text:
American Poolplayers Association

The American Poolplayers Association (APA) is a governing body for amateur pool (pocket billiards) competition in the United States. The APA conducts pool leagues and tournaments in the disciplines of eight-ball and nine-ball with a unified ruleset. The organization was founded in 1981 by professional pool players Terry Bell and Larry Hubbart, with roots dating back to the National Pool League (NPL), founded in 1979. The APA bills itself as the largest pool league in the world with a membership of nearly 250,000 players in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Singapore. The organization franchises its local league operations worldwide; some of these league operators are former professional pool players, including Ewa Laurance and Jeanette Lee. The APA is headquartered in Lake St. Louis, Missouri.

The APA employs a proprietary handicapping system called "The Equalizer" that allows players of all abilities to compete with one another on an equal basis. The normal APA team consist of five -format  competitions (similar to matches in the USA Pool League, and very different from the  format used by the BCA Pool League and VNEA). In addition to this team play, APA organizers at the local level often set up non-team tournaments, play, and other formats; the annual international championships feature both individual and team play.

The APA hosts several major pool tournaments each year, two of them in Las Vegas: the APA Poolplayer Championships for individual players in late April/early May and the APA World Pool Championships for teams in August. The latter event was certified as "The World's Largest Pool Tournament" by Guinness World Records in 2010. In November, the APA conducts the U.S. Amateur Championship, representing the highest level of amateur play in the United States. Children and teenagers ages 7–18 may compete in the APA Junior Championships, held in St. Louis each summer.

Eight-ball
In APA eight-ball, two players compete until one person wins the number of games determined by their respective skill level. The following table illustrates the number of games needed to be won by each skill level depending on the skill level of their opponent.

Skill levels in eight-ball range from 2 to 7. In higher-level tournament play, male pool players must compete at a skill level of 3 or higher.

As an example of how to read the table, if Player A is a skill level 2 and Player B is a 6, the scorer first locates the row for skill level 2, then moving across finds the column for skill level 6. The intersection provides for a 2–6 race; meaning the match ends when either Player A wins two games or Player B wins six games.

Nine-ball
In APA nine-ball, two players compete until one person reaches a score determined by their respective skill level. The scoring is recorded by awarding a single point for pocketing the balls numbered 1 through 8 and two points for the 9-ball. For example, if Player A breaks and makes two balls on the break (not including the 9-ball), that player would have two points for the rack and continue shooting. If the player makes all the balls without missing ("break-and-run"), they score 10 points for the rack (the maximum) as they would have scored eight points for the balls 1 through 8 and then two for the 9-ball. The match ends when a player reaches the number required for their respective skill level. The table below lists the number of balls needed for a player of each skill level to win their match.

Note that APA nine-ball is not a traditional style that is typically played by billiard enthusiasts. Even though it does follow traditional rotation characteristics, it resembles more of a straight pool (14.1) tradition by opponents racing to a specific number of balls pocketed.

Skill levels in nine-ball range from 1 to 9. In higher-level tournament play (except the Junior Championship), male pool players must compete at a skill level of 3 or higher.

According to the table above, if Player A is rated a 2 and plays Player B is rated a 6, then Player A wins if he scores 19 points before Player B scores 46 points. Conversely, for Player B to win the match, he must score 46 points before Player A scores 19 points.

As APA nine-ball is based on points and not games won (contrast with BCA Pool League nine-ball which is based on games won, where the winner of each game is the player pocketing the 9-ball), a match can end before all the balls of a given rack have been pocketed. Using the previous Player A (skill level 2) vs. Player B (skill level 6) example, suppose that Player B is breaking a new rack leading 44–16. In this case, Player A needs three points to win and Player B needs two points to win. The match ends when either player earns the needed points to win regardless of the number of balls remaining on the table.

Tournaments
The APA hosts four major international pool tournaments annually. Participants must be APA members (except in the U.S. Amateur Championship), and qualifying for these events is done through weekly league play and regional qualifying tournaments conducted by APA local league operator franchisees.

Two of these events are held at the Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino in Las Vegas. The APA Poolplayer Championships (formerly known as the National Singles Championships), held in late April/early May, features individual and competition. The APA World Pool Championships in August showcases team (5-8 members), doubles, and Masters (three-player non-handicapped) play. Participants qualify for these events through local tournaments and weekly league play conducted by local APA league operators. The Westgate has hosted these tournaments since 2016. Previously, APA held the events at the Riviera Hotel and Casino from 1994 until the hotel closed in 2015. In the week leading up to the Riviera's closure, the APA held its annual league operators' convention in conjunction with the 2015 National Singles Championship. The final event ever held at the Riviera was an awards ceremony for the APA's 2015 8-Ball Classic on May 3, 2015 at 7 p.m., hosted by APA then-President Renee Lyle and Marketing Director Jason Bowman. In 2010, the World Pool Championships (then known as the APA National Team Championships) were recognized by Guinness World Records as "The World's Largest Pool Tournament".

In November, the APA conducts the U.S. Amateur Championship in Palm Harbor, Florida. Intended for the highest-skilled pool players, this non-handicapped tournament is open to APA members and non-members alike.

The APA Junior Championships are held every July in Lake St. Louis, Missouri. This nine-ball singles tournament is the only national event open to children and teenagers ages 7–18 at the time of the event.

Affiliations
As of 2023, the APA has three international affiliates or branches: the Canadian Poolplayers Association (CPA) in Canada and the Japanese Poolplayers Association (JPA) in Japan, and the APA of Singapore. Members of these non-U.S. associations are eligible to compete in the annual APA championships.

APA has sponsored Team USA in the annual Mosconi Cup.

APA is also a major sponsor of the WPBA Tour, the most-televised pool competitions in North America, and thus a major venue for APA advertising.

title: American Poolplayers Association


text:
Talk:Diffusion of innovations

Crossing the Chasm
The references to Crossing the Chasm misunderstand the point of the book (and its successor books in the series by Geoff Moore): the point is that there is a *chasm* (not a "tipping point") for certain types of technology products that cannot be as easily crossed as going from one phase of adoption to another in all the other cases, and that most tech products fall into the chasm, never to re-emerge, unlike for other phase transitions. J12t (talk) 23:23, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree entirely. I've edited the text to replace the phrase "tipping point" with the neutral "gap". Prakash Nadkarni (talk) 16:35, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

The knowledge gap hypothesis and the theory of diffusion of innovations
assigment 105.112.31.32 (talk) 21:12, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Diffusion of innovations


text:
Talk:2004 Guamanian general election

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Guamanian general election, 2004. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070927223602/http://www.kuam.com/news/11392.aspx to http://www.kuam.com/news/11392.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:37, 11 February 2016 (UTC)
 * On a similar subject, I've fixed this link http://www.guamelection.org/general04results.shtml to https://web.archive.org/web/20120206012659/http://www.guamelection.org/general04results.shtml UpperJeans (talk) 00:05, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:2004 Guamanian general election


text:
Agios Ilias, Amaliada

Agios Ilias (Greek: Άγιος Ηλίας meaning Saint Elias) is a village located in the municipal unit of Amaliada, northern Elis, Peloponnese, Greece. It is situated near the western shore of the Pineios reservoir, 2 km southeast of Kentro, 3 km north of Keramidia and 13 km northeast of Amaliada.

title: Agios Ilias, Amaliada


text:
Talk:Fred W. Friendly

Untitled
I removed the expansion tag, as the article has recently been significantly expanded, and there is no indication what area still needs expansion. DES 17:47, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Quotes and sources
Recently, Robert Bruce Livingston added three quotesd to the quote section. They seem like plausible and good quotes. However...

The cited source for two of the quotes seems to be a web review of a television program. The reviewer seems to be the same as the editor wo added these quotes to the article. Wouldn't it be better for the citation to say that the quotes were made in a TV broadcast, and cist the program and its airdate?

The other quote is almost a proverb. The source cited (a web text of soemone who atttributes a quote to Freindly, but doesn't say when or where Friendly said it) gives the quote in significantly different (and less striking) words. (The article gives What you don't know can kill you the cited source has As former CBS News President Fred Friendly has observed, it is no longer true, as our grandparents believed, that "what you don't know can't hurt you." )

also the addition of these three quotes is marked as a minor edit. I don't think adding significant content, even if a small, percentage of the article, is a minor edit. i thought that meant just fixing links, spelling, grammer, formatting, or the like. DES 17:56, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wording of first paragraph?
The wording to the beginning of this article is confusing, and I wonder if there isn't maybe a sentence missing. From the paragraph:

"In 1966 he resigned from CBS when the network ran a scheduled episode of I Love Lucy instead of the first senate hearings questioning American involvement in Vietnam. Former CBS News President Richard Salant, writing in his memoirs, said that Friendly's problem was compounded by the fact he could not make such a request directly to the top CBS management..."

What was Friendly's problem? What was his request? Eli Hand 17:02, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Fred felt that to do anything short of broadcasting the entirety of the hearings would be compromises on the principles and commitments CBS had made when it got its license. He believed, like Murrow, that if television compromised on its promise to the government to inform, and instead made commercial success top priority, then he would no longer continue helping futher that change. Chris

Death
There's no mention of the circumstances of his death. JAF1970 18:11, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Tomb Stone
Why does the grave marker picture say "Mark Friendly"? This name is not mentioned in the article. =//= Johnny Squeaky 01:11, 5 August 2013 (UTC)
 * It's not "Mark Friendly", it's "Mark|Friendly". Fred's second wife was Ruth Weiss Mark, and she's buried next to him (or will be; I don't know if she's still alive) DS (talk) 15:28, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Fred W. Friendly. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070821232154/http://www.medialaw.org/Template.cfm?Section=Brennan_Award&Template=%2FContentManagement%2FContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=2796 to http://www.medialaw.org/Template.cfm?Section=Brennan_Award&Template=%2FContentManagement%2FContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=2796

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:12, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fred W. Friendly


text:
Talk:Disability in the United States

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2019 and 10 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): BrandonflynnKS.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:07, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 4 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Asmaley.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:07, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mzk224.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:33, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Suggest merge with article on Americans with Disabilities Act, or else expand category with articles on Lithuanians with disabilities, etc. etc. 67.130.129.135 (talk) 23:15, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree - merge this into Americans with Disabilities Act. It's a weak article on it's own but may provide some useful background information if merged with the ADA article. Roger (talk) 21:02, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

Add Banner
Adding this under Project Disability so it will get some attention. Agree with comment above regarding merging or adding additional articles.Tbennert (talk) 23:18, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

Assessment notes
As a stand-alone article, this obviously needs a great deal of expansion. Topics that might be relevant to include: prevalence of different disabilities, legal and social considerations for Americans with disabilities, disability rights movement in the US, etc. It needs some basic cleanup and a once-over for NPOV as well, but the content and references make it a solid start class. Danger (talk) 10:49, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

 * See the other articles listed at Template:Disability by country, there is also a relevant discussion at WT:WikiProject Disability, about developing this article according to the pattern that has emerged in the existing articles about other countries. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 09:49, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Disability in the American Community Survey
This article mostly discusses a source rather than the subject itself, I think it could be stripped down to the essentials and merged into Disability in the United States as that section is very brief and lacking in detail. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 09:07, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Support – That article is a real oddball. It took me several readings and discussion on the talk page to even figure out what the subject is supposed to be. Kendall-K1 (talk) 12:14, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Support merge. As well as merging most of the content here, there is also the separate article American Community Survey, which should have a link to the content here once it is merged, and could perhaps be updated with some other details from the merged article. --Mirokado (talk) 17:27, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment That makes sense, we should merge parts of it into both Disability in the United States and American Community Survey, effectively a "split then merge". Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 17:44, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Disability in the United States. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/disability/disability.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040221103428/http://www.disabilityinfo.gov:80/ to http://www.disabilityinfo.gov/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

--Mirokado (talk) 19:26, 14 December 2016 (UTC)

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:10, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

Proposed Article Revisions
Hello! I am interested in reorganizing this page and expanding it in some areas. I have proposed a new article outline in my sandbox, that comprises of content sections such as Definitions, History, Demographics, Disparities, and Services to provide a more holistic perspective in regards to this topic. I additionally have details suggesting an expansion of the "African Americans" subsection in order to more broadly acknowledge the compound discrimination that disabled racial minorities face in America. Please drop by my sandbox to learn more and offer any feedback! Asmaley (talk) 19:23, 29 September 2020 (UTC)

Starting Edits and Revisions
Hello! I wanted to follow up on my earlier post and mention that I have laid out intended changes for this article on my sandbox and I welcome y'all to drop by and offer any feedback. I have begun moving in some of the edits from there into the actual article. More specifically, today I revised the introductory paragraph as several of the original claims made there lacked references. Additionally, the sentences were unclear at times due to awkward phrasing. I have replaced these sentences with cited claims that hopefully reflect some of what the original WikiEditors were intending to communicate. Once again feel free to review any changes and leave feedback. my sandbox has a layout of the article and my user page has references and proposed changes. Thanks! Asmaley (talk) 04:07, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Review of revisions
So far, I would say the revisions are going well, and the work remaining is more cosmetic. More proofreading and reorganizing some sentences would help increase the articles credibility/accuracy, which is necessary for an important topic like this. More images/documents could add more context and life to the article if they are chosen well. However, the number of articles you referenced in order to make your contribution was impressive, and it was displayed in how neutral yet informative your additions were.MCJones20 (talk) 03:42, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi am I correct to assume that this post is mainly addressed to ? When you are communicating with a specific editor (or editors) on a talk page other than theirs, it is best practice to WP:PING the editor concerned, as I have pinged you both in this post.
 * I've taken the liberty to place this entire discussion under a single heading. I've done this for two reasons; so that other editors, not involved in your educational project, can understand the context, and secondly it will prevent archiving of earlier parts of the discussion while the topic is still ongoing. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 06:16, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disability in the United States


text:
Getting happy (Christianity)

Getting happy, an experience seen almost exclusively in the Black Church and in Pentecostal churches generally, refers to the experience of being filled with the Holy Spirit, usually involving ecstatic singing, dancing, and a general spiritual fervor. It is heavily associated with shout music (as the music and the bodily expression are largely inseparable).

Accounts of nineteenth century African American slave spirituality use the term, as recorded in the book God Struck Me Dead: Voices of Ex-Slaves.

 * All of my people were great Christians. Shouting, singing, praying, and good old heartfelt religion make up the things that filled their lives. [...] Aunt Charlotte used to cry most all the time when she got happy. —an ex-slave preacher, in God Struck Me Dead, page 75.

One of the early nineteenth century traditional 'Negro Spirituals' to use the phrase, is the following:

 * GOOD MORNING EVERYBODY

 * Good morning everybody
 * Good morning everybody, Lord
 * My soul got happy this morning
 * My soul got happy this morning, Lord

 * You may call me “hypocrite member”
 * You may call me “hypocrite member”, Lord
 * But my soul got happy, this morning
 * But my soul got happy this morning, Lord

 * I’m going to see my mother
 * I’m going to see my mother, Lord
 * Going to sit down by my Jesus
 * Going to sit down by my Jesus, Lord.

Further information
For other examples of such gospel music see the following:

 * Say Amen, Somebody featuring Thomas A. Dorsey on DVD video
 * Greatest Gospel Hits by Shirley Caesar

title: Getting happy (Christianity)


text:
The Heart of the World

The Heart of the World is a short film written and directed by Guy Maddin, produced for the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival. Maddin was one of a number of directors (including Atom Egoyan and David Cronenberg) commissioned to make four-minute short films that would screen prior to the various feature films at the 2000 festival as part of the special Preludes program. After hearing rumours that other directors were planning films with a small number of shots, Maddin decided that his film would instead contain over 100 shots per minute, and enough plot for a feature-length film. Maddin then wrote and shot The Heart of the World in the style of Russian constructivism, taking the commission at its literal face value, as a call to produce a propaganda film. Even in its expanded, 6-minute version, The Heart of the World runs at a breakneck speed, averaging roughly two shots per second, a pace intensified by the background music, Time, Forward! by Georgy Sviridov.

Plot summary
The plot of The Heart of the World concerns two brothers, Osip and Nikolai, who compete for the love of the same woman: Anna, a state scientist studying the Earth's core. Anna discovers that the heart of the world is in danger of a fatal heart attack (which would mean the end of the world), and the brothers compete amongst the public panic. Nikolai is a mortician and tries to impress Anna with assembly-line embalming, while Osip is an actor playing Christ in the Passion Play and tries to impress Anna through his suffering. Anna is instead seduced by an evil capitalist, but has a change of heart and strangles the plutocrat, then slides down into the heart of the world, where she manages to save the world from destruction by transforming into cinema itself, the world's "new and better heart — Kino!"

Cast
Leslie Bais as Anna

Caelum Vatnsdal as Osip

Shaun Balbar as Nikolai

Greg Klymkiw as Akmatov

Awards and nominations
Genie Award:
 * Win: Best Live Action Short Film

Aspen Shortsfest:
 * Win: Best Cinematography

Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film:
 * Win: Special Mention – Short Film

Miami Film Festival:
 * Win: FIPRESCI Prize, Best Short Subject

National Society of Film Critics Awards
 * Win: Best Experimental Film—the same award Maddin won in 1991 for Archangel.

San Francisco International Film Festival
 * Win: Film & Video – Short Narrative, Golden Gate Award – Guy Maddin

title: The Heart of the World


text:
Curtea de Argeș Cathedral

The Cathedral of Curtea de Argeș (early 16th century) is a Romanian Orthodox cathedral in Curtea de Argeș, Romania. It is located on the grounds of the Curtea de Argeș Monastery, and is dedicated to Dormition of the Mother of God. The building is the seat of the Archdiocese of Argeș and Muscel.

The cathedral is faced with pale grey limestone, which was easily chiselled then hardened on exposure. The interior is of brick, plastered and decorated with frescoes. Nearby on the grounds stands the large Neo-Romanian style Royal Palace built in late 19th century.

Architecture
The building resembles a very large and elaborate mausoleum, and was built in the Byzantine architectural style, with arabesques. The cathedral sits upon a raised platform, 7 ft above the surrounding grade, and encircled by a stone balustrade. In shape the structure is oblong, with a many-sided annex at the back. A dome rises in the center, fronted by two smaller twisting and leaning cupolas, while a secondary dome, broader and loftier than the central one, springs from the annex. Each summit is crowned by an inverted pear-shaped stone, bearing a triple cross, emblematic of the Trinity.

The windows are mere slits; those of the tambours (the cylinders on which the cupolas rest) are curved and slant at an angle of 70 degrees, as though the tambours were leaning to one side.

Between the pediment and the cornice a thick corded moulding is carried round the main building. Above this comes a row of circular shields, adorned with intricate arabesques, while bands and wreaths of lilies are everywhere sculptured on the windows, balconies, tambours and cornices, adding lightness to the fabric.

Facing the main entrance is a small open shrine, consisting of a cornice and dome upheld by four pillars.

Inscriptions
The archives of the cathedral were plundered by Hungarian and Ottoman troops, but several inscriptions, Greek, Slavic, and Romanian, are left.

One tablet records that the founders were Prince Neagoe Basarab (1512–1521) and his wife Milica Despina of Wallachia; another that Prince, Radu de la Afumati completed the work in 1526; a third describes the repairs executed in 1681 by Prince Șerban Cantacuzino; a fourth, the restoration, in 1804, by Joseph, the first bishop. Between 1875 and 1885 the cathedral was reconstructed, and in 1886 it was reconsecrated.

Legends
Legends of Curtea de Argeș have inspired many Romanian poets, among them the celebrated Vasile Alecsandri. One traditional legend describes how Neagoe Basarab, while a hostage in Constantinople, designed a splendid mosque for the sultan, returning to build the cathedral out of the surplus materials.

A legend tells of Radu Negru employing a Meșterul Manole or Manoli as architect. With Manole being unable to finish the walls, the prince threatened him and his assistants with death. At last Manole suggested that they should follow the ancient custom of placing a living woman into the foundations; and that she who first appeared on the following morning should be the victim. The other masons warned their families, and Manole was forced to sacrifice his own wife. Thus the cathedral was built.
 * Manole legend

When Manole and his masons told the prince that they could always build an even greater building, Radu Negru had them stranded on the roof so that they could not build something to match it. They fashioned wooden wings and tried to fly off the roof, but, one by one, they all fell to the ground. A spring of clear water, named after Manole, is said to mark the spot where he fell.

This motif is widespread in South-East Europe, most notably also in Russia, like the blinding of the Masons of Saint Basil's Cathedral by Ivan the Terrible.

Burials

 * Neagoe Basarab V, Reigning Prince of Wallachia
 * Despina Princess Consort of Wallachia
 * Petru, Prince of Wallachia
 * Ion, Prince of Wallachia
 * Anghelina, Princess of Wallachia
 * Stana, Princess of Wallachia and Princess Consort of Moldavia, wife of Stephen IV of Moldavia
 * Radu V, Reigning Prince of Wallachia
 * Ruxandra, Princess of Moldavia and Princess Consort of Wallachia, wife of Radu V of Wallachia
 * Carol I, King of Romania
 * Elisabeth, Queen of Romania
 * Maria, Princess of Romania
 * Ferdinand I, King of Romania
 * Marie, Queen of Romania
 * Carol II, King of Romania
 * Michael I, King of Romania
 * Anne, Queen of Romania
 * Helen, Queen Mother of Romania
 * Mircea, Prince of Romania
 * Nicholas, Prince Regent of Romania

On 16 December 2017, former king Michael I was buried here with a state funeral, his remains joining those of his wife Anne, who had died in 2016. Those attending the funeral included Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and Queen Silvia, Juan Carlos I of Spain and Queen Sofia, Charles, Prince of Wales, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Princess Astrid and Prince Lorenz of Belgium.

The remains of Helen, the mother of King Michael, were returned to Romania from the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery in Switzerland on 18 October 2019. They were interred in the cathedral on 19 October.

title: Curtea de Argeș Cathedral


text:
Baby New Year

The Baby New Year is a personification of the start of the New Year commonly seen in editorial cartoons. He symbolizes the "birth" of the next year and the "passing" of the prior year; in other words, a "rebirth". Baby New Year's purpose varies by myth, but he generally performs some sort of ceremonial duty over the course of his year such as chronicling the year's events or presiding over the year as a symbol.

History
Early known instances of having babies as parts of new years traditions date back to ancient greece. Modern use was popularized at the beginning of the 20th century.

Legend
The myth most associated with him is that he is a baby at the beginning of his year, but Baby New Year quickly ages until he is elderly (like Father Time, with whom he is often associated ) at the end of his year. Very rarely is the Baby New Year depicted as any age other than a baby or as a very old man. Some stories, especially those with depictions of years past, will have him bear a strong likeness to key events in his time. At this point, he hands over his duties to the next Baby New Year, while he either dies or remains in this state and retires.

Representation
The stereotypical representation of Baby New Year is as a baby boy wearing nothing more than a diaper, a top hat and a sash across his torso that shows the year he is representing (e.g. 2024). He is sometimes depicted holding or associated with an hourglass, a noisemaker, or other item either pertaining to time or New Year's Day festivities. Often, he is not a complete newborn but instead more closely resembles a toddler, because he is frequently shown standing on his own, crawling or barely walking, or having a small amount of (usually blond) hair.

Baby New Year title
In addition to being a mythical figure, the title of "Baby New Year" is sometimes given to living people. The first baby born in any village or city in a certain year may be honored by being labeled as the official Baby New Year for that year. The official Baby New Year can be male or female, even though the mythical Baby New Year is nearly always male. Attempts to name an official Baby New Year for an entire country have sometimes been made, but generally there are multiple contenders and no single Baby New Year can be confirmed. There has however been some who have come close. Numerous hospitals no longer make a Baby New Year public due to concerns that the infant will become a target for criminals.

Popular culture

 * Baby New Year is featured in the TV special Rudolph's Shiny New Year. The featured Baby New Year, named Happy, goes missing before New Year's Eve, and Rudolph has to travel to the Archipelago of Last Years (a bunch of islands where the old years go to retire) to find him before a vulture named Aeon the Terrible gets to him in order to keep the year from ending and stop time, thus preventing his predestined death. Happy ran away due to being laughed at because of his big ears, which he wears under his top hat. Rudolph shows Happy his nose and tells him his own story of being shunned because of his nonconformity before asking Happy to let him see his ears. After Happy's ears play a part in defeating Aeon the Terrible, Happy is returned to Father Time as the year "Nineteen-Wonderful" begins.
 * A parody of Baby New Year, given the name "Big Fat Baby", appears in the animated series Histeria!
 * A version of Baby New Year named "Happy New Year" appears alongside Father Time in the episode "The Halls of Time" of the animated series The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy.
 * He also appears as a giant baby man and part of the holiday mascots in The Fairly OddParents.

title: Baby New Year


text:
Talk:NetNavi

Merge ProtoMan.EXE?
Please do not do this. Wikipedia needs to have as many articles on characters as they can. I mean, they have a whole article on Jonathan Weed. ProtoMan's way more important than him. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.95.246.82 (talk) 01:20, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Merge ShadowMan EXE
WP:FICTION. I'mboredha (talk) 00:17, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I support merging that article unless someone can show notability.  Pagra shtak  13:35, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I oppose merging. ShadowMan is a main character. He's a villian in Season 2, returns in Axess, and is a main character in Stream and Battle Network 5. He also returns in Beast and Beast+, and appars in other BN games. --UltimateDarkloid (talk) 15:13, 13 December 2008 (UTC)
 * "Main character" is not sufficient cause for a Wikipedia article. Unless you can show why this character meets the requirements of Notability, I do not see why we should have a separate article.  Pagra shtak  15:29, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

ShadeMan article
ShadeMan is a villian in Axess, returns at the end of Stream's first season as an end boss of sorts, and also appears with an important role in BN4 and returns in BN5. I think I should create an article about him. Anyone oppose? --UltimateDarkloid (talk) 15:13, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:NetNavi


text:
Talk:Harness racing

Failed GA
This article failed the Ga noms due to lack of references. Tarret 22:25, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Great Horses
I think that horses without a link should be removed, so I'm going to move them here so that in the future when they do have a page, they can be readded to the articleKearney6 19:10, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Pacers

 * Adios Harry
 * Billy Direct
 * Blissful Hall +
 * Bye Bye Bird
 * Countess Adios
 * Falcon Seelster
 * Forrest Skipper
 * Gallo Blue Chip
 * Good Time
 * Hal Dale
 * Hal Tryax
 * Handle With Care
 * Jenna's Beach Boy
 * Johnny Globe
 * Meadow Skipper
 * Most Happy Fella +
 * Mount Eden
 * Nihilator
 * On The Road Again
 * Ralph Hanover +
 * Romeo Hanover +
 * Rum Customer +
 * Silk Stockings
 * Sokyola
 * Striking Image
 * Tar Heel
 * Western Dreamer +

Trotters

 * Ayres +
 * Continentalvictory
 * Fresh Yankee
 * Goldsmith Maid
 * Green Speed
 * JM Vangogh
 * Lady Suffolk - the "Old Gray Mare"
 * Lindy's Pride +
 * Mr. Muscleman
 * Nevele Pride +
 * Pine Chip
 * Rodney (horse)
 * Super Bowl +
 * Scott Frost
 * Speedy Crown+
 * Speedy Scot +
 * Star's Pride
 * Su Mac Lad
 * Volomite
 * Simply Made

 * I'd say no to lists, though the current world record holders for various types (pacers, trotters, monté, coldbloods etc.) could be mentioned. This is a good to-do list in any case. Pitke (talk) 16:00, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree -- 110%!! Absolutely no way in hell should this article have a list, as is obvious, it can quickly become endless!  Other than the major foundation bloodstock, certain historically unique individuals that made a particular contribution to the sport as a whole and, maybe, the current world record holders, there is really no need for the "famous individuals" laundry list.  Montanabw (talk) 01:14, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Lists
All the horses on the list that has been removed from the article appear to be listed in the appropriate category. I'll add the category itself to the article if it isn't there already. But lists are most certainly discouraged per the wikipedia WP:MOS unless the purpose of the article itself is to be a list, so they really DO need to go. But rest assured, they ARE categorized already. Montanabw (talk) 22:18, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Warm/Cold/Hot blooded horses
Cold-blooded horses? (2nd par.) Can that be right?

 * I'm a scandinavian myself, so I know that is true. If you want more evidence, check out http://www.imh.org/imh/bw/finnish.html, "fastest cold-blooded trotter in the world".

According to this site, the warm/cold-blooded distinction seems to be a completely different thing to what a zoologist would mean by the terms. Instead, horses descended from the smaller Arabian or Barb are considered warm blooded, whereas all other horses are cold blooded. Loganberry (Talk) 03:48, 7 November 2005 (UTC) "Hot/Cold/Warm blooded" refers to the temperament of horses and ponies.

 * Yes, coldbloods (draft horses) are raced at least in Finland, Norway and Sweden. Pitke (talk) 16:03, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Need section on harness racing in American Popular Culture and its decline
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Patch There's no suggestion here that this sport was once famous. Adios Butler was as well known in the Sixties as Cassius Clay. At the very least there should be a link to the good Wiki article on Dan Patch, an American icon, the subject of Hollywood movies. Sic transit gloria. Profhum (talk) 08:02, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Harness racing. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140217033028/http://standardbredpleasurehorse.org/horses.html to http://standardbredpleasurehorse.org/horses.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110317152721/http://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/ArchivedStatements/Pages/CarpenterLaborGovernmentSearch.aspx?ItemId=124539&minister=Ravlich&admin=Carpenter to http://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/ArchivedStatements/Pages/CarpenterLaborGovernmentSearch.aspx?ItemId=124539&minister=Ravlich&admin=Carpenter

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:12, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Harness racing. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130125075417/http://harnesslink.com/harnesscentral/ to http://harnesslink.com/harnesscentral/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:54, 22 December 2017 (UTC)

First harness race
I would have liked to include a reference to the 1st harness race ever. Padua claims to have been the first, on 22nd of August, 1808, but I see that New Haven, Connecticut, could have been two years earlier. Does anyone know any reliable sources about that? Filippo83 (talk) 17:31, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

Unsourced
This article is almost totally unsourced. It's either copied from somewhere or it's original research, either way Wikipedia shouldn't be hosting it. 212.74.97.221 (talk) 04:50, 15 September 2021 (UTC)

Harness racing
"The pace is an unnatural gait for horses, and hobbles are used to maintain the gait at top speed;" this is incorrect, pacing is natural and preferred for horses with the pacing gene mutation, ref page on Standardbred horse. Hobbles are not needed to keep the horse pacing rather than trotting but help prevent horses breaking into canter 82.41.74.198 (talk) 09:11, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harness racing


text:
User:Berek/Sandbox

Testing notice
To be used for testing purposes - nothing to see here! :o)

Culture
Culture of Scotland

Scottish clan

Scottish cuisine

Education in Scotland

Flag of Scotland

Hogmanay

Scottish inventions

Scottish literature

Music of Scotland

Sport in Scotland

Demographics
Demographics of Scotland

List of burghs in Scotland

Subdivisions of Scotland

Economy
Economy of Scotland

List of Scottish companies

Bank of Scotland

Royal Bank of Scotland

North Sea oil

Scotch whisky

Tourism in Scotland

Harris Tweed

Geography
Geography of Scotland

Geology of Scotland

Climate of Scotland

Mountains and hills of Scotland

List of islands of Scotland

List of lochs in Scotland

History
History of Scotland

Timeline of Scottish history

Prehistoric Scotland

Kingdom of Scotland

Scotland in the High Middle Ages

Wars of Scottish Independence

Scottish Enlightenment

Scottish Reformation

Scottish colonization of the Americas

Acts of Union 1707

Jacobitism

Highland Clearances

Lowland Clearances

Law
Scots law

Courts of Scotland

Lord President of the Court of Session

Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service

Lord Advocate

Solicitor General for Scotland

Procurator Fiscal Testing new buttons!
 * align="right" style="vertical-align: top;" width="90" | Language:
 * align="left" | Scottish Gaelic language • Scots language • Scottish English • Highland English
 * align="right" style="vertical-align: top;" width="90" | Politics:
 * align="left" | Political parties • Elections • Scottish Parliament • Scottish Executive • First Minister of Scotland • Secretary of State for Scotland • Scotland Office • Monarchs of Scotland • Scottish independence
 * align="right" style="vertical-align: top;" width="90" | Religion:
 * align="left" | Church of Scotland • General Assembly • Judaism • Roman Catholicism • Scottish Episcopal Church
 * }
 * align="right" style="vertical-align: top;" width="90" | Religion:
 * align="left" | Church of Scotland • General Assembly • Judaism • Roman Catholicism • Scottish Episcopal Church
 * }

Testing new buttons

bbc

Berek--Berek (talk) 23:06, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

=[Robert Wilson (engineer)]=

Who invented the screw propeller?

Robert Wilson 1803-1882

championed by Dunbar on Scotland's east coast

Wilson, always interested in boats (seeing paddle-wheels on a fishing boat at age 5; he lost his father in a boat rescue at age 7), had the idea from watching a windmill. He worked on the invention while apprenticed to a joiner and cabinetmaker. In 1827, the Earl of Lauderdale unsuccessfully approached the Admiralty, the "Edinburgh Mercury" recorded the "new invention", and in 1828, the first practical screw propeller was trialled on the Union Canal (the model being in the Royal Scottish Museum). The Admiralty again rejected the idea in 1833. In 1880, aged 77, the War Office granted him £500 for the use of his double-action screw propeller as applied to the fish torpedo. A 4-ton propeller at Dunbar harbour was unveiled as a memorial to him, on the anniversary of his birth in Sept. 2003. Robert Wilson went on to be a highly successful engineer, taking out patents for valves, pistons, propellers and hydraulic and other machinery.

title: User:Berek/Sandbox


text:
Talk:Tree fern

I was going to say how much the base of this tree's trunk looks like a man with a blue shirt, but I think I'll hold my tongue. --DanielCD 21:16, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well done, Daniel, your ability to recognise the human form is amazing. Being serious, that's blue-shirted me in the pic, just to give scale. My wife took the picture - Adrian Pingstone 23:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Taxobox
I added a taxobox, but upon closer inspection, I'm not sure if this article needs one. If it's just supposed to be about the general form of tree ferns, perhaps it's not needed. Is this article meant to specifically cover the families Dicksoniaceae and Cyatheaceae? Article states other Cyatheales families are tree ferns as well. --DanielCD 14:40, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps a beter question, is there a taxon within Cyatheales that covers tree ferns alone? --DanielCD 14:43, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tree fern


text:
Talk:Kizomba

Untitled
The part about kizomba in the Uk seems just to have been added to promote certain companies and i'm not sure it's completely accurate in its information?

SalsaLouisa (talk) 14:58, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

Untitled
It is a pitty we can't put music samples in wikipedia. Or it is possible we can put 30 secongs of music? There is a licence problem with that or not? Angolan kizombas are very varied, and are not exactly African, but rather a very Afro-Latin music genre. -Pedro 6 July 2005 00:21 (UTC)

from the article:
 * A rather large degree of flexibility in the knees is required, owing to the frequent requirement that dancers bob up and down in a manner reminiscent of a music-hall policeman.

 * the author must be confusing kizomba with Kuduro. These are two different things. in kizomba there is the need to greater flexibility in the hips! In kuduro in the hipps and knees. Both styles are different both in the dancing style and rhythm. --Pedro 16:26, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Independent sources
This article lacks independent sources, see WP:RS and WP:VERIFY. Dougweller (talk) 15:03, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

Kizomba and Tango
Not only are there no citations for references to the origins of kizomba in tango, but the description makes no sense at all. It seems to be suggesting that kizomba and tango share a common cultural heritage and that colonial dancers of tango influenced the African dance. I suppose both are possible but if so, it's an extraordinary coincidence. Tesspub (talk) 11:36, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Colonial dancers of Tango did not influence Kizomba. The influence of Tango is in Kizomba fusion (see Urban Kiz) which developed in europe by non angolans. They added Tango moves such as Pivots in these fusion styles. Ad these fusion styles were marketed as Kizomba there was confusion.
 * Also Tango comes from Candombe and other dances that was practised by african descedent people in the Rio de la plata between Uruguay and Argentine. Candombe is a word found in Angolan national languages as many african descendets from Angola were brought there. So the dances sharing origins is not unlikely. 2001:2042:302E:ED00:513C:AC66:726:FCC0 (talk) 22:08, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

Slavery in Argentina
"The generally accepted theory is that in the mid-1800s, African slaves were brought to Argentina and began to influence the local culture." This cannot be true. Slavery was mostly abolished in Argentina in 1813 and completely abolished in 1853. See Abolition_of_slavery_timeline Tesspub (talk) 09:43, 12 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not yet sure where the tango comes into all of this, but there's a bigger problem:
 * Kizomba and tarachinha arc similar dance forms, more intimate, sensuous, and slower than semba. Like semba, kizomba is normally danced with a partner in a light embrace. Conflicting notions exist regarding the origins of kizomba. Although some contend that it is of Angolan origin with influences from other Lusophone countries, others hold that it originated on the Cape Verde Islands. Whatever its origins, kizomba is known throughout Lusophone Africa and in Portugal, particularly in Lisbon and its suburbs that have immigrant communities. In fact, kizomba is usually sung in Portuguese with African rhythms. Angolan musicians who play kizomba include Flores, Paim, Murras, Irmaos Verdade, and Don Kikas.". It's also called Zouk - see . Dougweller (talk) 09:59, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

Deletion?
Just about every "fact" in this article seems to have been questioned. Some of it is confusing, some of it is advertising, much of it is clearly wrong. I wonder if there's a case for deletion. Or does anyone know someone qualified to re-write it to a decent standard? Tesspub (talk) 10:04, 12 June 2012 (UTC)
 * No case for deletion as it clearly meets our criteria for notability. I've done some work, more than I really have time for. 10:26, 12 June 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dougweller (talk • contribs)

Edit warring
I've now protected this article, for the second time. Edit waring will not be tolerated. Provide sources for your edits, use the talk page to dicuss. Don't just add stuff that you 'know' to be right, back it up. Thanks. Ged UK  11:59, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Nonsense
Does anyone here know how to read Portuguese? If yes then why not translate the article written in Portuguese? It has references, and ends at a time with this nonsense. And by the way, Kizomba is not and never was Cape-Verde origin, only a few "enlightened" think it is, just check that Kizomba was born in 1980 and cabo-love/cabo-zouk, that is clearly influenced by Zouk, appears only in 1986. Zorglub-PRV (talk) 02:30, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Who does not know anything about music do not invent. All the music from Antilles and South America is of African origin, so it is very normal, for much strange it looks, that looks-like African music. Plus, the famous merengue, originates in Angola and was brought to south America by Angolan slaves, and Zouk uses African rhythms such as Makossa, so despite being a strange coincidence, it is not surprising that Zouk sounds like the Kizomba and it is not surprising that those who do not know what is Kizomba, made confusion with Cabo-Zouk a bad imitation of Zouk made in Cape Verde. So stop misrepresent the article Kizomba because you are committing a blunder. Zorglub-PRV (talk) 19:10, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

Why is the kizomba called a type of Japanese drinking gathering?
Or 'why don't editors check what they are linking to'. This just makes the article look stupid. More seriously, why are there claims in the lead that aren't mentioned in the body of the article? See WP:LEAD. Dougweller (talk) 07:39, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Influences
Kizomba is prior to Zouk, and Kassav only began to be heard in Angola in 1986, if there are some influences is from kizomba to zouk and not the way around. Zorglub (talk) 22:15, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

Edit warring - article protected for the 3rd time
To quote the Admin above, " Edit waring will not be tolerated. Provide sources for your edits, use the talk page to dicuss. Don't just add stuff that you 'know' to be right, back it up." I've only protected for a week but if this continues I will protect for much longer. Dougweller (talk) 08:58, 24 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Sometimes edit wars have positive outcomes. the article is impressively good. Needs pics and sounds now to be better. I'll add Anselmo Ralph to the list. He is very popular for sometime now. ---Pedro (talk) 00:19, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

Kizomba video not working?
What the heck is with that example, it is not working properly. This is shameful. Please revise it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.189.181.2 (talk) 07:51, 29 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is pathetically dysfunctional. Can we please have an explanation as to why it should remain in the article? Why was it found worth adding back? If no good explanation can be given it will be removed again after a reasonable waiting period of a few days.Colin McTroll (talk) 03:37, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

Kizomba video not working March 2017
(moved from user page; video quality concern already pointed to in above post dated July 2016) Hello, I'm TJH2018. I noticed that you removed topically-relevant content from Kizomba. However, Wikipedia is not censored to remove content that might be considered objectionable. Please do not remove or censor information that directly relates to the subject of the article. If the content in question involves images, you have the option to configure Wikipedia to hide images that you may find offensive. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. TJH2018 talk  03:26, 22 March 2017 (UTC) Dude, your "argument" is utterly irrelevant and off point as it wasn't removed on "censorship" grounds. Don't come HERE to discuss it. The proper procedure is to BRD on the Talk page. See you there. Colin McTroll (talk) 03:29, 22 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Colin McTroll, I am coming here to discuss it. You literally said it was "pathetic." Before removing, did you take a look and find a copyright free replacement? You've just started editing on March 5th, and I'm very surprised that you even know what that is... TJH2018 talk  03:32, 22 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Also, BRD is not procedure, had you taken the time to even read past the sixth word. It is purely optional. TJH2018  talk  03:36, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

Dude, No I didnt find a copyfree replacement, nor is that a relevant question in this case. What I found was a dysfunctional video. That fact was already commented on at the Talk page almost a year ago by someone else. The video doesn't show anything. Nor is it cited. It's really quite bad. Sorry if you feel otherwise. Do you mind confirming you actually checked the video and that you actually find some merit to what the video demonstrates? What is that merit because it isn't obvious to me? BRD is optional but that isn't much of a point either and since the issue is ALREADY on the Talk page I will be nice and move this here and get any general input that the community at large wants to add. Colin McTroll (talk) 03:48, 22 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Your link to a YouTube video in the edit summary clearly shows that you have no idea what you're even talking about in regards to policy. You tried to use WP:BRD as a justification for your removal, and also tried to pass it off as policy (since you clearly didn't read it). I'm now going to point you towards WP:PRESERVE. Please take a look at that before putting your personal opinion of someone's work into play. Also, your username implies that you are WP:NOTHERE. TJH2018  talk  04:08, 22 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Dude, have it your way and keep the video. We have a majorly different perception of its merits. Your energetic desire to retain the video implies you are completely sure the video works and actually nicely shows something. I respect that and I am disengaging. Out. Colin McTroll (talk) 04:59, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

Video is very poor addition to article
I backed off on immediately dealing with this issue because any non-fake discussion will need to look at what is or is not useful about the video. I am now reintroducing the proposal that the video is not worth readers' time as itt fails to properly demonstrate anything in a meaningful way. I will remove the video in a day or two unless there is consensus otherwise. After removal it can also be discussed here if people want to add it back. Colin McTroll (talk) 14:57, 23 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I took a look at the video currently on the page, and I agree with . The video is inaccurate to the point that it adds nothing to the article. The character in the video barely moves; the dance shown does not seem to accurately represent kizomba, for example as depicted here: . The character doesn't do the two-step forward/back motion that is a characteristic of the dance. Until a good freely-licensed video can be found, there are a few photos of kizomba on Commons that could be helpful: or  for example. Howicus (Did I mess up?) 16:43, 25 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you for putting in elegant analytical wording what I saw as problematic: an absence of adequate demonstartion of the characteristics of the kizomba dance. I will remove the video maybe tomorrow after awaiting any contrary input just a little longer. Nemanja Sonero's demonstration of the 3 basics can be traced across to the text source that's within the article - he's a known instructor within the field. In contrast, not only does the present video not show the dance's characteristics but it has no traceable sourcing in regards to authenticity of technique. As such it's OR and I just do not see how PRESERVE concerns are relevant. Thanks again for looking at this and providing clear well-reasoned input. Colin McTroll (talk) 07:52, 26 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Plenty long enough waiting for a coherent reason to retain. Colin McTroll (talk) 15:37, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

The author is confusing Kizomba (Angola) and Cabo Zouk (Cape Verde)
This is article is about kizomba dance and music from Angola - The author is listing artists from Cape Verde Islands and refuse to list artists from Angola. The author keeps deleting corrections. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.41.46.130 (talk) 21:58, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Can you point to musicology books that talk about this issue? Binksternet (talk) 18:12, 1 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Kizomba is from Angola, the artists listed on the articles are Cape Verdean Zouk Singers. They should be listed under the section "Confusion with Cola-zouk".  I have listed Angolans Kizomba singers and sources and you are deleting them  - what is the purpose of this article?  It's like writing about Mexican's music and dance and list American singers...

These are all Cape Verdean Zouk Singers: Suzanna Lubrano, Atim, Nilton Ramalho, Johnny Ramos, Nelson Freitas, Mika Mendes, Manu Lima, Cedric Cavaco, Elji, Looney Johnson, Klazzik, Mark G, To Semedo, Beto Dias, Heavy H, Marcia, Gilyto, Kido Semedo, Ricky Boy, Klaudio Ramos, M&N Pro, Gilson, Gil, G-Amado, Philip Monteiro, Gama, Juceila Cardoso and Denis Graça, Z-BeatZ Pro AudioHustlin.

Can you provide explanation why they are listed in this article instead of Angolan Kizomba singers?

Angolans Kizomba singers include: Anna Joyce, Landrick, Yola Araújo, Pedro, Ivan Alexei, Kyaku Kyadaff,Puto Português, Lil Saint, Yola Semedo,Irina França …. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.41.46.130 (talk) 22:08, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_Portugu%C3%AAs https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Joyce http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2017/10/46/Musician-Ivan-Alekxei-releases-first,943ae042-5b69-4b3b-badc-8afcfd242f1f.html https://afrikavibez.com/video/fruto-proibido-liriany-angola http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2018/6/30/Angolan-singers-spotlight-AFRIMMA-nominees,d4f828f4-9def-4ef7-9b55-c3225b56e5fd.html https://allafrica.com/stories/201809200223.html http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2015/7/34/Anna-Joyce-release-new-album-this-year,cf7a9174-56b1-4d2b-81e9-219494854e0a.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.41.46.130 (talk) 21:18, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

Here is a reliable source with Angolan Kizomba singers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.41.46.130 (talk) 03:58, 17 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Body Politics.: The Social Production of Difference in the Dutch Kizomba Scene By Ine Beljaars. Angolan Kizomba singers Eduardo Paim, Paulo Flores, Yola Semedo, Matias Damasio, Anselmo Ralph, and Yuri da Chunha page 41

Semi-protected edit request on 27 November 2019
Change: Kizomba is a genre of dance and a Portuguese language musical genre originating in Angola in 1984

to: Kizomba is a genre of dance and music  originating in Angola in 1984. The musical genre started with lyrics in kimbundo, but has now expanded to the 4 corners of th world and you can find singers using capeverdian, French, english Portuguese and even Chinese. The dance style has mutated from the original family and social dance that has been the base of Angolan gatherings, to a hyper-sexualised version who it started to be taught by non- Angolan teachers. 2A02:C7D:B9AE:2A00:9187:482:C3AE:425A (talk) 19:13, 27 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 19:53, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 February 2020
Kimbundu isn't a minority language but actually a majority language. The three biggest Tribes are Bakongo who speak Kikongo & a minority Lingala, Ambundu who speak Kimbundu and Ovimbundu who speak Umbundu. Overall the whole article lacks proper sourcing and continuity. [[Special:Contributions 19:43, 2 February 2020 (UTC)
 * ❌. You're not backing up your claims with your own sources, though. El_C 19:45, 2 February 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 February 2020
Kimbundu isn't a minority language but one of the majority languages with 3 Million Speakers (in 1999)¹

So the change should be "Kizombada means "party" in Kimbundu, a Bantu language spoken in Angola."¹

"Kizomba music emerged as a more modern music genre with a sensual touch mixed with African rhythm and Haitian compas." Where is the Source for that claim?

The actual inventor of Kizomba Eduardo Paim denies any influence from Zouk but admits their similarities. He lists the influences & stylistic origins in Semba, Kilapanga, Merengue Angolano and Latin American music in the sections "Aceita que lhe atribuam o título de precursor da kizomba?" & "Quem deu o nome de kizomba a este estilo?" Compa isn't even mentioned²

"Cape Verdean singers and producers with kizomba compilations include Suzanna Lubrano, Atim, Nilton Ramalho, Johnny Ramos, Nelson Freitas, Mika Mendes, Manu Lima, Cedric Cavaco, Elji, Loony Johnson, Klazzik, Mark G, To Semedo, Beto Dias, Heavy H, Marcia, Gilyto, Kido Semedo, Ricky Boy, Klaudio Ramos, M&N Pro, Gilson, Gil, G-Amado, Philip Monteiro, Gama, Juceila Cardoso and Denis Graça, Z-BeatZ Pro AudioHustlin'. Original influential music styles from Cape Verde are funaná, morna, coladeira and batuque. Thanks to the French Antilles zouk music and the strong influence of semba (from Angola), Cape Verdean singers have developed significantly kizomba and zouk (mixing it with coladeira) known as cabo love or cola-dance. Moreover, every lusophone country has developed its own Kizomba music flavour.[4]"

It doesn't really make much sense to include Cape Verdean Cola-Zouk singers in the Origin Section of Kizomba. That's like writing an article about Rap and listing UK- Drill Rappers or French Rappers in the Origin Section. There should be a seperate Section for Cape Verdean Singers (Just like the Section for Brazil & China) with the mentioned content. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Malembadas (talk • contribs) 12:17, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

Sources:

¹https://web.archive.org/web/20120923031547/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Angola#

²https://web.archive.org/web/20130927200128/http://www.opais.net/pt/dossier/?det=21059

The complete article should be revised. Malembadas (talk) 11:59, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Done. If you want to further revise or rewrite this article you can copy it over to your sandbox and then make another request here that someone implement your changes. – Thjarkur (talk) 00:39, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

Recent Changes by @Thjarkur
I checked the recent changes and you accidently made a mistake with the 4th citation link at "Kizomba music emerged as a more modern music genre with a sensual touch mixed with African rhythm." The actual link is https://web.archive.org/web/20130927200128/http://www.opais.net/pt/dossier/?det=21059 It is an archived version of the original site (which doesn't exist anymore). You only included the last part which doesn't exist anymore. Moreover the Stylistic Origins in the right blue Box on the Desktop Version of the Site are Semba, Kilapanga, Angolan Merengue based on the mentioned source.

Regards — Preceding unsigned comment added by Malembadas (talk • contribs) 23:57, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kizomba


text:
James C. Garland

James C. Garland is a physicist, author and professor, and formerly the 20th president of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.

Garland was educated at Princeton University (BA) and Cornell Univ. (PhD), in the field of condensed matter physics, and was an N.S.F Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Cambridge. He has written more than 100 research papers, and is the author of Saving Alma Mater: A Rescue Plan for America's Public Universities, in which he advances changes in public university funding. He is now a Miami University president emeritus. Garland is a lifelong amateur radio operator, with the FCC call letters W8ZR (www.w8zr.net)

Ohio State University
From 1970 to 1996 Garland taught at Ohio State University as a physics professor. He became Ohio State's graduate and research studies acting vice president, materials research laboratory director, department of physics chairperson, dean of the college of mathematical and physical sciences, and its dean of arts and sciences.

In 1991, Garland wrote a widely disseminated article on the art of presenting research at scientific conferences.

Miami University, Oxford, OH
Garland became the President of Miami University in 1996. In 2002, his stated aim was to make Miami the "First in 2009", the university's bicentennial year. To achieve this status, he developed a strategy to raise intellectual quality and apply quantitative benchmarking and best practice, and led Miami in a significant capital improvement and construction program. Endowments doubled, and student applications increased by sixty percent.

He equalized in-state and out-of-state tuition fees and provided scholarships for Ohio students based on need. In 2004, Miami became the first Ohio public university to offer students domestic partner benefits, while Garland publicly criticized the Ohio Issue 1 amendment to the State Constitution that defined the status of non-marriage relationships.

In 1999, Garland recommended to the Miami's board of trustees that four men's sports should cease to be supported to fulfill the university's legal obligation under Title IX; due to financial constraint he thought it difficult to meet gender equity without such cuts. A court action in the United States Court of Appeals was brought against Miami University in 2002 by Miami's sports clubs, claiming the cuts constituted gender discrimination; the action failed.

Garland completed his tenure as Miami President in 2006.

Saving Alma Mater
In 2009, Garland expounded his views on the state of higher education in public universities in his book Saving Alma Mater: A Rescue Plan for America's Public Universities. In an interview with Inside Higher Education in October 2009, where he presents public university education as vital but in need of change to survive successfully, he talks of four main areas of change that need to be addressed:

 * He sees public universities becoming autonomous through deregulation, run by independent trustees who decide educational and financial policies.
 * He argues that taxpayers' money should support less-well-off students through scholarships, not subsidize campuses; higher income students would pay more, lower income less. Best value schools would prosper and overall student numbers would rise. Research, low-enrollment, and vital programs would be protected.
 * He sees university personnel cost as being the largest area of budget. Efficiency should be increased through voluntary financial incentives, and reducing committee sizes and numbers.
 * He believes that candidate selection of senior administrators, presidents and chancellors by search committees and vested interests is inefficient and ineffective, and should operate more like private-sector universities. He also argues that state governors who typically appoint trustees should be educated about how to select qualified and effective candidates.

Garland's views were acknowledged in The New York Times. He spoke on topics raised in Saving Alma Mater at the University of Cincinnati, the University of Illinois, the University of Colorado, Wisconsin, and other venues. He spoke to the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review about financial concerns at Penn State University, He told of his criticism of what he saw as the mismanagement of campuses to The Washington Post, and in 2005, before the book was published, he expressed some of the same ideas to the same newspaper.

title: James C. Garland


text:
Walls of Lima

The Walls of Lima were a fortification consisting mainly of walls and bastions whose purpose was to defend the city of Lima from exterior attacks. It was built between 1684 and 1687, during the Viceroy Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull (Duke of Palata)'s government.

The wall was located on the present streets of Alfonso Ugarte, Paseo Colón and Grau and the left bank of Rímac River. Under Luis Castaneda Lossio's management, he recovered a section of the remains of the left bank of the Rímac River, which are now visible as a part of the group known as "Parque de la Muralla," although these are probably from a previous construction known as "Tajamar de San Francisco." The Santa Lucía bastion is a sector of the wall located on the edge of Barrios Altos and El Agustino that still stands.

History
The old wall was built around the city to protect it from pirates attacks and other enemies of the Spanish crown in the 17th century. The wall had 10 exit and entry gates: Martinete, Maravillas, Barbones, Cocharcas, Santa Catalina, Guadalupe, Juan Simón, San Jacinto, Callao, Monserrate and the gate of la Guía in the Barrio de San Lázaro.

As part of urban expansion programs and construction of new avenues, the wall was demolished in 1868 under José Balta's government. The wall never served the purpose for which it was built, to the point that Raúl Porras Barrenechea mentioned that "it died a virgin of gunpowder."

Current status
Part of the sea wall has been restored at the back of the Church of San Francisco, near the Government Palace, which has created a public space named Parque de la Muralla (Park of the Wall). In this park, the remnants of the foundations that had been the seawall are visible, which was done by the Franciscans in 1610. The aforementioned park has a restaurant and a shop selling hand-made items from different areas of the country. The park contains a statue of Francisco Pizarro, which used to be in the "Plaza Pizarro," located next to the Government Palace. There is also a museum exhibiting archaeological pieces found in the area.

Construction of an expressway on Grau Avenue uncovered some of the wall's remains.

In Barrios Altos, the remains of the walls near the Plazuela del Cercado is in good condition. The camal de Conchucos, which was the bastion of Santa Lucía, one of the surveillance points of the wall, is now a sports complex.

The wall was not a paragon of beauty. Except for the portals of Maravillas (1807) in the Barrios Altos and El Callao, the other gates, as told by the painter Juan Manuel Ugarte, "had no great artistic appeal. It is one of the most important tourist attractions, besides the houses, among others.

title: Walls of Lima


text: Talk:Rubem Fonseca

title: Talk:Rubem Fonseca


text:
Vive, viva, and vivat

Viva, vive, and vivat are interjections used in the Romance languages. Viva in Spanish (plural Vivan), Portuguese (plural Vivam), and Italian (Also evviva. Vivano in plural is rare), Vive in French, and Vivat in Latin (plural Vivant) are subjunctive forms of the verb "to live." Being the third-person (singular or plural agreeing with the subject), subjunctive present conjugation, the terms express a hope on the part of the speaker that another should live. Thus, they mean "(may) he/she/it/they live!" (the word "may" is implied by the subjunctive mood) and are usually translated to English as "long live."

They are often used to salute a person or non-personal entity: "Vive le Québec libre" (from Charles de Gaulle's Vive le Québec libre speech in Montreal), or "Viva il Duce!" the rough equivalent in Fascist Italy of the greeting, "Heil Hitler." In addition, in monarchical times, the king of France would be wished "Vive le Roi!" and the king of Italy "Viva il Re!" both meaning "May the king live!" or "Long live the king!"

Overview
The acclamation "Vivat!" is still used in British coronations when the sovereign is hailed while processing from the quire of Westminster Abbey towards the coronation theatre, fronting the altar. The shouts are delivered by the King or Queen's Scholars of Westminster School, who by tradition are the first to acclaim the sovereign at the ceremony. This was last performed when King Charles III was crowned in 2023; he was greeted with "Vivat, Rex! / Vivat, Rex Carolus! / Vivat! Vivat! Vivat!" which was incorporated into Hubert Parry's anthem, I was glad.

The mediaeval university Latin anthem De Brevitate Vitae has verses like:
 * Vivat academia!
 * Vivant professores!
 * Vivat academia!
 * Vivant professores!
 * Vivat membrum quodlibet
 * Vivant membra quaelibet
 * Semper sint in flore.

Compare ¡Viva el rey! with ¡Vivan los reyes!

The Mexican slogan "¡Viva Zapata!" was used to title the 1952 English-language biographical drama film Viva Zapata! by Elia Kazan, about Emiliano Zapata. It later inspired the title of 2005 Italian-language documentary film Viva Zapatero! by Sabina Guzzanti, referring to José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.

In Italy, the nationalist phrase "Viva Vittorio Emanuele Re d'Italia!" ("Long live Victor Emmanuel king of Italy") was hidden from the Austrian enemy by its acronym Viva VERDI! that passed for a praise of the music of Giuseppe Verdi. In Italian graffiti, viva is often abbreviated as W, a letter otherwise foreign to Italian. The opposite concept abbasso ("Down with") is abbreviated with an inverted W.

In the Philippines, (a former Spanish colony), the usage of ¡Viva! has declined in the 20th century, having been replaced by the Filipino term Mabuhay and its cognates in various Philippine languages. Today, the expression is largely found in religious contexts (specifically, Filipino Catholicism), where it is said in fiestas to honour a manifestation of God or a patron saint (e.g. "¡Viva, Señor Santo Niño!" "¡Viva la Virgen de Peñafrancia!").

Other and similar uses
The use of these terms has increased in non-Latin nations recently; for example, a common greeting regarding the Anglophone city of Las Vegas is "Viva Las Vegas!" One reason may be that West Germanic languages do not have a good equivalent of the term; the closest equivalent may be Heil in German, which has Nazi-tainted connotations, or Hail or Wassail in English. Nevertheless, Hail still appears in certain previously frozen expressions and usages, for example the prayer Hail Mary and the song Hail to the Chief.

A similar expression is 'Zindabad' used in Hindustani, Bengali and Persian, it means roughly "Long live" and is used as a patriotic sentiment glorifying leaders and countries e.g. 'Pakistan Zindabad' or 'Bangladesh Zindabad'.

On 25 July 2005, upon winning his seventh consecutive Tour de France and subsequently retiring from professional cycling, Lance Armstrong ended his farewell speech with "Vive le Tour, forever".

title: Vive, viva, and vivat


text:
Sikandar Khan Lodi

Sikandar Khan Lodi (17 July 1458 – 21 November 1517), born Nizam Khan, was Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate between 1489 and 1517. He became ruler of the Lodi dynasty after the death of his father Bahlul Khan Lodi in July 1489. The second and most successful ruler of the Lodi dynasty of the Delhi sultanate, he was also a poet of the Persian language and prepared a diwan of 9000 verses. He made an effort to recover the lost territories which once were a part of the Delhi Sultanate and was able to expand the territory controlled by the Lodi Dynasty.

Biography
Sikandar was the second son of Sultan Bahlul Lodi, who had founded the Lodi ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.

Sikandar was a capable ruler who encouraged trade across his territory. He expanded Lodi rule into the regions of Gwalior and Bihar. He made a treaty with Alauddin Hussain Shah and his kingdom of Bengal. In 1503, he commissioned the building of the present-day city of Agra.

Conflict with Man Singh Tomar
The newly crowned Raja Man Singh Tomar was not prepared for an invasion from Delhi, and decided to avoid a war by paying Bahlul Lodi a tribute of 800,000 tankas (coins). In 1489, Sikandar Lodi succeeded Bahlul Lodi as the Sultan of Delhi. In 1500, Manasimha provided asylum to some rebels from Delhi, who had been involved in a plot to overthrow Sikandar Lodi. The Sultan, wanting to punish Raja Man Singh Tomar, and to expand his territory, launched a punitive expedition against Gwalior. In 1501, he captured Dholpur, a dependency of Gwalior, whose ruler Vinayaka-deva fled to Gwalior.

Sikandar Lodi then marched towards Gwalior, but after crossing the Chambal River, an epidemic outbreak in his camp forced him to halt his march. Raja Man Singh Tomar used this opportunity to reconcile with Lodi, and sent his son Kunwar Vikramaditya to the Lodi camp with gifts for the Sultan. He promised to expel the rebels from Delhi, on the condition that Dholpur be restored to Vinayaka-deva. Sikandar Lodi agreed to these terms, and left. Historian Kishori Saran Lal theorizes that Vinayaka Deva had not lost Dholpur at all: this narrative was created by the Delhi chroniclers to flatter the Sultan.

In 1504, Sikandar Lodi resumed his war against the Tomar King's of Gwalior. First, he captured the Mandrayal fort, located to the east of Gwalior. He ransacked the area around Mandrayal, but many of his soldiers lost their lives in a subsequent epidemic outbreak, forcing him to return to Delhi. Sometime later, Lodi moved his base to the newly established city of Agra, which was located closer to Gwalior. He captured Dholpur, and then marched against Gwalior, characterizing the expedition as a jihad. From September 1505 to May 1506, Lodi managed to ransack the rural areas around Gwalior, but was unable to capture the Gwalior Fort because of Raja Man Singh Tomar's hit-and-run tactics. A scarcity of food resulting from Lodi's destruction of crops forced Lodi to give up the siege.Due to transportation difficulties, the grain merchants were unable to come, leading to a scarcity of provisions. When the imperial army reached Chatawar in Gwalior state.During an ambush by the Raja of Gwalior, a fierce battle broke out. Daud Khan and Ahmad Khan, the sons of Khan Jahan, showed immense courage and skill in combat, with additional support from troops led by the sultan. The Rajputs were ultimately defeated, with many being killed or captured in the process.

Dholpur and Mandrayal were already in his control by this time. In February 1507, he captured the Uditnagar (Utgir or Avantgarh) fort lying on the Narwar-Gwalior route. In September 1507, he marched against Narwar, whose ruler (a member of the Tomara clan) fluctuated his allegiance between the Tomaras of Gwalior and the Malwa Sultanate. He captured the fort after a year-long siege. In December 1508, Lodi placed Narwar in charge of Raj Singh Kachchwaha, and marched to Lahar (Lahayer) located to the south-east of Gwalior. He stayed at Lahar for a few months, during which he cleared its neighbourhood of rebels. Over the next few years, Lodi remained busy in other conflicts. In 1516, he made a plan to capture Gwalior, but an illness prevented him from doing so. Raja Man Singh Tomar died in 1516, and Sikandar Lodi's illness also led to his death in November 1517.

Patron and Poet
Sikander patronized learning and scholarship during his reign. His influence initiated a renaissance of poetry and music in Delhi, with the Hindu poet Dungar teaching at a Muslim college. He was not just a generous patron of writers, but also a talented scholar and poet who wrote Persian poetry under the pen name Gul Rukhi.

The Lahdjat Sikandar Shahi wa-lata'if-i la-mutanahi, a rare musical composition, was put together as a result of the Sikandar's patronage of musical training. This composition demonstrated Sikandar's deep interest in Indian music.

Religion
Because Sikandar's mother was a Hindu, he tried to prove his Islamic credentials by resorting to strong Sunni orthodoxy as a political expediency. He destroyed Hindu temples, and under the pressure from the ulama, allowed the execution of a Brahmin who declared Hinduism to be as veracious as Islam. He also banned women from visiting the mazars (mausoleums) of Muslim saints, and banned the annual procession of the spear of the legendary Muslim martyr Salar Masud.

Before Sikandar's time, the judicial duties in smaller villages and towns were performed by local administrators, while the Sultan himself consulted the scholars of the Islamic law (sharia). Sikandar established sharia courts in several towns, enabling the qazis to administer the sharia law to a larger population. Although such courts were established in areas with significant Muslim population, they were also open to the non-Muslim population, including for non-religious matters such as property disputes.

title: Sikandar Khan Lodi


text:
List of political parties in North Dakota

The following is a list of political parties in the U.S. State of North Dakota

Defunct minor parties

 * Constitution Party
 * Reform Party
 * Natural Law Party

Historical Parties

 * Democratic (1889 to 1956)
 * Democratic-Independent (1890 to 1895)
 * Republican/Non-Partisan League (1915 to 1956)
 * Republican/Independent Voters Association (1921-1944)

History
North Dakota election law does not provide for the existence of any minor political parties, and unlike many other states that allow individual independent nominees to include a minor party designation next to their name on the ballot. A political party is either organized, and thus officially recognized by the Secretary of State's office, with equal rights and responsibilities therein or it does not have any legal existence.

The interest group Friends of Democracy has been lobbying to expand ballot access to the minor political parties, with some success. In 2004, the length of time that a petition to create a new political party could be circulated was expanded, as was the process by which new political parties can remain recognized state parties and independent nominees for president can now include a brief minor party designation in lieu of independent.

North Dakota's most historically significant minor parties, the Non-Partisan League and the Independent Voters Association could be considered factions of the Republican party, however this is a gross simplification of the situation, as both groups had structures strongly resembling independent political parties, despite competing on the Republican primary ticket.

In 1996, the Reform Party became a recognized political party in the state, with Ross Perot winning five percent or more of the popular vote in that state, and the Natural Law Party became organized that year to nominate a slate of candidates in that year's state constitutional election. However, neither political party remained active and soon lost their recognized status.

In 2007, the Libertarian Party and the Constitution Party both received official recognition from the Secretary of State's office as an "organized political party."

In 2007 the Libertarian Party of North Dakota filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District court arguing that state law requiring a minimum number of votes in a party's primary, for that party to nominate candidates in a legislative election, violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments.

A similar requirement had been struck down in Minnesota and the party hoped that the court would invalidate this law as well. However, in Libertarian Party of North Dakota v. Jaeger (2011) the Federal Court of Appeals upheld the District court's ruling that the regulation did not impose any unconstitutional burden on the political party.


text:
Talk:Sigiriya

Name
There's a massive problem everyone's overlooking here. The article is tiled "Sigiriya" and then talks only about the rock fortress. Sigiriya, however, is a town in the Matale District within which the rock fortress is located. There's no separate page for the town of Sigiriya, and this article makes it appear as if the rock itself is called "Sigiriya": it isn't. It's the "Sigiri-gala" in Sinhala (Rock of Sigiriya). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Walkalia (talk • contribs) 19:32, 10 December 2012 (UTC) im dd

 * how to made lt 43.250.243.63 (talk) 16:33, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

 * If this is so, we should change the name of the Page and, if appropriate add a redirect, however, I suspect that the fortress is, however eroneously, commonly called Sigiriya, so we must proceed with caution and due consensus.

IceDragon64 (talk) 20:02, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

Untitled

 * Preparing some additional personal photographs and additional text for this article.

 * Some Images do not appear correctly, not sure why. Shoka

Atarilynx999 (talk) 18:38, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

Deleted Images
Sadly somebody seems to have taken it upon themselves to delete User:Janakagoon@yahoo.com personal photo's of Sigiria as unsuitably licenced, despite the email posted on that users talk page committing them to the public domain. From memory the deleted images were all tourist snapshots. I have had had no response from User:Janakagoon@yahoo.com directly when I asked for clarification, but the mail message on the users talk page seems quite clear. Big time copyright violation --NOT.

Worse the images from the mirror wall frescoes have been attributed to Janakagoon, I believe incorrectly. I have real reservations about these images, these images are probably 20 plus years old, the original murals have decayed badly, and in two visits to the site, I have not obtained a usable photograph, so my belief is these have been scanned from a copyright source. I'd love to know differently. I've left them in place while attempting to locate at least a few reasonable correctly licenced images to replace them.

I have some further personal photographs that will replace some of the missing images, in all cases unfortunately worse than the originals. Sigh. Any other visitors to this splendid site got any suitably licenced photographic material they can offer to try and repair the damage?

Mindless vandalism at its worst....--Shoka 19:30, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

latest edits
I restored the reference to Sigiriya as purely a monastery. See http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2002/11/03/fea13.html for support of this interpretation.

I am not convinced, I've been there and some of the structures, particularly a poised boulder partially detatched from the rock look pretty military to me, but it is certainly "one interpretation" even if rather a stretch. --Shoka 20:17, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Replaced some of the deleted images with images scanned from my own prints. Better than nothing, but modern digital photographs would be better.--Shoka 22:36, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Lat, Lon ?
Looks like this has been added :)

Article has had extensive text added, lifted almost literally from this website http://www.lankalibrary.com/heritage/sigiriya.html

Removed plagurised text. Would be more approprite as seperate articles on Kasyapa and Datusena referenced from this article rather than swamp this article with disputed myth.--Shoka 21:22, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Removed text followes:

Removed criticism of the access to the top of Sigiriya
Removed some bitter comments about the access stairway. They unfortunately have a grain of truth. Though stable the stairway is exceedingly exposed and the handrails very low. Obviously somebody did not enjoy the climb. Comments not approprate to the article though.

On both occasions I have visited there have been visitors who baulked at the foot of the Lion steps and refused to make the final climb to the top of the rock. I can see their point, it terrifes me, but I'm acrophobic. That I've made it twice is some indication of the view from the top.

I've reviewed what is said in the article about the ruins at the top of the rock, and I believe that the description is accurate. Deciding if the remains justify the terrors of the stairway is very much a personal choice. The article has photographs to help you decide.

Unsure if I should add a more explicit warning about the stairway to the article, the description of the staircase as airy and the inclusion of the photographs with people for scale should give warning of what the visitor is facing.

My information on the sites is also several years old. When I visited the site the stairway was traversed by hundreds of people every day. Recent unbiased updates appreciated. Has the safety of that stair degenerated ? --Shoka 21:59, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Sihagiri or Chitrakuta?
A news paper article said that that Sigiriya could have been called Chitraraja Palace, the Palace fortress of Ravana which became a Yakkha temple called Chitrakuta in the days of King Pandukabhaya, the residence of the Yakkha noble called Chithraraja who helped King Pandukabhaya to come to power. I would appreciate a discussion.

Missing Photos
Some photographs have gone missing, particularly one of the iron stairway across the face of the rock from the Lion Gate to the top. I think this is a disservice, potential visitors should know what they are facing, in the past I've edited out some very bitter comments from people who have not had forewarning of the climb. I see the advantages of the replacements, but the new photo of the stair does not give any real perspective of the climb up from the Lion Gate. It looks like a 10 metre climb, not 150 metres of traverse across an open rockface, as it is in reality --Shoka 23:19, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Tour Section
While this section seems well-sourced and pretty well-written, I don't think it's quite appropriate for the encyclopedia. Perhaps it should be transwikied to wikitravel? Random 89  21:08, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I am moving it from the article to here on the talk page, hopefully someone will do something with it. Random  89  16:33, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Tour
Visitors arrive outside the outer moats, with the rock rising above the trees in the mid distance. Paths through the complex of moats and gardens lead to the foot of the slope. Stone stairways climb the steep slope at the base of the rock, winding through the remains of the lower parts of the palace, reaching a terrace that traverses along the lower edge of the vertical face of the rock. The rock above this terrace, known as the mirror wall, was at one time adorned with frescoes, some of which can still be seen, though unfortunately now much faded. At the end of the terrace beneath the highest part of the rock, the terrace opens out into a substantial courtyard.

From here the climb to the top of the rock is via a modern iron stairway that reaches the rock face through the remains of the original brick gateway, the Lion Gate, now degenerated to a massive pair of brick paws. The ruined paws are all that remain of a huge head and fore paws of a lion, whose open mouth served as the entrance to the royal palace. The route continues around, across and up the cliff face via a rather airy iron staircase, a modern replacement for the original brick stairway, that vanished along with the lion's head during the 1400 years since the palace was constructed.

The stairway ends at the highest point of the rock, the upper palace falls away in gentle tiers towards the opposite end of the rock from this point. The ruins of the palace buildings rise only perhaps half a metre above the surface of the rock, but the extensive works cut into the surface of the rock have endured better.

 * Random 89  16:36, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Encyclopedic Style?
The style of some of the writing is not very encyclopedic. We should not state that something is beautiful or wonderful, however obvious such a thing seems to be to the writer. If we wish to convey this concept we need to quote a notable source as saying so rather than saying it ourselves.

IceDragon64 (talk) 19:57, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

Copyright concerns
This article was understandably flagged for copyright concerns in May 2013. I have checked over a dozen sites with text that matches this, but so far every single one I've found postdates this article, even this blog post from 2006. I'm removing the copy-paste tag accordingly with the trust that if somebody finds a source that predates or that they aren't sure about, it will be specifically identified for comparison. :) --Moonriddengirl (talk) 14:24, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

the "rock" is what geologically speaking ???
I found this "Location and geology of the area The sites investigated are situated in central Sri Lanka (fig. 1). Climatically, the area is part of the “dry” zone, receiving c. 1000–1500 mm of rainfall per year (Swan 1983). The Sigiriya area is situated at the boundary between the Precambrian Highland Series, consisting of metasediment and charnockitic gneisses, and the Wanni Complex, consisting of gneisses, migmatites, granite gneisses and scattered metasediments and charnockitic rocks (Cooray 1991). East of Sigiriya is a thick limestone band running in a NNE–SSW direction, interbanded with narrow, well exposed beds of khondalite and paragneisses (Vitanage 1957). Geomorphologically, the area consists of undulating plains with insular heights (“inselbergs”; Swan 1983). The soil type is characterised as a deep weathered, reddish brown earth (Cooray 1967)."

inside an archaeology paper but I'm not certain exactly which locale they are refering to.

it's clearly a volcanic plug, so probably something like granite - but I did see mention that the steps were carved of limestone - and that seems odd, unless they were added later.

there might be something in geology of 'ceylon' here but that's behind a paywall. EdwardLane (talk) 03:39, 21 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, it needs a geology section.  Res  Mar 16:17, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

 * A geology section would be really cool and relevant. I have found this paper which has a section on Sigiriya. Uvants (talk) 19:16, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

Supernatural Powers
Recent edits to the page are highly suspect and filled with grammatical and spelling errors. Specifically the Location section, with lines like:

"The site is way too advanced than its time period and is impossible to build such area without any supernatural power.Even today, it is impossible to build this type of impressive site."

Madjackmcmad78 (talk) 14:37, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Citing a tweet
Would citing this tweet from the verified account of the US Embassy in Colombo be appropriate? Not too familiar with the rules around this. Uvants (talk) 19:12, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * , social media websites, including Twitter, are not acceptable or reliable sources. Dan arndt (talk) 21:34, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Gotcha! Uvants (talk) 06:01, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

Ravana
This place is constantly associated with the Ravana of Ramayana. But cannot see any mention. Anyone please help ChandlerMinh (talk) 09:44, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Assosiation with Ravana is a WP:FRINGE theory. Kindly, provide reliable sources stating so to justify such inclusion.-- Chanaka L ( talk ) 11:50, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

Website
Is there some kind of edit war to point the website link in the infobox to various competing tour operator sites? Uvants (talk) 16:46, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

Sigiria
Explain how it was made 87.21.193.205 (talk) 20:01, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

Sigiriya of the palace
it was bild by king kashapa in sir lanka 43.250.243.63 (talk) 16:31, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

 * it is good 43.250.243.63 (talk) 16:32, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

Sigiriya of the palace
A 2402:4000:13C2:4096:1:0:E5DA:9F18 (talk) 16:02, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sigiriya


text:
User:Passionvine

My name is Phillip Oliver and I am an academic librarian at the University of North Alabama in Florence, Alabama. I received a B.S. in English from my alma mater and M.L.S. (Master of Library Services) from the University of Alabama.

I just discovered Wikipedia in January 2005. I enjoy doing research and sharing knowledge with others. All of my articles have been thoroughly researched from various sources to create entries that I hope are accurate. I jumped into Wikipedia head first and I'm learning the technical aspects as I go along - if I've made any mistakes, do let me know.

Most of my articles will be on the subject of Film, which I am passionate about. I am also an avid gardener.

Original Articles

 * Lilli Palmer
 * Gilbert Roland
 * William Dieterle
 * Robert Hudson Walker
 * Robert Walker Jr.
 * Portrait of Jennie
 * Ellen Corby
 * Vilma Banky
 * Rod La Rocque
 * Patty McCormack
 * Guy Madison
 * Hope Emerson
 * George Cukor
 * Billie Dove
 * Good Morning Miss Dove
 * Frances Gray Patton
 * Madame Bovary

Revisions

 * Jennifer Jones
 * David O. Selznick
 * Geraldine Page
 * Jessica Lange
 * Tim Burton
 * Simone Signoret
 * Megan Mullally
 * Teresa Wright
 * Luise Rainer
 * Joan Fontaine

title: User:Passionvine


text:
Talk:The Broken Hearts Club

Quote
I don't see what the quote has to do with the film? I'd delete it now, but I'll let it sit and see if someone explains it to me.--Supernumerary 01:38, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

The Carpenters
Mention of the films extensive use of The Carpenters music would be cool. 60.234.240.43 (talk) 14:34, 30 December 2008 (UTC)Geoff

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on The Broken Hearts Club: A Romantic Comedy. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120224074218/http://www.accessatlanta.com/movies/content/shared/movies/reviews/B/thebrokenheartsclub.html to http://www.accessatlanta.com/movies/content/shared/movies/reviews/B/thebrokenheartsclub.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100611215418/http://thefilmexperience.net/Reviews/charliesangels.html to http://www.thefilmexperience.net/Reviews/charliesangels.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:43, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Broken Hearts Club