text:
Talk:Stratemeyer Syndicate

Re: POV check template
Perhaps you would like to tell the world why you think this article is biased? --FWDixon 20:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Ted Scott Flying Stories
I added a link to Ted Scott Flying Stories. Theophilus88 20:31, 2 August 2005 (UTC)Theophilus88

An amalgam of copyrighted articles
This article is an amalgamation of copyrighted articles on the internet. Example: http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/terms.html (Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute). You people have no shame. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.205.13.193 (talk • contribs) 18:50 (UTC), 19 August 2005

 * What? All that's on that link is a copyright notice.  Do you have any actual evidence of plagiarism to present?  --Ardonik.talk* 11:43, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * See http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2004/2/04.02.05.x.html for an example. FWDixon is a spammer and plagiarist with more than 100 links from Wiki to his web site to sell books thru Amazon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.205.13.193 (talk • contribs) 11:34 (UTC), 20 August 2005

Some of the key practices Stratemeyer used to insure an interested audience continue to be used today."
 * Quote from our article:
 * "Stratemeyer's business acumen, however, was in realizing that there was a huge, untapped market for children's books. Of course, boys devoured Horatio Alger, but they also read dime novels and penny dreadfuls. Here was an underground market waiting to be brought into the open and made even more profitable. In Stratemeyer's view, it was not the promise of sex or violence that made such reading attractive to boys; it was the thrill of feeling 'grown-up,' and the desire for a series of stories, an 'I want some more' syndrome. Accordingly, Stratemeyer began writing a series called The Rover Boys, in which he established some key practices:"
 * Quote from them:
 * "Edward Stratemeyer was a writer, editor, and a businessman. He realized there was a large untapped market in children’s literature. He also knew that if he could create an “I want more” attitude with the reader, he could sell more books.
 * It seems you're right about the semblance, 69.205.13.193 (by the way, sign your posts with ~ in the future.) However, I think you are wrong to accuse FWDixon of plagiarism.  It looks like the meat of the article was written mostly as-is in 2003 by an anonymous user, not him.  From what I can tell, the worst FWDixon seems to have done was to add external links to his (highly relevant and informative) website at bobfinnan.com.  As a neutral third party, I see no problem with this, and I have no idea why it's blown up into an edit war that forced this article to be protected.
 * Once the article is unprotected, it would be great if you could reword the questionable section to be more neutral, but please do not remove the links to bobfinnan.com without talking it out over here first. --Ardonik.talk* 17:46, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * This is way behind the times, but I just wanted to say that I am the person who wrote the bulk of the article, both originally and as it stands, and I most certainly did not plagiarize. The Yale link is to a lesson plan dated 2005. I wrote the article in 2003. They plagiarized from me! Ricardiana (talk) 07:07, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Al lthe key practices were also copied. Read on. This is just one example. All of the childrens series articles were copied from copyrighted books and articles. Changing a word here and there doesn't change that.

 * On Bob Finnan:

 * Finnan's entire web site, everything on the Hardy Boys, Tom Swift, Nancy Drew, and lots of other Stratemeyer series was copied from a bunch of reference books. Anybody that knows anything about these series knows this is true. This is plagiarism plain and simple. Worse is putting 100+ links to this site from Wiki, one for every Hardy Boys book and series and anything even a little related to the Stratemeyer Syndicate. Lets be real. This is spamming to sell books thru Amazon. Anybody can see this is overkill to promote a web site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.205.13.193 (talk • contribs) 22:32 (UTC), 20 August 2005

The funny thing is that the authors of the reference books he claims I plagiarized are members of my Hardy Boys discussion group and/or have been in correspondance with me for years and not one of them has a problem with the site.--FWDixon 21:36, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Not CLAIMS you plagiarized them. You DID and then claimed copyright! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.205.13.193 (talk • contribs) 22:32 (UTC), 20 August 2005

 * Of course, it is true that there's a whole lot of "Buy it Now!" going on at FWDixon's website, but I still find his site relevant and have no problem with links to it. There are links there to sites that will be useful for enthusiasts, or at least for collectors.  (I was disappointed, however, to find no plot summaries, trivia, or book reviews in the Tom Swift, Jr. section; Tom Swift and His Dyna-4 Capsule was one of my favorite books to read when I was growing up.  I remember that the main capsule could separate from the other four sections.  Ah, memories....)  Now,
 * Which reference books were the contents of bobfinnan.com copied verbatim from?
 * Except for removing the link to FWDixon's website, do you have any plans to help us improve the article?
 * --Ardonik.talk* 00:08, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * All info on Tom Swift was copied from Bob Cook's reference book Tom Swift and His Amazing Works Catalog. All info on the Hardy Boys was copied from Hardy and Hardy Investigations by Tony Carpentieri, SynSine Press; The Lost Hardys: A Concordance by Robert L. Crawford, SynSine Press; The Bayport Companion by Charles Heffelfinger, self-published; Frank and Joe Turn Blue by Tony Carpentieri, SynSine Press; A Collector's Guide to Hardcover Boys' Series Books by E. Christian Mattson and tons of copyrighted articles on the Stratemeyers and their series. His HB discussion group on Yahoo would not offer any useful info if he did not have Paul Mular as a member. He knows only what he reads and copies out of other peoples books. If the links to this spammer/plagiarist's site are removed I will help with all of the articles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.205.14.66 (talk • contribs) 1:01 (UTC), 22 August 2005

 * Quick comments:
 * Please sign the rest of your edits here. You have participated in discussion pages long enough to know that those are the rules.  Also, because your IP address changes on occasion, I can't leave messages on your talk page and be sure that you'll receive them.  Registering a username for yourself would help out quite a bit!
 * I'm astonished to learn that your desire to make useful contributions to this encyclopedia is conditional. No one is going to strike a deal with you in hopes that you might bestow the Wikipedia with your help.  If you have a positive contribution to make, just make it.
 * That doesn't matter. The edits will continue until the problem that I pointed out is fixed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.205.14.66 (talk • contribs) 15:37 (UTC), 22 August 2005
 * To me, aside from the message boards and forums of FWDixon's website (which are significant, but it looks like you have no complaints about those), bobfinnan.com mostly appears to consist of lists of cover images, book titles, and Amazon links (chime in if there's something major that I'm missing.) Furthermore, it seems to me that your argument is that User:Fwdixon committed plagiarism by copying these lists of books from catalogs.  You and I both know that having a list of book titles on a website isn't plagiarism, so tell me, where did my reasoning go wrong?  Do you have more substantial evidence (say, a URL, an excerpt from it, and a quote from the original source) on which to lay your claim of plagiarism?  'Cause right now, I don't see it.  The plagiarism you noticed in this article earlier wasn't Bob Finnan's fault.
 * --Ardonik.talk* 05:50, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Finnan copied everything on his web site from copyrighted books on these series and the Stratemeyer Syndicate. Formats, authors, biographic info, everything. Anyone familar with these series and the books I mentioned knows this. To create a web site on Tom Swift by using the info in Bob Cook's book is plagiarism plain and simple. To have links to Cook's web site www.glitterglow.com/ and Finnan's is redundant. Just keep Cook's which is the original source of the info and delete Finnan's. The same on the Hardy Boys and the rest of his pages. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.205.14.66 (talk • contribs) 15:37 (UTC), 22 August 2005

 * Did you know that User User:69.205.14.66 is a plagiarist? That's right folks! Every word he has used in his many rants are taken right out of the dictionary! A dictionary which is a copyrighted work! The horror, the horror! But seriously, the fact that this person remains anonymous and continues to make unfounded accustations is beginning to become a bit tiresome. It's true that I used many reference books in gathering information for my site but so what? That's why they are called reference books! I also spent hours at the NY Public Library poring over data in the Stratemeyer archives. It seems that the fact that the authors of these books (with whom I've been in contact for many years) have no problem with my site make no difference to our demented anonymous crusader. The reality is that this person has a personal grudge against me, for reasons best known to him, and the claims of spamming and plagiarism are a mere blind. If this person is so concerned about plagiarism, why isn't he removing links to other sites that have basically the same info, including sites which have copied their info directly from my site?--FWDixon 12:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Still blowing smoke. Claims about plagiarism unfounded? It is common knowledge. Every word on the site was copied from copyrighted books and articles. Have some pride and self respect and just put links to places to buy the books and articles you copied from. Comparisons to using a dictionary are just stupid. You are a plagiarist and you know it. And more than 100 links from Wiki to make a few cents per copy selling books thru Amazon IS spamming. About the other links, at least have some original stuff. Get a life you loser. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.205.14.66 (talk • contribs) 15:37 (UTC), 22 August 2005
 * Please avoid personal attacks.)'' --Ardonik.talk* 17:27, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * I can see from looking at Special:Contributions/69.205.14.66 and Special:Contributions/69.205.13.193 that you have removed the link from dozens of articles already, usually with worthless edit summaries that simply say "spammer" or "plagiarist."

 * Please stop your link removal until this issue is worked out here. The encyclopedia belongs to all of us, not just you, so you must try to reach consensus.  You are the only person here who objects to FWDixon's links, and if you continue to bypass our community without talking things over, you will be blocked from editing as countless others already have.

 * We have procedures in place to deal with content disputes. Waging an edit war as you are doing does not help this encyclopedia, even if you're right about your claims of plagiarism.

 * Here's hoping you take my reply seriously. --Ardonik.talk* 17:44, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry doesn't wash. If a concensus can't be reached that Finnan has spammed Wiki to sell books from his web site, this is obvious, then discussion is a waste of time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.205.14.66 (talk • contribs) on 21:21 (UTC), 22 August 2005
 * I can't verify the source of the materials one way or another. I'm not so fond of the "for sale" links on Finnan's page, but there seems to be useful information there.  If it turns out it was taken from somewhere else, that's a potential problem.  The copyright notice on Finnan's page also presents a potential problem.  Regardless, mass-deletion of material and violation of the 3RR from an anonymous account is not a very effective nor compelling way to voice those complaints.  --Alan Au 23:24, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Fact: Finnan is guilty of link spamming. This is obvious.
 * Fact: Finnan's site exists to sell books at a few cents per copy thru Amazon and this is the reason for the link spamming.
 * Fact: Finnan created the site by copying info from copyrighted books on all of these series and then had the nerve to claim copyright on the info. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.188.116.202 (talk • contribs) 16:22 (UTC), 23 August 2005
 * This isn't fact, it's assertion. Merely repeating it over and over doesn't make it true. User FWDixon has contributed many pages to Wikipedia while all you seem to do is ignore every rule Wikipedia has (particularly the 3 revert rule) and remove links to his site(s). Apparently you think you are above the rules you expect everyone else to follow. The general consensus seems to be that the links are OK. I don't have a problem with them. Lighten up man!--Flonga 23:27, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Wrong, Flonga/Finnan. It is a fact and you know it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.163.100.196 (talk • contribs) 15:23 (UTC), 25 August 2005

 * See [] for agreement that these links are spamming and advertising. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.188.116.202 (talk • contribs) 17:07 (UTC), 23 August 2005

 * I agree with the others that a link on the main Hardy Boys page linking to FWDixon's website is sufficient. I think the multiple links on the book pages is a little much. maltmomma 02:19, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

Flonga has less than 20 edits - all concurring with interests of FWDixon --PhilipO 00:45, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That would be because I'm a friend of his and he asked me to help him out with this situation. Anything wrong with that?--Flonga 11:33, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes It is called being a meatpuppet (if that is what you are, and not a sockpuppet) and is against offical Wikipedia policy. --PhilipO 16:02, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * My concern with Fwdixon lies in the individual book stubs, which at this point serve no purpose but to link to his site. The Tower Treasure (first book in the series) is a perfect example.  An article of that sort is pointless, and should be removed if it is not expanded in short order.  It doesn't even state the name of the book's author or the year of publication!  What I find strange is that The Tower Treasure article was indeed shaping up to be an actual article - ie it at least had a paragraph dedicated to plot summary.  However Fwdixon [removed the text], with no explanation.  It appears that text was contributed and modified over time by multiple individuals, so it was not a copy / paste or a plagiarism issue.  It certainly gives the appearance that Fwdixon reduced the article to a stub so readers would find a worthless Wikipedia article and follow the link to his site for more information, which does indeed contain Amazon affiliate sales links.  --Dan East 13:36, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * I strongly agree - and noted as much yesterday at . I believe the individual book pages should be removed unless they are expanded greatly. Consensus? --PhilipO 16:02, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure that the individual book articles need to be removed, but I strongly feel that most of the links back to Fwdixon's site should be removed. I don't have a problem a link to the main page of his site from articles like Hardy Boys or Nancy Drew. But many many links all pointing at a big red "buy me" link on a personal website, even an informative one, is simply inappropriate for Wikipedia.  Joyous  (talk) 23:14, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * More on the link spamming and commercial advertising. Example http://hardyboys.bobfinnan.com/hbpb.htm is just a list of titles that all have links to Amazon. All of the books summaries were copied from Amazon. Every HB Digest title, Casefiles title, Clues Brothers title, Supermysteries title, Ultra Thriller title and so on has a link to Amazon and all summaries were copied from Amazon. Does that tell anyone something? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.205.1.91 (talk • contribs) 12:44 (UTC), 27 August 2005
 * 69.205.1.91: You really have some nerve. Now you are spamming the talk pages of the book articles, gloating that someone else was found to be link spamming.  You've posted that same message to at least 15 talk pages related to Hardy Boys, and I can only imagine how many other non-Hardy Boys pages you've spammed as well.  Now that a group of responsible Wikipedians is involved we can take care of this issue the proper way.  Your "assistance" is no longer required in this matter.  Thank you.  --Dan East 01:23, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * There is a mighty big difference between plagiarism and flagrant link spamming to make a few cents per copy selling books thru Amazon and calling attention to these problems on related talk pages. You will get my "assistance" whenever I feel it is needed. Thank you. 69.205.1.91 01:25, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

=Unblock, perchance?= Has enough time passed that this article might be unblocked? I'd like to work on some of its grammar and flesh it out a bit as part of the Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels group.Estreya 20:53, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Ted Scott german edition.jpg
The image Image:Ted Scott german edition.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --06:48, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

The book [not] pictured to the right
I laughed. It's probably not proper style, but I did think this was funny. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.127.185.138 (talk) 09:54, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Wow. I'll have to wait for someone else to change that. That's too funny to remove. Bzweebl (talk) 02:34, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Four years have gone by, so I am removing it. Dan D. Ric (talk) 13:11, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

Germany is not a foreign country
"The books were even published in foreign countries, such as Germany" - but publisher Stratemeyer was of German origin! His own parents came from Hannover, Germany, as the biographical article about him explains. So it's rather natural for his books to be published in Germany, wouldn't you think? 79.196.224.110 (talk) 18:37, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

 * No, not really. It was an American company publishing books in English. - BilCat (talk) 18:43, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

Frank of the Prairie predates this
This can be improved since there ate multiple competing children adventures periodicals published before the syndicate started publishing. Boys own adventure being one.

Adventure book series like Frank of the Prairie whose author stated that boys wAnt adventure and not high literature.

This quote could be improved

Stratemeyer's business acumen was in realizing that there was a huge, untapped market for children's books. At a time when most children's books were aimed at moral instruction, the Stratemeyer Syndicate specialized in producing books that were meant primarily to be entertaining. In Stratemeyer's view, it was the thrill of feeling grown-up and the desire for a series of stories that made such reading attractive to children. 2600:1700:D591:5F10:A111:411F:7C76:9FAD (talk) 17:40, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

 * ”At a time when most children's books were aimed at moral instruction, the Stratemeyer Syndicate specialized in producing books that were meant primarily to be entertaining.”. Could be changed as there was an established children’s adventure literature genre from at least the 1860s both with early examples, Tom Sawyer, Frank of the Prairie series, and numerous adventure periodicals Boys Own Adventure, for example, publishing for lengthy time show commercial potential.  The “Most children’s books were aimed at moral instruction” is misguided. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:D591:5F10:A111:411F:7C76:9FAD (talk • contribs)
 * That text was added in 2009. Since no source is cited, I just removed the leading clause. Schazjmd   (talk)  18:13, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

Need original source for quotes from reference 20 and 21 in addition to the book reference.
Can we get the original source for quotes for references 20 (Franklin K. Mathiews quoted) and 21 (Stanley Hall quotation). Both are quoted from a book Romalov 1995) and do not give the original source

Reference 20 - Romalov (1995), 117. Reference 21 - Romalov, Nancy Tillman. "Children's Series Books and the Rhetoric of Guidance: A Historical Overview." In Rediscovering Nancy Drew. Dyer, Carolyn Stewart, and Nancy Tillman Romalov, eds. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1995. Page 116. 107.197.56.204 (talk) 20:46, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stratemeyer Syndicate


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Great Lakes Storm of 1913

Great Lakes Storm of 1913
I started this article a week ago and have been working on it quite a bit. It was on the main page in the "Did you know" section as well. A couple people have told me that it should be featured, and this page gets more traffic than Peer Review. So here goes... -- brian0918 ™  23:13, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Support:
 * 1) Pmeisel 23:24, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) 68.81.231.127 19:09, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Carnildo 20:50, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Jeronimo 22:42, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) mav 19:32, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Taxman 16:30, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

Object:

Comments:
 * supportPmeisel 23:24, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Most of the images still aren't correctly tagged. See Image copyright tags, specifically the entries on, , and  . It's also worth adding a short explaination of why the tag is justified on the image description page, especially in the complicated cases (where you made alterations to map made by someone else, or where that flag came from). 68.81.231.127 00:16, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think I've fixed the image tags. The flag was created by me. If there's still a problem, let me know specifically what's wrong.  -- brian0918  ™  01:00, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks good. I also did a copyedit, standardizing units, smoothing a little wording here and there, and so forth. There might still be too many pics in the foundering section... it might be worth keeping the best and spinning out a separate image gallery. 68.81.231.127 19:09, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the help!! I was also thinking of doing an image gallery, as I generally like images in articles (especially historical ones). Should it just be a link in the "See also" section to a gallery on wikimedia commons? -- brian0918 ™  19:30, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I 'm not sure, though using the Commons is always a great idea. And it looks like a couple of minor questions I added later got deleted: What was the duration of the economic impact mentioned in the first paragraph? (a cite would be good, since it's an unsupported generalization) What's an arctic outbreak? Is there a difference between a carrier and a bulk carrier? The weather bureau... are all references to the USDA weather bureau? During the prelude, is the reference to the US weather bureau and coast guard, or both countries? 68.81.231.127 20:12, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added a gallery and will be adding several more pics. As for your questions: not sure of the economic duration, I'll read up on it; I think "arctic outbreak" is just a generic term for a cold front moving into a region, such as what occurs as the season changes to winter; all occurrences of "carrier" have been changed to "bulk carrier", as "carrier" also refers to the shipowner; all USDA weather bureaus are weather bureaus, but not all weather bureaus are USDA weather bureaus -- in this case, however, all references are to USDA weather bureaus :) ; I don't understand your question about the prelude. -- brian0918  ™  21:00, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The CG ref is under Nov 7 (not the prelude :)... is it USCG or CCG, or both? (Very minor.) 68.81.231.127 18:11, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In the text that I read this from, it just says "Coast Guard stations and weather bureau offices in ports along Lake Superior...", so I'm assuming it's both. -- brian0918  ™  18:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object for now. The images at the end of the "On the lakes" section overlap and interfere with the drawing of the table in Mozilla 1.7.2, and my attempts at fixing it apparently broke it in Internet Explorer.  See Image:GreatLakesLayoutProblem.jpg for what it looks like to me. --Carnildo 00:22, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks fine on Mozilla 1.7.5: screenshot.  Maybe you need to clear your cache? -- brian0918  ™  01:09, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've tested it in as many browsers as I can get my hands on. All tests are at 1024x768
 * Opera 7.5 for Linux, "Classic" skin: The five images are in two rows above the table: 3 on the top line, 2 on the bottom line.
 * Opera 7.5 for Linux, "Monobook" skin: The five images are in a column beside the table.
 * Mozilla 1.7.2 for Linux, "Classic": Four of the images are in a row overlapping the top of the table, the fifth is beside the table. See screenshot.
 * Mozilla 1.7.2 for Linux, "Monobook": The five images are in a column beside the table.
 * Mozilla 1.7.5 for Linux, "Monobook": The five images are in a column beside the table.
 * Mozilla 1.7.5 for Linux, "Classic": Four of the images are in a row overlapping the top of the table, the fifth is beside the table.  See screenshot.
 * Internet Explorer 6, "Monobook": The five images are in a column beside the table.
 * Opera 7.0 for Windows, "Classic": Four of the images are in a row above the table; the fifth is to the right of the table.
 * Firefox 1.0 for Linux, "Monobook": The five images are in a column beside the table.
 * Firefox 1.0 for Linux, "Classic": Four of the images are in a row overlapping the top of the table, the fifth is beside the table. See screenshot.
 * Konquerer 3.3, "Monobook": The five images are in a column beside the table.
 * Konquerer 3.3, "Classic": Four of the images are in a row overlapping the top of the table, the fifth is beside the table. See screenshot.
 * Internet Explorer 5.2 for Mac, "Monobook" The five images are in a column beside the table.
 * Internet Explorer 5.2, "Classic": Four of the images are in a row above the table; the fifth is to the right of the table.
 * Safari 1.2, "Monobook": The five images are in a column beside the table.
 * Safari 1.2, "Classic": Four of the images are in a row overlapping the top of the table, the fifth is beside the table. See screenshot.
 * At 800x600
 * Internet Explorer 5, "Monobook": The five images are in a column above the table.
 * Internet Explorer 5, "Classic": The five images are in two rows above the table, 3 in the top row, 2 in the bottom. There is whitespace as large as one of the rows between the preceding paragraph and the images.
 * Opera 6 for Windows, "Monobook": The five images are in a column beside and overlapping the table.
 * Opera 6 for Windows, "Classic": The five images are in a row above and overlapping the table, and are displayed in reverse order.
 * Netscape 4.5, "Monobook": The five images are displayed in a left-aligned column above the table, with the images overlapping their captions. The layout is completely borked.
 * Netscape 4.5, "Classic": Unknown. I couldn't find the "login" link.
 * At 82x26
 * Lynx, "Monobook": The five images are displayed as linked "alt" text in a column above the table. The table is shown as a list
 * Links, "Monobook: The five images are displayed as linked "alt" text in a column above the table. The table is shown as a table.
 * The problem browsers so far are Mozilla, Firefox, Konquerer, and Safari with the "Classic" skin. Any other browsers I should test in?
 * Carnildo 07:20, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the help, but does this problem really need to be fixed for all browsers? No page is going to look right on every browser, and definitely not on outdated versions of the browser. If I was going to arrange it another way, I would probably try and put them in a couple rows above the table, with a br above them and a br below them.  If that didn't work, well then the minority browsers would just have to be ignored, as I doubt they display much of wikipedia correctly.  There's nothing wrong with my code on wikipedia; it's just a problem with how those browsers interpret the code. -- brian0918  ™  15:36, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The concern comes from the specific browsers that have trouble: the most common browser on Mac, the most common browser on Linux, and the second most common browser in Windows.
 * I've removed the table, replacing it with a short list, and have rearranged the pictures. This problem should be fixed now. -- brian0918 ™  17:53, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The current version looks good in Monobook and ok in Classic. --Carnildo 20:50, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * support. Write some more for us. alteripse 04:51, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Looks good, needs some minor adjustments. 1) Could you tell the non-US reader in the lead section where the Great Lakes basin is? 2) I'm not sure we need this many external links; several seem to be redundant. 3) A large portion is taken by the table of shipwrecks, which, frankly is not all that interesting to the article. I think a condensed version of the table (maybe only giving total figures) would be good enough for the article, moving the full table to a separate article. Jeronimo 11:59, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Replaced "Great Lakes basin region" with "Great Lakes basin region of mid-eastern North America". 2) I've removed some of the links, but I think the ones currently listed are all important. 3) I think the shipwrecks are more important than you claim, as that is where the lives were lost. Most texts on the storm focus almost exclusively on the shipwrecks. But, I understand the problem and I'll replace the table with a list of ships and lives lost, and move the table to its own article with a link to it in "See also". Sound alright? -- brian0918  ™  16:50, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I've moved the table to its own article, replaced it with a much shorter list, and rearranged the pictures. -- brian0918  ™  17:53, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Lookin' good. Support. Jeronimo 22:42, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Very good work. Could you write some more storm articles please? :) --mav 19:32, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Looks good, and I don't see anything else wrong with it. Question: This article looks very well written and referenced, and is quite interesting, so I would like to support. My great grandparents lived in Calumet, MI at the time and most likely were affected at a minimum by the weather. However, after reading the article I couldn't help but wonder why we have this article, and why this storm (which the article says sunk 19 ships) is more important than the 1905 storm that destroyed 111. If it destroyed that many ships is it possible that less people were killed in it than the 1913 storm? If so, can you offer some citation for this storm being the "deadliest natural disaster to ever hit the lakes"? Anything from one of your sources would be good. Is this storm more prominent just because of more snow and covering a larger geographic area than the 1905 storm? Thanks - Taxman 16:30, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The 1905 storm only killed about 70. Ships don't have to be manned to be sitting at port waiting to be destroyed, and people could have stranded the majority. Every reference I've read (books, newspapers, official forecasters) considers the 1913 storm to be the worst (deadliest, most damaging)to hit the region, as well as the worst maritime disaster to hit the continent (using the traditional definition of "maritime" as dealing with marine shipping). -- brian0918  ™  17:31, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, sounds good, you've done your research. Though it would be ideal to cite something as central as that directly to the most reliable sources on it. You can put a superscript note next to the fact and then list the specific reference that backs up the fact. Not a requirement, but would really help with the reliability and trustworthyness of the article. - Taxman 15:41, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * The full title of White Hurricane is: White Hurricane: A Great Lakes November Gale and America's Deadliest Maritime Disaster. -- brian0918 ™  15:52, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes well thats pretty clear. I added a direct citation to that book for that fact. You can do more along those lines if you like. - 22:29, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, 19 ships were destroyed, but only 12 of those were sunk. -- brian0918 ™  17:37, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I'm not so sure about the 111 number anymore. It came from the "storm breeding ground" reference, but if you read this newspaper article, it makes it sound like there were much fewer deaths and ships destroyed. -- brian0918  ™  18:03, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've removed that information. -- brian0918 ™  22:42, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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title: Talk:Taddeo Zuccari


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Goyeneche Palace, Arequipa

Goyeneche Palace or Casa Goyeneche is a 17th-century manorial house in the city of Arequipa, Peru. It attracts tourists interested in observing colonial architecture in Peru. Located on La Merced street, the house looks much the same as other manorial houses of those times. It has ample patios, arched ceilings, doors and windows in typical colonial baroque style as well as a balcony.

In the eighteenth century the building was acquired by the Goyeneche family from northern Spain. The façade shows the shield of Jose Sebastian de Goyeneche, bishop of Arequipa and later archbishop of Lima. Nowadays it hosts the Banco Central de Reserva branch offices in Arequipa.

title: Goyeneche Palace, Arequipa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Playray

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:44, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Plaray
Wikipedia is neither an advertising hoarding nor a web directory. Uncle G 23:17, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC)

 * Pah, Delete. -- Dbroadwell 03:04, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - another "Oh Honestly!" case of rubbish - do they have nothing better to do? Brookie 19:55, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Playray


text:
International Commission for Optics

The International Commission for Optics (ICO) was created in 1947 with the objective to contribute, on an international basis, to the progress and dissemination of the science of optics and photonics and their applications. It emphasises the unity of the crossdisciplinary field of optics.

Optics and photonics are defined as the fields of science and engineering encompassing the physical phenomena and technologies associated with the generation, transmission, manipulation, detection, and utilisation of light. It extends on both sides of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum as far as the same concepts apply.

In particular, the ICO promotes international cooperation and facilitates the rapid exchange of information, by encouraging and furthering the organisation, on an international basis, of scientific meetings and summer schools. It emphasises actions for the education and training in optics and photonics internationally. It undertakes special actions for the development of optics and photonics in regions where particular support is needed. It strives to improve the recognition of optics and photonics as fields of science with a significant impact on economy. It works also for the promotion of international agreements on nomenclature, units, symbols and standards.

It is a Scientific Associate of the International Council for Science (ICSU) and Affiliated Commission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP).

Among the activities of ICO are the organization and sponsorship of congresses, meetings and schools, and the awarding of prizes to distinguished scientists in optics and photonics. It has a Traveling Lecturer Program, and publishes quarterly the ICO Newsletter, the triennial book series International trends in optics and a Triennial Report.

Mission
The mission of the International Commission for Optics is to contribute, on an international basis, to the progress and diffusion of knowledge in the fields of optics and photonics.

The birth of ICO: Reunions d'Opticiens, Paris, France, 1946
In 1946 Europe was at last beginning to recover from the ordeal of World War II. The oldest and largest optics group in Europe was the Institut d'Optique in Paris, which had been founded in 1921 by the distinguished optical physicist Charles Fabry (1867-1945), and the director of the Institut d'Optique, Prof. Pierre Fleury, who had succeeded Fabry in 1945, was eager to resume an active role in European optics. He wrote to his optics colleagues and former students throughout Europe and invited them to participate in a Reunions d'Opticiens in Paris 14–19 October 1946. Scientists from 16 different countries participated in this first post-war European optics conference. The invited papers were by Frank Twyman (of Hilger and Watts) on the production of aspherical surfaces; Louis de Broglie on image formation, Jean Cabannes on the development of optics in France, and Pierre Fleury reviewed the history of the Institut d'Optique and research pursued since 1940. Then followed several days of contributed papers from most of the European optics groups. Many of the participants urged Fleury to seek some mechanism for continued cooperation in the optics community.

Pierre Fleury was already a French representative to IUPAP (the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics), with headquarters in Paris, and he was aware that the statutes of IUPAP provided for the creation of commissions in specific areas of physics; why not a commission for optics? He also determined that UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, with headquarters in Paris) would also be able to provide -through IUPAP- some funds for travel to a Preparatory Meeting in Prague to discuss the formation of an International Commission for Optics.

The ICO Preparatory Meeting, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1947
In January 1947 the General Assembly of IUPAP approved the appointment of a Preparatory Committee, with Prof. Pierre Fleury as Secretary, to consider forming an International Commission for Optics. The preparatory committee met in Prague, Czechoslovakia, 2–7 June 1947, with Prof Josef Hrdlicka as host. Fifteen delegates attended, representing eight countries, (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden). Replies were received from five other countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Switzerland, and the USA) that their representatives would be unable to attend, and Argentina and the USSR did not respond.

The attendees agreed that an International Commission for Optics should be formed as a self-governing affiliated commission of IUPAP. Each member country would form a national committee for ICO, which would select that country's representative to the ICO Bureau meetings. A set of provisional Statutes was adopted (patterned after the Statutes of IUPAP), and a provisional bureau was elected, (subject to approval by IUPAP and re-confirmation by the national committees at the first official meeting.) Thomas Smith of London was elected president; Pierre Fleury of Paris, secretary; Albert Arnulf of Paris, treasurer; and Josef Hrdlicka of Prague a vice-president, with two other vice-presidents to be selected at the first official meeting. The delegates decided to hold their first plenary session of ICO in conjunction with the next General Assembly of IUPAP in July 1948 in Amsterdam. (The Dutch delegate, Prof van Heel, invited the ICO to meet at his laboratory in Delft.)

The organizers also formulated the objectives of ICO: the study of optical theory, the theoretical study and construction of optical instruments, and the physiological optics of the eye. The organizers were grateful to both UNESCO and IUPAP for travel, secretarial and publication support during the initial organizational stage, but in order to ensure smooth functioning of ICO in 1948 and beyond it was decided to assess each member country for an annual contribution based on the same population scale used by IUPAP: countries with less than 5 million inhabitants, 1 unit; 5 to 10 million, 2 units; 10 to 15 million, 3 units; 15 to 20 million, 5 units; and greater than 20 million, 8 units.

As tasks to be accomplished in the near term by ICO, each national committee was asked to establish if possible a list of the names and addresses of its optics researchers and also a list of the manufacturers of optical instruments. Each country was also asked to supply a list of their optics publications for the war years 1939–1945.

As a further challenge to the new organization the delegates compiled a list of about 20 technical problem areas in optics. These subjects were assigned to various ICO national committees, with a request that each committee report on its problem at the 1948 meeting in the Netherlands. Most of the problem areas represented the special interests of the delegates present at the preparatory session, and this would provide a quick mechanism to ensure some technical content at the first formal meeting of ICO. Italy (Giuliano Toraldo di Francia) would survey diffraction theory; Great Britain (T. Smith) would survey aberration studies (without diffraction); and France (André Maréchal) and the Netherlands would report on the combined effect of aberrations and diffraction. Sweden (E. Ingelstam) would survey gratings; Great Britain, photographic objectives; and other groups were assigned other tasks. Finally, there would be reports on sign conventions, notation, tolerances and the specification of optical drawings.

In drawing up these assigned tasks the preparatory commission was following the usual format of a commission of a scientific union: stating specific problems to be reported on by the commission. In Prague the founding group had recognized the need for improved international cooperation in optics, had sketched a charter for ICO, and had planned a comprehensive program for the ICO initial meeting in 1948.

The First Congress, ICO-1, Delft, Netherlands, 1948
The first official meeting of ICO took place 12–17 July 1948 at the Physics Laboratory of the Technische Hogeschool, Delft, Netherlands. Forty-four delegates from eleven countries attended the meetings. At the first session Prof Fleury announced that IUPAP had cordially accepted the affiliation of ICO and had approved the Statutes provisionally adopted at Prague. The appointment of officers elected in 1947 was confirmed, and two additional vice-presidents were elected: S.S. Ballard (USA) and A.C.S. van Heel (Netherlands). Thus the eleven countries represented at Delft became the founding member countries of the ICO; Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.

In addition to the sessions devoted to reports on the problem areas that had been assigned at Prague, the participants heard four invited lectures: by M. Françon (France); T. Smith (Great Britain); D.B. Judd (USA); and A.C.S. van Heel (Netherlands). On the first day of the meeting Prof van Heel hosted a reception at his home, and on the last evening the group held a formal dinner. During the week there were several local visits to research laboratories: de Oude Delft; the Kammerlingh-Onnes Laboratory in Leiden; the Philips Research Labs at Eindhoven; van Cittert's collection of historical optical instruments at Utrecht; and the optics and electron optics laboratories of the Technische Hogeschool, Delft. This sort of mixing of technical reports and social activities is important in building a sense of community among the attendees.

The principal work at the meeting was the presentation of detailed reports on the topics that had been assigned at Prague. These reports occupied most of the six technical sessions. The delegates also agreed that ICO should not act as a vehicle for publishing original research papers. Full use should be made of existing scientific journals..The delegates agreed that one of the roles of ICO should be to sponsor conferences at which sets of invited papers are given on some specialized field or fields of optics.

At the final session President Thomas Smith announced that he had been authorized to invite the ICO to hold the next meeting in 1950 in London. This announcement was accepted by acclamation.

The Congresses of the International Commission for Optics
The ICO Congresses are held every three years; they include a General Business Meeting as requested by the statutes and a Scientific Meeting that covers most of research topics in optics and photonics. Dates and locations of ICO Congresses: • ICO-24, 2017, Japan

• ICO-23, 2014, Spain

• ICO-22, 2011, Mexico

• ICO-21, 2008, Australia

• ICO-20, 2005, People's Republic of China

• ICO-19, 2002, Italy

• ICO-18, 1999, United States of America

• ICO-17, 1996, Korea

• ICO-16, 1993, Hungary

• ICO-15, 1990, F.R. Germany

• ICO-14, 1987, Canada

• ICO-13, 1984, Japan

• ICO-12, 1981, Austria

• ICO-11, 1978, Spain

• ICO-10, 1975, Czechoslovakia

• ICO-9, 1972, United States of America

• ICO-8, 1969, United Kingdom

• ICO-7, 1966, France

• ICO-6, 1962, F.R. Germany

• ICO-5, 1959, Sweden

• ICO-4, 1956, United States of America

• ICO-3, 1953, Spain

• ICO-2, 1950, United Kingdom

• ICO-1, 1948, The Netherlands (preliminary meetings had been held in Czechoslovakia and France).

Structure

 * The ICO General Assembly of all Members is the ruling body and is convened every three years during the ICO General Congress.
 * The ICO Bureau conducts all ICO business between General Assemblies, and consists of:
 * Elected officers: ICO President, Past President, Secretary, Associate Secretary, Treasurer
 * 8 elected Vice Presidents
 * 1 Vice Presidents designed by each International Member Society
 * 1 IUPAP representative
 * The ICO Executive Committee consists of the elected officers and advises the ICO Bureau in all decisions required for the day-to day operation between General Assemblies.
 * The ICO Secretariat ensures the day-to-day planning and operations under the guidance of the elected Executive Committee.
 * The ICO Associate Secretariat deals with requests for ICO endorsement and/or support to schools, meetings and conferences
 * Committees: Committee for Regional Development of Optics, Education Committee, Traveling Lecturer Committee, Long Range Strategic Planning Committee and four Award Committees.

Finances
The provenience of ICO financial resources are the contributions from its members.

Members
(A) Associate member

Observer

 * The Quantum Electronics and Optics Division of the European Physical Society QEOD/EPS

ICO Presidents

 * 2014-2017: Yasuhiko Arakawa, Center for Photonic and Electronic Convergence, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
 * 2011-2014: Duncan T. MOORE, The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, USA.
 * 2008-2011: Maria L. Calvo, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Department of Optics, Madrid, Spain.
 * 2005-2008: Ari T. Friberg, University of Eastern Finland, Department of Physics and Mathematics, Joensuu, Finland.
 * 2002-2005: René Dandliker, Institute of Microtechnology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
 * 1999-2002: Arthur H. Guenther, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
 * 1996-1999: Toshimitsu Asakura, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkai-Gakuen University, Sapporo, Japan.
 * 1993-1996: Anna Consortini, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi, Firenze, Italy.
 * 1990-1993: Christopher Dainty, Imperial College, London, UK
 * 1987-1990: Joseph W. Goodman, School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
 * 1984-1981: Serge Lowenthal, Institut d’Optique, Faculté des Sciences, Orsay, France.
 * 1981-1984: J. Tsujiuchi, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
 * 1978-1981: Adolf W. Lohmann, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
 * 1975-1978: Kenneth M. Baird, Canadian National Research Council, Canada.
 * 1972-1975: William H. Steel, CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) National Standards Laboratory, Australia.
 * 1969-1972: Harold H. Hopkins, Reading University, UK'
 * 1966-1969: Giuliano Toraldo di Francia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy.
 * 1962-1966: André Maréchal, French Institut d’Optique, France.
 * 1959-1962: Erik Ingelstam, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
 * 1956-1959: S. S. Ballard, USA.
 * 1950-1956: Abraham Cornelis Sebastiaan (Bram) van Heel, Technische Universiteit Delft, Netherlands.
 * 1947-1950: Thomas Smith, UK.

ICO Prize
The ICO Prize was established in 1982 and is presented annually to a person who has made a noteworthy contribution to Optics before reaching the age of 40.

ICO Galileo Galilei Medal Award
This award for the essential missions to recognize the promotion of Optics under difficult circumstances. It was established in 1993 by General Assembly of ICO, and has been awarded annually since 1994.

List of the award winners:

 * 1994: Ion N. Mihailescu, Romania.
 * 1995: Rajpal S. Sirohi, India.
 * 1996: Daniel Malacara, Mexico.
 * 1997: Natalyia D. Kundikova, Russia.
 * 1998: Ajoy K. Ghatak, India.
 * 1999: Mario Garavaglia, Argentina.
 * 2000: Vladimir P. Lukin, Russia.
 * 2001: Kehar Singh, India.
 * 2002: Rashid A. Ganeev, Uzbekistan.
 * 2003: Cid B. de Araujo, Brazil.
 * 2004: Milivoj Belic, Serbia and Montenegro and Caesar Saloma, Philippines, ex-aequo.
 * 2005: Valentin Vlad, Romania.
 * 2006: Mohammed M. Shabat, Gaza, Palestine.
 * 2007: Oleg V. Angelsy, Ukraine.
 * 2008: Joewono Widjaja, Thailand.
 * 2009: Marat S. Soskin, Ukraine and Dumitru Mihalache, Romania.
 * 2010: Mohammad Taghi Tavassoly, Iran.
 * 2011: Jan Peřina, Czech Republic.
 * 2012: Mikhail V. Fedorov, Russia.
 * 2013: Kazimierz Rzążewski, Poland.
 * 2014: Chandra Shaker, India.
 * 2015: Aram Papoyan, Armenia.
 * 2016: Guillermo H. Kaufmann, Argentina.
 * 2017: Alexander Nosich, Ukraine.
 * 2018: Debabrata Goswami, India.
 * 2019: Malik Maaza, South Africa.
 * 2020: Jorge Ojeda-Castañeda, México.
 * 2021: Victor Balykin, Russia

title: International Commission for Optics


text:
Gordon Tullock

Gordon Tullock (February 13, 1922 – November 3, 2014) was an American economist and professor of law and economics at the George Mason University School of Law. He is best known for his work on public choice theory, the application of economic thinking to political issues. He was one of the founding figures in his field.

Early life and education
Tullock was born February 13, 1922, in Rockford, Illinois, where he attended and graduated from Rockford Central High School. Tullock attended the University of Chicago where, after a break for military service during World War II, he received a J.D. in 1947. He later completed Chinese language instruction at Yale and Cornell universities.

Career
Following a brief period in private practice, he joined the Foreign Service in fall 1947, and was posted to Tianjin, China and later to Hong Kong and Korea. In 1956, he resigned from the Foreign Service. While he originally intended to pursue a career as a foreign trader in the Far East, his work on The Politics of Bureaucracy eventually led him to begin collaboration with James M. Buchanan at the University of Virginia while Tullock worked at the University of South Carolina teaching international studies.

Tullock's collaboration with Buchanan produced The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (1962), which quickly became a seminal work in the new field of public choice. He later joined Buchanan as a faculty colleague at Virginia. Despite Tullock never having taken any economics courses, for four years Buchanan and Tullock ran an economics research program. They founded a new journal for their field (1966), first called Papers in Non-Market Economics and eventually titled Public Choice, where they invited articles applying economic theory to all sorts of non-market phenomena, especially in the realm of government and politics. Despite the success of the book and the journal, disagreements with the UVA administration eventually led Tullock to leave.

In 1967, Tullock identified many of the concepts of what came to be known as rent-seeking in a seminal paper.

Tullock moved to Virginia Polytechnical Institute (VPI, now called Virginia Tech) in 1968 and was joined by Buchanan a year later. There they continued the Public Choice Society and the journal, of which Tullock remained editor until 1990. At VPI, Tullock wrote a number of influential articles and books, including Private Wants, Public Means (1970), The Logic of the Law (1971), The Social Dilemma (1974), and The Vote Motive (1976).

In 1983, Tullock and the Center for Study of Public Choice moved to George Mason University, at the time a relatively unknown school in Fairfax, Virginia. Tullock taught at GMU from 1983–1987 and at the University of Arizona from 1987–1999. He continued to publish widely (more than 150 papers and 23 books in all), including "The Economics of Wealth and Poverty" (1986), Autocracy (1987), Rent Seeking (1993), The Economics of Non-Human Societies (1994) and On Voting: A Public Choice Approach (1998). In 1999 he returned to George Mason as a professor of law and economics, where he retired in 2008.

Tullock's book, The Politics of Bureaucracy, has been criticized for overlooking a substantial body of literature. A number of authors have criticized Tullock and the public choice tradition as being too simplistic in its explanation of political behavior.

Rent-seeking
Tullock developed a theory referred to as rent-seeking, adapted from the term and concept introduced by economist David Ricardo in the 19th century. Rent seeking, according to public choice theory, is securing profits through the political process rather than the market process of exchange. An example of rent seeking is when a firm, union, or special-interest group lobbies political actors (e.g., politicians or bureaucrats) to influence legislation in a beneficial manner. This can lead to moral hazard when politicians make policy decisions based on the lobby instead of the efficiency of the policy.

Tullock also formulated and considered the Tullock paradox, namely, the paradox of why rent-seeking is so cheap.

Tullock's spike
The name "Tullock's spike" refers to a thought experiment in which Tullock suggested that if governments were serious about reducing road casualties, they should mandate that a sharp spike be installed in the center of each car's steering wheel, to increase the probability that an accident would be fatal to the driver. Tullock's idea was that the normal process of risk compensation would then lead to safer driving by the affected drivers, thereby actually reducing driving fatalities.

Awards and recognition
In 1994 Tullock was awarded an honorary Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and in 1998 became a distinguished fellow of the American Economic Association. He served as President of the Southern Economic Association, the International Atlantic Economic Society (1998–1999), the Western Economic Association, The Association For Private Enterprise Education and the Public Choice Society. In 1996 he was elected to the American Political Science Review Hall of Fame. He was sometimes considered a longshot candidate for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Death
On November 3, 2014, Tullock died at the age of 92 in Des Moines.

title: Gordon Tullock


text:
Dean Guitars

Dean Guitars, commonly referred to simply as Dean, is an American importer and maker of stringed instruments and musical products with its headquarters in Tampa, Florida.

Its products include solid-body electric guitars, bass guitars, and acoustic guitars. The company also distributes resonators, basses, banjos, mandolins, ukuleles, amplifiers, guitar cases, accessories, and custom guitar pickups.

The company was founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1976 by Dean Zelinsky. Armadillo Enterprise purchased the business in 1997.

History
Dean Guitars started in 1976 and made instruments used by bands such as Heart, Kansas, the Cars, Molly Hatchet, Triumph and ZZ Top.

With the advent of the Superstrat and grunge music, Dean Zelinsky sold the business to Oscar Medeiros of Tropical Music, who gained ownership of the brand from 1986, and until 1995 focused on selling to Latin bands overseas. The company had all but disappeared from the American market at that point.

Armadillo Enterprises, under the leadership of Elliott Rubinson, then purchased the business in 1997. Rubinson, a musician who toured as a bass player for the Michael Schenker Group, Uli Jon Roth and Michael Angelo Batio expanded Dean's products to include acoustic, electric and bass guitars; mandolins, banjos and ukuleles with prices from less than $99 to more than $13,000. Rubinson had previously built Thoroughbred Music, a music retail store, music supply, and music clinic. Rubinson sold Thoroughbred to Sam Ash Music in 1999 so he could focus on Dean.

After getting a number of endorser-user guitarists (including Dimebag Darrell, Michael Angelo Batio, Michael Schenker, Leslie West, Dave Mustaine, Michael Amott, and Jacky Vincent), Dean Guitars' popularity increased. Under Armadillo Enterprises the company outgrew its Clearwater site and moved to a larger building that includes a custom guitar shop. Today the company also assembles guitar pickups and guitar parts.

In December 2016, Elliott Rubinson's son, Evan Rubinson, assumed the position of President and CEO at Armadillo Enterprises (which includes Dean Guitars, Luna Guitars, and ddrum).

In February 2017, Elliott "Dean" Rubinson died from cancer. Richard Ash, CEO of Sam Ash Music Stores, said, "Elliott was a true genius. He would have been successful in any business but he went with his passion for music and built his business around it... He was truly one of my heroes. RIP Elliott Rubinson."

Instruments
Dean has the line of electric guitars that includes the ML, V, Z, Cadillac, Splittail, Soltero, EVO, Icon, Custom Zone, Vendetta and Deceiver models.

Dean also has many signature electric guitar models. The company offers a number of custom Dimebag Darrell models.

The company has also worked closely with Dave Mustaine of Megadeth on a line of guitars. These cost from around $300 for imports to over $6000 for USA-built instruments. The Dean USA Dave Mustaine Signature VMNT Holy Grail electric guitar, a more recent incarnation of the V introduced in 2016, is an example of the brand.

Dean also makes signature models for Bret Michaels, Michael Schenker, Leslie West, Michael Angelo Batio, Michael Amott, Rusty Cooley, and other artists.

The company's bass guitar models include the ML, V, Z, Cadillac, Edge, Metal Man / Demonator, Hillsboro, Entwistle, EVO, Razorback, Spire and Custom Zone. Dean also imports and markets other string instruments such as resonator guitars, mandolins and banjos.

In 2017, Dean unveiled several new musical instruments to commemorate the company's 40th anniversary.

In 2018, the company formed a partnership between Dean USA Custom Shop and Angel's Envy Bourbon to produce the Dean Envy Series guitars made from whiskey cask barrels.

In November 2019, Kerry King, guitarist of Slayer, joined Dean Guitars, and in 2020 they made 2 models: limited edition and standard version

Affiliated companies
Armadillo Enterprises, the parent company of Dean Guitars, also owns Luna Guitars and ddrum.

title: Dean Guitars


text: Category:Images of leisure

title: Category:Images of leisure


text:
Marischal College

Marischal College is a large granite building on Broad Street in the centre of Aberdeen in north-east Scotland, and since 2011 has been the headquarters of Aberdeen City Council. The building was constructed for and is on long-term lease from the University of Aberdeen, which still uses parts of the building to store its museum collections. Today, it provides corporate office space and public access to council services, adjacent to the Town House, the city's historic seat of local government. It is the second largest granite building in the world.

The construction of the modern college building began in 1835, following the demolition of previous buildings on the site, and was completed in its present form in the early 1900s. Formerly the seat of the Marischal College and University of Aberdeen founded in 1593, the building was retained by the unified University of Aberdeen, which was created in 1860 by the merger of Marischal College and King's College. The buildings of Marischal College continued to be used for academic purposes until the mid-20th century and less and less until the early 2000s. During this period they were frequently rebuilt and expanded upon.

In the mid-to-late 20th century, teaching and academic activities at the university began to move to King's College or Foresterhill (for students of medicine) and by the early 21st century a new purpose for Marischal College was required. After a number of unsuccessful proposals, the majority of the building was leased to Aberdeen City Council to be restored and refurbished as office accommodation. The extensive renovation was completed on schedule and significantly under budget and the building opened to the public in June 2011. The university has retained the Mitchell Hall and a number of other significant parts of the building for its own use, in addition to its museum stores (formerly the Marischal Museum).

History
"Marischal College and University of Aberdeen" was the formal name of the former university which occupied the present Marischal College site then in New Aberdeen. The College was founded in 1593 by George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal of Scotland. The original charter of the university was lost by the early 18th century, but two near-contemporary copies exist – one of which was accepted by the courts in 1756 as being authentic. In this charter, Marischal College is described variously as a gymnasium, collegium (college), academia (academy) and universitas (university).

Marischal was the second of Scotland's post-medieval "civic universities", following the University of Edinburgh, created without Papal bull and with a more modern structure and a greater resemblance to the Protestant arts colleges of continental Europe. As such, both Edinburgh and Marischal came to be known as the "Town Colleges" of their respective cities. The university was founded with the expressed aim of training clergy for the post-Reformation Kirk. Its Greek motto translates as "virtue is self-sufficient".

The College was constructed on the site of a medieval Franciscan friary, disused after the Reformation. This building was later replaced by a William Adam-designed building in the mid-18th century; however, this, together with the friary remains, were demolished entirely for the construction of the present building between 1835 and 1906, as was the Longacre home of Bishop John Skinner, site of the 1784 consecration of Samuel Seabury, now marked by a plaque on the east wall of the College's quadrangle.

James Clerk Maxwell FRS, FRSE (1831–1879), described as "the most famous and influential professor Aberdeen has ever had" was appointed as Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1856 and continued in that post until the merger of Marischal College with King's College.

The Mitchell Hall, where University of Aberdeen graduations previously took place, was built in the early 20th century. It is named after Dr Charles Mitchell, an alumnus of the university and a Tyneside shipbuilder. A large stained-glass window dominates the hall, executed by TR Spence of London and representing the university's history.

The building was commended by poet John Betjeman following a visit to Aberdeen in 1947:

 * "No-one can dismiss Marischal College, Aberdeen, when looking at the work of the present century. Wedged behind a huge town hall in an expensive and attractive mid-Victorian baronial style, I saw a cluster of silver-white pinnacles. I turned down a lane towards them, the front broadened out. Oh! Bigger than any cathedral, tower on tower, forests of pinnacles, a group of palatial buildings rivalled only by the Houses of Parliament at Westminster.

 * "This was the famous Marischal College. Imagine the Victorian tower with a spire on top, and all that well-grouped architecture below of lesser towers, and lines of pinnacles executed in the hardest white Kemnay granite and looking out over the grey-green North Sea and you have some idea of the first impression this gigantic building creates.

 * "It rises on top of a simple Gothic one designed by Simpson in 1840. But all these spires and towers and pinnacles are the work of this century and were designed by Sir Alexander Marshall Mackenzie. You have to see them to believe them."

There is an urban legend of unknown origin that Marischal College was Adolf Hitler's favourite building in the United Kingdom and that he would have liked to use it as a residence if the outcome of the Second World War had been different.

University of Aberdeen
The University of Aberdeen was created after the merger of Marischal College and King's College, Aberdeen in 1860 under the terms of the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858.

The following extract refers to this merger:

"Universities of Kings College and Marischal College, Aberdeen. First Report of the Commissioners, 1838. 1837–38. Vol. XXXIII, 75p. [123] Chairman: Lord John Cunninghame. The commissioners were in favour of a merger of the two colleges despite opposition from Kings College. They considered the unification as essential for the educational system of Northern Scotland although they disagreed with the proposed method of merger laid down by the last commission. The buildings of Marischal College were in very bad repair but new ones were under construction.  Additions had been made in 1827 to Kings College buildings which were in a tolerable state of repair."

Throughout the 20th century, Marischall college housed all sciences and medicine. Since about 1960, the college housed the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Medical school.

The building standing today, which replaced a number of older structures, was constructed between 1837 and 1844 by Aberdeen architect Archibald Simpson. This 1837 building formed a U-shaped quadrangle, with a small entrance via an archway amidst unrelated housing on the west side. The building was substantially extended between 1893 and 1905 by Alexander Marshall Mackenzie, and with its new "granite cage" front, enclosing the quadrangle, it became the second-largest granite building in the world (exceeded only by the Escorial Palace near Madrid).

Renovation as Aberdeen City Council Headquarters
For many years, much of the building was derelict as university departments had moved to King's College or Foresterhill years or decades before. Up to 2009, the only parts of the college building chiefly used by the university were the Mitchell Hall (for graduations, concerts and other events), the Marischal Museum, and the Anatomy department, which was used for 1st year medical students until March 2009. It was also home to the University's debating chamber.

In 2006 plans were announced for the renovation of the college as new administrative headquarters for the Council to replace the ageing St. Nicholas House across the street. The University leased the Marischal College site to Aberdeen City Council for 175 years in exchange for £4.7 million. Work began in 2009 and the newly refurbished Marischal College was opened in summer 2011. The internal spaces were completely demolished and replaced with a new internal structure which matched the existing walls and windows. The renovations restored the granite exterior, ornamentation and detailing, and provided new public space for citizens accessing council services and offices for council workers. The Council Chamber and democratic processes continue to be located at the Town House next door. The university retained the north wing comprising the Mitchell Hall, debating chamber and associated rooms, although as of May 2012 these are not yet open for use. In Spring 2011, the city erected outside Marischal College a statue of King Robert the Bruce on horseback, holding up a charter. Outside the College there is a large modern fountain, known as the "dancing fountain" for its alternating patterns. The fountain was briefly shut in 2019 due to high levels of bromine, but has since been turned back on.

Greyfriars Church
Amongst the buildings demolished to make way for the new frontage of Marischal College at the turn of the 20th century, was the Greyfriars collegiate church, built in 1532 and incorporated as part of the College in 1593. Following a dispute regarding the conservation of this church, a new church building was constructed within the Marischal College complex. It is incorporated into the College frontage, which includes the southern tower, notable for being surmounted with a spire.

Following a merger, this church was later to become known as Greyfriars John Knox Church. The building is currently unused and is being offered for sale by the Church of Scotland for commercial or residential use.

Alumni
Notable alumni of Marischal College include:

(See University of Aberdeen for eminent scientists, Fellows of the Royal Society, who have worked at Marishal College.) see https://www.abdn.ac.uk/alumni/blog/fellows-of-the-royal-society-from-the-university/
 * Alexander Bain (1818–1903), philosopher, educationalist, Professor of Logic and Lord Rector of University of Aberdeen
 * James Blair, (1656–1743), clergyman, founder of College of William and Mary
 * Robert Brown (1773–1858), botanist; discoverer of Brownian Motion
 * James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (1714–99), jurist, philosopher, linguist; thinker on evolution
 * Patrick Copland (1749–1822), mathematician and astronomer
 * Robert Davidson (1804–1894), inventor of first electric locomotive (1837)
 * Charles D. F. Phillips (1830–1904), British medical doctor and author.
 * Sir William Duff Gibbon (1837–1919), Ceylonese tea planter and politician
 * Sir David Gill, (1843–1914), astrophotographer
 * James Gregory (1638–1675), Scottish mathematician and astronomer
 * Cosmo Gordon (1736–1800) MP, co-founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, twice Rector of the College
 * Robert Hunter (1823–1897), missionary, geologist and editor of Encyclopædic Dictionary
 * Alexander Keith (1792–1880), Church of Scotland theologian
 * Nathaniel Lardner (1684–1768), English theologian
 * George Milne (Doctor & Surgeon) (1794-1817), served at Battle of Waterloo
 * Sir John Mowlem Burt, contractor
 * Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet, General, hero of the Indian Revolt of 1857, buried in Westminster Abbey
 * William Pargeter (1760–1810), medical doctor who wrote about mental illness
 * Sir Alexander Ogston, Scottish surgeon; discoverer of Staphylococcus aureus
 * Rev John Skinner (1721–1807), poet, historian and ecclesiastic.
 * William Trail (1746–1831), mathematician.

Principals

 * Robert Howie from 1593 to 1598
 * Gilbert Gray 1598 to 1614
 * Andrew Adie 1616 to 1619
 * Rev Dr William Forbes 1620/21
 * Patrick Dun 1621 to 1649
 * William Moir 1649 to 1661
 * James Leslie 1661 to 1678
 * Robert Paterson 1678 to 1717
 * Thomas Blackwell 1717 to 1728
 * John Osborne 1728 to 1748
 * Thomas Blackwell (son) 1748 to 1757
 * Robert Pollock 1757 to 1759
 * George Campbell 1758 to 1796
 * William Laurence Brown 1796 to 1830
 * Daniel Dewar 1832 to 1860

In 1860 the college merged with King's College, Aberdeen to create the University of Aberdeen.

Other notable academics

 * Robert Barron (minister) Professor of Divinity

title: Marischal College


text:
Talk:Gornji Milanovac

Untitled
The article says Lower Milanovac? also exists, further downstream but it nerver mentions any river? Is this town on a river? Rmhermen 23:22, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

I'm wondering why it was necessary to change "a city in Serbia" to "a city in Serbia and Montenegro." I had thought that Serbia was a large enough geographical unit to describe where the town is while giving a bit more specific information than if the whole state union is given as its location. For example, what if I wanted to know which president the people of this town had voted for, the president of Serbia or the president of Montenegro? This is of course relevant to all geography articles about Serbia and Montenegro, but I don't know where/if this conversation would take place, if it's worth it. Cpastern 18:45, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

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Children Act 1989

The Children Act 1989 (c. 41) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that received royal assent on 16 November 1989 and came into substantial force across all three jurisdictions of the United Kingdom on 14 October 1991. In 1995, for the purposes of devolution, the Act was replaced by parallel legislation in Scotland and Northern Ireland. In 2016, Part III of the Act was replaced in Wales.

The Act is described as the most substantial reforms to children's law of the 20th century.

The Act allocates duties to local authorities, courts, parents, and other agencies in the United Kingdom, to ensure children are safeguarded and their welfare is promoted. It centres on the idea that children are best cared for within their own families; however, it also makes provisions for instances when parents and families do not co-operate with statutory bodies.

Passage
The Children Bill was announced as part of the Queen's Speech on 22 November 1988 and formally introduced to the House of Lords the following day by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Mackay of Clashfern. The Bill was given its second reading in the Lords on 6 December, and was passed to the committee stage on 13 December. Committee debates were held on 19 and 20 December  and 23 January 1989. It reached the report stage on 2 February, with debates on 6, 7  and 16 February. On 16 March the Bill was given its third reading in the Lords before being passed to the House of Commons.

The Bill was given its second reading in the Commons on 27 April. It was granted Royal Assent on 16 November 1989 and became an Act.

Welfare of the child
The Children Act 1989 states that the court’s primary concern is the child’s welfare. It also specifies that any delays in the system processes will have a detrimental impact on a child's welfare. The court should take into account the child's wishes; physical, emotional and educational needs; age; sex; background circumstances; the likely effect of change on the child; the harm the child has suffered or is likely to suffer; parent's ability to meet the child's needs and the powers available to the court.

Parental responsibility
Parental responsibility is defined in the Act as "all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities and authority which by law a parent of a child has in relation to the child and his property". If the child's parents are married both have parental responsibility; if they are unmarried, the father does not automatically have parental responsibility however. A father of a child, who was not married to the mother at the time of birth may apply to the courts for parental responsibility, or this may be done through mutual agreement between the mother (or child) and father. The Act specifies that more than one person can have parental responsibility, although they can act alone in decision making for the child. If a child does not have anyone to care for them with parental responsibility a guardian can be appointed by the court. That appointment can be overturned on application of the parent with parental responsibility, by the child or in family proceedings.

Section 7 reports
Under Section 7 of the Act, the court can request CAFCASS or local authorities to provide reports to the court in respect of the welfare of the child.

Residence, contact, prohibited steps, and specific issue orders
Section 8 of the Children Act 1989 outlines the orders which can be issued by the court. A "contact order" (now termed a Child Arrangements Order) outlines the requirements, of the person the child resides with, to allow contact with another person. A ‘prohibited steps order’ prevents a parent from exercising their full parental responsibility without consent of the court. A ‘residence order’ (now termed a Child Arrangements Order) puts in place the arrangements for whom a child should live with. A ‘specific issue order’ relates to directions given from the court to address a query that has arisen regarding parental responsibility for a child. Section 8 orders cannot be made in regards to children who are looked after; with the exception of the residence order. When an application is made to the court for a section 8 order the court takes into account: the nature of the proposed application; the connection the person has to the child; the disruption that could be caused to the child and, if the child is being looked after by the local authority: the local authorities plans for the child's future and the wishes of the child's parents. A person who gains a residence order for a child will hold parental responsibility for the time the order is in place. Despite this, the Act forbids anyone to change the child's surname or remove them from the United Kingdom without permission from all those with parental responsibility or with express permission from the court. Under section 63(3) of the [1980 c. 43.] Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 the court has powers to punish those who do not abide by the ruling set out in the residence order.

Applications for section 8 orders are now regulated by the Child Arrangements Programme.

Family assistance orders
The court has the power to issue a family assistance order in which a probation officer or local authority officer should be available to "advise, assist and (where appropriate) befriend any person named in the order".

Children in need
Each local authority has a duty to "safeguard and promote the welfare" of children who are assessed as being in need. A child is deemed as "in need" if they are disabled or unlikely to achieve a reasonable standard of health or development unless services are provided. The local authority has a duty to provide or facilitate others to provide services for children in need. The local authority must provide day care for children in need who are under the age of five and not attending school if appropriate. There should also be provisions for out-of-school hours activities.

Accommodation and looking after children
Under section 20 of the Act local authorities must provide accommodation for any child in need who has no-one with parental responsibility to care for them. This may also be extended to children that have a parent available if it is deemed that by staying with them it would put the child at risk. A child who is in the care of a local authority or provided with accommodation for more than 24 hours is referred to as a "looked after child".

A community home placement may be deemed necessary for persons between the ages of 16 and 18 to promote their welfare and safety.

The Act specifies the need to give consideration to children's views when deciding where to accommodate them. Persons with parental responsibility should also be consulted, and if they object the child (unless they are over 16 years old) cannot be accommodated under Section 20 of this Act. The parent can also remove the child from the accommodation provided at any time.

Accommodation must also be provided when requested in the case of police protection orders or for children on remand or supervision orders that require them to be accommodated.

The local authority has a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of the children in its care. The child, parents and other relevant people should be consulted in the decision-making process regarding a child being taken into care and during their time under local authority care. Consideration should also be given to the child's age, understanding, religion, race, culture and linguistic background.

Sibling groups should be placed together and should be accommodated near their home if possible.

Looked after children should not be placed in accommodation that restricts their liberty (‘secure accommodation’) unless they have a history or are likely to abscond and are at risk of suffering significant harm or are likely to cause harm to themselves or others. For a court to make a decision regarding placing a child in secure accommodation it must be satisfied that the child has legal representation or has been fully informed about how to access legal aid.

Children leaving care
Children leaving care should be given advice and assistance from the local authority; this may involve giving assistance in kind or in exceptional circumstances in cash. They may also contribute to the expenses incurred by the young person regarding employment, training or education.

Reviewing cases
Section 26 of the Act outlines the obligation of the local authority to review cases regularly and they should have a complaints procedure available to the children they are caring for.

Multi-agency working
Local authorities also have a duty to communicate and share information with other agencies if it complies with their own statutory obligations. The local authority must consult with educational authorities when a child becomes looked after and ensure they are informed of the educational arrangements for the child.

Payment for services
A fee may apply to services provided under Sections 17 and 18 of the Act ("other than advice, guidance or counselling") to the parents of the child, the young person if over the age of 16, or to a family member (if they receive the service). But the local authority should only charge them if it is reasonable to assume they can pay for the service.

Care and supervision orders
A care or supervision order may be granted by the court if a child is or is likely to suffer significant harm if they are not placed into local authority care. This also includes children who are ‘beyond parental control’. The court may grant a care order in place of a supervision order if they believe it is more appropriate or vice versa. If, during family court the court has concerns for a child's welfare, they can direct the local authority to investigate. The local authority can then decide if they are going to apply for a care order or supervision order. If they decided not to take any legal action, they must explain to the court their reasons for doing so.

Applications for care and supervision orders are regulated by the Public Law Outline.

Care orders
When a care order is issued the local authority must take the child into care and accommodate them for the period of time the order is in force. The local authority will have parental responsibility for the child. Parents and guardians should be given reasonable amounts of contact with the child during the time they are in care unless otherwise directed by the court. However, in urgent situations to protect the child the local authority may refuse contact for up to seven days. Local authorities may apply to the court to prevent contact to safeguard or promote the child's welfare.

Supervision orders
A supervision order makes it the duty of the supervisor to "advise, assist and befriend" the child and to consider applying to the court for a variation on the order if it is not being fully complied with. An education supervision order may be granted if it is deemed that a child is not being properly educated. Before an application for an order is made, the education authority must consult with the "social service committee".

Interim orders
An interim order may be made if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the subject child has suffered, or is likely to suffer, significant harm. An interim care or supervision order is commonly drafted so as to last until the conclusion of the proceedings or further order. A care order, full or interim will confer parental responsibility ("PR") upon the applicant local authority. This does not extinguish the PR held previously by members of the child's family and thus their PR is shared with the local authority. A supervision order, interim or final, does not confer PR upon the local authority.

Guardians
A guardian shall be appointed by the court to safeguard the child's interests unless this is deemed not be required by the court. The court can also appoint a solicitor to represent the child. A guardian has access to and may take copies of any local authority records relating to the child concerned. The Guardian is under an obligation to represent and safeguard the interests of the child during the currency of the legal proceedings. A Guardian will invariably be represented by a solicitor. Older children may, if they disagree with the view of their Guardian, instruct their own solicitor to act on their behalf. Guardians have social work expertise but are independent of social services.

Child assessment orders
A child assessment order can be requested by the local authority if they believe it would not be possible to complete a proper assessment without an order. It must only be requested if the applicant has reason to believe that the child is likely to suffer significant harm or that an assessment is required to determine if the child is likely to suffer significant harm. The child should not be removed from home for the assessment to be completed; though the courts may deem this necessary for the period of assessment.

Emergency protection orders
An application can be made to the court for an emergency protection order (EPO) if it is believed a child is likely to suffer significant harm if they are not taken to, or remain in, a place of safety. The name and a description of the child should be provided to court upon application if possible. The order gives the local authority parental responsibly for the child though this should only be exercised as required to safeguard or promote the welfare of the child. As part of the order, the court can direct contact conditions and medical examinations of the child. The local authority has the power to return the child if it is assessed it is safe for the child to return home. It is an offense to obstruct someone who is carrying out the directions of the court in the case of an emergency protection order.

An emergency protection order lasts up to 8 days (unless the last day is a public holiday, and the court may direct that it is extended until noon on the next non-holiday day). This may be extended only once for a period up to 7 days. During this period the local authority may apply for a care order. The child, parent or care-giver may apply for the order to be discharged. An appeal cannot be made in relation to the making or refusal to make an emergency protection order.

An emergency protection order may also include an exclusion requirement which can stipulate that a person must leave or not enter the home of the child or must stay away from the area the child lives. This requirement can only be ordered if it is believed that the child will not suffer significant harm if this person no-longer lives at the property. The parent or care-giver who will remain at the home must agree to this requirement. If the child is removed from the home, the exclusion requirement ceases to be in effect.

In the circumstances in which a child's whereabouts cannot be established although it is believed a person knows where the child is, the court can order that this person provides the relevant authority with the information they hold. The court can also authorise entry into a property to search for a child; a police warrant may be issued to assist with gaining entry.

Police protection provisions
If there are concerns of a child suffering significant harm the police have the power to ensure that child is removed to, or remains in, a place of safety for up to 72 hours. They do not require a court order, but they must ensure that the local authority is informed and the child is accommodated appropriately.

Section 47 investigations
A local authority must investigate if they are informed that a child in their area is subject of an emergency protection order, is in police protection or is suffering or likely to be suffering significant harm. They must then take any steps, as reasonably practicable, to ensure that the child is safeguarded. If any concerns arise regarding a child's education, the relevant local education authority should be consulted. If as part of the enquiries they are unable to gain access to the child, and they still have significant concerns, the local authority can apply for an emergency protection order, a child assessment order, a care order or a supervision order. If it is deemed an order is not required they may establish a date to review the case.

Abduction of children in care
A person is committing an offence if they knowingly take a child, who is in care, away from the responsible person as ordered by the court. It is also an offence to encourage or assist a child to run away from the responsible person; this can be punishable by imprisonment up to 6 months or a fine. A recovery order can be made by the court to retrieve a child who is believed to have been abducted.

Part VI: Community homes
All local authorities must ensure they have community homes available to use for children looked after. This may be a home which is controlled by the local authority or a voluntary organisation working on behalf of local authority. A community home may cease to be used by the local authority if it is deemed unsatisfactory by the Secretary of State. If a controlled or assisted community home wishes to discontinue offering a service to local authorities they must give two years notice to the Secretary of State and the local authority. If a local authority wishes to cease using a voluntary owned community home, they must also give 2 years notice in writing.

Further reading and external links

 * Children Act 1989 as enacted legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 Feb 2023
 * Children Act 1989 as amended legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 Feb 2023

title: Children Act 1989


text:
Talk:Federico Zuccari

Untitled
Do we have a general policy on the neutrality of 1911 Britannica entries? Many of them are almost personal essays.

I see this has been posted for a POV check for some months with no comment. PKM 19:04, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed -- removing tag. -- ShinmaWa(talk) 20:56, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Name spelling
The more accepted form of the name by scholars is Federico Zuccari. Attilios 19:55, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Nonsense - Freedberg, Grove, Getty Union Name & most others use Zuccaro. It should be moved back. Johnbod (talk) 12:41, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Federico Zuccari


text:
Hugh Gallagher

Hugh Gallagher may refer to:

 * Hugh Gallagher (advocate) (1933–2004), author and international disability advocate
 * Hugh Gallagher (humorist) (aka Von Von Von), author and humorist

title: Hugh Gallagher