text:
Talk:Ana Voog

music vs. discography
I'm a bit confused by the separate lists of Music and Discography. Is there a reason for this? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:08, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * On this page at least, "Music" refers to recordings by The Blue Up? and "Discography" refers to recordings by Ana Voog (solo).

 * OK, then I'll change the headings. Thanks. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:20, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Copyright violation
In response to the claims of copyright violation, I've begun an article on Ana Voog at Talk:Ana Voog/Temp. Shall we consider her public entries on LiveJournal as source material? I believe that stays clear of original research, as her public entries would naturally be accessible to the general public. -- SwissCelt 10:52, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Response to Copyright Violation
There is no copyright violation (at least in terms of Wikipedia violating). If you look at the history of this page, you'll see that the text has been created and modified here. It appears that the "MutantNation" page has just taken a particular snapshot of the text from the "Anacam" section. 18:48, 29 July 2006 (CDT)

For example, note the edits for the "Anacam" section here (in the middle of the 'diff'): Anacam-Diff-History

 * Very true. Frankly, I'm sick of sitting around waiting for an administrator to come take care of this for us, especially when the alleged "violation" is of dubious veracity.  I'm pretty sure the MutantNation author copied information from this article, rather than vice versa, when he asked Voog for permission to republish her photos (many of which also appear in this article).  Of course, he was well within his rights to do so, as Wikipedia is free for any purpose-- even commercial.  I know for a fact Ana Voog herself has given her blessing on this article; indeed, she has linked to this article from her blog on LiveJournal.

 * Still, just in case there is a violation here, I have a rewrite waiting in the wings. If no administrative action is forthcoming in the remainder of this month, I shall be bold and take the action myself, copying the temporary subpage to article namespace.  Of course, since I'm not an admin, this will leave the supposed "violation" in the article history.  However, that's obviously not a grave problem for Wikipedia as they've allowed the "violation" to appear in article namespace now for 16 days, well past the prescribed 7-day review period.  Let's not hold this article hostage any longer than we have to. -- SwissCelt 00:21, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The earliest version of the page is written in a lower-case run-on sentence mode. The mutantnation.com page is more similar to a later version of our page, so I concur that mutantnation.com copied from us rather than the other way around. --Dhartung | Talk 01:45, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, the Internet Archive last recorded the MutantNation site in January 2005, just before the supposed violation, and there is no evidence of the page at their site (nor of the "Beautiful Mutants" portal page that it is part of). Hardly conclusory but suggestive. --Dhartung | Talk 01:48, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm more certain now -- in fact, you can see in this diff specifically where I introduced phrases during cleanup that are now on the mutantnation.com site. I'm going to contact them and ding them for an uncredited copyright violation of my work. --Dhartung | Talk 01:57, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, Dhartung, but you can't do that. When we write for Wikipedia, we release all copyright to our work.  (To wit:  "You agree to license your contributions under the GFDL.")  Moreover, Wikipedia is free for all purposes, including commercial.  The MutantNation author isn't in the wrong here:  This text is freely available to him, and (as I mentioned earlier) I know without a doubt that he has permission from Ana Voog to republish her photos on his site.  (Then again, I do believe we do, too.)

 * Let's do this instead: I'll certify that there's no copyright violation here to the folks at Copyright problems.  Then I'll revert to the last edit before the copyvio tag, and we'll continue business as usual.  It's been more than seven days.  There's no copyright violation here; we're all in agreement. -- SwissCelt 02:40, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Swisscelt, it is my understanding that under the GFDL each author retains copyright, but licenses it for use with attribution. What I sent was a copy of Standard GFDL violation letter. The website doesn't just copy Wikipedia content, it republishes it a) without attribution to Wikipedia (and by extension, the article's authors), and b) with its own copyright notice. If I don't receive a satisfactory reply I will list them under GFDL compliance. --Dhartung | Talk 03:31, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. My primary concern here was ending this silly copyvio business on this article, which went on a lot longer than it needed to be.  Everything else is just secondary to me, but I can understand how you will need to pursue this further. -- SwissCelt 03:54, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

I hope I'm doing this entry formally right. I just wanted to add, that I wrote the original article with the help of Miss Voog and definitively didn't use any other source. Indeed it really is vice versa Fairefils 19:08, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for letting us know that, Fairefils! --Dhartung | Talk 19:30, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Images removed
Apparently, the images used in this article have been removed from the Commons for not displaying source info. Could someone replace them with other images of Ms. Voog? She's been good about granting access to images she owns, so if need be, I can contact her for replacements. It just may take me a few days, as I'm in the midst of a move right now. (Hint: Might be easier for someone else to take the initiative here.) -- SwissCelt 00:41, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Why are the references not visible when you try to edit them?
In any case, could somebody correct my middle initial? It's Peter S. Scholtes, not Peter F. Thank you! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Pete Scholtes (talk • contribs).
 * For changes to your username, you will need to post at Changing username. The references are included within the text of the article using tags. See Citing sources/example style for a guide to using this reference syntax. --Dhartung | Talk 23:33, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Isabellacam
Quote: "In contrast with isabellacam [2] (self-described as “a completely original take on female produced erotic content”),"

I know of Isabella...I'm just wondering why she's listed here. The article linked doesn't reference her, and she doesn't have her own article. It's sort of out of the blue and I don't see this reference as useful in any way. Should she have her own article?Mzmadmike 14:36, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It's probably only relevant to people familiar with the context. I think that if anything, she should be contrasted (through sourcing) with the mainstream image of webcammers. --Dhartung | Talk 17:39, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

writing quality
This is poorly written. It needs to be rewritten to be more like an encylopedia entry, instead of sounding like a fan wrote it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.153.178.198 (talk)

 * Have at it, then. Remember, Wikipedia is the encyclopedia that anyone can edit.  And welcome! --SwissCelt 21:41, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

BLP Dispute
I removed information regarding Ms. Voog's recent pregnancy. This section had been abused to introduce libelous statements about Ms. Voog and her family. I think an admin may need to remove some of these edits from the edit history. -- SwissCelt 17:05, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Writing quality that of fan site.
I have noticed that facts that had been posted regarding Ana Voog have been deleted from her biography. I am referring to the reporting of some photographs that Voog herself posted online after the birth of her daughter. The information listed on the Voog entry is tantamount to that of a press release for a fan site. Anything that might appear to be critical of Voog is always deleted.Ljpljpljp (talk) 23:01, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Children's names
Ms. Voog has gone on record on her Facebook page as not wanting her childrens' names to be published on Wikipedia. CJ Marsicano (talk) 20:19, 23 May 2019 (UTC)

This page has numerous issues
This page has numerous issues with uncited claims under "Musical career", "Photography and other visual artwork", "Awards" and other sections. I don't dispute her notability, but there are lots of improvements that need to be made here. Kickstart70 T C 04:22, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ana Voog


text:
419 Aurelia

Aurelia (minor planet designation: 419 Aurelia) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on September 7, 1896, in Heidelberg. It is classified as an F-type asteroid.

Photometric observations of this asteroid made during 2008 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico gave a "somewhat irregular" light curve with a period of 16.784 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.07 ± 0.01 in magnitude. When allowing for varying aspect angles and changes in mean motion, this result is consistent with past studies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 419 Aurelia


text:
Common carpet

The common carpet or white-banded toothed carpet (Epirrhoe alternata) is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Otto Friedrich Müller in 1764. It is found throughout the Palearctic and the Near East. In North America it ranges across the northern tier of the United States plus every province and territory of Canada.

The wingspan is 27–30 mm. The forewings vary from grey to black, marked with white fascia, giving a striped appearance. The hindwings are paler grey with white fascia. Northern races tend to be paler overall. One or two broods are produced each year, and the adults may be seen any time from May to September. The species flies at night and is attracted to light.

The larva is generally brown or green but is very variable in its markings. It feeds on bedstraw. The species overwinters as a pupa.

 * 1)  The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

title: Common carpet


text:
420 Bertholda

Bertholda (minor planet designation: 420 Bertholda) is a very large main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by Max Wolf on September 7, 1896, in Heidelberg, Germany. The object is part of the Cybele asteroid group, and is classified as a P-type asteroid.

title: 420 Bertholda


text:
Jan Kaczmarek

Jan Kaczmarek may refer to the following:
 * Jan A. P. Kaczmarek (1953–2024), Polish composer
 * Jan Marian Kaczmarek (1920–2011), Polish politician
 * Jane Kaczmarek (born 1955), American actress

title: Jan Kaczmarek


text:
421 Zähringia

Zähringia (minor planet designation: 421 Zähringia), provisional designation, is a stony asteroid from the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1896, by astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was named for the House of Zähringen, a medieval noble family that ruled parts of Swabia and Switzerland.

The first occultation of a star by 421 Zähringia was observed in 2021.

title: 421 Zähringia


text:
Gibbs

Gibbs or GIBBS is a surname and acronym. It may refer to:

People

 * Gibbs (surname)

Places

 * Gibbs (crater), on the Moon
 * Gibbs, Missouri, US
 * Gibbs, Tennessee, US
 * Gibbs Island (South Shetland Islands), Antarctica
 * 2937 Gibbs, an asteroid
 * Mount Gibbs

Mathematics and statistics

 * Gibbs phenomenon
 * Gibbs' inequality
 * Gibbs sampling

Physics

 * Gibbs phase rule
 * Gibbs free energy
 * Gibbs entropy
 * Gibbs paradox
 * Gibbs–Helmholtz equation
 * Gibbs algorithm
 * Gibbs state
 * Gibbs-Marangoni effect
 * Gibbs phenomenon, an MRI artifact

Organisations

 * Gibbs & Cox naval architecture firm
 * Gothenburg International Bioscience Business School
 * Gibbs College, several US locations
 * Gibbs Technologies, developer and manufacturer of amphibious vehicles
 * Gibbs High School (disambiguation), several schools of this name exist
 * Antony Gibbs & Sons, British trading company, established in London in 1802

Other uses

 * Gibbs SR, former name of the toothpaste Mentadent
 * Gibbs Stadium, Spartanburg, South Carolina, US

title: Gibbs


text:
422 Berolina

Berolina (minor planet designation: 422 Berolina) is a typical Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by G. Witt on 8 October 1896 in Berlin. It was first of his two asteroid discoveries. The other was the famous asteroid 433 Eros.

Although it has an orbit similar to the Flora family asteroids, it appears to be an unrelated interloper due to not being of the S spectral type (see the PDS asteroid taxonomy data set).

title: 422 Berolina


text:
Talk:Superior colliculus

superior colliculi should be merged with this one (and then introduce a redirect from the other version). I'd vote for keeping the superior colliculus, and remove superior colliculi. Note List of regions in the human brain currently refers to superior colliculi. Yogi de 12:13, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This appears to have been done, as superior colliculi now redirects here. --David Iberri (talk) 06:11, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Expansion
I'm starting on a significant expansion of this article. There's a sort of nasty presentation issue that may be worth mentioning. On one hand, the SC is a structure found in all vertebrates, but in non-mammals it is universally called the "optic tectum" instead of superior colliculus. However, the structure and function don't change all that much in spite of the change in name. I think it's important to present a unified view of structure and function. It's quite tricky to handle the name issue when doing so, but I'm going to take a shot at it, and hopefully any problems that arise will be fixable. looie496 (talk) 20:04, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

I'm interested in the paragraph about infra-red vision in the snake, but would like to see some references. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.240.229.67 (talk) 22:47, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added the basic source -- there are a few other papers that touch on this, but no good review that I'm aware of. Looie496 (talk) 00:52, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Having a bit of trouble figuring out its location from the information provided, please include this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.151.83.70 (talk) 17:03, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Labeling
Why is it not labeled in the figure!? This is frustratingly the case with so many of the anatomy articles in Wikipedia. Is there a good reason for this (copyright?) or it it something that just takes time and effort to accomplish? Savonnn (talk) 00:54, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
 * It's not really such a great figure to use, is it? The superior colliculi are the two humps at the top of the section -- they're not labeled simply because nobody has done it.  The Gray712 image in the Additional Images section shows a label, but isn't all that nice aesthetically. Looie496 (talk) 01:03, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Tectum
Merge optic tectum material to Superior colliculus - already covered there and intent to redirect the limited material on Tectum to Midbrain Iztwoz (talk) 21:27, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

Optic tectum material from Tectum page merged.--Iztwoz (talk) 15:05, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Superior colliculus


text:
423 Diotima

Diotima (minor planet designation: 423 Diotima) is one of the larger main-belt asteroids. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 7 December 1896, in Nice. In the late 1990s, a network of astronomers worldwide gathered lightcurve data that was ultimately used to derive the spin states and shape models of 10 new asteroids, including 423 Diotima. The light curve for this asteroid varies "a lot" depending on the position, with the brightness variations ranging from almost zero to up to 0.2 in magnitude. Dunham (2002) used 15 chords and obtained an estimated size of $171 km$.

Name
Diotima is named for Diotima of Mantinea, a priestess who was one of Socrates's teachers. It is one of seven of Charlois's discoveries that was expressly named by the Astromomisches Rechen-Institut (Astronomical Calculation Institute).

The name is stressed on the penultimate syllable,, as in Latin Diotīma.

title: 423 Diotima


text:
Picea jezoensis

Picea jezoensis (sometimes misspelled Picea yezoensis), the dark-bark spruce, Ezo spruce, Yezo spruce, or Jezo spruce, is a large evergreen tree growing to 30–50 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m. It is native to northeast Asia, from the mountains of central Japan and the Changbai Mountains on the China-North Korea border, north to eastern Siberia, including the Sikhote-Alin, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. It is found in cold but humid temperate rain forests, and nowhere does its range extend more than 400 km from the Pacific Ocean. The specific epithet jezoensis derives from Ezo, an old name for Hokkaido and other islands north of the Japanese island of Honshu, where the species is found.

The bark is thin and scaly, becoming fissured in old trees. The crown is broad conic. The shoots are pale buff-brown, glabrous (hairless) but with prominent pulvini. The leaves are needle-like, 15–20 mm long, 2 mm broad, flattened in cross-section, dark green above with no stomata, and blue-white to white below with two dense bands of stomata.

The cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 4–7 cm long and 2 cm broad when closed, opening to 3 cm broad. They have thin, flexible scales 12–18 mm long. They are green or reddish, maturing pale brown 5–6 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 3 mm long, with a slender, 6–8 mm long pale brown wing.

There are two geographical subspecies, treated as varieties by some authors, and as distinct species by others:
 * Picea jezoensis subsp. jezoensis (Ezo spruce). All of the range except as below, south to Hokkaidō, Japan. Shoots very pale buff-brown, almost white; stomatal bands blue-white; cones pale brown with flexible scales.
 * Picea jezoensis subsp. hondoensis (Mayr) P. A. Schmidt (Hondo spruce). An isolated southern population on high mountains in central Honshū, Japan. Shoots buff-brown to orange-brown, less often very pale; stomatal bands bright white; cones orange-brown with stiffer scales.

Ezo spruce is very closely related to Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), which replaces it on the opposite side of the north Pacific. They, particularly subsp. jezoensis, can be difficult to distinguish, with the absence of stomata on the upper surface of the leaves of P. jezoensis being the best feature. Its leaves are also somewhat blunter, less sharply spine-tipped, than Sitka Spruce.

Usage
Jezo spruce is important in the Russian Far East and northern Japan, for timber and paper production. Much of what is cut is harvested unsustainably (and often illegally) from pristine natural forests.

It is also occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in large gardens.

The Ainu string instrument called tonkori has a body made from Jezo Spruce.

title: Picea jezoensis


text:
Talk:Mr. Anderson (Beavis and Butt-head)

One Question
What was Mr. Anderson's wife's name?
 * I don't think she was given one other than the ocassional pet name. Jonny2x4 20:44, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Trivia
There's a trivia section... Isn't that bad joojoo? 68.2.156.214 (talk) 14:05, 15 April 2008 (UTC)


text:
Rufane Shaw Donkin

Lieutenant-General Sir Rufane Shaw Donkin (1772 – 1 May 1841), was a British Army officer of the Napoleonic era and later Member of Parliament.

Background
Rufane Donkin came of a military family and was the eldest child of General Robert Donkin, who had served with many famous British commanders including Wolfe and Gage and his Colonel, William Rufane. Young Rufane was baptised at St David's Church, Exeter, on 9 October 1772 with the name Rusaw Shaw Donkin..

Service
Becoming a captain in 1793, Donkin saw active service in the West Indies in the next year, gaining promotion to major in 1796. At the age of twenty-five he became a lieutenant colonel and in 1798 led a light battalion with distinction in Popham's expedition to Ostend. He served with Cathcart in Denmark in 1807 and two years later won command of a brigade of three regiments in the army in Portugal, which he led in victory at the Second Battle of Porto (May 1809).

On the day before the Battle of Talavera (July 1809), an advance French force surprised Donkin's brigade (positioned ahead of the main British army) before they could post pickets: the British had over 400 casualties. Donkin fell back, rallied the men at the main line and led the brigade throughout the battle.

The Army then transferred Donkin, in the role of quartermaster-general, to the Mediterranean command. He served there from 1810 to 1813, taking part in the Catalan expeditions under Lieutenant-General Frederick Maitland (1812) and Lord William Bentinck (1813). In July 1815, the now Major-General Donkin received a posting to India, distinguishing himself as a divisional commander in Hastings's operations against the Mahrattas (1817–1818) and receiving the KCB as his reward. The death of his young wife Elizabeth Frances née Markham seriously affected him, after that he went to the Cape of Good Hope on extended sick leave. From 1820 to 1821 he administered the Cape Colony with success as acting Governor. He named the rising seaport of Algoa Bay Port Elizabeth in memory of his wife and in August 1820 erected a memorial to her on a hill overlooking Algoa Bay. In 1821 he became lieutenant general and a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order.

Post-army
The rest of Donkin's life passed in literary and political work. He was one of the original fellows of the Royal Geographical Society, and was a member of the Royal Society and of many other learned bodies. His theories as to the course of the River Niger, published under the title Dissertation on the Course and Probable Termination of the Niger (London, 1829), involved him in a good deal of controversy. From 1832 to 1837 he sat in the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in 1835 became Surveyor-General of the Ordnance. He was elected as MP for Sandwich in 1839, and held that seat until he committed suicide at Southampton on 1 May 1841. He was then a general, and colonel of the 11th Regiment of Foot.

He is listed as one of the important graves lost on the Burdett-Coutts Memorial Sundial in Old St. Pancras Churchyard in London.

Rufane Donkin's cousin, Charles Collier Michell, served as the surveyor-general of the Cape Colony.

title: Rufane Shaw Donkin


text:
Mr. Anderson

Mr. Anderson may refer to:

 * Ken Anderson (wrestler), American professional wrestler, formerly known as "Mr. Anderson"
 * Neo (The Matrix), main character in the film, referred to as "Mr. Anderson"
 * Mr. Anderson (Beavis and Butt-head), a supporting character in Beavis and Butt-Head

title: Mr. Anderson


text:
424 Gratia

Gratia (minor planet designation: 424 Gratia) is a large Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 31 December 1896 in Nice. It was named after the Gratiae from Greek mythology.

title: 424 Gratia


text:
Nux (newspaper)

Nux is the official student newspaper of the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Started in 1934 on the Pietermaritzburg campus, it is the oldest student newspaper in South Africa. The newspaper is primarily funded by the university, and 8000 copies are distributed to students across all campuses of the University of KwaZulu-Natal free of charge. Eight issues, of 16 pages each, are distributed per year. The content is created almost entirely by students, from journalism to design.

The name had its origins in the acronym Natal University Campus Chronicles (NUCCs), which became transformed into NUX, by homophony and rotation of the C's.

The Executive body sits in Pietermaritzburg, and is editorially independent of the university and its structures.

title: Nux (newspaper)


text:
425 Cornelia

Cornelia (minor planet designation: 425 Cornelia) is a large Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 28 December 1896 in Nice. It is named after Cornelia Africana.

title: 425 Cornelia


text:
426 Hippo

Hippo (minor planet designation: 426 Hippo) is a rather large main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on August 25, 1897, in Nice. In the 22nd century, it will come closer than 0.04 AU to the larger asteroids 65 Cybele and 511 Davida.

title: 426 Hippo


text:
427 Galene

Galene (minor planet designation: 427 Galene) is a typical main belt asteroid. It was discovered by the French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 27 August 1897 from Nice, and was named after Galene, one of the Nereids of Greek Mythology (Hesiod, Theogony, 240). This asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $29.98 km$ with a period of 1870.7 days and an eccentricity of 0.12. A computer search suggests it is the most likely parent body of the impactor that generated the temporary cometary activity of 7968 Elst–Pizarro in 1996.

Analysis of the light curve generated from photometry data collected during 2009 show a rotation period of $0.236$ with a brightness variation of 0.6 in magnitude. Based upon an albedo of $2.97 AU$, this asteroid spans a diameter of $3.705 hours$.

title: 427 Galene


text:
President of the National Assembly of Quebec

The president of the National Assembly of Quebec (French; Président de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec) is the presiding officer of the National Assembly of Quebec, Canada, which is modeled after the Westminster parliamentary system. In other Anglophone parliaments and legislatures the equivalent position is often called the "Speaker", which is why from 1867 to 1968, the presiding officer of the Assembly was known in French as "orateur," a translation of the English term "speaker".

Description
The President of the National Assembly is fifth in the Quebec order of precedence, after the King of Canada, the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Premier, and the Deputy Premier. The National Assembly elects the president at the beginning of a legislature, for the length of the legislature. The president is assisted by the Vice Presidents of the Assembly, who serve in the absence of the president. Parti Québécois Member of the National Assembly (MNA) Louise Harel made history by being appointed as the first female President on March 12, 2002. The current President of the Assembly is the CAQ MNA Nathalie Roy. Roy is the second woman to serve in the role after Harel herself.

Roles
The function of the President holds three major roles.
 * Presiding over Assembly hearings.
 * Administration of Assembly services.
 * Representing the Assembly, notably in relations with other parliaments.

List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Quebec
All but one speaker was born in the province (Valmore Bienvenue was born in the United States to Québécois parents). Henri-Benjamin Rainville died in the US and Cyrille Dumaine died in Ottawa.


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Hemiphaga

Hemiphaga is the genus containing two species of large pigeons from New Zealand.

There are two subspecies of New Zealand pigeon, Hemiphaga novaseelandiae: H. n. novaseelandiae of mainland New Zealand and the Norfolk pigeon (H. n. spadicea) of Norfolk Island, now extinct. The subspecies differed in their plumage colour and shape.

In 2001, it was proposed that a third subspecies, H. n. chathamensis or the Chatham Island pigeon, was distinct enough to be raised to full species status as H. chathamensis. This has since been accepted by most authorities.

Taxonomy
The genus Hemiphaga was introduced by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1854 with the New Zealand pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) as the type species. The name combines the Ancient Greek hēmi meaning "half-" or "small" with the end of the genus name Carpophaga introduced by Prideaux John Selby in 1835.

The genus contains two species:

title: Hemiphaga


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The Witness (newspaper)

The Witness (previously The Natal Witness) is a daily newspaper published in Pietermaritzburg. It mainly serves readers in Pietermaritzburg, Durban and the inland areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

It is the oldest continuously published newspaper in South Africa, having first been published on 27 February 1846. Until 2000, when it became 50 percent owned by the Naspers subsidiary Media24 group, it was the last independently owned mainstream daily newspaper in South Africa. Media24 signed an agreement to buy the remaining 50% shares in the Natal Witness Printing and Publishing company in July 2010.

The Buchanan years, 1846–1872
The founding editor and first proprietor of the newspaper was David Dale Buchanan, who was born in New Lanark, Scotland on 17 December 1817. In 1829 at age 12 he arrived in Cape Town in the company of his elder brother, William. In Cape Town, he came into contact with men like Thomas Pringle and John Fairbairn who played a prominent role in establishing the freedom of the press during the autocratic governorship of Lord Charles Somerset. Another influence was the missionary Dr John Philip, whose liberal ideas concerning the indigenous people of the Cape Colony had a profound influence on the youthful Buchanan. While still in the Cape he went into partnership with his brother to set up the Cape Town Mail. In January 1846, he disembarked with his family from the Julia in Durban and from there proceeded inland to Pietermaritzburg, which had only three years previously been the capital of a Boer republic.

He seems to have functioned throughout his many years in the colony of Natal as both a lawyer, advocate and the most enduring of the colony's newspapermen. It was this connection with the law which led to the choice of “witness” in the name of the paper. This was further underlined by the paper's masthead which read: “The Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth”.

At first Buchanan was both editor and proprietor of the paper, but in 1852 the printing was taken over by a company named May and Davis. May seems to have dropped out of the picture and by 1860 the paper was owned by the firm of P. Davis and Son. This marked the beginning of a long period of close association between the paper and the Davis family, of whom the most enduring was Peter Davis Jnr, who took over from his father as chairman in 1873 and continued in this position until his retirement in 1916.

As Buchanan saw himself as a fearless crusader for the truth, the paper's strong views often put it and its editor in opposition to the governing authorities of the nascent colony of Natal and to sections of colonial opinion. In fact, a heated attack on the legal establishment in Natal under John Cloete led to Buchanan's brief, but much-publicised, imprisonment for contempt of court. Buchanan claims to have been imprisoned on two other occasions, but the records are silent on this contention.

Buchanan's combative nature came very much to the fore during the period from 1850 to 1856 when Benjamin Pine was Lieutenant-Governor of Natal. Buchanan despised Pine personally, regarding him as both corrupt and immoral, and kept up a vitriolic attack on the governor, his policies and his supporters.

During Buchanan's editorship the paper was distinguished by its relatively liberal, if paternalistic, attitude towards the black and Indian populations of the colony. He remained a committed supporter of the policies of Theophilus Shepstone, the colony's secretary of native affairs. As Shepstone's locations policy is often seen as a forerunner of apartheid, this has led some commentators to regard Buchanan as something of a reactionary. However, this fails to take into account that for liberals like the editor the locations policy was seen as the only way to ensure that the land rights of tribal people, as well as their customary lifestyle, were protected. Certainly, until the Langalibalele Rebellion of 1873, a committed liberal like Bishop John William Colenso had no problem in supporting Shepstone and his policy. It is therefore not surprising to find that the Witness also supported Colenso during the upheavals caused by the bishop's advanced religious views.

Buchanan fell on hard times during the extremely depressed years of the late 1860s. Around the time he spent more than a year petitioning in France and England on behalf of Cetshwayo and the Basotho people for more equitable terms on the treaty entered by the Basotho. He ended up not being paid for his efforts when Cetshwayo died during the trip and he was punished with non payment by Government officials who he had lambasted for corruption, who blocked payment and got their retribution. This along with failed investments in the economic downturn left him financially weak and he left Pietermaritzburg for the diamond diggings (later Kimberley) in 1872. Here he became very ill as a result of the unsanitary conditions and died most likely of Tuberculosis in September 1874 at his brother's home in Cape Town.

Besides his role as the founder of The Natal Witness, he had played a very active role in the political, civic, educational and religious affairs of Natal and is particularly remembered for having introduced the first postal service between Pietermaritzburg and Durban.

The imperial factor, 1873–1887
Buchanan's successor as editor was Ralph Ridley, who edited the paper until his death in June 1875. Unlike Buchanan, Ridley's views on matters relating to the black people of the colony were far less enlightened, and consequently during the Langalibalele Rebellion the paper approved of the strong line taken against the Hlubi, their unfortunate chief Langalibalele and the neighbouring clans.

As an extremely active member of the Natal legislature and a passionate proponent of responsible government, Ridley became the main opponent of the political reforms introduced by Sir Garnet Woleseley to downgrade the Natal legislature in order to pave the way for the implementation of Lord Carnarvon's plan for a confederation of the South African states. Despite suffering from a terminal heart condition, he fought the scheme with all his considerable talents, dying shortly before Wolseley had achieved his ends.

Ridley was followed by a Dr Smith, about whom not much is known.

Smith's successor was Francis Reginald Statham, who had been specially recruited in 1877, by Peter Davis from England. Statham was to serve two terms at the helm of the Witness, his second being marked by major controversy.

The main characteristics of the new editor were his fierce independence and his tendency to side with the underdog. Already in his first term, his support for the independence of the Boers at the time of the annexation of the Transvaal by the British in 1877, and for the Zulus during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, demonstrated these characteristics.

Statham left the Witness in late 1879 for Cape Town, to edit the new radically liberal newspaper, the Cape Post. He was succeeded by Alfred Aylward, a colourful Irishman who openly boasted that as a staunch Fenian he had been implicated in the killing of a Manchester policeman – a claim which, like many others made by the larger-than-life Aylward, has not withstood historical scrutiny.

Arriving in Kimberley in the early days of the diamond rush, Aylward initially posed as a medical doctor despite having no training in that field. Thereafter he edited one of the papers on the diamond fields in between serving a jail sentence for attempted murder. He was a leading figure in the so-called Black Flag Rebellion – an abortive attempt to challenge British authority in Kimberley. This was followed by a military career of sorts fighting against the BaPedi, under their leader Sekukuni, on behalf of the unpopular president of the South African Republic (ZAR), Thomas Francois Burgers. Despite his supposed Irish hostility towards the English, he stayed on after the British annexation, before re-emerging in Pietermaritzburg as the editor of The Witness.

It was during Aylward's term as editor that The Witness became a daily paper, and the railway line reached Pietermaritzburg, both in 1880.

The outbreak of the First Anglo-Boer War in December 1880 saw Aylward uncompromisingly on the side of the Boers, and his vocal support of the "enemy" eventually led to his hasty withdrawal from Pietermaritzburg, shortly before the Battle of Majuba. To the disgust of his detractors, he arrived on the battlefield after the humiliating British defeat as an advisor to the Boer Commander Piet Joubert.

After a short break, Statham took up the reins of the paper once again (the Cape Post having foundered). His return coincided with a political brouhaha over the breakdown of the Wolseley settlement in Zululand – which had seen that territory divided up among 13 chieftains – and the restoration of Cetshwayo as a result of the active lobbying of Bishop Colenso and his family.

Colenso soon decided – probably correctly – that the colonial officials were doing all in their power to undermine Cetshwayo and his Usuthu supporters. The bishop soon found a passionate supporter in Statham, who used The Witness and his position as the special correspondent for the London Daily News to attack what he referred to as "the official clique". Unfortunately, in the midst of this struggle on behalf of the embattled chief, the fact that Statham had served a jail term in England for embezzlement came to light and was used by his opponents to discredit him. On top of this a report in The Witness, based on Usuthu sources describing an alleged attack launched by John Shepstone of the Natal Native Affairs Department on the "defenceless" supporters of Cetshwayo at a meeting in Eshowe, led to Statham facing a libel suit brought against him by Shepstone. The matter had still not been fully resolved by the time Statham left The Witness in 1887.

Calmer waters, 1888–1903
From 1888 to 1903, the paper tended to be less radical, although, in terms of South African events, the period was anything but calm – especially as it ended with the South African War, unquestionably the most protracted, expensive and divisive war fought on South African soil.

Two editors dominated the period. The first was Herbert Penderel Longlands, who as the editor of a Kimberley paper had known the flamboyant Aylward. In contrast to the latter, Longlands seems to have been an intensely private man about whom not a great deal is known despite his long association with The Witness, which continued even after he had relinquished control of the paper to the much younger Ernest Thompson. Thompson, who had been born in Pietermaritzburg, was the first editor to have been born in South Africa.

The paper's views under these two editors could be described on the whole as being those held by the bulk of colonial society, particularly when it came to the growing crisis with the Boer Republics, which resulted in the South African War (1899–1902). Certainly there does not seem to have been any of the overt sympathy for the Boer cause that had been such a strong feature of the years of Aylward's editorship.

The Rose years, 1904–1925
Horace Rose was to leave an indelible mark on the paper during his long editorship. He had been born in 1874 in Port Alfred, where his father was a Methodist minister. From his pre-teen years he had developed a love for the sort of African adventure novels that made Sir Rider Haggard famous and over the course of his lifetime wrote a large number of novels in the Haggard genre, in addition to publishing two books about his travels in East Africa and Europe. He also wrote the screenplays for two of South Africa's earliest feature films – The Symbol of Sacrifice, about the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, and The Voice of the Waters.

He began his editorship in somewhat dramatic fashion as a passenger on an Orient Buckboard motorcar, which made the first motor journey between Pietermaritzburg and Durban, an adventure that he described with much relish in the pages of the paper.

The imaginative side of Rose's nature expressed itself early on in The Natal Witness. In 1907, the newspaper started publishing photographs for the first time, and in January 1909 it broke with the other South African papers of that time by abandoning the publication of advertisements on the front page in favour of publishing news and photographs in this prominent position, thereby giving the paper a much more modern appearance than its contemporaries.

If Aylward and Statham had been characterised by their anti-imperialist stance, Rose was something of a British patriot. It is therefore not surprising to find that the paper under Rose took a strong stance against the union of the two British colonies and the two ex-Boer republics, which resulted in the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. Rose was particularly concerned that Natal's, and particularly Pietermaritzburg's, interests would be overlooked by the new state. He was also extremely hostile towards General J. B. M. Hertzog, the leader of the political opposition, for what he saw as his anti-British and pro-Afrikaner sentiments.

A pivotal event during Rose's term as editor was the First World War (1914–1918). The Witness reflected both its editor's strongly pro-British stance and the widely held position that this was "the war to end all wars" in its August 1914 headline, which proclaimed “Nations in Arms Together – Great Britain and France face the crisis side by side”. At first it was possible for the paper to carry a photograph of each of the local boys who had signed up and it was only in October 1914 that it carried tidings of the first death of a local in the war – namely that of Lieutenant J. R. Shippey.

By August 1916 the fiction that this would be a short and glorious war was long over and the paper's report on the Somme offensive was headlined “Natal's share of the price being paid for freedom”. Casualty list number 56, published in early August, gives 157 deaths, 58 wounded and five missing, in itself a formidable attrition rate if the size of the local population is considered, although it is also necessary to bear in mind that 55 casualty lists had proceeded this one and many more were to follow. In view of the slaughter it is not surprising to find that an Armistice Day Witness editorial (11 November 1918), headlined "Make them Pay", was anything but forgiving.

The retirement in 1916 of Peter Davis and his death in 1919 seem to have signalled the beginning of financial troubles for the Davis family, marked by the selling off of all the family's commercial outlets, leaving only the newspaper and the printing department. Mary Davis ran the company for a while, followed by her son, Philip Davis.

There are various indications that by 1925 the proprietors were no longer happy with Horace Rose and in that year his position as editor was terminated with the payment of a year's salary as severance pay.

Riding the economic roller-coaster, 1926–1935
Rose's successor as editor was Desmond Young, later to gain a measure of fame as the author of The Desert Fox, a biography of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel that was turned into a feature film. While liberal in his views on questions of race, Young did not share Rose's passion for all things British and the paper used its influence to try to bring about greater unity between English- and Afrikaans-speakers, characterised by support for a new national flag and a much more accepting attitude towards Hertzog and Afrikaner aspirations. Young remained with the paper until August 1928.

His successor Robert Skelton's tenure ended with his being fired for idleness and financial profligacy in September 1930.

Sidney Barnett Potter followed in 1931. The son of working-class parents in Britain, Potter had become thoroughly immersed in socialist politics in Britain and had in the immediate period before his emigration to South Africa been the editor of The Miner.

Although he seems to have tempered his socialist leanings as editor of the Witness, Potter's interests in matters relating to economics fitted well with the dire economic climate of the Great Depression, which marked much of his time with the paper. He showed considerable prescience in an October 1931 editorial in urging South Africa to abandon the gold standard – a move that was carried out more than a year later and served to stabilise the South African economy.

The Cambridge touch, 1936–1945
Editorially the period up to 1945 was to be dominated by two men, both of whom had studied at Cambridge University, George Calpin and Mark Prestwich, the former as editor and the latter mainly as a leader writer. Together, the two took a decidedly liberal line on matters of race, even going so far as to compare the conditions of migrant labourers working for certain Witwatersrand gold mines with those in Nazi concentration camps, an issue, with the Second World War raging, very much on everyone's minds. Indians too received strong support at a time when discriminatory laws were being passed against them.

Calpin's term as editor coincided with a period of extreme financial difficulty for the company that owned The Witness, and after various offers had been considered by the board the majority shareholding was bought by the company's accountant, James Craib, in late 1941. This marked the beginning of the Craib family control which continues to the present day, as Craib's grandson, Stuart Craib, is currently chairman of the Natal Witness Printing and Publishing Company.

Craib was a much more hands-on manager than his predecessor, Philip Davis, and he developed a particular dislike for Calpin. This was reinforced when he discovered that Calpin had been guilty of releasing confidential information about the running of the company and its financial problems to parties who were making bids to buy the ailing enterprise. The discovery of this incriminating material led to Calpin's summary dismissal in September 1943. Calpin's subsequent career seems to have been characterised by misfortune as he ended up serving a term of imprisonment for financial crimes.

Overshadowing the changes taking place in the management of the Witness were the events leading up to the Second World War (1939–45), as well as the sturm und drang of the war itself. Not surprisingly for someone with a Quaker background, Calpin greeted Chamberlain's diplomatic intervention at Munich with enthusiasm, noting in an October 1938 editorial that “the agreement signed in Munich lifts a burden almost too great to be borne by the peoples of the world”.

Although the war seemed to hold out hope of an increased demand for hard news on the part of the local population, this was not immediately apparent as the paper experienced a sharp drop in advertising revenue which led to a decision by the board to cut the salaries of 14 members of the business and editorial staff by 12 percent. Even though this financial shock proved to be temporary, the war brought other challenges for the paper, not least of these being the effects of the U-boat blockade which curtailed the supply of newsprint so that the editions that appeared during the war years were in most cases closely printed in minuscule type on only four pages. Another result of the war was the relatively advanced age of those working for the paper, as most of the younger men had gone off to fight.

Although the casualty rate among locals was lower than for the First World War, the conflict brought other strains as a significant number of South Africans became prisoners of war after the fall of Tobruk. Few families were not directly affected by the world conflict, including that of James Craib, whose sons, Desmond and Alistair, were both combatants. Alistair's fate was particularly poignant as he survived the war only to be killed in an aircraft crash on his way home to South Africa.

Robert Johnston, who had previously worked for the Durban paper, the Natal Mercury, followed him briefly, with Prestwich continuing to play a substantial role as leader writer and part-time editor.

Hanging in there, 1946–1961
Although Craib's careful management had rescued The Natal Witness from closure, the period under discussion was marked by a need for great financial prudence and the paper in particular remained in the doldrums.

Another factor was Craib's tendency to quarrel with the editors he appointed. As a result of this, the period was marked by a succession of editors who served for comparatively short periods with protracted gaps in between when the paper tended to operate under the leadership of acting editors. During this period, therefore, the paper was edited by R. W. Talbot, the academic Alan Lennox-Short, later well known to South African radio listeners for his book reviews and expertise in the English language, Raymond O’Shea and Prestwich himself. A long-time Witness staff member, Ronnie Moon, seems to have been called on repeatedly to fill the position of acting editor.

The Eldridge years, 1961–1974
By 1961, James Craib was elderly and infirm and the management of the company was increasingly being taken over by his son Desmond. An important consequence of this was that with the appointment of Stan Eldridge as editor, the younger Craib was able to bring some stability to the editorial department.

The new editor was a veteran of the Second World War, during which he had escaped from an Italian prisoner of war camp and worked on a camp newspaper, called Marking Time, with a past editor of the paper Desmond Young. Burly and imposing, Eldridge was a newspaperman to his fingertips and his energetic and, at times, idiosyncratic editorship saw the paper's circulation grow to a point where it was no longer under threat of having to surrender to its competitors.

Politically, The Witness became firmly established as the most liberal of all the province's mainstream papers, going so far as to give overt support to the Progressive Party, which consisted of disillusioned liberal members of the opposition United Party who had broken away in 1959, during the campaign preceding the 1961 elections.

The paper's liberal credentials were to be fiercely challenged by the apartheid government, which acted ruthlessly to crush all extra-parliamentary opposition during what is sometimes referred to in liberation circles as "the silent sixties" – a time when banning orders, imprisonment without trial and other draconian measures silenced most forms of opposition.

Eldridge died of cancer in 1974, while still in office. He left the paper on much more solid ground than it had been at any time since the Second World War. In addition, in 1966 the company had added control of the well-known booksellers and publishers Shuter and Shooter to their newspaper and commercial printing divisions.

Steyn takes over, 1974–1990
Richard Steyn took over as editor of the paper shortly after Eldridge's death. Unlike Eldridge, Steyn's earlier career had been in law, and for him editing a newspaper was a new field. Notwithstanding this, he brought considerable energy and courage to his new post and the paper thrived under his control.

From a news point of view, most of Steyn's editorship was marked by a succession of crises in South Africa, starting with the Soweto Uprising of 1976 and continuing through the turbulent 1980s when an increasingly isolated apartheid government faced popular opposition on an unprecedented scale.

Part of the government's attempt to suppress the unrest was a draconian ban on the press publishing news relating to the rising tide of resistance. The new editor refused to be cowed by this curtailment of press freedom and the paper continued to report on the particularly troubled situation in Pietermaritzburg, which from 1987 onwards was plunged into violence that verged on civil war. In fact Steyn's last year as editor coincided with the so-called Seven Days War of 1990, which caused great destruction, loss of life and dislocation in the Edendale valley just outside Pietermaritzburg. As a result of its courageous stand, the paper was regularly in trouble with the authorities.

Steyn's period at The Witness saw two important new moves – the appearance in 1979 of Echo, a supplement for black readers, and the installation of a state-of-the-art new press in 1981, which brought the paper into the computer era for the first time.

Steyn left The Witness in 1990 to take up the position of editor of Johannesburg's Star  newspaper.

Willers takes over, 1990–1994
Steyn's position as editor was filled by David Willers, who, unlike his predecessor, had acquired considerable journalistic experience, having worked previously for the Cape Times. With his laissez faire, “consensus-seeking” management style, Willers was the complete opposite of Steyn.

Although the country had reaching an important milestone with the unbanning of the liberation movements by president F. W. de Klerk during the Opening of Parliament in February 1990, the situation became if anything more dangerous and chaotic as various forces, freed after years of repression, battled for ascendancy. With civil war threatening on several occasions, the peaceful election of 1994, which heralded an ANC government under Nelson Mandela, was widely seen as something of a miracle.

Possibly because of the extremely edgy nature of the early 1990s, many senior staffers objected to Willers's easygoing management style and this led to internal dissent against the editor in August 1993. The challenge backfired on those who had participated and the ringleaders were compelled to find employment elsewhere. Willers was given the opportunity to restore confidence in his editorship and there were those on the paper who, while recognising the editor's faults in matters of organisation, appreciated the warm, supportive environment he created. Willers resigned from the paper in October 1994 to take up a post in London with the South African Sugar Association.

Willers's term coincided with the succession of a third Craib to the chairmanship of the newly created holding company, The Natal Witness Printing and Publishing Company, in the form of Stuart Craib, Desmond's son.

Taking the paper into the 21st century, 1994 to 2010
Willers's successor John Conyngham had worked for the paper since the early 1980s and so was thoroughly familiar with its workings. He retired at the end of March 2010 as editor to take up the post of Group Editorial Director and a position on the board. His 15 years at the helm of the paper were not easy as the traditional press had not only to adapt to a new role in post-1994 South Africa, but also to face the assault of new media, such as the Internet and multi-channel satellite television.

Conyngham's term as editor saw a number of important changes. One of these was the decision by the paper's owners to further unbundle the company, hiving off the commercial printing division as Intrepid Printers. This made it possible in 2000 for the Media24 group – better known as the publisher of Afrikaans-language dailies such as Beeld, Die Burger and Volksblad – to buy a 50 percent stake in the company which publishes The Witness. This led to a much-needed cash injection, making it possible for the company to purchase a substantial new press and relocate from its jumbled offices in Longmarket Street (now Langalibalele Street) to a smart new building at its Willowton premises, where the printing works had been located since 1981. The much increased capacity of the new press has made it possible for the company to print numerous other publications. It also has the advantage of providing abundant colour options, which has translated into The Witness being one of the few papers in the country printed entirely in full colour.

Under Fikile-Ntsikelelo Moya 2010 – 2011
In April 2010 the paper welcomed a new editor in Fikile-Ntsikelelo Moya, who had previously worked as editor of the Sowetan in Johannesburg. By incorporating the six publications of the Fever Group, the Witness also acquired community papers on the eastern seaboard. With its long track record of being able to adapt to changing circumstances, there is every sign that the paper will continue to prosper.

Under Angela Quintal 2011 – 2013
In November 2011, Angela Quintal took over the reins as editor, previously having worked as editor of The Mercury. The Witness then expanded in KwaZulu-Natal by launching an edition to Durban and Coast in August 2013. A semi-autonomous Durban office was set up in Media House, Durban, to provide more Durban content. The Durban and Pietermaritzburg editions share some content while focussing on their respective local news. Shortly after the launch of the Durban and Coast edition, Quintal resigned to take editorship of the Mail & Guardian newspaper.

Under Andrew Trench 2013 – 2014
In November 2013, Andrew Trench become the editor of The Witness after having served as head the Media24 Investigations team and previously, editor of the Daily Dispatch. Since November 2014, Zoubair Ayoob was appointed as the acting editor after Trench's resignation.

Under Zoubair Ayoob 2015 - 2020
On 26 March 2015, Ayoob was appointed as the editor. Ayoob started his career in journalism as a junior crime reporter at The Witness in 1996 and had been the paper's deputy editor since 2012. Between 2004 and 2012 he gained experience as a senior reporter, news editor and night editor at The Mercury, before returning to The Witness.

Under Stephanie Saville 2020 - 2023
On 1 October 2020 Saville was appointed editor, under editor-in-chief Yves Vanderhaeghen. Vanderhaeghen subsequently retired in 2021. Saville joined The Witness in 2007 as news manager, spending 10 years heading the news desk until she was promoted to deputy editor and then editor. She launched the operations of The Witness as a digital-first product as deputy editor.

Current Editor: Riquadeu Jacobs
On 1 November 2023 veteran journalist and publisher Riquadeu Jacobs took the helm as editor of The Witness. Jacobs is also the current managing director.

title: The Witness (newspaper)


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428 Monachia

Monachia (minor planet designation: 428 Monachia) is an asteroid orbiting within the Flora family in the Main Belt.

It was discovered by Walther Villiger on 18 November 1897 in Munich, Germany. It was his only asteroid discovery. The asteroid's name comes from the Latin name for Munich.

title: 428 Monachia


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Toledo, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad

The Toledo, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad ("TC&StL") was a narrow-gauge railroad operating in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. It began as a subsidiary of the narrow-gauge Toledo, Delphos and Burlington Railroad ("TD&B"). The entire TC&StL system, principally linking Toledo, Ohio with Cincinnati, Ohio and East St. Louis, Illinois, was operational by March of 1883, consisting of about 780 miles of road. However, the railway quickly landed in bankruptcy, and was broken up.

History
The predecessor TD&B came about on May 23, 1879 from a merger of several other railroads. While originating in Delphos, Ohio, the line always had its eyes set on Toledo, Ohio as one terminus, and expected the other to be Burlington, Iowa.

A separate railroad which became important to the TD&B was the Iron Railroad founded on February 2, 1848, and based in Ironton, Ohio. The TD&B wished to reach Ironton, which was a rail- and ingot-producing town, In 1881, the TD&B reached an agreement with the Iron Railroad to dual-gauge a segment of its line by laying a rail spaced to narrow-gauge in-between the Iron Railroad's existing track. Both railroads merged later that same year, retaining the TD&B name.

However, the TD&B's intended western termination point changed in the spring of 1880 from Burlington to East St. Louis, and the TC&StL subsidiary was formed in February of 1881 to handle construction of the extension from Kokomo, Indiana to that destination. On February 23, 1882, the TD&B and the TC&StL were merged, with the enterprise continuing under the TC&StL name, since it was then more representative of the system. The extension was in operational shape by March 1, 1883, and express trains were linking the railroad's three principal cities of East St. Louis, Toledo and Cincinnati in the summer of 1883. This gave the railroad a total of about 780 miles of track.

Along the way, the TC&StL was a promoter of the Grand Narrow Gauge Trunk. If all required elements had fallen into place, this would have created continuous 3’ narrow-gauge tracks extending from Mexico City to the Great Lakes. A railroad called the Texas and St. Louis Railway was constructing narrow-gauge trackage from Gatesville, Texas to Bird's Point, Missouri, and that company already planned to extend southerly to Laredo, Texas, where not much more than a bridge or ferry would have been necessary to have joined it to the narrow-gauge rails of the National Railroad of Mexico which ran south from Nuevo Laredo, Mexico to Mexico City. Then, a new railroad would have been needed to fill the gap between the end of the Texas and St. Louis line in the north and a connection around St. Louis to the TC&StL, which would have provided the route into Toledo on Lake Erie. Representatives of the TC&StL and the Texas and St. Louis announced in January of 1881 their agreement to form such a linking railroad, to be called the Toledo, Texas and Rio Grande. While a company of that name was chartered in Illinois on June 8, 1882, financial issues with both sponsor railroads starting around the fall of 1882 quickly prevented any real progress on the plan. While the failure of the Grand Narrow Gauge Trunk and its sponsors did not by itself doom the narrow-gauge railroad movement in the U.S., this occurrence was seen as solid evidence that narrow-gauge lines were not competitive with standard railroads for general transport purposes, although they might still have uses in niche applications.

The financially troubled TC&StL system entered receivership later in 1883, and was split at foreclosure in 1884 and 1885 as follows:

 * St. Louis and Toledo Divisions (split at Kokomo), completed by the TC&StL: Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City Railroad (NKP)
 * Cincinnati Division
 * Built by the TD&B (Lebanon Junction to Dayton): Dayton, Lebanon and Cincinnati Railroad (Pennsy)
 * Ex-Cincinnati Northern Railway: Cincinnati, Lebanon and Northern Railway (Pennsy)
 * Dayton Division, completed by the TD&B (Delphos to Dayton): Dayton and Toledo Railroad (B&O)
 * Southeastern Division, ex-Dayton and South Eastern Railroad (Dayton to Wellston): Dayton and Ironton Railroad (B&O)
 * Ironton Division
 * Constructed by the TC&StL (Deans to Ironton Junction): Dayton and Ironton Railroad (B&O)
 * Ex-Iron Railroad (Ironton to Center Station and connection to Deans): Iron Railway (converted to in 1887)


text: Category:Blackletter

title: Category:Blackletter


text:
Talk:Costs in English law

Indemnity costs
Hmmm, maybe I'm getting confused but I could have sworn that "solicitor-client" was basically a synonym for "indemnity costs" with the meaning being that it was to cover the full costs as agreed between the solicitor and client. Anyone want to correct me here? Plasma 12:35, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The 'indemnity rule' is synonymous for a rule that costs are paid by the loser (see Rickman 'Economics of Cost-Shifting Rules' in Zuckerman (ed), Reform of Civil Procedure, Clarendon Press, 1995 - p328), so presumably indemnity costs mean party-party costs in most jurisdictions; that's certainly the understanding of the term in England. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.1.167.63 (talk • contribs) 00:05, 16 May 2005

Scope of the article
The opening of this entry is a bit weak: 'the law of costs is typical of common law jurisdictions'.... what does 'typical of' mean in this context? That costs are what the common law is all about??? If it's supposed to imply that other jurisdictions don't have rules on costs recovery or assessment then it's just plain wrong. Perhaps, since the article is obviously about Costs *in Common Law* systems, the title should be changed accordingly... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.1.167.63 (talk • contribs) 00:20, 27 May 2005

Barrister fees
At common law, what duty does a solicitor have to recover the fees of counsel? Are counsel's fees limited to what can be recovered on taxation? If counsel charges a certain amount, part of which is not allowed on taxation, does counsel still have recourse against the solicitor to recover the balance?--shtove 02:43, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * where there is no contract between solicitor and barrister (as used to be the norm) the solicitor is supposed to ensure they have funds for counsel's fees which they pay regardless of whether they are reduced by taxation. If there is a contract (which is becoming more common) that would govern what happened. I have only twice (in 6 years of practice) seen counsel's fees reduced on taxation. On both occasions in very unusual cases: one was a charge for time spent reading emails that seemed unusual and excessive by counsel for an interested party, the other was a case I was in where two counsel represented similar parties: one had over 10 more years of call than the other. The more senior barrister did all the talking (the other never said anything beyond "I agree"). On taxation it transpired that the junior counsel's fees were higher, which was easy enough to oppose. Usually counsel's fees seem reasonable by comparison with those of the solicitor (I'm just getting to the stage where I charge more than a paralegal doing the photocopying, though not always even now). Francis Davey (talk) 19:54, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Costs draughtsman
How can it be said that a cost draughtsman could be as essential as a barrister or solicitor to the success of litigation? A costs draughtsman does an entirely different job once the litigation has been successful. A more accurate expression could be that "a costs draftsman (person) will often play an essential role in maximising the gain from successful litigation, by ensuring the winning party recovers as much of their costs as possible." 85.234.151.89 (talk) 14:42, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

General re-write & massive expansion of the piece
Over the past week or so, I've taken time to have a general re-write of the piece.

I've massively expanded it, to cover the new CPR costs rules due to the Jackson Report, and attempted to clarify and re-word the other sections.

I've also expanded the references and external links sections.

I think I've covered everything, but will be taking another look for spelling/grammar/formatting/etc.

If anyone else can do that too I'd be grateful. D-Notice (talk) 16:20, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Costs in English law


text:
Generation X (disambiguation)

Generation X is the demographic cohort (born 1965-1980) following baby boomers.

Generation X may also refer to:

 * Generation X (1965 book), a book on popular youth culture by Charles Hamblett and Jane Deverson
 * Generation X (band), a 1970s/1980s punk band fronted by Billy Idol
 * Generation X (album), an album by the band
 * Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture, a 1991 novel by Douglas Coupland
 * Generation X (comics), a comic book series published by Marvel Comics
 * Generation X (film), a 1996 television film based on the comics
 * D-Generation X, a World Wrestling Entertainment professional wrestling stable
 * "X Generation", a song by Pennywise from the album All or Nothing

title: Generation X (disambiguation)


text:
429 Lotis

Lotis (minor planet designation: 429 Lotis) is a large Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a probable C-type asteroid and is likely composed of primitive carbonaceous materials. This object was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 23 November 1897 in Nice.

In 2002, the asteroid was detected by radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 1.31 AU. The resulting data yielded an effective diameter of 70 ± 10 km.

title: 429 Lotis


text:
430 Hybris

Hybris (minor planet designation: 430 Hybris) is a typical Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 18 December 1897 in Nice.

title: 430 Hybris


text:
431 Nephele

Nephele (minor planet designation: 431 Nephele) is a large Themistian asteroid. It is spectral C-type and is probably composed of carbonaceous material.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 18 December 1897 in Nice.

title: 431 Nephele


text:
432 Pythia

Pythia (minor planet designation: 432 Pythia) is a typical Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 18 December 1897 in Nice.

title: 432 Pythia


text:
Talk:Commutation of sentence

Unsourced
I've removed this sentence: “It was initially established in New York in 1862 but shortly proved to not be overly effective at reducing the prison overcrowding, which was the main intent behind the movement.” until I can verify its accuracy. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:34, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Correct?
Obviously, this page needs expansion, but it also needs correction, possibly. The Free Dictionary says that commutation is an exercise of executive power, as by a governor or the president of the U.S. But this article makes it sound like an act of a parole board or warden. We probably also want to link to list of reversed death sentences, and maybe some other similar Wikipedia pages. I am not at all an expert on this topic, so I really don't feel qualified to make the changes. Any volunteers? -- Nowhither 21:02, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

 * AGREE - I will consider looking at it, but it is very sloppy. Alex 00:30, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Another request: Please explain the relation between communtation, clemency, and reprieve. Firstrock 15:12, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

This redirect is incorrect, in my opinion. A commutation of sentence page should be created. In the United States, commutation is the lessening of the severity of a sentence. That might reduce time served, even free the individual, downgrade the charges or change a death penalty sentence to life imprisonment. It typically occurs while the prisoner is incarcerated and doesn't clean the record of the prisoner if freed as a result. A felon still cannot vote. A pardon is usually accomplished after the person has completed a federal sentence. It doesn't clean the criminal record but shows the person has been pardoned, thus assisting him/her in getting jobs. It also allows the person to vote. Washington Post, 13 July 2015 Pnoble805 (talk) 01:50, 23 October 2016 (UTC)

Removal of Scooter Libby
I recently added the commuting of Scooter libby and it was subsequently removed with hours after being added. Quite frequently famous examples of the article are included on the page. I believe this should have been discussed before being removed. What does everyone think? I've included what was removed:

"On July 3, 2007 President Bush commuted the sentence of former Chief of Staff to Vice-President Dick Cheney, I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby. In the United States v. Libby, Libby was convicted on four of the five counts against him: two counts of perjury, one count of obstruction of justice in a grand jury investigation, and one of the two counts of making false statements to federal investigators in regards to his role in the identity leak of CIA Agent Valerie Plame. While he was not required to serve jail time, the federal conviction stayed on his record and Libby was still required to pay $250,000 in fines, and serve 2 years of probation. When criticized about the commuting, President Bush responsed by saying ``My decision to commute his prison sentence leaves in place a harsh punishment for Mr. Libby...The consequences of his felony conviction on his former life as a lawyer, public servant and private citizen will be long-lasting.''" Alex 00:37, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I would reword it into an example, and cut some of it out. This is an article on commutation of sentence, not what Bush did, or what happened in regrads to the Libby sentence. With that said a line or two giving an example of a recent commuted sentence is is fine, but the details aren't needed on here. A simple reference link (or linking to Bush, and Mr. Libby's wiki pages) is enough for any reader who will be interested in the details.

So, if I was to add this tidbit of news I would place it as follows. A recent example of a high profile commutation of sentence occurred on July 3, 2007, when President Bush commuted the sentence of former Chief of Staff to Vice-President Dick Cheney, I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby.  However, thats just my suggestion, and even that could be removed if another editor felt like it. Rawboard 01:00, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Removal of edits sourced to Huffington Post and Jacob Appel
I removed edits sourced to a Jacob Appel column at Huffington Post. Both HP and Appel may be notable, but a blog post can't support the facts or the editorial importance of its author. The information needs to be first sourced per WP:RS before adding such primary sources. Flowanda | Talk 02:36, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Strongly Disagree See Self-published and questionable sources as sources on themselves. I dislike Appel as much as the next guy, but that doesn't mean that any one editor should delete his Wikipedia presence without good reason.  As long as he's being cited for the content of his columns as evidence of his views, rather than the factuality of his arguments, then he's a perfeclty legitimate source Crayvella (talk) 23:51, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Other countries
any examples? ...maybe even sources? Hoffmansk 16:43, 5 March 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hoffmansk (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Commutation of sentence


text:
434 Hungaria

Hungaria (minor planet designation: 434 Hungaria) is a relatively small asteroid orbiting in the inner asteroid belt. It is an E-type (high-albedo) asteroid. It is the namesake of the Hungaria asteroids, which orbit the Sun on the inside of the 1:4 Kirkwood gap, standing out of the core of the asteroid belt.

It was discovered by Max Wolf on 11 September 1898 at the University of Heidelberg. It was named after Hungary, which hosted an astronomical meeting in 1898 in Budapest.

It is thought that there may be a genetic connection between 434 Hungaria and 3103 Eger and the aubrites.

title: 434 Hungaria


text:
Video production

Video production is the process of producing video content for video. It is the equivalent of filmmaking, but with video recorded either as analog signals on videotape, digitally in video tape or as computer files stored on optical discs, hard drives, SSDs, magnetic tape or memory cards instead of film stock. There are three stages of video production: pre-production, production (also known as principal photography), and post-production. Pre-production involves all of the planning aspects of the video production process before filming begins. This includes scriptwriting, scheduling, logistics, and other administrative duties. Production is the phase of video production which captures the video content (electronic moving images) and involves filming the subject(s) of the video. Post-production is the action of selectively combining those video clips through video editing into a finished product that tells a story or communicates a message in either a live event setting (live production), or after an event has occurred (post-production).

Currently, the majority of video content is captured through electronic media like an SD card for consumer grade cameras, or on solid state storage and flash storage for professional grade cameras. Video content that is distributed digitally on the internet often appears in common formats such as the MPEG container format (.mpeg, .mpg, .mp4), QuickTime (.mov), Audio Video Interleave (.avi), Windows Media Video (.wmv), and DivX (.avi, .divx).

Video production companies and video production agencies are specialist agencies that use video production to help grow brands for marketing.

Types of videos
There are many different types of video production. The most common include film and TV production, television commercials, internet commercials, corporate videos, product videos, customer testimonial videos, marketing videos, event videos, wedding videos. The term "Video Production" is reserved only for content creation that is taken through all phases of production (Pre-production, Production, and Post-production) and created with a specific audience in mind. A person filming a concert, or their child's band recital with a smartphone or video camera for the sole purpose of capturing the memory would fall under the category of "home movies" not video production.

Production scale
Production scale is determined by crew size and not the location of the production, or the type of content captured. Crew size in most cases will determine a project's quality and is not a limitation of what kind of content can be captured. There are feature films that have been captured by a crew of just 2 people, and corporate videos that leverage teams of 10 or more.

Some examples of production scale include:
 * A solo camera operator with a professional video camera in a single-camera setup (aka a "one-man band").
 * A small crew of 2 people, one for operating the camera and one for capturing audio.
 * A multiple-camera setup shoot with multiple camera operators and a small crew with support staff.
 * A larger scale production with a crew of 5 or more people and a cap

Shooting styles and techniques
The same shooting styles used in filmmaking can also be used in video production. There is not a singular type of style that is used for every kind of video content captured. Instead, style changes depending on the type of video being created, and the desired tone and message of the video.

 * Tripods for a stable shots (also called a locked down shot)
 * Hand-held for a more energetic and jittery feel - often used to depict natural movement
 * Non-leveled camera angles see Dutch angle
 * Whip pan and Whip zoom
 * Vertical motion shots using a jib or crane often in the beginning or ends of videos/
 * Steadicam for smooth movement and tracking shots at slower speeds such as moving through rooms or following actors and action.
 * 3-axis stabilized gimbal for smooth motion shots at any speed. The gimbal compensates for the camera operators movements much like a steadicam but through electronic motors instead of through inertia. The gimbal allows for operators to move much more freely than a steadicam because of the considerably smaller amount of weight used in a gimbal setup. Gimbals can access many places that would be impossible for a steadicam because of this added portability.

Television broadcast
Two styles of producing video are ENG (Electronic news-gathering) and EFP (Electronic field production).

Television broadcast productions include television commercials, infomercials, newscasts, variety shows, game shows, live television documentaries, news magazines, sitcoms, and reality shows, among others.

Shows can be distributed by broadcast syndication. SP video production was the broadcast television standard from the early 1980s up until the beginning of the 21st century, when many television stations began using digital media to shoot, transmit, and store High-definition (HD) footage.

Video production for distance education
Video production for distance education is the process of capturing, editing, and presenting educational material specifically for use in on-line education. Teachers integrate best practice teaching techniques to create scripts, organize content, capture video footage, edit footage using computer based video editing software to deliver final educational material over the Internet. It differs from other types of video production in at least three ways:

 * It augments traditional teaching tools used in on-line educational programs.
 * It may incorporate motion video with sound, computer animations, stills, and other digital media.
 * Capture of content may include use of cell phone integrated cameras and extend to commercial high-definition Broadcast quality cameras.

The primary purpose of using video in distance education is to improve understanding and comprehension in a synchronous or asynchronous manner.

Webcasting is also being used in education for distance learning projects; one innovative use was the DiveLive programs.

For example, Nautilus Productions details an exploration of a notable shipwreck: "'In the fall of 2000 Rick Allen's Nautilus Productions co-produced with Bill Lovin of Marine Grafics a groundbreaking, week long live internet broadcast known as QAR DiveLive from the Blackbeard wreck site. For the first time ever, live video and audio was broadcast from an underwater archaeological site to the World Wide Web. Students were able to watch the underwater archaeology in real time and ask questions of the scientists exploring the shipwreck. The twice-daily live distance learning programs reached an estimated 1600 students from as far away as Canada during the five days of broadcasting. In October of 2001 Allen and Lovin again co-produced QAR DiveLive 2001. This time the interactive webcasts from the seafloor and conservation laboratories of the Queen Anne's Revenge Shipwreck Project reached over 3600 students and another 2700 remote viewers from fifteen states and 2 countries during the five days of broadcasts.'"

Internet video production

Increasing internet speeds, the transition to digital from physical formats such as tape to file-based media and the availability of cloud-based video services has increased use of the internet to provision services previously delivered on-premise in the context of commercial content creation for example video editing. In some cases the lower costs of equivalent services in the cloud has driven adoption and in others the greater scope for collaboration and time savings.

Many web sites include videos. Although not necessarily produced online, many video production tools allow the production of videos without actually using a physical camera. An example of this is using the YouTube video editor to create a video using pre-existing video content that is held on the platform under Creative Commons license.

Video content is being used in an ever-growing range of contexts, including testimonial videos, web presenter videos, help section videos, interviews, parodies, product demonstrations, training videos, and thank you videos.

Marketing videos are made on the basis of the campaign target. Explainer videos are used for explaining a product, commercial videos for introducing a company, sales videos for selling a product, and social media videos for brand awareness.

Individual Internet marketing videos are primarily produced in-house and by small media agencies, while a large volume of videos are produced by big media companies, crowdsourced production marketplaces, or in scalable video production platforms.

Most Internet marketing videos serve the purpose of interacting with the audience. The two main types of internet marketing videos are transactional videos, which aim to sell a product to a customer, and reference videos, which are designed to keep the customer on the site.

Light art video production
Videos are produced for different areas. The luminous experience of electricity was very successful at the Vivid Festival in 2013, the same year the German group Kraftwerk performed there. A few years later, they themselves projected a light show in combination with their hits on Museum_Kunstpalast in Düsseldorf. Light art appears in music videos too, such as the one by artist Marc Engelhard.

title: Video production


text:
Template talk:US history

United States Link
I made United States a link in this footer, but I'm not sure I should. Maybe it should stick to being a link to all of History of the United States. What do people think? Feel free to change this back --Jacobolus 12:39, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The planed sizes of this template
Are we going to try and add everything at Category:History of the United States to this template?Moxy (talk) 20:59, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

I was following a list about historical eras of the United states and the key events shaping them. I have exhausted the list and I am personally done with expanding the templete. Any specific items you would like removed?--Dimadick (talk) 21:47, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * perhaps we could divide the template up into sections by time period.Moxy (talk) 22:15, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I disagree with this expansion - the template is now far too huge and unwieldy, and this template isn't really appropriate for that many places anyway. Picking topics without being prejudicial is incredibly hard as well - why does Second-wave feminism get a mention but not environmentalism?  Why Negro League baseball but not jazz music?  Why the Frontier Theory but not Arthur Schlesinger's historical theories?  Best to just stick with the broad topic overviews, in my opinion.

 * I also think this template shouldn't go at the bottom of every specific bit of US history. This should go on overview articles of all US History; plenty of notable historical incidents have no need to link back to such an overview (in the old version of the template) or a grab-bag of random topics (in the new version of the template). SnowFire (talk) 05:24, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Not a grab bank but just an overview of a timeline spanning four different centuries. Second-wave feminism was already included in the broad timeline offeren in Template United States topics. The template already includes a link to history of United States music, so the emergence of Jazz should probably not get an individual entry. ry is the only article currently covering the end of the Frontier, which was the event suggested by the list I was following.

 * The broad topic overview is pretty useless in my opinion. I tried using it as a reader and it failed to lead to any of the relevant articles. Dimadick (talk) 07:19, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

 * The broad overviews are narrow, not useless. They also have the benefit of being concise.  This isn't a template that "needs" to be big or needs to be everywhere.  It's just impossible to pick 50 topics as an "overview" and have this be even remotely fair; once you start drilling down to the level of "Frontier Theory is a valid link from any article dealing with US History," you end up with any number of OTHER notable events being "valid" links too, whether it be Teddy Roosevelt reading the book on the influence of sea power or robber barons or the transcontinental railroad or whatever else, and that's just the 1880-1910.

 * There just isn't a home for this set of links. They're too disparate.  That's what the search bar is for.  For comparison, look at History of China - it's a broad overview template with many more thousands of years of history to go through, and it does not even attempt to link to every interesting event that occurred in Chinese history, because such a template would be utter madness and have 1,000+ entries.  But that doesn't mean the template is useless as is. SnowFire (talk) 19:15, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Doesn't a template which doesn't link to any interesting event and claims to depict "history" serve as the definition of useless? Dimadick (talk) 08:40, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Templates shouldn't be too large, or else they just replicate a better process like Outline of United States history / Book:United States history / Index of United States history-related topics / List of United States history subjects . If a template grows large, it should be split apart, with only the main points in the top template, and child templates having subpoints, and if necessary, those also being split apart until reasonable sizes are reached. -- 70.24.247.127 (talk) 21:43, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

I notice there's no Portal:United States history either... something to do instead of making massive templates (this and other redlinks) ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.24.247.127 (talk) 21:45, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Template talk:US history


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ganesh Krishnan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Pending deletion: block compress error. Joyous 16:41, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Ganesh Krishnan
Indian evangelist. That's all in the article. Radiant! 12:39, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. He gets 1,740 hits but I can't find anything that makes him sound famous or important. Kappa 13:50, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - okay, he writes about computer stuff. I might have been more forgiving had the article contained a verb. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:36, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just under the bar of notability. Megan1967 04:00, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems as if not all the Google hits are about him. Checking some of those that seem to be, I find nothing bringing him even close to notability. The fact that the user has added himself to 7_May, alongside Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Gary Cooper, does not make me any less sceptical of his achievements. Delete. / Alarm 18:06, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Writing one article for the IndiaTimes media group does not make one notable. -- Brhaspati (talk, contribs) 05:32, 2005 Mar 2 (UTC)
 * Do Not Delete. He is a budding evangelist. Give him a chance folks !
 * The above is the first edit by 203.146.9.27.
 * If he's budding, he should come back when he's matured. Delete. Radiant! 08:50, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Not Delete. How can he ever come back when you guys dont never give him a chance ? I can find 4 places when he has worked notably a)Network Security b) TCP/IP details c)Web Architectures d)Photography
 * Above edit by 203.200.201.2, with a total of less than 25 edits, several of them to the Ganesh Krishnan article. Comment to the above: Thanks for contributing this information to the Ganesh Krishnan article. Please note, however, that this is an encyclopedia, and that appeals to "give somebody a chance" will not be considered a reason to include someone. Also, being a "network Specialist for TCP/IP & Security" is not notable in itself, in the sense Wikipedia defines the word. Being the person behind an important invention, a much used computer programme or a published book might help. Also, any such claims should include sources, so the information can be verified. The same goes for being a "well known photographer". Can you provide any information (e.g. a link to an article in a major newspaper or magazine, or to a photographic gallery) to back this up? / Alarm 13:33, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Deletion Unecessary. He is Network Specialist and Played the First chess computer simulation against Anand.
 * Above edit, and an edit to this page's Talk page, are User:Xsspider's first edits. Comment to the above: The article says India's first chess computer simulation. In my opinion, this in itself is probably not enough to be notable, but it might suffice for others. However, it would probably help your case if you provided a verifiable source to this information. Oh, and if you should happen to be the same person as the other two anonymous users above, please note that this is a voting page, and that you're only allowed to vote once. If you want to add counterarguments, do as I do now, with "Comment" in bold, but do not repeat "Do not delete" or similar statements several times (especially not in bold), as this will be percieved as trying to cheat. / Alarm 13:33, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. utcursch | talk 12:35, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
435 Ella

Ella (minor planet designation: 435 Ella) is a typical Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on 11 September 1898 in Heidelberg. This is the eponymous member of a proposed asteroid family with at least 15 members.

Photometric observations during 1995 show a rotation period of 4.264 hours. 435 Ella is classified as a DCX-type asteroid.

title: 435 Ella


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Garrett Walter Savage

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 16:40, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Garrett Walter Savage
Ridiculous bio, sounds like a desc for an RPG char. Radiant! 12:40, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, silly bio of no-one special. Kappa 13:44, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I would have speedy deleted this. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:34, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 05:30, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gary Bekkum

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Pending deletion: block compress error. Joyous 16:40, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Gary Bekkum
Web author with 70 google hits. Right. Radiant! 12:41, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I think it's telling that one of the top hits for his name is Deadend_pages. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:32, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--nixie 02:06, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, apparent vanity. —Korath (Talk) 07:52, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.