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User:Mangalshen

Nepal cut off from world, situation worsening

King Gyanendra (AP Photo)

NEW DELHI: King Gyanendra, who ascended to Nepal's throne in a bloody twist to royal inheritance in 2001, is known to be an astute businessman, almost autocratic and very impatient.

The impatience of Gyanendra surfaced yet again on Tuesday morning when he dismissed the Sher Bahadur Dueba government, assumed absolute powers for the next three years in the name of democracy and people's welfare.

Nepal thus plunged into yet another period of uncertainty and instability. According to reports, the King has declared a state of internal emergency, placed politicians under house arrest, cut-off phone lines.

The King's decision comes at a time when Nepal is reeling under a bloody Maoist insurgency that is fast spreading across the country.

More than 10,000 people have been killed in the violence that is posing serious threat to the authority of Kathmandu over the impoverished Himalayan kingdom.

Poorest of the country side are joining the ranks of the Maoists, while the authorities try and withdraw in to protected cities.

The King's decision comes also at a time when mainstream political parties are agitating demanding elections to the 205-member House of Representatives and restoration of full democracy without King's interference. Double trouble for Deuba

Dueba, who was reinstated by King Gyanendra in June 2004, was originally sacked two years earlier by the King. Then and now the King's accusations against Deuba government have been almost the same: failure in dealing with Maoist insurgency.

This time around, the King is also accusing Deuba of failing to make arrangements for elections.

In fact Deuba had set a deadline of January 13 for talks with Maoists, but the latter did not respond even as it kidnapped hundreds of students and teachers in remote parts. And no serious arrangements were being made for the polls.

The King's concerns are genuine. But the way he went about sacking the government is a serious set back for Nepal's fledgling democracy, and the resultant chaos has only added to the troubles of world's only Hindu country.

Ever since the King's first crackdown against the Deuba government, the political parties have been agitating, boycotting most official functions, and demanding restoration of democracy.

In fact, King Gyanendra's decisions stand in contrast to that of his brother and late King Birendra who was patiently nurturing democracy amidst corrupt politicians and chaos.

King does a Musharraf in Nepal

New Delhi: King Gyanendra has taken Nepal on a dangerous course by sacking Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and taking over all executive powers, officials and analysts said, and likened his action to "doing a Musharraf."

The king's action is contrary to New Delhi's considered advice for a consensus between the monarchy and the political parties to deal with the Maoist problem, they said.

Although the developments were not completely unexpected, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh discussed the situation in the Himalayan Kingdom with External Affairs Minister K Natwar Singh and Foreign Secretary Shyam Saran.

The developments in the Nepal came a day after a senior Indian official expressed concern about the security situation there and emphasised there had to be a political solution to the Maoist problem.

India, which has been providing military assistance to Kathmandu to deal with the Maoist problem, has been pressing political parties to come together on a common platform.

New Delhi's position had been backed by both Washington and London who had been taking keen interest in the developments in Nepal. Both these governments urged the king to exercise caution and deal politically with the Maoists.

"There is need for a clear understanding between the monarchy and political parties to fashion a strategy to deal with the Maoist problem," the official said.

"There has to be a combination of military and political measures to meet the situation," he added.

Former Foreign Secretary Salman Haider described the king's action as a setback to the democratic process in the kingdom.

"It is a very difficult situation there. It is a setback to the democratic process in the country. In the last few years we have seen a progressive deterioration in the process," he said and noted the politicians had not been able to come together to challenge the king's actions.

"In taking the step, the king has put himself on a very dangerous course," C Raja Mohan of the Centre for South Asian Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University said.

"But it was expected for some time that the king will do a Musharraf in Nepal," Raja Mohan said, referring to bloodless coup by Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf, then army chief, against the elected civilian government in 1999.

He said if the king succeeded in bringing the Maoists to the negotiation table, he might be able to assuage the unease in India and the international community to some extent.

"He is betting that once there is an accord the world will accept him. But going by the record it is unlikely that the king will show such wisdom at this stage," he added.

"Whether the king can find a solution to the country's problems is very, very doubtful. The tide is against him because of various problems - economic, political and the Maoists." said Arvind Deo, a former ambassador to Nepal.

Deo said New Delhi should help Nepal address its problems because instability there could lead to an exodus to India.

"The king is risking not only the stability and security of Nepal, he is risking the integrity of the country which he is trying to save," he said

Flights turn back as Nepal shuts main airport

NEW DELHI: International flights to Nepal were turned back on Tuesday as the airport in the capital Kathmandu was closed after King Gyanendra sacked the government and assumed power, airline officials said

Kathmandu's Tribhuvan International Airport was apparently shut down, along with telephone and mobile phone networks in the Himalayan country, largely cutting it off from the rest of the world.

We are told that Kathmandu is shut down today due to a general strike after the King fired the government," an official of state-run Indian Airlines said.

It was not immediately known when air links would be restored. Of four daily flights between New Delhi and Kathmandu, operated by different airlines, three were not allowed to land while the fourth, leaving later in the day, was cancelled.

"Our aircraft returned and all our flights to Kathmandu are cancelled until further notice," the Indian Airlines official said.

A Thai Airways official in New Delhi said its flight from Bangkok to Kathmandu had also gone back to the Thai capital without landing in Kathmandu.

Road links between India and landlocked Nepal were, however, open, an Indian customs official said.

"The border is open. Trade is taking place and there is movement of people," a customs inspector told Reuters by telephone from the border town of Jogbani in Bihar.

"So far there is no problem. Everything looks normal."

Gyanendra sacked Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba's government saying it had failed to hold long-delayed elections or restore peace amid an escalating civil war with Maoist rebels.

No-nonsense monarch can't match his dead brother's popularity

KATHMANDU: Nepal's King Gyanendra, who put himself in charge of the nation on Tuesday amid an intensifying war with Maoist rebels, has run the country behind the scenes since a 2001 palace massacre ( http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DNepal%2BRoyal%2B%2BFamily%2B%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3DFP-tab-img-t%26fl%3D0%26x%3Dwrt&h=264&w=300&imgcurl=www.tribuneindia.com%2F2001%2F20010603%2Fnepal01.jpg&imgurl=www.tribuneindia.com%2F2001%2F20010603%2Fnepal01.jpg&size=32.6kB&name=nepal01.jpg&rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2001%2F20010603%2Fmain2.htm&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2001%2F20010603%2Fmain2.htm&p=Nepal+Royal++Family&type=jpeg&no=6&tt=99

http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DNepal%2BRoyal%2B%2BFamily%2B%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3DFP-tab-img-t%26fl%3D0%26x%3Dwrt&h=182&w=300&imgcurl=www.tribuneindia.com%2F2001%2F20010603%2Fnepal07.jpg&imgurl=www.tribuneindia.com%2F2001%2F20010603%2Fnepal07.jpg&size=25.1kB&name=nepal07.jpg&rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2001%2F20010603%2Fmain2.htm&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2001%2F20010603%2Fmain2.htm&p=Nepal+Royal++Family&type=jpeg&no=10&tt=99

vaulted him to the throne.

Gyanendra became the constitutional monarch in June 2001 after his brother, King Birendra, and other royals were murdered at the palace by a drink-fuelled crown prince who later shot himself.

On Tuesday, Gyanendra pledged to restore democracy in the impoverished Himalayan kingdom, where a nine-year Maoist battle to topple the monarchy and install a communist republic has become increasingly savage.

It was a promise Nepalese had heard before from the 57-year-old. In October 2002 Gyanendra sacked Deuba, appointed his own government and said it was all necessary to crush the insurgency that to date has claimed over 11,000 lives.

But last June the king, under mounting international and domestic pressure to restore democracy, reinstated Deuba in what was dubbed a "second coming", with orders to stage elections and hold peace talks with the rebels. The push for democracy did not last long.

Gyanendra kept a low profile before his ascent to the throne. He has never attained the popularity of his well-loved brother, who was seen as a symbol of unity in Nepal. Gyanendra, best known before he became king for the nighclub antics of his errant son Paras who is now crown prince, missed the 2001 massacre because he was away. Paras was present but escaped unscathed.

Maoist rebels have accused Gyanendra of stage-managing the killings. An official probe found that Crown Prince Dipendra shot and killed his parents and half a dozen other relatives.

At his coronation, crowds chanted slogans against him and tried to block the motorcade to the palace.

Some observers have compared Gyanendra's style to that of his autocratic father, King Mahendra. Gyanendra, Mahendra's middle son, was educated at a Jesuit school in Darjeeling and graduated from Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, in 1969.

In May 1970 he married Princess Komal, sister of Queen Aishwarya, slain in the massacre. During political upheavals in 1950, he was declared monarch at the age of five after being left behind as insurance when then-king Tribhuvan — his grandfather — fled to India. The crown reverted to his grandfather when the family returned and Birendra took over the throne in 1972.

Nepal will achieve social stability, economic development and national reconciliation. Given the current situation, we respect the Nepalese

title: User:Mangalshen


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User talk:Mangalshen

WASHINGTON (AFP) - The White House said that it had "real concerns" about the February 1 power grab by Nepal's King Gyanendra and urged him to enact democratic reforms.

AFP Photo

"We have real concerns about the steps back from democracy that have been taken in Nepal," said spokesman Scott McClellan. "We will continue to make our views known to the government in Nepal."

Gyanendra, who controls the army, last week fired the government for failing to organise elections and for failing to end the Maoist insurgency, named a loyalist cabinet under his chairmanship, declared a state of emergency and pledged to restore multi-party democracy in three years.

In the meantime scores of political leaders, party and union leaders are under arrest, press censorship has been imposed and any criticism of the king's action has been banned.

"We urge everybody to continue to move forward on democratic reforms, and that includes the government of Nepal. It is a concern, the steps that they have taken," said McClellan.

Washington provides Nepal's army with badly needed weapons and training in its fight against Maoist rebels, considered by Washington as terrorists. The revolt has claimed more than 11,000 lives since 1996.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mangalshen


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Vitex lucens

Vitex lucens, or pūriri, is an evergreen tree endemic to New Zealand.

History
Pūriri was first collected (by Europeans) at Tolaga Bay by Banks and Solander during Cook's first visit in 1769. The plant was excellently described by Solander in his manuscript "Primitae Florae Novae Zelandiae" under the name Ephielis pentaphylla, and a drawing of considerable artistic merit was also prepared. The next botanist to notice pūriri, Allan Cunningham, did not do so until 1826 when he observed it on "the rocky shores of Bay of Islands, growing frequently within the range of salt water." Cunningham named it Vitex littoralis, correctly assigning it to the genus Vitex but overlooking that "littoralis" had been used for a Malayan species 4 years earlier. Thomas Kirk proposed V. lucens in 1897 after attention had been drawn to the fact that V. littoralis was taken.

The Māori name of this tree is pūriri or sometimes kauere. 'New Zealand mahogany' and 'New Zealand teak' occur in older printed sources, especially in reference to the timber.

Description
The pūriri tree can grow up to 20 m tall, with a trunk commonly up to 1.5 m in diameter, frequently thicker, and a broad spreading crown. The thin bark is usually smooth and light brown in colour, but can also be very flaky. Pūriri was actively and selectively logged in the past to provide timber for a wide range of end uses. Only the best trees were felled, leaving the gnarled pūriri often found on farm paddocks. This has given the impression that pūriri is incapable of growing straight, but early reports of pūriri describe naturally clear boles of 15 to 30 feet (4.5 to 9 m) and there are still a few trees like that left. A good example of a well-shaped tree is behind Ruapekapeka Pā in Northland.

The dark green glossy leaves of pūriri are palmate with usually 5 leaflets, or sometimes three. The lowest two leaflets are smaller than the other three. The leaflets have domatia, little pockets where the mid vein and branching veins meet, which can house arthropods. The underside and veins are a lighter green. Seedling leaves are much more delicate and a lighter green with serrations along the edge. Seedling pūriri can be confused with seedlings of the kohekohe, or Dysoxylum spectabile; the most obvious difference is that pūriri leaflets originate from one point, whereas kohekohe leaflets are spread along the stalk. The branches of pūriri, especially the young ones, are square in cross-section.

Pūriri is one of the few native trees with large colourful flowers. Many plants in New Zealand have white or green flowers. The tubular flowers of the pūriri look rather like snapdragon flowers and can range from fluorescent pink to dark red, rose pink (most common) or sometimes even to a white flower with a yellow or pink blush. The bright colour, the tube shape, copious nectar production and the hairs at the base of the flower tube all point towards birds pollinating this flower (the hairs stop insects from stealing the nectar). On the New Zealand mainland there is often plenty of nectar in the flowers because there aren't enough birds to eat all the nectar produced by the tree.

The flower has 4 lobes (made of 2 petals), 4 long stamen (the male part of the flower) and the style grows to be as long as the stamen after the pollen has shed. It is interesting to see how the flowers open. The petals overlap each other in the bud form. The growing stamen push the petals open. When the flower is fully open the style starts growing and reaches its full length just after the anthers on the stamen have shed all the pollen. The flowers occur in loose clusters of up to 12 flowers per cluster.

Some flowers can be found on the pūriri all year round, though it does flower most heavily over winter. Ripe fruit can also be found all year round, but is more common over the summer. Pūriri is a very important tree for native birds in the top half of the North Island because it provides a constant year-round food supply. Flowers and fruit are carried at the tips of the branches. The fruit or drupe is a bright red (usually) to a pale yellow (rarely, and only on white flowered trees) "cherry". It can grow as big as a cherry, but it is unpleasantly astringent. When broken, the fruit has a bright thin juice, and a faint grape smell. Pūriri fruit is not the most nutritious sort in the New Zealand bush (high in carbohydrates, not lipids, sugars or calcium), but it is always there. The nut (endocarp) inside the drupe is a very hard pear-shaped kernel that can contain up to 4 seeds. The seedlings from one kernel can germinate at the same time or be spread over a year. The nut has four apertures in the endocarp each guarded by an oval door and each leading to a seed chamber. The Pūriri is self-fertile with self-fertilization (autogamy) possible. Seed production in 12 samples ranged from 8% to 45% with usually only 1 or 2 live seeds in a fruit. Low seed production is due to inefficiencies in pollination, as well as breakdown of apparently fully developed seeds. The factors controlling germination and opening of the doors are unknown, and most seed would appear to perish within the Imprisoning nut.

Distribution
Pūriri is endemic to New Zealand and can be found in the upper half of the North Island from North Cape to the Waikato and Upper Thames, and from thence in small numbers southwards to Māhia Peninsula (39°10′S) on the east coast and Cape Egmont (39°27′S) on the west (rare inland south of latitude 37). Its altitudinal range is from sea-level to 800 m (or 2500 ft) above sea-level. Pūriri tends to be associated with fertile or volcanic soils, and early settlers often sought out and burned pūriri rich areas to obtain good farmland.

Uses
Pūriri is an invaluable food source for native wildlife, as it provides both fruit and nectar in seasons when few other species produce these, thus it is often used in restoration planting, e.g. the Elvie McGregor Reserve between Waipoua Forest and Katui Scenic Reserve in Northland and on Tiritiri Matangi Island in the Hauraki Gulf. It is hoped that restoration planting, with trees such as pūriri, will provide a year-round food source for birds, boosting their populations. For example, pūriri is highly valued as an aid in increasing kererū (native pigeon) populations. Maintaining kererū populations is particularly important for natural restoration and maintenance of forest remnants, as this bird is the main disperser of large fruited species.

Pūriri is also important as a host for a number of species. The pūriri moth (or ghost moth) Aenetus virescens is New Zealand's largest and quite spectacular moth, with a potential wing span up to 15 cm. Its 10 cm long larvae, though not restricted to pūriri, often makes its home in the tree by excavating long "7"-shaped burrows. The moths are much reduced in number as the great swarms "invading rooms, sufficient in number to extinguish lighted lamps" reported by early settlers no longer occur. The wide spreading branches also provide room for epiphytic species such as Astelia, puka (Griselinia lucida) and northern rātā (Metrosideros robusta).

Pūriri in traditional Māori medicine has been used as a rheumatic remedy for centuries.

The despatch boxes of the British House of Commons are made of pūriri wood. They were a gift from New Zealand to replace the previous boxes after the Chamber was bombed in 1941, during World War Two.

By Māori
Māori used infusions from boiled leaves to bathe sprains and backache, as a remedy for ulcers, especially under the ear, and for sore throats. The infusion was also used to wash the body of the deceased to help preserve it. Pūriri trees or groves were often tapu through their use as burial sites and pūriri leaves were fashioned in to coronets or carried in the hand during a tangi (funeral).

Pūriri timber is usually greenish dark-brown, but sometimes nearly black or streaked with yellow, it was often used for implements and structures requiring strength and durability. Māori preferred other timbers to pūriri as its cross-grain made for difficult carving, but pūriri garden tools and weapons had a long life and legend has it that buckshot used to ricochet off pūriri palisades. It was used in the construction of hīnaki (eel traps) because it was one of the few timbers that would sink. Pūriri was sometimes used to dye flax fibres yellow, the sawdust can produce intense yellow stains on concrete floors.

The Pūriri provides the strongest wood in New Zealand, allowing to make things such as bridges and paddles from it.

By Europeans
European settlers used great quantities of pūriri timber for fence posts, railway sleepers, shipbuilding and house blocks, as it is ground durable without treatment for 50 years or more. This, as well as the agricultural desirability of the soil in which it grew, led to the depletion of once widely spread lowland pūriri forests, and by the mid-1940s the supply of pūriri timber was almost exhausted. Pūriri was also favoured for furniture and decorative wood work such as inlay veneers, as its appearance was "quite equal to the best Italian or American walnut". Look at the New Zealand Geographic article on Seuffert & Son to see some good examples of pūriri use in furniture. The produced timber was sometimes called "New Zealand teak", "New Zealand oak" or "New Zealand walnut".

Current and potential future usage
Currently small quantities of pūriri timber are available from time to time around the greater Auckland province and Northland, these tend to be mostly used for wood-turning or, as in the case of pūriri fence posts, be recycled as garden furniture. The erstwhile Forest Research Institute (now Scion) recommends planting fast-growing, high-quality timber species such as pūriri as special-purpose species, particularly in view of the rising cost of importing these and the scarcity of native timber.

A special-purpose species is defined as "a species producing timber with special wood properties required for those uses where radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.) is not entirely satisfactory". Therefore, the timber will usually be complementary to that of Pinus radiata, not an alternative. Some of the special-purpose end uses advocated were; furniture, veneer, turnery, exterior joinery, boat building and tool handles. Pūriri has fulfilled these roles in the past. Other potential roles for pūriri include post, wharf and bridge pilings, as pine requires a high degree of preservative treatment and can break too readily under pressure due to lack of cross-grained wood. Indications are that pūriri could coppice well, and, as it is one of New Zealand's most demanded burning timbers, it might prove suitable as a source of biomass or for charcoal production.

title: Vitex lucens


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Talk:Silk Spectre

February 2005
153.104.226.151 is me. Forgot to log in. Just in case anybody needs to talk about the article, I was the guy who wrote it. FilthMasterFlex 22:15, February 7, 2005

HJ's beard
<> Or possibly this is anachronistic. The attack occurred at the 1940 Christmas party, but Under The Hood avers that HJ and SS had been an item since 1939.Captain Pedant 13:06, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

New identity
<> Possibly. However, she may have been teasing Dreiberg over the photo he still had of that vice queen in the leather leotard. :) Captain Pedant 13:16, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

new identity i change the part about laurie following her father. however, i could not get a direct link to the comedians page. i left it in red so it can be fixed. TripleA AAA (talk) 02:46, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Silk Spectre


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Chicago Auto Show

The Chicago Auto Show is held annually in February at Chicago's McCormick Place convention center. It is the largest auto show in North America.

History
Samuel Miles, formerly a promoter of bicycle shows, produced the first "official" Chicago Automobile Show in 1901. The event was staged in March of that year at the third Chicago Coliseum located at 1513 S. Wabash Avenue. The 1901 show featured an indoor track for attendees to test drive the ten vehicles exhibited: five electric powered, three steam powered, and two with gasoline engines. The 1902 show saw 100 cars on display; the indoor track was discontinued after the first year to accommodate space requirements for the exhibitors.

By the late 1920s, the automotive industry's maturation resulted in many smaller automobile manufacturers being acquired or replaced by larger ones. The Chicago Auto Show continued to gain prominence during this era and was often regarded as the "National Auto Show". Samuel Miles retired as the Chicago Auto Show's general manager in 1931 after three decades of service.

1935 was characterized by three major changes to the Chicago Auto Show: The Chicago Automobile Trade Association (CATA), the United States' oldest and largest metropolitan automobile dealership organization, became the event's producer and organizer. Also, the show was held twice in calendar year 1935—once in January for the 1935 models, and once in November for the 1936 models. This arrangement was a result of automakers shifting the start of the model year to the fall, based on a recommendation by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to advance the introduction of new automobile models by two months. Finally, the November 1935 show moved to a much larger venue, the International Amphitheatre located at 4220 South Halsted Street.

World War II curtailed production of motor vehicles for consumers in the United States, with the domestic automotive industry retooling to manufacture defense and military equipment. As a result, the Chicago Auto Show was not held between 1941 and 1949.

In 1961, the Chicago Auto Show moved from the International Amphitheatre to the original McCormick Place. The latter facility was destroyed by fire just a month prior to the 1967 show, so the International Amphitheatre resumed its role as the Chicago Auto Show's venue between 1967 and 1970. The show returned to McCormick Place in 1971, when a replacement building was constructed at the site. Additional expansions to McCormick Place toward the end of the 20th century allowed the Chicago Auto Show to become the largest auto show in the United States. The event currently encompasses more than 1 million square feet in the North and South exhibit halls of McCormick Place. Due to the vast amount of space available, several auto manufacturers have implemented creative uses of their exhibit area in recent years. For example, FCA US, Toyota, and Volkswagen have all configured indoor test track experiences adjacent to their respective vehicle displays.

In 2021, CATA received approval to host a special summer edition of the Chicago Auto Show in the West Building of McCormick Place, supplemented by outdoor activities such as test drives and technology demonstrations.

2024
The 2024 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 10 through February 19, with press preview starting on February 8 and the "First Look For Charity" Gala taking place on February 9.

Production car introductions

 * 2025 Kia Carnival (refresh) (North American debut)
 * 2025 Kia K5 (refresh) (North American debut)
 * 2024 Nissan Frontier Forsberg Edition

2023
The 2023 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 11 through February 20, with press preview starting on February 9 and the "First Look For Charity" Gala taking place on February 10.

Production car introductions

 * 2024 Chevrolet Corvette E-Ray*
 * 2024 Chevrolet Trailblazer (refresh)
 * 2023 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 20th Anniversary Edition
 * 2024 Subaru Crosstrek (US debut)
 * 2024 Toyota Grand Highlander
 * 2024 Volkswagen Atlas/Atlas Cross Sport (refresh)

Concept car introductions

 * Ram 1500 Revolution BEV concept*

* auto show debut

2022
The 2022 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 12 through February 21, with press preview starting on February 10 and the "First Look For Charity" Gala taking place on February 11.

Production car introductions

 * 2023 BMW iX M60*
 * 2023 Chevrolet Blazer (refresh)
 * 2022 Ford Bronco Everglades
 * 2022 Ford Bronco Raptor*
 * 2022 Ford GT Alan Mann Heritage Edition
 * 2022 Jeep Grand Cherokee L Limited Black Package
 * 2023 Kia Sportage PHEV
 * 2022 Ram 1500 "Built to Serve" Firefighter edition
 * 2023 Toyota Sequoia*
 * 2022 Toyota Tundra Capstone*

* auto show debut

Concept car introductions

 * Nissan Frontier Project 72X, Project Hardbody, and Project Adventure

2021
The 2021 Chicago Auto Show was held from July 15 through July 19. The press preview and the "First Look For Charity" Gala events held in previous years were not part of the 2021 show.

Production car introductions

 * 2022 BMW iX (North American debut)
 * 2022 Chevrolet Traverse (refresh)*
 * 2022 Ford F-150 Lightning*
 * 2022 Ford Maverick*
 * 2022 Jeep Compass (refresh)
 * 2021 Jeep Wrangler Xtreme Recon Package
 * 2022 Kia EV6*
 * 2022 Lexus IS 500 Performance Launch Edition*
 * 2022 Lexus NX*
 * 2022 Nissan Frontier*
 * 2022 Nissan Pathfinder*
 * 2022 Ram 1500 BackCountry Edition
 * 2022 Ram 1500 Laramie G/T & Rebel G/T
 * 2022 Ram 1500 Limited 10th Anniversary Edition
 * 2022 Toyota 4Runner TRD Sport*
 * 2022 Toyota Corolla Cross (North American debut)*
 * 2022 Toyota GR 86*
 * 2022 Toyota Tacoma TRD Pro 3.0, Trail Edition*
 * 2022 Volkswagen Golf GTI, Golf R (North American debut)

Concept car introductions

 * Nissan Z Proto*

* auto show debut

2020
The 2020 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 8 through February 17, with press preview starting on February 6 and the "First Look For Charity" Gala taking place on February 7. The 2020 event concluded before government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois took effect.

Production car introductions

 * 2021 Chevrolet Equinox (refresh)
 * 2021 Chrysler Pacifica (refresh)
 * 2020 Dodge Durango SRT Black appearance package, redline stripe
 * 2020 Ford GT (refresh)
 * 2021 Genesis GV80 (auto show debut)
 * 2020 Honda Civic Type R (refresh) (US debut)
 * 2020 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid (North American debut)
 * 2020 Jaguar F-Type (refresh) (North American debut)
 * 2020 Jeep Gladiator Mojave, High Altitude
 * 2020 Jeep Wrangler Mopar JPP edition
 * 2020 Jeep Wrangler High Altitude, Rubicon Recon
 * 2020 Kia Cadenza (refresh) (North American debut)
 * 2020 Mercedes-Benz Metris Weekender camper van
 * 2020 Nissan Frontier (refresh)
 * 2021 Toyota Highlander XSE
 * 2021 Toyota Tacoma, Tundra, Sequoia Nightshade
 * 2021 Toyota Tacoma, Tundra, 4Runner Trail
 * 2021 Volkswagen Atlas (refresh)

2019
The 2019 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 9 through February 18, with press preview starting on February 7 and the "First Look For Charity" Gala taking place on February 8. Acura hosted a panel discussion to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Acura NS-X concept, which debuted at the 1989 Chicago Auto Show.

Production car introductions

 * 2020 Alfa Romeo 4C Spider Italia
 * 2019 Cadillac XT5 Sport package
 * 2020 Chevrolet Silverado HD
 * 2019 Chrysler Pacifica, Dodge Grand Caravan 35th Anniversary Edition
 * 2020 Ford F-Series Super Duty (refresh)
 * 2020 Kia Forte GT-Line
 * 2020 Kia Sportage (refresh)
 * 2019 Lexus LC 500 Inspiration Series
 * 2019 Lexus NX F Sport Black Line Edition
 * 2019 Mazda MX-5 Miata 30th Anniversary Edition
 * 2019 Nissan Pathfinder Rock Creek Edition
 * 2020 Nissan Rogue Sport (refresh)
 * 2019 Ram 1500 with multifunction tailgate
 * 2019 Ram 4500/5500 HD Chassis Cab
 * 2020 Range Rover Evoque (North American debut)
 * 2020 Subaru Legacy
 * 2020 Toyota Land Cruiser Heritage Edition
 * 2020 Toyota RAV4 TRD Off-Road
 * 2020 Toyota Sequoia TRD Pro
 * 2020 Toyota Tacoma (refresh)
 * 2019 Volkswagen Jetta GLI

2018
The 2018 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 10 through February 19, with press days starting on February 8 and First Look For Charity taking place February 9.

Production car introductions

 * 2018 Chevrolet Traverse RS
 * 2018 Dodge Durango SRT with Mopar performance parts
 * 2018 Fiat 500 (U.S. spec refresh)
 * 2019 Ford Edge Titanium Elite
 * 2019 Ford Transit Connect Wagon (refresh)
 * 2018 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid & PlugIn Hybrid (refresh)
 * 2018 Lexus RC F, GS F 10th Anniversary Editions
 * 2018 Mazda MX-5 RF (minor refresh)
 * 2018 Nissan Titan/Titan XD with ICON Vehicle Dynamics lift kit
 * 2019 Ram 1500 with Mopar accessories
 * 2018 Subaru 50th Anniversary Editions (BRZ, Forester, Impreza, Legacy, Outback, WRX STI, XV)
 * 2019 Toyota Tacoma, Tundra, 4Runner TRD Pro
 * 2019 Volkswagen Arteon (North American debut)

Concept car introductions

 * Nissan 370Zki
 * Nissan Armada Snow Patrol

Race car introductions

 * Hyundai i30 N TCR (North American debut)

2017
The 2017 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 11 through February 20, with press days starting on February 9.

Production car introductions

 * 2017/2018 Chevrolet Redline Series special editions (Cruze, Malibu, Camaro, Trax, Equinox, Traverse, Colorado, Silverado)
 * 2017 Chrysler Pacifica BraunAbility wheelchair accessible van
 * 2018 Dodge Durango SRT
 * 2017 Mopar Dodge Challenger
 * 2018 Ford Expedition
 * 2018 Hyundai Elantra GT (North American debut)
 * 2017 Infiniti Q50 3.0t, QX80 Signature Edition
 * 2017 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon Recon
 * 2017 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport Limited Edition
 * 2017 Nissan Altima, Murano, Pathfinder, Rogue, Sentra Midnight Edition
 * 2017 Nissan Titan King Cab
 * 2017 Ram 1500 Copper Sport
 * 2017 Ram 2500/3500 HD Night package
 * 2018 Subaru Legacy (refresh)
 * 2018 Toyota RAV4 Adventure
 * 2018 Toyota Sequoia, Tundra TRD Sport

Concept car introductions

 * Mercedes-Benz Metris MasterSolutions Toolbox concept van
 * Nissan NV Cargo X
 * 2017 Nissan Titan Pro-4X Project Truck
 * 2018 Volkswagen Atlas Weekend Edition

2016
The 2016 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 13 through February 21, with press days starting on February 11.

Production car introductions

 * 2017 Chevrolet Camaro 1LE
 * 2016 Chevrolet Silverado/Chevrolet Colorado Midnight Editions
 * 2017 Chevrolet Trax (refresh)
 * 2016 Chrysler 200S/300S Alloy Edition
 * 2017 Ford Escape Sport Appearance Package
 * 2017 Ford Explorer BraunAbility MXV
 * 2017 Ford Explorer XLT Sport
 * 2017 Honda Ridgeline (Shown with newly released optional accessories)
 * 2017 Hyundai Santa Fe (refresh)
 * 2017 Kia Niro
 * 2017 Kia Optima Hybrid, Kia Optima PHEV
 * 2016 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Worker
 * 2017 Nissan Armada
 * 2017 Ram Power Wagon (refresh)
 * 2017 Ram 2500 4x4 Off Road Package
 * 2016 Subaru XV Crosstrek Special Edition
 * 2017 Toyota Tacoma TRD Pro

Concept car introductions

 * Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Extreme Concept
 * Nissan Winter Warriors Concepts

2015
The 2015 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 14 through February 22 and had a 7 percent increase in attendance compared to 2014. The show's media preview day hosted 18 world premieres including the introduction of the Kia Trail'ster concept as well as production vehicles such as the Acura RDX, Chevrolet Equinox, Honda Pilot and Toyota Avalon.

Production car introductions

 * 2016 Acura RDX (refresh)
 * 2015 Chevrolet Colorado GearOn Edition
 * 2016 Chevrolet Equinox (refresh)
 * 2015 Chevrolet Silverado Custom
 * 2015 Chevrolet Silverado Midnight Edition
 * 2016 Ford Police Interceptor Utility (refresh)
 * 2016 Honda Pilot
 * 2016 Hyundai Elantra GT (refresh)
 * 2016 Hyundai Veloster Rally Edition
 * 2016 Kia Rio (refresh)
 * 2015 Ram 1500 Laramie Limited
 * 2016 Toyota Avalon (refresh)
 * 2016 Toyota Camry Special Edition
 * 2016 Toyota Corolla Special Edition

Concept car introductions

 * Kia Trail'ster (e-AWD)
 * 2016 Mazda MX-5 accessories concept
 * Mitsubishi Concept GC-PHEV (North American debut)
 * Nissan 370Z NISMO Roadster

Race car introductions

 * Nissan GT-R LM NISMO

2014
The 2014 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 8 through February 17, with press days starting on February 6.

Production car introductions

 * 2014 BMW 740Ld XDrive (U.S. introduction)
 * 2015 Chevrolet City Express
 * 2015 Chevrolet Tahoe PPV
 * 2014 Dodge Journey Crossroad
 * 2014 Hyundai Veloster RE:FLEX Edition
 * 2014 Kia Optima Hybrid (facelift)
 * 2015 Kia Soul EV
 * 2015 Lincoln Navigator (facelift)
 * 2015 Nissan Versa Note SR
 * 2014 SRT Satin Vapor Editions (Challenger, Charger, 300)
 * 2015 Subaru Legacy
 * 2015 TRD Pro Series (Tundra, Tacoma, 4Runner)
 * Volvo S60/V60 Polestar (U.S. debut)

Concept car introductions

 * Kia Niro (U.S. debut)
 * Nissan Frontier Diesel Runner

Race car introductions

 * Volkswagen GRC Beetle

2013
The 2013 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 9 through February 18, with press days starting on February 7.

Production car introductions

 * Chevrolet Cruze Diesel
 * Chrysler 300 SRT8 "Core"
 * Dodge Challenger R/T Redline,
 * Dodge Challenger SRT8 "Core"
 * Dodge Charger SRT8 Super Bee
 * Kia Forte 5-door
 * Mopar '13 Dodge Dart
 * Nissan 370Z NISMO
 * Nissan GT-R Track Edition
 * Nissan Juke NISMO
 * Nissan NV200 Cargo Van
 * Ram ProMaster 3500 Cargo Van
 * Ram ProMaster 3500 Chassis Cab Cutaway
 * Scion FR-S Pro/Celebrity Race
 * Toyota Tundra Crew Cab 1794 Edition
 * Toyota Tundra CrewMax Platinum Package
 * TRD Toyota Tundra CrewMax Limited
 * Volkswagen Beetle GSR
 * Volkswagen Beetle Turbo Convertible R-Line
 * Volkswagen GTI Driver's Edition
 * Volkswagen GTI Wolfsburg Edition

Concept car introductions

 * Chevrolet "Turbo" Camaro Coupe Concept
 * Dodge Charger Defiance Show Car
 * Kia Cross GT Concept
 * Kia Optima Hybrid "Inspired by Superman" Concept
 * Ford Fiesta ST GRC Concept
 * Ford Focus TrackSTer Concept

2012
The 2012 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 10 through February 19, with press days starting on February 8.

Introductions and concepts:

 * 2013 Acura ILX (production vehicle)
 * 2013 Acura RDX (production vehicle)
 * 2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 Covertible
 * 2013 Ford Shelby GT500 Convertible
 * 2013 GMC Acadia
 * 2013 Hyundai Elantra Coupe
 * 2013 Hyundai Elantra GT (North American debut)
 * Kia Track'ster concept
 * 2012 Mazda MX-5 Miata Special Edition
 * 2012 Mopar '12 Chrysler 300
 * 2013 Nissan 370Z
 * 2013 Nissan NV200 (North American debut)
 * 2012 Ram 1500 Laramie Limited
 * 2013 Toyota Land Cruiser (North American debut)
 * 2013 Volkswagen Beetle TDI

In addition to the factory-built Chrysler 300, Mopar also showed three 75th anniversary accessory kits: the Dodge Dart "GTS 210 Tribute", Fiat 500 "Stinger", and Mopar Jeep Compass "True North".

2011
The 2011 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 11 through February 20, with press days starting on February 9.

Introductions and concepts:

 * 2012 Acura TL
 * 2012 Buick Regal with eAssist
 * 2012 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1
 * 2011 Chrysler 200 Convertible
 * 2012 Dodge Charger SRT8
 * 2011 Dodge Durango Heat
 * 2012 Hyundai Genesis (including 5.0 R-Spec)
 * Hyundai Veloster rally car
 * 2011 Mazda MX-5 Miata Special Edition
 * 2011 Ram 1500 Tradesman
 * 2011 Ram 3500 HD
 * 2012 Shelby GT350 Convertible
 * 2011 Toyota Matrix
 * 2012 Volkswagen Jetta GLI

2010
The 2010 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 12 through February 21, with press days starting on February 10.

Introductions and concepts:

 * 2011 BMW Alpina B7 (F01)
 * 2011 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 & 3500 HD
 * DeltaWing
 * 2011 Ford Edge
 * 2011 Ford Shelby GT 500
 * 2011 Ford Transit Connect Electric
 * 2011 Ford Transit Connect Taxi
 * 2011 Honda Odyssey (concept)
 * 2011 Hyundai Azera
 * Kia Ray plug-in hybrid concept
 * 2010 Nissan 370Z 40th Anniversary Edition
 * 2010 Scion tC RS 6.0 ("Speedway Blue")
 * 2011 Toyota Avalon

2009
The 2009 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 13 through February 22, with press days starting on February 11.

Introductions and concepts:

 * 2010 Acura TSX V6
 * Chevrolet Corvette Stingray concept
 * 2010 Dodge Ram Heavy Duty
 * 2010 Ford Harley-Davidson F-150
 * 2010 Ford Taurus SHO
 * 2010 Hyundai Genesis Coupe R-Spec
 * 2010 Kia Forte
 * 2009 Mazda MX-5 (North American introduction)
 * 2010 Mitsubishi Lancer Sportback (U.S. introduction)
 * 2009 Nissan Cube Krom
 * 2009 Scion tC RS 5.0 ("Gloss Black")
 * 2010 Toyota Tundra

Also, the Ford Transit Connect was re-introduced as an official 2010 model, after pre-production units were displayed for the first time in the U.S. at the previous year's show.

2008
The 2008 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 8 through February 17, with press days starting on February 6.

Introductions:

 * 2009 Acura RL
 * 2009 Chevrolet HHR Flexfuel
 * 2009 Chevrolet Traverse
 * 2008 Dodge Challenger SRT-8
 * 2009 Ford Edge Sport
 * Ford Transit Connect (North American debut)
 * GMC Denali XT concept
 * 2009 GMC Sierra Hybrid
 * 2009 Hummer H3T
 * 2009 Hyundai Elantra Touring (U.S. debut)
 * 2009 Hyundai Sonata
 * 2009 Mitsubishi Eclipse
 * 2009 Mitsubishi Galant
 * 2009 Porsche Cayenne GTS (North American debut)
 * 2008 Scion tC RS 4.0 ("Galactic Gray Mica")
 * 2009 Suzuki Equator
 * 2009 Volkswagen Routan

The show also had a special U.S. Army area, open to the public, which displayed military vehicles and featured Army-related activities and video games.

2007

The 2007 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 9 through February 18, with press days starting on the 7th.

Introductions:

 * 2008 BMW 5 Series (North American introduction)
 * 2008 Dodge Dakota
 * 2008 Ford Taurus (renamed from Ford Five Hundred)
 * 2008 Ford Taurus X (renamed from Ford Freestyle)
 * Kia Rondo SX concept
 * 2008 Mercury Sable (renamed from Mercury Montego)
 * 2008 Nissan Armada
 * 2008 Nissan Pathfinder
 * 2008 Nissan Titan
 * 2008 Pontiac G8
 * 2007 Porsche 911 GT3 RS (North American introduction)
 * 2008 Saturn Astra
 * 2008 Saturn Vue Green Line
 * 2008 Saturn Vue Red Line
 * 2008 Scion xB
 * 2008 Scion xD
 * 2008 Toyota Highlander
 * 2008 Volkswagen R32 (North American introduction)

2006

The 2006 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 10 through February 19, with press days starting on the 8th.

Introductions:

 * 2007 Bentley Continental GTC convertible
 * 2007 Chevrolet Avalanche
 * 2006 Chevrolet Kodiak C4500 (Special Modification)
 * 2007 Dodge Caliber SRT-4
 * 2007 Dodge Charger Super Bee
 * 2007 Dodge Nitro
 * Dodge Rampage Concept (front wheel drive pickup)
 * 2007 Ford Expedition
 * 2007 Hyundai Entourage
 * 2006 Hyundai Accent 3-door
 * 2007 International MXT
 * 2007 International RXT
 * 2007 Lexus ES 350
 * 2007 Lincoln Navigator/Navigator L
 * 2007 Lincoln MKZ (formerly the Lincoln Zephyr)
 * 2007 Mercedes-Benz R63 AMG
 * 2007 Mitsubishi Galant Ralliart
 * 2007 Nissan Quest
 * 2007 Subaru B9 Tribeca
 * 2007 Toyota Tundra
 * 2007 Volkswagen Rabbit

2005

The 2005 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 11 through February 20, with press days starting on the 9th.

Production car introductions

 * 2006 Buick Lucerne
 * 2006 Cadillac DTS
 * 2006 Dodge Ram Mega Cab
 * 2006 Hummer H3
 * 2006 Kia Sedona
 * 2006 Mercedes-Benz S65 AMG
 * 2006 Mercury Milan
 * 2006 Mercury Mountaineer
 * 2006 Mercury Mariner Hybrid
 * 2006 Suzuki Grand Vitara
 * 2007 Toyota FJ Cruiser

Concept car introductions

 * Dodge Nitro (concept)
 * Honda Civic Si coupe (pre-production concept)
 * Hyundai Portico

2003
The 2003 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 14 through February 23.

Introductions:
 * 2004 Chevrolet Aveo
 * 2004 Ford Freestar
 * 2004 Mercury Monterey
 * 2004 Suzuki Forenza
 * 2004 Suzuki Verona

2002
The 2002 Chicago Auto Show was held from February 8 through February 17.

Introductions:
 * 2003 Kia Sorento
 * 2003 Mercury Marauder

2001
Introductions:
 * 2002 Nissan Xterra
 * 2002 Subaru Impreza Outback Sport
 * Hyundai HCD6 Roadster Concept Car
 * Toyota RSC concept

Production car introductions

 * Acura 3.5 RL Special Edition
 * Acura Integra Type-R SCCA Race Car
 * Acura NSX SCCA Race Car
 * Cadillac Seville
 * Chevrolet Corvette Convertible
 * Chevrolet Tahoe Z71
 * Chevrolet TrailBlazer
 * Chrysler Town & Country Limited
 * Dodge Viper GTS-R GT2 Championship Edition
 * Jeep Grand Cherokee 5.9 Limited
 * Jeep Cherokee Classic
 * Mitsubishi Galant
 * Nissan Quest
 * Kia Sportage Convertible
 * Ford SVT F-150 Lightning
 * Ford F-150 NASCAR Special Edition
 * Ford SVT Mustang Cobra Bondurant
 * Ford Ranger XLT 4x4 Supercab
 * Toyota Corolla Sedan
 * Toyota Land Cruiser
 * Toyota Tacoma Xtracab
 * Subaru Legacy 2.5GT Limited

Concept car introductions

 * Pontiac Grand Prix Concept:Cure by Cynthia Rowley
 * Cadillac DeVille Concours Concept:Cure by Michael Kors
 * Chevrolet Venture Concept:Cure by Joe Boxer's Nicholas Graham
 * GMC Jimmy Concept:Cure by Tommy Hilfiger
 * GMC Sierra DEUCE
 * Ford Libre
 * Nissan Frontier 4-door Concept
 * Infiniti Q29 Roadster
 * Kia Minivan Concept
 * Toyota T150 Concept

1997

 * Ford Powerforce

1995

 * Buick XP2000

1992
More than 1,000 vehicles were on display, from the automotive manufacturers and other groups.

Production car introductions

 * Audi 90
 * Buick Skylark Sedan
 * Ford Escort GT
 * Ford SVT Mustang Cobra
 * Ford SVT F-150 Lightning
 * Infiniti J30
 * Mazda 626
 * Mercury Tracer
 * Subaru Legacy Touring Sports LE Wagon
 * Toyota Camry Wagon

Concept car introductions

 * Geo Tracker concepts (Back Packer, Beach Low-Rider, Baja Race, Biker, Snow)
 * Ford Explorer Drifter
 * Ford Boss Bronco
 * Saab 9000CD Turbo Flex Fuel Concept
 * Toyota Avalon 4-door convertible concept

1991

 * GMC Rio Grande All-Wheel-Drive Concept

Production car introductions

 * Vector W8

Concept cars

 * Cadillac Aurora
 * Dodge Daytona R/T concept
 * Dodge Viper RT/10 concept
 * Eagle Optima
 * Geo "California Concept" Storm
 * GMC Mahalo
 * Geo Tracker "Hugger"
 * GMC Transcend
 * Plymouth Voyager III
 * Subaru SRD-1
 * Subaru SV/X concept

1989
The 1989 Chicago Auto Show featured the debut of the Acura NS-X sports car concept, which would lead to the production NSX in 1990.

The 1989 Chicago Auto Show featured the debut of the 1989 Syclone concept sports pickup, which would lead to the production of the GMC Syclone in 1991.

Production car introductions

 * AMC AMX

Production car introductions

 * Crossland Steam Car

title: Chicago Auto Show


text:
Maria Badia i Cutchet

Maria Badia i Cutchet (born 13 May 1947 in Sant Quirze del Vallès, Barcelona province) is a Spanish politician from Catalonia who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2014. She is a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), part of the Socialist Group.

In parliament, Badia served on the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education and the Committee on International Trade.

In addition to her committee assignments, Badia was a member of the Delegation for relations with the United States and a substitute for the Delegation to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee, and the Industry, Research, and Energy committee. She was also a member of the European Alliance Group at the European Committee of the Regions.

Early life and education
Cutchet studied English Philology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona.

Career
Cutchet taught English at primary schools in Sabadell until 1984.

From 1985 until 1994, she served as the coordinator for the First Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)-PSOE Secretariat. After that, she became the international relations coordinator for the PSOE, and then in 1996 became the Secretariat of the President of the Catalan Parliament. In 2000, she was elected to the board of the PSC, where she serves secretary for European and international policy - a role she was re-elected to in 2004 and 2008.

In 2004, she was elected to the parliament of the European Union, and was re-elected in 2009. In 2009, she was the top candidate for the PSC and was also elected vice president of the Group of Alliance of Socialist & Democrats.

title: Maria Badia i Cutchet


text:
Linn Githmark

Linn Catharina Cavallius Githmark (born 26 September 1982) is a Norwegian curler who has skipped her country to a world junior title, and also played on the Norwegian team that won a silver medal at the world championships.

Githmark played on the teams representing Norway in world junior championships from 1997 to 2004, and was skip on all but two occasions. She led her team to the gold medal in 2004.

Githmark made her world championship debut in 2004, taking Hanne Woods' place as third on the team skipped by former world champion Dordi Nordby. Norway won the silver medal at the 2004 world championship, followed by bronze medals at the European Championships later in the year, and at the 2005 worlds.

Githmark posed for Ana Arce's "Fire on Ice" 2007 Team Sponsorship Calendar to promote women's curling.

Githmark represented Norway at the inaugural 2008 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship, partnered with her father Tormod Andreassen.

title: Linn Githmark


text:
Marcel Journet

Marcel Journet (25 July 1868 – 7 September 1933), was a French operatic bass. He enjoyed a prominent career in England, France and Italy, and appeared at the foremost American opera houses in New York City and Chicago.

Biography
Journet was born in the town of Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes, and studied at the Paris Conservatory. He made his operatic debut at Montpellier in 1891. Journet went on to sing a wide range of roles in operas by Richard Wagner and major French and Italian composers during a distinguished, 40-year career.

The Royal Opera House at London's Covent Garden, Milan's La Scala, the Paris Opera and the New York Metropolitan Opera, were some of the famous venues graced by Journet's presence during the first quarter of the 20th century. Arturo Toscanini was just one of the celebrated conductors under whose baton he performed. His on-stage colleagues included such renowned singers as Nellie Melba, Luisa Tetrazzini, Enrico Caruso, Giovanni Martinelli, Titta Ruffo, Giuseppe De Luca and Feodor Chaliapin.

Journet died in Vittel, of kidney failure, aged 66.

He possessed a beautiful, cultured voice and a fine technique—hitting the absolute peak of his powers as a singer and an actor during the 1915-1925 period, during which time he became La Scala's principal bass.

Numerous recordings testify to Journet's outstanding vocal attributes and the high standard of his interpretative powers. Many of these recordings have been re-issued on various CDs, most notably on the Marston and Preiser labels.

title: Marcel Journet


text:
Carlos Carnero

Carlos Carnero González (born 24 November 1961, Madrid) is a Member of the European Parliament for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). He has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 1994. On 7 December 2006, he was appointed a member of the presidency of the Party of European Socialists (PES).

Carnero is a member of the Parliament's Constitutional Affairs Committee and is the spokesman for the PES Group of the European Parliament's Delegation to the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly (EMPA). He is also a substitute member of the Parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee and Petitions committee. Carlos Carnero is a member of the delegation for relations with the Maghreb countries; the Delegation to the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly; and the delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee.

He is a member of the PSOE Council on International Relations, where he directs the Working Group on Mediterranean Affairs. He was a member of the PSOE Federal Committee from 2001 to 2004.

He is also a Member of the Steering Committee of the European Movement.

Carlos Canero was the Nueva Izquierda European Policy Secretary (1998-2001) and IU External Policy Secretary (1992-1997). He was the Chairman of the Parliament's team of observers at the parliamentary elections in Lebanon.

He is a Member of the Federalist Intergroup for the European Constitution.

He is a member of the editorial team of the Spanish political review 'Temas'.

He is also a member of the Movement for Peace, Disarmament and Liberty and Association for Democratic Solidarity with Equatorial Guinea. He is a Member of the Spanish Union CCOO (the Workers' Committees).

On 5 March 2020 Carnero took office as member of the Assembly of Madrid, covering the vacant seat left by Llanos Castellanos, appointed as new chairwoman of Patrimonio Nacional.

Carlos Carnero and the European Constitution
Carnero is one of the leading proponents of the European Constitution, which has been approved by a majority of EU countries. He was an active member of the European Convention that drafted the European Constitution. He actively participated in the Spanish referendum campaign for the European Constitution of February 2005, which was approved by a 76.72% of votes cast, co-directing the campaign effort for the PSOE.

He is still campaigning for the European Constitution at the European Parliament, in his conferences and articles. He also published the book "The European Constitution: Instructions Manual"(La Constitución Europea: manual de instrucciones) in 2005, together with Ramón Suárez and María José Martínez Iglesias.

Early and personal life
Carnero holds a Diploma in Tourism. He was a Member of the Scientific Council at the Elcano Royal Institute and was a Professor of European Union Studies at the Universidad CEU San Pablo.

He is married but has no children.

He speaks Spanish, English, French and Italian.

Publications

 * Co-author of "Europe: the State of the Union" (Europa: el estado de la Unión) (2006.)
 * Co-author of "The European Constitution: Instructions Manual" (La Constitución Europea: manual de instrucciones) (2005.)
 * Co-author of "Building the European Constitution. Political Chronicle of the Convention" (Construyendo la Constitución Europea. Crónica política de la Convención) (2003.)
 * Co-author of "12 Visions of a progressive policy" (12 Visiones de una política de progreso) (1998.)

title: Carlos Carnero


text: User talk:67.160.101.229

title: User talk:67.160.101.229


text:
João Zero

João Zero (born August 7, 1950, in São Paulo) is a Brazilian cartoonist and illustrator journalist. He was the son of an old family newsstand owner from Italy.

Zero was born in São Paulo, in the area called "Bixiga" Bela Vista, on August 7, 1950. His paternal grandfather was Italian Polignano a Mare and his maternal grandfather was Japanese from Hiroshima. He started drawing in a serious way in a newspaper called Movimento in the 1970s, together with the twin brothers Chico and Paulo Caruso, Angeli, Bruno Liberati, Jayme Leao, Alcy, Laerte, Jota, Maringoni, Geandre and Luis Ge. These people used to sit by a big wooden table in one of the writing offices of the newspaper to wait for the texts to be illustrated.

Censorship was widespread in Brazil when Zero started. In order to publish a newspaper's complete edition, it was necessary to have two editions because the censorship, used to cut a lot of articles and pictures, which was almost equivalent to half of the edition. This forced the editor to use the material remains for the final edition. The censorship cut the equivalent to a one newspaper and with the rest was made the other.

title: João Zero


text:
Category:New York City Subway stations

Stations on the New York City Subway.

title: Category:New York City Subway stations


text: User talk:24.163.242.204

title: User talk:24.163.242.204


text:
Tom Phoebus

Thomas Harold Stephen Phoebus (April 7, 1942 – September 5, 2019) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher from 1966 through 1972, most notably as a member of the Baltimore Orioles dynasty that won three American League pennants and two World Series championships between 1966 and 1970. He also played for the San Diego Padres and the Chicago Cubs.

Education
Phoebus attended high school at Mount Saint Joseph College, a private high school in Baltimore. As a boy, he played baseball in Baltimore through the Mary Dobkin Athletic Clubs, as well as playing baseball and football in high school. He also went to Orioles games in the 1950s, sitting in the right field bleachers of Baltimore's old Memorial Stadium and dreaming of one day playing for the hometown team, he told a Baltimore Sun reporter in an interview almost a half-century later after signing with the Orioles in 1960 for a $10,000 bonus.

Professional career
In minor league baseball, Phoebus led the Florida State League with 12 losses while playing for the Leesburg Orioles in 1961. In 1962, he was tops in the Northern League, with 195 strikeouts and 152 bases on balls while playing for the Aberdeen Pheasants. The next season, Phoebus led the Eastern League with 124 bases on balls while playing for the Elmira Pioneers. The minor leaguer's pitch count performance continued to be impressive in 1964, again leading the International League with 120 bases on balls while playing for the Rochester Red Wings. In 1966, Phoebus' walks were down and his Ks were still high, but he still managed to get the league lead in the International League with 208 strikeouts and 95 bases on balls while playing for the Rochester Red Wings.

Phoebus began his major league career with the Baltimore Orioles, pitching complete-game shutouts in his first two starts, on September 15 and 20, 1966, against the Angels and Kansas City A's. He thus became just the fourth American League pitcher ever to do so. In 1967, Phoebus finished 14–9 with 179 strikeouts and a 3.33 ERA, en route to being selected The Sporting News Rookie of the Year.

On April 27, 1968, Phoebus no-hit the Red Sox 6–0 at Memorial Stadium. Converted outfielder Curt Blefary was the catcher. Meanwhile, third baseman Brooks Robinson helped at bat and made a great catch to rob a hit from Rico Petrocelli in the eighth inning. Frank Robinson would contribute with three RBIs in the win.

Phoebus won a career-high 15 games in that season, and 14 in 1969, including the American League Eastern Division clincher over Cleveland. He also won Game Two of the 1970 World Series as a relief pitcher in the third and fourth innings. Orioles teammate Boog Powell recalled that Phoebus had such an impressively arced curveball that even though his pitching motion tipped batters that a curve ball was coming, "It didn't matter because they couldn't hit it anyway."

Phoebus was traded along with Enzo Hernández, Fred Beene and Al Severinsen from the Orioles to the San Diego Padres for Pat Dobson and Tom Dukes on December 1, 1970. He finished his career with the Cubs in 1972.

In a seven-year career, Phoebus compiled a 56–52 record with 725 strikeouts and a 3.33 ERA in 1,030 innings pitched.

Later life and death
Following baseball, Phoebus earned an education degree and taught grade school physical education in Bradenton, Florida and Port St. Lucie, Florida. He was divorced and the father of two children. Phoebus died on September 5, 2019, at the age of 77.

title: Tom Phoebus


text:
Armen Alchian

Armen Albert Alchian (April 12, 1914 – February 19, 2013) was an American economist who made major contributions to microeconomic theory and the theory of the firm. He spent almost his entire career at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and is credited with turning its economics department into one of the country’s best. He is also known as one of the founders of new institutional economics, and widely acknowledged for his work on property rights.

Early life and education
Armen Albert Alchian was born on April 12, 1914, in Fresno, California, to Armenian-American parents. His father, Alexander H. Alchian (1884–1979), was born in Erzurum, Ottoman Empire and emigrated to the U.S. in 1901, while his mother Lily Normart (1889–1976) was born to Armenian immigrant parents in Fresno. Her parents were among the first Armenians to settle in the San Joaquin Valley and she was the first Armenian born in Fresno. His parents married in 1909, and Armen had a younger brother, Robert Haig Alchian (1917–1995). His father worked as a musician and a jeweler and the family was of "modest means." He grew up in the Armenian community, which was initially "subject to intense discrimination." He himself was reportedly subject to anti-Armenian discrimination early in his life. In the 1920s his family hosted General Andranik, an Armenian national hero, in their home for several months. Alchian was called "the Armenian Adam Smith" by Michael Intriligator.

Alchian attended Fresno High School, where he excelled academically and athletically. He initially enrolled in Fresno State College in 1932 and transferred to Stanford University in 1934, obtaining his bachelor's degree in 1936. He earned his PhD in philosophy from Stanford in 1943. His dissertation was titled "The Effects of Changes in the General Wage Structure." Anthony J. Culyer quoted Kenneth Arrow as saying that Alchian was the "brightest economics student Stanford ever had."

Career
Alchian worked as a teaching assistant at Stanford (1937–40), and then in 1940–41 he worked at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and Harvard University and in 1942 at the University of Oregon as an instructor. He went on to serve in the Army Air Forces as a statistician between 1942 and 1946.

Alchian joined the Department of Economics at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1946. He was initially assistant professor (until 1952), then associate professor (until 1958), and eventually named professor in 1958. He retired from UCLA in 1984 and was named professor emeritus of economics. It was not until 2007, at the age of 93, that he closed his campus office.

In classroom, Alchian adopted the Socratic method and disliked the traditional lecture method. James M. Buchanan, briefly a colleague in the late 1960s, classified Alchian as "the best blackboard economist" he had ever known. In 2006 John Riley, chair of the UCLA economics department, stated that Alchian was the "father of the modern-day economics department at UCLA, and set the future for it." William R. Allen noted that the department's "golden age" was from 1950 to 1980 because of Alchian's presence and leadership in the department.

Alchian was also affiliated with the RAND Corporation between 1946 and 1964 and was a consultant to business firms. At RAND, he is remembered for his work on the hidden costs of regulation. Alchian was the first economist to be employed at RAND and "became the conduit through which many Chicago stalwarts such as Ronald Coase, Gary Becker, and others received lucrative consultancies from RAND." Alchian was also involved for around 20 years with the Law and Economics Center, initially affiliated with the University of Rochester, which provided "insight into economic theory to legal scholars and judges." Timothy Muris opined that Alchian was "unexcelled in teaching economics to lawyers."

Research
Alchian, an applied economist, has been described by Robert Higgs as a master of applied price theory. Alchian was a neoclassical economist, specifically of the Chicago School. Along with Harold Demsetz, Alchian is considered to be the founder of the "UCLA tradition", alternatively known as the Los Angeles School. Read explains: "Theirs is a school which shares some similarities with Chicago’s emphasis on the free market, Harvard’s tradition of institutional studies, and the strategic thrust of both the RAND Corporation and of the Hoover Institution, to which both contributed intellectually."

Alchian was also influenced by the Austrian School, especially by the ideas of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek. He was influenced by Mises' Human Action (1949). Alchian famously interviewed Hayek in 1978, during which Alchian told him that he was particularly influenced by two of his articles: "Economics and Knowledge" (1937) and "The Use of Knowledge in Society" (1945). In his turn, Alchian has influenced contemporary Austrian School economists.

Alchian, along with James M. Buchanan and Ronald Coase, served as a bridge between the "Old" and "New" Chicago School. Boettke and Candela argue that these three economists founded the following branches in economics: New Institutional Economics, Law and Economics, and the economics of property rights. Indeed, Alchian is widely considered one of the founders of the New Institutional Economics. According to Robert Higgs Alchian had the greatest influence, aside from Coase, "in creating and fostering what has come to be known as the New Institutional Economics, one of the most notable improvements in mainstream economics during the past half century."

A large portion of Alchian's contribution is in property rights. Henderson argued that Alchian has been most impactful on the economic analysis of property rights and summarized his work on it as follows: "You tell me the rules and I'll tell you what outcomes to expect." Alchian opined that "In essence, economics is the study of property rights over resources." Peter Boettke noted in 2015 that Alchian is "recognized as the founder of what was called 'property rights economics' in which he had to re-introduce to the economics profession the important role that property rights play in the determination of economic performance."

While working at RAND in 1954, Alchian conducted the first event study to infer what kind of fuel material was used in the development of hydrogen bombs, the construction of which were secret at the time. He successfully identified lithium as the fusion fuel through publicly available financial data, finding only the stock of Lithium Corporation of America suddenly increased around the hydrogen bomb test Castle Bravo. However, the paper was confiscated and destroyed because it was seen as a threat to national security.

Notable publications
Alchian was not prolific and did not author many books and articles. However, his few published works are widely cited. His writing style is characterized with lack of mathematical formality and is known for its straightforward prose. Harold Demsetz noted that his works are "largely uncluttered with mathematics." Henderson praised his clear writing, noting that Alchian was "one of the last economists of his generation to communicate mainly in words and not equations." According to Susan L. Woodward he "had no use for formal models that did not teach us to look somewhere new in the known world, nor had he any patience for findings that relied on fancy econometrics."

In 1964 Alchian and William R. Allen co-authored University Economics, an influential general textbook that has undergone six editions under two titles. It appeared in 1969 under the name Exchange and Production. The collection of his works was first published in 1977 by Liberty Fund under the title Economic Forces at Work, which contains his main 18 papers. In 2006 Liberty Fund published The Collected Works of Armen A. Alchian in two volumes.

His most significant articles are: In 2011 it was chosen as one of the top 20 articles published in the American Economic Review between 1911 and 2011. In fact, it is the most cited of all papers published in the 100 years of existence of the American Economic Review and the 12th most cited economic paper overall between 1970 and mid-2006.
 * "Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory" (1950): It is Alchian's first major paper that brought him attention. Called one of the "most important contributions to the economic literature," the article "pioneered the idea that the price system is a Darwinian mechanism in which efficient behaviors survive, regardless of the motives of economic agents." According to Karl Brunner, Alchian "demonstrates that even in the absence of rational, profit maximizing or any purposive behavior the economic system produces a rational ordering of resource use patterns." James M. Buchanan described it as a "seminal" paper, which has a "genuinely innovative quality."
 * "Reliability of Progress Curves in Airframe Production" (1963) was completed for the RAND Corporation by 1949, but was not published until 14 years later because it relied on military classified data. A pioneering work, Linda Argote and Dennis Epple noted that it stimulated interest in organizational learning curve, while Hubbard stated that it is "credited as the first empirical investigation of learning curves – an important feature of many industries."
 * "Information Costs, Pricing and Resource Unemployment" (1969): Alchian considered it his best paper.
 * "Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization" (1972)։ Alchian's most cited paper, it is "credited with introducing the modern theory of the firm, the article looked at how problems associated with team production, such as shirking while leaving others to do the work, affect the organizational arrangements used by firms." It "has become the basis for much of current organization theory, which now concentrates on the issues of team production and incentives that they emphasized." Thomas N. Hubbard argues that it "may be the most influential paper in the economics of organization, catalyzing the development of the field as we know it."

Views
Alchian has been described as a classical liberal and libertarian. He advocated laissez-faire principles and free-market individualism. He was a member of the Mont Pelerin Society. Axel Leijonhufvud argued that Alchian was skeptical of people who claim they will improve the world by using the powers of the government, but also those calling for abolishing government.

Alchian listed "self-reliance, independence, responsibility, integrity and trust" as the principles and rules of capitalism and argued that these are antithetical to socialism/communism. Alchian believed Keynesianism "totally neglects incentives." Alchian was a friend of Milton Friedman and Friedman often quoted him: "The one thing you can be most sure of in this life is that everyone will spend someone else’s money more liberally than they will spend their own."

In the 1960s, Alchian told Eastern Bloc economists that they had to "introduce more private property rights to make markets work the way you think they should work" or else the market allocation will seem to be "perverse or deficient." David Riesman noted that Alchian, like Friedman and Hayek, was "confident about the causal relationships that run from evolution to capitalism, from capitalism to meliorism." One left-wing commentator described Alchian as an "ultra-liberal" economist who vigorously defended the idea that capitalism is characterised by the absence of any substantial power relations between individuals. Alchian was apparently influenced by neo-Darwinism. He, like Friedman, "invoked Darwinism to prove that the market economy is natural." Alchian was critical of minimum wage laws. During the 1970s energy crisis, Alchian argued for lifting of gas price controls.

Alchian famously asserted that "95% of the material in economics journals was wrong or irrelevant".

Personal life and death
Alchian resided in Mar Vista, Los Angeles. In 1940 he married Pauline (née Crouse, 1916–2017), an elementary school teacher, who he had met at Stanford. They had two children: Arline Ann Hoel (b. 1943) and Allen Alexander Alchian (b. 1947).

Alchian was an "avid computer user" and an early adopter of email.

Personality
William R. Allen described Alchian as "almost always soft-spoken, unaggressive, and seemingly bemused" and noted that he "eschewed ambitious self-promotion and personal empire-building." Daniel Benjamin described him as "fundamentally kind, shy, compassionate, and humble." William F. Sharpe wrote that Alchian was "personally gentle and traditional," but was "clearly an eccentric economic theorist." Deirdre McCloskey described Alchian as "the soul of courtesy." She wrote that "talking about economics with Armen Alchian is like talking about painting with Pablo Picasso" and that his economics "comes from experience of life." Tom G. Palmer wrote of Alchian as a "sober scholar, but not so charismatic." Susan L. Woodward described him as a "warm and sentimental person." Roger Farmer described him as "selfless" and "amazing human being" who cared "only about promoting ideas."

Golf
Alchian was a lifelong golfer and a regular visitor to the Rancho Park Golf Course. He often played golf with fellow economist George Stigler. He greatly admired the sport and wrote an opinion piece for The Wall Street Journal in 1977, in which he argued that golf is "not merely a sport. It is an activity, a lifestyle, a behavior, a manifestation of the essential human spirit. Golf's ethic, principles, rules and procedures of play are totally capitalistic. They are antithetical to socialism. Golf requires self-reliance, independence, responsibility, integrity and trust." He preferred to stay home and play golf than to partake in a conference called by President Gerald Ford to "Whip Inflation Now" as it would be "more productive than anything likely to be said in Washington."

Last years and death
Alchian suffered from a neurodegenerative disease in the last six years of his life. Alchian died of natural causes, in his sleep, at his home in Los Angeles on February 19, 2013, at the age of 98.

Recognition and legacy
In a 2011 survey of around 300 economics professors in the U.S., Alchian ranked 17th among favorite living economists older than 60. He received the same points as Robert Fogel and Gordon Tullock. In 1984 Friedrich Hayek named Alchian and George Stigler his favorite economists "among the not really young ones." William R. Allen described him as "one of the superb economic analysts and teachers of the second half of the twentieth century." Walter E. Williams and Donald J. Boudreaux describe him as one of the top economists of the twentieth century and probably the greatest microeconomic theorist.

Nobel Prize debate
Alchian never received a Nobel Prize, but numerous economists, such as Hayek, Harry Markowitz, Michael Intriligator, William R. Allen, David R. Henderson, Donald J. Boudreaux, believe he deserved one. Hayek told Henderson in 1975: "There are two economists who deserve the Nobel prize because their work is important but won't get it because they didn't do a lot of work: Ronald Coase and Armen Alchian." Allen nominated Alchian for the Nobel Prize in 1986 and characterized him as "a giant who, because of his lack of pretension, is easily overlooked by laymen and even by some supposed professionals—who has greatly honored his profession and uniquely contributed to its usefulness." The Swedish economist Axel Leijonhufvud, who was a student and colleague of Alchian for thirty years, suggested in 1996 that "his lack of self-promotion and his abstentiousness from it I think is what more than anything else has kept him from the Nobel prize so far. I can find no other explanation of the behavior of my countrymen."

Influence
A number of economists have been influenced by Alchian, including several Nobel laurates. Kenneth Arrow was "personally and intellectually closely linked" with Alchian and the latter's influence played a crucial role on Arrow's introduction of the concept of "learning curve" into an economic growth model. James M. Buchanan was inspired by Alchian's work on free tuition. William F. Sharpe, who took a graduate course taught by Alchian in 1956, named him one of his three mentors, whose approach to research he had attempted to emulate. Sharpe called him a "brilliant mind grappling (usually very successfully) with the most difficult concepts in economics in thoroughly creative and innovative ways." Elinor Ostrom, an undergraduate student of Alchian, noted that as an institutional theorist, she "really appreciate[s] Alchian’s approach" in the 1950 article "Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory". Walter E. Williams called him one of his "tenacious mentors." William R. Allen named Alchian one of the two individuals who had had the greatest influence on his life, calling him "an older brother." John Lott stated that University Economics was responsible for him becoming an academic and going to UCLA.

Other noted economists who were students of or were influenced by Alchian include Harold Demsetz, Steve Hanke, Henry Manne, Yoram Barzel, David Prychitko, Anthony J. Culyer, Karl Brunner, Arthur De Vany, Jerry Jordan, Douglas W. Allen, Axel Leijonhufvud, Robert H. Topel.

Hubbard argues that Alchian's 1972 paper "Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization" influenced works in the economics of organization by Bengt Holmström, Oliver Hart, and Paul Milgrom.

Honors

 * Member of the Mont Pelerin Society (1957)
 * President of the Western Economic Association International (1975)
 * Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1978)
 * Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association (1996)
 * Adam Smith Award by the Association of Private Enterprise Education (2000)
 * Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Economic Affairs

 * Honorary doctorates
 * University of Rochester (1983)
 * Universidad Francisco Marroquín (2010)

 * Tributes
 * The Armen A. Alchian Chair in Economic Theory at UCLA was established in July 1997.
 * The Armenian Economic Association presents the Armen Alchian Award since 2014.

title: Armen Alchian


text:
ParkZone

ParkZone was a brand specializing in intermediate-level, radio-controlled electric model aircraft. It was created and distributed by Horizon Hobby, an American hobby manufacturer based in Champaign, Illinois. The term "park flyer" inspired the brand name, signifying compact models suitable for flying in parks.

The ParkZone lineup featured various scale aircraft models, including the P-51D Mustang, F4F Wildcat, F4U Corsair, and Spitfire, alongside non-scale sport aircraft.

ParkZone aircraft and other park flyers opted for lithium polymer batteries due to their superior energy density, lighter weight, and extended lifespan. These batteries, popular in portable electronic devices, contributed to enhanced performance and agility in radio-controlled aircraft, offering longer flight times.

HobbyTown USA, a prominent franchise retailer of hobby and remote control products, recognized ParkZone as the "Hobby Company of the Year" in 2005. This accolade, awarded for innovation and high-quality radio-controlled aircraft, solidified ParkZone's position in the industry and boosted its reputation among hobbyists.

The "Bind N' Fly" or "BNF" purchasing option facilitated aircraft ownership for Spektrum transmitter owners, allowing easy binding without the need for an additional transmitter or receiver crystal.

A notable incident occurred on September 1, 2009, when an unknown pilot flew a ParkZone Sukhoi Su-26m model onto the field during a baseball game at Dodger Stadium. This emphasized the importance of responsible hobbyist practices to prevent disruptions and accidents.

The ParkZone model lineup once offered a variety of options, including the Sukhoi SU-29MM, Sport Cub, Artizan, Fw 190 A-8, T-28 Trojan, Radian, and Radian Pro. Additionally, they introduced the "Ultra-Microline," featuring small-sized radio-controlled aircraft designed for indoor or small outdoor flying.

Over time, ParkZone discontinued several models, such as the Typhoon 3D sport plane, Super Decathlon, Bf 109, Fw 190, Cessna 210, Citabria, Etomic Vapor slow flyer, and Slo-V slow flyer. Reasons for discontinuation varied, ranging from the completion of production cycles to low sales or parts availability issues, aligning with a strategic focus on more popular and profitable models.

Horizon Hobby has discontinued the ParkZone brand, though some of their popular models, such as the Cub, have been rebranded under E-flite.

title: ParkZone


text:
7th Army (Wehrmacht)

The 7th Army (7. Armee) was a World War II field army of the German land forces.

Origins
The 7th Army was activated in Stuttgart on August 25, 1939 with General Friedrich Dollmann in command. At the outbreak of the war, the 7th Army defended the French border and manned the Westwall in the Upper Rhine region. At the start of the Campaign in the West in 1940, the 7th Army was part of General Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb's Army Group C. On 14 June 1940, Army Group C attacked the Maginot Line after it had been cut off by armored units of the XXXXI Panzer Corps. Lead elements of the 7th Army reached the area in front of Colmar and later pursued parts of the French 2nd Army Group into Lorraine. At the conclusion of the campaign, the 7th Army was in eastern France. From July 1940 until April 1941, the 7th Army guarded a region of the coast in southwestern France. From 18 April 1941, the 7th Army was responsible for coastal defense in Brittany and Normandy. By mid-1944, the 7th Army was part of Erwin Rommel's Army Group B.

Normandy
At the time of the first Western Allied Normandy Landings on 6 June 1944 ("D-Day"), the 7th Army was headquartered at Le Mans.

Because of uncertainty in the German high command regarding Allied intentions after the D-Day landings, the 7th Army did most of the initial fighting in Normandy although it was later reinforced by the Panzer Group West. The 15th Army was kept at the Pas de Calais, expecting another landing by the Allies. By 18 June, the 7th Army had lost 97,000 men, including five generals. On 28 June, the army's commander, General Dollmann, died of a heart attack.

Under unrelenting Allied pressure, the 7th Army was slowly forced back through the hedgerow country in Normandy. Finally, in Operation Cobra in late July 1944, the 7th Army's weakened left wing was flattened by a massive Allied aerial bombardment and then assaulted and broken by the US 1st Army. Armored exploitation of this rent in the front lines by US units forced a German retreat and then an unsuccessful counter-attack which culminated in the 7th Army being nearly wiped out in the Falaise Pocket.

Abandoning what remained of their heavy equipment, shattered remnants of the 7th Army escaped from the Falaise Pocket and retreated eastward to the German border. Many of the surviving members of the 7th Army were captured in early September during the Battle of the Mons Pocket. During the autumn of 1944, the 7th Army adopted a defensive posture in the Eifel region on the Belgian and Luxembourgian border while Hitler husbanded forces for a winter offensive on the Western Front.

Battle of the Bulge
During the Battle of the Bulge it consisted of six Infantry (9th, 79th, 212th, 276th, 340th, and 352nd Volksgrenadier) Divisions, one Panzergrenadier (15th) Division, one Parachute (5th) Division, and one Panzer/Panzergrenadier (Führer Grenadier) Brigade.

Its role was to protect the southern flank of the Fifth Panzer Army and the entire Ardennes Offensive. Like the other two German armies in the offensive, the 7th Army took substantial losses. The 7th Army defended against the northward attack of the US 3rd Army, but ultimately failed to halt General George S. Patton's drive to Bastogne and Houffalize. The 7th Army, however, managed to avoid encirclement and retreated again to the Westwall.

Germany
In January 1945, the U.S. 3rd Army attacked to the east, forcing the 7th Army to retreat from the area of Trier to the region of Koblenz. Under further U.S. pressure, the 7th Army was forced to retreat through the areas around Mainz and Mannheim. Unable to stop the U.S. advances in central Germany during March and April 1945, the 7th Army continued its retreat through the valleys of the Main and Lahn Rivers, through the Spessart hills, Fulda, Gotha, and then through the Thuringian Forest to the region between Leipzig and Hof.

Surrender
The 7th Army surrendered to U.S. 3rd Army in the area of the Bavarian Forest and western Bohemia on 8 May 1945.

title: 7th Army (Wehrmacht)


text:
User talk:Zooks527

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Carrp | Talk 03:22, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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Line Walk
Just an FYI, I reverted your addition to the Deval Patrick page stating that Patrick denied Romney the opportunity to do the traditional lone walk upon leaving office. Romney did in fact do the lone walk the night before Patrick was sworn in. Here is a link to a Globe story referencing it Republican Mitt Romney embarked on his "lone walk" out of office shortly after handing his successor Deval Patrick the official key to the office. and Romney exits with pomp, ambition Hardnfast (talk) 14:55, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Re:Larry FIne
I listened to the clip, and I think he is saying "Let's pluck him" Editor2020 03:12, 28 June 2014 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for September 16
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Absence of Malice
Discussion on sequential edits / revert / edit / revert on this film's plot was moved to the article's talk page to consolidate a running conversation on the topic spread over 3 talk pages. The other person's talk page was left undisturbed.

Colleen Camp edit
I am reverting your addition of a date of birth on Colleen Camp. Unfortunately, IMDb is not a reliable source. (See WP:IMDB.) Eddie Blick (talk) 18:44, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

 * That's fine. The same information is available from the Associated Press via ABC, both of which are considered reliable sources.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Associated_Press  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#ABC_News Zooks527 (talk) 14:09, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, those are much better. Thanks. Eddie Blick (talk) 18:59, 22 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zooks527


text:
Roger Gallaway

Roger John Gallaway, (born May 23, 1948 in Sarnia, Ontario) is a Canadian educator and retired politician. He was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1993 to 2006, representing the riding of Sarnia—Lambton for the Liberal Party.

Gallaway graduated from Sarnia Collegiate Institute and Technical School. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Western Ontario and an LL.B from the University of Windsor. He practiced law before entering political life, and was involved in a variety of community organizations in the Sarnia area. In 1991, he was elected mayor of Point Edward.

Political career
Two years into his tenure as mayor of the small town of Point Edward, Ontario, Gallaway took a shot at federal politics. He was first elected to parliament in the 1993 federal election, defeating Progressive Conservative incumbent Ken James by over 10,000 votes. He was re-elected by similarly large pluralities in the elections of 1997 and 2000, and defeated Conservative candidate Marcel Beaubien by over 5,000 votes in the 2004 election. He was defeated by Conservative Patricia Davidson by over 4,000 votes in the 2006 election. Soon afterwards, Gallaway blamed the Liberals' ouster from Canadian government on the leadership of Paul Martin, and was the first from within the party to call for Martin's resignation as party leader.

He ran for Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada in 1997, and was eliminated on the second ballot.

Gallaway was occasionally labeled a maverick MP in the Liberal Party, particularly in later years, and was a vocal opponent of the federal gun registry for many years, and unsuccessfully attempted to cut off funding for the program in late 2004. Gallaway has also called for government funding to be withdrawn from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and opposed negative option billing by cable companies in the late 1990s.

He also holds socially conservative views on some issues, although he has not emphasized these as strongly as others within the party, such as Tom Wappel and Rose-Marie Ur. Gallaway was an opponent of same-sex marriage and voted against the Civil Marriage Act, which legalized it, in 2005.

He is a personal friend and was a frequent political ally of Senator Anne Cools, and has worked with her to propose reforms to Canada's divorce laws which would have ensured greater custody rights for fathers. In furtherance of these concerns, Gallaway served as co-chair of the Special Joint Committee on Custody and Access, which recommended shared parenting as the norm in its report, For the Sake of the Children, issued in 1998.

From December 2003 to July 2004, Gallaway served as parliamentary secretary to the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons, with special emphasis on democratic reform..

Gallaway is also a musician. He formed the band "True Grit" with several Liberal MPs, including Joe Fontana and future prime minister Jean Chrétien (who played trombone). Gallaway has also appeared in performances with Sarnia/Port Huron's International Symphony, and was the narrator of a "Child's Introduction to the Symphony".

Gallaway supported Bob Rae's unsuccessful bid to become leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in the 2006 Liberal leadership election.

Recent career
Since leaving politics, Gallaway has served as an instructor in international business law at Lambton College. He has also thrown his hat in the ring for the 2010 Point Edward municipal elections, trying to become mayor of the tiny town once again. He faced stiff competition in the race against the incumbent mayor, Dick Kirkland, and veteran councillor, Janice Robson, and he ultimately lost to Kirkland.

Point Edward municipal election results (Mayor), 2010
Source: Sarnia Lambton Votes

Sarnia—Lambton
Source: Elections Canada

Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

Source: Elections Canada

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.

Source: Elections Canada

Source: Elections Canada

Source: Elections Canada

title: Roger Gallaway


text:
User talk:Vaidhy

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Carrp | Talk 03:23, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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order statistics
I don't understand why you changed this page that redirected to order statistic into an article instead of editing the article that already existed. If you thought the title should be plural, you should have moved the already existing article to the plural title. Michael Hardy 19:33, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I actually asked on the Order statistic discussion page as to whether both these pages should be merged. I will go ahead and merge those two.. --Vaidhy 20:11, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vaidhy


text:
Sponge (disambiguation)

Sponge is an animal of the phylum Porifera.

Sponge may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Sponge (band), an American rock band
 * "Sponge", a song by the Brecker Brothers from the 1975 album The Brecker Bros.
 * Sponge (TV program), a South Korean TV show
 * "The Sponge", a 1995 episode of sitcom Seinfeld
 * Private Sponge, a minor character in British TV series Dad's Army
 * Sponge, a fictional character from the 1961 novel James and the Giant Peach
 * SpongeBob SquarePants (character), sometimes simply referred to as "Sponge"

Other uses

 * Sponge (tool), a porous material used for cleaning impervious surfaces
 * Metal sponges, a similar porous material
 * Sponge and dough, a breadmaking method
 * Sponge cake, a type of cake based on flour, sugar and eggs
 * Contraceptive sponge, a method of contraception
 * Gauze sponge or surgical sponge, used in surgery and medicine
 * SPONGE, a 1960s-era political pressure group
 * Sponge function, a class of cryptographic algorithms
 * Dave Sapunjis (born 1967), nicknamed "The Sponge", a Canadian Football player

title: Sponge (disambiguation)