text:
The Subways

The Subways are an English rock band from Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. Formed in 2002, the band consists of Billy Lunn (guitar, lead vocals), Charlotte Cooper (bass, lead vocals), and Camille Phillips (drums). Founding member and original drummer Josh Morgan left the band for personal reasons in October 2020.

The Subways' debut album, Young for Eternity, was released on 4 July 2005 in the UK and 14 February 2006 in the U.S. Their second album, All or Nothing, was released on 30 June 2008 and their third album Money and Celebrity debuted on 19 September 2011. The band's self-titled fourth album was released on 9 February 2015, while their most-recent album, Uncertain Joys, debuted on 13 January 2023.

Beginnings (2002–2004)
The Subways name comes from a time when brothers Billy Lunn (born William Morgan) and Josh Morgan and Charlotte Cooper used to hang around the local subway underpass which ran underneath a Welwyn Garden City roundabout. They began playing at an early age in Lunn and Morgan's home in Welwyn Garden City, first playing Nirvana, Green Day and other punk songs, under the name of Mustardseed. They later changed their name to Platypus, and began to tour small local venues, such as The Square in Harlow, Essex. An early CD of the band playing live was recorded at The Square which they sold at gigs.

The band released several demos and EPs in their early days when playing the London circuit in the UK. With every batch of new songs that The Subways would compose, Lunn would insist that the band record them. However, at such a young age the group had no money with which to go into a studio to record consistently, so they came upon the idea of buying their own cheap recording system at home. Eventually, the band had their own website, thesubways.net, which Lunn himself constructed and maintained, where they put all their new songs. Through the use of their own home recording system they now had roughly eight demos worth of songs both on the internet and being sent out to local and London promoters at various venues. The Subways then began touring in the local and London area playing regularly at the Buffalo Bar in Highbury and Islington.

Having the home recording system also proved useful for production: the band felt that it would not only benefit themselves, but other local bands who could not afford the studio prices, even in the Welwyn Garden City area. It was here that Billy and Charlotte both stumbled upon the opportunity that would eventually prove significant for the band. "I was producing a local Welwyn Garden City band in my front lounge one day and I noticed that it was quite good so I asked if they were going to send it to any London venues, because I knew a few that would like it. They said that they were going to send it off to Michael Eavis who runs Glastonbury Festival, and I asked why..." Michael Eavis that year was running an unsigned bands competition to play on the Other Stage, and The Subways decided that would be a great idea. "It was really just another address to send one of our CDs off to. All we wanted was to play shows and this was another great opportunity. The CD we sent off to Michael Eavis was literally one among a bunch of 30 that were being sent out to London promoters for a load of gigs we wanted to book. We never expected the phone call saying that we'd won and were to play Glastonbury", said Cooper on radio. The Subways remain friends with Eavis today, and have suggested that other upcoming bands should send demos to Eavis.

Young for Eternity (2004–2007)
After Glastonbury, The Subways went on to play The Carling Weekend 2004 in both Reading and Leeds, and then proceeded to play their very first (self funded) tour of the UK consisting of 35 dates.

John Peel was the first DJ to play single "1am" on National radio.

The band signed to City Pavement & Infectious Records in late 2004. Their first album, Young for Eternity, which was released on 4 July 2005, was produced by Lightning Seeds frontman Ian Broudie; with their debut single "Oh Yeah" reaching number 25 in the UK Singles Chart on its release week 21 March 2005.

The Subways appeared during the seventh episode of the third season of The O.C., "The Anger Management", performing two songs at the music venue 'the Bait Shop', "Rock & Roll Queen" and "Oh Yeah". The episode came to a close with "I Want to Hear What You Have Got to Say" playing.

The band postponed touring in April 2006 because Lunn had nodules on his vocal cords. They played a "secret" gig in The Green Room in their home town of Welwyn Garden City on 16 June, and also as support for the Foo Fighters in Trafford at the Lancashire County Cricket Ground on 18 June (along with Eagles of Death Metal, Angels & Airwaves and The Strokes).

In the summer of 2006 the band travelled to North America where they made numerous appearances. These included opening for the co-headlining tour of Taking Back Sunday & Angels & Airwaves and performing on the talk shows, Late Show with David Letterman and Late Night with Conan O'Brien. On 4 August they performed at the Lollapalooza music festival, and the next day they performed at Street Scene in San Diego. On 7 August they appeared on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. On 25 August they returned to Reading and Leeds Festivals, this time on the main stage.

All or Nothing (2007–2010)
On 15 May 2007, the band announced they would begin recording their second album on 4 June, and the band began recording then in Los Angeles with producer Butch Vig at Conway Studios. The band had written around twenty-five tracks which were recorded over a period of several months. In August 2007 the band came back to the UK and played a series of small warm-up shows showcasing their new material, before playing at the Reading and Leeds Festivals. On 3 September 2007, the band returned to Los Angeles to complete work on their second album. On 17 October 2007 the band finished recording All or Nothing. On 18 February 2008, the band recorded their live video at The Stoke Sugarmill for their first single, "Girls & Boys", which was released as a free download from their website on 25 March 2008. On 24 February 2008 in an exclusive interview found on www.sundaymail.co.uk, Lunn revealed he and Cooper split up in June during studio-sessions for The Subways' second album, All or Nothing. He went on to say that the break-up will not affect the band. They are both happy with their new partners. By 25 March 2008, The Subways had started their first UK-tour of the year and played at the Glastonbury Festival, T in the Park, Download Festival, Oxegen Festival, and Reading and Leeds Festival.

On 26 May 2008, the track "This is the Club" was released on the internet as part of a competition for fans to produce its video using 4 video clips. On 30 June 2008, All or Nothing was released, achieved with the help of producer Butch Vig. The band's song "Girls and Boys" was featured as the backing song for the television show The Riches on Virgin1. The band appeared as themselves in Guy Ritchie's film RocknRolla, performing "Rock & Roll Queen". The Song "I Won't Let You Down" is featured on the racing-game Colin McRae: DiRT 2. Rock and Roll Queen plays in Saints Row 2

The Subways perform three songs in episode 10 of Series 2 (2008) of Live From Abbey Road: "Oh Yeah" from Young for Eternity, and "Strawberry Blonde" and "I Won't Let You Down" from All or Nothing. On 18 March 2009, The Subways featured as themselves in the episode "Golden Lady" of the TV series FM.

The Subways played Australia's Soundwave festival tour in February and March, followed by Poland in April 2009. The song "Kalifornia" is featured on the video game Midnight Club: Los Angeles. On 26 June 2009, The Subways supported AC/DC at Wembley Stadium and Hampden Park on 30 June.

In 2009, the band played at the biggest open-air festival in Europe (400,000 – 500,000 rock fans every year) – Przystanek Woodstock in Poland. On 17 July they headlined and closed the fifth 2000 Trees Festival in the UK. On 31 July, The Subways headlined at the Y - Not Festival, near Matlock, Derbyshire. On 8 August 2010, they appeared at the Hevy Music Festival near Folkestone. In the same month, the Subways played in Lithuania's rock/metal music festival, Rocknights, in Zarasai.

Money and Celebrity (2010–2012)
In late 2010, the band announced they were recording their ne with producer Stephen Street. In June 2011, the first single from their new album, "It's a Party", was released as a free download through the band's website. A second single, "We Don't Need Money to Have a Good Time", followed on 11 September 2011. The Subways third studio album, Money and Celebrity, was released on 18 September.

The band later embarked on an European tour in support of the album, including shows at the Manchester Academy 2, London KOKO and Madrid Sala Caracol. At the end of October 2011, the band announced that they were playing at the KERRANG! Xmas Party in Birmingham Ballroom on 16 December 2011. The single "It's a Party" was released on 2 January 2012. A new European tour followed in the spring of 2012. On 21 April, the single "Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" was released. On 13 August 2012, the band announced that they would be headlining the Propaganda Indie Club tour which would see them tour a total of twelve clubs throughout the United Kingdom between Saturday 22 September and Saturday 27 October.

Self-titled album (2013–present)
On 17 February 2013, the band announced that they had started rehearsing for their fourth album.

During spring 2014, the song "My Heart Is Pumping to a Brand-New Beat" was released, and tour-dates for later that year were announced. On 9 February 2015, the band's self-titled fourth album, The Subways, was released in the UK, four days after it was released in Germany and Switzerland.

On 16 February 2015, it was announced that drummer Josh Morgan was to temporarily leave the band after suffering from acute stage-fright caused by Asperger syndrome. A professional drummer and friend of the band was asked to take over from Morgan's position while he sought help for his condition. Morgan later rejoined the band on tour some weeks later.

On 25 September 2015, The Subways released the Good Times EP, featuring "Good Times" as the lead single, as well as four other live tracks recorded at the Open Air Gampel music festival in Switzerland.

On 15 April 2016, the band released Acoustic Adventures at Yfe Studios, an EP of acoustic songs, including two cover versions.

On 2 December 2019, the band released a 15th anniversary edition of Young for Eternity and All or Nothing with previously unheard and unreleased material on CD, digital download and limited vinyl editions. The release was followed by a special tour in 2020, playing the albums in full.

On 19 October 2020, it was announced on The Subways' official Twitter account that founder and drummer, Josh Morgan, had left the band for family reasons. In 2021, drummer Camille Phillips joined the band. The Subways released their fifth studio album, Uncertain Joys, on 13 January 2023.

Members
Current members
 * Billy Lunn – lead and backing vocals, guitars
 * Charlotte Cooper – lead and backing vocals, bass, keyboards
 * Camille Phillips – drums (2021–present)

Former members
 * Josh Morgan – drums (2002–2020)

Discography
Studio albums

 * Young for Eternity (2005)
 * All or Nothing (2008)
 * Money and Celebrity (2011)
 * The Subways (2015)
 * Uncertain Joys (2023)

title: The Subways


text:
Talk:Dacia (disambiguation)

Missing Section

 * 14 % of Dacia - under Roman occupation.

Actually it was more than that. Romans conquered Dobrogea, Oltenia, Banat and most of Transylvania. It's almost half of today's Romania. Bogdan | Talk 22:30, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dacia (disambiguation)

 * There are also three places in Romania. See:ro:Wikipedia:Proiectul localit&.
 * ro:Dacia (dezambiguizare)
 * Dacia, Boto&
 * Dacia, Bra&
 * Dacia, Satu Mare
 * other meanings the land of the Daci or Getae, roman province, car, ...
 * Regards Gangleri | [ Th] | T 01:55, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)

Scandinavia was listed because it is mentioned in, and linked-to from, Jacob the Dacian. I am restoring the listing as warranted and helpful to readers. SergeWoodzing (talk) 19:54, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

Still a disambiguation page?
As of this edit, hasn't the page gotten pretty screwed up? Looks like partially an article, partially a disambiguation page now, with undue stress given to certain listings. Doesn't it? SergeWoodzing (talk) 21:58, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I've cleaned it up, removed the TOC, and sorted out the "Recovered" and "Red link" sections -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 23:26, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you BzS! SergeWoodzing (talk) 12:11, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

Incomprehensibly abbreviated entry
What (under Dacia as Denmark) is and how on earth is it supposed to be understood by the average reader? SergeWoodzing (talk) 12:23, 28 December 2011 (UTC)
 * (e.g. Cal. Patent Rolls H III, 1225-32)

Primary topic
What is the problem with having the primary topic, Dacia, described in the 1st section and then all derived, secondary topics, in the specific sections? Please read Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages and look at these examples: Romania (disambiguation), China (disambiguation), etc. Thanks.--Codrin.B (talk) 16:20, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Who decides then what the "primary topic" is? To me, the Scandinavian associations are much more important, to someone else, maybe the hotel is, another person may be only interested in the cars. I think we should stick to the normal format för a WP:Disambiguation in this case. The objective is to allow readers to choose topics that interest them, to each h own, not to rank the topics. SergeWoodzing (talk) 16:29, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It has already been decided for the goodness sake, there is a full article on Dacia!! And is not about Scandinavia!! Are the China or Romania the primary topics?! Do you need proof for those too? 0.1% of the users will come here looking for an obsolete, out of use, ignorantly used name for Scandinavia. It was used in the Middle Ages in some papal documents by some people in the west who were ironically writing in Latin but forgot about the many Roman provinces in the east named Dacia. Can you compare that with the name for the Dacian Kingdom? Don't you see that all the other terms on the disambig (various Roman Dacias, the automobiles, the hotel, the villages, the football etc) are mostly in Romania and are overwhelmingly named after the Dacian Kindom?! Look at these searches on Google Books Dacia and Scandinavia 7,610 hits vs Dacia and Dacians 64,100 hits, Dacia and Romania 146,000 hits or Dacia and Romans 166,000. Granted these searches are not perfect, the difference in numbers speaks for itself. This is a non issue that your are trying to create artificially for some reason I can't possibly comprehend.--Codrin.B (talk) 16:50, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Have no idea why this is so important to you?!?! Important enough for you to bring up my Danish roots on my talk page?!?! The car (excluded in your statistics) obviously is the most well known. I could see that as the primary topic, if you absolutely insist on having one. I see no need of that at all in this case, though. It's just confusing to people who don't have a special interest in the history of Romania and that area of Europe. SergeWoodzing (talk) 16:59, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Why is it so important to you to start an edit war on a damn disambiguation page and to not follow the Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages and allow a phrase describing the obvious primary topic?--Codrin.B (talk) 17:05, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The Primary topic is, by definition, the one called "Dacia" - if there is an article called "X" and a disambiguation page called "X (disambiguation)", then the disambig page should be formatted according to Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages. (Oh, and the two of you, please leave off the personal stuff) -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 17:19, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Are you replying as the 3O editor as requested? If so, per whom or what is that the primary? SergeWoodzing (talk) 17:16, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I've expanded my comment, above, as I accidentally submitted too early and have kept gettig edit conflicts. I'm saying nothing about whether Dacia should or should not be the primary topic - just that it currently is by the fact that it has the "Dacia" title, and so it should be treated as such in the disambig page. (Changing the primary topic would need RM discussion on the article itself, as there would be link implications) -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 17:19, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * To me it's obvious that a primary topic here, if any (which I do not think is necessary), should be Dacia, the automobile. But let's wait for the 3O coming up. SergeWoodzing (talk) 17:24, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * But that's a different issue - the disambig page should be formatted according to the article that *currently* has the Primary topic title. If it is renamed to something else, and the Automobile Dacia article is renamed to "Dacia", then the disambig page should be reformatted to match. If it is decided that there should be no Primary topic, then Dacia should be renamed Dacia (whatever), the disambig page renamed to Dacia and formatted as per no Primary topic. As it currently stands, it is wrong -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 17:28, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh, and as for 3O, that's me - it's what I'm offering -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 17:31, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * How can you have an automobile named after Dacia, the Dacian Kingdom, be the primary topic in an academic encyclopedia like WP? What kind of scholastic idea is that?--Codrin.B (talk) 17:33, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I accepted the 3O on the noticeboard, but I'll defer to BsZ, especially since I've been edit-conflicted about 10 times trying to post my own 3O. Just for the record though, I'd be in favor of no primary topic at all, with the dab moving to Dacia and other pages renamed appropriately. Writ Keeper ⚇♔ 17:35, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Ah, OK, sorry - I was trying to help with other things here and came across the 3O without going via the noticeboard. I'd certainly appreciate your input too - 4O? -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 17:40, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * No, as a matter of fact, Boing!, you did not yet address the question asked at 3O. On the contrary, you declined to take a stand on it: "I'm saying nothing about whether Dacia should or should not be the primary topic." That's not the objective of a 3O request. Let's wait for User:Writ Keeper to reply as h/s has taken that specific question on. SergeWoodzing (talk) 17:41, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I didn't mean to decline, I meant to say I had not addressed it yet - I'm busy checking page views and things, and will get back here shortly. -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 17:44, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you! SergeWoodzing (talk) 17:45, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

I would very strongly oppose replacing Dacia with anything else but what it is: The Dacian Kingdom. The primary topic has been established long time ago, it is the most common occurrence in all modern scholastic, academic and encyclopedic sources. That is not subject of discussion here. We are talking about acknowledging the primary topic with a phrase. --Codrin.B (talk) 17:48, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * "The primary topic has been established long time ago" - according to whom or what? SergeWoodzing (talk) 17:56, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * What should be the Primary topic (or whether there should be one at all) actually is the subject of discussion here now, as it is what was asked at the 3O request. And there's no reason we can't change a Primary topic if there is a consensus to do so. -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 17:59, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Checking page view stats, Dacia gets slightly more than Automobile Dacia, but I think they're sufficiently close to support the proposal of no Primary topic. So, considering the other opinions expressed here too, that's what I'd support. It would need pages to me moved, and as for the RM discussion I suggested we might need, I think maybe just a link from Talk:Dacia would suffice - I'll seek advice from User:Writ Keeper -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 17:59, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Your reasoning is much the same as mine, BsZ; I had also looked at the pagestats and, while the current Dacia has more hits, it's not really conclusive. I think any primary topic on a dab page should be obvious, and I don't think there is an obvious choice here. Writ Keeper ⚇♔ 18:09, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks - do you think it would need a page move request at Dacia in order to change it? -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 18:11, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It is my habit always to thank a 3O editor for helping, whether or not h/s has agreed with me. I will now rely in BsZ and WK to take whatever steps may be necessary. Thank you! SergeWoodzing (talk) 18:16, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Support Dacia as Dacian Kingdom for primary topic. Everything else (various Roman Dacias, the automobiles, the hotel, the villages, the football teams etc) are derived from this ancient name or is obsolete, like Denmark. For the WP:Primary topic, you have to check scholar and encyclopedic usage, especially Google Books and Google Scholar, and other encyclopedias. Not just page views. Here are a few entries: Britannica, Merriam Webster. I quote from WP:Primary topic: A topic is primary for a term, with respect to long-term significance, if it has substantially greater enduring notability and educational value than any other topic associated with that term. The term Dacia for the Dacian Kingdom has been use for 2000 years and it has substantial educational value and notability as oppose to any other usage. The usage of Dacia for automobiles started in 1966, and the Romanian factory was named after Romania' history, i.e. the Dacian Kingdom. It is a much more recent usage, derived from the primary topic and of no academic value. As I shown above, the term Dacia used for Denmark and Scandinavia was erroneous, is out of use and certainly no one uses it in academia when referring to Denmark unless they specifically note the obsolete name. And to see how the term is used globally even on WP, there are articles about the Dacian Kingdom in 43 languages vs Automobile Dacia has 32. Does this close the case?--Codrin.B (talk) 18:19, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't close the case - it will be decided by consensus -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 18:24, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I've posted links at Talk:Dacia and Talk:Automobile Dacia asking for input, as they seem to be the only viable options for a Primary Topic -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 18:28, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * There is much that could be discussed, refuted, objected to here above, but I think I have said my bit in all that is essential to this debate topic. Perhaps a look at Jacob the Dacian also might motivate understanding for my POV.
 * I think I am correct in summarizing the gist of this, as it stand right now, this way:
 * At the moment we have
 * 1 editor supporting status quo and
 * 3 editors opposing status quo (myself included) and proposing that there be no primary topic for this disambiguagtion.
 * I hope I have noticed everything so far and have summarized it all essentially and correctly. SergeWoodzing (talk) 19:53, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * That appears to be correct, Serge. To address some of Codrinb's points: I think you're confusing "academic" and "educational" here.  In the context of that policy, the word "educational" is used in the sense of instructive; something has educational value if it teaches someone something.  Thus, even though it could be fairly argued that the article on the car company may have no *academic* value, it has *educational* value to anyone who wants to learn about it, and judging from the pagehits, there are a fair amount of people who want to do so.  The fact that it was named after the region is neither here nor there. The fact that the subject is scholarly, by itself, does not win it any points (so to speak). Writ Keeper ⚇♔ 21:13, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Dacia and Dacians as were recorded first by Romans and Greeks in the Before Christ period and later on, in Anno Domini centuries by writers, scholars, geographers as Agrippa, Strabo, Ptolemy, Criton, Dio Cassius, Pliny, Jordanes (6th century) Saint Isidore (of Seville, 7th century), Johannes Honter or Hynter (15th century) in addition to the 18th-21st century writings and encyclopedias, is the primary topic according to wikipedia Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages. There shouldn’t be a discussion about it. This topic is similar to Gaul (Gallia) and Gauls, Iberia a.s.o.Boldwin (talk) 18:16, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi, Boldwin. What on MOS:DAB (or, more probably, WP:PRIMARYTOPIC) is bringing you to that conclusion?  I'm not really sure what element your list of authors who mention the term is supporting.  Can you respond more specifically to my points above, perhaps? As I said above, the topic being a scholarly one does not automatically make it the primary topic.  I understand that you and Codrinb think that this topic, as a topic you are both invested in, is more important than the car company, and you might be right, but a topic has to be *much* more important than the others in a dab to be labeled the primary topic. Keep in mind that we're not proposing that the car company be the new primary topic, only that the existence and significance of the car company means that there should be no primary topic for this dab. Writ Keeper ⚇♔ 22:52, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

"why has all the information been stripped out without adding anything useful back?"
Re: this edit summary comment, there was no useful information there except "a car manufactured by Romanian auto marque Dacia", and I explained what I was doing in the edit summary. I'm glad that some differentiation between the cars has been added now. I didn't have that info, or I would have added it myself. SergeWoodzing (talk) 17:14, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I've put back the single-word statements of what kind of car each is, but have left out the dates of production - it's useful to have a minimal statement for each disambig entry, but there shouldn't be too much and there shouldn't be things might vary from the article -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 17:21, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Good work, thanks! SergeWoodzing (talk) 17:25, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

The Roman Dacias
The reason I added initially the other Roman Dacias was to alleviate the confusion. The Romans literally moved the province of Dacia from the north to the south of Danube, which complicates things a lot. Actually they renamed parts of Moesia as Dacia to hide the fact that they lost a province. If we want to represent the hierarchy and chronology correctly, it looks like this: Hope this clarifies. The way it is now, it is nice, but could be confusing. It is really not an easy disambiguation page.--Codrin.B (talk) 17:30, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Roman Dacia (also known as Dacia Felix and Dacia Traiana), an ancient Roman imperial province (106 - 275 AD) in modern Romania, cropped out of the conquered south-western Dacia in 106 AD
 * Dacia Superior, meaning Upper Dacia a relabeling of Roman Dacia province after the 118 AD reorganization done by Hadrian
 * Dacia Apulensis, a Roman province created from southern portion of Dacia Superior, after the 158 AD reorganization done by Antoninus Pius; it included Banat and southern Transylvania, and had Apulum as its capital
 *  Dacia Porolissensis, a Roman province created from northern portion of Dacia Superior, after the 124 AD reorganization done by Hadrian; it has Porolissum as its capital
 * Dacia Inferior, meaning Lower Dacia, a Roman province created from portions of Moesia Inferior to the north of the Danube, after the 118 AD reorganization done by Hadrian
 * Dacia Malvensis, a relabeling of Dacia Inferior province after the 158 AD reorganization done by Antoninus Pius; it included Oltenia and had Romula/Malva as its capital
 * Dacia Aureliana, an ancient Roman province in modern Bulgaria and Serbia, established south of the Danube after the retreat from Roman Dacia (275 AD)
 * Dacia Mediterranea, a part of the former Dacia Aureliana divided by Constantine the Great
 * Dacia Ripensis, an ancient Roman province, part of Dacia Aureliana, after year 275 in modern Bulgaria and Serbia, south of Danube
 * Diocese of Dacia, a Roman diocese in a larger area of of modern Serbia and northern Bulgaria encompassing the provinces of Dacia Mediterranea, Moesia Superior, Dardania, Praevalitana and Dacia Ripensis.
 * All that new information is good, yes, but it needs to be in actual articles and not in the disambig page - I'd suggest you just create short articles for each province, and then there would be no disagreement over adding them to the disambig page -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 17:37, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I am planning to make those articles. But in meantime, you created a hierarchy which looks nice but is incorrect historically. Some history buff will come along and change it because of what I described above. Just put this disambig on your watchlist ;-) Regards.--Codrin.B (talk) 17:41, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It's currently just in alphabetical order, which is the convention at disambiguation pages - I look forward to the new articles -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 18:01, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Dacia Maraini and Dacia Valent noted as frequently referred as Dacia or not
Dacia Maraini and Dacia Valent are noted as frequently referred as Dacia ? In my memory not. Should we delete the two entries ? From "Persons who have the ambiguous term as surname or given name should not be in the same section of the disambiguation page as the other links unless they are very frequently referred to simply by the single name (e.g., Elvis, Shakespeare)" --Robertiki (talk) 21:20, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dacia (disambiguation)


text:
2005 Schleswig-Holstein state election

The 2005 Schleswig-Holstein state election was held on 20 February 2005 to elect the members of the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein. The incumbent coalition government of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Greens led by Minister-President Heide Simonis was defeated, bringing an end to 17 years of SPD governments in the state.

The result was a deadlock, with the right-wing parties (CDU and FDP) being one seat short of majority and the left-wing parties (SPD and the Greens) two seats short, with SSW thus holding the balance of power.

After a failed attempt to invest a minority SPD–Green government supported by the South Schleswig Voters' Association (SSW), the SPD agreed to join a grand coalition with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). CDU leader Peter Harry Carstensen was subsequently elected Minister-President.

Campaign and issues
Surveys before the election indicated that most voters considered high unemployment in Germany and Schleswig-Holstein to be the key issue of the campaign. Pre-election polls indicated that the personal popularity of Heide Simonis was still high, though, and that the SPD–Green coalition had the support of a plurality of voters. However, the unpopularity of the federal SPD and the Hartz IV reforms appeared to have taken a toll.

Parties
The table below lists parties represented in the previous Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein.

Election result
! colspan="2" | Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! Seats % ! colspan=8| ! align=right colspan=2| Total ! align=right| 1,434,805 ! align=right| 100.0 ! align=right| ! align=right| 69 ! align=right| 20 ! align=right| ! align=right colspan=2| Voter turnout ! align=right| ! align=right| 66.5 ! align=right| 3.0 ! align=right| ! align=right| ! align=right|
 * colspan=8| 2005 Schleswig-Holstein state election - composition chart.svg
 * colspan=8| 2005 Schleswig-Holstein state election - composition chart.svg
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=right| 576,095
 * align=right| 40.2
 * align=right| 5.0
 * align=right| 30
 * align=right| 3
 * align=right| 43.5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=right| 554,879
 * align=right| 38.7
 * align=right| 4.4
 * align=right| 29
 * align=right| 12
 * align=right| 42.0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=right| 94,935
 * align=right| 6.6
 * align=right| 1.0
 * align=right| 4
 * align=right| 3
 * align=right| 5.8
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=right| 89,387
 * align=right| 6.2
 * align=right| 0.0
 * align=right| 4
 * align=right| 1
 * align=right| 5.8
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | South Schleswig Voters' Association (SSW)
 * align=right| 51,920
 * align=right| 3.6
 * align=right| 0.5
 * align=right| 2
 * align=right| 1
 * align=right| 2.9
 * align=right| 3.6
 * align=right| 0.5
 * align=right| 2
 * align=right| 1
 * align=right| 2.9
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | National Democratic Party (NPD)
 * align=right| 27,676
 * align=right| 1.9
 * align=right| 0.9
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Others
 * align=right| 39,913
 * align=right| 2.8
 * align=right|
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * }

Outcome
After the election, the SPD–Green coalition no longer commanded a majority of the Landtag. The SSW announced that although it would not enter a coalition, it saw more common ground with the SPD than the CDU. Minister-President Simonis proceeded to form an SPD–Green coalition based on an agreement with the SSW backing it.

On 17 March, the vote to invest the government failed, with the secret ballot tying 34–34. It is not known who abstained, though it is widely believed to have been a representative of the SPD. Since the coalition had failed, the SPD was forced to negotiate a grand coalition agreement with the CDU, capitulating to the CDU's demand that CDU leader Peter Harry Carstensen replace Simonis as Minister-President.

title: 2005 Schleswig-Holstein state election


text:
User:PeytonWestlake

PeytonWestlake is a college student in Oregon. He is a fan of professional wrestling, science fiction, anime, graphic novels, and numerous, numerous other things. He considers himself to be a smark.

title: User:PeytonWestlake


text:
Category:Animaniacs characters

This category contains characters from the TV cartoon series Animaniacs.

title: Category:Animaniacs characters


text:
User:Teemu Leisti

I was born in 1967 in Helsinki, Finland, and currently live in Tampere, Finland. I've been editing Wikipedia since 2005.

Stack Exchange profile

LinkedIn profile

Facebook profile

title: User:Teemu Leisti


text:
Talk:Balinese caste system

Untitled
There's been a lot of misconception about the Balinese caste system. I am glad Wikipedia is listing it with relatively good accuracy. I am now fixing some tiny bits of info on spelling and caste classification.

Order
Is there a reason the castes are listed in that order? In discussions of Indian castes, the order is always the other way, and unless there is a good reason, it seems less confusing if this article followed that. Rigadoun (talk) 22:42, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

93% of Population...
Goodness, gracious, 1930's reference book. Back then Bali would be of population 100 or so (you get the idea). More recently there have been many edicts issued by the religious authority confirming more and more people of higher caste descendency. Will look it up and change if I get a chance. 120.16.223.179 (talk) 15:45, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

Page title
Please change the title as Balinese Varna system because fourfold varna is different from caste system Tiruchengode (talk) 07:03, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Balinese caste system


text:
Robert Barnhart

Robert K. Barnhart (1933 – April 2007) was an American lexicographer and editor of various specialized dictionaries. He was co-editor, with his father Clarence Barnhart, on some editions of the Thorndike-Barnhart dictionaries and The World Book Dictionary. With his father and Sol Steinmetz, he edited the three volumes of The Barnhart Dictionary of New English (1973, 1980, 1990).

He also edited The Hammond Barnhart Dictionary of Science (1986), also published as The American Heritage Dictionary of Science (1988). Perhaps his major work is The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology (1988), which is marketed under the title Chambers Dictionary of Etymology in the United Kingdom. It is one of the most comprehensive volumes of its kind. He edited an abridgement, The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology (1995). His Barnhart Abbreviations Dictionary (1995) includes a reverse list of what the abbreviations stand for.

Robert's brother David K. Barnhart is also a lexicographer.

title: Robert Barnhart


text:
Category:Kana

Kana is the general term for syllabaries used to write the Japanese language.

title: Category:Kana


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nom de Wiki

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. -- AllyUnion (talk) 07:12, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nom de Wiki
Obviously gentle fun, but of course not an encyclopedia article. Hopefully this 'special content' can find a nice home somewhere else in the namespace.--Pharos 22:38, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Userfy and replace with a Redirect to Pseudonym. Uncle G 05:23, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)
 * Move - Brookie here who created it in a light moment - I am happy for it to be moved to my home page - but don't know how to do it. If someone can do that I'd be quite happy! Alternatively move to Pseudonym as Uncle G suggests - but I'd rather not lose it altogether! Brookie\talk
 * Click on the "move" tab at the top of the article, enter "User:Brookie/Nom de Wiki", and click on the "Move" button. Then check for double redirects and edit the redirect in the new article that you have just created (in place of the original article) to point to Pseudonym.  With Pharos's agreement, we can then swiftly close this VFD discussion. Uncle G 12:35, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)
 * Brookie here - I've moved the page to my home page - I got a bit lost with the other points about re-directs and the pointing! Sorry - being dim - this is the first time i've tried this sort of stuff. Once this point is clear can we can the vfd? Brookie\talk
 * I've fixed up the redirect for you. I've also adjusted the hyperlink on your user page. Uncle G 15:36, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)
 * Thanks Uncle G - I see what you've done and how it works - will know for next time! I've removed the vfd tag on my new Brookie:Nom de Wiki page which I trust is allowed! Hopefully Pharos will be happy now and we can shut this vfd discussion down . Thanks for the help and comments everyone! Brookie\talk

 * I am glad that "Nom de Wiki" has now found a good home. Long may it grow and prosper in Brookie's userspace!  And so the matter is happily settled.--Pharos 16:45, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yee Ha! Brookie 16:57, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Warfare prayer

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 02:05, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Warfare prayer
Appears to be a bastardized version of a Catholic exorcism prayer... even if it was exact, I don't see how it's encyclopedic. Author is anon with no other edits. Plugging the exact phrase into Google turns up this Website Virgin Mary's End-Time Prophecies. Wow. Katefan0 22:38, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. I imagine the author was trying to make some sort of point, though I can't fathom what it would be ... CJCurrie 23:12, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. - Jpo 00:48, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 03:14, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, It could develop into something good, --218.103.148.179 03:15, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The above user's only article contributions, besides speedy-deletees, have been to vandalize Veracruz and NOW (magazine), replacing Hernán Cortés in the first and Michael Hollett in the second with Jimmy Carter. President Carter did not found a Mexican port in 1519 or a Toronto alternative newsweekly in 1981. Samaritan 03:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and direct the author to Uncyclopedia, which appears to be more their style. Average Earthman 09:49, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 04:27, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Megabyte73

This is me. Megabyte73. No one can doubt that.

Stats

 * Favorite Food: Anything that goes good with pasta sauce.
 * Bread: Italian Bread
 * Fruit: Apple (Grapes are good too)
 * Vegetable: None. (Not suprising.)
 * Meat: Pork (Guess what? Pork is backwards for "Krop"!!!)
 * Dairy: Yogurt.
 * Dessert: Crunchy, White Chocolate. Mmm, mmm, mmm.
 * Operating System of Choice: Windows XP
 * Operating System I'm stuck with: Windows 2000
 * Music Artists: Classic Rock (British Invasion), Alternative Rock (Somewhat not British Invasion}
 * Prefiero: The Beatles, Green Day, They Might Be Giants, Red Hot Chili Peppers, anything rockish
 * OK: The Rolling Stones
 * Losers: The Carpenters
 * Favorite video game system: Nintendo 64 4EVER!!!
 * Favorite Game: Stronghold Crusaders
 * Video Game: Super Mario 64/Pokemon Puzzle League 64/Yoshi's Story 64/Kirby and the Crystal Shards 64
 * Computer Game: N
 * RTS Game: Empire Earth (The Original)
 * Online Game: Stinkoman 20X6
 * RAM: 64MB
 * Ranking (Inteligence): Stupid Genius
 * Ranking (Physical): Un-Enthusiastic
 * Hours/day spent doing nothing (Literally): 3
 * Hours/day in front of TV: 0
 * Hours/day in front of Monitor: 2
 * Hours/day of homework: 1-12
 * Sleeping Hours: 12am-7am
 * Currently Reading: The words on your shirt

title: User:Megabyte73


text:
Talk:Timeline of chess

Moved from main page:
 * 79-8 BC - lifespan of Liu Xiang 劉 向, author of Shuo yuan: "Do you still feel like playing Xiangqi and dancing?"  Earliest known literary reference to a recognized chess variant: Xiangqi.  Sources: Meng Changjun Played Xiangqi and Danced with Lady Zheng, The History of Xiangqi and 7. Reference Guide to Classical Book Titles: (3) Sinological Indexes:  Other Indices:  Shuo yuan..
 * 2nd & 4th century - earliest known Chaturanga-looking pieces (elephant piece). Amazingly similar in appearance, yet countries and centuries apart.  See The first Persian, Arab and Russian chessmen.
 * 5th century - Earliest known European chess piece (upside down Rook, seemingly refashioned into a mock King or Queen)! Discovered in Albania.  See Discovery News:  Europe's Oldest Chess Piece Found.

Internet sources are not a reliable source of information on this topic - please cite academic reference for disputed facts. The Xianqi one is misleading as a number of games in chinese history have been called that name, not just the modern chess variant. Mainstream chess historian do not accept single "chess" pieces as strong evidence as the pieces could just be artwork or indeed even pieces of a differnt game. For that period a set, or a strong written/artistic evidence would be required to establish priority over the currently accept standard theories of chess history. --Imran 22:39, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

HJR Murray is not a reliable source of information on this topic. Murray's "A History of Chess" is outdated and incorrect. Chess was in fact invented in China. Sam Sloan has written an article about this, which you can read here: http://www.thechesspiece.com/ChessHistorySamSloan.htm Unfortunately it is on the internet! But who are you to say that the internet is not a reliable source of information? If it wasn't, then we'd have to delete half of Wikipedia. Also, Murray even claims (1952:35-36) that go was invented 1000 AD, when we KNOW for sure that it has existed since at LEAST 600 BC. Murray is not reliable. He's not even objective. He has also stated that: "... Chinese historians have always tended to exaggerate the age of their inventions and in particular the age of their games. Modern scholarship holds that the only Chinese board-games before the Christian era were simple games of the merels type, i.e. games of alinement." We know this is simply not true, however "currently accepted" and "academic" it might be. The reason to why I'm not simply changing this is because I already know that none of the self-nominated western chess experts would agree and - at best - an edit war would ensue. So let's just keep this factoid on Wikipedia. 83.142.6.166 (talk) 20:58, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Merge
I suggest that a few of the items from Chess During World War II be merged into this article. Then, it can be redirected to this article. -- Kjkolb 09:03, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * OK with me. Bubba73 (talk), 20:58, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

same here! by: anonymous

Kasparov vs Deep Blue Rematch
Deeper Blue was only an unofficial nickname of Deep Blue during the rematch with Kasparov. Officially, the machine's name was still Deep Blue during the 1997 Rematch.FadulJoseA (talk) 16:21, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Lack of relevant information and other things to work on
First: where are the citations?? For practically anything? Second: we're missing relevant information.

Let's look over these things:

"1830 - Earliest recorded instance of a modern female chess player" Who was she? And how is "modern" being defined? And what makes a modern female player more notable than an immediately pre-modern female player? Not to mention that the claim seem dubious to me.

"1845 - Telegraph is used to transmit moves in a match between London and Portsmouth." Who won?

"1848 – Earliest known instance of a game played between blind players." Who were they?

"1857 – The United Kingdom Chess Association is formed." It seems strange to me that it would not be called the "British Chess Association".

"1858 – The California Chess Congress is held in San Francisco, won by Selim Franklin" This seems like it might not be notable on the scale of world chess history.

"1859 – Paul Morphy is declared unofficial world champion..." Two things seem strange to me about this. If he is unofficial WCC, would not "recognized as" be better wording? And if it is unofficial, how has 1859 been pinned down as the date?

"1871 – Durand publishes the first book on endgames." Can we find a first name and Wikipedia article for Durand? And what was his endgame book called?

"1888 – First international correspondence tournament." What was its name? Who won?

"1905 – British national championship for women starts" Unless this was the first national women's tournament, it doesn't seem notable enough.

1900 - 1915: We're missing five WCC title defences by Lasker (against Steinitz, Chigorin (twice), Schlecter, and Janowski).

"1911 – The first simultaneous exhibition with more than 100 participants is held." Who by?

"1913 – Publication of H. J. R. Murray's book A History of Chess." Is this book notable enough?

"1937 – A record for simultaneous blindfold play against 34 opponents." Who gave the simul?

The chronologically later entries seem better put together. There is, however:

"2001 – FIDE introduces shortened time controls for the knockout world championship held later that year, amid controversy." What were the new time controls? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mochicat (talk • contribs) 02:12, 4 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Timeline of chess


text:
Category:Cities in Tokyo

Cities in Tokyo.

Also see Category:Dissolved municipalities of Tokyo.

title: Category:Cities in Tokyo


text:
Beau Nash

Beau Nash (18 October 1674 – 3 February 1762), born Richard Nash, was a celebrated dandy and leader of fashion in 18th-century Britain. He is best remembered as the Master of Ceremonies at the spa town of Bath.

Biography
Nash was born in St Mary's Street, Swansea, Wales, in 1674. His father, Richard, a native of Pembroke, had risen to be partner in a glass-works at Swansea, which - although he was "of modest means" - gave him the means to pay for his son's education. Nash's mother was a niece of the Welsh merchant John Poyer, who was mayor of Pembroke town and served during the English Civil War. The Nash family were "known" in the countryside, but the Poyer family was of "gentler blood". Nash's comparatively obscure origins were sometimes the subject of comment; when the Duchess of Marlborough mentioned it, Nash replied "Madam, I seldom mention my father in company, not because I have any reason to be ashamed of him, but because he has some reason to be ashamed of me."

After attending Queen Elizabeth Grammar School at Carmarthen, he went up to Jesus College, Oxford, leaving without a degree. His father then bought him a commission as an Army officer, but he found the demands on his time too great, and instead opted to become a barrister, for which profession he had originally been intended. He entered as a student of the Middle Temple in 1693, where he was known for "good manners... his taste in dress, and... leading so gay a life" without any obvious source of wealth that his friends suspected him to be a highwayman. He was selected from amongst the students there to take charge of the Middle Temple's long-customary pageant for a new king, exhibited before King William III in 1695. His success led to the offer of knighthood, which he declined on the grounds of his lack of fortune. It was said that he was later again offered a knighthood, by Queen Anne, but again refused the honour.

In 1704, Nash became Master of Ceremonies at the rising spa town of Bath, a position he retained until he died. He lived in a house on Saw Close (now at the main entrance to the Theatre Royal), and kept a string of mistresses. He played a leading role in making Bath the most fashionable resort in 18th-century England.

His position was unofficial, but nevertheless he had extensive influence in the city until early 1761, including regulating gambling. He managed and paid the musicians at the balls, giving him control of the events; he matched ladies with dancing partners at them, and even brokered marriages. He met new arrivals to Bath and judged whether they were suitable to join the select "Company', of 500 to 600 people who had pre-booked tables, escorted unaccompanied wives, and restrained compulsive gamblers and warned players against risky games or cardsharps. He was notable for encouraging a new informality in manners, breaking down the rigid barriers which had previously divided the nobility from the middle-class patrons of Bath, and even from the gentry.

The Corporation of the city funded an elaborate funeral for Nash, and he was buried in the nave of Bath Abbey, not far from where a memorial was raised to him in 1790.

Nash was a notorious gambler who was forced to move in with his mistress, Juliana Popjoy, because of his debts. Upon their separation, Popjoy was so distraught that she spent the majority of her remaining days living in a large hollowed-out tree. Shortly before her death, she moved out of the tree and back to her birth home, where she died.

His death caused quite a stir at the time, with the celebrated author Oliver Goldsmith being moved to write The Life of Richard Nash as early as 1762.

Nash and Wesley
In his journal and letters, John Wesley, preacher and founder of Methodism, tells of a confrontation with Nash in Bath in 1739. According to his own account, Wesley's journey to Bath had been expected for some time, and Nash had made public his determination to confront him. Wesley proceeded to Bath, even though some people, afraid of the outcome, tried to talk him out of it. When Wesley began his preaching, there was "a much larger audience, among whom were many of the rich and great."

Facing Wesley, Nash questioned his authority, comparing the gathering to a conventicle, which was banned by Act of Parliament. Wesley answered that he had the authority of Jesus Christ and the Archbishop of Canterbury and that the gathering was not seditious and therefore did not contravene the Act. Nash complained that Wesley was scaring people out of their wits, but then admitted that he had never actually heard Wesley preach and was just relying on "common report". Wesley rejected this argument, stating that he did not judge Nash "by common report... it is not enough to judge by." When Nash asked why people were coming to the meeting at all, an old woman in the crowd asked Wesley to allow her to answer. She then told Nash that, while he took care of his body, she and others were present in order to take care of their souls. Nash left. Wesley wrote that, after his departure, "We immediately began praying for him, and then for all the despisers. As we returned, they hollowed and hissed us along the streets; but when any of them asked, 'Which is he' and I answered, 'I am he,' they were immediately silent."

Beau Nash and Tunbridge Wells
In 1735, Nash appointed himself Master of Ceremonies in Tunbridge Wells and retained control of the entertainments provided for visitors until his death in 1761. Bath, it was said, was his kingdom, and Tunbridge Wells a colony of that kingdom. Nash had been interested in taking control at Tunbridge Wells for some years, but had been excluded by the formidable Bell Causey, who "presided as absolute governess" until her death in 1734. As well as organising entertainments, Nash established strict rules for correct behaviour. In order to ensure that visitors paid subscriptions for services provided, he introduced Sarah Porter, "Queen of the Touters", who eagerly pursued defaulters. Under Nash, Tunbridge Wells attained the height of its fame as a fashionable resort, patronised by royalty, nobility, and the most famous names in the country. There is a pub in Tunbridge Wells named after Nash, whilst The Ragged Trousers exhibits a plaque on the exterior of the building in his honour.

Later use of name
A cinema was erected in Westgate Street in Bath in 1920 and named the Beau Nash Picture House in memory of Nash. The building, now Grade II listed, is currently known as the Komedia.

In popular culture
In 1999, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a six-part comedy series entitled King of Bath, written by Arnold Evans and starring David Bamber as Nash, detailing fictitious adventures and mis-adventures of Nash while in Bath. The series has since been re-broadcast on BBC Radio 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra.

Nash's life and death are major plot elements in the 2017 detective novel Beau Death by Peter Lovesey. The book includes a fictitious Beau Nash Society consisting of prominent citizens of Bath.

A grandson is portrayed in the comedic historical novel Belle Nash and the Bath Soufflé by William Keeling.

External links and sources

 * The Life of Beau Nash by Oliver Goldsmith
 * John Eglin, The Imaginary Autocrat: Beau Nash and the Invention of Bath, Profile, 2005. ISBN 1-86197-302-0 [reviewed by Timothy Mowl in the Times Literary Supplement, 8 July 2005, p. 32]
 * Newspaper article announcing the death of Juliana Popjoy, March 1777
 * Newspaper article announcing the death of Juliana Popjoy, March 1777

title: Beau Nash


text:
David Barnhart

David K. Barnhart (born 1941) is an American lexicographer who specializes in new words. He began his career helping his father, Clarence Barnhart, edit the Thorndike-Barnhart dictionary series.

In 1980 he founded Lexik House Publishers. In the 1980s Lexik House published ТРОйКА--The TROIKA Introduction to Russian Letters and sounds (c. 1980) by Reason A. Goodwin, the Dictionary of Bahamian English (c. 1982) by John A. Holm with Alison Watt Shilling, and in 1987 The Dictionary of Gambling and Gaming by Thomas L. Clark.

In 1982 he, with his father, began work on The Barnhart Dictionary Companion, a quarterly publication documenting appearance of new words, new meanings and new usages in English. This carries on the tradition of the Barnhart Dictionary of New English series (edited by his father, brother Robert Barnhart, and Sol Steinmetz), which was last published in 2001. He wrote Neo Words: A Dictionary of the Newest and Most Unusual Words of Our Time (1991). He created The Barnhart New-Words Concordance (1994) and its Supplement (2006), an index to the words contained in numerous new word dictionaries, which has been updated quarterly since 1994.

With Allan A. Metcalf, he wrote America in So Many Words: Words that have shaped America (1997). He has worked as a teacher, lecturer, and as an expert witness reporting on usage and meaning in English words.

His collection of political words of the last couple of decades was published in December 2016. The title is Barnhart's Never-finished Political Dictionary of the 21st Century and the publisher is Lexik House Publishers (Hyde Park, N.Y.).

He is a member and past president of the Dictionary Society of North America and the International Linguistic Association. He is a member of the American Dialect Society.

title: David Barnhart


text:
User:HolyCow~enwiki

Holy Cow was the original Snow Patrol fanzine, run by two teenagers Rob Dix and Helen Pidd in the late 1990's.

title: User:HolyCow~enwiki


text:
User:TrinSoc

Hi. I'm a sock puppet being used because my main User name is being stalked by a neo-Nazi.

title: User:TrinSoc


text:
Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador

The Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador, based in Washington, D.C., is a national activist organization with chapters in various cities in the United States. CISPES supports the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) and the progressive social movement in El Salvador.

CISPES was founded in October 1980 by conventions in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. in opposition to the U.S. aid (funding and political support) to the Salvadoran military and government during the Salvadoran civil war. CISPES opposed the politics and the actions of the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) and its leader Roberto D'Aubuisson during the Salvadoran Civil War, and continues to oppose the policies that ARENA implements.

Since the end of El Salvador's civil war in 1992, CISPES has worked with the FMLN and with Salvadoran popular movement organizations (unions, women's groups, peasants groups, etc.) in opposition to economic policies of free trade and privatization such as the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). CISPES organizes delegations to visit with El Salvador's left wing activists as well as organizing delegations to monitor Salvadoran elections for potential fraud or political manipulation.

FBI investigations
Responsible for the distribution and dissemination of a Soviet forged State Department paper Dissent Paper on El Salvador and Central America, CISPES was a target of two FBI investigations during the 1980s.

From August to December 1981 the FBI conducted a 3-month inquiry (something less than an investigation) into whether CISPES was merely a front organization for the Salvadoran rebel groups, thereby placing the organization in violation of the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA).

The organization that had grown to over 300 regional chapters in one year, came under DOJ and FBI scrutiny based on the alleged travel diary of Farid Handal, brother of Salvadoran Communist Party leader Schafik Hándal, that supposedly had been seized by the Salvadoran National Guard during raids on Salvadoran rebel safehouses and handed over to the CIA. A story about the diary made its way into a John Birch Society publication Review of the News and a Republican House of Representative staffer passed a copy on to the FBI. The diary was said to outline Farid's visit to the US and his meetings with Sandy Pollack, representing both the U.S. Peace Council (USPC, the national chapter of the then Soviet directed World Peace Council) and the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), and with others, with the expressed and sole purpose of creating a solidarity network in the US for the Salvadoran rebels.

Only a few months after Handal's trip in May 1980, during which he did meet with Pollack, according to her biography published by the US Peace Council, CISPES came into being by way of two founding conferences in which various Salvadoran rebels participated. Members in the Los Angeles chapter, for example, claimed that they had been informally working together for a year before the founding conference in October.[16] Pollack was a founding member of the CISPES national council and served as such until her death in 1985. But, in the end, the FBI could not authenticate the diary and found no other verifiable evidence to prove direct control of CISPES by a foreign entity or to warrant further investigation. The case was dropped pending any further developments.

By March 1983, the FBI had received what it considered to be sufficient information to open a full investigation into whether CISPES was providing financial and other types of aid in support of FMLN and FDR terrorist activities. The initial scope of the investigation was focused on CISPES leadership and especially its DC headquarters and Dallas chapter. But in late 1983 a directive was sent to all FBI field offices initiating a nationwide investigation that engulfed all members of 180 CISPES chapters as well as nearly 200 other groups that had the slightest connection to CISPES. The new investigation hinged mostly on information supplied by an informant, Frank Varelli, who the FBI later admitted had not been properly vetted and should never have been taken seriously. The investigation was closed in 1985. Later inquiries into the mishandling of the investigation by Congress led to disciplinary action against 6 FBI personnel, the resignation of the FBI officer responsible for handling Varelli [22], and many FBI policy and procedural changes.

Security classified computerized records related to the investigation are in the U.S National Archives. FBI documents on both the New Orleans and the National CISPES office in Washington D.C., obtained via the Freedom of Information Act, are archived at Loyola University New Orleans.


text:
Talk:ALLTEL

What does diversity have to do with Alltel? -Mydotnet 22:45, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I agree, I'm not entirely sure what diversity has to do with ALLTEL. I plan on expanding this article more and I'm tempted to remove the diversity information because I don't see how it pertains to the company.  -Dark MooGoo 08:29, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It almost seems like a violation of the no-advertising policy. -Mydotnet 15:50, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

Alltel now has a new logo. I would ask that a more experienced user consider including the new logo in the article.
 * Done and done. I have also updated a few broken links so they now conform to the newly re-vamped corporate site along with a few other miscellaneous updates. -Dark MooGoo 08:24, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

I added the new combined Western Wireless coverage map. I do not see how this can be a violation since it was included into a press release. Anyone in disagreeance can remove it, but please post as to why. Also, I updated the current employees. -Binarypower
 * This coverage map is way too big for this page. Screws with the layout and size.  Can we have a low res one on this page and high res link, or just have a link to the high res one?  --Munboy 20:25, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Is this any better?

title: Talk:ALLTEL


text: Category:National parks of the Netherlands


text:
The Cenci

'The Cenci. A Tragedy, in Five Acts' (1820) is a verse drama in five acts by Percy Bysshe Shelley written in the summer of 1819, and inspired by a real Roman family, the House of Cenci (in particular, Beatrice Cenci, pronounced CHEN-chee). Shelley composed the play in Rome and at Villa Valsovano near Livorno, from May to 5 August 1819. The work was published by Charles and James Ollier in London in 1819. The Livorno edition was printed in Livorno, Italy by Shelley himself in a run of 250 copies. Shelley told Thomas Love Peacock that he arranged for the printing himself because in Italy "it costs, with all duties and freightage, about half of what it would cost in London." Shelley sought to have the play staged, describing it as "totally different from anything you might conjecture that I should write; of a more popular kind... written for the multitude." Shelley wrote to his publisher Charles Ollier that he was confident that the play "will succeed as a publication." A second edition appeared in 1821, his only published work to go into a second edition during his lifetime.

The play was not considered stageable in its day due to its themes of incest and parricide, and was not performed in public in England until 1922, when it was staged in London. In 1886 the Shelley Society had sponsored a private production at the Grand Theatre, Islington, before an audience that included Oscar Wilde, Robert Browning, and George Bernard Shaw. Though there has been much debate over the play's stageability, it has been produced in many countries, including France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Czechoslovakia, and the United States. It was included in the Harvard Classics as one of the most important and representative works of the Western canon.

Plot

The horrific tragedy, set in 1599 in Rome, of a young woman executed for premeditated murder of her tyrannical father, was a well-known true story handed down orally and documented in the Annali d'Italia, a twelve-volume chronicle of Italian history written by Ludovico Antonio Muratori in 1749. The events occurred during the Pontificate of Pope Clement VIII.

Shelley was first drawn to dramatize the tale after viewing a supposed portrait of Beatrice Cenci, then attributed to Guido Reni, a painting that intrigued Shelley's poetic imagination. It is now thought to be by Ginevra Cantofoli.

Act I

The play opens with Cardinal Camillo discussing with Count Francesco Cenci a murder in which Cenci is implicated. Camillo tells Cenci that the matter will be hushed up if Cenci will relinquish a third of his possessions, his property beyond the Pincian gate, to the Church. Count Cenci has sent two of his sons, Rocco and Cristofano, to Salamanca, Spain in the expectation that they will die of starvation. The Count's virtuous daughter, Beatrice, and Orsino, a prelate in love with Beatrice, discuss petitioning the Pope to relieve the Cenci family from the Count's brutal rule. Orsino withholds the petition, however, revealing himself to be disingenuous, lustful for Beatrice, and greedy. After he hears the news that his sons have been brutally killed in Salamanca, the Count holds a feast in celebration of their deaths, commanding his guests to revel with him. Cenci drinks wine which he imagines as "my children's blood" which he "did thirst to drink!" During the feast, Beatrice pleads with the guests to protect her family from her sadistic father, but the guests refuse, in fear of Cenci's brutality and retribution.

Act II

Count Cenci torments Beatrice and her stepmother, Lucretia, and announces his plan to imprison them in his castle in Petrella. A servant returns Beatrice's petition to the Pope, unopened, and Beatrice and Lucretia despair over the last hope of salvation from the Count. Orsino encourages Cenci's son, Giacomo, upset over Cenci's appropriation of Giacomo's wife's dowry, to murder Cenci.

Act III

Beatrice reveals to Lucretia that the Count has committed an unnameable act against her and expresses feelings of spiritual and physical contamination, implying Cenci's incestuous rape of his daughter. Orsino and Lucretia agree with Beatrice's suggestion that the Count must be murdered. After the first attempt at patricide fails because Cenci arrives early, Orsino conspires with Beatrice, Lucretia, and Giacomo, in a second assassination plot. Orsino proposes that two of Cenci's ill-treated servants, Marzio and Olimpio, carry out the murder.

Act IV

The scene shifts to the Petrella Castle in the Apulian Apennines. Olimpio and Marzio enter Cenci's bedchamber to murder him but hesitate to kill the sleeping Count and return to the conspirators with the deed undone. Threatening to kill Cenci herself, Beatrice shames the servants into action, and Olimpio and Marzio strangle the Count and throw his body out of the room off the balcony, where it is entangled in a pine. Shortly thereafter, Savella, a papal legate, arrives with a murder charge and execution order against Cenci. Upon finding the Count's dead body, the legate arrests the conspirators, with the exception of Orsino, who escapes in disguise.

Act V

The suspects are taken for trial for murder in Rome. Marzio is tortured and confesses to the murder, implicating Cenci's family members. Despite learning that Lucretia and Giacomo have also confessed, Beatrice refuses to do so, steadfastly insisting on her innocence. At the trial, all of the conspirators are found guilty and sentenced to death. Bernardo, another of Cenci's sons, attempts a futile last-minute appeal to the Pope to have mercy on his family. The Pope is reported to have declared: "They must die." The play concludes with Beatrice walking stoically to her execution for murder. Her final words are: "We are quite ready. Well, 'tis very well."

Major characters

 * Count Francesco Cenci, head of the Cenci household and family
 * Beatrice, his daughter
 * Lucretia, the wife of Francesco Cenci and the stepmother of his children
 * Cardinal Camillo
 * Orsino, a Prelate
 * Savella, the Pope's Legate
 * Andrea, a servant to Francesco Cenci
 * Marzio, an assassin
 * Olimpio, an assassin
 * Giacomo, son of Francesco Cenci
 * Bernardo, son of Francesco Cenci

England
The play was first staged in England by the Shelley Society in 1886. It did not receive its first public performance in England until 1922.

France
The play's second production was in France was in 1891, directed by Lugnè-Poe at the Theatre d'Art. :1097

Antonin Artaud adaptation
Antonin Artaud staged his adaptation Les Cenci in 1935 at the Theatre Folies-Wagram. :1099 The production closed after 17 performances due to poor reviews. :132 Artaud staged the production in line with his theory for a Theatre of Cruelty, though he stated that it "is not Theatre of Cruelty yet, but is a preparation for it." :103 Artaud drew on Shelley's text, as well as a version of the tale by Stendhal, and his adaptation "exaggerated the sadistic and pathological elements of the play to a point of violence". :1099

Critical reception
In his 15 May 1886 review of the play, Oscar Wilde concluded: "In fact no one has more clearly understood than Shelley the mission of the dramatist and the meaning of the drama." Alfred and H. Buxton Forman also praised The Cenci as a "tragic masterpiece", elevating Shelley into the company of Sophocles, Euripides, and Shakespeare. Leigh Hunt, to whom the play was dedicated, effused over Shelley's "great sweetness of nature, and enthusiasm for good". Mary Shelley, in her note on the play, wrote that "[u]niversal approbation soon stamped The Cenci as the best tragedy of modern times." She critically assessed Act V: "The Fifth Act is a masterpiece. It is the finest thing he ever wrote, and may claim proud comparison not only with any contemporary, but preceding, poet." She noted that "Shelley wished The Cenci to be acted", intending the work, which she wrote was of "surpassing excellence", to be an acting play, not a "closet drama". Shelley sought unsuccessfully to have the play staged at Covent Garden.

Byron wrote his criticisms of the play in a letter to Shelley: "I read Cenci – but, besides that I think the subject essentially un-dramatic, I am not a great admirer of our old dramatists as models. I deny that the English have hitherto had a drama at all. Your Cenci, however, was a work of power and poetry." Byron told Thomas Medwin in conversation: "The Cenci is... perhaps the best tragedy modern times have produced." William Wordsworth reportedly called the play "the greatest tragedy of the age." After seeing a performance of the play in 1886, George Bernard Shaw commented that "Shelley and Shakespeare are the only dramatists who have dealt in despair of this quality."

A reviewer writing for the Literary Gazette in 1820, on the other hand, wrote that the play was "noxious", "odious", and "abominable". The taboo subjects of incest, patricide, and parricide, as well as the negative depiction of the Roman Catholic Church, however, prevented The Cenci from being staged publicly.

Opera adaptations
German composer Berthold Goldschmidt composed an opera in three acts based on the Shelley play in 1949 entitled Beatrice Cenci with a libretto by Martin Esslin "after Shelley's verse drama The Cenci". The opera won first prize in the Festival of Britain opera competition in 1951. The opera was first performed in 1988. A critically lauded production starring Roberta Alexander as the title heroine was staged at the Opernfest in Berlin in 1994. The first staged production of Beatrice Cenci in the UK was by the Trinity College of Music on 9–11 July 1998.

In 1951, British classical composer Havergal Brian composed an opera based on the Shelley play entitled The Cenci, an opera in eight scenes. The opera premiered in 1997 in the UK in a performance in London by the Millennium Sinfonia conducted by James Kelleher..

In 1971, Beatrix Cenci premiered, an opera in two acts by Alberto Ginastera to a Spanish libretto by the playwright William Shand.

Other works titled The Cenci
Other works titled The Cenci include an 1837 novella by Marie-Henri Beyle (Stendhal), and an 1840 true crime essay by Alexandre Dumas père included in Volume 1 of Celebrated Crimes.

Productions of Shelley's The Cenci

 * (1886) Grand Theatre, Islington, London, UK (private production)
 * (1891) Paris, France
 * (1919) Moscow, Russia
 * (1920) Moscow, Russia
 * (1922) Prague, Czechoslovakia
 * (1922) New Theatre, London, UK
 * (1926) London, UK
 * (1933) Armenian Cultural Society of Los Angeles, California (in Armenian)
 * (1935) People's Theatre, Newcastle, UK
 * (1936) Yale University
 * (1940) Bellingham, Washington
 * (1947) Equity Library Theatre, New York
 * (1947) BBC radio production
 * (1948) BBC radio production
 * (1948) Princeton University
 * (1949) Mt. Holyoke College
 * (1950) Walt Whitman School
 * (1950) University of Utah
 * (1953) Company of the Swan, London, UK
 * (1953) Oxford, UK
 * (1970) La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club, New York, NY
 * (1975) Emerson College, Boston, Massachusetts
 * (1977) Jean Cocteau Repertory, Bouwerie Lane Theater, New York
 * (1985) Almeida Theatre, London, UK
 * (1991) Lyric Studio, London, UK
 * (1992) Red Heel Theatre at Studio 5, Walnut Street Theater, Philadelphia, PA
 * (1995) Spotlighter's Theatre, Baltimore, Maryland
 * (1995) Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, IL
 * (1997) North Pole Theatre, Greenwich, London, UK
 * (1997) The Swinish Multitude (with London University Theatre Company), Westminster, London, UK
 * (1997) El Teatro Campesino, San Juan Bautista, California
 * (2001) People's Theatre, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
 * (2003) Hayman Theatre, Perth, Western Australia
 * (2005) The Lizard Loft and Cruel Theatre, Honolulu, Hawaii
 * (2008) University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
 * (2008) Vassar College, New York
 * (2008) Red Bull Theater, Theatre at St. Clement's, New York
 * (2008) Shakespeare Performance Troupe, Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania
 * (2009) Mestno gledališče ljubljansko, Ljubljana, Slovenia (in Slovenian)
 * (2010) East Los Angeles College, Monterey Park, California
 * (2011) Beijing Fringe Festival (in Chinese)
 * (2019) Amitis Theater Group, Nufel Lushato Theater, Tehran (in Persian)
 * (2019) Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

title: The Cenci


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Library of Congress Control Number

The Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN) is a serially based system of numbering cataloged records in the Library of Congress, in the United States. It is not related to the contents of any book, and should not be confused with Library of Congress Classification (LCC).

History
The LCCN numbering system has been in use since 1898, at which time the acronym LCCN originally stood for Library of Congress Card Number. It has also been called the Library of Congress Catalog Card Number, among other names. The Library of Congress prepared cards of bibliographic information for their library catalog and would sell duplicate sets of the cards to other libraries for use in their catalogs. This is known as centralized cataloging. Each set of cards was given a serial number to help identify it.

Although most of the bibliographic information is now electronically created, stored, and shared with other libraries, there is still a need to identify each unique record, and the LCCN continues to perform that function.

Librarians all over the world use this unique identifier in the process of cataloging most books which have been published in the United States. It helps them reach the correct cataloging data (known as a cataloging record), which the Library of Congress and third parties make available on the Web and through other media.

In February 2008, the Library of Congress created the LCCN Permalink service, providing a stable URL for all Library of Congress Control Numbers.

Format
In its most elementary form, the number includes a year and a serial number. The year has two digits for 1898 to 2000, and four digits beginning in 2001. The three ambiguous years (1898, 1899, and 1900) are distinguished by the size of the serial number. There are also some peculiarities in numbers beginning with a "7" because of an experiment applied between 1969 and 1972 which added a check digit.

Serial numbers are six digits long and should include leading zeros. The leading zeros padding the number are a more recent addition to the format, so many older works will show less-full codes. The hyphen that is often seen separating the year and serial number is optional. More recently, the Library of Congress has instructed publishers not to include a hyphen.

title: Library of Congress Control Number


text:
List of Connecticut railroads

This is a list of railroad companies which currently or formerly operated at least partially in the U.S. state of Connecticut.

Street railroads
Entries in this list were interurbans, streetcars, or other electric railroads dedicated to passenger transport.
 * Not completed
 * New York and Boston Rapid Transit Company
 * Ridgefield and New York Railroad

title: List of Connecticut railroads


text:
Don Lawrence

Donald Southam Lawrence (17 November 1928 – 29 December 2003) was a British comic book artist and author.

Lawrence is best known for his comic strips The Rise and Fall of the Trigan Empire in the British weeklies Ranger and Look and Learn, and the Storm series, first published in the Dutch weekly Eppo (later relaunched as Sjors & Sjimmie) and subsequently in album form. Famous for his realistic and detailed style, he was an inspiration for later UK comic-book artists such as Brian Bolland, Dave Gibbons and Chris Weston (indeed, Weston was taught by Lawrence), and influenced Indonesian artist Apri Kusbiantoro.

Early life
Born in East Sheen, a suburb of London, Lawrence was educated at St. Paul's School, Hammersmith. After joining the Army for his National Service, Lawrence used his gratuity to study art at Borough Polytechnic Institute (now the London South Bank University) but failed his final exams. Shortly before, a former student had visited the school to show students the work he was doing as a letterer on comic strips. Lawrence was inspired to take some samples to an editor at Amalgamated Press who suggested he try showing them to Mick Anglo, who ran a studio packaging comic strips for a London publisher and magazine distributor, Len Miller.

Career
Lawrence worked for Anglo for four years, drawing the adventures of superhero Marvelman and various Western comic strips. After an argument with Anglo over pay rates, he found work with Odhams Press, drawing Wells Fargo for Zip, and with the Amalgamated Press (now renamed Fleetway Publications), contributing episodes of Billy the Kid to the comic Sun. When the ailing Sun merged with Lion, Lawrence switched to swashbuckling historical strips, Olac the Gladiator, Karl the Viking and Maroc the Mighty (written by Michael Moorcock).

A colour strip produced for Lion Annual 1965 (Karl the Viking and the Tideless Sea) led to Lawrence being offered colour work in Bible Story magazine and the sprawling science fantasy The Rise and Fall of the Trigan Empire which debuted in Ranger in 1965. Lawrence was to draw the strip in the pages of Ranger and Look and Learn until 1976.

In 1976 Lawrence attended the London comic book convention called Comics 101, the first convention dedicated to British comic book creators. There he learned that The Trigan Empire was syndicated all over Europe. When his publisher refused to give him any form of royalties or compensation, he departed from his old employer and was immediately offered work on a new Dutch comic magazine called Eppo. After an abortive start on a strip entitled Commander Grek written by his friend Vince Wernham, Lawrence found success with Storm. The first volume, The Deep World, was based on a concept by Martin Lodewijk but written by Philip Dunn. A further 22 volumes followed. Lawrence did not limit himself solely to Trigan Empire and Storm; other strips he drew include Fireball XL5 and The Adventures of Tarzan for TV Century 21, Carrie for the men's magazine Mayfair and a number of one-off strips for various Dutch publishers.

A number of partly completed and unpublished comic strips appeared in the series Don Lawrence Collection, published in the Netherlands. The final Storm serial (completed by Lawrence's former assistant Liam Sharp) appeared in the magazine Pandarve published by the Don Lawrence Fanclub in 1999–2001. One of his last illustrations was the cover of volume 6 of the Storm -the collection- from 2002.

In the mid-1980s he was looking for an assistant and accepted then 17-years old Liam Sharp as his apprentice, but after realizing he did not want to step back as much as he had thought he would, he helped Sharp develop his own style.

Later life
In 1995, he lost sight of his right eye, caused by an infection after an unsuccessful cataract operation. With his depth perception gone, he could no longer see when the tip of his pen and brush touched the paper's surface, forcing him to teach himself an alternative drawing technique.

He went through a new cataract operation in 1999, this time without medical complications. But his general health was starting to decline, and when he was diagnosed with emphysema and put on medication, he permanently retired from comics and art.

Lawrence died in December 2003 of emphysema at the age of 75.

Awards

 * 1976 The IPC Magazines Award for the Best Adventure Comic Artist of 1975
 * 1980 Society of Illustration Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 1981 Grand Prix Spatial
 * 1987 Gouden Bommel Award
 * 1994 De Stripschapprijs
 * 1998 Pantera di Lucca Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2003 Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau

title: Don Lawrence


text:
Breznik

Breznik (Брезник ) is a town in western Bulgaria, 50 km away from Sofia. It is located in Pernik Province and is close to the towns of Bankya and Pernik. Villages in the municipality include Begunovtsi, Dushintsi, and Velkovtsi.

Geography
The town is located in the historical-geographical and ethnographic region of Graovo. Breznik is the center of its northwestern end (Gorno Graovo), and Pernik of the southeastern (Dolno Graovo). The border between the two parts of Graovo is along the lines of the villages of Selishten dol, Palilula, Velkovtsi and Viskjar. The climate is humid-continental (Dfb).

History
Breznik was first mentioned in the 11th-century Story of Isaiah and Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle as БР(Ѣ)ЗНИКЪ ; it was already a city by then. The town was mentioned throughout the 15th-19th centuries, attesting its continuous existence.

Breznik has played a proper role in the life of the Bulgarian state. We have inherited medieval cultural monuments. Of particular importance are the medieval church "St. Petka", the Revival class school, the megalithic temple-well "Empty Throat", the Chernogorski and Bilin monasteries, the remains of ancient churches, the old houses of architectural and artistic value as the twin house in the village of Kosharevo; the veranda houses in the village of Razhavets, etc. In almost all settlements in the municipality there are churches from the era of the Bulgarian Revival.

In the 17th - 18th century Breznik was an attractive center for leading painters and builders. The local people were very active and managed to attract even the prominent representative of the Samokov school, Joan the Icon Painter. The educational work was also very well developed. There were cell schools in the Bilin Monastery, the Church of St. Petka and in some Breznik villages. In 1869 in the town of Breznik was founded the first Class School, in which Dimitar Tondjarov from Samokov taught. On his initiative, a community center was opened in the city. At the time before the Liberation there were about 200 Bulgarian and 30-40 Turkish houses, and then the Turkish population emigrated from the city and from all villages in the surrounding area.

Significant changes took place in the Breznik region in the period from the Liberation to the middle of the 20th century in socio-economic and demographic terms. At this time there was a turning point in the life of the population and in the appearance of the settlements. This is how industry emerged in the town of Breznik. Industrialization, in turn, leads to significant structural changes in the city and in the villages. The mechanization of agricultural production also has a positive impact in this respect.

Etymology
Its name is derived from the Bulgarian word breznik, referring to a birch forest, from the word for birch, бреза (breza). It is cognate to the Czech placename Březník.

Economy

 * Tailoring workshop
 * Panel production workshop for the French industry
 * A confectionery workshop

Notable people

 * Borislava Radoeva, journalist
 * Georgi Ljubenov, professor jurist
 * Dimitar Georgiev, revolutionary
 * Berlin Andreev, professor
 * Tsvetana Tabakova (1905 – 1936), opera singer
 * Krum Savov (1960 –), journalist
 * Liliana Bareva (1922 – 2007), opera singer
 * Margarita Hranova (1951 –), singer
 * Slavcho Pirchev (1886 – 1973), officer
 * Svetoslav Gotsev (1990 –), volleyball player

Honour
Breznik Heights on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Breznik.

title: Breznik


text:
Talk:List of minor Star Wars droids

This is a nice article. I was considering breaking it down like this myself. Hope to see this grow over time. -- Riffsyphon1024 22:50, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hermione Bagwa
A thing to learn about Wikipedia. Just because an article doesnt exist for a character doesn't mean someone won't fill it out later. Also this character is very obscure, and so she doesn't need her own article, but rather a link to a larger page with a bunch of minor minor characters, and the link simply goes down the page to the spot where her entry is. Works for any character like that. -- Riffsyphon1024 06:42, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Gender
Some users have questioned the gender of robots. For reference sake, 2-1B is considered to be male. --Viriditas | Talk 05:19, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

What I think is that there is a sort of generalization. For example C-3PO has a male voice and is generally like one wheras WA-7 obviously has female characteristics.

Inconsistency
R4-P17 ...During Anakin's hunt for Asajj Ventress, R4-P17 accompanied Skywalker. R4-P17 had its head ripped off by a buzz droid during the Battle of Coruscant in Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith killing her.

 * Wait a minute. The R4 that accompanied Anakin to Yavin IV got blown up with his ship, so it clearly couldn't have been the same R4 unless he had an incredibly efficient repair kit. I assume the words "killing her" are either an attempt to apply gender to a droid or a misplaced reference to Ventress's (assumed) death. Lee M 01:34, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

IG-88
Shouldn't IG-88 be in this list?

 * IG-88 has been the subject of enough EU fiction that he warrants his own page, IMO. BinaryTed 19:14, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Note to anyone intending on splitting off a section
This page has been processed by N-Bot, which, for browsing convenience, changes links to redirects to lists to links to the relevant list sections: e.g. OOM-9 is changed to OOM-9.

As a result, anyone who intends to split a section out of this page should be aware that, as of 6 August 2005, the following sections were linked to from the following pages:

 * R4-P17: List of Star Wars characters, Jedi starfighter, Battle of Coruscant, Advanced Jedi starfighter, Lego Star Wars: The Video Game, Buzz droid
 * OOM-9: Nute Gunray, Confederacy of Independent Systems, Battle of Naboo, Battle of Hypori
 * 4-LOM: Protocol droid
 * TC-14: Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace, List of Star Wars races, Lego Star Wars: The Video Game, Protocol droid
 * RA-7: Protocol droid
 * R5-D4: Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
 * WA-7: List of minor Star Wars characters

N-Bot (t/c) 22:00, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

4-LOM
Why does 4-LOM link here when there isn't any mention of him on the page?Euchrid 04:36, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The 4-LOM entry was removed 00:15, 18 December 2005 by 71.131.229.28 without explanation. As there is apparently no other article for 4-LOM and several pages link to it by name, I have readded the section. BinaryTed 19:13, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Merging MK-09
MK-09- Should we? I think we should. --Thefourdotelipsis 07:08, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Merge. --maru (talk) contribs 20:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Moving page
Move to List of minor Star Wars droids for consistency--PatCheng 04:17, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

OOM-9
For your information, the image you have for OOM-9 is, in fact, not OOM-9, but instead is an image of an unnamed commander droid which Qui-Gon cut in half when he was freeing pilots in the origional escape from Naboo. He may look the same, but there should be plenty of other images you can use that actually are of OOM-9. 192.103.41.201 01:06, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, it looks like OOM-9 to me, but I've replaced it with Wookieepedia's image anyway. --maru  (talk)  contribs 01:29, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

"Specific droids rather than droid types"
The introduction to this page clearly states: "It [this page] includes specific droids rather than droid types (such as protocol droids and battle droids for instance.)" Aside from having the period inside the parenthesis and the redundancy of "such as" and "for instance", which I'll fix in a moment, it's blatantly contradicted by the presence of "battle droid" on the list, as well as several other droid types - air battle droid, seeker droid, assassin droid, bio droid, grapple droid, etc. etc. etc. Either the line in the intro or those droid types need to go. Should there be a separate List of minor Star Wars droid types page? Tophtucker 23:35, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Ultimately, there should be mini sections for droid types on a main Droid (Star Wars) page, and no need for a list of droid types. — Deckill e r 01:57, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Length of article
This article is very long. Longer in fact than some non-fiction, humanities articles on Wikipedia. Can each robot not have its own article?
 * Perhaps it could be divvied up by droid type, or failing that affiliation (Republic, Empire, Freelance). --Anoma lee 07:22, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

I'm probably nominating this for deletion in a few days
The title of the article itself says it all: this is a list of non-noteable crap, and exists on other wikis already. Jtrainor 16:46, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * This is one of my favorite articles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.57.118.223 (talk) 06:42, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

R5-D4
I don't know how to add the citation for this, but the bit about R5 D4 being sold to Voreen Naal comes from the West End Games Star Wars RPG sourcebook.

R4-P17
One could also argue that the droid was not completely destroyed and that Anakin once again repaired R4-P17. All that was seen was the remains of the head-plate fly off. Who's to say that the rest of the body didn't survive? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emperor001 (talk • contribs) 20:03, 24 May 2007
 * (I moved the preceding text here because discussion doesn't belong in the article.) Pat Berry 17:34, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

R5-J2
I have removed this section from the article. As it stands, it is completely non-notable; we know very little about it, and what little we do know seems fairly pointless. If there's any story at all that you feel makes it notable...please, let me know.

R5-J2
Star Wars droid

R5-J2 was an astromech droid stationed aboard the second Death Star. He met his end when that installation was destroyed in the Battle of Endor.

...makes me shiver, just reading it. David 00:27, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:4 lom.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 07:07, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:RA-7.jpg
Image:RA-7.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:05, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Movie wa7.jpg
Image:Movie wa7.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:55, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

TC-14
TC-14 was destroyed when the Trade Federation Droid Control Ship was blown up in 32 BBY. I don't know who added that she wasn't but that is a piece of fanon. I have changed the article to tell that she was destroyed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.170.18.35 (talk) 21:49, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Revamp
I'm working on amalgamating this and all the other god-awful lists at Category:Lists_of_Star_Wars_characters to remove all the ORish and arbitrary topics (i.e. what makes a character a "villain"? what if he/she later is "good"?) and repetition (e.g. Leia shows up on several of them). Once I've squished them together, they can be broken up just alphabetically like the slightly-less-crappy Star Trek character lists. I've copy-and-pasted these lists as of ~11:30EST 3 Oct -- if you make any additions to this list, I'll try to be sure to maintain them in the reworked version, but please be mindful that something might accidentally be overlooked. Thanks! --EEMIV (talk) 15:39, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Redirect
I plan on Monday to replace the current content of List of Star Wars characters with the material at User:EEMIV/StarWarsCharacters, and then to redirect this page to that updated list. Much of the content on this page will go away -- for the better. Wikipedia is an indiscriminate collection of information, even on its list pages, and many of the entries were are truly insignificant characters. If you take exception to this plan, please say so here. --EEMIV (talk) 11:20, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of minor Star Wars droids