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Ramón Castilla

Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (31 August 1797 – 30 May 1867) was a Peruvian caudillo who served as President of Peru three times as well as the Interim President of Peru (Revolution Self-proclaimed President) in 1863. His earliest prominent appearance in Peruvian history began with his participation in a commanding role of the army of the Libertadores that helped Peru become an independent nation. Later, he led the country when the economy boomed due to the exploitation of guano deposits. Castilla's governments are remembered for having abolished slavery and modernized the state.

He assumed the presidency for the first time after general Domingo Nieto's death for a short period in 1844, then in 1845 until 1851, again from 1855 to 1862 and, finally, during a brief period in 1863.

First years
Castilla was born in Tarapacá (then part of the Viceroyalty of Peru), the second son of Pedro Castilla, of Spanish-Argentine origin, and Juana Marquezado de Romero, who was of part Aymara descent. In 1807 he traveled to Lima at the age of 10 to study with his brother and later continued his education in Concepción, Chile, also helping his brother with his business. In 1817 he enrolled in the Spanish colonial army during the Peruvian War of Independence, fighting against the independence forces sent by Argentine general José de San Martín.

Castilla became a prisoner of war, but managed to escape and returned to Peru in 1821, deserting the Spanish Army and offering his services to José de San Martín, who enrolled him in the Patriot Army with the rank of lieutenant (a rank he had held with the Spanish Army). When San Martin resigned as "Protector of Peru", Castilla sided with José de la Riva Agüero, who in turn shortly became president in 1823.

In 1824, when the Peruvian Congress named Simón Bolívar dictator or "Liberator of Peru", Castilla joined Simon Bolivar's army, fighting in the decisive Battle of Ayacucho, which helped Peru gain its independence from Spain. In 1825 Bolivar named him as governor of his native province of Tarapacá. In 1833, Castilla married Francisca Diez Canseco.

Anarchy: Castilla and Nieto
In 1839 Castilla beside the Chilean general Manuel Bulnes decided the victory of the Restorative Army in the battle of Yungay (War of the Confederation) and was named Minister of War and Minister of Finance in 1839 under Agustín Gamarra. Under the latter post, Castilla was responsible for Peru's first lucrative guano exportation. Meanwhile, president Gamarra had been harboring intentions of annexing Bolivia back to Peru and, in 1841, he led an invasion army to Bolivia, only to be defeated and killed by the army of José Ballivián during the Battle of Ingavi, leaving Peru without a leader. During that year various infights among caudillos occurred who constantly proclaimed themselves Presidents. Manuel Menéndez, then Vice President, assumed the presidency, but was overthrown by a coup d'état led by Juan Crisóstomo Torrico in 1842.

Soon after, Castilla, along with Domingo Nieto, overthrew Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco during the Battle of Carmen Alto. Nieto assumed the presidency but died a few months later. Castilla assumed the position on 17 February 1844 until 11 December of that year. After defeating the other caudillos around the country, Castilla reinstated Menéndez as president, in order to achieve a constitutional transition to democracy.

President of the Republic
In 1845, Castilla won the Peruvian presidential elections and was sworn in in April of that year. During this time, the guano export boom was rapidly expanding, largely due to treaties signed with the British company Antony Gibbs, which had commercialized the guano trade in Europe. Important urban projects began during this period, too, such as the first railroad from Lima to Callao, which helped in the transportation of guano from the production centers ready to be shipped abroad.

After six years in power, Castilla was succeeded by José Rufino Echenique. In 1854, however, another rebellion was led in Peru's second-largest city, Arequipa, by Castilla himself, who was largely urged by other Peruvian liberals to help in the suppression of slavery in the country.

On 3 December 1854, in the city of Huancayo, an abolition of slavery law was passed. As this law was being applied, Castilla confronted and defeated Echenique in the Battle of La Palma on 5 January 1855.

In 1859, Peru had a confrontation with neighboring Ecuador over disputed territory bordering the Amazon. Though Peru was considered successful, Castilla failed to secure a definitive agreement with Ecuador and the issue would haunt both countries until the end of the 20th century, when the 1997 Peace and Border Treaty of Itamaraty was signed by Peru and Ecuador in Brazil. In December 1860, a new constitution was enacted during Castilla's presidency and became Peru's supreme law until 1920. Castilla's second presidency, therefore, was marked by the liberation of slaves and indigenous Peruvians, as well as a new postal system and a new constitution.

In 1862, he was succeeded by Miguel de San Román, who died less than a year later. Castilla refused to recognise Pedro Diez Canseco, the Second Vice President of the Republic as well as his brother-in-law, and claimed the presidency for himself. Diez Canseco, however, was chosen as interim president from April to August 1863, and was succeeded by Juan Antonio Pezet. He served as the President of the Senate in 1864.

In 1864, Castilla condemned the international policies of Pezet, only to be jailed and exiled to Gibraltar. During his absence, the historic Battle of Callao took place, which became Spain's final and unsuccessful move to reconquer independent Peru.

After he returned to Peru, he was again deported to Chile on the orders of then president Mariano Ignacio Prado. In a last effort to regain power for a fifth time, Castilla – now nearly seventy – and a group of followers landed in Pisagua and proceeded towards the Tiviliche desert. This last try, however, proved fatal, and Castilla died at Tiviliche, in his final attempt to pass through southern Peru on 30 May 1867.

title: Ramón Castilla


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206 Hersilia

Hersilia (minor planet designation: 206 Hersilia) is a fairly large Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on October 13, 1879, in Clinton, New York. The asteroid was named after Hersilia, Roman wife of Romulus. It is classified as a primitive, dark carbon-rich C-type asteroid.

Measurements made with the IRAS observatory give a diameter of 101.72 ± 5.18 km and a geometric albedo of 0.06 ± 0.01. By comparison, the MIPS photometer on the Spitzer Space Telescope gives a diameter of 97.99 ± 7.40 km and a geometric albedo of 0.06 ± 0.02.

The last close earth transit was in November and December 2002.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 206 Hersilia


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Saints and Strangers

Saints and Strangers is a book by George F Willison published in 1945 by Reynal & Hitchcock, New York.

Its full title, Saints and Strangers - Being the Lives of the Pilgrim Fathers & Their Families, with Their Friends & Foes: & and Account of Their Posthumous Wanderings in Limbo, Their Final Resurrection & Rise to Glory, & the Strange Pilgrimages of Plymouth Rock, is a fair description of this historical account.

The book includes an appendix listing names and data of the many "saints and strangers" involved as described in the title.

A softback edition published by Time-Life Books is commonly found in thrift and used book stores.

title: Saints and Strangers


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Theta Centauri

Theta Centauri or θ Centauri, officially named Menkent, is a single star in the southern constellation of Centaurus, the centaur. With an apparent visual magnitude of +2.06, it is the fourth-brightest member of the constellation. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about 58.8 ly distant from the Sun. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of $0.73 arcsecond/yr$.

Nomenclature
θ Centauri, Latinised to Theta Centauri, is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional name of Menkent derived from the Arabic word مَنْكِب (mankib) for "shoulder" (of the Centaur), apparently blended with a shortened form of "kentaurus" (centaur). In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Menkent for this star on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

In Chinese, 庫樓 (Kù Lóu), meaning arsenal, refers to an asterism consisting of Theta Centauri, Zeta Centauri, Eta Centauri, 2 Centauri, HD 117440, Xi¹ Centauri, Gamma Centauri, Tau Centauri, D Centauri and Sigma Centauri. Consequently, the Chinese name for Theta Centauri itself is 庫樓三 (Kù Lóu sān, the Third Star of Arsenal).

Properties
This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III and 1.27 times the mass of the Sun. The interferometry-measured angular diameter of this star, after correcting for limb darkening, is $5.46 mas$, which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of about 10.6 times the radius of the Sun. The outer envelope has an effective temperature of 4,980 K, giving it the orange-hued glow of a cool, K-type star. Soft X-ray emission has been detected from this star, which has an estimated X-ray luminosity of 1.4 × 1027 erg s−1.

title: Theta Centauri


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207 Hedda

Hedda (minor planet designation: 207 Hedda) is a sizeable Main belt asteroid. It is a C-type asteroid, meaning it is primitive in composition and dark in colour. This asteroid was discovered by Johann Palisa on October 17, 1879, in Pola and was named after Hedwig Winnecke (née Dell), wife of astronomer Friedrich A. T. Winnecke.

Attempts to determine the rotation period for this asteroid have led to conflicting results. A study published in 2010 using photometric observations from Organ Mesa Observatory showed a rotation period of 19.489 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.18 ± 0.02 in magnitude.

title: 207 Hedda


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Pay and display

A pay and display machine is a type of ticket machine used for regulating parking in urban areas or in car parks. It relies on a customer purchasing a ticket from a machine and displaying the ticket on the dashboard, windscreen or passenger window of the vehicle. Details included on a printed ticket are generally the location and operator of the machine, expiry time, fee paid and time entered.

Systems
The first generation of pay and display machines in the United States was introduced in 1950 by Park-UR-Self, based in San Francisco, California. Park-Ur-Self has grown to become the leading manufacturer of pay and display machines in the United States and now goes by the name Ventek International.

Pay and display
Pay and display systems differ from road-side parking meters in that one machine can service multiple vehicle spaces, resulting in lower set up costs. In addition, this system theoretically prevents drivers from taking advantage of parking meters that have time remaining; this factor alone has doubled parking revenues in cities that have switched to pay and display. A driver may occasionally take advantage of remaining time should a departing parker give away a ticket with remaining time. This can be prevented by putting the license plate number on the ticket.

In addition, pay and display machines can also accept a wider variety of coins, and many even accept credit cards, making it unnecessary for drivers to carry large amounts of change. The use of credit cards has another advantage - the machines do not have to be emptied of coins as often, and the costs of counting coin and possible pilfering by employees who empty the parking meters also reduces their overall costs.

In the UK pay and display is used for both on-street parking control and parking in car parks and multi-storey car parks where access barrier systems are not installed.

Pay on foot
Pay on foot is a variant where the driver is issued with a ticket at a barrier upon entering the car park. At the end of their stay the driver inserts the ticket into a machine which calculates the amount based on the duration of stay. The driver then exits the car park by inserting the paid ticket into another barrier. This system means that drivers do not have to decide on their duration in advance.

Higher technology systems
Progressions of pay and display include pay by phone parking and Pay by Plate, where payment is linked to a specific vehicle registration plate.

Coupon parking
Coupon parking, also known as parking vouchers, is a variation of pay and display without the use of machines; instead, the motorist purchases a booklet of coupons in advance from the authorities. To use a parking coupon, the motorist has to completely tear off tabs of the date and time, or scratch off panels on the date and time in which he/she leaves the vehicle. This process is similar to disc parking, except that a parking disc is reusable whereas a coupon can only be used once. In the Republic of Ireland, reusable free-parking discs are unknown and parking coupons are called "parking discs". The coupon is displayed on the dashboard or hung from the top of a door window facing the roadside. Multiple coupons are used if the parking time exceeds the allowance given for a single coupon, though this is not always permitted. The system is widely used in Singapore and Brazil, and in parts of some countries such as New Zealand, Malaysia, Austria, Ireland and Israel.

title: Pay and display


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Real Audiencia

A Real Audience, or simply an Audience (Reial Audience, Audience Reial, or Audience), was an appellate court in Spain and its empire. The name of the institution literally translates as Royal Audience. The additional designation chancillería (or cancillería, Catalan: cancelleria, English: chancellery ) was applied to the appellate courts in early modern Spain. Each audiencia had oidores (Spanish: judges, literally, "hearers").

Audiencias in Spain
The first audiencia was founded in the Kingdom of Castile in 1371 at Valladolid. The Valladolid Audiencia functioned as the highest court in Castile for the next two centuries. Appeals from the Castilian audiencias could only be made to the Council of Castile after its creation in 1480.

After the union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon in the Kingdom of Spain and the subsequent conquest of Granada in 1492, the audiencia was divided in two, with the Audiencia of Valladolid taking cases originating north of the Tagus River, and the Royal Audiencia of Ciudad Real (1494) taking cases from south of the river. The second audiencia was moved to Granada in 1505.

Under Charles V and Philip II, the audiencia system was extended first in Spain proper, with the Royal Audiencia of Aragon (1528) and then to the rest of the Spanish Empire. Audiencias in cities and provinces that belong to Spain today included Seville (1566), Las Palmas (1568), Majorca (1571), Asturias (1717), and Extremadura (1790). The audiencias and viceroys of the Crown of Aragon were overseen by the Council of Aragon, which had been established in 1494.

Audiencias in the Americas and the Philippine Islands
In the Americas and East Indies, the two institutions were also united, but with a different power relationship. The Crown of Castile early on introduced the audiencia into the Americas as part of its campaign to bring the area and its Spanish settlers and conquerors under royal control. With the vast conquests on the American mainland, which began in the 1520s, it became clear that the audiencia system would not be sufficient to effectively run the overseas government. Viceroys were therefore introduced, but without the judicial powers the office had enjoyed under the Aragonese Crown. In the New World, instead, the audiencias were given a consultative and quasi-legislative role in the administration of the territories. Both viceroys and audiencias were ultimately overseen by a Council of the Indies. Most of the laws dealing with the establishment of the 16th- and 17th-century audiencias can be found in Book II, Title XV of the Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias issued in 1680.

The first audiencia in the Americas was established at Santo Domingo (modern Dominican Republic) in 1511 with jurisdiction over the Caribbean islands and the adjacent mainland. It was quickly suppressed due to opposition by the Spanish settlers, but was re-established permanently in 1526.

As the Spanish conquest of the continent continued, more audiencias were founded in the new areas of settlement. The first mainland audiencia was set up in Mexico City in 1527, just six years after the fall of Tenochtitlan, which had jurisdiction over most of what is now Mexico and Central America.

This audiencia was followed by the Audiencia of Panama, 1538, overseeing Central America and the littoral regions of northern South America until its abolishment in 1543. It later was reestablished with jurisdiction only over Panama proper in 1564, which functioned until 1751.

In 1543 with the abolition of the first Audiencia of Panama, two audiencias were established in its place: one in Guatemala with jurisdiction over Central America and another in Lima with jurisdiction over the newly settled areas of South America, which had been gained by the conquest of Peru and surrounding regions. Venezuela, settled earlier, remained under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Santo Domingo until the establishment of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in the early 18th century.

By the end of the 16th century six more audiencias had been established in:
 * Guadalajara (Nueva Galicia), 1548, covering what is now northern Mexico
 * Santa Fe de Bogotá (Nueva Granada), 1548, overseeing most of modern Colombia
 * Charcas (Upper Peru), 1559
 * Quito, 1565, with jurisdiction over most of modern Ecuador, the Peruvian Amazon, and Jaén, Tumbes and Popayán provinces
 * Concepcíon (Chile), 1565, but which was abolished in 1575
 * Manila in 1583 overseeing the Philippines and the Spanish East Indies

In the 17th century two new audiencias were created in:
 * Santiago, 1609, replacing the one in Concepción
 * Buenos Aires, which only operated from 1661 to 1672.

The last colonial audiencias were created under the Bourbon kings as part of their administrative reforms, which also involved setting up new viceroyalties. The new dynasty found no need for the second Audiencia of Panama and abolished it in 1751, transferring its jurisdiction to the one in Bogotá. New audiencias were established in:

 * Caracas, 1786
 * Cusco (Peru), 1787
 * Buenos Aires, 1783.

This meant that at the moment of Spanish American independence in the early 19th century, the overseas possessions of the Spanish Monarchy were overseen by twelve audiencias. After the loss of Santo Domingo to the French in 1795, the Audiencia of Santo Domingo was transferred to Camagüey, Cuba and renamed the Audiencia of Puerto Príncipe. In 1838 a second Cuban audiencia was established in Havana, and from 1831 to 1853 Puerto Rico had its own audiencia.

Duties and composition
Unlike their peninsular counterparts, the overseas audiencias had legislative and executive functions in addition to their judicial ones, and thus represented the king in his role as maker of laws and dispenser of justice, as evidenced by the fact that, as chanceries (chancillerías, modern Spanish: cancillerías), they alone had the royal seal. Their importance in handling the affairs of state is reflected in the fact that many of the modern countries of Spanish-speaking South America and Panama have boundaries that are roughly the same as those of the former audiencias. Audiencias shared many government duties with the viceroys and governors-captains generals of the regions they oversaw, and so they served as a check on the authority of the latter.

An audiencia could issue local ordinances and served as a "privy council" to the viceroy or governor-captain general. In this function it often met weekly and was called by the term real acuerdo. An audiencia also oversaw the royal treasury, and when meeting in this capacity with the royal treasurer, it was referred to as a junta de hacienda (literally, "finance board"). The crown attorney (fiscal) also had the right to correspond directly with the crown, especially on treasury issues and acuerdo decisions. In turn, in the viceregal capitals of Spanish America, such as Mexico and Lima, the viceroy himself served as a presidente (president) of the audiencia. Likewise the governor-captain general served in this function in the various audiencias located in the capital of a captaincy general. In both cases the president had no vote in judicial matters, unless he was a trained lawyer, and only oversaw the administration of the court.

The audiencias with a viceroy or captain general in charge were referred to as audiencias pretoriales ("praetorial audiencias"), or occasionally audiencias virreinales ("viceregal audiencias"), in the case of the former. In the remaining audiencias, such as in Quito, where there was no viceroy or captain general, the president of the audiencia served as the main governor of the audiencia district and the region was often referred to as a "presidency," (e.g., the Presidency of Quito). The viceroy retained the right to oversee the administration of these audiencia districts, but could not interfere in judicial matters. These audiencias were referred to as audiencias subordinadas ("subordinate audiencias", although this did not imply that the audiencias pretoriales had the right to hear appeals).

Audiencia officials, especially the president, were subject to two forms of review. At the end of the president's term, a juicio de residencia (literally, "judgement of the period in office") was carried out, which reviewed the president's performance on the job and collected interviews many people affected by the audiencia's performance. Unscheduled inspections, called visitas (literally, "visits"), were also carried out if the crown felt it was needed. As part of the Bourbon Reforms, further limits were placed on viceroys and captains general. The office of regente, a type of chief justice, was created which removed most of the administrative functions from the viceroy or captain general. Their role as audiencia president became honorary. A viceroy or captain general, as the president of the audiencia, was charged by law with corresponding with the audiencia in writing, not in verbal commands. This created a record that could be checked later. Audiencias were styled, as a body, "vuestra merced" ("your grace", in the singular) and addressed directly as "señores."

The size and composition of an audiencia varied over time and place. For example, the first audiencia of Mexico had four oidores, one president and a fiscal, or crown attorney, meeting as only one chamber overseeing both civil and criminal cases. By the 17th century it had grown to two chambers handling civil and criminal cases separately. The civil chamber had eight oidores and one fiscal. The criminal chamber had four alcaldes del crimen (the chamber's equivalent of an oidor) and its own fiscal. In addition the audiencia had sundry other officers such as notaries, bailiffs, and the equivalent of modern public defenders. The smallest overseas audiencias had a composition similar to the early Mexican one.

In their judicial function, an audiencia heard appeals from cases initially handled by justices of first instance, which could be, among others, guild courts, corregidores, and alcaldes ordinarios. (See Fuero.) The audiencia also served as the court of first instance for crimes committed in the immediate jurisdiction of the city that served as the audiencia's seat and any case involving crown officials. In criminal cases the audiencia was the court of final appeal. Only civil cases involving more than 10,000 silver pesos could be appealed to the Council of the Indies, and only then within a statute of limitation of one year.

The fact that Audiencia presidents were not necessarily magistrates or lawyers, but men "clad in sword and cape", meant that they did not have any vote in court cases, and the court was not bound to submit to their authority, deferring ultimately to the crown. Thus, the authority of the president, when he was not a magistrate, was void in judicial matter and merely signed the verdicts. The Audiencias chaired by the viceroy were called viceregal Audiencias, and the chaired ones by a governor-captain general were the pretorial Audiencias.

As the pretorial Audiencias were chaired by a governor-captain general, this situation caused to appear the post of president-governor of major districts, with direct rule over a province and superior control of other provinces included inside the territorial district of the Audiencia, so that they exercised functions similar to the viceroys. Thus, another administrative division appeared: while the territories in charge of a governor were the minor provinces, the juridisdiccional scope of the Audiencias constituted the major provinces.

The members (oidores) of the Audiencia met with the president in a committee called royal agreement (real acuerdo), to take measurements for the government concerning the review of bylaws, appointments of commissioners (jueces pesquisidores), or retention of bulls, but the advice did not correspond to the Audiencia as institution but to its members as reputable people. The decisions of the royal agreement were established in the concerted writs (autos accordados), nevertheless, there were matters as dispatching the issues of government, in which the Audiencia could not interfere either with the viceroy or the president-governor. This way, the control of the Audiencias over the viceroys enabled to the Crown to control the functions of government of the viceroys.

While the viceregal and pretorial Audiencias were chaired by men clad in sword and cape, the presidents of the subordinated Audiencias were magistrates, so that, in the juridisdiccional scope of the subordinated Audiencias, the functions of government, Treasury and war belonged to the viceroy. Therefore, in these sections of the viceroyalties there were no governors-captains general but Audiencias, and the presidency gave them the name, for example in Charcas and Quito.

Although there were accumulated in the same person the offices of viceroy, governor, captain general and president of the Audiencia, each of them had different jurisdictional areas. The jurisdiction of the viceregal Audiencia, whose president was the viceroy, ended face up to the jurisdiction of other Audiencias inside the same viceroyalty: as the pretorial Audiencias chaired by a governor-captain general, who had administrative, political and military authority, as the subordinated Audiencias, whose president did not have this administrative, political and military authority. Therefore, as governor, the direct administration of the province where was placed the viceregal capital belonged to the viceroy; nevertheless, with respect to the other governorates of the viceroyalty, his function was mere oversight or general inspection over the management of political affairs. The imprecision in defining the powers of the viceroy and those of the provincial governors allowed the Crown to control their officials.

In the viceroyalty of New Spain, the Audiencia of Mexico, chaired by the viceroy, ended its jurisdiction face up to the jurisdiction of other Audiencias of Guatemala (1543–1563; 1568-), of Manila (1583–1589; 1595-), of Guadalajara (established in Compostela in 1548 and transferred in 1560 to Guadalajara) and that of Santo Domingo (1526-). The viceroy of New Spain as governor only had jurisdiction over a more reduced governorate of New Spain, and as captain general his authority did not comprise either the captaincies of Yucatán or the New Kingdom of León, but it comprised the military command over the governorate of Nueva Galicia, which was a territory under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Guadalajara, until in 1708 the captaincy general was attached to the governor of this province of Nueva Galicia.

In the viceroyalty of Peru, the viceroy presided the Audiencia of Lima (1542-), and the jurisdiction of this Audiencia ended face up to the jurisdictions of the pretorial Audiencias of Panama (1538–1543; 1563–1717), of Santa Fe de Bogotá (1547-), of Santiago de Chile (in Concepción between 1565 and 1575, and in Santiago de Chile since 1605), and that of Buenos Aires (1661–1672), whose presidents were also both governors and captains general, and in addition to these Audiencias, the viceroyalty comprised the subordinated Audiencias of Charcas (La Plata; 1559-) and Quito (1563-).

Audiencias in Italy
Audiencias in the Spanish possessions in Europe included the Italian domains of Sardinia (1564–1714) and Kingdom of Sicily (1569–1707). In Italy, the Castilian institution of the audiencia was united with the Aragonese institution of the viceroy. The Aragonese viceroys were literally "vice-kings," and as such, had the power to administer justice and issue laws; therefore they were integrally involved in the judicial proceedings of the Italian audiencias. In 1555 a Council of Italy was created to oversee the viceroys and audiencias in Italy.

title: Real Audiencia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leor Farkas

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:04, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Leor Farkas
Not notable. Thue | talk 21:13, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) Concur. -marudubshinki Friday, 18 February 2005
 * Delete. Vanity. Doesn't establish notability. – flamurai (t) 21:41, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 23:45, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just makes me sigh and ask "Who bloody cares?" Zzyzx11 23:59, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Longhair 14:13, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Derek Wood

Derek Wood may refer to:

 * Derek Wood (author) (1930–2003), author of The Narrow Margin and books about aviation
 * Derek Wood (British Army soldier), British Army corporal killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army
 * Derek Wood (footballer) (born 1959), Scottish footballer
 * Derek Wood (barrister), principal of St Hugh's College, Oxford 1991–2002

title: Derek Wood


text:
Pepper (band)

Pepper is a three-piece reggae rock band originally from Hawaii, now based in San Diego. The band consists of vocalist/guitarist Kaleo Wassman, vocalist/bassist Bret Bollinger, and drummer Yesod Williams. Since the band's formation they have released eight studio albums, as well as two live albums.

1996–2001: Formation
Pepper formed in 1996 with singer/guitarist Kaleo Wassman and bassist/singer Bret Bollinger, who had been friends since middle school. The duo was influenced by the Hawaiian artist Three Plus and popular mainland groups like Sublime. The group struggled to find a drummer to be in the band, with Wassman stating, "We were going through drummers like a bottomless pit." Wassman and Bollinger heard about a drummer named Yesod Williams who had gained success around their small town, and later met Williams at a party. The two convinced Williams to join the band, and they had to come up with a band name.

In an interview with The Pier, Wassman said "We are three kids in High School in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. We're all waiters. We always use to get out of work around ten o'clock at night and then I would race home to watch Saturday Night Live. This was back in the 90's when you had all of these All-stars. There was a skit that they kept re-doing and it was called 'The Pepper Boy'. And, basically its this Italian Restaurant and these 'Pepper Boys' come up to the table, usually to a couple on an exclusive date, and they would come over and OBSCENELY crack pepper all over the woman's plate. It was so funny to us watching the date get so angry and of course the lady just loving the Italian affection. It was one thing the three of us would talk about the next day in Bret's (Bollinger) garage when we were rehearsing and we would just lose it, so we said Pepper for short".

With the trio and new name in place, Pepper left Hawaii for San Diego and went on to open shows by Burning Spear, Shaggy, and other major reggae artists.

Pepper first entered the studio in 1997 and recorded a seven-song demo.

In 1999, after gathering a small local following on the Big Island, Pepper gained the interest of an independent, L.A.-based record company, Volcom Entertainment. Volcom produced and distributed the band's debut release, Give'n It, which combined dancehall, reggae, hip-hop, and pop genres and the band made it on the 2001 Vans Warped Tour.

2002–2005: Kona Town, In With the Old, and mainstream success
After years of extensive touring, Pepper took to the studio with Steve Kravac (Less Than Jake, MXPX) to record their second album entitled Kona Town, released in March 2002. The track "Give It Up" was released as a single. The album peaked at #2 on the Billboard Reggae Albums chart.

Pepper continued to tour throughout 2003 and into 2004, including dates with 311 and Snoop Dogg, along with appearances at the annual Bob Marley Birthday celebration, San Diego's Festival "Street Scene", and a U.S. tour with Slightly Stoopid.

In March 2004, Pepper released In With The Old, and got to #34 on the Billboard Heat Seekers and #18 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. The album was recorded at 311's completely analog Hive Studios by board master Ron St. Germain (Bad Brains, Living Colour, 311, Tool, Sonic Youth, Soundgarden), the album showcases a broader range of influences shared by the trio. The band added punk keyboardist/producer Ronnie King on the album as well.

2006–2009: No Shame, Pink Crustaceans and Good Vibrations
Beginning on July 20, 2006, Pepper supported 311 along with The Wailers on their U.S. tour. In August 2006, Jägermeister announced that Pepper & Slightly Stoopid would headline the annual Jägermeister Musictour through December 2006.

The band released their fourth album (and minor label debut) entitled No Shame on October 3, 2006. With Ronnie King on keyboard again, it features production from Nick Hexum of 311, Tony Kanal of No Doubt, and Sublime producer/Butthole Surfers member Paul Leary. A music video was shot for the single "No Control", which became their first commercial single. The album made it to #96 on the Billboard 200 chart.

On March 20, 2007, Pepper released To Da Max: Mistakes and Outtakes (1997–2004), their first compilation album containing rare and B-side tracks.

Pepper appeared on all dates of the 2007 Vans Warped Tour. They toured with The Expendables and Passafire, on their "That's Where I Wanna Be..." 42-stop tour from October to December 2007.

Pepper released their fifth album on July 22, 2008, titled Pink Crustaceans and Good Vibrations on their own label, LAW Records. The cover and title was a play on one of their favorite films Broken Lizard's Club Dread. The album peaked at #83 on the Billboard 200 chart.

To promote this release, the band toured across the United States in 2008 from March through April with Redeye Empire and Iration. A European tour in support of Flogging Molly followed, including shows in Germany, Sweden, France, Italy and more. From August 1, 2008, to September 6, 2008, the band toured the U.S. on the Tailgate 2008 Summer Tour. The band then toured with Slightly Stoopid and Sly & Robbie. The band also headlined the "LAW Records" tour in October 2008 along with Passafire, and The Supervillains. This was their first tour consisting of only LAW Records bands. After a UK tour with Less than Jake, and a break in December, Pepper, Passafire, and The Supervillains toured the Northwest to complete the first LAW Records tour.

On April 21, 2009, the band released a greatest hits album called Kona Gold. It featured 19-tracks of Pepper's most popular songs.

The Spring 2009 lineup of the Jägermeister Music Tour featured Pepper with longtime staples on the punk scene, Pennywise. Pepper returned to the Jägermeister Music Tour after a 2006 outing with punk-reggae rockers Slightly Stoopid.

2010–2015: Stitches EP and self-titled album
Pepper released their new EP album titled Stitches on October 12, 2010. A single, "Wake Up", from the album was released June 28, 2010, along with "Mirror". The band toured with 311 to promote the album. The EP peaked at #40 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart.

Pepper also toured on the "Like a Surgeon Tour" with Shwayze, Pour Habit, and Brother Ali in the Fall of 2010. They released Like A Surgeon Live on October 9, 2010, which featured 22 songs from their entire performance live during the tour.

Pepper was one of the headliners for the 2011 Vans Warped Tour. During the summer and fall of 2012, they toured with Sublime with Rome and Cypress Hill.

On September 3, 2013, Pepper released their self-titled sixth album on Island Records. It featured the singles, "Hunny Girl" and "F**K Around All Night", which the band shot two music videos for (a clean version and an explicit version with nudity).

Following a co-headlining tour with the Dirty Heads in the summer of 2014 and another amphitheater summer run with Rebelution and Sublime With Rome in 2015.

2016–Present: Ohana and Local Motion
On April 29, 2016, Pepper released their seventh studio album titled, Ohana. The album peaked at #8 the Billboard Independent Albums chart and made it to #130 on the Billboard 200.

The band released their eighth studio album Local Motion on June 28, 2019. It contained 10-tracks featuring top reggae artists like Stick Figure on single "Warning", E.N. Young (formally of Tribal Seeds), Micah Brown of Iration, Henry Fong, and Jinco. The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard Reggae Albums chart and made it to #13 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart.

Pepper was featured as one of many reggae bands on Collie Buddz riddim album, Cali Roots Riddim 2020 with their single, "Change", which was produced by Buddz and mixed by Stick Figure's touring guitarist, producer Johnny Cosmic.

On September 20, 2020, Pepper was one of several reggae and punk bands on The House That Bradley Built, a charity compilation honoring Sublime's lead singer Bradley Nowell, helping musicians with substance abuse. They covered Sublime's songs, "Date Rape", and "Work That We Do", as well as, Brett Bollinger covering "Mary" on the Deluxe Edition which was released on Pepper's own record label, LAW Records on January 15, 2021. In late 2022 and early 2023, Pepper celebrated their 20th year after their commercial success of their second album, Kona Town. They Kicked off their "Twenty Years of Kona Town" tour with a surprise single drop of "Stormtrooper (Kona Town Revisited)" featuring Josh Swain from The Movement and Kai Boy (formally of Iration). Brett explains, "The song has always had a special place in our hearts with our brother Josh Fischel originally blessing the track, and we are honored to have Josh of The Movement and Kai Rediske former lead singer of Iration to help us revisit and pay homage to the song 20 years later."

On June 2, 2023, Pepper released a single, "Get Me Ready", which, as stated on the band's social media pages, was just a demo first written by Kaleo in 2017 at Tim Armstrong's studio in Silver Lake. The song was finished (co-written) by Tim Armstrong of Rancid and Kevin Bivona from The Interrupters and then recorded five years later with a Two-Tone, ska vibe. The band also released a remixed version, "Get Me Ready" (Aloha Remix) that was produced by Wayne Lothian of The English Beat.

On November 17, 2023, Pepper will release a 6-track EP, titled, Makai, which will feature Edley Shine and Iration. The band's third EP will be available on a one-time hand numbered vinyl pressing limited to 250 units of each variant available exclusively through their LAW Records store.

Other projects
In 2016, Pepper tried their hands as winemaking with their own wine collection based on their album titles and cover artwork. The first bottle they released was, "Kona Town Original Blend", which sold quickly.

In 2017, Pepper partnered up with award-winning winemaker Thomas Booth, a.k.a. "The Wine Boss" of Paso Robles, California. Their second bottle, "Blend 2" won Gold at the San Francisco Chronicle Competition in 2019. They also have a 2017 "Skullconut Malbec", and a 2015 Cabernet called, "In With The Cab", which is a play off their album, In With The Old. For two years in a row, they've won Gold, Silver and Bronze for all of their wines.

Kaleo Wassman explains, "We didn't want to just license our name to the wine, we wanted to be active in the creation of it. And so it's really incredible for us to get these awards and accolades because we are being able to co-create this wine with Thomas." They look to add to their success with the release of "No Shame Chardonnay" with artwork based on their 2006 album, No Shame.

In April 2023, Pepper collaborated with surf, skate, music & entertainment clothing company Volcom with a new clothing line called "Volcom x Pepper". It was created with long time Pepper artist and Volcom-sponsored surfer Ben Brough.

Members

 * Bret Bollinger – vocals, bass (1996–present)
 * Kaleo Wassman – vocals, guitar (1996–present)
 * Yesod Williams – drums, backing vocals (1996–present)

Demos

 * Seven-song demo (1997), Pepper Records
 * Give'n It (2000), Cornerstone R.A.S.

EPs

 * Limited Edition Warped Tour EP (2001), Volcom Entertainment
 * Stitches EP (2010), LAW Records (#40 on Billboard Independent Albums)
 * Makai EP (2023), LAW Records

Live albums

 * Kona Gold (2009), Volcom Entertainment
 * Live at the Belly Up (2015), LAW Records

DVDs

 * Pepper LIVE DVD (March 8, 2005), Volcom Entertainment
 * Searching For The Haj (DVD Movie) (August 22, 2006), LAW Records

Compilations

 * The Early Poems of Volcom Entertainment (1999), Volcom Entertainment
 * 1999 Summer Sampler (1999), Volcom Entertainment
 * Santa's Stuck in the Chimney (2000), Volcom Entertainment
 * 2002 Label Sampler (2002), Volcom Entertainment / 2 tracks: ("Sitting on the Curb", "Storm Trooper")
 * To Da Max: Mistakes and Outakes 1997–2004 (2007), Volcom Entertainment, LAW Records
 * Good Luck Chuck Soundtrack (2007), Lions Gate Records / 1 track: ("The Whistle Song")
 * Spirits In The Material World: A Reggae Tribute To The Police (2008), Shanachie / 1 track: ("Can't Stand Losing You")

Songs

 * Singles that did not chart/top tracks off each album

title: Pepper (band)


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Horse Guards (building)

Horse Guards is a historic building in the City of Westminster, London, between Whitehall and Horse Guards Parade. It was built in the mid-18th century, replacing an earlier building, as a barracks and stables for the Household Cavalry. The current and previous buildings were, between the early 18th century and 1858, the main military headquarters for the British Empire. Horse Guards originally formed the entrance to the Palace of Whitehall and later St James's Palace; for that reason it is still ceremonially defended by the King's Life Guard.

Although still in military use, part of the building houses the Household Cavalry Museum which is open to the public. It also functions as a gateway between Whitehall and St James's Park.

History

The first Horse Guards building was commissioned by King Charles II in 1663, on the site of a cavalry stables which had been built on the tiltyard of the Palace of Whitehall during the Commonwealth. Built of red brick and costing some £4,000, it comprised a central range with a clock tower, under which an arch connected Whitehall with St James's Park; two wings enclosed a courtyard with two large sentry boxes for mounted troopers on the Whitehall side, facing the palace gate. Entry to the park, then an enclosed private garden, was controlled by special ivory passes issued to favoured courtiers, a tradition which continues to the present, although the modern passes are made of plastic; only the monarch has the right to drive through the arch without a pass. Initially, the building was intended only to accommodate the King's Guard and included stabling for more than a hundred cavalry horses on the ground floor, as well as separate barracks for the foot guards. Following a fire at Whitehall in 1698, the court transferred to St James's Palace, therefore the function of Horse Guards changed to controlling the ceremonial approach to St James's from Westminster.

In the following decades, Horse Guards was increasingly used as administrative offices for the growing regular army and soon became overcrowded. The fabric of the building was also allowed to deteriorate; pieces of falling masonry were said to be a danger to the sentries. In 1745, King George II commissioned a new building in the fashionable Palladian style by the architect William Kent. Having to reuse the same plot of land, Kent managed to retain essentially the same plan as the original building while doubling the interior space. Kent died in April 1748 before the old Horse Guards had been demolished; work on the new building commenced in 1750 under the direction of Kent's assistant, John Vardy and William Robinson from the Office of Works. The cost of the buildings was £65,000 and took nearly ten years to complete. The Household Cavalry moved into the northern wing of the uncompleted building in 1755; at that time, there was stabling for 62 horses compared to 17 today. Originally, the two wings were connected to the central block by single storey ranges; in 1803-5 a further two floors were added to these, giving the building its present appearance. Kent's decision to retain a Baroque clock tower on his new Palladian building resulted in a peculiar blend of styles, perhaps the cause of it being described by Charles Knight as "the ugliest building in the metropolis".

The building also served as the offices for the various administrative departments responsible to the Secretary at War, which would eventually become formalised as the War Office. Also located at Horse Guards was the office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. Hence, for many decades the term 'Horse Guards' was used as a metonym for British Army headquarters. Two famous occupants of the office, a room originally intended for courts-martial, were Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (1795–1809), popularly believed to be "The Grand Old Duke of York", and the Duke of Wellington (1827–28 and 1842–1852). Wellington's coffin rested in this room on the night before his state funeral in 1852. The final Commander-in-Chief at Horse Guards was Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, who was so reluctant to move to the new War Office building at Cumberland House in Pall Mall that he had to be ordered to vacate the building by Queen Victoria in 1858. Wellington's desk is preserved in the same room, which is now the office of the Major-General Commanding the Household Division and General Officer Commanding London District. Horse Guards subsequently became the headquarters of two major Army commands: the London District and the Household Cavalry.

At the annual Trooping the Colour ceremony in June, members of the Royal Family who are not participants watch the parade from the windows of Wellington's office over the archway.

Horse Guards Clock
The clock is sited in the turret above the main archway; it has two faces, one facing Whitehall and the other, Horse Guards Parade, each dial being 7 ft in diameter. It strikes the quarter-hours on two bells. Originally made by Thwaites in 1756, the clock was rebuilt in 1815–16 by Benjamin Lewis Vulliamy, the clockmaker to King George III. Prior to the completion of the clock of Big Ben in 1859, the Horse Guards Clock was the main public clock in Westminster. A dark stain above the Roman number two on the clock face is supposed to mark the time of the execution of King Charles I in 1649, which took place in the roadway outside Horse Guards. The annual ceremony of Trooping the Colour commences when the Horse Guards Clock strikes eleven.

Household Cavalry Museum

The Household Cavalry Museum is the official museum of the Household Cavalry and is located in the Horse Guards. Visitors can view the horses in the 18th-century working stables through a glazed partition. Exhibits explain the training and history of the regiment and include ceremonial uniforms, regalia, royal standards, awards, musical instruments, horse furniture and silverware by Fabergé. Visitors to the museum are welcome to watch the afternoon inspection of the guards and horses that happens daily at 4 pm. This routine began in 1894 when Queen Victoria found the guards drinking and gambling in the afternoon instead of tending to their duty. She proclaimed that they would be punished by a four o'clock inspection daily for the next 100 years. This proclamation and punishment officially expired in 1994, but Queen Elizabeth II chose to continue the inspection out of respect for tradition.

Ceremonial

Every morning, the mounted King's Life Guard rides from Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge, by way of Hyde Park Corner, Constitution Hill and The Mall, to take over guard duties in a ceremony at 11:00 am, or 10:00 am on Sundays. The guard is usually provided by the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, which consists of a squadron from each of the Household Cavalry regiments; the Life Guards who wear red tunics and white helmet-plumes, and the Blues and Royals who wear blue tunics and red plumes. However, some other mounted units from Britain and other Commonwealth realms occasionally mount the guard; the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police are examples.

When the monarch is in London, the guard consists of one officer and twelve other ranks including a trumpeter and standard bearer; known as a Long Guard. When the monarch is not in London, the guard is reduced to two non-commissioned officers and ten troopers; known as a Short Guard.

The ceremony of Changing The King's Life Guard takes place on Horse Guards Parade adjacent to the Horse Guards building. Two mounted sentries guard the entrance to Horse Guards on Whitehall from 10:00 am until 4:00 pm and are changed every hour. There is a dismounted parade at 4:00 pm (described above) and two dismounted sentries remain on duty until 8:00 pm.

title: Horse Guards (building)


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User:P.B.~enwiki

pl:Wikipedysta:P.B.

title: User:P.B.~enwiki


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Battle of the Big Hole

The Battle of the Big Hole was fought in Montana Territory, August 9–10, 1877, between the United States Army and the Nez Perce tribe of Native Americans during the Nez Perce War. Both sides suffered heavy casualties. The Nez Perce withdrew in good order from the battlefield and continued their long fighting retreat that would result in their attempt to reach Canada and asylum.

Located in Beaverhead County, the battle site is between the continental divide at Chief Joseph Pass and the town of Wisdom.

Background
After the Battle of the Clearwater in Idaho Territory on July 11–12, the Nez Perce leaders led their people on an extensive trek to escape the soldiers of Brigadier General Oliver Otis Howard. The Nez Perce crossed into Montana Territory via rugged Lolo Pass, and after a brief confrontation at Fort Fizzle on July 28, they entered the Bitterroot Valley and proceeded southward. Looking Glass seems to have taken over leadership from Chief Joseph; he pledged to the white settlers in the Bitterroot Valley that the Nez Perce would pass through their valley without violence and they did so, even trading and purchasing supplies from white merchants.

Looking Glass persuaded the Nez Perce that Howard was far behind and that the citizens of Montana did not want war with them. Thus, their progress was leisurely and they took few precautions for defense, not sending out scouts or setting pickets to guard their encampments. They left the Bitterroot Valley, crossed a mountain range, and camped in the Big Hole Basin, pausing to replenish their tipi poles from the surrounding forest. The Nez Perce numbered about 750 persons in all with about 200 warriors.

Unknown to the Nez Perce, Colonel John Gibbon had left Fort Shaw with 161 officers and men and one howitzer. Following the trail of the Nez Perce he collected 45 civilian volunteers in the Bitterroot Valley. On August 8, a detachment led by Lieutenant James Bradley discovered the Nez Perce camp along the North Fork of the Big Hole River. That night Gibbon marched overland to the Nez Perce camp, reaching it at dawn, leaving his 12 lb howitzer and a pack train to follow behind with a guard of twenty men. He had come to fight: his orders were no prisoners and no negotiations.

Battle
Between Gibbon's position and the Nez Perce encampment, which consisted of 89 tipis in a V-shaped pattern, was the waist-deep and willow-lined North Fork of the Big Hole River. Approaching the Nez Perce encampment on foot at dawn, Gibbon's men encountered an old Nez Perce man and killed him. The soldiers crossed the river and rushed into the village and began firing into the tipis where most of the Nez Perce were still sleeping. The Indians were taken by surprise and fled in all directions. Gibbon's men fired indiscriminately at men, women, and children – although some of the women were said to have been armed and shooting back at the soldiers. Lieutenant James H. Bradley, leading Gibbon's left wing, was killed early in the battle. Leaderless, his men did not continue their advance and left the northern part of the village unoccupied, giving a refuge and a rallying point to the Nez Perce.

Gibbon halted his men in their pursuit, not wishing his force to be scattered, and ordered them to burn the tipis. This proved difficult to do and the pause gave the Nez Perce time to regroup. The voices of White Bird and Looking Glass rallying their men from the opposite end of the village were heard by the soldiers. From sheltered positions the Nez Perce began to return fire. Gibbon's horse was hit and he was wounded in the leg and several other soldiers were killed. As usual, the Nez Perce's marksmanship was excellent – although, according to the warrior Yellow Wolf, most of the Nez Perce warriors had fled without their weapons and only a few were armed.

Twenty minutes after his entry into the village, Gibbon, realizing that he was in an "untenable position", ordered a retreat across the river to a timbered area 300 or 400 yards distant and out of view of the village. The soldiers dug rifle pits and constructed rock and log barriers. At this point Gibbon's howitzer appeared on the battlefield and fired two or three ineffectual rounds. The Nez Perce killed or wounded most of the howitzer crew, who abandoned the gun, but not before dismantling it.

Gibbon feared that the Nez Perce, who he believed outnumbered him, although they probably did not, would overrun his position, but instead the battle settled down into a sniping duel between about 60 Nez Perce under Ollokot and the soldiers. The Nez Perce had collected arms and ammunition left behind by the soldiers in their retreat. At one point the Nez Perce set fires and attempted to burn the soldiers out of their position, but the wind shifted and the fire burned itself out. That afternoon the Nez Perce continued sniping at the soldiers while their women packed up, gathered the horse herd, and moved out south, going about 18 miles to Lake Creek where they made camp – this time with defensive works.

Gibbon had serious problems that night. His men had no food, save a dead horse, no water, and many seriously wounded men to tend to. A little water was obtained from the river by volunteers who crept through the Indian lines. Several of the civilian volunteers had had enough of the battle and slipped away. Gibbon sent out messengers to search for the much larger force of Howard, who was following him, and request immediate relief. The next day, August 10, twenty to thirty Nez Perce sharpshooters kept the soldiers holed up in their fortifications all day. The Nez Perce warriors left that night, leaving Gibbon and his soldiers alone but immobile on the battlefield. Howard, and an advance party of 29 cavalrymen and 17 Bannock scouts, found Gibbon the next morning after a 71 mi ride in a day and a night.

Casualties
The battle was costly for both sides. Gibbon's force was unfit to pursue the Nez Perce. Gibbon suffered 29 dead (23 soldiers and six civilian volunteers) and 40 wounded (36 soldiers and four civilians) of whom two later died. His casualties amounted to more than 30 percent of his force. No precise estimate of Nez Perce casualties exists although their total dead probably amounted to between 70 and 90, of whom less than 33 were warriors and most were women and children. Yellow Wolf claimed that only 12 "real fighters, but our best" died in the battle. Chief Joseph and his brother Ollokot's wives were wounded.

Aftermath
Gibbon's success in surprising the Nez Perce caused Looking Glass's prestige as a leader to plummet. He had promised them they would be safe in Montana and instead nearly every Nez Perce family had suffered a loss in the battle. Chief Joseph seems to have resumed his role as the principal leader of the Nez Perce although Looking Glass would continue to be a battlefield leader.

For the Nez Perce the losses in the battle were grievous. They had anticipated that, by leaving Idaho, they might leave the war behind them and live peacefully. Now, they knew that they could expect no quarter in future battles. Howard's forces, newly arrived on the battlefield, took up the pursuit and followed Joseph toward Yellowstone National Park. The Nez Perce again clashed with the army ten days later on August 20 at the Battle of Camas Meadows.

The battlefield is preserved in the Big Hole National Battlefield unit of the Nez Perce National Historical Park, located along State Highway 43.

title: Battle of the Big Hole


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Horse Guards Road

Horse Guards Road (or just Horse Guards) is a road in the City of Westminster, London. Located in post code SW1A 2HQ, it runs south from The Mall down to Birdcage Walk, roughly parallel with Whitehall and Parliament Street.

To the west of the road is St James's Park. To the east, between Horse Guards Road and Whitehall, are various government buildings, including the five interconnected Admiralty buildings. The Old Admiralty (Ripley) Building, the oldest of the Government offices, was completed in 1726. The Horse Guards building, completed in 1759, originally housed barracks and government offices. Adjacent to the Horse Guards building is a large courtyard, Horse Guards Parade, where the annual Trooping the Colour ceremony is held in the presence of the reigning monarch.

His Majesty's Treasury is located in the New Government Offices at 1 Horse Guards Road. Constructed during the period 1899 - 1915, its basement was used as the Cabinet War Rooms during the Second World War. An underground portion of the war rooms was opened to the public in 1984. Also to the east, between Horse Guards Road and Whitehall, are the Cabinet Office, the intersection with Downing Street (which is blocked by an iron gate), and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (built 1888–1905).

title: Horse Guards Road


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Talk:Andrew Johnson (footballer, born 1981)

Pre contract agreement
Think someone is having you on - I havent heard any reports of pre contract agreement to Man U. This is unsourced and should be removed

Move
I have moved this page from Andrew Johnson (footballer), whilst Andrew Johnson is his birth name it is not the name by which he is best known. Rje 21:17, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I added the name to the article, and the AJ nickname, if you need a ref see google. Also added him to AJ. Hiding  talk 20:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Ok we need to decide where this page will be as its been moved around several times. The options available are:

 * Andy Johnson - a common "nickname"
 * Andrew Johnson (footballer) - some would argue the nickname is being used less and less
 * Andrew Johnson (English footballer) - same as above but there is a welsh Andrew Johnson to consider

Please vote stating reasons why:

Andrew Johnson (footballer) the Andy is less common now commentators call him Andrew as does O.S. Welsh Johnson is never called Andrew SenorKristobbal 10:47, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

YouTube links
This article is one of thousands on Wikipedia that have a link to YouTube in it. Based on the External links policy, most of these should probably be removed. I'm putting this message here, on this talk page, to request the regular editors take a look at the link and make sure it doesn't violate policy. In short: 1. 99% of the time YouTube should not be used as a source. 2. We must not link to material that violates someones copyright. If you are not sure if the link on this article should be removed or you would like to help spread this message contact us on this page. Thanks, ---J.S (t|c) 05:18, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Unfairly branded "untrustworthy"
After the game at Goodison Park against Chelsea on December 17th, 2006, Mourinho branded Johnson "untrustworthy". The club has issued a statement and asked the FA to review. There are some who might have a different point of view or who might want to question Moyes's own comments. Surely the other discussions about Moyes and the question does he or doesn't he resort to "gamesmanship" belong here and not in the main Andrew Johnson article. JoeWiki 11:00, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * He was wrong to say what he did and, after Everton threatened legal action, has finally appologised which should now be the end of the matter JoeWiki 12:32, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

At last the truth is spoken
The Chelsea manager Jose Mourinho has issued a public statement admitting he was wrong to accuse Andy Johnson of diving.

Mourinho has been quoted saying: "First I would like to say I have the utmost respect for Everton Football Club and David Moyes and their players. That's why I love to play them and especially at Goodison Park where the atmosphere is magnificent.

"Secondly after the match I was clear and said Andy Johnson is a great player and I never used aggressive words, like some managers did against my players in previous seasons, or like some others recently said about him and Ronaldo. I never used the word cheat. "After seeing it again on the video, Mr Halsey did wonderful work and both decisions for penalties were correct. Did Andy Johnson try to avoid a collision with my goalkeeper? It seems now the answer to that is yes so Everton, his manager and he deserve my apologies." --Truthinme 15:32, 20 December 2006 (UTC)Source evertonfc.com

Locking
Is there anyway this page and other Everton related pages could be locked or semi protected like the main EFC page is? The rednoses seems to be going crazy recently, vandalism is up ridiculous amounts. it's getting boring.RoyalBlueStuey 11:22, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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208 Lacrimosa

Lacrimosa (minor planet designation: 208 Lacrimosa) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on October 21, 1879, in Pola. The name derives from Our Lady of Sorrows, a title given to Mary, the mother of Jesus. It is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $41.33 km$ with a period of 1797.5 days and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.013. The orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 1.7° to the plane of the ecliptic.

During 2003, the asteroid was observed occulting a star. The resulting chords provided a cross-section diameter estimate of 44.3 km. 10μ radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a diameter estimate of 42 km for this asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid and is one of the largest members of the Koronis asteroid family. Hence it is probably a piece of the original asteroid that was shattered in an ancient impact that created the family.

title: 208 Lacrimosa


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Charles Hardwicke

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 16:06, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Charles Hardwicke
What about this 19th century farmer/explorer merits inclusion? 45 unique google hits (see page 5). GRider\talk 21:18, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If that claim is the extent of his notability, he doesn't belong here. – flamurai (t) 21:40, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. @ Megan1967 23:48, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Notable explorer of Tasmania especially the Northwest Coast. Surveyed Devonport. Capitalistroadster 02:17, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. ComCat 02:53, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable enough. Paul August ☎ 03:24, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Capitalist, Keep. Radiant! 09:55, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Traditional encyclopedia fodder. Xezbeth  09:57, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't think of anything we lose by keeping. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:35, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Sahuayo

Sahuayo (Nahuatl: Tzacuātlayotl) is a city in the state of Michoacán, in western México, near the southern shore of Lake Chapala. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name. Sahuayo is an important center for industry and is the center of commerce for the Chapala lake region, specializing in crafts, sandals (huaraches), and hats (sombreros), which are made by Sahuayenses. It is home to the [https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-sandal#:~:text=The%20largest%20sandal%20measures%207.45,80%20square%20metres%20of%20leather. largest huarache in the world] measuring 7.45 meters long and 3.09 meters wide. The name means "turtle shaped pot". it has been called the Athens of Michoacán because of the number of important poets, writers, and painters residing there. It is currently the seat of the Arts Propositions Association. In 2005, the census population was 59,316, with the municipality being 61,965. The size of the municipality is 128.05 km² (49.44 sq mi).

The celebration for El Patrón Santiago or Saint James the Great is held every 25 July. During these celebrations, individuals craft beautiful masks, throw a festival with music and dancing, and depict the battles between the Spanish and the indigenous peoples. The dancers' Tlahualiles (wearers of the masks and traditional garments) are internationally recognized. The sister city of Sahuayo is Lancaster, California, United States. It is one of the 3 Californian cities where residents from Sahuayo moved to in the 2000s. The city of Santa Ana, California is known as Little Sahuayo because of the high number of residents who hail from Sahuayo. Another community is Indio, California where a large number of residents from Sahuayo moved to.

Location
Sahuayo is located to the northwest of the State, at the coordinates 20º03' north latitude and 102º44' west longitude, 1,530 meters above sea level. To the north of the Sahuayo border one finds Venustiano Carranza Michoacán (also known as San Pedro), to the east Villamar, to the south Jiquilpan, and Cojumatlán de Régules to the northwest. Its distance to the State Capital, Morelia.

Etymology
The name Sahuayo comes from the Nahuatl language and is interpreted in many ways. According to Dr. "Don" Antonio Peñafiel, the word is made up of two elements: tzacuātl and ayotl, where tzacuātl (pot) is a vase formed by one half of a coconut and "ayotl," which translates into "turtle"; hence vessel turtle or vessel that has the aspect of a turtle.

Seal
On the seal of Sahuayo, there is a turtle on the stone in the first field, which represents the foundation of Sahuayo in 1530. In the background are three hills, which symbolize the three towns that gave origin to Sahuayo, in the second half of the 16th century. These hills can also be considered to represent the three governments: federal, state, and municipal. In the third field, a plumed serpent or Quetzalcoatl god fights with the cross, symbolizing the conquest of Sahuayo by Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán. In the fourth field of the municipal shield is a tree and a star. “Patria, Justicia y Progreso” (Nation, Justice, and Progress) are written in the contour of the shield.

Cuisine
Sahuayo is famous for its typical food such as carnitas, dry birria, and tacos al pastor. The traditional breads of Sahuayo, like tranca and the cemita, usually are usually accompanied by milk, atole, or any other hot drink.

Notable people

 * Hector Fajardo – Ex-Major League Baseball player
 * Lilia Prado – actress
 * Saint José "Joselito" Sánchez del Río – martyr of the Cristero War, canonized by Pope Francis in October 16, 2016

Government pages

 * Negotiating Extra-Territorial Citizenship: Mexican Migrants and the Transborder Politics of Community
 * Government Page
 * https://www.economia.gob.mx/datamexico/en/profile/geo/sahuayo {link}

City information

 * Semanario Tribuna Sahuayo's Newspaper

title: Sahuayo


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Al Suhail

Al Suhail is a traditional name that can be used to refer to several different stars:

 * Canopus
 * Gamma Velorum
 * Lambda Velorum

title: Al Suhail


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Area code 763

Area code 763 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan for the northwestern suburbs of Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, including cities such as Plymouth, Maple Grove, and Brooklyn Park. It was created in 2000 along with area code 952 (southwest suburbs) when they were carved out of area code 612, which remained assigned only for the city of Minneapolis and a few inner-ring locales.

763 is bordered on the north and west by area code 320, on the east by area code 651, and by area codes 952 and 612 to the south and southeast respectively.

History
When the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) created the first nationwide telephone numbering plan for Operator Toll Dialing in 1947 to automate and speed the connection of long-distance calls, the United States and Canada were divided into 86 geographic numbering plan areas (NPAs) and assigned the original North American area codes. Minnesota was divided into a south-eastern area including the Twin Cities with area code 612 and the rest of the state in the south-west and north with area code 218. In 1954, the southern half of 612 was designated a separate numbering plan area with area code 507 as the third area code for the state, while 612 was rotated out to cover most of central Minnesota as well as the Twin Cities.

Due to the proliferation of cell phones and pagers in the 1990s, the Twin Cities were running out of central office codes for expansion of the numbering plan. In 1996, 612 was divided to create area code 651 for St. Paul and the area east of the Twin Cities. In 1998, the northwestern part of the NPA was split off to area code 620. To mitigate continuing exhaustion, the Minneapolis Public Utilities Commission approved a three-way area code split of the remainder of NPA 612, for which the North American Numbering Plan Administration (NANPA) assigned new area codes 763 and 952 on November 29, 1999.

The area code split took effect on February 27, 2000, and placed the following communities, all suburbs to the north and northwest of Minneapolis, into the 763 numbering plan area, including Brooklyn Center, Fridley, Mounds View, Blaine, Coon Rapids, Circle Pines, Lexington, St. Francis, Isanti, Cambridge, Princeton, Elk River, Becker, Monticello, Buffalo, Waverly, Delano, Medina, Plymouth and Golden Valley.

Despite the three-way split of NPA 612, most of the Twin Cities remained a single rate center shared between all area codes. Likewise, several central offices have their single prefix assignment shared in multiple area codes, so that the area codes split along municipal, rather than exchange area boundaries. As a result, the Twin Cities comprise one of the largest local calling areas in the United States; with a few exceptions, no long-distance charges are applied from one part of the Twin Cities to another. Portions of area codes 320 and 507 are local calls from the Twin Cities as well.

Despite the Twin Cities' rapid growth, 763 is nowhere near exhaustion. The April 2023 NANPA projections estimate an exhaust date of 2075.

Service area

 * Albertville
 * Andover
 * Anoka
 * Becker
 * Big Lake
 * Blaine
 * Brooklyn Center
 * Brooklyn Park
 * Buffalo
 * Cambridge
 * Champlin
 * Circle Pines
 * Columbia Heights
 * Coon Rapids
 * Corcoran
 * Crystal
 * Dayton
 * Delano
 * East Bethel
 * Elk River
 * Fridley
 * Golden Valley
 * Greenfield
 * Ham Lake
 * Hanover
 * Hilltop
 * Independence
 * Isanti
 * Lino Lakes
 * Maple Grove
 * Maple Plain
 * Medicine Lake
 * Medina
 * Monticello
 * Montrose
 * Mounds View
 * New Hope
 * Oak Grove
 * Osseo
 * Plymouth
 * Princeton
 * Ramsey
 * Robbinsdale
 * Rockford
 * Rogers
 * St. Francis
 * St. Michael
 * Spring Lake Park
 * Zimmerman

title: Area code 763


text: User talk:68.202.184.217

title: User talk:68.202.184.217


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209 Dido

Dido (minor planet designation: 209 Dido) is a main-belt asteroid with a diameter of $16.79 km/s$. It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on October 22, 1879, in Clinton, New York and was named after the mythical Carthaginian queen Dido. This asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $179 km$ with an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.058 and a period of 2041.8 days. The orbital plane is tilted at an angle of 7.2° to the plane of the ecliptic.

209 Dido is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous materials. Like many asteroids of its type, it has an extremely low albedo. Photometric observations at the Palmer Divide Observatory during 2005 showed a rotation period of $140.35 km$ hours with a brightness variation of $4.59 kg$ in magnitude. The pole orientation in ecliptic coordinates, as determined from multiple light curve studies, is (βp, λp) = ($0.028$, $179 km$).

209 Dido has been observed to occult 4 stars between 2005 and 2023.

title: 209 Dido


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Gabriel García Moreno

Gabriel Gregorio Fernando José María García Moreno y Morán de Butrón (24 December 1821 – 6 August 1875), was an Ecuadorian politician and aristocrat who twice served as President of Ecuador (1861–65 and 1869–75) and was assassinated during his second term after being elected to a third. He is noted for his conservatism, Catholic Christian religious perspective and rivalry with liberal strongman Eloy Alfaro. García Moreno was noted for efforts to economically and agriculturally advance Ecuador and for his staunch opposition to corruption.

Biography
Gabriel Garcia Moreno was born in 1821, the son of Gabriel García-Yangüas y Gómez de Tama, a Spanish nobleman, and María de las Mercedes Moreno y Morán de Butrón, a member of a wealthy aristocratic criollo family, descended from the first Conquerors and Spanish nobility arrived to South America, in Ecuador's main port, Guayaquil. Garcia y Gomez de Tama, his father, initially had invested in the shipping industry of the Viceroyalty of Peru (then a Spanish colony encompassing what is now Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia) who moved to the New World in order to see his investment yield results. He died, however, when Garcia Moreno was a boy, leaving his upbringing to his devoutly Catholic Christian mother. This rearing instilled in the young Garcia Moreno a devout sense of Christian piety which would influence his later political activity as well as his private life. Garcia Moreno studied theology and law in the University of Quito. Thinking he had a vocation to the priesthood, he received minor orders and the tonsure; but his closest friends and his own interests convinced him to pursue a secular career. Graduating in 1844, he was admitted to the bar. Starting his career as both lawyer and journalist (opposed to the Liberal government in power) he made little headway. In 1849, he embarked on a two-year visit to Europe to see first hand the effects of the 1848 revolution.

He returned home to find his country in the grip of strident anti-clericals; he was elected a senator and joined the opposition. Although himself a monarchist (like the first President Juan José Flores) who tried to establish a "United Kingdom of the Andes" with the French Emperor's backing, he bowed to circumstances and allowed himself to be made president after a civil war the year after his return---so great had his stint as a senator made his reputation. In 1861, his presidential position was confirmed in a popular election for a four-year term. His successor was deposed by the Liberals in 1867. But two years later he was reelected, and then again in 1875. During his period in office, he propelled his nation forward, all the while uniting him more closely to Christianity.

Personally pious (he attended Mass daily, as well as visiting the Blessed Sacrament; he received Holy Communion every Sunday—a rare practice before Pope Pius X—and was active in a sodality), he made it one of the first duties of his government to promote and support Christianity. Christianity was the official religion of Ecuador, but by the terms of a new Concordat, the State's power over appointment of bishops inherited from Spain was eliminated at García Moreno's insistence. The 1869 constitution made Christianity the religion of the State and required that both candidates and voters be Catholic Christian. He was the only ruler in the world to protest the Pope's loss of the Papal States, and two years later had the legislature consecrate Ecuador to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. One of his biographers writes that after this public consecration, he was marked for death by German freemasons.

García Moreno generated some animosity with his friendship toward the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). During a period of exile, he helped some displaced Jesuits from Germany find refuge in Ecuador. He had also advocated legislation that would outlaw secret societies.

While the politics of his age were extremely convoluted and murky, that he was elected to a second term clearly indicates his popular appeal, both with the Catholic Christian Church and with the masses. His vigorous support of universal literacy and education based on the French model was both controversial and bold.

Through both his parents, García Moreno was descended from noble Spanish families whose lineages go back to the Middle Ages. His father, Gabriel García y Gómez de Tama was a Spaniard from Soria, descended from the house of the Dukes of Osuna, and an officer of the Spanish Royal Navy. García Moreno's mother was a member of a wealthy and prominent Spanish-Criollo aristocratic family descended from the Imperial family Komnenos, the house of the Dukes of Infantado and the first Conquerors and Spanish nobility arrived to South America. Her father was Count of Moreno and Governor-General of Guatemala, before moving to Guayaquil, where he was the Perpetual Military Governor. Among his other relatives were his first-cousins Juan Ignacio Moreno y Maisonnave, Archbishop of Toledo and Cardinal Primate of Spain, and his brothers Teodoro Moreno y Maisonnave, Count of Moreno and justice of the Spanish Supreme Court and Pedro Joaquín Moreno y Maisonnave, military historian and Chief Justice of the Royal Tribunal of the Military Orders of the Kingdom of Spain.

García Moreno founded the Conservative Party in 1869. He lived at the first Hacienda of Ecuador, the Hacienda Guachalá, leased from 1868 until near his death. García Moreno was assassinated while in office by Faustino Rayo, who attacked him using a machete. Other perpetrators deployed firearms in the fatal ambush. Rayo was a former captain who had served under García Moreno.

Economic climate of Ecuador
García Moreno came to the presidency of a country with an empty treasury and an enormous debt. To overcome this, he placed the government on stringent economy and abolished many positions, as well as cutting out the corruption which siphoned off tax money. As a result, he was able to provide Ecuadoreans with more for less. This improved the financial status of the country and attracted foreign investment.

These public works projects were accomplished in part through the use of revenues obtained from the trabajo subsidario tax, a tax initially created to aid the funding of local works projects. The trabajo subsidario tax in many ways mirrored the colonial mita labor requirements demanded of Indians by Spaniards. The voluntary contributions law and trabajo subsidario tax, revived in 1854, required that every citizen contribute four days of unpaid work to the State yearly or its monetary equivalent to promote the nation's public works projects. Like its mita precursor, the trabajo subsidario obligation fell most heavily on Ecuador's indigenous populations since these groups were unable to pay to avoid labor. Estate-bound peons were able to find protection from these laws through the help of hacendado or essential paternal landlords. In 1862, in a somewhat contentious move, García Moreno demanded control of these revenues of this tax in order to direct funds towards his ambitions for major infrastructural reform. This created a great deal of local discontent, as this meant diverting funds from more locally based public works projects. Using these funds, García Moreno began his famous highway system project, contracting workers from the trabajo subsidario requirement to build these roads.

Although the ultimate results of the project are often praised, García Moreno has been criticized for his use of forced labor to build these highways and the overall discriminatory and abusive treatment of indigenous workers during the process of construction. In his chronicle, Four years among the Ecuadorians, Friedrich Hassaurek describes witnessing the building of the road from Quito to Guayaquil. He describes the "lamentable sight" of Indians laboring to build the roads without sufficient tools. Hassurek writes, "[The Indian] does not work voluntarily, not even when paid for his labor, but is pressed into the service of the government for a length of time, at the expiration of which he is discharged and another forced into his place. He works unwillingly, is kept to his task by the whip of the overseer. It is evident that but little progress could be made under these circumstances." Along with a variety of notable public works programs, García Moreno reformed the universities, established two polytechnic and agricultural colleges and a military school, and increased the number of primary schools from 200 to 500. The number of primary students grew from 8000 to 32,000.

Political climate and assassination
Liberals typically disapproved of García Moreno due to the authoritarian and ultraconservative nature of his rule and his utilization of secret police to silence leftist dissent. Some radicals viewed him as a dictator, and the liberals also were enraged that his policies remained after 1865 when his political allies were elected, and followed by his winning the presidency again in 1869. This opposition from the left compelled Juan Montalvo to write the pamphlet La dictadura perpetua (The Perpetual Dictatorship), which inspired the movement to assassinate Garcia Moreno. García Moreno, following his third election victory in 1875, wrote immediately to Pope Pius IX asking for his blessing before inauguration day on 30 August: I wish to obtain your blessing before that day, so that I may have the strength and light which I need so much in order to be unto the end a faithful son of our Redeemer, and a loyal and obedient servant of His Infallible Vicar. Now that the Masonic Lodges of the neighboring countries, instigated by Germany, are vomiting against me all sorts of atrocious insults and horrible calumnies, now that the Lodges are secretly arranging for my assassination, I have more need than ever of the divine protection so that I may live and die in defense of our holy religion and the beloved republic which I am called once more to rule.

García Moreno was assassinated in the steps of the National Palace in Quito, struck down with knives and revolvers, later re-tellings of the event by his admirers attributing to him the following last words: "¡Dios no muere!" ("God does not die!"). Faustino Rayo assaulted him with several blows of a machete, while three or four others fired their revolvers.

On 5 August, shortly before his assassination, a priest visited García Moreno and warned him, "You have been warned that your death was decreed by the Freemasons; but you have not been told when. I have just heard that the assassins are going to try and carry out their plot at once. For God's sake, take your measures accordingly!" García Moreno reportedly replied that he had already received similar warnings and after calm reflection concluded that the only measure he could take was to prepare himself to appear before God.

Gabriela Garcii Moreno - own works

 * Escritos y Discursos de Gabriel García Moreno (2 volumes), 1887–1888, Sociedad de la Juventud Católica de Quito,
 * Cartas de Gabriel García Moreno (4 volumes), 1953–1955, Wilfrido Loor Moreira,

Non-fiction

 * García Moreno Président de L'Équateur Vengeur et Martyr du Droit Chrétien, 1887, Augusto Berthe,
 * García Moreno, 1904, Juan León Mera,
 * Gabriel García Moreno: regenerator of Ecuador, 1914, Maxwell-Scott,
 * Un gran americano García Moreno, 1921, José Legohuir Raud,
 * Gabriel García Moreno y El Ecuador de su Tiempo, 1941, Richard Pattee,
 * García Moreno's Dream of a European Protectorate, 1942, William Spence Robertson,
 * Vida de Don Gabriel García Moreno, 1942, Manuel Gálvez,
 * Orígenes del Ecuador de Hoy, García Moreno, 1948, Luis Robalino Dávila,
 * Vida de García Moreno (13 volumes), 1954–1981, Severo Gomezjurado,
 * García Moreno, el Santo del patíbulo, 1959, Benjamín Carrión,
 * García Moreno y sus asesinos, 1966, Wilfrido Loor Moreira,
 * Por un García Moreno de cuerpo entero, 1978, Gabriel Cevallos García,
 * García Moreno, 1984, Manuel M. Freire Heredia,
 * Encuentro con la historia, García Moreno, líder católico de Latinoamérica, 2005, Francisco Salazar Alvarado,
 * Gabriel García Moreno and Conservative State Formation in the Andes, 2008, Peter Henderson,
 * "Dios no muere!" the life of Gabriel García Moreno, 2009, Maxwell-Scott,
 * García Moreno, 2014, Hernán Rodríguez Castelo,
 * García Moreno su proyecto político y su muerte, 2016, Enrique Ayala Mora,

Poems

 * El héroe mártir, canto a la memoria de García Moreno, 1876, Juan León Mera,
 * Año jubilar del primer centenario del nacimiento del excelentísimo señor doctor Gabriel García Moreno (colección literaria), 1921,

Novels

 * Sé que vienen a matarme, 2001, Alicia Yánez Cossío,
 * Expiación, 2012, Juan Ortiz García

Filmography

 * Sé que vienen a matarme, 2007, Film director - Carl West, Gabriel García Moreno - Jaime Bonelli

Legacy
Pope Leo XIII wrote that Garcia Moreno "fell under the steel of the wicked for the Church."

On 20 December 1939, the beatification process was begun for Garcia Moreno, after Mgr. Polit, Archbishop of Quito, had previously examined the question of Garcia Moreno's martyrdom. In 1958, a prayer for the canonization of Garcia Moreno was issued as an indulgence, however, Garcia Moreno's process stalled soon after the Second Vatican Council. In 1974, Cardinal Vega replied to Hamish Fraser about the state of Garcia Moreno's process, who told him that "Unfortunately there is neither the religious nor political environment."

title: Gabriel García Moreno


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Alpha Cassiopeiae

Alpha Cassiopeiae or α Cassiopeiae, also named Schedar, is a second-magnitude star in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia. Though listed as the "alpha star" by Johann Bayer, α Cas's visual brightness closely matches the 'beta' (β) star in the constellation (Beta Cassiopeiae) and it may appear marginally brighter or dimmer, depending on which passband is used. However, recent calculations from NASA's WISE telescope confirm that α Cas is the brightest in Cassiopeia, with an apparent magnitude of 2.240. Its absolute magnitude is 18 times greater than β Cas, and it is located over four times farther away from the Sun.

Nomenclature
α Cassiopeiae (Latinised to Alpha Cassiopeiae) is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional name Schedar, which was first encountered in the Alfonsine tables of the thirteenth century. It derives from the Arabic word صدر şadr, meaning "breast", a word which is derived from its relative position in the heart of the mythological queen Cassiopeia. Johannes Hevelius used the name Schedir in his writings, although there were additional traditional spellings of this Arabic transliteration such as Shedar, Shadar, Sheder, Seder, Shedis, and Shedir. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Schedar for this star on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

Al-Sufi and Ulug Beg named the star Al Dhāt al Kursiyy (Arabic ذات الكرسي, meaning "the lady in the chair"), which Giovanni Battista Riccioli changed to Dath Elkarti.

In Chinese, 王良 (Wáng Liáng) refers to the Chinese asterism Wang Liang, a famous charioteer during the Spring and Autumn period. The stellar pattern consists of Alpha, Beta, Kappa, Eta and Lambda Cassiopeiae. Consequently, the Chinese name for Alpha Cassiopeiae itself is 王良四 (Wáng Liáng sì, the Fourth Star of Wang Liang).

Visibility
With a declination of 56° 32' North, α Cassiopeiae is principally visible in the northern hemisphere. The star is detectable to most observers across the globe reaching as far south as Perth, Australia, Santiago, Chile and other settlements north ± 33° South latitude, albeit close to the horizon. α Cassiopeiae is located in line-of-sight of the Milky Way galaxy, so there are other notable celestial objects one can view close to this star—the Pacman Nebula, NGC 436 and NGC 457 being a few.

Alpha Cas reaches its zenith above cities like Edinburgh, Copenhagen and Moscow. It is circumpolar throughout Europe, Russia, and as far south as Los Angeles, California on the North American continent as well as other locations around the globe having a latitude greater than ± 33° North. Since α Cassiopeiae is listed as a second-magnitude star (equal to Beta Cas), it is easily observable to the naked eye as long as one's stargazing is not hindered by the light pollution common to most cities.

The best time for observation is during the late autumn months of the northern hemisphere, when Cassiopeia passes the meridian at midnight, but given its circumpolar nature in many northern localities, it is visible to many of the world's inhabitants throughout the year.

Angular analysis
With the advances in optical interferometry in the 1990s, α Cassiopeiae's angular diameter was measured in 1998 at various wavelengths ranging from 500 to 850 nm. The result was a limb darkened angular measurement of 5.62 ± 0.06 milliarcseconds (mas), a diameter which equates to roughly 0.393 AU or, assuming a parallax of 14.29 mas. With the planet Mercury orbiting the Sun at approximately 0.4 AU, α Cassiopeiae's photosphere extends to roughly half the mercurial orbit.

Properties
α Cassiopeiae is a red giant star whose spectral classification is K0-IIIa, notably cooler than the Sun. However, because it is nearing the final stages of its evolution, the photosphere has expanded substantially, yielding a bolometric luminosity that is approximately. It is considered 98% likely to be a horizontal branch star fusing helium in its core.

According to Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007), the estimated distance to the star is about 70 parsecs or 228 light-years. Like all giant stars, α Cassiopeiae rotates slowly with an approximate velocity of $45.03$ —a speed which takes the star approximately 102 days to make one complete revolution on its axis.

α Cassiopeiae has been sometimes classified as a variable star, but no variability has been detected since the 19th century. Also, three companions to the star have been listed in the Washington Double Star Catalog, but it seems that all of them are just distant line-of-sight optical components.

α Cassiopeiae is thought to be around 100 to 200 million years old, having spent much of its time as a blue-white B-type main-sequence star.

Depiction
In 1551, Gerardus Mercator, a Flemish cartographer, produced a celestial globe portraying the 48 traditional Ptolemaic constellations in addition to two others, Coma Berenices and Antinous. On this globe, he represents Cassiopeia as the Queen of Ethiopia, punished for her boasting by being chained to a chair hanging upside-down. α Cassiopeiae is found near her left breast, reflecting its Arabic etymological origin.

title: Alpha Cassiopeiae