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Talk:Battle of Saraighat

Untitled
Actually I started with Lachit Borphukan but ended up editing this article, too. Lot of works are still to be done.

(I am very bad with spellings. Will somebody please correct this article?)

Prabhakar 09:38, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * ok. shabbs 16:31, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Kachwaha "king Ram Singh"
It's extrememly improbable that "Kachwaha", an Indian state at the western edge of India, second farthest from Assam (which lies in India's eastern-most region), is responsible for producing "King Ram Singh", viceroy of Dhaka, Bangladesh (directly to the south of Assam)! Incidentally, I will be editing the reference to "Kachwaha" in this article.

ALSO, I noticed that the linked references to Raja Ram Singh point to an article which can't possibly describe the same Ram Singh of Dhaka, Commander-in-Chief of the Mugal forces in the Battle of Saraighat. No article exists for this particular Ram Singh, so I will also be deleting the links to the incorrect man of the same name. shabbs 08:37, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Raja Ram Singh was not the governor of Dhaka. The then governor of Dhaka could not keep Guwahati and so Aurangzeb sent in Raja Ram Singh, son of Mirza Raja Jai Singh who had gone against Shivaji.  That the commander was Kachwaha king Raja Ram Singh is well documented in history and there is no room for speculation. Chaipau 13:10, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I used the links in the article itself. I looked up names and places with the search tool. I found several items that appeard to be questionable, for one reason or another, and I changed them, as I saw fit ("Be bold"). Anything that I changed in the article was based on related materials, found in the links contained in the article. When you added Kachwaha, I checked it out. It didn't seem, to me, to have a single thing to say about the Battle of Saraighat, or any of the important names or related places and people, including Ram Singh. Searches of the word, "Kachwaha", didn't seem to list any of the pages linked to the Battle article, either. I couldn't see the relation, plus (after checking out the geographic locations of all the places involved, and Kachwaha) it reasoned that the commander of the mughals would've been much more likely to have come from the same nation, especially to a cultural outsider. So I changed it.

 * sorry. :-(
 * shabbs 17:10, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem. You did not break anything, and it is in fact difficult to break things in wikipedia.  Things can easily be repaired.  So continue to be bold, and your spirit and effort, though misdirected here, are actually appreciated.  Chaipau 17:36, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Incorrect Numbers
The figures for Ram Singh's army are incorrect and actually tally with the army of Mir Jumla. Ram Singh was sent to Assam as punishment for helping the Maratha King Shivaji (who was in his charge at Agra) to escape from the Mughal capital. His army is given as 4000 Kachhawa Rajputs, 1500 Mughals, and 500 artillerymen with 15,000 auxilliary Koch archers whose military value was little. He also had only forty boats unlike Mir Jumla's 300.

The page also fails to mention that the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur had joined Ram Singh in this invasion to protect him from witchcraft, which was reputed to be prevalent in Assam.

All info is from Assam naval wars

 * What are the sources of the above link? They seem to be wrong.  The numbers in this Wikipedia article seems to be from the article by Lt. Gen. S K Sinha.  In one of the battles preceeding the Battle of Saraighat, the Mughals massacred an Ahom army of 10,000 in a single day at Alaboi.  A smaller army (5500 according to the blog), could not have done that.  Chaipau 12:41, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

If Aurangzeb had been really interested in conquering Assam he would have made Ram Singh the Viceroy (Subahdar) of Bengal, like Mir Jumla was. The he would have had a larger army and access to the entire nawarra (naval flotilla) of Bengal and not the forty ships that he was ultimately given. The blogger is right in saying that Ram Singh was sent to Assam so that he would die from the fighting or the climate or from the then prevalent witchcraft of Assam.

 * Ram Singh was an Rajput king, with his own kingdom. Why would he accept the subahdarship of Bengal?

 * The Subahdar of Bengal was Shaishta Khan, the uncle of Aurangzeb at the time of the Saraighat battle. Ram Singh had access to the forces of Shaishta Khan, who provided him logistics.  Whatever the absolute number of the Mughal forces under Ram Singh, it had a numerical superiority over the Ahom forces.  It was so formidable that Lachit Borphukan did not engage the Mughal forces at Manas river, which he had reached before Ram Singh advanced east.  He had to engage the Mughal forces at Alaboi on land because the Ahom king was getting impatient with Lachit's guerilla tactics, which resulted in the massacre of 10,000 Ahom troops.

 * Lachit decided it was impossible to meet the Mughal force on land and he retreated to Saraighat. He had a network of garhs built to check the advance of Ram Singh's forces by land, and waited from him to advance up the Brahmaputra.  Along its entire expanse, the Brahmaputra was the narrowest at Saraighat.  The relatively large naval force, Lachit had hoped, would pose lesser problems for the Ahom naval forces as it squeezed through this portion.  Even then Ram Singh's formidable forces were winning against the inferior Ahoms.  Only when he took to battle from his sick bed did the Ahom's retaliate adequately.

 * Whatever the absolute numbers (the blogger's numbers are dubious anyway), Ram Singh was well prepared, adequately supported by the subahdar of Bengal and numerically far superior to the Ahom forces. It cannot be true that Ram Singh was sent to Assam for failure.
 * Chaipau 21:47, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

"Ram Singh was an Rajput king, with his own kingdom. Why would he accept the subahdarship of Bengal?"

Because when his father Jai Singh fought against Shivaji he was made subahdar of the Deccan. Direct control of the subah's resources gives an edge to the military commander. The numbers in the blog are from Jadunath Sarkar, who is the best authority of that period, particularly in military history.

During the long wars with the Ahoms Ram Singh also did not receive any compensation for the losses that he suffered and finally grew sick of the war. He was definitely sent to Assam as punishment for the escape of Shivaji from Agra.

 * Okay, here I quote from Jadunath Sarkar from Section IV, The Comprehensive History of Assam, Vol II ed H. K. Barpujari.

 * Learning of the loss of Kamrup on 19th December, 1667 Aurangzeb decided at once to retreive imperial prestige and regain lost dominion to chastise the 'the wicked tribe' of the Ahoms, and who 'had a second time audaciously crossed their own frontier'. He commissioned Ram Singh of Amber, son of the distinguished general Mirza Raja Jai Singh, and a Commander of 4000, to lead an invasion of Assam. The expeditionary force had as its basic force i.e. the original imperial allotment 4000 troopers in his won pay, 1500 ahadis and 500 barqandezes.  This nucleus was gradually augmented by 30,000 infantry (given by the Empreror), 21 Rajput Chiefs (Thakurs) and their contingents, 18,000 cavalry and 2,000 archers and shieldmen came as auxiliaries.
 * Learning of the loss of Kamrup on 19th December, 1667 Aurangzeb decided at once to retreive imperial prestige and regain lost dominion to chastise the 'the wicked tribe' of the Ahoms, and who 'had a second time audaciously crossed their own frontier'. He commissioned Ram Singh of Amber, son of the distinguished general Mirza Raja Jai Singh, and a Commander of 4000, to lead an invasion of Assam. The expeditionary force had as its basic force i.e. the original imperial allotment 4000 troopers in his won pay, 1500 ahadis and 500 barqandezes.  This nucleus was gradually augmented by 30,000 infantry (given by the Empreror), 21 Rajput Chiefs (Thakurs) and their contingents, 18,000 cavalry and 2,000 archers and shieldmen came as auxiliaries.

 * So the number you quoted is Ram Singh's own Rajput force as a charhazari mansab, at the beginning of the the expedition in 1667. But the time Ram Singh attacked in 1669 and the time of the final battle at Saraighat in 1671, the number had inflated to those given above.  Sarkar mentions that Ram Singh began with 40 ships, but further on he says "once he sent a fleet of 500 boats with sixteen-mouthed prows and guns."  Thus the number of naval vessels increased too.

 * It is Sarkar's opinion that Ram Singh was sent as a "measure" of punishment. But it is a half-hearted opinion, not backed up by any historical reference. Ram Singh's commission for recapturing Guwahati could also be interpreted as a chance Aurangzeb gave him to redeem himself after the incident with Shivaji, which he did by demonstrating his loyalty to the Mughal Empreror.  Even though he failed in securing Assam, Ram Singh was accepted back in the Mughal courts.  Ultimately, Sarkar questions Aurangzeb's judgement on sending Ram Singh for such an important expedition.  If the aim was to punish, why should Sarkar question Aurangzeb's judgement?  The expedition had the imperial prestige at stake (look at his quote above), as the Mughal forces were trying to get back territory once held by it.  Finally, it was Ram Singh's weakness that did him in.  Sarkar, further says, "Ram Singh had, apart from loyalty, no idealism to inspire him".  In the end, it would have been utterly foolish of Aurangzeb to punish Ram Singh this way—Ram Singh survived and rejoined Aurangzeb's court, whereas the imperial army met defeat and incurred the attendant cost of the war!

 * The defeat of Ram Singh at Saraighat does not have a simple explanation—that Aurangzeb wanted to punish Ram Singh. Very rarely do generals die in a defeat.  But to suggest that Aurangzeb planned Ram Singh to die and the imperial army to win is ridiculous.  Sending a general at the head of a large army is a very inefficient way to send a man to his death.  The defeat of the imperial army was not a forgone conclusion, anyway.  Even the Ahoms did not believe so.  But they fought with guile, unity of effort, grit, imagination, and won.

 * Chaipau 20:55, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * , didn't this narrative of punishment arise out of Padshah Burranji? TrangaBellam (talk) 15:10, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I am not sure. This narrative usually comes out of those who would like to explain away Ram Singh's defeat, or those who would like to paint Ram Singh as a kind of rebel.  J N Sarkar does mention "punishment" cursorily, but he does not attribute it to any primary source.  He strongly refutes the rebel/disloyal argument.  His explanation is that Ram Singh was just not a very good general.  Strangely, Sarkar mentions that the Bengal viceroy of the Mughals preferred an independent Assam!  Chaipau (talk) 17:03, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

Jadunath Sarkar on Ram Singh
I am quoting from History of Aurangzeb by Sir Jadunath Sarkar

"Ram Singh reached Rangamati in February 1669. But from the first his task was hopeless. Service in Assam was extremely unpopular, and no soldier would go there unless compelled. Indeed there is reason to believe that Ram Singh was sent to Assam as a punishment for his having secretly helped Shivaji to escape from captivity at Agra. He had only 8000 troopers around his standards, and his losses were seldom replenished.

The Ahoms, being a nation in arms, mustered one hundred thousand when mobilized. Unlike the time of Mir Jumla's invasion, the mastery of the water now belonged to the Ahoms, and the Mughals could do little with their 40 war-vessels on the Brahmaputra."

So it was actually 8000 against 100,000!!!

 * This is an earlier work of Jadunath Sarkar. The later work (in The Comprehensive History of Assam) includes sources not used in this work (The History of Aurangzeb) and therefore clearly supercedes the earlier work.  The numbers themselves indicate that Sarkar has come across new data.  Because he mentions in the later work that Ram Singh started with the 4000, which was augmented by the Empreror.

 * The Ahom numbers are greatly exaggarated. The Ahoms did not have a standing army, and commanders had different numbers of "paiks" under them. Not all officials in the Ahom administration was involved in the war, just as the entire Mughal army wasn't. Had Guwahati fallen, the Ahoms would have had to first defend Kaliabor, and then the capital.  Sarkar gives a detailed account of the war and the battle in The Comprehensive History of Assam.  The details and the tactics the Ahoms adopted show that they were fighting with the smaller of the two armies.

 * Also, notice his qualification on his opinion of a punishment. "Indeed there is reason to believe that Ram Singh was sent as a punishment...".  It is Sarkar's opinion, and that too a half-hearted one.

 * Chaipau 20:33, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

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Dispute
could you please put down here the facts that you dispute? Chaipau (talk) 20:57, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Removing maintenance tag under #4 WP:WTRMT. Chaipau (talk) 09:53, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

Name
this page covers the whole series of Ram Singh's invasion, the topic about the battle of Saraighat is only squeezed in one last paragraph, should there be a change in the name? ComparingQuantities (talk) 18:42, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Examples of this type is given in Battle: Battle of the Atlantic, Battle of Britain, etc. Chaipau (talk) 02:42, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Giving here examples of other articles is maybe not suitable or doesn't match this case. Various authors have described this whole phase as 'Ram Singh's expedition to Assam' instead of just naming it after the battle. I don't see how this is different from Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam. ComparingQuantities (talk) 12:28, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Saraighat


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List of countries by level of military equipment

This is a list of countries by level of military equipment, including naval ships, fighter aircraft and nuclear weapons. This list is indicative only, as strict comparisons cannot accurately be made.

List
States marked 'TC' are widely considered technologically capable of wielding, operating or developing nuclear weapons, however are signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and are not known to possess any at the current moment. Japan, South Korea and Poland are generally considered de facto nuclear states due to their believed ability to wield nuclear weapons within 1 to 3 years. South Africa produced six nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but dismantled them in the early 1990s. South Africa signed the NPT in 1991.

Combat aircraft by country
Figures sourced from the Center for Strategic and International Studies and Flightglobal.com, unless otherwise noted.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Charlie Hunnam

Charles Matthew Hunnam (born 10 April 1980) is an English actor and screenwriter. He is best known for his role as Jax Teller in the FX series Sons of Anarchy (2008–2014). His portrayal was nominated twice for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor.

Hunnam has been featured as the lead in numerous films, including Green Street, as Pete Dunham, Nicholas Nickleby as Nicholas Nickleby (2002), Pacific Rim as Raleigh Beckett (2013), Crimson Peak  as Alan McMichael (2015), The Lost City of Z as Percy Fawcett (2016). He led Guy Ritchie's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword as Arthur Pendragon, in Triple Frontier as William "Ironhead" Miller (2019), The Gentlemen  as Raymond Smith (2019), Last Looks Detective Charlie Waldo (2022) and in the Rebel Moon franchise as Kia (2023-2024).

His notable television roles include Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk (1999–2000), Lloyd Haythe on the Fox series Undeclared (2001–2002) and Dale Conti/Lindsay "Linbaba" Ford in the Apple TV+ series Shantaram (2022).

Early life
Charles Matthew Hunnam was born in Newcastle upon Tyne on 10 April 1980, the son of Jane Bell, a ballet dancer and business owner, and William Hunnam. One of his grandmothers was a portrait artist. He has said that his mother "did a very good job" of being a single parent. He has an older brother named William and two younger half brothers on his mother's side named Oliver and Christian.

At age 12, when his mother remarried, the family moved to Melmerby in Cumbria. During his adolescence, he played rugby and fought with his classmates. After that, instead of going to university, he decided to go to the Cumbria College of Art and Design in Carlisle (now part of the University of Cumbria) to study performing arts. He graduated with a dual degree in film theory and film history with a side in performing arts. He planned to write and direct his own films.

1997–2007
Hunnam was discovered at the age of 17 in a branch of JD Sports on Christmas Eve, while playing around with his brother during a trip to buy shoes. A production manager for the Newcastle-based teen drama Byker Grove approached Hunnam and he was later cast in his first role as Jason for three episodes of the show. He also had a brief modelling career where he did a photo shoot for Kangol Caps and then decided modelling was not for him. Hunnam's first major role came at age 18 when he was cast by Russell T Davies as 15-year-old schoolboy Nathan Maloney in Davies' Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk. He followed this up with his role as Daz in the film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith? (1999) and then moved to the United States.

His career expanded to include a recurring role as Gregor Ryder in the WB series Young Americans. He then appeared in the short-lived Fox series Undeclared as a British drama student called Lloyd Haythe. Despite critical acclaim, the series was cancelled after one season. Hunnam then appeared on the large screen in Abandon (2002), Nicholas Nickleby (2002), and Cold Mountain (2003). Hunnam stated he did not wish to simply take any role offered to him, saying, "I have 60 years to make the money, but the choices I make in the next five years are really going to define my career."

This decision resulted in his return to the UK to take the lead role of Pete Dunham in the film Green Street (2005); however, his attempt at delivering a Cockney accent resulted in his inclusion in many critics' "worst accents in movie history" lists. Hunnam said his role as Patric, a member of "The Fishes" in Children of Men (2006), was the final part in his "trilogy of mad men": "I played the psycho in Cold Mountain, my character in Green Street Hooligans is fairly psychotic and now I've got this role."

2008–2012

From 2008 to 2014, Hunnam starred in Sons of Anarchy as Jackson "Jax" Teller leader of SAMCRO, a prominent motorcycle club set in the fictional town of Charming, California. Hunnam was cast after Kurt Sutter, the creator of the show, saw him in Green Street Hooligans. His portrayal as Jax Teller has led Hunnam to receive a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination, two EWwy Award nominations for Best Lead Actor in a Drama series, and a PAAFTJ Award nomination for Best Cast in a Drama Series.

In 2011, Hunnam played the role of Gavin Nichols in the philosophical drama/thriller The Ledge by Matthew Chapman.

In 2012, he starred as the title character in the indie comedy 3,2,1... Frankie Go Boom alongside his Sons of Anarchy co-star Ron Perlman. Hunnam said he considered the day he filmed scenes with Perlman the best and funniest day of filming he's had in his career. He also appeared as Jay, an ex-boxer, in Stefan Ruzowitzky's crime drama Deadfall (2012).

2013–2019
Hunnam starred as Raleigh Becket in Guillermo del Toro's sci-fi film Pacific Rim, which opened in July 2013 and grossed $411 million worldwide. It was announced on 2 September 2013 that Hunnam would play the lead role of Christian Grey in the film adaptation of E. L. James' novel Fifty Shades of Grey. However, on 12 October 2013, Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had withdrawn from the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his series Sons of Anarchy.

On 2 June 2014, Hunnam was awarded a Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor, for his role as Raleigh in Pacific Rim due to the film performing well in Asian markets. Hunnam reunited with del Toro in the horror film Crimson Peak, alongside Mia Wasikowska, Tom Hiddleston, and Jessica Chastain. The film began shooting in February 2014 and was released on 16 October 2015.

Hunnam starred as geographer Percy Fawcett in James Gray's adaptation of author David Grann's 2009 book, The Lost City of Z: A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon. Gray dubbed his adventure drama The Lost City of Z, which filmed from August–October 2015. The film had its world premiere 15 October 2016 as the closing night selection at the New York Film Festival. It was released in the United States on 14 April 2017. Hunnam played the eponymous title role in Guy Ritchie's action-adventure film King Arthur: Legend of the Sword, which was filmed between March and July 2015. It was released in May 2017. He next starred in Guy Ritchie's 2019 film The Gentlemen alongside Matthew McConaughey.

2020–present
Hunnam portrayed Charlie Waldo in the 2022 mystery/thriller Last Looks which also featured Mel Gibson. His first feature for Apple TV+, Shantaram, premiered 14 October 2022. Hunnam leads the cast of characters as Dale Conti/Lindsay "Linbaba" Ford. The series is based on Gregory David Roberts' 2003 autobiographical novel.

On 9 February 2023, Deadline Hollywood reported that Hunnam joined Zack Snyder's Netflix project Rebel Moon. The project reunited Hunnam with King Arthur: Legend of the Sword co-star Djimon Hounsou. The epic space opera, Rebel Moon - Part One: A Child of Fire had a limited theatrical release on 15 December 2023. On 21 December 2023, the film was released worldwide via Netflix's streaming service. Rebel Moon - Part Two: The Scargiver was released worldwide 14 April 2024 on Netflix.

Variety reported on 31 May 2024 that Hunnam has been cast in the lead role of  the series adaptation of the Criminal Comics Series at Amazon Prime Video. Criminal is based on the graphic novels of the same name by Ed Brubaker and Sean Phillips. Hunnam will star as Leo, "a brilliant master thief."

Screenwriting
Prior to being cast in Sons of Anarchy, Hunnam sold his screenplay Vlad to Summit Entertainment with Brad Pitt's Plan B Entertainment co-producing. The film is being directed by music video director and photographer Anthony Mandler, and will focus on the real-life story of Vlad the Impaler. Hunnam learned the story from locals in Romania while shooting Cold Mountain. He stated that he had not acted in 18 months and was so broke that if he had not managed to sell the script he would have had to sell his house and move back to England to live with his mother.

In 2013, Hunnam mentioned he was developing a screenplay based on a 2011 Rolling Stone article that he optioned about Edgar Valdez Villareal, an American drug lord who ran one of the biggest cartels in Mexico. Another project he has in development is a film about gypsy culture in Britain, which he hopes to direct. He stated that it is "a part of English society that's really seldom been explored, but is one of the most colourful and interesting parts of British society."

Personal life
Hunnam met actress Katharine Towne, daughter of actress Julie Payne and filmmaker Robert Towne, in 1999 when they both auditioned for roles on Dawson's Creek. After dating for three weeks, they married in Las Vegas; they divorced in 2002. He dated model Sophie Dahl, actress Stella Parker and film producer Georgina Townsley.

He has been in a relationship with artist Morgana McNelis since 2005.

In 2016, he began training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Rigan Machado, and received his blue belt in October 2018.

title: Charlie Hunnam


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Fourth Cambridge Survey

The Fourth Cambridge Survey (4C) is an astronomical catalogue of celestial radio sources as measured at 178 MHz using the 4C Array. It was published in two parts, in 1965 (for declinations +20 to +40) and 1967 (declinations -7 to + 20 and +40 to +80), by the Radio Astronomy Group of the University of Cambridge. References to entries in this catalogue use the prefix 4C followed by the declination in degrees, followed by a period, and then followed by the source number on that declination strip, e.g. 4C-06.23.

The 4C Array, which used the technique of aperture synthesis, could reliably position sources with flux densities of around 2 Jy, to within about 0.35 arcmin in Right ascension and 2.5 arcmin in declination.

title: Fourth Cambridge Survey


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Lugaid

Lugaid (Lughaid, Lughaidh, Lughaí, with all equivalents originally attested as Ogham genitive Lugudecas) is a popular medieval Irish name, thought to be derived from the god Lug. It is borne by a number of figures from Irish history and mythology, including:

High Kings of Ireland

 * Lugaid Íardonn, legendary High King of Ireland of the 9th century BC
 * Lugaid Lámdearg, legendary High King of Ireland of the 9th century BC
 * Lugaid Laigde, legendary High King of Ireland of the 8th century BC
 * Lugaid Luaigne, legendary High King of Ireland of the 2nd century BC
 * Lugaid Riab nDerg, legendary High King of Ireland of the 1st century BC
 * Lugaid Mac Con, semi-legendary High King of Ireland of the 3rd century AD
 * Lugaid mac Lóegairi (died c. 507), High King of Ireland
 * Lugaid Loígde, legendary King of Tara upon whom several of the above may be based

Other historical figures

 * Lugaid mac Nóis, legendary king of Munster and suitor of Emer
 * Lugaid mac Con Roí, legendary king of Munster and killer of Cú Chulainn
 * Lugaid Lága, henchman of Lugaid Mac Con, regarded as one of the greatest warriors in Ireland

Saints

 * Saint Moluag (died 592), also known as Saint Lughaidh, 6th-century Irish Pict missionary
 * Saint Molua, 6th-century Irish saint, founder of Killaloe

title: Lugaid


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Sutler

A sutler or victualer is a civilian merchant who sells provisions to an army in the field, in camp, or in quarters. Sutlers sold wares from the back of a wagon or a temporary tent, traveling with an army or to remote military outposts. Sutler wagons were associated with the military, while chuckwagons served a similar purpose for civilian wagon trains and outposts.

Etymology
The word came into English from Dutch, where it appears as soetelaar or zoetelaar. It meant originally "one who does dirty work, a drudge, a scullion," and derives from zoetelen (to foul, sully; modern Dutch bezoedelen), a word cognate with "suds" (hot soapy water), "seethe" (to boil) and "sodden".

Role in supplying troops
These merchants often followed the armies during the French and Indian War, American Revolution, American Civil War, and the Indian Wars, to sell their merchandise to soldiers. Generally, the sutlers built their stores within the limits of an army post or just off the defense line, and needed to receive a license from the Commander prior to construction. They were, by extension, also subject to his regulations. They frequently operated near the front lines and their work could be dangerous; at least one sutler was killed by a stray bullet during the Civil War. A typical transaction with a sutler is dramatized in the third chapter of MacKinlay Kantor's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Andersonville (1955).

Sutlers, frequently the only local suppliers of non-military goods, often developed monopolies on critical commodities like alcohol, tobacco, coffee, or sugar and rose to powerful stature. Since government-issued coinage was scarce during the Civil War, sutlers often conducted transactions using a particular type of Civil War token known as a sutler token.

Sutlers played a major role in the recreation of army men between 1865 and 1890. Sutlers' stores outside of military posts were usually also open to non-military travelers and offered gambling, drinking, and prostitution.

In modern use, sutler often describes businesses that provide period uniforms and supplies to reenactors, especially to American Civil War reenactors. These businesses often play the part of historical sutlers while selling both period and modern-day goods at reenactments.

Honourable Artillery Company
The Honourable Artillery Company, a regiment of the British Army, still uses the word "sutling" as an alternative to the more common "mess" or "messing". Due to the unique culture of the regiment, no social differentiation is made between officers and other ranks, and therefore the regiment does not have separate drinking and dining facilities for officers, warrant officers, sergeants or other ranks. A room in the headquarters of the regiment in the City of London is called the "Sutling Room", and it contains the main bar where all ranks meet and socialise. Often, when the regiment is deployed, a room, tent, or vehicle will be designated as the Sutling Room, Sutling Tent or Sutling Lorry, and will perform the same function.

title: Sutler


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Laforet

Laforet Harajuku (ラフォーレ原宿) is a department store, residence, and museum complex located in the Harajuku commercial and entertainment district of the Shibuya neighborhood, in Tokyo, Japan.

Constructed over part of the old Tokyo Central Church, a newer church located behind the store, Laforet was opened in 1978. It was built by developer Mori Building, that had developed several sites across Tokyo, as well as (subsequently) the Roppongi Hills Mori Tower, and at the time of opening it was one of the tallest buildings in Tokyo.

The name Mori, in Japanese, is the word for "forest" (森), and the name of the complex was a pun derived from that, it being simply the French words "la forêt" for "the forest".

The complex has six floors and two basements, divided into half levels; with 150 shops, and the Laforet Museum on the top floor.

It has had a long association with youth fashion culture, although this was not originally intended. Although fashion brands such as Hysteric Glamour and Ba-tsu opened their first boutiques there, originally its interior was more staid and conventional for the times. Unfortunately for its developers, this resulted in low sales in the first year of business, causing Ryotu Matsumoko of Ba-stu to be brought in to remodel the interior of the store, changing it to a more youthful and "edgy" design for the time, replacing long and deep stores with wide and shallow stores visible in "panopticon" fashion by shoppers from a central stairwell.

The same was true of its fashion promotion advertising image, originally designed by U.S. firm Antonio Lopez, which was not particularly successful until taken over by Takuya Onuki, who in the mid-1990s switched the advertising campaigns from female models wearing brand clothes to quirky images such as the "Nude" brand of Americans going about their daily business dressed only in underwear, and dogs in denim.

Following the increase in youth fashion culture of the times, Laforet took to partnering with youth fashion magazines and clothing brands to run fashion shows in the building during the 1980s and 1990s. A victim of its own success, with the independent innovators that were originally attracted being acquired by and assimilated into commercial interests, Laforet's fashion shows went into decline in the late 1990s.

A new roster of boutiques began to turn its fortunes around in 2006.

title: Laforet


text:
Fifth Cambridge Survey of Radio Sources

The 5C Survey of Radio Sources (5C) is an astronomical catalogue of celestial radio sources as measured at 408 MHz and 1407 MHz. It was published in a number of parts between 1975 and 1995 by the Radio Astronomy Group of the University of Cambridge. The One-Mile Telescope used to produce this catalogue had an angular resolution of 80 arcseconds and 23 arcseconds at 408 MHz and 1407 MHz respectively, and catalogued radio sources as faint as 2 milli-Janskys, considerably fainter than any previously catalogued radio source.

References to entries in this catalogue use the prefix 5C followed by the catalogue part, a "." and then the entry number, with no space perforce; i.e., 5C12.311 for the 311th entry in part 12 of the 5C catalogue.

title: Fifth Cambridge Survey of Radio Sources