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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zasz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 13:06, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Zasz
A minor character from the Starcraft universe. Fancruft. Indrian 20:33, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as cruft. Wyss 21:06, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as GOOPTI. — Ливай | ☺ 22:28, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as GOOPTI. --L33tminion | (talk) 01:44, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to Zerg Cerebrate, and add redirect. Megan1967 03:21, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fancruft. --Idont Havaname 04:42, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I normally don't vote when it's obvious.   But the 'merge' votes above will be counted as 'keep' by the sysop, and since they count for double a 'delete' vote, this vote is on track to being ruled as "no consensus for deletion".
 * Unsigned comment left by User:BM — Ливай | ☺ 17:42, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How do you reason that BM? If its a merge vote the article up for VfD will become subsumed by the target article in the merger, and the VfD article either deleted or redirected. Voting delete for the sake of opposing a merge or keep vote without other reasons is puzzling. Megan1967 05:48, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Here is how the sysops tally the votes, more or less. They count the votes. That is the denominator.   Then they count the Deletes; that is the numerator.  If the numerator divided by the denominator is not two-thirds or greater, the outcome is no consensus to delete, meaning the article is not deleted.   If there is no consensus to delete, what happens next is entirely up to the admin to decide.  In fact, any editor can redirect or merge, so the admin is not really doing anything that any other user couldn't do; the only thing that requires sysop powers is deleting the article.  So a "Merge" vote is counted with the keeps, and blocks a consensus to delete. Since a two thirds consensus is required to delete, when someone votes Merge, the Delete side has to get two more votes just to stay even.  The above is an oversimplification because people sometimes vote 'Abstain' or their vote can't be figured out, and is up to the sysop to decide whether to include the vote in the denominator (i.e. effectively, against deletion).  Sometimes the nominator forgets to explicitly vote, and the sysop has to decide whether to count the nomination as a 'Delete'.  People vote "Weak Keep" or "Weak Delete", and the sysop has to decide how to count those.  Sometimes there are "sock-puppet" votes, and the sysop has to decide how much weight to give them.  But the way most of the votes are processed, anything other than a straight Delete means Keep.  A Merge vote does not mean, "Merge, but Delete rather than Keep", unless you explicitly say that and the sysop reads and honors what you say.    There is an example on this VfD page right now, Votes for deletion/Parallel Path, which is an article written by someone on his idea for a perpetual motion machine.  In the first VfD vote,  7 people voted Delete, 1 person voted Merge (to Perpetual Motion), 2 people voted Weak Keep, and 1 person voted Keep.  The 1 outright Keep was the author of the article, who had never edited anything except the article and the VfD vote.   The admin tallied this as 7 Deletes, 4 Keeps (including the Merge): No consensus to delete.   She put a Merge tag on the article, which the author removed.    The article is now up for VfD again.   --BM 15:57, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * A Starcraftcruft character that says a couple of things and then is killed off. Also a minor (and also dead) character in an online role-playing game.  Also a common Romanian surname.  Also a common pseudonym chosen for on-line activities.  None of which are notable. Delete. Uncle G 02:08, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)

 * delete.' -- ComCat 15:31, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zasz


text:
Natural-law argument

The Natural-law argument for the existence of God states that the observation of governing laws and existing order in the universe indicates the existence of a superior being who enacted these laws. The argument was popularised by Isaac Newton, René Descartes, and Robert Boyle. The argument of natural laws as a basis for God was changed by Christian figures such as Thomas Aquinas, in order to fit biblical scripture and establish a Judeo-Christian teleological law. Bertrand Russell criticized the argument, arguing that many of the things considered to be laws of nature, in fact, are human conventions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Natural-law argument


text:
SIG Group

SIG Group AG is a Swiss multinational corporation and one of the biggest manufacturers in the packaging industry.

Originally founded 1853 as a railway car producer named Schweizerische Waggonfabrik ("Swiss Wagon Factory"), it was renamed SIG (Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft, German for Swiss Industrial Company; in French, as Société Industrielle Suisse; and, in Italian, as Societá Industriale Svizzera) a decade later, after it had won a contract for the production of firearms by the Swiss government.

The SIG Group shares are listed on SIX Swiss Exchange and are a component of the SMI MID index. The industrial site at the headquarters in Neuhausen am Rheinfall is located directly on the Rhine Falls. Built at this location in 1853 for the use of hydroelectric power, the site was transferred to the SIG Charitable Foundation in 2011.

1906 - 1950
In order to address the volatility of the railway vehicle and firearms businesses, SIG started to produce packaging machinery starting from 1906 as a third main business area. The machines were produced at SIG in Neuhausen on behalf of the patentee of a "folding box" die-fold system, a co-founder of SAPAL (Société Anonyme des Plieuses Automatiques). Most of SIG's earlier packaging equipment efforts were focused on small dry food items such as chocolates and candy. The first packaging machines were delivered to Swiss chocolate manufacturers. In 1921, SIG started to construct its own packaging machines.

1950 - 2000
1956 SIG launched its first continuous flow wrapping machine. 1964 the business unit moved to Beringen where it had built a new factory. By 1981, it was producing 60 models of packaging machines.

In 1989, through the acquisition of PKL from Linnich, Germany, SIG entered the field of aseptic carton liquid packaging, later known as SIG Combibloc.

2000 - today
In 2000, SIG started to focus on food and beverage packaging technology. Already at that time, SIG ranked as the world´s No. 2 after Tetra Pak in cardboard composites for fluids packaging. Motion control specialist SIG Positec which was mostly successful on the German, Swiss and Italian markets was sold to Schneider Electric already in the same year (2000) for 195 Million Euros. With this, SIG divested its Automation division.Management directed revenues from the sales of SIG Sauer and Rocktools to acquire global businesses, including Krupp Kunstofftechnik (Corpoplast / Blowtec / Kautex brands) and HAMBA in Germany; Ryka Blow Molds in Canada; and a substantial portion of the Italian conglomerate SASIB. The food-related (dry) businesses were organized under the SIG Pack division, while the beverage-related (wet) businesses formed SIG Beverages. Aseptic liquid packaging remained separate under SIG Combibloc.

The former SASIB wet businesses Simonazzi, Alfa and Meyer / Mojonnier were sold to Tetra Laval in 2005, while HAMBA, Kautex and Blowtec were sold separately to private investor groups. The food packaging businesses were sold to Robert Bosch Verpackungstechnik in 2004. The former SASIB dry unit Stewart Systems (bakery products) was sold to UCA Group in 2004. Laser-guided vehicle manufacturer Elettric 80, part of the 1999 SASIB acquisition, was sold back to its original Italian owners in 2004.

By 2006, Sigpack Systems had an export ratio of 97% of its products. The slimmed-down SIG Beverages unit, manufacturer of PET bottle blow-molding machinery, was sold off to the German company Salzgitter AG in March 2008. This sale encompassed the subsidiaries Corpoplast, Asbofill, Plasmax and Moldtec.

In 2007, SIG Holding AG was acquired by Rank Group Limited, the private investment company of New Zealand businessman Graeme Hart, and operated under its subsidiary, Reynolds Group Holdings Ltd., which, in March 2015, announced completion of its sale of SIG to ONEX Corporation. In the early 2010s, SIG started to promote as a world first extra-slim small-format carton packs starting from 80ml tailored for children especially in fast-growing regions as Asia and Middle East.

Today, SIG Group focuses on aseptic packaging. In 2016, the company introduced Combibloc RS Composite, a composite structural inner layer which increases system stability and reduces the carbon footprint of carton packs. In 2017, SIG introduced the first individual QR codes with digital sourcing transparency, tailored for dairy product consumers. In 2018 the company was relisted to the SIX Swiss Exchange. In 2020 SIG Group fully integrated its Joint Venture SIG Combibloc Obeikan into SIG. The Joint Venture with a manufacturing plant in Riyadh and customers in the Middle East and Africa region had been established in 2001.

In April 2022, the company was renamed from SIG Combibloc Group AG to SIG Group AG. In the same year, SIG finalised the acquisition of Scholle IPN, an American producer of flexible food and beverages packaging including spouted pouches and bag-in-box solutions originally developed by William R. Scholle. Also in 2022, SIG acquired the Asia business of US competitor Pactiv Evergreen with its production facilities for fresh products, especially fresh milk in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and South Korea.

Railways, Vehicles (1853 – 1995)
The schweizerische Waggonfabrik ("Swiss Wagon Factory") was founded in 1853 by Friedrich Peyer im Hof, Heinrich Moser, and Johann Conrad Neher. From 1854, it produced railway cars for the emerging Swiss railway companies. Friedrich Peyer was one of the directors of the Swiss Northeastern Railway, also founded in 1853. In 1855 SIG railway carriages were honoured with an award at the World’s Fair in Paris. Their factory in Neuhausen am Rheinfall was originally powered by the nearby Rhine Falls and employed 150 workers, which by the mid-1860s increased to 500 workers.

One of the signature trains of SIG in the 1960s was the iconic Trans Europe Express (TEE). In the late 1970s, SIG was the designer and builder of Toronto's streetcar, the CLRV L1. The remaining 190 L2 vehicles, along with 52 articulated variants, were made by Thunder Bay, Ontario-based Urban Transportation Development Corporation (UTDC), now a subsidiary of Bombardier Transportation.

From around 1981, SIG focused in the railway segment on the production of bogies as part of a division of labour with other Swiss railway manufacturers such as the Schindler Group (Schindler Waggon, Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich) and Flug- und Fahrzeugwerke Altenrhein. These bogies can still be found in many countries today.In the early 1980s, SIG was the designer and builder of the Utrecht sneltram trams. 27 were ordered and delivered in 1983. Their scheduled replacements ran from 2017 to 2020.

The tilting system of the SBB RABDe 500 was developed by SIG. The railway branch of SIG was sold in 1995 to Fiat Ferroviaria.

Firearms (1859 – 2000)
SIG started to produce the Prélaz-Burnand in 1859. It was invented by gunsmith Jean-Louis Joseph Prélaz and forestry inspector Colonel Ėdouard Burnand (father of Swiss painter Eugène Burnand). In 1860, the rifle won a competition held by the Swiss Federal Ministry of Defence, resulting in a contract to produce 30,000 pieces. This rifle was adapted as the M1863.

Upon receiving the contract to produce rifles, the company name was changed to reflect its new emphasis on machined production, becoming Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft (SIG); in English, Swiss Industrial Company; and, in French, Société Industrielle Suisse.

SIG produced the Mondragón Rifle between 1908 and 1910. The SIG P210 pistol was developed in 1937 based on the French Modèle 1935, and was adopted by the Swiss military in 1949 as the "Pistole 49". This pistol's frame design incorporates external rails which fit closely with the slide, thus eliminating play in the mechanism during firing. The P210 was noted for its accuracy. The Petter-Browning patent was a refinement—and John Moses Browning's last design—of the Browning Hi-Power (P35).

In 1975, the Swiss military replaced the P210 with the P220, dubbed the "Pistole 75", which was the first product of a partnership with J.P. Sauer & Sohn. In a 1984 bidding contest to provide more than 300,000 sidearms to the US military, the SIG Sauer P226 was defeated by Beretta's 92FS which was awarded the contract for the M9 pistol. The SIG SG 510, or Sturmgewehr 57, battle rifle was produced by SIG from 1957 to 1983. Its appearance was vaguely similar to the German MG34 light machine-gun, due to its ventilated barrel jacket. It employed roller-delayed blowback, as used on the CETME/HK rifles. The only general purpose machine gun produced by SIG was the SIG 710-3, which is based on the MG42.

Due to Swiss restrictions on the export of military weapons, SIG entered into a relationship with the German company J.P. Sauer & Sohn, in order to give SIG access to the global firearms market. During the 1970s, SIG purchased both Hämmerli and J.P. Sauer & Sohn, resulting in the formation of SIG Sauer.

In January 1985, SIGARMS was established in Tyson's Corner, Virginia, where its handgun models P220 and P230 were imported into the US from its sister company in Europe. In 2007, SIGARMS changed its name to SIG Sauer. SIG Arm's division was purchased in 2000 by L & O Holding, and is now known as SIG SAUER AG.

Business areas and locations
SIG manufactures aseptic carton packs, bag-in-box packaging and spouted pouches for beverages and food. It also produces, operates and maintains packaging machines. The ownership of the SIG site, located directly on the Rhine Falls, was transferred to the SIG Charitable Foundation in 2011. In addition to the conversion of the site (residential, commercial, retail, gastronomy), it is still home to the company's headquarters and a production facility with 200 employees. The SIG Group has 95 subsidiaries in 40 countries.

title: SIG Group


text:
Talk:Saturation

Saturation is the process where water is sucked up into any material that is not waterproof. Saturation will occur when there is a place with water and a material that is not waterproof floating around.

title: Talk:Saturation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sea World Nights: Adventure Of the Golden Coins

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 13:09, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sea World Nights: Adventure Of the Golden Coins
Parts of it reads like ad-copy (exhilerating, jaw-dropping, uses of copyright and trademark characters) and other parts of it read like slander on the people involved. But most of all, it seems that it never was released and there's no indication that it ever will be. At least they didn't put the trademark and copyright characters in the article title. RickK 20:37, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's all an ad. Wyss 21:05, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Can anyone find evidence this exists? I can't get anything on google. Is this nonsense? RJFJR 21:24, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to think this is entirely fictitious, with the symbol overdose there to try and create authenticity. None of the celebrities mentioned turn up anything even close on Google, Atari don't own the rights to the SeaWorld name, the title itself in any form shows just as little, and the two 'leaders' in the project are both totally unheard of. On that basis, it's a pretty safe delete from me. --Lawlore 23:24, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's all an insulting, fake ad... "Nobody likes MACs, only gay people who like theater like them" would not be in a real ad! Could BJAODN it if you want.  It does give credit to "Micheal Jackson" (sic)...  --Idont Havaname 00:15, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * And 6 Google hits for "SeaWorld Nights"; no Google hits for "SeaWorld Nights" "golden coins". --Idont Havaname 00:17, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable. The last line especially makes me think this is nothing more than a joke, including Michael Jackson (everybody knows about his little predicament...) and Dave Chappelle/Wayne Brady, which I think is a reference to what I believe is their only collaboration, a rather amusing sketch on Chappelle's Show (see article). — Ливай | ☺ 02:28, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:36, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zinjha

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 13:08, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Zinjha
This page is nonsense and gets only 1 hit on Google. Carrp | Talk 20:38, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Author seems not to like the possiblilty of the vote and removed notice. Page is nonsense. Chotchki | Talk 3:55PM, 5 Feb 2005 (EST)
 * Delete as original fiction. Wyss 21:03, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's some kind of fiction but without context (at least I hope it's fiction). trivia (nn) or else it's nonsense. RJFJR 21:13, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable. — Ливай | ☺ 22:30, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Just nonsense --Lawlore 22:57, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Surely this is speedy deletable as nonsense?  --BM 14:40, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deletion applies to patent nonsense. Patent nonsense is not just stuff that one doesn't understand.  (After all, no editor can understand or know everything.)  Patent nonsense is stuff that one cannot understand (e.g. random characters, HTML markup with no text, random words).  Since this article makes sense, being written in coherent English, it is not patent nonsense.  It's just completely false.  Deciding that an article is utter fiction is something that we don't leave in the hands of just two people.  Delete. Uncle G 01:24, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:36, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is pseudoscientific nonsense, as he mentions Nibiru (aka planet X). However Zinj should be an entry. Zinjanthropus is derived from it, this is Australopithecus boisei (originally known as Zinjanthropus boisei). Also, Zinj is mentioned in the movie Congo (movie).Phlebas 15:04, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zinjha


text:
Talk:Mantle (mollusc)

Untitled
Are there any differences to be explained about mantles of, say, snails and squids? To my uneducated view, I would expect some. Mikkalai 20:40, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Picture
Out of curiosity--What does the picture of an octopus have to do with the article? wouldn't a diagram of the mantle be better?69.249.20.210 (talk) 20:07, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Firstly, it is a squid (ten legs) not an octopus (eight legs) ;-). Secondly, squids are typically 75% mantle (including viscera) and 25% head/legs. Lycaon (talk) 11:10, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I didn't count the legs. :P. I assumed it was an octopus from the coloring. And I still think that people who don't know that (and who are dumb enough not to read the talk pages) would get a bit confused.69.249.20.210 (talk) 02:09, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mantle (mollusc)


text:
Russell–Einstein Manifesto

The Russell–Einstein Manifesto was issued in London on 9 July 1955 by Bertrand Russell in the midst of the Cold War. It highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leaders to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict. The signatories included eleven pre-eminent intellectuals and scientists, including Albert Einstein, who signed it shortly before his death on 18 April 1955. Shortly after the release, philanthropist Cyrus S. Eaton offered to sponsor a conference—called for in the manifesto—in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Eaton's birthplace. The conference, held in July 1957, became the first of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs.

Background
The first detonation of an atomic weapon took place on 16 July 1945 in the desert north of Alamogordo, New Mexico. On 6 August 1945, the US dropped the Little Boy bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, it dropped the Fat Man bomb on Nagasaki. At least 100,000 civilians were killed outright by these two bombings.

On 18 August 1945, the Glasgow Forward published "The Bomb and Civilisation," the first known recorded comment by Bertrand Russell on atomic weapons, which he began composing the day Nagasaki was bombed. It contained threads that would later appear in the manifesto:

"The prospect for the human race is sombre beyond all precedent. Mankind are faced with a clear-cut alternative: either we shall all perish, or we shall have to acquire some slight degree of common sense. A great deal of new political thinking will be necessary if utter disaster is to be averted."

After learning of the bombing of Hiroshima and seeing an impending nuclear arms race, Joseph Rotblat, the only scientist to leave the Manhattan Project on moral grounds, remarked that he "became worried about the whole future of mankind."

Over the years that followed, Russell and Rotblat worked on efforts to curb nuclear proliferation, collaborating with Albert Einstein and other scientists to compose what became known as the Russell–Einstein Manifesto.

Press conference, 9 July 1955
The manifesto was released during a press conference at Caxton Hall, London. Rotblat, who chaired the meeting, describes it as follows:

"It was thought that only a few of the Press would turn up and a small room was booked in Caxton Hall for the Press Conference. But it soon became clear that interest was increasing and the next larger room was booked. In the end the largest room was taken and on the day of the Conference this was packed to capacity with representatives of the press, radio and television from all over the world. After reading the Manifesto, Russell answered a barrage of questions from members of the press, some of whom were initially openly hostile to the ideas contained in the Manifesto. Gradually, however, they became convinced by the forcefulness of his arguments, as was evident in the excellent reporting in the Press, which in many cases gave front page coverage."

Russell had begun the conference by stating:

"I am bringing the warning pronounced by the signatories to the notice of all the powerful Governments of the world in the earnest hope that they may agree to allow their citizens to survive."

Synopsis
The manifesto called for a conference where scientists would assess the dangers posed to the survival of humanity by weapons of mass destruction. Emphasis was placed on the meeting being politically neutral. It extended the question of nuclear weapons to all people and governments. One particular phrase is quoted often, including by Rotblat upon receipt of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995: :320

"Remember your humanity, and forget the rest."

The beginnings of the Pugwash Conferences
The manifesto called for an international conference, and was originally planned by Jawaharlal Nehru to be held in India. This was delayed by the outbreak of the Suez Crisis. Aristotle Onassis offered to finance a meeting in Monaco, but this was rejected. Instead, Cyrus Eaton, a Canadian industrialist who had known Russell since 1938, offered to finance the conference in his hometown of Pugwash, Nova Scotia. The Russell–Einstein Manifesto became the Pugwash Conferences' founding charter. The first of the conferences was held in July 1957 in Pugwash.

Signatories to the manifesto
• Max Born

• Percy W. Bridgman

• Albert Einstein

• Leopold Infeld

• Frédéric Joliot-Curie

• Hermann J. Muller

• Linus Pauling

• Cecil F. Powell

• Joseph Rotblat

• Bertrand Russell

• Hideki Yukawa

With the exception of Infeld, all of the signatories of the Russell–Einstein Manifesto are Nobel Laureates, although Rotblat was not at the time.

title: Russell–Einstein Manifesto


text:
Sandbar Fight

The Sandbar Fight, also known as the Vidalia Sandbar Fight, was a formal one-on-one duel that erupted into a violent brawl involving a number of combatants on September 19, 1827. It took place on a large sandbar in the Mississippi River, a few miles north of Vidalia, Louisiana and Natchez, Mississippi. The fight resulted in the death of General Samuel Cuny and Major Norris Wright. American pioneer and folk hero James Bowie survived but was seriously injured in the fight.

The site of the brawl was originally a neutral island in the middle of the river, with the river mainly flowing on the west side of the island. The main course of the river has since moved to the east side of the island, so the site of the fight is thus located west of the modern river on Giles Island. However, the river's original path (west side of the island) still serves as the border between the states of Mississippi and Louisiana, so the site of the brawl is and always was within Mississippi.

Background
The Sandbar Fight followed conflicts that had occurred in central Louisiana. Members of the wealthy and established Wells and Cuny families, who were close relatives, were engaged in continuous feuds with many of the region's newer families. The subjects of the disputes included competing financial interests, allegations of vote-fixing in a sheriff's election, dishonored notes (bad loans), denied bank loans, and as rumored, the honor of a woman. Several participants in the brawl had previously engaged in duels, fist fights, and exchanges of gunfire. Two previous attempts at resolving disputes by dueling had ended without resolution, either because they degenerated into shouting matches between seconds or because one party failed to appear.

The duel that became the Sandbar Fight was initially arranged over grievances between Samuel L. Wells, III, and Dr. Thomas H. Maddox, both of Alexandria, Louisiana. They agreed to a duel at a neutral site, eventually choosing a wide, sandy shoal in the middle of the Mississippi River because it was considered outside the jurisdiction of local law enforcement, thus less likely subject to anti-dueling laws. Both Wells and Maddox, the primary duelists, were attended by seconds and several friends and supporters. Norris Wright, in particular, was known to be violent. In a previous encounter, Wright shot Bowie; the intervention of observers prevented Bowie from then killing Wright. Afterwards, Bowie carried a sheath knife in preparation for a rematch, which occurred in the Sandbar Fight.

Participants and eyewitnesses
Dr. Denny was a local surgeon and relatively nonpartisan in the conflict.

Of the 12 listed participants, the duelists and surgeons played minor or pacifist roles during the brawl. The seconds and supporters were all active brawlers; half were killed or badly injured. Also, at least five additional people were local witnesses - two plantation owners, two additional doctors, and a guide. Some unnamed slaves likely witnessed the brawl as well.

Duel
On Wednesday, September 19, 1827, at midday, Wells and Maddox, accompanied by their seconds and supporters, met on a sandbar near the town of Natchez, Mississippi. Jim Bowie supported Wells, while Norris Wright favored Maddox. In total, 17 named men were present. The Wells party arrived first by a small boat from the Louisiana shore. The Maddox party and local observers then arrived by horse from a nearby Mississippi plantation house, fording a bayou. The duel was conducted by formal rules of the time, with a lengthy delay between exchanges of fire. The noncombatant witnesses (including the surgeons) kept a reasonable distance from the duel for the duration of the fight.

Wells and Maddox each fired two shots, and as neither man was injured, resolved the formal duel with a handshake.

Brawl
At the conclusion of the initial duel, the party of six (Wells, Maddox, McWorter, Crain, Dr. Cuny, and Dr. Denny) prepared to celebrate survival. They walked towards the remaining Maddox partisans, because no participant of the duel had a violent relationship with that group. The duel participants were balanced in number (three each) and unarmed with the exception of the seconds. Crain carried a loaded pistol in each hand. The duel participants were intercepted by the remaining Wells partisans; Crain now faced three additional armed men. Seeing this from a distance, the remaining Maddox partisans began running forward to join the group. General Cuny, who had previously fought with Crain, is recorded as having called out to him, "Col. Crain, this is a good time to settle our difficulty." Crain fired, missing Cuny but striking Bowie in the hip and knocking him to the ground. Cuny and Crain then exchanged fire, with Crain sustaining a flesh wound in the arm and Cuny dying from a shot to the chest or thigh.

Bowie, rising to his feet, drew his knife and charged at Crain, who struck him so hard upon the head with his empty pistol that it broke and sent Bowie to his knees. Wright appeared, drew a pistol, and shot at the fallen Bowie, missing. Wright then drew his sword cane and stabbed Bowie in the chest, but the thin blade was deflected by his sternum. As Wright attempted to pull the blade free, Bowie reached up, grabbed his shirt, and pulled him down upon the point of his Bowie knife. Wright died quickly and Bowie was shot again and stabbed by another member of the group. As Bowie stood, both Blanchard brothers fired at him, and he was struck once in the arm. Bowie spun and cut off part of Alfred's forearm; Carey fired a second shot at Bowie, but missed. As the Blanchard brothers fled, Alfred was shot "through the arm" by Jefferson Wells, while Carey was shot at by Major McWorter "without effect".

The brief (90-second) brawl left Samuel Cuny and Norris Wright dead, and Alfred Blanchard and Jim Bowie badly wounded. The unarmed Dr. Denny was shot in a finger and a thigh. Others may have suffered minor injuries; Crain claimed that a bullet "grazed the skin" of his arm.

Crain helped carry Bowie away, with Bowie recorded as having thanked him, saying, "Col. Crain, I do not think, under the circumstances, you ought to have shot me." One doctor reputedly said, "How he [Bowie] lived is a mystery to me, but live he did." The five doctors who had been present for the duel managed to patch Bowie's wounds. The dead and wounded (at least, and perhaps all partisans) promptly crossed the river by boat soon after the death of General Cuny.

Aftermath
Determining the precise order of events that led to the brawl between Wells' and Maddox's supporters is difficult, as the fight was described by at least eight eyewitnesses with significant discrepancies, such as: "Crain and Bowie exchanged fire. Crain missed Bowie, who was later shot in the hip"; "Crain deliberately shot Bowie, who remained standing"; and "Crain shot Bowie in the hip, knocking him off his feet".

On September 24, five days after the brawl, Samuel Wells wrote to the press, claiming that Crain's shooting of Cuny constituted premeditated murder. On October 3, Crain wrote in a letter, "Bowie at the same time was drawing his pistol. I drew away at him; he says now that I did not touch him but drew his fire. He lies; I shot him through the body as he is shot. I could not miss, shooting not further than ten feet and the object is to excuse his conduct for killing our poor friend [Major Wright]." Crain was attacking any claim of self defense that Bowie might mount with respect to Wright's death. These and other accounts of the brawl by participants were colored by legal considerations. Samuel L. Wells, III, died within a month of an unrelated fever, so his testimony was not long available to support criminal charges.

Discrepancies also exist in many other elements of the accounts, including the number injured, the nature of their wounds, and the precise sequence of events. The brawlers themselves provided few and probably biased accounts, and avoided local law enforcement and the press. Unbiased observers, who provided numerous accounts, could not initially reliably name the participants, many of whom were strangers to them. The eyewitness accounts were also embellished with time.

Regional and national newspapers soon picked up the story, which became known as the "Sandbar Fight". Bowie's fighting prowess and his knife were described in detail; he had matched or bested multiple opponents after being severely wounded. Most of the eyewitnesses and a few of the participants provided accounts to the press (Bowie notably did not). Eyewitness accounts agreed that Bowie did not attack first, and that the others had focused their attack on Bowie because "they considered him the most dangerous man among their opposition." Within a few decades, press accounts departed greatly from the eyewitness versions.

A grand jury was convened in nearby Natchez, to determine whether or not criminal charges should be brought. Bowie was never called to testify and no indictments were returned.

Legacy
Bowie was seriously wounded in the confrontation (according to one account, two bullet wounds, seven stab wounds, and other injuries due to Crain's thrown pistol, or alternatively, three bullet and four stab wounds ), and took months to recover. He prominently wore a large sheath knife thereafter. Due to the national attention drawn by the Sandbar Fight, Bowie and his knife became well known throughout the country as icons of a rugged frontier lifestyle. Many craftsmen and manufacturers made their own versions of the so-called Bowie knife, beginning with James Black, a blacksmith from Arkansas who designed the original for Bowie in 1830. His fame, and that of his knife, spread to England, and by the early 1830s, many British knife manufacturers were also producing Bowie knives and exporting them to the United States for sale. By 1835 (while Bowie was still alive), "Bowie knives" were advertised (without further explanation). By 1838, a newspaper writer from New Orleans assumed that everyone had seen one. Bowie knives remained popular weapons until at least the 1870s, when large-caliber, reliable pistols became widely available. The design of the knife evolved into a wide range of blades during the 19th century. By the middle of the 20th century, it was associated with a more specific design - a large sheath knife with a "concave clip point, sharp false edge cut from both sides, and a cross-guard to protect the user's hands".

After the Sandbar Fight, Bowie moved to Texas, married into wealth, searched for a lost silver mine, lost his new family to cholera, and became a leader in the Texas Revolution of 1835–36. He famously perished at the Battle of the Alamo. Bowie was renowned as an early American frontiersman and a legendary knife fighter, though the only knife fight in which he likely participated was the Sandbar Fight, possibly at The Alamo as well.

title: Sandbar Fight


text:
Mwnt

Mwnt is an ancient parish in Ceredigion, Wales, 4.5 mi north of Cardigan. The Wales Coast Path passes through this very small settlement.

It gets its name from the prominent steep conical hill (Foel y Mwnt), a landmark from much of Cardigan Bay, that rises above the beach to a height of 76 m (249 ft), and was formerly anglicised as Mount.

The beach
Mwnt is known for its popular beach, Traeth-y-Mwnt, which has been awarded a Green Coast Award (an award similar to a Blue Flag beach Award but for rural beaches). Swimming conditions are considered safe at Mwnt but there is no lifeguard service.

The Irish Sea off Mwnt is rich in wildlife, being a regular summer home to dolphins, seals and porpoises.

Flemish invasion
Mwnt was the site of an unsuccessful invasion by Flemings in 1155. Its defeat was celebrated, at least in the eighteenth century, by a games meeting on the first Sunday in January known as Sul Coch y Mwnt (Red Sunday of Mwnt), commemorating the blood shed on that day. Within living memory human bones and skeletons have been exposed in the area. A nearby brook is called Nant y Fflymon (Flemings' Brook).

Church of the Holy Cross
The Church of the Holy Cross (Eglwys y Grog) is an example of a medieval sailor's chapel of ease. The site is said to have been used since the Age of the Saints, but the present building is probably 14th century. It has an example of a 12th or 13th century font made of Preseli stone. Mwnt was a civil parish in its own right for several centuries, but before the 17th century it was a detached chapelry of the parish of Llangoedmor. Since 1934, it has been part of the parish of Y Ferwig. The church is a Grade I listed building.

The beach (but not the church) is owned by the National Trust, who exercise a conservation remit over both.

title: Mwnt


text:
User talk:Thehackerreport

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Carrp | Talk 20:41, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Please do NOT remove a VfD notice while voting is active. Please comment on Votes for deletion/Zinjha if you disagree with the VfD. Thanks. Carrp | Talk 20:54, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thehackerreport


text:
SS Malakand

SS Malakand may refer to at least two ships, both of the Brocklebank Line, named after the Malakand area of the Indian subcontinent:

 * SS Malakand (1905), a cargo liner launched in 1905 and sunk in 1917
 * SS Malakand (1919), a cargo liner built in 1919 which exploded at Liverpool in 1941

title: SS Malakand


text:
Pankaj Mishra

Pankaj Mishra (born 9 February 1969) is an Indian essayist, novelist, and socialist. His non-fiction works include Temptations of the West: How to Be Modern in India, Pakistan, Tibet, and Beyond, along with From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia, and A Great Clamour: Encounters with China and Its Neighbours, and he has published two novels. He is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist, and prolific contributor to other periodicals such as The Guardian, The New York Times, The New Yorker and the New York Review of Books. His writings have led to a number of controversies, including disputes with Salil Tripathi, Niall Ferguson and Jordan Peterson. He was awarded the Windham–Campbell Prize for non-fiction in 2014.

Early life and education
Mishra was born in Jhansi, India. His father was a railway worker and trade unionist after his family had been left impoverished by post-independence land redistribution.

Mishra graduated with a bachelor's degree in commerce from the University of Allahabad before earning his Master of Arts degree in English literature at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi.

Career
In 1992, Mishra moved to Mashobra, a Himalayan village, where he began to contribute literary essays and reviews to The Indian Review of Books, The India Magazine, and the newspaper The Pioneer. His first book, Butter Chicken in Ludhiana: Travels in Small Town India (1995), was a travelogue that described the social and cultural changes in India in the context of globalization. His novel The Romantics (2000), an ironic tale of people longing for fulfilment in cultures other than their own, was published in 11 European languages and won the Los Angeles Times Art Seidenbaum award for first fiction. This novel, with some autobiographical strains, is a bildungsroman. The narrative begins with the nineteen-year-old protagonist Samar coming to the city of Varanasi from Allahabad. A large part of the novel, including its end, is set in Varanasi. Gradually, Samar realizes that the city is a site for mystery.

Mishra's book An End to Suffering: The Buddha in the World (2004) mixes memoir, history, and philosophy while attempting to explore the Buddha's relevance to contemporary times. Temptations of the West: How to Be Modern in India, Pakistan and Beyond (2006), describes Mishra's travels through Kashmir, Bollywood, Afghanistan, Tibet, Nepal, and other parts of South and Central Asia. Responding in The Guardian to an article by Mishra in connection with this work, Salil Tripathi criticised Mishra's defence of Indian and Chinese economic policies from the period 1950–80, claiming that they had stifled economic growth. Mishra's 2012 book, From the Ruins of Empire, examines the question of "how to find a place of dignity for oneself in this world created by the West, in which the West and its allies in the non-West had reserved the best positions for themselves."

Mishra has written literary and political essays for The New York Times, where he was a Bookends columnist, The New York Review of Books, The Guardian, the London Review of Books, and The New Yorker, among other publications. He is a columnist for Bloomberg View and The New York Times Book Review. His work has also appeared in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The Boston Globe, Common Knowledge, the Financial Times, Granta, The Independent, The New Republic, the New Statesman, The Wall Street Journal, n+1, The Nation, Outlook, Poetry, Time magazine, The Times Literary Supplement, Travel + Leisure, and The Washington Post. He divides his time between London and India, and is currently working on a novel.

He was the Visiting Fellow for 2007–08 at the Department of English, University College London, UK. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2008. In November 2012, Foreign Policy magazine named him one of the top 100 global thinkers. In February 2015, Prospect nominated him to its list of 50 World Thinkers.

In 2011, Niall Ferguson threatened to sue Mishra for libel after Mishra published a review of his book Civilisation: The West and the Rest in the London Review of Books. Ferguson claimed that Mishra accused him of racism.

In March 2014, Yale University awarded Mishra the Windham–Campbell Literature Prize.

In an article published on 19 March 2018 in the New York Review of Books titled "Jordan Peterson & Fascist Mysticism", Mishra wrote that Canadian clinical psychologist and author Jordan Peterson's activities with Charles Joseph, a native member of the coastal Pacific Kwakwakaʼwakw tribe in Canada, "...may seem the latest in a long line of eggheads pretentiously but harmlessly romancing the noble savage." Peterson perceived Mishra's use of the phrase "romancing the noble savage" as a racist insult to his friend Joseph, and his response via Twitter, which included a threat of violence to Mishra, went viral.

Run and Hide, Mishra's first novel in 20 years, was published in 2022 to a generally positive reception,  with Allan Massie in The Scotsman concluding: "This is a wonderfully rich and enjoyable novel. It is very much, and disturbingly, of our time.... Intellect, observation memory, sympathy and imagination are all happily here. The novel can be read quickly for sheer pleasure. It is a work for our time and one that will surely be read many years on for what will then be its historical interest. So: a novel built to last."

Personal life
Mishra married Mary Mount, a London book editor, in 2005. She is daughter of the writer Sir Ferdinand Mount, 3rd Baronet, and a cousin of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron. Mishra has been critical of Cameron's politics and has stated "It may seem to people like we're having dinner together practically every night, but I've never met the man; my wife has met him once in her life. Neither of us share his politics", calling Cameron "a ghastly figure".

Awards and recognition

 * 2000: Art Seidenbaum award for Best First Fiction
 * 2013: Crossword Book Award (nonfiction) for From the Ruins of Empire.
 * 2014: Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding for From the Ruins of Empire
 * 2014: Windham–Campbell Literature Prize (Nonfiction), valued at $150,000 one of the largest prizes in the world of its kind.
 * 2014: Premi Internacional D'Assaig Josep Palau i Fabre

Books

 * Butter Chicken in Ludhiana: Travels in Small Town India (1995)
 * The Romantics (2000)
 * An End to Suffering: the Buddha in the World (2004)
 * India in Mind, edited by Pankaj Mishra (2005)
 * Temptations of the West: How to Be Modern in India, Pakistan, Tibet, and Beyond (2006)
 * From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia (2012)
 * A Great Clamour: Encounters with China and Its Neighbours (2013)
 * Age of Anger: A History of the Present (2017), ISBN 9780374274788
 * Bland Fanatics: Liberals, Race, and Empire (2020), ISBN 9780374293314
 * Run and Hide (2022), ISBN 9780374607524

Book chapters

 * Introduction to Kashmir: The Case for Freedom (2011)

Essays and reporting

 * Mishra, Pankaj. (9 April 1998). "Edmund Wilson in Benares", The New York Review of Books.
 * — (24 June 2004). "The Invention of the Hindu", Axess Magazine.
 * — (19 November 2020). "Grand Illusions." The New York Review of Books. 67 (18): 31–32. Essay.
 * The Shoah after Gaza. London Review of Books, Winter Lecture, 28 February 2024.
 * — (19 November 2020). "Grand Illusions." The New York Review of Books. 67 (18): 31–32. Essay.
 * The Shoah after Gaza. London Review of Books, Winter Lecture, 28 February 2024.
 * — (19 November 2020). "Grand Illusions." The New York Review of Books. 67 (18): 31–32. Essay.
 * The Shoah after Gaza. London Review of Books, Winter Lecture, 28 February 2024.

title: Pankaj Mishra


text: Category:Software development

title: Category:Software development


text:
User:The strategy freak

Hi

"There is more stupidity than hydrogen in the universe, and it has a longer shelf life.".
 * What the hell is going on?
 * I like Game Theory and Chaos Theory.
 * I use a Mac and as such, would like that template much.
 * Homework sucks.

†Sƒ (talk) 17:46, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User:The strategy freak


text:
Daniel Radosh

Daniel Radosh (born 23 March 1969) is an American journalist and blogger. Radosh is a senior writer for The Daily Show with Trevor Noah. Previously, he was a staff writer for The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and a contributing editor at The Week. He writes occasionally for The New Yorker. His writing has also appeared in Entertainment Weekly, Esquire, GQ, Mademoiselle, McSweeney's Quarterly Concern, Might, New York Magazine, The New York Times, Playboy, Radar, Salon, Slate, and other publications. From 2000 to 2001, he was a senior editor for Modern Humorist. In the 1990s he was a writer and editor at Spy. Radosh began his writing career at Youth Communication in 1985, where as a high school student he published more than a dozen stories in New Youth Connections (now YCteen), a magazine by and for New York City teenagers.

His blog, Radosh.net, was named one of the "top 25 blogs" by Time.com in 2008. As a blogger, he is probably best known for his public dispute with journalist Peter Landesman, who wrote an article about sexual slavery in the January 25, 2004, issue of The New York Times Magazine titled "The Girls Next Door". When Radosh challenged the facts of the article, Landesman threatened legal action against Radosh. A series of articles about the dispute by Jack Shafer in Slate turned the issue of the article's accuracy — and of the legal rights and responsibilities of blogs — into one of the most controversial topics in journalism during the first half of 2004.

Much of Radosh's journalism is on lighter topics, however: the description for his blog is "Pop. Politics. Sex. So On." In pop-culture circles, Radosh is known for his obsession with tracing Huckapoo's attempts to infiltrate popular consciousness. He also runs on his blog the New Yorker Cartoon Anti-Caption Contest, a spoof of The New Yorker's weekly cartoon caption contest.

His first book, Rapture Ready!: Adventures in the Parallel Universe of Christian Pop Culture, was published by Scribner in 2008.

Personal life
Radosh is the son of historian Ronald Radosh. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1991, and currently resides in Brooklyn, New York. He has three children. Radosh identifies as a Humanistic Jew.

title: Daniel Radosh


text:
Elyor Ganiyev

, whose name is also transliterated as Elyar Ganiyev and Elyer Ganiev (born January 7, 1960), has served as the Minister of Foreign Economic Affairs, Investments and Trade in the Government of Uzbekistan since July 2006. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Uzbekistan and Deputy head of the cabinet from February 4, 2005 to July 12, 2006. Uzbek President Islam Karimov appointed and removed Ganiev from that position.

Ganiyev announced on October 19, 2006 in the International Uzbek Cotton Fair in Tashkent that Uzbekistan is expected to produce over 1 million tons of cotton fibers in 2007. The Government plans on exporting 750,000-800,000 tons. In July 2013, Ganiyev held the office of Minister of Foreign Economic Relations, Investments, & Trade.

title: Elyor Ganiyev


text:
User:Chotchki

Hello everyone, I have been editing the Wikipedia for the past several years and only recently decided to actually sign-up and log-in. Mainly I try to focus on cross-article accuracy. However when I am bored I'll go on a vandalism reverting spree.

Some quick information myself.I am an avid computer linguist and love learn as many languages as possible. Feel free to leave comments/complaints as needed on the Talk page.

My new home for stuff is Chotchki.us

title: User:Chotchki


text: User talk:81.134.130.96

title: User talk:81.134.130.96


text:
MetroWest

MetroWest is a cluster of cities and towns lying west of Boston and east of Worcester, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The name was coined in the 1980s by a local newspaper.

Geography
While regional definitions vary, the MetroWest Economic Research Center at Framingham State University defines MetroWest as the nine communities of Ashland, Framingham, Holliston, Hopkinton, Natick, Sherborn, Southborough, Sudbury, and Wayland, representing a total population of approximately 209,682. With the exception of Southborough, in Worcester County, these towns are part of Middlesex County.

The MetroWest Chamber of Commerce has a service area that includes these nine towns plus Westborough.

The 495/MetroWest Corridor Partnership calls the region the "Arc of Innovation" because it is and has been home to many of Massachusetts' largest and fastest growing companies since the 1970s. In addition to the nine towns mentioned above, 26 other municipalities in Middlesex, Norfolk and Worcester counties are included in the 495/MetroWest area as defined by the 495/MetroWest Partnership:

The Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) divides the Boston metropolitan area into eight subregions, each with a planning committee. The MetroWest Regional Collaborative (MWRC) works with nine cities and towns: Ashland, Framingham, Holliston, Marlborough, Natick, Southborough, Wayland, Wellesley, and Weston. This list overlaps, but is not identical, to the other lists.

The MetroWest Daily News indicates its service area by listing 14 communities at the bottom of its web site: Ashland, Framingham, Holliston, Hopkinton, Hudson, Marlborough, Natick, Northborough, Shrewsbury, Southborough, Sudbury, Wayland, Westborough, and Weston. Again, this list overlaps but is not identical to any of the other lists.

Yellow Book's MetroWest edition defines MetroWest as all cities and towns completely or partially enclosed by Interstate 93 on the northeast, Interstate 495 on the north and west, and Interstate 95 on the east and south, stretching as far north as Westford and Chelmsford, and as far northeast as Wilmington.

Origin and acceptance
The MetroWest Daily News, based in Framingham (MetroWest's most populous town), circulates in most of the towns in MetroWest. The newspaper, formerly called the Middlesex News, South Middlesex News, and Framingham Evening News, held a contest to name its coverage area in 1983; MetroWest, reporter Greg Supernovich's suggestion, beat out competitors such as "Databelt" (a nod to the region's high-tech industry). The newspaper incorporated the regional name into its own name in 1999.

Supernovich said he chose the name, MetroWest, for a number of reasons. One of those was geography. Both the North Shore and South Shore around Boston were lasting names, so he concluded, after studying a Boston map, that the name had to include the word, "West," since the region's towns were west of Boston. Also, he said he was the health/environmental reporter at the newspaper at the time, and his job affected his values. He thought of the American West as wild and natural, and hoped that the area west of Boston would maintain its natural heritage of some open space, conservation areas, river corridors, wildlife habitats, and clean air and water, a model that would create a safe and healthy place for its residents. Yes, he said, he understood the importance of business and commerce as the major contributors of jobs and economic vitality to the region, but he hoped they would pursue their interests with social responsibility to protect people's health and the environment. As for "Metro", he said it was clear at the time he chose the name that the cities and towns west of Boston would continue to grow as part of a metropolitan Boston area. Lastly, he noted that he liked the sound of "MetroWest", and its modern look of combining two words to create a new word/concept. (Supernovich, 2014)

Originally, "MetroWest" was newspaper and real estate agent shorthand for "Framingham-Natick area", but a 1998 article in The Boston Globe showed, by examining the local phonebook, how accepted the term had become in less than ten years:

In the 1998 edition, there are 88 [listings], from Metro West Christian Academy in Ashland to Metrowest Urology in Natick, including such big names as Metrowest Bank, MetroWest Medical Center and the Metrowest Economic Research Center at Framingham State College. On Beacon Hill, there is a Metrowest Legislative Caucus.

By 2006, the name had gained such widespread acceptance in Massachusetts—and was so synonymous with prosperous businesses—that the airport commission in Worcester, a half-hour drive west of Framingham, suggested changing the name of the city's airport from Worcester Regional Airport to "Worcester-MetroWest-Boston Airport".

The MetroWest Regional Transit Authority was formed in 2006.

Others
In Western Massachusetts, The Republican newspaper in Springfield uses the term "Metro West" to designate the city's western suburbs (and "Metro East" on the other side of the city).

The designation "MetroWest" is also used by certain regions west of metropolitan areas in other states such as New Jersey, though the term does not appear to have achieved elsewhere the level of usage it has in Massachusetts.

title: MetroWest


text:
Talk:Animal embryonic development

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment - 2020
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 12 August 2020 and 25 November 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Akt79.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:18, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Scope - 2005 - animals or mammals
This article is very informative, but it deals only with mammalian development, blastocysts are exclusive to mammals. They can be, roughly, seen as the equivalent to the blastula in mammals, but they are not blastulas. I think this article should: if this is ok with everyone, i can try and do it (but starting tomorrow by night) --Tycho 20:50, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * be renamed "mammalian embryogenesis" or something like that, blastocyst redirecting there.
 * a new embryogenesis article should deal with general embryogenesis, with morulas, blastulas, gastrulas, blastiocysts, etc. explaining the differences, which stage follows after each, etc.

 * Perhaps you should keep this page as a disambiguation page and make mammalian embryogenesis a new page. Embryogenesis can then link to mamamalian, plant and drosophila embryogenesis. --nixie 23:50, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I have moved the page to mammalian embryogenesis to keep its histoty page, this talk page wasn't moved along with it.--Tycho 22:44, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hmm five years on and - either the page was moved back, or the page transformed back into a poorly structured article on mammalian embryogenesis(mostly, at least from "formation of the blastula" onwards). I doubt I'll get round to changing that though... Sean Heron (talk) 07:35, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

spelling mistake?
Cells start mayor differentiation processes, losing their pluripotentiality.

shouldn't mayor be major?

-where is the article's image? i thought i've seen it before but it got lost..

=
= I believe the illustration on this page has some errors. The cells labeled ectoderm are actually the epiblast -- They will later become ectoderm after the primitive streak forms and gastrulation starts. The cells labeled endoderm are actually hypoblast celss -- They will be replaced by cells that migrate from the primative streak and THEN become endoderm. The layer of cells labeled mesoderm, is technically mesoderm but it is extraembryonic mesoderm -- it will form the chorion (and therefore part of the placenta). The embryonic mesoderm will be formed from cells in the primative streak and is located between the embryonic ectoderm and embryonic endoderm. Other than these errors the illustration is very clear and easy to understand -- is it possible for it to be corrected? --Dbrouse 22:18, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

embryology
would sympathtic editors consider a positive vote here? Slrubenstein  |  Talk 15:34, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

GA Nominated, 2006 - not a clear pass or fail

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * a (fair representation): b (all significant views):
 * 1) It is stable.
 * 2) It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
 * a (tagged and captioned): b lack of images (does not in itself exclude GA):  c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
 * 1) Overall:
 * a Pass/Fail:
 * a Pass/Fail:

In short:

The lead is awkward and a poor introduction to the article, and the rest of the text is somewhat weak. It uses only two references, neither of which is particularly notable. It fails to put the process in context - not even a link to reproduction? Meiosis? Gastrulation section is biased towards Deuterostomes.

Needs a lot of work, I fear, but it is a good start. Adam Cuerden talk 11:24, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

The definition of delamination is weak. Needs better wording. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.23.75.62 (talk) 12:40, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

embryology
Maybe, instead of (or additional to) showing the drawing which illustrates the cleavage, we could provide an example for this developmental stage? This WikiCommons movie should do it. Any comments/suggestions? Ptrrupprecht (talk) 16:41, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:06, 18 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Comparative embryology of the vertebrates; with 2057 drawings and photos. grouped as 380 illus (1953) (20661197932).jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:19, 16 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Comparative embryology of the vertebrates; with 2057 drawings and photos. grouped as 380 illus (1953) (20661197932).jpg

If this article is only about animal embryonic development why is it called 'Embryonic Development' and not 'Animal Embryonic Development'.
The 'About' info at the top of the page currently states:

"This article is about embryogenesis of all animals. For human embryonic development, see Human embryonic development. For plant embryogenesis, see Plant embryogenesis."

Surely, then, this page should be called either "Animal Embryonic Development" or "Animal Embryogenesis".

Currently, it is called "Embryonic Development".

For consistency, maybe it would be nice if all 3 pages (Animal, Plant, and Human) used either "Embryonic Development" or "Embryogenesis" in the title.

Famedog (talk) 11:23, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

UPDATE:

I changed the name to Animal Embryonic Development and someone changed it back calling it an "Unnecessary inclusion of 'animal'" and saying "See talk page", but I can't see anything on the talk page explaining this reversion.

Since there is a page about plant embryo development called 'Plant embryogenesis' and this page is specifically about animals, why shouldn't it have 'animal' in the title? It is not just animals that have embryos.

Famedog (talk) 10:14, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

What is happening inside the cells
This article seems to just cover what is visible through a microscope. What causes the movement of cells, formation of 2 or 3 layers of different cell types, and further differentiation ? What article(s) in Wikipedia describe the differentiation at the molecular level ? Is it an epigenetic process ? What are the details ? - Rod57 (talk) 23:07, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Animal embryonic development


text:
Portal:Biology/Featured article

Bacteria (/bækˈtɪəriə/ (listen); common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of the earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about 27 percent of the bacterial phyla have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.

id:Portal:Biologi/Artikel Pilihan

title: Portal:Biology/Featured article


text:
Preuss School

The Preuss School, Preuss School UCSD, or Preuss Model School is a coeducational college-preparatory charter day school established on a $14 million campus situated on the University of California San Diego (UCSD) campus in the La Jolla community of San Diego, California. The school was named in recognition of a gift from the Preuss Family Foundation and is chartered under the San Diego Unified School District (SDUSD).

Founded in 1999 in the wake of passage of California Proposition 209, Preuss uses an intensive college preparatory curriculum to educate low-income students between sixth and twelfth grades, hoping to improve their historical under-representation on the campuses of the University of California. Criteria for admission include that the student's primary guardian lacks a college education and that the student's family qualifies for federal free- or reduced-price lunches under the National School Lunch Act.

The school, which charges no tuition, has received a six-year accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, has been evaluated as a National Blue Ribbon School and a California Distinguished School, and has been named by The Center of Education Reform as one of the top charter schools in America and by the University of Southern California Center for Educational Governance as the top charter school in California. Between 2007 and 2012 Preuss has consistently been listed among the top 50 American high schools by both Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report. Preuss has also been noted for sending a high percentage (96%) of its graduates to four-year universities.

History
A group of Faculty members at the University of California San Diego first conceived the idea of establishing a college-preparatory school for minority groups after California Proposition 209, a state measure that banned the use of affirmative action, passed in 1996. It was their belief, as expressed by Cecil Lytle, provost of Thurgood Marshall College, that public universities were not active enough in creating educational opportunities for the state's most disadvantaged youth. Faculty members Hugh Mehan and Peter Gourevitch proposed establishing a college-preparatory school that would admit only low-income youths with the potential of becoming first-generation college students. In 1997, the proposal was sent to the Regents of the University of California for approval. The regents, citing a concerns over fiscal responsibility and oversight, rejected the proposal.

Following the Regents vote, Lytle, Mehan, and Gourevitch, made changes to their plan. In the new proposal, the project was to be mostly privately funded and was to have an oversight agency known as the Center for Research on Educational Equity, Access, and Teaching Excellence (CREATE). CREATE would be responsible for maintaining Preuss as an example for other institutions of public education. In addition, it would coordinate efforts between the university and Preuss, including using the school for research on educational equality and for extending this research to other neighborhood schools. This second proposal was brought to the regents and, assisted by public outcry against the university and positive press for the school from The San Diego Union-Tribune, The Sacramento Bee, and the Los Angeles Times, it was approved.

Doris Alvarez, 1997 National Principal of the Year, was selected to head the project. Alvarez in turn selected Janis Gabay, 1990 National Teacher of the Year, to head the faculty. After funding was obtained in 1998, the school began accepting applications. By May 1999, the school had received more than 500 applications for the initial classes. About 300 of these were deemed acceptable by the admissions board, and 150 of them were then chosen by lottery. The group included about 50 students in each of three grades—sixth, seventh, and eighth—and the school continued to add a new sixth-grade class each fall until the intended total enrollment of 800 was reached.

As Preuss has aged and garnered attention, it has influenced other schools. Gompers Middle School, also founded by Cecil Lytle, was modeled after Preuss and took advice from CREATE. When Gompers first opened, much of its curriculum, faculty development, and community outreach plans were based on those in place at Preuss. Southeastern San Diego-based Lincoln High also used Preuss as a guide, and the University of California, Davis, (UC Davis) and the University of California, Berkeley, (UC Berkeley) studied it while designing their own high schools for disadvantaged youth.

Facilities
From its conception, it was decided that it would be best for the school to be sited on the UCSD campus. An early CREATE report authored by Bud Mehan stated that "operating on university grounds acts to integrate students into the culture of learning associated with a university campus" and that this location allows for "UCSD students serve as role models for the students they tutor." Despite this goal, finding available space on UCSD's campus for a full high school facility proved challenging. For the first year of its existence, Preuss was housed on the campus of the Thurgood Marshall College, in a temporary bungalow facility known as "La Casa", surrounded by eucalyptus trees and within walking distance of UCSD's main library, Geisel Library.

In August 2000, Preuss moved to its own new campus at the northeast corner of the UCSD campus. The campus cost about $14 million, all of which was procured from community donors and organizations during a five-month fundraising campaign. The campus has five buildings for classrooms; each building has six classrooms, three on the first story and three on the second. The one exception to this is the science building, which requires more room for labs and hence has four rooms in its building. The campus includes the main office; a gymnasium used for assemblies, physical education, theatre performances, and choirs; an outdoor cafeteria and amphitheater; a library that includes a media and resource center; and a lacrosse and soccer facility. The front of the school includes a loading and unloading dock for the school buses. While an open campus for its initial years, by the 2006 school year the Preuss campus was fenced around the perimeter. During the 2007 school year, a secondary physical education field was paved over and converted to two additional bungalow buildings intended to be used for music and the arts.

Admissions
Annually Preuss receives 800 applications from fifth graders for 110 spots in the incoming sixth-grade class. Preuss selects from this pool via a blind lottery. In order to be eligible for the lottery an applicant must meet three criteria: the student must qualify for federal free- or reduced-price lunches under the National School Lunch Act, the student's primary guardians must not be college graduates, and student must demonstrate proper motivation, through elementary school academic records and through completion of an admissions application which includes essays and teacher recommendations. Of the students accepted, 25% scored in the top quartile on California standardized tests, 50% in the middle quartiles, and 25% in the bottom quartile.

Preuss primarily recruits applicants at elementary and junior high schools in low-income parts of SDUSD and the Sweetwater Union High School District. Preuss staff visit these schools and present to parents and teachers, in both English and Spanish, about the mission of the school and the application process. Preuss staff are also responsible for distributing application materials to local churches and libraries and community organizations like the San Diego Urban League and the Parent Institute.

According to charter renewal information provided by Preuss to SDUSD, Preuss believes that the student demographics that result from this admission process are reflective of the low-income communities that they recruit in. As of 2011, Preuss was 67% Hispanic, 19% Asian and Pacific Islander, 10% African American, and 4% White. This is divergent from SDUSD's demographics, which is 46% Hispanic, 15% Asian and Pacific Islander, 12% African American, and 24% White.

Academics
The Preuss curriculum is shaped around college preparatory course requirements known within the University of California and California State University system as A–G courses. Preuss also takes the pedagogical position that all students should be given the opportunity to take the same courses. As such, Preuss has an untracked curriculum that requires all students to attend the same college preparatory courses.

On the Preuss campus, students study basic algebra, geometry, pre-calculus, and calculus and later can take more advanced courses on the UCSD campus, which they travel to via shuttle. Required science classes include Earth sciences, physics, biology, and chemistry. Required history classes cover Western civilization, as well as U.S. history, European history, and government and politics at the advanced placement (AP) level. Every Preuss student studies Spanish for at least three years, with an option for as many as five. English and physical education are also included in the required core curriculum. As a result of these required courses, 100% of Preuss graduates complete the A–G course list. Only 38% of San Diego Unified students do the same.

Throughout this curriculum, Preuss students are required to take courses at the advanced placement (AP) level, when offered. This requirement is meant to improve the students' chances for college admission and to reduce the number of college courses these low-income students might later have to take and pay for. By graduation, all Preuss students will have taken at least six AP courses.

Through all seven years at Preuss, students take an advisory course known as University Prep with the same teacher. This homeroom-like experience enables one teacher to become well-acquainted with students, their growth, their families, and their domestic situation. In addition to University Prep and other required courses, during sixth, seventh, and eighth grades each student chooses one elective course per semester. In ninth and tenth grades students take a year-long elective, while in eleventh and twelfth they choose two-year-long electives. Electives have included robotics, engineering, drama, students' union (known as Associated Student Body or ASB), journalism, publications, music, music technology, and public speaking. In 12th grade, each student completes a three-part senior wheel course, which includes a course on service learning, a research seminar leading to a senior thesis, and an internship on the UCSD campus.

A significant portion of Preuss students matriculate to four-year institutions of higher learning. In 2005, of the school's 75 graduates, 91 percent were accepted to a four-year college or university while the other 9 percent attended a community college. The class of 2007 surpassed these numbers when 96 percent of its members gained admission to four-year universities. In 2011, 95 percent of graduates were admitted to four-year universities with 79 percent of graduates matriculating to one. 19 percent of the class of 2011 attended a community college.

Schedule
Preuss uses a different schedule from most schools to make room for all the courses offered. Both the school year and school day are longer than normal. The school year is 198 days (compared with 180 days for traditional schools), and the school day is 396 minutes (compared with an average of 360 minutes for traditional schools). As a result, Preuss' annual instruction time is 74,669 minutes compared to SDUSD's average of 64,800 minutes. Preuss uses a block schedule that calls for four classes to meet on Monday and Wednesday ("A" day) and the other four to meet on Tuesday and Thursday ("B" day). Fridays rotate between the two "A" and "B" days. Each block lasts 90 minutes which is 30 more minutes than the average school. During its early years, Preuss ran on a trimester system to match that of UCSD. In 2006, the school switched to a semester system.

Faculty
The tasks of the faculty members at Preuss extend beyond teaching. On Fridays, the teachers meet for two hours to discuss staff development, trends in education, and student work, and each teacher creates an annual portfolio to present to the rest of the faculty at the end of the year. Even though Preuss is a charter school, its faculty including its teachers, resource specialists and librarians are represented by the University Council-AFT, a statewide union that represents non-tenured faculty and librarians on all the University of California campuses.

In addition to the faculty, Preuss students benefit from partnerships established between the school and UCSD. Each trimester, UCSD provides nearly 100 classroom tutors to Preuss through a university course on educational equity. Faculty instruction is also supplemented through the school's community mentor program which pairs students with mentors, many of whom are UCSD faculty and staff.

Awards and rankings
Preuss had the highest "academic performance index" (API) in San Diego County as of 2005. In 2010, Preuss' API ranked 10th in the state of California. Its students' results in the Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) program, the California Standards Test (CST), and the University of California college preparatory (A–G) requirements were higher than those of other schools with similar student populations. These results led San Diego Magazine to name Preuss one of the city's great schools.

Preuss has also been the recipient of national recognition. Since 2007, Preuss has ranked as a top 50 high school in the rankings released by both Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report. Its highest ranking came in 2008 when it placed sixth in Newsweek's rankings. In 2011, Preuss placed 44th in the U.S. News & World Report rankings and 30th in the Newsweek rankings. Additionally, in 2011 and 2012 Newsweek selected Preuss as the most transformative high school in the nation. To compile the list, Newsweek took each school's score on the list of the top 500 American high schools and multiplied it by the percentage of students that qualified for free or reduced-price lunch, the most reliable and consistent metric of socio-economic status in American high schools.

Preuss has accumulated similar accolades from more education-focused institutions. In 2007, Preuss was one of 53 charter schools to receive the Center of Education Reform's Distinguished School status. In September 2010, U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan announced that Preuss had been selected as one of the nation's Blue Ribbon Schools for 2010. In June 2012, the University of Southern California Center for Educational Governance, using a methodology focused not just on academic performance but also accountability and fiscal stability, ranked Preuss the best charter school in the state of California.

Athletics
Preuss requires physical education through the tenth grade. Students may choose to opt-out and take another elective or try out for one of Preuss' five athletic teams. All Preuss teams compete in Division IV of the San Diego Section of the California Interscholastic Federation. Offered sports include soccer, basketball, and lacrosse for boys and girls, as well as volleyball for girls only. In addition, Varsity Squash is offered through Access Youth Academy (AYA). The only sport to play at the national level, the program holds 13 national titles.

Clubs
A majority of Preuss clubs and organizations meet after school until 5:20 p.m., when the late-activity buses take up to 256 students home. A large number of the clubs are science-related. Robotics is popular on the Preuss' campus, which has teams that compete in robotics-related events sponsored by For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology (FIRST), as well as teams that compete in Botball games played by robots they have built.

School clubs include Science Olympiad, Oceanography Club, the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists, and the Black Chemical Engineers Club, which focuses on practicing for Quiz Bowl-like events. Other science-related clubs include a medical engineering club, the students' well-being advocacy program (SWAP), and an organ donation club, which promotes the process to students.

Preuss encourages outreach and service clubs such as the Rotary-sponsored Interact, an organization similar to Key Club that helps involve students in community-service events. Others include the Preuss chapter of the National Honor Society. NHS promotes education, and its most recent project is the sixth-grade buddy system. In this system, a sixth grader is partnered with a junior or senior who serves as a tutor. The Ecology club runs the school's recycling program. There is also a student-to-student mentorship program.

Other clubs on campus include a chess club, an urban dance league, Model United Nations, and an arts collective. Preuss has a choir that offers two annual concerts and has performed in other school events such as the "La Jolla Golden Triangle Rotary Stars in Their Eyes" concert. A badminton club was founded in 2014. Following this many students have attempted to form other sport-related clubs (for example, boys' volleyball) to widen the sports club/activity selection range, but have been denied due to lack of facilities.

Internships
For four years running, the Preuss School has collaborated with the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute on an internship program. The internship program allows for students to work on various projects at the Sanford Burnham laboratory, with the goal of inspiring students to become interested in science-related careers. The internship program is funded by Sanford Burnham Trustee Peter Preuss and his wife, Peggy, and Chair Wain Fishburn and his wife, Debby. Preuss also has long-standing relationships with various academics departments at UCSD. These departments accept Preuss students as interns as a part of the senior wheel elective.

title: Preuss School


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Portal:Biology

The Biology Portal Science: History of science Mathematics Chemistry Physics Earth sciences

Shortcuts to this page: Biology portal • P:BIO

title: Portal:Biology


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Warnow Tunnel

The Warnow Tunnel (also known as the Warnow River Crossing and the Warnowquerung in German) is a road tunnel 790 m long which connects the east and west bank of the Warnow river in the Hanseatic city of Rostock in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

History
It is Germany's first toll road in modern times and Germany's first privately financed transport project. The construction cost of 220 million euros was financed by Bouygues Travaux Publics (France), Macquarie Infrastructure Corporation (Australia), and 14 banks. It was inaugurated on 12 September 2003 by the Federal Transport Minister Dr. Manfred Stolpe.

By 2006, the tunnel was close to bankruptcy. Only 10,500 vehicles were crossing it daily, compared to the expected 20,000. The operating concession was extended from 30 to 50 years to make it more profitable for its operator.

The 50-year operating concession is held by Warnowquerung GmbH & Co. KG, which is 70% owned by the Australian investment company Atlas Arteria which operates many tolled roads worldwide. On 15 August 2018, Atlas Arteria announced an agreement to acquire the remaining 30%.

In November 2015, the fare to cross the tunnel was raised to cope with high maintenance costs. By September 2020, 67 million cars had driven through the tunnel since it opened.

Engineering
The tunnel was built using a technique known as immersed tube construction: the main part of the tunnel consists of six prefabricated concrete conduits which were formed and poured in a temporary drydock nearby, floated out into the river and lowered into a dredged channel in the river bottom. This is a technique apparently pioneered in the Detroit River in construction of the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel in 1930, and replicated for sub-aqueous tunnels ever since.

title: Warnow Tunnel


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National Peasant Party

National Peasant Party may refer to:

 * National Peasant Party (Hungary)
 * National Peasants' Party, a political party in Romania

title: National Peasant Party


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Ray Monk

Ray Monk (born 15 February 1957) is a British biographer who is renowned for his biographies of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Bertrand Russell, and J. Robert Oppenheimer. He is emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Southampton, where he taught in various capacities from 1992 to 2018.

Biography
Monk graduated with an MA in philosophy from the University of York in 1979. Later he obtained an MLitt from Oxford University.

He won the 1990 John Llewellyn Rhys Prize and the 1991 Duff Cooper Prize for his acclaimed biography of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. His two-volume biography of Bertrand Russell appeared in 1996 and 2001. His biography of J. Robert Oppenheimer was published in 2012.

Since 2012 he has occasionally written for the New Statesman, contributing articles on philosophers and on veganism.

In 2015 he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.

Works

 * Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. London: Vintage, 1991.
 * Bertrand Russell: The Spirit of Solitude 1872–1921. London: Vintage, 1996.
 * Russell. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997.
 * Bertrand Russell: The Ghost of Madness 1921–1970. London: Vintage, 2001.
 * How to Read Wittgenstein. London: Granta, 2005.
 * "Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Sketch of His Life" (chapter in A Companion to Wittgenstein, edited by Hans-Johann Glock and John Hyman. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017)
 * Inside the Centre: The Life of J. Robert Oppenheimer. London: Jonathan Cape, 2012; Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center. New York: Doubleday, 2013.
 * Inside the Centre: The Life of J. Robert Oppenheimer. London: Jonathan Cape, 2012; Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center. New York: Doubleday, 2013.
 * Inside the Centre: The Life of J. Robert Oppenheimer. London: Jonathan Cape, 2012; Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center. New York: Doubleday, 2013.

title: Ray Monk


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Scars of the Crucifix

Scars of the Crucifix is the seventh studio album by American death metal band Deicide. It was released on February 23, 2004, Deicide's first album on the band's new label Earache Records. The track "Scars of the Crucifix" spawned Deicide's first ever music video, filmed in Nottingham. This is the final Deicide album to feature the band's full original lineup, as the Hoffman brothers would both depart shortly after this album—ending their 17-year tenure with the group.

The closing track, "The Pentecostal", is followed by a hidden untitled bonus track with drummer/composer Steve Asheim playing a classical piano solo.

On July 11, 2006, Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles reported that Deicide received a Silver Disc from the independent music trade body Impala for their sales in Europe.

The song "Fuck Your God" was used heavily as a torture method for detainees in Iraq by being piped into their bunks to induce sleep deprivation.

Personnel

 * Glen Benton – bass, vocals
 * Eric Hoffman – guitars
 * Brian Hoffman – guitars
 * Steve Asheim – drums, piano (at end of "The Pentecostal")
 * Neil Kernon – production

title: Scars of the Crucifix


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Talk:Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone

Quality of writing
Apparently no one has edited this article - there are sufficient mis-matches in tense to cause doubts about its accuracy. Would someone with better English skills and knowledge of the subject please clean it up. 134.41.30.226 (talk) 23:02, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone


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Battle of Chaffin's Farm

The Battle of Chaffin's Farm and New Market Heights, also known as Laurel Hill and combats at Forts Harrison, Johnson, and Gilmer, was fought in Virginia on September 29–30, 1864, as part of the siege of Petersburg in the American Civil War.

Background
From the very beginning of the war, Confederate engineers and slave laborers had constructed permanent defenses around Richmond. By 1864, they had created a system anchored south of the capital on the James River at Chaffin's Farm, a large open area at Chaffin's Bluff, both named for a local landowner. This outer line was supported by an intermediate and inner system of fortifications much closer to the capital. In July and August 1864, these lines were tested by Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in offensives designed to attack simultaneously north and south of the James.

On July 27–29, the Army of the Potomac's II Corps under Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock and cavalry under Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan attacked New Market Heights and Fussell's Mill in the First Battle of Deep Bottom (named for the section of the James River used for the Union crossing). The attacks failed to break through to threaten Richmond or its railroads, but they did cause Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee to transfer men from the Petersburg fortifications in preparation for the Battle of the Crater on July 31. The Second Battle of Deep Bottom was conducted by Hancock on August 14–20, attacking in almost the same areas once again to draw Confederate troops away from south of the James, where the Battle of Globe Tavern (also known as the Second Battle of the Weldon Railroad) was an attempt to cut the railroad supply lines to Petersburg. The second battle was also a Confederate victory, but it forced Lee to weaken his Petersburg defenses and abandon plans to reinforce his men in the Shenandoah Valley.

In late September, Grant planned another dual offensive. Historians sometimes enumerate Grant's offensives during the Richmond–Petersburg Campaign. Richard J. Sommers, John Horn, and Noah Andre Trudeau call these operations "Grant's Fifth Offensive". Grant's primary objective was to cut the railroad supply lines to the south of Petersburg, which would likely cause the fall of both Petersburg and Richmond. He planned to use a cavalry division under Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg and four infantry divisions from the V and IX Corps of the Army of the Potomac to sever the South Side Railroad, an operation that would result in the Battle of Peebles' Farm from September 30 to October 2. Once again hoping to distract Robert E. Lee and draw Confederate troops north of the river, Grant ordered the Army of the James under Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler to attack toward Richmond.

Butler devised a plan that historian John Horn called his "best performance of the war." Rather than repeat the efforts of July and August to turn the Confederate left, Butler planned surprise attacks on the Confederate right and center. His XVIII Corps under Maj. Gen. Edward O. C. Ord, would cross the James River to Aiken's Landing by a newly constructed pontoon bridge. At the original Deep Bottom pontoon bridge, his X Corps under Maj. Gen. David B. Birney would cross, followed by his cavalry under Brig. Gen. August V. Kautz. In a two-pronged attack, the right wing (Birney's X Corps, augmented by a United States Colored Troops division under Brig. Gen. Charles J. Paine from the XVIII Corps) would assault the Confederate lines at New Market Road and drive on to capture the artillery positions behind it on New Market Heights. This action would protect the flank of the left wing (the remainder of Ord's XVIII Corps), which would attack Fort Harrison from the south-east, neutralizing the strongest point of the entire Confederate line. Then, the right wing would assist the left by attacking Fort Gregg and Fort Gilmer, both north of Fort Harrison. Kautz's cavalry would exploit Birney's capture of the New Market Road by driving for Richmond.

New Market Heights
Maj. Gen. David B. Birney moved the X Corps north from the Deep Bottom bridgehead toward the Confederate works atop New Market Heights manned by Brig. Gen. John Gregg. A brigade of U.S. Colored Troops attacked the heights but was repulsed. In this attack, Christian Fleetwood's actions would later earn him the Medal of Honor. Birney reinforced the assault force and stormed the heights again. Alfred H. Terry's division managed to turn the Confederate left flank, thus turning the tide of the battle. Word of Union success against Fort Harrison then reached Gregg, compelling him to pull Confederate troops back to Forts Gregg, Gilmer and Johnson. Confederate defenders at New Market Heights were Lee's "Grenadier Guards", the First, Fourth and Fifth Texas and the Third Arkansas, numbering about 1,800 men. They inflicted 850 casualties on the attacking 13,000 Union troops while suffering only 50 casualties.

Once Birney's troops had taken New Market Heights, the X Corps turned to the north-west along the New Market Road and moved against a secondary line of works guarding Richmond north of Fort Harrison. Brig. Gen. Robert Sanford Foster's X Corps division assaulted a small salient known as Fort Gilmer. David Birney's brother, Brig. Gen. William Birney, led a brigade of U.S. Colored Troops against Fort Gregg south of Fort Gilmer. These attacks were marked by heroism among the Colored Troops but were ultimately repulsed.

Fort Harrison

At about the same time Birney's first attack moved forward, the Union XVIII Corps under Major General Edward Ord, assaulted Fort Harrison to the west of New Market Heights. Ord's assault was led by Brig. Gen. George Stannard, a veteran of Gettysburg. Stannard's men rushed across an open field and took cover in a slight depression just in front of the fort and, after a moment's rest, took the fort. The Confederate defenders broke to the rear, seeking refuge behind a secondary line. Brig. Gen. Hiram Burnham was killed during the attack, and the Union troops renamed the captured fort in his honor.

Once inside the fort, the Union attackers became disorganized. All three of Stannard's brigade commanders were wounded or killed. A supporting column under Brig. Gen. Charles A. Heckman veered far off to the north and was repulsed. Ord personally attempted to rally the troops to exploit their success, but he too fell with a critical wound. The loss of commanders and the presence of Confederate ironclads on the James put an end to the XVIII Corps' drive on Chaffin's Bluff along the James River.

Robert E. Lee realized the severity of the loss of Fort Harrison and personally brought 10,000 reinforcements under Maj. Gen. Charles Field north from Petersburg. On September 30, Lee ordered a counter-attack to retake Fort Harrison, now commanded by Maj. Gen. Godfrey Weitzel, replacing the wounded Ord. The Confederate attacks were uncoordinated and were easily repulsed.

Aftermath
Just as Grant had anticipated, the fighting around Chaffin's Farm forced Lee to shift his resources and helped the Union army south of Petersburg win the Battle of Peebles' Farm. After October, the two armies settled into trench warfare that continued until the end of the war. The fighting around Chaffin's Farm cost the nation nearly 5,000 casualties.

Medal of Honor recipients
The following men received the Medal of Honor for action in the battle: • William H. Barnes

• Joseph H. Shea

• Powhatan Beaty

• Thomas Belcher

• James H. Bronson

• George A. Buchanan

• Nathan Huntley Edgerton

• Christian Fleetwood

• James Daniel Gardner

• James H. Harris

• Thomas R. Hawkins

• Alfred B. Hilton

• Milton M. Holland

• William Stone Hubbell

• Miles James

• Franklin Johndro

• Alexander Kelly

• Nathaniel A. McKown

• Robert A. Pinn

• Edward Ratcliff

• John Schiller

• Ebenezer Skellie

• Charles Veale

• William Laing

Three Medal of Honor recipients from the 6th U.S. Colored Infantry Regiment are depicted in a painting, Three Medals of Honor by artist Don Troiani. The painting was unveiled June 24, 2013 at the Union League of Philadelphia. Portrayed in the painting are Nathan H. Edgerton, Thomas R. Hawkins, and Alexander Kelly.

Battlefield preservation
As of late 2021, the American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 87 acres of the battlefield.

title: Battle of Chaffin's Farm