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Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/JonGwynne/Evidence

Anyone, whether directly involved or not, may add evidence to this page. Please make a header for your evidence and sign your comments with your name.

When placing evidence here, please be considerate of the arbitrators and be concise. Long, rambling, or stream-of-conciousness rants are not helpful.

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Please make a section for your evidence and add evidence only in your own section. Please limit your evidence to a maximum 1000 words and 100 diffs, a much shorter, concise presentation is more likely to be effective. Please focus on the issues raised in the complaint and answer and on diffs which illustrate behavior which relates to the issues.

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Evidence provided by Vsmith
JonGwynne has yet to respond to the request. However, he just added the following comment:

 * I notice you didn't answer the question William. Don't you have anything better to do that act like a jerk and then complain about people who call you on it?--JonGwynne 17:16, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

to the Requests for comment/JonGwynne page -Vsmith 18:51, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * If you'll notice, I was responding to a comment made by another person. Vsmith is quoting me out of context.--JonGwynne 02:18, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * (William M. Connolley 09:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)) The evidence is in context; this is yet another pointless insult from JG.

I present the discusion at Talk:Medieval Warm Period, in particular the sections: WMC playing partisan games again and Time for civility.The post by William M. Connolley 15:20, 17 Feb 2005 called for an end to incivility to which I added a follow-up post. JonGwynne responded in a typically rude and uncivil manner. His response to my discussion of what civil discourse consists of, indicates a lack of comprehension on his part or a simple unwillingness to abide by the rules. In particular he found my comment Civility also includes fair, honest and descriptive edit summaries. to be puzzeling - suggesting to me that the concepts of fairness, honesty, and trust are not important to him and deceptive edit summaries are somehow OK. Vsmith 14:02, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Evidence presented by William M. Connolley
Sorry, the wikicrash has delayed all this. Evidence a bit later: in the meantime I've commented on JG's response: Requests for arbitration/JonGwynne/Response to JG.

In addition to the evidence presented in the original complaint:

Gratuitous incivility

 * The real irony here is that such a hardcore IPCC propagandist like you who receives their proclamations as though they were delivered by a burning bush would be censoring their data. Despite your feeble excuses for censorship and vandalism....
 * Requests_for_comment/William_M._Connolley

Failure to abide by community norms

 * JG has had 4 recent 3RR bans:    (at the latter Geni said: the fourth is questionable (or would be for anyone else (JonGwynne is clearly gameing the system)); and in my opinion should have had a fifth.
 * On various articles, but most obviously carbon dioxide (hist) and greenhouse gas, JG has pushed his POV despite an "editing consensus" against him. Discussion does no good.
 * Deceptive edit summaries. JG uses these frequently: see for examples.

POV pushing
JG is clearly a "global warming skeptic". In and of itself, there is nothing much wrong with that: several other editors here who I respect and cooperate with (most obviously User:Silverback) would probably accept the label of skeptic. However, JG consistently edits towards minimising anything that looks like it might make CO2 (or any other man-made gas) important and maximises the effects of natural GHG's (water vapour).

 * On carbon dioxide (which ended up being protected because of him) he puts forward edits like, , . In these edits, he is trying to get his figure of "0.01%" into the article, whilst at other times he tries to remove the about 40% figure. The 40% figure is the percentage increase in CO2 in the atmosphere: its relevant and useful (so say all contributors except JG). The 0.01% figure is the increase in CO2 expressed as a percentage of atmospheric mass. Its irrelevant and useless (ditto). Moreover, its not used in the outside world and therefore amounts to original research. I've pointed this out  but JG has conspicously failed to answer. On global warming he has removed perfectly valid and relevant statements, purely because to him they look like POV ,  because they suggest that CO2 is important.
 * greenhouse gas: JG has constantly reverted versions which show the increase of various GHG's as a percentage (,, etc etc) leading to the page being protected, briefly. In these edits he has also, in general, preferred a version with even the most minor gases listed: this is a more minor matter, but it looks to me like he was trying to bury the important information in detail. Finally he deleted the entire table , which no-one agreed with.
 * The role of water vapo(u)r. Preamble: Water vapour is a greenhouse gas, and in terms of total contribution it is numerically the largest. However, it is not *dominant* because it acts as a feedback, rather than a driver (see my blog if you care to). Substance: JG has consistently edited to try to maximise the role of WV, in order to minimise the effects of CO2. On GHG, he has removed a perfectly valid quote from an IPCC lead author ; on global warming he has consistently tried to introduce the text Though the majority of the greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor which is non-anthropogenic., , etc etc. Note that the text he is introducing is true, but misleading - a concept that JG has had trouble understanding . In considering the forcing of global warming WV is passive.

 * I fully endorse this section. It is an exact summary of my observations and thoughts about User:JonGwynne.--Stephan Schulz 22:54, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

RFC's
Some mention needs to be made of the RFC's Requests for comment/JonGwynne and Requests for comment/William M. Connolley. I don't think that these get formally voted on, but I "won" them both numerically: 4.5 to 2 on JG; and 11.5 to 7.5 on WMC (I'm counting partials as halves). However, they made no difference to his editing behaviour (I assert that I have softened mine somewhat). I'd also like to draw the attention of the arbitrators to the strong statements in my support on the RFC: and the "outside view"s.

 * What happened.
 * What happened.

 * What happened.
 * What happened.

 * What happened.
 * What happened.

 * What happened.
 * What happened.

 * What happened.
 * What happened.

 * What happened.
 * What happened.


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User talk:Boger1

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Oleg Alexandrov 18:54, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Boger1


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Don Caballero

Don Caballero (often shortened by members as 'Don Cab') was an American math rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Although the band has had numerous lineup changes with co-founder Damon Che (drums and percussion) being the only constant member, the band's 'classic' lineup consisted of Che, Ian Williams (guitar), Pat Morris (bass guitar), and Mike Banfield (guitar).

Formed in 1991 as a trio, the band released two singles in 1992. Williams joined the band the same year during the production of their debut album For Respect which was released in 1993 to positive reviews. Morris shortly left after the album's release and was replaced by bassists Matt Jencik, George Draguns from 1993 to 1996 respectively. In 1995, the band under the lineup of Jencik, Williams, Banfield, and Che released their second album Don Caballero 2 to critical acclaim. After the release of Don Caballero 2, the group went on hiatus for two years.

The core lineup reformed in 1997 to release What Burns Never Returns to further critical acclaim. The following year, Morris departed again and was replaced by bassist Eric Emm. Banfield soon followed in 1999 and the band became a trio for the second time since its original inception. In 2000, Don Caballero released their fourth album American Don which featured a less aggressive sound than their previous albums. American Don received critical acclaim with critics considering it to be among their best work. The band split the same year due to tensions between Williams and Che. In 2003, Che reformed the band with guitarists Jeff Ellsworth and Gene Doyle along with bassist Jason Jouver. They released World Class Listening Problem in 2006 and Punkgasm in 2008 both to mixed reviews. In 2009, the band disbanded for the final time.

Considered pioneers of the 90's underground math rock movement along with bands Slint, Chavez, and Shellac, they developed a cult following during their career and are considered to be widely influential.

History
The group's original lineup consisted of Damon Che (drums), Mike Banfield (guitars), and Pat Morris (bass guitar). Its members originally intended to draft a singer to join the group. However, their early rehearsals generated such interest that the trio was offered paying gigs and decided to remain instrumental.

The group took its name from the character Guy Caballero, portrayed by Joe Flaherty, on the sketch comedy show Second City Television. In SCTV's parody of the film The Godfather, Guy Caballero is called "Don Caballero".

Che's energetic and unconventional style of drumming was often praised, and earned him the informal title of "The Octopus" due to the wild flailing of his arms while playing. Critic Steve Huey wrote that "it was Che's manic explosions and stop-on-a-dime shifts in time signature that mapped out the trail his bandmates followed."

A recording session with Steve Albini and a deal with the prestigious Chicago-based label Touch and Go Records yielded yet another single and then finally their debut album, 1993's For Respect.

In the fall of 1993 bass player Pat Morris left Don Caballero to form the band Six Horse with Louisville transplant Shannon Burns and Blunderbuss drummer Bill Baxter. Throughout 1994 and 1995 a number of Pittsburgh-area musicians filled the bass slot in Don Caballero including Len Jarabeck, Dave Reid, Matt Jencik, and George Draguns.

In 1995 the band released its second LP Don Caballero 2. The liner notes of the album's promotional CD stated that "Don Caballero is rock not jazz. Don Caballero is free of solos."

In the wake of Don Caballero's second full-length, Che and Williams expanded their respective musical palettes: Che with Speaking Canaries (featuring bassist Karl Hendricks and drummer Noah Leger) and Williams with Storm & Stress, an experimental rock trio featuring bassist Eric Emm (Tanlines) and drummer Kevin Shea.

In 1997 the group reconvened after an almost two-year hiatus, with original bassist Pat Morris back in the fold. In the following year the band released the follow-up to Don Caballero 2, What Burns Never Returns.

In the fall of 1998 Pat Morris left the band once again and was replaced by Storm & Stress bassist Eric Emm. The band set out on a number of successful U.S. and European tours and finally released a collection of its singles and compilation tracks called Singles Breaking Up (Vol. 1). During this period, Mike Banfield retired from the group; former Bitch Magnet guitarist Jon Fine briefly filled in and allowed Don Caballero to complete its touring obligations in support of What Burns....

American Don
The band, once again a trio and now based out of Chicago, toured extensively throughout 1999 and 2000, including a performance in Toronto, playing a set of almost all-new material. To fill the void left by Banfield, Williams and Emm played through Akai Headrush pedals that allowed them to loop and layer their parts. These nine new songs were committed to tape by Steve Albini at his Electrical Audio recording studio and released in the fall of 2000 as American Don.

Van accident and dissolution
While touring in support of American Don in November 2000, tensions between Williams and Che mounted and fatigue took their toll on the members of Don Caballero and they decided to break up after the tour was completed. The band never made it to what would have been its final show in Detroit on November 21, however, as its van hit a patch of ice on Interstate 75, spun out of control and crashed into a semi truck. The entire tour was documented by musician Fred Weaver, opening act for the band, in his article "The Dark Final Days of Don Caballero" for Chunklet magazine.

Throughout 2001 and 2002, the former members of Don Caballero embarked on a variety of new musical projects: Damon Che with Bellini, Ian Williams with Battles and Eric Emm with Good Morning.

World Class Listening Problem
Che reformed Don Caballero in 2003 with an entirely new lineup consisting of members of Pittsburgh's Creta Bourzia. The new members were Jeff Ellsworth on guitar, Gene Doyle on guitar, and Jason Jouver on bass. (Mike Banfield and Pat Morris were invited to participate but both declined).

The new Don Caballero signed with the heavy metal label Relapse Records in 2005 and released the album World Class Listening Problem in early 2006. The group toured in support of the album throughout 2006 and 2007, playing its first shows in the United Kingdom and Japan.

Punkgasm
Jeff Ellsworth left Don Caballero in 2006 and the remaining trio debuted several new songs (or "New Shapes" as they called them) in 2007, some of which featured vocals courtesy of Damon Che. The group recorded this new set of music at Rust Belt Recorders in Royal Oak, Michigan in early 2008 and released it as Punkgasm on August 19, 2008. The record contained some ideas taken from the Speaking Canaries sessions. Doyle sang on one of the tracks, Che sang on "Dirty Looks", while the title track "Punkgasm" featured Che on guitar and Doyle on drums. The album is the only of Don Caballero's to feature vocals.

Current status
Don Caballero has not released new music since 2009, but it has released three albums of archival recordings: Gang Banged With a Headache, and Live (recorded live 2003; released 2012); ''Five Pairs of Crazy Pants. Wear 'Em: Early Caballero (the band's earliest studio recordings from 1991; released 2014); and Look at Them Ellie Mae Wrists Go!: Live Early Caballero'' (the band's second live show, recorded 1992; released 2014).

In a 2014 interview with Noisey: Music by Vice, Damon Che indicated that Don Caballero technically still existed as a part-time band, and mulled over the possibility of limited touring and a series of 12-inch vinyl singles in the future. However, in a 2017 appearance on The Trap Set podcast, Che spoke of Don Caballero entirely in the past tense and indicated that the group "stopped playing" after a final show in Spain in 2009.

In 2021, an official Don Caballero YouTube channel was created, featuring new videos of Damon Che playing drum covers of the band's discography. This coincided with Che starting a GoFundMe to help pay for the costs of digitizing all of the Don Caballero master tapes, which he had been in possession of for more than 30 years, before they started to degrade. The GoFundMe page has now finished its donation mark, and Che has made a video thanking the donators with one part of the video saying that new material will hopefully come out.

Legacy
Tomas Haake from Meshuggah and Dave Konopka from Battles have both named What Burns Never Returns as one of their favorite albums, and guitarist Marnie Stern has cited a video of a Don Caballero performance as the inspiration behind her extensive usage of two-handed tapping. The track "Chief Sitting Duck" from the album For Respect was featured in the second season intro for the reality show Buzzkill on MTV and the program Icon featured their music more than three years after their 2000 breakup.

Band members
Final lineup
 * Damon Che Fitzgerald – drums, vocals (1991–2009)
 * Gene Doyle – guitar (2003–2009)
 * Jason Jouver – bass guitar (2003–2009)

Former touring members
 * Leonard "Len" Jarabeck – bass guitar (1993)
 * Dave Reid – bass guitar (1993)
 * Jon Fine – guitar (1999)

Former members
 * Mike Banfield – guitar (1991–1999)
 * Pat Morris – bass guitar (1991–1993, 1997–1998)
 * Ian Williams – guitar (1992–2000)
 * Matt Jencik – bass guitar (1993–1996)
 * George Draguns – bass guitar (1993, 1994, 1995)
 * Eric Emm – bass guitar (1998–2000)
 * Jeff Ellsworth – guitar (2003–2006)

Studio albums

 * For Respect (1993)
 * Don Caballero 2 (1995)
 * What Burns Never Returns (1998)
 * American Don (2000)
 * World Class Listening Problem (2006)
 * Punkgasm (2008)

Compilations

 * Singles Breaking Up (Vol. 1) (1999)

Singles & EPs

 * "Lucky Father Brown" / "Belted Sweater" / "Shoeshine" 7-inch on Pop Bus (1992)
 * "Unresolved Karma" / "Puddin' In My Eye" 7-inch on Broken Giraffe (1992)
 * "Andandandandandandandand" / "First Hits" 7-inch on Third Gear (1993)
 * "Our Caballero" / "My Ten-Year-Old Lady is Giving It Away" 7-inch on Touch and Go (1993)
 * Our Caballero 12-inch/CD EP on City Slang (1993)
 * "If You've Read Dr. Adder, Then You Know What I Want" 7-inch EP track on Coat-Tail (1995)
 * "Waltor (live)" / "Shuman Center 91 (live)" 7-inch free with Chunklet No. 11 (1996)
 * "Trey Dog's Acid" / "Room Temperature Lounge" 7-inch on Touch and Go (1998)
 * "Got A Mile, Got A Mile, Got An Inch (live)" flexi 7-inch on Joyful Noise (2016)

Songs from all of Don Caballero's EPs (with the exception of the Chunklet and Joyful Noise singles) are collected on Singles Breaking Up (Vol. 1), released in 1999. Both songs from the Chunklet 7-inch were later included on Look At Them Ellie Mae Wrists Go! in 2014.

Live albums

 * Gang Banged With a Headache, and Live (2012; recorded 2003)
 * Five Pairs of Crazy Pants, Wear ‘Em: Early Don Caballero (2014; recorded 1991)
 * Look at Them Ellie Mae Wrists Go!: Live Early Caballero (2014; recorded 1992) bonus download

title: Don Caballero


text:
Bodyguard (disambiguation)

A bodyguard is an individual who protects another from harm or threats.

Bodyguard may also refer to:

Films

 * The Bodyguard (1944 film), a Tom and Jerry short
 * Bodyguard (1948 film), American crime film noir directed by Richard Fleischer
 * Yojimbo (The Bodyguard), a 1961 Japanese samurai film directed by Akira Kurosawa
 * The Bodyguard (1973 film) or Karate Kiba, a Japanese film starring Sonny Chiba
 * The Bodyguard (1979 film), a Soviet Red Western film
 * The Bodyguard (1992 film), an American romantic thriller film starring Kevin Costner and Whitney Houston
 * The Bodyguard (2004 film), a Thai wire fu action-comedy
 * The Bodyguard 2 (2007 film), a Thai action comedy sequel film
 * Bodyguard (2010 film), a 2010 Malayalam romantic comedy film
 * Kaavalan (Bodyguard), a 2011 Tamil remake, or its soundtrack or title track
 * Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film), a Hindi remake, or its soundtrack or title track
 * Bodyguard (2011 Kannada film), a Kannada remake
 * Bodyguard (2012 film), a Telugu remake
 * Bodyguard (2016 film), a 2016 Iranian thriller film directed by Ebrahim Hatamikia
 * The Bodyguard (2016 film), a Hong Kong drama film

Music

 * "Bodyguard" (Bee Gees song), a 1990 song by the Bee Gees
 * "Bodyguard" (Beyoncé song), a song by Beyoncé from her 2024 album Cowboy Carter
 * "Bodyguard", a 2009 song by Shinee
 * "Bodyguard", a song by Steel Pulse from their 1984 album Earth Crisis
 * The Bodyguard (soundtrack), a soundtrack album from the 1992 film

Television

 * Bodyguard (South Korean TV series), a South Korean television series
 * Bodyguard (British TV series), a 2018 British series
 * Bodyguards (TV series), a 1996–1997 British series
 * "The Bodyguard" (Supergirl), an episode of Supergirl

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * The Bodyguard (musical), a 2012 stage musical adapted from the 1992 film
 * "Bodyguard," a story arc of the Philippine comic strip Pugad Baboy

People

 * The Bodyguard (wrestler), a Japanese professional wrestler

Weapons

 * Smith & Wesson Bodyguard, a family of small revolvers manufactured by Smith & Wesson
 * Smith & Wesson Bodyguard 380, a compact semi-automatic pistol manufactured by Smith & Wesson

title: Bodyguard (disambiguation)


text:
River Brathay

The Brathay is a river of north-west England. Its name comes from Old Norse and means broad river. It rises at a point 1289 feet (393 m) above sea level near the Three Shire Stone at the highest point of Wrynose Pass in the Lake District. Its catchment area includes the northern flanks of Wetherlam, Great Carrs and others of the Furness Fells, as well as a substantial area of the Langdale Fells.

The small stream at the top of Wrynose quickly gathers pace as it descends some 930 feet (283 m) in a distance of about two miles (3.2 km), running roughly parallel to, and south of, the Wrynose Pass road. Before flowing into Little Langdale Tarn it subsumes Bleamoss Beck, the outflow from Blea Tarn. Little Langdale Tarn is also replenished by the Greenburn Beck. The Brathay drains Little Langdale Tarn at its eastern side. It continues in an easterly direction, over Colwith Force where it falls 40 feet (12 m), before turning north and flowing into the tarn of Elter Water at an elevation of 187 feet (57 m) above sea level. Elter Water is also replenished by the Great Langdale Beck.

The Brathay drains Elter Water and flows for about half a mile (0.8 km) in a south-easterly direction to Skelwith Force where it descends 15 feet (4.6 m). Passing under the A593 road at Skelwith Bridge, and continues in an easterly direction, to the hamlet of Clappersgate. After another quarter of a mile (400 m) it joins the River Rothay close to Croft Lodge south-west of Ambleside before flowing into the northern end of Windermere.

The stretches of the Brathay around Clappersgate and Skelwith Force are popular with canoeists.

For its entire length the River Brathay forms part of the boundary between the historic counties of Lancashire and Westmorland. Since local government re-organisation in 1974 the Brathay has been within the administrative county of Cumbria.

The river also gives its name to the Brathay estate where the Brathay Exploration Group is based, just south of its confluence with the River Rothay on the edge of Windermere.

title: River Brathay


text:
Planck (spacecraft)

Planck was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013. It was an ambitious project that aimed to map the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infrared frequencies, with high sensitivity and angular resolution. The mission was highly successful and substantially improved upon observations made by the NASA Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP).

The Planck observatory was a major source of information relevant to several cosmological and astrophysical issues. One of its key objectives was to test theories of the early Universe and the origin of cosmic structure. The mission provided significant insights into the composition and evolution of the Universe, shedding light on the fundamental physics that governs the cosmos.

Planck was initially called COBRAS/SAMBA, which stands for the Cosmic Background Radiation Anisotropy Satellite/Satellite for Measurement of Background Anisotropies. The project started in 1996, and it was later renamed in honor of the German physicist Max Planck (1858–1947), who is widely regarded as the originator of quantum theory by deriving the formula for black-body radiation.

Built at the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center by Thales Alenia Space, Planck was created as a medium-sized mission for ESA's Horizon 2000 long-term scientific program. The observatory was launched in May 2009 and reached the Earth/Sun L2 point by July 2009. By February 2010, it had successfully started a second all-sky survey.

On 21 March 2013, the Planck team released its first all-sky map of the cosmic microwave background. The map was of exceptional quality and allowed researchers to measure temperature variations in the CMB with unprecedented accuracy. In February 2015, an expanded release was published, which included polarization data. The final papers by the Planck team were released in July 2018, marking the end of the mission.

At the end of its mission, Planck was put into a heliocentric graveyard orbit and passivated to prevent it from endangering any future missions. The final deactivation command was sent to Planck in October 2013.

The mission was a remarkable success and provided the most precise measurements of several key cosmological parameters. Planck's observations helped determine the age of the universe, the average density of ordinary matter and dark matter in the Universe, and other important characteristics of the cosmos.

Objectives
The mission had a wide variety of scientific aims, including:

 * high resolution detections of both the total intensity and polarization of primordial CMB anisotropies,
 * creation of a catalogue of galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect,
 * observations of the gravitational lensing of the CMB, as well as the integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect,
 * observations of bright extragalactic radio (active galactic nuclei) and infrared (dusty galaxy) sources,
 * observations of the Milky Way, including the interstellar medium, distributed synchrotron emission and measurements of the Galactic magnetic field, and
 * studies of the Solar System, including planets, asteroids, comets and the zodiacal light.

Planck had a higher resolution and sensitivity than WMAP, allowing it to probe the power spectrum of the CMB to much smaller scales (×3). It also observed in nine frequency bands rather than WMAP's five, with the goal of improving the astrophysical foreground models.

It is expected that most Planck measurements have been limited by how well foregrounds can be subtracted, rather than by the detector performance or length of the mission, a particularly important factor for the polarization measurements. The dominant foreground radiation depends on frequency, but could include synchrotron radiation from the Milky Way at low frequencies, and dust at high frequencies.

Instruments

The spacecraft carries two instruments: the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) and the High Frequency Instrument (HFI). Both instruments can detect both the total intensity and polarization of photons, and together cover a frequency range of nearly 830 GHz (from 30 to 857 GHz). The cosmic microwave background spectrum peaks at a frequency of 160.2 GHz.

Planck passive and active cooling systems allow its instruments to maintain a temperature of -273.05 C, or 0.1 °C above absolute zero. From August 2009, Planck was the coldest known object in space, until its active coolant supply was exhausted in January 2012.

NASA played a role in the development of this mission and contributes to the analysis of scientific data. Its Jet Propulsion Laboratory built components of the science instruments, including bolometers for the high-frequency instrument, a 20-kelvin cryocooler for both the low- and high-frequency instruments, and amplifier technology for the low-frequency instrument.

Low Frequency Instrument
The LFI has three frequency bands, covering the range of 30–70 GHz, covering the microwave to infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The detectors use high-electron-mobility transistors.

High Frequency Instrument

The HFI was sensitive between 100 and 857 GHz, using 52 bolometric detectors, manufactured by JPL/Caltech, optically coupled to the telescope through cold optics, manufactured by Cardiff University's School of Physics and Astronomy, consisting of a triple horn configuration and optical filters, a similar concept to that used in the Archeops balloon-borne experiment. These detection assemblies are divided into 6 frequency bands (centred at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545 and 857 GHz), each with a bandwidth of 33%. Of these six bands, only the lower four have the capability to measure the polarisation of incoming radiation; the two higher bands do not.

On 13 January 2012, it was reported that the on-board supply of helium-3 used in Planck dilution refrigerator had been exhausted, and that the HFI would become unusable within a few days. By this date, Planck had completed five full scans of the CMB, exceeding its target of two. The LFI (cooled by helium-4) was expected to remain operational for another six to nine months.

Service module

A common service module (SVM) was designed and built by Thales Alenia Space in its Turin plant, for both the Herschel Space Observatory and Planck missions, combined into one single program.

The overall cost is estimated to be €700 million for the Planck and €1,100 million for the Herschel mission. Both figures include their mission's spacecraft and payload, (shared) launch and mission expenses, and science operations.

Structurally, the Herschel and Planck SVMs are very similar. Both SVMs are octagonal in shape and each panel is dedicated to accommodate a designated set of warm units, while taking into account the dissipation requirements of the different warm units, of the instruments, as well as the spacecraft. On both spacecraft, a common design was used for the avionics, attitude control and measurement (ACMS), command and data management (CDMS), power, and tracking, telemetry and command (TT&C) subsystems. All units on the SVM are redundant.

Power Subsystem
On each spacecraft, the power subsystem consists of a solar array, employing triple-junction solar cells, a battery and the power control unit (PCU). The PCU is designed to interface with the 30 sections of each solar array, to provide a regulated 28 volt bus, to distribute this power via protected outputs, and to handle the battery charging and discharging.

For Planck, the circular solar array is fixed on the bottom of the satellite, always facing the Sun as the satellite rotates on its vertical axis.

Attitude and Orbit Control
This function is performed by the attitude control computer (ACC), which is the platform for the attitude control and measurement subsystem (ACMS). It was designed to fulfil the pointing and slewing requirements of the Herschel and Planck payloads.

The Planck satellite rotates at one revolution per minute, with an aim of an absolute pointing error less than 37 arc-minutes. As Planck is also a survey platform, there is the additional requirement for pointing reproducibility error less than 2.5 arc-minutes over 20 days.

The main line-of-sight sensor in both Herschel and Planck is the star tracker.

Launch and orbit
The satellite was successfully launched, along with the Herschel Space Observatory, at 13:12:02 UTC on 14 May 2009 aboard an Ariane 5 ECA heavy launch vehicle from the Guiana Space Centre. The launch placed the craft into a very elliptical orbit (perigee: 270 km, apogee: more than 1120000 km), bringing it near the Lagrangian point of the Earth-Sun system, 1500000 km from the Earth.

The manoeuvre to inject Planck into its final orbit around was successfully completed on 3 July 2009, when it entered a Lissajous orbit with a 400000 km radius around the  Lagrangian point. The temperature of the High Frequency Instrument reached just a tenth of a degree above absolute zero (0.1 K) on 3 July 2009, placing both the Low Frequency and High Frequency Instruments within their cryogenic operational parameters, making Planck fully operational.

Decommissioning
In January 2012 the HFI exhausted its supply of liquid helium, causing the detector temperature to rise and rendering the HFI unusable. The LFI continued to be used until science operations ended on 3 October 2013. The spacecraft performed a manoeuvre on 9 October to move it away from Earth and its, placing it into a heliocentric orbit, while payload deactivation occurred on 19 October. Planck was commanded on 21 October to exhaust its remaining fuel supply; passivation activities were conducted later, including battery disconnection and the disabling of protection mechanisms. The final deactivation command, which switched off the spacecraft's transmitter, was sent to Planck on 23 October 2013 at 12:10:27 UTC.

Results

Planck started its First All-Sky Survey on 13 August 2009. In September 2009, the European Space Agency announced the preliminary results from the Planck First Light Survey, which was performed to demonstrate the stability of the instruments and the ability to calibrate them over long periods. The results indicated that the data quality is excellent.

On 15 January 2010 the mission was extended by 12 months, with observation continuing until at least the end of 2011. After the successful conclusion of the First Survey, the spacecraft started its Second All Sky Survey on 14 February 2010. The last observations for the Second All Sky Survey were made on 28 May 2010.

Some planned pointing list data from 2009 has been released publicly, along with a video visualization of the surveyed sky.

On 17 March 2010, the first Planck photos were published, showing dust concentration within 500 light years from the Sun.

On 5 July 2010, the Planck mission delivered its first all-sky image.

The first public scientific result of Planck is the Early-Release Compact-Source Catalogue, released during the January 2011 Planck conference in Paris.

On 5 May 2014 a map of the galaxy's magnetic field created using Planck was published.

The Planck team and principal investigators Nazzareno Mandolesi and Jean-Loup Puget shared the 2018 Gruber Prize in Cosmology. Puget was also awarded the 2018 Shaw Prize in Astronomy.

2013 data release
On 21 March 2013, the European-led research team behind the Planck cosmology probe released the mission's all-sky map of the cosmic microwave background. This map suggests the Universe is slightly older than thought: according to the map, subtle fluctuations in temperature were imprinted on the deep sky when the Universe was about 370,000 years old. The imprint reflects ripples that arose as early in the existence of the Universe as the first nonillionth (10−30) of a second. It is theorised that these ripples gave rise to the present vast cosmic web of galactic clusters and dark matter. According to the team, the Universe is $13.798$ billion-years-old, and contains $4.82 %$ ordinary matter, $26.8 %$ dark matter and $69 %$ dark energy. The Hubble constant was also measured to be $67.8 (km/s)/Mpc$.

2015 data release
Results from an analysis of Planck full mission were made public on 1 December 2014 at a conference in Ferrara, Italy. A full set of papers detailing the mission results were released in February 2015. Some of the results include:

 * More agreement with previous WMAP results on parameters such as the density and distribution of matter in the Universe, as well as more accurate results with less margin of error.
 * Confirmation of the Universe having a 26% content of dark matter. These results also raise related questions about the positron excess over electrons detected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, an experiment on the International Space Station. Previous research suggested that positrons could be created by the collision of dark matter particles, which could only occur if the probability of dark matter collisions is significantly higher now than in the early Universe. Planck data suggests that the probability of such collisions must remain constant over time to account for the structure of the Universe, negating the previous theory.
 * Validation of the simplest models of inflation, thus giving the Lambda-CDM model stronger support.
 * That there are likely only three types of neutrinos, with a fourth proposed sterile neutrino unlikely to exist.

Project scientists worked too with BICEP2 scientists to release joint research in 2015 answering whether a signal detected by BICEP2 was evidence of primordial gravitational waves, or was simple background noise from dust in the Milky Way galaxy. Their results suggest the latter.

title: Planck (spacecraft)


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Zonda

Zonda may refer to:

 * Pagani Zonda, a mid-engine sports car
 * Zonda (horse), retired New Zealand Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Zonda Department, an administrative subdivision of San Juan Province in Argentina
 * Zonda Home, a publisher of data related to real estate in North America
 * Zonda Telecom, a Mexican telecommunications company
 * Zonda wind, a regional term for the foehn wind that often occurs on the eastern slope of the Andes, in Argentina

title: Zonda


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Royal Skyttean Society

The Royal Skyttean Society (Kungliga Skytteanska Samfundet) is a scholarly and scientific academy with its seat in the northern Swedish university town of Umeå. It is one of the 18 Royal Academies in Sweden and was founded on 29 April 1956, taking its name from the 17th century political figure Johan Skytte, who, among other things, contributed to education in Norrland through his initiative of founding a school in Lycksele. The society received royal patronage two years after its founding, and the status of a royal academy in 1967.

The society has 90 members, excepting those who have reached the age of 70.

The Skyttean Society publishes a publication series, ''Kungl. Skytteanska samfundets handlingar (since 1961), and a yearbook titled Thule. Kungl. Skytteanska samfundets årsbok (since 1988), and since 2007 the English-, French- and German-language Journal of Northern Studies''.

title: Royal Skyttean Society


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Owens Valley Radio Observatory

Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) is a radio astronomy observatory located near Big Pine, California (US) in Owens Valley. It lies east of the Sierra Nevada, approximately 350 km north of Los Angeles and 20 km southeast of Bishop. It was established in 1956, and is owned and operated by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). The Owens Valley Solar Array portion of the observatory has been operated by New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) since 1997.

One of the ten dish-antenna radiotelescope systems of the Very Long Baseline Array is located on a sublease within the Owens Valley observatory.

About
The Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO), one of the largest university-operated radio observatories in the world, has its origins in the late 1940s with three individuals: Lee DuBridge, president of California Institute of Technology (Caltech); Robert Bacher, chairman of the Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy; and Jesse Greenstein, professor of astrophysics. In 1954, Caltech occupied a central position in the American radio astronomy program. John Bolton and Gordon Stanley, two respected Australian astronomers, joined the Caltech faculty in order to undertake the construction of large dishes. In 1956 the first radio telescope, a 32 ft antenna, was erected on Palomar Mountain. It was dismantled in 1958 and transferred to the Owens Valley site. At the same time, two 90 ft telescopes were completed. Ten years later, an even bigger antenna, a 130 ft dish was finished. Over the period of 1985 to 1996, a millimeter-wave array was commissioned at OVRO. It consisted of six 34 ft dishes (also called Leighton's dishes). The millimeter array dishes become part of CARMA when that array was commissioned.

OVRO has used its telescopes and other instruments (listed below) to improve on the locations of radio sources in the sky, to study hydrogen clouds within the Milky Way, galaxy formation, active galactic nuclei ("blazars"), fast radio bursts, and other radioastronomical phenomena. This research is performed by the staff at the observatory with help from professors and post-doctoral students from many institutions. The observatory is different from other radio observatories because of its extensive work with graduate students, who can come to the observatory for long-term observation, benefiting not only the students, but also the observatory as it allows for more comprehensive projects to take place.

CARMA
OVRO staff took a large share of the responsibility for operating CARMA, which was located 20 mi east of OVRO in the Inyo Mountains, but was decommissioned in 2015. CARMA was a collaboration between Caltech, University of California Berkeley, University of Illinois, University of Maryland, and University of Chicago to observe space at centimeter and millimeter wavelengths with a 23-element interferometer. CARMA used this interferometer to study the origins of planets, stars and galaxies, as well as to measure the distortions in the cosmic microwave background caused by clusters of galaxies formed soon after the Big Bang.

Instruments

 * COMAP, or Carbon Monoxide Mapping Array Pathfinder, was commissioned in November 2018 to create carbon monoxide density maps of the universe between redshifts of 3 and 4. The COMAP receiver is installed on one of the 10-meter telescopes of the former millimeter array.
 * KuPol, or Ku-band Polarimeter, is an instrument that was installed on the OVRO 40 meter Telescope in 2007 and is used to monitor blazars.
 * The Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array (EOVSA) is a solar radio telescope array currently in operation at OVRO. It incorporates seven refurbished dishes from OVSA, along with eight new 2 m antennas, and one of OVRO's 27-meter telescopes. The small dishes are arranged in a three-arm spiral pattern.
 * The Owens Valley Long Wavelength Array, commissioned in 2013, is a duplicate of the Long Wavelength Array in New Mexico. It consists of 288 dipole antennas spread out over a desert area equivalent to about 450 football fields. The OVRO-LWA produces whole-sky radio images in the 30 to 88 megahertz band.
 * The Deep Synoptic Array (DSA) is an array of 10 4.5 m parabolic radio telescopes currently used to detect and locate Fast Radio Bursts (FRB)s.

Former instruments

 * The Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) was a 23-antenna interferometer located at Cedar Flat in Westgard Pass, approximately 13 km east of the main OVRO site at 2196 m. It incorporated dishes from the MMA, the former Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association array at Hat Creek Radio Observatory, and the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich Array. It was decommissioned in 2015.
 * The C-Band All Sky Survey (C-BASS) was a 6.1 m telescope used to survey the sky in the C band in support of Cosmic microwave background research. A unique feature of the telescope was the use of radio-transparent foam to support the secondary mirror. The telescope began operating in 2009 and was decommissioned in 2015.
 * The Huan Tran Telescope (HTT) is the primary instrument of the POLARBEAR project to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation. It is a 3.5 m Gregorian telescope with bolometers cooled to less than 1 K. HHT was first installed for testing at the CARMA site in 2010.  It was moved to Llano de Chajnantor Observatory in 2011 and began operating there in early 2012.  It was developed by a consortium led by the University of California, Berkeley.
 * The Owens Valley Solar Array (OVSA) was a seven-dish solar radio telescope array located at the main OVRO site until 2008. It was built by Caltech and was operated by the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) from 1997.  It consisted of two 27.5 m antennas and five 1.8 m antennas.  The OVSA antennas are being incorporated into EOVSA in a different configuration.
 * The Millimeter Array (MMA) was a six-element radio telescope array located at the main OVRO site until 2005, when the dishes were moved to Cedar Flat and incorporated into CARMA. After CARMA was decommissioned, the millimeter array dishes were moved back to their original location at OVRO and have been repurposed for other projects.

Future instruments

 * An expanded, 100-element Deep Synoptic Array is currently under construction. It is scheduled for commissioning in 2020 with 100 operational dishes.
 * In 2020, construction will begin on an expansion to the Long Wavelength Array. This expansion will add 64 fiber-linked antennas at long baselines, and incorporate a new, more powerful and versatile analog and digital back end.

In popular culture
In the film The Arrival (1996), Zane Zaminsky (Charlie Sheen) and Calvin (Richard Schiff) work at Owens Valley for the SETI Project and discover an alien signal.

In the film Contact (1997), the Owens Valley 40-meter telescope is mentioned as the location where Dr. Eleanor Arroway (Jodie Foster) did her thesis work.

title: Owens Valley Radio Observatory


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Palomar Testbed Interferometer

The Palomar Testbed Interferometer (PTI) was a near infrared, long-baseline stellar interferometer located at Palomar Observatory in north San Diego County, California, United States. It was built by Caltech and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and was intended to serve as a testbed for developing interferometric techniques to be used at the Keck Interferometer. It began operations in 1995 and achieved routine operations in 1998, producing more than 50 refereed papers in a variety of scientific journals covering topics from high precision astrometry to stellar masses, stellar diameters and shapes. PTI concluded operations in 2008 and has since been dismantled.

PTI was notable for being equipped with a "dual-star" system, making it possible to simultaneously observe pairs of stars; this cancels some of the atmospheric effects of astronomical seeing and makes very high precision measurements possible.

A groundbreaking study with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer revealed that the star Altair is not spherical, but is rather flattened at the poles due to its high rate of rotation.

title: Palomar Testbed Interferometer


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Leigh Van Valen

Leigh Van Valen (August 12, 1935 – October 16, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist. At the time of his death, he was professor emeritus in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago.

Research and interests
Amongst other work, Van Valen's proposed "Law of Extinction", known as Van Valen's law, drew upon the apparent constant probability (as opposed to rate) of extinction in families of related organisms, based on data compiled from existing literature on the duration of tens of thousands of genera throughout the fossil record. Van Valen proposed the Red Queen hypothesis (1973), as an explanatory tangent to the Law of Extinction. The Red Queen Hypothesis captures the idea that there is a constant 'arms race' between co-evolving species. Its name is a reference to the Red Queen's race in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass, in which the chess board moves such that Alice must continue running just to stay in the same place.

Van Valen also defined the Ecological Species Concept in 1976, in contrast to Ernst Mayr's Biological Species Concept. In 1991, he proposed that HeLa cells be defined as a new species, which was named Helacyton gartleri.

Van Valen originated the concept of fuzzy sets, prior to the formalization of this concept by L.A. Zadeh. He was the editor of the journal Evolutionary Theory, which he printed on simple paper stock under the motto, "Substance over form."

He was also interested in fields outside biology, including measure theory, probability theory, logic, thermodynamics, epistemology and the philosophy of science. As a biologist, Van Valen considered the role of zoological and botanical gardens, in a world with a degrading natural environment, to be essential for the safeguard of endangered flora and fauna.

Biography
Van Valen was born on Aug. 12, 1935, in Albany, NY and was chosen "most academic" in the first grade. He earned a zoology and botany degree at age 20 in 1955 from Miami University in Ohio. As a graduate student at Columbia University, he studied under George Gaylord Simpson and Theodosius Dobzhansky, both giants in honing the synthetic theory of evolution, which melded Darwin's ideas about evolution with Mendel's on genetics. Van Valen met and married Phebe May Hoff while they were both doctoral students in biology at Columbia. They had two children, girls Katrina and Diana, but divorced in 1984. Van Valen then married Virginia Maiorana, eventually separating from that relationship as well. At the time of his passing, he was engaged to Towako Katsuno, a Japanese professor of Geriatric Nursing, whom he met when she came to Chicago to do her PhD.

Van Valen died on October 16, 2010, of pneumonia at St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital Center in Chicago, Illinois. Van Valen had been hospitalized for more than three months from a rare form of fungal pneumonia, complicated by a long-standing but slowly progressing form of leukemia.

Van Valen's description of his work
On the University of Chicago website for the Committee on Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science, Van Valen had written and posted this about himself:

"I am a generalist and tend to open new approaches more than fill them in. What I work on changes irregularly and unpredictably with the progress of theory and knowledge. I am currently writing a book that expands on my perspective (the Red Queen's hypothesis) of trophic energy as a major controller of evolution and ecology. Some recent topics: (1) The evolution of biotas can be approached through changes in patterns of energy flow and their control. I am looking at the basal Cenozoic radiation of placental mammals from this perspective; there are surprisingly large changes in the group selection causing the changes, and in its components; (2) Single-species populations of birds decrease in density with body size at the same rate as the total energy flow through single individuals increases. A student found a similar pattern for mammals. This implies a community regulation of absolute fitnesses, if one accepts my heretical (ecological) view of the nature of fitness; (3)The actual levels of selection in the current rapid evolution of our own species differ from standard concepts and are generalizable; (4) Charles Lyell used (real) species selection before Darwin. Work of my students has also been diverse. Some examples: norm of reaction, biogeography, fossil mammals, mathematical anthropological genetics, complexity, body size, human sociobiology, developmental noise, sloth limbs, natural selection, allometry. My interests go beyond what the blurb indicates."

Publications
Van Valen's publications include:

 * "Ecological species, multispecies, and oaks" (1976), Taxon, 25:233–239.
 * "HeLa, a new microbial species". With Virginia C. Maiorana (1991). Evolutionary Theory, 10:71–74.
 * "The extinction of the multituberculates", Systematic Zoology 15 (1966), 261¬278 (with R.E. Sloan).
 * "Selection in natural populations 7, New York babies (Fetal Life Study)", Annals of Human Genetics 31 (1967), 109–121 (with G.W. Mellen).
 * "The origins of inversion polymorphisms", American Naturalist 102 (1968), 5–24 (with R. Levins).
 * "A new evolutionary law", Evolutionary Theory 1 (1973), 1–30.
 * "Brain size and intelligence in man", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 40 (1974), 417–423.
 * "Multivariate structural statistics in natural history", Journal of Theoretical Biology 45 (1974), 235–247.
 * "Group selection, sex, and fossils", Evolution 29 (1975), 87–94.
 * "Individualistic classes", Philosophy of Science 43 (1977), 539–541.
 * "The Archaebacteria and eukaryotic origins", Nature 287 (1980), 248–250 (with V.C. Maiorana).
 * "Why misunderstand the evolutionary half of biology?" in E. Saarinen, ed., Conceptual Issues in Ecology, Reidel, 1982, 323–343.
 * "Homology and causes", Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), 305–312.
 * "Species, sets, and the derivative nature of philosophy", Biology and Philosophy 3 (1988), 49–66.
 * "Biotal evolution: a manifesto", Evolutionary Theory 10 (1991), 1–13.
 * "The origin of the plesiadapid primates and the nature of Purgatorius", Evolutionary Monographs 15 (1994), 1–79.
 * "The last third of Mendel's paper", Evolutionary Theory 12 (2001), 99–100.
 * "The evolution of menopause", Evolutionary Theory 12 (2003), 131–153.
 * "The statistics of variation", in: Variation (B. Hallgrímsson & B. Hall, ed.), Elsevier Academic Press (2005), 29–47.
 * "How ubiquitous is adaptation? A critique of the epiphenomenist program", Biology and Philosophy 24 (2009), 267–280.

title: Leigh Van Valen