text:
Johan van Benthem (logician)

Johannes Franciscus Abraham Karel (Johan) van Benthem (born 12 June 1949 in Rijswijk) is a University Professor (universiteitshoogleraar) of logic at the University of Amsterdam at the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation and professor of philosophy at Stanford University (at CSLI). He was awarded the Spinozapremie in 1996 and elected a Foreign Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2015.

Biography
Van Benthem studied physics (B.Sc. 1969), philosophy (M.A. 1972) and mathematics (M.Sc. 1973) at the University of Amsterdam and received a PhD from the same university under supervision of Martin Löb in 1977. Before becoming University Professor in 2003, he held appointments at the University of Amsterdam (1973–1977), at the University of Groningen (1977–1986), and as a professor at the University of Amsterdam (1986–2003).

In 1992 he was elected member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Van Benthem is known for his research in the area of modal logic. This research has resulted in Van Benthem's theorem, which states that propositional modal logic is the fragment of first-order logic that is invariant under bisimulation.

He has also been active in the fields of philosophy of science, logical structures in natural language (generalized quantifiers, categorial grammar, substructural proof theory), dynamic logic and update logic, and applications of logic to game theory, as well as applications of game theory to logic (game semantics). Van Benthem is a member of the group collectively publishing under the pseudonym L. T. F. Gamut. He has also taught in China. He made an effort to encourage and organize international collaboration between Chinese and Western logicians.

Professor van Benthem retired from the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation in September 2014.

Publications

 * Logic in action, North Holland, 1991
 * Handbook of Logic and Language, ed. with Alice ter Meulen, Elsevier/MIT Press, 1997
 * Modal Logic: A Semantic Perspective, with Patrick Blackburn
 * Modal Logic for Open Minds, CSLI Publications, 2010
 * Logic in Games, MIT Press, January 2014

title: Johan van Benthem (logician)


text:
Steve Coppell

Stephen James Coppell (born 9 July 1955) is an English professional football manager and former player.

As a player, he was a highly regarded right winger known for his speed, technical ability and work rate. He won domestic honours with Manchester United and represented England at the World Cup. After a knee injury ended his playing career, he went into management.

He has managed several English clubs, most notably Crystal Palace and Reading, both of which he took from the English second tier to achieve each club's greatest-ever successes in the top flight. He has also managed Manchester City, Bristol City, Brighton & Hove Albion and Brentford. He is credited with discovering Ian Wright, a striker he signed from non-league football, and who became a household name and international footballer.

Early days
At the age of 18, Coppell attended Quarry Bank High School in south Liverpool, where musician John Lennon and footballer Joe Royle had previously been pupils. Just one year ahead of Coppell were Clive Barker, Les Dennis and Brian Barwick, the chief executive of the FA from January 2005 until the end of 2008.

Coppell was a nippy, incisive wide player in his youth but despite interest from some top clubs, he chose to join lower league Merseyside club Tranmere Rovers as he wanted to study for a degree in economic history at the University of Liverpool.

By 1974, Coppell was playing for Tranmere, studying for his degree and coaching the university team. But in 1975 his life changed when Manchester United made an offer of £60,000 for him. His prospective new club instantly offered to double his wage and Coppell signed.

Coppell was able to complete his degree while playing on the right wing for Manchester United, making his debut as a substitute in a 4–0 win over Cardiff City on 1 March 1975, as his new club stormed back to the First Division after a season in the Second. Coppell ended that season with ten games and one goal.

The following season, Coppell played 39 times and scored ten goals, one of which was at the Kop end of his boyhood club Liverpool's Anfield ground. He also won honours for the England under-23 team.

The exciting young Manchester United team put together by manager Tommy Docherty progressed in the First Division and reached the 1976 FA Cup Final, where they were strong favourites to beat Southampton, who were from the Second Division. But Southampton won the final 1–0.

Afterwards, Coppell said: "I didn't feel too bad, as I appreciated being in the FA Cup final at all. It was only afterwards I realised it might have been the only chance I'd ever get. But the next season gave me another go."

In 1977, Manchester United fell short in the League but reached the FA Cup Final again, where this time they played Liverpool, who were chasing a "treble" of First Division championship, FA Cup and European Cup. Liverpool had already won the title by the time the two sides met at Wembley, but it was Manchester United who performed on the day and won 2–1. Coppell was one of nine United players in the team who had lost in the final to Southampton the year before.

Representing England

Later in 1977, Coppell received a call-up to the England team for the country's final qualifying game for the 1978 FIFA World Cup against Italy at Wembley. Coppell played and England won 2–0 but the damage had been done earlier in the campaign and England did not qualify for the finals. Coppell stayed in the plans of new England coach Ron Greenwood, playing in a number of friendly matches through 1978 and scoring the only goal of the game – his first for England – in a victory over Scotland at Hampden Park.

Coppell remained a constant for club and country over the next 12 months, scoring for his country against Czechoslovakia and Northern Ireland while also adding goals from the wing for Manchester United, who reached another FA Cup final in 1979 following a season during which Coppell did not miss a game. Arsenal beat Manchester United 3–2 in the final.

A week later, Coppell had a better experience at Wembley as he scored one and made another as England beat Scotland 3–1. He continued to impress for his country while also remaining an ever-present for Manchester United for the next two years. His habit of scoring against Scotland continued in 1980 with a goal in a 2–0 win at Hampden prior to the 1980 European Championships, during which he featured in the opening two group matches, though England failed to progress further.

Injury
Tragedy struck Coppell while playing for England in a vital qualifier for the 1982 FIFA World Cup against Hungary. Coppell was the victim of a vicious high challenge from József Tóth which shattered his knee. Coppell said the effect was "like someone had put a firework in my knee and it had gone off" and underwent an operation which allowed him a temporary fix so he could carry on playing.

Coppell nursed the injury through the 1982 World Cup in Spain, playing in all three of England's group games and the goalless draw against West Germany in the second pool. England went out in the next game against Spain and Coppell underwent a second operation.

He continued to play for Manchester United as much as he could after suffering the injury, playing 36 times in the 1981–82 season and 29 times in the 1982–83 campaign. He made two more appearances for England after the World Cup ended, scoring in the former as England beat Luxembourg 9–0.

Coppell was fit enough to play in the League Cup final of 1983 which – in a reverse of events in 1977 – opponents Liverpool won 2–1. But as Manchester United progressed also to the FA Cup final in the same year, Coppell's knee had broken down again and he missed the final against Brighton & Hove Albion, which ended 2–2 and ultimately concluded in a 4–0 victory for Manchester United in the replay.

Another operation followed but to no avail, and Coppell announced his retirement from the game in October 1983, aged just 28. He had broken the record for the most consecutive appearances for an outfield Manchester United player – 207 from 1977 to 1981 – which still stands to this day. His Manchester United career ended with 373 appearances and 70 goals; his England career had concluded with 42 caps and seven goals. He also scored the quickest recorded goal at under 18 level in a cup final against Notts County. The goal time was 12 seconds.

He has since stated that he recently discovered, thanks to advances in technology, that his ACL had only been connected at one end since the tackle, something which had been missed in previous surgeries. He has now had his ACL removed.

Crystal Palace (first spell; 1984–1993)
In June 1984, Coppell became manager of Crystal Palace. Aged just 28 years and 10 months upon his appointment, he became one of the youngest men to ever manage a club in the Football League. Coppell made budget signings of unwanted players from the First Division, as well as signing Ian Wright from non-league football. The club's fortunes greatly improved, and Palace won promotion to the top flight through the play-offs in 1989. Palace reached the FA Cup final in 1990, losing to Manchester United in a replay, after Coppell's inspired substitution of bringing on Ian Wright nearly won the first game for Palace. Their semi-final victory over Liverpool helped make up for the horrific 9–0 drubbing that they had received in a league match at Anfield early in the season.

The following season, Crystal Palace finished in third place in the top flight (their highest ever league finish) and won the Full Members Cup. The club's fortunes declined after that, and in May 1993, Coppell resigned after they were relegated from the Premier League. However, his name was linked with the England national coach's job six months later when Graham Taylor resigned, but he swiftly ruled out any interest in the job. In May 1994, he was also linked with the manager's job at Middlesbrough, but the job went to his former Manchester United teammate Bryan Robson instead.

Crystal Palace (second spell; 1995–1996)
Coppell returned to Palace in June 1995 as Director of Football, with Ray Lewington and Peter Nicholas working alongside him as first team coaches. In February 1996, Dave Bassett was appointed manager and the club reached the final of the First Division Play-offs where they lost 2–1 to Leicester City after extra time.

Manchester City (1996)
Coppell left Palace in October 1996 to become manager of Manchester City, a job that he would quit after only six games and 33 days in charge. He cited the pressure of the job as his reason for leaving the club. His reign at the club is the shortest of any City manager to date.

Crystal Palace (third spell; 1997–1998)
After leaving Manchester City, Coppell returned to Palace as Chief Scout. Following the resignation of manager Dave Bassett in February 1997, Coppell was promoted once again to the role of manager. He secured another promotion via the play-offs after only 6 months in the job, and he remained in charge of the club for the first seven months of the 1997–98 season. Despite signing the likes of Attilio Lombardo and Tomas Brolin, Crystal Palace struggled. With relegation confirmed, a boardroom takeover by Palace fan Mark Goldberg led to him again becoming Director of Football, with Terry Venables being appointed first team manager.

Crystal Palace (fourth spell; 1999–2000)
Following the resignation of manager Terry Venables in January 1999, Coppell once again returned as the manager of Palace. By that time the club had severe financial problems. High earners like Venables and Lombardo had been removed to try and cut spending, and the club was close to going bankrupt. With relegation seeming a realistic possibility, he guided the club to respectable finishes of 14th and 15th in the league. In the 2000 close season Simon Jordan bought the club and replaced Coppell with Alan Smith, who had taken over from Coppell on his first resignation seven years earlier. Jordan said Coppell had done a "fantastic job", but the club needed to "evolve or die".

All in all, Coppell's exploits in SE25, from promotion to the Cup Final, to third place, even to First Division survival, made him a favourite, and in 2005, he was voted as the manager for Palace's Centenary XI.

Brentford (2001–2002)
Coppell was appointed manager of Brentford in 2001 by his former Palace chairman, Ron Noades. It was Brentford's best ever start to a season, losing only once in their first 10 matches, and that was to Sir Bobby Robson's Newcastle United side at St James' Park. Coppell's side spent most of the season behind Brighton & Hove Albion and Reading in the table. Coppell took them to the Division Two play-off final in 2002 after they had narrowly missed out on automatic promotion, conceding a late equaliser to Coppell's future side Reading in the end-of-season decider. They lost in the play-off final to Stoke City. After this, Coppell resigned, citing the club's lack of finances.

Brighton & Hove Albion (2002–2003)
After a brief stint as assistant manager to Andy King at Swindon Town, Coppell took over as manager at Brighton. He fell asleep during his initial job interview, but after a poor start to the season by a Brighton side managed by Martin Hinshelwood, Coppell was given a second chance and took it. Brighton were struggling in Division One and on a 10 match losing streak.

During Coppell's first match, Brighton fans were accused of racially taunting referee Phil Prosser after he awarded two penalties against them, which helped Neil Warnock's Sheffield United come from 2–1 behind to win. The police, stewards accompanying Mr Prosser and Sheffield United player Peter Ndlovu, who the referee also claimed was abused, all stated that they did not hear any racist abuse. No evidence was found to support Prosser's claim and the FA took no further action.

Coppell did get an emotional return to Palace, being applauded into his dugout, despite taking charge of Palace's arch-rivals in the game. Palace won the match 5–0. Some Brighton fans accused Coppell of deliberately capitulating which he denied.

Although their performances improved, they were relegated on the final day of the season, five points behind Stoke.

In the next season, Brighton pushed hard for promotion, but Coppell received a job offer from Reading, which he accepted, despite the Seagulls topping the Division Two table. Coppell cited the apparent lack of progress on the Falmer stadium project, which was a major factor in his decision to join the club. Without a modern stadium, Coppell felt Brighton had little chance of getting to the Premier League, which was where Coppell wanted to be managing. Reading had recently completed the Madejski Stadium, making them an ideal employer.

Reading (2003–2009)
On 9 October 2003, Coppell was appointed manager of Reading, succeeding West Ham bound Alan Pardew (who had played under Coppell at Palace, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and had scored 'that' goal against Liverpool, in the FA Cup Semi-final). His first season in charge, 2003–04, was somewhat hampered by the season's transfer budget already having been spent by his predecessor. His second season in charge began well, and Reading raced to second place in the Championship but a run of eleven matches without a win between Boxing Day 2004 and the 3–1 home victory over Pardew's West Ham United on 12 March 2005 helped end their hopes of promotion as they finished seventh, narrowly missing out on a playoff place.

Reading dominated the Championship in the 2005–06 season, setting a new league record of 33 league games unbeaten between the opening day defeat by Plymouth Argyle and the loss at Luton Town in February; these were the only league defeats the team would suffer that season. On 25 March 2006 they clinched promotion to the top flight for the first time in their 135-year history thanks to a 1–1 draw away to Leicester City. Coppell's team secured the league title in the following week, with a 5–0 drubbing of Derby County, and they would go on to set a new English league record for the number of points won in a season, with 106. Following such an outstanding season in charge of Reading, Coppell was voted League Managers Association's Manager of the Year for both the Championship and the entire league, and he also topped the Tissot League For Managers' Performance.

On 26 March 2007, Coppell broke with his usual tradition and signed a new two-year contract to keep him as Reading's manager until the end of the 2008–09 season. Coppell is well known for not voicing controversial opinions, but he broke with this habit on 9 April 2007, when he accused Charlton's Talal El Karkouri of cheating and faking a "death roll" to get Leroy Lita sent off after Lita appeared to headbutt him. Lita received a 3 match ban for the incident.

Reading finished their first season in the English top flight in eighth place, just one point short of UEFA Cup qualification. In recognition of this performance, Coppell won the Manager of the Year award for the second season in succession. Speaking earlier in the season, Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson said of Coppell: "I think it's totally deserved. It's a marvellous contribution he's made. And what's encouraging for the Premiership is that it's mostly British-based players in his side, with some Irish players thrown in. I think that says a lot for the way he has gathered his team together".

Reading's second season was not as good as their first season and it ended in relegation back to the Championship. Coppell said he would consider his future as Reading manager. However, at a press conference on 20 May 2008 he cited the fans as an important factor in committing his future to the club for the 2008–09 season. Unusually for a club just relegated, Reading fans were so concerned that Coppell may feel honour-bound to resign that they launched a successful protest to convince Coppell to stay at the club.

Their initial form was promising, with Reading playing the free flowing football that got them promoted in record-breaking fashion in 2005–06. Reading equalled their highest win under Coppell with a 6–0 victory over Sheffield Wednesday. They also beat the then league leaders Wolves 3–0 at Molineux. The latter half of the season was less impressive however, particularly at home where they failed to win a single match after January. Eventually they finished the league in 4th place after failing to secure a win against Birmingham that would have seen them promoted automatically. In Coppell's final game in charge, Reading lost their playoff semi-final against Burnley. He resigned as manager immediately after the game.

Bristol City (2010)
On 22 April 2010 Coppell was named as the new manager of Bristol City, with former caretaker manager Keith Millen staying on as his assistant. He began a 12-month rolling contract with the club on 11 May 2010 but, on 11 August 2010 after only four months in charge, Coppell resigned as Bristol City manager, saying that he would retire from football management altogether citing a lack of passion for the job.

However, on 9 September 2011 he said he was interested in becoming the next manager of Iceland. He had previously coached Icelandic players Brynjar Gunnarsson, Ívar Ingimarsson and Gylfi Sigurðsson.

Crawley Town (2012–2013)
On 10 April 2012, Coppell was announced as the Director of Football at Crawley Town. The appointment was made days after previous manager Steve Evans left to manage Rotherham United, with former assistant manager Craig Brewster placed in temporary charge. Coppell continued in his role when Richie Barker was appointed as the new manager. On 2 December 2013, following the departure of Barker, Coppell left his position as director of football.

Portsmouth (2013–2014)
After the dismissal of Guy Whittingham on 25 November, Portsmouth appointed Richie Barker as the new manager. Coppell joined his former Crawley Town colleague as director of football on 9 December, with the club sitting 17th in the table. On 27 March 2014, following the departure of Barker, Coppell left his position.

Kerala Blasters (2016)
On 21 June 2016, Coppell was announced as the manager of Kerala Blasters FC in 2016 Indian Super League. His team secured a spot in the finals after finishing second in the league matches with 22 points.

Kerala Blasters lost the final in spite of getting the lead as ATK came from behind and then won on penalties by 4–3 in Kerala's home stadium.

On 12 July 2017, it was announced that Coppell would not return to the Kerala Blasters for the 2017–18 season.

Jamshedpur FC (2017–2018)
On 14 July 2017, it was announced that Coppell would become the first head coach of the ISL side Jamshedpur.

ATK (2018–19)
After spending just one season with Jamshedpur, Coppell moved again to another Indian Super League club, ATK, on 18 June 2018.

His new season with ATK started with a 2–0 defeat to his former club Kerala Blasters, coached by David James. ATK finished sixth and failed to reach the playoffs again. In the Indian Super Cup 2019 ATK reached the semi-finals but lost to Chennaiyin FC. Coppell was sacked after the defeat.

As a player
Manchester United
 * FA Cup: 1976–77; runner-up: 1975–76
 * FA Charity Shield: 1977

As a manager
Reading
 * Football League Championship: 2005–06

Crystal Palace
 * Football League Second Division play-offs: 1989
 * Football League First Division play-offs: 1997
 * Full Members' Cup: 1990–91

Individual
 * Premier League Manager of the Month: September 2006, November 2006
 * Football League Championship Manager of the Month: December 2008
 * Inducted into LMA Hall of Fame 1000 Club: 2008
 * Football League Championship Manager of the Year: March 2006
 * LMA Manager of the Year: 2006, 2007
 * Football League Championship Manager of the Month: October 2005, November 2005
 * Football League Second Division Manager of the Month: October 2001

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Steve Coppell


text:
Category:Utah geography stubs

See also Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Utah.

title: Category:Utah geography stubs


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Improv

Improv
final (45/2/1) ending 22:41, 19 February 2005 (UTC)

This is one of those "I thought he was already" nominations. Improv first logged in back in 2002 under the name Pgunn, and has been increasingly active since the beginning of 2004. According to Kate's edit counter he has a total of 2796 edits over the two accounts (the merging of these contribs lists is pending). He does good maintenance work, is active on VfD and policy pages, and is a current member of the mediation committee. I don't often vote here, let alone nominate, but am happy to make an exception for Improv. -- sannse (talk) 22:42, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate please indicate acceptance of the nomination here
 * I accept the nomination. Thanks!

Support
 * 1) sannse (talk) 22:44, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Insert you-know-what here. Neutralitytalk 22:58, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) CryptoDerk 23:01, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) —Charles P. (Mirv) 23:05, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Wolfman 23:09, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Insert Cliché of choice here.  Bart133 (t) 23:16, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support. We need more admins who actually assume good faith. Rhobite 01:46, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) I keep forgetting that he's not one already. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:47, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Of course I support. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 01:50, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)
 * 10) ...and I almost uttered the cliché myself.  Excellent choice for admin. Antandrus 01:52, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Joyous 02:13, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Support. JuntungWu 04:03, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC). Make that strong support. JuntungWu 04:05, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Looks good to me. Carrp | Talk 04:50, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) For shizzle.  →Iñgōlemo←   talk   donate  06:50, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)
 * 15) Absolutely. RadicalSubversiv E 07:45, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) R yan!  |  Talk  13:08, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Mh He has potential to make wikipedia a better place.
 * 18) Support. Rje 14:45, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 19)  AllyUnion (talk) 17:29, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) ADH (t&m) 18:08, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Absolutely.  ---Rednblu | Talk 20:15, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) older ≠ wiser 20:52, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) Support. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:42, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 24) *blink* He's not an admin already? (Okay, so everybody already said that....) --Goobergunch|? 02:28, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 25) 172 03:07, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 26) Seriously, my first reaction was: He's....not? Mackensen (talk) 03:30, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 27) I thought Improv was already an admin. utcursch 03:59, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 28) Good chap, courteous and humorous.  And seemingly tireless. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 04:29, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 29) BLANKFAZE | (что??) 04:31, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 30) Support. Bishonen | Talk 08:14, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 31) Obvious support. He has more experience than majority of currently active admins. jni 09:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No need to make impersonal attacks. r3m0t 00:23, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Conti|✉ 14:29, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. Michael Warren | Talk 15:19, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Mike H 16:10, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Michael Snow 17:40, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) I suppose. ;) - RedWordSmith 18:15, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support, moderate deletionist. —Stormie 19:05, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) He's not? Wait, somebody must be kidding.  Let me check the list...  Whoa!  Seriously, he's not listed.  Support!  SWAdair | Talk  07:18, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) He...isn't...an...admin? Wha? This is an outrage! --Slowking Man 08:39, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) I support. Arunram 10:28, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Andre ( talk ) 13:34, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 11)  Tuf-Kat 00:28, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) One of the few... Phils 19:00, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) violet/riga (t) 22:40, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Squash 01:52, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) I thought already was an admin... really I did...

Oppose
 * 1) It's nothing personal, but his extreme deletionism frightens me a great deal. Everyking 14:19, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2)  Netoholic @ 20:41, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) Deletionism has me worried. The rest is good, though: neutral. Jordi·✆ 07:49, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * In reply to Everyking's vote: Improv's preference to delete articles is not in tune with my views, and we vote frequently in opposite sides in WP:VfD, but I don't think that's a criteria for judging whether he's a good administrator or not. I still support him regardless. JuntungWu 14:26, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ideally, I would not vote according to inclusionism or deletionism—I used to not do that, and actually the one dissenting vote I got during my admin nomination was due to my inclusionism—but I've come to believe it's too important a factor to ignore when considering a nomination. The fact is, people take the opinions of admins more seriously than others, and if you've got a lot of deletionist admins, the project is going to veer towards deletionism in practice. Everyking 14:32, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Just a note -- I'm not sure how reassuring it is, because I can't promise it'll stay this way forever, but I haven't been very active on VfD for awhile. The last time I was active was several months back, I think. I'm not sure why it's been this way, but I've been more keen on focusing on other things in the project, and only when someone points something out to me or similar odd circumstances have I actually been voting recently. Also, when I was active I always considered myself a moderate deletionist, not an extreme one. There have been many articles I voted keep on, including a few which ended up being deleted. I'm not sure why you'd call me an extreme deletionist, unless you'd say that all deletionists are extreme. --Improv 13:52, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You're the only person I know of who thinks the Autobiography article should be outright deleted, which seems pretty extreme to me. Everyking 13:55, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I've been working on fighting vandalism recently, and would like to have the better tools available to admins for that purpose. Once I feel fully comfortable that I would be acting within tradition and guidelines, I also anticipate helping out with requests for article (un)protection and article (un)deletion. I would also note that I'd be willing, should he be interested and it not be deemed improper, to handle all of Anthony's (proper) requests for access to (non-copyvio) deleted content on Wikipedia for incorporation into his wiki. I will try to accomodate other similar requests that don't open us up to liability or are otherwise objectionable to the way we do things.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I started the Indian Wikipedian's messageboard, and am happy to see that it has grown successfully. I've also tried to focus on negotiation with people who others have given up on, sometimes with success, sometimes not. I'm primarily happy about keeping my cool and trying to be fair in a variety of varied situations, from GNAA and Israel-Palestine conflicts to policy discussions.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. In my two years here, I've been involved in a few conflicts. As noted above, I was involved in one of the times GNAA was on VfD, and got prank phone calls and other types of harassment. I kept my cool, and always explained what I thought whenever I was in discussion. I also had a disagreement with Nricardo about the notability of people on Donald Trump's show, The Apprentice, and while it grew kind of heated at times, it later cooled down and we put in some effort to reach out olive branches, working together on some things. I've been trying to work with Chuck F on Wikipedia (sometimes using IRC as a medium) in order to try to reach some agreement on Libertarian-related issues. I do my best to try to understand why other people feel the way they do with regards to their Wikiconduct, and while I can't say that I've never written anyone off as being unlikely to ever contribute positively, it's pretty rare. It makes things less stressful if you know where the other person is coming from, regardless of how that relates to if you can interact productively with them or not.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Improv


text:
Larry Speakes

Larry Melvin Speakes (September 13, 1939 – January 10, 2014) was an American journalist and spokesperson who acted as White House Press Secretary under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1987. He assumed the role after Press Secretary James Brady was shot on March 30, 1981.

Speakes was a native of northwest Mississippi and attended the University of Mississippi. He worked as a journalist in the 1960s until he became press secretary for Democratic Senator James Eastland in 1968. In this position he also worked as the spokesman for the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

In 1974, he became a Staff Assistant for President Richard Nixon and soon became the Press Secretary to the Special Counsel to the President at the height of the Watergate scandal. Upon Nixon's resignation, President Gerald Ford appointed Speakes to be Assistant Press Secretary to the President. Speakes served as Bob Dole's press secretary during his unsuccessful vice-presidential run with Ford. He worked for the international public relations firm of Hill & Knowlton until joining the Reagan administration.

Early life
Speakes was born in Cleveland in northwestern Mississippi, which had the nearest hospital to his parents' middle-class home in Merigold in Bolivar County. His father, Harry Earl Speakes, was a banker. His mother was the former Ethlyn Frances Fincher.

Mississippi newspaperman
Speakes received a Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism from the University of Mississippi in Oxford. He served as editor of the Oxford Eagle in 1961, and thereafter as managing editor of the Bolivar Commercial in Cleveland from 1962 to 1966. From 1966 to 1968, he worked as general manager and editor of Progress Publishers of Leland, Mississippi.

Senate press secretary
Speakes headed to Washington, D.C. in 1968, serving as press secretary to Democratic Senator James Eastland of Mississippi. In this capacity, he worked as spokesman for the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary and a coordinator of the senator's reelection campaign in 1972 against the Republican Gil Carmichael.

Work in the White House
The White House tapped Speakes in 1974 as a Staff Assistant and soon became the Press Secretary to the Special Counsel to the President at the height of the Watergate scandal. Upon Nixon's resignation, President Ford appointed Speakes to be Assistant Press Secretary to the President. Speakes served as Bob Dole's press secretary during his unsuccessful vice-presidential run with Ford.

After briefly serving as President Ford's personal press secretary in 1977, Speakes ventured into the private sector as vice president of the international public relations firm of Hill & Knowlton until 1981. After the 1980 presidential campaign, he worked on the staff of the Reagan-Bush team, helping to "straighten out" the press operation, eventually becoming deputy spokesman for the President-elect during the transition. Before the 1988 presidential election, Speakes had considered working for the campaigns of George H. W. Bush, Jack Kemp, and Alexander Haig; however, Bush's people never got back to him, Speakes decided that Kemp was "too hot" (meaning too quick with an answer) for television, and was advised by another Washington insider, "You can do that [join the Haig team] if you want to, but let me tell you one thing: Al Haig ain't going to be President." Speakes has received criticism over the years for his public missives of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which first became present in the United States during his tenure at the White House.

Presidential spokesman
When James Brady was shot in the assassination attempt on President Reagan on March 30, 1981, he was unable to return to work, though he retained the title of "Press Secretary" for the duration of Reagan's presidency. In Brady's absence, Speakes took over the job of handling the daily press briefings.

On June 17, 1981, Speakes was appointed "Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy Press Secretary."

On August 5, 1983, Speakes was appointed "Assistant to the President and Principal Deputy Press Secretary," and remained in that post until January 1987, when he resigned and Marlin Fitzwater took over the role.

On January 30, 1987, he was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Reagan.

Speakes wrote in his 1988 memoir Speaking Out that he twice invented statements himself and attributed them to President Reagan. These statements included ones after the KAL 007 shootdown in 1983 and during the Geneva Summit of 1985. Speakes thought that Gorbachev's remarks at the summit had been highly quotable while Reagan's were "disappointingly lackluster", so he asked his aides to make up some quotes, polished them himself, then issued them to the press as President Reagan's statements. Speakes' revelations, something of a side note in the book, touched off a minor controversy; reporters were annoyed at having been fooled, and Marlin Fitzwater, Speakes's successor, called it a "damn outrage" and complained that they unfairly called into question the veracity of other presidential statements. Speakes said "I was representing his thought if not his words", but also apologized to Reagan, saying he had "provided fodder for those who would aim the cannons of criticism at the President I served loyally for 6 years." Speakes left a job at Merrill Lynch which he had held for a short time as a result of the controversy.

Speakes's comments on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the 1980s have been criticized. During press briefings over the course of several years, reporter Lester Kinsolving asked Speakes what response, if any, the administration had to the developing crisis. On most of these occasions, Speakes and the White House press corps responded with homophobic jokes, laughter, and disinterest, responses that have been pointed to as symbols of the Reagan administration's slow response to the epidemic.

Personal life and death
Speakes was married to the former Laura Christine Crawford (born 1945), whom he met in high school. The two later divorced and had three children.

Speakes died in Cleveland, Mississippi, on January 10, 2014, at the age of 74, of Alzheimer's disease. His body was interred a few hours after his death at North Cleveland Cemetery.

Books

 * Larry Speakes: Speaking Out (New York: Avon Books, 1989) paperback ISBN 978-0380707263

title: Larry Speakes


text:
Talk:Battle of Qarqar

Untitled
There is some debate over the Israelite number of chariots...usually, alliances are listed with the amount of troops/equipment in descending order. Since the first two kings send 1200 and 700 chariots respectively, Israel should send have sent less than that. -RomeW

12 or 11?
The article states that the coalition had 12 kings, but only 11 are mentioned in the list. DMTsurel 07:48, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

The article states that Kizzuwadne is the phoenician city of Byblos. I remember that Kizzuwatna is the name of the early kingdom of Cilicia. (check Desideri & Jasink's book about Cilicia)

According to Mario Liverani's book (Antico Oriente - Laterza ) the number of arab camel-riders was 1000, not 10000.

THis article is in severe need of updating, old outdated identifications need to be removed (ie Kizzuwadne has no place here), several cities are erroneously named as kings, etc. 218.215.194.35 (talk) 00:29, 26 March 2008 (UTC)Joe Baker

 * There were only 11 on the inscription, the suggestion is that '12 kings' just meant an alliance. I've updated the list to reflect what the inscription says, removing someone's suggestion of who the kings were, the 'riders' of the camels as the inscription says camels (and reducing the number to 1000 from 10000). I wonder where in the world whoever put that stuff in the article got it from. --Doug Weller (talk) 15:57, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

another source for future editing
--Doug Weller (talk) 14:55, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

and [] also [] and [] --Doug Weller (talk) 14:58, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Size of the Assyrian army
What scholars question the Assyrian value of 100,000 and why? Certainly they would not have been fewer than the Aramaic-Israelite side of c.65,000, so if logistics is the issue, why is 100,000 impossible as the Assyrian records themselves claim? Cornelius (talk) 18:23, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

King Ahab?
I've read elsewhere that the text of the inscription doesn't actually identify Ahab as King, just as "Ahab of Israel". If that's so it could make a big difference. Does anyone know if that's true or not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.25.176.92 (talk) 13:38, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
 * It is true (see translation), but it makes no difference. It's implied from the context. There's no scholarly debate over whether this person was a 'king', that's just obvious (and the other names in the list are of kings too). - Lindert (talk) 19:32, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

 * King Ahab of the little Israel sent 2,000 chariots and 10,000 soldiers, more as all other kings to this time? It seems the Israels add a "0" to this stele in modern time. 2,00 chariots and 10,00 soldiers is more realistic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:46:D0C:1EF8:DD56:6D2C:BBD5:D5AC (talk) 18:21, 20 June 2015 (UTC)

 * It can't possibly be Ahab. Ahab is 910 BC by the biblical count, and by the archeological understanding that Jericho was rebuilt early 10th century, and the bible says it was rebuilt in the time of Ahab.

The bible count places Jehoahaz (Ahaz perhaps, for short) in the time of Shal-manse'ser III. Hazel oppressed Jehoahaz all his days. Hazel is Hadezer, Benhadad, his son, erected the melquart stelle. If the battle of Qarqar is against a Benhadad, it must be later, the son.

One of two things. Either this is the battle where Jehoahaz lost his army, he lost it to the king of Syria, or Israel really appears where it says Ikerketans, because they gave the same number of units the bible said Jehoahaz had remaining after his army was destroyed. 2 Kings 13

But it is not Ahab, of that I am certain. There is no count of the biblical numbers that will put Ahab at 953 or later. I can't even imagine how someone came with that number for Ahab's reign. 2600:1004:B082:F7AE:373C:54DA:6685:230B (talk) 07:46, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

I had read there was a commander named Biridri at this battle also?
But I don't see the name on this page?--JaredMithrandir (talk) 17:43, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Qarqar


text: Template:Fukui

title: Template:Fukui


text:
Moorfields railway station

Moorfields railway station is an underground railway station in the city centre of Liverpool, England. The station is situated on both the Northern and Wirral Lines of the Merseyrail network. It is the third-busiest station on the Merseyrail network, and the largest underground station. It is also the only station on the network having services to all other Merseyrail stations.

History
The station was built in the 1970s, as a replacement for Liverpool Exchange railway station, opening on 2 May 1977. The station was opened by British Rail and is accessed via entrances at Moorfields and on the corner of Old Hall Street and Tithebarn Street. The Old Hall Street entrance is open from only 5:30 am until 7 pm on weekdays.

Services from the north had previously terminated at nearby Liverpool Exchange terminus station. The newly created north–south crossrail Northern Line runs through Moorfields. Liverpool Exchange was closed and the line extended underground to the new Moorfields station. The line from the north continued through a new tunnel to Liverpool Central, continuing south to terminate at Garston. The line was later extended to Hunts Cross and opened in 1983. At the same time, another new tunnel was built, carrying the Wirral Line in a loop from James Street via Moorfields, Lime Street, and Liverpool Central before returning to James Street; the Wirral Line platform opened on 30 October 1977.

There are three platforms (two for the Northern Line and one for the Wirral Line) in two levels of tunnel. The Wirral Line platform is at a much deeper level to pass under the Queensway road tunnel. Passengers must, curiously for an underground station, go up an escalator from the Moorfields entrance to reach the ticket office – the station was originally intended to connect with a pedestrian walkway system, designed to separate pedestrians from traffic. Only a small section of the system was constructed in the 1970s and the scheme eventually fell by the wayside. The Old Hall Street entrance had a footbridge connecting it to One, Old Hall Street on the opposite side of the road. This was removed in the year 2000. From the ticket office, another escalator leads down to the main pedestrian tunnel which links the Northern and Wirral Line platforms and the Old Hall Street entrance.

The usage of the station Monday to Friday is much greater than the statistics show, since they credit "Liverpool" passengers to Lime Street station, and do not include day or season ticket holders. The station is however significantly quieter at weekends, since it is primarily used by people working in the business quarter and is less convenient for most of the city centre retail areas.

The ashes of Roy Vivian Hughes, the civil engineer who played a major part in the development of the Merseyrail system, are interred behind in a plaque on the wall of the main corridor.

Recent history
The station underwent an extensive refurbishment in 2015/16 as part of a £40 million investment from Network Rail to allow improvement works to take place at Merseyrail's underground stations, with the refurbishment of Moorfields costing £8 million. The refurbishment was completed in three phases, with each of the three platforms closing in turn for the work to be carried out. Additional funding for replacement of the station's escalators meant that the work was extended from the original April 2016 end date to July 2016.

On 21 March 2016, an extensive track renewal programme was announced for the Wirral Line Loop, requiring the closure of the Loop (and, as a result, the station's Wirral Line platform) between 3 January and 18 June 2017 whilst works take place.

Facilities
The station is staffed, 15 minutes before the first train and 15 minutes after the last train, and has platform CCTV. There is an M to Go shop, toilet and live departure and arrival screens, for passenger information. The station additionally has a 32-space cycle rack and secure indoor storage for 32 cycles. The Old Hall entrance has no disabled-access facilities. The Moorfields entrance has lifts but they have narrow entrances with openings of 800 mm.

Services
Both lines on the Merseyrail network – the Northern Line and the Wirral Line – serve the station.

On the Northern Line, off-peak service level is as follows:
 * 4 trains per hour to Southport
 * 4 trains per hour to Ormskirk
 * 4 trains per hour to Headbolt Lane
 * 12 trains per hour to Liverpool Central, of which
 * 4 trains per hour continue to Hunts Cross via Liverpool South Parkway

During late evenings, frequencies are reduced to 2 trains per hour on the Kirkby and Ormskirk branches; the Southport and Hunts Cross service retains 4 trains per hour until end of service.

Sunday services reflect the evening service, but the service from Southport to Hunts Cross is also reduced to 2 trains per hour on Sundays during the winter season. Services remain at 4 trains per hour on Sunday during the summer season.

On the Wirral Line, off-peak service level is as follows:
 * 4 trains per hour to New Brighton
 * 4 trains per hour to West Kirby
 * 4 trains per hour to Chester
 * 2 trains per hour to Ellesmere Port

There are also extra services between Liverpool Central and Hooton during peak times.

Northern Line services use Platforms 1 and 2 at the station. Trains to Liverpool Central and Hunts Cross use Platform 1; trains to Southport, Ormskirk and Kirkby use Platform 2. All Wirral Line services depart from Platform 3.

title: Moorfields railway station


text:
Talk:B.T. (tabloid)

Language Problems
I couldn't find a lot about this subject, but I hope that some Danish-speaker would find the time to translate some of their history.

What does BT stand for? Especially the T. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.63.157.186 (talk) 01:38, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:B.T. (tabloid)


text:
Gary Wright

Gary Malcolm Wright (April 26, 1943 – September 4, 2023) was an American musician and composer best known for his 1976 hit songs "Dream Weaver" and "Love Is Alive". Wright's breakthrough album, The Dream Weaver (1975), came after he had spent seven years in London as, alternately, a member of the British blues rock band Spooky Tooth and a solo artist on A&M Records. While in England, he played keyboards on former Beatle George Harrison's triple album All Things Must Pass (1970), so beginning a friendship that inspired the Indian religious themes and spirituality inherent in Wright's subsequent songwriting. His work from the late 1980s onwards embraced world music and the new age genre, although none of his post-1976 releases matched the same level of popularity as The Dream Weaver.

A former child actor, Wright performed on Broadway in the hit musical Fanny before studying medicine and then psychology in New York and Berlin. After meeting Chris Blackwell of Island Records in Europe, Wright moved to London, where he helped establish Spooky Tooth as a popular live act. He also served as the band's principal songwriter on their recordings – among them, the well-regarded albums Spooky Two (1969) and You Broke My Heart So I Busted Your Jaw (1973). His solo album Footprint (1971), recorded with contributions from Harrison, coincided with the formation of Wright's short-lived band Wonderwheel, which included guitarist Mick Jones, later known for his work with Foreigner. Also, during the early 1970s, Wright played on notable recordings by B.B. King, Jerry Lee Lewis, Ringo Starr, Harry Nilsson, and Ronnie Spector, while his musical association with Harrison endured until shortly before the latter's death in 2001.

Wright turned to film soundtrack work in the early 1980s, including re-recording his most popular song, "Dream Weaver", for the 1992 comedy Wayne's World. Following Spooky Tooth's reunion tour in 2004, Wright performed live frequently, either as a member of Starr's All-Starr Band, with his own live band, or on subsequent Spooky Tooth reunions. Wright's most recent solo albums, including Waiting to Catch the Light (2008) and Connected (2010), have all been issued on his Larklio record label. In 2014, Jeremy P. Tarcher published Wright's autobiography, Dream Weaver: Music, Meditation, and My Friendship with George Harrison.

Early life
Gary Wright was born and raised in Cresskill, New Jersey. A child actor, he made his TV debut at the age of seven, on the show Captain Video and His Video Rangers, filmed in New York City. He appeared in TV and radio commercials before being offered a part in the 1954 Broadway production of the musical Fanny. Wright played the role of Cesario, the son of Fanny, who was played by future Brady Bunch matriarch Florence Henderson. He spent two years with the production, during which he performed with Henderson on The Ed Sullivan Show.

Having studied piano and organ, Wright led various local rock bands while attending Tenafly High School in Tenafly, New Jersey. In 1959, he made his first commercial recording, with Billy Markle at NBC Radio's New York studios. Credited to Gary & Billy, the single "Working After School" was released on 20th Century Fox Records in 1960.

Seeing music as "too unstable" a career choice, as he later put it, Wright studied to become a doctor at the College of William & Mary in Virginia and New York University before attending Downstate Medical College for a year, all the while continuing to perform with local bands. Having specialized in psychology in New York, he then went to West Germany in 1966 to complete his studies at the Free University of Berlin. Within a year, he decided to not continue his schooling.

1967–1970: With Spooky Tooth
Wright described his initial musical influences as "early R&B" – namely, Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, James Brown, and Bobby Bland – along with rock 'n' roll artists Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis, and the Beatles. While in Europe in 1967, Wright abandoned his plans to become a doctor and instead toured locally with a band he had formed, the New York Times. When the latter supported the English group Traffic – at Oslo in Norway, according to Wright – he met Island Records founder Chris Blackwell. Wright recalled that he and Blackwell had a mutual friend in Jimmy Miller, the New York-born producer of Island acts such as the Spencer Davis Group and Traffic.

Blackwell invited Wright to London, where he joined English singer and pianist Mike Harrison and drummer Mike Kellie in their band Art (formerly the VIPs). The group soon changed its name to Spooky Tooth, with Wright as joint lead vocalist and Hammond organ player. While noting the band's lack of significant commercial success over its career, The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll describes Spooky Tooth as "a bastion of Britain's hard-rock scene".

Spooky Tooth's first album was It's All About, released on Island in June 1968. Produced by Miller, it contained the Wright-composed "Sunshine Help Me" and six songs he co-wrote with either Miller, Harrison or Luther Grosvenor, the band's guitarist. Spooky Two, often considered the band's best work, followed in March 1969, with Miller again producing. Wright composed or co-composed seven of the album's eight songs, including "That Was Only Yesterday" and "Better By You, Better Than Me". Spooky Two sold well in America but, like It's All About, it failed to place on the UK's top 40 albums chart.

The third Spooky Tooth album was Ceremony, a Wright-instigated collaboration with French electronic music pioneer Pierre Henry, released in December 1969. Songwriting for all the tracks was credited to Henry and Wright, after the latter had passed the band's recordings on to Henry for what The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia terms "processed musique concrète overdubs".

Although Wright had traditionally provided an experimental influence within Spooky Tooth, he regretted the change of musical direction, saying in a 1973 interview: "We should have really taken off after Spooky Two but we got into the absurd situation of letting Pierre Henry make the Ceremony album. Then he took it back to France and remixed it." With bass player Greg Ridley having already left the band in 1969 to join Humble Pie, Wright departed in January 1970 to pursue a solo career.

Extraction
After signing with A&M Records, Wright recorded Extraction (1970) in London with musicians including Kellie, guitarist Hugh McCracken, bassist Klaus Voormann and drummer Alan White. Wright co-produced the album with Andy Johns, who had been the recording engineer on Spooky Two and Ceremony. The album included "Get on the Right Road", which was issued as a single, and "The Wrong Time", co-written by Wright and McCracken.

George Harrison's All Things Must Pass
Through Voormann, Wright was invited to play piano on former Beatle George Harrison's 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass. Among what author Nicholas Schaffner later described as "a rock orchestra of almost symphonic proportions, whose credits read like a Who's Who of the music scene", Wright was one of the album's principal keyboard players, together with former Delaney & Bonnie organist Bobby Whitlock. During the sessions, Wright and Harrison established a long-lasting friendship, based on music and their shared interest in Indian religion. In a 2009 interview with vintagerock.com, Wright described Harrison as "my spiritual mentor"; author Robert Rodriguez writes of Wright's "unique" place among musicians with whom Harrison collaborated at this time, in that Wright wasn't an established star, a friend from the years before Harrison achieved fame as a Beatle, or a "studio pro".

Wright played on all of Harrison's subsequent solo albums during the 1970s, as well as on other releases that the ex-Beatle produced for Apple Records. These included two hit singles by Harrison's former bandmate Ringo Starr over 1971–72, "It Don't Come Easy" and "Back Off Boogaloo", and a 1971 comeback single by ex-Ronette Ronnie Spector, "Try Some, Buy Some".

Footprint
To promote Extraction, Wright formed the band Wonderwheel in April 1971, with a lineup comprising guitarist Jerry Donahue – soon replaced by Mick Jones – Archie Legget (bass) and Bryson Graham (drums). Donahue was among the many musicians on Wright's second album, Footprint (1971), along with George Harrison and All Things Must Pass contributors such as Voormann, White, Jim Gordon, Bobby Keys and John Barham. Produced by Wright, the album included "Stand for Our Rights", a call for social unity, song which was originally written for Johnny Hallyday under the name “Flagrant Délit” and was partly inspired by the Vietnam War, "Two Faced Man" and "Love to Survive". In November 1971, Wright and Wonderwheel performed "Two Faced Man" on The Dick Cavett Show in New York, with Harrison accompanying on slide guitar. Wright expressed gratitude for Harrison's support during this stage of his career, citing the ex-Beatle's uncredited production on Footprint and his arranging the Dick Cavett Show appearance. Despite this exposure, like Extraction, the album failed to chart.

Among other recordings over this period, Wright played piano on Harry Nilsson's 1972 hit "Without You" and accompanied B.B. King, Starr, Gordon, Voormann and others on B.B. King in London (1971), which included Wright's composition "Wet Hayshark". He later participated in London sessions by Jerry Lee Lewis, issued as the double album The Session (1973). Wright also produced an eponymous album by folk rock band Howl the Good, released on the Rare Earth label.

Ring of Changes
In 1972, Wright moved to Devon with Wonderwheel to work on songs for a new album, titled Ring of Changes. With Tom Duffey having replaced Leggett on bass, the band recorded the songs at Olympic and Apple studios in London. After issuing "I Know" as an advance single, A&M chose to cancel the album. Wright also wrote the soundtrack for a film by former Olympic skier Willy Bogner, Benjamin (1972), from which the German label Ariola Records released "Goodbye Sunday" as a single that year. The full soundtrack album, recorded with Jones, Leggett and Graham, was issued by Ariola in 1974.

In September 1972, Wright decided to disband Wonderwheel and re-form Spooky Tooth. Shortly before doing so, he participated in sessions for Harrison's Living in the Material World (1973), an album that Wright describes as "a beautiful masterpiece" and his favorite Harrison album. Talking to Chris Salewicz of Let It Rock in early 1973, Wright explained his decision to abandon his solo career: "I think my main talent is getting the music together and arranging it. I'm not a showman and so I couldn't be a Cat Stevens out front with just backing musicians, which I was expected to be with Wonderwheel." In his autobiography, however, Wright says that it was his disappointment at A&M's rejection of Ring of Changes that led him to contact Blackwell about re-forming Spooky Tooth.

1972–1974: Re-forms Spooky Tooth
The only members from the original lineup, Wright and Mike Harrison relaunched Spooky Tooth with Jones and Graham from Wonderwheel, and Chris Stewart, formerly the bassist with English singer Terry Reid. Salewicz visited the band while they were recording at Island Studios and remarked of Wright's role in the group, "it is clear who is the leader of this brand of Spooky Tooth, and, I suspect, of the original, too"; Salewicz described Wright as "urbane, loquacious with the remnants of a New Jersey accent, and a touch of Dudley Moore about the face".

On their new album, You Broke My Heart So I Busted Your Jaw (1973), Wright composed six of the eight tracks, including "Cotton Growing Man", "Wildfire" and "Self Seeking Man", and co-wrote the remaining two. With the group's standing having been elevated since 1970 – a situation that music journalist Steven Rosen likened at the time to the Yardbirds, the Move and other 1960s bands after their break-up – Spooky Tooth toured extensively to promote the album. Rolling Stone reviewer Jon Tiven praised Wright's songwriting on You Broke My Heart, adding: "there is tremendous consistency to these originals ... and 'Wildfire' is ample proof that Gary could have written for the Temptations if he really wanted to."

The band released a follow-up, Witness, in November 1973, by which point Graham had departed, with Mike Kellie returning on drums. By February 1974, Stewart and Harrison had also left. In January that year, Wright accompanied George Harrison to India, where they journeyed to Varanasi (Benares), the Hindu spiritual capital of India, and home to Harrison's friend Ravi Shankar. The visit would influence the spiritual quality of Wright's lyrics when he returned to his solo career.

In England, he and Harrison worked together on The Place I Love (1974), the debut album by English duo Splinter. In addition to playing keyboards, Wright served as what author Simon Leng terms "a sounding board and musical amanuensis" on the project, which was the first album released on Harrison's Dark Horse record label. Wright regrouped with Spooky Tooth for a final album, The Mirror (1974), with Mike Patto as their new vocalist. Following further personnel changes, The Mirror was issued by Goodear Records in the UK in October 1974, a month after Wright had disbanded the group.

The Dream Weaver
After Spooky Tooth's break-up, Wright returned to New Jersey and began compiling songs for his third solo album. Under the guidance of new manager Dee Anthony, he chose to sign with Warner Bros. Records, mainly because the company had no keyboard virtuosos among its other acts. Wright says that it was while routining his songs with all his stage equipment set up – Hammond organ, Hohner Clavinet, Fender Rhodes electric piano, Minimoog and ARP String Ensemble – together with a drum machine, that he decided to record the album "all on keyboards", without guitars. He acknowledges that artists such as Stevie Wonder had similarly released keyboard-dominated music, but "[Wonder] used brass and he used other things as well". On Wright's debut album for Warner Bros., The Dream Weaver (1975), he, David Foster and Bobby Lyle played a variety of keyboard instruments, supported only by drummers Jim Keltner and Andy Newmark, apart from a guitar part on the track "Power of Love" by Ronnie Montrose. Jason Ankeny of AllMusic describes The Dream Weaver as "one of the first [rock albums] created solely via synthesizer technology".

The album was issued in July 1975 and enjoyed minimal success in America until the release of its second single, "Dream Weaver", in November. The song, which Wright had written on acoustic guitar after his visit to India with Harrison, went on to peak at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the Cash Box singles chart. Becoming Wright's biggest hit, "Dream Weaver" sold over 1 million copies in the US and was awarded a Gold disc by the RIAA in March 1976. The album climbed to number 7 on the Billboard 200 and was certified double Platinum. "Love Is Alive", originally the album's lead single, then hit number 2 on the Hot 100, and "Made to Love You" peaked at number 79. Although neither The Dream Weaver nor its singles charted in the UK, the album was a big seller in West Germany, where, Wright says, Spooky Tooth had been "the number one band" during 1969.

Following the album's release, Wright toured extensively with a band comprising three keyboard players and a drummer. His elder sister Lorna, also a professional singer, joined the tour band as his backing vocalist. Subsidized by synthesizer manufacturers Moog and Oberheim, Wright became one of the first musicians to perform with a portable keyboard, in the style of Edgar Winter. Shawn Perry of vintagerock.com credits Wright with being "as responsible for the emergence of the synthesizer as a mainstream instrument as Keith Emerson and ... Rick Wakeman", while Robert Rodriguez describes Wright as a pioneer in both "the integration of synthesizers into analog recordings" and the use of the keyboard–guitar hybrid known as the keytar.

Among his live performances in 1976, Wright shared the bill with Yes and Peter Frampton at the US Bicentennial concert held at JFK Stadium, Philadelphia, playing to a crowd estimated at 120,000. Wright then supported Frampton on a European tour, by which time a fourth keyboard player had been added to the band. Amid this success, A&M issued That Was Only Yesterday (1976) – a compilation containing tracks from Wright's albums for the label and selections by Spooky Tooth – which charted at number 172 in America.

The Light of Smiles
Wright started recording his follow-up to The Dream Weaver in summer 1976, before which Chris Charlesworth of Melody Maker reported that it would be "a logical development" of its predecessor and "again based entirely around what he can do with various types of keyboards". Titled The Light of Smiles (1977), the album included "I Am the Sky", for which Wright gave a songwriting credit to the late Indian guru and Kriya Yoga teacher, Paramahansa Yogananda. The latter's poem "The Light of Smiles", taken from his book Metaphysical Meditations, appeared on the inner sleeve to Wright's new album. Wright had acknowledged the guru as his inspiration for the title of The Dream Weaver, and he later said of Yogananda's Autobiography of a Yogi: "It's a fantastic book and you won't want to put it down when you start reading it. Even, not from a spiritual point of view, but as a piece of literature, it's a total classic ..."

Produced again by Wright, The Light of Smiles featured Wright, Foster, Peter Relich and others on a range of keyboard instruments, including Moog, Oberheim and ARP synthesizers, and drumming contributions from Art Wood and Keltner. Issued by Warner Bros. in January 1977, neither the album nor its lead single, "Phantom Writer", matched the popularity of Wright's earlier releases for the label. On the US Billboard charts, The Light of Smiles climbed to number 23, while "Phantom Writer" peaked at number 43.

Touch and Gone, Headin' Home and The Right Place
Wright continued to record albums for Warner Bros. until 1981, with only limited commercial success. Released in late 1977, Touch and Gone charted at number 117 in America, with its title track reaching number 73. Headin' Home, which AllMusic's Joe Viglione describes as "an album seemingly driven by a serious relationship in crisis", peaked at number 147 in 1979. In between these two albums, Wright played on "If You Believe", a song he had co-written with Harrison in England on New Year's Day 1978, which appeared on Harrison's eponymous 1979 album.

Wright's last chart success in America was in 1981, when his album The Right Place, co-produced with Dean Parks, climbed to number 79. The single "Really Wanna Know You", which Wright co-wrote with Scottish singer Ali Thomson, peaked at number 16 that year. A second single from the album, "Heartbeat", appeared on Billboard's Bubbling Under listings, at number 107.

1982–2000: Film soundtracks and world music
Wright's subsequent releases focused on film soundtracks and forays into world music. After writing the score for Alan Rudolph's 1982 thriller Endangered Species, he supplied the soundtrack to another skiing-themed movie by Willy Bogner, Fire and Ice (1986), which hit number 1 on the German albums chart. Wright also contributed the song "Hold on to Your Vision" to the soundtrack of Cobra, a 1986 action movie starring Sylvester Stallone as well as a pop rock song "Am I the One" for the 1987 surf movie, North Shore.

Among notable cover versions of Wright's songs during this period, Chaka Khan recorded "Love Is Alive" (retitled "My Love Is Alive") for her 1984 album I Feel for You, which became an RIAA-certified million-seller. A cover of his Spooky Tooth composition "Better By You, Better Than Me", by English heavy metal band Judas Priest, was at the center of a 1990 court case regarding subliminal messages in song lyrics, after two Nevadan teenagers had enacted a suicide pact five years before. From 1989 through to the late 1990s, samples of Wright's "Dream Weaver", "Love Is Alive" and "Can't Find the Judge" variously featured in songs by popular rap and hip-hop artists Tone Lōc, Dream Warriors, 3rd Bass and Mýa.

Wright himself re-recorded "Dream Weaver" for the 1992 comedy Wayne's World, the soundtrack album for which topped the US charts. The song has since appeared in the films The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996) and Toy Story 3 (2010). He later provided "We Can Fly" for another Bogner film, Ski to the Max, released in IMAX cinemas in October 2000.

Who I Am, First Signs of Life and Human Love
In 1988, Wright released Who I Am on A&M-distributed Cypress Records. Among the album's contributors were Western musicians such as Harrison, White and Keltner, a group of South Indian percussionists, and Indian classical violinists L. Subramaniam and L. Shankar. The previous year, Wright had contributed to Harrison's album Cloud Nine (1987), for which he co-wrote "That's What It Takes" with Harrison and Jeff Lynne, and played keyboards on songs such as "When We Was Fab". One of the tracks from Who I Am, "Blind Alley", was used in the 1988 horror film Spellbinder.

Wright's next solo album was First Signs of Life (1995), recorded in Rio de Janeiro and at his own High Wave Studios in Los Angeles, and issued on the Triloka/Worldly record label. The album combined Brazilian rhythms with elements of African vocal tradition, creating what AllMusic's reviewer describes as "an infectious worldbeat hybrid", where "the musicians' performances radiate sincerity and joy". First Signs of Life featured guest appearances from drummer Terry Bozzio, Brazilian guitarist Ricardo Silveira and Harrison. The song "Don't Try to Own Me", co-written with Duane Hitchings, was later included on Rhino Records' Best of Gary Wright: The Dream Weaver – a 1998 compilation spanning his solo career from 1970 onwards, and featuring extensive liner notes by Wright.

Human Love (1999) included new versions of "Wildfire" and "The Wrong Time", as well as "If You Believe in Heaven", a song written with Graham Gouldman that had first appeared on Best of Gary Wright. The album was co-produced by German world-music producer Marlon Klein and released on the High Wave Music label. Contributors to the sessions, held at High Wave and at Exil Musik in Bielefeld, included Hindustani classical vocalist Lakshmi Shankar, Lynne and German composer Roman Bunka.

Later career
Having dedicated much of his time during the 1990s to his family, Wright subsequently resumed a more active musical career, starting with Spooky Tooth's 2004 reunion. Their album and DVD Nomad Poets Live in Germany (2007) features Wright, Mike Harrison and Kellie from the band's original lineup. Wright's past work has continued to inspire rap and dance tracks in the 21st century; samples of "Heartbeat" appear in songs by Jay-Z and Diam's, while Topmodelz covered the song in 2007. Other artists who have used samples from Wright's 1975–81 recordings include Dilated Peoples, Atmosphere, Infamous Mobb, T.I. and Armand Van Helden, the last of whom incorporated part of "Comin' Apart" (from The Right Place) in his 2004 club hit "My My My". In addition, Eminem used "interpolations" from Spooky Tooth's "Self Seeking Man" in his song "Spend Some Time" (released on Encore in 2004).

In the summer of 2008, Wright joined Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band for a North American tour, with Edgar Winter also in the lineup. The All-Starr Band's album and DVD Live at the Greek Theatre 2008 (2010) includes Wright's performance of "Dream Weaver". Wright later described the tour as "a lot of fun" and "a big boost" for his career.

Waiting to Catch the Light and Connected
Two solo releases by Wright followed in late 2008, including the new-age album Waiting to Catch the Light. A collection of instrumental pieces from "several years" before, he described it as "an atmospheric, ambient music kind of an album", performed on "vintage analog synthesizers ... all [recorded] on analog tape". Also issued on Larkio, Wright's own record label, the EP The Light of a Million Suns consisted of unreleased tracks from his previous album projects, together with a new version of "Love Is Alive", sung by his son Dorian.

In May 2009, Wright rejoined Spooky Tooth to participate in a series of London concerts celebrating the 50th anniversary of Island Records' founding, before performing further shows with the band in Germany. In June the following year, he released the album Connected, which marked a return to his more pop- and rock-oriented sound of the 1970s. Starr, Joe Walsh and Jeff "Skunk" Baxter made guest appearances on the track "Satisfied", which Wright co-wrote with songwriter Bobby Hart. As a posthumous tribute to his friend George Harrison, the Deluxe Digital Edition of Connected included "Never Give Up", which he and Harrison had recorded in 1989, while the iTunes version added "To Discover Yourself", a song that the two musicians had written together in 1971. Wright recorded the latter song on the day of Harrison's death in November 2001. He also contributed to Martin Scorsese's 2011 documentary George Harrison: Living in the Material World and supplied personal reminiscences and family photographs for Olivia Harrison's book of the same title.

In 2010 and 2011, Wright toured again with Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. Following a summer 2011 tour of Europe with Starr, Wright participated in the Hippiefest US tour with artists such as Felix Cavaliere, Mark Farner, Dave Mason and Rick Derringer, before returning to Europe for shows with his own band late that year.

Personal life
Wright resided in Palos Verdes Estates, California, with wife Rose, whom he married in 1985. He was previously married to Christina, who, as Tina Wright, received co-writing credits on Wright's songs "I'm Alive" (from The Mirror), "Feel for Me" (The Dream Weaver) and "I'm the One Who'll Be by Your Side" (Headin' Home). He had two adult sons, Dorian and Justin. Justin is a member of the band Intangible. Wright had a sister, Lorna Dune, who recorded the song Midnight Joey. The song was an answer song to Joey Powers's Midnight Mary in 1962.

Wright spoke out on the importance of creative opportunities for children in the public educational system, and expressed his opposition to the prevalence of free music downloading and its disadvantage to artists. In 2008, he voiced his support for Barack Obama's presidential campaign, during which "Dream Weaver" was a song adopted for the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. That year, Wright discussed the message behind "Dream Weaver" with Huffington Post writer and political activist Howie Klein, saying: "With Wayne's World and all that, the perception of the song's meaning got a little bit changed for a lot of people. It's a very spiritual song. 'Dream Weaver' is really a song whose lyrical content is about the consciousness of the Universe: God moving us through the night – delusion and suffering – into the Higher Realms."

In August 2014, Wright announced the imminent publication of his autobiography, Dream Weaver: Music, Meditation, and My Friendship with George Harrison. Coinciding with the book's release, Wright's Warner Bros. albums were reissued for digital download.

Death
Wright died at home in Palos Verdes Estates on September 4, 2023, at age 80. He had been diagnosed with Lewy body dementia and Parkinson's disease around six or seven years earlier.

Albums

 * Extraction (1970)
 * Footprint (1971)
 * The Dream Weaver (1975) US #7 - US: 2× Platinum CAN #3
 * The Light of Smiles (1977) US #23 CAN #68
 * Touch and Gone (1977) US #117
 * Headin' Home (1979) US #147
 * The Right Place (1981) US #79
 * Who I Am (1988)
 * First Signs of Life (1995)
 * Human Love (1999)
 * Waiting to Catch the Light (2008)
 * Connected (2010)

Collaborations

 * Ring of Changes (1972) with Wonderwheel
 * That Was Only Yesterday (1973) with Spooky Tooth
 * Down This Road (2004) with Leah Weiss

Soundtracks

 * Benjamin – The Original Soundtrack of Willy Bogner's Motion Picture (1974)
 * Endangered Species (1982)
 * Fire and Ice (1986)

Compilations

 * The Best of Gary Wright: The Dream Weaver (1998)
 * The Essentials (2003)
 * ''Greatest Hits" (2017)

Extended play

 * The Motion of Hidden Fire (2005)
 * The Light of a Million Suns (2008)

title: Gary Wright


text:
Leslie Cochran

Albert Leslie Cochran (June 24, 1951 – March 8, 2012) was an American homeless man, peace activist, cross-dresser, urban outdoorsman, and outspoken critic of police treatment of the homeless. Cochran was known in Austin as Leslie.

Cochran was considered the man who personified "Keep Austin Weird".

Early life
Cochran was born on June 24, 1951, and raised in the Redland district of Homestead, Florida. He was the third of six children (three boys and three girls) born to Albert and Enid (née Atwater) Cochran, both now deceased, and had an identical twin brother who died at birth. He also has a cousin named Gabriel Lujan who lives in Round Rock, Texas. He had a rocky childhood, with his father verbally and sexually abusing him. He attended Florida State University in Tallahassee on an academic scholarship, but never graduated. He lived in the Pacific Northwest and at one time worked as a truck driver frequently traveling up and down the West Coast. Cochran told the Austin American-Statesman that he was briefly married from 1985 to 1986. In his 30s, he suffered a month long coma after a head injury, in which he lost his stutter. He spent nine months in the Naval Reserve in 1974–75, worked for Safeway grocery stores in Seattle, skinned road-kill in Colorado and tanned the hides, worked as a disc jockey near Steamboat Springs, Colorado, lived in a converted bookmobile in Shreveport, Louisiana, Tampa, Florida, and Atlanta, and then took a year to ride a tricycle to Austin in January 1996.

As an Austin fixture
Cochran was typically seen around 6th Street and Congress during business hours, frequently wearing women's clothing. His most popular attire was a leopard thong and high-heeled shoes. Cochran always identified as a man.

Cochran ran for Mayor of Austin three times, most recently in 2003. He earned a second-place finish in 2000, garnering 7.75% of the vote. He said his life on the streets advocating for police accountability was a good background for the job. He appeared with his boa and tiara at mayoral debates, but spoke about real issues. Cochran showed up for a mayoral campaign interview in 2003 wearing a women's business suit. "He looked like a stewardess from the golden age of air travel," said the Austin Chronicle editor. Cochran talked about problems ahead for a city that was creative and fun, but growing so fast that it could become big and bland. "He was talking about issues we are still talking about today, nearly a decade later, as Austin has grappled with change. He had actually thought about real issues that were facing the city, and not all of his ideas were particularly out there. He certainly wasn't the craziest person I ever dealt with running for office, by a long shot." If elected, Cochran promised to plant more trees and wear more conservative dresses to "respect the office."

Cochran was featured prominently in the 2010 book Weird City: Sense of Place and Creative Resistance in Austin, Texas. In the book, the author interviewed Cochran at Bouldin Creek Coffeehouse where they discussed such topics as Austin's rapid growth, commercialization, and the "Keep Austin Weird" campaign. He appeared on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, wearing a thong. He did occasional odd jobs for local businesses and appeared in an ad for Pinky's Pagers that aired locally during the 2001 Super Bowl. He also worked as a model, and a local business lent him a three-wheeler bicycle with advertising to pedal around town.

Merchandising
Cochran was featured in a set of collectible Leslie dress-up refrigerator magnets, with outfits like a leopard-print dress, cheerleader uniform and a miniskirt. The magnets were sold in local bookstores beginning in 2006, and Cochran received 20 percent of sales. In 2007, Cochran bought a large storage shed with his magnet earnings. He cut a deal with a woman in South Austin to put the shed in her yard, furnished the shed and moved into it.

In 2009, Costa Systems created the "iLeslie" iPhone application, sold by the Apple iTunes App Store. The application contains an assortment of sound bites by Cochran and two interviews where he recounted select experiences in Austin. Half of all profits went to Cochran.

Death
Around 1:00 a.m. on the Saturday morning of October 3, 2009, Cochran was found unconscious outdoors and was transported to University Medical Center Brackenridge in critical condition. Within two weeks he had regained consciousness and was transferred to a rehabilitation center. When he was released, on October 23, 2009, Cochran reported that he had been attacked after commenting to a group of people about the dangers of drug abuse.

On February 27, 2012, St. David's South Austin Hospital confirmed Cochran was in their hospital in critical condition. The circumstances of his illness/injury were not known. Cochran had been in declining health since suffering his head injury in October 2009. On March 4, 2012, he regained consciousness after undergoing brain surgery two weeks prior. However, that was not considered a sign of improvement in his overall condition. Cochran was then moved to a local hospice, where he died on March 8, 2012, aged 60.

Cochran's death produced an outpouring of strong emotion and condolences. The Austin City Council observed a moment of silence in his honor. Austin Mayor Lee Leffingwell proclaimed March 8, 2012, and every March 8 forward Leslie Day in Austin. The official proclamation called him "an icon in the Keep Austin Weird scene" who provided "an indelible image" in the memories of many Austin visitors and tourists over the years. "He was an icon for the homeless in Austin, he represented them in so many ways. We will observe a moment of silence in his honor," said Leffingwell. "He represents just so much that is good about Austin. We're going to miss it and that little part of Austin is now gone forever," said Austin City Council member Mike Martinez. A "Love For Leslie" parade and public service march was held on March 8 from City Hall to 6th Street. Public visitation took place on March 9 at Cook-Walden Funeral Home, followed by a private funeral mass and burial. A public memorial service in his honor was held on March 11 at Auditorium Shores, attended by hundreds. Several editorials have since eulogized Cochran's death, painting a legacy that reflects upon his homeless advocacy as well as Austin's known tendencies toward eccentricity and tolerance.

In 2012, supporters and friends of Leslie led by actor Brently Heilbron organized Leslie Fest to pay tribute to the Austin icon and raise money for Hospice Austin.

title: Leslie Cochran


text:
Talk:Foreign exchange reserves

Does not explain purpose
This article is impossible to understand. What is the purpose of foreign-exchange reserves? What's the point? Nowhere is this expressed, even in a section entitled "purpose" (which devolves within the very first paragraph into a discussion of the impossibility of... honestly I have no clue what). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 181.177.166.253 (talk) 17:59, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

Inclusion of European central bank and Euro system reserves
ZBIGNIEW MAZURAK: What I want to know if the Germans have their own FC reserves or they have ceded their FC reserves to the ECB (as they are required to do so).

Sdnegel dont include euro system in the list..european central bank data is ok but still..the problem is you dont know the the difference between foreign currency reserves and foreign exchange reserves...foreign exchange reserves include foreign currency reserves,SDR's and gold reserves also..and other currency assests must not be included...in that case Eurosystem foreign exchange reserves stands out as $451 billion...European central bank foreign exchange reserves stands out as $57 billion. European Central bank reserves cannot be included in the list since it is just $57 billion.

The Eurosystem comprises the ECB and the NCBs of those countries that have adopted the euro. The Eurosystem and the ESCB will co-exist as long as there are EU Member States outside the euro area. so the Eurosystem reserves cannot be included in the reserves.praddy06

 * Actually if you look at the link I included you would see that foreign currency reserves amount to €145bn. If I had included the gold then it would amount to $451 as you said. As to why the Eurosystem should be considered as a single monetary authority...

''The Eurosystem, which comprises the European Central Bank and the national central banks of the Member States whose currency is the euro, is the monetary authority of the euro area. We in the Eurosystem have as our primary objective the maintenance of price stability for the common good. Acting also as a leading financial authority, we aim to safeguard financial stability and promote European financial integration. [...]''. This is official information you can easily find in the webpage of any of the Eurosystem banks. Anyway, there's no need to look for information, it just doesn't make any sense to have a single currency without a centralized authority Sdnegel 21:17 UTC, 29th march 2007

 * so then you can include include eurosystem reserves as $451 billion and not as $194 billion as you have quoted..still germany reseves of $113billion is already in the list and it operates under euro...the only way is to number the list and there must be no denomination for eurosystem reserves.praddy06

 * Ups, you are correct ;) I didn't realize the table was including all the assets, not only foreign currency reserves. About Germany, it has large reserves but they are part of the Eurosystem, so it would be more correct to place the information in the table without ranking it, but again, there is a single Eurozone authority and it's not the Bundesbank, so it only has reserves on paper, in reality it can't do anything with them Sdnegel 13:00 UTC, 30th march 2007

 * Please stop modifying the rankings. I'll repeat it again. The Eurosystem owns and manages the reserves of the eurozone members.

Germany and Eurozone
INSERTION BY ZBIGNIEW MAZURAK: So please answer these two questions:

1) Does Germany have its own independent separate FC reserves? 2) Does the Eurozone figure include the German reserve?

If the answer to the first question is no and the answer to the second question is yes then Germany shouldn't be mentioned.

Read this please: [Statute of the ESCB and the ECB]. Just substitute ESCB for Eurosystem. The reason for the different names is that in principle all the EU member states should have joined the Euro, but some didn't, so the ESCB (which is composed of all the EU national banks independently on whether they've joined the euro or not) cannot be used to control the Eurozone, instead another institution, the Eurosystem, which is exactly equal to the ESCB but excluding those national banks which have not joined the Euro, has taken the authority. Read article 3. Sdnegel 20:40 UTC, 8th April 2007

This is taken from the ECB webpage: Basic tasks (of the ESCB) According to the Treaty establishing the European Community (Article 105.2), the basic tasks are * the definition and implementation of monetary policy for the euro area; * the conduct of foreign exchange operations; * '''the holding and management of the official foreign reserves of the euro area countries (portfolio management).''' * the promotion of the smooth operation of payment systems. [ECB] Sdnegel 20:48 UTC, 8th April 2007

Just in case it still was not clear ;) just found this article from today at The Economist. Who's in sixth place? Germany? nooo :P April 10 2007, 15:44 UTC Sdnegel
 * I wouldn't call Economist as reliable source. It's very hardly reliable. PS. Are you ready to use their slightly below of $200bln data as well? Will you also include stabfund of Russia? Elk Salmon 09:56, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay. I gave the original treaty article, an official ECB webpage, and The Economist article. If you don't trust the latter, you still have two other sources you can trust. And notice that figures shown in that article are just those of foreign currency reserves without including gold reserves, of which the Eurozone has a lot. And I would add again that there shouldn't be any need to give 3 different sources: if you have a single currency, you must have a single monetary authority, otherwise the system couldn't work. Sdnegel 15:28 12 April 2007 UTC

Euro area
I just added the Euroarea's reserves in the global system. As stated by other editors there is no point in ranking Germany or France and not the Eurosystem as given that they are in a single monetary union with pooled resources the reserves are also common to the single monetary system. I changed the name of "20 largest countries" to largest systems too, naming is the least relevant issue.

Who keeps editing the article to take out the eurosystem? Could he/she please state his or her reasons to do so? Is it the naming problem?

Allocated vs. Non-Allocated Reserves
This is the categorisation employed by the IMF in its calculations of overall Foreign reserve positions. It would be helpful if we could offer a definition of what that meant here. Eusebeus 11:22, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Increase/Decrease of Reserves
How do these government currency reserves increase/decrease?--Jerryseinfeld 22:48, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Their reserve/official/national banks increase or decrease their official holdings.
 * Ooooh really, and how to they do that?. Burn the currency? Smoke it? No they sell their own currency more expensively when people come to buy it for foreign currency. That way the foreign currency holdings simmer down. Get it? Moron.

I figured out the answer myself and posted it here, but some bone head moron removed it, see link here. I'm obviously the only one that understand this issue. The primary reason for large reserves in East asian countries today is not to support their currency if foreignerns suddenly wants to sell yuan or tawianese dollars because of a sudden loss of confidence in assets denominated in chinese yuan or taiwanese dollars. Reserves build up as a side effect of the policy to support exports through a devalued and artificially low exchange rate. The side effect is only more expensive imports. What a bunch of moronic losers that write on this site, I hope they close this embarrasing retardation station soon.

Data suspicious
User:Elk Salmon,

Where is the data for July coming from ? In the normal course of events, July data will only be available in August. Except for China and Singapore. When it would only be available in September. Could you provide a link for verification ?

218.208.243.148 04:40, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * as of 1 July. Data is available on the sites of official central banks. Elk Salmon 07:29, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Not that I don't appreciate your work, but can you link the data with where you found the number for these countries? I can't read Chinese and Russian at the central banks' page.

First of all please sign. 2nd - both pages are available in English. Russia as of 7th yuly -, ROC as of 30 june-2 july -. Elk Salmon 16:38, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It says at the "end of June" released sometime on July. July 1 = end of June. So whatever number is for the month of June. Russia you says released its data weekly not monthly, so you take care of that. I want to know how ROK release its FX data: is it monthly too? Countries such as PRC release its data quarterly (every 3 months). Heilme 01:22, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Here (in PDF file) I found data from Bank of Korea for ROK's info. Like ROC, ROK also released its data monthly - "end of June". So, the FX data should read June not July 1. Heilme 01:30, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Data for Japan here. Also "end of June". Monthyl report. Heilme 02:09, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 30 june = 30 june to 2 july. Elk Salmon 07:42, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * what is 30 June = 30 June to 2 July? makes no common sense. 134.84.164.193 22:32, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * makes all sense. take a look at calendar. Elk Salmon 23:44, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * What's with the calendar? 30 June is Friday and so? The data reports for the end of the month of June, and so the number is for June. That's the standard way to report. For example, if you want to report the GDP of Brazil at the end of 2005, you would say Brazil's GDP in 2005 is $xxx, not Brazil's GDP in 1 January 2006. That's silly. Heilme 08:37, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I repeat, data (except for russia) is for the end of every month. It's not conventional to report it on the first day of the following month (i.e. "1 July" for "the end of June"). Heilme 08:47, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

East Asia Summit and Asian Currency Unit
There is a comment regarding "regular" consultation at the East Asia Summit in view of establishing an Asian Currency Unit. I have not deleted this but there is no source. I do question it. There has only been two meetings of the EAS one in 2005 and in 2007, at neither of these was the ACU discussed. The ACU is a concept being developed by the Asian Development Bank and is based on the ASEAN Plus Three members not the EAS members (so no India). The current version of the table also includes Germany (who has nothing to do with EAS), Hong Kong SAR (not part of EAS although China is), Taiwan (not part of the EAS) and Russa (not part but an observer in 2005). If the statement cannot be jsutified it should be removed but as it has been in the article so long I have questioned it. --202.4.78.29 03:12, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

That statement remains unsupported and seems to be incorrect. I have deleted it. If it can be shown to be correct it should be returned. --202.4.78.29 07:50, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

POV words
You say manipulation, I say stabilisation...potehto or potahto ?

"But often, the size of reserves is passively caused by the currency policy of the central bank."

Really ? Or because Republican policy really pushed up the price of oil ? So the oil exporting nations like Russia are rapidly accumulating reserves ?

Also, its pointless for the US Treasury to blame every holder of Notes for their need to borrow 3 billion per working day. Isn't it the responsibility of the US govt to stabilise/manipulate their own currency ? Perhaps USA should also accumulate reserves, to prevent its currency from rising. Or is it out of control already ?

218.111.153.93 12:03, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well according to the map the US already does hold reserves, presumably largely in euros and yen? Also, this is perhaps a stupid question, but are FC reserves held in cash or just on paper?--Dub8lad1 00:36, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * What Would point for the US Reserve to hold dollars when it can print the money itself?98.165.6.225 (talk) 06:31, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Stabfund of Russia
Well, may be it's not owned by monetary authority. It's owned by Ministry of Finances. But it is reserves and quite big reserves ($113bln as of begin of may). Why not to add as well? May be as a separate entry with no ranking...? Praddy? Elk Salmon 11:18, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

---

The Stabfund is included in the reserves. BTW, Norway's Petroleum Fund is around $300bln should it be included?

Here's the link.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilization_Fund_of_the_Russian_Federation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Petroleum_Fund_of_Norway

18 May 2007
 * As far as i know stabfund of Russia is not being included in reserves. It's owned by Ministry of Finances, while reserves are owned by Central Bank. Elk Salmon 12:30, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

explain how foreign reserve accumulates
can someone or anyone please explain how foreign reserves accumulate (the processes involved) in the article. its been very ambigious like how does it accumulate if the currency is appreciating and doing well in exports. Does it collect fees every time a foreign currency transaction takes place, or it issues bonds, --Visik 05:58, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Your wish is our command ;). Seriously, if you have comments on how readable the text is, that would be welcome.--Gregalton 12:05, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Copyright
I removed some text that'd apparently been copied from. I hate to do that, but, you know... S. Ugarte 17:22, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Foreign-exchange reserves. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20141008044100/http://www.imf.org:80/external/np/sta/cofer/eng/ to http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/cofer/eng/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:36, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Foreign-exchange reserves. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110215111003/http://au.ibtimes.com:80/articles/110821/20110210/what-is-foreign-exchange-currency-conversion-financial-markets-forex-foreign-exchange-markets.htm to http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/110821/20110210/what-is-foreign-exchange-currency-conversion-financial-markets-forex-foreign-exchange-markets.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:21, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

Petrodollars
How can i spend my petrodollars? Neomaellenr (talk) 03:10, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Foreign-exchange reserves. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040920012854/http://investintaiwan.nat.gov.tw/en/env/stats/foreign_exchange.html to http://investintaiwan.nat.gov.tw/en/env/stats/foreign_exchange.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080312052922/http://www.treas.gov/offices/international-affairs/occasional-paper-series/docs/reserves.pdf to http://www.treas.gov/offices/international-affairs/occasional-paper-series/docs/reserves.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070614193721/http://www.treasury.gov/offices/international-affairs/economic-exchange-rates/pdf/2006_Appendix-3.pdf to http://www.treasury.gov/offices/international-affairs/economic-exchange-rates/pdf/2006_Appendix-3.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080509102421/http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2006/0324_rbi.html to http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2006/0324_rbi.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:38, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

Foreign exchange cumulative and its impact
Foreign exchange cumulative and its impact 2400:1A00:B1C0:6A14:D55B:C466:A610:E00D (talk) 11:52, 30 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foreign exchange reserves