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Bristol Bears

Bristol Bears (officially Bristol Rugby Club or Bristol Rugby) are a professional rugby union club based in Bristol, England. They play in Premiership Rugby, England's top division of rugby.

The club was founded as Bristol Football Club in 1888; between 1921 and 2014, home matches were played at the Memorial Ground, and have since been played at Ashton Gate Stadium in the south-west of the city. The current head coach Pat Lam was appointed in 2017. In the 2023–24 season Bristol finished 5th entitling them to compete in the 2024-25 European Rugby Champions Cup.

In 2018, the club rebranded as Bristol Bears; between 2001 and 2005 the club were known as Bristol Shoguns due to a sponsorship deal with Mitsubishi.

Bristol won the 1983 John Player Cup and have also won England's second division four times, most recently in 2017–18. In 2019–2020, Bristol won The European Challenge Cup for the first time.

Formation and early history
Bristol Football Club was formed in 1888 when the Carlton club merged with rival club Redland Park to create a united Bristol team. Westbury Park having refused to merge then folded and many of its players subsequently joined Bristol. The County Cricket Ground at Nevil Road was leased for home matches.

The first match was a heavy away defeat to Cardiff and although the first season was relatively successful the second was not with only three games won. The club went from strength to strength over the next few years under the captaincy of W. Tommy Thomson. It turned the corner and in 1891–92, now wearing the more familiar navy and white hooped shirts, the Bristol team won 20 games out of 24.

Over the ensuing seasons the fixture list went from strength to strength, consisting of most of the top English and Welsh sides. In 1900 J. W. Jarman became Bristol's first England cap. Two major touring sides played Bristol during this period. The first New Zealand All Blacks defeated the club 41–0 in 1905 and in 1909 a combined Bristol and Clifton RFC team, captained by Percy Down, lost to Australia 11–3.

World Wars
The club was beginning to bring on a new generation of players when the First World War halted all rugby. After the war a Bristol United side was formed to provide rugby for returning servicemen and this led to the rebirth of Bristol in 1919. The County Ground was no longer available for home games so the club rented a field at Radnor Road, Horfield although occasional matches were staged at the Bristol City and Bristol Rovers grounds. The Radnor Road seasons were good ones for the club and a new crop of stars appeared.

The Memorial Ground stadium was built on an area of land called Buffalo Bill's Field which was previously occupied by allotments in 1921. Bristol defeated Cardiff 19–3 in the opening match in front of a large crowd.

The fiftieth anniversary was celebrated in 1938 but the next few years saw a fall in performances and the final inter-war season was a poor one. During World War II a Bristol Supporters team kept rugby union going in the city. Thus Bristol had readily available players when peacetime rugby union resumed in 1945.

1950s
The playing record in the early fifties was mixed, but there was a huge improvement under the captaincy of first Bert MacDonald, and then Dick Hawkes. Records were broken in 1956–57 and even better was to follow in what has been called 'The Blake Era'.

Fly half John Blake became captain in 1957 and under his leadership the club developed an entertaining running style of rugby involving backs and forwards, which was years ahead of its time. The Bristol club set and broke new records for wins in a season and points scored and goal kicking forward Gordon Cripps rewrote the individual points scoring records.

1960s–1980s
The 75th anniversary was celebrated in 1962–63 and floodlights were installed in the following season. Club form peaked in 1965–66 under Derek Neate's captaincy when 39 games were won, and again in 1971–72 under Tony Nicholls. This was the club's best ever season with a thousand points being scored for the first time and the team being crowned unofficial English and Anglo-Welsh champions.

Under Mike Rafter's captaincy, the club won the John Player Cup in 1983, defeating Leicester 28–22. During this period Alan Morley established a world record of 479 tries in senior rugby. The centenary season with Nigel Pomphrey as captain was celebrated in style with a game against the Barbarians and a narrow defeat in the cup final.

1990s
In 1996, Bristol Rovers moved into the Memorial Stadium as tenants of Bristol Rugby, and later took over ownership of the stadium through the Memorial Stadium Company.

1998–99 (Premiership Two)

Relegation to Premiership Two in 1998 was not the worst of Bristol's problems. Only an eleventh hour rescue by Malcolm Pearce saved the club from potential oblivion. Bristol also lost control of the Memorial Stadium Company to Bristol Rovers and were tenants thereafter until their eventual departure from the stadium at the conclusion of the 2013–14 season. Bristol's first season outside the top flight brought with it a number of first-time visits to clubs. Bristol went on to win the Premiership Two title and promotion back to Premiership One, sealing the win with a 22–11 victory over Worcester.

2000s
The World Cup disrupted the early part of the 1999–00 season, with a number of players missing the first few games. Under the captaincy of Dean Ryan the team finished sixth, just missing out on European Cup qualification. At the end of the season Dean Ryan took over as head coach from Bob Dwyer. After an opening day victory over newly promoted Rotherham, Bristol had a disappointing 2000–01 season finishing ninth. Off the field, Jack Rowell became managing director, and successful community initiatives saw the attendance figures rise. Chief Executive Nicholas de Scossa was involved in debates about top clubs separating from the Rugby Football Union and forming a new Premier League.

The 2001–02 season brought a new name, Bristol Shoguns, following a five-year £2-million sponsorship deal with Mitsubishi Motors. The Shoguns finishing the season with the most bonus points in the Zurich Premiership, three players in the top try scorers chart, a place at Twickenham in the final of the play-offs (the year before winning the play-offs constituted winning the English title), and also a place in the Heineken Cup for the 2002–03 season. In the close season head coach Dean Ryan moved to Gloucester, Jack Rowell resigned as Director of Rugby whilst skipper Jason Little retired. Peter Thorburn took over as coach. League results were mixed, but there were more wins than defeats including a first ever league win away at Bath. At Christmas 2002 owner Malcolm Pearce announced that he would quit at the end of the season. Rumours circulated that Bristol could be sold to Firoz Kassam and play out of Oxford, and a merger with rivals Bath had been mooted. Neither event came to pass, but Bristol were relegated at the end of the season as off-field distractions took their toll.

Before the start of the 2003–04 season Martin Haag and a week later Richard Hill joined as first team coach and head coach respectively. While the board were raising money to stabilise the club Haag and Hill implemented a 'three-year plan' to rebuild Bristol and put them back in the Premiership. They won National League One the following year and were promoted.

The club's deal with Mitsubishi expired in July 2005, and the club started 2005–06 in the Premiership as Bristol RFC. Bristol elected to play two 2006–07 games at Ashton Gate, home of football side Bristol City. The local derby against Bath and the game against Leicester were moved from the 11,750 capacity Memorial Stadium to Ashton Gate's 21,500 capacity to allow more fans the chance to watch the team. The precedent for this was established for a crucial relegation fixture against Bath in May 2003. Bristol finished third in the league, securing a Heineken Cup place for only the second time, and then reached the semi-finals of the play-offs, losing 26–14 at Leicester. Martin Haag was released as Bristol's forwards coach in June 2007 and replaced by John Brain.

Bristol could not replicate the success of the previous season and ended the 2007–08 season in 9th place. They also failed to progress from their Heineken Cup group, despite a home win against Stade Français. The following season Bristol struggled, winning only two games, and were relegated from the premiership. Richard Hill stepped down as coach in February 2009, with two months and eight games of the season remaining. Paul Hull took over as Bristol's head coach.

2010–2015
Following a failed attempt to immediately return to the Premiership, losing to Exeter Chiefs in the final of the play-offs, a number of first team players quit the club and financial pressures caused significant worries at the club once more. With a more modest squad of players, Bristol struggled to find winning form in the 2010–11 season finishing eighth in the championship and failing to reach the playoff finals. In 2011, following a lack of success Paul Hull in mutual agreement with club left Bristol Rugby and was replaced by academy coach Liam Middleton. In Middleton's first full season in charge Bristol finished top of the championship table but failed to progress to the play-off finals, losing to Cornish Pirates in the semi-finals. From the 2008–09 season businessman Stephen Lansdown financed Bristol Rugby, this only became public knowledge when Lansdown formalised his ownership of the club in 2012.

In the 2012–13 season Bristol missed out on the play-off finals, finishing fifth in the championship. At the end of the 2012–13 season it was announced that former Ospreys head coach Sean Holley would join Bristol Rugby as the first team coach. Andy Robinson joined Bristol Rugby as director of rugby in March 2013, at first working with head coach Liam Middleton but following a poor run of results Middleton was sacked by the club following an internal review later in March 2013.

The 2013–14 season brought a return to form with Bristol Rugby finishing top of the championship table. However, Bristol failed to secure promotion to the premiership, losing both legs of the play-off finals to London Welsh. In the close season a number of players were signed to the club in expectation of promotion for the 2014–15 season, including Samoan Internationals Anthony Perenise Jack Lam & David Lemi, Welsh internationals Matthew Morgan, Ian Evans, Ryan Jones and Dwayne Peel and Wing George Watkins return from Cardiff Blues mid season. Further signings for the 2014–15 season would feature Gareth Maule, Jack O'Connell, Darren Hudson and Gavin Henson.

Bristol Rugby moved from the Memorial Stadium to Ashton Gate Stadium, the home of Bristol City Football Club. Ashton Gate Stadium had a capacity of 21,497. In the run-in to the end of season play-off's the club signed high-profile players in Hooker Ross McMillan, Italian Centre Tommaso Benvenuti and Welsh international Gavin Henson. End of the season saw the departure of Forwards Coach Danny Wilson to Cardiff Blues. The Club again failed to earn promotion to the Premiership for the 2015–16 season losing by one point to Worcester Warriors in the Play-off Finals. At the end of the season Wales international fly half Nicky Robinson leaves the club to take up a fresh challenge in France with Oyonnax.

2015–2018
Much of the squad from the previous season remained with Andy Robinson bolstering his options for the new campaign by signing ex-England winger Tom Varndell. On 4 February it was announced that New Zealander Mark Bakewell would replace Borthwick. The new year saw the announcement that Matthew Morgan to further his international chances was to be leaving the club at the end of the season and joining Danny Wilson at Cardiff Blues. However, Bristol were able to clinch promotion to Aviva Premiership with a 60–47 aggregate win over Doncaster.

February 2016 saw the signing of Wales International scrum half Rhodri Williams from Scarlets for the 2016–17 season. Tusi Pisi signed for the club from Japan's Sunwolves Super Rugby franchise in March. Head coach Sean Holley resigned from his position at the club. Former Welsh internationals Jonathan Thomas appointed as first team defence coach and Dwayne Peel as backs and skills coach. Further signings include USA international centre Thretton Palamo from Saracens and Tongan international prop Soane Tongaʻuiha from French side Oyonnax.

November 2016 saw the sacking of Director of Rugby Andy Robinson due to poor results and 'lost confidence' from the board. Club stalwart and top points scorer Mark Tainton was appointed interim head coach for the remainder of the season. Further signings announced by club included Siale Piutau from Yamaha Jubio, Irish international lock forward Dan Tuohy, All Black international scrum half Alby Mathewson and Shane Geraghty from London Irish.

On New Year's Day, 2017, Varndell equalled Mark Cueto's premiership tries record of 90 tries by scoring against Sale Sharks. This followed a hat-trick in the previous week against Worcester Warriors. On 10 February Varndell became the leading try scorer in the Aviva Premiership when he scored against Harlequins at Ashton Gate.

Ultimately, Bristol finished bottom of the Premiership in their returning year, having been relegated with 2 weeks to go after a 21–36 loss against Wasps at Ashton Gate. They finished 12th with only 3 wins and 20 accumulated points, 13 behind 11th placed Worcester Warriors. Their three victories involved beating Worcester 28–20 at Ashton Gate, beating Sale 23–24 at the AJ Bell, and dramatically defeating longstanding rivals Bath Rugby 12–11 at home. Following their relegation, several notable signings moved away from the club, including Jason Woodward to Gloucester Rugby and Gavin Henson to Newport Gwent Dragons.

On 5 December 2016, it was announced that Pat Lam would become the new head coach for Bristol Rugby after leaving the Irish region Connacht ahead of the 2017–18 season. Notable signings ahead of the new season were Australian International Luke Morahan from Western Force and All Black Steven Luatua from Blues.

Bristol secured promotion in the 2017-18 RFU Championship with two games to spare on 7 April 2018 and ultimately finished top with only one defeat at the hands of Jersey Reds on 4 March 2018. Bristol finished 20 points ahead of Ealing Trailfinders and a further 15 points ahead of third placed Bedford Blues. The scrapping of the promotion playoffs that season meant that the team at the top of the table after the regular season was promoted. This greatly played into the club's hands as the playoffs have dramatically turned against them in the past; in the 2009–10, 2011–12, 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons, Bristol finished first in the table, only to be eliminated by Exeter Chiefs, Cornish Pirates, London Welsh and Worcester Warriors respectively, three of whom secured promotion instead.

2018–2019: Return to Premiership and rebrand
On 1 June 2018, Bristol Rugby was re-branded as the Bristol Bears following their return to the Premiership.

The club announced a raft of new signings including the All Blacks full back Charles Piutau from Ulster Rugby, former All Blacks Prop John Afoa from Gloucester Rugby and Hooker Harry Thacker from Leicester Tigers.

The opening match of the 2018–19 Premiership Rugby season was against fierce rivals Bath Rugby at Ashton Gate. A crowd of over 26,000 watched Bristol Bears run out 17–10 victors over their old foe. The winning try was scored by Alapati Leiua with four penalties scored by Irish International fly half Ian Madigan. Bristol finished the season in 9th place including nine victories (one over Bath, Harlequins, Northampton Saints, Gloucester and Saracens and two over Leicester Tigers and Newcastle Falcons ).

In Europe, Bristol were drawn in Pool 4 of the Challenge Cup with the other teams being Stade Rochelais, Zebre and Yenisey-STM Krasnoyarsk. On 15 December 2018, Bristol recorded a surprise win over Stade Rochelais in a 3–13 at the Stade Marcel-Deflandre through a try by forward Jordan Crane and a dogged defensive display. They finished second in their group before losing 39–15 to Stade Rochelais in the quarter-finals, ending their run in the tournament.

On 29 November, it was confirmed that the Bears would be signing Semi Radradra ahead of the 2020/21 season, joining on a 3-year deal from Bordeaux Bègles, creating one of the most dangerous back three in Rugby Union, alongside Charles Piutau and Luke Morahan.

2019–Present: European success
Bristol signed England internationals Nathan Hughes and Dave Attwood in advance of the 2019/2020 season and also Henry Purdy from Coventry Rugby to bring a total of 15 new signings. Players released included Tusi Pisi, Jack Lam and George Smith. Bristol started their second year in the Gallagher Premiership with a home tie against Bath Rugby. This resulted in a 43–16 win for the Bears and included a try on his senior debut for Ioan Lloyd who came on as a replacement at full back.

The season continued with a loss to Harlequin F.C. away before a home win against Sale and a memorable away win at Sandy Park against the eventual champions, Exeter Chiefs. December brought a dip in form on the domestic front with a home draw with London Irish and defeats to Saracens and Wasps. In the European Challenge Cup, Bristol were drawn against Zebre, CA Brive and Stade Français. Bristol won all but one of these fixtures home and away with the only non win being the 7–7 away draw with Zebre. A return to the premiership resulted in back to back wins against Gloucester, Northampton Saints, Bath and Harlequins. However, the season was then interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic and all rugby was suspended by the RFU on 17 March 2020. The season resumed on 15 August without any spectators with a home win against. By this time, the club had been joined by the new signings of Semi Radradra, England prop Kyle Sinckler from Harlequin F.C. and the Saracens loanees of Ben Earl and Max Malins. Eventually Bristol finished third in the Premiership meaning an away semi final against Wasps. Bristol lost this 47–24 to finish with a domestic record of 14 wins, 1 draw and 7 losses. A total of 561 points were scored and 457 conceded.

In the Challenge Cup, Bristol finished top of their group and were given a home quarter final against Welsh side Dragons. Bristol ran in seven tries to win 56–17. This set up a home semi final against Bordeaux Bègles which was won by the home side 37–20 after extra time. In the final they faced former European Champions, Toulon at Stade Maurice David in Aix-en-Provence. Bristol scored the fastest try in European Rugby final after just 15 second through a try from scrum half Harry Randall. A second try from Max Malins and points from the tee came from the two conversions and six penalties from the boot of Callum Sheedy to give Bristol the cup with a 32–19 win and their first ever major European title

Season summaries
Gold background denotes champions Silver background denotes runners-up Pink background denotes relegated

Bristol Bears

 * European Challenge Cup
 * Champions: (1) 2019–20
 * RFU Championship
 * Champions: (4) 1998–99, 2004–05, 2015–16, 2017–18
 * RFU Knockout Cup
 * Champions: (1) 1982–83
 * Runners–Up: (3) 1972–73, 1983–84, 1987–88
 * British and Irish Cup
 * Champions: (1) 2010–11
 * EDF Energy Trophy
 * Champions: (1) 2003–04
 * Anglo-Welsh Merit Table Winners
 * Champions: (3) 1965–66, 1971–72, 1973–74
 * RFU South West Merit Table Winners
 * Champions: (3) 1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82

Senior squad
The Bristol Bears squad for the 2024–25 season is:

Academy squad
The Bristol Bears Academy squad is:

Club staff
Management

 * Owner – Stephen Lansdown
 * Chairman – Chris Booy
 * Chief Operating Officer – Tom Tainton

First team coaching

 * Director of rugby – Pat Lam
 * Forwards Coach – Mark Irish
 * Senior Backs & Skills Coach – Dave Walder
 * Defence Coach - Jordan Crane
 * Assistant Forwards Coach - Chris Morgan
 * Assistant Backs & Skills Coach – Sean Marsden
 * Kicking Coach - Dave Alred
 * Mental Skills Coach - Tom Bates
 * Head of Athletic Performance – Kevin Geary

Academy

 * Senior academy manager – Gethin Watts
 * Junior academy manager – Gary Townsend
 * Academy transition coach – Danny Grewcock
 * Academy transition coach – Glen Townson
 * Senior Academy Coach - Brad Barnes
 * Junior Academy Coach - Keith Leaker

Bristol Bears Women

 * Head coach - Dave Ward
 * Assistant coach - Tom Luke

Lions tourists
The following Bristol players have been selected for the Lions tours while at the club:

 * Wallace Jarman (1899)
 * Percy Down (1908)
 * Maurice Edward Neale (1910 Tour to South Africa)
 * Jack Spoors (1910 Tour to South Africa)
 * Tom Richards (1910 Tour to South Africa)
 * John Pullin (1968 & 1971)
 * Alan Morley (1974)
 * Mark Regan (1997 & 2001)
 * Simon Shaw (1997)
 * Kyle Sinckler (2021)

Rugby World Cup
The following are players which have represented their countries at the Rugby World Cup whilst playing for Bristol:

Archives
Records relating to Bristol Rugby Club are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. 41582) (online catalogue) and (Ref. 44624) (online catalogue).

title: Bristol Bears


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Mar Saba

The Holy Lavra of Saint Sabbas, known in Arabic and Syriac as Mar Saba (, دير مار سابا; מנזר מר סבא; Ἱερὰ Λαύρα τοῦ Ὁσίου Σάββα τοῦ Ἡγιασμένου) and historically as the Great Laura of Saint Sabas, is a Greek Orthodox monastery overlooking the Kidron Valley in the Bethlehem Governorate of Palestine, in the West Bank, at a point halfway between Bethlehem and the Dead Sea. The monks of Mar Saba and those of subsidiary houses are known as Sabaites.

Mar Saba is considered to be one of the oldest (almost) continuously inhabited monasteries in the world, and it maintains many of its ancient traditions. One in particular is the restriction on women entering the main compound. The only building that women can enter is the Women's Tower, near the main entrance.

Byzantine period
The monastery was founded by Sabbas the Sanctified in 483 on the eastern side of the Kidron Valley, where, according to the monastery's website, the first seventy hermits gathered around the hermitage of St Sabbas. Later on, the laura relocated to the opposite, western side of the gorge, where the Church of Theoktistos was built in 486 and consecrated in 491 (today rededicated to Saint Nicholas). The constant growth of the community meant that soon after, in 502, the Church of the Theotokos was built to serve as the monastery's main church. Sabbas' typikon, the set of rules applied at the Great Laura and recorded by the saint, eventually became the worldwide model of monastic life and liturgical order known as the Byzantine Rite.

St John of Damascus
Mar Saba was the home of John of Damascus (676–749; يوحنا الدمشقي), a key religious figure in the Iconoclastic Controversy, who, around 726, wrote letters to the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian refuting his edicts prohibiting the veneration of icons (images of Christ or other Christian religious figures). Born to a prominent Damascene political family, John worked as a high financial officer to the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan; he eventually felt a higher calling and migrated to the Judaean Desert, where he was tonsured and was ordained a hieromonk (monastic priest) at the Monastery of Mar Saba. St. John's tomb lies in a cave under the monastery.

Early Muslim period
Ancient sources describe an Arab attack on the monastery in 797, leading to the massacre of twenty monks. Between the late eight to the tenth century, the monastery was a major translation center for Greek works into Arabic. For instance, Yannah ibn Istifan al-Fakhuri (fl. 910) translated works of Leontius of Damascus and Barsanuphius of Gaza. Mar Saba was the home of the famous Georgian monk and scribe Ioane-Zosime, who moved before 973 to Saint Catherine's Monastery taking several parchment manuscripts with him.

The community seems to have also suffered under the persecutions of caliph al-Hakim in 1009 as well as Turkmen raids in the 11th century but experienced occasional phases of peace as can be seen by the continued scribal and artistic activities.

Crusader period
The monastery kept its importance during the existence of the Catholic Kingdom of Jerusalem established by Crusaders in 1099.

Mamluk and Ottoman periods
In the late medieval period, the monastery experienced like the other Palestinian monasteries a period of decline as a result of Mamluk persecutions, the Black Death, demographic and economic degradation and the expansion of nomadic tribes. Whereas the Russian monk Zosimus estimated in 1420 the number of inhabitants at 30, the German traveler Felix Fabri recorded in the early 1480s only 6 who were living together with a group of nomadic Arabs. Thereafter, the monastery was abandoned and the remaining monks seem to have moved to St Catherine's monastery.

In 1504, the Serbian monastic community of Palestine, based out of the fourteenth century monastery of St. Michael the Archangel, purchased Mar Saba.. The Serbs controlled the monastery until the late 1630s, and the significant financial support the monastery received from the Tsar of Russia allowed them to run the monastery semi-independently from the Patriarch of Jerusalem, the monastery's nominal overseer (much to the vexation of the patriarchate). The Serbs' control of Mar Saba allowed them to play an important role in the politics of the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, often siding with the Arabic laity and priests against the Greeks who dominated the episcopate. Serbian control of the monastery eventually ended in the 1600s when the monastery got into massive debt due to the simultaneous combination of a massive building program at the monastery and a cutting off of financial support from Russia due to the outbreak of the Time of Troubles. The Serbs were forced to sell the monastery to the Patriarch of Jerusalem in order to pay off their debts.

Significance
The monastery, considered among the oldest continuously inhabited in the Christian world, has been a place of learning and has exerted an important influence in doctrinal developments in the Byzantine Church. Important personalities in this regard included Saint Sabbas himself, John of Damascus (676–749), and the brothers Theodorus and Theophanes (770s–840s).

The monastery is important in the historical development of the liturgy of the Orthodox Church in that the monastic Typicon (manner of celebrating worship services) of Saint Sabbas became the standard throughout the Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches under the Pope which follow the Byzantine Rite. The Typicon took the standard form of services which were celebrated in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem and added some specifically monastic usages which were local traditions at Saint Sabbas. From there it spread to Constantinople, and thence throughout the Byzantine world. Although this Typicon has undergone further evolution, particularly at the Monastery of the Stoudion in Constantinople, it is still referred to as the Typicon of Saint Sabbas. A tradition states that this monastery will host the last Divine Liturgy on earth before the parousia of Jesus Christ, therefore the last pillar of true Christianity.

Relics
The monastery holds the relics of Saint Sabbas. The relics were seized by Latin crusaders in the 12th century and remained in Italy until Pope Paul VI returned them to the monastery in 1965 as a gesture of repentance and good will towards Orthodox Christians.

Manuscripts
Mar Saba is where Morton Smith purportedly found a copy of a letter ascribed to Clement of Alexandria containing excerpts of a so-called Secret Gospel of Mark, and was for several centuries home to the Archimedes Palimpsest.

Access
Women are only allowed to come to the main entrance, but without entering the walled compound.

The monastery is closed for visitors on Wednesdays and Fridays (the fasting days of the week).

List of abbots
There are gaps in this list. Prior to the 18th century, dates are years when the abbot (or hegumen) is known to have held office and not the start and end dates. From the 18th century on, the dates indicate the start of an abbot's term, which usually lasted two years at first, longer later on. The official list goes back to 1704, but still has gaps.

• #Sabas, 483–532

• #Melitas, 532–537

• #Gelasios, 537–546

• #George the Origenist, 547

• #Kassianos of Scythopolis, 547–548

• #Konon of Lycia, 548–568

• #Stephanos Trichinas

• #Nikomedes, 614

• #Justinus, 614

• #Thomas, 614

• #John, c. 649

• #Nikodemus, 8th century

• #Strategios

• #Basil, 797–809

• #John, 808–825

• #David, mid–9th century

• #Solomon, 864

• #Paul, 962

• #Ioannikios, 1071–1072

• #Mark, first half of the 11th century

• #Mark Makrinos

• #Arsenios, 12th century

• #Basil, 12th century

• #Basil, 12th century

• #Miletus (Meletios), 1163–1164

• #Sabas, before 1187

• #Nicholas, 1229

• #Ioannikios, 1334

• #Mark, before c. 1370

• #Stephen, 1370s

• #Pachomius, 15th century

• #Maximos Oikonomos, 1533–1534

• #Joachim the Wallachian, 1540–1547

• #Germanos

• #Isaias, 1550

• #Nathanael, 1566

• #Pachomius, 1577–1578

• #Timothy, 1581

• #Athansios

• #Christophoros, 1593

• #Daniel, 1619

• #Galaktion, 1630

• #Neophytos, 1649

• #Daniel, c. 1672

• #George of Chios, 1682

• #Nikeophoros of Cyprus, 1696

• #Gerasimos, 1704

• #Kallistos, 1705

• #Anthimos, 1707

• #Kallinikos, 1710

• #Gerasimos Oikonomos, 1714

• #Kyrillos, 1714

• #Ignatios, 1722

• #Iakobos, 1724

• #Neophytos of Smyrna, 1731

• #Parthenios of Constantinople, 1732

• #Meletios, 1733

• #Anthimos Anatolites, 1740

• #Symeon Baskopolites, 1744

• #Gennadios of Ioannina, 1745

• #Daniel Moutaniotes, 1747

• #Ananias Anatolites, 1749

• #Kyrillos of Amaseia, 1753

• #Ieremias, 1753

• #Nikephoros of Ioannina, 1754/5

• #Kyrillos, 1756

• #Amphilochios, 1757

• #Arsenios of Cyprus, 1758

• #Gabriel, 1759

• #Arsenios of Galatia, 1760

• #Raphael Anatolites, 1761/2

• #Meletios of Cyprus, 1763 (first term)

• #Arsenios, 1766

• #Silvestros Anatolites, 1767

• #Ioannikos, 1768

• #Meletios of Cyprus, 1769 (second term)

• #Gerasimos of Cyprus, 1770

• #Iakobos Boskopolites, 1772

• #Melechisedek of Cyprus, 1775

• #Seraphim Anatolites, 1777

• #Kallinikos Tseritsaniotes, 1778

• #Iakobos the Albanian, 1779

• #Parthenios of Chaldias, 1782

• #Melkisedek, 1786

• #Sophronios, 1788

• #Joachim of Cyprus, 1790

• #Dionysios Proussaeus, 1791

• #Anthimos of Philippopolis, 1792

• #Gregory of Kos, 1794

• #Michael of Cyprus, 18th century

• #Athanasios (second term)

• #Kallinikos, 1804 (first term)

• #Gabriel, 1806–1809

• #Athanasios, 1810 (third term)

• #Kallinikos, 1813 (second term)

• #Misael Petras, 1814

• #Paisios, 1817

• #Pankratios, 1818

• #Theodosios Skopianos, 1820

• #Agapios of Peloponnesos, 1832

• #Theophanes

• #Euthymios of Cyprus (first term)

• #Isaias, 1837

• #Euthymios of Cyprus, 1838 (second term)

• #Symeon, 1843 (first term)

• #Symeon, 1844 (second term)

• #Neophytos of Cyprus

• #Joasaph, 1845–1874

• #Anthimos, 1874

• #Silvestros of Leukas, 1918–1932

• #Nikolaos of Proussa, 1932–1937

• #Sabas of Elassona, 1937–1957

• #Seraphim of Kythira, 1957–2003

• #Eudokimos, 2003–

title: Mar Saba


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Elder race

An elder or progenitor race, in science fiction, fantasy, or horror fiction, is an ancient race that not only preceded but helped shape the races that followed, often playing a significant role in the basis of the story. Humanity may have been descended from them, or they may be a different fictional race, such as elves, dwarves, or aliens. While in some cases, whether they currently exist is unclear, in other instances, members of an elder race still inhabit the world, either openly or in secret. In order to hide their existence, they may make use of a wainscot society, inhabit a parallel universe, only visiting the current one occasionally, or disguise themselves as a fool, deity, magician or trickster. One such example is in Lord of Light (1967), where highly advanced humans take on the identities of Hindu deities and act as gods to the less advanced colonists.

Elder races are typically either technologically or spiritually powerful, as well as wise. While sometimes benevolent, assisting younger races, they can also often be amoral, as in H.P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos, where the Elder Gods are indifferent to humanity's "petty" concerns. They are usually presented as having drifted apart from humanity in the present of the story, sometimes as lost empires whose inhabitants either left their former home for a new one, or were destroyed by a catastrophe and only live on in legend, such as Atlantis. They may appear both as enemies, or as allies against a greater threat.

In science fiction
The trope of the elder race is used in science fiction to explore the tensions within family, as well as the relationship between colonizers and colonized. As such, the elder race is usually presented as far older and more decadent than the younger one, and who are undeserving of their status of ownership, or themselves deserve to be owned in turn.

In the film Prometheus (2012), the Engineers are depicted as humanity's progenitor race.

In the Babylon 5 TV series, the Vorlons, representatives of order, and the Shadows, Lovecraftian proponents of chaos, are elder races manipulating younger species throughout history in a surrogate war of ideals. Their presence is used in the show "to create an effective sense of the epic", while their actions later in the series subvert the expectation that they are wiser than the younger races. The struggle of humans and their partners to break free from the influence of the "First Ones" is a pivotal climax of Babylon 5.

In science
The idea of an extraterrestrial elder race has been compared to panspermia, the hypothesis that human life may have been extraterrestrial in origin.

title: Elder race


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Single displacement reaction

A single-displacement reaction, also known as single replacement reaction or exchange reaction, is an archaic concept in chemistry. It describes the stoichiometry of some chemical reactions in which one element or ligand is replaced by atom or group.

It can be represented generically as:

where either

 * and are different metals (or any element that forms cation like hydrogen) and  is an anion; or

 * and are halogens and  is a cation.

This will most often occur if is more reactive than, thus giving a more stable product. The reaction in that case is exergonic and spontaneous.

In the first case, when and  are metals,  and  are usually aqueous compounds (or very rarely in a molten state) and  is a spectator ion (i.e. remains unchanged).

In the reactivity series, the metals with the highest propensity to donate their electrons to react are listed first, followed by less reactive ones. Therefore, a metal higher on the list can displace anything below it. Here is a condensed version of the same:

 * (Hydrogen, carbon and ammonium — labeled in gray — are not metals.)
 * (Hydrogen, carbon and ammonium — labeled in gray — are not metals.)

Similarly, the halogens with the highest propensity to acquire electrons are the most reactive. The activity series for halogens is:

Due to the free state nature of and, single displacement reactions are also redox reactions, involving the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another. When and  are metals,  is always oxidized and  is always reduced. Since halogens prefer to gain electrons, is reduced (from  to ) and  is oxidized (from   to ).

Cation replacement
Here one cation replaces another:

(Element A has replaced B in compound BC to become a new compound AC and the free element B.)

Some examples are:

 * (Blue vitriol)____(Green vitriol)
 * (Blue vitriol)____(Green vitriol)

 * (Blue vitriol)___(White vitriol)
 * (Blue vitriol)___(White vitriol)

 * (Green vitriol) (White vitriol)
 * (Green vitriol) (White vitriol)

These reactions are exothermic and the rise in temperature is usually in the order of the reactivity of the different metals.

If the reactant in elemental form is not the more reactive metal, then no reaction will occur. Some examples of this would be the reverse.

 * No Reaction

Anion replacement
Here one anion replaces another:

(Element A has replaced B in the compound CB to form a new compound CA and the free element B.)

Some examples are:

Again, the less reactive halogen cannot replace the more reactive halogen:

 * no reaction

Metal-acid reaction
Metals react with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas.

However less reactive metals can not displace the hydrogen from acids. (They may react with oxidizing acids though.)

 * No reaction

Reaction between metal and water
Metals react with water to form metal oxides and hydrogen gas. The metal oxides further dissolve in water to form alkalies.

The reaction can be extremely violent with alkali metals as the hydrogen gas catches fire.

Metals like gold and silver, which are below hydrogen in the reactivity series, do not react with water.

Metal extraction
Coke or more reactive metals are used to reduce metals by carbon from their metal oxides, such as in the carbothermic reaction of zinc oxide (zincite) to produce zinc metal:

and the use of aluminium to produce manganese from manganese dioxide:

Such reactions are also used in extraction of boron, silicon, titanium and tungsten.

Thermite reaction
Using highly reactive metals as reducing agents leads to exothermic reactions that melt the metal produced. This is used for welding railway tracks.

a(Haematite)

Silver tarnish

Silver tarnishes due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, leading to formation of silver sulfide.

Extraction of halogens
Chlorine is manufactured industrially by the Deacon's process. The reaction takes place at about 400 to 450 °C in the presence of a variety of catalysts such as.

Bromine and iodine are extracted from brine by displacing with chlorine.

title: Single displacement reaction


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St. John's Lutheran Church (Northfield, Minnesota)

St. John's Lutheran Church is a Lutheran church in Northfield, Minnesota, United States.

History
Founded in 1869, the church has shared a close relationship with St. Olaf College. The famous St. Olaf Choir first started at St. John's. The church was founded by a Norwegian Lutheran minister, Bernt Julius Muus, who founded several other churches as well as St. Olaf College.

St. John's is a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

Mission
The St. John's mission statement reads:

 * "Created, renewed, and empowered by God’s grace, Saint John’s Lutheran Church is a welcoming community in Christ that celebrates in Word and Sacrament God’s gracious actions in the world, cultivates growth in faith, encourages service and witness and proclaims Christ as the hope of the world."


text:
Talk:Estoc

I think it is worth mentioning, that the estoc was mostly used as a backup for the lance. Once the lance has been shattered and another charge was in order, the estoc came to play. That's why it was so long - it had no use as a regular thrusting weapon. Once a close combat armor-piercing weapon was needed, a pick was usually used.

I really have to disagree with the author regarding the german translation. I am from Austria and I am training in a martial arts school of medieval fencing. The term "Panzerstecher" does not describe an Estoc but rather a special form of a dagger. It is called "Scheibendolch" in German and is a short dagger with a triangular oder diamond shaped thrusting bald with no cutting edge. It was the aim of most fights between fully armored opponent to topple the opponent and kill him with the dagger through the gaps and weaknesses of the armor (e.g. the slit in the visor). So the translation should be removed from the otherwise good article.

Geometry
"...nearly an equilateral triangle or square, with relatively obtuse angles (~60+ degrees)." An equilateral triangle's angles are 60 degrees, period. If they're not all 60 degrees, it's not an equilateral triangle. Also, there are three types of angle, acute- less than 90 degrees, right- exactly 90 degrees, and obtuse, any angle greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees, which isn't an angle at all. Squares or rectangles have all four angles at 90 degrees. If all four sides are the same length but the angles aren't 90 degrees, it's a rhombus or rhomboid. If opposing pairs of sides are the same lengths but the angles aren't all 90 degrees, it's a parallelogram. If one pair of sides are the same length but the other pair are different, it's a trapezoid. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bizzybody (talk • contribs) 06:13, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * It's also an unnecessarily complicated description so I've removed it and just put triangular.  Radj397 (talk) 20:17, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Estoc as a hunting sword
The estoc was widely used as a boar and bear hunting sword starting in the late 1400's, and was modified into a spear-pointed "boar spear sword" by 1500. It was enthusiastically adopted by Emperor Maximilian I, and many others. It probably saw more service on hunting parties than it ever did on the battlefield. The information from the section I added comes from "Hunting Weapons from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century", by Howard L. Blackmore, 2000, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, USA, pages 6-11. I would have added these references to the page myself, but I can't get the "references" template to do anything. If someone with the technical knowledge would be so kind, I would appreciate it..45Colt 09:11, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

Actually the quote from "Hunting Weapons from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century", by Howard L. Blackmore, 1971 (republished in 2000) is "un arma da cacia in foggia de stocho" which translates to : "a hunting weapon in the shape of an estoc" not to be taken as the estoc/tuck proper which is another term for the rapier.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stocco

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tuck vide Etymology 2

http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/florio/search/550r.html vide stocco

http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave/search/409r.html vide estoc  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.55.17.100 (talk) 00:03, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 May 2016
Please revert the first line "The French estoc or English "bestoc" was a type of European sword in use during the age of fire." back to "The French estoc or English "tuck" was a type of European sword in use from the 14th to 17th centuries."

92.211.23.61 (talk) 21:02, 18 May 2016 (UTC)

 * ✅ --A D Monroe III (talk) 22:53, 18 May 2016 (UTC)

Estoc and tuck
The french estoc d'armes is the arming sword (c.f. Randal Cotgrave, 1611) -- broad at the hilt and tapering towards the point-- and the estoc or tuck is a long thin-bladed sword (4' overall) similar to or synonymous with the rapier (c.f. Randal Cotgrave, 1611, John Florio, 1598, de Gaya, 1678, Manesson-Mallet, 1684, and P. Daniel, 1721). It appears that all references to the "estoc" as a two-handed weapon stems from the Victorian antiquarians. See the illustrations of swords (including the estoc in de Gaya's and Manesson-Mallet's treatises. Blair (1982) is merely repeating the Victorian definition. Estoc is also the french term for the thrust, and both the arming sword and the tuck/rapier are designed for thrusting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.55.30.227 (talk) 03:29, 7 December 2019 (UTC)

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/27434 https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/aa/original/LC-14_25_1049-004.jpg — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.55.17.100 (talk) 23:40, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Source of statement that hunters are holding hunting mod estocs upright
This image is in wikicommons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Triumphal_Procession_of_Maximilian_I#/media/File:Vijf_jagers_te_paard_bij_de_jacht_naar_wilde_zwijnen_Triomf_van_Keizer_Maximiliaan_I_(serietitel),_RP-P-OB-4376.jpg I am not well versed in making changes to Wikipedia, so simply offer this to those who know better than I. 2600:8804:40C:AC00:A88D:3EBC:9919:685F (talk) 17:35, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

español
fabi 123 190.74.168.226 (talk) 01:12, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Estoc


text:
Talk:Hostility towards Poles

Reasons for move to Hostility towards Poles
Clearly this article is a work in progress and much remains to be done. As anyone can see from this discussion, there is a controversy about the article title 'anti-polonism.

I have decided to move the article to Hostility towards Poles, after discussion with User:Piotrus, an esteemed Wikipedian who agrees the term anti-polonism is inappropriate.

Here is my justification.

1. Laying aside all the controversial issues about the implications of the term anti-polonism, there remains the basic fact:  The term's use in English has been extremely rare. LexisNexis shows that the word has been used only twice (!) in all prominent dailies and magazines in English in the past 10 years. Pointing to a few scattered examples of its use here and there found through Google searches does not change this basic reality.

2. As is clear from this discussion, some users would like the term anti-polonism to be more prominent. However, I think it is clear that it is not the job of Wikipedia to promote the use of new words. Instead, article titles should follow common usage and be clearly understandable, as far as possible.

3. Let's face it, the term anti-polonism has not found acceptance in the English-speaking world. One might dislike this, but it is a fact. The job of Wikipedia is to describe the world as it is, not as we would like it to be.

4. I did leave a one paragraph discussion in the article addressing the anti-polonism issue, so if someone is searching for that word, they will find it.

Wszystkie Twoje argumenty padly podczas dyskusji zemna a jednak przeniosles artykul. Tak sie nie robi.--Emax 18:59, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

There is no need to moving the article, the term "anti-polonism" is used by foreign writers like Lucas David, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland, by Polish newspapers like Gazeta Wyborcza or Rzeczpospolita etc.--Emax 19:09, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hostility towards Poles


text:
Happy Hollow Park & Zoo

Happy Hollow Park & Zoo is a small 16 acre zoo and amusement park in San Jose, California, which originally opened in 1961. It was closed in 2008 for major renovations, and opened its gates again on March 20, 2010.

Happy Hollow Park & Zoo is an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and a member of the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA).

History
Jaycees members Alden Campen and Ernie Renzel started planning the park in 1956. They bought the original 7.5 acre at the north end of today's Kelley Park for $300,000 on the city's behalf.

Features

 * Puppet theater
 * Animal hospital with indoor and outdoor quarantine, surgery and radiology
 * Education center built out of hay bales with year-round classes for ages 12-months to adult
 * Rides and structures for toddlers and children featuring slides, swings, ropes and climbing areas
 * Carousel and roller coaster

Exhibits

 * Petting zoo with an animal barn
 * "Parallel play area" for children: next to endangered lemurs
 * Fossa exhibit (a member of the mongoose family, most famous for its role in the movie Madagascar)
 * The museum is open everyday from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

Animals on exhibit
Source:

 * Black and White Ruffed Lemur
 * Capybara
 * Collared Peccary
 * Dwarf Zebu
 * Fennec Fox
 * Fossa
 * Giant Anteaters
 * Guinea Pigs
 * Jaguar
 * Meerkats
 * Navajo Churro Sheep
 * Parma Wallaby
 * Pygmy Goat
 * Red Panda
 * Red Ruffed Lemur
 * Ring Tailed Lemur
 * Squirrel Monkey
 * African Spurred Tortoise
 * American Alligator
 * Red-Eared Slider Turtle
 * Corn Snake
 * Black-necked Stilt
 * Blue and Gold Macaw
 * Cattle Egret
 * Crested Wood Partridge
 * Eclectus Parrots
 * Speckled Pigeon
 * Turkey Vulture
 * Ringed Teal Duck
 * White Faced Whistling Duck

Animals that are part of their Education Program
Source:

 * Domestic Ferret
 * Four-Toed Hedgehog
 * Prehensile-tailed Porcupine
 * Domestic Rabbit
 * Striped Skunk
 * Barbary Dove
 * Eclectus Parrot
 * Great Horned Owl
 * Ball Python
 * Box turtle
 * Desert tortoise
 * Indonesian Blue Tongued skink
 * Leopard gecko
 * Prehensile-tailed Skink
 * Kenyan Sand Boa
 * Hybrid Tiger Salamander
 * Giant Forest Scorpion
 * Red-Kneed Tarantula
 * Giant African Millipede
 * Madagascar Hissing Cockroach

Rides
Source:

Part of the Giggle Grove Area

 * Dragon Flyer
 * Kiddie Swings
 * Frog Hopper
 * The Granny Bugs
 * The Mini Putts

Other Rides

 * Keep-Around-Carousel
 * Pacific Fruit Express Family Roller Coaster
 * Danny the Dragon Ride

title: Happy Hollow Park & Zoo


text:
Bolzano Victory Monument

The Victory Monument (Monumento alla Vittoria; Siegesdenkmal) is a monument in Bolzano, northernmost Italy, erected on the personal orders of Benito Mussolini in South Tyrol, which had been annexed from Austria after World War I. The 19 metre wide Victory Gate was designed by architect Marcello Piacentini and substituted the former Austrian Kaiserjäger monument, torn down in 1926–27. Its construction in Fascist style, displaying lictorial pillars, was dedicated to the "Martyrs of World War I".

The following Latin script can be seen on the main façade:
 * Here at the border of the fatherland set down the banner. From this point on we educated the others with language, law and culture.
 * Here at the border of the fatherland set down the banner. From this point on we educated the others with language, law and culture.

The monument was inaugurated on 12 July 1928 by King Victor Emmanuel III and major representatives of the fascist government.

The inscription, referring to Roman imperial history, was seen as provocative by many within the German-speaking majority in the province of South Tyrol. On the day of the inauguration there was a counter-demonstration with 10,000 people in Innsbruck.

Since its construction, the monument has been a focal point of the tensions between the Italian and German speaking communities in Bolzano and in the whole region; after various attempts to blow it up carried out by South Tyrolean separatist groups in the late 1970s, it has been fenced off to protect it from further defacement.

Only in 2014, by a joint decision taken by the Italian Ministry of Culture, the South Tyrolean Provincial Government and the Municipality of Bolzano, the Monument has been reopened to the public along with a permanent exhibition (under the title "BZ '18–'45: one monument, one city, two dictatorships") focussing on the history of the monument, within the context of Fascism and the Nazi occupation.

In 2016, the exhibition was granted a special commendation by the Judging Panel of the European Museum of the Year Award which pointed out that "the exhibition reintegrates a controversial monument, which has long served as the focal point of battles over politics, culture, and regional identity. The project is a highly courageous and professional initiative to promote humanism, tolerance and democracy."

Similarly to the Victory Monument, in 2017 also the former Casa del Fascio and its monumental fascist bas-relief have been recontextualized on behalf of the Provincial Administration by adding an illuminated inscription quoting Hannah Arendt. Both initiatives combined a historical approach with a touch of irony, aiming to turning difficult heritages into democratic resources.

title: Bolzano Victory Monument


text:
User talk:MKleid

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! 68.81.231.127 18:29, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

DYK
Off to a nice start :) 68.81.231.127 18:29, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

March 2009
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title: User talk:MKleid


text: Category:Miniatures games

title: Category:Miniatures games


text:
User:AndrewNeo

Yep, I'm AndrewNeo.

title: User:AndrewNeo


text:
Agaricus xanthodermus

Agaricus xanthodermus, commonly known as the yellow-staining agaricus, yellow-staining mushroom or yellow-stainer, is a mushroom of the genus Agaricus, which displays a strong yellow colouration at the base of the stem when cut. It has a phenolic smell. It is poisonous for most people, causing gastrointestinal upset, but can be eaten by some without apparent negative effect.

Taxonomy
This species was first officially defined under the name Agaricus xanthodermus in 1876 by Léon Gaston Genevier, in a letter published in the bulletin of the French Botanical Society. Genevier described the Agaricus mushrooms commonly eaten (perhaps sometimes inadvisedly) in the region of Nantes, and attempted to clarify the distinctions between them. He proposed a detailed reclassification into 5 species, including this new one. Apparently up until that time, these yellow-staining mushrooms were considered to be just varieties of other species which are edible: A. arvensis, A. edulis, and A. silvicola.

The epithet xanthodermus is derived from the Ancient Greek words for "yellow" and "skin", which were then given a Latin adjective ending. This is the official name, but the form Agaricus xanthoderma is also often seen. In the latter name, -derma "skin" is a neuter noun which does not have to agree in gender with Agaricus, and so this form is legal according to the rules of botanical nomenclature.

Description
The cap ranges from 5 – in diameter. It is initially convex, with some young specimens having a squarish shape, though flattening with age. It is whitish, with light brown tints towards the centre. The cap is dry and smooth, but can be scaly when old. The gills of this mushroom progress from pale-pink to a chocolate color. Its white stipe measures 5-12 cm tall and 1–3 wide, and is bulbous with a skirt-like ring. Microscopically, the cheilocystidia are club-shaped. The spores are brown, elliptical, and smooth, measuring 6–7 × 3–4 μm.

The main identifying feature is an immediate bright yellow colouration on cutting through the base of the stem, or scraping the flesh; later, the affected area fades to a dull brown. Numerous edible Agaricus species, such as A. augustus, A. arvensis and A. silvicola, turn yellow to a greater or lesser extent, but they do not display such an intense reaction.

Agaricus xanthodermus has an unpleasant characteristic smell, which is phenolic, reminiscent of ink or carbolic soap. The smell is especially strong at the base of the stem. On cooking, the smell becomes very noticeable, and this may deter people from eating it inadvertently.

Distribution and habitat
This mushroom is very common and widely distributed in North America, Europe, West Asia including eastern Anatolia and Iran, North Africa, and southern Africa. It has been introduced into Australia. It occurs in woods, lawns, gardens and hedgerows in autumn. This is a saprobic species.

Toxicity
Although it appears that some people can eat this mushroom without ill effects,  it contains toxins which can cause serious gastric problems. It is indigestible and gives rise to symptoms of sweating, flushing, and severe stomach cramps.

Of those who gather Agaricus-style mushrooms, about 50% of the cases of poisoning are from this species.

Related species
Agaricus xanthodermus belongs to a group of related species (the "Xanthodermati") which likewise discolour bright yellow and have a phenolic smell. They include A. praeclaresquamosus (formerly A. placomyces) which has dark grey scales, A. moelleri, and A. pilatianus, which does not have a bulbous stem.

Agaricus californicus is also similar in appearance.

title: Agaricus xanthodermus


text:
Talk:Electric Dreams (film)

Untitled
More could probably be said about the relationship between the movie and its soundtrack.

Watching the film, one gets the sense that it was envisioned as a two-hour MTV segment. Events in the story flow around the music performances, which are presented in (almost) their entirety, backed in several cases by MTV-video-style montage. I suspect the movie was produced specifically for the nascent MTV generation, in a bid to replicate the synergistic relationship that emerged between Saturday Night Fever and its soundtrack. (As far as I know, neither Electric Dreams nor its soundtrack were a major success.)

I have no sources for this, however. Perhaps someone more familiar with the history of the movie industry could comment? (This information may also belong at Film or History of cinema—I don't think Electric Dreams was the only film to apply this strategy.)

Simon 18:37, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Also, I know there was an actual music video made at some point featuring Miles and Edgar, the computer (though not based on the plot from the movie, nor to my recollection incorporating any scenes from it). I saw this on MuchMusic many years ago, but can neither remember the song nor the artist associated with it. (Perhaps Culture Club or Jeff Lynne? The video did appear to be set in England.)

Does anyone else remember this?

Simon 18:52, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I do. It was Jeff Lynne. It was the music video for "Video", his first song contribution and the lead-off single for the soundtrack album.

--Sk'py Skwrrrl 21:09, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Cool, thanks!
 * Simon 00:52, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Other Electric Dreams music videos...
I'm sure everyone's aware of the "Together in Electric Dreams" music video which was cut together mostly using footage from the movie — as far as I know, it began with a TV screen embedded in sand at the beach and a trickle of waves splashing over it — but there was also a music video for "Love is Love".

The "Love is Love" music video featured Edgar ascending (and later crashing) through various stages of fame as a pop star whose career began with the "Electric Dreams" movie. It had its own storyline and there was very little footage (if any) from the movie. The face of Boy George appears on Edgar's screen at the end.

I have no idea where it sits in the timeline of the movie and its spinoffs. It may have been released first, since it depicts Edgar and his date watching "Electric Dreams" on opening night at the cinema, where the colourful flickering "ELECTRIC DREAMS" title text appears superimposed over other footage not shown in the movie. I presume it was promotional for the movie and its soundtrack...

— Algofoogle 06:35, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

DVD Release? Are you sure?
The main Electric Dreams article suggests that the movie has been released on DVD. I'm not sure this is true. I've had a bit of a search and though there are references to it, these appear to be pre-empting a release that hasn't yet been confirmed. Does anyone have any further information to back this up (or disprove it)? I know there are lot of people trying to find a DVD release of Electric Dreams.

— Algofoogle 06:44, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, pre-order only. Madmaxmarchhare 20:23, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * There are a few homemade DVD copies floating around the internet but it has not officially been released on DVD yet.

— NesSimepolys1234 11:41, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * there was also a video release, so that is probably where the references came from. There is now a dvd that has been released. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.111.18.206 (talk) 10:08, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Trivia Section
I put the trivia section back in because the information was not truly "integrated" into the plot section of the article. It's ok not to have a "trivia" section, but a lot of this stuff doesn't really go in the "plot" section, either. Maybe it's a good idea to have a section that's called something else that discusses the impact of the movie (somehow) that integrates the trivia section. Madmaxmarchhare 17:02, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Proposed Remake
Why doesn't the article mention anything about Virginia Madsen's recently created production company, in which one of the projects in development is a remake of this film? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.24.219.84 (talk) 14:54, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Trivia edit
I've removed two technologies listed in the trivia section about the computer possessing technologies that weren't in use in PCs of that time (sound cards and microphones). Among others in the early 1980's, the Apple Macintosh and Atari ST series supported both technologies. I added one technology that wasn't listed -3-D rendering, as that's what Miles is essentially doing with his brick. 97.82.247.200 01:31, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Um... OK... as an old ST user... let's see. It doesn't support microphones natively, and doesn't really have what you'd call a good quality "sound card"* - there's a reason that the signature sound of ST music is cleverly arranged squarewave chiptunes. If you want anything better than that, or scratchy CPU-hogging (a Pacman clone was the best game I saw using a sampled soundtrack) 4-channel soundtracker efforts, you have to plug in an expensive sampler dongle** to the ROM cartridge port - which you could also have done with a great many contemporary and predecessor machines, even the Commodore and Sinclair models. What it WAS good at, along with the much more expensive Mac, was MIDI sequencing and control, apparently still having more stable timings than some PC solutions... look for it in some late 80s/early 90s music videos and live performances.
 * And similarly, they also managed rudimentary 3D rendering - the ST itself was fairly good at it (even to the extent of later apps/games showing some very basic polygon texturing and shading) and I lost many hours to both 3D first- and third-person games, and 3D renderers/art packages. The Mac, I can't really speak for, but it's core technology was quite similar to the Atari, at least once they caught onto the idea of using a colour display. The one thing I know is that its soundsystem was PCM-based from the start... but it WAS a rather expensive machine (as was the IBM) compared to what the average home user, such as the movie's protagonist, would have used***. Incidentally, what I came in here to find was what kind of machine it was supposed to be/was based on, having seen the music video earlier this evening and got curious. Looks like a low profile Apple IIe or the like, maybe a two-box MSX? Very early Amiga? Erm?
 * .*(actually a cheap 3+1 channel synth chip that's beaten even by the C64 and can just about manage to cobble together 4-bit 20khz sample with a lot of CPU assistance)
 * .**(which were 8- or 12-bit, stereo if you were lucky, and usually included playback capability to the same quality - mastering your musical efforts on the computer wasn't feasible with typically 1mb RAM onboard, and hard drives being expensive rarities (a budget 20mb model was £300 in '91, and offered as a magazine competition prize; 160mb took you into four figures), it was for basic waveform editing and sequencing purposes, to either upload to a "real" sampler (that the ST would then control by MIDI) or use in a studio, recording one instrument at a time per computer onto tape)
 * .***(C64, lower-end Apple, Sinclair/Timex, BBC, Atari 400/800... ST and Amiga once they got a foothold... I was one of the first people I knew with an actual Windows-based machine when my family upgraded to one in 1994, and the leap in capability from, say, a later model Amiga wouldn't have been much for the great increase in price - the platform choice was mainly for compatibility with school machines and encyclopaedia CDROMs)

77.102.101.220 (talk) 00:54, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Electric-dreams.gif
Image:Electric-dreams.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:19, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Pinecone
Surely "Pinecone Computers" is closer to "Acorn Computers" which was a current company at the time, rather than "Apple"? ---=vyruss=- (talk) 11:50, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electric Dreams (film)


text:
Ubari

Ubari or Awbari (أوباري) is an oasis town and the capital of the Wadi al Hayaa District, in the Fezzan region of southwestern Libya. It is in the Idehan Ubari, a Libyan section of the Sahara Desert. It was the capital of the former baladiyah (district) called Awbari, in the southwest of the country.

Geography
Ubari is in the Targa valley, lying between the Messak Sattafat plateau and Idhan Ubari erg sand dunes and lakes. Native plants include wetland grasses at the natural spring fed lakes' shorelines, and the native Saharan Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera).

Ubari is located in one of the sunniest and driest areas in the world. It has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with short, very warm winters but long, extremely hot summers. Average annual rainfall is one of the lowest found on the planet with only 8 mm (0.31 in) and many decades may easily pass without seeing any rainfall at all. Ubari has permanent, unlimited sunshine and clear skies all year round and in all seasons. Clouds are extremely rare over this bone-dry land. Average high temperatures exceed 40 °C (104 °F) from June to September.

NC186 is an oil field in southwest Ubari, operated by Repsol.

Libyan civil wars
During the 2011 Libyan civil war the town was captured by the forces of the National Transitional Council on 22 September 2011.

On 19 November 2011, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi and a few associates were captured and detained about 50 kilometers west of Ubari as they were trying to flee to neighbouring Niger.

title: Ubari


text:
User talk:Dsibilly

Looked at your username and realized I know you (MatchCounts, family members who play poker). So hi!

Sara S, aka Gruepig 18:49, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dsibilly


text:
User:Sendai2ci

IIci is
...Macintosh IIci

sendai is
...the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.

title: User:Sendai2ci


text:
Ana Voog

Ana Clara Voog (born 18 April 1966) is a musician, visual artist, performance artist and writer from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Voog is the former front woman of The Blue Up?, a pop rock band from the Minneapolis area. On 22 August 1997 Voog began anacam, one of the first webcams (inspired by JenniCam) that lifecasted, i.e., broadcast twenty-four hours a day live from a home. In her own words anacam was "the internet's 1st 24/7 art+life cam!"

Early life
Voog was born under a different name to a Lutheran minister father. She later changed her name to Ana Clara Voog. Voog attended high school in Stillwater, Minnesota.

Musical career
Before her fame as a 1990s pop culture phenomenon, a musical-visual-word artist, and one of the first internet media artists, she had local success as the frontwoman of the Minneapolis experimental pop band The Blue Up? the first all-female rock band from Minnesota. She released an EP called Now and a single called "We are the Garden". In 1995 she released a record on Columbia Records. Ms Voog was signed by David Kahne, who has produced records for famous household names like Paul McCartney or The Bangles. Before that the band was under contract with Midnight Music Records (a fairly big independent record company at the time in the 1980s). Her first full length record, Introducing Sorrow, a concept record, was never released because the owner, Nick Ralph, disappeared mysteriously. It is still waiting to be released.

After the group disbanded in 1996, she signed onto Radioactive/Wasteland Records (MCA) with support from Prince and the Revolution drummer Bobby Z who then became her manager. Recordings at Paisley Park followed in collaboration with musicians David Sylvian and Ingrid Chavez on the track 'I was waving at you'. David Sylvian on his contribution:

"The collaboration was primarily between Ingrid and Ana. They created a spoken word piece and were in something of a rush for a complementary backing track due to an urgent completion date. Budget problems I believe. Ana asked if I could come up with something. I did. More sound collage than composition if I remember correctly. The album was shelved for a couple of years but I understand it’s now due to be released. We haven’t heard the final results but wish her well with the project."

In 1995 her record was released on Columbia Records. Voog was signed by Grammy award winner David Kahne, who has produced records for famous household names like Paul McCartney or The Bangles. After Voog left Columbia she recorded anavoog.com.

Due to the inherent misogyny she found in the industry Voog left the business and went on to do anacam.

The name of the record “Cake and Eat It” was the muse to Courtney love's famous line.

On YouTube there is a video featuring John Peel announcing Come Alive by The Blue Up? John Peelś Blue Up?.

The anacam years
On 22 August 1997, Voog began a webcam project named anacam. Besides a view into Voog's personal life, anacam also incorporated performance art and visual experimentation. Daily activities such as cooking dinner, vacuuming, and hosting visitors fill out the non-interactive periods on anacam. Other activities on the webcam range from chatting with cam-watchers, playing music, and ornate performance pieces involving household items.

While sex and nudity played only a small part in what could be seen on cam, Voog gained considerable attention, and criticism, for the portrayal of nudity and sexual activity on her live webcam.

Voog distinguished the racier elements of her project from pornography, stating that the "site isn't about sex, but sexuality and SENSUALITY..." In contrast with one-time collaborator Isabellacam, which was self-described as "a completely original take on female produced erotic content", Voog views sexuality on anacam as a part of her life, as she describes in the rest of the quotation: "...is a PART of this site because that is part of my life."

From the beginning of anacam, Voog accompanied the webcam with a blog in a section of her site, analog and in her LiveJournal, started in 2000. Voog transcribed her earlier, hand-written journals to her online blog. She expresses herself in many forms of writing. Voog also produced many varieties of art, including video, paintings, drawings, and photographs. Since 1998 the most prolific part of her work was done in so-called "anagrams".

On anacam.com a whole section of the site called anapix was dedicated to pictures created by users using Voogs work. In May 2002, Voog began to freeform crochet hats. Each is unique, and she sells them via her website.

On Voog's online work, Jorn Barger, who is credited with coining the word weblog, states:
 * She was trying to live her life 100 per cent openly, which I thought was a righteous ideal. I wanted to emulate it in my own way by logging everything I found interesting, whether art or politics or silliness or even occasionally good porn.

A number of newspapers and magazines have written about Voog and anacam, including Newsweek, USA Today, Playboy, and Yahoo! Internet Life.

Television appearances include Hard Copy, Vibe, A&E, Net Cafe, and E!. She also appeared on an episode of the early "video blog" by Jennifer Ringley of Jennicam.

Voog conducted an Interview with Tori Amos on Nov 20th 1999. On her site she documented the encounter and wrote: "'november 18th, 1999 at 7pm was the unveiling of tori amos' new official website, www.toriamos.com! to go along with the grand opening, they showed the premiere of a conversation i had with tori amos in NYC on october 20th, 1999that u could see and hear on streaming vid. it's was 1/2 an hour long ( edited down from an hour ) and i think it turned out very well! if you want to know how on earth i got to be so lucky, go read my tori stories below! :) yay :)'"

Voog has repeatedly tried to rectify the idea her appearance on webcam and other public ventures were and are expressed via a 'persona.' "i do not like to censor. i do not have a public persona. what you see is what you get." This has proven to be near impossible (Example ).

In August 2009, Voog turned off her webcam on the 12th anniversary of the site. In total, anacam broadcast live, 24/7, for twelve years.

A number of public archives of Voog's work have fallen into serious disrepair, although a representative selection has been published in J.D. Casten's book on Voog, Dreaming on Stage. Since Voog lost her original "anacam.com" domain to a Cybersquatter some years after the end of her lifecast her original content (in a state of disrepair due to no longer functioning Hard links) was moved in Mid 2019 to anavoog.com and is generally usable again (though without live picture updates). Repairs are ongoing.

Since the end of anacam Voog has continued tho be active on social media and as a video artist, while raising her children. In 2019 she learned to be a hypnotist, but as of end of 2020 had, due to the pandemic, had no possibility yet to work in that field.

Video work
Most of her work with video can be seen on her Vimeo account or her Instagram account.

Photography and other visual artwork
During her whole career Voog painted, did artistic photography and artwork often based on photography or pictures from anacam. Parts of this work can be seen on her website. Art installations by Voog have been hosted by the New York City Museum of Modern Art, and in the Walker Art Center and the Weisman Art Museum. She also sells her visual artwork.

Writing
Voog published and still publishes poetry and stream-of-consciousness work, along with other writings. She is an avid writer of "anagrams, collections of text, links, art, music, the extraordinary and the mundane," a kind of blog that often takes the possibilities of the form to the limit.

Personal life
On 30 July 2007, she had her first child, which was conceived and birthed on cam.

In 2020 she became a hypnotist and as of 2021 is an astrologer.

She states that in Human Design her profile is 2/45, the hermit heretic. She is also a quad right RAX Cross of Laws. In the Myers-Briggs test she is an INFJ. Her birth information is April 18, 1966, at 11:56 am, in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Voog, despite her fame among some users of the internet, discusses in her work that she is an introvert who had to overcome adversity all her life (she talks about that in her anagrams and analogs).

Awards
In 1999 Voog received 2 Minnesota Music Awards for Best Electronic Music and Best Electronic Recording (anavoog.com).

In 2000 she received 2 South by Southwest awards for Best Webcam and the Peoples Choice Award.

Recordings by The Blue Up?

 * "We are the Garden" b/w "It's My Life" (first single, 1986: vinyl)
 * Now (EP 1987: vinyl; German version, 1988)
 * "Everything Is" (on Kaleidoscope – Exploding Underground Compilation, 1988: vinyl)
 * "Were You a Friend?" (on Let's Talk About Boys – German compilation 1988: vinyl)
 * Introducing Sorrow (1989; was to be released by Midnight Music London, but they went bankrupt. Was then released in mp3 format in ana2.com, May 1999)
 * Cake and Eat It (1992: CD and cassette)
 * "Pink Turns to Blue" (on Du Huskers – Hüsker Dü tribute album, 1993: vinyl, CD, and cassette)
 * "Breathe You Out" (1995: CD single)
 * "Breathe You Out" (on Soundbites – compilation, 1995: cassette)
 * Spool Forka Dish (1995: promo cassette)
 * Spool Forka Dish (1995), mixed by Grammy award winner Michael Brauer
 * "Frovarp" (on Minnesota Modern Rock – compilation, 1995)

Solo recordings

 * Mother Anorexia (demo) (on Radioactive – compilation, 1996)
 * Telepathic You & Please God (on Radioactive – compilation, 1997)
 * Please God (1997: promo CD)
 * Anavoog.com (promo CD)
 * Four remixes
 * AnaVoog.com (1998) (on Hollywood Remixes, 1998: vinyl)

title: Ana Voog


text: User talk:81.48.147.156

title: User talk:81.48.147.156


text:
Ghat, Libya

Ghat (غات) is the capital of the Ghat District in the Fezzan region of southwestern Libya, located just east of the Algerian border.

History
In historical times, Ghat was an important terminal point on a trans-Saharan trade route and a major administrative center in the Fezzan. It was a stronghold for the Kel Ajjer Tuareg federation whose territory covered most of south-western Libya—including Ubari, Sabha and Ghadames, plus south-eastern Algeria (Djanet and Illizi).

From the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD, the Fezzan was home to the Garamantian Empire, a city state which operated the Trans-Saharan trade routes between the Carthaginians—and later the Roman Empire—and the Sahelian states of West and Central Africa. During the 13th and 14th century, portions of the Fezzan were part of the Kanem Empire, while the Ottoman rulers of North Africa asserted their control over the region in the 17th century. Ghat and its inhabitants were described in great detail by the English traveller James Richardson in his journeys across the Libyan Sahara of 1845–1846.

Beginning in 1911, Ghat and the Fezzan were occupied by Italy. Berber and Arab adherents to a militant Sufi religious order, the Sanusiya, resisted early Italian attempts at conquest, and Italy's control of the region was precarious until at least 1923, with the rise of the Italian Fascist regime. To defend their positions, the Italians built the Fortress of Ghat that dominates the city from the hill of Koukemen. This fort is still standing, and is a tourist attraction of the city. During the Second World War, Ghat was occupied by France from 1943. On 21 November 1949, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before 1 January 1952. Fezzan Province was then absorbed within the borders of the Kingdom of Libya.

Climate
Ghat has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) typical of the Fezzan, a Libyan region lying in the heart of the Sahara Desert. Averages high temperatures exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during summer for 3 months (June, July, August) and averages high temperatures remain above 20 °C (68 °F) during the coldest month of the year. Winter days are very warm, sunny and dry. Annual precipitation averages only 8 mm (0.32 in) making the location one of the driest places on Earth. The sky is always clear and bright throughout the year. Nevertheless, in June 2019 there were heavy downpours which caused great damage to the town. Thousands of residents were stranded and few were reported dead or missing.

Present day
In the 2000s Ghat, as a garrison town, was the site of shootouts between Libyan security forces and al-Qaeda-linked fighters. The Fezzan campaign and border proximity were the regional components that included Ghat in the Libyan Civil War. On September 25, 2011, fighting moved onto Ghat where the last remnants of pro-Gaddafi loyalists in Fezzan were claimed to be stationed. NTC forces moved in, and took control of Ghat airport, located north of the city. By the next day, the NTC had control of the city itself and Tinkarine border crossing with Algeria. As of 2015, the city is controlled by independent Tuareg forces.

Tourism
Ghat is an important tourist destination due to the existence of prehistoric rock paintings and engravings in the neighboring Tadrart Acacus and Tassili N'Ajjer mountains, in addition to the beauty of the surrounding desert landscapes. A major tourist attraction in the town itself is the Fortress of Ghat on Koukemen hill.

Ghat Airport is the local airport in Ghat.

title: Ghat, Libya


text:
Geraneia

Geraneia Mountains or Yerania Ori (Γεράνεια Όρη) are a mountain range in Corinthia and West Attica, Greece. Its highest point is the peak Makryplagi (Μακρυπλάγι), elevation 1,351 m. It covers the northern part of the isthmus between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf. It spans 5–10 km from north to south and 30 km from east to west.

The geography of Geraneia includes forests in the south, the west and the northern part at an elevation of under 900 to 1,000 m. Barren land is in the central part. The grasslands and some bushes lies to the northwest. Farmlands and some barren land lies to the south.

The name of the mountain dates back to ancient times. During the Peloponnesian War, the Corinthians and their allies occupied the heights of Geraneia and marched to Megara with a large force.

The wolf pack of Geraneia Mountains is the southernmost in Greece, possibly in Europe, too.

Nearest places

 * Agioi Theodoroi, south
 * Megara, east
 * Kineta, southeast
 * Loutraki, southwest

title: Geraneia


text:
Talk:Silver chloride

Electrode should be mentioned
Hi,

I am not really used to Wiki, but i want mention, that AgCl is also really important for reference electrodes. I thik it must be mentioned !!! And thus also the conductivety could be interesting.

electrodes
apparently a silver chloride gel is used for bioelectric electrodes. presumably because silver doesn't create a galvanic cell with skin electrolytes? - Omegatron 01:49, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

resource for analysts/chemists
I'd like to see some discussion of getting silver chloride into soluble, analyzable forms. When I was investigating and developing flame atomic absorption methods, the not-well-known knowledge that AgCl dissolves rather readily in concentrated HCl would have saved me a bunch of time. As it was I went to sites on jewelsmithery to learn this and confirmed it analytically. If wikipedia had had it, it would have been a lot nicer. Let's make this a true resource for chemists and analysts! Thanks, Nick Lockard 21:36, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Uhoh, I also thought AgCl does not dissolve in concentrated HCl.

And as so, it could not be separated from Au3+ this way.

Although it likely slowly falls down from the solution if HCl can evaporate out.

Added quick info about solubility in HCl and NH4OH into the infobox.

The "NH4CO3" formulae in the infobox wasn't mine (added 2009-05-19), thus I don't know what it may mean - carbonate or bicarbonate; someone who knows should correct it.

Alexander Ilyin 10:52, 26 June 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cantregistermynick (talk • contribs)

Infobox
I'm moving the old infobox here as I am replacing it with a new chembox.

Ben 21:06, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Ductility of AgCl
From the book "Understanding Batteries" by R.M. Dell, published by the Royal Society of Chemistry: "[Silver chloride] is an unusual inorganic material in that it can be cast and rolled like a metal..." page 87.

This sounds hard to believe; a salt being ductile. I could not find any other confirmation of silver chloride's ductility. Maybe someone with some silver chloride can confirm this interesting fact. I will continue to search for another explanation... Kevin Schostek (talk) 01:13, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Today I checked AgCl ductility and malleability on crystals. It works. Igor M Olekhnovitch (talk) 15:32, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

See also Fracture of Nonmetals and Composites, Volume 7, edited by H. Liebowitz (the chapter by R.J. Stokes on Microscopic Aspects of Fracture in Ceramics, p.226) Myhill.bob (talk) 17:53, 26 January 2015 (UTC)

Use in deodorant
Silver chloride is used in deodorants (e.g. Degree Silver Ion Technology). If anyone knows what for, please illuminate this on the article, I'm probably not the only one looking it up on Wikipedia to figure out why. Vikingurinn (talk) 14:00, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Deodorants use AgCl or other slightly soluble Ag salts to take advantage of the antimicrobial properties of Ag+. Microbial metabolism is largely responsible for body odor. 192.206.119.3 (talk) 22:54, 26 November 2012 (UTC)Superfluid.192.206.119.3 (talk) 22:54, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

Who discovered or first documented silver chloride?
This article on Photography, section "Precursor technologies" states that Georg Fabricius discovered silver chloride. The article on Fabricius contains no indication that he experimented with chemistry.

The reference given is: <ref< Georges Potonniée (1973). The history of the discovery of photography. Arno Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-405-04929-3</ref<

It would improve this article, the "Photography" article as well as the "Fabricius" article if the first discoverer and/or documentator was cited.--TGC55 (talk) 11:38, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Silver chloride


text:
Christian Homann Schweigaard

Christian Homann Schweigaard (14 October 1838 – 24 March 1899) was a Norwegian politician of the Conservative Party. He served as the 3rd prime minister for two months in 1884, a period after the impeachment of his predecessor Christian August Selmer called Schweigaard's Ministerium. Schweigaard held a number of key positions, including Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1889–1891 and 1893–1896, as well as Parliamentary Leader from 1889–1891 and 1894–1895. He was Emil Stang's indispensable partner, leading the Conservative Party's policy and organizational development in the 1880s and 1890s.

Background
Schweigaard was born in Christiania (now Oslo, Norway). He was the son of Anton Martin Schweigaard and Caroline Magnine Homan. He took his final exams in 1855 and then studied law. He studied law for a year in London and Paris becoming a lawyer in 1863.

Career
In 1864, he appeared as a lawyer before the Supreme Court of Norway. He served as a Member of Norwegian Parliament from 1886 to 1897. Schweigaard was a member of the Royal Commission on the enlargement of Christiania in 1873 and a Member of the Parliamentary Tax Commission in 1877. Schweigaard served as Minister of the Audit from 1880 until 1882, as Minister of Justice from September to October 1881. He also served as a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm from September 1882 to  August 1883. He was the Finance Minister from September 1883 to April 1884.

After Selmer's impeachment, Emil Stang was commissioned to form a new government, but the Conservative Party's parliamentary group could not spare Stang's parliamentary talent, and it was therefore Schweigaard's task to lead the April Ministry, which came to be called Schweigaard's Ministerium. The government, in which Schweigaard served as Prime Minister and as head of the Audit Department, took office on 3 April 1884. Threats of a new impeachment, a divided Conservative Party, a conflict of Swedish public opinion, and an uncertain King Oscar II eventually led to Schweigaard's resignation on 31 May, which was granted on 26 June 1884.

Schweigaard was elected as the Member of Parliament from Holmestrand 1886–1897. He was Odelsting presidential and parliamentary leader from 1889-1891 and 1894–1895. Schweigaard was elected to the Christiania City Council 1873–1880 and 1885–1894 and was Mayor of Christiania from 1879–1880 and 1885–1888. He was the Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1889–1891 and 1893–1896.

Personal life
Schweigaard was married in 1867 to Thea Meyer (1846-1922). He was appointed Knight of the 1st Class Order of St. Olav in 1880 and commander of the 1st class 1890, he was commander of the Swedish Nordstjärneorden. Schweigaard died during 1899 and was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund in Oslo.

title: Christian Homann Schweigaard


text:
Parnes

Parnes may refer to:

 * People
 * Anthony Parnes, English businessman
 * Joseph Parnes, American money manager
 * Larry Parnes, English music manager
 * Laura Parnes, American video artist
 * Sid Parnes, American professor

 * Places
 * Parnes, Oise, France
 * Parnitha, a mountain range in Greece

title: Parnes


text:
Zipping (computer science)

In computer science, zipping is a function which maps a tuple of sequences into a sequence of tuples. This name zip derives from the action of a zipper in that it interleaves two formerly disjoint sequences. The inverse function is unzip.

Example
Given the three words cat, fish and be where |cat| is 3, |fish| is 4 and |be| is 2. Let $$\ell$$ denote the length of the longest word which is fish; $$\ell = 4$$. The zip of cat, fish, be is then 4 tuples of elements:

 * $$ (c,f,b)(a,i,e)(t,s,\#)(\#,h,\#)$$

where # is a symbol not in the original alphabet. In Haskell this truncates to the shortest sequence $$\underline{\ell}$$, where $$\underline{\ell} = 2$$:

Definition
Let Σ be an alphabet, # a symbol not in Σ.

Let x1x2... xundefined, y1y2... yundefined, z1z2... zundefined, ... be n words (i.e. finite sequences) of elements of Σ. Let $$\ell$$ denote the length of the longest word, i.e. the maximum of |x|, |y|, |z|, ... .

The zip of these words is a finite sequence of n-tuples of elements of $(Σ ∪ {#})$, i.e. an element of $$((\Sigma\cup\{\# \})^n)^*$$:

 * $$ (x_1,y_1,\ldots)(x_2,y_2,\ldots)\ldots(x_\ell,y_\ell,\ldots)$$,

where for any index $i > |w|$, the wi is #.

The zip of x, y, z, ... is denoted zip(x, y, z, ...) or x ⋆ y ⋆ z ⋆ ...

The inverse to zip is sometimes denoted unzip.

A variation of the zip operation is defined by:

 * $$ (x_1,y_1,\ldots)(x_2,y_2,\ldots)\ldots(x_{\underline{\ell}},y_{\underline{\ell}},\ldots)$$

where $$\underline{\ell}$$ is the minimum length of the input words. It avoids the use of an adjoined element $$\#$$, but destroys information about elements of the input sequences beyond $$\underline{\ell}$$.

In programming languages
Zip functions are often available in programming languages, often referred to as zip. In Lisp-dialects one can simply map the desired function over the desired lists, map is variadic in Lisp so it can take an arbitrary number of lists as argument. An example from Clojure:

In Common Lisp:

Languages such as Python provide a zip function. zip in conjunction with the * operator unzips a list:

Haskell has a method of zipping sequences but requires a specific function for each arity (zip for two sequences, zip3 for three etc.), similarly the functions unzip and unzip3 are available for unzipping:

Language comparison
List of languages by support of zip:

title: Zipping (computer science)