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Talk:New York City Subway chaining

IND Zero Point?
I don't understand the description of the IND zero point; in which direction is the line drawn from W 4th station? Specifically, what's the chaining number of W 4th? --SPUI (talk) 22:35, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

BMT Chaining Table
Great work on the table, Larry!!

Here are some observations:
 * We need to distinguish between historic and current issues, especially which parts of chaining lines have been abandoned or changed. I know this is much easier said than done.
 * Line A - The info given is historical. Line A now is in two sections. The first section is from 57th Street to south of Prince Street. The second section runs from the middle of the Manhattan Bridge north side to Stillwell Avenue.
 * Line C - Lower level of 9th Avenue is still chained C. It is not abandoned, it just doesn't see passenger service. The structure from Fort Hamilton Parkway to Ditmas Avenue is demolished. The original Line C ended at the curve into West 8th Street station.
 * Chambers Street chaining zero - we should really show two different entries. It would be better if the zero location was described as Chambers Street (for Williamsburg and Manhattan Bridge routes) and Park Row for Brooklyn Bridge'''.
 * Line H - Historically this began at Chambers Street and zero was Chambers Street. The last time I rode these tracks I didn't check the chaining stations. This should have been chained to the 57th Street zero, but I don't know this for a fact.
 * Line K - This began at the eastern end of Park Row, not Sands Street.
 * Fulton Ferry Line - this began at Fulton Ferry and ended at Kings County Junction, east of Sands Street station. It was chained from Park Row, then backwards from KC Junction.
 * Line L - chaining ended at the junction with Line J and Broadway and Lex.
 * Line M - began at Sands Street upper level, not Park Row. The current Line M begins at the junction with Line J east of Broadway-Myrtle station.
 * Line N - began at the junction with the Myrtle Avenue Line at Hudson Avenue (not a station).
 * Line P - no longer exists. It is now Line Q end-to-end.
 * Line Q - now runs from Eighth Avenue to Rockaway Parkway. -- Cecropia 05:56, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Handling chaining junctions
This section is certainly informative, but I have a few concerns about it, which is why I've added a cleanup tag:

 * Lack of any references (how can one verify that this is all correct)?
 * Inconsistent terminology with rest of subway articles. For instance, BMT Montague Street Tunnel Line, in capitals, suggesting that this is a line that exists; but in fact, on List of New York City Subway lines, there is no such line. Perhaps there should be (see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject New York City Subway), but at the moment there isn't.
 * If "Reverse tying" is important, an example from a line that still exists would be preferable to an example from lines that no longer exist.
 * Heavy use of "we" should be reworded (see WP:MOS).

Again, I wish to stress that I found this very informative, and am casting no aspersions on the effort. Marc Shepherd 16:35, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

About Chaining Zero Edits
Having ridden 1 trains through the South Ferry loop, and noticing signal numbers, I noticed that the MV chaining zero is definitely not at 96th Street as it was before my edit. If it were, the signal numbers would be MUCH larger than they are. The only image I could find is this one I found on NYCSubway.org. The gap filler signal, 102 PLAT/GF A, is basically signal 102 MV. Track plans show that, indeed the MV zero is located just south of the Bowling Green station (at about M33). R36 12:58, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Also from the track plans, I've corrected information about the World's Fair Line and IND E. This image shows about where the change of zero occurs. As for IND E, E 733+15 (tied to IND A) is the same location as E 934+97 (tied to IND D). R36 13:33, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

IND Line B
IND B is tied and reverse tied to IND A at JAY street, NOT W4th. At W4, B2 966 is roughly a 100 feet north of A2 976. The other point I'd add is that IND B has three north ends. B1 and B2 end at the merge with D3 and D4 respectively immediately south(west) of the 53/5th Station, B3 and B4 end at the merge with A1/3 and A2/4 respectively, immediately south of the 59/8th station, and B5 and B6 end at the start of T1 and T2 at the 57/6th station. 98.14.158.206 (talk) 18:10, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Huh? You have a source for that chaining? Acps110 (talk • contribs) 20:49, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

For this one, I do not have a published source other than just going to both West Fourth Street and Jay Street and viewing the signal plates. Signal diagrams make this clear, but I don't believe those have been made public, so such would not really be verifiable. I could cite the chaining marks- they fairly clearly label the chaining, but I honestly have no idea how to properly make such citation. This entire page has simply been made by observation, so I am just correcting prior mistakes based on observation. Perhaps I could make a bulletin board post somewhere to provide something to cite, but of course, that is less than ideal. Either way, W4 as the tie point for IND B is uncited and verifiably wrong, so that statement should be removed regardless. 98.14.158.206 (talk) 22:15, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

http://images.nycsubway.org/line_diagrams/line_6thave_w4th.jpg This diagram makes it clear that W4 is not the location where A and B are tied together. Looking for something besides observation for Jay now. 98.14.158.206 (talk) 22:25, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

Signal Diagram MW7-B-778-SL should make everything clear. Unfortunately, it is not posted on NYCS.org. The diagram above however clearly shows that it is not at W4. I'm going to revert to my old statement but tag it with citation needed. One of these days, I'll compile and somehow publish station locations according to chaining, and points of line merges and such, as time permits.98.14.158.206 (talk) 22:36, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

Second Avenue Subway (IND Line S, BMT Line G)
I want to say that IND S is tied to Line T at the intersection of 2nd Avenue and 63rd Street, but this is just after messing around with the ruler tool on Google Earth. I also want to say that points along BMT G tracks 3 and 4 are 100 more than the distance to the zero point (i.e. where A3 and A4 have their zero point, G3 and G4 have a point labeled 100+00). This is after looking at Joseph Brennan's Abandoned Stations entry for Lex/63rd and seeing that the west end of the station, as shown in the diagram on that page, lists G39 as the western end of the station, but that point is labeled in the G139 range in the actual station. Can anyone verify? R36 (talk) 18:28, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

IND D Tying Point
 This appears to show IND D Tying to IND A at Chaining point A 1058, at 36th st/ 8th Ave. The Lower Level is Track D3. Maybe the article is correct though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Captian Cavy (talk • contribs) 05:43, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Track D3 south of the 50th Street interlocking no longer exists; it was permanently removed from service to allow the 7 extension to 34th Street-Hudson Yards to cut through the IND lower level. Regardless, IND-D still ties to IND-A. R36 (talk) 00:36, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

 * But, the point is, does IND D tie to IND A at 1058+00 or at 1080+00? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Captian Cavy (talk • contribs) 18:06, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

 * The only way that would be relevant is if D3 had independent stationing between 34th Street and 50th Street. Diagrams make no such indication that this is the case, so any point between A-1058 and A-1082 could be the tying point for IND D. R36 (talk) 21:04, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

Far Rockaway chaining
IND chaining does not begin at Far Rockaway. About 1986 I documented chaining by taking notes while looking out the front window of trains. I used mostly the numbers on signals. At that time Far Rockaway ended at F940 tracks 1-2, and Rockaway Park ended at F861 tracks 3-4. Tracks 3-4 tied from 1-2. The numbers decreased as it went north. The Hammels Wye junction signal was at F766, and the lowest I saw was F441 where the track leaves the former LIRR to enter the ramp to the Fulton Street El. F441 seems to be about the same distance off K as the K550 I noted on the Lefferts branch. East of Euclid Ave station, K465 and A420 were at switches close together. The total distance to A420 (approximate) is 584, that is, 499 (F940-441) plus 85 (K550-465).

The table here puts chaining zero at Long Island City station (very likely on the original railroad routing via Glendale), instead of at Far Rockaway. I think that works with the chaining I noted in the 1980s.

The newer chaining starting at FA0 Far Rockaway would reach FA174 at Hammels junction, with Rockaway Park F79 to the same F174, and then the old F441 signal is now F499. Why they undertook the expense of changing it beats me. Reversing does make it run south to north like the rest of the IND-- except for K which is right between F and A (unless that's been renumbered too). For fun, note that continuing the classic route A IND numbering down from A420 would have put Far Rockaway at minus 164!

FWIW I recorded West Fourth Street upper level as A969 to A976, i.e. the nearest signal at each end. JoeBrennan (talk) 16:58, 15 February 2020 (UTC)

BMT C
It's listed as the Culver line; should there be a note that those tracks are not used for regular service? or was the intent something else? Tduk (talk) 16:04, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't understand your question. The table also includes former lines. Kew Gardens 613 (talk) 01:03, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I was unclear, I was referring to this portion :

Tduk (talk) 04:29, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Possibly - I think we can mark both the north and south cells as "(abandoned)". – Epicgenius (talk) 16:45, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:New York City Subway chaining


text:
JRiver Media Center

JRiver Media Center is a multimedia application that allows the user to play and organize various types of media on a computer running Windows, macOS, or Linux operating systems. Developed by JRiver, Inc., it is offered as shareware.

JRiver Media Center is a "jukebox"-style media player, like iTunes, which usually uses most of the screen to display a potentially very large library of files. Features include the ability to rip and burn CDs, static and dynamic playlists, and plugins such as Audioscrobbler and G-Force visualization. Regular (usually daily beta) builds are posted on the Media Center Interact forum implementing requested features and fixing reported bugs. The forum has an active member community, with more than 56,000 members as of 2021.

History
JRiver Media Center was created by J. River, Inc., a Minneapolis-based company founded in 1982 by James "Jim" Hillegass that developed networking and internet software for Windows, DOS and Unix. Originally the software was known as Media Jukebox and had both free and premium versions. The company announced in 2001 that it planned to launch a subscription service for Media Jukebox to compete with Napster.

The software was rebranded to JRiver Media Center for version 9 in 2003.

In November 2007, J. River released Media Jukebox 12, a stripped-down version of JRiver Media Center 12, which is available to download for free, compared to JRiver Media Center's price of $49.98. JRiver Media Jukebox includes most of the audio features of Media Center; the image and video functions are removed. The last version of JRiver Media Jukebox was version 14.0.166. However, the version 14 removed several features previously available for free (specifically CD and cover art lookup) and now only available in the Media Center product. As such many still use the older free version of JRiver Media Jukebox 12.0.534

Library system
JRiver Media Center organizes files using Media Libraries; these are effective databases. Media Center can support multiple libraries.

Information relating to media is imported into the library, including meta data for media files and the path to the media files. The media files themselves are not contained in the database, but cataloged within the libraries.

Version 12 of JRiver Media Center added support for auto-importing of media, whereby JRiver Media Center continually watches designated directories for changes in media. If a new file is dropped into the directory, JRiver Media Center will add the file to its library. Each library can contain any type of media, video, audio, images etc.

View schemes
View Schemes are the main way to browse through files in Media Center. Views can be created which help users see different parts of their library; these are effectively the same as database views. They are based on using metadata as criterion for creating a filtered list of files.

The view system is very powerful and fully customizable. For example, a view could be made which shows only audio files in MP3 format which are longer than 3 minutes, or images taken in Africa in the year 2006.

For ease of use, several default views exist which show files of a specified type only, including: audio, images, or video.

Various view items, or panes, can be aligned to the top, left, right, or moved in drop-down menus, that can be used to further filter results. For example, one of the default views, artist/album, allows selecting a specific artist or album, or both, and shows files from that album or artist only.

Once a view is created, it is automatically saved in the library and can be opened in the various user interfaces and searched using a real-time search box. The searches are customizable and possible on any field or tag in the library.

Playlists
JRiver Media Center allows the creation of playlists. It also can export playlists as M3U, M3U8, ASX, MPL, CSV.

Smartlists
Smartlists are similar to playlists except that rather than selecting a list of songs, the list is governed by a set of rules. For example, a smartlist might take every video file which was produced in 1994. Smartlists can be based on Playlists. They are defined using an expression language. Media Center provides a wizard style dialogue box to simplify creating these.

An added benefit of a smartlist over a basic playlist is that a smartlist is dynamic; it will update itself whenever new files that meet its criteria are added to the library. For example, one could create a smartlist to show all tracks with the genre tagged Indie Rock. If a new album were added to Media Center's library that had the Indie Rock genre tag, Media Center would automatically add those files to the smartlist.

User interfaces
JRiver Media Center provides four different user interfaces for use in different situations. Each user interface is skinnable.

Standard view
Through the default Media Center UI for desktop environment the user is exposed to all of the core multimedia features, such as:
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 * Creating/editing playlists, smartlists, and views
 * Setting up TV stations
 * Accessing web media

Standard view occupies a large amount of screen space, can be viewed in either full screen or as a window mode, and it consists of the following components:
 * Tree: allow for hierarchical navigation between different views of the Media Library
 * Action Window: provides quick access to common tasks, such as ripping/burning
 * Header: presents the playback controls and options for selected track
 * Playing Now: displays current playlist items
 * Panes/Thumbnails: aid in simple point and click media browsing
 * Tagging panes: allows tagging media files

Theater view

While the Standard and Mini views are designed to be used in front of a desktop or laptop computers, Media Center includes an additional 10-foot user interface called the "Theater view".

This is made to work on a large screen, such as a television, projector or large computer screen. The interface is made to work in a 10-foot mode, i.e. from a living room sofa using remote controls, rather than the conventional mouse and keyboard.

As of JRiver Media Center 12, Theatre view relies on Microsoft's DirectX graphics engine. With this, Media Center uses 3D and 2D Animation to create a more visually appealing interface, which more nearly resembles that of a digital recording box, or DVD player.

The Theater view doesn't provide the editing interfaces of Standard view, but instead provides much more accessible access to the different views of the library. All the buttons in Theater view are large, and tend to move to different pages to display different information.

Theater view also provides access to the weather, news websites and RSS feeds.

Mini view
Mini view is similar to that of Winamp. It's designed to take up minimal screen space while still providing access to basic controls. Mini view skins are different from the other UI skins seen in Media Center in that they can employ JavaScript to make them more dynamic. Mini views are far more flexible than the other types of skins, allowing Media Center to take various shapes and forms using transparency effects.

Networking
JRiver Media Center provides network access to its libraries using different server plugins.

 * Library server
 * Library server allows JRiver Media Center to share its active library with up to five client machines. This is designed for situations where a server machine with large resources is set up in one area, and clients such as laptops with smaller resources can access media elsewhere.

 * TiVo server
 * JRiver Media Center supports TiVo's Home Media option, allowing TiVo to stream video and audio.

 * UPnP and DLNA servers

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 * Audible
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JRiver Media Center uses COM support to provide access to its SDK library. This allows plugins to be written in a wide variety of languages including:
 * C++
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 * Theater view plugins: allows creating extensions to Theater view
 * Interface plugins: provide interface extensions for Standard view
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It is also possible to create "Track Info" visualizations that are created in HTML to display information about the currently playing Media. These can be extended further using the various web languages around such as JavaScript.

A full list of available plugins can be found in the Accessories section on the official website.

Media formats
JRiver Media Center supports a wide range file formats among audio files, video files, photos and documents. A full lists of supported formats can be found on the JRiver Media Center wiki; (supported audio formats, supported video formats, and supported image formats). DirectShow is supported, allowing the playing of any video or audio format for which a DirectShow Filter is available, and installed.

Supported hardware

 * Amazon Echo powered intelligent loudspeakers.
 * Android-based devices
 * iOS-based: iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch
 * Digital cameras
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 * Smartphones
 * TiVo
 * Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
 * Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: JRiver Media Center


text: User talk:68.81.81.36

title: User talk:68.81.81.36


text: User talk:68.43.154.170

title: User talk:68.43.154.170


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of 'years in Germany'

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was that it is already redirected. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:02, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

List of 'years in Germany'
This probably should be a category, but certainly not an article. It's also 95% unlinked. Carrp | Talk 22:38, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, make an appropriate category and put the existing articles in it. — Ливай | ☺ 23:19, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've redirected it to the identical Timeline of German history, which is the standard name for these timeline pages. - SimonP 23:27, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:66.185.85.69

title: User talk:66.185.85.69


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Anthony Rota

Anthony Michael Gerard Rota (born May 15, 1961) is a Canadian politician who served as the 37th speaker of the House of Commons of Canada from 2019 until his resignation in 2023. A member of the Liberal Party, he currently serves as the member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Nipissing—Timiskaming. He previously represented Nipissing—Timiskaming as MP from 2004 to 2011. In 2019, he was elected by the House of Commons to be the speaker in the 43rd Parliament and in 2021 was re-elected in the 44th Parliament.

On September 27, 2023, he resigned as speaker due to the honouring of former Waffen-SS "Galicia" Ukrainian veteran Yaroslav Hunka in the House of Commons, triggering the 2023 speakership election.

Early life and career
Rota was born in North Bay, Ontario in 1961, to a family from Cosenza, Italy. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Wilfrid Laurier University, a diploma in finance from Algonquin College and a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Ottawa.

Prior to his election, Rota worked for the Industrial Research Assistance Program as regional manager for Ontario. He has also served with the Canadian Technology Network in Ottawa and has worked in the private sector. He is fluent in English, French, Italian and Spanish.

Political career
Rota began his political career at the municipal level, serving as a city councillor for North Bay City Council from 1994 to 1997, chairing the city's planning and economic development committee. He won the federal Liberal Party of Canada nomination for Nipissing—Timiskaming in early 2004, defeating rival candidates Susan Church, Hugh McLachlan and Joe Sinicrope with 52% on the second ballot. In the general election held in June of that year, he narrowly defeated Conservative candidate Al McDonald.

Rota was reelected in the 2006 election, defeating the Conservative Party's Peter Chirico, the NDP's Dave Fluri, and the Green Party's Meg Purdy. In the 2008 election, he was again reelected. He served as the Liberal Party caucus chair, and as critic for the Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario.

Rota ran again in the 2011 election and lost by a reported 14 votes to Jay Aspin of the Conservative Party. Due to the narrow margin, an automatic judicial recount was required, confirming the margin at 18 votes. After his 2011 loss, he began teaching at Nipissing University in North Bay, Ontario.

In the 2015 election, Rota was again the Liberal candidate, defeating Aspin to again become an MP in the 42nd Canadian Parliament. On December 9, 2015, he was appointed Assistant Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole. He was reelected in the 2019 election.

As Speaker of the House of Commons
Following the 2019 Federal Election, during the 43rd Canadian Parliament he was elected as 37th speaker of the House of Commons on December 5, 2019, by winning a ranked ballot between himself, Joël Godin, Carol Hughes, Geoff Regan (the speaker during the previous Parliament) and Bruce Stanton. Following Rota's win, the Conservatives said that he had them to thank for his new position. They had made the decision to unseat Regan as a show of strength during a caucus meeting. They did so by ranking Regan further down on the ranked ballot.

On June 17, 2020, Rota ordered that NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh be removed from the House of Commons after referring to Bloc Québécois MP Alain Therrien as a racist.

Document disclosure court challenge
In July 2021, the Liberal government took the unprecedented step of taking Speaker Rota to court after Rota ruled that the government did not have the legal authority to withhold documents requested by members of Parliament. The documents requested related to the transfer of samples of the level 4 viruses from the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg to the Wuhan Institute of Virology in China and the lab's dismissal of two of its scientists.

Subsequently, Speaker Rota reprimanded Iain Stewart, the President of the Public Health Agency of Canada for PHAC's "contempt" of Parliament, after Stewart failed to comply with multiple House and Commons committee orders to produce these unredacted documents.

The Liberal government’s legal challenge centered on whether or not courts can overrule the Parliamentary powers under the Westminster system. Speaker Rota had upheld the principle that the judiciary has no jurisdiction over the operations of the House and that only Parliament can decide how the law applies to its institutions.

The Liberal government subsequently dropped the court application after Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called an election in August, dissolving Parliament and thus terminating all business before the House, including the orders to produce the PHAC documents.

On November 22, 2021, Rota was reelected as the speaker of the House of Commons.

Scandal and resignation
On September 22, 2023, following an address to the Canadian parliament by visiting Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Rota introduced and recognized Yaroslav Hunka, a Ukrainian-Canadian retiree from North Bay, in the parliamentary galleries. He identified Hunka as a "war hero" who fought for the First Ukrainian Division, saying, "We have here in the chamber today a Ukrainian Canadian war veteran from the Second World War who fought for Ukrainian independence against the Russians and continues to support the troops today even at his age of 98. His name is Yaroslav Hunka. I am very proud to say that he is from North Bay and from my riding of Nipissing—Timiskaming. He is a Ukrainian hero and a Canadian hero, and we thank him for all his service. Thank you." Following Rota's introduction, Hunka was applauded with two standing ovations by members of all parties.

Subsequent media reports identified Hunka as a member of the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division (also known as the 1st Galician Division) of Nazi Germany's Waffen-SS during the Second World War; the unit was responsible for anti-partisan reprisals in Poland, Slovakia and the Austria–Slovenia border. Rota issued an apology two days after his initial statement, saying, "In my remarks following the address of the president of Ukraine, I recognized an individual in the gallery. I have subsequently become aware of more information which causes me to regret my decision to do so." Rota apologized to "Jewish communities in Canada and around the world" and accepted responsibility for his action, saying that neither the Ukrainian delegation nor other MPs were aware that he would recognize Hunka. The next day, he faced increasing demands from political parties and organizations to resign.

On September 26, Rota announced his resignation as House Speaker, effective on September 27. Rota was the seventh House Speaker to resign in Canadian history, and the first to do so since John Bosley in 1986.

title: Anthony Rota


text:
Burr Steers

Burr Gore Steers (born October 8, 1965) is an American actor, screenwriter, and director. His films include Igby Goes Down (2002) and 17 Again (2009). He is a nephew of writer Gore Vidal.

Family
Steers was born in Washington, D.C. His father, Newton Ivan Steers, Jr. (1917–1993), was a businessman and politician who briefly served as a Republican congressman from Maryland. Through his mother, Nina Gore Auchincloss (born 1937), he is a grandson of stockbroker and lawyer Hugh D. Auchincloss, a cousin of Louis Auchincloss. Nina is also the stepsister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and younger half-sister of the writer Gore Vidal. Steers is a relative of vice president Aaron Burr, the third Vice President of the United States. Steers's great-grandfather Thomas Gore served as Oklahoma's first Democratic senator, from 1907 until 1921 and from 1931 until 1937, while his great-great-grandfather Oliver Burr Jennings was a founder of Standard Oil. Steers's godfather was former Virginia Senator John Warner.

His brother Hugh Auchincloss Steers (1963–1995) was an American figurative painter whose later works often focused on AIDS as a theme. He has another brother, Ivan Steers, and five stepsiblings from his mother's second marriage to editor Michael Whitney Straight.

Education
Steers grew up living in Bethesda, Maryland and Georgetown, Washington, D.C., where he attended St. Albans School. Steers was expelled from both the Hotchkiss School and Culver Military Academy. He eventually earned his GED and attended New York University.

Career
Steers has had minor roles in a few of Quentin Tarantino's films, playing Roger (or "Flock of Seagulls") in Pulp Fiction and providing one of the radio voices in Reservoir Dogs. He also has appeared in The Last Days of Disco, Fix and Gore Vidal's Billy the Kid.

He wrote and directed Igby Goes Down in 2002, a coming-of-age film that starred Kieran Culkin and Susan Sarandon. Steers also was the screenwriter of the film How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, which starred Kate Hudson and Matthew McConaughey. He has directed episodes of the television series Weeds, The L Word, Big Love, and The New Normal. Steers also directed the 2009 teen comedy film, 17 Again starring Zac Efron.

In 2010 Steers directed the drama Charlie St. Cloud, also starring Efron. Also in 2010, there was media coverage for Steers having been hired to direct an epic film about the early life of Julius Caesar to be based on the novels by Conn Iggulden as adapted from the first two novels of Iggulden's series, The Gates of Rome and The Death of Kings, and covering the years from 92 BC to 71 BC. Exclusive Media Group hired Steers after having the adaptation written by William Broyles and Stephen Harrigan. Steers directed the 2016 film adaptation of the parody novel, Pride and Prejudice and Zombies.

title: Burr Steers


text:
Johannes Honter

Johannes Honter (also known as Johann Hynter; Latinized as Johann Honterus or Ioannes Honterus; Romanian sources may credit him as Ioan, Hungarian ones as János; 1498 – 23 January 1549) was a Transylvanian Saxon, renaissance humanist, Protestant reformer, and theologian. Honter is best known for his geographic and cartographic publishing activity, as well as for implementing the Lutheran reform in Transylvania and founding the church, which would become the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania, after the union of Transylvania with Romania.

Early life
Born in Brassó (German: Kronstadt, today Brașov, Romania), Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary, he studied at the University of Vienna between 1520 and 1525, graduating with a magister artium title. As the Ottomans approached Vienna in 1529 (see Siege of Vienna), Honter moved first to Regensburg, and, in 1530, he registered at the Kraków's Jagiellonian University (in Poland) as "Johannes Georgii de Corona, artium magister Viennensis" (Corona is medieval Latin for Brașov). It was in Kraków that he published his first books, a Latin grammar and cosmography manual.

Between 1530 and 1532 he lived in Basel and practiced wood engraving, notably designing two star maps that already show his advanced skills in the craft.

In the same time period he often traveled to his native Transylvania, gathering information that was to serve in his design of a map of Transylvania, commonly known as Siebenbuergen, one that he engraved and printed in Basel, and the very first one of the region to be printed. The only known copy of the map survives in the National Library of Hungary. It is known that Honter was not pleased with the map – he tried to get back all copies that he had sent to friends and other scientists. His plan was to improve the map before reprint and distribution. Dedicated to the leadership of Brassó, it was the basic design for all later maps of Transylvania, up to the early 18th century. Abraham Ortelius made the map famous by beautifully engraving it in copper.

In Brașov

He returned to Brassó in 1533 and became involved in local events. During his stay in the Holy Roman Empire, Honter had encountered Protestant ideas, and he worked hard to introduce Lutheranism to Transylvania (Siebenbürgen). He attempted to achieve this by informing as many persons as possible. As such, he founded the humanist gymnasium local school (functioning to this day as the "Johannes Honterus" School), set up a printing press (1539), printed a large number of books (some of which he himself authored), such as the Reformationsbuechlein, published the Kirchenordnung aller Deutschen in Siebenbuergen and assisted in the introduction of a paper mill.

In 1542, in Brașov, he printed a new version of his cosmography manual, this time in verse, under the name Rudimenta Cosmographica. He believed that verse would help students remember information contained in the book. Additionally, the book contains 13 maps, engraved by Honter himself. The maps show all known parts of the world. The Rudimenta was so successful that no less than 39 editions of it were printed in Brașov, Zürich, Antwerp, Basel, Rostock, Prague, and Cologne. The book was last reprinted in 1602, but sections of it have been included in other books up to 1692. It can be considered the first European-wide manual.

title: Johannes Honter


text:
Alexander Gretchaninov

Alexander Tikhonovich Gretchaninov (Алекса́ндр Ти́хонович Гречани́нов; 25 October 1864 – 3 January 1956) was a Russian Romantic composer.

Life
Gretchaninov started his musical studies rather late, because his father, a businessman, had expected the boy to take over the family firm. Gretchaninov himself related that he did not see a piano until he was 14 and began his studies at the Moscow Conservatory in 1881 against his father's wishes and without his knowledge. His main teachers there were Sergei Taneyev and Anton Arensky. In the late 1880s, after a quarrel with Arensky, he moved to St. Petersburg where he studied composition and orchestration with Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov until 1893. Rimsky-Korsakov immediately recognized Gretchaninov's extraordinary musical imagination and talent and gave him much extra time as well as considerable financial help. This allowed the young man, whose parents were not supporting him, to survive. Out of this came an important friendship, which only ended in 1908 with Rimsky's death. As such, it is not surprising that Rimsky's influence can be heard in Gretchaninov's early works, such as his String Quartet No. 1, a prize-winning composition.

Around 1896, Gretchaninov returned to Moscow and was involved with writing for the theatre, the opera and the Russian Orthodox Church. His works, especially those for voice, achieved considerable success within Russia, while his instrumental works enjoyed even wider acclaim. By 1910, he was considered a composer of such distinction that the Tsar awarded him an annual pension.

Though Gretchaninov remained in Russia for several years after the Revolution, he ultimately chose to emigrate, first to France in 1925, and then, at the age of 75, to the United States in 1939. He remained in the U.S. the rest of his life and eventually became an American citizen. He died in New York at the age of 91 and is buried outside the church at Rova Farms, a Russian enclave in Jackson Township, Ocean County, New Jersey.

Music
Gretchaninov wrote five symphonies, the first premiered by Rimsky-Korsakov; four string quartets, the first two of which won important prizes, two piano trios, sonatas for violin, cello, clarinet, piano and balalaika, several operas, song cycle Les Fleurs du Mal, op. 48 (setting lyrics by Baudelaire) and much other music.

Like Vladimir Rebikov's, his position in the history of Russian music was mainly transitional, his earlier music belonging firmly in that earlier Romantic tradition while his later work is influenced by some of the streams that also affected Igor Stravinsky and Sergei Prokofiev.

Sketches for an unfinished sixth symphony from the 1940s exist.

He also composed a number of small scale piano pieces.

Most of Gretchaninov's manuscripts reside in the Music Division of New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.

Symphonies

 * Symphony No. 1 in B minor, Op. 6 (1894); premiered by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in Saint Petersburg on 26 January 1895
 * Symphony No. 2 in A major, Pastoral, Op. 27 (1908); premiered by Gretchaninov in 1909 in Kiev
 * Symphony No. 3 in E major, Op. 100 (1923); premiered by Gretchaninov in 1923(4?) in Moscow
 * Symphony No. 4 in C major, Op. 102 (1927); premiered by John Barbirolli & the New York Philharmonic Orchestra on 9 April 1942
 * Symphony No. 5 in G minor, Op. 153 (1936); premiered by Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra on 5 April 1939
 * Symphony No. 6 (sketches, c. 1940s)

Concerti

 * Cello Concerto, Op. 8 (1895)
 * In modo antico, Op. 81, for violin & orchestra (1918)
 * Violin Concerto, Op. 132 (1932)
 * Concerto for flute, harp and strings, Op. 159 (1938)

Other orchestral

 * Concert Overture in D minor (1892)
 * Elegy in Memory of Tchaikovsky (1893)
 * Incidental Music to the play Tsar Feodor of Tolstoy (1898)
 * Incidental Music to the play The Death of Ivan the Terrible of Tolstoy (1899)
 * Incidental Music to the play Dreams of Danchenko (1899)
 * Funeral March (1905)
 * Rhapsody on Russian Themes, Op. 147 (1940)
 * Poème élégiaque, Op. 175 (1944 or 1945)
 * A Grand Festival Overture, Op. 178 (1946)
 * Poème lyrique, Op. 185 (1947–48)

Opera

 * Dobrynya Nikitich, Op. 22 (1895-1901) after the story of the bogatyr Dobrynya Nikitich.
 * Soeur Béatrice, Op. 50 (1908–10)
 * The Dream of the Christmas Tree Kinderoper, Op. 55 (1911)
 * Der Kater, der Hahn und der Fuchs, Kinderoper, Op. 103 (1924)
 * The Wedding, Op. 180 (1946)

Secular songs and choral music

 * 4 Mélodies, for medium voice and piano, Op. 20 (1899)
 * Snowflakes (Снежинки, Snezhiniki) – Song Cycle for Woman's Voice or Choir and Orchestra or Piano, Op. 47 (1910)
 * Les Fleurs du mal – 5 Songs after Baudelaire, Op. 48 (1909)
 * The Bee: 6 Children's Songs, Op. 66 (1914)
 * Under the Waxing Moon, 4 Songs from a Child's World after Poetry by Rabindranath Tagore, Op. 95 (1925)
 * Sonetti romani, for voice and piano (Russian text by Vyacheslav Ivanov), Op. 160 (1939)
 * Piazza di Spagna, Op. 160, No. 1
 * Fontana della Tartaruga, Op. 160, No. 2
 * Triton, Op. 160, No. 3
 * Il tramontare del sole al Pincio, Op. 160, No. 4
 * Fontana di Trevi, Op. 160, No. 5
 * Vers la victoire, symphonic poem (1943)

Liturgical vocal/choral

 * Liturgie Johannes Chrysostomos No. 1, Op. 13 (1897)
 * Liturgy of Christmas Eve, Op. 19, for double mixed choir (1898)
 * Liturgie Johannes Chrysostomos No. 2, Op. 29 (1902)
 * Holy Week (Страстная седмица), Op. 58 (1911)
 * All-Night Vigil (Всенощное бдение), Op. 59 (1912)
 * Kvalite Boga, Op. 65 (1915)
 * Liturgia Domestica (Liturgie Johannes Chrysostomos No. 3), Op. 79 (1917)
 * Missa Oecumenica, Op. 142 (1936)
 * Missa Festiva, Op. 154 (1937)
 * Missa Sancti Spiritus, Op. 169 (1940)
 * Missa Et in Terra Pax, Op. 166 (1942)
 * Liturgie Johannes Chrysostomos No. 4, Op. 177 (1943)

Chamber music

 * String Quartet No. 1 in G major, Op. 2 (1894)
 * 2 Pieces for Violin and Piano, Op. 14 (1897)
 * Piano Trio No. 1 in C minor, Op. 38 (1906)
 * String Quartet No. 2 in D minor, Op. 70 (1913)
 * String Quartet No. 3 in C minor, Op. 75 (1915)
 * Violin Sonata No. 1 in D major, Op. 87 (1919)
 * Cello Sonata in E minor, Op. 113 (1927)
 * String Quartet No. 4 in F major, Op. 124 (1929)
 * Piano Trio No. 2 in G major, Op. 128 (1931)
 * Violin Sonata No. 2 in C minor, Op. 137 (1933)
 * Sonata for Clarinet or Viola & Piano (Clarinet Sonata No. 1), Op. 161 (1935–40)
 * Clarinet Sonata No. 2, Op. 172(a) (1943)

Piano music

 * 5 Pastelles: Plainte, Méditation, Chant d'automne, Orage, Nocturne, Op. 3 (1894)
 * 2 Pieces: Poème, Cortège, Op. 18
 * 2 Pieces: Impromptu, Prélude, Op. 37
 * 4 Mazurkas, Op. 53 (1911)
 * Pastelle No. 2, 8 pieces for piano, Op. 61 (1913)
 * 3 Moments lyriques (Prélude, Berceuse, Mazurka), Op. 78 (pub. 1950)
 * Livre d'enfants, 15 pieces for piano, Op. 98 (1923)
 * On the Green Meadow, Op. 99 (1924)
 * 2 Piano Sonatinas, Op. 110 (1927)
 * The Grandfather's Book, Op. 119
 * Glass Beads, Op. 123 (1929)
 * Piano Sonata No. 1 in G minor, Op. 129 (1931)
 * Piano Sonata No. 2 in G major, Op. 174 (1944)
 * Petite Suite for Piano, Op. 176 (1944)

title: Alexander Gretchaninov


text:
Talk:Alexander Gretchaninov

Merge?
There's also an Alexander Grechaninov. Merge? Schissel : bowl listen 03:36, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Apparently has been done. -- kosboot (talk) 14:57, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Gretchaninov Concerto for flute, harp & strings, opus 159
I'm not sure if this is the proper place to post this, but I would like to find out the source for the listing of Gretchaninov's Concerto for flute, harp & strings, opus 159. I have not been able to find any references to it anywhere else. Perhaps it is an unpublished work. If so, it should be notated as such. Thank you. Jpholly (talk) 21:17, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

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Pronunciation of surname
I would appreciate it if somebody out there could provide definitive references re: the pronunciation of Gretchaninov. I suspect that what is given here is correct (accent on the penultimate syllable) but Internet references are few and inconsistent. Some say the accent should be on the second syllable (thus rhyming with "Rachmaninoff"). Bhami (talk) 22:59, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

Hello, The CORRECT WAY HIS NAME was transcribed on his cemetery gravestone, and newspaper articles, all point to "Gretchaninoff" https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/183841040/alexander-t-gretchaninoff/photo — Preceding unsigned comment added by Valcot2018 (talk • contribs) 03:39, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexander Gretchaninov


text: User talk:64.75.66.11

title: User talk:64.75.66.11


text:
Spermatocyte

Spermatocytes are a type of male gametocyte in animals. They derive from immature germ cells called spermatogonia. They are found in the testis, in a structure known as the seminiferous tubules. There are two types of spermatocytes, primary and secondary spermatocytes. Primary and secondary spermatocytes are formed through the process of spermatocytogenesis.

Primary spermatocytes are diploid (2N) cells. After meiosis I, two secondary spermatocytes are formed. Secondary spermatocytes are haploid (N) cells that contain half the number of chromosomes.

In all animals, males produce spermatocytes, even hermaphrodites such as C. elegans, which exist as a male or hermaphrodite. In hermaphrodite C. elegans, sperm production occurs first and is then stored in the spermatheca. Once the eggs are formed, they are able to self-fertilize and produce up to 350 progeny.

Development
At puberty, spermatogonia located along the walls of the seminiferous tubules within the testis will be initiated and start to divide mitotically, forming two types of A cells that contain an oval shaped nucleus with a nucleolus attached to the nuclear envelope; one is dark (Ad) and the other is pale (Ap). The Ad cells are spermatogonia that will stay in the basal compartment (outer region of the tubule); these cells are reserve spermatogonial stem cells that do not usually undergo mitosis. Type Ap are actively-dividing spermatogonial stem cells which begin differentiation to type B spermatogonia, which have round nuclei and heterochromatin attached to the nuclear envelope and the center of nucleolus. Type B cells will move on to the adluminal compartment (towards the inner region of tubule) and become primary spermatocytes; this process takes about 16 days to complete.

The primary spermatocytes within the adluminal compartment will continue on to meiosis I and divide into two daughters cells, known as secondary spermatocytes, a process which takes 24 days to complete. Each secondary spermatocyte will form two spermatids after meiosis II.

Although spermatocytes that divide mitotically and meiotically are sensitive to radiation and cancer, spermatogonial stem cells are not. Therefore, after termination of radiation therapy or chemotherapy, the spermatognia stems cells may re-initiate the formation of spermatogenesis.

Role of hormones
The formation of primary spermatocytes (a process known as spermatocytogenesis) begins in humans when a male is sexually matured at puberty, around the age of 10 through 14. Formation is initiated upon the pulsated surges of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, which leads to the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) produced by the anterior pituitary gland. The release of FSH into the testes will enhance spermatogenesis and lead to the development of Sertoli cells, which act as nursing cells where spermatids will go to mature after meiosis II. LH promotes Leydig cell secretion of testosterone into the testes and blood, which induce spermatogenesis and aid the formation of secondary sex characteristics. From this point on, the secretion of FSH and LH (inducing production of testosterone) will stimulate spermatogenesis until the male dies. Increasing the hormones FSH and LH in males will not increase the rate of spermatogenesis. However, with age, the rate of production will decrease, even when the amount of hormone that is secreted is constant; this is due to higher rates of degeneration of germ cells during meiotic prophase.

Cell type summary
In the following table, ploidy, copy number and chromosome/chromatid counts listed are for a single cell, generally prior to DNA synthesis and division (in G1 if applicable). Primary spermatocytes are arrested after DNA synthesis and prior to division.

Damage, repair, and failure
Spermatocytes regularly overcome double-strand breaks and other DNA damages in the prophase stage of meiosis. These damages can arise by the programmed activity of Spo11, an enzyme employed in meiotic recombination, as well as by un-programmed breakages in DNA, such as those caused by oxidative free radicals produced as products of normal metabolism. These damages are repaired by homologous recombination pathways and utilize RAD1 and γH2AX, which recognize double strand breaks and modify chromatin, respectively. As a result, double strand breaks in meiotic cells, unlike mitotic cells, do not typically lead to apoptosis, or cell death. Homologous recombinational repair (HRR) of double-strand breaks occurs in mice during sequential stages of spermatogenesis but is most prominent in spermatocytes. In spermatocytes, HRR events occur mainly in the pachytene stage of meiosis and the gene conversion type of HRR is predominant, whereas in other stages of spermatogenesis the reciprocal exchange type of HRR is more frequent. During mouse spermatogenesis, the mutation frequencies of cells at the different stages, including pachytene spermatocytes, are 5 to 10-fold lower than the mutation frequencies in somatic cells. Because of their elevated DNA repair capability, spermatocytes likely play a central role in the maintenance of these lower mutation rates, and thus in the preservation of the genetic integrity of the male germ line.

It is known that heterozygous chromosomal rearrangements lead to spermatogenic disturbance or failure; however the molecular mechanisms that cause this are not as well known. It is suggested that a passive mechanism involving asynaptic region clustering in spermatocytes is a possible cause. Asynaptic regions are associated with BRCA1, kinase ATR and γH2AX presence in pachytene spermatocytes.

Specific mutations
The gene Stimulated By Retinoic Acid 8 (STRA8) is required for the retinoic-acid signaling pathway in humans, which leads to meiosis initiation. STRA8 expression is higher in preleptotene spermatocytes (at the earliest stage of prophase I in meiosis) than in spermatogonia. STRA8-mutant spermatocytes have been shown to be capable of meiosis initiation; however, they cannot complete the process. Mutations in leptotene spermatocytes can result in premature chromosome condensation.

Mutations in Mtap2, a microtubule-associated protein, as observed in repro4 mutant spermatocytes, have been shown to arrest spermatogenesis progress during the prophase of meiosis I. This is observed by a reduction in spermatid presence in repro4 mutants.

Recombinant-defective mutations can occur in Spo11, DMC1, ATM and MSH5 genes of spermatocytes. These mutations involve double strand break repair impairment, which can result in arrest of spermatogenesis at stage IV of the seminiferous epithelium cycle.

History
The spermatogenesis process has been elucidated throughout the years by researchers who divided the process into multiple stages or phases, depending on intrinsic (germ and Sertoli cells) and extrinsic (FSH and LH) factors. The spermatogenesis process in mammals as a whole, involving cellular transformation, mitosis, and meiosis, has been well studied and documented from the 1950s to 1980s. However, during the 1990s and 2000s researchers have focused around increasing understanding of the regulation of spermatogenesis via genes, proteins, and signaling pathways, and the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. Most recently, the environmental effects on spermatogenesis have become a focus as male infertility in men has become more prevalent.

An important discovery in the spermatogenesis process was the identification of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in mammals—work by C.P. Leblound and Y. Clermont in 1952 that studied the spermatogonia, spermatocyte layers and spermatids in rat seminiferous tubules. Another critical discovery was that of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular hormone chain, which plays a role in spermatogenesis regulation; this was studied by R. M. Sharpe in 1994.

Other animals
Primary cilia are common organelles found in eukaryotic cells; they play an important role in development of animals. Drosophila have unique properties in their spermatocyte primary cilia—they are assembled by four centrioles independently in the G2 phase and are sensitive to microtubule-targeting drugs. Normally, primary cilia will develop from one centriole in the G0/G1 phase and are not affected by microtubule targeting drugs.

Mesostoma ehrenbergii is a rhabdocoel flatworm with a distinctive male meiosis stage within the formation of spermatocytes. During the pre-anaphase stage, cleavage furrows are formed in the spermatocyte cells containing four univalent chromosomes. By the end of the anaphase stage, there is one at each pole moving between the spindle poles without actually having physical interactions with one another (also known as distance segregation). These unique traits allow researchers to study the force created by the spindle poles to allow the chromosomes to move, cleavage furrow management and distance segregation.

title: Spermatocyte


text: User talk:69.208.255.18

title: User talk:69.208.255.18


text:
Yisrael BaAliyah

Yisrael BaAliyah (ישראל בעלייה, Исраэль ба-Алия; lit., Israel on the up) was a political party in Israel between its formation in 1996 and its merger into Likud in 2003. It was formed to represent the interests of Russian immigrants by former refuseniks Natan Sharansky and Yuli-Yoel Edelstein. Initially a centrist party, it drifted to the right towards the end of its existence.

History
The party was formed in 1996 by Sharansky, whose personal image as a dedicated and long-suffering idealist was intended to be the catalyst for an immigrant revolution in Israeli politics. "Yisrael BaAliyah" was chosen as the name for the party, both denoting its identification with immigration (aliyah being the Hebrew word for immigration to Israel), as well as the literal meaning of "Israel on the up".

With another ex-Soviet dissident Yuli-Yoel Edelstein as a co-founder, they chose a slogan stating that their political party is different: its leaders first go to prison and only then go into politics.

In its first electoral test, the May 1996 Knesset elections, the party won 5.7% of the vote and 7 seats, making it the sixth largest party in the Knesset. It joined Binyamin Netanyahu's Likud-led government, and was given two ministerial posts; Sharansky was appointed Minister of Industry and Trade, whilst Edelstein became Minister of Immigrant Absorption.

On 23 February 1999, Shortly before the 1999 Knesset elections, Michael Nudelman and Yuri Stern left the party to form Aliyah, which later entered into an alliance with another Russian-immigrant party, Yisrael Beiteinu.

In the elections, the party was reduced to six seats, but was now the fifth-largest in the Knesset, having campaigned on the popular motto "Ministry of Internal Affairs in our control" (МВД под наш контроль). It joined Ehud Barak's One Israel-led government, and was given one ministerial portfolio (Sharansky as Minister of Internal Affairs) and one deputy ministerial post (Marina Solodkin as Deputy Minister of Immigrant Absorption). On 20 July 1999, shortly after the elections, left-wingers Roman Bronfman and Alexander Tzinker left the party and formed the Democratic Choice faction. Yisrael BaAliyah left the government on 11 July 2000, in response to suggestions that Barak's negiotations with the Palestinians would result in a division of Jerusalem.

After Ariel Sharon won a special election for Prime Minister in 2001, the party joined his new government, and was again given one ministerial post (Sharansky as Minister of Housing and Construction) and one deputy position (Edelstein as Deputy Immigrant Absorption Minister). In addition, Sharansky was appointed Deputy Prime Minister.

In the January 2003 elections, the party was reduced to just two seats. Sharansky resigned from the Knesset, and was replaced by Edelstein. However, he remained party chairman, and decided to merge it into Likud (which had won the election with a haul of 38 seats). The merger went through on 10 March 2003, and Sharansky was appointed Minister of Jerusalem Affairs, whilst Solodkin was re-appointed Deputy Minister of Immigrant Absorption.

title: Yisrael BaAliyah


text:
Lillian Randolph

Lillian Randolph (December 14, 1898 – September 12, 1980) was an American actress and singer, a veteran of radio, film, and television. She worked in entertainment from the 1930s until shortly before her death. She appeared in hundreds of radio shows, motion pictures, short subjects, and television shows.

Randolph is most recognized for appearing in It's a Wonderful Life (1946), Magic (1978), and her final onscreen project, The Onion Field (1979). She prominently contributed her voice to the character Mammy Two Shoes in nineteen Tom and Jerry cartoons released between 1940 and 1952.

Early life and education
Randolph was born Castello Randolph in Knoxville, Tennessee, the daughter of a Methodist minister and a teacher. She was the younger sister of actress Amanda Randolph.

Radio
Randolph began her professional career singing on local radio in Cleveland and Detroit. At WXYZ in Detroit, she was noticed by George W. Trendle, station owner and developer of The Lone Ranger. He got her into radio training courses, which paid off in roles for local radio shows. Randolph was tutored by a white actor for three months on racial dialect prior to obtaining any radio roles.

In 1936, she moved on to Los Angeles to work on Al Jolson's radio show, on Big Town, on the Al Pearce show, and to sing at the Club Alabam there.

Actress
Randolph and her sister Amanda were continually looking for roles to make ends meet. In 1938, she opened her home to Lena Horne, who was in California for her first movie role in The Duke Is Tops (1938); the film was so tightly budgeted, Horne had no money for a hotel.

Randolph opened her home during World War II with weekly dinners and entertainment for service people in the Los Angeles area through American Women's Voluntary Services.

Randolph played the role of the maid Birdie Lee Coggins in The Great Gildersleeve, a radio comedy and subsequent films, and as Madame Queen on the Amos 'n' Andy radio show and television show from 1937 to 1953. She was cast in the Gildersleeve job on the basis of her wonderful laugh. Upon hearing the Gildersleeve program was beginning, Randolph made a dash to NBC. She tore down the halls; when she opened the door for the program, she fell on her face. Randolph was not hurt and she laughed, which got her the job. She also portrayed Birdie in the television version of The Great Gildersleeve.

In 1955, Lillian was asked to perform the Gospel song, "Were You There" on the television version of the Gildersleeve show. The positive response from viewers resulted in a Gospel album by Randolph on Dootone Records. She found the time for the role of Mrs. Watson on The Baby Snooks Show and Daisy on The Billie Burke Show.

Her best known film roles were those of Annie in It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and Bessie in The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947).

The West Adams district of Los Angeles was once home to lawyers and tycoons, but during the 1930s, many residents were either forced to sell their homes or take in boarders because of the economic times. The bulk of the residents who were earlier members of the entertainment community had already moved to places such as Beverly Hills and Hollywood. In the 1940s, members of the African-American entertainment community discovered the charms of the district and began purchasing homes there, giving the area the nickname "Sugar Hill". Hattie McDaniel was one of the first African-American residents. In an attempt to discourage African-Americans from making their homes in the area, some residents resorted to adding covenants to the contracts when their homes were sold, either restricting African-Americans from purchasing them or prohibiting them from occupying the houses after purchase. Lillian and her husband, boxer Jack Chase, were victims of this type of discrimination.

In 1946, the couple purchased a home on West Adams Boulevard with a restrictive covenant that barred them from moving into it. The US Supreme Court declared the practice unconstitutional in 1948. After divorcing Chase, Randolph married railroad dining car server Edward Sanders, in August 1951. The couple divorced in December 1953.

Like her sister, Amanda, Lillian was also one of the actresses to play the part of Beulah on radio. Randolph assumed the role in 1952 when Hattie McDaniel became ill; that same year, she received an "Angel" award from the Caballeros, an African-American businessmen's association, for her work in radio and television for 1951. She played Beulah until 1953, when Amanda took over for her.

In 1954, Randolph had her own daily radio show in Hollywood, where those involved in acting were featured. In the same year, she became the first African American on the board of directors for the Hollywood chapter of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists.

In William Hanna and Joseph Barbera's Tom and Jerry cartoons at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio during the 1940s and early 1950s, she was uncredited for voicing the maid character, Mammy Two Shoes. The character's last appearance in the cartoons was in Push-Button Kitty in September 1952. MGM, Hanna-Barbera and Randolph had been under fire from the NAACP, which called the role a stereotype. Activists had been complaining about the maid character since 1949. The character was written out entirely. Many of these had a white actress (June Foray) redubbing the character in American TV broadcasts and in the DVD collections.

This was not the only time Randolph received criticism. In 1946, Ebony published a story critical of her role of Birdie on The Great Gildersleeve radio show. Randolph and Sam Moore, a scriptwriter on the program, provided a rebuttal to them in the magazine. Lillian Randolph believed these roles were not harmful to the image or opportunities of African-Americans. Her reasoning was that the roles themselves would not be discontinued, but the ethnicity of those in them would change.

In 1956, Randolph and her choir, along with fellow Amos 'n' Andy television show cast members Tim Moore, Alvin Childress, and Spencer Williams set off on a tour of the US as "The TV Stars of Amos 'n' Andy". However, CBS claimed it was an infringement of its rights to the show and its characters. The tour soon came to an end.

By 1958, Lillian, who started out as a blues singer, returned to music with a nightclub act.

Randolph was selected to play Bill Cosby's character's mother in his 1969 television series, The Bill Cosby Show. She later appeared in several featured roles on Sanford and Son and The Jeffersons in the 1970s. She also taught acting, singing and public speaking.

Randolph made a guest appearance on a 1972 episode of the sitcom Sanford and Son, entitled "Here Comes the Bride, There Goes the Bride" as Aunt Hazel, an in-law of the Fred Sanford (Redd Foxx) character who humorously gets a cake thrown in her face, after which Fred replies "Hazel, you never looked sweeter!". Her Amos 'n' Andy co-star, Alvin Childress, also had a role in this episode. She played Mabel in Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough (1975) and also appeared in the television miniseries, Roots (1977), Magic (1978) and The Onion Field (1979).

In March 1980, she was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame.

Randolph's daughter, Barbara, grew up watching her mother perform. At age eight, Barbara had already made her debut in Bright Road (1953) with Harry Belafonte and Dorothy Dandridge.

Choosing to adopt her mother's maiden name, Barbara Randolph appeared in her mother's nightclub acts, including with Steve Gibson and the Red Caps, and had a role in Guess Who's Coming to Dinner in 1967. She decided to follow a singing career.

Death
Randolph died of cancer at Arcadia Methodist Hospital in Arcadia, California on September 12, 1980. She is buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills). Her sister, Amanda, is buried beside her.

Partial filmography

 * Life Goes On (1938) – Cinthy
 * The Duke Is Tops (1938) – Woman with Sciatica (uncredited)
 * The Toy Wife (1938) – Black Nun with Rose (uncredited)
 * Streets of New York (1939) – Judge's Maid (uncredited)
 * Way Down South (1939) – Slave (uncredited)
 * The Marx Brothers at the Circus (1939) – Black Woman - 'Swingali' (uncredited)
 * Am I Guilty? (1940) – Mrs. Jones
 * Barnyard Follies (1940) – Birdie (uncredited)
 * Little Men (1940) – Asia
 * One Big Mistake (1940), a featurette starring Dewey "Pigmeat" Markham
 * Tom and Jerry (1940-1952) – Mammy Two Shoes
 * West Point Widow (1941) – Sophie
 * Kiss the Boys Goodbye (1941) – Bethany Plantation Chorus Servant (uncredited)
 * Gentleman from Dixie (1941) – Aunt Eppie
 * Birth of the Blues (1941) – Dancing Woman (uncredited)
 * All-American Co-Ed (1941) – Deborah, the Washwoman
 * Mexican Spitfire Sees a Ghost (1942) – Hyacinth
 * Hi, Neighbor (1942) – Birdie
 * The Palm Beach Story (1942) – Maid on Train (uncredited)
 * The Glass Key (1942) – Basement Club Entertainer (uncredited)
 * The Great Gildersleeve (1942) – Birdie Lee Calkins
 * No Time for Love (1943) – Hilda (uncredited)
 * Happy Go Lucky (1943) – Tessie (uncredited)
 * Hoosier Holiday (1943) – Birdie
 * Gildersleeve on Broadway (1943) – Birdie
 * Phantom Lady (1944) – Woman at Train Platform (uncredited)
 * Up in Arms (1944) – Black Woman in Cable Car (uncredited)
 * The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944) – Black Woman (uncredited)
 * Gildersleeve's Ghost (1944) – Birdie, Gildersleeve's Housekeeper
 * Three Little Sisters (1944) – Mabel
 * A Song for Miss Julie (1945) – Eliza Henry
 * Riverboat Rhythm (1946) – Azalea (uncredited)
 * Child of Divorce (1946) – Carrie, the Maid
 * It's a Wonderful Life (1946) – Annie
 * The Hucksters (1947) – Violet (voice, uncredited)
 * The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947) – Bessie
 * Sleep, My Love (1948) – Parkhurst's Maid (uncredited)
 * Let's Live a Little (1948) – Sarah (uncredited)
 * Once More, My Darling (1949) – Mamie
 * Dear Brat (1951) – Dora
 * That's My Boy (1951) – May, Maid
 * Bend of the River (1952) – Aunt Tildy (uncredited)
 * Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964) – Cleaning Woman
 * The Great White Hope (1970) – Housekeeper (uncredited)
 * How to Seduce a Woman (1974) – Matilda
 * Rafferty and the Gold Dust Twins (1975) – Elderly Woman Driver
 * The Wild McCullochs (1975) – Missy
 * Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough (1975) – Mabel
 * The World Through the Eyes of Children (1975) – Susan
 * Jennifer (1978) – Martha
 * Magic (1978) – Sadie
 * The Onion Field (1979) – Nana, Jimmy's Grandmother (final film role)

Watch

 * Amos 'n' Andy: Anatomy of a Controversy Video by Hulu
 * The Great Gildersleeve TV Episode at Internet Archive.

Listen

 * The Beulah Show at Internet Archive – 1953.
 * The Great Gildersleeve Radio Episodes at Internet Archive.

title: Lillian Randolph


text:
Air Adriatic

Air Adriatic was a charter airline based in Rijeka, Croatia and was the first private Croatian airline. It operated charter services from northern Europe to Croatian holiday destinations. Its main bases were Pula Airport and Dubrovnik Airport. It ceased operations in March 2007 after it had lost its air operator certificate.

History
The airline was established in October 2001 and started operations in March 2002.

It had its headquarters at Rijeka and technical operations based at Pula Airport. In 2004, charters were largely flown between Sweden and Croatia. In 2005, the company bought three additional used McDonnell Douglas MD-82 aircraft from Alitalia. In September 2006, the airline was planning to launch scheduled services and was considering adding Boeing 757-200s to its fleet.

Air Adriatic announced plans for 2007 to launch schedule services from Zagreb to Berlin, Düsseldorf, Malmö, Moscow, Pristina, Skopje and Zürich and to replace its McDonnell Douglas MD-82s with Boeing 737-700 aircraft. It also wet-leased one of its MD-82s to MyAir. Air Adriatic ceased operations in March 2007.

Adria Wings has been established by former Air Adriatic employees and was expected to resume charter operations with a single McDonnell Douglas MD-83 aircraft, but it folded before starting any service.

Fleet
The Air Adriatic fleet included the following aircraft (at March 2007) :

 * 4 McDonnell Douglas MD-82

Previously operated
The airline also operated:
 * 1 McDonnell Douglas MD-83
 * 1 Tupolev Tu-154

As of 3 June 2008, the average age of the Air Adriatic fleet is 21.6 years.

title: Air Adriatic


text:
Orif

 * O.R.I.F., see Internal fixation

 * Urif, a Palestinian village on the  West Bank

title: Orif


text: User talk:69.209.178.160

title: User talk:69.209.178.160


text:
Category:Airlines of Croatia

See Also: List of airlines and List of defunct airlines

title: Category:Airlines of Croatia


text:
Talk:Paul Hindemith

Photo
The photo on this page is believed to be copyrighted. It may be considered for fair use but I don't believe it is "open to the public domain." This is because I have seen the picture on a music CD cover of Paul Hindemith during my music studies. Hence, it is my 70% belief that this picture may be copyrighted. (70% because there is a 30% chance the photo on the CD cover may have been taken from the same source, that is of open source. I dought it! --CylePat 23:30, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Early performing career?
The entry here states that he "led" the Frankfurt Opera Orchestra in 1915-23...I believe this means that he was the concertmaster (American usage) or leader (British usage), not the conductor, as I don't think he did much conducting until his middle years. Any confirmation? Wspencer11 13:35, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, but I turned to this article because I once heard Hindemith conducting the Berlin Philharmonic in a programme of Bach suites ( played by a nearly full orchestra -Furtwangler had not been dead a year) and his own music, which included the Cello Concerto, with Mainardi as soloist and the Konzertmusik for Brass and Strings, at a time when (in the mid-fifties) he was seen as a major reasoned exponent of tonality and therefore the opposite of a serialist, or twelve-note composer. I thought I would find some account of his thinking. I didn't get anything like that. This is a composer who wrote convincingly and succesfully in a very conservative mode for the majority of his composing career, during which the main fault hhe was accused of was essentially that he found composition too easy and produced polished and superbly competent music which failed to "challenge" the mid twentieth century listener. From one point of view sort of twentieth century Bach-figure. He was certainly a major European figure in his time. This article almost ignores that. Couldn't someone have another look at it?Delahays (talk) 23:25, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Will see if a biography or contemporary reports provide any enlightenment (a month after the question ...!) Will note that this describes him with certainty as the concertmaster, though. Schissel | Sound the Note! 03:05, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Any info on if he was concertmaster for violin or viola? -Hamster2.0 (talk) 20:21, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

- He was concertmaster of orchestra - it means he was a principal musician in the first violin section and led the orchestra.

Departure for USA
Hadn't he left Germany already by about 1938 to work in Turkey, and came to the States from there? I had always understood that he didn't return to Germany after going to Turkey until well after the war. --Wspencer11 (talk to me...) 16:36, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, he went to Ankara first in April 1935, returning to Germany, then going back to Turkey in 1936 and 1937. Evidently he went back and forth a lot.  He first went to the US in March 1937; then he went back to Turkey (?) and returned to the US in 1938 and 1939.  In September 1938 he emigrated to Switzerland, and in February 1940 he emigrated to the US.  (All from the New Grove.)  It's a little confused:  I'm inferring he traveled back and forth from Turkey to the U.S. and didn't return to Germany until 1947.  Antandrus  (talk) 17:22, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Best composer?
The latest edit says many see him as one of the best composers of his time. I'm not certain this is really true; maybe it could say "most prominent" or something along those lines. --Wspencer11 (talk to me...) 12:34, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This edit was by User:24.177.126.94, who previously vandalised the web page in a more obvious way. I believe that this was meant to be vandalism as well.
 * --Atavi 18:24, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Missing stuff?
Hey. I re-read this article just now and noticed something missing. Before, there was a good sentence that said something about there being a perception of H's music as being theoretically interesting but emotionally uninvolving (or something like that). I thought that that was good, and think that it's true (that there is such a perception, if not a consensus).
 * I think that "good sentence" may have been replaced (by me) on grounds that it was undocumented and used weasel words, along the lines of "many people say . . .". The replacement (documented) sentence now in the article reads: "In 1940 Hindemith emigrated to the United States. At the same time that he was codifying his musical language, his teaching and compositions began to be affected by his theories, according to critics like Ernest Ansermet (1961, note to p. 42 added on an errata slip)."--Jerome Kohl 20:15, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Hooray for you, but you took out the guts, the interesting part. I get the robot concept, but it's silly. It's, what, 2007? It's time (finally) for reality, not abstraction. Dying like a gentleman, dying by the rules, used to make sense, but doesn't any longer. You should have come up with (if you felt you had to) a documented/non-weasel words way of saying what was there, as it's fundamental to any honest look at H's music. You might have quoted something from the critical reaction to him, for example. There's a gorilla in the room: H's music confuses people, turns them off. Honegger thought he was a genius, but my plumber thinks he was a hack. Concealing the fact of the controversy smacks of its own bias, and robs us of the juice: don't you see that it's more interesting to acknowledge the divide, and its fierceness? We're not here to serve Wikipedia or the encyclopedic God. Now let me hear some more robotics, some good hydraulic abstraction.
 * I think you need to take a look at the Wikipedia policy guidelines, which set forth very clearly the ground rules for this project. It is hardly a "robot concept" to insist on accuracy and accountability in place of wild allegations. As to "quoting something from the critical reaction to him", that is exactly what I did do. Your statement "H's music confuses people, turns them off" is a perfect example of weasel words. Who exactly are "these people"? There is no question of "concealing" anything. You are perfectly welcome to cite "the controversy", with its "juice" and "fierceness", which I am apparently ignorant of. But, then, you see, I am not old enough personally to remember those combative old days of the 1920s. By my time (my student days, I mean, in the late 1960s), Hindemith was regarded as an established figure and, if anything, rather stodgy and ordinary. Do please fill us in, but remember to cite your sources.--Jerome Kohl 07:12, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Not bad, but what can I say? You're still talking morals, ideas, going so far as to use words like policy, guidelines, rules - you don't hear the hydraulics? OK, so you may be too far gone, but I'll go through the motions of suggesting that we not follow laws simply to follow them, even when they sometimes, as in this case, take us out the window. If you're going to talk about H, just Talk about him. Established figure? Take a look at the concert hall programs; he's no such thing - never has been and never will be. And the people about whose identity you claim to be in the dark with regard to are the ones standing next to you in the Wal Mart line, the McDs drive-thru, the nude beach - they're everywhere. I like pretending, too, but there are (or should be) limits. Happy computing.
 * Quite frankly, one of the most idiotic comments I've seen on a talk page. Oh, well  -  as previously stated, Wiki doesn't operate on your personal opinion and taste, but by referencing Reliable Sources. HammerFilmFan (talk) 10:53, 4 September 2011 (UTC) Hammerfilmfan

À rebours
Hindemith was yet another person who thought that he could create art by using an abstract conceptual formula or theory. It never works. Are there any citations that discuss this? The "art" that results from such attempts is always bad. Academics, however, will try to convince us that the "art" is good, maybe even of the highest possible value, but we are just too unsophisticated to appreciate it. Lestrade (talk) 19:29, 17 March 2010 (UTC)Lestrade

~ Thank you for your personal opinion, but that's all it is, quite frankly. Many, many people appreciate Hindemith's genius, and he is becoming quite popular with the younger "classical" crowd. If you don't find "art" in his chamber pieces, for instance, I'm wondering where you do find it? Anyway, a quick glance at the New Grove's article on Hindemith should dispel any doubts about his importance and contribution to serious music. 98.67.187.164 (talk) 23:21, 5 October 2010 (UTC)HammerFilmFan

Religion
I noticed that Paul Hindemith escaped from Nazi Germany. Was he Jewish?

Anonymous173.74.57.205 (talk) 02:06, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

 * He fell out of favour with the Nazis because his wife was of Jewish descent, and because he wrote music they deemed decadent. Toccata quarta (talk) 04:13, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Composer project review
I've reviewed this article as part of the Composers project review of its B-class articles. This article is, in my opinion, a weak B; it has a number of faults. You can read my detailed review on the comments page. If you have questions or comments, feel free to leave them here or on my talk page.  Magic ♪piano 13:55, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:27, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Ansermet
The author should really say a lot more about how Hindemith's "compositions began to be affected by his theories," especially because the citation at that point is merely to some note to some "p. 42 added on an errata slip." I think that a lot of people do hold this view of late Hindemith, so I'm sure there's something to it. A few illustrative examples from his late work and from his theoretical work would be of much interest.98.190.248.43 (talk) 15:47, 8 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Indeed Ansermet should have said more about his opinion. Unfortunately, he died in 1969, so it is now too late to ask for more details.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 19:08, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Paul Hindemith


text:
Talk:Michael Legge (filmmaker)

Best Screenplay
Democrazy won the Best Screenplay award at this year's B Movie Film Festival in Syracuse, NY.

Deletion Votes
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Michael Legge (filmmaker). The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 22:46, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Significance?
Is there any significance to this sentence: "Michael Legge is listed in the Video and DVD Guide 2003, by Mick Martin and Marsha Porter"? Are we going to tack a sentence like that on to every article on a person mentioned in a video guidebook? It seems really pointless. -R. fiend 17:15, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Michael Legge (filmmaker)


text:
Croatian Fraternal Union

The Croatian Fraternal Union (Hrvatska bratska zajednica) (CFU), the oldest and largest Croatian organization in North America, is a fraternal benefit society of the Croatian diaspora based out of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US.

History and activities
In the late fall of 1893 Croatian American journalist Zdravko V. Mužina issued a call for a convention to organize a fraternal benefit society for Americans of Croatian descent. Three hundred people met in response to the call on January 14, 1894 in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania. Only a handful of people signed up and paid dues to the new group. Mužina arranged for another meeting on September 2, 1894 which merged six Croatian societies into a new group, the Croatian Federation. This group changed its name to the National Croatian Society in 1897. In 1926 the National Croatian Society merged with the Croatian League of Illinois of Chicago, St. Joseph Society of Kansas City, Kansas and the New Croatian Society of Whiting, Indiana to form the Croatian Fraternal Union. In 1939 the CFU absorbed the Slovanic Croatian Union.

The CFU built a new Home Office building in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh in 1928–29. The building featured ornate Flemish Gothic terra cotta ornamentation and was nominated as a Pittsburgh historic landmark in 2018. In 1961, the organization moved to a new headquarters in Wilkins Township.

A street in Zagreb, capital of Croatia, is called Street of the Croatian Fraternal Union. The National and University Library in Zagreb, one of Croatia's central cultural institutions, is located in that street. Josip Marohnić, founding father and first president of the CFU, also has a street named in his honor in Zagreb.

Benefits and activities
The CFU offers a wide variety of insurance plans. However, it has been an important group in preserving Croatian culture in North America, by supporting Croatian roots, and traditional tamburitza groups. The Zajedničar, the CFU's newspaper, has been in circulation since 1904 and provides insurance information, as well as providing details about CFU cultural events from around the continent. The "Z", as it is called, began as a monthly and became a biweekly in 1909.

Membership
Membership is open to any one interested. Juvenile memberships are also available.

In the late 1960s the CFU had 110,000 members. This declined to 100,000 members in 1979. That year the CFU had 1,000 lodges in twenty six states and several Canadian provinces. The CFU had 90,000 members in 1988.

title: Croatian Fraternal Union


text:
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (film)

Gunfight at the O.K. Corral is a 1957 American Western film starring Burt Lancaster as Wyatt Earp and Kirk Douglas as Doc Holliday, and loosely based on the actual event in 1881. The film was directed by John Sturges from a screenplay written by novelist Leon Uris. It was a remake of the 1939 film Frontier Marshall starring Randolph Scott and of John Ford's 1946 film My Darling Clementine.

Plot
In Fort Griffin, Texas, Ed Bailey (Lee Van Cleef) comes looking to avenge the death of his brother at the hands of gunslinger John H. "Doc" Holliday. Seeing him in a bar, Holliday's girl, Kate Fisher (Jo Van Fleet), returns to Holliday's room, where the two argue while Holliday throws knives at the door - near her once she brings up Holliday's once-prominent family. Well-known marshal Wyatt Earp arrives in Fort Griffin thinking he will take outlaws Ike Clanton (Lyle Bettger) and Johnny Ringo (John Ireland) into custody, but instead finds out that the local sheriff, Cotton Wilson (Frank Faylen), released them despite the outstanding warrants for their arrest. Holliday refuses to help the lawman, holding a grudge against Wyatt's brother, Morgan (DeForest Kelley). Holliday kills Bailey with a knife-throw when Bailey attempts to shoot him in the back. Holliday is arrested for murder, though Wyatt and Kate allow him to escape from a lynch mob.

In Dodge City, Kansas, Wyatt finds out that Holliday and Kate are in town. Holliday tells him he has no money, so Wyatt allows him to stay if he promises to not fight while he is in town. Meanwhile, gambler Laura Denbow (Rhonda Fleming) is arrested for playing cards since women are not allowed to gamble. She is released and allowed to play in the side rooms of the saloon. Wyatt is forced to deputize Holliday because a bank robber kills a cashier and Wyatt's other deputies are out in a posse catching another outlaw. The bank robbers attempt to ambush Wyatt outside of town, but they are instead killed by Wyatt and Holliday.

Back in Dodge City, Holliday learns Kate has left him for Ringo, who taunts Holliday to a shootout and throws liquor on him. Holliday steadfastly refuses to fight him. Shanghai Pierce and his henchmen ride into town, wound deputy Charlie Bassett (Earl Holliman) and attack a dancehall, but Wyatt and Holliday hold the men and defuse the situation. As Ringo attempts to intervene, Holliday shoots him in the arm. Holliday returns to his room and Kate is waiting for him, but he refuses to take her back. Kate swears she will see him dead. By now, Wyatt and Laura have fallen in love, but when he receives a letter from his brother Virgil (John Hudson), asking him to help clean up Tombstone, Arizona, she refuses to go with him unless he changes into the man she wants him to be. Holliday catches up to Wyatt on the trail and both head to Tombstone.

In Tombstone, Wyatt finds out that Ike Clanton is trying to herd thousands of head of rustled Mexican cattle but cannot as long as the Earps control Tombstone's railway station. Morgan Earp criticizes his brother's association with Holliday, but Wyatt insists the gunslinger is welcome in Tombstone as long as he stays out of trouble. Cotton offers Wyatt a $20,000 bribe if he allows the stolen cattle to be shipped, but Wyatt refuses. He rides out to the Clanton ranch, returning Billy Clanton (Dennis Hopper) to his mother after finding Billy drunk. Wyatt informs Ike that he has been made a U.S. Marshal and has legal authority in every county in the United States. Finding no recourse, the Clantons decide to ambush Wyatt as he makes his nightly rounds but kill his younger brother James Earp (Martin Milner) by mistake.

The next morning, Ike and five of his henchmen go to Tombstone to face off against the Earps at the O.K. Corral. Holliday, who is sick from tuberculosis, joins them. Though Virgil and Morgan are wounded in the gunfight, all six in Clanton's gang are killed, including Billy, who is given a chance to surrender, but refuses. After the fight is over, Wyatt joins Holliday for a final drink before heading off to California to meet Laura, as promised.

Writing
The screenplay by Leon Uris is based on a 1954 article entitled The Killer in Holiday Magazine by George Scullin. The film’s plot contains numerous historical inaccuracies and takes liberties with actual events at the real gunfight at the O.K. Corral.

A decade later, director John Sturges made a more historically accurate version named Hour of the Gun, starring James Garner as Wyatt Earp, Jason Robards as Doc Holliday and Robert Ryan as Ike Clanton. This film begins with a more accurate version of the O.K. Corral gun battle, then covers its aftermath.

Filming
Sturges made portions of the movie on the set of Paramount Ranch and at Old Tucson Studios.

Historical accuracy
On 26 October 1881 the real gunfight did not take place in an open space like the corral, but in a very strict adjacent little street and lasted less than 30 seconds while in the film it lasted about 11 minutes. This is only the first of the historical inaccuracies present in the film:

 * Virgil Earp was a marshal when he arrived at Tombstone while Wyatt at the time had little, if any, legal authority in the jurisdiction of Tombstone.
 * Wyatt arrived at Tombstone with a lover, that he then sent away to make her be with her family so that they can keep her far from opiates.
 * Johnny Ringo was not present during the gunfight. Afterwards he committed suicide.
 * Ike Clanton accused the Earp brothers and Doc Holliday of homicide. The Cochise County Cowboys asserted that the Earps had killed their cronies in cold blood while these ones had surrendered. The judge Wells Spicer decreed that the lawmen had acted correctly according to their own authority.
 * Morgan and Virgil Earp were wounded during the gunfight while Holliday was only grazed. Wyatt remained unharmed.
 * It was the youngest brother of Wyatt, Morgan, not James who was the victim of an ambush by getting killed at Tombstone. This happened after the gunfight at the O.K. Corral, not before. Even Virgil Earp was involved in a trap at Tombstone following the gunfight, but he was wounded only on the arm, losing the use of the limb.
 * James Earp was the oldest of the Earp brothers and he was never a lawman.
 * Ike Clanton was never the leader of the Cowboys. "Old Man" Clanton controlled the gang until he was killed in 1881 and the leadership of the band passed to Curly Bill Brocis and Johnny Ringo.
 * The film introduces a romantic story that involves Wyatt Earp and a beautiful female gambler, a fictional character (based on Lottie Deno) who had no role in the gunfight and has none in the film.
 * Charlie Bassett was the leader of Wyatt at Dodge City. Charlie Bassett was older than Wyatt Earp, in the film instead Bassett is younger than Wyatt.
 * Doc Holliday did not directly follow Wyatt at Tombstone. He arrived in town only some time after Wyatt had settled in.
 * Doc Holliday saved the life of Wyatt Earp not the other way round.
 * The real name of the sheriff was John Behan not Cotton Wilson. The sheriff was not killed the day of the gunfight and the band of Clanton did not shoot at anyone in town before the gunfight at the O.K. Corral.

Box office
The film was a big hit and earned $4.7 million on its first run and $6 million on re-release.

Critical response
Reviews in 1957 were generally positive. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised the film as "firmly directed" and "ruggedly acted," though he lamented "odd, embarrassing moments when Cupid lets fly with his arrows," and thought that the inclusion of a ballad was too derivative of High Noon. Variety called Lancaster and Douglas "excellently cast" and added, "in its development and exciting climax John Sturges has captured the stirring spirit of the period in his sock direction." Harrison's Reports agreed that the two leads were "excellent in their respective roles" and found the action "tense and suspenseful throughout, culminating in a highly exciting and thrilling gun battle." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post deemed the film "just what its title suggests — blood-thirsty, empty-headed and good fun of its sort." The Monthly Film Bulletin called it "carefully and lavishly mounted, but it is ultimately overlong and overwrought. Leon Uris's script dulls the final scene of action by the introduction of too many minor climaxes, which never blend."

Its Dimitri Tiomkin score, featuring the song "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral", with lyrics by Ned Washington, sung by Frankie Laine, pushes the movie's momentum relentlessly throughout.

Members of the Western Writers of America chose the song "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral" as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.

Accolades
The film was nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Film Editing (Warren Low) and Best Sound Recording (George Dutton). Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas were nominated for Golden Laurel in the category of top male action star.

title: Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (film)


text:
User:Jaysonwhelpley

Basics

 * Currently residing in the Azalea Park neighborhood of Orlando, FL (technically unincorporated Orange County).
 * originally from Erie, Pennsylvania
 * Lived in Grove City, PA, Thompsontown, PA and Arlington, VA.
 * Graduate of Harbor Creek High School class of 1998
 * Graduate of Edinboro University of Pennsylvania class of 2002

Created or Edited Articles

 * Brother's Keeper (created prior to obtaining an account)
 * Campus Crusade for Christ
 * Paul J. Weitz
 * Northwest Harborcreek, Pennsylvania
 * Edinboro University of Pennsylvania (created)
 * "Mad" Anthony Wayne
 * Good Job, Brain!

title: User:Jaysonwhelpley


text:
Brendon Hills

The Brendon Hills are a range of hills in west Somerset, England. The hills merge level into the eastern side of Exmoor and are included within the Exmoor National Park. The highest point of the range is Lype Hill at 1388 ft above sea level with a secondary summit several kilometres to the southeast at 1350 ft. Both points are marked by Ordnance Survey trig points and are located within enclosed farmland. Early versions of the name include Brunedun and Brundon reflecting an original name of Bruna or Brune, meaning 'brown one'. Dun is a common Old English word for a fairly flat and extensive hill. This name is not connected with the village of Brendon in Devon, the name of which has a different origin.

The terrain is broken by a series of deeply incised streams and rivers running roughly southwards to meet the River Haddeo, a tributary of the River Exe. The hills are quite heavily cultivated unlike their neighbouring upland areas of Exmoor and the Quantock Hills. The Brendon Hills are largely formed from the Morte Slates, a thick faulted and folded sequence of Devonian age sedimentary rocks. An east-west aligned anticline/syncline pair known as the Brendon Anticline and Brendon Syncline folds these rocks. The fold couplet is itself offset by displacement of the rocks on the NNW-SSE aligned Timberscombe Fault System. Over the centuries they have been mined for minerals, notably ironstone from which iron is extracted for making steel. During the 19th century this activity reached a peak with the West Somerset Mineral Railway, including an 800 ft incline, being built to take the ore to Watchet from where it was sent to Ebbw Vale for smelting. The main mining operations ended when the mines were worked out towards the end of the 19th century.

The hills are on the route of the Coleridge Way and are also crossed by the Samaritans Way.

title: Brendon Hills


text:
Concorde (disambiguation)

Concorde is a supersonic aircraft.

Concorde may also refer to:
 * Concorde (pear), a cultivar of the European Pear

Transport

 * Chrysler Concorde, an automobile model
 * HMS Concorde, originally a French naval frigate, captured by the British Royal Navy in 1783
 * La Concorde de Nantes, flagship of the pirate Blackbeard

Places and buildings

 * Concorde (Paris Métro), a Paris Metro station named after the nearby Place de la Concorde
 * De La Concorde station, a Montreal Metro and commuter train station in Laval, Quebec
 * Hôtel Le Concorde, Québec
 * Lycée français "Le Concorde"
 * Le Concorde Tower, Huai Khwang District, Bangkok
 * Swissôtel Le Concorde, Swissôtel in the Le Concorde Tower, Bangkok

Music

 * Concorde (album), a 1955 album by the Modern Jazz Quartet
 * Concorde, short for Concorde Contemporary Music Ensemble
 * Le Concorde (band), American indie pop band
 * "La Concorde", the national anthem of Gabon
 * "Concorde", a song from Black Country, New Road's album Ants from Up There

Other

 * Concorde TSP Solver, a piece of software
 * The Concorde ... Airport '79, a 1979 film

title: Concorde (disambiguation)


text:
Rhode Island House of Representatives

The Rhode Island House of Representatives is the lower house of the Rhode Island General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Rhode Island, the upper house being the Rhode Island Senate. It is composed of 75 members, elected to two-year terms from 75 districts of equal population. The Rhode Island General Assembly does not have term limits. The House meets at the Rhode Island State Capitol in Providence.

House leadership
The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber.

Committee leadership
All chairs and vice chairs are members of the Democratic Party.

Members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
This list is of members elected in November 2022, to serve in the 2023–24 biennium.

title: Rhode Island House of Representatives