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Regional District of Nanaimo

The Regional District of Nanaimo is a regional district located on the eastern coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. It is bordered to the south by the Cowichan Valley Regional District, to the west by the Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District, and to the northwest by the Comox Valley Regional District. Its administration offices are located in Nanaimo. During the 2016 census, its population was established at 155,698.

The Regional District of Nanaimo was incorporated on August 24, 1967. It has members that are cities, towns, districts, and seven electoral areas that contain unincorporated communities.

The region owns and operates the Nanaimo Regional Transit System, which provides conventional local bus routes and special needs paratransit services.

Electoral areas
Electoral areas have no administrative or governmental function, and are used only to select rural representatives to the Regional District board.

Area A (Cassidy/Cedar/South Wellington)
This electoral area is located on Vancouver Island, on the Stuart Channel southeast of Nanaimo. Jessica Stanley is the elected RDN Director for the electoral area.

According to the Canada 2021 Census:
 * Population: 7,481 (exclusive of any residents of Indian Reserves)
 * % Change (2016–2021): 6.0
 * Dwellings: 3,249
 * Area (km²): 60.18
 * Density (persons per km²): 124.3

Contains the communities of Cassidy, Cedar, and South Wellington. Nanaimo Airport is also located here.

Area B (Gabriola Island)
This electoral area contains DeCourcy Island, Gabriola Island and Mudge Island. Vanessa Craig is the elected RDN Director for the electoral area.

According to the Canada 2016 Census:
 * Population: 4,033 (exclusive of any residents of Indian Reserves)
 * % Change (2011–2016): -0.3
 * Dwellings: 2,987
 * Area (km²): 57.76
 * Density (persons per km²): 69.8

Area C (Arrowsmith/Benson)
This electoral area is located on Vancouver Island, to the southwest of Nanaimo. It contains the upper Nanaimo River, the Nanaimo Lakes, Mount Benson and Mount Arrowsmith. Lauren Melanson is the elected RDN Director for the electoral area.

According to the Canada 2016 Census:
 * Population: 2,808 (exclusive of any residents of Indian Reserves)
 * % Change (2011–2016): -0.9
 * Dwellings: 1,097
 * Area (km²): 1,098.94
 * Density (persons per km²): 2.6

Contains the community of Extension.

Area E (Nanoose Bay)
This electoral area is located on Vancouver Island, on the shore of the Strait of Georgia, between Lantzville and Parksville. It is co-extensive with the community of Nanoose Bay. Bob Rogers is the elected RDN Director for the electoral area.

According to the Canada 2016 Census:
 * Population: 6,125 (exclusive of any residents of Indian Reserves)
 * % Change (2011–2016): 7.9
 * Dwellings: 3,066
 * Area (km²): 75.08
 * Density (persons per km²): 81.6

Area F (Alberni Highway)
This electoral area is located on Vancouver Island, to the west of Qualicum Beach and Parksville. British Columbia Highway 4 runs the length of the area. Leanne Salter is the elected RDN Director for the electoral area.

According to the Canada 2016 Census:
 * Population: 7,724 (exclusive of any residents of First Nation Reserves)
 * % Change (2011–2016): 4.1
 * Dwellings: 3,530
 * Area (km²): 264.36
 * Density (persons per km²): 29.2

Includes the communities of Coombs, Errington, Hilliers, Meadowood and Whiskey Creek, as well as Cameron Lake and Cathedral Grove.

Area G (Mid-Oceanside)
This electoral area is located on Vancouver Island, on the shore of the Strait of Georgia, surrounding Qualicum Beach and almost surrounding Parksville. Lehann Wallace is the elected RDN Director for the electoral area.

According to the Canada 2016 Census:
 * Population: 7,465 (exclusive of any residents of Indian Reserves)
 * % Change (1996–2001): 4.3
 * Dwellings: 3,553
 * Area (km²): 49.32
 * Density (persons per km²): 151.4

Contains the communities of Dashwood and French Creek.

Area H (Lighthouse Country)
This electoral area is located on Vancouver Island, on the shore of the Strait of Georgia at the southern entrance to Baynes Sound, northwest of Qualicum Beach. Stuart McLean is the elected RDN Director for the electoral area.

According to the Canada 2016 Census:
 * Population: 3,884 (exclusive of any residents of Indian Reserves)
 * % Change (1996–2001): 10.7
 * Dwellings: 2,436
 * Area (km²): 277.41
 * Density (persons per km²): 14.0

Contains the communities of Bowser, Deep Bay, Dunsmuir and Horne Lake, as well as the Shaw Hill area in its southeastern part.

Demographics
As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Regional District of Nanaimo had a population of $170,367$ living in $75,273$ of its $80,056$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $155,698$. With a land area of 2035.93 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

 * Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

Administrative role
The Regional District of Nanaimo categorizes its responsibilities into five "action areas":
 * The Regional Federation
 * Strategic and Community Development
 * Transportation and Solid Waste
 * Regional and Community Utilities
 * Recreation and Parks

title: Regional District of Nanaimo


text:
File:Greatest Hits (Phil Ochs album - cover art).jpg

Summary
Cover of Phil Ochs' seventh album, Greatest Hits.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Michael Artin

Michael Artin (born 28 June 1934) is an American mathematician and a professor emeritus in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mathematics Department, known for his contributions to algebraic geometry.

Life and career
Artin was born in Hamburg, Germany, and brought up in Indiana. His parents were Natalia Naumovna Jasny (Natascha) and Emil Artin, preeminent algebraist of the 20th century of Armenian descent. Artin's parents left Germany in 1937, because his mother's father was Jewish. His elder sister is, who was married to mathematician John Tate until the late 1980s.

Artin did his undergraduate studies at Princeton University, receiving an A.B. in 1955. He then moved to Harvard University, where he received a Ph.D. in 1960 under the supervision of Oscar Zariski, defending a thesis about Enriques surfaces.

In the early 1960s, Artin spent time at the IHÉS in France, contributing to the SGA4 volumes of the Séminaire de géométrie algébrique, on topos theory and étale cohomology, jointly with Alexander Grothendieck. He also collaborated with Barry Mazur to define étale homotopy theory which has become an important tool in algebraic geometry, and applied ideas from algebraic geometry (such as the Nash approximation) to the study of diffeomorphisms of compact manifolds.

His work on the problem of characterising the representable functors in the category of schemes has led to the Artin approximation theorem in local algebra as well as the "Existence theorem". This work also gave rise to the ideas of an algebraic space and algebraic stack, and has proved very influential in moduli theory.

He also has made important contributions to the deformation theory of algebraic varieties, serving as the basis for all future work in this area of algebraic geometry. With Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, he provided a resolution of the Shafarevich-Tate conjecture for elliptic K3 surfaces and the pencil of elliptic curves over finite fields.

He contributed to the theory of surface singularities which are both fundamental and seminal. The rational singularity and fundamental cycles, which are used in matroid theory, are such examples of his sheer originality and thinking.

He began to turn his interest from algebraic geometry to noncommutative algebra (noncommutative ring theory), especially geometric aspects, after a talk by Shimshon Amitsur and an encounter in University of Chicago with Claudio Procesi and Lance W. Small, "which prompted [his] first foray into ring theory".

Today, he is a recognized world authority in noncommutative algebraic geometry and his impact can be felt across many related areas.

Awards
In 2002, Artin won the American Mathematical Society's annual Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement.

In 2005, he was awarded the Harvard Centennial Medal.

In 2013, he won the Wolf Prize in Mathematics, and in 2015 was awarded the National Medal of Science from the President Barack Obama.

He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1969), the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, and the American Mathematical Society.

He is a Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Honorary Fellow of the Moscow Mathematical Society, and was awarded honorary doctorates from the universities of Hamburg and Antwerp, Belgium. He was invited to give a talk on the topic "The Étale Topology of Schemes" at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1966 in Moscow, USSR.

As author

 * with Barry Mazur:
 * in collaboration with Alexandru Lascu & Jean-François Boutot:
 * with notes by C.S. Sephardi & Allen Tannenbaum:
 * in collaboration with Alexandru Lascu & Jean-François Boutot:
 * with notes by C.S. Sephardi & Allen Tannenbaum:

As editor

 * with David Mumford:
 * with John Tate:
 * with Hanspeter Kraft & Reinhold Remmert:

title: Michael Artin


text:
File:Gunfight at Carnegie Hall (Phil Ochs album - cover art).jpg

Summary
The cover to Phil Ochs' final album, Gunfight at Carnegie Hall.


text:
Kotar (instrument)

A kotar is a type of prepared guitar with a sound reminiscent of the koto. Guitarist Kaki King used a kotar on the hidden track at the end of her album Legs to Make Us Longer.

title: Kotar (instrument)


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Category:Canadian civil servants

Includes deputy ministers, deputy heads, officers of Parliament and other civil servants, but excludes military personnel such as:
 * Category:Canadian generals

title: Category:Canadian civil servants


text:
TAKI 183

TAKI 183 is the "tag" of a Greek-American graffitist who was active during the late 1960s and early 1970s in New York City. The graffitist, whose given name is Demetrios, has never revealed his full name.

Biography
TAKI 183 was a graffiti tagger active during the late 1960s and early 1970s in New York City. His tag was short for "Dimitraki", an alternative for his Greek birth-name Dimitrios, and the number 183 came from his address on 183rd Street in Washington Heights. He worked as a foot messenger in New York City and would write his nickname around the streets that he frequented.

On July 21, 1971, The New York Times published an article about him titled "Taki 183" Spawns Pen Pals. TAKI 183 spurred hundreds of imitators including Joe 136, BARBARA 62, EEL 159, YANK 135 and LEO 136 as examples provided by the newspaper. Those who got their names up the most and who developed signature tags became known in their communities. Graffiti became a way for many young people to try to get attention and the attention TAKI 183 received spurred this on.

TAKI 183 was last known to be the owner of a foreign car repair shop in Yonkers. In an interview with the New York Daily News of April 9, 1989, he talked about his retirement as a graffiti writer: "As soon as I got into something more productive in my life, I stopped. Eventually I got into business, got married, bought a house, had a kid. Didn't buy a spray can wagon, but I grew up, you could say that."

TAKI 183 was an early member of the artists collective United Graffiti Artists, founded in 1972 by Hugo Martinez. It is also rumored he was an inspiration for the 1985 film Turk 182.

His graffiti appeared in the 1985 movie Just One of the Guys. It appears on a ballroom stall wall after Joyce's character Terry uses the restroom for the first time as a man. TAKI 183 was also mentioned, and his art featured, in the 1983 documentary Style Wars.

Publication with contribution by Dimitrios

 * The History of American Graffiti. New York City: Harper Design, 2011. By Roger Gastman and Caleb Neelon. ISBN 978-0061698781. Dimitrios contributed a foreword.

Film with contribution by Dimitrios

 * Bomb It (2007) by Jon Reiss
 * Wall Writers (2016) by Roger Gastman

title: TAKI 183


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Hello! Project Shuffle Unit

Hello! Project Shuffle Unit (ハロー!プロジェクト シャッフルユニット) was a Japanese idol project group formed by Up-Front Promotion in 2000 and associated with Hello! Project. Beginning in 2000, the Shuffle Unit project was a yearly collaboration among existing Hello! Project acts, where members were recombined into three different groups to release a single for each.

After a four-year hiatus, the project was briefly revived in 2009, where several old sub-groups saw a return under new names and new members. After 2009, the project became defunct.

2000-2005: Initial beginnings
Beginning in 2000, Tsunku created a music collaboration project with members of Hello! Project rearranged into three separate teams. The first theme, "color", consisted of Akagumi 4 (あか組4), Kiiro 5 (黄色5), and Aoiro 7 (青色7). All groups released their singles on March 8, 2000, with Akagumi 4's single "Akai Nikkichō" charting the highest at #2 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Charts.

In 2001, the groups were rearranged under the theme "party", with the three groups San-nin Matsuri (三人祭), 7-nin Matsuri (7人祭), and 10-nin Matsuri (10人祭). All groups released their singles on July 4, 2001, with San-nin Matsuri's single "Chu! Natsu Party" charting the highest at #5 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Charts. In 2002, the groups were rearranged under the theme "happiness", with the three groups Happy 7 (ハッピー♥7), Sexy 8 (セクシー8), and Odoru 11 (おどる♥11). All groups released their singles on July 3, 2002, with Sexy 8's single "Shiawase Desu ka?" charting the highest at #2 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Charts.

In 2003, the groups were rearranged under the theme "natural", with the three groups 7 Air, Salt 5, and 11 Water. All groups released their songs as a triple-A-side single on July 9, 2003. The project then took a brief hiatus in 2004, where Tsunku decided to promote all Hello! Project artists as "H.P. All Stars" instead.

Tsunku resumed the Shuffle Unit project in 2005, with groups rearranged under the theme "elegance." The three groups consisted of Sexy Otona Jan (セクシーオトナジャン), Elegies (エレジーズ), and Puri Puri Pink (プリプリピンク), all of whom released their songs as a triple-A-side single on June 22, 2005. Sexy Otona Jan's song "Onna, Kanashii, Otona" was later featured in the 2013 film The Wolverine.

2009: Champloo
On July 15, 2009, Tsunku revived the Shuffle Unit project with a cover album titled Champloo: Happy Marriage Song Cover Shū, describing it as J-pop with the intention of it being played during summer parties and weddings. He named the concept of the Shuffle Units "champloo" to describe the "chaotic" member line-up. The project also saw the revival of inactive or disbanded Hello! Project acts under new names with new members, including High-King, Mini-Moni (revived as Shin Mini-Moni (新ミニモニ.)), Tanpopo (revived as Tanpopo Sharp (タンポポ＃)), V-u-den (revived as Zoku V-u-den (続・美勇伝)), Petit Moni (revived as Petit Moni V (プッチモニV), ZYX (revived as ZYX Alpha, stylized as ZYX-α), and Aa! The Shuffle Units also released original songs on the Hello! Project's compilation album, Petit Best 10, and performed as concert-only units.

Members
Member lists are adapted from Hello! Project's website:

title: Hello! Project Shuffle Unit


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Nouvelle, Quebec

Nouvelle is a municipality in eastern Quebec, Canada, on the south shore of the Gaspé Peninsula at the mouth of the Nouvelle River, where the Restigouche River widens into Chaleur Bay.

In addition to Nouvelle itself, the municipality also includes the communities of Allard, Brébeuf (Dugal), Drapeau, Miguasha, Miguasha-Ouest, Nouvelle-Ouest, and Provancher.

Nouvelle's graphic seal is a world globe overlaid by Eusthenopteron foordi, whose fossil discovery brought worldwide fame to the Miguasha National Park, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site within the municipality. The seal's red and gray colours represent the colors of the rocks present on the fossil site.

History
Nouvelle was first settled by Acadians fleeing the deportation of 1755, fish merchants from Jersey, Channel Islands and some Irish. The name Nouvelle (French meaning "new") was used as early as the end of the 18th century and stood for the "new land" being made available west of the town that is now called Carleton-sur-Mer. It first appeared on documents in 1787 by the Jersey businessman Charles Robin and by Abbé Joseph Mathurin Bourg, the first Acadian priest.

In 1842, the geographic township of Nouvelle was proclaimed. In 1845, the township, which included the area now known as Escuminac, was first incorporated as the Municipality of Shoolbred. It was named after John Shoolbred, who was the first owner of the seignory granted there. In 1847, the municipality was abolished, but it re-established in 1855. From 1861, it was known as the Township Municipality of Nouvelle-et-Shoolbred.

On July 1, 1869, the local mission was proclaimed as a parish, known as Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste (Saint John the Evangelist). In 1881, the post office opened, also designated as Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste.

In 1907, the place separated from the township municipality and formed the Municipality of Nouvelle-et-Shoolbred-Partie-Nord-Est. It was renamed in 1912 to Municipality of Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste, and on December 5, 1953, it was renamed again to the Municipality of Nouvelle. The same year, the post office name followed suit.

Economy and tourism

 * Fishing. The Rivière-Nouvelle ZEC (including "Petite rivière Nouvelle" and "ruisseau Mann") is world-renowned for its sea trout fly fishing and Atlantic salmon.
 * Fossils. World class museum of natural history at the Miguasha National Park.
 * Miguasha beach. The word Miguasha comes from the Mi'kma "Mégueck Shawk" meaning longtime red, referring to the majestic red cliffs of the Bonaventure Formation
 * Miguasha port facility offers yachting services and ferry service from July to September.
 * 50+ Games. The 5th edition of the Jeux des 50 ans et plus de la Gaspésie et des Îles-de-la-Madeleine will take place here June 12–15, 2008.

Recreation

 * Centre sportif Louis-Sleigher (skating arena), named in honour of the first native of Nouvelle to play for the NHL
 * Sport fishing
 * Hunting (ruffed grouse or partridge, moose, deer and black bear)
 * Tennis courts
 * Soccer field
 * Nature trails
 * Snowmobile and ATV trails
 * Harness racing

Education

 * Commission scolaire René-Lévesque (used to be Commisstion scolaire Tracadièche, from the Mi'kma «Place of many herons»
 * Elementary schools: École centrale
 * Highschool students attend École Antoine-Bernard de Carleton

title: Nouvelle, Quebec


text:
Menzel

Menzel may refer to:

People
Menzel is a surname of German origin. It can also be a transliteration of the Yiddish surname " מענטזעל "- a variant of the German surname.
 * Adolph Menzel (1815–1905), German artist
 * Christian Menzel (born 1971), German racecar driver
 * Daniel Menzel (born 1991), Australian footballer
 * Donald Howard Menzel (1901–1976), U.S. astronomer
 * Emil Wolfgang Menzel, Jr. (1929–2012), U.S. primatologist
 * Gerhard Menzel (1894–1966), German screenwriter
 * Idina Menzel (née Mentzel; born 1971), U.S. actress, singer, and songwriter
 * Jiří Menzel (1938–2020), Czech director
 * Joachim Menzel (1914–2005), German military officer
 * Josef Joachim Menzel (1933-2020), German historian
 * Herman Menzel (1904–1988), American artist
 * Max Menzel (born 1941), Australian politician
 * Paul Julius Menzel (1864–1927), German physician and paleobotanist
 * Paul Menzel (born ?), U.S. actor, writer, and producer
 * Peter Menzel (born 1948), U.S. photojournalist
 * Robert Menzel (born 1991), Polish footballer
 * Roderich Menzel (1907–1987), Czechoslovakian and German tennis player
 * Rudolphina Menzel (1891–1973), Austrian cynologist and animal behaviorist
 * Tim Menzel (born 1992), German rugby player
 * Troy Menzel (born 1994), Australian footballer
 * Wolfgang Menzel (1798–1873), German poet

Places

 * Cape Menzel, on Thurston Island in Antarctica; named for geologist Reinhard W. Menzel

Menzel is also the transliteration of Arabic word into the Latin alphabet which means "House" or "House of ---" (e.g. "Menzel Bourguiba" means "House of Bourguiba"). Many such place names exist, especially in Tunisia, but also Morocco.

 * Morocco

 * El Menzel

 * Tunisia

 * Menzel Abderrahmane
 * Menzel Bourguiba
 * Menzel Bouzaiane
 * Menzel Bouzelfa
 * Menzel Chaker
 * Menzel Ennour
 * Menzel Farsi
 * Menzel Hayet
 * Menzel Horr
 * Menzel Jemil
 * Menzel Kamel
 * Menzel Mehiri
 * Menzel Salem
 * Menzel Temime

Other

 * Menzel (crater), a lunar crater named for Donald Howard Menzel
 * Menzel 3, a young bipolar planetary nebula named for Donald Howard Menzel
 * 1967 Menzel, an asteroid named for Donald Howard Menzel
 * Menzel (Djerba), a Tunisian housing type

title: Menzel


text:
User:WBardwin

Plea to Other Editors
Almost every good faith edit is valuable. Research, verify, rewrite --- but don't delete!

Reminders to myself
Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.

Absence of evidence for your hypothesis does not mean that the opposite of the hypothesis is true, nor does it mean that the hypothesis must be false. Likewise, absence of evidence against your hypothesis does not mean that the hypothesis is true, or that the opposite of your hypothesis is false. This seems clear enough, but ...

''Omit needless words. Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph has no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.''  —                            William Strunk, Jr.

We have learned by sad experience that it is the nature and disposition of almost all men, as soon as they get a little authority, as they suppose, they will immediately begin to exercise unrighteous dominion. - Doctrine & Covenants Section 121:39...

User Pages

 * User:WBardwin/sandbox

 * User:WBardwin/cheatsheet
 * User:WBardwin/claypit

 * User:WBardwin/todolist

 * User:WBardwin/library list

 * User:WBardwin/Chapter

 * User:WBardwin/AOL Block Collection

Bias Disclosed!
'''While committed to a neutral point of view in the Wiki universe, I should disclose the following inherent biases which will probably show up in my work. After all, I am only ( almost ) human.....( but evolving slowly.... )

'''Let’s see....religion, politics and money. What else can we fight about?''' And....
 * I am a participating member in a religious organization. I believe studying philosophy, human ethics and religious precepts is one of the most valuable things people can do to understand and improve themselves and the world around them.
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 * My writing style tends to be pedantic and wordy — but if you give me time, it does get better. And, I despise acronyms.  So, there will be lots of edits.
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Your Opinion, Please

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Featured Articles I Edited

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Currently Contributing to these Articles and more:
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title: User:WBardwin


text:
Talk:Crystallographic point group

This is really a page of space groups. They are an extension of point groups, which are normally for molecules. 220.244.224.8 05:19, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

No sorry, it really does go on to discuss molecular point groups, but they should be distinguished from space groups. Quite often in a molecular crystal, the crystal symmetry is different from the molecular.

Changed a redirect
Crystal class used to redirect to Crystal system. This was incorrect, so I changed it to redirect here, which I believe is more appropriate. Although there may be nuances here which I'm not certain about. Refs:

 * http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/G30102.html
 * http://www.iucr.org/iucr-top/comm/cteach/pamphlets/22/node22.html

There seems to be better information on point groups on the Crystal system page? I dont know enough to fix the problem.. can someone who knows their stuff please fix it. 60.234.48.118 23:57, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

O. Prytz 18:09, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 09:46, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Subscript d
There is no explanation of the subscript 'd' placed after certain point groups of D, for example in D2d. Also, under the discussion of possible subscripts for D, it mentions a possible v subscript, when that never seems to be used. Am i right in thiking that 'd' basically takes the desciption given to 'v'. If so could someone who fully understands why 'd' is used instead of 'v' provide an explanation. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.31.240.38 (talk) 14:49, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

Tetrahedron group
The expression is confusing. I don't think "Th is T with the addition of an inversion." Inversion? Maybe mirror plane? -- Makecat  Talk  04:03, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

What's a point group?
What's the mathematical definition of a point group? It would be nice for this page to include that. This is not a mathematical definition:

 * a crystallographic point group is a set of symmetry operations, like rotations or reflections, that leave a central point fixed while moving other directions and faces of the crystal to the positions of features of the same kind.

Is a point group just a discrete subgroup of O(3), the group of rotations and reflections in 3 dimensions? No, because then the symmetry group of a dodecahedron would be a point group. Is it a discrete subgroup of O(3) that preserves some lattice? I'm not sure. Furthermore: when do two point groups count as "the same"? When they're conjugate in O(3)? Someone must know the answers. Not me. John Baez (talk) 08:08, 23 July 2016 (UTC)2602:306:80E8:2170:8C7C:C39B:5B19:DEA3 (talk) 17:37, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

I believe a point group is just any subgroup of O(3), so called because the entire group leaves a single point unchanged, as opposed to the space groups which include more general affine transformations. But this page is specifically about crystallographic point groups, i.e. ones consistent with Bravais lattices, which forces them to be finite groups with no operations beyond 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-fold rotations and rotinversions. Two groups are the same if their sets of operations are identical to within a single overall coordinate transformation, itself an element of SO(3). There's probably an elegant and less confusing way of stating that.

I find this page useful as a reference for the maps among the different notations, and especially for the image showing the subgroup relationships. However, that image appears to have an error: If I'm not mistaken, 6mm is a supergroup of 3m, not 3bar.

BW Reed 2602:306:80E8:2170:8C7C:C39B:5B19:DEA3 (talk) 17:37, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

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Cs and V,Vh,Vd
In section "The correspondence between different notations", Cs is not explained anywhere. From context, I assume it is the group generated by one horizontal reflection only? Also V is not linked or explained. Perhaps link to Klein_four-group and edit that article to identify the the geometric representations D2, C2h = D1d,  C2v = D1h with V, Vd, Vh, respectively, if this is the accepted notation? Not sure enough to edit it myself... Chris2crawford (talk) 01:32, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crystallographic point group


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Talk:Jean-Michel Basquiat

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tkjenkins.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:09, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Bisexuality
There apparently is some attempt to schlock over this aspect of his life. In fact, the removal of his "Personal Life" section, typical in almost every other Wiki bio article with peppering of "girlfriends" and "involvements" throughout the article in the art-focused sections make for sanitized (and disjointed) reading.

Although the CityPages "hustler" source was not correct, these are correctly sourced and keep getting removed:

==Personal Life== Basquiat had a longtime girlfriend, Suzanne Mallouk, who financially supported him as a waitress. She later described his sexuality as: " ... not monochromatic. It did not rely on visual stimulation, such as a pretty girl. It was a very rich multichromatic sexuality. He was attracted to people for all different reasons. They could be boys, girls, thin, fat, pretty, ugly. It was, I think, driven by intelligence. He was attracted to intelligence more than anything and to pain."

In his book "The Professor: Witnessing White Power" author Rob Redding writes on page 16 of Basquiat's sexual relationship with artist Klaus Nomi and how it may have made Basquiat fearless tackling issues of race in his art. The book is based on an account from Pierre Bernard Francillon, who had a three year relationship with the artist. Francillon, who is black, told Redding that Basquiat "liked white boys" like Nomi and that "Jean-Michel was in love with him, trust." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hotcop2 (talk • contribs) 17:49, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

 * The personal life section was added by a user who basically just wanted it to be a bisexuality section because it only focused on Klaus Nomi, which I've added to the article. His drug addiction and relationships with women and men are part of his personal life which weren't included. The books cited were not correctly cited, there weren't any page numbers. The quote from Suzanne Mallouk was already a part of the article, and that one will also need a page number to become a good article. Basquiat had many girlfriends, there are mentions of the few were notable in the biography section. There simply aren't many verified accounts of his relationship with men for them to be mentioned in detail. How about making a Sexuality section? I suggest the following which I can cite:

 * Basquiat had many romantic relationships with women, and according to several friends, he also had sexual relationships with men. Biographer Phoebe Hoban suggests that his first sexual relationship was a victim of homosexual rape by a barber dressed in drag while in Puerto Rico. As a teenager, Basquiat purportedly worked as a prostitute on 42nd Street when he ran away from home.

 * Basquiat's former girlfriend Suzanne Mallouk described his sexuality as "not monochromatic. It did not rely on visual stimulation, such as a pretty girl. It was a very rich multichromatic sexuality. He was attracted to people for all different reasons. They could be boys, girls, thin, fat, pretty, ugly ... He was attracted to intelligence more than anything and to pain." She added that "he loved women. He loved sex. He always had a lot of women." However, Basquiat's former SAMO graffiti partner claimed that he "enjoyed sex more with men." Twixister (talk) 21:35, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Just my two cents that putting the facts in is great, but attempting to label him is not. Labels are for self use. The girlfriend's description of his sexuality is fantastic. Let that stand. Peace. Billyshiverstick (talk) 05:32, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

Can We Please Get A Gallery?
Guy is a fantastic artist, but we have few of his paintings in the article. I dropped Cadillac Moon in, as I came here from that article, but jeez! I have trouble finding pics in Wiki, or I'd do it myself. Every major artist needs a Gallery. Tx Billyshiverstick (talk) 05:34, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Because of how recently Basquiat was working, much of his work is still under copyright. Wikipedia is more stringent than most when it comes to exercising fair use for art, so any works we put into the article will have to have good reason. It helps if the article speaks directly about the work in question, or if the work is placed and captioned to illustrate a particular style or graphic motif of his. Because of this, I’m fairly sure galleries of non-free works are not allowed. — HTGS (talk) 04:32, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Hover text when on another article linking to him is filler text
//todo sorry if this isn't the best place to post Anon contributor 375 (talk) 09:06, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

 * lol i saw this. fwbcjwhehhwhehfb 86.29.43.126 (talk) 23:31, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jean-Michel Basquiat


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User:SteveCrook

I live in South London, England. My main Wikipedia interests are Cinema, especially British cinema of the 1940s and 1950s.

My first Wikipedia edit was on February 17, 2005.

Specialisations
My main specialisation is the films of Powell and Pressburger but that leads to all the people who worked with them and all the many subjects covered by their films.

I run the Powell & Pressburger Pages and the associated EMail group.

title: User:SteveCrook


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Silverwater Correctional Complex

The Silverwater Correctional Complex, an Australian maximum and minimum security prison complex for males and females, is located in Silverwater, 21 km west of the Sydney central business district in New South Wales, Australia. The complex is operated by Corrective Services NSW, an agency of the New South Wales Government Department of Communities and Justice.

The complex comprises four separate facilities including Silverwater Correctional Centre (a minimum security prison for males); Silverwater Women's Correctional Centre (a maximum security institution for women and the major reception centre for female offenders in NSW); the Metropolitan Remand & Reception Centre (a maximum security correctional facility for males); and the Dawn de Loas Correctional Centre (a minimum security correctional centre for males).

The complex accepts prisoners charged and convicted under both New South Wales and Commonwealth legislation, and serves as a reception prison for inmates on remand or pending classification.

Silverwater Correctional Centre
Silverwater Correctional Centre, an Australian minimum security facility for males is located within the complex.

Notable prisoners

 * Sef Gonzales – Filipino Australian convicted of murdering his parents and sister.
 * Robert Hughes – an Australian actor convicted of sexual assaults on then minors during filming of the hit Australian TV sitcom Hey Dad...!
 * Chris Munce – convicted of fixing during a horse racing meeting in Hong Kong.
 * René Rivkin – (1944–2005) stockbroker and businessman, sentenced to periodic detention due to ill health.
 * Eddie Obeid – a former NSW politician convicted of conspiracy and misconduct in public office. He was ordered to hand himself in in October 2021. His son will join him in jail too.
 * Salim Mehajer – a former property developer and Deputy Mayor of Auburn City Council who was imprisoned at Silverwater for fraud charges.

Silverwater Women's Correctional Centre
The Silverwater Women's Correctional Centre (formerly known as the Mulawa Correctional Centre), an Australian maximum security facility for females is located within the complex. The centre is divided into twelve living units, a protection/segregation area, an induction unit, a hospital annexe, and provides accommodation for both sentenced and unsentenced inmates and various special program units. The facility opened in 1970 as the old women's prison at Long Bay was converted into a medium security facility for men.

Fraud is the most common reason for imprisonment. Inmates are eligible to study for national recognised qualifications including vocation and TAFE courses.

In the 2010 New South Wales state budget, the prison was allocated $200,000 for a new video conferencing system.

Notable prisoners

 * Lindy Chamberlain  – New Zealand-born Australian convicted and later acquitted of murdering her 9-week-old daughter Azaria; Chamberlain gave birth to another child of her husband Michael Chamberlain while in custody; she was held at Silverwater (then Mulawa Women's Prison), then transferred to Berrima Correctional Centre; incarcerated from 29 October 1982 to 7 February 1986.
 * Violet Coco – climate activist with 15month sentence for blocking one lane of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in December 2022.
 * Kathleen Folbigg – convicted of the murders of her 3 infant children; incarcerated in 2003 and pardoned in 2023
 * Maddison Hall – convicted of the murder of hitchhiker Lyn Saunders.
 * Katherine Knight – convicted of the murder of de facto husband John Price.
 * Theresa Lawson – (1951–2014) convicted of the largest fraud in NSW history.
 * Rachel Pfitnzer – convicted of murdering her son Dean Shillingsworth.
 * Sandra Willson – transferred to Mulawa Detention Centre from Parramatta Psychiatric Centre in 1970, after being declared not guilty on ground of insanity for the 1959 murder of a taxi driver, released in 1977 following protests on her behalf by the Women Behind Bars activist group.

Metropolitan Remand and Reception Centre
The Metropolitan Remand and Reception Centre (MRRC), an Australian maximum security facility for males is located within the complex. The prison opened in 1997, and has a capacity of 900 inmates. It is the largest single correctional centre in Australia. The majority of inmates are unconvicted or unsentenced.

In March, 1999, Russian Australian librarian Lucy Dudko hired a helicopter supposedly to check out the upcoming Olympic site in Sydney. Using a gun, she forced pilot, Tim Joyce, to land within the Metropolitan Remand and Reception Centre grounds. Waiting was her partner John Killick, who was serving 28 years for armed robberies. He jumped in the helicopter making an escape while being fired on by guards and cheered on by inmates. They landed in a park where Killick hijacked a taxi at gunpoint. The two were able to elude authorities for six weeks before being arrested at the Bass Hill Tourist Park.

In 2004, the Independent Commission Against Corruption conducted an investigation at the prison which concluded that mobile phones were becoming a significant security threat in Australian correctional facilities.

In April 2012, the facility was inundated with members of outlaw motorcycle clubs. Segregation between members of the same gangs is enforced in an effort to break member ties.

Notable prisoners

 * Rodney Adler  – disgraced former director of HIH Insurance and businessman.
 * Hew Raymond Griffiths – British-born Australian alleged software pirate, before his extradition to the US.
 * Man Haron Monis – (1964–2014) Iranian-born Australian; convicted "hate mail" campaigner against the families of dead soldiers, faced numerous charges of being an accessory to murder and sexual assault. Perpetrator of the 2014 Sydney Siege, shot dead by New South Wales Police Force Tactical Operations Unit.
 * Phuong Ngo – Vietnamese Australian politician and businessman convicted of ordering the 1994 killing of Australian NSW state MP John Newman.
 * Dragan Vasiljković – (aka Captain Dragan and Daniel Snedden), former Serbian paramilitary commander and alleged war criminal.
 * Danushka Gunathilaka, Sri Lankan cricketer

Dawn de Loas Correctional Centre
The Dawn de Loas Correctional Centre, an Australian minimum security work release centre for males, is located within the complex.

Major incidents
In March 1999, inmate John Killick escaped Silverwater Prison via a helicopter that had been hijacked by his partner, Lucy Dudko.

In March 2021, one of the staff working at the jail died after shooting himself just moments after driving a prison van.

In October 2021, a former prison guard who used to work at Silverwater was sentenced to jail for assault. Before this she was punished for having inappropriate contact with a prisoner at the jail.

title: Silverwater Correctional Complex


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Roger Marbeck

Roger Marbeck (1536–1605), son of organist John Marbeck, was a noted classical scholar, was appointed public orator in the University of Oxford in 1564, and in 1565 became a canon of Christ Church and was elected Provost of Oriel College; he left Oxford on account of an unfortunate marriage, and took to medicine as a profession, becoming the first registrar of the College of Physicians in London, and chief physician to Elizabeth I of England.

title: Roger Marbeck


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John Merbecke

John Marbeck, Merbeck or Merbecke (c. 1510) was an English choral composer and theological writer whose musical setting of the early Anglican liturgy standardised the sung Anglican service until the late 20th century. He is also known today for his setting of the Mass, Missa Per arma justitiae.

Life
Probably a native of Beverley in Yorkshire, Merbecke appears to have been a boy chorister at St George's Chapel, Windsor, and was employed as an organist there from about 1541. Two years later he was convicted with four others of heresy and sentenced to be burnt at the stake, but received a pardon owing to the intervention of Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, who said he was "but a musitian". An English Concordance of the Bible which Merbecke had been preparing at the suggestion of Richard Turner, was however confiscated and destroyed. A later version of this work, the first of its kind in English, was published in 1550 with a dedication to Edward VI.

In the same year, Merbecke published his Booke of Common Praier Noted, intended to provide for musical uniformity in the use of the First Prayer Book of Edward VI. This set the liturgy to semi-rhythmical melodies partly adapted from Gregorian chant; it was rendered obsolete when the Prayer Book was revised in 1552. Merbecke wrote several devotional and controversial works, and a number of his musical compositions are preserved in manuscript in the British Library, and at Oxford and Cambridge. He died, probably while still organist at Windsor, about 1585.

His son, Roger Marbeck (1536–1605), was a noted classical scholar and physician.

Legacy
In the first half of the 19th century, the Oxford Movement inspired renewed interest in liturgical music within the Church of England. John Jebb first drew attention to Merbecke's Prayer Book settings in 1841. In 1843, William Dyce published plainsong music for all the Anglican services, which included nearly all of Merbecke's settings, adapted for the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. During the latter half of the 19th century, many different editions of Merbecke's settings were published, especially for the Communion service, with arrangements by noted musicians such as Sir John Stainer, Charles Villiers Stanford and Basil Harwood, Merbecke's Communion setting was very widely sung by choirs and congregations throughout the Anglican Communion until the 1662 Book of Common Prayer began to be supplanted by more modern liturgy in the late 20th century. Parts of his service, notably the Nicene Creed, have been adapted to "modern" wording. His setting has also been adapted for the liturgy of many other denominations; the Catholic Church drew on it for the new English-language form of the Mass of Paul VI following the Second Vatican Council of 1962–65.

His complete Latin Church music was recorded by The Cardinall's Musick under the direction of Andrew Carwood in 1996.

A voluntary choir for young men and women at Southwark Cathedral in London is named the Merbecke Choir in his honour, because Merbecke's heresy trial had been partly held at the church in 1543.

title: John Merbecke


text: User talk:202.155.89.123

title: User talk:202.155.89.123


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Seoul Olympic Stadium

The Seoul Olympic Stadium, a.k.a “Jamsil Olympic Stadium" (formerly romanised as Chamshil), is a multi-purpose stadium in Seoul, South Korea. It is the main stadium built for the 1988 Summer Olympics and the 10th Asian Games in 1986. It is the centrepiece of the Seoul Sports Complex in the Songpa District, in the southeast of the city south of the Han River. It is the largest stadium in South Korea.

Design and construction
This multi-purpose stadium was designed by Kim Swoo-geun. The lines of the stadium's profile imitate the elegant curves of a Joseon white porcelain. Spectator seats are distributed on two tiers, half-covered. Initially built with a capacity of approximately 100,000, today it seats 69,950.

Before its construction, Seoul's largest venues were Dongdaemun Stadium and Hyochang Stadium. Seating 30,000 and 20,000 respectively, they were too small to attract world-class sporting events. Construction on the new stadium began in 1977 with the aim of staging the Asian Games in 1986. When Seoul was awarded the Games of the XXIV Olympiad in September 1981, this stadium became the centrepiece.

Sports
Officially, the stadium opened on 29 September 1984 as the main work for the 10th Asian Games held two years later, then the Olympics in 1988. However, it has not been used to stage a major world sporting event since then. It currently has no occupant, although the Korea Football Association has expressed interest in renovate and modernize the stadium, transforming it into a permanent ground for the national team matches.

The events hosted by the stadium during the Olympics were the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, athletics, the football finals, and the equestrian jumping individual final. The stadium also performed the same functions during the 1988 Summer Paralympics.

Football
Between the match against Japan on 30 September 1984 to the match against Yugoslavia on 28 May 2000, the Olympic Stadium was the home ground of the Korea Republic national football team. The newly built Seoul World Cup Stadium then became the center match venue for the Korean team. In an effort to revitalize football across the nation, Korea used the Olympic Stadium for the 2013 EAFF East Asian Cup in a 1–2 losing match against Japan on 28 July 2013. The KFA has expressed interest in continuing to use the venue for future national team matches.

Since 2015, newly formed professional football club Seoul E-Land FC is using this stadium.

Auto racing
The Seoul ePrix had the circuit run over into the Stadium and around the Seoul Sports Complex.

title: Seoul Olympic Stadium


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Disability studies

Disability studies is an academic discipline that examines the meaning, nature, and consequences of disability. Initially, the field focused on the division between "impairment" and "disability", where impairment was an impairment of an individual's mind or body, while disability was considered a social construct. This premise gave rise to two distinct models of disability: the social and medical models of disability. In 1999 the social model was universally accepted as the model preferred by the field. However, in recent years, the division between the social and medical models has been challenged. Additionally, there has been an increased focus on interdisciplinary research. For example, recent investigations suggest using "cross-sectional markers of stratification" may help provide new insights on the non-random distribution of risk factors capable of exacerbating disablement processes. Such risk factors can be acute or chronic stressors, which can increase cumulative risk factors (overeating, excessive drinking, etc.) The decline of immune function with age and decrease of inter-personal relationships which can impact cognitive function with age.

Disability studies courses include work in disability history, theory, legislation, policy, ethics, and the arts. However, students are taught to focus on the lived experiences of individuals with disabilities in practical terms. The field is focused on increasing individuals with disabilities access to civil rights and improving their quality of life.

Disability studies emerged in the 1980s primarily in the US, the UK, and Canada. In 1986, the Section for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability of the Social Science Association (United States) was renamed the Society for Disability Studies. The first US disabilities studies program emerged in 1994 at Syracuse University. The first edition of the Disabilities Studies Reader (one of the first collections of academic papers related to disability studies) was published in 1997. The field grew rapidly over the next ten years. In 2005, the Modern Language Association established disability studies as a "division of study".

While disability studies primarily emerged in the US, the UK, and Canada, disability studies were also conducted in other countries through different lenses. For instance, Germany has been involved with queer disability studies since the beginning of the early 20th century. The disability studies in Germany are influenced by the written literary works of feminist sexologists who study how being disabled affects one's sexuality and ability to feel pleasure. In Norway, disability studies are focused on the literary context.

A variation emerged in 2017 with the first accessibility studies program at Central Washington University with an interdisciplinary focus on social justice, universal design, and international Web Accessibility Guidelines (WAG3) as a general education knowledge base.

History
Universities have long studied disabilities from a clinical perspective, though discussions around the depathologization of disability began following the disability rights movement, which arose in the 1950s. In 1981, the United Nations' International Year of Disabled People brought disability into the public sphere as a human rights issue. Five years later, the Social Science Association's Section for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability was renamed the Society for Disability Studies, and its journal Disability Studies Quarterly was the first journal in disability studies. The first US disabilities studies program emerged in 1994 at Syracuse University. However, courses and programs were very few. In the 1997 first edition of the Disability Studies Reader, Lennard J. Davis wrote that "it had been virtually impossible to have someone teaching about disability within the humanities". In the second edition, written ten years later, he writes that "all that has changed", but "just because disability studies is on the map, does not mean that is easy to find".

Still the field continued to grow throughout the 2000s. In 2009 Disability Studies Quarterly published A Multinational Review of English-language Disability Studies Degrees and Courses. They found that from 2003 to 2008 the number of disability studies stand-alone studies programs in the US, UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada grew from 56 to 108 and the number of degree-granting programs grew from 212 to 420. A total of 17 degrees in disability studies were offered, with 11 programs in the US, 2 in the UK, 3 in Canada, and 1 in Australia.

The 2014 article "Disability Studies: A New Normal" in The New York Times suggests that the expansion in disability studies programs is related to the 1990 passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Those raised after the passage of the ADA have entered colleges and the workforce, as Disability Studies has grown. In a 2014 article, Disability Studies Quarterly published an analysis on the relationships between student run groups and disability studies, from 2008 to 2012. Their article analyzes groups at four different universities and describes how professors have incorporated student activism into their curriculum and research.

Definitions
According to the transnational Society for Disability Studies:

"Using an interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary approach. Disability sits at the intersection of many overlapping disciplines in the humanities, sciences, and social sciences. Programs in Disability Studies should encourage a curriculum that allows students, activists, teachers, artists, practitioners, and researchers to engage the subject matter from various disciplinary perspectives.

 * Challenging the view of disability as an individual deficit or defect that can be remedied solely through medical intervention or rehabilitation by 'experts' and other service providers. Rather, a program in Disability Studies should explore models and theories that examine social, political, cultural, and economic factors that define disability and help determine personal and collective responses to difference. At the same time, Disability Studies should work to de-stigmatize disease, illness, and impairment, including those that cannot be measured or explained by biological science.  Finally, while acknowledging that medical research and intervention can be useful, Disability Studies should interrogate the connections between medical practice and stigmatizing disability.
 * Studying national and international perspectives, policies, literature, culture, and history with an aim of placing current ideas of disability within their broadest possible context. Since attitudes toward disability have not been the same across times and places, much can be gained by learning from these other experiences.
 * Encouraging participation by disabled students and faculty, and ensuring physical and intellectual access. Prioritizing leadership positions held by disabled people; at the same time, it is important to create an environment where contributions from anyone who shares the above goals are welcome."

Disability studies and medical humanities
The social model of disability is expanded to chronic illness and to the broader work of the medical humanities. Practitioners are working towards improving the healthcare for disabled people through disability studies. This multi-disciplinary field of inquiry draws on the experiences and perspectives of people with disabilities to address discrimination. Infinite Ability has done some preliminary work in India to introduce disability studies to medical students. The medical humanities movement advocates use of literature in exploring illness, from practitioner and patient perspectives, with graphic medicine as an emerging strategy that combines comics-style medium and illness narrative.

Intersectionality
Feminism introduces the inclusion of intersectionality in disability studies. It focuses on race, gender, sexuality, class and other related systems of oppression that can also intersect with having a disability. From a feminist standpoint, there is a large concern for grasping multiple positions and differences among social groups. Some research on intersectionality and disability has focused on the aspect of being part of two or more stigmatized groups and how these are contributing factors to multiple forms of harassment, the paradox known as "Double Jeopardy".

In academic settings and practices such as gender or women's studies the course work does not always highlight ideals of intersectionality and identity. But Sri Craven highlights the fact that in academia students and professors do not look at history in a culmination of the intersecting identities but rather focus in one perspective. Craven and his colleagues include identities such as disability both mental and physical in an alternative course description to get students and faculty to think about identity, oppression and struggle in a new way.

Race
Recent scholarship has included studies that explore the intersection between disability and race. Christopher Bell's work publicly challenged disability studies to engage with race, calling it "white disability studies". His posthumous volume on Blackness and Disability further developed his analysis. These works engage with issues of neoliberal economic oppression. The 2009 publication of Fiona Kumari Campbell's Contours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness signaled a new direction of research — studies in ableism, moving beyond preoccupations with disability to explore the maintenance of abledness in sexed, raced and modified bodies. A. J. Withers' work critiques the social model of disability because, among other things, it erases the experiences of BIPOC people, women, trans and queer people and puts forward a more radical model of disability. Similarly, recent work has focused on the intersections of race and ethnicity with disability in the field of education studies and has attempted to bridge critical race studies with disability studies. Other contemporary works, such as literary studies conducted by critic Sami Schalk explore the intersection of disability and race and the use of dis/ability as a metaphor within the genre of black women's speculative fiction. Collectively, these works reflect an effort to deal with complex histories of marking racially "othered" bodies as physically, psychologically, or morally deficient, and traces this history of scientific racism to contemporary dynamics. Empirical studies show that minority students are disproportionately more likely to be removed from class or school for "behavioral" or academic reasons, and far more likely to be labeled with intellectual or learning disabilities. The authors propose a union of critical race and disability studies, DisCrit, as an intersectional approach designed to analyzing the interaction between ableism, sexism, and racism.

In addition to work by individual scholars, disability studies organizations have also begun to focus on disability and race and gender. The Society for Disability Studies created the Chris Bell Memorial Scholarship to honor Bell's commitment to diversity in disability studies. Postsecondary disability studies programs increasingly engage with the intersectionality of oppression. The University of Manitoba offers a course on "Women with disabilities". Several recent masters' student research papers at York University focus on issues related to women with disabilities and people of African descent with disabilities.

Feminism
Feminism integrates the social and political aspects that makes a body oppressed while allowing empowerment to be present in acknowledging its culture. Scholars of feminist disability studies include Rosemarie Garland-Thomson and Alison Kafer. Garland-Thomson explains that these related systems of oppression pervades all aspects of culture by "its structuring institutions, social identities, cultural practices, political positions, historical communities, and the shared human experience of embodiment". Garland-Thomson further describes that "identity based critical enterprises have enriched and complicated our understandings of social justice, subject formation, subjugated knowledges and collective action". Feminism works towards accessibility for everyone regardless of which societal oppressive behavior makes them a minority. Although physical adjustments are most commonly fought for in disability awareness, psychological exclusion also plays a major role oppressing people with disabilities. The intersection of disability and feminism is more common in American history than we think yet it does not show up in media, museums or archives that are dedicated to feminist work. Rachel Corbman, a professor of women's, gender and sexuality studies at Stony Brook University in New York highlights how the influence of lesbian feminist organizations like the Disabled Lesbian Alliance (DLA) are not represented in the archives of literature and documentation of events in the community. The DLA work closely together to fight for visibility, accessibility and acceptance of individuals whether they are disabled, or lesbian or both. Corbman's article highlights the beginning of disability activism during the feminist movement of the 1970s and 1980s and how the intersecting identities enticed new members and activists from across the country to join the cause. Other disability-centered feminist organizations that are part of the feminist archives include the Lesbian Illness Support Group and Gay and Lesbian Blind (GLB). Sara Ahmed elaborates the mental exclusiveness of privilege in "Atmospheric Walls": there is an atmosphere surrounding minority bodies, explaining why an intersectionally privileged person could be made uncomfortable simply by being in the same room as a person of color, or in this case someone with a disability. Feminists and scholars also developed theories that put attention on the connection of gender and disability. Scholars like Thomas J. Gerschick argue that disability plays a big role in processing and experiencing gender, and people with disabilities often suffer stigmatization towards their gender, since their disabilities may make their body representation excluded by normative binary gender representation. Gerschick also argues that this stigmatization can affect the gendering process and self-representation of people with disabilities. Ellen Samuels explores gender, queer sexualities, and disability. Feminists also look into how people with disabilities are politically oppressed and powerless. Abby L. Wilkerson argues that people with disabilities are politically powerless because they are often desexualized, and the lack of sexual agency leads to the lack of political agency. Wilkerson also indicates that the erotophobia towards minority groups like people with disabilities further oppresses them, since it prevents these groups from gaining political power through sexual agency and power.

Gender and sexuality
At the intersection of disability, gender, and sexuality one finds crip theory. Crip theory exists as an interdisciplinary approach to critical disability theory. The term crip theory originates in Carrie Sandahl's article "Queering the Crip or Crippling the Queer?: Intersections of Queer and Crip Identities in Solo Autobiographical Performance". It was published in 2003 as part of a journal issue titled "Desiring Disability: Queer Theory Meets Disability Studies". Christopher Bell's Blackness and Disability; and the work of Robert McRuer both explore queerness and disability.

Since then many books and articles have been written on the topic. Each subsequent piece of scholarship dedicated to crip theory as a topic expands how crip theory is understood.

Most of the literature above is written by individual authors in the United States but there is nothing on there from other countries that depicts disability and sexuality in the same context. Myren-Svelstad, a Norwegian scholar compares two deviant novels in Norway's society, Nini Roll Anker's Enken [the Widow] written in 1932 and Magnhild Haalke's Allis sønn [Alli's Son] written in 1935. They both depict a queer man who is also disabled. The disability being depicted as someone whose mental capacity is significantly different than society's heteronormative view.
 * 2006 Crip Theory: Cultural Signs of Queerness and Disability by Robert McRuer
 * 2011 Feminist Disability Studies by Kim Q. Hall
 * 2012 Sex and Disability by Robert McRuer, Anna Mollow
 * 2013 Feminist, Queer, Crip by Alison Kafer
 * 2018 Crip Times: Disability, Globalization, and Resistance by Robert McRuer
 * 2018 Disability Studies and the Environmental Humanities: Toward an Eco-Crip Theory by Sarah Jaquette Ray, Jay Sibara, Stacy Alaimo
 * 2019 The Matter of Disability: Materiality, Biopolitics, Crip Affect by David T. Mitchell, Susan Antebi, et al.

These communities on their own are topics of numerous deliberations; however, they also often link in significance in many ways. The significance of the movements began to build momentum and most legal recognition in the 1980s. It was only in 1973 that the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from their list of mental disorders. In addition to this, it was about forty years later in 2013 that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) changed the listing of transgender to "gender dysphoria".

One of the most notable circumstances where the case of these two minority rights come together was the court case In re Guardianship of Kowalski, in which an accident that occurred in 1983 left 36-year-old Sharon Kowalski physically disabled with severe brain injuries. The court granted guardianship of her to her homophobic parents who refused visitation rights to her long time partner, Karen Thompson. The court case lasted nearly ten years and was resolved by granting Thompson custody in 1991. This was a major victory in the realm of gay rights but also called to attention the validity of rights for those who identified under the queer and disabled spectrum. Numerous support groups emerged from necessity to create safe spaces for those identifying in these specific minority groups such as the founding of the Rainbow Alliance of the Deaf in 1977, the Lesbian Disabled Veterans of America group in 1996 which then became the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Disabled Veterans of America, and the San Francisco Gay Amputees group in 2006.

A 2012 study showed that disability was more common in LGBTQ individuals when compared to heterosexual peers. It was also shown that the LGBTQ group with disabilities were noticeably younger in age than the heterosexual group. In a 2014 study of intersecting identities found that "disabled women whether gay, straight, bisexual or otherwise identifying have a harder time finding romantic relationships due to their socioeconomic status and ability. Drummond and Brotman introduce the idea that the lesbian disabled community face many barriers because of discrimination in the form of ableism, homophobia, racism and more due to intersecting identities and interests.

It is also a large topic of discussion to say that both groups have to undergo the same kind of "coming out" process in terms of their sexual identity, gender identity, and disability identity because of the lasting social stigma. "Coming out" through sexual identity, gender identity, and disability identity is one example of "Double Jeopardy", as they are part of more than one stigmatized group.

Eli Clare writes at the intersection of disability and transgender studies, namely as to how these disciplines can learn from each other. Similarly to how there is a 'coming out' for both transgender people and people with disabilities, there is a lack of bodily privacy both groups are faced with, primarily due to an over-medicalization of the body. Clare also works to make the distinction between bodily and medical truths, where one's diagnosis and medical treatment as a transgender or disabled person does not dictate their embodiment and how they navigate the world. Eventually, Clare reaches the idea of a disability politics of transness, which "delves into the lived experiences of our bodies, that questions the idea of normal and the notion of cure, that values self-determination, that resists shame and the medicalization of identity".

Queer studies, which emerged from women's studies, brings light towards the different kind of oppression queer and transgender people with disabilities have. Queer studies are commonly associated with people with disabilities who identify as "Crip" and is commonly believed that queer politics must incorporate crip politics. Alison Kafer describes a first-person experience of identifying queer and crip both reappropriated terms in Kafer's Feminist Queer Crip. Kafer describes the politics of the crip future and "an insistence on thinking these imagined futures – and hence, these lived presents – differently".

Although many activists with disabilities find empowerment in appropriating the term crip, not all people with disabilities feel comfortable using that identity. There are many different terms used as an alternative to disability, for example Melwood, a nonprofit who uses the term "differing abilities", describes the label disability as "a limitation in the ability to pursue an occupation because of a physical or mental impairment; a disqualification, restriction or disadvantage and a lack of legal qualification to do something, was an inadequate or limiting 'label' for a cross section of people". Because the term disability has a history of inferiority, it is believed by many that substituting the term will help eliminate the ableism that is embedded within it. Susan Wendell describes ableism in society "as a structure for people who have no weakness". This also applies to anyone who has any intersectional disadvantages. Feminism identifies these disadvantages and strategizes how to deconstruct the system that supports marginalizing specific groups of people.

Queer/disabled invisibility and negativity
An aspect of disability studies that is not often talked about is that of the perception of seeing disabled individuals as invisible. Also known as "queer/disabled invisibility". In disability studies the individuals who are disabled who make it into academic course work are usually the ones who struggle not only with being disabled and facing ableist norms of society but they also have to contend with other identities such as being queer, a woman or a person of another race other than the master race of caucasian in America. Queer/disabled invisibility can also come up in forms of negative perceptions about the way a disabled individual is being raised. For instance, queer mothers raising a disabled child are often viewed as the cause of the child's disability. Another example of queer and disabled negativity is highlighted in the life experiences of Josie, a young woman who does not identify as a particular gender, living with a lifelong illness and disability. This young woman describes how she experienced sexism, ableism, homophobia and transphobia in a number of ways at her university, the queer community and medical providers because of her disability. The discrimination the women in these examples is part of the heteronormative, ableistic perspective in societies around the world today but are rarely discussed in the literature or during disability studies courses.

Political economy and social class
Within class comes multiple avenues for intersectionality through disability. Disability looks different from a middle class, upper class, and lower class perspective, as well as through race, gender, and ethnicity. One's social class can contribute to when a person becomes disabled, rather it be sooner or later. For example, where there is poverty we will find disability. This poverty can include social, economic, and cultural poverty. Having a disability can contribute to poverty just as poverty can contribute to having a disability. People with disabilities are more likely to live in poverty and be unemployed than those who do not, resulting in lower socioeconomic status. Some scholars have argued that disability, as it is understood today, is interlocked with class and capitalism. Intellectual disability, as it is understood today, is the product of the industrial revolution as workers unable to keep up with fast-paced factory work were pathologized.

Questioning the social model
The International Association of Accessibility Professionals recognizes six different models for conceptualizing disability: social, medical, cultural affiliation, economic, charity, and functional solutions. Once universally accepted in the field, the social model of disability Since 2009, there has been a developing counter-argument to the social model of disability. In a 2014 Disability Studies Quarterly article, students involved in campus disability groups note that they actively seek cures for their chronic illnesses and "question the rejection of the medical model" of disability. The cultural affiliation model accepts the person's disability completely and uses it a point of pride in being associated with other people in a similar condition. The economic model recognizes the effect of bodily limitations on a person's ability to work, and there may be a need for economic support or accommodations for the person's disability while the charity model regards people with disabilities as unfortunate and in need of assistance from the outside, with those providing charity viewed as benevolent contributors to a needy population. The functional solutions model of disability is a practical perspective that identifies the limitations (or "functional impairments") due to disability, with the intent to create and promote solutions to overcome those limitations. The primary task is to eliminate, or at least reduce, the impact of the functional limitations of the body through technological or methodological innovation. The pragmatism of the functional solution model deemphasizes the sociopolitical aspects of disability, and instead prioritizes inventiveness and entrepreneurship. This is the prevailing opinion behind compliance literature that promotes self-efficacy and self-advocacy skills for people with disabilities preparing for transition to independent living.

The social model has also been challenged for creating a false separation between disability and impairment as impairment, not just disability, is socially constructed. This critique draws on feminist arguments that the assertion that sex is biological but gender is social is a false dichotomy because sex is also socially constructed. This is not a rejection of physical reality but draws attention to the social value put on some values, needs and accommodations and the denigration of others.

Exclusion of cognitive and mental disabilities
There is discourse within disability studies to analyze the construction of mental illness. However, few post-structuralist disability scholars have focused their attention to impairments of the mind. According to Carol Thomas, a reader in sociology at the Institute for Health Research, Lancaster University, this may be because disability scholars have in the past considered only the barriers confronted by people with physical disabilities. The experience of impairment, cognitive disability, and mental illness had been absent from the discussion.

It is unclear exactly which perspective of disability scholarship "psychological impairment" can fall under, and this has led to a hesitation on the part of scholars. Scholars such as Peter Beresford (2002) suggest "the development of a 'social model of madness and distress which would consider impairments of the mind. Yet others may recommend the "embodied approach" to the study of mental illnesses.

With the emergence of Crip theory, Robert McRuer challenges hegemonic, neoliberal capitalism as the agent that drives the dominant cultural and market priorities and further argues that capitalism drives compulsory able-bodiedness. In Feminist, Queer, Crip, Alison Kafer states "My goal is to contextualize, historically and politically, the meanings typically attributed to disability, thereby positioning "disability" as a set of practices and associations that can be critiqued, contested, and transformed."

Mad Studies represents a field that has aimed to address this gap, through examining sanism and sanist oppression.

Notable disability studies theorists

 * Peter Beresford
 * Michael Bérubé
 * James Charlton
 * Lennard J. Davis
 * Nirmala Erevelles
 * Vic Finkelstein
 * Rosemarie Garland-Thomson
 * Johanna Hedva
 * Laura Hershey
 * Eva Kittay
 * Simi Linton
 * Mike Oliver
 * Robert McRuer
 * Tom Shakespeare
 * Anne Waldschmidt
 * Irving Zola
 * Marta Russell
 * Tobin Siebers

title: Disability studies


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Full Circle (Pennywise album)

Full Circle is the fourth studio album by the American punk rock band Pennywise. It was released on April 22, 1997 (see 1997 in music) and was digitally remastered on March 8, 2005 on the original label. This is the first Pennywise studio album to feature Randy Bradbury, who replaced bassist Jason Thirsk, who had died from suicide on July 29, 1996. The entire album was dedicated to the memory of Thirsk, who had been a key songwriter for Pennywise until his death, and a close friend of all of those in the band.

Writing and production
There had been a delay between 1995's About Time and the recording of this album, which occurred in the fall of 1996. During the About Time tour, founding member Jason Thirsk took a hiatus from Pennywise to try to control his then-growing alcoholism. One Hit Wonder bassist Randy Bradbury, who had contributed on the band's 1993 album Unknown Road, stepped in. When Thirsk returned briefly on bass in 1996, Bradbury was supposed to switch to rhythm guitar; unfortunately, Thirsk died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound on July 29 of that year at the age of 28. His death nearly delayed the production of the fourth Pennywise album.

Pennywise was shaken by Thirsk's death; however, they decided to continue performing, thus adding Bradbury as Thirsk's permanent replacement. The band finally returned to the studio in the fall of 1996 to begin recording the follow-up to About Time.

Reception
NME listed the album as one of "20 Pop Punk Albums Which Will Make You Nostalgic".

Track listing

 * After a period of silence, a hidden track with a piano solo is played. The solo is an extension of the original piano composition that marks the beginning of Pennywise's second album Unknown Road (1993). Track 14, including the period of silence and the hidden track, totals 23:56.

All songs by Pennywise.

Personnel

 * Jim Lindberg : vocals
 * Fletcher Dragge : guitar
 * Randy Bradbury : bass
 * Byron McMackin : drums
 * Eddie Ashworth : producer, engineer, mixing
 * Milton Chan : mixing
 * Fred Hidalgo : logo
 * Jesse Fischer : artwork
 * Brett Gurewitz : mixing
 * Pennywise : producer, engineer, artwork, mixing
 * Darian Rundall : assistant engineer, mixing
 * Eddy Schreyer : mastering
 * Justin Thirsk : backing vocals
 * Ronnie King : piano on "Unknown Road"

title: Full Circle (Pennywise album)


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Talk:Full Circle (Pennywise album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Pennywise FullCircle.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 16:56, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Writing and Production
Think an alternative is needed for " His death nearly delayed the production of the fourth Pennywise album" for two reasons. First - no source. Second - it sounds insensitive to the event. Drmotley (talk) 10:20, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Full Circle (Pennywise album)


text: Category:University of Calgary

title: Category:University of Calgary


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Collectively exhaustive events

In probability theory and logic, a set of events is jointly or collectively exhaustive if at least one of the events must occur. For example, when rolling a six-sided die, the events 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 balls of a single outcome are collectively exhaustive, because they encompass the entire range of possible outcomes.

Another way to describe collectively exhaustive events is that their union must cover all the events within the entire sample space. For example, events A and B are said to be collectively exhaustive if
 * $$A \cup B = S$$

where S is the sample space.

Compare this to the concept of a set of mutually exclusive events. In such a set no more than one event can occur at a given time. (In some forms of mutual exclusion only one event can ever occur.) The set of all possible die rolls is both mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (i.e., "MECE"). The events 1 and 6 are mutually exclusive but not collectively exhaustive. The events "even" (2,4 or 6) and "not-6" (1,2,3,4, or 5) are also collectively exhaustive but not mutually exclusive. In some forms of mutual exclusion only one event can ever occur, whether collectively exhaustive or not. For example, tossing a particular biscuit for a group of several dogs cannot be repeated, no matter which dog snaps it up.

One example of an event that is both collectively exhaustive and mutually exclusive is tossing a coin. The outcome must be either heads or tails, or p (heads or tails) = 1, so the outcomes are collectively exhaustive. When heads occurs, tails can't occur, or p (heads and tails) = 0, so the outcomes are also mutually exclusive.

Another example of events being collectively exhaustive and mutually exclusive at same time are, event "even" (2,4 or 6) and event "odd" (1,3 or 5) in a random experiment of rolling a six-sided die. These both events are mutually exclusive because even and odd outcome can never occur at same time. The union of both "even" and "odd" events give sample space of rolling the die, hence are collectively exhaustive.

History
The term "exhaustive" has been used in the literature since at least 1914. Here are a few examples:

The following appears as a footnote on page 23 of Couturat's text, The Algebra of Logic (1914):
 * "As Mrs. LADD·FRANKLlN has truly remarked (BALDWIN, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, article "Laws of Thought" ), the principle of contradiction is not sufficient to define contradictories; the principle of excluded middle must be added which equally deserves the name of principle of contradiction. This is why Mrs. LADD-FRANKLIN proposes to call them respectively the principle of exclusion and the principle of exhaustion, inasmuch as, according to the first, two contradictory terms are exclusive (the one of the other); and, according to the second, they are exhaustive (of the universe of discourse)." (italics added for emphasis)

In Stephen Kleene's discussion of cardinal numbers, in Introduction to Metamathematics (1952), he uses the term "mutually exclusive" together with "exhaustive":

 * "Hence, for any two cardinals M and N, the three relationships M < N, M = N and M > N are 'mutually exclusive', i.e. not more than one of them can hold. ¶ It does not appear till an advanced stage of the theory . . . whether they are  'exhaustive' , i.e. whether at least one of the three must hold". (italics added for emphasis, Kleene 1952:11; original has double bars over the symbols M and N).

Additional sources

 * LCCCN: 59-12841

title: Collectively exhaustive events


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Talk:WCW Nitro

This page should be merged with WCW Monday Nitro

title: Talk:WCW Nitro