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Rayman (video game)

Rayman is a 1995 platform game developed by Ubi Pictures and published by Ubi Soft for MS-DOS, Atari Jaguar, Sega Saturn, and PlayStation. It is the first installment in the Rayman franchise. The player controls Rayman, who must recapture Electoons and the Great Protoon from Mr. Dark. The gameplay involves rescuing Electoons and gaining new abilities throughout the game.

The game was designed by Michel Ancel and produced by Gérard Guillemot. Ancel originally designed Rayman as a teenager with additional contributions by programmer Frédéric Houde and artist Alexandra Steible. Ancel pitched a demo for French software developer Lankhor before being hired at Ubi Soft. In later development, Ubi Soft decided to make the game a launch title for the North American and European releases of the PlayStation as a way to compete with Japanese platform games.

Rayman was critically acclaimed upon release, with praise going towards its visuals and music. Some reviewers warned that the game's aesthetic belied its high difficulty level. The graphics received mixed responses from critics, who wrote that the game was showing off the Atari Jaguar's capabilities. The game has appeared on other systems, including the Game Boy Advance, DSiWare, and mobile devices. Due to its commercial success, the game spawned the Rayman franchise, with its sequel, Rayman 2: The Great Escape, released in 1999.

Gameplay
Rayman is a side-scrolling platform game that displays a two-dimensional graphics engine, incorporating hand-drawn animation and multi-layered worlds with enemies. With the player controlling the titular Rayman, their main objective is to rescue Electoons trapped in cages, with six of them hidden in each of the levels. Throughout the game, Rayman gains new abilities such as the ability to fly, run, and do a "telescopic fist", an ability acquired early in the game that allows him to punch enemies from a distance. Other abilities include a grabbing fist and the ability to hang on platforms.

The completion of each world requires defeating a boss with special abilities at the end of the level. Defeating them allows the player to move on to the next world. After rescuing all of the Electoons in the first five worlds, the player can enter Candy Chateau, where they have to attack Mr. Dark. If the player loses five of their lives, they would need to load their save file or restart the game. Hidden in various levels, the player can interact with The Magician, who can teleport them into secret worlds where they either earn Tings or an extra live, as long as they finish the level in the limited time given.

Plot
The people living in the valley, in Rayman's world, are harmonious thanks to the Great Protoon. However, Mr. Dark steals the Great Protoon to use its power all for himself and spread havoc and chaos, and this causes all the Electoons to scatter over the world. Betilla the Fairy, a guardian of the Great Protoon, battles Mr. Dark to protect the Great Protoon and the Electoons, but unfortunately fails and asks Rayman for help by assigning him the task to rescue the Electoons and defeat Mr. Dark. Betilla frequently interacts with Rayman as needed to give him additional magical powers along his journey.

After he rescues all of the Electoons, Rayman faces Mr. Dark, who attacks with various disorienting spells. Rayman arrives in a hall, where Mr. Dark traps him with walls of fire. At the last moment, the Electoons restore Rayman's ability to punch after Mr. Dark disabled it, with the latter continuing the fight by transforming himself into a hybrid of the bosses previously fought by Rayman. Upon Mr. Dark's defeat, Rayman rescues Betilla and recovers the Great Protoon, thus restoring balance to his world. Rayman then takes a vacation with friends and former enemies.

Conception
Rayman was created by French video game designer Michel Ancel, who has first designed Rayman in the 1980s when he was a teenager as he was learning to draw, compose music, and program in order to follow his dream of making video games. Ancel would later formally revisit his initial designs and begin to work on Rayman with additional contributions to the character's final design by programmer Frédéric Houde and artist Alexandra Steible. During development, he created a demo of the game for French software developer Lankhor.

By 1988, French video game publisher Ubi Soft, founded two years earlier by the five sons of the Guillemot family, had hired around six developers and operated from Montreuil. Ancel was one of Ubi Soft's early hires, having caught the attention of the Guillemot brothers for his animation skills. Yves Guillemot encouraged Ancel to pitch ideas for new games, which led to a meeting between Ancel, Houde, designer Serge Hascoët, and Gérard, Yves, and Michel Guillemot after Ancel and Houde had teamed up and worked on the Rayman concept further. Hascoet recalled the pair presenting a "totally strange" design of a large trombone that the player had to imagine themself inside and an animation system that Ancel had developed for roughly six months, which he praised for its fluidity. Despite being in the research and development stage, Hascoet pushed for the game to enter formal production, and Michel Guillemot agreed to take it on. After Rayman received the greenlight in 1992, Ancel said that "[t]hat's when everything changed."

Michel Guillemot realised that additional staff was needed to see the game through and organised the company accordingly. He also injected money into the project, with Ubi Soft setting aside a budget of 15 million francs. Development then split into two offices, with more automated tasks done in Paris and the artistic work completed by Ancel, Houde, and their team of designers at their own facility outside Montpellier. Founded in 1994 as Ubi Pictures, the studio became Ubisoft Montpellier.

Design
Rayman 's styling was inspired by Celtic, Chinese, and Russian fairy tales as well as Ancel's childhood, having spent a lot of time by rivers, chasing insects, and climbing large trees. When Ancel started work on the game, he began with trees and strange creatures. In the early 1990s, Ancel became interested in the computer graphic technique of ray tracing and rendering tools such as Autodesk 3ds Max. It inspired him to incorporate it into the character animations with 60Hz animation, which Houde said was very impressive at the time when other games used sprites that animate at five frames. This resulted in the designs of Rayman himself, with his name alluding to the aforementioned technique.

Before embarking on the creation of the settings, characters and animations, Steible drew rough models of animations and once the attitudes has been worked on, Steible studied each of the attitudes in its smallest details for It to be scanned and reworked on a computer. Ancel originally envisioned the game's story to involve Jimmy, a human boy who creates an imaginary online world named Hereitscool. After it becomes infected with a computer virus, Jimmy travels into the world and inhabits the body of his in-game avatar, Rayman, to defeat the virus. The idea was scrapped during later development. Ancel defined the main idea of the game he wants to create as "a colourful platform game, breathtaking graphics, concrete animations, fantasy, humour and, above all, great playability." During development, four people worked on each world, the levels of the game, and the synchronisation of Rayman's attitudes. Rayman later became the game that its designers had envisioned, which they considered a success.

Completion
Ancel initially produced Rayman for the Atari ST and worked alone on every aspect of the game. Following Houde's arrival on the project, Ancel noticed that public interest in the system had started to wane and looked to the Super NES CD-ROM, a CD peripheral for the 16-bit Super Nintendo Entertainment System. However, in 1993, Nintendo cancelled the system before its hardware was produced. Ancel and Houde ruled out a release for the cartridge-based SNES game, doubting its ability to handle the large amount of information they wanted to incorporate into the game. The pair switched their focus towards newer and more powerful consoles, cancelling the SNES version of the game. This led to the decision to produce Rayman for the Atari Jaguar, a console that the team felt could handle the graphics they wanted. In late 1994, magazine advertisements announced the game as a Jaguar exclusive title. Between 1993–1994, Rayman was originally submitted to Apogee Software by Ancel; however, the publisher rejected it as the game was still in early development. During later development, Sony announced the PlayStation, and the team decided to port the game to the PlayStation and Sega Saturn due to its better 2D capabilities. Ancel noted that "the thing that has not changed in video games is the way that it is changing all the time", as he remember working on the game for the Atari Jaguar when the PlayStation was announced which he indicates that "[e]very year there is something new arriving - a new console, a new market" and developers have to rush to adapt.

Ubi Soft decided to also make Rayman a launch title for the North American and European releases of the PlayStation. Yves Guillemot noted that the PlayStation version of Rayman is a way of "beat[ing] Japan on platforming games" by releasing it simultaneously with a new and powerful system. Ancel recalled that the number of developers working on the game began to increase. Later in development, a version for the Sega Saturn was produced. Versions for the 32X and 3DO were also announced but were never released. In October 2016, an early build of the prototype for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, which had been considered lost, was rediscovered by Ancel, who posted pictures of it on Instagram. On 3 July 2017, developer and programmer Omar Cornut released the build online with Ancel's permission.

Reception
By the end of 1995, 400,000 copies of Rayman had been sold in Europe. It has sold 900,000 copies worldwide after two years of release. In 2006, the game would become the best-selling PlayStation game in the United Kingdom, as Eurogamer felt it was "no shame in admitting" that it was an acclaimed platformer. According to Gamasutra, Rayman Advance's sales neared 600,000 units during the first half of the 2001–2002 fiscal year alone and then reached 770,000 copies by the end of March 2002.

Rayman was critically acclaimed upon release, with reviewers praising its animation, atmosphere, and soundtrack. Tommy Glide of GamePro described the game as one of the best for the Atari Jaguar to date and commended it as a showcase of the console's capabilities, but considered it to be inferior to the PlayStation version. He also appreciated the precise controls on account of the constant jumping, ducking, and dodging involved in the gameplay. Captain Squideo, also of GamePro, commented that the PlayStation version was a "dazzling delight" and proclaimed it to be one of the most visually appealing games yet. Next Generation, though noting a lack of original gameplay elements, agreed that the game separated itself from many other platform games and had a true sense of depth and playability. Entertainment Weekly writer Bob Strauss felt that the game may be the one that "ennobles the adolescent world of video games" and the like of Disney animated films like Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Strauss also stated that the game is a must-have for those with a fifth-generation video game console.

Many reviewers have commented on the game's difficult gameplay despite the innocent visual presentation of the game. Electronic Gaming Monthly assessed that the Atari Jaguar version was an outstanding platformer on its own terms but paled against the PlayStation version due to the lower audio quality and slow responsiveness of the controls. Sam Hickman of Sega Saturn Magazine criticised the Sega Saturn version because he felt that the game designers decided to create too many levels of the same gameplay and then tried to hide them by adding weapons and making some of the levels really difficult. Hickman stated that if a person were watching someone else play the game, they could easily be tricked into thinking this was the best game for the Sega Saturn for a while. However, its lack of interest and excitement led the game to be "plain irritating and damned difficult."

Reviewers wrote mixed reviews of the game's graphics. GameSpot writer Jeff Sengstack compared the game to Donkey Kong Country or Pitfall! and considered it to feature "wonderfully clever gaming elements, engaging and humorous characters, terrific music, and heaps of whimsy", although he faulted the lack of frequent save points. GamePro writer Scary Larry felt it was what players wanted for the Sega Saturn and compared it favourably to previous "hop-n-boppers" Bug! and Astal. He noted that while the graphics and music sometimes seem kiddie-oriented, the challenge is oriented towards veteran gamers. He also felt the lush visuals were impeccable and made particular note of the version's between-level effects. Next Generation praised the graphics, solid game speed even on low-end PCs, "multitude of challenges", and charming player character, and said the game made a good change of pace from other PC releases. Next Generation found the Atari Jaguar version impeccable, saying that "[w]ith its vast color palette, detailed sound effects, and overall playability, there is nothing about Rayman for the Jaguar that falls below the mark of excellent."

Legacy
The commercial success of Rayman later spawned a franchise that spawned several sequels, including Rayman 2: The Great Escape (1999), and some of the game's elements would influence Rayman Origins. The game would be ported to the Nintendo DSI and mobile devices. On 29 October 2018, Sony revealed that the game would be one of twenty games on the PlayStation Classic, which was released on 3 December 2018. The titular character Rayman would become one of the most recognizable video game characters and discussions were made about Rayman as the mascot for Atari Jaguar.

Rayman has been ported to the Game Boy Advance as Rayman Advance in 2001. Rayman Advance received mixed reviews. Next Generation stated that "the familiar-yet-solid gameplay remains the same, with Rayman running, jumping, climbing, and punching his way through level after level of lush, colorful environments ranging from a jungle and a moonscape to a musically-themed wonderland. The sound and controls are solid, and the game's peculiar personality remains intact." Eurogamer writer Martin Taylor praised that the game's visuals are impressive and probably one of the most visually appealing for the Game Boy Advance available at the time.

Rayman also inspired a fan remake under the title Rayman Redemption by Finnish game developer Ryemanni, which features new worlds, levels, and minigames compared to the original. It was hosted in Game Jolt, and the development initially began three years before its release for the Rayman series' 25th anniversary. The game was made as "a reimagination of the original Rayman from 1995." The game received praise from reviewers, with PC Gamer and Kotaku praising that the game had an option for casual and masocore players and considering it a fortune for players traumatised by the original game's difficulty. Kotaku also praised how Ryemanni decided not to just recreate the original game but also added new additions to it.

title: Rayman (video game)


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Talk:Rayman (video game)

Untitled
There I started the clean-up of this article. Removed the tag (which was already on it since June!). I'll finish it later on. --Steerpike 22:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Update: consider it done for now. --Steerpike 11:32, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Fair use of the images
Why were all the screenshots removed? I don't understand. These are free promotional caps from the game? I have no clue who took them but does it matter? It's always the same image regardless. --Steerpike 15:06, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, we need to know who took the screenshots in general; oftentimes people will rip off screenshots from game sites, which isn't okay. Also, user-made screenshots of Ubi-owned games are free (as in libre), so we should use those instead of other screenshots. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 08:55, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Technically I don't see the difference between a screenshot taken by me or taken by a game site. It could be the exact same shot, and who can tell the difference? Why not put your own name under it? Anyway, the fact is that I don't remember where I got the screenshots. Some from the gallery at mobygames, possibly. --Steerpike 11:15, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * A game site may have a copyright claim, based on their choice of when the screenshot was taken. It's lame, but it's there. If you didn't take the screenshots, they really need to go, to be replaced with screenshots taken by the uploader. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 11:30, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * In other words, I could have said I took them and no-one would have been the wiser. This all strikes me as slightly absurd. However, the truth is I don't really care one way or another. I mean, it's been a while since I contributed to this page and have had it off watch for quite some time now. I won't revert it back or anything. Cheers. --Steerpike 15:52, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well. Yeah. Basically it's due diligence for sourcing images; if you lie about it, it's your problem when the copyright holder gets annoyed (or when someone notices the images somewhere else). We just need someone to take their own images, that's all. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 15:57, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Rayman Junior
There was a spin off seris called rayman junior... It was centralised on learning, does this deserve a mention on the bottom of the article? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.137.67.157 (talk) 16:44, 8 December 2006 (UTC).

Raving Rabbids
Shouldn't Raving Rabbids be considered a spinoff since it isn't really the same kind of game (minigame collection vs. platformer)? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 217.116.246.5 (talk) 14:19, 15 April 2007 (UTC).
 * Also it says that its being released for Xbox 1, Game Cube and PS3 which is false according to its page Bushido Brown 12:11, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Rayman no longer exists
Now I'm no expert, and neither do I know what was there before, but it seems insane that there are articles called Rayman (video game), Rayman (series) and Rayman (character), but no article under the namespace Rayman as of 19:46 today. Surely one of the three should be moved to the main namespace? U-Mos 20:44, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Original Rayman.jpg
Image:Original Rayman.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 09:22, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Raymano.jpg
Image:Raymano.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:29, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Something Wicked This Way Comes connection?
Okay, I noticed today something odd--the boss of the game is Mr. Dark, the last level seems carnival-ish (mainly due to the presence of clown enemies), Space Mama (who appears again in this level) sprinkles dust on you, and the game is called RAYman...doesn't this sound like Something Wicked This Way Comes? Mr. Dark and a carnival appear, Space Mama could be the Dust Witch, and the character is named Rayman, possibly after Bradbury. Think this is worthy of mention? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.243.176.166 (talk) 03:29, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

"The PlayStation version has fewer lums"
Maybe someone could define the word "lum" here. The only definition I could find on wikipedia says "an item in the rayman game", which isn't exactly helpful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.252.236.219 (talk) 07:13, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

"This idea was scrapped for obvious reasons"
"Early in its life, Rayman was going to be about an eleven-year-old boy named Jimmy. Jimmy takes advantage of the realms that he discovers within his computer to create a fantasy world called Hereitscool. When evil invades Hereitscool, Jimmy turns into a superhero named Rayman to save Hereitscool. This idea was scrapped for obvious reasons [...]" Perhaps an explanation of quite what these reasons are would be a good thing, I'm not getting anything especially obvious (unless it's "because that was stupid", but it really isn't all that much compared to some other games). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.14.243.53 (talk) 11:41, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Jaguar version
It seems to me the jaguar version is completely and utterly wrong and rather misleading. It sounds, from reading the Jaguar section, as if the other consoles versions of Rayman were made first and they thought "hey lets make a Jaguar version and ignore parts from the ps1 version etc." Problem is the Jaguar version was the original (and even the release dates on this very article back that up) so that rather than being, for example, "The ability to shrink is also missing from this version and one of the last boss phases (Space Mamas) has been completely ignored" that explanation ought to be in a different section of the article and should read more like "Newer versions, released after the Jaguar original, added the ability to shrink and included whole new areas not seen in the original Jaguar game, such as the boss phase Space Mamas." It strikes me that the Jaguar section is incredibly poorly written. I mean; if you read lord of the rings and Tolkien started to use the future tense to refer to the past, you would be very confused. Well that's exactly what this article seems to have done. 86.134.15.151 (talk) 14:08, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

Done…well, kinda. Hey, it's a start! - someone who just all-caged Dream Forest and must now tackle Gong Heights (a breeze compared to Bongo Hills) :D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.175.252.243 (talk) 23:45, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I've found more in regards to the Jaguar version! Feel free to check them out! KGRAMR (talk) 00:17, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

 * http://www.arcadeattack.co.uk/frederic-houde-rayman/
 * https://archive.org/details/Gamefan_Vol_2_Issue_09
 * https://archive.org/details/Gamefan_Vol_2_issue_10
 * https://archive.org/details/Gamefan_Vol_3_Issue_02
 * https://archive.org/details/Gamefan_Vol_3_Issue_05
 * https://archive.org/details/Gamefan_Vol_3_Issue_09

Section Request: Plot
I know little of this game, but this article doesn't seem to even really mention a plot. I suggest adding a section with the plot of the game, because it seems this article is implying that the game has no storyline. 70.15.212.110 (talk) 18:33, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

Playable on PS3
I was looking to see how I could play this game and was disappointed to see it hadn't been added to PSN according to this page, but I went to check and it is on their store! So can we add "PSN" or "Playstation 3" to the platforms list? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.122.241.113 (talk) 17:13, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
 * The PlayStation 3 version available for purchase on PSN is a PS2 Classic, meaning that the game files from the PS2 version are taken and emulated on PS3 hardware. Per our guidelines, we do not elaborate on emulations in such a regard. Lordtobi  ( ✉ ) 17:17, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
 * According to the PS Store it is a PSOne Classic: https://store.playstation.com/#!/en-gb/games/rayman/cid=EP0001-NPEF00023_00-GRAYMANXXX000001 As far as I know the PS2 is unrelated, the game was never on the PS2 was it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.122.241.113 (talk) 14:49, 28 January 2017
 * Correct, my mistake. It is, however, the same result: An old game only emulated on (not ported to) a specific other platform, wherefore it does not belong to the infobox. Lordtobi  ( ✉ ) 15:35, 28 January 2017 (UTC)

Import from Polish Wikipedia
Can we start importing stuff from Polish Wikipedia, mainly legacy and sequels?
 * Can we expand the release section? Rayman was first released for the Jaguar in 1995. 78.148.59.52 (talk) 12:43, 2 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Is it reliably sourced? Do we have someone who can reliably translate? That should answer your question. Sergecross73   msg me  01:47, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

No Android version anymore?
Is there still no Android version anymore? --Jobu0101 (talk) 22:48, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Rayman (video game)


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Neural plate

In embryology, the neural plate is a key developmental structure that serves as the basis for the nervous system. Cranial to the primitive node of the embryonic primitive streak, ectodermal tissue thickens and flattens to become the neural plate. The region anterior to the primitive node can be generally referred to as the neural plate. Cells take on a columnar appearance in the process as they continue to lengthen and narrow. The ends of the neural plate, known as the neural folds, push the ends of the plate up and together, folding into the neural tube, a structure critical to brain and spinal cord development. This process as a whole is termed primary neurulation.

Signaling proteins are also important in neural plate development, and aid in differentiating the tissue destined to become the neural plate. Examples of such proteins include bone morphogenetic proteins and cadherins. Expression of these proteins is essential to neural plate folding and subsequent neural tube formation.

Involvement in primary neurulation
Generally divided into four, the process of primary neurulation involves the neural plate in the first three steps. The formation and folding of the neural plate is the first step in primary neurulation. This is followed by the refinement and growth of neural plate cells. The third step of primary neurulation does not involve the neural plate per se, but rather the edges of the neural plate, which come together, turning the plate into the start of the neural tube. With the neural plate having folded into a tube, the neural folds come together to complete the fusion of the neural tube. This process is illustrated in the figure to the right, where the neural plate is shown in purple. The lime green marks the edges of the neural plate, which become the neural folds, involved in the folding of the plate to create the neural tube. The figure demonstrates the development of the neural plate into the neural tube, which is where the neural crest cells are derived from as well.

In primary neurulation, the layer of ectoderm divides into three sets of cells: the neural tube (future brain and spinal cord), epidermis (skin), and neural crest cells (connects epidermis and neural tube and will migrate to make neurons, glia, and skin cell pigmentation).

Development
During the stage of neural plate formation the embryo consists of three cell layers: the ectoderm that eventually forms the skin and neural tissues, the mesoderm that forms muscle and bone, and the endoderm that will form the cells lining the digestive and respiratory tracts. The progenitor cells that make up the precursors to neural tissues in the neural plate are called neuroepithelial cells.

Stretched over the notochord, the ectodermal cells on the dorsal portion of the embryo are ultimately the ones that form the neural plate. Approximately half of those cells will be induced to remain ectoderm, while the other half will form the neural plate.

There are four stages of neural plate and neural tube formation: formation, bending, convergence, and closure. The formation of the neural plate starts when dorsal mesoderm signals ectodermal cells above it to lengthen into columnar neural plate cells. This different shape distinguishes the cells of the presumptive neural plate from other pre-epidermal cells. If the neural plate is separated by itself, it will still develop to make a thinner plate but will not form a neural tube. If the region containing presumptive epidermis and neural plate tissue is isolated, small neural folds will form. Elongation that occurs throughout the formation of the neural plate and closure of the neural tube is vital; the closing areas of the neural tube are seen to have very increased elongation activity in the midline compared to already closed areas when the plate was beginning to shape itself into a tube.

The bending of the neural plate involves the formation of hinges, where the neural plate is connected to surrounding tissues. The midline of the neural plate is referred to the median hinge point (MHP). Cells in this area, known as medial hinge point cells because of their involvement with this structure, are stabilized and connected to the notochord. They are derived from the area of the neural plate anterior to primitive knot. The notochord will begin the shape changes in MHP cells. These cells will decrease in height and become wedge-shaped. Another type of hinge point occurs dorsal-laterally, referred to as dorsal-lateral hinge point (DLHP). These regions furrow and change shape in the same way as MHP cells do before connecting together to form the neural tube. It was seen in an experiment that without the notochord, the MHP characteristics did not develop correctly, so the neural plate and neural tube formation did not happen properly. The communication between the neural plate and the notochord is important for the future induction and formation of the neural tube.

Closure of the neural tube is completed when the neural folds are brought together, adhering to each other. While the cells that remain as the neural tube form the brain and spinal cord, the other cells that were part of the neural plate migrate away from the tube as neural crest cells. After an epithelial–mesenchymal transition, these cells form the autonomic nervous system and certain cells of the peripheral nervous system.

Cell signaling and essential proteins
Critical to the proper folding and function of the neural plate is N-cadherin, a type of cadherin protein associated with the nervous system. N-cadherin is critical to holding neural plate cells together. Additionally, cells destined to become neural plate cells express nerve cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) to further neural plate cohesion. Another cadherin, E-cadherin, is expressed by ectodermal cells in the process of neural plate development.

Bone morphogenetic protein 4, or BMP4, is a transforming growth factor that causes the cells of the ectoderm to differentiate into skin cells. Without BMP4 the ectoderm cells would develop into neural cells. Axial mesoderm cells under the ectoderm secrete inhibitory signals called chordin, noggin and follistatin. These inhibitory signals prevent the action of BMP4, which would normally make the cells ectoderm; as a result, the overlying cells take their normal course and develop into neural cells. The cells in the ectoderm that circumscribe these neural cells do not receive the BMP4 inhibitor signals and as a result BMP4 induces these cells to develop into skin cells.

Neural plate border specifiers are induced as a set of transcription factors. Distalless-5, PAX3 and PAX7 prevent the border region from becoming either neural plate or epidermis. These induce a second set of transcription factors called neural crest specifiers, which cause cells to become neural crest cells.

In a newly formed neural plate, PAX3 mRNA, MSX1 mRNA, and MSX1/MSX2 proteins are expressed mediolaterally. When the neural plate begins to fold, rostral areas of the neural plate do not express Pax3 and MSX proteins. Areas caudal to neural tube closure have PAX3 and MSX expression restricted to lateral regions of the neural folds. These fluctuations in mRNA and protein expression allude to how they play a role in differentiation of neural plate cells.

Low pSMAD 1, 5, 8 levels allow a greater mobility at the median hinge point than in lateral neural plate cells. This flexibility allows for the pivoting and hinging that allows the buckling and lifting of the neural plate when formatting the neural tube. The neural plate has to be rigid enough for morphogenic movements to occur while being flexible enough to undergo shape and position changes for the transformation to the neural tube.

Other animals
The neural tube closes differently in various species, the distinctions between humans and chickens being some of the most studied. In humans, the neural tube fuses together from a central region of the embryo and moves outwards. In chickens, neural tube closure begins at the future midbrain region and it closes in both directions. In birds and mammals, the closure does not occur at the same time.

In newt and general amphibian embryos, cell division is not a driving role in morphogenesis. Newt embryo cells are much larger and exhibit egg pigmentation to distinguish cells from each other. The newt neural plate doubles in length, decreases in apical width, and increases in thickness. The plate edges rise dorsally and fold toward the midline to form the neural tube. The apical surface area decreases.

In chicken embryos, while the neural plate increases in length and decreases in apical width, the thickness of the plate does not change drastically. As the neural plate progresses through the Hamburger-Hamilton stages, the plate thickens until about HH6-7, when the neural plate begins to fold into tube form. The apical surface area increases during neurulation, unlike amphibian embryos. In mouse embryos, there is a large convex-shaped curve to each side of the middle of the plate. This curve has to be reversed as the plate rolls together to form the neural tube.

Research
Research on the neural plate began in earnest by looking into the determination of the ectoderm and its commitment to the neuronal path. With the development of research and laboratory techniques there have been major advances in the study of neurulation and the development and role of the neural plate in a growing embryo. The use of such techniques vary with the stage of development and overall research goals, but include such methods as cell labeling and grafting.

Cell labelling
The process of in situ hybridization (ISH) follows the labeling of a DNA or RNA sequence to serve as an antisense mRNA probe, complementary to a sequence of mRNA within the embryo. Labeling with a fluorescent dye or radioactive tag allows for the visualization of the probe and their location within the embryo. This technique is useful as it reveals specific areas of gene expression in a tissue as well as throughout an entire embryo through whole-mount in situ hybridization. This technique is often used in determination of gene expression necessary for the proper development of the embryo. Marking certain genes in a developing embryo allows for the determination of the exact time and place in which the gene is activated, offering information in the role of the particular gene in development.

Similar to the process of in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence (IF) also allows for the determination of particular cell element's roles in development. In contrast to in situ hybridization however, immunofluorescence uses a fluorophore attached to an antibody with biomolecule target, such as proteins, rather than DNA and RNA sequences. The allows for the visualization of biomolecule elements of the cell. In the study of embryogenesis immunofluorescence may be used for purposes similar to hybridization, for the tracking of proteins that are involved in the development of the embryo and their specific time and place of production and use. Current research has expanded on the immunofluorescence technique to combined it with the methods of in situ hybridization, either fluorescent or radioactive. This combination is believed to increase specificity and take away for the limitations of each individual technique. For example, this method with enhance counterstaining in a tissue and multiple protein labeling.

Cell grafting
Cell grafting in the early stages of embryo development has provided crucial information on cell fates and the processes of determination. Grafting at specific stages of neurulation has advanced research on the signaling necessary for the proper development of the neural plate and other structures. The grafting of the ectoderm and neural structures is very specialized and delicate procedure, requiring the removal and marking of a desired group of cells, followed by their transplantation, for example, into a new area of the embryo.

Grafting experiments done in Xenopus and chicken embryos show the neural plate's capability to induce other regions of cells, including the pre-placodal region, a group of ectodermal cells essential to the function of sensory organs.

title: Neural plate


text:
Category:Viral enzymes

Enzymes produced by viruses.

title: Category:Viral enzymes


text:
Iraqi Republican Assembly

The Iraqi Republican Assembly is one of the electoral coalitions that participated in the January 30, 2005 National Assembly election in Iraq.

In the Iraqi legislative election, 2005, the Iraqi Republican Assembly received 15,452 votes, or 0.18% of the ballot.

title: Iraqi Republican Assembly


text: User talk:83.235.230.184

title: User talk:83.235.230.184


text:
Talk:Washington National Cathedral

Wikify
There are several nouns not yet linked. Is this an oversight? --Wetman 02:30, 15 February 2005 (UTC)

Ownership?
Who does it belong to? Which organizations fund it? David.Monniaux 13:32, 4 April 2005 (UTC)
 * The Episcopal Diocese of Washington owns and funds the Cathedral Church of Saints Peter and Paul from its own fundraising pools, like any other Roman Catholic and Episcopal cathedral in the United States. --Gerald Farinas 13:50, 4 April 2005 (UTC)
 * That's what I thought (I know very well that the US government is not supposed to fund religions). Then, I think this should be noted in the article, because people unfamiliar with the US may get the false impression that this "National" cathedral is somewhat publicly funded. I added a sentence to that effect. David.Monniaux 15:01, 4 April 2005 (UTC)
 * For the record... Washington National Cathedral is operated by an organization called the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation, not the Episcopal Diocese of Washington D.C. It is funded entirely by private donations, gifts, bequests, memberships in the National Cathedral Association and proceeds from the Cathedral gift shops. 69.140.206.138 02:20, 9 December 2006 (UTC) a Washington National Cathedral Docent, 8 December 2006
 * WNC is supported by the National Cathedral Association, a non-profit organization to raise money for the Episcopal Churich in America. The government, however, did provide support for the early stages of building it. 71.231.91.187 14:17, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

"I know very well that the US government is not supposed to fund religions." That is incorrect, and in fact, it frequently does (It is not supposed to 'establish' a religion). The National Cathedral also got over 700,000 dollars worth of aid from the Federal Government to aid in its construction. 75.128.86.230 (talk) 04:07, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

Televised Worldwide
Please stop saying that the 9/11 memorial was not televised worldwide, because of the Canadian service. I live in Canada and watched the Washington service on TV. (Besides which "televised worldwide" does not mean "televised in every country in the world.") - Cafemusique 02:02, 26 June 2005 (UTC)
 * I go strictly by the fact that both services took place simultaneously. People in Canada saw "the largest single vigil ever seen" in the nation's capital on September 14, 2001. This is because both Washington and Ottawa are in the same time zones. SNIyer12 00:15, 6 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Canadians have access to US media outlets and thus had access to watch (if they, like I, so chose) the Washington service. Despite that, if you persist in believing that a lack of coverage in one country means that an event was not "televised worldwide," then I would find it hard to believe that any event was televised worldwide, under that definition. - Cafemusique 7 July 2005 14:52 (UTC)
 * For Canadians, only the American media outlets broadcast the service at the National Cathedral. Canadian media outlets were tuned to one Parliament Hill--the largest single vigil there in the nation's capital, as Prime Minister Paul Martin put it when President George W. Bush made his visit to Canada in 2004. - SNIyer12 7 July 2005 20:26 (UTC)

Name of the site
Is it "Mount Saint Albans" or "Mount Saint Alban"? It is referred to both ways in the text. Al 13:13, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I have "Mount Saint Alban" in one source. I'd be surprised if the Cathedral's official site does not mention it, and there should be plenty of other placename sources available.  (SEWilco 17:47, 29 September 2005 (UTC))
 * Appears to be Mount Saint Alban. All of the "Saint Albans" I found on the site appear to be misspellings of "Saint Alban's". I'll fix. Al 18:04, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Saint Albans is not a misspelling, it's an affectation that the Close institutions took to make the place seem more English and antiquated. It is an older form meant to distinguish between an entity dedicated to someone and something that belongs to someone. It is Mount Saint Alban, though.
 * Mt. Saint Alban is the location; St. Alban's School for Boys is one of the schools on the ground. Mangoe 02:58, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I am not sure of the official location name but it certainly is St. Albans School not St. Alban's —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.143.178.230 (talk) 15:48, 25 December 2006 (UTC).

Amusing
Does anyone else find it amusing that this article about a single cathedral is almost as long as the article about the entire Church of England? Contrafool 03:27, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * You could say the same thing about Canterbury Cathedral. But at any rate, it's wikipedia, so if you think an article is too short, get going and add to it!  Cheers, brother. 24.91.244.221 (talk) 00:36, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

it is a NATIONAL church
the corner stone was laid by Teddy Roosevelt who was NOT Episcopalian but Dutch Reformed

it was chartered by Congress

the constitution doesn't say that the government can't fund religion but says that cant respect a specific one---WNC welcomes are faiths to worhsip

and btw the to the person below St. Alban's is not the same as WNC St. Alban's is a school on the grounds of WNC and there is a cathedral called St. Alban's in England — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.204.198.179 (talk) 02:14, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * the corner stone was laid by Teddy Roosevelt
 * For the record, President Theodore Roosevelt was present and spoke at Washington National Cathedral's Foundation Stone service, September 29, 1907. He did not lay the Cathedral's Foundation stone. 69.140.206.138 02:20, 9 December 2006 (UTC) a Washington National Cathedral Docent, 8 December 2006

 * it was chartered by Congress
 * For the record, this misleading truth preys on a general lack of understanding that, at the time the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation was chartered, the U.S. Government, Congress and Executive, were functioning as the local government for Washington D.C. All non-profit or not-for-profit organizations founded during such a period required chartering through the U.S. Congress and a Presidential signature. 69.140.206.138 02:20, 9 December 2006 (UTC) a Washington National Cathedral Docent, 8 December 2006

 * Nonetheless, that still doesn't make the cathedral any more constitutional, technically - Congress was making laws respective of religions at the time, because they were among the organizations queuing up to charter. —  Rickyrab | Talk 17:33, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * That being said, the Constitution may be to blame for this unconstitutionality: an amendment is supposed to cancel out or alter earlier parts of the Constitution. The core of the Constitution (that is, the Articles and Sections) mandated the foundation and running of Washington, DC. The First Amendment came later. —  Rickyrab | Talk 17:37, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Admittedly. But charters, etc., are arguably respectings of specific religions. —  Rickyrab | Talk 17:38, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

has it occured to anyone that the idea of a national cathedral in a country that prides itself on its seperation of state and religion is accepted and encouraged in its role as a quasi government operation? is there such a thing as a national mosque or temple? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Weeddude (talk • contribs) 18:51, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

I added to the article a link (http://voices.washingtonpost.com/arts-post/2011/02/americas_treasures_receive_fed.html) to an article in the Washington Post reporting in February, 2011, that the cathedral received $700,000 from the Federal government for building repairs. This flatly contradicts the assertion that the cathedral receives no funding from the US government. Someone removed it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.53.195.38 (talk) 21:00, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Having a federally funded church in Washington isn't establishing a state religion in the United States, and to say so is just ludicrous. And to answer 'why isn't there a national mosque'--because most Americans are Christians. The Congress has helped fund religious projects since its inception. You guys are just being overly critical. The separation of church is not meant to be a barrier from all aid to any religious project, it is specifically, word for word, to stop the 'establishment' of religion by the Congress. 75.128.86.230 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 04:03, 26 November 2011 (UTC).

caption makes no sense
"In addition, a memorial service for Harry Truman took place at National Cathedral, which foreign dignitaries attended because of the advanced age of his wife, Bess." —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.122.141.9 (talk) 20:51, 1 April 2007 (UTC).

Darth Vadar
Some pictures & info. if needs be. . I already know it is in the article. Thanks, CarpD 4/24/07 — Preceding undated comment added 21:44, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

83 years construction time
I've twice reverted an observation that the cathedral's 83 years construction time is similar to the human lifespan simply because it's not at all relevant to the topic of the article. -- — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bpmullins (talk • contribs) 14:34, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

History
I found some great historical photos of the Cathedral (thanks to the LOC), thinking it would be a nice addition to the article's history section. Unfortunately, there's doesn't appear to be one at the moment. That's surprising, considering the building's significance. I'm a history nerd, but also a nerd that has 1.3 million items on my WikiToDoList. I just thought it should be mentioned in case someone wants to take on the task. (hope this doesn't make me look lazy)  APK  is not a Womanizer  15:44, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

I recently visited the Cathedral. During the tour, the guide mentioned that there had been other designs proposed with the gothic winning out. She indicated some of the competing designs were rather far out, but I can find no details about these. It would be interesting to see what other perposals looked like. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dnatch (talk • contribs) 19:44, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm doubtful they ever actually worked up any drawings of alternate designs; the choice of Gothic was not done on the basis of a competition. As far as I know, they decided on Gothic before they approached Bodley. Mangoe (talk) 15:11, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

severely distorted image
This image appears at the top of the Architecture section. Surely the two massive stone columns (or whatever the correct term is) are in reality straight, not severely bowed as they appear in this photograph. The distortion is unfortunate, because the photograph is good otherwise.

I have left a request on the image's talk page that someone who knows how to use Photoshop remove the distortion. If that is not done, I think this image should be removed from this article. The distortion is so severe that it detracts and distracts from the article rather than enhancing it.--Jim10701 (talk) 03:21, 26 August 2011 (UTC)
 * "Distorted"? That's just a wide-angle shot. Ventifax (talk) 09:02, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

info on carillon
The cathedral has a magnificent carillon, which is controlled somewhat like an organ, a keyboard that is connected to wires that ring the bells. A write-up on this would be a nice addition to the Music section. There was a recent (Nov 2011) article on this in the Wash. Post. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.43.86.70 (talk) 18:16, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

On attendance and membership
Until a relatively short time ago, the only members of the cathedral parish were the bishop and his family, and the dean and his family. This was ended in 2006, and the cathedral started reporting membership figures the following year. However as one can see by looking up the cathedral on this page (note that you cannot permalink the charts generated) there is a certain ramp-up in the membership numbers; one cannot really tell how much of the week-to-week attendance represents people who treat this as their main parish, but comparison with other parishes suggests that it's probably well in excess of attendance (usually membership is two to three times ASA). I have reported the 2009 ASA number as notable and reliable (ASA is an actual head count of people in the church) rather than the probably misleading membership number. Mangoe (talk) 14:34, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

National Cathedral
How and when did it gain the nickname (if it is that) of the 'National Cathedral? Is it because it's in DC? Seems odd since there are other cathedrals in DC as well. 138.162.128.52 (talk) 14:35, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

Bells
How many bells are there in towers? - Prücsök (talk) 20:45, 28 September 2013 (UTC)
 * See under "Music". There are 10 bells in the ring and 53 in the carillon. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 21:05, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

Is it possible to remove the mean statement about Matthew Shepard being a drug addict from the Bells section? It's irrelevant and inflammatory 😢 2607:FB91:1814:1E73:1C04:7CFF:4CE4:8456 (talk) 10:10, 18 June 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ An editor fixed it the next day. Ken Gallager (talk) 21:04, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

Deleting apparent mischief
I have just deleted a paragraph commemorating the large contributions by Frank Q. Nation, of the extraction empire. An Internet search showed no mention of him except this article. I take the impudent suggestion that it is on his account that the church is called National! and that he spent many happy summer vacations in the crypt of Notre Dame de Paris as a thumb on the nose. Please don't let this information back in without firm documentation, which I doubt we will see.

I also deleted the challenge to the mention of intentional flaws because back in my student days (when the Internet was the Arpanet) a professor explained to us in class that the Parthenon doesn't have a straight line in it anywhere. J S Ayer (talk) 01:16, 27 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for removing the vandalism. But your removal of the "original research" tag was inappropriate. There is no citation to a reliable source, making it original research. Sundayclose (talk) 02:19, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:22, 23 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Lawrence Saint Moses Closeup.JPG

"Spiritual home for the nation"?
I'm confused about the purpose of the section "Spiritual home for the nation". It seems like the title of the section is making a claim and then trying to support that claim in the details. However, I think designating it as a "spiritual home for the nation" is arbitrary and implies the cathedral is important to people of all religions, which doesn't seem to be the case. I would change the title of that section, but I don't understand what point that particular section is trying to make as it stands. Pythagimedes (talk) 20:31, 29 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I understand what you mean, User:Pythagimedes. I'm not sure if this is any better, but I've changed the section to "National role" since the section seems to be about the fact that the Cathedral sees itself or is seen by others as having a significant albeit unofficial role in national life.Ltwin (talk) 22:31, 29 June 2019 (UTC)

Space window picture
I'm working on an article for the designer of the space window and I noticed the picture on file here is pretty poor quality. Our archives uploaded a slightly better one, but I didn't want to be presumptuous and change it. Sharris2000 (talk) 19:05, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Infobox
The Cathedral should use the Infobox church and put the Infobox NRHP below it. A bunch of the other articles of historic churches and cathedrals are formatted like this (Example: Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), so it'd make things more consistent and allow for more information to be readily accessible via the infobox. TheFriendlyFas2 (talk) 19:23, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Washington National Cathedral


text:
List of Canadian National Railways companies

The following were component companies of the Canadian National Railways in 1962, or predecessors of such companies:

A

 * Acadia Coal Company
 * Addison Railroad
 * Alberta and Great Waterways Railway
 * Alberta Midland Railway
 * Albert Railway
 * Alexander Gibson Railway and Manufacturing Company
 * American Union Telegraph Company
 * Amherst and Belchertown Railroad
 * Amherst, Belchertown and Palmer Railroad
 * Anglo-American Telegraph Company
 * Annapolis and Atlantic Railway
 * Atlantic and Lake Superior Railway
 * Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad
 * Atlantic, Quebec and Western Railway
 * Autoport Limited
 * Aquatrain

B

 * Baie des Chaleurs Railway
 * Barre Granite Railway
 * Bay City Terminal Railway
 * Bay of Chaleurs Railway
 * Bay of Quinte Railway and Navigation Company
 * Bay of Quinte Railway
 * Beauharnois Junction Railway
 * Belleville and North Hastings Railway
 * Belt Railway of Chicago
 * Bessborough Hotel
 * Bessemer and Barry's Bay Railway
 * Bethel Granite Railway
 * Brantford and Buffalo Joint Stock Railroad
 * Brantford, Norfolk and Port Burwell Railway
 * Brattleboro and Fitchburg Railroad
 * Brattleboro and Whitehall Railroad
 * British and American Express Company
 * British and North American Express Company
 * Brockville, Westport and North-Western Railway
 * Brockville and Westport Railway
 * Brockville, Westport and Sault Ste. Marie Railway
 * Brooksay Realty Company
 * Buctouche and Moncton Branch Railway
 * Buctouche and Moncton Railway
 * Buctouche and Northumberland Strait Railway
 * Buctouche Railway and Transportation Company
 * Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway
 * Buffalo, Brantford and Goderich Railway
 * Bulkley and Telkwa Valley Coal Company
 * Burk's Falls and French River Railway
 * Burlington and Lamoille Railroad
 * Burlington and Lamoille Valley Railroad
 * Burrard Inlet Tunnel and Bridge Company

C

 * Canada Air Line Railway
 * Canada Atlantic Railway
 * Canada Atlantic Transit Company
 * Canada Atlantic Transit Company of U.S.
 * Canada Eastern Railway
 * Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Railway
 * Canadian Airways
 * Canadian Express Company
 * Canadian Government Merchant Marine
 * Canadian Government Railways
 * Canadian Government Railways Employees' Relief and Insurance Association
 * Canadian - Minnesota Bridge Company
 * Canadian National Electric Railways
 * Canadian National Express Company
 * Canadian National Hotels
 * Canadian National Land Settlement Association
 * Canadian National Lines - Niagara Frontier - New York
 * Canadian National Railway
 * Canadian National Railways - Eastern Lines
 * Canadian National Railways (France)
 * Canadian National Railways Pension Fund - 1929
 * Canadian National Railways Pension Fund - 1935
 * Canadian National Railways Radio
 * Canadian National Railways Securities Trust
 * Canadian National Railways Trust Company
 * Canadian National Realties
 * Canadian National Rolling Stock
 * Canadian National Steamship Company
 * Canadian National Telegraph Company
 * Canadian National Transfer Company
 * Canadian National Transportation
 * Canadian National (West Indies) Steamships
 * Canadian Northern Alberta Railway
 * Canadian Northern Branch Lines Company
 * Canadian Northern Coal and Ore Dock Company
 * Canadian Northern Consolidated Railways
 * Canadian Northern Express Company
 * Canadian Northern Manitoba Railway
 * Canadian Northern Montreal Tunnel and Terminal Company
 * Canadian Northern Ontario Railway
 * Canadian Northern Pacific Railway
 * Canadian Northern Quebec Railway
 * Canadian Northern Railway Arbitration Award
 * Canadian Northern Railway
 * Canadian Northern Railway Express Company
 * Canadian Northern Realties
 * Canadian Northern Rolling Stock
 * Canadian Northern Saskatchewan Railway
 * Canadian Northern Steamships
 * Canadian Northern System Terminals (Limited)
 * Canadian Northern Telegraph Company
 * Canadian Northern Transfer Company
 * Canadian Northern Western Railway
 * Canadian Yukon Railway
 * Cannar Oils
 * Canso and Louisburg Railway
 * Cape Breton Railway, Coal and Iron Company
 * Cape Breton Railway
 * Cape Breton Railway Extension Company
 * Caraquet and Gulf Shore Railway
 * Caraquet Railway
 * Carillon and Grenville Railway
 * Centmont Corporation
 * Central Canada Express Company
 * Central Canada Railway
 * Central Counties Railway
 * Central Ontario Railway
 * Central Railway Limited, (N.S.)
 * Central Vermont Airways Incorporated
 * Central Vermont Railroad
 * Central Vermont Railway
 * Central Vermont Railway Incorporated
 * Central Vermont Terminal Incorporated
 * Central Vermont Transit Corporation
 * Central Vermont Transportation Company
 * Central Vermont Warehouse Incorporated
 * Champlain and Connecticut River Railroad
 * Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad
 * Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad (New York)
 * Charlottetown Hotel
 * Chateauguay and Northern Railway
 * Chateau Laurier Hotel
 * Chatham Branch Railway
 * Chatham Railway
 * Cheney, Rice and Company
 * Chicago, Detroit and Canada Grand Trunk Junction Railroad
 * Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway
 * Chicago, Kalamazoo and Saginaw Railway
 * Chicago and Kalamazoo Terminal Railroad
 * Chicago Lake County Railway
 * Chicago and Lake Huron Railroad
 * Chicago, New York and Boston Refrigerator Company
 * Chicago and North Eastern Railroad
 * Chicago and Southern Railroad
 * Chicago and State Line Extension Railway
 * Chicago and State Line Railway
 * Chicago and Western Indiana Belt Railway
 * Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad
 * Cincinnati, Saginaw and Mackinaw Railroad
 * City and Suburban Electric Railway
 * Clarke Steamship Company
 * Coast Railway of Nova Scotia
 * Cobourg, Blairton and Marmora Railway and Mining Company
 * Cobourg, Peterborough and Marmora Railway and Mining Company
 * Cobourg and Peterborough Railway
 * Cobourg Railroad
 * Company of Proprietors of the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad
 * Consolidated Land Corporation
 * Consolidated Railroad of Vermont
 * Continental Realty and Holding Company
 * Coteau and Province Line Railway and Bridge Company
 * Crosby Transportation Company

D

 * Dalhousie Navigation Company
 * Davenport Street Railway
 * Detroit Belt Railroad
 * Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway
 * Detroit and Huron Railway
 * Detroit and Huron Railway
 * Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad
 * Detroit and Milwaukee Railway
 * Detroit and Pontiac Railroad
 * Detroit Terminal Railroad
 * Detroit and Toledo Shore Line Railroad
 * Digby and Annapolis Railway
 * Dominion Telegraph Company
 * Dominion Telegraph Securities
 * Drummond County Railway
 * Duluth, Rainy Lake and Winnipeg Railway
 * Duluth, Virginia and Rainy Lake Railway
 * Duluth and Virginia Realty Company
 * Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railroad
 * Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway

E

 * East Richelieu Valley Railway
 * East-West Transport
 * Eastern Extension Railway
 * Eastern Lands Department
 * Eastern Transport
 * Edmonton District Railway
 * Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway
 * Edmonton and Slave Lake Railway
 * Edmonton, Yukon and Pacific Railway
 * Elgin and Havelock Railway
 * Elgin, Petitcodiac and Havelock Railway
 * Empire Coal and Mining Company
 * Empire Freightways
 * Erie, London and Tillsonburg Railway
 * European and North American Railway

F

 * Federal Properties
 * Fenelon Falls Railway
 * Flos Tramway Company
 * Fort Garry Hotel
 * Fredericton and Saint Mary's Bridge Company
 * Fredericton and Saint Mary's Railway Bridge Company

G

 * Galt and Guelph Railway
 * Gananoque, Perth and James Bay Railway
 * Gananoque and Rideau Railway
 * Gaspe Lines
 * Georgian Bay and Wellington Railway
 * Grand Haven and Milwaukee Transportation Company
 * Grand Junction Railroad
 * Grand Junction Railway of Canada
 * Grand Junction Railway
 * Grand Rapids Terminal Railroad
 * Grand Trunk Car Ferry Line
 * Grand Trunk Fire Brigade
 * Grand Trunk, Georgian Bay and Lake Erie Railway
 * Grand Trunk Junction Railway
 * Grand Trunk Milwaukee Car Ferry Company
 * Grand Trunk Pacific Alaska Steamship Company
 * Grand Trunk Pacific Branch Lines Company
 * Grand Trunk Pacific Coast Steamship Company
 * Grand Trunk Pacific Development Company
 * Grand Trunk Pacific Dock Company of Seattle
 * Grand Trunk Pacific Railway
 * Grand Trunk Pacific Saskatchewan Railway
 * Grand Trunk Pacific Telegraph Company
 * Grand Trunk Pacific Terminal Elevator Company (Limited)
 * Grand Trunk Pacific Town and Development Company
 * Grand Trunk - Pennsylvania Transportation Company
 * Grand Trunk Pension Fund
 * Grand Trunk Radio Communications
 * Grand Trunk Railway of Canada
 * Grand Trunk Railway Acquisition
 * Grand Trunk Railway of Canada East
 * Grand Trunk Railway Fire Brigade
 * Grand Trunk Railway Insurance and Provident Society
 * Grand Trunk Railway Literary and Scientific Institute
 * Grand Trunk Railway of Canada Superannuation and Provident Fund
 * Grand Trunk Railway Regiment
 * Grand Trunk Terminal Warehousing Company
 * Grand Trunk Western Railroad
 * Grand Trunk Western Railway
 * Granville and Victoria Beach Railway and Development Company
 * Great American and European Short Line Railway
 * Great Eastern Railway
 * Great Northern Elevator Company
 * Great Northern Construction Company
 * Great Northern Railway of Canada
 * Great Northern Western Telegraph Company of Canada
 * Great Western Railway
 * Gulf Shore Railway

H

 * Halifax and Cape Breton Railway and Coal Company
 * Halifax and Eastern Railway
 * Halifax and Guysborough Railway
 * Halifax and South Western Railway
 * Halifax and Yarmouth Railway
 * Hamilton and Lake Erie Railway
 * Hamilton and North-Western Railway
 * Hamilton and Port Dover Railway
 * Hamilton and South Western Railway
 * Hamilton and Toronto Railway
 * Hampton and Saint Martin's Railway
 * Hoar Transport Company
 * Harlem Extension Railway
 * Harvey Elevator Company
 * Hudson Bay Railway
 * Huron and Quebec Railway

I

 * Imperial Rolling Stock Company
 * Indiana Railway
 * Industrial Land Company
 * Intercolonial and Prince Edward Island Railways Employees, Provident Fund
 * Intercolonial Express Company of Canada, (Limited)
 * Intercolonial Railway
 * Intercolonial Railway Windsor Branch
 * International Bridge Company
 * International Railway of New Brunswick
 * Inverness Coal, Iron and Railway
 * Inverness Coal, Field and Railway
 * Inverness Railway and Coal Company
 * Inverness Railway
 * Inverness - Richmond Collieries and Railway of Canada
 * Inverness and Richmond Railway
 * Irondale, Bancroft and Ottawa Railway

J

 * Jacques Cartier Union Railway
 * James Bay and Eastern Railway
 * James Bay Railway
 * Jasper Park Lodge

K

 * Kent, Northern Extension Railway
 * Kent Northern Railway
 * Kingston, Napanee and Western Railway
 * Kingston and Toronto Railway
 * Kingston, Smiths Falls and Ottawa Railway

L

 * Lachine and Hochelaga Railway
 * Lachine, Jacques Cartier and Maisonneuve Railway
 * Lake Manitoba Railway and Canal Company
 * Lake St. Joseph Hotel Company
 * Lake St. Louis and Province Line Railway
 * Lake Simcoe Junction Railway
 * Lake Superior Branch - Grand Trunk Pacific Railway
 * Lake Superior Terminals Company
 * Lakeside Navigation Company (Limited)
 * Lamoille Valley Extension Railroad
 * Lawlor Building - Toronto
 * Lebanon Springs Railroad
 * Lewiston and Auburn Railroad
 * Lindsay, Fenelon Falls and Ottawa River Railway
 * Liverpool and Milton Railway
 * Liverpool and Milton Tramway Company
 * London and Gore Railroad
 * London and Grand Trunk Junction Railway
 * London, Huron and Bruce Railway
 * London and Port Sarnia Railway
 * Lobtiniere and Megantic Railway
 * Louisburg Extension Railway
 * Lower Laurentian Railway
 * Luscar Coals
 * Luscar Collieries

M

 * Macdonald Hotel, Edmonton
 * Maganetawan River Railway
 * Mackenzie Mann and Company
 * Malone and St. Lawrence Railway
 * Manitoba Northern Railway
 * Manitoba Railway
 * Manitoba and South Eastern Railway
 * Market Gardens
 * Marmora Iron Company
 * Marmora Railway and Mining Company
 * Massena Springs and Fort Covington Railroad
 * Maskinonge and Nipissing Railway
 * Medonte Tramway Company
 * Michigan Air Line Railway
 * Michigan Railway
 * Middleton and Victoria Beach Railway
 * Midland Extension Railway
 * Midland Railway of Canada
 * Midland Superior Express
 * Minnesota and Manitoba Railroad
 * Minnesota and Ontario Bridge Company
 * Missisquoi Junction Railway
 * Missisquoi Railroad
 * Missisquoi Valley Railroad
 * Moncton and Buctouche Railway
 * Moncton and Northumberland Strait Railway
 * Montalta Holdings
 * Montfort Colonization Railway
 * Montfort and Gatineau Colonization Railway
 * Montpelier and White River Railroad
 * Montreal and Bytown Railway
 * Montreal and Champlain Junction Railway
 * Montreal and Champlain Railroad
 * Montreal and City of Ottawa Junction Railway
 * Montreal and European Short Line Railway
 * Montreal and Bytown Railway
 * Montreal, Chambly and Sorel Railway
 * Montreal and Champlain Junction Railway
 * Montreal and Champlain Railroad
 * Montreal and City of Ottawa Junction Railway
 * Montreal and European Short Line Railway
 * Montreal Fruit and Produce Terminal Company
 * Montreal Island Belt Line Railway
 * Montreal and Kingston Railroad
 * Montreal and Kingston Railway
 * Montreal and Lachine Railroad
 * Montreal and New York Railroad
 * Montreal, Portland and Boston Railway
 * Montreal and Province Line Junction Railway
 * Montreal and Province Line Railway
 * Montreal Railway Terminus Company
 * Montreal and Sorel Railway
 * Montreal and Southern Counties Railway
 * Montreal Stock Yards Company
 * Montreal Telegraph Company
 * Montreal Terminal Railway
 * Montreal and Vermont Junction Railway
 * Montreal Warehousing Company
 * Morden and North-Western Railway
 * Mountain Park Coals
 * Mountain Park Coal Syndicate
 * Mount Royal Tunnel and Terminal Company
 * Muskegon Railway and Navigation Company
 * Musquodoboit Railway

N

 * Napanee, Tamworth and Quebec Railway
 * National Construction Company (Limited)
 * National Terminals of Canada
 * National Transcontinental Railway
 * National Transcontinental Railway Branch Lines Company
 * Nelson Valley Railway and Transportation Company
 * New Brunswick and Prince Edward Railway
 * New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island Railway
 * New England Elevator Company
 * Newfoundland Hotel
 * Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway
 * Newfoundland Railway
 * Newfoundland Railway Steamship Services
 * New Glasgow Iron, Coal and Railway
 * New London Northern Railroad
 * New London, Willimantic and Palmer Railroad
 * New London, Willimantic and Springfield Railroad
 * New Westminster Southern Railway
 * Niagara and St. Catharines Street Railway
 * Niagara Falls International Bridge Company
 * Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge Company
 * Niagara Falls, Wesley Park and Clifton Tramway Company
 * Niagara, Hamilton and Pacific Railway
 * Niagara Lower Arch Bridge Company
 * Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto Navigation Company (Limited)
 * Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto Railway
 * Nictaux and Atlantic Railway
 * Norfolk Railway
 * North Eastern Railway
 * North Grey Railway
 * North Railway
 * North Shore Railway
 * North Shore Railway and St. Maurice Navigation Company
 * North Simcoe Railway
 * Northern Alberta Railways Company
 * Northern Consolidated Holding Company
 * Northern Extension Railway
 * Northern Extension Railways Company
 * Northern and North-Western Railway
 * Northern, North-Western and Sault Ste. Marie Railway
 * Northern and Pacific Junction Railway
 * Northern Pacific and Manitoba Railway
 * Northern Railroad, (N.Y.)
 * Northern Railway, (N.B.)
 * Northern Railway of Canada
 * Northern Townsites
 * Northumberland Straits Tunnel Railway
 * North Western Grand Trunk Railway of Illinois and Indiana
 * North Western Grand Trunk Railway of Michigan
 * Norway Branch Railroad
 * Nova Scotia Central Railway
 * Nova Scotia Eastern Railway
 * Nova Scotia Iron and Steel Company
 * Nova Scotia, Nictaux and Atlantic Central Railway
 * Nova Scotia Railway
 * Nova Scotia Southern Railway
 * Nova Scotia Southern Railway
 * Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company
 * Nova Scotia Iron and Steel Company
 * Nova Scotian Hotel, Halifax

O

 * Oakland and Ottawa Railroad
 * Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad
 * Ogdensburg Railroad
 * Omemee, Bobcaygeon and North Peterborough Junction Railway
 * Ontario, Belmont and Northern Railway
 * Ontario Car Ferry Company, (Limited)
 * Ontario and Ottawa Railway
 * Ontario and Rainy River Railway
 * Ontario Sault Ste. Marie Railway
 * Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railroad Union Company
 * Oshawa Railway and Navigation Company
 * Ottawa, Arnprior and Parry Sound Railway
 * Ottawa, Arnprior and Renfrew Railway
 * Ottawa and Parry Sound Railway
 * Ottawa, Rideau Valley and Brockville Railway
 * Ottawa Terminals Railway
 * Oxford and Port Austin Railroad

P

 * Pacific, Northern and Omineca Railway
 * Parry Sound Colonization Railway
 * Pembina Valley Railway
 * Pembroke Southern Railway
 * Peninsular Railroad
 * Peninsular Railway
 * Peninsular Railway - Illinois
 * Peninsular Railway - Indiana
 * Peninsular Railway - Michigan
 * Peninsular Railway Extension Company
 * Peterborough and Chemong Lake Railway
 * Peterborough and Port Hope Railway
 * Petitcodiac and Elgin Branch Railway
 * Pleasant Bay Railway
 * Polk and 49th Street Junction Railway
 * Pontiac, Oxford and Northern Railroad
 * Pontiac, Oxford and Port Austin Railroad
 * Port Arthur, Duluth and Western Railway
 * Port Dalhousie, St. Catharines and Thorold Electric Street Railway
 * Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway
 * Port Dover and Lake Huron Railway
 * Port Hope, Lindsay and Beaverton Railway
 * Port Huron and Indiana Railway
 * Port Huron and Lake Michigan Railroad
 * Port Huron and Milwaukee Railway
 * Port Huron Railroad Tunnel Company
 * Port Whitby and Port Perry Railway
 * Portage and North-Western Railway
 * Portland Elevator Company
 * Prescott County Railway
 * Preston and Berlin Junction Railway
 * Preston and Berlin Railway
 * Prince Edward County Railway
 * Prince Edward Island Car Ferry Terminals
 * Prince Edward Island Ferry Service
 * Prince Edward Island Railway
 * Prince Charles
 * Prince David
 * Prince George
 * Prince Henry
 * Prince John
 * Prince Robert
 * Prince Rupert Dry Dock and Shipyard
 * Prince Rupert Hotel Site
 * Prince Rupert
 * Prince William
 * Public Markets
 * Pullin and Copp
 * Pullin, Virgil and Company's Express

Q

 * Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan Railroad and Steamboat Company
 * Quebec Bridge Company
 * Quebec Bridge and Railway
 * Quebec and Gosford Railway
 * Quebec and James Bay Railway
 * Quebec and Lake St. John Railway
 * Quebec, Montmorency and Charlevoix Railway
 * Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway
 * Quebec, Montreal and Southern Railway
 * Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Railway
 * Quebec Oriental Railway
 * Quebec Railway Bridge Company
 * Quebec Railway, Light and Power Company
 * Quebec and Richmond Railroad
 * Quebec and Saguenay Railway
 * Quebec Southern Railway
 * Queen Elizabeth Hotel

R

 * Rail and River Coal Company
 * Rainy River Bridge Company
 * Railroad Credit Corporation
 * Railway Express Agency, Incorporated
 * Realty Assets Company
 * Red River Valley Railway
 * Reid Newfoundland Company
 * Restigouche and Victoria Colonization Railway
 * Restigouche and Victoria Railway
 * Restigouche and Western Railway
 * Rouyn Mines Railway
 * Rutland and Burlington Railroad
 * Rutland Railroad

S

 * Saguenay and Lake St. John Railway
 * St. Boniface Western Land Company
 * St. Catharines, Merritton and Thorold Street Railway, Company
 * St. Catharines and Niagara Centre Railway
 * St. Catharines Street Railway
 * St. Charles and Huron River Railway
 * St. Clair Frontier Tunnel Company
 * St. Clair Tunnel Company
 * Saint John and Quebec Railway Bridge Company
 * Saint John and Quebec Railway
 * Saint John and Quebec Railway Trust Company
 * Saint John Valley Railway
 * Saint John's Dry Dock
 * Saint Joseph Valley Railway
 * St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad
 * St. Lawrence, Lower Laurentian and Saguenay Railway
 * St. Lawrence and Ottawa Grand Junction Railroad
 * St. Louis, Richibucto and Buctouche, Railway
 * Saint Martin's Railway
 * Saint Martin's and Upham Railway
 * Saint Maurice Railway and Navigation Company
 * Salisbury and Albert Railway
 * Salisbury and Harvey Railway. Company
 * Saratoga and St. Lawrence Railroad
 * Saskatchewan and North Western Railway
 * Saskatchewan Bridge Company
 * Saskatchewan Midland Railway
 * Saskatchewan North Western Railway
 * Shawinigan Falls Terminal Railway
 * Societe Immobiliere de la Rue Scribe
 * South Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad
 * South Norfolk Railway
 * South Shore Railway
 * Southern New England Railway
 * Southern New England Railway
 * Southern Vermont Railway
 * Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railroad
 * Stratford and Huron Railway
 * Street Railway Construction Company
 * Sydney Transfer and Storage

T

 * Temiscouata Railway
 * Terminal Warehouse and Cartage Company
 * Terminal Warehouse Registered
 * Terminal Warehouse Company
 * Thousand Islands Railway
 * Terra Transport
 * Thunder Bay Colonization Railway
 * Toledo and Ottawa Beach Railway
 * Toledo Railway and Terminal Company
 * Toledo, Saginaw and Mackinaw Railroad
 * Toledo, Saginaw and Muskegon Railway
 * Toledo Terminal Railroad
 * Toronto Belt Line Railway
 * Toronto Dwellings
 * Toronto Eastern Railway
 * Toronto and Goderich Railway
 * Toronto and Guelph Railway
 * Toronto and Hamilton Railway
 * Toronto, Niagara and Western Railway
 * Toronto and Nipissing Eastern Extension Railway
 * Toronto and Nipissing Railway
 * Toronto and Ottawa Railway
 * Toronto - Peterborough Transport Company
 * Toronto, Simcoe and Lake Huron Railroad Union Company
 * Toronto, Simcoe and Muskoka Junction Railway
 * Toronto Suburban Railway
 * Toronto Suburban Street Railway
 * Toronto Terminals Railway
 * Transcontinental Townsite Company

U

 * United Counties Railway
 * United States and Canada Railroad
 * United States and Canada Railway
 * United States Social Security Legislation

V

 * Vale Coal, Iron and Manufacturing Company
 * Vale Railway
 * Van Buren Bridge Company
 * Vancouver Dock
 * Vancouver Hotel Company
 * Vancouver Terminal Railway
 * Vancouver, Victoria and Eastern Railway and Navigation Company
 * Vermont and Canada Railroad
 * Vermont Central Railroad
 * Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad
 * Vermont and Province Line Railroad
 * Victoria Bridge
 * Victoria Dock
 * Victoria Hotel Site
 * Victoria Railway

W

 * Wacos Holdings
 * Waskada and North Eastern Railway
 * Waterloo Junction Railway
 * Welland Railway
 * Wellington and Georgian Bay Railway
 * Wellington, Grey and Bruce Railway
 * West River Railroad
 * Western Extension Railway
 * Western Union Telegraph Company
 * Western Vermont Railroad
 * Weston, High Park and Toronto Street Railway (Limited)
 * Whipple Car Company
 * Whitby and Port Perry Extension Railway
 * Whitby, Port Perry and Lindsay Railway
 * Windsor and Hantsport Railway
 * Winnipeg Great Northern Railway
 * Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Railway
 * Winnipeg and Hudson's Bay Railway and Steamship Company
 * Winnipeg Land Company
 * Winnipeg and Northern Railway
 * Winnipeg Transfer Railway (Limited)

Y

 * York and Carleton Railway


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wooism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:27, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wooism
381 Google hits but seems to be some sort of vanity joke. Philthecow 02:31, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not notable neologism, possible vanity. Megan1967 04:42, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (or redirect to l33t) Radiant! 12:12, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. utcursch 12:16, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity neologism, self-promotion. Wyss 18:55, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity neologism. Johntex 19:38, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wooism


text:
Iraq Assembly of National Unity

The Iraq Assembly of National Unity is one of the electoral coalitions that participated in the January 30, 2005 National Assembly legislative election in Iraq. They were led by Dr. Nehro Mohammed.

In the 2005 election, the party received 23,686 votes, or 0.28% of the total ballot.

title: Iraq Assembly of National Unity