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Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (Мария Владимировна Романова; born 23 December 1953) has been a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov, the Imperial Family of Russia (who reigned as Emperors and Autocrats of all the Russias from 1613 to 1917) since 1992. She is a great-great-granddaughter in the male line of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. Although she has used Grand Duchess of Russia as her title of pretence with the style Imperial Highness throughout her life, her right to do so is disputed. Since her father's death on April 21, 1992, some of her monarchist supporters have referred to her as Maria I, titular "Empress of Russia", a title she does not claim herself.

Birth
Maria Vladimirovna was born in Madrid, the only child of Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia, head of the Imperial Family of Russia and titular Emperor of Russia, and Princess Leonida Bagration-Mukhrani of Georgian, Polish, German and Swedish descent. Her paternal grandparents were Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Victoria Fyodorovna (née Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) through whom she is a great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Her godfather was Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, for whom Prince Nicholas of Romania stood in at the christening ceremony, and her godmother was Queen Ioanna of Bulgaria.

Education
Maria was educated in Runnymede College in Madrid and Paris before studying Russian history and literature at Oxford University.

Maria Vladimirovna lives in Madrid. She is fluent in Russian, English, French, and Spanish, and also speaks some German, Italian, and Arabic.

On 23 December 1969, upon reaching her dynastic majority, Maria swore an oath of loyalty to her father, to Russia, and to uphold the Fundamental Laws of Russia which governed succession to the defunct throne. At the same time, her father issued a controversial decree recognising her as heiress presumptive and declaring that, in the event he predeceased other dynastic Romanov males, then Maria would become the "Curatrix of the Imperial Throne" until the death of the last male dynast. This has been viewed as an attempt by her father to ensure the succession remained in his branch of the imperial family, while the heads of the other branches of the imperial family, the Princes Vsevolod Ioannovich of the Konstantinovichi, Roman Petrovich of the Nikolaevichi and Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of the Mihailovichi declared that her father's actions were illegal. As it happened, Vladimir Kirillovich, who died in 1992, outlived all the other male Romanov dynasts, and his daughter had no occasion to assume curatorship.

Marriage
In Dinard on 4 September 1976 (civil) and at the Russian Orthodox Chapel in Madrid on 22 September 1976 (religious), Maria married Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, her third cousin once removed. He is a Hohenzollern great-grandson of Germany's last emperor Wilhelm II and a great-great-great-grandchild of Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom. Maria's aunt Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia, her father's late sister, had been married to Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia, since 1938, head of the House of Hohenzollern since 1951.

Franz Wilhelm converted to the Eastern Orthodox faith prior to the wedding, taking the name Michael Pavlovich and receiving the title of a Grand Duke of Russia from Maria's father. The couple separated in 1982, a year after the birth of their only child, George Mikhailovich, who had been granted the title Grand Duke of Russia at birth by his grandfather Vladimir. Following the divorce on 19 June 1985, Franz Wilhelm reverted to his Prussian name and style.

Succession claims

Maria Vladimirovna is a patrilineal descendant of Alexander II of Russia. The original House of Romanov had died out with Empress Elizabeth of Russia in 1762 and was continued by Peter III of Russia, who was born a Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, a branch of the House of Oldenburg, from which the current reigning monarchs of Denmark, Norway and Great Britain, as well as the former of Greece, also descend in the male line. The oldest known ancestor of this extensive family is Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg, first mentioned in 1091.

When Vladimir Kirillovich died on 21 April 1992, his daughter Maria claimed to succeed him as head of the Russian Imperial Family on the grounds that she was the only child of the last male dynast of the Imperial house according to the Romanovs' Pauline laws. Although the charter of the Romanov Family Association (RFA), which represents other descendants of the Romanov family, asserts the premise that Russia's form of government should be determined democratically and that therefore the Association and its members undertake to adopt no position on any claims to the Imperial throne, its two most recent presidents have personally opposed Maria's claims: Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia, who maintained his own claims to dynastic status and to headship of the Romanov family, stated, "Strictly applying the Pauline Laws as amended in 1911 to all marriages of Equal Rank, the situation is very clear. At the present time, not one of the Emperors or Grand Dukes of Russia has left living descendants with unchallengeable rights to the Throne of Russia," and his younger brother, Prince Dimitri Romanov, said of Maria's assumption of titles, including "de jure Empress of all the Russias", "It seems that there are no limits to this charade". The supporters of Maria Vladimirovna point to the fact that neither Nicholas nor his brother Dimitri had any dynastic claims due to the morganatic marriage of their parents. Maria's parents' marriage of equal rank is, of course, questioned by her cousins, who claim that her mother's family, the Bagrationi dynasty, became Russian subjects after they lost their thrones in the Georgian kingdoms of Kartli-Kakheti and Imereti around 1800 and was therefore not a ruling dynasty.

By the Romanov House law, the Pauline Laws, she is however the rightful heir to the throne if the Bagrationi are seen as royal equals, although, to be precise, the last one, because her son's marriage does not meet these requirements. The Pauline Laws emphasize male succession before female succession. As an example, if Tsarevich Alexei Romanov had not been murdered in 1918, and died without issue (i.e., without children), his sisters, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia wouldn't become Empresses before male Romanov relatives. Alexander III had four sons: Nicholas II of Russia whose only male son died before he could produce heirs, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, who died shortly before he was 11 months old, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, who died with no issue, and Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia whose only son, George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov died at age 20, childless.

From there, the line of succession looks to Alexander III's father, Alexander II. His sons, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia, and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia both died without issue. Excluding the future Alexander III, the third boy Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia – born after the childless Tsarevich and Alexander III, whose descendants couldn't claim leadership for many reasons – had four sons. The eldest died in infancy and the second eldest, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia, had one son, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia. His only child is Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia, making her the legal heir to the Russian throne.

Following the discovery of the remains of Emperor Nicholas II and most of his immediate family in 1991, Maria Vladimirovna wrote to President Boris Yeltsin regarding the burial of the remains, saying of her Romanov cousins, whom she does not recognise as members of the Imperial House (including the grandchildren of Nicholas II's sister Grand Duchess Xenia), that they "do not have the slightest right to speak their mind and wishes on this question. They can only go and pray at the grave, as can any other Russian, who so wishes". At the behest of the Russian Orthodox Church, Maria did not recognise the authenticity of the remains and declined to attend the reburial ceremony in 1998, however according to Victor Aksyuchits, ex-advisor of Boris Nemtsov, the exact reason behind Maria's absence from the state burial for Nicholas II and his family in 1998 was motivated by the Russian government's refusal to recognize her status as official Head of the Romanov House, after asking via a letter prior the funeral ceremony. She has also said, regarding some of her Romanov cousins, that "My feeling about them is that now that something important is happening in Russia, they suddenly have awakened and said, 'Ah ha! There might be something to gain out of this.

When questioned about the ongoing rift among Romanov descendants, Maria said:

"'Attempts to disparage my rights have originated with people who, firstly, do not belong to the Imperial Family, and, secondly, either do not themselves know the relevant laws or think that others do not know these laws. In either case, there is unscrupulousness at work. The only thing that causes me regret is that some of our relatives waste their time and energy on little intrigues instead of striving to be of some use to their country. I have never quarreled with anyone about these matters and I remain open to a discussion and cooperation with all, including, of course, my relatives. But there can be no foundation for cooperation without respect for our dynastic laws, fulfilling these laws, and following our family traditions.'"

Role in Russia and activities
Maria hopes for the restoration of the monarchy someday and is "ready to respond to a call from the people".

In a 2018 interview, she defined her own understanding of her role as follows:

"„The Imperial House of Russia considers it its main goal to help preserve the historical and cultural continuity of our house and country, and to do all we can to strengthen the ethnic, religious, and civil peace and harmony of Russia. As a matter of principle, we do not engage in any form of politics whatsoever. We believe that the idea of a legitimate, hereditary monarchy, which preserves an unbroken, living connection with the centuries-long history of Russia and which conceives of society as a unified family, still has resonance today and remains a viable choice for our country and peoples. But we are hardly unaware that, at the present time and for the foreseeable future, the conditions are not right in Russia for a restoration of the monarchy. For now, the spheres of our activities are limited to promoting philanthropy; participating in social peace-making processes; reviving and maintaining traditions and preserving our country’s historical, cultural, and natural heritage; strengthening the spiritual and moral foundations of our nation; helping to foster patriotism; and advancing a positive image of Russia in the wider world.“"

In 2002, Maria became frustrated with the internal strife within the Russian monarchist movement. When representatives of the Union of Descendants of Noble Families, one of two rival nobility associations (the other, older one being the Assembly of the Russian Nobility) were discovered to be distributing chivalric titles and awards of the Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, without her approval, she published a relatively strongly worded disclaimer.

In 2003, Kirill I Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia stated in a congratulatory message on Maria Vladimirovna's 55th birthday, "you are the embodiment of a Russian Grand Duchess: noble, wise, compassionate, and consumed with a genuine love for Russia. Though you may reside far from Russia, you continue to take an active part in its life, rejoicing when there are triumphs and empathizing when there are trials. It is deeply gratifying to know that, even in these new historical circumstances, you are making a significant contribution to the building of Russia's global standing on the basis of spiritual and moral values, and the centuries-old traditions of the Russian people. The Russian Orthodox Church remains the preserver of the historical memory of the Russian people, and supports, as it has traditionally, the warmest possible relations with the Russian Imperial House."

She did not claim restitution of confiscated assets, but she made several requests to rehabilitate the Romanovs through the courts, which were repeatedly rejected until the Tsar's family was finally rehabilitated by the Supreme Court's decision on October 1, 2008. In May 2010, Maria and other members of the Romanov dynasty met with members of the Ottomans at Topkapı Palace, which was the first official meeting between these two former ruling (and rival) families.

In March 2013, the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, made a statement which seems to have drawn further supporters. In an interview, he was asked if any of the Romanovs had a legitimate claim to the throne and responded: "Well, to the second part of your question: are the claims, as you say, of the descendants of the Romanovs to the Russian throne legitimate? I would like to say right away that there are no claims. Today, none of the descendants of the Romanovs make claims the Russian throne. But in the person of the Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna and her son George, the succession of the Romanovs is preserved - not to the Russian imperial throne, but simply historically." (Сегодня никто из лиц, принадлежащих к потомкам Романовых, не претендует на Российский престол. Но в лице Великой княгини Марии Владимировны и ее сына Георгия сохраняется преемственность Романовых — уже не на Российском императорском престоле, а просто в истории). Further, the Patriarch noted: "And I must thank this family and many other Romanovs with gratitude for their today's contribution to the life of our Fatherland. Maria Vladimirovna supports a lot of good initiatives, she visits Russia, she meets people, she elevates the most ordinary people who have distinguished themselves to a nobility. I remember well how on the Smolensk land an old peasant woman was elevated to the dignity of nobility, who did so much for those who were by her side during the difficult years of the war and in the post-war period. Therefore, the cultural contribution of this family continues to be very noticeable in the life of our society. "

On May 14, 2013, at a ceremony at the Romanov Museum in Kitay-gorod, Maria awarded the Order of Saint Anna (1st Degree) to San Francisco Archbishop Kyril of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia, the first award of this historic Romanov dynastic order since the October Revolution of 1917. In December 2013, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna visited the United States at the request of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, which received her with full honours and recognition as head of the Russian Imperial House. On July 20, 2014, at a ceremony in the Church in the Izmailovo district of Moscow, Maria awarded Russian Vice-Admiral Oleg Belaventsev the Order of Saint Anna (1st Degree), Prosecutor General of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Natalia Poklonskaya, the Imperial Ladies' Order of Saint Anastasia (founded by herself in 2010), and the former cosmonaut Alexei Leonov the Order of Saint Stanislaus (1st degree), dynastic house orders of the Romanovs.

On 17 July 2018 she participated in the liturgical commemoration of the centenary of the assassinations of Saints Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and their children conducted in Yekaterinburg by Patriarch Kirill I. On July 28, 2014, at the invitation of the mayor of Irkutsk, Viktor Kondrashov, Maria attended a commemorative event there for the 100th anniversary of Russia's entry into the First World War and, among other things, visited Irkutsk State University, where she presented a medal “In Commemoration of the 400th Anniversary of the House of Romanov”. She visited Malta in June 2017, with former Russian Prime Minister Sergei Stepashin organizing the trip; Accompanied by the Russian ambassador, she met the Maltese President Marie Louise Coleiro Preca. She knows Russian President Vladimir Putin from numerous encounters. He respects the House of Romanov, but has no interest in restoring the monarchy. Other politicians, however, have spoken out in favor of this, including Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Sergey Aksyonov, Natalia Poklonskaya and Aleksandr Dugin. Nikolai Patrushev is at least considered a sympathizer, the oligarch Konstantin Malofeev is considered a supporter of the monarchist movement; he founded and finances the Double-Headed Eagle Society and was a best man at the wedding of Maria's son.

In January 2021, Grand Duchess Maria announced the morganatic engagement of her son Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia to Rebecca Virginia Bettarini from Italy. Bettarini converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Victoria Romanovna. Grand Duchess Maria granted permission for the couple to marry. She decreed that Bettarini will have the title Princess, with the predicate "Her Serene Highness" and the right to use the surname Romanov. The Imperial Wedding took place on 1 October 2021 at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in Saint Petersburg. The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs assisted with obtaining travel visas for guests and the Russian Ministry of Culture assisted in obtaining locations for the wedding ceremony and festivities. A delegation of the Russian Guards formed a line. The reception was catered by Yevgeny Prigozhin.

Maria has in particular come to terms with the new Russian elite around President Vladimir Putin and not only awards the historical dynastic orders of the House of Romanov, but also partly newly created orders such as the Order of Saint Michael the Archangel (founded by her father in 1988) or the Ladies' Order of Saint Anastasia (founded by herself in 2010), to personalities close to the House of Romanov and the Russian Orthodox Church, including Siloviks and Russian oligarchs. She even goes so far as to elevate such people to the nobility, i. e. persons who usually have no biographical or cultural connection to the traditional Russian nobility, but are often historically connected to the CPSU or the KGB and mostly very influential today. However, the lowest tier of the Russian nobility into which these people are usually admitted, traditionally does not bear noble titles, but only coats of arms. In the Tsarist Empire, similar to the United Kingdom, the award of certain orders entailed admission into the personal (often even hereditary) nobility: the Grand Cross of all orders and the Order of Saint Vladimir and the Order of St. George of all classes (as well as previously also the promotion to higher military ranks). In 2007, Maria is said to have ennobled the former head of the Russian domestic secret service Federal Security Service (FSB), Nikolai Patrushev, who is considered one of Putin's closest confidants (and one of his possible successor candidates). Patrushev himself described the FSB employees in an interview as “our new nobility” because of their sense of dedicated service. While newly founded aristocratic associations in Russia recognize such "ennoblings" and include these families into registers of the nobility, accepting them as members, the traditional associations of the descendants of the White émigrés (such as the Russian CILANE member association Union de la Noblesse Russe based in Paris) reject the admission of such "new nobles" on the grounds that Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna is neither the undisputed pretender to the throne nor does she - who is not a reigning monarch - have any constitutional authority to ennoble herself.

After previously voicing her support for Crimea and Donbas annexation in 2014 by Russia she said in an interview on her website in April 2018: „Before the Russian people today and our descendants stretches a long and gradual path toward the restoration of the power and might of Russia.“ She issued a statement with regard to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, regretting the civil war between brotherly nations and stressing that the imperial family does not feel entitled to express a political position. This attitude has not gone without criticism. She herself admitted in an interview that her stance inevitably affects the relationship between herself and other European royal families, but that they would never forget the fact that they are related and continue the dialogue. But, as she emphasized, „no normal person could possibly think that the House of Romanov would be on the side of those who seek to weaken Russia. Foreigners therefore treat us as rivals who are worthy of respect... Every imperial and royal family naturally promotes and defends the position of their country“.

In 2023, on the occasion of the seventieth birthday of the Grand Duchess, Patriarch Kirill made an unequivocal recognition of her position as Head of the House of Romanov in a congratulatory letter published on the Patriarchal website addressing her as "Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, Head of the Russian Imperial House" (Великой княгине Марии Владимировне, главе Российского Императорского Дома), and praising her efforts in the fields of charity, philanthropy, and culture.

Russian Dynastic honours

 * House of Romanov: Sovereign Head of the Order of St. Andrew Disputed
 * House of Romanov: Sovereign Head and Grand Mistress of the Order of St. Catherine Disputed
 * House of Romanov: Sovereign Head of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky Disputed
 * House of Romanov: Sovereign Head of the Order of the White Eagle Disputed
 * House of Romanov: Sovereign Head of the Order of St. George Disputed In abeyance
 * House of Romanov: Sovereign Head of the Order of St. Vladimir Disputed
 * House of Romanov: Sovereign Head of the Order of St. Anna Disputed
 * House of Romanov: Sovereign Head of the Order of St. Stanislas Disputed
 * House of Romanov: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
 * House of Romanov: Sovereign Head of the Order of Saint Michael the Archangel Disputed

Russian Orthodox Church

 * Russian Empire: Order of St. Sergius of Radonezh, 1st Class
 * Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Order of Our Lady of the Sign, 1st Class
 * Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Medal of John of Shanghai and San Francisco

Moldovan Orthodox Church

 * 🇲🇩 Moldovan Orthodox Church: Medal of Saint Paraskevi

Ukrainian Orthodox Church

 * 🇺🇦 Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate): Medal of Saint Barbara

Foreign dynastic

 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopian Imperial Family: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Queen of Sheba
 * Georgian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Queen Tamara
 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 * Portuguese Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Michael of the Wing

States

 * Transnistria: Commander of the Order of the Republic

Awards

 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Honorary Citizen of the City of Agrigento
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: Winner of the Russian International Person of the Year
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: Honorary Citizen of the Ivolginsky District
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: Honorary member of the Russian Academy of Arts
 * Russian Empire: Medal of the Assembly of the Russian Nobility


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Groovy Train

"Groovy Train" was the second single released by Liverpool-based group The Farm. It was released in 1990 as the first single from their debut album Spartacus (which would be released in 1991), having been produced by Graham "Suggs" McPherson of Madness and Terry Farley. The single reached no. 6 on the UK Singles Chart, no. 41 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and no. 15 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.

It contains a distinctive guitar intro by Keith Mullin which was possibly his most significant contribution to any one song. "Groovy Train" featured on the influential 1990 Madchester compilation album Happy Daze.

The video for the single was filmed at Pleasureland Southport and features a cameo from actor Bill Dean, who at the time was in Liverpool soap opera Brookside. His character, Harry Cross, was a retired train driver, and Dean is seen in the video driving a train with the band aboard.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Groovy Train


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Natural sounds

Natural sounds are any sounds produced by non-human organisms as well as those generated by natural, non-biological sources within their normal soundscapes. It is a category whose definition is open for discussion. Natural sounds create an acoustic space.

The definition of the soundscape can be broken down into three components: the geophony, non-biological natural sounds that include the effects of water by a stream or waves at the ocean, the effects of wind in the trees or grasses, and sound generated by the earth, itself, for example, glaciers, avalanches and earthquakes; the biophony, all the non-human, non-domestic sounds that emanate from a relatively undisturbed habitat; and anthrophony, all sound generated by human endeavor, whether music, theatre, or electromechanical.

Definition
Humans are a product of nature this could be considered part of nature. However, humans have long-considered themselves to be separate and in conflict. For that reason, a special category of the soundscape has been set aside for humans alone. Called anthrophony, it includes all of the sound that humans produce, whether structured (i. e. music, theatre, film, etc.), or entropic, as in the electromechanical chaotic and uncontrolled signals we generate by whatever means. Anthrophony has a profound effect on the natural soundscape and the featured organisms who play seminal roles in those habitats, but the nature of that effect varies with the types and families of sound and their relative intensity.

Natural sounds are restricted to natural sources in their normal soundscape because clips of isolated natural sources are like sound bites: without context the sounds are prone to be misinterpreted.

History
The historical background of natural sounds as they have come to be defined, begins with the recording of a single bird, by Ludwig Koch, as early as 1889. Koch's efforts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries set the stage for the universal audio capture model of single-species—primarily birds at the outset—that subsumed all others during the first half of the 20th century and well into the latter half and into the early 21st, as well.

In late 1968, influenced by acoustic efforts in the fields of music and film, this model began to evolve into a much more holistic effort with attention paid to the acoustic experience of entire habitats, inclusive of all the wild animal voices. Expressed as wild soundscapes, these phenomena included sounds primarily from two main sources, non-human and non-domestic wild ones, and non-biological sources in relatively undisturbed habitats.

Humans
Humans can benefit from natural environments to restore from stress and directed attention fatigue. A human can endure high levels of stress for short time periods as long as these periods are interrupted by restoration moments.

While a natural environment provides more sensory input than the soundscape there are indications that the soundscape alone also affords restoration. A majority of humans indicate that they find natural sounds pleasurable.

Territory sounds
These are sounds, calls, or audible signals made by any one species to its own or any other species, establishing boundaries so like or unlike species will not transgress those boundaries.

Male baboons make sounds heard for miles by other baboons, communicating to those other male baboons, the territory of that male baboon. The strength, volume, and timbre, inherent in that "call", determine whether or not rival males attempt to invade that male baboon's territory.

They do this to make them sound impressive and then to attract the female to them.

Courtship and/or mate attracting sounds
These are sounds made by the male baboon to attract females to his territory for courtship and mating. Again, the strength, quality, and timbre of those sounds, often determine the ability of that species to attract females for reproduction. These mating calls, often low and guttural, are the main criteria, used by the female baboon to determine which male she mates with.

Cultural references
The imitation of natural sounds in various cultures is a diverse phenomenon. and can fill in various functions. In several instances, it is related to the belief system, for example, imitation of natural sounds can be linked to various shamanistic beliefs or practice (e.g. yoiks of the Sami, some other shamanic songs and rituals,    overtone singing of some cultures). It may serve also such practical goals as luring game in the hunt; or entertainment (such as the katajjaq of the Inuit).

title: Natural sounds


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User talk:Wiccanhot

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 23:36, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wiccanhot


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Horne Creek Living Historical Farm

Horne Creek Farm is a historical farm near Pinnacle, Surry County, North Carolina. The farm is a North Carolina State Historic Site that belongs to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, and it is operated to depict farm life in the northwest Piedmont area c. 1900. The historic site includes the late 19th century Hauser Farmhouse, which has been furnished to reflect the 1900-1910 era, along with other supporting structures. The farm raised animal breeds that were common in the early 20th century. The site also includes the Southern Heritage Apple Orchard, which preserves about 800 trees of about 400 heritage apple varieties. A visitor center includes exhibits, a gift shop and offices.

The State Historic Site regularly hosts special events, which focus on farm life and techniques from the early 20th century, and include sheep shearing, corn shucking, ice cream socials, heritage crafts, music and pie baking.

The farmhouse was built about 1880, and is a two-story, three-bay, single-pile log building with weatherboard sheathing and a wood-shingled gable roof. Also on the property are the contributing double-crib log barn (c. 1846), wellhouse/washhouse (c. 1880), log smokehouse (c. 1880), log tobacco barn (c. 1910), corncrib (c. 1930), a fruit house (c. 1900) and family cemetery (c. 1853). A reconstructed fruit and vegetable drying house was placed where the original once stood.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

title: Horne Creek Living Historical Farm


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Talk:Russian phonetics

The development of /e/ into /o/ under stress: OR с ѣменъ /sĕ.'me.nŭ/ "seed" (gen. pl.) > R семён /sʲɪ.'mʲon/ "seed" (gen. pl.).

That should be changed for a better example, since the oblique form семён is incorrect (should be семян). I could do that but I'm afraid to mess up the phonetic spellings.

I have changed two phonetic symbols throughout the article to agree with IPA in Unicode, replacing ɤ (the symbol for the close-mid back unrounded vowel) with x to symbolize the Russian letter X, and replacing ʀ (the uvular trill) with r to symbolize the Russian letter P.

Non-standard IPA
I noticed you're using the character to describe щ as well as ч. I've never seen these before and I can't find them in the regular IPA set. Are these used by phoneticians? Could you cite some sources on the matter? Peter Isotalo 13:20, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Russian phonetics


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Oz Clarke

Robert Owen Clarke (born 1949), known as Oz Clarke, is a British wine writer, actor, television presenter and broadcaster.

Early life
Clarke's parents were a chest physician and a nursing sister. He is of Irish descent and was brought up Roman Catholic. His mother was born in Graiguenamanagh. He was brought up near Canterbury with a brother and a sister. Clarke became a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral and subsequently won a choral scholarship to The King's School, Canterbury. He later attended Pembroke College, Oxford where he studied theology and psychology and became Common Room President. He played University hockey, was University punting champion, sang with Schola Cantorum, and acted with the dramatic society and the Oxford Revue at the Edinburgh Festival. He also captained the wine-tasting team.

He claims to have been given his chosen name, Oz, "in the school showers" when he was 13, because he played cricket like an Australian cricketer. The Australian cricket team was touring the UK at the same time. Prior to this, he answered to the name Robbie, or Robin formally. His goal was to educate British people about making wine approachable to the British public, and introduce them to the high quality wines that Australians and most of the Western World enjoys.

Having grown up in Kent, Clarke played cricket for Babes of Kent schoolboys and supports Gillingham. He can be seen wearing a Gillingham scarf in Oz and Hugh Drink to Christmas, broadcast prior to Christmas 2009 and James May's Man Lab Christmas Special, broadcast prior to Christmas 2011, both on BBC Two.

Acting career
After Oxford, Clarke started a career as a full-time actor and singer. His first job was at Northampton, followed by Sheffield, Manchester and Leicester. He then worked for the Royal Shakespeare Company, the National Theatre, the Old Vic and Chichester. In the West End, he appeared with Michael Crawford in Billy at Drury Lane, sang Sweeney Todd in Sweeney Todd, played all the men in The Mitford Girls and General Peron in Evita. It was during this acting period that he was drafted in to the newly formed English Wine Tasting Team, who won competitions against France, Germany and the USA, among others. This proved crucial for his career development.

When a wine expert dropped out of the new BBC show Food and Drink, the acclaimed television producer Peter Bazalgette allegedly shouted, 'Get me the actor who knows about wine'. They did, and Clarke's career began to shift away from theatre towards wine, but not out of the entertainment business. He and Jilly Goolden became the voices and faces of wine in Britain for a generation.

He played one of the first criminals apprehended by Superman in the 1978 film Superman, a terrorist in Superman II, a Special Branch man in Who Dares Wins and Balthasar in Stuart Burge's 1984 film of Much Ado About Nothing. He sang the baritone role – and Sam Gamgee's song – in the BBC adaptation of The Lord of the Rings and recorded Stephen Oliver's A Man of Feeling for Granada TV.

On December 2011, Clarke was one of the team in the BBC Two programme James May's Man Lab Christmas Special.

Wine career
While performing in Sheila Hancock's Dandy Dick, he joined the Sunday Express as their first wine writer. He then became wine correspondent of The Daily Telegraph.

In 1982, Clarke won the last World Wine Tasting Championship, a wine tasting event that has not been repeated since then.

Clarke has written several award-winning books, and is generally regarded as the New World champion who led Britain's wine revolution in the 1990s and 2000s, but he is also a passionate supporter of the Old World classics, in particular Bordeaux wine. Clarke has appeared on numerous radio and TV shows, including Food and Drink, the long-running BBC Food show, for which he became well known in the UK for his stint as the wine expert alongside Jilly Goolden, and A Question of Taste and The Wine Programme for BBC Radio 4. He made three successful BBC TV series with James May: Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure in France and California, and Oz and James Drink to Britain. The comedian Hugh Dennis was later brought into this concept as Oz and Hugh Drink to Christmas was broadcast in 2009, and the later series, Oz and Hugh Raise the Bar, was broadcast over the Christmas period in 2010.

Clarke stated in Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure that he was banned from the Champagne region of France in the 1990s for having made statements suggesting that champagne was deteriorating in value while rising in price.

In November 2008 a survey by the wine industry consultancy firm Wine Intelligence was made public, having polled the views of more than 1,500 regular UK wine drinkers. Results show that Clarke was the most recognised wine critic in the UK. In 2009 he won the International Wine Challenge Personality of the Year award jointly with James May, in the same week as winning the Louis Roederer International Book of the Year for his book Bordeaux. In 2010 he and James May won the TRIC Award for 'best documentary' (for Oz and James Drink to Britain). He was also awarded an Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite Agricole by the French Government.

Oz Clarke's writing is now published by Pavilion Books, an imprint of Anova Books. In December 2010, he launched his very first app for use on Apple's iPhone and iPad, through Anova Digital: Oz Clarke's Best Wines 2011 and Oz Clarke's Xmas Wines.

In October 2018 his new book Red & White was published by Little, Brown and Company and he embarked on promotional book tour

Personal life
He is a cousin of Irish journalist and broadcaster Olivia O'Leary.

In a 2019 interview, Clarke revealed he was married, with a 3-year-old daughter, his only child.

Selected bibliography

 * The Essential Wine Book (1988) ISBN 978-0-670-80731-4
 * Oz Clarke's Wine Guide [formerly Webster's Wine Guide] (published annually since the late 1980s, retitled Oz Clarke 250 Best Wines Wine Buying Guide, 2008–present) 2011 edition: ISBN 978-1-86205-896-5
 * Oz Clarke's Pocket Wine Book (annually since 1993) Pavilion Books (2007–present) 2011 edition: ISBN 978-1-86205-895-8
 * Oz Clarke's New Classic Wines, Simon & Schuster (1991) ISBN 978-0-671-69620-7
 * Oz Clarke's New Encyclopedia of French Wines, Simon & Schuster (1991) ISBN 978-0-671-72456-6
 * Oz Clarke's Australian Wine Companion, Little, Brown & Co (2004) ISBN 978-0-316-72874-4
 * Clarke and Spurrier's Fine Wine Guide, Little, Brown & Co (1998 and 2001) ISBN 978-0-316-64753-3
 * Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Wine, Little, Brown & Co (1999 and 2003) ISBN 978-0-316-85157-2
 * Oz Clarke's Introducing Wine, Little, Brown & Co (2000 and 2003) ISBN 978-0-316-85450-4
 * Oz Clarke's Wine Atlas, Little, Brown & Co/Pavilion Books (1995, 2002 and 2007) ISBN 978-1-86205-782-1
 * Vinopolis World Wine Guide, Little, Brown & Co (1999) ISBN 978-0-316-85200-5
 * Z Cards: Wine & Food Matcher, Wine Vintages. Wine Tasting, Wine Finder (2001)
 * Oz Clarke's Grapes and Wines: A Guide to Varieties and Flavours, by Oz Clarke & Margaret Rand (2001, 2003, 2008) ISBN 978-1-86205-835-4
 * Sainsbury's Book of Wine, Sainsbury's (1987) ISBN 978-1-870604-00-0
 * Sainsbury's Regional Wine Guides Series, Sainsbury's (1988)
 * Sainsbury's Pocket Wine Guide, Sainsbury's (1993) ASIN B000RYL20
 * Oz Clarke's Wine Companion to... – Bordeaux, Tuscany, Burgundy, California (1997)
 * Microsoft Wine Guide (1995–2002, CD-ROM)
 * Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure, with Julie Arkell, BBC Books (2006) ISBN 978-0-563-53900-1
 * Oz Clarke Bordeaux, Pavilion Books (2006) ISBN 978-1-86205-830-9
 * Oz Clarke: Pocket Wine Book 2008 Pavilion Books (2007) ISBN 978-1-86205-780-7
 * Oz Clarke: 101 Best Whites and Roses 2008 Pavilion Books (2008) ISBN 978-1-86205-787-6
 * Oz Clarke: Grapes & Wines with Margaret Rand, Pavilion Books (2008) ISBN 978-186205-835-4
 * Oz Clarke: 250 Best Wines 2008 Pavilion Books (2009) ISBN 978-1-86205-786-9
 * Oz Clarke: Pocket Wine Book 2009 Pavilion Books (2008) ISBN 978-1-86205-826-2
 * Oz Clarke: 250 Best Wines 2009 Pavilion Books (2008) ISBN 978-1-86205-827-9
 * Oz Clarke: 'Let Me Tell You About Wine' – A beginner’s guide to understanding and enjoying wine, Pavilion Books (2009) ISBN 978-1-86205-865-1
 * Oz and James Drink to Britain, with James May, Pavilion Books (2009) ISBN 978-1-86205-846-0
 * Oz Clarke: Pocket Wine Book 2010 Pavilion Books (2009) ISBN 978-1-86205-863-7
 * Oz Clarke: 250 Best Wines 2010 Pavilion Books (2009) ISBN 978-1-86205-866-8
 * Oz Clarke: Bordeaux – Second Edition Pavilion Books (2009) ISBN 978-1-86205-830-9
 * Oz Clarke: Pocket Wine Book 2011 Pavilion Books (2010) ISBN 978-1-86205-895-8
 * Oz Clarke: 250 Best Wines 2011 Pavilion Books (2010) ISBN 978-1-86205-896-5
 * Oz Clarke: Pocket Wine Book 2012 Pavilion Books (2011) ISBN 978-1-86205-919-1
 * Oz Clarke: 250 Best Wines 2012 Pavilion Books (2011) ISBN 978-1-86205-920-7
 * Oz Clarke: Bordeaux – Third Edition Pavilion Books (2012) ISBN 978-1-86205-950-4
 * Oz Clarke: Pocket Wine Book 2013 Pavilion Books (2012) ISBN 978-1-86205-968-9
 * Oz Clarke: My Top Wines 2013 Pavilion Books (2012) ISBN 978-1-86205-969-6
 * Oz Clarke: Pocket Wine Book 2014 Pavilion Books (2013) ISBN 978-1-90910861-5
 * Oz Clarke: Grapes & Wines with Margaret Rand, Pavilion Books (2014) ISBN 978-1-90910-862-2
 * Oz Clarke: The History of Wine in 100 Bottles, Pavilion Books (2015) ISBN 978-1-90981-549-0
 * Oz Clarke: Grapes & Wines with Margaret Rand, Pavilion Books- UPDATED EDITION (2015) ISBN 978-1-90910-862-2
 * Oz Clarke Wine A-Z (2015) ISBN 978-1-91049-655-8

Honours and awards

 * Youngest ever British Wine Taster of the Year 1973
 * Captain of victorious England Wine Tasters Team 1980
 * World Wine Tasting Championship winner, 1982
 * Wine Magazine Book of the Year 1984
 * Wine Guild of the United Kingdom Wine Writer 1984 (Webster's Wine Guide), 1989 (Sainsbury's Book of Wine), 1992 (New Classic Wines)
 * Winner of the International World Wine Tasting Championships, Los Angeles
 * Glenfiddich Drink Award 1983 (journalism), 1989 (journalism), 1992 (New Classic Wines)
 * André Simon Drink Book Award 1992 (New Classic Wines)
 * James Beard Wine & Spirits Award 1992 (New Classic Wines)
 * Julia Child Cookbook Award (Wine, Beer & Spirits) 1996 (Oz Clarke's Wine Atlas)
 * Le Prix Lanson 1997 (Wine Guide CD-ROM)
 * Le Prix du Champagne Lanson Special Millennium Award 1999 (for outstanding contribution to wine education and communication during previous decade)
 * Jacob's Creek Silver Ladle 1999 (Wine Guide CD-ROM)
 * Le Prix Lanson Wine Book of the Year 2002 (Grapes & Wines)
 * Special Millennium Award, Le Prix du Champagne Lanson 1999
 * Le Prix Lanson Annual Wine Guide of the Year 2004 (Pocket Wine Book)
 * International Wine & Spirit Competition Communicator of the Year 2006
 * Roederer International Wine Book of the Year 2009 for Bordeaux
 * International Wine Challenge Personality of the Year Award 2009: Oz Clarke and James May
 * Gourmand Award for Wine Literature 2009 (Oz and James Drink to Britain)
 * TRIC award for TV Arts/Documentary programme 2010 (Oz Clarke and James Drink to Britain TV series)
 * Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite Agricole 2010

Clarke was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to broadcasting and journalism.

title: Oz Clarke


text:
Talk:Dennis Rader

Case history section
The section covering his actual crimes from 1974 to 1991 is quite small. I've expanded it a bit, and will come back and expand more later. Harizotoh9 (talk) 05:24, 1 July 2018 (UTC)

 * I admire your thirst for page improvement. However, I would advise against this as Rader does enjoy publicity. SomeoneWWTSI (talk) 17:31, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

Is a serial killer?
Why does this article say that Rader is a serial killer? Is he killing people in prison? Did he kill Frazier Glenn Cross? 2600:1012:B1BC:6CE7:0:2E:91D5:AC01 (talk) 19:29, 6 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Look up the definition of serial killer. AmateurHistorian (talk) 19:38, 6 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I know the definition, but is Rader a serial killer now? The article should say that he was convicted of murdering ten people. It's a conundrum, serial killers get no attention while active, but once safely behind bars they are labeled. 2600:1012:B1BC:6CE7:0:2E:91D5:AC01 (talk) 19:42, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Serial killers are so labeled while active all the time. It is common usage to call a serial killer a serial killer from the time they are identified as such thenceforward, whether or not they're in custody. The amount of attention they get varies but serial killers always get attention. Read any book or any media article about any serial killer. AmateurHistorian (talk) 20:05, 6 May 2021 (UTC)
 * When you have killed three or more people (which is what Rader did) with cool-off periods in between murder incidents, then you are a ALWAYS serial killer. He is a CONVICTED serial killer and was labelled a serial killer prior to his identification and arrest by police and the FBI.
 * I am not sure what Frazier Glenn Cross has to do with Rader. Like Cross, Rader's threats were terroristic in nature. Rader did not kill Cross, (obviously he killed others) but not killing Cross clearly doesn't bar him from being a serial killer.
 * If you find any biographically relevant AND NON-MINOR logical connection between Rader and Cross (as I can find nothing of the sort), then please submit it to the Talk page so we can discuss it. I do not think that any final edits made to the Dennis Rader page will involve Cross. Thank you for bringing this to the Talk page before making edits. SomeoneWWTSI (talk) 17:29, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

Changes to be made throughout the page
I wanted to talk about making changes rather than directly doing so without initial oversight. - The information about Dennis Rader's early life and horrendous crimes should be greatly shortened, as Rader enjoys publicity. I would not know exactly how to shorten it to such a skeletal set of information. His enjoyment of this publicity as well as the pain in which his victims and their families endured are more than enough reason to at least consider this. - Kerri Rawson has cut off communication with her father in Summer 2021 mainly because he was signing crime scene photos for fans and cyberstalking her. If it is relevant to mention that Kerri forgives and has made amends with her father, then it is relevant to also mention that this is no longer exactly the case. I have a source on this from OXYGEN as well as a video of her saying that she disconnected from her father while she was at CrimeCon. I do not want to add information if it is ABSOLUTELY unnecessary or sourced only by a credible YouTube video and tabloid source. However, I think this is worth talking about updating. - Jeffrey Davis, son of Rader's final victim Dolores Davis, wrote a book about his crisis of faith as well as the incident of his mother's death. This might be worth talking about, but I do not want to be frivolous. - There are numerous documentaries about Rader. There are also numerous unmentioned films such as The Hunt for the B.T.K. Killer and B.T.K. directed by Ulli Lommel. I believe these are worth adding to the list of creative works about Rader as they are directly about him rather than purely fictional sources giving Rader attention that some would consider to be unnecessary.

Thank you and please take this into account Administrators and fellow wikians. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SomeoneWWTSI (talk • contribs) 17:31, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not supposed to censor information or deny it to the public on the grounds that having it known would make someone happy or sad. If you go down that route you might as well remove everything about everything because you'll always end up upsetting someone. 94.189.236.3 (talk) 17:26, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

Park City
You should clarify that the Park City where he was arrested is in Kansas, not to be confused with Park City, the world class ski town and resort in Utah. 2601:681:5901:3450:F4E2:82F:3CD3:BDCB (talk) 23:10, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dennis Rader


text:
Manny Coto

Manuel Hector Coto (June 10, 1961 – July 9, 2023) was a Cuban-born American screenwriter, television and film director, and producer of films and television programs.

Coto was the executive producer and showrunner of Star Trek: Enterprise in its final season, and executive producer of four seasons of 24. He was an executive producer and writer for the fifth season of the Showtime television series Dexter.

Career
Coto graduated from the American Film Institute and has experience in the sci-fi and fantasy genres. In 1990, Brian Helgeland and Coto sold a script, The Ticking Man, for $1 million, but the film was never made. He wrote and directed an episode of Tales from the Crypt and also wrote an episode for and produced The Outer Limits when it was revived on Showtime in 1995. He was given the chance to create and write a series for Showtime after The Outer Limits was cancelled. The resulting series was Odyssey 5 and starred Peter Weller (Coto would later cast Weller in roles on Enterprise, 24 and Dexter).

Coto joined the writing crew of Enterprise in 2003, when the show was in its third season; his episodes include "Similitude", "Chosen Realm" and "Azati Prime". He became a co-executive producer later that season. In the fourth season, he became executive producer of the show, alongside series creators Rick Berman and Brannon Braga. According to his bio on StarTrek.com, he has been a fan of Star Trek all his life and once wrote a Star Trek comic book.

After that he became executive producer on the fifth, sixth, seventh and the eighth and final season of 24.

In 2010, Coto joined the crew of Showtime drama series Dexter as a writer and executive producer for the fifth season. He continued to work as a writer and executive producer for the show's sixth and seventh seasons, airing 2011 and 2012.

Films Coto has directed include Cover Up, Dr. Giggles and Star Kid.

Coto was the creator and executive producer of Next, which premiered on October 6, 2020, on Fox.

Coto was the executive producer of American Horror Story and American Horror Stories, having written numerous episodes of both series. He directed the well-received episode, "Feral", from season one of American Horror Stories, and wrote the season opener, "Dollhouse", for season two.

Personal life and death
Coto was born in Havana on June 10, 1961, fleeing with his mother to Orlando, Florida.

Coto married Robin Trickett on December 27, 2004, in Venice, Italy.

Coto died of pancreatic cancer on July 9, 2023, at the age of 62.

title: Manny Coto


text:
California State Route 49

State Route 49 (SR 49) is a north–south state highway in the U.S. state of California that passes through many historic mining communities of the 1849 California gold rush and it is known as the Golden Chain Highway. The highway's creation was lobbied by the Mother Lode Highway Association, a group of locals and historians seeking a single highway to connect many relevant locations along the Gold Rush to honor the 49ers. One of the bridges along SR 49 is named for the leader of the association, Archie Stevenot.

The roadway begins at Oakhurst, Madera County, in the Sierra Nevada, where it diverges from State Route 41. It continues in a generally northwest direction, weaving through the communities of Goldside and Ahwahnee, before crossing into Mariposa County. State Route 49 then continues northward through the counties of Tuolumne, Calaveras, Amador, El Dorado, Placer, Nevada, Yuba, Sierra, and Plumas, where it reaches its northern terminus at State Route 70, in Vinton.

Route description

SR 49 starts at an intersection with SR 41 near Oakhurst. The road heads west before turning north before the town of Ahwahnee near the Wassama Roundhouse State Historic Park. SR 49 continues north, passing through Nipinnswassee before entering Mariposa County and the Sierra National Forest. Continuing to the west, SR 49 passes through Mormon Bar before running concurrently with SR 140 briefly through the town of Mariposa. Near the town of Mount Bullion, SR 49 passes by Mariposa-Yosemite Airport before turning northwest and going through Bear Valley and the intersection with CR J16. The highway passes by the southern edge of Lake McClure and intersects SR 132 in Coulterville before passing into Tuolumne County.

SR 49 continues north through the town of Moccasin, where SR 120 runs concurrently for several miles to the town of Chinese Camp. SR 49 then turns northeast and runs concurrently with SR 108, intersecting CR E5, into the city of Sonora. SR 49 splits from SR 108 and enters downtown Sonora as Stockton Street, turning north onto Washington Street before leaving the Sonora city limits. SR 49 intersects the north end of CR E5 before passing through Tuttletown and crossing into Calaveras County at the bridge over the Stanislaus River.

SR 49 then enters Carson Hill. Passing by New Melones Lake, SR 49 briefly runs concurrently with SR 4 in the city of Angels Camp.

SR 49 continues through Altaville. The highway continues into San Andreas, where SR 12 terminates. SR 49 continues into Mokelumne Hill, where it intersects with SR 26.

SR 49 then passes through Big Bar and across the Mokelumne River, which is located on the county line between Amador County and Calaveras County. SR 49 then runs concurrently with SR 88 briefly through the town of Martell before intersecting the eastern terminus of SR 104. SR 49 then runs west of Sutter Creek and Amador City, via a bypass around those two cities that was constructed in 2009, ) before reaching Drytown.

SR 49 then intersects the eastern end of SR 16 before passing through the city of Plymouth. The highway continues through Enterprise before crossing into El Dorado County and passing through the towns of Nashville, El Dorado, and Diamond Springs (the latter two as Pleasant Valley Road) before entering Placerville. SR 49 traverses downtown on Pacific Street and Main Street before continuing onto Spring Street, where it intersects the US 50 expressway at-grade before continuing north as Georgetown Road.

As it leaves the Placerville city limits, SR 49 intersects the southern terminus of SR 193 before continuing northwest as Coloma Road into the town of Coloma. In Coloma, the highway intersects with SR 153, a spur route to the Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park. SR 49 then continues through Lotus before turning north at Pilot Hill and intersecting the northern terminus of SR 193 at Cool. SR 49 continues through the Auburn State Recreation Area before crossing into Placer County and entering the city of Auburn as High Street for a very short distance before turning west on Elm Avenue. SR 49 continues onto I-80 west at an interchange for a very short distance until the interchange at exit 119B where SR 49 departs from I-80. SR 49 then continues almost due north out of the Auburn city limits.

SR 49 continues north, crossing into Nevada County and passing through Higgins Corner and Forest Springs. SR 49 becomes a freeway and enters the city of Grass Valley, where it then runs concurrently with SR 20 and interchanges with the northern end of SR 174. The SR 49/SR 20 concurrency continues as a freeway into Nevada City. SR 49 then splits from SR 20 at an at-grade intersection just after the freeway ends heads west out of Nevada City.

SR 49 goes over the South Branch of the Yuba River near the Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park. SR 49 continues through the towns of Sweetland and North San Juan, where it crosses into Yuba County and enters Tahoe National Forest. The route goes through Log Cabin and Camptonville. SR 49 then crosses into Sierra County, where it passes through Goodyears Bar, Downieville, and Sierra City on its forest journey. After passing near Kentucky Mine Historic Park, SR 49 goes through Bassetts and Haskell Creek, then shares a wrong-way concurrency with SR 89 briefly through Sattley and Sierraville. SR 49 then leaves the forest as Loyalton Road, passing through the city of Loyalton and intersecting CR A24 before crossing into Plumas County as Vinton Loyalton Road, where SR 49 ends at SR 70 in the town of Vinton.

SR 49 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and from SR 140 to a point north of SR 88 as well as from I-80 to SR 20 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 49 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System, and from the Sierra-Yuba county line to Yuba Summit is officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation. The segment of SR 49 from SR 20 in Nevada City to SR 89 in Sierraville also forms part of the Yuba-Donner Scenic Byway, a National Forest Scenic Byway.

SR 49 is known as the Golden Chain Highway for the entire route. SR 49 is known as the John C. Begovich Memorial Highway from Jackson to SR 88 (honoring the California legislator and U.S. Marshal), and the Mother Lode Highway from Sonora to Auburn.

Historical landmarks
The SR 49 corridor was designed to connect historical locations and landmarks of the California Gold Rush. These include:

 * Mariposa County
 * Mormon Bar was first mined by veterans of the Mormon Battalion in 1849.
 * Bear Valley, where John C. Frémont operated his Ride Tree and Josephine Mines between 1850 and 1860.
 * Coulterville, where George W. Coulter settled in 1850 and established a tent store to supply miners.

 * Tuolumne County
 * Jacksonville was the principal river town in 1850 for miners working along the Tuolumne River. The site has since been inundated by Don Pedro Reservoir.
 * Chinese Camp was the headquarters for stagelines and for several California Chinese mining companies in the 1850s.
 * The Wells Fargo Express Company Building in Chinese Camp was built in 1849 and was the home of a general merchandise store.
 * Montezuma, a mining town that flourished after a ditch and flume were completed in 1852, bringing in water for placer mining. The town was nearly destroyed by an incendiary fire in 1866.
 * Jamestown became known as gateway to the Mother Lode and the southern mines. Large quantities of gold were found from nearby Woods Creek.
 * Tuttletown, named after judge A. A. H. Tuttle who settled there 1848, was an early-day stopping place.

 * Calaveras County
 * Robinson's Ferry was established in 1848 to ferry passengers and freight across the Stanislaus River.
 * The birthplace of Archie Stevenot, who helped found the California State Chamber of Commerce and was officially named "Mr. Mother Lode" by the California legislature in 1961.
 * Carson Hill was one of the most productive mining areas in California. The largest gold nugget in the state was discovered here in 1854, weighing 195 pounds troy.
 * Angels Camp was founded in 1849 and became one of the richest quartz mining sections of the Mother Lode.
 * The Angels Hotel in Angels Camp was originally a canvas tent erected in 1851, replaced by a one-story wooden structure, and then rebuilt with stone in 1855.
 * Altaville was the site of a foundry that was established in 1854. Most of the stamp mills and a large portion of the mining machinery erected in Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties were built at this foundry.
 * The Prince-Garibaldi Building in Altaville was built in 1852, originally housing a general merchandise business.
 * Fourth Crossing became notable in the 1850s for its rich placer ores. The town also served as an important stagecoach and freighting depot, particularly for the southern mines.
 * San Andreas was originally established as a mining camp by Mexican gold miners in 1848. The gold uncovered from the town's underground river channels and placer mines contributed to the Union's success during the American Civil War.
 * Chili Gulch was the richest placer mining section in Calaveras County.
 * Mokelumne Hill was the richest placer mining section of Calaveras County and one of the principal mining towns of California.
 * Big Bar, along the Mokelumne River, was mined in 1848.

 * Amador County
 * The Butte Store, built in 1857, is the only structure still standing in Butte City.
 * Both Argonaut Mine and adjacent Kennedy Mine were discovered in the 1850s and became the highest-yielding gold mines in the state.
 * Sutter Creek became a boomtown after quartz gold was discovered in the area in 1851.
 * Drytown, founded in 1848, is Amador County's oldest community, and the first in the county in which gold was discovered.

 * El Dorado County
 * El Dorado, originally an important camp on the old Carson Trail, become the center of a mining district by 1849-50 and the crossroads for freight and stagecoach lines.
 * Diamond Springs was among the most gold-rich locations in the region, with its most thriving period in 1851.
 * Placerville, a gold rush town that also served as a relay station of the Central Overland Pony Express from 1860 to 1861.
 * Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park, which marks the discovery of gold by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in 1848. Marshall then traveled on Coloma Road to give news of the discovery to John Sutter.

 * Placer County
 * Auburn developed into an important mining town, trading post, and stage terminal after gold was discovered nearby in 1848.

 * Nevada County
 * The former Overland Emigrant Trail, which was used by travelers from points east to the California gold fields, crosses the present day SR 49 near Wolf Creek.
 * Empire Mine was in constant operation from 1850 to the late 1950s.
 * Gold Hill in Grass Valley was the site of one of the first discoveries of quartz gold in California.

title: California State Route 49


text: File:Unchumba.jpg

title: File:Unchumba.jpg


text:
Anthemis

Anthemis is a genus of aromatic flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, closely related to Chamaemelum, and like that genus, known by the common name chamomile; some species are also called dog-fennel or mayweed. Anthemis are native to the Mediterranean region and southwest Asia east to Iran. A number of species have also become naturalized in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world.

There are around 100 species within this genus.

Anthemis species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Orthonama obstipata (The Gem) and Bucculatrix anthemidella, a leaf-miner which feeds exclusively on Anthemis tinctoria.

Cultivation and uses
Several species and cultivars are available for garden use. A. punctata subsp. cupaniana and Anthemis tinctoria 'E.C. Buxton' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Species
The following species are accepted:

 * Anthemis aaronsohnii Eig
 * Anthemis abrotanifolia (Willd.) Guss.
 * Anthemis abylaea (Font Quer & Maire) Oberpr.
 * Anthemis aciphylla Boiss.
 * Anthemis adonidifolia Boiss.
 * Anthemis aeolica Lojac.
 * Anthemis aetnensis Spreng.
 * Anthemis alpestris (Hoffmanns. & Link) R.Fernandes
 * Anthemis ammanthus Greuter
 * Anthemis ammophila Boiss. & Heldr.
 * Anthemis anthemiformis (Freyn & Sint.) Grierson
 * Anthemis arenicola Boiss.
 * Anthemis argyrophylla Velen.
 * Anthemis arvensis L.
 * Anthemis atropatana Iranshahr
 * Anthemis auriculata Boiss.
 * Anthemis austroiranica Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand.
 * Anthemis × bollei Sch.Bip. ex Asch.
 * Anthemis bornmuelleri Stoj. & Acht.
 * Anthemis bourgei Boiss. & Reut.
 * Anthemis boveana J.Gay
 * Anthemis brachycarpa Eig
 * Anthemis brachystephana Bornm. & Gauba
 * Anthemis breviradiata Eig
 * Anthemis bushehrica Iranshahr
 * Anthemis candidissima Willd. ex Spreng.
 * Anthemis chia L.
 * Anthemis chrysantha J.Gay
 * Anthemis concolor Lojac.
 * Anthemis confusa Pomel
 * Anthemis cornucopiae Boiss.
 * Anthemis corymbulosa Boiss. & Hausskn.
 * Anthemis cotula L.
 * Anthemis cretica L.
 * Anthemis cuneata Hub.-Mor. & Reese
 * Anthemis cupaniana Tod. ex Nyman
 * Anthemis cyrenaica Coss.
 * Anthemis davisii Yavin
 * Anthemis deserti Boiss.
 * Anthemis deserticola Krasch. & Popov
 * Anthemis dicksoniae Ghafoor
 * Anthemis didymaea Mouterde
 * Anthemis edumea Eig
 * Anthemis emasensis Eig
 * Anthemis fayedina Zareh
 * Anthemis filicaulis (Boiss. & Heldr.) Greuter
 * Anthemis fimbriata Boiss.
 * Anthemis freitagii Iranshahr
 * Anthemis fumariifolia Boiss.
 * Anthemis fungosa Boiss. & Hausskn.
 * Anthemis funkii (Sch.Bip. ex Willk. & Lange) Benedí
 * Anthemis gharbensis Oberpr.
 * Anthemis gilanica Bornm. & Gauba
 * Anthemis gillettii Iranshahr
 * Anthemis glaberrima (Rech.f.) Greuter
 * Anthemis glareosa E.Durand & Barratte
 * Anthemis gracilis Iranshahr
 * Anthemis hamrinensis Iranshahr
 * Anthemis handel-mazzettii Eig
 * Anthemis haussknechtii Boiss. & Reut.
 * Anthemis hebronica Boiss. & Kotschy
 * Anthemis hemistephana Boiss.
 * Anthemis hermonis Eig
 * Anthemis hirtella C.Winkl.
 * Anthemis homalolepis Eig
 * Anthemis hyalina DC.
 * Anthemis hydruntina E.Groves
 * Anthemis indurata Delile
 * Anthemis iranica Parsa
 * Anthemis ismelia Lojac.
 * Anthemis jordanovii Stoj. & Acht.
 * Anthemis kandaharica Iranshahr
 * Anthemis karacae Güner
 * Anthemis kermanica Parsa
 * Anthemis kitaibelii Spreng.
 * Anthemis kotschyana Boiss.
 * Anthemis kruegeriana Pamp.
 * Anthemis laconica Franzén
 * Anthemis leptophylla Eig
 * Anthemis leucanthemifolia Boiss. & C.I.Blanche
 * Anthemis leucolepis Eig
 * Anthemis lithuanica Besser ex DC.
 * Anthemis lorestanica Iranshahr
 * Anthemis macedonica Boiss. & Orph.
 * Anthemis macrotis (Rech.f.) Oberpr. & Vogt
 * Anthemis maris-mortui Eig
 * Anthemis maritima L.
 * Anthemis marocana Batt. & Pit.
 * Anthemis mauritiana Maire & Sennen
 * Anthemis melampodina Delile
 * Anthemis melanacme Boiss. & Hausskn.
 * Anthemis micrantha Boiss. & Hausskn.
 * Anthemis microcephala (Schrenk) B.Fedtsch.
 * Anthemis microlepis Eig
 * Anthemis microsperma Boiss. & Kotschy
 * Anthemis mirheydari Iranshahr
 * Anthemis moghanica Iranshahr
 * Anthemis monilicostata Pomel
 * Anthemis muricata (DC.) Guss.
 * Anthemis nabataea Eig
 * Anthemis odontostephana Boiss.
 * Anthemis orbelica Pancic
 * Anthemis orientalis (L.) Degen
 * Anthemis parnesia Boiss. & Heldr.
 * Anthemis parvifolia Eig
 * Anthemis patentissima Eig
 * Anthemis pauciloba Boiss.
 * Anthemis pedunculata Desf.
 * Anthemis peregrina L.
 * Anthemis persica Boiss.
 * Anthemis pignattiorum Guarino, Raimondo & Domina
 * Anthemis pindicola Heldr. ex Halácsy
 * Anthemis plebeia Boiss. & Noë
 * Anthemis plutonia Meikle
 * Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss.
 * Anthemis pulvinata Brullo, Scelsi & Spamp.
 * Anthemis punctata Vahl
 * Anthemis pungens Yavin
 * Anthemis rascheyana Boiss.
 * Anthemis regis-borisii Stoj. & Acht.
 * Anthemis retusa Delile
 * Anthemis rhodensis Boiss.
 * Anthemis rhodocentra Iranshahr
 * Anthemis rigida Boiss. ex Heldr.
 * Anthemis rosea Sm.
 * Anthemis rumelica (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht.
 * Anthemis ruthenica M.Bieb.
 * Anthemis samariensis Turland
 * Anthemis scariosa Banks & Sol.
 * Anthemis schizostephana Boiss. & Hausskn.
 * Anthemis scopulorum Rech.f.
 * Anthemis scrobicularis Yavin
 * Anthemis secundiramea Biv.
 * Anthemis sheilae Ghafoor & Al-Turki
 * Anthemis sibthorpii Griseb.
 * Anthemis sintenisii Freyn
 * Anthemis spruneri Boiss. & Heldr.
 * Anthemis sterilis Steven
 * Anthemis stiparum Pomel
 * Anthemis susiana Nábelek
 * Anthemis taubertii E.Durand & Barratte
 * Anthemis tenuicarpa Eig
 * Anthemis tenuisecta Ball
 * Anthemis tigreensis J.Gay ex A.Rich.
 * Anthemis tomentella Greuter
 * Anthemis tomentosa L.
 * Anthemis tranzscheliana Fed.
 * Anthemis tricolor Boiss.
 * Anthemis tricornis Eig
 * Anthemis tripolitana Boiss. & C.I.Blanche
 * Anthemis tubicina Boiss. & Hausskn.
 * Anthemis ubensis Pomel
 * Anthemis virescens Velen.
 * Anthemis wallii Hub.-Mor. & Reese
 * Anthemis wettsteiniana Hand.-Mazz.
 * Anthemis xylopoda O.Schwarz
 * Anthemis yemensis Podlech
 * Anthemis zaianica Oberpr.
 * Anthemis zoharyana Eig

title: Anthemis


text:
Paladin of Souls

Paladin of Souls is a 2003 fantasy novel by American writer Lois McMaster Bujold. It won the Hugo, Locus, and Nebula awards. It is a sequel to The Curse of Chalion, and takes place approximately three years later. The series that it is part of, World of the Five Gods, won the Hugo Award for Best Series in 2018.

Both Paladin of Souls and its prequel Curse of Chalion (2001) are set in the landlocked medieval kingdom of Chalion, which itself is a fictional equivalent of Castile and León during the time of the Reconquista, or Spanish Reconquest.

Synopsis
The novel follows Ista, mother of Iselle, the young ruler of Chalion. Following the lifting of the curse on her family and the recent death of her own aged mother, Ista finds herself bored and restless. To escape from her guardians (who think she is partially mad), she sets out on a religious pilgrimage with the dy Gura brothers (minor characters from the earlier story) for protection; Liss, a feisty and clever courier girl; and dy Cabon, a plump priest of the Bastard (one of the five gods of the Chalion universe) as her 'spiritual guide'. The Bastard, god of disasters and of things out of season, guides Ista's path, despite her strong resistance.

The party is overrun and captured by a troop of Roknari raiders from the adjacent principality of Jokona, then rescued by a patrol led by Arhys, lord of the nearby Castle Porifors, a strong leader of men and very handsome to boot. Though she is attracted to him, she learns that he is the son of a man she had helped kill (in an ill-fated attempt to raise the curse). She also learns Arhys has a very young and very beautiful wife named Cattilara.

Once in the castle, Ista discovers a mystery. Lord Illvin, Arhys's half-brother, is unconscious except for afternoon wakings that match Arhys' naps. She has seen Illvin before, though, in a baffling dream sent by the Bastard. Ista, despite her attempts to avoid becoming once again a tool of a god, lets her curiosity get the better of her. She is saddened to discover that Arhys is actually dead. Cattilara has managed to force a demon to keep her husband "alive" by transferring to him some of Illvin's vitality, but Ista can see that both men are fading fast. To complicate matters further, Illvin and Ista are attracted to each other.

Then Porifors is besieged by a new force of Roknari from Jokona that includes its Prince, Sordso, and his mother, Princess Joen. The latter is an elderly daughter of the Golden General, a man of destiny blessed with many god-bestowed gifts whose death by magic had the side effect of creating the curse. Joen has created a troop of demon-ridden sorcerers, including her own son. She carefully strengthened each demon by "feeding" them souls with the talents she required. Joen seeks to fulfill the Golden General's thwarted destiny and conquer the non-Roknari realms.

As Porifors and its defenders suffer demonic attacks, Arhys and a picked troop make a night raid that kills some of the sorcerers, but eventually they are overwhelmed. Ista allows herself be taken as a hostage into the Princess' lair, supposedly to end the siege, but in reality to send the remaining demons back to the Bastard's care and defeat Joen. Ista accepts the Bastard's offer of a job in his service: to exorcise other demons let loose upon the land. Lord Illvin comes as a bonus.

Awards

 * Hugo Award for Best Novel (2004)
 * Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel (2004)
 * Nebula Award for Best Novel (2004)
 * Hugo Award for Best Series as part of the World of the Five Gods series (2018)

title: Paladin of Souls


text:
Matt Baker (artist)

Clarence Matthew Baker (December 10, 1921 – August 11, 1959 ) was an American comic book artist and illustrator, best known for drawing early comics heroines such as the costumed crimefighter Phantom Lady, and romance comics. Active in the 1940s and 1950s Golden Age of comic books, he is one of the first known African-American artists to find success in the comic-book industry. He also penciled St. John Publications' digest-sized "picture novel" It Rhymes with Lust (1950), the first graphic novel despite that term not having been coined at the time.

Baker was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2009. His influence can be seen in artists such as Dave Stevens and Adam Hughes.

Early years
Baker was born December 10, 1921, in Forsyth County, North Carolina. At a young age he relocated with his family to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and after graduating high school in 1940, moved to Washington, D.C. Prevented by a heart condition from being drafted into the U.S. military during World War II, he began studying art at Cooper Union, in New York City. He entered comics through the Jerry Iger Studio, one of the 1930s to 1940s "packagers" that provided outsourced comics to publishers entering the new medium. Iger recalled that Baker came into his studio with a single sample of a color sketch in his portfolio; he thought the woman was so naturally beautiful that he hired Baker on the spot, as a background artist before he was given his first scripts. Baker's first confirmed comics work is penciling and inking the women in the 12-page "Sheena, Queen of the Jungle" story in Fiction House's Jumbo Comics #69 (cover-dated Nov. 1944), otherwise penciled by Robert Webb and Alex Blum.

Much of Baker's work was originally penciled backgrounds as well as female figures for other artists, and most of his work has been inked over, with the inker credited for his work. He quickly developed a reputation as one of the best "Good Girl" artists in the business for his attention to detail when drawing women.

During this period, known as the Golden Age of Comic Books, Baker did work for publishers including Fiction House, Fox Comics, Quality Comics, and St. John Publications. In later years, he independently teamed with inker Jon D'Agostino under the pseudonym Matt Bakerino at Charlton Comics.

Personal life
Baker's friend Frank Giusto and artist Lee J. Ames have said that Baker was gay. Baker's brother Fred Robinson added of Baker and St. John Publications publisher Archer St. John, "They had a very close relationship. I don't know exactly what it was."

Phantom Lady
The character Phantom Lady, created by Arthur Peddy, had originated in 1941 as a Quality Comics feature supplied by the Iger Studio. Cartoonist Frank Borth later took over the art. After Quality dropped the feature, which had appeared in Police Comics #1-23 (Aug. 1941 – Oct.  1943), Iger supplied it to Fox Comics. Baker redesigned the character into her best-known incarnation. This version (generally but unconfirmably credited to writer Ruth Roche) debuted in Fox's Phantom Lady #13 (August 1947), the premiere issue after taking over the numbering of the canceled comic Wotalife; the title ran through issue #23 (April 1949). Baker's Phantom Lady also appeared as a backup feature in All Top Comics #9-16 (Jan. 1948 – March 1949).

When psychiatrist Frederick Wertham claimed comics had ill effects on a child's psychological development, he used Baker's Phantom Lady #17 as a key sample. These criticisms led to the 1954 foundation for the Comics Code Authority and decades of industry-controlled censorship.

Other work
His other artwork for comic books includes the light-humor military title Canteen Kate, for which Baker drew all 22 installments, as well as stories in the suspense anthology Tales of The Mysterious Traveler; the comedic-adventure feature "Sky Girl" in Fiction House's Jumbo Comics, with originals and later reprints running from #69-139 (November 1944 – December  1952); the jungle adventure "Tiger Girl"; "Flamingo", "South Sea Girl", "Glory Forbes", "Kayo Kirby"; and "Risks Unlimited". Baker illustrated Lorna Doone for Classic Comics in December 1946, his one and only contribution to the well-known series. He is the generally credited but unconfirmed artist for Fox's Rulah, Jungle Goddess #17–27 (Aug.  1948 – June 1949, the title's complete run after having taken over the numbering of the defunct Zoot Comics). He also produced Flamingo as a syndicated comic strip from 1952 through 1954. His pen names include Curt Davis. Baker shaped women into classy, realistic beauties, full of character in their own stories as opposed to the ways women were portrayed in other comics of the time.

In addition to several romance comics and other titles for St. John Publications, Baker penciled an early form of graphic novel, St. John's digest-sized "picture novel" It Rhymes with Lust (1950), with writers Arnold Drake and Leslie Waller, writing under the pseudonym "Drake Waller."

Baker also created or co-created what writer John Arcudi calls "the first known black hero in American comics." The Tarzan-like jungle hero Voodah, drawn by Baker and scripted by an unknown writer, debuted in the publisher McCombs' Crown Comics #3 (cover-date Fall 1945, on-sale date Sept. 19, 1945). As the Grand Comics Database states, based on art credits from "The Matt Baker Checklist" by Alberto Becattini and Jim Vadeboncoeur Jr. in Matt Baker: The Art of Glamour (cited under References), "Voodah is colored like a native African in this comic, but after this issue he is colored like a Caucasian." He additionally is Caucasian on the cover.

Later work and death
Later in the decade, Baker freelanced for Atlas Comics, the 1950s forerunner of Marvel Comics, beginning with a five-page anthological story generally, if unconfirmably, credited to writer-editor Stan Lee, in the omnibus title Gunsmoke Western #32 (Dec. 1955). At some point during this period, working through artist Vince Colletta's studio, Baker went on to draw stories for Atlas' Western Outlaws, Quick Trigger Action, Frontier Western, and Wild Western; more prolifically for the company's romance comics Love Romances, My Own Romance, and Teen-Age Romance; and one story each for the supernatural/science fiction anthologies Strange Tales, World of Fantasy, and Tales to Astonish ("I Fell to the Center of the Earth!" in issue #2, March 1959). Baker also supplied artwork for the Dell Movie Classic edition of King Richard and the Crusaders.

In the late fifties, he branched out into illustration work, for instance for the 16-page illustrated condensation he did of Howard J. Lewis' The Complete Guide to Better Bowling (1956, Maco Magazine Corporation) for the General Motors' Information Rack Service number 1R-58-46 and the early issues of the St. John detective pulp digest Manhunt

His last known confirmed work is the six-page "I Gave Up the Man I Love!" in Atlas Comics' My Own Romance #73 (Jan. 1960). His last known work as generally credited but unconfirmed is the first page of the six-page story "Happily Ever After" in Marvel's Love Romances #90 (Nov. 1960).

He died of a heart attack on August 11, 1959 in New York City.

Awards
Baker was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2009.

title: Matt Baker (artist)


text:
Talk:Tadmor, Syria

There are a few issues about naming here: I believe that Palmyra should be the title for this article (name best known), and that this article should be Palmyra and not Palmyra, Syria, which suggests that the places with the same name in USA are as well known or important as this one. Gareth Hughes 23:41, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Should we use the name Palmyra or Tadmor for the title of this article? Palmyra is the name by which the place is best known, but Tadmor is the current name of the modern town there and seems to represent the historical local name too.
 * 2) Should the list of places named Palmyra at Palmyra be moved to a new page, Palmyra (disambiguation), and that page name point to this article?

title: Talk:Tadmor, Syria


text:
David Grant (academic)

Sir David Grant FLSW (born 12 September 1947) is a British academic who was the vice-chancellor of Cardiff University in Wales from 2001 to 2012. Following his appointment, Grant oversaw the merger between Cardiff University and the University of Wales College of Medicine, which was completed in 2004, and the award of university status to Cardiff.

He gained his PhD in engineering science from Durham University in 1974. Prior to his appointment at Cardiff University, Grant worked for the Dowty Group and then became director of technology at the General Electric Company (1991–2001). He was awarded the Mensforth International Gold Medal by the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1996.

He became a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1997, and was a vice-president from 2007 to 2012. He is also a former council member of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, and was a governing board member of Innovate UK (formerly the Technology Strategy Board). He served on the board of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory from 2012 to 2018, and was chair of the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Network until 2018.

Grant is a non-executive director of Renishaw plc and of IQE, and chair of the National Physical Laboratory.

He was elected an Honorary Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge in 2000.

He was elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales in 2018.

Grant was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1997 for his contribution to the UK Foresight Programme, and was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to engineering, technology, and skills.

title: David Grant (academic)


text:
Enfield Chase railway station

Enfield Chase railway station is located in Windmill Hill, Enfield, in the London Borough of Enfield, north London, from London King's Cross on the Hertford Loop Line. It is in Travelcard Zone 5.

The original terminus
The original Enfield Station in Windmill Hill opened on 1 April 1871 as the terminus for the Great Northern Railway branch line from Alexandra Palace. By 1887, 37 trains a day left Enfield, mainly for King's Cross, but also to Broad Street and until 1907, to Woolwich and Victoria. The station building was a two-storey twin-gabled house, similar in style to the single-storey building at Palmers Green. It was sited lengthways across the end of the track. The single island platform was covered by a wide canopy for much of its length. Enfield Station had been intended to bring prosperous middle-class commuters to the area. A journalist visiting the station in 1885, saw a sign advertising cheap workmen's tickets for trains scheduled to arrive in London before 8 am, only to find that the timetable showed that there were no trains that met that criterion. The old Enfield Station closed to passengers in 1910 and was replaced by the present station, but remained in use as a goods depot until 1974. The surviving buildings were demolished and replaced in the 2000s with housing along a new street, Gladbeck Way.

The new high level station
By the end of the 19th century, there was a need to relieve the pressure on the main line to the north out of Kings Cross, and a plan to continue the Enfield branch to Hertford and Stevenage was conceived. An Act of Parliament was passed in 1898, and the GNR set about acquiring and demolishing houses and compensating land owners in the area. Work on the line commenced in 1906. The new Enfield Station was sited a few hundred yards to the east of the existing one, and raised above ground level so that north bound trains could access a new bridge crossing the road at Windmill Hill. It opened on 4 April 1910 for services as far as Cuffley. The first through train to Stevenage did not run until 4 March 1918, because of a host of legal and engineering difficulties, and shortages of men and material caused by World War I. The name Enfield Chase was adopted in 1924, to avoid confusion with Enfield Town station.

Services
All services at Enfield Chase are operated by Great Northern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Moorgate
 * 2 tph to Stevenage via Hertford North

Additional services call at the station during the peak hours.

Connections
London Buses routes 121, 231, 307, 313, 377 and 456 serve the station.

title: Enfield Chase railway station


text:
J.A.R.

"J.A.R." (alternatively titled "J.A.R. (Jason Andrew Relva)") is a song by the American rock band Green Day. Written by bassist Mike Dirnt about a friend who committed suicide in a car crash, the song was a previously unreleased track from the Dookie sessions but it was later featured on the soundtrack to the movie Angus in 1995. In August 1995, the song reached number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and spent 16 weeks on it. The song peaked at number 22 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart. The song was featured as the eighth track on Green Day's 2001 greatest hits collection International Superhits!, on their 2011 live album Awesome as Fuck, and on the 30th anniversary reissue of Dookie alongside a demo of the song.

Background
The acronym stands for Jason Andrew Relva, a childhood friend of Green Day bassist Mike Dirnt. Relva was born on November 16, 1972, and died at the age of 19 on April 18, 1992, as the result of injuries sustained from a car crash. Dirnt wrote the song in remembrance of him.

Jason Relva is thanked in the liner notes of 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours and Kerplunk.

Track listing
Vinyl Box Set

Reception
PopMatters listed "J.A.R." as the ninth best Green Day song, commenting "It's a winner in its own right, and in a sense, its bubbling bass, buzzing chord crashes, and Tre Cool's killer chorus drum beat is the Platonic ideal of a Green Day song."

Both Mark Hoppus of Blink-182 and Chris DeMakes of Less Than Jake rated "J.A.R." as their favorite Green Day song. Hoppus stated that the opening guitar riff of the Blink-182 song "What's My Age Again?" was created by him trying and failing to play the opening bass riff of "J.A.R." on his guitar.

title: J.A.R.


text:
Hypsodont

Hypsodont is a pattern of dentition with high-crowned teeth and enamel extending past the gum line, providing extra material for wear and tear. Some examples of animals with hypsodont dentition are cows and horses; all animals that feed on gritty, fibrous material. The opposite condition is called brachydont.

Evolution
Since the morphology of the hypsodont tooth is suited to a more abrasive diet, hypsodonty was thought to have evolved concurrently with the spread of grasslands. Grass contains phytoliths, silica-rich granules, which wear away dental tissue more quickly. Analysis has shown however, that the development of this morphology is out of sync with the flourishing of grasslands. Instead, the ingestion of grit and soil is hypothesized to be the primary driver of hypsodonty (the Grit, not grass hypothesis).

Morphology
Hypsodont dentition is characterized by:

 * high-crowned teeth
 * A rough, flattish occlusal surface adapted for crushing and grinding
 * Cementum both above and below the gingival line
 * Enamel which covers the entire length of the body and likewise extends past the gum line
 * The cementum and the enamel invaginate into the thick layer of dentin

A mammal may have exclusively hypsodont molars or have a mix of dentitions.

Examples
Hypsodonty is observed both in the fossil record and the modern world. It is a characteristic of large clades (equids) as well as subspecies level specialization. For example, the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Javan rhinoceros both have brachydont, lophodont cheek teeth whereas the Indian rhinoceros has hypsodont dentition.

Examples of extant animals with hypsodont dentition include:
 * Cows
 * Horses
 * Deer

At least two lineages of allotheres, Taeniolabidoidea and Gondwanatheria, developed hypsodont teeth, the latter being probably among the first mammals to be able to process grass.

title: Hypsodont


text: Category:Photojournalists

title: Category:Photojournalists