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Robert Smirke (architect)

Sir Robert Smirke (1 October 1780 – 18 April 1867) was an English architect, one of the leaders of Greek Revival architecture, though he also used other architectural styles (such as Gothic and Tudor). As an attached (i.e. official) architect within the Office of Works, he designed several major public buildings, including the main block and façade of the British Museum and altered or repaired others. He was a pioneer in the use of structural iron and concrete foundations, and was highly respected for his accuracy and professionalism. His advice was often sought in architectural competitions and urban planning, especially later in his life.

Background and training
Smirke was born in London on 1 October 1780, the second son of the portrait painter Robert Smirke; he was one of twelve children. He attended Aspley School, Aspley Guise, Bedfordshire, where he studied Latin, Greek, French and drawing, and was made head boy at the age of 15. In May 1796, on the recommendation of George Dance the Younger, Smirke he began his study of architecture as a pupil of John Soane but left after only a few months in early 1797 due to a personality clash with his teacher. He wrote to his father: He (Soane) was on Monday morning in one of his amiable Tempers. Everything was slovenly that I was doing. My drawing was slovenly because it was too great a scale, my scale, also, being too long, and he finished saying the whole of it was excessively slovenly, and that I should draw it out again on the back not to waste another sheet about it.

In 1796, he also began his studies at the Royal Academy, winning the Silver Medal and the Silver Palette of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce that year. He was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Academy in 1799 for his design for a National Museum. After leaving Soane he depended on George Dance the Younger and a surveyor called Thomas Bush for his architectural training.

In 1801, accompanied by his elder brother Richard, he attempted to embark on a Grand Tour, but was forced to return to England because war with France made it impossible to travel safely without fear of arrest. The short-lived Peace of Amiens the following year allowed British travellers to visit France, and Smirke set off again in September 1802 in the company of the artist William Walker, returning early in 1805. His itinerary and impressions are recorded in a series of letters and journals he wrote, many preserved in the archive of the RIBA, and in the many drawings he made of buildings and locations. In France he visited places such as Paris, Lyon, Avignon, Nîmes, Arles and Marseille; he was particularly impressed by the various Roman monuments in the south of the country. While in Italy, he passed through Genoa, Pisa, Florence and Siena but spent almost two months in Rome where he made the decision to visit Greece. Embarking from Messina, he travelled via the Ionian Islands to Corinth and the Argolid. Turning south into the Peloponnese, he saw the famous sites of Messene, Megalopolis, Bassai and Olympia, before travelling on to Athens where he spent a month sketching the monuments. From Athens Smirke wrote to his father: "How can I by description give you any idea of the great pleasure I enjoyed in the sight of these ancient buildings of Athens! How strongly were exemplified in them the grandeur and effect of simplicity in architecture! The Temple of Theseus (Temple of Hephaestus)... cannot but arrest the attention of everyone from its appropriate and dignified solemnity of appearance. The temple of Minerva (Parthenon)... strikes one in the same way with its grandeur and majesty. We were a month there. The impression made upon my mind... had not in that time in the least weakened by being frequently repeated and I could with pleasure spend a much longer time there, while those in Rome (with few exceptions) not only soon grow in some degree uninteresting but have now entirely sunk into disregard and contempt in my mind. All that I could do in Athens was to make some views of them...hoping that they will serve as a memorandum to me of what I think should always be a model.'"

Following his departure from Athens, Smirke visited other famous ancient sites such as Thebes and Delphi.

Smirke's return from Greece was complicated by the resumption of war between Britain and France, and he had to travel via Sicily and Malta to avoid the risk of capture by enemy troops, though this challenge allowed him to visit and draw some of the famous Greek archaeological sites of Sicily. He also managed to revisit Naples (seeing the ruins of Pompeii and Paestum) and Rome, as well as other cities, as he travelled up the Italian peninsula towards Venice, Padua, Vicenza and Verona. Crossing into Austrian territory, he visited Innsbruck, Salzburg, Vienna, and Prague before moving on to Dresden and Berlin, returning to England via Heligoland in early January 1805.

His extensive travels through most of the major centres of Europe provided him with an unparalleled insight on ancient, Renaissance and more recent architecture. His poor opinion of many of the more recent buildings he saw, even in Rome and Paris, combined with the overwhelming impact of ancient Greek structures, triggered a significant shift in his architectural tastes. Whereas his earlier designs had been in the conventional French Neo-Classical idiom of the time, influenced by his mentor George Dance the Younger and by John Soane, most of the classical-style buildings he designed as a professional architect were firmly rooted in the Greek Revival. Unlike some of his contemporaries he did not visit (modern) Turkey. His knowledge of its ancient buildings, which were crucial to Ionic order widely used in the 1820s, especially the British Museum, was derived from publications such as Ionian Antiquities of 1769 by Richard Chandler, William Pars and Nicholas Revett.

During his Grand Tour, Smirke made drawings and watercolours of many buildings, including most of the surviving ancient structures in Athens and the Morea. Most however were never published, and few were exhibited in his lifetime, though a considerable number are preserved in the RIBA, the Paul Mellon Center for British Art, the British Museum, and other collections.

Career
In 1805, Smirke became a member of the Society of Antiquaries of London and the Architects' Club. His first official appointment came in 1807 when he was made architect to the Royal Mint. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy on 7 November 1808, and a full Academician on 11 February 1811, his diploma work consisting of a drawing of a reconstruction of the Acropolis of Athens. He only ever exhibited five works at the Academy, the last in 1810.

Smirke's relations with Soane reached a new low after the latter, who had been appointed Professor of Architecture at the Royal Academy, heavily criticised Smirke's design for the Covent Garden Opera House in his fourth lecture on 29 January 1810. He said:

The practise of sacrificing everything to one front of a building is to be seen, not only in small houses where economy might in some degree apologize for the absurdity, but it is also apparent in large works of great expense ... And these drawings of a more recent work (here two drawings of Covent Garden theatre were displayed) point out the glaring impropriety of this defect in a manner if possible still more forcible and more subversive of true taste. The public attention, from the largeness of the building, being particularly called to the contemplation of this national edifice

Together with John Nash and Sir John Soane, he was appointed as attached (i.e. official) architect to the Office of Works in 1815 (an appointment he held until 1832) at a salary of £500 per annum, thereby reaching the height of the profession. In 1819 he was made surveyor of the Inner Temple. In 1819, he married Laura Freston, daughter of The Reverend Anthony Freston, the great-nephew of the architect Matthew Brettingham. The only child of the marriage was a daughter Laura. In 1820, he was made surveyor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and also in 1820 he became treasurer to the Royal Academy. He was knighted in 1832, and received the RIBA Royal Gold Medal for Architecture in 1853. Smirke lived at 81 Charlotte Street, London, commemorated now by a blue plaque on the building. He retired from practice in 1845, after which Robert Peel made him a member of the Commission for London Improvements. In 1859, he resigned from the Royal Academy and retired to Cheltenham, where he lived in Montpellier House, Suffolk Square. He died there on 18 April 1867 and was buried in the churchyard of St Peter's Church, Leckhampton. His estate was worth £90,000.

He is known to have designed or remodelled over twenty churches, more than fifty public buildings and more than sixty private houses. This productivity inspired James Planché's 1846 chorus in his burlesque of Aristophanes' The Birds: Go to work, rival Smirke Make a dash, À la Nash

Something try at, worthy Wyatt

Plans out carry, great as Barry

The rapid rise of Smirke was due to a combination of his great ability with significant political patronage. He was a Tory at a time when this party was in the ascendant. His friends at the Royal Academy, such as Sir Thomas Lawrence, George Dance, Benjamin West and Joseph Farington, were able to introduce him to patrons such as: the 1st Marquess of Abercorn; the 1st Viscount Melville; Sir George Beaumont, 7th Baronet; the 4th Earl of Aberdeen; the 3rd Marquess of Hertford; the 3rd Earl Bathurst; John 'Mad Jack' Fuller; and the 2nd Earl of Lonsdale. These politicians and aristocrats ensured his rapid advancement and several were to commission buildings from Smirke themselves. Thomas Leverton Donaldson described Smirke as able to please "Men whom it was proverbially impossible to please". His patron at Lowther Castle, the 1st Earl of Lonsdale, said he was "ingenious, modest and gentlemanly in his manners".

Classicism
Smirke's first major work, the rebuilt Covent Garden Theatre, was the first Greek Doric building in London. John Summerson described the design as demonstrating "how a plain mass of building could be endowed with a sense of gravity by comparatively simple means". During the early part of his career Smirke was, along with William Wilkins, the leading figure in the Greek Revival in England. At the General Post Office in London in the mid-1820s he was still using the giant order of columns with a certain restraint, but by the time he came to design the main front of the British Museum, probably not planned until the 1830s, all such moderation was gone and he used it lavishly, wrapping an imposing colonnade around whole façade.

Gothic Revival
Smirke, in the view of Charles Locke Eastlake, came third in importance amongst the Gothic Revival architects of his generation, after John Nash and James Wyatt, but criticised his work for its theatrical impracticability. He said that his Eastnor Castle (1808–15), a massive, gloomy building with watch towers and a keep, "might have made a tolerable fort before the invention of gunpowder, but as a residence it was a picturesque mistake".

Constructional innovation
Smirke was a pioneer of using both concrete and cast iron. A critic writing in 1828 in the Athenaeum said "Mr. Smirke, is pre-eminent in construction: in this respect he has not his superior in the United Kingdom". James Fergusson, writing in 1849, said "He was a first class builder architect ... no building of his ever showed a flaw or failing and ... he was often called upon to remedy the defects of his brother artist."

Projects in which he used concrete foundations included the Millbank Penitentiary, the rebuilding of the London Custom House and the British Museum. At the first two he was called in when work overseen by previous architects had proved unstable. The Millbank Prison (1812–21; demolished c. 1890) had been designed by an architect called William Williams, but his plan was then revised by Thomas Hardwick. The largest prison in Europe, it consisted of a hexagonal central courtyard with an elongated pentagonal courtyard on each outer wall of the central courtyard; the three outer corners of the pentagonal courtyards each had a tower one storey higher than the three floors of the rest of the building. Work had started under Hardwick in late 1812, but when the boundary wall had reached a height of about six feet it began to tilt and crack. After 18 months, with £26,000 spent, Hardwick resigned. Work continued and by February 1816 the first prisoners were admitted, but the building creaked and several windows spontaneously shattered. Smirke and the engineer John Rennie the Elder were called in, and they recommended demolition of three of the towers and the underpinning of the entire building with concrete foundations: the first known use of this material for foundations in Britain since the Roman Empire. The work cost £70,000, bringing the total cost of the building to £458,000.

From 1825 to 1827 Smirke rebuilt the centre of the Custom House in the City of London, following the failure of its foundations. The building had been erected from 1813 to the designs of David Laing. The building is 488 feet long, the central 200 feet being Smirke's work.

Smirke was also a pioneer in the structure use of cast iron beams in non-industrial contexts, working in collaboration with leading engineers of the day. This is initially seen in domestic buildings such as Eastnor Castle and Worthy House, and then in larger projects, such as the 40-foot wide beams supporting the floors of the upper galleries at the British Museum;.

Another area where Smirke was an innovator was in the use of quantity surveyors to rationalise the various eighteenth-century systems of estimating and measuring building work.

Writings
In 1806 he published the first and only volume of an intended series of books Specimens of Continental Architecture. Smirke started to write a treatise on architecture in about 1815 and although he worked on it for about 10 years never completed it. In it he made his admiration for the architecture of ancient Greece plain. He described it as "the noblest", "simple, grand, magnificent", "with its other merits it has a kind of primal simplicity". This he contrasted with the Architecture of ancient Rome which he described as "corrupt Roman taste", "An excess of ornament is in all cases a symptom of a vulgar or degenerate taste". Of Gothic architecture he described as '"till its despicable remains were almost everywhere superseded by that singular and mysterious compound of styles".

Pupils and family
His pupils included Lewis Vulliamy, William Burn, Charles Robert Cockerell, Henry Jones Underwood, Henry Roberts, and his own brother Sydney who succeeded him as architect at the British Museum; although best known for the circular reading room at the British Museum, he added new galleries to his brother's original design in the same Greek Revival style. Another brother, Edward Smirke, was a lawyer and antiquarian. Their sister Mary Smirke was a noted painter and translator.

Royal Mint
The former Royal Mint, Tower Hill (1807–12). The main building was designed by the previous architect to the Mint James Johnson, but the design was modified by Smirke, who oversaw its execution. The long stone façade with a ground floor of channelled rustication, the two upper floors have a broad pediment containing the Royal Arms supported by six Roman Doric attached columns. The end bays are marked by four Doric pilasters; the Greek Doric frieze and lodges are probably by Smirke. The building contained an apartment for the Deputy Master of the Mint, the Assay Master, and Provost of the Moneyers as well as bullion stores and Mint Office.

Covent Garden Theatre

The second incarnation of the Covent Garden Theatre (now the Royal Opera House), built in ten months in 1808–1809. It had a symmetrical façade with a tetrastyle portico in the centre, and was the first building in London to use the Greek Doric order. The portico was flanked by four bays, the end bays being marked by pilasters with a statue in a niche between. The three bays on each side of the portico had arches on the ground floor and windows above these and a single carved relief above designed by John Flaxman. The main entrance hall, behind the three doors in the portico, was divided into three aisles by square Doric piers. To the south was the grand staircase, rising between walls, the flight was divided into two sections by a landing, the upper floor had four Ionic columns each side of the staircase that supported a barrel vault over it. The horseshoe-shaped auditorium was on five levels, and seated 2,800 people, in addition to those in the many private boxes. The building was destroyed by fire in 1857.

Lansdowne House
Lansdowne House, (1816–19) interiors, notably the sculpture gallery, central part of room has a shallow barrel vault with plain coffering; antae mark off the part circular ends of the room.

London Ophthalmic Hospital
Smirke's London Ophthalmic Hospital in Moorfields (1821–2) moved in 1898 to a nearby site as Moorfields Eye Hospital.

General Post Office

The General Post Office building in St Martins-le-Grand in the City of London (1825–29; demolished c. 1912). This was the first purpose built post office in England. Its main facade had a central hexastyle Greek Ionic portico with pediment, and two tetrastyle porticoes, without pediments, at each end. The main interior space was the large letter-carriers' room, with an elegant iron gallery and a spiral staircase.

British Museum
The main block and facade of the British Museum, Bloomsbury (1823–46). This is Smirke's largest and best-known building. Having previously designed a temporary gallery for the Elgin Marbles following their acquisition by the British Museum in 1816, his role as architect to the Office of Works also led Smirke to be invited to redesign the museum in 1821. The core design dates from 1823, and stipulated a building surrounding a large central courtyard (or quadrangle) with a grand south front. Given the limited funds—which were granted by parliament on an annual basis—and the need to retain the Museum throughout the rebuilding programme, the work was divided into phases, and was subject to various changes before its completion over 25 years later. In particular, Smirke was forced to abandon plans for a much grander quadrangle with interior porticoes, while from the early 1840s modified the severity of the original design (such as sculpture designed by Richard Westmacott). The building is constructed of brick with the visible facades cased in massive slabs of Portland stone, which is also used for architectural elements and string courses along the sides of the building. The first part to be constructed was the "King's Library" of 1823–1828, which forms the east wing. The north section of the west wing, the "Egyptian Galleries" followed 1825–1834. The north wing, housing the library and reading rooms, was built in 1833–1838. The southern part of the west wing and south front were built in 1842–1846 following the demolition of the Townley Gallery and then of Montague House itself. Following Smirke's retirement in 1846, his brother Sydney Smirke continued to work on the building, adding galleries in the style of the original building, while also building the Round Reading Room in the centre of the quadrangle whose original purpose was superseded. Sydney Smirke also added polychromatic decoration in Greek Revival style to replace the plainer interiors designed by his brother, especially in the entrance hall and sculpture galleries.

The main feature of the south front is the great colonnade of 44 Greek Ionic columns. The columns are 45 feet high and five feet in diameter; their capitals are loosely based on those of the temple of Athena Polias at Priene and the bases on those of the temple of Dionysus at Teos. Many of the mouldings in turn derive from the Erechtheion in Athens, including the main doorway from the colonnade. At the centre of the colonnade is an octastyle portico, two columns deep; the colonnade continues for three more columns before embracing the two wings to either side. Beyond the facade Smirke built two smaller wings (the Residences), decorated across the front with Doric pilasters. The Residences originally contained houses for the principal officers of the Museum who were expected to live on site, such as the Principal Librarian (Director of the museum) and heads of departments (or Keepers). These buildings frame the main building and forecourt without dominating it, while also screening the backs of the buildings in the adjacent streets. The major surviving interiors are the entrance hall with the Great Stair – in the form of an Imperial staircase– rising to the west, and the "King's Library". This, built to house 65,000 books, is 300 feet long, 41 feet wide and 31 feet high, the centre section being slightly wider, with four great Aberdeen granite columns with Corinthian capitals carved from Derbyshire alabaster. The only major interior to survive in the north wing is the "Arched Room" at the west end. The "Egyptian Gallery" matches the "King's Library" but is much plainer in decoration.

The Inner Temple
Smirke's works at the Inner Temple included his only Gothic buildings in London. They included the library (1827–8) and the remodelling of the Great Hall in 1819 (which burnt down and was rebuilt by Sydney Smirke in 1868). Nearly all Smirke's work was destroyed in the 1940–1941 London Blitz and has been rebuilt to a completely different design, the only major survival being the Paper Buildings of 1838, in a simple classical style.

Former Royal College of Physicians

The Royal College of Physicians and Union Club building (1824–27) in Trafalgar Square (now Canada House) The building is much altered, the north front though retains Smirke's hexastyle Ionic portico, and the east front (to Trafalgar Square) still has his portico in antis. The building is of Bath Stone. There were several extensions and remodellings during the 20th century.

Lancaster House
Smirke was first involved with the design of Lancaster House in 1825, was dismissed and then brought back in 1832. He added the top floor, and designed the interiors apart from the State Rooms. His involvement ceased in 1840.

Somerset House
The east wing of Somerset House, and the adjacent King's (formerly Smirke) Building of King's College London, on the Strand (1829–31). The Thames front follows the design of the original architect Sir William Chambers being a mirror image of the west wing, the building stretches back toward the Strand by 25 bays of two and half stories, the centre five bays with giant attached Corinthian columns and end three bays are of three full stories and also the end bays have Corinthian pilasters, and general being plainer than the facades by Chambers.

Carlton Club
Carlton Club (1833–6) was rebuilt 1854–1856 by Sydney Smirke, bombed in 1940 and later demolished.

The Oxford and Cambridge Club

The Oxford and Cambridge Club building in Pall Mall (1835–38). It is of seven bays, the ground floor is rusticated with round headed windows, the first floor is of banded rustication and the windows framed with square or half pillars, the building is of brick covered with stucco. The first floor windows have carved relieves above them, the entrance porch is of a single storey with Corinthian columns. The interiors are in Smirke's usual restrained Greek revival style.

No. 12 Belgrave Square
Belgrave Square: Smirke designed No. 12 Belgrave square, built 1830–1833 for John Cust, 1st Earl Brownlow.

London churches
For Smirke's London churches see Church Architecture below.

Public buildings outside London
His public buildings outside London include:
 * Carlisle, Cumberland County Courts (1810–12), in a Gothic style.
 * Appleby Market House (1811).
 * Carlisle, The Eden Bridge (1812–15) widened in 1932.
 * Whitehaven Fish Market (1813) demolished c. 1852, and Butter Market (1813) demolished 1880.
 * Gloucester Shire Hall (1814–16).
 * Gloucester, Westgate Bridge (1814–17)
 * Perth Sheriff Court (1815–19)
 * Hereford Shirehall (1815–17).
 * the Wellington Monument, Dublin (Wellington Testimonial), started in 1817 it was only completed in 1861, at 203 ft it is the largest obelisk in Europe.
 * Maidstone County Gaol, (1817–19).
 * Maidstone Sessions House (1824) (now known as County Hall).
 * Ledbury St. Katherine's Hospital (1822–25) in a Gothic style.
 * Lincoln County Courts and Gaol in Lincoln Castle (1823–30) both in a Gothic style to harmonise with the castle.
 * Salop Infirmary, Shrewsbury, rebuild (1827–30), consulting architect.
 * the Gaol St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (c. 1831).
 * Shrewsbury Shire Hall (1834–37) demolished 1971.

Domestic architecture
In the classical style: Smirke used the Elizabethan Style at: His Gothic Revival domestic buildings include: A rare use of Norman Revival Architecture is:
 * Brightling Park west wing, observatory and follies (temple, obelisk) c. 1800–10
 * Eywood, Herefordshire, (1806–07) major extension, demolished 1955
 * Upleatham Hall, North Riding, Yorkshire (1810) extension, demolished 1897
 * Bickley Hall, Kent, (1810) extension of large library wing, demolished 1963
 * Cirencester House north wing (1810–11) and rebuilt east front 1830.
 * alterations to Luton Hoo, Bedfordshire from 1816, damaged by fire in 1843 it was reconstructed by Sydney Smirke.
 * Armley House, Yorkshire, (1817).
 * Whittingehame House, East Lothian (1817–18).
 * Haffield House, Donnington, Herefordshire (1817–18).
 * Hardwicke Court, near Gloucester (1817–19).
 * Oulton Hall (c. 1822) damaged by fire 1850 and restored by Sydney Smirke
 * Normanby Hall (1825–30)
 * Drayton Manor (1831–35) demolished 1919.
 * Lowther Castle in Cumbria, (in 1806–11) his first major commission when he was 26.
 * Offley Place, Hertfordshire, (1806–10)
 * Wilton Castle (Yorkshire) (1810)
 * Strathallan Castle, Perthshire, remodelled (1817–18)
 * Cholmondeley Castle (1817–19) a remodelling of the existing building.
 * Kinfauns Castle, Perthshire (1822–26)
 * Erskine House (1828–45)
 * Eastnor Castle, Ledbury, Herefordshire (1812–20)

Church architecture
He advised the Parliamentary Commissioners on the building of new churches from 1818 onwards, contributing seven himself, six were in the Greek revival style, the exception being the church at Tyldesley that is in the Gothic revival style: Smirke also designed churches for clients other than the commissioners, these included:
 * St Anne's, Wandsworth (1820–22).
 * St John's, Chatham, Kent (1821–22).
 * St James, West Hackney (1821–3) bombed during The Blitz in 1940 and 1941 and later demolished.
 * St George, Brandon Hill, Bristol (1821–23).
 * St George, Tyldesley (1821–4).
 * St Mary's, Bryanston Square, London (1821–3).
 * St Philip's Church, Salford, Greater Manchester (1822–4); a copy of St Mary's with only minor variations.
 * Belgrave Chapel, London 1812, demolished c. 1910.
 * St Nicholas Strood, this was a rebuilding in 1812 of a medieval church, the tower of which has been retained, and is in a simplified classical style.
 * The Milton Mausoleum at Milton, Nottinghamshire (1831–32) for Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle.
 * The parish church of St. Peter's at Askham, Cumbria 1832, in a Neo-Norman style.
 * The Church of St Peter, Milton Bryan, Bedfordshire addition of north transept to church by Lewis Nockalls Cottingham.

Restoration work
Smirke was involved in Building restoration, several commissions coming to him via his post in the Office of Works:
 * Gloucester Cathedral (1807), Gothic screen behind the high altar; removed 1873.
 * Carlisle Cathedral (1809–11), repairs and alterations to the Fratry.
 * Powis Castle (1815–18), restoration of battlements, window mullions etc.
 * Savoy Chapel (1820–21), rebuilt south wall and added the west tower.
 * Bodleian Library, Oxford (1830) repaired the roof and inserted a new ceiling in the upper reading room in the schools quadrangle.
 * Clarendon Building, Oxford (1831) fitted up the interior as university offices.
 * York Minster after the arson attack on the chancel of the cathedral in 1829, Smirke oversaw the restoration (1830–32), which involved rebuilding the roof and vaults plus the recreation of the choir stalls
 * Palace of Westminster, (1834–37) he refaced the interior of Westminster Hall after the fire of 1834 and erected a temporary House of Lords in the Painted Chamber and a temporary House of Commons in the remains of the former House of Lords.
 * Banqueting House, Whitehall (1835–38) repairs and internal alterations.
 * Mansion House, London (1836), redesign of the external steps to the portico.
 * St. James's Palace (1836–37) refitted the interior of the Chapel Royal.
 * St James's Church, Piccadilly (1836), repairs to the roof
 * Serjeant's Inn (1836–39) extensive reconstruction work, destroyed 1940 during the London Blitz.

In popular culture
Both Smirke's buildings and Robert Smirke himself play a role throughout the plot of the fiction podcast The Magnus Archives, in which he is given a fictional interest in the esoteric and the paranormal.

title: Robert Smirke (architect)


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Fausto Correia

Fausto de Sousa Correia (October 29, 1951 – 9 October 2007) was a Portuguese politician, deputy of the Portuguese Parliament, and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Socialist Party; part of the Party of European Socialists.

Biography
Born and raised in Coimbra, Fausto Correia earned a degree in law from the University of Coimbra. In his early years, Correia worked as a journalist, including at the newspaper República.

He joined the Socialist Party in 1973. He also became a member of the Grand Orient of Portugal.

He also served as chairman of the Associação Académica de Coimbra - O.A.F. (in 1995), the major football club of Coimbra, and Rádio e Televisão de Portugal, the state-managed public radio network of Portugal.

As a member of the Portuguese Government headed by Prime-Minister António Guterres, in the early 2000s Correia played a major part in the establishment of the Loja do Cidadão (The Citizen's Shop), a one-stop-shop intended to improve quality in public services, and aimed to develop a new philosophy of more efficient and modern public service throughout the major cities of Portugal.

He was elected as a candidate of the Socialist Party to the European Parliament in the 2004 European Parliament elections. He continued to live and work in Belgium as a member of the European Parliament for the rest of his life.

Death
He died of a heart attack on 9 October 2007, in Brussels. Politicians from across the Portuguese political landscape offered their condolences and praised Correira. Portuguese Prime Minister José Sócrates called him "one of the most outstanding leaders of the [Socialist Party]".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fausto Correia


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Robert Smirke (painter)

Robert Smirke (15 April 1753 – 5 January 1845) was an English painter and illustrator, specialising in small paintings showing subjects taken from literature. He was a member of the Royal Academy.

Life
Smirke was born at Wigton near Carlisle, the son of a travelling artist. When he was twelve he was apprenticed to a heraldic painter in London, and at the age of twenty began to study at the Royal Academy Schools. In 1775 he became a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, with which he began to exhibit by sending five works; he showed works there again in 1777 and 1778. In 1786 he exhibited Narcissus and The Lady and Sabrina ( a subject from Milton's Comus) at the Royal Academy; these were followed by many works, usually small in size, illustrative of the English poets, especially James Thomson.

In 1791 Smirke was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, in which year he exhibited "The Widow". He became a full academician in 1793, when he painted as his diploma work Don Quixote and Sancho. His last contribution to the academy, entitled Infancy, appeared in 1813, but he continued to exhibit occasionally elsewhere until 1834.

In 1804 he was nominated to succeed Joseph Wilton as keeper to the Royal Academy, but George III refused to sanction the appointment on account of his revolutionary political opinions, and the appointment went instead to Henry Fuseli.

In 1815 the British Institution upset many British artists by a preface to the catalogue of their exhibition of Old Masters, The Catalogues Raisonnés, implying rather too strongly that British artists had a lot to learn from them. Smirke is generally accepted as the author in 1815–16 of a series of satirical "Catalogues Raisonnés", which savagely lampooned the great and the good of British art patronage. Of his sons, Richard Smirke (1778–1815), was a notable antiquarian artist. Robert and Sydney both became notable architects and were both elected members of the Royal Academy. His fourth son, Edward was a noted lawyer and antiquary. There is a portrait of Smirke by John Jackson taken from an original picture by Mary Smirke, engraved by Charles Picart. Sir William John Newton painted several miniatures of him.

Smirke died at 3 Osnaburgh Terrace, Regent's Park, London, on 5 January 1845, aged 92, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

Works
Smirke's pictures were usually of small size and painted in monochrome, and so adapted for engraving. He designed illustrations for the Bible, The Picturesque Beauties of Shakespeare (1783), Johnson's Rasselas (1805), Gil Blas (1809), the Arabian Nights (1811), Adventures of Hunchback (1814), Don Quixote, (translated by his daughter, Mary Smirke, 1818), and various British poets, especially James Thomson. The Pedagogue, engraved by Joseph Goodyear for the Amulet of 1830, is typical. The Rivals was engraved by William Finden for the Keepsake of 1828; The Secret, by James Mitchell for the same annual in 1830; and The Love Letter was engraved by Alfred W. Warren for the Gem of 1830.

Smirke painted also some pictures for John Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery and for Bowyer's History of England. These works included Katharine and Petruchio, Juliet and the Nurse, Prince Henry and Falstaff, and The Seven Ages. A large commemorative plate, with fifteen medallion portraits, of The Victory of the Nile was engraved by John Landseer from his design. In the Guildhall Art Gallery was a picture by him representing Conjugal Affection, or Industry and Prudence, and a series of scenes from Don Quixote.

title: Robert Smirke (painter)


text:
Titanium carbide

Titanium carbide, TiC, is an extremely hard (Mohs 9–9.5) refractory ceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide. It has the appearance of black powder with the sodium chloride (face-centered cubic) crystal structure.

It occurs in nature as a form of the very rare mineral khamrabaevite (Хамрабаевит) - (Ti,V,Fe)C. It was discovered in 1984 on Mount Arashan in the Chatkal District, USSR (modern Kyrgyzstan), near the Uzbek border. The mineral was named after Ibragim Khamrabaevich Khamrabaev, director of Geology and Geophysics of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Its crystals as found in nature range in size from 0.1 to 0.3 mm.

Physical properties
Titanium carbide has an elastic modulus of approximately 400 GPa and a shear modulus of 188 GPa.

Manufacturing and machining
Tool bits without tungsten content can be made of titanium carbide in nickel-cobalt matrix cermet, enhancing the cutting speed, precision, and smoothness of the workpiece.

The resistance to wear, corrosion, and oxidation of a tungsten carbide–cobalt material can be increased by adding 6–30% of titanium carbide to tungsten carbide. This forms a solid solution that is more brittle and susceptible to breakage.

Titanium carbide can be etched with reactive-ion etching.

Applications
Titanium carbide is used in preparation of cermets, which are frequently used to machine steel materials at high cutting speed. It is also used as an abrasion-resistant surface coating on metal parts, such as tool bits and watch mechanisms. Titanium carbide is also used as a heat shield coating for atmospheric reentry of spacecraft.

7075 aluminium alloy (AA7075) is almost as strong as steel, but weighs one third as much. Using thin AA7075 rods with TiC nanoparticles allows larger alloys pieces to be welded without phase-segregation induced cracks.

title: Titanium carbide


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SanityFalling

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 13:31, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

SanityFalling
I don't think this establishes sufficient notability. Will need cleanup if kept. My vote is to delete.-gadfium 04:10, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Agree with above, no notability.  The only possible connection that I see is to the band "Denial of System", but this article fails to cover this band, and the article would require renaming anyway. Cabhan 04:14, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable -- Cleduc 06:04, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article does not establish notability, possible vanity. Megan1967 06:10, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non notable / vanity. — Brim 09:50, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:53, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, self-promotional vanity. Wyss 19:44, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Battle of La Mesa

The Battle of La Mesa (also known as the Battle of Los Angeles) was the final battle of the California Campaign during the Mexican–American War, occurring on January 9, 1847, in present-day Vernon, California, the day after the Battle of Rio San Gabriel. The battle was a victory for the United States Army under Commodore Robert F. Stockton and General Stephen Watts Kearny.

Background
Not finding any Californians at Governor Pío Pico's ranch, the Americans under Stockton and Kearny crossed the plain between the San Gabriel River and the Los Angeles River called La Mesa. They encountered José María Flores' 300-strong force of Californio militia, including artillery, near where the city of Vernon now stands, about four miles south of Los Angeles.

Battle
The Californian guns were ineffective, while the American guns responded from their square as the Americans advanced. Flores extended his line and brought up two more guns. Stockton halted and formed his guns into a single battery. After fifteen minutes, Stockton's fire drove the Californian artillery from effective range. Flores sent his lancers against the American left flank but were driven back; most of his men deserted, allowing the Americans to advance into Los Angeles.

Aftermath
The battle was the last armed resistance to the American conquest of California, and General José María Flores returned to Mexico afterward. Three days after the battle, on January 12, the last significant group of residents surrendered to U.S. forces. The conquest and annexation of Alta California was settled with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga by U.S. Army Lieutenant-Colonel John C. Frémont and Mexican General Andrés Pico on January 13, 1847.

The site of the battle is now registered as California Historical Landmark #167. The marker is located at 4490 Exchange Avenue at Downey Road in Vernon.

California Historical Landmark Marker
California Historical Landmark Marker No. 167 at the site reads:
 * NO. 167 LA MESA BATTLEFIELD - La Mesa Battlefield served as a campsite for the California forces under General Castro in the summer of 1846, during the United States' occupation of California in the Mexican War. The battle of La Mesa, last military encounter of the war on the California front, was fought here January 9, 1847.

title: Battle of La Mesa


text:
Category:San Diego Clippers players

This is a list of basketball players who have played in the NBA for the franchise now known as the Los Angeles Clippers when it was known as the San Diego Clippers.

title: Category:San Diego Clippers players


text:
F. F. Bruce

Frederick Fyvie Bruce (12 October 1910 – 11 September 1990), usually cited as F. F. Bruce, was Rylands Professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis at the University of Manchester from 1959 until 1978 and one of the most influential evangelical scholars of the second half of the twentieth century. His importance comes from the fact that when the academic community looked down upon Evangelicals, Bruce demonstrated that a scholar holding evangelical views could do worthwhile academic work. At the same time, he persuaded Evangelicals that they should not turn their backs on academic methods of Bible study, even if the results might differ from traditional evangelical views. As a result, he has been called the "Dean of Evangelical Scholarship".

I. Howard Marshall remembered F. F. Bruce "first of all for his highly distinguished academic career as a university teacher and a prolific writer who did more than anybody else in this [the 20th] century to develop and encourage conservative evangelical scholarship. Possessed of outstanding intellectual ability, a phenomenal memory, encyclopedic knowledge, a colossal capacity for work, and a limpid style, he produced a remarkable output of books and essays that will continue to be read for years to come, and he trained directly or indirectly many younger scholars now working in all parts of the world."

"The issues which, for Bruce, were non-negotiable," said his biographer Tim Grass, "may be summarized as the reliability of the New Testament, the person and work of Christ, the Christian life as one of forgiveness and liberty as befits those who are being led by the Spirit, and the right and duty of every believer to use whatever gifts God has given them."

F. F. Bruce was charitable, gentle, and respected those with whom he disagreed and those who disagreed with him. He seemed to be genuinely humble, teachable, and diplomatic. J. I. Packer said, "No Christian was ever more free of narrow bigotry, prejudice and eccentricity in the views he held and the way he held them; no man did more to demonstrate how evangelical faith and total academic integrity may walk hand in hand."

Early life
F.F. Bruce was born in Elgin, Moray, Scotland, in 1910. His father, Peter Fyvie Bruce, was an itinerant evangelist for the Plymouth Brethren. He encouraged his son to think for himself and accept as a biblical doctrine only what he could see for himself in the Bible.

“Young Fred early gave evidence of exceptional intellectual ability, which was encouraged to the full by his family and schools.” He studied Latin and Greek at University of Aberdeen where he won a scholarship in the Classics and received an MA.

At Aberdeen, he also met Betty Davidson, who was from a Brethren family, and they married in 1936. They had two children. Iain married and became a professor at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John’s, Canada. And while lecturing at a teacher training college in Uganda, Sheila married Christopher James Lukabyo. They fled Uganda during the time of Idi Amin and moved to Australia.

After Aberdeen, Bruce studied classics at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He then went to University of Vienna (Austria) to study Indo-European philology with Paul Kretschmer and others.

Career
Although he intended to study for a Ph.D. at Vienna, F.F. Bruce took a post as an assistant lecturer in Greek at the University of Edinburgh and then taught Greek at the University of Leeds. He never earned a doctorate, although he received several honorary doctorates. His increasing focus on biblical studies led in 1947 to his becoming the first head of a new Department of Biblical History and Literature at Sheffield University. In 1959 he was offered the Rylands Professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis at Manchester University, a position he held until his retirement in 1978.

About the time Bruce began at Sheffield, he was also “active in the formation and early development of an evangelical agency seeking to promote academic biblical study, Tyndale House at Cambridge and the associated Tyndale Fellowship for Biblical and Theological Research.” These were formed in association with Inter Varsity Fellowship (later UCCF, The Christian Unions) and Bruce had a life-long association with this student organization.

Writings
A prolific author, F.F. Bruce wrote nearly sixty books and booklets, hundreds of articles and more than 2,000 book reviews. Early in his career, he edited Vine’s Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words and supervised its publication in one volume from the original four volumes. Later in his career, he was named general editor of the New International Commentary of the New Testament after the death of Ned Stonehouse, who had been editor. He was also editor of the Yorkshire Celtic Studies, the Evangelical Quarterly, the Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, and the Palestine Exploration Quarterly.

The first book Bruce wrote, Are the New Testament Documents Reliable? (1943) was “based to a large extent on talks given to students.” It was widely read and Christianity Today named it one of “the top 50 books that have shaped Evangelicals.”

He wrote commentaries on Habakkuk (in The Minor Prophets, ed. by Thomas Edward McComiskey, Baker, 1992) Matthew, John, Acts (one on the Greek text and one on the English text), Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, Philemon, Hebrews, and the Epistles of John.

He wrote several books of history – Israel and the Nations: from the Exodus to the Fall of the Second Temple; New Testament History: Jews, Romans, and the Church; and The Spreading Flame: The Rise and Progress of Christianity from Its First Beginnings to Eighth-Century England. He explained, “I have written as a historian, not as a theologian.”

F.F. Bruce’s magnum opus (according to Theology Today) was his biography of Paul, published in England as Paul: Apostle of the Free Spirit and in America as Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free. The magazine Christian History said that aside from the New Testament, “the place to begin (exploring the life of Paul) is F.F. Bruce’s. . . most readable and engaging biography of Paul.” However, Robert Morgan, writing in The Journal of Theological Studies, claimed “a certain uncontroversial flatness about what we are told of Paul’s thought.” Bruce might well agree with Morgan, for, as A.R. Millard said, “Readers of Bruce's extensive writings will look in vain for novel theories or speculative hypotheses spun to exhibit the Author's intellectual caliber, the sort of work that wins momentary acclaim and then is superseded. Rather, his works evaluate evidence and interpretations carefully and honestly in spare yet readable prose, lightened with amusing examples and flashes of dry wit.”

Although most of Bruce's works were scholarly, he also wrote many popular works on the Bible. He viewed the New Testament writings as historically reliable and the truth claims of Christianity as hinging on their being so. To Bruce, this did not mean that the Bible was always precise or that this lack of precision could not lead to some confusion. He believed, however, that the passages that were still open to debate were ones that had no substantial bearing on Christian theology and thinking. Bruce's colleague at Manchester, James Barr, considered Bruce a "conservative liberal."

F.F. Bruce Copyright International
When Robert Hicks, a British book publisher, realized in 2016 that many of the works of F. F. Bruce were not readily available, he enlisted the help of Larry Stone, an American publisher, and together they formed F.F. Bruce Copyright International to make Bruce's works available. They also sought to encourage an understanding of Professor Bruce's teaching on Scripture, to encourage his spirit of humility in approaching the Bible, and to encourage academic scholarship among evangelical students and leaders.

Honours
Bruce was honoured with two scholarly works by his colleagues and former students, one to mark his 60th birthday in 1970 and the other to mark his 70th birthday in 1980.

Apostolic History and the Gospel: Biblical and Historical Essays Presented to F. F. Bruce on his 60th Birthday (1970) included contributions from E. M. Blaiklock, E. Earle Ellis, I. Howard Marshall, Bruce M. Metzger, William Barclay, G. E. Ladd, A. R. Millard, Leon Morris, Bo Reicke, and Donald Guthrie.

Pauline Studies: Essays Presented to Professor F. F. Bruce on his 70th Birthday (1980) included contributions from Peter T. O'Brien, David Wenham, Ronald E. Clements, and Moisés Silva. C. F. D. Moule and Robert H. Gundry contributed to both volumes.

Bruce was elected a Fellow of the British Academy, and in 1965 served as president of the Society for Old Testament Study, and also as President of the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas in 1975. However, “the award that pleased him most,” said Alan Millard, “was the honorary D.D. conferred by his alma mater, Aberdeen, in 1957.”

Books

 * - republished as New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? ebook (2018), Kingsley Books, ISBN 978-1-912149-30-8
 * ebook (2018), Kingsley Books, ISBN 978-1-912149-15-5
 * ebook (2017), Kingsley Books, ISBN 978-1-912149-00-1
 * - Bruce wrote the Colossians commentary, and Edmund K. Simpson wrote the Ephesians commentary; see the 1984 replacement below entirely by Bruce.
 * Published in the U.S. by Wm. B. Eerdmans as The Defense of the Gospel in the New Testament. A revised edition (1977) published by IVF as First-Century Faith: Christian Witness in the New Testament. ebook (2017) published as Defending First-Century Faith, Kingsley Books, ISBN 978-1-912149-07-0
 * ebook (2017), Kingsley Books, ISBN 978-1-912149-08-7
 * Revised edition (Paternoster Press, 1983). Third edition revised by David F. Payne, Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Academic, ISBN 978-0-8308-1510-4. ebook (2021) Kingsley Books ISBN 978-1-912149-39-1
 * ebook (2017) Kingsley Books ISBN 978-1-912149-39-1
 * ebook (2017) Kingsley Books ISBN 978-1-912149-11-7
 * - (published in the US as New Testament Development of Old Testament Themes). ebook (2017) Kingsley Books ISBN 978-1-912149-01-8
 * ebooks (2018), Kingsley Books ISBN 978-1-912149-14-8
 * ebook (2018) Kingsley Books ISBN 978-1-912149-29-2
 * ebook (2022) published as Discovering the Message of the Bible and includes The Message of the Old Testament by H.L. Ellison, Kingsley Books ISBN 978-1-912149-51-3
 * Published in the US as Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans ISBN 978-0-8028-3501-7. ebook (2021) Kingsley Books ISBN 978-1-912149-38-4
 * - (3rd edition of "The English Bible", 1963)
 * Published 1980 by Wm. B. Eerdmans as Peter, Stephen, James, and John: Studies in Early Non-Pauline Christianity, ISBN 978-0-802835321. ebook (2017) Kingsley Books as Peter, Stephen, James, and John: Studies in Early Non-Pauline Christianity ISBN 978-1-912149-18-6
 * - now known as Jesus and Paul: Places They Knew
 * ebook (2018) Kingsley Books, ISBN 978-1-912149-28-5
 * - now known as Abraham and David: Places They Knew
 * [This is Bruce's new commentary on Ephesians and Philemon along with a revision of his 1957 commentary from the Simpson and Bruce volume above]
 * ebook (2018) Kingsley Books ISBN 978-1-912149-29-2
 * ebook (2022) published as Discovering the Message of the Bible and includes The Message of the Old Testament by H.L. Ellison, Kingsley Books ISBN 978-1-912149-51-3
 * Published in the US as Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans ISBN 978-0-8028-3501-7. ebook (2021) Kingsley Books ISBN 978-1-912149-38-4
 * - (3rd edition of "The English Bible", 1963)
 * Published 1980 by Wm. B. Eerdmans as Peter, Stephen, James, and John: Studies in Early Non-Pauline Christianity, ISBN 978-0-802835321. ebook (2017) Kingsley Books as Peter, Stephen, James, and John: Studies in Early Non-Pauline Christianity ISBN 978-1-912149-18-6
 * - now known as Jesus and Paul: Places They Knew
 * ebook (2018) Kingsley Books, ISBN 978-1-912149-28-5
 * - now known as Abraham and David: Places They Knew
 * [This is Bruce's new commentary on Ephesians and Philemon along with a revision of his 1957 commentary from the Simpson and Bruce volume above]
 * - now known as Jesus and Paul: Places They Knew
 * ebook (2018) Kingsley Books, ISBN 978-1-912149-28-5
 * - now known as Abraham and David: Places They Knew
 * [This is Bruce's new commentary on Ephesians and Philemon along with a revision of his 1957 commentary from the Simpson and Bruce volume above]
 * ebook (2018) Kingsley Books, ISBN 978-1-912149-28-5
 * - now known as Abraham and David: Places They Knew
 * [This is Bruce's new commentary on Ephesians and Philemon along with a revision of his 1957 commentary from the Simpson and Bruce volume above]
 * - now known as Abraham and David: Places They Knew
 * [This is Bruce's new commentary on Ephesians and Philemon along with a revision of his 1957 commentary from the Simpson and Bruce volume above]

title: F. F. Bruce


text:
Manuel António dos Santos

Manuel António dos Santos (born 5 December 1943 in Mirandela) is a Portuguese politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the Socialist Party, part of the Party of European Socialists, from 2001 until 2019.

title: Manuel António dos Santos


text:
Talk:Pan-Americanism

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dag1848.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:04, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Latino Nationalism???????????????
Latino nationalism redirects to this article and being honest I don't see any logical conection between both terms. It's actually crap since the so-called Latino nationalism only include "Latinos", not people from the entire Western Hemisphere. Stop using wikipedia to spread points of views or to make connections where there is none.--Scandza (talk) 15:11, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

 * You're right. I changed the target because of your comment. SamEV (talk) 18:51, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Stub
Article shall be extended with stuff related to why pan-americanism didn't success, for example, due to north american militar interventions. So I encourage you to take a look spanish article for further information.Soronto 21:53, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

You should also include the latin-american nationalist movement that came post the war of Chinchas Islands. And the subsequent joint Chilean-Peruvian development of the Latin American navy/defense force concept. Anon 12:51, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

This article is not neutral. Their is an detectable anti-United States tone. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.252.21.92 (talk) 01:09, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Pan Americanism is not just a latin american concept expecially as theorized by Arland Russo and James Madison, both of whom espoused a continental United States of America--209.213.220.227 (talk) 16:55, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Thomas Jefferson was also a believer in Pan-Americanism.--108.16.109.189 (talk) 17:57, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject Latinos?
Why not a WikiProject Latin America or WikiProject Americas? SamEV (talk) 14:56, 18 November 2007 (UTC) I think it should be put in WikiProject Americas- PA'ism involves the entire American continent minnecologies (talk) 13:07, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Hispanic nationalism?
Why does Hispanic nationalism redirect to this page? I mean, come on, who seriously thinks those two ideas are the same?--Murphy —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.36.58.20 (talk) 05:42, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Indeed. I just removed that redirect. SamEV (talk) 06:25, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It was restored. I nominated it for deletion and invite all who are interested to please comment at its RfD entry. Thanks. SamEV (talk) 20:30, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Re-redirected it to Latin nationalism--Tomtom9041 (talk) 16:08, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Why do people still insists to include U.S. 'greatness' everywhere?
What does this article states that U.S. were "looked as a model" by early South American panamericanistas? That would be absurd and stupid because at that time United states have not formed a union. How could South American panamericanistas based their dream on nonexistent United States of America? U.S. were just being born. In the early 1800's U.S. were expanding on the west fighting true americans. As Indians wars had just began some years before, it could not be possible for actual United States to exist at a time when territories as Oregon, Texas, Alaska, California, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and Florida had not been acquired. What South American panamericanist did take model from was U.S. spirit of liberation from colonial Britain... yes, that inspired them. Don't be confused. As the information in this article needed to be verified, I edited the article. I think Wikipedia does not need comentaries like the one above which I object, it needs facts instead. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.72.98.97 (talk) 20:49, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

That's only because the US was way behind the power curve in fighting "true americans", such as the Spanish annihilation of the Arawaks and the Mayans at the hands of the conquistadors, and their continuing suppression of non-latin pre-columbian cultures. Is that what you mean? The US states may be guilty of suppressing the native american cultures, but they were obviously the Johnny-come-latelies. Lets talk about the real reason that African slaves were brought to this hemisphere...and by whom.--Tomtom9041 (talk) 04:19, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

By the Spaniards no less. And we can include the Incas and probably lots more while we are at it.--71.185.193.245 (talk) 02:28, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

We can also include the Bandeirantes who took part in the Bandeiras, exploration expeditionsand the expandsion of Portuguese America. --209.213.220.227 (talk) 13:27, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * This is because America had liberated itself from England, there rulers, united, was a democracy and stayed one nation without collapsing. That is what many spanish colonies wanted. And the supression of "true americans" as you call them was much worse in the spanish colonies which enslaved them and worked most of them too death, with a small number surviving and marrying into the colonists, effectivly dieing out completly. Joesolo13 (talk) 15:52, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

Evolution of Pan-Americanism
In this paragraph there is a link to the Union of Three Americas or something similar that redirects back to this page.76.30.222.251 (talk) 03:36, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

Stub (Just one source?)
It seems like this article needs significant expansion, considering only one source is cited on this complicated issue...and that source is from before World War II. I think this article should be marked as a stub, in need of further citation, and possibly consisting of original research. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.78.110.126 (talk) 00:22, 6 June 2013 (UTC)

Potential Changes
The existing article is in need of additional and better citations for its claims. There also needs to be a clearer distinction between pan-americanism and Latino nationalism, which is a recurring issue. There also needs to be reference to U.S. interventionism and how that has affected sentiments of pan-americanism.

Here are some sources that could be helpful:

Zusman, P. & Hevilla, M.C. (2014). Pan-Americanism and Arbitration in Border Conflicts: The Participation of the United States in the Definition of the Argentinean-Chilean Border in the Puna de Atacama (1899). Cuadernos de Geografía - Revista Colombiana de Geografía, 23(2), 95-106.

De la Reza, G.A. (2012). Pan-americanism Or Hispano-Americanism? The Educational Background Of Amphictyonic Congress Of Panama Of 1826. Revista de Historia de América, 147, 9-30.

Miller, S.W. (2014). Minding the Gap: Pan-Americanism's Highway, American Environmentalism, and Remembering the Failure to Close the Darién Gap. Environmental History, 19(2), 189-216.

Ramos, J.L. (2015). The Impact of the Mexican Revolution in Inter-American Politics: U.S.–Mexican Relations and U.S. Foreign Policy at the Fifth Pan-American Conference of 1923. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research, 21(1), 87-101.

McCarthy-Jones, A. & Greig, A. (2011). Somos hijos de Sandino y Bolívar: Radical Pan-American Traditions in Historical and Cultural Context. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research 17(2), 231-248.

De la Reza, G.A. (2013). The formative platform of the Congress of Panama (1810–1826): the Pan-American conjecture revisited. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 56(1), 5-21.

Dmaldonado08 (talk) 02:03, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pan-Americanism


text:
Naked DSL

A naked DSL, also known as standalone or dry loop DSL, is a digital subscriber line (DSL) without a PSTN (analogue telephony) service — or the associated dial tone. In other words, only a standalone DSL Internet service is provided on the local loop.

The original concept of DSL was to use existing telephone lines for high speed data communication, with DSL and telephone services coexisting on the same phone line - but increasingly customers may require only the Internet service - and see no need for the traditional phone service.

Comparison of Regular and Naked DSL (Standalone DSL)
In Regular DSL, data transmission is carried on inaudible high frequencies on a standard Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) telephone line.

The original idea was to use existing telephone lines for high speed data communication. DSL and telephone service can coexist on the same phone line and do not interfere with each other. From the Telco's point of view, DSL gives them the ability to sell the same telephone line twice, to the same customer. It is an idea that benefits the telco (who makes more money) and the customer (who gets a high speed data connection without the need for installation of expensive new cables.)

Naked DSL is the same as standard DSL, except that there is no voice service. Telephone service is not required for DSL to operate correctly.

The primary advantage of Naked DSL is financial: the customer saves the expense of a phone line, which they may not need. In terms of equipment, physical setup and speed, there is no difference between Naked DSL and Regular DSL. They are identical, except for the absence of dial tone.

Telco Response to standalone DSL has generally been hostile.

In the United States AT&T allows Standalone DSL for its own customers, but only very reluctantly, and it blocks third parties from providing Standalone DSL over AT&T telephone lines unless those customers also purchase AT&T branded voice services. Verizon stopped permitting Standalone DSL for its own customers in 2014, but some third parties such as Brand X Internet do still offer it. Verizon's own customers are required to buy Verizon branded voice services in order to purchase any kind of DSL.

In regular DSL, a cable runs from the telephone switch to a piece of equipment called a Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) splitter. This splitter separates the DSL and voice bands. Thus the customer will have a dial tone, which allows them to use the telephone line as a regular land line while they are using it to access the Internet on their computer. A cable carrying both services runs from the splitter to the cable head, where it continues on to the customer on outside plant. (See DSLAM.)

In naked DSL, there is no cable from the telephone switch to the POTS splitter. Thus there is no dial tone on the line. However, the customer could still use the line for regular telephone service through Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) or a Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC) instead of the Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier (ILEC).

Naked ADSL2 and ADSL2+ provisioned with "all digital mode" Annex I or Annex J can achieve additional 256 kbit/s of upstream data rate.

Availability
Naked DSL is available in several countries, if not nationwide then via at least one company: Austria, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.

Australia
Amnet was the first ISP in Australia to officially launch a naked DSL product live on 14 November 2007, followed by iiNet a day later. Exetel released naked ADSL2 Services on 1 December 2007. Optus, Australia's second largest telecommunications provider, announced on 2 Mar 2009 that it will also be providing naked DSL services. Other providers include offer Naked DSL are listed at Updated List of Naked DSL ISPs that service Australia.

Many of the smaller players use Optus to deliver their Naked DSL services.

Canada
Since the CRTC ruling of 21 July 2003, Naked DSL service has been made available in Canada. Bell Canada and other incumbents typically charge an additional fee for dry loop DSL based on the "Band Rate" of the area (ranging from Band A to Band G) to consumers and smaller ISP's who use Bell's phone line.

Croatia
Several providers offer naked DSL, but as of late July 2012, Iskon Internet is the first one to offer naked DSL nationwide on T-Hrvatski Telekom's existing infrastructure, by unsubscribing from T-Com's analog line and providing telephony service over VoIP. However, due to T-HT's wholesale policy and prices, higher speeds would be too expensive for end user, and DSL link still operates in Annex B.

Denmark
Naked DSL is available from the majority of ISPs, as most ISPs have now converted to VoIP solutions. Having 2 different providers for both POTS and DSL is possible.

France
Several ISPs now offer Naked Unbundled DSL services, which are also called offres dégroupées. ISPs generally supply their own DSL modem with an FXS (Foreign exchange station) port for a standard phone handset and a set top box to provide television services.

The first ISP to offer Naked DSL was Free with their Freebox.

Germany
At least one ISP offers Naked DSL service: M-Net and its version, Maxi Pur.

Israel
Naked DSL (both ADSL and VDSL) is provided by Bezeq telephony company to customers upon request, since most homes use both telephony and DSL lines as default, the service is provided only by demand. It's possible to request to remove the telephony line function at any given time without any restrictions or obligations.

New Zealand
Chorus Limited is the wholesale provider for the vast majority of phone lines and it provides naked DSL services. All the major internet retailers provide a naked DSL service. It is possible to get the POTS and DSL from different service providers. , Chorus provides 1.091 million ADSL2+ connections, of which 98,000 (9%) are naked, and it has 25,000 VDSL2 connections, of which 5,000 (20%) are naked.

Paraguay
Naked DSL service is available in Paraguay from State owned COPACO

Philippines
Bayan Telecommunications, Globe Telecom, EASTERN Communications, and Smart Telecommunications offers that service.

Portugal
Portugal Telecom offers that service, called Naked, since September 2008 through SAPO (company).

Simplesnet offers that service, called NDSL Simplesnet.

In May 2008, Zon TvCabo announced to its investors that it will offer Portugal's first Naked DSL service.

South Africa
Naked DSL services have started to become available in South Africa as alternatives to uncapped fiber. Various companies have started to provide the service due to high prices of uncapped fiber.

Switzerland
Naked DSL service is available in Switzerland from solnet.ch (DSL Solo), green.ch, origon ag (oDSL), INIT7 AG and many more for VDSL and g.fast.

Swisscom (The operator of the POTS infrastructure) has started to shut down POTS beginning in 2018 and was moving all customers to other solutions (Mainly VoIP, but also mobile services). Therefore, naked DSL is now the default product, many providers like iWay and solnet.ch are also selling bundled service with VoIP (usually integrated into the router).

Thailand
Only 3BB offer Naked DSL service. 3BB is former Maxnet who previously offer this service too.

Turkey
In 2011, the regulatory body of Turkish State foreseeing telecommunications have announced whole-sale pricing for government corporation Turk Telekom for providing retailers with Naked DSL. The pricing included additional fees under various labels, such as circuit preparation service (Devre hazırlama ücreti) or an additional naked DSL fee (Yalın ADSL ücreti). Although circuit preparation service fee is one-time, the latter is fixed and can take as much as %20 of the monthly bill. The additional costs was heavily criticized by consumers, as the very slight difference between ADSL+Voice (over fixed-lines) and Naked DSL services has made the latter financially irrelevant. As of 2015, all major broadband retailers offer Naked ADSL service to consumers.

United Kingdom
Naked DSL service, excluding SDSL, is not widely available in the United Kingdom, but it is possible to get a POTS and DSL from different service providers.. The incumbent network operator, BT plc, have previously claimed there was not sufficient demand from ISPs to provide a Naked DSL service. Openreach are currently trialing a product called SOGEA (Single Order Generic Ethernet Access) which is a VDSL2 Profile 17a service without POTS. Additionally a third party ISP in the UK (LLU) can use SLU (Sub Loop Unbundling) to situate their own external cabinets in the Local Network with xDSL/Optical muxing hardware commonly known as MSANs. Virgin Media provides broadband services without the requirement for a telephone line in HFC cabled areas only, but this is not naked DSL as the service is provided via a coaxial cable using DOCSIS from the street, rather that over a telephone line, active or otherwise. Some ISPs can provide a copper pair (with no telephone service) as part of their DSL package.

In December 2018 BT Openreach announced that they would close down the old PSTN services with a phased approach between 2019 and December 2025. SOGEA is due to replace all PSTN services.

United States
On March 25, 2005, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled 3-2 against utilities commissions in Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, and Louisiana, which wanted to force BellSouth to unbundle their DSL service from their local phone service. However, in that proceeding, as a compromise between the FCC Commissioners, the FCC released a Notice of Inquiry requesting comment on the "competitive consequences when providers bundle their legacy services with new services, or "tie" such services together"; that proceeding remains open before the FCC. Later that year, during merger proceedings, the FCC required Verizon and AT&T Inc. to offer naked-DSL for a period of two years as conditions to mergers; those conditions have since expired.

AT&T Inc. now provides naked DSL throughout most of the country, and Qwest Communications provides it voluntarily. Verizon Communications also provides it in some areas, although at a higher price than it charges customers who bundle it with regular phone service. Speakeasy also provides this service.

Brand X Internet, a California-based Internet provider, offers naked DSL throughout Verizon territories in California, New York, and a number of other states where Verizon dry loop lines are available. Verizon does not connect dry loop lines to a phone jack, so customers must arrange to have the dry loop line connected to a jack in their office or home.

For Missouri, Socket Telecom Holds a high rate of customers in the NDSL Range.

title: Naked DSL


text:
Edite Estrela

Edite de Fátima Santos Marreiros Estrela, GCIH (born 28 October 1949) is a Portuguese politician of the Socialist Party. She is currently the First Vice-President of the Assembly of the Republic.

Estrela was previously a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2014. She was also the Mayor of Sintra between 1993 and 2001 and a teacher of literature.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2014
During her time in the European Parliament, Estrela was a member of the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality and the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety.

From 2009 until 2010, Estrela served as the parliament's rapporteur on draft legislation on parental leave. In 2013 she wrote a controversial parliamentary report on sexual and reproductive health and rights, which was narrowly rejected in the European Parliament.

In addition to her committee assignments, Estrela was part of the parliament's delegation for relations with the Mercosur countries (2009–2014), to the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly (2007–2014) and for relations with the countries of Central America (2007–2009).

Member of the Parliament of Portugal, 2015–present
In addition to her role in parliament, Estrela has been serving as a member of the Portuguese delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2016. As a member of the Socialist Party, she is part of the Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group.

On the Assembly, Estrela serves on the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (since 2021); the Sub-Committee on Public Health and Sustainable Development (since 2020); the Sub-Committee on Gender Equality (since 2019); the Sub-Committee on the Rights of Minorities (since 2019); the Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development (since 2018); the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination (since 2018); and the Sub-Committee on Children (since 2018). She is also the Assembly's rapporteur on climate change, Romania, Georgia and equal access to digital technologies. Since 2022, she has been one of the Assembly's vice-presidents, under the leadership of president Tiny Kox.

title: Edite Estrela


text:
Category:Buffalo Braves players

This is a list of basketball players who played for the NBA franchise Buffalo Braves (now called the Los Angeles Clippers).

title: Category:Buffalo Braves players


text:
Category:Philadelphia Warriors players

This is a list of basketball players who played for the NBA's Philadelphia Warriors before the team became the San Francisco Warriors and eventually the modern-day Golden State Warriors. For the ABL team also known as the Philadelphia Warriors, see Category:Philadelphia Warriors (ABL) players.

title: Category:Philadelphia Warriors players


text:
My Pet Monster

My Pet Monster is a character that began as a plush doll first produced by American Greetings in 1986. It has horns, blue fur, a fanged smile, and wears breakaway orange plastic handcuffs.

The property was sold to Saban Brands in 2012. Then in 2018, Hasbro acquired the My Pet Monster brand from Saban Brands.

Plush
The My Pet Monster character began as a plush doll first produced by AM Toys, a subsidiary of American Greetings, in 1986. As one of the few plush dolls marketed to boys at the time, My Pet Monster was popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The doll has blue fur, horns and a fanged smile, and is recognizable by its orange plastic handcuffs. The handcuffs could also be worn by children and came with a breakaway link so that the child could simulate breaking the chain. Several versions of the doll have been released in various sizes and other attributes. Other characters were also created with brightly colored fur and unorthodox names like Gwonk, Wogster and Rark. Their popularity allowed a wealth of merchandise including coloring books, Golden Look-Look books, frame-tray puzzles and various other items.

Toymax released a 22-inch tall talking My Pet Monster doll in 2001.

Media
The character's popularity spawned a live-action direct-to-video film in 1986 about a boy named Max who becomes the Pet Monster after being exposed to a statue, changing when hungry. Dr. Snyder, the scientist who originally discovered the statues and the legend behind them, wants to kidnap him for publicity purposes, while Max's sister helps him out of the crisis. A pilot for an unproduced series, it ends on a cliffhanger as Snyder is exposed to a statue of a much larger and more menacing monster and begins to transform.

My Pet Monster also spawned a children's cartoon series that ran for one season on ABC, produced by Ellipse (France), Nelvana (Canada), and Hi-Tops Video in association with Golden Books. It gives a completely different origin for the creature than the live-action film. The show follows Monster, who lives with a boy named Max. When Monster wears his handcuffs, they turn him into a stuffed animal. Max often puts the handcuffs on Monster to keep his existence secret from others. Max's sister, Jill, and his friend Chuckie, are the only ones that know this secret.

The two main adversaries in the show are Mr. Hinkle, a neighbor who always thinks Max is up to something, but is not quite sure what; and Beastur, a large monster who hates light and tries to bring Monster back to MonsterLand. Beastur, though immense and fierce, is incompetent. He can be stopped by the magic cuffs -— which reduce him to a smaller, though still "alive" monster -— or by his own bungling, and sent back through the warp portal to his own world. He wears dark glasses to protect his sensitive eyes, which he can use to see in the dark.

Beastur appears in nearly every episode as either a primary or secondary foe. On one occasion, he is scared back through the portal to Monsterland not by light or the cuffs, but by the affections of a smitten female gorilla. In the final episode, it is also shown that Beastur hates to be hugged, even more so than being exposed to light.

Despite a breakthrough failure, the show significantly boosted sales of the already popular plush toy. Most of the voice cast of My Pet Monster reunited in 1989 for Beetlejuice, another cartoon show with a surreal theme and a supernatural world populated by fantastic monsters.

Reruns of all 13 half-hour episodes aired on Teletoon Retro in Canada from September 5, 2011.

Characters

 * "Monster" (voiced by Jeff McGibbon in TV series, portrayed by Mark Parr in special) - The Monster, Max's friend in series, as opposed to being Max in special
 * Max Smith (portrayed by Sunny Besen Thrasher) - A boy who appears as a monster in the special and as a separate character in the series. When he wins the surfing competition he is referred to as Max Smith.
 * Chuckie (voiced by Stuart Stone) - Max's best friend, despite being absent in the special.
 * Jill Smith (voiced by Alyson Court) - Max's older sister who Monster clearly has a crush on. She appears in the series.
 * Melanie (portrayed by Alyson Court) - Max's sister in special.
 * Beastur (voiced by Dan Hennessey, briefly voiced by Jack Darley in commercial) - A giant monster in the series who pursues Monster with the intention of taking him back to Monsterland. Briefly mentioned at the end of the special as the name of one of the monsters represented by the statues.
 * Mr. Hinkle (voiced by Colin Fox) - A suspicious neighbor, aware of Monster's antics though never actually succeeds in proving Monster exists.
 * Princess (voiced by Tracey Moore) - Hinkle's pet poodle.
 * Dr. Snyder (portrayed by Colin Fox) - A mad scientist-turned-monster hunter who appeared in the special.
 * Rod (portrayed by Yannick Bisson) - Max's older brother who appeared in the special, aware of Max's monster changing ability.
 * Stephanie (portrayed by Kelly Rowan) - Rod's date who appeared in the special.
 * Jenny - Hinkle's niece
 * Wolfmen (musicians)
 * Leo (school bully)
 * Myron Peabody (student)
 * Annie (voiced by Tara Strong) - A neighbour that Jill befriends.
 * Jumbo Jim (ringer)
 * Mrs. Smith (portrayed by Jayne Eastwood) - Max and Jill's mother who has a brief role at the beginning of the special. Actually, her first name is Julie.
 * Rex Stalker (monster hunter)
 * Blaine (portrayed by Hadley Kay) - Max's nemesis in Boogie Board Blues.

Home media

 * On October 28, 2008, KaBoom! Entertainment released My Pet Monster- The Complete Series, featuring all 13 episodes, on DVD exclusively in Canada.
 * On October 6, 2009, Trinity Home Entertainment released My Pet Monster- The Complete Series on DVD in the USA.
 * The live-action film was originally released on VHS. It has yet to be released on DVD, Laserdisc, Video CD, or Blu-ray.

title: My Pet Monster


text:
Emanuel Jardim Fernandes

Emanuel Vasconcelos Jardim Fernandes (born 21 January 1944 in Seixal) is a Portuguese politician.

He was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 to 2009 for the Socialist Party; part of the Party of European Socialists.

title: Emanuel Jardim Fernandes


text:
Emanuel Fernandes

Emanuel Fernandes may refer to:

 * Emanuel Jardim Fernandes (born 1944), Portuguese politician
 * Emanuel Fernandes (beach volleyball) (born 1967), beach volleyball player from Angola

title: Emanuel Fernandes


text:
Category:San Francisco Warriors players

This is a list of basketball players who played for the NBA's San Francisco Warriors before the team moved to Oakland and became the Golden State Warriors.

title: Category:San Francisco Warriors players


text:
Category:St. Louis Hawks players

This is a list of basketball players who played for the NBA franchise now called the Atlanta Hawks when it was known as the St. Louis Hawks.

title: Category:St. Louis Hawks players


text:
Nanabozho

Nanabozho (in syllabics: ᓇᓇᐳᔓ, ), also known as Nanabush, is a spirit in Anishinaabe aadizookaan (traditional storytelling), particularly among the Ojibwe. Nanabozho figures prominently in their storytelling, including the story of the world's creation. Nanabozho is the Ojibwe trickster figure and culture hero (these two archetypes are often combined into a single figure in First Nations mythologies, among others).

Nanabozho can take the shape of male or female animals or humans in storytelling. Most commonly it is an animal such as a raven or coyote which lives near the tribe and which is cunning enough to make capture difficult.

Nanabozho is a trickster figure in many First Nation storytellings. While the use of Nanabush through storytelling can be for entertainment, it is often used as a way to pass down information and general life lessons.

The Nanabozho spirit
As a trickster figure, it is often Nanabozho’s goal to create problems, which often highlight the struggles many Native people experience. According to Anishinaabe scholar Leanne Simpson, for instance, Nanabush often experiments with capitalistic means. They can be greedy, manipulative, and money driven. Because of their worldly desires, chaos often ensues. However, by developing deep relationships with others, Nanabozho becomes more balanced. Furthermore, as Nanabozho becomes more receptive to their surroundings, Nanabozho is able to create the ideal of decolonization through learned consent, recognition, and reciprocity. Therefore, the stories of Nanabush are used to guide people through life experiences and teach moral lessons.

Shapeshifting
Nanabozho is a shapeshifter who is both zoomorphic as well as anthropomorphic, meaning that Nanabozho can take the shape of animals or humans in storytelling. Thus Nanabush takes many different forms in storytelling, often changing depending on the tribe. The majority of storytelling depicts Nanabozho through a zoomorphic lens. In the Arctic and sub-Arctic, the trickster is usually called Raven. Coyote is present in the area of California, Oregon, the inland plateau, the Great Basin, and the Southwest and Southern Plains. Rabbit or Hare is the trickster figure in the Southeast, and Spider is in the northern plains. Meanwhile, Wolverine and Jay are the trickster in parts of Canada. Often, Nanabozho takes the shape of these animals because of their frequent presence among tribes. The animals listed above have similar behavioral patterns. For example, they all live near human settlements and are very cunning, enough so as to be captured with great difficulty.

Gender fluidity
The gender identity of Nanabozho changes depending on the storytelling. Because Nanabozho is a shapeshifter, they are androgynous. While the majority of stories told about the trickster figure are written with he/him pronouns, the gender identity changes depending on the story and many are written with feminine pronouns. This allows Nanabozho a broader range of stories because they can adapt and change when needed.

Stories
Nanabozho is one of four sons from what some historical and religious scholars have interpreted as spirits of directions. He has a human mother, and E-bangishimog ("In the West"), a spirit father.

Nanabozho most often appears in the shape of a rabbit and is characterized as a trickster. In his rabbit form, he is called Mishaabooz ("Great rabbit" or "Hare") or Gitchii-waabooz ("Big rabbit"). He was sent to Earth by Gitche Manidoo to teach the Ojibwe. One of his first tasks was to name all the plants and animals. Nanabozho is considered to be the founder of Midewiwin. He is the inventor of fishing and hieroglyphs. This historical figure is a shapeshifter and a co-creator of the world.

Fight with Paul Bunyan
An Ojibwe legend describes Nanabozho's encounter with folkloric lumberjack Paul Bunyan. Along Bunyan's path of deforestation, Nanabozho confronts Bunyan in Minnesota and implores him to leave the state without logging any more timber. A fight ensues and they battle for forty days and forty nights. Nanabozho ends the fight by slapping Bunyan across the face with a Red Lake walleye fish. After this, Bunyan "stumbles, [and] Nanabozho pulls at Paul’s whiskers, making him promise to leave the area." Unofficial sources add a portion in which Bunyan lands on his rear end at the end of the battle, creating Lake Bemidji with the shape of his buttocks.

This story claims to explain why Bunyan is beardless and facing west in the Lake Bemidji statue. A Nanabozho statue is situated across the street from the aforementioned Bunyan statue.

Similar characters in other Native cultures
Among the eastern Algonquian peoples located north of the Abenaki areas, a similar character to Nanabozho existed called Tcakabesh in the Algonquin language, Chikapash among the eastern James Bay Crees, Chaakaapaas by the Naskapi, Tshakapesh in the Innu language and Tcikapec in the Atikamekw language, changing to various animal forms to various human forms (adult to child) and to various mythical animals such as the Great Porcupine, or Big Skunk. He conquered or diminished these mythical animals to smaller size after killing or changing them with his trickery or shapeshifting. Among the Meskwaki, Wīsakehā serves a similar role, as does Wisakedjak among northern Algonquian peoples and for the Saulteaux in the Great Plains. The Lakota had a similar figure known as 'Iktomi.'   The Abenaki-influenced Algonquin had a similar figure called Kanòjigàbe (Fiero spelling: Ganoozhigaabe; Abenaki Gluskabe; English Glooscap).

Nanabozho name variations
The Nanabozho name varies in the Ojibwe language depending on whether it is presented with a first-person prefix n- (i.e. Nanabozho), third-person prefix w- (i.e. Wanabozho), or null-person prefix m- (i.e. Manabozho); the "Manabozho" form of the name is most commonly associated with Menominee language version of these stories. In addition, depending on the story and the narrator's role in telling the story, the name may be presented in its regular nominative form (with the final o, i.e. Nanabozho) or in its vocative form (without the final o, i.e. Nanabozh). Due to the way the two o sounds, they are often each realized as oo (i.e. Nanaboozhoo). In some dialects, zh is realized as z. These variations allow for associating the name with the word for "rabbit(-)" (waabooz(o-)).

Due to the placement of word stress, determined by metrical rules that define a characteristic iambic metrical foot, in which a weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable, in some dialects the weak syllable may be reduced to a schwa, which may be recorded as either i or e (e.g. Winabozho or Wenabozho if the first weak syllable is graphically shown, Nanabizho if the second weak syllable is graphically shown).

In addition, though the Fiero double-vowel system uses zh, the same sound in other orthographies can be realized as j in the Algonquin system or š (or sh) in the Saulteaux-Cree system (e.g. Nanabozho v. Nanabojo). To this mix, depending on if the transcriber used French or English, the Anishinaabe name may be transcribed to fit the phonetic patterns of one of the two said languages (e.g. "Winnaboujou" and "Nanabijou": French rendering of Winabozho and Nanabizho respectively, or "Nanabush": English rendering of Nanabozh).

Like the transcription variations found among "Nanabozho," often Mishaabooz is transcribed into French as Michabous and represented in English as Michabou. Additional name variations include "Winneboujou, Winabojo, Wenabozho, Wenaboozhoo, Waynaboozhoo, Wenebojo, Nanaboozhoo, Nanabojo, Nanabushu, Nanabush, Nanapush, Nenabush, Nenabozho, Nanabosho, Manabush, Manabozho, Manibozho, Nanahboozho, Minabozho, Manabus, Manibush, Manabozh, Manabozo, Manabozho, Manabusch, Manabush, Manabus, Menabosho, Nanaboojoo, Nanaboozhoo, Nanaboso, Nanabosho, Nenabuc, Amenapush, Ne-Naw-bo-zhoo, Kwi-wi-sens Nenaw-bo-zhoo [...] Michabo, Michabou, Michabous, Michaboo, Mishabo, Michabo, Misabos, Misabooz," and "Messou."

In popular culture
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha (1855) is adapted from several Nanabozho stories, along with Longfellow's own inventions. However, the poem has little to do with the historical or legendary Hiawatha.

Nanabozho is featured, as "Nanabozo", in the form of a trickster rabbit in the Swiss bandes dessinées series Yakari, e.g. Yakari et Nanabozo (1978).

Written by Drew Hayden Taylor, the novel Motorcycles and Sweetgrass contains a contemporary depiction of Nanabozho. Published in 2010, the trickerster is portrayed as a white man who charms his way into an Indigenous family living on the Otter Lake reserve.

title: Nanabozho


text:
Elisa Ferreira

Elisa Maria da Costa Guimarães Ferreira, GCC (born 17 October 1955) is a Portuguese politician and economist who has been serving as European Commissioner for Cohesion and Reforms in the administration of President Ursula von der Leyen since 2019. She previously served as vice-governor of the Bank of Portugal from 2016 until 2019. She was as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Socialist Party; part of the Party of European Socialists between 2004 and 2016. In 2019, she was selected by Portugal to serve as a European Commissioner. Previously, she was in charge of the Ministries of Environment (1995-1999) and Public Works (1999-2001) during the governments of António Guterres.

Member of the Portuguese Government, 1995–2002
Ferreira served as Minister of Environment (1995–1999) and as Minister for Planning (1999–2001) in the government of António Guterres.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2016
Ferreira was a Member of the European Parliament from the 2004 European election until her resignation in 2016. Throughout her time in parliament, she served as a member of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. In this capacity, she drafted the committee's own-initiative report on closer coordination of economic policies, which calls for the European Central Bank (ECB) to be granted powers to monitor “financial stability in the euro-area” and to be involved “in EU-wide macroprudential supervision of systematically important financial institutions.” She was also in charge of the parliament's report on the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure in 2011 and led the parliament's work on the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) in 2013.

From 2004 to 2014, Ferreira was a member of the parliament's delegation to the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly. In 2015, she joined the Special Committee on Tax Rulings and Other Measures Similar in Nature or Effect.

In 2012, Ferreira was part of the Socialists and Democrats (S&D) expert “alternative troika” sent to Greece to assess what measures can be taken to spur job growth.

In addition to her committee assignments, Ferreira was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Long Term Investment and Reindustrialisation. She also represented the Parliament at the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali and the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poznań.

Banco de Portugal, 2016–2019
In June 2016, Elisa Ferreira resigned from the European Parliament after she was nominated by the Portuguese Government to join the board of directors of the Bank of Portugal. She was replaced by Manuel dos Santos.

European Commissioner, 2019–present
On 27 August 2019 Prime-Minister António Costa announced that Ferreira had been proposed as the Portuguese commissioner in Ursula von der Leyen's European Commission, to take office on 1 November 2019, taking the portfolio of Cohesion and Reforms. She became the first Portuguese woman to be put forward as commissioner.

Other activities

 * Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), Member of the Administrative Board (1989–1992)
 * Associação Industrial Portuense, Executive Vice-President (1992–1994)
 * Comissão de Coordenação da Região Norte, Vice-President (1988–1992)

title: Elisa Ferreira