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Principality of Wales

The Principality of Wales (Tywysogaeth Cymru) was originally the territory of the native Welsh princes of the House of Aberffraw from 1216 to 1283, encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales during its height of 1267–1277. Following the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England of 1277 to 1283, those parts of Wales retained under the direct control of the English crown, principally in the north and west of the country, were re-constituted as a new Principality of Wales and ruled either by the monarch or the monarch's heir though not formally incorporated into the Kingdom of England. This was ultimately accomplished with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 when the Principality ceased to exist as a separate entity.

The Principality was formally founded in 1216 by native Welshman and King of Gwynedd, Llywelyn the Great who gathered other leaders of pura Wallia at the Council of Aberdyfi. The agreement was later recognised by the 1218 Treaty of Worcester between Llywelyn the Great of Wales and Henry III of England. The treaty gave substance to the political reality of 13th-century Wales and England, and the relationship of the former with the Angevin Empire. The principality retained a great degree of autonomy, characterized by a separate legal jurisprudence based on the well-established laws of Cyfraith Hywel, and by the increasingly sophisticated court of the House of Aberffraw. Although it owed fealty to the Angevin king of England, the principality was de facto independent, with a similar status in the empire to the Kingdom of Scotland. Its existence has been seen as proof that all the elements necessary for the growth of Welsh statehood were in place.

The period of de facto independence ended with Edward I's conquest of the principality between 1277 and 1283. Under the Statute of Rhuddlan, the principality lost its independence and became effectively an annexed territory of the English crown. From 1301, the crown's lands in north and west Wales formed part of the appanage of England's heir apparent, with the title "Prince of Wales". On accession of the prince to the English throne, the lands and title became merged with the Crown again. On two occasions Welsh claimants to the title rose up in rebellion during this period, although neither ultimately succeeded.

Since the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, which formally incorporated all of Wales within the Kingdom of England, there has been no geographical or constitutional basis for describing any of the territory of Wales as a principality, although the term has occasionally been used in an informal sense to describe the country, and in relation to the honorary title of Prince of Wales.

Pre-conquest principality
The Principality of Wales was created in 1216 at the Council of Aberdyfi when it was agreed between Llywelyn the Great and the other sovereign princes among the Welsh that he was the paramount ruler amongst them, and they would pay homage to him. Later he obtained recognition, at least in part, of this agreement from the King of England, who agreed that Llywelyn's heirs and successors would enjoy the title "Prince of Wales" but with certain limitations to his realm and other conditions, including homage to the King of England as vassal, and adherence to rules regarding a legitimate succession. Llywelyn had been at pains to ensure that his heirs and successors would follow the "approved" (by the Pope at least) system of inheritance which excluded illegitimate sons. In so doing he excluded his elder bastard son Gruffydd ap Llywelyn from the inheritance, a decision which would have later ramifications. In 1240 Llywelyn died and Henry III of England (who succeeded John) promptly invaded large areas of his former realm, usurping them from him. However, the two sides came to peace and Henry honoured at least part of the agreement and bestowed upon Dafydd ap Llywelyn the title 'Prince of Wales'. This title would be granted to his successor Llywelyn in 1267 (after a campaign by him to achieve it) and was later claimed by his brother Dafydd and other members of the princely House of Aberffraw.

Llywelyn ap Iorwerth 1195–1240

By 1200 Llywelyn Fawr (the Great) ap Iorwerth ruled over all of Gwynedd, with England endorsing all of Llywelyn's holdings that year. England's endorsement was part of a larger strategy of reducing the influence of Powys Wenwynwyn, as King John had given William de Breos licence in 1200 to "seize as much as he could" from the native Welsh. However, de Breos was in disgrace by 1208, and Llywelyn seized both Powys Wenwynwyn and northern Ceredigion.

In his expansion, the Prince was careful not to antagonise King John, his father-in-law. Llywelyn had married Joan, King John's illegitimate daughter, in 1204. In 1209 Prince Llywelyn joined King John on his campaign in Scotland. However, by 1211 King John recognised the growing influence of Prince Llywelyn as a threat to English authority in Wales. King John invaded Gwynedd and reached the banks of the Menai, and Llywelyn was forced to cede the Perfeddwlad, and recognize John as his heir presumptive if Llywelyn's marriage to Joan did not produce any legitimate successors. Succession was a complicated matter given that Welsh law recognized children born out of wedlock as equal to those in born in wedlock and sometimes accepted claims through the female line. By then, Llywelyn had several illegitimate children. Many of Llywelyn's Welsh allies had abandoned him during England's invasion of Gwynedd, preferring an overlord far away rather than one nearby. Welsh lords expected an unobtrusive English crown, but King John had a castle built at Aberystwyth, and his direct interference in Powys and the Perfeddwlad caused many of these Welsh lords to rethink their position. Llywelyn capitalised on Welsh resentment against King John, and led a church-sanctioned revolt against him. As King John was an enemy of the church, Pope Innocent III gave his blessing to Llywelyn's revolt. Early in 1212 Llywelyn had regained the Perfeddwlad and burned the castle at Aberystwyth. Llywelyn's revolt caused John to postpone his invasion of France, and Philip Augustus, the King of France, was so moved as to contact Llywelyn and propose that they ally against the English king, King John ordered the execution by hanging of his Welsh hostages, the sons of many of Llywelyn's supporters, Llywelyn I was the first prince to receive the fealty of other Welsh lords at the 1216 Council of Aberdyfi, thus becoming the de facto Prince of Wales and giving substance to the Aberffraw claims.

Dafydd ap Llywelyn 1240–46
On succeeding his father, Dafydd immediately had to contend with the claims of his half-brother, Gruffudd, to the throne. Having imprisoned Gruffudd, his ambitions were curbed by an invasion of Wales led by Henry III in league with a number of the captive Gruffudd's supporters. In August 1241, Dafydd capitulated and signed the Treaty of Gwerneigron, further restricting his powers. By 1244, however, Gruffudd was dead, and Dafydd seems to have benefited from the backing of many of his brother's erstwhile supporters. He was acknowledged by the Pope as Prince of Wales for a time and defeated Henry III in battle in 1245 during the English king's second invasion of Wales. A truce was agreed in the autumn, and Henry withdrew, but Dafydd died unexpectedly in 1246 without issue. His wife, Isabella de Braose, returned to England; she was dead by 1248.

Dafydd married Isabella de Braose in 1231. Their marriage produced no children, and there is no contemporary evidence that Dafydd sired any heirs. According to late genealogical sources collected by Bartrum (1973), Dafydd had two children by an unknown woman (or women), a daughter, Annes, and a son, Llywelyn ap Dafydd, who apparently later became Constable of Rhuddlan and was succeeded in that post by his son Cynwrig ap Llywelyn.

Owain Goch ap Gruffydd 1246–53 (d. 1282)
Following Dafydd's death, Gwynedd was divided between Owain Goch and his younger brother Llywelyn. This situation lasted until 1252 when their younger brother Dafydd ap Gruffudd reached his majority. Disagreement about how to further divide the realm led to conflict in 1253 in which Llywelyn was victorious. Owain spent the remainder of his days a prisoner of his brother.

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1246–82
After achieving victory over his brothers, Llywelyn went on to reconquer the areas of Gwynedd occupied by England (the Perfeddwlad and others). His alliance with Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, in 1265 against King Henry III of England allowed him to reconquer large areas of mid-Wales from the English Marcher Lords. At the Treaty of Montgomery between England and Wales in 1267 Llywelyn was granted the title "Prince of Wales" for his heirs and successors and allowed to keep the lands he had conquered as well as the homage of lesser Welsh princes in return for his own homage to the King of England and payment of a substantial fee. Disputes between him, his brother Dafydd, and English lords bordering his own led to renewed conflict with England (now ruled by Edward I) in 1277. Following the Treaty of Aberconwy Llywelyn was confined to Gwynedd-uwch-Conwy. He joined a revolt instigated by his brother Dafydd in 1282 in which he died in battle.

Dafydd ap Gruffudd 1282–83
Dafydd assumed his elder brother's title in 1282 and led a brief period of continued resistance against England. He was captured and executed in 1283.

Government, administration and law

The political maturation of the principality's government fostered a more defined relationship between the prince and the people. Emphasis was placed on the territorial integrity of the principality, with the prince as lord of all the land, and other Welsh lords swearing fealty to the prince directly, a distinction with which the Prince of Wales paid yearly tribute to the King of England. By treaty, the principality was obliged to pay the kingdom large annual sums. Between 1267 and 1272 Wales made a total payment of £11,500, "proof of a growing money economy... and testimony of the effectiveness of the principality's financial administration," wrote historian Dr. John Davies. Additionally, modifications and amendments to the Law Codes of Hywel Dda encouraged the decline of the galanas (blood-fine) and the use of the jury system. The Aberffraw dynasty maintained vigorous diplomatic and domestic policies; and patronized the Church in Wales, particularly that of the Cistercian Order.

The princely court
At the end of the twelfth century, and beginning of the thirteenth century, Llywelyn ab Iorwerth (Llywelyn Fawr or Llywelyn the Great), built a royal home at Abergwyngregyn (known as Tŷ Hir, the Long House, in later documents) on the site of the subsequent manor house of Pen y Bryn. To the east was the newly endowed Cistercian Monastery of Aberconwy; to the west the cathedral city of Bangor. In 1211, King John of England brought an army across the river Conwy, and occupied the royal home for a brief period; his troops went on to burn Bangor. Llywelyn's wife, John's daughter Joan, also known as Joanna, negotiated between the two men, and John withdrew. Joan died at Abergwyngregyn in 1237; Dafydd ap Llywelyn died there in 1246; Eleanor de Montfort, Lady of Wales, wife of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, died there on 19 June 1282, giving birth to a baby, Gwenllian of Wales.

Population, culture and society
The 13th-century Principality of Wales encompassed three-quarters of the surface area of modern Wales; "from Anglesey to Machen, from the outskirts of Chester to the outskirts of Cydweli," wrote Davies. By 1271, Prince Llywelyn II could claim a growing population of about 200,000 people or a little less than three-quarters of the total Welsh population. The population increase was common throughout Europe in the 13th century, but in Wales it was more pronounced. By Llywelyn II's reign, as much as 10 percent of the population were town-dwellers. Additionally, "unfree slaves... had long disappeared" from within the territory of the principality, wrote Davies. The increase in men allowed the prince to call on and field a far more substantial army. A more stable social and political environment provided by the Aberffraw administration allowed for the natural development of Welsh culture, particularly in literature, law, and religion. Tradition originating from The History of Gruffydd ap Cynan attributes Gruffydd I as reforming the orders of bards and musicians; Welsh literature demonstrated "vigor and a sense of commitment" as new ideas reached Wales, even in "the wake of the invaders", according to historian John Davies. Contacts with continental Europe "sharpened Welsh pride", wrote Davies in his History of Wales.

Economy and trade
The increase in the Welsh population, especially in the lands of the principality, allowed for a greater diversification of the economy. The Meirionnydd tax rolls give evidence to the thirty-seven various professions present in Meirionnydd directly before the conquest. Of these professions, there were eight goldsmiths, four bards (poets) by trade, 26 shoemakers, a doctor in Cynwyd, and a hotel keeper in Maentwrog, and 28 priests; two of whom were university graduates. Also present were a significant number of fishermen, administrators, professional men and craftsmen.

With the average temperature of Wales a degree or two higher than it is today, more Welsh lands were arable for agriculture, "a crucial bonus for a country like Wales," wrote the historian John Davies. Of significant importance for the principality included more developed trade routes, which allowed for the introduction of new energy sources such as the windmill, the fulling mill and the horse collar (which doubled the efficiency of horse-power).

The principality traded cattle, skins, cheese, timber, horses, wax, dogs, hawks, and fleeces, but also flannel (with the growth of fulling mills). Flannel was second only to cattle among the principality's exports. In exchange, the principality imported salt, wine, wheat, and other luxuries from London and Paris. But most importantly for the defence of the principality, iron and specialised weaponry were also imported. Welsh dependence on foreign imports was a tool that England used to wear down the principality during times of conflict between the two countries.

Establishment and governance
Between 1277 and 1283, Edward I of England conquered the territories of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and the other last remaining native Welsh princes. The governance and constitutional position of the principality after its conquest was set out in the Statute of Rhuddlan of 1284. In the words of the statute, the principality was "annexed and united" to the English crown.

The principality's administration was overseen by the Prince of Wales's council comprising between 8 and 15 councillors sitting in London or, later, Ludlow in Shropshire. The council acted as the principality's final court of appeal. By 1476, the council, which became known as the Council of Wales and the Marches, began taking responsibility not only for the principality itself but its authority was extended over the whole of Wales.

The territory of the principality fell into two distinct areas: the lands under direct royal control and lands that Edward I had distributed by feudal grants.

For lands under royal control, the administration, under the Statute of Rhuddlan, was divided into two territories: North Wales based at Caernarfon and West Wales based at Carmarthen. The Statute organized the Principality into shire counties. Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire were administered by the Justiciar of South Wales (or "of West Wales") at Carmarthen. In the North, the counties of Anglesey, Merionethshire, and Caernarfonshire were created under the control of Justiciar of North Wales and a provincial exchequer at Caernarfon, run by the Chamberlain of North Wales, who accounted for the revenues he collected to the Exchequer at Westminster. Under them were royal officials such as sheriffs, coroners, and bailiffs to collect taxes and administer justice. Another county, Flintshire, was created out of the lordships of Tegeingl, Hopedale and Maelor Saesneg, and was administered with the Palatinate of Cheshire by the Justiciar of Chester.

The remainder of the principality comprised lands that Edward I had granted to supporters shortly after the completion of the conquest in 1284, and which, in practice, became Marcher lordships: for example, the Lordship of Denbigh granted to the Earl of Lincoln and the Lordship of Powys granted to Owain ap Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn, who became Owen de la Pole. These lands after 1301 were held as tenants-in-chief of the Principality of Wales, rather than from the Crown directly, but were, for all practical purposes, not part of the principality.

Law
The Statute of Rhuddlan also introduced English common law to the principality, albeit with some local variation. Criminal law became entirely based on common law: the statute stated that "in thefts, larcenies, burnings, murders, manslaughters and manifest and notorious robberies – we will that they shall use the laws of England". However, Welsh law continued to be used in civil cases such as land inheritance, contracts, sureties, and similar matters, though with changes, for example, illegitimate sons could no longer claim part of the inheritance, which Welsh law had allowed them to do. In 1301, this modified principality was bestowed on the English monarch's heir apparent and thereafter became the territorial endowment of the heir to the throne.

There were few attempts by the English parliament to legislate in Wales and the lands of the principality remained subject to laws enacted by the king and his council. However, the king was prepared to allow Parliament to legislate in emergencies such as treason or rebellion. An example was the Penal Laws against Wales 1402 enacted to contain the Glyndŵr Rising and which, inter alia, prohibited the Welsh from intermarrying with the English or owning land in England or the Welsh boroughs. Some Welshman who were loyal to the Principality successfully petitioned for exemption from the penal laws. An example was Rhys ap Thomas ap Dafydd of Carmarthenshire who was a royal official in the southern part of the principality.

Castles, towns and colonisation
Edward's main concern following the conquest was to ensure the military security of his new territories and the stone castle was to be the primary means for achieving this. Under the supervision of James of Saint George, Edward's master-builder, a series of imposing castles was built, using a distinctive design and the most advanced defensive features of the day, to form a "ring of stone" around the northern part of the principality. Among the major buildings were the castles of Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech. Aside from their practical military role, the castles made a clear symbolic statement to the Welsh that the principality was subject to English rule on a permanent basis.

Outside of urban areas, the principality retained its Welsh character. Unlike in some of the newly created Marcher lordships, such as Denbigh, there was little evidence of the successful colonisation of rural areas by English settlers. For the royal shires, Edward established a series of new towns, usually attached to one of his stone castles, which would be the focus of English settlement. These "plantation boroughs", often with the castle constable as town mayor, were populated by English burgesses and acted as a support for the royal military establishment as well as being an anglicizing influence. Examples include Flint, Aberystwyth, Beaumaris, Conwy and Caernarfon.

The boroughs were given economic rights over the surrounding Welsh rural areas and prospered as a result. For example, the burgesses of Caernarfon had a monopoly over trade within eight miles of the town. The burgesses of Carmarthen were given the right to raise taxes from the surrounding population to maintain their town walls. Royal ordinances initially prohibited the Welsh from becoming burgesses, owning land, or even residing in the "English" towns. The enforcement of these laws weakened over time and, although they were temporarily reinforced in 1402 by Henry IV's penal laws following the Welsh Revolt led by Owain Glyndŵr, they had largely been abandoned by the Tudor period. Even so, in the 14th century in particular, the privileged "English" boroughs were a focus of intense Welsh resentment and the English burgesses continued to hold the Welsh in disdain and sought to maintain their own distinctiveness and settlers' rights.

Nevertheless, there is ample evidence of the gradual assimilation of the two groups, not least through intermarriage. A town such as Aberystwyth had become entirely Welsh in character by the end of the medieval period. At the time of the union with England in the 16th century, English migrant ethnic origin ceased to have the same significance, although upward mobility was linked to anglicisation and use of the English language. Nevertheless, as late as 1532, a group of burgesses from Caernarfon bitterly complained that some of their number had let properties in the town to "foreigners", all of whom had Welsh names.

Plantagenet and Tudor princes
From 1301, the Plantagenet (and later, Tudor) English kings gave their heir apparent, if he was the king's son or grandson, the lands and title of "Prince of Wales". The one exception was Edward II's son, Edward of Windsor, who later became Edward III. Upon the heir's accession to the throne, the lands and title merged in the Crown.

The first "English" Prince of Wales was Edward I's son, Edward of Caernarfon. A late 16th-century story claimed that Edward I gave him the title following his declaration to the Welsh that there would be a Prince of Wales "that was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English": Edward was born at Caernarfon Castle and, in common with rest of the English ruling elite, spoke French. However, there seems to be no basis for the story. On 7 February 1301, the king granted to Edward all the lands under royal control in Wales, mainly the territory of the former Principality. Although the documents granting the land made no reference to the title "Prince of Wales", it seems likely that Edward was invested with it at the same time, since, within a month of the grant, he was referred to as the "Prince of Wales" in official documents. The following received the title while the Principality was in existence:

 * Edward of Caernarfon, later Edward II (Prince from 1301 until he became King in 1307)
 * Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince (Prince from 1343 to his death in 1376)
 * Richard of Bordeaux, later Richard II (Prince from 1376 until he became King in 1377)
 * Henry of Monmouth, later Henry V (Prince from 1399 until he became King in 1413)
 * Edward of Westminster (Prince from 1454 until his death in 1471)
 * Edward of the Sanctuary, later Edward V (Prince from 1471 until he became King in 1483)
 * Edward of Middleham (Prince from 1483 to his death in 1484)
 * Arthur Tudor (Prince from 1489 to his death in 1502)
 * Henry Tudor, later Henry VIII (Prince from 1504 until he became King in 1509)
 * Edward Tudor, later Edward VI (Prince from 1537 until he became King in 1547, the last Prince of Wales created prior to 1542)

Welsh revolts
Madog ap Llywelyn led a Welsh revolt in 1294–95 against English rule in Wales, and was proclaimed "Prince of Wales".

Owain Lawgoch, a great-nephew of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and Dafydd ap Gruffudd, claimed the title in exile in France and supporters revolted in his name across Wales between 1372 and 1378. He was assassinated before being able to return to Wales to lead them.

Owain Glyndŵr was crowned at Machynlleth in 1404 during a revolt against Henry IV of England. He claimed descent from Rhodri Mawr through the House of Powys Fadog. He went on to establish diplomatic relations with foreign powers and liberated Wales from English rule. He was ultimately unsuccessful and was driven to the mountains where he led a guerrilla war. When and where he died is not known, but it is believed he died disguised as a friar in the company of his daughter, Alys, at Monnington Straddle in Herefordshire.

Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
The Principality ceased to exist as a legal entity with the passing by English parliament of the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542, without any representation from Wales. The act stated that Wales was already 'incorporated, annexed, united, and subjecte to and under the imperialle Crown of this Realme as a very member…of the same’. The law of England was applied as the only law in Wales, Justice of the peace administered the newly created counties and the act also made English the only language of the courts in Wales, and Wales gained a representation in English parliament. However, those using the Welsh language would not be able to take up office in the territories of the king of England. There were four Court of Great Sessions in Wales based on the three of the counties, e.g. north, east, south, west. The implementation of the act was delayed until a more detailed act was used in 1543.

Later administration
The Encyclopaedia of Wales notes that the Council of Wales and the Marches was created by Edward IV in 1471 as a household institution to manage the Prince of Wales's lands and finances. In 1473 it was enlarged and given the additional duty of maintaining law and order in the Principality and the Marches of Wales. Its meetings appear to have been intermittent, but it was revived by Henry VII for his heir, Prince Arthur. The Council was placed on a statutory basis in 1543 and played a central role in co-ordinating law and administration. The council at Ludlow was to have full administrative and legal powers until it declined in the early 17th century and was abolished by Parliament in 1641. It was revived at the Restoration before being finally abolished in 1689.

From 1689 to 1948 there was no differentiation between England's government and Wales's government. All laws relating to England included Wales and Wales was considered by the British Government as an indivisible part of England within the United Kingdom. The first piece of legislation to relate specifically to Wales was the Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881. A further exception was the Welsh Church Act 1914, which disestablished the Church in Wales (which had formerly been part of the Church of England) in 1920.

In 1948 the practice was established that all laws passed in the Parliament of the United Kingdom were designated as applicable to either "England and Wales" or "Scotland", thus returning a legal identity to Wales which had not existed for hundreds of years following the Act of Union with Scotland in 1707. Also in 1948 a new Council for Wales was established as a parliamentary committee. In 1964 the Welsh Office was established, based in London, to oversee and recommend improvements to the application of laws in Wales. This situation would continue until the devolution of government in Wales and the establishment of the autonomous National Assembly for Wales in 1998.

Other uses of the term
Although no principality has ever been created that covers Wales as a whole, the term "Principality" has been occasionally used since the sixteenth century as a synonym for Wales. For instance, the first atlas of Wales, by Thomas Taylor in 1718, was titled The Principality of Wales exactly described ..., and the term is still used by such publications as Burke's Landed Gentry. Publications such as Lewis's A Topographical Dictionary of Wales, and Welsh newspapers in the 19th century commonly used the term.

In modern times, however, The Guardian style guide advises writers to "avoid the word 'principality in relation to Wales. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has defined Wales as a "country" rather than a "principality" since 2011, following a recommendation by the British Standards Institute and the Welsh Government.

The use of the term to refer to the territory of Wales should be distinguished from its use to refer to the title of Prince of Wales, which has been traditionally granted (together with the title Duke of Cornwall and various Scottish titles) to the heir apparent of the reigning British monarch. It confers no responsibility for government in Wales, and has no constitutional meaning. Plaid Cymru are in favour of scrapping the title altogether. The Honours of the Principality of Wales are the Crown Jewels used at the investiture of Princes of Wales.

title: Principality of Wales


text: User talk:Blackwidowmaker

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Blackwidowmaker


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Sorabji

Sorabji is a Parsi surname and given name. It may refer to:
 * Alice Maude Sorabji Pennell (1874–1951), Indian physician and writer
 * Cornelia Sorabji (1866–1954), first woman barrister from India, social reformer and writer
 * Francina Sorabji (1833–1910), Indian educator and Christian missionary, mother of Cornelia, Susie, and Alice Maude Sorabji
 * Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji (1892–1988), English composer, music critic, pianist and writer
 * Richard Sorabji (born 1934), British historian of philosophy
 * Susie Sorabji (1868–1931), Indian educator and Christian missionary

See also:
 * Sorabji Colah (1902–1950), Indian cricketer
 * Sorabji Pochkhanawala (1881–1937), Indian banker and one of the founders of the Central Bank of India
 * Soli Sorabjee (1930–2021), Indian jurist

title: Sorabji


text:
Elżbieta Szydłowiecka

Elżbieta Szydłowiecka (Elžbieta Šydloveckaitė) (b. 1533, d. 1562) was a Polish–Lithuanian Calvinist noblewoman heiress.

She was the youngest daughter of Court and Great Chancellor Krzysztof Szydłowiecki and Zofia Tagrowicka h. Tarnawa. She was born in 1533. She married Chancellor, Marshal and Hetman Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Black" Radziwiłł on 12 February 1548. Szydłowiecka died in 1562.

title: Elżbieta Szydłowiecka


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Load-balanced switch

A load-balanced switch is a switch architecture which guarantees 100% throughput with no central arbitration at all, at the cost of sending each packet across the crossbar twice. Load-balanced switches are a subject of research for large routers scaled past the point of practical central arbitration.

Introduction
Internet routers are typically built using line cards connected with a switch. Routers supporting moderate total bandwidth may use a bus as their switch, but high bandwidth routers typically use some sort of crossbar interconnection. In a crossbar, each output connects to one input, so that information can flow through every output simultaneously. Crossbars used for packet switching are typically reconfigured tens of millions of times per second. The schedule of these configurations is determined by a central arbiter, for example a Wavefront arbiter, in response to requests by the line cards to send information to one another.

Perfect arbitration would result in throughput limited only by the maximum throughput of each crossbar input or output. For example, if all traffic coming into line cards A and B is destined for line card C, then the maximum traffic that cards A and B can process together is limited by C. Perfect arbitration has been shown to require massive amounts of computation, that scales up much faster than the number of ports on the crossbar. Practical systems use imperfect arbitration heuristics (such as iSLIP) that can be computed in reasonable amounts of time.

A load-balanced switch is not related to a load balancing switch, which refers to a kind of router used as a front end to a farm of web servers to spread requests to a single website across many servers.

Basic architecture
As shown in the figure to the right, a load-balanced switch has N input line cards, each of rate R, each connected to N buffers by a link of rate R/N. Those buffers are in turn each connected to N output line cards, each of rate R, by links of rate R/N. The buffers in the center are partitioned into N virtual output queues.

Each input line card spreads its packets evenly to the N buffers, something it can clearly do without contention. Each buffer writes these packets into a single buffer-local memory at a combined rate of R. Simultaneously, each buffer sends packets at the head of each virtual output queue to each output line card, again at rate R/N to each card. The output line card can clearly forward these packets out the line with no contention.

Each buffer in a load-balanced switch acts as a shared-memory switch, and a load-balanced switch is essentially a way to scale up a shared-memory switch, at the cost of additional latency associated with forwarding packets at rate R/N twice.

The Stanford group investigating load-balanced switches is concentrating on implementations where the number of buffers is equal to the number of line cards. One buffer is placed on each line cards, and the two interconnection meshes are actually the same mesh, supplying rate 2R/N between every pair of line cards. But the basic load-balanced switch architecture does not require that the buffers be placed on the line cards, or that there be the same number of buffers and line cards.

One interesting property of a load-balanced switch is that, although the mesh connecting line cards to buffers is required to connect every line card to every buffer, there is no requirement that the mesh act as a non-blocking crossbar, nor that the connections be responsive to any traffic pattern. Such a connection is far simpler than a centrally arbitrated crossbar.

Keeping packets in-order
If two packets destined for the same output arrive back-to-back at one line card, they will be spread to two different buffers, which could have two different occupancies, and so the packets could be reordered by the time they are delivered to the output. Although reordering is legal, it is typically undesirable because TCP does not perform well with reordered packets.

By adding yet more latency and buffering, the load-balanced switch can maintain packet order within flows using only local information. One such algorithm is FOFF (Fully Ordered Frames First). FOFF has the additional benefits of removing any vulnerability to pathological traffic patterns, and providing a mechanism for implementing priorities.

Single chip crossbar plus load-balancing arbiter
The Stanford University Tiny Tera project (see Abrizio) introduced a switch architecture that required at least two chip designs for the switching fabric itself (the crossbar slice and the arbiter). Upgrading the arbiter to include load-balancing and combining these devices could have reliability, cost and throughput advantages.

Single global router
Since the line cards in a load-balanced switch do not need to be physically near one another, one possible implementation is to use an entire continent- or global-sized backbone network as the interconnection mesh, and core routers as the "line cards". Such an implementation suffers from having all latencies increased to twice the worst-case transmission latency. But it has a number of intriguing advantages:

 * Large backbone packet networks typically have massive overcapacity (10x or more) to deal with imperfect capacity planning, congestion, and other problems. A load-balanced switch backbone can deliver 100% throughput with an overcapacity of just 2x, as measured across the whole system.
 * The underpinnings of large backbone networks are usually optical channels that cannot be quickly switched. These map well to the constant-rate 2R/N channels of the load-balanced switch's mesh.
 * No route tables need be changed based on global congestion information, because there is no global congestion.
 * Rerouting in the case of a node failure does require changing the configuration of the optical channels. But the reroute can be precomputed (there are only a finite number of nodes that can fail), and the reroute causes no congestion that would then require further route table changes.

title: Load-balanced switch


text:
Slampt

Slampt (also Slampt Underground Organisation) was a record label set up in Newcastle, England in 1992.

The label is perhaps best known for releasing Kenickie's debut EP. Slampt also released the debut single by The Yummy Fur, a band who later featured Paul Thomson and Alex Huntley a.k.a. Alex Kapranos, who later became the drummer and lead vocalist in Glasgow indie band Franz Ferdinand.

Slampt also released many riot grrrl-related groups such as Pussycat Trash, Golden Starlet, Petty Crime, Sally Skull and International Strike Force. The label (which preferred to call itself an "arts umbrella" rather than a record label as such) was run and "owned" by Rachel Holborow and Pete Dale. Dale and Holborow were also behind many of the "label"'s musical acts such as the minimalist Avocado Baby and the more conventionally "punk" sounding Red Monkey. The latter group survived the collapse of Slampt in 2000 releasing a third LP on Troubleman Unlimited in 2001.

Holborow still makes music in a two-piece group Do The Right Thing whilst Dale is still performing in his long-term outfit Milky Wimpshake.

title: Slampt


text:
Porak

Porak or Akharbakhar ("gutted belly" in Azerbaijani ) is a stratovolcano located in the Vardenis volcanic ridge. It lies about 20 km southeast of Lake Sevan and the volcanic field spans the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan with lava flows running into both countries. Ten satellite cones and fissure vents lie on the flanks of the volcano.

The Porak volcano itself and the third stage has been dated 15 ± 15 ka by K-Ar dating. Two long lava flows, one of which 21 km long, stretch from the field north and northeastwards. There are thermal springs in the area, and the Middle Pleistocene Khonarassar fault area lies to the north of the Porak centre. The Karkar volcanoes are situated in the same region. The complex is built on partly sedimentary rock and partly volcanogenic Late Cretaceous and Eocene series with Paleogene intrusions.

Description
There are four stages of trachyandesitic lava flows, the oldest composing the Porak volcano itself and the younger three derived from cones and fissures. Two lava flows overlay Sevan Lake deposits with thin soil cover form an early Holocene stage. The second stage forms lava flows entering Lake Alaghel and is devoid of soil cover.

Several archaeological sites (one of these dated by radiocarbon analysis on charcoal to be no younger than 3080±40 BP-3200±40 BP) are constructed on the two oldest Holocene stages but not on the most recent stage. Third-stage lava flows run at the edge of one of these sites which was constructed on lavas from the previous two stages, suggesting that the site was affected by historical volcanic activity. There is also evidence of strong earthquake activity 6640±90 BP and between 782 and 773 BC. The volcano may have potential for geothermal power generation but is also a potential threat to several villages in the area.

Khorkhor inscription
The Khorkhor inscription, in which Argishti I of Urartu records the conquest of the city of Behoura, records that during the siege the town was destroyed by an earthquake and eruption of "Mount Bamni". Historians consider it likely that Porak volcano is Mount Bamni and that Behoura was one of the archeological sites in the area. The location of Behoura is controversial, however. The identification of another inscription by Argishti's successor, Sarduri II, gives evidence of another eruption of Porak.

Older evidence of volcanic activity, including lacustrine deposits, indicate temporary disappearance of forests in the area before 6,270BP, likely due to forest fires induced by volcanic activity. Petroglyphs dated about 5,000BP also portray volcanic activity, together with even older portrayals of volcanic eruptions in Chauvet Cave (France) and in Çatalhöyük (Turkey) they are among the oldest records of volcanic activity in the world (these other portrayals related to the Bas-Vivarais volcanic field in the Massif Central and to Hasan Dagi, respectively). It is not entirely clear which eruption is depicted by the Porak petroglyphs.

title: Porak


text:
Category:Mountains of Azerbaijan

The mountains of Azerbaijan.

title: Category:Mountains of Azerbaijan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Benny Lautrup

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus, so keep. Mackensen (talk) 20:59, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Benny Lautrup
Benny Lautrup is an assistant professor at the University of Copenhagen. Is this a case of vanity, or notability? What are the determining factors in deciding if a professor (or assistant professor) is "notable enough"? Is google really a fair barometer? GRider\talk 22:48, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unless there is evidence that his work has caused any impact in his field. JoaoRicardo 07:44, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless more notability established than has been so far. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:04, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, expand. Megan1967 08:57, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wrong side of the line. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:33, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Author as well? I think this makes the article borderline acceptable. 129.177.61.124 10:03, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment On the basis of the present article, it should stand or fall on the notability of the textbook. Libbie Hyman, I think, never climbed beyond the rank of "lecturer" but well deserves her article. I can't judge the textbook from this Amazon listing. Ah. http://www.lautrup.nbi.dk/continuum/ says It is to be published in "early 2005." Apparently it is not out yet. Therefore...
 * Delete, advertising. Reconsider after book is published. I am very, very, very much opposed to articles that just happen to be about books, movies, software, etc. that are about to be released. Dpbsmith (talk) 18:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) P. S. Impressive pre-publication comments. I like the title, it might well be a dandy book. If it's not too technical I might even want to read it. It and Lautrup might well be worthy of an article eventually. But Wikipedia is not a crystal ball.
 * Thanks for finding the links. From author's website, it is (well, will be) an ordinary textbook which summarizes the topic and contains no original research. I'm sure it's a good textbook, but I don't see how it is a notable achievement. Wile E. Heresiarch 20:11, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, just for the record, Libbie Hyman's The Invertebrates, was originally intended to be a textbook, contains no original research, and is a notable achievement. So the thing is possible. Donald Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming might be a more familliar example. Dpbsmith (talk) 21:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Dpbsmith. Delete Radiant! 12:10, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An unpublished textbook is does not add up to sufficent notability.  Gamaliel 18:54, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. / u p p l a n d 16:41, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) Comment: He has published considerably more than "an unpublished textbook" Look at his CV:
 * 73 scientific publications in refereed journals.
 * 15 scientific conference contributions.
 * 4 reprinted scientific articles in antologies.
 * 7 other scientific publications.
 * 122 popular and semipopular articles.
 * 1 popular book in Danish, English and German.
 * 1 textbook
 * And "assistant professor" is misleading, if it is meant to imply something like an entry-level US position. He is a lektor or lecturer, which is a position where many notable researchers can remain for the duration of their career if they don't want to leave for a chair at another university. (Denmark is a small country with only two really important universities, and I can easily imagine somebody not wanting to leave Copenhagen and the Niels Bohr Institute.) / u p p l a n d 22:37, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * The textbook is, I repeat, unpublished. The only thing resembling a "popular book" that Amazon knows about is ISBN 9971509393 Neural Networks: Computers With Intuition by S. Brunak and B. Lautrup (i.e. he's not the senior author). Amazon sales rank is #3,254,333 which is definitely non-notable. All of the other contributions indicate a very solid level of achievement in the academic world and perhaps would merit a mention in whatever would be the Danish equivalent of "Who's Who in Science and Engineering," but not an encyclopedia article.
 * Keep - more notable than any Pokemon you care to name - David Gerard 23:06, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A published (and translated) book, a reasonable number of scientific publications in refereed journals, and also having been chairman for a (small) research centre for more than 10 years makes him notable enough for Wikipedia. More notable than the average (American) professor. But just as has been suggested before, we could use a rule that is easier to apply and less prone to differences in education terminology than the "average professor test". Alarm 10:57, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/M@rs

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:09, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

M@rs
Non-notable software. Carrp | Talk 22:48, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. According to the article, this leet-acronym stands for "Music Album Recording System", a phrase that gets zero hits on Google.   Johntex 23:08, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete CDC   (talk)  01:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No Google hits, then no Wikipedia. Zzyzx11 05:34, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Trilobite (Talk) 10:20, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/M@rs


text:
User:Msiddalingaiah

My other identity
www.madhu.com

My real name is Madhu Siddalingaiah, in case you were wondering.

If you want to contact me directly:

 * $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{madhu \partial madhu . com}}$$

Yes, that's supposed to be an @ in the middle. The image will hopefully confuse address scrapers. If you know of a way to add @ to math image, let me know!

This Wiki thing just might take off!
A fantastic concept, the content is equally impressive! The Web is really starting to become useful again ;-)

Background
Science and technology, as you might expect. I have worked in a range of industries such as aerospace, radio frequency communications, digital signal processing, 3D graphics, embedded systems, and of course, enterprise software. I'm a physicist by education, an electrical engineer by vocation, and software engineer by necessity.

These days I do more software consulting and architecture, but I have a fair amount of test equipment to satisfy my hardware interests. Thanks to eBay! Here is a short list of equipment I own:

 * Tektronix 2465A, 475A, and 465M oscilloscopes
 * Hewlett-Packard 8590A spectrum analyzer
 * Hewlett-Packard 8660C synthesized signal generator
 * Wavetek 2500 synthesized signal generator
 * Power supplies, meters, and other sundry equipment

Interests
I'm a rated helicopter pilot. I have been flying since 1987. That should explain many of my helicopter related contributions. I have flown Robinson R22, Bell Jetranger, and Hughes 500.

I like to work on embedded systems, wearable computers, wireless controls/monitors, and anything else small and electronic. The simpler, the better. I really enjoy analog electronic design, much more so that digital. Digital stuff can be fun, but it's not always as challenging.

Facts and figures

 * Water is 800 times more dense than air.
 * Steel saturates at about 20 Amp-turns/inch

User articles
I recently saw a video clip of a particularly spectacular helicopter crash. Fortunately, no one was hurt.

Is Pegasus stronger than the average horse? This analysis begs the question.

The sinking of the RMS_Titanic was tragic and largely preventable. Many arguments have been made about what should have been done prior to collision with the iceberg. Some ideas are presented here about what could have been done after collision.

I recently took fantastic trip aboard a vintage diesel-electric train in Minneapolis. The conductor gave us a hands on tour of the locomotive, but first he had to start it...

Some have an idealized, romantic view of the past -- I don't. Older, simpler times, the age of chivalry all suffer from a major problem: bad plumbing.

I've given quite a bit of thought to deterministic vs. non-deterministic processes. Some thoughts are given here.

Is the hybrid alien from Alien: Resurrection structurally weak? Consider this evidence.

Bipolar transistor transition frequency

Some analysis of high voltage generators

Transformer design and my transformer design

Oscillator Analysis

Pages in progress

 * RLC circuit
 * Electronic filter
 * Electronic oscillator
 * RC oscillator
 * Negative resistance
 * Phase locked loop
 * Typical filters and design equations

Authorship

 * Wien bridge oscillator
 * Colpitts oscillator
 * Retreating blade stall
 * Settling with power
 * Ground resonance
 * Dominance in control flow graphs
 * Helical resonator

Significant contributions

 * Negative resistance
 * Current mirror

Minor contributions

 * Helicopter
 * Current source
 * Frequency synthesizer
 * Johnson-Nyquist noise
 * WWVB
 * Demodulator
 * Operational amplifier
 * Dipole antenna
 * Helical antenna
 * Shannon-Hartley theorem
 * Capacitor
 * Register allocation
 * Static single assignment form
 * Electromagnet
 * Magnetic circuit

Other stuff

 * Fundamental limits
 * Ideas
 * Python snippets
 * Lisp
 * Magnetics
 * OS compiler links
 * Writing an OS
 * Optimizing compilers
 * Win32 Assembler
 * Gentoo Linux
 * Tranlinear oscillator
 * Google
 * Inital paper
 * Quadrature oscillator
 * Two counters are as powerful as two stacks, which are as powerful as a Turing machine
 * Chomsky hierarchy
 * Converting a NFA to a CFG
 * TCP/IP links
 * Good example of TCP states
 * IP fragmentation FAQ
 * more frag
 * ejip: a Java TCP/IP stack

Quotes

 * Small minds try to form religions, the great ones just want better routes up the mountain.
 * Alan Kay - Early history of Smalltalk

 * Amateurs talk about strategy; Professionals talk about logistics.
 * Former General R.H. Barrow, Commandant, USMC

 * Don't fight the tape
 * Unknown securites trader

 * An engineer is someone who will spend 3 hours figuring out how to solve a 2 hour problem in one hour
 * Anonymous?

 * Why program by hand in five days what you can spend five years of your life automating?
 * Parr motto

 * But this ship can't sink!
 * She is made of iron, sir. I assure you, she can.
 * Movie dramatization of exchange between Ismay and Andrews

 * point of view is worth 80 IQ points
 * Alan Kay - Early history of Smalltalk

 * Oh, I travel... a sort of licensed troubleshooter
 * James Bond, Thunderball, 1965

 * You can fool all the people some of the time, and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.
 * Abraham Lincoln

 * Great minds discuss ideas. Average minds discuss events. Small minds discuss people.
 * Eleanor Roosevelt

 * If you want to go fast, go alone; if you want to go far, go together.
 * African proverb

 * As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.
 * Socrates

 * Nothing can be so amusingly arrogant as a young man who has just discovered an old idea and thinks it is his own.
 * Sydney J. Harris

 * I look for durable competitive advantage and that is hard to find.
 * Warren Buffett

 * Nothing in the world will take the place of persistence. Talent will not; nothing is more common than the unsuccessful person with talent.  Genius will not;  unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not; the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent.
 * Calvin Coolidge

 * There is no abstract art. You must always start with something. Afterward you can remove all traces of reality.
 * Pablo Picasso

 * My definition of an expert in any field is a person who knows enough about what's really going on to be scared.
 * P. J. Plauger

 * Anarchy is an opportunity for the ambitious and unprincipled.
 * Hal Porter

 *  Simplicity quotes

 * In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is stoned to death.
 * Joan D. Vinge

 * If you hate a person, you hate something in him that is part of yourself. What isn't part of ourselves doesn't disturb us.
 * Hermann Hesse

 * As in any resource-rich developing country with weak institutions and woeful oversight, corruption and official misconduct go easily unchecked.
 * Todd S. Purdum

 * Gotta do what you can just to keep your love alive - Trying not to confuse it with what you do to survive
 * Jackson Browne

 * It's what daydreamers have nightmares about.
 * Paul Nelson

 * Edwin Land, inventor of the Polaroid camera, once said that his method of design was to start with a vision of what you want and then, one by one, remove the technical obstacles until you have it. I think that’s what Steve Jobs does. He starts with a vision rather than a list of features.
 * Frederick Brooks

 * The price one pays for pursuing any profession or calling is an intimate knowledge of its ugly side.
 * James Baldwin (writer)

 * Complexity is the enemy of computer science, and it behooves us, as designers, to minimize it.
 * Charles P. Thacker

 * Novelty was not Steve’s highest value. Beauty was.
 * Mona Simpson

 * Logic offers a serenity humans seldom experience in full. We have emotions but we deal with them and do not let them control us.
 * Spock from Yesteryear by Dorothy C. Fontana

 * In this galaxy, there's a mathematical probability of three million Earth-type planets. And in all of the universe, three million million galaxies like this. And in all of that, and perhaps more, only one of each of us. Don't destroy the one named Kirk.
 * Leonard McCoy from Balance of Terror

 * In times of change, the learners will inherit the Earth while the knowers will find themselves beautifully equipped to deal with a world that no longer exists.
 * Eric Hoffer

 * Washington is a city of Southern efficiency and Northern charm.
 * John F. Kennedy

 * Want to increase innovation? Lower the cost of failure.
 * Joi Ito

 * It seems that perfection is reached not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away.
 * Antoine_de_Saint-Exupéry

 * A lot of people in our industry haven’t had very diverse experiences. So they don’t have enough dots to connect, and they end up with very linear solutions without a broad perspective on the problem. The broader one’s understanding of the human experience, the better design we will have.
 * Steve Jobs

 * Natural Talent is a pre-disposition in the mind and the body, to do the right thing in a particular field of activity.
 * Jamey Andreas

 * We are drowning in information but starved for knowledge.
 * John Naisbitt

Nonlinearity
Need a new article on this.

 * Contradicts common sense, e.g. graceful degradation
 * Policy and planning consequences
 * Chaos, mathematical modeling
 * Examples
 * Strained resources
 * Manpower, communications, networks, storage (primary and secondary)
 * Climate
 * Structural
 * dams, levees, bridges, buildings, scaffolding
 * Electrical
 * Wires, circuit breakers, fuses

title: User:Msiddalingaiah


text: Template:Statistics-stub

title: Template:Statistics-stub


text: Category:Volcanoes of Azerbaijan

title: Category:Volcanoes of Azerbaijan


text:
Enemies of Reality

Enemies of Reality is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band Nevermore, released in 2003 by Century Media. Due to the mixed reception of the album's production by Kelly Gray, it was remixed and remastered by Andy Sneap in 2005.

Overview
The worms on the album cover are a direct reference to the lyrics of the title track, "Enemies of Reality", in which Warrel Dane sings, "Open wide and eat the worms of the enemy." There are other lyric-inspired images in the booklet, namely an open hand holding a glowing sun (taken from "Ambivalent", where the lyrics say "The sun in my hand becomes my despair"). At the beginning of the song there is message played backwards that repeats the pre-chorus "we are the useless by-product of soulless meat."

On the last page of the CD booklet is a dedication to the late Death frontman Chuck Schuldiner, which reads: "This record is dedicated to Chuck. Let the metal flow into eternity..."

The track "Noumenon", is named after the philosophical concept of things as they actually are, as compared to the concept of phenomenon, which is how things appear. The term was popularized by Immanuel Kant, who used it to help explain his philosophy of transcendental idealism.

Background
Enemies of Reality was written and recorded during a time of personal and professional tumult for the members of Nevermore. Warrel Dane attributes the sound of the album to the challenges that the band members faced during this period: "Enemies Of Reality was a difficult album to make. We were all going through a difficult time in our lives. We were all really fucking angry people, and I think that kind of shows on that album."

Among the professional challenges that the band faced was that Enemies of Reality was the final album in the band's inaugural recording contract with Century Media. This interfered with the album's creation in an audible way, with the recording budget for Enemies of Reality becoming an aspect of the negotiations. However, Dane's description of the situation indicates that both band and label were tough in their negotiating positions:

Basically, they [Century Media] wanted us to re-sign and do a new contract before our old one was done and we didn't want to do that. We wanted to fulfil our original contract and then go on from there because there were a number of labels that were interested in working with us. [...] We were playing hardball back and forth with the label and that's why that record ... it was a difficult period for us. We were all pretty pissed off and angry and that shows in the music. Our budget got slashed for that record just because of the fact that we had not re-signed. I think it came down to "Well, re-sign now or this is your budget because that's what it says in your contract." You can't argue with that. We didn't re-sign. We didn't buckle under and I think it paid off in the end because we got what we wanted [for our next contract]. We got everything that we wanted in our new record deal ... everything that we've worked ten fucking years for and deserve, we got. We learned how to play the game and we played it very well.

Production controversy
Enemies of Reality is infamous for its production by Kelly Gray, which was criticized as being inferior to the quality of previous albums. Speaking in 2003, contemporaneous with the initial release, Jeff Loomis spoke with qualified favour of the recording:

"[Kelly Gray is] more of a pop producer kind of guy. He's worked with Candlebox before and sold millions of albums with them, so working with us, we were kind of like his lab rats, you know? He's never really done a metal band before but overall I think he did a pretty fantastic job. He got a real live quality out of us because we were always used to doing drums first and then the bass, and then the guitar and then the vocals at the very end. This time we recorded most of the songs live with the whole band and then after one song was done, Warrel would immediately sing on it [instead] of saving all of [the singing] to the very end, which kind of saves his voice in the overall recording process. I guess the whole album was done in a very different atmosphere and aspect that sounds really good."

By 2005, however, Loomis had soured on the recording. Moreover, he directly attributed the shortfall in the album's sonics to budgetary constraints related to the contract negotiations then ongoing with Century Media:

"We were at the end of our recording contract with Century Media, and basically they didn't know if we were going to re-sign with them, so they gave us a very small budget for our last album to work with. That was about $20,000 which is a nothing deal to do a record. What we needed to do at the time was to find a producer that was immediately available to make a record with such a small budget, and that guy was Kelly Gray (laughs). Unfortunately, he was just not the right guy to do this album.'"

That year, Enemies of Reality was remixed by Andy Sneap, who produced Nevermore's Dead Heart in a Dead World and would later produce This Godless Endeavor, mix and master The Year of the Voyager, and mix and master The Obsidian Conspiracy. The remixed/remastered sound was received more positively. Warrel Dane admitted that "The remix of the album[...]obviously sounds better. But to me, that's the really odd thing about that album. I find it really strange that the production on that album got reviewed more than the songs did."

Reception
Enemies of Reality received mostly positive reviews. While generally positive, Sputnikmusic described the album's commercial song structures as "catchy and hooky" yet also its "downfall" that led to the album seeming "a bit too simplistic and unintelligent....Enemies can feel too much like pop sometimes." Similarly, Deadtime.com praised the album's "heavy, technical thrash" while criticizing the band for "including no less than three ballads on a nine song album [that] would have been better left in the rehearsal room if it meant three more barnstormers like 'Never Purify' or 'Ambivalent.'" While KNAC.com lauded the album as Nevermore's "most accessible, catchy, infinitely memorable recording to date," author Eden Capwell lambasted the production for being "a shroud" giving the impression of "two-dimensional flatness".

Bonus videos (2005 reissue)

 * "I, Voyager" (video) – 4:42
 * 1) "Enemies of Reality" (video) – 3:58
 * 2) "Enemies of Reality" (live at Wacken 2004) – 4:50

Limited edition DVD track list

 * 1) "Believe in Nothing" (video)
 * 2) "Next in Line" (video)
 * 3) "What Tomorrow Knows" (video)
 * 4) "Engines of Hate" (live U.S. 2001)
 * 5) "Beyond Within" (live U.S. 2001)

Nevermore

 * Warrel Dane – vocals
 * Jeff Loomis – guitars
 * Jim Sheppard – bass
 * Van Williams – drums

Production

 * Kelly Gray – production, engineering, mixing (original version)
 * Carl Peterson – assistant engineer
 * Eddie Schreyer – mastering (original version)
 * Gerald Wilkes – management
 * Neil Sussman – legal representation
 * Karen Mason-Blair – band photography
 * Travis Smith – art, layout

2005 reissue credits

 * Andy Sneap – remixing, remastering
 * Zach Merck – director and producer of "Enemies of Reality" video clip
 * Kevin Leonard – director and producer of "I, Voyager" video clip
 * Christian Jungebluth – mixing and mastering of "Enemies of Reality" live clip
 * Lars Ratz – executive producer for "Enemies of Reality" live clip

title: Enemies of Reality


text:
User talk:Sam Hocevar/bug1128again

The link does not work. It does not take me to LastMeasure, instead it brings up a "no Cache:" page found on Google. ✏ Oven Fresh ²  22:50, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Then why add a useless warning that spoils the effect? Sam Hocevar 09:56, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sam Hocevar/bug1128again