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Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect

In physics, the Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) effect is any of a variety of correlation and anti-correlation effects in the intensities received by two detectors from a beam of particles. HBT effects can generally be attributed to the wave–particle duality of the beam, and the results of a given experiment depend on whether the beam is composed of fermions or bosons. Devices which use the effect are commonly called intensity interferometers and were originally used in astronomy, although they are also heavily used in the field of quantum optics.

History
In 1954, Robert Hanbury Brown and Richard Q. Twiss introduced the intensity interferometer concept to radio astronomy for measuring the tiny angular size of stars, suggesting that it might work with visible light as well. Soon after they successfully tested that suggestion: in 1956 they published an in-lab experimental mockup using blue light from a mercury-vapor lamp, and later in the same year, they applied this technique to measuring the size of Sirius. In the latter experiment, two photomultiplier tubes, separated by a few meters, were aimed at the star using crude telescopes, and a correlation was observed between the two fluctuating intensities. Just as in the radio studies, the correlation dropped away as they increased the separation (though over meters, instead of kilometers), and they used this information to determine the apparent angular size of Sirius.

This result was met with much skepticism in the physics community. The radio astronomy result was justified by Maxwell's equations, but there were concerns that the effect should break down at optical wavelengths, since the light would be quantised into a relatively small number of photons that induce discrete photoelectrons in the detectors. Many physicists worried that the correlation was inconsistent with the laws of thermodynamics. Some even claimed that the effect violated the uncertainty principle. Hanbury Brown and Twiss resolved the dispute in a neat series of articles (see References below) that demonstrated, first, that wave transmission in quantum optics had exactly the same mathematical form as Maxwell's equations, albeit with an additional noise term due to quantisation at the detector, and second, that according to Maxwell's equations, intensity interferometry should work. Others, such as Edward Mills Purcell immediately supported the technique, pointing out that the clumping of bosons was simply a manifestation of an effect already known in statistical mechanics. After a number of experiments, the whole physics community agreed that the observed effect was real.

The original experiment used the fact that two bosons tend to arrive at two separate detectors at the same time. Morgan and Mandel used a thermal photon source to create a dim beam of photons and observed the tendency of the photons to arrive at the same time on a single detector. Both of these effects used the wave nature of light to create a correlation in arrival time – if a single photon beam is split into two beams, then the particle nature of light requires that each photon is only observed at a single detector, and so an anti-correlation was observed in 1977 by H. Jeff Kimble. Finally, bosons have a tendency to clump together, giving rise to Bose–Einstein correlations, while fermions due to the Pauli exclusion principle, tend to spread apart, leading to Fermi–Dirac (anti)correlations. Bose–Einstein correlations have been observed between pions, kaons and photons, and Fermi–Dirac (anti)correlations between protons, neutrons and electrons. For a general introduction in this field, see the textbook on Bose–Einstein correlations by Richard M. Weiner. A difference in repulsion of Bose–Einstein condensate in the "trap-and-free fall" analogy of the HBT effect affects comparison.

Also, in the field of particle physics, Gerson Goldhaber et al. performed an experiment in 1959 in Berkeley and found an unexpected angular correlation among identical pions, discovering the ρ0 resonance, by means of $$\rho^0 \to \pi^-\pi^+$$ decay. From then on, the HBT technique started to be used by the heavy-ion community to determine the space–time dimensions of the particle emission source for heavy-ion collisions. For developments in this field up to 2005, see for example this review article.

Wave mechanics
The HBT effect can, in fact, be predicted solely by treating the incident electromagnetic radiation as a classical wave. Suppose we have a monochromatic wave with frequency $$\omega$$ on two detectors, with an amplitude $$E(t)$$ that varies on timescales slower than the wave period $$2\pi/\omega$$. (Such a wave might be produced from a very distant point source with a fluctuating intensity.)

Since the detectors are separated, say the second detector gets the signal delayed by a time $$\tau$$, or equivalently, a phase $$\phi = \omega\tau$$; that is,

 * $$ E_1(t) = E(t) \sin(\omega t),$$

 * $$ E_2(t) = E(t - \tau) \sin(\omega t - \phi).$$

The intensity recorded by each detector is the square of the wave amplitude, averaged over a timescale that is long compared to the wave period $$2\pi/\omega$$ but short compared to the fluctuations in $$E(t)$$:

\begin{align} i_1(t) &= \overline{E_1(t)^2} = \overline{E(t)^2 \sin^2(\omega t)} = \tfrac{1}{2} E(t)^2, \\ i_2(t) &= \overline{E_2(t)^2} = \overline{E(t - \tau)^2 \sin^2(\omega t - \phi)} = \tfrac{1}{2} E(t - \tau)^2, \end{align} $$ where the overline indicates this time averaging. For wave frequencies above a few terahertz (wave periods less than a picosecond), such a time averaging is unavoidable, since detectors such as photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes cannot produce photocurrents that vary on such short timescales.

The correlation function $$\langle i_1 i_2 \rangle(\tau)$$ of these time-averaged intensities can then be computed:

\begin{align} \langle i_1 i_2 \rangle(\tau) &= \lim_{T \to \infty} \frac{1}{T} \int\limits_0^T i_1(t) i_2(t)\, \mathrm{d}t \\ &= \lim_{T \to \infty} \frac{1}{T} \int\limits_0^T \tfrac{1}{4} E(t)^2 E(t-\tau)^2 \, \mathrm{d}t. \end{align} $$

Most modern schemes actually measure the correlation in intensity fluctuations at the two detectors, but it is not too difficult to see that if the intensities are correlated, then the fluctuations $$\Delta i = i - \langle i\rangle$$, where $$\langle i\rangle$$ is the average intensity, ought to be correlated, since
 * $$\begin{align}

\langle\Delta i_1\Delta i_2\rangle &= \big\langle(i_1 - \langle i_1\rangle)(i_2 - \langle i_2\rangle)\big\rangle = \langle i_1 i_2\rangle - \big\langle i_1\langle i_2\rangle\big\rangle - \big\langle i_2\langle i_1\rangle\big\rangle + \langle i_1\rangle \langle i_2\rangle \\ &=\langle i_1 i_2\rangle -\langle i_1\rangle \langle i_2\rangle. \end{align}$$

In the particular case that $$E(t)$$ consists mainly of a steady field $$E_0$$ with a small sinusoidally varying component $$\delta E \sin(\Omega t)$$, the time-averaged intensities are

\begin{align} i_1(t) &= \tfrac{1}{2} E_0^2 + E_0\,\delta E \sin(\Omega t) + \mathcal{O}(\delta E^2), \\ i_2(t) &= \tfrac{1}{2} E_0^2 + E_0\,\delta E \sin(\Omega t-\Phi) + \mathcal{O}(\delta E^2), \end{align} $$ with $$\Phi = \Omega \tau$$, and $$\mathcal{O}(\delta E^2)$$ indicates terms proportional to $$(\delta E)^2$$, which are small and may be ignored.

The correlation function of these two intensities is then

\begin{align} \langle \Delta i_1 \Delta i_2 \rangle(\tau) &= \lim_{T \to \infty} \frac{(E_0\delta E)^2}{T} \int\limits_0^T \sin(\Omega t) \sin(\Omega t - \Phi) \, \mathrm{d}t \\ &= \tfrac{1}{2} (E_0 \delta E)^2 \cos(\Omega\tau), \end{align} $$ showing a sinusoidal dependence on the delay $$\tau$$ between the two detectors.

Quantum interpretation
The above discussion makes it clear that the Hanbury Brown and Twiss (or photon bunching) effect can be entirely described by classical optics. The quantum description of the effect is less intuitive: if one supposes that a thermal or chaotic light source such as a star randomly emits photons, then it is not obvious how the photons "know" that they should arrive at a detector in a correlated (bunched) way. A simple argument suggested by Ugo Fano in 1961 captures the essence of the quantum explanation. Consider two points $$a$$ and $$b$$ in a source that emit photons detected by two detectors $$A$$ and $$B$$ as in the diagram. A joint detection takes place when the photon emitted by $$a$$ is detected by $$A$$ and the photon emitted by $$b$$ is detected by $$B$$ (red arrows) or when $$a$$'s photon is detected by $$B$$ and $$b$$'s by $$A$$ (green arrows). The quantum mechanical probability amplitudes for these two possibilities are denoted by $$\langle A|a \rangle \langle B|b \rangle$$ and $$\langle B|a \rangle \langle A|b \rangle$$ respectively. If the photons are indistinguishable, the two amplitudes interfere constructively to give a joint detection probability greater than that for two independent events. The sum over all possible pairs $$a, b$$ in the source washes out the interference unless the distance $$AB$$ is sufficiently small.

Fano's explanation nicely illustrates the necessity of considering two-particle amplitudes, which are not as intuitive as the more familiar single-particle amplitudes used to interpret most interference effects. This may help to explain why some physicists in the 1950s had difficulty accepting the Hanbury Brown and Twiss result. But the quantum approach is more than just a fancy way to reproduce the classical result: if the photons are replaced by identical fermions such as electrons, the antisymmetry of wave functions under exchange of particles renders the interference destructive, leading to zero joint detection probability for small detector separations. This effect is referred to as antibunching of fermions. The above treatment also explains photon antibunching: if the source consists of a single atom, which can only emit one photon at a time, simultaneous detection in two closely spaced detectors is clearly impossible. Antibunching, whether of bosons or of fermions, has no classical wave analog.

From the point of view of the field of quantum optics, the HBT effect was important to lead physicists (among them Roy J. Glauber and Leonard Mandel) to apply quantum electrodynamics to new situations, many of which had never been experimentally studied, and in which classical and quantum predictions differ.

title: Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect


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Good Neighbor Pharmacy

Good Neighbor Pharmacy is an American retailers' cooperative network of independently owned and operated pharmacies. It has a business affiliation with AmerisourceBergen, which sponsors the network and owns the name "Good Neighbor Pharmacy". Good Neighbor Pharmacy received the highest overall score in pharmacy customer satisfaction in the J.D. Power and Associates 2010 and 2011 National Pharmacy Studies. Good Neighbor Pharmacy has also ranked #1 for two years running in Newsweek's “America's Best Customer Service” for the brick and mortar pharmacies and drugstores category.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Good Neighbor Pharmacy


text: User talk:68.103.162.32

title: User talk:68.103.162.32


text: User talk:68.198.181.197

title: User talk:68.198.181.197


text:
List of disasters in Australia by death toll

This is a list of disasters in Australia by death toll.

Significant incidents of Australians being killed overseas
Excludes deaths attributable to war.


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Provincial temple

Kokubun-ji (国分寺) were Buddhist temples established in each of the provinces of Japan by Emperor Shōmu during the Nara period (710 – 794).

History
Shōmu (701 – 756?) decreed both a kokubun-ji for monks and a kokubunni-ji (国分尼寺) for nuns to be established in each province. Tōdai-ji, the provincial temple of Yamato Province, served as the head of all kokubun-ji, and Hokke-ji held that duty for the kokubunni-ji.

Modern place names
Modern place names based on this etymology include:
 * Kokubunji, Kagawa
 * Kokubunji, Tokyo
 * Kokubunji, Tochigi

title: Provincial temple


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Family Pharmacy

Family Pharmacy is a network of 2,100 independently owned and operated pharmacies. AmerisourceBergen owns the servicemark Family Pharmacy. AmerisourceBergen also supplies Good Neighbor Pharmacy, a similar but distinct network. It can be considered a retailers' cooperative.

title: Family Pharmacy


text:
Flag of Antarctica

A flag of Antarctica is a flag or flag design that represents the continent of Antarctica. As a condominium with no single governing body, it does not have an official flag of its own. However, several designs have been created for the purpose of representing the continent.

This should be distinguished from flags flown in Antarctica in general, which includes those used by national missions and outposts in Antarctica.

Flag designs
Since the 1970s, there have been many designs proposed as a flag for Antarctica.

White flag (1929)
In 1929, members of the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition on RRS Discovery used white cotton sheeting to improvise a courtesy ensign (a flag used as a token of respect by vessels while in foreign waters) for a continent without a flag of its own. It is now in the National Maritime Museum in London. The white flag was used to represent Antarctica on at least two occasions on the voyage to Antarctica. On 1 August 1929, The Times noted that "the ship was flying the Union Jack at her forepeak, the white Antarctic flag at the foremast, and the Australian flag at the stern."

Whitney Smith's proposal (1978)
Vexillologist Whitney Smith presented an orange flag with a white emblem in the hoist at the 1978 annual meeting of the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA). The letter A stands for Antarctica, the semi-sphere represents the area below the Antarctic Circle, and the hands represent human protection of the environment. For high visibility, he chose international orange, a color commonly used in the aerospace industry to set objects apart from their surroundings. The bright orange color was also chosen due to its rarity among national flags, as no nation with an active research base on the continent uses the color orange in their flag. The design elements are positioned on the hoist side of the flag so that it would remain visible even if the flag were damaged by the harsh Antarctic winds.

Graham Bartram's proposal (1996)
Graham Bartram, the chief vexillologist of British organization Flag Institute, designed another proposal in 1996 for a 3D Atlas program developed by The MultiMedia Corporation and published by Electronic Arts. Using the flag of the United Nations as his model, he chose a plain white map of the continent on a blue background to symbolize neutrality. The flag was inspired by the emblem of the Antarctic Treaty System.

Vexillologist Ted Kaye had Bartram's design printed and took them with him on an Antarctic cruise. At Kaye's request, it flew at the Brazilian base Comandante Ferraz and the British museum at Port Lockroy. The Graham Bartram flag design has been used as the "Flag for Antarctica" emoji (🇦🇶) on most supported platforms since 2015. In a recent update to his design, Bartram introduced modifications to the flag which were aimed at raising awareness about the environmental challenges facing the continent, specifically focusing on the issue of microplastic pollution. This initiative seeks to highlight the presence of microplastics in Antarctica, drawing global attention to the impact on wildlife and ecosystems and advocating for international efforts to tackle this pressing issue.

True South proposal (2018)
The True South proposal was designed by Evan Townsend in 2018. The flag has the following meaning:"Horizontal stripes of navy and white represent the long days and nights at Antarctica's extreme latitude. In the center, a lone white peak erupts from a field of snow and ice, echoing those of the bergs, mountains, and pressure ridges that define the Antarctic horizon. The long shadow it casts forms the unmistakable shape of a compass arrow pointed south, an homage to the continent's legacy of exploration. Together, the two center shapes create a diamond, symbolizing the hope that Antarctica will continue to be a center of peace, discovery, and cooperation for generations to come."The flag is named after geographic South, or "true South", which differs from magnetic south.

The flag has quickly gained popularity since its introduction. It has been adopted by a few National Antarctic Programs, Antarctic nonprofits, and expedition teams; flown at several research stations across Antarctica; and was used in the 2022 marker for the geographic South Pole.

Emblem of the Antarctic Treaty
The emblem of the Antarctic Treaty System is occasionally used, both for its use by its members since the first consultative meeting in 1961 and for having inspired other similar flags. While the origin of this design can be traced to the first redaction of the treaty in 1959, the consultative members of the Antarctic Treaty System have officially adopted it as emblem only in 2002.

The emblem is used in the form of a flag, among other forms, along with being used on all official documents, and officially this emblem represents the Antarctic Treaty System and not the continent itself. A commemorative stamp was also issued by the US Post Office in 1971.

title: Flag of Antarctica


text: User talk:69.141.109.210

title: User talk:69.141.109.210


text:
Category talk:Basque literature

Basque-language literature
Wouldn't Category:Basque-language literature be more useful? --Error 02:24, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Basque literature


text:
Westman Journal

The Westman Journal, previously known as the Wheat City Journal, was a weekly community newspaper printed in Brandon, Manitoba. Its founder and former publisher is Bruce Penton. It provided Brandon-based, people-oriented news and sports.

Last Publisher: Nancy Johnson Last Editor: Brandi Pollock

The paper's first issue was released on April 25, 2002, under the name Wheat City Journal. In 2004, the Wheat City Journal was purchased by Glacier Media. In 2009, the paper's name was changed to the Westman Journal. It ceased its operations on April 29, 2019.

title: Westman Journal


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Pezizomycotina

Pezizomycotina make up most of the Ascomycota fungi and include most lichenized fungi too. Pezizomycotina contains the filamentous ascomycetes and is a subdivision of the Ascomycota' (fungi that form their spores in a sac-like ascus). It is more or less synonymous with the older taxon Euascomycota. These fungi reproduce by fission rather than budding and this subdivision includes almost all the ascus fungi that have fruiting bodies visible to the naked eye (exception: genus Neolecta, which belongs to the Taphrinomycotina).

See the taxobox for a list of the classes that make up the Pezizomycotina. The old class Loculoascomycetes (consisting of all the bitunicate Ascomycota) has been replaced by the two classes Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes. The rest of the Pezizomycotina also include the previously defined hymenial groups Discomycetes (now Leotiomycetes) and Pyrenomycetes (Sordariomycetes).

Some important groups in Pezizomycotina include: Pezizomycetes (the operculate discomycetes), Leotiomycetes (the inoperculate discomycetes), Laboulbeniomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes.

Paleopyrenomycites from the Early Devonian Rhynie Chert is the oldest known fossil member of Pezizomycotina, although its position within this subdivision is unclear.

title: Pezizomycotina


text:
Category talk:Basque writers

Basque-language writers
Wouldn't Category:Basque-language writers be more useful? --Error 02:37, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Basque writers


text:
User:Swhawking

this page left intentionally blank

title: User:Swhawking


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/United Software Association

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Joyous 02:24, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

United Software Association
Yet another warez group. Big deal. Google search for "United Software Association" only garners 127 hits. Ho hum. See also: The Humble Guys. —RaD Man (talk) 02:28, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep stop wasting our time with sarcastic VfD's RaD Man ... I think we get the point.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 04:00, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Article needs cleanup. Megan1967 06:14, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep (?), I don't really know anything about warez. JuntungWu 16:58, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * C'mon, Rad Man. Keep.  They weren't as big as The Humble Guys in their day, but I certainly remember them. Katefan0 17:57, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article fails to establish notability. Capitalistroadster 06:49, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and I must admit, this one surprises me too, RadMan, although we're all entitled to be bored to the point of VfD by stories of warez scammers. Wyss 23:32, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. Yuckfoo 01:12, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Legends in their own minds, I'm sure. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:51, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. GRider\talk 18:55, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopedic, possibly vanity. Martg76 13:06, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We have an article on warez.  A self-important minor criminal organization, which based on the Google hits, isn't significant enough for an article separate from the main warez article.  I don't think we should be in a big rush to give anti-social/criminal groups and individuals that crave attention what they want.  --BM 17:46, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Respectfully, I think your reasoning is flawed. Wikipedia is not a group of morality police.  If a group, however nefarious, is encyclopedic, it should be included.  According to your logic, should we also not have an entry for Mafia or Charles Manson? Katefan0 18:38, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * You've misunderstood me, or more probably, I didn't express myself well. My point is that the normal notability bar would rule out this article, anyway, and that we shouldn't be in any big rush to lower it; on the contrary, for the reasons stated, we should err on the side of caution. Clearly there are notable bad guys and we need to have them in the encyclopedia.   We just shouldn't be bending over backwards to share the grandiose view that petty delinquents like the United Software Association have of themselves just because they have a website and troll Internet forums. --BM 20:40, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * United Software Association ceased to exist beyond the 1990s. Are you sure you read the article?  I'd just hate to believe you were casting a vote of delete out of ignorance.  —RaD Man (talk) 20:52, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I did. As I keep saying; this group isn't notable, and we shouldn't be in any big rush to lower our standards for groups like this.  If you don't agree, then you shouldn't have nominated the article.  Or are you disrupting Wikipedia to make a point?  --BM 21:08, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Good. Just making sure you accurately understood why it wasn't notable.  The USA no longer exists; therefore they cannot, as you put, "have a website and troll Internet forums".  —RaD Man (talk) 21:21, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * However, that is an accurate characterization of many warez and trolling groups, and I am trying to make a general point. Sorry to have confused you.   --BM 22:07, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Is it? Which warez group(s) specifically does your "accurate" over generalization apply to?  Curious.  —RaD Man (talk) 22:20, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.100.227.157

title: User talk:68.100.227.157


text:
File:Titor insignia.jpg

Summary
John Titor's supposed military insignia Vicio&Fabio Network

title: File:Titor insignia.jpg


text:
George Dietzler

George Washington Deitzler (November 30, 1826 – April 11, 1884) was a Union Army General during the American Civil War. He was also known as the mayor of Lawrence, Kansas, in 1860 and served as Treasurer of The University of Kansas after. Deitzler was a prominent member of The Free State Party in Kansas and after the war, the Republican Party.

Biography
Deitzler was born George Washington Ditzler in Pine Grove, Pennsylvania, where he received a common school education ("very common" he once said). As a young man, he moved to the new West. After a short residence in Illinois, and in California, Deitzler went to Lawrence Kansas in March 1855. While in San Francisco, Dietzler had added the e before the i in his name and persuaded his brother, Rev. Jefferson M. Deitzler (still in Pennsylvania) to do the same.

In Kansas, Deitzler “grew up with the state.” He engaged in farming and real estate dealing. He soon took an active part in politics. When the plan to organize a free-state government was set to foot in opposition to the pro-slavery territorial government, Deitzler was sent to Boston to see Amos Lawrence and other friends of the cause. He received an order for one hundred Sharp's rifles which were very soon on their way to Kansas in boxes marked "books." Other shipments of "books" soon followed. Military companies armed with the new weapons were formed among the free-state men. In the so-called Wakarusa War in November 1855, Deitzler was aid-de-camp to the commander of the free-state forces, and during part of the time was in full command.

A few months later, when the territorial judiciary began to function, Chief Justice Lecompte instructed a grand jury sitting at Lecompton that levying war on the authorities of the territory was treason against the state. Deitzler and several other free-state leaders were indicted on charges of treason. They were immediately arrested and kept in a prison tent at Lecompton for about four months. Subsequently, their indictments were dismissed by issuing a nolle prosequi.

Deitzler's activities on behalf of the free-state cause were incessant. He served on committees, attended meetings and conventions, counseled with other leaders, and wrote for the press. He was first elected a member of the free-state territorial legislature of 1857–1858 and was re-elected in 1859–1860. During those terms, Deitzler was elected as speaker of the Kansas House of Representatives. He was also a member of the Kansas Senate under the Topeka Constitution.

In 1860, Deitzler was elected mayor of Lawrence, Kansas, and was also treasurer of the University of Kansas.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Deitzler raised the 1st Kansas Infantry and was appointed its colonel. He led his regiment in Missouri and commanded the 4th Brigade at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, where he was wounded.

On April 4, 1863, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from November 29, 1862. President Abraham Lincoln nominated Deitzler for the promotion on March 4, 1863, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination on March 9, 1863. Deitzler commanded the 1st Brigade, 6th Division, XVII Corps, during the Vicksburg campaign. After the fall of Vicksburg his ill health, exacerbated by the hot southern climate and his inability to secure transfer to a different region, caused him to tender his resignation on August 12, 1863, which was accepted on August 27, 1863, allowing him to return to Kansas.

In Kansas, Deitzler received a commission as major general of Kansas militia. During Confederate Major General Sterling Price's Missouri Expedition in 1864, Deitzler commanded 10,000 Kansas State Militia units in the Army of the Border. Deitzler's units were reluctant to fight in Missouri, therefore it was not until the Confederates reached the town of Westport, near the Kansas/Missouri state line, that Deitzler brought his troops into action. The additional troops proved decisive as the Confederates, then outnumbered more than 2 to 1, were defeated at the Battle of Westport. After the war, Deitzler promoted railroads and died in Tucson, Arizona. While in Southern Arizona in the spring of 1884, General Deitzler was thrown from a buggy and died from his injuries.

Deitzler married Anna McNeil of Lexington, Missouri, in September, 1864. In 1872 the family moved to California. George Washington Deitzler and Anna McNeil Deitzler had two sons: Walter Henry Deitzler and George Jefferson Deitzler. Two of Walter Henry Deitzler's sons, Harry George "Dick" Deitzler and Arthur Deitzler spent the remainder of their lives in Lebanon, Pennsylvania. Four of George Jefferson Deitzler's children also lived in Lebanon, Pennsylvania: Thomas E. Deitzler, Annie Deitzler, Mrs, Harry F. Speicher, and Mrs. James Haddow.

George Washington Deitzler was the great grandson of John Jacob Ditzler, born approximately 1765. John Jacob Ditzler immigrated to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania from Germany with his brothers Thomas and Michael (Melchor) in the late 1700s. John Jacob Ditzler married Margaret Henne May 27, 1792. Their son Jacob Ditzler married Maria Minnig. Jacob and Maria had two sons, Rev. Jefferson M. Deitzler and Gen. George Washington Deitzler, both of whom subsequently added the e before the i in their names.

The main facts of Deitzler's career are presented in his brief autobiography, now in the Archives of the Kansas State Historical Society. Secondary sources are D.W. Wilder, Annals of Kansas (1875); G.T. Andreas, History of the State of Kansas (1863); L.W.Spring, Kansas (1885); F.W. Blackmar, Life of Chas. Robinson (1902); Trans. Kan. Hist. Soc., IV (1886–88), V (1891–96), VI (1897-1900), VIII (1903–04), X (1907–08), and XIII (1913–14). The date of Deitzler's death is sometimes given as April 11, but the Leavenworth Evening Standard, April 11, 1884, states that he died April 10.

title: George Dietzler


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Bethania, Queensland

Bethania is a suburb in the City of Logan, Queensland, Australia. In the, Bethania had a population of 6,333 people.

Geography
Bethania lies south of the Logan River. The lower lying areas near the river occasionally suffer floods.

Bethania is situated on the main Beenleigh railway line and the suburb is served by Bethania railway station (-27.6889°N, 153.1592°W).

Beaudesert railway line branches from the South Coast railway line just south of the Bethania railway station at (-27.6901°N, 153.16°W) and runs to Beaudesert. It has been out of commission since August 2004.

History
Bethania was founded by Germans during the 1860s and is home to many different nationalities. By 1866 a small township had developed. It is believed the name is derived from Bethany, the biblical village in Israel.

A Lutheran church was built in 1864 made from slabs on what is now the railway line. A cemetery was established beside the church with graves from 1866. In 1872 the present church was built close to the first church (-27.69136°N, 153.16139°W). The road to the church became known as Church Road.

The first railway bridge was destroyed by flood in 1887. A new concrete, steel and timber bridge lasted until 1972 when it was replaced by a pre-stressed concrete bridge.

The suburb was affected badly by the 1974 Brisbane flood. Duck Island became part of the suburb when part of the river was silted up. Sand and gravel has been mined from the alluvial deposits in recent years.

Bethania Lutheran Primary School opened on 27 January 1976.

Demographics
In the, Bethania had a population of 4,590 people, 53.3% female and 46.7% male. The median age of the Bethania population was 41 years, 4 years above the national median of 37. 68.7% of the people living in Bethania were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 6.6%, New Zealand 6%, Scotland 1.4%, Philippines 0.9% and Germany 0.9%. 86.9% of the people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.8% Spanish, 0.5% German, 0.5% Hindi, 0.4% Tagalog, 0.3% Samoan.

In the, Bethania had a population of 5,385 people, 53.5% female and 46.5% male. The median age of the Bethania population was 47 years, 9 years above the national median of 38. 66.7% of the people living in Bethania were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 6.8%, New Zealand 6.3%, Scotland 1.4%, Philippines 1.3%, and China (excludes SARs and Taiwan) 1.2%. 86.9% of the people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 1.0% Mandarin, 0.9% Cantonese, 0.8% Spanish, 0.4% German, and 0.4% Samoan.

In the, Bethania had a population of 6,333 people, 55.3% female and 44.7% male. The median age of the Bethania population was 48 years, 10 years above the national median of 38. 65.5% of the people living in Bethania were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were New Zealand 7.6%, England 6.0%, Philippines 1.0%, China (excludes SARs and Taiwan) 1.0%, and Scotland 0.9%. 82.1% of the people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 1.1% Mandarin, 0.6% Samoan, 0.6% Spanish, 0.5% Cantonese, and 0.5% Hindi.

Heritage listing
Bethania has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

 * Bethania Lutheran Church, Church Road

Education
Bethania Lutheran Primary School is a private primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 66 Glastonbury Drive (-27.6943°N, 153.1578°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 287 students with 25 teachers (21 full-time equivalent) and 16 non-teaching staff (11 full-time equivalent).

Amenities
Palm Lake Christian Fellowship conduct their services at the Palm Lake Resort at 43 Goodooga Drive; it is part of the Wesleyan Methodist Church.

Transport
Bethania railway station provides access to regular Queensland Rail City network services to Brisbane and Beenleigh.

title: Bethania, Queensland


text: Category:Rowing in the United Kingdom

title: Category:Rowing in the United Kingdom


text:
Category:Universities and colleges in Toronto

Category for all universities and community colleges in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.


text:
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK or MSKCC) is a cancer treatment and research institution in Manhattan in New York City. It was founded in 1884 as the New York Cancer Hospital. MSKCC is one of 72 National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers. It had already been renamed and relocated, to its present site, when the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research was founded in 1945, and built adjacent to the hospital. The two medical entities formally coordinated their operations in 1960, and formally merged as a single entity in 1980. Its main campus is located at 1275 York Avenue between 67th and 68th Streets in Manhattan.

In U.S. News & World Report 2021–2022 Best Hospitals, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) is ranked the second-best hospital for cancer care in the nation after MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.

New York Cancer Hospital (1884–1934)
The hospital was founded on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in 1884 as New York Cancer Hospital by a group that included John Jacob Astor III and his wife Charlotte. The hospital appointed as an attending surgeon William B. Coley, who pioneered an early form of immunotherapy to eradicate tumors. Rose Hawthorne, daughter of author Nathaniel Hawthorne, trained there in the summer of 1896 before founding her own order, Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne. In 1899, the hospital was renamed General Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases. In 1902, Arabella Huntington made a US$100,000 (equivalent to $million in ) bequest in memory of her late husband Collis Potter Huntington to establish the first cancer research fund in the country, the Huntington Fund for Cancer Research.

Around 1910, James Ewing, a professor at Cornell University's medical college, established a collaboration with Memorial Hospital with the help and funding of industrialist and philanthropist James Douglas, who gave $100,000 (equivalent to $million in ) to endow twenty beds for clinical research, equipment for working with radium, and a clinical laboratory for that purpose. Douglas' enthusiasm and funding for development of radiation therapy for cancer inspired Ewing to become one of the pioneers in developing this treatment. Ewing soon took over effective leadership of clinical and laboratory research at Memorial. In 1916 the hospital was renamed again, dropping "General" to become known as Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases.

The first fellowship training program in the U.S. was created at Memorial in 1927, funded by the Rockefellers. In 1931 the then-most-powerful 900k-volt X-ray tube was put into use in radiation-based cancer treatment at Memorial; the tube had been built by General Electric over several years. In 1931 Ewing was formally appointed president of the hospital, a role he had effectively played until then, and was featured on the cover of Time magazine as "Cancer Man Ewing"; the accompanying article described his role as one of the most important cancer doctors of his era. He worked at the Memorial until his retirement, in 1939. Under his leadership, Memorial became a model for other cancer centers in the United States, combining patient care with clinical and laboratory research, and it was said of him that "the relationship of Ewing to the Memorial Hospital can best be expressed in the words of Emerson, 'Every institution is but the lengthening shadow of some man.' Dr. Ewing is the Memorial Hospital".

Memorial Hospital and the Sloan Kettering Institute (1934–1980)
In 1934, John D. Rockefeller Jr. donated land on York Avenue for a new location. Two years later, he granted Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases (Memorial Hospital) $3.0million (equivalent to $million in ) and the hospital began their move across town. Memorial Hospital officially reopened at the new location in 1939. In 1945, the chairman of General Motors, Alfred P. Sloan, donated $4.0million (equivalent to $million in ) to create the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research through his Sloan Foundation, and Charles F. Kettering, GM's vice president and director of research, personally agreed to oversee the organization of a cancer research program based on industrial techniques. The originally independent research institute was built adjacent to Memorial Hospital.

In 1948, Cornelius P. Rhoads became the director of Memorial. Rhoads had run chemical weapons programs for the United States Army in World War II, and had been involved in the work that led to the discovery that nitrogen mustards could potentially be used as cancer drugs. He fostered a collaboration between Joseph H. Burchenal, a clinician at Memorial and Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings at Burroughs Wellcome, who discovered 6 MP; the collaboration led to the development and eventual wide use of this cancer drug.

From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s Chester M. Southam conducted pioneering clinical research on virotherapy and cancer immunotherapy at MSK; however he conducted his research on people without their informed consent. He did this to patients under his care or others' care, and to prisoners. In 1963 some doctors objected to the lack of consent in his experiments and reported him to the Regents of the University of the State of New York which found him guilty of fraud, deceit, and unprofessional conduct, and in the end, he was placed on probation for a year. Southam's research experiments and the case at the Regents were covered in The New York Times.

In 1960, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center was formed as a new corporation to coordinate the two institutions, and John Heller, the former director of the National Cancer Institute was named its president. At the end of the 1960s, as the field of pediatric oncology began seeing success in treating children with cancer, Memorial opened an outpatient pediatric day hospital, partly to deal with the growing number of cancer survivors.

In the early 1970s, Burchenal and Benno Schmidt, a professional investor and trustee of MSK, were appointed to the presidential panel that initiated the U.S. federal government's War on Cancer in the early 1970s. When Congress passed the National Cancer Act of 1971 as part of that effort, Memorial Sloan Kettering was designated as one of only three Comprehensive Cancer Centers nationwide.

In 1977, Jimmie C. Holland established a full-time psychiatric service at MSK dedicated to helping people with cancer cope with their disease and its treatment; it was one of the first such programs and was part of the creation of the field of psycho-oncology.

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (1980–present)
In 1980, Memorial Hospital and the Sloan-Kettering Institute formally merged into a singular entity under the name Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.

In 1990 it entered an agreement with Amgen to receive royalties for recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, the basis for neupogen and neulasta, earning the institute well over $100 million.

In 2000, former NIH director Harold Varmus became director of MSK. During his tenure, he helped build new facilities, strengthened the bond between MSK's clinical and research arms, and fostered collaborations with other institutions, including Weill-Cornell Medical College and Rockefeller University.

In 2006, MSK opened the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Research Center, a 23-story building that houses over 100 laboratories. In 2009 it opened the Evelyn H. Lauder  Breast Center.

In 2010, Craig B. Thompson, an oncologist and researcher, was appointed MSK's president and CEO. The following year, MSK was rated the third most successful nonprofit in terms of FDA-approved drugs and vaccines, behind the National Institutes of Health and the University of California system. In 2012, Thompson appointed José Baselga as physician-in-chief, who directed the clinical side of MSK. That same year, a collaboration with IBM's Watson was announced with the goal of developing new tools and resources to better tailor diagnostic and treatment recommendations for patients. The director of SKI, the research arm of MSK, Joan Massagué was appointed in 2013. Baselga resigned in September 2018 after information came out regarding millions of dollars he received from pharmaceutical companies without disclosing a financial conflict of interest.

In 2015 it opened the Josie Robertson Surgery Center for outpatient surgeries, named in honor of the wife of philanthropist Julian Robertson.

In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration approved an MSK-developed immunotherapy, CAR-T, for certain applications in leukemia  and lymphoma. The FDA approved the first academic or commercial tumor identification test MSK-IMPACT in November 2018.

In 2020 it opened The David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care as an outpatient facility.

In April 2022, MSK announced a $50 million donation from The Starr Foundation to aid in expanding funding for basic cancer research and discovery science. The donation will establish The Starr Foundation programme for Discovery Science at the Sloan Kettering Institute, the goal of the institute is to drive next-generation cancer breakthroughs.

In June 2022, a small trial of an experimental treatment found that tumors vanished in all 14 patients diagnosed with early stage rectal cancer who completed the study by the time it was published.

MSK has expanded into regional sites, including in Westchester County, New York, Commack, Hauppauge, Rockville Centre on Long Island, and Bergen County, Monmouth County, and Basking Ridge in New Jersey.

MSK currently employs over 1,200 physicians and treats patients with approximately 400 types of cancer annually.

Associated facilities and programs
The Memorial Sloan Kettering Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center had occupied 1429 First Avenue on the corner of East 74th Street in Manhattan. The former bank was built in the 1930s by Perkins and Will as architects. It was remodeled for use by Memorial Sloan Kettering in 1997.

The Center for Image-Guided Intervention was opened in June 2010 in the Memorial Hospital building to oversee image guiding activities across MSK. In October 2012, the Sillerman Center for Rehabilitation was opened, moving rehabilitation out of Memorial Hospital and closer to the Rockefeller Outpatient Pavilion.

The New York Proton Center opened in 2019 as a partnership between Memorial Sloan Kettering, Montefiore Health, and Mount Sinai Health System. The center was the first Proton therapy center to open in New York state. The David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center opened at 530 East 74th Street between York Avenue and FDR Drive January 2020. Perkins Eastman designed 750,000sq ft facility in collaboration with Ennead Architects, and ICRAVE. Thornton Tomasetti served as structural engineer, with Jaros, Baum & Bolles providing MEP engineering.

India Center
The center launched its India facility in Chennai in August 2022, to provide telemedicine services in collaboration with iCiliniq to facilitate second opinion from the cancer specialists, without the need to travel to a U.S. facility.

Training
Approximately 1,700 medical residents and Fellows are in training at MSK. There are 575 postdoctoral researchers training at MSK labs and a combined 288 PhD and MD-PhD candidates.

In 2004, the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences was opened at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The first students graduated in 2012. As of January 2019, the dean of the graduate school is cell biologist Michael Overholtzer. The founding dean, serving for over a decade, was molecular biologist Ken Marians.

The Tri-Institutional MD–PhD Program is a partnership of MSKCC, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University. The dual degree program takes advantage of the close proximity of these three institutions for collaboration on biomedical research and medical training. MSKCC also has an academic partnership with Weill Cornell Medicine known as the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences.

Presidents
The following individuals have served as president, first of the overarching corporation (1960–1980), and later of the combined hospital (1980 onwards).
 * John R. Heller, 1960–1961
 * Richard D. Vanderwarker, 1962–1971
 * David Walsh, 1971–1973
 * Lewis Thomas, 1973–1980
 * Paul A. Marks, 1980–1999
 * Harold Varmus, 2000–2010
 * Craig B. Thompson, 2010–2022
 * Selwyn M. Vickers, 2022–

Presidents of the Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases

 * John E. Parsons, 1884–1915
 * Herbert Parsons, 1915–1917
 * George C. Clark, 1917–1919
 * Herbert Parsons, 1919–1923
 * Walter Douglas, 1924–1932
 * Harry P. Robbins, 1933–1944
 * Reginald G. Coombe, 1945–1950
 * Laurance Rockefeller, 1950–1958
 * B. Brewster Jennings, 1958–1961
 * Ogden White, 1962–1964
 * John M. Walker, 1965–1973
 * James D. Robinson III, 1974–1980

Presidents of the Sloan Kettering Institute

 * Frank A. Howard, 1945–1959
 * Frank L. Horsfall, 1960–1971
 * Leo Wade, 1971–1972
 * Robert A. Good, 1973–1980

Others

 * James P. Allison
 * Jae H Kim
 * Chris Park - Drexel Graduate
 * Steven Sinchi
 * Ghause Ali
 * Dustin Wong
 * Kathryn V. Anderson
 * Murray Brennan
 * Carol L. Brown
 * Samuel Danishefsky
 * Nori Dattatreyudu
 * Lisa DeAngelis
 * Jeffrey Drebin
 * Jimmie C. Holland
 * Maria Jasin
 * David Kissane
 * Iris Long
 * Scott W. Lowe
 * Joan Massagué
 * Kenneth Offit
 * Lloyd Old
 * Nikola P. Pavletich
 * Mark S. Ptashne
 * James Rothman
 * Alexander Rudensky
 * Valerie Rusch
 * Charles Sawyers
 * Lorenz Studer

Reputation
In 2015, Charity Watch rated Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center an "A". That same year, heads of the charity received $2,107,939 to $2,639,669 salary/compensation from the charity. CEO Craig B. Thompson received $2,554,085 salary/compensation from the charity.

title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center


text:
User talk:GalaazV

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Proposed deletion of Twelve Holy Days

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Kaali

Kaali may refer to:

 * Kali or Kaali, Hindu goddess
 * Kaali, Estonia, village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia
 * Kaali crater, group of meteorite craters in Kaali
 * 4227 Kaali, asteroid, named after Kaali crater
 * Kaali (1980 film), an Indian film by I. V. Sasi shot simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu
 * Kaali – Ek Agnipariksha; Indian TV series (2010–2011)
 * Kaali – Ek Punar Avatar; Indian TV series (2012–2013)
 * Kaali (2018 film), 2018 Indian Tamil-language film by Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi

title: Kaali


text:
Plymouth Savoy

The Plymouth Savoy is an automobile model produced from the 1954 through 1964 model years by Plymouth.

Early history
Plymouth used the name Savoy on several automobiles. From 1951 to 1953, the Savoy name was used on a station wagon, upgrading the base model Suburban. Later was a line of full-sized Plymouths from 1954 to 1961.

Another incarnation was among Plymouth's downsized full-size cars from 1962 until 1964.

As with Plymouth's Plaza and Belvedere models, the Savoy was named after an upscale hotel, the Savoy Hotel in London.

1954
When introduced in 1954, later in the year with 1955 model paint schemes, the Savoy was Plymouth's mid-level car and priced between the base Plaza sedans and the top-line Belvedere models. Midway through the model year (on February 26), the engine's stroke was increased by a quarter inch, increasing displacement from 217.8 to 230.2 CID and increasing power from 100 to 110 hp. In 1954, the Savoy was available as a two-door Club Coupe, four-door sedan, and 2-door Club Sedan.

1955-1956
For 1955 through 1956 The Plymouth Savoy was positioned in between the low-rung Plaza and the high end Belvedere

In 1955, the Savoy was available with new power steering.

In 1956, the line added a hardtop coupe and the Custom Suburban station wagon.

In 1956, seat belts were added for safety. The Highway Hi-Fi record player was also optional.

A promotional video was produced by Chrysler, where the 1955-1956 Plymouth models were built on the assembly line at Lynch Road Assembly.

1957-1959
For the 1957 and 1958 model years, the line added a four-door hardtop sedan.

In 1959, Plymouth dropped the Plaza and replaced it with the Savoy, making the Savoy the model's entry-level full-size Plymouth. The two hardtop models were dropped, as well as the side trim and interior appointments. Sales were not diminished as the Savoy became vehicles used by taxicab companies, police departments, and other fleet customers. The model was also available to customers who were in the market for a low-cost, economical vehicle with the availability of a V8 engine and automatic transmission, and the roominess of a full-size vehicle. By 1960, a new model, the Plymouth Taxi Special, was spun off from the Savoy. Front leg room was 45.5 inch.

1960-1961
Plymouth models were restyled in 1960. The styling for 1961 was a year "most beholders would agree...it was hit with the ugly stick". This was because of the odd chromed "lashes" on the front.

1962-1964
New for 1962, the redesigned Savoy lineup started with the 225-cubic inch Economy 6 engine, producing 145 hp. Three optional V8 engines were available initially: The Fury V-800 and the Sport Fury V-800 both displace 318 cubic inches, with either a two-barrel or a four-barrel carburettor. The Fury produces 230 hp while the Sport Fury has 260 hp. The top engine was the 361-cubic inch Golden Commando, producing 305 hp. Later in the year, Plymouth added an optional 383 V8 with twin, four-barrel carburettors and 335 hp, followed by the Super Stock "Max Wedge", raised block 413-cubic inch V8. Maximum power is 410 or, depending on compression ratio. Only 289 examples were built. Sold with the intent of being a competition car only, the 413 was supplanted by the 426 Wedge engine for 1963 and 1964; power increased to 415 or.

Plymouth discontinued the Savoy nameplate at the end of the 1964 model year, except in Canada, where it continued through 1965. In 1965, the entry-level full-size Plymouth model in the U.S. was the Fury I; in Canada, it was called the Savoy while the top-level models were named Fury II and Fury III.

Other markets

 * The Plymouth Savoy and the Dodge Kingsway were built in India by Premier Automobiles in Kurla, Bombay.
 * In Mexico the Savoy was assembly by Automex between 1960 and 1961, rebadged as a Dodge. The plant was located in Lago Alberto, Mexico City.
 * Chrysler Australia produced the P25 series Plymouth Savoy from 1954 to 1957. An Australian developed coupe utility variant of the Savoy was produced from 1956 to 1958.
 * Todd Industries in Petone, the assembly unit of New Zealand Chrysler franchised importer and distributor Todd Motors, assembled the right hand drive Savoy and its "Plodge" Plymouth/Dodge siblings from CKD kits imported from Canada. Canadian cars were preferred to US-built ones, as a lower, "preferential" import duty rate applied to British Commonwealth products. Cars sold under the three brands were all based on the contemporary, comparable Plymouth models but nose and tail styling varied, as did engine availability. Dashboards were usually RHD Plymouth and typically differed in design from the LHD ones. "Plodge" assembly ended with 1963 model year models, replaced on Todd's large car line by locally built Australian AP5 Chrysler Valiant models. Dodge versions were produced under contract for Wellington-based Dominion Motors which held the retail franchise for the brand (and also for Pontiac, assembled at the nearby General Motors NZ factory).

title: Plymouth Savoy


text:
Riding pony

Riding pony is a horse show classification used to refer to certain types of ponies. Competition is divided into sections based on height and type, and include being judged under saddle in standard pleasure horse classes, as well as in related events such as sidesaddle or in-hand.

Riding ponies were originally developed in the United Kingdom and are now bred all over the world. Generally speaking, where the term "riding pony" is used in a competition schedule it is accepted as referring to ponies shown under saddle on the flat, as hunter ponies and driving ponies have separate classes.

Characteristics
Riding ponies are conformed more like a small horse than a pony, with small heads and ears. They are compact, with sloping shoulders and a slim build. Their feet are tough and they possess strong limbs. They are well-proportioned with comfortable gaits and free-flowing movement.

There are three types:
 * Show pony: the classic "show riding pony", show ponies resemble miniature show hacks with pony features, and often contain Arabian or Thoroughbred blood. Show ponies are shown in three height sections - up to, , and 13.2 to.
 * Show hunter: similar to the show pony, but with more substance. The pony should be suitable to carry a child across country. Height class divisions are the same as for show ponies.
 * Working hunter: stockier, more workmanlike, and expected to jump a short course of natural fences. Height class divisions are divided into over and under . Fences should be no higher than 2 ft for ponies under 13 hands high and no higher than 3 ft for ponies over 13 hands.

History
Children's ponies in Britain were originally of native varieties, now the Mountain and Moorland pony breeds, used for riding and hunting. When pony classes were added to horse shows in the early 1920s, breeders began crossing Welsh and Dartmoor ponies with small Thoroughbred and Arabian horses. From the 1930s into the 1950s, Arabian blood was again introduced to improve stamina and refinement, which included one of the most influential sires, Naseel. The result was an elegant, but small, animal that is now seen in the show ring.

In 1893, The Polo Pony Stud Book was formed, encouraging the breeding of fine riding and polo ponies. By 1899, there were over 100 stallions and 600 mares registered, almost half of which were native ponies. The society changed its name in 1903 to Polo Pony and Riding Pony Stud book, and again in 1913 to the National Pony Society. Over the years, the native breeds formed their own societies, and the NPS became dedicated to British riding ponies. Since 1994, foreign-bred ponies were placed on a separate register.

Standardized breeds
The general riding pony group has developed, aside from various British crossbreeds, into several standardized breeds, including the Australian Riding Pony, Belgian Riding Pony, Czechoslovakian Small Riding Pony, German Riding Pony, poney français de Selle (developed in the 1970s in France, and said to be a more all-around, less-refined type), Pony of the Americas (developed in the United States in the 1950s), and four specific Welsh pony varieties.

title: Riding pony


text:
Tharapita

Taara (variations of the name include Tooru, Tharapita and Tarapitha), also known as Uku or Jumal, is a prominent god in Estonian mythology, with a strong resemblance to the Finnish Ukko and the Germanic Thor.

Etymology
The Livonian place name Thoreyda, (also Thoreida and German Treiden) attested in the Chronicle of Livonia is interpreted as the garden of Taara – Thor ‘Taara’ + *aida ‘garden’. If this interpretation is correct, the theonym Taara was also known in Livonian.

The name Tharapita has been interpreted as "Taara, help!" (Taara, a(v)ita! in Estonian) and "Taara's thunderbolt" (Taara pikne).

History
The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia mentions Tharapita as the superior god of the Oeselians (inhabitants of Saaremaa), also well known to Vironian tribes in northern Estonia. According to the chronicle, when the crusaders invaded Vironia in 1220, there was a beautiful wooded hill in Vironia, where locals believe Tharapita was born and from which he flew to Saaremaa. The hill is believed to be the Ebavere Hill (Ebavere mägi) in modern Lääne-Viru County.

Tharapita also inspired an Estonian neopagan movement, known as taaralased or taarausulised. In the middle of the 19th century, Taara became popular in the national movement, as an anti-German and anti-Lutheran symbol, and creators of Estonian pseudomythology made Taara the supreme god of the Estonian pantheon. From that period, Estonia's second-biggest city Tartu was poetically called Taaralinn ("city of Taara").

Taara was known by the Tavastian tribe of Finland. At an old cult location now known as Laurin Lähde (Lauri's Fountain) in the county of Janakkala, Tavastians worshipped Taara there as late as the 18th century, eventually being shut down by church authorities.

Tharapita may have been known among the Slavs of the island of Rügen, where Danish crusaders destroyed a pagan idol named Turupit in 1168. The story of Taara's flight from Vironia to Saaremaa has been associated with a major meteor impact that formed the Kaali crater in Saaremaa. One proponent of theories about the meteor and its consequences was historian Lennart Meri, the president of Estonia from 1992 to 2001, who wrote several books about the subject.

Variations similar to the name "Thor" are known to many peoples who speak Uralic languages. The Khants have a god named Torum, the Samis have Turms, and the Samoyeds have Tere. Finnish bishop Mikael Agricola mentions in 1551 a war god called Turisas, although this is more likely to refer to Thurisas; the Finns had also a god of harvest, luck and success called Tuuri.

According to several medieval chronicles, Estonians did not work on Thursdays (days of Thor) and Thursday nights were called "evenings of Tooru". Some sources say Estonians used to gather in holy woods (Hiis) on Thursday evenings, where a bagpipe player sat on a stone and played while people danced and sang until the dawn.

Mentions of Tharapita in Henry's Chronicle of Livonia
Tharapita is mentioned five times in the Chronicle of Livonia by the missionary priest Henry. The first mention is in connection with mission in Vironia in the north of Estonia, the rest pertain to the conquest and baptism of the islands of Muhu and Saaremaa (Osilia) off the western coast of mainland Estonia.

Felling the statues of gods in Vironia
Along with the first mention, Henry presents the story of Tharapita flying from a forest on top of a hill in Vironia to the island of Saaremaa. According to the chronicle, missionaries felled the images and statues of gods from the hill. The locals are said to have wondered at the fact that the statues did not bleed, which increased their belief in the priests' sermons.

''Quo audito sacerdotes modicum subridentes et excusso pulvere pedum in eos ad alias villas festinantes in confinio Vironie tres villas baptizaverunt, ubi erat mons et silva pulcherrima, in qua dicebant indigene magnum deum Osiliensium natum, qui Tharapita vocatur, et de illo loco in Osiliam volasse. Et ibat alter sacerdos succidens imagines et similitudines deorum ibi factas, et mirabantur illi, quod sanguis non efflueret, et magis sacerdotum sermonibus credebant.''

The siege of the Muhu hill fort
According to the chronicle, Estonians besieged in the Muhu hill fort exclaimed to Tharapita in joy and cried to the sacred grove (nemus) for assistance, as the Christians laying siege prayed to God and exclaimed to Jesus for help.

''Gaudet exercitus christianorum, exclamant, Deum exorant. Clamant et illi, gaudentes in Tarapitha suo. Illi nemus, isti Iesum invocant, in cuius nomine ac laude fortifer ascendunt, ad summitatem valli perveniunt, fortissime et ab illis repelluntur. ''

Baptism of the sons of nobles in Valjala
As the sons of nobles are baptised in the defeated hill fort of Valjala (Waldia), Tharapita is banished from the fort:

Dantur pueri nobilium, quorum primum venerabilis Rigensis episcopus cum gaudio et devotione magna catechizatum sacro baptismatis fonte rigavit; alii presbyteri alios rigaverunt, qui et in urbem cum gaudio ducuntur, ut Christum predicent, ut Tharaphitam, qui deus fuit Osilianorum, eiciant, qui per medium castrum fontem consecrantes et dolium replentes primo seniores et meliores cathechizatos, deinde viros alios et mulieres baptizant et pueros.

Baptism of Saaremaa after victory
Priests spread out over Saaremaa to preach Christ and banish Tharapita.

''His mysteriis in urbe Waldia celebratis venerunt nuncii, missi de cunctis urbibus et kiligundis Osilie, querentes pacem et baptismi petentes sacramentum. Gaudet exercitus obsidibusque receptis pax datur et Fraternitus amor. Dicitur, et Suecos captivos restituant liberos. Obediunt, restituere promittunt, presbyteros secum ad castra sua ducunt, qui Christum predicent, qui Tharapitha cum ceteris paganorum diis eiciant, qui populum sacro baptismate tingant. Baptizant itaque sacerdotes in omnibus castris Osilie populum universum utriusque sexus cum leticia magna et pre gaudio lacrimantes, eo quod Domino tot milia genuerunt per lavacrum regenerationis prolem spiritualem, Deo dilectam sponsam novam ex gentibus.''

Conclusion of the chronicle
In the concluding passage of the chronicle, Henry expresses his joy over the fact that Virgin Mary has helped the missionaries from Riga to banish Tharapita and drown the Pharaoh (i.e., the Devil).

''Gloria Dei et domini nostri Iesu Christi et beate Marie Virginis servis suis Rigensibus in Osilia talia humiliter, obsides et tributa recipere, captivos omnes christiani nominis restituere, cum victoria redire! Quod reges hactenus non potuerunt, hec beata virgo per servos suos Rigenses breviter et leniter ad honorem sui nominis adimplevit. Quo completo, quo facto, populo videlicet cuncto baptizato, Tharaphita eiecto, Pharaone submerso, captivis liberatis, redite cum gaudio Rigenses.''

title: Tharapita


text:
Walt Lastewka

Walter Thomas Lastewka (born October 11, 1940) is a Canadian politician. He was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1993 to 2006, representing the Ontario riding of St. Catharines as a member of the Liberal Party.

Early life and career
Lastewka was born in Montreal, Quebec and was educated at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute (known at the time as Ryerson Technical Institute) in Toronto, receiving a diploma in 1963. He was hired as an industrial engineer by General Motors in the same year, was promoted to supervisor of industrial engineering in 1967, and held several managerial positions before his retirement in 1992. He completed the three-week-long University of Western Ontario Executive Program in 1981. Lastewka has been involved in several community activities, including serving as a director of the United Way and as a trustee of Brock University. He is also a former director and parish chairman for St. John's Ukrainian Church. In the early 1990s, he was head of the St. Catharines Promotion Task Force.

Political career
Lastewka joined the St. Catharines branch of the Liberal Party in 1972 and worked as campaign manager to federal Member of Parliament Gilbert Parent in every election between 1974 and 1988. He was vice-president of organization for the Ontario Liberal Party from 1979 to 1981 and chaired provincial campaigns for Jim Bradley and Harry Pelissero. He was elected to Parliament in the 1993 election, defeating incumbent Progressive Conservative Ken Atkinson by a significant margin.

He served as parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Industry from 1997 to 1999 and as parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Public Works and Government Services from 2003 to 2006. Before the 2004 election, he held special responsibility for matters relating to procurement review.

A Hamilton Spectator newspaper report from 1996 described Lastewka as "one of the most hardworking, effective parliamentarians" in office. He spearheaded a movement to clean up the St. Catharines Twelve Mile Creek during his first term and used his knowledge of government bureaucracy to expedite the city's bid to host the 1999 World Rowing Championships. Lastewka supported Paul Martin's bid to succeed Jean Chrétien as Liberal Party leader during the 1990s, and was one of the first Liberal MPs to call for Chrétien's resignation in 2000. It was reported that a 2002 telephone conversation between Lastewka and Chrétien turned heated, with Lastewka claiming that the Liberal government under Chrétien hadn't "done a damn thing" for Niagara.

In 1995, Lastewka criticized the Government of Canada for attempting to deport Johann Dueck, a constituent who had been accused of committing war crimes during World War II. The government asserted that Dueck was the deputy chief in a police unit that participated in Nazi atrocities and charged him with having obtained Canadian citizenship in 1948 by concealing his past. Dueck denied the charges, saying that he had been conscripted by the Nazis at gunpoint to work as a translator. Lastewka argued that if Dueck was to be charged, it should have been under a 1987 law that allowed accused war criminals to be tried domestically in Canada. Referring to the deportation procedure, he was quoted as saying "I feel very uncomfortable that we have to go back 50 years to correct whatever happened then [...] My heart goes out to them and their family and their friends." He pledged to help the family in any way he could. Lastewka was criticized for these comments by the Toronto Star newspaper and some Canadian Jewish leaders, including Sol Littman of the Simon Wiesenthal Center. The charges against Dueck were dismissed in 1998, when Justice Marc Noel found that the government had not proven he was a war criminal or even a member of the police unit in question. Johann Dueck's lawyers were paid $750,000 by taxpayers. He was not deported, and a subsequent editorial in The Globe and Mail newspaper described him as having been "clearly innocent of the charges."

Also in 1995, Lastewka petitioned the government for an inquiry into the way crown officials handled the prosecution of Karla Homolka. Homolka, a former resident of St. Catharines, was given a twelve-year sentence through a plea-bargain despite having assisted her husband, Paul Bernardo, in the rape and murder of two young girls. Lastewka argued that the sentence was far too lenient and called for a review of the negotiation process. He later called for Senator Michel Biron to resign in 2005, after Biron wrote a letter opposing restrictions on Homolka following her release. Lastewka said that he was "appalled" by Biron's letter and wrote that the Senator displayed "complete and utter disregard" for the families of Homolka's victims. In light of these and other criticisms, Biron offered an apology.

Lastewka holds socially conservative views on some issues. He voted against Bill C-33 (1996), which amended the Canadian Human Rights Act to include sexual orientation as a prohibited basis for discrimination. He later voted against Bill C38 (2005), which legalized same-sex marriage rights in Canada. However, he later argued that the Canadian government should accept the legal status of same-sex marriages and not revisit the issue. Local gay rights activist Ted Mouradian endorsed Lastewka in 2005, arguing that he was a better candidate than his Conservative opponent.

He was narrowly defeated by Conservative Rick Dykstra in the 2006 federal election. The margin of defeat was only 246 votes, one of the smallest in the country.

On March 22, 2007, Lastewka was acclaimed as the Liberal Party candidate for St. Catharines in the next federal election. However, Lastewka was defeated by an increased margin in the 2008 election.

Electoral record
All electoral information is taken from Elections Canada. Italicized expenditures from elections after 1997 refer to submitted totals, and are presented when the final reviewed totals are not available. Expenditures from 1997 refer to submitted totals.

title: Walt Lastewka


text:
Dragon Lady (disambiguation)

Dragon Lady is a stereotype of certain East Asian and occasionally South Asian or Southeast Asian women as strong, deceitful, domineering, mysterious, and often sexually alluring.

Dragon Lady may also refer to:

People

 * Devika Rani (1908–1994), Indian actress
 * Madame Nhu (1924–2011), First Lady of South Vietnam
 * Soong Mei-ling (1898–2003), First Lady of the Republic of China
 * Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908), Dowager empress of the late Qing dynasty

Arts, entertainment and media

 * Dragon Lady (Terry and the Pirates), a character in the comic strip Terry and the Pirates
 * Dragon Lady (TV series), a 2019 Philippine television drama fansy series broadcast by GMA Network
 * Dragon Ladies: Asian American Feminists Breathe Fire, a 1997 book by Sonia Shah
 * The G.I. Executioner, a 1975 American action film

Business

 * Dragon Lady Comics, a Canadian comic book shop
 * Dragon Lady Press, a Canadian comic book publishing company

Other uses

 * Lockheed U-2, an American reconnaissance aircraft

title: Dragon Lady (disambiguation)


text:
Senior Year

Senior Year may refer to:

 * Senior (education), the final year in high school or college
 * Senior Year (2010 film), the 2010 film by Filipino director Jerrold Tarog
 * Senior Year (2022 film), a film starring Rebel Wilson
 * The Lockheed U-2

title: Senior Year


text: Category:Regattas

title: Category:Regattas


text:
Category:Universities and colleges in Ottawa

This is the category for all public universities and community colleges in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.


text:
Balmain Tigers

The Balmain Tigers (also known as the Sydney Tigers from 1995 to 1996) are a rugby league club based in the inner-western Sydney suburb of Balmain. They were a founding member of the New South Wales Rugby League and one of the most successful in the history of the premiership, with eleven titles. In 1999 they formed a joint venture club with the Western Suburbs Magpies club to form the Wests Tigers for competition in the National Rugby League (NRL). They no longer field any senior teams in the lower divisions. At the time of the joint venture only South Sydney Rabbitohs and the St George Dragons had won more titles than the Tigers.

The club's home grounds are at present Leichhardt Oval, in Lilyfield, and T.G Milner Sportsground, in Marsfield.

Foundation club
In 1908, Australia's first season of rugby league began in Sydney and the Balmain club was one of nine foundation clubs. One of the club's founders was future Premier of New South Wales John Storey. Their home ground was Birchgrove Park. Balmain reached their first Grand Final in only the second year in the competition against the previous year's champions, South Sydney, but would protest as the match was scheduled as a warm-up for a Kangaroos vs. Wallabies game at Souths' home ground. Even though both teams agreed to boycott the match, Souths turned up and were officially awarded the Premiership when they kicked off to an empty half of the field.

The distinctive black and gold colours of their 1908 thin striped jerseys led their fans to quickly nickname them "The Tigers". Though it is claimed they were also known as "The Watersiders" in the early days, this appears a moniker that was used by newspaper journalists rather than Balmain supporters and fans. It seemed to be used to refer not only to most Balmain sporting teams (Lacrosse, Rugby Union, Cricket etc.), but also to Balmain residents in general. The following boxing quote is a good example, taken from "Sydney Sportsman" 11 Dec, 1901. "On Xmas Eve, Cam Brookes and Ike Stewart, heavyweights, meet at the Golden Gate, Brookes is another Balmain boy, and the watersiders are sure to follow him to town in shoals." As late as the 1930s some journalists were still using both "Tigers" and "Watersiders" in the same article. One of the earliest newspaper references to Balmain & Tigers appears in "The Arrow" 12 August 1911. The journalist "Gulliver" in his "Football Notes" column reports; "W.G.B. (Balmain) writes: "Who said Balmain weren't rough? Here is an essay on "The Tiger" written by an eight year old boy at one of the local schools.:- The tiger has large padded feet so that he can steal softly upon his prey...The tiger is like the Balmain footballers, because he has black and yellow stripes. He is very wild, but not so wild as the Balmain footballers."

After a string of poor years, the Tigers managed a strong turn-around to become a dominant force in the Australian Rugby League with the club's first, second and third Premierships coming in successive years dominating the 1915, 1916 and 1917 seasons. Tigers dominance continued winning the 1919 and 1920 seasons comfortably. When they won the 1924 premiership this would be the last success for Balmain for over a decade to come.

Golden era
It would not be until 1939 the Tigers won back the Premiership smashing Souths 33–4. The weekend of the Final will also be remembered for the invasion of Poland by Germany which led to England and Australia going to War.

Post-World War II marked a golden era for Balmain with the Tigers reaching five consecutive Grand Finals winning three of them. In the 1944 Grand Final, the Tigers beat the strong favourites Newtown 19–16. Balmain reached the Grand Final again in 1945 but fell at the last hurdle against Easts 22-18. The loss was not long remembered as the Tigers went on to take out the next two seasons, beating St George 13–12 in 1946, and Canterbury 13–9 in 1947. On the hunt for a third successive title, they lost to Wests in 1948.

1960s–1970s

The Tigers would appear in several Grand Final matches throughout the 1950s and 1960s but were just another victim to the mighty St. George Dragons eleven-year streak of Premiership wins in this period, losing in 1956, 1964 and 1966. When the Tigers did take out the competition in the 1969 NSWRFL season it was a classy 11–2 defeat of favourites Souths who boasted 11 internationals, this would signal the last time Balmain would ever win a Grand Final. The side was captained by Peter Provan, brother of Norm, and coached by Leo Nosworthy.

The 1970s were not a great era for the Tigers. The wooden spoon had not been in Balmain since 1911, but it returned in club history when the Tigers won only 4 games and had 2 draws in 1974 following several poor years. That period between 1911 and 1974 remains the longest wooden spoon drought for any team. In 1976, things looked more hopeful when Balmain began the year with an undefeated run through the pre-season "Wills Cup" competition. The side also won the 1976 Amco Cup knockout tournament in front of a then-record crowd of 21,600, beating North Sydney. The Tigers won eight straight games and led the competition, but a midseason slump left the Tigers in the same position as in 1975 and they failed to make the finals.

1980s–1990s
The Tigers consistently made the finals series in the 1980s reaching the play-offs in 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988 and 1989.

On 4 August 1985 a crowd of 21,707 set a new ground record for Leichhardt Oval.

In 1986, one of Balmain's players, Great Britain captain Garry Schofield topped the try-scorers list for the season. The 1988 Great Britain Lions tour captain Ellery Hanley was signed by the Balmain Tigers to play the remaining rounds of the 1988 NSWRFL season for them once his representative commitments were fulfilled. The Tigers reached the 1988 Grand Final, the first time since the 1969 success, winning a lot of fans along the way with a number of 'backs to the wall' performances winning four consecutive sudden death matches in just 3 weeks. The top five teams out of the premiership table went on to the final series, and this was the first time since 1979 that a team in fifth position had progressed to the Grand Final. In 1988 the Tigers were deemed certain to miss the finals with 8 games left in the regular season. The Tigers remarkably only lost a single game from that point onwards reaching the Grand Final against Canterbury, only to be denied the trophy in a controversial 24–12 loss. Canterbury player, Terry Lamb, is still remembered by fans for knocking out the legendary Ellery Hanley with a high shot in back play midway through the first half. The Tigers were leading the game at the time.

The side would again make the Grand Final in 1989 but this time as favourites. In a controversial affair, the side lost in extra time against the Canberra Raiders after being ahead 12–2 at half time.

After the heartbreak of the 1989 Grand Final, the Tigers never regained their dominating form (although they did make the finals again in 1990) and went through a rebuilding phase following the retirement of star players Wayne Pearce, Garry Jack, Steve Roach and David Brooks who had all played over 100 games for the club over a period of 10 years or more. The stars were missed as Balmain finished second-last in 1993 and got the wooden spoon in 1994.

The departure of coach Warren Ryan at the end of 1990 was a key turning point for the club. Balmain hired the famous former Wallabies coach-come-radio announcer Alan Jones as a coach in 1991. As Paul Sironen admitted years later in his autobiography, the 'running rugby' style of Jones was too simplistic for the structured defensive patterns which had developed in rugby league during the 1980s. Jones also began a controversial clear-out of some of the other Tigers stars who had not retired, notably the Kiwi international Gary Freeman. By the time Jones was sacked as coach at the end of 1993, incoming coach Wayne Pearce inherited a massive problem which was only getting worse.

In drastic action, Balmain released 21 players at the end of 1994 and moved to Parramatta Stadium as the 'Sydney Tigers'. The Tigers stayed at Parramatta Stadium for two seasons before heading back to Leichhardt Oval. The Tigers only averaged 6,565 people attending home games at Parramatta Stadium in what was regarded as a failed experiment.

At the end of the 1996 ARL season, the League's chief executive John Quayle resigned and was replaced by Balmain president (and former hooker) Neil Whittaker.

Joint Venture
Although things picked up for the club in following years, the Australian Rugby League/Super League war would spell trouble for the club. 1999 was a tumultuous year for the Balmain Tigers. The season began with a dark cloud hanging over the 17 clubs. The Super League/ARL compromise had left 1999 as the last season before the 14 team NRL competition began and with it came the much talked about criteria. On-field Balmain was struggling with a savage injury toll that forced the Tigers to use over 40 players throughout the season.

In July 1999, the option of forming a joint venture with fellow foundation club, the Western Suburbs Magpies was put to the Football Club members. The members ultimately voted in favour of a joint venture. As it turned out Balmain was in the top 14 clubs under the criteria (ahead of current NRL teams Penrith and South Sydney) but would have continued to struggle to be financially competitive with bigger clubs. The decision to enter a joint venture saw a crowd of 15,240 turn-out in atrocious conditions to watch the Tigers play their last home game in first grade at Leichhardt Oval as the Balmain Tigers.

Balmain's final game in the top grade as a sole entity was in Round 26 1999 against the Canberra Raiders at Bruce Stadium which ended in a 42–14 defeat. At the time of the club's exit, Balmain were the third most successful club in the competition's history with eleven premierships. Only St. George and South Sydney had won more premierships.

The new entity, Wests Tigers, made it to the 2005 NRL Grand Final and defeated the North Queensland Cowboys 30–16.

Club today
The club currently competes in both of the junior New South Wales Rugby League competitions, the Harold Matthews Cup and S. G. Ball Cup competitions, recording consecutive SG Ball premierships in 2012–13. From 2000, they played in the NSW Cup as a merged team with the Ryde-Eastwood Hawks and competed as the Balmain Ryde-Eastwood Tigers. From season 2013 onwards, Balmain does not have a senior representative side, having formed a joint venture with the Western Suburbs Magpies to form a Wests Tigers team.

In October 2018, it was reported that the Balmain Leagues Club was placed into voluntary administration placing the future of the Balmain side at risk. It was also revealed that Balmain was required to pay a $2.5 million loan to the NRL by November 2021. The report followed on from the news that for over 10 years the leagues club at Rozelle had sat dormant as different shareholders and developers struggled to negotiate deals on what to do with the land. Both the Harold Matthews Cup and S. G. Ball Cup Balmain sides who still compete were reportedly not to be in any danger in the short-term future.

On 21 March 2019, it was revealed that Wests Ashfield accepted responsibility for the Balmain club's outstanding loan to the NRL. Inner West Mayor Darcy Byrne said of the news "The Tigers were about to become extinct, but the club can now continue as a rugby league entity and to be a partner in Wests Tigers for many decades to come".

On 24 August 2019, a Deed of Amalgamation was issued between Wests Ashfield and Balmain Tigers. Under the deed, Ashfield will clear all outstanding debts to the NRL, will continue to fund Balmain Tigers Rugby League for a number of years and will pursue all avenues to re-open a venue on the Rozelle Premises.

Balmain Tigers League's Club
A foundation club of the NSWRFL, Balmain Tigers Rugby League Football Club was established on 23 January 1908 at Balmain Town Hall. The club has competed in the NSWRL competitions for 110 years, winning 11 first grade premierships.

Also operating a club known as Balmain Leagues Club, the operating business was built in 1957. The original site was situated on the corner of Victoria Road and Darling Street, Rozelle. The club was the venue for a celebration party after Wests Tigers won the NRL Premiership in 2005.

The Leagues Club closed its doors on 28 March 2010, with the former club site now vacant after receiving a notice to vacate the site to make way for the proposed Rozelle Village development to go ahead.

Balmain Leagues Club entered voluntary administration on 26 October 2018.

In September 2019, members of both Balmain Leagues Club and Wests Ashfield Leagues club voted almost unanimously for an amalgamation to take place. Once ratified by office of Liquor and Gaming, Balmain Leagues Club will cease to exist.

Players of note
In May 2003 the Balmain Tigers Team of the Century was named:

 * Keith Barnes (c)
 * Arthur Halloway
 * Ben Elias
 * Larry Corowa
 * Wayne Pearce
 * Tom Bourke
 * Arthur Patton
 * Paul Sironen
 * Tim Brasher

 * Charles Fraser
 * Harry Bath
 * Peter Provan
 * Jim Craig
 * Steve Roach
 * Bob Boland
 * Pat Devery
 * Arthur Beetson
 * Norm "Latchem" Robinson
 * Gary Freeman

2005 the members of the Team of the Century became the inaugural inductees to the Balmain Tigers Hall of Fame. In addition to those inductees, a further five were inducted at the inaugural Hall of Fame dinner on 17 March 2005. These were:

 * Reg Latta
 * Joe Jorgenson
 * Bill Marsh

 * Dave Bolton
 * Garry Jack

A further five were inducted at the Hall of Fame dinner on 29 March 2006. These were:

 * Jack 'Junker' Robinson
 * Fred de Belin
 * Billy Bischoff

 * Garry Leo
 * John Spencer

A further five were inducted at the Hall of Fame dinner on 20 March 2007. These were:

 * Trevor Ryan
 * Geoff Starling
 * David Brooks

 * Bob Craig
 * Sid Goodwin

A further six were inducted at the Hall of Fame dinner in 2008. These were:

 * John Davidson
 * Laurie Fagan
 * Jack Hampstead

 * Bob Mara
 * Neil Pringle
 * Sid Ryan

A further four were inducted in 2009:

 * Jack Spencer
 * Len Killeen

 * Keith Outten
 * Kerry Hemsley

Stadiums
The Tigers have had several 'Home game grounds' used in the club's history. The club spent a majority of the early days at Birchgrove Oval (1908 – 1933, and in 1942), with short stints at Wentworth Park (1930) and at Drummoyne Oval (1932–1933) in that time.

In 1934, they moved to Leichhardt Oval, where the majority played until they merged with the Western Suburbs Magpies at the end of the 1999 season. In this time, they had short stints at Sydney Showground (1971–1972) and Parramatta Stadium (1995–1996).

The clubs' existing lower grade sides play home games at Leichhardt Oval and TG Milner Sportsground in Marsfield.

Here is a list of their grounds used as their primary use in first grade:
 * Birchgrove Oval (1908–1929; 1931–1932; 1942)
 * Wentworth Park (1930)
 * Drummoyne Oval (1932–1933)
 * Leichhardt Oval (1934–1941; 1943–1970; 1973–1994; 1997–1999)
 * Sydney Sports Ground (1971–1972)
 * Parramatta Stadium (1995–1996)

Individual
Most appearances
 * Paul Sironen: 247 (1985–1998)
 * Garry Jack: 243 (1982–1992, 1995)
 * Ben Elias: 233 (1982–1994)
 * Keith Barnes: 194 (1955–1968)
 * Wayne Pearce: 192 (1980–1990)
 * Charles Fraser: 185 (1910–1926)
 * Steve Roach: 185 (1982–1992)
 * Tim Brasher: 185 (1989–1997)
 * Reg Latta: 175 (1916–1926, 1928–1930)
 * David Brooks: 174 (1983–1992)

Most tries in a match
 * Sid Goodwin: 5 vs University at Leichhardt Oval on 4 April 1935
 * Arthur Patton: 5 vs Eastern Suburbs at SCG on 12 August 1944
 * Bob Lulham: 5 vs Parramatta at Leichhardt Oval on 2 August 1947
 * David Topliss: 5 vs Newtown at Henson Park on 7 August 1977

Most tries in a season
 * Bobby Lulham: 28 in NSWRFL season 1947

Most tries for club
 * Arthur Patton: 95
 * Sid Goodwin: 86
 * Bob Lulham: 85
 * Tim Brasher: 82
 * Jack 'Junker' Robinson: 78
 * Bob Mara: 70

Most goals in a match
 * Frank Dreise: 11 vs Wests at Pratten Park on 29 July 1944
 * Keith Barnes: 11 vs Norths at Sydney Sports Ground on 24 July 1960

Most goals in a season
 * Len Killeen: 84 in NSWRFL season 1969

Most Goals For Club
 * Keith Barnes: 742

Most points in a match
 * Frank Dreise: 22 vs Wests at Pratten Park on 29 July 1944
 * Keith Barnes: 22 vs Norths at Sydney Sports Ground on 24 July 1960
 * Ross Conlon: 22 vs Wests at Leichhardt Oval on 4 April 1985

Most points in a season
 * Len Killeen: 207 (9 tries, 84 goals, 6 field goals) in NSWRFL season 1969

Most points for club
 * Keith Barnes: 1,519 (11 tries, 742 goals, 1 field goal)

Award winners
 * Wayne Pearce (Rothmans Medal, 1985)

Honours

 * Premierships (1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1924, 1939, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1969)
 * Runners Up (1909, 1936, 1945, 1948, 1956, 1964, 1966, 1988, 1989)
 * City Cup (1917, 1923)
 * Craven Mild Cup (1967, 1976)
 * Amco Cup (1976, 1985, 1987)

Major sponsors

 * Camperford (1977)
 * Avis (1978–1980)
 * Sharp (1981–1982)
 * Saxonvale Wines (1983–1985)
 * Alpha Micro Computers (1986–1987)
 * Philips (1988–1993)
 * MLC mobiles (1994–1995)
 * Meriton Apartments (1997–1999)

Notable fans

 * Dawn Fraser, Olympic swimmer
 * Anthony Field, founding member of The Wiggles
 * John Kerr, 18th Governor General of Australia
 * Laurie Nichols
 * Harry Triguboff
 * Neville Wran, 35th Premier of New South Wales

Balmain Tigers District Junior Rugby League
The Balmain Tigers District Junior Rugby League is one of the oldest Junior Rugby League Competitions in Australia. It administers an affiliation of junior rugby league clubs in the inner west and inner north-west of Sydney.

The league caters for age groups from under 6's to A Grade (opens). The Senior competition (Under 13's – A Grade) is a combined inner Sydney competition with the St. George, South Sydney & Eastern Suburbs District Junior Rugby League. Under 6's to Under 8's is a non-competitive competition. Under 9's to Under 12's play in a modified competition.

As of 2009, there were ten clubs in the Balmain Tigers Junior Rugby League, with over 120 teams. These clubs are;
 * Balmain PCYC (formerly known as Balmain Police Boys)
 * Carlingford Cougars (formerly known as St Gerards Carlingford)
 * Concord-Burwood United Wolves (merger of Burwood Utd & Concord Utd in the 1990s, former Western Suburbs junior clubs)
 * Dundas Shamrocks Junior Rugby League Football Club (formerly known as St Patricks Dundas)
 * Five Dock RSL Dockers (former Western Suburbs junior club)
 * Holy Cross Rhinos (Ryde)
 * Leichhardt Juniors
 * Leichhardt Wanderers (known as Leichhardt Gladstone until the 1930s) who are the oldest continuously running junior league team in Australia – has fielded at least one team every year since 1913.
 * North Ryde Hawks
 * Strathfield Raiders
 * West Ryde-Denistone Stones
 * Enfield Federals (joined 2010, former Western Suburbs junior club)

Some extinct clubs that once played in the Balmain District junior competition include;
 * Drummoyne Sports (until the 1990s)
 * Balmain Waratahs (until the 1990s)
 * Ermington-Rydalmere (until the 1990s)
 * Glebe Police Boys (until the 1990s)
 * Balmain United (until the 1990s)
 * Cricketers Arms (until the 1990s – Darling St, Balmain – now known as Monkey Bar)
 * Sackville Sharks
 * Ryde District Devils (until the 1980s)
 * Birchgrove Scorpions (until the 1980s)
 * Gladesville Sports (until the 1980s)
 * West Ryde-Dundas
 * Rozelle Codocks (until the 1970s)
 * Pyrmont Colts (until the 1970s)
 * Glebe Shamrocks (aka St James Sports Club – until the 1970s)
 * Ryde CYO (until the 1970s)
 * Carlingford CYO (until the 1970s)
 * Balmain Airlines (until the 1970s)
 * Glebe Youth
 * Bing & Swing (Glebe, former Glebe district junior team – folded in 1930)
 * Balmain Iona (aka Rozelle Iona)
 * Drummoyne Rovers (1920s)
 * Rozelle Fernleigh (1920s)
 * Marist College Eastwood
 * OLHC Epping
 * St Augustines Balmain

Some notable Balmain juniors include;
 * Wayne Pearce (Balmain Police Boys)
 * Paul Sironen (North Ryde)
 * Benny Elias (Holy Cross)
 * Dene Halatau (North Ryde, formerly of Wentworthville)
 * Robbie Farah (Leichhardt Wanderers, formerly of Enfield Federals)
 * Bronson Harrison (Leichhardt Wanderers & Balmain PCYC)
 * Josh Lewis (Leichhardt Wanderers)
 * Kurtley Beale (North Ryde)
 * Mitchell Pearce (North Ryde)
 * Alan Thompson (North Ryde)
 * Wayne Wigham (North Ryde)
 * Mark O'Neill (North Ryde & Dundas Shamrocks)
 * Kevin Hardwick (Ryde District Devils & Ermington-Rydalmere)
 * John Davidson (Birchgrove Scorpions & Ermington-Rydalmere)
 * Ron Ryan (North Ryde)

title: Balmain Tigers