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Lewis A. Pick

Lieutenant General Lewis Andrew Pick (November 18, 1890 – December 2, 1956) was a United States Army officer who served as Chief of Engineers in the United States Army.

Early life
Pick was born in Brookneal, Virginia. He was part of the first graduating class of Rustburg High School in 1910 and attended VPI, graduating in 1914. Pick received his Regular Army commission in the United States Army Corps of Engineers on July 1, 1917.

Military career
During World War I, Pick served with the 23rd Engineers in France. He served in the Philippines from 1921 until 1923 and helped organize The 14th Engineer Regiment Philippine Scouts, largely composed of Filipino soldiers. He was the Corps of Engineers' District Engineer in New Orleans during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, and he helped coordinate federal relief efforts. Pick was named Missouri River Division Engineer in 1942, and with William Glenn Sloan of the Bureau of Reclamation he co-wrote the Pick-Sloan Plan for controlling the water resources of the Missouri River Basin.

Pick carefully wrote his plan to avoid flooding Bismarck and Williston, North Dakota, along with Pierre and Chamberlain, South Dakota, but intentionally flooded the entire productive acreage of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, some 155,000 acres, supporting 349 families of 1,544 individuals. United States Secretary of the Interior Julius Albert Krug ordered compensation in the form of an equal amount of acreage on lesser lands, at-cost hydroelectric power for irrigation, grazing and watering rights for tribal cattle, and $5,105,625 in payment for lost lands. Colonel Pick revoked this order and all its compensations, then denied the Three Tribes all access to the reservoir which would flood their lands, including the rights to fish, water their cattle, or cut any timber from the land to be flooded. The tribes were likewise forbidden to hire legal counsel with any compensatory money they might receive. The revised plan was approved by Krug.

Forced to sign the Pick-Sloan Plan contract, George Gillette, leader of the Three Tribes' business council, openly wept.

Colonel Pick was assigned to the China Burma India Theater of World War II in October 1943, replacing Brigadier General John C. Arrowsmith as Chief Road Engineer. He oversaw construction of the Ledo Road in British Raj India and Burma. His driving force enabled the difficult task to be completed in two and a half years. His men nicknamed the road "Pick's Pike".

After his return to the United States in 1945, he served again as Missouri River Division Engineer. On March 1, 1949, President of the United States Harry S. Truman appointed him Chief of Engineers. Pick was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster. Pick City, North Dakota, located by the Garrison Dam on the Missouri River was founded in 1946 and named for him. Pickstown, South Dakota, located by the Fort Randall Dam was also named for him. He died in Washington, D.C., and was buried in Auburn, Alabama.

Personal life
Pick attended and played college football at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and graduated in 1914. He was initiated into Theta Chi Fraternity in 1924 at Auburn University, where he was a professor of military science and tactics. Pick married Alice Cary, one of the founding members of the Sigma Lambda chapter of Kappa Delta sorority at Auburn.

In 1948, Pick was elevated to National Honor Member by Chi Epsilon national civil engineering honor society.

The Lewis Andrew Pick Birthplace is a contributing property in the Brookneal Historic District.

title: Lewis A. Pick


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hatton Garden, London

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT. dbenbenn | talk 14:34, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hatton Garden, London
Duplicates the slightly fuller Hatton Garden. Philip 12:10, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect Radiant! 13:17, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've boldly redirected this, VfD is kinda full at the moment. Substub content was already included the target. Kappa 13:35, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all real places -RickK^H^H^H^H^H and Your redirect went the wrong way. Our typical standard is to be more specific. Move Hatton Garden -> Hatton Garden, London and keep this thing.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 06:05, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is not standard to disambiguate articles which are not duplicates because it looks messy and does not call things by their usual names. Wincoote 21:03, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Echinocactus

Echinocactus is a genus of cacti in the subfamily Cactoideae. The generic name derives from the Ancient Greek ἐχῖνος (echînos), meaning "spiny," and cactus. It and Ferocactus are the two genera of barrel cactus. Members of the genus usually have heavy spination and relatively small flowers. The fruits are copiously woolly, and this is one major distinction between Echinocactus and Ferocactus. Propagation is by seed.

Species
As of 2023, the genus includes 6 accepted species out of hundreds of plants having the name.

Formerly placed here

 * Astrophytum asterias (Zucc.) Lem. (as E. asterias Zucc. )
 * Aztekium ritteri (Boed.) Boed. (as E. ritteri Boed. )
 * Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britton & Rose (as E. wislizeni Engelm. )
 * Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J.M.Coult. (as E. williamsii Lem. ex Salm-Dyck )
 * Turbinicarpus subterraneus (Backeb.) A.D.Zimm. (as E. subterraneus Backeb. )

title: Echinocactus


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Prolotherapy

Prolotherapy, also called proliferation therapy, is an injection-based treatment used in chronic musculoskeletal conditions. It has been characterised as an alternative medicine practice.

Medical uses
A 2015 review found no evidence that prolotherapy is safe or effective for Achilles tendinopathy, plantar fasciosis, and Osgood–Schlatter disease. The quality of the studies was also poor. Another 2015 review assigned a strength of recommendation level A for Achilles tendinopathy and knee osteoarthritis and level B for lateral epicondylosis, Osgood–Schlatter disease, and plantar fasciosis. Level A recommendations are based on consistent and good-quality patient-oriented evidence while level B are based on inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence.

Low back pain
A 2007 Cochrane review of prolotherapy in adults with chronic low-back pain found unclear evidence of effect. A 2009 review concluded the same for subacute low back pain. A 2015 review found consistent evidence that it does not help in low back pain. There was tentative evidence of benefit when used with other low back pain treatments. Evidence of benefit remains tentative (level B) for dextrose prolotherapy in low back or sacroiliac pain.

Tendinitis
A 2009 systematic review of the efficacy in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis concluded that these therapies may benefit people with lateral epicondylitis, but the evidence was limited. A 2010 review concluded moderate evidence exists to support the use of prolotherapy injections in the management of pain in lateral epicondylitis, and that prolotherapy was no more effective than eccentric exercise in the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy. A 2016 review found a trend towards benefit in 2016 for lateral epicondylitis. A 2017 review found tentative evidence in Achilles tendinopathy.

In 2012, a systematic review studying various injection therapies found that prolotherapy and hyaluronic acid injection therapies were more effective than placebo when treating lateral epicondylitis. Of the studies evaluated, one of ten glucocorticoid trials, one of five trials for autologous blood injection or platelet-rich plasma, one trial of polidocanol, and one trial of prolotherapy met the criteria for low risk of bias. The authors noted that few of the reviewed trials met the criteria for low risk of bias.

Knee osteoarthritis
Tentative evidence of prolotherapy benefit was reported in a 2011 review. One 2017 review found evidence of benefit from low-quality studies. A 2017 review described the evidence as moderate for knee osteoarthritis. A 2016 review found benefit but there was a moderate degree of variability between trials and risk of bias. In 2019, the American College of Rheumatology recommended against prolotherapy for knee osteoarthritis.

Contraindications
Contraindications for patients to receive prolotherapy injections may include: Relative contraindications include:
 * Local abscess
 * Bleeding disorders
 * Patient on anticoagulant medication
 * Known allergy to prolotherapy agent
 * Acute infections such as cellulitis
 * Septic arthritis
 * Acute gouty arthritis
 * Acute fracture

Side effects
Patients receiving prolotherapy injections have reported generally mild side effects, including mild pain and irritation at the injection site (often within 72 hours of the injection), numbness at the injection site, or mild bleeding. Pain from prolotherapy injections is temporary and is often treated with acetaminophen or, in rare cases, opioid medications. NSAIDs are not usually recommended due to their counter action to prolotherapy-induced inflammation, but are occasionally used in patients with pain refractory to other methods of pain control. Theoretical adverse events of prolotherapy injection include lightheadedness, allergic reactions to the agent used, bruising, infection, or nerve damage. Allergic reactions to sodium morrhuate are rare. Rare cases of back pain, neck pain, spinal cord irritation, pneumothorax, and disc injury have been reported at a rate comparable to that of other spinal injection procedures.

Technique
Prolotherapy involves the injection of an irritant solution into a joint space, weakened ligament, or tendon insertion to relieve pain. Most commonly, hyperosmolar dextrose (a sugar) is the solution used; glycerine, lidocaine (a commonly used local anesthetic), phenol, and sodium morrhuate (a derivative of cod liver oil extract) are other commonly used agents. The injection is administered at joints, ligaments, or tendons where they connect to bone.

Prolotherapy treatment sessions are generally given every two to six weeks for several months in a series ranging from three to six or more treatments. Many patients receive treatment at less frequent intervals until treatments are rarely required, if at all.

Terminology and mechanism
The term originated with George S. Hackett, MD, in 1956 in a publication titled "The rehabilitation of an incompetent structure by the generation of new cellular tissue". He applied the term prolotherapy from the words "proli’" (Latin), meaning offspring, and "proliferate", meaning to produce new cells in rapid succession. Although the erroneous term "sclerotherapy" was utilized by some in the past to describe this treatment, it is now clear that prolotherapy does not cause scarring. The mechanism of prolotherapy requires further clarification. It is expected to involve a number of mechanisms.

Criticism
Some major medical insurance policies view prolotherapy as an investigational or experimental therapy with an inconclusive evidence base. Consequently, they currently do not provide coverage for prolotherapy procedures. Medicare reviewers in 1999 determined at that time that practitioners had not provided "any scientific evidence on which to base a [different] coverage decision," and so retained Medicare's current coverage policy to not cover prolotherapy injections for chronic low back pain, but expressed willingness to reconsider if presented with results of "further studies on the benefits of prolotherapy."

History
The concept of creating irritation or injury to stimulate healing has been recorded as early as Roman times when hot needles were poked into the shoulders of injured gladiators.

In 1840, French surgeon Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau published a paper detailing how he had injected an iodine solution into a hernia in order to create beneficial inflammation. American surgeon Joseph Pancoast later wrote that he had been performing this procedure (using either iodine or cantharides) since 1836. Another early American practitioner of this method was George Heaton.

After World War 1, sclerotherapy came to be a common treatment for malformations of blood vessels and the lymphatic system. This involved injecting a therapeutic liquid to shrink them.

By the late 1920s, this method was used to treat hernias. By the late 1930s, it was also used to treat ligamentous laxity. In the 1950s, George S. Hackett, a general surgeon in the United States, began performing injections of irritant solutions in an effort to repair joints and hernias.

In 1955, Gustav Anders Hemwall became acquainted with George Hackett at an American Medical Association meeting and started practicing the technique.

Hackett coined the term "prolotherapy" for the practice, a very early appearance being in his 1956 book Ligament and Tendon Relaxation (Skeletal Disability) Treated by Prolotherapy (Fibro-Osseus Proliferation).

title: Prolotherapy


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Mong-Yu

Mong-Yu (မုန်းယူး) is a town in northern Shan State in Myanmar near the Chinese border. Mong-Yu is the location of the 105th mile trade zone. In 2019, it had a population of 1,730.

World War II
During World War II, Mong-Yu was the junction of the Ledo and Burma Roads. In January 1945, the Chinese 30th and 38th Divisions moved southeast towards Namhkam and met up at Mong-Yu. Mong-Yu was occupied by the Japanese 56th Division, but the 56th soon retreated to Mandalay. On 20 January, the 38th met up with soldiers of Y force. The captured of Mong-Yu allowed for the opening of another route to China, with the first Allied convoy from Ledo passing through Mong-Yu on 28 January. The area also marked a meeting of American and Chinese forces in January 1945.

Under Myanmar government
In 2009 and 2010, the Myanmar government announced the integration of ethnic armed groups into the Border Guard Force (BGF) scheme. Under the scheme, Mong-Yu came under the control of pro-government militias, particularly members of Lahu and Jakuni militias.

In August 2019, clashes between the Tatmadaw and the Three Brotherhood Alliance near Mong-Yu resulted in few motor shells falling on Mong-Yu which, although nobody was hurt, prevented residents from accessing the hospital in Kutkai.

In the run-up to the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China began enforcing a stricter border in order to prevent the spread of COVID-19 from neighbouring nations. This led to a build up of trucks and products in Mong-Yu which were unable to enter into China, and many fresh fruit destined for the Chinese market were instead discarded.

Operation 1027
In Operation 1027, the Three Brotherhood Alliance began clashing with the Tatmadaw over control of the area around Muse. The Tatmadaw's 105th tactical command base is located on a hill in Mong-Yu. Before attacking the Tatmadaw's base in Muse, the alliance attacked its base in Lone Khan, which fell on 26 November 2023. Attacks on Mong-Yu began on 27 November. The Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) dismissed claims it captured the command base on 14 December. Despite ceasefire talks between the alliance and the Tatmadaw being held in Yunnan province in China, the Brotherhood Alliance continued to attack Mong-Yu. Mong-Yu and the 105th mile trade zone were captured days after the ceasefire talks.

title: Mong-Yu


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User talk:MarkSOp

WP:AN/Archive
It's an archive. I'm probably the only person on Wikipedia who's going to see your posting. Noel (talk) 12:14, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Since you had some involvement with the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Ich (talk) 17:58, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MarkSOp


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Astraeus Airlines

Astraeus Limited, trading as Astraeus Airlines, was a British airline based at Astraeus House in Crawley, West Sussex, England. Founded in 2002, and named after the Greek God of the dusk, it entered administration on 21 November 2011, ceasing operations the same day.

Established as a charter airline, Astraeus changed its business model in May 2008 and ceased full-time charter and scheduled service flying to concentrate on sublease activities. Astraeus provided aircraft anywhere in the world to meet short and long-term lease requirements, with wet lease, damp lease or dry lease options. The main base was London Gatwick Airport.

Astraeus Airlines also had a history of providing ad hoc capacity to various clients. This included sports charters (Manchester United, Arsenal, UK and Irish FA and many others), military charters, show business charters (Disney, Warner Bros.), various government contracts and general charters for the leisure and business industry.

Astraeus Limited held a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence and was therefore permitted to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. Astraeus Airlines was an IOSA registered company with the International Air Transport Association.

History
Astraeus Airlines commenced charter operations in 2002 with Boeing 737 aircraft and also operated under the Flystar brand for a short time. After establishing itself as a reliable charter carrier to UK leisure tour operators for both summer and winter seasons, the fleet was extended in 2004 to include Boeing 757 aircraft. By 2008 the fleet had grown to two Boeing 737-300s, two Boeing 737-700s and five Boeing 757-200s.

As of 2009, Astraeus Airlines was the only airline charter company which remained based at Gatwick Airport, and grew its fleet, adding a Boeing 737-500 and 737-700.

Astraeus was a 100%-owned subsidiary of Eignarhaldsfelagid Fengur hf, an Icelandic-based travel group that also owned the Iceland Express airline.

Astraeus ended operations on 21 November 2011 and entered administration. The airline cited a lack of contracts for the winter of 2011 and some "extremely bad luck" with technical issues as reasons for ending operations.

Fleet
In November 2011, the Astraeus fleet consisted of the following aircraft with an average age of 17.4 years:

Astraeus and Iron Maiden
The heavy metal band Iron Maiden lead singer Bruce Dickinson was a captain for Astraeus, flying the Boeing 757 aircraft when not performing with the band. Dickinson was also Astraeus's Marketing Director. Dickinson has flown many high-profile flights for Astraeus: for example, on 20 October 2010, he flew the Liverpool F.C. team to Naples, Italy, for their European Cup match against Napoli.

Iron Maiden commissioned an Astraeus 757 as transport for their Somewhere Back in Time tour in 2008 and nicknamed it Ed Force One, flown by the lead singer Dickinson himself. The aircraft was converted into a combi configuration, repainted with an Iron Maiden livery and was used in this scheme until 28 May 2008. The same aircraft (G-OJIB) was used again on the second leg of the Somewhere Back in Time tour in 2009. The aircraft was also meant to be used for The Final Frontier World Tour in 2011; however on 8 February 2011 another 757-200 aircraft (G-STRX) departed Southend with a sightly differing Iron Maiden livery for the tour.

title: Astraeus Airlines


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User:Bowen~enwiki

Bowen
Bowen is my nickname which I started using back in 1996 when I first used ICQ. I took the nick from the movie "Dragonheart". I use this nick with a few variations depending on what app or game that I'm using ie...Jedi Academy - Lord Bowen, Call of Duty - Col._Bowen etc...

title: User:Bowen~enwiki


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Christina Milian (album)

Christina Milian is the self-titled debut studio album by American singer Christina Milian. It was released on October 9, 2001. Its American release was shelved due to the September 11 attacks, which occurred two weeks before its intended release date of September 25, 2001. The album was not released in the US until August 21, 2020 when a new deluxe edition was made available for digital download and streaming by Island Records.

Milian made her first professional musical appearance on Ja Rule's single "Between Me and You", which led to a record deal with Def Soul in 2000. Milian traveled to Sweden where she collaborated with several producers, most notably Bloodshy & Avant, who helmed five tracks from Christina Milian. Milian co-wrote 11 of the 12 songs on the album, taking inspiration from personal experiences. The album's musical style is mostly dance and R&B, and critics noted similarities to Milian's contemporaries Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera. Milian was displeased by Def Soul's portrayal of her image, which she felt was constantly changing and confusing the audience.

The critical response to Christina Milian was mixed; critics who gave a positive review enjoyed the catchy tracks and lead single "AM to PM", while others found that it lacked original ideas. The album peaked at number 23 in the UK, selling a total of 101,986 copies, and achieved a Gold certification. Internationally, the album also charted in the Netherlands, Sweden and France. The album spawned two singles, "AM to PM" and "When You Look at Me", both of which became top-ten hits in the UK.

Production and composition
Following her collaboration with Ja Rule, Milian signed a deal with Island Def Jam Music Group in 2000. Milian traveled to Sweden and recorded her self-titled debut album, working with the popular producers of that time. Milian collaborated with Bloodshy & Avant, Jermaine Dupri, Focus, Irv Gotti, Mark Hill, Montell Jordan and Evan Rogers. Soren Baker of the Los Angeles Times later suggested that instead of launching her career off the success of "Between Me and You", and by recording in Sweden without the "platinum production touch" of Irv Gotti, the owner of The Inc. Records, the momentum created by the song had evaporated. Milian received writing credit for eleven of the twelve songs on the album. It was during the production of the album that Milian had first started to write songs, and wrote about things that she could relate to at the time.

Milian described the sound of the album as "hip hop under-toned with nice, pop melodies", and later said the genre of the album was "bubble-gum pop". She described lead single "AM to PM" as a "very pop" and "fun, party/club song". The genre of the album was described by one critic as "light-hearted, energetic R&B pop tunes". Critics compared Milian to Janet Jackson and Aaliyah. Sonically, the album was said to stick "rigidly to the sherbert-snorting pop formula of Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera". One reviewer compared Milian to other singers of her generation, and found that "while Spears has gone raunchy with 'I Love Rock 'n' Roll', Christina Aguilera down and dirty on Stripped, and even clean-cut Mandy Moore has brashly cut her hair Felicity-style, Milian still seems young and real." The critic also compared Milian to Beyoncé Knowles, "while Beyonce is shaking her bootylicious body like crazy on 'Crazy In Love', Milian is simply enjoying becoming a young star."

Many live instruments were used during the album's production, especially violin. Milian named "You Make Me Laugh" one of her favorite songs on the album. It was the first song written by Milian for the album, and she worked with Bloodshy for the song's production. The album's second and final single, "When You Look at Me", was written by Milian. Using her school days as the inspiration for the song, Milian said that "when I was growing up, I found people were always trying to label me. The first day of school it would be like 'Here comes this girl all dressed up. She thinks she's all that' and they didn't even know me. The message behind 'When You Look At Me' is never judge a book by its cover." Milian asked Ja Rule to appear on her album, however she did not want to put him "on just any song", and wanted to make sure it was the right song for him. Milian hoped Ja Rule would appear on the track "A Girl Like Me", but he ended up rapping on "Get Away". Milian co-wrote the track "Twitch" with R&B singer Montell Jordan, which explains that men have a certain twitch of their shoulders whenever they tell lies.

Critical reception
The album received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. Imran Ahmed of the New Musical Express enjoyed "genius single 'AM to PM'", and praised the tracks "Got to Have You" and "When You Look at Me". Ahmed guessed that "beneath the froth, there's a certain depth of soul" in Milian, and thought "Get Away" had similar excellent results to her previous collaboration with Ja Rule, "Between Me and You". The reviewer also commended the lyrics of "Twitch", which he thought was "remarkable for being what may be the first ever song about someone with a facial tic". Ahmed was impressed that alongside the impressive production credit list, it was "still Milian's name that tops the list of executive producers", and predicted, "genius can't be more than a few albums away". Contrastingly, Andrew Lynch of entertainment.ie described the album as "relentlessly ordinary", and suggested that Milian needed original ideas. The reviewer felt that apart from "AM to PM" and "You Make Me Laugh" there was nothing above the average. Lynch said that if Milian "really wants to compete with the big girls, she badly needs to spice up her tired formula."

A reviewer for Dawn commended the album for being "full of danceable, likeable tracks, and even the occasional, successful ballad like 'Until I Get Over You'". The reviewer called the album to be "a refreshing change with its charming lyrics and teen outlook". "AM to PM" was said to hint at "quite a lot of talent", and was praised for its "slick lyrics, a fast pace, and a phat vibe". The reviewer also praised "When You Look at Me", "Get Away", and "Got to Have You". Carmen Meyer of iafrica.com found the "smooth, groovy and refreshing" album to be filled "with light-hearted and catchy tracks, which can be enjoyed either in a club, your car or even when chilling at home." She commented on the album's tracks, which ranged from "melodic and heart-rending ballads to funky dance beats that are bound to keep you moving". Meyer praised the "infectious" "AM to PM", the "exciting" "A Girl Like Me", and "Till I Get Over You", which is "guaranteed to pull at your heartstrings and make you want to pull your loved ones closer".

Release and commercial performance
The album was released on 21 January 2002 in the United Kingdom. It peaked at number 23 in the UK, selling a total of 101,986 copies, and achieved gold certification. Internationally, the album peaked at number 36 in the Netherlands, 98 in Sweden, and 138 in France. The release date in the US was scheduled for September 25, 2001, yet the September 11 attacks occurred and the release date was postponed, eventually released in the region on August 27, 2002. The album's lead single, "AM to PM", peaked at number three in the UK, the top five in Denmark, the top 10 in the Netherlands, and the top 30 in Australia and the US Billboard Hot 100. The album's second and final single, "When You Look at Me", reached number three in the UK and in the Netherlands, the top 10 in Australia, and the top 20 in Denmark and France. A music video for the track "Get Away" was filmed in Paris, although it was not officially released as a single. To promote the album, Milian toured with NSYNC, serving as the opening act. Band member JC Chasez said, "she was like the cute, spunky kid sister. Not everyone could take Justin's practical jokes or my teasing."

Milian believed that the public expected "a certain thing" from her when she first appeared with Ja Rule, however she wanted to record the type of music she was signed to do. She said that "AM to PM" was a "cool record", but it was not what the public expected. Milian felt that her record label was confused as to how they wanted her image to be portrayed; one second she was young and singing "AM to PM", and next she was a grown woman singing "Get Away". She realized that the change confused the audience, and that "nobody was buying it". To explain that she was serious about her musical career, Milian approached the executives at Island Def Jam, and "cussed them all out", telling them that they were not listening to her.

Track listing
Notes
 * $undefined$ denotes co-producer
 * "Snooze Ya Lose" is entitled "You Snooze, You Lose" on Japanese CDs.
 * "Get Away" is placed as track 3, prior to "Spending Time" on the 2020 digital deluxe edition.

Personnel

 * Executive producers – Christina Milian, Jeff Fenster, Carmen Milian
 * Vocal assistance – Montell Jordan, Jeanette Olsson, Christina Milian
 * Vocal arrangements – Christina Milian, Bloodshy, Avant, Focus, Montell Jordan
 * Engineers – Joe Chiccarelli, Brian Frye, Al Hemberger, Glenn Matullo, Carlisle Young
 * Assistant engineers – Tom Bender, Stephanie Vonarx
 * Conductors – Janson & Janson
 * Mixing – Mick Guzauski, Tony Maserati, Peter Mokran, Brian Springer, Phil Tan
 * Design – Shanna Busman
 * Art direction – Shanna Busman
 * Photography – Tony Duran

 * Bass – LaMarquis Mark Jefferson, Thomas Lindberg
 * Cello – Asa Forsberg
 * Guitar – Henrik Jonback
 * Viola – Hans Akeson, Elisabeth Arnberg Ranmo, Monika Stanikowska
 * Violin – Dag Alin, Torbjorn Bernhardsson, Hanna Gähran, Per Hammarstrom, Annette Mannheimer, Svein H. Martinsen, Martin Stensson

title: Christina Milian (album)


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Lexical aspect

In linguistics, the lexical aspect or Aktionsart (, plural Aktionsarten ) of a verb is part of the way in which that verb is structured in relation to time. For example, the English verbs arrive and run differ in their lexical aspect since the former describes an event which has a natural endpoint while the latter does not. Lexical aspect differs from grammatical aspect in that it is an inherent semantic property of a predicate, while grammatical aspect is a syntactic or morphological property. Although lexical aspect need not be marked morphologically, it has downstream grammatical effects, for instance that arrive can be modified by "in an hour" while believe cannot.

Theories of aspectual class
Although all theories of lexical aspect recognize that verbs divide into different classes, the details of the classification differ. An early attempt by Vendler recognized four classes, which has been modified several times.

Vendler's classification
Zeno Vendler classified verbs into four categories on whether they express "activity", "accomplishment", "achievement" or "state". Activities and accomplishments are distinguished from achievements and states in that the first two allow the use of continuous and progressive aspects. Activities and accomplishments are distinguished from each other by boundedness. Activities do not have a terminal point (a point before which the activity has taken place and after which cannot continue: "John drew a circle"), but accomplishments have one. Of achievements and states, achievements are instantaneous, but states are durative. Achievements and accomplishments are distinguished from one another in that achievements take place immediately (such as in "recognise" or "find"), but accomplishments approach an endpoint incrementally (as in "paint a picture" or "build a house").

Comrie's classification
In his discussion of lexical aspect, Bernard Comrie included the category semelfactive or punctual events such as "sneeze". His divisions of the categories were as follows: states, activities, and accomplishments are durative, but semelfactives and achievements are punctual. Of the durative verbs, states are unique as they involve no change, and activities are atelic (that is, have no "terminal point") whereas accomplishments are telic. Of the punctual verbs, semelfactives are atelic, and achievements are telic. The following table shows examples of lexical aspect in English that involve change (an example of a state is 'know').

Moens and Steedman's classification
Another classification is proposed by Moens and Steedman, based on the idea of the event nucleus.

Syntactic analyses of event structure
Aspectual classes can be analyzed as differing in their event structure, and this has led to the development of syntactic analyses of event structure, with each aspectual class treated as having a distinct syntactic structure.

title: Lexical aspect


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It's About Time (Christina Milian album)

It's About Time is the second album by American singer Christina Milian. The album was released by Island Records on June 15, 2004. It's About Time served as Milian's debut in the US; the September 11 attacks occurred two weeks prior to her debut album was scheduled to be released, and Milian opted to record a new album for the US market.

For the production of the album, Milian worked with Bloodshy & Avant, Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, Cory Rooney, Warryn Campbell, Bryan-Michael Cox and Poli Paul. Milian received writing credit for seven songs on the album, often basing them on personal experiences. The style and sound of the album was compared to that of Beyoncé and Jennifer Lopez by several critics.

The album peaked at number 14 on the US Billboard 200 album chart and number 21 in the United Kingdom, selling a total of 382,000 and 63,708 copies respectively. The album achieved Silver certification in the UK, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary R&B Album. The album's lead single, "Dip It Low", became Milian's most successful to date; peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart and number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart; it eventually went gold. The second single "Whatever U Want" was less successful, peaking on the UK singles chart at number nine. The critical response to It's About Time was mixed. The club tracks, most notably "Dip It Low", were praised, however the ballads were said to be disappointing.

Background
Milian's self-titled debut album was released worldwide in October 2001; however, its domestic release was postponed because of the September 11 attacks, which occurred just two weeks before its release date. Her label opted to release it later that year, in the fourth quarter, but as Milian explained, new artists generally do not release their albums during that time. As a result, the album was again delayed until the first quarter of 2002. After the international release of her debut album, Milian went back into the recording studio. The singer felt that music trends had changed into rock music, hardcore hip hop and tribute songs, and her music did not fall into those categories. Milian decided to stop recording and toured overseas for a year and a half. When she returned to the US, she decided not to release her previous album domestically, and started working on a new album.

Production and composition
Milian traveled the world to record the album, working with the popular producers of the time. The album featured production from Bloodshy & Avant, "Darkchild", Cory Rooney, Warryn Campbell, Bryan-Michael Cox and Poli Paul. Basing her lyrics on past personal experiences, Milian wrote seven songs on the album. Milian later explained that she wrote what she thought other people would like, rather than writing for herself and what she liked. When promoting the album, Milian said that she was excited about the album because she had matured since her last album, and it was "nice for people to see this change".

Discussing the change of genre between her lead singles, Milian said that the "first single off my last album, 'AM to PM', was more of a kiddie kind of thing, very pop. [Dip It Low] is more R&B, kind of a club/party kind of vibe." An issue Milian had with the album was that it did not flow. The various pop and urban influences in that album, she found, confused the audience. For her next studio album, Milian said that she wanted a more consistent feel.

For "Dip It Low"'s music video, Milian danced in a bed of black paint. Milian explained that body art was common in the 1960s: "they would dip in paint and they would roll around on a canvas and make art on the canvas. So I kind of 'dip' in the paint and do the same thing." The song's lyrics are about putting an effort into the relationship as a female: "if you wanna be a little more sexy, you gotta dip it low". Several years after the release of It's About Time, Milian admitted that her new image for "Dip It Low" and the whole album was mainly for shock value. She had to make her way back into the US market, and by choosing a sexier image, she made a name for herself. "Dip It Low" was also meant to show that she was not the same eighteen-year-old girl in the "AM to PM" video. To create her new image, Milian also decided to change her appearance and lightened her hair. Taking inspiration from Janet Jackson who constantly changed her image, Milian thought to herself, "'When did I like Janet Jackson the most?' It was when she had her lightened hair."

The style and sound of the album was compared to that of Beyoncé, Paula Abdul and Jennifer Lopez by several critics, as well as Britney Spears, Aaliyah and Ashanti. After several comparisons to Beyoncé Knowles in regards to appearance, Milian said "I think she is a lovely artist, very talented but the only reason I changed my color hair is because I was getting bored of my same old look and I wanted to do something different." Elysa Gardner of USA Today found that with Milian's "slight, sweet vocals and blithe, breezy pop-soul sensibility", the genre of the album was more pop than R&B. Andy Kellman of Allmusic described "Dip It Low" as "a clever and ubiquitous slice of high-class raunch", and compared the album's sound to both Beyoncé's "Dangerously in Love" and Jennifer Lopez's "This Is Me... Then". Eric R. Danton of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel said "Dip It Low" had the "plinking of an unusual Far Eastern-sounding stringed instrument", and "Whatever U Want" "rolls on a bass-and-drum combo". Danton found the rest of the album to be "simply bland padding, with plodding, canned beats and half-hearted hooks".

Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews among critics. Jim Farber of Entertainment Weekly felt that the songs from It's About Time "sound like they fell off a Paula Abdul album". Farber criticized the lyricists for writing "so many cliches", and said that Milian's voice "suggests a slightly more forceful version of Janet Jackson's pant". Farber gave the album a "D". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said that while It's About Time was "certainly not the worst album of the year", it was "pretty damn crappy". The reviewer enjoyed "Whatever U Want", "I'm Sorry" and "Get Loose", which he said "contribute some guilty pleasure ear candy". Eric Danton of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel found the album "suffers from the same problem afflicting most major-label albums dumped on the market by an industry desperate for quick cash — It's About Time features one hit single, a couple of lesser tracks and a lot of filler." Danton felt that the only hit from It's About Time was "Dip It Low", while "Whatever U Want" and "L.O.V.E." were the album's lesser tracks. Danton praised Milian's vocal talent, but said that ultimately, "the lackluster material [...] rarely gives her a chance to shine".

Andy Kellman of Allmusic praised the club tracks, feeling that they "work best and easily outrank the slower songs". Kellman called "Dip It Low" the biggest highlight of the album, but said that despite the album's "handful of bright spots", Milian "will need to be more convincing during the ballads next time out in order to be considered a true force." Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times said that although "Dip It Low" was one of the summer's most popular songs, the album included an even better song, "I Need More". Sanneh explained that Milian "breathes a serpentine melody over a beat that consists of jagged snippets: some guitar chugging, a few handclaps, a couple of strategically placed beeps and, in the chorus, an unexpected nose-diving bass line." Contrary to the views of other critics, Barry Walters of Rolling Stone said that although the ballads were "gooey", "the love songs work better than the dance tracks". Etta James of People believed that Milian struggled to find her own musical identity on the "fun but formulaic CD". James praised the "sexy booty bumper" "Dip It Low" for its "reggae-ish bass groove, a hypnotic Middle Eastern refrain", and called Fabolous' rap "perfectly chilled". The reviewer thought "Highway", the album's "most erotically charged track", sounded like a female answer to R. Kelly's "Ignition". While James found the album's most personal song, "Oh Daddy", to be the unsuccessful, she said that at least "it gives us a glimpse into the real Christina".

Commercial reception
It's About Time was released in the US on June 15, 2004; it debuted and peaked at number 14 on the US Billboard 200 selling 55,000 copies in its first week, eventually selling 382,000 copies overall as of April 2006. The album also peaked at number five on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Internationally, the album peaked at number 35 on the Swiss Albums Chart, 55 on the German Albums Chart, and 66 on the Dutch Albums Chart. In the UK, the album peaked at number 21, selling a total of 63,708 copies, and achieving Silver certification by the British Phonographic Industry. The album received a Grammy Award nomination for "Best Contemporary R&B Album" in 2005. To promote her album, Milian performed as an opening act on the Usher and Kanye West tour. The album's first single, "Dip It Low", became Milian's biggest hit to date, reaching number two in the UK and number five in the US. The single was certified Gold by the RIAA for digital sales, and earned a Grammy Award nomination for "Best Rap/Sung Collaboration". The album's second and final single, "Whatever U Want" featuring Joe Budden, reached the top ten in the UK.

Track listing
Credits adapted from the liner notes of It's About Time.

Sample credits
 * "I Need More" contains a sample of the song "Glide" (2003) as performed by Rachel Stevens.
 * "Whatever U Want" contains a sample of the song "Spellbound" (1977) as performed by Bar-Kays.
 * "Oh Daddy" contains a sample of the song "Diamond" (2000) as performed by Prodigy.

Notes
 * $undefined$ denotes vocal producer
 * $undefined$ denotes co-producer
 * International versions of the album swap the order of "Get Loose" and "I'm Sorry" to tracks seven and eight, respectively.
 * The version of "L.O.V.E." from the Japanese edition is a different mix than that used on other versions of the album.


text:
Thomas Pink

Thomas Pink Shirtmaker Ltd is a British shirt-maker. It was established in London in 1984 by three Irish brothers – James, Peter and John Mullen. From 1999 to 2021 it was owned by LVMH. In 2018 it lost £23.5 million. The company changed its name to Pink Shirtmaker in November 2018, and it was put up for sale in December 2020. It closed in January 2021, but was acquired in February and had resumed trading by November.

History
The company was started in 1984 by three Irish brothers – James, Peter and John Mullen. It was named after Thomas Pink, an eighteenth-century tailor in Mayfair, London.

In 1999, it was sold to Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy, which paid about €48 million for 70% of the company. At the time, the company had 20 shops, including 17 in the UK, one in Dublin and two in the United States. LVMH bought the remaining 30% of the company in 2003.

In 2012, Thomas Pink launched legal proceedings in the UK against Victoria's Secret, which was marketing lingerie under the label "Pink"; Thomas Pink claimed Victoria's Secret was infringing on its trademarks, confusing customers and tarnishing its image pursuant to the Trade Marks Act 1994. Although Victoria's Secret attempted to raise a number of defences including revocation for non-use, and attacking the validity of the marks for descriptiveness and lack of distinctiveness, in July 2014 in the High Court of England and Wales Judge Colin Birss ruled in Thomas Pink's favour. Victoria's Secret, which is owned by L Brands, is making efforts to protect its trademarks in the United States, where the British trademark ruling did not have any effect.

In 2018, the company made an operating loss of £23.5 million. In November 2018, it changed its name to Pink Shirtmaker. It closed its Jermyn Street shop in August 2020, and in December of that year closed down its other shops, its website and its social media activity. Its dissolution was partially attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. In February 2021, Nick Preston, a former JD Sports executive, made arrangements to acquire the brand and its intellectual property from LVMH, though not its retail storefronts; the brand resumed trading in November of that year.

title: Thomas Pink


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Image:The hills.JPG

Dhahran Hills
Amazingly, this scene was shot in the desert kingdom; Saudi Arabia, this picture is used in Dhahran article, User:Eagleamn created this picture. - 198.36.32.9 12:29, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. First vote here - 198.36.32.9 12:29, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Coimbatore District Textile Workers Union

Coimbatore District Textile Workers Union, a trade union in the textile industry in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India. CDTWU is affiliated to the Hind Mazdoor Sabha. The general secretary of CDTWU is A. Subramaniam and the president is Rajamani (state secretary of HMS).


text:
Thai Air Cargo

Thai Air Cargo (T2 Cargo), was a cargo airline based in Bangkok, Thailand, operating from 2004 to 2006.

History
Thai Air Cargo was established in December 2004 as a joint venture between a Thai logistics firm, Commercial Transport International, or CTI Holdings (51%) and Australian airline Qantas (49%).

Thai Air Cargo was to initially target markets in Japan, China, India and Europe.

In 2005, the company announced it was to wet lease a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 from US-based World Airways.

Beginning operations at a time when Thailand's national flag carrier Thai Airways International was focused more on its passenger business, Thai Air Cargo filled a niche and appeared to be doing good business, with 95% load factors.

However, in March 2006, Thailand's Civil Aviation Department said it was withdrawing the cargo carrier's license, and it appears the airline has gone out of business.

title: Thai Air Cargo


text:
Azerbaijani Democratic Party

The Azerbaijan Democratic Party (آذربایجان دموکرات فرقه‌سی; ) was a pro-Soviet, separatist, and pan-Turkist party founded by Jafar Pishevari in Tabriz, Iran, in September 1945. It depended on the Soviet Union and was supported by it. The ADP was founded as an opposition party against the Pahlavi dynasty. The Azerbaijani branch of the Soviet-supported Tudeh Party immediately defected to the ADP. The ADP, like the Tudeh Party, was communist and pro-Soviet, but emphasized questions of ethnic identity over class identity. The ADP ruled the Soviet-backed Azerbaijan People's Government from 1945 until 1946 with Pishevari as premier.

title: Azerbaijani Democratic Party


text:
Kudremukh Shram Shakthi Sanghatan

Kudremukh Shram Shakthi Sanghatan (KSSS, Kudremukh Labour Power Organization), a trade union at the Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd., Karnataka, India.

KSSS is affiliated to Hind Mazdoor Sabha. The general secretary of KSSS is S. Venkataraya, and the President is M. Sureshchandra Shetty Asst General Secretary is A Rajaguru. other office bearers are S R Kubera setty Ashwathanarayana B T Padmanabha Shetty Suresh Babu Channakeshava B R.

title: Kudremukh Shram Shakthi Sanghatan


text:
Undeniable (Raven-Symoné album)

Undeniable is the second (and first independently released) studio album by American singer Raven-Symoné. Although her first album was full of kid-rap, she used this album to display her vocal ability while still holding true to her roots in rap. The album was released on May 4, 1999 and as of February 2007 has sold over 2,000 copies.

Background
After the lack of success with her debut, Here's to New Dreams, Raven was dropped from MCA Records in 1994. After a short break, she co-founded RayBlaize Records with her father, Christopher Pearman in 1996, and signed a deal with Crash Records in 1997. The song "Pure Love" was written by first season American Idol contestant EJay Day, and the song "I Love You" was written by Stevie Wonder. The album features the single "With a Child's Heart", also a Stevie Wonder song.

Promotion
Raven-Symoné was an opening act for 'N Sync's first tour, the 1998-1999 'N SYNC Tour. One single was released, "With a Child's Heart", a Stevie Wonder song. It spawned three music videos, one for each version of the song.

Track listing

 * 1) "With a Child's Heart (Uptempo Version)" (Blaze, Jefferson) – 3:53
 * 2) "I Can Get Down" (Blaize, Jefferson, Ray Blaze) – 4:01
 * 3) "Hip Hoppers" (Holt, Jefferson) – 4:18
 * 4) "Slow Down" (Jefferson) – 4:52
 * 5) "Best Friends" (Jerome "Rome" Jefferson, Pierce La Kindra, Raven-Symoné) – 4:18
 * 6) "People Make the World Go Round" (Thomas Creed, Linda Creed) – 4:15
 * 7) "Bounce" (Jefferson) – 4:41
 * 8) "I Love You" (Wonder) – 4:51
 * 9) "Lean on Me" (Blaize, Jefferson, Ray Blaze) – 4:07
 * 10) "With a Child's Heart (Ballad Version)" (Vickie Basemore, Henry Cosby, Silvia Moore) – 5:34
 * 11) "Pure Love" (Day, Rogers, Sawyer, Smith) – 3:31
 * 12) "With a Child's Heart (Bonus Remix Uptempo Version)" (Blaze, Jefferson) – 3:38
 * 13) "With a Child's Heart (International Bonus House Mix)" (Blaze, Jefferson) – 4:21

title: Undeniable (Raven-Symoné album)


text:
Suprascapular nerve

The suprascapular nerve is a mixed (sensory and motor) nerve that branches from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. It is derived from the ventral rami of cervical nerves C5-C6. It provides motor innervation to the supraspinatus muscle, and the infraspinatus muscle.

Origin
The suprascapular nerve arises from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus which is formed by the union of the ventral rami of the cervical nerves C5-C6.

Course and relations
After branching from the upper trunk, the nerve passes across the posterior triangle of the neck parallel to the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle and deep to the trapezius muscle. It then runs along the superior border of the scapula through the suprascapular canal, in which it enters via the suprascapular notch inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament and enters the supraspinous fossa. It then passes beneath the supraspinatus and curves around the lateral border of the spine of the scapula through spinogleniod notch to the infraspinous fossa.

Function
The suprascapular nerve is a mixed peripheral nerve containing motor and sensory components.

Motor innervation

 * Supraspinatus muscle
 * Infraspinatus muscle (through the spinoglenoid notch)

Sensory innervation
In the supraspinous fossa it gives off two branches to the supraspinatus muscle and in the infraspinous fossa it gives off two branches to the infraspinatus muscle.
 * Acromioclavicular joint
 * Glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)

Clinical significance

 * Suprascapular paralysis, causing back pain, problems with abduction and external rotation of the humerus, and wasting away of supraspinatus and infraspinatus. Supraspinatus muscle helps in 0°-15° arm abduction. And Infraspinatus helps in lateral rotation (external rotation) of humerus.
 * Suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome, causing shoulder pain and localized muscular atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. This can potentially develop due to suprascapular nerve being entrapped and compressed within the suprascapular canal potential anatomical entrapment sites.

title: Suprascapular nerve


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Testmagic

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 14:43, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Testmagic
looks like spam. Nateji77 12:35, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Delete unless it is actually an important company. Radiant! 13:14, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep cleanup and expand - 50,000 Google hits for educational software company. Megan1967 02:18, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep seems to have enough of a profile WpZurp 06:50, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, helpful, I cleaned it up. Wyss 12:10, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Google is deceptive on this one. A google search on "testmagic" but excluding returns from their own domain reduces the number of hits from 50,000 to 8,360.  Scanning the first few pages of hits, most are advertisements that redirect to their domain, link pages or blogs.  Digging deeper - According to this, it is a for-profit company generating revenues by advertising.  Hoovers' reports that they generated a mere $430,000 revenues and have only 15 employees.  That size does not rise to the level normally expected for inclusion of other companies.  Since size did not establish notability, I started looking for other indicators.  None of the reviews I found described their offerings as particularly innovative or influential.  The Alexa ranking is ambiguous - huge variability over the past year.  I can't find anything else.  Unless other evidence can be found, reluctant delete.  Rossami (talk) 23:10, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Rossami; non-notable googlebombers. —Korath (Talk) 12:06, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per detective work. Cool Hand Luke  06:09, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. dbenbenn | talk 14:43, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Capitán Trueno

El Capitán Trueno (lit. "Captain Thunder") is the hero of a series of Spanish comic books, created in 1956 by the writer Víctor Mora and illustrated mainly by Miguel Ambrosio Zaragoza (Ambrós). The comics were published continuously between 1956 and 1968, with Trueno eventually becoming the most popular Spanish hero comic of all time: at its height it sold more than 170,000 copies every week. The series was inspired by Hal Foster's Prince Valiant.

Publication history
The comic was first published in 1956. Portions of the comic books have also been published in several Latin American countries, Italy (as "Capitan Tuono"), Greece (having its own title "ΤΡΟΥΕΝΟ", by Nikolaos Deligiorgis editions), Portugal and France. The series suffered some limited censorship during the dictatorship. Censors were concerned, for example, that Capitán Trueno and Sigrid were traveling around the world unburdened by matrimonial ties (vínculos matrimoniales).

Characters and story
El Capitán Trueno is a 12th-century knight-errant, assisted by his faithful companions the cunning adolescent Crispín and the huge gourmand Goliath. His eternal dame is Sigrid of Thule, an energetic Viking princess who takes part in many of the adventures of the trio. In successive books, Capitán Trueno and his friends travel the whole world, while enforcing justice and freedom against bullies and tyrants. They never use more violence than necessary.

Film
The character appears in the 2011 film Capitán Trueno y el Santo Grial (aka Captain Thunder and The Holy Grail), directed by Antonio Hernández, with actor Sergio Peris-Mencheta in the lead role.

Video game
A video game was released by Dinamic Software for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and MSX.

Popular culture
El Capitán Trueno has been the subject of several popular songs; by Asfalto, in their eponymous 1978 debut album, and by Spanish pop veteran Miguel Bosé in his song "El Hijo del Capitan Trueno" (Captain Thunder's Son) from his 2001 album Sereno.

title: Capitán Trueno


text:
MCF Employees' Union

MCF Employees' Union, a trade union at the Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilisers, in Karnataka, India. MCFEU is affiliated to Hind Mazdoor Sabha.

title: MCF Employees' Union


text:
Talk:Henry Cort

Untitled
Note that there are a few web references to "pudding" furnace rather than "puddling" furnace. These seem to refer to the developments by Cort, rather than the earlier puddling process. I don't have any reference works to check this out, I'm afraid.

Also, on the web there are some references to "shindling" rather than "shingling", but these seem to be mistakes. Noisy | Talk 12:36, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

Link removed
I've removed (and corrected) the link to Book Rags that I initially added, because you need to pay a fee to access the information. I've moved it here in case anyone already has a subscription and is interested. Noisy | Talk 22:17, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Comment
There are aspects of this article that are not quite accurate at present. I hope to find time to correct them, from Mott's work (now cited), which remains the best biographical source, despite some more recnet work by others. Peterkingiron 22:22, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- KenWalker | Talk 00:33, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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Henry Cort vs the American Revolution
"The importance of Cort's improvements to the process of iron making were recognised as early as 1786 by Lord Sheffield who regarded them (undeservedly) along with James Watt's work on the steam engine as more important than the loss of America.[9]"

Undeservedly in whose opinion? The source's? Does this sentence mean it shouldn't ranked with the steam engine, or that neither/both together weren't as significant as the loss of the thirteen colonies? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.159.253.71 (talk) 16:33, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

New research suggests Cort appropriated the wrought iron process from Jamaican developers
New research relevant to this article, I believe. It relates to the Cort process being appropriated from its Jamaican developers. RobbieIanMorrison (talk) 07:31, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

 * The new addition to the article is based on research by Jenny Bulstrode only just published, and therefore possibly open to dispute. The claim that Cort's process was derived from one used in Jamaica seems to be based mainly on the fact that they both used grooved rollers to produce 'bar iron'.  The claim may be correct, but the separate Wiki article on 'Puddling (metallurgy)', states that 'This application of grooved rollers to the rolling mill, to roll narrow bars, was also Cort's adoption of existing rolling mills on the Continent', citing a respected source (an article by H. R. Schubert in a standard history of technology). This conflict of sources needs to be addressed. Bulstrode's article does not mention the one by Schubert. 2A00:23C8:7907:4B01:6DAB:B13F:C39E:EC26 (talk) 12:48, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Being open to dispute doesn't mean it should be wholesale removed. The Guardian and New Scientist are perfectly reasonable sources. OhNo itsJamie Talk 19:29, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
 * added to my original comment (first in this section): It is well worth reading the newsletter by Dr Anton Howes, linked in another comment below.  Howes stresses that a lot of the points in Bulstrode's article are speculative and not based on any hard evidence.  For example, the idea that Cort actually imported rolling machinery from Jamaica is pure speculation.  Not impossible, but not very likely either. The evidence suggests that the Jamaican ironworks (which was illegal) was demolished, so that extracting and transporting heavy machinery, loading it onto ships for transport to Britain (Portsmouth?), then unloading it and transporting to Cort's plant in Wales would be a huge operation.2A00:23C8:7907:4B01:30DD:3CC8:334C:DDDF (talk) 19:18, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

"based on research by Jenny Bulstrode only just published, and therefore possibly open to dispute" The recent paper is derived from records newly found, it's not made up. I edited the relevant section, but it was deleted. This is how I left the section "Rolling mill and puddling furnace" (with added subsection):

{{Blockquote|text= It had been thought that Cort developed a revolutionary process for producing wrought iron from scrap iron, known as the "Cort process". Analysis of records in 2023 discovered that the process had been fully developed by 76 black Jamaican metallurgists [n.b Bulstrode's article doesn't include any 'records' proving this- would be better to assert that this is a claim that has been made rather than indisputable truth], mostly slaves, at an ironworks near Morant Bay, Jamaica, and was used there. The white owner of the ironworks and slaves knew nothing of iron manufacturing, relying on the skill of his workers. The usual way to remove impurities in low-quality iron was to hammer them out, which was laborious. Jamaican sugar mills used grooved rollers; they were introduced into the ironworks to mechanise impurity removal. This revolutionised the production of cast iron. Cort learnt about the process from a cousin, a ship's master who regularly visited Jamaica. Months later the British government placed Jamaica under military law and ordered the destruction of the ironworks on the pretext that it could be used by rebels against colonial rule to make weapons from scrap metal. Cort acquired the machinery, shipped it to Portsmouth, and patented the innovation in 1784.
 * Cort process

{{Blockquote|text= It had been thought that Cort developed a revolutionary process for producing wrought iron from scrap iron, known as the "Cort process". Analysis of records in 2023 discovered that the process had been fully developed by 76 black Jamaican metallurgists, mostly slaves, at an ironworks near Morant Bay, Jamaica, and was used there. The white owner of the ironworks and slaves knew nothing of iron manufacturing, relying on the skill of his workers. The usual way to remove impurities in low-quality iron was to hammer them out, which was laborious. Jamaican sugar mills used grooved rollers; they were introduced into the ironworks to mechanise impurity removal. This revolutionised the production of cast iron. Cort learnt about the process from a cousin, a ship's master who regularly visited Jamaica. Months later the British government placed Jamaica under military law and ordered the destruction of the ironworks on the pretext that it could be used by rebels against colonial rule to make weapons from scrap metal. Cort acquired the machinery, shipped it to Portsmouth, and patented the innovation in 1784.
 * Cort process

Cort's puddling furnace used grooved rollers to mechanise the formerly laborious process. It had been thought that his work built on the existing ideas of the Cranege brothers and their reverberatory furnace (where heat is applied from above, rather than through the use of forced air from below) and (particularly) Peter Onions' puddling process where iron is stirred to separate out impurities and extract the higher quality wrought iron. The furnace effectively lowered the carbon content of the cast iron charge through oxidation while the "puddler" extracted a mass of iron from the furnace using an iron "rabbling bar". The extracted ball of metal was then processed into a "shingle" by a shingling hammer, after which it was rolled in the rolling mill. The original process introduced by Cort was ineffectual, as he used iron from charcoal furnaces rather than the coke-smelted pig iron in general production. Significant alterations were made by Richard Crawshay and other Merthyr Tydfil ironmasters to improve the process.}} {{Reflist-talk|title=}}

Best wishes, Pol098 (talk) 20:36, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

--- The problem I have with Jenny Bulstrode's article is that she doesn't actually prove what the Guardian claims- she relies on conjecture and filling the blanks in a timeline to support the insinuation that Cort stole the process from Jamaica, rather than any cast-iron proof (pun not intended).

--- Firstly She doesn't prove the process was even invented in Jamaica- this is the relevant passage from her paper, which doesn't include a source for the claim- note that she has just decided that because "sugar and iron shared much overlapping conceptual space" and because West and Central African societies tied iron blades into currency bundles, this innovation must have been invented in Jamaica:

"Iron and sugar mills have been understood as serving different technical functions. The crushing action of the sugar mill’s grooved rollers separated the cane into two parts: the juice and the husk. By contrast the smooth rollers of the traditional European metal mill flattened and made uniform the iron sheet passed through them.121 But in the Atlantic world of the African diaspora these European classificatory conventions were challenged, and sugar and iron shared much overlapping conceptual space.122 Just as Gold Coast metallurgists separated bars of European iron into polluting shackles and sacred blades, Black Jamaicans bound to sugar plantations fed bundles of cane into grooved rollers that separated the juice of enslaver values from the husks Black insurgents lit when they burned enslaver infrastructure to the ground.123 When West and Central African societies tied iron blades in currency bundles to forge alliances between divergent groups, they marked the impending struggle. So too in Jamaica: tying sugar cane in bundles forged a common experience between differing African heritages and marked an injustice to be repaid with just war. The Black metallurgists who ran John Reeder’s foundry saw its old European technology in the light of their present experiences and living histories. They were not bound by European classificatory conventions and their practices and purposes were their own. They tied scrap iron in bundles like sugar cane, heated the bundles in the reverberatory furnace, and then fed them through grooved rollers like those found in a sugar mill. In doing so, they transformed scrap metal into valuable bar iron."

--- Secondly, she doesn't prove that Cort stole this process either. The relevant passage from her paper is here:

"Before he entered the iron trade, many of Cort’s high-powered clients held posts in the Caribbean, such as William Burnaby, commander-in-chief of the West India squadron and Jamaica station 1763–6.182 An agent and attorney with Cort’s contacts in Jamaica was valuable to an officer with a West Indies posting. These connections would help ensure they received a good rate and their portion of the money from any prizes – the equipment, vehicles, vessels and cargo captured during armed conflict.183 John Cort himself shipped prize cargoes of goods captured off Jamaica to England.184 In 1783, Henry Cort would claim that the innovation for which he took credit was the product of ‘great study, labour, and expence [sic], in trying a variety of experiments and making many discoveries’.185 Yet no account has been found of what the alleged study, labour or experiments might have involved.186 When questioned, years on, as to the costs involved he ‘seems not to have known’.187 But Cort’s financial records for 1782 document that, after his cousin’s visit in November 1781, Henry borrowed a total of £27,000 from Jellicoe.188 This was an outlay comparable to the great Jamaican works which John Reeder valued at £30,000 in total and £22,000 without the first cost and occasional work.189 John Reeder’s foundry was dis-mantled and loaded onto ships between 3 March and 3 May 1782, and it was not until 14 December 1782, with the £27,000 laid out, that Cort was able to declare to ‘brother projector’ and steam engineer James Watt of Boulton & Watt that he had ‘found out some grand secret in the making of Iron’."

--- Offered as evidence is the claim that Henry Cort borrowed money at around the same time the foundry was demolished. Also offered as evidence is that "no account of what the alleged study, labour or experiments might have involved" has been found- but absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Cort's innovation was a fairly simple improvement to the process- it could have equally been independently discovered by him- and it should be noted it wasn't widely adopted or commercially successful until further refinements to the process had been made. I'm fine with Bulstrode's claims being included in this article but they shouldn't be treated as undisputed or the gospel truth since she doesn't provide any definitive proof that the puddling process was invented in Jamaica first or that Cort took it from there- rather her article relies on making (mostly metaphorical and literary) connections between West-African metal working and the lived experience of being a slave or Maroon in Jamaica, and then making some logical leaps.

--- Bulstrode's article is here: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07341512.2023.2220991

Agree with previous comment. Bulstrode's interesting work definitely merits inclusion as published research on the subject, but should be framed as a claim or hypothesis rather than a conclusive fact given its essentially conjectural nature. A recent contribution in the newsletter of Dr Anton Howes makes some important comments: https://twitter.com/antonhowes/status/1677310716276006915

RogerSheaffe (talk) 15:58, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

It seems that there is some dispute (raised amon other in the above-mentionned substack) on wether iron and sugar mill grooved rollers were truly similar, especially given the differing orientation of grooves and horizontal vs. vertical setting of rollers. Maybe this could be made clearer in the current description of the paper that is talking about "similarily grooved rollers"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.104.28.30 (talk) 14:22, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * (edit conflict) The validity of Bulstrode's view is highly questionable. Other citations relating to this are merely derivative.  It is noteworthy that her work does not cite any academic works the history of ferrous metallurgy (other than Mott's biography of Cort).  I strongly suspect that she has not researched what recycling of iron took place in Britain in period before John Reeder set up an ironworks in Jamaica. Much of this is covered in articles in Historical Metallurgy, which were almost certainly available to Bulstrode in the library of UCL, when she submitted her article.  For foundries with air furnaces see my '18th-century ironfounding: coke iron, air furnaces and cupolas', https://hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/99. For rolling mills, my 'Iron in 1790: production statistics 1787-96 and the arrival of puddling', https://hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/132. The English origins of puddling are discussed in the context of Merthyr Tydfil in T. Young and R. Hart, 'The refining process, part 1: a review of its origins and development', https://hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/issue/view/7

 * Reeder brought in 60 English artisans to run his works. He was able to dispense with them after a while, almost certainly because they had taught their skills to Reeder's workers (slaves), not because of the slaves inherited skills.  Both the rolling mill and the air furnace were established technology in England long before Reeder set up his works. Accordingly, Bulstrode's claim that these workers were applying some skill derived of maroon or African origin is beyond belief.  This goes against the principle that the simplest explanation is usually the right one.  Indigenous African ironmaking involved the bloomery process.  The reverberatory furnace or air furnace is completely different technology, probably invented in England in the 17th century.  Peterkingiron (talk) 14:28, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * In Wikipedia terms, Guardian and New Scientist are RS, but they are merely reporting the Bulstrode's article in History and Technology, which is also WP:RS. However none of this  establishes that Bulstrode's theories are in fact correct.  As I indicated above, there are grave doubts as to their correctness, but WP is not the right venue for dealing with that. Peterkingiron (talk) 20:34, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Another article, FWTW:
 * https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/09/16/oxford-scholars-debunk-industrial-revolution-hero-theft-claim
 * Oxford dons hit out at claim British inventor stole his idea from slaves
 * Jenny Bulstrode's contention that Henry Cort did not pioneer iron-making process to be investigated after rival academics complain
 * 16 September 2023 tickle me 17:26, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

Patents confiscated?
The current article, curiously in the "personal life" section, said that other ironworks used a modified process and so avoided paying royalties on the patented Cort process. However, the Guardian says "he patented the innovation. Five years later, Cort was discovered to have embezzled vast sums from navy wages and the patents were confiscated and made public, allowing widespread adoption in British ironworks." (my emphasis)

This seems to be a conflict. I am not knowledgeable enough to feel like I should edit the article, but can someone who knows the 18th/19th century patent situation better please clear this up? Thanks a lot! Cheers!--95.89.78.72 (talk) 15:36, 3 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Cort did not embezzle anything. His problem was that he was dependent on loans from Adam Jellicoe, who had made him a loan from public money in his hands.  The money in question belonged to the Navy Board, upon whom the patents effectively devolved; "confiscated" is not quite the right word.  It decided not to enforce the patents or allow Cort to do so, so that the effect was that they became publicly available.  Quite how fast the patents were adopted remains unclear.  Peterkingiron (talk) 20:26, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

Update on the claims Cort took his process from a Jamaican mill
This pre-print claims to have gone to the primary sources used by Bulstrod and found that they do not actually substantiate any of the claims regarding Cort and Jamaica. I think given the controversy, any reference to Bulstrode should be removed from the article until the dust settles. Sfsworms (talk) 12:19, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

 * The "controversy" is between those who don't care about the facts, as long as a fable satisfies their beliefs and those who expect scholars to only publish scholarly papers (when they are claiming to be describing reality) and not put their name to rubbish. All references to Jamaica in this biography should be removed until such a time as she (Bulstrode) or other subject-experts find a factual basis for her fantasy.98.17.44.45 (talk) 04:46, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I have separated the controversy claims into its own sub-section. In my opinion, it reads better this way. Presents the accepted account and only then the controversy. My view regarding removing the references to Jamaica and Bulstrode's work is that I am in favour. Her work seems to have been thoroughly demolished. Even if her theory proves to be corrected there is no reason to mention it aside from the fact that it was controversial and has therefore generated pieces in reliable sources. Jtrrs0 (talk) 13:15, 16 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I've removed it since I can't find any solid evidence that Jelf actually exists.©Geni (talk) 02:57, 19 September 2023 (UTC)
 * This controversy has hit mainstream press within the last two days, so I'm thinking the section could be restored with better sourcing.
 * Jelf is explicitly cited in the former link alongside a credentialed historian, but according to a Substack* Jolf is currently completing a master's thesis. As a result, I don't think the pre-print clears the bar set by WP:SPS as Jolf is not a recognized expert in the subject matter.
 * NOTE: The Substack is blacklisted because it has .xyz in the URL, so I can't link it directly: www.ageofinvention.xyz/p/age-of-invention-does-history-have. It might be reliable as the author claims / is a historian in this subject area, but regardless as far as I can see there's no other info on Jolf out there. Ed [talk] [majestic titan] 04:53, 19 September 2023 (UTC)
 * well nothing new has popped up in the last 48 hours so I guess we are going to have to work with what we have. I'm guessing about two sentences worth of claim has been made and flatly rejected for reasons.©Geni (talk) 14:05, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

Another round has happened:

 * https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07341512.2023.2275357
 * www.ageofinvention.xyz/p/age-of-invention-how-to-be-a-public#%C2%A7apparently-not

Not much changed. Suggest continuing to wait and see.©Geni (talk) 03:49, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Cort


text: Category:Trade unions at the Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilisers


text:
Talk:Geniocracy

Geniocracy Project
Okay. First, if anybody who's been to The Geniocracy Project's website and thinks their manifesto adds something to the discussion, feel free to put it back: just erring on the side of caution. Second, is anybody really taking this idea seriously other than the Raelians? If so, could there be some references added? If not, could this article possibly be deleted, or otherwise appropriately tagged? As usual, I don't know whether to top-post or bottom-post in *this* discussion. Thanks. Johndodd 20:40, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

I don't understand Geniocracy as an alternative form of democracy.

It is said that the only people who can vote are those who have an intellectual potential (IP, not the traditionnal IQ or intellectual quotient) above 10 % of the population's average IP: assuming a normal distribution of the IPs among the population, this geniocratic rule denies the 3/4 (75 %) of the population to vote. In the same way, by requiring an IP above 50 % more than the average IP, geniocracy deprieves more than 99 % of the population of the right to run for election. Can we call such a system a democratic one ?
 * I wouldn't call it democratic, but there's goof precedent. Athens was considered a democracy even though only a small fraction of the population could vote.  My real problem is the definition given of the intelligence restricton.  Even if there was a good test for intelligence, "50% above average" isn't well-defined.  The simplest method imaginable (similar to IQ) would be defined as a normal distribution with a mean of 1 and a standard deviation of 1.  "50% above average", here, would mean half the populaton.  Changing the standard deviation to 15 wouldn't change this.  Arbitrarily adding 100 to each score (as IQ does) suddenly makes it incredibly selective: 0.043% qualify.  Widening the standard deviation to 19 (as some IQ tests do) makes it 10 times as common, etc.  Now if the scale was against some 'arbtrary' intelligence (we don't have a way to measure this now, but we also don't have an accurate way to measure intelligence at all, so while we're wishing...) this would make sense.  If it was measured directly in terms of percentage of the population (top 30, or 10, or 2, or 0.0001%), it would make sense.  Without that, the statement is essentially arbitrary.  In fact, with the right choice of a mean, this scale could go down instead of up... CRGreathouse 23:34, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Well you have got two sides here. One could claim that its democratic in the same way as the antique greece was at some point. Only free men where classified as "the people" and so "the people" had the right to vote and it was democracy.

I would say that its an oligarchy, where most political power rests with a small segment of society. Is an oligarchy democratic?, i cant say..., Felix

A number of the people on the geniocracy forum are not in fact Raelians. So there is some interest in the idea outside of the movement. One trend that I have noticed is that Geniocracy, as a political model, is sometimes more accessable to non-Raelians since it's something that they consider more tangible.

As for the argument of democracy, it does boil down to semantics. It is recognised that common parlance of the term democracy is almost synonymous with universal franchise. However, it should also be recognised that universal franchise is not the only quality to be identified with the concept. As a compromise we use further definitions such as "selective democracy", rather than "universal democracy".

Angelus Michaels

Democratic one world government is a goal of geniocracy
The immigration rallies walk outs and strikes that are schuduled to take place all across the United States today May 1, 2006 are a sign that the ideals of geniocracy are being embraced by the massses. Do not make the mistake of thinking that marxists and other lefitsts are for democratic one world government, they would actually call that U.S. imperialism. If Mexico for example, was governed by the same laws as the US and borders were not around anymore allowing everyone who wants to travel anywhere, leftists would continue calling for nationalist solutions. Geniocracy would aim to work within the Democratic structure in order to improve the situation for all people through humanitarian technological means. Once there is a Democratic world revolution the current problem of racism will eventually disappear and pave the way for all people to unite and fight for revolutionary changes in society.

Roman Shusterman No Police State Coalition

So other than propaganda do you have anything to contribute? Lostsocks 23:54, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Religion?
Why is this part of the religion WikiProject? It should be in politics. --68.151.33.139 06:05, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No idea if this was the thinking, but the raelian concepts appear to have been adopted by the credulous idiots who believe in intelligent design and ufos. It's rather ironic that the first people who would have their franchise removed by a truly intelligence led electoral system are the ones pushing it.212.84.103.98 (talk) 19:05, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

 * "No idea if this was the thinking, but the raelian concepts appear to have been adopted by the credulous idiots who believe in intelligent design and ufos. It's rather ironic that the first people who would have their franchise removed by a truly intelligence led electoral system are the ones pushing it." So who are the credulous idiots who appear to have adopted the Raelians' concepts? Nice to meet you Mr. 212.84.103.98! Kmarinas86 (6sin8karma) 05:33, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

Average Mean
Something tells me an article about the world being run by geniuses shouldn't say they should be above the "average mean." It's a repeating redundancy in its complete entirety. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.192.161.227 (talk) 21:39, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Similar Concepts
Have there been any serious proposals for rule by the smart that doesn't involve pie in the sky world governmen? Any organizations that use it? It sounds great to me. User:Stargate70 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.86.101.15 (talk) 05:11, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

The main cause of the Schism between Sunni and Shia Muslims was the battle between Meritocracy (Sunni) and Nepotism (Shia). Look up their respective articles on Wikipedia for more info.

I would also like to add that this article discusses Geniocracy merely from Rael's point of view, and not a secular point of view. Arguably, there haven't been any books or papers on the subject by secular philosophers and political theorists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.205.73.138 (talk) 22:02, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

New Concept or New Name?
This seems to be Plato's Philosopher kings re-labelled for a bit of ego boosting. Should this be merged as a minor section of Republic? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.223.213 (talk) 22:15, 21 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Extended Concept. It is a bit more specific than that. See (http://rael.org/download.php?view.182) It should not be merged.'' Kmarinas86 (6sin8karma) 15:59, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Criticism Section
So that this Wikipedia entry is unbiased, and the concept itself can be more robust, a 'Criticism" section is necessary. --Afam1986 (talk) 05:02, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geniocracy


text:
MCF Mazdoor Sangh

MCF Mazdoor Sangh, a trade union at the Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilisers, in Karnataka, India. MCFMS is affiliated to Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh.

title: MCF Mazdoor Sangh


text:
Meili

In Norse mythology, Meili (Old Norse:, 'the lovely one' ) is a god, son of the god Odin and Jörð, and brother of the god Thor. Meili is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Other than Meili's relation to Odin and Thor, no additional information is provided about the deity in either source.

Attestations
In the Poetic Edda poem Hárbarðsljóð, Meili receives a single mention; the god Thor declares that, even if he were an outlaw, he would reveal his name and his homeland, for he is the son of Odin, the brother of Meili, and the father of Magni.

Meili receives four mentions in the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál. In chapter 17, verses from the poem Haustlöng (attributed to the 10th century skald Þjóðólfr of Hvinir) are provided, where Thor is referred to as "Meili's brother." In chapter 22, additional quotes from Haustlöng are provided where a kenning is employed for the god Hœnir that refers to Meili ("step-Meili"). In chapter 23, a quote by a work from the skald Þjóðólfr of Hvinir is provided that refers to Thor as "Meili's brother". In chapter 75, Meili is listed among names of the Æsir and as a son of Odin (between the god Baldr and the god Víðarr).

Reception
Some 19th-century scholars proposed that Meili's mother should be understood as Jörð, a goddess and the personified Earth. Also during the 19th century, Viktor Rydberg theorized that Baldr and Meili are one and the same.

title: Meili


text:
User:Yaqoob

Al-Haj Chaudhary Mohammed Yaqoob, BSc(Hons), FCA (Eng & Wales), FCA (Pak), Cert PFS

Born in village Khukha Jhelum Pakistan.

Member of Chaudhary family. Grandson of Chaudhary Ali Mohammed, son of Haji Chaudhary Mohammed Sarwar (who migrated to the UK in 1954 and was the first from kHUKHA to settle in the UK), and nephew of Al-haj Chaudhary Sub Mohammed Ashraf.

Mohammed Yaqoob came to England in 1964.

Lived in: Khukha (birth to 1964), London (1964-1965), Bolton (1965-1983), Khukha and Rawalpindi (1983-1986) and Bolton (1986-to date).

Educated in:

Khukha boys middle school (1960-1964);

Star Lane primary school, Canning Town, London (1964);

Chapel End primary school (first asian to attend this school), Walthamstow, London (1964-1965);

Pikes Lane primary school, Bolton (1965-1967);

Hayward Bi-lateral school, Bolton (1967-1970);

Deane Grammar school, Bolton (1970-1974); and

'''Lancaster University (1975-1978). First from Khukha to graduate in the UK and many many followed in his footsteps. '''

Student Chartered Accountant from 1978 to 1981.

First from Khukha to qualify as a Chartered Accountant and member of the Institutes of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales and also Pakistan.

Specilisms: Auditing, investment business (especially pensions), quality assurance.

Lectured on audit quality assurance in the UK, Pakistan (Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi), France, Sri Lanka, Washington, Morocco.

Worked for the ICAEW for over 20 years and now Audit Director at an international accountancy network responsible for global audit quality. Has visited approximately 30 countries to date.

title: User:Yaqoob