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Mauricio Pellegrino

Mauricio Andrés Pellegrino Luna (born 5 October 1971) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a centre-back, currently a manager.

After nearly one decade with Vélez Sarsfield, he spent the vast majority of his remaining career in Spain, amassing La Liga totals of 176 games and five goals over the course of eight seasons for three clubs, notably Valencia with which he won three titles (he won nine while in Argentina). He also had a six-month stint with Liverpool, and appeared with Argentina at the 1997 Copa América.

Pellegrino embarked on a managerial career after retiring, notably working two years with Vélez Sarsfield and leading Alavés to the 2017 Copa del Rey final. For eight months, he was in charge of Southampton in the Premier League.

Vélez and Barcelona
Born in Leones, Córdoba, Pellegrino played for Velez Sarsfield during a large portion of the 1990s, as the Buenos Aires-based club experienced its golden age, winning four Primeira División championships and the 1994 Intercontinental Cup and Copa Libertadores. He received the nickname El Flaco ("The Lanky One") for his physique.

Pellegrino had his first experience abroad in 1998–99, joining Louis van Gaal's Barcelona on loan. He made his La Liga debut on 12 September 1998 in a 1–0 home win against Extremadura, and would be used regularly during the campaign, which ended with league conquest.

Valencia
Pellegrino had his best years with another Spanish side, Valencia, partnering countryman Roberto Ayala in the heart of the back-four while helping them to two league titles during his tenure, with the addition of the 2003–04 edition of the UEFA Cup. Possessing an Italian passport through descent, he did not take a slot for non-European Union players in the team.

Arguably Pellegrino's worst moment occurred during the 2000–01 final of the UEFA Champions League as he missed the last penalty shootout attempt against Bayern Munich (1–1 after 120 minutes) – he also played in the previous season's decisive match, which also ended in defeat, to Real Madrid (3–0). Overall though, in his six years at the Mestalla, he was a very important defensive unit, and made 213 official appearances for the Che.

Liverpool and retirement
In early January 2005, after having been frozen out by Claudio Ranieri, Pellegrino joined former Valencia boss Rafael Benítez at Liverpool on a free transfer, signing a six-month contract – this move made him the first Argentine player in the history of the club. He played 12 times for the Reds in the Premier League – 13 overall – but his performances were not enough to secure a longer contract, and he was released by the club at the end of the season. He was cup-tied for the Champions League campaign, and did not feature in the victory over A.C. Milan in the final of the competition.

Afterwards, Pellegrino returned to Spain, having an unassuming stint with Alavés (fewer than half of the matches played, top-division relegation).

International
Pellegrino earned three caps for Argentina, all in 1997. He was picked for the squad at that year's Copa América and made his debut in the continental tournament against Ecuador in the group stage.

Early years
After retiring in June 2006, Pellegrino stayed connected to Valencia, coaching its Cadete B (youth team). Two years later he returned to Liverpool, who still had Benítez in charge, as first-team coach. In the middle of 2010 the pair moved to Inter Milan, where they were dismissed in December.

Valencia
On 7 May 2012, Pellegrino joined Valencia, signing for two years as a replacement for Unai Emery who had left at the end of the season. The first game of his career was a 1–1 draw at Real Madrid on 19 August. On 1 December 2012, following a 2–5 home loss against Real Sociedad which left the side in 12th place, he was relieved of his duties.

Estudiantes and Independiente
Pellegrino returned to his country, signing with Estudiantes in April 2013. On 14 April 2015, he was sacked by president Juan Sebastián Verón.

In June 2015, Pellegrino was appointed at Independiente in the same league.

Alavés
Pellegrino returned to Alavés on 26 June 2016, being named José Bordalás's successor as the club had just been promoted to the top flight. In his first season he qualified the team for the final of the Copa del Rey for the first time ever, after a 1–0 aggregate defeat of Celta; in the decisive match, played in Madrid, they lost 3–1 to Barcelona.

Southampton and Leganés
On 23 June 2017, Pellegrino was appointed coach of Southampton on a three-year contract. He was dismissed the following 12 March, with the team at risk of relegation after winning one of their last 17 matches.

Pellegrino returned to the Spanish top tier on 2 June 2018, signing a one-year deal with Leganés. In his first season, he led the club to a best-ever 13th place with record points, subsequently earning an extension until 2021. In October 2019, as the side was last in the standings, he left by mutual consent.

Vélez Sarsfield
On 16 April 2020, Pellegrino replaced Gabriel Heinze at the helm of Vélez Sarsfield and agreed to a contract until June 2021. At its conclusion, it was extended for another twelve months.

Pellegrino's side reached the semi-finals of the Copa Sudamericana in his first year, being eliminated 4–0 on aggregate by compatriots Lanús. Domestically, they were runners-up to River Plate in the 2021 season; holding a 56% winning percentage over his entire spell, he resigned on 23 March 2022 after a poor start to the Copa de la Liga Profesional.

Universidad de Chile
On 29 November 2022, Pellegrino was appointed as manager of Club Universidad de Chile for the upcoming season. He left after finishing ninth, two points off qualification for continental tournaments.

Cádiz
On 24 January 2024, Pellegrino returned to Spain and its top tier, signing for Cádiz. On 28 May, not having been able to avoid relegation as third-bottom, he left.

Personal life
Pellegrino's son and brother, Mateo and Maximiliano, were also footballers. The former made his professional debut for Vélez under his management.

Player
Vélez Sarsfield
 * Argentine Primera División: 1993 Clausura, 1995 Apertura, 1996 Clausura, 1998 Clausura
 * Copa Libertadores: 1994
 * Intercontinental Cup: 1994
 * Supercopa Sudamericana: 1996
 * Copa Interamericana: 1994
 * Recopa Sudamericana: 1997

Barcelona
 * La Liga: 1998–99

Valencia
 * La Liga: 2001–02, 2003–04
 * UEFA Cup: 2003–04
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 1999–2000, 2000–01

Liverpool
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2004–05

Manager
Alavés
 * Copa del Rey runner-up: 2016–17

title: Mauricio Pellegrino


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Code page 861

Code page 861 (CCSID 861) (also known as CP 861, IBM 00861, OEM 861, DOS Icelandic ) is a code page used under DOS in Iceland to write the Icelandic language (as well as other Nordic languages).

Character set
The following table shows code page 861. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as code page 437.

{{legend|#FFD|Differences from code page 437}}

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Code page 861


text: Category:1141 births

title: Category:1141 births


text: Category:1142 births

title: Category:1142 births


text: Category:Inland navigations

title: Category:Inland navigations


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Florent Sinama Pongolle

Florent Stéphane Sinama Pongolle (born 20 October 1984) is a French former professional footballer who played as a forward.

He was signed at only 16 by Liverpool, but could never impose himself in the first team. He also spent several seasons in Spain, with Recreativo, Atlético Madrid and Zaragoza.

Pongolle is now a pundit with Canal + in France.

Early life
Sinama Pongolle was born in Saint-Pierre, Réunion.

Liverpool
Sinama Pongolle began his career at hometown club Saint-Pierroise before moving to Le Havre in Metropolitan France at the age of 11. In 2001 he, along with his cousin Anthony Le Tallec, was signed by Liverpool, after some impressive performances in both the UEFA European Under-16 Championship and the FIFA Under-17 World Championship. He was named player of the tournament as France won the latter competition, and remained at Le Havre – as Le Tallec – for a further two years on loan.

After his return, Sinama Pongolle appeared sporadically for the Reds, with some highlights however: in the team's victorious campaign in the UEFA Champions League, he came from the bench against Olympiacos and immediately scored Liverpool's equaliser to make it 1–1, in an eventual 3–1 win and qualification to the round of 16; he was, however, left out of the squad for the final.

Sinama Pongolle also netted in the third round of the 2005–06 FA Cup against Luton Town, as he helped Liverpool come from 3–1 down to a final score of 5–3, with the side finally emerging victorious in the tournament, and scoring in the 2005–06 Champions League 2–1 away defeat of Real Betis, with a chip from 20 yards.

In late January 2006, Sinama Pongolle was loaned to fellow Premier League side Blackburn Rovers until the end of the season. He scored once for them, a 2–3 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur.

Spain
On 30 August 2006, Sinama Pongolle signed a one-year contract at Recreativo de Huelva, with an option to sign on for a further two years. On 4 May 2007, the Andalusians confirmed he had agreed to a deal until 2011, for a fee of €4 million. He was Recre's top goalscorer in his two La Liga seasons with the team, at 12 and ten respectively.

Sinama Pongolle joined Atlético Madrid on 3 July 2008, for a fee believed to be in the region of £8 million. Initially thought of as a backup to Diego Forlán and Sergio Agüero, he benefitted from an injury to the Uruguayan, scoring four goals in his first five league appearances for the Colchoneros, with braces against former club Recreativo and Getafe; later in his debut campaign, injury and match bans to Maxi Rodríguez saw him playing several games as right winger, as the team once again finished fourth.

Sporting CP and Rostov

In the winter transfer market opening in 2010, Sinama Pongolle was transferred to Sporting CP for €6.5 million, with the fee possibly raising to €7.5. On 26 March 2010, he scored his first goal for the Lions, but also conceded an own goal in a 3–2 loss at C.S. Marítimo.

Sinama Pongolle spent the following two seasons on loan, with Zaragoza and Saint-Étienne, the latter in his homeland. On 30 August 2012 he terminated his contract with Sporting, going on to spend two years in the Russian Premier League with FC Rostov where he featured rarely.

Later years
On 9 September 2014, Sinama Pongolle signed with Major League Soccer's Chicago Fire. In November of the following year, after a short spell in Switzerland with Lausanne-Sport, he joined Dundee United.

In July 2016, Sinama Pongolle joined Chainat Hornbill of the Thai League 1, scoring once in his debut but in a 2–7 away defeat against Chonburi FC. In early November, in spite of the team's relegation, the 32-year-old extended his contract until 2018.

Sinama Pongolle returned to the island of his birth in January 2019, rejoining Saint-Pierroise with Uruguayan strike partner Diego Silva also making the same move from Thailand. Though he retired partway through the campaign, he contributed to them becoming the first Outre-Mer club since 1989 to reach the last 32 of the Coupe de France, scoring a hat-trick in the fourth round 9–1 win over ES Étang-Salé.

International career
After his under-16 and under-17 exploits, Sinama Pongolle made his France under-21 debut on 21 August 2002. He was a part of the squad that participated in the 2006 UEFA European Championship which took place in Portugal and, at the end of his four-year tenure with this category, ranked first in caps (37) and goals (11).

Sinama Pongolle played his only game with the senior side on 14 October 2008, during a 3–1 friendly win against Tunisia.

Honours
Liverpool
 * UEFA Champions League: 2004–05
 * UEFA Super Cup: 2005
 * FIFA Club World Championship runner-up: 2005
 * FA Community Shield: 2006

Rostov
 * Russian Cup: 2013–14

'''Chainat Hornbill
 * Thai League 2: 2017

Saint-Pierroise
 * Réunion Premier League: 2019

France U17
 * FIFA U-17 World Championship: 2001

Individual
 * FIFA U-17 World Championship Golden Ball: 2001
 * FIFA U-17 World Championship Golden Shoe: 2001

title: Florent Sinama Pongolle


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User:Binuvb

School of Management Studies
Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi, Kerala, India. E-mail: sms@cusat.ac.in, www.cusat.ac.in

Academic Programmes l M.B.A. (Full-time & Part-time) l M.B.A(International Business) MBA (Travel and Tourism) l M.Phil. Commerce l Ph.D. Master of Business Administration (2 year - Full Time) This is a two-year full time post-graduate programme leading to the Degree of Master of Business Administration. Its aim is to provide the young aspirants with the opportunity to pursue a career in business, to acquire adequate knowledge, skills and attitudes, which would constitute a foundation for their growth into competent and responsible business executives. The programme has been so designed as to enable the students to develop a thorough grasp of the basic concepts and techniques of management as well as the ability to practise them under Indian conditions. Further, it aims at developing their analytical decision-making and communication skills. The School employs different methods of instruction viz., lectures, case studies, seminars, role-plays, syndicates, fieldwork etc. At the end of the third semester the students are required to attach themselves to an organization for a period of eight weeks and prepare a project report on a problem related to the working of the organization. The unique programmes offered by the School aim at developing the personality of students and mould them as “Manager For Mankind”. Master of Business Administration (3 year - Part Time) The Part-time programme leading to the degree of Master of Business Administration is a three-year evening programme. Its objective is to give an opportunity to executives working in Government and business organizations to improve their managerial ability and performance. Master of International Business (MIB) The postgraduate programme in International Business is a 4-semester full time programme. It gives emphasis to export policies, procedures & techniques.

The School

The School of Management Studies is one of the oldest academic units of the University and one of the five Management Schools to be established in the country in the early 1960s. It actively pursues all the four areas of academic activity, viz., teaching, training, research and consultancy. It offers a 4-semester full-time and a 6-semester part-time M.B.A. programme in addition to a 4-semester full-time Masters’ programme in International Business (M.I.B.). All these programmes provide considerable options to specialize in different functional areas. Currently the School offers specialization in the areas of Marketing, Finance, Systems and Operations and Human Resource Management. The School also offers Ph.D. Programmes. Realizing the difficulties in employment generation in industries in general, the School encourages the concept of self employment of the educated but unemployed youth. To this end, it offers short-term training programmes in entrepreneurship development and small business management, for both manufacturing and services sectors. Also, considering the present shortage of management teachers, the School envisages teacher-training programmes in different Colleges in the State. It is also proposed to start a series of Refresher Programmes for existing teachers and an M.Phil. in Management for prospective teachers. The faculty of School have published over 20 books and about 50 research papers in jounrals of standing. The School has been ranked as one among the top 50 Business Schools in the country. The Faculty

Dr. P. R. Wilson Professor Financial Management

Dr. K. B. Pavithran Professor Finance/Accounting kebeepeee@cusat.ac.in

Dr. C. A. Francis Professor Marketing Management cherunilam@cusat.ac.in

Dr. K. Krishnan Nampoothiri Reader Accounting, Banking, Co-operation, Business Communication, Finance kknampoothiri@cusat.ac.in

Dr. James Manalel Professor Finance Management, Banking, Management of Small Business jamesmanlel@cusat.ac.in

Dr. S. Rupert Mampilly Professor H.R.M., Industrial Relation, Organizational Behaviour srmampilly@cusat.ac.in

Smt. S. Sarada Reader Organizational Behaviour, H.R.M saradarajeevan@cusat.ac.in Dr. M. Bhasi Professor Operations Management, EDP

Dr. Jagathy Raj Reader Materials Management jagathy@cusat.ac.in

Dr. Moli P. Koshy Professor Marketing Management & Research, Overseas Marketing & Research molykoshy@cusat.ac.in

Dr. D. Mavoothu Associate Professor H.R.M. & Industrial Relations, Business Ethics mavoothu@redifmail.com

Dr.. Muhammed Aslam Lecturer Finance Management and Accounting

Dr. Sam Thomas Lecturer Finance & Systems sam@cusat.ac.in

Dr. K. A. Zakkariya Lecturer Organizational Behaviour, Marketing, International Business zakkariya@cusat.ac.in

Dr. Manoj Edward Lecturer Operations Management manojedw@cusat.ac.in

Dr. Rajitha Kumar Reader Financial Service/ Security Analysis, Funds Management in Bank Thrust Areas of Research

Resource Management Entrepreneurship Management Human resource management Science and Technology Management

Other Highlights

Management Development Programmes Besides academic programmes, the School conducts Management Development Programmes and undertakes management consultancy. These programmes in general are aimed at inducting personnel into more recent developments in their own specialized or allied areas, so that they would be able to develop a wider perspective. Consultancy programmes The School undertakes consultancy assignments to provide managerial and technical services to various organizations. The School has been recognized by the Government of Kerala as an authorized centre to provide consultancy services to small-scale industries in the State.

title: User:Binuvb


text:
Talk:A5 Juggernaut

 * The following is an archived discussion. Please do not modify it. No further edits should be made to this page.

The Juggernaut is used by the Rebel Alliance as well as the Empire. Don´t move it. VT-16 12:43, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Picture
Was there a picture with this artical?12.145.73.51 14:38, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive. Please do not modify it. No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Talk:A5 Juggernaut


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British heavy tanks of the First World War

British heavy tanks were a series of related armoured fighting vehicles developed by the UK during the First World War. The Mark I was the world's first tank, a tracked, armed, and armoured vehicle, to enter combat. The name "tank" was initially a code name to maintain secrecy and disguise its true purpose. The tank was developed in 1915 to break the stalemate of trench warfare. It could survive the machine gun and small-arms fire in "no man's land", travel over difficult terrain, crush barbed wire, and cross trenches to assault fortified enemy positions with powerful armament. Tanks also carried supplies and troops.

British heavy tanks are distinguished by a rhomboidal shape with a high climbing face of the track, designed to cross the wide and deep trenches prevalent on the battlefields of the Western Front. Due to the height necessary for this shape, an armed turret would have made the vehicle too tall and unstable. Instead, the main armament was arranged in sponsons at the side of the vehicle. The prototype, named "Mother", mounted a 6-pounder (57 mm) cannon and a Hotchkiss machine gun at each side. Later, subtypes were produced with machine guns only, which were designated "Female", while the original version with the protruding 6-pounder was called "Male".

The Mark I entered service in August 1916, and was first used in action on the morning of 15 September 1916 during the Battle of Flers-Courcelette, part of the Somme Offensive. With the exception of the few interim Mark II and Mark III tanks, it was followed by the largely similar Mark IV, which first saw combat in June 1917. The Mark IV was used en masse, about 460 tanks, at the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917. The Mark V, with a much improved transmission, entered service in mid-1918. More than two thousand British heavy tanks were produced. Manufacture was discontinued at the end of the war.

Development
The Mark I was a development of Little Willie, the experimental tank built for the Landship Committee by Lieutenant Walter Wilson of the Royal Naval Air Service and William Tritton of William Foster Co., between July and September 1915. It was designed by Wilson in response to problems with tracks and trench-crossing ability discovered during the development of Little Willie. A gun turret above the hull would have made the centre of gravity too high when climbing a German trench parapet (which were typically four feet high), so the tracks were arranged in a rhomboidal form around the hull and the guns were put in sponsons on the sides of the tank. The reworked design was also able to meet the Army requirement to be able to cross an 8 ft wide trench.

A mockup of Wilson's idea was shown to the Landship Committee when they viewed the demonstration of Little Willie. At about this time, the Army's General Staff was persuaded to become involved and supplied representatives to the committee. Through these contacts Army requirements for armour and armament made their way into the design. The prototype Mark I, ready in December 1915, was called "Mother" (also known at various times as "The Wilson Machine", "Big Willie", and officially "His Majesty's Land Ship Centipede"). Mother was successfully demonstrated to the Landship Committee in early 1916; it was run around a course simulating the front including trenches, parapets, craters and barbed wire obstacles. The demonstration was repeated on 2 February before the cabinet ministers and senior members of the Army. Kitchener, the Secretary of State for War, was skeptical but the rest were impressed. Lloyd George, at the time Minister of Munitions, arranged for his Ministry to be responsible for tank production.

The Landship Committee was re-constituted as the "Tank Supply Committee" under the chairmanship of Albert Stern; Ernest Swinton, who had promoted the idea of the tank from the Army angle was also a member. General Haig sent a staff officer Hugh Elles to act as his liaison to the Supply Committee. Swinton would become the head of the new arm, and Elles the commander of the tanks in France.

The first order for tanks was placed on 12 February 1916, and a second on 21 April. Fosters built 37 (all "male"), and Metropolitan Carriage, Wagon, and Finance Company, of Birmingham, 113 (38 "male" and 75 "female"), a total of 150.

When the news of the first use of the tanks emerged, Lloyd George commented,

"Well, we must not expect too much from them but so far they have done very well, and don't you think that they reflect some credit on those responsible for them? It is really to Mr Winston Churchill that the credit is due more than to anyone else. He took up with enthusiasm the idea of making them a long time ago, and he met with many difficulties. He converted me, and at the Ministry of Munitions he went ahead and made them. The admiralty experts were invaluable, and gave the greatest possible assistance. They are, of course, experts in the matter of armour plating. Major Stern, a business man at the Ministry of Munitions had charge of the work of getting them built, and he did the task very well. Col Swinton and others also did valuable work."

Description
The Mark I was a rhomboid vehicle with a low centre of gravity and long track length, able to negotiate broken ground and cross trenches. The main armament was carried in sponsons on the hull sides.

The hull was undivided internally; the crew shared the same space as the engine. The environment inside was extremely unpleasant; since ventilation was inadequate, the atmosphere was contaminated with poisonous carbon monoxide, fuel and oil vapours from the engine, and cordite fumes from the weapons. Temperatures inside could reach 50 °C. Men sometimes lost consciousness inside the tank but more often collapsed when getting out into fresh air. The symptoms were suggestive of carbon monoxide poisoning but the high temperatures inside together with humidity were also identified as a possible cause

To counter the danger of bullet splash or fragments knocked off the inside of the hull, crews were issued with leather-and-chainmail masks. A leather helmet was also issued, to protect the head against projections inside the tank. Gas masks were standard issue as well, as they were to all soldiers at this point in the war due to use of chemical weapons by both sides. The side armour of 8 mm initially made them largely immune to small arms fire, but could be penetrated by the recently developed armour-piercing K bullets (introduced mid-1917). There was also the danger of being overrun by infantry and attacked with grenades. The next generation had thicker armour, making them nearly immune to the K bullets. In response, the Germans developed the 13.2 mm Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr anti-tank rifle (introduced in mid-1918), and also a Geballte Ladung ("bunched charge") – several Stielhandgranate stick grenades bundled together for a much bigger explosion.

A near hit by an artillery or mortar shell could cause the fuel tanks (which were placed high in the front horns of the track frames either side of the drivers' area, to allow gravity feed) to burst open; a direct hit by any sort of artillery shell was more than enough to penetrate the armor and destroy the vehicle. Incinerated crews were removed by special Salvage Companies, who also salvaged damaged tanks.

Steering was difficult, controlled by varying the speed of the two tracks. Four of the crew, two drivers (one of whom also acted as commander; he operated the brakes, the other the primary gearbox) and two "gearsmen" (one for the secondary gears of each track) were needed to control direction and speed, the latter never more than a walking pace. As the noise inside was deafening, the driver, after setting the primary gear box, communicated with the gearsmen with hand signals, first getting their attention by hitting the engine block with a heavy spanner. For slight turns, the driver could use the steering tail: an enormous contraption dragged behind the tank consisting of two large wheels, each of which could be blocked by pulling a steel cable causing the whole vehicle to slide in the same direction. If the engine stalled, the gearsmen would use the starting handle – a large crank between the engine and the gearbox. Many of these vehicles broke down in the heat of battle making them an easy target for German gunners. There was no wireless (radio); communication with command posts was by means of two pigeons, which had their own small exit hatch in the sponsons, or by runners. Because of the noise and vibration, early experiments had shown that radios were impractical, therefore lamps, flags, semaphore, coloured discs, and the carrier pigeons were part of the standard equipment of the various marks.

During the First World War, British propaganda made frequent use of tanks, portraying them as a wonder weapon that would quickly win the war. They were featured in films and popular songs.

Training
British tank crews came from other areas of the military, including infantry, cavalry, Machine Gun Corps, Flying Corps, Service Corps, and Royal Navy. Gunnery training occurred on the French coast, while driving instruction occurred on old German trenches near the front line. Tank Corps members were warned that poor performers would go to the front with the infantry, which the soldiers—having escaped what one described as "a horrible nightmare out of which we had just passed"—feared.

Markings

When first deployed, British tanks were painted with a four-colour camouflage scheme devised by the artist Solomon Joseph Solomon. It was found that they quickly got covered with mud, rendering elaborate camouflage paint schemes superfluous. In late 1916, the Solomon scheme was abandoned and tanks were painted with a single shade of dark brown.

At the rear of the tank, a three, four or five-digit serial number was painted in white or yellow at the factory. At the front there was a large tactical marking, a prefix letter indicating the company or battalion, and a number (training tanks had no letter, but three numbers). Some tanks had their tactical number painted on the roof for air recognition. Later, vertical red and white stripes were painted on the front to aid recognition after the Germans began deploying captured British tanks.

Tanks were often given individual names and these were sometimes painted on the outside. A small handful were known to carry artwork (similar to aircraft nose art).

Variants
The first tanks were known as the Mark I after the subsequent designs were introduced. Mark Is that were armed with two 6 pounder guns and three .303 Hotchkiss machine guns were called "Male" tanks; those with four Vickers machine guns and one Hotchkiss were called "Female". Ernest Swinton is credited with inventing the terms.

To aid steering, a pair of large wheels were added behind the tank. These were not as effective as hoped and were subsequently dropped.

The subsequent Mark II, III, IV, and V, and later tanks, all bear a strong resemblance to Mother.

Mark I

 * Crew: 8
 * Combat Weight: 31.4 tons (28.4 tonnes)
 * Armour: 0.23 –
 * Armament: two 6-pounder QF, three Hotchkiss Machine Guns

The Gun Carrier Mark I was a separate design, intended to carry a field gun or howitzer that could be fired from the vehicle. In service, it was mostly used for carrying supplies and ammunition. Forty-eight of them were built.

Initial production of the Mark I was to be by Fosters and Metropolitan: 25 from Fosters and 75 from Metropolitan, which had greater capacity in Wednesbury at the Old Park site of the Patent Shaft Company, a subsidiary of the Metropolitan. Metropolitan also received an order for a further 50 so that the Army would be able to raise six tank companies of 25 tanks each and set up further production under their Oldbury Wagon and Carriage Company. As there were not enough 6-pounder guns available for all 150 tanks, it was decided to equip half of them with just machine guns. A new sponson design with two Vickers machine guns in rotating shields was produced.

Later in the war, when newer tanks came into use, some Mark Is were converted to be used for carrying supplies. A few Female Mark Is were used as mobile wireless stations by installation of a wireless transmitter. The radio could only be operated once the tank had stopped and erected a very tall mast that carried the aerial array.

Mark II

The Mark II incorporated minor improvements over the Mark I. With the Army declaring the Mark I still insufficiently developed for use, the Mark II (for which orders were first placed in July) would continue to be built, but would be used only for training. Due to this intended role, they were supposedly clad in unhardened steel, though some doubt was cast on this claim in early 1917. Initially, 20 were shipped to France and 25 remained at the training ground at Wool, Dorset in Britain; the remaining five were kept for use as test vehicles. As the promised Mark IV tanks had not arrived by early 1917, it was decided, despite the protestations of Stern (see below), to ship the 25 training vehicles in Britain to France, where they joined the other 20 Mark IIs and 15 Mark Is at the Battle of Arras in April 1917. The Germans were able to pierce the armour of both the Mark I and Mark II tanks at Arras with their armour-piercing machine gun ammunition.

The Mark II was built from December 1916 to January 1917 by Foster & Co and Metropolitan (25 Male and 25 Female respectively).

Five Mark IIs were taken for experiments on improved powerplants and transmission. They were provided to firms to show what improvements they could make over the Mark I system in an open competition. In the demonstrations held in March 1917, only three of them were able to compete alongside Mother, which had been fitted with a Daimler petrol-electric system. Wilson's epicyclic gear system, which replaced the secondary gear and the gearsmen, was clearly superior and adopted in later designs.

Mark III

The Mark III was a training tank and used Lewis machine guns and a smaller sponson for the females. Fifty were built. It was originally intended that the Mark III was to have all the proposed new design features of the Mark IV. This is why there were two distinct training types, the Mark II being little more than a slightly improved Mark I. However, development of the new features was so slow that the change from the Mark II was very gradual. The last two Mark IIIs were melted down in the Second World War. They did not see action overseas.

Mark IV

The Mark IV was a more heavily armoured version of the Mark I, and went into production in May 1917. Fundamental mechanical improvements had originally been intended, but had to be postponed. The main change was the introduction of the QF 6-pounder 6 cwt Hotchkiss, a shorter-barrelled version of the earlier gun. Improved 12 mm armour made it impervious to German armour-piercing rifle bullets. Lewis guns replaced the Hotchkiss and Vickers machine guns in both the male and female variants, although the air-cooling system of the Lewis proved problematic and the Hotchkiss was later readopted. It had all its fuel stored in a single external tank, located between the rear track horns, in an attempt to improve crew safety. The smaller sponsons could be swung inwards on hinges to reduce the width of the tank for rail transportation, where previous models had required partial disassembly to fit within the loading gauge. Rails on the roof carried an unditching beam whose purpose was to help extricate the tank from difficult trenches by attaching it to the tracks. A total of 1,220 were built: 420 males, 595 females and 205 tank tenders, which were supply tanks.

The Mark IVs were used successfully at the Messines Ridge in June 1917, where they outpaced the infantry on dry ground, but in the Third Ypres of July and August they found the swampy ground difficult and were of little use. About 432 Mark IV tanks were used during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917.

The first tank-to-tank battle was between Mk IV tanks and German A7Vs in the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux in April 1918.

Mark V series

The Mark V was first intended to be a completely new design of tank, of which a wooden mock-up had been finished. However, when the new engine and transmission originally destined for the Mark IV became available in December 1917, the first, more advanced Mark V design was abandoned for fear of disrupting the production run. The designation "Mark V" was switched to an improved version of the Mark IV, not equipped with the new systems. The original design of the Mark IV was to be a large improvement on the Mark III but had been scaled back to be a mild improvement because of technical delays. The Mark V thus turned out very similar to the original design of the Mark IV – i.e. a greatly modified Mark III.

Four hundred were built, two hundred each of Males and Females. Several were converted to Hermaphrodites (also known as "Composites") by fitting one male and one female sponson so that each tank had a 6-pounder. This measure was intended to ensure that female tanks would not be outgunned when faced with captured British male tanks in German use or the Germans' own A7V.

The Mark V was first used in the Battle of Hamel on 4 July 1918, when 60 tanks contributed to a successful assault on the German lines by Australian units. It took part in eight further major engagements during the War. A number saw service in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War on the White Russian side. Most were captured and used by the Red Army in the Russian Civil War. Four were retained by Estonian forces, and two by Latvia.

Mark V*
The Mark V* was a version with a stretched hull, lengthening it by 6 ft. It had a larger cupola on the roof and doors in the side of the hull (previous versions had small hatches under the sponsons of females or small doors in the rear of the sponson for males, along with a small hatch in the rear). The extra section was also designed to house a squad of infantry. The weight was 33 tons. Of orders for 500 Males and 200 Females, 579 had been built by the Armistice – the order was completed by Metropolitan Carriage in March 1919.

Mark V**
Because the Mark V* had been lengthened, its original length-width ratio had been spoiled. Lateral forces in a turn now became unacceptably high, causing thrown tracks and an enormous turning circle. Therefore, Major Wilson redesigned the track in May 1918, with a stronger curve to the lower run reducing ground contact and the tracks widened to 26.5 in. The Mark V engine was bored out to give 225 hp and was sat further back in the hull. The cabin for the driver was combined with the commander's cabin; there now was a separate machine gun position in the back. Of a revised order for 700 tanks (150 Females and 550 Males), only 25 were built and only one of those by the end of 1918.

Mark VI

The Mark VI was one of a pair of related projects to develop the tank initiated in late 1916. The Mark V would be the application of as many advanced features as could be managed on the Mark I hull design and the Mark VI would be a complete break with the Mark I hull. The Mark V would not be built as such, because of the delays with the Mark IV and it would be a different Mark V that was built. The Mark VI project design had a completely new hull – taller and with rounded track paths. The single main gun was in the front of the hull. It did not progress past the stage of a wooden mock-up; the project was cancelled in December 1917 in order that a tank co-developed with the US (the Mark VIII) could go forward.

Mark VII

Mark Knothe, the Technical Liaison Officer between Stern, Elles and Anley, contributed to the development of the tank, designing a longer Mark I with Williams-Janney hydraulic transmission; one of the Mark IIs used as test vehicles had used a hydraulic transmission. In October 1917 Brown Brothers in Edinburgh were granted a contract to develop this line of research further. In July 1918, the prototype was ready. Its drive system was very complex. The 150 hp Ricardo engine drove into Variable Speed Gear Ltd. pumps that in turn powered two hydraulic motors, moving one track each by means of several chains. To ward off the obvious danger of overheating, there were many fans, louvres and radiators. However, steering was easy and gradual and the version was taken into production to equip one tank battalion. Three had been built, and only one delivered out of an order for 74 when war ended. It was passed over in favour of the Mark VIII, which was ordered at the same time. The hull was slightly lengthened compared to the Mark V. No Mark VIIs survive.

Mark VIII

When Stern was removed from his post following disagreements with the War Office, he was side-lined by appointment to a new department to work on a cooperative design between the Allies – assembly in France, hulls, guns and their ammunition from the UK and other components (principally the engines) from the USA. American involvement in the development of the tank design led to the Mark VIII, also known as "Liberty" or Anglo-American tank (though initially the French were partially involved).

The engine, a 330 hp Ricardo petrol for British tanks and a 300 hp Liberty V12 for US ones to drive its 37 long tons) was compartmentalised from the crew of 12 (later reduced to 10), and the cupola structure included forward and rear firing machine guns. Of a planned (shared production) of 1,500 each, a single British prototype was finished by the end of the war. The British built just 24, the Americans completed 100 between September 1918 and 1920, at the Rock Island Arsenal, at a cost of $35,000 [£8,750] apiece ($430,000 [£226,000] in 2006). About 40 hulls for the U.S. Liberty were produced by the Manchester Tank Syndicate, 11 British Type Mark VIII by the North British Locomotive Company.

They were used and upgraded until the 1930s, when they were given to Canada for training; some M1917s were sold to the Canadians at nominal scrap value. The tank itself was 34 ft long and 10 ft tall. At its widest across the sponsons it was 12 ft. There had been an even longer 44 ft version planned but never made (the Mark VIII*). The tank was outdated by the 1930s due to its slow speed (under 6 mph and thin armour (6-16 mm), but it did have one of the longest independent trench crossing capabilities of any armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) ever made; later tanks used bridge laying tanks for crossing large deep trenches.

Mark IX

The Mark IX was a troop carrier and infantry supply vehicle – among the first tracked armoured personnel carriers not counting experiments with the lengthened Mk Vs. Thirty-four were built out of an order for 200.

Mark X
The Mark X was a paper-only project to improve the Mark V, originally known as Mark V***. This was basically a contingency plan in case the Mark VIII project failed (if so a production of 2000 was foreseen for 1919), trying to produce a tank with as many parts of the Mark V as possible but with improved manoeuvrability and crew comfort.

Combat history

The first tanks were added, as a "Heavy Branch", to the Machine Gun Corps until a separate Tank Corps was formed on 28 July 1917 by Royal Warrant. A small number of Mark I tanks took part in the Battle of the Somme during the Battle of Flers-Courcelette in September 1916. They were used to cut through barbed wire to clear the way for infantry, and were even driven through houses to destroy machine gunner's emplacements. Although many broke down or became stuck, almost a third that attacked made it across no man's land, and their effect on the enemy was noted, leading to a request by the British C-in-C Douglas Haig for a thousand more. This came as a surprise: William Tritton had already started the development of a heavier tank: the Flying Elephant. Unfortunately for the Allies, it also gave the Germans time to develop a specifically designed anti-tank weapon for the infantry, an armour-piercing 7.92 mm K bullet.

Eight Mk I tanks were used against Turkish forces in the Second Battle of Gaza in April 1917 during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. With its three destroyed tanks replaced by Mk IVs, the tank company fought at the Third Battle of Gaza.

British tanks were used with varying success in the offensives of 1917 on the Western Front; however, their first large scale use in a combined operation was at the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917, when nearly 400 tanks working closely with advancing infantry and a creeping barrage overran the German lines in the initial attack. During the Battle of Amiens in August 1918, several hundred Mark V tanks, along with the new Whippet and Mk V* tanks, penetrated the German lines in a foretaste of modern armoured warfare.

German service
The German army recovered about 50 abandoned British Mark IV tanks from the Cambrai battlefield and were able to restore some 30 of them to running order. One was taken to Berlin and was demonstrated to the Kaiser, while the others went to a captured engineering plant near Charleroi for refurbishment. The machine guns were retained but rechambered to fire German ammunition, while the 6-pounders were replaced by captured Belgian 57 mm Nordenfelt guns. The captured tanks were painted with prominent Iron Cross emblems and a bold disruptive camouflage pattern, although some appear to have retained the original khaki colour scheme. Although some of these tanks were used in the German Spring Offensive, they tended to be deployed in small numbers for mopping-up operations, while officers reported that they were unable to keep up with the fast-moving infantry. In the aftermath of the offensive, some 300 abandoned British tanks were behind German lines, of which 170 were reported to be repairable. By the end of the war, there were seven German tank battalions equipped with captured British tanks.

Russian service
In 1919, a number of British tanks were involved in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War; 74 Mark V and Whippets formed the South Russian Tank Detachment which was landed on the Black Sea coast, while a much smaller North Russian Tank Detachment was sent to guard the port of Arkhangelsk. Attempts were made to train White Army troops in their use and they were left in their hands when the Allies withdrew. 59 of them were captured by the Red Army and were used in 1921 during the Red Army invasion of Georgia and contributed to the Soviet victory in the battle for Tbilisi. The last Soviet Mark V tanks were finally retired in 1938. Two ex-Estonian Mark V tanks were used in the defence of Tallinn in August 1941.

In 1945, occupying troops came across two badly damaged Mk V tanks in Berlin. Photographic evidence indicates that these were survivors of the Russian Civil War and had previously been displayed as a monument in Smolensk, Russia, before being brought to Berlin after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.Accounts of their active involvement in the Battle of Berlin have not been verified.

Cultural impact
Although the first limited use of tanks in 1916 had been militarily disappointing, the first British press reports hailed them as wonder weapons, and used elaborate language to compare them to dragons, whales, dreadnoughts, crabs, mammoths or "armoured toads". Public fascination was deepened by the release of several documentary films about tanks, it has been estimated that these were seen by 20 million people in the United Kingdom.

Tanks were celebrated in music hall songs such as The Tanks that Broke the Ranks and manufacturers were soon producing toy tanks, tank teapots, tank-shaped handbags and tank fairground rides. Following the appearance in London of several tanks at the Lord Mayor's Show in November 1917, one was dispatched to Trafalgar Square, where an immense crowd was encouraged to buy National War Bonds to help finance the war. Following that success, starting with a "Tank Week" held in March 1918, tanks, known as "Tank Banks", and other military vehicles were displayed at bond-selling events across the country. Citizens were encouraged to save small change towards buying more bonds in miniature "tank banks", small ceramic piggy banks in the shape of a tank. A competition ensued to see which British city or town could raise the most in relation to their population.

Surviving vehicles
A number of tanks have survived, although several are just shells that have had all internal components removed. The largest collection is at The Tank Museum at Bovington in the United Kingdom, which holds eight tanks. Two of these are maintained in running condition, the Mark IV Male, Excellent and Mark V Male number 9199. Excellent last ran in the 1980s and 9199 in the 2000s. The Bovington museum does not intend to run them again, due to the wear and tear that would be inflicted on the now-fragile, historic vehicles. Instead, the museum acquired a replica Mark IV tank (constructed for the film War Horse), which is used for public demonstrations.

Little Willie

Little Willie survives at the Bovington Tank Museum. It was saved from being scrapped in 1940 on the pretext that it was helping to defend Bovington base against possible German attacks. Many other prototypes, possibly including Mother were scrapped during the invasion scare.

Mark I

A single male survives. This is the only surviving Mark I and the world's oldest surviving combat tank. It is part of the collection at the Bovington Tank Museum. It is painted to represent Number 705, C19, Clan Leslie although its identity and wartime history are unknown. There are indications that it may have served as a driver-training tank and it has been suggested it is Number 702, which would make it the second Mark I built. Between 1919 and 1970, it was sited in the grounds of Hatfield House to commemorate the fact this was a testing site for tanks during their earliest development.

A replica Mark I is on display at the Royal Tank Museum in Amman, Jordan, to commemorate the British tank crewmen who aided the Hashemite armies during the Arab Revolt.

Mark II

There is a single more or less complete surviving Mark II, F53: The Flying Scotsman, at the Bovington Tank Museum (see below). This tank still has battle damage sustained at the Battle of Arras in April 1917. This vehicle was originally a Male, had been rebuilt as a supply vehicle, was restored and for a time displayed as a Mark I with a Female barbette on the right side, and was later shown as a Mark II.

Surviving parts from Mark II no. 799 (D26), including tracks and gunshields, can be seen at the Musée Jean et Denise Letaille, Bullecourt.

Mark IV
Seven Mark IVs survive.
 * A Mark IV Female is at the Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Lincoln, England, on permanent loan from the Bovington Tank Museum. A local company, William Foster & Co., manufactured the first tanks. The tank is an empty shell that, at some point in its history, was stripped of its internal components. It is painted as F4: Flirt II, which fought at the Battle of Cambrai and was subsequently captured by the Germans. While there is some evidence the Lincolnshire tank may indeed be Flirt II, its history prior to the Second World War is uncertain.
 * A Mark IV Female is preserved at Ashford in Kent. This is one of many that were presented for display to towns and cities in Britain after the war; most were scrapped in the 1920s and 1930s.
 * The Royal Museum of the Army in Brussels has a Male Mark IV tank, the Lodestar III, still in original colours.
 * A Mark IV Female, Grit, is stored at the Australian War Memorial. It was on display in ANZAC Hall at the Australian War Memorial until August 2008. It is now kept at their bulk store in Mitchell, Canberra.
 * In 1999, a Mark IV Female, D51: Deborah, was excavated at the village of Flesquières in France. It had been knocked out by shell-fire at the Battle of Cambrai (1917) and subsequently buried when used to fill a crater. Work is underway on its restoration.
 * A Mark IV Male, Excellent, is displayed at Bovington. After World War I, this tank was presented by the army to HMS Excellent, a Royal Navy shore establishment where some tank crewmen were trained. During World War II, it was made operational again for service with the Home Guard when German invasion threatened in 1940. It is still maintained in working order.
 * Mark IV Female Liberty: displayed at United States Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen, Maryland. Originally named Britannia, Renamed Liberty, the tank joined the Ordnance Museum collection in 1919. After decades of exposure to the elements, it is in poor condition, but about to undergo restoration.

Replicas

Two fully functional replica Mark IV tanks were built in England in the early 21st century for demonstration purposes. For a documentary Guy Martin's WWI Tank a female Mark IV replica 'Deborah II' was built at the Norfolk Tank Museum in 2017 to mark the anniversary of the Battle of Cambrai. The Tank Museum at Bovington has a replica male tank named the 'Big Brute', originally built for the film War Horse.

A third replica Mk. IV tank, powered by a JCB hydraulic engine, was constructed in 2017 at Poelkapelle, Belgium. It has both Male and Female sponsons that can be swapped around and is currently painted to represent D29 'Damon II'. The original 'Damon' was immobilised in a shell hole at the Battle of Ypres and served as the village war memorial until it was scrapped by the Nazis in 1941.

Another functional Mk. IV replica was built in 2016 by film director Peter Jackson. It is preserved in New Zealand under the name C19 Auld Crusty. The original H. M. Landship Crusty was built in 1917 and saw action at the Battle of Cambrai. Jackson also owns a fifth replica MK. IV tank called Spring Chicken.

Mark V

Eleven Mark Vs survive. The majority are in Russia or Ukraine and are survivors of the tanks sent there to aid the White forces during the Russian Civil War.
 * The Tank Museum, Bovington displays a Mark V Male, Number 9199, one of two British World War I tanks still in working order. It was in action at the Battle of Amiens where its commander – Lt. H. A. Whittenbury – was awarded the Military Cross. This tank is maintained in running condition, but is no longer run because of the wear and tear that would be inflicted on a fragile historic vehicle.
 * A Mark V** Female: Ol' Faithful, is also preserved at Bovington.
 * A heavily restored Mark V Male, Devil, survives at the London Imperial War Museum.
 * A Mark V* Male, Number 9591, has since 2010 been part of the collection of the National Armor and Cavalry Museum, Fort Moore, Georgia. It was issued to Company A, US 301st Heavy Tank Battalion, and knocked out by a single artillery round on 27 September 1918, during the attack against the Hindenburg Line. It was repaired and sent back to the United States, and is the only surviving example of the Mark V*.
 * A Mark V is at the Kubinka Tank Museum, Russia.
 * A Mark V serves as memorial in Arkhangelsk. This was originally used by British forces during the Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War.
 * Two preserved Mark Vs, a Male and a Female, form part of an outdoor memorial at Luhansk in Ukraine; two more are in storage.
 * A Mark V Female is at the M. F. Sumtsov Kharkiv Historical Museum, Ukraine.

Mark VIII/Liberty

 * A Mark VIII Liberty tank originally at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, in 2010 was transferred to the National Armor and Cavalry Museum at Fort Moore, GA. The vehicle was originally assigned to the American 67th Infantry Regiment (Heavy Tanks) at Fort Moore.
 * A Liberty tank is preserved at Fort Moore, Georgia. The tank displayed in the museum there was made in 1920 at Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois. It was assigned to the 301st Tank Battalion (Heavy), later redesignated the 17th Tank Battalion (Heavy). Throughout most of 1921–1922, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower commanded this unit.
 * A British Mark VIII is at Bovington.
 * A Liberty tank is preserved at Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois.

Mark IX
A single restored vehicle survives at Bovington.


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Anthony Le Tallec

Anthony Le Tallec (born 3 October 1984) is a French former professional footballer who played as a forward or an attacking midfielder for Liverpool, Sochaux, and Annecy FC.

Liverpool
Born in Hennebont, Le Tallec was signed from Le Havre AC by Liverpool in 2001, along with his cousin Florent Sinama Pongolle, by manager Gérard Houllier. This was after impressive performances for France at the UEFA European Under-16 Championship and the FIFA U-17 World Cup, with the player being awarded the 'Silver Ball' as the second best player (behind his cousin) in the latter tournament as the national team emerged champions; both players remained a further two years at Le Havre, loaned by the Reds.

Le Tallec scored his first and only Liverpool goal in a UEFA Cup tie against NK Olimpija Ljubljana in October 2003. After his return, he also featured in the club's victorious run in the UEFA Champions League, starting in the home leg of the quarter-final tie against Juventus FC but failing to appear in the squad of 18 for the final itself.

For 2005–06, Le Tallec joined fellow Premier League side Sunderland on loan, in a bid to gain some more first-team football. He stated: "I am a competitor and I want to play all the time, but with Liverpool it was impossible. I chose to come to Sunderland because I need to play every week". In a disappointing season for the club, who finished bottom of the table, he was its top scorer with only six goals in all competitions; this included a header against Fulham, helping the Black Cats pick up their only home win.

In May 2006, after Sunderland announced they would not be looking to retain his services, Le Tallec returned to Liverpool but was not given a squad number by boss Rafael Benítez. At the end of the month, he joined up with the French under-21s for the European Championship which took place in Portugal, only featuring in the final group match after the team had already secured qualification and being substituted after 61 minutes.

Return to France
In August 2006, Le Tallec moved to FC Sochaux-Montbéliard on another loan deal. He won the Coupe de France scoring a late equaliser after coming off the bench in the final, which eventually led to a penalty shootout against Olympique de Marseille – a fellow Liverpool player out on loan, Djibril Cissé, netted two goals in the match for the opposition.

On 31 August 2007, it was reported that Scottish Premier League club Heart of Midlothian were close to signing Le Tallec. However, the player ended up moving to Ligue 1 team Le Mans Union Club 72, on loan for the entire season with a view to a permanent deal for approximately £1.1 million pounds.

In July 2008, Le Mans decided to make the loan permanent, signing Le Tallec to a four-year contract. On 27 June 2010, following their top flight relegation, he reached an agreement with fellow league club AJ Auxerre for a four-year deal, worth €3 million.

Atromitos
On 19 July 2015, Le Tallec signed with Atromitos F.C. for two years. He cited the possibility of playing in the UEFA Europa League as the main reason for his signature.

Later years
On 3 July 2017, the 32-year-old Le Tallec joined FC Astra Giurgiu in the Romanian Liga I. He returned to his country in the following transfer window, moving to Ligue 2's US Orléans.

In September 2019, Le Tallec signed with Annecy FC.

He retired from professional football in May 2021 after a twenty-year career.

Personal life
Le Tallec's younger brother, Damien, is also a footballer. Another French youth international who was groomed at Le Havre, he started his professional career in Germany with Borussia Dortmund.

In June 2023, Le Tallec was a witness to a mass stabbing attack in an Annecy park in which four children and an adult were injured.

Club
Liverpool
 * UEFA Champions League: 2004–05

Sochaux
 * Coupe de France: 2006–07

International
France U17
 * FIFA U-17 World Championship: 2001

Individual

 * FIFA U-17 World Championship Silver Ball: 2001

title: Anthony Le Tallec


text:
Hostages Trial

The Hostages Trial (or, officially, The United States of America v. Wilhelm List, et al.) was held from 8 July 1947 until 19 February 1948 and was the seventh of the twelve trials for war crimes that United States authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II. These twelve trials were all held before US military courts, not before the International Military Tribunal, but took place in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice. The twelve US trials are collectively known as the "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials" or, more formally, as the "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals" (NMT).

This case is also known as the "Southeast Case" because all of the defendants had once been German generals leading the troops in Southeastern Europe during the Balkans Campaign, i.e. in Greece, Albania and Yugoslavia; and they were charged with ordering the hostage-taking of civilians and wanton shootings of these hostages, the reprisal killings of civilians, and the killing without trial of captured "partisans", as perpetrated by German troops there in the years in 1941 and later. The defendant Lothar Rendulic was further charged in respect of the 'scorched earth' total destruction of all towns, settlements and civil infrastructure in the Norwegian county of Finnmark in the winter of 1944.

The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal V, were Charles F. Wennerstrum (presiding judge) from Iowa, George J. Burke from Michigan, and Edward F. Carter from Nebraska. The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor, the chief prosecutor for this case was Theodore Fenstermacher. The indictment was filed on May 10, 1947; the trial lasted from July 8, 1947, until February 19, 1948. Of the 12 defendants indicted, Franz Böhme committed suicide before the arraignment, and Maximilian von Weichs was severed from the trial for medical reasons. Of the remaining ten defendants, two were acquitted; the others received prison sentences ranging from seven years to lifetime imprisonment.

Indictment
The accused faced four charges of having committed war crimes and crimes against humanity:

 * 1) Mass murder of hundreds of thousands of civilians in Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia by having ordered hostage taking and reprisal killings.
 * 2) Plundering and wanton destruction of villages and towns in Norway, Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia.
 * 3) Murder and ill-treatment of prisoners of war, and arbitrarily designating combatants as "partisans", denying them the status of prisoners of war, as well as their killing.
 * 4) Murder, torture, deportation, and sending to concentration camps of Greek, Albanian, and Yugoslav civilians.

All defendants were indicted on all counts and all pleaded "not guilty".

Judges
The judges were all from the American Midwest and represented a more conservative perspective on the Nuremberg trial proceedings from that taken by the East Coast judges who had presided over earlier trials in the series. In particular the judges were inclined to treat the prosecution case with considerable suspicion. The judges ruled that captured partisan or guerrilla resistance fighters could never expect to be given the protected status of prisoners of war, and could lawfully be executed without trial. Furthermore, the judges departed explicitly from the Nuremberg Principles established in the International Military Tribunal, in ruling that the killing of hostages and reprisal killings of innocent individual civilians might be lawful if undertaken by an occupying power as a response to resistance forces engaging in partisan warfare, albeit subject to stringent constraints. Following the judgement, Justice Charles Wennerstrum gave an interview to the Chicago Tribune in which he accused the prosecution of failing "to maintain objectivity aloof from vindictiveness, [and] aloof from personal ambitions for convictions" and dismissed the whole Nuremberg exercise as "victors justice". He proposed that many of the German Jewish emigrants employed in the prosecution office were of suspect loyalty to the United States; "The whole atmosphere here is unwholesome.... Lawyers, clerks, interpreters and researchers are employed who became Americans only in recent years; whose backgrounds were embedded in Europe's hatreds and prejudices."

Defendants
I — Indicted  G — Indicted and found guilty

Verdict
The tribunal had to deal with two pressing questions:
 * 1) Could partisans be "lawful belligerents" and thus entitled the protected status of prisoners of war; and was that status dependent on whether they fought in uniform or wearing distinctive military insignia?
 * 2) Could taking (and potentially killing) civilian hostages, and retrospective reprisals against civilians, be lawful as a "defense" against guerrilla attacks and partisan warfare?

On the question of partisans, the tribunal concluded that under the current laws of war (the Hague Convention No. IV from 1907), the partisan fighters in southeast Europe could not be considered lawful belligerents under Article 1 of the convention even though most had worn distinctive military insignia in combat (a Red Star sewn onto a uniform cap) and many had fought in military uniform of one form or another, as most fought as guerrillas and as such could not consistently conform to all the conditions of belligerency laid down in the Hague Regulations for regular forces. Irregular forces who engaged in guerrilla warfare - even if they did so in uniform and carried their arms openly in combat - could not be lawful combatants if they subsequently concealed their weapons, resumed everyday clothing, and mingled with non-combatant civilians. For the tribunal, all forms of civilian armed resistance to occupation forces were unlawful, and consequently captured partisans who had hidden within or behind civilian populations could lawfully be executed as war criminals without formal trial.

German soldiers were the victims of surprise attacks by an enemy which they could not engage in open combat. After a surprise attack, the bands would hastily retreat or conceal their arms and mingle with the population with the appearance of being harmless members thereof." "... guerrillas may render great service to their country and, in the event of success, become heroes even, still they remain war criminals in the eyes of the enemy and may be treated as such. In no other way can an army guard and protect itself from the gadfly tactics of such armed resistance.'"

On List, the tribunal stated:

"We are obliged to hold that such guerrillas were francs tireurs who, upon capture, could be subjected to the death penalty. Consequently, no criminal responsibility attaches to the defendant List because of the execution of captured partisans..."

Regarding hostage taking and the retrospective killing of civilians in reprisal for guerrilla actions, the tribunal came to the conclusion that under certain circumstances, hostage taking and even reprisal killings might constitute a lawful course of action as an effective deterrent against guerrilla attacks. In the tribunal's opinion, taking hostages against armed civilian resistance (and killing them should guerrilla attacks continue) could be legitimate, subject to several conditions. The tribunal observed that both the British Manual of Military Law and the U.S. Basic Field Manual (Rules of Land Warfare) permitted the taking of reprisals to deter a civilian population threatening continued armed resistance. (The British manual did not mention killing, but the US manual included killing as a possible reprisal. ) Nevertheless, the tribunal still found most of the accused guilty on count 1 of the indictment because it considered the acts committed by the German troops to be in excess of the rules under which the tribunal considered hostage taking and reprisal killings lawful; in particular that a clear connection between the populations from whom hostages had been taken and the populations within which guerrilla forces were continuing to shelter, had not been established through some form of judicial hearing; and also that, as deliberate policy the numbers of civilians killed in reprisals by troops under the command of the defendants had disproportionately exceeded the numbers of deaths due to guerrilla action in the occupying forces.

"As in the case of the taking of hostages, reprisal prisoners may not be shot unless it can be shown that the population, as a whole is a party to the offence, either actively or passively. In other words, members of the population of one community cannot properly be shot in reprisal for an act against the occupation forces committed at some other place. To permit such a practice would conflict with the basic theory that sustains the practice in that there would be no deterrent effect upon the community where the offence was committed. Neither may the shooting of innocent members of the population as a reprisal measure exceed in severity the unlawful acts it is designed to correct."

Notably, the tribunal refused to take any regard at all for the Nuremberg principles established previously in the Charter of the International Military Tribunal; where it had been stated at Article 6 that the killing of hostages was itself a war crime. "War crimes: namely, violations of the laws or customs of war. Such violations shall include, but not be limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave labour or for any other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity." The prosecution case had advanced these principles as establishing the inherent criminality of hostage killing; and in rejecting these arguments the tribunal must be considered to have been asserting that the Nuremberg principles could and should be overruled in the circumstances of this case. Nevertheless, even though the tribunal maintained the potential legality of hostage killing, this did not lead them to dismiss the charges of mass murder against the defendants - with the possible exception of von Leyser.

".. an examination of the judgment shows that the Tribunal’s conclusion that the killing of hostages and reprisal prisoners may in certain circumstances be legal has not been the reason for a finding of not guilty regarding any of the accused in the trial with the possible exception of the defendant von Leyser, of whom the Tribunal said : “ The evidence concerning the killing of hostages and reprisal prisoners within the corps area is so fragmentary that we cannot say that the evidence is sufficient to support a finding that the measures taken were unlawful. The killing of hostages and reprisal prisoners is entirely lawful under certain circumstances. The evidence does not satisfactorily show in what respect, if any, the law was violated. This is a burden cast upon the prosecution which it has failed to sustain.”"

One common line of defense of the accused was the Plea of Superior Orders: they stated that they were only following orders from higher up, in particular from Hitler and Field Marshal Keitel, demanding multiple deaths of civilians in reprisal for every German casualty. The tribunal recognized this defense only for some of the lower-ranked defendants, but concluded that in particular the highest-ranking officers, List and Kuntze, should have been well aware of the fact that these orders violated international law and thus should have opposed the execution of these orders, even more so as they were in a position that would have allowed them to do so.

Clarification of military occupation
The Tribunal considered the question of whether the Croatian state was a sovereign entity capable of acting independently of the German military (Germany recognised the Croatian government on 15 April 1941). It concluded that it was not and that military occupation depended not on the physical deployment of troops, as they could be redeployed into the territory at will, but on the control exercised by the occupying power. It followed that as the area remained under the control of the occupying power therefore "Logic and reason dictate that the occupant could not lawfully do indirectly that which it could not do directly".

title: Hostages Trial


text:
Winnicott

Winnicott is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Clare Winnicott (1906–1984), an English social worker, civil servant, psychoanalyst, and teacher
 * Donald Winnicott (1896–1971), an English pediatrician and psychoanalyst
 * Russell Winnicott (1898–1917), an English aviator

title: Winnicott


text: Category:Towns in Thuringia

title: Category:Towns in Thuringia


text:
The Clan of the Cave Bear (film)

The Clan of the Cave Bear is a 1986 American adventure film directed by Michael Chapman and based on the book of the same name by Jean M. Auel. The film stars Daryl Hannah, Pamela Reed, James Remar, and Thomas G. Waites.

The film depicts a young Cro-Magnon woman (Hannah) who is separated from her family and orphaned during an earthquake. She is found and adopted by a group of Neanderthals. As the years go by, her intelligence causes disaster for the entire tribe, especially its future chief, Broud (Waites). Dialogue is conducted mostly through a form of sign language which is translated for the audience with subtitles.

Plot
After losing her mother in an earthquake in Paleolithic Europe, 5-year-old Cro-Magnon Ayla is left alone in the woods. She then suffers a severe injury to her legs from a nearby cave lion. After suffering from starvation, exhaustion, and infection of her wounds, she collapses, on the verge of death. She is rescued by Iza, the healer of a group of Neanderthals who call themselves "The Clan," against the orders for her to be left to die by the clan's chief, Brun, because she is clearly a member of "the Others", the distrusted antagonists of the Clan. Brun refuses to accept Ayla when Iza adopts her, only allowing her to stay with the Clan because Iza refuses to abandon her.

Through meditation, Iza's brother, Creb (the group's shaman), comes to believe that the child may be protected by the spirit of the cave lion, a powerful "totem that is never given to a woman and very few men. He cites the cave lion attack the girl experienced shortly before being discovered as proof that its spirit marked her so that she could be adopted into the Clan. After traveling with them for a while and starting to heal, Ayla wanders away from the group when they stop to discuss what they should do and she discovers a huge, beautiful cave, perfect for their needs; many of the people begin to regard Ayla as lucky, especially since good fortune continues to come their way as they begin to accept her in the fold.

Ayla's different thought processes lead her to break important Clan customs, particularly the taboo against females handling weapons. She is self-willed and spirited, but tries hard to fit in with the Neanderthals, although she has to learn everything first-hand; she does not possess the ancestral memories of the Clan which enable them to do certain tasks after being shown only once.

Iza reflects how ugly Ayla is (her unusual appearance compared to the rest of the Clan and Neanderthal standards). Iza is concerned that when Ayla grows up nobody will want her as their mate, making her a burden to the Clan. Seeking to increase Ayla's value and status, Iza trains her to be a medicine woman which will garner respect. Even without a mate, Ayla will have status.

Broud, the son of the tribe's leader Brun, has disdain for Ayla, and when they both reach adulthood, Broud brutally rapes Ayla in an impulsive bid to demonstrate his control over her. Broud continues to assault Ayla constantly, leaving her despondent, and she becomes pregnant. Ayla witnesses Broud trying to master a sling with no success, she then takes it and secretly practices, soon becoming skilled with it. When a wolf attacks and is carrying off a small boy, Ayla is desperate to save the child and successfully kills the wolf with the sling. Grateful for her action, the clan reduces her punishment for using a weapon. Instead of killing her, they banish her from their settlement for a month, effectively a death sentence anyway. However, she finds shelter in another cave. Following a difficult childbirth, Ayla rejoices in the birth of a son. Struggling but able to survive harsh winter conditions, she returns to the tribe after her banishment period ends. She learns that her infant son Durc will be killed, as his appearance (being an amalgamation of Clan and Other features) is considered deformed and a precipitant of bad luck. However, Creb intervenes, appealing to Brun that Creb's deformities also qualified him as a burden but he was spared and grew to become a well-regarded tribe member and shaman. Ayla, having proven her survival and hunting skills, is allowed to keep her son.

After Iza's death, Broud is named chief by Brun. Broud's first order is to take Ayla for himself and separate her from her son, giving him to another couple. Broud also exiles the elderly Creb as another shaman has been designated. Ayla opposes and fights Broud, defeating him. Brun confronts Broud, shaming Broud. Thus a humiliated Broud agrees to keep Creb with the clan. Ayla still chooses to leave, saying goodbye to her son, in search of Others..

Cast

 * Daryl Hannah as Ayla
 * Pamela Reed as Iza
 * James Remar as Creb
 * Thomas G. Waites as Broud
 * John Doolittle as Brun
 * Curtis Armstrong as Goov
 * Martin Doyle as Grod
 * Tony Montanaro as Zoug
 * Mike Muscat as Dorv
 * Karen Elizabeth Austin as Aba
 * Janne Mortil as Ovra
 * Lycia Naff as Uba
 * Penny Smith as Ika
 * Rory Crowley as Durc
 * Joey Cramer as young Broud
 * Nicole Eggert as Teen Ayla
 * Paul Carafotes as Brug
 * Bart the Bear as the cave bear
 * Emma Floria as Young Ayla
 * Mary Reid as Ayla's Mother

Production
Producer Gerald Isenberg originally conceived the film as a television film but was rejected by NBC. The film was shot in western Canada, primarily in British Columbia, between June and October 1984 with a budget of $16 million. It was filmed in the Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen, a precursor to the many Hollywood productions that would film in Canada soon after (see Hollywood North and Cinema of Canada). It was also filmed at Cathedral and MacMillan Provincial Park, at the Nahanni National Park Reserve in the Northwest Territories, and in the Yukon Territory. The score was composed by Alan Silvestri.

The actors endured scenes located in mountains but wearing minimal clothing of animal pelts in temperatures as low as 5 F. The makeup for actors portraying Neanderthals took 3.5 hours to apply.

The animals were trained by professional employees from Heber City, Utah's Wasatch Rocky Mountain Wildlife, Thousand Oaks, California's Animal Actors of Hollywood and Frazier Park, California's Working Wildlife. This film is one of Bart the Bear's earliest roles. He was partly replaced by an animatronic bear designed by Sonny Burman and Steve Johnson. The muskox hunt was filmed just outside Hughenden, Alberta.

Box office and reception
Due to the production budget of US$15 million earning back only US$1.9 million, domestically, the film was unanimously considered a box-office bomb. Still, two makeup artists (Michael Westmore and Michèle Burke) were nominated for a 1987 Oscar for Best Makeup.

The film holds a 10% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on ten reviews. However, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy states "It is hard to see why TCOTCB has drawn such critical contempt, unless for its tacit feminism: although the narration is overexpository and the equation of mental versatility with leggy blonde Cro-Magnons, as opposed to shabby Neanderthals, is a cliché, the movie is beautifully shot, well scripted and finely acted."

Colin Greenland reviewed The Clan of the Cave Bear for White Dwarf #77 and stated that "there's a movie starring Daryl Hannah, whom I still like a lot, though she doesn't stand a chance amid all the picture-postcard photography, tacky mysticism and shaggy-browed sentimentality. But Ayla is unafraid, for she knows there are five more books to go yet."

title: The Clan of the Cave Bear (film)


text:
Leon Lett

Leon Lett Jr. (born October 12, 1968) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for 11 seasons, primarily with the Dallas Cowboys. Lett played college football at Emporia State University and was selected in the seventh round of the 1991 NFL draft by the Cowboys, where he spent 10 seasons. During his final season in 2001, he played for the Denver Broncos.

A two-time Pro Bowl selection, Lett was a member of the Cowboys teams that won three Super Bowls during the 1990s. He is also remembered for two botched plays – a fumble before scoring a touchdown in Super Bowl XXVII and a failed recovery after a blocked field goal in a Thanksgiving game – although he would help his team win the Super Bowl in both seasons. After retiring, Lett began a career in coaching and served as the assistant defensive line coach for the Cowboys from 2011 to 2022.

Early years
Lett attended Fairhope High School in Fairhope, Alabama where he lettered in football and basketball. He received a scholarship from Auburn University, but after a low score on the ACT, he had to play two seasons at Hinds Community College in Raymond, Mississippi, compiling 141 tackles, 10 sacks, nine pass deflections and three fumble recoveries.

He was set to move to New Mexico State University, but after having problems with his transfer credits, he accepted a partial scholarship offer from Emporia State University in Kansas.

As a junior in 1989, he helped the team win the Central States Intercollegiate Conference (CSIC) title and reach their first NAIA Football National Championship game. After leading the team in pass deflections (10) and blocked kicks (two) and finishing second in tackles (83) and sacks (5), he received honorable mention NAIA All-America, All-NAIA District 10 and All-CSIC honors.

During his two years at Emporia State, the defense held opponents to 4.1 yards-per-play and 3.1 yards-per-carry. He earned All-NAIA District 10 recognition as a senior and finished second in the team in sacks (4), but pro scouts lost interest when he missed his first three games with a right knee injury and wasn't invited to any senior All-Star games or the NFL Scouting Combine.

In 2010, he was inducted into the Emporia State University Athletics Hall of Honor. In 2013, he was inducted into the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Football Coaches Association Hall of Fame.

Dallas Cowboys
Lett was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the seventh round (173rd overall) of the 1991 NFL draft. As a rookie, he was placed on the injured reserve list with a lower back problem on August 27. He was re-activated on November 21 and played as a reserve defensive tackle during the last five games of the season and in the playoffs. After entering the league at 6'6" and 260 pounds, by the end of his rookie year, he had put on 16 more pounds.

In his second season, he blossomed into a key player in the Cowboys' defensive line rotation and his teammates nicknamed him "Big Cat" in reference to his agility. Playing mainly as a defensive right tackle in passing situations, he finished the regular season with 19 quarterback pressures (tied for second on the team) and four passes deflected (led the team). In the postseason, he was one of the defense's best players, tying for the team lead with two tackles for losses and leading the team with three forced fumbles. In Super Bowl XXVII, he nearly set the record for the longest fumble return in Super Bowl history (64 yards). However, Lett prematurely began to celebrate and the ball was knocked out of his hand by Bills receiver Don Beebe which resulted in a touchback. He also sacked Frank Reich on the game's final play.

In 1993, he fractured his right ankle in the third game of the season, re-injuring a fracture suffered during offseason workouts. Upon his return after missing 5 games, he played the four positions along the defensive line at different times. After playing in 11 contests, he led all defensive linemen in passes deflected (4) for the second straight season. In the divisional playoff game against the Green Bay Packers, he registered 6 tackles (1 for loss), 2 passes deflected (one was intercepted), 3 quarterback pressures and recovered a fumble. In Super Bowl XXVIII, besides having 6 tackles, he forced Thurman Thomas to fumble in the third quarter, leading to a James Washington 46 yards return for a touchdown, which tied the score at 13–13 and changed the momentum of the game.

In 1994, he started all 16 contests and was named to his first Pro Bowl after finishing with 68 tackles, 4 sacks and 26 quarterback pressures (second on the team).

In 1995, he served a four-game suspension in the middle of the season, before returning strong during the team drive to Super Bowl XXX, registering in the last four regular season games 22 tackles, 2 sacks, 12 quarterback pressures, a forced fumble and a recovered fumble.

Lett would be suspended at different times for violating the NFL substance abuse policy, missing a total of 28 games during his career. He served an additional full 16-game suspension (3 games in 1996 and 13 contests of 1997) and an eight-game suspension at the start of the 1999 season.

In 1998, he earned his second Pro Bowl selection after starting 15 games, recording 51 tackles, 20 quarterback pressures (second on the team), 7 tackles for loss (led the team) and 4 sacks (third on the team).

His last season in Dallas was 2000, when he played in 9 games (7 starts), registered 35 tackles (14 solo), 2.5 sacks, 4 passes deflected and one forced fumble. He sprained his left medial collateral ligament during a November practice and was inactive for five games, before being placed on the injured reserve list on December 14.

When Lett was playing, he was one of the most feared defensive players in the game. Even though he was constantly double teamed, he dominated at the point of attack affecting both the running and the passing game of teams. He was part of the Super Bowl winning teams in 1992, 1993 and 1995.

Denver Broncos
On March 22, 2001 he signed as a free agent with the Denver Broncos. He played his final season as a reserve player. On February 21, 2002, he was released because of salary cap implications. Lett retired with 22.5 career quarterback sacks, 361 tackles, 128 quarterback pressures, 37 tackles for loss, 26 passes deflected, four blocked kicks and seven fumble recoveries in 121 games.

Infamous plays
Lett was a talented player and a cornerstone of the Cowboys defense during his tenure, but he is also remembered for being involved in two famous plays that resulted from gaffes he made. Two of the top three of ESPN's "25 Biggest Sports Blunders" are attributed to Lett and the plays appeared on NFL Network's "Top 10 Foul-Ups" and "Top 10 Worst Plays".

Super Bowl XXVII
The first play occurred in January 1993, in Super Bowl XXVII. Late in the fourth quarter, Lett recovered a fumble on the Dallas 35-yard line and ran it back towards the end zone. When he reached the 10-yard line, Lett slowed and held the ball out as he approached the goal line. However, Lett did not see Bills wide receiver Don Beebe chasing him down from behind. Beebe knocked the ball out of Lett's outstretched hand just before he crossed the goal line, which sent the ball through the end zone, and resulted in a touchback that cost Lett his touchdown. Lett later said he was watching the Jumbotron, and trying to do a "Michael Irvin", where he put the ball out across the goal line.

The Cowboys had a commanding 52–17 lead at the time, and the play did not have a significant effect on the outcome of the game, but cost the Cowboys the record for most points scored in a Super Bowl, which is currently held by the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XXIV at 55 points. The fumble ranked at #1 in the ESPN fan list, at #2 in the ESPN expert panel, #3 on "Top 10 Foul-Ups", and #9 on "Top 10 Worst Plays".

1993 Thanksgiving Classic
The second play occurred during the next season and was more serious as it resulted in a Cowboys defeat. On Thanksgiving Day in 1993, during a rare snow and sleet storm in Dallas, the Cowboys, who came into the game with a 7–3 record, were leading the 8–2 Miami Dolphins by a score of 14–13 with 15 seconds remaining in the game. The Dolphins sent kicker Pete Stoyanovich out to attempt a 41-yard field goal, which would likely have won the game due to how little time remained.

The kick was blocked by Lett's linemate Jimmie Jones, and the ball came to rest several yards away. While most of his teammates began celebrating, Lett attempted to recover the ball. He slipped as he went down, however, and knocked the ball forward. In the resulting chase for possession, the Dolphins recovered in the end zone, but due to muffed kick rules, the ball was awarded to them on the one-yard line.

Had Lett simply done nothing, the Cowboys would have automatically received possession as the play would have been whistled dead and the team would have received possession at the line of scrimmage. Since Lett went for the ball and touched it, by rule the play was considered a muffed kick and the Dolphins were given possession on the one-yard line with three seconds showing on the clock. Stoyanovich attempted a field goal from that spot and connected, winning the game 16–14 for the visitors. Lett's failed recovery ranked at #3 in both ESPN lists, #3 on "Top 10 Foul-Ups", and #8 on "Top 10 Worst Plays".

The most meaningful impact of Lett's miscue, assuming all remaining results were the same, was that it ensured the team's last game of the season had playoff implications. The Cowboys needed a win (or tie) against New York at Giants Stadium to repeat as NFC East champions (and secure the #1 seed in the NFC), with the loser of that game being assured the #4 seed. Having already beaten the Giants, had Dallas defeated Miami they could have clinched the division title after Week 16 as in that scenario they would have held the tiebreaker against New York even if they had lost in Week 17 to the Giants.

Ultimately, the play did not derail the Cowboys' title defense, as they won all of their remaining games after Thanksgiving and went on to win Super Bowl XXVIII. Conversely, the Dolphins lost the rest of their remaining games and did not qualify for the playoffs. In 2008, the game was named the third-most memorable in the history of Texas Stadium by ESPN.

Coaching career
Lett started his coaching career in 2009 as a volunteer assistant at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. On May 9, 2009, Lett graduated from UNLV with a degree in university studies and a concentration in sociology and history. On December 19, 2009, he was appointed defensive tackle coach for the University of Louisiana at Monroe.

On March 31, 2011, he was invited as part of the NFL Minority Coaching Fellowship Program to assist Dallas Cowboys defensive line coach Brian Baker during training camp. On July 20, 2011, he was hired as a full-time assistant defensive line coach for the Cowboys.

Lett was among five Cowboys coaches fired at the conclusion of the 2022 season.

title: Leon Lett


text:
Talk:Meskhetians

Proposal
I think it would be a good idea to move the info about the Meskhetian Turks into a new article, and turn this article into a disambiguation page. If there are no objections I'll make the necessary changes in a weeks time. — Khoikhoi 03:35, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hey Khoi. That looks like a good idea to me. My suggestion is to do it this way. Three pages:
 * Meskhetians (disambiguation)
 * Meskhetian Turks
 * Meskhetians.

 * I’m not sure about the last one, however. The Meskhetians don’t differ culturally or linguistically from other Georgians and I'm afraid there's not much to say about them in a separate article. Perhaps we should redirect Meskhetians to Meskheti, a historic province of Georgia. What do you think? Kober 05:17, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I was actually thinking we should keep the stuff about the (non-Turk) Meskhetians in this article, and have something like this:

 * "Meskhetians may refer to:"

 * "Meskhetians (Meskhs), ethnic Georgians and the indigenous population of Meskheti (Samtskhe-Javakheti) province of Georgia)."

 * "Meskhetian Turks"

 * That way we woudln't need a Meskhetians (disambiguation) page, and we woudln't have to create a separate article about the non-Turk Meskhetians. — Khoikhoi 05:27, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Go ahead, Khoi. This is the best solution, I guess. --Kober 05:33, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Green light Khoi! Keep up with the good work :) Ldingley 15:19, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Alright then! :-) I guess I'll wait a week. — Khoikhoi 05:38, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Meskhetians
Meskhetians are Meskhetians.They have nothing with Turks. The theme about the Turks from Meskheti can be written on another page. In Meskheti live and lived not only Turks but also Ukrainians,Armenians,Russians etc but this doesn't meen they all are Meskhetians. The Meskhetians are a separate ethnoc and Turks,Ukrainians,Armenians etc who live in Meskheti are only Ukrainians,Russians etc from Meskheti...176.73.160.76 (talk) 12:08, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meskhetians


text:
User talk:Lordan~enwiki

Hi Lordan, thank you for your contributions, and welcome to Wikipedia! I spotted you at Ga language and I like your plans — go right ahead! By the way, refer to here for an introduction to Wikipedia and some important things you should know as an editor. If you need any help, you can always contact me on my talk page! Kind regards,  — mark ✎ 12:56, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lordan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lordan~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Lordan~enwiki


text:
Last Stop Suburbia

Last Stop Suburbia is Allister's third release on Drive-Thru Records and second studio album, released on October 8, 2002.

Recording
In November 2001, Allister played a few US shows with Reel Big Fish. The band planned to enter the studio in December. The band was in the studio from February 18, 2002 and planned to finish on March 18. Instead, the band finished recording on May 9. Sessions were held at Standard Electrical Recorders in Venice Beach, California, with producer and engineer Chris Fudurich; Ryan Baker did additional editing. Steve Evetts mixed the recordings at Trax East in South River, New Jersey, before the album was mastered by Stephen Marcussen at Marcussen Mastering in Hollywood, California.

Release and reception
On June 9, 2002, guitarist John Hamada left the band. Between late June and mid-August, the group went on the 2002 edition of Warped Tour. On August 31, "Overrated" was made available as a free download through the band's MP3.com profile. Originally planned for a June release, before being pushed back to August, then early September due mixing delays. Last Stop Suburbia was made available for streaming on September 25, before it was eventually released on October 8, 2002 through Drive-Thru. In early 2003, the band supported American Hi-Fi on their tour, before embarking on a trek across the US East Coast with Don't Look Down and Fall Out Boy. Between late August and October 2003, the group performed on the Drive-Thru Records 2003 Invasion Tour. In January 2004, the band went on a tour of the UK, with Home Grown, the Early November, and Hidden in Plain View. In May 2004, the band toured the US with Split Habit, Punchline, and Hidden in Plain View.

Last Stop Suburbia charted at number 9 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart. The album would go on to sell 80,000 copies. Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Kurt Morris said the album was full of "upbeat, poppy songs" matched with "nice melodies and songs about girls and rock & roll." Morris also said it was "typical Drive-Thru Records pop-punk" fodder. BuzzFeed included the album at number 30 on their "36 Pop Punk Albums You Need To Hear Before You F——ing Die" list. Cleveland.com ranked "Somewhere on Fullerton" at number 74 on their list of the top 100 pop-punk songs.

Track listing
Writing credits per booklet.

 * 1) "Scratch" – 3:11 (Hamada)
 * 2) "Radio Player" – 3:25 (Rogner)
 * 3) "Flypaper" – 2:12 (Murphy)
 * 4) "Overrated" – 2:25 (Rogner)
 * 5) "Better Late Than Forever" – 2:40 (Hamada)
 * 6) "The One That Got Away" – 1:41 (Murphy)
 * 7) "Racecars" – 2:39 (Rogner)
 * 8) "Matchsticks" – 2:04 (Rogner)
 * 9) "Camouflage" – 2:14 (Murphy)
 * 10) "Don't Think Twice" – 2:52 (Rogner)
 * 11) "Somewhere on Fullerton" – 2:39 (Rogner)
 * 12) "Westbound" – 2:14 (Murphy)
 * 13) "Know It All" – 1:45 (Rogner)
 * 14) "Stuck" – 1:55 (Hamada)
 * 15) "Waiting for You" – 2:29 (Rogner)
 * 16) "None of My Friends Are Punks" – 2:34 (Rogner)

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

Allister
 * Tim Rogner – vocals, guitar
 * Scott Murphy – vocals, bass
 * Chris Rogner – vocals, guitar
 * David Rossi – drums

Additional musicians
 * John Hamada – vocals, guitar
 * Ariel Rechtshaid – additional guitar (track 15)

Production
 * Chris Fudurich – producer, engineer
 * Steve Evetts – mixing
 * Ryan Baker – additional editing
 * Stephen Marcussen – mastering

Design
 * Tim Stedman – art direction, design, interior photos
 * Matt Mahurin – front and back cover illustrations
 * Justin Stephens – band photo
 * JP Robinson – design assistance

title: Last Stop Suburbia