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Los Guerreros Laguneros

Los Guerreros Laguneros (Spanish for "The Warriors from the Lagoon") is a lucha libre stable based in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). The stable was created in 2001 and has, since its inception, been led by Último Guerrero and has been the top rudo stable in CMLL. Los Guerreros Laguneros currently consists of Último Guerrero, his younger brother Gran Guerrero and Stuka Jr.

The group originally was created as a splinter group of Los Infernales founded by Último Guerrero, Rey Bucanero and Tarzan Boy. The group initially used the "Los Infernales" name until they were forced to change their name in 2001. At that point the group adopted the name Los Guerreros del Infierno ("The Infernal Warriors"). When Atlantis joined the group in 2005 they adopted the name Los Guerreros de la Atlantida ("The Warriors of Atlantis"), which was used interchangeably with the "Guerreros del Infierno" name. In 2011 Atlantis departed the group and it was renamed Los Guerreros Laguneros, referring to the fact that all members of the group were from the Comarca Lagunera area of Mexico. Since its inception various members of the team have held the CMLL World Tag Team Championship and the CMLL World Trios Championship as well as several individual championships. From 2004 until 2007 Los Guerreros were associated with Pandilla Guerrera ("Gang of Warriors"), a lower ranked group of wrestlers.

Los Infernales (2001)
In 1999 El Satánico reformed the group Los Infernales, recruiting Último Guerrero and Rey Bucanero; Bucanero's uncle Pirata Morgan had been part of the original Los Infernales. Working with the veteran El Satánico allowed both Rey Bucanero and Último Guerrero to rise up the ranks as well as develop into a regular tag team in CMLL. In the summer of 2000 Bucanero and Guerrero were one of sixteen teams entered into a tournament for the vacant CMLL World Tag Team Championship. In the end they defeated Villano IV and Mr. Niebla to win the championship.

Throughout the summer of 2000 El Satánico had been working a storyline against Tarzan Boy, which was used to turn both Bucanero and Último Guerrero against El Satánico. Bucanero, Guerrero and Tarzan Boy claimed that they deserved the name Los Infernales and that El Satánico was holding them back. For the storyline El Satánico recruited two other wrestlers to even the numbers, which on TV was presented as if he used his "Satanic powers" to transform Rencor Latino into Averno ("Hell") and Astro Rey Jr. into Mephisto. When Tarzan Boy was injured and unable to wrestle Bucanero and Guerrero recruited Máscara Mágica to even the numbers. The storyline between the two factions reaches its high point at the CMLL 68th Anniversary Show where all seven wrestlers faced off in a steel cage match. The stipulation of the match was that the winning side would gain the rights to use the name Los Infernales while the loser on the opposite side would be forced to unmask or have their hair shaved off. In the end El Satánico pinned Máscara Mágica, forcing him to unmask. After losing the match Guerrero, Bucanero and Tarzan Boy became known collectively as Los Guerreros del Infierno ("The Infernal Soldiers").

Los Guerreros del Infierno (2001–2005)
Finally, Satánico's Infernales retained their name and the name Guerreros del Infierno was adopted by Guerrero, Bucanero and Tarzan Boy. Soon GdI was the powerful rudo trio in CMLL. Bucanero and Guerrero successfully took the Tag Team Titles from the respected veterans Negro Casas and El Hijo del Santo. Último was successful in taking the CMLL Light Heavyweight Title (the most prestigious singles title in the promotion) by defeating Shocker. Tarzan Boy went on to main event the CMLL 70th Anniversary Show against Shocker in a Caballera contra Caballera match. Tarzan lost the match and his hair.

2004 was a tough year for the Guerreros. Guerrero and Bucanero lost and then regained the tag titles from L. A. Park and Shocker. Then Bucanero suffered a knee injury when his leg was caught in a seat and he was hit by a dive. Tarzan began teaming with Pierroth Jr. and Vampiro Canadiense to create a new top (in CMLL's eyes at least) heel trio. When Bucanero returned, they quickly lost the tag titles to Atlantis and Blue Panther. Tarzan soon started teaming with yet another trio called La Furia del Norte with Héctor Garza and Perro Aguayo Jr. (who was later replaced by El Terrible). It was then that Último Guerrero raised an army of mid carders to counter Shocker's University de 1000% Guapo group and the two groups faced in a Torneo Cibernético. Olimpíco won the match for Los Guerreros and was considered a full-time member, helping revitalize the group. When Héctor Garza had his legal problems, Tarzan stepped back into the scene with allies Averno and Mephisto being treated like full-time members. 2005 was looking good for Los Guerreros until Olímpico injured his neck on a dive in a tag title match with Bucanero against Atlantis and Panther on the first show in Arena Mexico.

Los Guerreros de Atlantida (2005–2011)
In September, Averno and Mephisto took the CMLL tag titles back for the Guerreros, just weeks after Doctor X, Sangre Azteca and Nitro managed to finally wrestle away the National Trios Titles away from Volador Jr., Felino and Safari after several unsuccessful attempts.

On May 28, 2006, in Arena Coliseo, Bucanero turned against Guerrero and Tarzan Boy during a match with Negro Casas, Heavy Metal and Místico, bringing a temporary end to the trios. Later on, Tarzan Boy would turn tecnicó and compete under the name "Toscano". Último Guerrero and Atlantis kept the Guerreros del Infierno name alive, even after Olímpico left CMLL and the group of mid-carders broke away to form Los Guerreros Tuareg. In 2008 Rey Bucanero returned to the group making Los Guerreros del Infierno a trio once more.

On November 2, 2010, Dragón Rojo Jr. replaced an injured Atlantis and teamed with Último Guerrero to defeat Mr. Águila and Hector Garza for the CMLL World Tag Team Championship. After the match it was announced that Dragón Rojo Jr. had left his old stable Poder Mexica to become the newest member of Los Guerreros de la Atlantida. On April 8, 2011, Último Guerrero and Escorpión won CMLL's Torneo Gran Alternativa, an eight tag team tournament where veterans form teams with newcomers. Following the win, Escorpion joined Los Guerreros de la Atlantida under the new ring name Rey Escorpión.

Los Guerreros Laguneros (2011–present)
After weeks of tension between Atlantis and Último Guerrero, CMLL held a press conference on August 11, where Atlantis officially turned técnico and left Los Guerreros de la Atlantida. The following day, Guerrero lost the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship to Héctor Garza, who also turned at the same press conference, ending his reign at 963 days, the third longest in the title's history. In July 2012, Guerrero officially kicked Rey Escorpión from Los Guerreros del Infierno, though he had turned on the group weeks earlier, and named Euforia and Niebla Roja as his replacements. On August 3, Guerrero and Rojo Jr. lost the CMLL World Tag Team Championship to Atlantis and Diamante Azul, ending their reign at 640 days, the longest reign in the title's history. During the celebration of Atlantis' 30th anniversary as a wrestler Guerrero appeared after a match to berate Atlantis, which turned out to only be a distraction for the real Último Guerrero to attack Atlantis from behind. The two identically dressed Guerreros proceeded to beat up Atlantis and tear his mask apart. Following the match Último Guerrero introduced his younger brother Gran Guerrero. The younger Guerrero had previously been introduced as the son of Último Guerrero in 2009, but went on to wrestle under the ring name "Taurus" for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IRWG), and was involved in Toryumon Mexico's Copa Toyota tournament alongside his brother in 2012. On May 9, 2013 Gran Guerrero was officially introduced as an addition to Los Guerreros del Infierno. On March 28, 2014, Guerrero, Euforia and Niebla Roja defeated Los Estetas del Aire (Máscara Dorada, Místico and Valiente) to win the CMLL World Trios Championship. They lost the title to Sky Team (Místico, Valiente and Volador Jr.) on February 13, 2015.

In the spring of 2017 CMLL began a storyline where Niebla Roja started having problems with his fellow Los Guerreros Laguneros teammates, initially by accidentally causing them to lose matches due to miscommunication between Niebla Roja and Euforia and Gran Guerrero. As the storyline progressed Niebla Roja refused to participate in Los Guerreros rudo antics such as double or triple teaming an opponent. On May 19 Niebla Roja's tecnico turn was completed as he kicked Los Guerreros leader Último Guerrero in the face during a match. Afterward Último Guerrero and Gran Guerrero beat Niebla Roja up, tore his mask off and demanded that Niebla Roja had to come up with a new mask instead of wearing the Último Guerrero inspired mask. During the attack he was aided by his brother Ángel de Oro.

On July 1, 2018, Los Guerreros Laguneros ended Sky Team's 1,223-day reign with the CMLL World Trios Championship as they defeated them in the main event of CMLL's Domingos Arena México show. Subsequently, Los Guerreros were positioned as "Defenders of CMLL" as they began a storyline feud with The Cl4n (Ciber the Main Man, The Chrizh and Sharlie Rockstar), three wrestlers who had made a name for themselves in CMLL's main rival Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide. On September 14, The Cl4n won the World Trios Championship, but Los Guerreros won the championship back two weeks later on September 28. On November 23, Los Guerreros introduced Templario as their newest member, pronouncing him an adopted Lagunero even though he was not from the Lagoon area. On March 26, 2021, they lost the World Trios Championship to Nueva Generación Dinamita, resulting in Euforia turning on Último Guerrero and leaving the stable.

In January 2022, while on opposing sides, Último Guerrero turned on Templario by tearing his mask, ending his time in the stable. For the rest of the year, Los Guerreros could have been classed as a tag team, but were mostly used in trios matches. They had worked on-and-off with Atlantis Jr. since around November 2021, occasionally going by the Los Guerreros de la Atlantida name. However, Atlantis Jr. did not join the stable and began working with his father towards the end of 2022. In January 2023, Stuka Jr. became the newest member of the stable; he had worked a few shows with Los Guerreros in the past couple of weeks and had developed a feud with Atlantis Jr. who had won his mask in September 2022.

Members

 * Current

 * Former

Championships and accomplishments

 * Only titles won when they were members of Los Guerreros are listed.
 * Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
 * CMLL World Heavyweight Championship – Último Guerrero (2 times)
 * CMLL World Middleweight Championship – Dragón Rojo Jr. (1 time)
 * CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship – Último Guerrero (1 time)
 * CMLL World Tag Team Championship (7 times) – Atlantis and Último Guerrero (1 time), Último Guerrero and Rey Bucanero (3 times),  Último Guerrero and Dr. Wagner Jr.  (1 time), Último Guerrero and Dragón Rojo Jr. (1 time) Euforia and Gran Guerrero (1 time)
 * CMLL World Trios Championship – Atlantis, Último Guerrero and Tarzan Boy (1 time), Atlantis, Último Guerrero and Negro Casas (1 time), Euforia, Niebla Roja and Último Guerrero (1 time), Euforia, Gran Guerrero and Último Guerrero (2 times)
 * Mexican National Middleweight Championship – Templario (1 time, current)
 * Mexican National Welterweight Championship – Sangre Azteca (1 time)
 * NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship – Dragón Rojo Jr. (1 time)
 * NWA World Light Heavyweight Championship – Tarzan Boy (1 time)
 * CMLL Universal Championship – Último Guerrero (2014)
 * Reyes del Aire: 2020 – Templario
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
 * Best Tag Team of the Decade (2000–2009) – Rey Bucanero and Último Guerrero

title: Los Guerreros Laguneros


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User talk:Dumbledore

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Carrp | Talk 03:23, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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Hi there!, I was browsing around the English language page and found you created a chart!, great work, however can I ask that you please edit it a little bit?, in the description you state "Distribution of native English speakers by country" and then point out "America"; America is not a country but a continent that encompasses many countries including the USA, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Venezuela, Brasil, Argentina, etc. Can you please edit it and note "USA" or "United States of America"? Thank you! and keep up the good work around here ;)DamianFinol
 * I saw the change, thank you! :) DamianFinol 22:44, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Pan-European identity
A peer review will usually - not always - attract more editors, see Peer_review. I suggest you add this tag, it goes on the Talk Page not on the article page.Paul111 10:29, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Paul111 has disappeared from Wikipedia. Do you have any idea why this article was renamed without consent? Rdeman (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 23:14, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

EU vote
Hi Dumbledore, I noticed your EU interests. Currently we have a vote for keeping many relevant images in the sections. Would be great to see you voting and commentating there. This is the version to be discussed ]. all the best Lear 21 04:46, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AI logo 2008.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:AI logo 2008.png. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 23:17, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of IDP Education Australia
A tag has been placed on IDP Education Australia, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Jezhotwells (talk) 07:27, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Dumbledore


text:
User talk:Megaman111@msn.com

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. -- 03:23, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Megaman111@msn.com


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Marie-Noëlle Lienemann

Marie-Noëlle Lienemann (born 12 July 1951, in Belfort) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the North West of France. Until 2018, she was a member of the Socialist Party, part of the Party of European Socialists.

Early life and education
Lienemann studied chemistry at the École Normale Supérieure de Cachan (ENS Cachan).

Political career
Lienemann was part of the European Parliament's delegation to the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poznań, Poland.

Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2011 primaries, Lienemann endorsed Martine Aubry as the party's candidate for the 2012 presidential election.

In 2012, Lienemann co-founded the "Now The Left" grouping alongside Emmanuel Maurel. Together they urged President François Hollande to abandon the government's 2013 deficit targets and embark on a dash for growth. Following the Socialist Party's losses in the 2014 municipal elections, Lienemann and Maurel co-authored an open letter addressed to Hollande, calling on him to return to Socialist basics, end a freeze on public sector salaries, and raise the minimum salary and pensions.

Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2018 convention in Aubervilliers, Lienemann publicly endorsed Maurel as candidate for the party's leadership. In October 2018, she and Maurel left the Socialist Party and founded the left-wing Alternative for a Republican, Ecologist and Socialist Program (APRÉS). It merged with Jean-Pierre Chevènement's Citizen and Republican Movement in February 2019 to form the Republican and Socialist Left (GRS).

title: Marie-Noëlle Lienemann


text: User talk:70.59.79.219

title: User talk:70.59.79.219


text:
User talk:Peter KD

Peter KD is like cool eh.

title: User talk:Peter KD


text:
User talk:Bonus Onus

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
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Anyway, I just thought you might like to know that you don't need to use piped syntax, like ducks, to create a plural link to a singular article in most cases. You can just append the "s" like ducks. See: ducks. - RedWordSmith 03:25, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

DUDE!
Thank you so much for your wonderful adds to Freedman's Bureau! That article has been sadly lacking for too long. Bravo. Seriously. :) jengod 01:25, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

Copyvio/plagiarism
Thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia, and specifically thanks for creating an article about the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act. As you know, I discovered that it was copied from a copyrighted website. Wikipedia has a process for clearing out such materials, which seems to take a week or two. Until then, please do not edit the article. I've moved the new draft you created to a temp page, Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act/Temp, where you can continue to edit it until the process is completed. At that point the administrators will move the temp draft into the main article page. Sorry it's so complicated. Cheers, -Willmcw 04:32, Mar 10, 2005 (UTC)

Pesticide
Made some changes to the page as you requested. -Shoefly

MAC cannon
Thanks for the cleanup and title correction on MAC cannon. FYI, next time you need to rename an article use the Move tab near the top of the screen between History and Watch. This will accomplish pretty much the same thing you did; it renames the article and creates a redirect at the old name. But the most important aspect is that it also preserves the history of the article and moves the talk pages so they're not lost. - NormanEinstein 02:12, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Well, thank you! I don't think anyone's ever left me a message just to tell me I'm awesome. :-) Incidentally, my favorite weird Latin phrase is "semper ubi sub ubi", which was the motto of my district's quiz bowl team in HS. (Yes, I took the test, but I got a lame one.) Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:12, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks for editing my English! in the article about Felix Varela SilentVoice 17:39, Mar 18, 2005 (UTC)

My mistake
Actually the link is on a vivid conspiracy website, but the actual article is quite good. I should have checked it after I sorted the links. --Cberlet 03:07, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Scalawags
Message for Bonus Onus: Edit Scalawag paper online biotch also change the title to "The Scalawags" thanks a lot, thought i'd give you something to do

Jackson image
Usually, the images are supposed to alternate left and right in an article. Doesn't work for all of them, I suppose. Change it back if you like. :) Shiri — Talk 23:58, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

Pesticide Article
Point taken - although I have fixed the external link. --Spe88 July 5, 2005 20:38 (UTC)

Who are you?
What high school do you go to that you know of Omar Beckins? Are you even still in high school? I won't tell anyone, I promise. I am a moron because I don't believe that Omar is real. It turns out, I know that you still teach at White Plains High School but I want to pretend that you don't to defame you and the honorable Omar Q Beckins. J. Finkelstein 04:09, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:MaybachBlue.jpg
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Omar Q. Beckins
You have recently created the article Omar Q Beckins. This was deleted in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policies. Please do not recreate the article: if you disagree with the article's deletion, you may ask for a review at Deletion review. -- Rhobite 23:29, 26 March 2006 (UTC) Why should we possibly not recreate this article? Your ignorance is astounding. THis man was a nobleman who should be honored and you spit on his feet by not recognizing him as a true hero. You are the fucking antichrist and we hope you rot in hell. I have personally played in his namesake tournamnet for the past four years and I have won it twice. Rot in fucking hell bitches.

Blank map of India
Hi! You recently voted for the blank map of India saying that it is too "sparse" and visually uninteresting. I would like to know how I could address your comments. Regards, =Nichalp   «Talk»=  15:05, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Bonus, thanks for your feedback! I could add some cities and rivers, but the actual intention was to create a locator map for cities in India. I'll elaborate:

 * Note the maps on these articles: Mount Rushmore and Glacier National Park (US)
 * If you notice carefully, the file name of the locator map is the same, only the red location dot changes.
 * The technology behind the locator maps is detailed here: Template talk:Infobox protected area
 * This map aims to achive the same purpose.

 * Now I can add cities and rivers, but it would make the locator map a little too untidy, when the resolution is scaled down. If you are familiar with SVG images, all that needs to be done is to draw the rivers on another layer and upload the file. Infact since this is an SVG map, a *lot* can be done to modify and add stuff over it. Even the states can be hidden!

I hope this is a sufficient and valid reply to your suggestions. (Secretely hoping that you could reconsider your vote :) ). Regards, =Nichalp   «Talk»=  03:22, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Your vote on Featured picture candidates/Snail-WA
Hi Bonus Onus! Featured picture candidates/Snail-WA seems to be getting into a bit of a bog. Could you please specify which version your vote goes for? This will help to reach a consensus on which version to promote. Thanks! --Fir0002 10:14, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Omar Q
HE IS REAL!

It's a conspiracy!
Well, I am doing some more research and writing on 9/11 conspiracy theories as "analogs" of the historic Protocols of the Elders of Zion and Freemason/Illuminati myths, (hope to have a book chapter published next year) and will rejoin the fray on the entry page soon. I'll go read it and see if I think it has improved.--Cberlet 20:39, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Talk:Biofuel#biofuel/no CO2?
Talk:Biofuel. Comment added. --Tunheim 11:12, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Captain Keyes (Halo screenshot).jpg)
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Image:Captain Keyes (Halo screenshot).jpg
Hello, Bonus Onus. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:Captain Keyes (Halo screenshot).jpg) was found at the following location: User:Bonus Onus. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 19:34, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:John madden football.jpg
Hello, Bonus Onus. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:John madden football.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Bonus Onus. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 15:23, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Re: Favorite shows
Heh, thanks. I fixed it. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 01:59, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Rock, Paper, Scissors
Hi BO I see you added the alternative names of  Roshambo and Rochambeau to Rock, Paper, Scissors, I must confess I never heard of theese names before, can you perhaps tell something about how they come to use and in what area of the world they are used, this is just to satisfy my own curisosity. Best regards and happy editing. Mads Angelbo Talk / Contribs 09:08, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the answer, with facebook, you mean the website? - Angelbo Talk / Contribs 16:12, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Soriano3.jpg
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Captain Keyes (Halo screenshot).jpg)
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Template:Orphan
Is there anything else you need? If not, you should remove the tag from the talk page. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 21:16, 13 October 2007 (UTC) Ok, that's it, i will. thanks. -Bonus Onus 05:40, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Summary of the 2004 United States presidential election controversy and irregularities
You still don't seem to have got a response in that talk page (the thread you posted has 3 posts over the length of a year...) and the only reply you've had at Talk:2004 United States election voting controversies is from me (fuller response there if you want to read it). I somewhat doubt that sticking "suggested merge" tags on the pair of (obviously redundant) articles since it seems unlikely that consensus would emerge if only due to inactivity. My suggest is that one of the two should be taken to WP:AFD - probably Summary of the 2004 United States presidential election controversy and irregularities since (a) it has a daft title (no article should need to start "summary of...", that's what all encyclopedia articles should be trying to be) and (b) it doesn't seem to be linked to to the same extent as the other (i.e. "2004 United States election voting controversies" seems to be the "main" article). Does that make sense to you? If you think the logic seems sound I'm happy to stick my neck out and make the nom... TheGrappler 02:35, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

 * right, the nomination's at Articles for deletion/Summary of the 2004 United States presidential election controversy and irregularities... this isn't canvassing, just thought you ought to know since I'm only nominating it as a result of your talk page comment on the article! TheGrappler 03:13, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:John madden football.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:John madden football.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Punky Skunk Cover.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Loaded_Weapon_1_poster.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Loaded_Weapon_1_poster.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Project FMF (talk) 18:21, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Bonus Onus! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:40, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Robert V. Remini -

Prod vs. AfD
Please don't mix up the prod and AfD processes as you did with Benjamin Chertoff. Prod is a one-step process for deletions which you think that no one would oppose, while AfD is a 3-step process to initiate a community discussion on whether an article should be deleted. If you place a prod tag on an article, there is no need to start a deletion discussion unless that prod is removed or contested. I have converted the prod of Benjamin Chertoff to an AfD. — KuyaBriBri Talk 16:24, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Bonus Onus/Omar Q Beckins
User:Bonus Onus/Omar Q Beckins, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Bonus Onus/Omar Q Beckins and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Bonus Onus/Omar Q Beckins during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Fences &  Windows  18:12, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

I wasn't aware of this policy. I would have told you you are welcome to delete it, but it looks like you already did. Bonus Onus (talk) 15:43, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

MfD nomination of List of "largest" articles
List of "largest" articles, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:List of "largest" articles and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of List of "largest" articles during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  01:00, 26 December 2015 (UTC)

T Ros listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect T Ros. Since you had some involvement with the T Ros redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. — the Man in Question (in question)  22:24, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

"Halo 04" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Halo 04. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 December 30 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Dominicmgm (talk) 15:57, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bonus Onus


text:
Charge invariance

Charge invariance refers to the fixed value of the electric charge of a particle regardless of its motion. Like mass, total spin and magnetic moment, particle's charge quantum number remains unchanged between two reference frames in relative motion. For example, an electron has a specific charge e, total spin $$\tfrac{\hbar}{2}$$, and invariant mass me. Accelerate that electron, and the charge, spin and mass assigned to it in all physical laws in the frame at rest and the moving frame remain the same – e, $$\tfrac{\hbar}{2}$$, me. In contrast, the particle's total relativistic energy or de Broglie wavelength change values between the reference frames.

The origin of charge invariance, and all relativistic invariants, is presently unclear. There may be some hints proposed by string/M-theory. It is possible the concept of charge invariance may provide a key to unlocking the mystery of unification in physics – the single theory of gravity, electromagnetism, the strong, and weak nuclear forces.

The property of charge invariance is embedded in the charge density – current density four-vector $$j^\mu = \left(c\rho, \vec{j}\right)$$, whose vanishing divergence $$\partial_\mu j^\mu = 0$$ then signifies charge conservation.

title: Charge invariance


text:
Robert Navarro (politician)

Robert Navarro (born 1 May 1952 in Cuxac-d'Aude, Aude) is a French politician and French Senator representing Hérault. He is a member of the Socialist Party (PS), which is part of the Party of European Socialists.

He was elected Senator on 21 September 2008, on the official PS list, which came third behind the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) and 'renegade' PS lists in the Département of Hérault, which returns four Senators.

Until this point, he had been a member of the European Parliament, to which he was elected in 2004.

Career

 * Baccalaureate
 * Executive, French National Railway Company (SNCF)
 * Socialist Party federal secretary, Hérault (1978)
 * Member of the Socialist Party national council (1978)
 * Vice-Chairman of the Languedoc-Roussillon Council (1998)
 * Chairman of the Socialist Party Group on the Languedoc-Roussillon Council (1998)
 * Member of the European Parliament (2004–2008)
 * Senator from Hérault (2008- )

title: Robert Navarro (politician)


text:
Béatrice Patrie

Béatrice Patrie (born 12 May 1957 in Lorient) is a French former judge and Member of the European Parliament for the South West of France. She is a member of the Socialist Party, part of the Party of European Socialists.

title: Béatrice Patrie


text:
Isaac E. Crary

Isaac Edwin Crary (October 2, 1804 – May 8, 1854) was an American lawyer and politician. He was the first elected U.S. Representative from the state of Michigan. He served in the Michigan House of Representatives including as Speaker.

Early life
Crary was born in Preston, Connecticut, where he attended the public schools and graduated from Trinity College, Hartford, in its first class in 1827. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Hartford. During this time he was also assistant editor of the New England Weekly Review. He moved to Marshall, Michigan, in 1833.

Career
Crary was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1835 and upon the admission of Michigan as a state into the Union, he was elected on October 5 and 6, 1835, as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress. Due to Michigan's dispute with Ohio over the Toledo Strip (see the Toledo War), Congress refused to accept his credentials and he was seated as a delegate until Congress admitted Michigan as a state of the Union on January 26, 1837. He was re-elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses, and served until March 3, 1841.

In 1840, during the William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign, on February 14, 1840, as the House of Representatives debated funding for the Cumberland Road, Crary essayed an attack on Harrison's record as an Indian fighter, deeming him a bogus hero. Crary sat down to applause from his fellow Democrats. The next day, Ohio's Thomas Corwin, known as a humorist, rose in the House, and depicted Crary, a militia general in his home state, having to deal with the terrors of the militia's parade day, until afterwards, safe with the survivors, "your general unsheathes his trenchant blade   ... and with an energy and remorseless fury he slices the watermelons that lie in heaps around him." According to longtime Washington journalist Benjamin Perley Poore, Corwin's response to Crary was "one of the most wonderful speeches ever delivered at Washington," leaving the House "convulsed with laughter" at Crary's expense. As word of Corwin's speech reached newspapers in February and March, there was much amusement across the nation; Crary failed to be renominated to Congress.

He served as regent of the University of Michigan from 1837 to 1844, and with John D. Pierce wrote the education article of the 1835 constitution. Crary was appointed a member of the State board of education from 1820 to 1852. Crary and Pierce planned Michigan's public school system and established a separate department of education run by a superintendent, introducing uniform schooling in Michigan.

He was editor of the Marshall Expounder for several years and a member of the Michigan House of Representatives from 1842 to 1846, serving as speaker of the house in 1846.

Death
Crary died in Marshall, Michigan and is interred at Oakridge Cemetery in Marshall.

Legacy
Isaac E. Crary Elementary School in Detroit, Michigan and Isaac E. Crary Middle School in Waterford, Michigan were named in his honor.

title: Isaac E. Crary


text:
Goroka

Goroka is the capital of the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. It is a town of approximately 19,000 people (2000), 1600 m above sea level. It has an airport (in the centre of town) and is on the "Highlands Highway", about 285 km from Lae in Morobe province and 90 km from the nearby town of Kainantu also in the Eastern Highlands. Other nearby towns include Kundiawa in Simbu Province and Mount Hagen in Western Highlands Province. It has a mild climate, known as a "perpetual Spring".

It is the home of several national institutions: CRMF Christian Radio Missionary Fellowship, the PNG Institute of Medical Research, the National Film Institute, the Liturgical Catechetical Institute, the Melanesian Institute, the Raun Raun Theatre Company and the University of Goroka. Several NGOs also have presences there, including Oxfam and Save the Children. The town's single largest hotel is the Bird of Paradise, owned by the Coral Seas Hotels chain.

Coffee is a common cash crop in the area; smaller industries include trout farms, pigs, bee keeping and food gardens (broccoli, kau kau or sweet potato, carrots, ginger and peanuts are examples of produce that grow well here; nearby Bena Bena is known for its pineapples).

Events
In May, Goroka hosts the PNG Coffee Festival.

The Goroka Show event takes place annually around the time of the country's Independence Day (September 16). It continues for two or three days. The Goroka Show is the oldest show in Papua New Guinea, over 50 years of "keeping the spirit alive".

Climate
Goroka has a subtropical highland climate (Cfb). Due to altitude Goroka features warm to very warm afternoons and cool to mild mornings year-round, with heavy rainfall most of the year and low rainfall from June to September.

Notable people
Goroka is the birthplace of ex-Premier of Tasmania Lara Giddings
 * Rugby league players Stanley Gene and James Segeyaro.

title: Goroka


text:
Vincent Peillon

Vincent Benoît Camille Peillon (born 7 July 1960) is a French politician who served as Minister for Education in the French Government. He is a longstanding French politician and, from 2014 until 2019, served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for North West France (allied with the Socialist Party and the Party of European Socialists).

Early life and education
After a degree in Philosophy at Panthéon-Sorbonne University (class of 1980), Peillon became a high school teacher (junior teaching qualification in 1984 and senior teaching qualification in 1986). He remained a teacher until 1992. He worked one year at Henri Emmanuelli staff at the Assemblée nationale and resumed his teaching between 1993 and 1997. Peillon completed graduate studies at Pantheon-Sorbonne University, graduating with a PhD in Philosophy in 1992. He was Senior Research Fellow at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique between 2002 and 2004, working on ante-marxist socialism.

Early career

 * Secretary of the Socialist Party's group of experts (1993–94)
 * Seconded to the First Secretary of the Socialist Party (1995–97)
 * National research secretary of the Socialist Party (1997–2000)
 * Member of the Socialist Party national bureau (since 1994)

Member of the National Assembly, 1997–2002
Peillon served as a Member of the National Assembly from 1997 until 2002. During his time in office, he was the chairman of the National Assembly's inquiry into money laundering (1999–2002). He also served as the Socialist Party's national spokesman (2000–02).

In a 2000 report co-authored with Arnaud Montebourg, Peillon alleged that Monaco had lax policies with respect to money laundering, including within its famed casino, and that the government of Monaco had been placing political pressure on the judiciary, so that alleged crimes were not properly investigated. In a move to counter efforts by former Socialist Finance Ministers Laurent Fabius and Dominique Strauss-Kahn to recast the Socialist Party as centrist and market-friendly, Peillon joined Montebourg and Julien Dray in 2002 in writing an article for the newspaper Libération, saying the Socialists faced a "crisis of confidence" under its chairman François Hollande. In a clear challenge to the party's free-market wing, the three called on Socialists to "fight more effectively and resolutely against the ferocity of the new capitalism and the excesses of deregulation."

In 2007, Peillon joined Ségolène Royal's campaign team as a spokesperson, alongside Najat Vallaud-Belkacem and Montebourg.

Minister of Education, 2012–2014
After the election of François Hollande, Vincent Peillon was appointed Minister of Education on May 16, 2012. The day after his nomination, he announced the end of the four-day week in primary education (introduced in 2008) for September 2013, and then the return to a five-day week. He also promised to recruit 40 000 new teachers in 2013.

Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2012 convention in Toulouse, Peillon publicly endorsed Harlem Désir as candidate to succeed Martine Aubry at the party's leadership.

Amid his government's plans for a legalization of same-sex marriage in 2013, Peillon caused a national debate when he called on Catholic schools, which teach about one-fifth of all pupils in France, to stay neutral in the debate.

Member of the European Parliament, 2014–2019
Peillon was again elected as Member of the European Parliament in the 2014 elections; he and his Socialist colleagues gathered 14% of the votes. He joined the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he was a member of the parliament’s delegations for relations with the Maghreb countries and the Arab Maghreb Union as well as to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean.

In the Socialist Party's primaries, Peillon ran to become the party's candidate in the 2017 French presidential election; he eventually lost against Benoît Hamon.

title: Vincent Peillon


text:
Haggard

Haggard may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Haggard (band), a German symphonic metal group
 * Haggard (TV series), a British comedy television series
 * Haggard: The Movie, a 2003 film by Bam Margera
 * King Haggard, a fictional character in Peter S. Beagle's The Last Unicorn

Other

 * Haggard (surname)
 * Haggard family, a British family
 * Haggard, Kansas, a community in the United States
 * USS Haggard (DD-555) (1943–1945), destroyer

title: Haggard


text:
Bernard Poignant

Bernard Poignant (born 19 September 1945 in Vannes, Morbihan, Brittany) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the west of France. He is a member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Fisheries and its Committee on Regional Development.

He is a substitute for the Committee on Budgetary Control and a member of the delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. He is also a substitute for the delegation to the EU–Kazakhstan, EU–Kyrgyzstan and EU–Uzbekistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees, and for relations with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia.

Career

 * Highest postgraduate teaching qualification in history (1970)
 * Former Chairman of the National Federation of Socialist and Republican Elected Representatives
 * Mayor of Quimper (1989–2001 and 2008-2014)
 * Member of the French Parliament (1981–1986 and 1988–1993)
 * Member of the European Parliament (1999-2009)
 * Knight of the Legion of Honour

title: Bernard Poignant


text:
Marie-Line Reynaud

Marie-Line Reynaud (born 17 July 1954 in Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire, Charente) is a French politician who was a deputy to the National Assembly of France for the second division of Charente department. She was first elected in 1997, lost her seat in 2002, regained it in 2007, then lost it again in 2017. Between her terms she served as a Member of the European Parliament for the west of France from 2004 to 2007.

Reynaud is a member of the Socialist Party, and sat with the Party of European Socialists in the European Parliament. She was a member of the Parliament's Committee on Constitutional Affairs and its Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. She was also a substitute for the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, a member of the delegation for relations with the Gulf States, including Yemen, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with the Korean Peninsula.

Career

 * Master's degree in public law and international and Community law (1979)
 * Lawyer at the Information Centre on Women's Rights (1991–1997)
 * Member of Jarnac Municipal Council (1989–1995)
 * First Deputy Mayor of Jarnac (2002)
 * Vice-Chairwoman, Pays de Cognac (2002)
 * Member of the National Assembly for the second constituency of Charente (1997–2002)
 * Vice-Chairwoman of the Mitterrand Donation, Jarnac (2002)
 * Gold Medal of the Society for Promoting Good
 * Blood donor's medal

title: Marie-Line Reynaud


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Rje

Rje
 (22/0/0) ending 03:30 16 February 2005 (UTC)

Rje has been editing since last September and has made 3235 edits. Looking through his contributions, you will find that he reverts a fair amount of vandalism, but he appears to know the difference between vandalism and "edits I disagree with". Rje has a good familiarity with Wikipedia policy and I think he would make an excellent admin. If nothing else, he'd undoubtedly benefit from the rollback feature. --Michael Snow 03:30, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I gratefully accept your kind nomination.

Support
 * 1) Michael Snow 03:31, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Lots of edit summaries, VfD and RC participation, plenty of experience. Fully support. Carrp | Talk 03:36, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Certainly. — Dan | Talk 03:42, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Even has a public watchlist, the first one I have ever seen -- Chris 73 Talk 03:52, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Absolutely.  Bart133 (t) 04:35, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) jni 10:58, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) I support. Answers to questions below look good, among other reasons. - RedWordSmith 14:11, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Strong support. --JuntungWu 17:32, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) RC patrol? Of course I support. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 20:18, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)
 * 10) Good user. Support. Nadavspi | talk 20:33, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Francs2000 | Talk 02:17, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Kingturtle 04:00, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Eeeeeeexcellent. --Slowking Man 06:23, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) utcursch 08:08, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Looks good to me. Isomorphic 18:44, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) I'm luvin' the menu color scheme ;"D - RoyBoy [ ∞ ] 04:54, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) R yan!  |  Talk  17:35, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Yes. -- Hoary 02:33, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)
 * 19) BLANKFAZE | (что??) 04:35, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) I'll support. Jordi·✆ 07:47, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) I support. Arunram 10:25, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) Andre ( talk ) 03:18, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Oppose

Neutral

Comments

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * I'm already fairly active on both RC and NP patrol, I will use sysop power to facilitate me in both of these areas. I will also try to help out with VfD/Old, which seems to be getting larger as the site gets more popular. I generally try to help out where I can.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * I don't feel a great attachment to my contributions, once I've made them I see them as belonging to the public rather than to me. Although I think both Peter Barnes and Joey Maxim are pretty good examples of my work, for a fairly complete list please see User:Rje/Watch
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * I can honestly say I have never been in a major edit conflict with another user, at least there are none I can recall, aside from the odd anon defacing my user pages (an unfortunate result of RC patrolling). I do not tend to get too stressed with wikipedia, I work well with other people and I listen to, and give, advice and help freely. Should I get into a conflict in the future I think I would back down and ask for assistance, either through the mediation process or from an unbiased fellow user, edit wars are ultimately futile. As for stress: I think I would just take a break and cool down.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Rje


text:
Talk:Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz

Comment
See Talk:Archbishopric of Mainz on the original separation of these pages.

migrate to Mentz?
This is the English wiki, surely the English name should be the main one used. Magjozs (talk) 14:31, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

dioecesis moguntinA (female word)
also to be corrected on other wiki pages 82.50.193.53 (talk) 18:40, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz


text:
Martine Roure

Martine Roure (born 28 September 1948, in Lyon) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the south-east of France. She is a member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs.

She is also vice-chair of the delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China, and a substitute for the Committee on Budgets.

She was Secretary of local Socialist Party association from 1985 to 1989. She was a Member of the Socialist Party executive committee and national council from 1992 to 1996 and has been a Member of the European Parliament since 1999.

Honors and awards
Knight (1992) and Officer (1999) of the Order of Academic Palms

title: Martine Roure


text:
Gilles Savary

Gilles Savary (born 6 December 1954 in Oradour-sur-Vayres, Haute-Vienne) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the Île-de-France.

Early life and education
Savary holds a master's degree in economics (1975), a postgraduate diploma (DESS) in regional planning (1976) and a postgraduate diploma (DEA) in regional and urban analysis (1977) from the University of Bordeaux.

Early career
Savary began his career as an advisor in the cabinets of Philippe Madrelle, president of the Regional Council of Aquitaine, from 1982 to 1985, and later of Jean-Michel Baylet, president of the Tarn-et-Garonne General Council from 1985 to 1987. He followed the latter when he became Secretary of State for Local Authorities at the Ministry of the Interior under minister Pierre Joxe after the 1988 elections. From 1988 to 1992, he was chief of staff to Madrelle, then president of the Departmental Council of Gironde.

From 1992 to 1999, Savary was a visiting lecturer in economics at the Sciences Po Bordeaux.

Political career

 * Member of the Socialist Party national council (since 1997)
 * National responsibility in the Socialist Party for public services (2001–2003)
 * Vice-Chairman of the National Federation of Socialist and Republican Elected Representatives (1997–2001)
 * Leader of the Socialist Group on Bordeaux City Council (1995–2004)
 * Vice-Chairman of the Gironde Departmental Council (since 2004)
 * Vice-Chairman of the Aquitaine Regional Council (1998–1999)

Member of the European Parliament, 1999–2009
As a member of the Socialist Party, Savary served as part of the Party of European Socialists. In parliament, he was vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism (2002–2009) and a member of the temporary committee on improving safety at sea (2003–2004). He was also a substitute for the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs.

In addition to his committee assignments, Savary was a member of the delegations for relations with Iran (2004–2009) and to the parliamentary cooperation committees for relations with Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (1999–2002). He also chaired the Intergroup on the Sky and Space from 2000 to 2004.

From 2006, Savary was one of the spokespeople of Ségolène Royal's campaign for the 2007 presidential election, alongside Arnaud Montebourg and Jean-Louis Bianco.

Member of the National Assembly, 2012–2017
Following the 2012 elections, Savary became the deputy for Gironde's 9th constituency. In parliament, he served on the Committee on Sustainable Development, Spatial and Regional Planning and the Committee on European Affairs.

In addition to his committee assignments, Savary was part of the French-Turkish Parliamentary Friendship Group, the French-Polish Parliamentary Friendship Group and the French-Algerian Parliamentary Friendship Group from 2014 to 2017.

When Benoît Hamon won the Socialist Party's primaries to become its candidate for the 2017 presidential elections, Savary and Christophe Caresche wrote an article in Le Monde newspaper saying they could not support him.

Later career
From 2020 to 2021, Savary served as chair of Territories of Progress, a party he had co-founded but eventually left in 2022. He has since been supporting La Convention, a political movement founded by Bernard Cazeneuve.

Other activities

 * Banque de France, Member of the General Council (since 2020)
 * French transport infrastructure financing agency (AFITF), Member of the Board of Directors (2014–2017)
 * French National Railway Safety Authority (EPSF), Member of the Board of Directors (2012–2017)

Recognition

 * Knight of the National Order of Merit (1999)

title: Gilles Savary


text:
Pierre Schapira (politician)

Pierre Lionel Georges Schapira (born 10 December 1944 in Algiers) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the Île-de-France. He is a member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Development.

He is also a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the delegation for relations with Israel and the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

Career

 * Diploma as dental surgeon (1971)
 * Deputy Mayor of Paris with responsibility for international relations and the French-Speaking World
 * Former Vice-President of the French Economic and Social Council (1984–2004)
 * Former Commissioner, National Commission for Information Technology and Freedoms (CNIL) (1999–2004)
 * Officier of the Legion of Honour

title: Pierre Schapira (politician)


text:
Valentyn Symonenko

Valentyn Kostyantynovych Symonenko (Валентин Костянтинович Симоненко; born 4 July 1940) is a Ukrainian politician and former Soviet Communist Party functionary. Between 1996 and 2011 he was chairman of the Accounting Chamber of Ukraine.

In 1983–1992 he served as mayor of Odesa, then as the First Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine in the Fokin government, and for period of 10 days in October 1992 (2–12 October) ex officio acted as a Prime Minister of Ukraine upon the resignation of Vitold Fokin and the appointment of Leonid Kuchma to the office. Symonenko became the first "acting Prime Minister".

Symonenko has been elected to the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) for three sequential terms (11, 12(1), and 13(2) convocations).

In 1996 he was elected as the Chairman of the Accounting Chamber of Ukraine. In 2003 he was re-elected for the second 7-year term. The Accounting Chamber executes control over revenues and expenditures of the State Budget of Ukraine on behalf of the Verkhovna Rada.

title: Valentyn Symonenko


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Catherine Trautmann

Catherine Trautmann (born 15 January 1951 in Strasbourg) is a French politician for the French Socialist Party. She served as Minister of Culture of France in the Lionel Jospin cabinet 1997–2000 and was a Member of the European Parliament 1989–1997 and 2004–2014.

Career
She studied in Strasbourg, obtaining a master's degree in Protestant theology at the Protestant theological faculty of the University of Strasbourg. She is also a specialist on Coptic language and literature.

She was elected as the first female mayor of Strasbourg in 1989, re-elected in 1995, then defeated in 2001.

In the EP she sat on the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy and was a substitute for the Committee on Culture and Education and also a member of the Delegation for relations with Canada. She was elected from the constituency of East France.

 * Master's degree in Protestant theology (1975)
 * Member of the Socialist Party national council (1977)
 * Member of the Socialist Party national bureau (2000)
 * Member of the national bureau of the National Federation of Socialist and Republican Elected Representatives
 * Member of Strasbourg Municipal Council (1983)
 * Mayor of Strasbourg and Chairwoman of the Strasbourg Urban Community Council (1989–1997 and 2000–2001)
 * Member of Strasbourg City Council and Member of the Strasbourg Urban Community Council (since 2001)
 * Member of the National Assembly (1986–1988)
 * State Secretary for the Elderly and Disabled (1988)
 * Minister for Culture and Communications (1997–2000)
 * Member of the European Parliament (1989–1997)
 * Council of Europe (1987–1988)
 * Chairwoman of the Interdepartmental Task Force on Drug addiction (1988–1990)
 * Commissioner-General for the Expo International 2004 (2000–2002) (cancelled in 2003 )

title: Catherine Trautmann


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Church of St Agnes and St Pancras, Toxteth Park

The Church of St Agnes and St Pancras is in Ullet Road, Toxteth Park, Liverpool, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is an active Anglican church in the diocese of Liverpool, the archdeaconry of Liverpool and the deanery of Toxteth and Wavertree. Pevsner described it as "by far the most beautiful Victorian church of Liverpool...an epitome of Late Victorian nobility in church design".

History
The church was built between 1883 and 1885 at a cost of £28,000 (equivalent to £0 in ), which was paid for by the stockbroker H. Douglas Horsfall. The architect was John Loughborough Pearson.

Present day
The parish stands in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of the Church of England. As it rejects the ordination of women, it receives alternative episcopal oversight from the Bishop of Beverley (currently Stephen Race).

Exterior
The church is built in red brick with red sandstone dressings and a tile roof. Its plan consists of a four-bay nave with lean-to aisles and a clerestory, transepts at both ends, a south chapel with lean-to aisles, a short chancel with a canted polygonal apse, and an ambulatory which is flanked by turrets. At the west end are two porches. The west end and the transepts have angle buttresses and gable crosses. Over the east crossing is a lead-covered flèche. The windows are either lancets or have plate tracery.

Interior
The interior of the church is lined with Caen stone. The northwest transept contains the baptistry with a marble font carved by Nathaniel Hitch, who also worked with Pearson in Truro Cathedral. The nave has arcades with round piers and balconies above. The northeast transept contains the organ loft which consists of a polygonal platform supported by a central column of black marble surrounded by ten more columns around the edges. The south chapel is the Lady Chapel. Its screen of 1904 and reredos of 1904 were designed by G. F. Bodley. The ambulatory runs round the apse and is divided from the sanctuary by an arcade with statues of angel musicians in the spandrels. Above this is a frieze in high relief depicting the Adoration of the Lamb, and above this are statues of angels under canopies. The high altar reredos was carved by Nathaniel Hitch, as were the apse carvings. The pulpit is carved in Italian marble and depicts the Apostles and Church Fathers. The stained glass includes windows by Kempe and Herbert Bryans. The original pipe organ originally built by Wordsworth and Maskell of Leeds, has been unusable since 1996. The fine case and majority of the pipework survive in situ, for restoration should a funds be later made available. The console has been removed and replaced by that of an electronic organ which was made by Hugh Banton.

Associated buildings
Behind the church is the vicarage which was built between 1885 and 1887 to a design by Norman Shaw and paid for by H. Douglas Horsfall's mother. It is built in red brick with stone dressings and has two storeys. Its windows are arranged asymmetrically and include a canted oriel window on the street elevation. The vicarage is a Grade II* listed building. Also behind the church and attached to it by a passage is the church hall. It was built probably in 1887 and is also by Shaw. The hall is built in red brick with a tile roof. Its main part has a clerestory and lean-to aisles, and behind this is a smaller single-story room with windows containing tracery. It is listed at Grade II.


text:
Yannick Vaugrenard

Yannick Vaugrenard (born 25 June 1950 in Trignac, Loire-Atlantique) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the west of France. He is a member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets.

He is also a substitute for the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, a member of the delegation to the EU–Romania Joint Parliamentary Committee, and a substitute for the delegation to the EU–Bulgaria Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Career

 * Baccalauréat
 * Worked at the Banque nationale de Paris (1972–1989)
 * Special adviser to the Deputy Mayor of Nantes (1989–2004)
 * First federal secretary, Loire-Atlantique Socialist Party (1990–2001)
 * Deputy mayor of Trignac (1977–1989)
 * Deputy mayor of Saint-Nazaire (1995–2001)
 * Member of the Loire-Atlantique Departmental Council (1982–1994)
 * Member of the Pays de la Loire Regional Council (1986–2004)
 * First Vice-Chairman of the Pays de la Loire Regional Council (since 2004)

title: Yannick Vaugrenard


text: Category:Religions

title: Category:Religions


text:
Nellie Kim

Nellie Vladimirovna Kim (Russian: Нелли Владимировна Ким; born 29 July 1957) is a retired Soviet and Belarusian gymnast of Sakhalin Korean and Tatar descent who won three gold medals and a silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, and two gold medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. She was the second woman in Olympic history to earn a perfect 10 score and the first woman to score it on the vault and on the floor exercise, rivaling Nadia Comăneci, Ludmilla Tourischeva, and other strong competitors of the 1970s.

Kim worked for a long time as a coach, training several national teams, and judged many major international competitions. As president of the Women's Artistic Gymnastics Technical Committee, she coordinated the introduction of new rules in women's gymnastics, as provided by the new Code of Points, developed by the FIG in 2004–2005 and in effect since 2006. Her gymnastic appearances are remembered for "her strong feminine, temperamental and charismatic appeal".

Early life
Nellie Kim was born in Shurab, Tajik SSR, Soviet Union. She is the daughter of a Sakhalin Korean father, Vladimir Kim, and a Tatar mother, Alfiya Safina. Later the family moved to Kazakh SSR, where her father worked in the Chimkent slate factory. At age 9, she entered Chimkent City Children and Youth Sports School 3 of the Spartak Sports Society. Two other children in the family, her younger brother Alexander and her sister Irina, also entered a gymnastics school and trained for some time. Alexander was harassed by his classmates in the secondary school for his small stature and retired from gymnastics in favor of boxing. Irina, whom Nellie considered more talented than she, retired because of the demands of the frequent training sessions.

Kim's trainers were Vladimir Baidin and his wife, Galina Barkova. Initially, she did not have the required flexibility of many of her fellow gymnasts, but was soon able to compensate with superior technique and the difficulty of her exercises. Kim excelled and quickly became one of the best in Soviet gymnastics.

One of Kim's earliest successes was her victory in the republican Spartak's competition, held in Chimkent in 1969. Nevertheless, a year later she was said to "have no future" by celebrated gymnast Larisa Latynina. After that verdict, Kim was close to leaving gymnastics but persevered with support from Baidin. At the 1971 Junior USSR Championships, her first national competition, she placed fifth in the all-around. Success in the national junior circuit, as well as senior national and international debuts, followed two years later. Kim won the all-around title and two more gold medals at the All-Union Youth Sports Games, placed eighth in the all-around and first on the uneven bars at the USSR Cup; she also won the prestigious Chunichi Cup in Japan. After a second-place finish at the USSR Cup in August 1974, Kim was added to the team roster for the World Championships, held in October, where she earned the gold medal in the team competition. Afterwards, and until 1980, she successfully competed in numerous top-level international events.

Kim's nickname among USSR teammates and team coaches was "Kimanellie," which she earned when a trainer Vladislav Rastorotsky called her very quickly: "Kim, Nellie, to the phone!"

Olympics and World Championships
Nellie Kim became one of the main medal prospects for the upcoming Olympics and actual leader of the Soviet team after the 1975 Canadian Pre-Olympics Test competition. At the Test she placed second in the all-around to Nadia Comăneci, but won three golds in the event finals (vault, balance beam, floor exercise), while Comăneci won the remaining one on bars. Larisa Latynina, who had already changed her opinion about Kim earlier, described her gymnastics style as sparkling and cheerful. She also cited a comment by Canadian newspapers about Kim's performance: "There are moments, when a natural smile is more worth, than triumph". However, although Kim also won the 1976 USSR Cup, beating famous compatriots such as Olga Korbut and Ludmilla Tourischeva, they were still considered leaders by the media. Even the Coach Council of the Soviet team failed to define her as the leader. That was to prove a mistake, as later recognized by Soviet experts.

At the 1976 Summer Olympics, the rivalry between Nellie Kim and Nadia Comăneci became the focal point of the women's gymnastics competition. Kim's teammates Ludmilla Tourischeva and Olga Korbut, the Olympic champions of Munich, were overcome by the two rising stars in the battle for the gold. Kim won three gold medals, one in the team competition and two in the event finals: on the vault and floor exercise. Music for her floor routine, choreographed by Valentina Kosolapova, was a fiery Samba, and one of the elements was the double back salto, performed for the first time in Olympic women's events. Kim also won a silver medal in the all-around, receiving the perfect 10 for the Tsukahara vault with the full twist, which was also performed for the first time in Olympic history. She was praised for her feminine beauty and the flamboyant, graceful and intense style. Comaneci won the gold in the all-around, on bars and balance beam. Nellie's weak performance on the beam together with a lower preliminary score, led her to place second in the all-around, after Nadia.

After the 1976 Summer Olympics, Kim moved to the Byelorussian SSR (joining the Armed Forces sports society in Minsk) and represented her new club on the USSR team. Two years later Kim successfully competed at the World Championships. She won gold medals on the vault, floor exercise and in the team competition, and placed second in the all-around to Elena Mukhina, overcoming Nadia Comăneci. The greatest success came at the 1979 World Championships, where Kim became the all-around champion, beating Maxi Gnauck, Melita Ruhn and her teammate Maria Filatova. Her floor exercise routine, choreographed by Galina Savarina, was accompanied by a new piece of music, House of the Rising Sun by Santa Esmeralda, which would also be used one year later at the Olympics.

In 1980, Kim won the all-around title at the USSR Championships and successfully competed in the Moscow Olympics, her last competitive performance. She tied for the gold medal on the floor with Nadia Comăneci after scoring 9.95 in that event finals, and won gold in the team competition. As of the 2020 Summer Games in Tokyo, she and Larisa Latynina are the only female gymnasts to defend their Olympic gold medal in the floor exercise event. After the Moscow Olympics, Kim appeared with a roster of other top-class gymnasts at Wembley Arena in January 1981 for a popular exhibition of gymnastic performances on floor and apparatus.

Later life
After her competitive career ended, Nellie Kim worked as a coach and a judge. She coached the South Korean, Italian and Belarus national teams. In 1984, Kim became an International Brevet Judge and judged numerous international competitions, including European Championships, World Championships and Olympic Games. On one occasion, her judging license was suspended by the FIG for a time, after the 1990 World Cup, due to allegations of cheating and fixing scores. After her suspension ended, she was judging again at the Barcelona Games. Since 1993, she has served as President of the Judging Committee in Artistic Gymnastics of the Republic of Belarus.

Kim's first marriage was to fellow gymnast Vladimir Achasov, but the marriage did not last. She met her second husband, Soviet cyclist Valery Movchan, at the 1980 Olympics, in which he had also won a gold medal. Together they had a daughter (also named Nellie), born in the mid-1980s.

In 1996, Kim was elected to the Women's Artistic Gymnastics Technical Committee of the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), and moved to the United States soon afterwards. As of 2002, she was residing in Minnesota.

In 1999, Kim was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame.

At the FIG Congress of 22 October 2004 in Antalya, Kim was elected President of the Women's Artistic Gymnastics Technical Committee. She helped draft the 2006 changes to the Code of Points, ending the use of the perfect 10 and introducing uncapped scoring for gymnasts. Some of the main causes for the changes were judging scandals at the 2004 Summer Olympics involving Alexei Nemov and other gymnasts. FIG officials, including Kim and Bruno Grandi, believed one of the ways to prevent such scandals in the future, and make clean execution and artistry the main priorities, was a radical overhaul of the old Code.

The move was controversial among fans and athletes alike. Kim and other FIG officials pointed out that the changes were undertaken with the help and advice of FIG member federations and many judges, as had all previous codes. They also highlighted that the system would be tested on major international events before final adoption.

In a 2005 interview, Kim said that unlike her WAG TC President predecessor, Jackie K. Fie, she did not receive any salary from the federation of the country, represented by her in the FIG. And that she works for the FIG on the basis of pure enthusiasm.

In 2013, Kim was accused by Russian coaches of favoring American gymnasts, a view she vehemently refuted and criticized.

Kim was the subject of a half-hour National Film Board of Canada documentary Nelli Kim, co-directed by Georges Dufaux and Pierre Bernier, which was filmed at the 1976 Summer Games and released in 1978.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, she took Belarusian citizenship.

Eponymous skills
Kim has a total of seven eponymous skills in the Code of Points.

title: Nellie Kim


text:
Bernadette Vergnaud

Bernadette Vergnaud (born 16 September 1950 in Montluçon, Allier) is a French politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2014, representing the west of France. She is a member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists.

During her time in Parliament, Vergnaud served on the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection. She was also a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality, the delegation for relations with Mercosur, the delegation for relations with the Mashreq countries, and the delegation to the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly.

Career

 * Degree in Spanish (1972)
 * Degree in Portuguese (1973)
 * Master's degree (Latin languages and Latin-American languages) (1974)
 * Latin teacher (1971–1972)
 * Adviser in the national education administration (1972–1975)
 * University bursar (1976–2004)
 * Secretary of the Poitiers section of the Socialist Party (1990–2003)
 * Departmental Secretary for Vienne, with responsibility for women's rights (since 1997)
 * Member of the National Women's Committee (since 1997)
 * Member of the National Women's Council (since 2004)
 * Member of the bureau of the National Women's Council (since 2004)
 * Member of Poitiers Municipal Council (1995–2001)
 * Deputy Mayor of Poitiers with responsibility for education and school catering (since 2001)
 * Member of the Poitou-Charentes Regional Council (1998–2004)

title: Bernadette Vergnaud


text:
Henri Weber

Henri Weber (23 June 1944 – 26 April 2020) was a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the north-west of France. He was a member of the Socialist Party (PS), which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education.

Weber was born in Leninabad (now Khujand), Tajikistan, Soviet Union, in a Soviet labor camp, on a hospital ship moored on the banks of the Syr-Daria river, to Polish Jewish parents who had fled from the town of Chrzanow, Galicia, during the Nazi 1939 invasion of Poland, and who later immigrated to France from Poland. His father was a watchmaker.

Henri Weber was an activist in the May 68 uprising and was a leading member of the Trotskyist Jeunesse communiste révolutionnaire (Revolutionary Communist Youth) and Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) before joining the PS.

He was also a substitute for the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, a member of the delegation to the EU–Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Japan.

Weber died, aged 75, after contracting COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in France.

Career

 * Doctorate in philosophy
 * Doctorate in politics
 * Assistant lecturer (1968–1976), then senior lecturer (1976–1995) at the University of Paris 8
 * National secretary of the Socialist Party, with responsibility for national education, then for training, culture and the media (1993–2003)
 * Member of the Socialist Party's policy bureau, with responsibility for universities
 * Deputy mayor of Saint-Denis (1988–1995)
 * Member of Dieppe Municipal Council (1995–2001)
 * Senator (1995–2004)
 * Member of the European Parliament (1997)
 * Treasurer of the Jean-Jaurès Foundation (1988–1997)
 * Essayist

Reviews

 * Wilkinson, Paul (1982), Why Nicaragua?, which includes a review of Nicaragua: The Sandinist Revolution by Henri Weber, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 10, Autumn 1982, pp. 45 & 46,

title: Henri Weber


text:
Telegonus fulgerator

Telegonus fulgerator, the two-barred flasher, is a species of spread-wing skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae which may constitute a possible cryptic species complex. It ranges all over the Americas, from the southern United States to northern Argentina.

Description
Telegonus fulgerator is a mid-sized skipper butterfly with the wing shape typical of this group. The upperside is black, with basal to postbasal blue corners which are more extensive on the forewings. There is one discal-tomal and one apical band on the forewing; these are usually off white to light blue but the former may be quite white towards the costal margin. The thorax has bluish hair on the back, the underside is yellow to orange.

The caterpillars and pupae show a wide range of colors and patterns, and the caterpillars also vary in food preference. Last-instar caterpillars are black with a pattern consisting of light to bright yellow dots along the sides, or rings of varying thickness, sometimes interrupted on the back, in a range of colors varying from white to orange red.

Larval food plants
This species is highly polyphagous, with most food plants belonging to the Fabaceae (legume family):

Selected primary food plants
 * Fabaceae
 * Inga: I. exalata, I. oerstediana, I. punctata, I. sapindoides, I. vera and probably others
 * Lonchocarpus (see also below)
 * Senna: candle bush (S. alata), S. cobanensis, S. hayesiana, S. pallida, S. papillosa, S. undulata and probably others
 * Malvaceae
 * Hampea appendiculata (but see below)
 * Sapindaceae
 * Cupania: C. glabra, C. guatemalensis and probably others

Selected secondary and accidental food plants
 * Capparaceae
 * Capparis frondosa
 * Fabaceae
 * Canavalia brasiliensis
 * Cassia: golden shower tree (C. fistula), C. grandis and possibly others
 * Centrosema (butterfly peas): C. macrocarpum, C. plumieri and possibly others
 * Desmodium glabrum
 * Dioclea: D. malacocarpa, D. violacea and possibly others
 * Mucuna holtonii
 * Piscidia carthagenensis
 * Malvaceae
 * Byttneria catalpaefolia
 * Rhamnaceae
 * Karwinskia calderoni
 * Salicaceae
 * Casearia sylvestris
 * Styracaceae
 * Styrax argenteus

Systematics
Due to the diversity of caterpillar colors and food plants it was suspected that the butterflies referred to as Telegonus fulgerator might be more than a single species. A controversial 2004 DNA barcoding study of a 648 base pair sequence from the Cytochrome c oxidase (COI) DNA sequence by Paul D. N. Hébert et al. led the authors to claim that at least ten sympatric populations in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste World Heritage Site in north-western Costa Rica were in various stages of reproductive isolation. However, a later reanalysis of the same DNA sequence data using neighbor joining bootstrap, population aggregation analysis and cladistic haplotype analysis found that: "[a]t least three, but not more than seven mtDNA clades that may correspond to cryptic species are supported by the evidence". Also, where a specific DNA sequence did not correspond to its purported host plant, it was "simply dismissed with an ad hoc hypothesis and manifestly incorrect explanation" by Hébert and his coworkers. The improper use of taxonomic vocabulary was also criticized; Hébert et al. apply the terms "species" and "taxa" as if they were synonymous, but never actually validly described their proposed "species".

Cryptic variation
The exact number of taxa involved is disputed, most of the "species" detected by the DNA barcoding study seem to be nothing more than morphs or incipient subspecies, coupled with a serious underestimation of variation. Still, two lineages appear to be well distinct and separable at least as subspecies: "CELT" has larvae with bold orange bands in the last instar, which were recorded only on Celtis iguanaea (Ulmaceae); "TRIGO" last-instar larvae have bold yellow bands and were found on the Malpighiales Trigonia (T. arborea, T. laevis and T. rugosa) and, apparently accidentally, on Licania arborea.

Three more lineages are in need of further study. One, "NUMT", was initially dismissed as a numt pseudogene combined with sequencing error but may represent a hitherto unrecognized taxon. Two other lineages, "LOHAM" and "LONCHO", were considered highly distinct in the barcoding study but the reanalysis showed that this might be an error. The latter two are peculiar in some aspects, such as apparently never having bands or orange colors in the last instar stage and showing a preference for Lonchocarpus costaricensis, Lonchocarpus oliganthus, and Hampea appendiculata as larval food but are not monophagous. They appear to be an intermediate stage in lineage sorting and might be considered one or two subspecies if the two most distinct lineages are split off as species.

The other lineages show a marked lack of agreement between morphological, ecological and genetical variation in the reanalysis of the supposed clusters. The entire range of caterpillar colors and patterns is found across one huge ill-structured cluster of genetic diversity. They are polyphagous, feeding preferentially on Inga and Senna as well as a variety of other plants, but apparently not on those preferred by the more distinct lineages except Hampea appendiculata.

The proposed divergence times for the lineages are derived from a standard molecular clock model, which is today known to be incorrect.

title: Telegonus fulgerator


text: User talk:165.228.229.75

title: User talk:165.228.229.75