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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gary Scavone

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 23:29, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)

Gary Scavone
Professor that fails the professor test. Radiant! 12:41, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, he co-authored the Synthesis Toolkit. Kappa 13:37, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Synthesis Toolkit seems notable enough and we have an article on Perry R. Cook the other inventor. Capitalistroadster 14:39, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, but is there anything else of interest about Gary, or should we simply merge & redirect to the STK? Radiant! 15:13, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — I added a link to his home page, which includes his resume. He appears well published. — RJH 17:40, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Most of those publications are conference proceedings, not books, chapters or journal articles. For now I say merge--nixie 06:36, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Synthesis Toolkit. Megan1967 05:27, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I think professors with a reasonable number of publications are notable and should be kept. This one, however, is an assistant professor that actually has published very little, as far as I can see. His PhD seems to be unpublished. There's only one book chapter, and one co-authored article in a peer reviewed publication. Some 20 conference presentations is not enough in itself either. For the time being, it seems that Synthesis Toolkit is his only claim to notability, which makes me go for merge and redirect - unless someone proves to me that STK is extremely notable in itself. / Alarm 17:44, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - David Gerard 00:33, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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List of companies of Singapore

Singapore is a sovereign island country in maritime Southeast Asia. A global city, it has a highly developed market economy, based historically on extended entrepôt trade and more recently as a financial hub as well. Its economy is known as the most freest, most innovative, most competitive, most dynamic and most business-friendly in the world by various multinational economists, think-tanks and organisations. Furthermore, Singapore is also consistently ranked as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, and the most transparent in all of Asia on the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI).

Singapore is a wealthy country, and is one of the original Four Asian Tigers, having also surpassed its peers in terms of GDP per capita, being the second highest in the world. Between 1965 and 1995, growth rates averaged around 6 per cent per annum, transforming the living standards of the population within a single generation. To start a business in Singapore, business owners have to register with the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA). ACRA is the national regulator and company registrar of business entities, accountants and service providers in Singapore.

Largest public companies
This list shows firms in the Forbes Global 2000, which ranks the world's largest public companies for 2022. Only the top five firms (if available) are included as a sample.

By total revenue
This list shows firms in the Fortune Global 500, which ranks firms by total revenue for 2022. Only the top five firms (if available) are included as a sample.

Notable firms
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of companies of Singapore


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436 Patricia

Patricia (minor planet designation: 436 Patricia) is a large Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on 13 September 1898 in Heidelberg.

title: 436 Patricia


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437 Rhodia

Rhodia (minor planet designation: 437 Rhodia) is a Main belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 16 July 1898 in Nice. It was named after one of the Oceanid nymphs of Greek mythology. This asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $13.12 km$ with a period of 1346.1 days and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.25. The orbital plane is tilted at an angle of 7.3° to the plane of the ecliptic. 437 Rhodia was originally a proposed fly-by target of interest for the Rosetta mission.

Analysis of the bimodal light curve generated using photometric data show a lengthy rotation period of 433.2 ± with a brightness variation of $0.704$ in magnitude. It also appears to be tumbling. 437 Rhodia is classified as an E-type asteroid with a diameter of approximately $2.39 AU$. This object has the highest albedo in the IRAS dataset, with a value of $0.35$.

title: 437 Rhodia


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438 Zeuxo

Zeuxo (minor planet designation: 438 Zeuxo) is a large Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 8 November 1898 in Nice and was named after the Oceanid Zeuxo.

title: 438 Zeuxo


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San Francisco Chamber Orchestra

The San Francisco Chamber Orchestra (SFCO) is a professional chamber orchestra in San Francisco, California, that presents small orchestra and chamber ensemble performances in the Bay Area.

The SFCO was founded by Emanuel Leplin in 1952. It gave its debut concert in April 1953 in Berkeley's Hillel Foundation, in a concert conducted by Leplin. After Leplin was afflicted by polio in 1954, management was taken over by conductors Edgar Braun and Adrian Sunshine. The musicians in the early years were all members of the San Francisco Symphony. Sunshine left in 1958, moving to Europe. Braun served as music director and conductor until 2002, when violist Benjamin Simon was granted the post.

title: San Francisco Chamber Orchestra


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439 Ohio

Ohio (minor planet designation: 439 Ohio) is a large Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by E. F. Coddington on October 13, 1898, at Mount Hamilton, California. It was first of his total of three asteroid discoveries. The object is named for the U.S. state of Ohio.

title: 439 Ohio


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440 Theodora

Theodora (minor planet designation: 440 Theodora) is a small Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by E. F. Coddington on October 13, 1898, at Mount Hamilton. It was his second asteroid discovery.

title: 440 Theodora


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Manic Monday

"Manic Monday" is a song by the American pop rock band the Bangles, which was the first single released from their second studio album, Different Light (1986). The song was written by American musician Prince, under the pseudonym "Christopher". Originally it was intended for the group Apollonia 6 in 1984. Lyrically, it describes a woman who is waking up to go to work on Monday, wishing it was still Sunday so that she could continue relaxing.

The single, released by Columbia Records in late December 1985, received generally positive reviews from music critics, with comparisons being made to the Mamas & the Papas' "Monday, Monday". It became the Bangles' first hit, reaching No. 2 in the United States (coincidentally, the song was kept from the top spot by Prince's "Kiss"), the United Kingdom, Austria, Canada, Germany, and Ireland, and peaked within the Top 5 in Australia, New Zealand, Norway, and Switzerland. It was later certified silver in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).

Background and composition
Prince wrote "Manic Monday" in 1984, and recorded it as a duet for the band Apollonia 6's self-titled album, but he eventually pulled the song. Two years later, he offered the single to the Bangles under the pseudonym "Christopher", a character he played in the 1986 film Under the Cherry Moon. It was rumored by various writers that after Prince listened to the band's 1984 debut album All Over the Place, he gave the song to Bangles rhythm guitarist Susanna Hoffs, in hopes of winning her affection. An original demo with Apollonia and Prince appeared in the 2001 bootleg, The Work - Volume 1. It was another 18 years before an official version was posthumously released with Prince as the primary vocalist. That recording appears on the 2019 demo compilation, Originals.

In an interview with MTV UK in 1989 Debbi Peterson explained why Prince gave them the song: "[Prince] really liked our first album. He liked the song 'Hero Takes a Fall', which is a great compliment, because we liked his music. He contacted us, and said, 'I've got a couple of songs for you. I'd like to know if you're interested,' and of course we were. One of the songs Prince brought to the group was 'Manic Monday', written under the pseudonym of Christopher." Peterson talked about the evolution of what Prince brought them: "It was a Banglefication of a Prince arrangement. He had a demo, that was very specifically him. It was a good song, but we didn't record it like 'This is our first hit single! Oh my God! I can feel it in my veins!' We just did the song, and the album, and then sat back and thought about it."

A pop song written in D major, "Manic Monday" moves at a tempo of 116 beats per minute and is set in common time. The song has a sequence of D–A7–G–D–A7–G as its chord progression. Lyrically, the song is about someone waking up from a romantic dream at six o'clock on Monday morning, and facing a hectic journey to work when she would prefer to still be enjoying relaxing on Sunday—her "I-don't-have-to-run day". Actor Rudolph Valentino is referred to in the first verse.

Critical response
Some critics compared the song with the single "Monday, Monday" by the band the Mamas & the Papas. In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Mark Deming said that the single "was a far cry from anything the Bangles had recorded before"; while Matthew Greenwald, also from the website, said It's a clever and deceptively simple pop narrative, an infectious pop confection ... There is also an excellently written bridge that shows Prince/Christopher to be an excellent craftsman, and, to their credit, the Bangles carry it off with style and wit. Robert Hilburn from Los Angeles Times called the song "a candidate for best single of the year". The Guardian music critic Dorian Lynskey commented about the painful rhyming of "Sunday" with "I-don't-have-to-run day."

Mark Moses from The Phoenix said "the lack of lyrical substance is so glaring that Prince's lame 'Manic Monday' seems like a thematic highlight". Greg Baker of The Miami News wrote in the album's review that "the song should put the Bangles on the 'pop 'n' roll' map". A writer in Toledo Blade noted that "Manic Monday" was "infectious" and, along with "If She Knew What She Wants", both were "refreshingly melodic". Chris Willman from the Los Angeles Times commented: "The first single 'Manic Monday' represents slumming songwriter Prince's attempt mostly successful save for the inevitable getting down interlude to concoct a modern day Mamas and the Papas hit."

Chart performance
"Manic Monday" debuted at number 86 on the Billboard Hot 100, on the week ending January 25, 1986, and reached a peak of number two, on the issue dated April 19, 1986, behind Prince and the Revolution's single "Kiss". In the United Kingdom, "Manic Monday" debuted at number 85 on February 8, 1986, and entered the top 40, at number 24, on February 22, 1986. The song eventually reached its peak position, at number two, the next month. In Germany, the single debuted at number 29 on March 17, 1986, reaching the top 10 in the next three weeks, and its peak, also at number two, on April 14, 1986, where it stayed two weeks. It remained in the top 10 for four more weeks, leaving the charts on July 20, 1986.

In Switzerland, "Manic Monday" debuted at number 12 on March 30, 1986, becoming the highest debut of the week. It reached its peak two weeks later at number four, where it remained another week. In the Netherlands, the single debuted at number 43 on February 22, 1986; and managed to reach number 24. It stayed on the chart for seven weeks. In Norway, "Manic Monday" debuted at number nine in the 10th week of 1986, becoming the second-highest debut of the week. It also reached the number four two weeks later, where it stayed another two. The song also peaked within the top five in the Austrian, the Irish, and the New Zealand charts.

Track listing and formats

 * 7" single
 * 1) A. "Manic Monday" – 3:03
 * 2) B. "In a Different Light" – 2:50

 * 12" maxi (1985)
 * 1) A. "Manic Monday" – 3:03
 * 2) A. "In a Different Light" – 2:50
 * 3) B. "Going Down to Liverpool" – 3:19
 * 4) B. "Dover Beach" – 3:42

 * 12" maxi (1986)
 * 1) A. "Manic Monday" – 3:03
 * 2) B. "Manic Monday" (Extended version) – 4:38
 * 3) B. "In a Different Light" – 2:50

 * Digital single
 * 1) "Manic Monday" – 3:06

 * Starbox
 * 1) "Manic Monday" (Extended "California" Version) – 4:59

Credits and personnel
The Bangles version
 * Susanna Hoffs – guitar, lead vocals
 * Vicki Peterson – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Michael Steele – bass, backing vocals
 * Debbi Peterson – drums, backing vocals
 * David Kahne – keyboards, producer
 * Prince as "Christopher" – writer, composer

Prince version

Credits sourced from Duane Tudahl, Benoît Clerc and Guitarcloud

 * Prince – lead and backing vocals, piano, Yamaha DX7, Oberheim OB-X, acoustic guitar, bass guitar, drums
 * Brenda Bennett – backing vocals
 * Jill Jones – backing vocals

Cover versions
In 2020, Billie Joe Armstrong, vocalist of Green Day, covered the song for his No Fun Mondays series. Susanna Hoffs plays the guitar and provides backing vocals that, according to Andrew Trendell of NME, "match Armstrong's silky sentimental side". Ryan Reed wrote for Rolling Stone that the version replaces the "twinkling synths and clean strums with palm-muted crunch".

title: Manic Monday


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User talk:Traced82

I've reverted your edits on Carmen Rasmusen. Please see the Neutral Point of View policy. Mike H 12:49, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Traced82


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441 Bathilde

Bathilde (minor planet designation: 441 Bathilde) is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 8 December 1898 in Nice. 441 Bathilde is orbiting close to a 5:2 mean motion resonance with Jupiter, which is located at $70.32 km$.

10μ radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a diameter estimate of 64 km.

title: 441 Bathilde


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Frascati

Frascati is a city and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital in the Lazio region of central Italy. It is located 20 km south-east of Rome, on the Alban Hills close to the ancient city of Tusculum. Frascati is closely associated with science, being the location of several international scientific laboratories.

Frascati produces the white wine with the same name. It is also a historical and artistic centre.

History
The most important archeological finding in the area, dating back to Ancient Roman times, during the late Republican Age, is a patrician Roman villa probably belonging to Lucullus. In the first century AD its owner was Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus, who married Agrippina the Younger, mother of Nero. His properties were later confiscated by the Flavian imperial dynasty (69–96 AD). Consul Flavius Clemens lived in the villa with his wife Domitilla during the rule of Domitian.

According to the Liber Pontificalis, in the 9th century Frascati was a little village, probably founded two centuries earlier. The name of the city probably comes from a typical local tradition of collecting firewood ("frasche" in Italian)—many place-names around the town refer to trees or wood. After the destruction of nearby Tusculum in 1191, the town's population increased and the bishopric moved from Tusculum to Frascati. Pope Innocent III endorsed the city as a feudal possession of the basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, but in the following centuries its territories were ravaged by frequent raids that impoverished it. It was owned by various baronial families, including the Colonna, until, in 1460, Pope Pius II fortified the city with walls.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century, Pope Julius II gave Frascati as a feudal possession to the condottiero Marcantonio I Colonna, who lived there from 1508 together with his wife Lucrezia della Rovere (1485–1552), niece of Pope Julius II. In 1515 Colonna gave Frascati its first statute, Statuti e Capituli del Castello di Frascati, under the Latin title Populus antiquae civitas Tusculi.

In 1518 a hospital was built, named after St. Sebastiano, in memory of the old basilica destroyed in the 9th century. After Prince Colonna's death in 1522, Lucrezia della Rovere sold Frascati to Pier Luigi Farnese, nephew of Pope Paul III.

On May 1, 1527, a Landsknecht company, after having sacked Rome, arrived out of the bordering villages. However, the soldiers changed the direction of their movement next to a niche, a "Rural Aedicule" consecrated to the Virgin Mary, and the town was therefore saved. This event is commemorated by a church now called Capocroce.

In 1538, Pope Paul III conferred the title of "Civitas" to Frascati, with the name "Tusculum Novum". In 1598 construction began on a new cathedral dedicated to St. Peter.

On September 15, 1616, the first public and free school in Europe was established on the initiative of Saint Joseph Calasanz.

On June 18, 1656, a part of the plaster peeled off a wall inside the Church of St. Mary in Vivario, and an ancient fresco became visible. It was the image of Saints Sebastian and Roch, protector from the plague. In that same year there was an epidemic of plague in Rome but Frascati was unaffected. Since that year, the two Saints have been co-patron Saints of the city. There are statues of the two saints in the façade of the Cathedral.

Between 1713 and 1729, the head from a colossus of Antinous was discovered in the area, and displayed in the Villa Mondragone. In 1757 the Valle theater opened in the centre of the town, and in 1761 the fortress changed to a princely palace under the patronage of Cardinal Henry Stuart, Duke of York.

In 1809 Frascati was annexed to the French Empire, and selected as the capital of the Roman canton.

In autumn 1837, there was a plague epidemic in Rome, and 5,000 people left Rome. Frascati was the only city that opened its doors to them. Since then Frascati's flag has been the same as Rome's, yellow and red. In 1840 the "Accademia Tuscolana" was founded in the city by Cardinal-Bishop Ludovico Micara.

In 1856 the city was chosen as the terminus of the Rome–Frascati railway, the first railway to be built by the Papal State. The last section of the railway line was opened in 1884, 14 years after the city became part of the new Kingdom of Italy. On December 17, 1901, Frascati started to receive electricity from a hydroelectric plant in Tivoli.

In 1906, an electric tram line opened for service between Frascati, Rome and Castelli Romani. The trams traveled wholly along tracks laid down on existing streets as an interurban electric streetcar (light rail). In 1954 the electric tram line was replaced by buses. Another electric tram service, the Rome and Fiuggi Rail Road, called "Vicinali", was opened for service in 1916. It connected Frascati, Monte Porzio Catone, Monte Compatri and San Cesareo. This tram line was destroyed in 1943 and was replaced by buses.

In 1943, during World War II, Frascati was heavily bombed because it contained the German General Headquarters for the Mediterranean zone. Approximately 50% of its buildings, including many monuments, villas and houses, were destroyed. One thousand Italians and 150 Germans died in that air strike and in a second air strike on January 22, 1944, the day of the battle of Anzio (Operation Shingle). The city was liberated from the Nazi German occupation on June 4, 1944, by the 85th Infantry Division. In 1944–1945 the ruins of the buildings were used to fill in a valley, and that land now supports the "8 September Stadium".

Villas
Frascati is famous for its notable villas, which were built from the 16th century onwards by Popes, cardinals and Roman nobles as "status symbols" of Roman aristocracy. These country houses were designed for social activities rather than farming. The villas are substantially well preserved, or have been carefully and authentically restored following damage during World War II. The main villas are:
 * Villa Aldobrandini
 * Villa Parisi
 * Villa Falconieri
 * Villa Grazioli
 * Villa Lancellotti
 * Villa Muti
 * Villa Rufinella (or Tuscolana)
 * Villa Sora
 * Villa Torlonia
 * Villa Vecchia
 * Villa Mondragone
 * Villa Sciarra

Religious sites

 * The Cathedral (Cathedral Basilica of St. Peter Apostle) was designed by Ottaviano Nonni, known as "Mascherino", and the original structure was completed in 1598. A new high façade was added between 1698 and 1700 by Gerolamo Fontana. The cathedral was demolished by bombing in 1943, and the reconstructed interior appears bare. On the inner side of the façade is the tombstone of Charles Edward Stuart.
 * The Church of the Gesu (Frascati), designed by the Jesuit architect Giovanni De Rosis, was built at the end of the 16th century, and it has niches on the façade with statues attributed to Pietro da Cortona. The most significant feature of the interior is the trompe l'oiel false dome and other architectural features. These were created by Andrea Pozzo and are copied from models developed for the church of Sant'Ignazio in Rome. In 1773 Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, Duke of York, reconsecrated the church to the Holy Name of Jesus and to St. Gregory the Great.
 * The Bishop's Palace, the old "Rocca" ("Castle"), is a massive construction with two square towers and one rounded one. The Bishop of Frascati resides here. The Palace is flanked by the former cathedral, the church of Santa Maria in Vivario, with a campanile (1305) featuring three orders of three-mullioned windows.
 * Santuario della Madonna di Capocroce, which enshrines a Miraculous fresco of the Madonna which was Canonically crowned on 1713. The Madonna di Capocroce is the patroness of the town of Frascati.

Museums

 * The civic archaeological museum at the Scuderie Aldobrandini ("Aldobrandini Stables") exhibits archaeological finds from the ancient city of Tusculum and the nearby area. It has scale models of the Tuscolane Villas.
 * The Ethiopian Museum of Cardinal Guglielmo Massaia (1809–1889), a missionary who was buried here, in the Capuchin friary, whose church is dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi, houses works by Giulio Romano and Cristoforo Roncalli. It can be visited on request.

Twin towns – sister cities
Frascati is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Bad Godesberg, Germany
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Cloud, France
 * 🇧🇪 Kortrijk, Belgium
 * 🇬🇧 Windsor and Maidenhead, United Kingdom
 * 🇷🇺 Obninsk, Russia

Each year young people from Frascati and the other towns compete against one another in the Twin Towns Sports Competition, which is hosted in turn by each of the five towns. In the Torlonia Park in Frascati, there are roads named after each of the twin towns.

Science laboratories
During the latter half of the 1950s, the first Italian particle accelerator was developed in Frascati by INFN, and the INFN still has a major particle physics laboratory in the town, the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati. Frascati now also hosts the following laboratories:
 * Earth Observation missions of the European Space Agency are based in ESRIN in Frascati.
 * Research facilities of ENEA are on the INFN site.
 * The Spaceguard Foundation is based here.
 * The Frascati Tokamak Upgrade is based here.

The OECD's Frascati Manual, a methodology for research and development statistics, originated from a meeting at the Villa Falconieri in June 1963.

Literature and music
Novels and books partly or wholly set in Frascati include:

 * Barbara's History (1864) by Amelia Edwards
 * L'improvvisatore (1835) by Hans Christian Andersen
 * La Daniella (1857) by George Sand
 * Villa Falconieri (1896) by Richard Voss
 * Lays of Ancient Rome (1881) by Thomas Babington Macaulay
 * Childe Harold Lord Byron
 * Days near Rome Augustus Hare
 * Chroniques italiennes (1836–1839) by Stendhal
 * Roba di Roma (1863) by William Wetmore Story
 * The Alban Hills and Frascati (1878) by Clara Louisa Wells

Some operas mention Frascati, including La Frascatana (L'Enfante de Zamora), 1774, by Giovanni Paisiello

Notable people
Frascati was the birthplace of:

 * Marco Amelia (1982–), Italian footballer
 * Tino Buazzelli (1922–1980), actor
 * Giovanni Buttarelli (1957–2019), European data protection supervisor
 * Pietro Campilli (1891–1974), politician, deputy and minister
 * Hermann David Salomon Corrodi (1844–1905), orientalist painter
 * David B. Hooten (1962–), American musician
 * Francesca Lollobrigida (1991–), speed skater won a silver medal and a bronze medal at the 2022 Winter Olympics
 * Arnaldo Mecozzi, (1876–1932), decorator and painter in Brazil
 * Vincenzo Mecozzi (1909–1964), decorator and painter in Brazil
 * Clemente Micara (1879–1965), Cardinal Bishop
 * Ludovico Micara (1775–1847), Cardinal Bishop
 * Maffeo Pantaleoni (1857–1924), economist and politician
 * Ilaria Salvatori (1979–), Italian foil fencer who won a Bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Mario Titi (1921–1982), landscape painter

Frascati has drawn many famous people to live there for a time including:

 * Italo Alighiero Chiusano (1926–1995), poet and writer.
 * Princess Pauline Bonaparte, favourite sister of Napoleon I of France and wife of Prince Camillo Borghese, lived in Villa Parisi from 1806 to 1811. At the same time her mother and brother, Lucien Bonaparte, lived in Villa Rufinella from 1804 to 1820.
 * Goethe visited the Tuscolo country between 1786 and 1788, staying in Frascati. He recounted his impressions in his journal, (Italian Journey). An important street in the centre of Frascati was named after Goethe.
 * Taddeo Kuntze (1730–1793), Polish painter.
 * Andrea Pozzo painter and architect, painted the false dome in the fresco of the Chiesa della Gesù (Church of Jesus), a masterpiece of optical illusion.
 * The French writer George Sand spent part of her Italian journey in Frascati from March 31 to April 19, 1855, in Villa Lancellotti.
 * Henry Benedict Stuart, the younger brother of Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie", who tried unsuccessfully to reconquer the English throne in 1745), became Cardinal Bishop of Frascati in 1761. He became Dean of the College of Cardinals in 1803, but continued to live in the episcopal palace of Frascati until his death on 13 July 1807. He improved the town cultural life by founding the Seminary and library. On the inner side of the Cathedral façade he built the sepulchral stone of his brother.
 * The German writer Richard Voss (1851–1918) spent 25 years of his life in the city, writing many of his novels and plays there. He received honorary citizenship of Frascati.
 * Clara Louisa Wells, English writer.
 * King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (1751–1819) lived in Villa Lancellotti from 1802.
 * Queen Maria Cristina of Bourbon, wife of Charles Felix of Sardinia, lived in Villa Rufinella from 1821.
 * Emma Marrone, Italian singer, lives in Frascati.

title: Frascati


text:
442 Eichsfeldia

Eichsfeldia (minor planet designation: 442 Eichsfeldia) is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by German astronomers Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on 15 February 1899 in Heidelberg. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material.

Although Eichsfeldia has an orbit similar to the Vesta family asteroids, it was found to be an unrelated interloper on the basis of its non-matching spectral type.

title: 442 Eichsfeldia


text:
443 Photographica

Photographica (minor planet designation: 443 Photographica) is a typical Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.

It was discovered by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on 17 February 1899 in Heidelberg.

title: 443 Photographica


text:
Schwabacher

The German word Schwabacher (pronounced ) refers to a specific style of blackletter typefaces which evolved from Gothic Textualis (Textura) under the influence of Humanist type design in Italy during the 15th century. Schwabacher typesetting was the most common typeface in Germany, until it was replaced by Fraktur from the mid 16th century onwards. In the course of the 18th and 19th centuries (but in Germany not until 1941), Fraktur gave way in turn to Antiqua.

Etymology
The term may derive from the Franconian town of Schwabach, where, in 1529, the Articles of Schwabach, a Lutheran creed, were adopted; the Articles became the basis of the 1530 Confessio Augustana, and possibly also promoted the use of Schwabacher types.

Characteristics
Similar to Rotunda, the rounded Schwabacher types were nearer to handwriting than the former Textualis style, though it also includes sharp edges. The lower-case g and upper-case H have particularly distinctive forms. In the context of German language texts, Schwabacher appeared vibrant and popular.

History
While the Latin Gutenberg Bible was still set in Textualis type, the oldest preserved Schwabacher incunable dates from 1472, and was printed in Augsburg. Schwabacher types appeared in the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg from about 1485: Anton Koberger (c. 1440–1513) used them for the publication of the Nuremberg Chronicle (in both Latin and German) in 1493, and Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) for his Apocalypse series in 1498. Schwabacher became widely known with the spread of Luther Bibles from 1522.

After Schwabacher was displaced by Fraktur as the most-used German language type style from about 1530, it remained in common use as a secondary typeface for emphasis in a similar way to italic. It was still used occasionally until the mid 20th century.

Normal type decree
In January 1941, the Government of Nazi Germany officially abandoned the Fraktur type, following Martin Bormann's Normalschrifterlass ("Normal type") decree. Bormann refers to Fraktur as Schwabacher Judenlettern ("Jew-letters of Schwabach"). The statement ignores the fact that Schwabacher originated from the earlier Rotunda blackletter script and late medieval Bastarda types. Despite Bormann's assertion, there is no evidence of any connection between Jews and the Schwabacher typeface; in fact, at the time of the typeface's origin, the ownership of printing houses was reserved for Christian citizens. The decree eliminating the use of Fraktur actually makes prominent use of Fraktur, including the party name (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) and other letterhead elements.

"Circular (Not for publication). On behalf of the Führer I notify for common attention that:

Regarding and calling the so called gothic typeface as a German typeface is wrong. In fact, the gothic typeface consists of Jew-letters from Schwabach. Like how they later gained control of the newspapers, the Jews living in Germany had seized control over the printing shops at introduction of the printing press, so that the Schwabacher Jew-letters were heavily introduced in Germany.

Today the Führer decided in a meeting with Reichsleiter Max Amann and book printing shop owner Adolf Müller that the Antiqua typeface is to be called the normal typeface in future. Step by step all print products have to be changed to this normal typeface. As soon as this is possible for school books, in schools only the normal typeface will be taught.

Authorities will refrain from using the Schwabacher Jew-letters in future; certificates of appointment, road signs and similar will only be produced in normal typeface in future. On behalf of the Führer, Mr. Amann will first change those papers and magazines to normal typeface, that are already spread abroad or are wanted to be.

Signed M. Bormann"

Samples
The German sentence in this sample reads: "Beiſpiel Alte Schwabacher [Example of Old Schwabacher]: Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den Sylter Deich". This is a nonsense sentence meaning "Victor chases twelve boxers across the dike of Sylt", but contains all 26 letters of the alphabet plus the German umlauts and is thus an example of a pangram. The fourth letter of Beiſpiel is a long s.

title: Schwabacher


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jakob Alminde

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Speedy delete--Thue | talk 21:51, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Jakob Alminde
Hoax and/or joke. Inter\Echo 12:54, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Jakob Alminde is also invented cheese"? Born in 1889? Nonsense and/or not notable. Thue | talk 13:28, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete concur with above. Kappa 13:43, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Even worse, he invented the horse! BJAODN for remorse, and delete of course :) Radiant! 15:17, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted. Just checked to be sure the line "Jakob Alminde is also invented cheese, horses and other animals" wasn't added by someone else... it's all the work of one contributor... obvious joke or hoax hence vandalism or newbie test hence valid candidate for speedy deletion. Deleted as such. Entire text of article, all by User:80.63.7.12, was: Dpbsmith (talk) 18:15, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Jakob Alminde Jensen (born December 26, 1889) (often referred to by his initials, JAJ) is the author of the danish cookbook, "Maller Bager" and the present maintainer of the "gaffeld project" (also known as "The Crazy MSN Bouncer Project"). Jakob Alminde is also invented cheese, horses and other animals.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Island

Hi people!

ab:User:Island ar:مستخدم:Island ce:User:Island de:Benutzer:Island fr:Utilisateur:Island hy:User:Island ja:利用者:Island ka:User:Island ru:Участник:Island tr:User:Island

title: User:Island


text:
Bacurius the Iberian

Bacurius (ბაკურ) was a Roman general of Georgian origin and a member of the royal family of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) mentioned by several Greco-Roman authors of the 4th and 5th centuries. It is accepted, but not universally, that all these refer to the same person, an Iberian "king" or "prince", who joined the Roman military ranks. Scholarly opinion is divided whether Bacurius can be identified with one of the kings named Bakur the Great (ბაკურ დიდი), attested in medieval Georgian annals, who might have taken refuge in territories obtained by the Eastern Roman Empire during the Roman–Persian Wars that were fought over the Caucasus.

The oldest Georgian Bir el Qutt inscriptions mention Bacurius. He is also thought to be a possible maternal great-uncle or grandfather of Peter the Iberian.

Name
The name Bacurius is the Latin form of the Greek Bakour (Βάκουρ), itself a variant of the Middle Iranian Pakur, derived from Old Iranian bag-puhr ('son of a god'). The name "Bakur" is the Georgian (ბაკურ) and Armenian (Բակուր) attestation of Middle Iranian Pakur.

Life
Ammianus Marcellinus, Tyrannius Rufinus, and Zosimus report that Bacurius was "king of Iberians", but Gelasius of Caesarea does not call him king, but merely scion of the kings of Iberia. Bacurius was a tribunus sagittariorum at the Battle of Adrianople with the Goths in 378 and then served as dux Palaestinae and comes domesticorum until 394, when he became magister militum and commanded a "barbarian" contingent in Emperor Theodosius I's (r. 379–395) campaign against the Roman usurper Eugenius and met his death, according to Zosimus, at the Battle of the Frigidus. According to Socrates of Constantinople, Bacurius had also fought in Theodosius's earlier campaign against Magnus Maximus.

All contemporary sources are unequivocal in praising Bacurius's military skills and courage. Rufinus, whom Bacurius visited several times on the Mount of Olives and served him as a source of Christianization of Iberia, describes the general as a pious Christian, while the rhetorician Libanius, with whom Bacurius held correspondence, evidently regards him as a pagan and praises him both as a soldier and a man of culture.

title: Bacurius the Iberian


text:
444 Gyptis

Gyptis, minor planet designation: 444 Gyptis, is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by J. Coggia on March 31, 1899, in Marseilles. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material. The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration.

In 2004, Kochetova estimated Gyptis to have a mass of 1.25 kg with a high density of 5.53 g/cm3. The adaptive optics instrument at the W. M. Keck Observatory showed an object with a diameter of 129 km, which is much smaller than the estimate of 160 km from the IRAS observatory measurements, indicating an irregular shape. The size ratio between the major and minor axes is estimated at 1.40. Observations of an occultation on October 14, 2007, produced six chords indicating a cross-section ellipsoid of 179×150 km.

Between 1990 and 2021, 444 Gyptis has been observed to occult 17 stars.

title: 444 Gyptis


text:
Talk:Himalia (moon)

Pronunciation
The literary English pronunciation of the nymph Himalia from Greek mythology seems to be hye-mal'-ee-a, with the accented syllable rhyming with pal. However, the moon Himalia is sometimes listed in astronomical sources as hi-mahl'-ee-a or even him'-a-lee-a. This appears to be by analogy with the familiar Sanskrit mountain name Himālaya, which is usually him'-a-lay'-a but etymologically hi-mahl'-a-ya (cf. the OED).

However, you'd expect the a to be long, as in Saturnalia (sat'-ur-nay'-lee-a). This is not a common name, and should be followed up. — kwami 06:31, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Himalia (moon). Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20060901072706/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/irregulars.html to http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/irregulars.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:40, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

better photo
A lot of other sites are using NASA's close-up photos of this object - with no ill-effects, apparently. I suggest Wiki does the same. NASA's excursions/existence is paid for by public taxes, and its results are supposed to be 'free' for all - the spread of knowledge. I see no valid argument to keep it off of Wiki Commons, except for confused readings of copyright. 50.111.61.118 (talk) 17:07, 3 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I am not aware of any close-up photos as no spacecraft has ever come close to Himalia. Ruslik_ Zero 17:58, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

How close ?
I don't understand how the article can state that Himalia is hard to see given its proximity to Jupiter when all the photos and orbital graphics show it to not even be close to Jupiter.

Plus, wording in the article gives the impression that the moon is larger than any of Galilean moons; which I do not think is correct.

Or, am I missing something? 2600:8800:785:9400:C23F:D5FF:FEC4:D51D (talk) 01:31, 3 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Where does it say that Himalia is larger than Galilean moons? Ruslik_ Zero 20:45, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

"Himalia(moon)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himalia(moon)&redirect=no Himalia(moon)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 20:15, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Himalia (moon)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Stanislaw Koniecpolski

Stanislaw Koniecpolski
Self-nom. Biography of one of the best military commanders of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. There are, as far as I can tell, no English books about him - majority of the article is based on my translation of Polish sources (referenced). What I'd like to add someday is the map showing the places where he fought, but at present it is beyond my capabilities to do so. Even without a map I believe this article if FAC ready. I'd appreciate your comments. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 12:56, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC) "Stanisław Koniecpolski, (1590/15941 – 1646) was a notable member of the Polish gentry, a magnate, and holder of many offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the titles of a palatine and castellan. He was also a famed military commander in Poland." Halibutt 00:00, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Mildly object — I like this article. However, it is not very readable. The opening paragraph, in fact the first sentence all by itself, is very dense. The reader is confronted with a whole host of Polish terms from the outset. The nomination above actually uses a better description of the man. Also, there are far too many red links in the text. While red links are an encouragement to expand WP, too many of suggests that the article exists in isolation. Some of the red links look like they might be spelling mistakes, and some could be pipe-linked to appropriate articles with a slightly different name. Gareth Hughes 13:18, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The three terms that I think you could be refering to are: szlachcic, starost and hetman. All are linked and in the 11-lines of the lead I think they don't confuse the reader too much, although I would be happy to hear how would you suggest we can improve the ease of understanding of this section without removing those important terms. I agree that there is unfortunately quite a few red links in the main text, but I think all of them deserve their own articles. It is true that history of Eastern Europe is not the best covered subject at Wiki, but I don't think this is a reason to disqualify this article. I'd appreciate if sb could fix the few links that may still need a redirect - I tried to link them all to the best of my knowledge. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 00:52, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The opening sentence reads:"Stanisław Koniecpolski, (1590/15941 - 11 March, 1646) was a szlachcic (Polish noble), magnate, starost and Field and Grand Crown Hetman of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth."I feel that the reader is faced with too much meaty information in this sentence, and would suggest:"Stanisław Koniecpolski, (1590/15941 – 11 March, 1646) was a Polish aristocrat (szlachcic and starost) and famed military commander (hetman) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth."You could even leave out the bits in brackets, as they are defined in the body of the article. I feel that the opening paragraph has to be accessible to the general English reader. It is good to have the correct Polish terminology, but they really don't help when they're bunched together at the beginning of the article. The opening paragraph should give the basic information that is necessary for someone who knows nothing about Koniecpolski or the Rzeczpospolita to know what the article is about, otherwise it reads:"Unpronouncable (who lived maybe then) was an unpronouncable, not the thing you stick to a fridge, no that's a landowner, some word I don't understand, with a really grand title that must require a very shiny uniform of a political entity in Eastern Europe I've never heard about."It might sound cruel, but, if I'm honest, that's how it reads to me. Gareth Hughes 11:28, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I see your point. Is this better: --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 18:40, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC) "Stanisław Koniecpolski, (1590/15941 – 11 March, 1646) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic), magnate, official (starost and castellan) and famed military commander (Field and Grand Crown hetman) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth."
 * I would have to agree Gareth Hughes' proposed rewording is much better, your new proposed one is almost as good. The rest of the lead could also stand to be simplified and made easier for someone that doesn't already know the subject to understand. Overall, the article looks pretty good, aside from some orphan paragraphs (1-2 sentences) and having only two references being pretty minimal. Do you have some other sources available that you could cite? - Taxman 18:50, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nothing specificly about him in English - I could find nothing on Amazon, nor anything by Google except the stuff in external links. I added one English about that period - Norman Davies has few paragraphs about him in his history of Poland. I could add some more Polish sources of course. Merged the short paragraphs. I'd welcome advice how to further simplify the lead. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 11:31, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * If that is all there is, then use the Polish sources; more sources is still better. You can still even cite specifc facts as needed to them. Just make sure you have used the Polish source properly and its all good. Obviously it is preferrable to have at least a few sources in English, but if there are none or very few, then so be it. If those websites are reasonable reliable, use them as references and format them properly in the references section too. - Taxman 16:11, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Though I have minor bits left that I see could be fixed, they are not worth holding this one up for. Object for now, though I anticipate supporting. 1) There are way too many redlinks. Are all of those people and things really notable enough for their own article? I would submit that some of them are not. If they are, then fine, you've got your work cut out for you. :) Besides the people of possible notability or not, there are links to things like "terrain advantage" and "Cossack register" that I'm not sure are distinct enough concepts for an article, but I could be wrong so I didn't fix them. 2) A lot of overly technical jargon or Polish terms are not explained at all. Examples are "starostwo" and "zlotys". Numbers in some unused currency are useless as a unit, so those two specifically should try to give some sort of rough comparison of their purchasing power or relative wealth, but there are plenty more. Just short bits of context can solve a lot of these technical terms. - Taxman 16:11, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Tnx for your comments. I removed about half red links, mostly for some some small towns/villages that may not exist anymore. I believe that mentioned people are encyclopedia-worthy, as well as the terms you mention. I'd appreciate more on what you find is 'Polish jargon'. I added an explantion to starostwo (it was red linked anyway), and zloty, which has its own article and it is still a name of Polish contemporary currency. As for more sources, I added 2 more Polish ones, but I feel I am getting close to scraping the barel bottom here - or at least of my own bookshelf :). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 01:10, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok if the rest of the red links are to notable things/people then so be it, thats fine. Adding those sources is great. 1) Well, I said there were Polish words and also some jargon, and there are, so I'll try to point out a bunch. What the Cossack register is still needs to be explained, also "wojsko kwarciane", "pasha", "Cossack's raids (chadzki)" (they are forbidden, but what makes them something unique worth noting they are forbidden?), "hussars" (in the image caption), "talars", "the Kantymir's forces" (who/what is that?), "Ali pasha" (who/what?), "tabors", and "voivode". 2) By the way, is "Kryków" what we would know Americanized as Krakow? 3) More context on where some of these places are, like "Cecora" could say (on Moldova, near the black sea). There are many, many like that. You don't need to tell where every town listed is, as long as the paragraph makes it clear where in general the action it is discussing takes place. That is lacking in most discussions in this article where towns and battles are discussed. For many, I can't even tell what country the action is taking place in, whether home in Poland or off somewhere. 4) It still really needs some sort of a general comparison of the buying power of the zloty in this time period. Otherwise the few times it quotes numbers in zlotys is not helpful. - Taxman 16:11, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Tnx. Although I am not sure if we should explain *every* term that has its own article, and as a sidenote - not all of what you mention are Polish words, there are Turkish and Russians in here as well. Fixes: 1) created an article about Cossack register, first use in text has (list of priviliged Cossacks in the Commonwealth military) 2) wojsko kwarciane has its own article, first use now has (regular Commonwealth army) 3) pasha first use now has (high official in the Ottoman Empire) 4) chadzki now redirects to history of Cossacks where they're explained in two long paragraphs, added a sentence briefly explaining them here 5) caption is no place to explain the terms, and hussars are a rather known miliatry term - IMHO, still added ...(Commonwealth elite heavy cavalry) to the first use in body. 6) talar and zloty have their own articles and at present I have no data for their purchasing power in the 17th century. I think the context makes it clear they were coins. 7) Kantymir is an Ottoman commander, I have no further sources on him ATM, same with Ali pasha, 8) tabor is already explained in the text as a type of fortified formation and has its own article 9) voivode first use now notes it is similar to palatine), 10) There are many towns and places, I adimit in some cases I have no idea where they are - more or less. More notable ones are visible on the map and have their own links. For the rest, as I wrote, sometimes even professional historians today have no little idea where they are. However I tried to make certain all paragraphs state if the given campaign took place south on Ukraine, east in Russia, north near the Baltic Sea, ect. - I belive this is enough for now, this is not The tour of Koniecpolski footsteps via GPS :). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 22:44, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The fixes all seem pretty good to me, though I did not have time to pour over every one. As to 10, I know you are exaggerating, since if you read what I wrote above, I was just asking for a general idea of where these places are in the context of each paragraph, not GPS coordinates. Please make sure you do that as much as you can. Cecora, the example I noted above, doesn't even tell us approximately where it is. But in any case, a great article, and as I noted above, not worth objecting over nitpicks. - Taxman 18:15, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support though improvements are still actively ongoing. The red-links expose Wikipedia's weakness in this area. Links that are really only relevant to this man's biography (i.e. his mother?) should be eliminated. Nationalist agendas seem pleasantly minimalized in this article. --Wetman 09:50, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support and propose the following wording of the opening para:
 * Support — I think the article is in much better shape now (it could have done with a better peer review). It is a good, readable article and deserves featured status. I await your next article, Piotr. Gareth Hughes 13:53, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem with Peer Review is that it gets much less attention then FAC. There were times that more then half articles passed months in pr without a single comment; it has improved now but it is IMHO still less useful then FAC. This article during its peer review process got got only one comment... Tnx for all the comments here. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 15:31, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Some of the pictures appear to be overlapping the text a bit. Other than its a great article. Like use of slightly imaginative (but not stupid) headings, mixed alignment of images. Support --ZayZayEM 02:26, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
445 Edna

Edna (minor planet designation: 445 Edna) is a large Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by E. F. Coddington on October 2, 1899, at Mount Hamilton, California. It was the astronomer's third and final asteroid discovery.

title: 445 Edna


text:
Hanukkah menorah

A Hanukkah menorah, or hanukkiah, is a nine-branched candelabrum lit during the eight-day Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. Eight of the nine branches hold lights (candles or oil lamps) that symbolize the eight nights of the holiday; on each night, one more light is lit than the previous night, until on the final night all eight branches are ignited. The ninth branch holds a candle, called the shamash ("helper" or "servant"), which is used to light the other eight.

The Hanukkah menorah commemorates, but is distinct from, the seven-branched menorah used in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem. Along with the seven-branched menorah and the Star of David, it is among the most widely produced articles of Jewish ceremonial art.

Construction
To be kosher, the shamash must be offset on a higher or lower plane than the main eight candles or oil lamps, but there are differing opinions as to whether all the lights must be arranged in a straight line, or if the hanukkiah can be arranged in a curve.

Public displays
The hanukkiah is often displayed in public around Hanukkah time in December. Elected officials often participate in publicly lighting the hanukkiah. The Chabad-Lubavitch movement is well associated with public lighting ceremonies, which it has done since a directive from their last Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, in 1987. In the book A Kosher Christmas: 'Tis the Season to Be Jewish, author Rabbi Joshua Plaut, Ph.D., details the history of public displays of the hanukkiah across the United States, summarizes the court cases associated with this issue, and explains how Presidents of the United States came to embrace lighting the hanukkiah during Hanukkah.

In the US, the White House has been represented at the lighting of the National Menorah since 1979. This celebration of Hanukkah began with the attendance of President Jimmy Carter in the ceremony in Lafayette Park. Additionally, beginning with President Bill Clinton in 1993, a hanukkiah is lit at the White House, and in 2001, President George W. Bush began the annual tradition of a White House Hanukkah Party in the White House residence, which includes a hanukkiah candle lighting ceremony.

In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons holds a yearly hanukkiah lighting at the official residence of the Speaker of the House of Commons in the Palace of Westminster. Although John Bercow became the first Jewish Speaker of the House in 2009, the hanukkiah currently used every year had actually been commissioned in 2003 by his predecessor Michael Martin, who was a Catholic; prior to this, a hannukiah had to be borrowed for the ceremony every year.

Two large hanukkiahs are in New York City, each standing at 32 feet. One is at Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn, and the other is at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street in Manhattan near Central Park. A 4,000 lb structure, it is the work of Israeli artist Yaacov Agam. Because of the hanukkiah's height, Con Edison assists the lighting by using a crane to lift each person to the top.

In the United States, the public display of hanukkiahs and Christmas trees on public grounds has been the source of legal battles. Specifically, in the 1989 County of Allegheny v. ACLU case, the majority of the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the public display of hanukkiahs and Christmas trees did not violate the Establishment Clause because the two symbols were not endorsements of the Jewish or Christian faith, and were rather part of the same winter holiday season, which the court found had attained a secular status in US society.

Name
English speakers most commonly call the lamp a "menorah" or "Hanukkah menorah" (the Hebrew word menorah simply meaning "lamp"). In Modern Hebrew, the lamp is generally called a chanukkiyah, a term which originated among Judeo-Spanish speaking Sephardic communities in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 18th century. It was introduced into Modern Hebrew by Hemda Ben-Yehuda, whose husband Eliezer Ben Yehuda was the leading force behind the revival of the Hebrew language in the late 19th century.

Public collections
Many museums have notable collections of hanukkiahs, including the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and the Jewish Museum in London (which owns the Lindo lamp).

There is a collection in the small Jewish Museum in Rio de Janeiro.

Adaptations
More offbeat Hanukkah products on the American market include a "Menorah Tree" inspired by the Christmas tree tradition, and even a "Menorah Bong". The "Thanksgivukkah" coincidence of Thanksgiving and the second night of Hanukkah in 2013 inspired a turkey-shaped "menurkey".

On December 10, 1997, the Internet's first widely celebrated Interactive Menorah was the premiere greeting for the New York Times 'Cyberseason's Greetings' section of their website. This digital Menorah allowed users to celebrate the holiday from anywhere, lighting candles with a mouse click. The miracle of the oil was honored as the digital Menorah used a minuscule file size of 19kb. The digital Menorah was created by recognized digital artist Bruce Keffer, using the then-new Flash animation software.

title: Hanukkah menorah


text:
Weigh in motion

Weigh-in-motion or weighing-in-motion (WIM) devices are designed to capture and record the axle weights and gross vehicle weights as vehicles drive over a measurement site. Unlike static scales, WIM systems are capable of measuring vehicles traveling at a reduced or normal traffic speed and do not require the vehicle to come to a stop. This makes the weighing process more efficient, and, in the case of commercial vehicles, allows for trucks under the weight limit to bypass static scales or inspection.

Introduction
Weigh-in-motion is a technology that can be used for various private and public purposes (i.e. applications) related to the weights and axle loads of road and rail vehicles. WIM systems are installed on the road or rail track or on a vehicle and measure, store and provide data from the traffic flow and/or the specific vehicle. For WIM systems certain specific conditions apply. These conditions have an impact on the quality and reliability of the data measured by the WIM system and of the durability of the sensors and WIM system itself.

WIM systems measure the dynamic axle loads of the vehicles and try to calculate the best possible estimate of the related static values. The WIM systems have to perform unattended, under harsh traffic and environmental conditions, often without any control over the way the vehicle is moving, or the driver is behaving. As a result of these specific measurement conditions, a successful implementation of a WIM system requires specific knowledge and experience.

The weight information consists of the gross vehicle weight and axle (group) loads combined with other parameters like: date and time, location, speed and vehicle class. For on-board WIM systems this pertains to the specific vehicle only. For in-road WIM systems this applies to the entire vehicle traffic flow.

This weight information provides the user with detailed knowledge of the loading of heavy goods vehicles. This information is better than with older technologies, so, for example, it is easier to match heavy goods vehicles and the road/rail infrastructure. (Moffatt, 2017).

Road applications
Especially for trucks, gross vehicle and axle weight monitoring is useful in an array of applications including:
 * Pavement design, monitoring, and research
 * Bridge design, monitoring, and research
 * To inform weight overload enforcement policies and to directly facilitate enforcement
 * Planning and freight movement studies
 * Toll by weight
 * Data to facilitate legislation and regulation

The most common road application of WIM data is probably pavement design and assessment. In the United States, a histogram of WIM data is used for this purpose. In the absence of WIM data, default histograms are available. Pavements are damaged through a mechanistic-empirical fatigue process that is commonly simplified as the fourth power law. In its original form, the fourth power law states that the rate of pavement damage is proportional to axle weight raised to the fourth power. WIM data provides information on the numbers of axles in each significant weight category which allows these kinds of calculations to be carried out.

Weigh in motion scales are often used to facilitate weight overload enforcement, such as the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks program. Weigh-in-motion systems can be used as part of traditional roadside inspection stations, or as part of virtual inspection stations. In most countries, WIM systems are not considered sufficiently accurate for direct enforcement of overloaded vehicles but this may change in the future.

The most common bridge application of WIM is the assessment of traffic loading. The intensity of traffic on a bridge varies greatly as some roads are much busier than others. For bridges that have deteriorated, this is important as a less heavily trafficked bridge is safer and more heavily trafficked bridges should be prioritized for maintenance and repair. A great deal of research has been carried out on the subject of traffic loading on bridges, both short-span,  including an allowance for dynamics,   and long-span.

Recent years have seen the rise of several "specialty" Weigh-in-Motion systems. One popular example is the front fork garbage truck scale. In this application, a container is weighed—while it is full—as the driver lifts, and again—while it is empty—as the container is returned to the ground. The difference between the full and empty weights is equal to the weight of the contents.

Use
Countries using Weigh in motion on highways include:

 * Australia
 * Belgium
 * Brazil
 * Czech Republic
 * France
 * Germany
 * China
 * Italy
 * Japan
 * Poland
 * The Netherlands
 * Ukraine
 * United Arab Emirates
 * United Kingdom
 * United States (Usage varies from state to state)

Accuracy
The accuracy of weigh-in-motion data is generally much less than for static weigh scales where the environment is better controlled. The European COST 323 group developed an accuracy classification framework in the 1990s. They also coordinated three independently controlled road tests of commercially available and prototype WIM systems, one in Switzerland, one in France (Continental Motorway Test) and one in Northern Sweden (Cold Environment Test). Better accuracy can be achieved with multiple-sensor WIM systems and careful compensation for the effects of temperature. The Federal Highway Administration in the United States has published quality assurance criteria for WIM systems whose data is included in the Long Term Pavement Performance project.

Sensors
WIM systems can employ various types of sensors for measurement.

The earliest WIM systems, still used in a minority of installations, use an instrumented existing bridge as the weighing platform. Bending plates span a void cut into the pavement and use the flexure as the wheel passes over as a measure of weight. Load cells use strain sensors in the corner supports of a large platform embedded in the road.

The majority of systems today are strip sensors - pressure sensitive materials installed in a 2 to 3 cm groove cut into the road pavement. In strip sensors, various sensing materials are used, including piezo-polymer, piezo-ceramic, capacitive and piezo-quartz. Many of these sensing systems are temperature-dependent and algorithms are used to correct for this.

Strain transducers are used in bridge WIM systems. Strain gauges are used to measure the flexure in bending plates and the deformation in load cells. The strip sensor systems use piezo-electric materials in the groove.

Capacitive systems measure the capacitance between two closely placed charged plates.

More recently, weighing sensors using optical fiber grating sensors have been proposed.

Charge amplifiers
High impedance charge signals are amplified with MOSFET based charge amplifiers and converted to a voltage output, which is connected to analysis system.

Inductive loops
Inductive loops define the vehicle entry and exit from the WIM station. These signals are used as triggering inputs to start and stop the measurement to initiate totaling gross vehicle weight of each vehicle. They also measure total vehicle length and help with vehicle classification. For toll gate or low speed applications, inductive loops may be replaced by other types of vehicle sensors such as light curtains, axle sensors or piezocables.

Measurement system
The high speed measurement system is programmed to perform calculations of the following parameters:

Axle distances, individual axle weights, gross vehicle weight, vehicle speed, distance between vehicles, and the GPS synchronized time stamp for each vehicle measurement.

The measurement system should be environmentally protected, should have a wide operating temperature range and withstand condensation.

Registration plate reading
Cameras for automatic number-plate recognition may be part of the system to check the measured weight against maximum allowable weight for the vehicle and, in case of exceeded limits, inform law enforcement in order to pursue the vehicle or to directly fine the owner.

Communications
Variety of communication methods need to be installed on the measurement system. A modem or cellular modem can be provided. In older installations or where no communication infrastructure exists, WIM systems can be self-operating while saving the data, to later physically retrieve it.

Data archiving
A WIM system connected with any available communication means can be connected to a central monitoring server. Automatic data archiving software is required to retrieve the data from many remote WIM stations to be available for any further processing. A central database can be built to link many WIMs to a server for a variety of monitoring and enforcement purposes.

Rail applications
Weighing in motion is also a common application in rail transport. Known applications are

 * Asset protection (imbalances, overloading)
 * Asset management
 * Maintenance planning
 * Legislation and regulation
 * Administration and planning

System basics
There are two main parts to the measurement system: the track-side component, which contains hardware for communication, power, computation, and data acquisition, and the rail-mounted component, which consists of sensors and cabling. Known sensor principles include:
 * strain gauges: measuring the strain usually in the hub of the rail
 * fiber optical sensors: measuring a change of light intensity caused by the bending of the rail
 * load cells: Measuring the strain change in the load cell rather than directly on the rail itself.
 * laser based systems: measuring the displacement of the rail

Yards and main line
Trains are weighed, either on the main line or at yards. Weighing in Motion systems installed on the main lines measure the complete weight (distribution) of the trains as they pass by at the designated line speed. Weighing in motion on the mainline is therefore also referred to as "coupled-in-motion weighing": all of the railcars are coupled. Weighing in motion at yards often measure individual wagons. It requires that the railcar are uncoupled on both ends in order to weigh. Weighing in motion at yards is therefore also referred to as "uncoupled-in-motion weighing". Systems installed at yards usually works at lower speeds and are capable of higher accuracies.

Airport applications
Some airports use airplane weighing, whereby the plane taxis across the scale bed, and its weight is measured. The weight may then be used to correlate with the pilot's log entry, to ensure there is just enough fuel, with a little margin for safety. This has been used for some time to conserve jet fuel.

Also, the main difference in these platforms, which are basically a "transmission of weight" application, there are checkweighers, also known as dynamic scales or in-motion scales.

International cooperation and standards
The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion (ISWIM, www.is-wim) is an international non-profit organization, legally established in Switzerland in 2007. ISWIM is an international network of, and for, people and organisations active in the field of weigh-in-motion. The society brings together users, researchers, and vendors of WIM systems. This includes systems installed in or under the road pavements, bridges, rail tracks and on board vehicles. ISWIM organises periodically the international conferences on WIM (ICWIM), regional seminars and workshops as part of other international conferences and exhibitions.

In the 1990s, the first WIM standard ASTM-E1318-09 was published in North America, and the COST 323 action provided draft European specifications of WIM as well as reports on Pan-European tests of WIM system. The European research project WAVE and other initiatives delivered improved technologies and new methodologies of WIM. These first tests were done with the combination of WIM systems with video as a tool to assist overloading enforcement controls.

In the early 2000s, the accuracy and reliability of WIM systems were significantly improved, and they were used more frequently for overload screening and pre-selection for road side weight enforcement controls (virtual weigh stations). The OIML R134 was published as an international standard of low speed WIM systems for legal applications like tolling by weight and direct weight enforcement. Most recently, the NMi-WIM standard offers a basis for the introduction of high speed WIM systems for direct automatic enforcement and free flow tolling by weight.

title: Weigh in motion


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/George conyne

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. (I count 2 delete, 1 keep with no reason given and one too ambiguous to interpret. Reviewing the article, I concur that there has been no evidence presented that this person yet meets the recommended criteria for inclusion of biographies.)  Rossami (talk) 01:16, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

George conyne
Professor that fails the professor test. (The books listed are those he contributed to, not those he wrote). Radiant! 12:58, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — RJH 17:32, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Radiant appears to be incorrect according to Amazon.co.uk, anyway - ISBN 0312079516 Woodrow Wilson: British Perspectives, 1912-21 author G. R. Conyne. Anyone know if this series ever did happen? Any progress towards it? Average Earthman 18:18, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3 original published journal articles since 1992, author of one book that is not in my university library, delete --nixie 02:03, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Honda Domani

from Vfd
On 17 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Honda Domani for a record of the discussion.

from SJN
The second picture (rear view of a grey car) is not a Domani I reckon, but more a MB3 (European model). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.121.173.240 (talk) 18:16, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

Rover 400/45
"The Honda Domani has a very close relative in the Rover 400 saloon, with which it shared virtually all its main components. Renamed the Rover 45 when facelifted in 1999, it was also sold as a saloon, called the MG ZS, from 2001."

This sentence does not make a lot of sense in terms of bodystyles.

As can be seen from the Rover 400 and MG ZS pages, both of these related models were available as a hatchback or a saloon.

The sentence could be better phrased as:

"The Honda Domani has a very close relative in the Rover 400 hatchback and saloon, with which it shared virtually all its main components. Renamed the Rover 45 when facelifted in 1999, it was also sold as a sportier variant, called the MG ZS from 2001." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.76.203.9 (talk) 17:10, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Honda Domani


text:
Talk:Howard Kester

from Vfd
On 17 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Howard Kester for a record of the discussion.

title: Talk:Howard Kester


text:
Talk:Carlos Latuff

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Markaberk.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:49, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Carlos Latuff. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130520075955/http://www.sinkers.org/latuff/ to http://www.sinkers.org/latuff
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Excessive external links
We now have five links in the external links section. As per WP:EXT, this is excessive. See WP:ELMINOFFICIAL: Normally, only one official link is included. If the subject of the article has more than one official website, then more than one link may be appropriate, under a very few limited circumstances.[8] However, Wikipedia does not provide a comprehensive web directory to every official website. Wikipedia does not attempt to document or provide links to every part of the subject's web presence or provide readers with a handy list of all social networking sites. Complete directories lead to clutter and to placing undue emphasis on what the subject says. Can we choose which one or two to include and delete the others?
 * A Google search yields this article as the first result at the twitter page as the second, so I guess it is the most popular official link. “WarKosign” 20:58, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

Cuckolding fetish
Before anyone revert my edit, he actually has many cartoons about this topic.

https://twitter.com/latuffcartoons/status/842577690322501632

https://twitter.com/latuffcartoons/status/842577690322501632

etc — Preceding unsigned comment added by Azuizo (talk • contribs) 05:14, 10 March 2019 (UTC)
 * That's WP:OR or borders vandalism --Denniss (talk) 09:41, 10 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Now I’ve linked an academic article about this. It is not original research anymore. :-) Azuizo (talk) 18:52, 10 March 2019 (UTC)
 * this ref is worth nothing as your claim is not supported + its in a foreign language without translation. --Denniss (talk) 19:33, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Non english sources are allowed, but it is in bounds to ask for a translation of the relevant portion. Verifiability. Please provide a quote of the relevant section in both the original language and English. ResultingConstant (talk) 23:15, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I find it incredibly racist to say that Portuguese is a “foreign” language. Azuizo (talk) 20:57, 31 March 2019 (UTC)
 * you do know this is the English wiki right? ResultingConstant (talk) 21:35, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:51, 2 July 2019 (UTC)
 * UsElections Obama Latuff.png

Stance on Russia-Ukraine war
The article clearly lacks any mentions of pro-russian sentiment shared by the subject. Since 2014 he made several caricatures depicting Ukrainians in a dehumanizing way, like this:

https://twitter.com/LatuffCartoons/status/1504505076290891778 https://ms-my.facebook.com/internationalriot/photos/ukraine-antimaidan-euromaidanfrom-latuff-brasil/671544492901910/

I, as a Ukrainian, find it offensive

He oftentimes dubbs the Russian narrative about "all Ukrainians are nazis", examples:

https://www.irancartoon.com/site/media/zartists/75a4d29f877cd51c3aba2fb049b8611b/carlos-latuff-26.jpg https://twitter.com/LatuffCartoons/status/1181257040913686528

From what the subject posts in social media, his Iran-China-Russia bias is obvious, and it should be pointed out in the article. Choomaque (talk) 21:44, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree completely and it's a shame that it's not mentioned in the article. Do you know of any reliable sources so we can put it in? 84.148.208.43 (talk) 21:17, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carlos Latuff


text:
446 Aeternitas

Aeternitas (minor planet designation: 446 Aeternitas) is a main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on 27 October 1899 in Heidelberg. It is classified as an A-type asteroid. The asteroid is roughly 45 km in diameter and has a high albedo.

title: 446 Aeternitas


text:
Strongylodon macrobotrys

Strongylodon macrobotrys, commonly known as the jade vine, emerald vine, or turquoise jade vine, is a leguminous vine endemic to the Philippines. It is a popular ornamental plant known for its cascading clusters of vibrant turquoise or greenish-blue claw-shaped flowers. Cultivating jade vine requires a tropical environment, making it a popular choice in botanical gardens and conservatories. The plant's striking appearance and limited distribution contribute to its allure among plant enthusiasts worldwide.

Origins
Strongylodon macrobotrys was first described by Western explorers in 1841. The plant was noted on the jungled slopes of Mount Makiling, on the Philippines’ Luzon Island, by members of the United States Exploring Expedition. The plant received its Western name and was first described in Western literature by Harvard-based botanist Asa Gray. He described thousands of plants collected by the United States multi-ship expedition. Plants were collected from various countries including Honolulu and Antarctica. Gray had disagreed with Lt. Charles Wilkes, the U.S. Navy officer who had led the expedition and elected not to join the voyage itself. The expedition involved several violent altercations with indigenous populations. Wilkes was court-martialed at the end of the expedition but was acquitted.

Its species epithet macrobotrys means “long grape cluster”, from the Greek makros "long" and botrys "bunch of grapes", referring to the fruit; the genus name derives from strongylos "round", and odous "tooth", referring to the rounded teeth of the calyx.

Description
It has thick stems up to 2 cm in diameter, which it uses to crawl up tall trees to reach sunlight. Its stems can reach up to 18 m in length. The vine entwines itself through its host's trunk and branches.

Its pale green foliage spreads over the canopy and is arranged alternately. Each leaf consists of three oblong leaflets with mucronate tips, the middle leaflet is the largest.

Flowers
The claw-shaped or beak-shaped flowers are carried in pendent trusses or pseudoracemes of 75 or more flowers and can reach as much as 3 m long. The turquoise flower color is similar to some forms of the minerals turquoise and jade, varying from blue-green to mint green.

The flowers hang like clusters of grapes from inflorescences produced by mature vines. Each bloom resembles a stout-bodied butterfly with folded wings; they have evolved certain modifications to allow them to be pollinated by a species of bat that hangs upside down on the inflorescence to drink its nectar.

Their bright coloration is an example of copigmentation, a result of the presence of malvin (an anthocyanin) and saponarin (a flavone glucoside) in the ratio 1:9. Under the alkaline conditions (pH 7.9) found in the sap of the epidermal cells, this combination produced a pink pigmentation; the pH of the colorless inner floral tissue was found to be lower, at pH 5.6. Experiments showed that saponarin produced a strong yellow colouring in slightly alkaline conditions, resulting in the greenish tone of the flower.

Fruit
The short, oblong, fleshy seedpods are up to 15 cm long and contain up to 12 seeds. The jade vine is bat-pollinated in the wild, thus it must be hand-pollinated in greenhouses to bear its fruit, which can grow to be melon-sized. This has been done over the years at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew Gardens in England, where seed conservation is an ongoing focus, especially in the face of loss of rainforest habitat.

Habitat and pollinators
The plant grows beside streams in damp forests, or in ravines.

There are several other species of Strongylodon, but the superficially similar red jade vine, Mucuna bennettii, is a species belonging to a different genus, Mucuna. It seems to be endemic to the Philippines and is usually found in forests. Propagation has always been difficult. It is considered an endangered species due to the destruction of its habitat and the decrease of its natural pollinators. There seems to be a method of marcotting through mature woody stems. It is best planted in ground near a water source, but not inundated.

Cultivation
Strongylodon macrobotrys is not frost-tolerant; it needs a minimum temperature of 15 °C (59 °F). It is prized in tropical and subtropical gardens for its showy flowers which are a highly unusual colour, unlike that of almost any other plant. It is usually grown over a pergola or other tall support to display the spectacular cascading flower trusses which are produced generously once the vine is mature (after 2 years or more, depending on pruning regime). Curiously, on a large plant, the pale-coloured blooms can be difficult to see in strong sunlight and could be overlooked if not for the fallen blooms below the vine. Fallen blooms change color as they dry out, from mint green to blue-green to purple. The seed pods are not formed in cultivation, but by mimicking the actions of the natural pollinators, Kew Gardens has been successful in pollinating the flowers and producing seeds. Propagation is also possible from nodal cuttings.

In colder latitudes the plant must be grown in a large glasshouse or conservatory, such as the famous examples grown at Kew Gardens, Cambridge University Botanic Garden, Eden Project and The Living Rainforest in the UK. In cultivation the plant flowers in early spring. In the USA a jade vine can be found at the Naples Botanical Garden, Longwood Gardens, Franklin Park Conservatory, The New York Botanical Garden, Chicago Botanical Garden, San Diego Botanic Garden, Wave Hill, Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden, University of Northern Iowa Botanical Center, White River Gardens, and Nicholas Conservatory and Gardens. In Florida, it is at Flamingo Gardens, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Marie Selby Botanical Garden, the Gifford Arboretum at the University of Miami, as well as Mounts Botanical Garden. In Hawaii, jade vine specimens can be found at the Hawaii Tropical Botanical Garden in Hilo, Lyon Arboretum in Honolulu, the Garden of Eden Arboretum in Haiku, the Wahiawa Botanical Garden in Central Oahu, and Glenn's Flowers and Plants in Waimanalo. In Belgium, there are several specimens in the botanical gardens of Ghent.

Uses
Jade vine flowers are edible. People of its native island of Luzon (name in Tagalog: tayabak) eat them as vegetables in a similar manner as katurai.

Pests and diseases
Although well known in other Fabaceae—including soybeans—the Soybean mosaic virus has only recently been found in S. macrobotrys in Brazil (University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo state). Whether S. macrobotrys is commonly infected, and whether it serves as a virus reservoir for nearby soybean fields, will need to be investigated.

title: Strongylodon macrobotrys


text:
447 Valentine

Valentine (minor planet designation: 447 Valentine) is a large Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on 27 October 1899 in Heidelberg.

title: 447 Valentine


text:
Aeroflot Flight 6833

Aeroflot Flight 6833, en route from Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, to Leningrad, Russian SFSR, with an intermediate stop in Batumi, was the scene of an attempted aircraft hijacking by seven young Georgians on 18–19 November 1983. The crisis ended with a storming of the Tu-134A airliner by Alpha Group that resulted in eight dead. The surviving hijackers were subsequently tried and executed.

Incident
On 18 November 1983, seven young people, all sons of Georgian intellectual elite families – attempted to flee the Soviet Union by hijacking an airliner of the state-run Aeroflot company. Among the hijackers were the painters Gia Tabidze, Davit Mikaberidze, and Soso Tsereteli, the actor Gega Kobakhidze (who had just been selected to play a role in Tengiz Abuladze's subsequently famous film Repentance ), and the physicians Paata and Kakhi Iverieli. They pretended to be a wedding party, boarded the airliner in Tbilisi, and tried to divert it to Turkey. There were 57 passengers and seven crew members on board.

The captain, Akhmatger Gardapkhadze, and the co-pilot, Vladimir Gasoyan (both of them were subsequently awarded the titles of the Hero of the Soviet Union) made sharp maneuvers to prevent the hijackers from taking aim. The hijackers were forced out of the flight deck but several people were injured in a clash. Rather than concede to the hijackers' demands, the pilot circled Tbilisi and later landed.

The Georgian Communist Party chief, Eduard Shevardnadze, called for the deployment of an elite Soviet special unit Alpha Group from Moscow. On day two of the hijacking the Alpha group stormed the aircraft and arrested the surviving hijackers. The incident claimed the lives of three crew members, two passengers and three hijackers. The aircraft received 108 bullet holes during the attack, and because its structure was weakened by the maneuvers that exceeded its design limits, the aircraft was written off.

Trial and aftermath
The arrested hijackers as well as their friend and confessor Orthodox priest Theodore Chikhladze were tried by the Soviet Georgian court. The convicts declared that they wanted to "have a better life and live in a free society." Shevardnadze described them as "drug addicts" and "bandits", and demanded the death penalty. In August 1984, the three hijackers – Kobakhidze and the brothers Iverieli – were sentenced to death, while their female co-conspirator Tinatin Petviashvili received a 14-year jail sentence. Despite the lack of evidence, the priest Chikhladze was declared a "ringleader" and also sentenced to death. On 3 October 1984, all four men were shot.

Many details of the incident are still unclear and a series of questions remain open. Shevardnadze has been accused of rejecting the offer by the hijackers' parents to negotiate with their sons the release of the hostages. Many claims have been made that he demanded the death penalty for the hijackers to strengthen his positions among the Communist leadership and to show his loyalty to Moscow. The 108 bullet holes in the aircraft as well as the death of a stewardess remain a source of controversy.

In 2001, a Georgian producer of the Marjanishvili Theater, David Doiashvili, decided to make a performance of the 1983 events. However, the theater administration didn't accept the screenplay of the writer David Turashvili. The latter stated Shevardnadze was reluctant to recall old memories. Georgian human rights organizations claimed censorship in Georgia was still functional. The performance The Jeans Generation, or Belated Requiem was staged, however, at the private Liberty Theatre and gained a conspicuous popularity in Georgia.

In 2003, Georgian-born author and director Zaza Rusadze made a documentary Bandits about the event and its background. The movie was screened at several International Film Festivals and broadcast in German and French speaking EU countries in 2004, as well as on the 1st Channel of Georgian Public Broadcaster.

title: Aeroflot Flight 6833


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Glasspacks

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 23:33, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)

Glasspacks
While the word does google, none of the hits are related to this article. Neologism? Obscure techtalk? Radiant! 13:04, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, real thing. Nice of you to check out all 25,800 hits for the word, but I think you missed out this one and about 830 others . Kappa 13:29, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Very well, but maybe we require a disambig then? Radiant! 14:12, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think there's anything to disambig it with yet. There's a band "glasspack" and a company  but they don't have articles. Kappa 15:17, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * True, but there could be. The question is, is the band more notable than the term? Or the company? Radiant! 16:09, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep As the article states, a glasspack is a popular type of muffler among certain (young male?) automobile owners—distinctive enough from OEM and other aftermarket mufflers to deserve its own article. Should be titled in the singular, however. But it's not made of glass, (it uses fiberglass for sound-deadening), nor does it amplify sound (as anyone who's ever had a set of lake pipes can attest). The fact that a company and a band took its name is another indication that it needs its own article. DialUp 17:23, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. They're filled with fiberglass as DialUp pointed out.  My brother had a set on his old '67 Mustang.  Ah, memories.  Even with "freeway gears" that car was a holy terror and the 'packs were a major reason why.  Correct errors and remove the "ricer" POV comment. - Lucky 6.9 20:33, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. OK stub. Mark for cleanup, though, as I don't think the information is very accurate. I was never part of the hotrod culture but even I heard about them. Good chance that someone wise in the ways of J. C. Whitney will expand it into a real article someday. They didn't amplify the sound though surely they were louder than the standard article. I wonder what the deal was? Perhaps they deadened the sound just exactly enough to make the car barely legal while providing the minimum back pressure? Presumably the ostensible purpose was to increase the engine's power, not its sound. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:29, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Now I've gotten interested... I like this: http://www.v6z24.com/howto/glasscat says "How to install a Glasspack in Place of Your Cat: If your cat has gone bad, and you want a simple fix without making the car sound too loud and possibly like crap, you can reaplace the cat with a glasspack muffler. Keep in mind that this is illegal, and will be noticed if inspections are done in your area. It is also not the greatest for the environment, but do as you wish... ;-)"

 * Weak keep and cleanup, including making title singular. Glasspacks are the most well-known generic type of aftermarket exhaust, and maybe the most well-known term for aftermarket equipment of any sort.  Dpbsmith's guesses were correct:  The purpose was a modicum of sound-deadening with a minimum of backpressure.  In the fifties and sixties, most hotrodders didn't understand the effects of exhaust-pipe diameter, stepping, and length that affect resonance and thus affect evacuation of burnt gasses from the cylinder.  So they often used the biggest available headers dumping into big glasspacks, which sounded testosteronous but resulted in less than optimal torque and power.  When I was the sort of teenager who valued power over handling, I had them on a 1972 Pontiac GTO with a 400-cubic-inch engine, and it scared neighborhood pets.  Barno 18:20, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I made a hasty attempt to fix the article, which actually had lots of problems (it didn't not make it clear that the "glass" was fiberglass, and it implied that these devices actually amplified engine noise), but if you actually know something about them I'd appreciate it if you would take a quick pass over it yourself. Something ought to be said about the cultural context (teenagers, testosteronosity, etc.) but it should be carefully NPOV... Dpbsmith (talk) 19:51, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
448 Natalie

Natalie (minor planet designation: 448 Natalie) is a typical Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on 27 October 1899 in Heidelberg.

Analysis of the light curve generated from photometric data collected during its 2010 opposition show a rotation period of $47.76 km$ with a brightness variation of $0.059$ in magnitude.

title: 448 Natalie


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The Wittenburg Door

The Wittenburg Door, sometimes known as simply The Door, was a Christian satire and humor magazine, previously published bimonthly by the non-profit Trinity Foundation based in Dallas, Texas. The magazine started publication in 1971 and ceased publication in 2008. It was then published only online by John Bloom until its recent transition to a new group of "door keepers". The title was a reference to the Ninety-Five Theses written by Martin Luther in 1517 that he is believed to have posted on the door of the All Saints' Church, Wittenberg. A documentary, Nailin' it to the Church, by Murray Stiller was made in 2009.

title: The Wittenburg Door


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Talk:Trwynmynachdy

Is this some kind of joke?

I'm baffled -- and not too far from voting for deletion.

I'd certainly urge this page's deletion and the transfer of such content as there is (??) to Ramsey Island. cheers Geopersona (talk)

title: Talk:Trwynmynachdy


text: User talk:61.230.133.142

title: User talk:61.230.133.142