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Frank Kermode

Sir John Frank Kermode, FBA (29 November 1919 – 17 August 2010 ) was a British literary critic best known for his 1967 work The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction and for his extensive book-reviewing and editing.

He was the Lord Northcliffe Professor of Modern English Literature at University College London and the King Edward VII Professor of English Literature at Cambridge University.

Kermode was known for many works of criticism, and also as editor of the popular Fontana Modern Masters series of introductions to modern thinkers. He was a regular contributor to the London Review of Books and The New York Review of Books.

Early life and education
Kermode was born on the Isle of Man, the only son and elder child of John Pritchard Kermode (1894–1966) and Doris Pearl (1893–1967), née Kennedy. His father was a delivery truck driver and warehouseman for a ferry company, and his mother, a "farm girl", had been a waitress. The family was of "extremely modest means", and "struggled to maintain a respectable yet always precarious standard of life". The Kermode family- which according to Kermode's reminiscences had "some kind of Welsh connection"- had in previous generations been somewhat more comfortable financially; Kermode's grandfather was an organist, and his grandmother, who remarried as a widow, came to own an off-licence/ general store. Her new husband "staged a robbery of the shop and stole the stock and... she went bankrupt". Kermode's father, on returning from serving in the First World War, finding there now to be no family business, "took temporary jobs and then got what he thought was a job that would see him through, as a storekeeper and he stayed in that for the rest of his career". Kermode's father retired after the Second World War, both he and his wife coming to be in poor health; Kermode's mother suffered from dementia, and his father was "an extreme diabetic", dying from diabetes while resident in a retirement home. Kermode, having come first in the examinations allowing attendance, was educated at Douglas High School for Boys and the University of Liverpool. He served in the Royal Navy during the Second World War, for six years in total, much of it in Iceland.

Career
He began his academic career as a lecturer at King's College, Durham University, in 1947. He later taught at the University of Reading from 1949, where he produced the Arden edition of Shakespeare's The Tempest. He held professorships at the University of Manchester (1958) and the University of Bristol (1965), before being appointed to the Lord Northcliffe chair at University College London (UCL) in 1967. Under Kermode, the UCL English Department chaired a series of graduate seminars which broke new ground by introducing for the first time contemporary French critical theory to Britain.

Kermode was a contributor for several years to the literary and political magazine Encounter and in 1965 became co-editor. He resigned within two years, once it became clear that the magazine was funded by the CIA.

In 1974, Kermode took the position of King Edward VII Professor of English Literature at Cambridge University. He resigned the post in 1982, at least in part because of the acrimonious tenure debate surrounding Colin MacCabe. He then moved to Columbia University, where he was Julian Clarence Levi Professor Emeritus in the Humanities. In 1975–76 he held the Norton Lectureship at Harvard University.

Awards and recognitions
He was knighted in 1991. A few months before Kermode's death, the scholar James Shapiro described him as "the best living reader of Shakespeare anywhere, hands down".

Kermode died in Cambridge on 17 August 2010.

Personal life
Kermode was married twice. He was married to Maureen Eccles from 1947 to 1970. The couple had twins. His second marriage was to the American scholar Anita Van Vactor. The couple co-edited The Oxford Book of Letters (1995).

In September 1996, he had boxes containing valuable books and manuscripts removed and destroyed in a dustcart by a Cambridge City Council refuse collection team (instead of the removal company employed to move them to another house). He sued CCC for £20,000; the Council denied responsibility.

Academic positions

 * Lecturer, University of Durham (1947–49)
 * Lecturer, University of Reading (1949–58)
 * John Edward Taylor Professor of English Literature, University of Manchester (1958–65)
 * Winterstoke Professor of English, University of Bristol (1965–67)
 * Lord Northcliffe Professor of Modern English Literature, University College London (1967–74)
 * Honorary Fellow, University College London (1996–2010)
 * King Edward VII Professor of English Literature, University of Cambridge (1974–82)
 * Fellow, King's College, Cambridge (1974–87)
 * Charles Eliot Norton Professor of Poetry, Harvard University (1977–78)
 * Julian Clarence Levi Professor in the Humanities, Columbia University (1982–84)
 * Honorary Fellow, King's College, Cambridge (1988–2010)

Works

 * English Pastoral Poetry from the Beginnings to Marvell, (1952), Life, Literature and Thought Library, Harrap, ISBN 0-393-00612-3, OCLC 230064261
 * The Arden Edition of the Works of William Shakespeare: The Tempest (1954) London: Methuen, OCLC 479707500
 * Seventeenth Century Songs, now first printed from a Bodleian manuscript (1956), ed. with John P. Cutts. Reading University School of Art, OCLC 185784945
 * John Donne (1957), London: Longmans, Green & Co., ISBN 0-582-01086-1, OCLC 459757847
 * Romantic Image (1957), Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-00-632801-6, OCLC 459757853
 * The Living Milton: essays by various hands, collected and edited by Frank Kermode (1960), Routledge & Kegan Paul, OCLC 460313451
 * Wallace Stevens (1961), Evergreen pilot books, EP4, New York: Grove Press, ISBN 0-14-118154-0, OCLC 302326
 * Puzzles and Epiphanies: essays and reviews 1958–1961 (1962), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, OCLC 6516698
 * Discussions of John Donne. Edited with an introduction by Frank Kermode (1962), Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., OCLC 561198453
 * Spenser and the Allegorists (1962), London: Oxford University Press, OCLC 6126122
 * William Shakespeare: the final plays (1963), London: Longmans, Green & Co., OCLC 59684048
 * The Patience of Shakespeare (1964), New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, OCLC 10454934
 * The Integrity of Yeats (1964), with Donoghue, Denis, Jeffares, Norman, Henn, T. R., and Davie, Donald (1964), Cork: Mercier Press, ISBN 0-88305-482-5, OCLC 1449245
 * Spenser: selections from the minor poems and The Faerie Queene (1965), London: Oxford University Press, OCLC 671410
 * On Shakespeare's Learning (1965), Manchester: Manchester University Press, OCLC 222028401
 * Four Centuries of Shakespearian Criticism (1965) Rouben Mamoulian Collection (Library of Congress) (1965), Avon library, OS2, New York: Avon Books, ISBN 0-380-00058-X, OCLC 854327
 * The Humanities and the Understanding of Reality (1966), with Beardsley, Monroe C., Frye, Northrop, Bingham, Barry; Thomas B. Stroup, ed. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, OCLC 429358239
 * The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction (1967; 2nd edition 2000), New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513612-8, OCLC 42072263
 * Marvell: selected poetry (1962), New York: New American Library, ISBN 0-416-40230-5, OCLC 716175
 * Continuities (1968), New York: Random House, ISBN 0-7100-6176-5, OCLC 166560
 * The Poems of John Donne (1968), Cambridge: University Printing House, OCLC 601720173
 * Shakespeare: King Lear: a casebook (1969), Casebook series, London: Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-06003-2
 * The Metaphysical poets,(1969), Fawcett Pub. Co, OCLC 613406485
 * On Poetry and Poets by T. S. Eliot (1969) editor
 * Modern Essays (1970), London: Collins, ISBN 0-00-632439-8, OCLC 490969948
 * Shakespeare, Spenser, Donne (1971), London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-00-633168-8, OCLC 637793898
 * The Oxford Reader: varieties of contemporary discourse (1971), ed. with Poirier, Richard. (1971), New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-501366-2, OCLC 145191
 * Lawrence (1973), London: Fontana Modern Masters, ISBN 0-670-27130-6, OCLC 628922
 * The Oxford Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages Through the 18th Century (1973) ed. with John Hollander, two vols.
 * English Renaissance Literature, Introductory Lectures (1974), with Stephen Fender and Kenneth Palmer
 * The Classic: literary images of permanence and change (1975), New York, Viking Press, ISBN 0-670-22508-8, OCLC 1207405
 * Selected Prose of T. S. Eliot (1975), London, Faber and Faber, OCLC 299343248
 * The Genesis of Secrecy: on the interpretation of narrative (1979), Charles Eliot Norton lectures, Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-34525-8, OCLC 441081372
 * The Art of Telling: essays on fiction (1983), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-04828-8, OCLC 9283076
 * Forms of Attention (1985), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-43168-1, OCLC 11518139
 * The Literary Guide to the Bible (1987), ed. with Robert Alter, London, Collins & Sons, OCLC 248461187
 * History and Value (1988), Clarendon lectures and Northcliffe lectures 1987, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-812381-7, OCLC 613291093
 * An Appetite for Poetry: essays in literary interpretation (1989), London: Collins, ISBN 0-00-686181-4, OCLC 20419496
 * Poetry, Narrative, History (1989), Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-17265-3, OCLC 283038643
 * Andrew Marvell (1990), ed. with Keith Walker, Oxford: New York, Oxford University Press, OCLC 21335465
 * The Uses of Error (1990), London: Collins, ISBN 0-674-93152-1, OCLC 246587512
 * An Unmentionable Man (1994), ed. with Edward Upward, London: Enitharmon Press, OCLC 407255162
 * The Oxford Book of Letters (1995), ed. with Anita Kermode, Oxford: Oxford University Press, OCLC 406986931
 * Not Entitled: a memoir (1995), New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 0-374-18103-9, OCLC 32544681
 * Stevens: collected poetry and prose (1997), ed. with Joan Richardson, New York: Library of America, ISBN 1-883011-45-0, OCLC 470040871
 * The Mind Has Mountains: a.alvarez@lxx (1999), ed. with Anthony Holden, et al, Cambridge: Los Poetry Press, OCLC 42309776
 * Edward Upward: a bibliography 1920–2000 (2000), ed. with Alan Walker, London: Enitharmon Press, OCLC 49843441
 * Shakespeare's Language (2000), New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 0-374-22636-9, OCLC 42772306
 * Pleasing Myself: from Beowulf to Philip Roth (2001), London: Allen Lane, ISBN 0-7139-9518-1, OCLC 462323235
 * life.after.theory (interview) (2003), Michael Payne, John Schad, eds.London; New York: Continuum, OCLC 51567851
 * Pieces of My Mind: writings 1958–2002 (2003) (American edition subtitled essays and criticism 1958–2002), London: Allen Lane, ISBN 0-7139-9673-0, OCLC 52144014
 * The Age of Shakespeare (2004), London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 0-679-64244-7, OCLC 59277844
 * Pleasure, Change, and Canon (2004), with Robert Alter, The Berkeley Tanner lectures, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-517137-2
 * The Duchess of Malfi: seven masterpieces of Jacobean drama (annotated edn; 2005), Modern Library, ISBN 978-0-679-64243-5
 * Concerning E. M. Forster (2009), Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 978-0-374-29899-9
 * Bury Place Papers: essays from the London Review of Books (2009), London Review of Books, ISBN 978-1-873092-04-0

title: Frank Kermode


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Term symbol

In atomic physics, a term symbol is an abbreviated description of the total spin and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers of the electrons in a multi-electron atom. So while the word symbol suggests otherwise, it represents an actual value of a physical quantity.

For a given electron configuration of an atom, its state depends also on its total angular momentum, including spin and orbital components, which are specified by the term symbol. The usual atomic term symbols assume LS coupling (also known as Russell–Saunders coupling) in which the all-electron total quantum numbers for orbital (L), spin (S) and total (J) angular momenta are good quantum numbers.

In the terminology of atomic spectroscopy, L and S together specify a term; L, S, and J specify a level; and L, S, J and the magnetic quantum number MJ specify a state. The conventional term symbol has the form 2S+1LJ, where J is written optionally in order to specify a level. L is written using spectroscopic notation: for example, it is written "S", "P", "D", or "F" to represent L = 0, 1, 2, or 3 respectively. For coupling schemes other that LS coupling, such as the jj coupling that applies to some heavy elements, other notations are used to specify the term.

Term symbols apply to both neutral and charged atoms, and to their ground and excited states. Term symbols usually specify the total for all electrons in an atom, but are sometimes used to describe electrons in a given subshell or set of subshells, for example to describe each open subshell in an atom having more than one. The ground state term symbol for neutral atoms is described, in most cases, by Hund's rules. Neutral atoms of the chemical elements have the same term symbol for each column in the s-block and p-block elements, but differ in d-block and f-block elements where the ground-state electron configuration changes within a column, where exceptions to Hund's rules occur. Ground state term symbols for the chemical elements are given below.

Term symbols are also used to describe angular momentum quantum numbers for atomic nuclei and for molecules. For molecular term symbols, Greek letters are used to designate the component of orbital angular momenta along the molecular axis.

The use of the word term for an atom's electronic state is based on the Rydberg–Ritz combination principle, an empirical observation that the wavenumbers of spectral lines can be expressed as the difference of two terms. This was later summarized by the Bohr model, which identified the terms with quantized energy levels, and the spectral wavenumbers of these levels with photon energies.

Tables of atomic energy levels identified by their term symbols are available for atoms and ions in ground and excited states from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Term symbols with LS coupling
The usual atomic term symbols assume LS coupling (also known as Russell–Saunders coupling), in which the atom's total spin quantum number S and the total orbital angular momentum quantum number L are "good quantum numbers". (Russell–Saunders coupling is named after Henry Norris Russell and Frederick Albert Saunders, who described it in 1925 ). The spin-orbit interaction then couples the total spin and orbital moments to give the total electronic angular momentum quantum number J. Atomic states are then well described by term symbols of the form:

$$ where  S is the total spin quantum number for the atom's electrons. The value 2S + 1 written in the term symbol is the spin multiplicity, which is the number of possible values of the spin magnetic quantum number MS for a given spin S. J is the total angular momentum quantum number for the atom's electrons. J has a value in the range from |L − S| to L + S. L is the total orbital quantum number in spectroscopic notation, in which the symbols for L are:

The orbital symbols S, P, D and F are derived from the characteristics of the spectroscopic lines corresponding to s, p, d, and f orbitals: sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental; the rest are named in alphabetical order from G onwards (omitting J, S and P). When used to describe electronic states of an atom, the term symbol is often written following the electron configuration. For example, 1s22s22p2 3P0 represents the ground state of a neutral carbon atom. The superscript 3 indicates that the spin multiplicity 2S + 1 is 3 (it is a triplet state), so S = 1; the letter "P" is spectroscopic notation for L = 1; and the subscript 0 is the value of J (in this case J = L − S).

Small letters refer to individual orbitals or one-electron quantum numbers, whereas capital letters refer to many-electron states or their quantum numbers.

Terminology: terms, levels, and states
For a given electron configuration,
 * The combination of an $$S$$ value and an $$L$$ value is called a term, and has a statistical weight (i.e., number of possible states) equal to $$(2S+1)(2L+1)$$;
 * A combination of $$S$$, $$L$$ and $$J$$ is called a level. A given level has a statistical weight of $$2J+1$$, which is the number of possible states associated with this level in the corresponding term;
 * A combination of $$S$$, $$L$$, $$J$$ and $$M_J$$ determines a single state.

The product $(2S+1)(2L+1)$ as a number of possible states $$|S,M_S,L,M_L\rangle$$ with given S and L is also a number of basis states in the uncoupled representation, where $$S$$, $$M_S$$, $$L$$, $$M_L$$ ($$M_S$$ and $$M_L$$ are z-axis components of total spin and total orbital angular momentum respectively) are good quantum numbers whose corresponding operators mutually commute. With given $$S$$ and $$L$$, the eigenstates $$|S,M_S,L,M_L\rangle$$ in this representation span function space of dimension $(2S+1)(2L+1)$, as $$M_S=S,S-1,\dots, -S+1, -S$$ and $$M_L=L,L-1,...,-L+1,-L$$. In the coupled representation where total angular momentum (spin + orbital) is treated, the associated states (or eigenstates) are $$|J,M_J,S,L\rangle$$ and these states span the function space with dimension of

as $$M_J=J,J-1,\dots,-J+1,-J$$. Obviously, the dimension of function space in both representations must be the same.

As an example, for $$S = 1, L = 2$$, there are $(2×1+1)(2×2+1) = 15$ different states (= eigenstates in the uncoupled representation) corresponding to the 3D term, of which $(2×3+1) = 7$ belong to the 3D3 (J = 3) level. The sum of $(2J+1)$ for all levels in the same term equals (2S+1)(2L+1) as the dimensions of both representations must be equal as described above. In this case, J can be 1, 2, or 3, so 3 + 5 + 7 = 15.

Term symbol parity
The parity of a term symbol is calculated as

where $$\ell_i$$ is the orbital quantum number for each electron. $$P=1 $$ means even parity while $$P=-1$$ is for odd parity. In fact, only electrons in odd orbitals (with $$\ell$$ odd) contribute to the total parity: an odd number of electrons in odd orbitals (those with an odd $$\ell$$ such as in p, f,...) correspond to an odd term symbol, while an even number of electrons in odd orbitals correspond to an even term symbol. The number of electrons in even orbitals is irrelevant as any sum of even numbers is even. For any closed subshell, the number of electrons is $$2(2\ell+1)$$ which is even, so the summation of $$\ell_i$$ in closed subshells is always an even number. The summation of quantum numbers $\sum_{i}\ell_{i} $ over open (unfilled) subshells of odd orbitals ($$\ell$$ odd) determines the parity of the term symbol. If the number of electrons in this reduced summation is odd (even) then the parity is also odd (even).

When it is odd, the parity of the term symbol is indicated by a superscript letter "o", otherwise it is omitted:

Alternatively, parity may be indicated with a subscript letter "g" or "u", standing for gerade (German for "even") or ungerade ("odd"):

Ground state term symbol
It is relatively easy to predict the term symbol for the ground state of an atom using Hund's rules. It corresponds to a state with maximum S and L.
 * 1) Start with the most stable electron configuration. Full shells and subshells do not contribute to the overall angular momentum, so they are discarded.
 * 2) *If all shells and subshells are full then the term symbol is 1S0.
 * 3) Distribute the electrons in the available orbitals, following the Pauli exclusion principle.
 * 4) *Conventionally, put 1 electron into orbital with highest $m_{ℓ}$ and then continue filling other orbitals in descending $m_{ℓ}$ order with one electron each, until you are out of electrons, or all orbitals in the subshell have one electron. Assign, again conventionally, all these electrons a value +$o 1/2$ of quantum magnetic spin number $m_{s}$.
 * 5) * If there are remaining electrons, put them in orbitals in the same order as before, but now assigning $m_{s} = −1/2$ to them.
 * 6) The overall S is calculated by adding the ms values for each electron. The overall S is then $1/2$ times the number of unpaired electrons.
 * 7) The overall L is calculated by adding the $$m_\ell$$ values for each electron (so if there are two electrons in the same orbital, add twice that orbital's $$m_\ell$$).
 * 8) Calculate J as
 * 9) *if less than half of the subshell is occupied, take the minimum value $J = |L − S|$;
 * 10) *if more than half-filled, take the maximum value $J = L + S$;
 * 11) *if the subshell is half-filled, then L will be 0, so $J = S$.

As an example, in the case of fluorine, the electronic configuration is 1s22s22p5.   Discard the full subshells and keep the 2p5 part. So there are five electrons to place in subshell p ($$\ell = 1$$).   There are three orbitals ($$m_\ell = 1, 0, -1$$) that can hold up to $2(2\ell +1) = 6$ electrons. The first three electrons can take $m_{s} = 1/2 (↑)$ but the Pauli exclusion principle forces the next two to have $m_{s} = −1/2 (↓)$ because they go to already occupied orbitals.   $S = 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 − 1/2 − 1/2 = 1/2$;  $L = 1 + 0 − 1 + 1 + 0 = 1$, which is "P" in spectroscopic notation.  <li> As fluorine 2p subshell is more than half filled, $J = L + S = 3/2$. Its ground state term symbol is then $^{2S+1}L_{J} = ^{2}P_$. </li> </ol>

Atomic term symbols of the chemical elements
In the periodic table, because atoms of elements in a column usually have the same outer electron structure, and always have the same electron structure in the "s-block" and "p-block" elements (see block (periodic table)), all elements may share the same ground state term symbol for the column. Thus, hydrogen and the alkali metals are all 2S$1/2$, the alkaline earth metals are 1S0, the boron column elements are 2P$1/2$, the carbon column elements are 3P0, the pnictogens are 4S$1/2$, the chalcogens are 3P2, the halogens are 2P$1/2$, and the inert gases are 1S0, per the rule for full shells and subshells stated above.

Term symbols for the ground states of most chemical elements are given in the collapsed table below. In the d-block and f-block, the term symbols are not always the same for elements in the same column of the periodic table, because open shells of several d or f electrons have several closely spaced terms whose energy ordering is often perturbed by the addition of an extra complete shell to form the next element in the column.

For example, the table shows that the first pair of vertically adjacent atoms with different ground-state term symbols are V and Nb. The 6D$3/2$ ground state of Nb corresponds to an excited state of V 2112 cm−1 above the 4F$3/2$ ground state of V, which in turn corresponds to an excited state of Nb 1143 cm−1 above the Nb ground state. These energy differences are small compared to the 15158 cm−1 difference between the ground and first excited state of Ca, which is the last element before V with no d electrons.

Term symbols for an electron configuration
The process to calculate all possible term symbols for a given electron configuration is somewhat longer. <ul> <li> First, the total number of possible states $1/2$ is calculated for a given electron configuration. As before, the filled (sub)shells are discarded, and only the partially filled ones are kept. For a given orbital quantum number $$\ell$$, $3/2$ is the maximum allowed number of electrons, $$t=2(2\ell+1)$$. If there are $N$ electrons in a given subshell, the number of possible states is

As an example, consider the carbon electron structure: 1s22s22p2. After removing full subshells, there are 2 electrons in a p-level ($$\ell =1$$), so there are

different states. </li> <li> Second, all possible states are drawn. ML and MS for each state are calculated, with $$M=\sum_{i=1}^e m_i$$ where mi is either $$m_\ell$$ or $$m_s$$ for the i-th electron, and M represents the resulting ML or MS respectively: </li> <li> Third, the number of states for each (ML,MS) possible combination is counted: </li> <li> Fourth, smaller tables can be extracted representing each possible term. Each table will have the size (2L+1) by (2S+1), and will contain only "1"s as entries. The first table extracted corresponds to ML ranging from −2 to +2 (so $L = 2$), with a single value for MS (implying $S = 0$). This corresponds to a 1D term. The remaining terms fit inside the middle 3×3 portion of the table above. Then a second table can be extracted, removing the entries for ML and MS both ranging from −1 to +1 (and so $S = L = 1$, a 3P term). The remaining table is a 1×1 table, with $L = S = 0$, i.e., a 1S term. </li> <li> Fifth, applying Hund's rules, the ground state can be identified (or the lowest state for the configuration of interest). Hund's rules should not be used to predict the order of states other than the lowest for a given configuration. (See examples at .) </li>

<li> If only two equivalent electrons are involved, there is an "Even Rule" which states that, for two equivalent electrons, the only states that are allowed are those for which the sum (L + S) is even. </li> </ul>

Alternative method using group theory
For configurations with at most two electrons (or holes) per subshell, an alternative and much quicker method of arriving at the same result can be obtained from group theory. The configuration 2p2 has the symmetry of the following direct product in the full rotation group:

which, using the familiar labels $Γ^{(0)} = S$, $Γ^{(1)} = P$ and $Γ^{(2)} = D$, can be written as

The square brackets enclose the anti-symmetric square. Hence the 2p2 configuration has components with the following symmetries:

The Pauli principle and the requirement for electrons to be described by anti-symmetric wavefunctions imply that only the following combinations of spatial and spin symmetry are allowed:

Then one can move to step five in the procedure above, applying Hund's rules.

The group theory method can be carried out for other such configurations, like 3d2, using the general formula

The symmetric square will give rise to singlets (such as 1S, 1D, & 1G), while the anti-symmetric square gives rise to triplets (such as 3P & 3F).

More generally, one can use

where, since the product is not a square, it is not split into symmetric and anti-symmetric parts. Where two electrons come from inequivalent orbitals, both a singlet and a triplet are allowed in each case.

Summary of various coupling schemes and corresponding term symbols
Basic concepts for all coupling schemes:
 * $$\boldsymbol{\ell}$$: individual orbital angular momentum vector for an electron, $$\mathbf{s}$$: individual spin vector for an electron, $$\mathbf{j}$$: individual total angular momentum vector for an electron, $$\mathbf{j} = \boldsymbol{\ell} + \mathbf{s}$$.
 * $$\mathbf{L}$$: Total orbital angular momentum vector for all electrons in an atom ($$\mathbf{L}=\sum_{i}\boldsymbol{\ell}_{i}$$).
 * $$\mathbf{S}$$: total spin vector for all electrons ($$\mathbf{S}=\sum_{i}\mathbf{s}_{i}$$).
 * $$\mathbf{J}$$: total angular momentum vector for all electrons. The way the angular momenta are combined to form $$\mathbf{J}$$ depends on the coupling scheme: $$\mathbf{J} = \mathbf{L} + \mathbf{S}$$ for LS coupling, $$\mathbf{J} = \sum_{i}\mathbf{j}_{i}$$ for jj coupling, etc.
 * A quantum number corresponding to the magnitude of a vector is a letter without an arrow, or without boldface (example: ℓ is the orbital angular momentum quantum number for $$\boldsymbol{\ell}$$ and $${{\hat{\ell}}^2}\left| \ell,m_\ell,\ldots \right\rangle ={\hbar ^2}\ell\left( \ell+1 \right)\left| \ell,m_\ell,\ldots  \right\rangle $$)
 * The parameter called multiplicity represents the number of possible values of the total angular momentum quantum number J for certain conditions.
 * For a single electron, the term symbol is not written as S is always 1/2, and L is obvious from the orbital type.
 * For two electron groups A and B with their own terms, each term may represent S, L and J which are quantum numbers corresponding to the $$\mathbf{S}$$, $$\mathbf{L}$$ and $$\mathbf{J}$$ vectors for each group. "Coupling" of terms A and B to form a new term C means finding quantum numbers for new vectors $$\mathbf{S}= \mathbf{S}_{A} + \mathbf{S}_{B}$$, $$\mathbf{L}=\mathbf{L}_{A}+ \mathbf{L}_{B}$$ and $$\mathbf{J} = \mathbf{L} + \mathbf{S}$$. This example is for LS coupling and which vectors are summed in a coupling is depending on which scheme of coupling is taken. Of course, the angular momentum addition rule is that $$X= X_{A}+X_{B},X_{A}+X_{B}-1, \dots, |X_{A}-X_{B}|$$ where X can be s, ℓ, j, S, L, J or any other angular momentum-magnitude-related quantum number.

LS coupling (Russell–Saunders coupling)

 * Coupling scheme: $$\mathbf{L}$$ and $$\mathbf{S}$$ are calculated first then $$\mathbf{J}=\mathbf{L}+\mathbf{S}$$ is obtained. From a practical point of view, it means L, S and J are obtained by using an addition rule of the angular momenta of given electron groups that are to be coupled.
 * Electronic configuration + Term symbol: $$n{\ell^N}{{(}^{(2S+1)}}{L_J})$$. $${{(}^{(2S+1)}}{{L}_{J}})$$ is a term which is from coupling of electrons in $$n{\ell^N}$$group. $$n,\ell$$ are principle quantum number, orbital quantum number and $$n{\ell^N}$$means there are N (equivalent) electrons in $$n \ell$$ subshell. For $$L > S$$, $t$ is equal to multiplicity, a number of possible values in J (final total angular momentum quantum number) from given S and L. For $$S>L$$, multiplicity is $e$ but $(2S+1)$ is still written in the term symbol. Strictly speaking, $${{(}^{(2S+1)}}{L_J})$$ is called level and $${^{\left( 2S+1 \right)}{L}}$$ is called term. Sometimes right superscript o is attached to the term symbol, meaning the parity $$P={{\left( -1 \right)}^{\underset{i}{\mathop \sum }\, {\ell_i}}}$$ of the group is odd ($$P = -1$$).
 * Example:
 * 3d7 4F7/2: 4F7/2 is level of 3d7 group in which are equivalent 7 electrons are in 3d subshell.
 * 3d7(4F)4s4p(3P0) 6F$(2L+1)$: Terms are assigned for each group (with different principal quantum number n) and rightmost level 6F$(2S+1)$ is from coupling of terms of these groups so 6F$0 9/2$ represents final total spin quantum number S, total orbital angular momentum quantum number L and total angular momentum quantum number J in this atomic energy level. The symbols 4F and 3Po refer to seven and two electrons respectively so capital letters are used.
 * 4f7(8S0)5d (7Do)6p 8F13/2: There is a space between 5d and (7Do). It means (8S0) and 5d are coupled to get (7Do). Final level 8F$o 9/2$ is from coupling of (7Do) and 6p.
 * 4f(2F0) 5d2(1G) 6s(2G) 1P$o 9/2$: There is only one term 2Fo which is isolated in the left of the leftmost space. It means (2Fo) is coupled lastly; (1G) and 6s are coupled to get (2G) then (2G) and (2Fo) are coupled to get final term 1P$o 13/2$.

jj Coupling

 * Coupling scheme: $$\mathbf{J} = \sum_{i} \mathbf{j}_{i}$$.
 * Electronic configuration + Term symbol: $${{\left( {n_1}{\ell_1}_{j_1}^{N_1}{n_2}{\ell_2}_{j_2}^{N_2}\ldots \right)}_{J}}$$
 * Example:
 * $${{\left( \text{6p}_{\frac{1}{2}}^{2}\text{6p}_{\frac{3}{2}}^{} \right)}^{o}}_{3/2}$$: There are two groups. One is $$\text{6p}^{2}_{1/2}$$ and the other is $$\text{6p}_{\frac{3}{2}}^{}$$. In $$\text{6p}^{2}_{1/2}$$, there are 2 electrons having $$j=1/2$$ in 6p subshell while there is an electron having $$j=3/2$$ in the same subshell in $$\text{6p}_{\frac{3}{2}}^{}$$. Coupling of these two groups results in $0 1$ (coupling of j of three electrons).
 * $$\text{4d}_{5/2}^{3}\text{4d}_{3/2}^{2}~\ {{\left( \frac{9}{2},2 \right)}_{11/2}}$$: $o 1$ in is $$J_1$$ for 1st group $$\text{4d}^{3}_{5/2}$$ and $$ in  is J2 for 2nd group $$\text{4d}^{2}_{3/2}$$. Subscript 11/2 of term symbol is final J of $$\mathbf{J}=\mathbf{J}_{1}+\mathbf{J}_{2}$$.

J1L2 coupling

 * Coupling scheme: $$\mathbf{K}=\mathbf{J}_1+\mathbf{L}_2$$ and $$\mathbf{J}= \mathbf{K}+\mathbf{S}_2$$.
 * Electronic configuration + Term symbol: $${n_1}{\ell_1}^{N_1}\left( \mathrm{term}_1 \right){n_2}{\ell_2}^{N_2}\left( \mathrm{term}_2 \right)~\ {^{\left( 2{S_2}+1 \right)}}$$. For $9/2$ is equal to multiplicity, a number of possible values in J (final total angular momentum quantum number) from given S2 and K. For $2$, multiplicity is $K > S_2, (2S_2+1)$ but $S_2 > K$ is still written in the term symbol.
 * Example:
 * 3p5(2P$(2K + 1)$)5g 2[9/2]$(2S_2 + 1)$: $${J_1}= \frac{1}{2},{l_2}=4,~{s_2}=1/2$$. $o 1/2$ is K, which comes from coupling of J1 and ℓ2. Subscript 5 in term symbol is J which is from coupling of K and s2.
 * 4f13(2F$o 5$)5d2(1D) [7/2]$9/2$: $${J_1} = \frac{7}{2},{L_2}=2,~{S_2}=0$$. $o 7/2$ is K, which comes from coupling of J1 and L2. Subscript $o 7/2$ in the term symbol is J which is from coupling of K and S2.

LS1 coupling
Most famous coupling schemes are introduced here but these schemes can be mixed to express the energy state of an atom. This summary is based on.
 * Coupling scheme:$$\mathbf{K} \ell= \mathbf{L} +\mathbf{S_{1}}$$, $$\mathbf{J} = \mathbf{K}+\mathbf{S_{2}}$$.
 * Electronic configuration + Term symbol: $${n_1}{\ell_1}^{N_1}\left( \mathrm{term}_1\right){n_2} {\ell_2}^{N_2} \left(\mathrm{term}_2\right)\ ~L~\ {^{\left(2{S_2}+1\right)}}$$. For $7/2$ is equal to multiplicity, a number of possible values in J (final total angular momentum quantum number) from given S2 and K. For $7/2$, multiplicity is $K > S_2, (2S_2 + 1)$ but $S_2 > K$ is still written in the term symbol.
 * Example:
 * 3d7(4P)4s4p(3Po) Do 3[5/2]$(2K+1)$: $${L_1}=1,~{L_2}=1,~{S_1}=\frac{3}{2}, ~{S_2}=1$$. $$L=2, K=5/2, J=7/2$$.

Racah notation and Paschen notation
These are notations for describing states of singly excited atoms, especially noble gas atoms. Racah notation is basically a combination of LS or Russell–Saunders coupling and J1L2 coupling. LS coupling is for a parent ion and J1L2 coupling is for a coupling of the parent ion and the excited electron. The parent ion is an unexcited part of the atom. For example, in Ar atom excited from a ground state ...3p6 to an excited state ...3p54p in electronic configuration, 3p5 is for the parent ion while 4p is for the excited electron.

In Racah notation, states of excited atoms are denoted as $$\left( ^{\left( 2{{S}_{1}}+1 \right)}{{L}_{1}}_ \right)n\ell\left[ K \right]_{J}^{o}$$. Quantities with a subscript 1 are for the parent ion, $(2S_2 + 1)$ and $o 7/2$ are principal and orbital quantum numbers for the excited electron, K and J are quantum numbers for $$\mathbf{K}=\mathbf{J}_{1}+\boldsymbol{\ell}$$ and $$\mathbf{J}=\mathbf{K}+\mathbf{s}$$ where $$\boldsymbol{\ell}$$ and $$\mathbf{s}$$ are orbital angular momentum and spin for the excited electron respectively. “o” represents a parity of excited atom. For an inert (noble) gas atom, usual excited states are $Np^{5}nℓ$ where N = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 for Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, respectively in order. Since the parent ion can only be 2P1/2 or 2P3/2, the notation can be shortened to $$n\ell\left[ K \right]_{J}^{o}$$ or $$n\ell'\left[ K \right]_{J}^{o}$$, where $n$ means the parent ion is in 2P3/2 while $ℓ$ is for the parent ion in 2P1/2 state.

Paschen notation is a somewhat odd notation; it is an old notation made to attempt to fit an emission spectrum of neon to a hydrogen-like theory. It has a rather simple structure to indicate energy levels of an excited atom. The energy levels are denoted as $nℓ$. $nℓ′$ is just an orbital quantum number of the excited electron. $n′ℓ#$ is written in a way that 1s for $(n = N + 1, ℓ = 0)$, 2p for $(n = N + 1, ℓ = 1)$, 2s for $(n = N + 2, ℓ = 0)$, 3p for $(n = N + 2, ℓ = 1)$, 3s for $(n = N + 3, ℓ = 0)$, etc. Rules of writing $ℓ$ from the lowest electronic configuration of the excited electron are: (1) $n′ℓ$ is written first, (2) $n′ℓ$ is consecutively written from 1 and the relation of $ℓ = n′ − 1, n′ − 2, ..., 0$ (like a relation between $ℓ$ and $n′$) is kept. $n$ is an attempt to describe electronic configuration of the excited electron in a way of describing electronic configuration of hydrogen atom. # is an additional number denoted to each energy level of given $ℓ$ (there can be multiple energy levels of given electronic configuration, denoted by the term symbol). # denotes each level in order, for example, # = 10 is for a lower energy level than # = 9 level and # = 1 is for the highest level in a given $n′ℓ$. An example of Paschen notation is below.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Term symbol


text: Category:Scottish science fiction writers


text:
Beirut Governorate

Beirut Governorate (محافظة بيروت, Muhāfazat Bayrūt) is a Lebanese governorate that consists of one district and one city, Beirut, which is also its capital, and the capital of Lebanon.

The area of this governorate is 19.8 km2 (without suburbs); despite its small size, it is considered the most important region in Lebanon because of its economic, political, cultural, and social activity. The governor of the Beirut Governate is Greek Orthodox according to tradition, while the mayor of the City of Beirut is Sunni Muslim. Beirut is known to be the most religiously diverse city in the Middle East. There are about 2.5 million people in Beirut and its suburbs (Greater Beirut).

Cities

 * Beirut (Greater Beirut)

Religion
Beirut Governorate is a diverse governorate containing many religions in a tiny geography. These numbers are a representation of the number of voters in Beirut who are eligible to vote only.

title: Beirut Governorate


text:
CalDAV

Calendaring Extensions to WebDAV, or CalDAV, is an Internet standard allowing a client to access and manage calendar data along with the ability to schedule meetings with users on the same or on remote servers. It lets multiple users in different locations share, search and synchronize calendar data. It extends the WebDAV (HTTP-based protocol for data manipulation) specification and uses the iCalendar format for the calendar data. The access protocol is defined by. Extensions to CalDAV for scheduling are standardized as. The protocol is used by many important open-source applications.

History
The CalDAV specification was first published in 2003 as an Internet Draft submitted to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) by Lisa Dusseault. In March 2007, the CalDAV specification was finished and published by the IETF as RFC 4791, authored by Cyrus Daboo (Apple), Bernard Desruissaux (Oracle), and Lisa Dusseault (CommerceNet). CalDAV is designed for implementation by any collaborative software, client or server, that needs to maintain, access or share collections of events. It is developed as an open standard to foster interoperability between software from different vendors.

Specification
The architecture of CalDAV (partially inherited from the underlying specifications) organizes the data (events, tasks, free-busy info, notes) in directories (collections), where multiple items (resources) reside. The resources and collections can be accessed by one or more users, using standard HTTP and DAV semantics to detect conflicting changes, or to provide locking.

For access control the concept of ACLs are used, so each operation (view, edit, delete etc.) can be denied or granted per user. Therefore, the specification requires that CalDAV servers must support "WebDAV Access Control Protocol" (RFC 3744). The calendar resources must use iCalendar format, which allows the server to understand and process the data. Parsing the iCalendar items is necessary, because the server has to support a number of calendaring-specific operations such as doing free-busy time reports and expansion of recurring events. With this functionality, a user may synchronize their own calendar to a CalDAV server, and share it among multiple devices or with other users. The protocol also supports non-personal calendars, such as calendars for sites or organizations.

title: CalDAV


text: User talk:63.228.64.225

title: User talk:63.228.64.225


text:
User:Mattdj85

 * Matt D, Johnson
 * Springfield, Ohio

title: User:Mattdj85


text:
Kai Holst

Kai Christian Middelthon Holst (24 February 1913 – 27 June 1945) was a Norwegian seaman, fur farmer and resistance fighter during World War II. When the leadership of Milorg was torn up by the Gestapo in 1942, he acquired a leading role in the organisation and participated in re-establishing the central leadership (Sentralledelsen, SL) of Milorg together with Jens Christian Hauge. Holst had to flee Norway in the autumn of 1943 and stayed in Sweden until the liberation of Norway in 1945.

Holst is remembered both for his work with the Norwegian resistance and for the circumstances surrounding his death in Stockholm in 1945. Holst's demise was so much talked of at the time that the Milorg leadership issued a statement in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten in July 1945.Milorg-leadership statement regarding Kai Holst's death, of 19 July 1945:

"Due to the sensation that has emerged concerning Kai Holst's death we want, after Swedish and Norwegian police have made thorough investigations, to give the statement below:

Kai Holst very early entered the work with establishing the resistance forces. He was connected to the leadership (Sentralledelsen), where his work was of invaluable use. His strong and good character, his bravery, clear intelligence and charm made him unusually well fit for this work. In 1943 he was ordered to leave the country, after he had been heavily sought by the Gestapo.

In Sweden he was immediately employed by the Norwegian legation in Stockholm, where he continued his outstanding work to support the resistance forces.

When peace arrived, it was natural that he got a responsible task in connection with winding down the large structure that had been established in Sweden.

Throughout the fight for freedom Kai Holst used all his strength. He worked day and night without thought of himself, and without taking into consideration that he had been through a severe illness that he had won over, but that had given him a severe physical handicap. When he after all managed the enormous workload through several years, it was the satisfaction he felt by submitting his utmost.

One has been able to follow Kai Holst from day to day, and in the last time period from hour to hour and on the basis of this it can be stated that there has not been found any proof (holdepunkt) for the assumption that there is a murder. Neither has there been found anything that hints that he – even a few minutes before his death – had plans about taking his own life, and he cannot be seen to have had any motive for such an act. All his dispositions, on the contrary, show that he calculated on living. This is also in line with the impression his friends that talked with him got, also during his last journey from Norway back to Sweden.

In the last weeks and days under and after the capitulation, the workload Kai Holst had, reached such a degree of intensity that it went above what a human could manage. He wore himself out in the fight for the liberation of the country.

Olaf Helset Carl Semb Michael S. Hansson

Oslo, 19 July 1945", from Fra varm til kald krig, 111–112, originally printed in Aftenposten, 21 July 1945 Swedish and Norwegian authorities officially concluded that Holst committed suicide, but his family and many of his friends and colleagues were of the opinion that Holst was murdered.

Background
Kai Holst was born and grew up in the town of Lillehammer. He was the son of businessman Christian Holst and Inga Holst, born Rasmussen, both originally from Stavanger. After elementary school Holst attended secondary school and vocational training in Lillehammer. A couple of years after his confirmation he found work as a seaman, and in the years 1930–1933 he sailed on MS Brageland, owned by the Norwegian shipping company Sydamerikalinjen, then transferred to MS Daghild (1927), owned by the Norwegian shipowner Ditlev-Simonsen.

In 1933 he finished working as a seaman and became a fur farmer in Mesnali, east of Lillehammer. Holst contracted tuberculosis and just before the outbreak of World War II he had a major operation related to his pulmonary tuberculosis.

From December 1944 until his death he was married to Margarete Corneliussen, daughter of Ragnar Corneliussen, the president of Tiedemann's tobacco factory and a member of the board of Industriforbundet, and Monna Morgenstierne Roll. He was thus brother-in-law to Major General Ole Otto Paus, who was married to his wife's sister Else.

Clandestine work in Norway
After Norway was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany Holst soon, despite his bad health, started working with the main Norwegian resistance organisation, Milorg. He was recruited in 1941 by his brother-in-law, the officer Lars Heyerdahl-Larsen and was soon given important tasks and gained a reputation as the most action-oriented man in the secretariat of the central leadership (Sentralledelsen). From 1942 Holst worked as a courier, established Milorg's system for hiding refugees (apartments where resistance fighters went into hiding before being "exported" to neutral Sweden) and had close contact with such central resistance figures as Ole Borge and Jens Christian Hauge. Kai Holst was, according to professor Tore Pryser, instrumental in teaching Hauge the various skills needed: "In many ways it was actually Holst who trained the inexperienced Hauge."

At this time Holst worked closely with Hauge and for half a year they shared an undercover apartment. Holst's girlfriend and wife-to-be cared for the two men and was herself deeply involved in work for the resistance. In his report about his work during the war Jens Christian Hauge was highly approving of "Kaka", as Holst was called informally, and especially recognised him among his colleagues. When Jomar Brun (known for his involvement in Norwegian heavy water production) and his wife had to flee to Sweden, it was Holst who through Milorg's chief of communications, Salve Staubo, organised an undercover apartment in Oslo for the couple. It was also Holst who through Staubo recruited Milorg's legendary chief of weapons, Bror With.

Even though he never had any formal executive position in Milorg, Kai Holst had an important role in the practical work in the organisation, and he was especially important for Milorg in the autumn of 1942 when several of the leaders were arrested by the Gestapo or had to flee to Sweden. Holst participated in the meeting at the turn of the year 1942 when Milorg was reorganised with Jens Christian Hauge as Inspector General (known as "big I").

In addition to being the link between the Milorg leadership and its district organisations, Holst was also the link to resistance groups independent of Milorg. They included Oslogjengen with Gunnar Sønsteby, XU, Asbjørn Bryhn' groups, 2A and the Osvald Group (also known as the Sunde Group after its leader Asbjørn Sunde). The cooperation with the communists and their inferior security almost resulted in Holst being caught by the Gestapo. Holst had an important role during the Osvald Group's fire-bombing of the work-service office in Pilestredet in Oslo on 20 March 1943, which Milorg hesitantly agreed to, whose aim was to destroy archives of people assigned to work service for the Nazi regime.

In spite of his bad health Holst worked hard and took on several dangerous assignments, among them meetings with people who were suspected of working with the German security services. Holst also organised squads for liquidating dangerous German and collaborationist Norwegian agents. Holst was a skilled undercover operator, fully aware of the risks of being captured, and always carried a gun and a poison pill with him so that if he was caught, he could commit suicide and not reveal information about the organisation.

Escape to Sweden

In the summer of 1943 Holst had to flee to neutral Sweden. After hiding at a fur-farm in Mesnali he was accompanied over the border by a border guide at Svinesund on 5 August. He was arrested on entering Sweden and explained that he had to flee as he had been in possession of a radio without permission, had listened to news from London, and had spread it to others. He did not say anything about his work with Milorg. After being questioned by the Swedish authorities in Strömstad, as a refugee from Norway he was sent to Kjesäter and after further questioning there given permission to travel to Stockholm.

In Stockholm Holst was employed at the Norwegian legation, working with military office number 4 (Mi4) at an office at Skeppargatan 32 on Östermalm. He worked with supplies to the resistance forces in Norway and one of his tasks was to organise courier activities into and out of Norway. Part of Holst's work for the Norwegian resistance was illegal in neutral Sweden. At least once Holst were arrested by the Swedish police, but was quickly set free. The arrest was connected with a failed attempt by Holst to organise a courier route over Magnor, assisted by a Swede with local connections and another Norwegian. After the war it was revealed that the two were in the service of the German intelligence agency, the Abwehr. Holst was good at organising and acquiring equipment and had many contacts, one of whom was the Soviet ambassador to Sweden, Alexandra Kollontai, from whom he acquired several pistols.

In November 1944 Holst was involved in an illegal weapons purchase and received a warning from the Swedish security police, Säpo. Around the same time Holst was mentioned by Säpo in connection with an espionage affair in which the Norwegian intelligence agent Finn Jacobsen was involved. It was however not possible for the Swedish authorities to interrogate Holst as he had diplomatic immunity. Finn Jacobsen was working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and cooperated with Holst in supplying the British with intelligence from Norway, without the knowledge of the Norwegian legation in Stockholm, which the SIS did not fully trust. Holst was an activist and probably had sympathy with the action-connected resistance groups, such as 2A and the Osvald Group and the so-called sports office (Idrettskontoret) at the Norwegian legation, led by Harald Gram.

Holst married Margarete Corneliussen on 19 December 1944 in Stockholm.

Peace and death
After the German capitulation in May 1945, Holst was working on closing the various storage bases that Norwegian resistance fighters had established on Swedish soil, and travelling back and forth between Sweden and Norway. On 23 June, he arrived in Norway by car from Stockholm and early in the morning of 26 June he accompanied British and Norwegian forces in searches carried out at German military camps at the Wehrmacht headquarters in Lillehammer.

The same day he unexpectedly travelled back to Stockholm and on the morning of 27 June was found dead at the top of the staircase in an apartment building at Rindögatan 42 on Gärdet. He was found by the porter's wife, shot in the right side of the head, lying in a pool of blood at the top of the staircase, outside the door to the elevator room. Some hours earlier she had found his rucksack and travel bag outside the entrance. The body was found with 1,200 NOK, a large sum at that time (equal to more than 20,000 NOK, or over $3,000 in 2012), something that seemed to rule out robbery as a motive for murdering him.

According to the Swedish police Holst had rung the doorbell and had been let in by one of the tenants, but had not then visited that apartment. The policeman who first saw the body reported that the pistol (Holst's own, a Spanish Llama Colt 9mm ) was in Holst's right hand, with his finger on the trigger. The gun was removed by the police officer before the criminal police came. There is no photograph or sketch of the body at the site, only photographs from the autopsy.

Even though the case was investigated as a possible murder, the Swedish police quickly concluded that it was suicide. The criminal technicians test fired the weapon found in Holst's hand and found that it was the same as the one that fired the bullet found in the staircase where Holst had been found dead. Of the 28 tenants in the building, only three were questioned by the police during the investigation. In addition to limited questioning of possible witnesses, there were several other deficiencies in the investigation; there was no detailed description of the place he was found and information that was routinely collected during murder investigations was not recorded.

Kai Christian Middelthon Holst was buried at Vestre gravlund in Oslo. The grave is marked with a simple headstone on which his name, birth and death are carved.

Suicide or murder?
Holst's family, many of his friends and colleagues in the resistance movement, among them Hans Ringvold and Erik Myhre, held the opinion that Holst was murdered. Among the theories colleagues and friends put forward about a possible murder was liquidation by a foreign intelligence service, be it from Germany, Sweden, the Soviet Union or the US.

Threats
Holst's family did their own research regarding his death. Holst's sister, Else Heyerdahl-Larsen, contacted Norwegian authorities, but was warned against looking into the case as it could be dangerous. Ole Otto Paus, then an army captain, later a major general, was married to the sister of Holst's widow and in 1945 in Oslo he saw the documents from the police investigation when he tried to check the case. Paus found it especially troubling that Holst had bought sleeping car tickets from Stockholm to Oslo for his wife and himself for the day after he was found dead. When he wanted to check the documents again two years later, they were gone.

Paus was warned by a high-ranking Norwegian police officer, the jurist Olav Svendsen, former chief of the juridical office (Norwegian: Rettskontoret, a Norwegian intelligence organisation in neutral Sweden) against continued research into Holst's death. The same police officer also threatened Holst's widow and wife to leave the case. Ole Otto Paus was also warned by the chief of defence, Lieutenant General Ole Berg (former chief of the military office Mi2 and Mi4 at the Norwegian legation in Stockholm), against any further research into the case, as he risked his life by doing so.

Renewed research
In the 1990s, Holst relatives contacted the lawyer Jan Heftye Blehr. Blehr contacted Rettsmedisinsk institutt (the Norwegian forensic institute) in order to reexamine the autopsy of Holst. The pathologist Olving stated that: "from the findings at the autopsy there is nothing that speaks against that it could be a suicide. There is however nothing that rules out that it could be a murder". On the basis of Major General Paus' statements, the Ministry of Justice and Public Security took up the case and in 1995 the historian Trond Bergh was in Stockholm and got to see what material the Swedish security police Säpo had that was related to Holst's case. According to the Minister of Justice, Grete Faremo, no new information was found.

Professor Magne Skodvin at Norway's Resistance Museum looked into the case the same year. The museum used material collected by retired Supreme Court judge Einar Løchen on behalf of Ole Borge, one of Milorg's leaders and veterans, who believed Holst had been liquidated. Borge and Løchen believed it was the communists who had murdered Holst, and the same view was held by the former XU agent Wiggo Ljøner. Professor Skodvin noted certain shortcomings in the police investigation, but concluded that from the material, it was clear that the cause of death was suicide.

Questions
Among the strange circumstances of the case is that Holst's dossier at the Swedish security police has been removed from the archive. Professor Tore Pryser claims that with the level of detail Säpo went into in similar cases there must have been a dossier: "Everything points to the information about Holst having been destroyed." There is however some information relating to Holst in dossiers regarding three other persons. The witness statements regarding his whereabouts when arriving in Stockholm and who he was together with the night he died are also contradictory.

Holst was found dead in an apartment building where the German intelligence organisation, the Abwehr, had a cover apartment, while a British SIS agent lived in the apartment building next door. The man who opened the door via intercom was Svante Holger Ahreson, an acquaintance of Holst's. According to Ahreson's statement to the Swedish police he had only heard mumbling, thought it was someone who had called the wrong apartment, and went back to bed when no one turned up at his apartment. According to Ahreson's daughter, Holst did however have an agreement with him to lodge Norwegian resistance fighters who were under threat, and Holst was therefore in close contact with Ahreson and not some distant acquaintance. According to her, contradicting what he told the Swedish police, Ahreson had recognised Holst's voice on the intercom, waited for him to arrive at the apartment, which did not happen, but registered that the elevator passed, heard voices and after that a gunshot.

According to the Swedish police Holst was found with the pistol in his right hand, something that has been interpreted as a sign of suicide. Gun experts do however say that it is highly unusual for a handgun to remain in the dead person's hand, as the recoil combined with almost immediate loss of muscle firmness will result in the weapon falling out of the person's hand. That the body was found with the gun in its right hand is also something that provoked a strong reaction from the family, as according to them Holst was left-handed. In the Swedish police's 32-page report about the case the conclusion of suicide is written in only one place: on the front page, the forensic pathologist who performed Holst's autopsy wrote Suicidum, Latin for suicide. The same physician who in his autopsy report drew no conclusion concerning how Holst died, suicide or murder, signed the police report, but according to Swedish handwriting experts the signature has been forged.

Holst's superior in Stockholm in 1945, Wladimir Mörch Hansson, said that Holst received death threats, and found the lack of Swedish assistance in solving the case impossible to explain.

Odd Feydt, active in the resistance group 2A and in 1943 leader of Sambandskontoret (a Norwegian intelligence office in neutral Sweden) stated that Holst was followed (tailed) during his last trip from Lillehammer to Stockholm and that Holst's death might be connected with cooperation between the Norwegian Rettskontoret and the Swedish intelligence organisation C-byrån.

The Swedish professor Ingvar Bergström, who had worked for C-byrån in Gothenburg during the war, was of the opinion that Holst had been murdered. He first stated that the liquidation had been ordered at "high levels within Milorg" but later on changed his opinion, in consultation with the retired landshövding and historian Per Nyström, to its having been done by the Swedes in cooperation with the Norwegians. Holst's close colleague during the war, the Milorg leader Jens Christian Hauge, has been criticised for refusing to assist in casting light on the case. In connection with the press coverage of the case in 1994 Hauge issued a press statement in which he stated that he did not have any specific knowledge of the case, and concluded with the following: "It would be a great relief for me and for all of Kai Holst's remaining comrades if this sad case could be solved."

Operation Claw
The question has been asked whether Kai Holst's death could be connected with his task at Lillehammer, a hypothesis primarily put forward by the historian Tore Pryser. Holst might have had with him information from Lillehammer that could damage the operation later known as "Operation Claw" (in Norwegian Lillehammer-kuppet). Odd Feydt stated that when Holst travelled back to Stockholm, he was tailed from the moment he passed the Norwegian-Swedish border. The information about Operation Claw was secret in the years after the war and even today is not all available. A report in the British National Archives is classified until 2020.

Kai Holst never received any decoration from Norwegian authorities for his wartime efforts, in spite of his superior Wladimir Mørch Hansson recommending one to the council of the resistance forces in January 1946. He was however posthumously commended by George VI of Great Britain on 24 June 1950 for Brave Conduct. The question has been raised of why Britain chose to honour Holst, as he never officially worked for the British. Tore Pryser has put forward the thesis that Holst, who in addition to his work for Milorg also was in the service of the British SIS, was killed by Swedish intelligence to prevent him from reporting Operation Claw to the SIS.

Documentaries

 * Göran Elgemyr: Den mystiska kofferten från Lillehammer and Liket på Gärdet i Stockholm, Sveriges Radio P-1, 17 and 20 April 1992
 * Mysteriet Holst, Ekkofilm, 2012, aired by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) on 1 April 2013 and by the Swedish Broadcasting Corporation (SVT) in May 2013

title: Kai Holst


text:
User talk:80.3.160.8

Nomination of China Navigation Company for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article China Navigation Company is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/China Navigation Company until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. UtherSRG (talk) 12:51, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.3.160.8


text:
USA Weekend

USA Weekend was an American weekend newspaper magazine published from 1953 to 2014.

Founded as Family Weekly, it was purchased in 1985 by the Gannett Company, which restructured it as a sister publication to Gannett's flagship newspaper USA Today and distributed it in the Sunday editions of participating local newspapers, At its peak, USA Weekend was the country's second-largest national magazine supplement (behind Parade) and was distributed to more than 800 newspapers nationwide. Gannett ceased publication after the December 28, 2014, issue, citing a decline in print advertising and a company effort to minimize duplicative offerings.

Overview
The publication was incorporated as Family Weekly, a supplement started in 1953. By the mid-1980s, the magazine was carried in 362 newspapers nationwide for a total circulation of 12.8 million copies, making it the third-largest weekly magazine in the U.S., ranking behind its main competitor Parade (owned since 1976 by Advance Publications, which sold it to Athlon Media Group in 2014) and TV Guide.

The Gannett Company purchased the supplement from CBS, Inc. on February 21, 1985. When the sale was finalized later that spring, Gannett renamed the publication USA Weekend and designated 1985 as its founding year for promotional purposes and anniversary observances. Most of the newspapers that Gannett owned soon carried USA Weekend within their Sunday editions as their default magazine supplement.

USA Weekend focused its articles on social issues, entertainment personalities and pop culture, health, food reviews and recipes, and travel. In addition to Parade, USA Weekend also competed alongside some Sunday magazines published for individual newspapers in select U.S. cities such as The New York Times Magazine. The magazine provided Newspaper in Education classroom guides to partner newspapers, for use by teachers to provide educational material for students.

Shutdown
On December 5, 2014, Gannett announced that it would cease publication of USA Weekend with the December 26–28, 2014, edition and lay off 30 advertising and editorial staffers. The shutdown was reportedly due to mounting distribution costs and a decline in advertising revenue (revenue for Sunday magazines through advertising buys had decreased by 10.9% year-over-year between the first two quarters of 2013 and the first half of 2014. USA Weekend lost up to $10 million in operating costs during the 2013 and 2014 fiscal years, which in previous years had resulted in the shift from the carrier newspapers paying a licensing fee to Gannett to publishers of these papers receiving a fee from the company for distributing USA Weekend (a structure that had also affected other syndicated Sunday magazines). As well, the supplement's circulation had declined, shrinking from the mid-2000s high of up to 70 million copies distributed through newsstand sales and home-delivery newspaper subscriptions down to around 18 million in 2014. For its final years of publication, the magazine had relied on writers and columnists from USA Today to help provide feature content for the magazine, after Gannett laid off several members of USA Weekend's writing staff.

The decision to cease publication of the supplement came one year after Gannett began distributing a seven-day-a-week supplement featuring condensed content from USA Today for syndication to the company's own local newspapers as well as partner newspapers owned by other publishers, with company executives said the supplement's Weekend Life section provided better content than USA Weekend. The end of USA Weekend left Parade as the only weekend newspaper magazine published in the United States. Parade, which had only appeared previously in acquired Gannett newspapers to fulfill contracts with previous owners, has now returned to many Gannett newspapers as a replacement for USA Weekend.

Columns
Columns and contributors featured in USA Weekend included:
 * CookSmart – a recipe column written by Ellie Krieger
 * EatSmart – a food column by Jean Carper, focusing on healthy recipes and tips
 * HealthSmart – a health information column written by the hosts of The Doctors
 * MoneySmart – a financial advice column written by Sharon Epperson and Walecia Konrad
 * Who's News – a column focusing on newsmakers of the past week, written by Lorrie Lynch
 * Wit&Wisdom – a feature focusing on humor and insight, written by Terry Stickels

Other notable contributors included:
 * Ken Burns
 * Steven V. Roberts
 * Cokie Roberts
 * Tavis Smiley

Make a Difference Day
In 1992, USA Weekend's Make a Difference Day created an annual community service event, held on the fourth Saturday of October.

At the 2013 event, the company gave 14 community groups $10,000 to donate to their local charities.

title: USA Weekend


text: Category:High schools in Mississippi

title: Category:High schools in Mississippi


text: User talk:84.43.15.243

title: User talk:84.43.15.243


text: File:DisneyETicket wbelf.jpg

title: File:DisneyETicket wbelf.jpg


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Talk:Brigadier general

General rank
A brigadier most certainly is of general rank in the British armed forces, despite the erroneous assertion in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.2.212.149 (talk) 00:28, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Capital G
Capital G is correct only when used as part of the title of a particular person. This should be Brigadier general since brigadier generals are its subject matter. (This will require a deletion, and i'm not sure it's a speedy tho IMO it should be, so it should probably be put on WP:RfD as part of batch of similarly mistitled ranks.) --Jerzy(t) 20:03, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)

 * This was much fought over years ago, and the final agreement then was to capitalize names of ranks probably a British thing :-). If you want to reopen the battle, I suggest a new subpage of Naming conventions - "names and titles" is close but not quite. Stan 23:10, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * BTW, have a look at Category:Military ranks to get an idea of the size of task you're setting for yourself... Stan 23:15, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Been there, didn't stay for the T-shirt. BTW, did i somehow suggest "for myself"??
 * Tnx, Stan.
 * --Jerzy(t) 03:39, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)

 * Well, you sounded pretty definite that it was something to be fixed. After reading the Chicago manual's section on capitalization closely (in connection with other disputes), I've come to the view that a few types of capitalization have consensus (personal names, place names), and everything else is more of a house style issue. Stan 12:18, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * IMO you've just confessed to both reading too much and taking it too seriously [wink]. But i thought our house style was in conformance with what i consider common sense, that Capitalization is no longer thrown about with Abandon, but needs a clear reason, like the distinction between Gen. Sherman (a specific person) and an unspecified person who is a general and a convicted felon, even if making him Convicted Felon Jones is just as official and definitive as making him General Jones.
 * As to me, i've regretfully decided that knowing you're right about something that matters and having a buck or so will get you a cup of coffee; it doesn't keep me from saying so, and it may earn me someone's contempt as what might be called an intellectual butterfly, but it does help keep my commitments more practical.
 * Thanks again, but i'm satisfied.
 * --Jerzy(t) 17:44, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)

Randy Strong
Just in case anyone was wondering, US BGen (abbrev?) Randy Strong is the new "Chief of Signal", which I guess means the head honcho of the Signal Corps. And no, despite my username, I didn't add his name. SigPig 09:17, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Doesn't make him particularly notable, I don't think. The list will get out of hand if everyone's favourite Brigadier General is added! It should only be for people who are notable in more ways than just holding the rank. -- Necrothesp 19:53, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That goes without saying. We have too many brigadier-generals in Canada to comfortably list, and in comparison those of the US must be as common as cowpats in Montana.
 * Would it be a sufficient measure of notability for a particular BGen if s/he had their own separate article?
 * Also, how does one exactly define a "notable BGen"?
 * An officer of another rank (higher or lower) who did something notable as a BGen (acting or substantive)? e.g. Charles de Gaulle
 * An officer who is currently a BGen but did something notable at a lower rank?
 * An officer who retired at the rank of BGen but did something notable at a lower rank? e.g. Jimmy Stewart? SigPig 21:52, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I don't actually think we should list anyone who reached a higher rank, since they'll be listed on the appropriate page, but the second two definitely. -- Necrothesp 22:07, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth, I've never seen the abbreviation "BGen" in the media. It's usually Brig. Gen. or just Gen. Cww 01:40, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Question on the history of the rank
I disagree with the statement "Since the Mexican-American War, however, the lower rank of Colonel has been the normal rank appointed to command a brigade." Wasn't the practice of appointing a brigadier general to command a brigade the norm during the Civil War as well? Colonels commanded brigades only if the BG was incapacitated, dead, or otherwise indisposed, and many were subsequently promoted to the rank.198.203.136.200 14:50, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Brigadiers General or Brigadier Generals?
The article has a "list of notable Brigadiers General", but I think "Brigadier Generals" is far more common. "Brigadiers General" is probably etymologically correct (given that I believe the name came about the same way as, say, Surgeon General, and we use "Surgeons General"), but seems hopelessly pedantic in the face of the more common usage. - furrykef (Talk at me) 05:11, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Depends on whether "General" modifies "Brigadier" (à la "Surgeon General" hence "Surgeons General") or instead "Brigadier" is the modifier (à la "Major General" hence "Major Generals"). I tend to thing the latter, since it is a general officer rank, so "General" is the key term, and "Brigadier" ("Major", "Lieutenant", etc) are modifiers. --SigPig 19:52, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed though interestingly "General" itself was originally a modifier as in Captain General (the General Captain at the head of an army) Dainamo (talk) 20:10, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm fascinated. I also agree that it depends. However, I came down on the side of Brigadiers General, because there are Brigadiers who are NOT Generals. For that reason, I disagree that it's in the same class as Maj Gen and Lt Gen. Independently, I'm not convinced that in either of those cases they are modifiers. To put my POV more concisely, I don't think it's at all obvious what the answer is. (Though I must admit, I did think it was obvious before I read the various opinions!!) Pdfpdf (talk) 11:12, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Plural of Brigadier General?
Is the plural "Brigadier s General" or "Brigadier General s "? Pdfpdf (talk) 10:03, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
 * My dictionary gives brigadier generals only as the plural. Caerwine Caer’s whines 17:15, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply. Which dictionary would that be? Pdfpdf (talk) 11:04, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

fake name in list of notables?
The entry on Brigadier General United States National Guard is a fake, yes? according to United_States_National_Guard no one with that name existed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.119.76.91 (talk) 18:14, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Pakistan table
There is a table of equivalence in the Pakistan section of the page, and that table only has one element. Is there any particular reason for this, does anyone really want it to stay, would anyone oppose removing it, etc.? Cww 01:43, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh dear. I didn't look here before I decided the table was pointless and removed it. Sorry. I guess that means I agree with you!! Pdfpdf (talk) 13:23, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

List of notable Brigadier Generals
What's the point of this list? It looks like an excuse for people to add their "Favourite BG". So what? WP is not a popularity contest!!!!! Cheers, Pdfpdf (talk) 13:23, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Zero response. OK, there are thousands of notable BGs; this list could go on forever. The page is about the rank.
 * I propose the list be removed. Pdfpdf (talk) 10:38, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Again, zero response.
 * However, if I remove it, I bet I'll get crucified!
 * I'll give it some more time, and if there is still no response, I'll remove it and see what happens. Pdfpdf (talk) 11:12, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Able Seaman (rank) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 23:46, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
 * See Manual of Style (capital letters). — kwami (talk) 22:51, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

File:UK-Army-BrigGen.gif Nominated for speedy Deletion

 * The image is GDFL & created by me. There is no reason it should be nominated for deletion, speedy or otherwise. Pdfpdf (talk) 08:57, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

Sock puppet Swamilive
Sock puppet Swamilive is making a nuisance of himself at the moment. How does one get an admin to block him? Pdfpdf (talk) 15:12, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

 * He's been blocked now, after a bit of a delay at WP:AIV. - David Biddulph (talk) 15:41, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ Pdfpdf, has been reolved now :). TheGeneralUser (talk) 15:44, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:18, 9 June 2019 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Brigadier general


text:
Maurice Lacroix

Maurice Lacroix is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in the Canton of Jura and headquartered in Zürich.

History
Maurice Lacroix was founded in Sainelegier in the highlands of Jura as part of Desco von Schulthess of Zürich in 1975. Founded in 1889, Desco von Schulthess (Desco) is an older company with roots in the silk trade. Since 1946, Desco has also been a representative for luxury watches including Audemars Piguet, Heuer, Eterna, and Jaeger-LeCoultre. Over the years, Desco became more interested in the watch business, and in 1961 Desco acquired an assembly facility named Tiara in Saignelégier, in the Swiss Canton of Jura. There it produced private label watches for third parties. In 1975, Desco started marketing watches under the brand name Maurice Lacroix. There was a member on the board of Desco von Schulthess, parent & founding company of Maurice Lacroix, who was named Mr. Lacroix. From 1975 to the early 1980s, the company underwent significant expansion in Europe.

By 1980, Maurice Lacroix had become so successful that the facility in Saignelégier ceased production for third parties. In 1989 Maurice Lacroix acquired the casemaker Queloz S.A., also based in Saignelégier. This ability to produce watch cases in-house makes Maurice Lacroix unusual compared to other luxury watch companies.

During the 1990s, Maurice Lacroix experienced a "rocket-like ascent" with the launch of their high end "Les Mécaniques" line, later renamed the "Masterpiece" line. During this time, the company elevated itself to the high ranks of Swiss watch manufactures, by both maintaining traditional 'Swiss watch-making art' and by creating their own movements for its Masterpiece Collection. During the 1990s, it penetrated several Asian markets and, in 1995, it expanded in the United States.

As of 2010, Maurice Lacroix, has a total of approximately 220 employees worldwide, and is represented in around 4,000 shops in more than 60 countries all over the world. By 2011, the Swiss holding company Diethelm Keller & SiberHegner owns the majority shares of the company.

Masterpiece watches
The "Les Mécaniques" / "Masterpiece" line includes limited edition models based on "historic" or "heritage" movements purchased during the height of the quartz crisis and refinished to the highest standards. The company is also known for its alarm wristwatches, chronographs, and jump hour Masterpiece watches, which Maurice Lacroix produces based on heritage movements. In addition, this line includes watches based on extensively modified ébauches from ETA, Unitas, and others that incorporate numerous complications, including retrograde movements, power reserve indicators, and calendar modules.

Maurice Lecroix is also known for its "Mémoire 1" timepiece, which the company claims is one of the most complex watches ever made. Its movement is composed of 604 moving parts and it can switch between time and chrono functions without losing track of either indication.

Manufacture movements
In 2006, Maurice Lacroix introduced their first full in-house movement, the ML106 based "Masterpiece Le Chronographe." Since then, Maurice Lacroix has introduced numerous manufacture movements including an automatic movement in 2011. The shift to manufacture movements has been accompanied by an increase in the size of the watches and a shift to a more "modern" or "industrial" look.

Sponsorships
In 2010, Maurice Lacroix collaborated with Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales, musician Bob Geldof, actor Ray Stevenson, swimmer James Magnussen, diver Orlando Duque, South Korean actor Jang Dong-gun and British golfer Justin Rose on a brand endorsement campaign. In 2019, the company collaborated with car manufacturer Kia to provide clocks for the Kia K9 sedan.

Maurice Lacroix is also the official watch partner of FC Barcelona and Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series.

In 2018, Maurice Lacroix started a program "Friends of the Brand" and they have signed a sponsoring agreement with the #1 team of basketball 3x3 in Switzerland, Team Lausanne.

title: Maurice Lacroix


text: User talk:66.130.54.173

title: User talk:66.130.54.173


text:
Julia A. Moore

Julia Ann Moore (née Julia Ann Davis; December 1, 1847 – June 5, 1920) was an American poetaster. Like Scotland's William McGonagall, she is best known for writing notoriously bad poetry.

Biography
Young Julia grew up on her family's Michigan farm, the eldest of four children. When she was ten, her mother became ill, and Julia assumed many of her mother's responsibilities. Her formal education was thereby limited. In her mid-teens, she started writing poetry and songs, mostly in response to the death of children she knew, but any newspaper account of disaster could inspire her.

At age 17, she married Frederick Franklin Moore, a farmer. Julia ran a small store and, over the years, bore ten children, of whom six survived to adulthood. She continued to write poetry and songs.

Moore's first book of verse, The Sentimental Song Book, was published in 1876 by C. M. Loomis of Grand Rapids, and quickly went into a second printing. A copy ended up in the hands of James F. Ryder, a Cleveland publisher, who republished it under the title The Sweet Singer of Michigan Salutes the Public. Ryder sent out numerous review copies to newspapers across the country, with a cover letter filled with low-key mock praise.

And so Moore received national attention. Following Ryder's lead, contemporary reviews were amusedly negative. The Rochester Democrat wrote of Sweet Singer that Shakespeare, could he read it, would be glad that he was dead …. If Julia A. Moore would kindly deign to shed some of her poetry on our humble grave, we should be but too glad to go out and shoot ourselves tomorrow. The Hartford Daily Times said that to meet such steady and unremitting demands on the lachrymal ducts one must be provided, as Sam Weller suspected Job Trotter was, 'with a main, as is allus let on.'…

The collection became a curious best-seller, though it is unclear whether this was due to public amusement with Moore's poetry or genuine appreciation of the admittedly "sentimental" character of her poems. It was, more or less, the last gasp of that school of obituary poetry that had been broadly popular in the U.S. throughout the mid-19th century.

Moore gave a reading and singing performance, with orchestral accompaniment, in 1877 at a Grand Rapids opera house. She somehow misinterpreted the jeering of the audience as criticism of the orchestra. Moore's second collection, A Few Choice Words to the Public, appeared in 1878, but found few buyers. Moore gave a second public performance in late 1878 at the same opera house. By then she had figured out that the praise directed to her was false and the jeering sincere. She began by admitting her poetry was "partly full of mistakes" and that "literary is a work very hard to do". After the poetry and the laughter and jeering in response was over, Moore ended the show by telling the audience: You have come here and paid twenty-five cents to see a fool; I receive seventy-five dollars, and see a whole houseful of fools.

Afterwards, her husband forbade her to publish any more poetry. Three more poems were eventually published, and she would write poems for friends. In 1880, she also published, in newspaper serialization, a short story, "Lost and Found", a strongly moralistic story about a drunkard, and a novella, "Sunshine and Shadow", a peculiar romance set in the American Revolution. The ending of "Sunshine and Shadow" was perhaps intended to be self-referential: the farmer facing foreclosure is gratefully rescued by his wife's publishing her secret cache of fiction.

According to some reports, though, her husband was not grateful, but embarrassed. Shamed or not, he moved the family 100 miles north to Manton in 1882. Moore's notoriety was known in Manton, but the locals respected her, and did not cooperate with the occasional reporter trying to revisit the past. They were a successful business couple, he with an orchard and sawmill, she with a store.

Her husband died in 1914. The next year, Julia republished "Sunshine and Shadow" in pamphlet form. She spent much of her widowhood "melancholy", sitting on her porch. She died quietly in 1920. The news of her death was widely reported, sometimes with a light touch.

Poetry
Some comparison to William McGonagall is worth making. Unlike McGonagall, Moore commanded a fairly wide variety of meters and forms, albeit like Emily Dickinson the majority of her verse is in the ballad meter. Like McGonagall, she held a maidenly bluestocking's allegiance to the Temperance movement, and frequently indited odes to the joys of sobriety. Most importantly, like McGonagall, she was drawn to themes of accident, disaster, and sudden death; as has been said of A. E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad, in her pages you can count the dead and wounded. Edgar Wilson Nye called her "worse than a Gatling gun". Here, she is inspired by the Great Chicago Fire:

"The great Chicago Fire, friends,   Will never be forgot; In the history of Chicago     It will remain a darken spot. It was a dreadful horrid sight     To see that City in flames; But no human aid could save it,     For all skill was tried in vain."

Her less morbid side is on display when she hymns Temperance Reform Clubs:

"Many a man joined the club   That never drank a drachm, Those noble men were kind and brave     They care not for the slang -- The slang they meet on every side:     'You're a reform drunkard, too; You've joined the red ribbon brigade,     Among the drunkard crew.'"

Despite her acknowledgment that "Literary is a work very difficult to do," she did not approve of the life of Byron:

"The character of 'Lord Byron'   Was of a low degree, Caused by his reckless conduct,     And bad company. He sprung from an ancient house,     Noble, but poor, indeed. His career on earth, was marred     By his own misdeeds."

Influence
Mark Twain was a self-described fan of Moore (though not for the reasons Moore would have liked). Twain alluded to her work in Following the Equator, and it is widely assumed that Moore served as a literary model for the character of Emmeline Grangerford in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Grangerford's funereal ode to Stephen Dowling Botts:

"O no. Then list with tearful eye,   Whilst I his fate do tell. His soul did from this cold world fly     By falling down a well.

They got him out and emptied him; Alas it was too late; His spirit was gone for to sport aloft In the realms of the good and great."

is not far removed from Moore's poems on subjects like Little Libbie:

"One more little spirit to Heaven has flown,   To dwell in that mansion above, Where dear little angels, together roam,     In God's everlasting love."

Moore was also the inspiration for comic poet Ogden Nash, as he acknowledged in his first book, and whose daughter reported that her work convinced Nash to become a "great bad poet" instead of a "bad good poet". The Oxford Companion to American Literature describes Nash as using Moore's

"hyperdithyrambic meters, pseudo-poetic inversions, gangling asymmetrical lines, extremely pat or elaborately inexact rimes, parenthetical dissertations, and unexpected puns."

Selections of Moore appeared in D. B. Wyndham-Lewis and Charles Lee's Stuffed Owl anthology, and in other collections of bad poetry. Most of her poetry was reprinted in a 1928 edition, which can be found online. Her complete poetry and prose, with biography, notes, and references, can be found in the Riedlinger edited collection Mortal Refrains. Most poetry collections reprint the latest, "best", versions of their contents. Riedlinger has adopted the opposite philosophy.

Moore has been grouped into the Western Michigan School of Bad Versemakers. Her local contemporaries — including Dr. William Fuller, S.H. Ewell, J.B. Smiley, and Fred Yapple — do not appear to have had relationships with each other, but their proximity and similar penchant for exceptionally laughable verse have led to their posthumous grouping together.

Since 1994, the Flint Public Library has held the Julia A. Moore Poetry Festival to celebrate bad poetry.

title: Julia A. Moore


text:
Nepřevázka

Nepřevázka is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

History
The first written mention of Nepřevázka is from 1225.

title: Nepřevázka


text:
Moses Cordovero

Moses Cordovero was a physician who lived at Leghorn (Livorno), Tuscany in the seventeenth century. David Conforte praises him as a good physician, and also on account of his scholarship and philanthropy. He was always eager to secure the release of prisoners through his personal influence as well as by ransom. Cordovero died at an advanced age.

title: Moses Cordovero