text:
Men's major golf championships

The men's major golf championships, commonly known as the major championships, and often referred to simply as the majors, are the most prestigious tournaments in golf. Historically, the national open and amateur championships of Great Britain and the United States were regarded as the majors. With the rise of professional golf in the middle of the twentieth century, the majors came to refer to the most prestigious professional tournaments.

In modern men's professional golf, there are four globally recognised major championships. Since 2019, the order of competition dates are as follows:

 * Masters Tournament in April; hosted as an invitational by and at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, U.S.
 * PGA Championship in May; hosted by the PGA of America and played at various locations in the U.S.
 * U.S. Open in June; hosted by the United States Golf Association (USGA) and played at various locations in the U.S.
 * The Open Championship in July; hosted by The R&A and played on a links course at various locations in the U.K.

History
The majors originally consisted of two British tournaments, The Open Championship and The Amateur Championship, and two American tournaments, the U.S. Open and the U.S. Amateur. With the introduction of the Masters Tournament in 1934, and the rise of professional golf in the late 1940s and 1950s, the term "major championships" eventually came to describe the Masters, the U.S. Open, the Open Championship, and the PGA Championship. It is difficult to determine when the definition changed to include the current four tournaments, although many trace it to Arnold Palmer's 1960 season. After winning the Masters and the U.S. Open to start the season, he remarked that if he could win the Open Championship and PGA Championship to finish the season, he would complete "a grand slam of his own" to rival Bobby Jones's 1930 feat. Until that time, many U.S. players such as Byron Nelson also considered the Western Open and the North and South Open as two of golf's "majors", and the British PGA Matchplay Championship was as important to British and Commonwealth professionals as the PGA Championship was to Americans.

During the 1950s, the short-lived World Championship of Golf was viewed as a "major" by its competitors, as its first prize was worth almost ten times any other event in the game, and it was the first event whose finale was televised live on U.S. television. The oldest of the majors is The Open Championship, commonly referred to as the "British Open" outside the United Kingdom. Dominated by American champions in the 1920s and 1930s, the comparative explosion in the riches available on the U.S. Tour from the 1940s onwards meant that the lengthy overseas trip needed to qualify and compete in the event became increasingly prohibitive for the leading American professionals. Their regular participation dwindled after the war years. Ben Hogan entered just once in 1953 and won, but never returned. Sam Snead won in 1946 but lost money on the trip (first prize was $600) and did not return until 1962.

Golf writer Dan Jenkins, who was often seen as the world authority on majors since he had attended more (200+) than anyone else, once noted that "the pros didn't talk much about majors back then. I think it was Herbert Warren Wind who starting using the term. He said golfers had to be judged by the major tournaments they won, but it's not like there was any set number of major tournaments."

In 1960, Arnold Palmer entered The Open Championship in an attempt to emulate Hogan's 1953 feat of winning on his first visit. Though a runner-up by a stroke in his first attempt, Palmer returned and won the next two in 1961 and 1962. Scheduling difficulties persisted with the PGA Championship, but more Americans began competing in the 1960s, restoring the event's prestige (and with it the prize money that once made it an attractive prospect to other American pros). The advent of transatlantic jet travel helped to boost American participation in The Open. A discussion between Palmer and Pittsburgh golf writer Bob Drum led to the concept of the modern Grand Slam of Golf.

In August 2017, after the previous year's edition was scheduled earlier due to golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics, the PGA of America announced that the PGA Championship would be moved to late-May beginning in 2019, in between the Masters and U.S. Open. The PGA Tour concurrently announced that it would move the Players Championship back to March the same year; as a result, the Players and the four majors will still be played across five consecutive months.

Importance
The four majors – the Masters Tournament, the PGA Championship, the U.S. Open, and the Open Championship – are golf's most prestigious events. Elite players from all over the world participate in them, and the reputations of the greatest players in golf history are largely based on the number and variety of major championship victories they accumulate. The top prizes are not actually the largest in golf, being surpassed by The Players Championship, three of the four World Golf Championships events (the HSBC Champions, promoted to WGC status in 2009, has a top prize comparable to that of the majors), and some other invitational events. However, winning a major boosts a player's career far more than winning any other tournament. If he is already a leading player, he will probably receive large bonuses from his sponsors and may be able to negotiate better contracts. If he is an unknown, he will immediately be signed up. Perhaps more importantly, he will receive an exemption from the need to annually re-qualify for a tour card on his home tour, thus giving a tournament golfer some security in an unstable profession. He also is automatically invited to every other major championship for the next five years, and receives an exemption into the major he just won as well; depending on the major won, he can receive at minimum a 10-year exemption, and at maximum a lifetime exemption into the major. Currently, both the PGA Tour and European Tour give a five-year exemption to all major winners and they receive the highest priority in those rankings.

Independent organizations, and not the PGA Tour, operate each of the majors; The Players Championship is the tour's most important event. Three of the four majors take place in the United States. The Masters is played at the same course, Augusta National Golf Club, every year, while the other three rotate courses (the Open Championship, however, is always played on a links course). Each of the majors has a distinct history, and they are run by four separate golf organizations, but their special status is recognized worldwide. Major championship winners receive the maximum possible allocation of 100 points from the Official World Golf Ranking, which is endorsed by all of the main tours, and major championship prize money is official on the three richest regular (i.e. under-50) golf tours, the PGA Tour, European Tour and Japan Golf Tour.

The Players historically has offered a prize pool as large as or larger than the majors, because the PGA Tour wants its most important event to be as attractive. Although the majors are considered prestigious due to their history and traditions, besides The Players there are still other non-"major" tournaments which prominently feature top players competing for purses meeting or exceeding those of the four traditional majors, such as the European Tour's DP World Tour Championship, Dubai, and World Golf Championships. With its large prize fund of any golf event and role as PGA Tour's flagship tournament, The Players is frequently considered to be an unofficial "fifth major" by players and critics. After the announcement that the Evian Masters would be recognized as the fifth women's major by the LPGA Tour, players objected to the concept of having a fifth men's major, owing to the long-standing traditions that the existing four have established.

Distinctive characteristics of majors
Because each major was developed and is run by a different organization, each has characteristics that sets it apart. These involve the character of the courses used, the composition of the field, and other idiosyncrasies.
 * The Masters Tournament (sometimes referred to as the U.S. Masters), the season's first major championship, is the only major that is played at the same course every year (Augusta National Golf Club), being the invitational tournament of that club. The Masters invites the smallest field of the majors, generally under 100 players (although, like all the majors, it now ensures entry for all golfers among the world's top 50 before the event), and is the only one of the four majors that does not use "alternates" to replace qualified players who do not enter the event (usually due to injury). Also, its 36-hole cut is set at roughly the top 50 players and ties—the smallest of any major, though not the smallest when measured by percentage of the original field. Former champions have a lifetime invitation to compete, and also included in the field are the current champions of the major amateur championships, and most of the previous year's PGA Tour winners (although winners of "alternate" events held opposite a high-profile tournament do not receive automatic invitations). The traditions of Augusta during Tournament week, such as the Champion's Dinner, Par 3 Contest, and awarding of a green jacket to the champion, create a distinctive character for the tournament, as does the course itself, with its lack of primary rough but severely undulating fairways and greens, traditional pin placements, and punitive use of ponds and creeks on several key holes on the back nine.
 * The PGA Championship (sometimes referred to as the U.S. PGA), which since 2019 has been the year's second major, is traditionally played at a parkland club in the United States, and the courses chosen tend to be as difficult as those chosen for the U.S. Open, with several, such as Baltusrol Golf Club, Medinah Country Club, Oakland Hills Country Club, Oak Hill Country Club, and Winged Foot Golf Club, having hosted both. The PGA generally does not set up the course to be as difficult as the USGA does. The PGA of America enters into a profit-sharing agreement with the host club. (An exception was in 2014, when the tournament was held at Valhalla Golf Club in Louisville, Kentucky, a club that the PGA of America fully owned at the time.)  As with The Masters, previous winners of the PGA Championship have a lifetime invitation to compete. As well as inviting recent champions of the other three professional majors and leading players from the world rankings, the PGA Championship field is completed by qualifiers held among members of the PGA of America, the organization of club and teaching professionals that are separate from the members of the PGA Tour. The PGA Championship is also the only one of the four majors to invite all winners of PGA Tour events in the year preceding the tournament, as well as inviting 20 club professionals who are non-tour regulars. Amateur golfers do not normally play on the PGA Tour, and could only qualify by winning one of the other three majors, winning a PGA Tour event while playing under a sponsor's exemption, or having a high world ranking. When the PGA Championship was held in August, it was frequently affected by the high heat and humidity that characterize the summer climate of much of the U.S., which often set it apart as a challenge from (in particular) the Open Championship, an event often played in cooler and rainy weather. With the 2019 move to a May date, heat and humidity are less likely to have major effects on the competition.
 * The third major, the U.S. Open, is notorious for being played on difficult courses that have tight fairways, challenging greens, demanding pin positions and thick and high rough, placing a great premium on accuracy, especially with driving and approach play. Additionally, while most regular tour events are played on courses with par 72, the U.S. Open has almost never been held on a par-72 course in recent decades; the 2017 event was the first since 1992 to be played at par 72. During this time, the tournament course has occasionally been played to a par of 71 but most commonly par 70. The U.S. Open is rarely won with a score much under par. The event is the championship of the United States Golf Association, and in having a very strict exempt qualifiers list – made up of recent major champions, professionals currently ranked high in the world rankings or on the previous year's money lists around the world, and leading amateurs from recent USGA events – about half of the 156-person field still enters the tournament through two rounds of open qualification events, mostly held in the U.S. but also in Europe and Japan. The U.S. Open has no barrier to entry for either women or junior players, as long as they are a professional or meet amateur handicap requirements. As of 2024, however, no female golfer has yet qualified for the U.S. Open, although in 2006 Michelle Wie made it to the second qualifying stage. Finally, the U.S. Open has the strictest 36-hole cut of any major championship (by percentage of the field), with only the top 60 players and ties of the 156-player field playing the final two days. While the U.S. Open employed an 18-hole playoff for many years if players were tied after four rounds, the USGA announced that beginning in 2018 all of its future championships would implement a two-hole aggregate playoff format. A sudden-death playoff would follow if the players were still tied after the two playoff holes. (This change also brought the U.S. Open more in line with both the Open and PGA Championships, which use four- and three-hole aggregate playoffs respectively, followed by sudden death if necessary, and most regular events as well as the Masters only have simple sudden-death playoffs.) The Sunday of the Championship has also in recent years fallen on Father's Day (at least as recognized in the US and the UK) which has lent added poignancy to winners' speeches.
 * The year's final major, The Open Championship (sometimes referred to as the British Open), is organized by The R&A, an offshoot of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, and is typically played on a links-style course in the United Kingdom (primarily Scotland or England). It carries the prestige of being the oldest professional golf tournament currently in existence and the original "Open" championship (although the very first event was held only for British professionals). It is respected for maintaining the tradition of links play that dates back to the very invention of the game in Scotland. Links courses are generally typified as coastal, flat and often very windswept, with the fairways cut through dune grass and gorse bushes that make up the "rough", and have deep bunkers. The course is generally not "doctored" to make it more difficult, effectively making the variable weather the main external influence on the field's score. Also, the greens at Open venues tend to be set up to play more slowly than those of normal tour stops. In windy conditions, a course with fast greens can become unplayable because the wind could affect balls at rest; the third round of the 2015 Open saw many delays for this very reason. As well as exempting from qualifying recent professional major and amateur champions, all former Open Championship winners under age 60 (with the age cutoff being reduced to 55 for those winning their first Open in 2024 or later), and leading players from the world rankings, the R&A ensures that leading golfers from around the globe are given the chance to enter by holding qualifying events on all continents, as well as holding final qualifying events around the UK in the weeks before the main tournament. The champion receives (and has his name inscribed on the base of) the famous Claret Jug, a trophy that dates back to 1872 (champions from 1860 until 1871 received instead a championship belt, much like a champion professional boxer's belt nowadays) and the engraving of the champions' name on the trophy before them receiving it is, in itself, one of the traditions of the closing ceremony of the championship, as is the award of the silver medal to the leading amateur player to have made the cut to play the last 36 holes.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, historically all four majors were broadcast on free to air TV. ITV has not broadcast live golf for many years. The BBC used to be the exclusive TV home of the Masters Tournament, U.S. Open and the Open Championship. By the early years of the first decade of the 21st century, only the Masters and Open Championship were broadcast live on the BBC. From 2011 onwards Sky Sports has exclusive live coverage of the first two days of the Masters, with the weekend rounds shared with the BBC. The U.S. Open is shown exclusively on Sky Sports. Beginning in 2016, Sky Sports also became the exclusive broadcaster of the Open Championship; the BBC elected to forego the final year of its contract. The BBC continues to hold rights to broadcast a nightly highlights programme.

Sky also held rights to the PGA Championship, but in July 2017, it was reported that the PGA of America had declined to renew its contract, seeking a different media model for the tournament in the United Kingdom. The 2017 tournament was aired by the BBC (via BBC Red Button, with the conclusion of coverage on BBC Two) and streamed by GiveMeSport (via Facebook Live). Eleven Sports UK & Ireland acquired the event for 2018, as one of the first events covered by the newly launched streaming service.

United States
As none of the majors fall under the direct jurisdiction of tours, broadcast rights for these events are negotiated separately with each sanctioning body. However, as of 2020, network television coverage of all four tournaments is split equally between the PGA Tour's two main television partners, CBS and NBC.

The Masters operates under one-year contracts; CBS has been the main TV partner every year since 1956, with ESPN broadcasting CBS-produced coverage of the first and second rounds since 2008 (replacing USA Network, which had shown the event since the early 1980s).

Beginning in 1966, ABC obtained the broadcast rights for the other three majors and held them for a quarter century. The PGA Championship moved to CBS in 1991 and the U.S. Open returned to NBC in 1995. ABC retained The Open Championship as its sole major, but moved its live coverage on the weekend to sister cable network ESPN in 2010. In June 2015, it was announced that NBC and Golf Channel would acquire rights to the Open Championship under a 12-year deal. While the NBC deal was originally to take effect in 2017, ESPN chose to opt out of its final year of Open rights, so the NBC contract took effect beginning in 2016 instead.

As of 2020, NBC and Golf Channel hold broadcast rights to the U.S. Open and other USGA events, replacing Fox Sports — which had assumed the rights in 2015 under a 12-year contract, but withdrew and sold the remainder of the rights to NBC in June 2020.

As of 2020, CBS and ESPN hold the broadcast rights to the PGA Championship, under a new contract that replaces TNT as the tournament's cable partner.

In November 2021, NBC announced that early round and early-weekend coverage of the U.S. Open and the Open Championship would move from Golf Channel to USA Network beginning in 2022.

Winning total (aggregate)
The aggregate scoring records for each major are tabulated below, listed in order of when the majors are scheduled annually.

Winning total (to par)
The scoring records to par for each major are tabulated below, listed in order of when the majors are scheduled annually.

Largest margins of victory
Major championships have been won by a margin of nine strokes or greater on eight occasions. On a further eight occasions, majors have been won by a margin of eight strokes; this includes Rory McIlroy's victory in the 2012 PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort, which is the PGA Championship event record.

Single round records
The record for a single round in a major championship is 62, which was first recorded by South African golfer Branden Grace in the third round of the 2017 Open Championship and equaled by Americans Rickie Fowler and Xander Schauffele in the first round of the 2023 U.S. Open. In the first round of the 2024 PGA Championship, Schauffele became the first player to have multiple rounds of 62 in major championships. In the third round of that same tournament, Shane Lowry became the fourth player to record a 62 at a major championship after missing a birdie putt on the 18th hole that was for a 61

Consecutive victories
These are consecutive because there was no The Open Championship in 1871 and no PGA Championship in 1917 and 1918.

Wire-to-wire victories
Players who have led or been tied for the lead after each round of a major.

 * Outright leader after every round

 * At least tied for the lead at the end of every round

Top ten finishes in all four modern majors in one season
It was rare, before the early 1960s, for the leading players from around the world to have the opportunity to compete in all four of the 'modern' majors in one season, because of the different qualifying criteria used in each at the time, the costs of traveling to compete (in an era when tournament prize money was very low, and only the champion himself would earn the chance of ongoing endorsements), and on occasion even the conflicting scheduling of the Open and PGA Championships. In 1937, the U.S. Ryder Cup side all competed in The Open Championship, but of those who finished in the top ten of that event, only Ed Dudley could claim a "top ten" finish in all four of the majors in 1937, if his defeat in the last-16 round of that year's PGA Championship (then at matchplay) was considered a "joint 9th" position.

Following 1960, when Arnold Palmer's narrowly failed bid to add the Open Championship to his Masters and U.S. Open titles (and thus emulate Hogan's 1953 "triple crown") helped to establish the concept of the modern professional "Grand Slam", it has become commonplace for the leading players to be invited to, and indeed compete in, all four majors each year. Even so, those who have recorded top-ten finishes in all four, in a single year, remains a small and select group.

^ Never won a regular tour major championship in his career.

On 14 of the 28 occasions the feat has been achieved, the player in question did not win a major that year – indeed, three of the players (Dudley, Sanders and Barber) failed to win a major championship in their careers (although Barber would go on to win five senior majors), and Fowler has also yet to win one.

Four

 * 1930: 🇺🇸 Bobby Jones; The Open Championship, U.S. Open, U.S. Amateur Championship, The Amateur Championship

Three

 * 1953: 🇺🇸 Ben Hogan; Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, and The Open Championship; he was unable to play in both the Open Championship and the PGA Championship because the dates effectively overlapped.
 * 2000: 🇺🇸 Tiger Woods; U.S. Open, The Open Championship, and PGA Championship

Masters and U.S. Open

 * 1941: 🇺🇸 Craig Wood
 * 1951: 🇺🇸 Ben Hogan
 * 1960: 🇺🇸 Arnold Palmer
 * 1972: 🇺🇸 Jack Nicklaus
 * 2002: 🇺🇸 Tiger Woods
 * 2015: 🇺🇸 Jordan Spieth

Masters and Open Championship

 * 1962: 🇺🇸 Arnold Palmer
 * 1966: 🇺🇸 Jack Nicklaus
 * 1974: 🇿🇦 Gary Player
 * 1977: 🇺🇸 Tom Watson
 * 1990: 🏴 Nick Faldo
 * 1998: 🇺🇸 Mark O'Meara
 * 2005: 🇺🇸 Tiger Woods

Masters and PGA Championship

 * 1949: 🇺🇸 Sam Snead
 * 1956: 🇺🇸 Jack Burke Jr
 * 1963: 🇺🇸 Jack Nicklaus
 * 1975: 🇺🇸 Jack Nicklaus

U.S. Open and Open Championship

 * 1926: 🇺🇸 Bobby Jones
 * 1932: 🇺🇸 Gene Sarazen
 * 1971: 🇺🇸 Lee Trevino
 * 1982: 🇺🇸 Tom Watson

U.S. Open and PGA Championship

 * 1922: 🇺🇸 Gene Sarazen
 * 1948: 🇺🇸 Ben Hogan
 * 1980: 🇺🇸 Jack Nicklaus
 * 2018: 🇺🇸 Brooks Koepka

Open Championship and PGA Championship

 * 1924: 🇺🇸 Walter Hagen
 * 1994: Nick Price
 * 2006: 🇺🇸 Tiger Woods
 * 2008: 🇮🇪 Pádraig Harrington
 * 2014: Rory McIlroy

Four

 * 1868–1872: Young Tom Morris 1868 Open, 1869 Open, 1870 Open, 1872 Open (No Open Championship played in 1871)
 * 1930: 🇺🇸 Bobby Jones 1930 Amateur, 1930 Open, 1930 U.S. Open, 1930 U.S. Amateur
 * 2000–01: 🇺🇸 Tiger Woods 2000 U.S. Open, 2000 Open, 2000 PGA, 2001 Masters

Three

 * 1877–1879: Jamie Anderson 1877 Open, 1878 Open, 1879 Open
 * 1880–1882: Bob Ferguson 1880 Open, 1881 Open, 1882 Open

Two
Note: The order in which the majors were contested varied between 1895 and 1953. Before 1916, the PGA Championship did not exist; Before 1934, the Masters did not exist. From 1954 through 2018, the order of the majors was Masters, U.S. Open, Open Championship, PGA except in 1971, when the PGA was played before the Masters. From 2019, the order has been Masters, PGA, U.S. Open, Open Championship.

 * 1861–62: Old Tom Morris 1861 Open, 1862 Open
 * 1894–95: 🏴 J.H. Taylor 1894 Open, 1895 Open
 * 1920–21: Jock Hutchison 1920 PGA, 1921 Open (The Open Championship was the first major contested in 1921)
 * 1921–22: 🇺🇸 Walter Hagen 1921 PGA, 1922 Open (The Open Championship was the first major contested in 1922)
 * 1922: 🇺🇸 Gene Sarazen 1922 U.S. Open, 1922 PGA
 * 1924: 🇺🇸 Walter Hagen 1924 Open, 1924 PGA
 * 1926: 🇺🇸 Bobby Jones 1926 Open, 1926 U.S. Open (The Open Championship was played before the U.S. Open in 1926)
 * 1927–28: 🇺🇸 Walter Hagen 1927 PGA, 1928 Open (The Open Championship was the first major contested in 1928)
 * 1930–31: Tommy Armour 1930 PGA, 1931 Open (The Open Championship was the first major contested in 1931)
 * 1932: 🇺🇸 Gene Sarazen 1932 Open, 1932 U.S. Open (The Open Championship was the first major contested in 1932, followed by the U.S. Open)
 * 1941: 🇺🇸 Craig Wood 1941 Masters, 1941 U.S. Open
 * 1948: 🇺🇸 Ben Hogan 1948 PGA, 1948 U.S. Open (The PGA was played between the Masters and U.S. Open in 1948)
 * 1949: 🇺🇸 Sam Snead 1949 Masters, 1949 PGA (As in 1948, the 1949 PGA was played between the Masters and U.S. Open)
 * 1951: 🇺🇸 Ben Hogan 1951 Masters, 1951 U.S. Open

 * 1953: 🇺🇸 Ben Hogan; 1953 Masters, 1953 U.S. Open (The 1953 Open Championship, also won by Hogan, was actually concluded only 3 days after 1953 PGA; he chose not to play in the PGA because of the strain on his legs, and the conflict with the Open championship.)
 * 1960: 🇺🇸 Arnold Palmer 1960 Masters, 1960 U.S. Open
 * 1971: 🇺🇸 Lee Trevino 1971 U.S. Open, 1971 Open
 * 1972: 🇺🇸 Jack Nicklaus 1972 Masters, 1972 U.S. Open (The 1971 PGA, also won by Nicklaus, was not consecutive due to being played before the Masters in 1971)
 * 1982: 🇺🇸 Tom Watson 1982 U.S. Open, 1982 Open
 * 1994: Nick Price 1994 Open, 1994 PGA
 * 2002: 🇺🇸 Tiger Woods 2002 Masters, 2002 U.S. Open
 * 2005–06: 🇺🇸 Phil Mickelson 2005 PGA, 2006 Masters
 * 2006: 🇺🇸 Tiger Woods 2006 Open, 2006 PGA
 * 2008: 🇮🇪 Pádraig Harrington 2008 Open, 2008 PGA
 * 2014: Rory McIlroy 2014 Open, 2014 PGA
 * 2015: 🇺🇸 Jordan Spieth 2015 Masters, 2015 U.S. Open

Most runner-up finishes
For the purposes of this section a runner-up is defined as someone who either (i) tied for the lead after 72 holes (or 36 holes in the case of the early championships) but lost the playoff or (ii) finished alone or in a tie for second place. In a few instances players have been involved in a playoff for the win or for second place prize money and have ended up taking the third prize (e.g. 1870 Open Championship, 1966 Masters Tournament). For match play PGA Championships up to 1957 the runner-up is the losing finalist.

Along with his record 18 major victories, Jack Nicklaus also holds the record for most runner-up finishes in major championships, with 19, including a record 7 at the Open Championship. Phil Mickelson has the second most with 12 runner-up finishes after the 2023 Masters, which includes a record 6 runner-up finishes at the U.S. Open, the one major he has never won. Nicklaus and Mickelson are the only golfers with multiple runner-up finishes in all four majors. Arnold Palmer had 10 second places, including 3 in the major he never won, the PGA Championship. There have been three golfers with 8 runner-up finishes – Sam Snead, Greg Norman and Tom Watson. Norman shares the distinction of having lost playoffs in each of the four majors with Craig Wood (who lost the 1934 PGA final – at match play – on the second extra hole).
 * 🇺🇸 Jack Nicklaus: 19 (1960–1983)
 * 🇺🇸 Phil Mickelson: 12 (1999–2023)
 * 🇺🇸 Arnold Palmer: 10 (1960–1970)
 * 🇺🇸 Sam Snead: 8 (1937–1957)
 * 🇦🇺 Greg Norman: 8 (1984–1996)
 * 🇺🇸 Tom Watson: 8 (1978–2009)
 * 🏴 J. H. Taylor: 7 (1896–1914)
 * 🇺🇸 Tiger Woods: 7 (2002–2018)

Most runner-up finishes without a victory
Crampton was second to Jack Nicklaus on each occasion.
 * Colin Montgomerie 5: U.S. Open 1994, 1997, 2006; Open 2005; PGA 1995
 * 🏴/🇺🇸 Harry Cooper 4: U.S. Open 1927, 1936; Masters 1936, 1938
 * 🇺🇸 Doug Sanders 4: U.S. Open 1961; Open 1966, 1970; PGA 1959
 * 🇦🇺 Bruce Crampton 4: Masters 1972; U.S. Open 1972; PGA 1973, 1975

Most appearances
Lee Westwood holds the record for the most major championship appearances without a victory, with 91 starts.

title: Men's major golf championships


text:
Talk:Tru Calling

Language in Use
The language in use in the article is Canadian/British English. It has been like that since way before I started editing the article. The Wikipedia convention on this matter is that majority rules, and as most contributors to the page are evidently in accordance with this, it should remain that way. I note that FYC Travis whom I know, has been here since I reverted a change back to this previously, and he doesn't miss a thing. so, if it is good enough for Travis, who's an Admin, then it should be good enough for everyone else - and this, as said previously is in keeping with the Wiki directives on this matter. Where the programme originates from doesn't make any difference.

Lost Girls Diary 19:24, 20 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The Wikipedia convention is not "majority rules", by which I think you mean "maintaining internal consistency"; that is only one of several guidelines presented by the board. Another is national ties, which you've conveniently neglected to mention.  Stating part of a truth as a whole is just as bad as presenting only part of a quote in order to skew its meaning.  Tru Calling was originally a U.S. TV series, therefore strong argument can be made that American English should be used in this article.  Where the programme originates can make a difference.  Travis was probably trying to express that the consistency of English usage should be maintained, but if an editor is so moved to rewrite the article to avoid variations or to change to a different style of English that is perfectly allowable.  Above all, usage within an article should be consistent; that is not the same thing as "majority rules".  It's moot anyway, as the community has apparently moved the article back to American English since your post, but I thought it would be worthwhile to remind those following after that would-be editors must choose from all the conventions when deciding which form of English to use. 71.200.138.188 (talk) 13:45, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Move cancelled show list to its own entry?
There seems to be an extensive list here of scifi shows cancelled before their time. Should it get its own entry? --Cfeyrer 16:36, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Last name references
I think it's ridiculous for the characters (especially Tru) to be referred to by their last names throughout the article. It's awkward and stilted and just doesn't feel appropriate at all. It would be like referring to the main character of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" as "Summers," or the cast of "Friends" as Bing, Gellar, Tribianni, etc... this sort of approach might be suited to certain shows (like the CSI's or the "Law and Order" franchise), but it just doesn't feel right for this one. -- Tony
 * Agreed, especially as the episode guide did have the correct names. Names have now been edited so the episode guide and the rest of the page match, and so the character names are now the ones used on the show (eg. "Davies" to "Tru" and "Harper" to "Jack")
 * It should make the page a lot easier to read and understand.

 * Also corrected "Lindsay" throughout as IMDb shows that as the correct spelling. -- B33R 05:01, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

The Relive a Day Foundation
Hi, I noticed in the article about The Relive a Day Foundation (fan-made season '3' of Tru Calling). In my opinion, this should be taken out of the article, because then, we (wikipedia) would have to show every fan made Tru Calling, or we could move this to a new article e.g. 'Tru Calling Fanon'?.. What do you think? Illyria05 (Talk • Contributions) 18:01, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Rather it should be reworded and generalized. Note that describing the influence a series has had on real world is an important aspect of an article. This includes describing the fandom that resulted, spin-offs, merchandise etc. It's much more important then character and episode descriptions (in-universe information) which is often deemed less encyclopedic of nature than real world facts TheDJ (talk • contribs • WikiProject Television) 15:33, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree with you now, I did a slight cleanup and generalization.. Please comment about it here.. Illyria05 (Talk • Contributions) 00:57, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Expanding Character Articles
Hello, I just created a few Tru Calling character articles here that need some expanding.. (Jack Harper, Harrison Davies, Davis), and the Tru Davies article (I did not create that one) needs to be expanded as well.. Illyria05 (Talk • Contributions) 02:02, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Brief plot summary at beginning of entry.
All the other TV series entries I've looked at have a brief (may only be a sentence or two) plot summary in the first section. Whereas in this you have to go past the spoiler warning before you even have any idea what the show is about. For someone like myself who knows nothing about the show this if the first thing I want to know, rather than information on when the show was cancelled, when it aired, etc. as is currently there. 121.44.65.18 17:04, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

I added a very broad and brief synopsis right at the beginning. I also added that reruns will be starting on Sci-Fi, if that seems relevant.RawrVenom27 02:41, 6 July 2007 (UTC)RawrVenom27

Why on Earth would you "speedy-delete" the DVD cover?
The Season One DVD cover image is now missing, and the Season Two cover is listed as "Speedy-delete". May I ask why on Earth this is so? First, I can't believe any company would have a problem with a low-res scan of their DVD covers being posted in an article on the show, seeing as the cover itself is everywhere online where it's sold - is this not basically the exact same thing as using officially-released promotional pictures or theatrical posters in articles? It's promotional material for the series which is intended to be widely viewed, and in this case it is very relevant, given that the article includes an infobox on the DVD releases and including covers is a common practice in such infoboxes, which is pretty obvious from the fact that there's a place for such an image. Second, I'd like to know why I can't seem to reach a discussion page to debate whether it should be kept or not, as when it comes to DVD cover images, but especially this one, I would in general feel it to be defensible at least, and yet when I try to access the page to discuss the deletion proposal, all I get is a listing of the general reasons for speedy-delete, which as far as I can tell may not even apply in this case, as fair use rationale, origination, copyright tag, etc. was given for the image. :\ Is this an effect of being listed for Speedy-delete instead of regular deletion, and if so - please, can someone tell me why it's listed for non-regular deletion? 4.235.60.11 15:52, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

I have the same problem comprehending why either were listed for speedy delete. I gave tried to remove the tag, but undortunately the picture goes down with it. for now, luckily, the season one picture survives. Hopefully, if it IS actually deleted, someone will put it back. If anyone has access to the season two picture, please add it back in the appropriate place and lets see it if survives this time. Lost Girls Diary 22:00, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Tru's school
Could someone please confirm where the character Tru was going to school. I am currently writing an article, and I would like to have that information available. I also would like to know in which episode it was mentioned. - LA @ 12:54, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Input from the fan-base
Coming Soon —Preceding unsigned comment added by Flapman (talk • contribs) 15:15, 19 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Just make sure it's reliably sourced! Jclemens (talk) 17:46, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Based on the wealth of unsourced original research I just removed, I would also reccomend reading WP:NOR. Gwynand | Talk•Contribs 18:05, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Where on Earth has the 'What Might Have Been' Info Gone To?
It was sourced from one of the producers (if its no longer online it doesn't change the fact it was sourced at the time and so still stands true today). It was useful and told us what was GOING to happen before the show got cancelled - including the Jensen arc etc. 86.165.61.20 (talk) 13:00, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Someone deleted it a few weeks ago (check the history), since it was sourced to a blog to begin with, see WP:RS and WP:SPS. I had no problem with it being there, but I have to agree that it wasn't sufficiently well sourced to survive a challenge. Jclemens (talk) 14:56, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for asking about it almost 2 years ago now. I would have never thought to look for something like this. I never read the article while it was included. Normally a producer saying "this is where the show was going had it not been cancelled" would be taken from wherever one can get it. That typically is the creator's or producer's personal blog. Occasionally there is a featurette or commentary on a DVD release that will give this information. For things of this nature the often only option is a self-published source, aka primary source.
 * "Self-published material may in some circumstances be acceptable when produced by an established expert on the topic of the article whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable third-party publications." I contest that having produced and written episodes which were "published" on broadcast television qualifies Doris Egan as being an established expert on the show.
 * "if the information in question is really worth reporting, someone else is likely to have done so." Well how often does the media report anything more than " has been cancelled due to ."? Move on to what is new; forget what is old. As a fan of Tru Calling, and of many other shows which were abruptly cancelled, i say it is worth reporting any information on what would have been if it comes from someone who is/was in a position to personally know or/and direct where the show would have gone had it not been cancelled. Such is the case with Doris Egan and Tru Calling. delirious  &  lost  ☯ ~hugs~ 00:45, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry, your reasoning, such as it is, is nonsense. Egan is not "a reliable third-party source", she is a PRIMARY source, and cannot be used for that very reason. Frankly, in the absence of budget constraints, network demands, actor availability, writers product, even she cannot know what would have happened next, only what might possibly happen. Thus, the entire section is insupportable speculation, which is unencyclopedic and must be removed from the article. Canonblack (talk) 00:07, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

Request for comment on articles for individual television episodes and characters
A request for comments has been started that could affect the inclusion or exclusion of episodes and characters, as well as other fiction articles. Please visit the discussion at Wikipedia_talk:Notability_(fiction). Ikip (talk) 11:26, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

original pilot?
what does "26 episodes plus original pilot" mean?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.206.242.205 (talk) 15:48, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

 * It means that the version broadcast on 30 October 2003 was not the first version but the second. For a while i looked like FOX would push the premiere back to a mid-season spot and the producers were going to use that time to make a third version of the pilot. The BBC even has mention of this in their "cult tv" section, which you can read here . I have read about it but i have been looking for that original pilot for almost seven years. Some people include it in bootleg versions of the show. I just don't feel like buying the entire show just to get it. Apparently a bit of the story and some casting changes are where much of the differences lie. delirious  &  lost  ☯ ~hugs~ 21:18, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Soundtrack?
Was there ever a soundtrack released for this series? I can't seem to find one in any online stores, but there are some covers and track listings around. Are these bootlegs/fanmade products or the real deal? Cheers. 213.186.254.196 (talk) 00:06, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Layout of the page changed
I have completely changed the layout of this page, putting stuff about the series cancellation into a separate section and including what was proposed by Doris Egan would happen had the show received another season. I have put the main storyline into a 'series overview' section. The cast and characters section is much easier to navigate with a table introduced, and I have added pictures of the show's arguably main leads, Eliza Dushku and Jason Priestley to the side of the cast and characters section as thumbnails. The Reception section has been updated to include only the table, with a separate section for the show's awards and nominations which have been put into a table. So, the whole article looks neater and is much easier for me and us fans and casuals to navigate. Any problems with these updates, carried out by me serielover on February 16, 2015, feel free to put them here. SerieLover (talk) 23:37, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Tru Calling. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060708154445/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com:80/thr/television/feature_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000937471 to http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/television/feature_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000937471

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:30, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tru Calling


text:
District of Columbia Board of Elections

The District of Columbia Board of Elections (BOE) is the independent agency of the District government responsible for the administration of elections, ballot access and voter registration. The BOE consists of three active board members, an executive director, a general counsel and a number of support staff who run the day-to-day operations of the agency.

Within the BOE is the Office of Campaign Finance which enforces DC laws related to campaign finance, lobbying and conduct of public officials.

The agency was named the District of Columbia Board of Elections & Ethics (BOEE) until July 2012, when it was renamed the District of Columbia Board of Elections. The district's ethics law established a new Board of Ethics and Government Accountability that would handle the ethical matters that were formerly handled by the Board of Elections & Ethics.

title: District of Columbia Board of Elections


text:
Virginia Square, Virginia

Virginia Square is a section in the Ballston section of Arlington County, Virginia. It is centered at the Virginia Square–GMU station on the Orange and Silver lines of the Washington Metro subway system between Clarendon and Ballston. The neighborhood consists of a mix of high-rise apartments, garden apartments, and single-family homes that date back to the 1930s.

Virginia Square is home to the Arlington campus of George Mason University, including its Law School, the Arlington Arts Center, some offices of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the main branch of the Arlington Public Library. The area's name is derived from the former Virginia Square Shopping Center, now occupied mainly by a major satellite office of the FDIC with a Giant supermarket on part of the property. Among local restaurants, Mario's Pizza has been a landmark since 1957 and El Pollo Rico since 1988.

Ballston-Virginia Square Partnership was a business development organization inclusive of both Ballston proper and was also inclusive of the Virginia Square section.

title: Virginia Square, Virginia


text:
Lorrain

Lorrain or Le Lorrain may refer to:

People

 * Claude Lorrain (1600–1682), French Baroque painter, draughtsman and etcher born Claude Gellée, called le Lorrain in French
 * James Herbert Lorrain (1870–1944), Scottish Baptist missionary in northeast India
 * Mathilde Lorrain, birth name of Moufida Bourguiba (1890–1976), first wife of Habib Bourguiba, the first president of Tunisia
 * Michèle Lorrain (born 1960), Canadian artist
 * Pierre Lorrain (1942–2004), French-Canadian lawyer and politician
 * Rod Lorrain (1914–1980), Canadian ice hockey player in the National Hockey League
 * Roméo Lorrain (1901–1967), French-Canadian politician
 * Louis-Joseph Le Lorrain (1715–1760), French painter and engraver
 * Richer of Senones (c. 1190–1266), French monk and chronicler sometimes called Richer le Lorrain in French
 * Robert Le Lorrain (1666–1743), French sculptor
 * Lorrain Larry Thibeault (1915–1977), Canadian ice hockey player

Other uses

 * Canton of Le Lorrain, a former canton of Martinique
 * Rivière du Lorrain, a river in Martinique
 * Lorrain language, a Romance dialect spoken in the Lorraine region of France and the Gaume region of Belgium
 * French torpedo boat Le Lorrain, originally World War II German torpedo boat T28

title: Lorrain


text:
Get Over It (film)

Get Over It is a 2001 American teen comedy film loosely based on William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream about a high school senior who desperately tries to win back his ex-girlfriend by joining the school play she and her new boyfriend are performing in, against the advice of friends. The film was directed by Tommy O'Haver for Miramax Films and written by R. Lee Fleming Jr. The film was released on March 9, 2001, and stars Kirsten Dunst, Ben Foster, Melissa Sagemiller, Sisqó in his film debut, Shane West, and Colin Hanks. The film grossed $19.9 million against a budget of $22 million and received mixed reviews.

Plot
After Berke Landers' girlfriend Allison breaks up with him, he tries to win her back by auditioning for the school play, despite having no theatrical talent. Meanwhile, his friends Felix and Dennis try to find him a new girlfriend.

With the help of Felix's younger sister Kelly, Berke wins a minor role in the play, a modern musical version of Shakespeare's comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream called A Midsummer Night's Rockin' Eve, written and directed by the school's overbearing drama teacher, Dr. Desmond Oates. When one of the leads, the school's star actor Peter Wong, is injured in a freak accident, Berke takes over Wong's role of Lysander. He gradually improves with continuing assistance from Kelly, unaware of their growing attraction.

At a party thrown by Felix at Berke's house, Kelly kisses Berke, but he insists that a relationship between them could not work as she is Felix's sister. At the same party, Berke and Allison catch her new boyfriend Bentley "Striker" Scrumfeld cheating on her with her best friend Maggie. Allison breaks up with Striker.

During the intermission on the play's opening night, Allison confides to Berke that she wants to get back together with him. Meanwhile, Striker bribes two of the theater technicians to try to blow Berke off the stage using stage pyrotechnics. Before the play resumes, Felix gives the orchestra sheet music for a love ballad written by Kelly to replace Oates' unpopular tune.

When the curtain rises, Kelly sings her song so beautifully that Berke finally realizes he loves her. He abandons his lines from the script and improvises his own verse professing his character's love for Kelly's character Helena. The audience applauds as Berke and Kelly kiss. Striker protests this change, but unwittingly signals the technicians to set off the explosion, blowing him offstage and into the orchestral section.

Dennis kisses Kelly's friend and his dancing partner Basin, who kisses him back, suggesting that they also begin a relationship. Kelly and Berke leave the theater looking forward to their future together.

The film ends with Sisqó and Vitamin C singing and dancing along with the cast to the song "September" as the credits roll.

Production
Kirsten Dunst was originally offered the role of Allison but chose to play Kelly because the character had more singing sequences. The late singer and actress Aaliyah was considered for the role of Maggie in the film, but the part was given to Zoe Saldana.

Get Over It was filmed in Ontario, Canada. Filming began on June 1, 2000, and ended on August 2, 2000, lasting 63 days. High school scenes were filmed at Port Credit Secondary School. Other locations in Ontario included Mississauga, Toronto and Port Credit.

Release
The film was released in the US on March 9, 2001, by Miramax. The film then opened in the UK on June 10, 2001, by Momentum Pictures, and in Australia on September 6, 2001, by Buena Vista International.

Home media
The film was released on DVD and VHS in the US by Miramax Home Entertainment on August 14, 2001, and in the UK by Momentum Pictures on April 1, 2002. Special features include a commentary track with director Tommy O'Haver and screenwriter R. Lee Fleming Jr., deleted & extended scenes with optional commentary, and outtakes and a makeup test with Martin Short. Also included are the music videos "The Itch" by Vitamin C and an original song titled "Love Scud" by fictional boy band "The Swingtown Lads". The film was re-released on DVD on May 15, 2012, by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment, as part of a deal with Miramax, and contains no special features or subtitle tracks.

Critical response
Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a positive review and wrote it "breaks the formula for teen romances. Martin Short, as the vain and zany drama teacher, does not disappoint." A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote though the film "may be halfhearted…it's not entirely without heart, most of it supplied by its adorable central couple, Kirsten Dunst and Ben Foster", as well as Short's comedy. He concluded Get Over It "is mild, harmless and occasionally affecting, possessing the fizz of diet soda and the sweet snap of slightly stale bubble gum." Eddie Cockrell of Variety magazine gave a mixed review, describing the film as "A mildly diverting, largely inoffensive teen laffer that's long on cartoonish high school hijinks but short on dramatic concentration and crucial story details."

Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "O'Haver, whose first film was the 1998 gay indie mini-hit Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss, relishes the whooshing extravagance of top 40 camp that crests into ironic sincerity," citing scenes like the opening credits sequence. However, he described the film as "mostly an amateur-hour fiasco", said the central romantic pairing lacked credibility, and opined the only worthwhile performance was Short's. Ernest Hardy of LA Weekly also gave the film a negative review, calling it a "lobotomized updating of A Midsummer Night's Dream".

Box office
Get Over It grossed $11.6million domestically (United States and Canada) and $8.3million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $19.9million, failing to cover its production-only budget of $22million. It spent one week in the Top 10 at the domestic box office.

Music
The soundtrack album was released by Island Records on March 13, 2001.

Featured music
Other music featured in the film but omitted from the soundtrack includes:
 * "Happiness (The Eat Me Edit)" – Pizzaman
 * "Magic Carpet Ride (Matt Philly Remix)" – The Mighty Dub Katz
 * "Champion Birdwatchers" – LA Symphony
 * "Love Scud" – The Swingtown Lads
 * "Morse" – Nightmares on Wax
 * "A Little Soul (Lafayette Velvet Revisited Mix)" – Pulp
 * "Reach Inside" – Boh Samba
 * "Phthalo Blue" – The Fairways
 * "The Itch" – Vitamin C
 * "Get On It (Krafty Kuts Latin Funk Mix)" – Resident Filters
 * "Pass It On" – Keoki
 * "September" – Sisqó & Vitamin C

title: Get Over It (film)


text:
De Mulieribus Claris

De Mulieribus Claris or De Claris Mulieribus (Latin for "Concerning Famous Women") is a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio, composed in Latin prose in 1361–1362. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in post-ancient Western literature. At the same time as he was writing On Famous Women, Boccaccio also compiled a collection of biographies of famous men, De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (On the Fates of Famous Men).

The famous women

 * 1. Eve, the first woman in the Bible
 * 2. Semiramis, queen of the Assyrians
 * 3. Opis, wife of Saturn
 * 4. Juno, goddess of the Kingdoms
 * 5. Ceres, goddess of the harvest and queen of Sicily
 * 6. Minerva, Roman goddess of wisdom, justice, law, victory, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy
 * 7. Venus, queen of Cyprus
 * 8. Isis, queen and goddess of Egypt
 * 9. Europa, queen of Crete
 * 10. Libya, queen of Libya
 * 11 and 12. Marpesia and Lampedo, queens of the Amazons
 * 13. Thisbe, a Babylonian maiden
 * 14. Hypermnestra, queen of the Argives and priestess of Juno
 * 15. Niobe, queen of Thebes
 * 16. Hypsipyle, queen of Lemnos
 * 17. Medea, queen of Colchis and lover of Jason in the "Argonautica"
 * 18. Arachne of Colophon
 * 19 and 20. Orithyia and Antiope, queens of the Amazons
 * 21. Erythraea or Heriphile, a Sibyl
 * 22. Medusa, daughter of Phorcus
 * 23. Iole, daughter of the king of the Aetolians
 * 24. Deianira, wife of Hercules
 * 25. Jocasta, queen of Thebes
 * 26. Amaltheia or Deiphebe, a Sibyl
 * 27. Nicostrata, or Carmenta, daughter of King Ionius
 * 28. Procris, wife of Cephalus
 * 29. Argia, wife of Polynices and daughter of King Adrastus
 * 30. Manto, daughter of Tiresias
 * 31. The wives of the Minyans
 * 32. Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons
 * 33. Polyxena, daughter of King Priam
 * 34. Hecuba, queen of the Trojans
 * 35. Cassandra, daughter of King Priam of Troy
 * 36. Clytemnestra, queen of Mycenae
 * 37. Helen of Troy, whose abduction by Paris began the Trojan War
 * 38. Circe, daughter of the Sun
 * 39. Camilla, queen of the Volscians
 * 40. Penelope, wife of Ulysses
 * 41. Lavinia, queen of Laurentum
 * 42. Dido, or Elissa, queen of Carthage
 * 43. Nicaula, queen of Ethiopia
 * 44. Pamphile, daughter of Platea
 * 45. Rhea Ilia, a Vestal Virgin
 * 46. Gaia Cyrilla (Tanaquil), wife of King Tarquinius Priscus
 * 47. Sappho, poet from the island of Lesbos
 * 48. Lucretia, wife of Collatinus
 * 49. Tamyris, queen of Scythia
 * 50. Leaena, a courtesan who was tortured to death by the dictator Hippias
 * 51. Athaliah, queen of Jerusalem
 * 52. Cloelia, a Roman maiden
 * 53. Hippo, a Greek woman
 * 54. Megullia Dotata
 * 55. Veturia, a Roman matron
 * 56. Thamyris, daughter of Micon
 * 57. A conflation of Artemisia II and Artemisia I, queens of Caria
 * 58. Verginia, virgin and daughter of Virginius
 * 59. Eirene, daughter of Cratinus
 * 60. Leontium
 * 61. Olympias, queen of Macedonia
 * 62. Claudia, a Vestal Virgin
 * 63. Virginia, wife of Lucius Volumnius
 * 64. Flora, goddess of flowers and wife of Zephyrus
 * 65. A young Roman woman
 * 66. Marcia, daughter of Varro
 * 67. Sulpicia, wife of Quintus Fulvius Flaccus
 * 68. Harmonia, daughter of Gelon, son of Hiero II of Syracuse
 * 69. Busa of Canosa di Puglia
 * 70. Sophonisba, queen of Numidia
 * 71. Theoxena, daughter of Prince Herodicus
 * 72. Berenice, queen of Cappadocia
 * 73. The Wife of Orgiagon the Galatian
 * 74. Tertia Aemilia, wife of the elder Africanus
 * 75. Dripetrua, queen of Laodice
 * 76. Sempronia, daughter of Gracchus
 * 77. Claudia Quinta, a Roman woman
 * 78. Hypsicratea, Queen of Pontus
 * 79. Sempronia, a Roman Woman
 * 80. The Wives of the Cimbrians
 * 81. Julia, daughter of the dictator Julius Caesar
 * 82. Portia, daughter of Cato Uticensis
 * 83. Curia, wife of Quintus Lucretius
 * 84. Hortensia, daughter of Quintus Hortensius
 * 85. Sulpicia, wife of Cruscellio
 * 86. Cornificia, a poet
 * 87. Mariamme, queen of Judaea
 * 88. Cleopatra, queen of Egypt
 * 89. Antonia, daughter of Antony
 * 90. Agrippina, wife of Germanicus
 * 91. Paulina, a Roman woman
 * 92. Agrippina, mother of the Emperor Nero
 * 93. Epicharis, a freedwoman
 * 94. Pompeia Paulina, wife of Seneca
 * 95. Poppaea Sabina, wife of Nero
 * 96. Triaria, wife of Lucius Vitellius
 * 97. Proba, wife of Adelphus
 * 98. Faustina Augusta
 * 99. Symiamira, woman of Emesa
 * 100. Zenobia, queen of Palmyra
 * 101. Joan, an Englishwoman and Pope
 * 102. Irene, Empress of Constantinople
 * 103. Gualdrada, a Florentine maiden
 * 104. Constance, Empress of Rome and queen of Sicily
 * 105. Camiola, a Sienese widow
 * 106. Joanna, queen of Jerusalem and Sicily

title: De Mulieribus Claris


text:
Licton Springs, Seattle

Licton Springs or North College Park is a neighborhood in the informal Northgate district of North Seattle. It is bounded by Interstate 5 to the east, beyond which is Maple Leaf neighborhood and the Northgate Mall; Aurora Avenue N (SR 99) to the west, beyond which is Greenwood; N 85th Street to the south, beyond which is Green Lake, and N Northgate Way to the north, beyond which is Haller Lake.

Licton Springs

Licton Springs is both a residential neighborhood and a natural spring at the north end of Licton Springs Park, which has a long history as both a unique recreational spot and a commercial crossroads. The neighborhood, wedged between the busy corridors of Interstate 5 and Aurora Avenue, takes its name from líq’tәd (LEEK-teed) or Licton, the Lushootseed (Whulshootseed) Coast Salish word for the reddish mud of the springs—. The D kh w’Duw’Absh, People of the Inside and Xacuabš, People of the Large Lake, Lushootseed (Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish native people had used the springs area as a spiritual health spa since the area was populated after the last glacial period (c. 8,000 BCE—10,000 years ago). In the 1850s, the D kh w’Duw’Absh and Xacuabš became the Duwamish tribe of today.

In October 2019, the spring and the park that surrounds it were designated a city landmark, the first Native cultural site to be so designated.

Settlement
Seattle pioneer David Denny built a summer cabin near the springs around 1870. The natural spring fed Green Lake before it was capped and drained to the Metro sewer system after it became contaminated by residential development (1920, 1931). The Olmsted Brothers designed a park for Licton Springs, as part of a grand streets and parks plan for Seattle (1930s), but this park was never implemented. A park does exist today (where Woodlawn Avenue curves to connect with N 95th Street) in which the spring is located. In the mid-1960s restoration began with bond issues and increasing volunteer assistance, resulting in a small pond and natural wetland vegetation as well as urban park amenities. A Native American presence continues in the neighborhood through the Indian Heritage School at Wilson-Pacific. This school hosts frequent Indian Pow Wows and spectacular wall murals by Indian artist Andrew Morrison.

The Everett and Interurban Railway Company (1900–1936) came past the neighborhood in 1906. The trolleys became a part of everyday life and development of residential neighborhoods around trolley stops. Running on a narrow right-of-way through backyards, the whistle became part of the atmosphere of neighborhoods like Licton Springs. In the early years, the line ran through cut forest and rural farms. A few sawmills along the way gave the line a business hauling lumber. The rough wagon road became Aurora Avenue N (1930) after being paved with brick (1913) and asphalt (1928). A most distinctive early feature was the motorist "tourist camps", "auto camps", and later, "auto courts", then the now-familiar motels. One or two still remained at the turn of the 21st century.

The Pilling family had a dairy farm (1909–1933), out of which grew the waterfowl habitat and birding site of Pilling's Pond today. Japanese-Americans had greenhouses and small farms until they were abruptly forcibly removed with the Internment of Japanese Americans (1942–1945).

North College Park
Seattle annexed most of North Seattle in 1954. North College Park became defined with the Licton Springs neighborhood with the establishment of North Seattle College (1970).

Licton Springs and the Sunny Walter–Pillings Pond are part of the Densmore Drainage Basin. The springs at the North Police Precinct and North Seattle Community College are headwaters of the south fork of Thornton Creek; this fork flows through culverts under I-5 and the south lot of Northgate Mall development. These neighborhoods are natural extensions of Maple Leaf downstream. Neighborhood activists and North Seattle Community College (NSCC) have been promoting habitat restoration in support. NSCC grounds have a nationally-recognized native habitat, a pentimento of restored native species on a palimpsest of former 1940s suburb, former dairy farm, former bog where native Dkhw’Duw’Absh harvested cranberries.

title: Licton Springs, Seattle


text:
Talk:List of the oldest people by country

Chinese oldest male
In the reference, Shi Ping was born in 1911 Nov 1st, not 1912 Nov 1st.(公开资料显示,施平生于1911年11月1日).--超级核潜艇 (talk) 07:19, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

 * @超级核潜艇, According to the old Chinese calendar, it is 1911, which according to the new one is 1 November 1912. Дејан2021 (talk) 08:05, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 April 2024 relating to country of JAMAICA
The country of JAMAICA has further supercentanarians, many independently validated by the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) in addition to the one person currently listed (Violet Brown). Please add the following names therefore which are to be included for the country of JAMAICA:

Merah Smith (F) b. 9 Nov 1912 in JAMAICA, LIVING: presently 111 years old, RESIDING: in ENGLAND Sources:

Ida Stewart (F) b. 13 Nov 1896 in JAMAICA d. 12 Nov 2010 in JAMAICA (113 years, 364 days old) Sources:

Lillian Anderson (F) b. 28 Feb 1898 in JAMAICA d. 2 Jul 2011 in JAMAICA (113 years, 124 days old) Sources:

Merle O'Hara (F) b. 20 Feb 1912 in JAMAICA d. 4 Nov 2023 in CANADA (111 years, 257 days old) Sources:

Damaris Bryant (F) b. 12 May 1909 in JAMAICA d. 29 Apr 2020 in ENGLAND (110 years, 353 days old) Sources:

*Below are persons not yet verified by GRG, but have reliable alternative sources attached:*

Ulis Badley nee HUNT (F) b. 18 Dec 1896 in JAMAICA d. 30 Jan 2008 in JAMAICA (111 years, 43 days old) Sources:

Willfred Stephen Wright (M) b. 17 Jun 1912 in JAMAICA d. 03 Apr 2021 in JAMAICA (108 years, 290 days) Sources:

Uton Samuels (M) b. 12 Jun 1914 in JAMAICA, LIVING: presently 109 years old in JAMAICA Source: <-- contains photo of ID

Hubert Williams (M) b. 01 Apr 1913 in JAMAICA d. 11 Aug 2022 in JAMAICA (109 years, 132 days old) Sources: <-- offical post from Government (Ministry of Labour and Social Security, Jamaica) posted one year before his death <-- funeral notice

Nora Miller-Welsh (F) b. 28 Mar 1914 in JAMAICA, LIVING: presently 110 years old, in JAMAICA Source:

Kindly note I am unable to make the changes myself as the document is semi-protected and I have not yet edited sufficient non-protected articles to gain permission. Many thanks for your assistance. Sidewinder876 (talk) 00:23, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Semi-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. --Ferien (talk) 20:57, 25 April 2024 (UTC)


text: User talk:70.110.5.167

title: User talk:70.110.5.167


text:
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, also known as the KCAs or Kids' Choice, is an American annual awards ceremony show produced by Nickelodeon. Usually held on a Saturday night in March or early April, the show honors the year's biggest in television, film, music, and sports as voted by viewers worldwide of Nickelodeon networks. Winners receive a hollow orange blimp figurine, a logo outline for much of the network's 1984–2009 era, which also functions as a kaleidoscope.

The show features numerous celebrity guests and musical acts. Since 2002, slime stunts have been incorporated into the show. The KCAs also host live entertainment. It has also been known to cover people with the network's trademark green slime. The animated series SpongeBob SquarePants has won the most KCA awards, with twenty overall through the series' run. Individually, Selena Gomez has won the most trophies with twelve, followed by Will Smith and Adam Sandler (both with 11), as well as Justin Bieber and Ariana Grande (both with 9). Whoopi Goldberg is the only person to have won a Kids' Choice Award alongside the prevailing "EGOT" combination of an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony. Rosie O'Donnell has hosted the show eight times, followed by Jack Black who hosted three times, as well as Candace Cameron, Whitney Houston, and John Cena who each hosted twice.

History
Alan Goodman, Albie Hecht, and Fred Seibert created the awards show after Nickelodeon produced a segment called The Big Ballot     for the movie review show Rated K: For Kids by Kids in 1987, named for the ballots kids voted with. To vote, the viewers would send in ballots and then before the show, the ballots would be counted and the winners would tape a "thank you" video that would be shown during the program. Goodman, Hecht, and Seibert felt that the network needed a bigger, more exciting platform.

Hecht selected the awards logo from a series of network designs created by original logo designers Tom Corey and Scott Nash (Corey McPherson Nash, Boston), overseen by Goodman and Seibert (Fred/Alan, Inc., New York). The award was configured into the current blimp shape/kaleidoscope in 1990. The only change to the award since then has been a change to the embossed logotype on the side of the trophy for 2010 to fit the network's new logo typeface.

As the Internet came into widespread use, the voting finally moved from a combination of 900 number telephone voting and filling paper ballots that were either mailed or completed at Pizza Hut locations, to being conducted exclusively on the network's website, and included text messaging by 2007. During the early years of Internet voting, there were several issues, including the digital equivalent of ballot stuffing and adult voting. As a result, a new system was put into place where one vote per Nick.com account is allowed (although it is probable adults still cast votes via the texting option, which is connected to a phone number only instead of a screen name, by creating an account with a false age, or by having their children vote for a chosen subject instead). In 2010, an iPhone application and mobile browser voting were also added.

The 2009 Kids' Choice Awards featured a new award called "The Big Green Help Award" which goes to the celebrity who goes above and beyond to help the Earth. The inaugural award was presented to Leonardo DiCaprio. For the 2010 awards, "The Big Green Help" award was renamed "The Big Help" award, with First Lady Michelle Obama winning the first award under the rename.

Unlike traditional awards shows, the Kids' Choice Awards uses other items to announce an award winner instead of a traditional envelope. The show sometimes uses balloons, T-shirts, models, giant letters, stickers, and even a foot.

Voting became available for Canadian people in time for the 2010 ceremony, owing to the inauguration of Nickelodeon's Canadian service in November 2009.

The 2020 ceremony was held in a virtual format in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The 2024 ceremony was the first to not air in March or April; it was hosted on July 13 and was the first ceremony hosted by animated characters, SpongeBob and Patrick, to honor the 25th anniversary of SpongeBob SquarePants.

International history
In June 2010, Nickelodeon Latin America announced a Kids' Choice Awards for Mexico. Other countries with their own Kids' Choice Awards include Brazil, United Kingdom, Australia, and Indonesia, which are either fully original local productions, or inserted as continuity during their broadcast of the U.S. ceremony. The Australian Kids' Choice Awards had its final local ceremony in 2012.

In August 2011, Nickelodeon Latin America announced a Kids' Choice Awards event for Argentina.

In June 2014, Nickelodeon Latin America announced a Kids' Choice Awards event for Colombia.

Awards
This table shows the awards from the past. An asterisk next to a category indicates an award has been presented in that particular category every year since the inception of the Kids' Choice Awards in 1988.

Ceremonies
Notes

Venues
The Kids' Choice Awards are typically held in and around Southern California. Past ceremonies have been held at the Barker Hangar in Santa Monica, California, the Hollywood Bowl, the Grand Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles, and Universal Studios Hollywood in Universal City, but mostly at Pauley Pavilion on the UCLA campus. After renovations to Pauley beginning in 2011, the show was moved to the Galen Center at USC; it was expected to be a temporary home, but the network retained Galen for the 2012–2014 ceremonies due to the construction of the Meyer and Renee Luskin Conference and Guest Center, making it difficult to have the "Orange Carpet"; the smaller Kids' Choice Sports had its first ceremony in 2014 at Pauley. For the 2015 and 2016 shows, the ceremony occurred at the remodeled Forum in Inglewood, California. Between the 2017 and 2019 shows, the venue alternated between the Galen Center and The Forum. The 2023 ceremony was held at the Microsoft Theater.

The 2020 awards, previously scheduled for March 22, were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the ceremony was later moved to May 2 to be held virtually. The 2020 show was originally planned to serve as a tie-in with Nickelodeon's SlimeFest event.

Multiple year hosts
The ceremony has been hosted multiple times by five individuals: Candace Cameron who hosted in 1990 and 1994, Whitney Houston who hosted consecutively in 1995 and 1996, Rosie O'Donnell who hosted consecutively from 1996 through 2003 (co-hosted with Houston in 1996 and with four co-hosts in 2000), Jack Black who hosted in 2006, 2008 and 2011, and John Cena who hosted consecutively in 2017 and 2018.

Special awards
For these awards, the trophy awarded to the recipient may be a different color than Nickelodeon orange.

The Hall of Fame Award
The Hall of Fame Award was a gold version of the blimp award from 1991 to 2000, and was presented to those whose accomplishments, fame, and popularity set them above everyone else. Initially, the award was chosen by the kids from a slate of nominees. Actors, athletes, and singers were all eligible for the award, with ballots containing nominees from multiple categories.

The Wannabe Award
The Wannabe Award was a silver version of the blimp award from 2001 to 2008, and was presented to the best celebrity role model or inspiration (or the person whom the kids want to be like). The winner was determined prior to the awards without voter input. The only person to have won the Wannabe award and the Hall of Fame award is Will Smith.

The Big Help Award
The Big Green Help Award (later titled as The Big Help Award) was an award presented to a person who goes above and beyond to help the environment. It is based on Nickelodeon's The Big Help initiative. The award was originally green when first awarded in 2009, but later changed to silver along with a name change of the award the following years.

Lifetime Achievement Award
The Nickelodeon Lifetime Achievement Award is a golden version of the blimp award. In 2023, a normal orange-colored blimp award was used.

In 2014, the award was given to television producer Dan Schneider, who created multiple shows at Nickelodeon. During the presentation of his award, Schneider was joined onstage by cast members of his shows including Kenan & Kel, Drake & Josh, Zoey 101, iCarly, Victorious, and Sam & Cat. In 2023, the award was given to Transformers character Optimus Prime. In his acceptance speech, Prime proclaimed for the award to, "...seal the bond between humans, Maximals, and Autobots, as we fight together to protect the planet."

Legend Award
The award was originally introduced in the Kids' Choice Sports ceremony, but has since carried over to the main ceremony.

Generation Change Award
The Generation Change Award is presented to those who have worked to bring positive changes for the new generation of kids. The award was originally introduced in the 2019 Kids' Choice Sports ceremony, but has since carried over to the main ceremony.

Kids' Choice Sports
From 2014-2019, Nickelodeon presented the first annual Kids' Choice Sports, honoring kids' favorite athletes, teams, and sports moments from the year. Michael Strahan produced and hosted the inaugural ceremony.

Slimed celebrities
During a ceremony, sometimes a celebrity presenter or award winner might not know when they are going to be slimed onstage or offstage, though as the years went on, getting slimed became more of an honor, and less of a comedic humiliation akin to the early Nickelodeon series You Can't Do That on Television, from whence the concept originated. Hosts of the show have also been slimed, and occasionally celebrities not attending the awards have been slimed via video segment, such as when Rosie O'Donnell tricked Melissa Joan Hart into getting slimed on the set of Sabrina the Teenage Witch in 2001, or when Amanda Seyfried and Josh Hutcherson were slimed at a KCA watch party in 2013. Celebrities sitting in the audience are also fair game for being slimed, as Mandy Moore first learned in 2007, and Halle Berry later found out in 2012.

Below is a list of all the celebrities that have been slimed over the past years at the Kids' Choice Awards.

Slime stunts
Beginning in 2002, the show began its annual World Record Slime Stunts. Olympians, extreme sports stars and daredevils participated in special stunts performed live on national television—often landing into the trademark green slime.

title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards


text:
Trobriand Cricket (film)

Trobriand Cricket: An Ingenious Response to Colonialism  is an anthropological Documentary film about the people of the Trobriand Islands and their unique innovations to the game of cricket, filmed in 1973–74. The film was made by Gary Kildea, under the direction of anthropologist Jerry Leach. It was shot in three weeks, on a budget of around Au$180,000.

Historical context and film summary
Cricket was introduced to Trobriand by a British missionary, Reverend Gilmour, in the early 20th century, to replace violent tribal warfare with gentlemanly sportsmanship. Cricket in Trobriand underwent a dramatic transformation: the number of players, balls, bats, rules, and uniforms changed, as did the meaning of the sport and manner of play. In the film, cricket in Trobriand appears to be a form of ritualized warfare.

The film contrasts scenes of the original, staid game played on pitches in England with the Trobriand version, full of colors, sounds, music, and dance. A Trobriand "reporter" also seeks to find the meaning and origin of his 'own' culture, by interviewing senior members of the community and by observing the cricket game/ritual.

In fact, this film was done of a reconstruction of cricket match "specifically enacted for the camera team by the members of a local political movement, who at the time of filming (1973) were seeking an ascendant role in the Trobriand politics." Weiner also claims that this Kabisawali Association movement, led by John Kasaipwalova (or John K, as Kiriwina people called him) caused "intense sociopolitical factionalism that generated hatred, violence and confusion" and that John K was convicted by the Papua New Guinea government for embezzlement of government funds. Weiner also notes that during that period and after, cricket was not being played in Kiriwina. Thus the Trobriand cricket in this film was a well orchestrated and heavily edited version of something of which Trobrianders had recent memory.

Anthropological significance
Notwithstanding criticism of the re-enactment and surrounding politics, the film was praised for its anthropological contribution.

"The film dramatically communicates the message that the Trobriand version is not in any sense a “primitive” game, nor is it  a sport benignly accepted in  its  foreign form. Rather,  Trobriand  cricket is seen as a sophisticated  activity,  thoughtfully  and creatively adapted by the local people, an adaptation that reflects the importance of fundamental cultural premises. From this perspective, the film  has value for beginning anthropology students as well as those noncricket initiates for whom the fact that recently British women were permitted to swing their  cricket bats at Lord’s in London would not be an impressive news item. (Unfortunately, Trobriand  women  did not escape the traditional male-dominated  British game and they have not yet invaded the playing field.)"

- Weiner, 1977

Trobriand Cricket is historically significant because it served in part as a model for future filmmakers seeking to take on an ethnographic project. In an interview published in the Spring 1978 issue of Film Quarterly, ethnographic filmmaker Jean Rouch is quoted as saying about Trobriand Cricket: “It's a wonderful film, perhaps one of the greatest anthropological films of recent time.”

title: Trobriand Cricket (film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chuck Thomas

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:20, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Chuck Thomas
I don't think he's notable; the article doesn't make any claim of notability. Name obviously hard to google test, but seems similar to any other lobbyist. Notable politicians, even behind-the-scenes types are notable (cf. Ken Mehlman); this guy isn't. Meelar (talk) 02:08, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC) Delete Un-notable --BenWilson 17:24, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, blurb. Wyss 18:59, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even the "biography" linked from the article contains pretty much no information on the guy, and seems to talk more about issues he supports and shows he's been a guest on than his history, reasons he's notable, etc. – Beginning 02:19, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. You're probably right. I just killed the link to Chuck Thomas from Marijuana Policy Project, since this seems unlikely to become more than a substub. 205.217.105.2 15:48, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Article needs expansion. Megan1967 06:53, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Whenever you read an article and your reaction is "so what?", you know it's time to delete. Gamaliel 07:28, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. ComCat 02:16, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)