text:
Talk:Gyula (title)

Please provide reference for the initial meaning of "Gyula"

 * Originally gyula was a Hungarian word referring to the war leader or military warlord of the Magyar tribes.

if this is true, then it would be awesome, BUT... it may well be propaganda, which would be awfull -- Criztu 15:44, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I read it in a modern history book, which I'm sure would not contain crude propaganda. However, I have an etymological dictionary of Hungarian somewhere in a box. If I can find it, then it should provide a good description of the etymology of gyula and an indication of how well supported by evidence the etymology is. I'll let you know... Scott Moore 12:35, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * i've seen some e-maps with Gyalu foldje(land), this link 1 speaks of south tibetan Gyalu=head of family... i think this is the "connection" the hungarians base their Gyula meant "chieftain", hmm... -- Criztu 15:07, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Criztu, what evidence do you have for this? There is a possible link between gyula in Hungarian and in. But a Tibetan connection seems rather obscure to me. Actually at least two Gyulas (Latin: Geula) are mentioned in Gesta Hungarorum (I only have access to a translation into Hungarian, which refers to the Latin words at certain points). The author describes one as the grandfather of Tétény. Another is referred to as the younger Gyula who opposed King Saint Stephen.
 * However, I have read ERDÉLY TÖRTÉNETE, AKADÉMIAI KIADÓ, BUDAPEST 1986 that the author mistook titles for names. Both Gyula and Horka, both regarded as given names by the author, were in fact titles during the time of the Magyar migration into the Carparthian basin. They only became given names during the time of the Hungarian Kingdom. Similarly he took Gelou from the name of a place.

 * I also found the reference to Gyalú (Latin: Gelou) the leader of the blasii et sclavi in Transylvania. I would assume that Gelu is the Romanian version of the name. Scott Moore 15:59, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

OK, does anyone have any evidence of a connection between Gyula and Julius? I can't find any connection mentioned in Hungarian Websites (they all say that the given name Gyula was originally a title). I noticed here on Wikipedia, Gróf Andrássy Gyula is anglicised as Julius, Count Andrássy. I reckon that this came from 1911 Britannica, which has a habit of using the German versions of obscure foreign names. Britannica now refers to him as Gyula but says that Julius is his "German name". Scott Moore 14:59, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Actually, the Julius in place of Gyula is not a fluke at all, but is in fact a rather standard practice: here are three examples out of countless examples that came up: ; ;. The etymology definitely needs to be verified. 007 08:28, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * In Gesta Hungarorum, Gyula is rendered as Geula in Latin. Is there any connection between Geula and Iulius? Scott Moore 15:59, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Criztu, I don't agree based on common, comtemporary usage and the SZTAKI online dictionary (which is generally reliable). Kastély in Hungarian usually refers to a largle, non-fortified residential building (ie mansion in English). Vár is a general word for a large, fortified building and thus equivalent to castle in English. The English word citadel (a fortress commanding a city) is translated as fellegvár by SZTAKI and other online dictionaries. So, vár generally can be translated as castle, but could be translated as citadel. Scott Moore 15:08, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Etymology of Gyula
Here it is!

A Magyar Nyelv Történeti-Etmológiai Szótára, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1967,1984

Summary of entry: Gyula is a word of Turkic origin. The original meaning was "torch" but it had already come to be a title before it was transferred to Hungarian (either directly from ancient Turkish or via Khazar). The word was used to describe the warlord of the Magyar tribes. The first written reference to the Hungarian word is circa 950AD as jila. A reference from 1075 spells the word as Jula. In Gesta Hungarorum it is Geula or Gyyla [I presume from different manuscripts]. The word was revived in the 19th century as a given name.

Related words in other languages include: Yula (Pecheneg) Yulaman (Bashkir) Kaltanjula (Altai) Scott Moore 10:16, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I already knew about that Turkic etymology, I was waiting to see what you had in mind. The Turkic etymology was discussed on a website I was reading recently, [http://www.gk.ro. 007 20:49, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Enter the bulgarian Dulo clan
since this "Gyula" is pronounced as "Diulo" in magyar, and considering the Bulgar connection that Gesta Hungarorum brings in connection with Gelou, Glad, Menumorout (who refused "with a bulgarian heart" the offer of Arpad) and Gyula, is it possible that the bulgarian Dulo clan to have any relevance in all this "intrigue" ? - see List_of_Bulgarian_monarchs -- Criztu 21:49, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It's interesting that you bring up the Bulgars, because I'm considering this scenario: the word may have entered not from "ancient turkish" or "from the Khazars", but may have entered from The Bulgar Turks or Avars specifically, or from some other Turkish group that invaded the Romanian area long before the Magyars. The word 'gyula' may originate, for example, from the Avars, and may have entered Magyar from them directly or via Vlachs. Vlachs encountered Bulgars, Avars, and Huns before Vlachs encountered the Magyars. What evidence is there that Magyars had the word already when they arrived in Europe? They may have, but not necessarily. This article should give the benefit of the doubt to magyars in this case (in other words, to lean towards the idea that the word is Turkic and it entered the Magyar language before they arrived in Europe, because of the Turkic frequency of the word), but this article aside, there are still many ambiguities.

But one cannot say the word is originally Hungarian, if it is originally and more specifically Turkic (not Finno-Ugric). 007 08:36, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I don't know the reasoning behind the hypothesis that gyula entered Hungarian from Khazar. But it seems as though there are two possible paths:
 * From the Kavar/Kabar tribes which joined the 7 Magyar tribes. According to Dr. Peter Hidas, "the Byzantine Emperor Constantine [Porphyrogenitus] tells us, that some of the tribes of the Khazar nation rebelled against their rulers. The insurgents consisted of three tribes, who were called Kavars or Kabars. The Government prevailed; some of the rebels were slaughtered but some fled the country and settled with the Hungarians who lived at this time in the Ukraine." According the Constantine, the Kavar/Kavar tribes taught the language of the Khazars to the Magyars, and both languages were spoken in Hungary (at the time of Constantine). In Wikipedia from the Avar discussion forum: "Also, the Kabars are recorded in all of the primary sources as tribes of Khazar Turk federation who joined the proto-Magyars during their migrations from the Ukranian steppes to the Danubian steppes." It has also been suggested that the Kabars may have introduced viticulture to the Tokaj region. It would be interesting to examine in detail the etymology of Hungarian words relating to viticulture, to see if this suggests a Kavar/Kabar connection.
 * Directly from the Khazars during the time that the Magyars were subjects of the Khazars. According Kevin Alan Brook ("The Jews of Khazaria"), the Rus and the Hungarians both adopted the dual-kingship system of the Khazars. Furthermore, again according to Constantine, the Khazars gave the Magyars their first king - Lebedias. If this is true, then it seems likely that the Hungarians would also have adopted some associated vocabularly.

Further evidence which may have been used to support this hypothesis: Scott Moore 15:25, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * According to Arnold Toynbee in Constantine Porphyrogenitus and his World "though the Hungarians have ceased to be bilingual long ago, they were so at the beginnings of their state, as testified by some two hundred loan-words from the old Chuvash dialect of Turkish which the Khazars spoke".
 * According to Gardezi: "... Their leader rides out with 20000 horsemen; they call him Kanda [Hungarian: Kende] and this is the title of their greater king, but the title of the person who effectively rules them is Jula. And the Magyars do whatever their Jula commands."

Further clarification of Gyula
I've just read a part of Realm of St.Stephen: History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 which is a recent work written by a Hungarian historian for the English-speaking market (it hasn't even been published in Hungarian). This has further clarified things and in some cases confirmed what I had already read elsewhere.

I'm going to change this from a disambiguation page, as the revised article will focus on the title/personal name Gyula. Scott Moore 16:06, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Criztu, GH does not say that Tuhutum was the son of Arpad. I deleted references to Oltenia, Cumans and Pechenegs because I don't see how this is related to the article. What has this got to do with Gyula the older? Scott Moore 15:39, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * from what i understand, Sarolt was a cuman/pecheneg name. it meant something like, "land of Olt". somehow Gyula came from Oltenia (according to Mircea Dogaru). and by the time of Gestas, lands from Oltenia and along river Olt were refered to as Tera Cumanorum or Terra Blacorum et Bissenorum (pechenegs). so this name is in relation with cumans and pechenegs, who are considered turkic people, unlike romanians or hungarians who are latin and altaic respectively. so adding info on Oltenia and cumans and pechenegs i think is a plus ; Tuhutum i thought was son of Arpad. np if he wasn't, i'll search for this info-- Criztu 18:39, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

--

please provide as much reference to sources as possible. Don't say "according to medieval sources", but better "see: Chronicon pictum, see: Gardezi, see:etc"

what does it mean Gyula the old - transcribed variously as Geula, Gyyla, Gyla or Jula in the Hungarian Gestas ? why are you imposing the hungarian word Gyula over the original forms ? youre living in 1984 ? Gyula is the hungarian "presumed and propagated word" inexistent in hungarian chronicles. "hungarian historians base their theories on these characters (Gylas Geula/Gyyla)", not "GH and DAI transcribed Gyula as Geula/Gyyla and Gylas". note that the name Geula could come from a romance name Julius or romanian name Gelu. note that Gyula/Gyalu could come from a romanian word "Dealu" (hill). should i replace your Gyula with my Iuliu or Dealu or Gelu ? let's stay with the original Gylas - name of a magyar chieftain (who could have been slav, romanian, whatever, fighting for the magyars, as GH says "after the death of Gelou, his men sworn allegiance to Tuhutum"; and Geula/Gyyla - in GH -- Criztu 18:39, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Drear Criztu! The form Gyula has already appeared in the Chronicon Pictum (14th century). See the newly added picture! (Red letters: Gyula duce Transiluano) 81.183.150.84 10:30, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Gyula and Julius
A small point: Hungarian has many given names that have no equivalents in the major Western languages (English, French, German, Latin). So for a long time, it has been a practice to look for the most-similar-sounding Latin etc. name and use it as an "equivalent", although there was no etymological connection. So for example Jenő was connected with Eugenius/Eugen/Eugene/Eugène, Sarolta with Charlotte, László (a male name) with Leslie (a female name, no kidding, this was a mistake started by an otherwise brilliant and immensely popular English-Hungarian dictionary). So be careful, just because two names are used as equivalents doesn't mean they are etymologically connected.
 * what about Tibor ? who guarantees you Gyula is not from a romance name Giuliu/Gelou ? currently you can find the name Giulio - italian, and Gelu - romanian (i don't count romanian name Iuliu as it might be a revived name) -- Criztu 29 June 2005 21:43 (UTC)
 * what i said is no "proof" or whatever, I just wanted to point out that just because Gyula has been connected to Julius in the 19th does not automatically mean it is etymologically connected. It may well be, than it is a coincidence. But Scott Moore has already qouted that etymological dictionary, what's in it is probably the view of historical linguists as of today (which may be wrong, of course, but come on, those guys who wrote it are professional linguists, and we are all amateurs, why do we think we can outsmart them? Sarolta and Charlotte completely sound like each other, even the r-l change would be fairly typical, and still, we know these names are unconnected. So historical linguistics is more tricky than it looks, be careful and really let us not kid ourselves that we can be smarter than the experts who spent their who life researching this stuff. I mean, to do historical linguistics, it is not enough to be intelligent, you have to read and study a lot etc., just like any other science, it takes a lot of work, it is not only a matter of sheer intelligence)--Tamas 30 June 2005 09:50 (UTC)
 * if name Gyula comes from title Gyula, then i'd expect other titles to evolve into names. so, show me a hungarian name evolved from the titles Harka or Kende (just curious); i'm also curious about names evolved from titles in other languages if there are such. I thought a little and Cesar comes to mind, but that is an opposite process i think, name Caesar evolved into title -- Criztu 30 June 2005 10:00 (UTC)
 * I don't know much about the etymology of Gyula, I just wanted to make that small point. But anyway, Kende is used as a given name, although it is much less popular than Gyula.--Tamas 30 June 2005 10:28 (UTC)

 * Criztu, I got a question for you: do any Romanian linguists or historians question the Turkic etymology of gyula? If not, then you know the deal: no original research, etc.; though we can always add a note if need be that the Turkic etymology is the general etymology, but not "proven". It's hard to prove these kind of things though. 007 1 July 2005 01:56 (UTC)
 * don't know if any ro linguist made research about the title "gyula". About the name Gyula, well, also don't know if any ro linguist addressed the matter. that Mircea Dogaru talks about the frequency of romanian placenames: Giulesti, Julea, Gilau, etc. and relates them to Julius. this site http://www.behindthename.com/ who claims to use expert studies, relates Gyula to Julius  http://www.behindthename.com/php/search.php?terms=gyula&nmd=n&gender=both&operator=or

 * You made a point earlier about titles rarely becoming names, but I think it happens sometimes. 007 1 July 2005 08:31 (UTC)

Even if it is of Turkic origin it could be from Julius (perhaps through Italian Giulio). Turkic people certainly knew of Julius Caesar. Just remember: such Slavic names for king as Kral and Krol -- and Hungarian Kiraly -- derive from Karl (as in Charlemagne).Pbrower2a (talk) 16:24, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

Reference for Gyula
I hope I use the wikipedia-editor correctly. I have never done this before.

There is an other reference of a Hungarian warlord mentioned as Gyula other than DAI or GH.

In the fifth book of Kitab al-Muktabis Ibn Hayyan described the Hungarian attack against Iberia in 942. He named some of the Hungarian leaders (There were seven). One of the leader called Gyula. But There is a problem. I have a copy of the translated text, but I do not know the original spelling of the name.

Bye, Laszlo

Pronunciation?
Could someone add an IPA pronunciation? pfahlstrom 21:22, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gyula (title)


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Kiffa beads

Kiffa beads are rare powder glass beads. They are named after the Mauritanian city of Kiffa, where French ethnologist R. Mauny documented them first in 1949.

Kiffa beads represent one of the highest levels of artistic skill and ingenuity in beadmaking, being manufactured with the simplest materials and tools available: pulverized European glass beads or fragments of them, bottle glass, pottery shards, tin cans, twigs, steel needles, some gum arabic, and open fires. The term Kiffa bead, named after one of the old bead making centres of Kiffa in Mauritania, was coined by United States bead collectors during the 1980s.

According to Peter Francis, Jr., the making of powder glass beads in West Africa may date back a few hundred years, and to possibly 1200 CE in Mauritania. Maure powder glass beads are believed to copy older, Islamic beads, of the type made in Fustat and elsewhere. Although the making of Mauritanian powder glass beads appears to be an ancient tradition, no archaeological evidence to establish their age has been found to date.

Production
Glass which is finely crushed to a powder is mixed with a binder such as saliva or gum arabic diluted in water. Decorations are made from the glass slurry i.e. crushed glass mixed with a binder and applied with a pointed tool, usually a steel needle. The beads are placed in small containers, often sardine cans and heated to fuse the glass on open fires without moulds. Kiffa beads were made in various shapes: blue, red, and polychromatic triangles with yellow, black, white, red and blue chevron-type and decorations that resemble eyes; blue, red and polychromatic diamond-shaped beads; cigar shaped and conical beads as well as a variety of small spherical and oblate beads. Colour sequences observed on traditional beads with polychromatic decorations are always the same, i.e. red-yellow-black (dark brown)-yellow-red-white-blue-white. Often the obverse is decorated as well, and it is believed that different bead making families had their own distinct styles. For their wearers, all these beads held amuletic properties. The colours, shapes and the many different intricate decorative patterns all having specific meanings, most of them forgotten today.

Uses
Diamond-shaped Kiffa beads were traditionally worn on bracelets, sewn onto strips of leather, and arranged in traditional sets composed of a specific ratio of blue to red to polychromatic specimens. Their patterns are believed to protect and to increase the fertility of their wearers and it has been proposed that some might imitate cowrie shells. Triangular-shaped and spherical beads were worn as hair ornaments and traditional assemblages could be composed of two complementary sets of three triangulars each, one blue, one red and one polychromatic, worn at temple height. Many of the small spherical or oblate-shaped beads were hair ornaments or worn in necklaces in various combinations with other glass and stone beads and were made by decorating a red, blue or white preformed glass bead "core". Glass slurry decorations were applied to moulded 19th century beads possibly of Czech origin. Smaller, cigar shaped or cylindrical beads are often also found to have been constructed from two or even three of the moulded beads. These are fragile and tend to break apart easily.

Modern beads
With the passing of the last of the remaining traditional bead makers during the 1970s, Kiffa bead crafting became extinct. Since the early 1990s, organized groups of women bead makers are again making Kiffa beads, using basically the same traditional methods. The craftsmanship of the new beads, however, has never reached the high standards and the quality that can be observed in the old beads. Western artists have made their own versions in polymer clay or lampworked glass, but none of the modern creations come close to resembling the beauty of traditional specimens. The same applies to modern imitations made elsewhere, for instance in Indonesia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kiffa beads


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fruit Brute

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 23:12, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Fruit Brute
nn. Bart133 (t) 17:25, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) Comment. When I listed this on vfd, it opened with the words "It is a ceral. Hi yum yum in my tum tum." Bart133 (t) 18:32, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep disagree. It's a real cereal, part of a famous and long-running line, and understandably could be looked up by people who saw it in Pulp Fiction and wondered if it was real or not.  note There's a little bit of innacuracy in the article, which I'll correct in a minute or two.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  18:17, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, somewhat notable - 1410 Google hits, article needs expansion. Megan1967 01:57, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Doh! Keep.  —RaD Man (talk) 04:36, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I have added to the original article since VfD. Fruit Brute was also seen in another Tarantino film Reservoir Dogs. Megan1967 05:00, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP you've got to be freaking kidding me with this non notable crap. 1) thats not a valid VfD reasoning 2) this cereal has definately been around longer than the submitter (a 6th grader) has been alive 3) has sold more than 20 million boxes since its inception. God this makes me feel old but I was eating this cereal at the breakfast table before you the submitter were sperm.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 06:20, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There goes the neighborhood! —RaD Man (talk) 06:33, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seriously, wtf? CryptoDerk 06:23, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Evil Monkey∴Hello 06:24, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * don't lie, it makes you look even more juvenile, this diff clearly shows you started it with "nn". Learn to face up to when you've goofed, it will go a long way in your life.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 20:38, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC) My bad, I was looking at the wrong history.   ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 03:55, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * he isn't lying and you ought to apologize. The edit history of Fruit Brute clearly shows that at 17:25 4 Feb, when this VfD was opened, the entire text of the article was: It is a ceral. Hi yum yum in my tum tum. Fruit Brute: is one of a line of monster-themed breakfast cereals produced by General Mills. It is also the name of the cereal's mascot, a variant of Frankenstein's monster. Other cereals in the line include Count Chocula, Boo Berry, Fruit Brute, and Yummy Mummy. (Fruit Brute and Yummy Mummy are no longer sold in retail stores.) --BM 01:46, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * What Bart133 doesn't mention is that silliness aside, this article was a valid stub to begin with. A valid stub on a culturally notable breakfast cereal, something that many people conceivably have and will search for on Wikipedia.  I think the 6th grader deletionist should be the one apologizing here.  —RaD Man (talk) 03:17, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * and its not as if this is the first wiki article to have nonsense added/vandalism either. we dont delete everything thats been vandalized do we?  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 03:55, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. - Chotchki
 * Keep, way. Wyss 22:43, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Bogus VFD.--Centauri 23:21, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. vfd is nn.  Yuckfoo 01:17, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic.  General Mills spends millions on marketing its sugary cereals for kids (and apparently on product placements in movies); so everybody has been inundated since childhood with a gazillion ads on these products.  That does not make Count Chocula, Fruit Brute, Boo Berry, etc topics for a general encyclopedia.   Mention in articles about General Mills, Cereals, Marketing to Children, etc, or a variety of other topics: yes.  Separate article on each brand of cereal: no. --BM 01:52, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thankfully your sense of myopia is not contagious. Otherwise, Wikipedia would be fucked.  —RaD Man (talk) 05:38, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I wish it was, then we'd be spared all those bloody awful adverts pushing sugar loaded cereals to small children, who then want to eat huge amounts of them and become hyperactive and fat at the same time. Average Earthman 11:40, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * POV PUSHER!!! but seriously, although i personally agree with you, I dont think this is the platform to make a statement like that. While we may question their motives, we cannot argue the fact that because of these overwhelming advertising campaigns that these are not notable. (Your also welcome to make a NPOV statment on General Mills regarding their targeting of sugar products to children).  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 22:26, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is silly to say that something shouldn't be kept because it's over specific as long as it's at least somewhat relevent (ie not an etry about a particular person's LiveJournal) the great thing ABOUT Wikipedia is that it's full of highly specific entries. Besides, I don't think cereal is the greatest threat facing the nation's children today.  User:Jakek101 4:02, 8 Feb 2005
 * Keep. Notable breakfast cereal sold to millions of people. Please don't forget wikiquette in making your comments.Capitalistroadster 07:58, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and everyone stop taking vfd so damn seriously. Calm down and stop insulting people. Gamaliel 22:00, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Gamaliel's remark is spot on, I must say I think these sugared cereals are horrid and usually not a good idea to make available to kids but that's not a reason to delete the article. This mark was probably eaten by hundreds of thousands of children and its marketing aspect is still culturally visible (Pulp Fiction being an example). Wyss 00:47, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep It's a fantastic obscure reference that one day will be on family guy and people will come here curious about what it is.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:Amoreno~enwiki

Soccer Soccer is a competitive sport that teaches you teamwork, ball handling skill, endurance, etc. Boys and girls play this sport all over the United States and all over the world. This sport consists of 80 yard long field with 20 to 22 people on a field, 11 on each team. The players on each team want to kick or “score” a round sized ball that is the size of a basketball but softer and is black and white into a rectangle shaped net called a goal. The point of the game is to score more goals than your opponent. Of course it is much harder to get to the goal and score than it sounds. There is much more to it. In a starting lineup consists of one goalie, three defenders, three midfields, and three forwards. Sometimes the coach will put in three midfields instead of three, it just depends. The remaining players on a team are used as substitutes which sub in other players when they get tired. Getting tired in soccer is very normal. It takes a lot of energy to race to the ball back and forth trying to score. With using only your feet, you really need to be in shape that way you can run, dribble, and shoot the ball. Using your hands is strictly illegal. Some leagues that provide soccer are AYSO (American Youth Soccer Organization). They provide fun soccer for the people who don’t really care about winning. AYSO also provides something called Select soccer for the people who showed outstanding soccer talent and want to go on to play a little bit more competitively. Another league that provides soccer is CYSA (California Youth Soccer Association). This league targets the people in California but there are many leagues around the world that are very similar. They provide soccer in a more competitive version. They have Metro and Comp levels. After tryouts, the girls who the coaches believe show outstanding talent go to Comp. (Competitive) and the girls who show outstanding talent but need a little bit of work go to Metro. Some get cut but that just means they have to try again next year. There is a lot of equipment needed to wear for soccer. First off there are the jerseys with are like looses T-shirts made of a cotton and polyester that have the league name of the front left of the jersey and your number on the back. Then the players wear shorts that match the jersey and have matching socks. In you feet area you must wear shin guards with optional ankle guards, socks that go up to your bottom knee covering your shin guards. Than you wear shoes called cleats that have spikes on the bottom that way you have support when you run in the grass. But you have to make sure that you have the right kind of cleats, football cleats have a spike on the toe, and that is illegal to wear in soccer.

title: User:Amoreno~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Binary Babe

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE.

The votes were 5 delete, 5 merge. dbenbenn | talk 23:17, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Binary Babe
Entire content: "Binary Babe strips and tutors numeral systems in pornographic movie Haxxxor 2, Fear of an 8-bit Planet. She does naked dumpster diving to find abandoned information in movie Haxxxor, No Longer Floppy. There under name Lady Debug. This was disliked by a person using the same name in real life and was thus changed during filming of the 2nd HaXXXor movie." Samaritan 17:26, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Why not speedy this? --Neigel von Teighen 17:28, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge with Haxxxor movies, if that is kept, otherwise delete. BTW being a porn actress is not yet a reason for speedy deletion. 20:08, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This is real?! That's hilarious!  Still, it's GOOPTI, so merge and redirect would be sensible.  --L33tminion | (talk) 00:43, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Porn for computer nerds? Well, I suppose we are a substantial part of the market... Anyhow, merge and redirect. — Ливай | ☺ 00:52, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to Haxxxor, and add redirect. Megan1967 01:55, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * (Merge and redirect for my own vote, of course.) Samaritan 02:58, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * On reflection, no redirect. Samaritan 00:45, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete along with Haxxxor and haxxxor movies. Quite funny, but not notable enuf for a timeless encyclopedia. Niteowlneils 19:16, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not a speedy, cruft is all. Wyss 22:45, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.  Characters from pornographic movies are not notable, no matter how notable the movie itself is, which is probably not very.  --BM 00:12, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: pr0ncruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:08, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Schumacher (crater)

Schumacher is a lunar impact crater that lies in the northeast part of the Moon, just to the north of the larger walled plain Messala. It was named by the IAU in 1935.

The rim of Schumacher forms an eroded ring that is broken along the western side by the flooded crater Schumacher B. There is a low terrace along the northwestern inner wall. The rim is also notched along the eastern side by a pair of outward bulges. The interior floor of this crater has been resurfaced by basaltic lava, and now forms a level, nearly featureless plain. The floor is somewhat darker in the western half, which the albedo in the eastern half matches the surrounding lunar terrain.

Schumacher and Messala are separated by a rough strip of terrain less than 10 kilometers across, and bisected by a pair of small, co-joined craters. The northern member of this pair lies across the southern rim of Schumacher, and intrudes into the interior floor.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Schumacher.

title: Schumacher (crater)


text:
Talk:Thyatiridae

from VFD:
 * I wrote this article then saw in Lepidoptera that this family has been merged into Drepanidae (my article too). I imagine this is more up to date than my references. I have copied the text into my word processor and will expand the Drepanidae article once this one is deleted. Richard Barlow 17:22, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page can just be merged into Drepanidae. sjorford// 17:29, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thyatiridae


text:
Talk:Energy (electrical)

Electric car power
Kindly give electrical and mechanical specifications motor for electric car to pull 1000Kg — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.212.225.184 (talk • contribs) 12:56, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Try posting your question at the Science reference desk. Also, try to be more specific.  --Bmk 13:06, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge
This article seems redundant with Power (physics). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tysto (talk • contribs) 01:39, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Huh? You should be aware that energy and power are two different things measured in two different units. They are as different as distance is different from velocity. Also, a very large article about Electric power already exists. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.95.172.173 (talk • contribs) 17:03, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

How does it gathered???? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.72.130.123 (talk • contribs) 03:23, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

A Sugn.
I suggest that it should be written in an article by

 * $$\mathcal\, W_{e}=\frac{1}{2} \int\int_{\tau}\int \rho V d\tau  \,$$

where V is electric potential. Also maybe by

 * $$\mathcal\, W_{e}=\frac{1}{2} \int\int_{\tau}\int \vec{D} \cdot \vec{E} d\tau\,$$

— Preceding unsigned comment added by GyBlop (talk • contribs) 12:37, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

electromagnetic energy
There seems to be a very confusing plethora of disjunct articles about electromagnetic energy. I'd like to work on unifying them and making them more consistent. For instance, it is pretty inappropriate for Electromagnetic energy to redirect to Electrical energy. I'm not even sure where to find the full equation for energy in an electromagnetic field. Any comments would be appreciated...i'll start working on it soon, after I've thought of the best way to deal with the problem. --Bmk 13:05, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The full equation for energy in an electromagnetic field is something that you can find in any decent introductory college level physics text. (It's just the sum of the energies in the electric and magnetic fields.) --Strait 17:14, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry - what I meant was I don't know where to find it on wikipedia - I assumed it existed somewhere, but I can't find it. :)  As a matter of foolish pride, i did know the relationship between electromagnetic energy and the electromagnetic field.  Thanks    --Bmk 20:10, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * >For instance, it is pretty inappropriate for Electromagnetic energy to redirect to Electrical energy.  Huh?  Why inappropriate?  Can you explain your objection in detail?   For example, do you think that the "electricity" sold by utility companies is in any way different than "electromagnetic energy" composed of e-fields and b-fields?  It's my understanding that "electrical energy" and "electromagnetic energy" are two different names for a single concept.  I got this from my EM/Waves textbooks in engineering courses, and I've seen it in more than one physics text.   For example, when a 1MHz AM radio transmitter sends energy to it's antenna via a 2-wire transmission line, the energy is entirely composed of 1MHz electromagnetic fields which surround the pair of wires.  Likewise, when the electric company sends energy to your home, the energy is entirely composed of 60Hz electromagnetic fields which surround the power lines.  Both are EM energy, and the only real difference is the frequency.  Also, in a capacitor whenever some electrons are pulled from one plate and deposited on the other, the energy is entirely stored in the e-field between the plates (and is not stored on an individual electron.)  And finally, note that electrical energy cannot flow through metal wires in the first place: the wave velocity in solid metal is extremely low, and is nothing like the large fraction of c which is the empirically determined velocity for electrical energy on a wire.

I'll restore the original more accurate phrase, unless someone can explain why I shouldn't:

 * Electrical energy is also identical to the electromagnetic fields surrounding a transmission line, the fields contained in capacitors and inductors, or the fields propagating in space as electromagnetic radiation. --Wjbeaty 21:47, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * This phrase:

* the energy used by electricity

 * ...appears to be a circular definition, since you apparently are using the word "electricity" to mean a form of energy, i.e. electrical energy.  In other words, that phrase is saying "the energy used by electrical energy."   In the same way, this phrase is also circular:

* Electrical energy is the amount of work that can be done by electricity.

 * ...since you're apparently using "electricity" in the sense of electrical energy. So you're really saying "electrical energy is the amount of work that can be done by electric energy."   (If I'm wrong, then please tell me which definition of "electricity" you are using.  Better yet, delete the word "electricity" and replace it with a less ambiguous term.)   If you don't think that "electricity" is a form of energy, then do you think that "electricity" means "electric charge?" --Wjbeaty 21:47, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * In reference to the above...

e·lec·tric·i·ty      (ĭ-lěk-trĭs'ĭ-tē, ē'lěk-)  Pronunciation Key n.

1.        a. The physical phenomena arising from the behavior of electrons and protons that is caused by the attraction of particles with opposite charges and the repulsion of particles with the same charge. b. The physical science of such phenomena. 2. Electric current used or regarded as a source of power. 3. Intense, contagious emotional excitement.
 * (citation:)

American Psychological Association (APA): electricity. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved July 23, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/electricity Chicago Manual Style (CMS): electricity. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/electricity (accessed: July 23, 2007). Modern Language Association (MLA): "electricity." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 23 Jul. 2007. .

 * I would personally consider "electricity" here to be defined as the above definition 1-a, and the above mentioned phrase ("Electrical energy is the amount of work that can be done by electricity.") should be rewritten as:

 * * Electrical energy is the amount of work that can be done by interaction within a state of electricity.

 * ...or something along those lines. ;)
 * Moosa17 03:42, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh and a side note; please forgive my messy formatting... I find the so-called "wiki markup" quite appalling in it's lack of usability and understanding of itself... But, just know that I tried my best, and utterly wasted many minutes of my life. ;)
 * Moosa17 04:10, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Irrelevant link
Why does the "Electric energy in Eastern Balkans" link appear on this page? This is meant as a scientific page more than anything else; is it not? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.92.140.11 (talk) 16:48, 30 April 2007 (UTC).

Redirect
My word, this is awful. What is the point of this article, exactly? If you want to read about how wall plugs work, there's Electric power. If you want to read about physics of electric charges, there should be something in electromagnetism. Horrible prose, usual Wiki defects of descending to trivia in the opening paragraph (don't forget the absolute most important fact we would ever need to know about anything is the SI unit used to measure it) plus an intricate and patronizing discussion about the differences between "power" and "energy". A couple of old complaint tags, too. A "seamless" transition between patronizing discussion and triple integrals. Illiterate words like "electrisizing"! I'm going to change this to a disambiguation page pointing at electromagnetism and electric power. Can someone give me a one-sentence explanation of why this article should live? --Wtshymanski 15:41, 9 September 2007 (UTC) Course notes do not make good encylopedia articles, either. --Wtshymanski 16:01, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Electric power is not electrical energy? — Omegatron 17:35, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I need to link to this page for the fairly lucid description of the potential energy of a collection of charges. I'll be linking from Debye-Hückel equation.ChrisChiasson 10:30, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I changed my mind, I think I am going to link to the electric potential energy article, which is actually what this article here seems to be about - perhaps they should be merged. ChrisChiasson 11:03, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Requested move 07 June 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 15:13, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

→ energy (electrical) – clear edit history at "Electrical energy" to make way for a move request wanting this location, to preserve the edit history. – 70.51.202.183 (talk) 07:59, 7 June 2015 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Brandmeistertalk  12:16, 7 June 2015 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 22:34, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

 * NOTE this page is a redirect, which is why a simple technical request should be easily accomodated. Perhaps the person disputing the move did not notice? -- 70.51.202.183 (talk) 18:44, 7 June 2015 (UTC)
 * See also Talk:Electric energy where the page is requested to overwrite this location, necessitating clearing the location. I don't see why this technical move was disputed. -- 70.51.202.183 (talk) 18:48, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

 * What is the difference between electrical energy and energy (electrical)? What is the other page wanting to move into name Electrical energy? Anthony Appleyard (talk) 22:34, 7 June 2015 (UTC)
 * The difference is one title is not occupied nor requested for reuse by a different article, therefore a safe location to relocate the edit history contained on the page. It is also a viable search term location, so not a useless pagename made to hold edit histories, but a usable redirect location. The page that is requesting to overwrite this page is electric energy per the discussion at talk:electric energy -- 70.51.202.183 (talk) 05:11, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Energy (electrical)


text:
User:Lazyness

The Mystery of the Yeti

The yeti, also called the “Abominable Snowman” is a mystical creature that has been claimed to be seen in artic and mountainous regions of the world, most likely the Himalayas. It is unknown where the first stories of the yeti began but it has been featured in many games, movies, toys, etc. The yeti has an almost human posture but completely covered in hair or fur and is very tall and muscular. The yeti looks very much like Bigfoot, another mysterious creature that has been “seen” on several occasions by extremely blurry photos and desperate people looking for attention. The yeti is also very similar to the sasquatch except the yeti tends to live in much colder regions. The sasquach, Bigfoot, and the yeti all look pretty much the same and probably are the same, but yeti just sounds cool if you know what I mean. Most of the stories that brought about the yeti were probably meant to scare children or once again by people desperate for attention, but now the yeti is used for entertainment along with Bigfoot, now the name of a monster truck. The sasquach is probably the least known of three, is most likely a spin-off of Bigfoot or vice a versa and all three of the creatures have very primate like characteristics and have been rumored to be a “missing” link in the evolutionary chain of human history. Some scientists have made it their career to study these mystical creatures (called cryptozooology) in diminishing hopes that they just might be real but no results have turned up yet, but for now people will just have to deal with more blurry photos and videos.

title: User:Lazyness


text:
The Perse School

The Perse School is a public school (English fee-charging day and, in the case of the Perse, a former boarding school) in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1615 by Stephen Perse, its motto is Qui facit per alium facit per se, taken to mean 'He who does things for others does them for himself'. The Perse School took girls for Sixth form only from 1994, began accepting girls at 11 and 13+ in September 2010 and was fully co-educational by September 2012. 'Perse' is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, an association of the leading UK independent schools.

The organisation now comprises three schools, which together provide for children aged 3 through to 18. The Pelican is the Perse's nursery and pre-preparatory school, and accommodates pupils from 3–7. It is situated on Glebe Road, close to the main school site. Preparatory education for students aged 7 to 11 years old is provided by the Perse Prep, which is located close to the Upper School, just north of the junction of Long Road and Trumpington Road. In Year 7 pupils usually progress to the Upper School, where they sit GCSE examinations and A-Levels.

History
The school was founded in 1615 at its original site in Free School Lane, Cambridge. Its former buildings now house the Whipple Museum of the History of Science. In 1890 it moved to a site on the corner of Gonville Place and Hills Road, in 1960 moving to the site it now occupies as its 'Upper' school on Hills Road. There have been multiple phases of expansion, particularly in the 21st century. Among notable developments is the Peter Hall Performing Arts Centre, a 400-seat theatre, exhibition and rehearsal space designed by architects Haworth Tompkins, which opened in 2018.

An old prospectus lists the fees as £3 per term in 1890.

From 1945 to 1976 it was a direct grant grammar school, offering free places to 40% of pupils. Following the abolition of the Assisted Places Scheme, The Perse no longer received any state funding and became independent.

The school was ranked 13th in the Sunday Times Parent Power league table in 2019 and 6th in the Daily Telegraph national table of A Level, Pre-U and IB results with 83% A* and A grades from 175 candidates. In 2021, The Sunday Times also named The Perse School as the top independent secondary school in East Anglia, as the school had the best performance in the GCE A Level Examinations in the region.

In 2015, two boys from the school were convicted of stealing items found at Auschwitz while on a school trip.

Motto
The school motto is Qui facit per alium facit per se, usually taken to mean "He who does things for others does them for himself". This is an example of a rebus motto, the Latin sentence ending in a word play on the founder's name "per se" and his benefaction. A blue plaque dedicated to the school's founder, Dr Stephen Perse, was installed in Free School Lane, Cambridge.

Competitions, Olympiads and scholarships
Pupils have competed and scored highly in academic competitions and Olympiads, in addition to winning awards including Arkwright Engineering Scholarships and Nuffield Research Placements (previously Nuffield Science Bursaries). Students have won scholarships for summer placements at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and research institutes in Heidelberg, Germany.

British competition results include:
 * First place in the Pi Wars robot competition
 * First place in the Schools' Challenge general knowledge competition
 * First place (winning the Trinity College prize) in the National Cipher Challenge
 * First place in the Bank of England Target Two Point Zero interest rate challenge
 * Invitation to the British Physics Olympiad presentation afternoon (top 4 in the country in the AS Challenge)
 * Qualifying for the UKMT Team Maths Challenge final (winning the poster competition)
 * Qualifying for the British Informatics Olympiad final (top 15 in the country)
 * Qualifying for Round 2 (top 20 to 25 in the country) of the UK Chemistry Olympiad
 * Scoring Gold in Round 1 of United Kingdom Linguistics Olympiad

Students have also competed in international competitions including the International Mathematical Olympiad, the Balkan Mathematical Olympiad, the European Girls' Mathematical Olympiad, the Romanian Master of Mathematics competition, the International Biology Olympiad, the International Olympiad in Informatics, the International Linguistics Olympiad, the International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics, the International Rocketry Challenge, the European Union Contest for Young Scientists and the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.

Innovation
In 2018, The Perse School partnered with a Cambridge-based education technology entrepreneur, Rob Percival, to support the creation of an online artificial intelligence maths teaching platform. Blutick in association with The Perse School, exhibited at the BETT Show in London, 2019 to launch a free beta version.

Developments
Since 2020, The Perse School Cambridge International (TPSCI) has liaised with partners to open up The Perse international schools outside of England. Currently, two international schools have been set up, namely The Perse School Singapore (opened in Jan 2020) and The Perse School Suzhou in China (opened in Sep 2021).

Headmaster's blog
On his blog the headmaster, Ed Elliott, described his 'ten second challenge' in which he would give students who "commit occasional minor misdemeanours (such as forgetting a book) the opportunity to talk their way out of a punishment". The story was quickly picked up by the mainstream media who reported that pupils were "let off punishment for clever excuses".

Academia

 * Maurice Bloch, anthropologist
 * Harold James, professor of history and international relations
 * W. E. Johnson, logician
 * F. R. Leavis, literary critic
 * Michael Loewe, sinologist
 * Edward Henry Palmer, orientalist
 * G. L. S. Shackle, economist
 * E. H. Warmington, classicist

Art

 * Thomas P. Campbell, director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Business

 * David Tang, Hong Kong-based entrepreneur

Engineering

 * Arthur Marshall, aviation engineer
 * Anthony Michell, hydraulic engineer

Film and theatre

 * Ranjit Bolt, translator and playwright
 * Marius Goring, actor
 * Peter Hall, founder of the Royal Shakespeare Company
 * Humphrey Jennings, film director
 * Colin McFarlane, actor
 * Jeremy Silberston, film director

Law

 * Mark Potter, Appeal Court judge and President of the Family Division

Media

 * Simon Akam, author, writing on military history and the British Army since 9/11
 * Mel Calman, cartoonist
 * Rodney Dale, writer and publisher
 * John Gross, critic and editor
 * Tom Harwood, journalist for Guido Fawkes, The Daily Telegraph and GB News
 * Tom Rosenthal (publisher) (1935–2014), publisher and art critic
 * Mark Saggers, BBC sports broadcaster

Military

 * Group Captain William Neil McKechnie, George Cross recipient
 * Ralph Lilley Turner MC, 2nd/3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles

Music

 * Pete Atkin, singer/songwriter
 * David Gilmour, singer/songwriter and guitarist of Pink Floyd
 * Spike Hughes, jazz musician and journalist
 * Ronnie Ross, jazz musician
 * John Woolford, first boyfriend of Benjamin Britten

Politics

 * Anthony Browne, Conservative MP for South Cambridgeshire
 * Rajani Palme Dutt, leading figure in the Communist Party of Great Britain
 * Julian Huppert, Liberal Democrat MP for Cambridge 2010-2015
 * David Steiner, New York State Commissioner of Education
 * Donald Tebbit, diplomat, British High Commissioner to Australia
 * Quentin Thomas, civil servant, head of the British Board of Film Classification

Religion

 * John Polkinghorne, physicist and theologian
 * Jeremy Taylor, Bishop of Down and Connor

Science

 * Gustav Victor Rudolf Born, pharmacologist
 * Associate Professor Anthony Lowe, mathematical physicist and actuary
 * Brian G. Marsden, astronomer
 * Ronald G. W. Norrish, Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967
 * George Paget Thomson, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937

Sport

 * Zaman Akhter, cricketer
 * Charles Clayton, cricketer
 * Owen Giles, Northampton Saints rugby union player
 * Alex Coles, Northamption Saints rugby union player
 * Horace Gray, cricketer
 * Richard Hesketh, cricketer
 * Tess Howard, field hockey player
 * Reimell Ragnauth, cricketer

Headmasters

 * George Griffith, MA - died 1686
 * Frederick Heppenstall, MA - 1864 to 1874
 * Dr W. H. D. Rouse, MA, LittD (Cantab) - 1902 to 1928. Formerly a fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge
 * H. A. Wootton - 1928 to 1945
 * Stanley Stubbs, MA - 1945 to 1969. Formerly a housemaster at Gresham's School
 * Anthony E. Melville - 1969 to 1987. Formerly senior history master at Haileybury He was the last of the Perse Headmasters to cane students.
 * Dr Martin Stephen - 1987 to 1994. Subsequently, High Master of Manchester Grammar School from 1994 to 2004 and then St Paul's School from 2004 to 2011. Director of Education for GEMS Education UK. Non-Executive Chairman of the Clarendon Academies Group
 * Dr Nigel P. V. Richardson - 1994 to 2008. Headmaster of The Dragon School from 1989 to 1992. Chairman of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference in 2007. Governor of Magdalen College School and Haileybury. AGBIS board member. Author of the biography Thring of Uppingham: Victorian Educator
 * Mr Edward C. Elliott, MA - 2008 onwards. Joined the school in 1997 as head of sixth form and was senior deputy head before being appointed headmaster

Notable staff

 * Henry Caldwell Cook, (1886–1939) educationalist
 * Frederick Crossfield Happold DSO (Cantab.)
 * Lilly Frazer (1854/5 – 1941) French teacher and writer
 * Glenn Kirkham, captain of the England national field hockey team and Perse's Director of Sport from September 2017 to June 2023.
 * Helen Richardson Walsh, hockey gold medalist

title: The Perse School


text:
Insight on the News

Insight on the News, also called Insight, was an American conservative print and online news magazine. It was owned by News World Communications, an international media conglomerate founded by Unification movement founder Sun Myung Moon, which at the time owned The Washington Times, United Press International, and several newspapers in Africa, Japan, South America, and. Insight's reporting sometimes resulted in journalistic controversy.

History
Insight was founded in 1985, three years after the founding of The Washington Times. Both publications were headquartered at 3600 New York Avenue NE, in Washington, D.C. The magazine was subsidized annually with $40 million from News World, which by 2002 had shrunk to about $4 million.

In 1991, the magazine was one of the first publications to use the word "Islamophobia". In 1997 Insight reported that the administration of President Bill Clinton gave political donors rights to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. This charge was widely repeated on talk radio and other conservative outlets; but was later denied by the United States Army, which has charge over the cemetery. Media and political pressure led to the body of M. Larry Lawrence, a former United States Ambassador to Switzerland, to be exhumed at Arlington and reinterred at another location.

Conservative journalists who worked at Insight include Richard Starr, John Podhoretz and David Brock. Contributors included Arnold Beichman, Arnaud de Borchgrave, Frank Gaffney, and Lew Rockwell.

In 1998, CNN reported that Insight "created a stir" when Paula Jones, who had filed a sexual harassment lawsuit against President Clinton, was the magazine's guest at the annual White House Correspondents Association dinner where Clinton spoke.

In 1999, Insight criticized Project Megiddo, an FBI report on possible right-wing terrorism predicted for the year 2000.

In 2001, Insight printed an article by Dan Smith which said that immigration and an ethnically diverse population helped to protect the United States against terrorism. This article was reprinted as a chapter in the 2004 book Terrorism: Opposing Viewpoints.

In 2002, Insight printed a story The Washington Times reporter Steve Miller writing that African Americans were doing well economically. This story was reprinted in the 2005 book Race Relations: Opposing Viewpoints.

In 2003, Insight misquoted President Abraham Lincoln as saying during the American Civil War: "Congressmen who willfully take action during wartime that damage morale and undermine the military are saboteurs, and should be arrested, exiled or hanged." By 2008, this statement was being widely repeated, although Lincoln never said or wrote it.

In 2004, Insight printed an article by Abdulwahah Alkebsi defending the role of Islam in bringing democracy to the Middle East. The story was reprinted as a chapter in the 2004 book: Islam: Opposing Viewpoints.

In 2004, News World Communications discontinued publication of the print magazine and hired Jeffrey T. Kuhner to run Insight as a stand-alone website. Under Kuhner, Insight did not identify its reporters, in what Kuhner described as an effort to encourage contributions from sources who "do not want to reveal their names". Kuhner said about this: “Reporters in Washington know a whole lot of what is going on and feel themselves shackled and prevented from reporting what they know is going on. Insight is almost like an outlet, an escape valve where they can come out with this information.”

In 2007, Insight reported on an undercover investigation of the Dar Al-Hijrah Islamic Center, located in Falls Church, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C., by the group Society of Americans for National Existence (SANE). Insight's story was denounced by the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR).

In May 2008, Insight ended publication and wrote to its readers: "The kind of cutting edge behind-the-scenes political intelligence you have come to rely upon from Insight will now be available from its sister publication, The Washington Times."

2008 presidential campaign
On January 17, 2007, Insight published a story which claimed that someone on the campaign staff of American presidential candidate Senator Hillary Clinton had leaked a report to one of Insight's reporters which said that Senator Barack Obama had "spent at least four years in a so-called madrassa, or Muslim seminary, in Indonesia" Jeffrey T. Kuhner, who wrote the story, claimed that the source said that the Clinton campaign was "preparing an accusation that her rival Senator Barack Obama had covered up a brief period he had spent in an Islamic religious school in Indonesia when he was six." Clinton denied the allegations. When interviewed by the New York Times, Kuhner refused to name the person said to be the reporter's source.

Insight's story was reported on first by conservative talk radio and Fox News Channel, and then by The New York Times and other media. CNN reporter John Vause visited State Elementary School Menteng 01, a secular public school which Obama had attended for one year after attending a Roman Catholic school for three, and found that each student received two hours of religious instruction per week in his or her own faith. He was told by Hardi Priyono, deputy headmaster of the school, "This is a public school. We don't focus on religion. In our daily lives, we try to respect religion, but we don't give preferential treatment." Students at Besuki wore Western clothing, and the Chicago Tribune described the school as "so progressive that teachers wore miniskirts and all students were encouraged to celebrate Christmas". Interviews by Nedra Pickler of the Associated Press found that students of all faiths have been welcome there since before Obama's attendance. Akmad Solichin, the vice principal of the school, told Pickler: “The allegations are completely baseless. Yes, most of our students are Muslim, but there are Christians as well. Everyone's welcome here ... it's a public school.”

title: Insight on the News


text:
Gyula, Hungary

Gyula (Jula; Jula or Giula) is a town in Békés County, Hungary. The town is best known for its medieval castle and a thermal bath. Ferenc Erkel, the composer of the Hungarian national anthem, and Albrecht Dürer the Elder, the father of Albrecht Dürer, were also born in Gyula.

Name
Gyula is named after the medieval Hungarian warlord Gyula III. Gyula was also a title among the Hungarian tribes and still a common male given name.

In Romanian, the town is known as Jula or Giula, in German as Jula and in Turkish as Göle.

Geography
Gyula is located in the Great Hungarian Plain on the River Fehér-Körös, 235 km southeast from Budapest and 5 km from the border with Romania. The (Szeged-)Békéscsaba-Gyula-Kötegyán railway line and Highway 44 also cross the town. Highway 44 is a four-lane expressway between Gyula and the county seat Békéscsaba.

History
The first recorded reference to Gyula was in a document dated 1313 which mentions a monastery called Gyulamonostora (Julamonustra in Latin). By 1332 the settlement around the monastery was called Gyula. The construction of Gyula Castle began in the 14th century but finished only in the mid-16th century. It was the property of the Maróthy family and later John Corvinus, the illegitimate son of Matthias Corvinus.

In the beginning of July 1566, Ottoman army of 30,000 men surrounded the Gyula castle. The city defenders surrendered after 63 days of siege to save the citizens. No other castle in Hungary could hold the besieging Ottoman army for such a long time. Despite the deal, the defenders who withdrew on 2 September were looted and many of them were slaughtered by the Turkish janissaries. Castle captain Kerecsényi was also captured during the retreat. The Turks took him to Belgrade, where he was executed.

From 1566 the town became part of Ottoman Hungary. During Ottoman rule, it was known as Göle and was sanjak centre in Temeşvar Eyalet.

At the end of 1693, Gyula remained the only stronghold of the Ottomans north of the Maros river. In 1694, several Turkish letters sent from the castle were intercepted by the imperial troops, in which they requested the delivery of food from the Turkish army stationed in Temesvár. The Turkish military leadership was unable to deliver food to Gyula. In mid-December 1694, the Turkish castle commander indicated his intention to capitulate. On 21 December, a contract was signed on the surrender of the castle and the free retreat of the guard and the population. Gyula's Turkish guard left the castle on 18 January 1695, and after 129 years, the city was liberated by Christian troops.

Due to the wars, most of the native Hungarian population fled from Gyula and Békés County became near uninhabited. The landowner János Harruckern invited German, Hungarian, and Romanian settlers, who re-established the town in the early 18th century. In 1881, the town had 18,046 inhabitants, of which 12,103 were Hungarians, 2,608 Romanians, 2,124 Germans, 400 Slovaks and 811 of other ethnicities. Gyula became a popular tourist destination in the 20th century. The thermal bath was established in 1942 and expanded in 1959, and the castle was restored in 1962.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the population of Gyula was 31,067, of whom there were 25,895 (83.4%) Hungarians, 974 (3.1%) Romanians, 971 (3.1%) Germans and 102 (0.3%) Romani by ethnicity. In Hungary, people can declare more than one ethnicity, so some people declared Hungarian and a minority one together.

Gyula is the center of the small native Romanian community of Hungary. It has its own newspaper published in Gyula, Foaia Românească ("The Romanian Sheet"). Gyula also has a school for its Romanian population, the Nicolae Bălcescu Romanian Gymnasium, Primary School and College, as well as a Research Institute of the Romanians of Hungary seated in the town. Furthermore, the Diocese of Gyula, the Romanian Orthodox diocese serving the Romanians in Hungary, is seated in Gyula. The town itself hosts two Romanian Orthodox churches, the St. Nicholas Romanian Orthodox Cathedral and the St. Paraskeva Church. There is also a consulate general of Romania in Gyula.

In 2011 there were 5,726 (18.4%) Roman Catholic, 5,560 (17.9%) Hungarian Reformed (Calvinist), 606 (2.0%) Orthodox and 507 (1.6%) Lutheran in Gyula. 8,304 people (26.7%) were irreligious and 453 (1.5%) Atheist, while 9,012 people (29.0%) did not declare their religion.

Tourist attractions

 * Gyula Castle (Gyulai vár)
 * Thermal bath (Gyulai gyógyfürdő)
 * 100-year-old confectionery (100 éves cukrászda)
 * Town hall, 1861 (Városháza)
 * Birth house of Ferenc Erkel (Erkel Ferenc szülőháza)
 * Saint Michael Cathedral, 1825 (Szent Miklós katedrális)
 * Roman Catholic church, 1775-1777 (Római katolikus templom)
 * Roman Catholic chapel, 1738–1752, (Római katolikus kápolna)

Politics
The current mayor of Gyula is Dr. Ernő István Görgényi of the Fidesz-KDNP party.

The local Municipal Assembly has 14+1 members divided into this political parties and alliances:

Sport
The Christián László Municipal Sports Complex is a municipal sports complex, consisting of 13 hectares of sports facilities, which includes the Himer Center field with an athletics track and a football pitch surrounded by a motorcycle speedway track. In addition, there are two more full size football pitches, tennis courts, basketball and skateboarding facilities.

Born in Gyula

 * Béla Bánáthy (1919–2003), social scientist and professor
 * Zoltán Bay (1900–1992), physicist (born in Gyulavári, now part of Gyula)
 * Imre Bródy (1891–1944), physicist
 * Albrecht Dürer the Elder (1427–1502), the father of Albrecht Dürer
 * Ferenc Erkel (1810–1893), composer
 * Imre König (1901–1992), chess player
 * László Krasznahorkai (born 1954), novelist and screenwriter
 * Mihály Mező (born 1978), singer and musician
 * Moise Nicoară (1784–1861), Romanian lawyer, professor, translator and writer
 * George Pomutz (1818–1882), Romanian-American diplomat and general

Lived in Gyula

 * Róbert Barna (1974–2013), Hungarian bodybuilding champion
 * Béla Bartók (1881–1945), Hungarian composer

Burials in Gyula

 * John Corvin (1473–1504), King of Bosnia, illegitimate son of Matthias Corvinus
 * Beatrice de Frangepan (1480–1510), wife of John Corvin

Twin Towns - Sister Cities
Gyula is twinned with:

 * 🇷🇴 Arad, Romania (1994)
 * 🇲🇩 Bălți, Moldova
 * 🇮🇹 Budrio, Italy (1965)
 * 🇩🇪 Ditzingen, Germany (1991)
 * Droitwich, United Kingdom (2001)
 * 🇦🇹 Krumpendorf, Austria (1995)
 * 🇷🇴 Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania (1993)
 * 🇦🇹 Schenkenfelden, Austria (1997)
 * 🇷🇴 Zalău, Romania (1991)

title: Gyula, Hungary


text:
Beti-Pahuin peoples

The Beti-Pahuin are a Bantu ethnic group located in Center region of Cameroon. Though they separate themselves into several individual clans, they all share a common origin, history and culture. Estimated to be well over 8 million individuals in the early 21st century, they form the largest ethnic group in central Cameroon and its capital city of Yaounde. Their Beti languages are mutually intelligible.

Group distinctions
The Beti-Pahuin are made up of over 20 individual clans. Altogether, they inhabit a territory of forests and rolling hills that stretches from the Sanaga River in the north to Equatorial Guinea and the northern halves of Gabon to Congo to the south, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the west to the Dja River in the east.

Beti
The first grouping, called the Beti, consists of the Ewondo (more precisely Kolo), Bane, Fang (more precisely M'fang), Mbida-Mbane, Mvog-Nyenge, Bran (more precisely Brang or Brong) and Eton (or Iton). The Eton are further subdivided into the Eton-Beti, Eton-Beloua, and Beloua-Eton.

The Ewondo, or Yaunde, are centered on Yaoundé, Cameroon's capital, which was named for them. They also populate the eastern Mefou division and the Mfoundi and Nyong and So divisions in the Centre Province. The remainder of their territory lies in the northern portions of the Ocean division in the South Province. Their language (or Beti dialect), also called Ewondo, is the most widely spoken of the Beti languages in Cameroon, with an estimated 1,200,000 speakers in 1982. It serves as a lingua franca in Yaoundé and much of the rest of Cameroon's Center and South Provinces.

The Eton live primarily in the Lekie division of Cameroon's Centre Province with major settlements at Sa'a and Obala. They speak the Eton language or dialect, which had 500,000 speakers in 1982.

Fang
The Fang (or Fan) form the second group. Individual ethnic groups include the Fang proper, the Ntumu, the Mvae, and the Okak. Fang territories begin at the southern edge of Cameroon south of Kribi, Djoum, and Mvangan in the South Province and continue south across the border, including all of Río Muni in Equatorial Guinea and south into Gabon and Congo.

Bulu
The third grouping is called the Bulu and makes up about a third of all Beti-Pahuin in Cameroon. The Bulu include the Bulu proper of Sangmélima, Kribi, and Ebolowa, the Fong and Zaman of the Dja River valley, the Yengono, Yembama and Yelinda of the Nyong River valley, and the Yesum, Yebekanga, Yebekolo, and Mvele.

Other groups
In addition, several other peoples are currently being assimilated or "Pahuinised" by their Beti-Pahuin neighbours. These include the Manguissa, Yekaba, Bamvele, Evuzok, Batchanga (Tsinga), Omvang, Yetude, and, to some extent, the Baka.

Society and culture
A large number of Beti-Pahuin are involved in lucrative enterprises such as cocoa and coffee farming.

The Beti-Pahuin peoples organised themselves according to a series of patrilineal kinships, although some of its subgroups seem to have practiced matriliny in the past. As a consequence of this matrilineal past we can still nowadays see the strong link among the maternal uncle and the nephew. The family (a man, his wife or wives, and his children) forms the backbone of this system. Several families of a common lineage live together in a village, and in turn, several related villages form a clan. These clans come under the nominal rule of a chief, who is also traditionally regarded as a religious authority.

The majority of the Beti-Pahuin ethnic groups live in small, roadside villages of no more than a few hundred inhabitants. These villages are mostly linear, with houses paralleling the road and backed by forest. The typical dwelling unit is constructed of dried-mud bricks placed onto a bamboo frame and roofed with raffia-palm fronds. In recent times, metal roofing has become increasingly common, and wealthier individuals may construct their homes in concrete.

Beti-Pahuin territory also includes a number of sizable towns and cities, most of which were begun by the Germans or French. Here, settlements are more in the European pattern, with a network of streets, various neighborhoods, and central administrative or commercial districts.

Diet
Most individuals maintain an agrarian lifestyle. Manioc and maize form the staple crops with plantains, yams, and groundnuts also playing a vital role (in fact, "Ewondo" and/or "Yaoundé" mean "groundnut") and in general the earth. A variety of forest products, such as greens, insects, mushrooms, and various palm products, supplements the diet. Livestock is limited to small animals that may be left to forage unattended, such as goats, pigs, and chickens.

These are typically saved for special occasions such as funerals or New Year's Day. Instead, the main source of animal protein during the year, comes from bushmeat, that is, wild game such as pangolin, porcupine, and monkey brought in by jungle hunters. Likewise, fishing is central to the lives of many Beti-Pahuin, particularly in Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe.

In addition, a substantial number of Beti-Pahuin are involved in the cocoa plantations that dot the territory of Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Cameroon's south. Most of these are Bulus or Fangs, since their territory contains the largest concentration of plantations. In contrast, the Ewondos farther north often find work as unskilled labor, as their environment is much more urbanized. Many Beti-Pahuin were highly skilled workers in wood, ivory, and soapstone. They were particularly noted for their lively masks.

Religion
Most Beti-Pahuin peoples were Christianised by 1939 (though the Fang were also influenced by the Mitsogo). At that time, much of their traditional culture was abandoned, including much native dance and song. After the colonial era ended, their traditional religion has enjoyed a resurgence, such as the Bwiti religion and, as has a flowering of new styles of music and dance, such as the Bikutsi of the Ewondos.

Thus, today many Beti-Pahuin consider themselves Christian, go to church on Sundays, and then attend various secret societies or visit a traditional healer at other times during the week.

Other languages
Some Fang peoples also speak or understand their countries’ official languages: Spanish in Equatorial Guinea (Annobonese in Annobón); French in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon; Portuguese, Angolar, Principense, and Forro in São Tomé and Príncipe, English in Cameroon.

title: Beti-Pahuin peoples


text:
Groovy Rednecks

The Groovy Rednecks are an alt-country band from Los Angeles, California, who refer to themselves as being a "country band for people who hate country" and a "Drinkin' Band". The Rednecks consist of vocalist/lyricist Tex Troester, guitarist Bob Ricketts, bassist Steve Seifert, drummer Chris Baily and guitarist Gary Riley.

Since forming in 1991, the Rednecks have played over 900 shows. The band has been considered a top LA Country Band for decades, was named a Top-10 LA Country/Americana band in 2017, and has been featured on the cover and in an in-depth story in the LA Weekly. They record for the label "Chicken Fried Steaks" and have been extolled for their "...wild, hootin’ and hollerin’ country rock..." As of 2020, they've released five CDs.

Members

 * Tex Troester – Vocals (founder)
 * Bob Ricketts – Guitar
 * Steve Seifert - Bass
 * Gary Riley – Guitar / mandolin
 * Chris Bailey - Drums

Discography

 * 1997: Buzzed
 * 1999: Wishful Drinking
 * 2003: Ass Grabbin’ Country
 * 2006: Loud Mouth Drunks
 * 2013:   Tawdry Tales

title: Groovy Rednecks


text: User talk:198.163.125.144

title: User talk:198.163.125.144


text:
Brach's

Brach's is a candy and sweets brand of Ferrara Candy Company.

History
In 1904, Emil J. Brach invested his $1,000 life savings in a storefront candy store located at the corner of North Avenue and Towne Street in Chicago, Illinois. He named it "Brach's Palace of Sweets". With his sons Edwin and Frank, he started with one kettle. Investing in additional equipment he was able to lower his production costs and sell his candy for 20 cents per pound, well below the more typical 50 cents per pound his competitors were charging. By 1911, his production had reached 50,000 pounds per week.

By 1923, Brach had four factories operating at capacity. He then invested $5 million in a new factory, beginning construction in 1921. Built at 4656 West Kinzie Street, it consolidated production into one building. At the time, the company was producing 127 varieties of candy and had a capacity of 2,225,000 pounds per year. Over the years, the Kinzie plant was expanded, and investments in new processes and equipment were made, including a chocolate grinding plant and a large panning operation. In 1948, an electrical spark ignited corn starch, causing a massive explosion on the plant's third floor that killed 11 employees and injured 18. Much of the factory's north side was destroyed. Reconstruction brought the plant's capacity up to more than 4 million pounds of product per year, and it employed 2,400 workers, in 2200000 sqft. It was recognized as the largest candy-manufacturing plant in the world at the time. At its peak, 4,500 employees worked there. The plant was abandoned in 2003 when new owners took over operations, and production was moved primarily to Mexico. In August 2007, An administrative building was blown up for the filming of The Dark Knight, with the rest of the complex being demolished in 2014 and currently remaining as parking space.

Prior to World War II, Brach's produced several candy bars, including a chocolate-covered, honeycombed, peanut butter Swing Bar as well as a mint and almond nougat bar. After the war, Brach's concentrated on bulk and bagged candies as Halloween Trick or treating became a popular activity. Brach's promoted its candy corn and other fall-themed candies, available in single-serve, pre-packaged packets.

In 1958, Brach's introduced the Pick-A-Mix concept. Customers could choose from a wide selection of items in bulk containers, scooping their choices, and paying one price per pound. This was adapted from the barrels seen in general stores at the time. Pick-A-Mix brought the dying traditional method of buying candy at the local corner or general store into the era of the modern supermarket.

In 1966, American Home Products Corporation purchased the company. In 1986, the last year of ownership by American Home Products, it accounted for two-thirds of the U.S. market for bagged candy and 7% of the $9 billion U.S. candy market. It employed 3,700 and had an estimated pretax profit of more than $75 million on sales of $640 million.

In 1987, Klaus Jacobs purchased the company for $730 million, and by the end of 1989, it was in serious trouble. Losses that year were an estimated $50 million and sales had decreased to $470 million. By 1993, sales had dropped to $400 million though losses were reduced somewhat to $26 million. All this occurred during a period when overall per capita candy consumption in the U.S. had increased 25%. By May, 1994, Brach's moved its headquarters from the plant property to a penthouse office in one of Chicago's wealthiest suburbs, saw a loss of nearly 900 jobs (42% of the workforce at that time), and suffered a loss of key customers and market share.

Jacobs almost immediately fired Brach's top officers and gutted the leadership of its sales, marketing, production, and finance departments. Some of these positions were filled with executives from Suchard's European operations—people with little experience in the candy industry. Former executives cited Jacobs's autocratic management style at Suchard and his inability to recognize the difference between American and European candy consumption habits. The name of the company was changed to Jacobs Suchard Inc., a name few retailers or consumers recognized, and product lines were trimmed from 1,700 to 400 in an attempt to cut costs. This alienated many of its largest customers, including Walgreens and Walmart, who found other sources, including Farley Candy. In addition to the cuts in product selection, Brach's also curtailed holiday promotional activities.

In 1990, Phillip Morris purchased Jacobs Suchard for $3.8 billion, except for its U.S. subsidiary. A holding company named Van Houten & Zoon Holding AG was formed by Klaus Jacobs to run Brach's and other businesses. Disagreements with Klaus Jacobs on marketing and management strategies continued, particularly over commodity vs. branded (Brach's) products. In 1993 alone, Brach's saw three different CEO's, and continued to experience a high rate of turnover and dismissals within the sales and marketing departments. Many of Brach's sales personnel left to work for its competitors.

In September 1994, Jacobs purchased the Brock Candy Company of Chattanooga for $140 million, a year in which Brock Candy had sales of $112 million and profits of $6.5 million. This was the second attempt by the two companies to join together. The first time had been while E. J. Brach's was under American Home Products ownership. The merger attempt at that time was abandoned because of concerns of an antitrust suit.

For a time the new company operated as the Brach and Brock Candy Company, later changed to Brach's Confections.

In 2003, Barry Callebaut AG purchased the new company. The principal owner of Brach's, KJ Jacobs AG, was also a majority stakeholder in Barry Callebaut. As part of the deal, Barry Callebaut agreed to assume $16 million in debt, fund restructuring efforts for five years and paid a symbolic $1.00 for the company.

In 2007, the company was sold to the Farley's & Sathers Candy Company, which in turn merged with the Ferrara Pan Candy Company in 2012 to form the Ferrara Candy Company.

Products
The company's first product was caramels, which it produced through a process that allowed it to underprice competition, creating a large demand. This product is still a company mainstay to the present day, along with a large variety of other products, including a line of everyday products and special seasonal offerings.

Candy corn
Brach's candy corn is the number one selling candy corn product in the United States. Primarily associated with Halloween, it can also be bought year-round, though it is subject to seasonal availability. It is available in a wide variety of flavors, such as pumpkin spice, s'mores and caramel.

Conversation Hearts
Brach's Sweethearts are small heart-shaped sugar candies sold around Valentine's Day. Each conversation heart is printed with a message such as "Be Mine," "Kiss Me", "Call Me", or "Miss You". They are now being made in a number of sizes and themes including Emoticon and Alphabet hearts.

Nougats
Brach's chewy sweet confections are available seasonally in different flavors. The flavors vary from year to year, but in recent years there have been peppermint, wintergreen, and cinnamon for the Christmas season; candy corn-flavored for Halloween, and ice cream-flavored for Easter.

Jelly Beans
Brach's Original Jelly Beans are an Easter season mainstay. In addition to the original mix, they are available in spiced, speckled, orchard fruit and sour flavors. For the 2015 Easter season, they also released tiny- and jumbo-sized versions of the classic flavor mix.

Chocolates
In addition to seasonal products, Brach's sells chocolates, including Malt Balls, Double Dipped Peanuts, Chocolate Stars, Almond Supremes, and Bridge Mix. For Easter, the Malt Balls are egg-shaped and covered in a speckled candy shell, in either a white, or pastel mix and are called Fiesta Malted Milk Eggs.

Other candies
Brach's also makes year-round candies, including Star Brite Mints, Caramel Royals, Lemon Drops, Spice Drops, and Maple Nut Goodies.

title: Brach's


text:
Talk:Sofia Gubaidulina

Is she Muslim?
Her father was a mullah in Tatarstan, but she seems to associate freely with the Russian Orthodox faith.

Anyone knows what her religious affiliation is? Just curious to know. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.111.66.214 (talk) 07:06, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

By her own admition she is practicing Orthodox christian - see В. Холопова. София Губайдулина. Путеводитель по произведениям. М., 2001. С. 3-4 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.165.173.131 (talk) 18:10, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

Her name

 * What is the source for the new spellings of her name? Hyacinth 17:33, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have moved the page back to "Sofia Gubaidulina". For one, it is the spelling used in the vast majority of recordings as well as in the scores of her works released in English-speaking countries. It is the spelling used in Kurtz' biography, which seems to be authorised. Finally, it is a pretty direct transliteration from the Russian. The spelling that appeared here appears to have been from the Tatar, but see how Gubaidulina herself spelled her name. She used a Russified version in her professional life in Russia, not anything from the Tatar. Crculver 18:12, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * OK! --Untifler 17:24, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Officially, Tatar language uses cyrillic script - probably it would be sensible to transliterate her name in Tatar or put it in both alphabets? Dormidondt

 * I recently read an interview that stated that Gubaidulina's father was Russian-speaking by choice from before Sofia Asgatovna was born. So, there's no real reason for the Tatar name here, because her parents did not actually use it. I will remove it if there are no objections. Crculver 02:18, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There are objections. As she was borned in Tatar ASSR she has a passport where her Tatar name was written in Tatar, the second state language. Even through ethnically Russians living/lived in Tatarstan has a Tatar spelling of their names, differ than in Russian, it should be given. If even she doesn't used her name's Tatar variant anywhere, there are a lot of publications in Tatar about she, and there her name is written in Tatar :) So, I think, the presence of her Tatar name have less objections than its absence. --Üñţïf̣ļëŗ ( see also: ә? Ә!) 18:21, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Qualitative statement of subject's notability?
I wonder whether this article is 'too neutral.' Subject is one of the most performed and most awarded living composers in the world; I think the article could use a qualitative statement to that effect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.81.251.127 (talk) 05:54, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * The problem with a "qualitative statement" like that is that someone is likely to challenge its truth, not to mention the vagueness. Does "one of" mean "in the top five", "in the top fifty", or "in the top five hundred"? If the last, is this really a very significant accomplishment? How do you measure "awardedness" when it comes to composers? If we were talking about a military officer, we could count up the medals, but composers' awards range from the monumental (Grawemeyer Award, Pulitzer Prize, Polar Prize, etc.) to the nearly trivial. As to performances, that could be difficult to verify as well. Even assuming access to her publisher's database, it would be necessary to compile data on a reasonable number of other living composers to see how she compares. The simple solution to this problem would be to find a published, reliable source that says "Sofia Gubaidulina is one of the most performed and most awarded living composers in the world". Then there is no controversy: it is an opinion that can be attributed to a responsible authority.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 18:24, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * How do you measure or determine the reliability or responsibility of a source? Do we need a reliable and responsible source to verify that?  Abstrator (talk) 15:32, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * See WP:RS. Toccata quarta (talk) 18:58, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * She has been given quite a number of awards, maybe more than any other (living) composer? Awards could be listed? About most performed, I don't know.Marlindale (talk) 04:06, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Ancestry
Her father was Tatar, her mother ethnically Russian, so it seems not clear to call her Tatar? Marlindale (talk) 21:15, 27 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I've changed it back: it was a controversial edit made without any references. We will need something more substantial to make such a change. 2A00:23C4:A683:6A00:58E7:D45B:34A3:C2E2 (talk) 14:16, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

It seems to me neither "Russian" nor "Tatar" is satisfying. I don't think it's good to call her either one. What about "of Tatar and Russian ancestry"? Marlindale (talk) 17:14, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Infobox
Would any one object to an infobox? I'll wait a week before adding one to allow people's thoughts. — Iadmc  ♫ talk  03:18, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

 * OK. It's not a week yet but no-one has come forward at all. wp:BRD I'll put the box in! Revert/discuss as you wish — Iadmc  ♫ talk  00:15, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you, I removed the box here then to not confuse the inclusion count. See Leighton. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:39, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sofia Gubaidulina


text:
Izarra (liqueur)

Izarra means “star” in Basque, and is a brand of liqueur that was created in 1906 in Hendaye, in the Basque Country, by the botanist and pharmacist Joseph Grattau. Izarra is a liqueur made from a distillate of plants, spices and 2 macerations, prunes and walnut husks. After being heated in a copper still, the distillate is blended with armagnac in accordance with the original recipe. A symbol of the Basque Country, Izarra was acquired by Cointreau SA in 1981 then sold in 2015 to Spirited Brands Limited, and has been distributed by the Vedrenne group since 2018.

Range
Izarra can be enjoyed in cocktails, as a long drink or neat as an after-dinner liqueur.

In the course of its history, it has crossed paths with Ernest Hemingway, Nikita Khrushchev and French chef Pierre Gagnaire.

There are two types of Izarra :

 * Green Izarra (Izarra Berdea in Basque, Izarra Vert in French) 48% abv, made with 17 plants, including nutmeg, coriander seeds and leaves, fennel, angelica seeds and root, celery, balsam, elderflower, black caraway (nigella), wild thyme, cardamom, green aniseed, wormwood, lemon balm, peppermint, cinnamon, green walnut and prunes.

 * Yellow Izarra (Izarra Horia in Basque, Izarra Jaune in French) also 40% abv, whose final blend includes honey which is added after various macerations in alcohol and armagnac.

Production
The liqueur was inspired by a formula dating from 1835 that Joseph Grattau discovered when he set up his business in Bayonne.

To recreate the original flavour, the recipe was revised in 2019, with a greater concentration of plants and a reduced sugar content.

Green and yellow Izarra have a common base of ten plants and spices that are first distilled in a copper still. A simple spirit is produced, of which only the heart or “middle cut” is retained. This is then blended with a mixture of walnut husks and prunes which has itself been macerated several months in pure spirit. Finally, for green Izarra, the master distiller adds some armagnac and a little sugar to obtain Izarra, known in its glory years as “sunshine in a glass”.

For yellow Izzara, the final blend includes honey which is added after various macerations in alcohol and armagnac.

History

 * The botanist Joseph Grattau created the “Izarra Fine-Hendaye” liqueur in Hendaye in the Basque Country in 1906.
 * In 1907, the pelota champion Chiquito gave a bottle of Izarra to King Edward VII of England when he was visiting Sare.
 * In 1909, Izarra covered the walls of houses in the Basque Country with advertisements and commissioned numerous posters that appeared in Biarritz and Bayonne.
 * In 1912, building on its success, Izarra expanded and opened a large distillery in Bayonne on the banks of the Adour.
 * In 1926, Izarra featured in Ernest Hemingway’s first novel, The Sun Also Rises.
 * In 1929, Izarra gained further acclaim in a new cocktail called, Et moi je te dis…Maud (“That’s Maud for you”), that won the Championnat de Cocktail des Artistes in Paris.
 * In 1934, to accompany Izarra’s arrival in the US, Zulla released its famous Izarra poster.
 * In the 1950s, as the Basque Country's iconic liqueur, Izarra sponsored numerous events, from ski competitions in the Pyrenees to pelota championships and traditional festivals.
 * In 1950, the poster designer Paul Colin produced Izarra’s most famous advertisement, which was seen all over the world.
 * In 1955, Izarra acquired its rival “La Liqueur d’Hendaye”.
 * In March 1960, the USSR minister, Nikita Khrushchev, tasted Izarra in Pau at a dinner held in his honour during the Cold War.
 * Izarra prospered during the 1960s, opening production facilities in Mexico, Argentina, Columbia, Venezuela, and Spain, with more than 1,200,000 bottles sold.
 * In 1981, Cointreau bought Izarra from the Grattau family.
 * In 1998, the historic distillery in Bayonne was destroyed and the liqueur was produced at Cointreau’s main factory in Angers.
 * In 2011, the Rémy Cointreau group relaunched the brand. Izarra’s head office was re-established in Bayonne.
 * In 2015, Spirited Brands, founded and directed by Roland Giscard d'Estaing, acquired the brand.
 * In 2018, Vedrenne took over distribution of the Izarra brand.

Cocktails
Six top French mixologists have created Izarra-based cocktails of which the most well known are:

 * The Basque Mojito, a twist on the classic Mojito with green Izarra instead of rum, for a fresher flavour;
 * The Lemon Izarra, green Izarra mixed with Lemon Schweppes or Kas Citron on the rocks. Very fresh and summery, slightly fruity, sweet, pastel green;
 * The Emerald Coast, with gin and armagnac.

Several new cocktails have been developed since 2018:

 * Tik'Izarra, with green Izarra, orgeat syrup, pineapple juice and lemon juice.
 * Basquiano, with yellow Izarra, red Vermouth, Salers 16% and sparkling water.
 * Iza Gorria, with yellow Izarra, VEDRENNE Supercassis 20% and tonic water.
 * Beko, with green Izarra, Gascogne rosé and tonic water.

title: Izarra (liqueur)