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Keoladeo National Park

Keoladeo National Park, or Keoladeo Ghana National Park, is a national park in Rajasthan, India. The national park hosts thousands of native, resident and migratory birds, especially during the winter season, when many different species fly to the Indian subcontinent to escape winter's wrath further north in Eurasia. At least 400 avian species have been noted or observed in the national park.

Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, as the Park was formerly named, was declared a protected sanctuary in 1971 and established as a national park on 10 March 1982. Due to its exceptional avian biodiversity, it has also been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1985).

Keoladeo Ghana National Park also features a human-made regulated wetland, providing a needed source of hydration for animals in this drier region of the subcontinent. The reserve also protects Bharatpur settlements from flash floods and provides ample pastures for the locals' cattle and livestock. In the past, the region was primarily used as a waterfowl hunting ground. The 29 km2 reserve is locally known as Ghana, a natural mosaic of dry grasslands, woodlands, swamps and seasonal wetlands located just on the eastern edge of terrain that eventually becomes arid desert.

Given its rather centralised location, where the "desert-meets-the-tropics", Keoladeo Ghana is bursting with biodiversity. Beyond the hundreds of bird species, at least 20 fish, 70 reptile and amphibian, and 50 mammalian species inhabit the area, and over 60 unique species of Lepidopterans have been seen here, in addition to the more than 1,000 invertebrate species. Nearly 400 plant species have been documented in the park.

History
The national park was established on 10 March 1982. Previously the private duck shooting preserve of the Maharaja of Bharatpur since the 1850s, the area was designated as a bird sanctuary on 13 March 1976 and a Ramsar site under the Ramsar Convention in October 1981.

Keoladeo Ghana National Park was made a World Heritage Site in 1985, under critera iv. The justification provided was that the park is a "...wetland of international importance for migratory waterfowl. It is the wintering ground for the rare Siberian crane and habitat for large numbers of resident nesting birds". When the criteria were updated in 2005, the park fell under Criteria (x) which states that to be conferred the status of World Heritage, the site should "contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-site conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation".

Geography
Keoladeo National Park is 2 km south-east of Bharatpur and 55 km west of Agra. It is spread over approx 29 km2. One third of the Keoladeo National Park is wetland with mounds, dykes, and open water with or without submerged or emergent plants. The uplands have grasslands with tall grass species together with scattered trees and shrubs present in varying density. A similar habitat with short grasses, such as Cynodon dactylon and Dichanthium annulatum also exists. Woodlands with thickets of huge Kadam trees Neolamarckia cadamba are distributed in scattered pockets. The park's flora consists of 379 species of flowering plants of which 96 are wetland species. The wetland is a part of the Indo-Gangetic Great Plains.

Water remains only in some depressions. This alternate wetting and drying helps to maintain the ecology of the freshwater swamp, ideal for water-fowl and resident water birds. Arrangement to pump water from deep tube wells to fill small depressions to save seeds, spores and other aquatic life also exist. They are also helpful in extreme years of drought.

Climate
During 1988, mean maximum temperature ranged from 20.9 C in January to 47.8 C in May, while the mean temperature varied from 6.8 C in December to 26.5 C in June. The diurnal temperature variation ranged from 5 C in January to 50 C in May. Mean relatively humidity varied from 62% in March to 83.3% in December. The mean annual precipitation is 662 mm, with rain falling on an average of 36 days per year. In 1988, only 395 mm of rain fell during 32 days.

Flora
Piloo (Salvadora oleoides and Salvadora persica) are also present in the park, and happen to be virtually the only woody plants found thriving in areas of saline soil. Aquatic vegetation is also rich and provides a valuable food source for amphibious organisms. In 2007 and 2008, several active attempts were made to eradicate the non-native mesquite Prosopis juliflora and some invasive members of the asteraceous genus Cineraria.

Fauna
Macro invertebrates such as worms, insects, and mollusks, though more abundant in variety and numbers than any other group of organisms, are present mostly in aquatic habitats. They are food for many fish and birds, as well as some animal species, and hence, constitute a major link in the food chain and functioning of the ecosystem. Land insects are in abundance and have a positive effect on the breeding of land birds.

Birds
Keoladeo National Park is an important wintering ground for large numbers of migrant birds; the most common waterfowl are gadwall, shoveler, common teal, cotton teal, tufted duck, knob-billed duck, bar-headed goose, little cormorant, great cormorant, Indian shag, ruff, painted stork, white spoonbill, Asian open-billed stork, oriental ibis, darter, common sandpiper, wood sandpiper, green sandpiper, greater flamingos, spot-billed pelican, great white pelican, demoiselle crane and sarus crane.

More than 370 bird species have been recorded in Keoladeo National Park. Ornithologically, the park assumes significance in two respects: One because of its strategic location as a staging ground for migratory waterfowl arriving in the Indian subcontinent before dispersing to various regions. Further waterfowl converge here before departing to breeding grounds in the western Palearctic region. In addition, the wetland is a wintering area for the Siberian crane. Others birds present include warblers, Old World babblers, bee-eaters, bulbuls, buntings, chats, painted francolins and quails, Indian grey hornbill and Marshall's iora. Raptors include osprey, peregrine falcon, Pallas' sea eagle, short-toed eagle, tawny eagle, imperial eagle, spotted eagle and crested serpent eagle. The greater spotted eagle is breeding here.

Mammals
Mammalian fauna of Keoladeo National Park is equally rich with 27 identified species. Primates include rhesus macaque and Hanuman langur. Ungulates are represented by nilgai, chital deer, sambar, blackbuck, Indian hog deer and wild boar.

Indian porcupine, small Indian mongoose and Indian gray mongoose are occasionally sighted. Cat species present jungle cat, leopard cat and fishing cat. Carnivores include Asian palm civet, small Indian civet, Bengal fox, golden jackals, striped hyena and smooth-coated otter. Many species of rats, mice, gerbils and bats also inhabit the park.

Reptiles and amphibians
The herpetofauna of Keoladeo National Park is diverse. Out of the ten species of turtles in Rajasthan, seven are present in this park. Besides this, there are five lizard species including monitor lizard, thirteen snake species including pythons, krait, cobra and Russell's viper; seven species of amphibians include bullfrog and skipper frog occurring in the wetlands.

Constraints
Some 2,500 cattle and domestic water buffalo were allowed in the area up until November 1982 when grazing was banned. Predictably, the ban led to a buildup of local resentment, resulting in an attempted forced entry into the park. Police opened fire and eight people were killed: tensions still remain high. The absence of grazing is causing management problems as vegetation, principally Paspalum distichum, a perennial amphibious grass, blocks up the channels. The Rajasthan government has rejected a proposal from the Bombay Natural History Society to allow limited grazing, since this would conflict with the law. Furthermore, recycled nutrients from the large quantity of dung deposited by livestock probably supported considerable numbers of insects.

The presence of some 700 feral cattle within the park is cause for concern as they compete with wildlife for valuable forage. Larvae of the Lepidopteran Parapoynx diminutalis has also been a serious pest, and considerably inhibited the growth of Nymphoides cristatum during June–July 1986. High levels of pollutants in Ajan Bund are believed to be responsible for the increasing number of piscivorous birds seen in a dazed state and unable to fly. Fewer birds were recorded in 1984 than in previous years. Four sarus cranes and 40 ring-necked doves were found dead outside the park during 1988 and early 1989, possibly due to pesticide poisoning, and a study of the impact of pesticide use in surrounding areas on the park has been initiated in addition to studies on heavy metal contamination. Disturbance from visitors can be a cause for concern, especially during December and January when visitors come to see the cranes.

Scientific research and facilities
Between December 1992 and January 1995, a collaborative project between the Governments of India and Russia, International Crane Foundation and Wild Bird Society of Japan was set up to save the Siberian crane. The project focused on releasing captivity bred cranes into the wild, tracking migratory routes of common cranes, and building up the resident crane population in the park. Although the project did not yield the desired results, the successful survival of introduced cranes in the park has given sufficient hope to develop a viable resident population in the future.

Crisis of 2007
A severe drought caused severe harm to the park and its flora and fauna in 2007.

A proposal for water supply to Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur was forwarded by the Government of Rajasthan seeking assistance from Planning Commission as advised and approved by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) vide their letter dated 10.04.2008. As per the MoEF, the proposal is beyond the purview of the existing centrally sponsored scheme of the MoEF, seems to be viable and has the potential to put an end to the eternal water scarcity in Bharatpur National Park.

The Keoladeo National Park is a Ramsar Wetland Site and a World Heritage Site. Due to acute water scarcity, the ecosystem of the Park has been affected badly and this has resulted in reduction in the arrival of migratory birds in the National Park. Water supply is essential for the National Park, which is a wetland and a Ramsar site facing acute shortage of water for the last few years. Currently, apart from rainfall the Park receives water from "Ajan Bund", a temporary reservoir via the Dakan canal. Through a small canal dug last year water from Khokhar Weir (Bees Mora) is also available. The total requirement of water for the Park is estimated at 14.17 million cubic meters (500 MCft). The supply from Ajan Bund is irregular and subject to the bund being full to the extent of reservoir level at 8.5 meters. During the last several years either water is not supplied or supplied insufficiently.

The project had been prepared to keep in view the need for 400 MCFT of water during late July to August, for a period of 30 days to the Park which is to be had by diverting and lifting flood waters of Yamuna. The project thus covered diversion of water during monsoon through underground pipes with lifting arrangements over a length of 16 km from the off-take point of Goverdhan drain near Santruk village. The estimated cost of the project as proposed by the State Government was to the tune of Rs. 650 million. The project proposed was to channelize water from Govardhan drain to meet the water deficit of KNP during the months of July to September at the time of requirement. The major components of the project were construction of a head regulator with control gate at the drain located in the state, raw water reservoir with capacity of 13,000 m, 3 pump houses, DG sets for pumping station and laying and testing of /PCC/MS pipelines.

title: Keoladeo National Park


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Talk:Tributary

Untitled
Can they really overflow causing massive flooding? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.204.52.6 (talk) 19:07, 31 January 2005 (UTC)

I think that they can. I heard it on the news. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.250.216.247 (talk) 00:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Diagram
Having a diagram forthis article can make it better. The League of Crazy M en 11:28, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Dutch wikilinks
Please don't put here the Dutch wikilinks as there both tributaries and distributaries are treated. Or else there will be a mess in wikilinks. Andres 12:05, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Consistent Use of term Tributary in Wikipedia
What is and What is not a tributary of a larger river or body of water? If there is no DIRECT connection between the so-called tributary and its parent water, is it a tributary? What I am looking for here is some consistent application of the term to articles on rivers and lakes within Wikipedia.

I personally believe that unless there is a DIRECT connection between the two named waters at a confluence, the lesser water should not be listed as a tributary of the greater water. For example: I would contend that the Firehole River in Wyoming is not a tributary of the Missouri River, but instead a tributary of the Madison River. If this logic is not applied, then articles about very large or significant waters might literally contain 1000's of tributary references. For example, if I were to include Rocky Creek as tributary of the Mississippi River, I would not be totally incorrect as it does flow into the E. Gallatin River, Gallatin River, Missouri River into the Mississippi.

I have posted this on the Confluence talk page as well. If there is a better place to post, let me know? --Mike Cline 14:36, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * A related question: What is the determination of which is a tributary and which is the main river? For example, it appears both the Missouri River and the Ohio Rivers are much longer and drain a much larger areas than the Mississippi north of their confluence(s). Why isn’t the river named Missouri or Ohio down to the Gulf? Rtrsr 2600:1702:2440:6620:AC93:D2AC:CC4B:33AD (talk) 13:38, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Because the sizes of the respective catchment areas were not known until well after the rivers were made named! Also, the name Mississippi was applied first to the lower part. —Tamfang (talk) 21:04, 14 July 2023 (UTC)
 * As a Wikipedia reader with no particular agenda other than seeking clarity, I offer that it may be more objective to reword the Article’s heading to read: “This article is about geographic waterways. For other uses, see….”, and revise the first sentence to “A tributary, or affluent, is a stream or river that flows into another stream or river, or into a lake.”
 * Other comments:
 * ·    A tributary may be shorter or longer (by length), smaller or larger (by water volume or drainage area) than the river into which it flows.
 * ·    A river that flows into the sea is termed a main stem or parent river.
 * Rtrsr 2600:1702:2440:6620:2585:E05D:4638:911E (talk) 18:41, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

pictures
If one looked only at the pictures, one might think tributary means 'small river'. Have we no pictures of small rivers contributing to greater ones? —Tamfang (talk) 16:04, 30 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Done! 😃 Anythingyouwant (talk) 21:03, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tributary


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Graham Virgo

Graham John Virgo (born 8 June 1966) is an English legal academic, barrister and university administrator, who is Professor of English Private Law at the University of Cambridge and Master of Downing College, Cambridge. He is frequently cited in the English courts and those of other common law jurisdictions, and known for his contributions to the law of restitution and the teaching of law. He was previously Senior Pro-Vice-Chancellor at the University of Cambridge and assumed the role of Master of Downing College, Cambridge, on 1 October 2023.

Education
Virgo completed his secondary education at John Cleveland College (now The Hinckley School), a comprehensive school in Hinckley, Leicestershire. In 1983, he applied to read law at Downing College, Cambridge, where he was interviewed by Charles Harpum, John Hopkins, and David Lloyd Jones. Later, Hopkins suggested that Virgo consider Coward Chance (which in 1987 merged with Clifford Turner to form Clifford Chance) as a firm to work for.

Virgo graduated from Cambridge in 1987 with first-class honours. The following year, he graduated at the top of his class from Christ Church, Oxford with a first-class honours BCL degree, and winning the Vinerian Scholarship. Upon graduation, Virgo decided on a career at the Bar, but while at Bar school, he received a letter from Hopkins suggesting that he return to Downing College to teach, which he accepted.

As an academic
In 2003, Virgo was promoted to Reader in Law. In 2007, he was appointed to a personal Professorship of English Private Law at the University of Cambridge. In 2008, he was elected an Academic Bencher at Lincoln's Inn. In 2012, he was appointed Deputy Chair of the Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge. He stepped down from this role in 2014.

Virgo's research interests are in criminal law, restitution, the law of contract, equity and trusts. He described the decision of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in Bank of Cyprus UK Ltd v Menelaou as "the worst decision in the history of the Supreme Court, betraying such ignorance of the law and legal principle and such confusion about the nature of judging", prompting Lord Neuberger, who had delivered the leading judgment, to lament the article as "over-the top" in his retirement lecture at Oxford. In 2009, he delivered a paper at the Law Society of England and Wales titled The Law of Unjust Enrichment in the House of Lords: Judging the Judges.

Virgo is credited with contributions to the growing law of restitution in the United Kingdom. In 2014, he was the Miegunyah Distinguished Visiting Law Fellow at the University of Melbourne law school. Virgo was the New Zealand Law Foundation's Distinguished Visiting Fellow in 2016, during which he gave lectures at various universities including the University of Auckland, University of Canterbury, University of Otago and University of Waikato. In 2017, he was appointed Queen's counsel (honoris causa) in recognition of his work in restitution. In 2019, he was the Jones Day Visiting Professor in Commercial Law at Singapore Management University. His work has been frequently cited in the English courts, including in the Supreme Court, and has shaped the direction of the law of unjust enrichment, mistake, and other related areas of restitution.

As a teacher and Tutor at Downing College
Virgo has described his teaching and pastoral style as being influenced by his former Tutor, John Hopkins. In particular, he describes having learnt how to interview, supervise, and develop a genuine fondness for his students from him. In 2002, he was awarded the Pilkington Prize from the University of Cambridge in recognition of outstanding teaching in Law. On 1 April 2003, he was appointed Senior Tutor of Downing College, a role which gave him responsibility over both educational matters and the overall well-being of the students at the College. He stayed in this role until 2013. When he stepped down as Senior Tutor, he described the students of Downing College as having made his time as Senior Tutor "the happiest of [his] life". In 2004, he was appointed Director of Studies for Law at Downing College. He stepped down as Director of Studies in 2014.

In 2013, Virgo engaged in a debate with Lord Sumption at the University of Cambridge on the topic "Those Who Wish to Practise Law Should Not Study Law at University", arguing against the motion. That year, Virgo was also a finalist for both the OUP Law Teacher of the Year and the LawCareers.net Law Teacher of the Year Award. In 2017, when he was appointed Queen's counsel (honoris causa), the announcement celebrated his "significant contribution to the teaching of law."

On 30 November 2022 Downing College announced that Virgo would succeed Alan Bookbinder as Master of the College on 1 October 2023.

As a university administrator
He was appointed Pro-Vice-Chancellor of Education in 2014, with responsibility for developing education policy and strategy for the University. Virgo has addressed problems of sexual misconduct within the University of Cambridge and suggested that the University may phase out the traditional academic 1st/2.i/2.ii/3rd system with a US-style GPA system in an attempt to stem grade inflation.

In 2019, Virgo was criticised after he was reported to have said that the lack of Afro-Caribbean hairdressers in Cambridge led to fewer black students to apply to the University, although he later said his remarks had been misunderstood.

In 2021, Virgo was criticized by Professor David Abulafia, emeritus professor of Mediterranean history at the University of Cambridge, for his support of the "Report+Support" university reporting system, which allowed users to anonymously report members of the University for 'micro-aggressions' before it was withdrawn by the University.

Personal life
He is keenly interested in drama and is the Vice-Chair of the dramatic society the Gamlingay Players.

Virgo is married to the Rev Dr Carolyn Hammond, Director of Studies in Theology and Dean of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He has two children, Elizabeth and Jonathan.

Selected publications

 * Graham Virgo, The Principles of Equity and Trusts (2012)
 * Graham Virgo and Paul Davies, Equity & Trusts: Cases and Materials (2013)
 * Graham Virgo, The Principles of the Law of Restitution (3rd ed, 2015)

title: Graham Virgo


text: User talk:131.107.71.95

title: User talk:131.107.71.95


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List of high schools in New Jersey

This is a list of high schools, including those open and closed, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

Atlantic County

 * Absegami High School, Galloway Township
 * Atlantic City High School, Atlantic City
 * Atlantic County Institute of Technology, Mays Landing in Hamilton Township
 * Buena Regional High School, Buena
 * Cedar Creek High School, Egg Harbor City
 * Egg Harbor Township High School, Egg Harbor Township
 * Hammonton High School, Hammonton
 * Mainland Regional High School, Linwood
 * Oakcrest High School, Mays Landing in Hamilton Township
 * Pleasantville High School, Pleasantville

Bergen County

 * Becton Regional High School, East Rutherford
 * Bergen County Academies, Hackensack
 * Bergen County Technical High School, Paramus Campus, Paramus
 * Bergen County Technical High School, Teterboro Campus, Teterboro
 * Bergenfield High School, Bergenfield
 * Bogota High School, Bogota
 * Cliffside Park High School, Cliffside Park
 * Closter High School, Closter (closed 1955)
 * Cresskill High School, Cresskill
 * Dumont High School, Dumont
 * East Rutherford High School, East Rutherford (closed 1971)
 * Elmwood Park Memorial High School, Elmwood Park
 * Emerson Junior-Senior High School, Emerson
 * Fair Lawn High School, Fair Lawn
 * Fort Lee High School, Fort Lee
 * Garfield High School, Garfield
 * Glen Rock High School, Glen Rock
 * Hackensack High School, Hackensack
 * Hasbrouck Heights High School, Hasbrouck Heights
 * Indian Hills High School, Oakland
 * Leonia High School, Leonia
 * Lodi High School, Lodi
 * Lyndhurst High School, Lyndhurst
 * Mahwah High School, Mahwah
 * Midland Park High School, Midland Park
 * Dwight Morrow High School, Englewood
 * New Milford High School, New Milford
 * North Arlington High School, North Arlington
 * Northern Highlands Regional High School, Allendale
 * Northern Valley Regional High School at Demarest, Demarest
 * Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan, Old Tappan
 * Palisades Park High School, Palisades Park
 * Paramus High School, Paramus
 * Park Ridge High School, Park Ridge
 * Pascack Hills High School, Montvale
 * Pascack Valley High School, Hillsdale
 * Ramapo High School, Franklin Lakes
 * Ramsey High School, Ramsey
 * Ridgefield Memorial High School, Ridgefield
 * Ridgefield Park High School, Ridgefield Park
 * Ridgewood High School, Ridgewood
 * River Dell Regional High School, Oradell
 * Rutherford High School, Rutherford
 * Saddle Brook High School, Saddle Brook
 * Teaneck High School, Teaneck
 * Tenafly High School, Tenafly
 * Waldwick High School, Waldwick
 * Wallington High School, Wallington
 * Westwood Regional High School, Westwood
 * Wood-Ridge High School, Wood-Ridge

Burlington County

 * Bordentown Regional High School, Bordentown City
 * Burlington City High School, Burlington City
 * Burlington County Institute of Technology Medford Campus, Medford
 * Burlington County Institute of Technology Westampton Campus, Westampton
 * Burlington Township High School, Burlington Township
 * Cherokee High School, Evesham Township
 * Cinnaminson High School, Cinnaminson Township
 * Delran High School, Delran Township
 * Florence Township Memorial High School, Florence Township
 * Lenape High School, Medford
 * Maple Shade High School, Maple Shade Township
 * Moorestown High School, Moorestown
 * Northern Burlington County Regional High School, Columbus in Mansfield Township
 * Palmyra High School, Palmyra
 * Pemberton Township High School, Pemberton Township
 * Rancocas Valley Regional High School, Mount Holly
 * Riverside High School, Riverside Township
 * Seneca High School, Tabernacle Township
 * Shawnee High School, Medford
 * Willingboro High School, Willingboro Township

Camden County

 * Audubon High School, Audubon
 * Brimm Medical Arts High School, Camden
 * Camden Academy Charter High School, Camden
 * Camden Big Picture Learning Academy, Camden (formerly MetEast High School)
 * Camden County Technical Schools Gloucester Township Campus, Gloucester Township
 * Camden County Technical Schools Pennsauken Campus, Pennsauken Township
 * Camden High School, Camden
 * Cherry Hill Alternative High School, Cherry Hill
 * Cherry Hill High School East, Cherry Hill
 * Cherry Hill High School West, Cherry Hill
 * Collingswood High School, Collingswood
 * Creative Arts Academy, Camden
 * Eastern Regional High School, Voorhees Township
 * Eastside High School, Camden (formerly Woodrow Wilson High School)
 * Gloucester City High School, Gloucester City
 * Haddon Heights Junior/Senior High School, Haddon Heights
 * Haddon Township High School, Haddon Township
 * Haddonfield Memorial High School, Haddonfield
 * Highland Regional High School, Blackwood in Gloucester Township
 * LEAP Academy University Charter School, Camden
 * Lindenwold High School, Lindenwold
 * Overbrook High School, Pine Hill
 * Pennsauken High School, Pennsauken Township
 * Sterling High School, Somerdale
 * Timber Creek Regional High School, Erial in Gloucester Township
 * Triton Regional High School, Runnemede
 * Winslow Township High School, Atco in Winslow Township

Cape May County

 * Cape May County Technical High School, Cape May Court House in Middle Township
 * Lower Cape May Regional High School, Cape May
 * Middle Township High School, Cape May Court House in Middle Township
 * Ocean City High School, Ocean City
 * Wildwood High School, Wildwood

Cumberland County

 * Bridgeton High School, Bridgeton
 * Cumberland County Technology Education Center, Vineland
 * Cumberland Regional High School, Seabrook in Upper Deerfield Township
 * Memorial High School, Millville
 * Millville Senior High School, Millville
 * Vineland High School, Vineland

Essex County

 * American History High School, Newark
 * Bard High School Early College Newark, Newark
 * Barringer High School, Newark
 * Belleville High School, Belleville
 * Bloomfield High School, Bloomfield
 * Bloomfield Tech High School, Bloomfield
 * James Caldwell High School, West Caldwell
 * Cedar Grove High School, Cedar Grove
 * Central High School, Newark
 * Columbia High School, Maplewood
 * East Orange Campus High School, East Orange
 * East Orange STEM Academy, East Orange
 * East Side High School, Newark
 * Glen Ridge High School, Glen Ridge
 * Irvington High School, Irvington
 * Livingston High School, Livingston
 * Millburn High School, Millburn
 * Montclair High School, Montclair
 * Newark Arts High School, Newark
 * Newark Collegiate Academy, Newark
 * Newark Early College High School, Newark
 * Newark Tech High School, Newark
 * Newark Vocational High School, Newark
 * North 13th Street Tech, Newark
 * North Star Academy Charter School, Newark
 * Nutley High School, Nutley
 * Orange High School, Orange
 * Paulo Freire Charter School, Newark (closed 2018)
 * Science Park High School, Newark
 * Malcolm X Shabazz High School, Newark
 * Technology High School, Newark
 * Cicely Tyson School of Performing and Fine Arts, East Orange
 * University High School, Newark
 * Verona High School, Verona
 * Weequahic High School, Newark
 * West Caldwell Tech, West Caldwell
 * West Essex High School, North Caldwell
 * West Market Street Center, Newark
 * West Orange High School, West Orange
 * West Side High School, Newark

Gloucester County

 * Clayton High School, Clayton
 * Clearview Regional High School, Mullica Hill in Harrison Township
 * Delsea Regional High School, Franklinville in Franklin Township
 * Deptford Township High School, Deptford Township
 * Gateway Regional High School, Woodbury Heights
 * Glassboro High School, Glassboro
 * Gloucester County Institute of Technology, Sewell in Mantua Township
 * Kingsway Regional High School, Woolwich Township
 * Paulsboro High School, Paulsboro
 * Pitman High School, Pitman
 * Washington Township High School, Sewell in Mantua Township
 * West Deptford High School, West Deptford Township
 * Williamstown High School, Williamstown in Monroe Township
 * Woodbury Junior-Senior High School, Woodbury

Hudson County

 * Bayonne High School, Bayonne
 * County Prep High School, Jersey City
 * Create Charter High School, Jersey City (closed as of June 2010)
 * William L. Dickinson High School, Jersey City
 * James J. Ferris High School, Jersey City
 * Harrison High School, Harrison
 * Hoboken High School, Hoboken
 * High Tech High School, Secaucus
 * Infinity Institute, Jersey City
 * Kearny High School, Kearny
 * Liberty High School, Jersey City
 * Lincoln High School, Jersey City
 * Dr. Ronald E. McNair Academic High School, Jersey City
 * M.E.T.S. Charter School, Jersey City
 * Memorial High School, West New York
 * North Bergen High School, North Bergen
 * Secaucus High School, Secaucus
 * Henry Snyder High School, Jersey City
 * University Academy Charter High School, Jersey City
 * Union City High School, Union City
 * Weehawken High School, Weehawken

Hunterdon County

 * Delaware Valley Regional High School, Frenchtown
 * Hunterdon Central Regional High School, Flemington
 * Hunterdon County Polytech Career Academy, Raritan Township
 * North Hunterdon High School, Annandale in Clinton Township
 * South Hunterdon Regional High School, Lambertville
 * Voorhees High School, Glen Gardner

Mercer County

 * Capital Preparatory Charter High School, Trenton (closed as of June 2011)
 * Daylight/Twilight Alternative High School, Trenton
 * Ewing High School, Ewing Township
 * Hamilton High School West, Hamilton Township
 * Hightstown High School, Hightstown
 * Hopewell Valley Central High School, Hopewell Township
 * Marie H. Katzenbach School for the Deaf, West Trenton in Ewing Township
 * Lawrence High School, Lawrenceville in Lawrence Township
 * Nottingham High School, Hamilton Township (also known as Hamilton High School North)
 * Princeton High School, Princeton
 * Robbinsville High School, Robbinsville
 * Steinert High School, Hamilton Township (also known as Hamilton High School East)
 * Trenton Central High School, Trenton
 * Trenton Central High School West, Trenton
 * West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South, Princeton Junction in West Windsor

Middlesex County

 * Academy for Urban Leadership Charter High School, Perth Amboy
 * Carteret High School, Carteret
 * Colonia High School, Colonia in Woodbridge Township
 * Dunellen High School, Dunellen
 * East Brunswick High School, East Brunswick
 * East Brunswick Magnet School, East Brunswick
 * Edison Academy Magnet School, Edison
 * Edison High School, Edison
 * Highland Park High School, Highland Park
 * John F. Kennedy Memorial High School, Iselin in Woodbridge Township
 * Metuchen High School, Metuchen
 * Middlesex High School, Middlesex
 * Monroe Township High School, Monroe Township
 * New Brunswick Health Sciences Technology High School, New Brunswick
 * New Brunswick High School, New Brunswick
 * North Brunswick Township High School, North Brunswick
 * Old Bridge High School, Old Bridge
 * Perth Amboy High School, Perth Amboy
 * Perth Amboy Magnet School, Perth Amboy
 * Piscataway High School, Piscataway
 * Piscataway Magnet School, Piscataway
 * Sayreville War Memorial High School, Parlin in Sayreville
 * South Amboy Middle High School, South Amboy
 * South Brunswick High School, Monmouth Junction in South Brunswick
 * South Plainfield High School, South Plainfield
 * South River High School, South River
 * Spotswood High School, Spotswood
 * J.P. Stevens High School, Edison
 * West Windsor-Plainsboro High School North, Plainsboro
 * Woodbridge Academy Magnet School, Woodbridge Township
 * Woodbridge High School, Woodbridge Township

Monmouth County

 * Academy Charter High School, Lake Como
 * Academy of Allied Health & Science, Neptune Township
 * Allentown High School, Allentown
 * Asbury Park High School, Asbury Park
 * Biotechnology High School, Freehold Township
 * Class Academy, Long Branch
 * Colts Neck High School, Colts Neck Township
 * Communications High School, Wall Township
 * Freehold High School, Freehold Borough
 * Freehold Township High School, Freehold Township
 * High Technology High School, Lincroft in Middletown Township
 * Holmdel High School, Holmdel Township
 * Howell High School, Farmingdale
 * Henry Hudson Regional High School, Highlands
 * Keansburg High School, Keansburg
 * Keyport High School, Keyport
 * Long Branch High School, Long Branch
 * Manalapan High School, Englishtown
 * Manasquan High School, Manasquan
 * Marine Academy of Science and Technology, Sandy Hook in Middletown Township
 * Marlboro High School, Marlboro Township
 * Matawan Regional High School, Aberdeen Township
 * Middletown High School North, Middletown Township
 * Middletown High School South, Middletown Township
 * Monmouth County Vocational Technical High School, Colts Neck Township
 * Monmouth Regional High School, Tinton Falls
 * Neptune High School, Neptune Township
 * Ocean Township High School, Oakhurst in Ocean Township
 * Raritan High School, Hazlet
 * Red Bank Regional High School, Little Silver
 * Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School, Rumson
 * Shore Regional High School, West Long Branch
 * Wall High School, Wall Township

Morris County

 * Academy for Law and Public Safety, Butler
 * The Academy for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Rockaway
 * Boonton High School, Boonton
 * Butler High School, Butler
 * Chatham High School, Chatham Township
 * Chatham Borough High School, Chatham Borough (closed 1988 and merged to form Chatham High School)
 * Chatham Township High School, Chatham Township (closed 1988 and merged to form Chatham High School)
 * Dover High School, Dover
 * Hanover Park High School, East Hanover
 * Jefferson Township High School, Oak Ridge in Jefferson Township
 * Kinnelon High School, Kinnelon
 * Madison High School, Madison
 * Montville Township High School, Montville
 * Morris County School of Technology, Denville Township
 * Morris Hills High School, Rockaway
 * Morris Knolls High School, Denville Township
 * Morristown High School, Morristown
 * Mount Olive High School, Flanders in Mount Olive Township
 * Mountain Lakes High School, Mountain Lakes
 * Parsippany High School, Parsippany-Troy Hills
 * Parsippany Hills High School, Morris Plains
 * Pequannock Township High School, Pompton Plains
 * Randolph High School, Randolph
 * Roxbury High School, Succasunna in Roxbury
 * West Morris Central High School, Long Valley in Washington Township
 * West Morris Mendham High School, Mendham Borough
 * Whippany Park High School, Whippany in Hanover Township

Ocean County

 * Barnegat High School, Barnegat Township
 * Brick Township High School, Brick Township
 * Brick Township Memorial High School, Brick
 * Central Regional High School, Bayville in Berkeley Township
 * Jackson Liberty High School, Jackson Township
 * Jackson Memorial High School, Jackson
 * Lacey Township High School, Lanoka Harbor in Lacey Township
 * Lakewood High School, Lakewood Township
 * Manchester Township High School, Manchester Township
 * Marine Academy of Technology and Environmental Science, Manahawkin in Stafford Township
 * New Egypt High School, New Egypt in Plumsted Township
 * OCVTS Performing Arts Academy, Lakehurst
 * Pinelands Regional High School, Tuckerton
 * Point Pleasant Beach High School, Point Pleasant Beach
 * Point Pleasant Boro High School, Point Pleasant
 * Southern Regional High School, Manahawkin
 * Toms River High School East, Toms River
 * Toms River High School North, Toms River
 * Toms River High School South, Toms River

Passaic County

 * Academy High School (New Jersey), Clifton
 * Clifton High School, Clifton
 * Eastside High School, Paterson
 * School of Culinary Arts, Hospitality and Tourism
 * School of Government and Public Administration
 * School of Information Technology
 * HARP Academy, Paterson
 * Hawthorne High School, Hawthorne
 * International High School, Paterson
 * John F. Kennedy High School, Paterson
 * School of Architecture and Construction Trades
 * School of Business, Technology, Marketing and Finance
 * School of Education and Training
 * School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
 * Lakeland Regional High School, Wanaque
 * Manchester Regional High School, Haledon
 * Garrett Morgan Academy, Paterson
 * MPACT Academy, Paterson
 * Panther Academy, Paterson
 * Rosa L. Parks School of Fine and Performing Arts, Paterson
 * Passaic Academy for Science and Engineering, Passaic
 * Passaic County Technical Institute, Wayne
 * Passaic High School, Passaic
 * Passaic Preparatory Academy, Passaic
 * Passaic Valley Regional High School, Little Falls
 * Paterson Charter School for Science and Technology, Paterson
 * Pompton Lakes High School, Pompton Lakes
 * Public Safety Academy, Paterson
 * Sports and Business Academy, Paterson
 * Wayne Hills High School, Wayne
 * Wayne Valley High School, Wayne
 * West Milford High School, West Milford

Salem County

 * Arts, Science, and Technology High School, Woodstown
 * Penns Grove High School, Carneys Point Township
 * Pennsville Memorial High School, Pennsville
 * Salem County Career and Technical High School, Pilesgrove Township
 * Salem High School, Salem
 * Arthur P. Schalick High School, Pittsgrove Township
 * Woodstown High School, Woodstown

Somerset County

 * Bernards High School, Bernardsville
 * Bound Brook High School, Bound Brook
 * Bridgewater-Raritan High School, Bridgewater
 * Central Jersey College Prep Charter School, Somerset in Franklin Township
 * Franklin High School, Somerset
 * Hillsborough High School, Hillsborough Township
 * Manville High School, Manville
 * Montgomery High School, Montgomery Township
 * North Plainfield High School, North Plainfield
 * Ridge High School, Basking Ridge in Bernards Township
 * Somerset County Vocational and Technical High School, Bridgewater
 * Somerville High School, Somerville
 * Watchung Hills Regional High School, Warren Township

Sussex County

 * High Point Regional High School, Sussex
 * Hopatcong High School, Hopatcong
 * Kittatinny Regional High School, Hampton Township
 * Lenape Valley Regional High School, Stanhope
 * Newton High School, Newton
 * Sparta High School, Sparta
 * Sussex County Technical School, Sparta
 * Vernon Township High School, Vernon Township
 * Wallkill Valley Regional High School, Hamburg

Union County

 * David Brearley High School, Kenilworth
 * Abraham Clark High School, Roselle
 * Cranford High School, Cranford
 * Jonathan Dayton High School, Springfield Township
 * Elizabeth academies
 * J. Christian Bollwage Finance Academy
 * John E. Dwyer Technology Academy
 * Thomas A. Edison Career and Technical Academy
 * Elizabeth High School
 * Admiral William Halsey Leadership Academy
 * Alexander Hamilton Preparatory Academy
 * Thomas Jefferson Arts Academy
 * Governor Livingston High School, Berkeley Heights
 * Hillside High School, Hillside
 * Arthur L. Johnson High School, Clark
 * Linden High School, Linden
 * New Providence High School, New Providence
 * Barack Obama Green Charter High School, Plainfield
 * Plainfield Academy for the Arts and Advanced Studies, Plainfield
 * Plainfield High School, Plainfield
 * Rahway High School, Rahway
 * Roselle Park High School, Roselle Park
 * Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School, Scotch Plains
 * Summit High School, Summit
 * Union County Academy for Allied Health Sciences, Scotch Plains
 * Union County Academy for Information Technology, Scotch Plains
 * Union County Academy for Performing Arts, Scotch Plains
 * Union County Magnet High School, Scotch Plains
 * Union County Vocational-Technical High School, Scotch Plains
 * Union Senior High School, Union Township
 * Westfield High School, Westfield

Warren County

 * Belvidere High School, Belvidere (9-12)
 * Hackettstown High School, Hackettstown (9-12)
 * North Warren Regional High School, Blairstown (7-12)
 * Phillipsburg High School, Phillipsburg (9-12)
 * Warren County Technical School, Washington (9-12)
 * Warren Hills Regional High School, Washington (9-12)

Atlantic County

 * Atlantic Christian School, Egg Harbor Township
 * Champion Baptist Academy, Absecon
 * Coastal Learning Center Atlantic, Northfield
 * Highland Academy, Absecon
 * Holy Spirit High School, Absecon
 * Life Mission Training Center, Hammonton
 * St. Augustine Preparatory School, Richland
 * St. Joseph Academy, Hammonton
 * The Pilgrim Academy, Egg Harbor City
 * Trocki Jewish Community Day School, Egg Harbor Township

Bergen County

 * Academy of the Holy Angels, Demarest
 * Barnstable Academy, Oakland
 * Bergen Catholic High School, Oradell
 * Community High School, Teaneck
 * Don Bosco Preparatory High School, Ramsey
 * Dwight-Englewood School, Englewood
 * Frisch School, Paramus
 * Hackensack Christian School, Hackensack
 * Heichal HaTorah, Teaneck
 * Holmstead School, Ridgewood
 * High Point School of Bergen County, Lodi
 * Immaculate Conception High School, Lodi (closed at end of 2022-23 school year)
 * Immaculate Heart Academy, Washington Township
 * Ma'ayanot Yeshiva High School, Teaneck
 * Metro Schechter Academy, Teaneck (closed in 2006)
 * Newbury Academy, Dumont
 * Paramus Catholic High School, Paramus
 * Queen of Peace High School, North Arlington closed 2017
 * Sage Day School, Rochelle Park
 * Saint Joseph Regional High School, Montvale
 * St. Mary High School (Rutherford, New Jersey), Rutherford
 * Saddle River Day School, Saddle River
 * Schechter Regional High School, Teaneck (closed 2007)
 * Torah Academy of Bergen County, Teaneck
 * Yeshiva Ohr Hatalmud, Englewood

Burlington County

 * Calvary Christian School, Willingboro
 * Doane Academy, Burlington (K-12)
 * Hampton Academy, Mount Holly
 * Heritage Christian Academy, Mount Laurel
 * Holy Cross Preparatory Academy, Delran
 * Life Center Academy, Burlington
 * Moorestown Friends School, Moorestown

Camden County

 * Bancroft School at Voorhees Pediatric Facility, Voorhees
 * Baptist Regional School, Haddon Heights
 * Bishop Eustace Preparatory School, Pennsauken
 * Brookfield Academy, Cherry Hill
 * Camden Catholic High School, Cherry Hill
 * Delaware Valley Torah Institute, Cherry Hill
 * Gloucester Catholic High School, Gloucester City
 * J.D.T. Christian Academy, Pennsauken
 * The King's Christian School, Cherry Hill, New Jersey
 * Kingsway Learning Center Haddonfield Campus, Haddonfield
 * Paul VI High School, Haddonfield
 * Stratford Classical Christian Academy, Stratford
 * Urban Promise Academy, Camden

Cape May County

 * Cape Christian Academy, Cape May Court House
 * Families United Network Academy, Tuckahoe
 * Wildwood Catholic High School, Wildwood

Cumberland County

 * Sacred Heart High School, Vineland (closed at the end of the 2012-13 school year )

Essex County

 * Ahlus Sunnah School, East Orange
 * Chad Science Academy, Newark
 * Christ the King Preparatory School, Newark
 * Essex Catholic High School, Newark (closed at end of 2002-03 school year )
 * Essex Valley School, West Caldwell
 * Golda Och Academy, West Orange (formerly Solomon Schechter Day School of Essex and Union)
 * The Gramon School, Fairfield
 * Immaculate Conception High School, Montclair
 * Independence High School, Irvington
 * Jersey Preparatory School, Newark
 * Rae Kushner Yeshiva High School, Livingston
 * Lacordaire Academy, Upper Montclair
 * Marylawn of the Oranges High School, South Orange (closed at end of 2012-13 school year
 * The Milton School, Millburn
 * Montclair Kimberley Academy, Montclair
 * Mount Saint Dominic Academy, West Caldwell
 * Newark Academy, Livingston
 * Our Lady of Good Counsel High School, Newark (closed as of 2006)
 * Saint Benedict's Preparatory School, Newark
 * St. James Preparatory School, Newark
 * St. Leo's Center, Irvington
 * St. Vincent Academy, Newark
 * Seton Hall Preparatory School, West Orange

Gloucester County

 * Gloucester County Christian School, Sewell
 * Our Lady of Mercy Academy, Newfield
 * Victory Christian School, Williamstown

Hudson County

 * Academy of St. Aloysius, Jersey City (closed 2006)
 * Academy of the Sacred Heart, Hoboken (closed 2006)
 * Caritas Academy, Jersey City (closed 2008)
 * Holy Family Academy, Bayonne (closed at end of 2012-13 school year )
 * Hudson Catholic Regional High School, Jersey City
 * The Hudson School, Hoboken
 * Kenmare High School, Jersey City
 * Marist High School, Bayonne
 * Messiah Christian High School, Bayonne
 * Miftaahul Uloom Academy, Union City
 * St. Aloysius High School, Jersey City (closed 2007)
 * St. Anthony High School, Jersey City (closed 2017)
 * St. Dominic Academy, Jersey City
 * Saint Joseph of the Palisades High School, West New York (closed in 2009)
 * St. Mary High School, Jersey City (closed in 2011)
 * St. Peter's Preparatory School, Jersey City
 * Yeshiva Gedolah School of Bayonne, Bayonne

Mercer County

 * Hun School of Princeton, Princeton
 * Islamic School of Trenton, Trenton
 * Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville / Lawrence Township
 * The Lewis School of Princeton, Princeton
 * Notre Dame High School, Lawrenceville / Lawrence Township
 * Peddie School, Hightstown
 * The Pennington School, Pennington
 * Princeton Day School, Princeton
 * Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science, Princeton
 * St. Mary's Cathedral High School, Trenton (closed 1972)
 * Stuart Country Day School, Princeton
 * Trenton Catholic Academy, Trenton
 * Villa Victoria Academy, Ewing
 * Wilberforce School, Princeton Junction

Middlesex County

 * Al-Minhaal Academy, South Plainfield
 * Moshe Aaron Yeshiva High School, South River
 * Rabbi Jacob Joseph Yeshiva School, Edison
 * Cardinal McCarrick High School, South Amboy (closed at the end of the 2014-15 school year, in the wake of an increasing financial deficit. )
 * Noor-Ul-Iman School, Monmouth Junction
 * St. Joseph High School (Metuchen, New Jersey), Metuchen
 * St. Peter the Apostle High School, New Brunswick
 * St. Thomas Aquinas High School (New Jersey), Edison (renamed from Bishop George Ahr High School in 2019)
 * Timothy Christian School (New Jersey), Piscataway
 * Wardlaw-Hartridge School, Edison
 * Yeshiva Tiferes Naftoli, Jamesburg
 * HEROES Academy for the Gifted, New Brunswick

Monmouth County

 * Baytul-Iman Academy, Matawan
 * Christian Brothers Academy, Lincroft
 * Collier High School, Wickatunk
 * High Point Schools, Morganville
 * Hillel Yeshiva, Ocean
 * Ilan High School, Long Branch
 * Jersey Shore Free School, a Sudbury school, Marlboro/Colts Neck, NJ
 * Mater Dei High School, Middletown (closed in 2022)
 * Monmouth Academy, Howell (closed 2011)
 * New Jersey United Christian Academy, Cream Ridge
 * Ranney School, Tinton Falls
 * Red Bank Catholic High School, Red Bank
 * St. George Orthodox Christian High School, Howell
 * St. John Vianney High School, Holmdel
 * St. Rose High School, Belmar
 * Talmudical Academy of Central New Jersey, Howell
 * Trinity Hall (New Jersey), Tinton Falls

Morris County

 * Academy of Saint Elizabeth, Morris Township
 * Bayley-Ellard High School, Madison (closed 2005)
 * The Craig School, Lincoln Park
 * Delbarton School, Morris Township
 * Morris Catholic High School, Denville
 * Morristown–Beard School, Morristown
 * Parsippany Christian School, Morris Plains
 * Sage Day School, Boonton
 * Shepard School, Morristown
 * Trinity Christian School, Montville
 * Villa Walsh Academy, Morris Township

Ocean County

 * Bais Kaila Torah Preparatory High School for Girls, Lakewood
 * Bais Shaindel High School, Lakewood
 * Bais Yaakov High School, Lakewood
 * Birchas Chaim, Lakewood
 * Bnos Bais Yaakov High School, Lakewood
 * Donovan Catholic High School, Toms River (known as Monsignor Donovan High School until 2014)
 * Mesivta High School of Bradley, Lakewood
 * Mesivta Keser Torah School, Lakewood
 * Mesivta of Lakewood School, Lakewood
 * Mesivta Pe'er Hatorah School, Lakewood
 * New Jersey Center for Judaic Study, Lakewood
 * Ohr Chodosh School, Lakewood
 * Yeshiva Bais Aharon School, Lakewood

Passaic County

 * Al-Ghazaly High School, Wayne
 * Al-Huda School, Paterson
 * Bais Yaakov of Passaic High School, Passaic
 * Benway School, Wayne
 * Collegiate School, Passaic
 * DePaul Catholic High School, Wayne
 * Don Bosco Technical High School (New Jersey), Paterson (closed 2002)
 * Eastern Christian High School, North Haledon
 * Hawthorne Christian Academy, Hawthorne
 * Mary Help of Christians Academy, North Haledon
 * Mesivta Zichron Baruch, Clifton
 * Neumann Preparatory School, Wayne (closed 1990)
 * Paterson Catholic High School, Paterson (closed 2010)
 * Paul VI High School (Clifton, New Jersey), Clifton (closed 1970)
 * Pioneer Academy, Wayne
 * Pope Pius XII High School, Passaic (closed 1983)

Somerset County

 * East Mountain School, Belle Mead
 * Gill St. Bernard's School, Gladstone
 * Green Brook Academy, Bound Brook
 * Immaculata High School, Somerville
 * Mount St. Mary Academy, Watchung
 * Pingry School, Martinsville
 * Purnell School, Pottersville
 * Rutgers Preparatory School, Somerset
 * Sage Day High School, Franklin
 * Somerset Christian Academy, Zarephath now Pillar College, Newark

Sussex County

 * Pope John XXIII High School, Sparta
 * Veritas Christian Academy, Sparta

Union County

 * Benedictine Academy, Elizabeth (close at the end of the 2019–20 school year)
 * Bruriah High School for Girls, Elizabeth
 * Cornerstone Day School
 * Hillcrest Academy, Scotch Plains
 * Jewish Educational Center, Elizabeth
 * Kent Place School, Summit
 * Mother Seton Regional High School, Clark
 * Oak Knoll School of the Holy Child, Summit
 * Oratory Preparatory School, Summit
 * Rav Teitz Mesivta Academy, Elizabeth
 * Roselle Catholic High School, Roselle
 * St. Mary of the Assumption High School, Elizabeth
 * The Patrick School, Elizabeth (established after St. Patrick High School closed in 2002)
 * Union Catholic Regional High School, Scotch Plains

Warren County

 * Blair Academy, Blairstown
 * Phillipsburg Catholic High School, Phillipsburg (closed 1994)

title: List of high schools in New Jersey


text:
Battle of the Stuhna River

The Battle of the Stuhna River (sometimes written as Stugna River; 26 May 1093) was fought between the princes of Kievan Rus', Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Vladimir II Monomakh of Chernigov, and Rostislav Vsevolodovich of Pereyaslavl against the nomadic Cumans. The Kievan forces were defeated.

Background
The Cumans raided Rus' soon after the death of Vsevolod and sought to buy peace with the new great prince, Sviatopolk. However, Sviatopolk incarcerated the Cumans' ambassadors, and the Cumans came in force to attack Kiev. Facing an enemy army of eight thousand, Sviatopolk took the advice of counsel and called for help from Vladimir Monomakh, prince of Chernigov. Vladimir came with his troops and also called upon his only brother, Rostislav of Pereyaslav.

Battle
A union of Kievan princes against Cumans was achieved, and Sviatopolk released the ambassadors of Cumans. The troops of the three princes joined and set out for the city of Trypillia. Approaching the river Stuhna, the princes were undecided, so they stopped to have a council, while the Cumans were across the river facing them. Vladimir, whose wife was a Cuman princess, continued to demand that they sue for peace, but the Kievan troops wanted battle. They crossed the river and met the Cumans in a valley at the rampart of Trepol'. Sviatopolk deployed on the right, Rostislav in the center, and Vladimir on the left.

As the Kievan troops reached the rampart, the Cumans bowmen attacked Sviatopolk's men, and after a bloody engagement his troops broke. Sviatapolk attempted to make a stand, but the impact of his retreating men carried him back. Then Vladimir's force was attacked and after a fierce confrontation all the Kievan troops were in retreat. Sviatapolk took cover in Trepol', but Rostislav and Vladimir attempted to swim the Stuhna River. Rostislav, in heavy chain armour, drowned. Vladimir retreated to Chernigov and Sviatapolk retreated at night to Kiev.

The Kievan-Pechersky Paterick ascribed Rostislav's death to his own haughtiness. It is said that he refused to enter the church and pray for the battle's outcome. The young prince's death is also recalled in the Tale of Igor's Campaign:

"Not like that is the river Stuhna - endowed with a meager stream, having fed therefore on other rills and runners, she rent between bushes a youth, prince Rostislav, imprisoning him. On the Dnieper's dark bank Rostislav's mother weeps the youth. Pined away have the flowers with condolement, and the tree has been bent to the ground with sorrow."

title: Battle of the Stuhna River


text:
XKMS

XML Key Management Specification (XKMS) uses the web services framework to make it easier for developers to secure inter-application communication using public key infrastructure (PKI). XML Key Management Specification is a protocol developed by W3C which describes the distribution and registration of public keys. Services can access an XKMS compliant server in order to receive updated key information for encryption and authentication.

Architecture
XKMS consists of two parts:
 * X-KISS: XML Key Information Service Specification
 * X-KRSS: XML Key Registration Service Specification

The X-KRSS defines the protocols needed to register public key information. X-KRSS can generate the key material, making key recovery easier than when created manually.

The X-KISS outlines the syntax that applications should use to delegate some or all of the tasks needed to process the key information element of an XML signature to a trust service.

In both cases the goal of XKMS is to allow all the complexity of traditional PKI implementations to be offloaded from the client to an external service. While this approach was originally suggested by Diffie and Hellman in their New Directions paper this was generally considered impractical at the time leading to commercial development focusing on the certificate based approach proposed by Loren Kohnfelder.

Development history
The team that developed the original XKMS proposal submitted to the W3C included Warwick Ford, Phillip Hallam-Baker (editor) and Brian LaMacchia. The architectural approach is closely related to the MIT PGP Key server originally created and maintained by Brian LaMacchia. The realization in XML is closely related to SAML, the first edition of which was also edited by Hallam-Baker.

At the time XKMS was proposed no security infrastructure was defined for the then entirely new SOAP protocol for Web Services. As a result, a large part of the XKMS specification is concerned with the definition of security 'bindings' for specific Web Services protocols.

title: XKMS


text:
Brown Sugar (D'Angelo album)

Brown Sugar is the debut studio album by American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist D'Angelo, released on July 3, 1995, through EMI. The album was recorded during 1994 and 1995 in sessions at Battery Studios and RPM Studios in New York City and at the Pookie Lab in Sacramento. Its production, instrumentation, arrangements, and songwriting were primarily handled by D'Angelo, who employed both vintage recording equipment and modern electronic devices. The songs feature earnest lyrics about love and romance, set against a fusion of contemporary R&B and traditional soul music with elements of funk, quiet storm, and hip hop music.

Brown Sugar debuted at number six on the US Billboard Top R&B Albums chart, selling 300,000 copies in its first two months. With the help of its four singles, it spent 65 weeks on the Billboard 200 chart and received platinum certification within a year of its release. Brown Sugar was also met with widespread acclaim and earned D'Angelo several accolades, including four Grammy Award nominations. Regarded by music journalists as a pivotal release in neo soul, the album brought commercial exposure to the burgeoning musical movement amid the prominence of producer-driven, digitally approached R&B.

Background
By 1991, singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Michael D'Angelo Archer had formed his native-Richmond, Virginia musical group—Michael Archer and Precise—and achieved success on the Amateur Night competition at Harlem, New York's Apollo Theater. Soon after, he dropped out of school and moved to New York City, as an attempt to develop his own music career. The group had previously enjoyed some notice in Richmond, evenly dividing their repertoire between soul covers and originals, while D'Angelo accumulated compositions of his own and developed his songwriting skills. The group's turnout on Amateur Night resulted in three consecutive wins and a cash prize, after which, upon returning home to Richmond, D'Angelo was inspired to produce his own album and began composing material.

After a brief tenure as a member of the hip hop group I.D.U. (Intelligent, Deadly but Unique), D'Angelo signed a publishing deal with EMI Music in 1991 after catching the attention of record executives through a demo tape, which was originally by the group. After impressing EMI execs with a three-hour impromptu piano recital, D'Angelo was signed to a recording contract in 1993. A&R-man Gary Harris was primarily responsible for his signing, while manager Kedar Massenburg helped negotiate the contract as well. Massenburg became D'Angelo's manager after hearing of him through "the buzz on the streets". He had previously managed hip hop group Stetsasonic and formed the artist management-firm Kedar Entertainment in 1991, which he diversified into production, music publishing and publicity.

In 1994, his first significant success came in the form of the hit single "U Will Know". D'Angelo co-wrote and co-produced the song for the all-male R&B supergroup Black Men United, which featured R&B singers such as Brian McKnight, Usher, R. Kelly, Boyz II Men, Raphael Saadiq and Gerald Levert. D'Angelo composed the music for "U Will Know", while his brother, Luther Archer, wrote the lyrics. Originally featured on the soundtrack to the film Jason's Lyric (1994), the single peaked at number 5 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video for "U Will Know" featured D'Angelo as the group's choir director; he reprised the role for the live performance of the song at the Soul Train Music Awards. That same year, he wrote and produced the song "Overjoyed" for the Boys Choir of Harlem, which appeared on their studio album The Sound of Hope (1994). The success of "U Will Know" helped build the buzz surrounding D'Angelo, which was followed by a number of highly promoted performance showcases, and added to the buzz among music industry insiders.

Recording and production

After his successful performance with his group Precise at the Apollo Theater in 1991, D'Angelo received a US$ 500 check for his work at the venue and used most of it to purchase a four-track recorder and a keyboard. At his mother's house in Richmond, he began writing and recording most of the material that would constitute Brown Sugar during 1991 and 1992. Recording for the album took place during 1994 and 1995 at Battery Studios and RPM Studios in New York City, and at the Pookie Lab studio in Sacramento, California, which served as the personal recording studio of R&B musician and record producer Raphael Saadiq. Additional recording took place at Back Pocket Studios in New York City for the track "Cruisin'".

In contrast to the production style of contemporary R&B at the time, which featured predominant casting of well-known record producers for an artist's project, D'Angelo handled most of the album's production, as well as contributing all of the vocals. While most of the production was handled by D'Angelo, other producers contributed as well, including Saadiq, Ali Shaheed Muhammad of A Tribe Called Quest and studio engineer Bob Power.

D'Angelo's expertise and ability to play various instruments, including drums, saxophone, guitar, bass, and keyboards, aided him in the recording of Brown Sugar, as most of the album's instrumentation and production were credited to his name. In a 1995 interview, he discussed the influence that musician Prince had on his approach to recording the album, stating "I was one of those guys who read the album credits and I realized that Prince was a true artist. He wrote, produced, and performed, and that's the way I wanted to do it." For the album, D'Angelo and the production personnel utilized antiquated, vintage equipment, including Wurlitzer musical instruments and dated effects boxes, as well as modern electronic devices such as drum machines and computers. Notable instruments used by D'Angelo were the Fender Rhodes electric piano and the Hammond organ. The album was later mastered by engineer Herb Powers Jr. at The Hit Factory mastering studio in New York City.

Music
Born to a Pentecostal-minister father, D'Angelo was brought up to an early appreciation of gospel music, while his mother, a jazz enthusiast, introduced him to the musical complexities of trumpeter Miles Davis and the funk and soul music of the 1970s. In addition to old gospel records, these factors inspired him during the making of Brown Sugar, as D'Angelo drew upon his roots of traditional gospel and soul, and infused the sound of contemporary R&B and hip hop music to create a stylistically unique and soulful sound for the album. The album has been noted by critics for its classic soul elements and influences,  as well as the sound of live instruments and organic grooves, which are reminiscent of the work of Stevie Wonder and Sly & the Family Stone. Its production contrasts the producer-driven and digital approach of contemporary R&B at the time of its release.

The album's sound is prominently driven by keyboards, sensual vocals, and smooth melodies, while it evokes the work of such artists as Prince, Isaac Hayes, Marvin Gaye, Smokey Robinson and the Isley Brothers. The quiet storm-love song "Cruisin'", a cover of Robinson's 1979 hit of the same name, features a predominant string section. Along with the album's modern aesthetic and vintage texture, Brown Sugar also encompasses the sounds of the blues, gospel and jazz in a contemporary fashion. According to music journalist Peter Shapiro, "Lady" uses "the jazzy hallmarks of bohemian soul to emphasize the singer's insecurity". Most of the songs on the album have a stripped-down feel, without complex orchestrations, and have heavy drum beats and bass lines, which are accompanied by electric piano riffs and minimal guitar work. Music writer Robert Christgau finds Brown Sugar to be "bass-driven rather than voice-led".

Vocals
D'Angelo's singing throughout Brown Sugar is a gospel-influenced, falsetto crooning style, which critics have compared the singing of Prince, Al Green, Donny Hathaway, and Sam Cooke. Despite the album's retro influence, music writers have noted his delivery as having a hip hop approach and "swagger", as one critic described the album as a "blend of classic soul and urban attitude". Another writer described the album's vibe as "sultry" and D'Angelo's vocal delivery as "sly". Music journalist Jon Caramanica later called D'Angelo a "classicist, in other words, cloaked in the guise of a hip-hop roughneck." Shapiro viewed the vocal production as similar to that of Prince's Sign o' the Times (1987). The album's closing track "Higher" features D'Angelo's organ set to a choir of his overdubbed vocals, while "Jonz in My Bonz", which compares love to an addiction, features D'Angelo's falsetto moans overdubbed in an array for effect.

According to D'Angelo, the hip hop influence present on the album "came from the Native Tongues movement - Tribe Called Quest, Gang Starr and Main Source." The title track features the most hip hop influence on the album, as Ali Shaheed Muhammad's co-production for the song developed a seamless integration of hip hop beats into D'Angelo's old school-influenced material. The vocal delivery on the track resembles the flow of most emcees at the time. In a 1995 interview, D'Angelo cited hip hop artists Rakim and KRS-One as one of his greatest influences, and explained his affinity with rapping, stating "All rap is street soul. They just have a different method."

Lyrics
With the exception of the title track, a thinly veiled ode to smoking marijuana, most of the album's material consists of traditional romance ballads and love songs, in the style of classic soul music. The lyrical content of the album closer, "Higher", combines the spiritual love of God and the carnal love of a woman, and is similar to the lyricism of Prince, who has been noted by music writers for exploring the "eternal dichotomy" of spirituality and sexuality. Music writers have noted the lyrical "openness" of the album, along with qualities of honesty and "earnestness" in D'Angelo's songwriting, in comparison to most contemporary R&B at the time. "Alright" deals with the consequences of a relationship and reassurance of its security. "Shit, Damn, Motherfucker" was cited by Shapiro as "the nastiest cheating song since that hoary old standard of 60s rock, 'Hey Joe'", It features a string of emphatic interjections (the chorus line "shit, damn, motherfucker" describes his reaction) and rhetorical questions by the narrator after walking in on his wife and his best friend in bed together. Music critic Christopher John Farley described the chorus as a "little like the Fuhrman tapes, with a beat", while Mark Anthony Neal found the song to be "drenched with Marvin Gaye’s paranoia."

Marketing and sales
Brown Sugar was released on July 3, 1995, by EMI. The album debuted at number six on the US Billboard Top R&B Albums chart in the week of July 22, 1995. It ultimately peaked at number four in the week of February 24, 1996, and spent a total of 54 weeks on the chart. Brown Sugar also spent 65 weeks on the Billboard 200 and peaked at number 22 on the chart. It sold 300,000 copies within its two months of release. The album had been selling 35,000 to 40,000 copies a week through to November 1995, and by January 1996, it had sold 400,000 copies. With the help of its four singles, including the gold-certified, half-million-selling Billboard Hot 100 hit "Lady" and R&B top-ten singles "Brown Sugar" and "Cruisin'", the album reached sales of 500,000 copies in the United States by October 1995.

In late 1995, D'Angelo toured in promotion of the album, and his concert at The Jazz Café in London produced the 1996 live album Live at the Jazz Cafe. On February 7, 1996, Brown Sugar was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, following shipments in excess of one million copies in the U.S. The album was certified gold in Canada on May 9, 2000. Its total sales have been estimated by several sources within the range of 1.5 million to over two million copies.

Brown Sugar was re-released as a two-disc deluxe edition on August 25, 2017, by Virgin and Universal Music Enterprises. The reissue featured remastering by Russell Elevado, a 20-page booklet essayed by Nelson George, and 21 additional songs. The bonus material included instrumentals, a cappella versions, and remixes by CJ Mackintosh, Dallas Austin, King Tech, Erick Sermon, and Incognito; seven of the 21 additional songs had never been released before commercially, while the others were previously available only on vinyl.

Critical reception and legacy
Brown Sugar was acclaimed by contemporary music critics. Martin Johnson of the Chicago Tribune praised D'Angelo's fusing of "elements of Prince, early '70s Smokey Robinson and post-Woodstock Sly and the Family Stone". NME wrote that "D'Angelo's downbeat world blurs the borders..., kicking over the traces of the genre game". Time magazine's Christopher John Farley said that D'Angelo's austere sound on the album serves as a reminder of the 1970s' musical atmosphere, but updated for listeners in the 1990s. In his review for Vibe, James Hunter wrote that he is "determined to give pre-hip hop forms like blues, soul, gospel, and jazz a mid-'90s vibe", and "inhabits his songs from odd angles, without non-stop Vandross-style aural showmanship." Rolling Stone magazine's Cheo H. Coker praised Brown Sugar for its soulful sound and musical deviation from the New Jack-style of R&B at the time, stating:

Call him an ndegéocello (Swahili for "free as a bird"), a rebel soul... Like his fellow retrolutionaries Me'Shell NdegéOcello, Joi, Omar and Dionne Farris, he's shattering the conventional definition of "black music." It doesn't have to be a lackluster genre in which format, not content, determines heavy rotation. Brown Sugar is a reminder of where R&B has been and, if the genre is to resurrect its creative relevance like a phoenix rising from the ashes, where it needs to go.

Despite calling it "lyrically a bit simple", Yahoo! Music's Jeff Watson commended D'Angelo for his musicianship and wrote that his "marvelous voice and smooth instrumentation complement his solid songwriting skills". Having been lukewarm toward the record in a contemporary review for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau later wrote in MSN Music that he "wasn't surprised to have warmed to it ... D'Angelo's concentration is formidable, his groove complex yet primal." The song "Brown Sugar" was nominated for the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song. The album was also nominated for Best R&B Album. "Lady" was nominated for a 1997 Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance. It was also ranked number 21 on The Village Voices 1995 Pazz & Jop critics' poll and number 12 in The Wires annual critics' poll.

Since its initial reception, the album's sound has been dubbed as "neo soul". D'Angelo's commercial breakthrough with Brown Sugar has been credited by writers and music critics for providing commercial visibility to the emerging neo soul movement of the mid-1990s, as well as inspiration behind the coinage of the term neo soul. The term was originally coined by Kedar Massenburg to market D'Angelo's music, as well as work by Erykah Badu, Lauryn Hill, and Maxwell. In a 1996 article for the Chicago Tribune, critic Greg Kot cited Brown Sugar as "arguably where the current soul revival started". USA Today's Steve Jones wrote that the album "paved the way for innovative albums by Maxwell, Tony Rich and Eric Benet". Yahoo! Music's Jeff Watson wrote that the album "single-handedly revitalized the creatively-dormant R&B scene". Robert Christgau has dubbed it a "modern wellspring" for neo soul. Mojo ranked it number 97 on its "100 Modern Classics" list, and Rolling Stone included Brown Sugar on its list of "Essential Recordings of the 90's". In 2020, Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 183 on their updated list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

title: Brown Sugar (D'Angelo album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Total Gamerz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:18, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Total Gamerz

 * Delete Non-notable messageboard. It doesn't seem to work either. Xezbeth  19:12, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Very not-notable - complete rubbish! Brookie 19:34, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, lol? Inter 20:06, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Total bollockz.  Edeans 22:58, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Neigel von Teighen 22:59, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Category:French poetry

Poetry by French poets and poetry written in French.

title: Category:French poetry


text:
Lawrence Collins, Baron Collins of Mapesbury

Lawrence Antony Collins, Baron Collins of Mapesbury (born 7 May 1941) is a British judge and former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. He was also appointed to the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong on 11 April 2011 as a non-permanent judge from other common law jurisdictions. He was formerly a partner in the British law firm Herbert Smith. He is now a full time international arbitrator, Chair of Laws at UCL Faculty of Laws, and continues to sit as a member of the HKFCA.

Early life and education
Collins was born on 7 May 1941 and educated at the City of London School, and then at Downing College, Cambridge, graduating with a starred first in Law. He received an LL.M. degree from Columbia Law School in New York City and was admitted as a solicitor in 1968, becoming a partner at Herbert Smith in 1971 until his appointment as a judge in 2000.

He served as head of the Litigation and Arbitration Department at Herbert Smith from 1995 to 1998. He and Arthur Marriott were the two first practising solicitors ever to be appointed Queen's Counsel, on 27 March 1997.

As a solicitor-advocate, he appeared before the English Court of Appeal, the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, and the European Court of Justice. He acted for the Government of Chile in the case to extradite General Pinochet.

Judiciary
In 1997, he was appointed a Deputy High Court Judge, becoming a full-time Judge in the Chancery Division on 28 September 2000, at which time he left Herbert Smith. He was the first solicitor to be appointed as a judge of the High Court direct from private practice, and only the second solicitor to be appointed, after Sir Michael Sachs in 1993, who had previously sat as a circuit judge for nine years. In a landmark case in 2006, he required file sharers who had refused to settle with the British Phonographic Industry to pay damages running into thousands of pounds.

His appointment as a Lord Justice of Appeal (judge of the Court of Appeal) was announced on 11 January 2007, and he was sworn to the Privy Council a month later. On 8 April 2009, it was announced that he would replace Lord Hoffmann (who retired on 20 April 2009) as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. He is the first solicitor to be appointed to these senior levels of the judiciary. Accordingly, on 21 April 2009, he was created Baron Collins of Mapesbury, of Hampstead Town in the London Borough of Camden, and was introduced in the House of Lords on 28 April 2009. On 1 October 2009, he and nine other Lords of Appeal became Justices of the Supreme Court upon that body's inauguration.

He has been a fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge, since 1975, became a fellow of the British Academy in 1994, and Chair of Laws at UCL Faculty of Laws since 2011. He is a member of the Institut de droit international. He has been the general editor of Dicey & Morris, the standard reference work on conflict of laws, since 1987, and it was retitled Dicey, Morris and Collins in its 14th edition, published in 2006. He is also the author of many other books and articles on private international law. He became a bencher of the Inner Temple in 2001. Collins was previously an adjunct professor of law at NYU School of Law.

Collins reached the compulsory retirement age of 70 on 7 May 2011 but stayed on as an acting justice until July. He has continued membership of the House of Lords, and sits as a crossbencher.

Significant judgments

 * HJ and HT v Home Secretary [2010] UKSC 31: homosexuality in asylum claims
 * R v Bentley (Derek) [1999] posthumous overturning of unsafe murder conviction

Family
He has one daughter, Hannah, and one son, Aaron.


text: Category:Communes of Finistère

title: Category:Communes of Finistère


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daniel Rohrbough

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was ambiguous. No one argued that this article be kept as is. 5 voted for clear delete. 2 voted to redirect. 2 voted merge but there is nothing to merge - which means that the usual argument about "redirect to preserve attribution" doesn't really apply. I am going to exercise my discretion on this one. Delete to clean out the article history then redirect to discourage the recreation of the article. Rossami (talk) 03:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Daniel Rohrbough
Wikipedia is not a memorial Uncle G 19:16, 2005 Feb 1 (UTC)
 * Delete - sorry about Daniel-but this is not a memorial and nothing memorable here Brookie 19:31, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -R. fiend 20:05, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Sadly, we are not a memorial. Inter 20:05, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge content with Columbine High School massacre. -- AllyUnion (talk) 20:27, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge all of them to Columbine. So sad... humblefool® 01:32, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Nothing really to merge; all this information is already in the very detailed article. -R. fiend 07:08, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, Wikipedia is not a memorial. Megan1967 02:11, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect - David Gerard 17:43, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Columbine High School massacre to discourage re-creation. —Korath (Talk) 13:35, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Middle Ground Coastal Battery

The Middle Ground Coastal Battery is a heritage site of an antique coastal artillery battery managed by the Indian Navy on an islet off the coast of Mumbai, India. It is situated on Middle Ground isle in Mumbai Harbour, a few hundred metres away from the Gateway of India, in Thane Creek.

History
The Middle Ground Coastal Battery was once part of a reef, like the nearby Oyster Rock. Middle Ground islet is a piece of hard basalt rock, emerging from the creek bed, having an area of a few hundred square meters.

The island was fortified in 1682 by the British East India Company to curb the sea piracy in the area. Later a marine police force of Bhandaris was stationed on the islet to keep an eye on the pirates who used to board ships. The Bhandaris were chosen for their honesty and local knowledge. They had a distinctive uniform of yellow turbans and blue trousers. After piracy moved to the South China Sea, about two hundred years ago, the police were disbanded and the rock passed into the control of the Royal Navy (RN), and from thence to the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) and eventually to the Indian Navy (IN).

The RIN added to the fortifications with the use of coastal guns and later on three anti-aircraft guns to protect the harbour from a perceived Japanese invasion during World War II. The AA guns were eventually removed, but the deep cylindrical mountings of the old guns still remain.

Current use
The island is manned by a staff of eight sailors of the Indian Navy who keep in touch with the mainland through radio communications. Currently the island serves as the saluting base to the Flag Officer Commander-in-Chief (FOC-in-C) of the Western Naval Command. The old cannons are ceremonially fired along with a bugle call when a new FOC-in-C takes office or when a naval ship returns to its home port in the harbour after an extended deployment.

The edifice stores artefacts of the colonial era such as ceramic bathtubs, etc. A maritime museum occupied a portion of the isle, but it was shut down in 2000 with the exhibits moving to the maritime museum of the decommissioned light aircraft carrier INS Vikrant when it was opened to the public. Ensigns of old naval ships are still stored on the isle.

The islet is difficult to visit owing to the problems faced while berthing during low tide. The Navy has been offered many lucrative deals for the obsidian isle, but selling it would heavily compromise the security of warships berthed at Naval Jetties.

title: Middle Ground Coastal Battery


text:
Fairy Queen (disambiguation)

The Fairy Queen, in English folklore, traditionally ruled the fairies.

Fairy Queen may also refer to:

Literature and fine art

 * The Faerie Queene, a poem by Edmund Spenser published in two parts, in 1590 and 1596
 * The Fairy Queen (Fablehaven), a fictional character in Brandon Mull's 2000s Fablehaven series

Music and opera

 * The Fairy-Queen, a 1692 semi-opera by Purcell based on Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream
 * The Fairy Queen, a 1946 ballet based on the opera with choreography by Sir Frederick Ashton and music by Henry Purcell
 * "Faerie Queen" (song), a song by Heather Alexander from the 1994 album Wanderlust
 * "Faerie Queen", a song by Blackmore's Night from the 2006 album The Village Lanterne
 * Fairy Queen (1988) and The Fairy Queen (2004), albums by the musical artist Kenny Klein

Other uses

 * Fairy Queen (locomotive), a British-built steam locomotive operated by the East Indian Railway Company

title: Fairy Queen (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Porthmadog

Brewery
Can someone with local knowledge please help me with this.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Purple_Moose_Brewery

It is a worthwhile subject but I’m struggling to find links from CAMRA or any other body that are relevant.

Wrong Treflys
There is a link to Treflys on the main page.

This, however, links to a Treflys in Powys which is 100 miles away from Porthmadog. Yes, there is a Treflys about three miles away but the page doesn't point to this one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MalcolmSm1th (talk • contribs)

Karl Pilkington
Surely there must be a Karl Pilkington reference in the article? He is a very notable figure who spent much of his childhood in Porthmadog. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.101.26.171 (talk)

 * Thank you for pointing that out - there is indeed a notable Karl Pilkington. However, we can't add your info. re Porthmadog right now, as we would need a reliable source supplied to us, to verify your information.  If you have such a source (say web site or printed source), please feel free to add a link to that source, just here.  An editor will then update the article accordingly (unless you want to be bold and have a go at adding it there yourself (no harm will be done if you have a go). Trafford09 (talk) 18:39, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

Cob
Many references are made to the town's important Cob. It would be nice to see the etymology as to how it acquired that name. Are there other places in the world with 'cobs '? Trafford09 (talk) 18:32, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

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External links modified
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I have just modified 5 external links on Porthmadog. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.uk-legislation.hmso.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1972/cukpga_19720070_en_41
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120219105252/http://uk.weather.yahoo.com/climo/UKXX1379_c.html to http://uk.weather.yahoo.com/climo/UKXX1379_c.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121014012646/http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/841/Taflen_Morfa_Bychan.pdf to http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/841/Taflen_Morfa_Bychan.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070904145734/http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/northwales/MorfaBychan.html to http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/northwales/MorfaBychan.html
 * Added tag to http://nationalmuseumwales.org/media/4/9/5/2/Newsletter_5.pdf
 * Added tag to http://wales.gov.uk/deet/policy/transport/a487/A487.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3Dvn4JKyLGDkpJB9vLv17g2MGYcL1xncdhmp2JLs5h1rpyNryrB1Yr%21514291769?lang=en
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111005211422/http://robpiercy.com/TheGallery.htm to http://robpiercy.com/TheGallery.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090825221639/http://www.madocyachtclub.com/home-about-us to http://www.madocyachtclub.com/home-about-us

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External links modified
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I have just modified 7 external links on Porthmadog. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121018111424/http://www.heneb.co.uk/ffestiniogcharacter/ffestlanengfol10.html to http://www.heneb.co.uk/ffestiniogcharacter/ffestlanengfol10.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141018154241/http://www.tremadog.org.uk/content/14.php to http://www.tremadog.org.uk/content/14.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121018111415/http://www.heneb.co.uk/ffestiniogcharacter/ffestlanengfol4.html to http://www.heneb.co.uk/ffestiniogcharacter/ffestlanengfol4.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130617200312/http://www.tremadog.org.uk/content/39.php to http://www.tremadog.org.uk/content/39.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121018111405/http://www.heneb.co.uk/ffestiniogcharacter/ffeshisteng.html to http://www.heneb.co.uk/ffestiniogcharacter/ffeshisteng.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121018111420/http://www.heneb.co.uk/ffestiniogcharacter/ffestlanengfol9.html to http://www.heneb.co.uk/ffestiniogcharacter/ffestlanengfol9.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090728015117/http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/Cambrian2.aspx to http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/Cambrian2.aspx

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External links modified
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title: Talk:Porthmadog


text: Category:Communes of Aisne

title: Category:Communes of Aisne


text: User:Garzo/pt

title: User:Garzo/pt