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Wabakimi Provincial Park

Wabakimi Provincial Park is a wilderness park located to the northwest of Lake Nipigon and northwest of Armstrong Station in the province of Ontario, Canada. The park contains a vast and interconnected network of more than 2,000 kilometres of lakes and rivers. The park covers an area of 8,920 km2 and became the second largest park in Ontario (after Polar Bear Provincial Park) and one of the world's largest boreal forest reserves following a major expansion in 1997 (it was expanded almost sixfold that year). A number of local citizen groups and residents, including Bruce Hyer (former MP for Thunder Bay-Superior North) have been instrumental in the creation, expansion, and preservation of this region.

Armstrong Station has access points to this remote park by Caribou Lake Road, Little Caribou Lake, canoe, float plane, or rail. The main line of the Canadian National Railway skirts the south end of the park and Via Rail provides passenger service twice a week.

Paddlers (mostly canoeing) often travel the Allan Water, Flindt, Pikitigushi, and Ogoki River (along with a number of additional extended waterways) during the summer months. Wabakimi Provincial Park's waterways straddle a height-of-land from which water flows either to the Atlantic Ocean via Lake Superior or to the Arctic Ocean via the James Bay/Hudson Bay basins.

Several provincial waterway parks connect to Wabakimi:
 * Ogoki River Provincial Park, to the east
 * Albany River Provincial Park, to the north
 * Kopka River Provincial Park, to the south
 * Brightsand River Provincial Park, to the southwest

Many camps and outfitters use Wabakimi including Keewaydin Canoe Camp.

Wabakimi Project and Friends of Wabakimi
The Wabakimi Project (2004-2018) was a not-for-profit effort to rediscover and explore the lost and/or abandoned canoe routes that lie within Wabakimi Provincial Park and on adjacent Crown lands. The Friends of Wabakimi is an Ontario non-profit that advocates for canoe routes and protection of the greater Wabakimi area.

title: Wabakimi Provincial Park


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Georg Hamel

Georg Karl Wilhelm Hamel (12 September 1877 – 4 October 1954) was a German mathematician with interests in mechanics, the foundations of mathematics and function theory.

Biography
Hamel was born in Düren, Rhenish Prussia. He studied at Aachen, Berlin, Göttingen, and Karlsruhe. His doctoral adviser was David Hilbert. He taught at Brünn in 1905, Aachen in 1912, and at Technische Universität Berlin in 1919. In 1927, Hamel studied the size of the key space for the Kryha encryption device. He was an Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1932 at Zurich and in 1936 at Oslo. He was the author of several important treatises on mechanics. He became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1938 and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1953. He died in Landshut, Bavaria.

Selected publications

 * ("On the geometries in which the straight lines are the shortest", Hamel's doctoral dissertation on Hilbert's fourth problem. A version may be found in Mathematische Annalen 57, 1903.)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Georg Hamel


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Alatna River

The Alatna River is a federally designated wild and scenic river partially contained within the boundaries of Gates of the Arctic National Park, Alaska.

Geography
The Alatna River stems from the central Brooks Range flowing through the Endicott Mountains, passing Circle Lake, the Arrigetch Peaks and Takahula Lake before entering the Helpmejack Hills. The last section of the river continues to flow in a SSE direction through the Alatna Hills into its confluence with the Koyukuk River near the small village of Allakaket. The first 25 mi of the Alatna are shallow and rocky, followed by 15 mi of a continued shallow area with more rapids. The river then mellows out near Takahula and Circle Lake becoming deeper and more meandering while the scenery turns from mountain peaks into hilly boreal forest. According to The Alaska River Guide, this river is 184 mi long from the headwaters to Allakaket and 137 mi from Circle Lake to Allakaket.

Tourism
The river is very popular for float trips due to its calm flow and wonderful scenery. Float trips usually take from four to fourteen days, depending on put-in spot and pick-up spot, and also weather/river conditions. One common place to put in is Circle Lake, a small lake which is float plane accessible and is located in a beautiful part of the valley. Another place to put in is Takahula Lake, a larger, float-plane accessible lake, further downstream from Circle Lake. Gaedeke Lake is also a possible put in spot, but according to the Alaska River Guide, this upstream section near the headwaters of the river is shallow and rocky making portaging or lining necessary. Most floaters take out at the village of Allakaket.

Exploration
Bob Marshall made an exploratory mapping trip up the river in 1931, following the river drainage from Allakaket upstream, to the Kutuk River, and onwards to the Brooks Range. He was following in the footsteps of Philip Smith in 1911, the Murie brothers Olas and Adolph in 1923, and the Smith, Fitzgerald, and Mertie USGS trip of 1924.

title: Alatna River


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Talk:Linear function

(Guidance from :fr:)
I found a different definition for a linear function in the French Wikipedia. It says that a linear function (fonction linéaire) is a function of the form f(x)=ax (necessarily passes through the zero).

I made further research and I resume here my conclusion on the subject:

A linear function is a function that respects both of the following conditions:
 * It must be additive f(X1+X2)=f(X1)+f(X2)

and
 * it must be homogenous f(aX)= a f(x).

Another equation is y=m(x)+b —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.123.84.59 (talk) 04:15, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

the formula you give as a representation of a linear function: f(x)=mx+c is neither additive nor homogenous, hence it is not a linear function although it has a graphical representation of a line.

 * Arie Finkelstein

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.215.1.189 (talk) 15:07 & 16:25, 15 & 08:05, 17 February 2005

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.215.1.189 (talk • contribs)

 * Hey, what the h*** does homogenous mean? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.181.160.60 (talk) 23:55, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

Cleaned up
So, I stumbled accross this and found it to be rather nasty and hence cleaned it up. The part about definitions being disputed was just plain wrong. The article could use more work, it doesn't really take a look at the mechanics of geometric linear functions very deeply, nd kind of sounds like something from a first year algebra textbook. We should be able to do a lot better than this, we have a lot of great math people on wikipedia. --Matthew 17:23, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Linear function vs Affine
Most of the article about linear functions is actually about affine functions. There should be a page on affine functions or first order polynomials and this page should point to those. Somewhere on the page about linear functions it should contain the definition of a linear function: $$f(ax_1+bx_2)=af(x_1)+bf(x_2)$$. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Dsignoff (talk • contribs) 05:25, 10 February 2007 (UTC).

I am finding the same thing. The distinction between linear functions and affine functions is a very important one if you are looking at solving problems with linear algebra.

As an example, if you model a network of electrical resistors with linear functions, you can relatively easily solve for current through them using matrices and linear algebra. If you assume that they are affine functions then the problem becomes much more difficult. Things like lightbulbs and diodes might require affine functions. Marcusyoder (talk) 16:29, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

Relationship between two functions
Take the following example: Mary has $87 saved, and earns $3.25 per week. Jane has $89 saved, and earns $3 per week. I know there's a relationship between the function 87+3.25x and the function 89+3x, but how do I describe it (besides saying that both functions have a value of 113 when x=8? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.181.160.60 (talk) 23:52, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

Split
I suppose the core problem in the accompanying article is simply neglect: too few editors with higher-math knowledge have cleaned up after those who don't realize that their own level of understanding, while it can be part of good and worthwhile articles, is not complete; in some cases, good material may have been discarded as obvious nonsense, by editors who are merely unacquainted with advanced math extensions and generalizations of what they've learned, when we need to cover interrelated topics at both (or more than two) levels. Compounding that, the structure is fundamentally unsound, and at several levels. Linear function is trying to cover two distinct (tho, yes, related) topics, but says no more about why they appear in the same article than "two different but related concepts". Here's how WP has to deal with such a situation: one article on each of the two (initially, two existing sections become the core of two articles), and a Dab page (or HatNote Dab on one of the articles) to effect navigation to the desired topic/concept's article, since many users don't know how to tell them apart. Once someone can offer the substance behind "related concepts" (instead of just that generic slogan), an article like "Linear-function concepts in mathematics" may be justified; it would discuss the bonds between the two math concepts that are reflected in using (presumably generally in different contexts) the same name for both, and the essential distinctions that render a single concept inadequate. Barring controversy, i will split the accompanying article 4 ways: That much i can do alone, tho collaboration is desirable. That won't necessarily close the subject: At leastLinearity (which probably needs multiple articles, a Dab, and at least one other umbrella article) must be carefully considered in light of these. --Jerzy•t 09:56, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) Linear function (disambiguation) (a first line "Linear function may refer to:"; two sub-sentence entries, probably simply 2 links without elaboration,
 * 2) Linear function (analytic geometry),
 * 3) Linear function (vector spaces), and
 * 4) a pathetic stub for Linear-function concepts in mathematics or Linear-function concepts

Thanks for your help Jerzy. I took out a lot of the stuff that doesn't actually apply to linear functions. The article is pretty thin right now but at least it isn't wrong anymore. A lot of schools gloss over the actual definition of linearity, but that doesn't mean Wikipedia should too. When I started working on this I read your comment but I didn't realize you had made it so recently. If there is a disambiguation page I think it should note that y = mx + b is not strictly a linear function. The other articles on linear functions also need cleanup. Marcusyoder (talk) 17:02, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Though the article is now clear on two distinct concepts for which the phrase "linear function" is used, having them both in the same article violates what I thought was a WP:MOS guideline, but I'm having difficulty locating the guideline. Nevertheless, this article simply does not work adequately for the link linear function, since in the context of the link, invariably only one of the two meanings is intended, and landing here will confuse the reader by forcing them to grapple with the other meaning to disambiguate the intended meaning. —Quondum 15:01, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

I am confused?
The beginning of this article introduces the calculus version of a linear function as a polynomial of degree one or zero. But we were told back in High School Algebra that x = 5 is not a function, although it is a polynomial that fits in this description. Are linear equations the same thing as linear functions or are people confusing these vocabulary terms? And I thought that the first definition of a linear function contradicts the Calculus definition of a linear function since for example: if f(x) = 3x + 5 then since f(u+v) does not equal (3u+5)+(3v+5) so the function is not linear and what about transforms? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:E:CE80:543:1976:B4B1:C2E7:D594 (talk) 02:02, 6 July 2014 (UTC)

 * The two uses of the term "linear function" are quite distinct, and you should take care not to confuse them. And presumably you meant to write f(x) = 5, which is a function: the constant function. The first definition is the calculus definition, but you seem to be thinking of the second definition.  Can you suggest a way of presenting this which makes the distinction between the two uses of the term linear function clearer? —Quondum 02:44, 6 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linear function


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Alsek River

Alsek River (Tlingit Aalseix̱' ) is a wilderness river flowing from Yukon into Northern British Columbia and into Alaska. It enters the Gulf of Alaska at Dry Bay.

Most of the Alsek River's basin is within protected wilderness areas and National Parks. The Alsek and its main tributary, the Tatshenshini River, are part of the Canadian Heritage Rivers System and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In the year 2016, the Alsek River captured the flow of the Slims River due to the retreat of Kaskawulsh Glacier. Researchers attributed the change in flow to human-caused climate change; this was the first time human-caused climate change was implicated in the reorganization of a river.

Research indicates that in a few decades, Alsek River may further change its final course. The rapidly retreating Grand Plateau Glacier separates Alsek River and lake from nearby Grand Plateau Lake. Geologists predict that when the two lakes merge, Alsek River will abandon its current outlet in favour of the steeper way to the ocean through Grand Plateau Lake and a small embankment, moving its outlet some 17 mi to the southeast, within the confines of Glacier Bay National Park.

Course
The Alsek starts at the confluence of the Dezadeash River and Kaskawulsh River in Kluane National Park and Reserve. After flowing south into the northwestern tip of British Columbia, it is joined by the Tatshenshini River in Tatshenshini-Alsek Park. Finally after passing through the glacier-fed Alsek Lake, it reaches the Pacific Ocean at Dry Bay, in the Gulf of Alaska, south of Yakutat, Alaska, close to the northern end of the Alaska Panhandle. Although the river is navigable by kayak or rubber raft in its northern reaches, it rapidly becomes unnavigable—for any but the most experienced and skilled kayakers—at Turnback Canyon.

On older maps, the Alsek river is labeled as the Kaskawulsh and The Tatshenshini as the Alsek. Some Yukon First Nation elders also refer to the river as the Kaskawulsh.

The river flows next to the Lowell Glacier which has sometimes blocked off the river and created a large lake behind it, "Neoglacial Lake Alsek". The last such blockage took place in 1850; its release created a massive flood, washing away everything in its path on the way to the Pacific.

The river carries much silt from the Alsek Lake/Glacier, which contributes to the river's low temperature.

The Alsek and nearby East Alsek rivers were at one time connected, and the old river bed can still be made out on some maps.

The Alsek Glacier contacts the Grand Plateau Glacier, which faces the shoreline. Also in the same general area are the Doame foothills and Doame River.

History
The first known kayak descent of Turnback Canyon was by Walt Blackadar, who ran the canyon solo on August 25, 1971. He wrote about his trip for Sports Illustrated. "This has been a day!," he wrote in his journal. "I want any other kayaker or would-be expert to read my words well. The Alsek Gorge is unpaddleable!" Despite this sincere warning from a man who apparently felt lucky to be alive, groups of expert kayakers have successfully run Turnback Canyon since then. A prominent mountain which overlooks the Alsek was named Mount Blackadar in his honor.

The portion of the river inside Kluane National Park has been designated a Canadian Heritage River.

In 1958, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake centered near Lituya bay significantly changed the lay of the land. The earthquake caused the Doame River and East Alsek River to join together.

In the year 2016, after capturing the flow of the Slims River, the Alsek River's flow increased dramatically.

Fishing
The Alsek and East Alsek rivers are a part of the Yakutat area limited entry set gillnet fishery. Both rivers produce king, silver, and sockeye commercially. Chum and pink salmon can also be caught, but are not generally sought after due to their relative lack of worth/quality. These two rivers can be characterized as low volume fisheries, while the Alsek river in particular produces particularly high quality salmon due to its low temperature. The Alsek's high silt content also prevents the sun from damaging the fish.

The area also supports subsistence and sport fishing, as well as multiple sight-seeing, hunting, and animal watching lodges.

title: Alsek River


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Andreafsky River

The Andreafsky River (Yup'ik: Negeqliq) is a 120 mi tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska. The Andreafsky flows south from near Iprugalet Mountain in the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge to meet the larger river at Pitkas Point, near the village of St. Mary's.

In 1980, the Andreafsky and the East Fork Andreafsky rivers became part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The designation covers about 265 river miles (RM) or 426 river kilometers (RK) along the two streams and their headwaters. About 198 RM (319 RK) of these flow through the Yukon Delta Wilderness; 54 RM (87 RK) cross private lands, and 13 RM (21 RK) flow through a wild-river corridor within non-wilderness refuge lands.

Flora and fauna
Black spruce and white spruce, balsam poplar, and large bogs dominate the land near the rivers, while willow shrubs, mosses, lichens, and other vegetation grows on the tundra at higher elevations in the watershed.

Wildlife includes foxes, beavers, bald eagles, golden eagles, falcons, hawks, owls, geese, and large populations of brown bears. Bristle-thighed curlews have one of their main nesting grounds in the upstream (Nulato Hills) portion of the wilderness. Grayling, salmon, and Dolly Varden trout are found in both rivers.

Boating
The Andreasky is suitable for boating by small raft, folding canoe or kayak, or inflatable canoe or kayak for 105 mi of its length, and the East Fork is similarly suitable for 122 mi. Both rivers are rated Class I (easy) on the International Scale of River Difficulty. The put-in places on the upper rivers are remote and difficult to reach, either by hired boat out of St. Mary's or an air taxi that can land on gravel bars. Dangers include bears.

Neither river is ice-free until June 1 or later. Water levels fluctuate after that: high in June, low in July, high again by mid-August, and usually floatable throughout September.

title: Andreafsky River


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Aniak River

The Aniak River (Yup'ik: Anyaraq) is a 95 mi tributary of the Kuskokwim River in the U.S. state of Alaska. Beginning south of Aniak Lake, the river generally flows north. The upper sections drain part of the Kilbuck and Kuskokwim mountains, and the lower portions transition to the Kuskokwim lowlands and tundra. The river empties into the Kuskokwim River slightly east of Aniak. Its tributaries are the Salmon, Kipchuk, and Buckstock rivers.

Overview
Aniak is a Yup'ik word meaning "the place where it comes out," which refers to the mouth of the Aniak River where it flows into the Kuskokwim River. This river played a role in the Placer Gold Rush of 1900–01, when prospectors from Nome rushed to the Kuskokwim River Delta after hearing of discoveries along the "Yellow River", later believed to be the Aniak River because of the yellow tint from silt carried from headwater streams. Prospectors returned in 1911 when it was announced gold had again been discovered in the river.

The Aniak is home to five species of Pacific salmon, the most common (about 80-85%) being chum salmon. The others are the Chinook, sockeye, pink, and the coho. Between 2005 and 2009, commercial fisherman brought in an average of 46,316 fish annually. In addition to salmon, the Aniak is home to Arctic char, rainbow trout, Arctic grayling, and, near the river mouth in spring, northern pike and sheefish, making it a prime sports fishing location. In addition, Aniak Lake supports populations of lake trout. Several sports fishing outfitters operate along the Aniak.

Navigation of the river is tricky, since it is swift flowing with multiple channels and many hazards, including debris loads, log jams and sweepers (trees hanging just above the water which "sweep" the surface as it flows by) that change position with each spring's ice breakup cycle. The lower river is more navigable with an experienced boat driver. The upper river, however, is typically only accessed by rafts which can be dropped off by airplane at Aniak Lake, 100 mi upstream from the Kuskokwim confluence. The Aniak River itself, approximately 25 mi from the mouth, is unusable for surface travel in winter due to incomplete freeze and speed of flow. Historical winter trails parallel most of its length.

title: Aniak River


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Aniakchak River

The Aniakchak River is a stream, 27 mi long, in Lake and Peninsula Borough on the Alaska Peninsula in the United States. It arises in Surprise Lake in the crater of Mount Aniakchak, a volcano in the Aleutian Range. It flows eastward from Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve into Aniakchak Bay and the Pacific Ocean.

In 1980, a total of 63 mi of streams, including the main stem Aniakchak and several tributaries, all within Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, were designated "wild" and added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The "wild" tributaries are Hidden, Mystery, and Albert Johnson creeks and the North Fork Aniakchak River.

Boating
The Aniakchak River is floatable in small to medium rafts and other watercraft. However, The Alaska River Guide advises against trying it "unless you are an expert paddler, extremely self-reliant in Alaska wilderness camping, and ready for severe weather and self-rescue." From a put-in at Surprise Lake, the river begins quietly, but downstream of the Aniakchak Crater wall it plunges through 15 mi of rocky rapids rated between Class II (medium) to IV (very difficult) on the International Scale of River Difficulty. Below the rapids, the rest of the river is rated Class I (easy).

In addition to rapids and low temperatures, hazards include winds up to 100 mph that can damage tents and other equipment and prevent airplanes from landing at the lake or on the bay. Brown bears frequent the area. Sharp rocks in the river may tear holes in inflatable boats. These and other limits reduce the number of parties floating this river to only a few each year, mainly in July.

title: Aniakchak River


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Pacific Northwest canoes

Masterfully designed canoes of many sizes and forms were made on the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. They were the main form of transportation for the indigenous people of the area until long after European colonization. In recent years, the craft of canoe-making has been revived, and a few have been built by a number of the native nations, Like those made in traditional times, they have proved eminently seaworthy.

Construction
The canoes are made by carving solid logs, usually of red cedar but in some areas of Sitka spruce or cottonwood. The boats were typically widened beyond the original diameter of the log by spreading the sides after a steam-softening process. Spreading does more than widen the canoe; it also introduces major changes of form throughout the hull which the canoemaker must anticipate when carving the log. The straight and level gunwales bend smoothly out and down, while the ends rise, forming a graceful sheer and transforming a rigidly narrow, hollow trough into an elegant watercraft.

In order to spread without splitting, the walls of the hull are made remarkably thin. When the hull is completely carved, water is poured into it to a depth of six inches or so, and heated to boiling with red-hot rocks. The resulting steam is confined by covering the open hull with mats. The hot rocks are replaced as needed to keep the water at a boil. The softened sides, heated through by the steam inside and fires outside, begin to move outward, aided by the weight of water and rocks pressing down in the centre. Spreading sticks are tapped into place between the gunwales, and are moved towards the ends and increased in length in the centre as the sides flare outward. When the planned beam and form are reached, the canoe is allowed to cool, the water is removed, and the thwarts, bow and stern blocks, and gunwale caps are fitted and fastened in place.

Large travelling and war canoes were often painted with designs associated with the names of the canoes or the crests of the owners.

Uses
The canoes were used for transport up and down the coast. They were used for trading, as war canoes, in competitions, and for fishing. Emily Carr, who grew up in the early days of Victoria, British Columbia, describes a regatta in which the Indian races were the highlight. The canoes, of ten paddlers and a steersman acting as coxswain, "flash[ed] through their races like running fire." The Kloochman ("wife" in Chinook Jargon) was "an even grander race" than the men's, with the women giving "every scrap of themselves to the canoe", working in complete unity.

Historical examples
The Haida of Haida Gwaii reputedly made the biggest ones - some 60 feet (18 metres) long.

Modern examples
In 1937 Betty Lowman Carey became the first white woman to row single-handed the Inside Passage of British Columbia in a dugout canoe.

In 1978 Geordie Tocher and two companions sailed a 3½ ton, 40 foot (12 metre) dugout canoe (the Orenda II), made of Douglas Fir, and based on Haida designs (but with sails), from Vancouver, Canada to Hawaii to add credibility to stories that the Haida had travelled to Hawaii in ancient times. Altogether they travelled some 4,500 miles (7,242 km) after two months at sea.

In 1986 Bill Reid created Loo Taas, a 15.2-metre-long red cedar ocean-going canoe commissioned for Expo 86 in Vancouver. After Reid designed the canoe, it was built in Skidegate by a group of carvers led by Tucker (Robert) Brown during the winter of 1985/86. The bow and stern of Loo Taas have a killer whale design conceived and painted by Haida artist Sharon Hitchcock (1951–2009). In addition to its presence at Expo 86, Loo Taas was brought to Rouen, France, in 1989, and was paddled by a Haida delegation up the Seine River to be exhibited at the Musée de l’homme in Paris.

title: Pacific Northwest canoes


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Kamov Ka-8

The Kamov Ka-8 "Иркутянин", (Irkutyanin - from Irkutsk), was a small, single-seat Soviet helicopter that first flew in 1947. It was a precursor of the Ka-10. The Ka-8 was powered by a 27 hp M-76 engine, boosted to 45 hp by using alcohol for fuel. It was derived from a previous Kamov design, the KA-17.

Description
Like the KA-17 design, the KA-8 featured twin coaxial, contra-rotating rotors, which meant that a tail rotor wasn't needed. While Kamov was famous at the time for his autogyros, the Soviet government was more interested in helicopters so he designed the KA-8 as a flying motorcycle (vozdushnii mototsikl). The NACA-230 blades were laminate wood covered by fabric and attached to a metal hub. The drag and flap hinges were driven by superimposed swash plates that the pilot directly controlled. The engine and fuel tank were located at the front, a tail fin (later changed to a rudder) was installed at the rear, and pontoons were used for landing. The frame was made from welded steel tubing. The original handlebar controls were replaced with vertical collective and cyclic levers and the pontoons were narrowed after being flown and evaluated by Mikhail Gurov in 1947.

title: Kamov Ka-8


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Beaver Creek (Yukon River tributary)

Beaver Creek (Upper Tanana: Taatthee Niign) is a 180 mi tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska. The creek begins at the confluence of Champion and Bear creeks in the White Mountains National Recreation Area, about 50 mi north of Fairbanks. From there it flows west around the southern end of the White Mountains, then northeast into the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, then west into the Yukon River downstream of Beaver.

In 1980, The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act designated the upper 127 mi of Beaver Creek as part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Most of this lies within the recreation area, but the last 16 mi are in the wildlife refuge.

Description
Beaver Creek flows from its headwaters through thick forest of white spruce and paper birch forests and tundra on the high slopes of the White Mountains, where limestone peaks reach 3176 ft on the creek's north and east side. The creek has plentiful gravel bars, and willows grow on its banks.

The lower portion of the creek follows a very convoluted course through Yukon Flats, an area that contains thousands of lakes. Geographical features of these lowlands include sloughs and oxbow lakes. Beaver Creek is part of an active alluvial stream system in one of the most productive waterfowl breeding areas in North America and the most productive in Alaska.

Recreation
The most common way to visit lower Beaver Creek is to float down from upstream, although it is possible to land small aircraft on the stream's gravel bars. The upper creek can be reached via Nome Creek, which flows into Beaver Creek a few miles from its origin. Nome Creek is accessible by highway. The lower reaches of Beaver Creek can also be accessed by boating upstream from the Yukon River, if the water level is medium to high.

The entire creek is rated Class I (easy) on the International Scale of River Difficulty and can be floated in a variety of watercraft. The Nome Creek approach involves difficult paddling in a winding, narrow channel with shallows and overhanging vegetation. However, Beaver Creek itself is 75 to 150 ft wide and 2 to 4 ft deep from the confluence with Nome Creek to the confluence with Victoria Creek, more than 100 mi further downstream. Below that, in the wildlife refuge, the river becomes even wider and deeper, with broad gravel bars. Overhanging or partly submerged trees, stumps, and logs pose a hazard to boaters.

Sports fishing for northern pike and Arctic grayling along Beaver Creek can be "outstanding", according to Alaska Fishing. The larger pike frequent the lower reaches of the creek as well as sloughs, ponds, and oxbow lakes in the Yukon Flats. Grayling prefer the headwaters.

title: Beaver Creek (Yukon River tributary)


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Birch Creek (Yukon River tributary)

Birch Creek is a 150 mi tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska. Beginning at the confluence of Ptarmigan and Eagle creeks near Porcupine Dome, it flows southwest, then south under the Steese Highway and into the Steese National Conservation Area. It then turns east, then north, again passing under the Steese Highway and entering the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge. Turning northwest, it ends where it splits into two distributaries, Lower Mouth Birch Creek and Upper Mouth Birch Creek, near Birch Creek, Alaska. The distributaries flow into the Yukon River at separate locations downstream of Fort Yukon.

History
The first human inhabitants of the region were probably Gwich'in people who hunted and fished along the creek. Gold was found along the creek in 1893. Circle City sprang up as the Alaska Interior's first gold town, governed democratically by traditional miners' meetings. Old mining and trapping cabins are part of the Birch Creek landscape, and mining continues in the 21st century.

Distributaries
Upper Mouth Birch Creek flows 35 mi northwest from Birch Creek to enter the Yukon River 25 mi southwest (downstream) of Fort Yukon. The coordinates of the mouth of the Upper Mouth are 66.52083°N, -146.1525°W.

Lower Mouth Birch Creek flows 50 mi southwest from Birch Creek to enter Lower Birch Creek Slough 39 mi southwest of Fort Yukon. An anabranch of the Yukon River, the slough flows southwest roughly parallel to the main stem for 15 mi. The coordinates for the mouth of Lower Mouth Birch Creek are 66.44611°N, -146.63833°W.

Recreation
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) oversees 126 mi of Birch Creek declared "wild" in 1980 as part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. People floating the stream in canoes, kayaks, or rafts can put in at a BLM wayside and take out at another BLM wayside 110 mi further downstream. Both are along the Steese Highway. Between these two points, the creek is rated mostly Class I on the International Scale of River Difficulty, but some segments are rated Class II (medium) or III (difficult).

Sports fishing for northern pike and Arctic grayling along Birch Creek can be "outstanding", according to Alaska Fishing. The larger pike frequent the lower reaches of the creek as well as sloughs, ponds, and oxbow lakes in the Yukon Flats. Grayling prefer the headwaters.

The stream corridor has no developed camping sites. Gravel bars in the creek are sometimes used for camping.

In February, the creek serves as a part of the trail for the Yukon Quest 1000 mi sled dog race. Other winter activities along the stream include dog mushing, trapping, and cross-country skiing.

title: Birch Creek (Yukon River tributary)


text: User talk:83.235.252.52

title: User talk:83.235.252.52


text:
Chandalar River

The Chandalar River (T'eedriinjik in Gwich'in) is a 100 mi tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska. Its French name was "Gens de Large"  or  "nomadic people" which when written in English from its local pronunciation evolved into  "Chandalar." Its peak flow, recorded by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) between 1964 and 1974 at a stream gauge at Venetie, was 62800 cuft/s on June 9, 1968.

The Chandalar River main stem begins at the confluence of the North Fork Chandalar River and the Middle Fork Chandalar River and flows generally southeast through the state's northern interior southeast of the Philip Smith Mountains of the Brooks Range. The Chandalar enters the Yukon River 20 mi northwest of Fort Yukon.

In 2015 the Chandalar became federally recognized by the United States Board on Geographic Names as their indigenous Gwichʼin names Teedriinjik River meaning "shimmering river" and Ch'idriinjik River meaning "heart river". The names had been in use for over a thousand years by the Athabaskans.

Major tributaries
North Fork Chandalar River, 104 mi long, begins near Atigun Pass in the Brooks Range and flows generally southeast through Chandalar Lake to meet the Middle Fork and form the main stem. At the North Fork, headwaters is a flat valley known as Chandalar shelf just east of the Dalton Highway, where caribou are known to winter.

The 102 mi Middle Fork Chandalar River heads up in the Philip Smith Mountains east of Atigun Pass. It flows generally south from the mountains to join the North Fork.

East Fork Chandalar River, 175 mi long, starts near the Romanzof Mountains in the eastern Brooks Range. From there, it flows generally southwest past Arctic Village to enter the main stem upstream of Venetie.

West Fork Chandalar River, a 24 mi tributary of the North Fork Chandalar River, flows east from mountainous terrain east of Coldfoot. It joins the North Fork 5 mi upstream of that stream's confluence with the Middle Fork.

Climate
There is a weather station in the Chandalar Shelf Valley near Atigun Pass. Chandalar Shelf has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc), bordering on a tundra climate (Köppen ET).

Recreation
Although the lower river can be fished for northern pike, sheefish, and salmon, the upper river, its tributaries, headwaters, and nearby lakes offer "the most exciting fishing possibilities". The main sportfishing species in the basin are northern pike, Arctic grayling, charr, and lake trout.

Anglers and hunters typically enter the region by airplane or, in winter, by snowmobile. It is possible for experienced boaters to float and fish the river system in rafts or kayaks. Hazards include shallows and rapids. There are no public campgrounds or other facilities; however, there is a fishing lodge at Chandalar Lake.

title: Chandalar River


text:
Charley River

The Charley River is an 88 mi tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska. Flowing generally northeast from the Mertie Mountains (named after geologist John Beaver Mertie, Jr.) in the northeastern part of the state, the river lies entirely within Yukon–Charley Rivers National Preserve. The Charley River enters the larger river downstream and 55 mi northwest of Eagle.

In 1980, the Charley River and all of its main tributaries became part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. A total of 208 mi was declared "wild" along the entire main stem as well as Copper, Bonanza, Hosford, Derwent, Flat-Orthmer, Crescent, and Moraine creeks.

The Charley River watershed is forested chiefly with black spruce and white spruce. This general locus within the Yukon River catchment is the approximate westernmost limit of the black spruce, Picea mariana. The river forms part of the boundary between the Southeast Fairbanks and Yukon–Koyukuk census areas.

Boating
The Charley River is generally floated by raft or inflatable canoe or kayak. The upper river is rated Class III (intermediate) on the International Scale of River Difficulty, rising to Class IV (advanced) in high water. The lower 76 mi are rated Class II (novice) to III. Dangers include swift current, overhanging or submerged vegetation, rocks, rapids, and weather-related fluctuations in water levels.

title: Charley River


text:
Talk:Kamov Ka-8

''The initial version of this article was based on a material from aviation.ru. It has been released under the GFDL by the copyright holder.''

title: Talk:Kamov Ka-8


text:
Chilikadrotna River

The Chilikadrotna River is a 55 mi tributary of the Mulchatna River in the U.S. state of Alaska. It begins in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve in northern Lake and Peninsula Borough and flows westward into the larger river 46 mi northwest of Nondalton.

In 1980, the upper 11 mi of the river became part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. This segment, rated "wild", lies within the national park.

Recreation
During the months from June to September, the river is generally floatable in 10 to 13 ft rafts or in kayaks by boaters with the necessary skills. Much of the Chilikadrotna River is rated Class II (medium) on the International Scale of River Difficulty, though a stretch about 5 mi below the confluence with the Little Mulchatna River is rated Class III (difficult). The river also includes some Class I (easy) water. Dangers include overhanging vegetation, logjams, swift current, and a narrow winding course.

Floatfishing is popular on this river, although Alaska Fishing warns that this is "not a river for inexperienced boaters." There are no formal campgrounds or other accommodations along the river. Game fish on the Chilikadrotna include silver salmon, Arctic grayling, char, rainbow trout, and lake trout.

title: Chilikadrotna River


text:
Kamov Ka-10

The Kamov Ka-10 (NATO reporting name Hat ) was a Soviet single-seat observation helicopter that first flew in 1949.

Design and development
The Ka-10 was a development of Nikolay Kamov's earlier Ka-8, which had been successful enough to allow Kamov to set up his own OKB (design bureau) in 1948. The Ka-10 was of similar layout to the Ka-8, with an open steel-tube structure carrying an engine, a pilot's seat and two three-bladed coaxial rotors. It was larger, however, with a revised transmission and rotor hub design, and a new engine specially designed for the helicopter, the 55 hp Ivchenko AI-4 flat-four.

Operational history
The Ka-10 made its maiden flight in September 1949. Three more prototypes followed, which were evaluated by Soviet Naval Aviation. A Ka-10 was displayed at the 1950 Tushino Air Display, and one made the first landing by a Soviet helicopter on the deck of a ship on 7 December 1950.

In 1954, 12 of an improved version, the Ka-10M were built for the Maritime Border Troops. They had a twin tail rather than the single vertical fin of the Ka-10 and modified rotors and control systems.

Variants

 * Ka-10: Single-seat observation helicopter.
 * Ka-10M: Improved version fitted with twin tailfins and rudders.

Operators

 * Soviet Navy
 * Soviet Navy

title: Kamov Ka-10


text: User talk:84.108.13.6

title: User talk:84.108.13.6


text:
Fortymile River

The Fortymile River is a 60 mi tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian territory of Yukon. Beginning at the confluence of its north and south forks in the Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, the Fortymile flows generally northeast into Canada to meet the larger river 32 mi southeast of Eagle, Alaska.

History
Prospectors named the river after gold was discovered there in 1886. The name reflected the distance of the river mouth from Fort Reliance, a former Hudson's Bay Company post upstream along the Yukon River. Miners eventually extracted more than a half-million ounces of gold from the Fortymile watershed. After the gold discovery, two Alaska Commercial Company traders, Jack McQuesten and Arthur Harper, built a post at the mouth of the river.

Between 1968 and 1978, Cassiar Mining extracted about a million metric tons of asbestos from three open pits along Clinton Creek, a tributary of lower Fortymile River in the Yukon. After abandoning the site, the company went bankrupt in 1992, and the territorial and Canadian governments and others removed or buried mine wastes, stabilized the creek banks, and worked to partly restore the land.

Wild and scenic designation
In 1980, a total of 392 mi of stream segments within the Alaska portion of the Fortymile River watershed were added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System of the United States. This included 179 mi designated "wild", 203 mi called "scenic", and 10 mi designated "recreational".

The Bureau of Land Management oversees the Fortymile Wild and Scenic River, accessible via the Taylor Highway in Alaska as well the Clinton Creek Road branching off from the Top of the World Highway in the Yukon Territory. Float trips, camping, and sightseeing are among the recreational possibilities in the watershed.

Boating
The Fortymile River main stem as well as the North Fork, South Fork, and other tributaries offer a variety of boating possibilities for experienced paddlers of rafts and kayaks, or experienced canoeists willing to portage around difficult rapids. The many runnable segments vary from Class I (easy) on the International Scale of River Difficulty to Class V (extremely difficult). In addition to rapids, dangers include overhanging or submerged vegetation and the high probability of confusing one bend in a stream with another—thus entering rapids disoriented and unprepared—without the aid of a map and compass.

One of the watershed's hydrologic features, the Kink, is an artificial channel that is part of a Class V rapids on the North Fork. Mining interests blasted the channel through a ridge in 1904 in order to expose 3 mi of the original riverbed for prospecting on dry land. The Kink is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a significant engineering feat of the early 20th century.

title: Fortymile River


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bushtrapping

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 13:29, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bushtrapping
Neologism. No hits on Google. --Lee Hunter 15:18, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 16:47, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Wyss 17:04, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. HyperZonk 18:14, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. Brookie 18:41, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - zero Google hits, neologism. Megan1967 05:08, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Avinashswamy

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!  — Zeimusu | Talk
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Images
When uploading images please always edit the image description page and do two things:
 * 1) State the source of the image (created yourself, the address of a web page or another source.)
 * 2) State the copyright. The easiest way to list the copyright is to use a copyright tag. The most important tags are, , and . GFDL is for images that you  create yourself. PD is for public domain images (pre-1923 in most cases). Fair use is for copyrighted images that we can use under the fair use rules in the USA.

Without proper source and copyright information images will eventually be deleted!  — Zeimusu | Talk 15:20, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright tags
This is where you go for image copyright tags: Image copyright tags. I notice that you have changed the TIDEL Park image back to the one you uploaded. Please tag the following images:, , and. If you downloaded them from a website, please cite the source and copyright/license terms. -- Brhaspati (talk, contribs) 10:40, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)

Image:Chennai central.jpg and Image:Chennai corp.jpg
The images Image:Chennai central.jpg and Image:Chennai corp.jpg have been listed at Copyright problems because they are suspected copyright violations. If you know that the images are legally usable on Wikipedia, please provide the necessary information.

 * BTW you seem to be new here. Welcome to Wikipedia! You might want to review Copyrights so you could understand a bit of copyright laws and find out how to state clearly that you are using copyrighted content with permission, in case you do that. -- Paddu 13:59, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You might be pleased to know that I wrote to the copyright-holder of these images, Frederik Questier, asking for permission to use his South-India photos under the GFDL, and he kindly released his South-India photos under the GFDL. -- Paddu 14:46, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image:Chennai.MAC.gif
The image you had uploaded of the MA Chidambaram stadium is currently tagged as fairuse. Is this a fair representation of the situation? I see that you have downloaded it from a cricket club at the University of Alabama. Could you email them and get them to release it under some free license (GFDL preferred)? Thanks -- Brhaspati\talk/contribs 06:46, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've changed "fair use" to "no license", because I don't see any fair use justification. This means that it will be deleted in seven days, unless you can produce a fair use justification, or show that we have permission to use it. Thanks, Stephen Turner (Talk) 20:14, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Marina aerial.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Marina aerial.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

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Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. BRossow 17:32, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Chennai.central.jpg
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File:Chennai.kapaleeswar2.jpg
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title: User talk:Avinashswamy


text:
Talk:List of equations in classical mechanics

Untitled
I think a list of equations and formulae is a great idea, especially for the casual student looking for a simple formula while doing homework, studying, etc. Should this idea be expanded to include electrodynamics, maybe statistical mechanics, or other fields of physics in order to have a quick, centralized location for them? If so, where should the new equations go? GLeuty 15:20, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

There's probably something on wikibooks for that.

Why are we using "s" for position vector?
Isnt it customary to use "r" for the position vector?

Right. GLeuty 22:29, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

context
These formulas mean very little with the lack of context provided. A lot has to be inferred which is not explicitly stated. At least every formula should point to an article in which it is used or provide a small explanantion here. --MarSch 12:15, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

u for initial velocity, v for final velocity
isn't it easier to use u for initial velocity rather than v0. For example, when dealing with momentum problems for an object A, I would call the mass of A mA, the initial velocity of A uA and the final velocity of A vA. Just seems to be a lot clearer than using v0 A to me.

Merge with Linear-rotational analogs
If this article is refactored into a table format simalar to Linear-rotational analogs, that article will be redundant becuase this article has more explainations of formulae and notation. I plan to do that soon. z = z²  + c 11:27, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Done (thought I would just do it - not sure if anyone would be so desperate to keep lousy Linear-rotational analogs...). z = z²  + c 13:22, 18 July 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Franklin Institute

extraneous
I'm about to remove the extraneous "vikipedia" and also add mention of the Budd BB-1 in front of the museum. I'll see about uploading a picture as soon as I figure out how to do that, exactly. --Thisisbossi 04:02, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * 17 years later... 155.93.184.242 (talk) 17:58, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

Question on the Institute's origin
Is this the same organization as the Franklin Institute for the Betterment of Labour that was founded in 1824 by Matthias W. Baldwin (ref. )? slambo 15:21, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Two months later and still no answer. Is there anyone in Philadelphia who can go and find out for us?  slambo 15:51, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * I doubt it, but I'll ask questions the next time I'm there. - Calmypal (T) 21:12, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Did we ever find a definitive answer? Another two months have passed. slambo 17:02, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

ANSWER
The Franklin Institute was founded in 1824 at The Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts by Samuel Vaughan Merrick and William H. Keating.PR Intern 14:31, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

The Institute's website gives no mention of Matthias Baldwin's organization; I emailed the Institute and was directed to this web page:

The History and Mission of The Franklin Institute Science Museum

- CobaltBlueTony 18:55, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Baldwin's organization must have been different, then.  Now to see if I can find any more information on it...  slambo 20:52, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Another answer
Per National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Vol. 9, pg. 476, Baldwin was "one of the most active founders of the Franklin Institute in 1824." This would be the same organization. I've rewritten Matthias W. Baldwin to include this information and a proper link to this piece. Carrite (talk) 22:47, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Wikipedia pages linking here
In the trivia section it mentions how many pages on wikipedia link to this article. Who cares? Why is this in the article? It seems all the more redundant now as the current count of pages directing here is 134, not over 250 as stated. --Tim (talk), (contribs) 17:56, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I removed it. It's irrelevant to the article, and I've never seen that sort of info mentioned in any article. Likely b/c something like that changes so much. Cheers! --Ebyabe 18:38, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Franklin Institute Chief Astronomer
Derek Pitts....thank you, where ever you are! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.67.104.4 (talk • contribs) 07:19, 6 April 2007
 * Perhaps you or someone else would care to elaborate on this comment? Otherwise I am going to remove this due to its apparent lack of context. --Bossi ( talk ;; contribs ) 23:18, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Just for context, Dr. Derrick Pitts is the Vice-President/Chief Astronomer of the Franklin Institute Science Museum/Fels Planetarium in Philadelphia. He is the host of the WHYY-FM public radio programs "SkyTour" and "SkyTalk". hamburmk

Photos
I have noticed several new photos recently added to the article. I highly recommend we limit what photos we have here so-as to prevent clutter. We should have one photo showing the museum in its entirety, or as best as possible -- perhaps 1 from the ground and 1 aerial. The "Steps_from_Moore" image best-satisfies ground-level at the moment. Additionally: the Franklin Statue (also satisfied), the Heart (got it), the Budd BB-1 (got it), and then perhaps 1 image in rotation to represent the current theme. I've removed 1 excess image of the museum. Can we get a better image actually of the King Tut exhibit to replace the image of the outside of the museum with the King Tut banners? Any other thoughts in general on what photos are to be used? --Bossi ( talk ;; contribs ) 23:18, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree. I like the photos. I think the changes you made didn't really help the article. I'm going change it back and we can discuss the changes here. first. --evrik (talk) 23:45, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay ... I changed my mind and went back and resized the photos and moved things around a bit. I think it looks a lot better. --evrik (talk) 23:57, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I still feel that the Table of Contents breaks the flow of the article and the photos are getting on the excessive side... I do not see how many photos of the front of the museum do much to improve the article. I do, however, like the pendulum.  Can we get a higher-res photo of pretty much that exact same angle and time?  I'll await comments from additional editors before I make any more significant changes to the photos or TOC. --Bossi ( talk ;; contribs ) 02:11, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The photos were arranged (staggered) so as to liven up the article. Otherwise, the text is too overwhelming.  Not every photo needs a caption, and simply stating what the photo is of may not necessarily be enough.  I may be new, but I would appreciate it if everyone left the photos as they were originally laid out.  I am also removing the Budd B.B. photo from the article, as it has nothing to do with the Institute itself.--PR Intern 18:56, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your response. I agree that staggering the photos can help liven up an article, but also note that it can cause some awkward alignment issues depending on the screen resolution of a viewer.  As for the Budd BB-1, I believe that this item is as much a piece of Franklin Institute History as the Giant Heart or Pendulum, seeing as it has been in place since 1935, but I will await further input from other users.  Lastly, I agree that not every photo needs a caption -- particularly those clearly of the museum itself; but I do believe that a medal placed within the article deserves a caption and I have subsequently restored its description. Sláinte! --Bossi ( talk ;; contribs ) 22:05, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It appears that this edit removed a large portion of information, including info on the Budd BB-1 that had been in place for approximately a year prior. I saw mention somewhere that the BB-1 may have been taken down from its location due to the impacts of the environment.  If this is true, it may explain why more recent editors here and visitors to the museum may not be familiar with it.  If true, is anyone familiar with its current location? --Bossi ( talk ;; contribs ) 22:45, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Per a lack of response, I have returned a portion of the info which was deleted without apparent reason. -- Bossi  ( talk ;; contribs ) 04:35, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Peer review
Should we put this up for peer review? --evrik (talk) 23:58, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Elliott Cresson Gold Medal
Where's mention of this award? When was the award first given? Who have been the most notable recipients? Binksternet (talk) 16:51, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. See Elliott Cresson Medal and Elliott Cresson. Cheers! Binksternet (talk) 04:33, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

New Name
The Franklin Institute's website and advertising for exhibits now calls it just "The Franklin." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.44.55.178 (talk) 01:02, 24 December 2008 (UTC)
 * It's just their current marketing term, not a new name.  The fine print on tickets/etc reads ... The Franklin Institute ('The Franklin').208.29.186.172 (talk) 20:37, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

How to remove warning...
Hello, All.

I work at The Franklin Institute and was alarmed to see that someone had tagged the page that describes us with a warning alert about advertising. We did not post the page originally and only rarely edit it, so it was quite a surprise. I've gone through the page and removed anything that even remotely feels like it might be considered advertising. I think it now reads precisely as an encyclopedic entry would.

Can you review and see if you agree?

Assuming objective outsiders do agree, does anyone know how to get that warning at the top removed?

Thanks, Karen kelinich@fi.edu —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.231.162.2 (talk) 19:28, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Old medals
The website of the Franklin institute doesn't seem to provide the complete list of the old medals anymore, before they were reorganized as the Benjamin Franklin Medals. I used another reference (WikiMir), but can't verify the correctness or completeness. Has somebody a better reference? -- SchreyP (talk) 00:00, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the link to Wikimir. How irresponsible of the Franklin Institute to give awards for so many years, then just drop any support of what had been done! Digging out the various aspects of an award's history and namesake is a big job that editors have not yet approached. Similar problems may be found for other institution's award programs, but the depth of FI's step in this line of history is profound.Rgdboer (talk) 22:45, 4 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is profoundly disappointing how Franklin decided to dump the fine old medals on the slagheap of history in their ill-advised effort to modernize. I managed to create the article Elliott Cresson Medal to bring one of them to light. Other such articles are Howard N. Potts Medal and Franklin Medal. The opportunity exists to create articles about the Louis E. Levy Medal (1924), the Albert A. Michelson Medal (1968), and the Bower Science Award (1990). Binksternet (talk) 23:15, 4 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for those comments! So I'm not alone with this impression. I prepared indeed already redirects for Louis E. Levy Medal and Albert A. Michelson Medal, since I found several recipients on Wikipedia. But I could not find yet reliable sources to make regular award articles. :( -- SchreyP (messages) 06:40, 5 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Here is a useful link: awards archive. The article has footnotes (currently #14, #15) with related links. This information is too far down into Franklin Institute details; many readers may come to this article trying to verify an asserted award and miss the links. People in the FI office are apparently doing some support. The article could emphasize FI's role in recognizing scientists over the years and make the verification of old awards less difficult.Rgdboer (talk) 20:39, 20 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi Rgdboer, which footnotes to the awards archive do you mean; the two links under awards multimedia on the left side? -- SchreyP (messages) 21:44, 20 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'm not seeing any footnotes in that link, let alone 15 of them.
 * Another way of searching the Franklin website is from outside of it, using a search engine such as Google or Bing. With Google, to search for the surname Cowper, you would enter the following in the search window: "cowper site:www.fi.edu" (without quotes). This returns two winners, Edward A. Cowper and Coles S. Cowper. Note that well known awardees such as Tesla will return hundreds of pages. Binksternet (talk) 22:57, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

File:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial.jpg Nominated for Deletion
This beautiful photo has been nominated for deletion in spite of having been uploaded by the photographer with a copyright notice. This bot needs to be reined in! David Spector (talk) 21:13, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

 * There is no freedom of panorama in the United States. That's certainly part of the problem. Binksternet (talk) 23:02, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

 * You got ass-backwards, Binksternet. Americans in the United States have an absolute freedom to photograph, paint, or sketch any object that is publicly visible and display such works.  I refer you to Amendment 10 of the Constitution of the United States.  The people of the United States are are citizens, unlike many other countries where the people are "subjects", subservient to the government.  "Freedom of panorama" is not applicable under United States law. — QuicksilverT @ 23:33, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

New section: "Former Exhibits"
Besides presenting current information, WP can present past information. It would be very interesting to add a new section, called something like "Former Exhibits". This section would describe notable exhibits that once existed at the Institute.

Examples could include:

 * The Nickleodeon, a full-scale reproduction of an early silent film theater that included a roll-up curtain with simulated advertisements, a piano or organ with skilled player who actually accompanied the film as it would have been when current, and a simulated street outside, including a pharmacy window featuring patent medicines.
 * The Lightning exhibit had mammoth generators (extending from floor to ceiling, two stories high) of high-voltage simulated lightning bolts.
 * The Computer Room featured a large glassed area that contained a complete and working Univac II computer (including mercury sound-delay drum used as the main memory, pneumatic-assisted tape transports, and a staff of programmers who actually worked on contracted computing projects).

Reliable sources for such material may be difficult to find, but this kind of information capturing could be a unique contribution of WP to the world. David Spector (talk) 20:44, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

Similar information appears in the article Museum of Science (Boston), without much attribution. David Spector (talk) 22:54, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

Two Franklin Institutes
There are actually two institutions. This one is of course in Philadelphia. The other is on Boston. The story I heard, which I believe to be accurate, is that Benjamin Franklin in his will left a sum of money to found institutes in the two cities he was best associated with. The money was to be left in trust to accumulate interest for 200 years. From this trust the two institutes were independently set up. I remember the Boston one as the Franklin Institute of Technology, which is a non-profit school providing training and associate's degrees in various trades. It has since changed its name to Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology: http://www.bfit.edu/. The school is probably best known for its automotive technician program. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.162.98.172 (talk) 13:40, 1 November 2013 (UTC)
 * This is more or less true; see the article on Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology (BFIT) and its references. Reify-tech (talk) 01:28, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

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Succession of presidents
Shouldn't there be a link to the Wikipedia entry for Athelstan Spilhaus, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athelstan_Spilhaus) who served as president from 1967-69? I personally remember attending a function while a college undergraduate and meeting him. It definitely was the same guy.

His Wikipedia article should also mention his tenure at the Franklin Institute in the biography section.

Russell — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:4B:580:71A0:4059:1ECC:BA94:BA02 (talk) 19:16, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Franklin Institute


text:
Talk:Kamov Ka-10

''The initial version of this article was based on a material from aviation.ru. It has been released under the GFDL by the copyright holder.''

title: Talk:Kamov Ka-10


text:
Menno van Coehoorn

Menno, Baron van Coehoorn (March 1641 – 17 March 1704) was a Dutch soldier and engineer, regarded as one of the most significant figures in Dutch military history. In an era when siege warfare dominated military campaigns, he and his French counterpart Vauban were the acknowledged experts in designing, taking and defending fortifications.

Both had their advocates; Vauban's maxim of 'more powder, less blood' also took longer, an important consideration when most military deaths occurred from disease. He is also viewed as more innovative in the design and extent of his fortifications, which included ports, waterways, roads and even town layouts.

However, unlike Vauban, Van Coehoorn had limited financial resources. He showed great skill in maximising these, while adapting to the specific challenges posed by the flat terrain in the Netherlands. Some of his water defences and designs were still being used in the 1950s.

Life
Van Coehoorn was born at Britsum in March 1641, one of six sons of Goosewijn van Coehoorn and Aaltje van Hinckena, owners of the Lettinga State, near Leeuwarden, in the Dutch province of Friesland. Goosewijn was an officer in a Friesland regiment of the Dutch States Army and a member of the petty nobility. The family originally came from, near Frankfurt; in 1572, his great-grandfather joined the army of William the Silent, leader of the Dutch Revolt.

Van Coehoorn was educated at home with his brothers, and showed an aptitude for mathematics and military drawing. He later attended the University of Franeker, where he was supervised by his uncle Bernardus Fullenius (1602–1657), professor of mathematics and trainer of surveyors.

He had four surviving children from his first marriage to Magdalena van Scheltinga in 1678: Goosewijn (1678–1737), Gertruda (1679–1757), Hendrik (1683–1756) and Amalia (1683–1708). After her death in 1683, he married Truytje van Wigara (dates unknown); he died on 17 March 1704 and was buried at Wijckel.

Early career
In 1657, he was commissioned Lieutenant in his father's company, part of the permanent garrison in Maastricht. Promoted captain in October 1660, Van Coehoorn first saw action in 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, when he helped repulse an English-funded invasion by the Bishop of Münster. During the 1672 to 1678 Franco-Dutch War, he was wounded at the defence of Maastricht in 1673, then fought at Grave and Seneffe in 1674. Promoted major just before Cassel in 1677, he was a Lieutenant-Colonel when the war ended.

In the Netherlands, 1672 is still known as the Rampjaar or Year of Disaster. The rapid fall of major fortresses like Nijmegen and Fort Crèvecœur near 's-Hertogenbosch demonstrated the Republic's vulnerability, and the obsolescence of its defences. This caused intense debate in two areas; first, where to locate strongpoints; second, how to design fortifications suitable to the flat terrain of the Netherlands.

Design principles
Van Coehoorn set out his ideas in a public debate over the design of a new fortress at Coevorden with Captain Louis Paen, an officer in the same regiment, who had produced a well-received critique of the Dutch drill manual in 1679. In 1682, Van Coehoorn published Versterckinge des Vijfhoeks met al syne buytenwerken or Fortification of the Pentagon and all its outer works; this was followed in 1685 by what remains his best-known work, Nieuwe Vestingbouw op een natte of lage horisont or New Fortress Construction on a Wet or Low Horizon.

Few states could afford a large standing army, so permanent fortifications were intended to slow down an opponent, providing time to mobilise reserves. In 1672, the Dutch were nearly over-run due to the speed with which the French captured fortresses like Nijmegen, and saved only by activating the Hollandic Water Line. Van Coehoorn accepted the flat terrain of the Netherlands and huge cost of construction meant an effective defence could not rely solely on fortifications. His designs included these key principles;

Active defence; defenders should constantly disrupt the besiegers, rather than simply sitting behind their walls. This meant providing open areas within the fortifications to assemble a counter-attacking force.

Multiple defence lines; the existing practice of all round defence meant a breach in one area often led to the rapid surrender of the whole position. Instead, Van Coehoorn created multiple 'Inner' and 'Outer' defence zones that funnelled attackers through successive 'killing zones' of flanking fire; Variously delivered from loopholed redoubts in the re-entrant places-of-arms, from earthen faussebrayes, and long, concave double-bastioned flanks. These works were screened from view by their low profiles, and, in the case of the flanks, by narrow, tower-like orillons of solid masonry";

Denial of terrain; "... he protected his works by digging alternate ranks of wet and dry ditches. The dry ditches and covertways were cut down to within a few inches of the water table ... (if the besiegers) cut into the floor in the normal way, they would soon be flooded out;"

Van Coehoorn argued the high water table common in the Netherlands negated the danger posed by mining, and thus he required only two-thirds of the materials needed for similar French fortifications. Water was another feature of his work; although completed years after his death, he designed the Zuider Waterlinie between Sluis and Nijmegen. His recommendation of a defensive barrier in the east, using the IJssel and the Dutch portion of the Lower Rhine, formed the basis of a NATO defence line built in the 1950s, codenamed Plans 'C' for Coehoorn and 'D' for Deventer.

Namur; the Sieges of 1692 and 1695
His ideas remained untested until the 1688-1697 Nine Years War, whose tactics placed great emphasis on manoeuvre and siege warfare. He was present at the capture of Kaiserswerth and Bonn in 1690; his role is unclear but Frederick I offered him a position as Major-General in the Prussian army, which he refused.

Van Coehoorn was finally able to implement his ideas when appointed commander of Namur in 1691. Namur was divided between the 'City', on the flat northern bank of the river Sambre, with the 'Citadel' on high ground to the south controlling access to the rivers Sambre and Meuse. He strengthened the 'inner' Citadel with new outworks at Fort William and La Casotte, but did not have time to do the same for the 'outer' City area. The garrison of 5,000 was too small for an active defence, while many were poorly trained and motivated Spanish troops.

In the 1692 Siege of Namur, the City fell in less than five days, but the Citadel and its 500 Dutch defenders held out until 30 June. This was largely due to the terms negotiated when Van Coehoorn surrendered the City; he agreed not to fire on the City from the Citadel, in return for the French not attacking from that direction. As Vauban pointed out, this made it almost impregnable.

Regardless, the defence was a significant achievement and William III made him Major-General and commander of the vital city of Liège. He also supervised the construction of new defences at Huy, which the Dutch lost in July 1693, then recaptured in September 1694. The focus of the 1695 Allied campaign was the second Siege of Namur. The fortifications had been strengthened by Vauban, while Marshall Boufflers had a garrison of 13,000. Van Coehoorn was put in charge of siege operations and quickly captured the outer City; by mid-August, the Citadel remained largely intact and William was growing impatient. A battery of 200 guns was established and on 21 August began a continuous 24 hour bombardment of the Citadel's lower defences; assaults on the resulting breaches were extremely bloody, including 3,000 casualties in three hours on 30 August but the defenders surrendered on 4 September.

The two sieges of Namur were the key events of the Nine Years War in Flanders and made Van Coehoorn's reputation. Nieuwe Vestingbouw was translated into English, French and German among others and reprinted on a regular basis, while his ideas were widely used elsewhere, including Mannheim, Belgrade and Temesvar. Ironically, Boufflers' defence of Namur was the best example of Van Coehoorn's defensive principles. He ...demonstrated one could effectively win a campaign by losing a fortress but exhausting the besieging force...(Boufflers) conducted a classic active defence and contested every advance as best he could.

An often overlooked innovation used by both Vauban and Van Coehoorn was to focus their entire artillery on specific points, rather than the previous practice of targeting multiple areas. Overwhelming defences with massive firepower became known as the 'Van Coehoorn method'; Vauban preferred a more gradual approach, summarised as 'more powder, less blood.' Both had their supporters; the trade off was time, an important consideration when far more soldiers died from disease than combat.

Later career
In recognition of his service, Van Coehoorn was promoted Lieutenant General and appointed Ingenieur Generaal der Fortificatiën and General of Artillery. His brother Gideon replaced him as Colonel of the Nassau Friesland Regiment, while Van Coehoorn himself transferred to a Holland regiment; this increased his influence, since he now reported to William, rather than the Frisian Stadholder Hendrik Casimir.

The 1697 Treaty of Ryswick allowed the Dutch to garrison towns in the Spanish Netherlands, including Nieuwpoort, Charleroi, Luxembourg, Mons and Namur. This created a buffer zone, or defence-in-depth, later formalised in the 1715 Barrier Treaty. Van Coehoorn was given responsibility for the Dutch Republic's fortifications; one of his strengths was adapting to fit individual sites and minimising costs, essential skills as the Dutch had insufficient funds for all the repairs and additions needed.

Nijmegen and Bergen op Zoom were prioritised for upgrades, although both were incomplete when the War of the Spanish Succession broke out. Van Coehoorn was appointed Governor of Sluis and military commander in Zeelandic Flanders. The armies of the Nine Years War often exceeded 100,000 men, too large for the pre-industrial societies that supported them; Marlborough, Allied commander in the Low Countries, argued one battle was more beneficial than taking 12 fortresses. Although Van Coehoorn agreed, the Dutch survived a century of almost constant warfare by keeping their army together; losing a battle might lose them the war, and they considered Marlborough's approach unnecessarily risky. Instead, they spent 1702 and 1703 taking towns such as Venlo and Roermond in the modern Dutch province of Limburg, as well as Liège, Bonn and Huy. Strategy was affected by conflicting objectives, between England and the Republic and also the States General. The States of Holland opposed the 1703 offensive against Ostend and Antwerp, since it potentially threatened Amsterdam's monopoly over the Scheldt river trade. In the confusion, a Dutch army was surrounded by a French force several times their size at Ekeren on 30 June, and only just escaped.

Rightly or wrongly, Van Coehoorn was blamed for this; he was a difficult character and William's death deprived him of his most powerful sponsor. The campaigns of 1702 and 1703 exposed his limitations as a field officer and led to criticism from Marlborough and his Dutch colleagues.

He was considering an offer to serve with the army of Savoy when he died on 17 March 1704 in The Hague, attending a conference with Marlborough. The States of Friesland paid for a monument over his grave at Wijckel.

Other
In May 1701, Van Coehoorn demonstrated a light-weight mortar to William, later known as the Coehorn (sic). Designed to provide cover for infantry assaults, it was first used at Kaiserworth in 1702 and variations remained in service during the US Civil War in 1861. He also led a number of significant civil projects, including re-dyking the Lower Scheldt, and designing new barrages along the Zuiderzee.

The Menno van Coehoorn Foundation was established in 1932 to preserve the cultural heritage of historical fortifications in the Netherlands and their associated wildlife.

His son Gosewijn Theodor van Coehoorn (1678–1736) wrote a biography of his father, The Life Of Menno Baron Van Coehoorn which is still in print.

title: Menno van Coehoorn


text:
Talk:Kerch

Etymology of "Kerch"
The greatest of Slavic etymological dictionaries, compiled by the German linguist Max Vasmer, presents three versions of etymology, all of them Slavic: 1) from kr'k (i.e., throat); 2) from korchiti (i.e., to root out woods); 3) from k'rchii (i.e., goldsmith). The first one seems to be most plausible, per Trubachev. --Ghirlandajo 15:26, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Out of my way, bospor.
In the old Alien Legion comic books, bospor is used to replace the word "bastard", if I'm not mistaken.--67.71.159.123 (talk) 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Storms
Should we put anything in about the recent storm activity?

http://www.kerch.com.ua/articleview.aspx?id=5967

http://www.kerch.com.ua/articleview.aspx?id=5966

http://www.kerch.com.ua/articleview.aspx?id=5965 --Kolia. (talk) 18:53, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Meaning of Greek name?

 * I removed a statement that Kerch's Greek name Panticapaeum means "fish road". It does not. I know Ancient Greek fairly well. The only Greek word components that I can see in "Panticapaeum" are "pant-" = "all" and "kap-" = "to swallow". It may be a Greek spelling of an Iranian/etc non-Greek name, but I leave the rest to someone who knows about Iranian and other steppe languages of the time. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 11:11, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

The colours used on the weather box
You may have noticed that two editors have been changing the colours on the weather boxes for Ukrainian cities for the past two months. There is a discussion of what colours they should be at Talk:Lviv. Please contribute, even if only to say that you don't care, but you just wish they would stop changing it.--Toddy1 (talk) 14:33, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

About Pantikapaion...
en.wiktionary.org Παντικάπαιον It comes from Skythian.--User:The Evil (talk) 20:01, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

Poison gas
The allegations of the use of poison gas during WW2 must be deleted. There was no such gas used by either side.Royalcourtier (talk) 06:48, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

Civilian deaths
During the German occupation 15,000 citizens may well have died. But most would be due to fighting, starvation or disease. To suggest that all were "killed" by the Germans is false, and reminiscent of Soviet style misreporting.Royalcourtier (talk) 06:50, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 5 February 2024
Please add the Ukrainian audio pronunciation, changing the start of the article from:

to

This will display as:

 * Kerch (Керч, ; Керчь, ; Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ; Ancient Greek: Παντικάπαιον, Pantikápaion; Medieval Greek: Βόσπορος, Bosporos; Kerç)

It would also be nice to add the audio pronunciation for Russian, Turkish, and the other languages, but as of writing Ukrainian is the only language with a recording for the city name uploaded to Commons. Thank you. 70.181.1.68 (talk) 18:15, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ House Blaster  (talk · he/him) 23:41, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kerch


text: User talk:81.79.47.187

title: User talk:81.79.47.187