text:
Talk:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia

Ekaterinburg
Okay, I replaced 'executed' with 'murdered' because I *strongly* believe that the massacre in Ekaterinburg was just that. A murder. Use of the word 'execution' would imply that due legal process was followed. It wasn't. If Tatiana had been convicted of some crime following a trial you could use the word 'executed'. But those circumstances do not apply here. In the editing history I see it used to say 'assassinated' at one time, I could live with that. Why on earth was it changed from the fairly reasonable 'assassinated' to the inaccurate and misleading 'executed' in the first place? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Luornuviolet (talk • contribs) 17:07, 6 February 2005

Agreed. Asassinated or Murdered are the better terms. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.173.150.52 (talk) 18:12, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

The Spelling Of Ekaterinburg
I was just wondering if it would be ok if I changes the spelling of 'Ekaterinburg' to Yekaterinburg as that is the traditional spelling and she did die there in 1918, when the spelling with a 'Y' was still in use. Also I have a shelf full of books that say she was murdered/executed in Yekaterinburg. Sorry if this affends anyone. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.49.115.233 (talk) 18:29, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

This article looks really BAD
This article looks like total crap -the photos are arranged in a very sloppy way. --Mrlopez2681 04:28, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Most of the photos have been removed. Rearrange them if you think you can improve on the layout. --Bookworm857158367 07:18, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Tatiana's birthdate
In 1900, the Old Style calender fell behind another day, so Tatiana's birthday is more accurately celebrated on the 11th of June. Clockworkgirl21 08:40, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * As Tatiana was born in 1897,when the calendar was 12 days behind-not 13, the 10thjeanne (talk) 14:37, 12 April 2008 (UTC) June birthdate is correct so the 11th June date should be deleted.Tatiana's rectified date of birth is 10 June 1897-all documents and books say this.

Yes, the new-style date of birth is 10 June 1897, but there is now a remark in this wikipedia entry saying that her birthday was celebrated on new-style June 11 in 1900 and later. This is because when the new-style (i.e. Gregorian) calendar reached March 1, 1900, it became 13 (not 12) days ahead of the old-style (Julian) calendar, and we are here dealing with a person who was living when that change happened. Her birthday would still have been celebrated on old-style May 29, because old-style calendar was still used at that time in Russia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.63.16.20 (talk) 14:43, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

GA Sweeps
This article has been reviewed as part of WikiProject Good articles/Project quality task force. I believe the article currently meets the criteria and should remain listed as a Good article. Although I have passed this article, I do have one significant problem which I feel the article's main contributors should address. The first paragraph is very messy with no narrative flow, instead appearing as an unconnected list of facts. This should be arranged into some sort of order, preferably chronologically. The article history has been updated to reflect this review. Regards, Jackyd101 (talk) 18:13, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Article is very good;accurately describes the character and appearance of Tatiana.Just one suggestion-it needs more photos.There are some beautiful photographs of Tatiana available,jeanne (talk) 14:40, 12 April 2008 (UTC)they should be added here.

Fiction
I added information about Carolly Erickson's new novel, The Tsarina's Daughter, of which Tatiana is the protagonist. It has received several reviews (not all that positive, admittedly). I put this in a fiction category just below the non-fiction "Books" section, and the information was removed. I would like to ask why. Many people interested in royals are also interested in fictional treatments of their lives. Quite a few Wiki biography articles include sections on fiction (or other popular culture venues) in which the subjects appear. I'm a professional historian, with PhD, and I have no objection to including interesting historical fiction in a Wiki article, given that Wiki articles are not addressed to serious scholars like me and my colleagues but rather to a more general and popular audience. Perhaps someone would like to explain the removal?Lolliapaulina51 (talk) 23:04, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it's likely too trivial to include in the article. The Romanovs were main characters in a variety of other novels. Do we include them all? Anastasia is better known and the myth is so widely known that she seems like a different case. I wrote much of the Tatiana article and decided NOT to include the Erickson reference or any of the others I knew of for those reasons. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 23:35, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Thank you, Bookworm, but you are evidently not the person who removed the reference. I'd like to hear from that person. Moreover, there are not THAT many fictional treatments of the individual daughters of Nicholas II. I know of none in which the protagonist is Olga or Marie, for example. The very fact that a recent novel deals with Tatiana, rather than Anastasia, is noteworthy. However, as a scholar, I'm willing to entertain any and all serious explanations for not including Erickson's novel in a "Fiction" section.Lolliapaulina51 (talk) 22:57, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

 * No, I was the person who removed the reference. I don't think it belongs in the article for the reasons listed above. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 00:19, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

I'm sorry, but I don't consider that you offered serious reasons. Your explanation was quite brief and suggested that you simply made a personal decision, not one based on the actual existence of a vast number of fictional treatments of the lives of each of the four daughters of Nicholas II. Please be more specific and scholarly regarding this long list of novels and offer some titles. If there are a great many, and I've simply missed them all, then, of course, I will concede that there's no point in listing every one in the article. However, since I know of no other novel in which Tatiana is the protagonist (or in which Olga or Marie is the protagonist), I still feel that mentioning Erickson's very recently-published book is worthwhile; it is unique, whether or not it is of high litertary quality, and "quality" doesn't seem to be a criterion for mention on a Wiki site. Moreover, I do not consider Anastasia to be utterly sui generis, so I don't feel that there is any solid reason why the sites for Tatiana, Olga, and Marie should not also include one or two fictional treatments, if and when they actually exist. In fact, the Wiki sites for many royals include sections for popular culture and fiction, as a quick check will demonstrate. Please note that this article does not simply belong to you and that other people can and should add information that they feel may be of interest to readers.Lolliapaulina51 (talk) 03:04, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Trivia and popular culture sections are generally discouraged in Wikipedia articles, despite their inclusion in so many articles, which is why I avoided including the fictional references when this article went through its "good article" review. I suppose you're right that an "In Fiction" section might be appropriate, if well written, though I'd rather not see just a single paragraph devoted to the Erickson reference. The Anastasia article lists a number of the books and movies that were made based on the Anastasia myth and its impact on the culture. Some of them also apply to Tatiana. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 13:35, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Close-up of Tatiana

 * I see that you have deleted the close-up of Tatiana. The article has no close-ups of her at the moment. Surely it would have been better to have deleted the full-length version instead. By the way, you are doing an excellent job at creating articles on Russian nobles. Do you happen to know Tatiana Botkina's exact birthdate? --jeanne (talk) 08:41, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It's essentially the same picture as the one above of her sitting on the dock. I was the one who cropped it to make the close-up, but it's an artificially created picture, too. It just seems to make more sense to use the original picture from the Beinecke collection. I'd also just added the picture taken in 1918 at Tobolsk with Olga and her mother, found in the Alix of Hesse article, so it seemed like there were too many pictures. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 15:11, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

More fiction
Please note that Wiki articles are used by a wide cross-section of the public and that we cannot know, in advance, precisely what a user may be seeking. Providing comprehensive information, including fiction and popular-culture references, particularly in biographical articles, is useful to users. Discouraging information about such references is unproductive, since they may ultimately lead a reader to undertake research in factual, non-fiction sources. However, that is an issue that I should take up with someone other with you. As for your statement that the many Anastasia references also "apply" to Tatiana, I repeat: I know of no other novel in which Tatiana is the protagonist, not merely a "supporting player," subordinated to the Anastasia legend. That is why I added the Erickson reference. I will politely refrain from adding the reference again, but I'd like you think carefully about your views. If I, a PhD and scholar in a historical field, have no problem with such references, then I have to wonder why you do?Lolliapaulina51 (talk) 23:19, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I note that you've mentioned that you're a PhD and a historian several times now. I'm a newspaper reporter with a history minor and a shelf full of books both serious and fictitious about the Romanovs. I attempted to make this article well-referenced, comprehensive, and serious. At the time it was reviewed, I was told that trivia sections were generally discouraged. If you feel you can add to the article with the Erickson reference, go ahead, but I'd rather not see a single paragraph. If you're going to add in pop culture references, add the others in which Tatiana or the Romanovs are mentioned. Tatiana is also the only Romanov daughter mentioned by name in a fictional work by John Lescroart called Rasputin's Revenge, though it isn't a particularly serious work. I believe she was also mentioned in Danielle Steele's book "Zoya" as a friend of the fictional character. I know I've read other such works written in the past 30 years or so. You likely know of others and can make it flow with the rest of the article. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 05:07, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

I'm sorry to learn that you have a problem with people who have spent years becoming professional historians. As the daughter and godddaughter of journalists, I have the greatest possible respect for that profession, but I don't feel that a "minor" in history is the equivalent of being a historian. And, of course, we all own large personal libraries on subjects that interest us; that's standard. I will work on a fiction section, but I have to laugh at Steele's "Zoya." I'm not familiar with Steele, I must admit, but a little research indicates that this is a romance novel that involves an entirely fictional protagonist, apparently using historical characters as secondary background. Fiction sections on Wiki biographical articles should list only novels that feature the article subjects as main characters. An excellent example is Anya Seton's "Katherine," in which the protagonist is Katherine Swynford.Lolliapaulina51 (talk) 00:55, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I certainly do not have a problem with historians and I think it would be entirely appropriate for you to create a user page identifying yourself and giving your credentials, if you intend to be a frequent contributor. I've covered K-12 education and area colleges and universities for going on 15 years. I also have family members who are university professors, college instructors or who work in other fields that require doctorates. It seems appropriate to tell you my background since you have outlined yours. I know a fair amount about this particular topic because it is one of my particular interests. "Zoya" is a trashy romance novel; "Rasputin's Revenge" is a thriller. I originally left both out when I was working on this article because I recognized that neither was serious. I also left out Erickson's book because a trivia or popular culture section seemed to be discouraged. But I suppose it is a matter of opinion what is a "serious" enough work to merit mention in a general reference, online encyclopedia written by all and sundry. If it is a popular reference, maybe it SHOULD include all of the references in romances and thrillers as well as in the more serious treatments of the topic. The one thing I don't want to see is a pop culture section with a point by point, unreferenced list. Ideally, I think Wikipedia should serve as a general reference that will point users to more serious references. It should not be used as a primary source or the FINAL source for any high school or college student. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 12:55, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Photo of Tatiana

 * The previous photograph of Tatiana used in the intro box is much better than the latest one, as the latter just shows her in profile. This is only my opinion. What do other editors think?--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 08:39, 1 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The article needs a close-up photo of Tatiana.--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 15:49, 4 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The current photo in use is appropriate. I don't think it needs to be changed. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 18:54, 4 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The infobox photo is fine. I meant another photo, a close-up, somewhere in the article.--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 07:00, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The photos that are there are fine and are close enough. Another one is not needed. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 00:05, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
 * No harm done, I was just offering a suggestion.--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 06:26, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Americanised spellings for a European person?
Seeing as we are using the British style of dating for this European person, I think it looks incongruous to use American spelling in the article.--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 12:22, 10 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Spelling is a matter of preference, usually due to the editors. I'm American so I used Americanized spellings when I did a lot of editing on the Romanov articles a couple of years ago. Someone changed the birthdate around to British style on the Tatiana article but I'd probably change that back as well. Most of the other Romanov articles currently use American English. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 12:32, 10 June 2010 (UTC)
 * There probably should be a discussion about whether to use American or British English on all of the Romanov articles. If we change it to British English on one we should change it on all and have a consistent style throughout. Anyone else want to chime in? --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 12:43, 10 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, we really should let other editors have their input here. I for one support British dates and spelling for all the Romanov articles seeing as they are a European royal dynasty and most Europeans (when they write in English) use British spelling and dating styles. But if there's consensus to use American, I'll go with the flow. Comments?--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 12:49, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121021141816/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070823/ap_on_re_eu/russia_czar_s_son to http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070823/ap_on_re_eu/russia_czar_s_son

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:20, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 16:35, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050824094901/http://www.struggler.org/GlorificationOfTheRoyalFamily.html to http://www.struggler.org/GlorificationOfTheRoyalFamily.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050824094901/http://www.struggler.org/GlorificationOfTheRoyalFamily.html to http://www.struggler.org/GlorificationOfTheRoyalFamily.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050824094901/http://www.struggler.org/GlorificationOfTheRoyalFamily.html to http://www.struggler.org/GlorificationOfTheRoyalFamily.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:53, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

Forensic picture
The "forensic facial reconstruction" picture is to me very disturbing when I read the article. I don't think it's relevant either, think it's trivia. I'm removing it. Emellertid (talk) 23:04, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I have reverted your edit. It is relevant to that section of the article. Bookworm857158367 (talk) 02:02, 4 April 2017 (UTC)
 * How is it relevant what a dead person with many good photos looks like when you reconstruct her skull with a computer? Reconstruction is good when you find an unknown skull, but doing the sculls of the Romanov daughters, that I find speculative. Or skall we have their DNA pictures too, that were used? That would be more relevant than a reconstruction that isn't mentioned in the article. Not just that, as I said it's very disturbing. I'm new as Emellertid but I have edied ca 200 articles as an IP, so I'm not completely new. Emellertid (talk) 03:07, 4 April 2017 (UTC)
 * it's relevant to that portion of the article, as it illustrates what methods of identification were used. Bookworm857158367 (talk) 10:43, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100614192718/http://www.archives.org.rs/41443e43c to http://www.archives.org.rs/41443e43c

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:39, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

"Tatania" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Tatania. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 July 11 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 10:50, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

Excessive photos, references to appearance
One or more recent editors on this article has added an excessive number of photos that clutter the article and placed an excessive number of references to the physical appearance of the subject. The article badly needs to be edited. 13:23, 30 March 2022 (UTC)Bookworm857158367 (talk)

Photos
Hello, fellow editors. In my opinion, the Fabergé portrait shows Tatiana's face more clearly and makes her features standout while the current one has her face half-covered by the shadow. I also propose not to have consecutive photos that are from the same year (for example, the first 2 photos we see are both from 1914 so I propose putting one from 1910 while moving the one from 1914 down the article). Please share your thoughts on this. Minephases (talk) 10:54, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Feel free to reply for issues. Minephases (talk) 16:26, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

RFC on photos used in article
This RFC is in response to the above section, lack of discussion, and the subsequent edits and reverts. Please discuss potential changes with links to the photos in question.WP:WEAKSILENCE EmilySarah99 (talk) 13:49, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I have no problem with the original arrangement of photos. EmilySarah99 (talk) 13:49, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The choice of photos over the past few months seems to have been geared mainly towards what individual editors think look good as do the excessive quotes about the physical appearance and marriage prospects of the Grand Duchess Tatiana. I did restore the 1914 official portrait in the info box. Aside from that, I’d say the lauout should not be overly cluttered and the photos should be arranged chronologically by year instead of as they currently are. Bookworm857158367 (talk) 17:40, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Comment This isn't the right forum for a RFC. There's basically no discussion above so this fails per WP:RFCBEFORE. I didn't remove the RFC tag from this, but there needs to be a brief, neutral statement of or question about the issue or this needs to be closed. Nemov (talk) 16:03, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment Nemov is correct. There at the very least needs to be a brief natural question or proposal. We're not mind readers. TarnishedPathtalk 01:35, 24 February 2024 (UTC)


text:
Aleksey Yermolov

Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov (Алексей Петрович Ермолов; 4 June 1777 – 23 April 1861) was a Russian general of the 19th century who commanded Russian troops in the Caucasian War. He served in all the Russian campaigns against the French, except for the 1799 campaigns of Alexander Suvorov in northern Italy and Switzerland. During this time he was accused of conspiracy against Paul I and sentenced to exile. Two years later he was pardoned and brought back into service by Alexander I. Yermolov distinguished himself during the Napoleonic Wars at the Battles of Austerlitz, Eylau, Borodino, Kulm, and Paris.

Early life
Yermolov was born on 4 June 1777 in Moscow to a Russian noble family from the Oryol Governorate. He graduated from the boarding school of the Moscow University and enlisted in the Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment on 16 January 1787. Four years later, he was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to the Nizhegorod Dragoon Regiment with the rank of captain. He briefly taught at the Artillery and Engineer Cadet Corps in 1793 before being sent to fight the Polish insurgents in the Polish campaign of 1794. He participated in the assault on Praga and received the Order of St. George (4th class) on 12 January 1795. The next year, Yermolov took part in the Persian Campaign along the Caspian Sea. However, he was arrested on 7 January 1799 for alleged participation in conspiracy against Tsar Paul I and spent two years in exile to Kostroma, where he taught himself Latin.

After the assassination of Paul I in 1801, the new emperor, Alexander I, pardoned Yermolov, who returned to the military and began studying the works of Alexander Suvorov, whose disciple he now considered himself. Yermolov was appointed to the 8th Artillery Regiment on 13 May 1801; he then transferred to the horse artillery company on 21 June 1801.

Napoleonic Wars
His own military genius blossomed during the Napoleonic Wars. During the War of the Third Coalition, Yermolov served in the rear and advance guards and distinguished himself at Amstetten and Austerlitz. For his actions, he was promoted to colonel on 16 July 1806. The following year, he participated in the campaign in Poland, serving in Prince Bagration's advance guard. He distinguished himself commanding an artillery company in numerous rearguard actions during the retreat to Landsberg as well as in the Battle of Eylau. In June 1807, Yermolov commanded horse artillery company in the actions at Guttstadt and Deppen, Heilsberg and Friedland, being awarded the Order of St. George (3rd class, 7 September 1807). He was promoted to major general on 28 March 1808 and was appointed inspector of horse artillery companies. In early 1809, he inspected artillery companies of the Army of the Danube. Although his division took part in the 1809 campaign against Austria, Yermolov commanded the reserves in Volhynia and Podolsk gubernias, where he remained for the next two years. In 1811, he took command of the guard artillery company and in 1812, became the Chief of Staff of the First Western Army.

During the 1812 Campaign, Yermolov took part in the retreat to Smolensk and played an important role in the quarrel between Generals Barclay de Tolly and Bagration. He opposed Barclay's strategy and appealed to Emperor Alexander I to replace him with Bagration. After the Russian armies united on 2 August, Yermolov fought at Smolensk and Lubino (Valutina Gora) for which he was promoted to lieutenant general on 12 November 1812 with seniority dating from 16 August 1812. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Borodino, where he was lightly wounded leading a counterattack that recaptured the Great Redoubt. For his courage, Yermolov received the Order of St. Anna (1st class). During the rest of the campaign, he served as a duty officer in the headquarters of the main Russian army and fought at Maloyaroslavets.

In October–November 1812, Yermolov served in the advance guard under Miloradovich and fought at Battle of Vyazma and Krasny. In late November, he commanded one of the detachments in the advance guard under General Rosen taking part in the combats on the Berezina. On 3 December 1812, he was recalled to the main headquarters where he became the Chief of Staff of the Russian army. Three weeks later, he was appointed commander of the artillery of the Russian armies.

During the European campaigns of 1813 and 1814, Yermolov was in charge of the artillery corps of the allies. His able command proved crucial to their success in the Battle of Kulm. In 1813, Yermolov fought at Lützen, where he was accused of insubordination and transferred to command the 2nd Guard Division. He then fought at Bautzen, commanding the Russian rearguard during the retreat, and at Kulm where he was decorated with the Prussian Iron Cross. In 1814, he distinguished himself in the battle around Paris and was awarded the Order of St. George on 7 April 1814.

Caucasus
Yermolov's main tasks were to secure Russia's hold over Georgia and the khanates recently taken from Persia, to occupy the Caucasus range separating the new territories from the rest of the Empire and to subdue the 'savage' and hostile Muslim tribes inhabiting it. But first he had another, most urgent task: Yermolov had to travel on a mission to Tehran, to evade the execution of Alexander I's promise to restore to Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar part of the territories acquired by Russia in the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813

During his tenure as commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, Yermolov (by that time promoted to the rank of full artillery general) was responsible for robust Russian military policies in Caucasus, where his name became a byword for brutality. In a reply to the outraged Alexander I, he wrote, "I desire that the terror of my name shall guard our frontiers more potently than chains or fortresses." He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian forces in Georgia and commander of the Independent Georgian Corps on 21 April 1816. His promotion to the position was seen as a personal insult by his superiors and earned him many enemies at home. He proved himself an able administrator and successfully negotiated with Persia in 1818, receiving promotion to general of infantry on 4 March 1818.

In 1817, he fortified a ford on the Sunzha river and founded the fortress of Grozny the following year. Under him new towns were built (he founded Pyatigorsk and Kislovodsk) and state funds were allocated to improve the existing ones, especially the cities of Transcaucasia; he started the reconstruction of Tiflis in the European style, as well as to improve and build communication routes (first of all, the Georgian Military Road). After repelling an attack by the highlanders, he undertook a punitive raid against them. His decisive measures did succeed in keeping many of the allied tribes loyal.

For ten years he was both commander-in-chief of the Georgian armies and the imperial ambassador to Persia. His independent character would often lead him to conflicts with the Ministry of War, exacerbated by the personal antagonism of many of its members. He was adored by his soldiers, often fraternising with them, and generally successful in combatting the highlanders of Dagestan, but failed to prevent multiple uprisings.

When, in 1825, Yermolov found out that Alexander Griboyedov was about to be arrested on charges relating to the Decembrist revolt, he warned him of it, enabling Griboyedov to destroy some compromising papers and avoid arrest.

Yermolov's career came to an abrupt end in 1827 and he was replaced with Nicholas I's favorite, Ivan Paskevich. The exact reasons are unclear, but he was disliked by Nicholas and was blamed for not keeping the tribes in check. As Professor Moshe Gammer writes: "Far from subduing the population, as his admirers up to the present have asserted, his activities rather intensified hatred to Russia, stiffened resistance to it and helped to enhance the role of Islam, in the form of the spread of the Naqshbandi tariqa (Sufi brotherhood) which would leave now resistance in the eastern part of the Caucasus and for some periods of time in some of its western parts too."Yermolov was discharged on 7 December 1827 with a full pension. However, four years later, Nicholas restored him in the rank (6 November 1831) and appointed him to the State Council; Yermolov's rank of general of infantry was confirmed in 1833.

Retirement
During the last 30 years of his life, Yermolov lived in seclusion at his manor near Oryol. He was asked to lead a peasant militia during the Crimean War but declined on account of poor health. He died on 23 April 1861 in Moscow and was buried at the Trinity Church in Oryol. He left memoirs of his service in 1796–1816. His Zapiski (Memoirs) are divided into three parts covering his early career, the Napoleonic Wars, and his service in the Caucasus. They were published posthumously in two volumes.

Awards
In addition to the decorations already mentioned, Yermolov was decorated with the Russian Orders of St. Andrew the First Called, of St. Vladimir (1st class), of St. Alexander Nevsky, of the White Eagle, and of St. Anna (1st class); foreign orders received included the Prussian Orders of the Red Eagle (1st class) and the Pour le Mérite, the Military Order of Maria Theresa (3rd class), the Baden Order of Karl Friedrich, the Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun, and two golden swords for courage (including one with diamonds).

Legacy
In Russia, he was famous for military prowess, bravery and strategy. His charismatic leadership of imperial armies was romanticized in poems by Alexander Pushkin, Vasily Zhukovsky, and others.

However, in the Caucasus (with the exception of Ossetia), Yermolov is infamous for atrocities he had committed. As historian Charles King puts it:"'Ermolov [sic] was a quintessential frontier conqueror. He was the first to employ a comprehensive strategy for the subjugation of the Caucasus highlands, and his brutal methods would be used, in one form or another, by tsarists, Bolsheviks, and Russian generals into the twenty-first century. Ermolov [sic] was the most celebrated and, at the same time, the most hated of Russian commanders in the Caucasus theater. To St. Petersburg society he was the gallant, Latin-quoting senior officer. For generations of indigenous mountaineers he was the dreaded 'Yarmul' who razed villages and slaughtered families. Although he gained the supreme confidence of one Tsar, Alexander I, he was treated with suspicion by another, Nicholas I. He was responsible for implementing a series of policies that were at the time hailed as vehicles for civilizing the benighted Caucasus frontier but today might very well be called state-sponsored terrorism.'"

John F. Baddeley, author of Russian Conquest of the Caucasus (Chapter VI, 1908), described him in 1908:"'In person no less than in character Yermolov impressed all who came near him as one born to command. Of gigantic stature and uncommon physical strength, with round head set on mighty shoulders and framed in shaggy locks, there was something leonine in his whole appearance, which, coupled with unsurpassed courage, was well calculated to excite the admiration of his own men and strike terror into his semi-barbarous foes. Incorruptibly honest, simple, even rude in his habit, and of Spartan hardihood, his sword was ever at his side, and in city as in camp he slept wrapped only in his military cloak, and rose with the sun.'"

Since 2000, Kalach-on-don has been operating a multi-purpose ship of the KC-104-02 project named after the hero of the Patriotic war of 1812 — "General Yermolov", as an object of intangible heritage that preserves the historical memory of the people.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aleksey Yermolov


text:
Posadowsky Bay

Posadowsky Bay (Posadowskybai) is an open embayment in the vicinity of Gaussberg, just east of the West Ice Shelf. Discovered in February 1902 by German Antarctic Expedition under Erich von Drygalski, who named it for Count Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner, Imperial Home Secretary, who secured a government grant to cover the cost of the Drygalski expedition.

title: Posadowsky Bay


text: Talk:Posadowsky Bay

title: Talk:Posadowsky Bay


text:
Reference electrode

A reference electrode is an electrode that has a stable and well-known electrode potential. The overall chemical reaction taking place in a cell is made up of two independent half-reactions, which describe chemical changes at the two electrodes. To focus on the reaction at the working electrode, the reference electrode is standardized with constant (buffered or saturated) concentrations of each participant of the redox reaction.

There are many ways reference electrodes are used. The simplest is when the reference electrode is used as a half-cell to build an electrochemical cell. This allows the potential of the other half cell to be determined. An accurate and practical method to measure an electrode's potential in isolation (absolute electrode potential) has yet to be developed.

Aqueous reference electrodes
Common reference electrodes and potential with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE):

 * Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) (E = 0.000 V) activity of H+ = 1 Molar
 * Normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) (E ≈ 0.000 V) concentration H+ = 1 Molar
 * Reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) (E = 0.000 V - 0.0591 × pH) at 25 °C
 * Saturated calomel electrode (SCE) (E = +0.241 V saturated)
 * Copper–copper(II) sulfate electrode (CSE) (E = +0.314 V)
 * Silver chloride electrode (E = +0.197 V in saturated KCl)
 * Silver chloride electrode (E = +0.210 V in 3.0 mol KCl/kg)
 * Silver chloride electrode (E = +0.22249 V in 3.0 mol KCl/L)
 * pH-electrode (in case of pH buffered solutions, see buffer solution)
 * Palladium-hydrogen electrode
 * Dynamic hydrogen electrode (DHE)
 * Mercury-mercurous sulfate electrode (MSE) (E = +0.64 V in sat'd K2SO4, E = +0.68 V in 0.5 M H2SO4)

Nonaqueous reference electrodes
While it is convenient to compare between solvents to qualitatively compare systems, this is not quantitatively meaningful. Much as pKa are related between solvents, but not the same, so is the case with E°. While the SHE might seem to be a reasonable reference for nonaqueous work as it turns out the platinum is rapidly poisoned by many solvents including acetonitrile causing uncontrolled drifts in potential. Both the SCE and saturated Ag/AgCl are aqueous electrodes based around saturated aqueous solution. While for short periods it may be possible to use such aqueous electrodes as references with nonaqueous solutions the long-term results are not trustworthy. Using aqueous electrodes introduces undefined, variable, and unmeasurable junction potentials to the cell in the form of a liquid-liquid junction as well as different ionic composition between the reference compartment and the rest of the cell. The best argument against using aqueous reference electrodes with nonaqueous systems, as mentioned earlier, is that potentials measured in different solvents are not directly comparable. For instance, the potential for the Fc0/+ couple is sensitive to solvent.

A quasi-reference electrode (QRE) avoids the issues mentioned above. A QRE with ferrocene or another internal standard, such as cobaltocene or decamethylferrocene, referenced back to ferrocene is ideal for nonaqueous work. Since the early 1960s ferrocene has been gaining acceptance as the standard reference for nonaqueous work for a number of reasons, and in 1984, IUPAC recommended ferrocene (0/1+) as a standard redox couple. The preparation of the QRE electrode is simple, allowing for a fresh reference to be prepared with each set of experiments. Since QREs are made fresh, there is also no concern with improper storage or maintenance of the electrode. QREs are also more affordable than other reference electrodes.

To make a quasi-reference electrode (QRE):
 * 1) Insert a piece of silver wire into concentrated HCl then allow the wire to dry on a lint-free cleaning cloth.  This forms an insoluble layer of AgCl on the surface of the electrode and gives you an Ag/AgCl wire.  Repeat dipping every few months or if the QRE starts to drift.
 * 2) Obtain a Vycor glass frit (4 mm diameter) and glass tubing of similar diameter.  Attach Vycor glass frit to the glass tubing with heat shrink Teflon tubing.
 * 3) Rinse then fill the clean glass tube with supporting electrolyte solution and insert Ag/AgCl wire.
 * 4) The ferrocene (0/1+) couple should lie around 400 mV versus this Ag/AgCl QRE in an acetonitrile solution.  This potential will vary up to 200 mV with specific undefined conditions, thus adding an internal standard such as ferrocene at some point during the experiment is always necessary.

Pseudo reference electrodes
A pseudo reference electrode is a term that is not well defined and borders on having multiple meanings since pseudo and quasi are often used interchangeably. They are a class of electrodes named pseudo-reference electrodes because they do not maintain a constant potential but vary predictably with conditions. If the conditions are known, the potential can be calculated and the electrode can be used as a reference. Most electrodes work over a limited range of conditions, such as pH or temperature, outside of this range the electrodes behavior becomes unpredictable. The advantage of a pseudo-reference electrode is that the resulting variation is factored into the system allowing researchers to accurately study systems over a wide range of conditions.

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) membrane electrodes were developed with a variety of redox couples, e.g., Ni/NiO. Their potential depends on pH. When the pH value is known, these electrodes can be employed as a reference with notable applications at elevated temperatures.

title: Reference electrode


text:
Talk:Mount Morning

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 22:21, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mount Morning. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070310141646/http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnis/webant.antquery?fname=Morning%2C+Mount to http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnis/webant.antquery?fname=Morning%2C+Mount

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:28, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

Addition of USGS text
Pace the lack of copyright, I am not sure that copy-pasting this content wholesale from the USGS website is reasonable. It doesn't fit into the rest of the article structure and is, well, not original. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 17:14, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The USGS information on the mountain's ridges, glaciers etc. is not original, but gives an idea of the topology and the people who have explored it. The back of the article is the natural place for it. This is a lot better than context-free stand-alone articles on each separate feature. I have turned those into redirects to sections in the main article. Aymatth2 (talk) 17:26, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Maybe, but for this article, restating the content of the USGS webpages seems half-baked. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:57, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * My main aim was to preserve the basic USGS gazetteer-type information on each feature: what, where and why it got that name, but eliminate the thousands of stubs on individual features, with their endless AfD debates.
 * This article is unusual in having some real information about the parent. Often the articles for large ranges in Antarctica just copy the basic USGS information. That is not the case here.
 * Possibly some content on geology could be moved or copied down to the sections on features. That way, the main sections on geology would be more general, with the features sections describing specific examples or exceptions. I could do that. Aymatth2 (talk) 00:33, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I think a better solution would be to write a section about the placenames and their origin, and to split the information from USGS between that section and the "Geography and geomorphology" section. That is, order the information by theme, not by geographic feature. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 09:39, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * A section on feature names would be awkward, suggesting original research. I would prefer to prune down the "Geography and geomorphology" section a bit, followed by the geology and volcanology sections, and then at the back expand the "Features" section to give geographical, geological and historical detail, feature by feature. A bit of repetition would not be a problem. Our readers almost always see Wikipedia on their phones, where short, focused sections are a lot easier to follow. When they click on Wikipedia's Riviera Ridge entry in Google search results it would be good if they saw all there is to say about it. Aymatth2 (talk) 13:27, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I don't see/don't agree how a section on feature names would be "awkward" or whatever. This article is about the volcano, not a list of other features that happen to lie on the volcano, I don't see why we'd "prune down" anything. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 13:47, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The article is about the volcano and the features of the volcano. The peakbagger types will be more interested in the ridges and glaciers than the geological processes that formed the mountain. The geologists will see the ridges and glaciers as trivial superficial aspects. We can satisfy both audiences. The section on "Features" at present is mostly about names. We could rename it "Feature names", and perhaps replace section headers with anchors, so redirects like Gandalf Ridge still work, but that would look worse on a phone. I would prefer to add a bit about the geology of each feature, so someone following a redirect would come to a more informative section. Aymatth2 (talk) 14:43, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * That sounds to me like they want a map like the one at Lascar (volcano) ("Town names..."), we currently don't have a sufficiently large one but maybe somebody can create it. I don't agree with dispersing the geology information between the features, the geology information is a) mostly volcano wide and b) it'd be only one or two sentences per feature except for Mason Spur and Gandalf Ridge where it'd be sufficient for an entire separate article. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 16:06, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

The "Features" section has a box in the top right hand corner that shows the coordinates on OpenStreetMap. Unfortunately, that is a very poor quality map. As stated before, a small amount of copy-paste repetition should not be a problem. If there is a sentence or two elsewhere in the article that says something about a feature, it can be repeated in the section on the feature. I would prefer not to make full-size articles on the features if they contain no more than a paragraph. Aymatth2 (talk) 17:05, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

 * There is information on some of these features to make a multi-paragraph article (e.g Mason Spur ) but the point is that I am not convinced that a list of features with one sentence max about each's geology is worthwhile. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 17:13, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Among other things, Wikipedia is meant to be a gazetteer. Lists like this are legitimate, if boring, like lists of tributaries of a river or lists of lakes in a county. We should supply the available information: geography, geology, exploration and naming. Aymatth2 (talk) 18:07, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The question isn't which information to provide, though, but in which form. I don't think that taking USGS text verbatim is good form. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 08:08, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Most of the information originated with the United States Board on Geographic Names, and was copied verbatim by the United States Geological Survey and the Australian Antarctic Data Centre. Starting around 2010 several editors copied thousands of articles from the USGS database into Wikipedia stubs, usually verbatim. In many cases, the features are not notable in the Wikipedia sense, leading to a steady stream of AfD discussions, with results equally distributed between keep, delete and merge. This is a big waste of time.
 * As a first step, I have been grouping the information into list-type articles associated with a "parent", which may be an island, mountain range, valley, large glacier etc. Brown Peninsula and Ricker Hills are typical. At this stage they copy almost verbatim from USBGN or USGS sources, with minor edits to improve grammar or reduce repetition. The original articles are left as redirects to sections in the parent. If there is any hint of notability in a stub I have left it, with an entry for it in the parent list that links to it with a main template. The list-type articles could use a lot of improvement, but do give some context for each of the features.
 * In rare cases I find that some effort has been made to make a real article for the parent, as with Mount Morning. It may have fresh information on exploration, geology etc., and often has a feature list with a selective set of USGS-type entries. I just expand the feature list, or start one. It serves as a sort of appendix to the article.
 * The next stage would be to work through the greatly reduced set of "parent" articles adding information from other sources, and improving unclear wording. I see no strong need to paraphrase clear and factual wording. The feature list format is appropriate for Wikipedia as a source of gazetteer-type information. Jumbling all the information on features into large paragraphs will not help our readers. That is not to say that information cannot also be organized by aspect. An article could say "... Volcanic cones of this type in the range include Mounts A and B ... ... Mount A is a volcanic code ... Mount B is a volcanic cone ... " Aymatth2 (talk) 14:00, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Morning


text:
Public data network

A public data network (PDN) is a network established and operated by a telecommunications administration, or a recognized private operating agency, for the specific purpose of providing data transmission services for the public.

The first public packet switching networks, RETD in Spain and RCP in France were deployed in 1972. "Public data network" was the common name given to the collection of X.25 providers, the first of which were Telenet in the United States and DATAPAC in Canada in 1976, and Transpac in France in 1978. The International Packet Switched Service became the first commercial and international packet-switched network in 1978. The networks were interconnected with gateways using X.75. These combined networks had large global coverage during the 1980s and into the 1990s. The networks later provided the infrastructure for the early Internet.

Description
In communications, a PDN is a circuit- or packet-switched network that is available to the public and that can transmit data in digital form. A PDN provider is a company that provides access to a PDN and that provides any of X.25, Frame Relay, or cell relay (ATM) services. Access to a PDN generally includes a guaranteed bandwidth, known as the committed information rate (CIR). Costs for the access depend on the guaranteed rate. PDN providers differ in how they charge for temporary increases in required bandwidth (known as surges). Some use the amount of overrun; others use the surge duration.

History
Public packet switching networks came into operation in the early 1970s. Examples include RETD in Spain, the first public network in 1972; RCP in France also in 1972; Telenet in the United States, which began operation with proprietary protocols in 1975; EIN in the EEC in 1976; and EPSS in the United Kingdom in 1976.

Telenet adopted X.25 protocols shortly after they were published in 1976; DATAPAC in Canada was the first public data network specifically designed for X.25, also in 1976; Transpac in France in 1978; Euronet in the EEC in 1979; Packet Switch Stream in the United Kingdom in 1980; Iberpac in Spain adopted X.25 in the 1980s; AUSTPAC in Australia 1982; Tymnet and CompuServe in the United States also adopted X.25.

The International Packet Switched Service was the first commercial and international packet-switched network. It was a collaboration between British and American telecom companies that became operational in 1978.

The SITA Data Transport Network for airlines adopted X.25 in 1981, becoming the world's most extensive packet-switching network.

The networks were interconnected with gateways using X.75. These combined networks had large global coverage during the 1980s and into the 1990s.

Over time, other packet-switching technologies, including Frame Relay (FR) and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) gradually replaced X.25.

Many of these networks later adopted TCP/IP and provided the infrastructure for the early Internet.

Public switched data network
A public switched data network (PSDN) is a network for providing data services via a system of multiple wide area networks, similar in concept to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). A PSDN may use a variety of switching technologies, including packet switching, circuit switching, and message switching. A packet-switched PSDN may also be called a packet-switched data network.

Originally the term PSDN referred only to Packet Switch Stream (PSS), an X.25-based packet-switched network in the United Kingdom, mostly used to provide leased-line connections between local area networks and the Internet using permanent virtual circuits (PVCs). Today, the term may refer not only to Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), both providing PVCs, but also to Internet Protocol (IP), GPRS, and other packet-switching techniques.

Whilst there are several technologies that are superficially similar to the PSDN, such as Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and the digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies, they are not examples of it. ISDN utilizes the PSTN circuit-switched network, and DSL uses point-to-point circuit switching communications overlaid on the PSTN local loop (copper wires), usually utilized for access to a packet-switched broadband IP network.

Public data transmission service
A public data transmission service is a data transmission service that is established and operated by a telecommunication administration, or a recognized private operating agency, and uses a public data network. A public data transmission service may include Circuit Switched Data, packet-switched, and leased line data transmission.

title: Public data network


text:
Talk:Mount Moulton

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 22:21, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Moulton


text:
Talk:Mount Murphy

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 22:21, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Murphy


text:
Talk:Gerbil

Major cleanup needed
This page is mostly about the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), but the link for Tribe Gerbillinae redirects here. There's already a better page for Meriones unguiculatus, so I will move most of the contents of this page there to avoid a mess of redirects, I'll create a new page for the tribe and move the material that is appropriate to that there. This page could then be deleted. seglea (talk) 12:38, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

I've now done what I have time for on this problem. In summary, I have moved the material that was about M. unguiculatus to that page, moved the material that is genuinely about Gerbillinae to what was formerly a redirect page (this one), and turned Gerbil into a redirect page to M. unguiculatus. There are probably many redirects that need skipping over, but I don't have time to attack them now. At least anyone putting the obvious search terms into Wikipedia should now get to the correct article. seglea (talk) 14:58, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gerbil


text: Talk:Mount Overlord

title: Talk:Mount Overlord


text:
Jenkins (crater)

Jenkins is a lunar impact crater that lies along the equator of the Moon, near the eastern limb. It is attached to the eastern rim of the slightly larger crater Schubert X, intruding somewhat into the interior. The crater Nobili is likewise attached to the western rim of Schubert X and intrudes slightly into the interior on that side. The three craters form a linear chain along the equator.

This formation was previously designated Schubert Z before being given its current name by the IAU in 1982. Schubert itself is located to the northeast of Jenkins. To the east-northeast of Jenkins lies the crater Back, and to the south is the crater pair of Van Vleck and Weierstrass.

This is a circular crater with a somewhat worn rim. The small crater Schubert J is attached to the exterior along the southeast. The western rim of Jenkins is marked by several small craters. The interior floor is relatively featureless, and is marked by a few tiny craters. There is no central peak on the floor.

title: Jenkins (crater)


text: Talk:Mount Regina

title: Talk:Mount Regina


text:
Amelia Island

Amelia Island is a part of the Sea Islands chain that stretches along the East Coast of the United States from South Carolina to Florida; it is the southernmost of the Sea Islands, and the northernmost of the barrier islands on Florida's Atlantic coast. Lying in Nassau County, Florida, it is 13 mi long and approximately 4 mi wide at its widest point. The communities of Fernandina Beach, Amelia City, and American Beach are located on the island.

Geography

The Amelia Island Trail is a part of the East Coast Greenway, a 3,000 mile-long system of trails connecting Maine to Florida.

Airport
Fernandina Beach Municipal Airport (KFHB), a general aviation airport and former military airbase that is also now used at times by the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Coast Guard and the Florida Air National Guard, is located on the island.

History
The island was named for Princess Amelia, daughter of George II of Great Britain, and changed hands between colonial powers a number of times. It is claimed that eight flags have flown over Amelia Island: French, Spanish, British, Floridian/Patriot, Green Cross, Mexican, Confederate, and United States.

Early European settlement
American Indian bands associated with the Timucua people settled on the island around 1000, which they called Napoyca. They remained there until the early 18th century. In 1562, French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault became the first recorded European visitor to Napoyca, and he named the island Île de Mai. In 1565, Spanish forces led by Pedro Menendez de Aviles drove the French from northeastern Florida by attacking their stronghold at Fort Caroline on the Rivière de Mai (later called Río de San Juan by the Spanish, and later the St. Johns River in English). They killed Ribault and perhaps 350 other French colonists who had been shipwrecked further down the coast.

Spanish rule
In 1573 Spanish Franciscans established the Santa María de Sena mission on the island, which they named Isla de Santa María. In the early 17th century, the Spanish relocated the Mocama people from their former settlements to Santa María de Sena.

In 1680, British raids on St. Catherines Island, Georgia resulted in the Christian Guale Indians abandoning the Santa Catalina de Guale mission and relocating to Spanish missions on Isla de Santa María. In 1702, the Spanish abandoned these missions after South Carolina's colonial governor James Moore led an invasion of Florida with British colonists and their Native American allies.

Georgia's founder and colonial governor James Oglethorpe renamed this island as "Amelia Island" in honor of Princess Amelia (1710–1786), daughter of George II of Great Britain, although it was still a Spanish possession. Oglethorpe successfully negotiated with Spanish colonial officials for the island to be transferred to British sovereignty after ordering the garrison of Scottish Highlanders to build a fort on the northwestern edge of the island. Philip V, the King of Spain, rescinded the agreement.

British rule
Oglethorpe withdrew his troops in 1742. The area became a buffer zone between the English and Spanish colonies until the Treaty of Paris (1763) settling the Seven Years' War, in which Britain defeated France. Under the treaty, Spain traded Florida to Great Britain in order to regain control of Havana, Cuba; the treaty nullified all Spanish land grants in Florida. The Proclamation of 1763 established the St. Marys River as East Florida's northeastern boundary.

During the early period of British rule, the island was known as Egmont Isle, after Lord Egmont who had a 10,000-acre plantation covering almost the entire island. Its headquarters were presumably the so-called "New Settlement" on the south side of the mouth of Egan's Creek adjoining the Amelia River, the site of the present-day Old Town. Egmont had only recently begun his development of the island in 1770, when Gerard de Brahm prepared his map, the "Plan of Amelia, Now Egmont Island". This depicted most of the planned development at the north end.

Egmont died in December 1770, whereupon his widow Lady Egmont assumed control of his vast Florida estates. She continued to develop the plantation and appointed Stephen Egan as her agent to manage it. With the forced labor of enslaved African Americans, he produced profitable indigo crops there. until it was destroyed by American troops from Georgia in 1776.

Spanish rule returns
In the late 1770s and early 1780s, during the American Revolutionary War, British loyalists fleeing Charleston and Savannah hastily erected new buildings at the settlement, calling their impromptu town Hillsborough. Spain regained possession of Florida in 1783, under the terms of the new United States settlement with Great Britain. Amelia harbor was an embarkation point for Loyalists leaving the colony; they tore down buildings and took the lumber with them. In June 1785, former British governor Patrick Tonyn moved his command to Hillsborough town, from which he sailed to England and evacuated troops and Loyalists later that year.

After the British evacuation, Mary Mattair, her children, and a slave worker were the sole occupants left on Amelia island. She had received a grant from Governor Tonyn of the property on the bluff overlooking the Amelia River. Following the exchange of flags in 1784, the Spanish Crown allowed Mattair to remain on the island. In trade for the earlier British grant, the Spanish authorities awarded her 150 acres within the present-day city limits of Fernandina Beach. The site of Mattair's initial grant is today's Old Town Fernandina.

In 1783, the Second Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War and returned Florida to Spain. British inhabitants of Florida had to leave the province within 18 months unless they swore allegiance to Spain. In June 1795, American rebel marauders led by Richard Lang attacked the Spanish garrison on Amelia Island. Colonel Charles Howard, an officer in the Spanish military, discovered that the rebels had built a battery and were flying the French flag. On August 2, he raised a sizable Spanish force, sailed up Sisters Creek and the Nassau River, and attacked them. The rebels fled across the St. Marys to Georgia.

During those years, Pedro Díaz Berrio, an engineer in the Spanish Army, drew the plans for a series of forts on the island:

In 1811, surveyor George J. F. Clarke platted the town of Fernandina, named in honor of King Ferdinand VII of Spain by Enrique White, the governor of the Spanish province of East Florida.

U.S.-led "Patriot War"
On March 16, 1812, Amelia Island was invaded and seized by insurgents from the United States calling themselves the "Patriots of Amelia Island," under the command of General George Mathews, a former governor of Georgia. This action was tacitly approved by President James Madison. General Mathews moved into a house at St. Marys, Georgia, just nine miles across Cumberland Sound from Fernandina on the northwest end of the island.

That same day, nine American gunboats under the command of Commodore Hugh Campbell formed a line in the harbor and aimed their guns at the town. From Point Peter, General Mathews ordered Colonel Lodowick Ashley to send a flag to Don Justo Lopez, commandant of the fort and Amelia Island, and demand his surrender. Lopez acknowledged the superior force and surrendered the port and the town. John H. McIntosh, George J. F. Clarke, Justo Lopez, and others signed the articles of capitulation; the Patriots raised their own standard. The next day, March 17, a detachment of 250 regular United States troops were brought from Point Peter, and the newly constituted Patriot government surrendered the town to General Matthews. He took formal possession in the name of the United States, ordering the Patriot flag struck and the flag of the United States to be raised immediately.

This was part of a plan by General Mathews and President Madison to annex East Florida, but Congress became alarmed at the possibility of being drawn into war with Spain while engaged in the War of 1812 against Great Britain. The effort fell apart when Secretary of State James Monroe was forced to relieve Matthews of his commission. Negotiations began for the withdrawal of U.S. troops early in 1813. On May 6, the army lowered the flag at Fernandina and took its remaining troops across the St. Marys River to Georgia. Spain seized the redoubt and regained control of the island. In 1816 the Spanish completed construction of the new Fort San Carlos to guard Fernandina.

Gregor MacGregor and the Republic of the Floridas
Insurgencies and filibuster efforts continued. Gregor MacGregor, a Scottish-born soldier of fortune, led an army of 150 men, including recruits from Charleston and Savannah, some War of 1812 veterans, and 55 musketeers, in an assault of Fort San Carlos on June 29, 1817. The commander, Francisco Morales, struck the Spanish flag and fled. MacGregor raised his flag, the "Green Cross of Florida", a green cross on a white ground, over the fort and proclaimed the "Republic of the Floridas". On September 4, faced with the threat of Spanish reprisal, and lacking money and adequate reinforcements, MacGregor abandoned his plans to conquer Florida and departed Fernandina for the Bahamas with most of his officers, leaving a small detachment of men at Fort San Carlos. The garrison and a force of American irregulars, organized by Ruggles Hubbard and former Pennsylvania congressman Jared Irwin, repelled the Spanish attempt to reassert authority.

Battle of Amelia Island
On September 13 the Battle of Amelia Island started when the Spaniards erected a battery of four brass cannons on McLure's Hill east of the fort. With about 300 men, supported by two gunboats, they shelled Fernandina. Irwin's forces included ninety-four men, the privateer ships Morgiana and St. Joseph, and the armed schooner Jupiter. Spanish gunboats began firing at 3:30 pm and the battery on the hill joined the cannonade. The guns of Fort San Carlos, on the river bluff northwest of the hill, and those of the St. Joseph defended Amelia Island. Cannonballs killed two and wounded other Spanish troops clustered below. Firing continued until dark. The Spanish commander, convinced he could not capture the island, withdrew his forces.

French privateer Louis-Michel Aury
Hubbard and Irwin later joined forces with French-born pirate Louis-Michel Aury, who laid claim to Amelia Island supposedly on behalf of the revolutionary Republic of Mexico. He had formerly been associated with MacGregor in South American filibuster adventures, Aury had also been a leader among a group of buccaneers based on Galveston Island, Texas.

Aury assumed control of Amelia, creating an administrative body called the "Supreme Council of the Floridas". He directed his secretaries Pedro Gual and Vicente Pazos to draw up a constitution, and invited all of Florida to unite in throwing off the Spanish yoke. For the few months that Aury controlled Amelia Island, the flag of the revolutionary Republic of Mexico was flown. His supposed "clients" were still fighting the Spanish in their war for independence at the time.

U.S. occupation
The United States planned to annex Florida and sent a naval force, which captured Amelia Island on December 23, 1817.  Aury surrendered the island to Commodore J.D. Henley and Major James Bankhead's U.S. forces on December 23, 1817. He stayed on the island more than two months as an unwelcome guest; Bankhead occupied Fernandina and President James Monroe vowed to hold it "in trust for Spain". This episode in Florida's history became known as the Amelia Island Affair.

Spanish cession of the Floridas to the United States
Although angered by U.S. interference at Fort San Carlos, Spain ceded Florida. The proclamation of the Adams-Onis Treaty officially transferred to the United States both East Florida and what remained of Spanish claims in West Florida on February 22, 1821, two years after its signing in 1819. That was also the year that Mexico gained independence from Spain.

The U.S. Army made little use of the fort and soon abandoned it. Subsequently, the island was privately developed as plantations by white planters using the labor of enslaved Black people.

During the American Civil War
In the days before the American Civil War, Confederate sympathizers calling themselves the Third Regiment of Florida Volunteers took control of Fort Clinch on January 8, 1861. This was two days before Florida seceded. Located on the north end of the island, it had been under construction. Federal workers abandoned the site. Confederate General Robert E. Lee visited Fort Clinch in November 1861 and again in January 1862 during a survey of coastal fortifications.

Union forces restored Federal control of the island on March 3, 1862. They had 28 gunboats commanded by Commodore Samuel Dupont. The island attracted slaves to the Union lines, where they gained freedom. By 1863 there were 1200 freedmen and their children, and 200 people of European descent living on the island. This was one of numerous sites where freedmen congregated near Union forces.

In 1862 Secretary of War Edward M. Stanton had appealed to northern abolitionists for aid in caring for the thousands of freedmen who camped near Union forces in areas of South Carolina and Florida. Among those who responded was Samuel J. May of Syracuse, New York, who organized a "Freedman's Relief Association" in the city. Funds were raised to support two teachers on Amelia Island; one was Chloe Merrick of Syracuse. She went to the island, where she taught the freedmen, established a school and orphanage in 1863, and raised continued aid in Syracuse for clothing and supplies for the poor of the island. She continued her support for education and welfare in the whole state after marrying Governor Harrison Reed of Florida in 1869. By 1872 about one-quarter of school-age children were being served by new public schools.

Events
Amelia Island is host to the annual Isle of Eight Flags Shrimp Festival (with more than 150,000 people visiting each May), the Amelia Island Jazz Festival, the Amelia Island Chamber Music Festival, the Amelia Island Film Festival, the automotive charitable event Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance and the Amelia Island Blues Festival. Amelia Island was the main filming location for the 2002 John Sayles-directed film Sunshine State. The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking was also filmed there in 1988.

Amelia Island hosted a Women's Tennis Association tournament for 28 years (1980 to 2008). From 1987 to 2008 it was known as the Bausch & Lomb Championships.

Since 2009 Amelia Island has hosted the annual Pétanque America Open of the game of pétanque, a form of boules.

Golf
Amelia Island has five golf courses:

 * Oak Marsh Course
 * Long Point Course (The Amelia Island Club)
 * Golf Club of Amelia Island
 * Amelia River Golf Club
 * Fernandina Beach Golf Club

title: Amelia Island


text:
Talk:Religion in Argentina

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Elaineclare. Peer reviewers: GmzRomy, Jmpfer04.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:59, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Religion in Argentina


text:
Talk:Mount Steere

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 22:21, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Steere


text:
Talk:Mount Sidley

Highest?
The article states: "Mount Sidley is the highest dormant volcano in Antarctica." This implies there may be higher nondormant (active) volcanoes in Antarctica. It also implies the possibility of higher nonvolcanic mountains, peaks, or other geographic formations in Antarctica. Since Mt. Vinson surpasses Mt. Sidley in elevation, at least one of these implications does appear to be true. It is not clear if the other is true. The qualifiers used after "highest" are what are at issue. Whereas, a simple "the highest point in Antarctica" would be unambiguous and clear, adding the qualifiers "dormant," and "volcano," obfuscates the ranking somewhat. I am no expert, but, after reading the Mt. Erebus article's lede paragraph, it seems implied that Mt. Sidley is indeed the highest volcano in Antarctica, dormant or otherwise, and thus should have the word "dormant" edited out of its lede (or, at least that sentence). I did not feel confident enough in this conclusion to edit the article myself, so if someone with more knowledge on the matter could edit it for clarity, it would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. 66.91.36.8 (talk) 02:39, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Sidley


text: Talk:Mount Scott (Antarctica)

title: Talk:Mount Scott (Antarctica)


text:
Marianne Mikko

Marianne Mikko (born 26 September 1961) is an Estonian politician and former Member of the European Parliament and former Member of the Parliament of Estonia for the Social Democratic Party, part of the Party of European Socialists. Mikko was born in Võru.

Early life and career
Before entering politics, Mikko worked as editor of Diplomaatia, a foreign and security policy monthly magazine, from 2003 to 2004.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2009
Mikko was a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2009. She served on the Committee on Culture and Education and on the Committee on Fisheries. In this capacity, she drafted the Parliament's 2008 own-initiative report on concentration and pluralism in the media in the European Union.

In addition to her committee assignments, Mikko headed the Parliament's delegation to Moldova.

Member of the Estonian Parliament, 2011–2019
Mikko was a member of the Parliament of Estonia (Riigikogu) since the 2011 elections until 2019. She has served on the Defense Committee and on the Committee on European Union Affairs, as the vice-chairman of the European Union Affairs Committee, and on the National Defense Committee. In addition to her committee assignments, Mikko was a member of the Estonia-Ukraine Parliamentary Friendship Group and the Estonia-India Parliamentary Friendship Group, and the chairman of the Delegation to the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.

In addition to her role in parliament, Mikko has been serving as head of the Estonian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2015. As member of the Social Democratic Party, she is part of the Socialist Group. She is currently a member of the Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy and a member of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee). Alongside Ingebjørg Godskesen, she served as co-rapporteur on the post-monitoring dialogue with Turkey, concerning the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt. In January 2017, she was elected as one of 17 Vice-Presidents of the Assembly, under the leadership of Pedro Agramunt. She later participated in the Assembly's observer mission to the 2018 presidential election in Azerbaijan.

Other memberships

 * Women in International Security – Estonia (WIIS-EST), Member

title: Marianne Mikko


text:
Andres Tarand

Andres Tarand (born 11 January 1940) is an Estonian geographer, climatologist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Estonia from 1994 to 1995. He was also a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Social Democratic Party, part of the Party of European Socialists, between 2004 and 2009.

Tarand was born in Tallinn. His father poet, philologist, philosopher and cultural figure Helmut Tarand. He graduated from the University of Tartu with a degree in climatology in 1963. After receiving his first degree he continued his studies at Tartu receiving a second degree in geography in 1973. He continued to do research at Tartu, eventually becoming director of research in 1979, to 1981.

In October 1980, Tarand was a signatory of the Letter of 40 Intellectuals, a public letter in which forty prominent Estonian intellectuals defended the Estonian language and protested the Russification policies of the Kremlin in Estonia. The signatories also expressed their unease against Republic-level government in harshly dealing with youth protests in Tallinn that were sparked a week earlier due to the banning of a public performance of the punk rock band Propeller.

Besides serving as director of research at University of Tartu, Tarand has also been a member of the board for the university, since 1996, as well as director of the Tallinn Botanical Gardens, from 1988 to 1990.

Tarand has also been a member of the Estonian Parliament from 1992 to 2004. While in parliament Tarand served as the Minister of the Environment twice, 1992 to 1994 and 1994 to 1995, as well as his term as prime minister. He was elected to the European Parliament in June 2004.

Tarand has also been involved in environmental and sustainable development concerns not only in Estonia but throughout the Baltic and Nordic states. His involvement in these concerns has led to his involvement in such organisations as the Estonian Geographical Association, Estonian Institute for Sustainable Development, Stockholm Environment Institute, Estonian Nature Fund, and GLOBE International Europe. He has published a title Tornadoes in Estonia with Éditions Universitaires Européennes.

Andres Tarand and his wife, journalist Mari Tarand (née Viiding; 1941–2020) have two sons. The elder son Indrek Tarand (born 1964) is a politician, historian and journalist who also won a seat in the European Parliament, running as an independent candidate in the 2009 election. The younger son Kaarel Tarand (born 1966) is a well-known journalist. His first cousin is writer, poet, humorist and politician Priit Aimla.

title: Andres Tarand


text:
Talk:Paraguayan War

Semi-protected edit request on 4 April 2024 - Paraguayan army strength
The Paraguayan army strength is wrong. The 300,000 mentioned in the article should be the total Paraguayan death toll. The mentioned source supports my claim and probably got misread.

https://web.archive.org/web/20180412081700/http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario5.htm JakobR32 (talk) 17:17, 4 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Charliehdb (talk) 11:39, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

Everyone in the talk section agrees that War of the Triple Alliance is the common english name
And there's evidence the prior move was brigaded by other languages. Paraguayan War is the COMMON in Brazil, not in English which goes with the Argentinian and Uraguayan name.

War's having different names in regions is pretty common. At the time it happened Britain and Belgium called WW1 'The Great War', France 'The World War', and US 'The European War'. Use the commons for English. TheBrodsterBoy (talk) 20:12, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Clearly it is not. There is nothing like a consensus.  This was gone into thoroughly.  Still, since it wouldn't do any harm to have the principles set down, which I shall do in a day or two.Ttocserp 20:38, 28 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Based on the move log, this has been contested multiple times. If you wish to gain a consensus, please see WP:RSPM and start a Requested move discussion. – robertsky (talk) 20:48, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paraguayan War


text:
Plutarch (crater)

Plutarch is a lunar impact crater that lies near the north-northeastern limb of the Moon, just to the south of the irregular crater Seneca. To the southeast is the flooded crater Cannon. The proximity of this crater to the limb causes it to appear foreshortened when viewed from the Earth, but it is actually a circular formation.

This crater has a well-defined rim edge that is only slightly eroded. A small crater intrudes slightly into the southwestern rim, and another small crater lies near the south-southeastern rim. The inner wall is unusually wide in the southern half of the crater, with the narrowest section along the northern rim. There is some slumping and terraces formed along the inner sides, and a notable central peak near the midpoint of the interior floor.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Plutarch.

title: Plutarch (crater)


text: Talk:Toney Mountain

title: Talk:Toney Mountain


text:
Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld

Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld (4 September 1796 – 2 September 1884) was a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall. He served in many military conflicts throughout the 19th century and was given major commands throughout each conflict.

Origin
Eberhard came from the old Augsburg noble family Herwarth von Bittenfeld, which was established in 1246. He was the son of the Prussian Major General Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld der Ältere (1753-1833) and his wife Johanna Friedericke Auguste, née von Arnstedt (1765-1851). Two of his brothers also rose to become generals in the Prussian army: Hans Paulus Herwarth von Bittenfeld (1800–1881) and Friedrich Herwarth von Bittenfeld (1802–1884). His education took place initially in his parents' home until the age of 15 when he enrolled in grammar school in Brandenburg an der Havel.

Military Career
Herwarth von Bittenfeld entered the infantry with the 2nd Guards Regiment in 1811, and served through the War of Liberation (1813–15) of the Napoleonic Wars, distinguishing himself at Lützen and Paris as a second lieutenant. During the years of peace he rose slowly to high command. In 1816, Bittenfeld became Premier Leutnant and in 1821, he was promoted to Hauptmann. He married Karoline Schulze in 1823 but she died in 1828. His second marriage was in 1831 with Sophie von Scholten. His second wife died in 1868. In the Berlin revolution of 1848, he was on duty at the royal palace as Colonel of the 1st Foot Guards Regiment. Bittenfeld was promoted to Major-general (German: Generalmajor) in 1852 and became the commander of the Fortress of Mainz. He was promoted to lieutenant-general (German: Generalleutnant) in 1856 and became the commander of the 7th Division. He reached the rank of General of Infantry and the command of the VII Corps in 1860.

In the Second Schleswig War in 1864, Herwarth von Bittenfeld succeeded to the command of the Prussians when Prince Friedrich Karl became commander-in-chief of the allies, and it was under his leadership that the Prussians forced the passage into Als following the victory over General Steinmann on 29 June, ending the war soon after. Bittenfeld was appointed commander of the VIII Corps that autumn. On 29 June he also received the prestigious Pour le Mérite.

In the Austro-Prussian War, Herwarth commanded the Army of the Elbe which overran Saxony and invaded Bohemia by the valley of the Elbe. His troops won the actions of Hühnerwasser and Münchengrätz, and at Königgrätz formed the right wing of the Prussian army. During the Battle of Königgrätz, Herwarth was not able to order heavy attacks against the Austrians since the artillery that Oberst von Bülow brought was too far to attack the Austrian Army. Herwarth himself directed the battle against the Austrian left flank.

Returning to command of the VIII Corps after the war, Herwarth von Bittenfeld became a member of the Reichstag of the North German Confederation from 1867 until 1870; representing the Wittlich-Bernkastel constituency as a conservative. He would continue to plan the defense of western Germany against a possible French offensive until July 1870.

In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, Herwarth von Bittenfeld was not employed in the field, but was in charge of the scarcely less important business of organizing and forwarding all the reserves and material required for the armies in France and later overseeing prisoner of war camps when the threat of French invasion was eliminated. In 1871 he was semi-retired and brevetted Generalfeldmarschall. The rest of his life was spent in retirement at Bonn, where he died in 1884. He was buried next to his second wife. Since 1889 the 13th (1st Westphalian) Infantry Regiment carried his name.

Honours and awards
He received the following orders and decorations: • Kingdom of Prussia:

• * Knight of Honour of the Johanniter Order, 1846; Knight of Justice, 1858; Commander

• * Knight of the Crown Order, 1st Class, 18 October 1861; with Enamel Band of the Red Eagle Order and Oak Leaves, 1865

• * Pour le Mérite (military), 29 June 1864

• * Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, with Oak Leaves and Swords, 14 November 1864

• * Service Award Cross

• * Knight of the Black Eagle, 30 July 1866; with Collar, 1867

• * Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, with Star (60 years), 5 October 1871

•  Hohenzollern: Cross of Honour of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern, 1st Class with Swords

•  Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear, 8 November 1857

•  Baden: Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1852

•    Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, November 1857

•  Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 4 July 1871

•  Principality of Lippe:

• * Cross of Honour of the House Order of Lippe, 1st Class with Swords

• * Military Merit Medal

•  Mecklenburg-Schwerin: Military Merit Cross, 2nd Class

•  Waldeck and Pyrmont: Military Merit Cross, 1st Class

•  Austrian Empire:

• * Commander of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1854

• * Knight of the Iron Crown, 1st Class, 1863

• * Knight of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1864

• 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion

•  Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class

•  Russian Empire:

• * Knight of St. Anna, 2nd Class

• * Knight of St. Stanislaus, 2nd Class

title: Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld


text:
Piano maintenance

The piano requires various forms of maintenance to produce its best sound. Maintenance is also important for the appearance of the piano.

Tuning
Pianos that are prized by their owners are tuned regularly, usually once every six months for domestic pianos, and always just before a performance in concert halls. The longer a piano remains out of tune, the more time and effort it will take for a technician to restore it to proper pitch. When a piano is only slightly out of tune, it loses the glowing tonal quality characteristic of a freshly tuned piano, especially because each note in the middle and upper range is sounded by more than one string, and these may get slightly out of tune with each other. Pianos that are more than slightly out of tune tend to be unpleasant to play and listen to, to an extent that varies with the ear of the listener. A tuning hammer and tuning mutes are the main tools of the piano technician. Some tuners use pure aural techniques while others use electronic tuning devices. Formally trained and experienced tuners often find that the use of electronic tuning devices is unnecessary; important elements associated with trained aural tuners are often left out by those relying on electronic tuning devices. These devices often attract the untrained operator in an endeavour to circumvent the need for formal training. and consistent errors have been known to result.

Pianos go out of tune primarily because of changes in humidity. Tuning can be made more secure by installing special equipment to regulate humidity, inside or underneath the piano. There is no evidence that being out-of-tune permanently harms the piano itself. However, a long-term low-humidity/high humidity environment will eventually cause the soundboard to crack, and the keys and other wooden parts to warp.

There are a growing number of musicians and composers who are tuning the piano to non-standard tunings, achieving different kinds of harmony not possible with the standard 12-tone equal temperament tuning (normally found on the piano). Examples of such persons are La Monte Young, Terry Riley, and Michael Harrison – to name a few. Their tunings create never before heard of combinations of intervals (some large and some "micro") that lend themselves to many beautiful and exciting new harmonies, scales, and textural effects not possible in equal temperament. Of course, these brands of tuning are limited by the internal structure of the instrument itself. One must be very careful because the piano can only hold so much tension before it breaks.

Voicing

The felt hammers of the piano tend to harden over time, as the felt becomes compressed by repeated impact. They also form grooves at the points of contact with the strings. Harder hammers produce a brighter tone quality, which may ultimately become harsh and undesirable. Piano technicians can soften hammers using special tools called voicing needles. They also sometimes use special hardening agents when the hammers are too soft (though this practise is controversial among some technicians). In either case, an important goal is uniform tone quality across the piano, since the hammers are not used with equal frequency and therefore tend to wear unevenly. How much and how forcefully the piano is played is a factor in how often a piano is voiced, as are the piano's setting and the preferences of its players.

Over time, the strings will wear grooves into the surface of the hammers. The grooves eventually become deep enough, and the head of the hammer flattened enough, that voicing cannot restore the piano's tone. At this point, a technician can file the hammers, restoring their original ovoid shape and pristine surface at the expense of making them somewhat smaller. This process may repeat several times until there is not enough felt left on the hammers for another filing, and they must be replaced.

Regulation
Over time, the performance of a piano action tends to decline, due to the compression of felt, warping of wood, and other types of wear. A skilled technician can restore it to optimal precision, in a process called regulation, which involves adjustments ranging from turning a small screw to sanding down a wood surface. Many new pianos are not perfectly regulated when released from the factory, or quickly lose their regulation when moved to their new home, and benefit from regulation in the store or in the home.

The goal of regulation is to make the piano's touch and sound consistent across all notes, allow it to achieve the widest possible range of dynamics comfortably, and make the keys responsive to even the most rapid or most subtle motions of the player.

There are many dozens of types of regulation a piano may require. The most important include adjustment of:
 * Let-off, the point when the hammer disengages from the jack and flies freely. If the let-off is too large, it can be very difficult to achieve a pianissimo, to execute rapid trills, and to play powerful fortes; if too small, notes can acquire a "pinched" sound, or even block.
 * Drop, how far the hammers fall back after let-off. This affects the responsiveness of the action.
 * Repetition springs in a grand piano, which allow a hammer to strike repeatedly with minimal lifting of a key. If a spring is too springy, it can cause double-strikes; if not springy enough, it becomes difficult to repeat a note.
 * Key weights (and, in some actions, weight-regulating springs) control the inertia of the keys. A technician can add, remove, or change lead weights in the keys to change how light or heavy the keys feel to the player.

Restoration and rebuilding
Pianos have a limited lifetime, usually measured in decades. However, different parts have different lifetimes: for example, on a heavily used but well-cared-for instrument (e.g. in a concert hall), the hammers might last less than five years while the soundboard might last fifty years and more. Regular replacement of worn parts can, therefore, extend a piano's lifetime by decades – even indefinitely, provided that the piano's structural support (i.e. the frame) remains sound (and sometimes the frame can also be repaired).

In very used pianos, the frame and some parts of the action may remain in good condition, and piano rebuilders are able to restore or rebuild an instrument by replacing many components. These include the strings, pinblock, bridges, soundboard and ribs, hammers, and action. "Restoration" implies more replacement work than mere "repair" or "maintenance," and "rebuilding" implies yet more intensive work than restoration. However, there is no precise definition of these terms.

Restoration is labor-intensive, and therefore expensive; it is therefore generally done only if the original piano was of high quality, or the instrument has historical or sentimental value.

Moving a piano
Moving a piano is a difficult procedure. There is risk to the piano, risk of bodily injury to the person moving the piano and other people and risk of damage to other property. Though moving a piano may seem like a simple procedure, there are hidden factors which compound the procedure. Pianos are difficult to move and should only be moved by a professional who is careful, properly trained, insured, and has the proper equipment.

An upright piano is the most popular and simpler to move than a grand piano. It is moved by lifting the piano and sliding a piano movers' dolly underneath or lifting the piano up onto the dolly. The dolly has a sturdy frame for moving and large rubber wheels for ease of moving and not scratching the floor. The piano is transported to its new location and removed from the dolly. The piano should be wrapped or protected with a fitted cover to prevent being scratched or damaged.

The wheels attached directly to the piano itself are rarely used for moving, and are used mainly for cosmetic effect. For a studio piano with larger, double wheels, it is only designed for short moves. When moving a studio piano beyond the immediate room or for more than just a few feet, a dolly should still be used.

A grand piano is moved by covering the piano, fitting the 'skid board' with durable webbing, removing the pedal lyre (since it does not support any weight) followed by the left leg, and gently lowering the piano over onto the straight side. The lid is allowed to overhang the side so as not to pressure it. The piano is blanketed, strapped down and the remaining two legs are removed. Additional care should be added to ensure that the piano parts that can rub together and scratch must be secured. The skid board with the piano is tipped, and a piano movers' dolly is slid underneath for transport to its new location, where the procedure is reversed. Unfortunately, not all carriers fit the 'skid board' at the early stage.

Contrary to popular legend, proper piano moving does not affect tuning. Tuning is affected by changes in humidity. If a piano is properly covered during the move, it will not experience the environmental changes such as going from indoors to outdoors and back indoors again. The piano could go out of tune if exposed to a climate change such as going from a dry home to a humid home.

Humidity
Much of a piano is made of wood and is therefore extremely sensitive to fluctuations in humidity. The piano's wooden soundboard is designed to have an arch, or crown. The crown increases or decreases with changes of humidity, changing the tension on the strings and throwing the instrument out of tune. Larger fluctuations in humidity can affect regulation, and even cause parts to crack. If humidity changes are extreme, the soundboard can warp so much to the point that it can collapse and lose its crown, which may require rebuilding or replacing the instrument.

Piano owners can prevent these problems by controlling humidity. Most technicians recommend an indoor relative humidity within the range of 30% to 50%, kept as constant as possible. Keeping the piano away from air vents, heaters, open windows, open doors, direct sunlight, and the kitchen can help prevent damage since all these are potential sources of sudden changes in humidity. However, even with these precautions, changes in weather can affect indoor humidity. Ideally, a piano owner would use a hygrometer in conjunction with a humidifier and/or dehumidifier and/or air conditioner/evaporative cooler to keep the humidity of the room housing the piano constant year-round. Baldwin Pianos, a major piano manufacturer, recommends running a small cool-air humidifier at least eight hours a day, preferably during the night or in early morning. While some technicians think that running a warm-air humidifier may be more effective, especially in cases of very dry climates, others think that this may lead to mildew or mold formation inside the crown. In cases where controlling room humidity is impractical, many piano technicians recommend an in-piano humidity control system.

Contaminants
Pianos can be damaged easily by liquids. Liquid spills can not only damage the exterior finish but if a spill reaches inside the piano, it could result in costly damage to the action or soundboard. Piano owners should protect their instruments by keeping liquids as far away from the instrument as possible. Dust in between the keys can interfere with the action but can be reduced by keeping the lid closed when the instrument is not being used, however, the lid should be opened at times to ensure proper air circulation to prevent mold from developing. If a spill occurs, immediate action should be taken by removing the keys, cleaning them in a grease-cutting solution and allowing them to dry. Disassembly and reassembly should be done carefully if undertaken by anyone other than a technician.

Appearance
Pianos are pieces of fine furniture, and in this role, they benefit from cleaning and polishing, done carefully to avoid introduction of any fluids into the piano's interior. For many piano finishes, dust is better removed with a feather duster or a vacuum cleaner rather than a cloth, to minimize the abrasive effect of the dust. A piano technician should be consulted for recommendations on cleaning and polishing products suitable for a piano.

title: Piano maintenance