text:
HMS Monmouth (1667)

HMS Monmouth was a 66-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, and was likely named for James, Duke of Monmouth. She served from 1667 to 1767, winning ten battle honours over a century of active service. She was rebuilt a total of three times during her career—each time effectively becoming a completely new ship.

She was built at Chatham Dockyard in 1667 by Phineas Pett II—seeing action whilst still in the Thames, during the Raid on the Medway, and fought at the Battle of Solebay in 1672, shortly followed by the Battle of Texel in 1673. She fought at the Battle of Barfleur in 1692. Monmouth underwent her first rebuild at Woolwich Dockyard in 1700, remaining a 66-gun ship. She fought at the Battle of Vigo Bay in 1702 under Admiral John Baker who was also captain at the Capture of Gibraltar and the Battle of Málaga in 1704.

In 1707, she had belonged to Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell's fleet. She saw action during the unsuccessful Battle of Toulon and was present during the great naval disaster off the Isles of Scilly when Shovell and four of his ships (Association, Firebrand, Romney and Eagle) were lost, claiming the lives of nearly 2,000 sailors. Monmouth suffered little to no damage and finally managed to reach Portsmouth.

Her second rebuild was carried out at Portsmouth Dockyard, where she was increased to a 70-gun ship built according to the 1706 Establishment, and relaunched on 3 June 1718. On 7 September 1739 Monmouth was ordered to be taken to pieces and rebuilt for what was to be the final time at Deptford according to the 1733 proposals of the 1719 Establishment. She was relaunched on 6 September 1742.

In 1747, she fought at Finisterre and Ushant. On 2 March 1747 Monmouth, Captain Henry Harrison, brought into Plymouth a French privateer of 20 carriage guns and eight swivel guns. The privateer was the Comte de Maurepas and capturing her required a chase of three days. At about the same time Monmouth captured the privateer Queen of Hungary.

On 28 February 1758 Monmouth captured the larger French ship Foudroyant, as part of the Battle of Cartagena. After Monmouth's commander, Captain Arthur Gardiner (formerly Byng's flag captain), was severely wounded by a strike of grape shot on the forehead and taken below deck, the four ship's lieutenants (Robert Carkett, David Winzar, Stephen Hammick and Lt Campbell) continued the battle. Second Lt Stephen Hammick was the commander of the lower gundeck and a poem was composed by the Colley Cibber which ran: "Whilst gallant Hammick points his guns with care, not one random shot he fires in the air....etc."

The battle was concluded after the arrival of HMS Swiftsure, who delivered the final volley. The captain of the Foudroyant, M. le Marquis de Quesne, after surrendering his ship to Lt Carkett on the Monmouth, preferred to hand his sword to Carkett, for whom he had the greatest admiration. The total losses on the Monmouth were 29 killed and 81 wounded. The dead, including Captain Gardiner, were buried at sea near Cape de Gata on the afternoon of Saturday 4 March. The ship was then taken to Gibraltar for repair.

In a small twist of fate, the Foudroyant was later to be commanded by Nelson - who was a cousin of Lt Hammick.

Monmouth was also present at Belle Île in 1761.

After a hundred years of service, she was finally broken up in 1767; a newspaper of the time gave her epitaph as There was no ship she ever chased that she did not overtake: there was no enemy she ever fought that she did not capture.

title: HMS Monmouth (1667)


text:
Talk:Bonaventure Kalou

Untitled
This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. Votes for deletion/Bonaventure Kalou. Joyous 20:23, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Some people call him Bonaventura,Is his name Bonaventure or Bonaventura? Please add: Oume, Cote d'Ivoire (place of birth)

Photo
Since the article is filled with ugly templates, I will park this photo of Kalou here. Thuresson 00:12, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bonaventure Kalou


text:
Kappa (brand)

Kappa is an Italian sportswear brand founded in Turin, Piedmont, Italy in 1978 by Marco Boglione, as a sportswear branch of the already existing "Robe di Kappa".

History
Maglificio Calzificio Torinese (MCT) is a sock and underwear company from Turin established in 1916. It had a production problem with its Aquila brand in 1956. When the problem was fixed, all the new products were stamped with a K, standing for German Kontrolle. Sales surged and in 1967 the K line was formally called Kappa, the Greek letter for K.

title: Kappa (brand)


text:
Frank Vincent

Frank Vincent Gattuso Jr. (April 15, 1937 – September 13, 2017) was an American actor and musician. Known for often portraying violent mobsters and criminals, he was a frequent collaborator of filmmaker Martin Scorsese, appearing as Salvy in Raging Bull (1980), Billy Batts in Goodfellas (1990), and Frank Marino in Casino (1995). On television, he played Phil Leotardo on the fifth and sixth seasons of the HBO crime drama The Sopranos (2004–2007). Vincent also voiced Salvatore Leone in the Grand Theft Auto video game series from 2001 to 2005.

Early life
Vincent, who was of Italian descent with roots in Sicily and Naples, was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, and raised in Jersey City, New Jersey. His father, Frank Vincent Gattuso Sr., was an iron worker and businessman. He had two brothers, Nick and Jimmy, and a half-sister, Fran.

Career
Skilled at the drums, piano and trumpet, Vincent originally aspired to a career in music. By day he was a studio musician who worked with many recording artists such as Paul Anka and Del Shannon. Vincent had his own jazz band, billed "Frank Vincent and the Aristocats," that played in the evenings. In 1969, Vincent's band needed a piano player to secure bookings and Vincent ended up hiring Joe Pesci to play guitar. As the popularity of lounge music waned, Vincent and Pesci turned to stand-up comedy, performing as "Vincent and Pesci" from 1970 to 1976. Their act coupled Abbott and Costello-inspired double act antics with Don Rickles-style insult comedy, which proved popular. During this time, the men developed a strong professional and personal friendship.

Vincent and Pesci later landed parts in the low-budget gangster film The Death Collector (1976), where they were spotted by Robert De Niro. De Niro told Martin Scorsese about both Vincent and Pesci. Scorsese was impressed by their performances and hired Vincent to appear in a supporting role in Raging Bull (1980), in which he once again appeared with Pesci and co-starred with De Niro. Vincent appeared in small roles in two Spike Lee films: Do the Right Thing (1989) and Jungle Fever (1991). In the latter, he played the abusive patriarch of an Italian-American family.

One of his notable appearances in foreign films was as a supporting character in Juan José Jusid's Made in Argentina (1987), in which he played Vito, a wealthy Manhattan businessman who befriends the film's protagonist, a substance-abuse counselor who treated Vito's son, played by Luis Brandoni.

Vincent was often cast as a gangster. For example, in Scorsese's film Goodfellas (1990), he played Billy Batts, a made man in the Gambino crime family; he also played a role in Scorsese's film Casino (1995) as Frank Marino (based on real-life gangster Frank Cullotta), the sidekick of Pesci's character.

In 1996, Vincent appeared in the music video for rap artist Nas' song "Street Dreams." In the television movie Gotti (1996), Vincent played Robert "D.B." DiBernardo, an associate of Mafia boss John Gotti's, whose life the film chronicled. Vincent appeared in a small role in the 1998 film Belly, starring Nas and DMX and directed by Hype Williams. Vincent would also serve as an acting coach on the film. In the HBO TV series The Sopranos, he had his most prominent role as Phil Leotardo, a ruthless New York City gangster who, as boss of the show's fictional Lupertazzi crime family, becomes the show's chief antagonist in the final season.

In 1999, he won the Italian American Entertainer of the Year Award. Another noted performance is his appearance in the film Remedy (2003).

In 2003, Vincent portrayed Danny Santini in the film This Thing of Ours, whose associate producer was Sonny Franzese, longtime mobster and underboss of the Colombo crime family, and whose director was Genovese crime family capo Danny Provenzano (grandnephew of Anthony Provenzano). Later that year, Vincent testified in court on the behalf of Provenzano at repeal sentences; Provenzano was serving a 10-year sentence for racketeering and other charges.

One of Vincent's lighter-hearted roles was in a British television commercial for Peugeot cars. In early 2005, he appeared on Irish television in a series of commercials for Irish bank Permanent TSB.

In video games, Vincent voiced the character of Mafia boss Salvatore Leone in the video game Grand Theft Auto III (2001). He later reprised the role in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004) and Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (2005).

In 2006 he released a book, A Guy's Guide to Being a Man's Man to positive reviews. His idol was Dean Martin. He has also released a line of hand-rolled cigars which have his picture prominently displayed on the band.

He played Lieutenant Marino in the independent film The Tested (2008), directed by Russell Costanzo. The following year, he made a cameo appearance alongside fellow Sopranos actor Steve Schirripa in the Stargate Atlantis episode "Vegas" (2009). The following year, he starred in Chicago Overcoat (2009) as the main protagonist.

In 2013, he starred in the hit IDW Publishing comic series Killogy created by Life of Agony's Alan Robert as the character Sally Sno Cones alongside Marky Ramone of The Ramones. The series was nominated at the Ghastly Awards for Best Mini-Series and won multiple Horror Comic Awards from the Horror News Network. In 2014, the comics were adapted into 3D-animation for the Killogy animated series, in which the cast of the original comic series contributed their voices.

A resident of Nutley, New Jersey, Vincent used his drumming skills in an impromptu performance at a township holiday concert.

Death
In early September 2017, Vincent suffered a heart attack. He underwent open heart surgery in New Jersey on September 13; however, he died shortly thereafter, at the age of 80 years. Director John Gallagher, who worked with Vincent on Street Hunter and The Deli, noted that the actor lied about his age to avoid discrimination, and therefore many sources listed his birth year as 1939.

Vincent's remains were cremated at a funeral home in Montclair, New Jersey, and a funeral service was held on September 16.

Video games
Sources:

title: Frank Vincent


text:
Miguel Torres (actor)

Miguel Torres de Andrade (November 1926 – December 31, 1962) was an internationally known Brazilian writer and actor.

Andrade was born in Curaçá, Bahia. Some of his movies were nominees for Oscars. He died, aged 36, in Cajazeiras, Paraíba.

Filmography as writer

 * Os Fuzis (1964)... aka The Guns
 * Sol Sobre a Lama (1963)
 * Vencidos, Os (1963) (story)
 * Três Cabras de Lampião (1962)... aka Three Henchmen of Lampião
 * Os Cafajestes (1962)... aka The Unscrupulous Ones
 * Pupilas do Senhor Reitor, As (1961)

title: Miguel Torres (actor)


text: Category:817 deaths

title: Category:817 deaths


text: User talk:63.199.106.177

title: User talk:63.199.106.177


text:
Tracksuit

A tracksuit is an article of clothing consisting of two parts: trousers and a jacket usually with front zipper. It was originally intended for use in sports, mainly for athletes to wear over competition clothing (such as running shirt and shorts or a swimsuit) and to take off before competition. In modern times, it has become commonly worn in other contexts. The tracksuit was one of the earliest uses of synthetic fibers in sportswear.

A descendant of the tracksuit, the shell suit, which arrived in the late 1980s, was popular with the hip-hop and breakdancing scene of the era. They were manufactured from a mix of cellulose triacetate and polyester making them shiny on the outside, with distinctive combinations of colours.

Most tracksuits have a mesh interior which allows the user to wear them without any undergarment such as underwear. This is much like a bathing suit. Many people wear it for physical exercise sessions. A sauna suit is a specialized form of tracksuit made of a waterproof fabric such as coated nylon or PVC that is designed to make the wearer sweat profusely. Sauna suits are primarily used for temporary weight loss.

Other names

The tracksuit is also known as a warm-up suit, or "warmups" for short, as they are intended for athletes to keep their bodies warm before or after competition, and during breaks (especially important in cold weather). In almost all cases, sports teams will wear these garments using a fabric that matches their official team, school, or country colors. The bottoms of tracksuits are also known as sweatpants.

Fashion history
The invention of the tracksuit is understood to have happened in 1930s, however its big break came in the late 1960s when Adidas created their first piece of apparel. Tracksuits have come in and out of fashion over several decades. The period that featured tracksuits as sportswear that was acceptable to wear outside of the gym was the 1960s and 1970s. Tracksuits first became popular around 1975, made out of cotton, polyester, terry cloth, or a mix. In the late 1970s velour became popular, so much so that it became the most used form of fabric on a tracksuit. The trend of wearing athletic clothing continued into the early 1980s. Tracksuits were eventually replaced by shellsuits, which were made out of nylon, in the late 1980s. This trend was short-lived, lasting only a few years.

In the late 1990s, tracksuits made a comeback in mainstream fashion for both men and women. They returned to the fabrics of the 1970s, most notably polyester. The trend continued into the 2000s, where velour made a comeback, by the likes of Juicy Couture and other brands. This continued for most of the decade. Tracksuits briefly went out of fashion in the late 2000s, resurfacing in the 2010s with "athleisure" trends.

Beginning in the early-2000s, tracksuits have been associated with grime music in the UK and its related culture. This has led to the style of clothing being associated in the mainstream media with the country's gang culture, however grime musicians such as Stormzy have openly disassociated from them.

Since 2006, prominent fashion designers have been asked to design tracksuits for the athletes of various Olympic teams, usually all the athletes representing one country. For example, designer Ralph Lauren created the USA uniforms for the 2010 Winter Olympic Games opening ceremony. The sportswear company Adidas hired Stella McCartney to be the Creative Director for the 2012 GB Olympic Games (by Adidas)—the first time in the history of the games that a leading fashion designer has designed the apparel for a particular country’s team across all competitions for both the Olympic and the Paralympic Games.

title: Tracksuit


text:
USS Brooke

USS Brooke (FFG-1) was the lead ship of her class of guided missile frigates in the United States Navy from 1962 to 1988. She was named for John Mercer Brooke. As of 2021, no other ship in the United States Navy has been named Brooke.

Laid down on 19 December 1962 by Lockheed Ship Building, Brooke was launched on 19 July 1963 and commissioned on 12 March 1966. Originally designated DEG-1, she was redesignated FFG-1 in 1975. She served in the Pacific Fleet and was homeported in San Diego, California.

Pakistan service
Following decommissioning in 1988, she was transferred to Pakistan on 1 February 1989. Renamed Khaibar, she was returned to the United States on 14 November 1993 and sold for scrap on 29 March 1994.

Ship awards

 * Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation (2)
 * Navy Battle "E" Ribbon
 * National Defense Service Medal
 * Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
 * Vietnam Service Medal (6)
 * Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon
 * Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

title: USS Brooke


text:
Bou Regreg

The Bou Regreg (أبو رقراق) is a river located in western Morocco which discharges into the Atlantic Ocean between the cities of Rabat and Salé. The estuary of this river is termed Wadi Sala.

The river is 240 kilometres long, with a tidal estuary of approximately 24 kilometres extending upriver. Its average discharge is 23 m3/s and can reach 1500 m3/s during periods of flooding. The source of the river originates from the Middle Atlas mountains at an altitude of 1627 meters on the level of Jbel Mtourzgane (province of Khemisset) and of Grou (province of Khénifra) and descends to its mouth at the Atlantic Ocean separating the cities of Rabat to the south and Salé to the north.

Water quality
Water quality issues of the Bou Regreg include tidal saltwater intrusion, excessive runoff of nitrates from agricultural land uses and mercury contamination thought to arise from use of certain pesticides within the drainage basin.

History
The Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, who founded several colonies in Morocco, inhabited the banks of the Bou Regreg approximately two kilometers from its mouth at the ancient site of Chellah. This archaeological site contains the ruins of a Roman town known as Sala Colonia and referred to as Sala by Ptolemy. Chellah was a significant ancient port city with remains including the Decumanus Maximus, or principal roadway, as well as those of a forum, a monumental fountain, a triumphal arch, and other Roman ruins.

title: Bou Regreg


text:
Talk:BiNet USA

Pictures?
The pictures of the BiNet meetings look pretty fake to me. Tjg92 (talk) 03:51, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

AfD
This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. Votes for deletion/Binet usa. Joyous 20:30, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

NOPV
I've removed a few of the most egregious pro-Binet parts, but this could still use a more encyclopedic tone. - brenneman  {L}  04:22, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Help w/BiNet USA
As per some previous suggestions on how to work on articles made by Liberatore, this page is being worked on here to bring it up to spec for wikipedia CyntWorkStuff

 * In response to Wikipedia editor Aaron Brenneman's comments, I picked an American LGBT Civil rights organization's entry as a template, did further research on and then re-worked the BiNet USA entry in what I hope is a well researched, appropriately cited,  "encyclopedic tone".

 * Further assistance on same would be most welcome, especially looking for a list of the founders, names of previous Board members and dates of service. Also need more info. including dates, etc. on on BiNet USA working relationship w/National Gay and Lesbian Task Force and their role in the "Creating Change" conferences.

 * Technical note regarding some citations. Since BiNet USA was an early adopter of the concept of electronic activism, it's website is written in what is now considered an archaic fashion (w/frames) making it difficult to link to exact sections (such as "Mission Statement") of the site.  I have been told by people more familiar with the organization that BiNet USA has recently gotten a grant for a  rewrite.  Intend to keep a watch and will update links when this happens.  CyntWorkStuff 23:23, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Twitter Account
I'd like to add that the Twitter account does seem affiliated with the website. A link can be reached through the binetusa.org page by following About Our Group (in the header menu) > Group Blogs > Binet blog archives 2009-. On that page, right sidebar, exists a link to the twitter account in question. At the time of writing this, however, the twitter account itself appears to have been deleted. Hope this info helps. --StereoBucket (talk) 21:11, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * It does not help. Following your directions, I could not find the 2009 [!!!] archive. Why can't you just provide a direct hyperlink? And why are you discussing a Twitter account that no longer exists? NedFausa (talk) 21:16, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry, should've clarified that the menus are dropdown and you need to hover. Here is the link to their blog. BiNet USA's Blog . The account was deleted less than half an hour ago, but I thought that establishing that it was indeed in some way linked to the org's webpage would be useful.--StereoBucket (talk) 21:23, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, thank you. But how do we know the Twitter username from December 30, 2009 represents the same account holder who tweeted on April 28, 2020? Over the course of eleven years, a username can change hands many times. NedFausa (talk) 21:47, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * This article (https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2020/04/group-threatening-legal-action-demanding-payment-use-bisexual-pride-flag/) which is already listed as a citation refers to the twitter account as "the organization’s official account". I struggle to understand why attributing ownership of the account is an issue at this point. UserNameinski (talk) 22:29, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

In an archived version of BiNetUSA’s website in 2019 they link their Twitter: https://web.archive.org/web/20191104194458/http://www.binetusa.org/ Maivea (talk) 23:02, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

@thefayth, the Twitter account of BiNet USA's President Faith Cheltenham (which is linked on the live version of their website) is now corroborating that this was an "Executive Action" UserNameinski (talk) 23:06, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Linking the tweet mentioning that it was an executive action, for ease of access. --StereoBucket (talk) 23:11, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * and thank you for connecting the dots between https://twitter.com/BiNetUSA (now deleted) and https://twitter.com/thefayth. She unequivocally takes ownership: "To be clear this is an executive action I made as #BiNet President and remain in conversation with our board." Accordingly, I am persuaded that today's controversial tweets from @BiNetUSA do indeed represent the organization BiNet USA, and I won't interfere with any more edits to the article space. NedFausa (talk) 23:29, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

 * This thread may be of use to this page. -73.52.182.69 (talk) 23:22, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

The org president @TheFayth and the former Twitter account were cross-referencing each other up until the deletion and she is now referencing the new handle @BiNetCollective which the original said it would move to after deletion Maivea (talk) 23:32, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

Board Member, Lauren Beach, commented publicly on her twitter saying that she was not consulted regarding this action and that the board is now in dialogue with the president, Faith Cheltenham. Placing a link here for future reference as this is still developing. --StereoBucket (talk) 01:12, 30 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I'd like to write down a small update here for future reference to help anyone writing an update to this situation. Faith Cheltenham has released a statement on BiNet USA's blog that was prepared by the board. Shortly after this, Lauren Beach, who was giving small updates to the community on her personal twitter account up to this point, has announced that she is resigning from the board. --StereoBucket (talk) 01:25, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Ron Suresha announced that he will be interviewing alleged creators(plural) of the flag while quote-tweeting the BiNet USA's official statement from the, now reactivated, BiNet USA twitter account. — Preceding unsigned comment added by StereoBucket (talk • contribs) 01:58, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Ron Suresha has since resigned from the BiNet Board of Directors. Binarywraith (talk) 00:19, 3 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Former president, Wendy Curry, has made a statement on her facebook page regarding the situation. She stated that the copyright was held by Michael Page, which was later handed over to bi cafe. A twitter account with her name (I have no info on whether this account is indeed held by her) said that BiNet USA is not correct about her being involved in the flag's creation. Additionally, another member of the board, Juba Kalamka, has posted the blog post to their twitter. This might indicate a broader support for the decision within the board.--StereoBucket (talk) 03:14, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:BiNet USA


text:
Alois von Reding

Josef Fridolin Vinzenz Aloys Reding von Biberegg (Schwyz, 6 March 1765 – Schwyz, 5 February 1818) was a Swiss military officer and politician, best known for leading an early revolt against the Helvetic Republic, not to be confused with the font of Helvetica.

Early life and career
Reding was born in Schwyz, Switzerland, to Theodor Anton Reding, a lieutenant-colonel in the Spanish Army, and Magdalena Freuler. In 1781, he followed his brothers Theodor and Nazar and became a mercenary in Spanish service. He took part in the invasion of Minorca in 1782, during the Anglo-French War (1778–1783), and in the War of the Pyrenees against Revolutionary France in 1793–1794, reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel.

After returning to Schwyz in 1794, Reding became Landeshauptmann of the canton of Schwyz in 1796, and was charged with reorganizing the canton's defences.

Helvetic Republic
In early 1798, France invaded Switzerland and replaced the Old Swiss Confederacy with the Helvetic Republic, a French client state. In April 1798, after the canton of Bern had surrendered, Reding led an army of 10,000 men from the cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden against the French and the Helvetic Republic. He was able to gain control of Lucerne at the end of the month and marched across the Brünig Pass into the Bernese Oberland. Despite capturing several territories, Reding was forced to retreat and focus on the defense of his own canton. Heavily outnumbered, Reding was forced to submit to French General Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg on 13 May.

After the capitulation of Schwyz, Reding occupied himself with the care of war orphans, the improvement of education and the internal organization of the canton. He was briefly imprisoned in Aarburg Castle in 1799. As a result of Reding's surrender, the French were quick to take counter measures to prevent another revolt from occurring. General Schauenburg and Reding agreed to a ceasefire and the cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden were merged into one canton which came to be known as the Canton of Waldstatten. This led to the number of councilmen representing the newly formed canton reduce drastically, thus limiting its effectiveness in the central government.

Amid the political instability of the Helvetic Republic, in October 1801 Reding was appointed its "First Landammann", following a coup d'état. In this office he attempted to prevent Napoleon from detaching the Valais from the Republic (as the Republic of Valais), sided with the Federalists against the Republicans, and established relations with Austria and Prussia. He was overthrown by the Republicans on 17 April 1802. Reding then became one of the leaders of the Stecklikrieg revolt, which caused the collapse of the Republic, and was imprisoned for several months after France re-occupied the country.

Later life
In 1803, the Helvetic Republic came to an end with Napoleon's Act of Mediation, which saw the re-establishment of the Swiss Confederation, though not as a restoration of the ancien régime. Reding subsequently served as Landamann of Schwyz from 1803 to 1805, and again from 1809 to 1810. He also became a delegate to the Swiss Federal Diet, while refusing all honorary posts at the national level offered to him. Through diplomacy, he unsuccessfully tried to keep Switzerland out of the War of the Seventh Coalition. France elevated him to the title of count in his later years. Reding died in Schwyz on 5 February 1818.

title: Alois von Reding


text:
Alpes

Alpes (French and Latin for 'Alps') may refer to:

Places

 * Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (formerly Basses-Alpes), a French department in the south of France
 * Hautes-Alpes, a department in southeastern France
 * Alpes-Maritimes, a department in the extreme southeast corner of France
 * Montes Alpes, a mountain range in the northern part of the Moon's near side
 * The Alps, the biggest and most extensive mount range on Europe.

Other uses

 * Catherine Ribeiro + Alpes, a French rock band of the 1970s

title: Alpes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Marc Miller

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 01:09, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Marc Miller
Probable vanity. Xezbeth 20:33, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- I'm fairly certain there's a slightly more notable Marc Miller -- wasn't he one of the main developers of the Traveller RPG? Silly Dan 22:47, 2005 Feb 26 (UTC)
 * That would Marc W. Miller (that's how it is usually written). As for this entry, vanity, delete - Skysmith 09:34, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Looks less notable than I am, and I don't have a page. :-) --SarekOfVulcan 22:49, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 01:51, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, "the greatest student ever" kind of says it all. Inherent POV. Nick04 13:34, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are several notable Marc Millers in the world. But I suspect this is not one of them. — RJH 18:05, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Brian0918

brian0918
final (25/5/1) ending 20:35 5 March 2005 (UTC)

3555 edits. Notable contributions include:

 * Entirity of Great Lakes Storm of 1913, the Featured Article for Feb 27
 * I just noticed that the Signpost wrote a story on this article. Woohoo!
 * Organization of all existing and non-existing American Civil War battles into categories by theater and campaign
 * Creation of Campaignboxes for all Civil War battles, as part of WikiProject Battles
 * Addition of battleboxes to almost all currently existing Civil War battles, including addition of pictures for each. Also, created numerous articles on battles and people involved (eg Eppa Hunton, Edward Dickinson Baker).
 * Creation and implementation of Template:Superherobox (example) as part of WikiProject Comics
 * Added over 160 public domain images.
 * Also, previous involvement in Collaboration of the week, Featured picture candidates, reverting vandalism, etc.
 * Battle of Hampton Roads collaboration with User:Vaoverland and others to become a Featured Article

brian0918 20:35, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) support SYSS Mouse 23:55, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Will having admin abilities cause you to stop writing good content?  I hope not.  dbenbenn | talk 02:00, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Shanes 02:08, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Geoff/Gsl 02:18, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Very deserving of adminship. Rje 02:58, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) R yan!  |  Talk  04:30, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Tuf-Kat 06:28, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) CheekyMonkey 13:24, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) * You haven't edited much in the last couple months. You must really like this user to come from your editing hiatus in order to vote. -- Netoholic @ 19:10, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * 10) **I don't think I've ever encountered him. --brian0918 19:21, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) *** It's certainly true that I've taken a break from editing recently. However, I've still noticed the work that Brian0918 has done. CheekyMonkey 21:13, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Meets my new admin criterion, jguk 14:34, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Alright by me. —Charles P. (Mirv) 15:14, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Pmeisel 15:16, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Support. There is no one I know who is more dedicated to Wikipedia. -Casito 21:01, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Neutralitytalk 02:55, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Language is a bit colourful but should be okay. JuntungWu 16:38, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Did a lot of good work on the battleboxes. I thought his "police alerted" messages were pretty funny. big_hal 19:11, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) Support - We've worked together well a number of articles, his contributions led to Battle of Hampton Roads earning FA status, I have been watching (bit not participating) in the article on Abraham Lincoln and he has done well keeping NPOV on a controversial subject. His battleboxes are a real plus,a nd similar work would benefit other WP projects, which I recently asked him to consider expanding involvement to include. I enjoy collaborating with him. I caught the "police alert, too". Just enough to spook some casual vandals, but nothing more than mild bluff, harmless, but possibly effective, and good for a laugh! Vaoverland 23:21, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Support. ugen 64 23:32, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Strong Support. In my opinion, the "Police is on the way" edit summaries are not inappropriate, and it shows Brian's sense of humour. --Lst27 ( t a l k )  12:24, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) Strong Support I have only had good experiences with him, and I agree with Lst27 comment above. bakuzjw (aka 578) 21:26, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) SUPPORT: I have no reason to oppose. "Police on the way" is humourous, not offensive. Jordi·✆ 02:25, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 24) Support. -- Darwinek 19:03, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 25) Support – I've had the pleasure of working with Brian alot recently, and he's proven to be very creative and willing to work with others. I have no doubt that he would make an excellent administrator. – ClockworkSoul 06:32, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 26) fair enough, dab (ᛏ) 10:01, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 27) Support Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:14, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * 28) Support Scott Gall 20:33, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) No user page, and he redlinks his username in his sig - annoying. Some very inappropriate edit summaries (revert vandalism, IP traced; authorities alerted; police on their way has been used by him dozens of times). Seems a bit aggressive and protective of his work.  Prefer to wait a while, when someone can nominate him again. -- Netoholic @ 16:37, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * 2) Strongly opposed. Yeah, that police alerted thing is a bit messed up, and he's done it at least a dozen times! Other interesting edits include the removal of a question on his talk page, calling it vandalism, and asking 3 times in the edit summary for the user to be banned, a sarcastic personal attack, tagging an article a CSD when it should have been made into a redirect, tagging an article a CSD without checking the history, etc.  CryptoDerk 18:36, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) *Now strongly opposed. Brian0918 has admitted to making numerous mistakes yet asked me to withdraw my objections.  I said no and explained why (below), and now, a day later, he has left a message on my talk page requesting I strike out parts of my objection.  For instance, he acknowledged putting a speedy tag on a valid article without checking the history, and has now asked me to strike out the objection as invalid.  CryptoDerk 17:43, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) **Numerous = 3. As for your specific example, that was an accident on my part, I thought I was on the New Articles page at the time. I did not call your objections invalid, but asked you to decide if all of them are still valid.  I would not ask you to retract your objection, but to retract any parts which you felt had been clarified. Since you still consider them valid, that'll be the end of it, although I'd like to clear these things up instead of escalating it. Thanks. --brian0918 18:49, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I absolutely oppose admins with blank user pages. A blank user page makes the user look like a new user, confuses other users, and is generally unprofessional in appearance. —Lowellian (talk) 01:39, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I now have a user page. Originally, it was an attempt at modesty. I had planned to put info about me on my talk page.  --brian0918 02:06, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No longer opposing; changing vote to Neutral now that the user page exists. "Police alert" thing seems a bit bizarre. —Lowellian (talk) 04:10, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Annoying sig. Neutralitytalk 01:41, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Changed. --brian0918 02:06, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I don't usually vote on WP:RFA, and realize that I'm probably not going to accomplish anything except make an enemy, but this post to WP:VIP earlier today has me very concerned. The edit he cites could well have been accidental, and calls for a test or at most a test2a on Hallosachin's talk page, not a call for a block—a block that, in a few days, brian0918 will be able carry out himself.  While he is a very strong contributor, becoming an administrator is not a reward for good writers. —Korath (Talk) 16:52, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) *I wasn't actually serious about blocking (bad wording on my part), since he had only made one edit, but at the time I didn't know if he was going to continue "vandalizing". The tests sound like a better idea. I've added "welcome" and "test" to his talk page. -- BRIAN 0918   17:01, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) I feel that Brian may make a good admin in the future, but I don't think his recent behavior shows that he understands WP policy/procedure. Even if the VIP thing was bad wording, it shows he doesn't understand the basic procedures for dealing with vandalism. VIP clearly states at the top: "Please only use this page for repeated malicious vandalism, not for one-off edits, or newbie tests." He even said when he posted that it was a one-off edit. I believe admins should understand the basic procedure for dealing with vandalism, and it's pretty clear that Brian isn't yet familiar with it. – flamurai (t) 08:25, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) * My bad. I'm reading up on it now and, if given admin powers, will not start using them until I've gone through the policies and feel more comfortable with using them. -- BRIAN 0918   14:54, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Oppose for now.  In the comments section Brian says that he is still familiarizing himself with policies still, and his unnecessary calls for blocks and mistagging as CSDs are a bit of a cause for concern.  The user seems to be an excellent contributor to Wikipedia, though, and I would probably support this user in the near future, provided that more diplomacy and judgement is seen from him in the interim (particularly with regard to useful, helpful edit summaries).  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:04, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) * The mistaggings were not misunderstandings of policy, but stupid mistakes (like 2*6=8) -- BRIAN 0918  20:08, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Neutral can't decide. the support by people who've worked with him is impressive, yet he appears a tad belligerent, and I feel he'll make an admin of the more heavy-handed sort. I would like to see brian acknowledge that an admin is a guy with a mop, acting on behalf of the community, and not a police officer or a law unto himself. (not that you need my vote, but I'd change my vote to support) dab (ᛏ) 13:47, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) The blank user page and red link signature are a bit annoying, but what concerns me is that the "police on their way" edit summaries could be mistaken as threats by some newer users. Carrp | Talk 16:44, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) * Sorry about that. Won't happen again. --brian0918 18:07, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) *Changed sig, now have a user page. --brian0918 02:06, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * How long have you been around? Everyking 06:37, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've been using Wikipedia since probably 2002, and have been contributing since mid-2004, starting out anonymously August 1, 2004. --brian0918 06:45, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Please strike thru ( thus ) any of your anon-edit claims that are not immediately verifiable, and clarify about start-date and count of your verifiable edits. (IMO this nom would be only strengthened by your suspending it while requesting attribution to you of IP edits.) --Jerzy(t) 16:13, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * Done and done. --brian0918 18:07, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Reply to opposition 1:
 * 2) *I've added a user page and changed my sig. --brian0918 03:00, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) * The blank user page was started as a joke from Zork, which was the topic of my first articles. I'll put most of my content on my talk page. It's easier than waiting for Wikipedia to go between the pages. The redlinks were also as a joke, but now help me find my posts on a page more quickly, and are all a part of my attempt at being somewhat modest. It certainly can't be more annoying than Alkivar's sig :). It was also a little experiment of mine to see how many people ignore my posts or suggestions (which I will blame on the red sig, because I always make good suggestions :)). Also, the revert message was supposed to be humorous, and possibly deter a spamming vandal (such as someone I recently encountered who went through and blanked all the element pages, and left messages on my talk page as he did it) from continuing in the vandalism. It seems to have worked, but I figured that someone would eventually oppose it.  It won't happen again.  As for aggressiveness/protectiveness, I'm usually open to suggestions as I'm not always confident of my encyclopediaristic writing abilities.... --brian0918 18:03, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) ** While you may have placated some concerns, your actions during this vote and history both still worry me. Contrary to your request, I'll not be changing my vote.  Try again in a month or so, and please get someone to nominate you. -- Netoholic @ 16:59, 2005 Feb 28 (UTC)
 * 5) ***I did not ask you to change your vote, but to simply strikeout the invalid parts as it may confuse other voters. You are free to vote however you like. I'm not sure what I've said in this vote that worries you; please try not to add any connotations to my statements. Thanks. --brian0918 17:05, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) **** You know what confuses voters more? Long sections of threaded conversations with a bunch of cross-outs. This is why there is a comments section. -- Netoholic @ 17:15, 2005 Feb 28 (UTC)
 * 7) ***** Sorry, I'm just used to working on Featured article candidates where parts of an objection are crossed out when they are corrected. --brian0918 17:26, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Reply to opposition 2:
 * 9) *For the first item, the registered user was going through adding to various articles (such as Abraham Lincoln), and I was reverting them as he continued to vandalize.  Then he left an unsigned message on my talk page, which was obviously vandalism given that he knew very well what he was doing. (Note: my repeated use of "BAN THIS USER" was just an attempt to get the attention of anyone watching the Recent Changes pages for vandalism. Please don't interpret it as a sign that I forgot to take my pills :))
 * 10) *For the second item, the user had posted 2 very dear articles up for deletion with little reason except that he said he knew of no use for them. He had never even been involved in a topic related to the articles. I read through the vfd page and it seemed like he wasn't open to suggestions, but I acknowledge that I was too harsh and should've based my statement on something factual.
 * 11) *For the third item, I wasn't sure what the anonymous user was talking about as he spelled it wrong.
 * 12) *For the fourth item, what probably happened was that I hit the back button too many times and went from the list of New Pages to the list of Recent Changes and thought the article was a new page created by an anonymous user simply saying "^_^". --brian0918 19:04, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Regarding the third item, your explanation doesn't make sense. You first tagged the article as nonsense — it wasn't.  The second time you tagged it saying we already have an article on the person, so by then you knew what the anon was talking about, yet still considered it a CSD.  CryptoDerk 23:07, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I just didn't recall everything that happened. At first I didn't know what he was talking about, because when I tried searching for that name, nothing came up. Then he removed my delete and added the name of who he was talking about, but because the article title was misspelled and there was already a huge article on him, I figured it should be deleted. I realize now that it probably would've worked better as a redirect, and will act accordingly in the future.  You're really going to discount all of my contributions because I accidentally put a misspelled one-liner by an anon up for deletion? --brian0918 23:15, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not discounting all your contributions because of one mistake. I'm just pointing it out.  I pointed out many things — my primary reason for voting oppose is your poor handling of vandalism ("police on their way", "BAN THIS USER!!!").  I think you're a good contributor, but considering that admins have the ability to delete articles and deal with vandals, that is what takes precedence here.  CryptoDerk 23:36, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've already stated my reasons for the two things you've mentioned. For the former, I've stated that it was supposed to be humorous and deter, and I've also stated that it won't happen again.  As for the 2nd, it was merely to distinguish the edit summary on the Recent Changes page for admins watching the page.  This will also cease in the future: all summaries being simply "reverted vandalism by X to previous version by Y".  Please, retract your objection.  Thanks. :) brian0918 23:49, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Anyone can say they won't make mistakes in the future. I base my vote on what has happened before, not what you say will happen in the future.  I can't believe that you acknowledge your errors, yet you ask me to retract my objection.  CryptoDerk 00:09, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I was hoping for a little more trust, but I understand your position. --brian0918 00:31, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not that I don't trust you, but actions speak louder than words. In my opinion RFAs typically don't reward good intentions so much as good actions.  In fact, I've staunchly opposed two people and when their RFAs came up again I was one of the first to support, and one user I nominated for adminship was one I had a huge argument with.  Anyway, I still think you are a good editor.  CryptoDerk 00:46, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. --brian0918 01:10, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Reply to neutral #2:
 * 2) *You shouldn't think that your vote doesn't matter; I'm taking all comments seriously, both because I don't want to make enemies (I'm not a divider, but a unificator :)), and because I know that adminship is a privilege that can be taken away. I agree with your statements-- an admin's job is janitorial.  With respect to belligerence:  If you are referring to my use of "BAN THIS USER!!!", it was simply an attempt to get the attention of admins watching the Recent Changes pages (before I discovered W:VIP), and I restricted usage to anonymous individuals who were currently vandalizing numerous pages.  As for the usage of "police on their way" in my edit summary, I was just trying to be funny, although I see how it can be taken the wrong way, and will not use it in the future.  -- BRIAN 0918   17:22, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I would continue to be involved in dealing with vandalism and finding solutions in revert wars.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. My favorite contributions to date are Great Lakes Storm of 1913, Image:American Civil War Battles by Theater, Year.png, and Image:Great Lakes 1913 Storm Shipwrecks.png, all of which involved a lot of research and time. The former was my first attempt at creating an article of substantial, original content, which I had planned from the start to bring to Featured Article status. The first image just seemed like something that needed to be made, although I still believe it can be improved upon.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. When I first started editing, I didn't understand what was considered worthy content, and so contributed several pages which were eventually deleted. More recently, I've been involved in a couple revert wars (such as that at Abraham Lincoln), in which I've tried to be as neutral as possible, and got admins involved when it became necessary (eg: for locking pages).


text:
Eterscél Mór

Eterscél Mór ("the great"), son of Íar mac Dedad, a descendant of Óengus Tuirmech Temrach, of the Érainn of Munster was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He succeeded Eochu Airem.

He features in the Middle Irish saga Togail Bruidne Dá Derga (the Destruction of Dá Derga's Hostel). He has no children, and it is prophesied that a woman of unknown race will bear him a son. He finds and forcibly marries the beautiful Mess Búachalla, daughter of Étaín and the former High King Eochu Feidlech (or, in Tochmarc Étaíne, his brother Eochu Airem and his daughter by Étaín), who, because of her incestuous conception, had been exposed but found and brought up by a herdsman and his wife. One night, in Eterscél's house, she is visited by an unknown man who flies in her skylight in the form of a bird, and she has his child, the future High King Conaire Mór, who is brought up as Eterscél's son.

Eterscél ruled for five or six years, at the end of which he was killed by Nuadu Necht in the battle of Aillenn. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Augustus (27 BC – AD 14) and the birth of Christ, and makes him contemporary with legendary provincial kings Conchobar mac Nessa, Cairbre Nia Fer, Cú Roí and Ailill mac Máta. The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 70–64 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 116–111 BC.

title: Eterscél Mór


text:
Church of St Anne, Aigburth

The Church of St Anne is in Aigburth Road, Aigburth, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Liverpool, the archdeaconry of Liverpool and the deanery of Liverpool South Childwall. Its architecture is an early example of the Norman Revival style.

History
The church was built in 1836–37 to a design by Cunningham & Holme. It was founded by a group of local merchants, John Moss, Charles Stewart Parker, John Abraham Tinne and Josias Booker and was consecrated in 1837. In 1853–54 broad transepts were added and the chancel was extended. The north and south galleries were removed in 1893–94 and in 1913–14 the chancel was further extended.

The church was damaged in an arson attack by Suffragettes on 16 December 1913. The altar and choir stalls were burned during a period when this movement to obtain votes for women was increasingly militant.

Architecture
The church is built in ashlar stone with a slate roof in Norman Revival style. Its plan consists of a west tower flanked by a baptistry to the north and a stair bay to the south, a four-bay nave, north and south transepts, and a three-bay chancel with the organ loft to the north and a vestry to the south. The round-headed entrance is in the base of the tower with blind arcading and a diapered gable above it. Over this is a clock face surrounded by a large rose motif. The tower has paired two-light bell openings on each face over which is a cornice with corbels and a parapet with blind arcading. The east window consists of three lancets and a rose window. The west gallery is still present as are the galleries in the transepts.

External features
The gate piers are listed at Grade II. There are two pairs of gate piers, which are made in stone, and are also Norman Revival in style. They are octagonal, with features including arcading, corbels, and finials.

Community
The church adjoins St Margaret's Church of England Academy and is used at times as the venue for carol and other services.

title: Church of St Anne, Aigburth


text:
List of anarchist musicians

The following is a list of anarchist musicians, which details the instruments such musicians use, musical genres they perform, and, if applicable, bands they are members of.

An anarchist is a person who rejects formalized hierarchy and supports its elimination. Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies with voluntary institutions. This list only deals with individual, self-identified anarchists who are musicians. Musicians who have not self-identified as anarchists are not included; nor are bands and music collectives who collectively identify as anarchist, although individual members thereof may be.

A

 * Jude Abbott: English singer; performs punk rock; member of anarcho-punk band Chumbawamba (1996–2012)
 * Sid Ation: English drummer; performs punk rock; former member of Flux Of Pink Indians
 * Sherman Austin (1983–present): American rapper; performs hip hop music

B

 * Louise Bell: English guitarist; performs punk rock; former member of Flux Of Pink Indians
 * Pascal Benvenuti (1980–present): French singer and bass, guitar, drums, ukulele, mandolin, and concertina player; performs jazz punk and folk punk music; current member of Les Louise Mitchels and occasional member of anarcho-punk/folk punk band Ghost Mice (2002–present)
 * Derek Birkett: English bassist; performs punk rock; former member of Flux Of Pink Indians
 * Björk: Icelandic singer and songwriter; prominent purveyor of art pop; involved in anarcho-punk and anarchist poetry during the 1980s; aligned with the anarchist Crass Collective as part of post-punk group KUKL; signed to One Little Indian since the 1980s, set up by members of various anarcho-punk bands.
 * Johnny Blackburn: English bassist; performs punk rock; member of anarcho-punk band Omega Tribe
 * Georges Brassens (1921–1981): French singer, songwriter, and guitarist; performed folk music
 * Bob Brozman (8 Mar 1954 – 23 Apr 2013): American blues and world guitarist and ethnomusicologist; described himself in an OC-TV program as a "guitarist, anarchist, anthropologist"
 * Dunstan Bruce: English singer; performs punk rock; member of anarcho-punk band Chumbawamba
 * Graham Burnett (1960–present): English drummer; performed punk rock and post-punk; former member of Stripey Zebras (1980–1981), Autumn Poison (1980–1985), and Love Over Law

C

 * John Cage (1912–1992): American composer; composed chance and experimental music
 * Neil Campau (1980–present): American guitarist, autoharpist, and singer; former member of World History and current member of Electrician
 * Daniel Carter (1945–present): American saxophonist, flautist, clarinetist, and trumpeter; performs free jazz
 * Pat Carter: English vocalist; performs punk rock; member of anarcho-punk band Omega Tribe

 * Holger Czukay (1938–2017): German composer and bassist; performs krautrock and experimental music; member of the "anarchist community" Can

D

 * Lance D'Boyle: English drummer; performed punk rock; former member of Poison Girls (??–1995)
 * Fabrizio De Andre (1940–1999): Italian singer-songwriter
 * Mavis Dillon: English trumpeter; performed punk rock; former member of anarcho-punk band Chumbawamba (–1995)
 * Peter Dolving: Swedish vocalist; performed thrash metal; member of thrash metal band The Haunted
 * Emmett Doyle: American folk/folk-punk singer-songwriter, former member of the Wooden Shoe Ramblers.

E

 * Robert Eggplant
 * Andrew Eldritch
 * Dave Ellesmere: English drummer; performs punk rock; former member of Flux Of Pink Indians

F

 * Richard Famous: English singer and guitarist; performed punk rock; former member of Poison Girls (1978–1995)
 * Neil Ferguson: English bassist and audio engineer; performs punk rock; member of Chumbawamba
 * Léo Ferré (24 August 1916 – 14 July 1993): French singer-songwriter, poet, composer, orchestra conductor and pianist; one of France's most well-known and influential singers; a self-proclaimed anarchist who sang irreverent and highly confrontational songs
 * Phil Free: English guitarist; performed punk rock, hardcore punk, and art punk; former member of anarcho-punk band Crass
 * Sheena Fulton: English singer; performed punk rock and post-punk; former member of Stripey Zebras (1980–1981) and Autumn Poison (1980–1985)

G

 * Patricio García (28 Oct 1977–present): Argentinian composer; former member of rock band Los Chicles (1995–2002), writes music for film.
 * Laura Jane Grace (8 Nov 1980–present): American guitarist and vocalist of punk rock band Against Me!
 * Graham: English drummer; performs punk rock; former member of anarcho-punk band The Mob (1979–1983)
 * Eric Green (19 January 1993–present): American guitarist and vocalist for California-based emo/post-hardcore band Problem Dog. Previously a member of anarcho-punk/folk punk band Danny Discord and the Misanthropists (2012–2015).

H

 * Harry Hamer: English drummer; performs punk rock; member of anarcho-punk band Chumbawamba
 * Gene Hugh: English guitarist; performs punk rock; member of anarcho-punk band Omega Tribe
 * Kevin Hunter: English guitarist; performs punk rock; former member of Flux Of Pink Indians

I

 * Steve Ignorant: English singer; performed punk rock, hardcore punk, and art punk; former member of anarcho-punk bands Crass, Schwartzeneggar, Stratford Mercenaries, Current 93, Thought Crime and Paranoid Visions

J

 * Darren Johns: British singer, guitarist, lyricist and composer; performs punk rock, Americana and folk-roots; current member of Crazy Arm (2005–present) and Warshy (2017–present).
 * Chris Johnston ("Chris Clavin"): American guitarist, singer, and harmonicist; performs pop punk and folk punk music; former member of pop-punk band The Devil Is Electric (2000–2003); current member of anarcho-punk/folk punk band Ghost Mice (2002–present)
 * Hannah Jones: American violinist and singer; performs pop punk and folk punk music; former member of pop-punk band The Devil Is Electric (2000–2003) and current member of anarcho-punk/folk punk band Ghost Mice (2002–present)

K

 * Michael Karoli (1948–2001): German guitarist and violinist; performed krautrock and experimental music; former member of the "anarchist community" Can
 * Tim Kelly: English guitarist; performs punk rock; former member of Flux Of Pink Indians
 * Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister (1945–2015): English singer, bassist, guitarist, and harmonicist; performs Rock 'N' Roll, space rock, and punk rock; has associated with various acts, including Motörhead, Hawkwind, Ramones, and The Rockin' Vickers

L

 * Nomy Lamm (1976–present): American singer-songwriter; performs punk rock, and queercore; liner notes of her debut album, Anthem, state that she is an anarchist
 * Colin Latter: English singer; performs punk rock; former member of Flux Of Pink Indians
 * Eve Libertine: English singer; performed punk rock, hardcore punk, and art punk; former member of anarcho-punk band Crass
 * Jaki Liebezeit (1939–2017): German drummer; performs free jazz, krautrock and experimental music; member of the "anarchist community" Can, who suggested the backronym "communism, anarchism, nihilism" for the band's name
 * Austin Lunn: American vocalist, guitarist and drummer; sole member of the band Panopticon, and has also been a member of several other bands as various roles.

M

 * Andy Martin
 * Terence McKenna: ethnobotanist and philosopher; spoken word on Alien Dreamtime with Spacetime Continuum & Stephen Kent
 * Efrim Menuck: Canadian guitarist and singer involved with the bands Godspeed You! Black Emperor and Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra
 * Simon Middlehurst: English guitarist; performs punk rock; former member of Flux Of Pink Indians
 * Marc Mob: English guitarist and singer; performs punk rock; former member of anarcho-punk band The Mob (1979–1983)

N

 * Nikolas Asimos (20 August 1949 – 17 March 1988): Greek composer and singer
 * Nil Wright English (1952–present): bassist and electric violinist; performed punk rock; former member of Poison Girls (1980–1995)
 * Danbert Nobacon (1958–present): English singer and keyboardist; performs punk rock and folk rock; former member of anarcho-punk band Chumbawamba
 * Alice Nutter: English singer and percussionist; performs punk rock; former member of anarcho-punk band Chumbawamba

O

 * Joey Only: guitarist and singer; performs folk punk music

P

 * N. A. Palmer: English guitarist; performed punk rock, hardcore punk, and art punk; former member of anarcho-punk band Crass
 * Pat "The Bunny" Schneeweis: American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and trumpet player; Formerly lead anarcho-punk/folk groups Johnny Hobo and the Freight Trains, Wingnut Dishwashers Union, and Ramshackle Glory, as well as a solo career. Retired from music in February 2016, due to a change in ideologies
 * Erik Petersen: singer, songwriter, and guitarist for Philadelphia anarcho-punk band Mischief Brew
 * Utah Phillips (1935–2008): American singer, poet, storyteller and guitarist; performed folk music and spoken word; retired on 11 October 2007, due to poor health, before passing away on 23 May 2008
 * Matty Pop Chart: American accordionist and drummer; performs folk punk music; occasional member of anarcho-punk/folk punk band Ghost Mice (2002–present)
 * Josef Porta: English guitarist, drummer, and singer; performs punk rock; former member of anarcho-punk band The Mob (1979–1983), Blyth Power (1983–present), and Zounds (1977–1982, 2001–present)
 * Promoe (1976–present): Swedish rapper; performs hip hop; member of rap group Looptroop
 * Neil Puncher: English guitarist; performs punk rock; former member of Flux Of Pink Indians

R

 * Bernhardt Rebours: English bassist, synthesizer player, and pianist; performed punk rock; former member of Poison Girls (??–1995)
 * Wesley Richards: American songwriter, guitarist and singer; writes and performs with the anarcho-metal band Fortunate Fall (band) and also with the anarcho-punk band Dr. Ghost
 * Lily Richeson: American cellist; performs folk punk music; occasional member of anarcho-punk/folk punk band Ghost Mice (2002–present)
 * Penny Rimbaud: English drummer; performed punk rock, hardcore punk, and art punk; former member of anarcho-punk band Crass
 * Zack de la Rocha, vocalist of Rage Against the Machine. Performs; Hip Hop, Rock, Nu Metal, Punk Rock, Metal
 * David Rovics (1967–present): American singer, guitarist, and songwriter; performs folk music

S

 * Chicho Sánchez Ferlosio (1940–2003): leftist militant Spanish singer-songwriter whose politics gradually moved from communism to anarchism.
 * Irmin Schmidt (1937–present): German keyboardist; plays krautrock and experimental music and composes film scores; member of Can who described the group as an "anarchist community"
 * Pete Seeger: had many anarchist and communist beliefs
 * Otep Shamaya (1979–present): American metal musician, singer-songwriter and lyricist/poet
 * Andy Smith: English guitarist; performs punk rock; former member of Flux Of Pink Indians
 * Sole: American rapper and producer
 * Vi Subversa (1935–2016): English singer-songwriter, and guitarist; performed punk rock; former member of Poison Girls (1978–1995)

T

 * Scott Thomas: English drummer; performs punk rock; member of anarcho-punk band Omega Tribe
 * Tõnu Trubetsky (1963–present): Estonian singer and poet; performs punk rock; member of punk band Vennaskond
 * Kevin Tucker: American vocalist and guitarist of the anarcho-primitivist death metal band Peregrine

V

 * Gee Vaucher: English pianist; also created album cover art and stage montages; performed punk rock, hardcore punk, and art punk; former member of anarcho-punk band Crass
 * Joy De Vivre: English singer; performed punk rock, hardcore punk, and art punk; former member of anarcho-punk band Crass

W

 * Jason Walsh: English guitarist; performs punk rock; member of anarcho-punk band Omega Tribe
 * Lou Watts: English singer and keyboardist; performs punk rock; member of anarcho-punk band Chumbawamba
 * Dorian Wallace (1985–present): American composer and pianist.
 * Greg Wells: American vocalist (described as "howling and breathing"); performs folk punk music; occasional member of anarcho-punk/folk punk band Ghost Mice (2002–present)
 * Boff Whalley: English guitarist and singer; performs punk rock and folk; member of anarcho-punk band Chumbawamba and founding member of Commoners Choir.
 * Chris Willsher (1971–present): English drummer, singer, songwriter; performs punk rock; member of Bus Station Loonies and former member of Oi Polloi and Disorder
 * Martin Wilson: English drummer; performs punk rock; former member of Flux of Pink Indians
 * Pete Wright: English bassist and singer; performed punk rock, hardcore punk, and art punk; former member of anarcho-punk band Crass

Y

 * Gino Srdjan Yevdjevich: former Yugoslav vocalist of gypsy punk band Kultur Shock
 * Curtis Youé: English bassist; performs punk rock; former member of anarcho-punk band The Mob (1979–1983) and Blyth Power (1983–??)

Z

 * ZSK: German punk-rock band

title: List of anarchist musicians


text:
User:Vindicator

Hello! My name is Grzegorz Pietrzak, I'm the administrator of Polish Wikipedia. My wiki-page is here. If you want to contact me try this: e-mail: vindicator(at)poczta(dot)fm Tlen.pl: vindicator(at)tlen(dot)pl GG: 2721848 ICQ: 199-530-419

title: User:Vindicator


text:
File:Baoshen Temple.jpg

Baoshen Temple martin tai 2004, Luzhi

title: File:Baoshen Temple.jpg


text:
Alphonse de Beauchamp

Alphonse de Beauchamp (1767–1832) was a French historian.

Life
Beauchamp was born in Monaco and educated in Paris. He entered the Sardinian military service in 1784, but suffered imprisonment in 1792 for refusing to bear arms against the French Republic. Beauchamp escaped to France, where he obtained a position in the office of the Minister of Police, and was assigned the surveillance of the press.

Beauchamp commenced his Histoire de la Vendée et des Chouans (three volumes, Paris, 1806), which depicted the cruelties of the Fouché regime. This book displeased the Emperor, and Beauchamp was banished to Rheims. He was recalled in 1811 and received a subordinate appointment. Under the Restoration, he received a pension and wrote for the Moniteur and the Gazette de France.

The Mémoires of Fouché (Paris, 1828–29) and those of Fauche-Borel have also been ascribed to him, but in the case of the former it seems certain that he only revised and completed a work really composed by Fouché himself.

Works

 * Le faux Dauphin (1803)
 * Histoire de la campagne de Suwarow en Italie
 * Histoire de la Captivité de Pie VII
 * Histoire du Pérou (1807)
 * Vie politique, militaire et privee du general Moreau (1814)
 * Catastrophe de Murat, ou Recit de la derniere revolution de Naples (1815)
 * Histoire du Brésil (1815)
 * Histoire des campagnes de 1814 et 1815 (1817)
 * Biographie des jeunes gens, ou Vies des grands hommes (1818)
 * Histoire de la guerre d'Espagne et du Portugal, 1807-1813 (1819)
 * Vie de Jules César (1821)
 * Vie de Louis XVIII (1821)
 * Histoire de la revolution de Piemont (2 vols., 1821, 1823)
 * Collection de memoires relatifs aux revolutions d'Espagne (1824)
 * Mémoires secrètes et inédites pour servir à l'histoire contemporaine (1825)

title: Alphonse de Beauchamp


text:
Zhang Zhongjing

Zhang Zhongjing (150–219), formal name Zhang Ji (張機), was a Chinese pharmacologist, physician, inventor, and writer of the Eastern Han dynasty and one of the most eminent Chinese physicians during the later years of the Han dynasty. He established medication principles and summed up the medicinal experience until that time, thus making a considerable contribution to the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Biography
Though well known in modern Chinese medicine and considered one of the finest Chinese physicians in history, very little is known about his life. According to later sources, he was born in Nanyang, held an official position in Changsha and lived from approximately 150 to 219 AD. Exact dates regarding his birth, death and works vary, but an upper limit of 220 AD is generally accepted.

It is also speculated that he created jiaozi (餃子 - gyoza/dumplings/potstickers) to help people with frostbitten ears.

During his time, with warlords fighting for their own territories, many people fell victim to infectious diseases. Zhang's family was no exception. He learned medicine by studying from his towns fellow and later teacher Zhang Bozu, assimilating from previous medicinal literature such as Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic Huangdi Neijing (黄帝内經), and collecting many prescriptions elsewhere, finally writing the medical masterpiece Shanghan Zabing Lun (, lit. "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases"). Shortly after its publication, the book was lost during the wars that ravaged China during the period of the Three Kingdoms. Because of Zhang's contribution to traditional Chinese medicine, he is often regarded as the sage of Chinese medicine.

Zhang's masterpiece, Shanghan Zabing Lun, was collected and organised later by physicians, notably Wang Shuhe (王叔和) from the Jin Dynasty (晋) and various court physicians during the Song Dynasty (宋) into two books, namely for the former, the Shang Han Lun (傷寒論, lit. "On Cold Damage"), which was mainly on a discourse on how to treat epidemic infectious diseases causing fevers prevalent during his era, and the latter, the Jingui Yaolue (金櫃要略, lit. "Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer"), a compendium of various clinical experiences which was regarded as a main discourse on internal diseases. These two texts have been heavily reconstructed several times up to the modern era. Revered for authoring the Shāng Hán Zá Bìng Lùn, Zhang Zhongjing is considered to have founded the Cold Damage or "Cold Disease" school of Chinese medicine and is widely considered the seminal expert to this day.

Influence
Zhang Zhongjing left behind Zhang Zhongjing Liu Wei Di Huang Wan. There is also the Medical Sage Temple(医圣祠) in Nanyang, which is a place to commemorate Zhang Zhongjing. Zhang Zhongjing's treatment of diseases has unique effects. The key points of his medication are to be precise, concise, and straight to the condition. Unlike modern Chinese medicine, which uses Western medicine's way of thinking and logic to treat diseases. Zhang Zhongjing is a role model and model of learning for later generations of Chinese medicine.

title: Zhang Zhongjing


text:
Nuadu Necht

Nuadu Necht ("the pure"), son of Sétna Sithbac, a descendant of Crimthann Coscrach, of the Laigin, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He came to power after killing his predecessor, Eterscél, and ruled for six months, at the end of which he was killed by Eterscél's son Conaire Mór.

The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Augustus (27 BC – AD 14), and after the birth of Christ, and makes him contemporary with legendary provincial kings Conchobar mac Nessa, Cairbre Nia Fer and Ailill mac Máta. The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 64–63 BC, and that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 111–110 BC. The Four Masters combine his reign with that of Ér, Orba, Ferón and Fergna centuries before, to make a whole year in their chronology.

In the Fenian Cycle he is an ancestor of Fionn mac Cumhaill: his son Baoisgne was the great-great-grandfather of Cumhall (mac Treunmor mac Suaelt mac Eltan mac Baoisgne mac Nuada Necht). Sometimes the father of the druid Tadg mac Nuadat, whose daughter, Muirne, is Fionn's mother is mistaken as Nuadu Nect, when it is in fact Nuada Airgetlám of the Tuatha Dé Danann. He is also said to have fathered Bascine, the ancestor of Finn's father, Cumhal mac Trenmor.

title: Nuadu Necht


text:
Rafael Bombelli

Rafael Bombelli (baptised on 20 January 1526; died 1572) was an Italian mathematician. Born in Bologna, he is the author of a treatise on algebra and is a central figure in the understanding of imaginary numbers.

He was the one who finally managed to address the problem with imaginary numbers. In his 1572 book, L'Algebra, Bombelli solved equations using the method of del Ferro/Tartaglia. He introduced the rhetoric that preceded the representative symbols +i and -i and described how they both worked.

Life
Rafael Bombelli was baptised on 20 January 1526 in Bologna, Papal States. He was born to Antonio Mazzoli, a wool merchant, and Diamante Scudieri, a tailor's daughter. The Mazzoli family was once quite powerful in Bologna. When Pope Julius II came to power, in 1506, he exiled the ruling family, the Bentivoglios. The Bentivoglio family attempted to retake Bologna in 1508, but failed. Rafael's grandfather participated in the coup attempt, and was captured and executed. Later, Antonio was able to return to Bologna, having changed his surname to Bombelli to escape the reputation of the Mazzoli family. Rafael was the oldest of six children. Rafael received no college education, but was instead taught by an engineer-architect by the name of Pier Francesco Clementi.

Bombelli felt that none of the works on algebra by the leading mathematicians of his day provided a careful and thorough exposition of the subject. Instead of another convoluted treatise that only mathematicians could comprehend, Rafael decided to write a book on algebra that could be understood by anyone. His text would be self-contained and easily read by those without higher education.

Bombelli died in 1572 in Rome.

Bombelli's Algebra

In the book that was published in 1572, entitled Algebra, Bombelli gave a comprehensive account of the algebra known at the time. He was the first European to write down the way of performing computations with negative numbers. The following is an excerpt from the text:

"Plus times plus makes plus

Minus times minus makes plus

Plus times minus makes minus

Minus times plus makes minus

Plus 8 times plus 8 makes plus 64

Minus 5 times minus 6 makes plus 30

Minus 4 times plus 5 makes minus 20

Plus 5 times minus 4 makes minus 20"

As was intended, Bombelli used simple language as can be seen above so that anybody could understand it. But at the same time, he was thorough.

Notation
Bombelli introduced, for the first time in a printed text (in Book II of his Algebra), a form of index notation in which the equation

$$x^3 = 6x + 40$$ appeared as 1U3 a. 6U1 p. 40. in which he wrote the U3 as a raised bowl-shape (like the curved part of the capital letter U) with the number 3 above it. Full symbolic notation was developed shortly thereafter by the French mathematician François Viète.

Complex numbers
Perhaps more importantly than his work with algebra, however, the book also includes Bombelli's monumental contributions to complex number theory. Before he writes about complex numbers, he points out that they occur in solutions of equations of the form $$x^3 = ax + b,$$ given that $$(a/3)^3 > (b/2)^2,$$ which is another way of stating that the discriminant of the cubic is negative. The solution of this kind of equation requires taking the cube root of the sum of one number and the square root of some negative number.

Before Bombelli delves into using imaginary numbers practically, he goes into a detailed explanation of the properties of complex numbers. Right away, he makes it clear that the rules of arithmetic for imaginary numbers are not the same as for real numbers. This was a big accomplishment, as even numerous subsequent mathematicians were extremely confused on the topic.

Bombelli avoided confusion by giving a special name to square roots of negative numbers, instead of just trying to deal with them as regular radicals like other mathematicians did. This made it clear that these numbers were neither positive nor negative. This kind of system avoids the confusion that Euler encountered. Bombelli called the imaginary number i "plus of minus" and used "minus of minus" for -i.

Bombelli had the foresight to see that imaginary numbers were crucial and necessary to solving quartic and cubic equations. At the time, people cared about complex numbers only as tools to solve practical equations. As such, Bombelli was able to get solutions using Scipione del Ferro's rule, even in casus irreducibilis, where other mathematicians such as Cardano had given up.

In his book, Bombelli explains complex arithmetic as follows:

"Plus by plus of minus, makes plus of minus.

Minus by plus of minus, makes minus of minus.

Plus by minus of minus, makes minus of minus.

Minus by minus of minus, makes plus of minus.

Plus of minus by plus of minus, makes minus.

Plus of minus by minus of minus, makes plus.

Minus of minus by plus of minus, makes plus.

Minus of minus by minus of minus makes minus."

After dealing with the multiplication of real and imaginary numbers, Bombelli goes on to talk about the rules of addition and subtraction. He is careful to point out that real parts add to real parts, and imaginary parts add to imaginary parts.

Reputation
Bombelli is generally regarded as the inventor of complex numbers, as no one before him had made rules for dealing with such numbers, and no one believed that working with imaginary numbers would have useful results. Upon reading Bombelli's Algebra, Leibniz praised Bombelli as an ". . . outstanding master of the analytical art." Crossley writes in his book, "Thus we have an engineer, Bombelli, making practical use of complex numbers perhaps because they gave him useful results, while Cardan found the square roots of negative numbers useless. Bombelli is the first to give a treatment of any complex numbers. . . It is remarkable how thorough he is in his presentation of the laws of calculation of complex numbers. . ."

In honor of his accomplishments, a Moon crater was named Bombelli.

Bombelli's method of calculating square roots
Bombelli used a method related to continued fractions to calculate square roots. He did not yet have the concept of a continued fraction, and below is the algorithm of a later version given by Pietro Cataldi (1613).

The method for finding $$ \sqrt{n} $$ begins with $$ n=(a\pm r)^2=a^2\pm 2ar+r^2\ $$ with $$ 0<r<1\ $$, from which it can be shown that $$ r=\frac{|n-a^2|}{2a\pm r}$$. Repeated substitution of the expression on the right hand side for $$r$$ into itself yields a continued fraction

 * $$a\pm \frac{|n-a^2|}{2a\pm \frac{|n-a^2|}{2a\pm \frac{|n-a^2|}{2a\pm \cdots }}}$$

for the root but Bombelli is more concerned with better approximations for $$r$$. The value chosen for $$a$$ is either of the whole numbers whose squares $$n$$ lies between. The method gives the following convergents for $$\sqrt{13}\ $$ while the actual value is 3.605551275... :

 * $$ 3\frac{2}{3},\ 3\frac{3}{5},\ 3\frac{20}{33},\ 3\frac{66}{109},\ 3\frac{109}{180},\ 3\frac{720}{1189},\ \cdots$$

The last convergent equals 3.605550883... . Bombelli's method should be compared with formulas and results used by Heros and Archimedes. The result $$\frac{265}{153}<\sqrt{3}<\frac{1351}{780}$$ used by Archimedes in his determination of the value of $$\pi$$ can be found by using 1 and 0 for the initial values of $$r$$.

title: Rafael Bombelli


text:
Nicolás de Piérola

José Nicolás Baltasar Fernández de Piérola y Villena (known as "El Califa" ("The Caliph"); January 5, 1839 – June 23, 1913) was a Peruvian politician and Minister of Finance who served as the 23rd and 31st President of the Republic of Peru, from 1879 to 1881 and 1895 to 1899.

Early years
Nicolás de Piérola was born and educated in the southern Peruvian city of Arequipa. He moved to Lima to study theology at the Seminario de Santo Toribio, and later obtained his law degree from the Faculty of Law. His parents died in 1857.

He married Doña Jesusa de Iturbide, believed to be the illegitimate daughter of Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte, the son of Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico. She died in 1914, one year after Piérola's death, in the house in the jirón Áncash he had purchased in 1869.

Minister of Economy
From 1868 to 1871, he became Minister of Finance under President José Balta. He requested, from the Parliament, broad powers in order to negotiate with several companies and to get the best possible deal. The result of his negotiations, the so-called "Hires Dreyfus" treaty was signed with a French company, the "Dreyfus Brothers".

The treaty granted the Dreyfus house of Paris the monopoly of the Peruvian guano exports. Though successful at first, he was later accused and impeached under Pardo's administration of misappropriating funds, but was honorably acquitted of dishonest practice after he managed to obtain the support of Congress.

Coup attempt against Prado
On May 6, 1877, in an attempt to overthrow the government of Mariano Ignacio Prado the ironclad "Huáscar" was seized at Callao port by followers of de Pierola. Led by the retired Navy Captain Germán Astete, it took part in the inconclusive Battle of Pacocha in which, at the helm of the monitor "Huáscar", they were forced to flee by two British ships, the "Amethyst" and the "Shah".

"Huáscar" surrendered to the government two days later, after almost one month of sabotage actions. Piérola was taken to Callao after he surrendered, he preferred to remove himself to Valparaíso and later to Europe.

Coup against Prado
Piérola was finally allowed to come back to Peru in 1879, taking advantage of the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) with Chile. In the course of these deliberations, President Mariano Ignacio Prado left his vice president, Luis La Puerta in charge of the government and decided to leave for Europe to buy more armament and secure more money for the war. Many Peruvians (and parts of the Armed Forces) took this as an excuse for his inability to govern in the middle of the war.

During the course of these events, Piérola took advantage of President Prado's absence and proclaimed himself "Supreme Commander in Chief" on December 21. With part of the Army supporting his actions, he launched a successful coup d'état, with heavy fighting and casualties between both factions. Piérola assumed full power on December 23, 1879.

Supreme Commander-in-Chief

Piérola, after securing the loyalty of the troops that were in the capital, launched a ruthless campaign to censor the press. "El Comercio", the oldest newspaper in the capital, did not appear for 3 years. The Army was purged, and in several cases the seniority was ignored. Officers loyal to Pierola were put in charge based only in their political allegiance rather than experience. General Andrés Avelino Cáceres and Admiral Lizardo Montero Flores viewed their influence severely diminished.

After several defeats that the Peruvian Army suffered in Tacna and Arica, Piérola ordered what was left of the Army to protect the capital. In this way, the Peruvian army and poorly armed citizens that volunteered to the fight were set up to defend Lima. Fooled by the enemy, Piérola expected a Chilean assault from the north of the city, and marched with a large contingent of troops to the city of Ancón.

At the end, the Chilean assault was launched from the south. In this way, and with no reinforcements available, the Peruvian forces were defeated in the battles of San Juan and Miraflores, and the city of Lima fell in January 1881 to the forces of General Baquedano. The southern suburbs of Lima, including the upscale beach area of Chorrillos, were sacked and burned to the ground.

After Chilean forces invaded Lima in 1881, Piérola had to abandon the capital and leave for Ayacucho, yet was unsuccessful commanding Peruvian forces from there also. To make matters worse, Chile had never recognized his government. Chile installed its own Government in Lima, and Piérola was soon forced to resign in the midst of the conflict on November 28 of that same year. What remained of his forces was gathered by Andrés Avelino Cáceres, who was able to launch a guerrilla war against the invading Chilean forces.

Coup against Cáceres
However, this was not the end of Piérola as he would prove himself president of Peru years later as the leader of the Democratic Party of Peru, which he had founded in 1882. In 1894, after associating his party with the Civil Party of Peru to organize guerillas with fighters to occupy Lima, he ousted Andrés Avelino Cáceres, who had taken control of the government after the death of Remigio Morales Bermúdez, whose Vice President was prevented by Cáceres from taking office. Pierola was successful in overthrowing Cáceres and once again became president of Peru in 1895. The politician's second coup became very controversial for it was realized in a messianic and very violent fashion: over a thousand people were murdered in what was supposed to be Pierola's triumphal entry into Lima.

Presidency
For the Peruvian Elections of 1895, Piérola's platform included several members of the Civilista Party, and thus he was not challenged by any other candidate. He was elected President after receiving 4150 votes out of 4310 valid votes.

It is generally accepted that his Presidency inaugurated the "Aristocratic Republic", a period in which the economic and political "elite" was the sole and undisputed ruling class of the country. This period was marked with the reconstruction of a devastated Peru by initiating fiscal, military, religious, and civil reforms.

One of his most successful reforms was the issuing of the "Libra Peruana", gold currency of the same value as the British Sovereign, which gave Peru unprecedented monetary stability. The country started a slow but steady economic reform that effectively minimized the recession, while at the same time allowed an effective modernization of the State. He also sponsored the immigration of Japanese citizens to Peru.

Thus, his second term was successfully completed in 1899 and, in the same year, Eduardo López de Romaña, a prominent member of the Civilista Party, was elected president.

Post-presidency
In 1900, Pierola intended to return to politics, this time running for the Mayorship of Lima. This was widely seen as a terrible political mistake, since he was defeated by an independent coalition led by Agustín Elguera. He ran again for the presidency in 1904, but withdrew before the election took place. His influence in politics faded away and he made another political mistake by supporting his brothers Carlos, Isaías and Amadeo in their attempt to overthrow President Augusto B. Leguía.

His political influence continued to decline during his final years. He died in Lima in 1913. In the 1990 presidential election, his great-nephew Nicolás de Piérola Balta (also a great-grandson of President José Balta) was a candidate.

title: Nicolás de Piérola


text:
Landsat 5

Landsat 5 was a low Earth orbit satellite launched on March 1, 1984, to collect imagery of the surface of Earth. A continuation of the Landsat Program, Landsat 5 was jointly managed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Data from Landsat 5 was collected and distributed from the USGS's Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS).

After 29 years in space, Landsat 5 was officially decommissioned on June 5, 2013. Near the end of its mission, Landsat 5's use was hampered by equipment failures, and it was largely superseded by Landsat 7 and Landsat 8. Mission scientists anticipated the satellite will re-enter Earth's atmosphere and disintegrate around 2034.

Recognized by Guinness World Records as the longest-operating Earth-observing satellite mission in history, Landsat 5 orbited the planet more than 150,000 times while transmitting more than 2.5 million images of land surface conditions around the world, greatly outliving its original three-year design life.

Specifications
Landsat 5 had a maximum transmission bandwidth of 85 Mbit/s. It was deployed at an altitude of 705.3 km, and it took about 16 days to scan the entire Earth. The satellite was an identical copy of Landsat 4 and was originally intended as a backup. Therefore, Landsat 5 carried the same instruments, including the Thematic Mapper and Multi-Spectral Scanner. The Multi-Spectral Scanner was powered down in 1995, but reactivated again in 2012.

Mission history
Landsat 5 was launched by NASA from Vandenberg Air Force Base on March 1, 1984.

Landsat 5 recorded many significant events. It was the first satellite to capture the nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1986. Landsat 5 also documented deforestation occurring in tropical regions, and captured the devastating 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia.

On November 26, 2005, the back-up solar array drive on Landsat 5 began exhibiting unusual behavior. The solar array drive maintains the proper pointing angle between the solar array and the Sun. The rotation of the solar array drive became sporadic, and the solar array was not able to provide the power needed to charge the batteries. Maintaining power to the batteries is critical to sustain proper operation of the spacecraft. The primary solar array drive failed under similar circumstances in January 2006. As a result of this situation, imaging operations were suspended. After a month-long investigation in December 2005 and testing in January 2006, new operating procedures were developed that would allow Landsat 5 to continue normal operations.

On December 18, 2009, the transmitter on Landsat 5 experienced technical difficulties. Data downlink was restored on January 7, 2010, after a test successfully managed to retrieve a picture over North America. This test exercised the only remaining Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier (TWTA). The remaining TWTA is in fact the primary TWTA that was in operation when Landsat 5 launched in 1984. After several issues in late 1986 and 1987, the primary TWTA was turned off and the secondary redundant TWTA was used. The USGS Flight Operations Team applied lessons learned while operating the redundant TWTA to the primary TWTA for its first successful transmission in over 22 years.

On November 18, 2011, image acquisitions were suspended for a period of 90 days, due to fluctuations in the performance of a critical amplifier in the satellite's transmission system. USGS indicated the satellite was nearing the end of its life, after more than 27 years in space.

Longevity
Landsat 5 significantly exceeded its designed life expectancy, lasting several decades beyond its original three-year mission. Contributing to Landsat 5's longevity was the presence of extra fuel for possible future retrieval by the Space Shuttle. If the need arose, Landsat 5 could use the extra fuel to move into a lower orbit. Instead, the extra fuel was used to maintain its existing orbit as long as practicable.

On February 10, 2013, NASA announced that the Guinness World Records had awarded Landsat 5 the world record for "longest-operating Earth observation satellite" at 28 years, 10 months and counting.

End of mission
In mid-2012, with the satellite suffering multiple mechanical failures, the USGS Landsat team began planning a complex series of steps to ensure that the satellite's decommissioning would meet the requirements set under international agreements. When planning began, a date for decommissioning had not yet been set. However, in November 2012, one of Landsat 5's redundant gyroscopes failed, leaving only two operational. If one more failed, the satellite would be left derelict in its valued orbital band. Considering these circumstances, USGS announced on December 21, 2012, that Landsat 5 would be permanently decommissioned as soon as practicable.

Landsat 5 transmitted its last image on January 6, 2013. Nine days later, USGS Mission Operations began the process of maneuvering the satellite from its 438 mi operational orbit into a lower disposal orbit. On June 5, 2013, with Landsat 5's fuel reserve completely depleted, the USGS Flight Operations Team issued commands to shut off all moving mechanisms and hobble the spacecraft's ability to generate and store power from its solar arrays. The final command shut down Landsat 5's transmitter, silencing the mission permanently and effectively terminating the mission 29 years, 3 months and 4 days after its launch.

At the time of Landsat 5's decommissioning, Landsat 7 (launched in 1999) and Landsat 8 (launched in 2013) remained in orbit. Landsat 8 came online only a few weeks prior to Landsat 5's decommissioning.

title: Landsat 5