text:
Irinjalakuda

Irinjalakuda is a municipal town in Thrissur district, Kerala, India. It is the headquarters of Irinjalakuda Revenue Division, Thrissur Rural Police and Mukundapuram Taluk. After Thrissur, this town has most number of administrative, law-enforcement, and judicial offices in the district. The place is well known for Koodalmanikyam Temple and the Thachudaya Kaimals, who had princely status until 1971. The earliest recorded history of this temples date back to the ninth century of Common Era (CE).

Etymology
The name Irinjalakuda has been derived from "Iru" and "Chaal", meaning two streams. According to another legend, the origin of the name Irinjalakuda came from 'Irinjalikoodal'. 'Koodal' simply means merge, merging of two rivers. So it shows that Irinjalakuda may have gradually developed, from 'Irinjalikoodal', which derived from 'Inangikoodal', which means merge. At present there is no river in Irinjalakuda, only the myth of the river.

Irinjalakuda can be derived from 'iru njyaala koda' ( ഇരുഞാലകൊട) i.e., donation of two worlds, which is what Mahabali is said to have done in the story of the Vaamanaavataaram.

Mythological history and legends
According to Hindu mythology, Irinjalakuda was created by sage Parashurama. According to Keralolpatthi, Irinjalakuda was the head of some of the 64 gramas (village governing bodies) established in Kerala. (32 Malayala gramas and Thulu half-grama Manjeswaram in present-day Kerala, and 31 1/2 Thulu gramas in coastal Karnataka.) Irinjalakuda was one of the most prominent among these gramas (village societies). Boundaries of this grama extend up to Aloor in the east and Kakkathuruthi in the west and later extended to Koodapuzha in the east. Like the other gramas, this grama also followed Sankara Smruthi (a modified form of the 'Chathurvarnia' system of society with some Kerala model variations which lay upon caste system based on the 'Manusmruthi').

Another legend suggests that the origin of the name Irinjalakuda were traditionally associated as "Irunnu Salayil Koodai" and "Virinja Alu Kuda". A huge Banyan tree still stands in the centre of the Irinjalakuda, spreading its branches to the sky like an umbrella.

The Thachudaya Kaimal is a spiritual dignitary of Kerala Hindus and the temporal ruler of the Koodalmanikyam Temple and its Estates. The line goes back into antiquity and is mentioned in the Skanda Purana. The Arms of the Kaimal and that of the temple bear the insignia of a coiled conch shell with the words 'Manikkam Keralar'. With the 26th amendment of the Indian constitution in 1971, the Princely order in India was abolished and the Thachudaya Kaimals lost their position in the temple and its estates. It is now managed by a Trust managed by the District Collector although a vestige of former power lies in his being the chief trustee of the temple.

The Devaswom was allotted land to accommodate institutions such as the Christ College, and for public use to facilitate development activities in the region. Much land that belonged to Koodalmanikyam was subjected to encroachment.

Recorded history
The following text is a translation of the scholarly work titled 'Koodalmanikyam Temple and Kerala Society': "The Iringalakuda temple is centuries old, regardless of the oral stories. The stone inscriptions found inside the temple are proof of this. The inscriptions on two stones lying on the north side of the temple shrine were noticed by the authorities and in nineteen forties they were placed on the western wall of the temple and preserved. The Malayalam script text of these documents was published in the Bulletin of the Ramavarma Institute Volume IX Part 1 and became an authoritative proof of the temple's antiquity. Today there are two inscriptions on the walls of the temple namely Sthanuravi Inscription and Bhaskaranambiranar Inscription. The Sthanuravi inscription was written in the 11th regnal year of Cheraman Perumal. It is estimated to be common year 854. This inscription consists of twelve lines. Many of the letters have faded away as people have stepped on them for a long time"

The second record, the Bhaskaranambiranar record, dates back to the 10th century. It is believed to have been written between 950 and 1000 AD. There are nineteen lines in this inscription. It can be assumed that the letters have not faded much compared to the first inscription. In this inscription, the deity of Kudalmanikya is described as 'Thiruvirungadi Kudal Thiruvadi'.

Two similar words irangadi(kkuta) and irangadikudal are found in both the inscriptions respectively. It is only that the epithet Thiru has been added in the second inscription. It is clear from this that the name Iringalakuda came from this old place name and the deity here was described as 'Thiruviringadikudal Thiruvadi' as early as the 10th century.

There are those who argue that it can be understood from this record that it had already become a Brahminical temple in the 10th century AD. There is also a belief that this temple was a Jain center before it became a Brahminical temple. One of the major temples nearby, Trikanamatilakam, was a Jain center.

Some suggest that the Koodalmanikya is an idol of the Jain Tirthankara Bharateshvara in the Digabara form. They believe that the temple became a Brahminical center as part of the Hindu revival in the 8th century. In Manipravala's work 'Kokilasandesa', it is mentioned that women were not allowed to enter the Koodalmanikyam temple. There are those who read in connection with this remark the fact that women are not admitted in Jain temples. Thachudayakaimal, the last ruler of the temple, has refuted this claim.

Place name scholars say that the word Iringa in Iringalakuda refers to the Jain center. Also, V.V.K. said that the two-storied Jain temples are referred to as 'koodam'. Historians such as Wallat point out this.

Later History
In 1762, Maharaja Kingdom of Cochin formed Mukundapuram taluk by adding Mapranam nadu and parts of Nandilathu nadu to Mukundapuram nadu (Muriyanadu). In the last decade of the 18th Century, the last Naduvazhi Nambiar of Mukundapuram nadu (Murija nadu) died and Sakthan Thampuran confiscated all the powers and properties of Mukundapuram Nambiar and Mapranam Nambiar. Sakthan Thampuran divided old Mukundapuram Taluk into six properties: 1) Thazhekkad 2) Areepalam, 3) Mukundapuram (Nadavarambu) 4) Mapranam 5) Palathungal (Nandikkara) 6) Puthukkad for administrative and revenue purposes. Five more properties were added to Mukundapuram Taluk afterward: Kodassery (Chalakudy), Thirumukkulam (Kuzhur), Koratty (Adur), Pathinettarayalam (Edavilangu). and Malayattoor. Tipu Sultan's Army was based at Thazhekkad Property of Mukundapuram Taluk on 24 December 1789 to attack the Nedumkotta which is situated in the middle of Kochi Kingdom and was known as Travancore lines and attacked KonurKottavathil in January 1790.

When new Chalakudy taluk was formed in 2013 by bifurcating Mukundapuram taluk, it lost more than 50% of its territory.

Culture
Irinjalakuda has a rich cultural history associated with the UNESCO-recognised classical dance form Koodiyattam.

Natanakairali - Research Training and Performing Centre for Traditional Arts, Irinjalakuda, is a prominent institution that imparts training on this ancient art form. Government-aided Unnayi Warrier Smaraka Kalanilayam near Koodalmanikyam temple trains artists in Kathakali. The town also has other institutions that give training on classical dance forms and theatre arts. Walden Pond House is another cultural space in the town where artists and movie makers gather for workshops and movie shoots.

Entertainment
There are a number of good cinema halls in the town. JK Cinemas with two screens (Located in Kizhuthani), Chembakassery Movies with three screens, MAS Movies with two screens and Varna Cinemas with a single screen (Mapranam) are the major theatres in the town. Besides this, the town often hosts various cultural programmes organised by socio-cultural organisations.

Demographics
India census, Irinjalakuda had a population of 28,741. With the amalgamation of Porathissery Panchayath with the municipality, the total population has crossed 50,000. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Irinjalakuda has an average literacy rate of 96% which is much higher than the national average of 74.65%. While male literacy stands at 97.12%, female literacy is 94.56%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Religion
Its St. Thomas Cathedral is the episcopal see of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Irinjalakuda (Chaldean = Syro-Oriental Rite).

Before the arrival of Tipu Sulthan to Mukundapuram Taluk in December 1789 the headquarters of Padruado Archbishops of Cranganore (Kodungallur) of Nazranis (Padruado faction of Syro Malabar Catholic Church ) was at Pookkatt (Aripalam). (See Varthamanapusthakam of Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar, Gobernador and ArchaDeacon of late eighteenth century). Sakthan Thampuran brought four Christian families for improving commerce and trade to the place known as ‘Chanthappura’. When they struck gold in this field, more of this community migrated from Kombara chantha and settled in the area and now it became one of the strongholds of this community. Besides Hindu and Christian communities this area consists of Muslims. Karukulangara Narasimhaswamy Temple, Irinjalakuda, north west side, about 1.5 km from the Irinjalakuda municipal bus stand, a famous and oldest temple of Irinjalakuda

Governance

Irinjalakuda is governed by Irinjalakuda Municipality. The municipality was formed on 8 February 1936 with an area of 11.24 square kilometres. K.I. Varunny was the first municipal chairman and the municipality was divided into 22 electoral wards. Now, the Municipality has 41 wards. Irinjalakuda is the headquarters of the Mukundapuram Taluk and is a Grade-I municipality. Irinjalakuda Revenue Division was formed in May 2018. It is headed by a Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO). The office is situated in the Mini Civil Station Annexe building. The revenue division comprises Mukundapuram, Chalakudy and Kodungallur taluks.

As the second-most important administrative town in the district, Irinjalakuda houses a large number of government offices, most of them situated at the mini civil station and its annex buildings near Porathissery.

 Irinjalakuda Courts & Judicial Offices
 * Additional District and Sessions Court/ Motor Accident Claims Tribunal
 * Family Court
 * Fast Track Special Court (POCSO cases)
 * Principal Sub Court/Principal Assistant Sessions Court/Commercial Court -I
 * Additional Sub Court/Additional Assistant Sessions Court/Commercial Court- II
 * Judicial First Class Magistrate Court-1
 * Principal Munsif Court/Judicial First Class Magistrate Court-3
 * Additional Munsif Court/Judicial First Class Magistrate Court-2
 * Taluk Legal Services Committee
 * Mediation Sub Centre
 * Office of the Additional Public Prosecutor cum Government Pleader

A new judicial complex is under construction near the civil station to house all judicial offices in the town.

Irinjalakuda has a special sub jail, which is functioning near the civil station complex. A land tribunal to provide land deeds and to dispose of land transfer disputes is functioning at the civil station. The tribunal started functioning in 2019.

The chairperson of the municipality is Smt Sonia Giri. The MLA of the Irinjalakuda legislative constituency is Dr. R. Bindu. Irinjalakuda assembly constituency was a part of Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency) till 2009 Lonappan Nambadan was the last Loksabha MP of Mukundapuram. From 2009, Irinjalakuda is now a part of Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency).

The MP of Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency is Suresh Gopi.

Important government offices
 * Revenue Divisional Office (RDO) /Sub Divisional Magistrate Court (SDM) /Maintenance Tribunal
 * Mukundapuram Taluk office
 * District Education Office
 * Rural District Treasury
 * KSEB Circle & Division offices
 * KSEB Transmission Division & 110KV substation (being upgraded to 220KV)
 * Excise Circle and Range offices
 * Postal Division office
 * Head Post Office and State Speedpost Centre
 * Water Authority PH Division
 * State GST Tax Payers' Division Deputy Commissioner office and SGST Circle office
 * State GST Audit Division Deputy Commissioner office
 * Factories and Boilers division office
 * Central Excise and Central GST Range office
 * PWD Roads Subdivision
 * PWD Buildings Subdivision
 * PWD Special Buildings Section
 * State Lottery Sub-office
 * Land Tribunal office
 * Koodal Manikyam Devaswam Board office
 * Sub Registrar's office
 * Cashew Workers Welfare Board Inspector office
 * Headload Workers Welfare Board office
 * Mukundapuram Sub Treasury
 * Dairy Development office
 * Labour office
 * Sub Regional Transport office
 * KSRTC Operating Centre
 * Taluk Statistical office
 * Taluk Industries office
 * Taluk Welfare Office
 * Assistant Registrar (General) & Assistant Director (Audit) of Cooperative Societies
 * Assistant Director of Agriculture
 * Agmark Laboratory
 * Parasite Breeding Station
 * Employees State Insurance Corporation
 * Taluk Supply Office
 * Minor Irrigation Sub Division
 * BSNL Sub Division
 * Legal Metrology
 * Employment Exchange
 * Irinjalakuda Block office
 * Irinjalakuda, Manavalassery, Porathissery, Madayikkonam Village offices
 * Veterinary Poly Clinic
 * Sub-district Water Quality Testing Laboratory
 * Government Textbook Depot
 * Food Safety Circle office

Besides, most nationalised banks, new generation private banks, and old private-sector banks have branches in Irininjalakuda. Both South Indian Bank and Federal Bank have their regional offices here.

Police offices

 * Thrissur Rural Police headquarters
 * Superintendent of Police office
 * Additional SP office
 * DYSP Crime Branch office
 * DYSP Special Branch Office
 * DYSP Crime Records Bureau
 * Irinjalakuda DYSP office
 * Irinjalakuda Police Station
 * Subdivisional Police Training Centre
 * Thrissur Rural Vanitha Police Station
 * Thrissur Rural Cyber Crime Police Station
 * Thrissur Rural Command and Control Centre
 * Thrissur Rural Dog Squad
 * Thrissur Rural District Forensic Science Laboratory
 * Thrissur Rural Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)
 * Thrissur Rural HOPE

Thrissur Rural Police office started functioning at Irinjalakuda on 14 May 2023. It was inaugurated by Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan.

Road
Irinjalakuda is located on State Highway 22 (Kerala), which links to major national highways NH 47, which is located around 16km from the town, and NH 66, which is located around 9km away, in the State. Two major roads State Highway 22 (Kerala) (Kodungallur-Shornur) Road and State Highway 61 (Kerala) (Potta-Moonupeedika) criss-crosses Irinjalakuda town. Besides, several MDRs (Major District Roads) connect the town with villages in the interior parts of the western and eastern sides of the town. These include Irinjalakuda-Kattoor road, Irinjalakuda-Porathissery Road, Mapranam-Nandhikkara road and Mapranam Karalam road.

KSRTC bus station is situated behind the Koodalmanikyam temple. KSRTC bus services are available to state capital Trivandrum, Ernakulam/Vyttila Hub, Kottayam, Kollam, Kozhikode, Palakkad, Munnar, Mananthavady, Perikkallur, Sulthan Bathery, Perinthalmanna, Pala, Mysore, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Tiruchy, Thanjavur and Velankanni. Besides, plenty of private buses are available from Irinjalakuda to various places within the district and towns in neighbouring districts. For those travelling from southern parts of the state, Chalakudy is the major roadhead to proceed towards Irinjalakuda. Private buses frequently ply between Chalakudy and Irinjalakuda. For travellers from northern Kerala, buses are available from Thrissur Shakthan Thampuran private bus stand.

Railways
The nearest railway station is the Irinjalakuda Railway Station which is about 8 km east of the town at Kallettumkara. Irinjalakuda Railway Station is managed by the Southern Railway of Indian Railways. A total of 39 trains, including superfast, express and passenger trains, have stoppage here. Thrissur railway station is the nearest major railhead with stop for all trains, which is just 22 km from Irinjalakuda.

Irinjalakuda Sorting (Railway Mail Services) also functions at Kallettumkara in the premises of post office. There are daily trains available from Irinjalakuda to Chennai, Bengaluru, Mangaluru, Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatore, Madurai, Trivandrum, Kozhikode, Vijayawada, Nagpur, Pune, Tirupati/Renigunta, Warangal and Salem.

Nearest Airport
The nearest airport is the Cochin International Airport at Nedumbassery, which is 38 km away. The airport is well connected to all major airports in India and also connected to many foreign cities. Direct flights are available to Chennai, New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, and Kolkata.

Healthcare
Irinjalakuda has several hospitals and health clinics. Most important among them are Government General Hospital (Tana), Irinjalakuda Cooperative Hospital (Nadavaramba), Lal Memorial Hospital (Mapranam), Sacred Heart Mission Hospital (Pullur), Government Ayurveda Hospital (AKP Junction) and Marina Hospital (Tana). Another prominent healthcare facility is the National Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (NIPMR) at Kallettumakara.

Educational Organizations
Between the 14th and 16th Century, it was a center of learning. Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics which was believed to be founded here, made major contributions in Algebra, Arithmetic, Astronomy, Calculus, Geometry, Infinite Series, and Linguistics. St. Joseph’s College, Irinjalakuda is the only institution in Kerala offering government aided B.Sc. Biotechnology course.

Colleges
 * Christ College, Irinjalakuda
 * Christ College of Engineering, Irinjalakuda
 * Christ College of Physical Education, Irinjalakuda
 * St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda
 * Tharananellur College of Arts and Science, Thanissery
 * Universal College of Engineering, Vallivattom

STATE
 * Don Bosco Higher Secondary School
 * L. F. C. H. S. S., Irinjalakuda
 * S. N. H. S. S., Irinjalakuda
 * National Higher Secondary School
 * St Mary's Higher Secondary School
 * Govt Boys' Higher Secondary School
 * Govt Girls' Higher Secondary School

CBSE
 * Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Irinjalakuda
 * Santhinikethan Public School, Irinjalakuda

ICSE
 * DON Bosco Central School (ICSE)
 * Christ Vidya Nikethan

Language institute
 * Perfect English Academy

Notable people
Irinjalakuda has been the home of many notable people, including

 * Anand (born 1936), writer
 * Edavela Babu (born 1963), actor
 * Dr. R. Bindu, politician and Minister in the Government of Kerala
 * O. Chandrashekar (1935-2021), footballer
 * Innocent (1948-2023), actor, film producer, writer and politician
 * P. Jayachandran (born 1944), playback singer and actor
 * Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340 – c. 1425), mathematician and astronomer
 * Dr. M. Subhadra Nair (born 1929), gynaecologist, medical teacher and social worker
 * Anupama Parameswaran (born 1996), actress
 * James Pazhayattil (1934–2016) the Syro-Malabar Catholic hierarch, Bishop of Irinjalakuda,
 * Dr. K. Radhakrishnan (born 1949), space scientist
 * Jijoy Rajagopal (born 1976), film and theatre actor and academic
 * K. V. Ramanadhan (1932-2023), children's literature writer
 * K. Rekha (born 1975), short story writer and journalist
 * Meenakshi Thampan (born 1941), politician
 * Tovino Thomas (born 1989), actor and film producer
 * Sidin Vadukut (born 1979) columnist, writer and blogger
 * Govind Vasantha (born 1988), composer, singer, and violinist
 * N. C. Vasanthakokilam (1919–1951), carnatic singer and actress
 * Unnayi Variyar (17th/18th century), poet, writer and dramatist

Industries
Irinjalakuda is a centre of agro industries. The town is home to Kerala Solvent Extractions Limited (KSE Limited), which is a prominent cattlefeed manufacturing company in south India. State-owned cattlefeed manufacturing company Kerala Feeds Limited is located at Kallettumkara, around 2 km away from Irinjalakuda railway station and 9 km away from Irinjalakuda town. Irinjalakuda has several coconut oil manufacturing companies, including KLF and KPL oil mills. The neighbourhood of Irinjalakuda is home to three cashew processing factories, located at Pullur, Muriyad, and Aloor. The town and its neighbouring areas also host a number of bellmetal manufacturing units.

title: Irinjalakuda


text:
Talk:Henry Wade

"Wade never lost a case"
is a very sweeping statement - is there a source on that? Let me expound a bit on the problems with the statement: Since this article is a stub, obviously what is needed is some work by someone more familar with Wade's career. Ellsworth 19:17, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * As a prosecutor, it's very easy to stretch that claim - for instance, if you indict a defendant for murder and littering and the jury convicts him only of littering, that could be a "win".
 * Elected DA's in large jurisdictions rarely try cases themselves - administrative duties take up large amounts of their time. Thus, as DA, Wade may not have a long track record of trials (or maybe he did, but it would be nice to know.)
 * Conversely, in appeal cases, it is routine practice for the DA to always be (at least nominally) the lead counsel although usually the work of writing the briefs is done by his assitants. Does the statement suggest that the Dallas DA's office had never had a conviction reversed while Wade was serving there? That would be truly remarkable.
 * In another sense, Wade didn't actually "lose" the case as a prosecuting attorney - he was the named defendant in a civil suit, and most of the work of briefing and arguing was done by the Texas Attorney General's office.

"Never lost"
I haven't checked this comment for accuracy yet. The writer of the original stub might have meant that Wade never lost any of the cases he tried personally. That would actually not be all that implausible. The typical D.A.'s office wins the overwhelming majority of the cases taken to trial, and it's hard to imagine that the conservative, law-and-order minded Dallas County of the 1950s and 1960s would have been any sort of exception.

Article full of BS
This article is full of B.S. It really is, and I can't believe anyone actually typed it up, at least for the last section on Roe v. Wade. Here's why:

1. Henry Wade NEVER personally took part in Roe v. Wade. He did no actual work on the case on behalf of ANYONE; nothing! He was merely sued by Norma McCorvey, and all other subsequent legal work took place without him. He never even personally responded to the lawsuit. For the first phase of the trial, the work was done by a subordinate of his. During the second part, the state of Texas took over.

2. Wade never respresented the state of Texas, only his district. Big difference.

3. Norma McCorvey was NEVER charged with anything anywhere in Texas relating to abortion. There was no criminal offense penalizing getting an abortion, but providing one certainly was. This very point was central to Roe v. Wade, that there was nothing criminalising what she did.

4. Wade DID lose at least once, even if you consider Roe v. Wade to be his loss. His office lost, just as an example, one time because it neglected to file an answer (a response to a lawsuit) on time, which cost the DA's office $50, 000.

5. Regardless of who lost or won Roe v. Wade, the loser certainly wasn't Henry Wade, because he was never even present when the case was heard before the United States Supreme Court. He wasn't even present in the initial lawsuit in federal court.

6. The article says Wade was never blamed for the Roe v. Wade loss, but how could anyone blame him, when, if anyone, the Attorney's General office should be blamed? It was the office that stood before the Supreme Court in the first argument, and the re-argument. If someone is to blame, surely it's not someone who never even voiced a word.

Stiles 04:07, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

ugh!
This is not very helpfull... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.126.68.182 (talk) 20:36, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

middle name?
This article gives a middle name of 'Menasco', but I have seen many references to Henry B. Wade. In the transcript of the Roe v. Wade case it doesn't give a middle name. What is his actual name? Do we have a cite? T-bonham (talk) 06:21, 13 January 2010 (UTC) I hope this man is roasting in the ho9ttest part of hell. The reason he never lost a case is because he broke the law along with his flunkies in the dallas county D.A. office and wrongfully convicted more men than any other D.A. in recorded history. We are still cleaning up the mess he left. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.28.252.158 (talk) 20:15, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

The longest-serving
Is not Michael J. Satz the longest-serving prosecutor in US history? Mr. Satz is State Attorney for the 17th Judicial Circuit of Florida. Mr. Satz was elected in November of 1976 and has been re-elected every four years since.

official page: http://www.sao17.state.fl.us/mikesatz.htm

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Henry Wade. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091015095551/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKwadeH.htm to http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKwadeH.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:01, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

Thin Blue Line
The article says "...Wade was district attorney when Randall Dale Adams, the subject of the 1988 documentary film The Thin Blue Line, was wrongfully convicted in the murder of Robert Wood, a Dallas police officer."

Fair enough, but Wade wasn't the prosecutor in that case. That probably should be clarified.Rja13ww33 (talk) 23:22, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Henry Wade


text:
The Gulf Between

The Gulf Between is a 1917 American comedy-drama film that was the first motion picture made in Technicolor, the fourth feature-length color film, and the first feature-length color film produced in the United States. A copy of the film was destroyed in a fire on March 25, 1961 and the film is considered a lost film, with only very short fragments known to survive. These fragments are in the collections of the Margaret Herrick Library, George Eastman House Motion Picture Collection, and the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Photographic History Collection.

The Gulf Between, which had a running time of approximately 58 minutes, was directed by Wray Physioc. The lead roles were played by Grace Darmond and Niles Welch.

Plot
As described in the film magazine Exhibitors Herald, little Marie Farrell (Axzelle), through the carelessness of her nurse, is lost and believed drowned. She has wandered upon the ship of the smuggler Captain Flagg (Brandt), who finds her and brings her up as his own. Her parents adopt a boy to help them forget their grief.

The girl grows up with no memory of her former life. The adopted boy moves in the smart set in Mayport, and his parents try to make a match between him and a society girl. Marie (Darmond) is brought to her adoptive father's sister, as the old captain believes she should have the care of a loving woman. She meets young Richard Farrell (Welch) and the two come to love each other. The Farrells do everything they can to break up the couple, but with the help of the captain a marriage is accomplished. There is a stormy meeting between the bridal pair and the parents, during which the captain sees a portrait of Marie as a baby and, realizing the truth, tells the story of her life. The family is reunited and Marie and Richard spend their honeymoon on the captain's ship.

Cast

 * Grace Darmond as Marie
 * Niles Welch as Richard Farrell
 * Herbert Fortier as Robert Farrell
 * Violet Axzelle as a young Marie
 * Charles Brandt as Captain Flagg
 * Joseph Dailey as Cook
 * George De Carlton as Dutch
 * Caroline Harris as Mrs. Farrell
 * Virginia Lee as Millicent Dunston
 * Louis Montjoy
 * J. Noa as Pete

Production
The Gulf Between was filmed on location in Jacksonville, Florida in 1917 by the Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation, using its two-color "System 1", in which, by means of a prism beam splitter, two consecutive frames of a single strip of black-and-white film were photographed simultaneously, one behind a red filter and the other behind a green filter.

Release
After private trade showings in Boston on September 13, 1917, and at Aeolian Hall in New York City on September 21, 1917, it was released on February 25, 1918, to play one-week engagements on a tour of a few major Eastern cities, accompanied by the special two-aperture, two-lens, two-filter projector required to exhibit it. Because of the technical problems in keeping the red and green images aligned by prism during projection, it was the only motion picture made in Technicolor's System 1. Technicolor abandoned the additive color process of System 1, and began work on subtractive color processes that did not require a special projector.

Critical reception
Photoplay magazine complained that all colors were reduced into terms of reds and greens, and that "the story is dull, trite, and drawn out interminably."

title: The Gulf Between


text:
Norman Bottomley

Air chief marshal Sir Norman Howard Bottomley, (18 September 1891 – 13 August 1970) was the successor to Arthur 'Bomber' Harris as Commander-in-Chief of RAF Bomber Command in 1945.

RAF career
Born in Ripponden, West Riding of Yorkshire, Bottomley was educated at Halifax School and the University of Rennes in Brittany before being commissioned into the East Yorkshire Regiment in 1914 during World War I. He served with his Regiment until transferring to the Royal Flying Corps in 1915 and becoming a pilot with No. 47 Squadron.

Between the wars, Bottomley's appointments included service in the Middle East and the command of No. 4 (AC) Squadron RAF from 1928 and No. 1 (Indian) Group from 1934. Bottomley was Senior Air Staff Officer at Bomber Command headquarters between 1938 and 1940, continuing in that role at the start of World War II, and was then appointed Air Officer Commanding No. 5 Group in November 1940. He was moved to Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in 1941 and then Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Operations) in 1942 before reverting to Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in 1943. On 15 September 1945, he followed Sir Arthur 'Bomber' Harris as Commander-in-Chief Bomber Command, retaining command until 16 January 1947.

Bottomley became Inspector-General of the RAF in 1947 and retired on 1 January 1948.

From 1948 until 1956, he held the post of director of administration at the BBC, acting as director general when Sir Ian Jacob was away.

title: Norman Bottomley


text:
Talk:Villa María, Argentina

Tanto el sector de la producción primaria como la industria y los servicios, se ven potenciados hoy gracias a las cualidades naturales de la región y a su ubicación estratégica, ya que en ella confluye una vasta red vial que hace de Villa María un paso obligado en el tránsito entre las principales ciudades del país y del Mercosur.

TRANSLATION ATTEMPT for 2nd paragraph: Much in the sector of (national?) economic primary production, such as industry and services, is acheivable today thanks to natural facets of the region, and its strategic position as a  center of a vast road network. Villa Maria is an essential point of transit between the main cities of the country and the Mercosur. (LINK FOR TRANSLATORS.
 * "As much in the sector of primary production as in industry and services, today one sees potentialities thanks to the natural qualities of the region and its strategic position (etc.)..." -- Jmabel | Talk 20:52, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

Es de destacar que las empresas locales y las que decidan radicarse en la ciudad pueden acceder a los beneficios fiscales vigentes a partir de las ordenanzas de promoción 4.816 y 4.760.

'''TRANS. ATTEMPT for 3rd para:''' It must/should be emphasised that local companies, and those that decide to set up in the city, can access the fiscal benefits resulting from (government?) decrees 4.816 and 4.760.
 * No need to say "It must/should be emphasised that", against WP style. Otherwise I agree. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:52, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

La ciudad tiene una superficie de 26,564 kilómetros cuadrados y la región agropecuaria (que cubre su pedanía) abarca un área de unos 600 kilómetros cuadrados.

'''TRANS. ATTEMPT for 4th para:''' The city covers an area of 26.564 sq. km and the agricultural region (that covers its ?pedania?) has an  area of about 600 sq. km.
 * I don't know pedanía either, but presume it means what is in walking distance. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:52, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

La tasa anual de crecimiento de la población de Villa María es de 1,2597 por ciento. La esperanza de vida de los habitantes de la ciudad es de 69 año 4 meses. Para las mujeres, la esperanza de vida es de 72 años 10 días, y para los varones de 67 años 4 meses.

'''TRANS. ATTEMPT for 5th para:''' The annual rate of population growth for Villa Maria is 1.2597 per cent, and the average life expectancy is 69 years 4 months. (For women 72 years and 10 days, and for men 67 years 4 months.)
 * Concur. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:52, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

THIS WHOLE ARTICLE IS WRONG
VILLA MARIA AND VILLA DE MARIA ARE TWO DIFFERENT CITIES!!!!!! CORRECTION NEEDED! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 201.252.160.178 (talk • contribs) 15:55, 2 September 2006.

 * They're different indeed. This article is about Villa María, the city, not the smaller town of Villa de María. Instead of being so loud, why don't you show us where the error is? —Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 20:22, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Villa María, Argentina


text:
Asterisk (disambiguation)

An asterisk is a typographic symbol, the glyph ⟨*⟩.

Asterisk may also refer to:
 * Asterisk (esports), an esports organization
 * Asterisk (liturgy), a liturgical implement
 * Asterisk (PBX), a software implementation of a private branch exchange (PBX)
 * "Asterisk" (song), by Orange Range

title: Asterisk (disambiguation)


text:
Planetary hours

The planetary hours are an ancient system in which one of the seven  classical planets is given rulership over each day and various parts of the day. Developed in Hellenistic astrology, it has possible roots in older Babylonian astrology, and it is the origin of the names of the days of the week as used in English and numerous other languages.

The classical planets are Saturn, Jupiter,  Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury and the Moon, and they take rulership over the hours in this sequence.

The sequence is from slowest- to fastest-moving as the planets appear in the night sky, and so is from furthest to nearest in the planetary spheres model. This order has come to be known as the "Chaldean order".

As each day is divided into 24 hours, the first hour of a day is ruled by the planet three places down in the Chaldean order from the planet ruling the first hour of the preceding day; i.e. a day with its first hour ruled by the Sun ("Sunday") is followed by a day with its first hour ruled by the Moon ("Monday"), followed by Mars ("Tuesday"), Mercury ("Wednesday"), Jupiter ("Thursday"), Venus ("Friday") and Saturn ("Saturday"), again followed by Sunday, yielding the familiar naming of the days of the week.

History
The astrological order of the days was explained by Vettius Valens and Dio Cassius (and Chaucer gave the same explanation in his Treatise on the Astrolabe). According to these authors, it was a principle of astrology that the heavenly bodies presided, in succession, over the hours of the day. The Ptolemaic system of planetary spheres asserts that the order of the heavenly bodies, from the farthest to the closest to the Earth is: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon (or, objectively, the planets are ordered from slowest to fastest moving as they appear in the night sky – note however that the sun, Venus, and Mercury all advance by 360° per year, on average).

In astrological theory, not only the days of the week, but the hours of the day are dominated by the seven luminaries. If the first hour of a day is dominated by Saturn, then the second hour is dominated by Jupiter , the third by Mars , and so on with the Sun , Venus , Mercury , and the moon , so that the sequence of planets repeats every seven hours. Therefore, the twenty-fifth hour, which is the first hour of the following day, is dominated by the Sun; the forty-ninth hour, which is the first hour of the next day, by the Moon. Thus, if a day is labelled by the planet which dominates its first hour, then Saturn's day is followed by the Sun's day, which is followed by the Moon's day, and so forth, as shown below.

According to Vettius Valens, the first hour of the day began at sunset, which follows Greek and Babylonian convention. He also states that the light and dark halves of the day were presided over by the heavenly bodies of the first hour of each half. This is confirmed by a Pompeian graffito which calls 6 February 60 a "Sunday", even though by modern reckoning it would have been a Wednesday. Assuming that this graffito used the sunset naming convention of Valens, it would follow that 6 February 60 was a Wednesday according to the sunrise naming convention used in modern astrology, suggesting that there may be an unbroken continuity of weekdays connecting the modern period to the 1st century AD at least.

These two overlapping naming systems continued to be used by Alexandrian Christians during the 4th century, but the days in both were simply numbered 1 to 7. Although names of planets (or the gods eponymous of the planets) were not used, the week beginning on Wednesday was named in Greek ton theon ([day] of the [planetary] gods), as used by the late 4th century editor of the 328–373 Easter letters of Bishop Athanasius, and was named tentyon (a Ge'ez transcription of the Greek words) in a table of Easter dates for 311–369 that survives in an Ethiopian copy. The day of the week of Thoth 1 of the Alexandrian calendar and of Maskaram 1 of the Ethiopian calendar, the first day of their respective years, is given using the ton theon and tentyon respectively, both weeks beginning in a column of 532-year Paschal tables. In a neighboring column of those same tables, both first days are also given a day of the week called the Day of John with a week beginning. Both the ton theon and tentyon of these first days of the Alexandrian and Ethiopian years are numerically identical to the day of the week of the next March 24 in the Julian calendar using a week, which medieval computists called the concurrent. These overlapping weeks are still used in the Ethiopian computus.

Table of hours
A table of hours is shown for a sequence of seven days, with the day of the week indicated both for the sunrise (hour 1) and the sunset (hour 13) naming conventions. Day hours are calculated by adding up the amount of minutes from sunrise and sunset, then divide by 12. Night hours are calculated by adding up the minutes from sunset to sunrise the next day, then divide by 12.

Astrological significance
Calculation of the planetary hours played a certain role in Renaissance astrology and magic. Astronomical tables published in the late 15th or during the 16th century often included a table of planetary hours with their significations, but their application was of limited importance to astrology as practiced, with Cornelius Gemma explicitly stating that he accorded them little weight.

The 16th-century Key of Solomon has a chapter on the topic, giving examples for the types of magic considered appropriate for the days or hours associated with each planet, for example:
 * In the Days and Hours of Saturn: the summoning of Souls from Hades, but only of those who have died a natural death
 * In the Days and Hours of Jupiter: obtaining honours, acquiring riches, contracting friendships, preserving health
 * In the Days and Hours of Mars: experiments regarding War, to arrive at military honour, acquire courage, overthrow enemies, etc.; in the hours of Mars: summoning Souls from Hades, especially of those slain in battle.
 * In the Days and Hours of the Sun: experiments regarding temporal wealth, hope, gain, fortune, divination, the favour of princes, to dissolve hostile feeling, and to make friends.
 * In the Days and Hours of Venus: forming friendships, for kindness and love, joyous and pleasant undertakings, travelling; in the hours of Venus: lots, poisons, preparing powders provocative of madness, etc.
 * In the Days and Hours of Mercury: eloquence and intelligence, promptitude in business, science and divination, etc.; in the Hours of Mercury: undertaking experiments relating to games, raillery jests, sports, etc.
 * In the Days and Hours of the Moon: embassies, voyages, envoys, messages, navigation; reconciliation, love, and the acquisition of merchandise by water; in the hours of the Moon: making trial of experiments relating to recovery of stolen property, for obtaining nocturnal visions, for summoning Spirits in sleep, and for preparing anything relating to Water.

title: Planetary hours


text:
User:Michael Reiter/More Ski Jackets

On the left is the image that appeared in the Ski Jacket article; In the Centre and Right are two additional ones.

Please See the costume Barbara Bain is wearing in the pictures at Barbara Bain's entries for design and appearance similarities.

title: User:Michael Reiter/More Ski Jackets


text: User talk:68.115.58.244

title: User talk:68.115.58.244