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Archer Avenue lines

The Archer Avenue lines are two rapid transit lines of the New York City Subway, mostly running under Archer Avenue in the Jamaica neighborhood of Queens. The two lines are built on separate levels: trains from the IND Queens Boulevard Line serve the upper level, and trains from the BMT Jamaica Line  serve the lower.

The two lines are separate, and do not share track connections, and therefore have different chainings and radio frequencies. The B2 (IND Division) Archer Avenue line uses the upper level, and the B1 (BMT Division) Archer Avenue line uses the lower level.

These lines were conceived as part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)'s 1968 expansion plans, and along with the 63rd Street lines and a small section of the Second Avenue Subway, they were the only portions of the plan to be completed before it was scaled back due to fiscal issues. These lines were originally planned to be extended further east into Queens. Construction on the line started in 1973, and the project was expected to be completed in 1980. However, due to financial issues and concern about the quality of the construction, the lines did not open until December 11, 1988. On that date, several bus routes serving the 169th Street station were diverted to the new bus terminal at Jamaica Center. This line is also used by passengers transferring to or from the Long Island Rail Road and the AirTrain JFK.

Extent and service
The following services use the Archer Avenue lines:

The two Archer Avenue lines begin at a northern (geographic eastern) terminal, Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer, as a bi-level subway, each level having two tracks. The upper level is used by the B2 (IND Division) Archer Avenue line, and uses IND radio frequencies, while the lower level is used by the B1 (BMT Division) Archer Avenue line, and uses BMT radio frequencies. The two lines run compass west along Archer Avenue to another station at Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport, where connections can be made to the Long Island Rail Road and AirTrain JFK. West of this station, the two levels diverge. The lower level tracks continue roughly compass northwest, emerging from a portal near 89th Road and 130th Street and paralleling the Main Line of the LIRR before turning west onto the elevated structure of the BMT Jamaica Line at about 127th Street. The upper level tracks turn compass north under the Van Wyck Expressway, with another station at Jamaica Avenue. Just north of Hillside Avenue, they meet the four tracks of the IND Queens Boulevard Line at a flying junction, with connections to both the local and express tracks.

Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer was not intended to be the lines' northern terminal, as there are spurs on both levels for possible future extensions. On the lower level, they continue one train length and end at bumper blocks. This was a planned extension toward Hollis. Where the lower level tracks end, there is a provision for a diamond crossover switch at the end of the tunnel (under 160th Street). On the upper level, the tracks curve south to run under 160th Street and stop at about Tuskegee Airmen Way (formerly South Road), also ending at bumper blocks. The plan was for this line to use the LIRR Atlantic Branch right-of-way and run to Springfield Boulevard or Rosedale. Where the upper level tracks stub end, there is a provision for a portal to go outside if the line going to Southeastern Queens is ever built. The tail tracks on both levels are currently used for storage.

Planning
What is now the Archer Avenue subway was originally conceived as an extension of the IND Queens Boulevard Line under the IND Second System in the 1920s and 1930s. The original plans had a line diverging south of Van Wyck Boulevard station (now called Briarwood), running down what is now the Van Wyck Expressway to Rockaway Boulevard near modern John F. Kennedy International Airport. A bellmouth with two additional trackways was built to the east of the station to facilitate this extension, which was never constructed due to lack of funding.

The current Archer Avenue plans emerged in the 1960s under the city and Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)'s Program for Action. It was conceived as an expansion of Queens Boulevard service to a Southeast Queens Line along the right-of-way of the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) Atlantic Branch towards Locust Manor, and as a replacement for the dilapidated eastern portions of the Jamaica Avenue elevated within the Jamaica business district which business owners and residents sought removal of; both would meet at the double-decked line under Archer Avenue. The two-track spur from the Queens Boulevard Line would use the original Van Wyck Boulevard bellmouths. Design work on the line began in 1969. The lines and the Jamaica El removal were part of urban renewal efforts in the Downtown Jamaica area. This included the construction of the York College campus, which was planned to be built in conjunction with the LIRR Atlantic Branch connection. The connection to the Jamaica Line, Route 133, was to begin at Jamaica Avenue and 127th Street and continue as an elevated to the LIRR embankment and then go underground at 91st Avenue before connecting with the Archer Avenue line at 132nd Street. Route 133 was to be over 4,000 feet long.

The original plan for the upper level (now the ) was for it to continue as a two-track line along the LIRR Atlantic Branch. It would have run through Locust Manor and Laurelton stations, with stops at Sutphin Boulevard, Parsons Boulevard (which was called Standard Place in planning documents), Linden Boulevard, Baisley Boulevard, and Springfield Boulevard. The line would have served a large-scale housing development at Rochdale Village; such a line would have required conversion involving modifying existing platforms at Locust Manor and Laurelton to accommodate the IND loading gauge, as well as constructing new stations to serve Southeast Queens. It would have also run parallel to the eastern Montauk Branch, which already provided parallel service through St. Albans to Jamaica. The lower level (now the ) would have been extended eastward toward Hollis (near the Hollis LIRR station). Due to a lack of funding as well as some political opposition, these plans were never implemented.

The line's opening was intended to end the need for residents of Southeast Queens to pay a double fare to get to Manhattan.

As part of the project, several new engineering designs were employed, such as the use of graffiti resistant tiles, the use of welded steel rails on rubber pads to cut down on noise, and the use of blowers within the trackbed to disperse the heat generated by the trains' air conditioning systems. In addition, noise-dampening acoustical tiles were installed on station walls and ceilings to reduce noise levels. In the three stations, 21 escalators were installed in addition to electronic train arrival signs, backlighted station signage, and platform-edge strips. The stations were built to be nearly free of columns and have 213,000 square feet of high suspended ceiling. The mezzanine area of the Jamaica-Van Wyck station was designed to allow natural light to enter the station to the platform area, and has 5,000 square feet of windows.

1970s
The Archer Avenue subway's groundbreaking took place on August 15, 1972, at Archer Avenue and 151st Street. The first section of the line to be built was between 147th Place and 151st Street under Archer Avenue. $162 million of the $242 million project was paid for by the city, with the state footing the remainder of the bill. Construction on the Archer Avenue subway began on October 23, 1973, at 159th Street and Beaver Road, just south of Archer Avenue. It was then expected that the subway would be complete by 1980 or 1981.

On March 27, 1974, a fire broke out in the tunnel under 150th Street, temporarily severing telephone service in the area. The fire started when waterproofing tar being sprayed on the tunnel walls was ignited.

In July 1974, the federal government announced its approval of a $51.1 million grant for the project. The Jamaica–Van Wyck station was estimated to have 1,200 passengers during rush hours, while the Sutphin Boulevard and Parsons Boulevard stations were expected to be used by 5,300 and 8,700 passengers during that period, respectively. Mayor Abraham Beame, on December 13 of that year, announced that he had decided to prioritize the construction of the Southeast Queens Line while postponing construction of the Second Avenue Subway for six years, and as a result, he faced opposition among some members of the New York City Board of Estimate. Prior to making this decision, in October, Beame had considered deferring the construction of all new lines, including this line, due to the lack of federal aid. On October 31, the MTA Chairman David Yunich had announced this decision. On January 16, 1975, a spokesman for the Mayor said that work on the line would proceed even though a report found that the Mayor's plan to save the existing fare and construct new lines was off by as much $1 billion. On June 3, 1975, Queens Borough President Donald Manes and other Jamaica leaders pressed for the formal transfer of half of the $74 million in federal funds approved for the Second Avenue Subway to the Archer Avenue project. On March 5, 1975, the MTA announced that the line should open by 1981. An August MTA letter stated that the line would not open until 1984.

Construction of two 200 feet tunnels under the nine tracks of the LIRR Main Line in Jamaica began in January 1976, and were part of a line sections starting at Archer Avenue near 159th Street and ending about 150 feet south of South Road near the Atlantic Branch, passing underneath the center of the York College campus. The two tunnels were built by MacLean, Grove and Company for $4.35 million, while the entire segment, Section 5, cost $24,810,955. This section was constructed using the tunneling shield method. The LIRR Main Line structure was heavily reinforced with metal beams and cables to prevent movement, which could have forced a temporary shutdown of the busy line. A continuous monitoring system was put into place and direct communication was maintained with LIRR personnel at track level. This section is 45 feet below street level and 60 feet below the LIRR tracks, and was deemed by the MTA's chief engineer to be the most costly and difficult portion of this section of the line. The average width of the two tunnels was 35 feet. The driving of the two tunnels was expected to begin in September 1975. The first tunnel, the eastern one, was expected to be completed by late February early March 1976. On May 23, 1976, MTA Chairman David Yunich announced that the construction of the two tunnels under the Long Island Rail Road in Jamaica were completed. Work on the entire section was expected to be completed by September 1976. South of these tunnel segments, the line would have been extended south several hundred yards, going up a ramp, and onto the Atlantic Branch's right-of-way at an embankment at Liberty Avenue. Work on this section was expected to begin in the late 1980s, and would have used the Atlantic Branch to Springfield Boulevard, diverting trains to the Montauk Branch. In the interim, the agency planned to use the tracks for train storage. On March 17, 1976, construction began on a 1,145 feet-long section of Route 133 underneath the LIRR tracks and the Van Wyck Expressway. The first tunnel between the Jamaica Avenue Elevated and the Archer Avenue subway was holed through in October 1977. The second tunnel connection holing through of the Archer Avenue subway tunnels occurred on December 14, 1977. On October 26, 1979, the groundbreaking for Section 2, which stretched from 144th Street to 147th Place, took place. This section was awarded to Slattery Associate Incorporated and Agrett Enterprise Corporation for $45,251,350, and was constructed using cut-and-cover. This section was expected to be completed in four years, and included the Sutphin Boulevard station. Work on the station was planned to begin in spring 1980.

On September 10, 1977, the Jamaica elevated was cut back from 168th Street to Queens Boulevard, closing the stations at 168th Street, 160th Street, and Sutphin Boulevard. The demolition of the elevated line was originally planned to be done upon the completion of the Archer Avenue line, but was pushed up at the request of Mayor Abe Beame, who wanted to accelerate the redevelopment plan for Downtown Jamaica. The reconstruction of the Queens Boulevard station to become the line's terminal and the transferring of equipment took 12 to 15 months and cost $2.2 million. One of the modifications made was the installation of a 350 feet-long double crossover to the west of the station. Work on the double crossover was completed at the NYCTA's new track plant at Linden Shops, saving four months. It was installed over the course of two weekends. Q49 buses (distinct from the modern Q49 route) replaced Jamaica elevated service, and free transfers were provided to subway service at Queens Boulevard. Bus service ran every two to three minutes during rush hours, and met every train during late nights.

The removal of the elevated's frame was expected to take six to eight months. Demolition on this section was expected to begin early in 1978. In April 1978, work was scheduled to begin on May 1 and be completed in mid-July. However, the work started on June 28, 1978, and was scheduled to be completed by early fall 1978—six to ten weeks later. The $927,000 contract to demolish the structure was awarded to the Wrecking Corp. of America. The demolition of the structure, with the exception of the station platforms, was completed overnight to minimize potential impacts to businesses and traffic. Work to reconstruct the street, install new traffic lights and overhead utility lines was expected to take an additional year. Work tearing down the structure began at 168th Street and proceeded to just west of the Queens Boulevard station. In November 1978, the only sections of the structure left were at 155th Street and 160th Street.

In April 1979, the Jamaica Water Supply Company, which supplied water to 118,000 residents of western Nassau County and southeastern Queens, sent a report to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. The report stated that the NYCTA would excessively pump too much water out of the ground during the station's construction, which could lower the water table to the level at which salt water would infiltrate and destroy its shallowest aquifer, which produced a quarter of its water supply. These charges were denied by the NYCTA, which said that it would recharge water it pumped from the ground, like in past projects, and that it would replace water flushed into the city sewer system. 2 billion gallons of water worth $1.4 million had been given to the company since 1976. The company had agreed to reduce its pumping at wells near the subway by the amount received by the NYCTA under previous agreement, but did not do so due to an increase in consumer demand. Subsequently, a new agreement was negotiated for work at the Sutphin Boulevard stop, which required more water pumping because more time was needed for the project–a sewer underneath Sutphin Boulevard had to be reinstalled. On October 17, 1979, the groundbreaking for Section 7, a 1,300 ft cut-and-cover section of the Archer Avenue line, took place. This section included the Hillside Avenue Connector, which connected the line with the IND Queens Boulevard Line, and included the Jamaica–Van Wyck station. This section extended north from 89th Avenue to a point 250 feet past Hillside Avenue, and was expected to be completed in 43 months. This section was constructed by Schiavone Construction Company for $37,728,140. Most of the project was constructed via cut-and-cover methods, with portions of the lines excavated with tunneling shield methods. The line was constructed through the sandy soil of south Jamaica, and therefore, slurry walls were used to construct the line, a relatively new construction method in New York City. This method replaced blasting and shorting. Pumps and waterproofing were used to keep ground water from getting into the tunnel. According to the engineer in charge of the project, the water could reach a depth of 40 feet in a heavy rain without them.

On December 20, 1979, the New York City Board of Estimate passed a measure approving the selection and acquisition of easements in private property at the Van Wyck Expressway and 89th Avenue for an entrance to the Jamaica–Van Wyck station.

1980s
On September 26, 1980, $40 million of federal funding was transferred to the MTA to build the connection to the Jamaica Line, to complete the Parsons Boulevard station, and the installation of track along the line, including the section south of that station to South Road and 158th Street. Work continued on the connection to the Queens Boulevard Line. In October, the contract for the section between 89th Avenue and Archer Avenue was supposed to be let. This grant raised the share of the project funded by UMTA to $210 million. An additional $120 million in funding was required to complete the project. The project's opening date at this juncture was October 1984.

In October 1980, the MTA considered stopping work on the line and on the 63rd Street Line, due to its budget crisis and the bad state of the existing subway system. This decision was supported by City Council President and MTA Board Member Carol Bellamy. It was unclear whether the federal government would allow the MTA to transfer the funds to system maintenance. At the time, the line was scheduled to be opened in late 1984, with the project's cost ballooning to $455 million, of which contracts worth $268 million had been awarded. Originally set to be opened in 1980, the line kept getting delayed, and by the late 1970s, the opening was delayed to 1983, then to 1985 or 1986. In 1981, due to lack of money, all bidding on new subway and bus projects for the MTA was suspended, except for the already-built portions of the 63rd Street and Archer Avenue lines, which were allowed to continue. Progress of the Archer Avenue line temporarily stopped in March 1982, when on March 4, part of the tunnel caved in around the vicinity of Archer Avenue and 138th Street, where one construction worker was killed, and three others narrowly escaped injury. In September 1983, the project was 80% complete, and was expected to be in operation in fall 1985.

Shortly after midnight on April 15, 1985, the BMT Jamaica Line was cut back to 121st Street, closing the Metropolitan Avenue and Queens Boulevard stations. The Q49 bus was extended to 121st Street to replace service. Track and signal modifications needed to accommodate the temporary operation of 121st Street as a terminal station was done during the two prior days, with J trains cut back to Eastern Parkway, replaced by the Q49. Until the opening of the Archer Avenue line in 1988, J trains alternately terminated at 111th Street and 121st Street, with peak period headways to 121st Street being ten minutes. This temporary service pattern was estimated to be in effect for six or seven months. Queens Community Board 9 members and businessmen complained about the removal of ten parking spots from the south side of Jamaica Avenue and of three spaces on the north side, all between 121st Street and 120th Street for the bus shuttle. In October 1986, the elevated section from 127th Street to Sutphin Boulevard was turned over to New York City to be demolished. The demolition of the structure and the reconstruction of Jamaica Avenue was estimated to cost $1.6 million. The removal of the structure was slated to begin in mid-1990.

Opening delays
Despite the delays, disagreements over the condition of the line and the speed of construction, and the federal Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA)'s reluctance to provide funding to complete the line due to concerns over the quality of concrete and the leakage of water into the tunnels, construction was completed a year ahead of schedule, in 1983. Due to the New York City fiscal crisis in 1975, the subway line was truncated to Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer.

In May 1985, the line was slated to be opened by December 1986. Construction on the project was suspended indefinitely, the MTA announced on July 29, 1985, because of water leakage into the tunnel. The tunnel flooded in summer 1984 during a heavy rainstorm, and even though structural improvements were made to fix the issue, groundwater leaks continued, scattering puddles along 1.5 miles of the line.

On August 3, 1985, Senator Al D'Amato of New York stated that the project was unsafe and called for the suspension of $44 million in federal aid for the project, citing a preliminary report by the United States Department of Transportation inspector general. The report claimed that the NYCTA failed to test the quality of 94% of the concrete poured in the project and that no follow-up work was done even though 23% of the concrete had failed tests after being reexamined. In addition, the report stated that 48,000 cubic yards of concrete had been paid for without evidence of its delivery. UMTA suspended the payments at his request on August 17. It stated that it would consider restoring the funds if the MTA hired an independent consultant completed studies on the tunnels' structural integrity. On August 26, 1985, the MTA hired an independent consultant, Construction Technology Laboratories (CTL), to inspect the tunnel. A preliminary visual inspection by CTL found corrosion on the steel beams and minor cracks in concrete walls. On August 23, the MTA agreed to commit $39 million of its own funds to fix the Archer Avenue and 63rd Street Lines, of which $14 million was given to the Archer Avenue project. Had the UMTA funds not been restored, the MTA would have absorbed the cost by cutting back other projects in its $8.5 billion capital program.

On April 9, 1986, the head of UMTA stated that if the 63rd Street and Archer Avenue lines were not completed, he would demand that the NYCTA refund more than $700 million in federal aid used on the projects. The federal government paid for two-thirds of the $1.23 billion spent on the two projects. In June 1986, CTL issued a final report that found that the tunnels of the Archer Avenue and 63rd Street Lines were structurally sound. The report had been ordered by the MTA after UMTA stopped payments on $75 million in grants for the projects, which were 90 percent complete. While the grants were frozen, for a year, the MTA spent $22 million of its own funds to complete existing contracts and to maintain them. The study was requested to show that it was possible to fix leaks and cracks in both projects and an improperly altered ceiling girder in the 63rd Street Tunnel. If the study was approved, work projected to resume in January. It found that there were minor flaws in the projects, such as flaking concrete on a portion of the Archer Avenue tunnel wall, and uneven welds in the altered girder in the 63rd Street Tunnel. The report recommended some rewelding, the removal of stalactites, filling air pockets in some sections of concrete, the removal of debris, waterproofing, and the use of weak electrical charges to prevent corrosion of steel beams.

In August 1986, a study by Knight Associates, which cost $300,000, was scheduled to be released. The study analyzed damage done to the switches, signals, lights, pumps, ventilation fans, substations, third rail and escalator and elevator equipment that resulted from years of moisture, vandalism and neglect. Damage was worse in the Archer Avenue line, where electrical equipment was damaged by a rainstorm in 1984.

On February 6, 1987, NYCTA President David Gunn announced a proposal to spend $41 million on the two projects, and request $29 million for design work on the 63rd Street Connector. UMTA released $60 million in funds to complete the Archer Avenue and 63rd Street Lines on July 1, 1987. The MTA announced that they would open in December 1988 and October 1989, respectively.

Opening and later use
The line opened on December 11, 1988, at a cost of nearly five times its original budgeted cost and cut back to a length of 2 mi. It consisted of the first stations added to the subway system since the 57th Street station opened in 1968, the first stations in the entire subway system designed to be fully accessible, and the first stations in Queens since the IND Rockaway Line opened in 1956. The project's final cost was $465 million. The line's opening was hailed as a catalyst in the redevelopment of Jamaica, ending the neighborhood's urban blight.

A study completed in December 1988, before the line's opening, found that many riders getting to the stations in Jamaica used unregulated dollar vans to get there. It found that 20,000 people rode these vans on an average weekday to get to Jamaica subway stations along Hillside Avenue.

In 2020, the MTA announced that it would reconstruct 5500 ft of track and 7800 ft of third rail on the IND Archer Avenue Line, which had become deteriorated. During the first phase of reconstruction, for six weeks between September 19 and November 2, E service was cut back to Jamaica–Van Wyck, with a shuttle bus connecting to Sutphin Boulevard and Jamaica Center. The second phase of the IND line's reconstruction was completed in December 2020. Two years later, the MTA announced it would reconstruct 12500 ft of track on the BMT Archer Avenue Line. Starting on July 1, 2022, J service was cut back to 121st Street, and Z service was temporarily discontinued. The work continued until September 2022. A shuttle bus, the J99, ran from 121st Street to Jamaica–Van Wyck for the duration of the work.

Service plans
The lower level was always intended for use by J/Z skip-stop service; however, there have been varying proposals for the services that were to serve the upper level. In the original service plan, the G and N local trains were to serve the Archer Avenue upper level,  while the E and F express trains would have remained on the Queens Boulevard mainline towards 179th Street. (The N ran on the IND Queens Boulevard Line until 1987, when the N and R swapped northern terminals in Queens. ) The N train was to run between Jamaica Center and Coney Island during weekdays while G trains were to terminate at 71st Avenue. During weekends and evenings the G train was to run between Jamaica Center and Smith–Ninth Streets, while N trains would terminate at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue or 71st Avenue. To serve the Archer Avenue Line during late nights, a G train shuttle would have run between Jamaica Center and Van Wyck Boulevard.

Jamaica Line
One of the goals of the project was to make Jamaica Avenue service as attractive as possible, and as a result, the NYCTA planned to provide a form of express service. The two options considered to speed up Jamaica Line service were skip-stop service, which would have split Jamaica services into two patterns that served alternate stops, and a zone-express service, which would have split Jamaica services into a short-turn local service and a full-length express services. The zone-express option was dismissed in favor of the skip-stop option because its operation has to be very precisely timed so as to not hinder reliability, because service in the outer zone past the boundary of zone express service at Crescent Street or 111th Street would be too infrequent, and because many stations would lose half their service. Outer-zone expresses after Crescent Street would skip stops on the local track until Eastern Parkway, from where it would run on the express track, stopping at Myrtle Avenue before going straight to Essex Street in Manhattan, skipping Marcy Avenue. Outer-zone expresses and inner-zone locals would have each been limited to frequencies of 10 minutes.

The TA decided to implement skip-stop service with two services labeled "J" and "Z", with lightly-used stops designated as "J" or "Z" stops, and those with higher ridership being all-stop stations. In addition, J and Z trains skipped Bowery in Manhattan at all times except evenings, nights and weekends. To further speed up service, J and Z trains would run express between Myrtle and Marcy. Trains on the J/Z ran every five minutes, an improvement over their previous headway of eight minutes. Skip-stop service ran to Manhattan in the morning between 7:15 and 8:15 a.m. and to Jamaica between 4:45 and 5:45 p.m.

Midday express service was added with J service continuing to run express in the peak direction between Marcy and Myrtle. Surveys of ridership at local stops found that service could be adequately provided by midday M service. The running time for skip-stop service from Parsons Boulevard to Broad Street was 48 minutes, compared to 54.5 minutes for all-local service and 52 for the E. It was expected that 2,250 Queens Boulevard riders would switch to the J and Z. To make J/Z service more attractive, all trains on those lines consisted of refurbished subway cars that were quieter, graffiti-free, and had improved lighting and new floors. All cars on the J/Z were expected to have air-conditioning by summer 1989, which was expected to make it a more attractive alternative to the E.

Queens Borough President Claire Shulman made multiple recommendations about revisions to the service plan for the extension at the MTA's February 1988 board meeting. She recommended that trains should use the express track between Myrtle Avenue and Eastern Parkway to reduce travel times, that the Chrystie Street Connection be reused for service to the Jamaica Line, that R service be extended to 179th Street, the restoration of 24-hour F service to 179th Street, and cutting back the G to 71st Avenue. Shulman also wanted consistency on the E and F routings, with all E service to Archer Avenue and all F service to 179th Street, and suggested the reopening of the Union Hall Street station on the LIRR.

Queens Boulevard Line
The opening of the Archer Avenue line was expected to reroute 17,500 riders from Hillside Avenue to Archer Avenue. Two service plans were identified prior to the February 25, 1988 public hearing. The first would have split rush-hour E service between the two branches, with late night service to 179th Street provided by the R, while the second would have had all E trains run via Archer Avenue and would have extended R locals to 179th Street. A modified version of the second plan was decided upon. When the Archer Avenue line opened in 1988, the E ran to Jamaica Center via the Queens Boulevard Line's express tracks. One E train began at 71st Avenue during the morning rush hour. The R was extended to 179th Street to serve local stations east of 71st Avenue and to allow F trains to continue running express to 179th Street. F trains no longer stopped at 169th Street between 10 a.m. and 3:30 p.m.

The change in the plan was the operation of some E trains from 179th Street as expresses during the morning rush hour to provide an appropriate level of E service to Archer Avenue during the morning rush, to maintain the same level of service to 179th Street while providing express service, and to provide greater choice for riders at the Parsons Boulevard and 179th Street stations on Hillside Avenue. It was decided not to divert some E trains to 179th Street during the afternoon rush hour so that Queens-bound riders would not be confused about where their E train was headed.

It was decided to serve Archer with the E as opposed to the F to minimize disruption to passengers who continued to use Hillside Avenue, to maximize Jamaica Avenue ridership and the length of the peak ridership period, which is longer on the F. The NYCTA had found that most riders using buses diverted to Archer used the E, while passengers on buses to 179th used the F. Having E trains run local between Continental Avenue and Van Wyck Boulevard was dismissed in order to provide 24 hour express service to the Archer Avenue line.

By 1992, R service was cut back to 71st–Continental Avenue at all times. In its place, the F ran local between 71st Avenue and 179th Street at all times.

Bus service
In conjunction with the opening of the Archer Avenue line, major modifications were made to bus service. To reduce severe overcrowding at the 169th Street station, Merrick Boulevard bus routes were rerouted to the new Jamaica Center station, including the Q3A and Q4A, which were renumbered the Q83 and Q84, respectively, the Q5, Q42 and the Q85 (renamed/combined Q5A and Q5AB). A canopy was constructed soon after the opening to protect passengers from inclement weather. Limited-stop service was added to the Q4 in the evening rush-hour, supplementing that service in the morning, and was added to the Q5 and Q83 in both rush hours. The Q30, renumbered from the Q17A, and the Q31 were rerouted to serve the Jamaica Center and Sutphin Boulevard stations, having been extended from Jamaica Avenue and 169th Street. The Q17 bus was extended from the 165th Street Bus Terminal to Archer Avenue and Merrick Boulevard, and the Q75 was extended to the Jamaica Bus Terminal. The B22 bus, renamed the Q24, was extended to 171st Street and Jamaica Avenue. The B53 bus was renamed the Q54; the B56, the Q56; the B58, the Q58; the B59, the Q59; and the Q5S, the Q86. The Q49 shuttle bus was discontinued.

Initially three options were considered for modifications to bus service. Under all three options, the B22 was going to be extended to 171st Street and Jamaica Avenue and the Q49 shuttle was discontinued. Under Proposal 1 and 2, all Merrick Boulevard buses were to be rerouted to Archer Avenue. Proposal 1 would have also included the extension of Q17 to 168th Street and Archer Avenue, and the extension of the Q17A and Q31 to Archer Avenue and Sutphin Boulevard. Proposal 2 would have created a new shuttle bus route from Baisley Boulevard and Merrick Boulevard to 168th Street and Hillside Avenue. Proposal 3 would have extended all Merrick Boulevard buses to Archer Avenue with the exception of the Q42, which would be left unchanged.

The NYCTA studied proposals to lower the bus fares so that the combined bus-subway fare would not be greater than the cost of taking the bus directly into Manhattan.

title: Archer Avenue lines


text:
The Green Futures of Tycho

The Green Futures of Tycho is a 1981 science fiction novel for young audiences by William Sleator. The book explores time travel and the consequences of Tycho's choices.

Plot summary
The main character is Tycho Tithonus, an 11-year-old boy. Each child in his family is named after a famous artist or scientist and their parents expect them to live up to their names. Tycho himself is named after Sleator's younger brother, who in turn, was named after Tycho Brahe, the Danish astronomer. Tycho Tithonus finds a silver egg time machine that gives him the ability to travel into the past and the future. He uses this ability to bother his siblings. When Tycho visits the terrible future his actions will lead to, he risks his life to save his family by destroying the egg.

Further Information
The Green Futures of Tycho was one source of inspiration for the Interactive Fiction work Shrapnel by Adam Cadre.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Green Futures of Tycho


text:
Talk:Johann Pachelbel

Popularity of the Canon in D section
Not a content comment, but this section has some text in gray instead of black. For consistency's sake this should be fixed, though I don't know how. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:643:8104:730:E078:28F6:2963:BFA2 (talk) 06:03, 28 February 2018 (UTC)
 * The "text in gray" is enclosed in a citation request, so the inconsistency is intentional. The way to fix it legitimately is to supply a source that verifies the statement, or, failing that (eg. if it isn't actually true) to delete it. Moonraker12 (talk) 19:12, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Further to this: On checking, this text was initially added on different occasions by different editors, so finding a single source may be problematic. Some of it is backed by this, but as the information is also in the Canon article (here, and here), do we need any if this here at all? Or, if we are going to mention Pachelbel's influence on contemporary music, does it need it's own section? Moonraker12 (talk) 15:24, 17 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I added the citation requests in that section in January 2018. The parts that need citation are rather narrow: "Its visibility was greatly increased by …" and "the Canon's chord progression has been used widely in pop music in the 20th and 21st centuries." The relevant sections in the Canon's article are more balanced for both claims. The recently added "See also" lines, without the need for a separate section heading, should be sufficient here. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 01:35, 18 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Michael: I've restored a bit, which was cut in November for no obvious reason (the edit summary doesn't cover it): This, and the comment about Ordinary People ("Its visibility..") can be supported by the Fink reference (p92). OTOH the "Rain and Tears" comment is a bit post hoc... and we could do without the hyperbole ('tremendous', 'greatly'). If you are OK with that, I'll go ahead and fix it (add the ref, take out the section heading and the OTOH stuff). As for the rest, I dunno if it's actually untrue, but we're probably better off referring people to the Canon article for a fuller treatment. Moonraker12 (talk) 22:02, 19 January 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, done. Moonraker12 (talk) 23:34, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

Decomposition
Johann Pachelbel (baptised 1 September 1653 – buried 9 March 1706) was a German composer, organist, and teacher who brought the south German organ schools to its peak. I've never seen this before in a BDP (aka BnonLP) and it has an unintended, morbid effect of causing the reader familiar with the conventions of Wikipedia to immediately ponder just how long Pachelbel's body lay decomposing in his favourite chair, before anyone attended to his ripe remains. — MaxEnt 20:56, 21 December 2018 (UTC)
 * OK, I've added a footnote, in case anyone is confused by this. Moonraker12 (talk) 15:33, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

Date of Birth
The de:wp article says that Pachelbel's baptismal date, 1 September, was a date in the Julian calendar: Is this true, does anyone know? Our Gregorian calendar article says that "Germany" changed to the Gregorian calendar in 1700, but the de:wp article says 1582 for the HRE (the Catholic states at least, which I assume included Bavaria). Does anyone know which it was? And if so, should we add a footnote, as in the article there? Moonraker12 (talk) 15:39, 17 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Nuremberg had been Protestant since 1525, so the Julian date is consistent. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 01:41, 18 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Ahh! Live and learn! Anyway, I've put in a footnote. Moonraker12 (talk) 21:57, 19 January 2019 (UTC)

Christoph? Johann Christoph Pachelbel
I have seen his name listed as Johann Christoph Pachelbel. If "Christoph" is a correct addition, can someone add it and find a reputable source? Misty MH (talk) 12:38, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

"composed a large body of sacred and secular music"?
I wonder where there is evidence of his secular music? This is claimed in the itroductory words (see quotation above). When I read about the life of the composer I read about a deeply religious man who worked for the church (on organ music and other sacred music). Just because he composed music about other gods (Apollo's Arias) does not make it secular music. Could we just remove the addendum "secular"? MelchiorG (talk) 23:03, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I found one possibility: The Chamber musique "Musicalische Ergötzung" (musical enjoyment) may be considered as one. But could somebody find a reference confirming that this is indeed considered secular music?  (Otherwise the question above would remain.) MelchiorG (talk) 23:20, 2 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The Hexachordum Apollinis is in no way "about" Apollo, let alone dedicated to him. It's simply a sophisticated title aimed at the classicaly educated audience of the time.--Schreckgespenst (talk) 22:14, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

Second potential image
I've already seen there was no evidence of the 1748 portrait being of him, but what about this one? It has also been associated with Pachelbel (although also with Corelli sometimes). Is there info on the origin of this photo?

https://europe-calling.bandcamp.com/track/johann-pachelbel-canon-in-d-major-pachelbels-canon Wikieditor662 (talk) 02:28, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Johann Pachelbel


text:
Category:Inscriptions

ar:تصنيف:مخطوطات

title: Category:Inscriptions


text:
Central Reserve Bank of Peru

The Central Reserve Bank of Peru (Banco Central de Reserva del Perú; BCRP) is the Peruvian central bank. It mints and issues metal and paper money, the sol.

Its branch in Arequipa was established in 1871, and it served the city by issuing money as well as maintaining a good reputation for savings accounts in Southern Peru. It is the equivalent of the Federal Reserve of the United States or the European Central Bank in Europe.

The Constitution states that the purpose of the Central Reserve Bank is to preserve monetary stability. The Central Reserve Bank's target annual inflation is 2.0 percent, with a tolerance of one percentage point upward and downward; its policies are aimed at achieving that goal.

The Constitution also assigns the following functions to the Central Reserve Bank: regulating currency and credit of the financial system, administering the international reserves in its care, issuing banknotes and coins, reporting regularly to the country on national finances, and managing the profitability of funds.

Presidents
Source:
 * Eulogio Romero Salcedo, 1922-1925
 * Agustín de la Torre González, 1926-1927
 * Eulogio Romero Salcedo, 1928-1929
 * Enrique Ferreyros, 1930-1931
 * Manuel Augusto Olaechea, 1931-1934
 * Manuel Prado Ugarteche, 1934-1939
 * Fernando Gazzani, 1939-1945
 * Francisco Tudela y Varela, 1945-1948
 * Pedro Beltrán Espantoso, 1948-1950
 * Clemente de Althaus Dartnell, 1950-1952
 * Daniel Olaechea, 1952
 * Andrés F. Dasso, 1952-1958
 * Enrique Bellido, 1959-1964
 * Alfredo C. Ferreyros, 1964-1966
 * Fernando Schwalb, 1966-1968
 * José Morales Urresti, 1968
 * Carlos Vidal, 1968
 * Alfredo Rodríguez Martínez, 1968-1969
 * Emilio G. Barreto, 1969-1975
 * Carlos Santisteban de Noriega, 1975-1977
 * Germán de la Melena Guzmán, 1977-1978
 * Manuel Moreyra Loredo, 1978-1980
 * Richard Webb Duarte, 1980-1985
 * Leonel Figueroa Ramírez, 1985-1987
 * Pedro Coronado Labó, 1987-1990
 * Jorge Chávez Álvarez, 1990-1992
 * Germán Suárez Chávez, 1992-2001
 * Richard Webb Duarte, 2001-2003
 * Javier Silva Ruete, 2003-2004
 * Óscar Dancourt Masías, 2004-2006
 * Julio Velarde Flores, 2006-

title: Central Reserve Bank of Peru


text:
Talk:Ian Penman

Article archive
i thought it would be valuable if any other editors would like to help me in creating an archive/links to various pieces on the web demonstrating the varied journalism of a number of music writers, including Penman. I was thinking about including the great writers of the seventies and eighties, such as Paul Morley, Simon Reynolds, Ian Penman, Nick Kent, Charles Shaar Murray etc. If anyone is interested i'd appreciate some help and guidance. Thanks. Ask me

Two Ian Penmans!
Someone has asked me why I deleted some stuff today. Well - as it happens, I am the 'Ian Penman' this entry is about. And someone brought it to my attention that this page - which for a few years now has been solely about me and my career as a writer - had been hi jacked by someone else with the same name. I think he was deliberately and erroneously misrepresenting a situation in the UK, where he claims there was "much confusion" between "two" people with the same name, Ian Penman, him being the other one. This situation does not, and never has pertained in the UK or anywhere else. I think this person is just trying to get some free publicity for himself off the back of my name and work. I'm sorry - I won't be relegated to "Ian Penman (2)" on my own page - in my own life, as it were. This is a total misrepresentationof the objective facts. It may be that HE himself, in his persnal life has had problems or confusions with the name - but I defy anyone to claim that this is a general case, or ever has been. Objectively speaking this Wikipedia entry is about rock critics, the NME, and the NME at a specific time in the 70s and 80s. It is NOT about this local DJ guy from Newcastle who - well, no one is thinking of him when a Wikipedia entry for 'Ian Penman' is clicked on, let's be accurate here. If people want to be critical of my work or whatever, fine, I dont mind that. But not inaccuracy, or fantasy. If he'd even just put this in a small footnote - but NO, he has to take over the entire first pargraph with what is in effect a glorified C.V. and call himself "Ian Penman (1)" I mean - come ON! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.129.160.213 (talk • contribs) 11:34, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Article cleanup
I had added Template:Inappropriate tone to this article, but on closer examination, I don't think there's much that can be done to save the second paragraph. I've removed it per WP:BLP, as it seems neither verifiable nor neutral. Consider: The rest of the article looks OK, though. →smably 19:18, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * "Penman's elaborate syntax and self-centered prose served as a critical counterpoint and mirror to the New Romantic wave." What does this mean? This sounds like someone writing an essay, not an encyclopedia article. If this is worth including in the article (I'm not convinced that it is), it probably needs a citation – "according to [expert], [claims about Penman's writing]".
 * "As NME's resident intellectual provocateur during the early 1980s, Penman was not as interested in music as his postmodernist rival, Paul Morley, which makes his writing less dated." This entire section sounds like unverifiable POV/writer's opinion.
 * "Penman was the true test of NME fidelity, a contrast with the earnest 'muso' preoccupations of Melody Maker and the proletarian philistinism of Sounds." And this is gobbledygook. Again, it sounds like a line out of an essay or paper, and is badly biased. If there is something important buried in here, it's not going to be apparent to the majority of Wikipedia readers.

What the world needs now is....not another book on Britain in the 70s.
Please don't do it. Burraron (talk) 14:11, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

I'm hearing that mr penman (the writer) is deceased. so no, no more books. anyone confirm one way or t'other?

duncanrmi (talk) 16:16, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ian Penman


text:
United States Fleet Activities Sasebo

U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo is a United States Navy base, in Sasebo, Japan, on the island of Kyūshū. It provides facilities for the logistic support of forward-deployed units and visiting operating forces of the United States Pacific Fleet and designated tenant activities.

History

Sasebo has been a naval base since 1883, when Lieutenant Commander Tōgō Heihachirō nominated the small fishing village to form the nucleus of a base for the Imperial Japanese Navy. In 1905, ships of the Japanese Navy under Admiral Togo sailed from Sasebo to combat the Russian Baltic Fleet, leading to victory for Togo at the Battle of Tsushima.

The Imperial Japanese Navy had approximately 60,000 people working in the dock yard and associated naval stations at the peak of World War II, outfitting ships, submarines and aircraft. Sasebo was a popular liberty port for navy personnel.

In September 1945, the U.S. Marine Corps' Fifth Division landed at Sasebo, and in June 1946, U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo was established.

When war broke out in Korea three years later, Sasebo became the main launching point for the United Nations and the U.S. Forces. Millions of tons of ammunition, fuel, tanks, trucks and supplies flowed through Sasebo on their way to the U.N. Forces in Korea. The number of Americans in Sasebo grew to about 20,000, and some 100 warships and freighters per day swelled the foreign populations still more.

After the Korean War ended, the Japan Self-Defense Forces were formed, and Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ships began to homeport in Sasebo (Sasebo District Force). The U.S. Fleet Activities continued to support ships of the U.S. Seventh Fleet. Service Force ships made Sasebo their homeport.

The U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo provided heavy support to the expanded Seventh Fleet during the years of war in Southeast Asia. In the mid-seventies, the U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo became the Naval Ordnance Facility Sasebo, and fleet visits dwindled to a low level.

On 4 July 1980, this trend was reversed when U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo regained its name, and Seventh Fleet ships were once again forward-deployed to Sasebo.

U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo played a vital logistics role in Operation Desert Shield/Storm during 1990–91, by serving as a supply point for ordnance and fuel for ships and Marines operating in the Persian Gulf theater.

Sasebo was expanded as a result of the East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration, with a doubling of the number of LCACs stationed there.

Current ships permanently forward deployed

Commander Amphibious Squadron 11 (COMPHIBRON 11)
 * USS America (LHA-6) (since 2019)
 * USS New Orleans (LPD-18) (since 2019)
 * USS Green Bay (LPD-20) (since 2015)
 * USS Rushmore (LSD-47) (since 2021)

Commander Mine Countermeasure Squadron 7 (COMCMRON 7)
 * USS Patriot (MCM-7) (since 1994)
 * USS Pioneer (MCM-9) (since 2014)
 * USS Warrior (MCM-10) (since 2014)
 * USS Chief (MCM-14) (since 2014)

Ships formerly permanently forward deployed to Sasebo, Japan

 * USS Mars (AFS-1)
 * USS Niagara Falls (AFS-3)
 * USS White Plains (AFS-4)
 * USS Passumpsic (AO-107)
 * USS Hassayampa (AO-145)
 * USS Ajax (AR-6) (1960–1970)
 * USS Beaufort (ATS-2)
 * USS Brunswick (ATS-3)
 * USS Belleau Wood (LHA-3) (1992–2000)
 * USS St. Louis (LKA-116)
 * USS Dubuque (LPD-8) (1985–1999)
 * USS Juneau (LPD-10) (1999–2008)
 * USS Harpers Ferry (LSD-49) (2002–2011)
 * USS Fort McHenry (LSD-43) (1995–2006)
 * USS Tortuga (LSD-46) (2006–2013)
 * USS San Bernardino (LST-1189)
 * USS Epping Forest (LSD-4/MCS-7)
 * USS Darter (SS-576) (1979–1989)
 * USS Barbel (SS-580) (1985–1989)
 * USS Surfbird (ADG-383)
 * USS Essex (LHD-2) (2000–2012)
 * USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6) (2012–2018)
 * USS Denver (LPD-9) (2008–2014)
 * USS Guardian (MCM-5) (?? – 2013)
 * USS Germantown (LSD-42) (2011 – 2021)
 * USS Avenger (MCM-1) (2009–2014)
 * USS Defender (MCM-2) (2009– 2014)
 * USS Whippoorwill (MSC-207)
 * USS Woodpecker (MSC-209)
 * USS Albatross (MSC-289)
 * USS Peacock (MSC-198)
 * USNS Safeguard (T-ARS-50)
 * USS Catskill (MCS-1)
 * USS Wasp (LHD-1) (2018–2019)

title: United States Fleet Activities Sasebo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fnaff

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:30, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Fnaff
Non-notable neologism. CDC  (talk)  23:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Neologism. English-language Google search returns 48 pages, none of which appear to relate to meaning given in article. - Satori 01:31, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dict-def.  non-notable.  (says converse rather than convey, translation to English?  foreign slang?) RJFJR 03:55, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, probably only used in a very small area. Radiant! 10:33, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - another "Oh Honestly!" case of rubbish - do they have nothing better to do? Brookie 19:51, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fnaff


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hacker Clans

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 17:01, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hacker Clans
This is almost certainly a vanity page. 'The Guild Of The Dark' and 'Group 9' aren't well-known, and certainly aren't "underground legends" in the hacker community. Also, no-one calls themselves 'digital shinobi' except people who've been reading too much cyberpunk. Twiin 23:46, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: I'm not big on the title word 'clans'.  The article Hacker group redirects to List of hacker and cracker groups.  Neither of the two groups described in clans made the list at list (but at least there aren't separate articles on them).  If kept then this article needs cleanup.  Is there somewhere we can merge this material to?  RJFJR 03:38, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 12:47, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to list of hacker and cracker groups but dont bother merging as these are non noteable groups (non existant really)... I did a check of old hacker e-zine's and even google cant find a single mention of "group 9" thats not a wiki clone. the only mention of "Guild of the Dark" + hacker thats not a clone of Wiki is at http://www.webspawner.com/users/portson/. These groups dont exist.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 06:45, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - another "Oh Honestly!" case of rubbish - do they have nothing better to do? Brookie 19:53, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to List of hacker and cracker groups. Megan1967 03:18, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scatt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:31, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Scatt
Badly written attack page for someone named Scatt — apparently someone's colleague on a software development project. A Google Web search reveals lots of Scatts, from Air Sac Mite treatment companies to rifle training systems. None seem notable. Uncle G 23:46, 2005 Feb 11 (UTC) *Delete - I'm glad that we didn't go into what a Google search comes up with! Brookie 19:55, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, attack dicdef? Could just be speedied as an attack page, right? --Idont Havaname 03:57, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hoaxy dic def. Likely attack. Delete Mgm|(talk) 15:30, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scatt


text:
King's College, Aberdeen

King's College in Old Aberdeen, Scotland, the full title of which is The University and King's College of Aberdeen (Collegium Regium Aberdonense), is a formerly independent university founded in 1495 and now an integral part of the University of Aberdeen. Its historic buildings are the centrepiece of the University of Aberdeen's Old Aberdeen campus, often known as the King's or King's College campus. The focal point of the college, as well as its oldest building, is the late 15th century King's College Chapel. A number of other historic buildings remain, with others being subject to renovation and rebuilding in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the early 20th century, a great deal of expansion saw the university buildings increase around the historic college buildings. In the later 20th century, the university expanded dramatically in size, dominating Old Aberdeen and expanding out from the High Street with a number of modern buildings.

History
King's College was the first university in Aberdeen, the third in Scotland and the fifth in the British Isles. In 1495, William Elphinstone, the relatively newly appointed Bishop of Aberdeen, petitioned Pope Alexander VI on behalf of King James IV to create the facility to cure the ignorance he had witnessed within his parish and in the north generally. A papal bull was issued in February 1495 (1494 [ O.S.]) founding the university; a royal charter later that year recognised Aberdeen's status as equal to that of Scotland's two existing universities at Glasgow and St Andrews. As a former professor at the University of Paris, Elphinstone modelled the university very much on the continental European tradition. Hector Boece, a fellow professor at Paris, was awarded the status of first principal of the new institution.

It would not be until 1509, with the issuance of a charter by Elphinstone, that university life at King's truly began. Construction of the chapel began in 1498; it was consecrated in 1509 and dedicated to St Mary. By 1514, the university had some forty-two members in the form of both staff and students.

Following the Reformation, King's College was purged of its Roman Catholic staff but remained largely resistant to change in its methods. George Keith, the fifth Earl Marischal, however was a moderniser within the college and supportive of the reforming ideas of Peter Ramus. In April 1593 Keith founded a second university in the city, Marischal College. Initially, Marischal offered the principal of King's College a role in selecting its academics, however this was refused by the authorities of King's – cited as the first blow in a future rivalry.

In common with Marischal, King's College supported the Jacobite cause and following the defeat of the 1715 rising both were largely purged of their academics and officials.

Principals of Note

 * Alexander Arbuthnot (poet) 1569 to 1583
 * Rev Dr David Rait from 1598 to 1632
 * William Leslie one of the Aberdeen Doctors
 * William Guild 1640 to 1651
 * John Row 1652 to 1661
 * Roderick MacLeod 1800 to 1815
 * William Jack 1815 to 1854

College buildings
The building work on the main buildings of the college began in April 1500 on marshy land, supported by large oak beams. The chapel is topped with an imperial crown, i.e. a closed crown, which appears to make a claim to imperial status for the Scottish monarchy. The original was lost in a storm in 1633, and the present crown is a recreation. King's College chapel retains more medieval woodwork than any other Scottish church, including the choir stalls and screen.

The Cromwell Tower was a building built during the 1650s-60s during the period of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, although finished after Charles II had been reinstalled as King. It was used for accommodation and had an ornate turret at its top. It continues its function as an observatory to this day. The 1930 construction of the Elphinstone Hall effectively created a two-quadrangle arrangement, connected to the original King's buildings. The Hall's front faces outwards, with its lawn effectively creating a central open space now bordered on the other sides by Old Aberdeen's High Street and the New Building ("New King's"), constructed in 1913.

King's College is now within the university's main Old Aberdeen campus and retains its original and historic quadrangle which houses a large conference centre and the university's chapel. Elphinstone Hall is used for functions, dining, and examinations. The rear of King's College is now used as a sports pavilion. Notably the old college buildings now provide a focal point to the wider university campus. While small in comparison with some of the newer constructions and areas, the building maintains a great deal of importance.

King's College Chapel
King's College Chapel is the main chapel used by the University of Aberdeen. Forming the north side of the original quadrangle of King's College, construction of the chapel began in 1498 and ended with the consecration of the building in 1509. The most notable architectural feature of the Chapel is its Crown Tower, which has become an icon of the university as a whole. The chapel is dedicated to the Trinity and the Blessed Virgin Mary in her Nativity, yet also commemorates a number of Scottish and British monarchs, as well as the patrons and founders of the university. The name particularly recalls the College's main patron, King James IV of Scotland.

Particularly notable within the chapel are the choir stalls and rood screen, which date back to around 1509. These form the most complete mediaeval church interior in Scotland. Since 1928, the antechapel has been used as the university's war memorial: five hundred and twenty-four students of the university are commemorated on its walls, having fallen in the First and Second World Wars.

Bishop Elphinstone, the College's founder, and Hector Boece, its first Principal, were buried at the foot of the chancel, although a larger tomb to Elphinstone is located outside the college. However, a later renovation of the chapel found the Bishop's body to be missing, its ultimate fate unknown. The design of the chapel, as well as its date of construction, were designed to evoke Solomon's Temple.

The King's College Centre
The King's College Conference Centre is a conference and events space within the King's College building, established in 1991 within the former university library, yet maintaining many of the original features of the buildings. The conference centre housed the Scottish Parliament between 28 and 30 May 2002 whilst the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland took over its usual annual residence at New College, Edinburgh (the assembly hall of which it had lent the Scottish Parliament during the time of the construction of the new parliament building in Holyrood). During this time, the parliament was addressed by Her Majesty, the Queen as part of her Golden Jubilee tour of the United Kingdom.

Modern campus
The university owns much of the land and buildings on the campus, but others are in private ownership as private houses, shops and businesses. Many of these serve the university community. There are also extensive lawns, trees and large displays of flowers. These green spaces are popular places to sit in summer for students and staff.

The original buildings and High Street form the heart of the modern campus and are still used for teaching, to house academic departments, and other university activities. During the 20th century, the university purchased land around these buildings and constructed new ones to enable expansion. These buildings generally reflect the prevailing architecture of their period. The most recent building is the Sir Duncan Rice Library, completed in 2011.

title: King's College, Aberdeen


text:
Bud Paxson

Lowell White "Bud" Paxson (April 17, 1935 – January 9, 2015) was an American media executive. In 1982, Paxson and his business partner, Roy Speer, co-founded the Home Shopping Club (now called the Home Shopping Network). He established Pax TV in 1998, a television network focusing on family-friendly content.

Life and career
Lowell White Paxson was born on April 17, 1935 in Rochester, New York. Paxson began his career as an owner of WACK radio, a little 500-watt radio station in the village of Newark, New York. His next attempt at media ownership was radio station WXYJ (AM 1340) and TV station WNYP (channel 26) in Jamestown, New York. Paxson, who bought the stations in 1966, attempted to affiliate WNYP with the CTV Television Network out of Canada (a first for an American television station); by 1969, the TV station had failed. Paxson later emerged as the owner of a small AM radio station, WWQT (1470 AM), in Clearwater, Florida. There, in 1977, an advertiser had plenty of product to sell—avocado-green-colored can openers—but ran out of funds to purchase airtime. Paxson instructed talk-show host Bob Circosta, who had a talk show from noon until 3:00 p.m., to sell the can openers live over the airwaves, and both men were stunned at the audience response. All 118 can openers were purchased within the hour on August 28, 1977. This started the Suncoast International Bargainers Club.

Sensing the sales potential of live, on-air product selling, Paxson and financier Roy Speer co-founded a local cable TV channel (channel 52 on Vision Cable) in 1982 that sold products directly to Florida viewers, and then launched nationwide in 1985. The channel was the Home Shopping Club, later Home Shopping Network (currently known as HSN), and Paxson's former radio man Bob Circosta was tapped as the network's first-ever host. HSN soon became a billion dollar juggernaut and began the home shopping / electronic retailing industry. In 1996, the two sold HSN to Hollywood executive Barry Diller.

Paxson then formed Paxson Communications Corporation (currently known as Ion Media Networks) and bought radio stations, TV stations, and billboards, primarily in Florida. Eventually, he sold those and put the money into PAX TV (currently known as Ion Television), a new network of family-friendly TV shows. The channel also reflected Paxson's background as an evangelical Christian (since 1985), which he spoke of openly. PAX TV began on August 31, 1998.

During the time between the sale of HSN and the founding of PAX TV, Paxson moved his headquarters from Tampa to West Palm Beach.

However, the network never received anywhere near the ratings or advertising revenue of the other networks. In addition, PAX TV lost a few affiliates, such as when Paxson sold its Dayton, Ohio, and Green Bay, Wisconsin, stations to ACME Communications so that group could affiliate them with The WB (though PAX TV programming continued to air overnight on those stations for a few years), and the network was unable to offer their programming in some markets, like St, Louis, Charlotte and Pittsburgh.

On July 1, 2005, PAX TV became "i: Independent Television". In November of that year, NBCUniversal, which owned 22 percent of i, began a nine-month period during which it could buy the rest of the network. Possibly sensing that NBCU would do so, and beset with lawsuits over the operation of i, Paxson resigned from the company he founded.

In addition, Paxson became Ion Media Networks, and NBCU executive R. Brandon Burgess became the chief executive officer. In time, i was rebranded to Ion Television.

Personal life
Paxson's first two marriages, to Jean Blauvelt and Barbara Chapman, ended in divorce.

Paxson became a born-again Christian on New Year's Eve 1986. In 1990, he married Marla Bright who survived him after their 25 years of marriage. Paxson had two sons and a daughter from his first marriage and a stepdaughter from his third marriage. He died in Kalispell, Montana in 2015 at the age of 79.

title: Bud Paxson


text: User talk:81.59.12.143

title: User talk:81.59.12.143


text: User talk:81.178.112.111

title: User talk:81.178.112.111


text:
Talk:Saint-Hyacinthe

St or Saint?
This article is Saint-Hyacinthe but there is also St-Hyacinthe Airport. Maps tend to show just St-Hyacinthe. Is there a standard that we use on wikipedia that these ought to be standardised to? Iancaddy 14:52, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saint-Hyacinthe


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Spinnaker Tower

The Spinnaker Tower is a 170 m landmark observation tower in Portsmouth, England. It is the centrepiece of the redevelopment of Portsmouth Harbour, which was supported by a National Lottery grant. The tower's design was chosen by Portsmouth residents from a selection of three different designs in a 1998 public poll. It has three viewing platforms one on top of the other at heights of 100 m, 105 m and 110 m.

The tower was designed by local firm HGP Architects and engineering consultants Scott Wilson and built by Mowlem. The Spinnaker Tower reflects Portsmouth's maritime history through its design and is named after a spinnaker, a type of sail that balloons outward. The tower was opened on 18 October 2005.

The tower is owned by Portsmouth City Council and is operationally managed by Continuum Leading Attractions, a cultural attractions group based in York. Continuum also runs five other visitor attractions across the country.

The Spinnaker Tower was repainted and rebranded as the "Emirates Spinnaker Tower" from July 2015 following a five-year commercial sponsorship deal with Dubai-based Emirates airline. The Emirates sponsorship deal expired in 2020 and the tower reverted to its original all-white paint scheme and name in April 2021. On 5 May 2023, it was announced that Macmillan Cancer Support would become the tower's new sponsor beginning in June.

Structure
At a height of 560 ft, the tower is one of the tallest accessible structures in the United Kingdom outside London. The tower is visible around Portsmouth, changing the horizon of the area. It can be seen from the Isle of Wight, the Manhood Peninsula, Highdown Gardens and Cissbury Ring in Worthing and Nine Barrow Down in the Purbeck Hills, Dorset.

The tower represents sails billowing in the wind, a design accomplished using two large, white, sweeping metal arcs, which give the tower its spinnaker sail design. The steelwork was fabricated by Butterley Engineering. At the top is a triple observation deck, providing a 360° view of the city of Portsmouth, the Langstone and Portsmouth harbours, and a viewing distance of 37 km. The highest of the three observation platforms, the Sky Deck, has only a wire mesh roof, so visitors are open to the elements. The windows extend above head height, so it is not possible to get a view unobstructed by glass. A glass floor is located on the first viewing deck at 100 metres above sea level. It has three viewing platforms one on top of the other at heights of 100 m, 105 m and 110 m. The tower has a design lifetime of 80 years.

History
Portsmouth's Millennium Tower, as it was originally intended to be named, was a project conceived in 1995 to design a monument to commemorate the Millennium celebrations in the year 2000. It received UK National Lottery funding and was intended to open in late 1999. A choice of three different Millennium Tower designs were presented to the people of Portsmouth for a public poll in early 1998.

 * Spinnaker, three observation decks incorporated within the top of a spinnaker sail-shaped truss structure, supported by conjoined twin towers that narrowed to a pinnacle at the top.
 * Globe, a multi-floor transparent observation globe supported by twin support columns on opposing sides of the globe.
 * Triple, three towers in a narrow triangular formation, the towers linked together by trusses. A tallest of the three towers (with a funnel-like top) giving access to offset observation decks supported by the two shorter towers.

The poll was undertaken by Portsmouth City Council in conjunction with Portsmouth's local newspaper, The News between 11 February 1998 and 23 February 1998. The total number of votes received were 9,476, with 65% of the votes selecting Spinnaker, a design by local architects Hedley Greentree Associates Ltd.

Due to political, financial, contractual and construction problems and extra funding requests by the builders Mowlem, construction did not begin until 2001 and was completed in mid-2005. Because of the six-year delay in opening and not having been ready for the Millennium as planned, the tower was renamed Spinnaker Tower instead, the design name it had been called in the 1998 public poll.

The overall development project was over budget, with the tower costing £35.6 million alone. Taxpayers were never intended to fund the tower, but Portsmouth City Council eventually contributed £11.1 million towards construction.

In March 2004, Portsmouth Council's former leader Cllr Leo Madden resigned as leader of the Labour Group on the council after a highly critical report of the council's handling of the project and its failure to exploit revenue opportunities, such as the Millennium. Barry Smith, the project's legal advisor, also retired after being suspended on full pay, mostly because of controversy over the contract with the builders, which at one point would have cost the council more to cancel than to complete.

The Spinnaker Tower has suffered from a number of issues since opening, including a malfunctioning external glass lift. During the final construction phase, a protester from the rights group Fathers 4 Justice scaled the tower wearing a high-visibility jacket and unfurling a banner in the process. Another incident happened a year later when a base jumper managed to get past site security and jumped off the Tower; he quickly ran off site after parachuting down.

The tower was dedicated on 16 October 2005 and opened two days later. On opening day, the tower's project manager, David Greenhalgh, and representatives of Mowlem and Maspero were stranded in its malfunctioning external lift (built by Maspero) for an hour and a half. Abseiling engineers were called to rescue them. David Greenhalgh said "It is personally very embarrassing as project manager and is very disappointing and upsetting". Some, including the franchise's chief executive, felt it was rather fitting that these particular people had been trapped. The external lift was removed during December 2012.

Once open, the tower attracted crowds in excess of expectations, despite only the internal lift working, with more than 600,000 people visiting it in the first year. It is one of a number of observation towers around the world that have become popular, including Vancouver's Harbour Centre, Toronto's CN Tower, Blackpool's Tower, New York City's One World Trade Center (as well as the original Twin Towers) and Shanghai's Oriental Pearl Tower.

In June 2006, the local press raised a concern that the tower might be forced to close. All public buildings in the UK require disabled access under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. With the external lift inoperative and only a single internal lift and stairs available as emergency escape routes, disabled people were not allowed to access the tower if they would be unable to use the stairs because a minimum of two escape routes are required by law. This problem was rectified by investing in an evacuation chair and training staff to use it. In the event of evacuation, should the internal lift be inoperable, those unable to navigate the 570 steps can use the evacuation chair.

The Spinnaker Tower, being a landmark of southern England, features in the title sequence of the BBC South Today news programme. It also features on ITV News.

In June 2009, the tower's operators succeeded in gaining permission for a freefall ride to be attached. It opened to the public in June 2018 and featured a bungee jump freefall into a crash net.

In 2006, the tower won the RICS Project of the Year award and the RICS Regeneration award.

Commercial sponsorship with Emirates (2015–2020)
In May 2015, as part of a wider effort to "generate additional revenue by using the advertising potential of council-owned land and other assets", Portsmouth City Council proposed selling the tower's naming rights to a commercial sponsor. The proposed sponsorship deal would include the naming rights for the tower for at least five years, repainting and rebranding the tower in the sponsor's choice of colours and logos and new signage to be installed "no later than July 17" ahead of the 2015 America's Cup World Series. Dubai-based airline Emirates was reported to be the favoured sponsor, with the tower to be renamed as the Emirates Spinnaker Tower.

On 5 June 2015, the city council confirmed that Emirates had been secured as the sponsor. Councillor Luke Stubbs said: "It's clearly a very good deal for the city and shows the benefit that Portsmouth is deriving from the America’s Cup... This also associates Portsmouth with a global brand and that can only be a good thing." The tower was to be repainted in a red and white colour scheme—similar to that of local football rivals Southampton F.C.—as part of the rebranding but following a petition with over 10,000 signatures, Portsmouth City Council decided to rethink the change. Portsmouth City Council leader Donna Jones said: "We are working up a new design for the tower [which] will reflect the city’s heritage... I don’t want a tower in the city [that] no one likes the look of." The new design, unveiled on 19 June 2015, featured a blue, gold and white colour scheme. Tim Clark, President and CEO of Emirates said: "We listened to the feedback and worked with the council to adapt the designs in order to create something that Portsmouth residents will be proud of." In April 2021 the tower was repainted its original all-white colour, as the five year sponsorship deal with Emirates had ended on 30 June 2020.

On 5 May 2023, Portsmouth City Council announced a new partnership with the Macmillan Cancer Support, with the charity becoming the tower's new sponsor beginning in June. Unlike the previous Emirates sponsorship, the tower will not be repainted or renamed, it will just see the charity's logo on one of the tower's legs and the main sign to the entrance. The deal will allow the charity to hold fundraising events at the tower.

Events

 * The Magic Numbers played a live acoustic set at the Spinnaker Tower on 20 February 2007.
 * The tower hosted the third of BBC Radio 1 DJ Annie Nightingale's live annual 'tower broadcasts' on 21 September 2006, featuring Santos and The Plump DJs, following similar shows from the BT Tower, London and the Television Tower, Berlin.
 * Spinnaker Tower hosted one of the regional events for the BBC's Children in Need events in 2006. This involved the mascot of the event, Pudsey Bear, abseiling down the structure.
 * Series 4, Episode 1 of Coach Trip featured contestants spending the day on the tower.
 * Blue Peter recorded the 2006 Book of the Year Award inside the tower.
 * Contestants on The Biggest Loser had to climb over 1,500 steps to the top of the tower as part of their weight-loss task during February 2011.
 * BBC's Stargazing Live was hosted and filmed at Spinnaker Tower as part of a series of free local events in 2012.
 * In 2014, Gosport MP Caroline Dinenage abseiled off the tower to raise funds for the MS Society.

title: Spinnaker Tower


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The Company of Wolves

The Company of Wolves is a 1984 British gothic fantasy horror film directed by Neil Jordan and starring Angela Lansbury, David Warner, Micha Bergese, and Sarah Patterson in her film debut. The screenplay by Angela Carter and Jordan was adapted from her 1979 short story of the same name.

Plot
The film begins in the present day, within a country house. A young girl named Rosaleen dreams that she lives in a fairytale forest during the late 18th century with her parents and sister Alice. But one night Alice is chased down and killed by wolves. While her parents are mourning, Rosaleen goes to stay with her grandmother, who knits a bright red shawl for her granddaughter to wear. The superstitious old woman gives Rosaleen an ominous warning, "Never stray from the path, never eat a windfall apple, and never trust a man whose eyebrows meet." Rosaleen returns to her village, but finds that she must deal with the advances of an amorous boy. Rosaleen and the boy take a walk through the forest, but the boy discovers that the village's cattle have come under attack from a wolf. The villagers set out to hunt the wolf; but once caught and killed, the wolf's corpse transforms into that of a human being.

Rosaleen later takes a basket of goods through the woods to her grandmother's cottage; but on her way, she encounters an attractive huntsman whose eyebrows meet. He challenges her, saying that he can find his way to her grandmother's house before she can, and the pair set off. The hunter arrives at Rosaleen's grandmother's house first, where he reveals his bestial nature and kills her. Rosaleen arrives later and discovers the carnage, but her need to protect herself is complicated by her desire for the hunter. In the ensuing exchange, Rosaleen accidentally injures the huntsman with his own rifle. Upon this blow, the hunter contorts in pain and transforms into his wolf shape. A deeply remorseful Rosaleen apologizes and takes pity on the wounded beast, musing that his pack could leave him behind in his state. She sits down and begins petting the wolf caringly and tenderly, comforting him while telling him a story.

Ultimately the villagers arrive at the house sometime later, looking for a werewolf within. Instead, they discover that Rosaleen herself has become a wolf. Together, she and the huntsman, escape to the forest, joined by a growing pack. The wolves seem to stream into the real world, breaking into Rosaleen's house and gathering outside her bedroom. Rosaleen awakes with a scream as one leaps in through the window and sends her toys crashing to the floor, symbolizing the end of her childhood innocence.

The film ends with a voiceover quoting Charles Perrault, warning girls to beware of charming strangers.

Embedded stories
Stories are woven through the film, tales told within the main narrative that overlap with the central plot.

 * Granny's tale to Rosaleen: A young groom whose eyebrows meet is about to bed his new bride when a "call of nature" summons him outside. He disappears and his bride is terrified to see wolves howling outside. A search the following day yields a wolf pawprint only, and no sign of the groom. Years later, having since remarried and started a family, she is shocked to find her first husband at the door. Enraged at her having children with a new husband, the groom transforms into a werewolf, but is swiftly killed when the new husband returns.
 * Granny's second tale to Rosaleen: A young man whose eyebrows meet, the bastard son of a priest, is walking through the enchanted forest when he encounters the Devil, anachronistically arriving in a Rolls-Royce chauffeured by Sarah Patterson (Rosaleen) in a blonde wig. The Devil offers the boy a transformative potion, which he rubs onto his chest, causing hair to sprout rapidly. The boy is pleased, but shortly thereafter vines grow swiftly from the ground, twining around his legs and trapping him. He wails in protest and fear, his face distorting with his cries. His anguished visage appears in Rosaleen's bedroom mirror at the end of that dream sequence.
 * Rosaleen's story to her mother: A woman who lived in a valley "done a terrible wrong" by a rich, young nobleman turns up visibly pregnant at his wedding party "to put wrong to right". She calls out the nobleman and the rest of the nobles for their bigoted actions, and further denounces them by declaring "the wolves in the forest are more decent". She then reveals that she is an enchantress and magically transforms the groom, the bride, and all the other nobles into wolves. They flee into the forest as the enchantress laughs; but afterward, the enchantress commands that the wolves "serenade" her and her child each night.
 * Rosaleen's story to the huntsman/wolf: A she-wolf from the world beneath arrives at a village. Despite meaning no harm, she is shot and injured by a villager. She reveals herself in her human form to an old priest who takes her in and bandages her wound, seeing her innocence. Although touched by the priest's compassion and actions, she feels that she is not fit to stay. Ultimately, after some time, she returns to her world through the village well.

Cast

 * Sarah Patterson as Rosaleen
 * Angela Lansbury as Granny
 * David Warner as Father
 * Tusse Silberg as Mother
 * Micha Bergese as Huntsman (his first role in a feature film)
 * Brian Glover as Amorous Boy's father
 * Graham Crowden as Old Priest
 * Kathryn Pogson as Young Bride
 * Stephen Rea as Young Groom
 * Georgia Slowe as Alice, Girl Killed by Wolves
 * Susan Porrett as Amorous Boy's mother
 * Shane Johnstone as Amorous Boy
 * Dawn Archibald as Witch Woman
 * Richard Morant as Wealthy Groom
 * Danielle Dax as Wolfgirl (a non-speaking role)
 * Jim Carter as Second Husband (uncredited)
 * Terence Stamp as The Devil (uncredited)

Writing
Carter had previously adapted the story for a 1980 radio dramatization. She collaborated with director Neil Jordan on the film script, her first experience writing for the screen. Jordan had previously directed only one feature film. The two met in Dublin in 1982 to discuss expanding Carter's radio drama, which Jordan called "too short for a feature film".

In an L.A. Weekly interview published to correspond with the film's US debut, Jordan said: "In a normal film you have a story with different movements that program, develop, go a little bit off the trunk, come back, and end. In this film, the different movements of the plot are actually separate stories. You start with an introduction and then move into different stories that relate to the main theme, all building to the fairy tale that everybody knows. The opening element of the dreamer gave us the freedom to move from story to story."

The script reached its third draft by July 1983.

Carter's original screenplay of The Company of Wolves (as posthumously published in the 1996 anthology The Curious Room) featured an additional story being told by the huntsman, a very different final tale by Rosaleen (reminiscent of Carter's "Peter and the Wolf" from her collection Black Venus), and a scene set in a church with an animal congregation.

Carter's first ending for the film would have featured Rosaleen diving into the floor of her bedroom and being swallowed up as by water. Jordan claimed that the limited technology of the time prevented the production of such a sequence, whereas later CGI effects would in fact make it quite simple.

The budget was provided by ITC Distributors.

Principal photography
The Company of Wolves was filmed in Shepperton Studios in England. The film's cast was primarily made up of British actors. Sarah Patterson made her screen debut, despite being much younger than the kind of actress the casting director had been looking for, and likely too young to understand some of the film's more adult concepts. Her youth also meant having to make special arrangements with her school in order for her to be away for nine weeks while shooting took place. Northern Irish actor Stephen Rea had already worked with director Neil Jordan in Angel and would later work with him again in The Crying Game, Interview with the Vampire and Breakfast on Pluto, amongst others.

Jordan worked for several weeks in pre-production with artist filmmakers Nichola Bruce and Michael Coulson to create hundreds of detailed storyboard drawings. Also involved with production was production designer Anton Furst and his draftsman Nigel Phelps, who would later go on to work on Tim Burton's Batman. The film's visuals were of particular importance, as Jordan explains:"The visual design was an integral part of the script. It was written and imagined with a heightened sense of reality in mind." In the DVD commentary, Jordan notes the difficulty of having to create the look of the film on a limited budget, having to create a fairytale forest out of essentially "twelve trees". He nevertheless succeeded in creating a sunless, mystical, wondrous and claustrophobic setting saturated with fantastic elements and symbols.

The script calls for a great number of wolves to appear. Due to budgetary constraints and other factors such as cast safety, most of the 'wolves' shown in the film are in fact evidently Belgian Shepherd Dogs, mainly Terveurens and Groenendals, whose fur was specially dyed. In the DVD commentary for the film, Jordan notes the bravery of young star Sarah Patterson when acting amongst the genuine wolves. Using particular light angles, the eyes of both real and "shepherd" wolves are made to glow dramatically in the film.

Jordan notes how Carter was "thrilled with the process" of making a film, as she "had never really been involved with one." After the film, Jordan and Carter looked for other projects which they could work on together. However, no others came to fruition, partly because of Carter's later illness. According to Jordan, he and Carter discussed a possible adaptation of Vampirella, Carter's radio play which served as the original version of her short story "The Lady of the House of Love" from The Bloody Chamber.

Release
The film received its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival in Canada on 15 September 1984. It was released in the United Kingdom on 21 September and was released in the United States on 19 April 1985 where it was shown in 995 theatres.

Distribution
The film was distributed in the United States by Cannon Films. Jordan notes that Cannon pushed the concept of the film as primarily a horror film. Jordan maintains that it is not a horror film and that such a label might actually be misleading to audiences.

Home media
The film was later released on VHS in numerous countries. A Region 1 DVD release came several years later on 15 October 2002. A Region 2 special edition version of the film was released on 17 October 2005, approximately 20 years after the film's initial release in theatres. This special edition came in a metal case and included an audio commentary by director Neil Jordan, stills galleries, the film's theatrical trailer and a printed "Behind the Scenes Dossier". This special edition version was also released on Universal Media Disc for the Sony PlayStation Portable on 30 January 2006. The film was released on Blu-ray in 2007 in United Kingdom by ITV.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86% based on 21 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 6.8/10.

Colin Greenland reviewed The Company of Wolves for Imagine magazine, and stated that "It's a Freudian fairytale with deliciously gruesome transformation scenes and deep, vigorous imagery, but not without twee patches."

In April 1985, upon the film's US debut, Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, and called it a "disturbing and stylish attempt to collect some of the nightmares that lie beneath the surface of "'Little Red Riding Hood'".

Reactions among academic feminist critics were divided. Maggie Anwell decried The Company of Wolves for what she perceived as an over-emphasis on bloody werewolf special effects, while Charlotte Crofts argued the film is a sensitive adaptation of Carter's reworking of Charles Perrault's Little Red Riding Hood fairy tale.

In 2010 Louise Watson, writing for BFI Screenonline, said Neil Jordan "evokes an eerie, dreamlike atmosphere for the film's heightened reality. Its otherworldly scenery and costumes seem to have been inspired by fairytale illustrations, mixed with the studio-bound visual style of Hammer horror. The Hammer-like theatrical forest creates a sense of brooding claustrophobia where no sunlight can reach, accentuating Rosaleen's trapped existence. An intensely visual film, teeming with rich symbolism and imagery... settings and special effects dominate the film, often at the expense of the (perhaps deliberately) underdeveloped characters."

Box office
Financially, the film only just broke even on its opening weekend in the US, having been made for approximately $2 million and taking $2,234,776 in 995 theatres. However, in total, the film took over $4 million in the US

It made £1,629,000 in the UK.

Awards and nominations
The film won the awards for Best Film and Best Special Effects at the 1985 International Fantasy Film Awards and was nominated for four BAFTA Awards for Costume Design, Make Up, Production Design/Art Direction, and Special Visual Effects.

Won
 * Special Mention at the 1985 Fantafestival
 * Three 1985 Fantasporto awards:
 * Audience Jury Award
 * Critics' Award
 * 1985 International Fantasy Film Award (Best Film and Best Special Effects)
 * 1985 London Critics Circle Film Awards ALFS Award (Director of the Year: Neil Jordan)
 * Two 1985 Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival awards:
 * Caixa de Catalunya (Best Film and Best Special Effects)
 * Prize of the International Critics' Jury

Nominated
 * Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival, 1985.
 * Four 1985 BAFTA Awards:
 * Best Costume Design (Elizabeth Waller)
 * Best Make Up Artist (Jane Royle, Christopher Tucker)
 * Best Production Design/Art Direction (Anton Furst)
 * Best Special Visual Effects (Christopher Tucker, Alan Whibley).

Soundtrack
A soundtrack album, featuring the George Fenton score from the film, was released in 1985 on Varèse Sarabande Records.

Track listing:

Side A:

 * 1) "The Message And Main Theme"
 * 2) "Rosaleen's First Dream"
 * 3) "The Story Of The Bride And Groom: The Village Wedding/The Return Of The Groom"
 * 4) "The Forest And The Huntsman's Theme"
 * 5) "The Wedding Party"

Side B:

 * 1) "The Boy And The Devil"
 * 2) "One Sunday Afternoon"
 * 3) "All The Better To Eat You With: Arriving At Granny's Cottage/The Promise And Transformation"
 * 4) "The Wolfgirl"
 * 5) "Liberation"

The soundtrack was later released on CD on That's Entertainment Records in the UK and Ireland in 1990 and then on Jay Records on CD in Europe in 2000.

title: The Company of Wolves


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File:Formati papirja.JPG

Paper series A.

Made by myself (andrejj)

title: File:Formati papirja.JPG


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Hauteville

Hauteville may refer to:

Places in France

 * Hauteville, a former commune in the Ain département, part of Hauteville-Lompnes
 * Hauteville, Aisne, in the Aisne département
 * Hauteville, Ardennes, in the Ardennes département
 * Hauteville, Marne, in the Marne département
 * Hauteville, Pas-de-Calais, in the Pas-de-Calais département
 * Hauteville, Savoie, in the Savoie département
 * Hauteville-la-Guichard, in the Manche département
 * Hauteville-lès-Dijon, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Hauteville-Lompnes, in the Ain département
 * Hauteville-sur-Fier, in the Haute-Savoie département
 * Hauteville-sur-Mer, in the Manche département

Other

 * Hauteville, Switzerland, a municipality in the Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland
 * Hauteville family, a baronial family of Normandy

title: Hauteville


text:
Sandy Turnbull

Alexander Turnbull  (30 July 1884 – 3 May 1917) was a Scottish footballer who played as a forward for both Manchester City and Manchester United in the early 20th century.

Football career
Born in Hurlford to James and Jessie Turnbull of 1 Gibson Street, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Turnbull started his football career with his hometown club, Hurlford Thistle. He later moved to Manchester City. In 1905, City was found guilty of malpractice relating to payments of its players, and the entire squad was suspended from playing football. When the ban was lifted on 31 December 1906, Turnbull moved to City's crosstown rivals Manchester United, along with Billy Meredith, Herbert Burgess and Jimmy Bannister. His first game for United came on the next day, 1 January 1907, against Aston Villa. Along with Meredith, he helped the club to their first championship in 1908 and the 1909 FA Cup, scoring the only goal in the final, against Bristol City. In 1908 alone, he would score 27 goals in 25 games. On 19 February 1910, Turnbull scored the first ever goal at Old Trafford, in a 4–3 loss against Liverpool. He would go on to score 100 goals for the club in 245 games. His final game for the Reds came against Sheffield United in 1915.

Military career
Turnbull enlisted in the 23rd Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment (2nd Football) during the First World War before being transferred to the 8th Battalion of the East Surrey Regiment. After being promoted to the rank of lance-sergeant, Turnbull was killed during the Battle of Arras on 3 May 1917 aged 32. Turnbull's body, if recovered, was never identified. He is commemorated on the Arras memorial.

Match fixing
Turnbull received a lifelong ban from football in 1915 along with several others players after being found guilty of match-fixing. He was posthumously re-instated in 1919.

Family
Turnbull was married and had four children. Two of Turnbull's sons, Alexander Jr. and Ronald, signed amateur forms with Manchester United in August 1932, but neither managed to follow in their father's footsteps and they were released before making an appearance for the club.

Club

 * Manchester City
 * FA Cup: 1903–04
 * Manchester United
 * First Division: 1907–08, 1910–11
 * FA Cup: 1908–09

title: Sandy Turnbull


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Baptist Union of Papua New Guinea

The Baptist Union of Papua New Guinea is a Baptist Christian denomination in Papua New Guinea. It is affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance. The headquarters is in Mount Hagen.

History
The Baptist Union of Papua New Guinea has its origins in a mission of the Australian Baptist Ministries in 1850. It is officially founded in 1977. According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 493 churches and 84,700 members.

Schools
The convention has 40 primary schools gathered in the Baptist Education Agency.

It has 2 affiliated theological institutes.

Health Services
The convention has 3 hospitals.

title: Baptist Union of Papua New Guinea