text:
Bairro Alto

Bairro Alto (literally: Upper District) is a central district of the city of Lisbon, the Portuguese capital. Unlike many of the civil parishes of Lisbon, this region can be commonly explained as a loose association of neighbourhoods, with no formal local political authority but social and historical significance to the urban community of Lisbon and of Portugal as a whole.

The bairro or "neighbourhood" resulted from urban expansion in the 16th century, forming outside the walls of the historical city, and is characterized by an almost orthogonal tract (developing from two phases of distinct urbanization).

It is a fundamental quarter of Lisbon, organized into a hierarchical scheme of roads and lanes: the roads, the structural axis, run perpendicular to the river; and the lanes, or secondary axis, cut parallel to the river. The matrix of allotments reflects the persistent use of the medieval layout; the division and multiplication of this module had its origin in the variations of the architectural typology. The space constructed is dominated by living spaces implanted in long narrow lots, three to four storeys in height, with asymmetric facades consisting of windows along the various storeys and staircases along the lateral flanks. Although less representative, the Pombaline-era buildings are common, essentially introducing modifications to the level of the façade's composition. Although there are many typological variations to the facade designs, certain elements are repeated, such as the corners, bay and sill windows, eaves and attics, securing a homogeneous urbanized front.

History
The Bairro Alto was born as a response to the social and economic transformation in Lisbon in the second half of the 15th century. Commercial development caused the growth in the population, and an associated expansion of construction within the medieval walled city. It was this phenomenon that resulted in the urbanization process of the Bairro Alto district, in two distinct phases.

The first phase began in 1487, after the death of Guedelha Palaçano, an influential figure in the kingdom: his widow transferred lands situated on the western limit of the city to the King's equerry, Filipe Gonçalves. The land rights for these lands were sold in 1498 to the nobleman Luís de Atouguia.

Between 1499 and 1502 various royal letters, signed by King Manuel, indicated that there was a need to demolish the balconies and verandas that occupied public spaces in the district. This was part of a package of legislative reforms issued to improve the image of the city. A similar royal charter in 1500, was issued with the objective of transforming the free lands that still existed with the old walls. These initiatives lead to the first urbanization, named Vila Nova do Olival (around 1502), situated around the old Convent of the Trinity, using a series of administrative tools and proceedings that would, later, be used in the creation of the Bairro Alto.

In 1505, the construction of the new royal palace, resulted in the move of the Court to the riverfront, and extended the city until the Cais do Sodré.

Around 1513, the first move to divide the lands of the Bairro Alto began, under the approval of Lopo Atouguia. Bartolomeu de Andrade and his wife Francisca Cordovil received permission to section-off plots for the construction of houses. The new urbanization would be designated Vila Nova de Andrade. After the establishment of a grid network of roads, the first houses began to be built, with the majority popping-up south of the Portas de Santa Catarina in 1514. The remainder of the homes also began occupying plots along Rua das Flores, Rua do Cabo, Rua do Castelo, the consecutively named Rua Primeira, Segunda and Terceira, in addition to the Rua da Barroca do Mar. By 1527, there were a total of 408 buildings in the area, totalling 1600 inhabitants. During the 1530s, the agglomeration began to spread towards the old Estrada de Santos (now the Calçada do Combro), tracing or following to the north of this route, where it encountered Rua da Rosa, Rua da Atalaia, Rua dos Calafates (now Rua Diário de Notícias), Rua das Gáveas, Rua do Norteand Rua de São Roque.

The 1531 earthquake resulted in a need to increase the number of residential homes, speeding the growth of the Bairro.

The first Jesuits arrived in Portugal in 1540.

In 1551, the civil parishes of Mártires and Loreto included 2464 homes and 20132 inhabitants.

The second phase of urbanization in the Bairro Alto began around 1553, with the implantation of the Society of Jesus (Companhia de Jesus) in the civil parish of São Roque, initiating a period of polarized growth, due to their presence. At that time, the zone to the north of Estrada de Santos began being referred to as the Bairro Alto de São Roque. This new phase, growth extended from São Roque until the terrains of the Palace of the Counts of Avintes to the north, limited by the Rua de São Boaventura, Rua do Loureiro, Rua da Cruz and Rua Formosa (now Rua do Século).

In 1559, the civil parish of Santa Catarina was created. Less than a decade later, the Largo de São Roque was formed, and the beginning of the construction of new church and residences of the Society of Jesus were initiated. The enlargement of the route between the Portas de Catarina and Largo de São Roque would occur in 1569, becoming known as the Rua Larga de São Roque.

The civil parish of Encarnação was formed in 1679.

Although the Bairro was not significantly affected by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the Marquess of Pombal developed plans to restructure the urban fabric between the Bairro Alto and Baixa, which included standardizing the largos, squares and roads. Between 1760 and 1780, was the beginning of the renovation/remodelling of the roads Rua de São Roque, Rua de Calhariz and Rua do Século, that included the widening of the routes and construction of new buildings.

Around the 19th century, the northern limites of the Bairro, including the zone around São Pedro de Alcântara up to Príncipe Real were delimited. The area was consolidated with the construction of a group of diverse buildings and specifically rental properties. The block that existed between Rua da Rosa and the Travessa do Tijolo came to condition activity in the neighborhood, including the establishment of various newspapers, of which O Bolastill remains. In 1880, the municipal council decided to widen the Rua dos Moinhos do Vento (now the Rua de São Pedro de Alcântara), expropriating lands and buildings that restricted its expansion.

In 1881, lots pertaining to the Count of Soure in the Alto do Longo area of the Bairro were opened to the public. This zone maintained a semi-rural character, with single-storey houses and courtyards, until the alteration of Rua D. Pedro V (the old Estrada da Cotovia), when the construction of four- and five-storey homes came to eliminate these early residences.

In 1887 the Caixa Geral de Depósitos was installed in the Palace of Sobral.

Republic
The old Travessa da Estrela became known as Rua Luísa Todi in 1917.

In the middle of the 20th century (1945), the Instituto do Vinho do Porto installed itself in the Palace of Ludovice, in a project under the architect Jorge Segurado.

The creation of the Gabinete Técnico do Bairro Alto (Bairro Alto Technical Council) in 1989, and the beginning of a city council policy on urban rehabilitation and renewal. In the last decades of the 20th century, there was a significant socio-cultural dynamic in the area, as a great part of the nightlife became dependent on the restaurants and bars of the quarter. Lisbon's city council made extensive remodelling and repairs to the district, resulting in the opening of new restaurants, clubs and trendy shops. While cars were restricted in the district (except for residents and emergency vehicles), many young people began to live in the Bairro; it is generally a youth-oriented heart of the sub-culture and nightlife of Lisbon.

In 2002 some arteries in the Bairro were restricted to pedestrian traffic.

A 2004 dispatch from the President of the IPPAR, dated 11 November, determined the opening of a process to classify the district as architecturally significant.

From 1 November 2008, many of the bars in Bairro Alto were forced to close their doors at 2:00 a.m., due to noise complaints. However, after 1 August 2009, this restriction was alleviated with an extension to 3:00 a.m., which also included the increase in the number of police officers assigned to the district, to patrol the streets. Around this time, the city council approved a 1.2 million Euro investment project to improve the area's physical appearance and improve security, as well as tackling the excessive graffiti problem.

Geography
Although central to Lisbon, it is normally identified by a different urban nucleus. Bairro Alto is characterized by orthogonal blocks, sometimes rectangular, with a proportion of two lots wide by six or eight lots in length, with many of the length dimensions accompanying the roads, while the shorter dimensions following the lanes. This spatial configuration is not fixed completely within the district. For example, north of the Travessa da Queimada, the blocks, although maintaining a rectangular form, are of different dimensions, with the laneway-side representing those of longer length. It is this model that guides the blocks where the majority of the 16th and 17th century buildings are located. In a few cases, there are also meio chão configurations, destined for those of the population with less financial resources. Further, there are rare instances in the district where one lot may encompass an entire block, such as the Palace of Andrade and the Palace Ludovice.

During the Pombaline era, there was an increase in the number of multiple lots with the standard dimensions. The large occupation rate in the 17th and 18th centuries originated in the changes to the dimensions of these blocks. Many of the buildings were expanded, both in height, in addition to size. It is this form that predominates the Bairro, which is highly dense, somber and where only the upper floors are exposed to direct sunlight.

The design of the roadways that run through the Bairro Alto, consists of a hierarchy of structural roads, oriented north to south in the direction of the Tagus River, and secondary lanes, perpendicular to the roads, running east to west. The hierarchy of these routes are homogeneous in scale, with little variation in size in roads or lanes, a characteristic that is missing from the zones adjacent to the Bairro Alto, preserving an intimacy and unique character.

Architecture
In addition to being formed in an orthogonal layout, the construction in the Bairro Alto used new construction techniques for the time: the transition from buildings built in wood to those completed in stone masonry.

The older homes in the bairro, dating from the 16th and 17th centuries are characteristically two types: low buildings with two storeys (ground and first floor), square, asymmetric with small windows and sills; and buildings that were long and narrow, consisting of three floors with windows, balconies and aligned spans. The first type, from the rural architectural tradition, were generally substituted for the second (which allowed a higher rate of occupation), with examples surviving to this day. The second type, which are more common, are, nonetheless, infrequent (with the exception existing along the Rua da Atalaia). From the natural typological evolution, and growth in the resident population during the 17th century, each of these types served the necessities of its inhabitants, and as a result, there were alterations to the layouts and façades over time.

Although the 1755 earthquake did not result in great damage to the Bairro, there are examples of Pombaline-era frame system employed in some of these buildings. The Pombaline building of the period is characterized by a four-storey block with differentiated windows. The façade is recognized by a symmetry made possible by a central staircase, with two opposite sets, and the windows in the mansard roofs. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Pombaline style gave way to a simplification and enhancement of the Pombaline-era buildings.

While, generally, the gaioleiro-style reinforcement of the buildings is not common, many of the Pombaline buildings were redesigned in keeping with the design aesthetic of the time. The construction of palacettes in this Romanticism style, resulted from a collage of the French aesthetic influences, identified primarily in the north and east of Bairro Alto, and especially in the area of São Pedro de Alcântara, where the Palacete Laranjeiras is the best example. This was a period that emphasized the façade of the buildings, with large verandas. They present a strong characteristic of the façade, with protruding balconies, fine gratings, frame spans over worked masonry and the application of curved lines, especially in the design of courtyards and windows along street corners. At the same time, some buildings were constructed to house workers, organized into villages or in courtyards, such as the Pátio do Tijolo (literally, the Yard of Bricks). These were multi-family buildings, usually two to three storeys in height, with a high occupancy and little space.

Architectural influences from the 20th century are limited, and restricted to a few points.

title: Bairro Alto


text:
Uropsilus

The shrew moles or shrew-like moles (Uropsilus) are shrew-like members of the mole family of mammals endemic to the forested, high-alpine region bordering China, Myanmar, and Vietnam. They possess a long snout, a long slender tail, external ears, and small forefeet unspecialized for burrowing. Although they are similar to shrews in size, external appearance, and, presumably, ecological habits, they are nevertheless talpids and considered true moles, as they share a full zygomatic arch with all other moles, while this arch is completely absent in shrews.

The genus is the only one of the subfamily Uropsilinae, which is one of the three main subfamilies of Talpidae, the other two being Talpinae, or Old World moles and relatives; and the Scalopinae, or New World moles. Although little is currently known regarding any aspect of their natural history, the Uropsilinae are thought to be the most ancestral group of moles, and as such, very similar to the primitive talpid from which all Talpidae have evolved. Uropsilus is thought to be a relict genus; despite the small distribution of the modern-day species, the subfamily once had a much wider range throughout Eurasia.

Species
The genus contains the following species:

 * 1) U. aequodonenia: Equivalent-teeth shrew mole
 * 2) U. andersoni Anderson's shrew mole
 * 3) U. atronates: Black-backed shrew mole
 * 4) U. dabieshanensis: Dabie Mountains shrew mole
 * 5) U. fansipanensis: Fansipan shrew mole  - Lao Cai Province, Vietnam
 * 6) U. gracilis: Gracile shrew mole
 * 7) U. huanggangensis: Huangang shrew mole  - China
 * 8) U. investigator: Inquisitive shrew mole
 * 9) U. nivatus: Snow Mountain shrew mole
 * 10) U. soricipes: Chinese shrew mole

Although each species' official English common name still calls them "shrew moles", Uropsilus today are referred to as "shrew-like moles" to distinguish them from other shrew moles, Neurotrichus gibbsii of North America and the Urotrichini, or Japanese shrew moles, both of which are morphologically quite different from Uropsilus and are grouped with the Old World Moles and relatives. As a result, the term "shrew-like moles" has been used to refer to Uropsilus, although specific species are still called "shrew moles".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Uropsilus


text:
User:Inter/Wikquotes

D&D is a bitch
 I had this coat that let me turn into a giant troll.  And I was like "Owned, you stupid wolf."  I played an online game once, and everyone was dying all the time.  And I was like "Seriously, do I have to turn into a troll again to save your asses?"  And I did. Because they all sucked.  And then I was like "I'm going to bed." And they're like "What? We need you in our party. You can't leave now."  And I'm like "WTF? I can leave when I want. You guys are lame."  I'm not gonna stay up all night helping a bunch of losers lose less. * Inter congratulates Vague_Rant on a job well done

YARS
 let's start a new reality show  YARS  Yet Another Reality Show  wikipedia reality show would be fun  :o  "will this edit war end? tune in next episode!"  Lol  haha <Raul654> The arbcom gets to vote people off <Inter> haha <dysprosia> of course! <Raul654> Jimbo would host <Rama> "supposed" torture ? :p <dysprosia> "the arbcom has spoken" <Raul654> each week, the people divide into two teams and try to VFD the other teams' work

Burkina Faso
<edward> Burkina Faso <-- how come there are countries i've never heard of? <Inter> Are you american? <Jillz^n^da^Hood> are you an American?

title: User:Inter/Wikquotes


text:
Archchancellor

An archchancellor (archicancellarius, Erzkanzler) or chief chancellor was a title given to the highest dignitary of the Holy Roman Empire, and also used occasionally during the Middle Ages to denote an official who supervised the work of chancellors or notaries.

The Carolingian successors of Pepin the Short appointed chancellors over the whole Frankish realm in the ninth century. Hincmar refers to this official as a summus cancellarius in De ordine palatii et regni and an 864 charter of King Lothair I refers to Agilmar, Archbishop of Vienne, as archchancellor, a word which also begins appearing in chronicles about that time. The last Carolingian archchancellor in West Francia was Archbishop Adalberon of Reims (969-988), with the accession of Hugh Capet the office was replaced by a Chancelier de France.

At the court of Otto I, then King of Germany, the title seems to have been an appanage of the Archbishop of Mainz. After Otto had finally deposed King Berengar II of Italy and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962, a similar office was created for the Imperial Kingdom of Italy. By the early eleventh century, this office was perennially held by the Archbishop of Cologne. Theoretically, the archbishop of Mainz took care of Imperial affairs for Germany and the Archbishop of Cologne for Italy, though the latter often used deputies, his see being outside of his kingdom. A third office was created about 1042 by Emperor Henry III for the recently acquired Kingdom of Burgundy. He initially bestowed it on Archbishop Hugh I of Besançon. It only appears in the hands of the Archbishop of Trier in the twelfth century as the chancellory of Arles, as Burgundy was then known.

By the Golden Bull of 1356, Emperor Charles IV confirmed the threefold division of the archchancellory among the three ecclesiastical Prince-electors of the Empire. Actual governmental functions like calling the Imperial elections, however, were carried out by the Mainz archbishops alone. The office in this form was part of the constitution of the Empire until the German Mediatisation in 1803, when Mainz was secularised. The last elector, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, however, retained the title of archchancellor until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806. There was a marked resemblance between the medieval archchancellor and the later chancellors of the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, and the Austrian Empire. The title is continued by the present-day Chancellors of Germany and Austria.

In France the title of "Archchancellor of the Empire" was given to Napoleon I's chief legal advisor, Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès.

Archchancellors of the Holy Roman Empire

 * Agilmar (860)
 * Bardo (c. 1042–1051)
 * Liutpold (c. 1055–)
 * Bruno (c. 1114)
 * Albrecht (c. 1130)
 * Stephen
 * Peter of Aspelt c 1306.

title: Archchancellor


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/League of Nations

League of Nations
A previous Collaboration of the week and a previous FAC (archived nomination from a month ago, immediately after it was the COTW). Looks pretty good to me. I can't honestly call it a self-nom, although I have recently restructured, copyedited, formatted, etc. -- ALoan (Talk) 12:38, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Last time it was almost ready, I think all previous objections (including mine) have now been adressed. Looks ready for big time for me. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 13:33, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. This looks good, but there's still some work to be done. 1) The lead section is relatively short given the length of the article. Adding another paragraph would give room for giving a better summary of the entire article. As a minor point here: why are the French and German names mentioned? Do they have any particular value? 2) The league's failure are discused in detail, but it is not discussed how these failure were addressed when the UN was established. As the UN is more or less the successor to the LoN, I think it is relevant to this article. 3) The "Successes" and "Failures" sections should be more specific. For example, the "Greece and Bulgaria" section has no time reference - it could have happened yesterday. Similar problems for the other successes (the failures have more lines and context). 4) The "Other failures" section needs to be expanded. Many historically significant events are discussed here only with one or two sentences, while others get entire sections. Even the section itself writes that one of these events is "most remembered in history". 5) A more chronological ordering of the failures and successes could give a better image of how the failure of the League developed. 6) The "General failures" and "Specific failures" sections have a lot of overlapping text. Maybe they should be merged, or it the separation should become clearer. 7) The article needs a copyedit - I found several weird things (e.g. "Greece and Bulgaria share a border." is a weird way to start a section; "Representatation"). 8) There is quite a bit of speculation in the article. "Perhaps the key point was that the United States never joined.", "Perhaps the most important weakness", "would have been far more wary of crossing it" etc. 9) The conclusion that the failure of LoN was (in part) responsible for the outbreak of WWII is a bold one. More is needed on this. Is this a view shared by many (all, nearly all) historians? What is meant with "responsible"? How exactly was it responsible? Jeronimo 18:52, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the helpful comments. (1) I have augmented the lead; which French and German names?  (2) Isn't the addressing of the League's failures a subject for the article on the United Nations?  Arguably, structures such as the Security Council and the vetoes of permanent members, have brought their own problems.  (3) Good point;  (4) Are you saying that each failure (Chaco War; Spanish Civil War; Italy's invasion of Abyssinia; German re-militarisation of the Rhineland, occupation of the Sudetenland, and invasion of Austria; Winter War) needs its own section?  (5) I thought it was useful to present Successes and Failures separately - the League is often thought of as a total failure, so I thought presenting Successes on their own was useful: however, the failures break down into two main groups (early ones and later ones) - perhaps it would be better to do early failures, then successes, then later failures?  (6) I see what you mean and have attempted to correct the separation (they were one section until yesterday).  (7)  Fixed those - any more? (8) I've removed the "perhaps"s - any more? (9) "These failings were, in part, responsible for the outbreak of the Second World War." - do you really think this is a overly-bold conclusion?  Are you saying that the failures of the League had no causal influence on World War II? -- ALoan (Talk) 20:29, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Some replies; I'll have to look at your fixes. 1) "The League of Nations (French: Société des Nations, German: Völkerbund)" 2) Maybe so, but I think it could get just a bit more here; the description of the demise is only 5 lines. 4) Not a section per se, but they should get more attention than they do now, especially if they are so important (which the article itself notes). 5) I was thinking about a chronological ordering within the successes/failures; this would be especially useful for the failures. 7) Not that I know of, but it might be a good idea to through the article once or twice to comb these out. 8) Again, not that I know of, but the removal of the perhapses was not what I was after; speculation is OK as long as you can attribute it: scholar X thinks this, nearly all observers say, etc. 9) I'm not so sure the failure was responsible for the outbreak of WWII. I think the failures meant WWII was not stopped from happening, but being a cause, I don't really see it that way. However, if this is a common view, this can certainly be in the article, if only it is discussed in more detail, and not presented as a undisputable fact but an opinion (and by who it is held). Jeronimo 07:51, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks again - I appreciate your comments. I have addressed a few more points. I'll think about the others. -- ALoan (Talk) 15:42, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Reviewing my issues. 1) Resolved. 2) Sufficient. 3) Several successes are still undated. 4) Resolved. 5) Resolved. 6) This is better now. 7) Has improved. 8) The last example statement is still in the article. 9) Although the statement in the article was been weakened, I still think it is an opinion, not an (undisputed) fact. So it should be attributed properly. Given the improvements, I change my vote to "minor object", as the article looks pretty good overall. Jeronimo 07:55, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Many thanks. (3) I have added dates; (8) I have refactored this statement; (9) I think we will have to agree to differ. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:11, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support Good article. I note there's a consistency problem with -ise versus -ize. I think in most instances -ise is used, so it might be sensible to standardise on this version, jguk 20:45, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wholehearted support. I must apologise if the perhapses were mine (they probably were).  In response to Jeronimo, I think the French and German names (first sentence) are relvant, as they are the official names in those countries.  There is a significant chance that such terms would be searched for if found in a French or German text.  I would fully defend my conclusion about WWII – if you can find me evidence to the contrary I'll back down, but I seriously doubt it.  Smoddy (t) (e) (c) 22:13, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. →mathx314(talk)(email) 01:43, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support I especially appreciated, and learned a lot from, the "Successes" section. Like ALoan said, many people simply dismiss the League for its failures without discussing any of the good it accomplished.Ryan Anderson 02:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Comment: Needs a map of what countries the league consisted of at the top of the article. —Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 06:07, 2005 Feb 10 (UTC)
 * Object until we have a map of the League's nations. Neutralitytalk 15:06, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * When? It started with 44 members; 28 stayed throughout, and 35 came or went (League of Nations members) -- ALoan (Talk) 15:42, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not to mention the United States, whose President spurred its creation and yet failed to join. :-) James F. (talk) 17:09, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thinking about it again, a map showing permanent members in one colour, and temporary members in another, possibly with labels showing the periods of membership, wuold be a good idea. Anyone like to volunteer?  The information is at League of Nations and League of Nations members. -- ALoan (Talk) 17:22, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Something along the lines of ? I'm not so sure how easy it would be to replicate this.  If there were a template map file to edit...  Am I dreaming?  Smoddy (t) (e) (c) 21:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 17:09, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. Informative but in need of a copyedit and grounded language.
 * The language is unnecessarily wordy, such as The League, in attempting to act as a neutral party for all, driving diplomacy, made itself hugely indecisive. and This, to a great degree, took much of the League's potential clout away.
 * The entries under "Other bodies" should be in complete sentences.
 * Every entry of "Successes" needs to have a date for important events.
 * Swedish culture and traditions were preserved in "Åland Islands" might imply that the Finns were planning some sort of ethnic assimilation, rather than wanting the land for strategic purposes.
 * Lines like "The League worked to combat the international trade in opium and sexual slavery" are put under "Successes" but, as far as I know, successes are measured in results, not attempts. Quantify the results to remove the "Well, they meant well" subtext.
 * The paragraph describing the departure of the fascist states needs to be separate sentences rather than joined with semicolons.
 * After reading the article, despite learning a lot about specific incidents, I still didn't have a clear view of the broad arc of the League's development and demise. Was there a lot of effective action in the beginning and then a slow collapse?  Was it crippled from the beginning and every success thus a heroic achievement?  Perhaps this overview could replace the current structure of the second and third lead paragraphs, which are currently in the A and B happened, and then C happened format, as opposed to a more interesting The League did A and B, but was unable to halt C because of D, leading to E.
 * - BanyanTree 18:47, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I've had another go, but another pair of eyes would be good, so please feel free to copyedit if you think it needs it.
 * I've dealt with those ones: are there others?
 * The "Other bodies" are now complete sentences.
 * I've added dates.
 * Deleted the reference to Swedish culture
 * I don't agree - in many cases, attempting to do something is just as important as whether it works or not. Someone else will have to add quantified results.
 * The departure of the fascist states is now in separate sentences.
 * Broad arc: high hopes; initial successes; some initial failures and later major failures, all caused by structural weaknesses; replacement by the UN. Yes, it was crippled from the beginning by its structure - "General weaknesses" says so.  You don't like the specifics in the lead?  Would it be better as:

 * "The League lacked an armed force of its own and so depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, which they were often very reluctant to do. After a number of notable successes and some early failures, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the fascist powers in 1930s. The onset of the Second World War made it clear that the League had failed in its purpose – to avoid any future world war.

 * The United Nations effectively replaced the League after World War II and inherited a number of agencies and organisations founded by the League."
 * --ALoan (Talk) 16:38, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I would probably write something closer to your suggestion above than what is currently the lead, but my issue with the lead is that there are so many details that it obscures the broad sweep of the story, which is the point of a lead. In a well written article (and this is one), I trust that if the writer gives me a brief overview at the beginning, s/he will later explain in the text body the items mentioned.  In any case, this and my concerns about "success" are relatively minor.  The article shows an in-depth knowledge of the subject, is well-written, and I learned a lot from it. I change to support. -    — BanyanTree 07:28, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for you comments and copyedits - I have adopted this proposal for the lead. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:11, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. Doidimais Brasil 00:09, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:68.59.27.18

title: User talk:68.59.27.18


text:
Park Forest

Park Forest may refer to:
 * Park Forest, Illinois
 * Park Forest (meteorite)
 * Park Forest Village, Pennsylvania
 * Park Forest, Dallas, Texas
 * Park Forest Plaza

title: Park Forest


text:
User talk:WildGardener

Welcome!

Please join us for the next Bootcamp every night at midnight EST (2100 PST, 0500 UTC) to learn the ropes, or leave a message on our talk pages around that time for on-wiki help.

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, ! I hope you like the place and decide to keep contributing. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * How to edit a page
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or feel free to ask me on my Talk page. One more quick tip: to sign your name on a Talk page like I did below, the easiest way is just to type four tildes (~~~~). To customize your signature, look here. And remember:Be Bold!
 * — Asbestos | Talk 12:38, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Request for usurpation
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Thank you for your time. 212.118.23.108 (talk) 08:50, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:WildGardener


text:
Anna Wing

Anna Wing (30 October 1914 – 7 July 2013) was an English actress who had a long career in television and theatre, known for portraying the role of Beale family matriarch Lou Beale in the BBC soap opera EastEnders.

Early life
Wing was born in Hackney, London, and started out as an artist's model and later, during the Second World War, worked in East End hospitals. At age 30, she married the actor Peter Davey, by whom she had a son, actor-director Mark Wing-Davey, but the marriage ended in divorce after six years. Her seven years as the lover of Philip O'Connor, a surrealist writer and contemporary of Stephen Spender and Laurie Lee, saw her spend some time as a nursery teacher in West London. With her new lover she had a second son, Jon O'Connor.

Career
Wing is best known for portraying the Beale and Fowler family matriarch Lou Beale on EastEnders from the show's inception in February 1985, until the character was killed off in July 1988. She quit her role in the hit show as she was unhappy with the direction in which it was going, but later reflected that it may not have been the right decision.

Wing studied at the Croydon School of Acting in London, and appeared in London repertory theatre for over 65 years. She also performed in Canada at the Stratford Festival in 1967.

She made an earlier soap appearance in Market in Honey Lane for ATV in the late 1960s. She also had a role in the Doctor Who serial "Kinda" in 1982. Other TV credits include The Witches and the Grinnygog, Dixon of Dock Green, Z-Cars, Play for Today and in 1976 in The Sweeney episode On the Run in which she played Mrs. Haldane. Her film career included roles in Billy Liar (1963), Two Gentlemen Sharing (1969), The 14 (1973) which also featured her future EastEnders co-star June Brown, A Doll's House starring Jane Fonda (1973), Providence (1977), The Hound of the Baskervilles (1978), The Ploughman's Lunch (1983), and 3 British horror films – Full Circle (1977), The Godsend (1980) and Xtro (1983), in which her character was killed by a life-size Action Man doll.

After leaving EastEnders, Wing continued to work on stage, playing the medium, Madame Arcati, in Noël Coward's comedy Blithe Spirit. She also had numerous television roles, including parts in Casualty, Doctors, French and Saunders, The Bill, as well as adding her vocal talents to the animated series Fungus the Bogeyman. Her later film credits included The Calcium Kid with Orlando Bloom, Tooth (2004), in which she played an ancient fairy), and Grandma in the 2007 film Son of Rambow.

In May 2005, she attended the British Soap Awards, where she presented June Brown with a lifetime achievement award for Brown's portrayal of Dot Branning in EastEnders. In 2005, by now aged 91, Wing formed part of the cast of the short film Ex Memoria, directed by Josh Appignanesi and produced by Oscar-winning producer Mia Bays. The short film tells of an elderly woman's struggle with Alzheimer's disease. Ex Memoria was nominated for a British Independent Film Award for Best Short in 2006.

In 2009, aged 94, she worked on a short film, Numbers Up, from Guildhall Pictures. The same year Wing was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours for her services to drama and charity.

In April 2012, she appeared in the music video for Quarrel's 'Is It Cool?'.

Later life and death
Wing was a member of the Religious Society of Friends, the Quakers, and supported the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

She attended the funeral of her EastEnders on-screen daughter Wendy Richard on 9 March 2009.

Wing died in her sleep on 7 July 2013, aged 98. The episode of EastEnders which was broadcast the following day, was dedicated to her memory and was immediately followed by a 90-second long BBC News report, the headlines of which included her death. Her funeral took place in London. Adam Woodyatt was amongst the mourners.

title: Anna Wing


text: User talk:4.30.238.43

title: User talk:4.30.238.43


text:
Park River

Park River may refer to:

Towns

 * Park River, North Dakota

Rivers

 * Park River (North Dakota)
 * Park River (Connecticut)
 * Big Muddy Creek (Missouri River tributary), also known as Park River

title: Park River


text:
Robert Speaight

Robert William Speaight (1904 – 1976 ) was a British actor and writer, and the brother of George Speaight, the puppeteer.

Speaight studied under Elsie Fogerty at the Central School of Speech and Drama, then based in the Royal Albert Hall, London. He was an early performer (from 1927) in radio plays. He came to prominence as Becket in the first production of T. S. Eliot's Murder in the Cathedral. He went on to Shakespearean roles and to direct. He played the title role in the first broadcast in 1941-42 of the radio drama The Man Born to Be King.

He also wrote criticism and essays, works on the theatre and biography. He was a Roman Catholic convert, and biographer of Hilaire Belloc and Eric Gill. In the case of Gill, a personal friend, he suppressed material about Gill's sexual interests, which would come out only in the 1989 biography by Fiona MacCarthy.

He married the Welsh actress Evelyn Bowen, with whom he had a son; they separated in 1939. Evelyn later married the celebrated Irish writer Frank O'Connor, with whom she had three children.

Works

 * Mutinous Wind (1932)
 * The Lost Hero (1934) novel
 * Nurse Cavell (1934) play, role of the German spy in C.S. Forester's play about the life of Edith Cavell
 * Legend of Helena Vaughan (1936) novel
 * The Angel in the Mist (1936)
 * St. Thomas of Canterbury (1938)
 * Acting: its idea and tradition (1939)
 * The Unbroken Heart (1939)
 * Since 1939 - Drama, the Novel, Poetry, Prose Literature (1949) with John Hayward, Henry Reed, Stephen Spender – earlier as pamphlet Drama Since 1939 (1947)
 * George Eliot (1954) "The English Novelists series"
 * William Poel and the Elizabethan Revival (1954)
 * Nature in Shakespearian Tragedy (1955)
 * Life of Hilaire Belloc (1957)
 * Letters from Hilaire Belloc (1958) editor
 * Christian Theatre (1960) volume 124 in the 20th Century Encyclopedia of Catholicism
 * William Rothenstein: The Portrait of an Artist in His Time (1962)
 * Ronald Knox: The Priest, The Writer (1965) with Thomas Corbishley
 * The Life of Eric Gill (1966)
 * Teilhard de Chardin: A Biography (1967)
 * Teilhard de Chardin: Re-Mythologization. Three Papers (1970) with Robert V. Wilshire and J. V. Langmead Casserley
 * Vanier: Soldier, Diplomat and Governor General; A Biography (1970) on Georges Vanier
 * The Property Basket. Recollections of a Divided Life (1970) autobiography
 * A Bridges-Adams Letter Book (1971) editor
 * Essays by Divers Hands Vol. XXXVII (1972) editor
 * Shakespeare on the Stage; an Illustrated History of Shakespearian Performance (1973)
 * Georges Bernanos: A Study of the Man and the Writer (1974)
 * The Companion Guide to Burgundy (1975)
 * François Mauriac: A Study of the Writer and the Man (1976)
 * Shakespeare - the Man and his Achievement (1977)

Recordings

 * The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (T. S. Eliot)
 * The Hollow Men (T. S. Eliot)
 * The Waste Land (T. S. Eliot)
 * Ash Wednesday (T. S. Eliot)
 * Thomas a-Becket's Sermon from Murder in the Cathedral (T. S. Eliot)
 * Four Quartets (T. S. Eliot)

Filmography

 * London 1942 (1943) - narrator

title: Robert Speaight


text:
Park View

Park View may refer to

Places

 * Park View, Iowa
 * Park View, West Virginia
 * Park View Road, an English football ground
 * Park View, Washington, D.C., a neighborhood
 * Park View Estate in Mynydd-Bach, South Wales
 * Park View Heights, Indiana

Education

 * Park View Primary School, Singapore
 * Park View School, Chester-le-Street, County Durham, England
 * Park View School, West Green, London, England
 * Park View School, the former name of Rockwood Academy, Birmingham, England
 * Park View High School (Loudoun County, Virginia)
 * Park View High School (South Hill, Virginia)
 * Park View Education Centre, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Park View School (Washington, D.C.), a NRHP listed site

title: Park View


text:
User:Tom M

I have specific interest in Existentialism, particularly Kierkegaard; Pre-socratic philosophy; Attic Greek; Ancient Greek Philosophy and Hellenistic Philosophy. Kierkegaard, Albert Camus, Aristotle and Plato are my current focus.

Currently working on: Plato; Nicomachean Ethics

title: User:Tom M


text:
Talk:Cliveden

Untitled
I am not Wikipedia Savvy enough to edit pages, but a major error on this page is that Cliveden Estate is most definitely in Buckinghamshire, not Berkshire. Cliveden borders the Thames, which is the border with Berkshire. Cliveden is on the east bank, clearly within Buckinghamshire.

 * I see where the confusion has arisen: Cliveden is in Taplow parish, which is in Buckinghamshire but has a postal address of Maidenhead, Berkshire. I'll amend the links accordingly. -- Francs2000 | Talk  14:37, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Dealing with the local council always involves starting with the same ten minutes of conversation, explaining that you really do live in Bucks even though you have a Berks. postcode, while they they check before doing any dealings with you. The villages of Taplow and Hedsor have this problem, as I am sure many others nearby do also.

Duke of Westminster
Anyone know when he bought the house? He only become Duke in 1874, so if he bought it before that, he bought it as Marquess. Petsco 08:43, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Info box
If this page must have an info box, does it really need to tell us that the place has parking, refeshments and a shop? It would be an odd sort of 5 star hotel if it did not serve refreshments, offer parking and try to sell something. Even so, this is information for a tourist/travel/advertising site - not Wikipedia.  Giano  19:28, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
 * My inclination would be to delete it all together as redundant. By the time one has scrolled down to it the relevant info has already been conveyed in the lead para (as a lead para should). And it looks ugly :) Nancy  talk  19:37, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Yerse, I agree, but one author has expanded the page, so his view should be listened to and given priority on this. I'm of the view that it's courteous to say the principal/main authors/maintainers want them they can have them. I've only looked in because something (not the info-box) caught my attention - nothing more.  Giano   19:41, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Clocktower??
The 100-foot (30 m)-tall clock tower, which is actually a water tower (still working to this day) was added in 1861 by the architect Henry Clutton. Then why is it shown in the 1851 picture of the second house? --76.105.145.143 (talk) 05:06, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

The image, which is a chromo-lithograph taken from Morris's Country Seats shows the 3rd house (1851) not the second house. The water/clock tower was added in 1861. This lithograph dates from the late 19th century, so therefore can show both elements. Hope that clears things up.Clive5den (talk) 15:26, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

Cliveden War Cemetery
I have added text on Cliveden War Cemetery, within the grounds, in section Astor era, to complement the photo of the memorial statue allegedly modelled on Lady Astor, cited to the CWGC.Cloptonson (talk) 21:41, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

Spring Cottage and the Profumo Affair
The section on Spring Cottage concludes by stating that "the Profumo Affair...led to the fall of the Macmillan government." I don't think such a direct causal link can be made, certainly the main article on the Profumo Affair does not attempt to do so. I would suggest something like,  "the Profumo Affair which so damaged the reputation of the Macmillan government." I'll make the change in a few days if it isn't opposed. KJP1 (talk) 21:30, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110822074700/http://www.rhs.org.uk/Gardens/News/Maze-at-Cliveden to http://www.rhs.org.uk/Gardens/News/Maze-at-Cliveden

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Cliveden as a major NT visitor attraction
This whole section, re-produced below, seems to have some significant problems. Firstly, it is completely unsourced. Second, the tone is promotional throughout: "rose dramatically", "Cliveden was transformed", "an inspired intervention", "much needed family friendly headline attraction". And this in the first four sentences. To be blunt, it reads like it's been written by Cliveden's management. If it is needed at all, it needs rewriting from a NPOV and citations throughout. KJP1 (talk) 18:11, 17 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Between 2008 and 2014 the number of visitors to the gardens and wider grounds at Cliveden rose dramatically. Over that relatively short time period the number of visitors increased from around 180,000 per annum to in excess of 400,000 per annum. Cliveden was transformed into one of the National Trust's busiest pay-for-entry properties.

 * The restoration of the Astor maze was an inspired intervention, providing the gardens with a much needed family-friendly 'headline attraction' that was also historically authentic in that setting. The 'Dolls House' cottage in the Water Garden was converted into a cafe, providing conveniently located visitor facilities adjacent to a new Children's Play Area, the literary-themed 'Storybook Play Den'. To ease the pressure on the formal garden areas, restoration work on the Round Garden was accelerated to provide a new attraction in the wider parkland and a natural play trail was added in the woodlands. The grass in the central walkway of the Long Garden was removed and replaced with artificial turf better able to cope with the wear and tear of very high footfall. Also within the formal gardens the Jellicoe Rose Garden was restored to its former glory, providing another historically authentic feature to boost Cliveden's 'pull' as a visitor attraction.

 * To help facilitate such rapid visitor growth and also to ensure high standards of environmental compliance, a new sewerage system was installed that connected much of the estate for the first time to the public foul sewer via a new pumping station on Spring Drive. This major strategic infrastructure project, although somewhat lacking in glamour, was an absolutely vital element in the Trust's effort to build Cliveden's capacity to host large numbers of visitors into the future.

 * Today NT Cliveden hosts over 500,000 visitors a year. On busy days up to 4000 people may visit which puts considerable pressure on the available car parking space, there being no rail stations within close walking distance, nor a bus service to the property. At such times the estate may close temporarily to further visitors until the on site situation eases.
 * Ideally it should return at about 1/3 the length, minus the peacock. Shouldn't be too hard to source. Johnbod (talk) 20:49, 17 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comments. In terms of providing a full and up-to-date story of Cliveden, the current article would in my view benefit from detailed coverage of three particular aspects of the property's recent history: a) Cliveden's rapid (and indeed remarkable) growth as a visitor attraction over the last decade (achieving the status of one of the National Trust's busiest pay-for-entry properties), b) the new Cliveden Village eco housing development on the site of the former hospital and c) the recent multi-million pound restoration of the South Terrace. The new section removed by KJP1 is a well-meaning attempt to address the first of these important topics. It was not written on behalf of Cliveden's management. It is certainly not intended as a promotional piece and indeed highlights the current car parking capacity challenge faced by Cliveden on busy days and the lack of convenient public transport links. Everything mentioned in the removed section is factually accurate but yes, citations are needed (where these exist - presumably drawing heavily on articles in the press as I am not aware of any books that cover the recent period in question). The hope was that by getting the bones of the story into place, other Wikipedians would step in to assist in that regard. In terms of length, there is no filler in the removed section. Every sentence provides at least one new piece of relevant information. I trust this response is informative and addresses your concerns. With best wishes.Timetraveller1 (talk) 08:27, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * - No problems at all with the suggested topic additions. But they need to be cited, and they need to be neutral. While you may not have intended the section to be promotional, I think the examples I quoted show that it was. All the best. KJP1 (talk) 09:36, 20 June 2019 (UTC)

National Trust pilot
Hello! During late June, July and some of August, I'm working on a paid project sponsored by the National Trust to review and enhance coverage of NT sites. You can find the pilot edits here, as well as a statement and contact details for the National Trust. The second stage of the project, after an assessment period, is to try to address missing references on the pages for some of the Top-10-most-visited properties, of which Cliveden is one. I hope to start this work shortly, but please do let me know if you have any concerns. Lajmmoore (talk) 17:19, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

 * The pilot was extended by 10 days and I am beginning work to improve the Cliveden page today. Lajmmoore (talk) 15:36, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cliveden


text:
Asopos de Vliet

Asopos de Vliet is a student rowing club based in Leiderdorp, Netherlands. It takes its membership primarily from Leiden University.

The female-only rowing club De Vliet was founded in 1905, taking its name after one of the waters in Leiden. In 1974 it merged with the male-only rowing club Asopos, named after the Greek river god Asopos). Asopos had been founded in 1962 by discontent members of the club Njord, nowadays a daughter association of Leiden's traditional fraternity/sorority (corps) Minerva.

Trivia
Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands was a member of De Vliet when she studied in Leiden (1956 - 1961).

title: Asopos de Vliet


text:
Parke

Parke may refer to:

People

 * Benjamin Parke, 19th-century lawyer, soldier and politician in Indiana
 * Ernest Parke (1860-1944), British journalist and editor
 * Evan Parke, Jamaican actor
 * Henry Parke (1790–1835), English architect
 * Hervey Parke, Parke-Davis partner
 * James Parke, 1st Baron Wensleydale, British barrister and judge
 * John Parke (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Maria Frances Parke (1772–1822), English composer
 * Walter Parke (1891–1914), English cricketer and British Army officer
 * William Parke (director) (1873–1941), American film director
 * William Thomas Parke (1761–1847), English oboist

Places

 * Parke County, Indiana
 * Parke Township, Clay County, Minnesota
 * Parke, Bovey Tracey, an historic estate in Devon

Sport

 * Parke-Keelogues-Crimlin, also known as Parke GAA, Gaelic football club in County Mayo, Ireland

title: Parke


text:
Bulk and Skull

Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier and Eugene "Skull" Skullovitch are fictional characters in the Power Rangers universe. They appeared as permanent cast members from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers until Power Rangers in Space. Bulk was a recurring character in Power Rangers Lost Galaxy, along with Power Rangers Samurai and Power Rangers Super Samurai, but the duo never returned together as permanent cast members.

Bulk and Skull are portrayed by Paul Schrier and Jason Narvy respectively.

Character overview
Bulk was the dominant member of the duo. His appearance resembled a heavyset teenage punk. Skull was lean and wore more formal attire. Skull often emulated Bulk's behavior or agreed with his statements.

The duo provided slapstick comic relief to the franchise. The duo came with their own theme; a musical combo of Skull's whiny laugh and Bulk's "fat guy tuba." Their actions were punctuated by cartoon sound effects.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers pilots
In the pilot for the TV show, a gang of punk bullies included an unnamed character played by Paul Schrier. The leader of the gang, Bulk, was a stereotypical bully. He hits on Kimberly but she rejects his advances. This leads to the entire gang engaging in line dancing at a bowling alley with the five Rangers-to-be. Each one is disposed of by a typical gang manner, such as a generic "Punk #5" played by Paul Schrier sliding into the bowling pins when kicked in the back by Jason. Another gang member is unwittingly hit by Billy. Jason Narvy is not present in the pilot. Schrier got the role, according to him, by turning up ten minutes earlier than the other auditioning actors, so the director standing in for "Punk #5" at the audition got him to do it.

In a second pilot, shown at Power Morphicon 2007, Schrier was playing a named character (Bulk) and was now the leader of the gang, which included Jason Narvy as Skull. Narvy had originally auditioned for Billy and was called back to audition for Skull, as, according to Narvy, the actor who played "Punk #1" in the pilot was thought to look too intimidating to play a comedic character. He turned up to his audition intending to be obnoxious, as he was tired of the industry at the time, which helped get the role; Narvy and Schrier quickly bonded during rehearsals.

This version of Bulk was defeated in a similar slapstick style to the show - he's eventually tied up by a skipping rope - but is more menacing than he'd be in the series, physically intimidating Kimberly (who sounds worried about angering him), using some of the lines from "Punk #1", and throwing aside both the female punk & Skull when they get in his way. The debut of the pilot's Bulk and Skull would end up as the ending scene in the episode "Big Sisters".

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
Bulk and Skull started out as bullies at Angel Grove High School, usually targeting the Power Rangers in the 'B plots' of the episode. They were regulars at Angel Grove's Youth Center. Their actions were motivated by greed and ego in the first season. Wacky schemes abound (such as creating an obviously-fake kung fu style called "Cockroach Kung Fu" to attempting to catch fish or claiming reward money for themselves and dressing up like superheroes calling themselves Bulkster and Super Skull) always ends in failure and/or being humiliated. Often, the duo got themselves mixed up with some of the villains' schemes. They are also frequently put in detention by Angel Grove High's somewhat-antagonistic but well meaning principal, Mr. Caplan.

In early episodes, as with the second pilot, Bulk and Skull had accomplices: a female punk is with them in "Teamwork" and "Food Fight", and a black male punk in "Food Fight". Early scripts for Season 1 show the female punk was meant to be a recurring character named Sharkie. She was written into scripts up into "The Trouble With Shellshock" (The name, was differently spelled, and was already in use on Fox Kids).

Skull had a crush on Kimberly, and Bulk appeared to want to win Trini's heart, as well, in a few episodes. Whenever the girls were alone, they tried their best to win them over, although it resulted in Bulk and Skull's humiliation. When Kimberly and Trini are with the four male Rangers, they are called six "nerds" and "geeks", and occasionally "dorks" and "losers", as well, among other insults. This group of demeaning insults and name-calling would eventually turn against them by the time of the episode "A Friend in Need", when two teenage girls call them as such throughout the episode.

During the early part of the first season, Bulk and Skull would occasionally be presented as threats, physically intimidating or attempting to assault the Rangers or others; Bulk even had a bench press record in "A Pressing Engagement". Over time, while still being antagonistic, their more aggressive nature was toned down and they would get some more sympathetic portrayals. In the first-season episode "Foul Play in the Sky", which had footage shot later in production and then edited in later, Bulk and Skull were even shown with a normal hobby, plane-spotting and politely ask to join Kimberly and her Uncle on a flight; "A Pig Surprise" would have them happily looking after a pig; and in the three-part "The Ninja Encounter" in season two, when Bulk spotted a runaway baby stroller, he and Skull immediately sprang into action to help out, and the duo would spend the rest of the episode looking after the baby boy until his father escaped Goldar's clutches. This was also the first time the duo were seen on skateboards which, despite their generally unathletic nature, they appeared moderately skilled at.

During the second season, they attempted to discover the secret identities of the Power Rangers and repeatedly failed either due to their bumbling nature, or the Rangers' interference. The duo eventually give up by the time of the episode "A Friend in Need: Part III". During this time, Bulk and Skull started showing greater intelligence and initiative than before, coming up with complicated plans and utilizing bizarre gadgets. While a majority of their plans were harebrained, a few of them were actually clever, like making a cement cast of the Power Rangers' footprints so they can see if any civilians' feet match. They discovered the Rangers' identities twice. At one time, they saved the Rangers when the Ranger team lost their memories and de-morphed in front of them - Bulk and Skull tricked the Scatterbrain monster to fire his amnesia beam through two prisms, distorting the beam and restoring the Rangers' memories. Unfortunately, Bulk and Skull lost their short-term memories in the process due to being flung back by the amnesia beam and landing on their heads. The second time, a psychic pointed the Ranger teens out to Bulk, but he did not believe her as they were holding a picture of the morphed Ranger team at the time when it was just given to them by Ernie.

A change of direction for the duo occurred in the third season of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, when they joined the Angel Grove Junior Police Patrol (having heard girls like men in uniform) and first met Lieutenant Jerome Stone, explicitly changing from bumbling bullies into good natured knuckleheads, the duo gradually becoming friends with the ranger teens themselves; Ernie and the Rangers expressed pride at the duo for graduating police training. Lt. Stone became a permanent character himself, frequently giving Bulk and Skull orders that they usually failed to perform, leading eventually to his anger (rather than just their humiliation). Despite this, Bulk and Skull were close to Lt. Stone and took their new job seriously as they would be shown trying to perform police duties (albeit incompetently) and occasionally try to help people in trouble: in "The Changing of the Zords: Part I" they rushed to save children from drowning (who were not), in "Follow That Cab" they tried to stop a thief who'd stolen Kimberly's car and managed to apprehend him, ironically after they inadvertently helped him, and in "Rita's Pita" they used their own money as donations to an elderly home to cover for their mistake, and they assisted in a housing project in "Another Brick in the Wall".

A number of season three jokes would also be based around Bulk and Skull constantly running into monsters and being comically terrified; in "The Changing of the Zords: Part II", Lt. Stone finally questioned why they always seem to run into monsters. The best way to describe them is "monster magnets".

Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers
Bulk and Skull are regressed to children due to Master Vile's Orb of Doom. They would act like the bullies they were in the first season. Bulk is briefly turned into the "Brat Boy" monster by Rita and Zedd during the course of the mini-series and battles the Aquitian Rangers, but soon rebels against his masters as his human self surfaces from within, prompting Rita and Zedd to return him to normal in retaliation. When the Zeo Crystal was reformed and undid the time Reversal, Bulk and Skull, who were on playground swings and trying to see who could go the highest, where the first to return to their normal ages. When the swings break and they land next to each other, the two are puzzled as to why they are there and agree not to tell anyone.

Paul Schrier directed a few "Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers" episodes, including "Attack of the 60' Bulk", which he also appeared in briefly, despite his character at the time being reduced to the age of a child. Schrier (under the name of Paul Schrier II) had also directed a few episodes of Power Rangers: Turbo during the first half of the season (while his character of Bulk was a chimp).

Power Rangers Zeo
During Power Rangers Zeo, Bulk and Skull remained members of the Junior Police Force (even getting a new motorcycle with a sidecar). They remained members until Bulk's attempts to woo the police chief's daughter accidentally caused Lt. Stone to be fired. They quit the force out of loyalty to Stone and joined him when he opened his own detective agency. While they initially continued to be scared of monsters, their sub-plots would shift towards their detective work after they switched jobs. In "The Joke's On Blue", they also had to clash with a rival gang of detectives, Humphrey and Bogart, who were trying to frame a new student named Robert for a series of practical jokes all over town, until Kat and Tanya helped expose the rival detectives as the practical jokers with the help of the owner of the novelty shop in identifying both Humphrey and Bogart as his best customers.

Also, during this time, Bulk and Skull secretly hosted Rito and Goldar, who lost their memories after setting up the bomb that destroyed the Command Center at the end of Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers, adopting them as their "pets" (though the two monsters really were more like Bulk and Skull's servants). However, when Rito and Goldar regained their memories, they turned on their masters and went back to Lord Zedd and Rita.

In the episode "Instrument of Destruction", Skull shows he is an adept classical pianist by playing Chopin's Revolutionary Etude. While Skull enjoyed classical music, it was something of a hidden shame behind his tough guy image. Fearing mockery, he kept his talent hidden even from Bulk. This moment shows that the Rangers thought of Bulk and Skull as their friends and vice versa, when Skull confides in Adam about his talents and he offers him his support, saying Bulk would do the same if he were truly his friend. After seeing Skull perform at a recital, Bulk was honestly moved and praised his friend, apologizing for making him feel insecure about his talent and joining him on stage to applaud him.

Perhaps Bulk and Skull's greatest achievement during their time in the series occurred during this season. In the "King for a Day" two-parter, they're accidentally trapped in Prince Gasket's prison while looking for a lost Tommy. They encountered another prisoner, a reptilian alien named Tritor, who believed them to be great heroic warriors that Gasket had abducted. The duo play up this façade and end up being part of Tritor's plan to free the other prisoners. They get to defeat a squad of Cogs, while Tritor manages to destroy both the brain drain machine that had been used on Tommy and the other prisoners, and the generator to the forcefield that trapped Gasket's hostages in the Machine Arena and prevented the Rangers from morphing. Before dropping them back on Earth, Tritor says that they will be legends and honored on his homeworld of Horath which they have just helped save. Nobody believes their later tale, except for Tommy, Katherine and Jason who overhear them boasting about it. However, thinking they are just being further mocked, the duo storm off.

Near the end of Zeo, Bulk and Skull take a test for their detectives licenses. A monster attack occurs during the test, but the duo believe it to be part of the exam to see if they can "concentrate under fire". They manage to take the test during the entire attack, even as the office falls apart around them. When Detective Stone presents them with their results, they are initially pleased that they passed. Detective Stone then reveals that normally they would have failed, but the examiners gave them extra points for completing the test during the monster attack. This ends up shocking the two as they realize the attack was real and they could have died.

Zeo concluded with Bulk and Skull accepting an offer to work for an agency in France on a top secret mission, They departed much to the dismay and frustration of Stone. This major plot point was dropped without explanation in between Zeo and filming of Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie.

Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie
At the beginning of the movie, Bulk, Skull, and Lieutenant Stone are again seen working as police officers (the reason for this remains unexplained until the first episode of Power Rangers Turbo). Later, while on a secluded road, they are abducted by Elgar to be used as sacrifices for Maligore, scrambling their brains in the process to make them easier to deal with. When Divatox deems the pair inadequate as sacrifices, they are thrown below deck on the Subcraft. Due to the brain scramble, they come to be under the impression that they are Antonio Bandaras (Skull) and an unnamed German (Bulk), much to the annoyance of their inmates, Jason and Kimberly. In spite of their disoriented state of mind, they are able to successfully escape the Subcraft with Jason and Kimberly and are later rescued by the Power Rangers, who presumably help them restore their minds back to the way they were.

Power Rangers Turbo
At the start of Power Rangers Turbo, Bulk and Skull are given one last chance to rejoin the Police Force with Lt. Stone. Unfortunately, their assignment inadvertently brings them into contact with Elgar, who turns them into chimpanzees. This marked a permanent end to Bulk and Skull's time with the police.

Bulk and Skull would remain chimpanzees until "Honey, I Shrunk the Rangers: Part II". They are voiced by their respective actors, however only the audience can understand them. Lt. Stone takes the chimpanzees into his care (claiming that they seem 'familiar'). They make several attempts to inform him and others of their true identities, but are unsuccessful. They were transformed into Chimps so Narvy and Schrier would have time to work on a proposed spin-off series for the characters which would have seen them operate a hotel, featuring El Vez, the "Mexican Elvis" (a local personality in Southern California). The attempts never made it to a final production, and the actors returned full-time to the series.

Later, four of the Rangers are shrunk by one of Divatox's monsters. They use two of her submarine's torpedoes (her way of making monsters grow) to return to normal. Bulk and Skull happened to be near the impact site and are returned to normal as a result, though they are also temporarily made invisible. This state only lasts until "Stitch Witchery", until they become visible again. When they return, Stone asks where they've been, to which they reply, "Just monkeying around."

Out of high school and no longer police officers, Bulk and Skull needed something to do. Stone arranged for them to get jobs – ranging from pizza delivery to construction. They were always fired from them, so they usually had new jobs in every episode they appeared in. Also during this time, they got to know the second generation of Turbo Rangers. During most of the season, the Rangers were used to their wacky antics and tolerated them, but they seemed to like the two, with T.J. specifically treating them as his friends. Notably, in "Parts and Parcel", Bulk and Skull are suspected of stealing from their current job and T.J. outright states to the Rangers that he knows they would not do that, and as the Red Ranger, he goes on to prove them innocent.

Power Rangers in Space
In "Save Our Ship", Bulk and Skull spot a UFO approaching Earth. They end up going to work for Professor Phenomenus, who is constantly on the search for aliens on Earth. The Professor immediately proved to be very odd, but also quite brilliant. The trio's antics frequently saw them crossing paths with the Space Rangers (whenever they were on Earth, of course). Due to the majority of the Rangers' adventures often taking them off Earth, and because of the season's more serious nature, Bulk and Skull appeared in only thirteen of its forty-three episodes, making it the season in which they had the fewest appearances as part of the main cast.

In "Countdown to Destruction: Part 2", Bulk and Skull undergo their most noteworthy change. The Space Rangers had battled the invading forces of Astronema, but were overwhelmed and forced to retreat. Astronema demanded that the Rangers be turned over to her or else Earth would be destroyed. Everyone in Angel Grove had lost hope, but Bulk and Skull still had faith that the Power Rangers would save them. The next morning, the Rangers (sans Andros, who left to board the Dark Fortress) intend to turn themselves in to save Earth. However, Bulk suddenly announces he is a Ranger, prompting Skull, Professor Phenomenus and every other present civilian to do the same. A frustrated Astronema orders their destruction, but then the real Space Rangers reveal themselves (Bulk is stunned to learn the Rangers were "them"). As the Rangers battle Elgar, the Quantrons and the Piranhatrons, Bulk, inspired by the Rangers, rallies the civilians together to "get in there" and he and Skull lead the charge to help the Rangers in battle. After Zordon's energy wave destroys the invading forces, Bulk, Skull and Professor Phenomenous are among those celebrating.

In the initial plans for in Space, Bulk and Skull were going to form a volunteer Citizen Force Group to protect Angel Grove while the Power Rangers were away.

Power Rangers Lost Galaxy
Bulk and Professor Phenomenus board the space station Terra Venture for its interstellar journey. Certain that they were forgetting something, Bulk and the Professor realized too late that Skull was not with them. Skull had overslept and did not wake up in time to join them.

Sometime into Terra Venture's journey, the two were working at the station's restaurant, the Comet Cafe. Mike Corbett thought they were supposed to be working in the science division. Despite Professor Phenomenus' attempted spin, Bulk clarified that they had been fired. At the end of the series, Bulk and Phenomenus survived Terra Venture's crash and evacuation to Mirinoi. After the Galaxy Rangers saved the people from Trakeena's last attack, Bulk and the Professor were among those cheering them.

Power Rangers Wild Force
During the Power Rangers Wild Force episode "Forever Red", Bulk and Skull made a special cameo appearance, though how Bulk returned from Mirinoi is never explained.

Bulk and Skull were shown as servers and managers of a tropical-themed bar called "Bulkmeier's". Tommy Oliver, the veteran Power Ranger, is also present. In this episode, Bulk and Skull were shown having a conversation about the early days of Power Rangers - in particular, Bulk is bragging to Skull about how he once met Lord Zedd and Rita Repulsa. Skull feigns interest before pointedly reminding him that he did, too. Bulk takes a call from Andros that was meant for Tommy, and the two seemed somewhat intimidated by the idea of talking to Tommy despite having known him for years; this hint that they may be aware that he's a Ranger.

In the original cut of "Forever Red", their scene went on longer. The two would try to refer to more foot soldiers to one-up each other (including later monsters they had not seen on screen); Skull stated he was avoiding Phenomenous; and the characters are wary of Tommy because he's their boss and the real owner of Bulkmeier's. (As this was never aired, it is not taken as canon and was contradicted by the later Power Rangers Dino Thunder.) In an earlier outline of Forever Red, Bulk & Skull were not going to be present but Tommy would pass up a T-shirt of "the famous two-man rock band Bulk & Skull".

Between Lost Galaxy and Wild Force, Schrier was still involved with the PR Crew, voicing Infinitor in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue and Severax in Power Rangers Time Force.

Power Rangers Samurai and Power Rangers Super Samurai
Power Rangers Samurai follows Bulk trying to train Skull's son Spike in the ways of the Samurai, but failing each time. The two of them operated out of a converted garage. Due to Bulk's sister's marriage with Skull, Spike addresses him as "Uncle Bulk" - he had to be reminded to call him "Sensei" during training. Much like his father, Spike has a big crush on the Pink Ranger.

Skull made a brief appearance in the Power Rangers Super Samurai finale, "Samurai Forever", where Skull picks up his son; he arrives in a limo with a suit. Bulk and Skull size each other up and Bulk remarks he's changed, but after a brief tease of conflict they're shown to still be friends. Skull remains accident-prone as he and Spike hit their heads on a sign when waving good-bye to Bulk.

In the original casting sides, Bulk and Spike were not present and the comic relief were two singing roadsweepers "Big Mack" and "Skinny Jack".

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always
In Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always, though the two do not appear in person, they are briefly shown on a billboard where they apparently own a food company.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie
In Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, Bulk and Skull participated in the charity skydive with the Ranger teens, but landed in a construction site where Ivan Ooze's prison egg would be unearthed. They are later seen during a party at Ernie's and assist the Rangers' young friend Fred Kelman and the other Kids in stopping the brainwashed parents of Angel Grove from leaping to their deaths. When the movie ends with a celebration at Angel Grove Harbor, and a sign thanking the Power Rangers for saving the world is lit up, Bulk and Skull are offended, even though they had just played a major part in saving people's lives.

Canceled spinoff
Around the time of Zeo, Saban planned to make a Bulk and Skull comedy spinoff show, where they would run a hotel (Jason Narvy has said that he thinks it was "their grandmothers' hotel"). A Mexican Elvis impersonator was going to be a supporting character. Narvy claims that the video release The Good, The Bad, and the Stupid was put out as a "test market" and when "no one out there bought it", Saban cancelled the plans. This is also the reason why the characters were turned into chimpanzees in Turbo as the actors who played them were busy shooting the pilot for their spin-off.

title: Bulk and Skull


text:
User talk:Texasmusician

John Danforth
Nice edits to this page! Thanks! TMS63112 17:51, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Bob Edwards
I think your note on the Bob Edwards page is a good one, but it really needs a source or it is likely to get deleted in the future (someone deleted the Pulitzer committee quote before I dug up a reference). Where did you hear that fact? -- Gnetwerker 18:13, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Good fix - thanks! -- Gnetwerker 06:27, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Great job on the Bob Edwards article, and i have finally received a satisfactory answer to my query on the talk page (although I'm still angry that they got rid of him!). Many thanks for your work on the article. Keep up the good work, and I'll see you around :-) Alhutch 04:02, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Bill Sali
Noted and appreciated your work on the Bill Sali article, and your calm patience in dealing with that anonymous editor. Best wishes! Kestenbaum 22:13, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

More on Sali
I have the Sali page on my watchlist and will attempt to help when I can, but (due to my current schedule) that may not be much for a while. Also, my status as an politician (in that I can be seen as biased) probably limits my ability to revert aggressively in an article about another current politician whose views on issues are about the opposite of mine.

I'm guessing that Congressman Sali will soon get national attention for his statements and activities, and this will draw more editors in to work on his article. That may be a mixed blessing, but at least you won't be lonely. Kestenbaum 04:30, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Idaho
There is a new Wikiproject for Idaho. Hopefully the project will coordinate the creation and editing of articles related to the US State Idaho, its cities, sites, history, etc. It aims primarily to expand Wikipedia's resources on Idaho and present the state in a fair and accurate manner. Check it out. You can leave a message on the WPIDAHO talk page or on my talk page --Robbie Giles 16:12, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Bill Sali quotes
I've removed both quote sections from this article, for reasons including WP:BLP (Biographies of living people should be written responsibly, conservatively, and in a neutral, encyclopedic tone). There's already a link to Bill Sali's wikiquotes article, and the other section is not encyclopedic as well as not very conservative. A section concerning others' views on Bill Sali may be appropriate, using those particular quotes as references; but some care should be taken to make sure it is neutral in tone. -- 健次 (derumi)talk 05:45, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

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New England Wikipedia Day @ MIT: Saturday Jan 18
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This Friday: Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Cambridge, MA
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The West Wing task force
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title: User talk:Texasmusician


text:
Eastern Telegraph Company

The Eastern Telegraph Company was founded in 1872. Its founding chairman was by John Pender, with Sir James Anderson filling the role of Managing Director. It was to become the largest cable operating company in the world.

The company was formed out of several smaller telegraph companies:
 * China Submarine Telegraph Company
 * British-Indian Submarine Telegraph Company
 * Falmouth, Gibraltar and Malta Telegraph Company
 * Anglo-Mediterranean Telegraph Company

title: Eastern Telegraph Company