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Zeta Beta Tau

Zeta Beta Tau (ΖΒΤ) is a Greek-letter social fraternity based in North America. It was founded on December 29, 1898. Originally a Zionist youth society, its purpose changed from the Zionism of the fraternity's early years when, in 1954, the fraternity became non-sectarian and open to non-Jewish members, changing its membership policy to include "All Men of Good Character" regardless of religious or ethnic background, while still being recognized as the first Jewish Fraternity.

Founding
The Zeta Beta Tau fraternity was led until his death by Richard J. H. Gottheil, a professor of languages at Columbia University and a Zionist. On December 29, 1898, he formed a Zionist youth society with a group of students from several New York City universities. Fifteen young men — among them Herman Abramowitz, Aaron Levy, Bernhard Bloch, David Liknaitz, Isidore Delson, Louis S Posner, Aaron Drucker, Bernhard Saxe, Bernard Ehrenreich, Herman Sheffield, Menachem Eichler, David Swick, Aaron Eiseman, Maurice Zellermayer, and David Levine — gathered at the Jewish Theological Seminary on that date to found the organization.

The society was called Z.B.T., which referred to the first letters in the transliteration of the Hebrew phrase צִיּוֹ בְּמִשְׁפָּט תִּפָּדֶה "Zion Be-mishpat Tipadeh", which translated means "Zion shall be redeemed with justice". This is taken from Isaiah 1:27 — "Zion be-mishpat tipadeh ve-shaveha be-tzedakah" (Zion shall be redeemed with judgment, and they that return of her, with righteousness"). The word "judgment" is sometimes translated as "justice". The meaning of Z.B.T. was listed in the American Jewish Committee's annual report as early as 1900–1901.

In 1903, Z.B.T. formally became Zeta Beta Tau, and its purpose shifted away from that of a Zionist youth organization as other Zionist organizations grew in prominence. The original Hebrew meaning of Z.B.T. is not esoteric. The meaning is reported in the official written history of Zeta Beta Tau, Here's to Our Fraternity: One Hundred Years of Zeta Beta Tau, 1898–1998, by Marianne Rachel Sanua. Zeta Beta Tau expanded rapidly. By 1909, it had established 13 chapters in the Northeastern United States and a 14th at Tulane University in New Orleans. In 1913, it established its first Canadian chapter at McGill University in Montreal and, in the same year, Zeta Beta Tau was first represented at the National Inter-fraternity Conference. Five years later, it founded its first West Coast chapter at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. At the 1954 National Convention, the delegates amended Zeta Beta Tau's constitution, ritual and internal procedures both in theory and in practice to eliminate sectarianism as a qualification for membership.

Mergers
The Zeta Beta Tau has merged with four other national Jewish fraternities: Phi Alpha, Kappa Nu, Phi Sigma Delta and Phi Epsilon Pi, with chapters and colonies at over 90 campus locations. In 1959, Phi Alpha merged into Phi Sigma Delta and in 1961 Kappa Nu merged into Phi Epsilon Pi. In 1969–70, Phi Sigma Delta and Phi Epsilon Pi merged into Zeta Beta Tau. Zeta Beta Tau's official name is "A Brotherhood of Kappa Nu, Phi Alpha, Phi Epsilon Pi, Phi Sigma Delta, and Zeta Beta Tau".

Pledging abolished
Zeta Beta Tau abolished the institution of pledging in 1989 as a way to combat and eliminate hazing and replaced the pledging process with one in which new members are accepted as brothers upon receiving a bid to the fraternity. Zeta Beta Tau's decision to do away with pledging did not involve an associate membership process, however. Once a brother joins the fraternity he will receive all rights and responsibilities as the rest of the chapter and shall be eligible for any position within the chapter regardless of how long he has been a brother. This decision was made in response to the Age of Liability, in which extensive research on hazing shed light on how the culture of subservient pledging led to several deaths nationwide.

National philanthropies
Children's Miracle Network Hospitals (CMNH), which raises funds for children's hospitals in North America, was chosen as an official philanthropy of the fraternity during a Supreme Council meeting in the summer 2002. Chapters host Get on the Ball events in which people donate to CMNH to sign a large inflatable beach ball.

The Zeta Beta Tau Foundation, a non-profit corporation exclusively committed to educational and charitable purposes that assist the Brothers of Zeta Beta Tau Fraternity, is another official philanthropic partner of the Fraternity. The foundation assists the fraternity by funding scholarships and academic and leadership programs to maximize their personal development and prepare them to be leaders of society. The scholarships and academic and leadership programs funded by the Foundation enhance the overall value of membership in Zeta Beta Tau Fraternity by complementing the collegiate educational experience.

Jewish Women International has been the third official philanthropic partner of ZBT, since 2015. JWI is the leading Jewish organization working to empower women and girls by ensuring and protecting their physical safety and economic security, promoting and celebrating inter-generational leadership, and inspiring civic participation and community engagement. JWI provides chapters with prevention programming to create stronger and safer Greek communities. JWI works with students to create sexual assault and dating violence prevention programming so that they understand how to ask for consent, so that every bystander knows to intervene, so that if a friend discloses after an assault students know how to respond, how to identify an abusive relationship, and build a culture of respect. ZBT chapters raise funds for JWI's National Library Initiative, which creates libraries in domestic violence shelters nationwide - transforming basic spaces into comforting havens stocked with colorful furniture, toys, computers, and dozens of brand-new books.

Gift of Life Marrow Registry is another official partner of ZBT since 2017. It is an international bone marrow registry whose sole purpose is to find life-saving bone marrow transplants for those suffering from blood cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma. Gift of Life achieves this goal with the help of ZBT chapters from college campuses across the US that run registration drives and help find life-saving matches. Since the partnership began, ZBT brothers have added nearly 6,000 names to the donor registry, with nearly 70 matches and 11 life-saving transplants thus far.

Semi-annual brotherhood review vote
In conjunction with the 1989 abolition of pledging, ΖΒΤ National instituted the Semi-Annual Brotherhood Review Vote (SBRV). All ΖΒΤ chapters twice a year (once a semester) have a vote to see who, if anyone, should be removed from membership within a chapter. The ballots are counted by the president and an executive member of his choice. The criteria for voting during the SBRV are the Chapter Standards, which all chapters must make known to their membership. If a brother receives a simple majority of nay votes, he is expelled from the fraternity.

The Journey Brotherhood Program
Twenty years after ΖΒΤ eliminated pledging, the Supreme Council, based on feedback from undergraduates and alumni, voted to continue the development of what was initially called the Membership Development Program, which then became the Brotherhood Program. The newest version is called the Journey. The Journey implements a number of changes. The Journey adds the position of Provost, in addition to the Brotherhood Development Director (BDD). In the past, the BDD was responsible for all education in the chapter. Now, the Provost teaches members about the history, values, and traditions of the organization. The BDD oversees the Provost and still is responsible for the overall program.

Through the first six weeks of the Journey, newly initiated ΖΒΤ men learn the history of the fraternity, delve into the credo, mission statement, rituals, the skills the fraternity believes are needed to succeed in college, and how to make wise life decisions. Upon initiation, all ΖΒΤ brothers are given full rights and privileges within a few days of accepting their bids.

The Journey then continues to develop brothers for the next four years, offering education on building a better brotherhood and aiming to develop strong leadership skills. The Journey also offers a leadership track.

Local chapter or member misconduct
In 1974, the Zeta Beta Tau chapter at Monmouth University, then known as Monmouth College, was suspended by the national headquarters after the death of a student during a pledge hazing ritual.

In 1988, the ZBT chapter at the University of Wisconsin-Madison held a mock slave auction featuring blackface and racial slurs. New pledges were dressed in wigs and "sold" for their services. This incident resulted in widespread campus protests against the fraternity, which was accused of creating a hostile environment for minorities.

In February 1988, the Judicial Inquiry Office of the University of Pennsylvania charged the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity with violating seven Pennsylvania statutes and University of Pennsylvania guidelines including sexual and racial harassment during a fraternity rush event on October 1, 1987. The fraternity was accused of hiring two African American women to perform before an audience of 100-200 men during the rush event. While the two women were undressing, the crowd yelled "Where did you get them niggers?" and other racist remarks.

In June 2016, the Miami University chapter of Zeta Beta Tau was suspended until May 2018 because of hazing violations.

In December 2017, Zeta Beta Tau discontinued recognition of the greater Philadelphia chapter (Alpha Beta), composed mostly of Temple University students. This came after a member of the fraternity was found dead in his off-campus residence from an accidental drug overdose.

In February 2018, the Cornell University chapter of Zeta Beta Tau was placed on probation for two years following an investigation into multiple reports of "pig roasts" in which men competed to try to sleep with and humiliate women they considered to be overweight.

In September 2018, Syracuse University's student newspaper published a video showing Zeta Beta Tau members forcibly spitting into pledges' mouths and covering their faces with a wet mop.

Warrior Beach Retreat controversy
While in Panama City Beach, Florida, on April 17, 2015, for a spring formal, members of the fraternity's University of Florida chapter were accused of abusing disabled military veterans. The Warrior Beach Retreat provides wounded veterans a place to relax and heal. The event was allegedly disrupted by a band of fraternity brothers who were accused of disrespecting and dishonoring the veterans. According to Warrior Beach Retreat's founder, Linda Cope, the students were antagonizing veterans. She stated that some of the men made inappropriate comments to the spouses of veterans. One veteran said that he and his service dog were spat on and that beer was poured on them from the 20th floor.

The University of Florida placed the ZBT chapter on interim suspension and charged the organization with a series of offenses as part of its formal investigation into the allegations of the event in Panama City Beach. Laurence Bolotin, the executive director of Zeta Beta Tau International, issued a statement on the organization's web site that noted, in part, "While the details of their actions are still under investigation, there is no doubt that some of our members engaged in ugly and unacceptable behavior. Their actions have no place in ΖΒΤ or anywhere, and they will not be tolerated. On behalf of our entire organization, I want to apologize to veterans, both those who were in Panama City Beach and those who have felt the pain from afar, as well as to their families..." The president of the University of Florida, W. Kent Fuchs, called the actions of the fraternity members unacceptable and committed to a full investigation.

No criminal charges were filed and a University of Florida investigation resulted in the fraternity being charged with causing potential harm to others, obscenity, and public intoxication. One of the students present said they were not even aware that there was a Wounded Warrior's beach retreat. The university said that the immediate suspension of the chapter was primarily for safety reasons because of the high number of threats made to the chapter and its members after news of the incident surfaced. Zeta Beta Tau at the University of Florida has since been re-formed.

University of California, Los Angeles Controversy
In August 2018, the ZBT National Fraternity and the chapter at the University of California, Los Angeles, were sued for negligence, assault, battery, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The lawsuit also encompassed the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity as well as UCLA. The lawsuit stemmed from the continuous denial and "sweeping under the rug" of complaints regarding rape and sexual assault and failure to adhere to their policies regarding alcohol consumption and abuse.

Chapters
Zeta Beta Tau has 82 chapters and colonies in the United States and Canada. The state with the most chapters is New York. The oldest active chapter is Gamma at New York University. In 2022, the largest ΖΒΤ chapter was Lambda at The University of Texas at Austin.

title: Zeta Beta Tau


text: User talk:70.17.163.240

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.17.163.240


text:
Talk:Carmella DeCesare

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Carmella DeCesare. The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 19:59, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This graf was deleted by an unregistered user because of the discussion on VFD. I don't think it is gossip because she was arrested and put on trial for attacking a woman. That's news.
 * On September 10, 2004, she pled not guilty to assault in a Cleveland, Ohio court after a scuffle in a bar on August 21, 2004 between DeCesare and Kristen Hine, the ex-girlfriend of Cleveland Browns quarterback Jeff Garcia, who is dating DeCesare. She was acquitted of the assault charge on January 12, 2005 but found guilty of violating a restraining order.  She was setenced to do twenty-four hours of community service, given one year probation, and fined $150.  During the trial, DeCesare testified that Garcia had been cheating on her with Hine. :::: PedanticallySpeaking 15:02, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree and I've restored the paragraph to the article. MK2 19:18, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Picture
Does anybody have any opinions on the picture which is currently posted? We have two pictures which we can use Image:CarmellaDeCesare.PNG and Image:CarmellaDeCesare.jpg? Jester2001 21:41, 31 July 2005 (great boobs)

Measurements
27" hips? Doubt that's feasible...

Really, she'll be in trouble if she ever has to give birth. Some playmates have a 27" waist (Spencer Scott).

Playboy.com link should removed
the link to her playboy.com profile contains a nude photo of her. Aswell it does not ask if the person going to the site is 18+. With that said, i think that the playboy.com should be removed —The preceding unsigned comment was added by PC helper online (talk • contribs) 19:14, 28 April 2007 (UTC).

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title: Talk:Carmella DeCesare


text:
Gahn

Gahn is a Swedish family from Falun, one member of which was ennobled in 1809 with the name Gahn af Colquhoun. The family has claimed an unverified origin in a Scottish family Colquhoun, a claim which was confirmed 1781 in a letter by the Lord Lyon King of Arms, but on dubious grounds, as later research has shown. A claim that the Swedish noble family Canonhielm is a branch of this family has also been shown to lack genealogical substance.

Notable members of the family include:

 * Johan Gottlieb Gahn (1745–1818), chemist and mineralogist who discovered manganese in 1774, and after whom the mineral gahnite was named.
 * Henrik Gahn (1747–1816), physician and student of Linnaeus, who pioneered the use of vaccine against smallpox in Sweden in 1803.
 * Carl Pontus Gahn, ennobled with the name Gahn af Colquhoun (1759–1825), military officer who participated in the war in Finland in 1788–1789, the campaign in Norway in 1808 and the invasion of Norway in 1814. He became major-general in 1814 and president of the Court-Martial of Appeal in 1824.
 * Henrik Gahn (1820–1874), chemist and industrialist, who invented the first antiseptics to be used in Sweden, which he named aseptin and amykos. In 1867 he founded the company Henrik Gahns AB, sold in 1964 to Barnängen (the latter was bought and is now a brand owned by Henkel Norden AB). The brand Gahns was sold to a different company and is still used for hygiene products in Sweden and the other Nordic countries.
 * Henrik Gahn (1820–1901), industrialist and politician, member of the Burghers' Estate of the Swedish parliament 1856–1866, and of the First Chamber of the new two-chamber parliament 1874–1892.
 * Wolter Gahn (1890–1985), architect, modernist pioneer and co-author of the Swedish modernist manifesto acceptera ("accept!", intentionally with a lowercase initial, 1931). He was one of the two men behind the new Government Chancery building (Kanslihuset) in Stockholm, completed in 1936, but designed earlier and in a classical style adapted to the context of the Stockholm Old Town.

title: Gahn


text: File:Cheng Kung Senior High School logo.jpg


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Thomson, Singapore

Thomson is a relatively narrow area stretching from Novena in the Central Region of Singapore up north till Sembawang. The area is mainly located within the central catchment area where some of Singapore's reservoirs are located, including MacRitchie Reservoir, Upper Peirce Reservoir and Lower Peirce Reservoir.

Etymology
Thomson was named after its namesake road, Thomson Road. Previously known as Seletar Road, this road was subsequently renamed "Thomson Road" named after John Turnbull Thomson, a government surveyor who also helped to lay this road.

Housing
The convenient location, due as its proximity and the ease of access to the Central Area, popular schools, parks and other parts of Singapore; combined with an aesthetic environment that is near forest and reservoirs tends to make property prices in the area significantly higher than other parts of Singapore. Due to this fact, a large number of condominiums can be found in Thomson as well. These include the likes of Meadows@Peirce, Thomson Grove, Lattice One, Adana@Thomson, Peirce View, Flame Tree Park and Thomson Grand. Private housing makes up the bulk of the housing in Thomson with a modicum of HDB flats and shophouses. The low rise housing in the area is notable and this stretches from MacRitchie Reservoir to the Peirce Reservoirs, consisting of neighbourhoods like the Thomson Ridge area, the Little Canada area and Venus drive, and goes up to Jalan Rebana and passing through the junction of Ang Mo Kio towards Seraya Crescent, Nemesu Avenue, Casuarina Road and Jalan Leban, arching at the Thomson Hills and Happy Park areas and culminating at the Teacher's Estate which lies along Yio Chu Kang road.

Transportation
The area also contains one of the oldest roads in Singapore, which is also one of the longest and tends to be a vital link from the northern part of Singapore to the Central Area and the Downtown Core, as well as the rest of the island. The road is split into two lengths, Thomson Road, and Upper Thomson Road.

Along Upper Thomson Road, there is also the Upper Thomson MRT station that runs along the Thomson–East Coast Line.

Recreation
There is a variety of popular food establishments, such as roti prata shops, cafes, bars, and eateries, along the main road which runs through the area.

title: Thomson, Singapore


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Casanova (2005 TV serial)

Casanova is a 2005 British television comedy drama serial, written by television scriptwriter Russell T Davies and directed by Sheree Folkson. Produced by Red Production Company for BBC Wales in association with Granada Television, the 3-episode series was first screened on digital television station BBC Three from 13 March, with a repeat on mainstream analogue network BBC One commencing 4 April.

Synopsis
Telling the story of the life of 18th century Italian adventurer Giacomo Casanova, based on his own twelve-volume memoirs, the one-hour episodes star Peter O'Toole as the older Casanova looking back on his life and David Tennant as the younger version. Rose Byrne, Rupert Penry-Jones, Matt Lucas, Shaun Parkes, Nina Sosanya and Laura Fraser are also featured.

Cast

 * David Tennant as Giacomo Casanova
 * John Sandilands as 5-year-old Giacomo Casanova
 * Zachary Fox as 11-year-old Giacomo Casanova
 * Peter O'Toole as Old Giacomo Casanova
 * Tom Burke as 20-year-old Giac Casanova
 * James Holly as 6-year-old Giac Casanova
 * Brock Everitt Elwick as 11-year-old Giac Casanova
 * Laura Fraser as Henriette
 * Rupert Penry-Jones as Grimani
 * Nina Sosanya as Bellino
 * Shaun Parkes as Rocco
 * Rose Byrne as Edith
 * Freddie Jones as Bragadin
 * Lucinda Raikes as Marta Tosello

Comedians Matt Lucas, Mark Heap, Simon Day and Matthew Holness make cameo appearances.

Production
The series was originally commissioned from Davies by Executive Producer Julie Gardner when she was working at Granada-owned London Weekend Television. However, after Gardner moved on to become Head of Drama at BBC Wales in 2003, she commissioned Davies to write the drama for the BBC instead, as part of the deal that also saw him installed as the chief writer and Executive Producer of Doctor Who (in which Tennant later played the Doctor's tenth incarnation), also being overseen by Gardner and made at BBC Wales. It was Tennant's role as Giacomo that led to Davies casting him in Doctor Who as the Tenth Doctor.

It was aired in the United States in two parts, 8 and 15 October 2006, with the full unedited British version released on DVD the following week, 17 October 2006. The programme also aired in Australia on the ABC, again edited into two parts.

Reception
The series was received warmly by critics on both sides of the Atlantic. In The New York Times, Anita Gates noted its "lively pace, a warm spirit, [and] contagious sense of fun." The Guardian agreed, saying that "It was all agreeably amoral, and the actors really looked as if they were enjoying the sex scenes, which is nice because they usually look as if they'd rather be lancing each other's boils."''

Home media
The serial was released on DVD in the UK in May 2005, and in the United States in October 2006.

title: Casanova (2005 TV serial)


text:
Lynne Marie Stewart

Lynne Marie Stewart (born December 14, 1946) is an American actress, widely known for her performance as Miss Yvonne, the Most Beautiful Woman in Puppet Land. She originated the role in the 1981 stage show The Pee-wee Herman Show, continuing it on the CBS television show Pee-wee's Playhouse, the 2010 Los Angeles stage revival, and the Broadway production which opened in November 2010 at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre.

Early life
Stewart was born in Los Angeles, California.

Career
Stewart was a member of The Groundlings in the 1970s, and met both Paul Reubens and Phil Hartman there.

Stewart played several different nurses on the television series M*A*S*H. She had a small part in the 1973 film American Graffiti as Bobbie, who drove the car of girls who pick up Curt (Richard Dreyfuss) in one scene. She appeared on an episode of the television series Night Court as Vanna Anders. She played a variety of characters, including Squiggy's two-timing girlfriend Barbara, on Laverne & Shirley. She provided Shirley's voice in the Saturday morning cartoon Mork & Mindy/Laverne & Shirley/Fonz Hour. She worked with Tracey Ullman in Tracey Ullman in the Trailer Tales for HBO and Tracey Ullman's State of the Union for Showtime. She played a nun in a season six episode of The Golden Girls.

Stewart starred in Pee-wee's Big Adventure, Big Top Pee-wee, The Running Man, Night Stand with Dick Dietrick, and Son of the Beach. She guest-starred on the Disney shows Austin and Ally and Good Luck Charlie in 2011.

She has appeared in Raising Hope, Marvin Marvin, Comedy Bang! Bang!, and in the 2011 film Bridesmaids. She has a recurring role as Charlie's mom, Bonnie Kelly, on the long-running, critically acclaimed series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia.

She appeared on a Biography profile of her best friend Cindy Williams. In 2011 at the Surflight Theatre, in New Jersey, she appeared in an all-female version of The Odd Couple, starring Cindy Williams and Jo Anne Worley.

title: Lynne Marie Stewart


text:
Data URI scheme

The data URI scheme is a uniform resource identifier (URI) scheme that provides a way to include data in-line in Web pages as if they were external resources. It is a form of file literal or here document. This technique allows normally separate elements such as images and style sheets to be fetched in a single Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request, which may be more efficient than multiple HTTP requests, and used by several browser extensions to package images as well as other multimedia content in a single HTML file for page saving. , data URIs are fully supported by all major browsers.

Syntax
The syntax of data URIs is defined in Request for Comments (RFC) 2397, published in August 1998, and follows the URI scheme syntax. A data URI consists of:

data:content/type;base64,

 * The scheme, . It is followed by a colon.
 * An optional media type. The media type part may include one or more parameters, in the format, separated by semicolons  . A common media type parameter is  , specifying the character set of the media type, where the value is from the IANA list of character set names. If one is not specified, the media type of the data URI is assumed to be.
 * An optional base64 extension, separated from the preceding part by a semicolon. When present, this indicates that the data content of the URI is binary data, encoded in ASCII format using the Base64 scheme for binary-to-text encoding. The base64 extension is distinguished from any media type parameters by virtue of not having a   component and by coming after any media type parameters. Since Base64 encoded data is approximately 33% larger than original data, it is recommended to use Base64 data URIs only if the server supports HTTP compression or embedded files are smaller than 1KB.
 * The data, separated from the preceding part by a comma . The data is a sequence of zero or more octets represented as characters. The comma is required in a data URI, even when the data part has zero length. The characters permitted within the data part include ASCII upper and lowercase letters, digits, and many ASCII punctuation and special characters. Note that this may include characters, such as colon, semicolon, and comma which are delimiters in the URI components preceding the data part. Other octets must be percent-encoded. If the data is Base64-encoded, then the data part may contain only valid Base64 characters. Note that Base64-encoded   URIs use the standard Base64 character set (with ' ' and ' ' as characters 62 and 63) rather than the so-called "URL-safe Base64" character set.

Examples of data URIs showing most of the features are:

 * data:text/vnd-example+xyz;foo=bar;base64,R0lGODdh
 * data:text/plain;charset=UTF-8;page=21,the%20data:1234,5678 (outputs: "the data:1234,5678")
 * data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAgAAZABkAAD
 * data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg width='10'...

The minimal data URI is, consisting of the scheme, no media-type, and zero-length data.

Thus, within the overall URI syntax, a data URI consists of a scheme and a path, with no authority part, query string, or fragment. The optional media type, the optional base64 indicator, and the data are all parts of the URI path.

HTML
An HTML fragment embedding a base64 encoded PNG picture of a small red dot:

In this example, the lines are broken for formatting purposes. In actual URIs, including data URIs, control characters (ASCII 0 to 31, and 127) and spaces (ASCII 32) are "excluded characters". This means that whitespace characters are not permitted in data URIs. However, in the context of HTML 4 and HTML 5, linefeeds within an element attribute value (such as the "src" above) are ignored. So the data URI above would be processed ignoring the linefeeds, giving the correct result. But note that this is an HTML feature, not a data URI feature, and in other contexts, it is not possible to rely on whitespace within the URI being ignored.

An HTML fragment embedding a utf8 encoded SVG picture of a small red dot:

In this example, the image data is encoded with utf8 and hence the image data can broken into multiple lines for easy reading. Single quote has to be used in the SVG data as double quote is used for encapsulating the image source.

A favicon can also be made with utf8 encoding and SVG data which has to appear in the 'head' section of the HTML:

CSS
A Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) rule that includes a background image:

In this example, the  line terminators are a feature of CSS, indicating continuation on the next line. These would be removed by the CSS stylesheet processor, and the data URI would be reconstituted without whitespace, making it correct, since whitespace is not allowed within the data component of a data: URI.

JavaScript
A JavaScript statement that opens an embedded subwindow, as for a footnote link:

SVG
A Scalable Vector Graphic image containing an embedded JPEG image encoded in Base64:

Malware and phishing
The data URI can be utilized to construct attack pages that attempt to obtain usernames and passwords from unsuspecting web users. It can also be used to get around cross-site scripting (XSS) restrictions, embedding the attack payload fully inside the address bar, and hosted via URL shortening services rather than needing a full website that is controlled by a third party. As a result, some browsers now block webpages from navigating to data URIs.

title: Data URI scheme


text:
Talk:Away from the Sun

Orphaned references in Away from the Sun
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Away from the Sun's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "RIAA": From Hard rock:  From 3 Doors Down discography:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 20:18, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Away from the Sun


text:
Talk:Maya script

Thompson
The biggest obstacle to decipherment was the scholar JJ. Thompson, who torpedoed all efforts to find phonetic correspondences in the script. His death in 1975 allowed researchers to pursue their ideas without fear of sacrificing their careers. Cbdorsett 15:09, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This has been very often repeated, but IMO is too much of an oversimplification. Other factors include cold war politics, and the fact that some of the early attempts at phonetic decypherment were hardly as obviously useful at the time as they the approach would prove to be over time. J. Eric S. Thompson was certainly caustic in defending his notions in his declining years, but "sacrificing their careers" seems to me too harsh; from what I'm aware of, disagreeing with Thompson seemed more likely to provoke a snarky review from him than losing a position. Or are their specific examples of the later? I liked the attitude one professor who had had a corrispondance with Thompson over some points in the codices who said something like "Wow, I feel honored to corrispond with the greatest living Mayanist. Even better, we have a disagreement -- and I know I'm right!" Cheers, -- Infrogmation 18:50, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Pulled out pending verification
(Note that the Slander and libel from User:Mark Dingemanse's comments have been herein deleted ... purposely. No one enjoys much reading such garbage.)
 * No one enjoys watching a tantrum either. Evertype 22:09, 2005 Apr 25 (UTC)

The following dubious content was added by — mark ✎ 15:50, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * A distinct "African substratum" underlies early Maya writing, and today all experts are in agreement that the Mayans inherited their ancient writing system from the Olmecs (Schele & Freidel, 1990 []; Soustelle, 1984 []; Winters, April 1997).
 * Though the Mayan writing system is often called hieroglyphics, from a vague superficial resemblance to Ancient Egyptian writing, it is altogether different.
 * Schele & Freidel, A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya, 1990
 * Soustelle, Olmecs, 1984
 * Winters, The decipherment of Olmec writing, Central States Anthropological Society, Milwaukee, April 1997

Roylee, I only tried to explain why I pulled several paragraphs out of the article. The reason is... well... what you call slander and libel. Let's just say that I perceive your editing pattern to be ; and that I'm not the only one. I tried to talk with you about this on your talk page, but you just blanked your talk page. — mark ✎ 19:45, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Dear mark:
 * 1) Just to check to make sure, upon reviewing my talk page history I found NO reference to Maya hieroglyphics. Nothing there done ever so deserved this statement made from you:
 * "The following dubious content was added by, whose editing pattern mainly consists of attempts to edit fringe theories into Wikipedia in a self-supporting way."

 * 1) In fact I don't remove Wikipedia Information as you do.
 * 2) If I were to find a statement on any  Talk Page defamatory in any way, yes, I will delete it, simply because reading it is hurtful ... and posting such filth is wrong.
 * 3) However must you realize that we humans are all emotional. When you REMOVE another's post and publicly belittle them in merits and/or work, they certainly do feel negative emotions. Tact is important if you wish to avoid angering any reader attempting at an honest contribution.
 * 4) Tact is NOT what you displayed when you wrote:
 * "...full of so-called weasel words...."
 * "...you were using a misleading edit summary. ... furthermore adding a misinformed statement...."

The obvious insinuation in your statements is that the information I am posting purposefully attempts to mislead and/or manipulate readers, but this is a most flagrant lie. I don't use "weasel words." I don't attempt to "mislead" or "misinform" readers. ALL my work is precisely referenced.

Everything which I post involves me completely. I go through great lengths to research, cite and meticulously post ALL my sources. If it happens that you don't see a reference, it's only because someone else deleted it. Please refrain from blatantly accusing me of lying ... or purposely making "false statements." Check out the Page Histories sometime, especially before blindly accusing someone of something they are obviously innocent of.

-- Good Bye, Roylee

Roylee, I posted the statement you are referring to after learning more about your edits. I think I was a bit rude, but I don't think I was wrong. I was a bit rude and impatient because, as you say, emotions do play a role in all this. I am sorry for being rude.

I dont think I was factually wrong, however, because a lot of your edits really consist of (1) adding a non-mainstream theory referenced from some dubious website, (2) adding allegations that constitute or directly border on Original Research by extensive use of weasel words (please read that article if you think that's offensive), and (3) going to other articles to add the same information, referring to the former article and citing something you added yourself there. For example, I found the exact same paragraph about Mende and shipbuilding in four different articles: Suez Canal, Mende tribe, Maritime history, and Shipbuilding. That's what I mean by "editing theories into Wikipedia in a self-supporting way".

Needless to say, I couldn't agree more with you when you say that "Tact is important if you wish to avoid angering any reader attempting at an honest contribution." I might have misjudged you, but then please don't blank on sight when honest questions are posted on your talk page.

Finally, this conversation should take place on user talk pages. Since you apparently don't want my words on your talk page, I invite you to my talk page. I will not continue this conversation here. — mark ✎ 03:11, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The statements pulled out are correct apart from the claim about an "African substratum", which is of course contrary to all accepted research (but nonetheless sometimes made by Afrocentrists, who attempt to explain the "Negroid" features of the Olmec La Venta heads by some kind of transatlantic Kushite migration.) - Mustafaa 20:53, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for looking into it. I have taken the verified statements back to the article. — mark ✎ 21:14, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I have been asked for my opinion on recent matters here. (1) There is certainly no "African" substratum in Mayan writing. (2) Suggesting that there is "fringe". (3) It doesn't matter how many references a person has, if the references are fringe bollocks the material doesn't belong in the Wikipedia. (4) Roylee's understanding of "slander and libel" appears to me to be deficient. (5) The Latin Alphabet: Circumstantial Evidence for Egyptian Origin was most certainly fringe. (6) The recent discussion on Mende and its Talk page doesn't fill me with admiration for Roylee's steadiness as a Wikipedian either, any more than the invective seen hereabove (and which I suppose I shall also receive in due course). Evertype 22:09, 2005 Apr 25 (UTC)

Influence of the Olmecs overstated?
The article currently contains
 * The Maya may seem to have inherited some elements, and likely the entire basis, of their ancient writing system from the Olmecs.

I think this is overstating the case for the particulars of writing. Yes, the Maya considered the Olmecs to be the source of much of their culture - but as far as I've been able to discern, they didn't develop writing. To the contrary, The Code of Kings (Schele and Mathews, 1998) says

 * Early kings, called /ahaw/, also began to portray themselves on stone mountains erected in the plazas at the feet of the pyramid-mountains. During the last third of the Preclassic period, the idea of writing developed as a way of describing who was shown on these monuments, as well as when and where the actions occured. This was the beginning of history for the Maya. (pp 17-18)

--moof 07:28, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Ok... so, like, what about Maya hieroglyphics?
At least 90% of the article is about the "history of Maya decipherment" or the fact that the ability to read it was lost. There are virtually no details on Maya writing other than saying "it's essentialy a logosyllabic system". There isn't even a clear image of a single logograph!

While I don't insist on a detailed exposition on the entire writing system (it's probably a wee bit too complex to be addressed in a top-level article like this) I would expect to see some basic details and perhaps a simple syllabary. After reading the article I don't even know if it's written left-to-right, up-to-down, etc. The article on Egyptian hieroglyphics is far more informative, and takes the more useful approach of explaining the writing system instead of going into a discourse on the people who deciphered it.

Unfortunately, the majority of this article's content is practically useless (could be shortened to "Madness, confusion, and academia reign supreme in the land of the Mayanists") unless one is already familiar with the people and events involved.

 * What is the "old school" and where did it come from?
 * Why was there ongoing conflict over the course of several decades?
 * Did Thompson hold back the 1950s decipherment efforts, and if so, why?
 * Why did it take so long to decipher the writing given the existence of a written syllabary? Why was it far more difficult to decipher than Egyptian hieroglyphics? Syllabic writing systems are typically unambiguous, so what's so funky about this one?
 * Is it true that literally nothing could be read before the "1970s breakthrough"?
 * What about efforts pre-Knorosov?
 * Why was "a historically-oriented approach" (whatever that is) essential, as opposed to simply trying to decipher the text using Knorosov's ideas?
 * "Although it was now clear what was on many Maya inscriptions, they still could not literally be read." Why couldn't they be read? What are the monument inscriptions actually about?

I can't answer any of these questions. I only know enough about the subject to be able to say that the decipherment history as given here is peculiarly slanted, and there are many missing details and relevant facts. 12.103.251.203 17:27, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Hm, I think you have some good points. About 2/3rds of the article at present looks like a fair start for an article "History of the decypherment of Maya hieroglyphics". The article has much room for improvement. -- Infrogmation 22:52, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I barely started a rewrite, and will contitue later. While we're at it, why not change the title? "Maya hieroglyphics" sounds illiterate. kwami 03:51, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, not very complete, but now at least it's more than a stub. I'm also planning on moving the article to "Maya script", pending feedback. "Maya writing system" and "Maya hieroglyph" would also be acceptable, though of course they aren't hieroglyphs, so the latter is iffy. kwami 08:56, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Oh, sigh. you have very good points. this is sad and also embarassing. those in academia get so caught up in academia. the reason the article focuses on people so much is because the book everyone has read is "Breaking the Maya Code" by Michael Coe. the wiki article is basically a summary of the book, but seems to leave out all the important parts about the language. it's a good story, but not necessarily relevant. a good introduction is here - http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/index.html. there are dictionaries and syllabaries on these pages, once you get used to the layout. maybe someday we'll all get the time to edit this one right. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 130.91.82.215 (talk • contribs) 15 April 2006.

 * Actually, the reason this article contained a disproportionate coverage on the decipherment process is not because of sole familiarity with popular accounts, but the result of the labours of a particular editor who was personally acquainted with a few of the scholars involved, such as Schele. This editor greatly expanded upon the topic a few months ago now, but the description of the writing system itself has indeed lagged behind. This inattention is due not so much to purposeful neglect or disdain, but rather more a matter of a smaller number of interested editors working through a larger number of related articles- remember that unlike other published works the state of a wikipedia article at any given moment is an imperfect draft, and rarely represents all that the community may wish to say on the matter. I'm sure that this particular article has been on the "to do" list for a few of us here, and it's encouraging to now see Kwami's start on working this into the shape it deserves.--cjllw | TALK  02:24, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * an article about the Maya script is also necessarily much more an article about decipherment than for most other scripts, simply because the decipherment is very recent and ongoing. You can buy primers in Egyptian hieroglyphics in museum shops, but in this case, I suppose we are very much looking at emerging knowledge. dab (ᛏ) 18:16, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * my two cents: part of the problem is that the knowledge of the language and that of the script are inexorably intertwined, and there's far from a complete understanding of either. I believe that most of the basic syllabary is established, but there's all sorts of logographic and place-indicator glyphs and who knows what else that are part of things, too. Egyptian hieroglyphs, in comparison, are a relatively small, known, and complete set. --moof 19:16, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that's an accurate characterization, moof; while I admit that I too am one of those people who have read "Breaking the Maya Code" (and some other stuff I've found on the web and elsewhere), it seems to me that the claims of 80% legibility for Maya writing is pretty significant. Maybe not as complete as what has been done for Ancient Egyptian, but it seems that a considerable chunk of the inscriptions can be read now... (by the way, I added that little diagram of reading direction, feedback welcome.) babbage 07:54, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Egypt
I'm deleting the Ancient Egyptian banner, as this article is not part of WikiProject Ancient Egypt. Evertype 08:20, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Very true.Maunus 09:00, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks like the bot enlisted to add that banner to talk pages for that project is getting a little carried away, and it was presumably mistaken. The banner's been removed now.--cjllw | TALK  09:06, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It also flagged Mesoamerican writing systems. It seems to trigger on the word Hieroglyph, I've contacted the Botmaster.Maunus 09:10, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Just a stranger in these parts, and not sure how (if I indeed can) revert. I assume the vandalism is due to this being linked to a featured article, and not some of the earlier stuff on the talk page. I wish someone would encyclopedia on things I don't know so I can read them.Stevebritgimp 17:30, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for catching and fixing the vandalism left a couple minutes before. Check the article history for older versions. That particular vandal already had two warnings so I gave them a block-- but yes, vandalism can pop up anywhere, especially in pages linked from the main page. See Vandalism for more info. Thanks again. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 17:52, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Separate Maya Decipherment article?
Perhaps we could split this article into one on decipherment, and one on the script itself? The history of the process of decipherment (and the personalities involved) could be handled in the article on decipherment, and the current article could be reshaped to describe how the writing system itself works? babbage 09:08, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think that a seperate article on the history of the script's rediscovery and progress in decipherment would be worthwhile. Eventually there'd be ample scope for quite a few more subarticles as well, given the breadth of the subtopics and the volume of research materials available. But certainly, the narrative of how Mayanists have come to know what they know is one worth recounting in wiki.

 * And thanks Babbage, BTW, for the img showing the typical reading direction- very clear!--cjllw | TALK  00:38, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Ek'Balam Hieroglyphs
As a note, there's a shot of some painted hieroglyphs (And, if anyone ever wants to fix my egregious spelling error, please feel free) that I saw when I was at Ekbalam last year. I noticed all the writing in this article is of the carved variety, so maybe this would be useful. Elijahmeeks 01:10, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that, and agree that more imgs of painted rather than inscribed glyphs would be useful. Pity that this isn't an up-close shot of the glyphs themselves, but it may have to do if there are no others.--cjllw | TALK  02:33, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I've moved the file to Commons : thumb. -sche (talk) 07:28, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Guatemala mayan languages
What is the evidence that supports that the maya script "may" have been used to write languages other than Yukatek o Ch'olan? Could you provide a source?

JP —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jppira (talk • contribs) 04:16, 17 April 2007 (UTC).
 * There are texts in Tzeltalan found at Toniná, Chontal from Itzimté and possibly Itza' in the Madrid Codex.. see:

 * page 12. ·Maunus· · ƛ · 10:00, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Bibliographic style
I found the names of authors under references printed ALL IN CAPS (example, not shouting) unusual. It's not common Anglo-American style practice, although I think it may be how it is done in some European academic styles. Does anyone mind if I decapitalize this section? -- llywrch 00:03, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Llywrch. I suppose that I would prefer that the present formatting style be left as-is, though I confess it was me who set it up here (the authors' names are in 🇦🇹, not all caps). While there is of course no universal formatting style for bibliographies and lists of references cited, the vast majority —in print, but also online— do provide some sort of visual cue for the reader, to make the keywords (ie authors' names) easier to pick out from what would otherwise be an undifferentiated mass. Often this is done by outdenting the 1st line of a ref, or sometimes bolding/underlining the keywords, or (as here and in quite a few of the sources I habitually use, including english-language ones) by capitalisation, or frequently some combination of these. The generic wikipedia reference listing style is almost alone in not providing some sort of visual aide or courtesy to the reader looking for a particular reference in a list, which IMO is a little deficient. This is particularly the case where the list is a long and wordy one, and when an individual reference can wrap over several lines.
 * The use of aut on the authors' names is intended in this way, as a reasonably simple method to achieve this effect. Possibly its aesthetic appeal may depend on particular browser & font settings (as much as personal preferences), but I think it does achieve the purpose. Perhaps if there was a straightforward, template-based method to achieve an outdent-indent layout (that could cope with word-wrapping) then that would be preferable, but the standard citation templates don't handle this. Elsewhere I have experimented with a more manual layout to achieve this effect (eg here), but it is a manual method.
 * I think that so long as it's consistently implemented within an article, there's no compelling reason to change it. Happy to consider any strong views to the contrary, and I did appreciate your asking for comment first. Cheers, --cjllw ʘ  TALK 03:00, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It is now specifically advised against to use aut inside a citation template, since it messes up the metadata (as does having a link inside them for authors instead of using authorlink). This also prevents linking the footnotes with the bibliography using sfn. Unless someone objects, I'll change this. Allens (talk | contribs) 11:21, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Knorosov's role
I've taken out (pending further discussion) the recently added passages that characterise Knorosov as playing the major role in the decipherment. This is what was added: The major role in deciphering mayan hieroglyphic writing was played by Yuri Knorosov. In 1952 he published a paper "Ancient Writing of Central America" arguing that the so-called "de Landa alphabet" contained in Bishop Diego de Landa's manuscript Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán was actually made of syllabic, rather than alphabetic symbols. He further improved his decipherment technique in his 1963 monograph "The Writing of the Maya Indians" and published translations of mayan manuscripts in his 1975 work "Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts". This characterisation is not backed up by the provided reference (this Britannica online article). That EB article actually says that he "played a major role in the decipherment" (emphasis added), quite a different thing altogether. It is not in dispute that Knorosov made highly significant contributions, or that his methodological insights in the 1950s eventually and seminally paved the way to decipherment success. I think the article already gives him credit for this, though of course more detail could be added. However, the actual (and still ongoing) process of decipherment turned out to be a much more collaborative venture, and was far from being a 'one-man show'. Proskouriakoff's insight that the texts referred to historical figures and her analyses of the corresponding glyphic ordering are likewise described as instrumental and "revolutionary", even by sources such as Coe that champion Knorosov's role. Other authors writing on the topic, like George Stuart, also make a point of crediting Proskouriakoff and others with major breakthroughs. I think that the original text, noting that the decipherment's eventual success stems from a combination of factors, is more accurate.

As an aside, the Britannica article is rather generic, and I don't think it's all that useful as a source. Numerous other readily available and more specialist sources provide better and detailed info, IMHO.--cjllw ʘ  TALK 03:01, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Then let's say "a", but the article as it stands doesn't provide any acknowledgement of Knorosov's contribution into the decipherment. As if he wrote only one "supposing" work and everything else was done by other contributors. So, please, don't remove references to his 1963 and 1975 works and reworded now reference to Britannica. And please don't remove requests of inline citations, there are too few such citations in the article.86.100.231.115 16:00, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Peer review for rongorongo
I've asked for peer review for rongorongo, and I'd appreciate the input from anyone here. Knorozov's worked on both! We've gotten rid of (most of?) the kookery, and hopefully it's now close to being a worthy article.

Thanks, kwami (talk) 09:13, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Sure kwami, will try to have a look in the next day or two. --cjllw ʘ  TALK 10:48, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Japanese Kanji?
I note a few references to "Japanese writing" and "Japanese kanji," however is this appropriate, seeing as Japanese kanji are none other than characters imported from China? In fact, without Chinese characters the Japanese wouldn't have a writing system, seeing as the meaningless syllabic kana are but over-simplified Chinese hanzi. Chinese characters themselves have different usages, meanings and pronunciations even within China, so I don't think the credit of a writing system with various pronunciations etc. should be given to that of Japanese writing. Credit where it's due: Chinese characters and their usage predates Japanese writing.KogeJoe (talk) 05:43, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

 * We're talking about the system, not the history. We don't know that the Maya invented writing either. kwami (talk) 07:46, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is the "system" which resembles modern Japanese. The use of both logographic and phonetic graphemes is salient, as is the variation in the use of okurigana. For that matter, one might also consider the use of special "left-hand mouth" characters in colloquial written Cantonese as another example of how logograms and phonetic elements are combined. Q'eqchi7 (talk) 15:30, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Too much POV history on decipherment
I find that there is in the page a theme regarding the contention between a purported old and new school of thought about decipherment; it all seems rather irreleveant - what matters is the script itself, rather than the history of how it came to be understood - certainly it merits a paragraph or so, but as it is, it's the main body of the page. It also feels very POV, the 'evil old school' vs the 'wonderful new school'.

Toby Douglass (talk) 11:04, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I'd like to add the Template:POV_section to this section, if there's no objections. I'm also noticing that the section heavily sources only one work (Coe's Breaking the Maya Code, which is listed twice in bibliography). The whole section needs NPOV cleanup. 66.158.49.49 (talk) 19:06, 19 October 2017 (UTC)

Join the club!
The list of researchers is pretty pointless. This is an article about the script, not about the club. If you are not in the text or in the bibliography, too bad for you.77.162.130.139 (talk) 23:06, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree. It claims it lists 'current leaders' in the field, yet has 2 deceased researchers. Below, it claims 'many more' researchers are apparently research leaders. There is no indication what the list is based on, and nothing in the bibliography gives a clue either. I am going to remove the list, and kindly invite editors intimate with the subject to come up with criteria for inclusion before redoing the list. Regards, Pim Rijkee (talk) 03:21, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

Let's try to be consistent about Maya/Mayan
Regarding W's Mesoamerican guidelines, "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MESO/G", let me say a bit more about using "Mayan" to talk about language and "Maya" to talk about everything else. The script we are talking about here is certainly part of Mayan language. To underscore my point, please consider these examples:

In other words, when we are talking about a script, a text, or any writing which is clearly related to some Mayan language, then we should use phrases such as "Mayan script", "Mayan text", and "Mayan writing". Of course, if the writing is not related to Mayan language per se, then phrases such as "Maya writing" or "Maya text" would be appropriate.
 * (1) We are currently uncertain about which languages and dialects the Mayan script may have been used to write; however, Yucatecan and Cholan dialects were certainly among them. If only we could go back in time and ask those Mayan writers in person!
 * (2) School teachers in Punta Gorda must sometimes teach English composition to Creole, Q'eqchi', and Mopan students in the same classroom. The Maya writers evidence error patterns significantly different from those of the Creole writers.
 * (2) School teachers in Punta Gorda must sometimes teach English composition to Creole, Q'eqchi', and Mopan students in the same classroom. The Maya writers evidence error patterns significantly different from those of the Creole writers.

Q'eqchi7 (talk) 15:47, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Technical section and confusing examples
I found the section on emblem glyphs in general to be aimed towards Mayanist researchers, given the focus on competing theories on the glyphs instead of what we now believe the glyphs to mean. Therefore, I added a Template:Technical on the section.

Also, its example and the one in History are really confusing, which I think is part of the technical writing displayed in the Emblem Glyph section. "An "emblem glyph" is a kind of royal title. It consists of a word ajaw—a Classic Maya term for "lord" of yet unclear etymology but well-attested in Colonial sources —and a place name that precedes the word ajaw and functions as an adjective. An expression "Boston lord" would be a perfect English analogy. Sometimes, the title is introduced by an adjective k’uhul ("holy, divine" or "sacred"), just as if someone wanted to say "holy Boston lord". Of course, an "emblem glyph" is not a "glyph" at all: it can be spelled with any number of syllabic or logographic signs and several alternative spellings are attested for the words k’uhul and ajaw, which form the stable core of the title. "Emblem glyph" simply reflects the time when Mayanists could not read Classic Maya inscriptions and used a term isolating specific recurrent structural components of the written narratives."

Why spread out the "Boston lord" analogy through several sentences, and then drop it without explaining how this example could be structured or written? Does it matter to my understanding of the meaning/usage of this glyph that it's a misnomer from earlier scholarship--and if not, why dedicate the last two sentences to this? How is knowing that an emblem glyph isn't really a glyph something that so many people would know that it's worthy of an "of course"?

"The difficulty was that there was no simple correspondence between the two systems, and the names of the letters of the Spanish alphabet meant nothing to Landa's Maya scribe, so Landa ended up asking the equivalent of write H: a-i-tee-cee-aitch "aitch", and glossed a part of the result as "H""

I simply cannot parse this sentence. I'm sure it makes sense to someone, but I am not one of them. Could someone instead use an actual example of something the scribe wrote, what Landa said it means, and what it really means? A garbage person (talk) 18:23, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

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Knorozov, Thompson and "Marxism"
Yuri Knorozov in the thesis argued that Maya savages had phonetic writing and the state. Thus, he refuted Engels. Nevertheless, in the USSR he immediately became a habilized doctor. And here is what Topson wrote in a letter to Michael D. Coe: "... and the witches flying on wild cats on the midnight sky on the orders of Yuri ... poor sexually hungry Tanya (Tatiana Proskouriakoff) looking for a prophet from the once holy Russia who would drive her to Chekhov's bliss...":) 1 Is it criticism of Marxism? МетаСкептик12 (talk) 15:59, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

Weasel knowledge
It is possible, but not certain, that these conflicting readings arose as the script was adapted to new languages (similar to Japanese kanji and Assyro-Babylonian and Hittite cuneiform).[weasel words]

I don't understand why this is flagged as weasel words. If there's a weasel in there, it's weasel knowledge and not weasel words.

This is the exact situation of underpowered studies everywhere: some result didn't quite clear the p=0.05 bar, but you suspect that a larger study might, if the study were to be repeated with greater statistical power. You have a degree of tantalizing positive evidence, but as yet you lack the power (archeological riches) to accord the magical scientific halo of a claimed result.

It is possible, but not certain, Limited archeological evidence hints that these conflicting readings arose as the script was adapted to new languages (similar to Japanese kanji and Assyro-Babylonian and Hittite cuneiform), but the matter is not yet decided.

I don't think that's any all that much better, stylistically, and if even this doesn't solve the problem, the weasel word annotation is basically non-falsifiable until the science advances (in which case, as I see it, the "weasel word" annotation is the only weasel wordage in evidence here).

Of course, it's always possible that the degree of lingering uncertainty is factually misrepresented here. But this would not be my first assumption in a field of study renowned for not exactly drowning in artefactual powers of reconstruction. — MaxEnt 13:25, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

 * The reason I didn't take my proposed change seriously is that it just cleverly dodges the issue with an implicit passive voice: evidence, in real life, does not walk around the lab whispering into people's ears. — MaxEnt 13:44, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

obsolete, nearly thirty year old sources on history of maya script
Coe 1992 is used to support that Mayan are the only to develop a complete writing system and that Olmec influence is overstated. Since then, there have been discoveries supporting an indepedent Olmec script (see here) and new research about Olmec scripts being the basis of Mayan script, here. I think in light of this the history section should be reworked --Tasimnal (talk) 19:50, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

Mistakenly called hieroglyphs?
'Maya writing was mistakenly called "hieroglyphics" or hieroglyphs by early European explorers of the 18th and 19th centuries who found its general appearance reminiscent of Egyptian hieroglyphs, although the two systems are unrelated.'

Who says that 'hieroglyphs' was or is supposed to mean something genetically related to Egyptian hieroglyphs? Anatolian hieroglyphs aren't genetically related to them either. There are real and obvious typological similarities between the Maya script and the Egyptian script - both in their appearance, since they resemble pictures of real-world objects, and in their real principles, since they are partly logographic; and the co-occurrence of these two features is not accidental. 'Hieroglyph' can be defined as such a script, and then there is nothing 'mistaken' with speaking of Maya hieroglyphs. Chinese characters are called hieroglyphs in many languages, too, albeit not in English. --95.42.19.211 (talk) 21:28, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

Lack of NPOV and encyclopedic tone in section on decipherment
I feel the decipherment section of the article may have some content that is not neutral and/or does not have an encyclopedic tone. The most egregious examples of this would be First, the part describing how, after the partial-decipherment of the script, the Maya were revealed to be similar to other societies. In my opinion, this part may be too poetic for Wikipedia, as well as being somewhat non-NPOV by calling the Thompson point of view "old". Also, it did not have an inline citation. Here is the quote: ''"They stood revealed as a people with a history like that of all other human societies: full of wars, dynastic struggles, shifting political alliances, complex religious and artistic systems, expressions of personal property and ownership and the like. Moreover, the new interpretation, as the exhibition demonstrated, made sense out of many works of art whose meaning had been unclear and showed how the material culture of the Maya represented a fully integrated cultural system and world-view. Gone was the old Thompson view of the Maya as peaceable astronomers without conflict or other attributes characteristic of most human societies." '' Second, The specific language used to describe the efforts of the supporters of the old view to discredit the new attempts at decipherment. Here is the full sentence: "However, three years later, in 1989, supporters who continued to resist the modern decipherment interpretation launched a final counter-assault." I feel the word "counter-assault" is too strong to be used here.

So, if the people reading this agree this is a violation of NPOV, I think it should be changed. 90.139.88.55 (talk) 16:06, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

p'
What if the b-series was p' all along? I am a Green Bee (talk) 14:08, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

New Reference
I replaced the expired link on the first reference with an academic paper I found on google scholar. Here's the MLA: Saturno, William A., David Stuart, and Boris Beltrán. "Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala." Science 311.5765 (2006): 1281-1283 Should I include any more of that info in the reference, or is it good as is for now? Etippins (talk) 19:20, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maya script


text:
Casanova (1971 TV serial)

Casanova is a British television drama serial, written by television playwright Dennis Potter. Directed by Mark Cullingham and John Glenister, the serial was made by the BBC and screened on the BBC2 network in November and December 1971. It is loosely based on Italian adventurer Giacomo Casanova's Histoire de ma vie (Story of My Life; 1780–1792). It was Dennis Potter's first television serial, having previously written single plays for the BBC's The Wednesday Play and Play for Today series. Frank Finlay starred in the title role and was nominated for the best actor award at the 1972 BAFTA ceremony. Like much of Potter's work, Casanova's scenes take place out of chronological order, during various times well before and well after the first scene in the series; sometimes an event in the episode will cause a flashback to an earlier period.

Episode one: "Steed in the Stable"
After being arrested and charged with "foul atheism" and fornication, Casanova is sentenced to five years imprisonment at "The Leads": the most notorious of Venetian gaols. Brutalised by Lorenzo the gaoler and devoid of hope under the harsh prison regime, Casanova's mind wanders back to his past loves and adventures. He finds himself haunted by the memory of Christina, a simple country girl he gave to another rather than marry her himself.

Episode two: "One at a Time"
This episode alternates mostly between Casanova's time in prison, where he receives a new cellmate in the form of Schalon, a corrupt insurance broker, and a time after his release from prison, where he seduces three daughters at a house in Grenoble.

Episode three: "Magic Moments"
Casanova is irritated by his constantly complaining cell mate Schalon and remembers how he once pretended to be a magician casting a spell to seduce the virgin daughter of an old naive man.

Episode four: "Window, Window"
This episode switches between Casanova's time in prison, and a time after his release where he sees Robert-François Damiens tortured, and tries to seduce Anne Roman-Coupier.

Episode five: "Fevers of Love"
This episode consists mostly of scenes in prison, where Casanova is recovering from an infection, and scenes that take place after his release, in London, where he is reunited with Schalon.

Episode six: "Golden Apples"
This episode flashes back and forward between Casanova finally managing to escape from his prison cell and him trying to write his memoirs in the Castle of Duchcov near the end of his life as an old, dying man.

Cast

 * Giacomo Casanova - Frank Finlay
 * Lorenzo - Norman Rossington
 * Christina - Zienia Merton
 * Barberina - Christine Noonan
 * Senator Bragadin - Geoffrey Wincott
 * Valenglart - David Swift
 * Dr Bellotti - Basil Clarke
 * Arlecchino - Tim Thomas
 * Anne Roman-Coupier - Ania Marson
 * Schalon - Patrick Newell
 * Genoveffa - Lyn Yeldham
 * Rose - Julia Cornelius
 * Manon - Brigid Erin Bates
 * Anna - Caroline Dowdeswell
 * Helena - Elaine Donnelly
 * Pantalone - Hugh Portnow
 * Circospetto - Christopher Hancock
 * Columbina - Rown Wylie
 * Nun - Gillian Brown
 * Feldkirchner - Graham Crowden
 * Dr Rasp - John Ringham
 * Father Balbi - Roger Hammond
 * Carlo - Igo Silic
 * Concertmaster - Oliver Butterworth
 * Pauline - Valerie Gearon

Production
In 1966, William R. Trask published the first of his 12 volume translation of Casanova's memoirs while Potter was working as a book reviewer for The Times newspaper. Potter had been after a subject for his first drama serial and found in Casanova a suitable figure to continue the themes of sex, memory and redemption that had influenced much of his previous work.

When writing the serial Potter decided not to read the story of Casanova's adventures, choosing instead to work from a list containing the names of Casanova's lovers and specific events from his life. Potter intended to explore the reason why Casanova was "driven" to have had so many sexual encounters. As a result, Potter's Casanova is far different from other interpretations of the character; he suffers from tristitia post-coitum (literally, the sadness after sex) and considers his reliance on women for sexual satisfaction a weakness. The serial includes a number of events that depart from established facts about Casanova.

The series resulted in a number of complaints to the BBC. Clean-up TV campaigner Mary Whitehouse, who regularly found fault with Potter's work, thought the first two episodes "boring" and believed the third used a kind of Playboy flashback photography. She commented to a journalist from The Glasgow Herald: "Of all the characters the BBC could have chosen to dramatise Casanova is the most ridiculous."

Home media
Casanova was released on DVD by BBC Worldwide in 2004, as part of The Dennis Potter Collection, a range of Potter's work released that year.

title: Casanova (1971 TV serial)


text:
Laura Esquivel

Laura Beatriz Esquivel Valdés (born September 30, 1950) is a Mexican novelist, screenwriter and politician, serving in the LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress in the Chamber of Deputies for the Morena Party from 2015 to 2018. Her first novel Como agua para chocolate (Like Water for Chocolate) became a bestseller in Mexico and the United States, and was later developed into an award-winning film.

Literary career
Esquivel studied Theatre and Dramatic Creation at the Centro de Arte Dramático A.C. (CADAC), specialising in Children's Theatre. She is qualified in Pre-School Education (1996-1968), as an Instructor of Theatre Workshops and Children's Literature (1997), Script Assessment in Tlaxcala and Oaxaca (1998 - 2002) and as an Instructor of Workshops of Writing Laboratories in Oaxaca, Michoacán and Spain (1999).

Between 1970 and 1980 she wrote the script for children's programmes for Mexican television, and in 1983, she founded the Centro de Invención Permanente, and took on its technical direction.

Esquivel's work in television motivated her to dedicate herself to writing scripts for cinema. This was when she decided to write her novel "Like Water for Chocolate", released in 1989, which came to be a great success.

In her novels, Esquivel uses magical realism to combine the ordinary and the supernatural, with narrative devices similar to those used by Cuban author Alejo Carpentier as "el real maravilloso", Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez and Chilean author Isabel Allende. Her most famous novel Como agua para chocolate (1989) is set during the Mexican Revolution of the early twentieth Century and features the importance of the kitchen and food in the life of its female protagonist, Tita. The novel is structured as a year of monthly issues of an old-style women's magazine containing recipes, home remedies, and love stories, and each chapter ("January," "February," "March," etc.) opens with the redaction of a traditional Mexican recipe followed by instructions for preparation. Each recipe recalls to the narrator a significant event in the protagonist's life.

Esquivel has stated that she believes that the kitchen is the most important part of the house and characterizes it as a source of knowledge and understanding that brings pleasure. The title Como agua para chocolate is a phrase used in Mexico to refer to someone whose emotions are about to "boil," because water for chocolate must be just at the boil when the chocolate is added and beaten. The idea for the novel came to Esquivel "while she was cooking the recipes of her mother and grandmother." Reportedly, "Esquivel used an episode from her own family to write her book. She had a great-aunt named Tita who was forbidden to wed and spent her life caring for her mother. Soon after her mother died, so did Tita."

According to Esquivel critic Elizabeth M. Willingham, despite the fact that the novel was poorly received critically in Mexico, Como agua para chocolate "created a single-author economic boom, unprecedented in Mexican literature or film of any period by any author" and "went into second and third printings in the first year of its release and reached the second place in sales in 1989" and "became Mexico’s 'bestseller' in 1990". The novel has been translated into more than 20 languages."

Like Water for Chocolate was developed into a film which premiered in 1992, concurrently with the book's English translation by Carol Christensen and Thomas Christensen. In the United States, Like Water for Chocolate became one of the largest grossing foreign films ever released. The film "dominated" Mexico's film awards and received ten Arieles and, according to Susan Karlin in Variety (1993), the fine-tuned final version of the film garnered "'nearly two dozen' international awards".

Esquivel's second novel, La ley del amor (Grijalbo 1995 Mexico), translated as The Law of Love (trans. Margaret Sayers Peden, Crown–Random, 1996), is described by literary critic Lydia H. Rodríguez as a "narrative [that] deconstructs the present to create a twenty-third century where remarkable invention and familiar elements populate a gymnastically-paced text" whose "conflicts . . . set the Law of Love (as a cosmic philosophy) in motion" Literary critic Elizabeth Coonrod Martínez cautions, "Although Esquivel merges science fiction trappings with a love story in the novel, . . . [the author] attempts a blueprint for a harmonious future that remains beyond the experience of present societies, a future anchored by a central philosophy that individual wholeness can be achieved only by participation in and on behalf of the community"

Esquivel's non-fiction compilation Between Two Fires (NY: Crown, 2000) featured essays on life, love, and food.

Esquivel's third novel, Tan veloz como el deseo (Barcelona: Plaza y Janés, 2001), translated into English as Swift as Desire (Trans. Stephen A. Lytle. NY: Crown-Random, 2001), is set in Mexico City the apartment of Lluvia, a middle-aged divorcée caring for her debilitated father, Júbilo, a former telegraph operator born with a gift for understanding what people want to say rather than what they actually say. For the first time in this novel, according to critic Willingham, "Esquivel asks the reader to consider Mexico’s historical dialogue and [its] enduring truths" in a contemporary setting in which the characters seek a meaningful and lasting reconciliation that rises above historical errors and misunderstandings.

Esquivel's fourth novel Malinche: novela (NY: Atria, 2006), translated as Malinche: A Novel (Trans. Ernesto Mestre-Reed. NY: Atria, 2006), adopts "Malinalli" as the name of the title character, also known as "Doña Marina," whose pejorative title "La Malinche" means "the woman of Malinche," the Aztecs' (Nahuatl) name for Spaniard Hernán Cortés According to critic Ryan Long, Esquivel's naming of her title character and her novel "reflects upon the diverse and unpredictable revisions that [Malinalli/La Malinche's] mythical identity has undergone continuously since the period of the Conquest. . . . seek[ing] a middle ground between Malinalli’s autonomy and Malinche’s predetermination" The novel's book jacket features an Aztec-style codex designed and executed by Jordi Castells) printed on its interior surface that is meant to represent Malinalli's diary.

Esquivel's most recent novels are A Lupita le gusta planchar (2014 SUMA, Madrid) and El diario de Tita (May 2016 Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial, Barcelona). The former has been translated into English as Pierced by the Sun (Trans. Jordi Castells. Amazon Crossing, Seattle 2016).

Personal life
Laura Beatriz Esquivel Valdés was born the third of four children to Julio César Esquivel, a telegraph operator, and Josefa Valdés, a homemaker. Her father's death in 1999 was the inspiration for Tan veloz como el deseo. Trained as a teacher, Esquivel founded a children's theater workshop and wrote and produced dramas for children. She first married actor, producer, and director Alfonso Arau, with whom she collaborated on several films. Esquivel and her present husband make their home in Mexico City.

In March 2009 Laura Esquivel ran as preliminary candidate of the Local Council in District XXVII of Mexico City for the PRD. Her candidacy was supported by the current Izquierda Unida, which combined various PRD groups. In 2012, she was elected Federal Representative (in Spanish: diputada federal) for the Morena Party. She has also served as head of the Mexico City Cultural Committee and member of the Science & Technology and Environmental Committees for the Morena Party.

title: Laura Esquivel


text:
Sylvania Electric Products

Sylvania Electric Products Inc. was an American manufacturer of diverse electrical equipment, including at various times radio transceivers, vacuum tubes, semiconductors, and mainframe computers such as MOBIDIC. They were one of the companies involved in the development of the COBOL programming language.

History
The Hygrade Sylvania Corporation was formed when NILCO, Sylvania and Hygrade Lamp Company merged into one company in 1931.

In 1939, Hygrade Sylvania started preliminary research on fluorescent technology, and later that year, demonstrated the first linear, or tubular, fluorescent lamp. It was featured at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Sylvania was also a manufacturer of both vacuum tubes and transistors. In 1942, the company changed its name to Sylvania Electric Products Inc.

During World War II, Sylvania was chosen from among several competing companies to manufacture the miniature vacuum tubes used in proximity fuze shells due to its quality standards and mass production capabilities.

In 1959, Sylvania Electronics merged with General Telephone to form General Telephone and Electronics (GTE).

Sylvania developed the earliest flash cubes for still cameras, later selling the technology to Eastman Kodak Company, and later a 10-flash unit called FlipFlash, as well as a line of household electric light bulbs, which continued during GTE's ownership, later sold off to the German manufacturer Osram, and is today marketed as Osram Sylvania.

In June 1964, Sylvania unveiled a color TV picture tube in which europium-bearing phosphor was used for a much brighter, truer red than was possible before.

Through merger and acquisitions, the company became a significant, but never dominating supplier of electrical distribution equipment, including transformers and switchgear, residential and commercial load centers and breakers, pushbuttons, indicator lights, and other hard-wired devices. All were manufactured and distributed under the brand name GTE Sylvania, with the name Challenger used for its light commercial and residential product lines. GTE Sylvania contributed to the technological advancement of electrical distribution products in the late 1970s with several interesting product features. At the time, they were the leading supplier of vacuum cast coil transformers, manufactured in their Hampton, Virginia plant. Their transformers featured aluminum primary winding and were cast using relatively inexpensive molds, allowing them to produce cast coil transformers in a variety of KVA capacities, primary and secondary voltages and physical coil sizes, including low profile coils for mining and other specialty applications. They also developed the first medium voltage 3 phase panel that could survive a dead short across two phases. Their patented design used bus bar encapsulated in a thin coating of epoxy and then bolted together across all three phases, using special non-conductive fittings.

By 1981 GTE had made the decision to exit the electrical distribution equipment market and began selling off its product lines and manufacturing facilities. The Challenger line, mostly manufactured at the time in Jackson, Mississippi, was sold to a former officer of GTE, who used the Challenger name as the name of his new company. Challenger flourished, and was eventually sold to Westinghouse, and later Eaton Corporation. By the mid-1980s, the GTE Sylvania electrical equipment product line and name was no more.

In 1993 GTE exited the lighting business to concentrate on its core telecomms operations. The European, Asian and Latin American operations are now under the ownership of Havells Sylvania. With the acquisition of the North American division by Osram GmbH in January 1993 Osram Sylvania Inc. was established.

Brand name
In the early 1980s, GTE Sylvania sold the rights to the name Sylvania and Philco for use on consumer electronics equipment only, to the Netherlands' NV Philips. This marked the end of Sylvania's TV production in Batavia, New York, USA, and Smithfield, North Carolina, USA. The Sylvania Smithfield plant later became Channel Master. The rights to the Sylvania name in many countries are held by the U.S. subsidiary of the German company Osram. The Sylvania brand name is owned worldwide, apart from Australia, Canada, Mexico, Thailand, New Zealand, Puerto Rico and the USA, by Havells Sylvania, headquartered in London.

Osram Sylvania
Osram Sylvania manufactures and markets a wide range of lighting products for homes, business, and vehicles and holds a leading share of the North American lighting market [2]. In fiscal year 2008, the company achieved sales of about 1.75 billion euros, which comprised about 38% of Osram's total sales at the time. Osram's worldwide lighting businesses employed about 9,000 people at the time. In 2016, Osram spun off the general lighting business which included the North American Osram Sylvania unit into an independent company called LEDVANCE headquartered in Garching, Germany. In 2017, LEDVANCE was merged into a consortium of Chinese investment companies and the Chinese lighting manufacturer MLS under the LEDVANCE name. The North American headquarters of LEDVANCE, previously referred to as Osram Sylvania, and located in Danvers, Massachusetts, was relocated to Wilmington, Massachusetts in 2015, a town north of Boston, MA. LEDVANCE continues to use the well known Osram and Sylvania brand names in their corresponding and representative markets throughout the world.

Advertising

 * From 1951 until 1956, Sylvania sponsored the game show Beat the Clock. The grand prizes on the show would be Sylvania television sets, and some consolation prizes would be Sylvania radios. Sylvania "Blue Dot (tm) for sure shot" flashbulbs would be used to take a photograph of the contestants in awkward outfits or messy stunts.
 * One of Sylvania's heavily advertised TV features was a lighted perimeter mask of adjustable brightness called "HALOLIGHT", which was purported to ease the optical transition if a viewer glanced from a dark background to the bright TV screen. Today Philips markets an Ambilight feature, lighting the wall behind a flat display to soften the viewing experience. HALOLIGHT could not be adapted for color TV, because color TV white balance (aka tracking from low to high brightness) was unpredictable. Since the white color temperature of the HALOLIGHT and the illuminated color screen could not be made equivalent, HALOLIGHT was withdrawn.
 * Osram Sylvania sponsored the It's a Small World ride at Disneyland in California with a twelve-year agreement starting in 2009. In 2014, the sponsor logo at the attraction's entrance changed to that of Siemens, the parent company of Sylvania.

Accidents
The Sylvania Electric Products explosion, which involved scrap thorium, occurred on July 2, 1956, at their facility in Bayside, Queens, New York City. The incident injured nine people; one employee subsequently died of his injuries.

title: Sylvania Electric Products


text:
Frank Holl

Francis Montague Holl (London 4 July 1845 – 31 July 1888 London) was a British painter, specializing in somewhat sentimental paintings with a moment from a narrative situation, often drawing on the trends of social realism and the problem picture in Victorian painting. He was also, especially in his later years when the demand for social realism slackened, a portrait painter, mostly of official-type portraits of distinguished and therefore elderly men, including members of the royal family.

He died in his early 40s, which some contemporaries attributed to overwork, as he had been very busy in the last twenty years of his life. His reputation fell considerably after his death, and the exhibition at the Watts Gallery in 2013 and its catalogue were the first such attention he had received for a century.

Life
Holl was born in London to the family of noted engravers, being the son of Francis Holl, as well as a nephew of William Holl the Younger and a grandson of William Holl the Elder, whose profession he originally intended to follow. He was educated mainly at University College School. Entering the Royal Academy Schools as a probationer in painting in 1860, he rapidly progressed, winning silver and gold medals, and making his debut as an exhibitor in 1864 with A Portrait, and Turned out of Church, a subject picture. A Fern Gatherer (1865); The Ordeal (1866); Convalescent (the somewhat grim pathos of which attracted much attention), and Faces in the Fire (1867), succeeded. Holl gained the travelling studentship in 1868; the successful work was characteristic of the young painter's mood, being The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away.

In 1869 he was recruited as an artist by the wood-engraver and social reformer William Luson Thomas, to work on Thomas's newly founded newspaper, The Graphic. Admirers of Holl included Vincent van Gogh, who in letters to his brother Theo and friend Anthon van Rappard expressed his admiration for Holl. Whilst living in London van Gogh fastidiously cut out and collected Holl’s prints published in The Graphic.

In 1886, he produced a portrait of Millais as his diploma work, but his health rapidly declined and he died at Hampstead, north London, on 31 July 1888. He is buried in a vault on the western side of Highgate Cemetery and was joined by his wife Annie Laura on 10 June 1931, who died aged 86 at their home, Three Gables, Fitzjohn's Avenue, Hampstead. There is also a memorial to Holl at St Paul's Cathedral.

Frank Holl: Emerging from the Shadows was a 2013 exhibition at the Watts Gallery in Surrey, England which included 14 paintings by the artist. Many of Holl's paintings have been lost, however; their importance as pieces of social realism ensures that the ones around will retain their value. His painting Leaving Home was recently rediscovered.

Works
Overwork undermined Holl's health, but his reputation was assured by the studentship picture. In 1870 he painted Better is a Dinner of Herbs where Love is, than a Stalled Ox and Hatred therewith; No Tidings from the Sea, a scene in a fisherman's cottage, in 1871—a story told with breath-catching pathos and power; I am the Resurrection and the Life (1872); Leaving Home (1873), Deserted (1874), both of which had great success; Her First-born, girls carrying a baby to the grave (1876); and Going Home (1877).

In 1877 he painted the two pictures Hush and Hushed. Newgate, Committed for Trial, first attested the breaking down of the painter's health in 1878. In this year he was elected A.R.A., and exhibited The Gifts of the Fairies, The Daughter of the House, Absconded, and a portrait of Samuel Cousins the mezzotint engraver.

Holl was overwhelmed with commissions, which he would not decline. The consequences of this strain upon a constitution which was never strong were more or less, though unequally, manifest in Ordered to the Front, a soldier's departure (1880); Home Again, its sequel, in 1883 (after which he was made Royal Academician).

Holl's major portraits include likenesses of Lord Roberts, painted for Queen Victoria (1882); the Prince of Wales (1882–83); Lord Dufferin, the Duke of Cleveland (1885); Lord Overstone, John Bright, Mr Gladstone, Joseph Chamberlain, John Tenniel, Earl Spencer, Viscount Cranbrook, and a score of others.

Did you ever kill anybody Father? (1883), showing a young girl with her father's sabre, fetched £74,500, below the estimate of £80,000 to £120,000, at Christie's in 2014. He used his daughter Nina as a model, and the sword of Field Marshall, Lord Wolseley, whose portrait he was painting at the time. As recorded in the biography by another daughter:"[Nina] had one day wandered into the studio after a sitting....calmly mounted the throne and taken up Lord Wolseley’s sword, which happened to be lying across the chair. She contemplated it gravely for a few moments and then suddenly looking up said, 'Did Lord Wolseley ever kill anybody with this, father?'"

title: Frank Holl


text:
Master of Wine

Master of Wine (MW) is a qualification (not an academic degree) issued by The Institute of Masters of Wine in the United Kingdom. The MW qualification is generally regarded in the wine industry as one of the highest standards of professional knowledge.

The Institute was founded in 1955, and the MW examinations were first arranged in 1953 by the Worshipful Company of Vintners and the Wine and Spirits Association.

Qualification
Prospective students must hold an advanced wine qualification, at least Diploma level from the Wine & Spirit Education Trust, or an appropriately high level sommelier certificate, such as Advanced Sommelier from the Court of Master Sommeliers, and have a minimum of three years' professional work experience in the global wine community. Their application must be supported by reference from a Master of Wine or another senior wine trade professional. The qualification process takes at least three years to complete, involves both theory and practical work, and culminates in writing a research paper of 6,000–10,000 words.

Membership
Until 1983, the examination was limited to United Kingdom wine importers, merchants and retailers. The first non-UK Master of Wine was awarded in 1988. As of March 2021, there are 416 MWs in the world, living in 31 countries. The MWs are spread across 5 continents, wherein the UK has 208 MWs, US has 45 MWs, Australia has 24 MWs and France has 16 MWs. There are 9 countries with 1 MW each on the list.

Today, members hold a range of occupations including winemakers, viticulturists, winemaking consultants, wine writers and journalists, wine educators, and wine service, restaurant and hotel management. In addition, many are involved in the purchasing, importing, distribution, sales and marketing of wine.

Notable Masters of Wine
Notable Masters of Wine include:

 * Tim Atkin
 * Gerard Basset
 * Nicolas Belfrage
 * Julian Brind
 * Michael Broadbent
 * Clive Coates
 * Mary Ewing-Mulligan
 * Doug Frost
 * Ned Goodwin
 * Anthony Hanson
 * Benjamin Lewin
 * Brian McGrath
 * Debra Meiburg
 * Jasper Morris
 * David Peppercorn
 * Lisa Perrotti-Brown
 * Jancis Robinson
 * Arne Ronold
 * Serena Sutcliffe
 * Sonal Holland
 * Justin Knock
 * Tze Sam
 * Tan Ying Hsien

title: Master of Wine


text: User talk:68.82.69.25

title: User talk:68.82.69.25


text:
User:WilliamMiller

Hola, I am William Miller!

title: User:WilliamMiller