text:
Talk:USS Congress (1841)

The article mentions that the ship left La Paz, which can refer to a number of cities. Since it says the ship helped occupy Mazatlán just before referring to La Paz, i'm guessing that it means La Paz, Baja California Sur, a city in the same province as Mazatlán. However, La Paz usually refers to La Paz, Bolivia, so i'm not 100% sure. Can anyone else verify this? foobaz·✐ 06:05, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Re La Paz
From the flow of the narration, La Paz or La Pas appears to be a small port in the southern part of Baja California (Baja California Sur). This makes sense, since it then takes her six months to get back to Norfolk, which is a typical length of time for the voyage from the U.S West Cost to the U.S. East Coast by sail at that time.

La Paz, Bolivia, is located at 12,000 feet of elevation. I doubt that Congress went up there.Wikited (talk) 03:05, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Upgraded page
Wikified page after verifying information with DANFS, plus added some additional information to the ship infobox. LInked a number of items under "Battle of" instead of the name of the small town: see "Battle of Rio San Gabriel" for "San Gabriel" and "Battle of La Mesa" instead of "La Mesa" for example.

Added See Also, ref, cat, etc. Also added some intro with overall description of her career.Wikited (talk) 03:05, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 11:11, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Congress (1841)


text: User talk:69.163.18.242

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.163.18.242


text:
Delavigne

Delavigne is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Germain Delavigne (1790–1868), dramatist and librettist
 * Casimir Delavigne (1793–1843), poet, dramatist and librettist
 * Philibert Delavigne (c1700–1750), composer

title: Delavigne


text:
Talk:Alocasia

Discussion
Alocasia rugosa Schott is a synonym of Alocasia cucullata Schott. For this reason, it has been removed. JoJan 06:09, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alocasia


text:
Ahwatukee, Phoenix

Ahwatukee Foothills (also Ahwatukee) is an urban village of Phoenix, Arizona. Ahwatukee forms the southernmost portion of Phoenix, and is considered part of the East Valley region of the Phoenix metropolitan area.

In 2022, Niche rated Ahwatukee "#1 in Best Neighborhoods to Live in Phoenix."

History
Prior to the area's development into the community it is known today, the name "Ahwatukee" referred, at times, to a since-demolished house that sat in an area near Sequoia Trails and Appaloosa Drive, west of the Warner-Elliot Loop.

Beginnings
At least two major thoroughfares in today's Ahwatukee are named after people who claimed lands in the area, in the decades following the signing of the Homestead Act in 1862. Warner Road was named after Samuel Warner of Kansas, while Elliot Road was named after Reginald Elliott of California. Both claimed lands in an area now known as Tempe. A third man, Arthur Hunter, claimed land within an area now known as Ahwatukee. The street known today as 48th Street was, for a time, named Hunter Drive, after Arthur Hunter. Hunter is rumored to have, in the 1940s, disassembled and buried in the Ahwatukee desert a Studebaker auto purportedly owned by Al Capone.

Ahwatukee ranch
One of the first houses in the area was built by Dr. William Van Bergen Ames, who co-founded Northwestern University's now-closed Dental School. The house was built on a piece of land measuring over 2000 acres, which was purchased for $4 an acre.

At the time, the Chandler Arizonan newspaper called the house, built in the foothills of the South Mountain, "unmatched in scope and size". The house was noted to be a 12,000 sqft winter residence, designed by prominent Phoenix architect Lester Mahoney, with construction starting in 1921.

The house was given the name "The Mystic House" by the Chandler Arizonan, due to its cost, size, and isolated location. The Ames, however, called it Casa de Sueños. They moved into the house on Thanksgiving of 1921, but Dr. Ames died suddenly in February 1922. Ames' wife continued to spend her winters at the house until her death in 1933.

Following Ames' wife's death, the Ames' property in Ahwatukee was willed to St. Luke's Hospital. The property was bought by Helen Brinton in 1935, who gave the house (and eventually the area) the name it is known by today (as explained below). Brinton died in 1960, and the house was demolished in 1979.

Proving grounds
In 1946, the International Harvester Company rented land from a United States Army tank testing facility located west of today's Lakewood community, for use as truck and heavy equipment proving grounds. The proving grounds eventually grew to over 4,000 acres.

The grounds were designed to stress-test trucks and heavy equipment with, among other things, a 7.5 mi test track, dirt tracks, a special testing area with 20 to 60% grade, service shops, and a runway for company executives. The grounds were sold to a property development company in 1983, due to a combination of economic issues, labor union problems, and a patent infringement judgement against the company. The area is now a part of The Foothills and Club West developments.

Development
Development of Ahwatukee began in 1970, when Presley Development Company, led by Randall Presley, bought 2,080 acres of land. The land included Ahwatukee Ranch, then owned by a land syndicate led by an Arizona State University English professor, as well as land owned by a local moving and storage firm. Presley originally planned for the area to be a retirement community, but later devised a mix of retirement living, family living, and light commercial zoning for the area.

Presley Development was noted to have a role in Ahwatukee eventually becoming a part of Phoenix, instead of neighboring Chandler or Tempe, through a handshake deal between Maricopa County Supervisor Bob Stark, who was also an attorney with Presley Development, and Mayor of Phoenix John D. Driggs. However, Chandler and Tempe officials were noted to have refused offers of annexing Ahwatukee.

Phoenix annexed the area in stages, from 1980 to 1987. It has been suggested that Phoenix's annexation of Ahwatukee had, to a degree, affected Tempe's future development.

Plans for Ahwatukee were approved by Maricopa County in November 1971, and 17 model homes were opened in an area near 50th Street and Elliot Road in 1973.

In the same year as the model homes’ opening, the Arizona State Legislature set aside $5 million to build a prison near the proving grounds. Plans for the prison, however, were later scrapped.

The area's first elementary school, Kyrene de los Lomas, opened in 1976, while Mountain Pointe High School opened as the area's first high school in 1991.

Etymology
There exist three theories surrounding the name "Ahwatukee", with all three claiming the name has roots in the Crow language.

Some stories of the name's origin trace back to Brinton, who chose a Crow-rooted name for her new property due to her time among the Crow Nation tribal members in Wyoming, and the influence it subsequently had on her.

House of dreams
Some sources claim the name is a Crow term for house of your dreams, house of my dreams, or house of dreams

Until at least 2006, the Ahwatukee Foothills Chamber of Commerce acknowledged house of dreams as the meaning of the area's name.

However, according to the Crow language dictionary maintained by the Crow Language Consortium, the Crow word for "house" is ashé, and the Crow word for "dream" is baashíale or balewaashíale.

Land on the other side of the hill
Some sources claim the name is a Crow term for land on the other side of the hill, based on the Crow word awe chuuke. According to the same Crow dictionary, the word awé means "ground", "land", or "earth", and the word chúuke means "over the ridge", "over the hill", or "the next valley over".

Flat land
According to one source, the name closely resembles a Crow term for "flat land" or "prairie". According to the Crow language dictionary maintained by the Crow Language Consortium, the Crow word for "flat land" is "alawachúhke".

Geography

The Ahwatukee Foothills Village is bordered by Interstate 10 to the east, South Mountain to the north, and the Gila River Indian Community & Loop 202 to the west and south. Ahwatukee is geographically isolated from the rest of Phoenix, and was once seen as appropriate for semi-rural development.

Demographics
Based on 2016 estimates, the Ahwatukee Foothills Village has 83,464 residents. 83% of the population are White, 6.5% are Asian, 5.6% are Black or African American, 1.6% are Native American and 3.3% identify as some other race. 12.3% of the population is Hispanic.

Public
K-8 public school students in the area attend schools operated by the Kyrene School District. In fact, Ahwatukee-based schools constitute 12 out of 25 (48%) of Kyrene's schools.

High school students go to one of two in the area: Desert Vista and Mountain Pointe. Both schools are operated by the Tempe Union High School District

Private
There are a number of private schools in Ahwatukee. One of the schools, Summit School of Ahwatukee, is ranked as one of the most expensive private schools in the Phoenix area by The Arizona Republic in 2014.

Transportation
The community is served by the ALEX neighborhood circulator, which is operated by Valley Metro Bus. Riders, however, have complained of poor service after a new contractor took over the route in 2016. Portions of Ahwatukee are also served by Valley Metro Routes 56-Priest Drive, 108-Elliot Road, 140-Ray Road, 156-Chandler Boulevard/Williams Field Road, and the I-10 East RAPID route.

As a result of having access points only via 48th Street in the northeastern part of the area, and a number of east–west crossings over I-10, Ahwatukee has been called the world's largest cul-de-sac. The building of Loop 202's South Mountain Freeway segment, however, has given the area a western gateway, via a series of exits along the southern border of the community.

title: Ahwatukee, Phoenix


text:
Opsware

Opsware, Inc. was a software company based in Sunnyvale, California, that offered products for server and network device provisioning, configuration, and management targeted toward enterprise customers. Opsware had offices in New York City, Redmond, Washington, Cary, North Carolina, and an engineering office in Cluj, Romania.

In July 2007, HP announced that it had agreed to acquire Opsware for $1.65 billion in cash ($14.25 per share). The acquisition closed on September 21, 2007.

HP subsequently split into HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE). The latter included Opsware's products and services and, in 2017, the HPE Software business group spin-merged with Micro Focus. Micro Focus was acquired by OpenText in 2023.

History
The company that was formerly known as Loudcloud was founded on September 9, 1999 (i.e., 9/9/99) by Marc Andreessen, Ben Horowitz, Tim Howes, and In Sik Rhee as a managed services provider. The company was one of the first to offer software as a service computing with an Infrastructure as a Service model. According to Wired, Loudcloud was one of the first vendors to talk about cloud computing and Software as a Service.

In June 2000, Loudcloud raised $120 million, in what was at the time the largest second round of funding. This was shortly followed by a $100 million raise by one of its competitors, Totality Corporation (at the time known as MimEcom).

After selling the operations side of the business to EDS in the summer of 2002, Loudcloud became Opsware and went to market as a technology company, offering the software that had been developed internally to support customer systems via automated server life-cycle management. In 2004, Opsware acquired asset management systems provider Tangram Enterprise Solutions, and in February 2005 acquired network device configuration management vendor Rendition Networks. In July 2006 Opsware acquired CreekPath for its Data Center Automation (DCA) product offering to add provisioning of storage components. In April 2007 Opsware acquired Seattle-based iConclude and its run-book automation software in order to integrate datacenter management from end-to-end.

In July 2007, HP announced that it had agreed to acquire Opsware for $1.65 billion in cash ($14.25 per share), sixteen times revenues. It was HP's third largest acquisition at the time behind Compaq and Mercury Interactive. HP marketed Opsware products and software as a service solutions as part of the HP Software Division.

In 2015, HP's Software division was spun off to become part of Hewlett-Packard Enterprise. Two years later in 2017, HP Software merged with UK-based Micro Focus in a spin-merge. In 2023, OpenText acquired Micro Focus. All former Opsware tools are now grouped under the OpenText Hybrid Cloud Management suite.

Products
Opsware had three main systems that it marketed. The Server Automation System (SAS) was designed to provide provisioning, policy enforcement, compliance reporting, and patching of Windows, Unix and Linux servers across thousands of servers. It is now sold as HP Server Automation software. The Network Automation System (NAS) was designed to provide network device provisioning, policy enforcement, security lock-down, software management, and compliance reporting across thousands of devices from over 500 variants of device vendors, models, and OS versions. This product was also OEM'd by Cisco Systems and was called the Cisco "Network Compliance Manager" (NCM). It is now sold as HP Network Automation software. The third system marketed by Opsware was the Process Automation System (PAS), designed to provide run-book automation from former partner iConclude (who was acquired in March 2007). It is now sold as HP Operations Orchestration software.

Customers
Opsware customers included its now parent HP, GE, EDS (whose acquisition was completed by HP August 26, 2008, and is now called HP Enterprise Services ), the Federal government of the United States and numerous Fortune 500 companies who used the software to automate their IT infrastructure.

title: Opsware


text:
Four flush

A four flush (also flush draw) is a poker draw or non-standard poker hand that is one card short of being a full flush. Four flushing refers to empty boasting or unsuccessful bluffing, and a four flusher is a person who makes empty boasts or bluffs when holding a four flush. Four flusher can also refer to a welcher, piker, or braggart. This pejorative term originated in the 19th century when bluffing poker players misrepresented that they had a flush—a poker hand with five cards all of one suit—when they only had four cards of one suit. Optimal strategies for bluffing or folding when holding a four flush have been explored extensively in poker strategy books.

In media
The first governor of Oklahoma, Charles N. Haskell, denounced president and political opponent Theodore Roosevelt, calling him a "four flusher".

Metro Pictures released a comedy titled The Four-Flusher in 1919. Several other films have used the term in their titles.

In the 1922 Harold Lloyd silent film Dr. Jack the phrase "a four-flusher" is used to describe the doctor in charge of "The Sick-Little-Well-Girl" in the city.

The Four Flusher is the name of an American comedy written in 1925.

In the 1926 silent film The Show-Off, the character Clara (played by Louise Brooks) refers to the character Aubrey Piper (played by Ford Sterling) as a four-flusher meaning he is a braggart or a person who makes false or pretentious claims. In the film, his "four-flushing" has resulted in the loss of money needed to pay for the mortgage on the Fisher family home.

In the 1933 Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup, Groucho Marx's character Rufus T. Firefly refers to Ambassador Trentino as a “four-flushing swine”

In the 1941 movie, Hellzapoppin' the character Pepi (played by Mischa Auer) is called a four flusher.

In the 1945 film Detour Tom Neal's character calls another character a four-flusher. (The other character is named Charlie Haskell Jr., echoing the name of the Oklahoma governor mentioned above.)

In the 1948 film Homecoming starring Clark Gable, one of the characters calls Gable's character a "four flusher".

Following his dismissal of Gen. MacArthur as Supreme Commander of Allied Powers in 1951, President Harry Truman confided to Merle Miller that Gen. George Marshall referred to MacArthur as a "four-flusher and no two ways about it".

A Popeye cartoon released in 1954 was titled "Floor Flusher", as a pun on four flusher.

In the 1967 Disney film The Jungle Book, Bagheera calls Baloo a "four-flusher" when he sees that Baloo is still alive after believing that he was dead.

The Doobie Brothers included the song "Double Dealin' Four Flusher" in their 1975 album Stampede.

The phrase was used frequently by screenwriter John Hughes as something of a trademark. In National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation, Clark refers to his boss as "four flushing" in his tirade over his corporate Christmas present. In Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, it is used by the mafia boss Johnny in the fictional film Angels with Even Filthier Souls. In Uncle Buck, a quite drunk Pooter the Clown calls Buck a four flusher when ordered to leave the family home, which results in Buck punching the clown right in the face.

In 2014 a screenplay by the name of FourFlush was written by Harley Evseichik

title: Four flush


text:
Happyland Park

Happyland Park was an amusement park in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Construction started on May 1, 1906, on 13 ha of land between Aubrey and Dominion streets. Portage Avenue bounded it to the north and the Assiniboine River was to the south. Today this area is part of the Wolseley neighbourhood of Winnipeg. The total cost to construct the park was about $150,000 and were illuminated by 12,000 lights. The main side of the park fronted 90 m of the south side of Portage Avenue with a high wooden fence sporting the word "Happyland" and advertisements detailing the amusements to be found inside. The park opened to the public on May 23 1906.

The main attraction at Happyland Park was the baseball games. The Winnipeg Maroons would play American teams of the Northern League from Duluth, Grand Forks, Fargo, etc. The first game, attended by 4,000 fans, was held on May 24, 1906. It saw the home team lose 7 to 5 to the visiting Duluth team.

By 1914 the owners of the Park had sold off a portion of the land for private residential development.

The park closed in 1922.

Another park of the same name exists today in St. Boniface.

In Guy Maddin's My Winnipeg, the signage and other materials are used in a rooftop homeless encampment.

title: Happyland Park


text:
Storm King State Park

Storm King State Park is a 1972 acre state park in Orange County, New York. The park is in the southeast part of the Town of Cornwall, next to the Hudson River. A central feature of the park is Storm King Mountain.

History
New York physician Ernest Stillman donated the park's initial 800 acre to the Palisades Interstate Park Commission in 1922, hoping to protect land surrounding the Storm King Highway. The park has since grown to its current 1972 acre size through additional donations and purchases of land.

The park was the focus of preservation efforts in the early 1960s after a proposal by Consolidated Edison to build a hydro-electric power plant on the property. The Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference was formed by citizens opposed to the project, and the proposal was eventually dropped following a 17-year battle to preserve the park's natural state.

A 1999 forest fire at the park caused the detonation of unexploded ordnance that had been fired over 100 years prior by a cannon manufacturer across the river. Additional unexploded shells were also discovered that likely originated from a nearby West Point artillery range. After the fire was put out, the park remained closed to hikers for three years as remaining explosives were located and removed.

Description
Storm King State Park is undeveloped except for limited parking and trails. The park offers hiking and seasonal deer hunting. Several named trails are included within the park, which features Storm King Mountain as a central feature.

The park's forests are part of the Northeastern coastal forests ecoregion.

title: Storm King State Park


text:
Félix Soto Toro

Félix Soto Toro (born 1967), is an electrical designs engineer at NASA, who developed the Advanced Payload Transfer Measurement System.

Early years
Soto Toro was raised in a poor section of the City of Guaynabo, Puerto Rico known as El Barrio Amelia. As a child, he was interested in everything that had to do with light bulbs and electricity. He obtained his primary and secondary education in his hometown and went to high school at the Colegio Madre Cabrini in San Juan.

In 1984, after graduating from high school, Soto Toro enrolled at the Florida Institute of Technology, located in Melbourne, Florida where he earned a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. In 1986, while in college, he decided that he would like to become an engineer for NASA. Soto Toro participated in the Cooperative Education Program.

Career at NASA
In 1990, Soto Toro earned his bachelor's degree in science in electrical engineering. He was hired by NASA, a month after graduating and assigned to the Design Engineering Networks Communications section at Kennedy Space Center. In 1992, he completed his master's degree in science in electrical engineering, and by 1997, he completed another Masters in Science Degree. By specializing in the communications field of electrical engineering, he improved his credentials towards his goal of becoming an astronaut.

At the Kennedy Space Center, Soto Toro reviews, designs, builds, tests and implements engineering designs used in the Space Shuttle and Payload Operations Development Laboratories. The main project he developed was the Advanced Payload Transfer Measurement System, which consists of a simplified, robust, centrally operated and portable system that automatically measures the spherical coordinates offset between the trunnion and their supports during transfer operations. Soto Toro earned his Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Electrical Engineering and applied to become an astronaut candidate.

In NASA, Soto Toro works with testing ground support equipment used in pre-launch, launch and post-launch activities.

Honors
Soto Toro was presented with the 2003 "El Premio Coqui" by La Casa de Puerto Rico in Florida for his contributions in the field of science. On November 9, 2003, Soto Toro, along with another Puerto Rican astronaut applicant, Henry Bursian Berríos, and Ninfa Segarra, who was the first Hispanic Deputy Mayor of New York City, were named the Grand Marshals of the Puerto Rican Day Parade held in Palm Bay, Florida. Soto Toro was twice given the Puerto Rico Role Model Award, by the Puerto Rico School system.

title: Félix Soto Toro


text:
NWP

NWP may refer to:

Businesses and organisations

 * National Woman's Party, U.S., 1916–2021
 * National Writing Project, U.S.
 * New West Progressives, a municipal political party in New Westminster, Canada, founded in 2017
 * New World Pasta, a North American pasta manufacturer, 1999–2021
 * Northwestern Polytechnic, a Canadian college, founded 1966
 * North Wales Police, U.K., founded 1974

Places

 * Newport railway station, Wales (CRS code: NWP)
 * Northwest Passage, a sea route
 * Northwestern Pacific Railroad, a U.S. rail route

Science

 * Numerical weather prediction, mathematical modelling of the atmosphere and oceans

title: NWP


text: User talk:24.81.45.190

title: User talk:24.81.45.190


text:
Talk:National Iraqi Alliance

Untitled
This article give a good background about Adel Abdul Mahdi. It trace his life from his childhood all the way to now. He seem well traveled. Anyway always good to have as may links from diffrent angles.

Bad bad Axis of Evil
"The strong ties the Alliance has to Iran, which is considered part of the Axis of Evil – a term coined by the President of the United States George W. Bush to describe alleged state-sponsors of terrorism – is troubling to some..."

Please don't rewrite this into separate sentences, or somebody will notice what you are trying to say. You may think you have your point, but the nonchalance with which you are dropping these strong terms is troubling to me. --84.129.235.31 04:36, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

needs to be reworked
this article is actually quite poor. it doesn't mention that the sadrists withdrew from the alliance. it also doesn't say that the alliance has basically broken apart. it also suggests that the national iraqi alliance is the same as the united iraqi alliance, which isn't right. i will be reworking this in the coming days.Zalali (talk) 23:45, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Update needed
This article is so out of date it's comical. I don't even know where to start. Charles Essie (talk) 22:40, 16 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:National Iraqi Alliance


text:
N Judah

The N Judah is a hybrid light rail/streetcar line of the Muni Metro system in San Francisco, California. The line is named after Judah Street that it runs along for much of its length, named after railroad engineer Theodore Judah. It links downtown San Francisco to the Cole Valley and Sunset neighborhoods. The line provides rail access to Golden Gate Park. It is the busiest line in the Muni Metro system, serving an average of 41,439 weekday passengers in 2013. It was one of San Francisco's streetcar lines, beginning operation in 1928, and was partially converted to modern light-rail operation with the opening of the Muni Metro system in 1980. While many streetcar lines were converted to bus lines after World War II, the N Judah remained a streetcar line due to its use of the Sunset Tunnel.

Route description

The line runs from the Caltrain depot in the Mission Bay district to Ocean Beach and the Great Highway in the Sunset District. From the Caltrain depot at Fourth and King Streets, it runs along King Street and the Embarcadero, passing by Oracle Park. It then enters the Market Street subway, which it shares with the five other Muni Metro lines. It exits the tunnel at Church Street and, after a brief stretch along Duboce Avenue to Duboce Park, enters the older Sunset Tunnel. This tunnel serves to avoid a hill and contains no underground stations. From the western end of the tunnel, the route goes along Carl Street, past UCSF-Parnassus Campus, on Irving Street, until it turns onto 9th Avenue for one block and reaches Judah Street, which the N runs on for the rest of its route. On Judah between 9th Avenue and 19th Avenue the N runs on a right-of-way that is slightly raised above the surrounding street. There is a loop in the intersection at Judah, La Playa and Great Highway that the N uses to turn around.

Operation
As with all Muni lines, service begins around 5 a.m. on weekdays, 6 a.m. on Saturdays, and 8 a.m. on Sundays and holidays. Daytime headways are 10 minutes on weekdays and 12 minutes on weekends. The line largely uses two-car (46 m) trains.

Service is provided by overnight Owl buses on the N Owl route during the hours that rail service is not running. On weekends, the N Judah Bus service runs from 5 am until the start of rail service. The bus lines largely follow the rail line, but use surface streets to parallel sections where the rail line has dedicated rights-of-way.

History
On January 10, 1998, Muni opened the Muni Metro Extension to 4th and King/Caltrain. It was originally served by a temporary shuttle service, the E Embarcadero, which ran between Embarcadero station and 4th and King/Caltrain. On August 22, 1998, the E Embarcadero line was eliminated and the N Judah line was extended in its place.

A variety of service changes took place with the introduction of full service on the T Third Street line on April 7, 2007. The N Judah was cut back to Embarcadero station; the surface section on the Embarcadero was served only by the T Third Street line, plus the J Church line at peak hours. The changes were unpopular with the public; they caused severe delays in the Market Street subway and forced N Judah riders to transfer to reach the Caltrain station when they previously did not. On June 30, 2007, Muni reversed several of the changes; the J Church and N Judah were restored to their previous configuration. On December 5, 2009, the N Judah was cut to Embarcadero on weekends as part of widespread service reductions. Weekend service was re-extended on October 15, 2011.

After concerns from riders of constant overcrowding of the trains on the N Judah line, Muni debuted an express bus route called the NX Judah Express on June 13, 2011. Starting off as a pilot program, the NX (stylized as Nx) was intended to relieve overcrowding during rush hours every ten minutes. It follows the western end of the N Judah route from Ocean Beach to 19th Avenue, then operates nonstop from there to the Financial District where it stops at Bush and Montgomery Streets.

In September 2016, Muni began running a pair of one-car shuttles between Embarcadero station and Carl and Hillway during morning rush hour to reduce crowding on the inner section of the line. A study after one month showed the shuttles had increased capacity on the inner part of the line by 18% and reduced the number of passengers unable to board overcrowded trains by 63%. In March 2018, the SFMTA board voted to shorten rush-hour headways from 7 minutes to 4 minutes, but to only use one-car trains on weekends. The changes were to take effect in the summer.

COVID-19
On March 30, 2020, Muni Metro service was replaced with buses due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Light-rail service returned in August 2020, with the routes reconfigured to improve reliability in the subway. N Judah service was not substantially changed, except for stops at 5th Avenue / 6th Avenue replacing former stops at 4th Avenue and 7th Avenue. Light-rail service was re-replaced with buses on August 25 due to issues with malfunctioning overhead wire splices and the need to quarantine control center staff after a COVID-19 case.

N Judah light-rail service resumed on May 15, 2021.

Future
Plans, according to the SFMTA Rail Capacity Strategy, include a new subway tunnel that connects the Market Street subway to 9th Avenue. Additionally, the N Judah line will be rebuilt to run three-car trains. Further plans include a non-revenue L Taraval to N Judah connector, which may run on 46th Avenue.

title: N Judah


text:
Yukari Tachibana

Yukari Tachibana (橘 ゆかり Tachibana Yukari; born 8 October 1965 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actress. She appeared in Happy Wedding and Moment Girl (瞬間少女), among other film and television roles.

title: Yukari Tachibana


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/February 15

The Soviet Union is one thing, therefore "its" -- not "their" -- is the proper possessive pronoun! This is a common and silly error!

"...The Soviet Union officially announced that all of ITS troops had already left Afghanistan."

--Andrew Phelps 06:20, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The 'silly error!' has been fixed. Thanks for pointing that out. -- PFHLai 06:37, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC)

Today is Candlemas in the Eastern Orthodox world, and yet the fact is not mentioned. For shame! --Ghirla | talk 11:44, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Today is Candlemas in the Eastern Orthodox world (actually only that part that uses the Julian calendar), and yet noone familiar with the fact had suggested it till now. For shame! Item added ;)--Pharos 20:31, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't believe I missed Candlemas two years in a row. Yikes !  Thanks, Ghirla, for pointing this out, and Pharos for posting it. Thank you. -- PFHLai 01:12, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Our summary here calls the February 15, 2003 anti-war protest the "largest mass protest movement in history", but the linked article doesn't say that anywhere, or quote sources saying that. There is a source that the Rome rally was the "largest anti-war rally in history", but that's somewhat of a different claim. I don't know if the protests combined were or weren't the "largest mass protest movement in history", but it seems like we shouldn't claim so absent a source, so I'm going to remove this for now. --Delirium 02:46, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:21, 15 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: USS Maine (ACR-1) (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Presentation of Jesus at the Temple (ineligible—maintenance), Qumran Caves, Flag of Canada, Don Dunstan, February 15, 2003 anti-war protest,
 * Included: Siege of Kimberley (2nd appearance, last in 2010), Soviet war in Afghanistan (8th appearance, last in 2010), Kevin Mitnick (first appearance), YouTube (2nd appearance, last in 2010)
 * Repeats: Columbus Letter on the First Voyage (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 23:34, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: National Flag of Canada Day (ineligible—maintenance); Columbus Letter on the First Voyage (ineligible—maintenance); Siege of Kimberley; Soviet war in Afghanistan; Kevin Mitnick; YouTube
 * Included: USS Maine (ACR-1) (7th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Qumran Caves (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Flag of Canada (6th appearance, last in 2011); Don Dunstan (2nd appearance, last in 2011); February 15, 2003 anti-war protest (6th appearance, last in 2011; 10th anniversary)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 11:47, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Deleted: YouTube (moved to February 14)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Kevin Mitnick (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Abdullah Öcalan
 * Omitted: Qumran Caves; Flag of Canada; Don Dunstan; February 15, 2003 anti-war protest
 * Included: Distant Early Warning Line (first appearance); Soviet war in Afghanistan (9th appearance, last in 2012; 25th anniversary); Intelsat 708 (first appearance); Chelyabinsk meteor (first appearance)
 * Repeats: USS Maine (ACR-1) (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 11:46, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Distant Early Warning Line; Soviet war in Afghanistan (ineligible—maintenance); Intelsat 708 (ineligible—short); Chelyabinsk meteor
 * Included: Siege of Kimberley (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Qumran Caves (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Flag of Canada (7th appearance, last in 2013; 50th anniversary); Abdullah Öcalan (first appearance)
 * Repeats: USS Maine (ACR-1) (3rd consecutive appearance, 9 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:15, 13 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Sabena Flight 548; Kevin Mitnick
 * Omitted: Qumran Caves; Flag of Canada; Abdullah Öcalan
 * Included: Distant Early Warning Line (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Constitution of Cuba (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible; 40th anniversary); February 15, 2003, anti-war protests (7th appearance, last in 2013)
 * Repeats: USS Maine (ACR-1) (4th consecutive appearance, 10 total); Siege of Kimberley (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:24, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Intelsat 708
 * Omitted: Siege of Kimberley; Distant Early Warning Line (ineligible—maintenance); Constitution of Cuba; February 15, 2003, anti-war protests
 * Included: Australian gold rushes (first appearance); Battle of Singapore (7th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible; 75th anniversary); Soviet–Afghan War (10th appearance, last in 2014); Chelyabinsk meteor (2nd appearance, last in 2014)
 * Repeats: USS Maine (ACR-1) (5th consecutive appearance, 11 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:27, 15 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Omitted: USS Maine (ACR-1); Battle of Singapore; Soviet–Afghan War (ineligible—maintenance); Chelyabinsk meteor
 * Included: Siege of Kimberley (5th appearance, last in 2016); Flag of Canada (8th appearance, last in 2015); Constitution of Cuba (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Comayagua prison fire (first appearance); Tiberios III/Leontios (both: first appearance); Sophie Bryant (first appearance); Irena Sendler (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Australian gold rushes (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:59, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Australian gold rushes; Siege of Kimberley; Flag of Canada; Constitution of Cuba; Comayagua prison fire; Tiberius III/Leontios (deleted—exact date of death unknown); Sophie Bryant; Irena Sendler
 * Included: USS Maine (ACR-1) (12th appearance, last in 2017); Qumran Caves (4th appearance, last in 2015; 70th anniversary); Don Dunstan (3rd appearance, last in 2013; 40th anniversary); Abdullah Öcalan (2nd appearance, last in 2015; 20th anniversary); Halle train collision (first appearance); Oswiu (first appearance); Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (first appearance); Angella D. Ferguson (first appearance)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 19:09, 17 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Soviet–Afghan War
 * New articles (ineligible): Roger B. Chaffee (TFA for 2020)
 * New articles (unused): Willy Vandersteen
 * Omitted: USS Maine (ACR-1); Qumran Caves; Don Dunstan; Abdullah Öcalan; Oswiu; Domingo Faustino Sarmiento; Angella D. Ferguson
 * Included: Columbus's letter on the first voyage (3rd appearance, last in 2012; rescued from Ineligible); Invasion of Ceylon (1795) (first appearance); Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 (first appearance); Kevin Mitnick (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 25th anniversary); Gisela of Swabia (first appearance); Charles-André van Loo (first appearance); Esther Takei Nishio (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Halle train collision (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 10th anniversary)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:15, 17 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Roger B. Chaffee
 * Omitted: Columbus's letter on the first voyage; Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907; Kevin Mitnick; Halle train collision; Gisela of Swabia; Charles-André van Loo; Esther Takei Nishio
 * Included: Australian gold rushes (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Sabena Flight 548 (first appearance; 60th anniversary); Chelyabinsk meteor (3rd appearance, last in 2017); William Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (first appearance); Charles Lewis Tiffany (first appearance); Willy Vandersteen (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Invasion of Ceylon (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:28, 16 February 2022 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Codex Theodosianus
 * Omitted: Invasion of Ceylon; Australian gold rushes; Sabena Flight 548; Chelyabinsk meteor; William Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk; Charles Lewis Tiffany; Willy Vandersteen
 * Included: Pie postulatio voluntatis (first appearance); Columbus's letter on the first voyage (4th appearance, last in 2020); Siege of Kimberley (6th appearance, last in 2018); Fall of Singapore (8th appearance, last in 2017; 80th anniversary); Comayagua prison fire (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Ibn Tabataba (first appearance); V. A. Urechia (first appearance); Roger B. Chaffee (first appearance)


text:
Walter Hagen

Walter Charles Hagen (December 21, 1892 – October 6, 1969) was an American professional golfer and a major figure in golf in the first half of the 20th century. His tally of 11 professional majors is third behind Jack Nicklaus (18) and Tiger Woods (15). Known as the "father of professional golf," he brought publicity, prestige, big prize money, and lucrative endorsements to the sport. Hagen is rated one of the greatest golfers ever.

Hagen won the U.S. Open twice, and in 1922 he became the first native-born American to win The Open Championship, and won the Claret Jug three more times. He also won the PGA Championship a record-tying five times (all in match play), and the Western Open five times when it had near-major championship status. Hagen totaled 45 PGA wins in his career, and was a six-time Ryder Cup captain.

Early years
Born in Rochester, New York, Hagen came from a working-class family of German descent. His parents were William and Louisa (Boelke) Hagen. His father worked as a millwright and blacksmith in Rochester's railroad-car shops. Walter was the second of William and Louisa's five children and the only son.

Hagen developed his golf game at the Country Club of Rochester, beginning as a caddie, and earned money to help support his family from pre-teen age. He earned ten cents per round and was occasionally tipped another five cents. Hagen played golf at every chance he got; caddie access to the course was limited to off-peak times, as it was elsewhere in the U.S. during that era. Hagen, with assistance from head professional Alfred Ricketts, gradually improved his golf skill to the stage where he was an expert player by his mid-teens, and was then hired by the club to give lessons to club members and to work in the pro shop. He made his top-class professional debut at age 19 at the 1912 Canadian Open, placing 11th, a good showing. Hagen followed up with a surprise 4th place showing at the 1913 U.S. Open at Brookline where he stated that he was treated badly by the other professionals who knew nothing about him. Hagen said "they pushed me off the tee and told me I could practice when they were through". He vowed to play in the 1914 U.S. Open and "win it", and he did exactly that.

Hagen was also very skilled at baseball, primarily as a pitcher and shortstop. He canceled a 1914 tryout for the Philadelphia Phillies in order to play in a golf tournament. Later that week, Hagen was the U.S. Open Champion, and his career was changed forever.

Raises stature of golf professionals
Hagen was a key figure in the development of professional golf. He emerged in an era when the division between amateurs and professionals was often stark, with the amateurs having the upper hand in some sports, golf among them. This was especially true in Great Britain, the leading country in competitive golf when Hagen began his career. Golf professionals were not allowed to partake of the facilities of the clubhouse, and were not allowed to enter the clubhouse by the front door. On one occasion, at the 1920 British Open in Deal, Kent, Hagen hired a Pierce-Arrow car to serve as his private dressing room, because he was refused entrance to the clubhouse dressing room. He hired a chauffeur, and parked the expensive car in the club's driveway; this behavior raised a few eyebrows in class-conscious Britain. On another occasion, he refused to enter a clubhouse to claim his prize because he had earlier been denied entrance. At the 1914 Midlothian Open he brazenly entered the clubhouse then mingled with the rich members who were delighted at which that episode permanently opened the doors. The 1920 U.S. Open in Toledo marked a turning point; the players, encouraged by Hagen, donated a large grandfather clock to the host Inverness Club, in appreciation of the club allowing access for the professionals to their clubhouse during the tournament.

Hagen represented the Country Club of Rochester early in his professional competitive career; he was well supported by its members and management for his external competitive ventures. Beginning in 1918, Walter Hagen served as the first club professional at the now legendary Oakland Hills Country Club, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, northwest of Detroit. He worked for Oakland Hills until 1919, and then became the first touring professional unaffiliated with a club, a status he held alone for several years. In 1924, Hagen was president and co-owner of the Bear Creek Golf and Country Club associated with Jack Taylor's Pasadena-On-The-Gulf development in St. Petersburg, Florida. Due to influence from the public, the name was changed to the Boca Ciega Golf and Country Club and ultimately the Pasadena Yacht and Country Club.

Style, wealth
Hagen was a dashing and assertive character who raised the status of professional golfers and improved their earnings as well. Throughout his career, he played hundreds of exhibition matches, all across the United States and around the world; these tours popularized golf to an immense degree. Hagen was also widely known for his dashing wardrobe while playing; this featured expensive tailored clothes in bright colors and plush fabrics. As one of the world's top players, Hagen found his skills were much in demand with this exhibition format, and concluded it was much more lucrative than playing most tournaments.

Hagen also made significant money endorsing golf equipment, and played a major role in helping to design clubs for Wilson Sports, which bore his name (either "Walter Hagen" or "Haig Ultra"). His work with Wilson produced some of the first matched sets of irons, around the same time that his great rival Bobby Jones was performing similar work for the Spalding company. The improved equipment expanded golf's appeal, brought high-quality clubs within the price range of many more players, and raised the standard of play.

Hagen was the first golfer to earn a million dollars in his career. He said he "never wanted to be a millionaire, just to live like one". Hagen once expressed his creed in these words: "Don't hurry, don't worry, you're only here for a short visit, so be sure to smell the flowers along the way." Gene Sarazen, who was ten years Hagen's junior commented, "All the professionals ... should say a silent thanks to Walter Hagen each time they stretch a check between their fingers. It was Walter who made professional golf what it is." On the notion of golf as a financial endeavor, Hagen wrote in his autobiography, "My game was my business and as a business it demanded constant playing in the championship bracket, for a current title was my selling commodity."

Death
Hagen battled throat cancer for over four years and had several operations. Two years before his death, he was honored with a testimonial dinner in August 1967 in Traverse City, Michigan, attended by major champions Arnold Palmer and Cary Middlecoff. A month earlier at the PGA Championship in Colorado, he expressed support for Palmer, saying he was a member of "Arnie's Army."

Hagen died in 1969 at age 76 at his home in Traverse City, and now rests at the Holy Sepulchre Mausoleum in Southfield, Michigan, next to his grandson. His pall bearers included Palmer.

Legacy
In 2000, Hagen was ranked as the seventh greatest golfer of all time by Golf Digest magazine. Hagen was ranked as the eighth greatest player of all time by Sports Illustrated / Golf Magazine in a major 2010 ranking.

Major victories:
 * U.S. Open: 1914, 1919
 * The Open: 1922, 1924, 1928, 1929
 * PGA Championship: 1921, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927

There is some debate among golf historians as to whether Hagen should actually be credited with 16 major championships, second only to Jack Nicklaus and one ahead of Tiger Woods. (However, counting the U.S. Amateur, which is no longer considered a major championship, Woods' three U.S. Amateurs titles give him a total of 18, two behind Nicklaus's 20.) Hagen captured the Western Open five times (1916, 1921, 1926, 1927, and 1932), at a time when the Western Open was considered one of the premier events on the world golf schedule, second only to the U.S. and British Opens.

Hagen captained the United States in the first six Ryder Cups, and played on the first five U.S. teams: 1927, 1929, 1931, 1933, and 1935.

Hagen has been inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame, in the charter class of 1974.

Hagen has been portrayed by Bruce McGill in the 2001 movie The Legend of Bagger Vance, and by British actor Jeremy Northam in the 2004 Bobby Jones biopic Bobby Jones: Stroke of Genius.

PGA Tour wins (45)

 * 1914 (1) U.S. Open
 * 1916 (3) Metropolitan Open, Shawnee Open, Western Open
 * 1918 (1) North and South Open
 * 1919 (2) U.S. Open, Metropolitan Open
 * 1920 (3) Florida West Coast Open, Metropolitan Open, Bellevue Country Club Open
 * 1921 (2) Western Open, PGA Championship
 * 1922 (4) Deland Open Championship, Florida West Coast Open, White Sulphur Springs Open, British Open
 * 1923 (5) Texas Open, Florida West Coast Open, Asheville-Biltmore Open Championship, North and South Open, Kansas Mid-Continent Pro Championship (tie with Joe Kirkwood, Sr.)
 * 1924 (5) North and South Open, Metropolitan PGA, British Open, PGA Championship, Princess Anne C.C. Open
 * 1925 (1) PGA Championship
 * 1926 (4) Florida West Coast Open, Eastern Open Championship, Western Open, PGA Championship
 * 1927 (2) Western Open, PGA Championship
 * 1928 (2) British Open, Long Beach Open (December)
 * 1929 (3) Miami International Four-Ball (with Leo Diegel), British Open, Great Lakes Open
 * 1931 (2) Coral Gables Open (tie with Henry Ciuci), Canadian Open
 * 1932 (2) Western Open, St. Louis Open
 * 1933 (1) Tournament of the Gardens Open
 * 1935 (1) Gasparilla Open-Tampa
 * 1936 (1) Inverness Invitational Four-Ball (with Ky Laffoon)

Major championships are shown in bold.

Other wins (13)
(This list is incomplete)
 * 1914 Professional and Amateur Four Ball Invitational
 * 1914 Pinehurst Amateur-Pro
 * 1915 Massachusetts Open, California State Open, Panama Exposition Open
 * 1920 French Open
 * 1921 Michigan Open
 * 1922 New York Open
 * 1923 Long Beach Open
 * 1924 Belgian Open
 * 1929 Virginia Beach Open
 * 1930 Michigan PGA Championship
 * 1931 Michigan PGA Championship

Wins (11)
Note: The PGA Championship was match play until 1958

1 Defeated Mike Brady in an 18-hole playoff – Hagen 77 (+6), Brady 78 (+7)

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} NYF = tournament not yet founded

NT = no tournament

WD = withdrew

DQ = disqualified

DNQ = did not qualify for match play portion

R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = round in which player lost in PGA Championship match play

"T" indicates a tie for a place

Source for The Masters: www.masters.com

Source for U.S. Open: USGA Championship Database

Source for The Open Championship: www.opengolf.com

Source for PGA Championship: PGA Championship Media Guide

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 31 (1913 U.S. Open – 1930 U.S. Open)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 15 (1923 PGA Championship – 1929 Open Championship)

title: Walter Hagen


text:
House of Ibelin

The House of Ibelin was a noble family in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century. They rose from humble beginnings to become one of the most important families in the kingdom, holding various high offices and with extensive holdings in the Holy Land and Cyprus. The family disappeared after the fall of the Kingdom of Cyprus in the 15th century.

Name
The family took their name from the castle of Ibelin, which was built in 1141 by King Fulk I and entrusted to Barisan, the founder of the family. Ibelin was the crusader's name for the Arab city of Yibna, where the castle was situated. The castle fell to the Saracens at the end of the 12th century, but by then the family had holdings at Beirut and in Cyprus.

First and second family generations
The Ibelin family rose from relatively humble origins to become one of the most important noble families in the Crusader states of Jerusalem and Cyprus. The family claimed to be descended from the Le Puiset viscounts of Chartres in France, though this may be a later fabrication. But much more likely their origin was from Pisa, Italy, the name 'Barisan' widespread in Tuscany and Liguria related to the Azzopardi family. Its first known member, Barisan of Ibelin, was apparently a knight in service of the Count of Jaffa and in the 1110s became constable of Jaffa. As reward for his capable and loyal service, around 1122 he married Helvis, heiress of the nearby lordship of Ramla.

Barisan was given the castle of Ibelin in 1141 by King Fulk as a reward for his loyalty during the revolt of his then master Hugh II of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa, in 1134. Ibelin was part of the County of Jaffa, which was annexed to the royal domain after Hugh's unsuccessful revolt. Barisan's marriage with Helvis produced Hugh, Baldwin, Barisan, Ermengarde, and Stephanie. The younger Barisan came to be known as Balian. Along with Ibelin, the family then held Ramla (inherited from Helvis), and the youngest son Balian received the lordship of Nablus when he married Maria Comnena, the Dowager Queen. Balian was the last to hold these territories as they all fell to Saladin in 1187.

The family underwent a remarkable rise in status in only two generations. In the circumstances of the crusader kingdom, this rapid rise, noblesse nouvelle, was not as difficult as it would have been in Europe. In crusader Palestine, individuals and whole families tended to die much sooner and replacements, sang nouveau, were needed.

13th century
Balian's descendants were among the most powerful nobles in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus. Balian's first son John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut, was the leader of the opposition to Emperor Frederick II when the latter tried to impose imperial authority over the crusader states. The family briefly regained control of the castle of Ibelin in 1241 in the aftermath of Frederick's Sixth Crusade, when certain territories were returned to the Christians by treaty. John had numerous children with Melisende of Arsuf, including Balian, lord of Beirut; Baldwin, seneschal of Cyprus; another John, lord of Arsuf and constable of Jerusalem; and Guy, constable of Cyprus. This Balian was married to Eschiva of Montbéliard and was the father of John II of Beirut, who married the daughter of Duke Guy I of Athens. John of Arsuf was the father of Balian of Arsuf, who married Plaisance of Antioch. Guy the constable was the father of Isabella, who married Hugh III of Cyprus.

Balian of Ibelin's second son Philip was regent of Cyprus while his niece, the widowed Queen Alice, needed help to govern. With Alice of Montbéliard, Philip was the father of John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa and Ascalon, regent of Jerusalem, and author of the Assizes of the High Court of Jerusalem, the most important legal document from the crusader kingdom. John married Maria, sister of Hethum I of Armenia, and was the father of James, count of Jaffa and Ascalon and also a noted jurist; and of Guy, count of Jaffa and Ascalon and husband of his cousin Maria, Hethum's daughter.

Several members of the family went to the new kingdom of Cyprus at the beginning of the 13th century. Most of the rest moved there as the mainland kingdom was lost piece by piece. No members of the Ibelin family seem to have gone to any other country during this period. At this time, some of the Embriaco lords of Gibelet, relatives of the Ibelins, also took the name of "Ibelin" because of their common maternal descent.

Despite the family's modest origins on the paternal side, the Ibelins during the 13th–15th centuries were among the highest nobility in the Kingdom of Cyprus, producing brides for younger sons, grandsons and brothers of kings (though the kings and eldest sons tended to find more royal wives). Ibelins lived among the highest circles of Cyprus, and married into the royal family, the Lusignans, and among such families as Montfort, Dampierre, ducal Brunswick, Montbeliard, and Gibelet(-Ibelins). They married also into other branches of Ibelins. They also had loftier ancestors: Maria Comnena was from the Byzantine imperial Comnenus dynasty, and was descended from the kings of Georgia, Bulgaria, ancient Armenia, Parthia, Persia and Syria.

When the Kingdom of Cyprus was destroyed in the 15th century, the Ibelins apparently also lost their lands and positions, and the family possibly became extinct — the sources, at least, no longer mention them.

Lords of Ibelin
See Lordship of Ibelin.

 * Barisan of Ibelin (c. 1134–1150)
 * Hugh of Ibelin (1150–1170)
 * Baldwin of Ibelin (inherited Ibelin in 1170, but passed it to Balian)
 * Balian of Ibelin (1170–1193)
 * John of Ibelin (1193–1236)
 * Afterwards held directly by the Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon

Family tree

 * Barisan of Ibelin (d. 1152) m. Helvis of Ramla
 * Hugh of Ibelin (c. 1130-1133–1169/1171) m. Agnes of Courtenay
 * Baldwin of Ibelin (early 1130s – c. 1187 or 1186/1188) m. 1. Richilde of Bethsan, 2. Isabelle Gothman, 3. Maria of Tripoli
 * Thomas of Ibelin (before 175 – c. 1188)
 * Eschiva of Ibelin (c. 1160–1196/1197) m. Amalric of Lusignan

 * Bourgogne (1180–1210), m. 1. Raymond VI of Toulouse, 2. Gautier II de Montfaucon
 * Guy, died young
 * John, died young
 * Hugh I of Cyprus (1194/1195–1218) m. Alice of Champagne
 * Mary of Lusignan (before 1215 – c. 1252 or 1254) m. Walter IV of Brienne
 * Hugh of Brienne (c. 1240–1296) m. 1. Isabella of La Roche, 2. Helena Komnene Dukaina
 * Walter V of Brienne (c. 1275–1311) m. Jeanne de Châtillon
 * Walter VI of Brienne (c. 1304–1356) m. 1. Margaret of Taranto, 2. Jeanne of Brienne
 * Jeanne
 * Marguerite
 * Isabella of Brienne (1306–1360), married Walter III of Enghien
 * descendants in Enghien, Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, Duchy of Ferrara, Duchy of Mantua, etc.
 * Agnes of Brienne m. John, Count of Joigny
 * Joanna of Brienne m. Niccolo Sanudo
 * Isabella of Cyprus (1216–1264) m. Henry of Antioch
 * Hugh III of Cyprus (1235–1284) m. Isabella of Ibelin
 * John II of Jerusalem (died 1285)
 * Bohemond of Lusignan (ca 1268–1281)
 * Henry II of Jerusalem (1271–1324) m. Constanza of Sicily
 * Amalric, Lord of Tyre (died 1310) m. Isabella, Princess of Armenia
 * Hugh of Lusignan (d. 1318/1323) m. Eschive of Ibelin
 * Henry of Lusignan (d. 1323)
 * Guy of Lusignan (d. 1344) m. 1. Kantakuzene, 2. Theodora Syrgiannaina
 * Isabella of Lusignan (c. 1333–1382/1387) m. Manuel Kantakouzenos
 * John of Lusignan (d. 1343) m. Sultana of Georgia
 * Bohemond of Lusignan (died 1364)
 * Leon VI of Armenia (illegitimate) m. Margaret of Soissons
 * Mary of Lusignan (c. 1370–1381)
 * Guy of Lusignan (d. 1405) (illegitimate)
 * Etienne of Lusignan (illegitimate)
 * Bohémond of Lusignan (d. 1344) m. Euphemia of Neghir
 * Bartholemy of Lusignan (d. after 1373) (illegitimate)
 * Agnes (Mary) of Lusignan (d. aft. 1309) m. Levon III of Armenia
 * Mary of Lusignan (1273–1322) m. James II of Aragon
 * Aimery of Lusignan (1274/1280–1316)
 * Guy of Lusignan (1275/1280–1303) m. Eschiva of Ibelin (1253–1312)
 * Hugh IV of Cyprus (c. 1295–1359) m. 1. Maria of Ibelin, 2. Alix of Ibelin
 * Guy of Lusignan (c. 1316–1343) m. Marie de Bourbon
 * Hugh of Lusignan (1335–1385/1386) m. Maria of Morphou
 * Eschiva of Lusignan (c. 1323–1363) m. Fernando of Majorca
 * Peter I of Cyprus (1328–1369) m. 1. Eschive de Montfort, 2. Leonor de Gandia
 * Peter II of Cyprus (c. 1357–1382) m. Valentina Visconti
 * Margaret or Mary of Lusignan (c. 1360 – c. 1397) m. Jacques de Lusignan
 * Eschiva of Lusignan (d. before 1369)
 * John of Lusignan (c. 1329–1375) m. 1. Constance of Sicily, 2. Alice of Ibelin
 * James of Lusignan (d. 1395/1397) m. Margaret or Mary of Lusignan
 * John of Lusignan (d. 1428/1432)
 * Peter of Lusignan (d. 1451) m. Isabella of Lusignan
 * Phoebus of Lusignan (illegitimate)
 * Eleanor of Lusignan (d. c. 1414) m. Henry of Lusignan
 * Loysia of Lusignan m. Eudes of Lusignan
 * James I of Cyprus (1334–1398) m. Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
 * Janus of Cyprus (1375–1432) m. 1. Anglesia Visconti, 2. Charlotte of Bourbon-La Marche
 * John II of Cyprus (1418–1458) m. 1. Amadea Palaiologina of Montferrat, 2. Helene Palaiologina
 * Charlotte of Cyprus (1442/1443–1487) m. 1. John of Portugal, 2. Louis of Savoy, Count of Geneva
 * Cleopha of Lusignan
 * James of Lusignan (d. c. 1426)
 * Anne of Lusignan (c. 1415/1419–1462) m. Louis of Savoy
 * descendants in the Duchy of Savoy
 * Mary of Lusignan (d. 1437)
 * Aloysius of Lusignan (1408–1421) (illegitimate)
 * Guy of Lusignan (d. after 1433) (illegitimate) m. Isabelle Babin
 * Jacqua of Lusignan (b. 1432)
 * Eleanor of Lusignan (b. 1433)
 * unknown daughter, m. Garceran Suarez de los Cernadilla
 * Philip of Lusignan (d. c. 1430)
 * Lancelot of Lusignan (d. after 1450)
 * Henry of Lusignan (d. 1427) m. Eleanor of Lusignan
 * Eudes of Lusignan (d. 1421) m. Loysia of Lusignan
 * Hugh Lancelot of Lusignan (d. 1442)
 * Guy of Lusignan
 * unknown daughter (d. 1374)
 * James of Lusignan (d. c. 1397)
 * Eschiva of Lusignan (d. after 1406) m. Sclavus von Asperg
 * Marie of Lusignan (1381–1404), married Ladislaus of Naples
 * Agnes of Lusignan (c. 1382–1459)
 * Isabella of Lusignan m. Peter of Lusignan
 * Thomas of Lusignan (d. 1340)
 * Peter of Lusignan (d. 1353)
 * Margaret of Lusignan, m. Gautier of Dampierre
 * Isabella of Lusignan (1296/1300 – after 1340) m. Eudes of Dampierre
 * Margaret of Lusignan (c. 1276–1296) m. Thoros III of Armenia
 * Levon III of Armenia (c. 1287–1307) m. Agnes of Lusignan
 * Alice of Lusignan (1277/1280–1324) m. Balian of Ibelin
 * Helvis of Lusignan (died 1324) m. Hethum II of Armenia
 * Isabella of Lusignan (c. 1280–1319) m. 1. Constantine of Neghir, 2. Oshin of Armenia
 * Henry I of Cyprus (1217–1253) m. 1. Alix of Montferrat, 2. Stephanie of Lampron, 3. Plaisance of Antioch
 * Hugh II of Cyprus (1252/1253–1267)
 * Helvis of Lusignan, married Raymond-Roupen of Antioch
 * Mary of Antioch (1215 – ?) m. Philip of Montfort
 * John of Montfort (died 1283) m. Margaret of Lusignan
 * Humphrey of Montfort (died 1284) m. Eschiva of Ibelin
 * Amaury of Montfort (died 1304)
 * Rupen of Montfort (died 1313)
 * a son
 * Alix or Helvis, living in 1295
 * Alix, living in 1282 and in 1295
 * Helvis, living in 1282 and in 1295
 * Alix, died young

 * Stephanie of Ibelin m. Amalric, Viscount of Nablus

 * Balian of Ibelin (early 1140s – 1193) m. Maria Comnena
 * Helvis of Ibelin m. 1. Reginald of Sidon, 2. Guy of Montfort.
 * Agnes m. Ralph of Tiberias
 * Fenie (Euphemia) m. Eudes of Tiberias
 * Balian (d. 1241) m. Margaret of Brienne
 * Julian Grenier (d. 1275) m. Euphemia of Armenia
 * Balian II Grenier (d. 1277)
 * John (d. 1289)
 * Margaret m. Guy II Embriaco
 * Philip of Montfort
 * John of Ibelin (c. 1179–1236) m. 1. Helvis of Nephin, 2. Melisende of Arsuf
 * Balian of Beirut (d. 1247) m. Eschiva de Montfaucon
 * John II of Beirut (d. 1264) m. Alice de la Roche
 * Isabella of Ibelin (1252–1282) m. 1. Hugh II of Cyprus, 2. Haymo Letrange, 3. Nicholas Laleman, 4. Guillaume Berlais
 * Eschiva of Ibelin (1253–1312) m. 1. Humphrey of Montfort, 2. Guy of Lusignan
 * Amaury of Montfort (d. 1304)
 * Rupen of Montfort (d. 1313)
 * Alix of Montfort
 * Helvis of Montfort
 * Hugh IV of Cyprus (c. 1295–1359) m. 1. Mary of Ibelin, 2. Alice of Ibelin (see above)
 * Isabella of Lusignan (1298–1330) m. Eudes of Dampierre
 * John of Arsuf (c. 1211–1258) m. Alice of Haifa
 * Balian of Arsuf (1239–1277) m. 1. Plaisance of Antioch, w.o. issue 2. ca 1261 Lucy of Chenechy
 * John, titular Lord of Arsuf, (1277–1309) m. aft. 1300 Isabel of Ibelin, daughter of Balian seneschal of Cyprus.
 * Guy of Ibelin
 * Balian of Ibelin (d. c. 1338) m. c. 1320 Margaret of Ibelin
 * Philip of Ibelin, (d. 1374/6) m. 1. Eschiva of Dampierre 2. 1355 Alicia of Majorca (d. aft. 1376) daughter of Ferdinand of Majorca
 * Guy of Ibelin (d. 1367)
 * Thomas of Ibelin (d. aft. 1361)
 * John of Ibelin
 * Mary of Ibelin (d. aft. 1357) m. 1. c. 1340 Hugh of Dampierre-sur-Salon 2. c. 1349 John of Ibelin (d. aft. 1357)
 * Simone of Ibelin (d. aft. 1350) m. 1. c. 1355 Baldwin of Nores 1. John Babin
 * Margaret of Ibelin (d. aft. 1353) m. Balian of Ibelin
 * Margaret of Ibelin m. c. 1323 Balian of Ibelin
 * Lucy of Ibelin m. 1. c. 1332 Baldwin of Milmars 2. c. 1334 Raymond du Four
 * Alice of Ibelin
 * Joan of Ibelin m. Baldwin of Morf
 * Nicole of Ibelin, (d. c. 1300) m. Thibaut of Bessan
 * Ermeline of Ibelin
 * Hugh of Ibelin (1213–1238)
 * Baldwin of Ibelin (d. 1266) m. Alix of Bethsan
 * John m. Isabelle Rivet
 * Baldwin m. Marguerite de Giblet
 * Isabella († 1315), m. her cousin Guy (1286 † 1308) (see below)
 * Alix (d. after 1386) m. Hugh IV of Cyprus (see below)
 * Walter
 * Philip of Ibelin (died 1304), seneshal of Cyprus
 * Guy m. Mary of Armenia
 * Balian m. Marguerite Visconte
 * Hugh (d. 1315)
 * Melisende, died young
 * Guy of Ibelin m. Philippa Berlais
 * Baldwin bailli of Jerusalem
 * John (d. 1277)
 * Aimery
 * Balian (1240–1302) m. Alice de Lampron
 * Guy m. his cousin Isabella (see above)
 * Alix (d. after 1386) m. Hugh IV of Cyprus (see above)
 * Philip of Ibelin (1253–1318) m. 1. c. 1280 Maria, daughter of Vahran of Hamousse by Mary of Ibelin, w.o. issue; 2. c 1295 Maria of Giblet (d. 1331)
 * John of Ibelin, (b. 1302, d. aft. 1317)
 * Guy of Ibelin (d. c 1360) m. c. 1319 Margaret of Ibelin
 * John of Ibelin
 * Alice of Ibelin, (d. aft. 1373) m. c. 1350 John of Lusignan (d. 1375)
 * Margaret of Ibelin
 * Balian of Ibelin, (d. aft. 1349) m. c. 1323 Margaret of Ibelin
 * Isabella of Ibelin, (b.1300, d. aft. 1342) m. 1. 1316 Fernando of Majorca (d. 1316); 2. c. 1320 Hugh of Ibelin
 * Helvis of Ibelin, (b. 1307, d. aft. 1347) m. 1330 Henry II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1351)
 * Isabella of Ibelin (1241–1324) m. Hugh III of Cyprus (see above)
 * Alice m. Eudes of Dampierre sur Salon
 * Eschiva
 * Melisende
 * Mary
 * Margaret, m. 1. Hugh of Saint-Omer, 2. Walter of Caesarea.
 * Philip of Ibelin (1180–1227), m. Alice of Montbéliard
 * John of Ibelin (1215–1266) m. Maria of Barbaron
 * James (c. 1240–1276) m. Marie of Montbéliard
 * Philip (d. aft. 1263)
 * Guy (c. 1250–1304) m. Marie, Lady of Naumachia
 * Philip of Ibelin (d. 1316)
 * Hugh of Ibelin (d. aft. 1335)
 * Hugh of Ibelin (d. c 1349); m. 1320 Isabella of Ibelin (died after 1342)
 * Balian of Ibelin (d. c 1352)
 * Guy of Ibelin (d. c 1363); m. N.
 * Balian of Ibelin; m.1352 Marguerite of Ibelin
 * John of Ibelin (d. c 1375)
 * Mary of Ibelin; m. ca 1358 Reinier Le Petit
 * Balian of Ibelin, (b. 1302), m. 1. 1322 Jeannette of Montfort (d. c 1325) 2. 1325 Margaret du Four
 * Maria of Ibelin, (b. 1294, d. before 1318), m.1307/10 Hugh IV of Cyprus
 * John (died 1315/1316 in Kyrenia)
 * John (d. aft. 1263)
 * Hethum
 * Oshin
 * Margaret (c. 1245 – aft. 1317)
 * Isabella (c. 1250 – aft. 1298) married Sempad of Servantikar
 * Mary (d. aft. 1298) m. 1. Vahran of Hamousse, 2. Gregorios Tardif
 * Ermengarde of Ibelin (d. 1160/1167)
 * Stephanie of Ibelin (d. after 1167)

The Ibelin crest
The Ibelin shield shown here was used in the film, "Kingdom of Heaven", but has nothing to do with the real Ibelin family. While researching shields and coats of arms for the film (which used real and fabricated shields), members of the production team discovered this shield - a red cross on a gold field - in a museum in Paris, with "Balian 1180" written under it. They were delighted, even though it wasn't "their" Balian, and used it as the Ibelin shield, despite it having no historic connection to that family. This information can be found in the "Kingdom of Heaven" companion book.

Jean de Joinville in his account of the Sixth Crusade mentions the coat of arms of the Count of Jaffa, who at this time was John of Ibelin. Jeanville describes the coat of arms as "or with a cross of gules patée", which roughly translates to "red cross patty on golden ground". That would mean the shield shown here is not that far off from the description given by Jean de Joinville. It remains unclear within the source, if it was the coat of arms of the count of Jaffa, regardless of who was holding that county, or the coat of arms of the house of Ibelin. For Jean de Joinville mentions other Ibelin in his account, but fails to connect them to said coat of arms.

title: House of Ibelin


text:
Ugolino della Gherardesca

Ugolino della Gherardesca (c. 1214 – March 1289), Count of Donoratico, was an Italian nobleman, politician and naval commander. He was frequently accused of treason and features prominently in Dante's Divine Comedy.

Biography
In the 13th century, the states of Italy were beset by the strife of two parties, the Ghibellines and the Guelphs. While the conflict was local and personal in origin, the parties had come to be associated with the two universal powers: the Ghibellines sided with the Holy Roman Emperor and his rule of Italy, while the Guelphs sided with the Pope, who supported self-governing city-states.

Pisa was controlled by the Ghibellines, while most of the surrounding cities were controlled by the Guelphs, most notably Pisa's trading rivals Genoa and Florence. Under the circumstances, Pisa adopted the "strong and vigilant government" of a podestà "armed with almost despotic power".

Ugolino was born in Pisa into the della Gherardesca family, a noble family of Germanic origins whose alliance with the Hohenstaufen Emperors had brought to prominence in Tuscany and made them the leaders of the Ghibellines in Pisa.

Between 1256 and 1258 he participated in the war against the philo-Genoese giudicato of Cagliari, in Sardinia. Ugolino then obtained the south-western portion of the former Judicate, with its rich silver mines, where he founded the important city of Villa di Chiesa, today Iglesias.

As head of his family, the Ghibelline party and podestà of Pisa, Ugolino took action to preserve his power in the face of the political hostility of Pisa's neighbours. In 1271, through a marriage of his sister with Giovanni Visconti, judge of Gallura, he allied himself with the Visconti, the leaders of the Guelphs in Pisa. In doing so, he aroused the suspicions of his fellow Ghibellines.

The subsequent disorders in the city in 1274 led to the arrest of both Ugolino and Giovanni, who were accused of plotting to undermine Pisa's government and, with the support from Tuscany's Guelphs, share power among themselves. Ugolino was imprisoned and Giovanni banished from Pisa. Giovanni Visconti died soon afterwards, and Ugolino, no longer regarded as a threat, was set free and banished. In exile, Ugolino immediately began to intrigue with the Guelph cities of Florence and Lucca. With the help of Charles I of Anjou, he attacked his native city and forced it to make peace on humiliating terms, pardoning him and all the other Guelph exiles. After his return, Ugolino at first remained aloof from politics but quietly worked to reassert his influence.

In 1284, war broke out between Pisa and Genoa and both Ugolino and Andreotto Saracini were appointed as captains of two divisions of fleets by Albertino Morosini, the Podestà of Pisa. The two fleets met in August in the Battle of Meloria. The Genoese fought valiantly and destroyed seven Pisan galleys and captured twenty-eight. Among the eleven thousand captives was the Podestà. Ugolino and his division set the sign of surrender and withdrew, deciding the battle in favour of Genoa. This flight was later interpreted as treachery but not by any writer earlier than the 16th century.

When Florence and Lucca took advantage of the naval defeat to attack Pisa, Ugolino was appointed podestà for a year and succeeded in pacifying them by ceding certain castles. When Genoa suggested peace on similar terms, Ugolino was less eager to accept, for the return of the Pisan prisoners, including most of the leading Ghibellines, would have diminished his power.

Ugolino, now appointed capitano del popolo for ten years, was now the most influential man in Pisa but was forced to share his power with his nephew Nino Visconti, son of Giovanni. The duumvirate did not last, as Ugolino and Nino soon quarrelled. In 1287, Nino, striving to become Podestà, entered into negotiations with Ruggieri degli Ubaldini, Archbishop of Pisa, and the Ghibellines. Ugolino reacted by driving Nino and several Ghibelline families out of the city, destroying their palaces and occupying the town hall, where he had himself proclaimed lord of the city.

In April of that year, Ugolino again refused to make peace with Genoa, even though the enemy was willing to be content with financial reparations. Ugolino still feared the return of the captured Pisans, who saw Ugolino as the cause for their prolonged captivity and had sworn to get their revenge for this.

In 1288, Pisa was hit by a dramatic increase in prices, resulting in food shortages and riots among the bitter populace. During one of these riots, Ugolino killed a nephew of the Archbishop, turning the latter against him. On 1 July 1288, after leaving a council-meeting discussing peace with Genoa, Ugolino and his followers were attacked by a band of armed Ghibellines. Ugolino withdrew into the town hall and repelled all attacks. The Archbishop, accusing Ugolino of treachery, aroused the citizens. When the town hall was set on fire, Ugolino surrendered. While his illegitimate son was killed, Ugolino himself – together with his sons Gaddo and Uguccione and his grandsons Nino (surnamed "the Brigand") and Anselmuccio – were detained in the Muda, a tower belonging to the Gualandi family. In March 1289, on orders of the Archbishop, who had proclaimed himself podestà, the keys were thrown into the Arno river and the prisoners left to starve.

Their corpses were buried in the cloister of Saint Francis Church and remained there until 1902, when they were exhumed and transferred to the Gherardesca family chapel.

Literary afterlife
The historical details of the episode are still involved in some obscurity, and although mentioned by Villani and other writers, it owes its fame entirely to Dante's Divine Comedy. Dante's account has been paraphrased by Chaucer in the Monk's Tale of the Canterbury Tales, as well as by Shelley. Irish poet Seamus Heaney also recounts the legend in his poem "Ugolino", a free translation from Dante, found in his 1979 book Field Work. Giovanni Pascoli writes of Ugolino in "Conte Ugolino", a poem from his Primi Poemetti.

Ugolino in Dante's Inferno
Dante placed Ugolino and Ruggieri in the ice of the second ring (Antenora) of the lowest circle of the Inferno, which is reserved for betrayers of kin, country, guests, and benefactors.

Ugolino's punishment involves his being entrapped in ice up to his neck in the same hole with his betrayer, Archbishop Ruggieri, who left him to starve to death. Ugolino is constantly gnawing at Ruggieri's skull. As Dante describes it, I saw two shades frozen in a single hole packed so close, one head hooded the other one; the way the starving devour their bread, the soul above had clenched the other with his teeth where the brain meets the nape.

— (Canto XXXII, lines 124–29)

Ugolino's gnawing of Ruggieri's head has been interpreted as meaning that Ugolino's hatred for his enemy is so strong that he is compelled to "devour even what has no substance." Ugolino, though punished for his betrayal of his people, is allowed some closure for the betrayal that he himself was forced to suffer under Ruggieri, when he is allowed to act as Ruggieri's torturer for eternity. According to Frances Yates, both are "suffering the torments of the damned in the traitors' hell; but Ugolino is given the right to oppress ... Archbishop Ruggieri with a ghastly eternal punishment which fits his crime."

Ugolino and his children
According to Dante, the prisoners were slowly starved to death and before dying Ugolino's children begged him to eat their bodies.

Ugolino's statement that hunger proved stronger than grief has been interpreted in two ways, either that Ugolino devoured his offspring's corpses after being driven mad with hunger, or that starvation killed him after he had failed to die of grief. The first and more ghastly of these interpretations has proved the more popular and resonant. For this reason Ugolino is known as the "Cannibal Count" and is often depicted gnawing at his own fingers ("eating of his own flesh") in consternation, as in the sculpture The Gates of Hell by Auguste Rodin, in Ugolino and his Sons by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux and in other artwork, though this may also simply refer to Ugolino's own statement in the poem that he gnawed his fingers in grief.

Ugolino in Borges
The case of Ugolino and Ruggiero is behind the story of the short story "The Wait" (La espera) of Jorge Luis Borges in the collection named The Aleph (El Aleph) (1949).

Scientific analysis of the remains
In 2002, paleoanthropologist Francesco Mallegni conducted DNA testing on the recently excavated bodies of Ugolino and his children. His analysis agrees with the remains being a father, his sons and his grandsons. Additional comparison to DNA from modern-day members of the Gherardesca family leave Mallegni about 98 percent sure that he has identified the remains correctly. However, the forensic analysis discredits the allegation of cannibalism. Analysis of the rib bones of the Ugolino skeleton reveals traces of magnesium, but no zinc, implying he had consumed no meat in the months before his death. Ugolino also had few remaining teeth and is believed to have been in his 70s when he was imprisoned, making it further unlikely that he could have outlived and eaten his descendants in captivity. Additionally, Mallegni notes that the putative Ugolino skull was damaged; perhaps he did not ultimately die of starvation, although malnourishment is evident.

In 2008, Paola Benigni, superintendent to the Archival Heritage of Tuscany, disputed Mallegni's findings in an article, claiming that the documents assigning the burial to Ugolino and his descendants were Fascist-era forgeries.

Literature

 * Paola Benigni, Massimo Becattini. "Ugolino della Gherardesca: cronaca di una scoperta annunciata". Archeologia Viva 128 (2008). pp. 64–67.
 * Thomas Caldecot Chub. Dante and His World. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. (1996).
 * Joan M. Ferrante. The Political Vision of the Divine Comedy. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1984).
 * Robert Hollander. "Inferno XXXIII, 37–74: Ugolino's Importunity". Speculum 59(3) (July 1984), p. 549–55. 10.2307/2846299. JSTOR 2846299.
 * Robert Hollander. Circle 9 The Trustees of Princeton University (1997).
 * James Miller. Dante & the Unorthodox; The Aesthetics of Transgression. Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid University Press (2005).
 * Gilbert, Allan H. Dante's Conception of Justice. Duke University Press, 1925.
 * Francesco Mallegni, M. Luisa Ceccarelli Lemut. Il conte Ugolino di Donoratico tra antropologia e storia (2003). ISBN 88-8492-059-0.
 * Nicole Martinelli, "Dante and the Cannibal Count", Newsweek (1 February 2007).
 * Guy P. Raffa. Circle 9, Cantos 31–34. University of Texas at Austin (2002).
 * Theodore Spencer. "The Story of Ugolino in Dante and Chaucer". Speculum 9(3) (July 1934), p. 295–301. 10.2307/2853896. JSTOR 2853896.
 * Paget Toynbee, A Dictionary of the Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante, Oxford University Press (1968).
 * Frances A. Yates. "Transformations of Dante's Ugolino". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 14(1/2) (1951), p. 92–117. 10.2307/750354. JSTOR 750354.

title: Ugolino della Gherardesca


text:
Barisan of Ibelin

Barisan of Ibelin (Barisan d'Ibelin; died 1150) was an important figure in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and was the founder of the Ibelin family. His name was later written as "Balian" and he is sometimes known as Balian the Elder, Barisan the Old or Balian I. Barisan was lord of Ramla from 1138 to 1150.

Barisan's origins are obscure. The Ibelins later claimed to be descended from the viscounts of Chartres, but according to Peter W. Edbury, Barisan was probably from northern Italy. According to Jonathan Riley-Smith, however, he may have indeed been connected to Chartres, as the brother of Hugh of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa; he would then have also been a cousin to the Montlhéry family of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem.

However, nothing certain is known of his life before 1115, when he appears as constable of Jaffa under Hugh. In 1120 he was present at the Council of Nablus, where the first laws of the kingdom were promulgated, perhaps representing the new, underaged Count of Jaffa, Hugh II. Around the same year, his services were rewarded with a marriage to Helvis of Ramla, daughter of Baldwin I of Ramla. In 1134, when Hugh II rebelled against King Fulk, Barisan supported the king, and soon became prominent at Fulk's court. In 1141, perhaps as a reward for his loyalty in 1134, he was granted the newly constructed castle of Ibelin, located in the County of Jaffa between Jaffa itself and the Fatimid Egyptian fortress of Ascalon. It was from this castle that the family took their name.

In 1148 Barisan inherited the nearby lordship of Ramla, through his wife Helvis. That year, Barisan was also present at the council convened at Acre after the arrival of the Second Crusade, at which it was decided to attack Damascus. Barisan died in 1150 and Ibelin was inherited by Hugh. Helvis then married Manasses of Hierges, Constable of Jerusalem.

With Helvis lady of Ramla (daughter of Baldwin I of Ramla), Barisan was the father of:
 * Hugh of Ibelin, Lord of Ramla
 * Baldwin of Ibelin, Lord of Mirabel and Ramla
 * Barisan the Younger (known as Balian), Lord of Nablus
 * Ermengarde of Ibelin, Lady of Tiberias, married William I of Bures
 * Stephanie of Ibelin (d. after 1167)

title: Barisan of Ibelin


text:
Wang Daohan

Wang Daohan, (27 March 1915 – 24 December 2005) was a Chinese politician who was president of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) from 1991 to 2005.

Biography
Wang was born in Jiashan County (present day Mingguang City) in China's Anhui province in 1915 and joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1938. During his early career within the government of the People's Republic of China, he focused on trade and investment issues. In 1965 he was the deputy minister of the State Commission for Foreign Economic Relations with Foreign Countries and in 1979 he was appointed vice-chair of the State Foreign Investment Commission and vice-chair of the State Import-Export Commission. Later Wang came to greater prominence when, after a year as vice-mayor, he was appointed mayor of Shanghai in 1981. As mayor, Wang contributed to the success of Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms by actively encouraging foreign investment and joint ventures. When he retired in 1985, Wang convinced the party authorities to name his protégé Jiang Zemin as his successor.

On 16 December 1991 Wang was named the president of Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS), a semi-official organization created to correspond with the Taiwan-based Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF). The following year Wang and SEF chairman Koo Chen-fu held preliminary talks in Hong Kong which resulted in the so-called "1992 Consensus" and facilitated negotiations of practical matters. However, the content and the very existence of this "1992 Consensus" is still widely disputed. In April 1993, Koo and Wang met in Singapore to hold the Wang-Koo summit. A second round of talks followed in 1998, in Shanghai, but no further talks have taken place since. Beijing called off talks in 1999, after Republic of China President Lee Teng-hui proposed his two-states theory. Wang died in Shanghai on the morning of 24 December 2005.

title: Wang Daohan


text: Results of the January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election


text:
Battle of Manila (1898)

The Battle of Manila (Labanan sa Maynila; Batalla de Manila), sometimes called the Mock Battle of Manila, was a land engagement which took place in Manila on August 13, 1898, at the end of the Spanish–American War, four months after the decisive victory by Commodore Dewey's Asiatic Squadron at the Battle of Manila Bay. The belligerents were Spanish forces led by Governor-General of the Philippines Fermín Jáudenes, and American forces led by United States Army Major General Wesley Merritt and United States Navy Commodore George Dewey. American forces were supported by units of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

The battle that took place in Manila during the Philippine-Spanish War is commonly referred to as the "Mock battle of Manila". This unique and covert operation was meticulously planned by the local commanders of the Spanish and American forces, who were legally at war with each other. Their clandestine collaboration aimed to orchestrate a simulated battle that would facilitate the transfer of control over the city center from the Spanish to the Americans, all while ensuring that the Philippine Revolutionary Army would be kept at bay. The underlying motivations for this meticulously coordinated sham battle were multi-faceted, encompassing both racist and political elements. Consequently, the outcome of this strategic maneuver left the American forces in control of Intramuros, the heart of Manila, while being encircled by Philippine revolutionary forces.

As a result of the battle, American forces gained control of Intramuros, the center of Manila, while being surrounded by Philippine revolutionary forces. This event set the stage for the Battle of Manila in 1899 that marked the beginning of the Philippine–American War.

Background
After the American victory in Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the United States Navy, commanded by Admiral George Dewey, blockaded the city of Manila. The United States organized the Eighth Army Corps as an expeditionary force under Major General Wesley Merritt. On May 16, the vanguard of the force departed from San Francisco under Brigadier General Thomas M. Anderson. Merritt requested information on the strength of the Spanish in the Philippines, which was provided by the American consul in Hong Kong. The information revealed that the Spanish forces consisted of around 21,000 men, including 4,000 Filipinos, with the majority in Manila. However, Dewey's more accurate report showed that the Spanish forces numbered around 40,000 troops, including approximately 16,000 Filipinos, with about 15,000 situated in Manila along with nine artillery guns.

By June, Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of Intramuros. The first contingent of American troops arrived in Cavite on June 30, the second under General Francis V. Greene on July 17, and the third under General Arthur MacArthur on July 30. By this time, some 12,000 U.S. troops had landed in the Philippines. By mid-June, some 40,000 Filipino revolutionaries under General Antonio Luna had dug fourteen miles of trenches around Manila. Filipino revolutionaries, seizing control of Manila's only pumping station, cut off the water supply to the city.

Eighth Corps had only one division, curiously numbered as the Second Division, and these revelations informed General Merritt of the relatively formidable opposition his force faced. With this knowledge, they could plan and strategize their campaign accordingly. The stage was set for an epic struggle as the United States aimed to confront and overcome the Spanish forces, securing their foothold in the Philippines and achieving victory in the Pacific.

Emilio Aguinaldo had presented surrender terms to Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Basilio Augustín, who refused them initially, believing more Spanish troops would be sent to lift the siege. As the combined forces of Filipinos and Americans closed in, Augustín, realizing that his position was hopeless, secretly continued to negotiate with Aguinaldo, even offering ₱1 million, but the latter refused. When the Spanish parliament, the Cortes, learned of Governor-General Augustín's attempt to negotiate the surrender of the army to Filipinos under Aguinaldo, it was furious, and relieved Augustín of his duties as Governor-General, effective July 24, to be replaced by Fermin Jáudenes. On June 16, warships departed Spain to lift the siege, but they altered course for Cuba where a Spanish fleet was imperiled by the U.S. Navy. In August, life in Intramuros (the walled center of Manila), where the normal population of about ten thousand had swelled to about seventy thousand, had become unbearable. Realizing that it was only a matter of time before the city fell, and fearing vengeance and looting if the city fell to Filipino revolutionaries, Governor Jáudenes suggested to Dewey, through the Belgian consul, Édouard André, that the city be surrendered to the Americans after a short, "mock" battle. Dewey had initially rejected the suggestion because he lacked the troops to block the Filipino revolutionary forces, but when Merritt's troops became available he sent a message to Jáudenes, agreeing to the mock battle.

Merritt was eager to seize the city, but Dewey stalled while trying to work out a bloodless solution with Jáudenes. On August 4, Dewey and Merritt gave Jáudenes 48 hours to surrender, later extending the deadline by five days when it expired. Covert negotiations continued, with the details of the mock battle being arranged on August 10. The plan agreed to was that Dewey would begin a bombardment at 09:00 on August 13, shelling only Fort San Antonio Abad, a decrepit structure on the southern outskirts of Manila, and the impregnable walls of Intramuros. Simultaneously, Spanish forces would withdraw, Filipino revolutionaries would be checked, and U.S. forces would advance. Once a sufficient show of battle had been made, Dewey would hoist the signal "D.W.H.B." (meaning "Do you surrender? ), whereupon the Spanish would hoist a white flag and Manila would formally surrender to U.S. forces. Under this plan, Spanish forces would be defeated by American forces, while Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city. This minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides, while the Spanish would also avoid the shame of possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces.

Battle
On the evening of August 12, on orders of General Merritt, General Anderson notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila,  stating "Do not let your troops enter Manila without the permission of the American commander. On this side of the Pasig River you will be under fire".

On August 13, with American commanders unaware that a peace protocol had been signed between Spain and the U.S. the previous day, Dewey began his bombardment as scheduled. Dewey directed his ship captains to spare Manila any serious damage, but gunners on one ship, unaware of the negotiated arrangements, scored several direct hits before its captain was able to cease firing and withdraw from the line.

General Greene's brigade pushed rapidly through Malate and over the bridges to occupy Binondo and San Miguel The advancing Americans made good use of new weapons, such as the M1897 Trench Gun which was ideal for close combat. General Arthur MacArthur Jr., advancing simultaneously on the Pasay road, encountered and overcame resistance at the blockhouses, trenches, and woods to his front, advanced and held the bridges and the town of Malate. This placed Manila in American possession, except for Intramuros. Shortly after entering Malate, U.S. troops observed a white flag displayed on the walls of Intramuros. Lieutenant Colonel C. A. Whittier, United States Volunteers, representing General Merritt, and Lieutenant Brumby, U.S. Navy, representing Admiral Dewey, were sent ashore to communicate with the Captain-General. General Merritt soon personally followed, met with Governor General Jáudenes, and concluded a preliminary agreement of the terms of capitulation.

Insurgents made an independent attack of their own, as planned, which promptly led to trouble with the Americans. At 08:00 that morning, Aguinaldo received a telegram from General Anderson, sternly warning him not to let his troops enter Manila without the consent of the American commander, who was situated on the south side of the Pasig River. General Anderson's request was ignored, and Aguinaldo's forces crowded forward alongside the American forces until they directly confronted the Spanish troops. Although the Spanish were waving a flag of truce, the insurgents fired on the Spanish forces, provoking return fire.

Though a bloodless mock battle had been planned, Spanish troops had opened fire in a skirmish which left six Americans and forty-nine Spaniards dead when Filipino revolutionaries, thinking that the attack was genuine, joined advancing U.S. troops. Except for the unplanned casualties, the battle had gone according to plan; the Spanish had surrendered the city to the Americans, and it had not fallen to the Filipino revolutionaries. 19 American soldiers were killed, and 103 more were wounded in this action.

Aftermath
General Anderson sent Aguinaldo a telegram, later that day, which read:"Dated Ermita Headquarters 2nd Division 13 to Gen. Aguinaldo. Commanding Filipino Forces.--Manila, taken. Serious trouble threatened between our forces. Try and prevent it. Your troops should not force themselves in the city until we have received the full surrender then we will negotiate with you. -Anderson, commanding."

Aguinaldo however demanded joint occupation of Manila. On August 13 Admiral Dewey and General Merritt informed their superiors of this and asked how far they might proceed in enforcing obedience in the matter.

General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the President of the United States had directed: "That there must be no joint occupation with the Insurgents. The United States in the possession of Manila city, Manila bay and harbor must preserve the peace and protect persons and property within the territory occupied by their military and naval forces. The insurgents and all others must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President. Use whatever means in your judgment are necessary to this end."

Insurgent forces were looting the portions of the city which they occupied, and were not confining their attacks to Spaniards, but were assaulting their own people and raiding the property of foreigners as well. U.S. commanders pressured Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila. Negotiations proceeded slowly and, on September 8, General Elwell Otis (General Merritt being unavailable) wrote, in a long letter to Aguinaldo: "... I am compelled by my instructions to direct that your armed forces evacuate the entire city of Manila, including its suburbs and defences, and that I shall be obliged to take action with that end in view within a very short space of time should you decline to comply with my Government's demands; and I hereby serve notice on you that unless your troops are withdrawn beyond the line of the city's defences before Thursday, the 15th instant, I shall be obliged to resort to forcible action, and that my Government will hold you responsible for any unfortunate consequences which may ensue."

After further negotiation and exchanges of letters, Aguinaldo wrote on September 16: "I have given appropriate orders that my troops should abandon their most advanced positions within some of the suburbs, ...

For all practical purposes, the fall of Manila brought about the end of the Spanish–American War in the Philippines. Merritt and Dewey finally received word of the peace protocol on August 16. Captain Henry Glass of the protected cruiser USS Charleston (C-2) had accepted the surrender of Guam on June 20, while en route to Manila, and Captain E.D. Taussig of the gunboat USS Bennington (PG-4) claimed Wake Island for the U.S. on January 17, 1899.

This battle marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration, as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos. The war with Spain came to an end, but in February 1899, the Philippine–American War broke out. Tensions between the Filipino forces under Aguinaldo and the American Expeditionary forces were high. The Filipinos felt betrayed by the Americans. They had looked on the Americans as liberators aiding against Spanish occupation. On February 4, a U.S. Army private fired the first shot at a Filipino revolutionary soldier and Filipino revolutionary forces returned fire. This began the Battle of Manila of 1899. Aguinaldo sent a ranking member of his staff to Elwell Stephen Otis, the U.S. military commander, with the message that the firing had been against his orders. Otis replied, "The fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end."

title: Battle of Manila (1898)