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Munich Security Conference

The Munich Security Conference (MSC; Münchner Sicherheitskonferenz) is an annual conference on international security policy that has been held in Munich, Bavaria, Germany since 1963. Formerly named the Munich Conference on Security Policy (Münchner Konferenz für Sicherheitspolitik), the motto is: Peace through Dialogue. It is the world's largest gathering of its kind.

Over the past four decades the Munich Security Conference has become the most important independent forum for the exchange of views by international security policy decision-makers. Each year it brings together about 350 senior figures from more than 70 countries around the world to engage in an intensive debate on current and future security challenges. The list of attendees includes heads of states, governments and international organizations, ministers, members of parliament, high-ranking representatives of armed forces, science, civil society, as well as business and media.

The conference is held annually in February. The venue is the Hotel Bayerischer Hof in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.

History
The conference evolved from the Internationale Wehrkundebegegnung / Münchner Wehrkundetagung, which was founded in 1963 by Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin. The resistance fighter from the Stauffenberg circle advocated to prevent military conflicts such as the Second World War in the future and brought together leaders and experts in security policy for this reason. The first meeting was limited to about 60 participants; among them were Helmut Schmidt and Henry Kissinger. Von Kleist led the meetings until 1997; his successor who led them from 1999 until 2008 was politician and business manager Horst Teltschik (CDU).

Since 2009, the conference is headed by the former diplomat Wolfgang Ischinger. Ischinger established the Munich Security Conference GmbH non-profit company in 2011, which he has led until Christoph Heusgen took over the position in February 2022. Vice Chairmen are Ambassador Rainer Rudolph, successor to Ambassador Boris Ruge, and Dr. Benedikt Franke, who is also CEO.

In 2018 the company was subsumed into the MSC Foundation, with an endowment from contributions by the German government and other big donors. Funding has increased from less than €1 million of public funding in 2008 to about €10 million of mostly corporate funding in 2022.

The Munich Security Conference was canceled twice, in 1991 due to the First Gulf War and 1997 as a result of the retirement of Kleist-Schmenzin. Under the leadership of Teltschik the Security Conference opened in 1999 for political, military and business leaders from Central and Eastern Europe as well as India, Japan and the People's Republic of China.

Purpose
At this conference, under the theme of peace through dialogue, senior politicians, diplomats, military and security experts from the member countries of NATO and the European Union, but also from other countries such as China, India, Iran, Japan and Russia are invited to discuss the current issues in security and defense policies.

The intention of the conference is to address the topical main security issues and to debate and analyze the main security challenges in the present and the future in line with the concept of networked security. A focal point of the conference is the discussion and the exchange of views on the development of the transatlantic relations as well as European and global security in the 21st century.

The conference is organized privately and therefore not an official government event. It is used exclusively for discussion; an authorization for binding intergovernmental decisions does not exist. Furthermore, there is - contrary to usual conventions - no common final communiqué. The high-level meeting is also used to discrete background discussions between the participants. An exception is the presentation of global political decisions, such as the exchange of instruments of ratification for the New START disarmament agreement between the United States and Russia, which was held at the conclusion of the security conference in 2011.

2003 conference
At the 39th conference in 2003, German Minister for Foreign Affairs Joschka Fischer doubted the reasoning of the US government for a war against Iraq with the words "Excuse me, I am not convinced".

2007 conference
See Munich speech of Vladimir Putin.

2009 conference
From February 6–8, 2009, the 45th Munich Security Conference was attended by over 50 ministers and more than a dozen heads of state and government from all over the world, including US Vice-President Joe Biden, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk and Afghan President Hamid Karzai.

In 2009 the MSC inaugurated the Ewald von Kleist Award. The new award highlights the political life and work of Ewald von Kleist, who founded the Munich Security Conference. The award will be given to prominent individuals who have made an outstanding contribution to peace and conflict resolution. The winners of the Ewald von Kleist Award were in 2009 Dr Henry Kissinger and in 2010 Javier Solana de Madariaga. Also in 2009, the MSC initiated a new event format, called MSC Core Group Meeting. This new and smaller-scale event was introduced in addition to the annual main, Munich-based meeting of the Munich Security Conference. The idea is to invite a number of distinguished and high-ranking participants to changing capitals and give them the opportunity to confidentially discuss current international security policy issues and develop sustainable solutions. Meetings took place 2009 in Washington D.C., 2010 in Moscow and 2011 in Beijing.

2011 conference
The 47th Munich Security Conference was held from 4 to 6 February 2011 and again assembled top-level decision makers from all over the world, including UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, British Prime Minister David Cameron U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov whilst Belarus was excluded from the circle of attendees because of the country's human rights situation.

In 2011, two special features marked the growing role of the Munich Security Conference as a centre of attention of international security policy: European Union's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton called for the Quartet on the Middle East, consisting of the EU, Russia, the United States and the UN, to meet within the setting of the 2011 Munich Security Conference; and during a ceremony on the sidelines of the conference, the New START Treaty (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) entered into force when Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton exchanged the instruments of ratification.

2012 conference
The 48th Munich Security Conference was held from 2 to 5 February 2012.

2013 conference
The 49th Munich Security Conference was held from 1 to 3 February 2013. The conference focused on the European debt crisis, transatlantic relations, the crisis regions of Mali and the Middle East, as well as energy security and cyber terrorism.

2014 conference
The 50th Munich Security Conference was held from 31 January to 2 February 2014. The conference focused on Euromaidan, new security risks, loss of importance for Europe, the NSA spying affair and political normalization in former Yugoslavia, as well as the Middle east, and Iran's nuclear program.

2015 conference
The 51st Munich Security Conference was held from 6 to 8 February 2015. Among the more than 400 international participants from nearly 80 countries were also 20 heads of state, 70 foreign and defense ministers and 30 CEOs of large companies. The conferences focused on the conflict in Ukraine, nuclear negotiations with Iran and the war on terror as well as the global refugees crisis.

2016 conference
The 52nd Munich Security Conference took place from 12 to 14 February 2016. 600 international guests attended the event, including 30 heads of state, 70 foreign and defense ministers, directors of various intelligence agencies and 700 journalists from 48 countries. The conferences focused on the conflict between NATO and the Russian Federation, Syria and the fight against ISIS, the situation in the Middle East, the future of NATO, the North Korean nuclear program, intelligence services, the 2016 Ewald von Kleist Award, the situation in Africa as well as the ongoing refugee crisis.

2017 conference
The 53rd Munich Security Conference (MSC 2017) took place from 17 to 19 February 2017 at Hotel Bayerischer Hof in Munich. With a total of 680 participants, including 30 heads of state and government, nearly 60 representatives of international organizations and 65 top business leaders, it was the largest conference to date. Prominent guests and speakers were UN Secretary General António Guterres, US Vice President Mike Pence, US Secretary of Defense James Mattis, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, Federica Mogherini, Donald Tusk and Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. 700 journalists were also accredited for the event. In addition to the main events of the security conference, there were 1,350 bilateral meetings among MSC participants and delegations. The conferences focused on the future of the EU, NATO and the West, China's foreign policy, global health risks, the fight against terrorism, the Middle East and Iran as well as the US foreign policy towards Russia.

2018 conference
The 54th Munich Security Conference (MSC 2018) took place from 16 to 18 February 2018 at the Hotel Bayerischer Hof in Munich.

2019 conference
The 55th Munich Security Conference (MSC 2019) took place from 15 to 17 February 2019 at the Hotel Bayerischer Hof in Munich. Among the 600 participants were heads of state and government from more than 35 countries, 50 foreign and 30 defence ministers, other representatives from the fields of politics, the military, the arms industry, business and science, as well as members of international intergovernmental and civil society organizations.

2020 conference
The 56th Munich Security Conference (MSC 2020) took place from 14 to 16 February 2020 at the Hotel Bayerischer Hof in Munich. Among the more than 500 participants were heads of state and government from 35 countries. Joe Biden, later the 46th President of the United States, committed himself to a new tone from Washington on the political world stage and regarding multilateralism. He promised: "We will be back."

2021 conference
The 57th Munich Security Conference ("Munich Special Edition 2021") took place on 19 February in the form of a virtual online conference, without in-person attendance, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The event was addressed by British PM Boris Johnson, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, French President Emmanuel Macron and US President Joe Biden, who declared that "America is back".

2022 conference
The 58th MSC took place from 18 to 20 February 2022. The motto was "Turning the Tide – Unlearning Helplessness". It was attended by over 30 Heads of State, 100 ministers and the heads of many of the most important international organizations like NATO, the EU and the UN. This conference was held on a smaller scale than usual due to the COVID-19 pandemic and was largely dominated by talks about the Russo-Ukrainian Crisis escalation. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres notably said that the world was in a more precarious security situation than during the Cold War. US Vice President Kamala Harris also said that the US was ready to hit Moscow with tough sanctions in the event of an attack. Russia was not present at the conference, while Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy warned Western nations that they should abandon their policy of appeasement toward Moscow, and foreshadowed the Russian onslaught which was to occur only five days later: "To really help Ukraine, it is not necessary to constantly talk only about the dates of the probable invasion... Ukraine has been granted security assurances (with the 1994 Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances) in exchange for giving up the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal. We don't have any firearms. And there's no security."

2023 conference
The 59th MSC took place from 17 to 19 February 2023. The overarching the motto "Re:Vision," which is also the title of the Munich Security Conference report that has been published in preparation for the conference. On the one hand, the debates focused on the increased efforts of autocratic states to revise the international order. On the other hand, the conference called for new common visions for the international order and possible cooperation despite geopolitical challenges. Representatives from all over the world participated, among them: Kamala Harris, Antony Blinken, Rishi Sunak, Emmanuel Macron, Olaf Scholz, Annalena Baerbock, Boris Pistorius, Ursula von der Leyen, Jens Stoltenberg, Wang Yi, Andrzej Duda, Francia Márquez, Kaja Kallas, Nana Akufo-Addo and Volodymyr Zelensky (virtually). The war in Ukraine and its impact was at the center of most discussions in Munich. In addition, a wide range of security policy issues were discussed. A major concern of the new MSC chairman, Christoph Heusgen, was to include the so-called Global South more into the conference in order to discuss and enable global visions. The first panel discussion on Saturday morning was dedicated to this topic. Other cross-cutting issues were climate change, food insecurity and energy security, as well as regional and country-specific topics, including Iran, the Horn of Africa and Russia.

2024 conference
The 60th Munich Security Conference took place from 16 to 18 February 2024. The motto “Lose-Lose?”, title of the according Munich Security Report, also referred as central theme to the conference: The need to reshape the global order for the benefit of all as an inclusive alternative to the growing “lose-lose” dynamics of isolationism. Judging by the debate in Munich, implementing reform proposals requires more political will.

Almost 1,000 participants from 109 countries included 45 heads of state and government. At the 60 main events, more than half of the speakers were female and over a quarter represented countries of the Global South. Over 200 side events were hosted by public and private organizations.

Events
In addition to the main conference in February, the Munich Security Conference hosts a variety of events and networks.

Munich Leaders Meetings
In addition to the main conference, a series of events, the MSC Munich Leaders Meetings (previously: Core Group Meetings), were launched in November 2009 in Washington, DC. The meetings provide a select group of participants the opportunity to discuss key issues of international security policy in order to continue the work of the Security Conference and provide impulses. The location of the Core Group Meetings always varies.

Munich Strategy Retreats
A select group of 30-50 experts, leaders and thinkers who come together in a private setting to develop recommendations on the latest security challenges.

Roundtables
Regular roundtable events take place with varying numbers of participants, both as part of international meetings and events and as independent events. Several roundtables can be organized in the form of a "summit" and individual "conversations" can also be held in virtual form. The thematic focus ranges from European defense policy to cyber security and human security issues.

Security Innovation Board
In 2021, the MSC Security Innovation Board was launched, bringing together a group of experts from the technology and defense policy sectors to promote exchange on innovation in the security policy field.

Ewald von Kleist Award
Since 2009, the award has been given to individuals who made a special contribution to peace and conflict resolution. The laureates receive a medal with the inscription "Peace through Dialogue", as recently John McCain (2018), Alexis Tsipras and Zoran Zaev (2019), the United Nations (2020), Angela Merkel (2021), Jens Stoltenberg (2022), Finland and Sweden (2023), as well as Mia Amor Mottley and John F. Kerry (2024).

John McCain Dissertation Award
Beginning in 2019, and alongside the conferences, up to two political science dissertations are being honored that focus on transatlantic relations. The award is given in memory of John McCain together with the partners "Munich School of Public Policy", "Geschwister-Scholl-Institut", "University of the Federal Armed Forces", and the McCain Institute. Among other things, the award grants participation in MSC events and a prize money of up to 10,000 Euros.

MSC Women Parliamentarians Program
Starting with the Munich Security Conference 2023, the Women Parliamentarians Program aims to establish a network to connect the new generation of female decision-makers from the German Bundestag and the European Parliament. A select group of cross-party elected officials engages in a variety of formats throughout the course of a year in order to generate new ideas in German foreign, security, and development policy.

Munich Young Leaders
In 2009, the Munich Young Leaders was first launched in cooperation with the Körber Foundation. Held in parallel to the Security Conference, this annual roundtable series is designed to directly involve the next generation of decision-makers into the main conference proceedings. The Roundtable agendas as well as the participants and speakers lists are published online.

Former events
Some events and distinct formats have transformed, evolved and/or changed names and purposes in the course of time.

Core Group Meetings
After the launch in 2009, the subsequent events took place in Moscow in 2010, Beijing in 2011, as well as Doha in 2013. A second meeting was held for the first time in 2013 in Washington, DC. The location of the 2014 Core Group Meeting was New Delhi. The issues discussed in New Delhi were the threats of terrorism and cyber-attacks, questions of maritime security, regional and global security structures and concepts for new global governance. The Core Group Meeting 2015 was held in Vienna. The crisis in Ukraine was a central theme of the meeting, which featured the Ukrainian Foreign Minister Pavlo Klimkin and the Russian deputy Foreign Minister Alexei Meshkov. Klimkin urged the European states to confront the Russian government head-on. The Austrian Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz stated that any border changes in Europe were "unacceptable", but at the same time stressed the need for cooperation with Russia. While the Swiss Foreign Minister Didier Burkhalter proposed a neutral status for Ukraine, the Serbian Foreign Minister Ivica Dačić as OSCE Chairman called for a strengthening of his organization in order to prevent future conflicts.

Another Core Group Meeting took place in Tehran in October 2015. Key topics of the meeting were the implementation of the Vienna Agreement concerning the Iranian nuclear program and the political situation in the region. German Foreign Minister Steinmeier, who opened the conference together with the Iranian Foreign Minister Zarif, emphasized the importance of transparency and trust for the successful implementation of the Vienna agreement: "After the game is before the game".

In April 2016, another MSC Core Group Meeting took place in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa. The security situation in Africa, the fight against international terrorism, and the challenges posed by climate change and epidemics were central themes of the meeting. The Ethiopian Foreign Minister Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stressed the mutual global interdependencies in all of these issues. Other participants included Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn, former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo, Smaїl Chergui, African Union Commissioner, former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and former German President Horst Köhler.

Another Core Group Meeting was held in Beijing in November 2016. Key topics of the meeting were China's role in the international order, conflicts in the Asia-Pacific region and the geopolitical importance of the "New Silk Road". Deputy Chinese Foreign Minister, Zhang Yesui, stressed in his opening speech the importance of dialogue and cooperation for the security of the region. During the core group meeting, Chinese Vice President Li Yuanchao, reaffirmed his country's willingness to contribute to peace and security globally. Other participants included Fu Ying, chairwoman of the National People's Congress Foreign Affairs Committee, Louise Mushikiwabo, Rwandan Minister of Foreign Affairs, Markus Ederer, secretary of state at the German Foreign Office, Tom Enders, CEO of Airbus Group, and several members of the Bundestag.

Cyber Security Summit
In 2012, the first Cyber Security Summit was held in cooperation with Deutsche Telekom in Bonn. The first event was conducted under Chatham House Rule. According to media reports, the supervisory board chairman of Deutsche Bank, Paul Achleitner, the head of the construction group Bilfinger Berger, Roland Koch, as well as Peter Terium, the CEO of the energy supplier RWE and Johannes Teyssen of E.ON were in attendance.

During the summit several working groups analyzed existing cyber risks and dangers for the following industries:

 * Energy
 * Finances
 * Health
 * Logistic
 * Media
 * Production

On November 11, 2013 the second summit took place in Bonn. The gathering had the following four topics:

 * 1) Rebuilding trust in the digital society
 * 2) New threat scenarios for the economy
 * 3) Gaining trust, restoring trust
 * 4) Cyber defense is becoming a business-critical core skill

Unlike in 2012, the list of speakers was published:

 * Neelie Kroes, Vice-President (Digital Company) of the European Commission
 * Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, German Federal Minister of Justice
 * Johanna Mikl-Leitner, Interior Minister of Austria
 * Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger, Chairman of the Munich Security Conference Foundation gGmbH; Executive Vice President for Government Relations at Allianz SE
 * Ehud Barak, former Prime Minister of Israel
 * Jürgen Stock, Vice-President of the German Federal Criminal Police
 * Scott Charney, Vice President of Microsoft
 * Arthur W. Coviello, Jr., CEO of RSA Security
 * Thomas Rid, lecturer at King's College London; author on issues of cyber security
 * René Obermann, CEO of Deutsche Telekom; Vice President of BITKOM e.V.
 * Timotheus Höttges, Chief Financial and controlling Officer of Deutsche Telekom AG; designated CEO
 * Thomas Kremer, Director of Privacy, Legal Affairs and Compliance at Deutsche Telekom AG
 * Klaus Schweinsberg, former editor of the business magazines Capital and Impulse; Founder and director of the Center for Strategy and senior management

The third summit was held on 3 November 2014. It was attended by 180 representatives from the fields of politics, economy, EU and NATO. In his opening speech, Telekom CEO Höttges highlighted the growing number of attacks on data and digital infrastructures, where the Telekom network recorded 1 Million attacks daily. He quoted a CSIS study that estimated the global damage caused by cybercrime to be US$575 billion per year. To protect European data against access by US authorities, Höttges called for a revision of the Safe Harbor Agreement. The intelligence coordinator of the federal government, Klaus-Dieter Fritsche, supported Höttges demands.

MSC Chairman Ischinger described the great geopolitical importance of cyber security as a result of Ukraine conflict, which had marked the return of war as political means in Europe. State Secretary Brigitte Zypries stated the planned IT Security Act in which the reporting of cyber attacks on companies from sensitive sectors was an obligation as the contribution by the German Federal Government to increase data security. Andy Mueller-Maguhn, a former spokesman for the Chaos Computer Club, stressed the importance of strong encryption for data security and warned of the "back doors", like those that RSA Security installed for the NSA. Elmar Brok, Chairman of the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg urged to ward off cyber attacks with offensive actions and stressed the need for a deterrence component. Ben Wizner, representative of the American Civil Liberties Union and lawyer of Edward Snowden, contradicted against those needs. In separate working groups, the topics of Digital Defense, Cyber governance, Promotion of Innovation in regards to data security and preventive data protection were also discussed.

The fourth Cyber Security Summit was held on 19 and 20 September 2016 Palo Alto, Silicon Valley. The summit was jointly convened by MSC, Deutsche Telekom and Stanford University. 140 representatives from the fields of politics, security and business participated in the gathering. A central theme of the meeting was the 2016 U.S. presidential election and its possible manipulation by cyber attacks. The chairman of the Munich Security Conference, Wolfgang Ischinger, expressed his fear that such attacks could damage confidence in democratic elections in general.

Further topics were the defense against cyberterrorism, the future of warfare, the economic relevance of cybersecurity and the development of norms and rules for the Internet. MSC chairman Ischinger called for closer coordination between the worlds of politics and technology, in order to create the basis for an open, free and secure web.

In connection with the Internet of Things, Marc Goodman from the American Think Tank Singularity University warned that "everything could be hacked". Goodman predicted the Internet would feature an "epic battle" of different interest groups. Peter R. Neumann from King's College London described the hierarchical structure of law enforcement agencies as an organizational problem in combating cyber-crime, at odds with the de-centralized operating mode of the Internet.

Other participants included Dmitri Alperovitch, co-founder and CTO of CrowdStrike, Michael Chertoff, former United States Department of Homeland Security, chairman and founder of the Chertoff Group, Michael McFaul, director of the Freeman Spogli Institute at Stanford University and former US Ambassador in Russia, and Iddo Moed, Coordinator of Cybersecurity for the Israeli Foreign Ministry, Christopher Painter, Coordinator for Cyber Issues at the US State Department, Latha Reddy, former National Security Adviser of India and currently a member of the Global Commission on Internet Governance, as well as, Uri Rosenthal, former Dutch foreign minister and current Special Envoy of his country for cyber politics.

Energy Security Summit
Together with the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the MSC has been organizing the Energy Security Summit since 2013. The first meeting was held on 10 July 2013 in the ballroom of the Frankfurt Palmengarten under the auspices of Federal Economics and Technology Minister Philipp Rösler and Environment Minister Peter Altmaier. Other topics of the event were climate change, the geostrategic consequences of fracking and the German Energy transition.

The second Energy Security Summit was held in Berlin on 27 and 28 May 2014. Key topics of the meeting included the "shale gas revolution" in the United States and the conflict in Ukraine. In his speech, Foreign Minister Steinmeier stressed the important role of energy policy for foreign and security policy. Steinmeier pushed for a European Energy Union and urged the EU countries to demonstrate unity with regard to the Ukraine conflict. The minister stressed the need to make compromises in the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute, and warned against too high expectations of substituting American shale gas for Russian gas supplies. EU Energy Commissioner Günther Oettinger also spoke in favor of a European Energy Union with uniform gas prices. He also described Germany's energy policy as being in a "Romantic Valley”. The strategic issue of energy would require Germany to get involved with its technological and political competence, Oettinger stated. During the meeting, Ukrainian Prime Minister Yatsenyuk described the Ukraine conflict as a "global security conflict" which only Russia would be responsible for. Yatsenyuk reiterated his country's refusal to pay a "political price" in exchange for gas supplies from Russia. The premier also expressed the willingness of his country to participate in a common energy policy with the EU.

The third Energy Security Summit was held on 5 and 6 May 2015, again in Berlin. During the meeting, Iranian Oil Minister Bijan Namdar Zangeneh laid out his country's plans for the development of the energy sector after the end of sanctions. After the previously reached deal to resolve the Iranian nuclear crisis, the Minister demanded the rapid lifting of the economic sanctions. He dashed hopes that Tehran would build a gas pipeline to Europe to weaken the dominant role of Russia in the European gas market, citing transit problems and costs. At the same time, the Minister announced that his government would invest US$180 billion in the Iranian oil and gas industry by 2022. Other topics at the meeting included, among others, the proposed Energy Union in Europe, which both Maroš Šefčovič, Vice-President of the European Commission, and Rainer Baake, Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, called for, as well as the German energy transition. Bärbel Höhn, chairman of the German Bundestag's Environment Committee, referred to it as an important contribution by Germany to the creation of a global structure of a decentralized energy supply, which reduces dependencies and contributes to security and peace. Criticism came from Greenpeace head Kumi Naidoo, who stated that the high share of brown coal used for electricity generation was the “Achilles heel” of Germany's energy policy. Michael Fuchs, Deputy Chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group, criticized the high burden placed on German citizens due to subsidies of 480 billion Euro earmarked for the energy transition.

Critique
Speculations about one of the sponsors, the U.S. consultancy McKinsey, as secretly organizing the conference on behalf of the foundation and, according to Politico, wielding great influence on the conference's agenda, guests and events, were denied by McKinsey.

title: Munich Security Conference


text:
Talk:Bobby Moore

Editing
After watching the BBC program on Bobby Moore this evening, anad referencing across to a few websites, I have added a few updates to the previous edition. I have also split the article up into more readable/accesible chunks. Rgds, --Trident13 21:57, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Spiritual home
I would be inclined to say that Upton Park was Bobby Moore's spiritual home, rather than Wembley. Wembley was the scene of Moore's greatest successes, but the skills and spirit he took to Wembley were garnered from his time under Ron Greenwood at Upton Park. Will

WC 1970
are we sure moore was fitted up for 1970 robbery Squiquifox 03:43, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * YES! why would he want to steal some stupid jewelry.. he could easily have afforded the jewelry if he wanted it that badly! ..also why would he take such a big risk stealing the jewlelry just before the world cup was about to start!

Dubious information
Caps and goal figures in the article likely contain European cup/Domestic cup data in addition to Domestic League data (this is very certain based on this user's previous edits containing similar information . Please correct this issue and leave a note here, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Alfmaster#Footballers.27_European_goals, to warn this person about putting improper information on Wikipedia. --Palffy 21:11, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Photos
This article could use a better photograph of him, and one of him in his later years. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.46.233.8 (talk) 18:36, 3 May 2007 (UTC).

Fair use rationale for Image:1964 Cup final.jpg
Image:1964 Cup final.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. BetacommandBot (talk) 04:55, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Contract
"Moore had let his contract slip to termination, and only after the intervention of Sir Alf Ramsey and realisation he was technically ineligible to play, did he re-sign with West Ham to allow him to captain the England team of 1966." - why would being out of club contract prevent him from playing for England? There have been plenty of examples of players representing their country (not England, necessarily, but it's certainly occurred) whilst not actually affiliated to a club..... -- ChrisTheDude (talk) 14:33, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

This is because at the time to play for an international team the rule was that you had to be contracted to a professional club. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.4.9.82 (talk) 12:56, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

Stadium
A stand at West Ham United was named after Bobby Moore. It is opposite the Centenary Stand.

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120306031021/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1042546.html?cid=rssfeed&att= to http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1042546.html?cid=rssfeed&att=
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20121016064344/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/collections/about-our-collections/current/the-priory-collection/ to http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/collections/about-our-collections/current/the-priory-collection/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120422082302/http://www.eofftv.com:80/t/thi/this_is_your_life_1969_main.htm to http://www.eofftv.com/t/thi/this_is_your_life_1969_main.htm
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110719124512/http://www.herningfremad.dk/default.asp?id=38&h=37 to http://www.herningfremad.dk/default.asp?id=38&h=37
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100706030140/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/bobbymoorefund/aboutus/ to http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/bobbymoorefund/aboutus/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050317084104/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/news/Kind=256/newsId=130150.html to http://www.uefa.com/uefa/news/Kind=256/newsId=130150.html

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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100201053849/http://thefa.com/England/MensSeniorTeam/Archive.aspx?p=335497 to http://www.thefa.com/England/MensSeniorTeam/Archive.aspx?p=335497

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Poverty & Debt
Just today, there are press articles quoting his wife, which state that upon his return from the management role in Hong Kong, he was virtually penniless and in serious debt. The article goes on to state that after arriving in the UK, he seemed to "shake for days" with stress arising from financial worries. Not my article. And not that interested. Those more involved may wish to pursue this. Hanoi Road (talk) 02:04, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bobby Moore


text:
Talk:Language Movement Day

Untitled
Please see my comments at International Mother Language Day for the reason behind disputing the proposed merger. Gareth Hughes 03:45, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bengali spelling mistake
I'd like to point out that the bengali for language movement day is "bhasha andolon dibosh", but is written as "bhasha and alon dobish" and Martyr's Day is "Shaheed Dibosh", not "Shaheed dobish", as written in the article. Please could someone correct this mistake? And also, the bengali characters are too small and the font is not so good. the bengali 'b' character looks like the hindi 'v' character. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.83.160.153 (talk • contribs).

 * Time and again, there would be someone who would raise the same question. There would be even some more who would "correct" this. Alas!! The problem is in your end. Your browser is not unicode compliant, or you don't have indic language support enabled. What is in the article *is* correct. Please update your browser (if you are using Windows XP, the common culprit in such cases, enable complex indic language support). Also, Wikipedia doesn't "store" any fonts, everything is in unicode, so if you are seeing something in small fonts, that's again a problem in your. end. Thanks. --Ragib 05:04, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Comment from 165.230.222.155
I don't know if you should just categorize Urdu even in that period as a minority language spoken by the supposed elite, to my knowledge it was the lingua franca of Muslims in NW India for a long time. I'm recalling this from memory, so it would be nice if someone could check this and edit that comment. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 165.230.222.155 (talk • contribs).

 * Well, considering the demographics of combined Pakistan, Urdu was definitely a minority language. Remember that Bengalis constituted 56% of the population. Pakistanis from Punjab spoke Punjabi. Urdu may be intelligible to many, but that doesn't make it a majority language, otherwise English language would be considered the majority language of the world (which isn't). Thanks. --Ragib 18:39, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Language Movement Day


text:
Category:Canals in Canada

Canals of Canada.

title: Category:Canals in Canada


text: Category:British football managers

title: Category:British football managers


text:
Belville

Belville can refer to:

Places

 * Belville (Belgrade), an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia.
 * Bell Ville, Córdoba Province, Argentina
 * the Belville meteorite of 1937, which fell in Córdoba, Argentina (see Meteorite falls)
 * Belville, County Westmeath, a townland in the civil parish of Ballyloughloe, barony of Clonlonan, County Westmeath, Republic of Ireland
 * Belville, North Carolina, United States

Surname

 * Ruth Belville (1854–1943), known as the Greenwich Time Lady

Given name

 * Belville Robert Pepper (1850–1888), British opera singer

Toys

 * Belville (Lego), a line of Lego

title: Belville


text:
Arusha Declaration

The Arusha Declaration (Azimio la Arusha) and TANU’s Policy on Socialism and Self Reliance (1967), referred to as the Arusha Declaration, is known as Tanzania’s most prominent political statement of African Socialism, ‘Ujamaa’, or brotherhood (Kaitilla, 2007). The Arusha declaration is divided into five parts: The TANU “Creed”; The Policy of Socialism; The Policy of Self Reliance; the TANU Membership; and the Arusha Resolution.

Creed
Part one of the Arusha Declaration, The TANU “Creed”, outlines the principles of socialism and the role of government:
 * 1) That all human beings are equal;
 * 2) That every individual has a right to dignity and respect;
 * 3) That every citizen is an integral part of the Nation and has a right to take an equal part in Government at local, regional and national level;
 * 4) That every citizen has a right to freedom of expression, of movement, of religious belief and of association within the context of the law;
 * 5) That every individual has a right to receive from society protection of his life and of property according to the law;
 * 6) That every citizen has a right to receive a just return for his labour;
 * 7) That all citizens together possess all the natural resources of the country in trust for their descendants
 * 8) That in order to ensure economic justice the State must have effective control over the principal means of production; and
 * 9) That it is the responsibility of the State to intervene actively in the economic life of the Nation so as to ensure the well being of all citizens and so as to prevent the exploitation of one person by another or one group by another, and so as to prevent the accumulation of wealth to an extent which is inconsistent with a classless society (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967, p. 1).

The aims and objects of the Arusha Declaration are:
 * 1) To consolidate and maintain the independence of this country and the freedom of its people;
 * 2) To safeguard the inherent dignity of the individual in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;
 * 3) To ensure that this country shall be governed by a democratic socialist government of the people;
 * 4) To cooperate with all the political parties in Africa engaged in the liberation of all Africa
 * 5) To see the government mobilizes the resources of this country towards the elimination of poverty, ignorance and disease;
 * 6) To see that the Government actively assists in the formation and maintenance of cooperative organizations;
 * 7) To see that wherever possible the Government itself directly participates in the economic development of this country
 * 8) To see that the Government gives equal opportunity to all men and women irrespective of race, religion or status;
 * 9) To see that the Government eradicates all types of exploitation, intimidation, discrimination, bribery and corruption;
 * 10) To see that the government exercises effective control over the principal means of production and pursues policies which facilitate the way to collective ownership of the resources of this country;
 * 11) To see that the Government co-operates with other States in Africa in bringing about African Unity;
 * 12) To see that the Government works tirelessly towards world peace and security through the United Nations Organization (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967, p. 2).

Socialism
Part two of the Arusha Declaration focuses on socialism and some key features of socialism which include a policy of receiving a just return for one’s labour and the necessity for the leadership and control of major resources, services and government, to be in the hands of the working class. In “a true socialist state no person exploits another, but everybody who is able to work…gets a his [or her] income for his [or her] labour” (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967, p. 3). The “major means of production”, which the TANU identify as those resources and services which a large section of the population and industries depend, are “under the control and ownership” of the working class (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967, p. 3). It follows that a democratically elected government of the people is an essential component of socialism (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967). The policy of socialism, the TANU posits, “can only be implemented by people who firmly believe in its principles and are prepared to put them into practice” as well as “live by the principles of socialism in their day to day life” (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967, p. 3-4).

Self-reliance
Part three of the Arusha Declaration espouses the importance of national self-reliance and debates the nature of development. Asserting that “A poor man does not use Money as a Weapon”, the Arusha Declaration identifies the heart of economic struggle:"'We have chosen the wrong weapon for our struggle, because we chose money as our weapon. We are trying to overcome our economic weakness by using the weapons of the economically strong – weapons which in fact we do not possess. By our thoughts, words and actions it appears as if we have come to the conclusion that without money we cannot bring about the revolution we are aiming at.  It is as if we have said, “Money is the basis of development.  Without money, there can be no development' (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967, p. 5)."Secondly, no amount of money, whether it is accrued through taxation, foreign aid or private investment, will ever be enough to achieve the development targets and independence needs of a nation (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967). The essential and true nature of development is this: "“The development of a country is brought about by people, not by money. Money, and the wealth it represents, is the result and not the basis of development.”" In addition to people, the prerequisites of development are land, good policies and good leadership and the necessary condition and root of development are the hard work and intelligence of the people (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967).

Membership
Part four of the Arusha Declaration, TANU Membership, stresses the importance of leadership’s commitment to the principles and objectives of the TANU and that “above all, the TANU is a party of Peasants and Workers” (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967, p. 19). This good leadership principle bleeds into Part five of the Arusha Declaration which states the role of government in this ideology to take action and steps to “implement the policy of Socialism and Self-reliance” (Publicity Section, TANU, Dar es Salaam, 1967, p. 20).

title: Arusha Declaration


text: Category:Quebec CEGEP

title: Category:Quebec CEGEP


text:
Crack a Smile... and More!

Crack a Smile... and More! is the fifth studio album from the American hard rock band Poison. The record was released on March 14, 2000. The album features guitarist Blues Saraceno, who was hired as the band's new lead guitarist following the firing of Richie Kotzen in late 1993. Saraceno appeared on the band's last album release Poison's Greatest Hits: 1986–1996 in 1996, which featured two new tracks with him on lead guitar. Those two new tracks re-appear on this album along with thirteen new songs and five bonus tracks. The album moved around 12,000 copies in its first week of release to debut at #131 on the Billboard 200 album chart.

Musical style
Crack a Smile, while replete with guitar performances comparable with those on Poison's previous studio record, Native Tongue, contains few traces of the seriousness of that record.

Production and marketing
The life cycle of Crack a Smile, which began in 1994, was brought to an abrupt halt in May 1994, when vocalist Bret Michaels lost control of his Ferrari. Michaels suffered a broken nose, ribs, jaw and fingers, and lost four teeth.

After his recovery, the band continued recording in 1995. However, to the group's dismay, Capitol Records had by this time decided to put the album "on hold", and instead released a Greatest Hits record in 1996. It was not until March 14, 2000, that the record was finally released. The album's eventual release was prompted by strong fan demand, with promotional copies and bootlegs selling for $50 or more. In order to compete with the bootleg release, Capitol took the unusual step of throwing in additional bonus tracks to the album. The bootleg version of the album contained the original 12 album tracks, 6 songs from Poison's MTV Unplugged performance, and their cover of the Kiss classic "Rock and Roll All Nite." The final version of the album, titled Crack a Smile... and More!, contained the original 12 album tracks, two studio outtakes, one unnamed demo, "Face the Hangman" (previously released only as a B-side on European singles for "Every Rose Has Its Thorn"), and four of the songs from MTV Unplugged.

Saraceno was given considerable creative freedom and his writing and performing contributions dominated the album. The album's studio tracks were recorded at Devonshire Studios, Hollywood, California. Saraceno plays on these new songs (tracks 1–15), and original guitarist C.C. DeVille plays on the remaining bonus tracks, which are tracks recorded before this time. The songs "Sexual Thing" and "Lay Your Body Down" were first released on Poison's Greatest Hits: 1986-1996 album as bonus new tracks.

Songs
"Shut Up, Make Love", which is the first single presented to radio stations, is a raunchy party anthem. "Be the One" (second promo single) and "Lay Your Body Down" are classic power ballads. "Best Thing You Ever Had" brings harmonica and piano to the forefront, while guitarist Blues Saraceno lives up to his name on "Mr. Smiley" and "That's the Way I Like It." The band goes all-out punk on "Doin' as I Seen on My TV," returning to vintage Poison on "Sexual Thing," and "Baby Gets Around a Bit". It also delivers an inebriated version of Dr. Hook's "Cover of the Rolling Stone."

Personnel

 * Bret Michaels – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboards
 * Rikki Rockett – drums, percussion
 * Bobby Dall – bass, backing vocals
 * Blues Saraceno – lead guitar, piano, backing vocals

Additional personnel

 * C.C. DeVille - acoustic guitar (bonus tracks 16–20 - recorded earlier).
 * Duane Baron – Producer, Engineer
 * Kevin Flaherty – Producer, Liner Notes, Compilation
 * Sam Gay – Art Direction
 * Cindy Malig – Production Coordination
 * Frank Micelotta – Photography
 * John Purdell – Producer, Engineer
 * Nitin Vadukul – Cover Photo
 * Tom Werman – Producer

Singles

 * "Shut Up, Make Love"
 * "Be the One"

title: Crack a Smile... and More!


text:
James MacMillan

Sir James Loy MacMillan, TOSD (born 16 July 1959) is a Scottish classical composer and conductor.

Early life
MacMillan was born at Kilwinning, in North Ayrshire, but lived in the East Ayrshire town of Cumnock until 1977. His father is James MacMillan, a carpenter, and his mother is Ellen MacMillan (née Loy).

He studied composition at the University of Edinburgh with Rita McAllister and Kenneth Leighton, and at Durham University with John Casken, where he gained an undergraduate degree and then a PhD degree in 1987. At Durham he was a member of the College of St Hild and St Bede as an undergraduate student and the Graduate Society while studying for his PhD. He was a lecturer in music at the Victoria University of Manchester from 1986 to 1988. After his studies, MacMillan returned to Scotland, composing prolifically, and becoming Associate Composer with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, often working on education projects. As a young man he was briefly a member of the Young Communist League.

Rising success
He came to the attention of the classical establishment with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra's premiere of The Confession of Isobel Gowdie at the BBC Proms in 1990. Isobel Gowdie was one of many women executed for witchcraft in 17th-century Scotland. According to the composer, "On behalf of the Scottish people the work craves absolution and offers Isobel Gowdie the mercy and humanity that was denied her in the last days of her life."

The work's international acclaim spurred more high-profile commissions, including a percussion concerto for fellow Scot Evelyn Glennie: Veni, Veni, Emmanuel. It was premiered in 1992 and has become MacMillan's most performed work. He was also asked by Mstislav Rostropovich to compose his Cello Concerto, which was premiered by Rostropovich in 1997.

Further successes have included his second opera The Sacrifice, commissioned by Welsh National Opera, Autumn 2007, which won a Royal Philharmonic Society Award, and the St John Passion jointly commissioned by the London Symphony Orchestra and Boston Symphony Orchestra and conducted by Sir Colin Davis at its world premiere in April 2008. He was awarded the British Composer Award for Liturgical Music, for his Strathclyde Motets, in December 2008.

In 2019, The Guardian ranked MacMillan's Stabat Mater the 23rd greatest work of art music since 2000.

In 2024, he was became a Fellow of The Ivors Academy, the 26th person to be so honoured.

Influences
MacMillan's music is infused with the spiritual and the political. His Catholic faith has inspired many of his sacred works; for example, a Magnificat (1999), and several masses. This central strand of his life and compositions was marked by the BBC Symphony Orchestra in early 2005, with a survey of his music entitled From Darkness into Light. MacMillan and his wife are lay Dominicans, and he has collaborated with Michael Symmons Roberts, a Catholic poet, and also Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Perhaps his most political work is Cantos Sagrados (1990), a setting of Latin American poetry by Ariel Dorfman and Ana Maria Mendoza, combining elements of liberation theology with more conventional religious texts. MacMillan has explicitly stated that his aim in writing this work was to emphasise 'a deeper solidarity with the poor of that subcontinent' in the context of political repression.

Scottish traditional music has also had a profound musical influence, and is frequently discernible in his works. When the Scottish Parliament was reconvened in 1999 after 292 years, a fanfare composed by MacMillan accompanied Elizabeth II into the parliamentary chamber. Weeks after the opening ceremony, MacMillan launched a vigorous attack on sectarianism in Scotland, particularly anti-Catholicism, in a speech entitled "Scotland's Shame".

His Mass of 2000 was commissioned by Westminster Cathedral and contains sections which the congregation may join in singing. Similarly, the St Anne's Mass and Galloway Mass do not require advanced musicianship, being designed to be taught to a congregation.

One of his most important commissions (by the Bishops' Conferences of England & Wales and of Scotland) was to write a new mass setting for choir and congregation to be sung at two of the three masses celebrated by Pope Benedict XVI during his apostolic and state visit to Great Britain in 2010. First sung at mass at Bellahouston Park, Glasgow, on 16 September, it was sung again at the mass and beatification of John Henry Newman at Cofton Park, Birmingham, on 19 September). He was also commissioned to write a setting of the text Tu es Petrus (Matthew 16:18) for the Pope's entry at mass at Westminster Cathedral on 18 September.

BBC Radio 4 broadcast in 2020–2021 Faith in Music, Macmillan's examination of religious faith in the work of seven composers from Thomas Tallis to Leonard Bernstein.

Appointments and collaborations
MacMillan was composer and conductor with the BBC Philharmonic from 2000 to 2009, following which he took up a position as principal guest conductor with the Netherlands Radio Chamber Philharmonic. His collaboration with Michael Symmons Roberts continued with his second opera, The Sacrifice (based on the ancient Welsh tales of the Mabinogion), being premiered by Welsh National Opera in Autumn 2007. Sundogs, a large-scale work for a cappella choir, also using text by Symmons Roberts, was premiered by the Indiana University Contemporary Vocal Ensemble in August 2006.

He is an honorary fellow of Blackfriars Hall, University of Oxford, and Professor of Theology, Imagination, and the Arts at St Mary's College, St Andrews. He is one of the patrons of St Mary's Music School in Edinburgh, the London Oratory School Schola, The British Art Music Series, and of the Schola Cantorum of the Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School.

He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2004, and a Knight Bachelor in 2015.

In 2008, he became honorary patron of London Chamber Orchestra's LCO New: Explore project, which explores links between music and other art forms and fosters emerging creative talent in composition.

Personal life
MacMillan married Lynne Frew in 1983; they have two daughters and a son. He also had a granddaughter, Sara Maria, who had Dandy–Walker syndrome.

Key works

 * After the Tryst (violin and piano – 1988)
 * Cantos Sagrados (choir and organ – 1989)
 * The Confession of Isobel Gowdie (orchestra – 1990)
 * The Berserking (piano concerto – 1990)
 * Veni, Veni, Emmanuel (percussion concerto – 1992)
 * Seven Last Words from the Cross (cantata: choir and strings – 1993)
 * Inés de Castro (opera, libretto: Jo Clifford – 1991–95)
 * Britannia! (orchestra – 1994)
 * Christus Vincit (1994), for SSAATTBB and soli
 * Three Scottish Songs, voice and piano (text: William Soutar) (1995)
 * Cello Concerto (1996)
 * The World's Ransoming (cor anglais and orchestra – 1996)
 * Symphony: Vigil (1997)
 * Quickening (soloists, chorus and orchestra – 1998)
 * Symphony No. 2 (1999)
 * Mass (choir and organ – 2000)
 * Cello Sonata No. 2, dedicated to Julian Lloyd Webber
 * The Birds of Rhiannon (orchestra + optional chorus, text: Michael Symmons Roberts – 2001)
 * O Bone Jesu (2001), for SSAATTBB + soli
 * Symphony No. 3 "Silence" (2002)
 * Piano Concerto No. 2 (2003)
 * A Scotch Bestiary (organ and orchestra – 2004)
 * Sun-Dogs (2006)
 * The Sacrifice (opera, 2007)
 * St John Passion (2008)
 * Piano Concerto No. 3 "The Mysteries of Light" (2008)
 * Miserere, mixed chorus a cappella (2009)
 * Violin Concerto No. 1 (2009)
 * Oboe Concerto (2010)
 * Clemency (2011)
 * Woman of the Apocalypse (2012)
 * St Luke Passion (2013)
 * Viola Concerto (2013)
 * Percussion Concerto No. 2 (2014)
 * Symphony No. 4 (2015)
 * Stabat Mater (2015)
 * A European Requiem (2015)
 * Larghetto for orchestra (transcription of Miserere, 2017)
 * Symphony No. 5 "Le grand Inconnu" (2018)
 * Her tears fell with the dews at even (2020)
 * A Christmas Oratorio (2021)
 * Violin Concerto No. 2 (2021)
 * "Who shall separate us?", anthem for the state funeral of Elizabeth II (2022)

Critical studies and reviews

 * Spicer, Paul. "James MacMillan: Choral Music: a practical commentary and survey. Boosey & Hawkes (2001, updated 2021)
 * Spicer, Paul. "James MacMillan: Choral Music: a practical commentary and survey. Boosey & Hawkes (2001, updated 2021)

Reviews of world première of the Violin Concerto

 * Picard, Anna; Review; The Independent, 16 May 2010
 * Morrison, Richard; Review; Times Online 14 May 2010
 * Ashley, Tim; Review; The Guardian, 17 May 2010

Review of Seven Last Words from the Cross

 * Review; Gramophone, September 2009

Personal life

 * Sweeney, Charlene; "Composer James MacMillan says Scotland in denial over anti-Catholicism"; Times Online, 8 December 2009 (subscription required)
 * Grey, Richard; "Composer's note of anger over music education"; Scotland on Sunday, 20 November 2005

title: James MacMillan


text:
Belwood

Belwood can refer to:
 * Belwood, North Carolina
 * Belwood, Ontario

title: Belwood


text: Category:Communes of Guadeloupe

title: Category:Communes of Guadeloupe


text: Category:Swimming in the United Kingdom

title: Category:Swimming in the United Kingdom


text:
User:Kublai/temp

Number system

 * floating point
 * overflow and under flow and carry

Non mumeric data

 * ASCII vs EBCDIC(by IBM and collapsed)
 * BIG5
 * unicode
 * JPG, MPG,MP3 (mere)

Modern Computer Architecture

 * Stack architecture(data structure : stack/one address/operand machine instruction, push, pop, aero address/operand machine instruction)
 * pipeline and pipelining(*)
 * superscaler machine (two ALU,)
 * RISC(UNIX, many registers, less addressing mode, small instruction set) and CISC (80x86,less registers, many addressing modes)
 * compiler compiler complxity,
 * parallel processing

Past paper

 * 2001 I 7(parallel processing)
 * 2003 I 5
 * 2004 I 10

Data transmission

 * serial : COM port : bit by bit
 * parallel : LPT/VGA : word by word
 * synchronous (CPU -> memory) common clock
 * asynchornous(through MODEM), start bit, stop bit , no common clock
 * simplex, duplex and half duplex
 * multiplexing :
 * transmission error checking
 * parity check
 * parity check
 * CRC check, hamming code,etc.

I/O programming

 * DMA Dircect Memory

CPU                 network card Pooling : CPU ask each device for service one by one Interrput : devices send NIRT(interrupt request) signal to CPU in order to be served

title: User:Kublai/temp


text:
Global strategy

Global strategy as defined in business terms is an organization's strategic guide to globalization. Such a connected world, allows a business's revenue to not be to be confined by borders. A business can employ a global business strategy to reap the rewards of trading in a worldwide market.

Description
A sound global strategy should address these questions: what must be (versus what is) the extent of market presence in the world's major markets? How to build the necessary global presence? What must be AND (versus what is) the optimal locations around the world for the various value chain activities? How to run global presence into a global competitive advantage? The “International” classification of a global business strategy is employed by companies who may sell in foreign markets, but their primary focus is on their home market. These companies may include international strategies in their business model to increase sales, but they know that their main target consumer is local.

Research
Academic research on global strategy came during the 1980s, including work by Michael Porter and Christopher Bartlett & Sumantra Ghoshal. Among the forces perceived to bring about the globalization of competition were convergences in economic systems and technological change, especially in information technology, that facilitated and required the coordination of a multinational firm's strategy on a worldwide scale.

Industries
A global strategy may be appropriate in industries where firms are faced with strong pressures for cost reduction but with weak pressures for local responsiveness. Therefore, it allows these firms to sell a standardized product worldwide. However, fixed costs (capital equipment) are substantial. Nevertheless, these firms are able to take advantage of scale economies and experience curve effects, because it is able to mass-produce a standard product, which can be exported (providing that demand is greater than the costs involved).

Global strategies require firms to tightly coordinate their product and pricing strategies across international markets and locations, and therefore firms that pursue a global strategy are typically highly centralized.

Aspects
A global strategy involves thinking in an integrated way about all aspects of business-its suppliers, production sites, markets, and competition. It involves assessing every product or service from the perspective of both domestic and international market standards. It means embedding international perspectives in product formulations at the point of design, not as afterthoughts. It means meeting world standards even before seeking world markets and being world class even in local markets. It means deepening the company's understanding of local and cultural differences in order to become truly global.

title: Global strategy


text:
Arthur C. Parker

Arthur Caswell Parker (April 5, 1881 – January 1, 1955) was a Native American archaeologist, historian, folklorist, museologist and noted authority on Native American culture. Of Seneca, Scottish, and English ancestry, he was director of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences from 1924 to 1945, when he developed its holdings and research into numerous disciplines for the Genesee Region. He was an honorary trustee of the New York State Historical Association. In 1935, he was elected first president of the Society for American Archaeology.

Background
Arthur C. Parker was born in 1881 on the Cattaraugus Reservation of the Seneca Nation of New York in western New York. He was the son of Frederick Ely Parker, who was one-half Seneca, and his wife Geneva Hortenese Griswold, of Scots-English-American descent, who taught school on the reservation. As the Seneca are a matrilineal nation, the young Parker did not have membership status at birth, as his mother was not part of the tribe, but he was descended from prominent Seneca, including the prophet Handsome Lake, through his father.

In 1903 Arthur was adopted into the tribe as an honorary member, when he was given the Seneca name Gawaso Wanneh (meaning "Big Snowsnake"). His grandfather Nicholson Henry Parker was an influential Seneca leader. As a youth, Arthur lived with Nicholson on his farm and was strongly influenced by him.

His grandfather's younger brother (Arthur's grand-uncle) Ely S. Parker was a Seneca life chief. As a young man he had collaborated with Lewis Henry Morgan on his study of the Iroquois. He served as a brigadier general and secretary to Ulysses S. Grant during the American Civil War. After the war, Ely Parker was appointed the first Indian Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

Arthur Parker was influenced by both the Seneca culture and the Christian missionary culture of his mother's family, and his social status of bridging peoples. He explored his Seneca lineage as a way of connecting himself to a powerful, symbolic past and integrating into twentieth-century American life. Although his own family was Christian, he also witnessed followers of the Seneca prophet Handsome Lake, who had tried to resurrect Indigenous Seneca religion.

His daughter, Bertha Parker, was also an archaeologist and an ethnologist. Although she lacked a formal education in these subjects, she trained under M.R. Harrington, excavating with him at Mesa House in the late 1920s and early 1930s. She worked as an Archaeological Assistant at the Southwest Museum from 1931 to 1941 and published a series of articles on Yurok Tribe of California.

Education
Parker started his formal education on the reservation, but in 1892, his family moved to White Plains, New York. He entered public school at around age 11 and graduated from high school in 1897. Before going on to college, he spent considerable time at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, where he was special assistant archaeologist 1901–1902. He was befriended by Frederic W. Putnam, its temporary curator of anthropology and a professor of anthropology at Harvard. Putnam encouraged the young Parker to study anthropology.

However, Parker followed the wishes of his grandfather, and attended Dickinson Seminary in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, from 1900 to 1903 to study for the ministry. He left before graduating and became a reporter for the New York Sun for a few months.

He worked as an apprentice to archaeologist Mark Harrington (1882–1971), digging at sites in New York State and learning techniques. He volunteered at the Museum of Natural History in New York in his spare time.

Career
He was field archaeologist at the Peabody Museum in 1903; beginning 1906, he was archaeologist of the New York State Museum. In 1904, Parker was given a two-year position as ethnologist at the New York State Library, part of the New York State Education Department, and collected cultural data on the New York Iroquois. Then in 1906, he took a position as the first archaeologist at the New York State Museum.

In 1911, together with the Native American physician Charles A. Eastman and others, he founded the Society of American Indians to help educate the public about Native Americans. During the 1911 New York State Capitol fire Parker entered the building while it was ablaze, and made his way up to the 4th floor in an effort to save priceless historical artifacts. He brought a tomahawk, which had been passed down through the generations in his family, and began smashing display cases, saving as many items as he could. Of the approximately five hundred Iroquois artifacts in the museum he was able to rescue about fifty of them before the spreading fire made any further salvage efforts impossible.

From 1915 to 1920, he was the editor of the society's American Indian Magazine. In 1916, he was awarded the Cornplanter Medal.

In 1925 Parker became director of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, where he developed the museum holdings and its research in the emerging fields of anthropology, natural history, geology, biology, history and industry of the Genesee Region. During the 1930s and the Great Depression, he also directed the WPA-funded Indian Arts Project, which was sponsored by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration.

In 1935, Parker was elected the first President of the Society for American Archaeology. In 1944, Parker helped found the National Congress of American Indians.

Legacy and honors

 * Honorary trustee of the New York Historical Association
 * 1914–1915, President of the Society of American Indians
 * 1935, first president of the Society of American Archeology
 * 1940 Union College awarded him an honorary doctorate
 * Since 1998, the Society for American Archaeology has annually awarded the Arthur C. Parker Scholarship, which provides funds to Native Americans for training in archaeological methods.

Retirement
After retiring from directing the Rochester museum in 1946, Parker became very active in Indian affairs. He moved to Nunda-wah-oh, near present-day Naples, New York, where he felt his ancestors had lived. There he overlooked Canandaigua Lake. He died there on New Year's Day, 1955, aged 73.

Publications

 * Excavations in an Erie Indian village and burial site at Ripley, Chautauqua Co., NY, New York State Museum Bulletin 117:459–554. 1907
 * Secret Medicine Societies of the Seneca, American Anthropologist, n.s., 11:161–185. April–June, 1909
 * Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, New York State Museum Bulletin 144:5–119. 1910
 * Additional Notes on Iroquois Silversmithing, American Anthropologist, n.s., 13:283–293. April–June, 1911
 * The Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca Prophet, New York State Museum Bulletin 163: 5–148. November, 1912
 * The Constitution of the Five Nations, New York State Museum Bulletin 184:7-188. April 1, 1916
 * The Socials Elements of the Indian Problem, The American Journal of Sociology, 22:252–267. September, 1916
 * The Origin of the Iroquois as Suggested by Their Archeology, American Anthropologist, n.s., 18:479–507. October–December, 1916
 * Life of General Ely S. Parker: Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant's Military Secretary, Buffalo Historical Society, (Buffalo, New York), Publications, 23:14-346. 1919
 * The Mound Builder Culture in New York, New York State Museum Bulletin 219/220:283-292, March–April, 1919. Fifteenth report of the director.
 * The New York Indian Complex and How to Solve It, N.Y. State Archaeological Assoc. Lewis H. Morgan Chapter. Researches and Transactions, Vol. 2, No. 1. 1920. 20p.
 * The Archaeological History of New York, Albany [The University of the State of New York] 1922. 2 vol. Originally published in New York State Bulletins 235,236, 237, 238. July–October, 1920.
 * Seneca Myths and Folk Tales, Buffalo Historical Society Publications, 27, 1923. 465p.
 * The Great Algonkin Flint Mines at Coxsackie, N. Y. State Archeological Assoc. Lewis H. Morgan Chapter. Researches and Transactions, 4:105–125. 1925
 * An Analytical History of the Seneca Indians, N. Y. State Archeological Assoc. Lewis H. Morgan Chapter. Researches and Transactions, 6:162p. 1926
 * The Indian How Book, New York, George H. Doran Company, 1931
 * Skunny Wundy and Other Indian Tales, New York, George H. Doran Company, 1926
 * Sources and Range of Cooper's Indian Lore, New York History, 35:445–456. 1954
 * The History of the Seneca Indians, Port Washington, NY: I. J. Friedman, 1967
 * Parker on the Iroquois, Edited by William N. Fenton, Syracuse University Press, 1986

title: Arthur C. Parker


text:
Sussex pledge

The Sussex Pledge was a promise made by Germany to the United States in 1916, during World War I before the latter entered World War I. After the Arabic incident, the Germans had promised that attacks on passenger ships would cease. Despite that avowed restriction, a French cross-channel passenger ferry, the SS Sussex, was torpedoed without warning on March 24, 1916. The ship was severely damaged and about 80 people died, including the famous Spanish pianist and composer Enrique Granados. Several Americans were also injured, though none died.

US President Woodrow Wilson declared before Congress that the German were breaching their assurances once again, that past assurances "has in fact constituted no check at all upon the destruction of ships of every sort", and that if the Germans sought to argue that submarines could not be used except by means "incompatible with the principles of humanity", and used them nevertheless, the United States would break diplomatic relations with Germany.

Fearing the American entry into the war, Germany tried to appease the United States by issuing on May 4, 1916 the Sussex pledge, which promised a change in Germany's naval warfare policy. These were the primary elements of the pledge:
 * Passenger ships would not be targeted.
 * Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship
 * Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew.

In 1917, Germany became convinced that it could defeat the Allied Forces by instituting unrestricted submarine warfare before the United States could enter the war. The Sussex pledge was, therefore, rescinded in January 1917, which started the decisive stage of the so-called First Battle of the Atlantic. The resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram caused the United States to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917.

title: Sussex pledge


text:
Category:British divers

Divers from the United Kingdom.

title: Category:British divers


text: Category:Diving in the United Kingdom

title: Category:Diving in the United Kingdom


text:
Cosmic Osmo and the Worlds Beyond the Mackerel

Cosmic Osmo and the Worlds Beyond the Mackerel is a graphic adventure computer game for the Macintosh computer line (Plus, SE, SE/30, II Series, Classic, LC) created by Cyan, Inc. It was published in 1989 and won the 1990 Mac User's Editors' Choice Award for the "Best Recreational Program" category.

Spelunx, Cyan's next title, was made with a similar style of gameplay. In 2007, a new Cosmic Osmo game titled Cosmic Osmo's: Hex Isle was released, based loosely on the original's setting but with a more traditional platform game style of gameplay.

Game mechanics
The game features a point-and-click interface. The player clicks on various elements in a scene to trigger events. To move between scenes and rooms, the player clicks on doors or near the edge of the screen.

The game begins when the player enters an animated spaceship hovering in front of the title screen. While inside the ship, he can trigger various events.

The spaceship gives the player the ability to visit various planets. Aside from using the ship to move between planets, a complex network of shortcuts exists between planets and scenes. The game, being presented in first-person view, enables shifts from the macroscopic to the microscopic level. Most of the shortcuts are found at the microscopic level: through a water drain or a mouse-hole, for example.

Development
Cosmic Osmo was created by brothers Rand and Robyn Miller, who went on to form the company Cyan and develop the best-selling adventure game Myst.

It was created, and runs, using HyperCard. Animated portions were made using MacroMind VideoWorks, a linear animation program that later became Macromedia Director. An XCMD plug-in enabled VideoWorks animated sprites to be displayed with an alpha mask on top or behind HyperCard's graphic layer.

It was first published as simply Cosmic Osmo and required a hard drive for installation. A later enhanced CD-ROM version added more worlds, sounds, and music, and was titled Cosmic Osmo and the Worlds Beyond the Mackerel. Both versions were originally published by Activision, but through a breach of contract the rights reverted back to Cyan.

Mark H. DeForest (software engineer and later CTO at Cyan) in December 1995 indicated a colorized version was in development, noting, "...[it] is taking a fair amount of work, but is looking like it will be well worth it."

A port of the game was reportedly developed for the SNES-CD, a video game console add-on that was never released. Consequently, the game was not released either.

In May 2007, a company called HyperActive Software announced that they had been contracted by Cyan to create a Windows version of the game, to be released via GameTap, which was released on June 19, 2008.

On August 4, 2010 the game became available for purchase through Steam as part of a bundle that also includes the other Cyan Worlds titles The Manhole: Masterpiece Edition, Myst: Masterpiece Edition, realMyst, Riven: The Sequel to Myst, URU: Complete Chronicles, and Spelunx and the Caves of Mr. Seudo. Originally only available for Macintosh computers, Cosmic Osmo is now only for Windows PC systems.

Goals and artistic design
Cosmic Osmo has a style of gameplay similar to Cyan's previous game, The Manhole. There is no goal, no system of scoring points, and no items for players to keep in inventory. Players can be said to have "finished" the game if they have explored every area and found every secret, but the game gives no feedback to indicate whether this has happened. Although this is unconventional, it allows finding new secrets to be a genuine surprise, while avoiding the frustration of endlessly searching the game for the last secret to achieve 100% completion.

Although Osmo was often considered to be a children's game,  it was never advertised as such, and people of all ages have declared themselves fans. The game has a humorous tone, and popular culture references abound. For example, one object the player can find is an album by a band called "Swabs N' Roses", a reference to Guns N' Roses.

Music and sound
The game features digitized voices and sounds that were played by HyperCard's sound commands, and 18 tracks of original CD-DA background music on the Hybrid CD version, much of which was written by Shep Lovick and Robyn Miller and features Kyle Stroud prominently on the saxophone.

Sequel
A sequel to Cosmic Osmo called Cosmic Osmo's Hex Isle was released on November 30, 2007. Hex Isle was sold exclusively through a website called Fanista Beta, and works on Windows and Intel Macs. Fanista later went out of business and the game was discontinued.

Cyan Worlds mentioned nothing of the game before its release. The game draws on the universe and style of its predecessor, but is a puzzle-solving platform game instead of a click-through adventure.


text:
Benville

Benville may refer to:

Canada

 * Benville, original name of Sexsmith, Alberta, a town

United States

 * Benville, Illinois, an unincorporated community
 * Benville Township, Beltrami County, Minnesota
 * Benville Bridge, Bigger Township, Jennings County, Indiana, on the National Register of Historic Places

United Kingdom

 * Benville, Dorset, a small settlement
 * Benville Manor - see Grade II* listed buildings in West Dorset

People

 * E. Benville, a fireman/stoker on the ocean liner Titanic - see Crew of the RMS Titanic

title: Benville


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hurricane V8

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 17:48, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hurricane V8
Article is unsubstantiated, shavings from the automotive rumor mill.

69.212.36.88 04:12, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep for now - will be a notable engine and production looks good. --SFoskett 04:16, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

Actually, I heard a rumor that this program has been cancelled. 69.212.36.88 04:25, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) Comment: there is evidence that the Hurricane has indeed been cancelled. See www.blueovalnews.com. 69.212.34.33 19:46, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a news source. JoaoRicardo 05:36, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete until the engine actually exists. RickK 05:39, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Rumors are not sufficient for an encyclopedia article. Is there a "wikigossip" somewhere? :-) 136.2.1.101 19:00, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete If there is no reliable source to defend this, then it does not belong in an encylopedia. Cabhan 20:47, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the vapor motor 'till at least 2010. Wyss 23:25, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
George Barnett

George Barnett (December 9, 1859 – April 27, 1930) was the 12th Commandant of the United States Marine Corps. He was a pioneer of amphibious warfare and the U.S. Marine Commandant during American involvement in World War I.

Early life and education
Barnett was born on December 9, 1859, in Lancaster, Wisconsin, and grew up in Boscobel, Wisconsin. He entered the U.S. Naval Academy in June 1877, graduating in 1881 with the first academy class to provide officers to the Marine Corps. After spending two years at sea as a cadet-midshipman aboard USS Essex (1874), he was transferred to the Marine Corps and was appointed a second lieutenant on 1 July 1883. While serving as a second lieutenant he did duty at the various Marine Barracks in the eastern part of the United States and commanded the Marine contingent at Sitka, Alaska, for three years. He was again at sea on USS Iroquois (1859) at the time he was promoted to first lieutenant in September 1890.

After completing the second of several tours of sea duty he served one year at the Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., and was then attached to a U.S. Marine guard at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, where he remained until it closed. At that time he resumed his regular duties at the Washington, D.C. Navy Yard.

Spanish–American War
In June 1896, Barnett again went to sea, this time aboard USS Vermont (1848). He was transferred to USS San Francisco (C-5) in December 1897 and to USS New Orleans (CL-22) during the following April. While serving on that vessel during the Spanish–American War, he participated in several bombardments of the forts at Santiago, Cuba. He was advanced to captain on 11 August 1898, and was transferred to USS Chicago (1885) in November of that year. In that same year, Barnett became a Veteran Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of Foreign Wars.

Commands
Barnett, as a captain, came ashore for duty at Marine Corps Headquarters in Washington, D.C., in May 1901, and was promoted to major shortly afterwards. During the following year he was given command of a battalion of U.S. Marines on USS Panther (1889) and sent for duty on the Isthmus of Panama, where they protected American interests and guarded the railway transit of the Isthmus.

Major Barnett returned to Washington in December 1902, only to be placed in command of another battalion of Marines being transferred less than a month later to join the first Brigade of Marines in the Philippine Islands. Arriving in the Philippines a few months later, he was transferred to duty as a Fleet Marine Officer of the Asiatic Fleet and served on several vessels of that fleet until December 1904, when he rejoined the First Brigade of Marines.

Barnett was then transferred from the Philippine Islands to Washington, D.C., in April 1905, and shortly after arriving in the United States received a promotion to lieutenant colonel. He attended the Naval War College in 1906 and served as Commanding Officer, Marine Barracks, Navy Yard in Washington for a period of one year when he was again placed in command of an expeditionary battalion which sailed on board USS Minneapolis (C-13) for Havana, Cuba, where it landed and became part of the Army of Cuban Pacification.

Lt. Colonel Barnett's organization was augmented to a regiment soon after landing in Cuba, while the entire Marine Expeditionary Force was increased to a brigade under the command of Colonel Littleton W.T. Waller. Barnett's regiment was almost immediately transferred to Cianfuegos, where it spread out over a wide area with Barnett controlling a considerable portion of the island. A large army expeditionary force relieved part of the Marines in Cuba and Barnett returned to Washington early in November 1906.

After commanding the U.S. Marine Barracks in Washington for a period of one year, Barnett was transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps Headquarters and was shortly afterwards ordered to command the Marine Detachment, American Legation, Peking, China. Upon completing his tour of duty in the Far East he returned to the United States during the summer of 1910 and assumed command of the Marine Barracks, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was promoted to the rank of colonel on 11 October of that year.

During the next three years he was sent to Cuba, each year in command of the First Regiment of Marines, which was repeatedly sent to that troublesome island on account of serious domestic disturbances, which the United States was obligated to control under provisions of the Platt Amendment. While this serious undertaking was being conducted, the First Advanced Base Brigade of Marines was organized at Philadelphia, under the command of Barnett. He led that organization on extensive maneuvers with the Atlantic Fleet to Puerto Rico from which he returned on 15 February.

Commandant of the Marine Corps
Barnett was appointed Major General Commandant of the Marine Corps on 25 February 1914 for a period of four years. He was the first Commandant to be appointed on a four-year term in accordance with a law passed the previous year. He was promoted to permanent brigadier general on 29 August 1916.

The first important military event of his administration as Commandant was the sending of a reinforced brigade of Marines to take part in the operations which occurred at Vera Cruz, Mexico, during 1914. A minor intervention in Haiti was made during that year and an expeditionary force of Marines was kept afloat for some time along the west coast of Mexico. Serious trouble began to brew in both Haiti and Santo Domingo and within a year it was necessary for the Marine Corps under Commandant Barnett's guidance to place a brigade of Marines in each of these two countries, where they continued on duty until after the close of his administration.

World War I activities of the Marine Corps were carried out under the general direction of Commandant Barnett as well. The Marine Corps expanded to more than three thousand officers and approximately 75,500 enlisted men. In addition to maintaining the occupation of Haiti and the Dominican Republic and reinforcing the regular stations of the Marine Corps, two brigades of Marines were deployed to France, while other Marine units occupied parts of Cuba, and another Marine brigade was held in reserve in Galveston, Texas. Large training centers were also established at Quantico, Virginia, and Parris Island, South Carolina. Barnett also saw the Marine Corps through the difficult period of demobilization and reorganization at the close of the war. For his outstanding service, he was honored by the French Government by being made a commander of the Legion of Honor, and he was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal by the Secretary of the Navy. The citation for the medal reads:

"The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Major General George Barnett, United States Marine Corps, for exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility as Commandant of the Marine Corps from 25 February 1914 to 30 June 1920, in the administration of his high office and the organization and direction of the manifold and distinguished service of the Marine Corps at home and abroad."

Later life and death
Barnett was relieved as Commandant of the Marine Corps on 30 June 1920, by order of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels and resumed his permanent rank as Brigadier General. On 5 March 1921, he was given the regular rank of Major General. He spent the remaining years of his active service as Commanding General of the Department of the Pacific.

Barnett retired on 9 December 1923, having reached the statutory age limit of sixty-four years. He died on 27 April 1930 in Washington, D.C., and was buried in the Arlington National Cemetery.

Personal life
Barnett is related to the military strategist Thomas P.M. Barnett (first cousin thrice removed). General Barnett's wife, Lelia (Montague) Gordon, was the first cousin of Alice (Montague) Warfield, the mother of Bessie Wallis Warfield, later Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, and sister-in-law to Captain Henry C. Mustin. His stepson, Basil Gordon (father of Basil Gordon), also served in the United States Marine Corps.

Awards

 * Sampson Medal
 * Spanish Campaign Medal
 * Philippine Campaign Medal
 * Cuban Pacification Medal
 * Victory Medal

title: George Barnett


text:
Berlin Heights

Berlin Heights may refer to:

 * Berlin Heights, New Jersey
 * Berlin Heights, Ohio

title: Berlin Heights