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Limpieza de sangre

Limpieza de sangre, also known as limpeza de sangue or neteja de sang , literally 'cleanliness of blood' and meaning 'blood purity', was a racially discriminatory term used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires during the early modern period to refer to those who were considered to be Old Christians by virtue of not having Muslim, Jewish, Romani, or Agote ancestors. In both empires, the term played a major role in discrimination against suspected crypto-Jews or crypto-Muslims. Over the years it manifested into law which excluded New Christians from almost every part of society. In Spain's American colonies, it helped define the casta system and was expanded to include those who were not of indigenous or African descent.

After the Reconquista
By the end of the Christian reconquest of Iberia and the forced conversion or expulsion of Muslim mudéjars and Sephardi Jews in Spain, the populations of Portugal and Spain were all nominally Christian. Spain's population of 7 million included up to a million recent converts from Islam and 200,000 converts from Judaism, who were collectively referred to as "New Christians". Converts from Judaism were referred to as conversos or Marranos and converts from Islam were known as Moriscos. A commonly leveled accusation was that the New Christians were false converts, secretly practicing their former religion as Crypto-Jews or Crypto-Muslims. After the Expulsion of the Jews in March 1492, with the Alhambra Decree, the charge of insincere conversion against Jews brought before the Spanish Inquisition only grew.

The concept of purity of blood came to be focused more on ancestry and "blood" (lineage), rather than on personal religion and beliefs.

The Limpieza de Sangre statutes
The first statute of purity of blood was enacted in Toledo, Spain in 1449 by Governor Pedro Sermiento following the Converso riots. This text stated that all Conversos or individuals whose parents or grandparents had converted to Christianity may not hold public or private office and cannot testify in a court of law. Although this was not an official law, many institutions in Toledo started to enforce the practice of blood purity tests and set the precedent on what it meant to be a true Christian. Initially, these statutes were condemned by the monarchy and the Church; however, in 1496, Pope Alexander VI approved a purity statute for the Hieronymites.

This stratification meant that the Old Christian commoners might assert a right to honor even if they were not in the nobility. The religious and military orders, guilds and other organizations incorporated in their by-laws clauses demanding proof of cleanliness of blood. Upwardly mobile New Christian families had to either contend with discrimination, or bribe officials and falsify documents attesting to generations of Christian ancestry.

The claim to universal hidalguía (lowest nobility) of the Basques was justified by intellectuals such as Manuel Larramendi (1690–1766). Because the Umayyad conquest of Hispania had not reached the Basque territories, it was believed that Basques had maintained their original purity, while the rest of Spain was suspect of miscegenation. The universal hidalguía of Basques helped many of them to positions of power in the administration. This idea was reinforced by the fact that, as a result of the Reconquista, numerous Spanish noble lineages were already of Basque origin.

By the sixteenth century, the limpieza de sangre statutes coalesced to become a systematic effort to exclude conversos from offices in Church and state. They multiplied rapidly due to strong support by cathedral chapters and the colegios mayores (senior colleges), a type of fraternity which included scholarships, tutorial services, and in some cases even chairs within the university structure. This hyper-focus on the purity of blood among individuals with any level of power promoted the elite and exclusive nature of these positions, which were also imbued in and promoted by the letrado bureaucracy, professional civil servants usually with degrees in law as well as churchmen formed a large majority of the Spanish civil service in the sixteenth century. Access to these elite positions was then passed down from generation to generation of graduates from these universities, thus perpetuating an anti-converso mindset.

One example of how limpieza de sangre laws were applied is found in a legal brief composed on behalf of Pedro Francisco Molines concerning his betrothal to Maria Aguiló. This brief argues that he cannot, should not, and will not, marry Maria. It claims that Maria is not of "pure blood," and because of this Pedro has no legal obligation to marry her, and can refuse to do so as not to dirty his clean blood, "being that the aforementioned Aguiló has proven to be the descendant of Jews, and these being disgraced, by said infamy, even if they had been engaged, said Molines should not marry her; because he is of clean blood…" This insistence of the purity of blood not only squelched many familial lines that were established over centuries but also prevented many upward-moving Spaniards of "dirty lineage" from establishing themselves and their families in the socio-economic system of the times. These families were thus pushed to the sidelines of society due to a perceived impurity. This cultivated a connection between ancestry and impurity, values that would consolidate into racism as we understand it today, which was only beginning to form at this time. The last page of the brief also notes that the judge has the right even to imprison Pedro until he finds a more suitable woman of "pure blood" to marry. The brief then closes with the signatures of 15 men agreeing with the clauses and arguments found in it. Many of the signatories are either friars or scholars of canon law, which demonstrates the staunch religious support the limpieza de sangre statutes found.

These statutes were closely related to the Spanish Inquisition. Together they formed a system that bred fear and encouraged hostile witnesses and even perjury, a system under which the discovery of an ancestor with Jewish blood could result in a person's entire familial line losing everything. This practice set the foundations of "race"-based antisemitism.

The limpieza de sangre statutes were not without their dissenters, however, as they potentially challenged the social status of every segment of the population, including conversos and moriscos, the aristocracy who stood to lose standing, the agricultural workers who farmed their lands, and Catholic reformers who saw it as a challenge to the efficacy of baptism and a perversion of Christ’s Millennialism. While these statutes were broadly supported by the highest echelons of power, some of the Spanish population was not in favor of legislated segregation by blood. Many religious leaders condemned the laws, such as Pope Nicholas V in 1451, the Bishop of Cuenca after the initial laws in 1449, Archbishop Carrillo of Toledo, Pope Paul IV of Rome, and many others. However, there were just as many voices who supported the statutes.

Testing and eventual decline
By 1530, tribunals of the Inquisition were urged to make registers of genealogies for each town. Every married man had to submit their genealogies which registered them and their family as Old Christian or New Christian, as pure or impure. If one could not submit proof of a pure bloodline or there was suspicion that the individual was lying, investigations and trials would begin.

Tests of limpieza de sangre had begun to lose their utility by the 18th century; by then only rarely did persons have to endure the grueling inquisitions into distant parentage through birth records. However, laws requiring limpieza de sangre were sometimes maintained even into the 19th century. For example, an edict of 8 March 1804 by King Ferdinand VII resolved that no knight of the military orders might wed without having a council vouch for the limpieza de sangre of his spouse.

Official suppression of such entry requirements for the Army was enacted into law on 16 May 1865, and extended to naval appointments on 31 August of the same year. On 5 November 1865, a decree allowed children born out of wedlock, for whom ancestry could not be verified, to be able to enter into religious higher education (canons). On 26 October 1866, the test of blood purity was outlawed for the purposes of determining who might be admitted to college education. On 20 March 1870, a decree suppressed all use of blood purity standards in determining eligibility for any government position or any licensed profession.

The discrimination was still present into the 20th century in some places such as Majorca, where no Xueta (descendants of the Majorcan conversos) priests were allowed to say Mass in a cathedral until the 1960s. Although all laws were suspended in end of the 19th century, the laws set a precedent which allowed for a new form of religious discrimination based on blood.

Procedure to judge purity of blood
The earliest known case judging limpieza de sangre comes from the Church of Cordoba, that explained the procedure to judge the purity of blood of candidates as follows: kneeling, with right hand placed over the image of a crucifix on a Bible, the candidates confirmed themselves as being of neither Jewish or Moorish extraction. The process of investigation is as follows: commissioners and secretaries with notaries would be sent to the tribunals that the individual under investigation claimed to originated from. They would then gather eight to twelve elders from the tribunal as witnesses and have them testify. The information would then be sent back while the individual awaited trial. Having collected all the reports, the secretary or the notary had to read them all to the council, and a simple majority vote would decide whether the candidate was approved; after approval the candidate had to promise to obey all the laws and customs of the Church. If they were identified by the court as of Jewish descent, the individual and their children would be socially outcast and labeled impure The man from the Church of Cordoba was able to prove his ancestry was free of Jewish or Muslim blood.

Spanish colonies
The concept of limpieza de sangre was a significant barrier for many Spaniards to emigrate to the Americas, since some form of proof of not having recent Muslim or Jewish ancestors was required to emigrate to the Spanish Empire. However, within Spain's overseas territories the concept evolved to be linked with racial purity for both Spaniards and indigenous. Proofs of racial purity were required in a variety of circumstances in both Spain and its overseas territories. Candidates for office and their spouses had to obtain a certificate of purity that proved that they had no Jewish or Muslim ancestors and in New Spain, proof of whiteness and absence of any in the lineage who had engaged in work with their hands.

Additionally, as early as the sixteenth century, shortly after the Spanish colonization of the Americas was initiated, several regulations were enacted in the Laws of the Indies to prevent Jews and Muslims and their descendants from emigrating to and settling in the overseas colonies. There was a thriving business in creating false documentation to allow conversos to emigrate to Spain's overseas territories. The provisions banning emigration were repeatedly stressed in later editions of the Laws, which provides an indication that the regulations were often ignored, most likely because colonial authorities at the time looked the other way as the skills of those immigrants were badly needed. During the period when Portugal and Spain were ruled by the same monarch (15801640), Portuguese merchants, many of whom were crypto-Jews, passing as Christians, became important members of the merchant communities in the viceregal capitals of Mexico City and Lima. When Portugal successfully revolted in 1640 from Spain, the Holy Office of the Inquisition in both capitals initiated intensive investigations to identify and prosecute crypto-Jews, resulting in spectacular autos-da-fé in the mid-seventeenth century.

Society of Jesus
Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits, said that "he would take it as a special grace from our Lord to come from Jewish lineage". In the first 30 years of the Society of Jesus, many Jesuits were conversos. However, an anti-converso faction led to the Decree de genere (1593), which proclaimed that either Jewish or Muslim ancestry, no matter how distant, was an insurmountable impediment for admission to the Society of Jesus - effectively applying the Spanish principle of Limpieza de sangre to Jesuits Europe-wide and world-wide.

Aleksander Maryks interprets the 1593 decree as preventing, despite Ignatius's desires, any Jewish or Muslim Conversos and, by extension, any person with Jewish or Muslim ancestry, no matter how distant, from admission to the Society of Jesus. Jesuit scholar John Padberg states that the restriction on Jewish/Muslim converts was only limited to the degree of parentage. Fourteen years later, this restriction was extended back to the fifth degree. This 16th-century Decree de genere remained in force among the Jesuits far longer than it remained in force in the Spanish state, but over time, the restriction which was related to Muslim ancestry was dropped only leaving people of Jewish ancestry to be excluded. In 1923, the 27th Jesuit General Congregation reiterated, "The impediment of origin extends to all who are descended from the Jewish race, unless it is clear that their father, grandfather, and great grandfather have belonged to the Catholic Church." Only in 1946, in the aftermath of World War II, did the 29th General Congregation drop the requirement, but it still called for "cautions to be exercised before admitting a candidate about whom there is some doubt as to the character of his hereditary background.

title: Limpieza de sangre


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Matthew Rabin

Matthew Joel Rabin (born December 27, 1963) is the Pershing Square Professor of Behavioral Economics in the Harvard Economics Department and Harvard Business School. Rabin's research focuses primarily on incorporating psychologically more realistic assumptions into empirically applicable formal economic theory. His topics of interest include errors in statistical reasoning and the evolution of beliefs, effects of choice context on exhibited preferences, reference-dependent preferences, and errors people make in inference in market and learning settings.

Background
Rabin was the Edward G. and Nancy S. Jordan Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley Economics Department for 25 years before moving to Harvard. He received a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Mathematics from University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1984 and PhD in Economics from MIT in 1989. Before entering MIT, he was a research student at the London School of Economics. He is a member of the Russell Sage Foundation Behavioral Economics Roundtable and co-organizer of the Russell Sage Summer Institute in Behavioral Economics. Rabin has also been a visiting professor at M.I.T., London School of Economics, Northwestern, Harvard, and Caltech, and a visiting scholar at the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, and the Russell Sage Foundation.

His research is directed, among other economic fields, towards behavioral finance and behavioral economics. Rabin works on the economics of individual self-control problems, reference-dependent preferences, fairness motives and mistakes in probabilistic reasoning. He developed Rabin fairness as a model to account for fairness in social preferences. In 2001 he was awarded the John Bates Clark Medal by the American Economic Association and also the MacArthur "Genius" Fellowship. In 2006 he was awarded the John von Neumann Award by the Rajk László College for Advanced Studies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Matthew Rabin


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Giacomo Pacchiarotti

Giacomo Pacchiarotti or Jacopo Pacchiarotto (1474 – 1539 or 1540) was an Italian painter.

Life and Works
He was born in Siena, and worked there. Bernardino Fungai may have been his teacher; Pacchiarotti's style is influenced by Fungai, as well as Matteo di Giovanni, Perugino, and Signorelli. He fled to France where he joined Rosso Fiorentino in the work at Fontainebleau. He may be the Girolamo di Pacchia mentioned by Vasari in his chapter on il Sodoma. He painted a St. Catherine and St. Catherine visits the body of Agnes of Montepulciano now in the Pinacoteca of Siena. He painted frescoes on the Birth of the Virgin and the Annunciation for the church of San Bernardino.

A number of his paintings are in Siena.

He is recorded as having been a designer for pageants, and was active in the Sienese resistance against Florence.

One of his most important works is a tempera on panel representing the Madonna and Child with Saints, was once housed in the Church of Santi Margherita e Matteo in Ortignano Raggiolo, in the province of Arezzo.

'Pacchiarotto, and How He Worked in Distemper'
Pacchiarotto, and How He Worked in Distemper is the title poem of a collection of the same name by Robert Browning, published in 1876. Based loosely on the painter's role in the Sienese resistance, it is a comic poem attacking Browning's critics.

title: Giacomo Pacchiarotti


text: User talk:169.229.151.88

title: User talk:169.229.151.88


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Kiryat Anavim

Kiryat Anavim (קִרְיַת עֲנָבִים, lit. City of Grapes) is a kibbutz in the Judean Hills of Israel. It was the first kibbutz established in the Judean Hills. It is located west of Jerusalem, and falls under the jurisdiction of the Mateh Yehuda Regional Council. In it had a population of.

History
The land on which the kibbutz stands was purchased from the neighboring village of Abu Ghosh, and the name Kiryat Anavim is a hebraization of Qaryat al-'Inab (قرية العنب), the older name of Abu Ghosh, which in turn is identified with the biblical town of Kiriath-Jearim. In 1912 the Abu Ghosh family sold thousands of dunams to Arthur Ruppin, who represented the Zionist movement. In 1919 a group of 6 pioneers from the Ukrainian town of Kamieniec Podolski and Preluki settled on the land, near a small spring called "Dilb" so-called for the surrounding plane trees (dilb; ). The other 20 arrived there in spring of 1920 while five of the group came in December 1920 after liquidation of the farm in Odessa where they learned to become farmers.

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Qiriath Anavim  had a population of 73, all Jews. Increasing in the 1931 census to 109, in 29 houses.

By the end of 1920, there were 200 pioneers on the kibbutz.

During Hanukkah 1925, a group of Hebrew writers convened at Kiryat Anavim to discuss creative ways of promoting the land reclamation and settlement work of the Jewish National Fund. The conference expressed the hope that Jewish authors and intellectuals in the Diaspora would help to further this cause.

The Gordonia group arrived from Galicia, Poland in 1936.

On 9 November 1937, five members of the Gordonia group working on a Jewish National Fund afforestation project near Kiryat Anavim were ambushed and murdered by Arabs. Kibbutz Ma'ale HaHamisha (lit. Hill of the Five), established a year later, was named for them.

During the "Hunting Season", Kiryat Anavim served as a base for the Haganah.

In the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the 4th Battalion of the Palmach (Harel Brigade), with Uzi Narkiss, mounted their fight for Sha'ar HaGai, the road to Jerusalem, and the city itself, from Kiryat Anavim. Kiryat Anavim and the adjacent Ma'ale HaHamisha were the site of a battle for Mount Hagana between the Palmach (including troops that retreated from the Radar Hill) and the Transjordanian Arab Legion.

On 6 September 1996, a fire in the Jerusalem corridor caused extensive damage in Kiryat Anavim and surroundings. Fifteen homes and 10 other buildings were damaged in the blaze.

Economy
In the early days, the pioneers operated a dairy and a poultry farm. In 1968, the kibbutz produced cherries, peaches, grapes, and plums; and operated a guest house, cotton fields and orange groves. Anavid Insulation Products, founded in 1981, is wholly owned by Kibbutz Kiryat Anavim. The plant produces thermal insulation and sealing materials. In June 2013, the kibbutz opened the Cramim hotel which offers a spa treatment based on vinotherapy.

Landmarks
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, many who fell in battle to secure the road to Jerusalem were buried at the kibbutz cemetery. A memorial monument was designed for the cemetery by Israeli artist Menahem Shemi, whose son Aharon-Jimmy, a Palmach Harel Brigade company commander, was killed in action at Hartuv and is buried in the cemetery. Soldiers of the Harel Brigade are among those interred here.

title: Kiryat Anavim


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Talk:Monguor people

Can it be
they are Tuvans? Mikkalai 01:13, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

- The Tuvans are a seperate unrelated ethnic group. Abstrakt 04:50, 9 December 2005 (UTC) --- The Tuvans are Turkic ethnic group; Chinese Tuvans live in Xinjiang and are considered by PRC government as cpart of Mongol (Mengguzu) nationality. Monguors are Mongolic people, but are viewed in China as separate group. They live in Qinghai province, So there is only simple similarity between names of this groups and no direct relation. Uncle Martin.

Language
"They don't have a script until recently." That's not correct. They used literary Mongolian and there were several attempts to create a writing system for the Tu language. Until today, there is no officially recognised writing system. Babelfisch 05:33, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

move to Monguor?
I wonder if we should move this page to Monguor? As a general rule, we should be using the more common English names for people and things, which is probably "Tu" in this case. However, I also think that, where no form of the name is clearly predominant, we should favour the name the people themselves use. I wonder which category this falls into? - Nat Krause(Talk!) 00:32, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

materials available at internet archive:
THE MONGUORS OF THE KANSU-TIBETAN FRONTIER

Author: Louis M. J. Schram

http://www.archive.org/details/TheMonguorsOfTheKansu-tibetanFrontier

Learning English in Mongghul: Part 9 (1995)

http://www.archive.org/details/Mongghul —Preceding unsigned comment added by Umay (talk • contribs) 09:19, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Dialects
I added some information on the three dialects under the Language section on the main page, but I don't have my sources with me so I'm not able to add the proper citations right now. If anyone else has books or other sources on this, please add some citations to that section! --Politizer (talk) 12:35, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Help
User Alexjhu just made many very broad edits to the article without including any edit summaries, and it's very difficult right now for me to tell what has changed. I have looked through the edits and most of them look like they're good edits that we'll want to keep, but for some I just can't tell. Most of the edits have added a good amount of information and footnotes, but there has also been some deletion, so I think we need to check to make sure that nothing important has been lost among all the additions, and to see if things need to be formatted differently, new sections created, etc.

Can someone who is more familiar with this article (ie, someone who has worked on it recently) take a look at these major edits and see if you can tell what's happened?

Thanks, --Politizer (talk) 14:02, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Response from Alexjhu
I have been conducting extensive amount of research and writing on the history and culture of the Xianbei, who are known as "Monguor" in the West and "Tu" in China until recently.

Since two years ago, I have been regularly editing this Wikipedia article. As my research progressed and more discoveries were made, I updated this page. Thanks.

--Alexjhu —Preceding undated comment added 02:10, 23 August 2009 (UTC).

POV
The article is too one sided, arguing "Monguor" are another oppressed group and using Chinese of PRC sources (which confuse me as most books in PRC are checked by the administration,why would PRC allow independence books like this?). Also using a good and well sources just for one sentence, but fails supports the next sentence is frequent in this article. It did it's purpose of making this Article look "legit".

Quote BurdenOfAges:

"The reason is that the author uses a lot of sources, which makes the edits look legitimate. In fact, they might be legitimate if not for the fact that he seems to cite sources that are both obscure and which do not really say what he interprets them to say. For example, the [32] above, which the author uses to argue that the Ming Dynasty was the only dynasty created by Chinese, links to the following book:

Yang, Jun [杨军] and Lü Jingzhi [吕净植] (2008). Xianbei di guo chuan qi [Legends of the Xianbei Empires] 鲜卑帝国传奇. Beijing [北京], Zhongguo guo ji guang bo chu ban she [Chinese International Broadcasting Press] 中国国际广播出版社.

I found a description of this book at: http://www.chinajnbook.com/book/history/h636.htm

It turns out, the book is simply a book about the Xianbei's contributions to China, and which claims that the Tang emperors were of mixed-blood heritage - which is pretty common knowledge. What is interesting is that the book's descriptions state outright that the Tang royalty was a mix of the Chinese "Han nationality" and the "Xianbei nationality," yet the author of the wiki page uses this to claim that the Tang were exclusively Xianbei, and that there was no Chinese-created dynasty before the Ming (what happened to the Han and the Song? what about the southern dynasties?). Moreover, a careful look at the book indicates that it's probably a fringe book, since it claims that the Xianbei were a Yan-Huang descended, "golden-haired blue-eyed caucasian" race (!!!), which I don't think I've ever heard of in historical circles until now.

All in all, it makes me really skeptical about the author's intentions. " --LLTimes (talk) 21:46, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Thank you for the insight and comment. This article has been an ongoing progress as part of a larger project. As my research and writing continues, I will supply more substance in the coming days as my schedule permits. Alexjhu —Preceding undated comment added 06:19, 7 October 2009 (UTC).

 * Hi LLTimes, Rjanag, and TheLeopard, thanks for tagging and removing the POV materials from this article. You might be interested in this same editor's treatment of Donghu, which is currently under mediation. Best wishes, Keahapana (talk) 18:09, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

A Reply
I have no other objective than straightening the ethnic origins and history of the “Monguor”/“Tu.” What I presented in the article is part of a journal article to come out in print soon. Thanks to those of you who have provided feedbacks and other assistance.

The WP article is mostly a synthesis of what has already been published. The final sections were based on my impressions. Until the journal article comes out, I cannot provide the citation. Please feel free to edit or remove the controversial parts. In the article, I made three original interpretations or discoveries:

1). I interpreted that the Mongolian reference of Western Xia as “Tangut” meant “Donghu,” from whom the “Monguor”/“Tu” had descended.

2). I interpreted that the national title of Western Xia, “Bai Gao,” or “White and Mighty,” represent the founding ethnic group, the “Monguor”/“Tu” who have been referred to as “White Section,” and the majority of the population referred to as “Qiang” whom I found to be comprised of the relocated Miao/Hmong. Previously, Western scholars had speculated that “Bai Gao” came from some religious symbols, whereas recent Chinese publications attributed it to represent a phantom river that could not be found either in the past or at present. I believe my interpretation makes stronger sense.

3). While debating with the others on the interpretation of the name “Donghu,” I came across with a finding that the name of “Xiongnu,” which had perplexed the Chinese and Western scholars, came from a combination of the clan name “Xiongxiong” and personal name “Nunu” of their highest leader.

For the recent book written by Yang Jun [杨军] and Lü Jingzhi [吕净植] (2008. Legends of the Xianbei Empires. Beijing, Chinese International Broadcasting Press), I have three comments:

A). This is the first book published on the mainland China that formally attributed the Sui and Tang Dynasties to be founded by the Xianbei. Earlier Chen Yinke attributed the Sui and Tang to be founded by the Xianbei based on the cultural characteristics of the two dynasties, although he believed that the emperors were “Han.” In response to a Japanese scholar, 金井之忠, who pointed out the emperors were Xianbei, Chen wrote articles in rebuttal. In retrospect, Chen examined only the paternal lineage of the emperors who, after adopting the Chinese names since Northern Wei, became indistinguishable from the “Han.” The current book attributed the emperors to be Xianbei by examining both their paternal and maternal lineages as well cross examining other historical documents.

B). The first author of the book, Yang Jun, is a professor of history with a Ph.D. in Pre-Qin History, and had published four books, two translated books, and two textbooks in addition to more than forty journal articles. The book came across as well-researched. The internet introduction of it characterized that the Xianbei had “golden hair and blue eyes.” This kind of characterizations could not be found in the book content and may have been put up by the publisher to get people’s attention or as a marketing strategy. It may be related to the traditional characterizations of the Xianbei as “chi xu” (赤须, lit. “red beard or hair”), “xi mian” (皙面, lit. “clean or white face”), and “lu tong” (绿瞳, lit. “blue eyes or pupils”), or as “mian bai xu huang” (面白须黄, lit. “face white and beard or hair yellow”)(See Chen Yinke [陳寅恪] and Wang Shengnan [万绳楠] (2007). Chen Yinke wei jin nan bei chao shi jiang yan lu [Lecture Records of Chen Yinke on the History of the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties] 陈寅恪魏晋南北朝史讲演录. Guiyang [贵阳], Guizhou ren min chu ban she [Guizhou People's Press] 贵州人民出版社]. Pages 86-87). These were exaggerated descriptions and may in fact have represented “dark brown hair,” “light skin,” and “blue conjunctiva.” Some of these features can still be seen among the Xianbei today. That the Xianbei had descended from the Yellow Emperor was documented in “The Book of Wei” (魏书).

C). The book wrote: “from Northern Wei to the fall of Qing Dynasty in 1911, all the dynasties except the Ming were founded by the northern ethnic groups” (p. 232). That the Song Dynasty was not founded by the sedentary Chinese is common knowledge among most Chinese scholars and the general public. The reason is that the Song emerged from Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms founded by the northern nomadic peoples. Its precursor was Later Han (947-950) founded by the Shatuo Turk, Liu Zhiyuan, and Guo Wei, the latter of whom carried out a coup to establish Later Zhou (951-960). In both the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, the Xianbei played substantial roles.

I am not a trained historian. Your comments and suggestions would be appreciated, as much as your help to improve the article. Alexjhu —Preceding undated comment added 02:47, 21 October 2009 (UTC).

A Summary
Since my article entitled as “An Overview of the History and Culture of the Xianbei (‘Monguor’/‘Tu’) published in Asian Ethnicity 2010, 11 (1): 95-164 is very long, below I will highlight some of its key significances or discoveries: 1) The article clarifies the ambiguities and controversies concerning the ethnic origins and history of the Xianbei (“Monguor”/“Tu”). Although they have been extensively studied and reported by the Western scholars since the mid-1800s, their history has been misunderstood, especially following the misconstruction of the Flemish missionary Schram. The article reviews the latest research findings and sets the record straight. 2) The article takes a new view on the complex history of China, which has been systematically rewritten or distorted in the past two millenniums. Whereas the post-Yuan history after the Mongols of the thirteenth century has been better known, the earlier dynasties were not, especially the important role of the Xianbei, from whom the Mongols were accounted to have descended by the Chinese scholars. The article reviews the earlier Xianbei dynasties, and also briefly touches on the importance of the northern nomads in developing the pre-historical Chinese civilization. 3) The article points the ethnic background of the founders of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the latter of which led China to reach the peak of its civilization, to the Xianbei based on the genealogies of the emperors and the cultural characteristics of these dynasties. They inherited the political structure laid down by the Northern Wei of the Xianbei, which in turn was inherited by the subsequent Chinese dynasties. This indicates that the ancient Chinese social and political structure was developed by the Xianbei, whereas the territory of China as one of the largest in the world was accomplished by the Mongols of the Yuan and reinforced by the Manchus of the Qing. This means that China would not be what it is without the northern nomads. 4) The article presents an alternative view on the functions of the Great Wall. It was conventionally claimed to have been constructed to protect China from the invasions of the northern nomads. From historical perspectives, it was built for offensive functions to carry out military campaigns to subjugate the northern nomads, and defensive functions to protect the troops for retreat. 5) The article presents the origins for the English reference of “Tibet,” which had perplexed the international scholars. It came from the reference of “Tiebie” used by the “Monguor”/“Tu,” which in turn was derived from the Tuofa Xianbei who had founded Southern Liang. The Tuofa were of the same descent as the Tuoba Xianbei who founded Northern Wei in China proper. After Southern Liang fell, a small fraction of the Tufa Xianbei went into the Tibetan areas and gave rise to the reference “Tiebie”, which evolved into the ethnonym. Both in the Tibetan governance and religion, the Xianbei “Monguor”/“Tu” played substantial roles and their elites had considerable mergers. The above findings represented mostly a synthesis of the Chinese sources, especially the latest publications that saw an increased openness and a shift toward the post-modernistic deconstruction of the conventional presumptions made of the Chinese history. Below is a summary of the original discoveries presented in the article: A) The article interprets the genetic relatedness between the “Monguor”/“Tu” and the Xi’an people as further genetic evidence that the Sui and Tang Dynasties were founded by the Xianbei. It suggested that the Xi’an people were the descendants of the Xianbei, who from the Northern Wei through the Sui and Tang Dynasties made Xi’an as one of their dual capitals. This is the only explanation for their genetic relatedness. B) Based on the cultural and linguistic characteristics, combined with historical research, the article points to the fact that those who were classified as “Han” were not of the same ethnic group, and that “Han” was a political identity imposed upon diverse ethnic groups. Since more than one billion people have been labeled as such and indoctrinated with blatantly chauvinistic ideologies for over half a century, the article warns potential dangers embedded in it. As a political scheme perhaps necessitated by the domestic and international contexts when PR China was founded, the rapid development of the country now indicates modifications. The article espouses a new ideology of Ethnic Relativism to advocate that no ethnic group is inherently “superior” or “inferior” and to grant each ethnic group with equal dignity and decency which, combined with the effort to narrow the economic gaps, may help to make China become more “harmonious” as so aimed by the Government. C) The research discovered an interesting link between the “Monguor”/“Tu” and the relocated Hmong/Miao, in that the latter formed the majority of the population in the Tuyuhu and Western Xia Kingdoms founded by the Xianbei in the northwest. This led to a new interpretation for the national title of Western Xia as “Bai Gao” (or “White and Mighty”). Within it, “Bai” (“White”) represented the founding ethnic group, the “Monguor”/“Tu,” who were historically referred to as the “White Section” and “White Mongols” due to their lighter skin, and “Gao” (“Mighty”) represented the majority of the population who were summarily referred to as “Qiang” and comprised the relocated Hmong/Miao from central China about four thousand years ago. Previously, “Bai Gao” was interpreted to represent a religious symbol by the Western scholars, whereas the Chinese scholars attributed it to a phantom river. D) The article makes a new interpretation for the Mongolian reference of Western Xia as “Tangut” that it represented “the Donghu people” from whom the “Monguor”/“Tu” had come from in Manchuria. This corroborated with the theories of the Outer Mongolian scholars who have held that the Mongols had descended from the Xiongnu whereas the Chinese scholars attributed their origins to the Xianbei. The differences reflected alternations in the self references of the Xiongnu and Xianbei through history. E) The article also makes a new interpretation for the name of “Xiongnu” as having come from a combination of the clan name “Xiongxiong” and personal name “Nunu” of their highest leader at a shift of political power, based on the reference of the clans with Xiongnu descent as “Xiongxiong” and the common name of “Nuernuer” among the “Monguor”/“Tu.” Historically they were referred to as “Hun” in the Western literature. The second character “nu,” meaning “slave” and “servant” in their name was believed to be inserted for derogatory purposes by the Western and some Chinese scholars. F) The article presents a new discovery that the name of “Chiyou,” from whom the Hmong/Miao were believed to have descended, was pronounced as “Chiyi” in archaic Chinese phonology. This resonated with the Hmong shaman’s god in the U.S. as referred to as “Shiyi” or “Shee Yee.” The latter spelling was used by Ann Fadiman in her book entitled “The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down.” This corroborated with the assumption that the Hmong/Miao had descended from Chiyou, the mighty leader who was defeated by Huang Di, or the Yellow Emperor, who had come from the northern nomads and laid down the foundations for the Chinese civilization. The above finding in F combined with C corroborated with the oral traditions of the Hmong that they had founded a powerful kingdom that lasted four to five centuries. The account was presented in the Hmong history written by the earlier Western scholars but doubted by recent researchers. After the fall of the Tuyuhu and Western Xia kingdoms, some of the Xianbei (“Monguor”/“Tu”) seemed to have migrated southward into Yunnan and Guizhou through the “ethnic corridor” in Sichuan. Likewise, the original “Qiang” from these two kingdoms may have migrated to join the other Hmong/Miao settlements and brought the legends of the kingdoms with them. This will be elaborated more in my upcoming book to be revised from the doctoral dissertation entitled as “Under the Knife: medical ‘noncompliance’ in Hmong immigrants” to be published by Russell Sage.

Sincerely, Alexjhu (talk) 07:39, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

section blanking
massive blanking by multiple accounts have taken place over the past few weeks. the accounts were created with the single purpose of blanking the page. If you have a problem with it, please come to the talk page and discuss the article before unexplained deletion.DÜNGÁNÈ (talk) 03:25, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

I didn't notice, having just come to this article, what the blanker or blankers may have done but it is clear that most of this article was written by a single individual and is about her or his imagined connections the people currently classified as Tu in China have with such groups as the Donghu and Xianbei. The section on Tibet should also be removed. Utamin (talk) 00:02, 16 August 2011 (UTC)

Useful source
"The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization" by Louis M. J. Schram, and also contributed by Owen Lattimore is a useful source. it should be used to possible replace some information in the article.DÜNGÁNÈ (talk) 03:42, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

A BETTER SOURCE FOR SCHRAM'S WORK IS HERE: http://www.archive.org/details/TheMonguorsOfTheKansu-tibetanFrontier IT'S A FREE DOWNLOAD AND HAS NEW PREFACES/ INTROS. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.136.42.84 (talk) 07:45, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

I've read the article by Schram. The problem with this WP article is that most of it was written by someone who disagrees with what Schram wrote, and who prefers to use Chinese languages sources in its place. This raises the general issue of representing the state of Chinese scholarship, which I don't think is done properly. Many of the claims made in the article seem to state only one side of the story and utilizes sources to this effect. Yet, with the mass of writing being produced in China, all sorts of arguments can be made in this manner, and the result of this process is POV. Without a NPOV editor with a broad knowledge of the state of Chinese scholarship mediating, I can't see how one would be able to make good, NPOV use of Chinese sources. A while ago I went and changed some of the more obvious POV edits, but the question is how one would proceed from here. Lathdrinor (talk) 20:55, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

Schram's most widely read work isn't "an article" but three volumes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mininahur (talk • contribs) 22:34, 6 October 2011 (UTC) you have Inner Mongolia incident on Wikipedia if you want sources about Inner Mongolian Chahar Mongol orphans who were brought up as Momguor — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.108.245.35 (talk) 11:48, 27 March 2020 (UTC) The Inner Mongolia incident a heading in Wikipedia provides the background for the adoption of alleged survivor orphan Inner Mongolian Chahar Mongol children as Mongour — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.108.245.35 (talk) 12:09, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

Charles Kevin Stuart's republished edition of Louis M. J. Schram's work on Monguors
http://library.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/reada/monguors.pdf

http://tibetanplateau.wikischolars.columbia.edu/file/view/Monguors.pdf/151532361/Monguors.pdf

http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/rarebooks/downloads/Schram_Monguors.pdf

Rajmaan (talk) 01:55, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

The Monguor (Tu) nadun of the Guanting/Sanchuan Region, Qinghai, China
http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/films/nadun/downloads/Anthropos_Nadun.pdf

Rajmaan (talk) 04:30, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 00:22, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Monguor people


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/JonGwynne/Proposed decision

all proposed

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority aye vote will be enacted.
 * Items that receive a majority nay vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority aye or nay vote will be open to possible amendment by any Arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.

Conditional votes for or against and abstentions should be explained by the Arbitrator before or after his/her time-stamped signature. For example, an Arbitrator can state that she/he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were enacted.

On this case, 0 Arbitrators is/are recused and 1 is away/inactive, so 6 votes are a majority.

Proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on.
 * For all items:

Motions and requests by the parties
Place those on the discussion page.

Proposed temporary injunctions
Four net aye votes needed to pass (each nay vote subtracts an aye) 24 hours from the first vote is normally the fastest an injunction will be imposed.

Template
1) {text of proposed orders}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

=Proposed final decision=

No personal attacks
1) No personal attacks.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 19:24, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)
 * Ambi 14:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 15:02, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 15:37, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 07:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:28, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 19:52, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Civility
2) Wikipedia users are expected to behave civilly and calmly in their dealings with other users. If disputes arise, users are expected to utilise dispute resolution procedures instead of merely attacking each other.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 19:24, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)
 * Ambi 14:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 15:02, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 15:37, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 07:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:28, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 19:52, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Consensus
3) As put forward in Dispute resolution, Wikipedia works by building consensus. This is done through the use of polite discussion, in an attempt to develop a consensus regarding proper application of Policies and guidelines such as Neutral point of view. Surveys and the Request for comment process are designed to assist consensus-building when normal talk page communication has not worked.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 19:24, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)
 * Ambi 14:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 15:02, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 15:37, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 07:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:28, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 19:52, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Neutral point of view
4) Wikipedia's neutral point-of-view (NPOV) policy contemplates inclusion of all significant points of view regarding any subject on which there is division of opinion.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:33, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)
 * Ambi 14:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 15:37, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 07:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:28, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 19:52, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * Don't like the way this can be interperted. Osama bin Laden's point-of-view of Jews, for example is significant (it being shared by many). This doesn't mean that bin Laden's view should be given equal space in the Jew article. Neutralitytalk 21:59, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Personal attacks
1) JonGwynne has engaged in personal attacks.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 14:04, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 14:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 14:58, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 15:02, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 07:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:28, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 19:52, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Incivility
2) JonGwynne has at times resorted to comments which, although not necessarily rising to the level of personal attacks, can be considered incivil.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:33, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 14:04, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 14:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 15:02, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 07:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:28, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 19:52, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Revert warring
3) JonGwynne has refused to accept consensus on articles related to global warming and has continued to revert war in order to promote a particular point of view despite being blocked numerous times for violation of the three revert rule, , ,.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:33, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 14:04, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 14:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 15:02, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 07:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:28, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 20:10, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Proposed remedies
Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.

POV parole
1) JonGwynne is placed on POV parole for up to and including one year. If he re-inserts any edits which are judged by a majority of those commenting on the relevant talk page in a 24-hour poll to be a violation of the NPOV policy, then he shall be temp-banned for a short time, up to one week. Repeat deletions of text, similarly judged to result in a violation of NPOV, shall be treated in the same way.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 21:46, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)
 * Ambi 14:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 15:02, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * Fred Bauder 15:42, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC) I will always oppose a remedy which gives the majority of those editing an article the ability to block another user on the basis of addition or removal of content.
 * Delirium 23:28, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC) Don't think this is a good idea.
 * This does need to be addressed, but in different fashion. See 3) below. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 16:16, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 20:14, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:
 * Fred has a point; gonna have to think about it ➥the Epopt 07:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Personal attack parole
2) JonGwynne is placed on standard personal attack parole for three months. If he makes any edits which are judged by an administrator to be personal attacks, then he shall be temp-banned for a short time of up to one week.

 * Aye:
 * I've seen enough incivility here to warrant this, I think. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 21:46, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)
 * Ambi 14:26, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 15:02, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 15:44, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 07:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:28, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 20:14, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Revert limitation
3) JonGwynne is limited to one revert per 24 hour period on articles related to global warming; violations shall be interpreted as violations of the three revert rule..

 * Aye:
 * I propose this as an alternate way to curb revert warring and POV-pushing. Grunt 🇪🇺 16:14, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 20:14, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delirium 04:55, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 05:04, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 15:33, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 15:49, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:01, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Template
1) {text of proposed enforcement}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

=Discussion by Arbitrators=

Motion to close
Four net Aye votes needed to close case (each Nay vote subtracts an Aye) 24 hours from the first motion is normally the fastest a case will close.

 * I move to close now that the new revert remedy has passed along with everything else. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 19:55, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * Aye ➥the Epopt 20:51, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * fine by me Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 21:49, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 01:02, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Hugh Law

Hugh Law, PC (Ire), QC (19 June 1818 – 10 September 1883) was an Irish lawyer, politician and Lord Chancellor of Ireland.

Born in County Down, son of John Law of Woodlawn and Margaret Crawley of Cullaville, Law was educated at the Royal School, Dungannon, and thereafter at Trinity College Dublin, where he was elected a Scholar in 1837 and received a Bachelor of Arts in 1839. He became a barrister in 1840 and a Queen's Counsel in 1860, practising mainly in Dublin and specialising in equity.

In politics, he started as a Conservative, but quickly turned to the Liberals. He drafted the Irish Church Act 1869 which disestablished the Church of Ireland: the drafting has been called "a monument to his skill and learning". He was also largely responsible for the drafting of the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870, and during the passage of the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 was noted for his conciliatory approach and willingness to accept Opposition amendments.

He became Law Adviser to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Spencer, in 1868. He became a Bencher of the King's Inns in 1870 and was appointed in turn Solicitor-General for Ireland in 1872, Attorney-General for Ireland in 1873, and a member of the Irish Privy Council on 24 February 1874. His promotion was regarded as a proper reward for his services to the Liberals, despite the practical problem that until 1874 he did not have a seat in Parliament and therefore could not speak for the Government in the Commons. In 1874 he was elected a Member of Parliament for County Londonderry. He was appointed Attorney-General by the Liberal Prime Minister Gladstone in 1880, before becoming Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1881. As Attorney General he prosecuted Charles Stewart Parnell and other leading members of the Irish National Land League for conspiracy.

Death
Hugh Law died suddenly aged 65 on 10 September 1883, from inflammation of the lungs, at Rathmullan, County Donegal. was remembered as a judge whose decisions commanded universal respect.

Family
He married Helen Maria White, daughter of William White of Dublin, on 17 March 1863; she died in 1875. His eldest son later bought the historic Ardbraccan House, the former palace of the Lord Bishop of Meath, from the Church of Ireland.

His second son, also called Hugh Law, sat initially as a Nationalist MP in the House of Commons and later served in Dáil Éireann as a Cumann na nGaedheal TD from June 1927 until 1932.

title: Hugh Law


text:
Conococheague Creek

Conococheague Creek, a tributary of the Potomac River, is a free-flowing stream that originates in Pennsylvania and empties into the Potomac River near Williamsport, Maryland. It is 80 mi in length, with 57 mi in Pennsylvania and 23 mi in Maryland. The watershed of Conococheague Creek has an area of approximately 566 sqmi, out of which only 65 sqmi (12% of the area) are in Maryland.

The word "Conococheague" is translated from the Delaware Indian or Unami-Lenapi term òk'chaxk'hanna, which means "many-turns-river." The Conococheague, or Connogochegue, as it was known at the time, was the northernmost extent of the range along the Potomac within which Congress in the Residence Bill of 1790 authorized the establishment of the Federal District, known as the District of Columbia. By presidential proclamation, George Washington placed the District at the lower end of the range, near the "Eastern Branch", later Anacostia River, which marked the southernmost extent of the Residence Bill's range.

The water divide between Conococheague Creek and Conodoguinet Creek is sometimes used as the boundary between the Hagerstown Valley and the Cumberland Valley.

Main stem above the West Branch
Conococheague Creek, above its confluence with its West Branch, is sometimes referred to as the East Branch Conococheague Creek. At 53.1 mi, the "East Branch" is 7 mi shorter than the West Branch. It rises in the South Mountain range of south-central Pennsylvania, forming in northwestern Adams County between East Big Flat Ridge and Piney Mountain. The creek flows southwest, turning west at Caledonia State Park, and continues past Fayetteville into the Great Appalachian Valley, turning southwest at Chambersburg and flowing west of Greencastle.

The creek from Fayetteville to its confluence with Back Creek near Williamson is very polluted from farm runoff. Over the past 30 years there has been a steady decline in the number of available native fish species, such as yellow perch, eel, horned chub, calico bass, rock bass, and white sucker, and overall water quality due to sediment collection on the bottom, thereby severely limiting the ability of these native species to spawn. This in turn has made parts of the lower East Branch ideal for catching huge crayfish at night; however, the food value of this species, due to pollution, is dubious at best.

West Branch Conococheague Creek
The West Branch Conococheague Creek flows for 60.0 mi, almost the entire length of western Franklin County, before joining the main branch near the borough of Greencastle. The West Branch is the more pure of the two, owing mostly to the fact that a large portion of it runs through wilderness, making for very fine smallmouth bass, warmouth and rock bass fishing. However, there are a few small sewage treatment plants on the lower West Branch, starting at Fort Loudon, that make the lower West Branch less hospitable to native species' spawning. Northern pike and pickerel have been caught in the creek.

The West Branch flows southwest along the Tuscarora Trail to around Fort Loudon, then turns south, and finally southeast, joining the main stem 8.2 km north of the Mason–Dixon line.

The Bridge in Metal Township crosses the West Branch Conococheague Creek at Metal Township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Main stem below the West Branch
Conococheague Creek continues south into Maryland and enters the Potomac near Williamsport, where the Great Philadelphia Wagon Road crossed the river at William's Ferry, continuing on to Winchester, Virginia. The crossing is where Braddock's forces crossed the Potomac after leaving Frederick on their way to Winchester. The Tuscarora Trail crosses the Conococheague.

title: Conococheague Creek


text:
Spinka (Hasidic dynasty)

Spinka is the name of a Hasidic group within Haredi Judaism. The group originated in a city called Szaplonca (Spinka), in Máramaros County, Kingdom of Hungary (today Săpânţa, Romania).

Spinka rebbes
The first Spinka Rebbe was Rabbi Yosef Meir Weiss, author of Imrei Yosef. He was succeeded by his son, Rabbi Yitzchak Isaac Weiss, author of Chakal Yitzchak. The Chakal Yitzchak was murdered by the Nazis in the Holocaust. Another son, Naftali Weiss, the Bilker Rebbe, is a prominent subject in the Auschwitz Album of rare photographs taken at the death camp.

After World War II, the group was divided among many Rebbes, descendants of the Imrei Yosef. Spinka Rebbes can be found in Williamsburg, Borough Park, Flatbush, Kiryas Joel, Monsey, Bnei Brak, London, Antwerp, throughout Israel, and Europe. All are offshoots of the original dynasty. Several Spinka Rebbes live in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn alone (Toldos Tzvi, Beis Yitxchok, and Beis Shmuel Tzvi communities), and Israeli branches are found in Jerusalem and Bnei Brak.

Among the surnames of the Spinka Rebbes are Weiss (or Weisz), Kahana, and Horowitz.

Lineage of Spinka rebbes

 * Rabbi Yosef Meir Weiss, (1838–1909 (ו' אייר תרס"ט)) – Author of Imrei Yosef
 * Rabbi Yitzchak Isaac Weiss, (1875–1944) – Author of Chakal Yitzchak, son of the Imrei Yosef
 * Rabbi Yisrael Chaim Weiss, (d. 1944) – son of the Chakal Yitzchak
 * Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Weiss, (1916–1988) – Spinka Rebbe in Boro Park and Bnei Brak Author of Siach Yaakov – son of Rabbi Yisrael Chaim
 * Rabbi Naftali Tzvi Weiss – Spinka Rebbe – son of Rabbi Yaakov Yosef
 * Rabbi Yisrael Chaim Weiss – Spinka Donalow Rebbe of Bnei Brak – son of Rabbi Yaakov Yosef
 * Rabbi Meir Eleazer Weiss – Spinka 18th Ave Rebbe of Boro Park has synagogue also in Jerusalem – son of Rabbi Yaakov Yosef

Lineage of Spinka Rebbes (Horowitz branch)

 * Rabbi Yosef Meir Weiss – (1838–1909 (ו' אייר תרס"ט)) – Author of Imrei Yosef
 * Rabbi Yitzchak Isaac Weiss – (1875–1944) – Author of Chakal Yitzchak, son of the Imrei Yosef
 * Rabbi Avraham Abish Horowitz of Kruly, son-in-law of the Chakal Yitzchak
 * Rabbi Shmuel Tzvi Horowitz – Spinka Rebbe of Williamsburg – affectionately known as "Reb Hershele Spinker", son of Rabbi Abish of Kruly
 * Rabbi Yissachar Dov Berish Horowitz, (d. 2007 (י"ט תשרי תשס"ח)- Spinka Rebbe in Williamsburg – Beis Shmuel Tzvi Synagogue – the eldest son of Reb Hershele Spinker
 * Rabbi Yosef Meir Horowitz – Spinka Rebbe in Williamsbug – Beis Shmuel Tzvi Synagogue – eldest son of Reb Berish Spinker.
 * Rabbi Moshe Yaakov Horowitz – Spinka Rebbe in Airmont – Oholei Tzvi Synagogue – son Of Reb Berish Spinker.
 * Rabbi Ahron Dovid Horowitz – Zabiltover Rebbe in Williamsburg – son Of Reb Berish Spinker.
 * Rabbi Abraham Abish Horowitz Shlit"a – (A.K.A. Abish Spinka) Spinka Rebbe in Williamsburg – Beis Yitzchak Spinka Synagogue – son of Reb Hershele Spinker – Son in law of Rabbi Ahron Mordechai Rothner of Jerusalem
 * Rabbi Yitzchak Isaac Horowitz (A.K.A. Isaac Spinka) – Spinka Rebbe in Williamsburg – Toldos Tzvi Spinka Synagogue – son of Reb Hershele Spinker
 * Rabbi Nuta Horowitz – Spinka Rebbe in Bor Park- Zichron Avraham Synagogue – son of Reb Hershele Spinker
 * Rabbi Naftali Horowitz – Kruly Rebbe of Williamsburg – the youngest son of Reb Hershele Spinker

Lineage of Spinka Rebbes (Kahana branch)

 * Rabbi Yosef Meir Weiss (1838–1909 (ו' אייר תרס"ט) – Author of Imrei Yosef
 * Rabbi Yitzchak Isaac Weiss – (1875–1944) – Author of Chakal Yitzchak, son of the Imrei Yosef
 * Rabbi Nachman Kahana – Author of Orchos Chaim – son-in-law of the Imrei Yosef
 * Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Kahana of Spinka
 * Rabbi Nachman Kahana, (d. 1976) Spinka-Kahana Rebbe of Bnei Brak – son of Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch
 * Rabbi Moshe Elyakim Briah Kahana,(d. May 2021) Spinka-Kahana Rebbe in Bnei Brak – son of Rabbi Nachman
 * Rabbi Leibel Kahana, Spinka-Kahana Rebbe of Bnei Brak son of Rabbi Moshe Elyakim Briah
 * Rabbi Yosef Yochanan Kahana Spinka Montreal Rebbe son of Rabbi Moshe Elyakim Briah
 * Rabbi Asher Yeshayah Aryeh Kahana, Spinka Rebbe in Kiryas Joel – son of Rabbi Nachman
 * Rabbi Menachem Mendel Kahana, Spinka Rebbe of London – son of Rabbi Nachman
 * Rabbi Baruch Kahana, Spinka Rebbe of Antwerp -
 * Rabbi Avraham Kahana, Spinka rebbe Beit Shemesh son of Rabbi Elimelech Kahana, Rosh Kolel of Zidichov Kollel in Bnei Brak
 * Rabbi Yosef Meir Kahana, (d. 1978), Spinka Rebbe of Jerusalem – son of Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch
 * Rabbi Mordecai Dovid Kahana Gedulas Mordechai (1932–2011), Spinka Rebbe of Jerusalem – son of Rabbi Yosef Meir
 * Rabbi Avraham Yitchak Kahana, (son of Rabbi Mordechai Dovid) spinka Rebbe of Jerusalem
 * Rabbi Hershel Rutner, Beis Yosef Spinka Beit Shemesh Rebbe and rosh Yeshiva, son of Rabbi Ahron Mordechai Rutner, son in law of Dombrove Rebbe Shlita

Lineage of Zidichov Spinka Rebbes (Kahana branch)

 * Rabbi Alter Kahana Rav of Zidichov Spinka Jerusalem died 2009, Brother of Rabbi Mordecai Dovid Kahana
 * Rabbi Hershel Kahana, Zidichov Spinka Rebbe (son of Rabbi Alter)
 * Rabbi Yitzchak Issac Kahana Zidichov Spinka Rebbe of Beit Shemesh (son of Rabbi Alter)
 * Rabbi Yaakov Shloime Kahana Zidichov Spinka rebbe Of Jerusalem (son of rabbi Hershel)

Financial fraud
In 2009, Rabbi Naftali Tzi Weisz and five other Spinka members pleaded guilty to charges in what prosecutors called "a decade-long tax fraud and money-laundering scheme".

title: Spinka (Hasidic dynasty)


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Category:Omnimover attractions

This category contains all Wikipedia articles on Disney theme park attractions which use Disney's Omnimover system.

title: Category:Omnimover attractions


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Palouse River

The Palouse River is a tributary of the Snake River in Washington and Idaho, in the northwest United States. It flows for 167 mi southwestwards, primarily through the Palouse region of southeastern Washington. It is part of the Columbia River Basin, as the Snake River is a tributary of the Columbia River.

Its canyon was carved out by a fork in the catastrophic Missoula Floods of the previous ice age, which spilled over the northern Columbia Plateau and flowed into the Snake River, eroding the river's present course in a few thousand years.

Course
The Palouse River flows from northern Idaho into southeast Washington through the Palouse region, named for the river.

The river originates in Idaho in northeastern Latah County, in the Hoodoo Mountains in the St. Joe National Forest. It flows westward, near State Highway 6, as it nears the state line. In Washington, the river flows in Whitman County to Palouse and then to Colfax, where it meets its South Fork, which originates on the south slopes of Moscow Mountain of the Palouse Range, flows south of Moscow and west to Pullman. (Paradise Creek parallels the South Fork, running through Moscow to Pullman, accompanied by the Bill Chipman Palouse Trail and State Route 270.)

From Colfax, the river meanders west and ends up in the lower Snake River southwest of Hooper, but not before dropping 200 ft over Palouse Falls. The Palouse River enters the Snake River below the Little Goose Dam and above the Lower Monumental Dam.

Basin and discharge
The Palouse River's drainage basin is 3303 sqmi in area. Its mean annual discharge, as measured by USGS gage 13351000 at Hooper (river mile 19.6), is 599 cuft/s, with a maximum daily recorded flow of 27800 cuft/s, and a minimum of zero flow.

Geology
The Missoula Floods that swept periodically across eastern Washington and across the Columbia River Plateau during the Pleistocene epoch carved out the Palouse River Canyon, which is 1000 ft deep in places.

The ancestral Palouse River flowed through the now-dry Washtucna Coulee directly into the Columbia River. The present-day canyon was created when the Missoula Floods overtopped the northern drainage divide of the ancestral Palouse River, diverting it to the current course to the Snake River by eroding a new, deeper channel.

The area is characterized by interconnected and hanging flood-created coulees, cataracts, plunge pools, kolk created potholes, rock benches, buttes and pinnacles typical of scablands.

title: Palouse River


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Mackinac Trail

Mackinac Trail, or Mackinaw Trail is the name for two related, but separate, roadways in the US state of Michigan.

 * In the Upper Peninsula:
 * , previous designation of H-63, before the construction of the I-75 freeway
 * , the entire road between St. Ignace and Sault Ste. Marie
 * In the Lower Peninsula:
 * , between Petoskey and I-75 south of Mackinaw City
 * Old, between Reed City and Petoskey.

title: Mackinac Trail


text:
User talk:PhennPhawcks

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 01:25, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

Halo 3?
Why would people ever go there by accident? (diff) — RevRagnarok  Talk Contrib 02:34, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Series of tubes
An article that you have been involved in editing, Series of tubes, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Series of tubes. Thank you. --BJBot (talk) 02:34, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of Collapse into Now for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Collapse into Now, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Collapse into Now until a consensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 15:50, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:PhennPhawcks


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stefanie Veneziano

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Stefanie Veneziano
I think Stefanie Veneziano does deserve to have her own article here on Wikipedia.


text: User talk:68.100.32.198

title: User talk:68.100.32.198


text:
Adventure Thru Inner Space

Adventure Thru Inner Space was an attraction in Disneyland's Tomorrowland, presented by Monsanto Company. It was the first attraction to utilize Disney's Omnimover system. The ride simulated shrinking guests to the size smaller than an atom (the "inner space") before taking a tour of snowflakes at molecular and atomic levels.

Adventure Thru Inner Space opened on August 5, 1967, as the centerpiece of the "New Tomorrowland", and closed in 1985 to make way for Disney and George Lucas's new Star Tours attraction, which opened in early 1987. The attraction was narrated by Paul Frees, who also lent his voice to the Haunted Mansion attraction, another Omnimover attraction which is still open to this day.

History
The idea of the attraction goes as far back as 1957, when Walt Disney introduced a concept for an atomic-themed exhibit in Tomorrowland on the Disneyland television show episode, Our Friend The Atom. A newspaper profile in 1957 said that Disney was planning a ride to take guests inside a microscope, in order to promote science education. "There's a great urgency today to interest young people in science as a profession," he said. "I want to give them some attractions that will start kids thinking more about science." Disney became friends with Dr. Charles Allen Thomas, Chairman of the Monsanto Company, and Thomas was directly involved in the development of the attraction.

Plans for the attraction were put on hold for the 1964 New York World's Fair. After the success of the fair, the atomic-themed attraction was green-lighted for the New Tomorrowland project. It would stand where the "Monsanto's Hall of Chemistry" building stood.

The Disneyland Imagineers began with the idea of examining Monsanto's polymers, but decided that those molecules were too complex to explain. Instead, they settled on the idea of exploring a molecule of water, which was easy for guests to understand and relate to.

This was the first ride with an Omnimover system. It opened as a free attraction, unlike most, but required a "C" ticket starting in 1972. The original sponsor was Monsanto, which at the time was an agri-chemical company. The exit from the attraction led to a room displaying Monsanto's products.

Synopsis
The attraction was designed to simulate humans shrinking to a size smaller than an atom (the "inner space"). As patrons waited in line they saw those before entering one end of the Monsanto Mighty Microscope. The other end of the Monsanto Mighty Microscope had a glass tube in which the supposedly miniaturized riders could be seen moving through. The microscope was aimed at a panel beyond which snow could be seen falling.

Upon boarding their 'Atomobiles', riders were greeted by the voice of an unseen scientist (Paul Frees) who explained: "I am the first person to make this fabulous journey. Suspended in the timelessness of inner space are the thoughtwaves of my first impressions. They will be our only source of contact once you have passed beyond the limits of normal Mag-ni-fi-ca-tion."

The Atommobile entered the Monsanto Mighty Microscope and began to shake back and forth as the riders entered the darkness. As their vision returned, the riders saw giant snowflakes all around them, some still spinning as they fell. As they continued to shrink, the narrator exclaimed, "I am passing beyond the magnification limits of even the most powerful microscopes. These are snowflakes – and yet they seem to grow larger and larger. Or can I be shrinking – shrinking beyond the smallness of a tiny snowflake crystal? Indeed, I am becoming smaller and smaller!"

The snowflakes took on a crystalline form, eventually becoming large enough to cover the entire field of the riders' vision. Approaching the walls of ice crystals, the voice of the unseen scientist marveled, "These tiny bits of snowflake crystal tower above me – like an enormous wall of ice. Can I penetrate this gigantic prism? And yet, this wall of ice only seems smooth and solid. From this tiny viewpoint, I can see that nothing is solid, no matter how it appears." Indeed, it then became obvious to the Atommobile riders that the ice crystals were not solid, but a lattice-like structure that they pass through. "And still I continue to shrink! What compelling force draws me into this mysterious darkness—can this be the threshold of inner space?"

Next, the riders encountered a matrix of spheres appearing in columns and rows of infinite length. "What are these strange spheres?" asked the narrator. "Have I reached the universe of the molecule? Yes, these are water molecules – H2O. They vibrate in such an orderly pattern because this is water frozen into the solid state of matter."

As the travelers continued to shrink, the molecules became larger, and took on a peculiar Mickey Mouse shape. "These fuzzy spheres must be the atoms that make up the molecule – two hydrogen atoms bonded to a single oxygen atom. And I see that it's the orbiting electrons that give the atom its fuzzy appearance. And still I continue to shrink."

The scientist wondered, "Is it possible that I can enter the atom itself?" As the atommobile entered the atom, a storm of lights flashed past on all sides at impossible speeds. "Electrons are dashing about me – like so many fiery comets! Can I possibly survive?"

Suddenly the frenzy of the electrons passed, and the riders found themselves in a large, empty space, surrounded in the distance by a sphere of slow-moving lights. "I have pierced the wall of the oxygen atom," continues the Narrator. "I am so infinitely small now that I can see millions of orbiting electrons. They appear like the Milky Way of our own solar system. This vast realm, THIS is the infinite universe within a tiny speck of snowflake crystal."

A large pulsating red ball could then be seen inside the atom. "And there is the nucleus of the atom! Do I dare explore the vastness of ITS inner space? No, I dare not go on. I must return to the realm of the molecule, before I go on shrinking...forever!"

The riders then began the return journey to full size, but were soon greeted with the sight of water molecules swirling rapidly. The scientist sees this as a discovery and says: "Ah, how strange! The molecules are so active now! They have become fluid – freed from their frozen state. That can only mean that the snowflake is melting!" The riders saw molecules around them, moving faster as their temperature increased. The molecules were depicted in green and yellow, with occasional star-shaped flashes representing evaporation.

"Yes, the snowflake has melted," intoned a scientist's voice (also Paul Frees), "But there is no cause for alarm. You are back on visual, and returning to your normal size." The riders could see evidence of the scientist's monitoring as they passed under a large microscope through which they could see his giant eye.

Having returned to normal size, the riders disembarked and passed by displays of Monsanto's advances in material science before exiting the attraction building.

Miracles from Molecules
Like many of the WED Enterprises attractions of the 1960s, such as It's a Small World, the Carousel of Progress, and the Enchanted Tiki Room, Walt Disney assigned his staff songwriters, the Sherman Brothers, the task of writing an opening and closing song for the Adventure Thru Inner Space attraction. That song was Miracles from Molecules and bridged the ride message of adventure with the Monsanto company's mission statement.

The Mickey Mouse episode "Down the Hatch" features Donald Duck singing the song in the episode's credits.

In the Marvel Cinematic Universe-themed Disney Wish family dining experience Avengers: Quantum Encounter, Scott Lang and Hope van Dyne host a demonstration of Pym Particles called "Miracles From Molecules," featuring a new instrumental version of the song.

Closing
In 1977, Monsanto ended their sponsorship for the attraction. All visual and audio references were removed (except for the end line, "This is Monsanto") and the Monsanto Mighty Microscope's Monsanto logo was replaced with a logo that says "The Mighty Microscope".

The Monsanto posters advertising their products were replaced with Disneyland posters. All the items in the display area were taken away and the gift shop took over all the area of the old post show area. Finally, the Monsanto "Fountain of Fashion" that dripped oil down strings tightened to it was replaced with a series of sculptures that looked like two plates put together with a snowflake on them. However, the shape of the old fountain/oil lamp was reused in the new sculpture. The attraction was finally closed in 1985 to be replaced with Star Tours in 1987.

A tribute to Adventure Thru Inner Space can be found in the Star Tours ride film. At the beginning of the ride, when the StarSpeeder is sent into a maintenance bay after going down a wrong path, the Mighty Microscope can be seen at the bottom of the maintenance area. This near-miss with the Mighty Microscope is featured in all versions of Star Tours. Star Tours itself was closed and replaced with Star Tours: The Adventures Continue at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios in 2011. The Adventures Continue again pays tribute to Adventure Thru Inner Space, with the Mighty Microscope visible when escaping the under-construction Death Star above Geonosis.

title: Adventure Thru Inner Space


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Created kind

In creationism, a religious view based on a literal reading of the Book of Genesis and other biblical texts, created kinds are purported to be the original forms of life as they were created by God. They are also referred to in creationist literature as kinds, original kinds, Genesis kinds, and baramins (baramin is a neologism coined by combining the Hebrew words  and  ).

The idea is promulgated by Young Earth creationists and biblical literalists to support their belief in the literal truth of the Genesis creation narrative and the Genesis flood narrative during which, they contend, the ancestors of all land-based life on Earth were housed in Noah's Ark. Old Earth creationists also employ the concept, rejecting the fact of universal common descent while not necessarily accepting a literal interpretation of a global flood or a six-day creation in the last ten thousand years. Both groups accept that some lower-level microevolutionary change occurs within the biblically created kinds.

Creationists believe that not all creatures on Earth are genealogically related, and that living organisms were created by God in a finite number of discrete forms with genetic boundaries to prevent interbreeding. This viewpoint claims that the created kinds or baramins are genealogically discrete and are incapable of interbreeding and have no evolutionary (i.e., higher-level macroevolutionary) relationship to one another.

Definitions
The concept of the "kind" originates from a literal reading of Genesis 1:12–24:

"And God said, let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind[...] And God created great whales and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind[...] And God said, let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind, and it was so."

- Genesis 1:12–24, King James Version

There is some uncertainty about what exactly the Bible means when it talks of "kinds". Creationist Brian Nelson claimed "While the Bible allows that new varieties may have arisen since the creative days, it denies that any new species have arisen." However, Russell Mixter, another creationist writer, said that "One should not insist that "kind" means species. The word "kind" as used in the Bible may apply to any animal which may be distinguished in any way from another, or it may be applied to a large group of species distinguishable from another group[...] there is plenty of room for differences of opinion on what are the kinds of Genesis."

Frank Lewis Marsh coined the term baramin in his book Fundamental Biology (1941) and expanded on the concept in Evolution, Creation, and Science (c. 1944), in which he stated that the ability to hybridize and create viable offspring was a sufficient condition for being members of the same baramin. However, he said that it was not a necessary condition, acknowledging that observed speciation events among Drosophila fruitflies had been shown to cut off hybridization.

Marsh also originated "discontinuity systematics", the idea that there are boundaries between different animals that cannot be crossed with the consequence that there would be discontinuities in the history of life and limits to common ancestry.

Baraminology
In 1990, Kurt Wise introduced baraminology as an adaptation of Marsh's and Walter ReMine's ideas that was more in keeping with young Earth creationism. Wise advocated using the Bible as a source of systematic data. Baraminology and its associated concepts have been criticized by scientists and creationists for lacking formal structure. Consequently, in 2003 Wise and other creationists proposed a refined baramin concept in the hope of developing a broader creationist model of biology. Alan Gishlick, reviewing the work of baraminologists in 2006, found it to be surprisingly rigorous and internally consistent, but concluded that the methods did not work.

Walter ReMine specified four groupings: holobaramins, monobaramins, apobaramins, and polybaramins. These are, respectively, all things of one kind; some things of the same kind; groups of kinds; and any mixed grouping of things. These groups correspond to the concepts of holophyly, monophyly, paraphyly, and polyphyly used in cladistics.

Methods
Baraminology employs many of the same methods used in evolutionary systematics, including cladistics and Analysis of Pattern (ANOPA). However, instead of identifying continuity between groups of organisms based on shared similarities, baraminology uses these methods to search for morphological and genetic gaps between groups. Baraminologists have also developed their own creationist systematics software, known as BDIST, to measure distance between groups.

Criticism
The methods of baraminology are not universally accepted among young-Earth creationists. Other creationists have criticized these methods as having the same problems as traditional cladistics, as well as for occasionally producing results that they feel contradict the Bible.

Baraminology has been heavily criticized for its lack of rigorous tests and post-study rejection of data to make it better fit the desired findings. By denying general common descent, it tends to produce inconsistent results that also conflict with evidence discovered by biology. Created kinds have been compared to other attempts at "alternate research" to produce artificial pseudoscientific "evidence" that support preconceived conclusions, similarly to how advocacy was done by the tobacco industry. The US National Academy of Sciences and numerous other scientific and scholarly organizations recognize creation science as pseudoscience.

Some techniques employed in Baraminology have been used to demonstrate evolution, thereby calling baraminological conclusions into question.

title: Created kind


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Pediatric surgery

Pediatric surgery is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.

History
Pediatric surgery arose in the middle of the 1879 century as the surgical care of birth defects required novel techniques and methods, and became more commonly based at children's hospitals. One of the sites of this innovation was the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Beginning in the 1940s under the surgical leadership of C. Everett Koop, newer techniques for endotracheal anesthesia of infants allowed surgical repair of previously untreatable birth defects. By the late 1970s, the infant death rate from several major congenital malformation syndromes had been reduced to near zero.

Specialties
Subspecialties of pediatric surgery itself include: neonatal surgery and fetal surgery.

Other areas of surgery also have pediatric specialties of their own that require further training during the residencies and in a fellowship: pediatric cardiothoracic (surgery on the child's heart and/or lungs, including heart and/or lung transplantation), pediatric nephrological surgery (surgery on the child's kidneys and ureters, including renal, or kidney, transplantation), pediatric neurosurgery (surgery on the child's brain, central nervous system, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves), pediatric urological surgery (surgery on the child's urinary bladder and other structures below the kidney necessary for ejaculation), pediatric emergency surgery, surgery involving fetuses or embryos (overlapping with obstetric/gynecological surgery, neonatology, and maternal-fetal medicine), surgery involving adolescents or young adults, pediatric hepatological (liver) and gastrointestinal (stomach and intestines) surgery (including liver and intestinal transplantation in children), pediatric orthopedic surgery (muscle and bone surgery in children), pediatric plastic and reconstructive surgery (such as for burns, or for congenital defects like cleft palate not involving the major organs), and pediatric oncological (childhood cancer) surgery.

Conditions
Common pediatric diseases that may require pediatric surgery include:
 * Congenital malformations: lymphangioma, cleft lip and palate, esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, intestinal atresia, necrotizing enterocolitis, meconium plugs, Hirschsprung's disease, Anorectal Malformations, Undescended Testes (Cryptorchidism), intestinal malrotation, Biliary Atresia, Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction
 * Abdominal wall defects: Omphalocele, Gastroschisis, Hernias
 * Chest wall deformities: Pectus Excavatum
 * Childhood tumors: like Neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumor, Rhabdomyosarcoma, ATRT, Liver tumors, Teratomas, kidney tumors:
 * Separation of conjoined twins
 * Disorders of Sexual Development

See Related Syndromes

 * VACTERL Association
 * Apert Syndrome
 * CHARGE Syndrome
 * Currarino Syndrome
 * Pierre Robin Sequence
 * Prune Belly Syndrome

Associations of Pediatric Surgery

 * European Paediatric Surgeons’ Association: EUPSA
 * World Federation of Associations of Pediatric Surgeons: WOFAPS
 * American Pediatric Surgical Association: APSA
 * British Association of Paediatric Surgeons: BAPS
 * Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinderchirurgie: German Association of Paediatric Surgeons (DKH)
 * Pan-African Paediatric Surgical Association: PAPSA

title: Pediatric surgery


text: User talk:68.90.225.150

title: User talk:68.90.225.150


text:
Tetracosane

Tetracosane, also called tetrakosane, is an alkane hydrocarbon with the structural formula H(CH2)24H. As with other alkanes, its name is derived from Greek for the number of carbon atoms, 24, in the molecule. It has 14,490,245 constitutional isomers, and 252,260,276 stereoisomers.

n-Tetracosane is found in mineral called evenkite in the Evenki Region on Lower Tunguska River in Siberia and the Bucnik quarry near Konma in eastern Moravia, Czech Republic. Evenkite is found as colourless flakes and is reported to fluoresce yellow-orange.

title: Tetracosane


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Talk:1916 United States presidential election

Electoral map colors
I am confused with the map. In the map, the Republican states are colored blue and the Democratic red. I thought that the Republican color was red and the Democrat blue. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.239.3.65 (talk) 01:34, 21 February 2005 (UTC)

 * There is no formal rule as to which color is which. The network rule, apparently, has been to switch it off, so one time the incumbent party is blue and the challenger red, and the next time it's reversed.  john k 01:59, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * lets switch it back. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tallicfan20 (talk • contribs) 19:03, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes that is what i have agreed on —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.231.134.157 (talk) 03:12, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

not first time
i deleted this phrase "It was the first of only two times (the second being being Nixon's election in 1968) that a successful presidential nominee failed to win the state of his residence. Wilson's native New Jersey, in which he had previously served as governor, voted solidly for Hughes." since it is not true (first time was 1844)81.47.192.185 (talk) 09:05, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

 * You were right to remove that statement, as it was unsourced trivia that did not merit due weight enough to be included (certainly not in the lead section at least).--JayJasper (talk) 17:05, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

 * "It is one of only three elections in which a nominee was elected president without the support of his state of residence (New Jersey). The other two were James Knox Polk (Tennessee, 1844) and Richard Nixon (New York, 1968)."
 * Statement is misleading since Nixon was Senator from California and ran for Governor in 1962. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.192.168.25 (talk) 15:43, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

not first time a Democrat carried California
Democrat Hancock carried California in 1880 in a two-man race against Republican Garfield. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.61.42.158 (talk) 21:29, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

Demographic information?
The main Woodrow Wilson article states that he was initially elected with wide support from African-Americans. This page makes no mention of how they voted in this election, nor for any other demographic group. It would be of interest here because Wilson and his policies were famously racist, so I assume that black voters' support went way down, but I can imagine other possibilities (lack of publicity of the segregationist policies, fraudulent vote manipulation by whites, a belief that the challenger would be even worse, etc). If anyone knows where to find this info, please add it :) ± Lenoxus (" *** ") 00:19, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Congratulations, U.S.A." on election of Hughes
located via ProQuest historical newspapers The Shanghai Times 09 Nov 1916 p7 "... Within a few months Mr. Woodrow Wilson will pass into the shadows of mediocrity, a dreamer of dreams. ... We do not anticipate a violent and radical change in the foreign policy of Washington, but we have a right to expect from a strong man a strong policy. The American people are to be congratulated on the election made, regardless of any party. Mr. Hughes stands for ... ... [USA] and the world generally may benefit by his administration in a greater degree than that of a master of phrases had he continued to enjoy the honours of White House."
 * "Congratulations, U.S.A."

The following article, "The Outlook", is optimistic concerning the progress of the war, particularly in Rumania: "now that Russia with her millions of men at her disposal has come to the assistance of the Rumanians ... the pursued [Rumanians] became the pursuer ... the crisis in Transylvania seems to have passed ...". On the contrary, we say at Marie of Romania, "After Bucharest fell to Austrian troops, the royal court was transferred to Iași, capital of the Moldavia region, in December 1916."

--P64 (talk) 01:40, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

"without a Southerner on the ticket"
I realize that by this time Wilson was a citizen of New Jersey, but surely Southerners still perceived him as one of their own. His views on race, in particular, could not have been much more Southern. Surely this phrase, if it is to be kept in the lede, deserves some qualification. - Jmabel | Talk 20:31, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I believe it would be wrong to consider Wilson a Southerner solely on basis of his racist views, however I second that particular quote being wrong. Unless I am misunderstanding the quote, there have been other presidential elections won by the Democratic Party without a Southerner on the ticket: 2020, 2012, 2008 and 1944 come to mind. It is especially odd not to include 1944 since the ticket in 1944 was the exact same as in 1940 - neither President Roosevelt nor Vice President Wallace were Southerners. YaGurlArchy (talk) 13:26, 11 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Apologies, I had a mind slip - the ticket in 1944 was not the same as in 1940, Truman flew out of my mind. Regardless Missouri is only debatably Southern, and is usually considered a Midwestern state to my knowledge. YaGurlArchy (talk) 13:28, 11 April 2023 (UTC)


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