text:
That's My Mama

That's My Mama is an American television sitcom that was the first series to be produced by Columbia Pictures Television and originally broadcast for 39 episodes on ABC from September 4, 1974, to December 24, 1975. That's My Mama was never a ratings success, having always been beaten by NBC's Little House on the Prairie among other competing programs, and was not among of the top 30 most-watched U.S. programs in the Nielsen ratings for either the 1974–1975 or 1975–1976 television seasons. As a result, the series ended on Christmas Eve 1975.

Synopsis
Set in a middle-class African American neighborhood in Washington, D.C., the program revolved around the character Clifton Curtis (played by Clifton Davis), a man in his mid-20s who worked as a barber at Oscar's Barber Shop, the family barber shop he had inherited from his late father. While Clifton enjoyed being a bachelor, his loving, but tart-tongued and opinionated mother Eloise "Mama" Curtis, played by Theresa Merritt, wanted him to settle down and find a nice wife. Additional characters – such as Clifton's two best friends—Earl, played by Teddy Wilson, an easy-going mailman and Junior, played by Ted Lange, a suave and good-humored ladies' man—came and went over the course of a typical day at Oscar's Barber Shop. Other characters included Tracy, Clifton's little sister, played by Lynne Moody and later by Joan Pringle and her husband, Leonard, played by Lisle Wilson, as well as local seniors Josh and Wildcat, played by DeForest Covan and Jester Hairston. Clifton Davis and Hairston would work together again years later in the hit sitcom, Amen.

The original title for That's My Mama was The Furst Family of Washington. One year before the series debuted, ABC aired the pilot episode of this version, starring Merritt opposite Godfrey Cambridge as her son Oscar, as a one-off special.

That's My Mama Now!
In 1986, inspired by the success of What's Happening Now!!, Columbia Pictures Television produced a pilot for a sequel series called That's My Mama Now! with Ted Lange as the star. It lacked enough stations signing up to ensure revival.

Cast

 * Clifton Davis as Clifton Curtis
 * Theresa Merritt as Eloise "Mama" Curtis
 * Ted Lange as Junior
 * Theodore Wilson as Earl Chambers (season 1, episode 3 - season 2, episode 13, main)
 * Jester Hairston as Wildcat (season 1, main)
 * Lynne Moody as Tracy Curtis Taylor (season 1, main)
 * DeForest Covan as Josh (season 1, main)
 * Lisle Wilson as Leonard Taylor (season 2, main; recurring season 1)
 * Joan Pringle as Tracy Curtis Taylor (season 2, main)
 * Helen Martin as Laura (season 2, recurring)

Ernestine Wade originally portrayed the role of Laura in two episodes: "Clifton's Sugar Mama" (season 1, episode 5) and "The Birthday Party" (season 2, episode 1). Ed Bernard originated the role of Earl Chambers in the first two episodes of season 1: "Whose Child Is This?" and "Honesty Day". Teddy Wilson took over the role in episode 3 of season 1, and was added to the main cast. In addition, Wilson appeared as a different character in the pilot episode while Bernard portrayed the role of Earl in that episode.

Catchphrases

 * "Wooooooo, WHEE!! I got it, I got it, and I got to report it!"—Junior's (Ted Lange) introduction whenever he had a bit of juicy gossip to tell Clifton and anybody else in the barbershop who happened to be listening.

Home media
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released both Seasons on DVD in Region 1 on August 23, 2005. The majority of episodes are presented on both DVD releases in their edited-for-syndication form. Only a handful of episodes are presented in their original unedited form.

On June 13, 2017, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released That's My Mama- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.

Cultural references
In the movie Coming to America, Eddie Murphy has a brief role as Randy Watson, who is explained by Arsenio Hall’s character, Reverend Brown, to have played “Joe the Policeman" in the (fictional) "What’s Goin' Down” episode of That's My Mama.

In the Family Guy episode "Mr. Griffin Goes to Washington," Peter testifies before Congress. Trying to think of a snappy line with which to end his speech, he finally quips "Well, that's my mama!" (This was the tagline at the end of each That's My Mama episode's prologue.)

Syndicated rebroadcast
Catchy Comedy aired That's My Mama during its Weekend Binge marathon block on February 12–13, 2022 and again on February 3, 2024.

title: That's My Mama


text:
Gintaras Didžiokas

Gintaras Didžiokas (born 10 August 1966, Vilnius) is a Lithuanian politician and Member of the European Parliament for the Peasants and New Democratic Party Union; part of the Union for a Europe of Nations.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gintaras Didžiokas


text:
Talk:Human rights in North Korea

"forced abortion"
why is this being discussed on the page for human rights WITHIN North Korea if this action is explicitly being blamed on the Chinese government? Chinese response to North Korean refugees is a separate issue. 209.33.103.36 (talk) 16:57, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

"Worst in the world"
The only source I'm seeing to back this statement up comes from Freedom House, which at least needs attribution given that it's a US funded think tank. Looking at their newest report, North Korea isn't even the worst.

I'll give people time to respond before being bold and changing this. Thanks.Stix1776 (talk) 14:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, change it.--Jack Upland (talk) 23:59, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

"Globally condemned"
Hi @Gdeblois19 I see that you reverted my edit, saying that it was in the following paragraphs. Could you please provide a source for "globally", as I'm not seeing it in the text. Thank you for your efforts.Stix1776 (talk) 15:29, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Human rights in North Korea


text:
Mobile privatization

Mobile privatization can be described as an individual's attachment to a mobile device. This leads to a feeling of being "at home" while connected to a device in a mobile setting. Using a mobile device, an individual can feel as though they could travel anywhere in the world while still feeling comfortable because of the connectivity of their mobile device. The connection creates a sense of familiarity, resulting in the individual's identity becoming attached to their mobile service provider. This concept leads to the idea that "home" does not need to be a domestic structure featuring walls and a roof, but that the mobile sense of connection provides a portable community similar to a home environment.

History of the concept
The term was first used by Raymond Williams in his 1974 book Television: Technology and Cultural Form (Routledge, 3rd ed., 2003, ISBN 0-415-31456-9). Williams described the main contradiction in modern society as the one between mobility and home-centered living. He considered that television can negotiate that contradiction by providing users privacy to view the world.

Paul du Gay, of the Copenhagen Business School, developed this theory in 2001. His main perspective was that home, for Williams, is a shrunken social space where isolated individuals gain vicariously increased mobility. Accordingly, he introduced the concept of “mobile privatised social relations”. Henrikson applied the concept of Technological Determinism to conclude that “Technologies can be designed, consciously or unconsciously, to open certain social options and close others”.

In 2005, Kenichi Fujimoto, Professor of Informatics and Mediology at Mukogawa Women's University, came up with a theory called "Nagara Mobilism". Nagara means people have the ability to handle different process like text, video and sound at the same time. He reaffirmed the contradiction between the physical and virtual home, and explained that increased privacy of public space can make the contradiction stronger. In 2007, the term glocalization was introduced. It means that when individuals utilize mobile technology, their social networks expand while making themselves much closer to the local community.

Hans Geser, a professor at the University of Zürich, has isolated four main features of mobile technology that weaken societal development:
 * By increasing the pervasiveness of primary, particularistic social bonds.
 * By reducing the need for time based scheduling and coordination.
 * By undermining institutional controls and replacing location-based communication systems with person-based.
 * By providing support for anachronistic “pervasive roles”.

title: Mobile privatization


text: Talk:Theater in the United States

title: Talk:Theater in the United States


text:
Rolandas Pavilionis

Rolandas Pavilionis (July 3, 1944 in Šiauliai – May 10, 2006 ) was a Lithuanian philosopher, politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Liberal Democratic Party; part of the Union for a Europe of Nations.

Biography
In 1962 Pavilionis graduated from a night-school for workers in Šiauliai. He attended the school at night after finishing his work at a bicycle factory. The same year he was admitted to the Vilnius University to study foreign languages. In 1968 he graduated the university with a degree in philology. From 1968 to 1971 he continued postgraduate studies at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and earned a doctor's degree in logic. Pavilionis then returned to Lithuania and joined Vilnius University as member of the faculty (1971–1977 docent, 1982–1990 professor). For some time he was the head of the Department of History of Philosophy and Logic.

Pavilionis took courses at the Sorbonne University of Paris with prof. Algirdas Julius Greimas. In 1981 Pavilionis defended his thesis in the field of language logic and philosophy of logic, earning degree of Habilitated Doctor of Logic.

In 1990 Pavilionis was elected as the rector of the Vilnius University. He held the post until 2000, when was elected to Seimas (parliament). In 2004, he was elected to the European Parliament.

In 2006 he died in Santariškės hospital, Vilnius.

Works
Pavilionis was the author of works in Russian, Lithuanian and English.

 * „Язык и логика“, 1975,
 * „Kalba. Logika. Filosofija“, Vilnius: Mintis, 1981.
 * „Проблема смысла: современный логико-философский анализ языка“, Москва: Мысль, 1983.
 * „Meaning and conceptual systems“, Moscow: Progress, 1990.
 * „Prieš absurdą“, 2000.
 * „Tarp šviesos ir tamsos“, 2000.
 * „Prieš absurdą II“, 2004.
 * „Prasmė ir tapatumas, arba kelionė į save“, Vilnius: Lietuvos mokslas, 2005.

title: Rolandas Pavilionis


text:
Downes v. Bidwell

Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901), was a case in which the US Supreme Court decided whether US territories were subject to the provisions and protections of the US Constitution. The issue is sometimes stated as whether the Constitution follows the flag. The decision narrowly held that the Constitution does not necessarily apply to territories. Instead, the US Congress has jurisdiction to create law within territories in certain circumstances, particularly those dealing with revenue, which would not be allowed by the Constitution for US states. It has become known as one of the "Insular Cases".

Background
The case specifically concerned a merchant, Samuel Downes, who owned S. B. Downes & Company. His company had imported oranges into the Port of New York from the newly-acquired territory of Puerto Rico and had been forced to pay import duties on them. He sued George R. Bidwell, the US customs inspector for the port of New York.

The Supreme Court in DeLima v. Bidwell had decided that ever since Puerto Rico had been acquired by the United States from Spain in the Treaty of Paris (1898), normal customs levied on imports from foreign countries did not apply to imports from Puerto Rico since it had ceased to be a foreign country.

However, the Foraker Act now levied customs specifically on imports from Puerto Rico. Downes disputed its constitutionality on the grounds that such duties were under the jurisdiction of Article I, Section 8, of the US Constitution, which provides that "all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States." Since the duty on oranges did not exist for other parts of the United States, he argued that it should not exist for Puerto Rico.

Decision
The Supreme Court decided 5–4 that the newly-annexed territories were not properly part of the United States for purposes of the Constitution in the matter of revenues, administrative matters, and the like. However, the court was careful to note that the constitutional guarantees of a citizen's rights of liberty and property were applicable to all and "cannot be under any circumstances transcended", according to Justice Edward Douglass White's concurring opinion.

Territories were due the full protections of the Constitution only when Congress had incorporated them as an "integral part" of the United States.

One of two dissenting opinions was written by Justice John Marshall Harlan, who would have held that Congress was always bound to enact laws within the jurisdiction of the Constitution: "This nation is under the control of a written constitution, the supreme law of the land and the only source of the powers which our government, or any branch or officer of it, may exert at any time or at any place." He held that the Congress had no existence and thus had no authority outside the Constitution. He continued:

"The idea prevails with some, indeed it has expression in arguments at the bar, that we have in this country substantially two national governments; one to be maintained under the Constitution, with all its restrictions; the other to be maintained by Congress outside and independently of that instrument, by exercising such powers as other nations of the earth are accustomed to. ... I take leave to say that, if the principles thus announced should ever receive the sanction of a majority of this court, a radical and mischievous change in our system will result. We will, in that event, pass from the era of constitutional liberty guarded and protected by a written constitution into an era of legislative absolutism. ... It will be an evil day for American Liberty if the theory of a government outside the Supreme Law of the Land finds lodgment in our Constitutional Jurisprudence. No higher duty rests upon this court than to exert its full authority to prevent all violation of the principles of the Constitution."

Aftermath
The idea of territorial incorporation is generally agreed to have arisen from Justice White's concurring decision noted above. "Incorporation", in this sense, does not refer to the legal process whereby a company takes on certain of the characteristics of a person (see incorporation). The concept of "territorial incorporation" is that the United States can be proprietor of a territory without having actually incorporated that territory into the United States.

Unincorporated territories are not due the full benefits of the US Constitution, as noted from Justice White's decision above.

The idea has been used in court cases ever since to affirm that the citizens of certain territories can be subject to laws and regulations that are not constitutionally applicable to other citizens of the United States. Many citizens of territories that have been designated unincorporated have seen the principle of territorial incorporation as a form of oppression.

title: Downes v. Bidwell


text:
Talk:Pope Victor I

Black pope
Was he the first black Pope? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alphaboi867 (talk • contribs)

 * No. RickK 06:49, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

He was White actually. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrdie (talk • contribs) Not Actually!
 * Yes he was:) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmac800 (talk • contribs)

Pope Victor looked like the people and ancestry of the land from which he came. "Africa". The Syrians, Greeks and Jews which comprised some of the early popes looked like their ancestry as well. The Arian rise in the Catholic Church didn't begin until the latter part of the third century. Even the Roman Empire wasn't converted at large until the fourth century. The first two centuries Catholicism was supported largly by the churches in Africa by of course, "African" people. People of African lineage were involved from the beginning. Refer to ("The Oxford Dictionary of The Popes" Oxford University Press, 1986) for proof that Catholicism is really a world religion. For other blacks popes you should see (Liber Pontificalis Book of the Popes) p. 17 for Victor; p. 40 for Melchiades, sometimes called Miltiades, under whose reign Rome was converted to Catholicism; p.110 for Gelasius, '''L.R. Loomis, translator. New York 1916'''. See also (100 Amazing Facts About The Negro With Complete Proof, J. A. Rogers, 1936.) Tom Bailey

 * Yes actually, Tom Bailey. Africans were indeed involved in the Catholic Church from the beginning, but not black Africans.  The people of North Africa are white, and Catholicism didn't spread to Sub-Saharan Africa until the European Age of Exploration brought it there.  Don't cite fringe scholars like J.A. Rogers to support your mythistory, because it only discredits you. --Jugbo
 * Actually, North Africans, like other Mediterranean groups, have been a melting pot of Caucasian and black African populations for thousands of years, and show a range of "racial" features consistent with such mixing. Neither Afrocentric revisionism nor historically Afrophobic US census categories change these historical and biological facts.  Kemet 01:31, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, Kemet, Berbers (for the most part) and Europeans don't have much black ancestry. So, rather than "a melting pot of Caucasian and black African populations", it would be more accurate to describe Mediterranean peoples as "Caucasian", with minor (the great majority of the time) sub-Saharan ancestry (the exception being the Tuaregs, who are highly mixed). Also, in addition to the images displayed at the top of the Berbers page, this site features pictures of Berbers that don't really display "a range of 'racial' features consistent with such mixing [of 'Caucasian and black African populations']" (the exception, again, being the Tuaregs). --Jugbo 03:00, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Jugbo, where are you getting your information from about Berbers or Europeans not having African or black ancestry. Do you not know that all life originated from Africa? Do you not know that Essau was the brother of Jacob and born white. Please let's keep the racism out of articles. St. Victor was a dark skinned African. I won't label him as black or white because this would cause me to submit to racist views. I don't think you should either. Labeling Mediterraneans as Caucasian follows this same racist attitude. Mediterraneans surely wouldn't agree with you. And just because you show a website with similar racist views doesn't make it true. It is evident that these people have no idea of their true ancestry due to indoctrination. Do you not know that it is possible for a dark skinned and a light skinned baby to be born as twins from the same parents. Please cease with this racism. It has no place on Wikipedia. In addition J.A. Rogers is a respected scholar. You are only making yourself look bad saying quoting him discredits someone. What are your accomplishments in comparison to his for you to make such a statement. Rogers has done more for humanity than you have I'm sure.--Gnosis 07:10, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Utter rubbish. You are misquoting the Old Testament as a source for your confused racialist agenda. Koalorka (talk) 20:34, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

After some of my research on Pope Gelasius for a class, I found the document, The Three African Popes by Millicent Browne and published in The Western Journal of Black Studies. In it I found the only source to make any comment on origin for any of these three men. In this and other sources, there is no mention of race, only that they were from Africa. To seek to define them further is very hard without more evidence. Please be sure to include sources and your claims will be happily uncontested. Stealthound (talk) 22:58, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

The Original Catholic Encyclopedia (which can be viewed online) lists Victor as of African descent. Not African born of Roman descent. Gelasius was listed born in Rome of African descent. This is clear as there would be no need to list him as Roman born of Roman descent. If Victor had been of Roman descent, it would have said born in Africa of Roman descent. The same clarity that was given to Gelasius albeit in reverse. It also states that Militiades was a native of Africa. You cannot be native to Africa and of a Roman colony birth at the same time. Also see "The Oxford Dictionary of The Popes" Oxford University Press copyright 1986 Tom 02/12/10

Image Request
reqimage -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by SimonP (talk • contribs)
 * Request removed by —Preceding unsigned comment added by Who (talk • contribs)

Recent big edit
I have two concerns over the last edit. 1) Wikipedia is NOT a primary source, and we have now quoted text that exceeds the amount of original prose. I believe there is no need for such a big block quote, and we could easily summarize the points and cite the source. 2) Wikipedia is not a soapbox, and this article should not primarily be arguments against he papacy, but instead encyclopedic information relevant to this individual. I believe some of the new content isn't very neutral in that regard, and may be given undue weight to matters not entirely relevant here. -Andrew c 14:34, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Andrew, In trying to remove this article from Stub-Class I heartily agree Wiki is neither an original source nor a soapbox for any particular view. Nevertheless inexact presuppositions create myths which don't belong to the historically based Judeo-Christian religion. The "big block quote" is but a drop in the bucket of the "Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers," and I don't think it's excessive. That said, I do agree that it is a large quote. However, to do history real justice, I should have quoted both paragraphs of Chapter XXV which is very short, and completes about all the ancients knew of Victor. To wit:

 * Chapter XXV. How All Came to an Agreement Respecting the Passover.

 * 1 Those in Palestine whom we have recently mentioned, Narcissus and Theophilus, and with them Cassius, bishop of the church of Tyre, and Clarus of the church of Ptolemais, and those who met with them, having stated many things respecting the tradition concerning the passover which had come to them in succession from the apostles, at the close of their writing add these words:

 * 2 “Endeavor to send copies of our letter to every church, that we may not furnish occasion to those who easily deceive their souls. We show you indeed that also in Alexandria they keep it on the same day that we do. For letters are carried from us to them and from them to us, so that in the same manner and at the same time we keep the sacred day.”377 Schaff, Philip: The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers Second Series Vol. I. Oak Harbor : Logos Research Systems, 1997, S. 244

 * The footnotes in the above blocked quote are of little value to the article as I felt were necessary for the part we're discussing.

 * From the facts it's clear that Victor's real place in history is far more reaching than the information we know about him or the prose that attended his entry. He not only deserves his place in that history, but without knowing what his contributions were, real history kneels to supposition. As you noted, part of that supposition concerns the papacy. Thus the question is of major historical import and should provide no soap boxes even for miscalculated or inaccurate pages of historical pretense. Whether or not the original prose or lack of historical mischief was intentional or unintentional is not important here, but of eternal consequences is dismissal of truth once it's shown. Let's at least live by truth.

 * That said, I would ask your help in removing this entry from its Stub-Class status, and this should get us pretty close because not much more than this is known about Victor. And I think what's written could be cleaned up a bit. I'd be happy to consider any deletions, additions or amendments you might like to make if you would include them in the discussion pages here. Thanks for your interest. Sky 13:26, 29 June 2007 (UTC)Sky

 * I just noticed that no reference is made to the papal controversy, as it should somewhere. Where would you suggest? Sky
 * I had not noticed the big reversion and I have not only restored it, but enhanced it. There is a lot more information that can be written if it becomes necessary to allow history to have her perfect role. Sky 15:43, 11 July 2007 (UTC)Sky

 * I removed part of your addition. It clearly was not encyclopedic in tone or content. I mean come on history kneels to supposition? And From the facts it's clear that Victor's real place in history is far more reaching than that usually attended to him. Wikipedia is not the place to correct history's wrongs. We simply report on our sources, and if the majority of sources don't give him much credit, we have to say as much, per WP:NPOV and WP:V.-Andrew c [talk] 16:51, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry you feel I was trying to correct any of history's wrongs. That was certainly not my intent nor would I be very successful at it. :-) Nevertheless, all I have done was to move two paragraphs above the large block quote. I thought they made better sense there. I changed nothing else. Best! Sky 17:49, 12 July 2007 (UTC)Sky

First reference
Suggest removal of the massive block of arguement in the reference list156.22.9.252 (talk) 02:32, 12 February 2013 (UTC)
 * There is some useful information there, so it shouldn't be deleted but the information moved to the main text. On the other hand, there are some clues this might be a copyright violation: at one point some text is missing, which could happen if source text is copied from an original text in two copy-&-paste actions; the other is the use of the first person at one point. Anyway, that text is gone except for some unavoidable phrases. -- llywrch (talk) 00:53, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Can we please try to find some sources on ethnicity and what ethnic group he is?
I understand he likely wasn’t sub-Saharan African equally so, he likely wasn’t white European.

He was North Africa and likely had a darker complexion (similar to the coptics I would say)

It does play an important role actually.

Victor was the first pope to speak Latin because Christians in Rome were still using Greek in the liturgy. As one historian has written, it was “remarkable ... that Latin should have won recognition as the language of African Christianity from the outset, while the Roman church was still using Greek.”

Some more information -https://www.stbensparishmilwaukee.org/about-us/history/black-history-profiles/african-popes Solidarityandfreedom (talk) 14:34, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pope Victor I


text:
Big Boys

Big Boys were an American pioneering punk rock band who are credited with having helped to create and introduce skate punk as a new style of music, which became popular in the 1980s. They also were famous for bringing elements of funk into their hardcore punk style.

Formation
Formed in 1977 in Austin, Texas, United States, the original band members were Randy "Biscuit" Turner on vocals, Tim Kerr on guitar and Chris Gates on bass. The key members of the band were childhood friends for a decade before the band was started. Over the years the group played with five drummers in all; Steve Collier, Greg Murray, Fred Schultz, Rey Washam and Kevin Tubb who played only one show (the band's first) because Collier was sick.

The hardcore punk style, a development from the earlier punk sound, arose spontaneously in various cities, but in Austin it was represented by MDC, Big Boys, the Huns, the Skunks and the Dicks. The bands often played together; Big Boys and the Dicks jointly released a split single and an LP, Live At Raul's.

Big Boys shows were legendary, frequently involving food fights, with "Biscuit" frequently sporting a pink ballerina's tutu and pink cowboy boots. Invitations would be made to the audience to come up and sing along, which often occurred. At the end of early shows, the band was famous for yelling, "OK y'all, go start your own band."

Queried about his sexuality by Flipside magazine in 1982, "Biscuit" Turner replied:

"I don't know if I want to answer that or not because it doesn't make any difference if I'm gay or not, I'm a human being and my sexual preference doesn't play into my lifestyle. It comes from my heart and I want people to look at me and say I'm a human being — don't ask me about what 5% of my life is."

Musical importance
Big Boys are credited as well with the introduction of funk rhythms to hardcore punk, producing funk metal, an innovation influential on later bands such as Red Hot Chili Peppers, who actually opened up for the Big Boys in Hollywood, leading to Red Hot Chili Peppers being referred to as "the Little Big Boys". This credit is due in no small part to the addition of a horn section, the Impromptu Horns, spearheaded by Chris Gates' brother, Nathan. The Impromptu Horns played mainly local shows, and played on some of the funkiest tracks recorded by Big Boys. Horn players included Nathan Gates, David Kitto and Tim Kopra on trombones; Brent Fawns and David Griffy on trumpets.

They were also one of the first bands involved in the skatepunk scene, appearing in Thrasher skateboarding magazine and on Thrasher's Skate Rock compilation records, and had their own Big Boys skateboard designed by Pushead and produced by Zorlac Skateboards. After a Bad Brains show in Austin that ended in controversy involving Biscuit (and later inspired the songs "Brickwall" by Big Boys and "Pay to Come Along" by MDC), conflicts began to arise within the band, specifically between Biscuit and Chris. Big Boys played their last show very unexpectedly. Biscuit and Chris never spoke to each other again.

Aftermath
Tim Kerr went on to play with many bands, including Poison 13, Bad Mutha Goose, Monkeywrench, Jack O Fire, Lord High Fixers and, in 2004, the Total Sound Group Direct Action Committee.

Chris Gates was also with Poison 13, Junkyard and Charter Bulldogs. Gates can currently be heard fronting Big Chris Gates and Gatesville, a southern-fried country group based in Austin.

Horn player Tim Kopra became an astronaut and commander of the International Space Station.

Drummer Rey Washam has played consistently with such groups as Jerryskids, Scratch Acid, Rapeman, and Ministry. Original drummer Steve Collier switched from drums to guitar and formed Doctors' Mob, whose first album was produced by Chris Gates, and later played in the Sidehackers and the Rite Flyers.

Randy Turner performed with the Slurpees, Cargo Cult, and Swine King, the latter band contributing the song "All Broke Down" to Outpunk Records' compilation, Outpunk Dance Party. Randy Turner was found dead from Hepatitis C complications in his home on August 18, 2005, at the same time he was featured on the cover of that week's The Austin Chronicle.

The Big Boys also appeared in the well-reviewed 2006 Sundance film, American Hardcore. Their song "Brickwall" appeared on the soundtrack.

Big Boys were innovative in many ways and were influential in the direction music and music scenes would take in their wake.

Singles

 * Frat Cars 7" single (1980) on Big Boys Records
 * Wipe Out/I'm Sorry Fear and Loathing fanzine promo 7"
 * Fun, Fun, Fun... 12" EP (1982) on Moment Productions

Albums

 * Live at Raul's Club split LP with the Dicks (1980) on Rat Race (1981)
 * Where's My Towel/Industry Standard on Wasted Talent (1981)
 * Lullabies Help the Brain Grow on Moment Productions (1983)
 * No Matter How Long the Line at the Cafeteria, There's Always a Seat on Enigma (1984)

Compilations

 * Thrasher Magazine Skate Rock!, Vol.1 (High Speed Productions, 1983)
 * Rat Music for Rat People, Vol. 2 (CD Presents, 1984)
 * Wreck Collection LP on The Unseen Hand (1988) (reissued on CD by Gern Blandsten in 2002).
 * The Skinny Elvis CD on Touch and Go Records (1993)
 * The Fat Elvis CD on Touch and Go Records (1993)
 * Lullabies Help the Brain Grow/No Matter How Long the Line at the Cafeteria, There's Always a Seat double LP on X-Mist Records (2004)
 * Texas Funk Compilation Cass. on Rastaman Work Ethic Productions (1990)

title: Big Boys


text:
Abdul Injai

Abdul Injai or Abdoul Ndaiye was a Senegalese mercenary in colonial Portuguese Guinea at the turn of the 20th century.

Alliance with Portugal
A Muslim Wolof, Abdul Injai initially came to notice while assisting in the punitive military missions of Portuguese colonialists Oliveira Musanty and Teixeira Pinto, from 1905 to 1915. This era was the beginning of a Portuguese campaign against the animist tribes of the interior, with the help of the indigenous coastal Islamic population. It would not be until 1936 that areas like the Bijagos Islands would be under complete government control. Tenuous alliances, like those between Abdul Injai and the Portuguese during the Scramble for Africa, reflect the overwhelming tendency for European colonial powers to attempt to divide native African populations based on religious affiliations - particularly the idea that, although racially inferior to Europeans, Muslim Africans possessed higher levels of education and culture and were preferential associates compared to followers of animist or tribal religions.

An outraged Portuguese lawyer later published a damning report on the atrocities committed by African mercenaries under the command of Abdul Injai and Pinto:"'Numerous bands, in which were also found the old, the crippled, women and children, fled, terrorized in the face of the triumphant march of the force of the irregulars [the mercenaries]. And in the disorderly flight, numerous natives, men, women, old people, children and the crippled, perished, drowned in the river, and ... mercilessly killed by the same irregulars. Then followed assaults on the tabancas [villages], these being sacked and burned; their undefended inhabitants were slaughtered; the fields were devastated totally destroyed.... Today, the rich and extensive territory inhabited by Pepels is in the greatest desolation and misery.'"Having assisted the Portuguese in the conquest of several native groups from 1914-1915, Injai began to consolidate his power in the Oio region, where Portuguese influence was limited, allowing for him to do as he pleased and act independent of the government. Eventually, the people of Oio paid more attention to the demands of Injai then the government, who terrorized the locals. His mercenary Senegalese army stayed independent there for four years, not only threatening the Portuguese and Oio locals, but also the French administration in Senegal, who feared a return of the mercenary army would lead to conflict in Senegal.

Downfall and Conflict with the Portuguese
In 1919, Injai demanded the Portuguese government to disarm several northern provinces, which they refused. Tensions continued to rise as Injai's army sabatoged Portuguese control by cutting telegraph wires and harassing Portuguese officials. The colonial governor dispatched all available troops to Mansaba, as well as several armed boats upriver, to destroy Injai's army. From August 1-2, colonial forces engaged with the mercenary army, and after losing most of his soldiers, Abdul Injai surrendered to Portugal. He was deported to Cape Verde and received regular pensions from the government until he died several years later.

title: Abdul Injai


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Shashindra Pal Tyagi

Air Chief Marshal Shashindra Pal Tyagi, more commonly known as S P Tyagi, is an Indian Air Force officer who served as the 20th Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force and served from 31 December 2004 to 31 March 2007. He was succeeded by Air Chief Marshal Fali Homi Major.

Controversies
Tyagi was briefly named in an Italian Investigation into bribes paid to secure a Helicopter Contract, although further information created doubts in the matter. As per the unverified testimony of an Italian businessman, he received illegal payments to change the technical specifications of the helicopters which favored AgustaWestland which was finally awarded the deal. However, further investigation showed that the technical specifications were changed prior to his tenure on the orders of Brajesh Mishra, the National Security Adviser, in the Prime Minister's office (PMO). According to the investigators, 21 million euros (about Rs 150 crore) were paid as kickbacks under the cover of engineering contracts reportedly through companies IDS Tunisia and IDS India. A businessman named Sanjeev 'Julie' Tyagi, a close relative of S P Tyagi, one of the key suspects in the VVIP helicopter scandal, has denied reports filed in an Italian court, saying he had nothing to do with the 2010 defence deal. Detailed government documents revealed that the decision taken to change the technical specification were suggested and agreed upon by stake holders from multiple government agencies, including the Prime Minister's Office, the Special Protection Group (SPG), and others.

In April 2016, an Italian court said there was "reasonable belief that corruption took place" in the 2010 VVIP helicopter deal and that former Indian Air Force chief SP Tyagi was involved. Following necessary investigations, Tyagi was arrested by the Indian Central Bureau of Investigation on 9 December 2016.

In December 2016, Italy's Highest Court ordered a retrial of the case. In January 2018, the Italian courts said there was "insufficient proof that any bribery took place" and acquitted Giussepe Orsi (ex CEO) and Bruno Spagnolini (head of helicopter division) of all charges.

title: Shashindra Pal Tyagi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Irish dance of Phoenix, AZ

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Article is pending deletion due to a block compress error. Joyous 21:40, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Irish dance of Phoenix, AZ
Deceptively well-written, this article just tells the history of a dance company. It's really just a plug for a company. Not notable. — Brim 06:36, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, personal essay. Megan1967 06:55, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but remove promotional bias. A dance school established for 40-something years is notable. --Centauri 07:47, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No dance school is notable unless it's being run by the Champions or the Castles. Delete.  RickK 08:02, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep long-lived and definitely notable. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:01, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's a local dance school. I tried to clean it up but sadly, found nothing keepable. I've left the cleanup tag for anyone else who wants to try. Wyss 19:38, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the original author can't be bothered to clean up why should we. -- RHaworth 21:24, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)
 * Comment: because that's the whole point of a wiki. Dan100 21:51, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Mikkalai 07:12, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I cannot be bothered to read the entire thing, but the first few paragraphs do not establish notability, which is about the first thing any encyclopedia article should do (one should not, for example, have to read about someone's favorite foods an TV shows before being informed that they are the President of Tajikistan). It seems those voting to keep are doing so because it has been around a while. Thousands of businesses have been around for 40 years; that doesn't make them notable. -R. fiend 20:48, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: promo. Cut-n-paste from a geocities.com web site (extlink in the article). Wile E. Heresiarch 04:54, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trivial. Gamaliel 07:26, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Chequers 05:19, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Laima Andrikienė

Laima Liucija Andrikienė (born 1 January 1958 in Druskininkai) is a Lithuanian politician serving as member of the European Court of Auditors since November 2022.

Andrikienė is signatory of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, member of Reconstituent Seimas (1990-1992), former and current member of the Seimas (1992-2000, 2020-current), former chair of Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Seimas, former vice-president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, former Minister of Industry and Trade, former minister of European Affairs, and former member of the European Parliament (2004-2014, 2016–2019) for the Homeland Union (Lithuanian Conservatives) and European People’s Party, respectively.

Biography
Andrikienė was born in Druskininkai on 1 January 1958. In 1980 Andrikienė graduated from Vilnius University with a degree in Economics and Math. She worked as an engineer, an later as a research fellow, at the Lithuanian Institute for Research of Agricultural Economy. She successfully concluded doctoral studies in 1994. Andrikiene spent time as a Fellow at University of Manchester and as a Pew Economic Freedom Fellow at Georgetown University.

Political career
In 1990 Andrikienė was elected to the Supreme Council of Lithuania and was a signatory to the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. In the elections in 1992, she was elected as the member of the Sixth Seimas through the electoral list of Sąjūdis. In 1996, representing Homeland Union, she was elected for another term of the Seimas in Pramonės (17) single-seat constituency in Kaunas.

In December 1996 Andrikienė was appointed the Minister of the Industry and Trade for a short time. Later same month she was appointed a Minister of European Affairs.

Andrikienė left the Homeland Union at the end of 1998 together with her then-husband and fellow member of the Seimas Vidmantas Žiemelis. In 1999 they founded a short-lived Homeland People’s Party. In 2001 she joined the Lithuanian Union of the Right and in 2003 rejoined the Homeland Union.

In 2004 Andrikienė was elected to the European Parliament for Lithuania. She was elected from the electoral list of the Homeland Union and sat with the European People's Party. She was reelected in 2009 and was MEP up until 2014. As from 30 May 2016, Laima Liucija Andrikienė replaced Gabrielius Landsbergis (who stood down and took part in campaigning before 2016 Lithuanian parliamentary election) as an MEP for her third term. She served up until 2019. She was a Member of the Committee on International Trade, Member of Sub-Committee on Security and Defense, Substitute Member of Foreign Affairs Committee, 1st Vice Chair of the Delegation to the EU-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan, EU-Uzbekistan and EU-Tajikistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees and for relations with Turkmenistan and Mongolia and a Substitute Member of the Delegation for the relations with the United States.

In 2018 she won the International Trade Award of the Parliament Magazine’s Annual MEP Awards.

In 2020 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Andrikienė was elected to the Seimas. She was confirmed Chair of the Committee on Foreign Affairs in January 2022.

Andrikienė started a 6-year term as one of 27 members of the European Court of Auditors in November 2022.

Awards

 * 1997 Ordre national du Mérite, France (Grand Officier)
 * 2000 Independence Medal (Lithuania)
 * 2003 Medal “Ubi concordia ibi victoria” of the Baltic Assembly
 * 2004 Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (Commander’s Cross)
 * 2007 Honoris causa, Kingston University
 * 2008 Award of Lithuanian Confederation of Industrialists
 * 2012 Lietuvos kariuomenės kūrėjų savanorių medalis
 * 2014 Medal of Diplomacy, Taiwan
 * 2014 Order of Honor, Georgia
 * 2018 MEP of the Year 2018 (international trade) – "The Parliament Magazine"
 * 2020 Orden de Isabel la Católica, Kingdom of Spain (Cruz de Oficial)

title: Laima Andrikienė


text:
T. T. Boy

T. T. Boy (born Phillip Troy Rivera, April 30, 1968) is a Puerto Rican pornographic performer and podcaster. He made his adult video debut in 1988.

He twice won the XRCO Male Performer of the Year award, and was named the 1997 AVN Performer of the Year. In 2000, he was elected to the XRCO Hall of Fame. In 2003, he was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame. He has worked under such names as T.T. Boyd, Max Reynolds, Max Cash, and Butch.

Within the business, he is known as an untiring performer. In a 2015 interview, he stated that over the course of his career, he has slept with over 10,000 women.

Since 2019, Boy has hosted TT Boy TV, a podcast featuring interviews with current and former porn performers. The show is available on YouTube and Spotify.

Awards

 * 1992 – Adult Video News Award Best Group Sex Scene – Video (Realities 2, Ashlyn Gere, Marc Wallice and T.T. Boy)
 * 1993 – AVN Best Couples Sex Scene – Video (Bikini Beach, Sierra and T.T. Boy)
 * 1995 – XRCO Best Couples Scene (Seymore and Shane on the Loose!, T.T. Boy and Lana)
 * 1996 – AVN Best Couples Sex Scene – Film (Blue Movie, Jenna Jameson and T.T. Boy)
 * 1996 – XRCO Male Performer of the Year
 * 1996 – XRCO Woodsman of the Year
 * 1997 – XRCO Male Performer of the Year
 * 1997 – XRCO Best Anal or D.P. Scene (Car Wash Angels, Careena Collins, T.T. Boy and Tom Byron)
 * 1997 – AVN Male Performer of the Year
 * 1997 – AVN Most Outrageous Sex Scene (Shock, Shayla LaVeaux, T.T. Boy and Vince Vouyer)
 * 1999 – XRCO Best Male-Female Scene (Pink Hotel on Butt Row, T.T. Boy and Elena)
 * 2000 – XRCO Hall of Fame inductee
 * 2003 – AVN Hall of Fame inductee
 * 2009 – Urban X Hall of Fame inductee

title: T. T. Boy


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User:Dbolton

User Page for David Bolton (Dbolton)

 * Contributions
 * Talk

First edit: 19 January 2005

Personal site: David Bolton

Latter Day Saintism

 * 1) Emma Hale Smith
 * 2) Relief Society

Latter Day Saint Hymns

 * 1) Collection of Sacred Hymns (Kirtland, Ohio)
 * 2) Joy to the World (Phelps)
 * 3) The Spirit of God Like a Fire Is Burning

Trumpet-related

 * 1) Clarion (instrument)
 * 2) Double buzz
 * 3) Hosaphone
 * 4) Post horn
 * 5) Trumpet - particularly history related information
 * 6) William Adam (trumpeter)

Other

 * 1) English Hymnal
 * 2) For all the Saints
 * 3) Template:Music

Contributions to sister projects

 * User:Dbolton - Wikisource
 * User:Dbolton - Wikimedia Commons

title: User:Dbolton


text:
Frass

Frass refers loosely to the more or less solid excreta of insects, and to certain other related matter.

Definition and etymology
Frass is an informal term and accordingly it is variously used and variously defined. It is derived from the German word Fraß, which means the food takeup of an animal. The English usage applies to excreted residues of anything that insects had eaten, and similarly, to other chewed or mined refuse that insects leave behind. It does not generally refer to fluids such as honeydew, but the point does not generally arise, and is largely ignored in this article.

Such usage in English originated in the mid-nineteenth century at the latest. Modern technical English sources differ on the precise definition, though there is little direct contradiction on the practical realities. One glossary from the early twentieth century speaks of "...excrement; usually the excreted pellets of caterpillars." In some contexts frass refers primarily to fine, masticated material, often powdery, that phytophagous insects pass as indigestible waste after they have processed plant tissues as completely as their physiology would permit. Other common examples of frass types include the fecal material that larvae of codling moths leave as they feed inside fruit or seed, or that Terastia meticulosalis larvae leave as they bore in the pith of Erythrina twigs.

Various forms of frass may result from the nature of the food and the digestive systems of the species of insect that excreted the material. For example, many caterpillars, especially large, leaf-eating caterpillars in families such as Saturniidae, produce quite elaborately moulded pellets that may be conspicuous on the ground beneath plants in which they feed. In the tunnels they eat in the leaves, leaf miners commonly leave visible amorphous frass residues of the pulp of the mesophyll. Their frass commonly does not fill the tunnel.

In contrast, larvae of most powder post beetles (Lyctus) partly eject their finely granular frass from their tunnels when boring in the wood on which they feed, while the larvae of most dry-wood Cerambycidae leave their frass packed tightly into the tunnels behind them. Many other species of wood borers also leave the tunnels behind them tightly packed with dry frass, which may be either finely powdery or coarsely sawdusty. Possibly this is a defence against other borer larvae, many species of which are cannibalistic, or it might reduce attacks from some kinds of predatory mites or soak up fluids that a live tree might secrete into the tunnel.

Loose, fibrous frass of some moths in the family Cossidae, such as Coryphodema tristis, may be seen protruding from the mouths of their tunnels in tree trunks, especially shortly before they emerge as adult moths. In this respect, their frass differs from the powdery frass of powder post beetles such as Lyctus.

Borer tunnels may occur either in dry or rotting wood or under bark, in the comparatively soft, nutritious bast tissue, either dead or living.

Some boring insects do not digest the wood or other medium itself, but bore tunnels in which yeasts or other fungi grow, possibly stimulated by excretions and secretions of the insects. Such tunnels obviously cannot be permitted to become clogged, or the insects could not access their own pastures, so they must either eject at least part of their frass, or otherwise leave room for the edible growth. Examples of such boring-insect/fungal associations include ambrosia beetles with ambrosia fungi, the sirex woodwasp with its fungal partner Amylostereum areolatum, and more.

In a significantly different sense the term "frass" also may refer to excavated wood shavings that carpenter ants, carpenter bees and other insects with similar wood-boring habits eject from their galleries during the tunneling process. Such material differs from the frass residues of foods, because insects that tunnel to construct such nests do not eat the wood, so the material that they discard as they tunnel has not passed through their gut. Even professional entomologists might need suitable instruments and detailed examination to distinguish this from food-derived frass.

Ecological considerations
Contact with frass causes plants to secrete chitinase in response to its high chitin levels. Some frass, such as that of the fall armyworm, can also reduce plants' herbivory defenses. Frass is a microbial inoculant, in particular a soil inoculant, a source of desirable microbes, that promotes the formation of compost.

Many insect species, usually in their larval stages, accumulate their frass and cover themselves with it either to disguise their presence, or as a repugnatorial covering.

title: Frass


text:
Speed Six

Speed Six may refer to:
 * Bentley Speed Six, British sports car produced between 1926 and 1930
 * Ruger Speed-Six, American revolver produced between 1972 and 1988
 * Speed Six!, children's book by Richard Hough (aka Bruce Carter)
 * TVR Speed Six engine, British car engine produced between 1999 and 2007

title: Speed Six


text:
Category:Washington Bullets players

This is a list of basketball players who played for the Washington Bullets, the team currently known as the Washington Wizards.

title: Category:Washington Bullets players


text:
Wavefront

In physics, the wavefront of a time-varying wave field is the set (locus) of all points having the same phase. The term is generally meaningful only for fields that, at each point, vary sinusoidally in time with a single temporal frequency (otherwise the phase is not well defined).

Wavefronts usually move with time. For waves propagating in a unidimensional medium, the wavefronts are usually single points; they are curves in a two dimensional medium, and surfaces in a three-dimensional one. For a sinusoidal plane wave, the wavefronts are planes perpendicular to the direction of propagation, that move in that direction together with the wave. For a sinusoidal spherical wave, the wavefronts are spherical surfaces that expand with it. If the speed of propagation is different at different points of a wavefront, the shape and/or orientation of the wavefronts may change by refraction. In particular, lenses can change the shape of optical wavefronts from planar to spherical, or vice versa.

In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described by the Huygens–Fresnel principle that treats each point in a propagating wavefront as a collection of individual spherical wavelets. The characteristic bending pattern is most pronounced when a wave from a coherent source (such as a laser) encounters a slit/aperture that is comparable in size to its wavelength, as shown in the inserted image. This is due to the addition, or interference, of different points on the wavefront (or, equivalently, each wavelet) that travel by paths of different lengths to the registering surface. If there are multiple, closely spaced openings (e.g., a diffraction grating), a complex pattern of varying intensity can result.

Simple wavefronts and propagation
Optical systems can be described with Maxwell's equations, and linear propagating waves such as sound or electron beams have similar wave equations. However, given the above simplifications, Huygens' principle provides a quick method to predict the propagation of a wavefront through, for example, free space. The construction is as follows: Let every point on the wavefront be considered a new point source. By calculating the total effect from every point source, the resulting field at new points can be computed. Computational algorithms are often based on this approach. Specific cases for simple wavefronts can be computed directly. For example, a spherical wavefront will remain spherical as the energy of the wave is carried away equally in all directions. Such directions of energy flow, which are always perpendicular to the wavefront, are called rays creating multiple wavefronts.

The simplest form of a wavefront is the plane wave, where the rays are parallel to one another. The light from this type of wave is referred to as collimated light. The plane wavefront is a good model for a surface-section of a very large spherical wavefront; for instance, sunlight strikes the earth with a spherical wavefront that has a radius of about 150 million kilometers (1 AU). For many purposes, such a wavefront can be considered planar over distances of the diameter of Earth.

In an isotropic medium wavefronts travel with the same speed in all directions.

Wavefront aberrations
Methods using wavefront measurements or predictions can be considered an advanced approach to lens optics, where a single focal distance may not exist due to lens thickness or imperfections. For manufacturing reasons, a perfect lens has a spherical (or toroidal) surface shape though, theoretically, the ideal surface would be aspheric. Shortcomings such as these in an optical system cause what are called optical aberrations. The best-known aberrations include spherical aberration and coma. However, there may be more complex sources of aberrations such as in a large telescope due to spatial variations in the index of refraction of the atmosphere. The deviation of a wavefront in an optical system from a desired perfect planar wavefront is called the wavefront aberration. Wavefront aberrations are usually described as either a sampled image or a collection of two-dimensional polynomial terms. Minimization of these aberrations is considered desirable for many applications in optical systems.

Wavefront sensor and reconstruction techniques
A wavefront sensor is a device which measures the wavefront aberration in a coherent signal to describe the optical quality or lack thereof in an optical system. There are many applications that include adaptive optics, optical metrology and even the measurement of the aberrations in the eye itself. In this approach, a weak laser source is directed into the eye and the reflection off the retina is sampled and processed. Another application of software reconstruction of the phase is the control of telescopes through the use of adaptive optics.

Mathematical techniques like phase imaging or curvature sensing are also capable of providing wavefront estimations. These algorithms compute wavefront images from conventional brightfield images at different focal planes without the need for specialised wavefront optics. While Shack-Hartmann lenslet arrays are limited in lateral resolution to the size of the lenslet array, techniques such as these are only limited by the resolution of digital images used to compute the wavefront measurements. That said, those wavefront sensors suffer from linearity issues and so are much less robust than the original SHWFS, in term of phase measurement.

There are several types of wavefront sensors, including:
 * Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor: a very common method using a Shack–Hartmann lenslet array.
 * Phase-shifting Schlieren technique
 * Wavefront curvature sensor: also called the Roddier test. It yields good correction but needs an already good system as a starting point.
 * Pyramid wavefront sensor
 * Common-path interferometer
 * Foucault knife-edge test
 * Multilateral shearing interferometer
 * Ronchi tester
 * Shearing interferometer

Although an amplitude splitting interferometer such as the Michelson interferometer could be called a wavefront sensor, the term is normally applied to instruments that do not require an unaberrated reference beam to interfere with.

Textbooks and books

 * Concepts of Modern Physics (4th Edition), A. Beiser, Physics, McGraw-Hill (International), 1987, ISBN 0-07-100144-1
 * Physics with Modern Applications, L. H. Greenberg, Holt-Saunders International W. B. Saunders and Co, 1978, ISBN 0-7216-4247-0
 * Principles of Physics, J. B. Marion, W. F. Hornyak, Holt-Saunders International Saunders College, 1984, ISBN 4-8337-0195-2
 * Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd Edition), D. J. Griffiths, Pearson Education, Dorling Kindersley, 2007, ISBN 81-7758-293-3
 * Light and Matter: Electromagnetism, Optics, Spectroscopy and Lasers, Y. B. Band, John Wiley & Sons, 2010, ISBN 978-0-471-89931-0
 * The Light Fantastic – Introduction to Classic and Quantum Optics, I. R. Kenyon, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-856646-5
 * McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), C. B. Parker, 1994, ISBN 0-07-051400-3

Journals

 * Wavefront tip/tilt estimation from defocused images
 * Wavefront tip/tilt estimation from defocused images
 * Wavefront tip/tilt estimation from defocused images
 * Wavefront tip/tilt estimation from defocused images
 * Wavefront tip/tilt estimation from defocused images

title: Wavefront


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Conscious evolution

Think of conscious evolution in these terms before you jump to the conclusion that it should be deleted.

1. Imagine that I take a flu virus, remove its genetic material, then reinsert into the flu virus the genetic equation which would ultimately modify dna in such a way as to repair the telemarase each time a cell replicates, then I infect you with this virus and as a result the virus amplifies itself infecting almost every cell in your body. Your aging process slows down to such a pace that 300 years is added to your life. Imagine how much you could contribute to wikipedia ;)
 * The analogy of a virus trying to infect the body of Wikipedia, and trying to convince the host it was in the host's best interest, is indeed apt. Jayjg (talk) 16:45, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Eugenics is a subset of conscious evolution, they are not one and the same. Transhumanism is a subset of conscious evolution, because the hijacked (huxley was a eugenicist) version of transhumanism rejects conscious evolution. Conscious evolution does not discriminate, it embodies all philosophies, all view points, all strategies of real tangible transformation towards Godhood! Dnagod 02:14, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You still don't get the point of all this. We have articles about plenty of theories and beliefs that most wikipedians find offensive or ridiculous.  The difference between those and this is that with those, there is actually something substantial for a non-adherent to identify and write about from an outsider perspective.  We can say, "X people believe Y because Z.  A people say B about Y."  Those articles are acceptable because they don't advocate—they report.  Your article is such a POV sermon, however, that not only is it utterly failing to report, but no one else but you even understands it.  How would you describe it if you didn't believe in it, and weren't trying to convince someone of its worth?  That's the mindset you have to get into to write effectively on here.  It also doesn't help that you have this knee-jerk tendency to accuse anyone you disagree with of being a member of the Jewish cabal.  Postdlf 03:16, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Liu Shou-ch'eng

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was withdrawn. - Ta bu shi da yu 05:45, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Liu Shou-ch'eng
non-notable — J3ff 06:47, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I withdraw my nomination for deletion. — J3ff 22:18, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not notable - 16 Google hits, possible vanity. Megan1967 06:56, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity page. — Brim 09:33, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:16, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme strong keep. He's actually current mayor of Yilan County, Taiwan (population: 463,000). The text is a massive copyvio so I'll do some cleanup and see what happens. --JuntungWu 18:40, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * By the way it's 4,550 Google keeps on the Chinese name. --JuntungWu 18:40, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * More by the way is that this is probably created from a red link in the Yilan County article. --JuntungWu 18:45, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Yilan County; could probably just list former county governors in a section all their own. Nateji77 18:51, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, he's even been re-elected, not a viable candidate for VfD. Wyss 19:30, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree. I am against his political views but I will go to great lengths to defend against deleting an encyclopedia article about him.--JuntungWu 09:52, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 07:12, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mayor of city. 220.244.224.72 18:00, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That was me when I wasn't signed in.Capitalistroadster 23:10, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mayor of a decent-sized city. / up+land 19:29, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A mayor of a large county is notable. Carrp | Talk 03:52, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hofflenosh

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 21:43, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Hofflenosh
neologism — J3ff 06:50, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Neologism Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:18, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, yep. Wyss 19:28, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 07:12, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep - how the heck are we meant to get this in the OED with you lot deleting it?!? I reckon, apart from my vote, this set of votes is going to be hofflenosh ;) We are serious about this, and you are the first site to openly oppose our plans for hofflenosh. Everyone else has accepted it and liked it with a "lol" or two, but once again Wikipedia proves itself to be humourless, with no consideration for anyone else except its own users.
 * Note: Above vote was made by 213.162.102.59 Unsigned/unregistered votes do not count. Please register with Wikipedia and have at least some edits before voting on VfD. =) --Andylkl 07:25, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * keep - Though the intonation of the word itself is a bit daft, it's a genuine phenomenon that deserves a specific definition and a word to go with it.
 * Note: Above vote was made by 172.214.242.7 See above. --Andylkl 07:25, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * keep - We all come across discussions like this, for example most political ones or 'evolution vs creationism' so I think that a word is needed to decribe this.
 * Note: Above vote was made by 84.67.1.255 See above. --Andylkl 07:25, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Neologism. Btw, it's not that Wikipedia is humourless, check out the BJAODN page for Wikipedian humour. ;) --Andylkl 07:25, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert B. Katz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 13:03, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Robert B. Katz
non-notable — J3ff 06:50, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Vanity page. — Brim 09:31, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. So he's got into university. Well done. Now go away. 14:13, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:18, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, user test. Wyss 19:27, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 07:12, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Category:Syracuse Nationals players

This is a list of basketball players who played with the NBL's, and later NBA's, Syracuse Nationals, now known as the Philadelphia 76ers.

title: Category:Syracuse Nationals players


text:
FN SCAR

The FN SCAR (Special Operations Forces Combat Assault Rifle) is a family of gas-operated short-stroke gas piston automatic rifles developed by Belgian manufacturer FN Herstal (FN) in 2004. It is constructed with modularity for the United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM) to satisfy the requirements of the SCAR competition. This family of rifles consists of two main types. The SCAR-L, for "light", is chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO and the SCAR-H, for "heavy", is chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO. Both types are available in Close Quarters Combat (CQC), Standard (STD), and Long Barrel (LB) variants.

In early 2004, United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) issued a solicitation for a family of Special Operations Forces Combat Assault Rifles, the so-called SCAR, designed around two different calibers but featuring high commonality of parts and identical ergonomics. The SCAR system completed low rate initial production testing in June 2007. After some delays, the first rifles began to be issued to operational units in April 2009, and a battalion of the U.S. 75th Ranger Regiment was the first large unit deployed into combat with 600 of the rifles in 2009. The U.S. Special Operations Command later cancelled their purchase of the SCAR-L and planned to remove the rifle from their inventory by 2013. However, they will continue to purchase the SCAR-H version, and also plan to purchase 5.56 mm conversion kits for the SCAR-H, allowing it to substitute for the SCAR-L.

As of late 2022, the SCAR is in service in over 20 countries.

Overview

The SCAR is manufactured in two main versions; the SCAR-L ("Light") and SCAR-H ("Heavy"). The SCAR-L fires 5.56×45mm NATO rounds from STANAG (M16) magazines. The SCAR-H fires the more powerful 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge from proprietary 20-round magazines. Varied barrel lengths are also available for different purposes, such as close quarters battle or long-range engagements. The initial solicitation indicated that the SCAR-H would also be capable of being chambered in the 7.62×39mm M43 Kalashnikov cartridge, as well as the 6.8×43mm Remington SPC cartridge, however, FN is not currently offering this configuration, and the models have likely been cancelled.

The SCAR-L, designated Mk 16 by USSOCOM, was intended to replace the M4A1, the Mk 18 CQBR and the Mk 12 SPR that had been in service (before SOCOM decided to cancel the order for the Mk 16 Mod 0, see below), whereas the Mk 17 (SCAR-H) had been intended to replace the M14 and Mk 11 sniper rifles in use. However, the weapon will only supplement other weapons, while issuance remains of the operator's discretion.

The semi-automatic only Mk 20 Mod 0 Sniper Support Rifle (SSR) is based on the SCAR-H. It includes a longer receiver, a beefed-up barrel extension and barrel profile to reduce whip and improve accuracy, and an enhanced modular trigger that can be configured for single-stage or two-stage operation together with either a folding or a non-folding precision stock.

The SCAR has two receivers: The lower is constructed of polymer, and the upper receiver is one piece and constructed of aluminum. The SCAR features an integral, uninterrupted Picatinny rail on the top of the aluminium receiver, two removable side rails and a bottom one that can mount any MIL-STD-1913 compliant accessories. The lower receiver is designed with an M16 compatible pistol grip, flared magazine well, and raised area around the magazine and bolt release buttons. The front sight flips down for unobstructed use of optics and accessories. The rifle uses a "tappet" type of closed gas system much like the M1 Carbine while the bolt carrier otherwise resembles the Stoner 63 or Heckler & Koch G36.

The SCAR is built at the FN Manufacturing, LLC plant in Columbia, South Carolina, in the United States. Since 2008, FN Herstal has been offering semi-automatic versions of the SCAR rifles for commercial and law enforcement use. These are dubbed the 16S (Light) and 17S (Heavy), and are manufactured in Herstal, Belgium and imported by FN Herstal's U.S. subsidiary FN America of Fredericksburg, Virginia. FN America slightly modifies the rifles (supplying a U.S. made magazine and machining a pin in the magazine well) to be in compliance with U.S. Code before selling them.

The FN SCAR 20S Precision Rifle chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO was introduced in 2019. It is a semi-automatic only civilian version of the FN Mk 20 SSR. In 2020 the FN SCAR 20S 6.5CM variant was announced chambered in 6.5mm Creedmoor. This chambering has been selected by USSOCOM for long-range use.

Enhanced Grenade Launcher Module
Introduced in 2004 as an addition, the Enhanced Grenade Launching Module (EGLM), officially referred to as the FN40GL, or Mk 13 Mod 0, is a 40 mm grenade launcher based on the 'GL1' designed for the F2000. The FN40GL is marketed in both an L (Light) and H (Heavy) model, for fitting the appropriate SCAR variant. The EGLM system features a double-action trigger and a swing-out chamber. These offer two advantages over the M203 system, the first being that the launcher does not need to be re-cocked if the grenade does not fire, and the latter being that longer grenades can be used. Like the M203, the FN40GL uses the same High-Low Propulsion System.

The FN40GL is deemed a third-generation grenade launcher, meaning it is multifunctional: it can be used mounted to the rifle or as a stand-alone system; it is manufactured using a number of materials like aluminum, composites, and polymers; the breech opens to the side for use of longer 40 mm rounds including less-than-lethal; and it is mounted on the bottom accessory rail instead of requiring specialized mounting hardware. The FN40GL is attached to SCAR rifles on the bottom rail with a trigger adapter and dual locking clamp levers on the launcher, limiting the ability to integrate with other rifles. Barrel length is 9.6 in, and is unique in that it is the only system where the barrel can swivel to the left or right for loading, while other breech-loading launchers pivot specifically to one side. This enhances its ambidexterity, making it easy for a left-handed operator to load under fire. The standalone stock assembly has the FN40GL mounted to the bottom rail as with the rifle, but still has 3 o'clock, 6 o'clock, and 9 o'clock rail positions for other accessories. This is mainly during non-lethal uses for other mounted additions like LED lights and laser dazzlers. The trigger is placed lower than normal for operation with the user's middle finger while keeping their trigger finger free to use the rifle. The double-action trigger is long and heavy to prevent easily and unintentionally firing a round under stress. It can fire the Pike 40 mm guided munition.

FNAC
In July 2007, the United States Army announced a limited competition between the M4 carbine, FN SCAR, HK416, and the previously shelved HK XM8. Ten examples of each of the four competitors were involved. During the testing, 6,000 rounds apiece were fired from each of the carbines in an "extreme dust environment". The purpose of the shoot-off was to assess future needs, not to select a replacement for the M4.

During the test, the SCAR suffered 226 stoppages. Since a percentage of each weapons' stoppages were caused by magazine failures, the FN SCAR, XM8 and HK416 performed statistically similarly. The FN SCAR ranked second to the XM8 with 127 stoppages, but with fewer stoppages compared to the M4 with 882 stoppages and the HK416 with 233. This test was based on two previous systems assessments that were conducted using the M4 carbine and M16 rifle at Aberdeen Proving Ground in 2006 and the summer of 2007 before the third limited competition in the fall of 2007. The 2006 test focused only on the M4 and M16. The Summer 2007 test had only the M4 but increased lubrication. Results from the second test resulted in a total of 307 stoppages for the M4 after lubrication was increased, but did not explain why the M4 suffered 882 stoppages with that same level of lubrication in the third test.

The SCAR was one of the weapons displayed to U.S. Army officials during an invitation-only Industry Day on 13 November 2008. The goal of the Industry Day was to review current carbine technology for any situation prior to writing formal requirements for a future replacement for the M4 carbine.

The SCAR was one of the competing weapons in the Individual Carbine competition which aimed to find a replacement for the M4 carbine. A variant of the SCAR was entered into the competition, known as the FNAC (FN Advanced Carbine). The weapon is similar to the SCAR Mk 16 Mod 0 but with modifications including a 0.3 lb weight reduction resulting in a loaded weight of 7.95 lb, a bayonet lug for an M9 bayonet (which the Mk 16 does not have), a rail mounted folding front iron sight instead of the gas block mounted sight, and a non-reciprocating charging handle. The competition was cancelled before a winner was chosen.

HAMR IAR
In 2008, a variant of the FN SCAR—the Heat Adaptive Modular Rifle (HAMR)—was one of four finalist rifles for the Infantry Automatic Rifle (IAR) competition. The IAR was a United States Marine Corps requirement for a lightweight automatic rifle for squad automatic rifle use. The FN entry was different from existing SCAR versions in that it combined closed bolt operation (fires from bolt forward/chambered cartridge) with open bolt operation (fires from bolt to the rear, no chambered cartridge), switching automatically from closed to open bolt as the weapon's barrel heats up during firing. There have been previous firearms with mixed open/closed bolt operation, but the automatic temperature-based operating mode switch is an innovation. The IAR competition was expected to result in Marine Corps procurement of up to 6,500 automatic rifles over five years, but eventually the SCAR variant was passed over in favor of the Heckler and Koch HK416 rifle, later designated as the M27.

Acceptance of the FN SCAR in the U.S. military
On 4 May 2010, a press release on FN America's official website announced the SCAR Acquisition Decision Memorandum was finalized on 14 April 2010, moving the SCAR program to the Milestone C phase. This was an approval for the entire weapons family of the SCAR-L, SCAR-H, and the Enhanced Grenade Launcher Module.

The Mk 16 has a rate of fire of 625 rounds per minute while the Mk 17 has a rate of fire of 600 rounds per minute. This was done to improve control during fully automatic fire.

In late October 2010 SOCOM approved full-rate production of the Mk 20 sniper variant of the SCAR, with fielding beginning in mid-May 2011.

Cancellation of procurement of the Mk 16
On 25 June 2010 SOCOM announced that it was cancelling the acquisition of the Mk 16, citing limited funds and a lack of enough of a performance difference in comparison to other 5.56mm rifles to justify the purchase. Remaining funds would be expended for the SCAR-H and the Mk 20 sniper variant. At the time, SOCOM had bought 850 Mk 16s and 750 Mk 17s. SOCOM had operators turn in their Mk 16s and is not keeping them in the inventory, but started developing a conversion kit for the Mk 17 to make it capable of firing 5.56mm rounds.

"FN America believes the issue is not whether the SCAR, and specifically the [originally contracted] Mk 16 variant, is the superior weapon system available today...it has already been proven to be just that...recently passing Milestone C and determined to be operationally effective / operationally suitable (OE/OS) for fielding. The issue is whether or not the requirement for a 5.56mm replacement outweighs the numerous other requirements competing for the customers' limited budget. That is a question that will only be determined by the customer". FN Herstal though had refuted that the Mk 16 was being dropped from the inventory and stated that the 5.56mm variant will be retained by SOCOM, and that "The choice between the 5.56 mm and the 7.62mm caliber will be left to the discretion of each constitutive component of USSOCOM's Joint Command (e.g. SEALs, Rangers, Army Special Forces, MARSOC, AFSOC) depending on their specific missions on today's battlefield".

FN America's claim contradicted the official announcement from SOCOM and they did not reverse their decision. SOCOM decided to procure the 7.62mm Mk 17 rifle, the 40mm Mk 13 grenade launcher, and the 7.62mm Mk 20 Sniper Support Rifle variants of the Special Operations Forces Combat Assault Rifle (SCAR) manufactured by FN. SOCOM would not purchase the 5.56mm Mk 16. At that point the individual service component commands within SOCOM (Army Special Operations Command, Naval Special Warfare Command, Air Force Special Operations Command, and Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command) would or would not still buy the 5.56mm Mk 16 SCAR for some or all of their respective subordinate units even with overall US Special Operations Command opting not to.

Modifying the Mk 17
SOCOM began removing the Mk 16 from its inventory at the end of 2011, and most units have had the rifle removed from service post-2013. To maintain the SCAR as a small-caliber weapon, they are procuring conversion kits for the Mk 17 battle rifle to make it fire 5.56×45mm rounds. The presolicitation for the SCAR program originally called for one rifle that could be adapted to fire multiple calibers including 5.56mm, 7.62×51mm, and 7.62×39mm. When requirements were finalized, the decision was made to separate the 5.56×45mm and 7.62×51mm weapons because converting the medium caliber rifle to fire small caliber bullets created an assault rifle heavier than the M4 carbine. After fielding, operators reversed the previous decision and called for a SCAR that could change calibers. The Mk 17 was chosen to be scaled down because it had a larger receiver for the 7.62×51mm round, and so the 5.56mm Mk 16 could not be scaled up to chamber the larger round. The 5.56mm conversion kit was finalized in late 2010 and orders began in mid-2011.

On 9 December 2011, the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division released a sole source 5 year indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity procurement notice for the Mk 16 Mod 0 (SCAR-L), Mk 17 Mod 0 (SCAR-H), Mk 20 Mod 0 (SSR), and Mk 13 Mod 0 (40mm EGLM) from FN to sustain inventory levels. Navy special operations forces procures their firearms through SOCOM and fielded the MK 16 more than any other unit.

The Mk 17 was in widespread use by American SOF units in Afghanistan, where its relative light weight, accuracy and stopping power has proved of worth on the battlefield.

Military variants
Precision Rifles - 7.62×51mm NATO
 * SCAR-L (FN MK 16) – 5.56×45mm NATO assault rifle
 * SCAR-L CQC (FN MK 16 CQC) (Close Quarter Combat) – 10 in barrel
 * SCAR-L STD (FN MK 16) (Standard) – 14 in barrel
 * SCAR-L LB (FN MK 16 LB) (Long Barrel) – 18 in barrel
 * SCAR PDW – 5.56×45mm NATO personal defense weapon variant with a 170 mm (6.5 in) barrel length. No longer in production and was replaced by the SCAR-SC.
 * SCAR-SC – 5.56×45mm NATO / .300 Blackout subcompact carbine. Weighs 3.1 kg, has a 7.5 in inch barrel, an overall length of 25.7 in and a length of 21.1 in collapsed and has a pistol grip with no finger rest. It has a lower effective range of 200 m. It became available in mid-2018.
 * SCAR-H (FN MK 17 Mod 0) – 7.62×51mm NATO battle rifle
 * SCAR-H CQC (FN MK 17 CQC) (Close Quarters Combat) – 13 in barrel
 * SCAR-H STD (FN MK 17 Mod 0) (Standard) – 16 in barrel
 * SCAR-H LB (FN MK 17 LB) (Long Barrel) – 20 in barrel
 * FN SCAR-H PR (Precision Rifle) - 20 in barrel, two-stage match semi-auto trigger, folding stock, and M16A2 pistol grip.
 * FN SCAR-H TPR (Tactical Precision Rifle) (FN MK 20 SSR (Sniper Support Rifle))- 20 in barrel, two-stage match semi-auto trigger, adjustable fixed stock, and M16A2 pistol grip.

Prototypes

 * FNAC (FN Advanced Carbine) – 5.56 mm NATO assault rifle entered into the US Army Individual Carbine competition. The competition was cancelled before a winning weapon was chosen.
 * HAMR IAR (Heat Adaptive Modular Rifle) – 5.56 mm NATO Automatic rifle entered in the United States Marine Corps' Infantry Automatic Rifle competition, it was eventually beaten by the M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle, a Heckler & Koch HK416 variant.
 * HAMR NGSW (Heat Adaptive Modular Rifle) – 6.8mm Federal Cartridge Company cartridge variant entered in the United States Army' Next Generation Squad Weapon Program competition, it was beaten by the XM5 (later redesignated XM7), a SIG MCX Spear variant.
 * Mk 17 Mod 1 6.5mm Creedmoor battle rifle entered in the SOCOM Mid-Range Gas Gun program.

Civilian variants

 * SCAR 15P - 5.56×45mm NATO semi-automatic pistol version of the FN SCAR-SC. Offered in matte black or flat dark earth (brown) color.
 * SCAR 16S – 5.56×45mm NATO semi-automatic version of FN Mk 16. Offered in matte black or flat dark earth color.
 * SCAR 17S – 7.62×51mm NATO semi-automatic version of FN Mk 17. Offered in matte black or flat dark earth color.
 * SCAR 20S – 7.62×51mm NATO semi-automatic version of FN Mk 20 SSR. Offered in matte black or flat dark earth color.
 * SCAR 20S 6.5CM – 6.5mm Creedmoor semi-automatic version of FN Mk 20 SSR. Offered in matte black or flat dark earth color.

title: FN SCAR


text:
Margarita Starkevičiūtė

Margarita Starkevičiūtė (1956 - ) is a member of EU institutions' advisory boards on financial markets and the digital economy, external academic expert for European Parliamentary Research Services. In 2004-2009 she was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) elected in Lithuania, ALDE political group, Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee, Budget Committee, Budgetary Control Committee, Temporary committee on policy challenges and budgetary means of the enlarged Union 2007-2013, Delegation for relations with Japan, Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand, Delegation for relations with Iran. PhD in socials science (economics) from Vilnius University (Lithuania),“Strategy of Long-Term Economic Growth in Transition and its Implementation in Lithuania”. The subject of research is the growth and strategy of economic policy. The aim is to evaluate the development of the economy in transition and applying modern growth model, to define the determinants and sources of long-term economic growth and to outline government economic policy strategy facilitating the growth of an economy. 1996-2004 and 2009-2014 was a lecturer, Associate Professor and researcher at Vilnius University. 1994–2001, a Head of Market Analysis Group, financial markets in Lithuania. 1978–1994, an economist and advisor for foreign relations, different Lithuania's public institutions and Ministries. Graduated in 1978 from Vilnius University with the degree in economics.

title: Margarita Starkevičiūtė


text:
Eugenijus Gentvilas

Eugenijus Gentvilas (born 14 March 1960 in Telšiai) is a Lithuanian politician, signatory of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania and Member of the European Parliament for the Liberal and Centre Union (Liberal Movement since 2006), sitting with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. He was mayor of Klaipėda from 1997 to 2001. In mid-2001, Gentvilas briefly acted as Prime Minister of Lithuania.

Biography
Eugenijus Gentvilas was born on 14 March 1960 in Telšai. In 1978, he graduated from Baisogal Secondary School in the Radviliškis District Municipality. In 1983, Eugenijus graduated from the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Vilnius University, majoring in geography. In 1993, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Main features of epigenesis of the Lithuanian glaciogenic relief.” In 1983-1990, he worked at the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and from 1993 to 1996 at Klaipeda University.

During 1990-1992, Eugenijus Gentvilas served as a member of the Supreme Council – Reconstituent Seimas, where he played a pivotal role in signing the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. In the subsequent years of 1991-1992, Gentvilas held the position of Speaker of the Seimas. In 1997, he secured the position of mayor of Klaipeda, effectively leading the city until 2001.

Gentvilas transitioned to national governance when he assumed the role of Minister of Economy of Lithuania from February to April 2001. On 20 June that year he was appointed as the acting Prime Minister of Lithuania, maintaining this position until 4 July.

From 2004 to 2009, Gentvilas extended his political reach by becoming a member of the European Parliament. Subsequently, he served as the general director of the state enterprise Port of Klaipėda from 2009 to 2012.

Between 1995 and 2004, as well as from 2009 to 2012, Eugenijus Gentvilas served as a member of the Klaipeda City Council. Subsequently, from 2012 to 2016, he took on the role of deputy during the 11th convocation of the Seimas of Lithuania.

In 2016, Gentvilas secured a place in the 12th convocation of the Seimas. During this period, he vied for the position of Speaker of the Seimas, ultimately losing to Viktoras Pranckietis, despite garnering 36 parliamentary votes.

A significant turning point in Gentvilas' political career occurred on 9 December 2017, when he was elected as the chairman of the Liberal Movement by a narrow margin of one vote. He received support from 330 party members, narrowly surpassing his opponent, Vitalius Gailius, the chairman of the anti-corruption commission of the parliament, who garnered 329 votes.

Personal life
He has been awarded the orders of France, Norway, and Latvia. Author of about 20 scientific and about 500 journalistic articles. He has a wife, Aušra, with whom he has a son Simonas, and daughters Rūta and Rasa. His sister is Virginija Baltraitienė.

title: Eugenijus Gentvilas


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bufu

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 13:03, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bufu
Non-notable or BS; possibly both — J3ff 06:59, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, article does not establish notability, possible vanity or hoax. Megan1967 08:21, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It sounds like something non-notable inspired by FUBU. It's certainly not "well-known" in North American culture generally. I have a strong feeling it's a local group of friends of about high school age. Delete. Samaritan 15:25, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete there is a real organisation called Brothers United, for black gay people in the Nashville area, but I'm pretty sure that isn't what this refers to. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:29, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of notability, probable vanity. Do they know that "Bufu" is slang for certain sexual preferences?  ("My English teacher is, like -- Mr. Bufu!  We're talking Lord God King Bufu!  He's always playing with his rings, and flirting with all the boys...")  -- Antaeus Feldspar 19:10, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's either a hoax or lame vanity. Wyss 19:26, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as probable hoax. "Bufu" + "Brothers United" -> no results.  --Idont Havaname 04:46, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bufu


text:
Fremont River

The Fremont River is a 95 mi long river in southeastern Utah, United States that flows from the Johnson Valley Reservoir, which is located on the Wasatch Plateau near Fish Lake, southeast through Capitol Reef National Park to the Muddy Creek near Hanksville where the two rivers combine to form the Dirty Devil River, a tributary of the Colorado River.

Course
The Johnson Valley Reservoir is fed by Sevenmile Creek (from the north) and Lake Creek (from the southwest). The Fremont River passes through Fremont, Loa, Lyman, Bicknell, Teasdale, and Torrey and provides year-round irrigation for the agricultural lands of Rabbit Valley and Caineville. Then it heads through Hanksville and afterward to its mouth.

Miscellaneous
The Fremont River has a drainage area of 751 sqmi fed by spring snowmelt off Thousand Lake Mountain, Boulder Mountain, and the northern Henry Mountains. The river is named after John Charles Frémont. It gives its name to the Fremont culture, a Precolumbian archaeological culture.

Flow
Flow (ft^3/s), by month (1977–2003), at Bicknell gauging station:

title: Fremont River


text:
Alix Olson

Alix L. Olson (born 1975 ) is an American poet who works exclusively in spoken word. She uses her work to address issues of capitalism, racism, sexism, homophobia, heterosexism, misogyny, and patriarchy. She identifies as a queer feminist.

Early years and education
Olson was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in 1975 to parents who were both politically minded professors and held ideals that she believes were passed along to her. She has recalled early childhood memories sitting under a table coloring protest signs.

Olson attended Stockholm University in 1996. She received a BA from Wesleyan University in 2007 and a PhD in political science from the University of Massachusetts Amherst with a graduate certificate in advanced feminist studies.

Career
Olson taught as faculty at the Juniper Institute for Young Writers at University of Massachusetts Amherst in Summer 2011 and 2012, at CSU Summer Arts at California State University in Fresno, California, and at the Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val Kill's Young Women's Leadership.

Poetry and media
In 1997, Olson began performing at the Nuyorican Poets Café, where she helped develop the 1998 Nuyorican poetry slam team. She and fellow Nuyorican team members Lynne Procope, Steve Colman, and Guy LeCharles Gonzalez won the 1998 National Poetry Slam championship in Austin, Texas. Soft Skull Press published Burning Down the House, an anthology that showcased poetry by Olson and her teammates and poetry by Roger Bonair-Agard, the 1998 Nuyorican Team's coach. In 1999, Olson beat Stacey Ann Chin in a slam off, giving her the title of the OUTWRITE slam champion. Olson recorded and published three spoken word CDs: Built Like That (2001), Independence Meal (2004), and Protagonist (2014). She was the subject of the documentary Left Lane: On the Road with Folk Poet Alix Olson, which was released in 2004. In June 2006, Olson co-hosted the Sixth Annual Outmusic Awards with Ari Gold at the Knitting Factory in Rochester, New York.

She is editor of Word Warriors: 35 Women Leaders in the Spoken Word Revolution with a foreword by Eve Ensler, a spoken word anthology published in 2007, which features contributions by Patricia Smith, Eileen Myles, Suheir Hammad, Staceyann Chin, Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz, Lynn Breedlove, Michelle Tea, and others. Olson's poem "Warrior" is referenced in the book Fight like a Girl: How to be a Fearless Feminist by Megan Seely.

In July 2014, blogger Justyn Hintze wrote about Apple's engraving service, which she felt was exhibiting sexist programming. According to Hintze, the programming came to her attention when she attempted to engrave her new iDevice with an Olson lyric, "I’ll give myself a lube job, shake my broomstick 'til my clit throbs", a lyric Hintze described as "feminist, sex-positive, and it makes me smile. Every. single. time."

The blog and subsequent campaign on Twitter, #MyClitMyChoice, garnered media attention.

Olson's work has been featured on NPR, HBO's Def Poetry Jam, Rachel Maddow's Air America radio show, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Curve magazine, Girlfriends magazine, The Advocate, Out magazine, the Lesbian Review of Books, and other media outlets. She has appeared on the covers of Lambda Book Report, Lavender Lens, Velvet Park magazine, and Ms. magazine. She has spoken to the National Organization for Women, GenderPAC, the Lesbian Summit, and poetry festivals in several countries. In 2004, she performed for at March for Women's Lives in Washington, D.C.

Oxford College of Emory University
Olson is an assistant professor of women's, gender, and sexuality studies at Oxford College of Emory University in Oxford, Georgia.

Critical analysis
bell hooks described Word Warriors: 35 Women Leaders in the Spoken Word Revolution (Seal Press, 2007), which Olson edited, as "daring to be heard.. to resurrect you." Historian and activist Howard Zinn called Olson "an ingenious poet, a brilliant performer, a funny person, a serious thinker. Quite simply, extraordinary." A critique in Utne Reader calls Olson "...the spoken word diva everyone's talking about." In describing her live performances, The Progressive calls Olson "an electrifying performer who seduces the audience with wit and energy, spinning tales of life on the road between her fiery poems. A sharpshooter with theatrical flair, Olson oozes both love and rage." The Progressive referenced Olson as a "word warrior", and Ms. Magazine described her as a "road-poet-on-a-mission."

Books

 * Word Warriors: 35 Women Leaders in the Spoken Word Revolution, Seal Press, 2007
 * Burning Down the House, Soft Skull Press, 2003

Awards

 * 1998: National Nuyorican Poetry Slam champion, Austin, Texas.
 * 1999: OUTWRITE slam champion
 * 2000: New York Foundation for the Arts fellowship
 * 2002: Three-time nominee for "Outstanding Artist-Activist" for the OUTMusic Awards
 * 2003: Rape Crisis "Visionary Award" along with Margaret Cho and Nobuko Oyabu
 * 2004: "Best activist" (along with MoveOn) as part of Venus magazine's "Hott List" and OutMusician of the Year by OutMusic for Excellence in artistic expression and LGBT community activism.
 * 2011: Political science travel grant from the University of Massachusetts Amherst
 * 2012: Research assistantship as part of the Graduate Research Initiative Program and the University of Massachusetts Amherst's "Student Choice Teaching Award"
 * 2013: Center for Research on Families fellowship and Distinguished Teaching Award, University of Massachusetts Amherst
 * 2016: New Political Science Christian Bay Award
 * Olson was awarded the Barbara Deming Award and offered a Hedgebrook Fellowship, which she declined

Discography

 * 2001: Built Like That
 * 2003: Independence Meal
 * 2014: Protagonist

title: Alix Olson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gregory Gauthier

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 13:05, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Gregory Gauthier
non-notable — J3ff 07:00, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete won a math contest? What's next, spelling-bee winners? How about the grammar rodeo? Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:32, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Encyclopedic notability not established.  (Brought back fond memories of my own kicking ass and taking names in the New England Mathematics League tests, though.)  -- Antaeus Feldspar 19:05, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopedic. Wyss 19:25, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Listed as national champion-2004 on Mathcounts page. This is all the credit deserved, however, in response to Starblind's comment, competitive mathematics is indeed a sport, if nonathletic.