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Talk:Alfredo Casella

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Politics
Like most Italian composers around during the Fascist period - both the conservatives and the radicals - Casella was a Fascist. Anyone who is inspired to do so should cover this. Here's a possible source to start with: https://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.572415&catNum=572415&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English#

Ikan Kekek (talk) 10:13, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alfredo Casella


text:
Talk:Henry Cowell

Incorrect image at top right of article.
I do not know the identity of the individual shown as the main image illustrating this article but is is most certainly NOT Henry Cowell (the person is a woman, for a start)! Please could this image be removed and one of the many publically available correct images of Cowell be used as a replacement? Thank you. 01:37, 23 November 2019 User:OxfordBass

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:37, 16 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Henry Cowell Mugshot.jpg

Contribution: Education/ Early Career
Hello,

I would like to contribute to this article by adding Information regarding Henry Cowells Education and Early Carrer. I noticed that some individuals are not mentioned that helped him in the early stages of his life and career. I have provided the academic resource below I would be referencing. Let me know your thoughts.

CowellPiano.com-Biography, https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/32316/Bio.html. Accessed 7 April 2023.

https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/32316/Bio.html Micheale3722 (talk) 04:51, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Henry Cowell


text: User talk:24.229.4.140

title: User talk:24.229.4.140


text:
Metaverse

The metaverse is a loosely defined term referring to virtual worlds in which users represented by avatars interact, usually in 3D and focused on social and economic connection.

The term metaverse originated in the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash as a portmanteau of "meta" and "universe". In Snow Crash, the metaverse is envisioned as a hypothetical iteration of the Internet as a single, universal, and immersive virtual world that is facilitated by the use of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) headsets.

The term "metaverse" is often linked to virtual reality technology, and beginning in the early 2020s, with Web3. The term has been used as a buzzword by companies to exaggerate the development progress of various related technologies and projects for public relations purposes. Information privacy, user addiction, and user safety are concerns within the metaverse, stemming from challenges facing the social media and video game industries as a whole.

Implementations
Components of metaverse technology have already been developed within online video games. The 2003 virtual world platform Second Life is often described as the first metaverse, as it incorporated many aspects of social media into a persistent three-dimensional world with the user represented as an avatar, but historical claims of metaverse development started soon after the term was coined. Early projects included Active Worlds and The Palace.

Popular games described as part of the metaverse include Habbo Hotel, World of Warcraft, Minecraft, Fortnite, VRChat, and game creation platform Roblox   In a January 2022 interview with Wired, Second Life creator Philip Rosedale described metaverses as a three-dimensional Internet that is populated with live people. Social interaction and 3D virtual worlds are often an integral feature in many massively multiplayer online games.

In 2017, Microsoft acquired the VR company AltspaceVR, and has since implemented virtual avatars and meetings held in virtual reality into Microsoft Teams.

In 2019, the social network company Facebook launched a social VR world called Facebook Horizon. In 2021, the company was renamed "Meta Platforms" and its chairman Mark Zuckerberg declared a company commitment to developing a metaverse. Many of the virtual reality technologies advertised by Meta Platforms remain to be developed. Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen criticised the move, adding that Meta Platforms' continued focus on growth-oriented projects is largely done to the detriment of ensuring safety on their platforms. Meta Platforms has also faced user safety criticism regarding Horizon Worlds due to sexual harassment occurring on the platform. In 2021, Meta made a loss of over $10 billion on its metaverse development department, with Mark Zuckerberg saying he expected operating losses to "increase meaningfully" in 2022. In February 2023, Zuckerberg wrote a Facebook post announcing the company's pivot away from the metaverse to focus on AI.

Some metaverse implementations rely on digital currencies, and often cryptocurrency. Assets within the metaverse are sometimes traded as non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and track ownership using blockchain technology.

Proposed applications for metaverse technology include improving work productivity, interactive learning environments, e-commerce, mass-audience interaction, healthcare and real estate.

Hardware
Access points for the metaverse includes general-purpose computers and smartphones, augmented reality, mixed reality, and virtual reality.

Dependence on VR technology has limited metaverse development and wide-scale adoption. Limitations of portable hardware and the need to balance cost and design have caused a lack of high-quality graphics and mobility. Lightweight wireless headsets have struggled to achieve retina display pixel density needed for visual immersion. Another issue for wide-scale adoption of the technology is cost, with consumer VR headsets ranging in price from $300 to $3500 as of 2022.

Current hardware development is focused on overcoming limitations of VR headsets, sensors, and increasing immersion with haptic technology.

Software
There has been no wide-scale adoption of a standardized technical specification for metaverse implementations, and existing implementations rely primarily on proprietary technology. Interoperability is a major concern in metaverse development, stemming from concerns about transparency and privacy. There have been several virtual environment standardization projects.

Universal Scene Description is a specification for 3D computer graphics interchange created by Pixar and supported by Blender, Apple's SceneKit and Autodesk 3ds Max. The technology company NVIDIA announced in 2021 they would adopt USD for their metaverse development tools.

glTF is a specification for the efficient transmission and loading of 3D scenes and models by engines and applications created by the Khronos Group, an industry consortium developing royalty free open standards. In August 2022 it was announced that glTF 2.0 had been released as the ISO/IEC 12113:2022 International Standard.

OpenXR is an open standard for access to virtual and augmented reality devices and experiences. It has been adopted by Microsoft for HoloLens 2, Meta Platforms for the Oculus Quest, HTC for the HTC Vive, Qualcomm for the Snapdragon Spaces XR Developer Platform, and Valve for SteamVR.

Feasibility
In a February 2022 article for The New York Times, Lauren Jackson argued that the metaverse is "stalled from achieving scale by a lack of infrastructure for both hardware and software, a monopolistic approach to platform development, and a lack of clear governance standards."

In December 2021, Raja Koduri, senior vice president of Intel, claimed that "Truly persistent and immersive computing, at scale and accessible by billions of humans in real time, will require even more: a 1,000-times increase in computational efficiency from today's state of the art."

In an article for The New York Times on October 26, 2022, Ryan Mac, a technology reporter, claimed that for the past year, Mark Zuckerberg has struggled to find the best way to achieve the metaverse. He has yet to succeed.

Privacy
Information privacy is an area of concern for the metaverse because related companies will likely collect users' personal information through interactions and biometric data from wearable virtual and augmented reality devices. Meta Platforms (previously Facebook) is planning on employing targeted advertising within their metaverse, raising further worries related to the spread of misinformation and loss of personal privacy. In 2021, David Reid of Liverpool Hope University argued the amount of data collection in the metaverse would be greater than that on the internet stating "If you think about the amount of data a company could collect on the World Wide Web right now, compared to what it could collect with the metaverse, there is just no comparison." In fact, the current metaverse technology is very immature. Abdulsattar Jaber, a professor at Iraq's Middle Technical University, found that the new technology used by the metaverse may cause many problems related to the security and privacy of system users.

User safety
User addiction and problematic social media use is another concern. Internet addiction disorder, social media, and video game addiction can have mental and physical repercussions over a prolonged period of time, such as depression, anxiety, and various other harms related to having a sedentary lifestyle such as an increased risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease. Experts are also concerned that the metaverse could be used as an 'escape' from reality in a similar fashion to existing internet technologies.

Virtual crimes like sex abuse, child grooming, and harassment are significant challenges within existing virtual reality social platforms, and may be similarly prevalent in the metaverse. In February 2022, investigations by BBC News and The Washington Post found minors engaging in adult activities in applications such as VRChat and Horizon Worlds despite an age requirement of 13 years or older.

In an October 2022 interview, Roblox Chief Scientist Morgan McGuire stated that it is "a challenge to moderate 3D", and also compared moderating Roblox to shutting down speakeasies.

Regulation
With the emergence of the metaverse, many are calling for new regulations to protect users when they interact in the virtual world and to ensure that intellectual property (IP) laws are extended to both physical and virtual objects, respecting the rights of inventors, designers, and owners of trademarks, just as they would in the real world.

Social issues
Metaverse development may magnify the social impacts of online echo chambers and digitally alienating spaces or abuse common social media engagement strategies to manipulate users with biased content. Keza MacDonald of The Guardian criticized the utopianism of technology companies who claim that a metaverse could be a reprieve from worker exploitation, prejudice, and discrimination. MacDonald stated that they would be more positive towards metaverse development if it was not dominated by "companies and disaster capitalists trying to figure out a way to make more money as the real world's resources are dwindling." Marketing professor Andreas Kaplan, citing their experience studying Second Life users, argues that the metaverse may have a generally negative societal impact due to their strongly addictive potential. People with physical disabilities like deafness or blindness are disadvantaged without technologies addressed to accessibility.

Lack of adoption
, there has been little adoption of Metaverse technology, with Decentraland, a platform claiming to be the metaverse, reporting that it had 8,000 daily users or fewer. Ed Zitron of Business Insider and Marc Olinga of The Street declared the Metaverse a fad that was "dead", having been displaced by artificial intelligence as the current hot new trend in computing.

Snow Crash, 1992
The term metaverse was coined in Neal Stephenson's 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash, where humans, as programmable avatars, interact with each other and software agents, in a three-dimensional virtual space that uses the metaphor of the real world. Stephenson used the term to describe a virtual reality-based successor to the internet.

Neal Stephenson's metaverse appears to its users as an urban environment developed along a 100-meter-wide road, called the Street, which spans the entire 65,536 km (216 km) circumference of a featureless, black, perfectly spherical planet. The virtual real estate is owned by the Global Multimedia Protocol Group, a fictional part of the real Association for Computing Machinery, and is available to be bought and buildings developed thereupon.

Users of the metaverse access it through personal terminals that project a high-quality virtual reality display onto goggles worn by the user, or from grainy black and white public terminals in booths. The users experience it from a first-person perspective. Stephenson describes a sub-culture of people choosing to remain continuously connected to the metaverse; they are given the sobriquet "gargoyles" due to their grotesque appearance.

Within the metaverse, individual users appear as avatars of any form, with the sole restriction of height, "to prevent people from walking around a mile high". Transport within the metaverse is limited to analogs of reality by foot or vehicle, such as the monorail that runs the entire length of the Street, stopping at 256 Express Ports, located evenly at 256 km intervals, and Local Ports, one kilometer apart.

Ready Player One, 2011
Ready Player One is a dystopian science fiction franchise created by Ernest Cline which depicts a shared VR landscape called "The OASIS". The first novel was released in 2011, with a 2018 film adaptation, and second novel in 2020. The franchise depicts the year 2045 as being gripped by an energy crisis and global warming, causing widespread social problems and economic stagnation. The primary escape for people is a shared VR landscape called "the OASIS" which is accessed with a VR headset and wired gloves. The OASIS functions both as a massively multiplayer online role-playing game and as a virtual society.

title: Metaverse


text:
Talk:Paul Creston

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:21, 25 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Paul creston- symphony no. 3 etc. (gerard schwarz) (19893253281).jpg

Name change
Doesn't it seem ridiculous (not to mention unencylopedic) that this article doesn't even touch briefly on the subject of Creston's name change? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 00:33, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paul Creston


text:
User:Ruziklan

About me

 * Born many years ago as Juraj Lörinc and still living happily with that name.
 * Studied mathematics, more specifically topology.
 * Working in the area of risk management.
 * Chess composer specializing in fairy chess. International judge of FIDE, gained so far 52,17 Album points in six FIDE Albums, gained title of International Master in 2010 and got 3 medals in World Championships in Composing for Individuals.
 * See my Chess Composition Microweb.
 * Keen reader of all kinds of books.
 * Former basketball and squash player, ice hockey fan.
 * Ocassional writer of short stories.
 * Former blogger in Slovak language in SME project.

As author
I have started following chess composition pages: Model mate, Chess composer, World Championship in Composing for Individuals, The longest moremover without obtrusive units, Motif (chess composition), Reflexmate, Peter Gvozdják, Bedrich Formánek, Ladislav Salai jr..

Also I have started the following pages from other areas: Palo Macho, Běchovice, The Slovak Spectator.

As minor editor
I have contributed small bits to many pages, correcting typos, obvious errors, mistakes from my areas of expertise and have written longer pieces of some chess composition pages. In 2005 I have participated in two projects Wiki Syntax and Disambiguation pages with links. In 2008 I was involved in the resolution of Hungarian-Slovakian dispute. Currently I again disambiguate time to time.

As reader
As the former trivia site questions editor I have been using Wikipedia heavily as mostly independent source of information for checking all contributions. Also, I still like to browse through Wikipedia almost randomly and suck into my brain the facts uncovered on the way.

Articles I was working on
... and I might again ...

Fairy pieces

 * current version: Fairy pieces
 * my working version: Fairy pieces (working).

List of Slovaks

 * current version: List of Slovaks
 * my working version: List of Slovaks (working)

title: User:Ruziklan


text:
Siege of Santiago

The siege of Santiago, also known as the siege of Santiago de Cuba, was the last major operation of the Spanish–American War on the island of Cuba.

Santiago campaign
The primary objective of the American Fifth Army Corps' invasion of Cuba was the capture of the city of Santiago de Cuba. U.S. forces had driven back the Spaniards' first line of defense at the Battle of Las Guasimas, after which General Arsenio Linares pulled his troops back to the main line of defense against Santiago along San Juan Heights. In the charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill U.S. forces captured the Spanish position. At the Battle of El Caney the same day, U.S. forces took the fortified Spanish position and were then able to extend the U.S. flank on San Juan Hill. The destruction of the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba allowed U.S. forces to safely besiege the city.

Siege
On July 3, 1898, the same day as the naval battle, Major General William "Pecos Bill" Shafter began the siege of Santiago. Shafter fortified his position on San Juan Heights. General Henry W. Lawton's division moved up from El Caney extending the U.S. right flank to the north. To the northwest, Cuban rebels under the command of Calixto Garcia extended the U.S. line to the bay. General Arsenio Linares had been severely wounded at the Battle of San Juan Hill and was replaced by General José Toral y Velázquez. The Spanish also had German military advisors helping to man and operate their artillery. Toral had a good defensive position and Shafter knew he would sustain severe casualties from a frontal assault. All Spanish ships were destroyed bringing forth the reason for surrender.

The Americans began their siege of the city. U.S. artillery sited on the heights pounded the city, while U.S. forces supported by Cuban rebels choked off all water and food supplies to the city. On July 3, a relief column was able to fight its way through Garcia's rebels and into the city bringing Toral's force to a total of 13,500. On July 4, a cease fire was enacted to evacuate roughly 20,000 citizens from the city. Also, on July 4, four .30 Army Gatlings from Lt. John Parker's Gatling Gun Detachment were moved to Fort Canosa in support of the siege, as was a dynamite gun and sixteen field guns. Over the next thirteen days, the Gatlings were used to fire 6,000 to 7,000 rounds into the city of Santiago, causing many casualties.

On July 8, Toral proposed to surrender Santiago if his troops could be evacuated to Holguin. Washington officials would not accept Toral's proposal and the truce ended on July 10. Shafter was now pressed for time as Yellow fever appeared. Shafter and the U.S. Navy under William T. Sampson continued to bomb the city with little effect militarily. General Miles arrived on July 11 along with several regiments, eight field guns and eight light mortars.

Surrender
Everyone involved wanted a quick end to the campaign, and at 0900 on July 13, Toral, Shafter, Miles and Joseph Wheeler met under a large tree between lines to discuss surrender terms. The Americans proposed Secretary of War Russell A. Alger's offer to repatriate the Spanish garrison to Spain.

Shafter relied on his friend Dr. George E. Goodfellow's excellent knowledge of Spanish to help negotiate the final surrender after the Battle of San Juan Hill. Goodfellow attributed part of his success to a bottle of "ol' barleycorn" he kept handy in his medical kit which he properly prescribed to himself and Spanish General Toral, lending a more convivial atmosphere to the conference.

On July 16, after both governments agreed to the terms of capitulation ("surrender" was avoided), in which Toral surrendered his garrison and all troops in the Division of Santiago, an additional 9,000 soldiers. The Spanish also ceded Guantanamo City and San Luis. The Spanish troops marched out of Santiago on July 17.

Aftermath
The siege effectively ended the major fighting on Cuba, but the war was not yet over. Yellow fever had spread through the U.S. Army before the surrender had taken place, and some 4,000 U.S. soldiers were ill with malaria, yellow fever, and dysentery by July 28. Many officers, notably Theodore Roosevelt, fought for the removal of the army from Cuba, writing the Round Robin, which was leaked to the press. The Fifth Army Corps was recalled and sent to Camp Wikoff, where of the 20,000 men sent there, only 257 died from yellow fever or malaria.

The Red Cross ship, City of Texas, with Clara Barton aboard, was the first ship into Santiago harbor. Plans were made for a major assault on Havana, but the next major campaign of the war came on Puerto Rico, led by General Miles.

title: Siege of Santiago


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adams' Grammar School Senior Debating Society

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was 7 delete, 5 keep, 1 merge to another article - therefore keep. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Adams' Grammar School Senior Debating Society
This schoolcruft is getting out of hand. Not encyclopedic. Gamaliel 22:26, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * KEEP Sorry but this is more than just the usual "schoolcruft" - it gives a good example of an English debating society. Please don't delete this page - it's far more encyclopedic than many pages on wiki! David.

 * Delete - It may be an example of an english debating society, but a good one ? Really ? But if so  why not have a School debating society article instead ? Nothing much else links here and, honestly, it isn't encyclopaedic.  Velela 22:40, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. I agree that schoolcruft is becoming an issue. Carrp | Talk 22:43, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I guess. Perhaps start a wikijunior for such content? — RJH 22:55, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems notable and factual enough. Keep. --Centauri 00:36, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Resolved: School debating societies are notable.  I'll take the negative side.   --BM 01:20, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability does not extend to an elementary school debating club, no matter how many British prime ministers have sprung from its loins. Denni ☯ 05:07, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)
 * Delete. — Brim 10:15, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, or merge useful content into Adams' Grammar School - Drw25 14:34, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Adams' Grammar School. Create a section called 'Student Activities' or 'Clubs' or somesuch.  Contains too much detail (we don't need to know about the duties of the club Secretary, or that they usually meet in the school library), and duplicates information covered in debate.  Few debating societies warrant their own articles—see for example the Oxford Union, which actually has a smaller entry. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 18:29, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, or Merge to Adams' Grammar School. It is the oldest club/society in the school and it deserves a mention. LukeSurl
 * Keep, or Merge as above, preferably the latter. Think it might be one of the oldest school clubs in the world, 349 years old and counting. --Andylkl 20:17, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * It should be noted that it is the school that is 349 years old. There is no information in the article about the age of the club. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 19:42, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - it is factual, NPOV and encyclopedic. Ronline 11:58, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Are we running out of paper? Are high schools unimportant? Zantastik 07:08, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This isn't a high school, it's a unexceptional club at a non-notable school. Gamaliel 16:40, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Adams Grammar School isn't a high school because it's not in the USA. It is a secondary grammar and sixth form though, which I would suggest is equivilent to a so-called "high school". And if you would look into the British education system a little more, you'd understand that there are in fact only 165 grammar schools remaining and even fewer debating societies - this one being founded in 1912! David

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:200.93.159.114

title: User talk:200.93.159.114


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gutierrez, Carlos M.

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:51, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Gutierrez, Carlos M.
His article already exists. Carlos Gutierrez. I am merging as I type. (Well, nearly) Smoddy (t) (e) (c) 22:27, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Since you are merging, I recommend redirect instead of delete. 1) Redirect does not require a VfD vote. You can be bold.  2) Redirect will keep some future contributor from making the same mistake.  3) Redirect will point the anonymous contributor to the correct place so he/she can learn from the mistake.  4) Redirect is easier than copy-pasting the edit history over to the main article (keeping attribution history is a requirement of GFDL).  5) Redirects are cheap.  Rossami (talk) 00:03, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, duplicates existing article, no redirect - who is going to type in "Gutierrez, Carlos M." when Carlos Gutierrez in a search will get you there anyway? Megan1967 02:02, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Plenty of people, esp. those who grew up reading paper encyclopedias. Redir. Meelar (talk) 02:22, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, per Rossami and Meelar Kappa 04:11, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Kent Brewster

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Kent Brewster. The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 22:29, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet

Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet (22 June 1757 – 1 February 1807) was a Royal Navy officer. As a junior officer he saw action at the Battle of Sadras in February 1782 during the American Revolutionary War and the Battle of Trincomalee in September 1782 during the Anglo-French War. He commanded the third-rate Culloden at the Battle of Cape St Vincent in February 1797 during the French Revolutionary Wars. He went on to be First Naval Lord and then served as Commander-in-Chief, East Indies, during the Napoleonic Wars.

Naval career
Born the son of Richard Troubridge, a baker, Troubridge was educated at St Paul's School, London. He entered the Royal Navy on 8 October 1773 and, together with Horatio Nelson, served in the East Indies in the frigate HMS Seahorse (1748). He was promoted to lieutenant on 1 January 1781 on the newly-purchased sloop Chaser. On 3 March he returned to Seahorse. In her he took part in the Battle of Sadras in February 1782 during the American Revolutionary War and the Battle of Trincomalee in September 1782 during the Anglo-French War. His first command was the sloop HMS Lizard (1782) in October 1782.

Promoted to post-captain on 1 January 1783, Troubridge was given command of the frigate HMS Active (1780) and was present at the Siege of Cuddalore in June 1783. After that he transferred to the third-rate HMS Defence (1763). In 1785 Troubridge returned to England in HMS Sultan (1775) as flag-captain to Admiral Sir Edward Hughes. He was appointed to the frigate HMS Thames (1758) in 1790.

Appointed to command the frigate HMS Castor (1785) in May 1794, he and his ship were captured by the French while escorting a convoy, but he was liberated soon afterwards. On his return he was appointed to command HMS Culloden (1783), a third-rate ship of the line, in which he fought at the Battle of the Hyères Islands, led an unsuccessful pursuit of a French squadron in the Aegean Sea, and led the line at the Battle of Cape St Vincent, being commended for his courage and initiative by Admiral Sir John Jervis.

In July 1797 he assisted Nelson in the unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife. In August 1798, when getting into position for the attack on the French fleet, Culloden ran aground on a shoal near the entrance to Aboukir Bay and was consequently unable to take any part in the Battle of the Nile. At Nelson's request, however, he was awarded the gold medal commemorating the victory.

Troubridge then served in the Mediterranean and was created a baronet on 30 November 1799. In February 1801 he joined the Board of Admiralty as First Naval Lord. Promoted to a rear-admiral on 21 April 1804, Troubridge was appointed to command the eastern half of the East Indies Station, and he went out in HMS Blenheim (1761) with his resignation from the Admiralty Board becoming effective in May 1804.

On his arrival the area of command was changed to that of the Cape Station. He left Madras in January 1807 for the Cape of Good Hope. Off the coast of Madagascar, Blenheim, an old and damaged ship, foundered in a cyclone and the admiral and all others on board perished.

title: Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet


text: User talk:24.208.210.108

title: User talk:24.208.210.108


text: User talk:207.224.177.252

title: User talk:207.224.177.252


text:
Talk:Speculations (magazine)

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Speculations. The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 22:30, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Speculations (magazine)


text: User talk:65.4.186.118

title: User talk:65.4.186.118


text:
User:Shanedidona

Shane Di Dona enjoys chemical engineering, physics, 3ds max, SolidWorks, Mathematica, LabVIEW, and Wikipedia. His homepage is http://www.shanedidona.com/, and his profile at the Nanomaterials and Thin Films Lab at Duke University is http://jtglass-nano.pratt.duke.edu/members/shane-di-dona

http://www.ion-innovations.com

https://www.linkedin.com/in/shanedidona/

User:shanedidona/Userbox testing User:shanedidona/Userboxes/WikiProject NCSU

title: User:Shanedidona


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File:Ford Duratec 20 engine.jpg

Duratec 20 engine

title: File:Ford Duratec 20 engine.jpg


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Gottfried von Einem

Gottfried von Einem (24 January 1918 – 12 July 1996) was an Austrian composer. He is known chiefly for his operas influenced by the music of Stravinsky and Prokofiev, as well as by jazz. He also composed pieces for piano, violin and organ.

Biography
Einem was born in the Swiss capital Bern into the Einem family noble family. According to Einem's publisher, his father was William von Einem, military attaché of the Austro-Hungarian embassy. According to another source, however, he was adopted by Einem, his natural father being the Hungarian aristocrat Count László von Hunyadi. His mother, Baroness Gerta Louise née Rieß von Scheurnschloss, an officer's daughter from Kassel, led a lavish lifestyle between Berlin and Paris. The family moved to Malente in the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein, when Gottfried was four years old.

After his school days in Plön and Ratzeburg, Gottfried von Einem went to Berlin in 1937, to study at the State School of Music with Paul Hindemith who nevertheless resigned his post in October that year in protest against his modernist music being banned from public performances by Joseph Goebbels. By the agency of the tenor Max Lorenz, he started an employment as a répétiteur at the Berlin State Opera, where in 1939 Herbert von Karajan became Staatskapellmeister. From 1938 onwards, Einem also worked as an assistant of director Heinz Tietjen at the Bayreuth Festival. In 1941 he began to take counterpoint lessons with Boris Blacher; at that time he wrote his first work, Prinzessin Turandot, at the suggestion of Werner Egk. The ballet was first performed at the Dresden Semperoper conducted by Karl Elmendorff in early 1944 and became a success. Previously in March 1943, Leo Borchard had first performed Einem's composition Capriccio (Op. 2) with the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra.

During World War II, in Berlin, Einem helped to both save the life and continue the professional development of young Jewish musician Konrad Latte by employing him as a rehearsal assistant for Prinzessin Turandot and later helping him obtain other employment. Einem obtained a ration book and membership card of the Reich Musicians' Chamber for Latte, and lent him his own pass to the State Opera as well as introducing him to friends who could help his underground existence.

Through Blacher, Einem met his first wife, Lianne Mathilde von Bismarck (1919–1962) of the Bismarck family, whom he married after the war in 1946. They had a son, Caspar Einem, who was an Austrian cabinet minister. In 1953, the family moved back to Vienna. Lianne von Bismarck died in 1962. In 1966 Einem married his librettist, the renowned Austrian playwright and author Lotte Ingrisch. Apart from Vienna, the couple spent much of their time in the Waldviertel of Lower Austria (specifically, at Oberdürnbach and Rindlberg/Großpertholz), a virtually pristine region that clearly inspired not only his own work, but also the literature of Ingrisch.

The composer died in Oberdürnbach in 1996.

Works
Einem composed mainly operas based on dramas. He was internationally recognized after the premiere of his opera Dantons Tod at the Salzburg Festival of 1947, conducted by Ferenc Fricsay. His last operas, starting with Jesu Hochzeit, are based on libretti by his second wife, Lotte.

In 1973 he wrote as a commission of the UN to commemorate the 30th anniversary of its foundation the cantata An die Nachgeborenen for mezzo-soprano, baritone, chorus and orchestra, based on diverse texts. The title is taken An die Nachgeborenen of Bertolt Brecht, translated as To Those Who Follow in Our Wake. The premiere in 1975 in New York with Julia Hamari, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, the Chorus of Temple University and the Vienna Symphony was conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini.

In England, Einem had two of his operas premiered within days of each other. In May 1973 The Trial (Der Prozeß) received its premiere at the Bloomsbury Theatre, London, conducted by Leon Lovett, directed by Fuad Kavur. The following week, at Glyndebourne The Visit of the Old Lady (Der Besuch der alten Dame) received its British premiere, conducted by John Pritchard and directed by John Cox.

In May 1996, the chamber chorus Cantori New York, directed by Mark Shapiro, gave the U.S. premiere of Einem's cantata Die träumenden Knaben, for chorus, clarinet and bassoon, on a work by the painter Oskar Kokoschka.

Awards

 * 1955 Theodor Körner Prize
 * 1958: Preis der Stadt Wien für Musik (Prize of the City of Vienna for Music)
 * 1960 Associate Member of the Academy of Arts, West Berlin
 * 1965: Grand Austrian State Prize for Music (Großer Österreichischer Staatspreis für Musik)
 * 1974: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art
 * 1975 Corresponding member of the Academy of Arts, East Berlin
 * 1979 Member of the Academy of Arts, West Berlin
 * 1993 Member of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
 * 2002: posthumously Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem, for helping save the life of musician Konrad Latte

Operas

 * Dantons Tod (1947) after the play by Georg Büchner
 * Der Prozeß (1953) after the novel by Franz Kafka
 * Der Zerrissene (1964) after Johann Nestroy
 * Der Besuch der alten Dame (1971) after the play by Friedrich Dürrenmatt
 * Kabale und Liebe (1976) after the play by Friedrich Schiller
 * Jesu Hochzeit (1980), libretto by Lotte Ingrisch
 * Tulifant (1990), chamber opera, libretto by Lotte Ingrisch
 * Luzifers Lächeln (1998), libretto by Lotte Ingrisch

title: Gottfried von Einem


text:
Talk:Gottfried von Einem

Righteous among the Nations
Gottfried von Einem is not listed in the list of Austrian Righteous dating from Jan 1, 2011 published by Yad Vashem. Gugganij (talk) 09:22, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
 * And we would be able to view this listing where? Varlaam (talk) 23:04, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The previous Yad Vashem link is dead, but I've replaced it with the entry in the Righteous database (as well as adding a piece to the article itself).Davidships (talk) 13:22, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

His surname in practice
Do we say "von Einem's work" or "Einem's work" in English?

I say the former; Britannica apparently says the latter.

One is shorter. Varlaam (talk) 23:02, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I've noticed that in Britain - on the BBC and in magazines such as Opera and Gramophone - Herbert von Karajan is always called Karajan, not von Karajan. A German friend of mine who speaks very good English also says Karajan.  Americans tend to say "von Karajan".  Grove Opera (article by Erik Levi of Egham, Surrey) lists Gottfried von Einem under E, but calls him Von Einem! --GuillaumeTell 11:01, 19 August 2011 (UTC)
 * FWIW, it is almost never correct today to list a German name as if it began with the particle "von". In the past English practice was different from what it has become today. The Chicago Manual of Style, section 7.9, warns that in Italian, Portuguese, German, and Dutch, "The frequent older practice was to retain and capitalize the particle when the surname was used alone. Consequently, for many names the form with the particle is the only familiar one and must necessarily be used". The list of illustrative examples following this warning, however, gives only one example where "von" is sometimes included and may possibly be capitalized in English contexts—Friedrich von Steuben—and two where it never is—Alexander von Humboldt and Maximilian von Spee. (The Wikipedia articles on all three of these gentlemen consistently present their surnames without the "von".) What people may actually say out loud when speaking of musicians such as Einem of Karajan is another issue, as is the accepted way of presenting their names in informal running text. Guillaume Tell may be correct about there being a difference between American and British practice in such informal contexts, but there is no difference in indexes and bibliographies, nor should there be in careful, formal writing. To my (American) eye, the quoted phrase "von Einem's work" looks entirely wrong, and omitting the "von" is less likely to cause readers to stumble than including it will do.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 17:43, 19 August 2011 (UTC)

 * To Guillaume: I certainly say Karajan. I'm Canadian but I listened to a lot of US radio (Buffalo, New York) in the 1980s. "Karajan" is not necessarily a conventional case though, since to anyone familiar with German, it doesn't look German, because it's not. It's Greek (from generations back).
 * Einem is also an odd case since "einem" is a vocabulary word. Perhaps that's why I'm reluctant to say Einem; it's an indefinite article and does not sound like a name to me. (Four years of high school German, Grades 10 through 13.)
 * To Jérôme: I can't imagine Von Steuben (one of the bad guys, from our perspective) without his Von, and his article in fact does use a lot of Von.
 * The Pursuit of the Graf Spee. Yes, no Von there.
 * My inclination is to call him von Humboldt. But that could derive from books I read in the 1970s.
 * Ok. So "Einem" it is, even though it still sounds a bit queer to me. (There's a word that's dropped out of the language since boyhood.)
 * Varlaam (talk) 03:28, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * And there's Humboldt University in Berlin, not Von Humboldt University. --GuillaumeTell 08:25, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Sure. I simply agree that our usage in the past was different, and things are better now, since we no longer have to worry about whether von, van, et cetera are capitalized in a given context. I fully embrace Humboldt and his Universität.
 * I renamed my Einem template in light of this von-deprecating discussion.
 * Karajan. By purest coincidence, a friend yesterday mentioned a friend of his, yet another engineer. That fellow's dad, decades ago, was involved in a road accident with Herbert. Herbert got out of his car and said, in German, "Don't you know who I am?! I am Karajan!!"
 * It fits our picture of the man. Varlaam (talk) 19:01, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gottfried von Einem


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Talk:Grumman F8F Bearcat

constant-speed
I am italian and it is possible that I am writing an english error.

I read "constant-speed propeller", should it be "constant-pitch propeller"?

NOTE: I have a sad experience with people who does not understand that they should search the phrase with control-F and therefore feel my comment without sense. 151.29.89.211 (talk) 14:53, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

 * See Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics) and https://www.skybrary.aero/articles/constant-speed-propeller. The rotational speed is constant while the pitch changes. Binksternet (talk) 15:13, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Merry Christmas and Happy New Year

151.29.89.211 (talk) 07:10, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grumman F8F Bearcat


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Talk:Enrique Granados

Granados' Death
My understanding is that Granados himself was saved (on a lifeboat, presumably). Then he saw his wife, jumped in, and drowned. That fact (if it is, indeed, a fact -- I'm going by memory here) makes the irony doubly potent. Here he was, afraid of the water -- then the ship is torpedoed, then he's saved, only to see Amparo in the water. Granados's music is so utterly Romantic that I have always felt that this story, utterly Romantic in itself, is very pertinent. (Normally a composer's death has little relevancy to his or her music.) Anyhow, just a thought. LorenzoPerosi1898 09:57, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * That's more or less the way it is in the article: he was in the lifeboat, saw Amparo, and despite his morbid fear of the water, jumped in anyway -- and they both drowned.  I've read several variants on the story, and it's haunting indeed.  Feel free to add/rewrite.  I wonder if there's a decent biography of him in English?  Maybe there's something citeable about his manner of death in relation to his musical style.  I think he's a much underrated composer, but that's just my POV.  Antandrus  (talk) 15:08, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

i think his vals sentimental no. 6 from valses poetico is a beautifully appropriate soundtrack to this sad affair, which unfortunately occurred on my birthday. Karynlyn 04:11, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * That's an exquisitely beautiful piece; I've played it. You're right. Antandrus  (talk) 04:13, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Names of Danzas Españolas
I have given alternative names for some of them (which are the names in any edition I have seen, except that in the cases of nos. 5 and 6, both names are used). In these editions, nos. 11 and 12 are given as "Zambra" and "Arabesca." Are they given in a different order here (intentionally or not) or is "my" "Zambra" "your" "Arabesca" and "my" "Arabesca" "your" "Bolero"? Kostaki mou 05:03, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Enrique Granados y Campiña
All serious sources I have found in spanish and catalan, refer to him as "Enrique Granados y Campiña", where enrique is his given name,  Granados his first surname, and Campiña his second surname. Adding Pantaleon or Costanzo is totally confusing, and I am surprised no one detected it before. --Jordiferrer (talk) 16:08, 27 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Here you have serious sources:  Enrique Granados (Britannica) and  Enric Granados i Campiña (Catalan Enciclopedia) --Jordiferrer (talk) 16:22, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Name
I think that it's a shame that you had put Enrique. His name was Enric because you must say it in Catalan, not in Spanish. He was Catalan, and natonalist, so please change it as it offers a more realist point of view. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.169.168.132 (talk) 21:14, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Read his diaries and see that he was not nationalist. And, after all, his father was cuban and his mother from Cantabria. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.33.105.173 (talk) 09:21, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

Spanish or Catalan
Should Granados be described Spanish or Catalan? Do we have sources? Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 15:47, 30 September 2012 (UTC)
 * This is a long debate existing in several wikis. Obviously in Catalan wikipedia he is described as a Catalan. In Spanish Wiki is described as a Spanish, and in other wikis...it depends. When people thinks about Catalan as a region in Spain they say Spanish, but when they think as a Cultural group they say Catalan. It also happens in dozens of other biographies of Catalan people in Wikipedia. Putting only Spanish may be considered offensive for us and puttin only Catalan maybe considered radical or biased by some editors. I've seen these discussion in many articles, and is usually solved using the term "Catalan Spanish", similar to "French Canadian". I would like just "Catalan", but that's my personal opinion, and I understand Catalan Spanish should be understandable for almost everyone in the world. As I told, this is a wider topic. Is not only the origin: We call him "Enric" (Catalan) instead of "Enrique" (Spanish). You can read a long similar discussion in Pau Casals talk page. You can find references and bibliography calling him Spanish / Catalan, Enric and Enrique, so you can reference both cases-> Wikipedia doesn't solve the real-world problems, just reflects it. Hope it helped and would be happy to help in any other cases. What do you think?--Kippelboy (talk) 19:44, 30 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your open and even-handed response. I hope I have reflected it's balance in the changes I have just made to the article (I've put his Catalan name in the infobox, but a bug is preventing it from displaying. I've reported that, too). Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 20:31, 30 September 2012 (UTC)
 * He himself signed his letters "Enric" or "Enrique" depending if the correspondant was a Spanish or a Catalan speaker. Often, he used a neutral "E. Granados". In concert bills, the use of Catalan or Spanish forms depended on the place where he was performing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bocachete (talk • contribs) 16:47, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The correct answer seems clearly to put the Catalan name first with the Spanish translation, since that's the language he used locally. When I arrived he was only described as 'Spanish', which is clearly incorrect by omission. I replaced it with 'from Catalonia, Spain' and put in his Catalan name since at the least he was known by that name. Dunno if you get notifications on this page, but I would advise keeping an eye on it. I notice articles about Ireland usually reflect local sensibilities, it seems there aren't enough Catalans on here to defend themselves. (unfortunately they are completely overwhelmed on the Spanish wiki). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.171.152.153 (talk) 11:31, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

Infobox on this article
See the discussion here. -- Klein zach  01:47, 4 March 2013 (UTC)
 * For the record, I think this article would be better without an infobox. -- Klein zach  08:57, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Of course you do. Why do you even bother to state what everyone already knows? ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ (talk) 13:30, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Discussion there is of no import. Such matters should be discussed here. Meanwhile, the infobox, which has been in the article since 2010, should be restored. And it should be kept. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 14:06, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * PigsOnTheWing, I have on my shelf several reference books with pencil markings in the margin, noting material that could be used to improve articles. Instead of dealing with these, I'm spending my WP time dealing with stupid controversies of which you are the principal driving force. And of course I am just one editor -- you're wasting everybody else's time too. This is setting back the cause. Why not clean up your act? Opus33 (talk) 16:39, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * oPuS33, I have on my shelf several reference books with material that could be used to improve articles. Instead of dealing with these, I'm spending my WP time dealing with the stupid systematic removal of infoboxes, contrary to the RfC instigated by members of the classical music projects, which found that "Infoboxes are not to be... removed systematically from articles. Such actions would be considered disruptive", of which you are a principal driving force. And of course I am just one editor -- you're wasting everybody else's time too. This is setting back the cause. Why not clean up your act?  Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 17:06, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Well Opus, why aren't you off dealing with those instead? No one is forcing you to engage in these discussions. If what you really want to do is improve articles, then go do it. We're all volunteers and YOU CHOSE to deal with the infobox issue. ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ (talk) 22:04, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Just restore the info-box has its been here for a long time. Long standing edit that was boldly removed has been contested - thus we  restore to stable version until the debate has run its course (this is common knowledge to all). So  that would mean in this case I am in favor of it being restored. Can someone sit down with Toccata quarta and explain the disputation he/she is causing by removing the boxes randomly from article they have nothing to do with. Its causing your project lots of trouble lately - does not look good .Moxy (talk) 17:49, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

Some history: this article was started in 2004 and existed many years without a box. The box was first put here by an IP and reverted by me. Moxy (who as we know from recent statements never personally installs boxes) put the box back in 2010.

The box was never appropriate because it concentrated on personal details (some of them quite trivial) rather than his achievements in music. I doubt if there was ever a real consensus for it, but in any case consensus can change. There are now at least three involved editors here who are against having an infobox. If the 3Ms team (of Mabbett, Moxy and Melodia) want to have a box they need to produce some reasoned arguments to convince other editors to change their minds. But the edit warring, , , , must stop.  Klein zach  01:27, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Funny how your list of "edit war" diffs shows the restoration of the infobox, but not its systematic and repeated removal, citing WP:COMPOSER as a bogus justification, contrary to the RfC called by members of the classical music projects, which explicitly found that "Infoboxes are not to be... removed systematically from articles. Such actions would be considered disruptive." Since the removal is disputed, and there is clearly no convincing arguement, much less consensus,  for that change, we should go back to the status quo, since 2010, which is that the article has an infobox. Your comment that consensus can change is interesting, since elsewhere you oppose an infobox based on an unsubstantiated claim of "existing and ongoing consensus". Your allegation that other editors and I comprise a "team", is unwarranted and unacceptable.  Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 13:25, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * You got it I dont create or remove boxes - only reverted disruptive edits. As before there was no argument made for its removal - the same as now. At  some point we are going to need you guys to try and work with the community in a productive manner.  Get a hold of your rouge editor  before the projects loses the last bit of respect it has. If you want to convince people the boxs is no good here - you  will have to talk about the box and not the editors. Moxy (talk) 15:28, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

Infobox: The problem of undue emphasis
The problem of the former infobox was its inclusion of unimportant details — the subject’s houses residences, spouse, children and parents — unconnected to his importance as a composer. Most of the rest of the box provided information about how he died! Only ‘‘one’‘ line in the box was about his music — the actual thing for which he was notable!

This box was an example of how bio-infoboxes can turn into collections of trivia. Please see WP:UNDUE for an explanation of this policy. -- Klein zach  15:59, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * WP:UNDUE says nothing about this, nor about infoboxes at all. Any supposed errors in the infobox can be fixed, if there is consensus to do so, without its removal. There are no houses mentioned in the infobox under discussion. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 16:16, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

The Wikipedia policy WP:UNDUE is very clear. "An article should not give undue weight to any aspects of the subject, but should strive to treat each aspect with a weight appropriate to its significance to the subject. "WP:UNDUE "applies not only to article text, but to images, wikilinks, external links, categories, and all other material as well." So the infobox, which is a summary of the article, should not emphasize obscure facts (trivia) that are not essential to the article. -- Klein zach  10:34, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok so a trimmed down version would be ok to you? as now seen on the left?Moxy (talk) 18:24, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I can't speak for other editors, but if the third and fourth fields were removed, I couldn't object to the box. (Though I'd still prefer no box at all.)  Klein zach  01:38, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Hello Moxy, having just birth and death is not so bad, but an infobox with just those two fields will be an open attractant to editors who will fill it up with trivia again. I know this from experience, back when when I once tried to deploy such pared-down infoboxes myself.  The result (massive trivia additions) was so discouraging that it led me to my current view that it's really best just not to have composer infoboxes at all.  Thanks for asking, though.  Opus33 (talk) 02:34, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The 'danger' of other editors adding bad content is emphatically NOT a reason to avoid something in the first place. So your argument is pretty much invalid. ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ (talk) 06:47, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, indeed. Opus33 explains the maintenance problem. That's why I'd still prefer no box.  Klein zach  03:28, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Enrique Granados


text:
Battle Cry (film)

Battle Cry is a 1955 Warnercolor film, starring Van Heflin, Aldo Ray, James Whitmore, Tab Hunter, Nancy Olson, Anne Francis, Dorothy Malone, Raymond Massey, and Mona Freeman in CinemaScope. The film is based on the 1953 novel by former Marine Leon Uris, who also wrote the screenplay, and was produced and directed by Raoul Walsh. The film was shot at Camp Pendleton, California, and featured a large amount of cooperation from the United States Marine Corps.

Plot
In January 1942, as many young men respond to the call for Marine Corps recruits, All-American athlete Danny Forrester boards a train in Baltimore, Maryland, after saying goodbye to his family and girl friend Kathy. The train picks up other recruits en route to the Marine training camp near San Diego, including womanizing lumberjack Andy Hookans, bookish Marion Hodgkiss, Navajo Indian Shining Lighttower, troublemaking "Spanish" Joe Gomez, L.Q. Jones of Arkansas, Speedy of Texas, and the Philadelphian Ski, who is eager to escape the slums, but upset to leave his girl friend Susan.

Several weeks later, after the arduous training of boot camp, the men are accepted into radio school and assigned to the battalion commanded by Maj. Sam "High Pockets" Huxley. The Marines continue their military training and receive rigorous communication instruction from Sgt. Mac, but on weekends they get passes to San Diego. In a sleazy bar there, Ski drowns his sorrows in alcohol and women to forget that Susan has married another man. Concerned about him, Mac and his fellow Marines go to the bar, believing they are coming to his rescue, and get in a brawl with others there. Danny is saved from excessive drinking by the married USO worker Elaine Yarborough, and begins a relationship with her, until Mac, noticing a change in his performance, arranges for him to call Kathy long-distance. Recognizing the young man's loneliness, Mac and Huxley grant him a furlough to Baltimore, during which Danny elopes with Kathy. Meanwhile, the meditative Marion, who hopes to write about his wartime experiences, meets the beautiful and mysterious Rae on the Coronado ferryboat. Although she meets him there frequently and seems to admire him greatly, she will not share with him details about her life. Marion learns why she has been evasive, when she shows up with other B-girls ordered by Joe, at a party celebrating the regiment's orders to ship out.

The men are sent to Wellington, New Zealand, where they are warmly received. Andy, who respects no woman, tries to woo the married Pat Rogers by suggesting that he fill the void left by her husband, whom he believes is fighting in Africa. After the offended Pat tells him her husband died in action, Andy apologizes for the first time ever. Pat later invites the reformed Andy to visit her parents' farm, where, despite their attraction, they agree to remain friends only. After Christmas, the Sixth Regiment, now known as "Huxley's Harlots," is sent to Guadalcanal after the invasion to "mop up" a resistant band of Japanese soldiers.

Afterward, the battle-weary men, minus Ski, who was killed by a sniper, return to New Zealand, where Pat nurses the malaria-stricken Andy and decides to risk a short-term romance with him. To restore the men's stamina, Huxley, newly promoted to lieutenant colonel, orders them to compete in a brutal 60-mile hike, and while other companies are trucked back to camp, Huxley has his men hike the whole way, blistered and near collapse, but in record-breaking time. Aware that his men are special, Huxley is frustrated when they are not ordered to Tarawa with the main invasion, but held back to clear out remaining Japanese resistance afterward. Pat is afraid of losing another love to the war and tells Andy that she wants to break up, but Andy refuses and asks her to marry him. Although frightened, she accepts and only then admits that she is pregnant. With Huxley's assistance in cutting through red tape, Andy and Pat marry, but two days later, when the men are to ship out, Andy considers deserting to stay with Pat. Instead of arresting him, Huxley asks Pat to convince Andy to return voluntarily.

At Tarawa, Huxley's men fulfill their mission, but Marion and many others are killed. Afterward, while standing by on reserve on a Hawaiian island, Huxley receives word that other battalions are being moved out for combat. Sensing the restlessness of his men, Huxley risks court-martial to convince Gen. Snipes that the talents of his battalion are being wasted. Although at first offended by Huxley's "impudence," Snipes assigns the battalion to the invasion of Red Beach, the most dangerous mission in the Saipan campaign. The men are isolated from the rest of the division, and suffer heavy casualties from artillery fired from the hills above them. Huxley is killed, and Danny and Andy are seriously injured. However, the battalion holds out until a Navy destroyer pins down the Japanese, freeing the Marines to complete their mission. Later, at a rest camp, while recuperating from the loss of a leg, Andy becomes too demoralized to communicate with Pat or his concerned friends, but tough words from Mac make him realize that Pat still loves him. Andy returns to her and his baby son after completing rehabilitation. Danny is also given a medical discharge and returns by train to Baltimore, accompanied by Mac, who is visiting the families of men killed in action. In Baltimore, they say goodbye and Danny reunites with the waiting Kathy, as fresh recruits board the train.

Cast

 * Van Heflin as Major / Lieutenant Colonel Sam "High Pockets" Huxley, Commanding Officer, 2nd Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment
 * Aldo Ray as Private First Class Andy Hookens
 * Nancy Olson as Pat Rogers / Mrs. Pat Rogers
 * James Whitmore as Master Technical Sergeant Mac
 * Tab Hunter as Private First Class / Corporal Danny Forrester
 * Mona Freeman as Kathy, Danny's Girl / Mrs. Danny Forrester
 * Dorothy Malone as Mrs. Elaine Yarborough, USO Manager
 * Raymond Massey as Major General Snipes
 * Anne Francis as Rae, The Party Girl
 * William Campbell as Private First Class "Ski" Wronski
 * John Lupton as Private / Corporal Marion "Sister Mary" Hotchkiss
 * Justus E. McQueen (later L. Q. Jones) as Private L. Q. Jones
 * Perry Lopez as Private Joe "Spanish Joe" Gomez
 * Fess Parker as Private "Speedy"
 * Willis Bouchey as Mr. Forrester
 * Jonas Applegarth as Private Lighttower, Navajo Phonetalker
 * Felix Noriego as Private Crazy Horse, Navajo Phonetalker
 * Carleton Young as Maj. Jim Wellman, Battalion Executive Officer
 * Rhys Williams as Pat, Rogers's Father
 * Allyn Ann McLerie as Ruby, Waitress In Diner

Awards and reception
Battle Cry received an Academy Award nomination for Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture by composer Max Steiner. The film also got critical reception from Bosley Crowther of The New York Times who criticized the film for being too focused on love rather than war, which was the opposite of what the Marines had experienced in the Pacific during World War II.

Music
The film featured the song "Honey-Babe" by Art Mooney which reached #6 on the U.S. pop chart in 1955.

title: Battle Cry (film)


text:
User talk:Chlewey

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 22:38, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

In answer to your question
In answer to your question at Talk:Social Conservative Party if the link is incorrect at the parent article then change the link. Then when a person clicks on it they will be editing Colombian Conservative Party instead. Easy as pie! -- Francs2000 | Talk 22:43, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Interesting VfDs
Carlos, please have a look at this: Cheers, IJzeren Jan 18:09, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Votes for deletion/Aingeljã
 * Votes for deletion/Breathanach
 * Votes for deletion/Brithenig
 * Votes for deletion/DiLingo
 * Votes for deletion/Fyksland
 * Votes for deletion/Verdurian language
 * Votes for deletion/Wenedyk

Conlangs
Please note that you'll have to revote again once voting officially opens... Almafeta 18:06, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Hello
Thanks for joining WikiProject Latin America countries. Unfortunately, I cannot contribute for some time because of my examinations.--Youssef 10:28, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:Siniestro YH708.jpg
Buenos dias Chlewey,

Podrias traducir tu mapa en otros idiomas para los otros wikis? O solo subir tu propia creacion sin los titulos? Muchas gracias.

-- Pixeltoo 09:48, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Voting on conlangs has started
Since you've been part of the discussion I thought I'd let you know. Do spread the word to others who would like to vote on it too. --Kaleissin 14:25:39, 2005-08-29 (UTC)

New Engineering Wiki
Engineering Wiki is a wiki entirely dedicated to collecting information about Engineering. I invite you to join this wiki.

San Andrés and Providencia
I noticed you put an POV tag on the San Andrés and Providencia article back in August, but I don't see further edits since then to correct the POV of the article. Perhaps you forgot about it. If you could, go to the article and put in the parts that you mentioned on the talk page so this can be resolved and the POV tag removed. Thanks. --Holderca1 18:30, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Hola Carlos
¡Un gusto (re-)encontrarte! Aquí también tenemos (¿hemos tenido? no sé si ya está) que borrar Kotava. I'm just getting a user account in es:, but I'm pretty much absorbed by work here and I need to acquaint myself with the ways of the Spanish Wikipedia before I'm useful there. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 13:56, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Conlang WikiProject
Hello!

It has recently been brought to my attention that you might be interested in participating in the new WikiProject concerning constructed languages. The project has been created to observe, maintain, organize and improve all articles on Wikipedia relating to constructed languages. If you are interested, please add your name to the "Participants" section, and also feel free to add anything to the project page, the to-do list, or leave a comment on the talk page. Also, please check out the constructed languages portal.

Thank you!

JonMoore 00:41, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

900
Why did you remove the link from 900 to 900 (skateboarding trick), and why did you give the edit summary "robot Adding: nap"? Thanks, Pissant 22:36, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Verlinkung auf Englischsprachige Artikel
Hallo Chlewey,

ich bin der Benutzer Alfred Grudszus aus der deutschen Wikipedia. Ich möchte dich auf diesen Vorgang und meinen Revert hin, da sich das möglicherweise wiederholen wird. Ich möchte nicht in diesem Film landen. Gruß Alfred Grudszus 12:16, 3. Feb 2006 (CET) PS: Außerdem möchte ich dich bitten, deinen Bot nur über Sprachen laufen zu lassen, die du selbst beherrscht!

Chlewbot error
When linking Meco articles in different languages make a note that the subjects are not all the same. I'll fix them if you don't.

meco 16:41, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Aquarium /Aquarius
Please make your bot stop create interwikis between nl:Aquarium and other wikipedia's on Aquarius (disambiguation). I have reverted the interwiki's three times in the last days, but your bot does not seem to get that an "m" and an "s" at the end of a word gives a completely different meaning to the word. Taka 07:38, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Also I had left you a message about this before on your dutch user-page, but you don't read that. I think bots do a great job. But it's hard talking to a bot. The only other option left is then blocking a bot, but I hope that this message will solve it before it gets that far. Taka 07:41, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Please look at this page
If you are a supporter of Don Bosco, take a look at this page.
 * St John Bosco and LGBT edits evrik 04:25, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Gracias por la invitación
Gracias por invitarme al MetaWiki colombiano!!! Tengo más comentarios en mi talk page. Caleiva 01:49, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Comparto sus intereses
No he leído todavía nada de lo que anuncia pero me interesa y comparto con Usted el interés por la preservación de las lenguas y del conocimiento indígenas. La entidad con la que trabajo (una fundación, sin ánimo de lucro) maneja sus proyectos mediante una wiki. En abril-mayo de 2005 tuve la oportunidad de hablar del tema (Wikipedias en lenguas aborígenes colombianas) con algunas personas involucradas con comunidades indígenas en el Chocó quienes además colaboraron brevemente en un proyecto nuestro y por tanto usaron nuestra wiki. Hace poco también traté este tema con un profesor de antropología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Leticia, quien desarrolla desde hace 20 años investigación antropológica en la región. En principio hay interés pero es difícil comenzar puesto que el trabajo voluntario, me parece, exige buenas dosis de tiempo libre que no siempre se tiene… En fin, enhorabuena su entusiasmo y dedicación, creo que está sembrando en suelo fértil. Le prometo leer detenidamente los materiales mencionados y contribuir con mi pequeña experiencia. Vale, Lcgarcia 21:47, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Latin American National Anthems
I have reverted your move for the Colombian National Anthem. The fact is that ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible! is not the official name, nor a commonly used name in Colombia for our national anthem. Last year there was a discussion on Spanish language Wikipedia about the fact that most Latin American National Anthems had as names in Wikipedia the first verse, which is incorrect for most of the anthems. If we need to uniform the list of national anthems we should get the official or most commonly known name which would mostly be "National Anthem of  ".

If the Colombian National Anthem would have a name, this should be the name of the original poem by Núñez which would be something like Oda a Cartagena IIRC.

— Carlos Th (talk) 17:20, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Still, the vast majority of the national anthems on this category have as names the first verse. If you think it's incorrect, then you should move all of those anthems too. --Fibonacci 01:07, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Please help with block of ISP at Spanish wikipedia
Hi there, could you please help me? I tried to upload my conga photo at the Spanish wikipedia but I got this error message: Tu nombre de usuario o dirección IP ha sido bloqueada por Ecemaml. La razón dada es la que sigue: Red de Arcor (anonimizadores usados por vándalos) Puedes contactar a Ecemaml o a otro de los bibliotecarios para discutir el bloqueo. Arcor is a German internet provider like telefónica is a Spanish one, blocking all its users is quite an overkill. And there is no way users can complain about it other than finding admins who have pages in other languages or email addresses on their pages. Please help me with this. Añoranza 22:58, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Wikiproyect Colombia
Hola, Fibonacci me contó de tu proyecto y me parece muy interesante. Simplemente quería avisarte que aunque me parece interesante, no creo que le pueda dedicar mucho tiempo. Igualmente estaré observando como progresa. Mucha suerte --– sampi ( talk • contrib • email ) 21:14, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Chinese
In the introduction page of your bot, Chinese (中文) is zhongwen, not zhonguo.--Hello World! 15:55, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

ayuda con listas de colombianos
Hola, yo soy colombiana y he estado buscando alguien que haga parte del proyecto de colombia en wikipedia.

Resulta que alguien esta vandalizando a List of Colombians poniendo gente sin importancia (aparentemente esta gente cree que puede autopromocionarse si pone su nombre en la lista), colombianos con una menor importancia historica (el hermano de juanes debajo de "bussines", o bueno, tal vez estoy desinformada pero no lo he visto en las noticias de economia en nigun momento) y por ultimo y el peor, poniendo comentarios hostiles en la seccion de Politics sobre los ex-presidentes (ya los borre, y por mas escandalos y cosas malas que hayan hecho, eso no se debe poner en wikipedia-nota que en Samper decia que era un assesino) en fin, aunque sea colombiana, no reconosco varios de estos nombres...quisiera proponer algo para arreglar esta pagina que esta en pesimo estado (no cambie algunas cosas por miedo de que algunos nombres si sean necesarios en la lista)...si es possible, mencionar esto en el wikiproject de colombia.

Muchas gracias, in advance. Minako-Chan* 02:02, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Colombian Presidents
This is to advise you that the project page above is currently being considered for deletion. Please feel free to follow the links on the page to participate in the discussion. Thank you. Badbilltucker 00:21, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Basque Portal?
Kaixo, I'm contacting you because you figure in Category:User eu, meaning that you speak some Basque. You must therefore be Basque yourself or have an intense connection with the Basque Country.

I am thinking that maybe was a good idea to create a Portal (or maybe a Wikiproject? or both?) on the Basque theme but I feel such kind of project requires more than just one person.

If you are interested, please comment in my talk page.

Enjoy, --Sugaar 10:13, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Beslidhja Skaut Albania
Beslidhja Skaut Albania has been proposed for renaming (along with other foreign-language Scouting article titles) to bring it into compliance with the spirit of both WikiProject Scouting - Rules Standards, Article names and Wikipedia:Naming conventions.

The discussion about this is currently taking place at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Scouting/Translations. No one involved speaks Albanian. Since you speak Albanian, could you please help out? --evrik (talk) 15:30, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Vitamin A
Please stop changing the English links on other-language wikipedias pointed to from Vitamin A. These should point to Vitamin A and not to Retinol. --Trovatore 04:03, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Responded on my talk (precis: es:Vitamina A is not in fact about retinol). --Trovatore 16:43, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Tags for user templates
Hi there. I found your page because I saw your name come up as a user of quite a few languages. Then when I looked, I saw that you were included in all those categories because you listed the tags on your user page. Let me pass on a tip I got from User:Icarus3. Use a 2-step process. First, include the tag as described on WP:SUBST. Then save and open the page up for editing again. Then go through and remove all the tags - there will be one (in some cases two) inside each of the expanded tags. Then save again. Look at the bottom of the page and verify that you have removed all except the ones that actually apply to you. Cbdorsett 11:09, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

This is a automated to all bot operators
Please take a few moments and fill in the data for your bot on Bots/Status Thank you Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 18:58, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Automated message to bot owners
As a result of discussion on the village pump and mailing list, bots are now allowed to edit up to 15 times per minute. The following is the new text regarding bot edit rates from Bot Policy: "Until new bots are accepted they should wait 30-60 seconds between edits, so as to not clog the recent changes list and user watchlists. After being accepted and a bureaucrat has marked them as a bot, they can edit at a much faster pace. Bots doing non-urgent tasks should edit approximately once every ten seconds, while bots who would benefit from faster editing may edit approximately once every every four seconds." Also, to eliminate the need to spam the bot talk pages, please add Bot owners' noticeboard to your watchlist. Future messages which affect bot owners will be posted there. Thank you. --Mets501 00:45, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Iceland
Maybe you are interested in this project... --Michkalas 14:41, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Salam
Hola, Assalam Allayk (Peace be upon you)

im very interested in Creating maps for Latin America, i have created several maps for the Arab League, Persian States, and others, i have also created several maps for Colombia,

follow this link...

some of these maps are already in Use, i was wondering if you needed more maps, please inform me in what section it will be needed...

Adios... Ma Assalama (peace be with you)

--Arab League User (talk) 06:25, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Language links
Hi. I notice these links you added, here, and I was wondering about one of them. This link Wikipedia:Redaktion Biologie/Liste von Botanikern und Mykologen nach Autorenkürzeln seems to be in project space, but I see it is linked from Liste der Abkürzungen. I know they do some things differently at de: ... Regards, cygnis insignis 14:00, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Joining En proyect on Colombia
Dear Chlewey, Im joining the English project on Colombia. Please put my name in the project. I will start with Medellín in some corrections, precitions and updatings. Yours, Albeiror24

El Viajero Paisa (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 09:43, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chlewey


text:
Blackdown Hills

The Blackdown Hills, or Blackdowns, are a range of hills along the Somerset-Devon border in south-western England. The plateau is dominated by hard chert bands of Upper Greensand with some remnants of chalk, and is cut through by river valleys.

The Blackdown Hills were designated in 1991 as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). In November 2023, AONBs became National Landscapes. The hills support an extensive range of wildlife leading to the designation of 16 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).

There is evidence of human occupation since the Iron Age. Fortifications include the remains of ancient hill forts, Norman motte-and-bailey castles and Second World War airfields. There are also religious buildings such as Dunkeswell Abbey and village churches. The hills are crossed by a network of minor roads with major transport routes including the M5 motorway running around the periphery.

Natural region
The Blackdowns form a natural region that has been designated as a national character area - No. 147 - by Natural England, the public body responsible for England's natural environment. Neighbouring natural regions are: the Devon Redlands to the west, the Vale of Taunton and Quantock Fringes to the north, the Mid Somerset Hills to the northeast, the Yeovil Scarplands to the east and the Marshwood and Powerstock Vales to the southeast.

Geography
Straddling the border of Somerset and Devon, the Blackdown Hills AONB covers an area of 370 km2. The hills reach their highest point of 315 m above sea level at Staple Hill in Somerset. The hills in the southern part of the area, near Honiton in Devon, are more gentle. The Blackdown Hills are a sparsely populated area; much of the land is used for dairy farming.

The River Culm rises at a spring near Culmhead and flows west through Hemyock, then Culmstock to Uffculme before joining the River Exe on the north-western outskirts of Exeter. The name of the river is thought to mean 'knot' or 'tie', in reference to the river's twists and loops; or is derived from a Celtic river-name meaning winding stream. The River Otter rises near Otterford, where a stream feeds the Otterhead lakes:. It then flows south for 32 km through East Devon to the English Channel at the western end of Lyme Bay. The Permian and Triassic sandstone aquifer in the Otter Valley is one of Devon's largest groundwater sources, supplying drinking water to Taunton. The other rivers are the River Yarty and the Corry Brook.

Villages in the northern, Somerset part of the hills include Staple Fitzpaine, Buckland St Mary, Whitestaunton, Wambrook and Churchstanton. The larger, more southerly area in Devon includes Dunkeswell, Luppitt, Upottery, Smeatharpe, Hemyock, Blackborough, Yarcombe, Membury, Stockland, Sheldon, Cotleigh and Chardstock.

Geology
The geology of the Blackdown Hills together with the adjoining East Devon AONB is unique in south-west England, forming part of the only extensive outcrop of Upper Greensand in the region.

The Blackdown Hills form a flat plateau dominated by hard chert bands, made up of clay with flints, of Upper Greensand with some remnants of chalk. The Cretaceous rocks rest over eroded Jurassic and Triassic beds, with an outcrop of Rhaetian beds. In the western areas the Upper Greensand is devoid of calcareous material but the sands yield fossils of marine bivalves and gastropods (snails) preserved in silica. A high proportion of the steeper slopes of the Blackdowns are affected by landslides, the long northern scarp of the range in particular. Typically there are patchy deposits of head (clays, sands and gravels of local origin) found beneath the affected sections of slopes.

Climate
Along with the rest of south-west England, the Blackdown Hills have a temperate climate that is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. The mean temperature is approximately 10 °C (50 °F) and shows a seasonal and a diurnal variation, but because of the modifying effect of the sea the range is less than in most other parts of the United Kingdom. January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 °C (34 °F) and 2 °C (36 °F). July and August are the warmest months, with mean daily maxima around 21 °C (70 °F). December is normally the most cloudy month and June the sunniest. High pressure over the Azores often brings clear skies to south-west England, particularly in summer.

The average annual sunshine totals around 1,600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds, and a large proportion of rain falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. Average rainfall is around 35 –. About 10–20 days of snowfall is typical. From November to March, mean wind speeds are highest; winds are lightest from June to August. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.

Ecology
There are 16 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in the Blackdown Hills ranging from the 156 ha Black Down and Sampford Commons to Reed Farm pit at just less than 1 ha. This British conservation designation is administered in England by Natural England for areas with significant ecological characteristics deemed worthy of protection from inappropriate development or from other damage, and (since 2000) from neglect, under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. In total they cover 640 ha, or just under 2% of the AONB. Of these SSSIs, 79% were deemed by Natural England's predecessor body, English Nature to be being positively managed.

The grasslands, heathland, meadows and mire support extensive populations of birds such as barn owls (Tyto alba) and nightjar, with butterflies including marbled white (Melanargia galathea), green hairstreak (Callophrys rubi) and the gatekeeper butterfly (Pyronia tithonus). The flora includes the heath spotted-orchid (Dactylorhiza maculata), corky fruited water dropwort (Oenanthe pimpinelloides), green-winged orchid (Anacamptis morio), heather (Calluna vulgaris), lousewort (Pedicularis sylvatica) and bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus). The hedgerows and woodlands are made up of ash, hazel (Corylus avellana), grey willow (Salix cinerea) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) which support populations of hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), common lizards, siskin, stinking iris (Iris foetidissima) and the purple hairstreak butterfly (Neozephyrus quercus). The rivers and streams are home to kingfisher, otter and the Daubenton's bat.

Blackdown and Sampford Commons have extensive surviving examples of the heathland, carr woodland and marshy grassland habitats that have developed on the acidic soils overlying the Greensand and Keuper Marls of the Blackdown Hills. The heathland supports a typical invertebrate fauna, including a wide variety of butterfly species, and with spiders notably abundant. The site is regionally important for birds which favour heathland habitats.

Quants, a grassland clearing in a forestry plantation well known for its butterflies including Duke of Burgundy, marsh fritillary and wood white, is a candidate for Special Area of Conservation (cSAC). These are designated under the European Commission Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) as internationally important habitats.

History
Paleoenvironmental studies have shown that organic material began to accumulate on the Blackdown Hills in the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods with areas of open meadow, grass land with small woodland components being identified. There are several Bronze Age burial sites including Robin Hood's Butts near Otterford.

Notable archaeological sites include the Iron Age hill forts at Membury Castle, Hembury and Castle Neroche. Hembury is a Neolithic causewayed enclosure near Honiton. It dates to the late fifth and early fourth millennia BC and is believed to have been the capital of the Dumnonii tribe. The fort is situated on a promontory to the north of and overlooking the River Otter, Devon at approx 178 m above sea level. It has given its name to some of the earliest Neolithic pottery in southern Britain. An Iron Age hill fort was later built on the same site. There has been archaeological evidence found on the site of Roman military occupation, suggesting a fort within the existing Iron Age site. It is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

Fourteen hill slope enclosures, dating from the Iron Age have been identified on the Blackdown Hills, and prehistoric remains, from about 100 BC, have been found in Hemyock.

Castle Neroche is a Norman motte-and-bailey castle on the site of an earlier hill fort near Staple Fitzpaine. The hill rises to 260 m on the northern escarpment of the Blackdown Hills. The castle was probably built by Robert of Mortain in the 11th century and probably went out of use in the 12th century. Around the crossroads at Staple Fitzpaine there are several large sandstone boulders. They are called devilstones and are said to have been thrown by the Devil from Castle Neroche. According to legend if you prick them with a pin they draw blood. English word 'Stapol' means pillar or post and it is thought likely that this gave the village the first part of its name. The second part of the name comes from the Fitzpaine family who owned the manor between 1233 and 1393.

A Roman bath house and Edwardian folly in the village of Whitestaunton were excavated by the archaeological television programme Time Team. There is also evidence of iron workings in the Romano-British period, at Dunkeswell, which radiocarbon dating has placed in the 2nd century. It has been suggested that these and other iron-based technologies gave the hills a fairly industrial landscape during the Romano-British period, providing a source of the name Blackdown Hills. Local iron ores were smelted at Hemyock in small bloomeries (furnaces) to produce pure iron until the Middle Ages.

At Simonsburrow a battle between the native Britons and King Ine's Saxon army, put an end (temporarily) to the Kings expansion to the west. In 710, Ine and Nothhelm fought against Geraint of Dumnonia, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; John of Worcester states that Geraint was killed in this battle. Ine's advance brought him control of what is now Devon, the new border with Dumnonia being the river Tamar.

Just to the north of Culmstock, at Culmstock Beacon, is one of a chain of Elizabethan beacons built to warn of possible invasion by the Spanish Armada. On 5 November 1380, King Richard II granted Sir William and Lady Margaret Asthorpe a licence to crenellate the Hemyock manor house, meaning the permission to fortify it. Over the centuries, Hemyock Castle had many notable owners including Lord Chief Justice Sir John Popham. During the English Civil War it was held for Parliament, subjected to a brief but brutal siege and eventually slighted to destroy its military value. Parts of the castle walls, towers and moat still remain. They are a scheduled ancient monument and include displays of history and archaeology. The castle was also owned by General Sir John Graves Simcoe the first lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada in 1792. He is buried at Wolford Chapel near Dunkeswell. The chapel is now owned by the Province of Ontario.

Early attempts were made by Charles I to enclose parts of the Blackdowns in the 1630s however this was opposed by the local lord and the commoners. He managed to enclose 1.634 acre and soon sold these, but many of the hedges and fences were removed during the English Civil War. This was followed by further attempts at enclosure in 1658 but again only about a third was successfully enclosed, which remained the situation until 1833 when the rest of the hills were enclosed.

Coldharbour Mill was built around 1800 to exploit the available water power of the River Culm and was used for wool and yarn production until its commercial closure in 1981. It is now managed by an educational trust and plays a role in telling the industrial history of the area.

The Wellington Monument is located on Wellington Hill at, 3 km south of Wellington, Somerset. It was erected to celebrate the Duke of Wellington's victory at the Battle of Waterloo. The foundation stone was laid in 1817, on land belonging to the Duke, but the monument was not completed until 1854. Its design was inspired by an Egyptian obelisk, but in the shape of the type of bayonet used by Wellington's armies. It is now owned by the National Trust, and is floodlit at night.

The artist Robert Polhill Bevan worked in the Blackdown Hills from 1912 to 1925 as a guest of landowner and amateur artist Harold Harrison. Until the end of his life Bevan continued to paint in the Bolham valley and nearby Luppitt his angular style sitting well with the strong patterning of the landscape. Many of the images that he produced in the area are now in national museums.

In the Second World War, airbases were built at Dunkeswell, Upottery and Culmhead. Dunkeswell Aerodrome was built in the Second World War by the RAF, briefly used by the USAF, and then the Fleet Airwing 7 of the USN. It was the only American Navy air base commissioned on UK soil during the Second World War.

According to local legend, the Holman Clavel Inn is the home of a hearth spirit called Chimbley Charlie.

Government and politics
The Blackdown Hills have, since 1991, been designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). As they have the same landscape quality, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales. AONBs are created under the same legislation as the national parks: the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. However, National Parks, unlike AONBs, have their own authorities and have special legal powers to prevent unsympathetic development. By contrast, there are very limited statutory duties imposed on local authorities within an AONB. Further regulation and protection of AONBs was added by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000.

The total population of the Blackdown Hills AONB in 2001 was 13,300; of which 10,500 live in Devon and 2,800 within Somerset. Many of the villages have their own parish councils which have some responsibility for local issues. The Blackdown Hills AONB is managed by a partnership of public bodies, local organisations and voluntary groups with an active interest in the hills. Funding is provided by Devon and Somerset County Councils, East Devon, Mid Devon, South Somerset and Taunton Deane Councils and Natural England.

The AONB straddles the borders of three parliamentary constituencies: Tiverton and Honiton, Taunton Deane and Yeovil.

Religious sites
Dunkeswell Abbey, a Cistercian monastery and offshoot of Forde Abbey, was founded in 1201 by William Briwere. The abbey was closed in 1539 and granted to Lord Russell. It was mostly demolished promptly, though a section remained in domestic use until the 19th century. In 1842, a parish church was built on a part of the site. Some surviving fragments of monastery include the partial end wall of the cellarers range and parts of a gatehouse. Some carved fragments survive within the Victorian era church.

The Church of St Peter in Staple Fitzpaine was originally built in the Norman style, and has a Norman doorway reset in the south aisle. The chancel dates from the 14th century; the north aisle was added and the church refenestrated in the 15th century. The tower dates from about 1500. The south porch and the vestry are much more recent, dating from 1841. The crenellated 3-stage tower, has merlons pierced with trefoil headed arches set on a quatrefoil pierced parapet. The church has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building.

Transport
The Blackdown Hills are crossed by a network of minor roads. There are several major roads including the A30, A303 and A35. The M5 motorway is at the northwestern boundary of the AONB. The Bristol to Exeter line and the remains of the Grand Western Canal run, quite close in places, to the west of the M5 motorway but do not pass through the Blackdown Hills. The West of England Main Line passes through the southern part of the hills between Axminster and Honiton, including a tunnel section east of Honiton.

The Culm Valley Light Railway opened in 1876, having been built by local enterprise. The line was purchased by the Great Western Railway, which had operated it from the start, in 1880. The line closed to passengers in 1963 but served the milk depot at Hemyock until its closure in 1975.

Dunkeswell Aerodrome is now a busy civilian airfield with a mix of light aircraft, microlights and parachuting.

Economy
The Blackdown Hills AONB is unique in that there are no towns or cities within its boundary. Employment opportunities are concentrated in the surrounding towns and in a number of small-scale industrial parks — notably around Dunkeswell airfield. A resurgence of interest in local and sustainable food production has led to significant growth in the number and variety of small-scale food and drink businesses in the area in recent years. Tourism is also a significant contributor to the local economy with visitors attracted by activities such as walking and riding.

The Blackdown Hills Business Association was established as a member organisation in 2002 to encourage and support all businesses that are based in or serve the Blackdown Hills. Membership stands at around 400 businesses.

title: Blackdown Hills