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Jhelum

Jhelum is a city on the West Bank of the Jhelum River, which is located in the district of Jhelum in the North of Punjab, Pakistan. It is the 44th largest city of Pakistan by population. Jhelum is known for providing many soldiers to the British Army before independence, and later to the Pakistan armed forces, due to which it is also known as City of Soldiers or Land of Martyrs and Warriors.

Jhelum is a few miles upstream from the site of the ancient Battle of the Hydaspes between the armies of Alexander and King Porus. Possibly Jhelum City was the capital of Porus' Kingdom, Paurava. A city called Bucephala was founded nearby to commemorate the death of Alexander's horse, Bucephalus. Other notable sites nearby include the 16th-century Rohtas Fort, the Tilla Jogian complex of ancient temples, and the 16th-century Grand Trunk Road which passes through the city. According to the 2017 census of Pakistan, the population of Jhelum was 190,425. The name of the city is derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow), as the water that flows through the river originates in the Himalayas. There are a number of industries in and around Jhelum city, including a tobacco factory, wood, marble, glass and flour mills. Its near the capital of Pakistan.

Etymology
Anjum Sultan Shahbaz recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh-e-Jhelum as:

Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum. One suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelumabad was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow). The name thus refers to the waters of a river (flowing besides the city) which have their origins in the snow-capped Himalayas.

However, some writers believe that when "Dara-e-Azam" reached a certain place on the river bank after winning many battles, he fixed his flag at that place and called it "Ja-e-Alam" which means "Place of the Flag". With the passage of time it became Jhelum from "Ja-e-Alam".

According to tradition, Saeed Bin Abi Waqas, brother of Saad Bin Abi Waqas, was sent to China to preach Islam, during his journey he arrived at the city of Jhelum, he saw the reflection of a city in the river and said "هذا جهيلم" (this is Jhelum), which means "City besides the river, in full moonlight".

Ahmed Shah Abdali also used "Jheelum" in place of Jhelum and "Harian" for Kharian in his diary.

Ancient
The Rajput, Gujjars, Labana, who now hold the Salt Range and its northern plateau respectively, appear to have been the earliest inhabitants of Jhelum. The next major point in the history of the district was the Battle of the Hydaspes between Alexander and the local ruler, Porus the Elder. Abisares (or Abhisara; in Greek Αβισαρης), called Embisarus (Eμ Oβισαρoς) by Diodorus, was an Indian king of the Abhira tribe. descent beyond the river Hydaspes, whose territory lay in the mountains, sent embassies to Alexander both before and after the conquest of Porus in 326 BC, although inclined to espouse the side of the latter. Alexander not only allowed him to retain his kingdom but increased it, and on his death appointed his son as his successor. Porus' kingdom Paurava was on the left bank of the Jhelem River corresponding the limits of the present Gujrat District. The Gakhars appear to represent an early wave of conquerors from the west, who still inhabit a large tract in the mountain north of tilla range. Gakhars were the dominant race during the early Muslim era and they long continued to retain their independence, both in Jhelum itself and in the neighbouring district of Rawalpindi.

Medieval
In 997 CE, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father, Sultan Sebuktegin. In 1005 he conquered the Shahis in Kabul and followed it by the conquests of Punjab region including Jhelum. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire ruled the region. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region.

The Mughals were Persianized Turks who claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan and strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. Being very few in number, main families of Mughal Barlas, the descent of Ameer-i Taimoor settled in Mong Rasool and afterward scattered to village chak Nazar, Shamaspur, Aima Afghana, khardiyala, Chak sikander, Malhar Muglain, Mota Garbi, Bhimber, they adopted a policy of converting the local Jats and Gakhars mandatory as recorded in the Baburnama. Thus it is credited to the Mughals, who were largely responsible for the conversion of the Jats to Islam.

With the collapse of the Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb, the Durrani Empire had occupied the plains but were eventually ousted by the Sikhs.

Later periods
After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the region fell under Afghan occupation. During the decline of Afghan rule following the Third Battle of Panipat, the newly emerging Sikh Empire invaded and occupied Jhelum District in 1808 from its Gakhar ruler Raja Sultan Muqarrab Khan. In 1849 Jhelum passed with the rest of the Sikh territories to the British. The British conquered Jhelum in 1849 with the assistance of the local Gakhars who resented Sikh rule. In 1857 the 14th Native Infantry stationed at Jhelum town mutinied, and displayed a vigorous defence against a force sent from Rawalpindi to disarm them, but decamped for the night following the action, with the main body being subsequently arrested by the Kashmiri authorities, into whose territory they had escaped. They were then handed over to the British colonial authorities and executed for treason.

British Raj
During British rule, Jhelum was connected by the North-Western Railway to other cities in the Indian Empire, 1,367 miles from Calcutta, 1,413 from Bombay, and 849 from Karachi. The population according to the 1901 census of India was 14,951.

According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India:

The present town is of modern origin, the old town, which may have been the Bucephala of Alexander having been, on the left or opposite bank of the river. Under Sikh rule the place was quite unimportant, being mainly occupied by a settlement of boatmen, and at the time of annexation contained about 500 houses. It was then chosen as the site of a cantonment and as the headquarters of the civil administration. For some years it was the seat of the Commissioner of the Division, but in 1859 his headquarters were transferred to Rawalpindi. Under British rule, Jhelum has steadily advanced in prosperity; and is the entrepôt for most of the trade of the District, though, since the completion of the Sind-Sāgar branch of the North-Western Railway; the salt trade no longer passes through it. It is an important timber dépôt, the timber from the Kashmir forests which is floated down the river being collected here. A good deal of boat-building is carried on. The cantonment, which is 3 miles from the civil station, contains the church and post office. The normal strength of the garrison is one Native cavalry and four Native infantry regiments. The municipality was founded in 1867. During the ten years ending 1902–3 the receipts averaged Rs. 32,100, and the expenditure Rs, 31,900. Receipts and expenditure from cantonment funds in the same period averaged Rs. 31,900 and Rs. 6,100 respectively. The chief income of the municipality in 1903-4 was Rs. 34,200 chiefly from octroi; and the expenditure was Rs. 41,000. The town has two Anglo vernacular schools, a municipal high school, and a middle school maintained by the American Presbyterian Mission. Besides the civil hospital, the mission also maintains a hospital.

During the Mutiny of 1857, 35 British soldiers of the Regular 24th Regiment of Foot were killed at the Battle of Jhelum by mutineers from the Honourable East India Companies 14th Bengal Native Infantry (roughly 500 of the soldiers mutinied with roughly 100 of the Sikh soldiers remaining loyal). Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of Colonel William Spring. A lectern inside St John's Church Jhelum shows the names of those 35 soldiers. St John's Church is located in the Jhelum Cantonment, Pakistan beside the river Jhelum. It was built in 1860 and remains a landmark in the city. It was built as a Protestant church and was in use throughout the British period. For the past forty years, it has been closed to the public and in poor condition, however, it has since been renovated and reopened and is now maintained.

The British soldier William Connolly won a Victoria Cross for his bravery during this battle. Mirza Dildar Baig, also known as Khaki Shah, took part in the mutiny at Jhelum and was later celebrated by Indian Nationalists. He was captured and arrested with the remaining mutineers by authorities in Kashmir and later hanged near the river Jhelum. His grave is in a shrine in Jhelum Dildarnagar, and a small town in Uttar Pradesh is also named after him.

The railway bridge on the river Jhelum was built in 1873 by the British engineer William St. John Galwey. He also made the great Empress Victoria Bridge over the river Sutlej. During World War I, the Jhelum District "stood first" among districts in recruiting for the British war effort, with greater financial assistance from the British government channelled into the area in return.

Independence
The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Pakistan Movement. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while Muslim refugees from India settled down in the Jhelum District.

Administration

As well as being district capital, Jhelum city is also the headquarters of Jhelum Tehsil, the city of Jhelum is administratively subdivided into seven union councils: Jhelum-I, Jhelum-II, Jhelum-III, Jhelum-IV, Jhelum-V, Jhelum-VI and Jhelum-VII.

Demography
The population of the Jhelum city is about 188,800 (2012) and it is the 32nd largest city of Pakistan with respect to population. Total area of city is about 22 km2. Population density is 261/km. Population growth rate is 1.51 which is very low as compared to other urban areas of Pakistan. The majority of the population i.e. 98.47 percent is Muslim. Among the minorities Christians are in the majority sharing 1.36 percent in the district.

The literacy rate of Jhelum is among the highest in Pakistan. At 79%, it is only lower than that of Islamabad and neighbouring Rawalpindi. Somewhat higher than the literacy in Punjab province (58 percent). The literacy rate has remarkably increased from 38.9 percent in 1981. The rate is much higher in the urban areas for both males and females. 84% of the population have electricity and 96% have access to water. Human Development Index of Jhelum is 0.770, which is highest in Pakistan after Karachi.

Geography and climate
Lying at 32°56′ North latitude and 73°44′ East longitude, Jhelum is located a 1-hour and 30 minutes drive from the Capital of Pakistan Islamabad, and 3 hours drive from the heart of Punjab Lahore. Jhelum is linked with these cities through the National Highway N-5. Several cities are within 1 to 2 hours drive including Gujrat (home to fan manufacturing), Gujranwala, Chakwal and Mirpur, Azad Kashmir.

Jhelum has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa) and is extremely hot and humid in summer, and cold and generally dry in winter. The maximum recorded temperature in the pre-monsoon season of April to June is 49.2 C, whereas in winter the minimum temperature recorded is -0.6 C. Average annual rainfall is about 850 mm which is much below the required quantity given the extremely high evaporation levels. Nevertheless, in the rainy season water torrents flow from the north to the Jhelum River very rapidly and cause damage to the crops, bridges, roads. This is responsible for the soil erosion in the district.

Over the years, global climate change has affected Jhelum as well as any other place on Earth and below comparison charts from Weatherbase and NOAA show the difference in rainfall between 1990 and 2015:

Major floods
The biggest floods in Jhelum in recent years were in 1992. Jhelum city and surrounding areas were almost completely submerged under flood waters.

Important sites

Rohtas Fort is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. This fort is about 4 km in circumference. Qila Rohtas is situated in a gorge approximately 18 km NW of Jhelum and 7 km from Dina.

The old city has a labyrinth of narrow streets and bazaars. Opposite the CMH Jhelum Cantt is located the CMH Masjid Jhelum mosque.

Located in the cantonment area is the St. John's Church Jhelum which was built in 1860. There was a local stadium near Gul Afshan Colony which was changed to a cricket stadium named Zamir Jaffri Cricket Stadium. Altaf Park which was constructed in 1994–95 is in a very close proximity of Cricket Stadium. Nearly 100 m from Shandar Chowk, in the center of city, is Major Akram Shaheed Memorial Park. Major Muhammad Akram Memorial Library is also present in this park. This is also a site of a parade which takes place every year on 6 September at the occasion of Defence Day.

Lehri Nature Park is located 10 kilometers away from G. T. Road between Jhelum and Islamabad, it is 30 kilometers from Jhelum and 90 kilometers from Islamabad in the hilly Pothohar region.

The Mangla Dam is located on the Jhelum River about 30 km from Jhelum, it is the twelfth largest dam in the world. It was constructed in 1967 across the Jhelum River. There is the Mangla View Resort that is the first planned resort development in Pakistan to offer residences, villas, townhouses, hotels, serviced apartments and retail outlets. The resort is located on a 340-acre (1.4 km2) site on the Mangla Dam area.

Rasul Barrage is located on the Jhelum River about 30 km downstream from Jhelum. Two major water canals originate at the Rasul barrage, Rasul-Qadirabad link canal which is also called Lower-Jhelum link canal and Rasul-Shahpur branch canal. The area around the Rasul Barrage lake is also a picnic spot.

Travel and tourism
Auto Rickshaws are a common mode of transport for short routes within the city. Many of the new rickshaws in the city use Compressed natural gas (CNG) instead of the petrol engines as CNG is environmentally clean and cheaper than petrol. Rickshaws are another important mode of transportation. The older horse drawn tongas are now defunct although some can still be privately commissioned. Taxis and privately commissioned small passenger carrying vans are available. Daewoo Express Bus Service and other bus services operate from the city to the entire country.

The Jhelum Railway Station was built in 1928 during British rule before the independence of Pakistan. It was connected by the North-Western Railway to other cities in the Indian empire. Jhelum is on main line of Pakistan Railways, and linked to whole country through Railway line across Pakistan. The nearest international airport is the Islamabad International Airport, which is approximately 110 km by road from Jhelum. The Sialkot International Airport, is approximately 100 km by road from Jhelum. A small airport called Gurha Salim Airport is situated 13 km (8 mi) from the city centre. It is not being used by any commercial airlines, but only for military purposes.

Sports

Located within the city is a golf course called the River-View Golf Club, where national golf tournaments are held regularly.

There is a cricket and football stadium, Zamir Jaffri Cricket Stadium, where district level tournaments are held. In October 2008, Pakistan Cricket Board upgraded this stadium for regional events.

Education
Jhelum has six degree colleges for women, six degree colleges for men, six co-education colleges, six commerce colleges, one law college, numerous higher secondary schools and over 150 high schools. It also has a campus Of Punjab University, Punjab University Jhelum Campus, near Rathiyan, Kala Gujran and Satellite Town Jhelum.

The University of the Punjab has established a campus in Jhelum offering programs related to business, commerce, law, and computer science. The new undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs are due to commence soon. The literacy rate of Jhelum is high in comparison to other cities of the Punjab. 65 kanals of land was allocated to establish this campus by Government of Punjab. Jhelum also has two sub-campuses of the Virtual University of Pakistan, Virtual University Campus at Civil Lines opposite city Church, and a private virtual campus, Wings Institute of Learning. Virtual University of Pakistan inaugurated its own Campus in Jhelum in March 2012; VU Jhelum Campus is located in the middle of the city.

title: Jhelum


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Ill (Vorarlberg)

The Ill (all capitals: ILL) is a 72 km tributary of the Rhine in the western Austrian state of Vorarlberg.

It flows from the northern slopes of the Silvretta mountain range and then runs north-west through Vorarlberg. The Ill passes through the Montafon and Walgau valleys and the town Feldkirch. It joins the river Rhine a few kilometers northwest of Feldkirch ("Illspitz"), at the border with Switzerland. The Ill has several dams with hydroelectric power stations.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ill (Vorarlberg)


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Béni Ounif

Béni Ounif is a town and commune in Béchar Province, Algeria, coextensive with the district of Béni Ounif. It has a population of 10,732 as of the 2008 census, up from 8,199 in 1998, and had an annual growth rate of 2.8%, the second highest in the province. The commune covers an area of 16600 km2.

History
The Béni Ounif massacre took place in the commune near the Moroccan border, on 15 August 1999. Guerrillas stopped a bus at a fake roadblock and killed some 29 people. President Abdelaziz Bouteflika suggested that the terrorists in question had found shelter in Morocco, but later retracted the accusation. The Moroccan Interior Minister Driss Basri denied the allegations.

Geography
Béni Ounif lies at an elevation of 829 m on the Oued Zouzfana downstream of Figuig. To the south the landscape is mostly flat, with a few small hills, while to the north there is a range of taller, rocky hills running from west to east along the Algeria–Morocco border. Aside from the river valleys which support vegetation and agriculture, the low rainfall in the area results in an arid, barren landscape.

Climate
Béni Ounif has a hot desert climate, with very hot summers and cool winters, and light precipitation throughout the year, especially in summer, although a little more rain does fall than in other towns in Béchar Province.

Economy
Agriculture is the main industry in Béni Ounif. The commune has a total of 2030 ha of arable land, of which 820 ha is irrigated. There are a total of 71,800 date palms planted in the commune. As of 2009 there were 23,210 sheep, 16,664 goats, 1,766 camels, and 444 cattle.

Tourism is a part of Béni Ounif's economy; there is one hotel in the town. Tourist attractions include palm groves, the old ksar and an ancient fort.

Infrastructure and housing
75% of Béni Ounif's population is connected to drinking water (the lowest rate in the province), 96% is connected to the sewerage system, and 87% (including 2,412 buildings) have access to electricity. There is one fuel service station in the town.

Béni Ounif has a total of 2,576 houses, of which 1,754 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 6.1 inhabitants per occupied building.

Transportation
Béni Ounif is on the N6 highway between Mecheria to the northwest and Béchar to the southwest. While a road leads from the western side of the city to the Moroccan town of Figuig, the border has been closed since 1994. Béni Ounif is 110 km from the provincial capital, Béchar. There is a total length of 263 km of roads in the commune.

Béni Ounif has a station on the Méchéria-Béchar railway line operated by the National Company for Rail Transport.

Education
There are 10 elementary schools, with 70 classrooms including 47 in use. There are a total of 2,262 school students.

5.8% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 20.3% has competed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 79.3%, and is 86.0% among males and 72.7% among females.

Health
Béni Ounif has one polyclinic, 8-room care facilities, a maternity ward, and 2 private pharmacies.

Culture
Béni Ounif has a cinema with 315 seats.

Religion
Béni Ounif has 6 operational mosques, with another 3 under construction. Islam plays a central role in the cultural and religious practices of the people in Béni Ounif. Islamic traditions, such as prayer, fasting during Ramadan, and celebrations of Islamic holidays like Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, are important aspects of community life.

Tribes
The Berber people are indigenous to North Africa and have a long history in the region. In Algeria, Berbers make up a significant portion of the population, and they have preserved their distinct cultural practices, languages, and traditions. Berber Languages, such as Tamazight, are spoken by many Berbers in Béni Ounif. Arab-Berbers are individuals who have mixed Arab and Berber ancestry. They represent a significant portion of the population in Algeria, including Béni Ounif. Arab-Berbers have cultural characteristics that combine elements from both Arab and Berber traditions. While Berbers and Arab-Berbers are the predominant ethnic groups in Béni Ounif, it's worth noting that there may be smaller populations of other ethnic groups present in the region as well. This could include groups like Tuaregs or Sahrawis, who have historical ties to the broader Sahara region.

Localities
The commune is composed of 11 localities:

 * Beni Ounif (Centre)
 * Jenan Dar
 * Fendi
 * Rosta Taïba
 * Zoubia
 * Oued Namous
 * Saf Saf
 * Laouedj
 * Douis
 * Bouaiache
 * Hador

The locality Zoubia is a village, located on the N6 highway about 25 km to the northeast, on the border with Naâma Province.

Neighbouring towns and cities

title: Béni Ounif


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Sweet Baby (band)

Sweet Baby (originally known as Sweet Baby Jesus) was a pop punk band that originated from Berkeley, California, and was part of the 924 Gilman Street scene. They were signed to Ruby Records.

The band was formed in 1986 by singer Dallas Denery and singer/guitarist Matt Buenrostro with Crispy Jim (later of The Saddlebacks) on bass and Dr. Frank (the frontman of The Mr. T Experience) on drums. Frank and Crispy Jim did not appear on any Sweet Baby recordings, having been already replaced by Sergie Loobkoff (Samiam, Knapsack) and Richie Bucher (Jüke, Wynona Ryders), respectively. Aaron Elliott aka Aaron Cometbus also played drums for them on their 1989 US tour. They had two songs on the Maximum Rock and Roll compilation Turn it Around (1988), "She's from Salinas" and "Pathetic." In 1989, they released their only LP, It's A Girl on Ruby Records (a Slash/Warner subsidiary). Their song "Andorra" was on the Lookout Records compilation double LP The Thing That Ate Floyd released in 1992. Lookout Records re-released the band's It's A Girl album on compact disc in 1995, and Eccentric Pop Records released a remastered vinyl LP version with a bonus 7" containing unreleased studio and live tracks in 2015.

In January 2005, their song, "Baby Baby Baby Baby Baby Baby Baby, I Love You" was featured on Bravo in an advertisement for the show Queer Eye for the Straight Girl.

The East Bay, California based punk rock band now known as Green Day was originally called Sweet Children, but changed their name before releasing their first EP 1,000 Hours to avoid confusion with Sweet Baby.

Discography
Studio albums
 * It's a Girl! (1989)

Split albums
 * Hello Again (with Brent's TV) (1996)

Demos
 * Never Mind the Bassets, Here's the Sweet Baby Jesus (1987)

Compilation appearances
 * "She's from Salinas" on Bay Mud – David Hayes self-released cassette (1986)
 * "Baby Baby Baby Baby Baby Baby Baby (I Love You)" and "Saw You at the Movies" on Lethal Noise, Vol. 2 – David Hayes self-released cassette (1987)
 * "She's from Salinas" and "Pathetic" on Turn It Around! – Maximumrocknroll (1987)
 * "Looking for Love" and "This Talk About the Girl" on 9 Song Demo + Berkeley Sampler – BBT Tapes (1987)
 * "Andorra" on The Thing That Ate Floyd – Lookout Records (1988)
 * "Loving Every Girl in the World" and "Find a New Love" on Lest We Forget: 45 Unreleased Songs by 35 Great Old Berkeley Bands – BBT Tapes (1991)
 * "Don't Do That" and "Champagne from Her Shoe" on Down in Front: Outtakes and Unreleased – 24 Songs – No Idea Records (1999)

Band members
Main line-up
 * Dallas Denery – lead vocals (1985-1989; 2008)
 * Matt Buenrostro – guitar, backing vocals (1985-1989; 2008)
 * Richie Bucher – bass (1986-1989; 2008)
 * Sergie Loobkoff – drums (1986-1989)

Other members
 * Crispy Jim – bass (1985-1986)
 * Frank Portman – drums (1985-1986)
 * Ivy DuBois – bass (1989)
 * Aaron Cometbus – drums (1989; 2008)

title: Sweet Baby (band)


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Pons (disambiguation)

The pons (or pons Varolii; "bridge of Varolius") is a part of the brain stem.

Pons or pons may also refer to:

People

 * Pons (personal name), notable people with Pons as their surname, given name, or singular name

Toponyms

 * Pons, Charente-Maritime, a commune in France
 * Pons River, a tributary of the Caniapiscau River (watershed of Ungava bay), in Nunavik, Nord-du-Québec, Quebec, Canada
 * Pons (crater), a lunar impact crater west of the prominent Rupes Altai scarp

Other uses

 * Pons, a junior synonym of the butterfly genus Penaincisalia
 * Passive optical network, a telecommunications term
 * Polish Lowland Sheepdog, from the Polish Polski Owczarek Nizinny, a type of sheepdog

title: Pons (disambiguation)


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User talk:ZeXLR8er

Welcome!

Please join us for the next Bootcamp every night at midnight EST (2100 PST, 0500 UTC) to learn the ropes, or leave a message on our talk pages around that time for on-wiki help.

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, ! I hope you like the place and decide to keep contributing. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * What Wikipedia is not

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question at the village pump or feel free to ask me on my Talk page. One more quick tip: to sign your name on a Talk page like I did below, the easiest way is just to type four tildes (~~~~). To customize your signature, look here. And remember:Be Bold!
 * — Asbestos | Talk  10:27, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ZeXLR8er


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User:Kaverin

Name: Alexander Kaverin Education: PH.D. (Chemistry)

Professional interest in:
 * Category:Physical chemistry
 * Category:Electrochemistry, I'm regularly review sub-category Category:Electrodes

Non-Professioanl interest in:
 * Numizmatics
 * Category:Legendary creatures

Dear colleageous, the english language is not my mother-language, that's why I'm sure that my english texts contain grammar mistakes. I'm really sorry. Please, be so kind as to correct such mistakes when you find them. Thanks in advance.

title: User:Kaverin


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User talk:PrettyPretty

First-person rewrite
I did it for you, lazy girl. --Poiuytman 10:36, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:PrettyPretty


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Chives (disambiguation)

Chives is a member of the onion family grown for its leaves, which are used as a condiment.

Chives may also refer to:
 * Chives, Charente-Maritime, a commune in the Charente-Maritime département, France
 * The Chive, entertainment website
 * Garlic chives or Chinese chives

title: Chives (disambiguation)


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Talk:K.S.Chithra

Hi The article on K.S.Chithra was written by me based on the resume of K.S.Chithra and material given by her. If you want proof for that I will send the mail received by me from K.S.Chithra. Please see that I may be absolved from the charge for violation of copyright.

Regards CNRNair

title: Talk:K.S.Chithra


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Talk:Ion-selective electrode

[Untitled]
Today or tomorrow I'll extend this article.(Kaverin)

Done (Kaverin 12:50, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC))

Ion selective membrane separate page?
The title of this page is Ion selective Electrode, but most of the information is about Ion selective membranes, which are not specific to ISEs. Ion selective membrane redirects to this page.

Shouldn't there be a separate page on Ion selective membranes and the relevant information extracted from this page and moved to the new one?

I am not an expert in this field, so will not make this change.

Lkingscott (talk) 06:43, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

galvanometer vs potentiometer
May be we should replace galvanometer to potentiometer because galvanometer measure small current, not potential?

--No because ISEs are hooked up to potentiometers, not galvanometers —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.151.128.100 (talk) 18:18, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Hyphenation?
A small query: should there be a hyphen in the phrase "ion-selective electrode"? I'm just wondering why the page title is without a hyphen, but hyphens are used in the body. The page Ion-selective electrode with a hyphen is redirected to this page.

(Alison.philp 13:06, 02 Mar 2006 (GMT))

NO more stubs
I think this should be researched because it doesn't have any contents. -User:General Eisenhower

"Uses" section?
Someone added a "see also" link to Medical technologist. Presumably on the grounds that medical technologists sometimes use ISEs. Is there value in trying to integrate that fact into the article somehow - perhaps by adding a section about "uses" (or even "users")? Seems like it'd easily turn into a difficult-to-verify list of random science-related jobs. -Jaeger5432 | Talk 19:53, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Unreferenced??
Kkmurray claims so, and I disagree. This is a well referenced article, only instead of using inline references, comrades relied on "external sources". This is quite the same, isnt it? AbuAmir (talk) 14:33, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Bandwidth, speed of measurement
I would like to see information on the response time of ion selective electrodes. This can be compared with fast scan cyclic voltammetry, for example. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arm42 (talk • contribs) 17:55, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

Mechanism of potential difference?
Nowhere is explained how exactly the concentration/activity of the selected ion causes the potential difference? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:1810:4D13:9B00:6592:2D77:B22A:AE81 (talk) 17:40, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ion-selective electrode


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Meitner (surname)

Meitner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Erika Meitner (born 1975), American poet
 * Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian-Swedish nuclear physicist
 * Philipp Meitner (1838–1910), Austrian lawyer and chess master; father of Lise

title: Meitner (surname)


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Breuillet, Essonne

Breuillet is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

It is located between Arpajon and Dourdan.

Population
Inhabitants of Breuillet are known as Breuilletois in French.

Twin towns
Breuillet has town twinning and cooperation agreement with:
 * 🏴 Ammanford, Wales.

title: Breuillet, Essonne


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Biron

Biron may refer to:

Places
France United States
 * Biron, Charente-Maritime, in the Charente-Maritime department
 * Biron, Dordogne, in the Dordogne department
 * Château de Biron, in the village of Biron, Dordogne
 * Biron, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department
 * Biron, Wisconsin

People

 * Biron (surname), includes a list of people with the surname
 * Biron House (born 1884-1930), English cricketer

Other uses

 * Biron, original name of the centaur who later became Comet (DC Comics)
 * Biron (or Berowne), a light-headed, light-tongued lord in the suite of the King of Navarre, in Shakespeare's Love's Labor's Lost
 * Biron, a character in the tragedy The Fatal Marriage, by Thomas Southerne; the husband of Isabella, and brother of Carlos

title: Biron


text:
Talk:Divina Galica

Untitled
I've seen information relating to Divina Galica in which the say Divina is a she. Diego440 10:46, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That information is correct. DH85868993 (talk) 10:51, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Divina galica.jpg
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title: Talk:Divina Galica


text:
Charlie Bowdre

Charles Bowdre (c. 1848 – December 23, 1880) was an American cowboy and outlaw. He was an associate of Billy the Kid and member of his gang.

Early life
Bowdre was born in Wilkes County, Georgia. When he was three years old, he and his parents moved to Mississippi. By 1854, young Charlie started working in his father's farm, and as he grew up became an adept farmer. Much of what Bowdre did between the year in which his last sister was born (1863) and 1874 remains a mystery.

It is believed, however, that he abandoned the family's farm to become a wanderer. Records show that by 1874, he had arrived at Lincoln County, New Mexico. Bowdre became friends with Doc Scurlock during this time, and the two men opened a cheese factory on the Gila River. He also joined Scurlock on several posses during this period, pursuing cattle thieves and rustlers, on several occasions taking part in the lynching of those captured. On July 18, 1876, Bowdre, Scurlock, Frank Coe, George Coe, and Ab Saunders stormed the very weak Lincoln jail, freeing cattle rustler Jesus Largo from the custody of Sheriff Saturnino Baca, taking Largo outside of town and hanging him. No charges were ever filed for the event. On August 5, 1877, he and a companion were arrested for "shooting up" the town of Lincoln while intoxicated.

Lincoln County War
With the outbreak of the Lincoln County War in 1878, Bowdre sided with the Tunstall-McSween side, and he met Billy the Kid, Jose Chavez y Chavez and the rest of the Kid's associates, including Richard M. Brewer and Jim French, George Coe and Frank Coe. During the conflict, he was known to have been present with his fellow Regulators when William Morton, Frank Baker, and William McCloskey were killed along the Blackwater Creek on March 9, 1878. Bowdre was shot by Buckshot Roberts during the Gunfight of Blazer's Mills on April 4, 1878, and in turn shot Roberts. Bowdre would be charged with killing Buckshot Roberts during the Blazer's Mills Gunfight. He was also present in the July 15–19, 1878 Battle of Lincoln.

After the Lincoln County War
Bowdre worked as a cowboy on the ranches of Thomas Yerby and Pete Maxwell as the war went on, as well as being an active participant. Bowdre married a twenty-five-year-old Mexican woman, Manuela Herrera, some months before his death.

Manuela was a sister to Doc Scurlock's wife, María Antonia Miguela Herrera, known as Antonia. The fact that he was recently married when he died perhaps suggests that he would have been less likely to have been involved in the gang's activities during the few weeks that passed between his marriage and his death.

By December 1880, Charlie Bowdre was ready to quit riding with Billy the Kid and surrender for the murder of Buckshot Roberts, but he still joined the rest of the gang on a mission to ambush Pat Garrett in Fort Sumner.

A gun battle ensued, but Bowdre and most of the Kid's gang members escaped alive. On December 23, however, the gang was holed up in a rock house at Stinking Springs, New Mexico.

At dawn, Bowdre emerged to feed the horses and was riddled with rifle slugs by Garrett's posse, which had surrounded the building in the night. After being riddled with bullets he fell back into the doorway where, at the urging of Billy the Kid to "take a few of them with you when you die", Bowdre made a valiant exit.

Unfortunately, he was already too weak and near death at that point and couldn't get his gun out of his holster. In the last seconds of his life he stumbled and fell towards Garrett repeating the phrase, "I wish...I wish..."

His remains were returned to his wife, and he was interred next to Tom O'Folliard, another member of Billy's gang. They were joined later by Billy himself, after he was killed in July 1881.

Portrayals
Charlie Bowdre was played by James Congdon in the 1958 film The Left Handed Gun, by Ron Soble in the John Wayne film Chisum, and by Charles Martin Smith in Sam Peckinpah's Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid (1973).

In the 1988 film Young Guns, he is portrayed by actor Casey Siemaszko. The circumstances of his death were the basis of a scene in Young Guns II, however, in the movie, Doc Scurlock played by Kiefer Sutherland, is the one who meets his fate outside the hut, and not Bowdre. Actor Chris Bylsma was cast as Bowdre in the film The Kid directed by Vincent D'Onofrio.

title: Charlie Bowdre


text:
Wick River

Wick River, known also as River Wick, is a river in Caithness in Highland, Scotland. It has its source at the confluence of Scouthal Burn and Strath Burn near Achingale Mill at the northern end of Bardarclay Moss in the Flow Country. The river estuary, is in the North Sea bay of Wick and is straddled by the town of Wick. The source is at a height of about 25 metres, about 11 kilometres west and 2 kilometres north of the estuary.

The river basin includes Loch Watten and Loch Tofingall to the west of the estuary, and Loch Hempriggs and the Loch of Yarrows  to the south/southwest.

Tributaries
Viewed upstream from the estuary, the river and its tributaries can be listed as follows:
 * Wick River
 * Burn of Newton
 * Loch Hempriggs
 * Burn of Thrumster
 * Loch of Yarrows
 * Burn of Gillock
 * Achairn Burn
 * Alt Beag-airighe
 * Camster Loch
 * Toftgunn headwaters
 * Loch Burn, Watten
 * Loch Watten
 * Scouthal Burn
 * Burn of Acharole
 * Loch Burn (Toftingall)
 * Loch of Toftingall
 * Strath Burn
 * Kensary Burn
 * Camster Burn, known also as Rowens Burn

Estuary
The Wick River estuary ranges from the vicinity of Wick Harbour to an area about 2.5 kilometres inland.

On both sides of the estuary, areas of Wick are built on artificial embankment which have narrowed the river channel, or have fixed a channel where otherwise the area would be more that of tidal beach.

Bridges
The river is spanned by one railway, three roads and two footbridges. In order from the sea, they are:
 * Within Wick, the Harbour Bridge spans the river at its mouth, to link Wick town centre with Wick Harbour and Pulteneytown. It stands instead of the earlier Service Bridge.
 * Also in Wick, the river is spanned by the main road linking John o' Groats with Latheron and Inverness (the A99-A9). The bridge here is known as the Bridge of Wick and it carries an extension of Wick’s Bridge Street.
 * Around 500 metres west of the Bridge of Wick, a footbridge spans the river via an island in the river, and this serves as a link between recreational meadows on the north and south banks.
 * About halfway between the footbridge and the railway bridge there is another footbridge.
 * Around 300 metres east of Mary Ford, the river is crossed by the railway which links the burgh of Wick with the burgh of Thurso and the city of Inverness.
 * In Watten, the river is crossed by the main highway, A882, linking Wick with Thurso, known as Achingale Bridge.

title: Wick River


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Darren Burch

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:36, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Darren Burch
Wrote the allegedly renowned 'Audio Visual Technician' handbook series. But he doesn't google. Notable or not able? Radiant! 10:52, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 15:01, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Well, Radiant!, my research would indicate the latter. One Google result that is obviously contributed by the same person who wrote this to another open access dictionary. No Amazon results for the book series ... or the author, for that matter! Survey says ... HyperZonk 17:17, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, self-promotion. Wyss 19:33, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - 2 Google hits, possible vanity. Megan1967 04:53, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Playboy (Brazil)

The Brazilian edition of Playboy was a local franchise of Playboy magazine. Established in 1975 by Editora Abril, it was only the fourth overall international version of the magazine, following Germany, Italy and France.

History
When Editora Abril founder Victor Civita asked his son Roberto Civita to drop his job at the Tokyo offices of Time in 1958 to instead join him at Abril, Roberto accepted on the condition that he could create three new publications: a Time-like weekly news magazine (Veja), a Fortune-like business magazine (Exame), and the last of those to get into print, a local issue of Playboy.

By the mid-1970s, Roberto had struck a deal with Playboy Enterprises, and was asked by his father to consult the Ministry of Justice given the military dictatorship in place had a censorship policy on the press. Minister Armando Falcão vetoed the publication, saying that "no publication under the name Playboy in Brazil, no matter its content." Seeing a loophole, Roberto submitted the already done preprint for issue 1 under the name A Revista do Homem (Men's Magazine), and got approved. The first issue of Homem got on newsstands in August 1975, and the magazine was allowed to use its trademark name only as of 1978.

The Brazilian edition follows the general guidelines of the original magazine in the United States, featuring the trademark sections of the magazine, such as the monthly interview, the 20 Questions interview and the centerfold pictorial featuring the "Miss of the month", which most of the time, but not always, coincides with the month's "star" (cover). But the Brazilian installment has some sections of its own, such as Coelhinhas (Bunnies), which features unknown models photographed by freelance photographers (not affiliated with the magazine), and Click, which features candid pictures of celebrities of all calibers in seemingly revealing situations.

The magazine in Brazil also makes a much heavier use of celebrities to attract its target public, especially telenovela actresses and TV hostesses. This strategy is facilitated by the Brazilian general perception of the Playboy magazine as a tasteful medium for nude pictorials, as opposed to other adult magazines published in the country. This perception also attracts young models looking to use the exposition to launch their careers. Playboy also makes extensive use of circumstantial celebrities, such as stage assistants from TV shows or women who took part recently in TV reality shows.

In that aspect, the Brazilian version of the reality show Big Brother, created by Dutch production company Endemol and produced in Brazil by Globo TV, has been the main source of models for the magazine. Between May 2002 (about two months after the first season concluded on Globo) and August 2007, 13 female participants from that reality show have posed for the magazine, always on the cover; and two of them (Sabrina Sato and Antonela Avellaneda) posed twice, for a total of 15 covers on the magazine. Playboy has not, however, monopolized the nude or revealing pictorials featuring former participants of the TV show, since a few of the participants ultimately chose to appear in other adult publications, such as SEXY Magazine and the lad magazine VIP the last one, also from Abril). In a few of those cases, however, Playboy was not interested in signing on the former participants because it had been revealed that they had already posed for competing publications prior to participating in the reality show on Globo TV.

The record holders for most covers are actress and former model Luma de Oliveira, and dancer Scheila Carvalho, with a total of five covers each (Luma: September 1987, March 1988, March 1990, May 2001 and January 2005; Scheila: February 1998, September 1999, November 2000, December 2001, April 2009). The best-selling issue is the December 1999 issue with Joana Prado "Feiticeira" in the cover, with 1.25 million magazines sold.

In September 2006, Brazilian Playboy featured three Varig air hostesses (Juliana Neves, Sabrina Knop and Patricia Kreusburg) posing nude. At the time Varig was becoming defunct and the magazine's editors decided to follow the steps of the American edition, which featured nude employees of another defunct company, Enron.

In 2015, the fortieth year of publication, Abril decided to stop publishing Playboy due to costs given the diminishing circulation could not offset the licensing royalties. Eventually a new deal was set with PBB Entertainment to relaunch the publication starting in March 2016. After ten print issues of irregular periodicity, PBB announced on April 2018 the next editions would be digital. In July of the same year, it was confirmed the Brazilian Playboy was being shut down, with PBB Entertainment having ended the contract with PLBY Group a few months prior.

title: Playboy (Brazil)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dan Dreifort

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:36, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dan Dreifort
Literal transcription of a review article, very POV and suspected copyvio (even though it says 'used with permission'). Definitely not encyclopedic, if Dan is notable I'd suggest a new article be started from scratch. Radiant! 10:56, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Clearly the author of this drivel has never seen the inside of an encyclopedia: this article doesn't belong in one. Trilobite (Talk) 15:00, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, paste-copied teen-mag wannabe fluff piece, no article here, move along. Wyss 19:35, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV cut-and-paste article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 04:51, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, quickly, before anyone sees this and suggests we start Wikiteenia. BenSamples 21:15, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Thomas Muir of Huntershill

Untitled
I think the term "revolutionary" is not strictly accurate when used to describe Thomas Muir of Huntershill. Revolution was not his intention. Political reform was. Some might comment that this is splitting hairs, but he never advocated revolution. Thomas Muir (no relation) Vatos 16.02.2005 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.205.214.107 (talk) 10:57, 16 February 2005 (UTC)

Vancouver Island
Landing him on Vancouver Island, around 1796, seems a very odd thing to do. It was then inhabited only by Native Americans, and was not to be "colonised" for another 50 years. This page gives his landing-place not as Vancouver Island but as California, which looks much more plausible. Maproom (talk) 10:29, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

 * This has now been explained. Maproom (talk) 10:27, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Only just stumbled upon this page--never heard of the guy either. But for a merchant ship based out of Boston with the tell-tale name Otter to first anchor on the Northwest Coast in Nootka Sound in 1796 was practically standard procedure. See maritime fur trade for more on the trade. The Pacific was rapidly becoming less "largely uncharted" by 1796, and cross-ocean traffic was booming--although Australia was still rather peripheral. For a Boston maritime fur trading ship to sail to Australia first, then to the Northwest Coast is surprising. Must have been some kind of payback to offset the cost, I would think. Plus, arriving at Nootka in June was rather late in the trading season--quite a financial risk. Also, interesting early non-British visit to Port Jackson--just a few years after Alessandro Malaspina visited. History is such a tangled web. I like it when something I know about intersects with something I know nothing about. Pfly (talk) 09:33, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I stumbled upon Muir by chance in Tablet of the Times (Bennington, Vermont) Vol. I, Issue 7 (Thursday, Feb 16, 1797), where it says "Thomas Muir... has effected his escape from the place of his banishment to Nootka Sound, from whence he travelled over land through Mexico, and crossed to the eastern side of the Gulph, and thence to the Havannah, where he was taken up by the government there, and put in confinement as a British subject." Whether correct or not, this is the news as received at the time, though I would agree that Otter is a strong indication in favor of the story. Libaki (talk) 20:05, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

copyvio
About 26 May 2009 this article took a size jump from about 4k to over 40k. Most of the content was copied from here. I'll be filing a copyvio notice directly. Brad (talk) 07:09, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

 * THanks you ae correct. I have restored the article to the version immediately prior to the copyvio. It can be rebuilt from there.--Scott Mac 10:27, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I have handled a ticket on OTRS confirming the release of material relating to Thomas Muir on that website. Anyone who wishes to readd the previously removed info is free to do so. Regards, MacMedtalk stalk 03:23, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

copyvio
not sure why its a copy vio. Michael Donnelly has give permission to use his research/article. dumgoyne Dumgoyne (talk) 21:09, 6 March 2012 (UTC

Wrong
Muir's fate following Sydney seems to be quite wrong. According to The Fatal Shore, the Otter was a trade ship that agreed to help him escape, not a "rescue" vessel; he voluntarily transferred to a spanish ship in Alaskan waters because they heard there was a British vessel in the area; he travelled overland from Monterey to the Caribbean; he went to Cuba hoping to find passage to the USA, but war broke out with Spain and he was arrested; he was sent back to spain as a prisoner but was captured by a British vessel, but was so badly mutilated from the battle that they didn't recognise him; he then escaped to paris with the help of friends. 60.241.84.118 (talk) 06:17, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

article restored
Michael Donnelly has generously given permission to use his article Dumgoyne (talk) 23;13 july 2012 — Preceding undated comment added 22:11, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

He got married at the age of minus one
See "In this business venture he achieved considerable success and by the time of his marriage in 1764 he was firmly established as a hop-merchant ..." in "Early Years" section.

It should read: "By the time he got married in 1764, he was already established as a hop-merchant. In the year following he achieved considerable success and was born ..." ? Georgeblake (talk) 20:14, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

The image is not of Thomas Muir
The painting is of Pie O My from the HBO Series The Sopranos. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.79.35.18 (talk) 05:45, 5 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Muir of Huntershill


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Datum references

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. The article defaults to "keep." Joyous 20:04, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Datum references
This should belong in a manual of crafts. The description of datum references could go into wiktionary, but the explanation of how to fix them doesn't sound very encyclopedic to me. Radiant! 10:57, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've seen worse. Trilobite (Talk) 15:03, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, skive off the latin and it's a fuzzy how-to on setting up to square a corner. Unhelpful, not encyclopedic. I've seen worse, too. Wyss 19:31, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no context --nixie 00:45, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Needs cleanup and expansion. Megan1967 07:21, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Perpetuum mobile

Revolutionary Étude
I believe that Chopin's Revolutionary Étude is a perpetuum mobile. Am I right? --Stratford15 01:51, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Remote Control Productions/Media Ventures
I have noticed a recurring "moving eighth note line" in much of Hans Zimmer and his coworkers' work. The notes (accompaniment) aren't actually a melody, but rather along the lines of FFDDFFDDFFDDFFDD etc. Is this an example of Perpetuum mobile? (If one needs to hear an example, look up "07 Bumblebee" from Steve Jablonsky's score to the film "Transformers". It will be in string instruments (starting around C3 and ascending in pitch) around 1:35 to 2:45 (most audible around 2:38) in the track. (It continues on in percussion.)  -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 02:49, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The page shows two different definitions of the term. What you have shown appears to fit the second definition, where the accompanying bassline repeats for a long time. (I suppose Pachelbel's Canon fits this as well, given the eight cello notes that repeat throughout the piece?) Aurora   Illumina  02:51, 5 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Except that happens in most pieces, does it not? The example here is more centered on the moving eighth notes, as it is not simply background.  -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 03:19, 5 February 2010 (UTC)
 * That's an ostinato, not a "P. M.". And a piece with a repeating bass line is a passacaglia, not a "P. M." either... -- megA (talk) 09:15, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

Examples
I didn't bother digging into the history, but I suspect that the examples were originally chosen to only refer to the second type of perpetuum mobile (repeating movements without stopping melody). However there are clearly now examples that fit the first description (fast continuous notes for an extended period), so I reorganized the page and altered the wording to simply make the examples a separate section, since they no longer belonged under the second type.

I do think it would be valuable to sort out the examples to indicate which of the two types they are, but the information simply isn't there currently to do so. If people tag each of the examples with what type they are, we can go back through and split them into two groups. 72.86.22.222 (talk) 23:17, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Mistake
The year 2000 belongs to the 20th century, not 21st. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.200.65.105 (talk) 11:14, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation key
Currently, despite saying "Latin and English pronunciation", the pronunciation key pertains exclusively to English, with nothing for Latin. Is there enough of a consensus on Latin pronunciation to add it to the key, or should references to Latin be moved to a different part of the first paragraph outside of the pronunciation key to maintain accuracy? AnonymousMusician (talk) 02:18, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perpetuum mobile


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/De Piro

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 20:07, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Later edit: Although the consensus of this discussion was "delete", this article and other have been discussed at Deletion policy/Maltese nobility, where the general consensus seems to be that these articles should be kept and cleaned up. This article has now been tagged for cleanup. Joyous 19:09, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

De Piro
Place this page for deletion as I ve merged it with Buttigieg_De_Piro so this page is no longer needed.Tancarville 1500, July 9, 2007 (UTC) Another article about Maltese nobility, listed because several articles (see feb/15) are already under suspicion. Should follow the same consensus as those. Radiant! 11:00, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dumping vast quantities of text written elsewhere and for other purposes into Wikipedia is in general a bad idea. The author can keep it on their personal research site. If it's useful stuff someone will incorporate it into Wikipedia one day and make a proper job of it. Trilobite (Talk) 15:04, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I know nothing about Maltese history but some of these people seem to be fairly notable and the family probably is. But unless the author is prepared to release it under GFDL I don't see how it could be kept. Abstaining for now. / u p p l a n d 15:16, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, more Maltese political agenda dumping on WP. Wyss 19:29, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/De Piro


text:
Ngee Ann City

Ngee Ann City is a shopping and commercial centre located on Orchard Road, Singapore. The S$520 million building was officially opened on 21 September 1993 by then-Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong.

Ngee Ann City currently houses the High Commission of New Zealand, on the 15th floor of Tower A.

History
In the 1950s, the land that Ngee Ann City sits on was a burial ground, owned and managed by Ngee Ann Kongsi. It was part of a parcel of land known as Tai Shan Ting, which was bounded by Orchard Road, Paterson Road, and Grange Road. A ten-storey Ngee Ann Building was then built on the site, and was demolished to make way for Ngee Ann City.

Redevelopment of the site was first considered as early as 1967. Ngee Ann City was planned by Ngee Ann Development and the Orchard Square Development Corporation in the late 1980s. Raymond Woo, the architect who designed the complex, drew inspiration from the Great Wall of China. The intent was to reflect the dignity, solidity and strength of the Ngee Ann Kongsi. Wong spent five years designing and overseeing the project.

Work on Ngee Ann City began 22 years after the project was first proposed. The construction of the S$520 million complex took four years. Ngee Ann City was officially opened by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong on 21 September 1993.

The National Trade Union Congress' radio operation, Radio Heart, opened its satellite studios at Ngee Ann City in July 1993.

Takashimaya Department Store had its month-long opening celebrations in October 1993.

Facilities

Ngee Ann City has two office towers, Tower A and B which are both 26 storeys high. Among its many shops are the Takashimaya department store and Kinokuniya, the second-largest bookstore in Southeast Asia. Until 2007, it housed the library@orchard, part of the National Library Board on the 5th floor. Ngee Ann City is also home to the largest Best Denki in Singapore, known as Big Best. In 2005, the shopping mall opened an art and creativity section on the 4th floor called iFORUM, the first of its kind in Singapore.

When Ngee Ann City opened in 1993, Tangs Studio (a division of Tangs) occupied three floors of the building at the Tower B section of the building. A few years later, Level 2 of the department store was closed in 1999 due to poor business. This part of the mall became part of the speciality shop section (mainly branded boutiques) on the mall on Level 2, Books Kinokuniya on Level 3, and a shop section mainly children's boutiques and shops on Level 4 that was converted to iForum in 2005. The top floor of the mall, Level 5, was part of the upper level carpark. In 1997, the 5th floor was converted to retail space.

The Civic Plaza is where roadshows, concerts, functions, performances and activities are held. There is a fountain at the front of the Civic Plaza facing Orchard Road. The building is connected by underpasses to Wisma Atria, ION Orchard, Wheelock Place, Isetan and Lucky Plaza.

A 24-screen video wall, touted as the first in South East Asia, is located at the Takashimaya Square.

The two towers of Ngee Ann City were intended by the designer to symbolise Chinese door gods, representing strength, generosity, and unity. Tenants in the office tower include Takashimaya Singapore, Books Kinokuniya, Metro department store, Ngee Ann Development, some private office tenants and a medical floor on Level 8 of Tower B.

Toshin Development Singapore Pte. Ltd. manages the speciality stores area of Takashimaya Shopping Centre located from basement 2 to level 4 of Ngee Ann City, covering over 370,000 square feet.

title: Ngee Ann City