discussion, your administrative privileges have been removed pending your return. If you wish to have these privileges reinstated, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e., as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised and that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions). This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. RL0919 (talk) 21:26, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

Notice of change
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(delivered by mabdul 23:24, 3 December 2012 (UTC))

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Galwhaa


text: User talk:70.112.173.91

title: User talk:70.112.173.91


text:
The Getaway: Black Monday

The Getaway: Black Monday is a 2004 action-adventure video game developed by London Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2. It is a sequel to 2002's The Getaway. The Getaway: Black Monday is set in London, with new characters. A third game, described as a spin-off of the series and entitled Gangs of London, was released in 2006.

Gameplay
The game features about 140 playable vehicles, including those licensed from Rover, Brabus, PSA Peugeot Citroën and Renault.

Plot
The game begins with a flashback sequence: Sergeant Ben "Mitch" Mitchell (Bob Cryer) is chasing down an armed teenage robber. The teen robber stops running, instead of aiming his gun at Mitch. Mitch orders him to drop his weapon but the teen then chooses to try to turn around and escape. Mitch fires his weapon, which makes it seem like he purposely shot the teen in the back. One year later, Mitch is on his first day back on the team. The team heads towards an East London housing estate, where they believe the Collins Crew is storing drugs in a flat.

The team breaks into the flat but finds it empty (with only two Collins members), but PC Harvey (Seth Jee) and another SO19 officer find a door that leads to the flat next door and find tons of drugs. They soon chase them down in the apartment complex and PC Harvey is injured in the leg. Mitch single-handedly hunts down the remaining suspects, who take an old woman hostage in the roof. Back at the station, Mitch is taunted about the teenager shooting incident and almost loses his temper. Inspector Munroe (Karl Jenkinson) then informs them of a shooting at a boxing club in Shoreditch. After arriving at the scene, Mitch chases Jimmer Collins (Glenn Doherty), who manages to escape.

Munroe suspects a Latvian gang is responsible and assigns Mitch and Stoppard (Mark Beardsmore) to join a unit of SO19, who are preparing to raid a scrapyard in Lambeth to detain the suspect, Levi Stratov (Paul Kaye). Stratov is immediately bailed out and leads Mitch to Jackie Philips (Kerry Ann Smith). She informs them of a deal going down at Holborn Tube Station on Platform 4. Mitchell attempts to arrest the trader, but he escapes and is arrested afterwards. Jackie makes a phone call, saying she knows the leader, as the phone goes dead. When they arrive, a man shoots Munroe and leaves him in Jackie's apartment, which explodes, killing him. Jackie left a note saying "Skobel", while the police know a gun trade is going down. Mitch beats the trader and extracts the info, which leads the team to a warehouse.

The game shifts to Eddie O'Connor's (Dave Legeno) story. Nick and Jimmer Collins had originally planned to steal credit card codes and print their own cards. When Danny West (Denis Gilmore) owes a gambling debt to Collins, he forces West to get people to steal the credit card codes from the Skobel Group and steal the Icon (a small religious artefact, which in the end is revealed to be a case in which diamonds are hidden), so that no one realizes the card codes were stolen. Eddie, along with others, raid the Skobel Group's bank to retrieve the Icon, but everyone is killed, except Eddie, who is tortured; Sam Thompson (Jane Peachey), who escapes through a vent; and John the Cleaner (Tanner Akif), who double-crosses and runs off with the Icon. Eddie and Sam escape; they find John dead at a bar, but Eddie manages to retrieve the icon.

They return to the boxing club and see Mitch enter. Sam sneaks in and sees Danny and a young boy, presumably Errol's (Mike Harvey) son, dead, as well as Liam Spencer from the first game. Sam left a laptop at the bank and wants to return. If Eddie says "yes", they shoot their way in, but if "no", Eddie leaves her and she sneaks in. Sam retrieves the laptop. If Eddie escorts her, she doesn't get caught, but if he doesn't, she gets caught. Eddie tracks down Collins, who mentions that Viktor Skobel (Robert Jezek), the CEO of the Skobel Group, killed West. Yuri (Ronnie Yakubouski) shoots Collins' right hand three times before finishing him with a shot in the head. Eddie follows Yuri to lead to Skobel. He is ambushed by Nadya Prushnatova (Yana Yanezic), who has Jackie. Sergeant Mitch raids the warehouse (this is where his story ended off) and Eddie kills Yuri.

He then either saves Jackie Philips or lets her fall to her death. Either way, Eddie escapes and chases Viktor to his house, where he kills Nadya, and if the player chooses to, Zara (Jo Lawden). If Sam hasn't been captured, she sneaks into Alexei's (John Albasiny) car. Eddie chases Viktor to his yacht and kills Alexei. There are four different endings depending on the player's actions throughout the game. The final scene shows the outside of the pumping station. The police are standing by, and Sam and Mitch stand there if they are alive.

Reception
Black Monday received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA). According to Mike Rouse, a former Sony developer who worked on Black Monday, the game sold just over 2 million copies.

The Getaway: Black Monday was met with "mixed" reception upon release. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of two eights and two sevens for a total of 30 out of 40.

Maxim gave the game a score of four stars out of five and said: "Fun as this game is to play, the best moments come when you just sit back and observe. Wonderfully acted, written, and directed motion-capture cut scenes play like the Snatch follow-up Guy Ritchie should have made, further evidence of the narrowing gap between video game and movie production values". On the contrary, Detroit Free Press gave it a score of two stars out of four and stated that "the underworld figures are colorful, and the language [the characters] use has a life of its own. But the game's design is bollocks". The Sydney Morning Herald also gave it a similar score of two-and-a-half stars out of five and said: "The artificial intelligence of other characters is often dim. Enemies are often oblivious to your nearby presence, while colleagues provide little genuine assistance".

Sequel
A third game, described as a spin-off of the series and entitled Gangs of London, was released to PlayStation Portable (PSP) on September 1, 2006.

title: The Getaway: Black Monday


text:
C-66 (Michigan county highway)

C-66 is a county-designated highway in the US state of Michigan running about 28 mi across the northern tip of the Lower Peninsula. The roadway starts in the unincorporated community of Cross Village in Emmet County at an intersection with M-119 and C-77. It follows Levering Road through rural areas to an interchange with Interstate 75 (I-75) west of Cheboygan. The eastern terminus is at an intersection with US Highway 23 (US 23) and M-27 in downtown Cheboygan. The first roadways along what is now C-66 were in place by the early 20th century. Segments were paved by 1936, although some reverted to a gravel surface during World War II. The full roadway was paved by the mid-1950s, and the C-66 moniker was designated on the roadway in the early 1970s.

Route description
The roadway starts at a junction with M-119 (Lake Shore Drive) and C-77 (State Road) in the community of Cross Village near Lake Michigan in Emmet County. C-66 travels southward for about 300 ft concurrently along C-77 to the intersection with Levering Road. From there, C-66 turns eastward on Levering Road, leaving town. The landscape outside of town is mostly woodland with scattered fields. Except for a jog near Hill Road in Bliss Township, Levering Road is a straight road running due east. C-66 intersects C-81 (Pleasantview Road) in a clearing before entering the community of Levering. The county road passes through some residential areas and by a baseball field before meeting US 31. C-66 turns south to run concurrently along US 31 for about a quarter mile (0.4 km) before turning eastward again.

Levering Road continues easterly leaving town south of Sherett Lake. East of the intersection with Ingleside Road, C-66 crosses into Cheboygan County. The roadway curves to the northeast before returning to a due eastward course north of Munro Lake along the Hebron–Munro township line.. The landscape changes to include more farm fields once road passes the lake. C-66 intersects I-75 at exit 326 along the latter. On the east side of the interchange, Levering Road passes Sea Shell City, a tourist trap, and turns northeastward into Hebron Township. C-66 then turns easterly again before it crosses into Beaugrand Township, taking the additional name Cheboygan Road. The roadway crosses branches of the Little Black River and passes to the south of the Cheboygan County Airport. East of the airport, C-66 enters the city of Cheboygan and follows State Street into town; this area is residential in nature. State Street crosses the North Central State Trail, a rail trail, before turning to the southeast. The roadway passes into the northern end of downtown near several smaller businesses.. C-66 terminates at a four-way intersection with Main Street one block west of the Cheboygan River; this intersection also marks the northern terminus of M-27. As a county-designated highway, C-66 is maintained by the Emmet and Cheboygan county road commissions (ECRC, CCRC) in their respective counties.

History
Roadways along the route of Levering Road in Cheboygan County existed as far back as 1902 in Hebron and Munro townships; the section south of the township line was not yet built at the time. By 1927, Levering Road extended across the tip of the Lower Peninsula; near the Hebron–Beaugrand township line in Cheboygan County, the county road made a jog to follow what is now Wollangur and Hill roads. In 1930, the ECRC paved Levering Road between US 31 and the county line and the CCRC paved the roadway in Beaugrand Township. By mid 1936, it was paved from a point between Cross Village and the Pleasantview Road intersection to the county line in Emmet County as well as the Beaugrand Township section in Cheboygan County. During World War II, the counties reverted most of Levering Road to a gravel surface; pavement in Emmet County started east of Pleasantview Road instead of west, and Cheboygan County had no sections paved. At the same time, the new roadway was opened to bypass Wollangur and Hill roads.

In late 1949 or early 1950, the ECRC repaved Levering Road westward back to the point between Cross Village and Pleasantview Road that had been paved before the war. In late 1951 or early 1952, the CCRC paved its section of Levering Road. In late 1954 or early 1955, the ECRC completed paving all of Levering Road in its jurisdiction. The county-designated highway system was created around after October 5, 1970. The C-66 designation was first shown on the 1971 state map following the routing used today.

title: C-66 (Michigan county highway)


text: Category:Aspergillus

title: Category:Aspergillus