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Talk:Tax bracket

Removed a paragraph
I removed this:

 * Notes - This does not cover employees national insurance, which is essentially another tax. This is taxed at a rate of 11% for money earned per week between £84 and £645 per week, and 1% for money earned above the £645 per week threshold.  For most incomes this tends to work out around an additional 5-10% to the tax rate.

National Insurance payments are used to pay for Social Security and State Pension. They are very similar to american Social Security payments, in that you get an NI number which is similar to an SS identification number. We are not including the Social Security amounts paid out in other countries. It makes no sense to include it here. This is a page about tax brackets, not other taxations.

If we wish to include it here, then we need to look at adding it to the other countries:

For example: America has a 7.5% Social Security taxation, which works out to an additional 7.5% tax rate on top of the above. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Kaylus (talk • contribs) 21:37, 30 January 2007 (UTC).

Removed a paragraph
I removed this:

 * Some systems use an absolute tax bracket, where the entire amount is taxed at one rate. This can mean that someone earning just enough extra money to take them over the threshold to the next bracket, could pay even more than that extra in taxes.

This would be a good discussion and deserve its own section, but I don't know of any jurisdiction that does this, and "absolute tax bracket" gets 3 Google hits, which are all mirrors of this page. If anyone can support this paragraph, please put it back into the article with examples of locations where it exists — and with typical tax strategies people use in the region. Tempshill 23:21, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Tax brackets from other countries would be appreciated
Tax brackets from other countries would be interesting and appreciated! Tempshill 23:54, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Tax Bracket Myths
While not technically completely as a result of brackets, marginal tax rates through income-related benefits can be over 100% and encourage you to lower your income. While it is not entirely the result of the brackets, it could perhaps be mentioned in here to be clear that there still may be reasons to minimize income. -Nichlemn 07:26, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Removed a paragraph
This seemed redundant, since I think it means a "non-absolute tax bracket", which is what the article describes.

 * In New Zealand the income is taxed by the amount that falls within each tax bracket. In other words if a person earns $60,000 they will only pay 34.2% on the amount that falls between $38,001 and $60,000 rather than paying this on the full $60,000.

Aruthra 19:50, 2 February 2006 (UTC) Related to tax bracket for New Zealand Also corrected the tax percentage as per the offcial web site rate ref : www.ird.co.nz --203.118.135.21 23:51, 20 February 2006 (UTC)Ganesh

Question about deductions in the US
I noticed that the Canadian tax system allows for a personal deduction, but it seems to work so it's not like you didn't earn it and still have to pay higher brackets on the remainder. For instance, if someone earning $100,000 gets to write off the basic amount of $9,036 (which they don't), they would be taxed on $90,964. Instead it appears you pay tax on the entire $100,000, and then get back the 13% you paid on that $9,036. The result is a slightly higher overall tax rate.

In order to better compare the two, can someone comment on how the US system works in this regard? Is there an equivalent of the basic amount, and if so, is it taken off the income, or the taxes (as in the Canadian system)?

Maury 20:23, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

The personal exemption (one per dependent) and standard/itemized deductions (covering Schedule A deductible areas) in the US both reduce taxable income and are not after-tax credits. Because of this, the numerics given on the main page for the typical single US filer are not correct unless "earning" is replaced by "with a taxable income of". The standard deduction was $5000 for tax year 2005 for single filers and the personal exemption $3200 which reduces the taxable income from $100K adjusted gross earnings (AGI) for the example shown by $8200 to $91800.--Billymac00 18:56, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

As you requested I added a simple example of the US tax calculation. Mark W Morris 19:26, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Removed Opinionated Paragraph

 * In 1981, the Reagan tax cuts brought a top tax bracket of 27% and today, under the George W. Bush Republicans, Dividends and Capital Gains are taxed at a maximum of 15% while many two earner families are in a 35% bracket plus they must pay 7.65% for Social Security and Medcare. There are no Social Security and Medicare taxes on Dividends, Capital Gains, Interest Income and Rental Income.

Although personally I agree with the intent, it is clearly politically motivated, and not relevant to a factual discussion of tax brackets. Also mis-spelled 'Medicare'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.107.193.130 (talk • contribs) 19:33, 10 November 2006
 * I agree. This at least needs citations.  It's been readded without discussion.  I'm going to remove it again.  Does anyone disagree? Chovain 00:24, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Dollar amount inaccuracies
Most of the dollar amounts given are off by a dollar. I'd change it myself but I'm not entirely sure I'm right. For example it says there is a tax bracket under $20,000, and then a tax bracket over $20,001. So what about $20,000 to $20,001? As a result, $1,999.99 is the most you would pay if you had income over $20K (or $2K if they use fractions of pennies and round up). So I'd say that either the language needs fixing, or the details do. If someone confirms I can change it. (anon)

In the US, you are allowed to round to the nearest dollar for input and after calculations. Tax brackets are in whole dollars. The tax tables are in dollars and are in $50 increments, "at least $41,000 but less than $41,050." So the range is from $41,000 to $41,049. You must round all your pennies before going to the tax tables. The tax brackets are "if line 7 is over $7,000 but not over $28,400." So the bracket is $7,001 to $28,400. You are allowed to enter pennies if you want on your Form 1040 which is the basic income tax form for most individuals. Mark W Morris 19:45, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Canadian Taxes Updated for 2009
I've updated the Canadian tax brackets for 2009 and included a note about the basic personal amount (every Canadian can deduct 9,600 dollars from their taxable income). 66.131.197.203 (talk) 16:50, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Want to know
How do u figure out what u pay taxes on 1500 Winning from the lottery 174.215.144.2 (talk) 14:16, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tax bracket


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Interstate Highway standards

Standards for Interstate Highways in the United States are defined by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in the publication A Policy on Design Standards: Interstate System. For a certain highway to be considered an Interstate Highway, it must meet these construction requirements or obtain a waiver from the Federal Highway Administration.

Standards
Standardization helps keep road design consistent, such that drivers can learn the consistent features and drive accordingly. Standardization can therefore decrease accidents and increase driver safety.

These standards are, :
 * Controlled access: All access onto and off the highway is to be controlled with interchanges and grade separations, including all railroad crossings. Interchanges are to provide access to and from both directions of the highway and both directions of the crossroad. Interchanges should be spaced at least 1 mi apart in urban areas and 3 mi apart in rural areas; collector/distributor roads or other roadway configurations that reduce weaving can be used in urban areas to shorten this distance.
 * In urban areas, there should be no driveways or other access points to adjacent properties along the crossroad for at least 100 ft from entrance and exit ramps, in both directions, and for at least 300 ft in rural areas.
 * In urban and suburban areas, consideration should be given to accommodating bicycles and pedestrians along crossroads.
 * Minimum design speed: A minimum design speed of 70 mi/h is to be used, except in mountainous and urban areas, where the minimum is 50 mi/h.
 * The sight distance, curvature and superelevation of the highway should follow the current edition of AASHTO's A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets for the chosen design speed.
 * Maximum grade: The maximum permissible vertical angle, or grade, along the highway is determined from terrain and design speed, with up to 6% generally allowed in mountainous areas, 5% in rolling terrain, and 4% on level terrain. An additional 1% is allowed in urban areas.
 * Minimum number of lanes: There are to be at least two lanes in each direction, unless more are necessary for an acceptable level of service, according to the current edition of AASHTO's A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Climbing lanes and emergency escape ramps should be provided where appropriate.
 * Minimum lane width: The minimum lane width is 12 ft, identical to most US and state highways.
 * Shoulder width: The minimum width of the left paved shoulder is 4 ft, and of the right paved shoulder 10 ft. With three or more lanes in each direction, both shoulders are to be at least 10 ft wide. In mountainous terrain, a left shoulder of 4 ft and a right shoulder of 8 ft are acceptable, except where there are at least four lanes in each direction, in which case both shoulders are to be at least 8 ft wide. In places with higher truck traffic, over 250 directional design hour volume, wider shoulders should be considered.
 * Pavement sloping: On straight sections of the highway, the roadway is to have a cross slope of at least 1.5%, and preferably 2% to ensure proper drainage, with up to 2.5% in areas of heavy rainfall. The cross slope of both the left and right shoulders should be between 2% and 6%, but not less than the main lanes.
 * Median width: The median should have a width of least 50 ft, and preferably 60 ft, in rural areas, and 10 ft, plus a barrier, in urban or mountainous areas.
 * Recovery areas: There should be no fixed objects in the clear zone, the width of which should be determined by the design speed in accordance with the current edition of AASHTO's Roadside Design Guide. When this is not possible, breakaway supports or barriers guarding the objects should be used. Special care should be taken in depressed highways, where piers and walls should be placed at least 2 ft beyond the outer edge of either shoulder. Slopes in the clear zone should be at most 1:4, and should typically be 1:6.
 * Curbs: No curb is to be placed nearer to the roadway than the outside edge of the paved shoulder. Any curb is to have a sloping, and not a vertical face, and be no more than 4 in in height. Special care should be taken when curbs are combined with barriers.
 * Vertical clearance: The minimum vertical clearance under overhead structures, such as bridges, is 16 ft, including both paved shoulders and an allowance for extra layers of pavement. Through urban areas, at least one routing is to have 16 ft clearances, but others may have a lesser clearance of 14 ft. Sign supports and pedestrian overpasses must be at least 17 ft above the road, except on urban routes with lesser clearance, where they should be at least 1 ft higher than other objects. The cross bracing of truss bridges has a special additional clearance requirement of 17.5 ft.
 * Bridges: Bridges less than 200 ft long should carry the full width of the roadway, including the paved shoulders. Longer bridges can reduce the width of both shoulders to 4 ft.
 * Existing bridges can remain part of the Interstate system if they have at least 12 ft lanes with 3.5 ft shoulder on the left and a 10 ft shoulder on the right, except that longer bridges can have 3.5 ft shoulders on both sides. For all bridges, the railing should be upgraded if necessary.
 * Tunnel clearance: Tunnels should not differ significantly from bridges, but because of the high costs of tunnels, the width of both shoulders may be reduced to 4 ft. An exit walkway 4 ft wide is also required, which should either be elevated or separated from the roadway with a barrier. In addition, access for emergency responders needs to be accommodated. The minimum vertical clearance is the same as it is under bridges.
 * Markings: All road markings should be retroreflective.

Exceptions

The standards have been changed over the years, resulting in many older Interstates not conforming to the current standards, and yet others are not built to standards because to do so would be too costly or environmentally unsound.

Some roads were grandfathered into the system. Most of these were toll roads that were built before the Interstate system came into existence or were under construction at the time President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. One example is the Pennsylvania Turnpike, which originally had a very narrow median that later required the installation of a steel guardrail and later a Jersey barrier due to heavy traffic loads. The Kansas Turnpike had a 20 ft depressed median (16 ft narrower than the Interstate minimum) along its entire 236 mi length from its opening in 1956 through the mid-1980s when Jersey barriers were installed.

Interstate 35E through Saint Paul, Minnesota is an example of a freeway that was not grandfathered into the system that is nonetheless an exception to standards. Initially designed in the 1960s, but not opened until 1990, the freeway has a speed limit of 45 mph, and does not allow vehicles weighing over 9,000 lb GVW. This is due to political opposition from surrounding homeowners in local neighborhoods, which greatly delayed and modified the project. Interstate 670, a spur of Interstate 70, also fails to reach the 50 mile per hour minimum and instead passes through Downtown Kansas City, Missouri at 45 miles per hour.

Interstate 75 on the Mackinac Bridge between St. Ignace and Mackinaw City, Michigan, is undivided. The bridge was designed before the start of the Interstate Highway System, and it was grandfathered into the system.

Interstate 93 through Franconia Notch, New Hampshire is also a notable exception, being a super two parkway with a speed limit of 45 mph.

All the unsigned Interstates in Alaska and Puerto Rico are exempt from Interstate Highway standards and are instead, per Title 23, Chapter 1, Section 103 of the U.S. Code, "designed in accordance with such geometric and construction standards as are adequate for current and probable future traffic demands and the needs of the locality of the highway".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Interstate Highway standards


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Sonia Vigneault

Sonia Vigneault is a French-Canadian actress, based in Montreal, Quebec. She has starred in several television programs and movies, including Mogadon 7, Bouscotte, Zigrail and Providence.

title: Sonia Vigneault


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Ánimas Trujano (film)

Ánimas Trujano (El hombre importante) (The Important Man) is a 1962 Mexican drama film directed by Ismael Rodríguez, based on a novel by Rogelio Barriga Rivas. It stars Toshiro Mifune, Columba Domínguez, Flor Silvestre, and Antonio Aguilar.

The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Plot
The film's setting is a town in Oaxaca during the festival of its patron saint, for which the church appoints a layman as mayordomo or steward, an honor that in effect is gained by being able to organize and cover the high costs of most of the saint's local festivities. The post is however very coveted by the locals as it is socially prestigious.

Ánimas Trujano (Mifune, dubbed by Narciso Busquets) is a drunken, irresponsible peasant who abuses his children and does nothing while his long-suffering wife supports the family. Obsessed with earning the respect which is denied to him by his peers as a result of his behavior, Trujano aims to be mayordomo in the annual festival and begins to do everything he can to get the needed money. After his eldest daughter is impregnated out of wedlock by the son of the local land baron (played by Eduardo Fajardo), Trujano sells the baby to the land baron in exchange for a small fortune that makes him eligible to be appointed mayordomo.

Meanwhile, Trujano's wife (Columba Domínguez) encounters trouble when it is revealed that her husband has been seeing a local woman of dubious morals (Flor Silvestre).

Cast

 * Toshiro Mifune as Ánimas Trujano (dubbed by Narciso Busquets)
 * Columba Domínguez as Juana
 * Flor Silvestre as Catalina
 * Pepe Romay as Pedrito (as Pepito Romay)
 * Titina Romay as Dorotea
 * Amado Zumaya as Compadre
 * José Chávez as Brujo
 * Luis Aragón as Tendero
 * Juan Carlos Pulido as Belarmino
 * Magda Monzón
 * Jaime J. Pons as Carrizo
 * David Reynoso as Criton
 * Eduardo Fajardo as El Español
 * Antonio Aguilar as Tadeo

Awards and nominations
The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1962.

title: Ánimas Trujano (film)


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Boris Vladimirovich Gnedenko

Boris Vladimirovich Gnedenko (Бори́с Влади́мирович Гнеде́нко; January 1, 1912 – December 27, 1995) was a Soviet mathematician and a student of Andrey Kolmogorov. He was born in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), Russia, and died in Moscow. He is perhaps best known for his work with Kolmogorov, and his contributions to the study of probability theory, particularly extreme value theory, with such results as the Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem. Gnedenko was appointed as Head of the Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry Section of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in 1949, and became Director of the NASU Institute of Mathematics in 1955.

Gnedenko was a leading member of the Russian school of probability theory and statistics. He also worked on applications of statistics to reliability and quality control in manufacturing. He wrote a history of mathematics in Russia (published 1946), and with O. B. Sheynin the section on the history of probability theory in the history of mathematics by Kolmogorov and Adolph P. Yushkevich (published 1992). In 1958, he was a plenary speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Edinburgh with a talk entitled "Limit theorems of probability theory".

Books

 * with A. N. Kolmogorov:
 * with A. Ya. Khinchin:
 * with Yu. K. Belyayev and A. D. Solovyev:
 * with I. N. Kovalenko:
 * with Yu. K. Belyayev and A. D. Solovyev:
 * with I. N. Kovalenko:

title: Boris Vladimirovich Gnedenko


text:
Borden, Kent

Borden is a village and electoral ward situated immediately south west of Sittingbourne, Kent, from which it is separated by a small area of rural land.

The history of the name could be questioned. It may be derived from bor (hill) and then either from denu (valley) or denn (woodland pasture). It may also derive from "boar" "den", as it was known that the wild animals were found in the surrounding areas. Borden was first recorded in the twelfth century as Bordena. However it is more likely to stem from Sir Francis de Bourdon,(variations today also include Borden/Burden/Bourdon) who descended from the de Bourdons of Bayeux, in Normandy, France. Francis de Bourdon became Lord of the existing castle and surrounding lands, granted to him by William the Conqueror, as a gift to his vassal after the great Norman victory in 1066, and at which time became known as Bourdon. The lands were previously lorded over by the Saxon Ethelwolf of Kent, who perished at the Battle of Hastings (1066), Over the next few generations the name had become more English to reflect the Saxon population and became known as Borden.

The church and churchyard, which still stands today, were commissioned around the year 1210 by the Lady Robergia de Bourdon, (the daughter of Elfrida of Kent who was granddaughter of the defeated Saxon Ethelwolf and of Sir Simon de Bourdon of Bourdon and grandson of the conquering Sir Francis de Bourdon, and the wife of Sir Francis de Bourdon), and contain the remains of the family's earliest-known members.

The playstool is the delightfully idyllic name given to the village recreation ground and is the home ground of Borden Village FC. The club play in the Kent County Football League and are known as 'The Villagers'.

The village centre is clustered around the Grade I listed church, which is dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul and is at least eight hundred years old. The Church of England primary school and the local inn (The Maypole) are also in the centre. The Church of England primary school received an Ofsted overall effectiveness report of outstanding, after improving its reputation and teaching standards substantially over the last ten years.

Within the parish are several hamlets, including Heart's Delight, Chestnut Street and Oad Street. Farming in the area is the main industry, although this has been in decline for many years due to the "scrubbing" of most of the cherry and other fruit orchards. Borden also had a bell foundry and small ironmongers.

Today Borden is growing with new houses and has greater ties with Sittingbourne. Many residents now commute to major towns or London to work.

Demography
At the 2001 UK census, the Borden electoral ward had a population of 2,154. The ethnicity was 99.1% white, 0.3% mixed race, 0.5% Asian, 0% black and 0.1% other. The place of birth of residents was 96.9% United Kingdom, 0.4% Republic of Ireland, 0.7% other Western European countries, and 2% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 79.9% Christian, 0.1% Buddhist, 0.3% Hindu, 0% Sikh, 0% Jewish, and 0.4% Muslim. 13.4% were recorded as having no religion, 0.3% had an alternative religion and 5.5% did not state their religion.

The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 43.7% in full-time employment, 11.5% in part-time employment, 12.2% self-employed, 2.5% unemployed, 2.3% students with jobs, 2.6% students without jobs, 13.4% retired, 7% looking after home or family, 2.7% permanently sick or disabled and 2.1% economically inactive for other reasons. The industry of employment of residents was 17.1% retail, 16.3% manufacturing, 10.1% construction, 13.3% real estate, 7.7% health and social work, 6.8% education, 6.3% transport and communications, 5.1% public administration, 3.6% hotels and restaurants, 5.2% finance, 2.9% agriculture and 5.6% other. Compared with national figures, the ward had a relatively high proportion of workers in agriculture and construction. There were a relatively low proportion in health and social work, hotels and restaurants. Of the ward's residents aged 16–74, 16.7% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared with 19.9% nationwide.

People

 * Robert Plot
 * Violet McNaughton (née Jackson; 1879 – 1968), journalist and women's rights activist

title: Borden, Kent


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Haleakalā Observatory

The Haleakalā Observatory, also known as the Haleakalā High Altitude Observatory Site, is Hawaii's first astronomical research observatory. It is located on the island of Maui and is owned by the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Hawaiʻi, which operates some of the facilities on the site and leases portions to other organizations. Tenants include the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (LCOGTN). At over 3050 m in altitude, the summit of Haleakalā is above one third of the Earths's troposphere and has excellent astronomical seeing conditions.

Mees Solar Observatory
The Mees Solar Observatory (MSO) is named after Kenneth Mees and dedicated in 1964. It consists of one dome with multiple instruments sharing a common mount.

Pan-STARRS
The Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) is a pair of telescopes plus a computing facility that surveys the sky on a continual basis, providing accurate astrometry and photometry of detected objects. By detecting any differences from previous observations of the same areas of the sky, it has discovered over 5,700 new asteroids, comets, variable stars and other celestial objects. Currently, the 1.8 m PS1 telescope is in operation and the PS2 is in its commissioning phase.

Faulkes Telescope North
The Faulkes Telescope North, part of the Faulkes Telescope Project, is a 2.0 m reflecting telescope owned and operated by the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network. It provides remote access to a research-quality telescope primarily to students in the United Kingdom.

TLRS-4 Laser Ranging System
The TLRS-4 Laser Ranging System is part of the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS), which provides satellite laser ranging and lunar laser ranging data. The TLRS-4 replaced an older facility in order to provide continuity of data. The old facility now houses telescopes of the Pan-STARRS project.

Zodiacal Light Observatory
The Zodiacal Light Observatory currently consists of two instruments. The Scatter-free Observatory for Limb Active Regions and Coronae (SOLARC or SOLAR-C) telescope is a 0.5 m off-axis reflecting coronagraph that is used to study the Sun's corona. The Day-Night Seeing Monitor Telescope System (DNSM) makes telescope-independent observations of perturbations in the atmosphere above Haleakala.

Maui Space Surveillance Complex
The Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) operates the Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC), which is part of the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (AMOS). Located at the MSSC are the 3.67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope (AEOS), the Maui Space Surveillance System (MSSS), and the Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance (GEODSS). The MSSS uses a number of optical assets, including a 1.6 m telescope, two 1.2 m telescopes on a common mount, a 0.8 m beam director/tracker, and a 0.6 m laser beam director. The GEODSS uses two 1.0 m telescopes and one 0.38 m telescope.

Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope
The Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) is a 4.0 m solar telescope of the National Solar Observatory.

Future facilities

 * The AFRL has plans to build a mirror re-coating facility adjacent to the AEOS building.

Former facilities

 * A Baker-Nunn telescope operated from 1957 to 1976 as part of Project Space Track.
 * The Lunar Ranging Experiment (LURE) Observatory operated from 1974 until 2004. The Pan-STARRS PS1 now resides in the south dome of the LURE facility and the PS2 is being built in the north dome.
 * The University of Chicago Enrico Fermi Institute operated the Haleakala Cosmic Ray Neutron Monitor Station from 1991 to 2007.
 * The Haleakala Gamma Ray Observatory was a six-mirror Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope on an equatorial mount. It began operating in 1981 and was upgraded in 1988.
 * The Multicolor Active Galactic Nuclei Monitoring (MAGNUM) was a 2.0 m near infrared telescope operated by the University of Tokyo. It was housed in the LURE facility's north dome from 1998 to 2008.
 * Observations of airglow were made from a platform near the middle of the site in the 1960s and 1970s. The platform is now used for temporary projects.
 * The Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) program operated from 2000 to 2007 using one of the MSSS 1.2 m telescopes.

Non-astronomical facilities

 * The Federal Aviation Administration operates a facility immediately to the west of the observatory site.
 * The Department of Energy also operates a facility immediately to the west of the observatory site.
 * A small building on the site is used by the Haleakalā Amateur Astronomers.

title: Haleakalā Observatory


text:
Lifeforce (film)

Lifeforce is a 1985 British science fiction horror film directed by Tobe Hooper, adapted by Dan O'Bannon and Don Jakoby, and starring Steve Railsback, Peter Firth, Frank Finlay, Mathilda May, and Patrick Stewart. Based on Colin Wilson's 1976 novel The Space Vampires, the film portrays the events that unfold after a trio of humanoids in a state of suspended animation are brought to Earth after being discovered in the hold of an alien space ship by the crew of a European Space Shuttle.

Two cuts of Lifeforce were released: a 116-minute "international cut", and a 101-minute cut ordered by American distributor TriStar Pictures for the film's theatrical release in the United States. Lifeforce received generally negative reviews and was a box office failure, but has since become a cult film.

Plot
The crew of the joint British and American Space Shuttle Churchill, under the command of Colonel Tom Carlsen, finds a 150 mi spaceship hidden in the coma of Halley's Comet. Inside, the crew discovers hundreds of desiccated bat-like creatures and three naked humanoid bodies (two male and one female) in suspended animation within glass containers. The crew recovers a bat-alien and the three bodies and begins the return trip to Earth. During the return journey, mission control loses contact with Churchill.

A rescue mission discovers that Churchill has been gutted by fire. The crew is dead and the escape pod is missing, yet the three containers bearing the bodies remain intact. The bodies are taken to the European Space Research Centre in London. Prior to an autopsy, the female alien awakens and drains the life force from a guard. She escapes the facility and drains other humans of their life force. The two male vampires awaken and violently attempt escape, but are apparently destroyed by grenades thrown by another guard. The guard drained by the female alien revives two hours after his death, with the ability to drain others of their life force.

The Churchill escape pod is found with Carlsen inside. He recounts the events aboard Churchill, including feeling compelled to open the female vampire's container and share his life force with her, leading to the draining of the Churchill crew's life force. He set fire to the shuttle to save Earth from the same fate and escaped in the pod. When hypnotised, it becomes clear that he has a psychic link to the female alien, and he reveals her ability to shapeshift. Carlsen and SAS Colonel Colin Caine trace her to a psychiatric hospital in Yorkshire, where they believe they have trapped her within the heavily sedated body of the hospital manager, Dr. Armstrong.

The two male vampires have survived by shapeshifting into the soldiers who killed their previous bodies, and now are infecting London's population. The female alien escapes from her sedated host and disappears. Martial law is declared as vampires multiply by absorbing the life force of humans. The life forces are channelled by the male vampires to the female vampire, who transmits the energy to their spaceship, now in geosynchronous orbit over London.

Dr. Fallada impales a male vampire with an ancient weapon of "leaded iron". He, Carlsen, and Caine surmise that the vampires have visited Earth periodically with the coming of Halley's Comet, creating the vampire legends. He passes the weapon to Caine before succumbing. Carlsen tracks the female vampire to St. Paul's Cathedral, where she is lying upon the altar, transferring energy to her spaceship. She reveals she and Carlsen are now a part of each other due to the sharing of their life forces. Caine kills the second male vampire and throws the weapon to Carlsen, who impales himself and the female alien simultaneously. A burst of energy blows open the dome of St. Paul's. The two ascend the column of energy to the spaceship, which returns to the comet as Caine watches.

Cast

 * Steve Railsback as Col. Tom Carlsen
 * Peter Firth as Col. Colin Caine
 * Frank Finlay as Dr. Hans Fallada
 * Mathilda May as Space Girl
 * Patrick Stewart as Dr. Armstrong
 * Michael Gothard as Dr. Leonard Bukovsky
 * Nicholas Ball as Roger Derebridge
 * Aubrey Morris as Sir Percy Heseltine
 * Nancy Paul as Ellen
 * Sidney Livingstone as Ned Price
 * John Hallam as Lamson
 * Chris Jagger as 1st vampire
 * Bill Malin as 2nd vampire
 * Jamie Roberts as Rawlings
 * Chris Sullivan as Kelly
 * Sydney Livingstone as Ned Price
 * Ken Parry as Sykes

Background
Lifeforce was the first film of Tobe Hooper's three-picture deal with Cannon Films, following Poltergeist in 1982, which was a collaboration with producer Steven Spielberg. The other two films are the remake of Invaders from Mars and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2.

Before Hooper was finally approved, Michael Winner was offered the chance to direct the film.

It has been suggested that Lifeforce is largely a remake of Hammer Film Productions's Quatermass and the Pit. In an interview, director Tobe Hooper discussed how Cannon Films gave him $25 million, free rein, and Colin Wilson's book The Space Vampires. Hooper then shares how giddy he was: "I thought I'd go back to my roots and make a 70 mm Hammer film."

Screenplay
The screenplay was written by Dan O'Bannon and Don Jakoby (both would also collaborate with Tobe Hooper in Invaders from Mars). Hooper came up with the idea of using Halley's Comet in the screenplay, rather than the asteroid belt as originally used in the novel, as the comet was going to pass by Earth one year following the film's release. The time settings were also changed from the mid-21st century to the present day. Michael Armstrong and Olaf Pooley were brought on during production to perform uncredited rewrites, Armstrong acting as a liaison between Hooper and the art department.

Hooper later said, "The spirit of the book is certainly there from my interpretation of the reading. Though Colin Wilson's novel was set in the future, I made it a contemporary piece for identification. Also, I tied in Halley's comet, where they make the find of the alien ship. It has been millions of years in the coma of Halley's comet, traveling as a parasite of sorts. But, basically, I think the movie embodies the same spiritual feeling that Colin Wilson intended."

Colin Wilson was unhappy with the way the film turned out. He wrote of it, "John Fowles had once told me that the film of The Magus was the worst movie ever made. After seeing Lifeforce I sent him a postcard telling him that I had got one better."

Hooper later said "Lifeforce had a great look but lacked a screenplay. There wasn't a hell of a lot that could be done about that except to change it completely. The film started off as Space Vampires, and that's actually what it should've been called. With that title you'd look at that picture with a completely different set of sunglasses!"

Casting
In February 1984, Billy Idol said he had been offered a lead role as a vampire by Hooper, who had directed the video of "Dancing with Myself", but turned it down due to touring commitments.

In April 1984, John Gielgud said "I was recently offered an enormous sum to play in a film called Space Vampires, and I nearly fell for it because it would have been nice to have had the money. But the next time I heard from them the figure had somehow been reduced by half, so I said no".

Filming
Filming began on 2 February 1984. The film was shot in Britain. It was originally scheduled for 17 weeks. It went five weeks over. "The Cannon people were great," Railsback said. "All they told Tobe was: 'Keep going.

According to interviews with Bill Malin, who plays one of the male vampires, the film went over schedule during production. Because of this some important scenes were never shot, and the film was shut down at one time because the studio had simply run out of money.

The film marked the fourth project to feature special effects produced by Academy Award winner John Dykstra, who in 1986 was granted with the "Caixa Catalunya Award for Best Special Effects" in the Sitges Film Festival (located in Spain) for his special effects work in Lifeforce. The umbrella-like alien spaceship was modelled after an artichoke, while the model London destroyed in the film was actually the remains of Tucktonia, a model village near Christchurch, United Kingdom, that had closed not long before the shooting of the film. It took a week to film the death scene of the pathologist played by Jerome Willis, and bodycasts of Frank Finlay, Patrick Stewart and Aubrey Morris were made by make-up effects supervisor Nick Maley for their death scenes.

One effect near the end of the film involving the column of energy rising from the female alien through the top of St. Paul's Cathedral to the spacecraft was engineered by art director Tony Reading. A column of retroreflective material was placed against black velvet and a crew member blew cigar smoke into its bottom. This image was then front projected onto a translucent projection screen behind the actors to create the energy column.

Music
James Horner was first asked to write the score before Henry Mancini was brought in and produced a score consisting of 90 minutes of occasionally atonal and ambient music using the London Symphony Orchestra. Mancini had agreed to do the film based on the original concept of a 15-minute essentially dialogue-free opening sequence involving the discovery and exploration of the alien spacecraft and the moving of the three aliens back to the Churchill, for which he composed a tonal "space ballet".

For the American domestic version, Michael Kamen and James Guthrie were asked to write occasional music cues that were placed in at the last minute.

Editing and post-production
The film was originally filmed and promoted under the same title as the Colin Wilson novel. Cannon Films, which reportedly spent nearly $25 million in hopes of creating a blockbuster film, disliked The Space Vampires for sounding too much like another of the studio's typical low budget exploitation films. As a result, the title was changed to Lifeforce, referring to the spiritual energy the space vampires drain from their victims, and it was edited for its US theatrical release by TriStar Pictures into a 101-minute domestic cut that was partially re-scored by Michael Kamen, with a majority of Henry Mancini's original music remaining.

The initial cut of Lifeforce as edited by Tobe Hooper was 128 minutes long. This is 12 minutes longer than the final version which had several scenes cut, most of them taking place on the Space Shuttle Churchill. According to Nicholas Ball, who played the main British astronaut, Derebridge, it was felt that there was too much material in outer space and so the majority of the Churchill scenes were deleted. Also, most of Nicholas Ball's performance ended up on the cutting room floor according to an interview he gave on the UK talk show Wogan in 1985.

Despite being credited on the US domestic cut, the following actors were deleted from that cut of the film: John Woodnutt, John Forbes-Robertson and Russell Sommers. The Churchill commanding officer Rawlins, played by Geoffrey Frederick, was British, but in post-production it was decided that Patrick Jordan would dub his voice. Also in the US version, some of Geoffrey Frederick's voiceover heard on the Churchill is dubbed.

Box office
Lifeforce was released on 21 June 1985 to poor box office returns. The film opened in fourth place, losing a head-to-head battle against Ron Howard's science fiction film, Cocoon. The film earned $11,603,545 at the US box office.

Critical response
On release, the film received negative reviews from American critics. Janet Maslin, of The New York Times, wrote, "[I]ts style is shrill and fragmented enough to turn Lifeforce into hysterical vampire porn." Michael Wilmington, in the Los Angeles Times, wrote that the film was "such a peculiar movie [that] it's difficult to get a handle on it". Jay Carr wrote in The Boston Globe that "it plays like a tap-dancing zombie." John Clute dismissed Lifeforce as a "deeply silly flick". Leonard Maltin called the film "completely crazy" and said it was "ridiculous, but so bizarre, it's fascinating".

On the other hand, horror and comic book writer C. J. Henderson praised the film: "Lifeforce is an incredible film, and may be the most intelligent vampire movie ever made... [the ideas presented in Lifeforce] are beyond [other vampire movies,] beyond all of them, light-years beyond... the story is what makes this movie hum.... Lifeforce is a true, thinking sci-fi fan's film." Andrew Migliore and John Strysik, in their Lurker in the Lobby, explained that Colin Wilson wrote The Space Vampires as a consequence of H.P. Lovecraft's publisher August Derleth challenging Wilson (who was critical of Lovecraft's writing) to write a Lovecraftian novel himself (a challenge that resulted in three such novels, The Mind Parasites, The Space Vampires, and The Philosopher's Stone), and they continued, "Lifeforce is big, splashy, and...the scenes of an apocalyptic London are not to be missed. And the film, an obvious tribute to Nigel Kneale's Quatermass, has deep roots in Lovecraft's mythos." Film critic Gene Siskel, of Siskel & Ebert, called the film a "guilty-pleasure", awarding it 3 out of 4 stars.

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Lifeforce holds a 56% approval rating based on 32 critic reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The consensus reads, "Brazenly strange and uneven in its execution, Lifeforce is an otherworldly sci-fi excursion punctuated with off-kilter horror flourishes." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 50 out of 100 based on 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Home media
The first release on video in the UK was the heavily edited US "domestic cut". The full "international cut" was not available until it was released by MGM in the 2000s. The first US release of the "international cut" was MGM/UA's 1994 release on deluxe widescreen letterboxed LaserDisc.

Scream Factory announced they would be releasing Lifeforce in a Blu-ray/DVD Combo Pack on 18 June 2013. This included the US domestic cut, as well as the international cut of the film.

Arrow Video released Lifeforce in the UK as a steelbook two-disc Blu-ray special edition on 14 October 2013, with the same features as the US Blu-ray release.

A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray was released on May 24, 2022 by Scream Factory, and includes only the 101-minute US cut on 4K resolution and the 116-minute international cut on Blu-ray resolution.

title: Lifeforce (film)


text:
User talk:Bratsche

Notice of change
Hello. You are receiving this message because of a [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Administrators&oldid=526254016#Restoration_of_the_tools_.28proposal.29 recent change] to the administrator policy that alters what you were told at the time of your desysopping. The effect of the change is that if you are inactive for a continuous three year period, you will be unable to request return of the administrative user right. This includes inactive time prior to your desysopping if you were desysopped for inactivity and inactive time prior to the change in policy. Inactivity is defined as the absence of edits or logged actions. Until such time as you have been inactive for three years, you may request return of the tools at the bureaucrats' noticeboard. After you have been inactive for three years, you may seek return of the tools only through WP:RFA. Thank you.  MBisanz  talk 00:20, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

Creating Yasin Sulaiman
Good day dear Sir/Madam, I would like to ask permission to make a page for a Malaysian artist called Yasin Sulaiman. He is quite a popular fellow around these parts. Would you approve my actions? Much Obliged. Jar Jar Binks 2013 (talk) 07:04, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Welcome back
Hello, Bratsche. I wasn't around back when you left, but I thought I'd come by and welcome you back to the project. If it is true that you were, as I've read, "easily one of the best administrators in the project", then I'm sure it's a good thing you've come back. Regards, AutomaticStrikeout (T • C • Sign AAPT) 18:47, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Ten Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Ten Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for ten years or more.

Best regards, —  Scott  •  talk  12:56, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

Happy adminship anniversary!!!
Wishing Bratsche a very happy adminship anniversary on behalf of the Wikipedia Birthday Committee! Anastasia (talk) 15:34, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Two-Factor Authentication now available for admins
Hello,

Please note that TOTP based two-factor authentication is now available for all administrators. In light of the recent compromised accounts, you are encouraged to add this additional layer of security to your account. It may be enabled on your preferences page in the "User profile" tab under the "Basic information" section. For basic instructions on how to enable two-factor authentication, please see the developing help page for additional information. Important: Be sure to record the two-factor authentication key and the single use keys. If you lose your two factor authentication and do not have the keys, it's possible that your account will not be recoverable. Furthermore, you are encouraged to utilize a unique password and two-factor authentication for the email account associated with your Wikimedia account. This measure will assist in safeguarding your account from malicious password resets. Comments, questions, and concerns may be directed to the thread on the administrators' noticeboard. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 20:32, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

A new user right for New Page Patrollers
Hi.

A new user group, New Page Reviewer, has been created in a move to greatly improve the standard of new page patrolling. The user right can be granted by any admin at PERM. It is highly recommended that admins look beyond the simple numerical threshold and satisfy themselves that the candidates have the required skills of communication and an advanced knowledge of notability and deletion. Admins are automatically included in this user right.

It is anticipated that this user right will significantly reduce the work load of admins who patrol the performance of the patrollers. However,due to the complexity of the rollout, some rights may have been accorded that may later need to be withdrawn, so some help will still be needed to some extent when discovering wrongly applied deletion tags or inappropriate pages that escape the attention of less experienced reviewers, and above all, hasty and bitey tagging for maintenance. User warnings are available here but very often a friendly custom message works best.

If you have any questions about this user right, don't hesitate to join us at WT:NPR. (Sent to all admins) .MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:47, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Administrators' newsletter - February 2017
News and updates for administrators from the past month (January 2017). This first issue is being sent out to all administrators, if you wish to keep receiving it please subscribe. Your feedback is welcomed.

Administrator changes
 * Gnome-colors-list-add.svg NinjaRobotPirate • Schwede66 • K6ka • Ealdgyth • Ferret • Cyberpower678 • Mz7 • Primefac • Dodger67
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Guideline and policy news
 * A discussion to workshop proposals to amend the administrator inactivity policy at Wikipedia talk:Administrators has been in process since late December 2016.
 * Pending changes/Request for Comment 2016 closed with no consensus for implementing Pending changes level 2 with new criteria for use.
 * Following an RfC, an activity requirement is now in place for bots and bot operators.

Technical news
 * When performing some administrative actions the reason field briefly gave suggestions as text was typed. This change has since been reverted so that issues with the implementation can be addressed. (T34950)
 * Following the latest RfC concluding that Pending Changes 2 should not be used on the English Wikipedia, an RfC closed with consensus to remove the options for using it from the page protection interface, a change which has now been made. (T156448)
 * The Foundation has announced a new community health initiative to combat harassment. This should bring numerous improvements to tools for admins and CheckUsers in 2017.

Arbitration
 * The Arbitration Committee released a response to the Wikimedia Foundation's statement on paid editing and outing.

Obituaries
 * JohnCD (John Cameron Deas) passed away on 30 December 2016. John began editing Wikipedia seriously during 2007 and became an administrator in November 2009.

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13:37, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Happy birthday!
Warm regards, Mz7 (talk) 04:12, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in more than one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed if you do not return to activity within the next month. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised, that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions, that you have not been inactive for a three-year period of time, and that you have not been inactive from administrative tasks for a five year period of time). If you remain inactive for a three-year period of time, including the present year you have been inactive, you will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. Further, following a community discussion in March of 2018, Administrators suspended for inactivity who have not had any logged administrative activity for five years will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. — JJMC89 bot 00:07, 1 April 2018 (UTC)

Happy birthday
Wishing Bratsche a very happy birthday on behalf of the Birthday Committee! Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 22:04, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

Inactivity
I've been reaching out to inactive administrators and encouraging them to rejoin the project in earnest. I note that you have not been active here for some years, and have not used the admin tools since you re-requested them about five years ago. I would like to encourage you to re-engage with the project, and would invite you to review the resources here. Please feel free to contact me personally if there is anything I can do to help you along the journey of rejoining the community.

If you do not anticipate rejoining Wikipedia in the foreseeable future, please consider resigning your adminship by leaving a note at WP:BN. Long-term inactive accounts do pose a security exposure and tend to fuel discussion on tightening the formal activity requirements.

Whatever you decide, thank you for your contributions to the project.  Uninvited Company 18:11, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Established policy provides for removal of the administrative permissions of users who have not made any edits or logged actions in the preceding twelve months. Because you have been inactive, your administrative permissions will be removed if you do not return to activity within the next month.

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Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — JJMC89 bot 00:09, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

Woohoo
 Wishing Bratsche a very happy adminship anniversary on behalf of the Wikipedia Birthday Committee! Mjs1991 (talk) 04:34, 1 July 2019 (UTC)

question
Hello, May I ask you a question? Mositir (talk) 12:46, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

Happy Birthday!
 Wishing Bratsche a very happy birthday on behalf of the Birthday Committee! Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 14:14, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

Happy Birthday!
 Happy Birthday! Have a very happy birthday on your special day!

Best wishes, CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 22:42, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

Happy Birthday!
 Happy Birthday! Have a very happy birthday on your special day!

Best wishes, CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 20:02, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

Category:Catholic doctrines has been nominated for merging
Category:Catholic doctrines has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Veverve (talk) 00:17, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bratsche


text:
Talk:Moray Firth

Is it really just "Moray Firth" ? I thought it was always referred to as "the Moray Firth". If you referred merely to Moray Firth I think people would think you were talking about Moray Firth Radio.--PeterR 23:31, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Length of the coastline
Reading the maps and using a ruler suggests a total coastline between 400 km and 500 km rather than over 800 km. I haven't had the patience to draw a GPS-track of it.--Ulamm (talk) 22:02, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

There seem to be two Moray Firths
Even the map in this article has two different areas that it calls "Moray Firth." The larger area between Caithness and Aberdeenshire, and the smaller area between Tarbat Ness and maybe Lossiemouth. It is confusing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C5:E488:2700:B118:2DB7:FE1D:DF35 (talk) 21:40, 15 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Moray Firth


text:
File talk:LRonHubbard-Dianetics-ISBN1403105464-cover.jpg

This is appearing badly in the articles, I think because of the ISBN in the file name. --Audiovideo 23:32, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) Turns out it was the ISBN in the caption which did the damage. See --Audiovideo 23:50, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)