text:
STP (motor oil company)

STP is an American brand of automotive aftermarket products, especially lubricants such as motor oil and motor oil additives. The name began as an abbreviation of Scientifically Treated Petroleum. The brand has been owned by Energizer Holdings since November 2018.

History
Chemical Compounds was founded in 1953 by three businessmen, Charles Dwight (Doc) Liggett, Jim Hill and Robert De Hart, with $3,000 in start-up capital in St. Joseph, Missouri. Their sole product was STP Oil Treatment; the name was derived from “Scientifically Treated Petroleum”. In 1961, the company was acquired by the Studebaker-Packard Corporation.

Studebaker briefly tied STP into its advertising as an abbreviation for “Studebaker Tested Products”. However, Studebaker-Packard CEO Sherwood Egbert felt that STP could one day outpace its parent company and recruited Andy Granatelli as the CEO of STP to help raise the product’s image. At the same time, Granatelli became the public face of STP, often wearing a white suit emblazoned with the red oval STP logo to races, distributing thousands of all-weather STP stickers. Granatelli ran two Novi specials at the 1964 Indianapolis 500. Jim Hurtubise and Bobby Unser were the drivers. An hour-long black and white film called Way of a Champion was made of the 1964 and 1965 races, centering on the Novis.

Studebaker exited the auto manufacturing and sales business in 1966 and launched new strategies to expand and develop its other corporate business units including the Studebaker petroleum division. Under the new Studebaker strategy, STP sales continued to grow. to the point where it was spun off into a publicly traded company in 1969. In 1976, it was acquired by Esmark which itself was purchased by Beatrice Foods in 1984. Beatrice sold STP to Union Carbide the next year. In 1986, Union Carbide's auto products, which included Prestone and Simoniz, were subject to a leveraged buyout. The resulting company, First Brands, was purchased by Clorox in 1998.

In the fall of 2006, STP fuel additives began being used in Marathon gasolines, likely to compete with Chevron's Techron additive.

In 2010, Clorox sold Armor All and STP to Avista Capital Partners. It named the business Armored AutoGroup. In April 2015, the Armored AutoGroup was acquired by Spectrum Brands. Energizer bought the Spectrum's auto care brands (including Armor All, A/C Pro and STP) for $1.25 billion in cash and stock.

Legal issues
In 1976, STP faced a consumer protection order that required it to have scientific backing for certain statements and prohibited making false claims. In 1978, it paid a $500,000 civil penalty over claims. In 1995, STP paid $888,000 to settle Federal Trade Commission charges of false advertising.

Oil treatment
STP Oil Treatment contains zinc dithiophosphate as an anti-wear additive.

Involvement in motor racing and sponsorships
In 1970, STP CEO Andy Granatelli founded the STP Formula One Team. Mario Andretti was hired to drive. The team competed in a total of five races running a March Engineering chassis, their best result being a third place at the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix. In 1972 Granatelli agreed to sponsor NASCAR champion Richard Petty, but their deal almost fell apart before their first race. Granatelli insisted the car be STP day-glo red. Petty held out for his iconic Petty blue, and neither would budge. The resulting two-tone red and blue scheme became more famous than either color alone.

STP sponsored Petty through the end of his driving career in 1992, then Bobby Hamilton, and John Andretti in Petty Enterprises' famous #43. That partnership ended shortly after its acquisition by Clorox. STP and the Petty family hold the second-longest relationship in automobile racing history (1972–2000) (Kenny Bernstein and his son Brandon were sponsored by Budweiser for two years longer (1979–2009)).

In August 2012, STP announced that it would be the title sponsor of the World of Outlaws Sprint Car Series in 2013.

On February 21, 2013, STP announced a return to NASCAR Sprint Cup Series sponsorship in a multi-year deal for the STP Gas Booster 500 starting April 7, 2013 at Martinsville Speedway along with a return as primary sponsor of the Richard Petty Motorsports No. 43 for the 2013 STP Gas Booster 500. STP also sponsored the Xfinity Series race STP 300 from 2011 to 2013 at Chicagoland Speedway.

title: STP (motor oil company)


text:
Cheder

A cheder (חדר, lit. 'room'; Yiddish pronunciation: khéyder) is a traditional primary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language.

History
Cheders were widely found in Europe before the end of the 18th century. Lessons took place in the house of the teacher, known as a melamed, whose wages were paid by the Jewish community or a group of parents. Normally, only boys would attend classes - girls were educated by their mothers in their homes. Where money was scarce and the community could not afford to maintain many teachers, boys of all ages would be taught in a single group.

Although traditionally boys start learning the Hebrew alphabet the day they turned three, boys typically entered cheder school around the age of 5. After learning to read Hebrew, they would immediately begin studying the Torah, starting with the Book of Leviticus. They would usually start learning the Mishnah at around seven years of age and the Talmud (Mishnah, Gemara, and additional commentaries) as soon they had mastered the Mishnah. Reading out loud to each other and rote learning were the main techniques used to teach these complicated studies. At the age of 13 or 14, the end of a boy's education at the cheder would be marked by his bar mitzvah.

Those who wanted to go on to become a rabbi or sofer had to continue their studies at an yeshiva, or Talmudic university. Famous European yeshivot were located at Worms, Fürth and Prague, which was considered to be among the best. After many Jews had fled to eastern Europe to escape medieval pogroms connected with the Crusades of that time, the intellectual centre of European Judaism moved with them and remained there for centuries.

Towards the end of the 18th century, the cheder system became a target of critique by members of Jewish orthodoxy as well as by supporters of the more liberal Haskala (Jewish Enlightenment).

Orthodox critics argued that teachers were not sufficiently qualified. At that time, cheder teachers were paid so badly that many would have to supplement their incomes with menial tasks. It was fairly commonplace for a melamed to be a butcher, singer or even a gravedigger. It was also argued that some melameds would let pupils advance to the next level of learning too early because advanced pupils had to pay more money for their lessons.

Critics committed to the ideals of the Haskala criticized the system as a whole, claiming it resulted in linguistic and spatial isolation for its students and therefore impeded the integration and emancipation of the Jews. They proposed additional lessons in the local language and a more secular vocational education.

These ideas were put into practice at the end of the 18th century by German Jews who founded Reform schools or Freischulen ("free schools"). This and the introduction of compulsory education eventually led to the dissolution of the cheder system, at least in Germanophone countries, although it continued to exist in Eastern Europe until as recently as the Holocaust.

21st century
In more Modern Orthodox Jewish communities, sometimes where the family are not necessarily strict about their Jewish observance, chadarim (plural of cheder) are sometimes attended outside normal school hours. There, Jewish children attending non-Jewish schools can pick up some rudimentary knowledge of the Jewish religion and traditions, learn how to read Hebrew and understand some basic Hebrew vocabulary. In these communities, regular attendance at cheder is often a prerequisite for boys being allowed to read a portion from the Torah for their bar-mitzva, and for girls to participate in a bat-mitzva ceremony that these communities might arrange for them. Conservative and Reform Jewish communities, which are generally secular and assimilated, might have a similar program, but are more relaxed with regards to what they teach.

In more insular Orthodox Jewish communities, cheder is a term used to mean a private primary day school where the emphasis is placed on religious study and a secondary emphasis is placed on secular knowledge which is also taught. These are increasingly popular within Haredi communities in Europe and America where a core curriculum is obligatory, so even Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) schools tend to offer a fairly broad if superficial secular education.

In Israel, where there is no legal core-curriculum, the distinction between school and cheder is rarely made, as most Haredi schools teach only a very rudimentary level of secular knowledge.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cheder


text:
Talk:Low-power broadcasting

NPOV
Is anyone watching this page? Does anyone want to help put up more information on the micro-power movement on this page or on another page? ParkingStones 22:21, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have done some editing here. I think the article is still pretty weak, but I think the issue is a reasonably important one, so let's not kill the page yet. I haven't looked at the other Radio and broadcasting pages yet. That might be another place to find this info a better home. Has anyone else even looked at this page? --Jvv62 00:49, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

After looking at a few other pages, this particular grouping of items might not be necessary. Perhaps the community Radio, School radio, and radio regulation pages are where this all belongs. On the other hand, LP does have a unique blend of technical, financial, ad political problems, so maybe this should be here.

 * This page was clearly written by someone on one side of the LPFM issue. I am mostly on that side too, so it's a little hard for me to completely straighten it out.  \" This is due to the influence of NPR and religious broadcasting companies,\"  Actually I think it's a little more nuaced than that.

-- Jvv62 02:11, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

I believe there have been some developments with this. The Mitre Report Was conducted in 2003 and its findings have an impact on this issue.

Also the Local Community Radio Act of 2005 was introduced but failed due to opposition from the National Association of Broadcasters. I am in the process of finding a paper trail for this.

Recently the Local Community Radio Act of 2007 was introduced and is under consideration. I am also in the process of running this back but the act can be found here

If some of the political view points are boiled down to just verifiable facts of the history of this it would go a long was in getting this thing into a non biased view. Iscariot40 16:57, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Neutral? Nope. If you can consider PIRATE (meaning illegal and deliberately so) stations as simply innocuous "microbroadcasters" I guess it's neutral... don't get me wrong, I like those Prometheus guys (and gals - sorry Hannah) and support them but let's not start this whitewashing - if you're handing out credit for LPFM you ought to include (among others) other pirates like Stephen Dunifer (but failure to divulge their lawbreaking does make for a non-neutral article). Low power broadcasting is way more than 15 years old! In fact, where's an article (or mention) on the big force in low power broadcasting (once upon a time) a company started in 1960 called "Low Power Broadcasting" (now LPB Communications, Inc.) which really did explode this movement building tens of thousands of school stations and developing some of the more interesting technologies, supplying a global market in community radio? But I digress. The reason I found this article was that I was looking for a catchall that included low power systems such as 'tunnel broadcasting', 'language translation', hearing assistive', educational, community, commercial and others. This article hides those as after thoughts at best in favor (clearly) of LPFM. So, this should be an LPFM article linked from a more broad-scoped "low power broadcasting" article. If everyone wants this current article to stay I can start filling in large amounts of niche systems that are low power broadcasting, I just did some light adds, but I'll wait and see if this is going to move or something. BTW - historically the NPR/religious broadcasters support of translators is accurate. They operate a hugely dominant % of the systems and have been abusers of the application process repeatedly (primarily since the FCC allowed satellite-fed translator operations). I can provide LOTS of examples, but its bad enough the FCC is re-evaluating the process according to a recent release.--Wloyradio (talk) 03:58, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

AFD on manufacturer Alice Soundtech
There's an AFD on Alice Soundtech, a leading UK supplier of studio and transmission equipment for RSL radio stations, from mixing consoles to AM/FM transmitters, based in Surrey. People in the biz or in the know can chime in at Articles for deletion/Alice Soundtech. -- 62.147.86.249 16:53, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Lists of stations
The External Links section is becoming cluttered with station links. Perhaps it's time for a List of LPFM stations, List of LPAM stations, etc (either with headings for countries, etc, or separate articles, bound with a category). —überRegenbogen (talk) 13:40, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * There should be a list/category for LPFM as it is a FCC broadcast class, but LPAM doesn't exist in the FCC eyes, they call it Part 15 and those don't pass WP:N. Mr mark taylor (talk) 16:58, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I bag to differ. LPFM is very much a broadcast class that is licensed and authorized by the FCC.  One can not legally operation a true LPFM station without a license.  Part 15 is much different; think the likes of an FM transmitter on a XM Radio receiver. Radiojonathan (talk) 04:54, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * He wrote LPAM not LPFM. Please read more carefully

Lots of Incorrect Information
There is a huge difference in a LPFM station and a translator. A translator station retransmits the signal of a full power station to another area, while LPFM must have all original programming and also must be non-profit. To say that the likes of Calvary and K-Love are operating and taking up LPFM allocations is extremely misleading and inaccurate. I will do somemore research on specifics and update as I am able. In the mean time please be careful when reading this page, as it does contain a lot of incorrect information. I might also suggest that, if the original auhor is registered, that he be blocked from updating this page. Obviously he/she has no idea what he/she is talking about. Radiojonathan (talk) 04:51, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

The statement under the heading "Foundation of LPFM" that the minimium power for a commerical FM station is 6000 watts is simply false. 6000 watts is the maximum permitted effective radiated power (ERP) for the lowest class of full-power FM stations (Class A). Many Class A stations operate well under 6kW ERP; for example, KFAI in Minneapolis currently operates with 900W ERP and formerly used just 125W ERP. A number of other factual misrepresentations are present in this article, though I don't have sufficient time to address them at the moment. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.135.241.45 (talk) 17:04, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

smart radio
Most of this article discusses radio broadcast using standard analog AM, analog FM, or analog TV modulation, with the only difference being reduced power and range ... and the various legal regulations involved.

The "Merged from low-power" section seems to talk about something entirely different -- "smart radio" communication from one end of a city to another, not using a direct broadcast, nor using standard cell system ( mobile-to-tower-to-landline-to-tower-to-mobile ), but through a series of relay stations that all use much lower power than it would take to directly communicate from one end of a city to the other. And as far as I can tell, using some sort of packet-switched digital modulation.

While certainly both things involve "radio" at "low power", that (as far as I can tell) seems to be the only thing they have in common. Something that meets this "smart radio" definition does not necessarily meet the FCC legal definition of "low power", and something that meets the FCC legal definition of "low power" probably does not have this "smart radio" architecture.

So ... should we continue to make this article talk about all kinds of "relatively low power" radio transmission, covering both the physics involved, the various arrangements (one-way one-to-many broadcast, 2-way one-to-one communication, mesh communication, etc.), briefly mentioning the various protocols (AM, FM, frequency hoppping, etc), as well as various legal requirements?

Or should split this up into one article that discusses various legal requirements (preferably using the official name in those laws -- which is what?), and another article that discusses the physics involved and the tradeoffs of various arrangements and protocols?

Or should we move all the smart radio stuff to the wireless mesh network article -- it's roughly the same, right? --68.0.124.33 (talk) 06:35, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The "smart radio" section has been moved from this article to cognitive radio. --DavidCary (talk) 14:10, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

Opinions Section
Smart radio ideas would be a natural jumping off point for cognitive radio, and other topics.

Low-power broadcasting done with digital technology would allow for much more efficient use of bandwidth, and would help in distributing content to a local community of interest, much like the Boston COMINS project at MIT did in the 1980s.

Wikip rhyre (talk) 22:00, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that those are all important and notable topics that should be included somewhere in Wikipedia.
 * However, other people seem to feel that this "low-power broadcasting" article needs to focus on one particular legal definition of "low-power broadcasting" that excludes most of those topics.
 * Is there some other article that would be more appropriate for describing of "low-power broadcasting done with digital technology" in general? A general article about the commonalities between Boston COMINS, QRP operation, Wireless community network, ZigBee, etc.? If I understand correctly, none of those things meet the legal definition of "low-power broadcasting" described in this article. --DavidCary (talk) 19:09, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

February 2013 cleaning
I went through and attempted some cleanup of this article, mostly through the Low-power broadcasting section. Major changes made: This is just a portion of the problems. This article has been tagged as needed more references for 2 years now, and for needing POV-checking for over 5 years, so anything that has existed unsourced or added to the problem since then is ripe for removal without further reason. --Closeapple (talk) 10:05, 24 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Removed most of the second paragraph, which was an unsourced general explanation that reception distance is a factor of weather, terrain, and transmitter power.
 * Reduced lecturing from remainder of introduction section.
 * Sorted the sections by country.
 * Removed repeated, unsourced claims that U.S. LPFM and Class D licenses have been stopped by the government because of the unspecified "influence" of National Public Radio and religious broadcasting. (If it's verifiable, reliable sources can be found.)
 * Removed the entire "Smart radio" section, as it consisted only of two see-alsos (cognitive radio and wireless mesh network) followed by advocacy quotes that did not contain the term, with no explanation of the term in-between or even evidence that the term "smart radio" is in normal circulation.
 * Added lots of inline maintenance tags, so editors can see more precisely what needs to be improved or removed.

External links modified
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External links modified
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U.S. section merits its own article
In my opinion, the section on LPFM in the United States is long enough to warrant its own article. Given the importance of the topic in regards to noncommercial broadcasting and the number of sources available, I also believe more information of note could be added. I would post a template to this effect, but am not sure which template would be most appropriate. Assistance and feedback would be appreciated. Allreet (talk) 15:49, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Low-power broadcasting


text:
Talk:Barbara Samson

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment Drive

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 06:20, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

This cloying language is inappropriate for an encyclopedia article. RickK 22:22, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barbara Samson


text:
Killer Queen

"Killer Queen" is a song by the British rock band Queen. It was written by lead singer Freddie Mercury and recorded for their third album Sheer Heart Attack in 1974. It reached number two in the UK Singles Chart and became their first US hit, reaching number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100. The song is about a high-class call girl and has been characterised as "Mercury's piano-led paean to a Moët-quaffing courtesan".

The song is included in Queen's 1981 Greatest Hits compilation. It is also recorded on the live albums Live Killers and Queen Rock Montreal.

History and recording
Mercury commented he wrote the lyrics before the melody and music, whereas normally he would do the opposite. He stated that the song was about a high-class call girl. The song's first verse quotes a phrase traditionally but falsely attributed to Marie Antoinette: "'Let them eat cake,' she says, Just like Marie Antoinette". "Killer Queen" retained the essence of Queen's trademark sound, particularly in its meticulous vocal harmonies.

Unlike the first two Queen albums, this song was partly recorded at Rockfield Studios in Wales. The recording features elaborate four-part harmonies (particularly in the choruses, and also providing backing parts in the verses), and also a multitracked guitar solo by Brian May which makes use of the bell effect. At one point there are two distinct bass guitar lines, one of which diverges into a descending run.

Release
When released as a single, "Killer Queen" was Queen's breakthrough hit, reaching number two in the United Kingdom and number twelve in the United States. It was released as a double A-side in the UK, the US, and Canada (where it reached number 15 in the RPM 100 national singles chart), with the song "Flick of the Wrist". Several different versions of "Flick of the Wrist" were used on different releases. In 1986, "Killer Queen" featured as the B-side to "Who Wants to Live Forever".

Queen on the song
Freddie Mercury: People are used to hard rock, energy music from Queen, yet with this single you almost expect Noël Coward to sing it. It's one of those bowler hat, black suspender belt numbers – not that Coward would wear that. ... It's about a high class call girl. I'm trying to say that classy people can be whores as well. That's what the song is about, though I'd prefer people to put their interpretation upon it – to read into it what they like.

Brian May: 'Killer Queen' was the turning point. It was the song that best summed up our kind of music, and a big hit, and we desperately needed it as a mark of something successful happening for us... I was always very happy with this song. The whole [album] was made in a very craftsman-like manner. I still enjoy listening to it because there's a lot to listen to, but it never gets cluttered. There's always space for all the little ideas to come through. And of course, I like the solo, with that three-part section, where each part has its own voice...It's vintage Queen. The first time I heard Freddie playing that song, I was lying in my room in Rockfield [a residential recording studio in Wales], feeling very sick. After Queen's first American tour, I had hepatitis, and then I had very bad stomach problems and I had to be operated on. So I remember just lying there, hearing Freddie play this really great song and feeling sad, because I thought, 'I can't even get out of bed to participate in this.' But then I got fixed up, thank God. And when I came out again, we were able to finish off 'Killer Queen.' They left some space for me and I did the solo. I had strong feelings about one of the harmony bits in the chorus, so we had another go at that too.

Live performances
The song was regularly performed between 1974 and 1981 as part of a medley. In 1974–1975, the song was played following "In the Lap of the Gods", and in 1975–76, the song followed "Bohemian Rhapsody". In 1984 and 1985, during The Works Tour, it was reintroduced in a medley following a truncated version of "Somebody to Love".

Critical reception and legacy
On the single's release, Cash Box said that it had "fine lead vocals, solid harmonies and an inventive production" and that "this song is bound to make you smile with its lighthearted whimsy and confident approach." Record World described it as "a cross between Bowie and Wings".

Retrospectively, "Killer Queen" was described by AllMusic as the true beginning of Queen's "radio sound" and "recalls the cabaret songs of yesteryear, but also shows how Queen was fast becoming a master of power pop". Rock historian Paul Fowles wrote that "Killer Queen", with its "sleazy Parisian imagery", allowed "free rein" to Mercury's "unique brand of rock theater".

American pop singer Katy Perry cites "Killer Queen" as an important influence on her, saying it "made me discover music and helped me come into my own at the age of 15".

Personnel

 * Freddie Mercury – lead vocals and backing vocals, grand piano, tack piano, finger snapping
 * Brian May – electric guitar, backing vocals
 * Roger Taylor – drums, triangle, chimes, backing vocals
 * John Deacon – bass guitar

5 Seconds of Summer version
In October 2018, Australian band 5 Seconds of Summer released a version of the song ahead of release of Queen's biopic, Bohemian Rhapsody. The cover was released to support the Mercury Phoenix Trust, an organization founded by Queen's band members that aims to provide support in the fight against HIV/AIDS. The song was released to coincide with the release of the film Bohemian Rhapsody. Universal Music Group released 3 tracks by different artists' channeling their inner Freddie Mercury; this is the second installment, following Shawn Mendes' "Under Pressure" released two weeks earlier. According to 5 Seconds of Summer, Queen's "unique harmonies, the fluidity to their songwriting and how they each used their own musicality to back each other up have always inspired us. For us, the exploration of individual vocalists in a band is incredibly important and Queen helped us to see the future of how we want to sing, in addition to how we play our instruments." A portion of the profits from the "Killer Queen" cover will be donated to Mercury Phoenix Trust, which was founded by Queen's Brian May and Roger Taylor (and the group's manager, Jim Beach) after Mercury's death to help fight AIDS worldwide.

Reception
Brooke Bajgrowicz from Billboard said "The four-piece pop rock band launch into the anthemic a cappella chorus from the get-go... By the time the full-force chorus arrives, the fluid harmonies and catchy phrasing are instantly recognizable. While somewhat modernised, the single fades out in a style similar to the original Queen banger, and other '70s hits of the time". Daniel Kreps from Rolling Stone called the version "Faithful".

title: Killer Queen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Heptacorn

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 14:24, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Heptacorn
Hoax, no google hits, see also Votes for deletion/Holy Order of the Number Seven. Thue | talk 22:25, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

delete this should have been speedy-deleted - obviously it's a jok.e - DavidWBrooks 22:28, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. I'm going to block this guy if he adds one more of these nonsense articles.  RickK 22:38, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree entirely. These are speedies - nonsense. Charles Matthews 10:59, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, hoax. Megan1967 23:03, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable, states has never been sighted. RJFJR 00:02, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep who are we to dispute the validity of a heptacorn (see unicorn)
 * Unsigned vote added by anon.
 * Abstain Heptacorn means so many things to so many people. The fact that there are no google hits nor is there an entry on wikipedia is shocking. ironmike1968 23:23, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No such user, vote added by anon.
 * Delete It's obvious that it's a fake. I could make up a mythological beast called a grunabeast, but that doesn't mean it should get an article. --DaveTheRed 03:57, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A fake you say? --THE GRUNABEAST
 * No such user, vote added by anon.
 * Delete amusing hoax but still a hoax. -- Curps 08:32, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Francis B. Posey

Francis Blackburn Posey (April 28, 1848 – October 31, 1915) was an American lawyer who served for five weeks as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana in 1889.

Biography
Francis B. Posey was born in Petersburg, Indiana on April 28, 1848, the son of John Wesley Posey and Sarah Blackburn Posey.

He attended Asbury College for one year, and earned a law degree at Indiana University Maurer School of Law in 1869. He married Emma Brown on January 17, 1878, and they had four children, one of whom was John Adams Posey.

Congress
He served in the U.S. Congress from January 29, 1889, to March 3, 1889. He was elected to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Alvin P. Hovey, who had been elected Governor of Indiana. Posey was defeated for re-election to the U.S. Congress. He also ran unsuccessfully for other offices, including the Indiana state Senate. Posey was also an elector on the James Garfield ticket in 1880.

Death
Francis B. Posey died at his home in Rockport, Indiana on October 31, 1915. He was buried at Walnut Hill Cemetery (Petersburg, Indiana).

title: Francis B. Posey


text:
Donald E. Graham

Donald Edward Graham (born April 22, 1945) is the majority owner and chairman of Graham Holdings Company. He was formerly the publisher of The Washington Post (1979–2000) and later was the lead independent director of Facebook's board of directors (2009–2015).

Early life
His parents were Katharine Graham (née Meyer), later a publisher of The Washington Post, and her husband, Philip Graham. His maternal grandmother was Agnes Meyer. His maternal grandfather, Eugene Meyer, bought the bankrupt Post shortly after stepping down as Chairman of the Federal Reserve in mid-1933. Graham's mother Katherine Meyer was baptized as Lutheran as a child, as her mother was Lutheran. Her father was Jewish. Katherine (Meyer) Graham later attended an Episcopal church. His father Philip Graham was also raised as a Lutheran.

Graham graduated from the private St. Albans School. He attended Harvard College. In 1965, he was elected president of The Harvard Crimson, the college's daily.

After graduation in 1966, Graham volunteered for military service. He served in the Vietnam War from 1967 to 1968, as part of the United States Army 1st Cavalry Division. From January 1969 to June 1970, Graham joined the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia as a patrolman.

The Post
Eugene Meyer, Graham's maternal grandfather, bought The Washington Post at a bankruptcy sale in 1933. Graham's father Philip was publisher of The Washington Post from 1946 until 1961, and president of the Washington Post Company from 1947 until his death in 1963. Graham’s mother Katharine took over the newspaper as publisher after her husband's death. She led The Washington Post newspaper for more than two decades, overseeing its most famous period, the Watergate coverage that helped expose misdeeds of President Richard Nixon, who was persuaded to resign. She has been widely described as one of the most powerful American women of the 20th century.

In 1971, Donald Graham joined The Washington Post as a reporter. He held a variety of news and business positions at the Post and Newsweek (until 2010, it was owned by The Washington Post Company), until the newspaper was sold in 2013 to Jeff Bezos.

Graham was elected to the board of the company in September 1974; in 1976 he was appointed as executive vice president and general manager of the Post. Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1979, succeeding his mother. She retained her corporate positions of chairman of the board and CEO of The Washington Post Company. The Company owns the newspaper, as well as the educational services provider Kaplan, Inc., Post-Newsweek Stations, Cable One, Slate magazine, and other smaller companies. Donald Graham became CEO in 1991 and chairman of the company in May 1993, while Katharine Graham assumed the position of chairman of the executive committee of the Washington Post Company.

In September 2000, Graham was elected chairman of the newspaper and passed the position of publisher to Boisfeuillet Jones, Jr.

Other roles
Graham also served as a member of the Pulitzer Prize Board between 2001 and 2010. He is on the board of the District of Columbia College Access Program and is a trustee of the Federal City Council in Washington, D.C. Graham formerly served as a member of the board of directors of the Summit Fund of Washington.

He is also an invitee of the Bilderberg Group and attended conference meetings in Greece 2009, and Spain 2010.

Honors
In 1974, Graham was awarded an honorary doctorate from Whittier College. In 2003, Graham received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2004.

Personal life
In 1967, Graham married Mary Wissler. Wissler earned a bachelor's degree from Harvard-Radcliffe, where they met, and a J.D. degree from Georgetown University Law Center. She is a research fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School's Taubman Center, focusing on such issues as health and safety regulations. In 2007, the couple announced that they were separating. They have four children.

On June 30, 2012, Graham married Amanda Bennett, the current CEO of U.S. Agency for Global Media. under Joe Biden. She formerly edited The Philadelphia Inquirer and the Lexington Herald-Leader, was the former director of Voice of America, and former executive editor at Bloomberg News. She was in charge of a global team of investigative reporters and editors.

His daughter Laura is married to Tim O'Shaughnessy, former CEO of LivingSocial. He is current president of Graham Holdings Company.

title: Donald E. Graham


text:
Archermus

Archermus (Άρχερμος) was a sculptor of Chios working in the middle of the 6th century BC. His father, Micciades, and his sons, Bupalus and Athenis, were sculptors of marble.

A scholium on Aristophanes' Birds, credits Archermus with having been the first to represent Nike and Eros with wings. A running archaic Nike figure that was found at Delos in 1877 (Tarbell), was at first too hopefully connected with a separate base found nearby, which recorded the execution of a statue by Archermus and Micciades; at first it was dubbed the "Nike of Archermus". Unfortunately it is the base, which probably supported a sphinx, that alone is by Archermus and his father.

The Museum of Classical Archaeology, Cambridge, classify their cast of the Nike as: "Nike of Delos. Marble, 0.90 m. Winged female figure, either a freestanding sculpture or an akroterion (roof ornament). Possibly by Archermos. 570-560 BC. From the Temple of Artemis at Delos. (Athens NM 21)."

title: Archermus


text:
FanFiction.Net

FanFiction.Net (often abbreviated as FF.net or FFN) is an automated fan fiction archive site. It was first launched in 1998 by software designer Xing Li, and currently has over 12 million registered users.

The site is split into main categories: Anime/Manga, Books, Cartoons, Games, Comics, Movies, Plays/Musicals, TV shows, Crossover, and Miscellaneous. Users who complete the free registration process can submit their fan fiction, maintain a user profile, review other stories, apply for a beta reader position, contact each other via private messages, and maintain a list of favorite stories and authors. There are centralized communities and forums. In lieu of signing up with a new account, the website allows users to use their Google, Facebook, or Twitter accounts. The site also owns a Twitter account called FictionPress where users of the website are updated on changes and improvements made.

FanFiction.Net experienced a temporary shutdown for two days in July 2024 due to a policy update regarding explicit content and depictions of child abuse.

Creation
Xing Li, a software developer from Alhambra, California, created FanFiction.Net in 1998. Initially made by Xing Li as a school project, the site was created as a not-for-profit repository for fan-created stories that revolved around characters from popular literature, films, television, anime, and video games. Unlike other fan fiction sites, FanFiction.Net allowed stories about any characters rather than revolving around a specific set of characters. Registration was open to all people who claimed to be over 18, and by 2002 over 118,000 people were registered. (The age limit has since been moved down to 13.) At that time, one-third of the registrants self-identified as 18 or younger, and 80% were female.

Site content
The stories published to the site can be about new and old existing works. By 2001, almost 100,000 stories were posted on the website. Steven Savage, a programmer who wrote a column for FanFiction.Net, described it as "the adult version of when kids play at being TV characters" and that the content posted on the website serves as examples for "when people really care about something". FanFiction.Net has since become the largest online repository for fan-created works.

Story publishing
FanFiction.Net has nine categories for various fandoms: Anime/Manga, Books, Cartoons, Comics, Games, Miscellaneous, Movies, Plays/Musicals, and TV shows. Stories on the site can be published as either "Fanfiction" with only one assigned sub-category, or as a "Crossover" with only two sub-categories. Excluding crossovers and as of July 2023, the top fandoms on the site are Harry Potter, Naruto, and Twilight.

Writers may upload their stories to the site and must assign them a sub-category, language, and content rating. FanFiction.Net uses the content rating system from FictionRatings.com. This system contains the ratings of K, K+, T, M and MA. The MA rating and explicit violent and/or sexual themes are forbidden. The ratings are no longer done on the MPAA system, due to cease-and-desist demands from the Motion Picture Association of America in 2005. A list of explanations for the rating system currently employed is available from the drop-down rating menu in each of the individual archives on the site. The MA (18+) rating is not permitted on this site. A short K-rated summary is also required for a story to be published. While not required, the website recommends authors upload a cover image to their story.

Reader feedback
Readers can interact with the FanFiction.Net content in various ways. If the reader likes a story and/or its author, they can favorite both the story and its author. Favorites are similar to likes, hearts or Archive of Our Own's kudos. Favorite stories and authors are displayed on a user's public profile page at the very bottom. A reader can also follow a story and/or its author. When a reader follows a story, they receive email notifications whenever that story is updated. When a reader follows an author, they receive email updates whenever the author updates any of their stories or publishes a new one. Readers can also leave reviews after reading stories, most of which were positive as of 2001. While reviews can be left by those without accounts, it is an option for all writers on the site to moderate "anonymous reviews", made by those who are not signed into an account. Reviews left by signed-in users cannot be moderated or disabled. FanFiction.Net does not operate a screening or editorial board.

Long fan fiction works
FanFiction.Net also hosts one of the longest works of fiction ever written. The Subspace Emissary's Worlds Conquest, a Super Smash Bros. fan fiction written by FanFiction.Net user AuraChannelerChris, gained media attention for its length of over four million words at the time of notice, more than three times as long as In Search of Lost Time written by Marcel Proust, and is still being written. While the longest fan fiction on the site is The Loud House: Revamped, an crossover fan fiction of The Loud House which has been over 16,750,000 words long since around 2020. However, the exact current word count of The Loud House: Revamped at the end is unknown as it surpassed the word count limit of the site of 16,777,215 words.

Copyright and trademark issues
FanFiction.Net instituted several policy changes as it grew in size and popularity. These policies frequently led to the deletion of fan fiction based on the copyrighted works of certain published authors or containing specifically targeted content.

Since the site's founding, several professional authors and producers have asked that stories based on their copyrighted or trademarked works be removed, including Anne Rice, P. N. Elrod, Archie Comics, Dennis L. McKiernan, Irene Radford, J.R. Ward, Laurell K. Hamilton, Nora Roberts, Raymond E. Feist, Robin Hobb, Robin McKinley, and Terry Goodkind.

In addition, stories based on real-life celebrities were disallowed around 2003. Fan fiction based on professional wrestling, however, is still allowed, being the number one fandom in the "Miscellaneous" category.

NC-17 ratings
On September 12, 2002, FanFiction.Net banned material that was rated NC-17, and removed it on October 12, 2002. This was done because of a high volume of complaints related to certain adult stories. Prior to the new policy, the site would use a pop-up to prompt readers to say whether they were over 17 or not, but since then, the site has relied on its users to report stories that are inappropriately rated. Some NC-17 material was moved to Adult-FanFiction.org (previously AdultFanFiction.Net), a similar site which was created to serve the adults who write R and NC-17 rated fan fiction. Story titles and summaries must be rated K.

CYOA (choose-your-own-adventure) or reader-insertion fiction
Choose-your-own-adventure and reader-insertion fanfiction have both been banned since 2005, and the site removed all material that had the potential of inserting the reader into a fanfiction. Under the heading of "Entries not allowed", item #5 says: "Any form of interactive entry: choose your adventure, second person/you based, Q&As, etc."

Songfics
In 2005, FanFiction.Net banned songfics which contain copyrighted lyrics. Public domain lyrics (such as those to "Amazing Grace") or lyrics written by the author of the fan fiction are allowed.

Lists
Until April 21, 2002, in addition to fiction stories based on existing characters, the site had a section devoted to lists, generally humor-related, for example "20 Ways to Dump Your Girlfriend".

Globalization
At first, FanFiction.Net's server was accessible mainly only in the West; and worked poorly, if at all, in other parts of the world. In late 2006, announcements were made of special web links designed for Europe and Asia. These were supposed to give other areas of the world a significant boost in server speed on the website. In 2007, all three web links were combined under one worldwide link. In an announcement on the home page, it was stated that the site would go global that year. As of October 2023, 44% of FanFiction.net users are from the United States of America with the second highest traffic area being the United Kingdom with approximately 6% of the users.

According to Hitwise, as of August 2007 FanFiction.Net comprised 34.7% of all traffic directed to sites in the Entertainment, Books and Writing category. For the week ending August 25, 2007, the site was ranked 159 out of over 1 million websites in terms of hits.

Archiving
FanFiction.Net text-only content can be deleted at any time by either the author of the story or the site administration. Because of this there are projects to archive works. These include the ff2ebook project, fichub, and an independent projects on Archive.org.

FictionPress.com
FanFiction.Net's sister site, FictionPress.com, contains over 1 million original stories, poems, and plays. The site has a similar format and rules to FanFiction.Net, except that no fan fiction is allowed. Currently, there are more poems than prose.

title: FanFiction.Net


text:
Talk:Maasvlakte

Query
Someone left a disputed tag on the article page but failed to explain here what the dispute is supposed to be about. Let's see: Well, for now I guess take this article with a grain of salt. Rl 22:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The nl link added by Ellywa's robot doesn't look right: The nl article talks about a giant industry area, not a railroad museum.
 * A quick web search didn't turn up any indication of a railroad museum of that name in Rotterdam.
 * The article was written by an anonymous editor which didn't make any other contributions.

Your suspicions were right. I'm from the Netherlands and I can attest that the Maasvlakte has nothing to do with a railroad museum. I'd love to put in the two pictures from the Dutch page but I don't know how to share pictures between projects. Of course one could upload them again but that can't be right.

A great deed done

 * Δϝῆρος Ναύβορός ἐστ' ἀγαθὴ γῆ καρποφέρουσα.
 * Ὧς Maasvlakte γε νῦν, Goodwin ἔῃ τάχα δῆ.
 * Anthony Appleyard (talk) 11:41, 17 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maasvlakte


text:
Flavius Martinus

Flavius Martinus was a vicarius of Roman Britain c. 353 under Constantius II.

He tried to control the violent recriminations following the defeat of Magnentius. Martinus tried to rein in the vengeance of Constantius' notary Paulus Catena who had been sent to Britain to ruthlessly hunt down opponents to the emperor. Faced with Paul's refusal to release even those suspects who had been proved innocent, Martinus threatened resignation but this only resulted in accusations being made at him directly as well.

In desperation, Martinus attacked Paulus with a sword. The attack was unsuccessful and he committed suicide.

Ammianus praises Martinus for his bravery in seeking to protect the innocent during the atmosphere of fear and oppression in Britain at the time.

title: Flavius Martinus


text:
Charles James Brenham

Charles James Brenham (November 6, 1817 – May 10, 1876) was an American politician, banker, and steamboat captain. He served as the 2nd mayor of San Francisco in 1851, and again as the 4th mayor of San Francisco from 1852 until 1853.

Early life
Charles James Brenham was born in Frankfort, Kentucky. At an early age, he left home to work on riverboats on the Mississippi. By age twenty, he ran his own steamship. He learned the hard lessons of self-reliance and endurance after seeing other ships sink and burn.

Career
In 1849, he moved to California, where he ferried passengers between San Francisco and Sacramento. Not long thereafter, he was asked by the Whig party to run for mayor of San Francisco. He refused at first, but later acquiesced on the condition that he not leave his ship to campaign and that if he won, his duties as mayor did not interfere with his ferry business.

He lost to John W. Geary in the 1850 election but ran again in 1851 at the Whigs' insistence. He won the 1851 election and became mayor on May 5 of that year.

During Geary's term the city went into massive debt and violent crime became an epidemic in the city. While a new city charter allowed the city to issue bonds to pay off the debt, the crime rate skyrocketed to such a point that the citizens began forming squads called Committees of Vigilance.

Brenham's response to the vigilance committees was to provide police protection to accused criminals to prevent lynchings. (He may have taken other measures—it is said that Brenham stood in front of a vigilante mob with his watch and gave the crowd ten minutes to disperse or face arrest, resulting in a relatively peaceful night in the city.)

The adoption of another city charter pushed forward the date of the next mayoral election and Stephen Randall Harris was voted into office unanimously as the only official candidate. Brenham contested the election and refused to allow Harris to sit in the mayor's office until the California Supreme Court declare the election valid on December 27, 1851.

Brenham was reelected as mayor in September 1852. While crime continued to be an issue, immigration had led to higher food prices and water shortages. Brenham signed a city ordinance that allowed water to pumped in from a nearby lake. Brenham also cut city spending dramatically and resisted (along with four San Francisco assemblymen) attempts by the state to fill in sections of the San Francisco Bay and selling the filled in sections as lots to pay off a huge state deficit.

After the end of his second term, he went into banking. However, he was soon unemployed after his banking house, Sanders & Brenham at 129 Montgomery St., failed. After a succession of odd jobs, he ultimately became an agent for a steamship company, the North Pacific Transportation Company, San Francisco.

He died on May 10, 1876, of apoplexy in San Francisco, aged 58.

title: Charles James Brenham


text:
Karel Vasak

Karel Vasak or Karel Vašák (26 June 1929 – 1 May 2015) was a Czech-French international official and university professor.

Vasak was born in Czechoslovakia and later moved to France to study law. He decided to remain there after the Communist coup in Prague in February 1948. He acquired French citizenship and worked for the Council of Europe in several capacities.

In 1969, Vasak became the first Secretary-General of the International Institute of Human Rights in Strasbourg, a position which he held until 1980. He served as Director of the Division of Human Rights and Peace and later as Legal Advisor to UNESCO and the World Tourism Organization.

Vasak was the editor of a book called The International Dimensions of Human Rights which was published in 1982 (ISBN 0-313-23394-2).

He died on 1 May 2015 in Strasbourg.

title: Karel Vasak


text:
Donar's Oak

Donar's Oak (also Thor's Oak or, via interpretatio romana, Jove's Oak) was a sacred tree of the Germanic pagans located in an unclear location around what is now the region of Hesse, Germany. According to the 8th century Vita Bonifatii auctore Willibaldo, the Anglo-Saxon missionary Saint Boniface and his retinue cut down the tree earlier in the same century. Wood from the oak was then reportedly used to build a church at the site dedicated to Saint Peter. Sacred trees and sacred groves were widely venerated by the Germanic peoples.

Willibald's Life of Saint Boniface
According to Willibald's 8th century Life of Saint Boniface, the felling of the tree occurred during Boniface's life earlier the same century at a location at the time known as Gaesmere (for details, see discussion below).

Although no date is provided, the felling may have occurred around 723 or 724. Willibald's account is as follows (note that Robinson has translated robor Iobis, "tree of Jove", as "oak of Jupiter"):

Germanic tree and grove veneration
Sacred groves and sacred trees were venerated throughout the history of the Germanic peoples and were targeted for destruction by Christian missionaries during the Christianization of the Germanic peoples. Ken Dowden notes that behind this great oak dedicated to Donar, the Irminsul (also felled by Christian missionaries in the 8th century), and the Sacred tree at Uppsala (described by Adam of Bremen in the 11th century), stands a mythic prototype of an immense world tree, described in Norse mythology as Yggdrasil.

Location of Gaesmere
By the nineteenth century Gaesmere was identified as in the Schwalm-Eder district, for instance by August Neander. There are a few dissenting voices: in his 1916 translation of Willibald's Vita Bonifacii, George W. Robinson says "The location [of the tree] is uncertain. There are in Hesse several places named Geismar." Historian Thomas F. X. Noble (2000) describes the location of the tree felling as "still unidentified". In the late 19th century, folklorist and philologist Francis Barton Gummere identifies the Gaesemere of the attestation as Geismar, a district of Frankenberg located in Hesse.

However, most scholars agree that the site mentioned by Willibald is Geismar near Fritzlar. In 1897 historian C. Neuber placed the Donar Oak "im Kreise Fritzlar". While Gregor Richter, in 1906, noted that one scholar considered Hofgeismar as a possible location, he himself comments that most people consider Geismar near Fritzlar as the right place. Unequivocal identification of Geismar near Fritzlar as the location of the Donar Oak is found in the Catholic Encyclopedia, in teaching materials for religious studies classes in Germany, in the work of Alexander Demandt, in histories of the Carolingians, and in the work of Lutz von Padberg. The Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde notes that for Willibald it was probably not necessary to specify the location any further because he presumed it widely known. This Geismar was close to Büraburg, then a hill castle and a Frankish stronghold.

Role in Bonifatian hagiography and imagery
One of the focal points of Boniface's life, the scene is frequently repeated, illustrated, and reimagined. Roberto Muller, for instance, in a retelling of Boniface's biography for young adults, has the four parts of the tree fall down to the ground and form a cross. In Hubertus Lutterbach's fictional expansion of the Boniface correspondence, Boniface relates the entire event in a long letter to Pope Gregory II, commenting that it took hours to cut the tree down, and that any account that says the tree fell down miraculously is a falsification of history.

title: Donar's Oak


text:
Cape Town Highlanders

The Cape Town Highlanders is a reserve mechanised infantry regiment of the South African Army.

Origins
Descendants of Scottish immigrants to South Africa raised the Cape Town Highlanders in 1885. On 24 April of the same year, their services were accepted – since then, this date has always been celebrated as the regiment's official birthday.

Bechuanaland Campaign
The regiment first saw active duty during the Bechuanaland Campaign that was fought in the Northern Cape between 1896 and 1897.

Anglo-Boer War
At the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Boer War the regiment was again mobilised for active duty. During the war the regiment or elements thereof took part in several actions, including the relief of Kimberley.

Volunteer era
The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn became colonel-in-chief of the regiment in 1906, and the regiment's name was thus changed to the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn's Own Cape Town Highlanders.

With the Union Defence Force
When the regiment was embodied in the Union Defence Force (UDF) Citizen Force in 1913, the title was changed to 6th Infantry (Duke of Connaught and Strathearn's Own Cape Town Highlanders).

World War I
During World War I the Cape Town Highlanders first fought against Germany in German South-West Africa, but was subsequently combined with the Transvaal Scottish Regiment to form the 4th South African Infantry (South African Scottish) Regiment, part of the 1st South African Brigade. (The South African Scottish, like various similar units, was formed by the South African government since a clause in the Defence Act of that time prohibited existing units from serving so far outside the country's borders.) After fighting in the Senussi Campaign in North Africa the brigade was shipped to France, where it took part in many battles between 1916 and 1918, including the famous Battle of Delville Wood. During its time on the Western Front, the South African Brigade and its Scottish heritage 4th Battalion, first served a lengthy stint with the British 9th (Scottish) Division, and following the Brigade's decimation in March 1918, was reconstituted and incorporated in September into the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division until the end of the war.

The title was changed again, in 1932, to Cape Town Highlanders (Duke of Connaught and Strathearn's Own).

World War II
At the outbreak of World War II in 1939 the regiment was again mobilised. However, it did not fight in the first campaign of the South African Army in the war, the Abyssinian campaign of 1940 to 1941. However, in mid-1941, the regiment was briefly sent to Egypt to escort thousands of Italian prisoners of war to internment camps in South Africa; it returned to Egypt in late June of the same year to join the newly arrived South African 1st Infantry Division in the Western Desert.

The Cape Town Highlanders fought in all of the major battles of the Western Desert campaign, including the Battle of El Alamein. Indeed, the regiment is one of only three in the world (all of them South African) to have not only the usual two Alamein battle honours – "Alamein Defence" and "El Alamein" – but a third, "Alamein Box", which resulted from a separate action during the initial defence. This action played a significant role in halting Rommel's advance on the tired and depleted British Eighth Army.

During the regiment's subsequent deployment to Italy, the regiment was temporarily combined with South Africa's senior Scottish unit, the First City Regiment, to form the First City/Cape Town Highlanders. This combined unit fought from Battle of Monte Cassino to the Alps, culminating in the heroic capture at bayonet-point of the strategic peak of Monte Sole as part of the South African 6th Armoured Division.

In 1947, Queen Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother) was appointed colonel-in-chief, and from 1948 until South Africa became a republic in 1961, the regiment was the Queen's Own Cape Town Highlanders.

Border War
The first significant post-war action of the Cape Town Highlanders took place in January 1976, during Operation Savannah. This was the first large-scale incursion by the South African Defence Force (SADF) into Angola during the 23-year-long "Border War" in South-West Africa (now Namibia). During the following years the regiment was mobilised several times, including for Operation Prone and others. The last mobilisation during this period occurred in October 1988.

With the SANDF
The regiment was mobilised in April 1994 as part of the efforts by the South African National Defence Force to ensure a peaceful first fully democratic election.

As a result of the subsequent abolition of conscription and the transformation of the South African Army, the Cape Town Highlanders Regiment returned to its original form of a volunteer regiment.

In 2000 a contingent of the Cape Town Highlanders attended the Queen Mother's 100th birthday and paraded the regiment's Colour on Horse Guards Parade. The Drums and Pipes participated in a special parade centenary for the Queen Mother in Edinburgh, and carried on to participate in the Edinburgh Military Tattoo. With the death of the Queen Mother in 2002, the regiment sent a contingent to participate in her funeral procession. The Drums and Pipes have since performed regularly at the Edinburgh Military Tattoo (2002, 2004, 2006, 2009 and 2012). In 2006, they were invited, together with the Queensland Police Pipe Band and 4 bands from the new Royal Regiment of Scotland to perform at Balmoral Castle for the Royal Family. The Band has also participated in the Basel Tattoo, The Berlin Military Tattoo, Jinhae (South Korea) and at the Cape Town Tattoo, held in the Castle of Good Hope.

Name change
In August 2019, it was announced that 52 South African Army Reserve units would have their names changed to reflect the diverse military history of South Africa. The Cape Town Highlanders was due to be known as the Gonnema Regiment, and along with units undergoing name changes had 3 years from the announcement in August 2019 to design and implement new regimental insignia. In an announcement by the SANDF's Directorate Defence Corporate Communication in June 2022 regarding name changes of South African Army Reserve units in Cape Town, it was confirmed that the unit has not officially changed its name and remains known as the Cape Town Highlanders.

Current capability
The regiment is currently a mechanised infantry regiment in the SANDF and has sent members as part of the peacekeeping contingent to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Burundi. It has also taken part in internal deployments in support of the police as well as protecting the border.

The weekend of 24 April 2015 saw the 130-year anniversary of the Cape Town Highlanders' creation, marked by regimental celebration dinners, the exercising of the unit's right to the Freedom of the City in Cape Town, as well as a medal and church parade.

Until 1967 the Regiment served as a de facto guard of honour battalion as well as in imitation of the Foot Guards of the British Army.

Regimental symbols

 * Regimental tartan: The Gordon regimental tartan from the clan Gordon as previously worn by The Gordon Highlanders; it is the only regiment in the world to wear the kilt in this tartan.
 * Regimental mottos: The regiment has two mottos. The first, "Nemo Me Impune Lacessit", is in Latin and means "No Man Challenges me with Impunity"; it is used by several Scottish regiments. The second, "Bydand", is in Doric and means "Steadfast". This motto was unique to The Gordon Highlanders and the Cape Town Highlanders. However, with the amalgamation of The Gordon Highlanders with other Scottish units, this motto has fallen into disuse by them; the Cape Town Highlanders still uses it on a shield that also bears a stag's head which is worn on the ceremonial sporran by those with the rank of corporal and below.
 * Regimental quick march: The regimental quick march is "Cock o' the North"; it was also the march of The Gordon Highlanders and commemorates the Marquess of Huntly, son of the Duke of Gordon, whose nickname was the "Cock o' The North".

Dress insignia

During WW1 the Union Defence Force established the 4th Infantry Regiment which was unique in that it was the South African Scottish, raised from the Transvaal Scottish and the Cape Town Highlanders, and wearing the Atholl Murray tartan. This regiment's collar badges were identical to those of the Cape Town Highlanders but bore the Latin motto "Mors Lucrum Mihi" (Death is my reward) in place of the usual Cape Town Highlander wording. (Death is my Reward), was the family motto of the first Officer Commanding SA Scottish, a Lieutenant-Colonel F.A. Jones.

Customs
The unit wears black instead of brown boots as a mark of mourning for a Scottish soldier, Major-General Sir John Moore, Commander of the Highland Brigade Two types of headgear, the khaki Balmoral bonnet and the Glengarry, which is blue with red-and-white dicing. The Balmoral is worn during daytime as a general working headdress, regardless of the order of dress being worn or whether the wearer is in barracks or in the field, although in the latter case it is sometimes replaced by a bush-hat or helmet. The glengarry is worn for walking out; on ceremonial, mess and social occasions; and after Retreat has been sounded at 18h00. Officers carry an ash-plant walking stick on all occasions except mess and other formal functions; or when armed with a claymore or rifle. Non-commissioned officers are entitled to carry a "swagger stick" as a mark of their important status in the regiment. No officer or NCO may eat before his men have eaten.

Alliances

 * 🇬🇧 – The Highlanders
 * 🇦🇺 – The Royal Victoria Regiment

Awarded
The Cape Town Highlanders Regiment has the following battle honours on its regimental colours: Bechuanaland 1896–97, *South Africa 1899–1902, South West Africa 1915, Gazala, Alem Hamza, Best Post, Alamein Box, Alamein Defence. Alem el Halfa, Battle of El Alamein, Western Desert 1941–43, Cassino II, Paliano, Chiusi, Florence, Gothic Line, The Greve, Monte Stanco, Monte Pezza, Sole/Caprara, Po Valley, Italy 1944–45

The "Lost" colours
The South African Union Defence Act of 1914 prohibited the deployment of South African troops beyond the borders of the South Africa and its immediate neighbouring territories. To send troops to Europe to support the Commonwealth in World War I, Generals Botha and Smuts created the South African Overseas Expeditionary Force. However, because of the limitations of the Defence Act, they issued a General Order (Order 672 of 1915) which stated that The South African Overseas Expeditionary Force will be Imperial and have the status of regular British Troops. "Status" was meant to imply administrative purposes, as Britain was paying for the maintenance of the force in the field for the sake of local political sensitivities.

On 8 June 1916 the Adjutant General's office at Defence Headquarters issued a note stating:

"....the force is raised locally for the purpose of assisting the Imperial Authorities...and it amounts to the Union Government having allowed the Imperial Authorities to recruit men in South Africa for this force.....as it is certainly not raised under the Defence Act of the Union of South Africa, and this being the case, the Union Government can grant no commissions. Any such commissions will be of temporary nature and will lapse at the conclusion of hostilities."

As such, the below colours were awarded to the Unit, but because of the unit being an "Imperial Unit" at the stage of award, the right to bear the colours lapsed at the end of hostilities.

The fifteen "missing" battle honours awarded for service in France and Flanders to the 4th South African Infantry (South African Scottish) battalion include some of the most famous in South Africa's military history:

Egypt 1916, Somme 1916, Delville Wood, Arras 1917, Ypres 1917, Menin Road, Messines 1918, Hindenburg Line, Cambrai 1918, Pursuit to Mons, France and Flanders 1918, Le Transloy, Scarpe 1917, Kemmel, Lys

title: Cape Town Highlanders


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mary Johanna

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY. jni 14:10, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mary Johanna
Non-notable genealogical entry. Note also that the Patrick Kennedy linked to does not have the same birth and death dates as the Patrick Kennedy indicated in the article, leading one to believe that they are not the same person. In which case the Patrick Kennedy indicated in the article does not have a Wikipedia article and is alo non-notable. RickK 22:33, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC) Speedy deleted. Short article, little or no context. Jayjg (talk) 04:49, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Very short article with little or no context so should probably be speedied. Preisler 22:43, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a genealogy database. Delete. Uncle G 23:31, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)


text:
Talk:FanFiction.Net

Post popular sections and Long fan fiction works
I do not believe that either of these sections need to be included on this article, especially the long fan fiction works. Fanfiction.net is a fast moving website with new fanfictions posted everyday. These sections would both need a lot of upkeep as the information in them become outdated much faster than other data and research conducted. The content in both of these sections rely solely on the primary source of the website. OsseusIgni (talk) 13:51, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

Do we really need a list of "notable" fanfiction with over 500,000 words?
There's a section FanFiction.Net which lists fanfiction entries on the site with over 500,000 words. (There was previously another section with 100,000 words or more but deemed "popular" without reliable sources to back up, but I decided to bust that out on the spot for being definitely uncyclopediac). I was considering going WP:BOLD and deleting the section for being WP:FANCRUFT unworthy of being listed on a Wikipedia article (unlike List of longest novels, which is definitely interest of many people), but I decided to ask first. (And don't ever ask me about Sonic's Ultimate Harem.) 22:37, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I have made an attempt to improve the section, providing sources.  O.N.R.  (talk) 00:40, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Please note that an article shouldn't rely on too many primary sources. Also, Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. ❤PrincessPandaWiki  (talk | contribs) 21:41, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Inclusion of primary-sourced information
I would like to know why you think information on most popular sections, list of longest fanfiction (table has been commented out for now), and disallowed fanfiction types are worthy of being on Wikipedia. I disagree because they rely on primary sources and Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information, making them likely WP:FANCRUFT. It's better to discuss here than engage in an edit war. (NOTE: Above section is obsolete, it was for a problem I previously tried to solve after submitting the section.) ❤PrincessPandaWiki  (talk | contribs) 20:15, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

"most popular erotica website" redux
It has been questioned before on these pages, but so far the claim that fanfiction.net is "the most popular erotica website for women" remains in the article. There are many reasons to be dubious about this claim and its current placement:

 * The claim is very dated. Even if we accept that it was true in 2011, nine years later the internet has changed significantly.  Is it still the case?  In that time, AO3 has overtaken FFN as the most popular fanfiction website, after all.
 * "most popular" is unhelpfully undefined. What do we mean by "most popular" here?  How was this measured?  The article cited for the claim doesn't tell us. (And the book mentioned at the end of the article, A Billion Wicked Thoughts, doesn't seem to make the claim at all, so that's no help).
 * "Most popular erotica website" isn't quite the claim the source actually makes: Ogas writes that it is 'the world's most popular "erotic" site for women' - scare quotes original. Is an '"erotic" site' the same thing as an 'erotica site'?  I would suggest not.
 * Our article in the very next paragraph goes on to say that "The MA rating and explicit violent and/or sexual themes are forbidden." How meaningful is it to describe a website which bans explicit sexual content and work suitable for adults only as an "erotica site"?  How meaningful is it to describe a site which has millions of words of content which is totally uninterested in sex or romance as an "erotica site"?  I would suggest not very.

For all of these reasons, I have weakened the claim somewhat to the rather more defendable:

In 2011, Ogi Ogas described Fanfiction.net as 'the world's most popular "erotic" site for women'.

Longest fanfiction
This article names "The Loud House: Revamped" as the longest piece of fanfiction ever written, but fails to mention that much of its content is copy-pasted from other people's writing (mainly FANDOM/Wikia articles) and uses a "script structure" (i.e. written like a film script with names and directions), something which FFN expressly disallowed in the past (and still disallows according to its rules) yet for some reason gives this particular work a pass. The parts of the fiction which are self-written are written in an incredibly simplistic manner, no higher than an elementary school standard of writing, and in some cases can simply be an entire page of onomatopoeia (i.e. KRRAAABBBOOOOOMMMM). It is less a fanfiction and more an outright brazen attempt at making the longest piece of literature through any means necessary without logic, passion, or even skill. I can provide evidence for these two claims should it somehow be required.

No disrespect intended to Mr. Knudson, and I do not wish to hijack the purpose of this talk page, but I believe TLH:R should be delegitimized as the longest fanfiction based on these extenuating circumstances (i.e. uncited work taken verbatim from hundreds of uncredited co-authors). I do not think it should be honoured on this article, as it is quite frankly an insult to creative literary minds everywhere, nor should FFN continue to feature it as it breaks the "script" rule, and I'd imagine breaks a fair few copyright laws too. Of course, this isn't FFN, so I'll direct that later complaint to their administration.

194.207.183.182 (talk) 15:34, 27 July 2021 (UTC)
 * The fact that a work is badly written, or violates the rules on FFN, doesn't have any bearing on the claim being made in the article – TLH:R either is or is not the longest work on the site. If this is a fact which is worth reporting, it's wikipedia's job to report it correctly – not arbitrarily exclude some works from that because we decide they somehow don't count.
 * That being said, I'm deeply unconvinced that wikipedia ought to report this. The whole reason that The Subspace Emissary's Worlds Conquest was listed in the first place is because it had gained (a tiny amount of) media attention.  As far as I can see, this new fic has had no reporting on its status outside a random reddit post.  There's a case to be made that mindlessly reporting every new "longest" fic is a WP:WEIGHT problem.  We don't similarly list the works with the most reads/reviews/favourites, and it's not at all clear that "longest work" is really a sufficiently important fact about the website that a 1,000-word article should dedicate a whole subsection to it.  Especially when works which were published on FFN and are actually notable enough to have their own WP entries (My Immortal (fan fiction), Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality), or which were republished as notable works (Master of the Universe, which was published as Fifty Shades of Grey) don't get a single mention in the entire article.
 * So while I disagree with the initial reasoning, I am inclined to agree that we should remove the discussion of TLH:R – and indeed completely rework the section on "Notable long fanfiction works" into a section on "notable works", where the works discussed are actually notable. Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 20:16, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

Longest fanfiction replacement
Hi, I'm a college student in Etherfire's technical editing class and I'm going to be editing this article for a bit. I'll make a sandbox draft for any major changes.

I agree that removing the notable long fan fiction works and replacing it with a more general section that links to other famous fanfiction that was originally hosted on the site makes a lot of sense. I did that as well as removing the top fandoms tables in my sandbox draft. Any other famous fanfiction that was posted on fanfiction.net you can think of? Editingpersona (talk) 19:41, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Hogwarts School of Prayer and Miracles also has a wikipedia page. A good source of works which fans consider noteworthy is the Fanlore category, but there's no easy way to filter those for works which were published on FFN that I can see – and of course "noteworthy enough for a fan to write a fanlore article about it" is a much lower bar than "discussed outside of fannish spaces and therefore due weight for a wikipedia article".  I'll have a look at Anne Jamison's Fic: Why Fanfiction is Taking Over the World and see what is mentioned there.  It might also be worth seeing if any FFN works were included in Francesca Coppa's The Fanfiction Reader: Folk Tales for a Digital Age? Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 20:01, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Site Content Section changes
So I have been editing the Site Content section in my sandbox draft and I've gotten it to the point where I think it is ready to be published. Since it's a fairly large edit, I wanted to make sure no one has any issues with it. Most notable changes I've made:

Overall, I've tried to make the section similar to the site content/features section on the Archive of Our Own article. I've moved some information around and have also created two sub-sections - "Story Publishing" and "Reader Feedback." I have also removed the "Most Popular sections" because, in my opinion, the information there is WP:Fancruft; information I've added in the "Story Publishing" section should act as a reasonable replacement for this.

The only sub-section I haven't edited is the "Longest Fanfiction" one. For now, my plan is to keep it the same because editing it is going to take a bit of time and research. In my sandbox draft, I made it its own section but I won't be doing this in the article. Editingpersona (talk) 19:27, 9 March 20L22 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me. The only thing I'd note is that Wikipedia's style for section headings is sentence case (MOS:SECTIONS). Keep up the good work. SchreiberBike | ⌨ 20:02, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Digital Writing
— Assignment last updated by Cja2023 (talk) 14:13, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:FanFiction.Net


text:
Roy Glenn

Roy Edwin Glenn, Sr. (June 3, 1914 – March 12, 1971) was an American character actor.

Early life
Glenn was born in Pittsburg, Kansas on June 3, 1914.

Career
In 1949, Glenn's radio career started in Rocky Jordan – The Adventures of Rocky Jordan The Man With No Name.

Glenn's career spanned five decades, beginning in radio with The Amos 'n' Andy Show and The Jack Benny Show. He made numerous appearances from the dawn of television (including many authoritative roles on The Amos 'n' Andy Show, 1951–53) until 1970.

His first film appearance was in Kelly the Second (1936), followed by Dark Manhattan (1937). His other film credits include The Jackie Robinson Story (1950), Carmen Jones (1954), Porgy and Bess (1959), The Sound and the Fury (1959), A Raisin in the Sun (1961), with Sidney Poitier, Ruby Dee and Claudia McNeil, and a memorable turn as Mr. Prentice (the father of Poitier's character) in the 1967 film Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. Roy Glenn's last big screen appearance was in Support Your Local Gunfighter (1971).

Personal life
Glenn's wife was Pauline "Lilla" (née Fractious). They have three children, Roy Glenn Jr., Darryl Ward Glenn, and Renatta Darlene Glenn.

Glenn died from a heart attack brought on by cardiovascular disease in Los Angeles, California on March 12, 1971, at the age of 56.

Filmography

 * Kelly the Second (1936) as Fight Spectator (uncredited)
 * Dark Manhattan (1937) as Harry Patton (uncredited)
 * Uncle Tom's Bungalow (1937) as Uncle Tom (voice, uncredited)
 * Slave Ship (1937) as Slave in Ship's Hold (uncredited)
 * Life Begins in College (1937) as Singing Porter (uncredited)
 * Song of the South (1946) as Br'er Frog (voice, uncredited)
 * Half-Pint Pygmy as Pygmy (voice, uncredited)
 * The Jackie Robinson Story (1950) as Mr. Gaines, Attorney (uncredited)
 * Chicago Calling (1951) as Shoeshine Man (uncredited)
 * Lydia Bailey (1952) as Mirabeau
 * Affair in Trinidad (1952) as Fisherman (uncredited)
 * The Lusty Men (1952) as Cook (uncredited)
 * Bomba and the Jungle Girl (1952) as Kaje
 * Jungle Drums of Africa (1953) as Naganto, Witch Doctor
 * Perils of the Jungle (1953) as Korjah
 * So This Is Love (1953) as Man in Negro Congregation (uncredited)
 * The Royal African Rifles (1953) as Corporal John
 * The Golden Idol (1954) as Gomo
 * Riot in Cell Block 11 (1954) as Guard Delmar
 * The Long Wait (1954) as Parking Attendant (uncredited)
 * The Raid (1954) as Emmanuel, Mrs. Bishop's Butler (uncredited)
 * Killer Leopard (1954) as Daniel
 * Jungle Gents (1954) as Omotowa (uncredited)
 * Carmen Jones (1954) as Rum Daniels
 * Panther Girl of the Kongo (1955, Serial) as Danka
 * A Man Called Peter (1955) as The Laborer (uncredited)
 * Time Table (1956) as Train Porter (uncredited)
 * The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1956) as Sergeant Matthews (uncredited)
 * Written on the Wind (1956) as Sam
 * Three Brave Men (1956) as Charley, Plant Security Guard (uncredited)
 * Edge of the City (1957) as Stevedore (uncredited)
 * The Green-Eyed Blonde (1957) as Mr. Budlong (uncredited)
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 4 Episode 2: "Don't Interrupt") as Bartender
 * St. Louis Blues (1958) as Bull Neck (uncredited)
 * Tarzan's Fight for Life (1958) as Native Chief (uncredited)
 * Voice in the Mirror (1958) as Janitor at Flophouse (uncredited)
 * The Sound and the Fury (1959) as Job
 * Porgy and Bess (1959) as Frazier
 * Take a Giant Step (1959) as Minister at Gram's Funeral (uncredited)
 * The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1960) as Drayman (uncredited)
 * A Raisin in the Sun (1961) as Willie Harris
 * Sweet Bird of Youth (1962) as Charles (uncredited)
 * Where Love Has Gone (1964) as Valerie's Servant (uncredited)
 * A Man Called Adam (1966) as Police Detective Sergeant
 * Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round (1966) as Sergeant Elmer K. Coxe
 * The Way West (1967) as Saunders
 * Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) as Mr. Prentice
 * Hang 'Em High (1968) as Guard #2
 * I Love You, Alice B. Toklas! (1968) as Gas Station Attendant
 * Finian's Rainbow (1968) as Passion Pilgrim Gospeleer (uncredited)
 * ...tick...tick...tick... (1970) as The Drunk
 * The Great White Hope (1970) as Pastor
 * Support Your Local Gunfighter (1971) as Headwaiter
 * Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971) as Lawyer (final film role)

title: Roy Glenn


text: User talk:84.154.91.20

title: User talk:84.154.91.20


text:
Peggy Feltmate

Peggy Feltmate is Canadian politician who was Ottawa city councillor representing Kanata South Ward from 2003 to 2010.

She was born in Wallaceburg, Ontario, in 1949 and was first elected in the 2003 Ottawa election to replace outgoing councillor Alex Munter in Kanata Ward. She had won plaudits for her efforts at the Western Ottawa Community Resource Centre and was backed by Munter and other well-known Kanata figures.

During her first term in office, Feltmate helped prevent development of the area around Beaver Pond.

Due to population growth, her ward was split in two in 2006. She was re-elected in 2006 in the new Kanata South Ward.

In February 2010, Feltmate announced that she would not run for re-election in the 2010 Ottawa municipal election, though she would continue to serve the community on a part-time, volunteer basis.

title: Peggy Feltmate


text:
Wihtberht

Wigbert, (Wihtberht) (May 7, 675 - August 13, 747) born in Wessex around 675, was an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine monk and a missionary and disciple of Boniface who travelled with the latter in Frisia and northern and central Germany to convert the local tribes to Christianity. His feast day is August 13 in the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Life
Wihtberht was an Englishman of noble birth, who embraced the monastic life. It has been supposed that Wihtberht was a monk of Glastonbury, but Löffler finds this improbable.

Character
At times an anchorite, and hermit he was known for his missionary work, miracles and prophecies. He is known to history mainly through Alcuin and Bede and is mentioned in the Secgan Hagiography. Alcuin described him as venerable, and outstanding in his religious practice while Bede admired his contempt of this world and his learning. He worked mainly in Ireland.

First mission
Around 664 Wihtberht was studying at Rath Melsigi in Ireland. Also there was Ecgberht of Ripon, who had gone to Ireland to avoid an outbreak of the plague in Northumbria. However, Ecgberht and many of the students contracted the disease. Ecgberht vowed that if he recovered, he would become a "peregrinus" on perpetual pilgrimage from his homeland of Britain and would lead a life of penitential prayer and fasting. He began to organize monks in Ireland to proselytize in Frisia, but was dissuaded from going himself by a vision related to him by a monk who had been a disciple of Boisil (the Prior of Melrose under Abbot Eata), who advised him that this task was not for him. Ecgberht instead sent Wihtberht. Around 680, Wihtberht, went to Frisia, where he spent two years; but owing to the opposition of the ruler Redbad, King of the Frisians, Wihtberht was unsuccessful and returned. Wihtberht’s reputation among the Irish was such that he was celebrated in the ninth-century Irish martyrology, Félire Óengusso.

Second mission
When Boniface felled Thor's Oak near Fritzlar in northern Hesse in 723, he built a wooden chapel from the oak's wood and in 724 established a Benedictine monastery in Fritzlar. Boniface called Wihtberht from England to become the abbot. Wihtberht was certainly older than Boniface. He went to Germany about 734, and Boniface made him abbot of the monastery of Hersfeld in Hesse. Under the new abbot the school soon became famous. Among his pupils there was Sturmi, the first Abbot of Fulda.

About 737 Boniface transferred him to Thuringia as Abbot of Ohrdruf, where he established a school for missionaries operating in Thuringia. Wihtberht died in 747, and was initially buried in Fritzlar in the stone basilica he had built to replace the original wooden chapel. His former student, Lullus later had most of his body (except for a few sacred relics which remained in Fritzlar) interred in a gold and silver shrine in Hersfeld Abbey. Wihtberht is patron saint of the town of Bad Hersfeld. His feast day is August 13.

Legacy
The Priory of St Wigbert (Priorat Sankt Wigberti) is an ecumenical Benedictine monastery for men, belonging to the Lutheran Church of Thuringia, located in Werningshausen, Germany.

title: Wihtberht


text:
Talk:Douaumont

WW I
Douaumont was a very significant fort taken by the Germans on Feb. 1916 in their assault on Verdun.

WWII
No mention at all of the role played by the fort in WWII? Should this article have a split WWI, WWII focus? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.253.181.227 (talk) 22:09, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Pictures
I have some before and after aerial photographs of the fort in a book somewhere. I'll check on copyright, and see if I can get them scanned. g026r 16:51, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Comment moved from article
The above is a rather long explanation which attempts to somehow explain the unexplicable. How and/or why the French amazingly abandoned the Fortress without a fight (not a single shot was fired). It should be noted that more than 100,000 allied soldiers died in the subsequent re-taking of the Fort which had become a German stronghold - which proved to be nearly invincible, provided of course that it was not abandoned? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.8.49.29 (talk • contribs).

Big problems
This article has big problems: 1) No sourcing 2) Internal contradictions. "Without a shot being fired" doesn't really mesh well with "pounding by 420mm shells" in my book. The French position was clearly being suppressed -- that was the whole point. This suggests perhaps a non-neutral point of view. 3) Lack of balance. "Without a shot being fired" gets nearly the bulk of the article, but the tens of thousands of lives being lost to recapture it merits a single short paragraph. I would assume that the heavy human cost here was spent only because the fort occupied such a useful position, which means perhaps the lines had to be brought up around it (e.g., it remained in a German salient), or it was deemed necessary for a French advance. There's nothing hinting at the context for the context for the recapture, which isn't detailed at all. Anyone want to adopt it?--Thatnewguy 14:00, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Other photos
Wikimedia Commons, as promised, has some modern-day photography and several diagrams that could be useful. I saw a good photo of a church service at The Library of Congress that appears to be clear of copyright restrictions, but it simply doesn't fit in the current context. Library of Congress has a thumbnail of a New York Times page showing the counterattack in progress, but not the original photo. --Thatnewguy 14:17, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 03:05, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

sections should be added to this article
a user called Ksnow removed the pre existing structure. Why?

it was chronological and logical

now the article is just a huge wall of text, looks waffly —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.130.122.73 (talk) 09:46, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Douaumont. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090617063815/http://www.verdun-douaumont.com/index.html to http://www.verdun-douaumont.com/index.html

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title: Talk:Douaumont


text:
Michael Learned

Michael Learned (born April 9, 1939) is an American actress, known for her role as Olivia Walton in the long-running CBS drama series The Waltons (1972–1981). She has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series four times, which is tied for the record of most wins with Tyne Daly. Three of the wins were for The Waltons (1973, 1974, 1976), while the other was for Nurse (1982).

Early life
Learned was born in Washington, D.C., the eldest daughter of Elizabeth Duane "Betti" (née Hooper) and Bruce Learned, a diplomat. Her maternal grandfather was an attaché for the United States Embassy in Rome. She has five younger sisters: Gretl, Susan, Sabra, Dorit and Philippa.

She lived on a Connecticut farm for the first 10 years of her life. Learned said that her parents never explained why she received a masculine first name, once saying of her father: "All he told me was that if I had been a boy, I would have been named Caleb, but I was a girl, so I was called Michael."

When she was 11, Learned moved to Austria, where her father worked for the U.S. State Department. At this time, she attended Arts Educational School, Tring, now Tring Park School for the Performing Arts in Tring, Hertfordshire, England. During this time, she discovered the theater and decided to make acting her life's work.

Television and film
Her first substantial role in either film or television was as Olivia Walton on The Waltons, which ran for nine seasons from 1972 to 1981. For the first five seasons of the show she was billed as "Miss Michael Learned" because she was relatively unknown at the time and producers wished to avoid confusion among viewers about her gender. By the sixth season, as the show continued its success after the departure of co-star Richard Thomas, these fears of confusion about her sex had been alleviated and the "Miss" was dropped from Learned's billing. She was nominated for six Emmy Awards as Lead Actress in a Drama, winning three times. After the end of the sixth season, she agreed to appear for one more season on the condition that she would not have to work the full nine months. After the seventh season she left the show.

Her character's abrupt disappearance in Season 7 was explained by Olivia developing tuberculosis and entering a sanatorium in Arizona. She returned in Season 8 and later appeared in four of the six Waltons reunion movies made during the 1980s and 1990s. For her portrayal of Olivia Walton, Learned was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards. During her run as Olivia Walton, Learned and The Waltons co-star, Will Geer, appeared together in the 1974 made-for-TV movie Hurricane.

Learned made her big screen debut in 1980, playing the supporting role in the drama film Touched by Love. She later appeared in Power (1986) and Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993), and well as number of made-for-television movies.

Learned starred as Nurse Mary Benjamin in the hospital drama Nurse, which ran on CBS for six episodes in spring 1981 and then for the 1981–1982 seasons. Though the series was well received critically, it was not a ratings success and lasted only two partial seasons. Nevertheless, Learned was nominated for two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress and won yet another Emmy for this role in 1982. She later had starring roles in the unsuccessful 1988 drama Hothouse and 1989 sitcom Living Dolls and reprised her Waltons role for a number of television movies and reunions in the 1990s.

In 2005, Learned played Judge Helen Turner on the ABC soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live as part of the "baby switch" storyline on both shows. In the second season of The Secret World of Alex Mack, she guest-starred as a ghost who regretted the decisions of her long-estranged granddaughter, revealed at the end to be the show's main villain, Danielle Atron (Louan Gideon). She guest-starred in Scrubs as Mrs. Wilk in five episodes from the show's fifth season. She played Shirley Smith on ABC's General Hospital in 2010. In late 2011, Learned played Katherine Chancellor on the CBS daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless, filling in for Jeanne Cooper, who was on extended medical leave from the series.

In 2022, Learned made her return to television with starring role in the Netflix limited series, Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story playing Catherine Dahmer, Jeffrey Dahmer's grandmother.

Theatre
In the late 1960s, Learned and her husband Peter Donat appeared in various roles with the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. She has appeared in many stage productions on Broadway, off Broadway, and elsewhere, including the 2006–2007 national touring production of On Golden Pond. In the fall of 2008, she starred in Innovation Theatre Works' production of Driving Miss Daisy, playing the title role of Daisy Werthen opposite Willis Burks II as Hoke and Dirk Blocker as Daisy's son Boolie. She reprised the role opposite Lance E. Nichols as Hoke at Judson Theatre Company in March 2013.

Personal life
Learned has been married four times. Her first husband was Canadian-American actor Peter Donat, whom she married in 1956 when she was 17 years old. The marriage was dissolved in 1972. She had three sons by the marriage, one of whom is actor and business executive Lucas Donat.

Her second marriage, to Glen Chadwick, lasted from 1974 to 1977 and ended in divorce. In 1979, she married actor-screenwriter William Parker. That marriage ended in divorce as well. Since 1991, she has been married to lawyer John Doherty; the couple resides in California.

In a 2002 article she wrote for Daily Word, a publication of the Unity Church, Learned states that at the time she was cast in The Waltons, she had "hit rock bottom". Then, at age 32, Learned realized she was an alcoholic. Taking herself to former husband Peter Donat's cabin on the California coast, she decided to "get sober" and that her time there was the beginning of a spiritual journey. Learned further stated in the article that she has been sober since 1977.

title: Michael Learned