text: User talk:213.249.137.90

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:213.249.137.90


text:
Talk:Álmos

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. Clear consensus for a move and Álmos has the most support. A disambiguation page exists, but as there are only two entries, this article will be moved to the base title as suggested; if this article ends up not being the primary topic, discussion can reopen. Either way, the consensus here is clearly that disambiguators involving his title are not adequate given the uncertainty. Cúchullain t/ c 15:17, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

Álmos, Grand Prince of the Magyars → Álmos – According to the article, his position or title is uncertain (kende, gyula or "fejedelem"). The current article name is misleading. --Norden1990 (talk) 23:43, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I would support the move, as per the above reasons. However, I think the title "Álmos of Hungary" would also be misleading, because Hungary is a highly debatable concept in connection with him. What about "Álmos"? Borsoka (talk) 02:01, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

*Support just Álmos. A dab link to Álmos, Duke of Croatia at the top of the page will suffice. He seems to be the only other Álmos.--The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 15:32, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment I think the use of the word 'Hungary' is misleading, his proper title would be perhaps "Almos of Etelkoz". I think Álmos, Grand Prince of the Hungarians would be the best solution (per WP:COMMONNAME). He was the first known Grand Prince therefore we should emphasize his rank IMO. Fakirbakir (talk) 08:48, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I however can agree with the simple Álmos form. Fakirbakir (talk) 15:28, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

Note: I changed the requested move from "Álmos of Hungary" to "Álmos". --Norden1990 (talk) 20:45, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Okay, I also accept Álmos. --Norden1990 (talk) 18:00, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * "Álmos" is also fine with me. K œrte F  a   { ταλκ }  18:30, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support "Álmos". As per above. Borsoka (talk) 02:56, 26 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support "Álmos" or "Álmos of Hungary". I agree with Norden1990 --Csendesmark (talk) 01:24, 27 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support "Álmos" per above. bd2412  T 14:39, 3 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Álmos


text:
Eivør (singer)

Eivør Pálsdóttir (pronounced ; born 21 July 1983), known mononymously as Eivør, is a Faroese singer-songwriter and actress. Born and raised in Syðrugøta, she had her first televised performance at the age of 13. Over the course of her decades-long career, her musical output has spanned a wide range of genres such as folk, art pop, jazz, folk rock, classical and electronica. She is the elder sister of singer Elinborg.

Career
In 1999, at the age of 15, she became the lead singer in Clickhaze. The following year, she released her first self-titled album, Eivør Pálsdóttir, and then won the 2001 Prix Føroyar song contest as part of the band Clickhaze. She moved to Reykjavík in 2002 to study music, releasing an album with Yggdrasil the same year. Her second solo album, Krákan, released in 2003 and was nominated in three categories at the Icelandic Music Awards, winning Best Singer and Best Performer – an honour normally only reserved for Icelandic artists. The same year, she participated in Söngvakeppnin with the song "Í Nótt", reaching 6th place.

In 2004, Eivør was named Ársins Føroyingur (Faroe Islander of the Year).

In 2005, the DR Big Band released its 40th anniversary album, with all songs written and sung by Eivør. The same year, her performance of Úlfhamssaga led to her winning the awarded the Icelandic Gríma award. In 2007, Eivør's 5th album Mannabarn was released; an English-language version, Human Child, was released on the same day.

In 2010, she released the album Larva, marking a stark departure away from her folk sound, moving towards a more experimental and electronic musical style.

She married the Faroese composer and long-time collabrator Tróndur Bogason in 2012; the same year, she released the album Room, which won three awards at the Faroese Music Awards: Best Female Singer, Best Artist and Best Album of the Year. The following year, she covered "Den vilda" by One More Time in Icelandic, which charted on Tónlist TV.

In 2015, Eivør released two companion albums, Bridges and Slør, sung in English and Faroese respectively. Describing the writing process in an interview with Stacja Islandia, she said that "[it] kept coming to me in such a manner that I would write a lyric in English and straight afterwards a lyric in Faroese would arrive – a kind of mirror image or reflection. Most of the songs were written together in pairs. The albums are therefore two different works yet also a unity. This has been my dream project for over 2 years now."

In 2016, she collaborated with Bear McCreary on the soundtrack for God of War, performing it with a live orchestra at the E3 2016 Sony press conference. She collaborated with the DR Big Band once again that same year, releasing the orchestral album At the Heart of a Selkie. In 2018, she collaborated with John Lunn on the soundtrack to The Last Kingdom. In 2020, she released the album Segl. She became the cover artist first time of ÖMC Dergi (Dergi), Turkey's biggest digital music magazine, to promote her new album Segl. 2022 saw her collaborating again with Bear McCreary on the soundtrack for God of War Ragnarök, the sequel to 2018's game. Describing the about album process in an interview with Alp Kılıç, she said that "I think that every album I make is marked by where I am in my life creatively and also personally, and every album has elements from my previous work entwined with new elements which I am curious to explore. Slør is very much about home sickness and returning back to my roots. Segl is more about looking out and navigating though unknown places." ÖMC Dergi (Dergi) announced for the first time the Segl album and Segl Tour news in Turkey. In 2021, she received Nordic Council Music Prize.

In September 2023, independent label Season of Mist announced on Instagram that Eivør had signed with them.

Solo Studio Albums

 * Eivør Pálsdóttir (SHD 50, Tutl Records, 2000)
 * Krákan (12T001, 12 tónar 2003)
 * Eivør (12T010, 12 tónar 2004)
 * Human Child (R 60117-2, RecArt Music 2007) / Mannabarn (R 60116-2, RecArt Music 2007, Faroese version of Human Child)
 * Larva (SHD 130, Tutl Records, 2010)
 * Room (SHD145, Tutl Records, 2012)
 * Bridges (SHD155, Tutl Records, 2015)
 * Slør (SHD165, Tutl Records, 2017) / * Slør (AGs1701, Tutl Records, licensed to A&G Records Ltd., English edition of Slør, 2017)
 * Segl (2020)
 * Enn (2024)

Collaboration Albums

 * Trollabundin (with Danish Radio Big Band, 2005)
 * Manstu Gamla Daga (with Iceland Symphony Orchestra, and Ragnheiður Gröndal, 2011)
 * The Color of Dark (with Ginman, 2014)
 * At The Heart of a Selkie (with Peter Jensen & The Danish Radio Big Band, and The Danish National Vocal Ensemble (SHD175, Tutl Records, 2016)

EPs

 * Clickhaze EP (HJF 91, Tutl Records, 2002)
 * Undo Your Mind EP (Copenhagen Records 2010)
 * Eivor EP (Copenhagen Records 2014)

Live Albums

 * Eivör Live(Copenhagen Records 2009)
 * London Solo Sessions (Live) EP, (Tutl Records, A&G Records Ltd., 2017 )
 * Live in Tórshavn (Norse Music, 2018)
 * Segl Live in Concert (Norse Music, 2022)

Soundtracks

 * The Last Kingdom Original Television Soundtrack (with John Lunn) (Carnival, 2018)
 * The Last Kingdom: Destiny Is All (With John Lunn and Danny Saul) (Carnival, 2023)

Singles

 * "Undo Your Mind" (2010)
 * "Dansaðu vindur" (2013)
 * "Faithful Friend" (2015)
 * "Remember Me" (2015)
 * "In My Shoes" (2017)

Guest appearances and collaborations

 * Nephew feat. Eivør – "Police Bells and Church Sirens" (2010)
 * Beginner's Guide to Scandinavia (Nascente/Demon Music Group, 2011)
 * Nik & Jay feat. Eivør – "Bølgerne ved Vesterhavet" (2012)
 * Vamp – "Liten Fuggel" (2012)
 * The Last Kingdom television soundtrack (2015) – vocals; in score by John Lunn
 * The Banner Saga 3 video game soundtrack (2018) – vocals, score by Austin Wintory
 * God of War video game soundtrack (2018) – vocals, throat and drums; score by Bear McCreary
 * Worakls feat. Eivør – "Red Dressed" (2019)
 * Lydmor feat. Eivør – "Nevada" (2021)
 * God of War Ragnarök video game soundtrack (2022) – vocals; score by Bear McCreary

Filmography

 * Eivør: True Love (2013) – Main actress
 * 111 Góðir Dagar (2021) – Supporting actress

Honours

 * 2004 Faroe Islander of the Year
 * 2006 Planet Awards – Best female singer (Faroese music awards)
 * 2009 Planet Awards – Best female singer
 * 2006 Best Danish female folk from Jylland (Årets danske Folk Vokalist)
 * 2012 Planet Awards – Best female singer / Best artist / Best album for Room
 * 2013 Nominated for the Nordic Council Music Prize
 * 2013 DJBFA (Danish Jazz, Beat and Folkmusic Authors) Award
 * 2021 The Nordic Council Music Prize

title: Eivør (singer)


text:
Talk:Alfred Gray (mathematician)

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Replaced the potentially copyrighted text (see Alfred Gray/Temp

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title: Talk:Alfred Gray (mathematician)


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Talk:William Hope (VC)

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We'll need disambiguation. Sir William Hope, 17th century author of fencing manuals, is arguably more notable. dab (ᛏ) 11:47, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation, indeed! I second that motion.
This article was linked from the Harry Price article. After reading the two articles, I concluded that this William Hope and the William Hope in the Price article are not the same person. The Hope mentioned in the Price article was exposed as a fraud by Price in the 1920s, based upon some of Hope's "spirit photography." I broke the link between the two articles. I hope I wasn't in error. If anyone happens to know that these two articles refer to one in the same man (the dates and other circumstances involved make it, to my mind, unlikely but not impossible) please restore the link in the Price article and place something in this Hope article that mentions Hope's interest in the occult. —CKA3KA (Skazka) 00:14, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:William Hope (VC)


text:
Talk:Lambertseter

Untitled
What the heck is a "halbereider" or a "halbereidercity"?? See also Manglerud. Lupo 11:48, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * see Talk:Manglerud

title: Talk:Lambertseter


text:
Talk:Manglerud

Untitled
What is a "halberdier"?? See also Lambertseter. Lupo 11:48, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A guardsman or soldier who carries a halberd. I don't think there were ever many of those in Manglerud. Egil 12:57, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manglerud


text: Category:Faroese musicians

title: Category:Faroese musicians


text:
Talk:Jolin Tsai

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): H0187160. Peer reviewers: H0187160.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:24, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Strabismus
I see there isn't a single mention of Tsai's Strabismus (斜视). Should I assume that this is another celebrity article being maintained by fans who prefer to filter out such things? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Minlunn (talk • contribs) 23:34, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Resume
It was very interesting to read about Jolin. However, this wiki article reads like a resume. Since most readers are not looking to employ Jolin -- but rather educate themselves -- maybe a more balanced approach could be taken? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.36.230.148 (talk) 19:21, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

vandalism????
my god, i posted something about the attention she got in the netherlands recently. apparently this is being considered vandalism could somebody be so kind to explain me why ????

NPOV please.
God DAMN could this whole article be LESS NPOV? And please, no-one knows any of these songs by their English pseudo-names - they're generally not even translated by HER, so unless the translations are official, please kindly shove them up your ass.--203.73.105.51 18:58, 25 September 2005 (UTC) (PS: Her English isn't half as hot as she thinks. Her book sucked shit and had WAY too many grammatical mistakes for an English major.)

Don't do it anymore
I think that everyone will agree that Jolin's English Diary Book is a good English-teaching book which can give everyone a good way of learning English, Can you tell me why do you have to keep changing the book's introduction to lots of insulted words? If you keep doing this, Jolin's fans will never forgive you. (An English Teaching book that teaches a way of learning English-keeping a diary. There are 24 example diaries which are selected in Jolin's real personal diary book.) I think the words above are a good introduction of this book. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Drickchen (talk • contribs).

 * Because your introduction is way too much of an advertisement for a start. If it's OK for you to be biased, I will be too. And no, "everyone" will not "agree that Jolin's English Diary Book is a good English-teaching book", because it's not. Jolin's book may offer a good method, but it's done horribly and shouldn't have been marketed as a reliable English-education book. Her spoken English is excellent, but her writing needs a proofreader and editor before it's anywhere near publishable. Give a copy to a native speaker - I guarantee they'll be able to flip to any page in the book and find at least two grammatical or spelling errors. And I work in the publishing industry in Taiwan, I know what's generally acceptable, and if she wasn't famous and/or blowing the publisher, it would never have gone through. Now I'm removing ALL descriptions of the content of the book, because they're irrelevant. Plus I couldn't give a fuck what Jolin's fans think of me - most of them are idiots, sex-starved hormonal teenage boys, or under-16-year-old girls. Plus she needs to stop copying Ayumi Hamasaki or pretending she's black. That video with Luo Zhixiang is embarrassing.--Spigot the Bear 09:41, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Just because you think it doesn't make it true. Her "English" books are terribly written, educationally impoverished, and in desperate need of a proofreader. And as for Jolin's fans never forgiving me, well, let's just say that's hardly a terrifying threat.--Sdtetsuo 12:33, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Jolin's English Diary is a fairly good way to learn English; however, it was not well proofread, and the abundant errors that persist on almost every page were ridiculed by the Taiwanese press. It's not important to include your opinions about how good or bad the writing is, but it could be mentioned that the book was not held in high regard by the media. Twocs 18:49, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

scandal
What sort of category is "Scandal boyfriend"? Do we expect her to have more "scandal boyfriends"? Please, Wikipedia's an encyclopedia, not a trivial celebrity site. --Yu Ninjie 11:50, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I moved the text about Jay to a picture caption. I also got rid of the text "scandal boyfriend". 好了吗? --Ce garcon 16:42, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Controversy and Criticism
God damnit. If you're going to put something up that's 3 paragraphs long, make sure not to make a mockery out of the english language, alright?

Profile
I think we should remove duplicated information and non-encyclopedic trivia like favourites. Monni 16:36, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Concurred. I don't think stuff like favorite colors and bands should be included in the article.  Particularly since there's no source cited. Bhamv 11:05, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

This reads like a press release
I'm a big fan of Jolin, but the tone of this article reads more like a press release or promotional piece than an authoritative article.

The article failed to mention her boob job, which if I remember right, was about 2002 or so and was largely responsible for this airhead's success. (oh, I said "largely"). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.136.163.211 (talk) 22:50, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

You're right. All I know about her is that she has plastic breasts - from that papparazi photo of her armpit implant scar, so I too am wondering why it doesn't metion that her celebrity is entirely due to her plastic surgery (heck we don't even have to say 'alleged' because mainstream media print this stuff about her all the time) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.47.122.188 (talk) 14:38, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 14:44, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

she is good singer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.95.46.55 (talk) 20:18, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

36 Tricks of Love
Where does the translation 'tricks of love' come from? Surely a better translation would be 36 Stratagies of love, or rather, 'Thirty-Six Stratagems of Love'. Looking at the spelling 愛情36計 I would assume it's a play on the name of the famous 36計 Thirty-Six Stratagems.Number36 (talk) 03:45, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

Does she have a personal life?
First, I know nothing about this person, whether they are simple or controversial. But in most entertainment figures biographies, there is at least a short paragraph that talks about their personal life (relationships, kids, hobbies, charities they support, hobbies, country where they live, etc.) but this entry reads more like a background sheet on record releases and tour dates.

There must be more to her life than her career. Again, I know nothing about her and I don't think Wikipedia is the place for tabloid celebrity gossip. But I read biographies to get a sense of the person, not just a list of songs they've released. After reading this, all I can tell about this woman is that she is well-known for her dancing. She must have a bio section on her personal website with some of the basic info, doesn't she? Newjerseyliz (talk) 17:03, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Lesbian-themed song banned from Singapore airwaves
Something should be in this article about "We're All Different, Yet the Same" which has a lesbian marriage theme, and was thus banned from Singapore's airwaves, both radio and television. Very wide commentary on this issue:
 * http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/jolin-tsais-same-sex-marriage-music-video-and-song-banned-on-tv-and-radio
 * http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/singapore-bans-lesbian-themed-song-gay-icon-jolin-tsai220515/
 * http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/jolin-tsai-jam-hsiao-and-more-upcoming-gigs-to-watch-out-for
 * http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/singapore-banned-lesbian-music-video-5859272
 * http://shanghaiist.com/2015/05/23/jolin-tsai-singapore-gay.php
 * http://www.tnp.sg/news/singapore-news/ban-jolin-tsais-lesbian-theme-song-does-her-more-good-harm
 * http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6576120/jolin-tsai-same-sex-marriage-video-banned-singapore
 * http://www.onews24.com/jolin-tsai/
 * http://redwiretimes.com/singapore-in-brief/mda-bans-airing-of-jolin-tsais-lesbian-song-and-dance-music-video/
 * http://newnation.sg/2015/05/jolin-tsais-lesbian-kissing-song-can-spread-homosexuality-spore-authorities-warn/
 * http://news.yahoo.com/singapore-bans-jolin-tsais-mv-064200577.html
 * www.theonlinecitizen.com/2015/05/singapore-bans-lesbian-themed-hit-were-all-different-yet-the-same/

There's enough coverage of this song to give it its own article: "We're All Different, Yet the Same". Binksternet (talk) 16:59, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

Why stage collapse incident?
Basically I don't think this matter is related to Tsai's life and career, please explain to me why you think it should be at here. Leehsiao (talk) 14:52, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

Why delete external links?
Those external links you deleted are all official Tsai's account, please explain to me why you think it should be deleted. Leehsiao (talk) 14:53, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Please explain why you would violate the guideline at WP:ELMINOFFICIAL which says to minimize official links, usually limiting them to just one. Binksternet (talk) 22:15, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Even if normally only one official link is included, the guideline says that more than one official link can be provided when the additional links provide the reader with significant unique content. Those links you deleted, including links of Instagram, Sina Weibo, and especially YouTube, all provides different contents, so basically I think those should be kept. Leehsiao (talk) 23:05, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

 * The guideline says that more than one link may be provided if the second link contains "significant unique content". I see that Jolin Tsai's Facebook page and Instagram page have the same photos. The Weibo page is not about Jolin Tsai, it's about lots of pop stars. The VEVO page is a channel of YouTube, which is unneeded when there's an official YouTube channel link. I'm not seeing anything at Warner Music Jolin Tsai – the page is not loading correctly.
 * Note that the WP:ELMINOFFICIAL guideline says "Choose the minimum number of links that provide readers with the maximum amount of information." It also says "Links that provide consistent information are strongly preferred to social networking and communication services where the content changes rapidly". Binksternet (talk) 15:30, 5 December 2015 (UTC)

 * The Weibo page is the official page of Jolin Tsai, but I don't see it's about any other pop stars as you said. The VEVO page provides her music videos that were released prior to the year of 2006, though those videos were uploaded later than 2006, they are not included in the official YouTube page, so they provide totally different contents. However, I also don't understand why you deleted the official YouTube page link. In addition, please discuss the topic "Why stage collapse incident?" above. Leehsiao (talk) 00:25, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

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"Greater China"
The introduction which says she popularised pop music in "Greater China" needs to be changed or removed.

Whilst I understand that the definition for Greater China can be kept as it is in its separate entry, putting here is not correct. Implying that Taiwan, or in fact anywhere else outside of China, is part of "Greater China", is insulting, offensive and untrue. It is better to say she popularised pop music in the Chinese Speaking World.

 * "Greater China" is a term to refer to the area includes mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, it's been widely used in commercial and cultural scopes, for example a lot of multinational companies use it to name regional headquarters or brunches in the area, there is no sufficient or reliable evidence shows specific group such as Taiwanese people find it's insulting or offensive, in fact many Taiwanese media and press use it frequently and properly. One of the core content policies of Wikipedia is neutral point of view, Wikipedia is made for everybody, not only made for you, there is no other people found it's a problem to put "Greater China" here before, please kindly keep your bias to yourself. Again, please make sure you're familiar with policies and guidelines and stop to make non-constructive edits. Leehsiao (talk) 04:35, 12 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I’m not going to touch whether or not its offensive as thats more a political question than a wikipedia one but you need to review WP:BITE and be nicer in the future. I think you also have some biases to work through here but thats a discussion for another time. Wikipedia wise we can go either way as the source uses both "Greater China" and "regional Chinese-speaking countries.” I take it you prefer one over the other? Horse Eye's Back (talk) 15:01, 12 November 2020 (UTC)
 * You are showing a lot of bias yourself in your response, so don't talk about my bias. A much more neutral term would be Chinese Speaking World, a term that is used elsewhere in the article. This term has no political inferences and is far more neutral than "Greater China", which implies that Taiwan is part of China, something the overwhelming majority of Taiwanese reject as offensive and insulting. Do you really need evidence for that because I can find it for you if you can't. I don't understand how my change to this term can be considered "disruptive". Is there a reason it must be Greater China over a more neutral term like Chinese Speaking World? Wikiuser829832 (talk) 15 December 2020

 * Please let me know what bias words did I reply to you? "Greater China" never implied Taiwan is part of China. However, Taiwan's official name is Republic of China, which ruled the whole area of China before, so there is no way to say that Taiwan has nothing to do with China. You say the term "Greater China" has incurred a majority of Taiwanese people feel offensive and insulting, please show us if you have any reliable sources or evidence. Anyway, there is more than one persons said your edits are disruptive, because we don't interpret the term "Greater China" in a bias way.Leehsiao (talk) 04:31, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jolin Tsai


text:
The Great Brain Robbery (board game)

The Great Brain Robbery is a board game designed by James Ernest and released in 2000 by Cheapass Games.

Gameplay
It is a wild west-themed sequel to Give Me the Brain, and the fourth in the Friedey's series of games. Players assume the role of zombies attempting to rob a speeding train full of brains. The game is played on a board made up of train carriages, printed on eight double-sided boards. As the players move forward through the carriages, new ones are added and old ones fall off, giving a varied and changing game board. The Great Brain Robbery was the first board game to come in a sturdy cardboard box. It includes 25 brain cards.

Reception
In 2001, The Great Brain Robbery won the Origins Award for Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Board Game 2000.

title: The Great Brain Robbery (board game)


text: Category:Faroese people

title: Category:Faroese people


text:
File:ExileElectron.png

Acorn Electron screenshot of Exile, taken with the ElectrEm emulator.

title: File:ExileElectron.png


text:
Talk:Mukhabarat

Shouldn't this article just be about the Iraqi Mukhabarat, the most common international meaning of "Mukhabarat"?--Pharos 11:54, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Rather, I think the article should include both generalities and specifics (after all "The Agency" refers not only to CIA). Also, the article should explain the root of this magnificent word -- I'm told it is derived from "the news?" -- one that is clearer and in some ways more accurate than [so called!] "intelligence."

 * To the person above- I was taught that this word is actually the original word for police, but because during more traditional times, the only police were the secret police, it has come to mean the secret police.

 * Also, to Pharos, no- the word Mukhabarat is used to rever to most countries' intelligence agencies in the Arab world, so it wouldn't make sense for this to just be about Iraq.

 * I hope someone can find more specific information as to the root of the word! --Nicole Javaly

Sudan
Sudan's intelligence agency is also called the Mukhabarat, but I can't find the full official name for it, so I haven't added it. Recury 19:29, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Stem IV/stem III
I think mukhābarāt is rather a plural form derived from stem III (verb khābara, with long first vowel, "try to give information" or "give information to each other") and not stem IV (the masdar of which would be "ikhbār" [I'm not sure it exists at all]).

title: Talk:Mukhabarat


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Talk:Fifth generation computer systems project

Disruptive technology?
Can you call Japan's fifth generation computer systems project once a promising candidate of "disruptive technology"? The fifth generation computer was not of "lower performance or less expensive". These computers were expected to be more advanced (VLSI, ULSI, artificial intelligence, expert system, ...) than other computers of its days in hardware and software. They planned to create a HAL-like computer that understands and answers your questions. In my opinion, internet was the disruptive technology. Rather than making each computer a silicon Alber Einstein, countless dumb computers are connected and each of them has a human brain or database attached to it. Your computer still knows nothing, but some people behind their equally dumb compuers may have your answer. -- Toytoy 11:54, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * My Google search:

 * "disruptive-technology" "fifth generation computer" → 81 hits
 * "disruptive-technology" "fifth generation computer" -wikipedia → 18 hits
 * "disruptive-technology" "fifth generation computer" -wikipedia -encyclopedia → 5 hits

 * The last five hits are still originated from the Wikipedia. I will remove "fifth generation computer" from the list of "disruptive-technology". -- Toytoy 12:06, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Umofomia

My main interests

 * Chinese language
 * Written Chinese
 * Spoken Cantonese
 * Spoken Mandarin
 * Linguistics
 * Computers
 * Software engineering
 * Operating systems
 * Computer architecture

Entries I've started
This list does not include redirect pages.

Main

 * Absolute construction
 * Wh-movement
 * Coverb (due to a mixup later, the article was moved to Converb which was then split and the contents cut-and-pasted back into Coverb)
 * Medial (linguistics)
 * Guangdong Romanization
 * Complementary distribution
 * Cyrillization of Chinese
 * Bead maze - I was surprised to not find an article about this toy given its prevalence, so I started an initial stub for it

Template

 * Template:ISO639-3Documentation
 * Template:Grammatical categories

File

 * File:CSAIL Logo.png

Entries I plan to contribute to

 * Spoken Chinese - add information about distinguishing characteristics of the various dialect groups
 * Identification of the varieties of Chinese - add citations
 * Cantonese (linguistics), Standard Cantonese, Written Cantonese - cleanup; add better examples and citations
 * Chinese particles - expand this topic
 * Coverb - elaborate on this topic
 * Chinese word formation - create this topic
 * Tone (Chinese linguistics) - create this topic

zh:User:Umofomia zh-yue:User:Umofomia

title: User:Umofomia


text:
The Gully (Atlantic)

The Gully is a large underwater canyon in the Atlantic Ocean near the edge of the eastern continental shelf of North America. It is located east of Nova Scotia near Sable Island.

The Gully is over 65 km long and 16 km wide and reaches depths of over 1 km. It is home to a resident population of northern bottlenose whales, purple sunstarfish and deep-sea coral. Other species of whales, dolphins, fish, squid and shrimp also live there.

In 2004, Canada designated The Gully a Marine Protected Area. Fisheries and Oceans Canada prohibit oil and gas exploration within this MPA.

title: The Gully (Atlantic)


text:
Golitsyno, Moscow Oblast

Golitsyno (Голи́цыно) is a town in Odintsovsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, located 40 km west of Moscow. Population:

History
It was founded as a settlement in 1872 and was granted town status in 2004. The city is named after House of Golitsyn.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with six rural localities, incorporated within Odintsovsky District as the Town of Golitsyno. As a municipal division, the Town of Golitsyno is incorporated within Odintsovsky Municipal District as Golitsyno Urban Settlement.

Transportation

A railway station of the same name on the Moscow–Minsk railway is located in Golitsyno.

Education
There are two schools and Viaziomy Castle.

title: Golitsyno, Moscow Oblast


text:
IQ 151

The IQ 151 was a personal computer produced by ZPA Nový Bor in the former Czechoslovakia.

It had a Tesla MHB8080A (copy of Intel 8080) CPU running at 2 MHz, 32 KB RAM (later on 64 KB), 4 KB ROM, with semigraphic text mode video output and the BASIC programming language.

The mainboard contained only CPU, supporting ICs and memory. Everything else was added by expansion modules, with five available slots.

Like mentioned above, elementary expansion modules are Basic 6, a BASIC language interpreter and Video 32, a video generator, producing 32 columns and 32 rows of text and semigraphic characters.

Advanced expansion modules include Video 64, allowing 64 x 32 character text display; Grafik, adding true 512 x 256 monochromatic graphics and Basic G, with additional graphical functions to BASIC; Pascal, and editor and compiler of the PASCAL programming language; Assembler, a low level programming language; AD/DA, a ADC / DAC converter interface; MS 151 and MINIGRAPH, a drivers for Czechoslovak plotters XY4130 and Aritma 0507; STAPPER, a driver for a punched tape unit; SESTYK, adding a serial port for networking and DISC 2, a controller for a 8" floppy drive using on an unlicensed CP/M clone. Due to an EPROM address conflict, DISC 2 couldn't be used with the Basic G or Pascal modules.

It IQ 151 was primarily used in Czech schools, while in Slovakia the PMD 85 series was used instead. This computer was produced locally due to a lack of foreign currency with which to buy systems from the West.

This computer had a persistent tendency to overheat under even a light workload and thus the common joke about it was "it's an excellent coffee mug heater." It also had a poor membrane in its keyboard, in comparison with slightly more advanced PMD 85.

After the fall of Communism in 1989, production of the IQ 151 was stopped, since it was not competitive in terms of price, quality or features compared to more modern computers.

title: IQ 151


text:
Mary Church Terrell

Mary Terrell (born Mary Church; September 23, 1863 – July 24, 1954) was an American civil rights activist, journalist, teacher and one of the first African-American women to earn a college degree. She taught in the Latin Department at the M Street School (now known as Paul Laurence Dunbar High School)—the first African American public high school in the nation—in Washington, DC. In 1895, she was the first African-American woman in the United States to be appointed to the school board of a major city, serving in the District of Columbia until 1906. Terrell was a charter member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909) and the Colored Women's League of Washington (1892). She helped found the National Association of Colored Women (1896) and served as its first national president, and she was a founding member of the National Association of College Women (1923).

Life and education
Mary Church was born in the year of 1863 in Memphis, Tennessee, to Robert Reed Church and Louisa Ayres, both freed slaves of mixed racial ancestry. Her parents were prominent members of the Black elite of Memphis after the Civil War, during the Reconstruction Era. Her father, Robert Reed Church, was a businessman who became one of the first African American millionaires in the southern states and her mother, Louisa Ayers, was a hair stylist who owned her own hair salon. Her paternal great-grandmother was of mixed descent and her paternal grandfather was Captain Charles B. Church, a Euro-American steamship owner and operator from Virginia. After working for wages as a steward on his father's ship, Robert Church continued to accumulate wealth by investing in real estate, and purchased his first property in Memphis in 1866. He made his fortune by buying property after the city was depopulated following the 1878 yellow fever epidemic. He is considered to be the first African-American millionaire in the South.

Church's mother, Louisa Ayres, is believed to be one of the first African American women to establish and maintain a hair salon, frequented by well-to-do residents of Memphis. Ayres was a successful entrepreneur at a time when most women did not own businesses. She is credited with having encouraged her daughter to attend Antioch College Model School in Yellow Springs, Ohio, for elementary and secondary education, because the Memphis schools were not adequate.

Church attended Antioch College Model School from 1871 to 1874, starting at the age of eight. In 1875, Mary’s parents moved her to Oberlin, Ohio to attend Oberlin public school from eight grade to the end of her high school education in 1879. Terrell remained in Oberlin throughout her college career, opting to take the four-year “gentleman’s course” instead of the expected two-year ladies’ course, earning her B.A. in 1884 and her M.A. in 1888.

Church's father was married three times. His first marriage, to Margaret Pico Church, began in 1857, ended in 1862, and produced one child, Laura. Robert then married Louisa Ayers in 1862. Mary Church Terrell and her brother Thomas Ayres Church (1867–1937) were both products of this marriage, which ended in divorce. Their half-siblings, Robert, Jr. (1885–1952) and Annette (1887–1975), were born to Robert Sr.'s third wife, Anna Wright.

Church majored in Classics at Oberlin College, the first college in the United States to accept African American and female students. She was one of the first African American women to graduate with a Bachelor’s degree, rather than a 2-year ladies’ degree. The freshman class nominated her as class poet, and she was elected to two of the college's literary societies. She also served as an editor of The Oberlin Review. Terrell earned her bachelor's degree in 1884. She earned her degree in classics. She wrote that some of her friends tried to dissuade her from taking this degree, which included the study of Greek, on the grounds that Greek was in their view hard and that it would be hard to find an African-American man who had studied it. She graduated alongside African-American intellectuals Anna Julia Cooper and Ida Gibbs Hunt. Together, these three Oberlin graduates grew to become lifelong colleagues and highly regarded activists in the movement towards racial and gender equality in the United States. Continuing her studies at Oberlin, Terrell earned her master's degree in Education four years later, in 1888, becoming (along with Anna Julia Cooper) one of the first two African-American women to earn an MA.

Career
Church began her career in education in 1885, teaching modern languages at Wilberforce University, a historically Black college founded collaboratively by the Methodist Church in Ohio and the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the state. After 2 years of teaching in Ohio, Church moved to Washington, D.C. to accept a position in the Latin Department at the M Street School. She took a leave of absence from teaching in 1888 to travel and study in Europe for two years, where she became fluent in French, German, and Italian. Eventually, Oberlin College offered her a registrarship position in 1891 which would make her the first African-American women to obtain such position; however, she declined. When she married Robert "Berto" Heberton Terrell in 1891, she was forced to resign from her position at the M Street School where her husband also taught. In 1895 she was appointed superintendent of the M Street High School, becoming the first woman to hold this post.

Upon returning to the United States, Church shifted her attention from teaching to social activism, focusing especially on the empowerment of African-American women. She also wrote prolifically, including an autobiography, and her writing was published in several journals. "Lynching from a Negro's Point of View," published in 1904, is included in Terrell's long list of published work where she attempts to dismantle the skewed narrative of why Black men are targeted for lynching and she presents numerous facts to support her claims.

Terrell's autobiography, A Colored Woman in a White World (1940), accounts her personal experiences with racism.

Black women's clubs and the National Association of Colored Women
In 1892, Terrell, along with Helen Appo Cook, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Anna Julie Cooper, Charlotte Forten Grimké, Mary Jane Patterson and Evelyn Shaw, formed the Colored Women's League in Washington, D.C. The goals of the service-oriented club were to promote unity, social progress, and the best interests of the African American community. Cook was elected president. The Colored Women's League aided in elevating the lives of educated African-American women. It also started a training program and kindergarten, before these were included in the Washington, DC public schools. Combined with her achievements as a principal, the success of the League's educational initiatives led to Terrell's appointment to the District of Columbia Board of Education which she held from 1895 to 1906. She was the first African-American woman to hold such a position.

Around the same time, another group of progressive African-American women were gathering in Boston, Massachusetts under the direction of suffragist and intellectual Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin under the name Federation of Afro-American Women. As both organizations had similar ambitions and audiences, they combined their efforts with hundreds of other organizations to reach a wider focus of African-American women workers, students and activists nearing the beginning of the 20th century. Out of this union formed the National Association of Colored Women, which became the first secular national organization dedicated to the livelihoods of African-American women. The NACW's motto is "Lifting as we climb" and they aimed to create solidarity among Black women while combating racial discrimination. Among other initiatives, members created day nurseries and kindergartens for Black children. Terrell was twice elected president, serving from 1896 to 1901. After declining a third re-election, she was named honorary president of the Association.

In 1910, Terrell founded the College Alumnae Club, which later became the National Association of University Women (NAUW). The League started a training program and kindergarten before being included in the Washington, DC public school system.

Fighting for Black women's suffrage
Having been an avid suffragist during her years as an Oberlin student, Terrell continued to be active in the happenings within suffragist circles in the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Through these meetings she became associated with Susan B. Anthony, an association which Terrell describes in her biography as "delightful, helpful friendship," which lasted until Anthony's death in 1906. Terrell also came to know Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1893 around the same time she met Susan B. Anthony. What grew out of Terrell's association with NAWSA was a desire to create a formal organizing group among African-American women to tackle issues of lynching, the disenfranchisement of the race, and the development of educational reform. As one of the few African-American women who was allowed to attend NAWSA's meetings, Terrell spoke directly about the injustices and issues within the African-American community.

On February 18, 1898, Terrell gave an address titled "The Progress of Colored Women" at the National American Woman Suffrage Association biennial session in Washington, D.C. This speech was a call of action for NAWSA to fight for the lives of Black women. It was also during this session that Terrell addressed the "double burden" African American women were facing. Terrell believed that, when compared to Euro-American women, African American women had to overcome not only their sex, but race as well. The speech received great reception from the Association and African-American news outlets, ultimately leading Terrell to be invited back as an unofficial African-American ambassador for the Association. Though many African-American women were concerned and involved in the fight for American women's right to vote, the NAWSA did not allow African-American women to create their own chapter within the organization. Terrell went on to give more addresses, such as "In Union There is Strength", which discussed the need for unity among African-American people, and "What it Means to be Colored in the Capital of the U.S.", in which she discussed her own personal struggles that she faced as an African American woman in Washington, D.C. Terrell also addressed the Seneca Falls Historical Society in 1908 and praised the work of woman suffragists who were fighting for all races and genders alongside their primary causes.

In A Colored Woman In A White World, Terrell recalls how she was able to navigate her college years at the predominantly White-attended Oberlin with a sense of ease due to her racial ambiguity. She never passed as White at Oberlin, which was founded by abolitionists and accepted both Euro-American and African-American students even before the Civil War. In fact, her gender made her stand out more in her predominantly male classes. In subsequent years, it can be noted that she understood her mobility as a Euro-American-passing African-American woman as necessary to creating greater links between African-Americans and Euro-American Americans, thus leading her to become an active voice in NAWSA.

In 1913, Alice Paul organized a NAWSA suffrage rally where she initially planned to exclude Black suffragists and later relegated them to the back of the parade in order to curry favor with Southern Euro-American women. However, Terrell and Ida B. Wells fought to integrate the march. Terrell marched with the delegation from new York City, while the Delta Sigma Theta sorority women of Howard University, whom Terrell mentored, marched with the other college women.

Active in the Republican Party, she was appointed director of Work among African-American Women of the East by the Republican National Committee for Warren G. Harding's 1920 presidential campaign during the first election in which American women won the right to vote. The Southern states from 1890 to 1908 passed voter registration and election laws that disenfranchised African-Americans of their right to vote. These restrictions were not fully overturned until after Congressional passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Integration
Historians have generally emphasized Terrell's role as a community leader and civil rights and women's rights activist during the Progressive Era. She learned about women's rights while at Oberlin, where she became familiar with Susan B. Anthony's activism.

She also had a prolific career as a journalist (she identified as a writer). In the 1880s and 1890s she sometimes used the pen name Euphemia Kirk to publish in both the black and White press promoting the African American Women's Club Movement. She wrote for a variety of newspapers "published either by or in the interest of colored people," such as the A.M.E. Church Review of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Southern Workman of Hampton, Virginia; the Indianapolis Freeman; the Afro-American of Baltimore; the Washington Tribune; the Chicago Defender; the New York Age; the Voice of the Negro; the Women's World; the North American Review and the Norfolk Journal and Guide. She also contributed to the Washington Evening Star and the Washington Post.

Terrell aligned the African-American Women's Club Movement with the broader struggle of black women and black people for equality. In 1892, she was elected as the first woman president of the prominent Washington DC black debate organization Bethel Literary and Historical Society

Through family connections and social networking, Terrell met many influential African-American activists of her day, including Booker T. Washington, director of the influential Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. At the age of 17, when she was enrolled at Oberlin, her father introduced her to activist Frederick Douglass at President James Garfield's inaugural gala. She became especially close with Douglass and worked with him on several civil rights campaigns. One of these campaigns includes a petition both Terrell and Douglass signed, in 1893, in hopes of a hearing of statement regarding lawless cases where black individuals in certain states were not receiving due process of law. Shortly after her marriage to Robert Terrell, she considered retiring from activism to focus on family life. Douglass, making the case that her talent was too immense to go unused, persuaded her to stay in public life.

In 1904, Terrell was invited to speak at the International Congress of Women, held in Berlin, Germany. She was the only black woman at the conference. She received an enthusiastic ovation when she honored the host nation by delivering her address in German. She delivered the speech in French, and concluded with the English version.

In 1909, Terrell was one of two African-American women (journalist Ida B. Wells-Barnett was the other) invited to sign the "Call" and to attend the first organizational meeting of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), becoming a founding member. In 1913–14, she helped organize the Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She helped write its oath and became an honorary member.

In World War I, Terrell was involved with the War Camp Community Service, which supported recreation for servicemen. Later it aided in issues related to the demobilization of black servicemen. Terrell was a delegate to the International Peace Conference after the end of the war. While in England, she stayed with H. G. Wells and his wife at their invitation.

Terrell worked actively in the women's suffrage movement, which pushed for enactment of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Though Terrell died in 1954, her legacy and early fight for black women to vote continues to be cited. As the war was winding down, Terrell and her daughter Phyllis joined Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, of the National Women's Party, to picket the White House for women's suffrage.

Terrell was instrumental in integrating the American Association of University Women. From 1905 to 1910, she had actually been a member of that organization's Washington, D.C. chapter as an Oberlin graduate. However, she let her membership lapse due to growing involvement in other civic commitments. By the time she sought reinstatement in 1946, the chapter had become all-White and refused her application. Terrell appealed the matter to the national office which affirmed her eligibility, but the D.C. chapter changed its rules to make membership contingent on approval from its board of directors. After the chapter refused to amend its bylaws, the AAUW's national office filed a lawsuit in federal district court on Terrell's behalf, but lost the case. This led to the overwhelming passage at the organization's 1949 convention of an anti-discrimination requirement. Incidentally, a number of the Washington, D.C. chapter's White members subsequently resigned in protest and formed their own organization, the University Women's Club of Washington. In 1948 Terrell won the anti-discrimination lawsuit (against the AAUW) and regained her membership, becoming the first black member after the exclusion of people of color within the DC chapter.

In 1950, Terrell started what would be a successful fight to integrate eating places in the District of Columbia. In the 1890s the District of Columbia had formalized segregation, as did states in the South. Before then, local integration laws dating to the 1870s had required all eating-place proprietors "to serve any respectable, well-behaved person regardless of color, or face a $1,000 fine and forfeiture of their license." In 1949, Terrell and colleagues Clark F. King, Essie Thompson, and Arthur F. Elmer entered the segregated Thompson Restaurant. When refused service, they promptly filed a lawsuit. Attorney Ringgold Hart, representing Thompson, argued on April 1, 1950, that the District laws were unconstitutional, and later won the case against restaurant segregation. In the three years pending a decision in District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co., Terrell targeted other restaurants. Her tactics included boycotts, picketing, and sit-ins. Finally, on June 8, 1953, the court ruled that segregated eating places in Washington, DC, were unconstitutional. Terrell was a leader and spokesperson for the Coordinating Committee for the Enforcement of the District of Columbia Anti-Discrimmination Laws which gave her the platform to lead this case successfully.

After the age of 80, Terrell continued to participate in picket lines, protesting the segregation of restaurants and theaters. During her senior years, she also succeeded in persuading the local chapter of the American Association of University Women to admit black members.

She lived to see the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, holding unconstitutional the racial segregation of public schools. Terrell died two months later at the age of 90, on July 24, 1954, in Anne Arundel General Hospital in Highland Beach, Maryland. It was the week before the NACW was to hold its annual meeting in Annapolis, Maryland near her home in Highland Beech.

Legacy and honors

 * 1933 – At Oberlin College's centennial celebration, Terrell was recognized among the college's "Top 100 Outstanding Alumni".
 * 1948 – Oberlin awarded Terrell the honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters.
 * 1954 – First Lady Mamie Eisenhower paid tribute to Terrell's memory in a letter read to the NACW convention on August 1, writing: "For more than 60 years, her great gifts were dedicated to the betterment of humanity, and she left a truly inspiring record."
 * 1975 – The Mary Church Terrell house in the LeDroit Park neighborhood of Washington was named a National Historic Landmark.
 * Mary Church Terrell Elementary School at 3301 Wheeler Road, SE in Washington, DC was named in her honor, closed in 2013.
 * 2002 – Scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Mary Church Terrell on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.
 * 2009 – Terrell was among 12 pioneers of civil rights commemorated in a United States Postal Service postage stamp series.
 * A school in Gert Town, New Orleans was named Mary Church Terrell Elementary School. It was severely damaged in Hurricane Katrina, closed in 2008, and demolished in 2012.
 * 2018 – Oberlin College named its main library the Mary Church Terrell Main Library.
 * 2020 – Terrell was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Marriage and children
On October 18, 1891, in Memphis, Church married Robert Heberton Terrell, a lawyer who became the first black municipal court judge in Washington, DC. The couple first met in Washington, DC, when Robert visited the home of Dr. John Francis, where Mary was living. Soon after meeting, Francis offered Mary the opportunity to teach at the M Street High School, in the Greek and Latin Department, which Robert was the head of.

Prior to being engaged in a committed relationship, both Mary and Robert showed interest in pursuing others as romantic partners. Documentation from Mary's diary and letters that she wrote in both French and German in order to practice her language proficiency contain proof of correspondence with other men besides Robert. In Robert's courting letters to Mary, he mentions other women as well, though it is undetermined whether he mentioned them to make Mary jealous or for other reasons.

However, once Mary returned from her travel in Europe, she returned to her work at the M Street High School where she rekindled her romance with Robert. While she had been away, Robert became a lawyer, though it is speculated that he regretted leaving his teacher job but he wanted to have an income in which he could afford to propose to Mary and support their life together.

As a couple, Mary and Robert ran in many academic circles; Robert was a leader in the Washington D.C NAACP Chapter, and a part of the Music, Social, and Literary Club.

Terrell experienced a late-term miscarriage, still-birth, and had one baby who died just after birth before their daughter Phyllis Terrell was born in 1898. She was named after Phillis Wheatley. The Terrells later adopted her niece, Mary.

Mary's miscarriage had lasting effects on her marriage to Robert; she suffered long-term health complications which sent her into a deep depression. Prior to her miscarriage, she had learned of her friend Thomas' lynching, and not long after learning of his death and losing her child, she began to suffer physically and mentally. Eventually, Terrell began to focus on anti-lynching activism and spoke publicly about black women's health, utilizing her past trauma and experiences to inform her message.

Works

 * "Duty of the National Association of Colored Women to the Race", A. M. E. Church Review (January 1900), 340–354.
 * "Club Work of Colored Women", Southern Workman, August 8, 1901, 435–438.
 * "Society Among the Colored People of Washington", Voice of the Negro (April 1904), 150–156.
 * "The Washington Conservatory of Music for Colored People", Voice of the Negro (November 1904), 525–530.
 * "Purity and the Negro", Light (June 1905), 19–25.
 * "Paul Laurence Dunbar", Voice of the Negro (April 1906), 271–277.
 * "Susan B. Anthony, the Abolitionist", Voice of the Negro (June 1906), 411–416.
 * "A Plea for the White South by a Colored Woman", Nineteenth Century (July 1906), 70–84.
 * "What It Means to Be Colored in the Capital of the United States", Independent, October 10, 1906, 181–186.
 * "An Interview with W. T. Stead on the Race Problem", Voice of the Negro (July 1907), 327–330
 * "Peonage in the United States: The Convict Lease System and the Chain Gangs", Nineteenth Century 62 (August 1907), 306–322.
 * (see Phyllis Wheatley.)
 * A Colored Woman in a White World (1940), autobiography.
 * "I Remember Frederick Douglass", Ebony (1953), 73–80.
 * "I Remember Frederick Douglass", Ebony (1953), 73–80.

title: Mary Church Terrell


text:
Talk:Mary Church Terrell

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 January 2021 and 7 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Makah Charles.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 August 2019 and 6 December 2019.

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Untitled
Some of the text of article was obtained from public domain site. Darwin 12:02, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

duplicative material
some of the material in this article seems to duplicate other material. This needs to be fixed and organized into chronological order. Thanks Hmains 00:33, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Upcoming Changes
Hey guys! I will be making some edits to the layout of this page, including swapping some sections around and changing subheading names. I also will correct some grammatical mistakes and add in new information. If any of this new information does not seem to fit into the dynamics of the page feel free to comment back to me. I am excited that I will be able to further develop this page to hopefully one day be a A-Class rated article! Alisophia123 (talk) 18:34, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

Hi all! I will be making some edits on the page soon -- I'm planning on adding a header on Terrell's internationalism, which would trace her international involvement from her European tour in 1888 to the 1904 Berlin conference of the International Council of Women and other trips she took in Europe in the 1920s. I am thinking this could go under the Activism section, perhaps at the end? Looking forward to working alongside everyone on this! Historiananonymous (talk) 19:55, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Gender and Sexuality Studies 101
— Assignment last updated by Lem0n Shark21 (talk) 14:55, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

National Memorial
She spoke in 1928? for a National Memorial honoring the contributions of African Americans, including as soldiers, in the U.S. Her testimony is online in the congressional record. I didn't see this noted here. FloridaArmy (talk) 13:36, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Black Women in the U.S. 1880-Present
— Assignment last updated by Chriscsims (talk) 02:48, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mary Church Terrell


text:
Constantine Mourouzis

Constantine Demetrius Mourouzis (Κωνσταντίνος Δημήτριος Μουρούζης, Constantin Dimitrie Moruzi), (1730 – 1 May 1787) was a Phanariote Prince of Moldavia, and member of the Mourousis family. A remarkable polyglot, he spoke five languages: Greek, Latin, French, Arabic and Turkish.

In 1761, he became Grand Postelnic (foreign minister) in Moldavia, and soon after Dragoman of the Fleet (deputy minister) of the Ottoman Admiralty, and eventually Grand Dragoman. There are indications that he was politically involved in the dismissal and assassination of his predecessor, Grigore III Ghica, by the Porte. Trusted by the Porte, he obtained the throne of Moldavia on October 12, 1770.

Mourouzis spent much of his time in Iaşi, supervising the gathering of agricultural resources demanded by the Porte, but also fought extravagant luxury and surrounded himself with scholars, paying particular attention to schools and founding scholarships. He was deposed on June 7, 1782, and exiled to the island of Tenedos. He returned in 1783, but died soon after.

title: Constantine Mourouzis


text:
Talk:Safed

Tsfat vs. Safed
Can anyone think of a good reason for the article to be titled "Safed"? Everyone in Tsfat spelles it either Tsfat or Tzfat; Safed is the Arab name and hasn't been in use for decades. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yclorfene (talk • contribs) 21:13, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

The article name has to be changed in acordance to official Israeli name of this city to Tzfat. If there is no objection we can change the name of this article immediately.--Tritomex (talk) 11:08, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia guidelines object, see Naming conventions (geographic names). For the same reason, we use Rome even though most people who live there call it Roma.  Zerotalk 11:53, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Exactly because of Wikipedia guidelines I believe that the name of this article have to be changed. Safed is not "a widely accepted English name" nor it is the official name of Tzfat. Similarly like in the case of Beit She'an, the official Hebrew name of this Israeli town has to be the name of this article. I do not see any sources suggesting that the Arabic name of this town represents "a widely accepted English name"--Tritomex (talk) 02:19, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Safed is overwhelmingly the common English name, and the more scholarly the source the more overwhelming it is. You can easily check this for yourself. The Arabic name is Safad, not Safed, but even that is much more common in English than Tsfat/Tzfat/Tsefat/Zefat.  Seems to be about 50 to 1 overall. Zerotalk 02:48, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
 * If names like Bombay and Burma can be "decolonised" then so can "Safed". Tsfat is not a widely known town and therefore not in common parlance like Rome or Cologne. 2.27.91.224 (talk) 18:04, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

"Late Middle Ages" in the Levant means exactly... what?
"The city appears in Jewish sources in the late Middle Ages." It's mentioned as based on Vilnai book. What period is it referring to? The book is not accessible online, at least not in English, so pls. show quotation! The term Middle Ages has been coined for European circumstances and is NOT commonly used in the Levant, where it doesn't actually fit. At most it's used for the period of European rule, i.e. the Crusader period, so "late Middle Ages" is meaningless. Arminden (talk) 05:38, 25 January 2018 (UTC)

Translit.
Shouldnn't the ISO transliteration be with a dotted S instead of an S with cedilla?

Wathiik (talk) 13:22, 13 July 2019 (UTC)

Plunder of Safed Jews in 1628, return in 1633
Louis Finkelstein in The Jews: Their History, Culture, and Religion (very broad coverage) mentioned that in 1628 Safed's Jews were plundered by Mulhim, who the author erroneously refers to as Fakhr al-Din's brother. He only had one brother, Yunus. The latter had a son named Mulhim who became the head of the Ma'ns in southern Mount Lebanon after Fakhr al-Din's capture and Yunus's execution in 1633, as well as the concomitant capture/killing/execution of all of Fakhr al-Din's sons. I could not find anywhere else that such an event took place. Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn's Provincial Leaderships and his other works, exhaustingly detail the numerous raids, skirmishes, battles, conflicts, micro and macro, of the region in Fakhr al-Din's time, but does not mention anything even remotely alluding to this incident. It is dubious because Safed was under Fakhr al-Din's control at the time, he was not known to plunder his own territories, his loyal brother Yunus was no rogue, and the latter's son Mulhim does not appear to have played any active role until both his father and uncle were eliminated in 1633–35. Is there any other source, primary or otherwise, that mentions this incident? It may be incorrectly conflated with the attacks on Safed and its Jewish inhabitants during the internal Druze struggles in later decades. Al Ameer (talk) 19:17, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

Kam al-Maz quote
I have removed this sentence from the article: The Arab Liberation Army had plans to take over the whole city on May 10 and to slaughter all as cabled by the Syrian commander al-Hassan Kam al-Maz It is sourced to Benny Morris, who sources:

Without the original Arabic the word “slaughter” is hard to decipher, as the translator (or Al Maz himself) could have been using the figurative sense of "to defeat an opponent thoroughly or completely"

And it certainly does not say "slaughter them all". Onceinawhile (talk) 19:27, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed. It is good general idea to go back to the earliest reliable source that reports something, which in this case is the book of Abbasi. When a military commander promises to "slaughter" his opponents, he is promising to thoroughly defeat them and any stronger imputation needs evidence. Zerotalk 02:07, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Exceptional claim, in short. I can recall several documents discussing the disparity between Israeli orders, which lend themselves to an interpretation that comprehensive killings were not ruled out, and the lack of any evidence of such orders in Arab communications. Indeed we have documents in the chain of command, certainly from Pasha Glubb's forces, that the Geneva conventions were to be strictly adhered to. I can't for the moment pin down where I read them though.Nishidani (talk) 09:05, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

Demographics change in 1948 (in Intro)
I fixed serious false claims in intro of evacuation of the population of Safed by British soldiers, in this sentence: "During the 1948 war, Arab factions attacked and besieged Jewish quarter which held out until Jewish paramilitary forces captured the city after heavy fighting, precipitating British forces to temporarily evacuate all of Safed's Palestinian Arabs. The evacuated population was not allowed to return after the war, such that today the city has an almost exclusively Jewish population."

Sources in this article and additional historical sources do not state that British soldiers evacuated the Palestinian-Arab population causing the demographic change of Safed in 1948. The only accounts of "British evacuation" in Safad refers to the evacuation of British SOLDIERS from Safad, not them evacuating the population. In that case, I believe that whoever had written it initially in the page, had misunderstood the context of British evacuation from the Galilee and thus misrepresented the events mentioned in the introduction. All sources (both already cited and others which I use below) show that the population fled/was expelled as a result of attacks by Jewish forces during Operation Yiftach.

I have found 4 key sources regarding this matter (which I will link at the end) which document and analyze the events in detail from different perspectives (both Israeli and Arab/Palestinian military/civil documents/accounts are represented by the works), as well as military documents etc. All point to the same conclusion.

 On the evacuation of British troops:

"Stage one began immediately after the British withdrawal on 16 April." -- Page 40 (or pg. 20 on JSTOR) Abbasi's The Battle for Safad in the War of 1948

"On the eve of the British withdrawal from Safed on 15 April, the Palmach had infiltrated a platoon of troops to strengthen the depleted Haganah garrison." -- Page 32 of Chaim Herzog's "The Arab-Israeli wars"

 On the Ein Zeitun massacre + the subsequent expulsion and fleeing of Safed's Arab-Palestinian population:

"This [second] stage began immediately after the conquest of the Ein Zeitun village on 1 May. The capture of this village-so close to Safad and linked to it by ties of family and trade-the destruction of the houses in full daylight, and the massacre of the captives while the soldiers of the Arab Rescue Forces in the city stood by without intervening broke the spirit of the Safad Arabs... [Kelman] intended that "the Arab residents of Safad who lived on the opposite slopes could see what was in store for them."' -- Page 40 (or pg. 20 on JSTOR) Abbasi's The Battle for Safad in the War of 1948

"At this [third] stage, the Palmach commanding officers took overt steps to expel the Arab residents, especially by firing mortar bombs in the direction of the Arab neighborhoods" -- Page 41 (or pg. 21 on JSTOR) Abbasi's The Battle for Safad in the War of 1948

"Under Colonel 'Mula' Cohen, who had successfully commanded the Brigade in the battle for Safed and the fighting in Galilee, the 'Yiftach' attack commenced from the south at nightfall on 9 July, and cleared several Arab villages in the area." -- Page 80 of Chaim Herzog's "The Arab-Israeli wars"

"In after the fighting ended and during the combing sweep of the city, it was found that 137 ill and elderly residents remained in their homes. It was then decided to expel them, as well. The Muslims were exiled to Lebanon, and the Christians were transferred to a convent in Haifa." -- Page 41 (or pg. 21 on JSTOR) Abbasi's The Battle for Safad in the War of 1948

"The commander of the Third Battalion says that thousands of Safad residents wandered around and hid in the wadis surrounding Safad. To eliminate any possibility of their return, piper planes were given orders to drop bombs in the surrounding area to induce them to run away." -- Page 41 (or pg. 21 on JSTOR) Abbasi's The Battle for Safad in the War of 1948

"Another point relating to the Arab Rescue Forces was their vehement call to the residents to stay in their city, which counters the claim that the residents were called on to leave." -- Page 41 (or pg. 21 on JSTOR) Abbasi's The Battle for Safad in the War of 1948

"And with regard to the final question, the battle for Safad shows the maximum advantage taken by the Palmach forces of their superiority and their victory vis-a-vis the helplessness of the Palestinians. The expulsion of the Arab residents of the city and nearby villages was done in the cruelest manner, and the slaughter and destruction in Ein Zeitun leaves no doubt as to the policy that was conducted by these forces." -- Page 43 (or pg. 23 on JSTOR) Abbasi's The Battle for Safad in the War of 1948

See "Table 2. Cause of Exodus from Palestinian Localities: Comparison between Israeli Documented History and Palestinian Oral History -- Raw Findings" on page 283 (or page 13 on JSTOR) of Rafi Nets-Zehngut's journal article. Israeli documented history, per the source, states that the Palestinian population of Safed was driven out by expulsion, military attack, prior fear (Ein Zeitun massacre) AND evacuation orders (FM / E / A), while Palestinian accounts attribute the expulsion to only military attacks (M).

The demographics change is sources from Table 3 in Charles S. Kamen's "After the Catastrophe I: The Arabs in Israel, 1948-51" as well as many others.

SOURCES:

Abbasi, Mustafa (2004). "The Battle for Safad in the War of 1948: A Revised Study". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 36 (1): 21–47. ISSN 0020-7438.

Hertsog, Ḥayim (1982). The Arab-Israeli wars: war and peace in the Middle East. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 30–40. ISBN 978-0-85368-367-4. -- Name is Chaim Herzog (anglicized)

Nets-Zehngut, Rafi (2011). "Palestinian Autobiographical Memory Regarding the 1948 Palestinian Exodus". Political Psychology. 32 (2): 271–295. ISSN 0162-895X

Kamen, Charles S. (1987). "After the Catastrophe I: The Arabs in Israel, 1948-51". Middle Eastern Studies. 23 (4): 453–495. ISSN 0026-3206 Kollok790 (talk) 00:55, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Safed


text:
Candy Candy

Candy Candy (キャンディ・キャンディ) is a Japanese series created by Japanese writer Keiko Nagita under the pen name Kyoko Mizuki. The main character, Candice "Candy" White Ardley, is a blonde girl with freckles, large emerald green eyes and long hair, worn in pigtails with bows. Candy Candy first appeared as a manga in April 1975, written by Mizuki and illustrated by manga artist Yumiko Igarashi, a collaboration which was put together by the Japanese magazine Nakayoshi who were interested in recreating a "masterpiece" manga in the same vein as Heidi, Anne of Green Gables and other famous classic titles of literature read predominantly by young girls. The manga series ran for four years, and won the 1st Kodansha Manga Award for shōjo in 1977. The story was adapted into an anime series by Toei Animation. There are also three animated short films.

Plot
The Candy Candy manga provides a story for the shōjo demographic of young girls in early adolescence. Candy is an abandoned orphan taken in by Pony's Home, an orphanage near Lake Michigan around the start of the 20th century. She spends the first years of her life at the orphanage, to where she would often return to repose and to decide the next course in her life. When Candy was 6 years old, Annie, her best friend at the orphanage, is adopted. Without her friend, Candy runs to Pony's Hill while crying. There she briefly meets a mysterious boy dressed in a Scottish kilt and carrying a bagpipe, who tells her she is more beautiful when she laughs. Candy retains fond memories of that boy. She remembers him as the "Prince on the Hill". After he disappears, Candy finds a badge left behind by the "Prince"; this becomes her happiness talisman later in life.

When she turns 12, Candy is taken in by the Leagan family as a companion for their daughter Eliza. The Leagans treat her poorly and eventually make Candy a servant girl. Whilst there, Candy also meets three boys; Anthony Brown, who looks exactly like the "Prince on the Hill", and the Cornwell brothers, the inventive Alistair and the flamboyant Archibald (Stair and Archie). They all become smitten with Candy and become friends. Candy has special feelings for Anthony, and he is her "first, innocent love". This does not go unnoticed by Eliza, who is also interested in Anthony, and she wants desperately to send Candy away. Both her and her brother Neal bully Candy at every opportunity. On one such an occasion, the two siblings plot against Candy, and she ends up being accused of stealing, causing her to run away. She wants to return to Pony's Home, but falls asleep inside a small boat and is in danger of falling off a waterfall. A mysterious bearded man who lives in a hut with animals saves her, introducing himself as Albert. Candy feels how kind this man is and he leaves a deep impression on her. Candy returns to the Leagans, and as a punishment for "stealing" she is sent away to work on their family farm in Mexico. Through the efforts of her friends, who write a letter to their rich Great Uncle William Ardlay, the head of the Ardlay clan, Candy is rescued when Great Uncle William adopts her. His true identity remains a mystery until the end of the story.

During Candy's adoption party, Anthony dies in a hunting accident when he was thrown off his horse. Candy is completely distraught and decides she wants to return to Pony's Home. Georges, the personal assistant to Great Uncle William, appears one day and asks Candy to come with him. Great Uncle William will be sending her, along with Archie, Stair and the Leagan siblings, to London to study at the prestigious St. Paul's College. It is here she meets and falls desperately in love with Terrence (Terrius/Terry) Granchester, the illegitimate child of a British Duke and an American Broadway actress, Eleanor Baker. Candy sees him for the first time, crying, on New Year's Eve whilst both are aboard the boat to London. Terry is Candy's "second and passionate love that has to be broken even if feelings still exist". Circumstances divide the pair when Eliza Leagan schemes to have Candy expelled from St. Paul's by manipulating them into a scandal.

After the scandal, Terry leaves St. Paul's to protect Candy's reputation and pursue his aspiration to become a Shakespearean actor. When Candy finds out, she also decides to leave the school in order to find her own path in life. She is hopeful she will meet Terry again as both embark on their individual life journeys in the United States. Candy is training to become a nurse in Chicago around the time of World War I, and Terry is pursuing a career as a rising star actor in New York. Meanwhile, they find each other again and resume their relationship, albeit a long-distance one through letters. At the same time, an actress and colleague in his theatre troupe, Susanna, is attracted to Terry. She confesses her love to him one evening at the theatre, but Terry tells her that his heart belongs to Candy. During a rehearsal, a stage light comes loose and before it falls on Terry, Susanna pushes him aside, but in the process she gets injured and eventually loses her leg. Susanna's mother blackmails Terry to marry Susanna, as he is the reason that her daughter's career is over. Susanna's behaviour becomes erratic, and she attempts to commit suicide, feeling that as long as she is alive she will be a burden for both Candy and Terry. Candy winds up saving her from falling from the hospital roof, but Terry, feeling responsible, is torn between his love for Candy and his duty to stay by Susanna's side. Candy, upon seeing the desperate turmoil on Terry's face, decides to sacrifice her own happiness, and leaves Terry behind with Susanna. She returns to Chicago to continue her life.

Before Candy and Terry broke up, Candy had become the nurse and caretaker of Albert, who by chance was brought to Chicago hospital suffering amnesia after a WWI bomb explosion on a train in Italy. After a while as a hospital patient, Candy decides to take Albert into her apartment in Magnolia House, to care for him and help him regain his memory. Albert is the one who comforts Candy when she returns severely depressed after her break up with Terry. Albert ultimately regains his memory, and briefly disappears, leading Candy once more to a broken Terry, who is acting at a travelling theatre stage in Rockstown. She returns home when she sees Terry regaining his old spark, having seen her in the audience. Once back at Pony's Home, Neal Leagan, who has fallen in love with her, tries to force Candy to accept an engagement. Albert reappears and finally reveals his true identity to Candy; he is Great Uncle William. He stops the engagement with Neil, and at the end of the manga, in a very tender scene, Albert also reveals to Candy that he was the seventeen year old boy at the Hill that day she was crying; her "Prince on the hill". Candy runs with tears into his open arms.

Anime adaptation
The anime is significantly different in many parts of the story. This is because it was produced by Toei Animation, who had bought the rights for the story from the manga publishers. There were some plot and character differences between the manga and the anime: Candy's age was different for several events when she grew up at Pony's Home. In the manga, she was six or seven years old when she met her Prince of the Hill, but was ten in the anime. Her sidekick pet raccoon Kurin/Clint belonged solely to the anime version. The anime achieved worldwide success. What remained as a lasting memory within the fandom was the "open" ending of the anime, in terms of the romantic side of the story. Keiko Nagita had no involvement with the Japanese anime apart from writing the lyrics to the opening and closing credits songs.

In Italy, the anime's ending was changed, albeit without the involvement of Keiko Nagita or Toei Animation. In the Italian version, Candy and Terry meet again at a train station, deciding to stay together. This ending is strictly only shown in the Italian version of the anime and nowhere else.

Other
The story of Candy Candy was also published in the form of novels, several times. Each time, the text and the look of the book was slightly changed. The first and second editions of the book contained drawings from Igarashi, whilst the editions released after 2000 did not contain drawings due to problems between the two creators.

In 2010, the novel Candy Candy The Final Story was re-written one last time by Keiko Nagita (the real name of Kyoko Mizuki). In this significantly revised novel edition, Suzanna dies and Candy finds out whilst reading her obituary in a newspaper. After that, a short letter from Terry addressed to Candy arrives, where he lets her know that his love for her still remains. During his stage career, Terry is known as Terence Graham. He no longer is using his father's surname "Granchester" as he had renounced it upon his departure from the UK several years ago. The letter itself has been the source of endless debates between fans of Terry and fans of Albert. The novel ends with Candy in her mid-30s living near Avon river in England, with the man she loves the most as World War II is approaching. The identity of this man is never revealed in the text. Keiko Nagita leaves it up to the reader interpretation to decide who that man is. In addition, there is no indication whether Candy is married or not, whether she has continued her career, or if she has children of her own. All the reader knows is that she is happy to be with the man she loves the most.

Novel
Kyoko Mizuki's (the pen name of Keiko Nagita) Candy Candy novel, consisting of three volumes, has piqued the interest of Candy Candy fans outside Japan for some years. This novel was only available in Japan and published in Japanese. The third volume covers the period after the events chronicled in the manga and anime. The novels have been translated in their entirety by Western fans but the translations confirmed that, true to her artistic form, Kyoko Mizuki did not provide concrete closure to the story. Yet, in the last letter that closed out the novel, Candy was still an optimistic, life-loving and cheerful heroine.

In 2010, Kyoko Mizuki, under her real name Keiko Nagita, rewrote from the start and published the "Candy Candy Final Story" (CCFS). CCFS was published in two volumes and not three volumes as the earlier novels. She announced that this was her final effort to tell the story as she always intended from the beginning, without the influence of the manga illustrator or the manga production team. In broad lines most of the plot of the story remains the same as with the previous novel editions, with many minor details having been changed. The most significant change is Susanna's death and Terry's letter which comes right after the death of the actress in the book. The style of the writing also is more mature and sophisticated. Keiko Nagita herself has said this novel edition is for Candy's fans who are now adults. Furthermore, she specifies that she wants her readers to imagine the characters' appearances based on the manga illustrations of Yumiko Igarashi as there are almost no such descriptions found in her own novel. The novel’s body ends with a letter from Terry to Candy. Terrence is the only one in the story that Candy states to be in love with. In that letter Terry makes know Candy that nothing within him has changed.

The final section of the novel or "Epilogue" is where a series of letters are exchanged between Candy and Albert. They describe the aftermath from the revelations about Albert being the Great Uncle William and the Prince of the Hill. Albert's past is also explored, as a young boy in the Ardlay clan and how he became the mysterious Great Uncle William. Candy includes a recollection of her (unsent) letter to Anthony where she reflects upon her life thus far. Keiko Nagita also added a final scene where Candy, in her thirties and living near Avon river, greets her beloved as he enters their home. The man's name is never revealed, but Nagita said that she was satisfied knowing that Candy now lived a happy life with that mystery man. Most of the readers think that the mystery man is Terrence. Even though, the discussion between the fandoms (Albert and Terry) is still open on social media.

In 2015, the Italian publisher Kappalab obtained the copyright to publish CCFS in its entirety in Italian. The first volume was published in early 2015. The second volume was released in summer 2015. Later, the book was published in Spanish under Arechi publishing.

Manga
Announcement of the Candy Candy manga appeared in the March 1975 issue of Nakayoshi. The first chapter was published in April 1975, and continued until the last chapter in March 1979. However, the story did not appear in the November 1975, December 1976, January 1978 and June 1978 issues. The manga was published in 9 volumes.

Volumes

 * 1 (2 October 1975)
 * 2 (8 March 1976)
 * 3 (8 August 1976)
 * 4 (8 December 1976)
 * 5 (18 March 1977)
 * 6 (18 September 1977)
 * 7 (18 April 1978)
 * 8 (18 November 1978)
 * 9 (19 March 1979)

Anime
After the manga had become popular among Japanese girls, an anime series was produced for NET (now known as TV Asahi) that was originally aired on Fridays from October 1, 1976 to February 2, 1979. The anime has 115 episodes which run for 25 minutes each, and it had a wide popularity in Europe, Asia and Latin America.

There are three animated short films: Candy Candy: The Call of Spring/The May Festival (1978), Candy Candy's Summer Vacation (1978) and Candy Candy the Movie (1992).

Cast

 * Minori Matsushima as Candice "Candy" White Ardlay
 * Makio Inoue as William Albert Ardlay
 * Kei Tomiyama as Terrence "Terrius/Terry" Graham Granchester
 * Kazuhiko Inoue as Anthony Brown
 * Ryo Horikawa as Anthony Brown (1992 film)
 * Kaneta Kimotsuki as Alistair "Stear" Cornwell
 * Yūji Mitsuya as Archibald "Archie" Cornwell
 * Mami Koyama as Annie Brighton
 * Yumi Touma as Annie Brighton (1992 film)
 * Chiyoko Kawashima as Patricia "Patty" O'Brien
 * Yumi Nakatani as Eliza Leagan
 * Eiko Hisamura as Eliza Leagan (1992 film)
 * Kiyoshi Komiyama as Neil Leagan
 * Ryuusei Nakao as Neil Leagan (1992 film)
 * Taeko Nakanishi as Sister Pony, Grandaunt Elory and Narrator
 * Nana Yamaguchi as Sister Lane, Mrs. Leagan and Sister Gray
 * Miyoko Aso as Mary Jane Headmistress
 * Sachiko Chijimatsu as Jimmy
 * Eken Mine as Garcia
 * Koko Kagawa as Susanna Marlowe

Film
In 1981, a Korean drama/family live action film based on the series was produced by Chu-ji Choi, directed by In-hyeon Choi, and written by Man Izawa. Shin-hie Choi starred, alongside Do-hie Kim, Hyo-jeong Eom, Bo-geun Song and Eun-suk Yu. Due to licensing issue, the film only made it on domestic release.

TV series
An Indonesian production house Sinemart made modern adaptation titled Candy. It was produced by Leo Sutanto and directed by Widi Wijaya aired on channel RCTI in 2007 starring Rachel Amanda, Nimaz Dewantary, Lucky Perdana & Bobby Joseph.

Releases
During the 1980s to early 1990s, VHS within Japan and the rest of the world were being serialized and distributed under the approval of Toei. These international VHS releases were released in places like France, Italy, Britain, the USA, Mexico, and Finland. Other international VHS releases other than these countries are unknown. From 1985 to 1989, Toei released 8 official VHS volumes containing 24 episodes + a VHS with the additional two OVAs, The Call of Spring and Candy Candy no Natsuyasumi under the label name Toei Video. These VHS included 30-second previews as well as advertisements for other related anime. In 1992, a special film of Candy Candy was released in theaters along with the Goldfish Warning Movie before the showing of Disney's Cinderella which was being reshown in theaters. This release had two home releases, a VHS tape and a Laserdisc.

Between 1998 and 2001, three lawsuits were settled between Kyoko Mizuki, Yumiko Igarashi and Toei Animation over the ownership of the Candy Candy copyrights. These lawsuits made Toei halt the broadcast of the Candy Candy anime, which Mizuki has expressed disappointment over. In the 2000s, Candy Candy episodes began to be sold on bootleg DVD format, as the legal lawsuits between the authors halted any production of licensed goods. In 2005 and 2006, illegal/unlicensed Candy box sets began to appear. The first was from France, which included the French and Japanese dialogue. Two Korean box sets are now out of stock, they include the Japanese and Korean dialogue, and Korean subtitles. 20 discs altogether are divided into two box sets and available from HanBooks and Sensasian. Prior to the release, illegal/unlicensed Spanish DVD sets with poor audio and video were widely available on eBay. The illegal/unlicensed DVD set is issued in both Mandarin and Japanese with Chinese, English and Korean subtitles. On January 8, 2007, Chilean newspaper Las Últimas Noticias began issuing illegal/unlicensed DVDs of Candy Candy with its issues every Monday, with plans to continue to do so until all 115 episodes were released. In 2008, an illegal/unlicensed 115-episode DVD set was released in Taiwan.

In 1980, ZIV International acquired the U.S. rights to the series. The first two episodes were dubbed into English, with a new theme song and score created by in-house composer Mark Mercury. This was ultimately condensed into a straight-to-video production, released on tape in 1981 by Media Home Entertainment and then by Family Home Entertainment. It is unknown if any more episodes were dubbed for the American market. None of these have been subsequently reissued.

Legal issues
In the early 1990s, co-creators Mizuki and Igarashi, along with Toei Co. Ltd., battled over the legal ownership of the title. Igarashi was producing Candy Candy material without the consent of Mizuki or Toei. In 1998, Mizuki brought her case to a Tokyo district court to prove that she had equal rights of ownership of the Candy Candy title. In October 2001, the court ruled the case in favor of Mizuki and ordered Igarashi and five companies that distributed the unauthorized merchandise to pay Mizuki ¥29,500,000, or 3% of their sales. In June 2002, Igarashi sued Toei to enforce her rights on the Candy Candy trademark, forcing broadcasters to stop airing the series.

In September 2003, a toy manufacturer based in Misato, Saitama sued the two copyright managers of Candy Candy for ¥11 million for loss of revenue due to legal battle between Mizuki and Igarashi. The manufacturer was commissioned by the copyright managers to produce Candy Candy jigsaw puzzles without being informed that they could be immediately dismissed by Mizuki any time for copyright infringement. The Tokyo high court ordered the copyright managers to pay ¥7.8 million to the toy company.

Legacy
In 2011, the series was parodied on a Saturday Night Live sketch "J-Pop! America Fun Time Now!"

title: Candy Candy