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Richard Cromwell Carpenter

Richard Cromwell Carpenter (21 October 1812 – 27 March 1855) was an English architect. He is chiefly remembered as an ecclesiastical and tractarian architect working in the Gothic style.

Family
Carpenter was born on 21 October 1812 in Russell Square, London, the son of another Richard Carpenter, a magistrate (baptised 20 July 1788 in St. Giles, Cripplegate) and Sophia (Page) Carpenter. His parents had married in 1804 in St. James, Clerkenwell, London, and lived a moderately affluent family life in Russell Square.

He married Amelia Dollman, who was born about 1818 at Loders, Dorset. Their son Richard Herbert Carpenter (born 1841 in St. Pancras, London, died 1893) was also a Gothic revival ecclesiastical architect.

Carpenter died from tuberculosis on 27 March 1855, at his home in Upper Bedford Place, Russell Square, aged 42, and was buried in a family vault on the western side of Highgate Cemetery. His obituary in the Gentleman's Magazine said "it is in fact to be feared, that his laborious and zealous application to his profession tended to shorten his life."

Career
He was educated at Charterhouse School and then articled to the architect John Blyth. He soon became enthusiastic about Gothic architecture and was, possibly when aged only nineteen, commissioned to draw up plans for a large church in Islington by the Rev. Thomas Mortimer. The intended site was, however, used instead for an Irvingite chapel, and the first church that Carpenter built was St Stephen, Birmingham, in around 1841, At about this time he became a member of the tractarian Cambridge Camden Society (soon to become the Ecclesiological Society) to which he was introduced by Pugin. His next major commission, also in Birmingham, was the church of St Andrew.(1844).

As a member of the Cambridge movement — a group of Tractarians devoted to the return of medieval forms of liturgy and church building within the Church of England — he championed the move away from the Palladian-influenced Classical architecture of the late-18th and early-19th centuries towards the Gothic Revival style which was to typify the Victorian period.

Two of Carpenter's most important buildings were the schools commissioned by Nathaniel Woodard at Lancing and Hurstpierpoint. He began drawing up the plans for Lancing College in 1848, although construction did not begin until 1854. Ian Nairn wrote that the school's lower quadrangle "shows Carpenter's quiet virtues to perfection". The present spectacular chapel was begun by his son Richard Herbert Carpenter in 1868. Construction of the less grandiose College at Hurstpierpoint began earlier, in 1851.

Carpenter was consulting architect to Chichester Cathedral, carrying out restorations there, and at Sherborne Abbey and many smaller churches. He also held the post of district surveyor for East Islington.

He was described by Charles Locke Eastlake as "foremost among professional designers for his accurate knowledge of ancient work, his inventive power, and his refined treatment of decorative details."

He died shortly after submitting grandiose plans for the new Inverness Cathedral; as a consequence his plan was not executed.

Influence
Carpenter was the teacher and mentor of the eminent New Zealand architect Benjamin Mountfort. Heavily influenced by Carpenter's form of Gothic revival, Mountfort took many of Carpenter's ideals to New Zealand where he became the country's leading church architect, with over forty churches and other buildings in the Gothic style attributed to him. Many of Mountfort's New Zealand designs, especially those in the province of Canterbury, were openly borrowed from Carpenter.

One of Carpenter's designs, based on his All Saints Church, Brighton (since demolished) was executed in modified form in the United States, where it survives as St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His plans for a "town-church" approved by the Cambridge Camden Society were provided to the Saint Mark's vestry and given to architect John Notman, who altered them to better suit the site and local climate.

Churches

 * St Stephen the Martyr's Church, Newtown Row, Birmingham Consecrated 1844.
 * St Andrew's Church, Bordesley (1843–6).
 * St John the Baptist, Cookham Dean (1843).
 * Chancel screen and stalls for the church at Kilndown, Kent.
 * Monument to Lord and Lady Beresford, Kilndown, Kent.
 * St James, Stubbings, Berkshire.
 * St Nicholas, Kemerton.
 * St Andrew, Monkton Wyld, Dorset.
 * St Paul, Brighton (1846–48).
 * All Saints, Brighton.
 * St Peter the Great, Chichester (1848–52).
 * Christchurch, Milton-next-Gravesend.
 * St John Baptist, Bovey Tracey, Devon.
 * St Mary Magdalene, Munster Square, London (1849–51).
 * St Simon and St Jude, Earl Shilton.

Other works

 * Almshouses at Belmont, Hereford.
 * Alterations to Campden House, Gloucestershire.
 * Alterations to Bedgebury Park, Kent.
 * Lancing College (first designs 1848; construction began 1854).
 * College of St John, Hurstpierpoint (built 1851–3).
 * Lonsdale Square, Islington.
 * Rectory, Monkton Wyld, Dorset (now called Monkton Wyld Court)

Publications

title: Richard Cromwell Carpenter


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Most PGA Tour wins in a year

The following is a list of all the occasions in which a golfer has won eight or more tournaments on the PGA Tour in a season. It is complete through 2019–20.

Byron Nelson's record 18 victories came when most of his competitors were on military leave. Ben Hogan missed half the PGA tour season while both Lloyd Mangrum and Jimmy Demaret missed virtually the entire season. Hogan and Demaret played in only 2 of Nelson's 11 straight tournament wins and Mangrum played in none.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Most PGA Tour wins in a year


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User talk:Metalloids

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User talk:Asimghaffar

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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Hello Asimghaffar! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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User talk:CoppleKL

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title: User talk:CoppleKL


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Isfit

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 12:23, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

Isfit
A "student festival" in Norway. Neither the article nor the website it links to establish a lot of notability. Szyslak 08:19, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Um yeah I couldn't find any evidence either. It's been going since 1992 though. Regretfully Delete unless someone else can find some evidence. Kappa 08:44, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep per Hyperzonk below, I think my google test messed up. Kappa 21:54, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I think. Seems to be somewhat well-known, with nearly 60,000 Google hits. However, the reports that I read in that list do seem to indicate that it is more of a "blossoming" org than an already well-established one, so this is a "just above the bar" vote. HyperZonktalk 17:16, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable festival.  RickK 06:12, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. You never know how popular it might be in Norway. What do we Americans care, right? Thus that assumption makes it less notable to us. -- Riffsyphon1024 06:17, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems harmless to keep, unless someone from Norway says "non-notable". Comment: there is no article in the Norwegian Wikipedia, which argues against notability. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:44, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep because this festival in Norway is popular, and BTW in the no.wikipeda there are fewer articles than in the en.wikipedia. So we schozld keep the article. --NewAtair Δ 12:37, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Isfit


text:
Southend (band)

Southend (also styled as South End) is an Australian house-techno band formed in 1992. The group consisted of synthesiser-keyboardists Stuart McCarthy, Steve Younan, Sameer Sen-Gupta, and vocalist Melinda Page. Their single, "The Winner Is..." (June 1994), reached the ARIA Singles Chart Top 10. Sen-Gupta was replaced by Justin Frew on guitar in 1995. The group disbanded in 1997 and reunited in 2003 as a trio, McCarthy, Page, and Younan.

History
Southend was formed in Sydney in 1992 by Stuart McCarthy on synthesiser and keyboards, Melinda Page on vocals, Sameer Sen-Gupta and Steve Younan (both on synthesiser and keyboards). Their debut release was a four-track, 12-inch single, "600 Miles from Nowhere" (1992) via Volition Records. The group issued a six-track extended play, Fanatical, in 1993 on Volition Records/Second Nature, which provided another 12-inch single, "Get Down", later that year. The EP was recorded at Sony Music Studios (Sydney) and D.T.U., with the group producing. McCarthy provided guitar and programming, Sen-Gupta on machine effects and programming, Page and Younan were both on vocals and keyboards.

"The Winner Is...", a single by Southend with Nik Fish (a.k.a. Nik Vatoff), an Australian trance DJ, appeared in June 1994. It was co-written by McCarthy, Sen-Gupta and Vatoff. The lyrics are based around a sample of the speech by International Olympic Committee chairman, Juan Antonio Samaranch, when announcing the winner of the 2000 Summer Olympics bid, as "Syd-er-ney". The single reached No. 9 on the ARIA Charts.

Southend issued a re-mix album, Fanatically Remixed, in 1994 with eleven tracks. The group have performed at the annual Big Day Out, from 1993 to 1996. Sen-Gupta left in 1995 to start his solo career, he was replaced by a guitarist, Justin Frew.

Southend has produced local and international releases for Hoodoo Gurus, Paul Holden, Acid Babies, the Whitlams, Kim Salmon, and Michal Nicholas. They undertook a remix collaboration with Sasha Vatoff on Vagen's track, "Buggin", and a cover of Bronski Beat's "Smalltown Boy", which appeared on Groovescooter Records' compilation album by various artists, Re:fashioned 2.

After disbanding in 1997, Frew and McCarthy formed Antenna with Dave Faulkner (of Hoodoo Gurus) on lead vocals and guitar, and Salmon (ex-the Cheap Nasties, the Manikins, the Scientists, Beasts of Bourbon) on vocals and guitar in 1998. Antenna's sole album, Installation (1998), was the first release on Mushroom International. That group broke up early in the following year.

Southend reformed in 2004 to perform at Utopia on Near Years Eve in Sydney. They were the first band to appear live on Channel V's "Room 208". After three tracks licensed by Ministry of Sound (Australia) in 2009, Undercover Music's Yep! Records has released Southend's entire back catalogue (including previously unreleased material) through MGM Distribution and iTunes.

title: Southend (band)


text:
Lenni Jabour

Lenni Jabour (born 1970) is a Canadian singer-songwriter based in Paris and Toronto, who plays "an eclectic mélange of carnival music, torch, folk and pop".

Early life and education
Jabour is half Lebanese, half Canadian. She grew up first in Toronto, until her father died when she was still young, and then she lived in North Bay with her mother and grandparents. She started playing piano at just two years of age, and was subsequently classically trained from the age of three. She studied at The Royal Conservatory of Music and Ryerson University, where she graduated from the drama program.

Career
At age 18, she made her debut as a professional musician, playing jazz standards and the occasional Nick Cave or Kate Bush cover in Toronto bars and coffeehouses.

Her self-titled debut album was released in 1996, and was in the top 100 of the year's Canadian independent albums. Critic Lenny Stoute wrote that it contained "streetwise soul poems and rich melodies."

Her live album, released in 2000, was performed with a string trio at the Toronto venue C'est What.

The Toronto Star described her song "A Little Sad", from the 2006 album Les Dangereuses, as a "sublimely retro pop song", "[s]ingalong melancholy, with horns that evoke a long-lost Burt Bacharach B-side."

She has toured as a supporting act for Blue Rodeo, Amanda Marshall, Holly Cole and Rufus Wainwright. She also played several dates on the Lilith Fair bill in 1998, and has been a guest musician on albums by Jason Collett, Hawksley Workman, I Mother Earth, Glueleg and The Cash Brothers.

Personal life
Jabour is married to Simon Tuplin. They have two children, Nadege and Anik.

Discography

 * Lenni Jabour (1996, out of print)
 * Demo 2000 (2000, out of print)
 * Ten Songs Live (2000, out of print)
 * At the Clarion Café (2002, out of print)
 * A Small Show of Hands (2003, out of print)
 * Les Dangereuses (2006) available on iTunes
 * Lenni Jabour : Greatest Hits (covers of hits from the 1970s and 1980s) (2009) available on iTunes

title: Lenni Jabour


text:
Henri Desgrange

Henri Desgrange (31 January 1865 – 16 August 1940) was a French bicycle racer and sports journalist. He set twelve world track cycling records, including the hour record of 35.325 km on 11 May 1893. He was the first organiser of the Tour de France.

Youth and early career
Henri Desgrange was born into a comfortably prosperous middle-class family living in Paris. Desgrange worked as a clerk at the Depeux-Dumesnil law office near the Place de Clichy in Paris and may have qualified as a lawyer. Legend says he was fired from there either for cycling to work or for exposing the outline of his calves in tight socks as he did so. Desgrange saw his first bicycle race in 1891 when he went to the finish of Bordeaux–Paris. He began racing on the track, but endurance riding suited him better, and he set the first recognised "hour record" when on 11 May 1893 he rode 35.325 km on the Buffalo velodrome in Paris. He also established records at 50 and 100 km and 100 miles and became a tricycle champion in 1893.

He wrote a training book in 1894, La tête et les jambes, which included the advice that an ambitious rider has no more need of a woman than an unwashed pair of socks. In 1894 he wrote another book, Alphonse Marcaux. In 1897 he became director of the Parc des Princes velodrome and then in December 1903 of France's first permanent indoor track, the Vélodrome d'Hiver, near the Eiffel Tower.

Publications and journalism

Unease with the attention paid to his track business by the leading sports paper, Le Vélo, and support from business magnates like Jules-Albert de Dion and Adolphe Clément-Bayard, who were displeased with the paper's advertising rates (and their political stance on the Dreyfus affair), led Desgranges to become the editor of a newly-founded competing sports paper, L'Auto-Vélo, later renamed L'Équipe,

The first issue of L'Auto-Vélo appeared on 16 October 1900. It was printed on yellow paper to distinguish itself from the green of Le Vélo but a court case brought by the original paper agreed in January 1902 that the name was too similar and the consortium was ordered to drop "vélo" from the title.

The Tour de France
Desgrange is credited with founding the Tour de France in 1903 but the idea came from one of his journalists, Géo Lefèvre. L'Auto announced the race on 19 January 1903.

Promotion of the Tour de France proved a great success for the newspaper. Circulation leapt from 25,000 before the Tour to 65,000 after it. In 1908, the race boosted circulation past a quarter of a million, and during the 1923 Tour, it was selling 500,000 copies a day. The record circulation claimed by Desgrange was 854,000, achieved during the 1933 Tour.

Management style
The sport of cycle racing grew faster than the national and international associations established to administer it. Henri Desgrange saw his race, and himself, as more than capable of standing up to the Union Vélocipédique Française (UVF), the French authority. The UVF disqualified the first four riders in the 1904 Tour de France, imposing penalties which went beyond those Desgrange had already imposed and which he thought excessive. The winner, Maurice Garin, for example, had already been fined 500 francs for taking food where taking food was not allowed.

What annoyed Desgrange more was that the UVF had waited until the following 30 November before acting, to avoid igniting public passion. And that it hadn't explained the detail. He wrote in L'Auto:

 * "It is extremely difficult to establish whether the heavy punishments handed out by the UVF to the principle riders were motivated by serious reasons, when we are given only the results of these decisions while at the same time the documents which they used are withheld from us. It is no exaggeration to say that public opinion will demand from the Union Vélocipédique some explanation, which will no doubt be forthcoming.

A suggestion of how Desgrange already perceived his race came in the paragraph that followed:

 * "We are convinced that the sporting commission has judged with its soul and with its conscience and that this conscience is entirely clear. I believe, however... I believe that it has made a big mistake by sanctioning in this way, a race of the magnitude of the Tour de France".

The "magnitude of the Tour de France", by then only in its second year, came close to be ended there and then. Desgrange wrote in L'Auto:

 * "The Tour de France is finished and the second edition will, I fear, also be the last. It has died of its success, of the blind passions that it unleashed, the abuse and the dirty suspicions... We will therefore leave it to others to take the chance of taking on an adventure on the scale of the Tour de France".

Desgrange soon thought otherwise and ran his Tour de France for another three decades. It was "his" Tour de France with rules that he drew up, rules that he imposed strictly - the French favourite Henri Pélissier stalked off in 1920 after Desgrange penalised him two minutes for leaving a flat tyre by the roadside. In 1924 he and two other riders walked out of the race in Coutances after a row about whether riders were allowed to take off clothing as the day grew hotter.

Desgrange dismissed Pélissier as "a pigheaded, arrogant champion".

Marcel Bidot, another rider and later manager of the French team in the Tour de France, called Desgrange "a driven man and a boss who tolerated no disagreement".

Desgrange and war
Desgrange created a committee for physical education at the start of the first world war and trained several thousand soldiers to prepare them for the Front. Despite his age - he was already more than 50 - Desgrange then enrolled as a soldier himself. He presented himself at an assembly centre at Autan, distinctive for his grey hair and the Légion d'honneur pinned to his chest, and went to war as a poilu, an ordinary soldier. He won the Croix de Guerre in combat and continued to write for L'Auto but under the name "Desgrenier". Desgrenier is a play on words. Desgrange translates loosely as Barnes in English; the slight change turned his name into Lofts.

Desgrange was made an officer in May 1919 and that summer returned to L'Auto to edit the paper and to restore the Tour de France in a nation of death, ruin and shortage.

Desgrange and the flag
It is because of Desgrange and the Tour de France that the people of France first recognised the shape of their country, say two academics who have studied the role of the race in French social history.

The French had little idea of their geography at the start of the 20th century, say Jean-Luc Boeuf and Yves Léonard. The popular 1877 children's schoolbook Le Tour de France par deux enfants (the title referred to a didactic journey by two children and not the race) had sold six million copies before the publishers thought it necessary, in 1905, to include a map of the country they were describing.

 * "Those who conceived the Tour de France printed in L'Auto general maps which traced the route of the race and therefore showed the hexagon shape of France, because of the way the race followed the country's frontiers... By the cartography of France that it helped make known, the Tour acted as a teacher in showing a map printed with the contours of the country - which was rare at least until the Great War - and as avant-gardiste in very quickly popularising the notion of France as more or less hexagonal, a France amputated from 1903 not only of its "lost provinces" but also of possessions overseas and of Corsica, (which the race has) never visited in a century nor figured on maps of the race. When, with the decolonialisation of the Fifties and Sixties, the national area contracted to essentially the contours of a hexagon... the Tour had largely - and for some decades - sensibilised opinion to the contraction of European and continental France into this hexagon".

Audax Français
While Desgrange is known outside cycling for his Tour de France, he made a further name inside it and within other sports by creating the Audax movement in 1904. Enthused by the way he saw long-distance cyclists challenging themselves to ride long distances in a set time, he created Audax Français to encourage and regulate such events in France.

 * "Desgrange, Géo Lefèvre and Charles Stourm founded Audax Français. Regularly, in 1903, L'Auto reported the activities of Audax riders in Italy. And their project, a ride from Turin to Paris planned for the summer of 1904. Géo Lefèvre, who was involved, suggested that French cyclists could go to meet them, under the administration of the newspaper. And that created the idea of a French organisation of the same sort. So much so that on 7 January 1904, Desgrange could announce the creation of Audax Français".

That in turn led to long-distance rides across France. The first 200 km ride under Audax rules was on 3 April 1904, followed by a 100 km walking event on 26 June. The cycling distances extended to 300, and ultimately to Paris–Brest–Paris (1200 km) which was originally a race but became an international Audax ride.

The Audax movement extends to swimming, with Audax brevets created over 6 km on 27 June 1913, then to rowing over 80 km and finally, in 1985, to skiing. The Union des Audax Parisien was created on 14 July 1921 to administer brevets across the world. It became the Union des Audax Français on 1 January 1956.

Health campaigning
Throughout his life, Desgrange was passionate about improving the health of the nation. He was concerned that so many Frenchmen had been rejected by the army because of their poor health that France had not been able to protect itself adequately in the Franco-Prussian war. He set a personal example by running for a couple of hours a day all through his life. Jacques Goddet (son of Victor Goddet) said:

 * "Henri Desgrange... imposed on himself a life of submitting himself to daily physical exercises. They had to demand, according to his draconian theories, a violent effort, prolonged, repeated, sometimes going as far as pain, demanding tenacity and even a certain stoicism. He took on a crusade against Original Inertia, against the softening of the body in the face of a society keen to suppress physical effort. He appointed himself the apostle of the fight to safeguard character. Suffer and sweat! And that meant a permanent individual culture of cross-country, at least three times a week, in the parc de St-Cloud. Nor did he hold back: he ran for at least an hour, never missing out Jardies hill, the fierce slope in the centre of the park used by hardened runners".

Desgrange used L'Auto to help his campaign, going as far as listing riders he had seen his Parc des Princes cycle track without having a shower. The column's title was Dirty Feet.

For Desgrange, the Tour de France was not simply a long-distance and multi-day cycle race - an idea invented by Lefèvre - but close to what would now be called social engineering. He sought not just the best cyclist but a supreme athlete. To him, he said several times, the perfect Tour would have a perfect winner only if one man survived.

Private life
Desgrange had a wife - they divorced - and a daughter. Little is known of either. He spent most of his life with the avant-garde artist Jeanne (Jane) Deley but never married her. She and Desgrange met some time after World War I.

Death
In 1936 Henri Desgrange had a prostate operation. The Tour de France was planned between two necessary operations, and Desgrange was determined to attend it, despite warnings that he should not. Desgrange ordered his car to be heavily packed with cushions. A doctor would ride beside him, but the jolting and the repeated acceleration and slowing proved too much on the second day of the Tour already, and he left the race for good, retiring to his château at Beauvallon, Grimaud. Desgrange died at home on the Mediterranean coast on 16 August 1940.

Legacy
L'Auto wrote, under the headline Le Patron:

 * "Those who called Henri Desgrange by that title will now painfully find the true value of that title. We are mourning a father. A father who presided over the birth, then the formation, then the development, then the health of his child. He loved all those who loved L'Auto. His joy was to mix with the youngest of his collaborators. We'll no longer find him in the sports hall where he was as vigorous at 75 as he was in his fifties, which is as vigorous as others are in their forties. He will no longer be... But, then, what are we saying? His memory, his example and his lesson will still be here, there, everywhere, in our beloved [publishing] house, still and for ever full of his dynamism [pas rapide] and his visionary and precise decisions".

A monument to his memory, paid for by subscription, stands at the Col du Galibier. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange is a cash prize awarded in his honour each year in the Tour De France to the first rider who crosses the race's highest point.

title: Henri Desgrange


text:
User talk:Ashwin49

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

There is a Notice board for India-related topics. Every week, we work on an Indian collaboration of the week. I am sure you will join us.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

 * Welcome Ashwin, I am sure we shall have great time editing and contributing to wikipedia.--Bhadani 13:59, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Greetings
Greetings on India’s 57th Republic Day. --Bhadani 08:12, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Policing Spam and Nonsense Vandalism
Ashwin, please read through WP:VAN to find out more tactful ways of dealing with link vandalism than you used on the talk page for 121.247.5.164. As always, assume good faith. —The preceding signed but undated.

title: User talk:Ashwin49


text:
Template talk:Road-stub

Template image
I've reverted the image to the old "highway shield" one. The reason? The new image was very large, and even at that size it was impossible to tell what it was (at a guess, a wheel arch? It just looked like an undistinguished piece of curved metal!). There was nothing wrong with the old image, which was smaller, and said "road" a lot more clearly. However, if there's a good argument for the other one, then feel free to re-revert... Grutness|hello? 08:29, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It's literally a "road stub". A small bit of unused elevated road. --SPUI (talk) 09:35, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I still can't make head nor tail of the picture (which is much too big). Is this some of the curved edge of it? Some of an arched support? (But thank you for my new word of the day - I'd never previously heard of unused flyover lanes being called road stubs) Grutness|hello? 10:31, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It's an aerial photo (click on it for a larger image). I've seen them called ramp stubs or simply stubs many times, though never specifically "road stub". --SPUI (talk) 10:53, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah. Got it now. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]]

I still have to agree with Grutness' original confusion. SPUI's picture is very clever but not particularly clear.BenFrantzDale 06:48, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

Changed wording
I've made a slight change in the wording to reflect that 90+ % of the articles with this stub are about roads, not road transport. Grutness|hello? 10:09, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ive taken the "road transport" bit out completely. those stubs should be marked with vehicle-stub.  BL Lacertae -  kiss the lizard  22:42, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

New image
Great new image. BenFrantzDale 00:13, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I was going for something a lot more stylised, as something that small can't be an intricate depiction of a real road stub! Plus the curve is a nice effect. zoney ♣ talk 11:03, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Road-stub


text:
Language Weaver

Language Weaver is the machine translation (MT) technology and brand of RWS. The brand name was revived in 2021 following the acquisition of SDL and Iconic Translation Machines Ltd. and the merging of the respective teams and technologies. Language Weaver was formerly a standalone company that was acquired by SDL in 2010.

History
Language Weaver was a Los Angeles, California–based company founded in 2002 as a spin-out company from the University of Southern California. The company was founded to commercialise a statistical approach to automatic language translation and natural language processing known as statistical machine translation (SMT). The company's name is a reference to one of the pioneers of machine translation — Warren Weaver — who first proposed the idea of using computers to ‘decode’ or ‘decrypt’ language in a memorandum back in 1947.

Language Weaver’s statistical approach to machine translation was cutting-edge at the time, and a significant improvement over previous approaches such as Rule-Based MT. Language Weaver grew steadily over an 8 year period, with staff numbers totalling 96 across offices in US, Europe, and Japan. The company had significant business with Government organisations where its name continues to hold strong recognition to this day.

In July 2010, Language Weaver was acquired by SDL plc for $42.5 million and the company was renamed SDL Language Weaver.

SDL Language Weaver
SDL Language Weaver was the primary machine translation technology at SDL where, over time, it evolved from SMT to syntax-based MT, to Neural Machine Translation. The Language Weaver brand was retired in 2015 in favour of SDL BeGlobal for the cloud-based solution, and SDL Enterprise Translation Server for the on-premise solution. Later, these products were rebranded again as SDL Machine Translation Cloud and SDL Machine Translation Edge respectively.

2021 Relaunch
The Language Weaver brand was revived in 2021 following the acquisition of SDL by RWS, and the merger of the SDL MT and Iconic Translation Machines teams and technologies. The combined technologies of both companies, based on state-of-the-art Transformer-based Neural Machine Translation, are now sold as "Language Weaver" for cloud-based MT, and "Language Weaver Edge" for on-premise MT.

Supported languages
, Language Weaver supports the following languages and language varieties:

 * 1) Albanian
 * 2) Arabic
 * 3) Armenian
 * 4) Bengali
 * 5) Bulgarian
 * 6) Burmese
 * 7) Catalan
 * 8) Chinese (Simplified)
 * 9) Chinese (Traditional)
 * 10) Croatian
 * 11) Czech
 * 12) Danish
 * 13) Dari
 * 14) Dutch
 * 15) English
 * 16) Estonian
 * 17) Finnish
 * 18) French
 * 19) French (Canada)
 * 20) Georgian
 * 21) German
 * 22) Greek
 * 23) Hausa
 * 24) Hebrew
 * 25) Hindi
 * 26) Hungarian
 * 27) Indonesian
 * 28) Italian
 * 29) Japanese
 * 30) Javanese
 * 31) Khmer
 * 32) Korean
 * 33) Kurdish (Kurmanji)
 * 34) Latvian
 * 35) Lithuanian
 * 36) Malay
 * 37) Maltese
 * 38) Norwegian
 * 39) Pashto
 * 40) Persian
 * 41) Polish
 * 42) Portuguese
 * 43) Portuguese (Brazil)
 * 44) Romanian
 * 45) Russian
 * 46) Serbian
 * 47) Slovak
 * 48) Slovenian
 * 49) Somali
 * 50) Spanish
 * 51) Swahili
 * 52) Swedish
 * 53) Thai
 * 54) Turkish
 * 55) Ukrainian
 * 56) Urdu
 * 57) Uzbek
 * 58) Vietnamese

title: Language Weaver


text:
Royal mistress

A Royal Mistress is the historical position and sometimes unofficial title of the extramarital lover of a Monarch or an heir apparent, who was expected to provide certain services, such as sexual or romantic intimacy, companionship, and advice in return for security, titles, money, honours, and an influential place at the royal court. Thus, some Royal Mistresses have had considerable power, being the power behind the throne. The institution partly owes its prevalence to the fact that royal marriages used to be conducted solely on the basis of political and dynastic considerations, leaving little space for the monarch's personal preferences in the choice of a partner.

The title of royal mistress was never official, and most mistresses had an official reason to be at the court, such as being a lady-in-waiting or maid-of-honour to a female member of the royal family or a governess to the royal children. However, their real position was most often an open secret, and there was no real division between formal and informal political power in the early French court. From the 15th century onward and most importantly in France, chief mistresses gained a semi-official title (French: maîtresse-en-titre, literally "official mistress"), which came with its own assigned apartments in the palace. A chief mistress was also sometimes called a maîtresse déclarée, or "declared mistress". An unacknowledged, less important royal lover was known as a petite maîtresse ("little mistress").

In Europe, the children of mistresses were typically not included in the line of succession, except when secret marriages were alleged. They were however regularly given titles and high positions in the court or the army.

List of royal mistresses

 * List of French royal mistresses
 * List of Russian royal mistresses and lovers
 * List of Swedish royal mistresses

Austria

 * Margareta von Edelsheim (d.1522) and Anna von Helfenstein, mistresses of Maximilian I
 * Johanna van der Gheynst (1505-1541) and Barbara Blomberg (1527-1597), mistresses of Charles V
 * Kateřina Stradová (1568-1629), mistress of Rudolf II
 * Maria Wilhelmina von Neipperg (1738-1775), mistress of Francis I
 * Livia Raimondi, mistress of Leopold II
 * Katharina Schratt (1853–1940) and Anna Nahowski (1860-1930), mistresses of Franz Joseph I
 * Mizzi Kaspar (1864-1907) and Baroness Mary Vetsera (1871–1889), mistresses of Crown Prince Rudolf

Belgium

 * Caroline Bauer (1807–1877) and Arcadie Claret (1826–1897), mistresses of Leopold I
 * Caroline Lacroix (1883–1948), mistress of Leopold II
 * Sybille de Selys Longchamps (born 1941), mistress of Albert II

Denmark

 * Helena Guttormsdotter (fl. 1205), mistress of Valdemar II
 * Cecilia (d. aft. 1459), mistress and later wife of Eric of Pomerania
 * Edele Jernskjæg (d. 1512), mistress of John I
 * Dyveke Sigbritsdatter (1490-1517), mistress of Christian II
 * Karen Andersdatter (d. 1673), Vibeke Kruse (d. 1648) and Kirsten Madsdatter (d. 1629), mistresses of Christian IV
 * Anne Lykke (1595-1641), mistress of Crown Prince Christian
 * Margrethe Pape (1620-1684), mistress of Frederick III
 * Sophie Amalie Moth (1654–1719), mistress of Christian V
 * Charlotte Helene von Schindel (1690 - 1752), mistress of Frederick IV
 * Charlotte Amalie Winge (fl. 1766) and Else Hansen (1720-1784), mistresses of Frederick V
 * Støvlet-Cathrine (1745-1805), mistress of Christian VII
 * Frederikke Dannemand (1792-1862), mistress of Frederick VI
 * Louise Rasmussen (1815-1874), mistress and later wife of Frederick VII

Egypt

 * Bilistiche (b.280BCE), mistress of Ptolemy II Philadelphus
 * Agathoclea (247-202/3BCE), mistress of Ptolemy IV Philopator
 * Barbara Skelton (1918-1996), mistress of Farouk

Germany

 * Bianca Lancia (1210-1248), mistress and possible last wife of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Clara Elisabeth von Platen (1648-1700), mistress of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover
 * Magdalena Sibylla of Neidschutz (1675-1694), mistress of John George IV, Elector of Saxony
 * Wilhelmine Dorothee von der Marwitz (1718-1787), mistress of Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
 * Katharina Werner, mistress of Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden
 * Karoline Jagemann (1777-1848), mistress of Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Bavaria

 * Aleid van Poelgeest (1370-1392), mistress of Albert I, Duke of Bavaria
 * Agnes Le Louchier (1660-1717), mistress of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria
 * Maria Caroline Charlotte von Ingenheim (1704-1749), mistress of Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Josepha von Heydeck (1748-1771), mistress of Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria
 * Diana Rabe von Pappenheim (1788-1844), mistress of Jérôme Bonaparte
 * Lola Montez (1821–1861), mistress of Ludwig I of Bavaria
 * Jane Digby (1807-1881), mistress of Ludwig I of Bavaria and his son Otto of Greece

Brunswick

 * Eva von Trott (1505-1567), mistress of Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 * Anna Rumschottel (fl.1528), mistress of Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 * Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse (1639 - 1722), mistress and later wife of George William, Duke of Brunswick
 * Maria Antonia Branconi (1746-1793), mistress of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick

Hesse

 * Barbara Christine von Bernhold (1690-1756), mistress of Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
 * Helena Martini (1728-1803), mistress of Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
 * Charlotte Christine Buissine (1749-1781), Rosa Dorothea Ritter (1759-1833), and Karoline von Schlotheim (1766-1847), mistresses of William I, Elector of Hesse

Prussia

 * Catharina von Wartenberg (1674-1734), mistress of Frederick I
 * Wilhelmine, Gräfin von Lichtenau (1753-1820), mistress of Frederick William II

Württemberg

 * Wilhelmine von Grävenitz (1684-1744), mistress and bigamous wife of Erbhard Louis
 * Countess Franziska von Hohenheim (1748-1811), mistress and wife of Charles Eugene

Italy

 * Rotruda of Pavia (d.945), mistress of Hugh of Italy
 * Isabella Boschetti (b.1502), mistress of Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
 * Claudia Colla (d.1611), mistress of Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma

Ferrara

 * Stella de' Tolomei (d.1419), mistress of Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara
 * Laura Dianti (d.1573), mistress of Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara

Milan

 * Agnese del Maino (1411-1465), mistress of Duke Filippo Maria Visconti
 * Giovanna d'Acquapendente, mistress of Duke Francesco I Sforza

Naples

 * Lucrezia d'Alagno (1430-1479), mistress of Alfonso V of Aragon
 * Trogia Gazzella (1460-1511), mistress of Alfonso II of Naples

Florence

 * Lucrezia Donati (1447-1501), mistress of Lorenzo de' Medici
 * Fioretta Gorini (1453-1478), mistress of Giuliano de' Medici
 * Taddea Malaspina (1505-1559), mistress of Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence
 * Bianca Cappello (1548-1587), mistress and later wife of Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Savoy

 * Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes (1670-1736), mistress of Victor Amadeus II
 * Anna Canalis di Cumiana (1680-1769), mistress and later wife of Victor Amadeus II
 * Laura Bon (1825-1904), mistress of Victor Emmanuel II
 * Rosa Vercellana (1833–1885), mistress and later wife of Victor Emmanuel II
 * Eugenia Attendolo Bolognini (1837-1914), mistress of Umberto I of Italy

Norway

 * Tora Mosterstong, mistress of Harold Fairhair, mother of Haakon the Good
 * Borghild Olavsdotter (fl.1115), mistress of Sigurd the Crusader
 * Bjaðǫk, 12th cenutry mistress of Harald Gille, mother of Eystein II of Norway
 * Inga of Varteig (1183/5-1234/5), mistress of Haakon III, mother of Haakon IV

Poland

 * Sulisława (d.1294) mistress and later wife of Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania
 * Esterka mistress of Casimir III the Great. He married another mistress: Krystyna Rokiczana (d.1365)
 * Katarzyna Telniczanka (1480-1528), mistress of Sigismund I the Old
 * Barbara Radziwiłł (1520-1551), mistress and later wife of Sigismund II Augustus
 * Urszula Meyerin (1570-1635), mistress of Sigismund III Vasa
 * Jadwiga Łuszkowska (1616-1648) and Rozyna Małgorzata von Eckenberg (1625-1648), mistresses of Władysław IV Vasa
 * Marie Françoise Catherine de Beauvau-Craon (1711-1786), mistress of Stanisław Leszczyński
 * Magdalena Agnieszka Sapieżyna (1739-1790) mistress, and Elżbieta Szydłowska (1748-1810), possible wife of Stanisław August Poniatowski

Augustus II the Strong

 * 1694–1696 Countess Maria Aurora von Königsmarck
 * 1696–1699 Countess Anna Aloysia Maximiliane von Lamberg
 * 1698–1704 Ursula Katharina of Altenbockum, later Princess of Teschen
 * 1701–1706 Maria Aurora von Spiegel
 * 1704–1713 Anna Constantia von Brockdorff, later Countess of Cosel
 * 1706–1707 Henriette Rénard
 * 1708 Angélique Debargues, French dancer and actress
 * 1713–1719 Maria Magdalena of Bielinski, Countess of Dönhoff then Princess Lubomirska
 * 1720–1721 Erdmuthe Sophie of Dieskau and of Loß
 * 1721–1722 Baroness Kristiane of Osterhausen and of Stanisławski

Portugal

 * Madragana (b.1230), mistress of Afonso III
 * Inês de Castro (1325-1355), mistress and later wife of Peter I
 * Teresa Lourenço (b.1330), mistress of Peter I, mother of John I
 * Inês Peres, mistress of John I
 * Maria Soares da Cunha, mistress of Alfonso V
 * Brites Anes (b.1460) and Ana de Mendonça (1460-1542), mistresses of John II
 * Francisca Clara da Silva and Maria da Cruz Mascarenhas, mistresses of Peter II
 * Paula de Odivelas (1701-1768) and Luísa Clara de Portugal (1702-1779), mistresses of John V
 * Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos (1797-1867), mistress of Pedro I of Brazil
 * Gaby Deslys (1881-1920), mistress of Manuel II

Romania

 * Doamna Velica (fl. 1601), mistress of Michael the Brave
 * Marițica Bibescu (1815-1869), mistress and later wife of Gheorghe Bibescu, Prince of Wallachia
 * Doamna Velica (1831-1876/9), mistress of Alexandru Ioan Cuza
 * Elena Văcărescu, mistress of Ferdinand I
 * Magda Lupescu (1899–1977), mistress and later wife of Carol II.

Spain

 * Aldonza Ruiz de Ivorra (1454-1513), mistress of Ferdinand II of Aragon
 * Isabel Osorio (1522–1589) and Eufrasia de Guzmán (fl.1592), mistresses of Philip II
 * María Calderón (1605-1678) and María Manrique, mistresses of Philip IV
 * María del Pilar Acedo y Sarriá (1784-1869), mistress of Joseph Bonaparte
 * Elena Sanz (1844-1898), mistress of Alfonso XII
 * Carmen Ruiz Moragas (1898-1936), mistress of Alfonso XIII
 * Bárbara Rey (b.1950) and Corinna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (.1964) mistress of Juan Carlos I

Castile and León

 * Jimena Muñoz (d.1128), mistress of Alfonso VI of León and Castile
 * Gontrodo Pérez (1105-1186), mistress of Alfonso VII of León and Castile
 * Rahel la Fermosa (1165-1195), mistress of Alfonso VIII of Castile
 * Urraca López de Haro (1160-1230), mistress and later wife of Ferdinand II of León
 * Aldonza Martínez de Silva (d.1236), mistress of Alfonso IX of León
 * Mayor Guillén de Guzmán (1205–1262), mistress of Alfonso X of Castile
 * Eleanor de Guzmán (1310-1351), mistress of Alfonso XI of Castile
 * María de Padilla (1334-1361), mistress and posthumous wife of Peter of Castile

United Kingdom

 * Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg, mistress of George I
 * Henrietta Howard, mistress of George II
 * Dorothea Jordan, mistress of William IV before his marriage and accession
 * Freda Dudley Ward and Thelma, Viscountess Furness, mistresses of Edward VIII
 * Camilla Shand, mistress, and later wife and queen, of Charles III

George IV

 * Maria Fitzherbert
 * Mary Robinson
 * Frances Twysden
 * Grace Elliott
 * Isabella Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford
 * Elizabeth Conyngham, Marchioness Conyngham

Edward VII

 * Hortense Schneider
 * Giulia Barucci
 * Susan Pelham-Clinton
 * Lillie Langtry
 * Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick
 * Agnes Keyser
 * Alice Keppel

Other countries

 * Eudokia Angelina (1173-1211), mistress and later Empress of Alexios V Doukas of Byzantium.
 * Agnes of Kuenring (circa 1236 – flourished 1261), mistress of Ottokar II of Bohemia
 * Barbara Edelpöck (d. 1495), mistress of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
 * Angelitha Wass (d. aft. 1521), mistress of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia
 * Marietta de Patras (d.1503), mistress of John II of Cyprus
 * Fotini Mavromichali (1826-1878), mistress of Otto of Greece
 * Émilie Ambre (1849–1898), mistress of William III of the Netherlands
 * Katarina Konstantinović (1848-1910), mistress of her cousin Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia
 * Draga Mašin (1867-1903), mistress and later wife of Alexander I of Serbia
 * Marie Juliette Louvet (1867-1930), mistress of Louis II of Monaco

title: Royal mistress


text:
South End

South End, South-end or Southend may refer to:

Places
In Australia:
 * Southend, Queensland, a small township on Curtis Island
 * Southend, South Australia, a town and locality

In Canada:
 * South End, Halifax, a neighbourhood in Nova Scotia
 * South End, a neighbourhood in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
 * Southend, Saskatchewan

In the United Kingdom
 * Southend-on-Sea, Essex
 * London Southend Airport
 * Southend (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Southend-on-Sea City Council
 * Southend, Argyll, Argyll and Bute
 * South End, Bedfordshire, a location
 * Southend, Berkshire, in Bradfield
 * Southend, Brightwalton, a location in Berkshire
 * Southend, Buckinghamshire, in Turville
 * South End, Buckinghamshire, in Stewkley
 * South End, Cumbria, a location
 * South End, East Riding of Yorkshire, a location
 * Southend, Gloucestershire, a United Kingdom location
 * South End, Greenwich, a location, southeast of Eltham, in southeast London.
 * South End, Hampshire, a location
 * South-end, Hertfordshire, a settlement in the parish of Much Hadham in England
 * South End, Lincolnshire, a location
 * Southend, London, in Lewisham
 * South End, Norfolk, a location
 * Southend, Oxfordshire, a United Kingdom location
 * South End (road), a road in South Croydon, London
 * South End Road, a road in Hampstead, London

In the United States:
 * South End, Agoura Hills, California, a neighborhood
 * South End Grounds, three baseball parks within this neighborhood
 * South End, a neighborhood in Hartford, Connecticut
 * South End of Stamford, Connecticut
 * South End, Boston, a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
 * South End, Springfield, Massachusetts, an Italian neighborhood in Springfield, Massachusetts
 * South End, Minnesota, a census-designated place
 * South End, a neighborhood of Albany, New York
 * South End (Charlotte neighborhood), North Carolina
 * South End, Seattle, Washington state

Other uses

 * Southend (band)
 * The South End, the student newspaper of Wayne State University
 * Southend Interactive, a video game developer most noted for Deathrow
 * South End Press, a non-profit book publisher
 * South End Reservoir, a service reservoir for Singapore Changi Airport
 * South End Rowing Club

title: South End


text:
Yersinia enterocolitica

Yersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, belonging to the family Yersiniaceae. It is motile at temperatures of 22–29°C (72–84°F), but becomes nonmotile at normal human body temperature. Y. enterocolitica infection causes the disease yersiniosis, which is an animal-borne disease occurring in humans, as well as in a wide array of animals such as cattle, deer, pigs, and birds. Many of these animals recover from the disease and become carriers; these are potential sources of contagion despite showing no signs of disease. The bacterium infects the host by sticking to its cells using trimeric autotransporter adhesins.

Y. enterocolitica is widespread in nature, occurring in reservoirs ranging from the intestinal tracts of numerous mammals, avian species, cold-blooded species, and even from terrestrial and aquatic niches. Most environmental isolates are avirulent; however, isolates recovered from porcine sources contain human pathogenic serogroups. In addition, dogs, sheep, wild rodents, and environmental water may also be a reservoir of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains. Human pathogenic strains are usually confined to the intestinal tract and lead to enteritis/diarrhea.

Clinical Identification
Within the genus Yersinia, only Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and certain strains of Y. enterocolitica are pathogenic for humans and certain animals. The other species are environmental in origin.

Y. enterocolitica strains can be identified through the use of stool samples being grown on MacConkey plates and Yersinia Selective Agar. The MacConkey plates employ the fact that Y. enterocolitica is non-lactose fermenting, and therefore show up on the plates as 2mm translucent pale colonies. On Yersinia Selective Agar plates Y. enterocolitica produces 1.5mm colonies with a dark pink center and translucent border.

Y. enterocolitica is a heterogeneous group of strains, which are traditionally classified by biotyping into six biogroups on the basis of phenotypic characteristics, and by serotyping into more than 57 O serogroups, on the basis of their O (lipopolysaccharide or LPS) surface antigen. Five of the six biogroups (1B and 2–5) are regarded as pathogens. However, only a few of these serogroups have been associated with disease in either humans or animals. Strains that belong to serogroups O:3 (biogroup 4), O:5,27 (biogroups 2 and 3), O:8 (biogroup 1B), and O:9 (biogroup 2) are most frequently isolated worldwide from human samples. However, the most important Y. enterocolitica serogroup in many European countries is serogroup O:3 followed by O:9, whereas the serogroup O:8 is mainly detected in the United States.

Modes of Transmission
There have been six identified pathways of transmission of Yersinia enterocolitica.
 * 1) Foodborne Transmission: Yersinia enterocolitica has been isolated from various food items, including beef, oysters, fish, chocolate milk, but the main food transmission is through exposure to undercooked or raw pork.
 * 2) Human-to-Human Transmission: Whilst very rare, cases of human-to-human transmission of Yersinia enterocolitica via diarrheal disease has been isolated and reported.
 * 3) Animal-to-Human Transmission: Yersinia enterocolitica has been reported to spread through indirect and direct contactwith infected animals and their feces, most notably pig.
 * 4) Waterborne Transmission: Yersinia enterocolitica is able to grow in cool aquatic environments, meaning that indirectly contaminated water can cause the spread of the bacterium.
 * 5) Direct Transmission: Whilst also very rare, there have been reported cases of direct inoculation of Yersinia enterocolitica resulting from traumatic punctures, suggesting environmental infection of Y. enterocolitica.
 * 6) Blood Transfusion: Y. enterocolitica can be transmitted through contaminated blood, and can cause posttransfusion sepsis.

Signs and symptoms
The portal of entry is the gastrointestinal tract. The organism is acquired usually by insufficiently cooked pork or contaminated water, meat, or milk. In recent years Y. enterocolitica has increasingly been causing smaller outbreaks via ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables. Acute Y. enterocolitica infections usually lead to mild, self-limiting enterocolitis or terminal ileitis and adenitis in humans. Yersiniosis symptoms may include watery or bloody diarrhea and fever, resembling appendicitis, salmonellosis, or shigellosis. After oral uptake, Yersinia species replicate in the terminal ileum and invade Peyer's patches. From here, they can disseminate further to mesenteric lymph nodes causing lymphadenopathy. This condition can be confused with appendicitis, so is called pseudoappendicitis. In immunosuppressed individuals, they can disseminate from the gut to the liver and spleen and form abscesses. Because Yersinia species are siderophilic (iron-loving) bacteria, people with hereditary hemochromatosis (a disease resulting in high body iron levels) are more susceptible to infection with Yersinia (and other siderophilic bacteria). In fact, the most common contaminant of stored blood is Y. enterocolitica.

Treatment
Yersiniosis is usually self-limiting and does not require treatment. For sepsis or severe focal infections, especially if associated with immunosuppression, the recommended regimen includes doxycycline in combination with an aminoglycoside. Other antibiotics active against Y. enterocolitica include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole, fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone, and chloramphenicol. Y. enterocolitica is usually resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, and cefalotin due to beta-lactamase production, but multidrug resistant strains have been reported in Europe.

Prognosis
Y. enterocolitica infections are sometimes followed by chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, erythema nodosum, and reactive arthritis. This is most likely because of some immune-mediated mechanism.

Y. enterocolitica seems to be associated with autoimmune Graves-Basedow thyroiditis. Whilst indirect evidence exists, direct causative evidence is limited. Y. enterocolitica is probably not a major cause of this disease, but may contribute to the development of thyroid autoimmunity arising for other reasons in genetically susceptible individuals. Y. enterocolitica infection has also been suggested to be not the cause of autoimmune thyroid disease, but rather an associated condition, with both sharing a common inherited susceptibility. More recently, the role for Y. enterocolitica has been disputed.

title: Yersinia enterocolitica


text:
Stemonitis

Stemonitis is a distinctive genus of slime moulds found throughout the world (except Antarctica). They are characterised by the tall brown sporangia, supported on slender stalks, which grow in clusters on rotting wood. The genus was first described by German botanist Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch in 1753. A 2014 estimate suggests that there are 18 species in the genus. Identification within the genus is difficult, and can only be performed with confidence using a microscope or by DNA sequencing. A fossil specimen (in Burmese amber) is known from the mid-Cretaceous (99 ma).

Species
The following species are accepted by Species Fungorum:
 * Stemonitis axifera (Bull.) T.Macbr. (1889)
 * Stemonitis farrensis T. N. Lakh. & Mukerji (1977)
 * Stemonitis ferruginea Ehrenb. (1818)
 * Stemonitis flavogenita E. Jahn (1904)
 * Stemonitis foliicola Ing (1967)
 * Stemonitis fusca Roth (1787)
 * Stemonitis graciliformis Nann.-Bremek., Mukerji & Pasricha (1984)
 * Stemonitis herbatica Peck (1874)
 * Stemonitis inconspicua Nann.-Bremek. (1966)
 * Stemonitis laxifila Nann.-Bremek. & Y. Yamam. (1988)
 * Stemonitis lignicola Nann.-Bremek. (1973)
 * Stemonitis marjana Y. Yamam. (2000)
 * Stemonitis mediterraneensis H.H. Doğan & Eroğlu (2014)
 * Stemonitis mussooriensis G. W. Martin, K. S. Thind & Sohi (1957)
 * Stemonitis nigrescens Rex (1891)
 * Stemonitis pallida Wingate (1899)
 * Stemonitis rhizoideipes Nann.-Bremek., R. Sharma & K. S. Thind (1984)
 * Stemonitis smithii T.Macbr. (1893)
 * Stemonitis splendens Rostaf. (1875)
 * Stemonitis virginiensis Rex (1891)

title: Stemonitis


text:
Dark matter halo

In modern models of physical cosmology, a dark matter halo is a basic unit of cosmological structure. It is a hypothetical region that has decoupled from cosmic expansion and contains gravitationally bound matter. A single dark matter halo may contain multiple virialized clumps of dark matter bound together by gravity, known as subhalos. Modern cosmological models, such as ΛCDM, propose that dark matter halos and subhalos may contain galaxies. The dark matter halo of a galaxy envelops the galactic disc and extends well beyond the edge of the visible galaxy. Thought to consist of dark matter, halos have not been observed directly. Their existence is inferred through observations of their effects on the motions of stars and gas in galaxies and gravitational lensing. Dark matter halos play a key role in current models of galaxy formation and evolution. Theories that attempt to explain the nature of dark matter halos with varying degrees of success include cold dark matter (CDM), warm dark matter, and massive compact halo objects (MACHOs).

Rotation curves as evidence of a dark matter halo
The presence of dark matter (DM) in the halo is inferred from its gravitational effect on a spiral galaxy's rotation curve. Without large amounts of mass throughout the (roughly spherical) halo, the rotational velocity of the galaxy would decrease at large distances from the galactic center, just as the orbital speeds of the outer planets decrease with distance from the Sun. However, observations of spiral galaxies, particularly radio observations of line emission from neutral atomic hydrogen (known, in astronomical parlance, as 21 cm Hydrogen line, H one, and H I line), show that the rotation curve of most spiral galaxies flattens out, meaning that rotational velocities do not decrease with distance from the galactic center. The absence of any visible matter to account for these observations implies either that unobserved (dark) matter, first proposed by Ken Freeman in 1970, exist, or that the theory of motion under gravity (general relativity) is incomplete. Freeman noticed that the expected decline in velocity was not present in NGC 300 nor M33, and considered an undetected mass to explain it. The DM Hypothesis has been reinforced by several studies.

Formation and structure of dark matter halos
The formation of dark matter halos is believed to have played a major role in the early formation of galaxies. During initial galactic formation, the temperature of the baryonic matter should have still been much too high for it to form gravitationally self-bound objects, thus requiring the prior formation of dark matter structure to add additional gravitational interactions. The current hypothesis for this is based on cold dark matter (CDM) and its formation into structure early in the universe.

The hypothesis for CDM structure formation begins with density perturbations in the Universe that grow linearly until they reach a critical density, after which they would stop expanding and collapse to form gravitationally bound dark matter halos. The spherical collapse framework analytically models the formation and growth of such halos. These halos would continue to grow in mass (and size), either through accretion of material from their immediate neighborhood, or by merging with other halos. Numerical simulations of CDM structure formation have been found to proceed as follows: A small volume with small perturbations initially expands with the expansion of the Universe. As time proceeds, small-scale perturbations grow and collapse to form small halos. At a later stage, these small halos merge to form a single virialized dark matter halo with an ellipsoidal shape, which reveals some substructure in the form of dark matter sub-halos.

The use of CDM overcomes issues associated with the normal baryonic matter because it removes most of the thermal and radiative pressures that were preventing the collapse of the baryonic matter. The fact that the dark matter is cold compared to the baryonic matter allows the DM to form these initial, gravitationally bound clumps. Once these subhalos formed, their gravitational interaction with baryonic matter is enough to overcome the thermal energy, and allow it to collapse into the first stars and galaxies. Simulations of this early galaxy formation matches the structure observed by galactic surveys as well as observation of the Cosmic Microwave Background.

Density profiles
A commonly used model for galactic dark matter halos is the pseudo-isothermal halo:

 * $$ \rho(r) = \rho_o \left[1+\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^2\right]^{-1}$$

where $$\rho_o$$ denotes the finite central density and $$r_c$$ the core radius. This provides a good fit to most rotation curve data. However, it cannot be a complete description, as the enclosed mass fails to converge to a finite value as the radius tends to infinity. The isothermal model is, at best, an approximation. Many effects may cause deviations from the profile predicted by this simple model. For example, (i) collapse may never reach an equilibrium state in the outer region of a dark matter halo, (ii) non-radial motion may be important, and (iii) mergers associated with the (hierarchical) formation of a halo may render the spherical-collapse model invalid.

Numerical simulations of structure formation in an expanding universe lead to the empirical NFW (Navarro–Frenk–White) profile:

 * $$\rho(r) = \frac{\rho_{crit} \delta_c}{\left(\frac{r}{r_s}\right)\left(1+\frac{r}{r_s}\right)^2}$$

where $$r_s$$ is a scale radius, $$\delta_c$$ is a characteristic (dimensionless) density, and $$\rho_{crit}$$ = $$3H^2/8\pi G$$ is the critical density for closure. The NFW profile is called 'universal' because it works for a large variety of halo masses, spanning four orders of magnitude, from individual galaxies to the halos of galaxy clusters. This profile has a finite gravitational potential even though the integrated mass still diverges logarithmically. It has become conventional to refer to the mass of a halo at a fiducial point that encloses an overdensity 200 times greater than the critical density of the universe, though mathematically the profile extends beyond this notational point. It was later deduced that the density profile depends on the environment, with the NFW appropriate only for isolated halos. NFW halos generally provide a worse description of galaxy data than does the pseudo-isothermal profile, leading to the cuspy halo problem.

Higher resolution computer simulations are better described by the Einasto profile:

 * $$\rho(r) = \rho_e \exp\left[ -d_n \left(\left(\frac{r}{r_e}\right)^{\frac{1}{n}}-1\right)\right]$$

where r is the spatial (i.e., not projected) radius. The term $$d_n$$ is a function of n such that $$\rho_e$$ is the density at the radius $$r_e$$ that defines a volume containing half of the total mass. While the addition of a third parameter provides a slightly improved description of the results from numerical simulations, it is not observationally distinguishable from the 2 parameter NFW halo, and does nothing to alleviate the cuspy halo problem.

Shape
The collapse of overdensities in the cosmic density field is generally aspherical. So, there is no reason to expect the resulting halos to be spherical. Even the earliest simulations of structure formation in a CDM universe emphasized that the halos are substantially flattened. Subsequent work has shown that halo equidensity surfaces can be described by ellipsoids characterized by the lengths of their axes.

Because of uncertainties in both the data and the model predictions, it is still unclear whether the halo shapes inferred from observations are consistent with the predictions of ΛCDM cosmology.

Halo substructure
Up until the end of the 1990s, numerical simulations of halo formation revealed little substructure. With increasing computing power and better algorithms, it became possible to use greater numbers of particles and obtain better resolution. Substantial amounts of substructure are now expected. When a small halo merges with a significantly larger halo it becomes a subhalo orbiting within the potential well of its host. As it orbits, it is subjected to strong tidal forces from the host, which cause it to lose mass. In addition the orbit itself evolves as the subhalo is subjected to dynamical friction which causes it to lose energy and angular momentum to the dark matter particles of its host. Whether a subhalo survives as a self-bound entity depends on its mass, density profile, and its orbit.

Angular momentum
As originally pointed out by Hoyle and first demonstrated using numerical simulations by Efstathiou & Jones, asymmetric collapse in an expanding universe produces objects with significant angular momentum.

Numerical simulations have shown that the spin parameter distribution for halos formed by dissipation-less hierarchical clustering is well fit by a log-normal distribution, the median and width of which depend only weakly on halo mass, redshift, and cosmology:

 * $$\rho(\lambda)d\lambda = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} \sigma_{ln\lambda}} \exp \left[-\frac{\ln\left(\frac{\lambda}{\bar{\lambda}}\right)^2}{2 \sigma^2_{\ln\lambda}}\right] \frac{d\lambda}{\lambda}$$

with $$\bar{\lambda} \approx 0.035$$ and $$\sigma_{ln\lambda} \approx 0.5$$. At all halo masses, there is a marked tendency for halos with higher spin to be in denser regions and thus to be more strongly clustered.

Milky Way dark matter halo
The visible disk of the Milky Way Galaxy is thought to be embedded in a much larger, roughly spherical halo of dark matter. The dark matter density drops off with distance from the galactic center. It is now believed that about 95% of the galaxy is composed of dark matter, a type of matter that does not seem to interact with the rest of the galaxy's matter and energy in any way except through gravity. The luminous matter makes up approximately $9$ solar masses. The dark matter halo is likely to include around $6$ to $3$ solar masses of dark matter. A 2014 Jeans analysis of stellar motions calculated the dark matter density (at the sun's distance from the galactic centre) = 0.0088 (+0.0024 −0.0018) solar masses/parsec^3.

title: Dark matter halo


text:
Francisco Fonseca

José Francisco "Kikin" Fonseca Guzmán (born 2 October 1979) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a striker. He currently works as a football analyst for Televisa Deportes Network.

Club career
Born in León, Guanajuato, Fonseca made his first division debut with La Piedad in the 2001 Invierno season. After two seasons with Piedad, in which he played mostly as a substitute, Fonseca moved to UNAM Pumas, where he emerged as a star. After impressive showing in the 2003 Apertura and Clausura, he cemented his place in the Pumas starting lineup in the 2004 Clausura, during which he helped lead UNAM to a championship. After helping Pumas to a second title in the 2004 Apertura season, he was transferred to Cruz Azul, having registered 25 goals in 81 appearances for Pumas. At the beginning of 2005, Fonseca moved to Cruz Azul in one of the biggest transfers in Mexican league history. In Cruz Azul, he also was an important player playing 60 and registering 2 goals, help Cruz Azul reach the quarterfinals.

Benfica
On 27 July 2006, Fonseca signed a four-year contract with Portuguese club S.L. Benfica. Playing in only eight league games and scoring one goal (he also played in three cup games scoring two goals). His first goal at S.L. Benfica was on 21 December 2006 when he headed in a pass from Nuno Gomes against Belenenses. Kikin scored another two goals in a match of the 4th round of the Taça de Portugal between Oliveira do Bairro SC and Benfica that ended 5–0.

After a half season with Benfica, he was transferred to Mexico's UANL Tigres for the start of the Clausura 2007.

International career
Fonseca was an emerging force at forward for the senior national team. On 2 April 2006, coach Ricardo Lavolpe selected him in the 23 man Mexican squad for the 2006 World Cup, in Germany. He scored his first goal in the 2006 FIFA World Cup against Portugal and won the Man Of The Match Award given by FIFA in the defeat of Mexico versus Portugal. After being selected by Hugo Sánchez for the 2007 Gold Cup, Fonseca was dropped from the squad for the 2007 Copa America due to his low performances and being shown the yellow card two consecutive games for un-called for fouls and complaints against refs. Despite an injury to star striker Jared Borgetti, Fonseca declined invitation to the 2007 Copa America. Even though he was Hugo's first choice, he took Luis Angel Landin instead. On 7 August 2008, Fonseca was called up to join Ericksson's second list of players, after an almost $1 1/2$-year drought of not playing with the national team. He earned a total of 43 caps, scoring 21 goals.

Personal life
Fonseca appears on the North American cover of FIFA 07 alongside Ronaldinho and Landon Donovan.

Honours
La Piedad
 * Liga de Ascenso: Verano 2001

UNAM
 * Mexican Primera División: Clausura 2004, Apertura 2004
 * Campeón de Campeones: 2004
 * Trofeo Santiago Bernabeu: 2004

Tigres UANL
 * North American SuperLiga: 2009

Individual
 * Mexican Primera División Best Forward: Clausura 2006

title: Francisco Fonseca


text:
High sheriff

A high sheriff is a ceremonial officer for each shrieval county of England and Wales and Northern Ireland or the chief sheriff of a number of paid sheriffs in U.S. states who outranks and commands the others in their court-related functions. In Canada, the High Sheriff provides administrative services to the supreme and provincial courts.

The office existed in the Irish Free State, but was abolished in 1926.

In England and Wales, the offices of high sheriff were created at the direction of the Local Government Act 1972 incepting on 1 April 1974. The purpose was to distinguish sheriffs of counties proper from sheriffs of cities and boroughs designated counties corporate. The office is now an unpaid privilege with ceremonial duties, the sheriffs being appointed annually by the Crown through a warrant from the Privy Council except for Cornwall, where the high sheriff is appointed by the Duke of Cornwall (currently the Prince of Wales) and for Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Lancashire, where they are appointed by the monarch in the right of the Duchy of Lancaster. In England and Wales the office's civil (civil judgement) enforcement powers exist but are not exercised by convention.

The website of the High Sheriffs’ Association of England and Wales stated in 2021 that the role was a "non-political Royal appointment", for one year, and unpaid.

England, Wales, and Northern Ireland
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the high sheriff (or in the City of London the sheriffs) are theoretically the sovereign's judicial representative in the county, while the lord-lieutenant is the sovereign's personal and military representative. Their jurisdictions, the shrieval counties, are the ceremonial counties. The post contrasts with that of sheriff in Scotland, who is a judge sitting in a sheriff court.

The word sheriff is a contraction of the term shire reeve. The term, from the Old English scīrgerefa, designated a royal official responsible for keeping the peace (a reeve) throughout a shire or county on behalf of the king. The term was preserved in England notwithstanding the Norman Conquest.

English historians have offered varying estimates as to when the office of the sheriff was established. According to historian George Molyneaux, "the late tenth century is a very plausible period for the introduction of sheriffs, especially in the south." The office reached the height of its power under the Norman kings. While the sheriffs originally had been men of great standing at court, the 13th century saw a process whereby the office devolved on significant men within each county, usually landowners. The Provisions of Oxford (1258) established a yearly tenure of office. The appointments and duties of the sheriffs in England and Wales were redefined by the Sheriffs Act 1887. Under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974, the office previously known as sheriff was retitled high sheriff.

The serving high sheriff submits a list of names of possible future high sheriffs to a tribunal which chooses three names to put to the sovereign. The nomination is made on 12 November every year and the term of office runs from 25 March, Lady Day, which was the first day of the year until 1751. No person may be appointed twice in three years unless there is no other suitable person in the county.

Nomination
The Sheriffs Act 1887 (as amended) provides that sheriffs should be nominated on 12 November (Martinmas), or the Monday following if it falls on a Sunday, by any two or more of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Lord President of the Council, and the Lord Chief Justice of England; other members of the Privy Council; and any two or more judges of the High Court. These amendments were in 1998, the Chancellor of the Exchequer was granted full entitlement, not merely conditional entitlement, if there is no Lord High Treasurer – since the treasurership is by constitutional convention always placed into commission, and in 2006 the Lord Chancellor was removed as a nominating officer through the operation of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005.

These officers nominate three candidates for each county in England and Wales (with the exception of Cornwall, Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Lancashire), which are enrolled on a parchment by the King's Remembrancer.

Eligibility for nomination and appointment as high sheriff under the Sheriffs Act 1887 excludes peers of Parliament, members of the House of Commons, commissioners or officers of Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs, officers of the Post Office and officers of the Navy, Army or Royal Air Force on full pay, clergymen (whether beneficed or not) and barristers or solicitors in actual practice.

Pricking
The practice of pricking is an ancient custom used to appoint the high sheriffs of England and Wales.

In February or March of each year, two parchments prepared the previous November are presented to the Sovereign at a meeting of the Privy Council. A further parchment is drawn up in November for Cornwall and presented to the Duke of Cornwall (or to the sovereign when there is no such duke).

Certain eligible persons (High Court judges and the Privy Council) nominate candidates for each county shrievalty, one of whom is chosen for each by the sovereign. In practice, the first name on the list is nowadays always the one chosen; the second and third names tend to become sheriffs in succeeding years, barring incapacity or death. The sovereign signifies assent by pricking (i.e., piercing) the document with a silver bodkin by the relevant name for each county, and signs the parchment when complete. The parchment for the Duchy of Lancaster is known as the Lites, and the ceremony of selection known as Pricking the Lites. The term lites, meaning list, was once reserved for Yorkshire; the date at which the name was transferred to Lancashire is unknown. The Lites is used for the three shrieval counties that fall wholly or partially within the boundaries of the historic county palatine of Lancaster, since 1 April 1974: Lancashire, Greater Manchester, and Merseyside.

The practice is believed to date back to a year in the reign of Elizabeth I, when, lacking a pen, she decided to use her bodkin to mark the name instead. By contrast, Lord Campbell stated, perhaps without the intention of publication, in February 1847, "[it began] in ancient times, sir, when sovereigns did not know how to write their names." while acquiring a prick and a signature from Queen Victoria as Prince Albert asked him when the custom began. The High Sheriffs' Association argues pricking vellum ensured that the record could not be altered. Given that holders of the office often had to bear large costs and implement unpopular policies altering the choice of the monarch must sometimes have been tempting.

Declaration
The declaration a person must make before taking the office of high sheriff is contained in the second schedule of the Sheriffs Act 1887. Additional words are inserted in the case of the Duchy of Cornwall; for example, the declaration includes: "do solemnly declare that I will well and truly serve the King’s Majesty and also his Royal Highness the Duke of Cornwall".

Responsibilities
Contemporary high sheriffs have few genuine responsibilities and their functions are largely representational, which include attendance at royal visits and a High Court judge opening ceremony, proclamation of a new sovereign, and acting as a returning officer in county constituencies during elections.

Theoretical responsibilities include the well-being and protection of High Court judges, and attending them in court; and the maintenance of the loyalty of subjects to the Crown. However, most of the high sheriff's work is delegated (for example, the local police now protect judges and courts) so that in effect the post of high sheriff is essentially ceremonial.

The high sheriff was traditionally responsible for the maintenance of law and order within the county, although most of these duties are now delegated to the police. As a result of its close links with law and order the position is frequently awarded to people with an association with law enforcement (former police officers, lawyers, magistrates, judges). The high sheriff was originally allowed to kill suspects resisting arrest; this was still legal in the 17th century. Edward Coke noted that when the high sheriff employed constables to assist in his duties the law was also extended to them.

Powers
Under the provisions of the Sheriffs Act 1887, if a sheriff finds any resistance in the execution of a writ he shall "take with him the power of the county" (known as posse comitatus), and shall go in proper person to do execution, and may arrest the resisters and commit them to prison, and every such resister shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

City of London
There are two sheriffs of the City of London, elected annually by the City of London liverymen; their function is similar, but not equivalent to that of high sheriff, since the Sheriffs Act 1887 contains the saving "Nothing in this Act shall affect the privilege of the mayor, commonalty, and citizens of the city of London to elect the sheriffs of London". The sheriffs of London also served as sheriffs for Middlesex until 1889 when the office of High Sheriff of Middlesex was created.

Cornwall
The Duchy of Cornwall's first charter in 1337 states that the Shrievalty of Cornwall, the right to appoint the sheriff for the county, is vested in the Duke of Cornwall. Two further charters, dated 18 March 1337 and 3 January 1338, state that no sheriff of the king shall enter Cornwall to execute the king's writ. The High Sheriff of Cornwall swears to serve both the reigning monarch and Duke of Cornwall (i.e., the crown prince). When there is no Duke of Cornwall, the Duchy Council still sits, but under the trusteeship of the English (since 1707, British) monarch. Only as Duchy Trustee can the monarch appoint the Sheriff of Cornwall. Nomination and appointment generally takes place during Hilary, and announced via the Duchy of Cornwall Office.

Durham
The High Sheriff of Durham was appointed by the Prince-Bishop of Durham until 1836, when the jurisdiction of the county palatine became vested in the Crown. Since then the high sheriffs of Durham have been appointed in the same way as other high sheriffs in England and Wales.

Isle of Ely
After an act of Parliament in 1535/6 ended the palatine status of the Isle, the bishop remained custos rotulorum and appointed a chief bailiff for life to perform the functions of high sheriff within the liberty.

Lancashire
The right to nominate and select high sheriffs in Lancashire is vested in the monarch in right of the Duchy of Lancaster. Before 1974, this right applied only to the High Sheriff of Lancashire, but since the administrative changes of the Local Government Act 1972 (effective 1974), the High Sheriff of Greater Manchester and High Sheriff of Merseyside also come under the jurisdiction of the Duchy of Lancaster. As with other counties in England, three names are nominated to the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster for Lancashire appointments; the chancellor presents these to the monarch with his recommendation in a private audience. New appointments are usually announced during Hilary.

Wales
The nomination of sheriffs in the counties of Wales was first vested by statute in the Council of Wales and the Marches and the Welsh justices under Henry VIII. With the abolition of the Council in 1689, the power of nomination was transferred to the justices of the Court of Great Sessions in Wales. When this court was abolished in 1830, its rights were in turn transferred to the courts of King's Bench, Exchequer, and Commons Pleas. Finally, by an act of Parliament of 1845, the nomination and appointment of sheriffs in Wales was made identical to that in England.

Canada
In Newfoundland and Labrador, the High Sheriff of Newfoundland and Labrador is primarily responsible for providing administrative and enforcement services to the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and the Provincial Courts. The Office of the High Sheriff administers the jury system, provides court security and executes orders and decisions of the court. These Officers act in the name of the Sheriff in accordance with directions given them and the law. They include bailiffs, Deputy Sheriffs, fee-for-service Deputy Sheriffs, and all other employees and staff of the High Sheriff. Sheriff's Officers have both the power and the duty to carry out orders of the Court. They are peace officers under the Criminal Code of Canada and have all the powers and protection of law enforcement officers.

Ireland
The Sheriffs (Ireland) Act 1920 restricted the duties of the high sheriff to summoning of the county grand jury and attending the judge at assizes. In the Irish Free State the Courts of Justice Act 1924 abolished the grand jury and the assizes; and the office of high sheriff was formally abolished by the Court Officers Act 1926. The office continues to exist in Northern Ireland.

United States
The position of high sheriff in the United States generally denotes the superior sheriff in a state, or the head of a statewide sheriff's department. Such a position exists in Rhode Island (executive high sheriff), and Hawaii. In New Hampshire, the ten high sheriffs are the senior law enforcement officers of each county, and have police powers throughout the state.

The Cherokee Nation formerly appointed a high sheriff, who was also the warden and treasurer of the Cherokee National Jail in Oklahoma. The position was created in 1876, after the abolition of the Light Horse. The first Cherokee high sheriff was Sam Sixkiller, appointed in 1876.

title: High sheriff


text:
Talk:Pink Floyd – The Wall

Falklands War?
The article includes the following sentence:
 * "Romero and Cabo place the Nazism and imperialism related symbols in the context of Margaret Thatcher's government and British foreign policy especially concerning the Falklands issue."

The British campaign to retake the Falklands commenced with Operation Black Buck on 1 May 1982 and the war ended on 14 June 1982. The first public screening of the movie was on 23 May 1982 at Cannes. Roger Waters initially conceived the concept of The Wall in 1977 and The Wall album was written and recorded 1978-79. So the Falklands War is not relevant to the movie - although it did influence Roger Waters' writing of the 1983 Pink Floyd album The Final Cut.

Also, Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister of the UK in May 1979 - too late to have influenced the writing of the album. I realise the sentence is sourced but this does not make it true. I suggest this sentence be removed from the article.

FWIW, I believe I know the origins of the neo-Nazi elements of the movie but I cannot cite a source - so adding this to the article would fail WP:OR. Stanley Oliver (talk) 23:00, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Granted I'm replying over two years later, but the article still contains that exact sentence referencing "the Falklands Issue." It's important to understand that a) the Falklands War was the end result of provocations and escalations (aka "the Falklands Issue") over several years, and b) the sentence is describing how symbols were contextualized in the film rather than describing their initial use in the preceding album. 2601:602:8800:7DF0:817:DD17:3652:878F (talk) 2601:602:8800:7DF0:817:DD17:3652:878F (talk) 17:06, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

Currently? When?
Please note WP:RELTIME. Vague time words such as "currently" are better avoided, especially when writing for an encyclopedia. Be specific and say as of when or leave it out entirely.

 * Specifically replace X "The film received generally positive reviews. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes currently gives"
 * with Y "The film received generally positive reviews. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives"
 * and replace X2 "On Metacritic, the film currently holds"
 * with Y2 "On Metacritic, the film holds"

So to reiterate that is 2 requests to delete the word "currently" in both cases (but provided in the strict format requested by the template to avoid ambiguity). I'd also put both aggregators in a single paragraph but I leave that at the discretion of the editor. -- 109.79.80.137 (talk) 01:46, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Helen (💬📖) 19:05, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

Soundtrack release
The article currently states "A soundtrack album from Columbia Records was listed in the film's end credits, but only a single containing "When the Tigers Broke Free" and the rerecorded "Bring the Boys Back Home" were released."

I formerly owned a copy of the soundtrack album, which I bought used in perhaps 1983 or so. I sold it a few years ago so I can't examine it for any publishing information. Unlike the album cover depicted on Genius.com it was basically the same cover as the original album. But it definitely included "When the Tigers Broke Free" although I can't remember the placement in the track listing.

It would be very disappointing to find out that this actually was some rare unreleased pressing that I sold for the price it would get if it was a common album. I'm not sure how to go about researching it though. 2601:602:8800:7DF0:817:DD17:3652:878F (talk) 2601:602:8800:7DF0:817:DD17:3652:878F (talk) 16:48, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pink Floyd – The Wall