text:
Fred Bruemmer

Fred Bruemmer, D.Litt. (Freds Brimmers; June 26, 1929 – December 17, 2013) was a Latvian Canadian nature photographer and researcher. He spent his life travelling extensively throughout the circumpolar regions and to other remote parts of the globe. His works have been centered mostly on the Arctic, its people and its animals. He also conducted research and published on animals in many other areas of the globe. He spoke nine languages and wrote more than a thousand articles for publications around the world, including Canadian Geographic, Natural History, National Geographic and Smithsonian. Fred Bruemmer lived in Montreal, Quebec.

Born Friedrich Karl von Brümmer (Frīdrihs Kārlis fon Brimmers) in Riga, Latvia, to a Baltic-German family, he emigrated to Canada in 1951 and became a citizen in 1956. His book Survival - A Refugee Life, published in 2005, talks about the harrowing ordeals the young Bruemmer went through during World War II, which led him from his Latvian birthplace to eventual immigration to Canada.

His 1964 photo of a white harp seal pup became an icon and was among 51 photos chosen in the book Photographs that Changed the World.

Books by Fred Bruemmer include:

 * The Long Hunt (1969);
 * Seasons of the Eskimo (1971);
 * Encounters with Arctic Animals (1972);
 * The Arctic (1974);
 * The Life of the Harp Seal (1977);
 * Children of the North (1979);
 * Summer at Bear River (1980);
 * The Arctic World (1985);
 * Arctic Animals (1986);
 * Seasons of the Seal (1988);
 * World of the Polar Bear (1989);
 * Seals (1991) (with Eric S. Grace);
 * Land of Dark, Land of Light (1993) (with Karen Pandell);
 * Les Animaux du Grand Nord (1993) (with Angele Delaunois);
 * Arctic Memories: Living with the Inuit (1993);
 * Nanook and Nauja: The Polar Bear Cubs (1995) (with Angele Delaunois);
 * Kotik: The Baby Seal (1995) (with Angele Delaunois);
 * Polar Dance: Born of the North Wind (1997) (with Tom Mangelsen);
 * Seals in the Wild (1998)
 * Glimpses of Paradise: The Marvel of Massed Animals (2002), ISBN 978-1552976661
 * Survival - A Refugee Life (2005)
 * Islands of Fate (2006)
 * Arctic Visions: Pictures from a Vanished world (2009)

Honours

 * Member of the Order of Canada, 1983;
 * Recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee medal, 1993;
 * Fellow of the Arctic Institute of North America;
 * Member of the Travel Journalist Guild;
 * North American Nature Photography Association Lifetime Award, 2003;
 * Royal Canadian Institute Sanford Fleming medal, 1989;
 * Honorary Doctoral Degree, Dr.h.c. University of New Brunswick, 1989.
 * Royal Canadian Academy of Arts

title: Fred Bruemmer


text:
Patrick Wilson (drummer)

Patrick George Wilson (born February 1, 1969) is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known as the drummer and cofounding member of the rock band Weezer, with whom he has recorded 15 studio albums.

In addition to his work with Weezer, Wilson also fronts his own band, the Special Goodness.

Early life
Patrick Wilson was born in Buffalo, New York, on February 1, 1969, and raised in nearby Clarence. He was introduced to music very early, making his first musical purchase of Barry Manilow's 1976 album This One's for You. Shortly after his 15th birthday, he attended his first concert, seeing Van Halen. As a result, he was inspired to start taking drum lessons. By his senior year at Clarence High School, Wilson and his friend Greg Czarnecki began teaching the instrument, eventually attracting more than 30 students.

After graduating from high school in 1987, Wilson attended a local college briefly, withdrawing after one semester. He commented, "College is such bunk. Too much politics and jockeying for favor. I just couldn't do it. College is great if you want to learn, but that's not what college is about, it's about making your professor happy and getting good grades and getting into IBM. Any place that says that they're only accepting college graduates is not a place I'm very interested in being."

Growing tired of the local music scene, and at the urging of friend Patrick Finn, Wilson moved to Los Angeles at the age of 21. Shortly after arriving in Los Angeles, Wilson joined a short-lived band called Bush in which met friend and future Weezer bassist Matt Sharp.

Wilson was also in another band with future Weezer frontman Rivers Cuomo called Fuzz that dissolved within three months. Wilson said: "By the time I had met Matt Sharp, and we were trying to figure out something to do. We had a lot of passion and interested in certain kinds of music, but we didn't know how that was going to translate into what we were going to do. So we met Rivers – 'He's got an 8-track, let's get with him' – and we convinced him to move into this apartment with us. Rivers was just starting to write songs and he asked me to play drums on a song for him. That turned into a band called Fuzz, with this girl bass player. That was pretty cool, but it had to die."

In the spring of 1991, Sharp moved north to Berkeley to pursue what Karl Koch called "some sorta symphonic keyboard sequencing music." Other members of the band moved to separate apartments. During this time, Wilson performed in a number of different bands such as the Dum Dums and United Dirt. Cuomo, Wilson and Cropper reunited in a band called Sixty Wrong Sausages with Patrick Finn. Later, after Sixty Wrong Sausages dissolved in late 1991, Sharp replaced Finn. During this time, Wilson and Cuomo embarked on a "50-song project" in which they would dedicate themselves to writing 50 new songs. Out of this project, future Weezer songs were created, such as "Undone—The Sweater Song", "My Name Is Jonas", "Lullaby for Wayne" and "The World Has Turned and Left Me Here."

In January 1992, Sharp reconnected with former bandmates Cuomo, Wilson and Cropper, and Wilson showed him material from his and Cuomo's "50-song project." Sharp was pleased with the material and returned to Los Angeles to join the band, consisting of Cuomo, Wilson, and Cropper, now under the name of Weezer.

With Weezer
In addition to his drum duties, Wilson has three cowriting credits for Weezer songs ("The World Has Turned and Left Me Here", "Surf Wax America" and "My Name Is Jonas") and two solo writing credits ("Automatic" and "In the Mall"). He also has lead vocal/lead guitar duties on "Automatic". However, Cuomo and Wilson have written many more songs collaboratively, including "Lemonade" (released on Alone: The Home Recordings of Rivers Cuomo) and "Lullaby for Wayne" (released on the deluxe version of 1994's Weezer).

Wilson's stunts on skateboards, scooters and bicycles have been videotaped and released on Weezer's official website. Some of these videos can be seen on Weezer's DVD Video Capture Device, released in 2004. Wilson plays acoustic guitar for some songs on tour, and in 2005 on tour with Foo Fighters, he played lead guitar and sang "Photograph", which he would follow with a cover of Blur's "Song 2".

Wilson wrote and performed lead vocals/guitars on "Automatic" on Weezer's third self-titled album. The song was remixed by LA Riots for the video game Gran Turismo 5 Prologue. Wilson also sang lead vocals on the album's B-side covers of "Life's What You Make It" (Talk Talk) and "Love My Way" (the Psychedelic Furs). He also contributed vocals to Weezer's cover of Tubeway Army's "Are 'Friends' Electric?", which he had sung live with Weezer in 2005.

During Weezer's 2008 Troublemaker tour, Wilson played drums and sang in a three-part lead vocal with Scott Shriner and Cuomo on "My Name Is Jonas"; sang lead vocals and played lead guitar on "Automatic" and covers of Nirvana's "Sliver," Oasis's "Morning Glory" and Pink Floyd's "Time"; and played drums and sang backup vocals on "The Greatest Man That Ever Lived."

During Weezer's 2009 tour supporting Blink 182, Josh Freese played drums for Weezer while Wilson played guitar for the majority of their set, necessitated by Cuomo's desire to be more interactive and mobile on stage and less involved with guitar work.

Other projects
Wilson records and performs with his own band, the Special Goodness, for which he writes songs, performs vocals and plays the majority of the instruments. The band has released several albums, and Wilson has made songs available on his website.

Almost immediately after Weezer's initial success, Wilson played drums on the Rentals' first record Return of the Rentals, but he never toured with the band.

Wilson and Weezer guitarist Brian Bell collaborated on a cover of the Velvet Underground song "Heroin" for the 2006 film Factory Girl. Additionally, Wilson and Bell were given small roles in the film as John Cale and Lou Reed, respectively.

Wilson has served as an executive producer for the No Agenda podcast. He also participated in Episode 82 of the MacBreak Weekly podcast.

Personal life
Wilson married Jennifer Wilson in 1994 and they had two sons: Charlie, born in 2004, and Ian Patrick, born in early 2008. Jennifer died from cancer in August 2013. Wilson remarried in February 2015 to Camille Wilson. They have a son named Cruz, who was born in 2016, and they live in Southern California.

With Weezer

 * 1994 – Weezer (Blue Album)
 * 1996 – Pinkerton
 * 2001 – Weezer (Green Album)
 * 2002 – Maladroit
 * 2005 – Make Believe
 * 2008 – Weezer (Red Album)
 * 2009 – Raditude
 * 2010 – Hurley
 * 2010 – Death to False Metal
 * 2014 – Everything Will Be Alright in the End
 * 2016 – Weezer (White Album)
 * 2017 – Pacific Daydream
 * 2019 – Weezer (Teal Album)
 * 2019 – Weezer (Black Album)
 * 2021 – OK Human
 * 2021 – Van Weezer
 * 2022 - SZNZ: Spring
 * 2022 - SZNZ: Summer
 * 2022 - SZNZ: Autumn
 * 2022 - SZNZ: Winter

With the Special Goodness

 * 1998 – Special Goodness (a.k.a. "The Bunny Record")
 * 2001 – At Some Point, Birds and Flowers Became Interesting (a.k.a. "Pinecone")
 * 2003 – Land Air Sea
 * 2012 – Natural

With the Rentals

 * 1995 – Return of the Rentals

With Rivers Cuomo

 * 2007 – Alone: The Home Recordings of Rivers Cuomo (cowrote and plays drums on "Lemonade")

With Homie

 * 1998 – Meet the Deedles soundtrack (plays drums on "American Girls")

Wilson has also sung background vocals on Rancid's album Let the Dominoes Fall.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Patrick Wilson (drummer)


text:
Bloemhof

Bloemhof is an agricultural town of about 2,000 inhabitants situated on the banks of the Vaal River in North West Province of South Africa.

History
It was founded in August 1864 when diamonds were discovered in the area. The town was established on the farm owned by John Barclay, who survived the shipwreck of HMS Birkenhead in 1852. The place became known as Bloemhof (flower court) because of the lovely gardens that were planted by Barclay's daughter. In June 1869, the South African Republic's Volksraad created a new district called Bloemhof named after the town itself. Currently Bloemhof has a variety of social milieus; it has a township called Boitumelong and former coloured residence called Coverdale. Salamat is also a small residence, formerly an Indian suburb, which is situated in this town.

Notable people

 * Lieutenant-General Willem Louw (24 November 1920 – 4 July 1980) was a South African military commander. He joined the South African Army in the Special Service Battalion in 1938.
 * Moosa Moolla (12 June 1934) TIC activist, member of COP National Secretariat, Treason trialist, 90 day detainee, MK and ANC member, editor of Spotlight, ANC Chief Representative in India, head of the ANC's Egypt and Middle East mission and the ANC representative on the Permanent Secretariat of the Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organisation, recipient of the National Award, The Order of Luthuli, in Silver
 * Juan-Philip Smith (born 30 March 1994) is a South African rugby union player for the Seattle Seawolves in Major League Rugby in the United States.
 * Monnapule Saleng Orlando Pirates super star was born and bred in Bloemhof.

Education

 * Bloemhof Combined School
 * Bloemhof primary School
 * Boitumelong primary School
 * Gaopalelwe Senior Secondary School
 * Matlhajaneng Public Primary School
 * Thamagane Primary School
 * Thuto-Lore Secondary school
 * Tshenolo Primary School
 * Vaaloewer Combined School

Tourist attractions

 * Bloemhof Dam
 * Bloemhof Dam Nature Reserve
 * Sandveld Nature Reserve
 * SA Lombard Nature Reserve

title: Bloemhof


text:
Talk:Patrick Wilson (drummer)

Untitled
N.B. This bio was originally listed under Patrick Wilson. Ganymead 08:07, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

birthdate
The official weezer bio page lists his birthday as 1969-2-1 http://www.weezer.com/info/bios/index.html CyberSkull 00:05, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)

personal life
I'm not a Weezer fan, so bags not, but can't someone fix the personal life section up? Am to understand that Patrick got married, had two kids and then went of MBW podcast (clearly a life highlight), and that's all? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.172.118.11 (talk) 02:05, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Patrick wilson.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:18, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Elton John
I removed the Elton John info. Google searches of "Patrick Wilson + Elton John" show a fair amount of results, but it's a different Patrick Wilson. --JasonDaniel123 06:19, 26 April 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by JasonDaniel123 (talk • contribs)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:24, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * 6c327ad55f1d86fd5ac1e656f91ea153-1200-80.jpg

title: Talk:Patrick Wilson (drummer)


text:
Javine Hylton

Javine Dionne Hylton (born 27 December 1981), often known simply as Javine, is a retired English singer and songwriter. She represented the UK at the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest in Kyiv with "Touch My Fire" and she has also had a few hit singles in the UK. Javine's cover version of "You've Got a Friend" was the theme music to Garfield: The Movie in 2004.

Early life
Hylton was born in London and grew up in Ladbroke Grove.

From a young age, she had a passion for dance: "I didn't like singing. I started stage school at 10, because at my normal school, there were always fights. So I thought, what do I want to do? I want to dance."

For two years, Hylton played Nala in a production of The Lion King in London's West End. Following the end of the run, she began writing songs and pursuing a career in music.

She auditioned for ITV's Popstars: The Rivals, a reality television talent show in which young hopefuls sought to be picked for a place in a new manufactured group.

She was one of the last six contenders for a place in the girl group, but she lost out on a spot in what later became the chart-topping group Girls Aloud. She instead embarked on a solo singing career.

Recording career
In the summer of 2003, Hylton released her debut single "Real Things", which featured a sample of M.O.P.'s hit "Ante Up". The single charted in the UK Singles Chart at Number 4, and remains her biggest hit to date. Three further Top 20 hits from her debut album followed, "Surrender (Your Love)" (which sampled the Diana Ross hit "Surrender"), "Best of My Love" and a cover of Jade's "Don't Walk Away", a double A-side with a cover of Carole King's "You've Got a Friend".

Hylton's debut album, Surrender, was released after her third single in the summer of 2004. In spite of securing a songwriting partnership with Eg White, and record producers Stargate, along with the singles performing relatively well, her debut album only just managed to get into the UK Albums Chart and as a result she was dropped by her record label in late 2004, despite the moderate success of the album's singles that were released on their own.

Hylton featured on Richard X's 2003 album Richard X Presents His X-Factor Vol. 1. Her collaboration with him, "You Used To", was due to be released as a single, but it was cancelled.

In late 2003, she became an opening act for American rapper Nelly on the UK leg of his international tour.

In October 2013, Hylton teamed up with DJs WAWA and M.A.R.K to release the track "Never". The song was met with widespread acclaim. Digital Spy called it an "uptempo club number", while in an 8/10 review Popjustice labelled it a "belter".

Eurovision 2005
On 5 March 2005, Hylton won Eurovision: Making Your Mind Up, the UK heat of the Eurovision Song Contest 2005, singing "Touch My Fire", co-written by her. The other contestants were the 1996 UK entrant Gina G, Andy Scott-Lee, the group Tricolore, and Katie Price. During the performance, tape used to hold her dress in place came loose, causing a 'wardrobe malfunction'. Hylton went on to represent the UK in the final in Kyiv, reportedly suffering from a throat infection. With pre-final odds of 33/1, she finished with 18 points, in 22nd place, ahead of France and Germany. When "Touch My Fire" was released as a single, it became her fifth consecutive Top 20 hit, reaching Number 18 in the UK Singles Chart.

Other work
In 2004, Hylton was the face of Dasani water, but was dropped when the product was withdrawn from the UK market due to bad publicity. She has also appeared in Series 4 of the Channel 4 programme The Games in 2006, which she went on to win.

In a 2006 Christmas edition of Never Mind the Buzzcocks with Simon Amstell, the show was dedicated to the birthdays of both Jesus and Hylton, on account of her birthday being two days after Christmas. In 2007, she took part in BBC Three's Celebrity Scissorhands.

In 2008, she was the first celebrity eliminated from The Underdog Show. In 2009, she made an uncredited guest appearance on the television show Skins.

In 2010, she appeared on Celebrity Come Dine with Me and came second overall. In 2012, Hylton was due to star as 'Lucretia MacEvil' in the UK touring production of Disco Inferno; however the tour was cancelled. In the same year, Javine was a contestant on Celebrity Masterchef until being eliminated along with Cheryl Baker.

Personal life
Hylton has a child with Michael Harvey, Jr., a daughter, born February 2008. Hylton has since had another child, a son.

In March 2006, Hylton pleaded guilty to driving with excess alcohol and was banned from driving for 18 months.

title: Javine Hylton


text:
Talk:Bourtange

Vlagtwedde
Why was this merged with Vlagtwedde? An article about a fortress and an article about the municipality it's in are two separate concepts. If it's good enough to be its own article in the German and Dutch Wikipedias, why merge it into a different article? Especially when there was no discussion prior to the merge. -Branddobbe 08:09, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

Serperate articles for the town and the fort
It makes no sense to have information on both a town and a fort merged into one article. They are completely different things. I have decided to make a separate article for the fort, which will hopefully solve any further confusions or problems. -(Wikipedian1234 (talk) 22:10, 6 October 2009 (UTC))

I am constructing a separate article for the fort. Any comments on the article are welcome on the talk page-(Wikipedian1234 (talk) 02:16, 9 October 2009 (UTC))

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Bourtange. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070220041404/http://www.knaw.nl/cfdata/publicaties/detail.cfm?boeken__ordernr=20061061 to http://www.knaw.nl/cfdata/publicaties/detail.cfm?boeken__ordernr=20061061
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060319070600/http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/milieu-natuur-ruimte/ruimte/publicaties/cartografie-geografie/geografische-data/2001-bevolkingskernen-in-nederland.htm to http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/milieu-natuur-ruimte/ruimte/publicaties/cartografie-geografie/geografische-data/2001-bevolkingskernen-in-nederland.htm
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/5HcOxfMap?url=http%3A%2F%2Fstatline.cbs.nl%2F to http://statline.cbs.nl/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130131045019/http://www.bourtange.nl:80/index.php/en to http://www.bourtange.nl/index.php/en

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Which William?
Village article says fort was built by William of Orange. Fort article says fort was built by William the Silent. 50.39.175.148 (talk) 16:56, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bourtange


text:
Patrick Wilson (librarian)

Patrick Wilson (December 29, 1927 – September 12, 2003) was a noted librarian, information scientist and philosopher who served as a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and as dean of the School of Library and Information Studies (now the School of Information) there. Earlier in his career, Wilson taught philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Career
Wilson is noted within the library and information science communities for his work on the philosophical underpinnings of bibliographic control, that is, the ways in which knowledge is organized and the relationships between different documents and pieces of knowledge. He also did work on what he called "cognitive authority," which is the study of how people gain reputation and the authority of possessing knowledge in the eyes of other people.

He is the subject of an oral history.

Wilson was the winner of the 2001 American Society for Information Science and Technology Award of Merit. In his acceptance remarks, Wilson commented:

"So for me information science and technology has been a fascinating combination of engineering, an odd kind of materials science and social epistemology. Social epistemology with a focus on textual objects and with an eye on the actual and possible roles of information systems is a productive approach to our field. There is a huge and rich supply of real problems out there still awaiting exploration, of real importance and endless fascination, and I urge others to take them on."

Published works
Wilson is the author of three books:

title: Patrick Wilson (librarian)


text:
Talk:Patrick Wilson (librarian)

Untitled
N.B. This bio was moved the from the page Patrick Wilson. Ganymead 08:16, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patrick Wilson (librarian)


text:
Talk:Sa Gojō

Spelling
The name is Sagojo. Not Sha Gojo. Please stop reverting Robot Master with your incorrect romanization. I will be kind and not correct this article for you, as you seem to prefer the wrong name. --Boco XLVII 08:17, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Boco XLVII, do you have any idea how stupid you sound? I nearly woke the whole house laughing. His name is Sha Gojyo, ok? Look at any picture of him which Minekura made that has the name printed/written on it. 202.73.122.227 23:04, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sa Gojō


text:
EMD Dash 2

The EMD Dash 2 is a line of diesel-electric locomotives introduced by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division (EMD) on January 1, 1972. Designations of these models were those of the former models with "-2" added (e.g., the SD40 was replaced by the SD40-2). They retained the basic specifications of the earlier models in terms of power output and most other features, but introduced a number of improvements to the locomotives' internal systems, specifically the electrical systems and the trucks of the locomotives. These were intended to improve availability, efficiency, and ease of maintenance.

One major improvement was a modularized electrical control cabinet, allowing maintenance by unit replacement and the use of common parts. These concepts were first tested on the DDA40X.

Changes
Minor externally visible changes common across the whole line include the following:
 * Modified trucks with damping struts. Four-axle trucks have damping struts on two diagonally opposite corners. Six-axle trucks have them on the center axle.
 * Six axle trucks with all traction motors pointing towards the center. This improves the truck's factor of adhesion but also increases each truck's overall length. The locomotive's frame was lengthened as a consequence. These were the HT-C trucks which were employed for the next 20 years. The older Flexicoil C trucks remained a seldom-selected option.
 * Engine water level sight glass on the rear upper right-hand side of the long hood.
 * Battery boxes in front of the cab have bolted down covers, rather than hinged.
 * Circular access panels added at the top corners of the long hood.
 * Cab roof extends slightly beyond the cab rear to accommodate the larger electrical cabinet.

Models
The Dash 2 line was highly successful. The models offered included the following:
 * GP38-2
 * GP38-2W
 * GP39-2
 * GP40-2
 * GP40-2L(W)
 * GP40-2W
 * GP40PH-2
 * SD38-2
 * SD40-2
 * SD40-2F
 * SD40-2W
 * SD40T-2
 * SD40-2S
 * SD45-2
 * SD45T-2 (most are rebuilt to SD45T-2R or rebuilt to SD40T-2 or SD40-2T)
 * SDP40F
 * F40PH
 * F40PH-2
 * F40PHM-2
 * F40PH-2C
 * G22W-2
 * G22CU-2
 * GL22C-2

Rebuilds
In addition, many other earlier locomotives were rebuilt to Dash 2 standards by numerous locomotive rebuilders and railroad shops.

Among the most popular rebuilds are SD40, SD45, SD40T-2 and SD45T-2 into the functional equivalent of an SD40-2, although the frame, carbody and trucks remain the same as on the "donor" locomotive. In many cases, the rebuilds are identified as, for example, an SD40-3 or an SD40M-2, or an equivalent distinguishing identification. In some cases, the locomotive is identified simply as an SD40-2, although it is clear through physical examination that it is a rebuild. Once so rebuilt, the locomotive enters the owner's fleet as if it were a true SD40-2, arguably the most versatile and reliable diesel-electric locomotive of its time, if not all-time.

Although not as popular as the SD40-2 rebuilds, GP40s, GP39/SD39s and GP38/SD38s have also been rebuilt to the equivalent of GP40-2s, GP39-2/SD39-2s and GP38-2/SD38-2s, so significant were the reliability and serviceability advantages of the Dash 2 line.

Subsequent models
Models subsequent to the Dash 2 line, for example SD50, SD60 and SD70, et al., incorporated Dash 2 improvements at the outset. In this context, the model suffix -2 is only applicable to the 40 Series, although -2 has been applied to certain variations of the later models.

title: EMD Dash 2


text:
Patrick Wilson

Patrick Joseph Wilson (born July 3, 1973) is an American actor. He began his career in 1995, starring in Broadway musicals. He received nominations for two Tony Awards for his roles in The Full Monty (2000–2001) and Oklahoma! (2002). He co-starred in the acclaimed HBO miniseries Angels in America (2003), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and a Primetime Emmy Award.

Wilson appeared in films such as The Phantom of the Opera (2004), Hard Candy (2005), Little Children (2006), Watchmen (2009), and The A-Team (2010). He gained wider recognition for his starring role in the Insidious film series (2010–2023) and as Ed Warren in The Conjuring universe (2013–present), both horror franchises. He made his directorial debut with the sequel Insidious: The Red Door (2023).

On television, Wilson starred in the CBS drama series A Gifted Man (2011–2012) and as Lou Solverson in the second season of FX's anthology series Fargo (2015), for which he received a second Golden Globe nomination. In the DC Extended Universe, he played Ocean Master in Aquaman (2018) and Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023).

Early life
Patrick Joseph Wilson was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on July 3, 1973, the son of voice teacher/singer, Mary Kay Wilson, and WTVT news anchor, John Franklin Wilson. He has two older brothers: Paul, an advertising executive, and Mark, who succeeded their father as a WTVT news anchor. Wilson grew up in St. Petersburg, Florida, where he attended Shorecrest Preparatory School. In 1995, he graduated with a BFA in Drama from Carnegie Mellon University.

Early stage and TV work
In 1995, Wilson made his acting debut as an understudy in the role of Chris Scott in the national touring production of Miss Saigon. The following year, he portrayed Billy Bigelow in the national tour of Carousel. In 1999, he starred as Jamie Conway in the off-Broadway production of Bright Lights, Big City, and Wilson later made his Broadway theatre debut in The Full Monty (2000), portraying Jerry Lukowski. For his performance in the role, he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical.

Circa 2000, Wilson completed work on the film My Sister's Wedding, which has never been released. He sang "On the Street Where You Live" from My Fair Lady for Julie Andrews' awards ceremony when she received the Kennedy Center Honors in 2001. In 2002, his performance as Curly McLain in the Broadway production of Oklahoma! received critical acclaim, with Wilson being nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical for the second time each. He won critical acclaim for his performance as the closeted Mormon Republican Joe Pitt in Mike Nichols' 2003 HBO drama miniseries Angels in America, receiving nominations for both the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie.

Early film work
In 2004, Wilson made his first film appearance in The Alamo, playing William B. Travis. That same year, he co-starred in the musical film The Phantom of the Opera as Viscount Raoul de Chagny. The following year, he starred alongside Elliot Page in the psychological thriller film Hard Candy, portraying a pedophile named Jeff Kohlver.

In 2006, Wilson starred as Brad Adamson in Todd Field's Little Children. Also in 2006, he appeared in the Golden Globe Award-nominated Running with Scissors as Michael Shephard, which was directed by Ryan Murphy and produced by Brad Pitt. In 2007, he starred as Brian Callahan in the independent film Purple Violets, which was written and directed by Edward Burns. In 2008, he starred in Neil LaBute's Lakeview Terrace.

Wilson played Dan Dreiberg / Nite Owl II in Zack Snyder's 2009 film adaptation of the graphic novel Watchmen, gaining 25 pounds for the role after filming flashback scenes as the slimmer Nite Owl II. This film reunited Wilson with his Little Children co-star, Jackie Earle Haley. On October 19, 2010, in Yankee Stadium, he sang "God Bless America" during the seventh-inning stretch of Game 4 of the American League Championship Series between the Texas Rangers and the New York Yankees. On November 20, 2010, in Yankee Stadium, he sang the United States National Anthem before the first football game in the new stadium, played between Army and Notre Dame.

International breakthrough
Wilson played the primary antagonist Lynch in 2010's The A-Team, and co-starred with Rose Byrne in James Wan's horror film Insidious. He returned for the latter film's sequel, Insidious: Chapter 2, which was released in 2013. In 2013, Wilson portrayed the famous paranormal investigator Ed Warren, alongside Vera Farmiga starring as his wife Lorraine, in the horror film The Conjuring. The film was critically acclaimed, becoming one of the highest grossing horror films of all time. Wilson reprised the role in the film's sequel, The Conjuring 2, released on June 10, 2016.

In January 2014, Wilson was announced to portray the lead role, Lou Solverson, in the second season of FX's anthology series Fargo. He was nominated for the 2015 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his performance. In March 2014, Wilson was cast in an unspecified role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Ant-Man, but later left the film due to scheduling conflicts brought upon by multiple delays with the film's production. That same year, he was cast as Arthur O'Dwyer in the Western film Bone Tomahawk, opposite Kurt Russell and Matthew Fox.

Ongoing success and directorial debut
In 2016, he co-starred in John Lee Hancock's biopic The Founder, as Rollie Smith, based on the life of McDonald's fast food restaurants' founder Ray Kroc. In August 2016, Barbra Streisand released the album Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway, on which she and Wilson duet the song "Loving You" from the Stephen Sondheim musical Passion.

In 2018, Wilson co-starred in Jaume Collet-Serra's action thriller The Commuter, reuniting with The Conjuring co-star Farmiga, and portraying a trusted friend of Liam Neeson's character. Also that year, he portrayed Orm Marius / Ocean Master in the DC Extended Universe film Aquaman, directed by long-time collaborator James Wan. Wilson reprised his role in the 2023 sequel film Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom.

On November 8, 2019, Roland Emmerich's World War II film Midway, was released, starring Wilson along with Ed Skrein, Mandy Moore, Luke Evans, Aaron Eckhart, Nick Jonas, Dennis Quaid and Woody Harrelson. In June 2020, Wilson signed on to Emmerich's Moonfall, which was released in 2022.

Announced in October 2020, Wilson made his directorial debut with Insidious: The Red Door, released July 7, 2023, in the US, serving as a direct sequel to Insidious: Chapter 2 with both Wilson and Ty Simpkins reprising their roles. Scott Teems wrote the script based on a story by Leigh Whannell. Whannell, James Wan, Jason Blum, and Oren Peli will produce the film. He also contributed vocals to the end credits song "Stay" on the film's soundtrack, collaborating with Swedish metal band Ghost, who he is a fan of.

Charity work
In May 2012, the band VanWilson (consisting of Wilson on vocals and drums and his brothers on guitar and vocals) performed a benefit concert for Southeastern Guide Dogs' Paws For Patriots program in St. Petersburg, Florida. They raised $30,000 for the program and were honored by the organization by having puppies named after them. The brothers have also performed benefit concerts for All Children's Hospital and the St. Petersburg Free Clinic.

Personal life
Wilson married Polish-American actress and fellow Carnegie Mellon alumna Dagmara Domińczyk in 2005. They have two sons, born in 2006 and 2009, and reside in Montclair, New Jersey. Patrick’s youngest son Kassian has appeared in a few films, including Prodigal Son as Young Malcolm, and a cameo in Insidious: The Red Door. His sister-in-law is actress Marika Domińczyk, who is married to actor and director Scott Foley.

In April 2012, Wilson gave the keynote address for his alma mater, Carnegie Mellon University, in which he spoke of his memories from childhood and through his career.

Cast recordings

 * Allegro (2009; studio cast recording)
 * Bright Lights, Big City (2005; studio cast recording)
 * The Full Monty (2001; original Broadway cast recording)
 * Dreamgirls in Concert (as film executive; 2001 concert cast recording)
 * Tenderloin (2000; Encores! concert cast recording)
 * Lucky in the Rain (2000; studio cast recording)
 * Terrence Mann's Romeo & Juliet: The Musical from William Shakespeare (1999)
 * Brigadoon (2017; New York City Center cast recording)

Soundtracks

 * The Phantom of the Opera (2004)

 * Insidious: The Red Door  (2023)

Audiobooks

 * The Garden of Eden by Ernest Hemingway (2006) (Simon & Schuster)
 * The Ruins by Scott Smith (2006) (Simon & Schuster)

Miscellaneous

 * Every Day Is a Holiday (2009 Christmas album) by Mary McBride
 * Lucky (2004 CD) by Gary Kline
 * Broadway Cares: Home for the Holidays (2001 CD)
 * The Dreams in You (2001 CD)
 * Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway (2016 CD) by Barbra Streisand
 * Stay - Ghost (2023 CD)

title: Patrick Wilson


text:
Talk:Patrick Wilson

Untitled
is it just me or does he resemble the mormon prophet joseph smith? o.O —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.108.42.166 (talk) 05:51, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

should the final bit say "as slimmer Nite Owl II" not "with slimmer Nite Owl II?"97.113.88.216 (talk) 10:24, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

Thank you so much to the editors who have cleaned up some recent erroneous statements. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Beacon1 (talk • contribs) 04:29, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I had to stop yesterday at risk of going 3RR, but asked for support at BLPN so there should be a few eyes on this now. Gonzonoir (talk) 08:58, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved.    walk  victor falktalk 07:39, 22 April 2014 (UTC)

Patrick Wilson (actor) → Patrick Wilson (American actor) – There is another actor named Patrick Wilson. Patrick Wilson (New Zealand actor). 75.142.30.100 (talk) 23:20, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support, though it should have just been moved instead of RM, since partial disambiguation is not good for anything. Dicklyon (talk) 03:37, 15 April 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150706102246/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/foster-wilson-and-scott-join-performers-on-drama-desk-ceremony-may-19-105755/print to http://www.playbill.com/news/article/foster-wilson-and-scott-join-performers-on-drama-desk-ceremony-may-19-105755/print

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Related?
Is he related to actor Owen Wilson? They have some resemblance Skysong263 (talk) 04:01, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
 * No. --Ebyabe (talk) 05:42, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 28 December 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

– I believe that this article is the primary topic for this name, especially in comparison to the other articles in the disambiguation with the same name. Christiancardenas732 (talk) 01:11, 28 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Patrick Wilson (actor) → Patrick Wilson
 * Patrick Wilson → Patrick Wilson (disambiguation)
 * Oppose, actor isn't PRIMARY by long-term significance as per page view stats [|Patrick_Wilson_(musician)|Patrick_Wilson_(librarian)|Patrick_Wilson_(composer)|Patrick_Wilson_(footballer)|Patrick_Wilson here].--Ortizesp (talk) 04:02, 28 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't have any real opinion on this RM, but these stats are pretty misleading. "Patrick Wilson (American actor)" should be included over "Patrick Wilson (actor)", because that was the longstanding title of this page until it was moved following the recent New Zealand actor's AFD (which was briefly closed as delete but didn't withstand a DRV). Nohomersryan (talk) 16:00, 28 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Traffic at WikiNav indicates more than half the traffic goes to the actor, but the rest of the data is a bit confusing, as there's clearly people also going to the musician, but also from the musician to the disambiguation page. There's a hatnote there, presumably because of the composer, but it seems like a bit of a WP:NAMB issue? Not sure. Either way, since the actor is already sorted at the top, maybe there's no real need to short-circuit, navigation is pretty straightforward already. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 09:55, 28 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Ortizesp though it may be worth revisiting some time.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:09, 28 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per below.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 16:54, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Ortizesp and Crouch, Swale. There are 11 men listed upon the Patrick Wilson disambiguation page, with no indication that Patrick Wilson (American actor) has greater renown than the combined notability of the remaining 10 men, including Patrick Wilson (New Zealand actor), thus indicating the need to move Patrick Wilson (actor) → Patrick Wilson (American actor), per Nohomersryan and 2014's Talk:Patrick Wilson (American actor), above. Patrick Wilson (actor) should redirect to the Patrick Wilson disambiguation page. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 03:05, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per actual page view stats when taking the previous into account. See |Patrick_Wilson_(musician)|Patrick_Wilson_(librarian)|Patrick_Wilson_(composer)|Patrick_Wilson_(footballer)|Patrick_Wilson|Patrick_Wilson_(American_actor)|Patrick_Wilson_(New_Zealand_actor) here, even having dropped since the move to, the  article still has a monthly average of 119.874 views, compared to  at 10.075,  at 585,  at 51,  at 36, and  at 32. Having existed only since September 2022, the current  has a monthly average of 4909, climbing up to the third spot in only three months.
 * In total, in the set timeframe of one year, +  (both referring to the same person) have 1.438.489 + 58.903 = 14.497.392 views. The combined total of all the other pages is 120.902 + 3794 + 613 + 437 + 379 = 126.125 views, less than a hundredth of the pageviews. I think this clearly shows that this article is the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. In light of this new pageview analysis, I'll ping those who voted oppose based on the previous pageview stats:  —El Millo (talk) 16:26, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support - it's hard comparing current figures to those from a long time ago, but it does appear that the page views aren't lying in this case, he likely is the most long-term significant as well as the highest viewed target. — Amakuru (talk) 21:31, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment: I note that Patrick Wilson (New Zealand actor) still exists but is now not listed in the DAB. Naughty bot, doesn't clean up after itself. Andrewa (talk) 23:08, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patrick Wilson


text:
Talk:Glenn Curtiss

Untitled
Sorry, I didnt mean to revert your photo move, I was still writing the biography while you did the move and I would have lost all the birth and marriage info, if I didnt paste what I had just completed back in. That happens alot when I am writing. If I dont hit save, I risk losing it all, and once I hit save its open season for the editors. Thanks for being polite. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) 08:11, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I tried to space out the images a bit better, so the Time cover is at the top (the best image), the 1909 picture beside the event it illustrates, and then the obit near the death mention. It looks good to me now, but I never know how this stuff is going to show up on somebody else's screen, so feel free to move things around some more. Everyking 08:21, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

First
Didn't Curtiss claim to have made a first control flight and went to court over that claim with Wright brothers?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 16:05, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Other achievements by Curtiss that are not mentioned in the article:
 * Second *** (or whatever you want to call it)

1. He established a flying school in the Miami, Florida area on the north side of the Miami River that was later used by the U. S. Marine Corps for bi-planes.

2. He established a flying school in the northwest section of the county east of LeJeune Road at what became Miami Municipal Airport after Curtiss gave the airport to the City of Miami. This airport was served by land-based airliner aircraft operated by Eastern Air Lines and National Air Lines. The airport was also host to the Great American Air Races for at least several years in the 1930's and these races brought the greatest aircraft in the skies from all over the world. After the airlines moved from Miami Municipal to Pan American Field it was a general aviation airport and used by the Navy during World War II. In 1947 the airport was re-named to Amelia Earhart Field since she left from this airport on her ill-fated flight around the world.

3. He built an airfield just west of Opa-locka and either sold it or gave it to the U. S. Navy for use as an air station. NAS Miami was established there and was utilized by the Navy during World War II. After the Navy left the U. S. Marine Corps operated there. The federal government gave the airport to Dade County in the early 1960's, except for the portion reserved for the U. S. Coast Guard Air Station, and the airport is now known as Opa-locka Executive Airport. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.159.224.115 (talk) 03:09, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Format
In my opinion, this page has way to many subject headings with single sentences under them. It would be much better to have proper paragraphs. Guardian 05:36, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Congressional Medal of Honor?
I have hidden the recent addition of the claim that Curtis was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1930. Curtis does not appear on this list of recipients of the Medal of Honor during the period of 1920-1940. The source cited in the article does not appear to be a reliable source in the meaning of Reliable sources, and certainly is not as authoritative on this subject as a U.S. military site. It is possible that Congress recognized Curtis with an award in 1930, but it is highly unlikely that award would have been the Medal of Honor. Unfortunately, I have failed to find mention of any award to Glenn Curtis from Congress or in 1930 in a quick Google search. -- Donald Albury 11:10, 6 July 2007 (UTC)
 * He is not in the official DOD list, and it doesn't make sense that a civilian would get the award. He is also not in the List of Congressional Gold Medal recipients, so I am not sure what he got, but it definitely wasn't the MOH.  --rogerd (talk) 21:44, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Photo for flying machine
Here is a PD photo of what I believe is one of his flying machines -Ravedave (talk) 22:53, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Is there any indication this machine was made by Curtiss other than having his middle name on it? From the photo this looks like an attempt to build something analogous to a helicopter (no wings, horizontally arranged multi-bladed 'fans'). Did Curtis ever work on such a machine? -- Donald Albury 12:41, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Medal of Honor
I doubt that Curtiss was awarded the Medal of Honor. I believe that the medal, which is technically called simply the Medal of Honor, and only incorrectly the "Congressional" Medal of Honor, is awarded only for military action. I do not believe that Curtiss was engaged in any combat action which would have merited the medal. This factoid is still in the article, and should be removed until and unless it is documented reliably. Incidentally, since the medal is awarded by the military "in the name of Congress," this phrase has led to the inaccurate appellation of "Congressional Medal of Honor." Congress does not award it, the military does.Cd195 (talk) 04:05, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Demonstration pilots
During the 1909-1910 period, Curtiss employed a number of demonstration pilots including Eugene Ely and Lincoln Beachey. Aerial competitions and demonstration flights across North America helped to introduce aviation to a curious public; Curtiss took full advantage of these occasions to promote his products. This paragraph was removed, yet is is sourced. Is there some question as to the factual nature of the statements? FWIW Bzuk (talk) 19:53, 24 February 2009 (UTC).

'America's No. 1 maker of high-performance motorcycles' (c. 1907)
I removed the last sentence - At this time he was considered by many to be America's No. 1 maker of high-performance motorcycles - from the second para of the 'Birth and early career' section pending a cite. If someone has one maybe they'd like to put it back? Writegeist (talk) 03:31, 20 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I find that the original statement was a bit of a stretch considering that in 1904, Curtiss operated from a shed in Hammondsport and it wasn't until years later that any large orders were placed for engines, which was the primary commodity that Curtiss was marketing. FWiW Bzuk (talk) 14:46, 20 July 2009 (UTC).

Motorcycle land speed records
The motorcycle land speed records require further clarification and citations, because the record attempts were mostly unofficial. In some cases Curtiss only went one way instead of two ways due to mechanical breakdowns. In other cases, no sanctioning official was present, or no sanctioning body yet existed. But at the same time, Curtiss was widely recognized has having set the records in the national press. You can't make everyone agree on which standards to apply for all of these records, but you can state the facts as best they can be verified.--Dbratland (talk) 18:07, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Curtis vs. the Wright Brothers: why no mention?
Why is there nothing in the article about Glenn Curtiss' bitterness at having been eclipsed by the Wright Brothers, or his subsequent (unsuccessful) Edison-esque legal and political machinations to try and deprive them of their patent and their good reputation? He predated them by almost a decade and yet couldn't catch up and ended his life in relative obscurity. In short, he was the "resident expert" with plenty of capital and support who was undone almost overnight by two bicycle repairmen, and his bitterness and desire for vengeance is well recorded in a number of sources, several of which I personally posess and would be happy to add. In fact, he's been (unfavorably) likened to Edison in several of them, mostly because he took the low road and learned how to use the US government, privately-funded newspaper smears and his corporate acumen to acquire what his skill couldn't.

It seems like for every major inventor in America, there's a competitor whose bitterness and greed knows no bounds. Except in this case, the Wrights managed to retain their fame while the Tesla/Edison feud ended with obscurity and poverty for Tesla. Bravo Foxtrot (talk) 18:41, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Bravo Foxtrot - The "bitterness" of Curtiss sounds like opinion or original research to me. This is an article in an encyclopedia. If you have anything to add which is supported by verifiable sources, be bold and add it. GroveGuy (talk) 22:55, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

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Possible Contact with Billy Bishop
I'm seeing conflicting accounts of correspondence between Curtiss and Billy Bishop, the legendary Canadian flying ace. It appears that older versions of Bishop's memoir reference some sort of communication, but the current version on Kindle doesn't seem to. Does anybody have any information about this? CessnaMan1989 (talk) 15:10, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glenn Curtiss


text:
Rudolph's Shiny New Year

Rudolph's Shiny New Year is a 1976 Christmas and New Year's stop motion animated television special and a standalone sequel to the 1964 special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. The special premiered on ABC on December 10, 1976.

Plot
Just after the events of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Santa Claus receives a letter from his friend Father Time asking for help to find Happy the Baby New Year before midnight ("the 12th bong") on New Year's Eve or else it will be December 31 forever. Santa sends Rudolph out to find him due to the snowstorm currently happening outside.

An evil giant vulture named Eon the Terrible is supposed to live for exactly one eon after which he will turn into ice and snow and disintegrate. As this particular eon will end January 1 of the New Year, he plans to kidnap Happy to keep the year from ending and stop time, thus preventing his predestined death.

General Ticker (a military clock) and the great Quarter-Past-Five, or Quart for short (a camel with a clock in his hump), bring Rudolph to Father Time's castle beyond the Sands of Time. Father Time speculates that Happy, who ran away due to his big ears being laughed at when they were first seen by Nanny Nine O'Clock, is hiding out in the "Archipelago of Last Years" where the Old Years retire and rule over an island styled to resemble the year over which they ruled. When Rudolph is attacked by Eon on the ocean while en route to the archipelago, he is saved by Big Ben (a sperm whale with a clock attached to his tail) who transports Rudolph across the ocean.

Upon arrival in the archipelago, Rudolph first travels to the island belonging to a caveman named O.M. (short for One Million B.C.). O.M. inhabits an island anachronistically inhabited with friendly dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures. As Rudolph and his friends search for Happy (who left after his hat accidentally fell off saving a baby Pterodactyl and revealing his big ears, causing the dinosaurs to laugh), they repeatedly encounter Eon.

After other off-screen visits to the islands of 4000 B.C., 1492, 1893, and 1965 have been completed without success, Rudolph and O.M. head for the island of 1023 (pronounced "ten to three," as in the time 2:50), belonging to a Scottish knight with a long beard named Sir 1023 whose island is filled with medieval trappings along with several fairy tale and Mother Goose characters. Meanwhile, Happy manages to befriend the Three Bears, but becomes saddened when he is forced to remove his hat while playing a game with Baby Bear and exposes his big ears to them, causing him to leave again despite Baby Bear begging him not to go.

The group then travels to the island of 1776, which reflects Colonial America and is ruled over by "Sev" (AKA 1776) who resembles Benjamin Franklin. Following Happy's seeming rejection on the Island of 1776 following the daily Fourth of July parade, Eon kidnaps him and takes him to his lair on the Island of No-Name which is said to be located "due north of the North Pole".

The group now leaves the archipelago in pursuit. Catching up to Eon, they attempt to rescue Happy. However, Eon (upon being awakened by the sound of O.M. tumbling) thwarts them by sending an avalanche down on the group and trapping them inside giant snowballs. Managing to melt his way free using his nose, Rudolph climbs up to Eon's nest where he finds Happy, who refuses to leave. Rudolph shows Happy his nose and tells him his own story of being bullied because of his nonconformity before asking Happy to let him see his ears. Happy does so, and Rudolph, like everyone else before him, laughs at the sight. Happy once again gets upset, but Rudolph explains that the sight of Happy's ears had made him feel so wonderful that he had to laugh out loud, just like it had done with everyone else. With this declaration, Happy shouts out with joy, but causes Eon to awaken. Rudolph quickly tells Happy to take off his hat and leave it off for good. At the sight of Happy's large ears, Eon bursts into uncontrollable laughter which sends him tumbling down the side of the mountain and into the three remaining snowballs, freeing O.M., 1023, and Sev. Rudolph realizes that Eon is now so full of warmth and happiness that it would be impossible for him to turn to ice and snow.

Santa arrives and the gang returns to Father Time's castle with Happy just before the 12th bong, which is designated "19-Wonderful".

Archipelago of Last Years
When the old year has been retired, they settle on an island in the Archipelago of Last Years where time remains still on that island. Among the islands of the Archipelago of Last Years are:

 * 1,000,000 B.C. Island: Represented as a prehistoric, anachronistic island that consists of friendly dinosaurs, other prehistoric creatures, and cavepeople living together. One Million, also known as "O.M.", lives here.
 * 4,000 B.C. Island: Rudolph mentions that its inhabitants wanted to only build pyramids. (This would be, in real life, approximately one millennium before the first Nile River valley pyramid, Adjib's Tomb, was built.)
 * 1023 Island: Represented as a medieval island inhabited by fairy tale characters. Father Time states that the year of 1023 was when all the well-known fairy tales and nursery rhymes actually happened. Sir 1023, also known as "Ten-to-Three", lives here.
 * 1492 Island: Rudolph mentions that the people on that island were "too busy discovering things." to talk to Rudolph and O.M. The first voyage of Christopher Columbus took place that year.
 * 1776 Island: Represented as a Colonial American island that celebrates American Independence Day on a daily basis. 1776, also known as "Sev", lives here.
 * 1893 Island: Rudolph mentions that the inhabitants have never heard of Happy. 1893 marked the beginning of a major economic depression in the Western Hemisphere, the Panic of 1893.
 * 1965 Island: Rudolph stated that island was "too noisy" to search for Happy; "noisy" world events of 1965 included Beatlemania (and other British Invasion-related hysteria) as well as the growing opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War.

Cast

 * Red Skelton as Father Time (Narrator), Baby Bear
 * Billie Mae Richards as Rudolph
 * Morey Amsterdam as One Million BC
 * Frank Gorshin as Sir 1023
 * Paul Frees as 1776 (AKA "Sev"), Santa Claus, General Ticker, Eon the Terrible, Humpty Dumpty and The Great Quarter Past Five (AKA "Quart")
 * Don Messick as Papa Bear, Rumpelstiltskin, Prince Charming, Seven Dwarfs
 * Harold Peary as Big Ben the Whale
 * Iris Rainer as Mama Bear, Nanny Nine O'Clock, Happy the Baby New Year

Songs

 * "The Moving Finger Writes"
 * "Turn Back The Years"
 * "It's Raining Sunshine"
 * "What A Wonderful World We Live In"
 * "Fourth of July Parade"
 * "Have A Little Faith In Me"
 * "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
 * "Have a Happy New Year"

Production
The special was filmed in 1975 (according to the copyright), but it was shown on ABC on December 10, 1976.

For the special, Rudolph was given a redesign by Paul Coker, Jr.

Television rights
The rights to this special are held by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution, which used to license the show to The Walt Disney Company; Disney carried the special Freeform annually on its 25 Days of Christmas marathon (and occasionally aired it over-the-air on ABC). Since 2018, Warner Bros. has licensed the special to AMC and its sister channels for the Best Christmas Ever block.

Home media
Rudolph's Shiny New Year was first released on VHS by Warner Home Video in 1992. It was also re-released on VHS in 1999, and for the first time on DVD alongside The Year Without a Santa Claus, on October 31, 2000. The special, along with other Rankin/Bass Christmas specials and Chuck Jones's animated TV adaptation of Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, was bundled in Warner's Christmas Television Favorites DVD box set, released on October 2, 2007. On October 7, 2008, these same titles were released in another holiday-themed DVD set, Classic Christmas Favorites. Warner Home Video released seven different original Rankin/Bass holiday classics along with Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! on the third DVD box set, Santa's Magical Stories, released on October 4, 2011. A Miser Brothers' Christmas, a sequel to the 1974 special, The Year Without a Santa Claus, is also included.

title: Rudolph's Shiny New Year


text:
Christiana, South Africa

Christiana is an agricultural town of about 3,000 inhabitants on the banks of the Vaal River in North West province, South Africa. The town is located on the N12 national route between Bloemhof and Warrenton, on the way to Kimberley (Northern Cape). It is the administrative centre and seat of Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality.

History
When diamonds were discovered in the Vaal River in the 1870's Transvaal Government established a settlement on the banks of the river in 1870, in an attempt to control and alleviate land disputes over diamond discoveries further down the Vaal River. This town was established on the farm Zoutpansdrift ("salt pan drift") and named Christiana, after the only daughter of President Pretorius of the old Transvaal. The first residential stands were sold in 1870.

Two years later diamonds were discovered close by in the gravel bed of the Vaal River, and the inevitable manic rush followed. As usual, the initial rush petered with the diamonds. In 1997, diamonds were rediscovered along the banks of a farm on the Free State side of Christiana. This led to a new diamond rush and diggings that continue to this day.

Economy
The town contains one of the biggest diggers' bells ever to exist in the world. The bell is currently underwater in the Vaal River as it once sank and ended in the drowning of several diggers. There were a few attempts to get the diggers' bell out, as it is said that there are diamonds still in it, but it was in vain as it is surrounded by too much mud.

Christiana is one of the corners of the "Maize Rectangle", with the mainstay of the economy being the production of maize, potatoes, onions, sorghum, groundnuts and beef. The main farmers in the area are the de Beer's and Callender-Easby's. South Africa's top horse stud, Callaho Warmblood Sport Horses, can be found near Christiana.

Christiana is well known for its water sports along the Vaal River, as well as the Diamond Diggers Festival (Delwers Fees) that occurs annually. Other tourist attractions include the Diggers' Diamond Museum (authentic digging equipment and old photographs pay tribute to the town's diamond industry) and San Bushman rock art (excellent examples can be viewed 6 km out of town on the Farm Stowlands) and Stows Kopje (prehistoric rock engravings which are a provincial heritage site).

title: Christiana, South Africa


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Connaught Road

Connaught Road is a major thoroughfare on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It links Shing Sai Road in Kennedy Town to the west and Harcourt Road in Admiralty to the east.

Location
The road consists of two adjoining sections, namely Connaught Road Central (干諾道中) and Connaught Road West (干諾道西).

Connaught Road Central runs the length of Central, parallel to the north shore. It runs from approximately Admiralty in the east, where it connects Harcourt Road at the junction with Murray Road. The road ends west at On Tai Street, where it becomes Connaught Road West.

Connaught Road West runs towards the Kennedy Town and Pok Fu Lam areas in the west. For most of the stretch, Connaught Road West runs beneath the Connaught Road West Flyover, (Route 4). It is the main thoroughfare to the entrance of the Western Harbour Crossing and beyond to Shek Tong Tsui, where it merges with Des Voeux Road West.

History
This road was once a waterfront promenade with boats docked against the northern side of the road. In 1889, the north shore of Victoria City was under extensive reclamation. In 1890, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn visited Hong Kong, when Francis Fleming, the then acting governor announced a new road to be constructed in front of the old "Bowring Praya" (present-day Des Voeux Road). This newly constructed road was then named Connaught Road, after the prince. A statue of the Duke once also occupied the junction of Pedder Street.

Connaught Road West was lined with many piers in the past. Rice wholesalers gathered there owing to its proximity to the shore. Due to reclamation of the harbour, the entire length of Connaught Road has now become landlocked.

Connaught Road Central

 * AIG Tower
 * Hong Kong Club Building
 * Statue Square
 * Hong Kong City Hall
 * Mandarin Oriental, Hong Kong
 * Connaught Place
 * Chater House
 * Jardine House
 * Central Elevated Walkway
 * World-Wide House
 * Exchange Square
 * International Finance Centre Tower One
 * Wing On House
 * Hang Seng Bank Headquarters Building
 * Shun Tak Centre

Connaught Road West

 * Sun Yat Sen Memorial Park
 * Witty Street Depot of the Hong Kong Tramways
 * Western Wholesale Food Market
 * Western Harbour Crossing
 * Liaison Office of the Central People's Government
 * Marriott Courtyard#Hotels
 * Island Pacific Hotel

title: Connaught Road


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Great Aloha Run

The Hawai'i Pacific Health Great Aloha Run is a road race that takes place annually in Honolulu, Hawaii on the third weekend in February (Washington's Birthday in the United States). It is a charity event that benefits Carole Kai Charities, a philanthropic fund run by Hawaii entertainer Carole Kai. Kai, Honolulu Marathon founder Jack Scaff, M.D., and publicist-journalist Buck Buchwach founded the race in 1985, and since its inception it has donated over $14 million to over 100 non-profit organizations in Hawaii.

Kaiser Permanente was the title sponsor for the 2010 race until 2018, when Hawai'i Pacific Health took the title sponsorship. Prior to that, local telephone company Hawaiian Telcom was the title sponsor from 2005 to 2009, while the Honolulu Advertiser has been a sponsor of the race since its inception.

The 8.15 mi course starts in downtown Honolulu on Nimitz Highway across from Aloha Tower, and runs west on Nimitz Highway along Honolulu Harbor, under the Interstate H-1 viaduct near Honolulu International Airport, and along Kamehameha Highway, finishing on the floor of Aloha Stadium. The Aloha Tower to Aloha Stadium route gives the race its name.

About 25,000 runners, mostly Hawaii residents, run the race each year. This number also includes as many as 5,000 members of the United States Armed Forces who run in formation as the "Sounds of Freedom" division. The Great Aloha Run is the second largest road race in Hawaii, after the Honolulu Marathon, which attracts an international field and is marketed heavily in Japan.

title: Great Aloha Run


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Solar vehicle

A solar vehicle or solar electric vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely or significantly by direct solar energy. Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert the sun's energy directly into electric energy.

The term "solar vehicle" usually implies that solar energy is used to power all or part of a vehicle's propulsion. Solar power may also be used to provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary functions.

Solar vehicles are not sold as practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. However, indirectly solar-charged vehicles are widespread and solar boats are available commercially.

Solar cars
Solar cars are electric cars that use photovoltaic (PV) cells to convert sunlight into electrical power to charge the car's battery and to power the car's electric motors.

Solar cars have been designed for solar car races and for public use. Solar vehicles must be light and efficient to get the best range from their limited captured power. 3000 lb pound or even 2000 lb vehicles would be less practical because the limited solar power would not take them as far. Most student built solar cars lack the safety and convenience features of conventional vehicles and are thus not street legal.

The first solar family car, Stella, was built in 2013 by students in the Netherlands. This vehicle is capable of 550 mi on one charge during sunlight. It weighs 850 lb and has a 1.5 kWh solar array.

Stella Lux, the successor to Stella, broke a record with a 932 mi single-charge range. During racing Stella Lux is capable of 700 mi during daylight. At 45 mph Stella Lux has infinite range. This is again due to high efficiency including a Coefficient of drag of 0.16.

The average family who never drive more than 200 mi a day would never need to charge from the mains. They would only plug in if they wanted to return energy to the grid.

Solar race cars are often fitted with gauges and/or wireless telemetry, to carefully monitor the car's energy consumption, solar energy capture and other parameters. Wireless telemetry is typically preferred as it frees the driver to concentrate on driving, which can be dangerous in such a car without safety features. The Solar Electric Vehicle system was designed and engineered as an easy to install (2 to 3 hours) integrated accessory system with a custom molded low profile solar module, supplemental battery pack and charge controlling system.

Some of the students that built Stella Lux founded a company, Lightyear, to commercialize this technology.

An American company, Aptera Motors, has also been founded to make efficient solar electric cars for the public. As of January 2023, first customer availability is expected in 2024.

In Germany the company Sono Motors was working on a solar electric vehicle, the Sono Motors Sion, that was supposed to be on the market in 2023. However in February 2023, Sono Motors terminated the Sion program and announced it would focus exclusively on being a Solar Tech Company.

Note that all battery-powered electric vehicles may also use external solar array sourced electricity to recharge. Such arrays may also be connected to the general electrical distribution grid.

Squad Solar is a neighborhood Electric Vehicle Side-by-side with a solar roof and can be charged relatively quickly from a normal outlet.

Solar buses
Solar buses are propulsed by solar energy, all or part of which is collected from stationary solar panel installations. The Tindo bus is a 100% solar bus that operates as free public transport service in Adelaide City as an initiative of the City Council. Bus services which use electric buses that are partially powered by solar panels installed on the bus roof, intended to reduce energy consumption and to prolong the life cycle of the rechargeable battery of the electric bus, have been put in place in China.

Solar buses are to be distinguished from conventional buses in which electric functions of the bus such as lighting, heating or air-conditioning, but not the propulsion itself, are fed by solar energy. Such systems are more widespread as they allow bus companies to meet specific regulations, for example the anti-idling laws that are in force in several of the US states, and can be retrofitted to existing vehicle batteries without changing the conventional engine.

Solar semi trailers
Solar panels on semi trailers has been tested. There is over 100 square meters or over 1,000 square feet of surface area for solar on a 53 foot box trailer, on the top and sides.

Single-track vehicles
The first solar "cars" were actually tricycles or Quadracycles built with bicycle technology. These were called solarmobiles at the first solar race, the Tour de Sol in Switzerland in 1985. With 72 participants, half used solar power exclusively while the other half used solar-human-powered hybrids. A few true solar bicycles were built, either with a large solar roof, a small rear panel, or a trailer with a solar panel.

Later more practical solar bicycles were built with foldable panels to be set up only during parking. Even later the panels were left at home, feeding into the electric mains, and the bicycles charged from the mains. Today highly developed electric bicycles are available and these use so little power that it costs little to buy the equivalent amount of solar electricity. The "solar" has evolved from actual hardware to an indirect accounting system. The same system also works for electric motorcycles, which were also first developed for the Tour de Sol.

Applications
The Venturi Astrolab in 2006 was the world's first commercial electro-solar hybrid car, and was originally due to be released in January 2008.

In May 2007 a partnership of Canadian companies led by Hymotion altered a Toyota Prius to use solar cells to generate up to 240 watts of electrical power in full sunshine. This is reported as permitting up to 15 km extra range on a sunny summer day while using only the electric motors.

An inventor from Michigan, USA built a street legal, licensed, insured, solar charged electric scooter in 2005. It had a top speed controlled at a bit over 30 mph, and used fold-out solar panels to charge the batteries while parked.

Auxiliary power
Photovoltaic modules are used commercially as auxiliary power units on passenger cars to ventilate the car, reducing the temperature of the passenger compartment while it is parked in the sun. Vehicles such as the 2010 Prius, Aptera 2, Audi A8, and Mazda 929 have had solar sunroof options for ventilation purposes.

The area of photovoltaic modules required to power a car with conventional design is too large to be carried on board. A prototype car and trailer has been built called Solar Taxi. According to the website, it is capable of 100 km/day using 6 m2 of standard crystalline silicon cells. Electricity is stored using a nickel/salt battery. A stationary system such as a rooftop solar panel, however, can be used to charge conventional electric vehicles.

It is also possible to use solar panels to extend the range of a hybrid or electric car, as incorporated in the Fisker Karma, available as an option on the Chevy Volt, on the hood and roof of "Destiny 2000" modifications of Pontiac Fieros, Italdesign Quaranta, Free Drive EV Solar Bug, and numerous other electric vehicles, both concept and production. In May 2007 a partnership of Canadian companies led by Hymotion added PV cells to a Toyota Prius to extend the range. SEV claims 20 mi per day from their combined 215 Wh module mounted on the car roof and an additional 3 kWh battery.

On 9 June 2008, the German and French presidents announced a plan to offer a credit of 6–8 g/km of CO2 emissions for cars fitted with technologies "not yet taken into consideration during the standard measuring cycle of the emissions of a car". This has given rise to speculation that photovoltaic panels might be widely adopted on autos in the near future.

It is also technically possible to use photovoltaic technology, (specifically thermophotovoltaic (TPV) technology) to provide motive power for a car. Fuel is used to heat an emitter. The infrared radiation generated is converted to electricity by a low band gap PV cell (e.g. GaSb). A prototype TPV hybrid car was even built. The "Viking 29" was the World's first thermophotovoltaic (TPV) powered automobile, designed and built by the Vehicle Research Institute (VRI) at Western Washington University. Efficiency would need to be increased and cost decreased to make TPV competitive with fuel cells or internal combustion engines.

Personal rapid transit

Several personal rapid transit (PRT) concepts incorporate photovoltaic panels.

Rail
Railways present a low rolling resistance option that would be beneficial for planned journeys and stops. PV panels were tested as APUs on Italian rolling stock under EU project PVTRAIN. Direct feed to a DC grid avoids losses through DC to AC conversion. DC grids are only to be found in electric powered transport: railways, trams and trolleybuses. Conversion of DC from PV panels to grid alternating current (AC) was estimated to cause around 3% of the electricity to be wasted.

PVTrain concluded that the most interest for PV in rail transport was on freight cars where on-board electrical power would allow new functionality:

 * GPS or other positioning devices, so as to improve its use in fleet management and efficiency.
 * Electric locks, a video monitor and remote control system for cars with sliding doors, so as to reduce the risk of robbery for valuable goods.
 * ABS brakes, which would raise the maximum velocity of freight cars to 160 km/h, improving productivity.

The Kismaros – Királyrét narrow-gauge line near Budapest has built a solar powered railcar called 'Vili'. With a maximum speed of 25 km/h, 'Vili' is driven by two 7 kW motors capable of regenerative braking and powered by 9.9m2 of PV panels. Electricity is stored in on-board batteries. In addition to on-board solar panels, there is the possibility to use stationary (off-board) panels to generate electricity specifically for use in transport.

A few pilot projects have also been built in the framework of the "Heliotram" project, such as the tram depots in Hannover Leinhausen and Geneva (Bachet de Pesay). The 150 kWp Geneva site injected 600 V DC directly into the tram/trolleybus electricity network provided about 1% of the electricity used by the Geneva transport network at its opening in 1999. On 16 December 2017 a fully solar-powered train was launched in New South Wales, Australia. The train is powered using onboard solar panels and onboard rechargeable batteries. It holds a capacity for 100 seated passengers for a 3 km journey.

Recently Imperial College London and the environmental charity 10:10 have announced the Renewable Traction Power project to investigate using track-side solar panels to power trains. Meanwhile, Indian railways announced their intention to use on-board PV to run air conditioning systems in railway coaches. Also, Indian Railways announced it is to conduct a trial run by the end of May 2016. It hopes that an average of 90,800 liters of diesel per train will be saved on an annual basis, which in turn results in reduction of 239 tonnes of CO2.

Water

Solar powered boats have mainly been limited to rivers and canals, but in 2007 an experimental 14 m catamaran, the Sun21 sailed the Atlantic from Seville to Miami, and from there to New York. It was the first crossing of the Atlantic powered only by solar. Japan's biggest shipping line Nippon Yusen KK and Nippon Oil Corporation said solar panels capable of generating 40 kilowatts of electricity would be placed on top of a 60,213 ton car carrier ship to be used by Toyota Motor Corporation.

In 2010, the Tûranor PlanetSolar, a 30-metre long, 15.2-metre wide catamaran yacht powered by 470 square metres of solar panels, was unveiled. It is, so far, the largest solar-powered boat ever built. In 2012, PlanetSolar became the first ever solar electric vehicle to circumnavigate the globe.

Various demonstration systems have been made. Curiously, none yet takes advantage of the huge power gain that water cooling would bring.

The low power density of current solar panels limits the use of solar propelled vessels; however boats that use sails (which do not generate electricity unlike combustion engines) rely on battery power for electrical appliances (such as refrigeration, lighting and communications). Here solar panels have become popular for recharging batteries as they do not create noise, require fuel and often can be seamlessly added to existing deck space.

Air

Solar ships can refer to solar powered airships or hybrid airships.

There is considerable military interest in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); solar power would enable these to stay aloft for months, becoming a much cheaper means of doing some tasks done today by satellites. In September 2007, the first successful flight for 48h under constant power of a UAV was reported. This is likely to be the first commercial use for photovoltaics in flight.

Many demonstration solar aircraft have been built, some of the best known by AeroVironment.

Manned solar aircraft

 * Gossamer Penguin
 * Solar Challenger – This aircraft flew 163 mi from Paris, France, to England on solar power.
 * Sunseeker Duo
 * Solar Impulse – two single-seat aircraft, the second of which circumnavigated the Earth. The first aircraft completed a 26-hour test flight in Switzerland on 8–9 July 2010. The aircraft was flown to a height of nearly 8500 m by André Borschberg. It flew overnight using battery power. The second aircraft, slightly larger and more powerful, took off from Abu Dhabi in 2015, flew towards India and then eastward across Asia. However, after experiencing battery overheating, it was forced to halt in Hawaii over the winter. In April 2016, it resumed its journey, and completed its circumnavigation of the globe, returning to Abu Dhabi on 26 July 2016.
 * SolarStratos – Swiss stratospheric 2-seater solar plane aims to climb to the stratosphere.
 * Solair – Solair I and Solair II are two German-designed electric aircraft.

Unmanned aerial vehicles

 * Pathfinder and Pathfinder-Plus – This UAV demonstrated that an airplane could stay aloft for an extended period of time fueled purely by solar power.
 * Helios – Derived from the Pathfinder-Plus, this solar cell and fuel cell powered UAV set a world record for flight at 29524 m.
 * Qinetiq Zephyr – built by Qinetiq, this UAV set the unofficial world record for longest duration unmanned flight at over 82 hours on 31 July 2008. Just 15 days after the Solar Impulse flight mentioned above, on 23 July 2010 the Zephyr, a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle engineered by the United Kingdom defence firm QinetiQ, claimed the endurance record for an unmanned aerial vehicle. It flew in the skies of Arizona for over two weeks (336 hours). It has also soared to (21562 m.
 * China's designed and manufactured UAV successfully reached an altitude of 20000 m during a test flight in the country's northwest regions. Named "Caihong" (CH), or "Rainbow" in English, it was developed by a research team from CASC.

Future projects

 * The BAE Systems PHASA-35 being developed by BAE Systems & aerospace technology firm Prismatic for test flights in 2019.
 * Titan Aerospace acquired by Google aimed to develop the Solar UAV, however the project seems to be abandoned
 * Sky-Sailor (aimed at Martian flight)
 * Various solar airship projects, such as Lockheed Martin's "High Altitude Airship"

Solar powered spacecraft

Solar energy is often used to supply power for satellites and spacecraft operating in the inner solar system since it can supply energy for a long time without excess fuel mass. A Communications satellite contains multiple radio transmitters which operate continually during its life. It would be uneconomic to operate such a vehicle (which may be on-orbit for years) from primary batteries or fuel cells, and refuelling in orbit is not practical. Solar power is not generally used to adjust the satellite's position, however, and the useful life of a communications satellite will be limited by the on-board station-keeping fuel supply.

Solar propelled spacecraft
A few spacecraft operating within the orbit of Mars have used solar power as an energy source for their propulsion system.

All current solar powered spacecraft use solar panels in conjunction with electric propulsion, typically ion drives as this gives a very high exhaust velocity, and reduces the propellant over that of a rocket by more than a factor of ten. Since propellant is usually the biggest mass on many spacecraft, this reduces launch costs.

Other proposals for solar spacecraft include solar thermal heating of propellant, typically hydrogen or sometimes water is proposed. An electrodynamic tether can be used to change a satellite's orientation or adjust its orbit.

Another concept for solar propulsion in space is the light sail; this doesn't require conversion of light to electrical energy, instead relying directly on the tiny but persistent radiation pressure of light.

Planetary exploration
Perhaps the most successful solar-propelled vehicles have been the "rovers" used to explore surfaces of the Moon and Mars. The 1977 Lunokhod programme and the 1997 Mars Pathfinder used solar power to propel remote controlled vehicles. The operating life of these rovers far exceeded the limits of endurance that would have been imposed, had they been operated on conventional fuels. The two Mars Exploration Rovers also used solar power.

Electric vehicle with solar assist
A Swiss project, called "Solartaxi", circumnavigated the world. This was the first time in history an electric vehicle (not self sufficient solar vehicle) had gone around the world, covering 50000 km in 18 months and crossing 40 countries. It was a road-worthy electric vehicle hauling a trailer with solar panels, carrying a 6 m2 sized solar array. The Solartaxi has Zebra batteries, which permit a range of 400 km without recharging. The car can also run for 200 km without the trailer. Its maximum speed is 90 km/h. The car weighs 500 kg and the trailer weighs 200 kg. According to initiator and tour director Louis Palmer, the car in mass production could be produced for 16000 Euros.

Solartaxi toured the World from July 2007 till December 2008 to show that solutions to stop global warming are available and to encourage people in pursuing alternatives to fossil fuel. Palmer suggests the most economical location for solar panels for an electric car is on building rooftops though, likening it to putting money into a bank in one location and withdrawing it in another.

Solar Electrical Vehicles is adding convex solar cells to the roof of hybrid electric vehicles.

Plug-in hybrid and solar vehicles
An interesting variant of the electric vehicle is the triple hybrid vehicle—the PHEV that has solar panels as well to assist.

The 2010 Toyota Prius model has an option to mount solar panels on the roof. They power a ventilation system while parked to help provide cooling. There are many applications of photovoltaics in transport either for motive power or as auxiliary power units, particularly where fuel, maintenance, emissions or noise requirements preclude internal combustion engines or fuel cells. Due to the limited area available on each vehicle either speed or range or both are limited when used for motive power.

Limitations
There are limits to using photovoltaic (PV) cells for vehicles:
 * Power density: Power from a solar array is limited by the size of the vehicle and area that can be exposed to sunlight. This can also be overcome by adding a flatbed and connecting it to the car and this gives more area for panels for powering the car. While energy can be accumulated in batteries to lower peak demand on the array and provide operation in sunless conditions, the battery adds weight and cost to the vehicle. The power limit can be mitigated by plugging in and recharging the batteries from the electrical grid.
 * Cost: While sunlight is free, PV cells to capture that sunlight is not. However the cost of solar cells declined by 99% in 4 decades and their cost is expected to continue to drop.
 * Design considerations: Even though sunlight has no lifespan, PV cells do. In the 1980's the lifetime of a solar module was approximately 30 years. Stationary photovoltaic panels then often came with a warranty of 90% (from nominal power) after 10 years and 80% after 25 years. Mobile applications are unlikely to require lifetimes as long as building integrated PV and solar parks. To be successful in mobile applications, PV panels need to be designed to withstand vibrations.

title: Solar vehicle


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Elevated highway

An elevated highway is a controlled-access highway that is raised above grade for its entire length. Elevation is usually constructed as viaducts, typically a long pier bridge. Technically, the entire highway is a single bridge.

Reason to construct
Elevated highways are more expensive to build than at-grade highways, and are usually only used where there is some combination of the following on the desired route:
 * difficulty controlling access at grade, for example where it would be very disruptive or expensive to eliminate existing crossings at grade
 * at grade construction would not allow for optimal traffic flow, for example due to hilly terrain or existing crossings
 * budget or time to eliminate impeding structures is high, due to acquisition costs, demolition costs, or environmental factors; for example:
 * right of way through an urban area, where private property would have to be purchased or condemned, and might have to be litigated
 * hills that are costly to level or carve a path through
 * protected wetlands where foundations and paving may cause unacceptable environmental damage, or mitigation would be long and expensive
 * a safety issue at grade, for example, where there are many pedestrians or wildlife

Alternatives
Alternatives to elevated highways are:
 * At grade uncontrolled highways, but these often have safety or traffic flow issues
 * At grade controlled access highways, which may have the issues listed earlier in this article
 * At grade controlled access highways with grade-separated crossings, which may mitigate some or all of the issues listed earlier in the article, at less expense than a fully elevated highway
 * Tunnels, which have similar advantages to elevated highways, but are significantly more expensive to build. Other advantages to tunnels are that they do not occupy as much valuable real estate (since they can be built on at the surface), cause less noise pollution, may cause less long-term environmental damage, and protect travellers from surface weather.
 * Below-grade open cuts, which are typically less costly to maintain, but often (though not always) more expensive to build

Railway predecessors
Early engineering for elevated highways owes much to early elevated railway design, which preceded them. Elevated highways were first used to: In the late 19th century and early 20th century, railways and streetcars had frequent accidents where they traversed through population centers. These lead to the first "death avenues", such as 11th Avenue in New York City. Aside from safety, carts and pedestrians crossing trains' paths slowed service.
 * create free traffic flow
 * prevent accidents in busy cities
 * provide some of the first regional connections between nearby cities, in early arterial traffic plans

In addition, it became difficult to lay down rail lines, as the construction process was disruptive to normal traffic flow. The existing street grid also made it difficult to lay some railroad lines, as the trains required a wide turn radius.

This led to the first elevated railways in the late 19th century. The elevated rails, being grade-separated, prevented almost all pedestrian/vehicle accidents, and could allow track bends above existing structures. Their construction could still be disruptive, but was usually less so, as pier construction to support their elevated structures did not necessarily close an entire roadway or long stretches of roadway for an extended period. However, conversion from at grade railways to elevated (or below ground) did not always take place, and many lines continued to be at grade in urban areas well into the 20th century.

Dawn of the automobile
Concurrently, the increase of automobile and truck traffic early in the 20th century exacerbated many of the safety and free flow issues the railways already presented - and in fact, created additional hazards with railways. The increase in traffic also meant that for the first time, there was a need to develop new and improved roads between cities.

By the 1920s, truck traffic in warehouse and dock areas was high enough that there was frequent congestion and frequent accidents. In 1924, New York City began looking for ways to relieve the problems of the combination of trucks, cars, trains, and pedestrians on 11th Avenue, which had been known as Death Avenue even before the advent of the car and truck. The mayor, the Manhattan borough president, the police commissioner, the Port Authority, the New York Central Railroad (owner of the West Side Line whose tracks were on 11th Avenue), and others worked on various plans to take the railroad and passenger cars off the street, eliminating the major conflicts that led to injury, death, property damage, traffic jams, and delays in service. The Miller Highway, named after its chief proponent, Borough President Julius Miller, was constructed in sections, primarily from 1929 through 1937, and became the world's first elevated, controlled access highway. After an interruption for World War II, several extensions were built from 1947 to 1951, under the leadership of urban planner Robert Moses, primarily connecting it to his other projects, such as the Henry Hudson Parkway and Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel.

The Miller Highway influenced many other subsequent projects, such as Boston's Central Artery and the Pulaski Skyway, and Moses' own Gowanus Parkway. At the start the 20th century, New York and New Jersey state officials realized that car traffic on ferries was increasing beyond the ability of the then-current ferry system. Planning for the Holland Tunnel started in 1919, and it was constructed from 1922 to 1927. As construction started, New Jersey began planning traffic flows between the tunnel and nearby cities. The legislature passed a bill to extend existing highway Route 1 east through Newark and Jersey City. Due to local opposition to having new highways disrupt local traffic patterns, the engineers elected to use a viaduct, which became the Pulaski Skyway for the eastern portions of the new route (until close to the entrance of the tunnel). It opened in 1933. Like the Miller Highway, it included left lane exits and entrances, narrow lanes, and local surface lanes underneath the highway.

The Miller Highway, through immature design and resulting problems, became a case study for highway engineering improvements. Engineering of paving, exit orientation, turn radius, drainage, curb height, ramp length, speed optimization, shoulders, maintenance procedures, noise abatement, and minimizing the "highway wall" effect that could divide communities, were all improved in the 1940s through 1970s, partially by examining the deficiencies of this early elevated highway.

The Interstate system

In the mid-1930s, US Federal Highway legislation allocated budget for surveying and planning of roads, including "superhighways", across the nation, and ordered the chief of the Bureau of Public Roads to report findings and recommendations. The report, submitted in 1939, included a master plan, which recommended that urban highways be "depressed or elevated". In 1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt submitted a follow-on report, Interregional Highways, which contained illustrations of the depressed and elevated designs. The elevated illustration, reminiscent of the Miller Highway and some of its descendants, featured partial left lane ramps, a highway running across the width a populated boulevard, almost building-to-building, a local traffic lanes underneath the highway. The report also includes a picture of the then-recently constructed Gowanus Parkway, and noted how it was thought to have been an appropriate placement that had a minimal effect on the community. (This was later disputed, and the Gowanus is also a case study for how elevated highways divide neighborhoods and contribute to urban blight.)

The phrase Interregional Highways gave way to Interstate Highways in a Congressional bill in 1944, and included $125 million for urban highways. The lead agency, the Federal Public Roads Administration (PRA) worked with state engineer associations to develop planning and design criteria. The PRA's leaders, especially Thomas H. MacDonald and Herbert S. Fairbank, were especially concerned about urban highways. Design standards were issued, with some opposition, which were significant improvements over existing designs. For example, minimum lane width of 12 feet and with a median of at least 4 feet (later standards would increase median sizing), minimal overpass heights were set at 14 feet, recommendations to acquire right of way sufficient for proper ramps of 3° great or less, right-side exit only and only to arterial connections. The Interstate standards have set the pace in the United States for optimal highway design, including those of elevated highways.

Today

Elevated expressways are now common around the world, particularly in the central urban areas where traffic volumes and urban densities are high such as cities in the Americas, East and Southeast Asia. Entire networks of elevated expressways exist in the central areas of cities such as Metro Manila, Guangzhou, Bangkok, Osaka, Shanghai, Tokyo, and Wuhan.

title: Elevated highway


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