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Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte

The treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (911) is the foundational document of the Duchy of Normandy, establishing Rollo, a Norse warlord and Viking leader, as the first Duke of Normandy in exchange for his loyalty to Charles III, the king of West Francia, following the Siege of Chartres. The territory of Normandy centered on Rouen, a city in the Marches of Neustria which had been repeatedly raided by Vikings since the 840s, and which had finally been taken by Rollo in 876.

The treaty
Rollo in June 911 unsuccessfully laid siege to Chartres. He was defeated in battle on 20 July 911. In the aftermath of this conflict, Charles the Simple decided to negotiate a treaty with Rollo.

The talks, possibly led by Heriveus, the archbishop of Reims, resulted in the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte in 911. Initial proceedings with the treaty were difficult; Rollo was initially offered Flanders, though he refused on the account that the land was uncultivable. Instead, he was given all the land between the river Epte and the sea "in freehold and good money". In addition, it granted him Brittany "for his livelihood". At the time, Brittany was an independent country which present day France had unsuccessfully tried to conquer. In exchange, Rollo guaranteed the king his loyalty, which involved military assistance for the protection of the kingdom against other Vikings. One of the conditions for the Vikings after their loss was to convert. As a token of his goodwill, Rollo also agreed to be baptized and to marry Gisela, a presumed legitimate daughter of Charles. The traité en forme at Saint Clair-Sur-Epte marked the beginning of Normandy as a state. Rollo refused to kiss Charles' foot to solidify the deal. Instead, he ordered one of his men to do it. Allegedly, the warrior subsequently yanked the king's leg whilst he was standing and kissed it, causing Charles to topple onto the ground.

Formation of Normandy
With Norse bands of settlers, composed of non-aristocratic lineages, there came multiple communities formed and a new political ethos that was not Frankish. The Norsemen ("Northmen") came to be known as Normans in French. This identity formation was partly possible because the Norse were adapting indigenous culture, speaking French, renouncing paganism and converting to Christianity, and intermarrying with the local population.

The territory covered by the treaty corresponds to the northern part of today's Upper Normandy down to the Seine, but the territory of the Vikings would eventually extend west beyond the Seine to form the Duchy of Normandy, so named because of the Norsemen who ruled it. The treaty allowed these new settlements, but not all Vikings were welcome. With the death of Alan I, King of Brittany, another group of Vikings occupying Brittany faced their own dispute. Around 937, Alan I's grandson Alan II returned from England to expel those Vikings from Brittany in a war that concluded in 939. During this period the Cotentin Peninsula was lost by Brittany and gained by Normandy.

There would be a convergence between Franks and Normans within a few generations. Political marriages played an important role in cultivating alliances and cohesion; wives were often called "peace weavers". Charles the Simple created an alliance and a grant of rights to those Vikings seeking to settle in 918. While the Normans did adapt, adopt, and assimilate to Christianity, they did not necessarily adopt indigenous administration: "The creation of Norman power between first settlement and the mid-eleventh century is not primarily of assimilation to Carolingian forms, as those appear in the capitualaries". Rather, the Normans "adhered longer than the Franks around them – to older forms of social organization" that the Franks were abandoning.

The Normans came close to being absorbed into a lower social strata in Frankish society had not a renewed wave of Viking raids occurred in the 960s. Over time, the frontiers of the duchy, based in kinship, expanded to the west. "By the mid-eleventh century the descendants of the settlers formed the most disciplined and cooperative warrior society in Europe, capable of a communal effort in the conquest and subjugation of England that other regional political entities were incapable of." The Duchy of Normandy achieved success under Duke Richard I, who forged valuable marriage alliances through his children: his son and heir Richard II married Judith of Brittany; one daughter Emma became Queen of England, Denmark and Norway through her marriages to Æthelred the Unready (1002–1016) and Cnut the Great (1017–1035); another daughter Hawise married Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany; a third daughter Maud married Odo II, Count of Blois.

title: Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte


text:
Credit history

A credit history is a record of a borrower's responsible repayment of debts. A credit report is a record of the borrower's credit history from a number of sources, including banks, credit card companies, collection agencies, and governments. A borrower's credit score is the result of a mathematical algorithm applied to a credit report and other sources of information to predict future delinquency.

In many countries, when a customer submits an application for credit from a bank, credit card company, or a store, their information is forwarded to a credit bureau. The credit bureau matches the name, address and other identifying information on the credit applicant with information retained by the bureau in its files. The gathered records are then used by lenders to determine an individual's credit worthiness; that is, determining an individual's ability and track record of repaying a debt. The willingness to repay a debt is indicated by how timely past payments have been made to other lenders. Lenders like to see consumer debt obligations paid regularly and on time, and therefore focus particularly on missed payments and may not, for example, consider an overpayment as an offset for a missed payment.

Credit history usage
There has been much discussion over the accuracy of the data in consumer reports. In general, industry participants maintain that the data in credit reports is very accurate. The credit bureaus point to their own study of 52 million credit reports to highlight that the data in reports is very accurate. The Consumer Data Industry Association testified before the United States Congress that less than two percent of those reports that resulted in a consumer dispute had data deleted because it was in error. Nonetheless, there is widespread concern that information in credit reports is prone to error. Thus Congress has enacted a series of laws aimed to resolve both the errors and the perception of errors.

If a US consumer disputes some information in a credit report, the credit bureau has 30 days to verify the data. Over 70 percent of these consumer disputes are resolved within 14 days and then the consumer is notified of the resolution. The Federal Trade Commission states that one large credit bureau notes 95 percent of those who dispute an item seem satisfied with the outcome.

The other factor in determining whether a lender will provide a consumer credit or a loan is dependent on income. The higher the income, all other things being equal, the more credit the consumer can access. However, lenders make credit granting decisions based on both ability to repay a debt (income) and willingness (the credit report) as indicated by a history of regular, unmissed payments.

These factors help lenders determine whether to extend credit, and on what terms. With the adoption of risk-based pricing on almost all lending in the financial services industry, this report has become even more important since it is usually the sole element used to choose the annual percentage rate (APR), grace period and other contractual obligations of the credit card or loan.

Calculating a credit score
Credit scores vary from one scoring model to another, but in general the FICO scoring system is the standard in U.S., Canada and other global areas. The factors are similar and may include:

 * Payment history (35% contribution on the FICO scale): A record of negative information can lower a consumer's credit rating or score. In general risk scoring systems look for any of the following negative events; charge offs, collections, late payments, repossessions, foreclosures, settlements, bankruptcies, liens, and judgements. Within this category, FICO considers the severity of the negative item, the age of the negative items and the prevalence of negative items. Newer unpaid or delinquent debt is considered worse than older unpaid or delinquent debts. More severe is worse than less severe. And, many is worse than few.
 * Debt (30% contribution on the FICO score): This category considers the amount and type of debt carried by a consumer as reflected on their credit reports. The amount of debt you have divided by your total credit limit is called the credit utilization ratio.  There are three types of debt considered in this calculation.
 * Revolving debt: This is credit card debt, retail card debt and some petroleum cards. And while home equity lines of credit have revolving terms the bulk of debt considered is true unsecured revolving debt incurred on plastic. The most important measurement from this category is called "Revolving Utilization", which is the relationship between the consumer's aggregate credit card balances and the available credit card limits, also called "open to buy". This is expressed as a percentage and is calculated by dividing the aggregate credit card balances by the aggregate credit limits and multiplying the result by 100, thus yielding the utilization percentage. The higher that percentage, the lower the cardholder's score will likely be. This is why closing credit cards is generally not a good idea for someone trying to improve their credit scores. Closing one or more credit card accounts will reduce their total available credit limits and likely increase the utilization percentage unless the cardholder reduces their balances at the same pace.
 * Installment debt: This is debt where there is a fixed payment for a fixed period of time. An auto loan is a good example as the cardholder is generally making the same payment for 36, 48, or 60 months. While installment debt is considered in risk scoring systems, it is a distant second in its importance behind the revolving credit card debt. Installment debt is generally secured by an asset like a car, home, or boat. As such, consumers will use extraordinary efforts to make their payments so their asset is not repossessed by the lender for non-payment.
 * Open debt: This is the least common type of debt. This is debt that must be paid in full each month. An example is any one of the variety of charge cards that are "pay in full" products. The American Express Green card is a common example. Open debt is treated like revolving credit card debt in older versions of the FICO scoring system but is excluded from the revolving utilization calculation in newer versions.
 * Time in file (Credit File Age) (15% contribution on the FICO scale): The older the cardholder's credit report, the more stable it is, in general. As such, their score should benefit from an old credit report. This "age" is determined two ways; the age of the cardholder's credit file and the average age of the accounts on their credit file. The age of their credit file is determined by the oldest account's "date opened", which sets the age of the credit file. The average age is set by averaging the age of every account on the credit report, whether open or closed.
 * Account Diversity (10% contribution on the FICO scale): A cardholder's credit score will benefit by having a diverse set of account types on their credit file. Having experience across multiple account types (installment, revolving, auto, mortgage, cards, etc.) is generally a good thing for their scores because they are proving the ability to manage different account types.
 * The Search for a New Credit (Credit inquiries) (10% contribution on the FICO scale): An inquiry is noted every time a company requests some information from a consumer's credit file. There are several kinds of inquiries that may or may not affect one's credit score. Inquiries that have no effect on the creditworthiness of a consumer (also known as "soft inquiries"), which remain on a consumer's credit reports for 6 months and are never visible to lenders or credit scoring models, are:
 * Prescreening inquiries where a credit bureau may sell a person's contact information to an institution that issues credit cards, loans and insurance based on certain criteria that the lender has established.
 * A creditor also checks its customers' credit files periodically. This is referred to as Account Management, Account Maintenance or Account Review.
 * A credit counseling agency, with the client's permission, can obtain a client's credit report with no adverse action.
 * A consumer can check his or her own credit report without impacting creditworthiness. This is referred to as a "consumer disclosure" inquiry.
 * Employment screening inquiries
 * Insurance related inquiries
 * Utility related inquiries
 * Inquiries that can have an effect on the creditworthiness of a consumer, and are visible to lenders and credit scoring models, (also known as "hard inquiries") are made by lenders when consumers are seeking credit or a loan, in connection with permissible purpose. Lenders, when granted a permissible purpose, as defined by the Fair Credit Reporting Act, can "pull" a consumer file for the purposes of extending credit to a consumer. Hard inquiries can, but do not always, affect the borrower's credit score. Keeping credit inquiries to a minimum can help a person's credit rating. A lender may perceive many inquiries over a short period of time on a person's report as a signal that the person is in financial difficulty, and may consider that person a poor credit risk.

Acquiring and understanding credit reports and scores
Consumers can typically check their credit history by requesting credit reports from credit agencies and demanding correction of information if necessary.

In the United States, the Fair Credit Reporting Act governs businesses that compile credit reports. These businesses range from the big three credit reporting agencies, Experian, Equifax, TransUnion, to specialty credit reporting agencies that cater to specific clients including payday lenders, utility companies, casinos, landlords, medical service providers, and employers. One Fair Credit Reporting Act requirement is that the consumer credit reporting agencies it governs provide a free copy of the credit reports for any consumer who requests it, once per year.

The government of Canada offers a free publication called Understanding Your Credit Report and Credit Score. This publication provides sample credit report and credit score documents with explanations of the notations and codes that are used. It also contains general information on how to build or improve credit history, and how to check for signs that identity theft has occurred. The publication is available online through http://www.fcac.gc.ca, the site of the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada. Paper copies can also be ordered at no charge for residents of Canada.

In some countries, in addition to privately owned credit bureaus, credit records are also maintained by the central bank. Particularly, in Spain, the Central Credit Register is kept by the Bank of Spain. In this country, individuals can obtain their credit reports free of charge by requesting them online or by mail.

Credit history of immigrants
Credit history usually stays within one country. Even within the same credit card network or within the same multinational credit bureau, information is not shared between different countries. For example, Equifax Canada does not share credit information with Equifax in the United States. If a person has been living in Canada for many years and then moves to USA, when they apply for credit in the U.S., they may not be approved because of a lack of U.S. credit history, even if they had an excellent credit rating in their home country.

An immigrant may end up establishing a credit history from scratch in the new country. Therefore, it is usually difficult for immigrants to obtain credit cards and mortgages until after they have worked in the new country with a stable income for several years.

Some lenders do take into account credit history from other countries, but this practice is not common. Among credit card companies, American Express can transfer credit cards from one country to another and in this way help start a credit history.

Adverse credit
Adverse credit history, also called sub-prime credit history, non-status credit history, impaired credit history, poor credit history, and bad credit history, is a negative credit rating.

A negative credit rating is often considered undesirable to lenders and other extenders of credit for the purposes of loaning money or capital.

In the U.S., a consumer's credit history is compiled into a credit report by credit bureaus or consumer reporting agencies. The data reported to these agencies are primarily provided to them by creditors and includes detailed records of the relationship a person has with the creditor. Detailed account information, including payment history, credit limits, high and low balances, and any aggressive actions taken to recover overdue debts, are all reported regularly (usually monthly). This information is reviewed by a lender to determine whether to approve a loan and on what terms.

As credit became more popular, it became more difficult for lenders to evaluate and approve credit card and loan applications in a timely and efficient manner. To address this issue, credit scoring was adopted. A benefit of scoring was that it made credit available to more consumers and at less cost.

Credit scoring is the process of using a proprietary mathematical algorithm to create a numerical value that describes an applicant's overall creditworthiness. Scores, frequently based on numbers (ranging from 300–850 for consumers in the United States), statistically analyze a credit history, in comparison to other debtors, and gauge the magnitude of financial risk. Since lending money to a person or company is a risk, credit scoring offers a standardized way for lenders to assess that risk rapidly and "without prejudice". All credit bureaus also offer credit scoring as a supplemental service.

Credit scores assess the likelihood that a borrower will repay a loan or other credit obligation based on factors like their borrowing and repayment history, the types of credit they have taken out and the overall length of their credit history. The higher the score, the better the credit history and the higher the probability that the loan will be repaid on time. When creditors report an excessive number of late payments, or trouble with collecting payments, the score suffers. Similarly, when adverse judgments and collection agency activity are reported, the score decreases even more. Repeated delinquencies or public record entries can lower the score and trigger what is called a negative credit rating or adverse credit history.

A consumer's credit score is a number calculated from factors such as the amount of credit outstanding versus how much they owe, their past ability to pay all their bills on time, how long they have had credit, types of credit used and number of inquiries. The three major consumer reporting agencies, Equifax, Experian and TransUnion all sell credit scores to lenders. Fair Isaac is one of the major developers of credit scores used by these consumer reporting agencies. The complete way in which a consumer's FICO score is calculated is complex. One of the factors in a consumer's FICO score is credit checks on their credit history. When a lender requests a credit score, it can cause a small drop in the credit score. That is because, as stated above, a number of inquiries over a relatively short period of time can indicate the consumer is in a financially difficult situation.

Consequences
The information in a credit report is sold by credit agencies to organizations that are considering whether to offer credit to individuals or companies. It is also available to other entities with a "permissible purpose", as defined by the Fair Credit Reporting Act. The consequence of a negative credit rating is typically a reduction in the likelihood that a lender will approve an application for credit under favorable terms, if at all. Interest rates on loans are significantly affected by credit history; the higher the credit rating, the lower the interest, while the lower the credit rating, the higher the interest. The increased interest is used to offset the higher rate of default within the low credit rating group of individuals.

In the United States, insurance, housing, and employment can be denied based on a negative credit rating. A new study shows that employer credit checks on job seekers are preventing them from entering the working circle. Estimated figures indicate that one in four unemployed Americans have been required to go through a credit check when applying for a job. The size of this phenomenon has become a major concern of the US administration. Federal regulations require employers to receive permission from job candidates before running credit checks, but it will be impossible to enforce employer disclosure as to the reason for job denial.

Note that it is not the credit reporting agencies that decide whether a credit history is "adverse". It is the individual lender or creditor which makes that decision; each lender has its own policy on what scores fall within their guidelines. The specific scores that fall within a lender's guidelines are most often not disclosed to the applicant due to competitive reasons. In the United States, a creditor is required to give the reasons for denying credit to an applicant immediately and must also provide the name and address of the credit reporting agency who provided data that was used to make the decision.

Abuse
Astute consumers and criminal minded people have been able to identify and exploit vulnerabilities in the credit scoring systems to obtain credit. For example, previous ownership of a credit card may significantly increase an individual's ability to obtain further credit, while privacy issues may prevent a fraud from being exposed. Certain telecommunication companies and their relationship with credit reporting bureaus have enabled fabricated credit files to be created by the exploit of privacy blocks, which deny any third party entity to actual information held by the government. While the credit reporting system is designed to protect both lenders and borrowers, there are loopholes which can allow opportunistic individuals to abuse the system. A few of the motivations and techniques for credit abuse include churning, rapidfire credit applications, repetitive credit checks, selective credit freezes, applications for small business rather than personal credit, piggybacking and hacking, as it happened with Equifax in April and September 2017.

Additionally, fraud can be committed on consumers by credit reporting agencies themselves. In 2013, Equifax and TransUnion were fined $23.3 million by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (U.S.) for deceiving customers about the cost of their services. Services advertised as $1 were actually billed at $200 per year.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Credit history


text:
Talk:Strongbad email.exe

This article was listed on Votes for deletion and the consensus was keep: see Votes for deletion/Strongbad email.exe

Technichal limitations
You know, this article's pretty short...I bet you could just copy all the text in it, move it to a new page with the right title, and delete this old one. --VolatileChemical 5 July 2005 22:53 (UTC)

 * The reason the article can not have a proper title is due to technical limitations. Wikipedia does not allow lowercase first letters for article titles.  More information is available in the lower case first letter section.  Additionally, page moves are done using the move feature, as simply copying the text does not maintain an accurate article edit history.  --  TomPreuss 19:38, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Well...of course. Right. That's why. You're not aloud lowercase letters as the first letter of a title name...um...you should know that, Tempress. I mean, all big and important like that. Having a photo of yourself on your page, and the date you made it...you should live up to your reputation, Tempest. --VolatileChemical 15:00, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia and advertising
The article is obviously a product profile, which in itself isn't bad as long as there is no subjective judgement passed on its quality. However with the link at the end to "Buy "strongbad_email.exe" at the Homestar Runner store" it kind of turns it into an ad. Seems to clash with the wikipedia ethic in my mind. I'm not brave enough to remove it however.

Subject matter
I thought this was about the strongbad_email.exe program that Strong Bad uses, but to change it all off into a stub about the program would probably not be right. --Addict 2006 22:02, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Right. I don't even know how we could make a full article about the program. It would ultimately end up linking to Strong Bad Email, which, now that I think about it, doesn't exist on Wikipedia. :( Maybe we should explain the connection to Strong Bad's e-mail client, and then provide the appropriate links. —BazookaJoe 05:03, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The article has this title because strongbad_email.exe is the actual title of the DVD set. There's no reason to change it. 150.243.108.15 19:38, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * You're missing the point, man. The DVD set is named after what Strong Bad types to access his e-mail client. —BazookaJoe 21:21, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Strongbad email.exe


text:
Geretsried

Geretsried (Geretsriad) is a town in the district Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, located in Bavaria, Germany. The town is the most populated town in the district, with 23,219 inhabitants as of 31 December 2012.

The town is the site of a geothermal energy project using a novel closed-loop system that offers more environmental protection than conventional geothermal technologies. The project is a partnership between Eavor Technologies and Deep Energy Capital to produce sustainable zero carbon energy in Germany.

History
Geretsried was first mentioned in the year 1083. In the early years it served a little more than a group of farms along the postal route between Munich and Innsbruck. It belonged to the city of Wolfratshausen.

In 1937 two munitions factories were built: "Dynamit Aktien Gesellschaft" and "Deutsche Sprengchemie", in the boroughs of what are today Gartenberg and Stein. Towards the end of the war, these factories employed slave and foreign labourers. Today, the remains of storage bunkers, administrative buildings, and other remains are scattered throughout the town. On April 9, 1945, The Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces bombed the factories.

In 1946, the empty bunkers and buildings were used to house German refugees from former ethnic German areas in Eastern Europe. In 1949, the citizens began to organize themselves and on April 1, 1950, the community of Geretsried came into being. On June 27, 1970, Geretsried got city rights.

Geography
Geretsried lies on the Isar River and includes the communities of Gartenberg, Gelting, and Stein. The Bundestrasse (federal highway) 11 runs by the city. The distance to Munich is approximately 35 kilometers.

Politics
The town's Mayor is Mr. Michael Müller. On 30 March 2014, he was elected as Mayor of Geretsried town. He was re-elected in March 2020.

Coat of arms
The cogwheel in the coat of arms symbolizes the local industry, the river symbolizes the Isar and the Conifer symbolizes the nature.

Transport
The town belongs to the Munich public transportation zone. Regional buses connect the town to Wolfratshausen and Bad Tölz. An extension of the Munich S-Bahn line S7 is planned from Wolfratshausen to Geretsried.

Economics
Various logistics companies have bases in Gelting, e.g. GLS , DPD, and DHL. Tyczka Totalgaz, DMG Mori AG, Speck Piston Pumps, Byk Gardner, Rudolf Chemie, Pulcra Chemicals, Loxxess Kontraktlogistik, and the Bauer Compressor Group are the largest employers in the city. The Geretsrieder sausage factory Sieber, once the purveyor to the royal Bavarian court, recently achieved a turnover of 25 million euros, but had to in 2016 after the discovery of listeriastop production, recall and subsequently file for bankruptcy. The Franco Fresco company now produces frozen pizzas on the site.

To support the online marketing appeal of medium-sized companies, there are many agencies and online marketing freelancers in Geretsried, e.g. Onlinemarketing-oberland.

Twin towns – sister cities
Geretsried is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Chamalières, France

Notable people

 * Edmund Nick (1891–1974), composer, conductor and music writer

title: Geretsried


text:
BMT Myrtle Avenue Line

The Myrtle Avenue Line, also called the Myrtle Avenue Elevated, is a fully elevated line of the New York City Subway as part of the BMT division. The line is the last surviving remnant of one of the original Brooklyn elevated railroads. The remnant line operates as a spur branch from the Jamaica Line to Bushwick, Ridgewood, and Middle Village, terminating at its original eastern terminal across the street from Lutheran Cemetery. Until 1969, the line continued west into Downtown Brooklyn and, until 1944, over the Brooklyn Bridge to the Park Row Terminal in Manhattan.

Extent and service
The following services use part or all of the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line: The Myrtle Avenue Line is served by the service. The line begins at Metropolitan Avenue in Middle Village, Queens. It heads southwest along a private right-of-way, eventually joining an elevated structure above Palmetto Street in Ridgewood and Myrtle Avenue in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bushwick. Just before reaching Broadway (on which the BMT Jamaica Line operates), the line curves to the left and merges into the Jamaica Line tracks just east of the Myrtle Avenue station. The still-existing upper level of the station, which was called "Broadway", opened in 1889 and closed on October 4, 1969.

Opening
The first section of the line ran over Myrtle Avenue from Johnson and Adams Streets to a junction with what was then known as the Main Line at Grand Avenue. It opened on April 10, 1888, by the Union Elevated Railroad Company, which was leased to the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad for its operation. Trains continued along Grand Avenue and Lexington Avenue to Broadway, where the line joined the Broadway Elevated, and then along Broadway to East New York. On September 1, 1888, the line was extended westward along Adams Street and Sands Street, to a terminal at Washington Street for the Brooklyn Bridge. On April 27, 1889, the line was extended east along Myrtle Avenue to Broadway, and to Wyckoff Avenue (at the Brooklyn/Queens border) on July 20, 1889. However, the station at Knickerbocker Avenue did not open until August 15, 1889.

The west end of the line was extended north along Adams Street to an elevated station over Sands Street and High Street in 1896. The connection to the Brooklyn Bridge tracks opened on June 18, 1898, along a private right-of-way halfway between Concord Street and Cathedral Place. The first trains to use it came from the Fifth Avenue Elevated (using the Myrtle Avenue El west of Hudson Avenue).

In 1906 the el was connected via a ramp to the Lutheran Cemetery Line, a former steam dummy line to Metropolitan Avenue that had opened on September 3, 1881. That section was elevated as part of the Dual Contracts on February 22, 1915.

Connection to the Broadway Line
On July 29, 1914, the connection to the Broadway-Brooklyn Line was opened, allowing Myrtle Avenue Line trains to operate via the Williamsburg Bridge. Construction on this connection began in August 1913. This service became BMT 10 in 1924, and the original Myrtle Avenue Line service to Park Row became BMT 11, later referred to as M and MJ (although the MJ designation never appeared on any equipment used on the line).

As part of the Dual Contracts rebuilding of the Myrtle Avenue El, a third track was installed north of Myrtle Avenue. This track started from a point south of Central Avenue through Myrtle – Wyckoff Avenues to a bumper just south of Seneca Avenue. The only switches were at the southern end so the center track could only be used for layups (parking). It was never used in revenue service and was removed by 1946.

In Fiscal Year 1930, the platforms at Seneca Avenue were lengthened to accommodate an eight-car train of Standard subway cars.

Truncation and later years
On March 5, 1944, the line west of Bridge–Jay Streets was closed coincident with the end of elevated service over the Brooklyn Bridge. On January 21, 1953, the Grand Avenue station was closed so that it could be torn down and therefore complete the demolition of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line. The rest of the line from Broadway to Jay Street closed on October 4, 1969, and was demolished soon afterward, ending the MJ service. A free transfer to the B54 bus replaced the MJ, and service was increased on that bus. The free transfer at Jay Street was also replaced with a bus transfer.

In 1986, the New York City Transit Authority launched a study to determine whether to close 79 stations on 11 routes, including the remaining portion of the Myrtle Avenue Line, due to low ridership and high repair costs. Numerous figures, including New York City Council member Carol Greitzer, criticized the plans.

In July 2017, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority started rebuilding two parts of the Myrtle Avenue Line, the 310 ft approaches to the junction with the BMT Jamaica Line (which lasted until April 2018, requiring suspension of service between Wyckoff and Myrtle Avenues), and the Fresh Pond Bridge over the Montauk Branch in Queens (which lasted from July to September 2017). This work was undertaken in preparation for a reconstruction of the BMT Canarsie Line tunnels under the East River, which took place between 2019 and 2020. Regular service resumed on April 30, 2018.

title: BMT Myrtle Avenue Line


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kaiczar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 00:28, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Kaiczar
If this was a historically significant term, then google is saying so. As it is, I'm thinking somebody pooped this up. --BesigedB (talk) 09:32, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC) This name will be known for fusion of different systems of belief as in religion or philosophy This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, dic def. Mgm|(talk) 09:57, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - 36 hits mostly referring to a Blogger, neologism. Megan1967 06:31, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:17, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP-- Syncretism  (talk} 60:60, 11, Nov 2025 (ATL)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kaiczar


text:
User:DesertFly3

I am active at Stardestroyer.net and Wookieepedia.

Also, I am a staunch believer in many liberal positions (such as the right of a woman to choose, government oversight of industry and commerce, etc), but I disagree with gun control. I reserve the right to make up my own mind.

Also, I completely disagree with the sometimes anti-American bias that rears its ugly head on Wikipedia. I don't harbor any notions that America is "the greatest country in the world" or any hogwash like that, but I believe that an encyclopedia created by an American, with a huge American audience and amount of contributors should reflect that more. For example, I completely disagree with the title of the page devoted to corn titled incorrectly maize, by people who feel that usage in other areas of the world should override the practices of the country where it originated, with the largest population of native English speakers.

All that doesn't mean I won't contribute and try to be helpful when I can though. :P

title: User:DesertFly3


text:
Jack Johnson

Jack Johnson commonly refers to:
 * Jack Johnson (boxer) (1878–1946), American boxer, first black heavyweight boxing world champion
 * Jack Johnson (musician) (born 1975), American singer-songwriter, director, and surfer

Jack Johnson may also refer to:

Entertainment

 * Jack Johnson, member of the American pop-rap duo Jack & Jack
 * Big Jack Johnson (1940–2011), blues musician
 * Jack Johnson (actor) (born 1987), American actor
 * Jack Johnson (film), a 1970 documentary film about the boxer
 * Jack Johnson (album), a 1971 album by Miles Davis
 * Jack Johnson (character), a fictional character in the U.S. TV series Black-ish

Politics

 * Jack Johnson (Canadian politician) (1930–2009), politician in Ontario, Canada
 * Jack B. Johnson (born 1949), American criminal and former politician
 * Jack Johnson (American politician) (born 1968), American politician in Tennessee

American football

 * Jack Johnson (coach) (1892–1927), American football, basketball, and baseball coach
 * Jack Johnson (tackle) (1909–1978), American football tackle
 * Jack Johnson (defensive back) (1933–2015), American football defensive back

Baseball

 * Jack Johnson (second baseman) (1883–1940), African-American baseball player and boxer, nicknamed "Topeka Jack"
 * Jack Johnson (outfielder), Negro league baseball player of the 1920s
 * Jack Johnson (third baseman), Negro league baseball player of the 1930s

Other sports

 * Jack Johnson (English footballer) (1919–1975), English footballer
 * Jack Johnson (Australian footballer) (1926–2008), Australian rules footballer for Essendon
 * Jack Johnson (sport shooter) (1928-1993), American sport shooter
 * Jack Johnson (ice hockey) (born 1987), American professional ice hockey defenseman
 * Jack Johnson (rugby league) (born 1996), English rugby league footballer
 * Albert Ariel Bedwin Johnson (1914–1996), known as Jack, real tennis world champion
 * Jack Johnson (Danish footballer) (1924–2002), Danish footballer
 * Jack Johnson (racing driver) (September 2, 1944 – April 1, 2021), American dirt modified racing driver.

Other

 * Jack Johnson (posseman) (died 1887), one of Wyatt Earp's posse

title: Jack Johnson


text:
Talk:Jack Johnson

Untitled
I think this should go straight to the musician, he is clearly getting almost all of the hits here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.184.44.210 (talk) 21:57, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

He dies have more page views than the rest put together. Boleyn2 (talk) 06:42, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jack Johnson


text:
Peter Wuffli

Peter A. Wuffli (born 26 October 1957) is a Swiss businessman who was appointed president and chief executive officer of UBS AG in December 2001 after having been chief executive of UBS Asset Management and the company's chief financial officer.

Education and personal life
He is a Swiss citizen and graduated from the University of St. Gallen in 1981 and earned a doctorate in 1984. He also attended the Advanced Management Program at Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He and his wife Susanna have three children.

His father Heinz R. Wuffli was general director of Credit Suisse from 1967 to 1977, when he resigned as a consequence of the Chiasso affair.

Career
In 1984, he joined McKinsey & Co as management consultant and in 1990 became a partner of McKinsey Switzerland's senior management.

From 1994 to 1998, he was the chief financial officer at SBC and a member of SBC's group executive board in Basel. After the 1998 merger of SBC and UBS AG, Wufflii was appointed president of the Group Executive Board in 2001 and became CEO in 2003.

In May 2006 Wuffli heralded UBS’s acquisition of Brazilian Banco Pactual as an opening for UBS into one of the world’s fastest growing financial markets and an excellent basis for growth in Brazil and throughout Latin America.

Wuffli left as a CEO UBS AG on 6 July 2007 and renounced about $10 million in payments.

On July 7, 2007 UBS declined to comment on Wuffli’s leaving, only confirming that his departure, a decision which was taken in a regular board meeting in Valencia, Spain, was based on the review of the position. Analysts and investors suspected the drop in profits, hedge fund losses and the underperformance of its shares to be the reason, and as a possible indication of the bank’s shifting core business to wealth and investment management.

In February 2009 it became known that multi-billion dollar write-downs had sparked the sudden 2007 departure of Peter Wuffli as CEO.

In November 2018 it was reported that Wuffli had joined the new financial services operator Sygnum as advisor.

In July 2019, Wuffli was nominated to Sygnum's board of directors.

Other engagements
In December 2006, Wuffli and his wife founded The Elea Foundation for Ethics in Globalization.

He is chairman of the board of Partners Group Holding, a board member of the Zurich Opera House, member of the executive committee and chairman of the board of IMD International Institute for Management Development in Lausanne.

He was president of the Friends of the FDP (Freunde der FDP) association, founded 2004 to support the Swiss FDP political party.

Publications

 * Liberale Ethik. Orientierungsversuch im Zeitalter der Globalisierung. Stämpfli Verlag, Bern 2010, ISBN 978-3-7272-1308-3
 * Inclusive Leadership, A Framework for the Global Era. Springer 2016, ISBN 978-3-319-23560-8

title: Peter Wuffli


text:
Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund

The Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund (Statens lånekasse for utdanning) is a government agency that allocates loans and grants to Norwegian and certain foreign students for their education. Lånekassen was established in 1947.

Lånekassen is organised under the Ministry of Education and Research (Kunnskapsdepartementet). The Ministry decides the regulations for the allocation of financial support, and for the repayment of loans.

Objectives
Lånekassen's objectives for educational support are:
 * to give the same possibilities for education, regardless of economic and social background, geographical aspects, age, gender and physical disabilities,
 * to ensure that the society and the work force has access to competence,
 * to secure a satisfactory work environment for education, to make studies efficient.

Organization

 * Lånekassen's head office is in Oslo and there are branch offices in Stavanger, Trondheim, and Ørsta.
 * As of January 2024, Lånekassen has just over 400 permanent employees.

History

 * Lånekassen was established in 1947 as an extension of a number of welfare schemes for students.
 * In its first year, NOK 3.3 million was given in loans to about 2,200 students.
 * Since the late 1950s, support has also been given for upper secondary education.
 * Means testing of parents before giving support for higher education was abolished in about 1970.
 * Large-scale computer systems for the mass processing of applications were developed during the 1980s and 1990s.
 * Changes were made in connection with the quality reform of higher education and grants became dependent on the examination results of each individual student.
 * In 2001, it became possible to apply for support electronically, and from 2005 it became possible to sign the acknowledgement of debt electronically.
 * Since 2009, pupils and students have only been able to apply for support electronically, rather than on paper.
 * Between 2004 and 2015, Lånekassen was in the process of a renewal programme. The modernisation was organized in the renewal programme LØFT (Lånekassens ønskede framtid). The programme involved several projects, the largest of which was to replace the entire customer and case handling solution. The objectives of the renewal were better and more targeted information for customers and partners, increased opportunities for self-service solutions and more automation and streamlining. Today, the customers - both students/pupils and customers who are repaying their loans - are almost totally digital.

Key figures 2017

 * As of 31.12.2017 Lånekassen had 1.087.500 customers. 672,865 of the customers have started their repayment.
 * 436,100 students and pupils applied for financial support for the academic year 2016-2017.
 * In 2017, Lånekassen processed approximately 843,000 applications for educational support and payment relief/waiver.
 * NOK 3.7 billion in grants and NOK 24.2 billion in loans were allocated to the students during the academic year 2016-2017. About NOK 6.3 billion of the allocated loans are expected to be converted into educational grants (the conversion occurs after passing examinations/completing the course of education).
 * The lending portfolio (outstanding educational debt) represents approximately NOK 173.8 billion in total.

title: Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund


text:
Talk:Giourkas Seitaridis

Neutrality issues
There are several PoV issues; e.g. "after showing great ability", "one of the few youngsters who shone", "he did not like the weather and football style" etc. The second sentence of the Club Career section is 83 words long! Who commented that "he was the player of the (Euro 2004) tournament"? Until these issues are addressed the article will never be more than Start-class. If you don't agree, put it up for peer review. --Daemonic Kangaroo (talk) 14:31, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Done...The-Real-ZEUS (talk) 19:11, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Image
I propose the removal of the image. It is of bad quality and even when it is enlarged the face of the player seems to be vague. Chrisportelli (talk) 05:51, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Giourkas Seitaridis


text:
The Little Match Girl

"The Little Match Girl" (Den Lille Pige med Svovlstikkerne, meaning "The little girl with the matchsticks") is a literary fairy tale by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen. The story, about a dying child's dreams and hope, was first published in 1845. It has been adapted to various media, including animated, live-action, and VR films as well as television musicals and opera.

Summary
On a freezing New Year's Eve, a poor young girl, frozen, shivering, bareheaded and barefoot, unsuccessfully tries to sell matches in the street. Afraid to go home because her father would beat her for failing to sell any matches and not earning even a single penny, she huddles in the alley between two houses and lights matches, one by one, to warm herself.

In the flame of the matches, she sees a series of comforting visions: a warm iron stove, a lovely roasted goose, and a great glorious Christmas tree. Each vision disappears as its match burns out. In the sky she sees a shooting star, which her late grandmother had told her meant that someone is on their way to Heaven. In the flame of the next match she sees her late grandmother, the only person that ever treated her with love and kindness. To keep the vision of her grandmother alive as long as possible, the girl lights the entire bundle of matches she had.

When the matches are gone, the girl freezes to death in the cold weather, as her grandmother carries her soul to Heaven. The next morning, passers-by find the girl's body with a smile on her face, and express pity. They do not know about the wonderful visions she had seen or how happy she is with her grandmother in Heaven.

Publication
"The Little Match Girl" was first published in December 1845, in Dansk Folkekalender for 1846. The work was re-published as a part of New Fairy Tales (4 March 1848), Second Volume, Second Collection (Nye Eventyr (1848), Andet Bind, Anden Samling), and again 18 December 1849 as a part of Fairy Tales (1850; Eventyr). The work was also published 30 March 1863 as a part of Fairy Tales and Stories (1863), Second Volume (Eventyr og Historier (1863), Andet Bind).

Amusement park attractions

 * The Fairy Tale Forest (Sprookjesbos in Dutch) of the amusement park Efteling in the Netherlands has a three-dimensional attraction showing the story of the Little Match Girl, called Het Meisje met de Zwavelstokjes. In this attraction, use is made of the Pepper's ghost technique.

Anime and manga

 * The 52nd and final episode of Andersen Monogatari (1971) is based on the story.
 * In the episode 307 of Crayon Shin-chan, "Nene-chan is the Tragedy Heroine" (1999), the story inspires Nene-chan to play the Cinderella game with her friends.
 * In Hello Kitty's Animation Theater an episode is an adaptation of this tale, complete with its grim ending.
 * In Is the Order a Rabbit?, Sharo starts daydreaming while handing out flyers, humorously seeing it as a death flag when she connects her actions to the match girl.
 * Chapter 18 of the manga series Binbou Shimai Monogatari (2004) replays the tale of "The Little Match Girl", featuring the protagonists Asu and Kyou with a happy ending twist.
 * In Chapter 24 (Volume 3) of Love Hina, Su makes Shinobu dress up as a Little Red Riding Hood-type and sell matches to raise some travelling money to Okinawa. When that plot initially fails and Shinobu starts to cry, a good number of passers-by are moved to tears and prepare to buy all her matches until the two girls are chased off by resident yakuza.
 * In the Japanese anime Gakuen Alice, the main character, Mikan Sakura puts on a play about The Little Match Girl to earn money.
 * Episode 201 of Gin Tama, "Everybody's a Santa", parodies The Little Match Girl, where Yagyu Kyubei narrates a humorous retelling of the story, featuring Kagura as the eponymous title character, replacing match-sticks with Shinpachi, a human punching bag.
 * "Girl Who Doesn't Sell Matches But is Misfortunate Anyway" is the final episode of the 2010 anime series Ōkami-san, which draws inspiration from various fairy tales. The episode features a character called Machiko Himura, who is based on the little match girl.
 * "The Little Key Frames Girl", episode 11 of the anime Shirobako (2014), humorously replays the whole match girl story from a more modern and lower stakes point of view.
 * In "Christmas Osomatsu-san", episode 11 of the anime Osomatsu-san (2015), Iyami humorously acts as The Little Match Girl, dying in the end.
 * Match Shoujo, a manga by Sanami Suzuki (2014–15), is being made into a live-action film starring Sumire Sato, as the title character.
 * In "Let's Get Wiggy With It", episode 2 of the anime Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo (2003–05), Don Patch humorously recites a story of him selling churros at Christmas time with no one buying, showing a Churro buried and covered in snow in the end, resembling death.
 * In "Troupe Dragon, On Stage! (They Had a Troupe Name, Huh)", episode 10 of the anime Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid (2017), the main characters decide to stage a performance of "The Little Match Girl" for a nursing home on Christmas. Throughout the episode, the characters add their own ideas to the story (such as magical girls and the Forty-seven rōnin), to the point that the performance bears virtually no resemblance to the original.
 * In YuruYuri Season 3 episode 10, Akari and Kyoko light matches to keep themselves warm when the Kotatsu does not work. They see visions of shaved ice and a turkey dinner. They both survive however.
 * The cover art for chapter 43 (vol. 3) of Komi-san wa, Komyushou Desu. features Komi-san dressed up as the little match girl in a snowy street holding a lit match.
 * One Piece cover story from chapter 247 shows former king Wapol, at that point a beggar, selling matches in a snowy street with the subtitles "I'm the little match girl".
 * In Isekai Quartet season 2 episode 11 "It Begins! School Festival", Yunyun (a recurring character originally from KonoSuba whose running joke is that she is always alone) acts out a play version of the story solo.
 * In Flint the Time Detective the main characters visit Hans Christian Andersen who is trapped in his own dreams and having his own creations acting oddly. Among them, the Little Match Girls is selling watches instead of matches.
 * In episode 7 of the Nekopara OVA, the catgirls recount various fairy tales. Among them, is a retelling of The Little Match Girl by Maple — starring instead Cinnamon as the titular character — which is restructured in parodic fashion. Namely, Cinnamon instead visualizes sensual fantasies rather than the idyllic visions found in the original telling.
 * In season 4 episode 6 of Date A Live, while in the fairy tale world Kotori is based on the Little Match Girl.

Audio recordings

 * Danny Kaye reads "The Match Girl" on Side B of Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales (Golden Records, 1962), later re-issued on CD as part of Danny Kaye Re-tells Grimm's & Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales (Golden Records, 2008)
 * The record "Charles Dickens: A Christmas Carol" published by Peter Pan Records features a reading on the B side.
 * The Myths and Legends Podcast featured the Little Match Girl story in a 2020 episode centering on Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales.

Comics

 * In issue #112 of Bill Willingham's Fables (a comic book series about living embodiments of storybook characters), The Little Match Girl is introduced to Rose Red as one of the paladins of the embodiment of Hope, ostensibly on the night that the girl is doomed to die (Christmas Eve, in this telling). The child identifies herself as "the caretaker of hope deferred", braving the deadly cold and saving the meager pennies she earns towards the promise of a better life in the future, and stubbornly denying that her death is close at hand.

16mm short subject films

 * In 1954, Castle Films released a 16 mm English-language version of a 1952 black-and-white French short live-action film. Instead of her grandmother, the Virgin Mary, whom the match girl believes is her own long-lost mother, takes the girl to Heaven. No mention is made of the father beating the child.

Animated films

 * One of the Color Rhapsodies (1937), a Charles Mintz studio color cartoon adaptation set in 1930s New York City, directed by Arthur Davis and Sid Marcus, and considered among the studio's best films. It was nominated for the 1937 Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons), though it lost to Disney's short The Old Mill. This version of the story is slightly different from Andersen's story, specifically near the end.
 * La Tartelette (1967), a Jacques Colombat short film inspired by Andersen's story, with a black humour twist ending.
 * Hans Christian Andersen no Sekai (1971, The World of Hans Christian Andersen), Toei Animation's animated film based on Andersen's works.
 * In the 1978 animated adaptation of "The Stingiest Man In Town", the character of Ebenezer Scrooge is seen passing by a caricature of the little match girl. Her first appearance during the musical number "The Stingiest Man in Town" shows Scrooge "buying" two packs of matches from her, only to pay her with a button from his coat and go on his way laughing at her expense, leaving her bewildered. Her second, and final, appearance in the special is in the musical number "Mankind Should Be My Business", it shows her shivering from the cold and a now-reformed Scrooge giving her his coat and a handful of gold coins.
 * The Little Match Girl (2003), an animated short film by Junho Chung for Fine Cut: KCET's Festival of Student Film.
 * "The Little Match Girl" (2005), ADV Films' adaptation released in Hello Kitty Animation Theater, Vol. 3.
 * The Little Match Girl (2006), the last of four Walt Disney Animation Studios shorts originally intended to be part of a Fantasia (2006) compilation film, which project was canceled. This short was then developed as a stand-alone film and was nominated for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Animated Short, losing to The Danish Poet. This short was subsequently released as a special feature on the 2006 Platinum Edition DVD of The Little Mermaid (1989). In 2015, the short was released on the Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection Blu-ray Disc and is now streaming on Disney+.
 * "Allumette" (2016) by Penrose Studios Released as a free VR animated film for PS4 and PC.
 * Emily the Little Match Girl (2021), directed by Matthew Hickinbottom, is a CGI film based on the Andersen story released in the UK on 29 November 2021, with the voices of David Bradley as "Harry the Match Maker", Lesley Joseph as "Grandma", Lisa Armytage as "The Narrator" and Megan Sadler as the title character.

Live-action films

 * The Little Match Seller (1902), a short silent film directed by James Williamson
 * The Little Match Girl (1914), a 9 minute long silent film directed by Percy Nash.
 * The Little Match Girl (1928), La Petite Marchande d'Allumettes), a 40-minute silent film by Jean Renoir.
 * La Jeune Fille aux Allumettes (1952), French director Jean Benoît-Lévy's film version, includes a brief dance sequence with ballet star Janine Charrat.
 * Den lille pige med svovlstikkerne (1953), Danish film director Johan Jacobsen adapted the Andersen story to a short film, starring Karin Nellemose, Françoise Rosay, and Agnes Thorberg Wieth. The film competed for the short film prize of the 1954 Cannes Film Festival.
 * La vendedora de rosas (1998; Little Rose Selling Girl), directed by Víctor Gaviria, is a Colombian movie about homeless children victims of solvent abuse, loosely based on "The Little Match Girl"; it competed for the Palme d'Or at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.
 * Resurrection of the Little Match Girl (2003) is a Korean movie.
 * Matchstick Girl (2015), a modern adaptation short film set in the UK, was produced and directed by Joann Randles.
 * Match Shojo (2016), a Japanese adaptation of Sanami Suzuki's manga starring Sumire Sato.

Games

 * Suikoden III, (2002), a video game for the PlayStation 2, contains a highly abridged play version of "The Little Match Girl". In the game, the player can cast characters in different roles and have them perform a shortened version of the story.
 * Yakuza 5, (2012), a video game for the PlayStation 3 has a substory named "The Little Match Girl" during Taiga Saejima's segment of the game that involves a little girl selling matches for 100 yen. A similar substory also appears in Yakuza (2005) and its remake, Yakuza Kiwami (2016).
 * The Little Match Girl, (2015), a visual novel for web browsers and Android that tells the story.
 * In The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt – Blood and Wine, the "Girl Who Sells Flint", tired of seeing that no one buys her flint, starts selling tobacco, various alcoholic beverages and even drugs, stating that "it is much more profitable and demand is high".
 * THE iDOLM@STER 2, (2011), a video game for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, has a song titled "Little Match Girl" available in the first DLC pack for the Xbox 360 version and available by default in the PlayStation 3 version. The song features a romanticized version of the story. The song has made further appearances in THE iDOLM@STER SHINY FESTA, THE iDOLM@STER ONE FOR ALL, and in the 2011 anime adaptation of the series.
 * "QURARE Magic Library", (2014), a Korean mobile game that's also been imported to the PlayStation 4 to the west. There is a Kodex card in game called "Little Match Girl" which is a Super Rare + card and features the passive Resurrect V skill for Tank decks. The image is drawn by STUDIO NCG, and its description is very different from the original story, with a much darker ending.
 * "Dark Parables: The Match Girl`s Lost Paradise", (2018), a fifteenth installment of the Dark Parables franchise. The story involved unexplained fires known as The Flame of Illusion has occurred in Stars Hollow. The recent one involved a rich landowner who was caught in his own home, leaving no traces of bodies or fires anywhere. However, a young girl selling matches was the only solid clue. You, the Fairytale Detective, must stop these fires and the Match Girl.
 * "Lobotomy Corporation", (2018), contains a character called the "Scorched Girl" who appears to be an apparition with a match stuck through her torso. The game explains that she is a reference to the Hans Christian Andersen fable.
 * She appears as a playable character in the mobile game SINoALICE (Jap. 2017)

Literature

 * Anne Bishop published the short story "Match Girl" in Ruby Slippers, Golden Tears (1995).
 * On page 319 of Clarissa Pinkola Estés' book Women Who Run with the Wolves (1992), "The Little Match Girl", the author tells the story to her aunt, followed by a lucid analysis.
 * In Neil Gaiman's novella A Study in Emerald (2004), the main characters view a set of three plays, one of which is a stage adaptation of the "Little Match Girl".
 * Novelist Gregory Maguire read a short story based on "The Little Match Girl" over the air on NPR. He later expanded the short story into a novel, published as Matchless: A Christmas Story (2009).
 * William McGonagall retold "The Little Match Girl" in a poem.
 * Jerry Pinkney wrote an adaption of the story setting it in the early twentieth century.
 * Terry Pratchett's Discworld novel Hogfather (1996) gave the story a less morbid ending, thanks to the intervention of Death himself: Death's manservant, Albert, notes that the tale of the little match girl is meant to remind people that they could be worse off even when completely penniless, but with Death currently acting as the Hogfather (the Discworld equivalent of Santa Claus) to compensate for the original's absence, he is able to use his current dual status to give the little match girl a gift of a future.
 * Hans Tseng adapted "The Little Match Girl" into a short story manga, featured in the first volume of Tokyopop's Rising Stars of Manga (2003).
 * In Anne Ursu's novel Breadcrumbs (2011), the main character Hazel meets in the woods a character based on the Little Match Girl.
 * "The Little Match Girl" was one of the key inspirations for the main character Rosemary in Michael Sajdak's novelette Voices of the Dead (2017).

Music

 * In 1989, Stephen DeCesare composed a song about the famous story and in 2019 re-released it for choral and/or vocal duets.
 * In 1994, Frederik Magle released the album The Song Is a Fairytale, of songs based on Hans Christian Andersen's fairytales, with Thomas Eje and Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen amongst others. "The Little Match Girl" is one of the songs.
 * In 1988–96, the German avant-garde composer Helmut Lachenmann wrote an opera based on the story, called Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern, also including a text by Red Army Faction founder Gudrun Ensslin.
 * In 1995, German singer Meret Becker included the song "Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern" in her album Noctambule.
 * In 1996, Taiwanese singer Chyi Chin included the song "Matchstick Heaven (火柴天堂)" in his album. The song was based on the story and was composed by Taiwanese singer/songwriter Panda Hsiung.
 * In 2001, guitarist Loren Mazzacane Connors released the album The Little Match Girl based on the story.
 * In 2001, the Hungarian band Tormentor wrote the song "The Little Match Girl", with lyrics based on the story.
 * In 2002, GrooveLily released the album Striking 12, a musical based on "The Little Match Girl", which subsequently opened off-Broadway in 2006.
 * In 2005, Erasure's music video of their song "Breathe" was a modern adaptation of the story.
 * In 2006, the English band The Tiger Lillies and a string trio released the album The Little Match Girl based on the story.
 * Bulgarian composer Peter Kerkelov wrote a piece for classical guitar titled "The Little Match Girl"
 * American composer David Lang completed his own rendition of the original story in 2007. The Little Match Girl Passion is scored for four solo voices, soprano, alto, tenor and bass, with percussion, and was written for Paul Hillier and his ensemble Theater of Voices. The work was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in music in 2008. It presents Hans Christian Andersen's tale in Lang's characteristic post-minimalist style with thematic influence from Johann Sebastian Bach's St. John and St. Matthew Passions.
 * In 2010, Vocaloid producer Akuno-P (of Evillious Chronicles fame) produced the song "The Flames of the Yellow Phosphorus", an alternate take on the story featuring Kagamine Rin. In the song, the girl must sell all the matches she has, or else her father will not feed her. After lighting a match, she decides to burn her father's house down and steal his money for food, as to not be cold nor starving. She gets burned at the stake as punishment.
 * In 2012, The Crüxshadows recorded the song "Matchstick Girl" on their album As the Dark Against My Halo, which according to the band's frontman, Rogue, refers to Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale.
 * Tori Amos's 2015 musical The Light Princess includes the song "My Fairy-Story", where the main character reads this story and compares it to her own situation.
 * In 2015, Japanese techno-rap unit Wednesday Campanella produced the song "Match Uri no Shōjo" (「マッチ売りの少女」, 'The Little Match Girl').
 * In 2016, Mack Wilberg wrote a rendition of the original story for narrator, choir, and orchestra, with lyrics by David Warner. It was first performed during the 2016 Christmas Concert of The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square, with Rolando Villazon as the narrator.
 * In 2018, Loona's Chuu music video of their song "Heart Attack" was an adaptation of the story.
 * In 2021, Chengdu-based rapper MaSiWei released "Little Match Girl (卖火柴的小女孩)", which alludes to this story.
 * In November 2023, StarKid Productions and composer Clark Baxtresser's musical VHS Christmas Carols premiered live at the Apollo Theater in Chicago, featuring a segment based on The Little Match Girl. Originally a 2020 virtual show based solely on Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol that would receive a live run and recording in 2021, a first act was added in 2023 to adapt Match Girl in addition to O. Henry's The Gift of the Magi. All three stories are told with their original details intact, including era-specific price points and items, but are reframed with a 1980s aesthetic. In the epilogue of Christmas Carol, the role of the young boy tasked with purchasing a turkey for the Cratchit family is instead given to the Match Girl. When asked if he would like to purchase a match, Scrooge pays her more than enough money to keep her alive.

Television

 * In 1974, a contemporarized version set in Cincinnati on Christmas Eve was aired on WLWT. This Christmas special was placed in syndication and last aired on the CBN Cable Network in December 1982. It is notable for featuring a then-9 year old Sarah Jessica Parker.
 * In 1986, HTV released The Little Match Girl as a musical based on the original story. The cast included Twiggy and Roger Daltrey. It included the song "Mistletoe and Wine", which became a Christmas hit in the UK two years later for Cliff Richard.
 * The Little Match Girl (1987), an NBC television film directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, and starring Keshia Knight Pulliam, William Daniels, John Rhys-Davies, and Rue McClanahan. The film received a mixed reception from critics.
 * In 1990, a modernized version set to original music and narrated by F. Murray Abraham was presented by HBO Storybook Musicals, in which the girl is the daughter of a homeless New York couple forced to live underground in an abandoned subway station due to the economic collapse of the 1990s.
 * Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern (Sweden, 2013), directed by Uwe Janson.
 * A short parody version of The Little Match Girl was featured in the Robot Chicken episode "Garbage Sushi" with the Little Match Girl voiced by Rachel Bloom, her father voiced by Rob Paulsen, and her grandmother voiced by Seth Green. In this sketch version, she was selling matches stating that she must sell them or her father will beat her. Upon lighting a match, she sees a family. Upon lighting the second match, she sees a vision of her grandmother who tells the Little Match Girl that Vishnu is in Heaven and that Jesus is a fairy tale. Upon being told of her grandmother's plan, the girl learns the power of fire with the matches and kills her father for his abuse upon spilling alcohol on him and then using her matches to burn him to a skeleton. Then she finds her grandmother's jewelry and cracks an egg on her father's burning skeleton. By the final scene, the Little Match Girl is in a warmer location where she gives the bartender a big stack of money for a cup of Mai Tai. When asked what her name is, the girl states "My name's the Little F****** Match Girl" and then throws the cup of Mai Tai at the screen.
 * In 2017, a version of The Little Match Girl was featured on Christmas with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir featuring Rolando Villazon televised on PBS.
 * The tale of the Little Match Girl and the Toothless Goon was recreated through song by Rhod Gilbert on the original Dave TV show Taskmaster.

title: The Little Match Girl


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Memory foam

Memory foam consists mainly of polyurethane with additional chemicals that increase its viscosity and density. It is often referred to as "viscoelastic" polyurethane foam, or low-resilience polyurethane foam (LRPu). The foam bubbles or ‘cells’ are open, effectively creating a matrix through which air can move. Higher-density memory foam softens in reaction to body heat, allowing it to mold to a warm body in a few minutes. Newer foams may recover their original shape more quickly.

Mechanics
Memory foam derives its viscoelastic properties from several effects, due to the material's internal structure. The network effect is the force working to restore the foam's structure when it is deformed. This effect is generated by the deformed porous material pushing outwards to restore its structure against an applied pressure. Three effects work against the network effect, slowing the regeneration of the foam's original structure:
 * The pneumatic effect, caused by the time it takes air to flow into the foam's porous structure.
 * The adhesive effect, or adhesion, caused by the stickiness of the surfaces within the foam, which work against decompression as the internal pores within the foam are pressed together
 * The relaxation effect (the strongest of the three forces working against expansion), caused by the foam's material being near its glass transition temperature—limiting its mobility, forcing any change to be gradual, and slowing the expansion of the foam once the applied pressure has been removed

The effects are temperature-dependent, so the temperature range at which memory foam retains its properties is limited. If it is too cold, it hardens. If it is too hot, it acts like conventional foams, quickly springing back to its original shape. The underlying physics of this process can be described by polymeric creep.

The pneumatic and adhesive effects are strongly correlated with the size of the pores within memory foam. Smaller pores lead to higher internal surface area and reduced air flow, increasing the adhesion and pneumatic effects. Thus the foam's properties can be controlled by changing its cell structure and porosity. Its glass transition temperature can also be modulated by using additives in the foam's material.

Memory foam's mechanical properties can affect the comfort of mattresses produced with it. There is also a trade-off between comfort and durability. Certain memory foams may have a more rigid cell structure, leading to a weaker distribution of weight, but better recovery of the original structure, leading to improved cyclability and durability. Denser cell structure can also resist the penetration of water vapor, leading to reduced weathering and better durability and overall appearance.

History
Memory foam was developed in 1966 under a contract by NASA's Ames Research Center to improve the safety of aircraft cushions. The temperature-sensitive memory foam was initially referred to as "slow spring back foam"; most called it "temper foam". Created by feeding gas into a polymer matrix, it had an open-cell solid structure that matched pressure against it, yet slowly returned to its original shape.

Later commercialisation of the foam included use in medical equipment such as X-ray table pads, and sports equipment such as American / Canadian football helmet liners.

When NASA released memory foam to the public domain in the early 1980s, Fagerdala World Foams was one of the few companies willing to work with it, as the manufacturing process remained difficult and unreliable. Their 1991 product, the Tempur-Pedic Swedish Mattress eventually led to the mattress and cushion company Tempur World.

Memory foam was subsequently used in medical settings. For example, when patients were required to lie immobile in bed, on a firm mattress, for an unhealthy period of time, the pressure on some of their body regions impaired blood flow, causing pressure sores or gangrene. Memory foam mattresses significantly decreased such events, as well as alternating pressure air mattresses.

Memory foam was initially too expensive for widespread use, but became cheaper. Its most common domestic uses are mattresses, pillows, shoes, and blankets. It has medical uses, such as wheelchair seat cushions, hospital bed pillows and padding for people suffering long-term pain or postural problems.

Gel
Heat retention can be a disadvantage when used in mattresses and pillows, so in second-generation memory foam, companies began using open cell structure to improve breathability.

In 2006, the third generation of memory foam was introduced. Gel visco or gel memory foam consists of gel particles fused with visco foam to reduce trapped body heat, speed up spring back time and help the mattress feel softer. This technology was originally developed and patented by Peterson Chemical Technology, and gel mattresses became popular with the release of Serta's iComfort line and Simmons' Beautyrest line in 2011. Gel-infused memory foam was next developed with what were described as "beads" containing the gel which, as a phase-change material, achieved the desired temperature stabilization or cooling effect by changing from a solid to a liquid "state" within the capsule. Changing physical states can significantly alter an element's heat absorption properties.

Since the development of gel memory foam, other materials have been added. Aloe vera, green tea extract and activated charcoal have been combined with it to reduce odors and even provide aromatherapy while sleeping. Rayon has been used in woven mattress covers over memory foam beds to wick moisture away from the body to increase comfort. Phase-change materials (PCMs) have also been used in covers on memory foam pillows, beds, and mattress pads. Materials other than polyurethane also have the properties necessary to make memory foam. Polyethylene terephthalate, one such polymeric material, provides certain benefits over polyurethane, such as recyclability, lightness, and thermal insulation.

Mattresses
A memory foam mattress is usually denser than other foam mattresses, making it both more supportive and heavier. Memory foam mattresses are often sold for higher prices than traditional mattresses. Memory foam used in mattresses is commonly manufactured in densities ranging from less than 24kg/m3 (1.5 lb/ft3) to 128kg/m3 (8 lb/ft3) density. Most standard memory foam has a density of 16–80 kg/m3 (1 to 5 lb/ft3). Most bedding, such as topper pads and comfort layers in mattresses, has a density of 48–72 kg/m3 (3 to 4.5 lb/ft3). High densities such as 85 kg/m3 (5.3 lb/ft3) are used infrequently.

The firmness property (hard to soft) of memory foam is used in determining comfort. It is measured by a foam's indentation force deflection (IFD) rating. However, it is not a complete measurement of a "soft" or "firm" feel. A foam of higher IFD but lower density can feel soft when compressed.

IFD measures the force in newtons (or pounds-force) required to make a dent 1 inch into a foam sample 500 x by a 323 cm3 (50 sq in, 8-inch-diameter) disc—known as IFD @ 25% compression. IFD ratings for memory foams range between super soft (IFD 10) and semi-rigid (IFD 12). Most memory foam mattresses are firm (IFD 12 to IFD 16).

Second and third generation memory foams have an open-cell structure that reacts to body heat and weight by molding to the sleeper's body, helping relieve pressure points, preventing pressure sores, etc. Manufacturers claim that this may help relieve pressure points to relieve pain and promote more restful sleep, although there are no objective studies supporting the mattresses' claimed benefits.

Memory foam mattresses retain body heat, so they can be excessively warm in hot weather. However, gel-type memory foams tend to be cooler due to their greater breathability.

Hazards
Emissions from memory foam mattresses may directly cause more respiratory irritation than other mattresses. Memory foam, like other polyurethane products, can be combustible. Laws in several jurisdictions have been enacted to require that all bedding, including memory foam items, be resistant to ignition from an open flame such as a candle or cigarette lighter. US bedding laws that went into effect in 2010 change the Cal-117 Bulletin for FR testing.

There is concern that high levels of the fire retardant PBDE commonly used in memory foam could cause health problems for some users. PBDEs are no longer used in most bedding foams, especially in the European Union.

Manufacturers caution about leaving babies and small children unattended on memory foam mattresses, as they may find it difficult to turn over and may suffocate.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency published two documents proposing National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) concerning hazardous emissions produced during the making of flexible polyurethane foam products. The HAP emissions associated with polyurethane foam production include methylene chloride, toluene diisocyanate, methyl chloroform, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, propylene oxide, diethanolamine, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, and toluene. However, not all chemical emissions associated with the production of these material have been classified. Methylene chloride makes up over 98 percent of the total HAP emissions from this industry. Short-term exposure to high concentrations of methylene chloride also irritates the nose and throat. The effects of chronic (long-term) exposure to methylene chloride in humans involve the central nervous system, and include headaches, dizziness, nausea, and memory loss. Animal studies indicate that inhalation of methylene chloride affects the liver, kidney, and cardiovascular system. Developmental or reproductive effects of methylene chloride have not been reported in humans, but limited animal studies have reported lowered fetal body weights in exposed rats.

title: Memory foam


text:
Surrey North (federal electoral district)

Surrey North was a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 2015. It covered the northern part of Surrey.

It was home to 106,904 residents in 2001, more than 46 percent of whom are immigrants—21 percent of residents are East Indian, the second-highest concentration in Canada. Most residents are employed in the manufacturing and service sectors, with an average family income of $50,445 and an unemployment rate of nine percent.

Geography
Bounded by the Fraser River at the north and west, the riding stretched south to 88th Avenue, King George Highway, 120th Street, and 96th Avenue, and east to Fraser Highway and 152nd Street.

History
The riding was formed in 1986 from portions of Surrey—White Rock—North Delta, and Fraser Valley West ridings. The riding was revised in 1996 and 2003.

Election results

 * - bgcolor="white"

 * align="left" colspan=2|NDP gain from Independent
 * align="right"|Swing
 * align="right"|+3.2
 * align="right"|

* Note: Chuck Cadman's share of the popular vote as an independent candidate declined by -12.31 from his share as the Canadian Alliance candidate in the 2000 election.

Note: Conservative Party vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative vote in the 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform Party vote in the 1997 election.


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Fedlimid mac Daill

Feidhlimidh Mac Daill (sometimes Felim mac Dall ) was the father of Deirdre in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology. He was the bard of King Conchobar mac Nessa, whom he was entertaining when the news arrived of Deirdre's birth; the king's chief druid, Cathbad, was then asked to cast her horoscope and made his tragic prophecy about the daughter of Feidhlimidh.

title: Fedlimid mac Daill


text:
Bangu

Bangu may refer to:
 * Bangladeshi, It is a peculiar racist slang used by Bangladeshi people to refer to fellow Bangladeshis who express racist and fascist ideologies through their political beliefs.
 * Bamileke, a Semi-Bantu ethnic group of people from Cameroon
 * Bangu (neighborhood), a district of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 * Bangu (drum), a Chinese percussion instrument
 * Bangu Atlético Clube, a football team in Bangu, Rio de Janeiro
 * SS Bangu a cargo ship built as Ophis in 1919 and later known as Empire Antelope

title: Bangu


text:
Zuzana Smatanová

Zuzana Smatanová (born 14 June 1984 Súľov-Hradná) is a Slovak pop-rock singer. She sings in Slovak and in English, writing her own lyrics and music. She plays the piano, the flute and the guitar.

In 1998 she was accepted to Pedagogical and Social Academy in Turčianske Teplice, but was more attracted to writing music than to being a teacher

Awards in slovak competitions
She won the Slovak Coca-Cola Popstar (2003) competition, the "Discovery of the Year" category at Aurel Awards 2003, Female singer of the year on "OTO" in 2004 and 2005 and Best female singer on "Slavik" in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010.

Discography

 * Entirely good (8 September 2003)
 * Svet mi stúpil na nohu (10 October 2005)
 * Tabletky odvahy (24 September 2007)
 * Live! (CD and DVD, 2008)
 * Gemini (2CD, 2009)
 * Dvere (2011)
 * Momenty (2013)
 * Echo (2018)

She also collaborated with Desmod (song "Pár dní" from Skupinová terapia album, and song "Čiernobiela" from Kyvadlo album) and IMT Smile (songs "Suzanna" and "Úsmev a čaj (I Am Tea-Smile)" from Exotica album).

title: Zuzana Smatanová


text: File:BlueSkiesCover.jpg

title: File:BlueSkiesCover.jpg


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Bangangté

Bangangté is a town and commune in Cameroon. It is the capital of the Ndé division of West Region. The town is primarily inhabited by the people of the Bamileke (Bamiléké) tribe.

It is home to the Université des Montagnes, a small private university focusing on health and technology programs.

Transportation
Bus agencies to and from main cities in Cameroon such as Bafoussam, Douala and Yaoundé have buses that leave several times per day.

Market
There are two main markets in Bangangté: Marché A and B. Marché A is located in the center of the town and is open seven days a week and sells a variety of fresh produce, clothing, basic hardware supplies and electronics.

Marché B is located in a neighborhood south of the town center and is open Wednesdays and Saturdays. It generally has the same types of goods as Marché A, but many more vendors so prices may be lower.

Traditional Society
The dominant tribal group is the Bamileke people. The traditional society is ruled by a tribal chief or king.

title: Bangangté


text:
Abe Lincoln in Illinois (play)

Abe Lincoln in Illinois is a play written by the American playwright Robert E. Sherwood in 1938, based principally on the 1926 biography Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years by Carl Sandburg. The play, in three acts, covers the life of President Abraham Lincoln from his childhood through his final speech in Illinois before he left for Washington. The play also covers his romance with Mary Todd and his debates with Stephen A. Douglas, and uses Lincoln's own words in some scenes. Sherwood received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1939 for his work.

Productions
The play premiered on Broadway on October 15, 1938, at the Plymouth Theatre and closed in December 1939 after 472 performances. Directed by Elmer Rice, it starred Raymond Massey as Lincoln, Muriel Kirkland (Mary Todd), Adele Longmire (Ann Rutledge), and Albert Phillips (Stephen A. Douglas). It subsequently transferred to the Grand Opera House in Chicago where it ran for 12 weeks from January 8 through March 30, 1940. Massey's role in the play came about as the result of a promise he had made to Sherwood six years previously to "be there when he needed me". It was the first production of the newly established Playwrights' Company.

The play has twice been revived on stage. In 1963 Hal Holbrook starred as Lincoln in an off-Broadway revival at the Phoenix Theatre. A second revival took place in 1993 at the Vivian Beaumont Theatre, with Sam Waterston as Lincoln, and direction by Gerald Gutierrez. The cast included Robert Westenberg (Ninian Edwards), Marissa Chibas (Ann Rutledge), David Huddleston (Judge Bowling Green), Robert Joy (Joshua Speed), Lizbeth MacKay (Mary Todd) and Brian Reddy (Stephen A. Douglas). The revival ran from November 29, 1993, to January 2, 1994.

Overview and Synopsis
The play takes place in and around New Salem, Illinois, in the 1830s, then in Springfield, Illinois, in the 1840s, and in Act III in Springfield in 1858 to 1861. It is based principally on the 1926 biography Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years by Carl Sandburg, which covers Lincoln's life up to his inauguration as President. The play depicts Lincoln's evolution from unambitious backwoodsman to a champion of freedom, and relies on the audience's knowledge of Lincoln's subsequent career to color the portrayal of his character. Sherwood wrote the play as a riposte to isolationist sentiment in the United States in the lead-up to the Second World War; he had fought in the First World War but had been disappointed by the way the post-war world had turned out. The play emphasizes the need to overcome laissez-faire sentiment and to stand up and take firm political action for the public good. As its star Raymond Massey put it, "If you substitute the word dictatorship for the word slavery throughout Sherwood's script, it becomes electric with meaning for our time."

While much of the dialog is of Sherwood's invention, the play uses some of Lincoln's own words at various points. Lincoln is portrayed not as a saint or a fount of wisdom, but as a humble man of ideas who constantly questions himself and his ability to make a difference. He is haunted by premonitions of death and disaster, prefiguring the bloodshed of the American Civil War and his own assassination. Ann Rutledge, the first great love of his life, is portrayed as Lincoln sees her, as a selfless but ultimately unattainable embodiment of female perfection. His wife Mary, by contrast, is portrayed with an increasingly sharp edge that foreshadows her descent into insanity. Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln's political opponent in 1858, is portrayed as an adept politician rather than as a villain.

Act I
The opening scene of the play depicts New Salem's schoolmaster teaching grammar to Lincoln and encouraging him to appreciate poetry and oratory. Lincoln speaks of his life, referring to his failures as a businessman, his fear of city people and the death of his mother, and expresses his appreciation of John Keats's poem On Death.

In Scene 2, Lincoln meets a number of young politicians at the Rutledge Tavern in New Salem to explore the possibility of him running for the Illinois General Assembly. By now he is serving as the local postmaster. He convinces them that he would make a good candidate and notes that the pay would help him clear his debts. When the politicians leave he talks with the tavern-keeper's daughter, Ann Rutledge, and declares his love for her. Ann appears receptive and he declares his intention to run for the assembly.

A year later, Scene 3 sees his friends discussing Lincoln's relative lack of success in his career as an assemblyman and his unrequited romance with Ann, which they feel is a hindrance. He bursts in, announces that Ann has just died, and declares that he has to "die and be with her again, or I'll go crazy!"

Act II
Scene 4 opens five years later with Lincoln now a 31-year-old lawyer in Springfield. He has been aged greatly by the stress of Ann's death, but has been more successful in his career and has managed to pay off some of his debt. He is opposed to slavery but rejects the cause of the Abolitionists, who he regards as "a pack of hell-roaring fanatics". Lincoln's friends urge him to re-enter politics but he disclaims any desire to "get down into the blood-soaked arena and grapple with all the lions of injustice and oppression". In a bit to shake him out of his lethargy, a friend introduces him to Mary Todd, the daughter of the president of the Bank of Kentucky.

Half a year has passed by the time of Scene 5, when the ambitious Mary decides that she will marry Lincoln. Her sister criticises her decision, calling him a "lazy and shiftless" boor. Mary defends Lincoln, saying that she wants to shape a new life for the couple.

The wedding is set to take place in Scene 6 but Lincoln has developed cold feet. A friend tries to persuade him not to cancel it, and Mary's brother-in-law advises him to "keep a tight rein" on her ambition for him to become President. Lincoln's clerk applauds his betrothal to someone who will push him to fight for the freedom of the slaves. Lincoln himself decides that his ambitions lie elsewhere, cancels the wedding and leaves Springfield.

In Scene 7, Lincoln meets a friend who is heading west and is confronted by the fact that the infamous decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford has effectively extended slavery there as well. The friend, who is travelling with a free black companion, says that he will go to Canada or establish a new free country if his companion and other black people cannot be free in the United States. Lincoln realises that the country is in peril and urges his friend not to give up. He prays for help from God and urges the Almighty to grant his friend's child and all men their birthrights.

Lincoln heads back to Springfield in Scene 8 and meets again with Mary Todd. He appeals to her to marry him, telling her, "The way I must go is the way you have always wanted me to go." He promises to devote the rest of his life to doing "what is right." Mary falls into his arms and declares that she loves him eternally.

Act III
Scene 9 opens with Lincoln and his rival senatorial candidate Stephen A. Douglas making opposing speeches on slavery in an Illinois town during the 1858 campaign for the U.S. Senate.

Jumping to 1860 in Scene 10, Lincoln and Mary sit in the parlor of their house with their boys, awaiting the arrival of senior politicians intent on sounding him out for the Republican Party's presidential nomination. Mary is angered by her eldest son's habit of smoking in the house and Lincoln's failure to tell her about the politicians' visit, though she recognizes the burden of her growing irritability, which prefigures her eventual insanity. The visitors conclude that in his "curious, primitive way," Lincoln could be a winning presidential candidate.

The 1860 presidential election is the focus of Scene 11, in which Lincoln and Mary await the election results. By now they are quarreling openly. She tells him that even if he wins, "it's ruined, for me. It's too late." Lincoln does win but regrets having had to fight "the dirtiest campaign in the history of corrupt politics." As he leaves home with a Secret Service escort, he feels the full weight of his responsibilities.

The play concludes in Scene 12 with Lincoln preparing to depart from Springfield's railroad station (the present Lincoln Depot) and go to Washington, D.C. for his inauguration. His Secret Service bodyguards worry about protecting him in the face of the many death threats he has received even before taking office. Lincoln appears before a crowd and gives a farewell address. As the train pulls out, the crowd sings (anachronistically), "His soul goes marching on."

Adaptations
The play was adapted into a film, also called Abe Lincoln in Illinois, which was released in 1940 and was directed by John Cromwell. When Sherwood agreed to sell the film rights, he added a condition that Massey was to be given the starring role. After receiving an Oscar nomination for the film, Massey went on to portray Lincoln twice more in films and in two television adaptations, leading him to complain jokingly that he was "the only actor ever typecast as a president."

There were six television adaptations in all, in 1945, 1950, 1951, 1957, 1963 and 1964. Massey reprised his stage role in the 1950 and 1951 adaptations. The 1964 production in the Hallmark Hall of Fame series featured Jason Robards in the title role, and Kate Reid as Mary Todd.

There was an adaptation of the play for Australian radio in 1946 starring Peter Finch as Lincoln.

Critical response
The play was critically acclaimed for its original 1938 run. The Herald Tribune's reviewer, Richard Watts Jr., called it "Not only the finest of modern stage biographies, but a lovely, eloquent, endearing tribute to all that is best in the spirit of democracy." Burns Mantle of the New York Daily News called it "biographical drama with a soul", while Richard Lockridge of the New York Evening Sun described it as "a satisfying and deeply impressive play." The critic Brooks Atkinson called it Sherwood's "finest play" and commended it for furthering "the principles of American liberty" while still providing an honest presentation of Lincoln's formative years. It was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 1939 by a majority vote of the prize jury, with the supporting jurors describing it as "a competent play by an experienced dramatist, with the chief figure movingly presented, with the minor characters done adequately and adroitly." Many critics highlighted Massey's performance for praise; his preparation was so meticulous and obsessive that the critic George S. Kaufman suggested that he would not be satisfied until he was assassinated.

The 1993 revival was less positively received than its predecessors. The original had been seen as ground-breaking and complex, but by 1990s standards it was viewed as too long and outdated. Some critics praised its sweep and Sam Waterston's performance, but others, like David Richards of The New York Times, felt it was too "didactic or melodramatic". He wrote, "'Abe Lincoln in Illinois' is an endeavor of daunting dimensions....for all its loftiness of purpose and the generosity of Lincoln's own words, some of which are incorporated into the script, Sherwood's dramaturgy seems dismayingly earthbound today. When the dialogue is not clumsy... it smacks of simple-mindedness... When Lincoln finds his life's purpose and steels himself for the ordeals to come, Mr. Waterston is able to suggest great stature simply by standing tall and motionless. Linda Winer suggested that the TV miniseries had taken over as audiences' preferred format for such historical or biographical dramas.

Awards and nominations

 * 1939 Pulitzer Prize for Drama
 * 1994 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Play Revival nominee
 * 1994 Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Actor in a Play (Waterston) nominee
 * 1994 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play nominee
 * 1994 Tony Award, Best Actor in Play (Waterston) nominee
 * 1994 Tony Award, Best Direction of a Play (Gerald Gutierrez) nominee

title: Abe Lincoln in Illinois (play)