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Cullingworth

Cullingworth is a village and civil parish in the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. Within the boundaries of the historic West Riding of Yorkshire, it is 7 mi west of Bradford and 3 mi south of Keighley. The surrounding countryside is mainly used for sheep and cattle farming, with areas of moorland lying to the north and west.

The village has undergone expansion in recent years, including a new primary school and housing estates. Cullingworth is now a popular commuter settlement serving the nearby towns of Keighley, Bradford and Halifax. The village had a population of 2,932 at the 2011 Census.

Geography
Cullingworth is in the eastern foothills of the South Pennines. Manywells Beck flows through the village, leading into Harden Beck, a small tributary of the River Aire. Cullingworth has a maritime climate, similar to the rest of Britain.

Governance
Cullingworth is a civil parish with a parish council. It is in the Bingley Rural ward of the metropolitan borough of City of Bradford and the Shipley constituency of the British Parliament.

Education
Parkside School educates approximately 1,200 local pupils from Cullingworth and the surrounding villages of Wilsden, Denholme, Thornton and Harden. Cullingworth Village Primary School, which gained a new school building in 2004, educates local primary school children. Cullingworth Preschool cares for and educates young children operating from Cullingworth Village Hall. The Preschool is rated Outstanding by Ofsted.

Transport
Cullingworth is situated at the crossroads of the B6144 and B6429. The village was formerly served by a railway station on the Queensbury Lines of the Great Northern Railway. A stone built viaduct crosses the western end of the village and Hewenden Viaduct lies outside the village to the east. The former railway line route is now part of the National Cycle Network, regional route 69, known as The Great Northern Railway Trail. The nearest railway stations are now Keighley and Bingley. Cullingworth is served by regular bus services to Keighley and Bradford, and less frequent services to Bingley and Wilsden, operated by Keighley Bus Company. An infrequent Sunday service provided a link to Halifax, operated by First West Yorkshire until being withdrawn in 2015. This was reinstated as a regular hourly service in September 2020.

Sport
Cullingworth has a local cricket club that currently plays in the Halifax Cricket League. Prior to 2014 the club was a member of the Craven & District league, Cullingworth Cricket Club has 2 Senior Teams, Junior Teams and a ladies Team. The Cricket Club also has a Bar and outdoor seating area which is busy most weekends.

Village Hall
Cullingworth has a New village hall on Mill Street which contains a nursery most mornings during the term time. The village hall can be rented out by visiting their website. The village has seen a large building programme of private homes. A condition imposed upon some of the house-building companies, is that they must contribute to the upkeep, repair or pay towards the new village hall.

title: Cullingworth


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Kenora Thistles

The Kenora Thistles, officially the Thistles Hockey Club, were a Canadian ice hockey team based in Kenora, Ontario. Founded in 1894, they were originally known as the Rat Portage Thistles. The team competed for the Stanley Cup, the ice hockey championship of Canada, five times between 1903 and 1907. The Thistles won the Cup in January 1907 and defended it once before losing it that March in a challenge series. Composed almost entirely of local players, the team comes from the least populated city to have won the Stanley Cup. Nine players—four of them homegrown—have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, and the Stanley Cup champion team was inducted into the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame.

Though Kenora is in Ontario, the Thistles competed in Manitoba-based leagues throughout their existence, owing to the city's proximity to that province. The team joined the Manitoba Hockey Association (MHA) in 1902, winning the league championship in three of their six seasons. They were idealized "as a team of hometown boys who used to play shinny together on the streets of Rat Portage". The Thistles were unable to cope with the advent of professionalism in ice hockey during the early 1900s. This combined with an economic downturn in 1907, and being unable to sustain their success, the team disbanded in 1908. The name "Thistles" has been used since for several senior, minor, and junior Kenora teams.

Town development
In 1836 the Hudson's Bay Company established a factory (trading post) north of the current city of Kenora. They named it Rat Portage, a translation of the Ojibwe-language name for the region: Waszush Onigum, which literally means "the road to the country of the muskrat". Around 1850 gold was discovered in the region, and the Canadian Pacific Railway reached it in 1877. A sawmill was established in 1880. The town was incorporated in 1882, originally within the province of Manitoba. Located near the Manitoba–Ontario provincial border, the region was contested by both provinces until the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ruled in favour of Ontario in 1884. Its closer proximity to Winnipeg, 210 km away, and the rest of Manitoba, meant Rat Portage had closer ties with the west than with the rest of Ontario, where the closest city was Port Arthur (now Thunder Bay), 500 km away.

With the railroad connecting Rat Portage to Central and Eastern Canada, the town grew quickly, going from only a few people before the railway link, to 5,202 in 1901 and 6,257 by 1908. The town grew to support several industries, mainly lumber, mining, and fishing but also milling, power development and tourism. An ice rink called the Princess Rink was built in 1886. It was replaced in 1897 by the Victoria Rink which had more seats (1,000) and a larger ice surface. The town's name was changed on May 11, 1905, to Kenora, which was derived from the first letters of the three neighbouring municipalities: Keewatin, Norman, and Rat Portage. The change occurred due to the establishment of a new flour mill in town; sports historian John Wong has suggested that local businessmen felt the name Rat Portage would not encourage sales of flour.

Formation of the Thistles
The first recorded ice hockey game played in Rat Portage was on February 17, 1893, organized by the Hardisty brothers, who had recently moved from Winnipeg to take part in a minor gold rush in the region. A club was formed in 1894, with a contest held to name it; the winning entry, "Thistles", was chosen by Bill Dunsmore, a carpenter with Scottish heritage. George Dewey, one of the wealthiest people in the town, donated the initial funds for the team. In recognition he was named the club's honorary president. Most of the players were from wealthy families or independently wealthy. They had the means both to take time off work and to cover the considerable expenses associated with ice hockey.

The club had no owner or financial backer and, apart from Dewey's initial donation, local businesses never supported it financially. It was a community effort, with officers elected to make decisions for the club. As a result, the club was strained financially and would be throughout their existence. In March 1894 they successfully hosted a benefit concert to raise funds. Though a similar attempt the following year did not bring in as much money, concerts were held yearly until 1903.

Initially, the games were played within the club, but the players quickly grew tired of this. In 1894 the team was admitted to the Manitoba and Northwest Hockey Association, and entered the second-tier intermediate level. Though based in Ontario, the Thistles joined the Manitoba league because they were geographically closer to its teams. In their first season they won twelve games, showing they could easily compete at that level.

In January 1896 a game was held in Kenora between the senior team and a junior-aged team, with players aged 12–16. The junior players, many of whom were related to players on the senior team, felt they could compete with the older team, and subsequently won, easily defeating their opponents. In a 1953 newspaper article on the match Lowry Johnston, who was on the senior team, explained, "They were just too fast for us." A legend developed that the senior team quit hockey after that match, letting the junior players take their place in the Manitoba league. While this may not have happened as quickly as suggested, many of the players from the junior team soon joined the senior team and would hold major roles on the Thistles.

Bolstered by the younger players, the Thistles finished second in the Manitoba intermediate league in 1899–1900 with a record of four wins and four losses. They finished tied for first in the league in 1900–01; after winning a one-game tiebreaker they were declared champions, finishing with a record of nine wins and two losses. During the season they outscored their opponents 67 to 32, and their two losses had been by one goal each. When the team started the 1901–02 season with a lopsided 12–0 victory, the club's executives became concerned. They felt if the games were not competitive people would not come to watch them, resulting in less revenue. Believing the team was strong enough to move up, they applied to join the senior Manitoba Hockey Association, which had two teams that season, both in Winnipeg: the Victorias and the Winnipeg Rowing Club. To prove they could compete, the Thistles played an exhibition match against the Victorias, one of the best teams in Canada, and a previous winner of the Stanley Cup, the championship trophy of ice hockey in Canada. The Thistles fared well in the match, but the two Winnipeg teams decided against allowing them to join the league, arguing the Thistles applied too late in the season. Returning to the intermediate league, the Thistles, weakened by injuries to several players, finished in a tie for second overall. After the season ended Tommy Phillips, one of the best players on the Thistles, moved to Montreal to attend McGill University.

League play, 1902–1905
Before the 1902–03 season the Thistles were admitted to the senior league, along with Brandon Wheat City and the Portage la Prairie Plains. The two Winnipeg teams, still concerned about the distance to Rat Portage, opposed their inclusion (and that of Portage la Prairie), stating they would play only against Brandon, the winner of the intermediate championship in 1902. Thus, the two Winnipeg clubs left the league before the start of the season and formed their own two-team league, the Western Canada Hockey League. Playing in the new three-team senior league, the Thistles won the championship and were allowed to issue a challenge for the Stanley Cup, held at the time by the Ottawa Hockey Club (also known as the Senators).

For the 1903–04 season the Thistles competed again in the three-team Manitoba league. Prior to the season, the team was invited to join the Western Canada Hockey League, which still had only the two Winnipeg clubs. While they had downplayed the Thistles' importance before, the Winnipeg clubs were impressed by their play during the Stanley Cup challenge and considered it financially viable to add the team. The Thistles declined the offer and remained in the Manitoba league. Kenora finished second in the league with eight wins and four losses. Brandon won the league championship, and earned the chance to compete for the Cup against Ottawa, who won the series and retained it.

Before the 1904–05 season the two Manitoba leagues merged to become the Manitoba Hockey Association. The Thistles were bolstered by the presence of Tommy Phillips (who had returned to visit his dying father) and goaltender Eddie Giroux, the only player not from Rat Portage. Giroux moved from Toronto with the promise of a job in the lumber industry and for a chance to play ice hockey. The Thistles easily won the league championship, finishing with a record of seven wins and one loss, and again challenged Ottawa for the Stanley Cup.

1903 Stanley Cup challenge
Donated in 1892 by Lord Stanley of Preston, the Governor General of Canada, the Stanley Cup was originally awarded to the top amateur team in Canada, who would then accept challenges from the winners of other leagues. From its inception until 1912, the Cup was nearly always won by teams from Montreal, Winnipeg, and Ottawa. In 1903 Ottawa won the Cup, after finishing the season tied for first in the Canadian Amateur Hockey League with the Montreal Victorias. They played a two-game, total-goal series for the league championship. The Montreal Hockey Club, who had held the Cup, finished third in the league and therefore lost the right to keep it.

The Thistles travelled to Ottawa for a two-game series to be decided on total goals scored. Relatively unknown outside Manitoba and Western Ontario, there was little press coverage of the team before the start of the series. Attendance at the games was rather low as the series coincided with an opening session of the Canadian Parliament, which was a social affair at the time. While the matches between Ottawa and Montreal, held just days earlier, attracted around 3,000 spectators, the Thistles' games saw 1,500 and then 1,000 viewers. Ottawa won the first game 6–2, media summaries suggesting the Thistles were nervous and unprepared for Ottawa's skilled play. Ottawa won the second match 4–2 and retained the Cup. Though the press credited the Thistles for being vastly improved, they felt that overall the team lacked "the finer points of the game".

The Thistles had a mixed reaction to their first Stanley Cup challenge. Small crowds made it a financial failure; the team lost about C$800, a considerable sum at the time. It was still seen as an important step for the team, as it showed they could compete with the best teams in Canada. Team captain Tom Hooper said that while they "were comparatively inexperienced, and... consequently a little nervous", they were "not in the least discouraged" and planned to "be better qualified to play them when [they] come after the puck next year".

1905 Stanley Cup challenge

The Cup challenge was again played in Ottawa, this time in a best-of-three series. Media reports about the Thistles were more positive than those of 1903, the team being regarded as a strong chance for the Cup. Attendance for the series was considerable; the games attracted between 3,500 and 4,000 spectators, and hundreds more waiting outside for entry. There were also thousands across Canada who eagerly waited in newspaper offices and other venues for live telegraph reports on the games. Newspaper reports made a point of mentioning the home-grown nature of the team as some of them had begun to use professionals.

The Thistles won the first match 9–3, using a new style of play. With forward passing forbidden in ice hockey, conventional strategy was for teams to shoot the puck into the opposing end and skate after it (thereby losing possession of the puck). Instead, as they moved forward, the Thistles emphasised skating and passing the puck back and forth keeping control of it. This strategy was aided by their point and cover-point men (early names for defencemen) who lined up on the ice side-by-side rather than one in front of the other as was common. Ottawa's star Frank McGee had missed the first game. He returned for the succeeding games, helping Ottawa to win the remaining games, 4–2 and 5–4, and retain the Cup. Though the Thistles lost the challenge, they were praised, newspapers noting the players' speed in particular. The Montreal Star claimed the Thistles were not only the fastest team from the west to challenge for the Cup, but the fastest "ever... seen anywhere on ice". Before heading home after the series, the team played exhibition matches in Montreal and Toronto attracting thousands of spectators.

League play, 1905–1907
The 1905–06 season saw Kenora (as the town had been renamed) finished tied for first the Winnipeg Hockey Club with a record of seven wins and one loss, and winning the league championship after a one-game tie-breaker. This allowed Kenora to issue another challenge for the Cup, scheduled for January 1907. Due to fears that teams were covertly paying their players, the Winnipeg Rowing Club, which had been expected to play in the MHA, withdrew. As ardent followers of amateurism (Canadian sporting rules made anyone who played against a professional a professional as well) the club could not take part and had been replaced by the Winnipeg Hockey Club. The other league teams denied paying players, the Thistles calling the accusations "ridiculous". Despite these denials, it is quite likely there were paid players in the league. Sports historian R.S. Lappage has noted that by this point "it was generally recognized that most eastern teams were paying their players, and it would be reasonable to expect that teams of the M.H.L.... had to pay their star players to retain their services". As early as 1903 financial offers had been made to players from the International Hockey League based in Michigan—the first openly professional ice hockey league in the world.

Before the start of the 1906–07 season the issue of professionalism came up again for the Manitoba league. While most of the league's teams felt it should turn professional, the two Winnipeg teams (the Victorias and Winnipeg Hockey Club) were against this move and left the league. Though the league was now openly professional, the Thistles continued to remain a homegrown team, despite rumours before the season there would be a major overhaul of the roster.

To accommodate the Thistles' challenge against the Wanderers in January, which saw the team gone for nearly a month, modifications to the regular season schedule had to be made. As the Thistles were a popular team and likely to draw large crowds, the other teams wanted a double round-robin format—two home games, two away games against each team. The Thistles were against this, and wanted to play only one home and one away game against the others, as they would be gone for nearly a month for their Cup challenge. Ultimately a compromise was reached. The Thistles would play one home and away game, while the other three teams would play two home and two away. Since this would lead to an unbalanced schedule (the Thistles would have played six games while the other teams had played ten), scores in the games not including the Thistles would be combined for the purposes of the league standings, so all teams would be credited with six games played.

January 1907 Stanley Cup challenge

As the 1906 champions of the Manitoba league, Kenora earned the right to challenge for the Stanley Cup, which was held by the Montreal Wanderers, but the season ended too late for the series to be held that year. It was postponed until January 1907, during the league's regular season play.

The Thistles left for Montreal and the Cup challenge on January 12, 1907. Taking advantage of the new professionalism of their league, the club hired Art Ross, and Joe Hall from Brandon, considered two of the best players in the Manitoba league. It is unclear how much they were paid for the series, but ice hockey historian Eric Zweig has speculated the amount was substantial (though Hall did not play any games for the Thistles). This marked the first time the Thistles had paid players on the team and confirmed their status as a professional club. The Wanderers, by contrast, had five professional players and four amateurs on their roster. The Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA), the Wanderers' league, allowed professionals beginning in the 1906–07 season as long as each players' status was defined by the team.

Though the Thistles hired two professional players, the media again emphasized the team consisted mainly of local amateurs, and noted the Wanderers had hired multiple professional players, most notably Hod Stuart, who had played previously for the Pittsburgh Professionals. Even so, the consensus was that the Thistles were the favourites to win the Cup. The first game of the two-game, total-goal series was held on January 17 in Montreal. Tommy Phillips scored all four Kenora goals in a 4–2 victory. The second game, on January 21, saw him record a further three goals, as Kenora won 8–6, giving them a 12–8 series win and the Stanley Cup. Following tradition, the Thistles had their name engraved on the Cup. Unlike previous winners who wrote on the side of the bowl, the Thistles had "Thistles of Kenora 12 Wanderers8 / Montreal Jan 17th & 21st 1907" engraved inside it.

On their return to Kenora later in January, the Thistles were warmly received; a reception at the Opera House saw each player given a commemorative cup by the city, among other gifts. The team's dire financial situation meant that an admission was charged for the celebratory banquet, unusual for similar events at the time. There were signs of improved finances, though. The owners of the Victoria Rink where the team played, stated their intention to build a 4,000 to 5,000-seat replacement rink. This would have made it the largest rink west of Ontario and dwarf the 1,000-seat Victoria Rink. This was suggested as a solution to the team's financial issues since they would earn a portion of each ticket sold.

March 1907 Stanley Cup challenge
Almost immediately after the Thistles won the Stanley Cup the Wanderers, who had won the ECAHA championship, issued a challenge for a re-match; William Foran, one of the Cup's trustees, told the Thistles they first had to win the Manitoba league title. Brandon and the Thistles finished in a tie for first, so a two-game total-goal series was played to decide the league championship; Kenora won both games, 8–6 and 4–1. Though this series determined who would play the Wanderers for the Cup, it was not initially regarded as a challenge series and only later confirmed as such by Cup trustees.

The Thistles signed three new players, as the league season and Cup challenge had seen regular players—Hooper, Billy McGimsie, and Phillips—sidelined by injuries. Fred Whitcroft, who had played in Peterborough, Ontario, was signed for the rest of the season for a reported $700. To further bolster the team for the Cup challenge, the Thistles signed Alf Smith and Harry "Rat" Westwick, both from the Ottawa Hockey Club; each player made their debut in the league's final season game and played in the series against Brandon. Smith and Westwick's signings drew protests from the Wanderers. They argued that since they spent the entire season with Ottawa in the ECAHA they should not be eligible to play for Kenora, as players had to play the full season with their team. The Thistles countered by arguing that the Wanderers brought in Hod Stuart and Riley Hern back in January. Foran defended the choice to allow Stuart, noting there had been no protest in January, and said that since Stuart and Hern spent the season with the Wanderers they were eligible.

A further issue arose when Foran told the Thistles that owing to the larger arena in Winnipeg, providing greater revenue from ticket sales, the series would be played in Winnipeg, not Kenora. It would begin the day after the Thistles finished their series with Brandon and would be a best-of three-game series. The Thistles were irate. They wanted to host the series, have a three-day break before it, and play a two-game, total-goal series. They discussed the matter with the Wanderers, and both agreed instead to a two-game series in Winnipeg, and that Kenora could use both Smith and Westwick. Foran consented to this arrangement.

With the details of the series settled, the first game was held on March 23, which the Wanderers won 7–2. The Thistles won the second match, on March 25, 6–5, but lost the series 12–8. Reports on the Thistles in the media noted how reliant the team was on their three imported players and that they could no longer be portrayed as a homegrown team. The Thistles' time as Stanley Cup champions ended after two months.

Demise of the Thistles
After losing the Stanley Cup, there were major changes to the Thistles' composition. Roxy Beaudro, Eddie Geroux, and Billy McGimsie retired before the 1907–08 season, while Tommy Phillips joined the Ottawa Hockey Club after being offered $1,500 for the season. The team brought up four junior players, all under twenty years old, and were not expected to be as competitive as earlier versions of the team. This was apparent after the first game of the season, which the Thistles lost 16–1. The club forfeited the next two games before withdrawing from the league completely, arguing they could no longer compete at that level. They attempted to join the New Ontario Hockey League, which had teams in Port Arthur and Fort William, but were refused. Instead, the Thistles played exhibition games for the rest of the season before folding.

The Thistles were unable to compete with the rising professionalism that was developing in ice hockey. Located in a small town, they were unable to build a large enough rink, let alone attract the crowds to fill it and raise revenue. The promise of a larger arena, suggested in the wake of the club's Stanley Cup championship, would have been impossible to realize since it would have required the entire town to attend games to sell it out. Compounding the issue was a major economic downturn in the region starting as early as 1905, mining in particular seeing a major collapse. This coincided with the establishment of professional ice hockey leagues across Canada. Along with the Manitoba league, the ECAHA turned fully professional in 1907. The Ontario Professional Hockey League was established the same year and, in 1911, the Pacific Coast Hockey League began in British Columbia. These developments meant the Thistles had to compete with a multitude of teams for players who were being offered higher salaries. As a result, sports historian John Wong has suggested it was unlikely that the Thistles could compete for top-rated players with clubs in larger cities and remain secure financially.

Legacy
Kenora remains the smallest town to win the Stanley Cup, and a major North American professional championship. The Thistles' 65 days as Stanley Cup champions is also the shortest length of time a team has possessed the Cup. Four homegrown Thistles—Si Griffis, Tom Hooper, Billy McGimsie, and Tommy Phillips—were later inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. The five players signed for their 1907 Cup challenges—Art Ross and Joe Hall from January; Alf Smith, Harry Westwick, and Fred Whitcroft—would also be inducted. The January 1907 Stanley Cup champion team were themselves elected to the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1982.

Lappage has noted that during their existence, the Thistles were romanticized in the press "as a team of hometown boys who used to play shinny together on the streets of Rat Portage". That players from the town were responsible for most of the team's success was respected. Further, the players remained active in the community outside hockey. Most took up local jobs, while in the summer several played other sports, particularly rowing—Griffis competed at the 1905 Royal Canadian Henley Regatta—and baseball. The team also helped promote Kenora to a wider audience: as a booming town at the turn of the century, town officials were excited by the publicity the Thistles' success brought. Sports historian Stacey L. Lorenz has noted that "Although Kenora's experience of professional hockey was brief, the Thistles' early twentieth-century Stanley Cup challenges [illustrated] some of the key issues surrounding community identity, town promotion, and the amateur-professional controversy in [that] period."

Since the original team's demise in late 1907, the nickname "Thistles" has been used for many ice hockey clubs in Kenora, including the town's amateur, junior, and senior-level men's teams. A plaque was unveiled by the city on August 24, 1960 commemorating the Cup win; two of the three living people from that team (McGimsie and trainer James Link) were in attendance, while Ross was unable to join.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kenora Thistles


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HMS Ajax (1798)

HMS Ajax was an Ajax-class ship of the line 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the British Royal Navy. She was built by John Randall & Co of Rotherhithe and launched on the Thames on 3 March 1798. Ajax participated in the Egyptian operation of 1801, the Battle of Cape Finisterre in 1805 and the Battle of Trafalgar, before she was lost to a disastrous fire in 1807 during the Dardanelles Operation.

Egypt
Captain James Whitshed had been in charge of the vessel during her later construction stages from January 1798, but she was eventually commissioned in June 1798 under Captain John Holloway. A month later command passed to Captain John Pakenham, for Channel service. After a brief spell under Captain John Osborn in April 1799, Ajax was placed in May 1799 under the command of Captain Alexander Cochrane, who was to command her for two years.

On 9 January 1800 she captured the French privateer Avantageux in the Channel.

In 1801, Cochrane and Ajax participated in the Egyptian operations. On 31 January Ajax anchored at Marmorice on the coast of Karamania.

On 1 March, some 70 warships, together with transports carrying 16,000 troops, anchored in Aboukir Bay near Alexandria. Bad weather delayed disembarkation by a week, but on the 8th, Cochrane directed a landing by 320 boats, in double line abreast, which brought the troops ashore. French shore batteries opposed the landing, but the British were able to drive them back and by the next day Sir Ralph Abercromby's whole force was ashore. Ajax had two of her seamen killed in the landings.

The naval vessels provided a force of 1,000 seamen to fight alongside the army, with Sir Sidney Smith of the 74-gun HMS Tigre (1795) in command. On 13 March, Ajax lost one man killed and two wounded in an action on shore; on 21 March she lost two killed and two wounded.

After the Battle of Alexandria and the subsequent siege, Cochrane in Ajax, with the sixth rate HMS Bonne Citoyenne (1796), sloop HMS Cynthia (1796), the brig-sloops HMS Port Mahon (1798) and HMS Victorieuse, and three Turkish corvettes, were the first vessels to enter the harbour.

Because Ajax had served in the Egyptian campaign between 8 March 1801 and 2 September, her officers and crew qualified for the clasp "Egypt" to the Naval General Service Medal that the Admiralty authorised in 1850 to all surviving claimants.

Ajax returned to Plymouth from Egypt on 8 June 1802 after the signing of the Treaty of Amiens.

1805
In April, Admiral Lord Gardner sent Ajax, together with HMS Malta (1800) and HMS Terrible (1785) to reinforce Vice-Admiral Sir Robert Calder's squadron off Ferrol after a storm had reduced the squadron to only five ships of the line.

On 31 May 1805 Captain William Brown took command of Ajax. On 22 July, Calder's fleet of 15 sail of the line, two frigates, a cutter and a lugger was off Cape Finisterre when it encountered Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve's combined Spanish-French fleet of 20 ships of the line, three large ships armed en flute, five frigates and two brigs. Calder sailed towards the French with his force. The battle lasted for more than four hours as the fleets became confused in the failing light and thick patchy fog, which prevented either side from gaining a decisive victory. Still, the British were able to capture two Spanish ships, the 80-gun San Rafael and the 74-gun Firme. The action cost Ajax two men killed and 16 wounded.

After undergoing repairs in Plymouth, on 18 September, Ajax and Thunderer, the latter under Captain William Lechmere, joined with Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson in HMS Victory and sailed from Plymouth for Cadiz on 18 September. Captains Brown and Lechmere were later called as witnesses at the court martial of Sir Robert Calder for his failure to resume the battle the next day in the action in July. As a result, First Lieutenant John Pilfold commanded Ajax at the Battle of Trafalgar. Ajax was seventh in line in Nelson's column and she fired on both the French 74-gun FRENCH SHIP Bucentaure and the Spanish 136-gun Santissima Trinidad. During the battle Ajax assisted HMS Orion (1787) in forcing the surrender of the French 74-gun FRENCH SHIP Intrépide. Ajax lost two men killed and nine wounded during the battle.

A storm followed the battle and Ajax rescued seamen from ships in danger of sinking. Lieutenant Pilfold received the Trafalgar medal and a direct promotion to Post-captain in December. Although he missed the battle, Brown was still the official captain and so too received the Trafalgar medal. In 1847, the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Trafalgar" to all surviving claimants from the battle.

After Trafalgar, Ajax was at the blockade of Cadiz. On 25 November, HMS Thunderer (1783) detained the Ragusan ship Nemesis, which was sailing from Isle de France to Leghorn, Italy, with a cargo of spice, indigo dye, and other goods. Ajax shared the prize money with ten other British warships.

Loss of Ajax
From January 1806 Ajax was under the command of Captain Henry Blackwood. On 1 February 1807 Ajax joined Admiral Sir John Duckworth's squadron at Malta to participate in the Dardanelles Operation.

During the operation an accidental fire destroyed Ajax. The fire began on the evening of 14 February 1807 while Ajax was anchored off Tenedos. The fire began in the bread-room where the purser and his assistant had negligently left a light burning. As the fire burned out of control, the officers and crew were forced to take to the water. Although 380 people were rescued, 250 lost their lives that night, including many of the crewmen who had been at Trafalgar. Ajax burned through the night and then drifted on to the island of Tenedos where she blew up the following morning. Several theories for the cause of the fire were advanced including spontaneous combustion of the ship's coal and a spark falling into hay stored in the cockpit. A court martial cleared Captain Blackwood.

Horsham Museum
The Shelley Gallery at Horsham Museum, Horsham, United Kingdom, displays a model of Ajax.

title: HMS Ajax (1798)


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Physics World

Physics World is the membership magazine of the Institute of Physics, one of the largest physical societies in the world. It is an international monthly magazine covering all areas of physics, pure and applied, and is aimed at physicists in research, industry, physics outreach, and education worldwide.

Overview
The magazine was launched in 1988 by IOP Publishing Ltd, under the founding editorship of Philip Campbell. The magazine is sent free to members of the Institute of Physics, who can access a digital edition of the magazine; selected articles can be read by anyone for free online. It was redesigned in September 2005 and has an audited circulation of just under 35000.

The current editor is Matin Durrani. Others on the team are Michael Banks (news editor) and Tushna Commissariat and Sarah Teah (features editors). Hamish Johnston, Margaret Harris and Tami Freeman are online editors.

Alongside the print and online magazine, Physics World produces films and two podcasts. The Physics World Stories podcast is hosted by Andrew Glester and is produced monthly. The Physics World Weekly podcast is hosted by James Dacey.

Breakthrough of the Year
The magazine makes two awards each year. These are the Physics World Breakthrough of the Year and the Physics World Book of the Year, which have both been awarded annually since 2009.

 * Top 10 works and winners of the Breakthrough of the Year

2009: "to August Jonathan Home and colleagues at NIST for unveiled the first small-scale device that could be described as a complete "quantum computer"
 * Top results from Tevatron
 * Spins spotted in room-temperature silicon
 * Graphane makes its debut
 * Magnetic monopoles spotted in spin ices
 * Water on the Moon
 * Atoms teleport information over long distance
 * Black-hole analogue traps sound
 * Dark matter spotted in Minnesota
 * A 2.36 TeV big bang at the LHC

2010: "to ALPHA and the ASACUSA group at CERN for have created new ways of controlling antihydrogen"
 * Exoplanet atmosphere laid bare
 * Quantum effects seen in a visible object
 * Visible-light cloaking of large objects
 * Hail the first sound lasers
 * A Bose–Einstein condensate from light
 * Relativity with a human touch
 * Towards a Star Wars telepresence
 * Proton is smaller than we thought
 * CERN achieves landmark collisions

2011: Aephraim M. Steinberg and colleagues from the University of Toronto in Canada for using the technique of "weak measurement" to track the average paths of single photons passing through a Young's interference experiment.
 * Measuring the wavefunction
 * Cloaking in space and time
 * Measuring the universe using black holes
 * Turning darkness into light
 * Taking the temperature of the early universe
 * Catching the flavour of a neutrino oscillation
 * Living laser brought to life
 * Complete quantum computer made on a single chip
 * Seeing pure relics from the Big Bang

2012: "to the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at CERN for their joint discovery of a Higgs-like particle at the Large Hadron Collider".
 * Majorana fermions
 * Time-reversal violation
 * Galaxy-cluster motion
 * Peering through opaque materials
 * Room-temperature maser
 * Wiping data will cost you energy
 * Entangling twisted beams
 * Neutrino-based communication
 * Generating and storing energy in one step

2013: "the IceCube Neutrino Observatory for making the first observations of high-energy cosmic neutrinos".
 * Nuclear physics goes pear-shaped
 * Creating 'molecules' of light
 * Planck reveals 'almost perfect' universe
 * Quantum microscope' peers into the hydrogen atom
 * Quantum state endures for 39 minutes at room temperature
 * The first carbon-nanotube computer
 * B-mode polarization spotted in cosmic microwave background
 * The first laser-cooled Bose–Einstein condensate
 * Hofstadter's butterfly spotted in graphene

2014: "to the landing by the European Space Agency of the Philae (spacecraft) on 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko", which was the first time a probe had been landed on a comet
 * Quasar shines a bright light on cosmic web
 * Neutrinos spotted from Sun's main nuclear reaction
 * Laser fusion passes milestone
 * Electrons' magnetic interactions isolated at long last
 * Disorder sharpens optical-fibre images
 * Data stored in magnetic holograms
 * Lasers ignite 'supernovae' in the lab
 * Quantum data are compressed for the first time
 * Physicists sound-out acoustic tractor beam

2015: "for being the first to achieve the simultaneous quantum teleportation of two inherent properties of a fundamental particle – the photon".
 * Cyclotron radiation from a single electron is measured for the first time
 * Weyl fermions are spotted at long last
 * Physicists claim 'loophole-free' Bell-violation experiment
 * First visible light detected directly from an exoplanet
 * LHCb claims discovery of two pentaquarks
 * Hydrogen sulphide is warmest ever superconductor at 203 K
 * Portable 'battlefield MRI' comes out of the lab
 * Fermionic microscope sees first light
 * Silicon quantum logic gate is a first

2016: "to LIGO's gravitational wave discovery".
 * Schrödinger's cat lives and dies in two boxes at once
 * Elusive nuclear-clock transition spotted in thorium-229
 * New gravimeter-on-a-chip is tiny yet extremely sensitive
 * Negative refraction of electrons spotted in graphene
 * Rocky planet found in habitable zone around Sun's nearest neighbour
 * Physicists take entanglement beyond identical ions
 * 'Radical' new microscope lens combines high resolution with large field of view
 * Quantum computer simulates fundamental particle interactions for the first time
 * The single-atom engine that could

2017: "to First multimessenger observation of a neutron star merger".

 * Physicists create first ‘topological’ laser
 * Lightning makes radioactive isotopes
 * Super-resolution microscope combines Nobel-winning technologies
 * Particle-free quantum communication is achieved in the lab
 * Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays have extra-galactic origins
 * ‘Time crystals’ built in the lab
 * Metamaterial enhances natural cooling without power input
 * Three-photon interference measured at long last
 * Muons reveal hidden void in Egyptian pyramid

2018: "Discovery that led to the development of “twistronics”, which is a new and very promising technique for adjusting the electronic properties of graphene by rotating adjacent layers of the material."

 * Multifunctional carbon fibres enable “massless” energy storage
 * Compensator expands global access to advanced radiotherapy
 * IPCC Special Report on 1.5 °C climate change
 * EXPLORER PET/CT produces first total-body scans
 * Combustion-free, propeller-free plane takes flight
 * Quantum mechanics defies causal order, experiment confirms
 * Activating retinal stem cells restores vision in mice
 * Ancient hydrogen reveals clues to dark matter’s identity
 * Superconductivity spotted in a quasicrystal

2019: "First direct observation of a black hole and its ‘shadow’ by the Event Horizon Telescope"

 * Neuroprosthetic devices translate brain activity into speech
 * First detection of a “Marsquake”
 * CERN physicists spot symmetry violation in charm mesons
 * “Little Big Coil” creates record-breaking continuous magnetic field
 * Casimir effect creates “quantum trap” for tiny objects
 * Antimatter quantum interferometry makes its debut
 * Quantum computer outperforms conventional supercomputer
 * Trapped interferometer makes a compact gravity probe
 * Wearable MEG scanner used with children for the first time

2020: "Silicon-based light with a direct band gap in microelectronics"

 * Taking snapshots of a quantum measurement
 * Quantum correlations discovered in massive mirrors
 * Borexino spots solar neutrinos from elusive fusion cycle
 * First observation of a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal
 * Thin-film perovskite detectors slash imaging dose
 * Fundamental constants set limit on speed of sound
 * Expanding twistronics to photons
 * Mixed beams enhance particle therapy accuracy
 * The first room-temperature superconductor

2021: "Quantum entanglement of two macroscopic objects"

 * Restoring speech in a paralysed man
 * Making 30 lasers emit as one
 * Quantifying wave–particle duality
 * Milestone for laser fusion
 * Innovative particle cooling techniques
 * Observing a black hole’s magnetic field
 * Achieving coherent quantum control of nuclei
 * Observing Pauli blocking in ultracold fermionic gases
 * Confirming the muon’s theory-defying magnetism

2022: "Deflection of a near-Earth asteroid by DART satellite"

 * Ushering in a new era for ultracold chemistry
 * Observing the tetraneutron
 * Super-efficient electricity generation
 * The fastest possible optoelectronic switch
 * Opening a new window on the universe by JWST
 * First-in-human FLASH proton therapy
 * Perfecting light transmission and absorption
 * Cubic boron arsenide is a champion semiconductor
 * Detecting an Aharonov–Bohm effect for gravity

2023: "Brain–computer interface that allowed a paralysed man to walk"

 * Growing electrodes inside living tissue
 * Neutrinos probe the proton’s structure
 * Simulating an expanding universe in a BEC
 * A double slit in time
 * Building blocks for a large-scale quantum network
 * First X-ray image of a single atom
 * “Smoking gun” evidence of early galaxies transforming the universe
 * Supersonic cracks in materials
 * Antimatter does not fall up
 * Fusion energy breakthrough

Book of the Year

 * Top 10 books and the Book of the Year winner

A blue ribbon appears against the winner.

2009: The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Quantum Genius by Graham Farmelo
 * The Physics of Rugby – Trevor Davis (Nottingham University Press)
 * First Principles: The Crazy Business of Doing Serious Science – Howard Burton (Key Porter Books)
 * Oliver Heaviside: Maverick Mastermind of Electricity – Basil Mahon (Institute of Engineering and Technology)
 * Atomic: The First War of Physics and the Secret History of the Atom Bomb – Jim Baggott (Icon Books)
 * Lives in Science – Joseph C Hermanowicz (University of Chicago Press)
 * 13 Things That Don't Make Sense – Michael Brooks (Profile Books)
 * Deciphering the Cosmic Number: The Strange Friendship of Wolfgang Pauli and Carl Jung – Arthur I Miller (W W Norton)
 * Perfect Rigor – Masha Gessen (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt)
 * Plastic Fantastic: How the Biggest Fraud in Physics Shook the Scientific World – Eugenie Samuel Reich (Palgrave Macmillan)

2010: The Edge of Physics: Dispatches from the Frontiers of Cosmology by Anil Ananthaswamy
 * The Tunguska Mystery – Vladimir Rubtsov (Springer)
 * Coming Climate Crisis? Consider the Past, Beware the Big Fix – Claire L Parkinson (Rowman & Littlefield)
 * How It Ends – Chris Impey (W W Norton)
 * Lake Views: This World and the Universe – Steven Weinberg (Harvard University Press)
 * The Quants: How a New Breed of Math Whizzes Conquered Wall Street and Nearly Destroyed It – Scott Patterson (Crown Business)
 * Newton and the Counterfeiter – Thomas Levenson (Faber and Faber)
 * Packing for Mars – Mary Roach (One World Publications/ W W Norton)
 * Massive: The Hunt for the God Particle – Ian Sample (Virgin Books/Basic Books)
 * How to Teach Quantum Physics to Your Dog – Chad Orzel

2011: Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science by Lawrence Krauss from Case Western Reserve University
 * Engineering Animals – Mark Denny and Alan McFadzean
 * Measure of the Earth: the Enlightenment Expedition that Reshaped the World – Larrie Ferreiro
 * The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos – Brian Greene
 * Lab Coats in Hollywood: Science, Scientists and Cinema – David Kirby
 * Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science – Lawrence Krauss
 * Rising Force: the Magic of Magnetic Levitation – James Livingston
 * Modernist Cuisine – Nathan Myhrvold, Chris Young and Maxime Bilet
 * The 4% Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality – Richard Panek
 * Radioactive: Marie and Pierre Curie, A Tale of Love and Fallout – Lauren Redniss
 * Hindsight and Popular Astronomy – Alan Whiting

2012: How the Hippies Saved Physics by David Kaiser from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * A Hole at the Bottom of the Sea: The Race to Kill the BP Oil Gusher – Joel Achenbach
 * The Science Magpie: A Hoard of Fascinating Facts – Simon Flynn
 * The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation – Jon Gertner
 * Erwin Schrödinger and the Quantum Revolution – John Gribbin
 * The Geek Manifesto: Why Science Matters – Mark Henderson
 * Life's Ratchet: How Molecular Machines Extract Order from Chaos – Peter M Hoffmann
 * How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture and the Quantum Revival – David Kaiser
 * How to Teach Relativity to Your Dog – Chad Orzel
 * Pricing the Future: Finance, Physics and the 300-Year Journey to the Black–Scholes Equation – George Szpiro
 * Physics on the Fringe: Smoke Rings, Circlons, and Alternative Theories of Everything – Margaret Wertheim

2013: Physics in Mind: a Quantum View of the Brain by the biophysicist Werner Loewenstein
 * The Spark of Life: Electricity in the Human Body – Frances Ashcroft
 * The Particle at the End of the Universe: How the Hunt for the Higgs Boson Leads Us to the Edge of a New World – Sean M. Carroll
 * Hans Christian Ørsted: Reading Nature's Mind – Dan Charly Christensen
 * Churchill's Bomb: a Hidden History of Science, War and Politics – Graham Farmelo
 * Physics in Mind: a Quantum View of the Brain – Werner Loewenstein
 * J Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center – Ray Monk
 * The Simpsons and their Mathematical Secrets – Simon Singh
 * Time Reborn: From the Crisis in Physics to the Future of the Universe – Lee Smolin
 * The Theoretical Minimum: What You Need to Know to Start Doing Physics – Leonard Susskind and George Hrabovsky
 * Weird Life: the Search for Life That Is Very, Very Different from Our Own – David Toomey

2014: Stuff Matters: The Strange Stories of the Marvellous Materials that Shape our Man-made World - Mark Miodownik
 * Wizards, Aliens & Starships: Physics and Math in Fantasy and Science Fiction - Charles Adler
 * Serving the Reich: the Struggle for the Soul of Physics Under Hitler - Philip Ball
 * Five Billion Years of Solitude: the Search for Life Among the Stars - Lee Billings
 * Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters - Kate Brown
 * Smashing Physics: Inside the World’s Biggest Experiment - Jon Butterworth
 * Sonic Wonderland: a Scientific Odyssey of Sound - Trevor Cox
 * The Perfect Theory: a Century of Geniuses and the Battle Over General Relativity - Pedro G Ferreira
 * Stuff Matters: the Strange Stories of the Marvellous Materials that Shape Our Man-made World - Mark Miodownik
 * Einstein and the Quantum: the Quest of the Valiant Swabian - Douglas Stone
 * Island on Fire: the Extraordinary Story of Laki, the Volcano that Turned Eighteenth-century Europe - Dark Alexandra Witze and Jeff Kanipe

2015: Trespassing on Einstein’s Lawn: a Father, a Daughter, the Meaning of Nothing and the Beginning of Everything - Amanda Gefter
 * Life on the Edge: the Coming of Age of Quantum Biology - Jim Al-Khalili and Johnjoe McFadden
 * Physics on Your Feet: Ninety Minutes of Shame but a PhD for the Rest of Your Life - Dmitry Budker and Alexander Sushkov
 * Half-Life: the Divided Life of Bruno Pontecorvo, Physicist or Spy - Frank Close
 * Beyond: Our Future in Space - Chris Impey
 * The Water Book: the Extraordinary Story of Our Most Ordinary Substance - Alok Jha
 * Monsters: the Hindenburg Disaster and the Birth of Pathological Technology - Ed Regis
 * Tunnel Visions: the Rise and Fall of the Superconducting Super Collider - Michael Riordan, Lillian Hoddeson, Adrienne Kolb
 * The Copernicus Complex: the Quest for our Cosmic (In)Significance - Caleb Scharf
 * Atoms Under the Floorboards: the Surprising Science Hidden in Your Home - Chris Woodford

2016: Why String Theory? - Joseph Conlon
 * The Jazz of Physics: the Secret Link Between Music and the Structure of the Universe - Stephon Alexander
 * Storm in a Teacup: the Physics of Everyday Life - Helen Czerski
 * Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex - Michael Hiltzik
 * Strange Glow: the Story of Radiation - Timothy Jorgensen
 * Cosmos: the Infographic Book of Space - Stuart Lowe and Chris North
 * Spooky Action at a Distance: the Phenomenon that Reimagines Space and Time - George Musser
 * Goldilocks and the Water Bears: the Search for Life in the Universe - Louisa Preston
 * Reality Is Not What It Seems: the Journey to Quantum Gravity - Carlo Rovelli
 * The Pope of Physics: Enrico Fermi and the Birth of the Atomic Age - Gino Segrè and Bettina Hoerlin

2017: Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong and the New Research That’s Rewriting the Story - Angela Saini
 * Marconi: the Man Who Networked the World by Marc Raboy
 * Hidden Figures: the Untold Story of the African American Women Who Helped Win the Space Race by Margot Lee Shetterly
 * The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars by Dava Sobel
 * Scale: the Universal Laws of Life and Death in Organisms, Cities and Companies by Geoffrey West
 * Not A Scientist: How Politicians Mistake, Misrepresent and Utterly Mangle Science by Dave Levitan
 * Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong and the New Research That’s Rewriting the Story by Angela Saini
 * Mapping the Heavens: the Radical Scientific Ideas That Reveal the Cosmos by Priyamvada Natarajan
 * We Have No Idea by Jorge Cham and Daniel Whiteson
 * The Secret Science of Superheroes edited by Ed. Mark Lorch and Andy Miah
 * The Death of Expertise: the Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters by Tom Nichols

2018: Beyond Weird: Why Everything You Thought You Knew About Quantum Physics is Different - Philip Ball
 * Treknology: the Science of Star Trek from Tricorders to Warp Drives by Ethan Siegel
 * Ad Astra: an Illustrated Guide to Leaving the Planet by Dallas Campbell
 * Exact Thinking in Demented Times: the Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science by Karl Sigmund
 * Beyond Weird: Why Everything You Thought You Knew About Quantum Physics is Different by Philip Ball
 * The Order of Time by Carlo Rovelli
 * Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray by Sabine Hossenfelder
 * The Dialogues: Conversations About the Nature of the Universe by Clifford V Johnson
 * When the Uncertainty Principle Goes to 11: Or How to Explain Quantum Physics with Heavy Metal by Philip Moriarty
 * What is Real: the Unfinished Quest for the Meaning of Quantum Physics by Adam Becker
 * Hello World: How to be Human in the Age of the Machine by Hannah Fry

2019: The Demon in the Machine: How Hidden Webs of Information are Solving the Mystery of Life - Paul Davies
 * The Moon: a History for the Future by Oliver Morton
 * The Case Against Reality: How Evolution Hid the Truth from Our Eyes by Donald D Hoffman
 * Fire, Ice and Physics: the Science of Game of Thrones by Rebecca C Thompson
 * Underland: A Deep Time Journey by Robert Macfarlane
 * The Demon in the Machine: How Hidden Webs of Information are Solving the Mystery of Life by Paul Davies
 * The Second Kind of Impossible: the Extraordinary Quest For A New Form of Matter by Paul J Steinhardt
 * Superior: the Return of Race Science by Angela Saini
 * Einstein’s Unfinished Revolution: the Search for What Lies Beyond the Quantum by Lee Smolin
 * The Universe Speaks in Numbers: How Modern Maths Reveals Nature’s Deepest Secrets by Graham Farmelo
 * Catching Stardust: Comets, Asteroids and the Birth of the Solar System by Natalie Starkey

Pictures of the Year

 * Top 10 Favourite Pictures of the Year

2015:
 * New Horizons uncovers Pluto's icy secrets
 * Lasers reveal previously unseen fossil details
 * Clap your eyes on the first 'images' of thunder
 * Could lasers guide and control the path of lightning?
 * Gravitational lensing creates 'Einstein's cross' of distant supernova
 * Revealing the secret strength of a sea sponge
 * Satellite sensor unexpectedly detects waves in upper atmosphere
 * Balloon bursts approach the speed of sound
 * Imaging the polarity of individual chemical bonds
 * Organic microflowers bloom bright

title: Physics World


text: User talk:66.210.60.166

title: User talk:66.210.60.166


text:
Reconciliation and Liberation Bloc

The Reconciliation and Liberation Bloc or Kutla al-Musalaha wa't-Tahrir was an Iraqi political party. The Sunni, liberal, and secularist party was founded as the Iraqi Homeland Party in Jordan in 1995 by exiles from Saddam's regime. A prominent member was Saddam's son-in-law Hussein Kamel al-Majid. The party is closely linked to the powerful Juburi tribe and its current head is Mish'an al-Juburi. The party is also supported by former Ba'athists and the party has pushed for the reintegration of members of the old regime. Unlike many Sunni parties it decided not to boycott the January 2005 Iraqi election. In the voting it received some 31,000 votes, enough for one seat in the legislature. During the subsequent December elections, it increased its representation to 3 seats.

On April 23, 2008 the party merged with the al-Wattan party to form the Iraqi Arab Gathering, which is led by Abdul Karim Abtan al-Jubouri and is a member of the Iraqi National Movement.

title: Reconciliation and Liberation Bloc


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ragpaste

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 17:49, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ragpaste
Probable hoax. Page creator has altered other pages adding nonsense and User:KerioStar, the other major contributor, has removed the VfD notice from the page. Google gets no hits at all for "ragpaste" and the notion that building material made from rags would be especially popular in firehouses smells of hoax even before the line about "mechanical robot parts" being used to modernize the substance. -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete Hoax, probably BJAODN attempt. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 23:26, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax. I have removed the ragpaste links that was added to other articles. -- Egil 23:43, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:28, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment User:KerioStar has been messing with people's comments on this VfD; one more time and I'll just block him for a while. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 05:51, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete #3, vandalism. Wyss 19:25, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: Talk:Nathan Lloyd Smith

title: Talk:Nathan Lloyd Smith


text:
Carolyn Porco

Carolyn C. Porco (born March 6, 1953) is an American planetary scientist who explores the outer Solar System, beginning with her imaging work on the Voyager missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune in the 1980s. She led the imaging science team on the Cassini mission in orbit around Saturn. She is an expert on planetary rings and the Saturnian moon, Enceladus.

She has co-authored more than 110 scientific papers on subjects ranging from the spectroscopy of Uranus and Neptune, the interstellar medium, the photometry of planetary rings, satellite/ring interactions, computer simulations of planetary rings, the thermal balance of Triton's polar caps, heat flow in the interior of Jupiter, and a suite of results on the atmosphere, satellites, and rings of Saturn from the Cassini imaging experiment. In 2013, Cassini data confirmed a 1993 prediction by Porco and Mark Marley that acoustic oscillations within the body of Saturn are responsible for creating particular features in the rings of Saturn.

Porco was founder of The Day the Earth Smiled. She was also responsible for the epitaph and proposal to honor the renowned planetary geologist Eugene Shoemaker by sending his cremains to the Moon aboard the Lunar Prospector spacecraft in 1998.

A frequent public speaker, Porco has given two popular lectures at TED as well as the opening speech for Pangea Day, a May 2008 global broadcast coordinated from six cities around the world, in which she described the cosmic context for human existence. Porco has also won a number of awards and honors for her contributions to science and the public sphere; for instance, in 2009, New Statesman named her as one of 'The 50 People Who Matter Today.'

In 2010, Porco was awarded the Carl Sagan Medal, presented by the American Astronomical Society for Excellence in the Communication of Science to the Public. In 2012, she was named one of the 25 most influential people in space by Time magazine.

Early life and education
Porco was born in New York City. She graduated in 1970 from Cardinal Spellman High School in the Bronx, New York City.

She earned a B.S. degree in Earth and Space Sciences from Stony Brook University in 1974. She received her Ph.D. degree in Planetary Sciences in 1983 from the California Institute of Technology in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences. Supervised by dynamicist Peter Goldreich, she wrote her doctoral dissertation focused on Voyager discoveries in the rings of Saturn.

Voyager
In the fall of 1983, Porco joined the faculty of the Department of Planetary Sciences at the University of Arizona; the same year she was made a member of the Voyager Imaging Team. In the latter capacity, she was an active participant in the Voyager 2 encounters with Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989, leading the Rings Working Group within the Voyager Imaging Team during the Neptune encounter.

Porco was the first person to describe the behavior of the eccentric ringlets and the "spokes" discovered by Voyager within the rings of Saturn; to elucidate the mechanism by which the outer Uranian rings were being shepherded by the Voyager-discovered moons Cordelia and Ophelia; and to provide an explanation for the shepherding of the rings arcs of Neptune by the moon Galatea, also discovered by Voyager. She was a co-originator of the idea to take a 'portrait of the planets' with the Voyager 1 spacecraft, and participated in the planning, design, and execution of those images in 1990, including the famous Pale Blue Dot image of Earth.

Cassini–Huygens
In November 1990, Porco was selected as the leader of the Imaging Team for the Cassini-Huygens mission, an international mission that successfully placed a spacecraft in orbit around Saturn and deployed the atmospheric Huygens probe to Saturn's largest satellite, Titan. She is also the Director of the Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations (CICLOPS), which was the center of uplink and downlink operations for the Cassini imaging science experiment and the place where Cassini images are processed for release to the public. CICLOPS is part of the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.

In the course of the ongoing mission, Porco and her team have discovered seven moons of Saturn: Methone and Pallene, Polydeuces, Daphnis, Anthe, Aegaeon, and a small moonlet in the outer B ring. They also found several new rings, such as rings coincident with the orbits of Atlas, Janus and Epimetheus (the Saturnian 'co-orbitals') and Pallene; a diffuse ring between Atlas and the F ring; and new rings within several of the gaps in Saturn's rings.

In 2013, Cassini data confirmed a 1993 prediction by Porco and Mark Marley that acoustic oscillations within the body of Saturn are responsible for creating particular features in the rings of Saturn. This confirmation, the first to demonstrate that planetary rings can act like a seismograph in recording oscillatory motions within the host planet, should provide new constraints on the interior structure of Saturn. Such oscillations are known to exist in the sun as well as other stars.

Porco's team was responsible for the first sighting of a hydrocarbon lake, as well as a lake district, in the south polar region of Titan in June 2005. (A group of similar – and larger – features were sighted in the north polar region in February 2007.) The possibility that these sea-sized features are either completely or partially filled with liquid hydrocarbons is significantly strengthened by subsequent observations by other Cassini instruments.

Her team was also responsible for the first sighting of plumes erupting from Enceladus, Saturn's sixth largest moon. They first suggested, and provided detailed scientific arguments, that these jets might be geysers erupting from reservoirs of near-surface liquid water under the south pole of the small moon.

New Horizons
Porco was a member of the imaging team for the New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt through 2014. The probe made its Pluto flyby in 2015.

The Day the Earth Smiled
As the Cassini imaging team lead, Porco initiated and planned the capture of a picture of Saturn with the Earth in the distance on July 19, 2013, an image along the lines of the famous Pale Blue Dot photo. The taking of the image was part of a larger concept entitled The Day The Earth Smiled, in which people the world over were invited to celebrate humanity's place in the cosmos and life on Earth by smiling the moment the picture was taken.

University positions
Porco served in the faculty of the University of Arizona from 1983 to 2001, achieving tenured professorship in 1991. She taught both graduates and undergraduates and was one of five finalists for the University of Arizona Honors Center Five Star Faculty Award, a campus-wide student-nominated, student-judged award for outstanding undergraduate teaching.

Porco is a senior research scientist at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado, and she is an adjunct professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder.

NASA advisor
Porco has been an active participant in guiding the American planetary exploration program through membership on many important NASA advisory committees, including the Solar System Exploration Subcommittee, the Mars Observer Recovery Study Team, and the Solar System Road Map Development Team. In the mid-1990s, she served as the chairperson for a small NASA advisory working group to study and develop future outer solar system missions and she served as the Vice Chairperson of the Steering Group for the first Solar System Decadal Survey, sponsored by NASA and the National Academy of Sciences.

Public speaking
Porco speaks frequently on the Cassini mission and planetary exploration in general, and has appeared at renowned conferences such as PopTech 2005 and TED (2007, 2009). She attended and was a speaker at the Beyond Belief symposium in November 2006.

Porco's 2007 TED talk, "The Human Journey," detailed two major areas of discovery made by the Cassini mission: the exploration of the Saturnian moons Titan and Enceladus. In her introductory remarks, Porco explained:

"So the journey back to Saturn is really part of, and is also a metaphor for, a much larger human voyage."

In describing the environment of Titan, with its molecular nitrogen atmosphere suffused with organic compounds, Porco invited her audience to imagine the scene on the moon's surface:

"Stop and think for a minute. Try to imagine what the surface of Titan might look like. It's dark: high noon on Titan is as dark as deep Earth twilight on the Earth. It's cold, it's eerie, it's misty, it might be raining, and you are standing on the shores of Lake Michigan brimming with paint thinner.

That is the view that we had of the surface of Titan before we got there with Cassini. And I can tell you that what we have found on Titan, though not the same in detail, is every bit as fascinating as that story is, and for us, for Cassini people, it has been like a Jules Verne adventure come true."

After describing various features discovered on Titan by Cassini, and presenting the historic first photograph of Titan's surface by the Huygens lander, Porco went on to describe Enceladus and the jets of "fine icy particles" which erupt from the moon's southern pole:

"...we have arrived at the conclusion that these jets may, they may, be erupting from pockets of liquid water near, under the surface of Enceladus. So we have, possibly, liquid water, organic materials and excess heat. In other words we have possibly stumbled upon the holy grail of modern-day planetary exploration, or in other words an environment that is potentially suitable for living organisms. And I don't think I need to tell you that the discovery of life elsewhere in our Solar system, whether it be on Enceladus or elsewhere, would have enormous cultural and scientific implications. Because if we could demonstrate that genesis had occurred – not once but twice, independently, in our Solar system – then that means by inference it has occurred a staggering number of times throughout our Universe in its 13.7 billion year history."

Porco's 2009 TED Talk was "Could a Saturn moon harbor life?".

She was a speaker at the 2016 Reason Rally.

Television and film
Porco has been a regular CNN guest analyst and consultant on astronomy, has made many radio and television appearances explaining science to the lay audience, including appearances on the MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour, CBS's 60 Minutes, Peter Jennings's The Century, and TV documentaries on planetary exploration such as The Planets on the Discovery Channel and the BBC, A Traveler's Guide to the Planets on the National Geographic Channel, Horizon on the BBC, and a Nova Cassini special on PBS. For the 2003 A&E special on the Voyager mission entitled Cosmic Journey: The Voyager Interstellar Mission and Message, Porco appeared onscreen and also served as the show's science advisor and animation director.

Porco served as an adviser for the 1997 film Contact, which was based on the 1987 novel of the same name by the well-known astronomer Carl Sagan. The actress Jodie Foster portrayed the heroine in the movie, and Sagan reportedly suggested that she use Porco as a real-life model to guide her performance.

Porco was also an adviser on the 2009 film Star Trek. The scene in which the Enterprise comes out of warp drive into the atmosphere of Titan, and rises submarine-style out of the haze, with Saturn and the rings in the background, was Porco's suggestion.

Porco was a guest on the BBC's Stargazing Live Series 4 in January 2014. She also appeared in The Farthest, a 2017 documentary on the Voyager program.

Interviews and articles
Porco has given numerous interviews in print media on subjects ranging from planetary exploration to the conflict between science and religion (for example, Newsweek  and the journal The Humanist ).

She has been profiled many times in print, beginning in the Boston Globe (October 1989), The New York Times (August 1999, September 2009), the Tucson Citizen (2001),  Newsday (June 2004), for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada (2006), in Astronomy Now (2006), in Discover Magazine (2007), and also online on CNN.com (2005) and Edge.org.

Prior to Cassini's launch, she was a strong and visible defendant of the usage of radioactive materials on the Cassini spacecraft. She is a supporter of a plan for human spaceflight toward the Moon and Mars, and in an op-ed piece published in The New York Times, she highlighted the benefits of a deep-space-capable heavy launch vehicle for the robotic exploration of the Solar System. Porco has advocated for prioritizing the exploration of Enceladus over Europa.

Other
Popular science articles by Porco have been published in The Sunday Times, Astronomy, the Arizona Daily Star, Sky & Telescope, American Scientist, and Scientific American. She is active in the presentation of science to the public as the leader of the Cassini Imaging Team, as the creator/editor of the website where Cassini images are posted. She writes the site's homepage "Captain's Log" greeting to the public. She is an atheist.

She is also the CEO of Diamond Sky Productions, a small company devoted to the scientific, as well as artful, use of planetary images and computer graphics for the presentation of science to the public.

Awards and honors
In 1999, Porco was selected by The Sunday Times (London) as one of 18 scientific leaders of the 21st century, and by Industry Week as one of 50 Stars to Watch. In 2008 she was chosen to be on Wired magazine's inaugural 'Smart List: 15 People the Next President Should Listen To.'

Her contributions to the exploration of the outer Solar System were recognized with the naming of Asteroid (7231) Porco which is "Named in honor of Carolyn C. Porco, a pioneer in the study of planetary ring systems...and a leader in spacecraft exploration of the outer solar system."

In 2008, Porco was awarded the Isaac Asimov Science Award by the American Humanist Association.

In May 2009, Porco received an Honorary D.Sc. degree from Stony Brook University, of which she is an alumna.

In September 2009, Porco was awarded The Huntington Library's Science Writer Fellowship for 2010. That same month, New Statesman named her as one of 'The 50 People Who Matter Today.'

In October 2009, she and Babak Amin Tafreshi were each awarded the 2009 Lennart Nilsson Award in recognition of their photographic work. The award panel's citation for Porco reads as follows:

"Carolyn Porco combines the finest techniques of planetary exploration and scientific research with aesthetic finesse and educational talent. While her images, which depict the heavenly bodies of the Saturn system with unique precision, serve as tools for the world's leading experts, they also reveal the beauty of the universe in a manner that is an inspiration to one and all."

In October 2010, Porco was awarded the 2010 Carl Sagan Medal for Excellence in the Communication of Science to the Public, presented by the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences.

In 2011 she won the Distinguished Alumni Award from the California Institute of Technology, the highest honor regularly bestowed by Caltech.

In 2012, Porco was named one of the 25 most influential people in space by Time magazine.

Porco received the Sikkens Prize for her "exceptional contribution to a realistic and colourful image of the universe" in 2020, which was presented on October 2, 2022.

Musical interests
Porco is fascinated by the 1960s and The Beatles and has, at times, incorporated references to The Beatles and their music into her presentations, writings, and press releases. She visited 20 Forthlin Road, Liverpool, Paul McCartney's teenage home, after it opened as a Beatles Museum in 1995. The first color image released by Cassini to the public was an image of Jupiter, taken during Cassini's approach to the giant planet and released on October 9, 2000, to honor John Lennon's 60th birthday. In 2006, she produced and directed a brief 8-minute movie of 64 of Cassini's most spectacular images, put to the music of the Beatles, in honor of Paul McCartney's 64th birthday. And in 2007, she produced a poster showing 64 scenes from Saturn.

Porco is also interested in dance and fascinated with Michael Jackson. In August 2010, she won a Michael Jackson costume/dance contest held in Boulder, Colorado.

Quotes of Porco's were used in the production of "The Poetry of Reality (An Anthem for Science)", "A Wave of Reason", "Children of Africa (The Story of Us)", and "Onward to the Edge!" by Symphony of Science.

title: Carolyn Porco


text: User talk:68.252.56.32

title: User talk:68.252.56.32


text:
Talk:Surendra Jain

Untitled
The facts mentioned in the article are totally correct.Infact they are taken from a website report of 2001.When Dr.Surendra Jain,VHP is searched top ten websites come.Of them one website gave most of the information and it was critical of him.So that is certainly correct.

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 19:58, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surendra Jain


text:
Constance of York, Countess of Gloucester

Constance of York, Countess of Gloucester (c. 1375 – 28 November 1416) was the only daughter of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and his wife Isabella of Castile, daughter of King Peter of Castile and his favourite mistress, María de Padilla.

Family
Constance was born in about 1375, the only daughter of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and his wife, Isabella of Castile, the youngest daughter of King Peter of Castile and his mistress, María de Padilla.

Plots against Henry IV
Constance married Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester, who was created Earl of Gloucester by King Richard II on 29 September 1397, but after Richard's deposition and the accession of King Henry IV some of Thomas's lands were seized and he was degraded from the earldom. In consequence, he and others joined in a plot in December 1399 (known as the Epiphany Rising) to assassinate King Henry and restore King Richard to the throne. According to a French chronicle, the plot was betrayed to the king by Constance's brother, Edward; however, contemporary English chronicles make no mention of Edward's alleged role. Gloucester escaped immediate capture, but was eventually turned in to the authorities at Bristol, where he was beheaded on 13 January 1400. After her husband's death, Constance was granted a life interest in the greater part of his lands and custody of her son due her close kinship to the king.

In February 1405, during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr, Constance herself instigated a plot to abduct the young Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, and his brother, Roger Mortimer, from Windsor Castle, apparently intending to deliver the young Earl, who had the best claim to the throne of any of Henry IV's rivals, to his uncle Sir Edmund Mortimer, who was married to Glyndwr's daughter. The young Edmund Mortimer and his brother were recaptured before entering Wales. Constance implicated her elder brother, Edward, in the plot, as a result of which he was imprisoned for 17 weeks at Pevensey Castle, but was eventually restored to Henry IV's favour as well as the seized property of Constance who had been sent to Kenilworth Castle.

Constance died in 1416 after the accession of Henry V, outliving both her siblings, but she was buried at the High Altar in Reading Abbey as late as 1420.

Marriage and issue
Shortly before 7 November 1397 Constance married Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (1373–1400), third but first surviving son of Edward le Despenser and Elizabeth Burghersh, by whom she had a son and two daughters:

 * Richard le Despenser, 4th Baron Burghersh (1396–1414). He married Lady Eleanor Neville (c. 1397 – 1472), daughter of Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland (d. 1425) and Joan Beaufort (d. 1440), daughter of John of Gaunt by Katherine Swynford. He died young without issue.
 * Elizabeth (died young c. 1398).
 * Isabel, born after her father's execution. She married, firstly, Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Worcester (d. 1422). A daughter, Elizabeth, Lady Abergavenny (b. 1415) was the sole product of this union. Following Worcester's death, she married Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick; they were parents to Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick and Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick.

After her husband's death, Constance was either betrothed to or lived as the mistress of Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent (1383–1408), by whom she had an illegitimate daughter, Eleanor Holland, who married James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (died 1459).


text: User talk:68.38.43.64

title: User talk:68.38.43.64


text:
Talk:Bow and arrow/Archive 1

I think the bow wasn´t a late invention in America! And they didn´t just have long- and flatbows, the Plains tribes like the Lakota(Teton Sioux) or Tsitsita(Cheyenne) had doubble-curved composite bows! Europeans never invented double curved composite bows! The Indians are not less clever than whites! Why they shouldn´t develope their own bows! Steve 13/11/06
 * I read an article about that, don't remember which tribe, but there's only a couple of men who still make their tribe's traditional horn and sinew laminated recurve bow.

Rojoe is a great bow hunter - removal
Removed: "Rojoe is a great bow hunter." Is this a joke someone placed here, or is there a reason for it? As far as I can tell, it's not relevant, and if it does contain something useful, it's not placed in context in order to make it comprehensible. Tom M 22:29, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Does anyone know what the meaning of the phrases "The middle part is biconvex . . . the convexity of the midsection decreases through time." This is in reference to the Holmegård bow and I would assume refers to a reflex or deflex in the handle of the bow, but cannot find a reference to a similar shape in the Bowyers Bible chapter on Ancient European bows which talks a good deal about these bows —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mev532 (talk • contribs) 23:57, 7 August 2005
 * No, I think it refers to the curve of the wood on the cut surface, like a lens. 80.126.21.216 (talk) 18:39, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Ballista
The ballista description sounds like it was written by a dumb person. --Lomacar 03:53, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

History
North America was settled by Paleo-Indian peoples during the late Pleistocene (about 20,000 years ago) who did not possess the bow and arrow. Was archery developed independently by Native Americans? I placed this same query in the discussion of the article on Archery Jay Gregg 18:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

I suspect that there is a problem in the phrase "Mesolithic arrows have been found in England, Germany, Denmark and Sweden. They were often rather long (up to 120 cm [4 ft]) and made of hazel (Corylus avellana), wayfaring tree (Viburnum lantana) and chokecherry (Cornus alba)". To my knowledge, Chokecherry is native to North America, and would not have grown in Europe during the Mesolithic. Kie, Non-registered user, 2:51, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Chokecherry duly removed from Europe. Richard Keatinge 14:04, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Settlement to America
America was settled with at least three different waves before the arrival of Europeans(Newfoundland,Carribean)/Chinese(Peru). It must have started at least after 18000 BCE (marker-mutation on Y chromosome) from Asia and the last one of these waves arrived around 9000 BCE. 1000 BCE came the Inuit, Yupik and Unungun, but they are usually not counted. The oldest pictures of bows are found in the Pyrenees, dating back 15000 BCE and 11000-9000 BCE some remains are found in what is today Northern Germany and Denmark. The Inuit even had crossbows for whale hunting. So there is a chance, that the second wave (Apache and Comanche are descendants of these) brought some kind of bow along. But the history of settlement is varied and there are possibilitys of a small and very early European immigration based on the Kennewick-man and mitochondrial DNA-findings in Native Americans (mitochondrial DNA is just passed on by the mother, European immigrants usually did not allow their few women to the natives for reproduction). I have found some statements, that the bow used by Indians in North America is an Asian doublebow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.101.225.125 (talk) 01:36, 5 May 2006
 * But no very old bows have so far been found in the americas. Not even older than 1000 years, in fact 80.126.21.216 (talk) 18:44, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

== Not able to add image ==

Why is this not possible to add this image in this article. Is this because of the language difference for one being English and the other Dutch? http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Rama_sita.jpg

German(Deutsch) not Dutch(Nederlands). Yes it is not possible to transfer pictures from other language wikis, but every picture has a source and you can upload it into English wiki and do the painful firsttime procedure of tagging and sourcing it right. I asked the guy uploading it on German wiki to help you. Wandalstouring 12:07, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Oh, De is for German. I am sorry. Thanks a lot for the help in explaining and also for the help with the image. I will add it later. Thanking you --Chanakyathegreat 09:37, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Electross

I removed this, it was someones idea of a joke. Just in case you don't think I'm qualified, I are engi. . enji. . . one of the guys who builds things and a former Royal Archer of the Kingdom of the West of the Society for Creative Anachronism.67.174.53.196 06:15, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Yumi Sexist?
Is it just me or is the last sentence of the Yumi bow paragraph sexist? It basically is saying that broken thumb section of bow is a problem to woman because they can't take the pain.
 * If that is a historical observation (i.e. real attitude of Japanese warriors in the past), it should remain, but be noted as such. We shouldn't attempt to rewrite history just because our cultural attitudes have changed. ⇔ ChristTrekker 17:32, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

I took that last sentence out.

"A disadvantage that causes problems more for the female archers, if the glove or yugake is damaged and the thumb and wrist became excessively articulated, the archer may have to endure pain while drawing, or indeed be unable to draw their bow."

Something like that really needs to be sourced, and described as a historical attitude. I have no knowledge of the subject I'm afraid, but I feel that this is inappropriate without rigorous sourcing. I may be entirely wrong here, but the sentence reads like a translation from a book, so a source may exist. But even then, it should be described as an attitude rather than fact. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.140.122.161 (talk) 16:33, 16 July 2007

types of bows
Are the flat bow and korean bow a subtype of some other, such as long bow or composite bow? If so, let's reflect that. Also, as all these types have main articles, can we tighten up the entries here and summarize them to make this article read more like an overview? ⇔ ChristTrekker 17:35, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

There's been some discussion over at Talk:archery regarding how to classify bows. That much detail probably belongs here rather than there. ⇔ ChristTrekker 19:47, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

I have moved all the various sections on (slightly) different sorts of composite bow, to the Composite bow article? It seems a bit overdue. Richard Keatinge 14:04, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Could someone please put reference about selfbow —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.180.215.142 (talk) 10:39, 23 January 2007

I have also set up articles on bow types, classified mainly by material and by profile shape.Richard Keatinge 14:04, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Penetration of armour
''In the Middle Ages, European powers made effective use of the longbow as a major weapon of war. It was an extremely effective weapon in battle and could penetrate armor from a considerable distance.''

I saw a history TV programme about longbows recently in which the Royal Military College of Science tested a longbow's ability to penetrate armour of the time. They showed that it could penetrate it, but only at a range of 20 m or less. So, 'considerable distance' is not really true. Blaise 21:30, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

I saw a similar show, (maybe the same, maybe not) and I noticed multiple mistakes: The bow was under poundage, the bow was underdrawn, the arrow was under spined, the "bodkin" point was not the design actually used, and they did not use tallow as a penetrating agent. Draw your own conclusions.71.197.106.123 01:56, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Either way, longbow penetrating armour from considerable distance is both vague, and not proven. Firstly, 20 m is not a considerable distance- it is point blank range. Secondly, "armour" can be many things- padded and quilted armour, maille, and plate are very different beasts. We also need citations for this. 38.98.155.132 18:34, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * There's a History Channel show which used modern forensic techniques to examine historic battles. One episode was on the Battle of Hastings where an army of organized English peasants defeated the French "army" made up of individual nobles wearing steel plate armor, some on foot and more on horseback. They found that there were three primary factors which led to the English victory. One was the mud, it stuck in heavy globs to the steel armor boot plating of the knights on foot. Second was the terrain, the English were on top of a low and narrow ridge which caused a 'bottleneck' the French had to advance through in order not to have the disavantage of attacking from low ground. Third was the effect of the thousands of high-trajectory longbow fired arrows on the French horses. With hundreds of horses down from arrow strikes, the French couldn't advance, leaving them vulnerable to further arrow attacks and close in hand to hand fighting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bizzybody (talk • contribs) 05:37, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

There is an equation for it HERE: http://web.mit.edu/21h.416/www/militarytechnology/armor.html I haven't run the math on it, but I expect a longbow with a Mary Rose sort of draw weight (150-200 lbs), and a direct hit would do the job. I've read medieval plate being somewhere between 1.5 and 2.0 mm thick, with the later being largely 'proof' against the crossbow. Theblindsage 01:41, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Age of Bows
The statement "The oldest bows known so far come from the Holmegård swamp---" begs the question, how old were these bows? If they know they are the oldest, they had to date them. That data should be included here. Olan7allen 00:04, 28 July 2007 (UTC)olan7allen

 * Late to answer, I know. ... the Holmegaard bows are from about 6000 BC. — NRen2k5 (TALK), 07:38, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * no, rather older, about 8000 bc. 80.126.21.216 (talk) 18:42, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * "from the Grotta dell'Addaura in Italy" - But at least the italian article about this grotta makes no reference to bows or archery. What is the reason for its inclusion as proof for the oldest bows here? 80.126.21.216 (talk) 18:42, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Shortbow
Any chance anyone has an authoritative source denouncing the 'shortbow' as a DnD-derived neologism? Theblindsage 01:02, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

It isn't. Short bows exist, they were normal for Bushmen and Californians. They were never European, though there were late Victorian historians who thought they were. See The Great War Bow by Strickland and Hardy. Richard Keatinge 10:55, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bow and arrow/Archive 1


text:
Rambler

Rambler or Ramble may refer to:

Places

 * Rambler, Wyoming
 * Rambler Channel (藍巴勒海峽), separates Tsing Yi Island and the mainland New Territories in Hong Kong
 * The Ramble and Lake, Central Park, an area within New York City's Central Park

Music

 * Rambler (Bill Frisell album), a 1985 album by guitarist Bill Frisell
 * Rambler (Gábor Szabó album), a 1973 album by guitarist Gábor Szabó
 * The Rambler (album), a 1977 album by Johnny Cash
 * The Ramblers (band), long-running Dutch jazz ensemble
 * The Ramblers, one-time backing band of Perry Como (notably on "Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes")
 * The Ramblers (choir), a UK school choir who had a hit single with "The Sparrow" in 1979

Organizations

 * The Ramblers, a British charity for recreational walkers
 * Loyola Ramblers, the varsity sports teams of Loyola University Chicago

People

 * RJD2 (born 1976), American producer, singer and musician whose full name is Ramble John "RJ" Krohn
 * Charles Ramble (born 1957), anthropologist and university lecturer

Publications

 * The Rambler (1750–52), an essay series published by Edward Cave, mostly written by Samuel Johnson
 * The Rambler (Catholic periodical) (1848–62), a Catholic magazine, founded by converts and edited by Cardinal Newman

Transport

 * Rambler (automobile) and Nash Rambler, American automobile brands made by Thomas B. Jeffery Company (1900–1914), Nash Motors (1950–1957), and AMC (1958–1969)
 * Holiday Rambler, an American manufacturer of recreational vehicles
 * HMS Rambler, four ships of the Royal Navy
 * Rambler 100, a racing yacht that capsized in the Fastnet Race on 15 August 2011
 * Rambler (yacht), a 2002 yacht
 * Rambler (bicycle), a turn-of-the-century American bicycle

Others

 * Rambler (portal), a Russian search engine and Web portal similar to Yahoo!
 * The Rambler (film), a 2013 American horror film
 * Rambler Rose, a species of rose native to eastern Asia, in China, Japan, and Korea
 * Rambling, walking in the United Kingdom
 * Ranch-style house or rambler

title: Rambler


text: User talk:81.192.141.18

title: User talk:81.192.141.18


text: User talk:64.69.108.254

title: User talk:64.69.108.254


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Graphamaximo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge/redirect. The page has been tagged for merging. Joyous 15:49, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Graphamaximo
Non-notable neologism dic def that seems to have not gained traction--only 42 displayed hits. Niteowlneils 22:34, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to PvP, include a sentence alongside Skull the troll --nixie 02:47, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect per nixie. —Korath (Talk) 06:18, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to PvP. Megan1967 04:06, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Nobody's Hero

Nobody's Hero may refer to:

 * "Nobody's Hero" (song), a song by Rush from the 1993 album Counterparts
 * "Nobody's Hero", a song by Stiff Little Fingers from the 1980 album Nobody's Heroes
 * "Nobody's Hero", a song by Raven from the 1981 album Rock Until You Drop
 * "Nobody's Hero", a song by Bon Jovi from the 2004 album 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong
 * "Nobody's Hero", a song by Black Veil Brides from the 2013 album Wretched and Divine: The Story of the Wild Ones
 * Nobody's Hero (film), a 2022 French film
 * Nobody's Hero (1989 film), a 1989 film starring Jing Chen and Kathy Chow Hoi-Mei

title: Nobody's Hero


text:
Talk:The Waffle

Untitled
If Broadbent actually coined the term "waffle" while in Parliament I'd like to see a citation from Hansard. I suspect the claim is apocryphal, particularly since Broadbent was only peripherally around the Waffle at its inception and was certainly not a supporter by the time the party ordered it to dissolve (he had run for leader himself in 1971 rather than support the Waffle candidate). The story I always heard was that the term originated at a meeting drafting the manifesto for an independent socialist candidate, not by Broadbent in parliament, and I've heard conflicting claims about who actually coined the phrase. AndyL 22:34, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Can someone confirm the 1974 as the year of dissolution for the disestablishment by year category? The article is a bit hazy specifying only that it dissolved after that year's election. Thanks! Samaritan 00:15, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 15:44, 3 July 2008 (UTC)
 * No, this is a political party, not a food.--Abebenjoe (talk) 20:50, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Waffle


text:
Talk:The Sakigake Party

Does Sakigake mean "Renegades"? --Menchi 22:37, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Sakigake Party


text: User talk:155.212.231.18

title: User talk:155.212.231.18


text:
Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Liverpool

Grade II* Listed buildings in Liverpool.


text:
User:Chu.chris

..

title: User:Chu.chris


text: User talk:82.50.125.179

title: User talk:82.50.125.179


text:
Frankie's House (soundtrack)

Frankie's House is a 1992 instrumental album by Jeff Beck and Jed Leiber. The music was written for the soundtrack of an Australian TV mini-series of the same name about photojournalism during the Vietnam War.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Jeff Beck and Jed Leiber; except where indicated
 * 1) "The Jungle"
 * 2) "Requiem for the Bao-Chi"
 * 3) "Hi-Heel Sneakers" (Robert Higginbotham)
 * 4) "Thailand"
 * 5) "Love and Death"
 * 6) "Cathouse"
 * 7) "In the Dark"
 * 8) "Sniper Patrol"
 * 9) "Peace Island"
 * 10) "White Mice"
 * 11) "Tunnel Rat"
 * 12) "Vihn's Funeral"
 * 13) "Apocalypse"
 * 14) "Innocent Victim"
 * 15) "Jungle Reprise"

Original score produced by Jeff Beck and Jed Leiber

Recorded at Comfort's Place, Sevenoaks, East Sussex. UK. Album co-produced by Leif Mases... Keys Programming and Studio Tech - Dave Saunders

title: Frankie's House (soundtrack)


text:
Emily Booth

Emily Katherine Booth (born 26 April 1976), also known by her stage name Emily "Bouff" Bouffante, is an English actress and television presenter.

Early life
Booth was born 26 April 1976 in Chester, Cheshire, growing up in Hastings, East Sussex. Booth studied for three A levels and a BA in Media and Film degree at Goldsmiths College, University of London. While she was a student, she earned money busking playing the violin and sang on Eurotrash.

Career
Booth is known for her roles in cult films Pervirella, Cradle of Fear, Evil Aliens and the BAFTA nominated short film Inferno. She appeared in Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez's double header Grindhouse (2007) in the mock trailer, "Don't", by Edgar Wright.

Booth was also the host of several Channel 4 and satellite television shows. She co-presented and co-wrote the video-game review show, Bits for two years in 1999–2001. She was a segment presenter on Channel 4 flagship morning show, The Big Breakfast (2001), and presented on the gameshow Banzai for E4. Other shows she worked on are: L!VE TV's Blue Review, paintball-challenge show, Mission: Paintball (2001–2), Threesome (1999) and Demolition (2002).

Booth has presented several television programmes related to cult films, including OUT There on five (2002) and Shock Movie Massacre on Bravo.

Booth is a presenter on Eat Cinema, interviewing A-list Hollywood stars on The Buzz and hosting her own show, First Night Bites. She also hosted the now-defunct Quiz Night Live, a premium-rate call-in quiz show, shown on satellite/Freeview channel Ftn. She presents The Match on the XLeague.tvchannel. In 2007, she joined Zone Horror, where she works as a presenter and continuity announcer. In 2007, Booth became the face of the Horror Channel, and hosted a monthly highlights show, Horror Bites.

Booth was among the guests at the 2009 Festival of Fantastic Films in Manchester and announced the results of the Delta Film Award. She co-hosted the Frighten Brighton Classic Horror Film Festival in Brighton in August 2012.

She directed, produced and acted in a short film, Selkie, in 2014.

Personal life
She has two children.

Television

 * Forgot About The Drive-By: The Montell Jordan Story (2011) – presenter
 * videoGaiden (2008)
 * Bits (1999–2001) – writer and presenter
 * The Big Breakfast: August 2001 – presenter
 * outTHERE: season three (2002) – presenter (Eden)
 * Shock Movie Massacre – presenter
 * Blue Review – presenter
 * Threesome (1999) – Eve
 * Mission Paintball (2001–2002) – presenter
 * Demolition (2002) – presenter
 * Eat Cinema channel – presenter
 * The Great Big British Quiz – presenter
 * Quiz Night Live – presenter
 * Make Your Play – presenter
 * The Match – presenter
 * Horror Channel – presenter/voiceover

title: Emily Booth


text: User talk:24.11.5.27

title: User talk:24.11.5.27


text: User talk:64.113.6.11

title: User talk:64.113.6.11