text:
Conidium

A conidium (: conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus. The word conidium comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, (). They are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. They are produced exogenously. The two new haploid cells are genetically identical to the haploid parent, and can develop into new organisms if conditions are favorable, and serve in biological dispersal.

Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes (the phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive between species and, before the development of molecular techniques at the end of the 20th century, was widely used for identification of (e.g. Metarhizium) species.

The terms microconidia and macroconidia are sometimes used.

Conidiogenesis
There are two main types of conidium development:
 * Blastic conidiogenesis, where the spore is already evident before it separates from the conidiogenic hypha which is giving rise to it, and
 * Thallic conidiogenesis, where first a cross-wall appears and thus the created cell develops into a spore.

Conidia germination
A conidium may form germ tubes (germination tubes) and/or conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs) in specific conditions. These two are some of the specialized hyphae that are formed by fungal conidia. The germ tubes will grow to form the hyphae and fungal mycelia. The conidial anastomosis tubes are morphologically and physiologically distinct from germ tubes. After conidia are induced to form conidial anastomosis tubes, they grow homing toward each other, and they fuse. Once fusion happens, the nuclei can pass through fused CATs. These are events of fungal vegetative growth and not sexual reproduction. Fusion between these cells seems to be important for some fungi during early stages of colony establishment. The production of these cells has been suggested to occur in 73 different species of fungi.

Germination in Aspergillus
As evidenced by recent literature, conidia germination of Aspergillus, a common mold, specifically is of interest. Aspergillus is not only a familiar fungus found across various different settings in the world, but it poses a danger for immunocompromised individuals, as inhaled Aspergillus conidia could germinate inside the respiratory tract and cause aspergillosis, a form of pulmonary infection, and continual developments of aspergillosis such as new risk groups and the resistance against antifungal drugs.

Stages of Germination: Dormancy
Germination in Aspergillus follows a sequence of three different stages: dormancy, isotropic growth, and polarized growth. The dormant conidia are able to germinate even after an year of remaining at room temperature, due to their resilient intracellular and extracellular characteristics, which enable them to undergo harsh conditions like dehydration, variation in osmotic pressure, oxidation, and temperature, and change in UV exposure and acidity levels. These abilities of the dormant conidia are dictated by a few central regulatory proteins, which are the main drivers of the conidia and conidiophore formation. One of these proteins, the developmental regulatory protein wetA, has been found to be particularly essential; in wetA-defective mutants have reduced tolerance to external factors mentioned above, and exhibit weak synthesization of the conidial cell wall. In addition to these central regulators, some notable groups of genes/proteins include other regulatory proteins like the velvet regulator proteins, which contribute to fungal growth, and other molecules that target specific unfavorable intra and extracellular conditions, like heat shock proteins.

Stages of Germination: Isotropic and Polarized Growth
The phases following dormancy include isotropic growth, in which increased intracellular osmotic pressure and water uptake causes swelling of the conidia and increased cellular diameter, and polarized growth, in which the swelling from isotropic growth directs the growth to one side of the cell, and leads to the formation of a germ tube. First, however, the conidia must go through the stage of breaking dormancy. In some species of Aspergillus, dormancy is broken when the dormant conidia is introduced to a carbon source in the presence of water and air, while in other species, the mere presence of glucose is enough to trigger it. The dense outer layer of the dormant conidia is shed and the growth of the hyphae cells begins, which has a significantly different composition compared to the dormant conidia cell. Breaking of dormancy involves transcription, but not translation; protein synthesis inhibitors prevent isotropic growth, while DNA and RNA synthesis inhibitors do not, and the start of breaking of dormancy is accompanied by and increase in transcripts for genes for biosynthesis of proteins, and immediate protein synthesis. Following the expansion of the cell via isotropic growth, studies have observed many new proteins emerging from the processes in the breaking of dormancy and transcripts associated with remodeling of the cell wall, suggesting that remodeling of the cell wall is a central process during isotropic growth. In the polarized growth stage, upregulated and overexpressed proteins and transcripts included ones involved in synthesis of chitin (a major component of the fungal cell wall), mitosis and DNA processing, remodeling of cell morphology, and ones in germ tube formation pertaining to infection and virulence factors.

Structures for release of conidia
Conidiogenesis is an important mechanism of spread of plant pathogens. In some cases, specialized macroscopic fruiting structures perhaps 1 mm or so in diameter containing masses of conidia are formed under the skin of the host plant and then erupt through the surface, allowing the spores to be distributed by wind and rain. One of these structures is called a conidioma (plural: conidiomata).

Two important types of conidiomata, distinguished by their form, are:
 * pycnidia (singular: pycnidium), which are flask-shaped, and
 * acervuli (singular: acervulus), which have a simpler cushion-like form.

Pycnidial conidiomata or pycnidia form in the fungal tissue itself, and are shaped like a bulging vase. The conidia are released through a small opening at the apex, the ostiole.

Acervular conidiomata, or acervuli, are cushion-like structures that form within the tissues of a host organism:
 * subcuticular, lying under the outer layer of the plant (the cuticle),
 * intraepidermal, inside the outer cell layer (the epidermis),
 * subepidermal, under the epidermis, or deeper inside the host.

Mostly they develop a flat layer of relatively short conidiophores which then produce masses of spores. The increasing pressure leads to the splitting of the epidermis and cuticle and allows release of the conidia from the tissue.

Health issues
Conidia are always present in the air, but levels fluctuate from day to day and with the seasons. An average person inhales at least 40 conidia per hour. Exposure to conidia from certain species, such as those of Cryptostroma corticale, is known to cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis, an occupational hazard for forest workers and paper mill employees.

Conidia are often the method by which some normally harmless but heat-tolerating (thermotolerant), common fungi establish infection in certain types of severely immunocompromised patients (usually acute leukemia patients on induction chemotherapy, AIDS patients with superimposed B-cell lymphoma, bone marrow transplantation patients (taking immunosuppressants), or major organ transplant patients with graft versus host disease). Their immune system is not strong enough to fight off the fungus, and it may, for example, colonise the lung, resulting in a pulmonary infection. Especially with species of the Aspergillus genus, germination in the respiratory tract can lead to aspergillosis, which is quite common, can vary in severity, and has shown signs of developing new risk groups and antifungal drug resistance.

title: Conidium


text: User talk:80.56.21.40

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:80.56.21.40


text:
Doug Wead

Roy Douglas Wead (17 May 1946 – 10 December 2021 ) was an American conservative commentator and writer. He wrote 27 books.

In 1992, Wead was the Republican candidate for Arizona's 6th congressional district, but was defeated by the Democratic candidate, Karan English. He served as special assistant to U.S. president George H. W. Bush, and has been credited with coining the phrase "compassionate conservative". Between 1997 and 2000, Wead recorded several hours of phone conversations between himself and George W. Bush without Bush's knowledge.

Early life and education
Wead was born in Muncie, Indiana. He attended Riley High School, in South Bend, Indiana, then graduated from Canyonville Bible Academy, a private boarding school in Canyonville, Oregon, in 1964. He also attended Central Bible College in Springfield, Missouri. In 1990, Wead was given an honorary degree from Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Career

In 1979, Wead gave a speech titled "The Compassionate Conservative" at the annual Charity Awards Dinner, and tapes of the speech were later sold at corporate seminars.

In 1992, Wead was the Republican candidate for U.S. Congress in Arizona's 6th congressional district, despite having lived in Arizona for only two years. Wead won the Republican nomination by proposing a tax limit and airing a television commercial featuring praise by former President Ronald Reagan for his humanitarian efforts. The Democratic nominee, Karan English, received the endorsement of former Arizona Senator and 1964 Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater, who noted her 22 years of residency in the state. Wead countered that Goldwater's support of abortion rights spurred the unexpected crossing of party lines. He lost the general election to English.

Wead was an active participant in the 2000 United States presidential election, receiving some credit for George W. Bush's victory in the Iowa straw polls of 1999. Time magazine called Wead an insider in the Bush family orbit and "the man who coined the phrase 'compassionate conservative'", which George W. Bush picked up in 1987 from Wead.

Wead was a senior adviser to the Ron Paul 2012 Campaign, and the Rand Paul 2016 campaign.

Wead wrote the 2019 book Inside Trump's White House: The Real Story of His Presidency, published November 2019 by Center Street, an imprint of Hachette Book Group. The book made headlines when it claimed that the Obama White House held "Political Correctness" meetings. Former Obama administration members denied this, and responded that Wead was likely referring to the "Principals Committee" meetings of senior national security and Cabinet members. Wead confirmed that this was so, and blamed his false assertion on "a misunderstanding between him and his source".

September 2021 indictment
On September 20, 2021 the United States Department of Justice announced that Wead, along with Jesse Benton, had been indicted. Benton and Wead were both charged with one count of conspiracy to solicit and cause an illegal campaign contribution by a foreign national, effect a conduit contribution, and cause false records to be filed with the FEC, one count of contribution by a foreign national, one count of contribution in the name of another and three counts of making false entries in an official record.

George W. Bush taping controversy
In 1987, Doug Wead began tape recording members of the Bush family, with their permission, providing a historical record of the family. George Bush: Man of Integrity, which includes accounts of all family members, was published in 1988, written primarily from these taped conversations.

Wead continued his taping of George W. Bush between 1997 and 2000, recording at least nine hours of telephone conversations with Bush, who was then governor of Texas, as he engaged in his presidential run; the recordings were made without Bush's knowledge. Wead stated that he wanted to create an ongoing record of Bush as a historical figure. In February 2005, a month after Bush was sworn into office for his second term as president, Wead revealed the existence of the tapes to The New York Times, and publicly released twelve excerpts from them, each one ranging in length from five minutes to half an hour. He insisted that the taping was legal, having been made only in U.S. states where there was no law against taping someone without their consent. Several newsworthy revelations emerged from the tapes, such as Bush appearing to acknowledge having previously used marijuana and other drugs, and saying he would not answer press questions about his drug use because he did not want to set a bad example for children; calling then-primary opponent Steve Forbes "mean-spirited" and saying Forbes could not rely on Bush's help if Forbes won the Republican nomination; and calling his eventual Democratic election opponent, Al Gore, "pathologically a liar". Other excerpts seemed to match Bush's public persona, such as his statement that he was not worried about getting corrupted by the presidency because he read the Bible daily, which he called "pretty good about keeping your ego in check"; and his insistence that he was not homophobic, regardless of his opposition to gay marriage.

The release prompted some hostility from members of Bush's inner circle: Bush's wife, Laura Bush, said in an interview, "I don't know if I'd use the word 'betrayed,' but I think it's a little bit awkward for sure"; while Bush evangelical ally James Dobson said he was "shocked by [Wead's] breach of trust". Bush himself did not comment. The tapes' release also provoked negative reaction from some commentators, such as Bill Press, who called Wead "scum", and Bill O'Reilly, who called Wead "the lowest form of debris in the country."

Death
Following a massive stroke in early December 2021, Wead's son Scott Wead confirmed that he had been taken off artificial respiration and died on December 10.

Books
Wead's books include:
 * Catholic Charismatics: Are They for Real? (1972)
 * Tonight They'll Kill a Catholic (1974)
 * The Compassionate Touch (1980)
 * Don't Let Anyone Steal Your Dream (1978)
 * Millionaire Mentality (1993)
 * Reagan in Pursuit of the Presidency (1980)
 * The Iran Crisis (1980)
 * All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of the First Families (2004)
 * The Raising of a President: The Mothers and Fathers of Our Nation's Leaders (2006)
 * Game of Thorns: The Inside Story of Hillary Clinton's Failed Campaign and Donald Trump's Winning Strategy (2017)
 * Inside Trump's White House: The Real Story of His Presidency (2019)

title: Doug Wead


text: Category:Toll roads in California

title: Category:Toll roads in California


text:
Sir William Martin, 4th Baronet

Admiral Sir William Fanshawe Martin, 4th Baronet, (5 December 1801 – 24 March 1895), was a Royal Navy officer. As a commander, he provided valuable support to British merchants at Callao in Peru in the early 1820s during the Peruvian War of Independence. He became First Naval Lord in the Second Derby–Disraeli ministry in March 1858 and in that capacity acted as a strong advocate for the procurement of Britain's first ironclad warship. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet and in that role provided important assistance during the Italian disturbances in 1860 and 1861, reformed the system of discipline in his fleet and developed a comprehensive system of manoeuvres for steam ships.

Early career
Born the eldest son of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Thomas Martin (a former Controller of the Navy) and Catherine Martin (daughter of Captain Robert Fanshawe RN), Martin joined the Royal Navy in June 1813. He had two brothers, one of whom became Admiral Sir Henry Martin. He joined the fifth-rate HMS Alceste on the East Indies Station in January 1816 after which he transferred to the yacht HMS Prince Regent in 1820 and then to the fifth-rate HMS Glasgow in the Mediterranean Fleet. Promoted to lieutenant on 15 December 1820, he joined the fifth-rate HMS Forte and then the fifth-rate HMS Aurora on the South America Station. Promoted to commander on 8 February 1823, he was given command of the sloop HMS Fly on the South America Station and, in her, provided valuable support to British merchants at Callao in Peru during the Peruvian War of Independence.

Promoted to captain on 5 June 1824, Martin took command of the sixth-rate HMS Samarang in the Mediterranean Fleet in November 1826 and then went onto half-pay in 1831. He took command of the first-rate HMS Queen at Sheerness in July 1844 and then the first-rate HMS Trafalgar at Sheerness in January 1845 and finally the first-rate HMS Prince Regent in the Channel Squadron in December 1847. He went on to be commodore commanding the Channel Squadron with his broad pennant in HMS Prince Regent in December 1849.

Senior command
Promoted to rear-admiral on 28 May 1853, Martin became Admiral Superintendent of Portsmouth Dockyard, hoisting his flag in the first-rate HMS St Vincent in November 1853. Promoted to vice-admiral on 13 February 1858, he became First Naval Lord in the Second Derby–Disraeli ministry in March 1858. In that capacity he acted as a strong advocate for the procurement of Britain's first ironclad warship.

Martin went on to become Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, hoisting his flag in the first-rate HMS Marlborough, in April 1860. In that role he provided important assistance during the Italian disturbances in 1860 and 1861, reformed the system of discipline in his fleet and developed a comprehensive system of manoeuvres for steam ships. Having been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 28 June 1861 and promoted to full admiral on 14 November 1863, he succeeded to the baronetcy on 4 December 1863: this had been conferred on his grandfather, but passed to Martin upon the death of his cousin, Sir Henry, the 3rd Baronet. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth in October 1866 and was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 24 May 1873. He died at his home at Upton Grey near Winchfield on 24 March 1895.

Family
Martin married on 24 July 1826 Honourable Anne Best, daughter of Lord Wynford. Following her death in 1836, Martin married on 21 May 1838 Sophia Elizabeth Hurt, daughter of Richard Hurt. Martin left five daughters and one son:
 * Sir Richard Byam Martin (1841–1910), who succeeded as the 5th Baronet but died without issue when the title became extinct.
 * Sophia Elizabeth Martin (died 27 Dec 1902)
 * Caroline Matin
 * Grace Martin
 * Harriette Martin
 * Georgiana Martin

title: Sir William Martin, 4th Baronet


text:
Rufinus (Roman governor)

... Rufinus is the fragment of the name of a governor of Britannia Superior, a province of Roman Britain probably some time during the early third century AD. He may have been the same man as Aulus Triarius Rufinus who was suffect consul around 210, although Quintus Aradius Rufinus who was consul ten or fifteen years later is another possibility.

The name Rufinus is recorded only on an inscription found at the ancient Roman fort of Regulbium in Kent, in a context with pottery that could be loosely dated to c. 220 AD. This same name is also identified at the Roman Fort at Aballava in reference to the Aurelian Moors: "To Jupiter, Best and Greatest, and to the Divinities of the two Emperors and the Genius of the unit of Aurelian Moors, Valerian's and Gallienus' Own, Flavius Vibianus, tribune of the cohort and commander of the unit mentioned above, (set this up) under the direction of Julius Rufinus, princeps." Likely referring to the Governor of the Province.

title: Rufinus (Roman governor)


text:
Stubble Trouble

Stubble Trouble is a 2000 animated short film, produced under Calabash Animation and was directed by Joseph E. Merideth, a former animator for Calabash and a teacher of animation for The School of the Art Institute of Chicago and Columbia College Chicago.

Plot
The short is about a caveman who tries to impress a woman, however is rejected repeatedly by the woman due to his inability to keep a shaven face. The caveman attempts to shave his face using several items, including a sharp knife and a stone wheel. However, after shaving off his beard, the stubble grows back instantly.

Awards
Stubble Trouble was nominated for "Best Animated Short Film" in 2001 in the Academy Awards.

title: Stubble Trouble


text:
Elin Grindemyr

Elin Karolina Grindemyr (born 7 February 1983) is a Swedish model. Her first appearance was in the Swedish men's magazine Slitz in the September 2003 issue as a contender for "Annual Sexiest Girlfriend". Despite the fact that she did not win this contest, she has appeared in Slitz several times thereafter.

In May 2005, Grindemyr was voted as the sexiest woman in Sweden by the readers of Slitz.

title: Elin Grindemyr


text:
User talk:Patach

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 21:16, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Image:CEgg Venture.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 09:23, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Yola.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Yola.gif. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Jkelly 18:38, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Tzone.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Tzone.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 06:50, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Tzone.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Tzone.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 17:23, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Likelike.gif
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Likelike.gif. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. After Midnight 0001 17:25, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jabujabu.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Jabujabu.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Ejfetters 10:18, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Anti-fairy
I have nominated Anti-fairy, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Anti-fairy. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Ten Pound Hammer and his otters • (Broken clamshells • Otter chirps • HELP) 17:10, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

An article you created maybe deleted soon: Tools which can help you
The article you created, Anti-fairy maybe deleted from Wikipedia.

There is an ongoing debate about whether your article should be deleted here:
 * Articles for deletion/Anti-fairy.

The faster your respond, the better chance the article you created can be saved. This is because deletion debates only stay open for a few days, and the first comments are usually the most important. There are several tools and other editors who can help you keep the page from being deleted forever:
 * 1) You can list the page up for deletion on Article Rescue Squadron. If you need help listing your page, add a comment on the Article Rescue Squadron talk page.
 * 2) You can request a mentor to help explain to you all of the complex rules that editors use to get a page deleted, here: Adopt-a-User. But don't wait for a mentor to respond on the deletion page.
 * 3) When try to delete a page, veteran editors love to use a lot of rule acronyms. Don't let these acronyms intimidate you. Here is a list of your own acronyms you can use yourself: WP:Deletion debate acronyms which may support the page you created being kept. Acronyms in deletion debates are sometimes incorrectly used, or ignore rules or exceptions.
 * 4) You can merge the article into a larger or better established article on the same topic.

If your page is deleted, you still have many options available. Good luck! travb (talk) 09:59, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:WKarnov.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:WKarnov.png. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Nan oha A's Yu ri    Talk, My master 23:01, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Patach


text:
Journal Square Transportation Center

The Journal Square Transportation Center is a multi-modal transportation hub located on Magnolia Avenue and Kennedy Boulevard at Journal Square in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States. Owned and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the complex includes a ten-story tower, a retail plaza, a bus terminal, a two-level parking facility, and the Journal Square station of the PATH rail transit system. The underground station has a high ceiling and a mezzanine level connecting the platforms.

History

The transportation center is built over a cut through Bergen Hill. The Bergen Hill cut was originally excavated in 1834–1838 by the New Jersey Rail Road and Transportation Company, later part of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), to access the Hudson River waterfront. Passenger trains traveled to what became Exchange Place, while freight trains on the Harsimus Branch continued to the Harsimus Stem Embankment.

The center began as the Summit Avenue station of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M), forerunner of PATH. The stop at Summit Avenue, located between Grove Street and Manhattan Transfer stations, opened on April 14, 1912, as an infill station. At the time, only one platform, an island platform in the center of the station, was in use. The Summit Avenue station was not complete until February 23, 1913, when two outer side platforms in a Spanish solution opened, and an enclosed mezzanine opened. At the time, passengers traveling on the 33rd Street line alighted and boarded on the outer side platforms, while passengers traveling on the Newark–Hudson Terminal line alighted and boarded on the center island platform. A bypass track for eastbound express trains was located to the south of the eastbound side platform.

The district was renamed Journal Square on January 1, 1925, after the newspaper, The Jersey Journal. Around that time, the Summit Avenue station was renovated and also rededicated as "Journal Square". The open-spandrel concrete arch bridge carrying Kennedy Boulevard and the station, built in 1926, is a pared-down version of a more ambitious elevated plaza scheme proposed by consulting engineer Abraham Burton Cohen. Passageways were suspended from the arches to connect the railroad station to bus stops on the bridge deck above (the bus stops were later removed). The storage yards northeast of the station were also expanded. The number of tracks in the station was increased from three to six to accommodate terminating trains from 33rd Street, as well as both local and express trains from Newark. There were two island platforms serving the station's four inner tracks, allowing cross-platform interchanges between Newark–Hudson Terminal and Journal Square–33rd Street trains, and bypass tracks for express trains that went around the four inner tracks. The Journal Square station was rededicated on June 1, 1929.

In 1962, the Port Authority bought the H&M and reorganized it as PATH. Reconstruction of the station began in 1968. Though the cornerstone was installed on September 20, 1972, the transportation center itself was opened in stages in 1973, 1974, and 1975 during the late phases of the Brutalist architecture movement. The renovated station was dedicated on October 17, 1975. A statue of Jackie Robinson was dedicated at the center in 1998.

Part of the ceiling at Journal Square fell onto the platform during the rush hour on August 8, 1983, killing two and injuring eight. The ceiling slab, a false ceiling that had been installed during the renovation ten years prior, had been observed to be sagging as early as that April.

PATH began testing out a new contactless payment system called TAPP, similar to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's OMNY system, at Journal Square and 33rd Street in December 2023.

Rapid transit service
The PATH station is the southern terminus of two PATH lines, Journal Square–33rd Street on weekdays and Journal Square–33rd Street (via Hoboken) lines on weekends, late nights, and holidays. It is also a stop on the Newark-World Trade Center line. The station also serves as PATH's administrative headquarters.

At the platform level, the inside express tracks are typically used by trains on the Journal Square–33rd Street and Journal Square–33rd Street (via Hoboken) lines, while the outside local tracks are used by trains on the Newark–World Trade Center line.

Bus
Journal Square is one of three major terminals for New Jersey Transit buses to and from Jersey City, the others being Exchange Place and Hoboken Terminal. Buses operated by NJ Transit and private enterprises run to and from points throughout Hudson County and to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. There is also service to Newark, Hackensack, the Jersey Shore, and Atlantic City. Bus arrivals and departures use platforms accessible from within the station or via Pavonia or Sip Avenues.

Nearby destinations
The Loew's Jersey Theater, the Stanley Theater, Hudson County Community College, Journal Squared, Hudson County Courthouse, and Hudson County Administration Building are in the immediate vicinity. Nearby are the neighborhoods Bergen Square, India Square, Marion Section, Five Corners, the Hilltop, and McGinley Square, site of Beacon and Saint Peter's College.

title: Journal Square Transportation Center


text:
User talk:Miraklis

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 21:16, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Miraklis


text:
Rock Star (2001 film)

Rock Star is a 2001 American musical comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Herek from a script by John Stockwell, and starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. It tells the story of Chris "Izzy" Cole, a tribute band singer who ascends to the position of lead vocalist in his favorite band.

The script was inspired by the real-life story of Tim "Ripper" Owens, a singer in a Judas Priest tribute band who was chosen to replace singer Rob Halford when he temporarily left the band. After optioning the filming rights to a New York Times profile of Owens by Andrew Revkin, Warner Bros. hired Stockwell to write the script. Brad Pitt was initially signed to play the lead role, but left due to creative differences, and Wahlberg was eventually hired for the part.

Rock Star garnered mixed reviews from critics, but was a box office failure, grossing $19 million worldwide against a production budget of $57 million.

Plot
In the mid-1980s, Pittsburgh resident Chris Cole is a fanatical admirer of a heavy metal band called Steel Dragon. By day, Chris is a photocopier technician and by night, he is the lead singer of a Steel Dragon tribute band called Blood Pollution (the name is taken from a Steel Dragon song).

Internal struggles among the actual Steel Dragon band members culminate with the firing of their lead singer, Bobby Beers, and the beginning of recruitment sessions to find a new vocalist. Chris experiences his own strife with his Blood Pollution bandmates, particularly guitarist Rob Malcolm. During a show, Rob plays a guitar solo instead of following the note-for-note accuracy to the original Steel Dragon song and, after Chris sabotages Rob's amplifier mid-song, a fight breaks out between the two onstage. The next day, Chris goes to rehearsal but he finds out that he has been replaced by his arch-rival, the erstwhile lead vocalist of another Steel Dragon tribute band. Rob and Chris argue, and Rob criticizes Chris for preferring to remain the singer in a tribute band rather than create his own music.

One day, Chris receives an unexpected phone call from Steel Dragon's founder and rhythm guitarist, Kirk Cuddy, and is offered an audition for the band (thanks to two of Blood Pollution's groupies, who showed Kirk a videotape of one of Blood Pollution's concerts). After hanging up on Kirk once, thinking he's being pranked by Rob, Chris ecstatically agrees. At the studio, he meets the band and gives an outstanding performance of "We All Die Young" (a Steel Dragon song in the movie, but it is a real song by Steelheart, whose lead vocalist, Miljenko Matijevic, provides Cole's singing voice for the film). Chris joins the band as their new singer, adopting the stage name "Izzy". Following a successful debut concert with Steel Dragon, Izzy must come to grips with the pressures of his new-found fame and success. The band embarks on a lengthy tour and Izzy experiences the excesses of the lifestyle, with the group's road manager, Mats, serving as a sympathetic mentor to Izzy.

His new lifestyle impacts his life both for better and worse, particularly with his relationship with his supportive girlfriend, Emily Poule, when she decides not to continue with him throughout the remainder of the tour as a rock star girlfriend, though Emily and Izzy agree to get back together when the tour reaches Seattle. Eventually, Steel Dragon stops in Seattle for a show, and Emily arrives at his hotel room as they had previously arranged, although Izzy has become so inebriated while on tour he forgot about the arrangement and does not even know what city he is in. Although taken aback by all the groupies, Emily still tries to reconnect with him, reminding him of their plans to meet up once he got to Seattle; however he is too intoxicated to really understand what she is saying, eventually suggesting they go to Seattle together. Heartbroken with his inconsiderate behavior, intoxication and the fact that he is having sex with so many groupies, Emily leaves him.

Six months later, Izzy reports to the next series of Steel Dragon recording sessions with song concepts and artwork for the band's next album. The rest of the band like his ideas, but they reject them, with Kirk explaining that the band has to stay true to the "Steel Dragon thing" to fulfill fan expectations. Izzy is angered upon realizing that he was only recruited for his vocal abilities. After a heartfelt conversation with Mats about how he feared he had no control over the direction life has taken him, Izzy begins to reconsider his rock star lifestyle. On the next tour, in a scene directly paralleling one near the beginning of the film with their roles reversed, Izzy hears a fan singing along with him toward the end of a live concert. Impressed, Izzy pulls the fan-who introduces himself as Thor-onstage (in real life a young as yet undiscovered Myles Kennedy lead singer of Alter Bridge and GnR lead guitarist Slash collaborator who landed the part as an extra)

hands him the microphone to finish the concert. Backstage, Izzy realizes that what he thought he wanted for so long was not what he wanted, and he says goodbye to Mats, departing from the band while doing so.

After leaving Steel Dragon and ditching his rock star image and stage name, Chris makes his way to Seattle and starts a new band with his old friend and former bandmate, Rob, allowing him to write his own music. Chris finds Emily working in the coffee shop she and her roommate purchased a few years earlier, and he is initially too ashamed to speak to her. While walking one evening, Emily sees a flyer for his band posted on the wall and takes it down. In the final scene, Chris is singing with his band in a bar and Emily walks in. Chris leaves the stage and speaks to her. They reconcile, ending the film with a kiss and the final note of Chris' first original song "Colorful" (which is a real song by the Verve Pipe).

During the credits, Cuddy talks about the future of the band and Bobby Beers is shown to have taken up Irish Dancing after his sacking from Steel Dragon.

Cast
The band members are portrayed by ex-Dokken and current Foreigner bassist Jeff Pilson; Black Label Society founder and Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Zakk Wylde; actor Dominic West; and ex-Foreigner and Black Country Communion drummer Jason Bonham (the son of the late John Bonham, drummer for Led Zeppelin). Myles Kennedy, who was at the time the lead vocalist of the Mayfield Four and now the front man of Alter Bridge and Slash's solo project, makes a cameo appearance.

The singing voice for Wahlberg's character was provided by Steelheart frontman Miljenko Matijevic for the Steel Dragon Songs, and the final number was sung by Brian Vander Ark of the Verve Pipe. Jeff Scott Soto (of Talisman, Yngwie Malmsteen, Soul SirkUS, and Journey) provided the voice of Jason Flemyng's character Bobby Beers. Ralph Saenz (aka Michael Starr of Steel Panther) also appears briefly, as the singer auditioning ahead of Chris at the studio.

Tribute band Blood Pollution is also made up of known musical artists, including guitarist Nick Catanese (Black Label Society), drummer Blas Elias (Slaughter), and bassist Brian Vander Ark (The Verve Pipe, who also contributed a song to the film's soundtrack). Actor Timothy Olyphant portrays Blood Pollution's guitarist, Rob Malcolm. Bradley, the singer who replaces Chris in Blood Pollution, is played by Third Eye Blind frontman Stephan Jenkins.

Production
After The New York Times ran a story on Tim "Ripper" Owens in 1997, various Hollywood studios ran to option the filming rights. Warner Bros. won the bid, and hired John Stockwell to write the script. Stockwell soon began researching the heavy metal music and tribute band scene and visited Owens' hometown of Akron, Ohio. Afterwards the project, under the working title Metal God, got the involvement of George Clooney's newly founded Maysville Pictures. Brad Pitt signed to star in 1998, but wound up dropping the project following creative differences with the studio. Eventually Mark Wahlberg, a former rapper with Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch who co-starred with Clooney in Three Kings, was hired for the main role in May 1999. Stephen Herek signed to direct in October, and the following month Jennifer Aniston became attached for the main female role, while Callie Khouri was hired to revise the script. Judas Priest were initially approached, but the band had some objections to the initial script and were phased out as it was rewritten into a more original story loosely based on the facts, in spite of the band still offering to give advice and assistance to the production.

Wahlberg spent five months preparing for his role as Chris Cole, working with a vocal coach, growing his hair, attending the metal scene and wandering around Los Angeles in-character. A concert scene was shot at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena before 10,000 Metallica and Megadeth fans. While filming one Steel Dragon performance, the crew pranked Wahlberg by playing Marky Mark's "Good Vibrations" instead of a rock track, and footage of this is featured during the film's end credits. By 2001, Warner renamed the project from Metal God to Rock Star in order to attract a broader rock fandom instead of just metal fans.

Reception
The film opened at at the U.S. box office taking US$6,018,636 in its opening weekend, and grossing a domestic total of $17,008,282 and $2,325,863 internationally for a worldwide gross of $19,334,145; based on a $57 million budget, Rock Star was a box office bomb.

Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B−" on scale of A to F.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 2.5 out of 4 stars and wrote: "By the end of the film I conceded, yes, there are good performances and the period is well captured, but the movie didn't convince me of the feel and the flavor of its experiences."

Tim "Ripper" Owens, the inspiration for the story, noted to Rolling Stone that while he considered Rock Star "a Spinal Tap kind of movie" that distanced from the real facts to feature "all the cliches of sex, drugs, and rock and roll", he found the portrayal of the band members as accurate and was still flattered to become the basis for a movie. When Judas Priest bassist Ian Hill was asked about his reaction to Rock Star in an interview in PopMatters magazine, he said "I mean, I quite enjoyed the movie. It was entertaining, you know?" Hill was quoted as saying "It had nothing to do with Rob Halford, Ripper Owens and Judas Priest, it's got nothing to do with that, whatsoever. It was fiction. Apart from the fact that 'Local Boy Makes Good'? That was the only true aspect of the movie." Hill was quick to add "I watched it once. I don't have the urge to watch it again."

Soundtrack
A small number of the songs featured in the film and on the soundtrack were released after the dates given in the film. They are marked with an asterisk.

Partial list of songs that were featured in the movie but did not appear on the soundtrack CD:
 * AC/DC – "Are You Ready"*
 * Culture Club – "Karma Chameleon"
 * Def Leppard – "Let's Get Rocked"*
 * Def Leppard – "Rock! Rock! (Till You Drop)"
 * Foghat – "Chateau Lafitte '59 Boogie"
 * Frankie Goes to Hollywood – "Relax"
 * Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch – "Good Vibrations"
 * Ralph Saenz, Peter Beckett, and Steve Plunkett – "California Girls" (The Beach Boys cover)
 * Talking Heads – "Once in a Lifetime"
 * Steel Dragon – "Reckless" (Phoenix Down cover)
 * Jennifer Aniston - Believe in Me
 * Trevor Rabin - Batman Theme
 * Steel Dragon - Crown of Falsehood (written by Zakk Wylde)
 * Pat King & Brian Grant - Sheedy's

Home media
The film was released on DVD and VHS on January 22, 2002 by Warner Home Video.

title: Rock Star (2001 film)


text:
Ruffinus

Ruffinus may refer to:

 * Rufinus (Roman governor), a governor of Britannia Superior, a province of Roman Britain
 * Saint Ruffin, a mythical Anglo-Saxon martyr

title: Ruffinus


text:
Maria of Habsburg

Maria of Habsburg may refer to:
 * Mary of Austria (1505-1558), queen consort of the king of Hungary and Bohemia
 * Maria of Austria (1531-1581), daughter of Ferdinand I
 * Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria (1762-1770), daughter of emperor Joseph II
 * Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria (1684-1696), daughter of emperor Leopold I
 * Maria Anna of Austria (1718-1744), archduchess of Austria

Other people named Maria or Mary in the house of Habsburg:

 * Maria of Spain (1528–1603), wife of emperor Maximillian II
 * Maria Theresa of Austria (1717–1780), Archduchess of Austria
 * Maria Christina of Austria (1858–1929), queen of Spain
 * Marie Antoinette (1755–1793), queen of France

title: Maria of Habsburg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Garabundi Affair

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 14:25, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Garabundi Affair
I'd call it patent nonsense, but apparently hoaxes are not eligible for speedy deletion. This is the only contribution by the author, and Google (as well as my own reasonable knowledge of Chicago history) reveals nothing even remotely close. I did add it to the latest bad jokes page. --Dhartung | Talk 21:17, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Non-notable if not a hoax, and a possible copyvio as well (copied from ). Rl 21:51, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, essay, hoax. Megan1967 22:45, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hoax. Delete. --Slowking Man 01:15, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — Linnwood 06:52, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 16:46, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I was going to ask for some reseach by the LOC on this, but I think we can pretty much delete this.  Good that somebody took the initiative, even if I did think of it first :-P --Theaterfreak64 01:16, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:NickF

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 21:18, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Hello and thanks!
Hi Nick - thanks for your excellent work on the summary of the 2005 Bahrain Grand Prix. I noticed you added your name to the list of members of WP:F1, and I hope you stick around! Regards — Dan | Talk 23:57, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Seconded from an inactive member of Wikiproject F1, but more with an eye to the real pretty table structure. I believe we should import this style to all the other Grands Prix, personally. I wanna start doing it myself, but I'm too tired right now. *grins* Eitherway, I'm passing the idea along to Dan. Bobo192 | Edits

 * Glad you like it - it was a bit of an experiment, based in part on the Polish page. I would like the driver helmet images on there as well (see comment on WP:F1). I'll try to apply that style to other race pages as and when, especially going forward. NickF 13:03, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

2005 SMGP
Hey Nick, great work on the grands prix. Also, thanks for correcting the 2005 San Marino Grand Prix with regards to my error with the † / ‡ notes on Ralfie and Jenson. Bill 27 Apr 2005
 * Thanks for introducing me to the daggers † / ‡ - you don't know how long I spent trying to get a * footnote without getting either a list format or a fixed-width font! NickF 23:09, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

2005 USA-Race
DNS stands for when a car does not take a a race start. Makes sense. By having Ret listed that mean the driver has actually started in that race and will count a race starts towards the driver race start tally.. The formation lap does not count as a lap at all as it is not added towards the race classification. For when does a driver 'start' a Grand Prix? To my mind he does so only if he is on the grid when the flag drops or light goes green at the final start. Should a driver have failed to compete the formation lap, for instance (as was the case with Prost at Imola in 1991), he cannot truly be said to have started the race. In the case of restarted events such as the British GP in 1986, poor Jacques Laffite certainly did start the race, but this was declared null and void and he was not presented to take the restart, which is the only one that counts. For true official race results is best to get them off www.forix.com as they receive their race results from the officials. Yes I know formula1.com is official but not 100% official in statistics. If you decide to leave it as Ret then you must give all the drivers a race start count!

I have spend hours in researching and asking many F1 statistician who are famous and know more on Grand Prix. All the statisian I have contacted and got back told me it is actually DNS not Ret, they also have mention the formula1.com is not very accurate with their race results. The formula1.com is incorrect as listing as ret instead of DNS for 2005-USA. This were the responses from the following people. Renowned F1 statistians, like David Hayhoe or Autosport's Peter Higham agree that all Michelin drivers were DNS in 2005-USA, but consider a RET if a driver didn't made a re-start, for example. That was the common view in the past - no contemporary source listed Lauda as a DNS in 1976-Germany - and they simply ignore the current "null and void" FIA rule. I totally agree to change it as DNS not Ret as they didn't take part on the first lap.

Here is a intersting fact. Button will start his 100th race start in the 2005-China race. But according to wikipedia when doing the math by adding all Button race starts it would be his 101st race start in China as Button has been listed as Ret instead of DNS for this year 2005-USA race. Does this make sense to you. That means wikipedia will have an extra race start for all the drivers who have no started in the 2005 USA race have an extra race start which wouldn't be official to the drivers stats.

I am trying to help you all to have accurate data on Formula 1 on wikipedia. I DO beleive the formula1.com site doesn't not give out accurate race classifications. As I have been involved with FORIX and autosport.com for many years as my job is to look for incorrect data on their server. Andreas 04 October 09:36

F1 portal featured article
The F1 portal (in which I assume you have some degree of interest, as your name is listed on WikiProject_Formula_One) is intended to have a regular rotation of a 'featured article'. I've swapped a few in and out over the last couple of months, but I think it would be better if there were more of a community attempt at deciding this, proposals, votes, that kind of thing. So - why not pop over to Portal_talk:Formula_One and make a suggestion. Ta. 4u1e 00:32, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Selected articles on Portal:F1
Hello again.

I dropped notes round a while back to those who have listed themselves at WikiProject_Formula_One to ask for suggestions for selected articles on portal:Formula One. There was a pretty good response, both in terms of how it might work and of articles suggested. Damon Hill came out with the most support and was brought up to Good Article standard after a lot of work by Skully Collins and others before going on as the F1 portal selected article a couple of weeks ago. It is now at Featured Article Candidates as a Featured Article candidate (why not drop by and see if you can help polish it further?).

Several people who responded to the original request suggested that a monthly or bi-weekly 'Selected Article' could act as a catalyst for an improvement drive to get more articles up to a higher standard. Although it wasn't quite what I had in mind when I started, this seemed to work pretty well for the Damon Hill article, so I've drafted up a process for doing this more regularly. See Portal_talk:Formula_One/Management_of_selected_articles for details. Essentially the suggestion is that we vote for an article to improve every couple of weeks and at the end of the improvement process the article goes on the portal as the new 'Selected Article'. I'd be grateful for any comments on how this might work - I'm sure some of you are more familiar with things 'Wiki' than me - as well as your votes for the next candidate (by 16 July).

You may also want to help with the article Gilles Villeneuve, which was the next most popular after Damon Hill. The idea is to try and get it up to GA standard by 16 July and then put it on the portal as the 'Selected Article'. I hope you can help! 4u1e 18:16, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:WhatTheTudorsDidForUs.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:WhatTheTudorsDidForUs.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. Even if you created the image yourself, you still need to release it so Wikipedia can use it. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you made this image yourself, you can use copyright tags like PD-self (to release all rights), (to require that you be credited), or any tag here - just go to the image, click edit, and add one of those. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by STBotI. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 23:47, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Corrected now. NickF (talk) 23:55, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

License tagging for File:QuestTVLogo.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:QuestTVLogo.jpg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information; to add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia.

For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 11:05, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Corrected now. NickF (talk) 13:43, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:WhatTheTudorsDidForUs.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:WhatTheTudorsDidForUs.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:08, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:NickF


text:
Child of God

Child of God (1973) is the third novel by American author Cormac McCarthy. It depicts the life of a violent outcast and serial killer in 1960s Appalachian Tennessee.

Though the novel received critical praise, it was not a financial success. Like its predecessor Outer Dark (1968), Child of God established McCarthy's interest in using extreme isolation, perversity, and violence to represent human experience. McCarthy ignores literary conventions – for example, he does not use quotation marks – and switches between several styles of writing such as matter-of-fact descriptions, extremely detailed prose, vivid and picturesque pastoral imagery, and colloquial first-person narration (with the speaker remaining unidentified).

Plot summary
Set in mountainous Sevier County, Tennessee, in the 1960s, Child of God tells the story of Lester Ballard, a dispossessed, violent man whom the narrator describes as "a child of God much like yourself perhaps". Ballard is violently evicted from his home, which is sold at auction to another Sevier County resident, John Greer. Now homeless, Ballard begins squatting in an abandoned two-room cabin and voyeuristically spying on young couples in their cars near the Frog Mountain turnaround. Ballard is falsely accused of rape by a woman he finds sleeping along the roadside, and is jailed for nine days. Interspersed among the narrator's story are townspeople's accounts of Ballard's early life, revealing his early violent behavior and the suicide of his father.

While out squirrel hunting, Ballard comes across a dead couple in an idling car. He steals the couple's money, rapes the woman's corpse, and stores her body in the attic of his cabin. Ballard's cabin burns down with the corpse inside, and he moves his remaining possessions into a nearby cave. Ballard visits his friend's home, finding only the friend's daughter and a disabled child. When the daughter rejects his sexual advances, he kills her and sets the house ablaze, storing her body in the cave. Later, Ballard shoots a couple in their car. As he flees the scene with the woman's corpse, he sees that the man survived and drove away. Prompted by the string of murders, the county sheriff begins investigating Ballard. The county floods, and the sheriff recalls the county's history of vigilantism with the Whitecaps and Blue Bills.

Ballard unsuccessfully attempts to kill John Greer, the current owner of his former home, and is shot in the process. He wakes handcuffed to a guarded hospital bed. One night, a group of men appear in his hospital room demanding to know where he stored his victims' bodies. Ballard initially feigns innocence, but offers to lead the men to the bodies when they threaten to hang him. Ballard brings them to the cave, where he escapes through a crevice too small for the other men to fit through. For three days, Ballard deliriously roams the cave searching for an exit. He eventually chips through a small crack to the surface and returns himself to the hospital.

Instead of facing trial, Ballard is sent to a mental hospital where he contracts pneumonia and dies soon after. His remains are dissected by medical students in Memphis for three months before he is buried. In the spring of the same year, a farmer's plow falls into a sinkhole in Sevier County, revealing a cavernous chamber containing the bodies of seven of Ballard's victims.

Themes
Overarching themes of the novel are cruelty, isolation, and moral degradation of humans and the role of fate and society in it. In an interview with James Franco, director of the novel's movie adaptation, McCarthy remarked that "there are people like him [Ballard] all around us". One of the novel's main themes is sexual deviancy, specifically necrophilia. Ballard, who the novel makes clear is unable to have conventional romantic relationships, eventually descends into necrophilia after finding a dead couple in a car. After this "first love" is destroyed in a fire, he becomes proactive, creating dead female partners by shooting them with his rifle. Ballard also makes no distinction between adult women and young girls, at one point killing a girl whom he had previously asked "How come you wear them britches? You cain't see nothin." Another theme examined by the novel is survival. As society pushes Ballard further and further into a corner, he degenerates into a barbaric survivalist, living in a cave, stealing food, and deviously escaping after he is captured by a group of vengeful men. Much like McCarthy's later novel Blood Meridian, the novel explores the nature of cruelty, depicting violence as an eternal driving force of humanity:"He came up flailing and sputtering and began to thrash his way toward the line of willows that marked the submerged creek bank. He could not swim, but how would you drown him? His wrath seemed to buoy him up. Some halt in the way of things seems to work here. See him. You could say that he's sustained by his fellow men, like you. Has peopled the shore with them calling to him. A race that gives suck to the maimed and the crazed, that wants their wrong blood in its history and will have it. But they want this man's life. He has heard them in the night seeking him with lanterns and cries of execration. How then is he borne up? Or rather, why will not these waters take him?"This passage bears a striking resemblance to the closing pages of Blood Meridian, wherein Judge Holden declares that war is beautiful, comparing it to dance. That novel's main text ends with the judge in the center of a barroom, rallying the raucous men around him with a performance: "He dances in light and in shadow and he is a great favorite. He never sleeps, the judge. He is dancing, dancing. He says that he will never die."

Reception
In 2014, Jason Diamond of Flavorwire ranked Child of God as McCarthy's third best book.

Historical references
In a 1992 interview, McCarthy stated that the character Ballard was based on an unnamed historic figure. Despite its surreal focus, Child of God contains much unobtrusive historical detail about Sevier County, Tennessee, including references to local Ku Klux Klan-like vigilante groups of the 1890s known as White Caps and Bluebills. Ballard's grandfather is said to have been a White Cap.

Texas book report controversy
In October 2007, Child of God found itself at the center of a teaching controversy at Jim Ned High School in Tuscola, Texas. Kaleb Tierce, the Advanced Placement English teacher and coach at Jim Ned, assigned a book report for which a 14-year-old student selected this title. Tierce was placed on paid administrative leave when the mother of the student complained. The case was investigated, and Tierce was not charged, but his teaching contract was not renewed.

Film adaptation
In February 2012, James Franco began shooting a film adaptation of Child of God in Hillsboro, West Virginia. The film stars Scott Haze as Lester Ballard and Jim Parrack as the Sevier County lawman Deputy Cotton. The movie was selected to be screened in the official competition at the 70th Venice International Film Festival and was an official selection of the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. The film received mixed to negative reviews, holding a rating of 42% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 4.90/10. The website's critical consensus states: "An obviously reverent adaptation that fails to make a case for the source material being turned into a movie, Child of God finds director James Franco outmatched by Cormac McCarthy's novel."

title: Child of God


text:
Citroën Karin

The Citroën Karin was a concept car presented at the Paris Motor Show in 1980. It featured a striking, pyramidal design by Trevor Fiore. The exterior of the car incorporated flush glass panels, faired rear wheels, and butterfly doors. The roof of the Karin was only the size of an A3 sheet of paper due to its truncated pyramid shape. One of the Karin's most noticeable interior features was the unconventional three-seat layout with the driver located in the middle of the two passengers.

title: Citroën Karin


text:
Nathan Marcus Adler

Nathan Marcus HaKohen Adler (13 January 1803 – 21 January 1890) (Hebrew name: Natan ben Mordechai ha-Kohen) was the Orthodox Chief Rabbi of the British Empire from 1845 until his death.

Life
A kohen, Adler was born in Hanover, in present-day Germany. His father, Mordecai (Marcus) Baer Adler, was Chief Rabbi of the city. He was named for the kabbalist Nathan Adler.

He studied classics and modern languages, including English and French, at the University of Würzburg; his doctorate in philosophy was from the University of Erlangen in 1828. He studied Torah under his father, and received semikhah (Rabbinic ordination) from Rabbi Abraham Bing, Chief Rabbi and Rosh Yeshiva of Würzburg, also in 1828. He subscribed to what was known as the Frankfurter Orthodoxy.

Whilst rabbi in Hanover, he became acquainted with Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, Viceroy of the Kingdom of Hanover (until 1837 a monarchy in personal union with the UK), who may have recommended him for the post of Chief Rabbi in Britain.

Out of 13 candidates, mostly from Germany, he made the shortlist of four for the post of Chief Rabbi of the British Empire. The three others were: Samson Raphael Hirsch, Benjamin Hirsch Auerbach, and Hirsch Hirschfeld. With 135 communities voting having one vote each, on 1 December 1844, Adler received 121 votes, Hirschfeld 12, and Hirsch 2. His distant relative Jacob Adler, who made his acquaintance in the winter of 1883–1884, described him as the "highest religious authority not only of London Jews but of all Orthodox Jews throughout the United Kingdom and the Empire."

The first university-educated British Chief Rabbi, and the first to undertake regular pastoral tours within the United Kingdom, he was also a founder of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty and Better Protection of Children. His period as Chief Rabbi saw the completion of the emancipation of Jews within the United Kingdom; the election (1847) and seating (1858) of Lionel de Rothschild as the first Jewish member of parliament; Nathan Mayer Rothschild's ascent as the first Jewish member of the House of Lords (1885); and Sir David Salomons's term as the first Jewish Lord Mayor of London (1855). Adler was instrumental in bringing together the United Synagogue, established by Act of Parliament in 1870. , this remains the largest religious grouping within the British Jewish community, and takes its religious authority from the Chief Rabbi.

Adler is buried at the US (United Synagogue) cemetery in Willesden.

Legacy
Adler Street, in London E1, was named after him; the Jewish Institute (a reading-room) and two synagogues formerly stood there, until the area was destroyed in The Blitz.

His eldest son, Marcus Nathan Adler (1837–1911), was involved in scholarly activities such as writing, editing, and translating. For instance, in 1907 his critical text, translation, and commentary of Benjamin of Tudela's important medieval manuscript, The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, was published (see below at "Sources").

Adler's younger son Hermann Adler (1839–1911) was also a distinguished rabbi: head of a congregation in Bayswater during his father's lifetime, Adler's assistant from the time Adler's health began to deteriorate in 1879, and his successor as Chief Rabbi.

His youngest son, Elkan Nathan Adler (1861–1946), was a renowned author, lawyer, historian, and collector of Jewish books and manuscripts. Adler was among the first to explore the Cairo Genizah, and eventually brought over 25,000 manuscript fragments back to England.

Works
He authored several responsa and produced various other works. His "monumental work" is the commentary Netinah LaGer on the Targum Onkelos, an Aramaic version of the Torah; he also wrote Ahavat Yonatan on Targum Jonathan. He published a German translation of part of Judah HaLevi’s philosophical work, the Kuzari.

title: Nathan Marcus Adler


text:
Talk:Isratine

Spelling
Just a note. Isratine has 28,000 google hits, compared to hundreds for Israteen and tens for Israstine (and none at all for Israsteen, FYI). --Dhartung | Talk 21:20, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Redirect and moved contents to: Seif Islam Qaddafi proposal
The contents of this article were moved to Seif Islam Qaddafi proposal to which it redirects. IZAK 05:43, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Isratine


text: User talk:70.244.193.52

title: User talk:70.244.193.52


text:
User:WRBarrett

User: WRBarrett
William R. Barrett Born 2 May 1960, Pensacola, Escambia County, Florida. B.A. (History), University of South Carolina. Main interests: History, genealogy. Registered as Wikipedia user 20 Feb 2005

title: User:WRBarrett


text:
Talk:Doctor Yellow

Untitled
It would be great if someone in Japan could take and upload a photo of a Doctor Yellow. --Commander Keane 21:23, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Non-funtional references
Links to references 1 and 5 do not work. 133.6.116.92 (talk) 06:55, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

East i
I am working on an East i page in line with the JP Wikipedia. East i will continue to redirect here until it's published. Choneyman1 (talk) 18:49, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doctor Yellow


text:
Talk:Truncated binary encoding

Untitled
Did a fairly heavy overhaul of this page, and handled all outstanding requests on this discussion page. As all the requests were over a year old, but very simple to implement, I've removed them from the discusson page.

I think there's too much information on the page in a lousy format now though, but I'm afraid of processing it further until others get a chance to look at it, and hopefully comment on my cleanup and changes. 208.65.181.109 23:33, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Overhauled the page some more while snagging some wireless at work. I think it's informative, readable, and functional now. 208.65.181.109 08:04, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Huffman coding?
Isn't this just a special case of Huffman coding where the symbols are assumed to be equally probable? Should this be mentioned in the article? Hiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii (talk) 23:58, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Truncated binary encoding


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CMP Radio

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:13, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

CMP Radio
Substub which is unlikely to be expanded on the now-defunct internet radio station. Sure, it was one of the more popular ones in it's time and probably returns a few Google hits but this is probably vanity from a member of the station, and a advertisement. Not of any use to anyone. -- Hedley -NB this man is a tosser 21:26, 20 Feb 2005

 * Comment: CMP was like any other net station out there, except the average age of presenters was 12. Rubbish —User:Guest (User talk:Guest) 18:31, May2, 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment: Whether it's defunct now is immaterial. While I agree with your assessment that this is probably vanity and/or an ad, I don't have time at the moment to properly research this, so no vote from me. —Korath (Talk) 21:39, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, advertisement, possible station vanity. Megan1967 22:20, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I agree with Korath that something being defunct doesn't necessarily reflect poorly on it for VfD purposes. This time, though, I have to vote delete.  Just far too many net radio stations out there, very very very few of which need articles.  I'm almost sorry to vote that way because based on its homepage content it seemed pretty cool. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  22:34, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Rock Star

Rock Star or Rockstar may refer to:

Films

 * Rock Star (2001 film), an American film starring Mark Wahlberg
 * Rockstar (2011 film), an Indian Hindi-language film by Imtiaz Ali
 * Rockstar (2015 film), an Indian Malayalam-language film by V. K. Prakash

Television

 * Rock Star (TV series), a reality television program about the selection of a new lead vocalist for a different band each season
 * Rock Star: INXS, the first season of the above reality television program
 * Rock Star: Supernova, the second season of the above reality television program
 * Rock Star Supernova, a band created by this series

Albums

 * Rockstar (Bosson album)
 * Rockstar (Sfera Ebbasta album)
 * Rockstar (Dolly Parton album)
 * Rock-Star (Stray Kids EP)
 * Rockstar (soundtrack), Bollywood film soundtrack by A.R. Rahman
 * Rokstarr, an album by Taio Cruz

Songs

 * "Rockstar" (Bizarre song), 2005
 * "Rockstar" (DaBaby song), 2020
 * "Rockstar" (Dappy song), 2012
 * "Rockstar" (Lisa song), 2024
 * "Rockstar" (Nickelback song), 2005
 * "Rockstar" (Poison song), 2001
 * "Rockstar" (Post Malone song), 2017
 * "Rockstar" (Prima J song), 2007
 * "Rock Star" (Hannah Montana song), 2007
 * "Rock Star" (N.E.R.D song), 2001
 * "Rock Star" (R. Kelly song), 2007
 * "Rock Star" (Reece Mastin song), 2012
 * "Rockstar 101", by Rihanna, 2009
 * "Rockstar", by Abhi the Nomad from Abhi vs the Universe, 2021
 * "Rockstar", by Ali Zafar from the TV show Coke Studio, 2015 (season 8)
 * "Rockstar", by Brokencyde from I'm Not a Fan, But the Kids Like It!, 2009
 * "Rock Star", by Hole from Live Through This, 1994 (initially titled "Olympia" but mislabeled)
 * "Rockstar", by Emily Kinney, 2014
 * "Rockstar", by Jimmy Eat World from Static Prevails, 1996
 * "Rockstar", by Junior H from $ad Boyz 4 Life II, 2023
 * "Rockstar", by Mallrat, 2020
 * "Rock Star", by Willow Smith, 2011

Other

 * Rockstar Consortium, an organization formed to negotiate licensing for patents acquired from bankrupt Nortel
 * Rockstar Games, a games developer most notable for the Grand Theft Auto series, and its subsidiaries
 * Rockstar (drink), a brand of energy drink
 * Rockstar (esoteric programming language)

title: Rock Star


text:
Marcus Martiannius Pulcher

Marcus Martiannius Pulcher was a governor of Roman Britain, most likely Britannia Superior, probably some time during the third century AD.

The only evidence of his work is an inscription which was found in 1975, re-used as part of the fourth century riverside defences in London. It states that he repaired the temple of Isis which had collapsed through old age. Peter Salway infers from this that his rule was relatively peaceful as he was able to undertake restoration work in the city.

Anthony Birley comments that Martiannius, his "remarkable nomen appears to be unique", although it is "a well-known type, formed from a cognomen, in this case Martianus." This fabricated nomen provides one of the few clues of Pulcher's origin, being a type which was "particularly popular in the Celtic parts of the empire. Hence the balance of probability points to an origin in northern Italy, Gaul, or the Rhineland; indeed, Britain itself cannot be excluded."

There is only one clue as to the date of this inscription: the style ''v.c. leg. Augg. pro praet.'' which points to a joint reign of Emperors. Assuming Britannia Superior was a praetorian province, Birley notes Pulcher could have been governor some time in 198-209 or 211; otherwise, as a consular governor his possible dates would be 221–2, 235–8, and most of the period 238–60. Birley also notes that there are several rescripts preserved in the Codex Justinianus that could possibly addressed to him.

title: Marcus Martiannius Pulcher


text:
Type 092 submarine

The Type 092 (Chinese designation: 09-II; NATO reporting name: Xia class) submarine was the first nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) deployed by the People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force.

Background
The first and only confirmed submarine of its class, Changzheng 6 (hull no.406), was laid down in 1978 at Huludao, 120 mi northeast of Beijing, China. The Type 092 submarine was completed in 1981. She then spent six years being fitted out and conducting tests with its twelve JL-1 missiles, becoming active in 1987. Later, the submarine went through numerous upgrades in incremental steps, including using Type H/SQ2-262B sonar manufactured by No. 613 Factory replacing the original Type 604 sonar on board. It reportedly suffered from limited missile range and high sound emissions.

She was designed by Peng Shilu (彭士禄) and Huang Xuhua, and derived from the Type 091 submarines, with an extended hull to accommodate twelve missile tubes.

The 092 has undergone numerous refits, currently featuring a new black paint, possible quieting technologies, French-designed sonar, and the improved longer ranged JL-1A SLBM. Homeported in Jianggezhuang near Qingdao, it is reported that the 092 has never conducted strategic patrols outside Chinese regional waters. The sub undertook a single patrol and then never sailed again, staying pierside for so long there were rumors it had been lost in an accident in 1985. The boat was more of a test bed, allowing China to test new underwater technologies as it gradually placed more emphasis on naval forces in general.

The 092 is aging however and a new nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, the Type 094, has been developed and deployed by the People's Liberation Army Navy. The U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency lists the 092 as being "not operational." While its capability is still being questioned, Xia made its worldwide debut on 23 April 2009 celebrating the 60th anniversary of the PLA Navy's founding.

The submarine became operational in 1983, but faced enduring problems with reliability and radiation leakage from its onboard nuclear reactor. The submarine is also allegedly the noisiest of all U.S., Russian and Chinese ballistic missile submarines, making it very easy to detect and track.

Rumour of a lost second boat
A second boat is reported to have been completed in 1982, however this has not been substantiated. There is little evidence that a second ship was ever built. Published reports that mention the boat also mention unsubstantiated reports that a second Type 092 was lost in an accident in 1985.

title: Type 092 submarine


text: Category:Bach family

title: Category:Bach family