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Abergwyngregyn

Abergwyngregyn is a village and community of historical note in Gwynedd, a county and principal area in Wales. Under its historic name of Aber Garth Celyn it was the seat of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. It lies in the historic county of Caernarfonshire.

It is located at, adjacent to the A55, five miles (8 km) east of Bangor, eight miles (13 km) west of Conwy.

The Aber community, which covers an area of 2970 ha, has a population of 240 (2011).

History
Abergwyngregyn, generally shortened to Aber, is a settlement of great antiquity and pre-conquest importance on the north coast of Gwynedd. Its boundaries stretch from the Menai Strait up to the headwaters of the Afon Goch and Afon Anafon. Protected to the east by the headland of Penmaenmawr, and at its rear by Snowdonia, it controlled the ancient crossing point of the Lafan Sands to Anglesey. A pre-Roman defensive enclosure, Maes y Gaer, which rises above Pen y Bryn on the eastern side of the valley, has far reaching views over Irish Sea with the Isle of Man visible on a clear day. The Roman road from Chester (Deva), linking the forts of Canovium (later name Conovium) and Segontium, crossed the river at this point.

This was the seat of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last native Prince of Wales, whose daughter Gwenllian of Wales was born here in June 1282. His wife, Eleanor de Montfort, died here as a result of the birth on 19 June 1282. In June 1283 Dafydd ap Gruffudd, Llywelyn's brother, who assumed the title of Prince of Wales after Llywelyn's murder in December 1282, was captured at Bera Mountain above the present village.

Abergwyngregyn was one of ten sites chosen for the Welsh Cultural Heritage Initiative in 2009.

Y Mŵd
Y Mŵd is an earthen mound on the valley floor in the middle of the village, at. The mound is circular, 22 ft high with a level oval top 57 ft by 48 ft. It has been regarded as the base of a Norman castle, and on that basis was renamed 'Aber Castle Mound' by the Ancient Monuments Board. E. S. Armitage, in The Early Norman Castles of the British Isles, suggested that it might have been constructed by Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester. The word mŵd in early Welsh means 'vault' or 'arched area', and though there are traces of a ditch on the south side, no further defensive features have been identified.

Other similar mounds, such as the one on which the Pillar of Eliseg near Llangollen stands, or the one at Scone in Scotland, have been found especially in northern and western Britain.

Adjacent stone building, medieval royal llys
A large structure on the valley bottom between Y Mŵd, the smithy and the water mill was excavated in 1993 and again in 2010. It appears to be the remains of a high status building from the 14th century, possibly contemporary with the last independent princes of Wales or with the early decades after the Conquest. No defensive structures have been found. The floor plan has been interpreted as a medieval hall, 11.2m by 8.0m internally, with large wings at the ends. A separate enclosure may have been used for large ovens or for metalworking. The 1993 dig found a bronze brooch, some medieval pottery, and a coin from the years before the conquest. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales suggests that this site could be associated with the medieval royal llys ('princely court').

Demographics
Aber community's population was 240, according to the 2011 census; an 8.2% increase since the 222 people noted in 2001.

The 2011 census showed 48.5% of the population could speak Welsh, a rise from 44.0% in 2001.

The parish church was recently closed.

Pen y Bryn
Pen y Bryn is a manor house, recorded from the Jacobean period and with earlier lower stonework, on a promontory some two hundred yards to the east of the village centre. It overlooks the village and the Menai Straits to Anglesey. With its adjacent buildings and ground works it forms a double bank and ditch enclosure now known as Garth Celyn. This is also claimed to be the site of the pre-Conquest royal llys. A neolithic burial urn was discovered when a driveway was being made to the house in 1824.

Aber Falls
The valley provides the access to one of Wales's great waterfalls, the Aber Falls as the Afon Goch falls precipitously, some 120 ft over a sill of igneous rock into a marshy area where it is joined by two tributaries; the enlarged stream, Afon Rhaeadr Fawr, heads towards the Menai Strait and the sea. Part way down it becomes known as Afon Aber.

Bont Newydd
The single barrel-vault bridge at spans Afon Aber, providing a roadway across the river, some 25 ft in width. The date of construction is unknown, but its existence was marked on the Ordnance Survey map of 1822. The bridge provided a safe crossing for drovers leading animals on a drovers road up the valley. Large stones in the river under the bridge mark the site of an earlier ford.

Aber is the coastal crossing point for the ancient drovers and later Roman road that led across the Lafan Sands to Anglesey. The Roman road from Chester crossed the river Conwy south of Tal-y-Cafn, connected with the fort at Conovium Caerhun by a short branch, then led up via Rowen and Bwlch-y-Ddeufaen, the Pass of the Two Stones, as an engineered overlay on top of the earlier British trackway, into Snowdonia.

The Roman road descends down Rhiwiau, the valley between Llanfairfechan and Aber, follows the coastal route west, crosses the river by means of a ford, passes by the church and leads towards the major Roman fort at Segontium, Caernarfon.

The drovers road from Anglesey came into the settlement on the valley bottom on the west bank of the valley bottom, where provision was made for the animals to be penned and shod, and the feet of the geese to be coated in pitch, and then followed the valley to join with the Roman road.

Three Roman milestones have been discovered in the area. Two of these, found in 1883 in a field called Caegwag, on the farm Rhiwiau Uchaf are now in the British Museum, London.

Maes y Gaer
This is a defensive enclosure, built on a hill that forms the western end of a spur overlooking the valley at. It is approx 730 ft. above O.D. The walls of the enclosure are pear shaped and protect an area 400 ft long and 220 ft wide of about 1.5 acre. Maes y Gaer has a steep drop on all sides except the east, where there is a more gentle slope leading to the pasture land. The entrance is on the south-east, now badly ruined but originally 11 ft wide, with a passageway to the interior 20 ft long.

Hafod Celyn, Hafod Garth Celyn
This is the summer pastureland of Garth Celyn, on open moorland rising to 800 ft above Ordnance Datum at. The small building on this site, now in ruins, was rebuilt in the 18th century on the ruins of an earlier building that extended further to the west.

Llyn Anafon
Llyn Anafon is the most northerly of the Carneddau lakes, lying between Llwytmor, Foel Fras and Y Drum. It has a maximum depth of 10 ft. A dam was built across the lake in 1930 to enable water to be supplied to the nearby coastal villages. There are brown trout in the lake and by long held custom people who lived in the village had the right to fish both the lake and the river. Half a mile below the lake there are prehistoric hut circles and other signs of early human inhabitation. There is an arrow stone on the lower slopes of Foel Ganol, and another leading down to Cammarnaint Farm. A gold cross, five inches (127 mm) in height, was found on the summit of Carnedd y Ddelw above the lake in 1812.

The earliest name for the vale was Nant Mawan ('Record of Caernarfon', 1371, Bangor University Archives). Mawan, a personal name, contracted over time. Llyn Nant Mawan, became Llyn Nan (Mafon) and then Llyn (N)anafon.

Nearby is an area known as Buarth Merched Mafon ('enclosure of Mafon's daughters').

Nothing is known about Mawan, but his son Llemenig is mentioned in several early Welsh sources. His name is mentioned in two englynion at the end of a 'Cynddylan' fragment in the Middle Welsh poetry known as Canu Llywarch Hen (XI. 112b.113b).

When I hear the thundering roar, [it is] the host of Llemenig mab Mahawen [read Mawan]. Battle-hound of wrath, victorious in battle.

In Triad Ynys Prydain no. 43, his horse is described as one of the Three pack-Horses of Ynys Prydain. Ysgwyddfrith ('Dappled-shoulder') the horse of Llemenig ap Mawan.

Wildlife
Coedydd Aber is situated in an area of scenic beauty. The steep sided wooded valley, Nant Aber Garth Celyn, leads to the foothill of Y Carneddau. The river has the steepest fall of any in Wales and England. There is a wide variety of habitats in the valley including a diversity of woodlands, open farmland and scrub. A range of birds can be found here, including raven, buzzard, peregrine falcon, sparrowhawk and chough on the sea cliffs, tree pipit and redstart along the woodland edge, and pied flycatcher and wood warbler in the Welsh oak woods. By the shore, a hide has been erected on the edge of the Menai Strait, providing clear views of the seabirds on the Lafan sands. As a young man, Sir Peter Scott used Twr Llywelyn, part of Pen y Bryn, as a place to position his telescope, to watch the birds flying in off the Irish sea. According to a sign, red squirrels were last seen in 1978.

Glaciation
Since the beginning of the Quaternary, 2.6 million years ago, the uplands of North Wales have been subject to several phases of glaciation. The Aber valley provides physical evidence of the two most recent phases of glaciation which occurred between about 28,000-16,000 and 12,970 - 11,770 years ago. The Carneddau have a notable range of glacial and periglacial features that have been studied by geologists, including Charles Darwin, for well over a century, and plays a key role not only into research into landforms, but also into climate change and vegetation history.

Climate
Like most of the United Kingdom, Aber has an oceanic climate with warm summers, cool winters, few extremes of temperature and moderate rain all year round. Aber holds the UK record for the warmest January day, 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) set on 27 January 1958 and 10 January 1971, a record that it also shares with Aboyne and Inchmarlo in Scotland. Since 1990, the highest recorded temperature in Aber was 28 °C (82 °F) in June 2017 and the lowest was -10 °C (14 °F) in January 2009.

Literature

 * Saunders Lewis play Siwan
 * Thomas Parry play Llywelyn Fawr
 * Edith Pargeter novel The Green Branch
 * Edith Pargeter novel The Brothers of Gwynedd
 * Ellis Peters novel The Summer of the Danes
 * Barbara Erskine novel Child of the Phoenix
 * Sharon Penman novel Here be Dragons
 * Sharon Penman novel Falls the Shadow
 * Sharon Penman novel The Reckoning

title: Abergwyngregyn


text:
Radermachera sinica

Radermachera sinica, also called china doll, serpent tree or emerald tree, is an evergreen tree in the family Bignoniaceae, native to the subtropical mountain regions of southern China and Taiwan.

In recent years, this plant has become popular as a houseplant for its attractive and glossy, feathery leaves. The specific name sinica means "from China".

Description
R. sinica can reach heights of up to 30 m tall and a trunk diameter of 1 m. The leaves are bipinnate, 20 to 70 cm long and 15 to 25 cm broad, divided into numerous small glossy green leaflets 2 to 4 cm long. The flowers are white, trumpet-like, about 7 cm long, and resemble a large Bignonia or Catalpa flower in shape. They are night-blooming and only last for one night, wilting in the morning sun. The blooms appear spring to early summer, and are highly fragrant. The brown seedpods are long and warped, leading to the common name "serpent tree". When mature, they burst open to release several winged, papery seeds that are dispersed by the wind.

Cultivation
Radermachera sinica is often sold as a small houseplant, grown for its attractive glossy leaves; it does not normally flower indoors. It requires plenty of light and moisture in order to thrive. As with most houseplants, wilted leaves indicate either lack of water or overwatering. Recent dwarf variations have been released, often referred to as the Asian Bell Tree. The foliage is highly attractive and is glossy, dark green, and lacy. it consistently grows to a maximum of 3 meters and so makes a very popular indoor or patio plant, requiring a position with indirect sunlight. It can be grown outdoors in tropical to subtropical regions, and also areas with a Mediterranean climate. It should be planted in rich, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade and protect from drying winds and frost, which it cannot tolerate.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Radermachera sinica


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Asaṃkhyeya

An  (असंख्येय) is a Buddhist name for the number 10140, or alternatively for the number $$10^{(a\cdot2^b)}$$ as it is described in the Avatamsaka Sutra. The value of the number is different depending upon the translation. It is $$10^{(5\cdot2^{103})}$$ in the translation of Buddhabhadra, $$10^{(7\cdot2^{103})}$$ in that of Shikshananda and $$10^{(10\cdot2^{104})}$$ in that of Thomas Cleary, who may have made an error in calculation. In these religious traditions, the word has the meaning of 'incalculable'.

Asaṃkhyeya is a Sanskrit word that appears often in the Buddhist texts. For example, Shakyamuni Buddha is said to have practiced for 4 great asaṃkhyeya kalpas before becoming a Buddha.

title: Asaṃkhyeya


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Talk:Sony Interactive Entertainment

SCE and PlayStation article
This article should focus more on the company rather than the products of the company. This article seems to focus more on the PlayStation brand rather than the company itself. The article should talk more about the company and less about the products. See: Apple Inc. and Hewlett-Packard.

I believe that the "Software Initiatives" and "Marketing" sections should be moved to the PlayStation article. The Hardware section should be simplified into one or two all-encompassing paragraphs. Those sections should be altered and merged into the PlayStation article respectively. I would do them but I just want to make sure that there is no objections.KiasuKiasiMan (talk) 13:01, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Teruo / "Terry" TOKUNAKA
Terry Tokunaka is often quoted as a "president" and/or CEO of SCEI - by Phil Harrison, in many instances : http://www.edge-online.com/magazine/the-making-of-playstation?page=0%2C1

- or in the book Sony, by John Nathan, Mariners Books, 2001, p. 304

This Tokunkga is nowhere to be seen in the article. Can someone find his real place in the SCE organigram ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.102.120.242 (talk) 04:06, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Missing owned IP?
Is Jet Li: Rise to Honor missing from the owned franchises and properties list? It was developed and published by SCEA so i'd assume SCE actually own the rights to the game. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.198.198.10 (talk) 21:10, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

SCEA - Foster City or Santa Monica
I've seen both, Foster City and Santa Monica, as locations where SCE of America was initially established. Both locations seem plausible, but which one was first? -- Make (talk) 00:38, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Insomniac Games
Insomniac games is no longer an exclusive studio of Sony Computer Entertainment since 2010. In fact, the studio has now a partnership with EA, through the EA Partners Brand. So I would like to put Insomniac Games as a "third" studio partner of Sony. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tazmania91 (talk • contribs) 14:36, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Rewrite and Update
I think that Sony Computer Entertainment wiki page might need a rewrite and update, especially in hardware and corporate sections. Also some new sections could improve the page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.69.148.5 (talk) 16:21, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

SIE is a new subsidiary encompassing both SCE and SNEI
There seems to be some confusion surrounding the announcement of Sony Interactive Entertainment. From my reading of the press release, Sony Computer Entertainment and Sony Network Entertainment International are dissolved into Sony Interactive Entertainment; and, therefore, no longer exist. From this day forward, they operate under a new, unified company name. They have assimilated the old logo and updated the name at SCE headquarters. If this interpretation is correct, then this page should be wp:moved to Sony Interactive Entertainment. — TPX 12:05, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

SCE vs SIE in historical record
I raised this point at List of PlayStation 4 games article and I'm bringing it here in an attempt to gain a broader consensus. Namely, we can expect to see some editors renaming changing publishing data for games published by SCE before April 1, 2016 into SIE, essentially re-visioning a concrete historic piece of information which may go against WP:V - thus making Wikipedia claim that a 2015 game was published by SIE, when all other contemporary publications online and the game's credits themselves say it was published by SCE. Games are a form of media similar to books, newspapers and films in that they come with impressums and credits, which, once published, can no longer be changed. For example, Final Fantasy II was published by Square in 1988 (not Square Enix) and it will remain that way forever regardless of the later name-changes, mergers or bankruptcies that may ensue. InflatableSupertrooper (talk) 07:22, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I think it would be a good idea to split SCE and SIE into two separate articles. The current SIE is not the same company as the former SCE. Maestro2016 (talk) 14:31, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

Disagree: I think the info is false that SIE and SCE should be spilt, they are the same, the only differences is that SCE is Japan and SIE is USA. Benjaminkirsc (talk) 17:52, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

 * According to the SIE company profile page, SIE LLC (USA) and SIE Inc. (Japan) are listed as two different companies, with SIE LLC founded in 2016 and SIE Inc. (formerly SCE) founded in 1993. Maestro2016 (talk) 22:51, 3 August 2019 (UTC)

 * They are two different legal entities, but under the same global leadership team led out of San Mateo, CA and operate as two components of the same corporate group. Many companies have a similar structure, for example, Facebook's European headquarters is in Dublin and is a separate legal entity.69.36.132.252 (talk) 22:40, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
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Arc Entertainment listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Arc Entertainment. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 23:26, 25 May 2019 (UTC)

Create page about Hermen Hulst
Hermen Hulst became the Head of Worldwide Studios as of November 7, 2019. He was also important at Guerrilla Games. So there should be a separate page about him on Wikipedia. -Artanisen (talk) 12:05, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

Trouble Signing In
Y'all need to quit making me mad because I can't Sign in 23.91.201.135 (talk) 00:24, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

SIE is clearly an American company
SIE is clearly an American company, not a multinational company. In formal American English, a corporation is always described as taking the nationality of its country or state of incorporation. This is hammered into law students when they study corporate law in Business Associations courses. Like the one I took, which was taught by this guy.

Take a look at SIE's "Our Company" page. San Mateo is depicted as the "Global Headquarters". Pay attention to where all the top corporate officers are based. They're all based in San Mateo, not Tokyo.

Take a look at SIE's most recent Statement of Information on file with the California Secretary of State. SIE is an California LLC. Coolcaesar (talk) 04:40, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I think the article should be split into Sony Interactive Entertainment and Sony Computer Entertainment. Clearly, they are two different companies, one an American company founded in 2016 and the other a Japanese company founded in 1993. 147.12.151.166 (talk) 04:08, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 September 2023
'Hiroki Totoki, Sony Group's president and CEO, will take over as chairman of SIE in October 2023 and then will act as interm CEO of SIE in April 2024 after Ryan's departure.' to 'Hiroki Totoki, Sony Group's president, COO and CFO, will take over as chairman of SIE in October 2023 and then will act as interm CEO of SIE in April 2024 after Ryan's departure.'

Hiroki Totoki is not the CEO of Sony Group. He is the COO and CFO. source:https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/executive/ Halfawakehalfasleep (talk) 16:00, 28 September 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ GSK (talk • edits) 21:54, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

"Toro Inoue" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toro_Inoue&redirect=no Toro Inoue] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached.  Is la  🏳⚧ 21:56, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

"Doko Demo Issho" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doko_Demo_Issho&redirect=no Doko Demo Issho] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. ... disco spinster   talk  01:09, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 April 2024
Jim Ryan has left Sony. Hiroki Totoki has become interim CEO. Deedr1234 (talk) 01:43, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Have added a source to confirm --M asem (t) 02:13, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

SCEI and SNEI merging together to become SIE LLC is plain wrong
SIE LLC was a new company established in April 2016 by Sony Corporation to oversee the global market and network infrastructures, and as such, nothing to do with it being a merger of two different companies. SCEI was renamed SIEI, while SNEI remained open for a long time. Yuyuluzu (talk) 05:28, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Concern understood, could you suggest a wording? Without being a business writer, I would think it was characterized as a merger because there aren't sources flr SNEI's activities afterwards. IgelRM (talk) 13:07, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www.playstation.com/en-us/legal/terms-of-use-april-2016/
 * April 1, 2016. You will see a company called Sony Interactive Entertainment Network America LLC being mentioned here. Yuyuluzu (talk) 00:26, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Sony Computer Entertainment and Sony Interactive Entertainment are two different companies. They should be split into separate articles, instead of being lumped together. 2A00:23C6:1EA9:3C01:C903:8DB6:9286:5DA7 (talk) 18:34, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * One is a natural continuation of the other, it makes no sense to split them. M asem (t) 19:13, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The old Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. is now called Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc., though. They're literally the same company.
 * I do believe only focusing on SIE LLC (the CA HQ) is kind of limiting. Yuyuluzu (talk) 23:55, 28 April 2024 (UTC)
 * They're different companies. SCE is a Japanese company founded in 1993. SIE is an American company founded in 2016. Presenting them as the same company is misleading and disingenuous. 2A00:23C6:1EA9:3C01:9A1:6D86:E41A:56DB (talk) 02:09, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * There a two companies carrying the SIE name, though. It's not even a SIE Europe situation, both the California and Tokyo HQ are named SIE. Yuyuluzu (talk) 03:43, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * This article's lead sentence says Sony Interactive Entertainment is an American company founded in 2016. It's not referring to the historical Japanese company founded in 1993. I think it was a mistake to rename Sony Computer Entertainment to Sony Interactive Entertainment, but Sony Interactive Entertainment should've been a separate new article. 2A00:23C6:1EA9:3C01:45DF:9823:ECFC:903F (talk) 15:29, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * No, it shouldn't. Both companies have been part of Sony's GN&S, and it makes no sense to have a separate article about the historical Japanese company, Sony Computer Entertainment Inc., when it STILL exists to this day, under the name of Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. Yuyuluzu (talk) 12:46, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sony Interactive Entertainment


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Tommy Sands

Thomas Adrian Sands (born August 27, 1937) is an American pop music singer and actor. Working in show business as a child, Sands became an overnight sensation and instant teen idol when he appeared on Kraft Television Theater in January 1957 as "The Singin' Idol". The song from the show, "Teen-Age Crush", reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on Cashbox.

Early life
Sands was born into a musical family in Chicago, Illinois; his father, Ben born in Russia was Jewish and was a pianist, and his mother, Grace Dickson, a big-band singer. He moved with the family to Shreveport, Louisiana. He began playing the guitar at eight and within a year had a job performing twice weekly on a local radio station. At the beginning of his teen years, he moved to Houston, Texas, where he attended Lamar High School and joined a band with "Jimmie Lee Durden and the Junior Cowboys", consisting of Sands, Durden, and Billy Reno. They performed on radio, at county fairs, and did personal appearances. He was only 15 when Colonel Tom Parker heard about him and signed him to RCA Records.

Career
In 1957 Sands was featured on Hometown Jubilee on KTLA television in Los Angeles.

The Singin' Idol
Sands's initial recordings achieved little in the way of sales but in early 1957 he was given the opportunity to star in an episode of Kraft Television Theatre called "The Singing Idol". He played the part of a singer who was very similar to Elvis Presley, with guitar, pompadour hair, and excitable teenage fans.

On the show, his song presentation of a Joe Allison composition called "Teen-Age Crush" went over big with the young audience and, released as a single by Capitol Records, it went to No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 record chart and No. 1 on the Cashbox chart. It became a gold record.

His track, "The Old Oaken Bucket", peaked at No. 25 on the UK Singles Chart in 1960.

He released his debut album Steady Date with Tommy Sands (1957).

Sands' sudden fame brought an offer to sing at the Academy Awards show. He did another episode of Kraft Television Theatre, "Flesh and Blood" (1957), playing the son of a gangster. He also made "The Promise" for Zane Grey Theatre (1957), playing the son of a character played by Gary Merrill.

20th Century Fox
Sands' teen idol looks landed him a motion-picture contract with 20th Century Fox to star in a 1958 musical drama called Sing, Boy, Sing, the feature film version of "The Singin' Idol". Fox had enjoyed success with films starring other teen idols such as Elvis Presley and Pat Boone but Sing, Boy, Sing was a financial failure.

Sands appeared on CBS Television on January 9, 1958, in an episode of Shower of Stars, and played another singing star in "The Left-handed Welcome" for Studio One in Hollywood (1958).

Sands supported Pat Boone in a musical for Fox, Mardi Gras (1958), which was a moderate hit. He also released the albums Sands Storm (1958), This Thing Called Love (1959), and When I'm Thinking of You (1959).

Sands appeared in the 1960 episode of Wagon Train titled "The Larry Hanify Story", as well as Wagon Train' episodes in 1963, "The Gus Morgan Story", and in 1963 "The Davey Baxter Story" ans in 1964 "The Bob Stuart Story". His later albums included Sands at the Sands (1960) and Dream with Me (1960). From May to November 1960, he served in the United States Air Force Reserves.

Later films
Sands' second lead role in a feature was in the teen comedy Love in a Goldfish Bowl (1961) with Fabian Forte, which was not a success. More popular was a fantasy musical he made at Disney, Babes in Toyland (1961), co-starring Annette Funicello. That year he and Funicello sang the Sherman Brothers' title song from the Walt Disney release of The Parent Trap.

Sands guested starred on "The Inner Panic" for The United States Steel Hour and was one of several pop stars who played US Rangers in Fox's The Longest Day (1962).

Sands had married Nancy Sinatra whose father Frank offered Sands a role in Come Blow Your Horn but he turned it down. Sands studied acting in New York.

Sands appeared alongside Fred Astaire in "Blow High, Blow Clear" for Alcoa Theatre (1963). On May 14, 1963, Sands appeared, along with Claude Akins and Jim Davis, in "Trapped", one of the last episodes of NBC's Laramie western series. In the story line, series character Slim Sherman (John Smith) finds an injured kidnap victim in the woods, portrayed by Joan Freeman. Dennis Holmes, as series regular Mike Williams, rides away to seek help, but the kidnappers reclaim the hostage. Slim pursues the kidnappers but is mistaken as a third kidnapper by the girl's father, played by Barton MacLane. Sands played the girl's boyfriend, who had been ordered by her father to stop seeing her.

Sands made several appearances on Wagon Train including "The Davey Baxter Story", "The Larry Hanify Story," "The Gus Morgan Story" (with Peter Falk), and "The Bob Stuart Story".

Sands had a support role in the feature film Ensign Pulver (1964) at Warners. He guest starred on Slattery's People ("Question: Why the Lonely?... Why the Misbegotten?") and had a support role in the war feature None But the Brave (1965), starring and directed by Frank Sinatra.

Sands guest starred on Kraft Suspense Theatre ("A Lion Amongst Men", which earned him good reviews ), Combat! ("More Than a Soldier"), Valentine's Day ("For Me and My Sal"), Mr Novak ("Let's Dig a Little Grammar", "And Then I Wrote..."), Branded ("That the Brave Endure"), Bonanza ("The Debt"), and Hawaii Five-O ("No Blue Skies").

Career decline
Sands divorced Nancy Sinatra in 1965. "The doors to Hollywood seemed to slam shut after the divorce from Nancy", he said. "I couldn't get acting roles, my singing career on TV and in films was over."

His last feature to date was The Violent Ones (1967) in which Sands had a supporting role. He moved to Hawaii in 1967.

Hawaii
In Hawaii, Sands operated the Tommy Sands Nightclub Tour for five years, and performed at the Outrigger Hotel in Waikiki. His later appearances included episodes of Hawaii Five-O ("No Blue Skies", "Hit Gun for Sale", "A Sentence to Steal"), and The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries ("Mystery on the Avalanche Express"). He occasionally returned to the mainland to work, appearing in dinner theatre.

Sands returned permanently to the mainland of the US in 1981, settling in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He toured regularly performing concerts.

Personal life
Tommy Sands and singer Nancy Sinatra married in 1960 and divorced in 1965. His career had declined significantly by 1965, triggering speculation that Frank Sinatra had him "blacklisted" in the entertainment industry after their divorce. Such reports were denied by both Sands and Sinatra. In 1974, Sands married Sheila Wallace, a secretary, in Honolulu, where he had relocated in an attempt to revive his career.

US singles discography

 * Love Pains / Transfer – RCA 1953
 * Life Is So Lonesome / A Dime and a Dollar – RCA 1954
 * Don't Drop It / A Place For Girls Like You – RCA 1954
 * Something's Bound To Go Wrong / Kissin' Ain't No Fun – RCA 1955
 * Teen-Age Crush / Hep Dee Hootie (Cutie Wootie) – Capitol 1957 (U.S. No. 2, 2 wks.; No. 10 R&B; Cashbox #1)
 * My Love Song / Ring-A-Ding-Ding – Capitol 1957 No. 62 U.S. A-Side, No. 50 U.S. B-Side
 * Love Paris / Don't Drop It – RCA 1957
 * Goin' Steady / Ring My Phone – Capitol 1957 No. 16 U.S.
 * Let Me Loved / Fantastically Foolish – Capitol 1957
 * Man, Like Wow! / A Swingin' Romance – Capitol 1957
 * Sing Boy Sing / Crazy 'Cause I Love You – Capitol 1957 No. 24 U.S.
 * Teen-Age Doll / Hawaiian Rock – Capitol 1958 No. 81 U.S.
 * After The Senior Prom / Big Date – Capitol 1958
 * Blue Ribbon Baby / I Love You Because – Capitol 1958 No. 50 U.S.
 * The Worryin' Kind/Bigger Than Texas – 1958 No. 69 U.S.
 * Is It Ever Gonna Happen / I Ain't Gittin' Rid of You – Capitol 1959
 * Sinner Man / Bring Me Your Love – Capitol 1959
 * I'll Be Seeing You / That's The Way I Am – Capitol 1959 No. 51 U.S.
 * You Hold The Future / I Gotta Have You – Capitol 1959
 * That's Love / Crossroads – Capitol 1960
 * The Old Oaken Bucket / These Are The Things You Are – Capitol 1960 No. 73 U.S. No. 25 U.K.
 * On And On / Doctor Heartache – Capitol 1960
 * The Parent Trap / Let's Get Together – Buena Vista 1961 (Annette Funicello And Tommy Sands)
 * I Love My Baby / Love in a Goldfish Bowl – Capitol 1961
 * Remember Me (To Jennie) / Rainbow – Capitol 1961
 * Jimmy's Song / Wrong Side of Love – Capitol 1961
 * A Young Man's Fancy / Connie – ABC-Paramount 1963
 * Only Cause I'm Lonely / Cinderella – ABC-Paramount 1963
 * Ten Dollars and a Clean White Shirt / Won't You Be My Girl – ABC-Paramount 1964
 * Kisses (Love Theme) / Something More – ABC-Paramount 1964
 * Love's Funny / One Rose Today, One Rose Tomorrow – Liberty 1965
 * The Statue / Little Rosita – Liberty 1965
 * It's The Only One I've Got / As Long As I'm Travellin'- Imperial 1966
 * Candy Store Prophet / Second Star to the Left – Imperial 1967
 * Seasons in the Sun / Ain't No Big Thing – Superscope 1969

U.S. LP discography

 * Steady Date with Tommy Sands, Capitol 848, 1957
 * Sing Boy Sing, Capitol 929, 1958
 * Sands Storm, Capitol 1081, 1958
 * This Thing Called Love, Capitol 1123, 1959
 * When I'm Thinking of You, Capitol 1239, 1959
 * Sands at the Sands, Capitol 1364, 1960 (live)
 * Dream with Me, Capitol 1426, 1960
 * Babes in Toy Land, Buena Vista 3913/4022, 1961 (soundtrack)
 * The Parent Trap, Vista 3309, 1961 (soundtrack)
 * Seasons in the Sun, Superscope 3A009, 1969

title: Tommy Sands


text:
Cântec batrânesc

Cântec batrânesc is a traditional form of ballad which originates from Romania. It is similar to an epic poem and it is one of the most typical genres of Romanian literature.

Origin
The name comes from the Latin word ballare, meaning "dancing". Both terms were entailed by the Romanian poet Vasile Alecsandri. However, the usual term for this form of ballad is still epic song.

Themes

 * love
 * the good and the bad
 * the hankering, the longing
 * the immolation for the creation
 * the connection between humans and the nature
 * the revolt, the riots
 * the irreversibility of time

Myths in epic songs

 * the immolation for the creation
 * the erotic myth (the myth illustrates how girls at puberty long for the unknown feeling of love, which comes unexpectedly and makes them feel something very deep and spontaneous)
 * the formation of the Romanian collectivity
 * the transhumance myth (human attitude towards death)

title: Cântec batrânesc


text: Category:Coma Cluster

title: Category:Coma Cluster


text:
Issoudun

Issoudun is a commune in the Indre department, administrative region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is also referred to as Issoundun, which is the ancient name.

Location
Issoudun is a sub-prefecture, located in the east of the Indre department. It is in the former region of Berry. The surrounding communes are:
 * Les Bordes (4 km)
 * Saint-Aoustrille (5 km)
 * St. Lizaigne (7 km)
 * Chouday (7 km)
 * Lizeray (8 km)
 * Condé (8 km)
 * Thizay (8 km)
 * Saint-Georges-sur-Arnon (10 km)
 * Saint-Ambroix (10 km)
 * Saugy (10 km)
 * Saint-Aubin (11 km)
 * Châteauroux (27 km)
 * Châtre (41 km)
 * Le Blanc (79 km)

Terrain
The river of Théols passes through Issoudun.

The commune of Issoudun takes up an area of 36.6 km2.

Transport
The national road N151 passes through the area.

The nearest airport is the Marcel Dassault Airport, 27 km away.

The Issoudun station is located at 4 Pierre Favreau boulevard, 36100.

Origins
Issoudun, in Latin Exoldunum or Uxellodunum, existed in and before Roman times. In 1195 it was successfully defended by the partisans of Richard Cœur de Lion against Philip II of France.

Middle Ages
During the 12th and 13th century, the history of the entire province of Berry, including the Lordship of Issoudun, was marked by the Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry. In 1195, Richard I of England defended the city from the advances of Philip II of France. The two kings met in December 1195 between Issoudun and Chârost, and reached an agreement, known as the Treaty of Issoudun. Around this time the beak-shaped keep of the castle was built. By the Treaty of Le Goulet (1200), Lords of Issoudun (Seigneurs d'Issoudun) returned to the suzerainty of the French Crown. The most prominent Lords of Issoudun from that period were Odo III and his son Raoul III, who was married to Margaret of Courtenay. Since Raoul III of Issoudun died (c. 1213) without direct male heirs, the Lordship was passed to several secondary heirs, through the female line of succession. First of them was William I of Chauvigny (Guillaume I de Chauvigny) in 1217, but final settlement was reached in 1221, after the intervention of the French Crown.

In 1499, Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI, married Charlotte d'Albret, and as a dowry, was given, amongst other titles, the Lordship of Issoudun.

Issoudun has in the past often suffered from fires. A very destructive one in 1651 was the result of an attack on the town in the war of The Fronde; Louis XIV rewarded its fidelity to him during that struggle by the grant of several privileges.

World War I
In 1917, the U.S. Air Service established its largest European training centre, the 3rd Aviation Instruction Center, about 14 km northwest of the town. At the time of the Armistice, 11 November 1918, thirteen fields were in operation and well over 10,000 ground personnel, student pilots and instructors were located there. It was at that time the largest air base in the world. A single monument on Department Route 960 remains to mark Issoudun's part in the Great War.

The United States Air Service formally left Issoudun on 28 June 1919, almost eight months after the war ended. The sites of the former airfields have returned to their previous status as agricultural fields.

On 28 June 2009, the people of Issoudun had a commemoration ceremony in honour of the American aviators who had trained, and in many cases, died while training there.

Recent Events
On 14 July 2009, Bastille Day, Issoudun hosted the arrival of the 10th stage of the Tour De France.

Territorial division
Issoudun is a member of:

 * The Communauté de communes du Pays d'Issoudun.
 * The Canton of Issoudun.
 * The Arrondissement of Issoudun.
 * Indre's 2nd constituency.

Between 1973 and 2015 the commune was also attached to and divided by the two cantons of Issoudun-Nord and Issoudun-Sud.

Landmarks
Among the interesting buildings are the church of St Cyr, combining various architectural styles, with a fine porch and window, and the chapel of the Hôtel Dieu of the early 16th century. Of the fortifications with which the town was formerly surrounded, a town-gate of the 16th century and the White Tower, a lofty cylindrical building of the reign of Philip II, survive.

The International broadcasting center of TDF (Télédiffusion de France) is at Issoudun/Ste Aoustrille. Issoudun is currently used by TDF for shortwave transmissions. The site uses 12 rotary ALLISS antennas fed by 12 transmitters of 500 kW each to transmit shortwave broadcasts by Radio France International (RFI), along with other broadcast services.

In popular culture
Issoudun figures prominently in Balzac's novel A Bachelor's Establishment (also known as The Black Sheep) which the Guardian has ranked as the 12th greatest novel of all time.

Culture
Issoudun is home to the Musée de l'Hospice Saint Roch, that consistently hosts contemporary art exhibitions.

Twin towns
Issoudin is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Notre-Dame-du-Sacré-Cœur-d'Issoudun, Canada, Québec, since 1977

title: Issoudun


text:
Fort Eisenhower

Fort Eisenhower, formerly known as Fort Gordon and Camp Gordon, is a United States Army installation established southwest of Augusta, Georgia in October 1941. It is the current home of the United States Army Signal Corps, United States Army Cyber Command, and the Cyber Center of Excellence as well as the National Security Agency/Central Security Service' Georgia Cryptologic Center (NSA Georgia or NSAG). It was once the home of the Provost Marshal General School and Civil Affairs School. Fort Eisenhower is one of the largest US Army installations in the world with more than 16,000 military service members and 13,500 civilian personnel assigned to it.

One of the major components of the installation is Advanced Individual Training for Signal Corps military occupational specialties. Signals Intelligence has become more visible and comprises more and more of the post's duties.

Background
When established in later 1941, the installation was originally named after John Brown Gordon. While he was a major general in the Confederate army during the Civil War, after the war he held state and national offices: he was elected twice as a United States Senator (D-GA) and between these terms in the late 19th century served as Governor of Georgia. It was one of several U.S. Army installations named for prominent Confederate officers.

In the early 21st century, the Department of Defense Naming Commission recommended it be renamed as Fort Eisenhower, for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who had also served as Commanding General of the Allied Forces during World War II. On 5 January 2023 William A. LaPlante, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment directed the full implementation of the recommendations of the Naming Commission. The redesignation occurred 27 October 2023.

A different Camp Gordon existed in Chamblee, Georgia near Atlanta during World War I. During World War I, the US Army Camp Hancock was located in Augusta, Georgia in the general vicinity of the current Daniel Field. Camp Hancock was the home of the 28th Infantry Division from Pennsylvania. Camp Hancock was abandoned and turned over to a caretaker detachment on 27 March 1919.

From 1919 until 1941, there was no army installation named Camp Gordon in existence, nor was there any installation located near Augusta, Georgia.

World War II era
Camp Gordon was approved as the name for a WWII division training camp which began construction in July 1941. The U.S. War Department approved a contract to construct facilities on a new training area near Augusta, in Richmond County, Georgia, which had been selected several months earlier. A groundbreaking and flag-raising ceremony took place in October. In response to the attack on Pearl Harbor, Colonel Herbert W. Schmidt, camp commander, moved his small staff from his temporary office in the Augusta post office building to the unfinished headquarters building at Camp Gordon on 9 December 1941. The 4th Infantry Division began to establish operations there.

The post was home to three divisions during the war: the 4th Infantry, the 26th Infantry, and the 10th Armored. From October 1943 to January 1945, Camp Gordon served as an internment camp for foreign prisoners of war. From May 1945 until April 1946, the U.S. Army Personnel and Separation Center processed nearly 86,000 personnel for discharge from the Army.

Post-World War II

From early 1946 to June 1947, the U.S. Army Disciplinary Barracks for convicted criminals was located at Camp Gordon, and the installation was scheduled for deactivation. In September 1948 the Army relocated the Military Police School from Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, to Camp Gordon. In October 1948 a Signal Corps training center was activated here.

On 21 March 1956, the post was renamed Fort Gordon.

During the 1950s and into the 1970s, Fort Gordon served as a basic training facility under the US Third Army.

During the Vietnam War, the post was home to Camp Crockett, an area of the post conducting 9-week advance airborne infantry training courses for soldiers in line to attend their remaining 3 weeks of Airborne training at Fort Benning, Georgia. These soldiers were headed for assignment to Airborne units in Vietnam. This location closed as the war ended; today the site is overgrown with pine trees.

Between 1966 and 1968, approximately 2,200 Signal Officers were trained at the post's Signal Officer Candidate School (OCS), before all US Army branch OCSs were merged with the Infantry OCS at Fort Benning. Until 1974 and the end of the Vietnam War, Fort Gordon was also a training location for the Military Police Corps. This was located in the World War II wooden barracks corridor between Brainard Avenue and Avenue of the States, and in the Brems Barracks area of the fort.

In 1974 the Army moved its main Signal School from Fort Monmouth, New Jersey to Fort Gordon to consolidate all signal training in one location. The activity was designated as the US Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon. At the same time, the Army moved the MP School to Fort McClellan, Alabama and the Civil Affairs School to Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Since June 1986 the post has been the home of the Signal Corps Regiment, the branch of the U.S. Army responsible for providing and maintaining information systems and communication networks. The US Army Signal School's primary purpose is to conduct specialized instruction for all Signal Corps military and civilian personnel. During the 1990s the post served as a home for deployable Signal and Military Intelligence units as well.

The other major activity was health care, to include a Dental Lab along with a major Army Hospital, Dwight D. Eisenhower Medical Center. Fort Eisenhower is a diversified post where army Signal, Military Intelligence, Medical, and now Cyber are housed. The senior mission partner remains the US Army Cyber Center of Excellence.

Eisenhower method
As Supreme Commander in World War II, General Dwight D. Eisenhower prioritized the Allies' actions by a maxim paraphrased — "The important things are seldom urgent; the urgent things are seldom important"; however some things can be both urgent and important (the Eisenhower box). One of Eisenhower's requirements was that a report to him fit on a single sheet of paper. This allowed Eisenhower to manage the workload. Eisenhower later popularized this maxim while serving as President of Columbia University.

The co-location of Cyber operations and the Cyber Center of Excellence has resulted in Fort Eisenhower shifting from a mission devoted to institutional training to becoming a 24/7 operational installation, to [Operate, Defend, Attack, Influence, and Inform] (ODAY, pronounced "o'day").

Renaming
On 24 May 2022, the Commission on the Naming of Items of the Department of Defense that Commemorate the Confederate States of America or Any Person Who Served Voluntarily with the Confederate States of America submitted a recommendation to Congress that the post be renamed to Fort Eisenhower, in commemoration of General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th President of the United States.

The Cyber Center of Excellence was redesignated Cyber Center of Excellence and Fort Eisenhower on 27 October 2023 at Barton Field, the same location at which President Eisenhower delivered his final troop review speech on 7 January 1961. Fort Eisenhower was the last US Army installation to be renamed. The redesignation was attended by Eisenhower's granddaughter Susan Eisenhower and Christine Wormuth, the 25th US Secretary of the Army. The ceremony was presided over by Major General Paul T. Stanton, the commanding general of Fort Eisenhower.

Consolidating operations and facilities
Due to increases in the need and use of cyber technology, the US Army decided to consolidate the United States Army Cyber Command into one location. Fort Gordon and Fort George Meade were considered to receive this command. In December 2013 it was announced that Fort Gordon was selected. In September 2014, the US Army established the US Army Cyber branch and Cyber School at Fort Gordon. Both the Signal School and Cyber School are subordinate elements of the US Army Cyber Center of Excellence, the headquarters of which was formerly known as the US Army Signal Center of Excellence. The chiefs of the Signal and Cyber branches - the Chief of Signal and the Chief of Cyber - are dual hatted as the commandants of their respective schools and serve as the proponent chiefs for their branches and regiments.

In October 2016, the post marked its 75th year as a continuous active US military installation near Augusta, Georgia. In 2018, the Installation Management Command became part of the Army Material Command; the installation facilities now belong to AMC, with the TRADOC Cyber Center of Excellence commander serving as the senior mission partner in addition to his TRADOC duties of education and training.

Fort Eisenhower is home to the US Army Signal and Cyber Schools. In March 2020 Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER) relocated from Virginia to its new home in Fortitude Hall, co-joined with the National Security Agency — Georgia headquarters. The co-location of the Army Cyber operational headquarters with its institutional Schoolhouse for Cyber Warriors, afforded unique opportunities to enrich institutional courses and training with operational experience and real-world lessons.

With the establishment of the Army Cyber Corps, and relocation of the Army Cyber command, Fort Eisenhower has shifted from a focus on institutional training to becoming a 24/7 operational installation, for the Cyber Military Intelligence Group (CMIG), the Information Warfare Operations Center (IWOC), and the Joint Mission Operations Center —Georgia (JMOC-G).

Training and current operations
The Signal school focuses primarily on communications technology that is currently being utilized by the United States Army to provide the DODIN or Department of Defense Information Network, the platform for cyberspace operations. One MOS or Military Operational Specialty that is currently being trained at Fort Eisenhower by the Signal School are the Signal Support System Specialists whose MOS designation is 25U or 25 Uniform. Soldiers that can perform both Signal and Cyber related jobs are in high demand throughout the army and because of this Fort Eisenhower has a steady stream of soldiers training on base in those disciplines.

Units and facilities
Fort Eisenhower's official name is the U.S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence & Fort Eisenhower, or CyberCoE&FE. While the TRADOC school itself is a major function, the post is home to the following active-duty tenant units:
 * United States Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER)
 * Cyber Protection Brigade
 * 780th Military Intelligence Brigade (located at Fort Meade, MD)
 * 782nd Military Intelligence Battalion
 * 11th Cyber Battalion
 * 15th Signal Brigade
 * 369th Signal Battalion
 * 442nd Signal Battalion
 * 551st Signal Battalion
 * Ordnance Training Detachment - Eisenhower
 * 401st Cyber Battalion
 * 35th Signal Brigade
 * 50th Expeditionary Signal Battalion (located at Fort Liberty, NC)
 * 51st Expeditionary Signal Battalion (located at Joint Base Lewis–McChord, WA)
 * 63rd Expeditionary Signal Battalion (located at Fort Stewart, GA)
 * 116th Military Intelligence Brigade (United States)
 * 480th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group USAF
 * 3rd Intelligence Squadron
 * 31st Intelligence Squadron
 * 451st Intelligence Squadron
 * 513th Military Intelligence Brigade
 * 202nd Military Intelligence Battalion
 * 297th Military Intelligence Battalion
 * 35th Military Police Detachment
 * 706th Military Intelligence Group
 * 707th Military Intelligence Battalion
 * 7th Signal Command
 * 359th Signal Brigade (USAR)
 * 92nd Engineers Combat Heavy
 * 206th Military Intelligence Battalion
 * 324th Signal Battalion
 * Cryptologic Support Battalion
 * 338th Training Squadron (USAF)
 * National Security Agency/Central Security Service Georgia, formerly known as the Gordon Regional Security Operations Center.
 * Naval Network Warfare Command (Navy Information Operations Command, Georgia),
 * Marine Corps Intelligence Activity
 * Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center (DDEAMC)

Fort Eisenhower has approximately 30,000 military and civilian employees and currently has an estimated $1.1 billion economic impact on the Augusta-Richmond County economy.

Berlin Wall display
In Freedom Park, located off Rice Road, across from Barton Field, is a display of two sections of the Berlin Wall that separated East and West Berlin during the Cold War, as well as a sign from the wall.

Barton Field
Barton Field is a large open field and parade ground that occupies a large tract of land in the center of Fort Eisenhower. It is named after World War II Major General Raymond O. Barton Sr., a local resident of Augusta and prominent commander during the assault on Normandy during D-Day on 6 June 1944. Barton Field is used extensively for festivals, events, and morning physical fitness training for units stationed at Fort Eisenhower.

Post Amenities
Fort Eisenhower contains numerous amenities and recreational facilities for the personnel stationed there, with some being open to the public. Eisenhower Lakes Golf Club is a fully equipped golf course on post. Five Star Lanes on 3rd Street is a 24-lane bowling center which also contains a full lunch counter and snack bar and the Heroes Bar which houses pool tables and volleyball courts. Fort Eisenhower is also home to an outdoor pool and water park, an escape room, the Hilltop Riding Stables, numerous gyms and fitness centers, a disc golf course, shooting range, and commercial eateries and Army dining facilities.

The main post exchange (PX) and commissary are located on 3rd Avenue Bypass. The PX is operated by the Army & Air Force Exchange Service and provides shops tailored to the military as well as a general department store. The PX also contains chain stores like GameStop and a UPS Store as well as food court with Starbucks, Popeyes, Taco Bell, Subway and other fast-food brands.

The Fort Eisenhower Commissary is a full-service grocery store on post that offers curbside pickup. One of the brands of household products featured at the commissary is Skilcraft, which are manufactured by visually impaired, blind, and disabled individuals. There are also numerous "shoppettes" or troop stores on post similar in size and offering to a typical convenience store.

Woodworth Library
Woodworth Library on Rice Road is the primary library on post, open to military personnel and their dependents. The library is named after Captain Clark Newell Woodworth Jr., the former commander of Charlie Company, Seventh Battalion at Fort Eisenhower (then Fort Gordon) from December 1964 to December 1965. Captain Woodworth was killed in Vietnam in February 1966, and his name appears at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. The library houses about 40,000 books and also contains a computer lab for use by patrons.

Woodworth Library is directly across the street from Barton Field.

title: Fort Eisenhower


text:
Wesleyan Quadrilateral

The Wesleyan Quadrilateral, or Methodist Quadrilateral, is a methodology for theological reflection that is credited to John Wesley, leader of the Methodist movement in the late 18th century. The term itself was coined by 20th century American Methodist scholar Albert C. Outler.

The Wesleyan Quadrilateral explicates the Methodist belief of prima scriptura. This method bases its teaching on four sources as the basis of theological and doctrinal development. These four sources are chiefly scripture, along with tradition, reason, and Christian experience.

Description
Upon examination of Wesley's work, Albert Outler theorized that Wesley used four different sources in coming to theological conclusions. Wesley believed, first of all, that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in "scripture" as the sole foundational source. The centrality of scripture was so important for Wesley that he called himself "a man of one book". However, doctrine had to be in keeping with Christian orthodox "tradition". So, tradition became in his view the second aspect of the so-called Quadrilateral. Furthermore, Wesley believed that faith is more than merely an acknowledgment of ideas. Thus, as a practical theologian, he contended that part of the theological method would involve "experiential" faith. In other words, truth, if actually truth, should be vivified in the personal experience of Christians (overall, not individually). Finally, every doctrine must be able to be defended "rationally". He did not divorce faith from reason. Tradition, experience, and reason, however, are subject always to scripture, which is primary.

Outline

 * Scripture: Wesley insisted that scripture is the first authority and contains the only measure whereby all other truth is tested. It was delivered by authors who were divinely inspired. It is a rule sufficient of itself. It neither needs, nor is capable of, any further addition. The scripture references to justification by faith as the gateway to scriptural holiness are: Deut. 30:6; Ps. 130:8; Ezek. 36:25, 29; Matt. 5:48; 22:37; Luke 1:69; John 17:20–23; Rom. 8:3–4; II Cor. 7:1; Eph. 3:14; 5:25–27; I Thess. 5:23; Titus 2:11–14; I John 3:8; 4:17.

 * Tradition: Wesley wrote that it is generally supposed that traditional evidence is weakened by length of time, as it must necessarily pass through so many hands in a continued succession of ages. Although other evidence is perhaps stronger, he insisted: "Do not undervalue traditional evidence. Let it have its place and its due honour. It is highly serviceable in its kind, and in its degree". Wesley states that those of strong and clear understanding should be aware of its full force. For him it supplies a link through 1,700 years of history with Jesus and the apostles. The witness to justification and sanctification is an unbroken chain drawing us into fellowship with those who have finished the race, fought the fight, and who now reign with God in his glory and might.

 * Reason: Although scripture is sufficient unto itself and is the foundation of true religion, Wesley wrote: "Now, of what excellent use is reason, if we would either understand ourselves, or explain to others, those living oracles". He states quite clearly that without reason we cannot understand the essential truths of Scripture. Reason, however, is not a mere human invention. It must be assisted by the Holy Spirit if we are to understand the mysteries of God. With regard to justification by faith and sanctification Wesley said that although reason cannot produce faith, when impartial reason speaks we can understand the new birth, inward holiness, and outward holiness.

 * Experience: Apart from scripture, experience is the strongest proof of Christianity. "What the scriptures promise, I enjoy". Again, Wesley insisted that we cannot have reasonable assurance of something unless we have experienced it personally. John Wesley was assured of both justification and sanctification because he had experienced them in his own life. What Christianity promised (considered as a doctrine) was accomplished in his soul. Furthermore, Christianity (considered as an inward principle) is the completion of all those promises. Although traditional proof is complex, experience is simple: "One thing I know; I was blind, but now I see." Although tradition establishes the evidence a long way off, experience makes it present to all persons. As for the proof of justification and sanctification Wesley states that Christianity is an experience of holiness and happiness, the image of God impressed on a created spirit, a fountain of peace and love springing up into everlasting life.

Application
The Wesleyan Quadrilateral is taught in various Methodist connections. The United Methodist Church asserts that "Wesley believed that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in Scripture, illumined by tradition, vivified in personal experience, and confirmed by reason. Scripture [however] is primary, revealing the Word of God 'so far as it is necessary for our salvation.'" The Free Methodist Church teaches:

Wesley saw his four sources of authority not merely as prescriptive of how one should form their theology, but also as descriptive of how almost anyone does form theology. As an astute observer of human behavior, and a pragmatist, Wesley's approach to the Quadrilateral was most certainly phenomenological, describing in a practical way how things actually work in actual human experience. Thus, when Wesley speaks of "Tradition", he does not merely refer to ancient Church Tradition and the writings of the great theologians and Church Fathers of days past, but also of the immediate and present theological influences which contribute to a person's understanding of God and of Christian theology. "Tradition" may include such influences as the beliefs, values, and instruction of one's family and upbringing. It may also include the various beliefs and values which one encounters and which have an effect on one's understanding of Scripture.

In United Methodist understanding, both laypeople and clergy alike share in "our theological task." The theological task is the ongoing effort to live as Christians in the midst of the complexities of a secular world. Wesley's Quadrilateral is referred to in Methodism as "our theological guidelines" and is taught to its pastors in seminary as the primary approach to interpreting the scriptures and gaining guidance for moral questions and dilemmas faced in daily living.

title: Wesleyan Quadrilateral


text:
Factor XI

Factor XI, or plasma thromboplastin antecedent, is the zymogen form of factor XIa, one of the enzymes involved in coagulation. Like many other coagulation factors, it is a serine protease. In humans, factor XI is encoded by F11 gene.

Function
Factor XI (FXI) is produced by the liver and circulates as a homo-dimer in its inactive form. The plasma half-life of FXI is approximately 52 hours. The zymogen factor is activated into factor XIa by factor XIIa (FXIIa), thrombin, and FXIa itself; due to its activation by FXIIa, FXI is a member of the "contact pathway" (which includes HMWK, prekallikrein, factor XII, factor XI, and factor IX).

Factor XIa activates factor IX by selectively cleaving arg-ala and arg-val peptide bonds. Factor IXa, in turn, forms a complex with Factor VIIIa (FIXa-FVIIIa) and activates factor X.

Physiological inhibitors of factor XIa include protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI, a member of the serine protease inhibitor/serpin class of proteins), which is independent of protein Z (its action on factor X, however, is protein Z-dependent, hence its name).

Structure
Although synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, FXI circulates as a homodimer. Every chain has a relative molecular mass of approximately 80000. Typical plasma concentrations of FXI are 5 μg/mL, corresponding to a plasma concentration (of FXI dimers) of approximately 30 nM. The FXI gene is 23kb in length, has 15 exons, and is found on chromosome 4q32-35.

Factor XI consists of four apple domains, that create a disk-like platform around the base of a fifth, catalytic serine protease domain. One contains a binding site for thrombin, another for high molecular weight kininogen, a third one for factor IX, heparin and glycoprotein Ib and the fourth is implicated in forming the factor XI homodimer, including a cysteine residue that creates a disulfide bond.

In the homodimer, the apple domains create two disk-like platforms connected together at an angle, with the catalytic domains sticking out at each side of the dimer.

Activation by thrombin or factor XIIa is achieved by cleavage of Arg369-Ile370 peptide bonds on both subunits of the dimer. This results in a partial detachment of the catalytic domain from the disk-like apple domains, still linked to the fourth domain with a disulfide bond, but now farther from the third domain. This is thought that this exposes the factor IX binding site of the third apple domain, allowing factor XI's protease activity on it.

Role in disease
Deficiency of factor XI causes the rare hemophilia C; this mainly occurs in Ashkenazi Jews and is believed to affect approximately 8% of that population. Less commonly, hemophilia C can be found in Jews of Iraqi ancestry and in Israeli Arabs. The condition has been described in other populations at around 1% of cases. It is an autosomal recessive disorder. There is little spontaneous bleeding, but surgical procedures may cause excessive blood loss, and prophylaxis is required.

Low levels of factor XI also occur in many other disease states, including Noonan syndrome.

High levels of factor XI have been implicated in thrombosis, although it is uncertain what determines these levels and how serious the procoagulant state is.

Pharmacological inhibitors of factor XI that are under clinical development but not yet approved for treatment include the oral factor XIa inhibitors Asundexian (BAY 2433334) and Milvexian as well as the monoclonal anti-factor XI antibody Abelacimab (MAA868).

title: Factor XI


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Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta)

Oakland Cemetery is one of the largest cemetery green spaces in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded as Atlanta Cemetery in 1850 on six acres (2.4 hectares) of land southeast of the city, it was renamed in 1872 to reflect the large number of oak and magnolia trees growing in the area. By that time, the city had grown and the cemetery had enlarged correspondingly to the current 48 acre. Since then, Atlanta has continued to expand so that the cemetery is now located in the center of the city. Oakland is an excellent example of a Victorian-style cemetery, and reflects the "garden cemetery" movement started and exemplified by Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts.

The original 6 acre of Oakland remains one of the oldest historical plots of land in Atlanta, most of the rest of the city having been burned in 1864. Because of its age and location, the cemetery directly reflects the history and changing culture of the City of Atlanta and the significant events it has seen. Names of Atlanta streets, buildings, parks, subdivisions, and more can be found within the cemetery gates. An estimated 70,000 people are interred at Oakland, and while the last plots were sold in 1884, there are still regular burials today. These are largely conducted on family-owned plots or areas owned by Atlanta (one of the most recent being former mayor Maynard Jackson, whose plot was contributed by the city).

Original 6 acre
Immediately upon entering the gates of Oakland is found the original 6 acre purchased for use as the Atlanta Cemetery in 1850. The gates and perimeter walls were not erected until 1896, the date engraved on the keystone of the gates' highest arch. After a short distance along a brick walkway, Oakland's first resident since its establishment can be found. Dr. James Nissen was a medical doctor visiting Atlanta who fell ill and died in 1850. Legend has it that Dr. Nissen shared a common fear of the day, being buried alive. Therefore, before his death he asked that his jugular vein be cut prior to his burial to ensure he did not wake up later under the ground. Being the oldest grave in Oakland since its designation as a city cemetery, Nissen's headstone is nearly completely worn away by the passage of time and the elements. The inscription is only known due to an extensive survey of Atlanta cemeteries performed in the 1930s by Franklin Garrett. Back towards the main gates of Oakland on a plot donated by the City of Atlanta lies Martha Lumpkin Compton. The daughter of Governor Wilson Lumpkin, from 1843 until 1845 Atlanta was known as "Marthasville" in her honor. The first thing many people notice when entering the gates of Oakland is the mausoleum of Jasper Newton Smith, on which sits a striking life-size statue of Smith himself. Smith was a businessman and real estate investor who rose to prominence in post-war Reconstruction Era Atlanta. Smith was well known for refusing to wear a necktie due to a bad experience as a child. Therefore, one story describing the creation of his statue notes that when the artist sculpted him wearing a cravat, Smith refused to pay until the offending item had been chiseled off. Another story notes that Smith once travelled to the cemetery to personally remove a vine that had wrapped around the neck of the statue.

Farther into this section the Kontz Memorial and the Neal Monument, two sculptures showing vastly different styles of artistry, can be seen. The latter is an example of Neoclassical art and imagery, while the former is Oakland's only known example of Egyptian Revival. Also to be found in the original 6 acre is a small area of land marking the old Jewish section. This area was bought by the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (which later bought more land in the expanded cemetery) and is the second oldest Jewish burial ground in the state of Georgia, preceded by a colonial Jewish cemetery in Savannah.

Also resting in the original 6 acre is Robert Tyre "Bobby" Jones, an Atlanta-native amateur golfer known for first winning The Double. His grave can always be found with golf balls and other paraphernalia relating to the sport. The immediate area surrounding Jones' grave is adorned by all eighteen flower-bearing plants that are the namesakes of the holes on the Augusta National course. Franklin Garrett, a man dubbed "Atlanta's Official Historian" who extensively cataloged Atlanta's history as well as many of the graves at Oakland and other Atlanta-area cemeteries also rests in the original 6 acre.

While walking throughout the original 6 acre, and indeed much of the entire cemetery, many visitors will notice a lack of ironwork which is uncommon to a cemetery from Oakland's era. This is due to the City of Atlanta's contribution of much of the original ironwork in Oakland to the U.S. government for use in producing arms during World War I.

Confederate section
The Confederate section of Oakland is home to an estimated 6,900 burials, of which about 3,000 are unknown. During the Civil War, Atlanta was a major transportation and medical center for the Southern states. Since several of the largest military hospitals in the area were within a half mile (800 m) from Oakland, many soldiers who died from their wounds were buried here. Shortly after the war ended, a few thousand fallen soldiers from the Atlanta Campaign who were previously buried in battleground graves were moved to the Confederate grounds in Oakland. The area is marked by a large monument known as the Confederate Obelisk. This 65 foot (20 m) tall obelisk is made from granite quarried from Stone Mountain and was dedicated on April 26, 1874, the anniversary of Joseph E. Johnston's surrender to William Sherman. For a number of years, the Confederate Obelisk was the tallest structure in Atlanta. To the northwest, very close to the obelisk itself, are buried four Confederate generals, John B. Gordon, Lucius J. Gartrell, Clement A. Evans, and Alfred Iverson, Jr. To the south of the obelisk is a large section of marked military graves. Of special note are the 16 marked graves of Union soldiers that are buried alongside Confederate soldiers. This practice was very uncommon at the time, but was likely done at Oakland due to dwindling burial space. Formerly located in the Confederate section was the Lion of the Confederacy, or Lion of Atlanta. The lion sculpture was removed by the City of Atlanta on August 18, 2021, after repeated vandalism. The lion, which guarded a field containing the remains of unknown Confederate dead, was commissioned by the Atlanta Ladies Memorial Association and carved by T. M. Brady in 1894 out of the largest piece of marble quarried from north Georgia up to that time. Though Brady claimed that the design was original, with a few exceptions it is actually a near copy of the Swiss Lion of Lucerne.

New Jewish section

Located relatively close to the old Jewish section contained in the original 6 acre, the plots designated as the "new" Jewish section were acquired by the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in 1878 and 1892. The burial sites, and the headstones and monuments marking them, reflect the blending of the German-Jewish culture of which the Benevolent Congregation was primarily comprised, and the American culture that the community had adopted. In contrast to this cultural blending are the resting places of members of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue, to which the Benevolent Congregation sold some of the plots. Members of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue were mostly Eastern European Jewish immigrants who were much more Orthodox. Unlike the Benevolent Congregation, the Synagogue sought to preserve their traditional culture and to avoid cultural blending. This is evident in the grave sites of members of the Synagogue, which are identifiable by their use of the Hebrew language and engravings of traditional Jewish symbols. In more recent years, the new Jewish section fell victim to vandalism by two teenaged locals in 1982.

Potter's Field
Potter's Field is a 7.5 acre (3 hectare) area that is traditionally designated for burial of those without the means to purchase a plot of land. Beyond the outer wall bordering the field is the former Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill (since renovated into loft apartments) and Cabbagetown, both constructed by Jacob Elsas, who is buried in the new Jewish section. By 1884 all of the traditional plots at Oakland had been sold. This meant that peoples' only options for burial at Oakland were to either buy a plot from a private owner or be buried in Potter's Field, and records show that many people opted for the latter. Potter's Field makes a significant contribution to the number of residents at Oakland, as indicated by a 1978 archaeological survey conducted by Georgia State University that revealed the entire area to be occupied by an estimated 17,000 persons.

Black section
This section of the cemetery is a testament to the period of history during which segregation was at its height in the United States. The entire cemetery reflects the great cultural changes that occurred in Atlanta during its service; from the Jim Crow era exhibited by the segregated black section to the modern era that strives for social equality, as shown by the recent burial of Maynard Jackson on a plot in the original 6 acre of Oakland. One striking feature that visitors will notice is that the black section, similarly to the adjoining Potter's Field, lacks a great deal of headstones, monuments, and grave markers in general. This is because many grave markers here were made of wood and other biodegradable materials. These markers have succumbed to the passing of time and as a result have rendered a large portion of the grave sites in the black section unknown. Despite the social difficulties that had to be overcome by African-Americans living in the Southern states at the time, there are several outstanding black figures buried at Oakland who made significant contributions to the history of Atlanta. Some of these include Bishop Wesley John Gaines, Reverend Frank Quarles (an early benefactor of Morehouse College), Carrie Steele Logan, and Antoine Graves, the owner of the only mausoleum in the black section.

Bell Tower
Before the Bell Tower was constructed in 1899, a farmhouse owned by James E. Williams, who would later be mayor of Atlanta, stood in the spot. From this location, General John B. Hood directed Confederate forces in the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, 1864. The Bell Tower building as it stands today was originally the sexton's office and living quarters. Atop the tower is a bell that was formerly used to signal for workers to gather at that location, and for funerals. The basement was used as a vault for storing coffins awaiting burial. In 1998 the Bell Tower building saw extensive restoration and now serves as the offices of the Historic Oakland Foundation as well as the cemetery's visitor center.

Monuments and mausolea
As with most cemeteries of comparable size and age, Oakland contains numerous monuments and mausolea that are often outstanding examples of art and symbolism, or are of great historical significance. In the southeast area of the cemetery is a historical marker describing the events surrounding the Great Locomotive Chase, in which Union raiders stole the locomotive General with the intent of cutting vital telegraph lines. They were captured by Confederate forces and seven of them were hanged in Oakland and temporarily interred there before being moved to the National Cemetery at Chattanooga. Near the Bell Tower lies a monument dedicated by the City of Atlanta to its first mayor, Moses Formwalt, who was also the youngest Atlanta mayor at 28 years old.

Sitting atop a hill near the original 6 acre is the Austell Mausoleum, likely the most elaborate in Oakland. The mausoleum was constructed by Alfred Austell, one of the founders of Atlanta National Bank, in the Gothic Revival style. The Austell Mausoleum cost around $90,000 to build in the 1880s, and is estimated to cost over $3 million to replace by today's standards. Another notable burial on the original 6 acre is the rose-adorned site of the Marsh family, on which Margaret Mitchell Marsh, author of Gone with the Wind, rests. Near the Marsh grave is a gas lamp that was one of the original 50 installed by the Atlanta Gas Light company in 1856. The lamp, which bears scars from the shelling of Atlanta in 1864, was donated to the cemetery by Franklin Miller Garrett. The keen observer might notice that the plaque that describes the gas lamp's history incorrectly dates the lamp to 1850.

Historic Oakland Foundation
Since Oakland is not and was never a perpetual care cemetery, maintenance of grave sites was the responsibility of the families of the interred. Of course, time sees the movement of families and the general disconnection with ancestors as generations pass. Because of this, many grave sites have fallen into disrepair from neglect and sometimes vandalism. Therefore, shortly after Oakland was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 28, 1976, the Historic Oakland Foundation was established. The Foundation has overseen the restoration and upkeep of many grave sites, monuments, mausolea, and buildings that had been affected by the ravages of time. Their activity, which is supported by donations, grants, and special events, continues today as they maintain and restore the cemetery as well as provide guided tours of the grounds.

Notable burials

 * 27 former Atlanta mayors, including:
 * Ivan Allen, Jr.
 * Moses Formwalt (Atlanta's first mayor)
 * Maynard Jackson (Atlanta's first African-American mayor)
 * S. B. Spencer
 * 6 former Georgia governors:
 * Joseph E. Brown (1821-04-15 – 1894-11-30)
 * Joseph Mackey Brown (1851-12-28 – 1932-03-03)
 * John B. Gordon (1832-02-06 – 1904-01-09)
 * William J. Northen (1835-06-09 – 1913-03-25)
 * John Marshall Slaton (1866-12-25 – 1955-06-11)
 * Hoke Smith (1855-11-02 – 1931-11-27)
 * Confederate Generals:
 * Lucius J. Gartrell
 * Clement A. Evans (1833-02-25 – 1911-07-02)
 * John B. Gordon
 * Alfred Iverson, Jr.
 * William Ambrose Wright (1844 – 1929), Confederate lieutenant
 * Martha Wilson Lumpkin Compton (1827-08-25 – 1917-02-13), daughter of Governor Wilson Lumpkin and namesake of Marthasville, Atlanta's name from 1843 until approximately 1845
 * William Fuller, Jefferson Cain, and Anthony Murphy, Western & Atlantic Railroad employees involved in the Great Locomotive Chase
 * Bishop Wesley John Gaines (1840-10-04 – 1912-01-12), Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and founder of Morris Brown College.
 * Franklin Miller Garrett (1906-09-25 – 2000-03-05), Atlanta historian notable for his extensive survey of Atlanta cemeteries. He was dubbed "Atlanta's Official Historian" and is buried on commons ground on a plot donated by the City of Atlanta.
 * Joel Hurt, founder of Inman Park and Druid Hills, two of Atlanta's first planned subdivisions
 * Dr. Joseph Jacobs, owner of the pharmacy where John Pemberton first sold Coca-Cola as a soft drink
 * Bobby Jones (1902-03-17 – 1971-12-18), the only golfer to win the Grand Slam, the U.S. Amateur, U.S. Open, British Amateur and The Open Championship in the same year
 * Carrie Steele Logan (c. 1829 – 1900-11-03), founder of the first black orphanage in Georgia, now known as the Carrie Steele-Pitts Home. Kept orphans in a boxcar in the rail yard where she worked and brought them home with her at night.
 * Eugene Mitchell, lawyer and president of the Atlanta Board of Education
 * Margaret Mitchell Marsh, author of Gone with the Wind
 * Maybelle Stephens Mitchell, suffragist and activist
 * Reverend Frank Quarles, key figure in establishing Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, which later became Spelman College
 * Morris and Emanuel Rich, founders of Rich's department store.
 * Edward A. Vincent, architect of Atlanta's first passenger depot and publisher of the first official map of the city (unmarked grave).
 * Benjamin Franklin White, shape note "singing master", and compiler of the shape note tunebook known as The Sacred Harp.
 * Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America, was interred for a time at Oakland before being moved to his estate near Crawfordville.
 * Annie Fitzgerald Stephens, landowner and businesswoman, grandmother of Margaret Mitchell
 * Orelia Key Bell, poet, buried alongside her long-time friend, Ida Jane Ash.
 * Andrew Steiner, Holocaust survivor saved as many as 7,000 Slovakian Jews by convincing Nazi officials to create workshops staffed by Jews, renowned architect who developed master plan for Jekyll Island, Stone Mountain, and Callaway Gardens.
 * Martha Loftin Wilson (1834–1919), missionary worker, journal editor, heroine of the American Civil War
 * Kenny Rogers (1938–2020), singer, songwriter, musician, actor, record producer, and entrepreneur
 * Ira Yale Sage (1848–1908), Colonel, railroad builder, civil engineer, entrepreneur

Fictional portrayals
In Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel, Gone With The Wind, Oakland Cemetery is mentioned as the final resting place of Scarlett O'Hara's first husband, Charles Hamilton, and as the burial place of many Confederate soldiers who died during the Civil War.

2008 tornado
On March 14, 2008, Oakland Cemetery sustained significant damage when a tornado tore through downtown Atlanta. The City Sexton, Sam Reed, estimated that 50 to 60 trees were toppled and many more significantly damaged. Dozens of headstones and obelisks were also destroyed. Additionally, debris from other damaged buildings was blown into the cemetery; a shredded window blind was "draped like a necklace" around one marker. It was the first tornado to hit the downtown area since weather record keeping began in the 1880s.Friday tornado pummels downtown; Saturday storm kills 2 by Tim Eberly and Paul Shea for the Atlanta Journal and Constitution, March 15, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2008. Atlanta Tornado: The Aftermath: Landmarks Take a Hit by Rhonda Cook et al. for the Atlanta Journal and Constitution, March 16, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2008.

A map of the storm shows that the largest intensity of the storm was centered over the cemetery.

 * See article: 2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak.

title: Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta)


text: User talk:65.117.145.6

title: User talk:65.117.145.6


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Cabin fever

Cabin fever is the distressing claustrophobic irritability or restlessness experienced when a person, or group, is stuck at an isolated location or in confined quarters for an extended time. A person may be referred to as stir-crazy, derived from the use of stir meaning "prison".

A person may experience cabin fever in a situation such as being isolated within a vacation cottage out in the countryside, spending long periods underwater in a submarine, or being otherwise isolated from civilization, for instance during a stay-at-home order or under martial law. During cabin fever, a person may experience sleepiness or sleeplessness, have a distrust of anyone they are with, or have an urge to go outside even in adverse conditions such as poor weather or limited visibility. The concept is also invoked humorously to indicate simple boredom from being home alone for an extended period of time.

Cabin fever is not itself a disease and there is no diagnosis. However, related symptoms can lead the sufferer to make irrational decisions that could potentially threaten their life or the life of the group with whom they are confined. Some examples would be suicide or paranoia, or leaving the safety of a cabin during a terrible snow storm that one may be stuck in.

Therapy
One therapy for cabin fever is as simple as getting out and interacting with nature directly. Research has demonstrated that even brief interactions with nature can promote improved cognitive functioning, support a positive mood, and overall well-being. Escaping the confinement of the indoors and changing one's scenery and surroundings can easily help an individual experiencing cabin fever improve their mental state. Going outside to experience the openness of the world will stimulate the brain and body enough to eliminate feelings of intense claustrophobia, paranoia, and restlessness associated with cabin fever.

There is little evidence of those suffering from cabin fever seeing therapists or counselors for treatment; most sufferers simply discuss their symptoms with family or friends as a way of coping with feelings of loneliness and boredom. However, there are cases of "cabin fever" that are diagnosed as mid-winter depression, or seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

In popular culture
The concept of cabin fever was used as a theme in Fyodor Dostoevsky's 1866 novel Crime and Punishment, Chaplin's 1925 film The Gold Rush, Stefan Zweig's 1948 novella The Royal Game, the 2011 children's comedy book Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever, the 1980 horror film The Shining and The Simpsons episode "Mountain of Madness." In the 1996 film Muppet Treasure Island the crew of the Hispaniola sing a production number about succumbing to cabin fever. The 2019 psychological horror film The Lighthouse depicts the story of two lighthouse keepers who start to lose their sanity when a storm strands them on the remote island where they are stationed. The television show Mythbusters had Adam and Jamie simulate a cabin fever scenario by isolating themselves in cabins in Alaska with no contact with the outside world and little stimuli. The hosts concluded that the myth of cabin fever was plausible since the hosts did develop some of the symptoms commonly associated with cabin fever, including irritability and excessive sleeping. An episode of the YouTube animated series Murder Drones is titled "Cabin Fever".

title: Cabin fever


text:
Supersoul Records

Super Soul Records is a record label founded by Ray Cappo (Better Than a Thousand, Shelter & Youth of Today) that was distributed through Roadrunner Records. Notable releases were by Shelter (The Purpose The Passion) and Vision of Disorder.

title: Supersoul Records


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Nature Boy (disambiguation)

"Nature Boy" is a song written by Eden Ahbez and later popularised by Nat King Cole, in 1948.

Nature Boy may also refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Nature Boy (comics), the title of a short-lived Charlton Comics superhero of the 1950s
 * "Nature Boy", a character from the 1950 Bugs Bunny cartoon Bushy Hare
 * "Ravishing Ronald The De-Natured Boy", a character from the 1951 Bugs Bunny cartoon Bunny Hugged

Albums

 * Nature Boy, a 2000 album by Jackie McLean
 * Nature Boy: The Standards Album, a 2003 album by Aaron Neville

Songs

 * "Nature Boy", a song by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds from their album Abattoir Blues / The Lyre of Orpheus
 * "Nature Boy", a song by Primus from their album Pork Soda

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Nature Boy, a 2000 Canadian television movie directed by Kari Skogland, in which Callum Keith Rennie portrayed Eden Ahbez
 * Nature Boy, a 2000 BBC television drama series directed by Joe Wright

Social movement

 * Nature boys or Naturemensch, a proto-hippie movement in California

Mascot

 * Nature Boy, a human male mascot who appeared on the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling

Wrestlers

 * Buddy Rogers (wrestler) (1921–1992), an American professional wrestler
 * Ric Flair (b. 1949), an American professional wrestler
 * Buddy Landel (1961–2015), an American professional wrestler
 * Roger Kirby (wrestler) (1939-2019), an American professional wrestler
 * Scoot Andrews (b. 1971), an American indy wrestler best known as "The Black Nature Boy" Scoot Andrews
 * Stan Lane (b. 1953), an American professional wrestler, who wrestled as "Nature Boy Stanley Lane"
 * William Regal (b. 1968), a British professional wrestler, whom wrestled as "Nature Boy Steven Regal"

title: Nature Boy (disambiguation)


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Leominster Canal

The Leominster Canal was an English canal which ran for just over 18 miles from Mamble to Leominster through 16 locks and a number of tunnels, some of which suffered engineering problems even before the canal opened. Originally, the canal was part of a much more ambitious plan to run 46 miles from Stourport to Kington.

Construction
Following the opening of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal in 1772, which linked the industrial Midlands to the River Severn at Stourport, the engineer Robert Whitworth proposed a canal to link Stourport to Hereford, passing through Pensax and Leominster in 1777. Meetings were held at Leominster and Tenbury Wells in 1789, at which it was decided to survey possible routes from Leominster to Stourport. Thomas Dadford, Jr. carried out the survey, and presented a plan to a meeting in December 1789 for a 31 mi canal, costing £83,000, with estimated receipts of £4,300 per year. Three tunnels would be required, at Putnal Field, Southnet and Pensax.

Despite the low estimated returns, a meeting in January 1790 decided to proceed with Dadford's canal. A further meeting was held in Kington in April, and there were calls to build a connecting canal to the town. The two schemes became one, and the total length of the canal would be 46 mi. From Kington, locks would raise the level of the canal by 48 ft, and then it would fall by 496 ft to reach the River Severn. The lack of major towns or industries did not seem to worry the proposers, and an Act of Parliament (31 Geo. 3. c. 69) was obtained on 13 May 1791, which allowed the Proprietors to raise £150,000, with another £40,000 if necessary.

Dadford was appointed as Engineer, a position which he held until 1795, although he only devoted one-quarter of his time to the Leominster Canal, as he performed the same role for the Monmouthshire Canal and was contracted to them for the remaining three-quarters of his time. Work began soon after his appointment, and by October 1794, the section from Woofferton near Tenbury to Marlbrook near Mamble was open for traffic.

The following year saw most of the section from Leominster to Woofferton completed, while beyond Marlbrook the 1254 yd Southnet tunnel was finished and work started on an aqueduct over the River Lugg at Kingsland. Around £90,000 had been spent to reach this stage. There were problems with the Southnet tunnel, part of which collapsed in 1795. The Proprietors sought the advice of John Rennie, who criticised Dadford's work. He estimated that £20,000 would be required to rectify the existing works from Southnet to Leominster, and that another £135,937 would be needed to complete the project.

Undaunted, the Proprietors applied for a second Act of Parliament, which they obtained on 26 April 1796, authorising them to raise or borrow a further £180,000. The 330 yd tunnel at Putnall Fields, which had proved very difficult to construct, was completed in July 1796, completing the route to Leominster, and creating a working canal which was 18.5 mi long. On 1 June 1797, a ceremonial cut was made on the banks of the River Severn, where the canal was eventually planned to join it, but only £62,582 had been raised under the terms of the second Act, and with some £25,000 owing, all work ceased.

In 1803, the Proprietors sought the advice of John Hodgkinson, as to how the canal could be completed. As a railway engineer, Hodgkinson recommended that railways should be built at either end of the existing section of canal, to connect to Kington and Stourport. Although another Act of Parliament was obtained, no construction work took place. Nine years later, they again approached Hodgkinson, and this time he suggested that they should abandon the authorised route to Stourport and extend the canal on a new alignment to the River Severn at Worcester. Nothing came of this plan, either.

Operation
In January 1794 the canal opened from Marlbrook to Woofferton and seven boatloads of coal were transported from the Mamble collieries on the first day. Engineering difficulties delayed the opening of Putnall Tunnel (south of Woofferton) until 1796. By the end of that year an 18.5 mi stretch of the canal was open between Marlbrook and Leominster and on the first day 14 boatloads of coal arrived in Leominster. Coal from the Mamble collieries was brought down the hill on tramways to Southnet wharf, where it was loaded onto barges and transported to Leominster.

For the next 60 years, the canal carried coal to Leominster, enabling the Mamble collieries to prosper. However the traffic from Mamble Colliery was not sufficient to run the canal at a profit, so the owners were constantly seeking to extend it eastwards to meet the River Severn, although this never materialised.

Decline
The canal never paid a dividend. What little money was collected was mostly paid for tolls on the transport of coal. In 1858, after sustained pressure by the Canal Company, the Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway paid £12,000 for the canal, which valued each £100 share at £16, and drained it soon after to sell the land. Part of the route was subsequently used for the Tenbury and Bewdley Railway that connected Woofferton to Bewdley via Tenbury Wells station, which was actually in Burford, Shropshire, not Tenbury Wells.

Remains
Although the canal has been closed for over 150 years, there are some remains left, including an aqueduct over the River Rea, and parts of a 3-arched aqueduct over the River Teme. The centre arch of the latter was destroyed as part of an explosives exercise during the Second World War, but the remains became a Grade II listed structure in 2000. The Rea aqueduct consisted of a single brick span of 45 ft with a brick-lined trough to carry the canal over it. It was thought to be the largest brick span at the time of its construction, and like the Teme aqueduct, it was Grade II listed in 2000. It has become a right of way across the River Rea, but the footpath was closed in 2014 following a partial collapse of the canal trough. The Friends of the Leominster Canal exists to raise awareness of the waterway and holds visits to the canal and associated features.

title: Leominster Canal