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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bhagavad Gita As It Is

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep as rewritten. (Some early votes discounted when it appeared that they had not returned to the article after the rewrite.) Rossami (talk) 08:33, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Bhagavad Gita As It Is
Seems like half book advertisement/vanity, half overlap with material in Bhagavad Gita. Delete, or merge if there's anything noteworthy in the second half. Good show, Andries, now that there's a better article and a clearer picture of the issue, I'm changing to Keep --InShaneee 17:25, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep the article was very biased but this translation of the Gita is famous and is the best sold. German Wikipedia also has an article about this translation. I removed the bias. Andries 17:17, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Good work, Andries. Antandrus 17:45, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this extremely POV article about a non-notable translation which at most would be a footnote in the Bhagavad Gita article. RickK 22:19, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * RickK, This is the ISKCON/Hare Krishna version of the Bhagavad Gita which is noteable because it is the one that has been most sold outside India. Scholars probably do not have a high regard of this version. Andries 20:50, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and Redirect. --BD2412 23:19, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just under the bar of notability, POV promo. Megan1967 00:49, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, concur with Rick. Radiant! 09:37, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would recommend Merge and Redirect to International Society for Krishna Consciousness. I don't recommend merge or redirect to Bhagavad Gita. Having read this book and also the Bhagavad Gita in a couple of different translations, this is really more a commentary than a translation, and it's focused on a single author's viewpoint. On the other hand, there was a time when you couldn't get through any major world airport without the orange-clad members of ISKCON trying to sell you a copy, so maybe it does deserve its own article. DialUp 23:33, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with DialUp that this would be better as a redirect to ISCKON than to Bhagavad Gita. This translation is closely identifed with that group and has little regard except as an artifact of that group. older ≠ wiser 03:10, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article could be improved and needs to be more NPOV, but this is a notable work, and is not the same as the Bhagavad Gita. Jonathunder 22:05, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * Keep as rewritten by Andries; no longer a promo or POV piece. Notable translation of a sacred book in Hinduism; note that we already have a precedent set for allowing articles on different translations of the Bible (e.g. The Living Bible, American Standard Version, Contemporary English Version, etc.); the same may apply to sacred books in other religions.  What distinguishes this translation of the Gita is its wide distribution, the elaborate "purport" given for each verse, and its use by ISKCON.  (IMHO, there are much better renderings into English of this marvelous work).  Oh, and for those who like the Google notability standard, 25,600 hits on "bhagavad gita as it is".  Antandrus 17:45, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Tzaneen

Tzaneen is a large tropical garden town situated in the Mopani District Municipality of the Limpopo province in South Africa. It is situated in a high rainfall fertile region with tropical and subtropical agriculture taking place in a 20000 km2 region. It is Limpopo's second largest town after Polokwane.

About 475,000 people reside within a 30 km radius, with the town itself holding a population of 14,571, according to the 2011 census. The town of Tzaneen is composed predominantly of Afrikaans-language whites and a mix of Tsonga and Balobedu and Bapedi. In the extended area around the town, there are approximately 225,000 people from the Northern Sotho ethnic nation of Balobedu ba ga Modjadji. Bapedi tribe such as BaNareng ba ga sekororo, Batlou ba ga makgoba, Bathlabine ba ga mogoboya, BaKgaga ba maake, Bakgaga ba maupa and Babirwa ba ga Raphahlelo, phooko and Bakoni ba Mametja and Bakhutama ba GA Modiba. There are approximately 220,000 Tsonga from the ethnic groups of Shiluvane-Nkuna and Hosi Muhlaba-Shiluvane (132,000 people), and Valoyi under Hosi Nwamitwa-Valoyi (91,000 people). The White population consists mainly of the Afrikaner people and a minority of English, Portuguese, Scottish, Irish, Jewish and German. The distance from Tzaneen to Johannesburg is approximately 420 km.

Origin of the name
Tzaneen's name is derived from a Northern Sotho word 'Tsaneng', which refers to a small basket called 'Tsana'. Tsana was made of bamboo grass called Lehlaka. Due to the fertile riverbank, the area was known to produce high-quality bamboo grass used to make different types of utensils. Tsana was a popular utensil made in the area, which attracted customers from different areas. Later the area would be known as DiTsaneng (a place where Tsanas are made).The area bordering the Great Letaba River was named Tsanakolo(meaning the place of the big reed) and occupied by the Prince of Balobedu kingdom named Modika, who was the eldest son of the first male ruler and founder of the Bolobedu kingdom named Makgaphele or Phetole. Makgaphele was the son of Princess Dzungudini. It is said Makgapele had three known sons from the senior house namely Modika, Mahasha and Mohale. The descendants of the three brothers are the original royal families of the Balobedu nation and are an integral part of the Modjadji Royal family. To date the descendants of the Modika clan are referred to as batsanakolo or motsanakolo. Balobedu are the first to occupy the area using the great or and klein Letaba Rivers as a border of the Balobedu Land until they were forcefully removed by the European settlers. European settlers built the modern-day town using the name Tzaneen, and the name remains to this day.

Geology and geography
Tzaneen is Limpopo's paradise and it has been nicknamed 'Land of Silver Mist' because of the frequent mist that occur on the mountains above it. It is located in lush, tropical surroundings and is home to Limpopo's highest mountain, the Iron Crown Mountain, lying more than 2200 m above sea level. The Iron Crown mountain, also known by its Afrikaans name Wolkberg, supports Limpopo's biodiversity and is home to South Africa's second largest indigenous forest after Tsitsikamma forest in the southern Cape. Weather can change very fast from clear skies to being misty, with the highest reaches enveloped in clouds. Hence the name of the range, meaning "Cloud Mountain" in Afrikaans. The Wolkberg is rugged, with rocky shoulders and deep humid gorges. There are rare plant and animal species in these areas. Species such as the Wolkberg Zulu (Alaena margaritacea), the Wolkberg widow (Dingana clara) and the Wolkberg sandman (Spialia secessus), have been named after these mountains. The Wolkberg area is one of only two areas in the world where the critically endangered butterfly, Lepidochrysops lotana, are found. The Iron Crown Mountain is a protected area in terms of South African law. The Groot Letaba River, Middle Letaba River and Klein Letaba River all rise up in these mountains.

Agriculture
Tzaneen produces about 40% of South Africa's avocados, 40% of South Africa's mangoes and 20% of South Africa's bananas. Tzaneen also produces 90% of South Africa's tomatoes, making South Africa the world's 40th largest tomato producer. Even though South Africa is ranked 40th in terms of tomato production, the ZZ2 farms are the world's biggest producer of tomatoes. Tzaneen is also the biggest producer of pine plantations in the Limpopo Province, accounting for more than 85% of Limpopo's pine and bluegum production. The majority of Tzaneen's tropical indigenous forest were cleared for the production of pine, bluegum, banana, avocado and other agricultural plantations.

The economy of Tzaneen depends largely on farming fruits, vegetables, animals and timber. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of Tzaneen, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured its development. Water is supplied from several dams in the area, including Tzaneen Dam, Merensky Dam and Magoebaskloof Dam, although water boreholes are also common in Tzaneen, for watering crops and performing household chores.

A wide range of fruit are grown in the Tzaneen area, notably mangoes, bananas, oranges, tomatoes and avocados. Pine and eucalyptus plantations are also a common sight in the area around the town, particularly toward Modjadjiskloof, Magoebaskloof and Haenertsburg. The plantations serve a number of sawmills located in the area.

Education
Tzaneen branch is charged with the responsibility of effecting quality education and training for all. It was during this time that the branch had to shape up its direction and coordinate all professional developments and support. Policies, systems, and procedures had to be developed. This was not easily achievable due to a lack of personnel to effect change. Tzaneen still remains as one of the areas in South Africa with a high rate of tertiary graduates but a low employment rate.

Sports
Soccer and rugby are the main sports in Tzaneen. Soccer is widely played in rural areas and townships. Mountain hiking became popular teams like Tzaneen Hiking Club, Mount Sibu hiking and Bokgaga hiking Club.

Tourism
Tourism is also an important part of the Tzaneen economy, along with agribusiness. Tzaneen offers great country and town accommodation for visitors.

There are many tourist attractions around the small town of Tzaneen, including the beautiful Tzaneen Dam, Magoebaskloof, Haenertsburg and Wolkberg mountains. The town is also situated close to a number of game reserves and the town often serves as a thoroughfare for tourists on their way to other tourist destinations in the province. The well-known Kruger National Park, for instance, is situated approximately 100 km away.

The Vervet Monkey Foundation is located just outside Tzaneen where it cares for over 600 vervet monkeys.

Weather
Mostly sunshine, long summer days with pleasant winters. Tzaneen's subtropical conditions provide more suited weather for dense forests (high summer rainfall) than the thorny bushveld above the escarpment and further to the east.

The summer months, September – March, have an average temperature of 28 C and winter months around 15 C. Rainfall averages from around 800 mm per year in town to over 1500 mm per year in the mountains.

Notable people

 * Tito Mboweni (born 1959), businessman, economist and former central banker
 * Cassel Mathale former Limpopo Premier, Current DP
 * Marchant de Lange (born 1990), international cricketer
 * Master KG, singer, record producer
 * King Monada, singer
 * Mahlatse "Chiliboy" Ralepelle (born 1986), rugby player
 * Trevor Nyakane, South African rugby union player
 * Judas Moseamedi, PSL player
 * Andrew Rabutla, former Jomo Cosmos F.C. player
 * Ernst Roets (born 1985), Deputy CEO of AfriForum
 * Peta Teanet, Music Producer and Singer
 * Benny Mayengani, Singer
 * Ndavi Nokeri, Miss South Africa 2022

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tzaneen


text:
Kwasi Wiredu

Kwasi Wiredu (3 October 1931 – 6 January 2022) was a Ghanaian philosopher. Often called the greatest African philosopher of his generation, his work contributed to the conceptual decolonisation of African thought.

Life and career
Wiredu was born in Kumasi, Gold Coast (present-day Ghana), in 1931, and attended Adisadel College from 1948 to 1952. It was during this period that he discovered philosophy, through Plato (which weaned him from his interest in Practical Psychology) and Bertrand Russell. He gained a place at the University of Ghana, Legon. After graduating in 1958, he went to University College, Oxford to read for the B.Phil.

At Oxford University, Wiredu was taught by Gilbert Ryle (his thesis supervisor), Peter Strawson (his College tutor), and Stuart Hampshire (his special tutor), and wrote a thesis on "Knowledge, Truth, and Reason". Upon graduating in 1960 he was appointed to a teaching post at the University College of North Staffordshire (now the University of Keele), where he stayed for a year. He returned to Ghana, where he accepted a post teaching philosophy for his old university. He remained at the University of Ghana for twenty-three years, during which time he became first Head of Department and then Professor. From 1987 until he retired, he was an Emeritus Professor at the University of South Florida in Tampa.

Wiredu held a number of visiting professorships:
 * University of California, Los Angeles, California (1979–1980)
 * University of Ibadan, Nigeria (1984)
 * University of Richmond, Virginia (1985)
 * Carleton College, Minnesota (1986)
 * Duke University, North Carolina (1994–1995; 1999–2001)

He was a member of the Committee of Directors of the International Federation of Philosophical Societies from 1983 to 1998. He was also a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (1985) and the National Humanities Center, North Carolina (1986). He was Vice-President of the Inter-African Council for Philosophy.

Wiredu died on 6 January 2022 in the United States, at the age of 90.

Philosophical work
One of Wiredu's concerns when defining "African Philosophy" was keeping colonialised African philosophy in a separate category from precolonised Africa. Wiredu (1998) proposes that the African philosopher has a unique opportunity to re-examine many of the assumptions of Western philosophers by subjecting them to an interrogation based on African languages. Let's say hypothetically an African was born and raised in China. Their thoughts and philosophy will be biased to the culture of the language. Not only will they naturally philosophise in that language, but also shape their life around that language.

Wiredu opposed the "ethnophilosophical" and "philosophical sagacity" approaches to African philosophy, arguing that all cultures have their distinctive folk-beliefs and world-views, but that these must be distinguished from the practice of philosophising. It is not that "folk philosophy" cannot play a part in genuine philosophy; on the contrary, he has acknowledged his own debt to his own (Akan) culture's history of thought. Rather, he argues that genuine philosophy demands the application to such thought of critical analysis and rigorous argument.

One of Wiredu's most prominent discussions revolves around the Akan concept of personhood. He believes this traditional framework hosts a two part conception of a person. First, and most intuitive to Western conceptions of persons, is the ontological dimension. This includes one's biological constitution. Further, Wiredu states that the second dimension, the normative conception of personhood, is based on one's ability to will freely. One's ability to will freely is dependent on one's ethical considerations. One can be said to have free will if one has a high regard to ethical responsibilities. This then designates a person to become a person. One is not born a person but becomes one through events and experiences that lead one to act ethically. This differs from the Western conception of personhood in that people, in traditional Akan thought, are not born as willed beings. Wiredu also is certain that African tradition is not "purely theoretical because he shows how certain aspects of African political thought may be applied to the practical resolution of some of Africa's most pressing problems."

His influences include, apart from his tutors at Oxford, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, the pragmatist John Dewey, and the epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical resources of the Akan culture. The result is philosophy that is at once universally relevant and essentially African.

Wiredu, in his work, enlightened many people on the philosophy and religion of Africa. Not only did he summarise and outline their beliefs in many of his works but he also challenged outsiders predispositions to African beliefs. He wished to shed light and understanding to their belief systems and what they believe to be true and physical. He expressed his thoughts and ideas in The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion on African Religions.

Books

 * Philosophy and an African Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). ISBN 0-521-22794-1 (this won him the 1982 Ghana National Book Award)
 * Cultural Universals and Particulars: An African Perspective (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996). ISBN 0-253-21080-1
 * Person and Community: Ghanaian Philosophical Studies [Ed] Wiredu & Kwame Gyekye (New York: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 1992). ISBN 1-56518-004-6
 * A Companion to African Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003). ISBN 0-631-20751-1

Secondary literature

 * Futter, D.B. Wiredu on Conceptual Decolonisation. Theoria, issue 175, vol. 70, no. 2, 2023, p. 24-41. 10.3167/th.2023.7017503
 * Oladipo, O. Philosophy and the African Experience: The Contributions of Kwasi Wiredu. Ibadan: Hope Publications, 1996.
 * Osha, S. Kwasi Wiredu and Beyond: The Text, Writing and Thought in Africa. Dakar: Codesria, 2005.
 * Hallen, B. Kwasi Wiredu and Beyond: The Text, Writing and Thought in Africa. African Studies Review, vol. 49, no. 3, 2006, p. 175-176.
 * Molefe, M. A critique of Kwasi Wiredu’s humanism and impartiality. Acta Academica, vol. 48, no. 1, 2016, p. 91-110.
 * Hallen, B. Reading Wiredu. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2021.

title: Kwasi Wiredu


text:
Modjadjiskloof

Modjadjiskloof (formerly Duiwelskloof) is a small town situated at the foot of the escarpment in the Limpopo province of South Africa.

The town is 18 km north of Tzaneen. Surveyed in 1919 and proclaimed in 1920, it was administered by a village management board. The Sunland Baobab tree, that was located nearby, lost a large chunk of its main stem early in 2017 and the rest of the tree fell into pieces in April 2017.

The town was named in honour of Rain Queen Modjadji, hereditary ruler of the Balobedu people, the indigenous people of the area and at some stage the only ruling queen in South Africa.

Name change
The former name Duiwelskloof, Afrikaans for "Devil's ravine", was possibly given by virtue of the rugged, awe inspiring aspect, or because of the difficulty with which laden wagons trekked through it in the rainy season. Duiwelskloof was renamed Modjadjiskloof on 14 June 2004. Unlike most name changes, Duiwelskloof kept the Afrikaans suffix "-kloof" (meaning valley) in its new name.

title: Modjadjiskloof


text:
Talk:The Nutcracker

Modern adaptations
I have deleted this part of the article because it is already covered in the Wikipedia article "List of adaptations of "The Nutcracker" '. AlbertSM (talk) 20:40, 29 August 2011 (UTC) 20:39, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

Film
I have changed the reference to Fantasia 1942. There is no such film as Fantasia 1942. Besides, the film was cut severely for the 1942 re-release and the soundtrack album features all of the music except for the jam session in the intermission segment. AlbertSM (talk) 20:39, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

Second Suite
Any reference for the second suite Tchaikovsky put together? I did a really quick search but couldn't find anything. Any publisher has it in its catalog? I wouldn't be surprised that it actually exists, but I've never heard of it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.161.113.146 (talk) 01:47, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

The Burlesque Nutcracker
Why isn't this listed under "In Popular Culture?" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.91.201.209 (talk) 16:54, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

Edit of July 4, 2014 by MrLopez2681
I have removed the following statement, which refers to the detailed instructions Marius Petipa provided Tchaikovsky for the music of "The Nutcracker" - "The composer did not appreciate having to work under such constraints and found himself reluctant to work on the ballet." This statement is completely untrue. Tchaikovsky also received detailed instructions for "The Sleeping Beauty" (premiered 1890), the success of which caused Tchaikovsky to proclaim that with no one but Petipa would he create ballets. The reference/source for this statement has been credited to the site BalletAlert!, which is filled with its own share of incorrect information. However it is true that Tchaikovsky did have his moments of frustration while composing. I have two excellent and unrivaled books that detail the first production of "The Nutcracker": "Tchaikovsky's Ballets" and, even better, "The Life and Ballet of Lev Ivanov", both by Roland John Wiley. Hopefully as time allows I can make some revisions to this article using these sources. Mrlopez2681 (talk) 21:27, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

Merge with Trepak
Please discuss @ Talk:Trepak. --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  18:54, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

The name of the original ballet's heroine is Clara
Just a general note to ask certain editors to please desist from replacing Clara (the name specified by Marius Petipa's synopsis for the original ballet) with Marie (name of the Hoffmann heroine and used by Balanchine); the different names are clearly explained in the text as it is, and there is no good reason to over-ride this, least of all without any explanation. Alfietucker (talk) 10:39, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

First performance of The Nutcracker outside Russia
In many articles about Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker (including this Wikipedia arcticle) we can find information, that the first complete performance of the ballet outside Russia was staged in England 1934.

However, the truth is that the very first performance of complete ballet The Nutcracker was performed on 17th August 1908 in Prague, Czech Republic (in that time part of Austrian Monarchy). Please, see the pages of the Czech National Theatre Archives: and please correct your article, if possible.

Petr — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.48.42.53 (talk) 12:05, 28 October 2014 (UTC)

Reed flutes

 * 1) 12e says that the Dance of the Reed Flutes is "a.k.a. 'Dance of the Reed Flutes.'" Is it supposed to be listed first as "Dance of the Mirlitons," with the aka added to show the alternative name?  24.61.4.237 (talk) 17:21, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

I wish for more media
Yes, the Sugar Plum Fairy sure is famous, but I would also like other pieces of music such as the parts with "March", "Russian Dance", "Arabian Dance", "Chinese Dance" and "Reed Flutes". It would be nice to be able to listen directly at the different parts of the music without having to go to another website. I just hope I could record an original recording of some of the Nutcracker Suite. I might not. Qwertyxp2000 (talk) 05:22, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Add each piece of media from the Danses Characteristics and the other parts I, II, and III. (Danses Characteristics is part II.) Qwertyxp2000 (talk) 05:24, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Surname of Clara
Wouldn't Clara Stahlbaum be her full name if her father is named Dr. Stahlbaum? Is she given a different last name in any adaptations? The story uses Marie Stahlbaum similarly. Ranze (talk) 19:10, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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ETA Hoffmann adapted by Alexandre Dumas
Dumas, The Nutcracker of Nuremberg (R.M. McBride, 1930),, with list of Contents: What is the relation of this collection or omnibus to the crucial adaptation by Dumas? Perhaps part one, "The story of the nutcracker of Nuremberg", is the Dumas adaptation from which the ballet was in turn adapted? --P64 (talk) 22:49, 7 July 2017 (UTC)
 * The story of the nutcracker or[sic] Nuremberg
 * The story of the nut Krakatuk and the Princess Pirlipate
 * The story of Marie and the king of the toys

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External links modified (January 2018)
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Racism
I would have to find it again, but I saw at least one article calling some of the dances racist. How should we include that information? It might be a big concern in this day and age.— Vchimpanzee  •  talk  •  contributions  •  18:37, 27 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I guess you might have seen some discussion about the danse chinoise and other numbers at the beginning of act 2 and allegations of yellowface. I think it's just virtue signalling by professional offence-seekers, but it's being discussed in reputable sources and consequently there's no reason not to cover it in this article. Or maybe it should not be covered yet on account of WP:RECENTISM and WP:NOTNEWS. I also note that the article on yellowface doesn't mention this ballet. I suggest that any ideas to introduce this subject into this article should be proposed on this talk page for wider input. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 03:08, 28 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I will have to search again but I think the complaints are several years old. I was actually looking for proof that what one web site refers to as "Coffee" and "Tea" are actually songs which can be called "Coffee" and "Tea", and that came up. So far, the article only seems to use those titles to refer to possible names of characters, and not necessarily the songs, but I have named them on the respective disambiguation pages.— Vchimpanzee  •  talk  •  contributions  •  17:14, 28 January 2020 (UTC)
 * https://newrepublic.com/article/120640/nutcracker-racist-chinese-tea-arabian-coffee (2014), https://www.dancemagazine.com/burning_question_is_nutcracker_racist-2306921922.html (2013), https://www.dancemagazine.com/chinese-nutcracker-2641019670.html (2019), https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-fisher-nutcracker-chinese-dance-revisionism-20181211-story.html (2018), https://medium.com/the-establishment/how-to-look-like-a-non-racist-production-of-the-nutcracker-40194af68243 (2017 and I seem to be blocked), https://www.marketwatch.com/story/10-things-the-nutcracker-wont-tell-you-1353946803715 (2012). I haven't looked at these in detail, but that's just a list.— Vchimpanzee  •  talk  •  contributions  •  19:01, 29 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I essentially agree with Michael Bednarek's assessment of this section (Accusations of racism/Ethnic stereotypes), particularly his objection of "recentism", but I believe he assigns to much weight to "reputable sources". As it now is, the section looks like a chaotic discussion (platform) rather than being part of a serious and balanced article. Moreover, most readers wishing to be informed about The Nutcracker are unlikely to be looking for extremely boring discussions concerning ethnic stereotypes in some of the ballet's dances. Is it Wikipedia's aim to insert this sort of anachronistic and judgmental discussions everywhere, not only in The Nutcracker and The Mikado, but also in Madame Butterfly and the many other candidates for purgation? There will be no end to this. Therefore, I suggest removal of this section and, perhaps, the creation of a separate article "Ethnic stereotyping in traditional ballet, opera, and theatre".2A02:A452:9491:1:212F:FF3C:D41D:73E1 (talk) 13:00, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

Formatting screw-up in the Popular Media category
I went to add a point to the list, but someone appears to have messed up the formatting of it, causing the last several points (which, for some reason, contain nothing but cite links) to get dumped into the end of the citations list as unnumbered bullet points. Attempting to add a new point, even above them, just sent it down into the citations list as well. Maybe there's a missing end bracket somewhere? I only barely understand how cite tags work, so can someone else fix it please? Octan (talk) 02:52, 20 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I've attempted a fix. Imo, the "In popular culture" section is in need of a massive overhaul. Right now, it is an unusable dump of mostly trivia. intforce (talk) 18:01, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

video
Victor Grigas (talk) 19:10, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

No dancing in a ballet?
From Saint Petersburg premiere in the History section:

 * "many bemoaned the fact that the ballerina did not dance until the Grand Pas de Deux near the end of the second act"

Really? I've seen the Nutcracker multiple times, and there have always been any number of ballerinas -- and danseurs -- dancing, throughout. What were the ballerinas doing during the premier? Playing canasta behind the scenery and missing their cues? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.95.43.253 (talk) 18:34, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

Date of première?
The section Premiere ought to include the date of the premiere in 1892.

I hope someone knowledgeable on this subject can add this information to the article.

title: Talk:The Nutcracker


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ArtHero

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CSTAR 21:42, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

ArtHero
This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * A non notable 1 month old "interactive design studio" located in Pittsburgh. Delete -- Longhair 17:31, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Basically an advert. jni 18:25, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just an ad. Zzyzx11 20:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ArtHero


text:
User:ClockworkSoul/politicwatchlist

A

 * Abortion

B

 * Paul Begala
 * George W. Bush
 * Laura Bush

C

 * Dick Cheney
 * Civil union
 * Bill Clinton
 * Hillary Clinton
 * Alan Colmes
 * Ann Coulter

D

 * Chuck D
 * Howard Dean
 * Democrat
 * Domestic partnership

E

 * Evolution

F

 * Jerry Falwell
 * Al Franken

G

 * Janeane Garofalo
 * Gay

H

 * Sean Hannity
 * Homosexual

K

 * Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.
 * Alan Keyes

L

 * List of unaccredited institutions of higher learning
 * Katherine Lanpher

M

 * Rachel Maddow
 * Mike Malloy
 * Michael Moore
 * MoveOn

N

 * Nigger

O

 * Bill O'Reilly (commentator)

P

 * Mike Papantonio

R

 * Republican
 * Republican Party (United States)
 * Randi Rhodes
 * Pat Robertson

S

 * Same-sex marriage
 * Michael Savage (commentator)
 * Laura Schlessinger
 * Sam Seder

W

 * Lizz Winstead
 * Paul Wolfowitz

title: User:ClockworkSoul/politicwatchlist


text:
1983 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1983. For video games, see 1983 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 1983
• Ambush!

• B-17, Queen of the Skies

• Stalking the Night Fantastic (role-playing game)

• Calamity

• Dark Cults

• Dampfross

• Empires in Arms

• File 13

• James Bond 007: Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service

• Lost Worlds

• Mercenaries, Spies and Private Eyes (role-playing game)

• The Omega War

• Palladium Fantasy Role-Playing Game

• Scotland Yard

• Superworld (role-playing game)

• Valley of the Pharaohs (role-playing game)

Game awards given in 1983

 * Spiel des Jahres: Scotland Yard

Significant games-related events in 1983

 * Decipher, Inc. founded.

title: 1983 in games


text:
Taftville, Connecticut

Taftville is a small village in eastern Connecticut. It is a neighborhood of Norwich but has its own post office (ZIP Code 06380). It was established in 1866 as site for the large Taftville Mill, later Ponemah Mill. The village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Taftville and as alternative name Taftville/Ponemah Mill National Register Historic District.

Currently redevelopment of the large mill is being conducted by The O'Neill Group in conjunction with OneKey LLC. The National Park Service will oversee the historic preservation of the structure, to ensure the historic elements are sustained. The 430000 sqft Ponemah Mill is being converted into luxury apartments and commercial space.

History of the Ponemah Mills
The Ponemah Mills, a cotton textile factory, was built on the Shetucket River where a large dam could be built to provide power. The large mill building (Building No. 1) was purported to be the largest weave-shed under one roof at that time. The original workers were predominantly Irish immigrants, and they were hard hit by the depression of the 1870s that began with the Panic of 1873. Unemployment rose and wages dropped appreciably from 1873 to 1875, causing bitter relations between workers and management in many places.

In April 1875, the 1,200 workers went on strike. The mill owners had raised rents in company-owned housing as well as prices at the company-owned store. Wages at the time were under $10 for a 67-hour work week. In one often-cited anecdote, a workingman said he and his daughter had worked full-time for more than three months but only had four dollars between them to show for it. The immediate cause of the strike was a pay cut of 12 percent in an attempt to stop unionization. Workers were told half of the pay cut would be restored to anyone who had not participated in trying to form a union at the company.

The company replaced the workers with French Canadians, who would come to number more than 70 percent of the population. Workers were evicted from company-owned housing, and the Connecticut General Assembly passed a strict "tramp law" aimed at workers (such as those from Taftville) who became drifters after their strikes were broken.

Ponemah Mills operated for about 100 years. It sat abandoned for over 40 years until being redeveloped into residential apartments.

A similar mill and village community is Wauregan Historic District, which is also NRHP-listed.

Local institutions
Taftville has a public elementary school operated by the Norwich Public School System called Wequonnoc Magnet Elementary School and a private elementary school called Sacred Heart School. Students then attend Kelly Middle School. After graduating from there, they move on to either Norwich Free Academy, Norwich Technical High School, or other surrounding high schools.

There are two churches: Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church and the Taftville Congregational Church.

Notable people, past and present
Among the more accomplished Taftville residents was Ned (Edward) Hanlon who managed the Pittsburgh Alleghenys (1889), Pittsburgh Burghers (1890), Baltimore Orioles (1892–1898), Brooklyn Superbas (1899–1905), and the Cincinnati Reds (1906–1907). He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996. Another ballplayer was the Quebec-born right fielder, Augustine "Lefty" Dugas, whose family settled in Taftville. He played for the Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies and Washington Senators between 1930 and 1934.

In the academic arena Saunders Mac Lane was the son of the Minister of the Taftville Congregational Church and a mathematician of world note, who spent his career at the University of Chicago, Yale and Harvard. He was the co-author of A Survey of Modern Algebra, a book which was the standard work in that field for many years.

title: Taftville, Connecticut


text:
Gravelotte, South Africa

Gravelotte is a small town situated in the east of the Limpopo province of South Africa.

Mining centre 10 km north-east of Leydsdorp and 52 km north-west of Hoedspruit. It was established in 1916 and named after the farm owned by a Prussian missionary who had fought in the European Battle of Gravelotte (1870–71).

Transport
Gravelotte is located on the R71 route, and Gravelotte railway station connects the town to Mica, Hoedspruit, Acornhoek and Kaapmuiden to the south, and connects to Tzaneen, Duiwelskloof and Soekmekaar to the north.

title: Gravelotte, South Africa


text:
1970 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, and miniatures games published in 1970.

Games released or invented in 1970
• Aggravation

• Buckaroo!

• Game of the Generals

• Masterpiece

• Matchwitz

• PanzerBlitz

• Ploy

• Posse: Thirteen Against One

title: 1970 in games


text:
Letsitele

Letsitele is a small town situated in the Limpopo province of South Africa. It is a farming district, primarily citrus, tobacco, beef cattle and other fruits.

title: Letsitele


text: Category:1941 songs

title: Category:1941 songs


text: Category:Municipalities of Walloon Brabant


text:
Leydsdorp

Leydsdorp is a former gold rush town situated in the Limpopo province of South Africa.

This ghost town is 11 km south-west of Gravelotte and 53 km south-east of Tzaneen. It developed from a gold-mining camp and was proclaimed in 1890, but was virtually abandoned when gold was discovered on the Witwatersrand. Named after Willem Johannes Leyds (1859–1940), state secretary of the South African Republic from 1888 to 1897.

title: Leydsdorp


text:
1979 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1979. For video games, see 1979 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 1979
• 4th Dimension

• Asteroid Zero-Four

• The Awful Green Things from Outer Space

• The Beastlord

• Belter

• Bloodtree Rebellion

• Cerberus

• Cheops

• Chinese Farm (2nd edition)

• Circus Maximus

• Colony Delta

• The Creature That Ate Sheboygan

• Darkover

• Demons

• Divine Right

• Double Star

• Dune

• Earth Game

• The Farming Game

• Freedom in the Galaxy

• Godsfire

• Guess Who?

• Holy War

• Hot Spot

• Invasion of the Air-eaters

• John Carter: Warlord of Mars

• King Arthur

• Knights and Knaves

• The Legend of Robin Hood

• MAATAC

• The Mad Magazine Card Game

• The Mad Magazine Game

• Magic Realm

• Magic Wood

• Marine: 2002

• Napoleon at Leipzig

• Prochorovka: Armor at Kursk

• Sigma Omega

• Snapshot

• Space Future

• Sqwurm

• Star Fleet Battles

• Star Quest

• Starfall

• Starfire

• StarGate

• Streets of Stalingrad

• Survival / The Barbarian

• Swordquest

• Time War

• Titan Strike!

• Trivial Pursuit

• Vector 3

• Villains and Vigilantes (tabletop role-playing game)

• War of the Sky Cities

• Wizard's Quest

• Zargo's Lords

Games awards given in 1979

 * Spiel des Jahres: Hare and Tortoise (first year given)

Significant games-related events of 1979

 * Task Force Games founded by Allen Eldridge and Stephen Cole.

title: 1979 in games


text:
Ice pick

An ice pick is a pointed metal tool used to break, pick or chip at ice. The design consists of a sharp metal spike attached to a wooden handle. The tool's design has been relatively unchanged since its creation. The only notable differences in the design are the material used for the handle. The handle material is usually made out of wood but can also be made from plastic or rubber. These materials can be better in terms of safety and allow the user to better grip the pick during use.

History
During the 1800s, ice blocks were gathered from frozen water sources and distributed to nearby homes. Ice picks were used to easily cut the blocks into smaller pieces for use. In many cases these smaller blocks were used in iceboxes. Iceboxes are similar in use to refrigerators, with the major difference being that iceboxes could only stay cold for a limited time. They needed to be restocked with ice regularly to continue proper functioning. The ice pick slowly began to lose popularity beginning in the early to mid-1900s due to the creation of the modern refrigerator. Many refrigerators came with a built-in ice maker which allowed for easy access to small ice chunks at any time and eliminated the need for the ice pick.

Modern usage
Some bartenders will carve or chip blocks of ice into aesthetically pleasing shapes to be served with their drinks, using tools including an ice pick.

Because blocks of ice melt much slower than cubes, sailors, campers and others who will be away from civilization for periods of time may carry blocks of ice along with an ice pick to shape and serve the blocks.

Use as weapon
Because of its availability and ability to puncture the skin easily, the ice pick has sometimes been used as a weapon. Most notoriously, New York's organized crime groups known as Murder Incorporated made extensive use of the ice pick as a weapon during the 1930s and 1940s. There were up to 1,000 murders committed by this group. In 1932, the bodies of two young men were found who had been stabbed numerous times with an ice pick. A man named Jacob Drucker was found guilty of murdering a man in 1944. His victim had been stabbed with an ice pick over 20 times. The most feared hitman of his day, Abe Reles, used the ice pick as his weapon of choice, usually stabbing his victims in the ear.

According to New York City police, ice picks are still used today as street weapons. On August 21, 2012, a man was attacked with an ice pick in the Bronx. John Martinez, a man from the Bronx, was convicted of several robberies using an ice pick in 2011.

Murderer Richard Kuklinski, who claimed to have killed over 200 people, was reported to have used an ice pick among other weapons.

During the early morning of August 16, 1975, Utah Highway Patrol Trooper Robert Hayward arrested Serial Killer Ted Bundy, amongst the items found during a search of Ted's Volkswagen was a brown gym bag containing a red handled ice pick along with handcuffs, rope, ski mask, panty hose mask, flashlight, GLAD garbage bags, and other incriminating items.

Leon Trotsky is sometimes incorrectly said to have been killed with an ice pick. He was actually killed with an ice axe, a mountaineering tool.

An ice pick (later revealed as a screwdriver) and a kitchen knife were used by Luka Magnotta to murder Jun Lin in 2012.

In 2018, a 25-year-old man was killed at a New York City bus stop when he was stabbed with an ice pick.

in the Philippines, an ice pick is a common weapon, particularly in the slums of Manila.

Use in medicine
The lobotomy was a medical treatment that gained popularity during the mid-1930s. Lobotomist Walter Freeman performed thousands of lobotomies across the world. Reportedly, he used an ice pick from his family's kitchen. The pick would be inserted into the brain through the eye socket. The procedure would be done without the use of anesthetics. This "Ice Pick Lobotomy," was believed to diminish mental issues however these often resulted in paralysis and early death. This treatment failed due to a lack of testing before being performed on thousands of people. Walter Freeman's medical license was revoked in 1967 after a woman died during a lobotomy. This method of lobotomy led to the deaths of around 500 people over the course of 50 years. By the 1970s, the procedure would be banned in many countries for being inhumane.

title: Ice pick


text:
Cinnamomum

Cinnamomum is a genus of evergreen aromatic trees and shrubs belonging to the laurel family, Lauraceae. The species of Cinnamomum have aromatic oils in their leaves and bark. The genus contains approximately 250 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia and Oceania/Australasia. The genus includes a great number of economically important trees used to produce the spice of cinnamon.

Habitat
This genus is present in the Himalayas and other mountain areas and is present in tropical and subtropical montane rainforests, in the weed-tree forests, in valleys, and mixed forests of coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved trees, from southern China, India, and Southeast Asia. Some species, such as Cinnamomum camphora, tolerate drought.

Characteristics
All species tested so far are diploid, with the total number of chromosomes being 24. This Lauraceae genus comprises approximately 250 trees and shrubs and most are aromatic. Some trees produce sprouts. The thick, leathery leaves are dark green, lauroid type. Laurophyll or lauroid leaves are characterized by a generous layer of wax, making them glossy in appearance, and narrow, pointed oval in shape with an 'apical mucro', or 'drip tip', which permits the leaves to shed water despite the humidity, allowing respiration from plant.

Mostly, the plants present a distinct odor. Their alternate leaves are ovate-elliptic, with margins entire or occasionally repand, with acute apices and broadly cuneate to subrounded bases. Upper leaf surfaces are shiny green to yellowish-green, while the undersides are opaque and lighter in color. Mature leaves are dark green. Young leaves are reddish brown to yellowish-red. The leaves are glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely puberulent beneath only when young; the leaves are mostly triplinerved or sometimes inconspicuously five-nerved, with conspicuous midrib on both surfaces. The axils of lateral nerves and veins are conspicuously bullate above and dome-shaped. Terminal buds are perulate.

The axillary panicle is 3.5–7 cm long. It is a genus of monoecious species, with hermaphrodite flowers, greenish white, white to yellow are glabrous or downy and pale to yellowish brown. Mostly the flowers are small. The perianth is glabrous or puberulent outside and densely pubescent inside. The purplish-black fruit is an ovate, ellipsoidal or subglobose drupe. The perianth-cup in fruit is cupuliform.

Cinnamomum parthenoxylon and Cinnamomum camphora are large evergreen trees that can grow to 30 m in height with trunks 3 m in diameter, with broadly ovate crowns. Terminal buds are broadly ovoid or globular, and covered with sericeous scales. Bark is yellowish-brown with irregular vertical splits. Branches are light brown, cylindrical, and glabrous.

The inner bark of several species is used to make the spice cinnamon. Other notable species are C. tamala, used as the herb malabathrum (also called tejpat and Indian bay leaf), and C. camphora, from which camphor is produced.

Accepted species
About 250 species are accepted, including several commercially important ones.

A molecular study found that species from the tropical Americas classed in Cinnamomum were not closely related to the Paleotropical species, and have been reclassified with related species in genus Aiouea.

 * Cinnamomum agasthyamalayanum
 * Cinnamomum alibertii
 * Cinnamomum alternifolium
 * Cinnamomum altissimum
 * Cinnamomum anacardium
 * Cinnamomum andersonii
 * Cinnamomum angustifolium
 * Cinnamomum angustitepalum
 * Cinnamomum appelianum
 * Cinnamomum archboldianum
 * Cinnamomum arfakense
 * Cinnamomum aromaticum – Chinese cinnamon or cassia (C. cassia)
 * Cinnamomum asomicum
 * Cinnamomum assamicum
 * Cinnamomum aubletii
 * Cinnamomum aureofulvum
 * Cinnamomum auricolor
 * Cinnamomum austrosinense
 * Cinnamomum austroyunnanense'
 * Cinnamomum baileyanum
 * Cinnamomum baillonii
 * Cinnamomum balansae
 * Cinnamomum bamoense
 * Cinnamomum beccarii
 * Cinnamomum bejolghota
 * Cinnamomum bhamoensis
 * Cinnamomum bhaskarii
 * Cinnamomum birmanicum
 * Cinnamomum bishnupadae
 * Cinnamomum blandfordii
 * Cinnamomum blumei
 * Cinnamomum bokorense
 * Cinnamomum bonii
 * Cinnamomum brachythyrsum
 * Cinnamomum burmanni – Indonesian cinnamon
 * Cinnamomum calciphilum
 * Cinnamomum cambodianum
 * Cinnamomum capparu-coronde
 * Cinnamomum carrierei
 * Cinnamomum caryophyllus
 * Cinnamomum cebuense
 * Cinnamomum celebicum
 * Cinnamomum chago
 * Cinnamomum champokianum
 * Cinnamomum chantinii
 * Cinnamomum chemungianum
 * Cinnamomum citriodorum – Malabar cinnamon
 * Cinnamomum clemensii
 * Cinnamomum contractum
 * Cinnamomum cordatum
 * Cinnamomum corneri
 * Cinnamomum crassinervium
 * Cinnamomum crenulicupulum
 * Cinnamomum culilawan
 * Cinnamomum cupulatum
 * Cinnamomum curvifolium
 * Cinnamomum cuspidatum
 * Cinnamomum damhaense
 * Cinnamomum daphnoides
 * Cinnamomum decaisnei
 * Cinnamomum decourtilzill
 * Cinnamomum degeneri
 * Cinnamomum deschampsii
 * Cinnamomum dimorphandrum
 * Cinnamomum doederleinii
 * Cinnamomum dominii
 * Cinnamomum dubium – Wild cinnamon
 * Cinnamomum durifolium
 * Cinnamomum x durifruticeticola
 * Cinnamomum eboaloi
 * Cinnamomum ellipticifolium
 * Cinnamomum englerianum
 * Cinnamomum eugenoliferum
 * Cinnamomum filipedicellatum
 * Cinnamomum fitianum
 * Cinnamomum gamblei
 * Cinnamomum gaudichaudii
 * Cinnamomum glaucescens
 * Cinnamomum glauciphyllum
 * Cinnamomum goaense
 * Cinnamomum gracillimum
 * Cinnamomum helferi
 * Cinnamomum heyneanum
 * Cinnamomum hkinlumense
 * Cinnamomum hookeri
 * Cinnamomum impressinervium
 * Cinnamomum inconspicuum
 * Cinnamomum iners
 * Cinnamomum insularimontanum
 * Cinnamomum javanicum
 * Cinnamomum jensenianum
 * Cinnamomum kalbaricum
 * Cinnamomum kami
 * Cinnamomum kanehirae – stout camphor tree; endemic to Taiwan
 * Cinnamomum keralaense
 * Cinnamomum kerangas
 * Cinnamomum kerrii
 * Cinnamomum kinabaluense
 * Cinnamomum kingdon-wardii
 * Cinnamomum kotoense
 * Cinnamomum kunstleri
 * Cinnamomum kwangtungense
 * Cinnamomum lanaoeense
 * Cinnamomum lanuginosum
 * Cinnamomum laubatii
 * Cinnamomum lawang
 * Cinnamomum ledermannii
 * Cinnamomum liangii
 * Cinnamomum ligneum
 * Cinnamomum lineatum
 * Cinnamomum lioui
 * Cinnamomum litsaeifolium
 * Cinnamomum loheri
 * Cinnamomum lohitensis
 * Cinnamomum longipedicellatum
 * Cinnamomum loureiroi – Saigon cinnamon
 * Cinnamomum lucens
 * Cinnamomum mabberleyi
 * Cinnamomum macrocarpum
 * Cinnamomum macrophyllum
 * Cinnamomum magnificum
 * Cinnamomum mairei
 * Cinnamomum malabatrum
 * Cinnamomum melastomaceum
 * Cinnamomum melliodorum
 * Cinnamomum mendozae
 * Cinnamomum mercadoi S.Vidal – kalingag tree
 * Cinnamomum microphyllum
 * Cinnamomum mohanense
 * Cinnamomum mollissiumum
 * Cinnamomum myrianthum
 * Cinnamomum nalingway
 * Cinnamomum nanophyllum
 * Cinnamomum neesii
 * Cinnamomum nilagricum
 * Cinnamomum novae-britanniae
 * Cinnamomum oblongum
 * Cinnamomum obscurum
 * Cinnamomum oliveri
 * Cinnamomum osmophloeum – pseudocinnamomum
 * Cinnamomum ovalifolium
 * Cinnamomum pachypes
 * Cinnamomum pachyphyllum
 * Cinnamomum paiei
 * Cinnamomum pallidum
 * Cinnamomum panayense
 * Cinnamomum paraneuron
 * Cinnamomum pedatinervium
 * Cinnamomum pendulum
 * Cinnamomum percoriaceum
 * Cinnamomum perglabrum
 * Cinnamomum perrottetii
 * Cinnamomum pilosum
 * Cinnamomum pingbienense
 * Cinnamomum piniodorum
 * Cinnamomum pittosporoides
 * Cinnamomum podagricum
 * Cinnamomum polderi
 * Cinnamomum politum
 * Cinnamomum polyadelphium
 * Cinnamomum porphyrospermum
 * Cinnamomum propinquum
 * Cinnamomum pseudopedunculatum
 * Cinnamomum puberulum
 * Cinnamomum racemosum
 * Cinnamomum reticulatum
 * Cinnamomum rhynchophyllum
 * Cinnamomum rigidissimum
 * Cinnamomum rigidum
 * Cinnamomum riparium
 * Cinnamomum rivulorum
 * Cinnamomum rosiflorum
 * Cinnamomum rosselianum
 * Cinnamomum rumphii
 * Cinnamomum rupestre
 * Cinnamomum sancti-caroli
 * Cinnamomum sandkuhlii
 * Cinnamomum sanjappae
 * Cinnamomum saxatile
 * Cinnamomum scalarinervium
 * Cinnamomum scortechinii
 * Cinnamomum selangorense
 * Cinnamomum sericans
 * Cinnamomum sessilifolium
 * Cinnamomum siamense
 * Cinnamomum sieboldii
 * Cinnamomum sinharajaense
 * Cinnamomum sintoc Blume
 * Cinnamomum sleumeri
 * Cinnamomum solomonense
 * Cinnamomum splendens
 * Cinnamomum spurium
 * Cinnamomum subaveniopsis
 * Cinnamomum sublanuginosum
 * Cinnamomum subsericeum
 * Cinnamomum subtetrapterum
 * Cinnamomum sulavesianum
 * Cinnamomum sulphuratum
 * Cinnamomum sumatranum
 * Cinnamomum suvrae
 * Cinnamomum szechuanense
 * Cinnamomum tahijanum
 * Cinnamomum talawaense
 * Cinnamomum tamala – tejpat, Indian bay leaf, or malabathrum
 * Cinnamomum tavoyanum
 * Cinnamomum tazia
 * Cinnamomum tenuifolium – Japanese cinnamon
 * Cinnamomum tetragonum
 * Cinnamomum travancoricum
 * Cinnamomum trichophyllum
 * Cinnamomum trinervatum
 * Cinnamomum tsangii
 * Cinnamomum utile
 * Cinnamomum vaccinifolium
 * Cinnamomum validinerve
 * Cinnamomum verum – cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon, or true cinnamon
 * Cinnamomum villosulum
 * Cinnamomum vimineum
 * Cinnamomum virens – red-barked sassafras, eastern Australia
 * Cinnamomum vitiense
 * Cinnamomum walaiwarense
 * Cinnamomum wightii
 * Cinnamomum wilsonii
 * Cinnamomum woulfei
 * Cinnamomum xanthoneurum
 * Cinnamomum yabunikkei

Species transferred to Camphora:
 * Camphora bodinieri ≡ Cinnamomum bodinieri
 * Camphora brachythyrsa ≡ Cinnamomum brachythyrsum
 * Camphora chartophylla ≡ Cinnamomum chartophyllum
 * Camphora foveolata ≡ Cinnamomum foveolatum
 * Camphora glandulifera ≡ Cinnamomum glanduliferum
 * Camphora illicioides ≡ Cinnamomum ilicioides
 * Camphora longepaniculata ≡ Cinnamomum longepaniculatum
 * Camphora micrantha ≡ Cinnamomum micranthum
 * Camphora migao ≡ Cinnamomum migao
 * Camphora mollifolia ≡ Cinnamomum mollifolium
 * Camphora officinarum ≡ Cinnamomum camphora – camphor laurel
 * Camphora parthenoxylon ≡ Cinnamomum parthenoxylon – Selasian wood, Martaban camphor wood, saffrol laurel, alcanforero amarillo, mreah prew phnom, kayu gadis, telasihan, huang zhang
 * Camphora philippinensis ≡ Cinnamomum philippinense
 * Camphora platyphylla ≡ Cinnamomum platyphyllum
 * Camphora purpurea ≡ Cinnamomum purpureum
 * Camphora rufotomentosa ≡ Cinnamomum rufomentosum
 * Camphora septentrionalis ≡ Cinnamomum septentrionale
 * Camphora tenuipilis ≡ Cinnamomum tenuipile

title: Cinnamomum


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Julia Stiles/archive1

Julia Stiles
I've done a lot of work on this article, just posting a complete rewrite with a good bibliography. I know it needs a photograph, but otherwise I think its getting closer to meeting the FAC guidelines for content. PedanticallySpeaking 17:40, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks good to me; one of the better-developed pages on modern actors I've read on wikipedia. — RJH
 * I like it too, however, it could use a few photos, even just one head shot. It could also be a bit lengthened, but I do not know enough about her otherwise to know if that is everything, as in, there is not really much more. Nice overall. --Lan56 02:43, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, needs photos. Vidcapture screenshots could be considered fair use I guess. Better yet would be to see if you can contact someone that has seen her perform and has taken pictures and is willing to release one under the GFDL. Maybe you could start by contacting a fan club and see where that goes. Great work on the referencing. Overall looks pretty good. I can't think of anything missing, so maybe check some other biographies of stars to see if they have covered anything missing here. - Taxman 18:16, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * I also like the article. She's an interesting actress - I didn't realize she'd done so much. It's far superior to many other "celebrity" articles, well written and free from POV statements.  I think also it needs some photos.  If you decide to go with screenshots, and you're stuck, let me know - I may be able to come up with something. Rossrs 15:09, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)'
 * Niteowlneils has added a photo. My thanks to him.  PedanticallySpeaking 15:48, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * I nominated this article at WP:FAC today. PedanticallySpeaking 17:56, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Psycholinguistics

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Expanded "theories" section
Dec. 13, 2005. With all due respect to the person or persons who put up the section on "Theories" of psycholinguistics, I have taken the liberty of expanding it greatly. I have tried to show the spilt between pro- and anti-Chomsky theories. I also deleted the small paragraph on Freud. While it was correct and helpful in other contexts, it is irrelevant to the discussion of theories of psycholinguistics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeffmatt (talk • contribs) 19:08, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Dec. 15, 2005. I made substantial additions to the "Methodologies" section in order to provide some concrete examples. Before reverting or deleting the "Theories" or "Methodologies" sections, it would be helpful to engage in some discussion in this space.

I added a bibliography section. User: Jeffmatt {{subst:Unsigned| — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeffmatt (talk • contribs) 07:21, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

psycholinguistics
I cannot answer this question from my lecturer: What is meant by 'experimental paradox' in obtaining psycholinguistics evidence? What is the best way to overcome this problem? Could you help me? Thank Lisa — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.124.21.202 (talk) 03:54, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

an attempt at an answer
First, let me say that I am newcomer to Wikipedia. It is my understanding that discussion pages such as this are meant to relate to the main article. On the other hand, I don't mind having a shot at your question. I hope I am not misusing this page. If anyone objects, please let me know. So--experimental paradox:

An experimental paradox in any discipline is an experiment that produces different—often opposite—results in a series of trials where a researcher might expect the results to be the same (since the experimental design has not changed). That is, the first trial produces a "yes" and the second trial produces a "no."

When Gallileo decided to drop lead weights from the Tower of Pisa to see if a heavy one falls faster than a light one (it doesn't!), he didn't have an awful lot of variables to worry about; essentially, he just had to be sure to drop them both at the same time. Lead weights don't get nervous about being experimented upon, nor do they get tired or depressed, nor can they sneakily conspire to play a private joke on Gallileo by deciding to vary the rate at which they fall. They have no internal mental states that might complicate the experiment.

On the other hand, with a psycholinguistic experiment, it is difficult to imagine experimental designs that are unchanging since the internal state of human subjects is in constant flux. For example, the subject might reconsider an answer between trial 1 and trial 2. This is technically not a paradox because the two trials are, in fact, different; the physical and mental events that inevitably occur change the experiment. Even the fact of making a judgement on trial 1 may change the subject mentally so that he or she is not the same before the first trial as before the second trial. Though, as I said, it's not technically a paradox, the very impossibility of setting up an unchanging experimental design might be what you are referring to.

It seems to me that all psychological experiments have this problem. The best way to overcome it? I suppose you might increase the number of trials such that all of these many, many variables find a common level, so to speak, and even out. If I can think of anything else, Ill put it here somewhere.

Does that help? User: Jeffmatt — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeffmatt (talk • contribs) 04:46, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * One of the most easiest ways I understood experimental paradox is by the definition that it produces unnatural results amongst subjects in experiments so it is ultimately impossible to make a perfect experiment without any biases and error. The Oxford Dictionary of Pragmatics

 * An interesting point that was made is that the relationship between the reliability and accuracy of experiments are inversely proportional to the rhetoricity of the report. This isn't a common point that is naturally thought of. People usually think that the more rhetoric, the better the explanation. On the rhetoricity of psycholinguistic experiments

 * Akapoor1 (talk) 03:52, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

the section on "issues"
19 Dec 05. I expanded the section that was called "Issues". I also changed the name of that section to "Issues and Areas of Research." Jeffmatt — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeffmatt (talk • contribs) 06:36, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks. I think some parts here can be expanded. Some can be made concise. I will look through my books to see if there are any more relevant issues. Matlee 11:18, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

What syntactic structure does not exist?
I do not get this part of the article: ..."the fact that a particular, conceivable syntactic structure does not exist in any of the world's finite repertoire of languages is an interesting observation"...

But syntactic structure does exist in the language of humans! I it should be rephrased to: ..."the fact that a finite observable group of non-human animals doesn't express a particular, conceivable syntactic structure is an interesting observation"... Do you agree? Sandman2007 09:51, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I am responsible for that sentence. I apologize if it is unclear. Also, I'm sorry it has been so long since I looked at this article. They key words are "...particular, conceivable..., by which I meant to point out that those who champion "innate" grammar will point out, for example, that no human language asks a question by reversing the word order of a declarative sentence. That would be an example of a "particular, conceivable syntactic structure [that] does not exist." Thus, they might claim, our brains are not "wired" to do that. The counter-argument is that that fact doesn't prove anything. It is interesting, but not proof that the sructure could NOT exist. After all, there are only a finite number of langauges, so if some structures don't exist in any of them, all that means is that they don't exist. Hmmmmm, I hope I haven't made it even more confusing. Jeffmatt (talk) 05:59, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Substantial Rewrite
This is a courtesy message to anyone watching this article. Over the coming weeks I'll be conducting a substantial rewrite and expansion with a view to having the article assigned GA status. I've no doubt that, as a relatively inexperienced Wikipedian, I'll make lots of mistakes along the way. I therefore request your patience, though at the same time request that you quickly correct me on anything that's patently incorrect or specious and indicate where my sources may be inappropriate or improperly applied. Thanks in advance! --Mcr hxc (talk) 15:14, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Here we go! Removing the small section on machine translation - this falls under the domain of Computational Linguistics and does not belong here. --Mcr hxc (talk) 15:21, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Critique
Psycholinguistics is an incredibly interesting study and this page has helped me understand and research the topic. The page describes what Psycholinguistics is and the origins with non-bias references and sources that only lead the reader to more information and ideas this page describes. I have read it and enjoyed reading this back each time, thank you all for your research and time to make this page for the world. The page describes the methods and the origins of Psycholinguistics and what it has become in the field of study and psychology. The topics of language acquisition, language comprehension and language production I feel may be overrepresented on this page for Psycholinguistics. Maybe there should be more sections about the neurobiological factors and psychological factors of psycholinguistics on the page. The neurobiological factors may be under represented on this page. I say that for two reasons. 1) it is in the definition of psycholinguistics and it may be helpful to add more sections about these factors 2) there is a slight over representation of the origin and philosophy of language it lead me away from the topic somewhat. With growing technology the topic of neuroimaging is massive in the literature and research that I think there could be updated sources for this page as well. There are not many recent (past 5 years) sources for this page and it could use updated references that either show the progress of Psycholinguistics or how ideas have changed or evolved. Maybe there could be more sections on neuroimaging and current ideas and facts that support a neutral and professional description of psycholinguistics. Most of the references, all relevant and supportive to the page and contain no bias, are from 25 years ago. Thank you all for your hard work and opportunity to contribute to the page!

Truecamus1225 (talk) 02:45, 27 May 2016 (UTC)

Truecamus1225 (talk) 05:02, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

The article that I will be editing is Psycholinguistics. All of the claims that are made in the Psycholinguistics article are backed up with references. All of the information seems to be relevant to the article. If there was a history section that explained more about the background of Psycholinguistics that would also be relevant to the article. The article sounds completely neutral. It is stating scientific facts and the information is coming from journal articles. I feel as if the theories and methodologies are covered a good amount and nothing is more emphasized than the other. The links to the citations work as well. The information does not seem out of date because the most recent link seems to be 2013 and there is only so much that theories can change. Akapoor1 (talk) 03:45, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

New Expansion
Hi everyone! I found a very interesting article that I think would greatly benefit this article. It discusses the general onset age for language development in infants and toddlers, and how modern influences can affect this, such as screen media. It talks about the importance of repetition and repeated exposure as well. This is the citation: Linebarger, D. L., & Vaala, S. E. (2010). Screen media and language development in infants and toddlers: An ecological perspective. Developmental Review, 30(2), 176-202.

This is my draft of the proposed expansion of this article (feel free to peer review):

The first 3 years of life are the most important for growing the ability to understand and use language. People have often been critical of how technology and screen media have affected psycho-linguistics over the last few decades. Research has shown that toddlers and infants are capable of learning from this information based on 3 different factors: 1) The attributes of the child, such as their environment and/or experiences 2) The characteristics of the media they are exposed to 3)The environmental context surrounding their usage (co-viewing with parent) The effects depend on how much of what they learn resembles their real life and their familiarity with their routines and objects. Repeated exposure helps them learn content and lesson the effects of negative content. Having an interactive adult/parent assists language learning in infants and toddlers. Children aged 2 and younger who are exposed to educational television can learn vocabulary, and in turn can help the child achieve generalized language and school readiness. Researchers have suggested that television would replace parent-child interactions, which children need for developing language and other things. However, language development can be both biological and environmental. Although parent-child interactions are crucial, those who do not have this as much will still develop language from their environment. Between the ages of 6-12 months, babies begin to develop their native language. Infant-directed media is often times rapidly-paced, and those targeted to children of less than 6 months of age had less language-promoting strategies. Babies of 18 months and older have shown the greatest benefits of language development from screen media, and any child under 6 months of age it has proven to be ineffective. Infants under 6 months of age actually respond the most to bright colors, music, and movements. Toddlers react more to content and dialogue when it comes to language development. Children aged 18-30 months learn language well often from overhearing other adults converse. Screen media that more closely resembles real-life situations are often more effective than other types of media in supporting language development. Contrary to public suspicion, existing research has found that early exposure to screen media may actually resemble early linguistic input.

Mzk5557 (talk) 23:54, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

Hi Megan -- this is a great draft. One thing that would make it better is to add citation (or links to other Wikipedia articles) for some of the background assumptions you make, like "The first 3 years of life are the most important..." and "people have been critical...". You should also double check that you're using a Neutral Point of View (NPOV) when possible. You're not here to advance an argument, so if you're summarizing or presenting Linebarger's argument, make sure that is clear. Great work! yEvb0 (talk) 15:53, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

Evaluation/Questions
After reviewing this page I don't see any issues regarding credibility; all information was properly cited from credible sources like psychology journals. The page is divided into several subcategories which helps disperse the amount of information presented in this article. The article is comprehensive and organized well in my opinion. Regarding the subfields of psycholinguistics, I question why first language acquisition is only prevalent in infants. In addition, do infants grasp one language easier than others during this sensitive period? I would be interested to learn more about why this ability is so time sensitive, and what hinders adults from taking in new language with the relative 'ease' of an infant. Kcoscia (talk) 21:47, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

After reading through this article, I believe that it does have very credible references and no bias as far as I could tell. However, there are some inconsistencies when it comes to how spread out the references are. For example, the whole section of "Areas of study" has only one citation at the very end of it, while something as short as the "Eye movements" section under Methodologies has two citations. There are many more areas which have an abundance of information, but barely any references, which honestly threw me off. Also, I feel as though many random phrases and words are linked to their own articles throughout this article, and some are so random that it just confuses which part of the sentence is most important. Other than this, the article is very well-constructed and educational. Malrey (talk) 17:17, 7 November 2017 (UTC)Malrey

Reworking Origin of Term/ Creating History of Psycholinguistics subsection & Revising Parts of the Lead
New contributor and student of psycholinguistics, on that point I'd appreciate any suggestions or advice.

I will be reworking the section on the Origin of the Term Psycholinguistics, reorganizing the initial writing that exists there, and planning on expanding on it a bit. My overall plan here will be to reorganize this section under a bigger subsection being The History of Psycholinguistics, which is sorely missing from this article for the most part. My goal is to introduce the first inklings of the study that are alluded to in the Origin of Term section, and working through the formalization of the science and the Chomskyan and post Chomskyan era of the science. Part of my including the history of the subject will be based on the initial arguments between Inateness and Acquired (in terms of language acquisiton), some of this might be fed by the information that's provided in the subsection Language Acquisition, in that sense I believe that perhaps Language Acquisition needs to be moved out of Theories and be placed its own subsection.

In addition to this I am planning on reducing the redundancy that seems to be present in the lead section. There are also claims made in the article's lead that lack proper references, for example the portion of the last paragraph, "Psycholinguistics has roots in education and philosophy", I have a few ideas for pieces that could substantiate this claim. In working on this paragraph specifically, I am thinking of transplanting this paragraph to be the first, again to reduce redundancy, but increase amount of information provided in immediacy.

Regards,

AVCharles1138 (talk) 18:43, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

Evaluation
The article and material seem to have gone through some major updates from the initial post. The article is concise and well organized. Will there be any type of media or any images added relevant to the topic?Momovuwi (talk) 23:52, 22 September 2020 (UTC)

Article Evaluation
The article is very informative as a whole and well-sourced, and there is no apparent bias in how the information is presented. However, the 'History' section is terribly short compared other sections in the article, and what information there is mostly focuses on the origin of the term 'psycholinguistics'. It may help balance the article better to elaborate more on the history of how the subject developed into what it is today. --CMLeeLewis (talk) 07:54, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Human Cognition SP23
— Assignment last updated by Emily1Sandoval (talk) 20:25, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

Ambiguous sentence
Hi, this sentence: "Fischler found that related word pairs were responded to faster, compared to unrelated word pairs, which suggests that semantic relatedness can facilitate word encoding."

has some ambiguity for the word "to", so I suggest this version: "Fischler found that they respond to related word pairs (v.s. unrelated word pairs) faster, which suggests that semantic relatedness can facilitate word encoding."

Thanks, Hooman Mallahzadeh (talk) 14:01, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't see how "to" is ambiguous, as it is the preposition in both sentences that fits the verb "respond", which in the first sentence is passive, in the second active, but with the indistinct subject "they", which must refer to the study participants of the paragraph, but somewhat vaguely so. Your thinking that "too" was an improvement was what I reverted. I think that the original sentence works and your suggestion isn't much of an improvement. Also note that "v.s." is not the abbreviation for "versus", which must be what you meant. Versus is abbreviated as "vs." or even "vs", but never with two periods. Dhtwiki (talk) 13:56, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Psycholinguistics


text:
1981 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1981. For video games, see 1981 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 1981
• A House Divided

• Aftermath! (role-playing game)

• Attack of the Mutants!

• Axis & Allies (Nova Games version)

• Baboon Ball

• The Barbarians

• Bushido (role-playing game)

• Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

• Champions (role-playing game)

• Conquistador (2nd edition)

• Cry Havoc

• Dimension Demons

• Down with the King

• A Fistful of Turkeys

• The Fury of the Norsemen

• The Generic Gangster Chase Game

• Hitler's War

• The Lords of Underearth

• Midgard (role-playing game)

• Shuttlewars

• Storm Over Arnhem

• Stormbringer (role-playing game)

• They've Invaded Pleasantville

• Trailblazer

• Transylvania

• The Trojan War

• Upwords

• Voyage of the B.S.M. Pandora

Game awards given in 1981

 * Spiel des Jahres: Focus

Significant games-related events in 1981

 * Amarillo Design Bureau founded.

title: 1981 in games


text:
Ofcolaco

Ofcolaco is a tiny village situated in the Limpopo province of South Africa that was named after the Officers Colonial Land Company and formed by demobilised British army officers after the First World War.

Settlement 43 km south-east of Tzaneen. Named after the Officers’ Colonial Land Company which purchased ground for settlement along the Selati River in 1920. These retired officers managed to make a reasonable living by cultivating citrus and subtropical fruit.

The shared facilities of the original Ofcolaco are long gone. Descendants of the original officers still live in the district and are proud of their heritage. The current Ofcolaco is basically a roadside service centre with a fueling station, farm equipment suppliers, liquor store, groceries store and a local market.

title: Ofcolaco


text:
Satnarayan Maharaj

Satnarayan Maharaj, also known as Sat Maharaj, (April 17, 1931 – November 16, 2019) was a Trinidadian and Tobagonian Hindu religious leader, educationalist, and civil rights activist in Trinidad and Tobago. He was the Secretary-General of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha, a major Hindu organisation in Trinidad and Tobago and the wider Caribbean.

The Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha operates 150 mandirs and over 50 schools in Trinidad and Tobago. It was formed in 1952 when Bhadase Sagan Maraj, the father-in-law of Satnarayan Maharaj, engineered the merger of the Satanan Dharma Association and the Sanatan Dharma Board of Control. An affiliated group, the Pundits' Parishad, has 200 affiliated pundits. The organisation's headquarters are located in St. Augustine.

Under the Secretary General Satnarayan Maharaj, the Maha Sabha has modernised all 42 schools and built 5 secondary schools as well as 12 early childhood educational centres. Maharaj has also revived the observance of Phagwah and was instrumental in the creation of the Indian Arrival Day holiday and annual celebrations. The Maha Sabha also introduced a Children's Cultural Festival - Baal Vikaas Vihar.

title: Satnarayan Maharaj


text:
RSA problem

In cryptography, the RSA problem summarizes the task of performing an RSA private-key operation given only the public key. The RSA algorithm raises a message to an exponent, modulo a composite number N whose factors are not known. Thus, the task can be neatly described as finding the eth roots of an arbitrary number, modulo N. For large RSA key sizes (in excess of 1024 bits), no efficient method for solving this problem is known; if an efficient method is ever developed, it would threaten the current or eventual security of RSA-based cryptosystems—both for public-key encryption and digital signatures.

More specifically, the RSA problem is to efficiently compute P given an RSA public key (N, e) and a ciphertext C ≡ Pe (mod N). The structure of the RSA public key requires that N be a large semiprime (i.e., a product of two large prime numbers), that 2 < e < N, that e be coprime to φ(N), and that 0 ≤ C < N. C is chosen randomly within that range; to specify the problem with complete precision, one must also specify how N and e are generated, which will depend on the precise means of RSA random keypair generation in use.

The most efficient method known to solve the RSA problem is by first factoring the modulus N, a task believed to be impractical if N is sufficiently large (see integer factorization). The RSA key setup routine already turns the public exponent e, with this prime factorization, into the private exponent d, and so exactly the same algorithm allows anyone who factors N to obtain the private key. Any C can then be decrypted with the private key.

Just as there are no proofs that integer factorization is computationally difficult, there are also no proofs that the RSA problem is similarly difficult. By the above method, the RSA problem is at least as easy as factoring, but it might well be easier. Indeed, there is strong evidence pointing to this conclusion: that a method to break the RSA method cannot be converted necessarily into a method for factoring large semiprimes. This is perhaps easiest to see by the sheer overkill of the factoring approach: the RSA problem asks us to decrypt one arbitrary ciphertext, whereas the factoring method reveals the private key: thus decrypting all arbitrary ciphertexts, and it also allows one to perform arbitrary RSA private-key encryptions. Along these same lines, finding the decryption exponent d indeed is computationally equivalent to factoring N, even though the RSA problem does not ask for d.

In addition to the RSA problem, RSA also has a particular mathematical structure that can potentially be exploited without solving the RSA problem directly. To achieve the full strength of the RSA problem, an RSA-based cryptosystem must also use a padding scheme like OAEP, to protect against such structural problems in RSA.

title: RSA problem


text:
John Albert

John Albert may refer to:

 * John I Albert (1459–1501), King of Poland
 * Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg (1857–1920)
 * John Albert (canoeist) (born 1949), British slalom canoer
 * John Albert (fighter) (born 1986), American mixed martial artist
 * John Albert (ice hockey) (born 1989), American ice hockey player
 * John David Albert (1810–1899), mountain man, born in Hagerstown, Maryland
 * John F. Albert (1915–1989), Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Air Force

title: John Albert


text:
1976 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1976. For video games, see 1976 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 1976
• Atlantis - 12500 B.C.

• Battle for Andromeda

• Bay of Pigs

• Bunnies & Burrows (tabletop role-playing game)

• Caesar at Alesia (2nd edition)

• Conquistador

• Cosmic Wimpout

• Dixie

• Godsfire

• Invasion America

• Metamorphosis Alpha (tabletop role-playing game)

• Mind War

• Monsters! Monsters! (role-playing game)

• Outreach

• Panzergruppe Guderian

• Plan Táctico y Estratégico de la Guerra

• Rift Trooper

• The Russian Campaign

• Starfaring (tabletop role-playing game)

• Starship & Empire

• Starship Troopers

• Starweb

• Terrible Swift Sword

• UFO: Game of Close Encounters

• War at Sea

• War in Europe

• War of the Ring: The Game of Middle Earth

• War of the Sky Galleons

• Warriors of the Green Planet

Significant games-related events of 1976

 * TSR, Inc. publishes the first issue of Dragon magazine.

title: 1976 in games


text:
Benburb

Benburb ) is a village and townland in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It lies 7.5 miles from Armagh and 8 miles from Dungannon. The River Blackwater runs alongside the village as does the Ulster Canal.

History

It is best known, in historical terms, for the Battle of Benburb that took place there in 1646. This was fought between the armies of Confederate Ireland led by Owen Roe O'Neill and the Scottish Covenanters led by Munro. The battle resulted in a crushing victory for O'Neill's men at the townland of Drumflugh around a mile outside the village. It was commemorated in the ballad "The Battle of Benburb".

Since the Battle of Benburb was a rare 17th-century Irish military victory, in 1890 new Irish nationalist dominated Corporation in Dublin city renamed Barrack Street in Dublin's north inner city after the battle. Benburb Street runs between Queen Street and Blackhall Place. There is also a Benburb Street in south Belfast just off the Donegall Road.

In later years Benburb became known for its linen production, as did many areas in Northern Ireland and later still for agriculture, most notably apple farming, and mushroom production.

Benburb was the home of the 17th century poet Maurice O'Dugan (fl.1660), who was reputed to have written the poems Gluas do chabhlach, Bhi Eoghan air buile,  Faraoir chaill Eire a céile fircheart and the famous air The Coolin.

Places of interest
The village is also home to the impressive Benburb Castle built in 1611 by Sir Richard Wingfield on the ruins of a military fortification constructed by Prince Shane O'Neill, circa 1558, at the base of a limestone cliff overlooking the River Blackwater, the border between County Tyrone and County Armagh. The castle is in excellent condition having been recently restored and stands in the grounds of the imposing Servite Priory, a religious order based in the village.

Benburb Priory
Wingfield was made Viscount Powerscourt in 1618 and the estate remained in the Wingfield family until sold in 1877 to Belfast distiller James Bruce, who died in 1917. It then went to his brother who sold it. The manor house passed through a number of owners before being requisitioned by the War Office as military hospital during World War II. From 1943 – 1944 the members of the British Army Medical Corp were stationed there, and from October 1943 to April 1944 it was the home to personnel of the American 7th Field Hospital. The hospital had 135 beds. The Servite Order acquired the property in 1947, initially for a seminary. In more recent years the Priory has been a cross-community centre supporting over 30 groups spanning culture and heritage, older people, St Peregrine cancer support, education and rehabilitation.

The Priory is also home to Benburb Priory Library and Museum which holds extensive collections of Servite and Marian books and artefacts, the Servite archives for Britain and Ireland, the Priory (formerly Wingfield/Powerscourt) estate and local history. The Library and Museum was established in 2016 (Professor Gerry McKenna MRIA; founding chair) and includes the extensive and valuable private collection of Hugo Ricciardi O'Neill, Chief of the Clans of O'Neill, who resides in Setubal, Portugal.

Education

 * Benburb Primary School
 * Benburb Community Playgroup

19th century population
The population of the village decreased during the 19th century:

21st century population
Benburb in the Northern Ireland UK Census in 2011 was classified as a Hamlet, with a population of 598 people.
 * 8.9% were 18 or younger
 * 11.7% were aged 60 and over
 * 40.0% were male
 * 60.0% were female
 * 55.6% were from a Catholic background
 * 25.4% were from a Protestant background
 * 19.0% stated another Religion or had no religion

Townland
The townland is situated in the historic barony of Dungannon Middle and the civil parish of Clonfeacle and covers an area of 185 acres.

The population of the townland declined during the 19th century:

The increase seen in the 1881 Census was ascribed mainly to the building of houses for millworkers.

Notable people

 * Conor McKenna (born 1996), Gaelic football and Australian rules football player
 * Gerry McKenna (born 1953) – MRIA, biologist, Senior Vice President of the Royal Irish Academy, Vice Chancellor and President of University of Ulster
 * John Orr (1858–1932), founder of the South African department store John Orr's

title: Benburb


text:
Inversive congruential generator

Inversive congruential generators are a type of nonlinear congruential pseudorandom number generator, which use the modular multiplicative inverse (if it exists) to generate the next number in a sequence. The standard formula for an inversive congruential generator, modulo some prime q is:
 * $$x_0 = \text{seed},$$
 * $$x_{i+1} = \begin{cases}

(ax_i^{-1} + c) \bmod q & \text{if } x_i \ne 0, \\ c & \text{if } x_i = 0. \end{cases} $$ Such a generator is denoted symbolically as ICG(q, a, c, seed) and is said to be an ICG with parameters q, a, c and seed seed.

Period
The sequence $$(x_n)_{n\geq 0}$$ must have $$x_i = x_j$$ after finitely many steps, and since the next element depends only on its direct predecessor, also $$x_{i+1} = x_{j+1}$$ etc. The maximum possible period for the modulus q is q itself, i.e. the sequence includes every value from 0 to q − 1 before repeating.

A sufficient condition for the sequence to have the maximum possible period is to choose a and c such that the polynomial $$f(x) = x^2 - cx - a \in \mathbb F_q[x]$$ (polynomial ring over $$\mathbb F_q$$) is primitive. This is not a necessary condition; there are choices of q, a and c for which $$f(x)$$ is not primitive, but the sequence nevertheless has a period of q. Any polynomial, primitive or not, that leads to a maximal-period sequence is called an inversive maximal-period (IMP) polynomial. Chou describes an algorithm for choosing the parameters a and c to get such polynomials.

Eichenauer-Herrmann, Lehn, Grothe and Niederreiter have shown that inversive congruential generators have good uniformity properties, in particular with regard to lattice structure and serial correlations.

Example
ICG(5, 2, 3, 1) gives the sequence 1, 0, 3, 2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 4, 2, 1, 0, ...

In this example, $$f(x) = x^2 - 3x - 2$$ is irreducible in $$\mathbb F_5[x]$$, as none of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 is a root. It can also be verified that x is a primitive element of $$\mathbb F_5[x]/(f)$$ and hence f is primitive.

Compound inversive generator
The construction of a compound inversive generator (CIG) relies on combining two or more inversive congruential generators according to the method described below.

Let $$p_1, \dots, p_r$$ be distinct prime integers, each $$p_j \geq 5$$. For each index j, 1 ≤ j ≤ r, let $$(x_n)_{n\geq 0}$$ be a sequence of elements of $$\mathbb F_{p_j}$$ periodic with period length $$p_j$$. In other words, $$\{x_n^{(j)} \mid 0 \leq n \leq p_j\} \in \mathbb F_{p_j}$$.

For each index j, 1 ≤ j ≤ r, we consider $$T_j = T/p_j$$, where $$T = p_1 \cdots p_r$$ is the period length of the following sequence $$(x_n)_{n\geq 0}$$.

The sequence $$(x_n)_{n\geq 0}$$ of compound pseudorandom numbers is defined as the sum
 * $$x_n = \left(T_1 x_n^{(1)} + T_2 x_n^{(2)} + \dots + T_r x_n^{(r)}\right) \bmod T$$.

The compound approach allows combining inversive congruential generators, provided they have full period, in parallel generation systems.

Advantages of CIG
The CIG are accepted for practical purposes for a number of reasons.

Firstly, binary sequences produced in this way are free of undesirable statistical deviations. Inversive sequences extensively tested with variety of statistical tests remain stable under the variation of parameter.

Secondly, there exists a steady and simple way of parameter choice, based on the Chou algorithm that guarantees maximum period length.

Thirdly, compound approach has the same properties as single inversive generators, but it also provides period length significantly greater than obtained by a single inversive congruential generator. They seem to be designed for application with multiprocessor parallel hardware platforms.

There exists an algorithm that allows designing compound generators with predictable period length, predictable linear complexity level, with excellent statistical properties of produced bit streams.

The procedure of designing this complex structure starts with defining finite field of p elements and ends with choosing the parameters a and c for each inversive congruential generator being the component of the compound generator. It means that each generator is associated to a fixed IMP polynomial. Such a condition is sufficient for maximum period of each inversive congruential generator and finally for maximum period of the compound generator. The construction of IMP polynomials is the most efficient approach to find parameters for inversive congruential generator with maximum period length.

Discrepancy and its boundaries
Equidistribution and statistical independence properties of the generated sequences, which are very important for their usability in a stochastic simulation, can be analyzed based on the discrepancy of s-tuples of successive pseudorandom numbers with $$s = 1$$ and $$s = 2$$ respectively.

The discrepancy computes the distance of a generator from a uniform one. A low discrepancy means that the sequence generated can be used for cryptographic purposes, and the first aim of the inversive congruential generator is to provide pseudorandom numbers.

Definition
For $N$ arbitrary points $${\mathbf t}_1, \dots, {\mathbf t}_{N-1}\in [0,1)$$ the discrepancy is defined by $$D_N({\mathbf t}_1, \dots , {\mathbf t}_{N-1})={\rm sup}_J|F_N(J)- V(J)|$$, where the supremum is extended over all subintervals $J$ of $$[0,1)^s$$, $$F_N(J)$$ is $$N^{-1}$$ times the number of points among $$ {\mathbf t}_1, \dots, {\mathbf t}_{N-1}$$ falling into $J$ and $V(J)$ denotes the $s$-dimensional volume of $J$.

Until now, we had sequences of integers from 0 to $T-1$, in order to have sequences of $$[0,1)^s$$, one can divide a sequences of integers by its period $T$.

From this definition, we can say that if the sequence $${\mathbf t}_1, \dots, {\mathbf t}_{N-1} $$ is perfectly random then its well distributed on the interval $$J=[0,1)^s$$ then $$V(J)=1$$ and all points are in $J$ so $$F_N(J)=N/N=1$$ hence $$D_N({\mathbf t}_1, \dots , {\mathbf t}_{N-1})=0$$ but instead if the sequence is concentrated close to one point then the subinterval $J$ is very small $$V(j)\approx 0$$ and $$F_N(j)\approx N/N\approx 1$$ so $$D_N({\mathbf t}_1, \dots , {\mathbf t}_{N-1})=1$$ Then we have from the better and worst case:
 * $$0\leq D_N({\mathbf t}_1, \dots, {\mathbf t}_{N-1})\leq 1$$.

Notations
Some further notation is necessary. For integers $$k\geq 1 $$ and $$q\geq 2$$ let $$C_k(q)$$ be the set of nonzero lattice points $$(h_1,\dots ,h_k)\in Z^k$$ with $$-q/2< h_j< q/2$$ for $$1\leq j \leq k$$.

Define

 * $$r(h,q)= \begin{cases}

q \sin (\pi|h|/q)&\text{for }h \in C_{1}(q)\\ 1 &\text{for }h = 0

\end{cases}$$

and

r (\mathbf{h},q)=\prod_{j=1}^k r(h_j,q) $$ for $${\mathbf h} =(h_1,\dots ,h_k) \in C_k(q)$$. For real $$t$$ the abbreviation $$e(t)={\rm exp}(2\pi\cdot it)$$ is used, and $$u\cdot v$$ stands for the standard inner product of $$u,v$$ in $$R^k$$.

Higher bound
Let $$N \geq 1$$ and $$q \geq 2$$ be integers. Let $${\mathbf t}_n= y_n/q \in [0,1)^k$$ with $$y_n \in \{0,1,\dots ,q-1\}^k$$ for $$0\leq n< N$$.

Then the discrepancy of the points $${\mathbf t}_0 ,\dots ,{\mathbf t}_{N-1}$$  satisfies

 * $$D_N (\mathbf{t}_0,\mathbf{t}_1, \dots ,\mathbf{t}_{N-1})$$ ≤ $$ \frac kq $$ + $$\frac 1N$$ $$\sum_{h \in\Complex_k(q)}$$$$\frac 1{r(\mathbf{h},q)} \Bigg| \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} e(\mathbf{h}\cdot \mathbf{t}_n)\Bigg|$$

Lower bound
The discrepancy of $$N$$ arbitrary points $$\mathbf{t}_1, \dots ,\mathbf{t}_{N-1}\in [0,1)^k$$ satisfies

 * $$D_N (\mathbf{t}_0,\mathbf{t}_1, \dots ,\mathbf{t}_{N-1}) \ge \frac {\pi}{2N((\pi+1)^l -1)\prod_{j=1}^k {\rm max}(1,h_j)}\Bigg|\sum_{n=0}^{N-1} e(\mathbf{h}\cdot \mathbf{t}_n)\Bigg|$$

for any nonzero lattice point $${\mathbf h}=(h_1,\dots ,h_k)\in Z^k$$, where $$l$$ denotes the number of nonzero coordinates of $${\mathbf h}$$.

These two theorems show that the CIG is not perfect because the discrepancy is greater strictly than a positive value but also the CIG is not the worst generator as the discrepancy is lower than a value less than 1.

There exist also theorems which bound the average value of the discrepancy for Compound Inversive Generators and also ones which take values such that the discrepancy is bounded by some value depending on the parameters. For more details see the original paper.

title: Inversive congruential generator


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title: Category:World War II speeches