text:
Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer

Thomas Henry Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer (24 June 1819 – 11 October 1899), was an English civil servant and statistician.

Background and early life
Farrer was the son of Thomas Farrer, a solicitor in Lincoln's Inn Fields. Born in London, he was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1840. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1844, but retired from practice in the course of a few years.

Career in the civil service
He entered the public service in 1850 as secretary to the naval department (renamed the marine department in 1853) of the Board of Trade. In 1865 he was promoted to be one of the joint secretaries of the Board of Trade, and in 1867 became permanent secretary.

His tenure of the office of permanent secretary, which he held for upwards of twenty years, was marked by many reforms and an energetic administration. Not only was he an advanced Liberal in politics, but an uncompromising advocate of free trade of the strictest school. He was created a baronet for his services at the Board of Trade in 1883, and in 1886 he retired from office. During the same year he published a work entitled Free Trade versus Fair Trade, in which he dealt with an economic controversy then greatly agitating the public mind. He had already, in 1883, written a volume on The State in its Relation to Trade.

In 1889 he was co-opted by the Progressives as an alderman of the London County Council, of which he became vice-chairman in 1890. His efficiency and ability in this capacity were warmly recognized; but in the course of time divergences arose between his personal views and those of many of his colleagues. The tendency towards socialistic legislation which became apparent was quite at variance with his principles of individual enterprise and responsibility. He consequently resigned his position.

In the 1893 Birthday Honours, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Farrer, of Abinger, in the County of Surrey. From this time forward he devoted much of his energy and leisure to advocating his views at the Cobden Club, the Political Economy Club, on the platform, and in the press. His efforts were especially directed against the opinions of the Fair Trade League, and upon this and other economic controversies he wrote able, clear, and uncompromising letters, which left no doubt that he still adhered to the doctrines of free trade as advocated by its earliest exponents. In 1898 he published his Studies in Currency.

He was President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1894 to 1896.

Marriage and issue
Farrer married twice, first in 1854 to Frances Erskine (1825–1870), daughter of the historian and orientalist William Erskine (1773–1852) and his wife, Maitland Mackintosh, daughter of Sir James Mackintosh by his first wife. They bore the following children:

 * Hon. Emma Cecilia "Ida" Farrer (1854–1946), married Horace Darwin, son of Charles Darwin
 * Hon. Thomas Cecil Farrer (1859–1940), married Evelyn Spring Rice, daughter of Hon. Charles Spring Rice
 * Claude Erskine Farrer (1862–1890)
 * Hon. Noel Maitland Farrer (1867–1929)

Frances died on 15 May 1870. Farrer remarried in 1873 to his former wife's half-cousin, Katherine Euphemia Wedgwood (1839–1931), daughter of Hensleigh Wedgwood of the Wedgwood pottery family and his wife Fanny Mackintosh.

Death
Farrer died at Abinger Hall, Dorking, in 1899 and was buried at Brookwood Cemetery. He was succeeded in the title by his eldest son Thomas Cecil Farrer (1859–1940).

title: Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer


text:
Klaus Knopper

Klaus Knopper (born 1968 in Ingelheim) is a German electrical engineer and free software developer.

Knopper is the creator of Knoppix, a well-known live CD Linux distribution. He received his degree in electrical engineering from the Kaiserslautern University of Technology (in German: Technische Universität Kaiserslautern), co-founded LinuxTag in 1996 (a major European Linux expo) and has been a self-employed information technology consultant since 1998. He also teaches at the Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences.

Knopper is married to Adriane Knopper, who has a visual impairment. She has been assisting Knopper with a version of Knoppix for blind and visually impaired people, released in the third quarter of 2007 as a Live CD. Her name has been given to the distribution: Adriane Knoppix.

Adriane is more of a desktop or "Non-graphical-userinterface" for blind computer beginners than a "distribution". It will work on any Linux distribution that has a screenreader (Preferably SBL (Screenreader for Blind Linux Users)) and some text-based tools for internet access and normal work.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Klaus Knopper


text:
User:Robin Patterson/MaoriModelPlacesPages

For a newer version, see mi:Wikipedia:tauira

=Taone= (don't copy this heading) (see mi:Wikipedia:Tāone)

=Whenua= [see mi:Karihia and mi:Taiwana


text:
User:RCMF0203

Yeah. that is me.

title: User:RCMF0203


text:
File:Commas and Symbols.gif

Table of Commas and Symbols

Source
Özkan, İsmail Hakkı. Türk Mûsikîsi Nazariyatı ve Usûlleri. ISBN 975-437-017-6.

Links to
Maqam

title: File:Commas and Symbols.gif


text:
Faubourg

"Faubourg" is an ancient French term historically equivalent to "fore-town" (now often termed suburb or banlieue). The earliest form is forsbourg, derived from Latin forīs, 'out of', and Vulgar Latin (originally Germanic) burgum, 'town' or 'fortress'. Traditionally, this name was given to an agglomeration forming around a throughway leading outwards from a city gate, and usually took the name of the same thoroughfare within the city. As cities were often located atop hills (for defensive purposes), their outlying communities were frequently lower down. Many faubourgs were located outside the city walls, and "suburbs" were further away from this location (sub, "below"; urbs urbis, "city").

Faubourgs are sometimes considered the predecessor of European suburbs, into which they sometimes evolved in the 1950s and 1960s, while others underwent further urbanisation. Although early suburbs still conserved some characteristics related to faubourgs (such as the back alleys with doors, little break margins for houses), later suburbs underwent major changes in their construction, primarily in terms of residential density.

Beside many French cities, faubourgs can still be found outside Europe include the province of Quebec in Canada and the city of New Orleans in the United States. The cities of Quebec and Montreal contain examples, although Montreal has far greater divergences in terms of banlieue, which lead to similarities of many Ontarian and American suburbs.

Paris
Faubourgs were prominent around Paris since the 16th century. At that time, Paris was surrounded by a city wall. But even outside the Louis XIII wall there were urbanised areas, and those were called faubourgs. In 1701, these faubourgs were annexed to the city, and at about the same time, the wall was demolished, and where it once stood, there is now the chain of Great Boulevards that leads from Place de la Bastille via Place de la République and Place de la Madeleine to Place de la Concorde. The border of the city was transferred a few kilometers outwards, and the new borderline, which was in force until 1860, is now marked by the outer circle of boulevards passing through Place Charles de Gaulle in the west and Place de la Nation in the east.

In 1860, the border of the city was once more transferred a few kilometers outwards to where it still is. Haussmann's renovation of Paris erased many traces of ancient faubourgs and the term banlieue was then coined.

Many Parisian streets have retained their ancient denomination in spite of city growth; today it is still possible to discern pre-1701 delimitations in Paris by marking the point where a thoroughfare's name changes from rue to rue du faubourg. For instance, the rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis used to be located outside of the city wall and was an extension of the rue Saint-Denis within the walls. The rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré came about in a similar manner.

New Orleans
The term was also used in the early expansion of New Orleans beyond the original city plan, when French was still a common language in the colonial city. Faubourg Tremé and Faubourg Marigny, two of the oldest neighborhoods outside of the French Quarter, are persistent examples. Another early example was Faubourg Ste. Marie, originally (late 18th century) a residential area, which was overtaken by commerce, developing into the modern Central Business District.

Montreal
Greater Montreal no longer has any actual faubourgs on the main island, as the suburb now refers to the North and South Shores. However, place names such as le Faubourg St-Laurent are still occasionally used to refer to the sections of Ville-Marie.

Furthermore, the term des faubourgs de Montréal ("the Montreal suburbs") is preserved in some place names in the city proper, such as the annexes (branches) of the École des Métiers des Faubourgs-de-Montréal. There was also a Caisse des Faubourgs de Montréal in The Village, which in 2003 was closed down.

Québec City
The term faubourg is still alive in Quebec City, where it is mostly used to designate the Saint-Jean-Baptiste neighbourhood, often called Faubourg Saint-Jean-Baptiste or even le faubourg by its inhabitants. The term also applies to the Saint-Roch and Saint-Sauveur areas, and the three neighbourhoods are comprised in the municipal district of les Faubourgs.

title: Faubourg


text:
User talk:TheAT

Incidentally, note that the revert limit is three (per article). Not that you're to be anything other than congratulated for exercising restraint in that regard... Alai 05:22, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:TheAT


text:
Clan Farquharson

Clan Farquharson (Clann Fhearchair ) is a Highland Scottish clan based at Invercauld and Braemar, Aberdeenshire, and is a member of the Chattan Confederation.

Origins
The chiefs of the Clan Farquharson trace their ancestry back to Farquhar, fourth son of Alexander "Ciar" of Rothiemurchus. Alexander Shaw was the fifth chief of the Clan Shaw. His descendants took the name Farquharson. Another of Alexander's sons was Donald, who married Isobel Stewart, the heiress of Invercauld. Donald's son was Finla Mor who was the real progenitor of the clan. MacFionlaigh Mòr is the Scottish Gaelic patronymic. Finla Mor was the royal banner bearer at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 where he was killed. However he produced nine sons over two marriages from which the important cadet branches of the clan were sprung and the clan grew in stature.

Up to this point Clan Farquaharson was not part of the Clan Chattan Confederation who occasionally raided their lands. There is story of a Chattan spy, Lamont of Inverey who was caught by the Farquaharsons in 1589 and hanged on a charge of stealing livestock. The tree, a Scots fir was subsequently called the Farquharsons Hanging Tree and became the plant symbol of the clan.

In 1595 the Clan Farquharson joined the Chattan Confederation and a bond of manrent acknowledged the chief of Clan Mackintosh, who was also chief of Clan Chattan as their "natyff cheiff".

Towards the end of the 16th century the Clan Erskine chiefs set out to claim the Earldom of Mar but they were opposed by the increasing power of the Farquharsons. In 1628 Braemar Castle was built by John Erskine (Earl of Mar) as a bulwark against them, but in 1716 it fell into the hands of the Clan Farquharson. The clan became known as the fighting Farquharsons due to their fierce reputation and they became strong supporters of the Stuarts.

17th century, clan conflicts and Civil War
During the Scottish Civil War Donald Farquharson of Monaltrie fought for James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose in 1644, and then for Charles II at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. John Farquharson of Inverey was known as the Black Colonel and burned Braemar Castle. John supported James VII of Scotland and followed John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee in 1689. After Dundee's death in 1689 the Clan Farquharson supported his successor, Thomas Buchan of the Clan Buchan.

In the late 17th century the Earl of Airlie came into dispute with the Clan MacThomas over the lands of Canlochcan. Airlie's legal action was successful but the chief of Clan MacThomas refused to recognize this and continued to pasture his cattle on the disputed land. In response Airlie used his legal right to lease the land to men of the Clan Farquharson which led to a feud. On 28 January 1673 Farquharson of Broughdearg was killed along with two sons of the chief of Clan MacThomas. The lawsuits that followed crippled the MacThomas chief.

On the south side of the Black Isle, Ross-shire, are McFarquhar's Cave and McFarquhar's Bed which are apparently named after a 17th-century smuggler.

18th century and Jacobite risings
During the Jacobite rising of 1715 another John Farquharson of Invercauld was a colonel in the Chattan Confederation regiment which supported James Francis Edward Stuart. Farquharson was taken prisoner at the Battle of Preston (1715). He was held at Marshalsea Prison and was condemned to be executed at the Tower of London, however he and two other highland officers were reprieved on the morning of execution. He was paroled and not allowed to return to Scotland for over twenty years. General Wade's report on the Highlands in 1724, estimated the combined clan strength of the Farquharsons and Mackintoshes at 800 men.

In 1745 the strength of the Clan was estimated as 500 by Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden. On 23 December 1745, 300 men of the Clan Farquharson had fought as Jacobites in their victory at the Battle of Inverurie (1745). During the Jacobite rising of 1745, the cousin of John Farquharson was Lady Anne Farquharson-MacKintosh who was wife of Angus Mackintosh, chief of Clan Mackintosh. Angus Mackintosh was in fact a serving officer in the Black Watch regiment of the British Army and he was captured at the Battle of Prestonpans by Jacobite forces. Mackintosh was sent home to Moy having been given parole not to take arms against the Jacobites and when he arrived he was greeted by his wife, Anne Farquharson, who said "Your servant, captain" to which he replied "Your servant, colonel". She was ever after known as Colonel Anne. Anne later saved Charles Edward Stuart from capture in what is known as the Rout of Moy. Anne was imprisoned for six weeks after the Battle of Culloden. Francis Farquharson of Monaltrie led the Farquharsons at the Battle of Culloden and although he survived he was imprisoned and was condemned to death, but was lucky enough to have his execution reduced to exile.

The McFarquhars of Redcastle on the Black Isle were Jacobites.

Modern clan
Alwyne Arthur Compton Farquharson, Chief of the Name and Arms of Farquharson, 16th Baron of Invercauld and Omnalprie, MC, JP; as recognised by Lord Lyon King of Arms died on 6 October 2021. Born 1 May 1919 as Alwyne Arthur Compton, son of Major Edward Robert Francis Compton, of Newby Hall, Ripon, Yorkshire, and of Torloisk, Aros, Isle of Mull, Scotland (grandson of William Compton, 4th Marquess of Northampton) and Sylvia Farquharson of Invercauld, he was confirmed MacFionnlaidh by Lyon Court in 1949, having taken the name of Farquharson. He served with distinction as a captain in the Royal Scots Greys during World War Two. Captain Farquharson resided at Valley Farm, Norfolk with his second wife, Madame Patricia Farquharson. He is succeeded by his great-nephew Philip.

Castles
Castles held by the Farquhars and Farquharsons have included:

 * Invercauld House, two miles north-east of Braemar in Aberdeenshire is a solid castellated mansion with a massive tower, battlements and turrets. It is built with an old tower house built into its fabric. It was originally held by the Clan Stewart but passed to the Farquharsons when Donald Farquharson married the heiress of Invercauld. Their son was the Findlay Mor who was the Royal Standard Bearer at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 and was killed there. It was from here that the Earl of Mar, leader of the Jacobite rising of 1715 called out the Jacobites and the Farquharsons of Invercauld still flourish.
 * Inverey Castle, four miles west of Braemar, was the seat of John Farquharson of Inverey, the Black Colonel, who murdered John Gordon of Brackley in 1666 as recorded in the old ballad The Baron o' Brackley. John Farquharson of Inverey defeated a force attacking Braemar Castle, which he then torched. Inverey was demolished in 1689 following the Battle of Killiecrankie.
 * Kindrochit Castle The ruins of an 11th Century castle built by King Malcolm Canmore. The remains are located in Braemar across from the local butchery shop.
 * Braemar Castle, just north-east of Braemar is a seventeenth century L-plan tower house with crowning turrets. It is defended by star shaped artillery defences that date from the next century. The castle was built by the Earl of Mar in 1628 but because they did not support James VII of Scotland in 1689, the castle was seized and torched by John Farquharson of Inverey, the Black Colonel. When the Jacobite rising of 1715 fizzled out the castle passed to the Farquharsons of Invercauld.
 * Monaltrie House was held by the Farquharsons who fought for James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose in the 1640s and then for Charles II at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. Francis Farquharson of Monaltrie led the Farquharsons at the Battle of Culloden and although he survived he was imprisoned and was condemned to death, but was lucky enough to have his execution reduced to exile. Monaltrie house was burned after the Battle of Culloden.
 * Gilmilnscroft, four miles south-east of Mauchline in Ayrshire, is a T-plan house that was held by the Farquhars and dates from the seventeenth century. It may incorporate a tower house and the lands were held by the Farquhars from the fourteenth to twentieth century. The building was restored in 1968 and is still occupied.
 * Mounie Castle, three miles north-west of Oldmeldrum, Aberdeenshire is an altered seventeenth century T-plan house with a round stair tower that passed from the Clan Seton to the Farquhars in 1634 and then to the Clan Hay in 1701.
 * Tolquhon Castle, four miles east of Oldmeldrum, is a courtyard castle with a range of buildings and a drum towered gatehouse. The original castle was built by the Prestons of Craigmillar but passed to the Clan Forbes in 1420 who built the present castle. It was sold to the Farquhars in 1716.

Clan Profile

 * Crest: On a chapeau Gules furred Ermine, a demi-lion Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Proper.
 * Motto: Fide et Fortitudine ("Fidelity and Fortitude") and (On compartment) I force nae freen, I fear nae foe.

There are several tartans attributed to the name Farquharson.

title: Clan Farquharson


text:
Related-key attack

In cryptography, a related-key attack is any form of cryptanalysis where the attacker can observe the operation of a cipher under several different keys whose values are initially unknown, but where some mathematical relationship connecting the keys is known to the attacker. For example, the attacker might know that the last 80 bits of the keys are always the same, even though they don't know, at first, what the bits are.

KASUMI
KASUMI is an eight round, 64-bit block cipher with a 128-bit key. It is based upon MISTY1 and was designed to form the basis of the 3G confidentiality and integrity algorithms.

Mark Blunden and Adrian Escott described differential related key attacks on five and six rounds of KASUMI. Differential attacks were introduced by Biham and Shamir. Related key attacks were first introduced by Biham. Differential related key attacks are discussed in Kelsey et al.

WEP
An important example of a cryptographic protocol that failed because of a related-key attack is Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) used in Wi-Fi wireless networks. Each client Wi-Fi network adapter and wireless access point in a WEP-protected network shares the same WEP key. Encryption uses the RC4 algorithm, a stream cipher. It is essential that the same key never be used twice with a stream cipher. To prevent this from happening, WEP includes a 24-bit initialization vector (IV) in each message packet. The RC4 key for that packet is the IV concatenated with the WEP key. WEP keys have to be changed manually and this typically happens infrequently. An attacker therefore can assume that all the keys used to encrypt packets share a single WEP key. This fact opened up WEP to a series of attacks which proved devastating. The simplest to understand uses the fact that the 24-bit IV only allows a little under 17 million possibilities. Because of the birthday paradox, it is likely that for every 4096 packets, two will share the same IV and hence the same RC4 key, allowing the packets to be attacked. More devastating attacks take advantage of certain weak keys in RC4 and eventually allow the WEP key itself to be recovered. In 2005, agents from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation publicly demonstrated the ability to do this with widely available software tools in about three minutes.

Preventing related-key attacks
One approach to preventing related-key attacks is to design protocols and applications so that encryption keys will never have a simple relationship with each other. For example, each encryption key can be generated from the underlying key material using a key derivation function.

For example, a replacement for WEP, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), uses three levels of keys: master key, working key and RC4 key. The master WPA key is shared with each client and access point and is used in a protocol called Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) to create new working keys frequently enough to thwart known attack methods. The working keys are then combined with a longer, 48-bit IV to form the RC4 key for each packet. This design mimics the WEP approach enough to allow WPA to be used with first-generation Wi-Fi network cards, some of which implemented portions of WEP in hardware. However, not all first-generation access points can run WPA.

Another, more conservative approach is to employ a cipher designed to prevent related-key attacks altogether, usually by incorporating a strong key schedule. A newer version of Wi-Fi Protected Access, WPA2, uses the AES block cipher instead of RC4, in part for this reason. There are related-key attacks against AES, but unlike those against RC4, they're far from practical to implement, and WPA2's key generation functions may provide some security against them. Many older network cards cannot run WPA2.

title: Related-key attack


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lollersk8s

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT to Lollerskates. —Korath (Talk) 08:05, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Lollersk8s
Mabye there is a list for internet slang, but is not notable enough for an article --nixie 05:24, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Lollerskates. --SPUI (talk) 06:29, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I'll be. There is a Lollerskates. Oh well, Redirect to it, as per SPUI's vote. --Deathphoenix 06:48, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Lollerskates. I concur. Zzyzx11 06:50, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, do not redirect. Wikipedia is not a l33t-to-english dictionary. I can think of tons of l33tspeak terms that could theoretically redirect to some article, and no serious person is going to search on any of them. Radiant! 09:55, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 10:53, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Someone obviously searched for this particular term. Kappa 12:11, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I doubt that, I'd say someone jokingly inserted this article anyway. We really don't want redirects for sk8s, a10tion, and palm 3. Same thing. Radiant! 12:52, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Lollerskates is inherently internet slang, not at all the same thing as skates or attention. Kappa 14:21, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Lots of things are inherently spelled weirdly as internet slang (e.g. haxx0r). I propose that wiktionary gets a category for l33t :). Anyway since the two of us are not likely to agree on this issue, I suppose we should wait and see what the other WP'ers say. Radiant! 14:31, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as it seems to be a plausibly searched term. GRider\talk 20:32, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Lollerskates to prevent article recreation. Megan1967 08:36, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and do not redirect. We have an article on Leetspeak. Why not list Lollersk8s there? DaveTheRed 09:49, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. JamesBurns 10:11, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Neiltupper

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 05:25, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Neiltupper


text:
Thrill Seekers

Thrill Seekers was a syndicated Four Star Television series that was produced in 1973 and 1974. It was hosted by Chuck Connors and featured people who did dangerous stunts. One of the series featured Australian stunt woman, Carol Cranston, who was working with the John Anderson Mustang Hell Drivers in the United States. Her episode of Thrill Seekers was shot at Terre Haute showgrounds, Indiana, where Cranston performed a high fall into cardboard boxes, did a hit and run at 30 mph, and was run over by a truck which drove over a plank placed across her midriff (see Cranston; also Crawford Productions). Another member of the Mustang Hell Drivers, Pat Jackson, performed in the series in which she jumped a pick-up truck from ramp to ramp.

title: Thrill Seekers


text:
Cat gecko

The cat gecko (Aeluroscalabotes felinus) is a species of gecko found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia and Thailand. It is the only species within the genus Aeluroscalabotes. It is commonly called the cat gecko because of its habit of curling up with its tail around itself when it sleeps, similar to a cat.

Description
The cat gecko is a lightly built gecko, typically red-brown in color with white spots on its body, and solid white under its chin, and sometimes to the belly. Some specimens have brown blotching along the back. It is considered to be one of the more primitive geckos, and is physically quite similar in body structure to the few fossils of early geckos which have been discovered. They can grow to approximately 18 cm (7 inches), with males being smaller than females.

Behavior
Semi-arboreal and preferring cool, humid, montane rainforest habitats, the cat gecko is primarily nocturnal and insectivorous, consuming a wide variety of small insects and other arthropods.

Taxonomy
The species has been redescribed by several different taxonomists, leading to some early confusion in its classification, but its distinctly different morphological characteristics have clarified its status.

There are two recognized subspecies of Aeluroscalabotes felinus:
 * Aeluroscalabotes felinus felinus (Günther, 1864)
 * Aeluroscalabotes felinus multituberculatus (Kopstein, 1927)

In captivity
The cat gecko is occasionally kept as a pet gecko, though they are not very commonly available and captive breeding is known to be difficult. Wild caught specimens often have heavy parasite loads, and they are easily susceptible to stress, so care can be difficult.

Conservation status
Exact population counts of the cat gecko are unknown, though it is not considered to be common throughout its range. It does not hold any particular conservation status, except in Thailand, where collection and export is prohibited.

title: Cat gecko


text:
Spring Hill, Georgia

Spring Hill is an unincorporated community in Cobb County, Georgia, United States, which is located just to the northwest of Atlanta.

It is a small area around Teasley Elementary School on Spring Hill Road between Smyrna and Vinings. The area has undergone massive gentrification in recent years as the Atlanta area has boomed. These changes are emblematic of the Atlanta area over the past decade and a half. Home Depot makes its headquarters in the Spring Hill area.

title: Spring Hill, Georgia


text:
Claude Fauchet

Claude Fauchet may refer to:
 * Claude Fauchet (historian) (1530–1602), French historian
 * Claude Fauchet (revolutionist) (1744–1793), French bishop and revolutionist

title: Claude Fauchet


text:
Indonesia AirAsia

PT Indonesia AirAsia, operating as Indonesia AirAsia, is an Indonesian low-cost airline based in Tangerang, Banten. It operates scheduled domestic and international services and is an Indonesian associate carrier of the Malaysian AirAsia. Its main base is Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta. Indonesia AirAsia is listed in category 1 by the Indonesian Civil Aviation Authority for airline safety quality.

Awair (1999–2005)
The airline was established as Awair (Air Wagon International) in 1999 by Abdurrahman Wahid, who was chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama, the largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia. Wahid had a 40% stake in the airline which he relinquished after being elected president of Indonesia in late October 1999. The airline started operations on 22 June 2000 with Airbus A300, A310 and A320 aircraft, but all flights were suspended in March 2002. Awair restarted operating domestically within Indonesia as an associate of AirAsia in January 2005.

Indonesia AirAsia
On 1 December 2005, Awair changed its name to Indonesia AirAsia in line with other AirAsia branded airlines in the region. AirAsia Berhad has a 49% share in the airline with Fersindo Nusaperkasa owning 51%. Indonesia's laws disallow majority foreign ownership on domestic civil aviation operations.

The airline, along with many others in Indonesia, was previously banned from flying to the EU. However, its ban was lifted in July 2010, together with Batavia Air. In 2011, the company appointed CIMB Securities Indonesia and Credit Suisse Securities Indonesia as joint-lead underwriters for the 20 percent IPO in the fourth quarter of that year.

Batavia Air acquisition (2012–2013)

A buy out of Batavia Air was announced on 26 July 2012, that was to be done in two stages; AirAsia would buy 76.95% shares from Metro Batavia in a partnership with Fersindo Nusaperkasa (Indonesia AirAsia). Following that, by 2013, AirAsia was to acquire the remaining 23.05% held by other shareholders. The acquisition of Batavia Air by AirAsia Berhad and Fersindo created some controversy with Indonesian regulators at the time, concerned that Batavia would be majority-owned by a non-Indonesian entity.

By 11 October 2012 the deal between AirAsia Berhad, Fersindo Nusaperkasa (Indonesia AirAsia) and PT Metro Batavia had been dropped, citing high risks associated with the ailing airline.

When the cancellation of the planned takeover between Batavia and AirAsia was announced on 11 October 2012, a joint statement was issued announcing a plan to proceed with an alliance encompassing ground handling, distribution and inventory systems in Indonesia. The statement also announced a plan to deliver operational alliances between Batavia and the AirAsia group.

Batavia and Indonesia AirAsia announced a plan to form a separate joint venture to provide a regional pilot training centre in Indonesia. No details were provided on that new alliance when it was announced in early October 2012.

On 15 February 2012, the airline confirmed that it no longer had intentions to buy Batavia Air, following PT Metro Batavia's bankruptcy announcement on 30 January 2012.

Indonesia AirAsia X (2015)
In January 2015, the airline launched a long haul subsidiary named Indonesia AirAsia X, in a joint venture with its Malaysian counterpart, AirAsia X. The Indonesia AirAsia subsidiary became the country's first long haul low-cost carrier and was based at Ngurah Rai Airport in Denpasar, Bali. It flew its maiden flight on 30 January of that year with a flight from Denpasar to Taipei with an Airbus A330-300.

On 28 June 2016, Indonesia AirAsia launched the Auto Bag Drop facility at Ngurah Rai International Airport. On 12 August 2016, AirAsia Indonesia moved its flight operations from Terminal 3 to Terminal 2 at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in preparation of the opening of the main section of Terminal 3. The airline later consolidated its flight operations at Terminal 2 on 12 December 2018, following the full opening of the Garuda Indonesia-occupied Terminal 3.

On 2 May 2019, Indonesia AirAsia inaugurates Lombok as its fifth operating base in Indonesia in addition to its existing bases in Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali, Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan and Juanda International Airport in Surabaya.

COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022)
In March 2020, its long haul subsidiary, Indonesia AirAsia X, ceased flights due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The long haul arm later announced its permanent closure in October 2022, following restructuring plans of the AirAsia Group.

In July 2021, the company announced that it will temporarily stop all flights for a month from 6 July 2021 to support the government's effort to limit a spike in COVID-19 cases. The airline later resumed operations on October 2, 2021 following a two month suspension of flights.

In January 2022, Indonesia AirAsia announced the resumption of all remaining routes that were suspended from July 2022. In April 2022, the airline again announced a terminal change at Soekarno Hatta International Airport, thereby splitting its operations between Terminal 1 for domestic flights and Terminal 3 for international flights.

In February 2023, the airline announced the reactivation of its remaining eight parked aircraft from its fleet of 25 Airbus A320-200s, with a plan to acquire eight further Airbus A320s. Furthermore, the airline stated its intentions to resume long haul service to Japan and South Korea, as well as introduce new services to China and India with the acquisition of Airbus A330-900neo aircraft from Thai AirAsia in 2023.

Corporate affairs
The airline's head office is in Tangerang, Banten, adjacent to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. It has the AirAsia logo on its roof and uses natural lighting. As of 2013 over 2,000 employees work there. Prior to the building's 2013 opening, the airline's employees worked in several offices in Jakarta. They were divided between Terminal 1A of Soekarno-Hatta Airport, Soewarna, and Menara Batavia.

Destinations

, Indonesia AirAsia flies (or has flown) to the following destinations:

Current fleet

, Indonesia AirAsia operates the following aircraft:

Former fleet
The airline previously operated the following aircraft:
 * 1 Airbus A300-600 as Awair
 * 3 Airbus A310-300 as Awair
 * 12 Boeing 737-300

Incidents and accidents

 * 28 December 2014: Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501, an Airbus A320-200 registered PK-AXC (MSN 3648) with 155 passengers and seven crew on board, crashed into the Java Sea whilst en route from Juanda International Airport in Surabaya to Changi Airport in Singapore, killing all 162 on board. Regulatory licenses for the Surabaya-Singapore route as well as Medan-Palembang route have been suspended for Indonesia AirAsia since January 2015 due to suspected licensing breaches; however, the Medan-Palembang route has been resumed.

title: Indonesia AirAsia


text:
Maddox Brothers and Rose

The Maddox Brothers and Rose were an American country music group active from the 1930s to 1950s, consisting of four brothers, Fred, Cal, Cliff, and Don Maddox, along with their sister Rose; Cliff died in 1949 and was replaced by brother Henry. Originating in Alabama, but gaining success after the Maddox family relocated to California during the Great Depression, the group were among the earliest "hillbilly music" stars to emerge from the West Coast. The group disbanded in 1956, with Rose Maddox embarking on a solo career.

Biography
The family hailed from Boaz, Alabama, United States, but rode the rails and hitch-hiked to California in 1933 when the band members were still children, following the failed efforts of their sharecropper parents during the early part of the Depression. They were a little in advance of the flood of Okies who were to flood the state in the 1930s. They struggled to make a living as itinerant fruit and vegetable pickers, following the harvest as far north as Washington and as far east as Arizona, as well as the San Joaquin Valley. They often worked from dawn to dusk, sleeping and eating on the ground.

Having settled in Modesto, California, the family developed their musical ability, and in 1937, performed on the radio, sponsored by a local furniture store. In 1939, they entered a hillbilly band competition at the centennial Sacramento State Fair after driving to Sacramento in their Model A. When they took the stage, they tore through "Sally Let Your Bangs Hang Down" with rocking rhythms and risqué lyrics. They became, officially, California's best hillbilly band.

The brothers and Rose appeared at places such as the 97th Street Corral in Los Angeles.

From 1946-1951, the group recorded for 4 Star Records (Hollywood), then for Columbia Records. Some 4 Star masters were leased and released by US.-Decca Records at the beginning of the 1950s. Rose Maddox stated: "We were called hillbilly singers — not country — then. No, none of this country music then. People just called us hillbilly... People tell me that I was one of the first women to sing what I sang — country boogie. I guess I was. There was no rock 'n' roll in those early days, before 1955. Only country boogie. My brothers also played that way. We called it country then."

Fred Maddox played upright bass using the "slap bass" technique as early as 1937.

Fred Maddox's bass is displayed at the Experience Music Project in Seattle. "They wanted his bass because they believe he might have hit the first note of rock 'n' roll on it."

Don Maddox was the last surviving member of the band and lived in Ashland, Oregon. He experienced a career resurgence 50 years after his success with Maddox Bros and Rose, while he played at the Britt Festival in Jacksonville, Oregon, opening for Big and Rich, performing at the Muddy Roots festival in Cookeville, Tennessee, in 2011 and 2012, playing on the Marty Stuart show, and receiving a standing ovation show at the Grand Ole Opry. He also performed in Las Vegas at the first annual Rockabilly Rockout at the Gold Coast Casino on October 5, 2014.

Don Maddox died on September 12, 2021, at the age of 98.

Band members

 * Cliff Maddox (born May 19, 1912, Boaz, Alabama – died August 8, 1949, Modesto, California)
 * Cal Maddox (born November 3, 1915, Boaz, Alabama – died July 2, 1968, Jackson County, Oregon)
 * Fred Maddox (born July 3, 1919, Boaz, Alabama – died October 29, 1992, Kern, California)
 * Don Maddox (born December 7, 1922, Boaz, Alabama – died September 12, 2021)
 * Rose Maddox (born August 15, 1925, Boaz, Alabama – died April 15, 1998, Ashland, Oregon)
 * Henry Maddox (born March 19, 1928, Boaz, Alabama – died June 11, 1974, Ashland, Oregon)
 * Bud Duncan (born March 18, 1928, Pollard, Arkansas)

Discography

 * A Collection of Standard Sacred Songs (King, 1959)
 * Maddox Bros. and Rose (King, 1960)
 * I'll Write Your Name In the Sand (King, 1961)
 * Maddox Brothers and Rose (Wrangler, 1962)
 * Go Honky Tonkin! (Hilltop, 1965)
 * America's Most Colorful Hillbilly Band, v.1 (Arhoolie, 1976 [LP]; 1993 [CD])
 * America's Most Colorful Hillbilly Band, v.2 (Arhoolie, 1976 [LP]; 1995 [CD])
 * Old Pals of Yesterday (Picc-A-Dilly, 1980)
 * On the Air, v.1 (Arhoolie, 1983 [LP]; 1996 [CD])
 * Maddox Bros. and Rose: Columbia Historic Edition (Columbia, 1984)
 * On the Air, v.2 (Arhoolie, 1985 [LP]; 1996 [CD])
 * Live - On the Radio (Arhoolie, 1996) recorded 1953
 * The Hillbilly Boogie Years (Rockateer, 1996) all Columbia recordings
 * The Most Colorful Hillbilly Band in America (Bear Family, 1998) 4-CD set
 * A Proper Introduction to Maddox Brothers & Rose: That'll Learn Ya Durn Ya (Proper, 2004)

title: Maddox Brothers and Rose


text: User talk:69.158.130.128

title: User talk:69.158.130.128


text:
J. Sargeant Reynolds

Julian Sargeant "Sarge" Reynolds (June 30, 1936 – June 13, 1971) of Richmond, Virginia, was an American educator, businessman, and Democratic politician. He served in both the House and Senate of the Virginia General Assembly and served as 30th Lieutenant Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia under Governor Linwood Holton. He died of an inoperable brain tumor at age 34 while in office as Virginia's Lieutenant Governor.

Early and family life
Reynolds was born into wealth in New York City, the second son of Richard Samuel Reynolds Jr. (president and CEO of Reynolds Metals Company), and Virginia McDonald Sargeant Reynolds. His grandfather had invented Reynolds Wrap and founded the metals company. His great-grandfather A.D. Reynolds of Bristol, Tennessee had been a successful tobacco farmer and brother of Richard Joshua Reynolds, who founded the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.

Sarge Reynolds was educated in Richmond, Virginia, attending St. Christopher's School, and graduating from Woodberry Forest School in Orange, Virginia in 1954. He then went to Philadelphia to attend the Wharton School of Finance, University of Pennsylvania. In 1958 he graduated 9th in his class of 356.

He married the former Elizabeth (Betsy) Weir Veeneman of Louisville, Kentucky. Before their divorce, they had four children: Virginia (Ginny) Weir, J. Sargeant Jr., Jeanne Elizabeth (Liz) and David Parham Reynolds II (who died less than 2 months after birth). Reynolds then married Mary Ballou Handy Stettinius from Lynchburg, Virginia. They had one son, Richard Roland Reynolds.

Career
In 1958 Reynolds started his business career in the Market Research Department of the family's Reynolds Metals Company. In 1961 he became Assistant Treasurer and in 1965 he became Executive Vice-president of the Reynolds Aluminum Credit Corporation. He also taught economics at the University of Richmond to help him overcome shyness.

Political career
Reynolds began his political career with the Young Democratic Club, as the Byrd Organization struggled with the end of Massive Resistance. Reynolds first ran for elective office in 1965 and was elected as one of eight delegates for Richmond. In that election after the reapportionment required by Davis v. Mann as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1965, incumbents George E. Allen Jr., T. Coleman Andrews Jr., Harold H. Dervishian, Junie L. Bradshaw and Edward E. Lane won re-election, and Reynolds, E. B. Pendleton Jr. and T. Dix Sutton replaced fellow Democrat Fred G. Pollard (who became Lieutenant Governor) as well as Richmond's first elected Republicans in years--Louis S. Herrink Jr. (who moved to King George) and S. Strother Smith Jr. (each of whom had been elected in 1963 and proved one-termers).

Two years later, Reynolds ran for the Virginia State Senate from District 30, again representing Richmond City, Senator FitzGerald Bemiss having retired. Reynolds and incumbent fellow-Democrat Edward E. Willey thus became Richmond's two senators. In the General Assembly, Reynolds advocated establishing the Virginia Community College System. In the 1967 election at which Reynolds moved up to the state senate, among Richmond's eight delegates, half changed. Thomas P. Bryan, Ernest W. Farley Jr., William Ferguson Reid and Richmond's first woman mayor, Republican Eleanor Parker Sheppart replaced Andrews, Dervishian, Reynolds and Sutton.

Virginia's Democratic Party nominated Reynolds to run for Lieutenant Governor against pro-education Republican H. Dunlop Dawbarn in 1969, which proved to be a near-landslide year for Republicans. The Republicans concentrated their efforts on electing Richard Nixon President and Linwood Holton Virginia's governor (who outpolled Democrat William C. Battle), and succeeded with many other offices on the ticket. However, Reynolds broke the tide, polling 54% of the vote for lieutenant governor compared to Dawbarn's 42%, thus winning the 3-way race. In a 1969 special election following Reynolds' resignation from the State Senate, fellow Democrat L. Douglas Wilder (who would later become Virginia's first African-American governor) won election to represent Richmond in the state senate alongside Willey, thus replacing Reynolds.

Death and legacy
Shortly after taking office, Reynolds was diagnosed as having an inoperable brain tumor. Weakened by attempted treatments of the tumor in New York City, Reynolds died of pneumonia. Reynolds asked to be buried at his great-grandfather's boyhood home. Dying in office, he was accorded a state funeral before being buried in accordance with that wish. J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, which serves Henrico County and metropolitan Richmond, was named in his honor after his death in 1971.

title: J. Sargeant Reynolds


text:
Claude Fauchet (historian)

Claude Fauchet (3 July 1530 – January 1602) was a sixteenth-century French historian, antiquary, and pioneering romance philologist. Fauchet published the earliest printed work of literary history in a vernacular language in Europe, the Recueil de l'origine de la langue et poësie françoise (1581). He was a high-ranking official in the governments of Charles IX, Henri III, and Henri IV, serving as the president of the Cour des monnaies.

Early life
He was born in Paris, to Nicole Fauchet, procureur au Châtelet, and Geneviève Audrey, granddaughter of Jacques III De Thou. His mother was also connected through her daughter from an earlier marriage to the Godefroy family. Fauchet was thus closely connected by birth to the world of the Paris Parlement.

Fauchet studied at the University of Paris before taking his degree in civil law at the University of Orléans in 1550. He subsequently travelled through northern Italy, visiting Rome and also Venice, where he made the acquaintance of the humanist Sperone Speroni.

Upon his return to Paris, Fauchet composed a series of short essays based on his wide reading in medieval French literature, much of which had not yet been printed and was only accessible in manuscript. He entitled this collection Les Veilles ou observations de plusieurs choses dinnes de memoire en la lecture d'aucuns autheurs françois par C.F.P., dated to 1555.The Veilles (French for 'vigils') are a literary miscellany in the tradition of Aulus Gellius's Attic Nights.

The author's manuscript of this miscellany still exists; it was never printed in full in Fauchet's lifetime, though he would recycle parts of it in his later printed works on the history of French poetry and French magistratures.

Later life and the Recueil of 1581
Fauchet was eventually made second president of the Cour des monnaies (29 March 1569), and subsequently rose to the rank of premier président in 1581. He held this office until 1599. Among his friends and colleagues are to be counted Étienne Pasquier, Antoine Loisel, Henri de Mesmes, Louis Le Caron, Jean-Antoine de Baïf, Jacopo Corbinelli, Gian Vincenzo Pinelli, Filippo Pigafetta, Sperone Speroni, and many other learned and erudite characters of the sixteenth century.

Fauchet's most important published work is his history of the French language and its poetry, the Recueil de l’origine de la langue et poësie françoise (1581). The book is in two parts. The first part consists of a history of the development of the French language, out of a mixture of Gallo-Roman with Frankish elements. The second part of the Recueil is an anthology of 127 French poets living prior to 1300. Fauchet's theorising about language formation in the first book has been praised as ahead of its time, and throughout he demonstrates a profound knowledge of contemporary linguistic theory, as well as engaging with earlier and less frequently cited traditions of linguistic theory such as Dante's De vulgari eloquentia. The Recueil was much used in the following two centuries by literary historians and antiquarians curious about medieval French literature.

During the Wars of Religion, as a member of the government of Henri III, Fauchet was forced to flee Paris in 1589 and could not return until 18 April 1594, now in the service of the new king, Henri IV. During this absence, Fauchet's Paris residence was sacked, resulting in the loss of his library: more than two thousand volumes, by his own account, many of which were manuscripts. Many medieval manuscripts once belonging to Fauchet now reside in the Bibliothèque nationale de France and the Bibllioteca Apostolica Vaticana in the Vatican, while some are scattered across Europe's libraries (Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris; the British Library; Berlin State Library; Dijon Public Library; National Library of Sweden; Burgerbibliothek of Berne; Biblioteca Ambrosiana) and still many others remain unaccounted for.

The wars left Fauchet poor, and in 1599 he had to sell his office in the Cour des monnaies. Fauchet published most of his print works during this period, from 1599 to his death in 1602. Henri IV, said to have been amused with an epigram written by Fauchet, supposedly pensioned him with the title of historiographer of France, but there is no official record of this. He died in Paris.

Fauchet has the reputation of being an impartial and scrupulously accurate writer, and in his works are to be found important facts not easily accessible elsewhere. His works taken together form a history of antiquities of Gaul and of Merovingian and Carolingian France (1579, 1599, 1601, 1602), of the dignities and magistrates of France (1600), of the origin of the French language and poetry (1581), and of the liberties of the Gallican church. A collected edition in a single massive volume was published in 1610.

Fauchet read widely throughout his life among the key authors of Old and Middle French literature, including chroniclers and historians such as Jean Froissart, Enguerrand de Monstrelet, and Philippe de Commynes; and poets, such as Gace de la Buigne, Guillaume de Lorris, Jean de Meun, Huon de Méry, Hugues de Berzé, and Chrétien de Troyes. Fauchet was also the first person to use the name 'Marie de France' to refer to the Anglo-Norman writer of the Lais.

Translation of Tacitus
Alongside his work as a historian and as a civil servant, Fauchet was also the first person to translate the complete works of Tacitus into French. A partial translation of the Annals (books XI-XVI) appeared anonymously for the first time alongside a translation of Annals, I-V, by Estienne de la Planche in an edition printed for Abel l'Angelier in 1581. The next year, l'Angelier brought out Fauchet's complete translation of the works of Tacitus (the Annals, Histories, Germania, and Agricola, but minus the Dialogue on Orators), which was reprinted in 1584. A translation of the Dialogue on Orators was brought out in 1585. While these translations were not openly published under Fauchet's name until the posthumous edition of 1612, the attribution is not in question.

Fauchet's name
Fauchet enjoyed punning on the etymology of his surname and on its symbolism for his activity as an antiquarian. In French, a 'fauchet' is an old-fashioned hay rake, used for gathering in the cut grass. Fauchet's personal motto was 'sparsa et neglecta coegi', i.e. 'I have gathered scattered and neglected things', a reference to the obscure and ancient texts he collected (or 'raked in') and used for his historical research. A Latin motto which appears beneath his portrait of 1599 reads 'Falchetus Francis sparsa & Neglecta coëgi / Lilia queis varium hoc continuatur opus.' (I Fauchet have gathered for the French scattered and neglected / lilies with which this varied work is made). In the Recueil of 1581, Fauchet proudly writes, 'suivant ma devise, j'ai recueilli ce qui estoit espars et delaissé: ou si bien caché, qu'il eust esté malaisé de le trouver sans grand travail' ('following my motto, I have gathered what was scattered and abandoned: or so well hidden, that it would have been difficult to find without much exertion'). Fauchet's activity as a collector of medieval manuscripts played a crucial role in the transmission of medieval French literature to the modern age.

Works

 * 1555, Veilles ou observations de plusieurs choses dinnes de memoire en la lecture d'aucuns autheurs françois, BnF MS fr. 24726, ff.1–52
 * 1579, Recueil des antiquitez gauloises et françoises, Paris: J. Du Puys
 * 1581, Les Annales de P. Cornile Tacite, (books XI-XVI), Paris: Abel l'Angelier
 * 1581, Recueil de l'origine de la langue et poesie françoise, ryme et romans. Plus les noms et sommaire des oeuvres de CXXVII. poetes François, vivans avant l’an M. CCC. Paris: Mamert Patisson
 * 1582, Les Œuvres de C. Cornilius Tacitus, Chevalier Romain, Paris: Abel l'Angelier (first printed partially in 1581; reprinted in 1584)
 * 1585, Dialogue des orateurs, Paris: Abel l'Angelier
 * 1599, Les Antiquitez gauloises et françoises augmentées de trois livres contenans les choses advenues en Gaule et en France jusques en l'an 751 de Jésus-Christ,
 * 1600, Origines des dignitez et magistrats de France, Paris: J. Périer (originally written in 1584, at the request of Henri III)
 * 1600, Origine des chevaliers, armoiries et héraux, ensemble de l'ordonnance, armes et instruments desquels les François ont anciennement usé en leurs guerres, Paris: J. Périer
 * 1601, Fleur de la maison de Charlemaigne, qui est la continuation des Antiquitez françoises, contenant les faits de Pépin et ses successeurs depuis l'an 751 jusques à l'an 840, Paris: J. Périer
 * 1602, Declin de la maison de Charlemaigne, faisant la suitte des Antiquitez françoises, contenant les faits de Charles le Chauve et ses successeurs, depuis l'an 840 jusques à l'an 987, Paris: J. Périer
 * 1610, Les Œuvres de feu M. Claude Fauchet premier president en la cour des monnoyes, Paris: Jean de Heuqueville

Opuscules and manuscripts
These three short treatises were only printed for the first time in the posthumous Œuvres of 1610:

 * Traité des Privileges et Libertez de l'Eglise gallicane
 * Pour le couronnement du roi Henri IV
 * Armes et Bastons des Chevaliers (lettre à Monsieur de Galoup sieur des Chastoil en Aix)

The following manuscripts contain numerous unpublished writings by Fauchet on a variety of different topics:

 * Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fr. 24726 (available on Gallica)
 * Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, MS Reg.lat.734
 * Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, MS Ottob.2537

title: Claude Fauchet (historian)


text:
Amal Murkus

Amal Murkus (أمل مرقس, אמל מורקוס, born 11 July 1968) is a Palestinian singer. Her post-modern music style has a variety of Mediterranean influences. Her first album, Amal, was released in 1998, and her second, Shauq, in 2004. Her songs take inspiration by Palestinian folklore, traditional Arabic heritage, and pop music elements, and express the struggle against the marginalization and exclusion that Arab Palestinian culture feels.

Biography
Amal Murkus was born and raised in Kafr Yasif, an Arab town in the Galilee to a Palestinian Christian family. She was the fifth of six daughters. Murkus has been performing since she was five years old. In 1979, she won first prize in the Arab children's song festival. She graduated from the Institute for Stage Art "Beit Tsvi" in 1990. Murkus is married to Nizar Zreik, an architect, poet and musician, with whom she has two children; Yara Zreik - an actress, vocalist and pianist; and Firas Zreik - a Kanun player, composer and arranger.

Music career
Murkus is a member of the counseling board of Free Muse, an organization working against the censorship of art and music. She took an active part in its congress in Denmark in 2003. She has appeared various educational and cultural programs on television. She has also appeared in feature films and was nominated for the Israeli Oscar for her performance in Ali Nasar's movie The Milky Way. In 2003, she won 'Best Actress' at the Haifa Theater Festival. Her extensive vocal range and abilities enable Murkus to sing in a wide variety of genres, from traditional Arab to modern popular western styles. As a result, she has created some remarkable collaborations with other artists and international musicians, including Joan Baez in an anti-war concert that took place in Tel Aviv in 1988; Mercedes Sosa; Oliver Shante, Germany; Stadio, Italy; the Greek singer Glykeria; Noa; Anwar Ebrahem from Tunisia, Enzo Avitabile of Italy; Nana Caymmi in Brazil; Robert Wyatt in the UK and The Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra (UK) in 2005, and many others.

Murkus worked with the Palestinian poets Mahmoud Darwish in Nazareth in 2000 and Kafr Yasif in 1999, and Samih al-Qasim in 2006.

In 2001, Murkus was chosen by Austrian TV as one of the most beautiful voices of the 20th century, after taking part in a music film produced by the Arte TV "Premadonas Fest", by the director-musician Andrew Heller, with Jesse Norman and Harris Alexiou, D.D. Bridgewater and others. Her first album, self-entitled "Amal" was written and composed by a diverse group of artists and musicians. It was released internationally in 2000 by EMI Hemisphere.

Her second album Shauq ("Longing") was recorded live in April 2004, at the Crown Hall in Jerusalem, with the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra. Her third album is Na'na' ya Na'na' ("Peppermint, O Peppermint").

Murkus has appeared in international music festivals and toured widely. She attracted attention when she was featured alongside the Palestinian rap group DAM in their critically acclaimed single and video clip "If I Could Go Back in Time" from the group's album "Dabkeh on the Moon".

Political activism
Amal considers herself a communist and a feminist. The Islamic Movement in Israel demanded that her performances be cancelled during the Ramadan. She says "I refused to cancel. I knew that this was not the real reason, since singing during Ramadan is not forbidden. I suppose that the people from the Islamic Movement are bothered by my social agenda. I criticize not only the Zionists, but also what is happening in my own society. I call for the liberation and empowerment of women. I believe that women hold the key – if they do not progress, society will not progress. But the Islamic Movement wants us to remain in the dark".

In August 2008 Amal sang at the birthday of Maria Amman, a Palestinian girl from the Gaza Strip who lost her mother, two of her brothers, her aunt and her grandmother after her house was hit by an IDF projectile, which also left Maria severely injured and almost completely paralyzed. Murkus said that she was trying to "give Maria a mother's attention, not just my songs, in a humble attempt to fill a tiny bit of the void left in her life. I came today to utter Maria's voice. The voice of Palestinian children, who are victimized by the war. The State should allow Maria and her family to stay, for her to receive the best treatment possible; that would be the least the State can do to make up for what has happened to this child".

Discography

 * Fattah Al Ward, (2015)
 * Baghani (I Sing), 2011
 * Na'na' ya Na' na' (Peppermint, O Peppermint), 2007
 * Shauq (Longing), 2004
 * Amal (Hope) self-titled. 1998

Remixes
 * CalvinQo Presents Amal Murkus-Ya Oud (Original Mix), 2009
 * Israeli Made a Remix for the song Ya Oud

Compilations
 * Listen to the Banned, 2010

Singles

 * Nas (2020)
 * Dola (2020)

title: Amal Murkus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hitsville U.K.

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 18:15, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hitsville U.K.
Another "X is a song by Y" article, this time about a genuinely unnotable song. If we're going to have an "article" about "Hitsville U.K." we might as well have an "article" on every song ever recorded. This one wasn't even a single. Even the new template tells is nothing worthwhile. "The Magnificent Seven (song)" has also been created in much the same way, but I won't VfD that (at least not now) because it might at least pass notability requirements, though it needs, to say the least, addition of content. And just to make my vote clear here: delete. -R. fiend 05:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, bad precedent, an attempt to create an article for every song of that Clash album - notable or not. Megan1967 08:20, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm assuming this was just an album track. If any actual content shows up, merge it with the album. Kappa 10:04, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article says absolutely nothing. The album article is not yet big enough to split off articles on individual songs. Trilobite (Talk) 10:56, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete until there is something more to say about it than that it is the second track of an album. I hope there aren't articles for all the tracks on the album.  --BM 16:41, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I hate The Clash. I hate people who say they like The Clash. The same people instinctively say they like Bob Marley and Beethoven, because they want people to think kindly of them; but I alone know their game, I can see through their disguise of lies, their pies. I hate triple albums. I hate words which end in -ville. I hate Seville, for example, filthy town. I also hate people who say they like a certain band's second-best album, because they think that if they say they like that band's best album, people will think that they are shallow, but at the same time they don't want to pick something too unusual because they don't want to lose the audience. 'Hitsville UK' was a single from 'Sandinista', the Clash's most reviled and longest album, and it sold no copies and meant nothing to anybody and didn't change anybody's opinion about anything, certainly not my opinion about The Clash, who I hate. Perhaps it would be more accurate to say that I hate the socio-medial crust which has built up around the Clash. With my vote here, I will destroy this crust. -Ashley Pomeroy 21:04, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I guess we know to whom to dedicate a rendition of "Hateful". -- Jmabel | Talk 03:07, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm no huge fan of Bob Marley anyway. Oh, and Hitsville UK wasn't a single (I'm pretty sure). -R. fiend 21:07, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Gosh, Ashley, don't beat around the bush. Why don't just come right out and admit that you hate the Clash and this album?  --BM 22:33, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There's a scan of the 7" cover here, and according to 'The Clash' on Everything2 it got to number 56 in July 1981. I've got nothing against Bob Marley, mind, it's just that I can't stand people who say that they like him. -Ashley Pomeroy 22:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * My mistake then. I guess it was a single. This further confirms my theory that bands often release many of their worst songs as singles. Why is that? Anyway, I still don't think this qualifies as a terribly noteworthy song. I'm a Clash fan, many of my friends are Clash fans, and none of us have ever paid this song any notice. Just 4 mintues and 21 seconds to get through between The Magnicifent Seven and Junco Partner. -R. fiend 23:09, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I've never heard this song, but was this song possibly named after/inspired by Hitsville U.S.A.? If so, maybe it deserves a keep and the mention. --b. Touch 22:38, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think there is a connection in title, but not much in content. Sure, something could be said to that effect, but seeing as how you figured that out without even having heard the song it's hardly a terribly important fact. -R. fiend 23:49, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes people like me who've never heard of hitsville u.s.a can remain in blissful ignorance. Kappa 09:52, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: nonnotable song. Songs by notable bands are not inherently notable. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:45, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - stupidity on my part. It is not very notable and unless the page begins to include the meaning of the song and its relevance (like the Washington Bullets page) then it should be deleted.  I was not thinking in the creation of this page about notability as I should have been.  gren 03:03, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Putting my serious hat back on, and about 'the meaning of the song and its relevance', which struck me as I edited bits of the Sex Pistols' God Save the Queen, and the thought which comes to my mind is that even if we write 'many people consider that the song is about X' or 'the third line of the second verse is probably a reference to Y', well we can't do that, can we? Because it would be original research; the editorial voice is asserting something to be so. We can only quote external sources, sources of merit and substance, which makes it dashed hard to write articles about pop songs. Even if the song semi-explicitly makes reference to a specific event, such as Smoke on the Water for example, we still have to cite sources. In fact, Smoke on the Water itself is unacceptable in its current form, because it has no sources, has lots of bald statements, and uses value judgements all over the place ("despite the heaviness of the guitar part, constant movement and interplay within the supporting parts keeps the feel of the song from becoming leaden"). And it doesn't have any useful chart information, only something about a chart in America, a foreign market. -Ashley Pomeroy 22:58, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Overall I'm tempted to give a little leeway in articles on songs in terms of what qualifies as "original research". It's well known that many songs are widely rumored to have certain meanings (true or not), that are almost universally known. Citing rumors can be difficult, at times impossible. We can't really have "that guy I was talking to in the cafeteria in my high school" as a source. Even posts on messageboards, which can be linked to, are hardly the sort of sources you'd want to include in an encyclopedia. Certainly just about everyone knows the rumor behind the Phil Collins song "In the Air Tonight", about the guy drowning and the other guy not doing anything to help. It's completley bogus, but it's such a common rumor that any article on the song would have to mention it, and I'm not exactly sure what one would use as a source. I'm sure there are plenty of other examples much like this. That's not to say we should open up the floor to any crank to write about what he thinks any given song is about (I once tried to convince a friend that the Franz Ferdinand song "The Dark of the Matinee" was about Lee Harvey Oswald, but I certainly wouldn't write that here, nor do I believe it). Well, that's my two cents anyway. -R. fiend 23:34, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep, a totally notable song. Everyking 06:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, spurious notability. JamesBurns 10:13, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ringwood North, Victoria

Ringwood North is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 26 km east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Manningham and Maroondah local government areas. Ringwood North recorded a population of 9,964 at the 2021 census.

The suburb is mostly located within the City of Maroondah, with a small part in the north west of the suburb being located within the City of Manningham.

It is bounded on the south by Loughnan, Warrandyte and Wonga Roads (these roads flow into one another continuously). Glenvale Road forms the westernmost boundary in the southern part of the suburb, with the Warrandyte-Ringwood Road forming the western boundary at the northern end of the suburb. The eastern and northern boundaries follow property lines, rather than roads.

Ringwood North Post Office opened on 9 August 1920, in the then rural area.

Ringwood North has its own shopping centre and also has plenty of parklands and reserves nearby without being excessively rural, like Wonga Park or Warrandyte. Its roads feature a happy medium between the sterile, parallel streetscapes of Ringwood and the circular, 'contour-line' style streets found in neighbouring Park Orchards.

Ringwood North is a surprisingly hilly area, which is especially evident around the aptly named Loughnan's Hill area and the infamously steep Glenvale Road. Glenvale Road also happens to mark the boundary between Ringwood North and Donvale and also the boundary between Maroondah and Manningham.

Primary schools

 * Ringwood Heights Primary School
 * Ringwood North Primary School
 * Holy Spirit Community School

Secondary schools
There are no secondary schools within the suburb of Ringwood North however Norwood Secondary College lies just over the boundary with the neighbouring suburb of Ringwood.

Sport
The suburb has an Australian rules football team, the North Ringwood Saints, who compete in the Eastern Football League.

The suburb also has a cricket club, the North Ringwood Bulls, which takes part in the Ringwood and District Cricket Association.

Notable people

 * Dean Bailey - Australian rules footballer and coach
 * Peter Banfield - Australian rules footballer
 * Gary O'Donnell - Australian rules footballer
 * Shelley O'Donnell - netballer
 * Paul Salmon - Australian rules footballer
 * Nick Malceski- Australian rules footballer
 * Fifi Box- comedian and radio broadcaster
 * Pat Cash- tennis player

title: Ringwood North, Victoria


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minger

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Transwiki to Wiktionary. Deathphoenix 06:13, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Minger
simple dicdef of British slang term. Nohat 05:47, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable, neologism, dicdef, and a partridge in a pear tree. --Deathphoenix 06:49, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) Okay, it's not a neologism. Still vote for delete for the other two reasons. --Deathphoenix 21:42, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Not a very useful definition, but this is a widespread word, popularized by Jade Goody on Big Brother but existing before that. Kappa 08:52, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Certainly exists and not a neologism. I hear it all the time, but that doesn't entitle it to an entry in Wikipedia. Delete as useless dicdef. Trilobite (Talk) 10:57, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. Radiant! 11:20, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary. Megan1967 02:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * WiktionaryEggplantWizard 02:45, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. JamesBurns 10:16, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary *Kat* 01:42, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minger


text:
John Porcellino

John Porcellino (born September 18, 1968, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American cartoonist and creator of minicomics. Porcellino's self-published, photocopied, mostly autobiographical series King-Cat Comics is among the best-known and longest-running minicomics produced today. Porcellino created King-Cat in May 1989, and to date has self-published 79 issues.

Career
For several years Porcellino had his own music and comics distribution company, Grinding Wheels Enterprises (evolving later into Spit and a Half), but he eventually abandoned it and went back to just publishing his own work. In the '90s Porcellino did some stories about his struggles to find a publisher for his work, and reprinted several of the rejection letters that criticized his drawing skills. He was briefly in negotiations to do an entire Trail Watch book, but that project fell through. Porcellino still mostly publishes himself, although now this is apparently mostly by choice.

In recent years other publishers have been publishing collections of his work, including the graphic novel Perfect Example, chronicling his teenage struggles with depression. La Mano, Zak Sally's publishing venture, released Porcellino's Diary of a Mosquito Abatement Man, collecting various King-Cat stories about Porcellino's experiences as a pest control worker. The book won an Ignatz Award at the 2005 Small Press Expo in Bethesda, Maryland. Porcellino was the subject of the 2014 full-length documentary, Root Hog or Die. The film, produced by Dan Stafford of Kilgore Books & Comics, was shot over a five-year period and includes footage of Porcellino on a tour of the southern United States following the release of his collection, Map of My Heart.

Many of Porcellino's comics' contemporaries are interviewed in the film, including Jeffrey Brown, Ivan Brunetti, Noah Van Sciver, and Zak Sally. The film premiered at the Small Press Expo in 2014.

Style
Porcellino's graphic style is simple and spare, sometimes to the point of abstraction. He works almost exclusively in black and white, representing people, the natural world, and the built environment with a minimum of lines. Describing the subtle maturation of Porcellino's style over the many years of King-Cat, critic Paddy Johnston notes that "the essence of Porcellino's art, and of his visual storytelling, remains the same: sparse black and white lines simply detailing moments from his life with particular emotional resonance."

Personal life
Porcellino lived in Denver, Colorado, from 1992 to 1998. He acquired his beloved cat Maisie Kukoc in March 1992 (the cat died in 2007). He married his longtime "sweetheart" Kera in September 1996 in Elgin, Illinois. They honeymooned in Tucson, Arizona. By this time, Porcellino had been suffering from hyperacusis for some years, and had begun exploring holistic healing options, including yoga, meditation, and the study of Zen Buddhism.

In 1997 Porcellino began suffering from severe abdominal pain that eventually resulted in the removal of a benign tumor from his small intestine. After living in Denver for six years, in early 1998 Porcellino and Kera moved back to his home state of Illinois, first back home to Hoffman Estates and then to Kera's parents' house in Elgin. After two years out of the job market, Porcellino got a job at a health food store. In the spring and summer of 1998 Porcellino again dealt with a severe illness, possibly related to pesticide exposure from his years spent as a mosquito abatement worker. Consulting with an environmental medicine specialist helped, and through the rest of 1998 Porcellino's health began to improve — but then he was diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).

In September 1999, Porcellino and Kera were divorced after three years of marriage.

For months after September 11 attacks, Porcellino's OCD rendered him unable to produce comics.

In September 2002, Porcellino married Misun Oh, whom he had met via the letter column of King-Cat. Later that year the couple moved back to Denver, partly so Misun could finish her studies in traditional Chinese medicine. They divorced in 2010.

Porcellino married Stephanie Anne Dorman in March 2020.

Porcellino currently lives in Beloit, Wisconsin.

Comics and graphic novels

 * King-Cat Comics and Stories (Spit and a Half, ongoing publication 1989 – present)
 * Diary of a Mosquito Abatement Man (La Mano, 2005) ISBN 097652550X
 * Perfect Example (Drawn and Quarterly, 2005) ISBN 1896597750
 * King-Cat Classix (Drawn and Quarterly, 2007) ISBN 1894937910
 * Thoreau at Walden (Hyperion, 2008) ISBN 1423100387
 * Map of My Heart (Drawn and Quarterly, 2009) ISBN 1897299931
 * The Next Day (Pop Sandbox, 2011) ISBN 0986488410
 * The Hospital Suite (Drawn and Quarterly 2014) ISBN 1770461647
 * From Lone Mountain (Drawn and Quarterly 2018) ISBN 9781770462953
 * South Beloit Journal (Uncivilized Comics 2017) ISBN 9780988351318
 * The Next Day (with writers Paul Peterson and Jason Gilmore, Pop Sandbox 2011) ISBN 9780986488412

Poetry

 * Three Poems about Fog (self-published, 2006)
 * The Ones That Everybody Knows (self-published, 2007)
 * On Ruby Hill: Poems, 1997-2002 (self-published, 2009)

title: John Porcellino


text:
Víctor A. Carreño

Víctor A. Carreño (born 1956) is a NASA aerospace engineer and aerospace technologist. He holds the patent for the Single Frequency Multitransmitter Telemetry System.

Early years
Carreño was born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. His family moved to Puerto Rico when he was only a child and he was raised in the City of Guaynabo. Carreño became interested in electronics and the solution of mathematical problems as a child. After finishing his primary and secondary education, he attended the Margarita Janer Palacios High School and here he was a top mathematics and science student and graduated with honors in 1974.

In 1974, Carreño enrolled at the University of Puerto Rico and earned his Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1979. Upon graduation, he applied to and was hired by the NASA Langley Research Center and assigned to the Aircraft Electronics System Branch, Flight Electronics Division. In 1983, he was reassigned to the digital system upset assessment team, in the Fault Tolerant Systems Branch. His work involved the development of techniques for analytically assessing digital system upset due to lightning-induced transients.

Career in NASA
Carreño is credited with inventing and developing the Single Frequency Multitransmitter Telemetry System in 1983. He also designed and conducted experiments for the real-time evaluation of the Viper single board computer while working in the instrumentation of the F-106 lightning research aircraft. Carreño continued his higher education by enrolling at the Old Dominian University, where in 1985 he obtained his master's degree in electrical engineering. In 1986 he was granted the patent for the SFMTS, U.S. Patent # 4,631,538.

In 1990, Carreño was assigned to the formal methods team, Assessment Technology Branch. This team worked on the development of mathematical techniques for the verification of critical systems. In 1994, he enrolled in the University of Cambridge in England and graduated with a PhD in computer science in 1997. Carreño worked in the verification of air traffic management concepts and the development of mathematical infrastructure to support such verifications. On March 30, 2007, Carreño retired from NASA.

Awards
Among his many awards and recognitions are:
 * 1986-Certificate of Appreciation (La RC),
 * 1983-Certificate of Recognition (NASA Invention Disclosures) and Certificate of Recognition (NASA Tech Brief Publication),
 * 1986,89-Certificate of Appreciation (The Governor's Magnet School),
 * 1995-Superior Accomplishment Award and 1996-Group Achievement Award.

title: Víctor A. Carreño


text:
Thou (disambiguation)

Thou is an archaic second person singular pronoun in English.

Thou may also refer to:
 * Thousandth(s) of an inch, a derived unit of length used in engineering and manufacturing
 * Thousand
 * Thou., a reference to French botanist Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars

Geography

 * Le Thou, a commune of Charente-Maritime, France
 * Thou, Cher, a commune of Cher, France
 * Thou, Loiret, a commune of Loiret, France

Music

 * Thou (Belgian band), a Belgian rock band
 * Thou (American band), an American sludge metal band

People with the family name de Thou

 * Jacques Auguste de Thou, French historian
 * Christophe de Thou, French advocate
 * Nicolas de Thou, French cleric, Bishop of Chartres

title: Thou (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Kagerou

Someone should add a stub for Kagerou, the japanese bizarro-metal band. I would but I don't know how to do that given that there's no disambiguation page.

title: Talk:Kagerou


text: Talk:California State Route 35

title: Talk:California State Route 35


text:
Claude Fauchet (revolutionist)

Claude Fauchet (22 September 1744 – 31 October 1793) was a French radical Red Priest and a bishop.

Biography
He was born at Dornes, Nièvre. He was a curate of the church of St Roch, Paris, when he was engaged as tutor to the children of the marquis of Choiseul, brother of Louis XVs minister, an appointment which proved to be the first step to fortune. He was successively grand vicar to the archbishop of Bourges, preacher to the king, and abbot of Montfort-Lacarre.

The philosophic tone of his sermons caused his dismissal from court in 1788 before he became a popular speaker in the Parisian sections. He was one of the leaders of the attack on the Bastille, and on 5 August 1789 he delivered an eloquent discourse by way of funeral sermon for the citizens slain on 14 July, taking as his text the words of St Paul, "Ye have been called to liberty".

He blessed the tricolour flag for the National Guard, and in September was elected to the Commune, from which he retired in October 1790. During the next winter he organized within the Palais Royal the Social Club of the Society of the Friends of Truth, presiding overcrowded meetings under the self-assumed title of procureur general de la vérité. Nevertheless, events were marching faster than his opinions, and the last occasion on which he carried his public with him was in a sermon preached at Notre Dame on 4 February 1791.

In May he became constitutional bishop of Calvados, and was presently returned by the department to the Legislative Assembly, and afterwards to the Convention. At the king's trial he voted for the appeal to the people and for the penalty of imprisonment. He protested against the execution of Louis XVI in the Journal des amis (26 January 1793), and next month was denounced to the convention for prohibiting married priests from the exercise of the priesthood in his diocese. He remained secretary to the convention until, the accusation of the Girondists in May 1793.

In July he was imprisoned on the charge of supporting the federalist movement at Caen, and of complicity with Charlotte Corday, whom he had taken to see a sitting of the convention on her arrival in Paris. Of the second of these charges he was certainly innocent. With the Girondist deputies he was brought before the revolutionary tribunal on 30 October, and was guillotined on the following day.

Despite his role in the church, earlier authors of this entry suggest he was a member of the atheistic secret society the Illuminati, "whose Plan is to overturn all Government and all Religion, even natural; and who endeavour to eradicate every Idea of a Supreme Being, and distinguish Man from Beast by his Shape only." However, this understanding is likely based on a misreading of Snyder's letters to George Washington, which referred to a Fauchet as Illuminati. However, when the referenced letter is read contextually with the mention of Genêt, the French Envoy to America, the discussed Fauchet is likely Jean Antoine Joseph Fauchet, who actually visited the United States to arrest Genêt.

title: Claude Fauchet (revolutionist)


text:
South Croydon

South Croydon in south London is the area surrounding the valley south of central Croydon and running as far south as the former Red Deer public house on the Brighton Road. It is bounded by Waddon to the West and Selsdon and Sanderstead to the East. It is part of the South Croydon (CR2) post town and in the London Borough of Croydon.

The area was developed in the 19th century out of land lying in two ancient manors, Croham and Haling. The names of these can still be seen in the area today, and the locations of the manor houses can be found in the Croham Manor Road conservation area and in Whitgift School. Much of the land of South Croydon has been associated through the years with the Whitgift Foundation whose charitable work has benefited and influenced Croydon since its foundation in 1596.

History
The placename Croydon is recorded as early as 809 and is listed in the 1086 Domesday Book, where it is described as the land held in Demesne by Lanfranc, the Archbishop of Canterbury in Waletone (that is Wallington) hundred. In the medieval and early modern periods the town limits, within which the inhabitants enjoyed certain privileges of self-government and tenure, were defined by boundary markers known as the "four crosses": beyond these markers, the more restrictive rules of manorial tenure applied. The southernmost marker, Hern Cross, was cut in an elm tree at the southern end of the High Street. Plaques marking the sites of the crosses (including that of Hern Cross, on the former Blacksmiths Arms, now the Corner House, at the corner of Coombe Road and South End) were erected by the Croydon Rotary Clubs in 1977.

South Croydon as a distinct area south of Hern Cross is found much later, in the 19th century, when the area was developed as a residential suburb in land lying within the ancient manors of Croham and Haling. Croham Manor and the Croham area were purchased in 1601 by the Whitgift Foundation. Croham was one of four manors in the parish of Sanderstead, and included surrounding farm land and Croham Hurst. The Whitgift Foundation was and remains a charity providing care for the elderly and education for young people in Croydon. Land in South Croydon supported the foundation's work elsewhere in Croydon but in 1931 Whitgift School moved to its current South Croydon site, Haling Park. The manor of Haling lay in the parish of Croydon, and covered 400 acres. It was notable in Tudor times as the home to Lord Howard of Effingham, the Lord High Admiral of the Fleet sent against the Spanish Armada, and was host to a succession of royalty and notable visits. The estate was sold for building in 1850 and Whitgift school now occupies manor house buildings dating to the 17th century.

With the advent of stage coaches, a London to Brighton route was established, with horses being changed in Croydon. Stables were built in South Croydon at Crunden Place, near the Red Deer inn on the Brighton Road; these were used by the coaching business. These stables would later become the location of South Croydon bus garage, which now opens on to Crunden Road as well as the Brighton Road.

Croham Hurst was bought as an open space for local people from the Whitgift Foundation by Croydon Corporation in 1901, an area of 34 hectares. This was after three years of local campaigning by residents against development of the area by the Whitgift Foundation.

Geography
The area is bounded by the South Croydon electoral ward of the London Borough of Croydon. To the west and south it is bounded by the historic Croydon parish boundary, which runs from Conduit Lane to Croham Hurst, crossing Croham Road where it becomes Croham Valley Road, then across to the railway line, crossing Selsdon Road where it becomes Upper Selsdon Road and crossing Carlton Road where it becomes Mayfield Road. Thereafter the old parish boundary roughly follows the railway south as far as the Red Deer public house, beyond which lies Purley Oaks. Curiously, Purley Oaks Primary School lies on the South Croydon side of the boundary and not in Purley Oaks and Riddlesdown ward.

The much larger postal district of South Croydon includes Sanderstead, Selsdon and two remnants of Addington, Croham Valley and Monks Hill. Green space is provided to the west by the Purley Way Playing Fields, Croham Hurst and the hidden green space with gardens that is Haling Grove sandwiched between Pampisford Road and the A23: the extensive Whitgift School playing fields frequently host international cricket and rugby matches.

The Wandle river, a tributary of the Thames, found its source in South Croydon in modern times. A meeting of two streams at the Swan and Sugar loaf is one traditional site for the source, whereas a chalk spring closer to the Red Deer, one of the two streams that meet at the Swan, is also discussed as the source. Extraction of water from chalk aquifers, however, has caused the spring to dry up and the Wandle is culverted and not visible within South Croydon.

Education
South Croydon has the following schools:

 * {| class="wikitable sortable unsortable" style=" border:solid 1px #999999; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"

!Name !Type !Mix !Status !Enrollment
 * +Current South Croydon Schools
 * Atwood Primary
 * Primary
 * Mixed
 * Academy
 * n.d.
 * Elmhurst Prep School
 * Primary
 * Boys
 * Independent
 * n.d.
 * Greenvale Primary
 * Primary
 * Mixed
 * Maintained
 * 217
 * Gresham
 * Primary
 * Mixed
 * Maintained
 * 247
 * Gilbert Scott Primary
 * Primary
 * Mixed
 * Maintained
 * 224
 * Harris Academy Purley
 * Secondary
 * Mixed
 * Academy
 * n.d.
 * Howard Primary
 * Primary
 * Mixed
 * Maintained
 * 408
 * Purley Oaks
 * Primary
 * Mixed
 * Maintained
 * 642
 * Regina Coeli Catholic
 * Primary
 * Mixed
 * Catholic
 * 411
 * Ridgeway
 * Primary
 * Mixed
 * Maintained
 * 660
 * St Peter's
 * Primary
 * Mixed
 * Academy
 * n.d.
 * St Giles School (specialist for disabled)
 * Mixed
 * Special
 * 102
 * Selsdon Primary
 * Primary
 * Mixed
 * Maintained
 * n.d.
 * The Quest Academy
 * Secondary
 * Mixed
 * Academy
 * n.d.
 * Whitgift
 * Secondary
 * Boys
 * Independent
 * n.d.
 * } Church schools (Catholic and C. of E.) are Voluntary aided schools, which means that they are maintained by the local education authority (LEA) but received additional voluntary funding from church sources.
 * Mixed
 * Maintained
 * n.d.
 * The Quest Academy
 * Secondary
 * Mixed
 * Academy
 * n.d.
 * Whitgift
 * Secondary
 * Boys
 * Independent
 * n.d.
 * } Church schools (Catholic and C. of E.) are Voluntary aided schools, which means that they are maintained by the local education authority (LEA) but received additional voluntary funding from church sources.
 * n.d.
 * } Church schools (Catholic and C. of E.) are Voluntary aided schools, which means that they are maintained by the local education authority (LEA) but received additional voluntary funding from church sources.

The electoral ward of South Croydon now omits Whitgift School but includes Royal Russell School in the Shirley postcode area.

Nearest places

 * Croydon (town)
 * Coombe
 * Selsdon
 * Sanderstead
 * Riddlesdown
 * Kenley
 * Purley
 * Purley Way
 * Croydon Airport
 * Waddon

Landmarks
A number of landmarks are recognised within South Croydon, including the following.

Emmanuel Church
Emmanuel Church was opened in 1897. The church was funded by the Watney Sisters whose family ran the eponymous brewery firm.

St Augustine's Church
This flint walled church was designed by John Oldrid Scott and built in 1884.

St Peter's Church
St Peter's Church is a Grade II listed building. It was designed by George Gilbert Scott and dedicated in 1851.

Croham Hurst
Croham Hurst is a 33.6 hectare (83.02 acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation. Its SSSI designation is due to its importance for nature conservation, but it is also a Regionally Important Geological Site.

The site is a steep hill, which is ancient woodland, although there are few very old trees because until the railways made cheap coal available, the timber was used for fuel. On the lower slopes there is a diverse community of plants dominated by oak and hazel on rich soils overlying chalk. Further up the trees are mainly beech on Thanet Sands, and towards the top the main trees are oak and birch on the acidic Blackheath pebble beds.

The Thanet Sands have eroded, but the Blackheath beds are bound by a natural cement, and this has resisted erosion to make a natural cap to the hill. The top is mainly bare of trees, with rounded pebbles made when the area was the base of shallow seas in the Eocene epoch around 50 million years ago. The sparse vegetation at the top is mainly wavy hair-grass, heather and bilberry.

Croham Manor Conservation Area
The Croham Manor Road Conservation Area lies in South Croydon, running from the junction with the Selsdon Road along the West side of Croham Hurst. The area is notable for its distinctive and planned 1930s architecture.

South Croydon bus garage
South Croydon bus garage is located on the corner of Brighton and Napier Roads. The site was previously the location of Crunden Place stables that were used by coaching companies. Built by the London General Omnibus Company, the garage was handed over to Thomas Tilling upon opening on 23 January 1916 as part of an agreement between the two operators. In 1933 it passed with the business to the London Passenger Transport Board and each subsequent operator of the London Transport brand.

The garage had to have roof reconstruction in the early 1930s to allow double decker buses to use the it. The building was destroyed in May 1941 in an air raid that killed seven staff. The reconstruction was not completed until the mid-1950s. As part of the privatisation of London bus services, in January 1995 it was sold to Arriva London with the South London business unit as their Croydon (TC) garage. Arriva continue to use it to operate services under contract to Transport for London.

46 South End
46 South End is Croydon's oldest surviving shop. The building is Grade II listed, dating back to the 17th century. It retains its original timber framing and the front has distinctive and attractive elevations. The rear of the building is partly of modern construction. Since 1985 it has been home to Just Flutes, a music shop.

The Red Deer
This Victorian era inn was open by 1851 in a prominent location on the Brighton Road. It acted as a local landmark as a tram and train terminus and also gave its name to bus stops. The inn and pub were closed in 2013.

The Swan and Sugarloaf
Although not the original hotel, the Swan and Sugarloaf is a landmark in South Croydon that gave its name to the surrounding area, now known as The Swan. The hotel stands at the junction of the Brighton and Selsdon Roads and the original hotel began as a farm house. It was part of the property that Archbishop John Whitgift devoted to his hospital in the 16th century. Much of South Croydon was such Whitgift land. The building was decorated with the Archbishop's arms, which were a cone or sugarloaf hat and a crook, which resembled in shape the curve of a swan's neck. It was this resemblance that led to local people misunderstanding the heraldic symbols and the farmstead became known as the Swan and Sugarloaf, a name that was retained when it was later licensed as a public house and hotel. The Swan and Sugar Loaf no longer operates as an inn, and was converted to a branch of the Tesco Express Minimarket in 2012; despite local pressures against the conversion to preserve locally owned shops in the area. Despite this, the area is still known locally as "Swan and Sugar Loaf" and it still lends its name to the nearby bus stops.

Whitgift School
Whitgift School was founded in 1596 by the Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift and opened in 1600 as part of the Whitgift Foundation which had the aim of building a hospital and school in Croydon for the "poor, needy and impotent people" from the parishes of Croydon and Lambeth. Originally located in North End, Croydon in 1931 it moved to its current site, Haling Park, which was once home to Lord Howard of Effingham, the Lord High Admiral of the Fleet sent against the Spanish Armada.

Nearest railway stations

 * South Croydon
 * Purley Oaks
 * Sanderstead
 * Riddlesdown
 * Selsdon Road – closed
 * Spencer Road halt – closed
 * Coombe Road railway station – closed

Tramlink

 * Lloyd Park tram stop

Government
The area is largely covered by the South Croydon ward of Croydon Council, which elected 3 Conservatives in the last local elections in May 2018. Parts of the area are also in Fairfield ward, which elected 3 Labour Councillors in May 2018 and two Green and one Labour MP in 2022.

The area is split between the Parliamentary Constituencies of Croydon Central and Croydon South, with the area near South End located in Croydon Central, and the rest of the area located in Croydon South.

title: South Croydon