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WPSG

WPSG (channel 57), branded Philly 57, is an independent television station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is owned by the CBS News and Stations group alongside CBS outlet KYW-TV (channel 3). The two stations share studios on Hamilton Street north of Center City Philadelphia; WPSG's transmitter is located in the city's Roxborough section.

Channel 57 was allocated for commercial use in Philadelphia at the start of the 1970s; it was fought over by two groups who sought to broadcast subscription television (STV) programming to paying customers in the metropolitan area. Radio Broadcasting Company prevailed and launched WWSG-TV on June 15, 1981. It offered limited financial news programming, which was abandoned after 18 months, and a subscription service utilizing programming from SelecTV. Two years later, the station switched to broadcasting PRISM, a premium regional sports and movies service seeking to reach potential subscribers in areas beyond cable coverage, such as the city of Philadelphia.

The Grant Broadcasting System acquired the station and relaunched it in 1985 as general-entertainment independent WGBS-TV, known on air as "Philly 57". The new owners spent millions of dollars on programming and the rights to Philadelphia Flyers hockey and Villanova Wildcats basketball; the station filled the third independent void left when WKBS-TV (channel 48) folded in 1983, and its entrance into the market clipped multiple separate efforts to establish such a station. However, Grant's strategy to build "full-grown" independents with expensive acquisitions drove the company into bankruptcy in December 1986. Grant's three stations were assumed by a consortium of creditors and bondholders known as Combined Broadcasting; management was controlled from Philadelphia. Combined Broadcasting solicited offers on its stations in 1993; a deal was reached to sell to the Fox network, but an objection caused the sale to be delayed and canceled.

In 1995, Paramount Stations Group acquired WGBS-TV, which then became an owned-and-operated station of the United Paramount Network (UPN) under new WPSG call letters. Paramount returned professional sports to the station after an absence of several years; from the late 1990s to the late 2000s, Flyers, Philadelphia 76ers basketball, and Philadelphia Phillies baseball games were broadcast on channel 57. Paramount's corporate parent, Viacom, merged with CBS in 2000, and WPSG's operations were merged with those of KYW-TV. Upon the merger of The WB and UPN into The CW in 2006, channel 57 began broadcasting that network's programming; after CBS sold most of its stake in the network to Nexstar Media Group in 2022, CBS disaffiliated its eight CW stations from the network effective September 1, 2023. Since the CBS merger, there have been several instances of local news programming on the station.

WWSG-TV: The STV years
Channel 57 had been assigned to Philadelphia as an educational channel, but in 1970, Vue-Metrics, Inc. expressed interest in starting a station in Philadelphia. Its goal was to broadcast over-the-air subscription television (STV) programming on the station—in fact, Vue-Metrics filed the first request to the FCC for regular FCC authorization. It originally filed for channel 23, but the Federal Communications Commission was in the process of redesignating that channel for educational use at Camden, New Jersey, leading to the designation of channel 57 for commercial use in Philadelphia. Vue-Metrics was not the only company to express interest in channel 57 as a conduit for STV: Radio Broadcasting Company (RBC) applied on December 24, 1971, for the channel. The two groups proposed different systems for delivering the STV service. Vue-Metrics specified the use of the Phonevision system by Zenith Electronics, while RBC intended to use equipment made by Blonder-Tongue.

A designation of the Vue-Metrics and Radio Broadcasting Company applications for comparative hearing did not come until June 24, 1976; issues to be raised in the hearing primarily centered around the finances of each bidder. An initial decision from an FCC hearing examiner, favoring Radio Broadcasting Company, was issued in September 1977. By this time, there had been substantial changes in the proposal. Instead of Phonevision, the subscription operation proposed for channel 57 would be a franchisee of ON TV, whose first service in Los Angeles had launched that March, and use equipment developed by one of ON TV's owners, Oak Industries. The examiner's initial decision did not represent not an immediate green light to start building. Vue-Metrics, which was now headed by Robert S. Block (whose SelecTV was about to launch), had appealed the examiner's earlier move to dismiss its application as incomplete to the full FCC. The commission upheld the initial decision in October 1978. Construction began in 1979, with the company opting to begin the process of erecting facilities in the Manayunk area despite Vue-Metrics continuing its appeals in federal court.

On June 15, 1981, WWSG-TV—named for RBC owner William S. Gross—took to the air for the first time with the movie The North Avenue Irregulars. Its first program broadcasts were entirely scrambled and seen by next to nobody: there were fewer than 50 installed households, all of them belonging to station employees. Even though its STV service used Oak equipment, it utilized movies from SelecTV, Oak's primary competitor. WWSG-TV joined a series of communications-related businesses under the RBC umbrella, including mobile paging, background music, and the distribution of HBO to area multipoint microwave services. Delays in the launch of its daytime commercial program provider, the new Financial News Network, postponed the start of non-STV broadcasts to November 30. With FNN on air, the station aired financial programming and talk shows from 9 a.m. to 8 p.m., when STV service began.

WWSG-TV's SelecTV was not the only subscription service to enter the Delaware Valley in 1981. Later that year, Wometco Home Theater (WHT) expanded south from its base in New York City by launching on WRBV-TV (channel 65) in Vineland, New Jersey. Even though SelecTV got on the air first, WHT initially took the lead in subscribers. By January 1983, WHT had 20,000 subscribers to SelecTV's 12,000. After subscription TV was deregulated by the FCC in 1982, removing a rule that stations had to provide 28 hours a week of free programs, WWSG-TV dropped Financial News Network programming and began offering SelecTV around the clock on January 9, 1983.

1983 was a year of change for channel 57. In January, The Philadelphia Inquirer reported that a consortium led by Oak and Ed Snider, owner of the Philadelphia Flyers hockey team, was seeking to buy WWSG-TV from RBC. Their proposal would replace SelecTV with an STV broadcast of regional premium cable service PRISM, which offered feature films and telecasts of home games of the Flyers, Philadelphia 76ers, and Philadelphia Phillies. A sale never transpired; in September, RBC reached a two-year deal to begin broadcasting PRISM on October 31, with the goal being to reach the city of Philadelphia, which did not have any cable service at the time. Even though subscribers would pay $3 more per month to watch PRISM than they had for SelecTV, very few subscribers opted to discontinue service, and the new availability of PRISM's sports coverage led to a surge in interest; a waiting list was necessary because RBC could not procure new decoders fast enough.

In its first unscrambled sports telecast in history, the station aired a Flyers telecast on November 15, 1984—Bobby Clarke Night—that was available to non-subscribers. The success of PRISM as a subscription service led Wometco Home Theater to leave the Philadelphia market at the end of November 1984.

WGBS-TV: The Grant years
At the start of 1985, rumors began to swirl that WWSG-TV was about to be sold and turned into a full-time ad-supported commercial station. Milton Grant, an independent station builder who had just put WBFS-TV on the air in Miami the year prior, was buying the rights to show various syndicated reruns, such as Dallas and Eight Is Enough, in the Philadelphia market, contingent on the purchase of channel 57. In March, the rumors were confirmed: Grant's company, Grant Broadcasting System (GBS), was purchasing WWSG-TV from RBC for $30 million at the same time that the Gross family sought to buy WWAC-TV in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Grant intended not only to convert channel 57 to ad-supported programming but upgrade its underpowered transmitting facility to the UHF maximum of five million watts. The filing of the application revealed that RBC had lost nearly $750,000 since 1981 on its STV venture. This compared with the $32.5 million RBC had made the year before by selling its successful paging business to communications conglomerate Metromedia. In the sale, Gross retained lifetime rights to conduct datacasting in the vertical blanking interval of the television station, which he used to start a business transmitting text information to scrolling displays in bars and restaurants. On October 20, 1985, WWSG-TV became WGBS-TV —call letters representing the Grant Broadcasting System —operating from studios on 20th Street and branding as Philly 57.

Grant promised to "come on full-grown" with his new channel 57, and his company was able to make splashy acquisitions in part because Philadelphia only had two independent stations. The station that had been the third independent in the market, WKBS-TV (channel 48), had been shuttered in 1983 owing to the dissolution of its owner, Field Communications. When Grant inquired who had the rights to air Villanova men's basketball, the answer was nobody: there had been no regular broadcasts of the Philadelphia Big 5 since channel 48 left the air. GBS, seeking to mirror the tentpole sports acquisitions it had made in Miami, signed a three-year deal for at least 20 Villanova basketball games and telecasts of the revived Villanova football team, worth nearly $1 million. Three months later, the Flyers ended a 15-year relationship with WTAF-TV (channel 29) to become the primary sports attraction on channel 57 as part of a $3.3 million contract; the team cited the recent purchase of the Phillies by a group headed by Taft Broadcasting, WTAF-TV's owner. The start of the first season of WGBS-TV was marred by the fact that not all cable systems added it to their lineups in the wake of must-carry regulations being struck down by a federal court earlier that year; this slightly limited the station's reach, particularly compared to its independent competitors.

In the field of entertainment programming, Grant brought its free-spending ways to the Philadelphia market. This would send ripples through several other groups' plans to enter the market. At the time, channel 48 was in the comparative hearing stage for a new licensee, and one company, BCT Communications, withdrew from the contest in November 1985. The company's lawyer told The Inquirer, "I think Milt Grant was doing a pretty good number on tying up whatever programming was available." In July 1986, WTGI-TV launched from Wilmington, Delaware; channel 57's relaunch eclipsed its original programming plan, and the station switched to a home shopping and later multicultural format. Another competitor, WSJT-TV—the former WRBV-TV—took itself out of the running that same year by selling to the Home Shopping Network.

Grant bankruptcy and Combined Broadcasting ownership (1986–1993)
Grant Broadcasting System launched a third major-market independent, WGBO-TV in Chicago, in January 1986 after purchased the former WFBN late in 1985. However, a flat advertising market and the high prices paid for syndicated programming combined to fuel substantial losses at GBS. On December 8, 1986, GBS filed for federal bankruptcy protection in Philadelphia, seeking to avoid its creditors forcing it into involuntary bankruptcy. In 1986, WGBS-TV lost $9.72 million, which was more than the $6.54 million lost by WBFS-TV in Miami but less than WGBO-TV's $13.76 million loss for the year; the company as a whole lost $35.96 million. The flat market, higher programming costs, and defensive maneuvers by competing broadcasters had prevented Grant from achieving the same success he had with the strategy in the Dallas and Houston markets, where he built KTXA and KTXH and was able to sell them for a significant profit.

In a March 1987 bankruptcy court proceeding in Philadelphia, Grant was allowed to continue operating its stations until at least July 1 through cash and accounts receivables to fund operations, denying a motion by the company's creditors to assume control of the stations or force their sale. However, on July 7, Grant agreed to enter into receivership and turn over control of the company and its three stations to its television program suppliers and bondholders under a reorganization plan—which was formally filed on October 13 and approved on March 30, 1988—to repay $420 million in debt from the stations' operations by 1995, at which point the stations would be sold off. In July 1988, Combined Broadcasting, a creditor-controlled company, took over Grant and the three stations. Combined entered into new agreements that kept the Flyers and Villanova athletics on channel 57. While the company was based in Los Angeles, Philadelphia served as the hub for Combined management.

The Flyers left channel 57 for WPHL-TV in 1991; interest in the team had fallen after missing the playoffs in back-to-back seasons, and the station was lukewarm about renewal. Additionally, the new deal gradually decreased the team's over-the-air inventory.

Attempted sale to Fox (1993–1994)
In February 1993, Combined retained a bank to evaluate offers for the three ex-Grant stations. Six months later, Combined announced it had a buyer for WGBS-TV: Fox Television Stations, which would purchase channel 57 for $70 million and make it the new Fox station for Philadelphia, replacing WTXF-TV (the former WTAF-TV). WTXF-TV's owner, Paramount Stations Group (a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures), strongly criticized Fox's plans to pull its affiliation. It warned, "All affiliates of Fox should take note of the level of loyalty and commitment Fox has exhibited. Apparently Fox's loyalty only recognizes the partnership nature of a network affiliate's relationship when it is convenient to Fox's own economic interest." The move brought speculation of what was next for channel 57 as a Fox affiliate. With a switch that would have taken place in April 1994, at the end of channel 29's Fox affiliation agreement, the station was also seen as likely to start a local newsroom, providing the first competition to WTXF's 10 p.m. newscast. It also fueled existing speculation that Paramount was planning to join with Chris-Craft Industries to create a new network; when what eventually became the United Paramount Network (UPN) was announced that October as a joint venture of the two companies (with Paramount/Viacom holding only a programming partnership until it purchased 50 percent of the network in 1996), WTXF was named as its Philadelphia affiliate.

However, in November, legal opposition formed. The New York City chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) filed a formal objection to Fox's planned purchase of WGBS due to concerns about Fox's ownership structure. The NAACP contended that Fox's then-owner, News Corporation—based in Australia at the time—was the de facto parent company of Fox Television Stations' holding company, Twentieth Holdings Corporation (THC). News Corp's chairman, Rupert Murdoch, owned 76 percent of THC's stock in his own name; he had become an American citizen in 1985 so he could buy U.S. television stations. The NAACP contended that News Corp owned at least 36% of THC's stock, including all of the common stock, at a time when FCC regulations limited foreign ownership of broadcast outlets to 25 percent. As FCC approval did not come before the planned January 30, 1994, completion of the deal, Combined walked away from the $57 million sale a few weeks later after one extension, preserving WTXF's Fox affiliation. Even while the deal was still pending, however, other opportunities drew Fox's attention. In January, when Fox was rebuffed in a bid to purchase Group W—which included KYW-TV in Philadelphia—Mediaweek reported that another station executive found Fox lacking "its customary vigor" in trying to close the WGBS-TV deal.

The NAACP protest would have implications for Fox that outlasted its attempt to buy WGBS-TV. In June 1994, the FCC opened a foreign ownership review into Murdoch's existing station holdings; had it ruled negatively, a forced ownership change or license loss could have meant the end of the network. It was not until July 1995, when Fox won approval to buy television stations in Boston, Denver, and Memphis, Tennessee, that the foreign-ownership issue was resolved, removing a roadblock to purchases by the company.

WPSG: Sale to Paramount and UPN affiliation (1994–2006)
Later in 1994, in the context of a major realignment fueled by Fox's acquisition of rights to a package of National Football League games, Group W reached an agreement to align all five of its stations with CBS, resulting in affiliation switches at three of its five stations, including KYW-TV. New World Communications had recently partnered with Fox in most of the markets where the company owned stations and emerged as a candidate to purchase CBS's longtime owned-and-operated station WCAU-TV (channel 10). Fox also entered into the bidding for WCAU, just in case New World's offer fell through or New World chose to affiliate WCAU with NBC. However, on August 31, 1994, Viacom (which had acquired Paramount several months earlier) announced that it would sell WTXF to Fox for over $200 million; NBC and CBS then opted to make a complicated multi-market station swap which gave WCAU-TV to NBC. Using the cash received from Fox for channel 29, Viacom then bought WGBS and its Miami sister station, WBFS-TV. As soon as the deal was announced, Viacom announced that both stations would join UPN; channel 57 had not previously had a network affiliation confirmed.

UPN launched on January 16, 1995, with WGBS-TV as the Philadelphia affiliate. The Viacom acquisition of WGBS-TV and WBFS-TV closed in August, simultaneous with the sale of WTXF-TV, and on December 11, the station changed its call letters once more to reflect a new owner, this time becoming WPSG for Paramount Stations Group. Under Paramount, the station once again became a heavy sports broadcaster, with the help of local regional sports network Comcast SportsNet. After three seasons with no broadcast partner, the 76ers signed a deal with the station to air 21 games a season beginning in 1997. The Flyers returned to channel 57 for the 1998–1999 season, airing 20 regular-season games a year, after WPHL-TV objected to the preemptions of WB network programming that the team had generated in recent seasons. They were joined by the Phillies, for the first time in station history, which began airing 70 telecasts a season on WPSG in 1999. In 1999, Paramount Stations Group acquired WNPA, the UPN affiliate in Pittsburgh. Immediately upon taking over that station, 19 people were laid off as Paramount moved all technical operations to WPSG in Philadelphia.

Viacom bought CBS in 2000, creating a duopoly with KYW-TV; that same year, Viacom also purchased Chris-Craft's 50% share of UPN for $5.5 billion. Though WPSG's operations were migrated into KYW-TV's studios at Independence Mall and the station started running prime time weather updates from KYW-TV meteorologists, separate general managers were retained for both stations, and the consolidation process moved gradually. CBS-owned KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh assumed operational responsibility for WNPA.

The CW Philly 57 (2006–2023)
On January 24, 2006, the Warner Bros. unit of Time Warner and CBS Corporation (which had been created as a result of the split of Viacom at the end of 2005) announced that the two companies would shut down The WB and UPN and combine the networks' respective programming to create a new "fifth" network called The CW; the day of the announcement, it was revealed that 11 of CBS Corporation's 15 UPN affiliates, including WPSG, would become CW stations. The station partially revived the "Philly 57" name upon the network change, becoming "CW Philly 57".

On April 2, 2007, WPSG and KYW-TV relocated their operations to new studios at 1500 Spring Garden Street in Philadelphia, near the Community College of Philadelphia; the former studio facility was then demolished to make way for the National Museum of American Jewish History. Meanwhile, the station gradually lost its sports franchises. After the 2008 season, the Phillies returned to WPHL-TV. In 2009, all local telecasts of Flyers and Sixers games moved to Comcast SportsNet and The Comcast Network.

WPSG shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 57, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital broadcasts. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 32, using virtual channel 57. In 2019, the station was repacked from channel 32 to channel 33 as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction. On December 4, 2019, CBS Corporation and Viacom re-merged to create ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global).

Return to independence (2023)
On October 3, 2022, Nexstar Media Group acquired majority ownership of The CW. Under the agreement, CBS was given the right to pull its affiliations from WPSG and its seven other CW stations which was exercised on May 5, 2023. On June 14, Nexstar-owned WPHL-TV, then a MyNetworkTV affiliate, was announced to assume the CW affiliation. Along with reverting to independent status on September 1, WPSG fully revived the "Philly 57" brand on-air as part of a larger rebranding process among the disaffiliated stations.

WPSG began serving as the Philadelphia market's lighthouse station for the ATSC 3.0 broadcast standard on August 10, 2023, with its channels hosted in ATSC 1.0 form among Philadelphia's other stations.

Newscasts
In September 2002, KYW radio (1060 AM) and KYW-TV launched a weekday morning news program called KYW NewsRadio This Morning on WPSG. The broadcast was essentially an embellished radio newscast with simple graphics and video borrowed from KYW-TV. This was replaced in 2005 with Wake Up News, a similarly formatted program produced by Traffic Pulse (later known as Traffic.com).

KYW-TV began to produce a 10 p.m. newscast for WPSG on February 2, 2009. This partnership would extend into the mornings on June 29, 2009, when Wake Up News was replaced with a two-hour extension of KYW-TV's Eyewitness News This Morning. The morning newscast continued until June 2015, when it was canceled as part of major programming and staff changes. A morning newscast returned in January 2023, with a simulcast of CBS News Philadelphia's streaming 7 a.m. newscast.

On July 18, 2022, Eyewitness News at 10 on The CW Philly was changed to become CBS News Philadelphia Now on The CW Philly, a hybrid local/national newscast that launched across several CBS-owned CW affiliates and independent stations. Coinciding with the relaunch as an independent station in September 2023, this was replaced with an 8 p.m. newscast.

Subchannels
The station's ATSC 1.0 channels are carried on the multiplexed signals of other Philadelphia television stations:

On August 10, 2023, WPSG became the ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) host station for Philadelphia.

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title: WPSG


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Flamen Dialis

In ancient Roman religion, the flamen Dialis was the high priest of Jupiter. The term Dialis is related to Diespiter, an Old Latin form of the name Jupiter. There were 15 flamines, of whom three were flamines maiores, serving the three gods of the Archaic Triad. According to tradition the flamines were forbidden to touch metal, ride a horse, or see a corpse. The Flamen Dialis was officially ranked second in the ranking of the highest Roman priests (ordo sacerdotum), behind only the rex sacrorum and before other flamines maiores (Flamen Martialis, Flamen Quirinalis) and pontifex maximus.

The office of Flamen Dialis, and the offices of the other flamines maiores, were traditionally said to have been created by Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, although Numa himself performed many of the rites of the Flamen Dialis.

Appointment and privileges
The Flamen Dialis enjoyed many peculiar honours. When a vacancy occurred, three persons of patrician descent, whose parents had been married according to the ceremonies of confarreatio (the strictest form of Roman marriage), were nominated by the Comitia, one of whom was selected (captus), and consecrated (inaugurabatur) by the Pontifex Maximus. The candidates also had to be married, confarreatio and to a virgin (see Flamen).

From that time forward he was emancipated from the control of his father, and became sui juris. He alone of all priests wore the apex, he had a right to a lictor, to the toga praetexta, to the Sella Curulis, and to a seat in the Roman senate ex officio. This last privilege, after having fallen into disuse for a long period, was asserted by Gaius Valerius Flaccus (209 BC), the claim allowed however, says Livy, more in deference to his high personal character than from a conviction of the justice of the demand. The Rex Sacrificulus or Rex Sacrorum alone was entitled to recline above him at a banquet; if one in bonds took refuge in his house, the chains were immediately struck off and conveyed through the impluvium to the roof, and thence cast down into the street: if a criminal on his way to punishment met him, and fell suppliant at his feet, he was respited for that day,   similar to the right of sanctuary attached to the persons and dwellings of the papal cardinals.

Restrictions
The Flamen Dialis was subjected to many restrictions and privations, many of considerable Indo-European vintage, a long catalogue of which was compiled by Aulus Gellius from the works of Fabius Pictor and Masurius Sabinus.

 * It was unlawful for him to be out of the city for a single night; a regulation which seems to have been modified by Augustus, insofar that an absence of two nights was permitted.
 * He was forbidden to sleep out of his own bed for three nights consecutively. Thus, it was impossible for him to undertake the government of a province.
 * He might not
 * mount or even touch a horse,
 * touch iron, or
 * look at an army marshalled outside the pomerium.
 * He might not be elected to the consulship. Indeed, it would seem that originally he was altogether precluded from seeking or accepting any civil magistracy; but this last prohibition was certainly not enforced in later times.
 * The Flamen Dialis was required to wear certain unusual garments, such as the apex, a point-tipped hat, and a laena, a heavy wool cloak.
 * He was not allowed to swear an oath,
 * nor to wear a ring nisi pervio et casso ("unless plain and without stones");
 * nor to strip himself naked in the open air
 * nor to go out without his proper head-dress
 * nor to have a knot in any part of his attire
 * nor to walk along a path over-canopied by vines.
 * He might not touch flour, nor leaven, nor leavened bread.
 * He might not touch a dead body, nor enter a burial place, but he was allowed to attend a funeral.
 * He was forbidden either to touch or to name a dog, a she-goat, ivy, beans, or raw flesh.
 * None but a free man might cut his hair; the clippings of which, together with the parings of his nails, were buried beneath an arbor felix ("auspicious tree").
 * No one might sleep in his bed, the legs of which were smeared with fine clay
 * It was unlawful to place a box containing sacrificial cakes in contact with the bedstead
 * He was not allowed to be present of a table without food, so that he never appeared wanting.

The object of these rules was clearly to make him literally Jovi adsiduum sacerdotem (the constant priest of Jove / Jupiter), to compel constant attention to the duties of the priesthood, and to leave him effectively without any temptation to neglect them.

In the view of Dumézil, these prohibitions mark the Flamen Dialis as serving a celestial god, with his attributes of absolute purity and freedom, but also wielder of lightning and kingship. Within his scope of action there are the domains of political power and right, but not battle, which belongs to Mars and the Flamen Martialis. His solidarity with the king is reflected in that of his earthly counterpart, the rex sacrorum. Similar partnerships, with similar ritual restrictions, are seen reflected in other Indo-European cultures, such as that of the Vedic rajan and his purohita, and the ancient Irish rig and the chief druid.

Flaminica Dialis
The Flaminica Dialis was the wife of the Flamen Dialis. She was required to be a virgin at the time of their wedding, which had to be conducted according to the ceremonies of confarreatio, the traditional form of marriage for patricians. (This regulation also applied to the marriages of the two other flamines maiores.)  The couple were not permitted to divorce, and if the flaminica died the Dialis was obliged to resign. The assistance of the flaminica was essential in the performance of certain rituals. On each of the nundinae, she sacrificed a ram to Juno Regina in the Curia Calabra. The flaminica was assigned a special ritual attire. Her hair was plaited up with a purple band in a conical form (tutulus), but when she went to participate in the ritual of the Argei, she neither combed nor arranged her hair. The flaminica and the regina sacrorum were the only ones who might wear the hairdressing named (in)arculata. The flaminica wore a dyed robe (venenato operitur) and a small square cloth with a border (rica), to which was attached a slip cut from a felix arbor, a tree under the protection of the heavenly gods. The rica may have been a short cloak, or less likely a sort of scarf or veil thrown over the head. The restrictions imposed upon the flaminica were similar to those placed on her husband. She was prohibited from mounting a staircase consisting of more than three steps, perhaps to prevent her ankles from being seen.

Holders of the office

 * Publius Cornelius Sulla, probably appointed flamen by the Pontifex Maximus Publius Cornelius Calussa c. 279–270 BC. He may have been the son of Publius Cornelius Rufinus, and the first member of his family named Sulla.
 * Lucius Quinctius, appointed in the middle of the 3rd century BC. He was probably a son of Caeso Quinctius Claudus, and the ancestor of the Quinctii Flaminini.
 * Publius Cornelius Scipio, grandson of Scipio Africanus, became Flamen Dialis in 174 BC. He died soon after between 170 and 168 BC.
 * Lucius Cornelius Merula was likely chosen flamen at the end of the 2nd century BC. He is mostly known for his death in 87 BC, during the civil war between the two consuls of 87 BC, Octavius and Cinna.  Appointed suffect consul in replacement of Cinna, who had been expelled by Octavius, Merula resigned when Cinna returned to Rome with an army.  Targeted by Cinna's and Marius' purge, he instead committed suicide in Dec. 87 in the Temple of Jupiter, calling down curses on his enemies with his dying breath.
 * Gaius Julius Caesar, the future dictator, was chosen at the instigation of Cinna, his father-in-law, at the end of 87 BC, or before 13 January 86 BC, while Marius was still alive. Many scholars have however debated the possibility that Caesar was never formally appointed, because of his age. The theory that religious technicalities interfered as if his mother Aurelia was not plebeian are false. Aurelia was a patrician.  Caesar nonetheless lost his priesthood during the dictatorship of Sulla, in about 81, but was elected a regular pontifex in the College of Pontiffs in 77, according to Vell. 2.43.1.  He was elected pontifex maximus in 63 BC. No Flamen Dialis was appointed thereafter, and the office then remained vacant for about 72 years.  until 16/15 BC (Dec. 87 BC - 72 years = 16 or 15 BC -- per Tac. Ann. 3.58.4, which has wrongly been emended by some editors to "75 years."  Due to inclusive counting, it is hard to be certain if this means 71 or 72 years).
 * Servius Cornelius Lentulus Maluginensis, probably a son of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur. Born c. 30 BC, he seems to have become flamen c. 15 BC, after the long hiatus that followed the removal of Caesar. But since the first mention of him in office appears in Tac. Ann. 3.58.1 for AD 22, it is very likely he was not the first man to hold the post after the long vacancy. Accordingly, the exact date that Maluginensis became Flamen Dialis is uncertain. Cassius Dio 54.36.1 says the post was filled about 11 BC, a date unwisely accepted by many modern scholars who forget that Tacitus is more reliable and closer to the events than Dio. Tacitus 3.58.4 clearly indicates that the date was 72 years after the suicide of Cornelius Merula in Dec. 87 BC. Some modern translators have preferred Dio over Tacitus, including Penguin's Rex Warner.
 * Cornelius Lentulus Maluginensis, succeeded his father as flamen in AD 23, probably at a very young age.
 * Terentius Gentianus is mentioned as flamen in an inscription commissioned for his sister. The last known Flamen Dialis. Since he was also consul in AD 211 it seems the restrictions on holding political offices had been removed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Flamen Dialis


text:
NetWare File System

In computing, the NetWare File System (NWFS) was a file system based on a heavily optimized, journal-based FAT file system. It was used in the Novell NetWare network operating system. It was the only file system for all volumes in NetWare versions 2.x, 3.x and 4.x, and the default and only file system for the SYS: volume continuing through version 5.x. Novell developed two varieties of NWFS:

 * 1) 16-bit NWFS 286, used in NetWare 2.x
 * 2) 32-bit NWFS 386, used in NetWare 3.x through NetWare 6.x.

In NetWare 5 and above, Novell Storage Services (NSS, released in 1998), superseded the NWFS format.

The NWFS on-disk format was never publicly released by Novell, but it was released by former Novell engineers as an open source project on Windows, Linux, and DOS in 2000. The project contains a complete rewrite of the NetWare File System, publishes all of the file system internals, and is hosted on GitHub and GitLab.

The published specifications for 32-bit NWFS are:
 * Maximum file size: 4 GB
 * Maximum volume size: 1 TB
 * Maximum files per volume: 2 million when using a single name space.
 * Maximum files per server: 16 million
 * Maximum directory entries: 16 million
 * Maximum volumes per server: 64
 * Maximum volumes per partition: 8
 * Maximum open files per server: 100,000
 * Maximum directory tree depth: 100 levels
 * Characters used: ASCII double-byte
 * Maximum extended attributes: 512
 * Maximum data streams: 10
 * Support for different name spaces: Microsoft Windows Long names (a.k.a. OS/2 namespace), Unix, Apple Macintosh
 * Support for restoring deleted files (salvage)
 * Support for journaling (Novell Transaction Tracking System a.k.a. TTS)
 * Support for block suballocation, starting in NetWare 4.x

For larger files, the file system utilized a performance feature named Turbo FAT.

Transparent file compression was also supported, although this had a significant impact on the performance of file serving.

Every name space requires its own separate directory entry for each file. While the maximum number of directory entries is 16,000,000, two resident name spaces would reduce the usable maximum number of directory entries to 8,000,000, and three to 5,333,333.

16-bit NWFS could handle volumes of up to 256 MB. However, its only name-space support was a dedicated API to handle Macintosh clients.

The Netware File System supported native RAID 0 and RAID 1 capabilities long before RAID systems came into use on personal computers. Disk mirroring and duplexing were basic features of the file system, and NWFS also supported multi-segmented volumes, and round-robin reads, much like RAID 0 and RAID 1 does today.

title: NetWare File System


text: User talk:138.217.232.241

title: User talk:138.217.232.241


text:
Manosque

Manosque (Provençal Occitan: Manòsca in classical norm or Manosco in Mistralian norm) is the largest town and commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. However, it is not the préfecture (capital) of the department, which is the smaller town of Digne-les-Bains. Manosque is located at the far eastern end of the Luberon near the Durance river.

History
Manosque has existed since before 966 when it is first mentioned historically. Commerce thrived in the town in the 13th century leading the population to increase to 10,000 inhabitants. It was at this time that the city walls were constructed. They have been completely destroyed apart from a few remaining gates. The population suffered greatly starting in the 18th century due to plagues in 1720 and 1834. Between 1950 and 1970, the town had a huge increase in population along with other areas south of the Luberon. A threefold increase in inhabitants occurred.

Personalities

 * Economy
 * Olivier Baussan, founder of L’Occitane and Oliviers & Co.
 * Science
 * Félix Esclangon (1905-1956), physicist, born and buried in Manosque.
 * Medicine
 * Fava of Manosque was a Jewish physician and surgeon in the early 14th century (c. 1321).
 * Pierre Gérard Vassal (1769-1840) doctor and surgeon born in Manosque.
 * Writers
 * Marc-Antoine Laugier (1711-1769) born in Manosque, Jesuit writer and music critic considered the father of naturalism.
 * Élémir Bourges (1852-1925) born in Manosque, novelist and journalist.
 * Jean Giono (1895-1970) born and died in Manosque, buried in the communal cemetery.
 * Pierre Magnan (1922-2012) born in Manosque, passionate writer of Provence.
 * René Frégni born in Marseille, lived in Manosque.
 * Sonia Chiambretto writer, lived in Manosque, worked with others on the archives of the Papon case.
 * Politicians
 * François Joseph de Pochet (1729-1794), born in Manosque, deputy to the Estates General of 1789, representing the sénéchaussée of Aix-en-Provence.
 * Henri Maurel (1867-1935), born in Manosque, deputy for Bouches-du-Rhône in 1919.
 * Pierre Augier (1910-1963), deputy for Vaucluse, and mayor of Pertuis, born in Manosque.
 * Actors
 * Christian Barbier (1924-2009) spent the last years of his life in Manosque and died there.
 * Hafsia Herzi born in Manosque in 1987.
 * Grégory Basso born in Manosque in 1974, French actor and singer, participant in TV reality shows.
 * Artists
 * The English painter Ralph Rumney spent the last years of his life in Manosque.
 * Musicians
 * The composer Adolphe Blanc was born in Manosque on the 24 June 1828.
 * The jazz musician Olivier Gatto born in Manosque en 1963.
 * The French rock guitarist, singer, and movie soundtrack artist - Stéphane Honde (aka Steph Honde) : "Rock You Like a Hurricane" in collaboration with Micki Milosevic under the band name "Unprotected Innocence",Sony Music Entertainment in the movie HellBoy, released by Lionsgate, April 2019.
 * The French rock group Café Bertrand.
 * The bass-baritone Vincent le Texier.
 * Sports
 * The athlete Salvatore Alario, junior French high jump champion in the 1970s.
 * The motocross driver Jean-Michel Bayle born in Manosque in 1969.
 * The swimmer Esther Baron was a member of the EP Manosque club.
 * The amateur French cycling champion 1971 Richard Podesta.
 * The international athlete Gloria Garrido was born in Manosque in 1951
 * The professional racing cyclist Julien El Farès, born in Manosque in 1985.
 * The racing cyclist Édouard Fachleitner (1921-2008), nicknamed "le berger de Manosque" (the shepherd of Manosque), second in the Tour de France 1947.
 * The middle-distance runner (800 metres) Florent Lacasse.
 * The flyweight boxer Karim Guerfi, junior world champion, champion of France, champion of Europe (2013).

Twin towns
Manosque is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
 * 🇮🇹 Voghera, Italy

title: Manosque


text:
User talk:Pik0

Welcome!
Hi Pik0, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 10:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:Italianate.png
Hi, are you the copyright owner of the above-named image?

 * If you're not the copyright owner, it is considered a copyright violation. Please see Project:Copyrights to understand why Wikipedia does not allow Copyrighted Material to be posted here.

 * If you are the copyright owner, please see Image use policy. Wikipedia does not allow "unfree" images. You can choose to license your image under any of the list of free licenses, avaliable here

Thank you for your co-operation! :) - Mailer Diablo 10:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Spam
Please do not add commercial links to Wikipedia; it's considered spam. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. Thanks. -- Krash 01:52, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Image:Italianate3.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Italianate3.png, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. BigDT ( 416 ) 00:24, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Card stock
A tag has been placed on Card stock requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words.

If the external website belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must include on the external site the statement "I, (name), am the author of this article, (article name), and I release its content under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 and later." You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the article (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Sirkad talksign 02:52, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

December 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. One or more of the external links you added in this edit to Steel guitar do not comply with our guidelines for external links and have been removed. Wikipedia is not a collection of links; nor should it be used for advertising or promotion. You may wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. —/M endaliv /2¢/Δ's/ 21:35, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikipedia, as you did in this edit to Steel guitar. Inappropriate links include links to personal web sites, links to web sites with which you are affiliated, and links that serve as advertising or promotion. Thank you. —/M endaliv /2¢/Δ's/ 21:42, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, adding content without citing a reliable source is not consistent with our policy of verifiability. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you are familiar with Citing sources, please take this opportunity to add references to the article. —/M endaliv /2¢/Δ's/ 21:42, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 22:01, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of TechnoKing

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice to inform you that a tag has been placed on TechnoKing requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Leomk0403 (Don't shout here, Shout here!)  04:59, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pik0


text:
Palafoxia

Palafoxia, or palafox, is a genus of North American flowering plants in the Bahia tribe within the Asteraceae (sunflower family).

This genus is named after José de Palafox y Melzi, Duke of Saragossa (1776–1847), a Spanish captain-general in the Peninsular War against the invading armies of Napoleon.

These are drought-tolerant, annual herbs growing on sandy plains, dunes, deserts (Mojave desert, Sonoran desert) and rangeland, native to the United States and Mexico. P. callosa is naturalised in Hawaii.

The erect, slender stem grows 30–60 cm tall, branching in the lower half and is sparsely leaved. It is glandular and hairy on the upper parts.

The glabrous, glandular leaves are lanceolate, 3–20 mm wide and 4–7.5 cm long, and are arranged alternately.

A few flower heads appear at the end of the upper branches. The reddish to pink ray florets have three narrow lobes. They are subtended by involucral bracts.

The seed-like fruit is narrow with a pappus of several pointed scales (giving rise to the common name 'Spanish Needles' for P. arida). These plants self-sow freely.

They are attractive to bees, butterflies and birds and are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Schinia niveicosta, which feeds exclusively on P. linearis.

Rosy palafox (Palafoxia rosea) has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of fever, nausea and chills.

 * Species
 * Palafoxia arida B.L. Turner & Morris : Spanish needles, desert palafox - Baja California Sur, Sonora, CA AZ NV UT
 * Palafoxia callosa (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray : small palafox - Coahuila, TX LA MS AR MO OK
 * Palafoxia hookeriana Torr. & Gray : sand palafox - TX
 * Palafoxia integrifolia (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray : coastalplain palafox - FL GA
 * Palafoxia lindenii A.Gray - Veracruz
 * Palafoxia linearis (Cav.) Lag. - Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, California (San Bernardino Co)
 * Palafoxia reverchonii (Bush) Cory : Reverchon's palafox - TX
 * Palafoxia riograndensis Cory : Rio Grande palafox - Coahuila, Texas (Big Bend area)
 * Palafoxia rosea (Bush) Cory : rosy palafox - Nuevo León
 * Palafoxia sphacelata (Nutt. ex Torr.) Cory : showy palafox, sand palafox, rotting palafox - 	Chihuahua, Veracruz, TX NM OK KS NE CO
 * Palafoxia texana DC. :Texas palafox - Nuevo León, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Veracruz, TX LA FL

title: Palafoxia


text:
Servants' hall

The servants' hall is a common room for domestic workers in a great house, typically referring to the servants' dining room.

If there is no separate sitting room, the servants' hall doubles as the place servants may spend their leisure hours and serves as both sitting room and dining room.

Background
Meals in the servants' hall were sometimes very formal affairs, depending on the size and formality of the household. At dinner in a formal house, the butler and housekeeper presided over the table much as the master and lady of the house did 'above stairs' (i.e., in the rooms occupied by the employer).

In Victorian England, the strict rules of precedence were mirrored by the domestic staff in grand or formal homes in the seating arrangements of the Servants' Hall. A senior servant such as the lady's maid took the place of honour but would have to "go lower" (i.e. take a place further down the table) if the employer of a visiting servant outranked the mistress of the house.

title: Servants' hall


text:
12th Army (Wehrmacht)

The 12th Army (German: 12. Armee) was a World War II field army of the Wehrmacht.

Campaign in the west
The 12th Army was activated on October 13, 1939, with General Wilhelm List in command. First seeing defensive action along the Siegfried Line, the army was part of Rundstedt's Army Group A responsible for the Ardennes offensive. It had under its command seven infantry divisions and one mountain division in May 1940. After the breakthrough on the Meuse near Sedan, the infantry divisions fought their way to the Aisne. In the ensuing Fall Rot the army marched to the Swiss border and secured the demarcation line with Zone libre. For the rest of 1940 the army was assigned to occupation duties in France.

Balkan campaign
In February 1941, an agreement between Field Marshal List and the Bulgarian General Staff allowed the passage of German troops. On the night of February 28, German Army units crossed the Danube from Romania and took up strategic positions in Bulgaria.

On 6 April, units of the 12th army advanced into Yugoslavia and Greece. The Yugoslavs crumbled first. After six months of fighting the Italians, the Greeks could not stand up to the 12th Army's fifteen divisions, four of which were armored. As the Greek army capitulated, four Commonwealth divisions rushed from North Africa to aid the Greeks were forced to evacuate after defeats at Olympus and Thermopylae. Elements of the army then participated in the conquest of Crete and the Aegean Islands. From June 1941 to the end of 1942 the army served occupation duties in Croatia, Serbia and Greece.

The 12th Army became Army Group E (Heeresgruppe E) on January 1, 1943.

Reactivation
The 12th Army was reconstituted on the Western Front near the Elbe River on April 10, 1945. With the command staff of the dissolved Army Group North, the army consisted of XLVIII, XX, and XXXI Army Corps. Under General Walther Wenck, the 12th Army made the last attempt by a German Army to relieve the besieged capital during the Battle of Berlin. Although it successfully reached Potsdam, the 12th Army was stopped by numerically superior Soviet Red Army forces and forced to abandon the effort to relieve Berlin. The 12th Army then linked up with the remnants of General Theodor Busse's decimated 9th Army south of Beelitz and, in the confusion of the Soviet breakthrough, provided a corridor to the west for soldiers and refugees alike to reach and cross the partially destroyed Elbe River bridge at Tangermünde and surrender to American forces between May 4 and May 7, 1945.

title: 12th Army (Wehrmacht)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect to Jean-Claude Killy. – ABCD 21:37, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy
Having nominated the article for deletion, I found that it had previously been speedily deleted on two occasions. However, the content now is very different, and I feel needs further debate. In fact, it is rather a well-written article, and far more than a stub. However, I don't feel that a single magazine article merits its own article, unless it has in some way been very influential, which this doesn't seem to have been. Deb 18:10, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I created the article based on an empty link directly from the Hunter Thompson page and what I thought was a need for it. Though not a particularly significant article it is indicative of Thompson's style.  I also think that the relative importance of the article depends on where you're coming from.  For Killy fans it probably means nothing, for Thompson followers the information is useful in locating the source and content of the original Scanlan's article, as well as giving some insights and context into Thompson's well-known sports addiction. Logan 5 19:24, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, under the bar of notability, article recreation. Megan1967 02:02, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Jean-Claude Killy and link to him (rather than to the title) from Thompson. / u p p l a n d 03:19, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect per Uppland. Rossami (talk) 06:16, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The page doesn't establish why that particular article on Killy is noteable. Martg76 12:06, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. According to this article in Rolling Stone, "Thompson invented a whole new genre when a fellow journalist called his feature on the skier Jean-Claude Killy "gonzo." The piece was written for Playboy, which turned it down; it was published by a fellow maverick, San Franciscan Warren Hinckle. Thompson later said that his realization that he could "get away with" such an outrageous writing style convinced him to stop trying to write "like the New York Times. It was like falling down an elevator shaft and landing in a pool full of mermaids."
 * Merge and redirect per Uppland. Looking at the content and comments here I'd agree article is more appropriate for the Killy page than a stand-alone. Logan 5 16:55, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wang Xiaoyun

Wang Xiaoyun (born 1966) is a Chinese cryptographer, mathematician, and computer scientist. She is a professor in the Department of Mathematics and System Science of Shandong University and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Early life and education
Wang was born in Zhucheng, Shandong Province. She gained bachelor (1987), master (1990) and doctorate (1993) degrees at Shandong University, and subsequently lectured in the mathematics department from 1993. Her doctoral advisor was Pan Chengdong. Wang was appointed assistant professor in 1995, and full professor in 2001. She became the Chen Ning Yang Professor of the Center for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University in 2005.

Career and research
At the rump session of CRYPTO 2004, she and co-authors demonstrated collision attacks against MD5, SHA-0 and other related hash functions (a collision occurs when two distinct messages result in the same hash function output). They received a standing ovation for their work.

In February 2005, it was reported that Wang and co-authors Yiqun Lisa Yin and Hongbo Yu had found a method to find collisions in the SHA-1 hash function, which is used in many of today's mainstream security products. Their attack is estimated to require less than 269 operations, far fewer than the 280 operations previously thought needed to find a collision in SHA-1. Their work was published at the CRYPTO '05 conference. In August 2005, an improved attack on SHA-1, discovered by Wang, Andrew Yao and Frances Yao, was announced at the CRYPTO conference rump session. The time complexity of the new attack is claimed to be 263.

Awards and honors
In 2019, she was named a Fellow of the International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) for "For essential contributions to the cryptanalysis and design of hash functions, and for service to the IACR." In 2019, she became the first female winner of China's Future Science Prize for her pioneering contribution in cryptography. In 2020, she was awarded the Levchin Prize “for groundbreaking work on the security of collision resistant hash functions”.

title: Wang Xiaoyun


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sprintwich

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:23, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Sprintwich
Non notable neologism that needs to be either deleted or transwikied to some cookbook if it is notable enough. -- Riffsyphon1024 10:18, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Google results only 1 result. Possibly, original research. Delete - Mailer Diablo 10:22, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur, delete. Radiant! 11:10, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism.--LexCorp 03:39, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mp3tunes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS; thus the article is kept. —Korath (Talk) 14:08, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Mp3tunes
Procedural nomination. This article spent more than five days tagged for Speedy Deletion without any admin finding a case for it, or removing the tag as obviously inappropriate. I have replaced the Speedy tag with a VfD tag and am listing it accordingly. No vote. SWAdair | Talk 10:19, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Internet MP3 store that was founded two weeks ago. Obvious company advertisement, it even lists prices and stuff. Strong delete. Radiant! 12:02, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. utcursch | talk 16:09, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Obviously an ad. Kbdank71 16:26, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Come back when you've got a good share of the market. --Idont Havaname 18:34, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Companies that are only a few weeks old are not ready to be included in Wikipedia. Zzyzx11 19:43, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Can I vote?? --145.94.41.95 20:16, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, anonymous contributors may vote, but they may be ignored by the administrator who actions the decision, if he or she feels the vote was not made in good faith. Your vote would be more likely to be considered if you added your reasoning to it, rather than just saying "delete". —Stormie 13:42, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Michael Robertson, the founder of MP3.com, re-enters the music market after some years, using Linspire as a base to jump off of, and no one else thinks this is notable? And I find it doubtful that it's an ad. Should be redirected somewhere, at a minimum. - RedWordSmith 23:08, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * The article as it stands fails to make reference to any of this. Delete as an ad as it currently stands, though a complete rewrite emphasizing who Robertson is and why we should care that he's started Mp3Tunes and elimination of any pricing information might make me change my mind. 23skidoo 06:21, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just under the bar of notability, advertisement. Megan1967 01:27, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable subject, with work it can be despammed and be encyclopaedic.  Or we could just ditch any mention of iTMS while we're at it. —Neuropedia 23:43, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup. Notable subject that needs to be reworked. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  02:55, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup. James F. (talk) 01:15, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and try using the Edit this page button next time. There for a reason.  —RaD Man (talk) 04:37, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Questionable legality of the service a la Russia and looks like an advert. Delete would be easiest, but in the interest of expansion this entry could work if heavily deleted. Kenterlogic 4:044, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Needs a cleanup though unsigned vote by anon User:212.159.20.25
 * Delete Just an ad for a business someone started a couple of weeks ago. unsigned vote by User:LeeHunter
 * Keep, the fact that they have 300,000 songs by 22,000 artists appears to make them a major player, and the involvement of former mp3.com CEO Michael Robertson is also significant. —Stormie 13:42, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Solheim Cup

The Solheim Cup is a biennial golf tournament for professional women golfers contested by teams representing Europe and the United States. It is named after the Norwegian-American golf club manufacturer Karsten Solheim, who was a driving force behind its creation.

The inaugural Cup was held in 1990, and the event was first staged in even numbered years until 2002, alternating years with the Ryder Cup (the equivalent men's event). As part of the general reshuffling of team golf events after the one-year postponement of the 2001 Ryder Cup following the September 11 attacks, the Solheim Cup switched to odd numbered years beginning in 2003. Another reshuffle of team golf events took place in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Solheim Cup will return to even numbered years from 2024 onwards.

The United States teams have won the cup ten times, compared with eight for Europe. The current holders are Europe, who retained the cup with a 14–14 draw at Finca Cortesin in Málaga in 2023.

The cup
The trophy is a cut-glass Irish Waterford Crystal, designed in 1990 by one of Waterford's top designers, Billy Briggs. Weight: about 20 pounds. Height: 19 inches, including the mahogany base. Diameter of wooden base: 8 inches. Diameter at top: 4 inches.

Format
The tournament is played over three days. Since 2002, there have been 28 matches—eight foursomes and eight four-balls played on days 1 and 2, and 12 singles on the final day. This format is also used in the Ryder Cup. Before 1996, and also in 2000, the Solheim Cup used a similar, but abbreviated format.

One point is awarded to the team that wins each match; in the event of a tie, both teams score half a point. After all matches are complete, the team with more points wins or retains the Cup. Any ties are broken in favor of the defending champion team.

In addition to the indicated number of players, each team includes one captain and a set number of assistant captains (three as of 2015), none of whom play in the matches.

Team qualification and selection
The U.S. team is selected by a points system, with American players on the LPGA Tour receiving points for each top-twenty finish on tour. Through the 2013 event, U.S. citizens born outside the country were ineligible for consideration; beginning in 2015, eligibility for Team USA was expanded to include many more categories of (female) U.S. citizens. For the European team, up to 2005, seven players were selected on a points system based on results on the Ladies European Tour (LET). This allowed top European players who competed mainly on the LPGA Tour to be selected to ensure that the European team was competitive. Since 2007, only the top five players from the LET qualify and another four are selected on the basis of the Women's World Golf Rankings. This reflects the increasing dominance of the LPGA Tour, where almost all top European players spend most of their time. In addition, each team has a number of "captain's picks", players chosen at the discretion of the team captains, regardless of their point standings, though in practice the captain's picks are often the next ranking players.

Captains
Team captains are typically recently retired professional golfers with Solheim Cup playing experience, chosen for their experience playing on previous Cup teams and for their ability to lead a team.

Results
In the 18 competitions through 2023, the United States leads the series 10 to 8 (including 1 tie, but retained by Europe).

Future venues

 * 2024: Robert Trent Jones Golf Club in Gainesville, Virginia; it has previously hosted four Presidents Cup matches.
 * 2026: Bernardus Golf in Cromvoirt, Netherlands; it has previously hosted three editions (2021, 2022, 2023) of the Dutch Open.

Records
° Laura Davies (Eur), 1990–2011 ° Laura Davies (Eur) (22–18–6 record) ° Juli Inkster (USA) (6–1–2 record) ° Annika Sörenstam (Eur) (11–3–1 record) ° Cristie Kerr (USA) (11–5–1 record) ° Janice Moodie (Eur) (7–2–2) 72.7% ° Carin Koch (Eur) (10–3–3) 71.9% ° Dottie Pepper (USA) (13–5–2) 70.0% ° Christina Kim (USA) (6–2–2) 70.0% ° Caroline Hedwall (Eur) 2013 ° Charley Hull (Eur) 2013 ° Juli Inkster (USA) 2011
 * Most appearances: 12
 * Most points: 25
 * Most singles points won: 7
 * Most foursome points won: 111⁄2
 * Most fourball points won: 111⁄2
 * Top point percentage (Minimum of 3 Solheim Cup Matches)
 * Most points in a single contest: 5
 * Youngest player: 17 years, 152 days
 * Oldest player: 51 years, 103 days

Sources

title: Solheim Cup


text:
14th Army (Wehrmacht)

The 14th Army (14. Armee) was a German field army in World War II.

Poland
The 14th Army was activated on 1 August 1939 with General Wilhelm List in command and saw service in Poland until the end of the Polish campaign on 13 October 1939.

Italy
The 14th Army was reactivated for the defence of Italy in late 1943 when its headquarters was created using the headquarters personnel of Army Group B which had been abolished when Albert Kesselring was given command of all Axis troops in Italy. 14th Army was initially responsible for the defence of Rome and dealing with any amphibious landings the Allies might make to the rear of the German 10th Army, which was fighting on the defensive lines south of Rome.

The 14th Army faced the Allied amphibious landings at Anzio in January 1944 and after the Allied breakthrough in May 1944 took part in the fighting retreat to the Gothic Line. The German armies in Italy finally surrendered on 2 May 1945 after being defeated during the Allies' Spring offensive.

title: 14th Army (Wehrmacht)


text:
Raynor

Raynor is an English surname which was first found in the historic county of Yorkshire and was brought to England after the Norman Conquest as Reyner. The name Reyner either derived from the Old Norse Ragnar meaning 'counsel' or the Gallo-Roman Reginorum meaning 'royalty'. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Gareth Raynor (born 1978), English rugby player
 * William Raynor (July 1795 – 13 December 1860) Victorian Cross Recipient
 * George Raynor (1907–1985), English footballer and football manager
 * George Raynor (cricketer) (1852–1887), English clergyman, schoolmaster and cricketer
 * Michael E. Raynor (born 1967), Canadian author and researcher
 * Paul Raynor (born 1966), English football player and manager
 * Scott Raynor (born 1978), American musician
 * Taylor Raynor (born 1983), American politician
 * Vivien Raynor (died 2009), American art writer

title: Raynor


text: Category:Cant languages

title: Category:Cant languages


text:
Talk:Space syntax

Refactoring
I would like to completely rewrite this article. I will endeavour to extend rather than to delete what everyone else has written, however, I may lose things people feel are precious in the effort. Obviously, I will move the article to here, so please feel free to comment and to rework in anything you feel is important. The structure I propose is: Introduction, History, Analysis Methods, Criticisms, See Also, External Links, References. Any comments at this stage would be useful. --stochata 10:28, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

various
Details of the central theories of Space Syntax should be added. The glossary of terms should be edited down.

It would be helpful if information on the value of Space Syntax and a more open appraisal could be added, as currently the article resembles something that owes more to marketing.

Is there evidence that it is a useful predictor of pedestrian movement? What other models are there? Is the Space Syntax model any better than the judgement of a trained professional? Is there any evidence base that makes a case for Space Syntax? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Evidencebase (talk • contribs) 14:58, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

spacesyntax.org is not available anymore. Should be replaced by http://www.spacesyntax.com/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nophaket (talk • contribs) 14:13, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Strange Article
To a mathematician, this article seems very strange. The "theory" seem to be repackaging of some fairly modest ideas of mathematics in a rather wide-eyed new vocabulary. It expresses the enthusiasm of its creators for the 3-dimensional world and its relationships, but does it have any real importance? For example, did it become standard terminology and get applied by many architects or engineers? Even fluffy design talk is significant if a lot of practitioners got involved -- 84.227.224.164 (talk) 20:42, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

Strange Article really?
I think your missing the fact that they did a lot of work on this in the 1970s before mathematics had invented similar terminology. If this is a 'fairly modest mathematics in a wide-eyed new vocabulary' then perhaps you could supply the name of the mathematical theory which permits the centrality values of one graph of size N to be fairly compared to those of a graph of 2.3N ? In terms of importance I've found 10,000+ references on google scholar to "space syntax" checking the first 30 pages they all look to refer to that subject area. This includes one reference including one to There appears to be, at least one peer reviewed journal of space syntax there also appears to be an on going conference which is bi-annual and has got up to 9 ( so 18 years). I also count at least three books, ,

In terms of practical impact ('Even fluffy design talk...') I found which states that  Fosters and Partners used space syntax on this and a number of other projects.

I think from this evidence you will agree that is a reasonable body of academic knowledge even if the page is in need of a re-write. RebeccaMoreau (talk) 10:31, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

The Problem With And Value Of Space Syntax
Bona fide: I have qualifications and teaching and professional experience in actual syntax (i.e. linguistics), and in architecture and urban design, and I understand computers and computation, and some maths.

Space syntax is problematic because it is neither a science nor a practice, per se.

Hillier brings up many interesting problems and points in his Space Is The Machine (his most grand statement of space syntax), and the concept of the j-graph demonstrates that spatial configuration is a thing in its own right (essentially, how are spaces that are physically contiguous logically or operationally connected, e.g. where are the doors), that doesn't reduce to other spacial concepts, e.g. mere proximity, or shape, or other social concepts, e.g. context, or program.

But the proposals he makes to develop better design on this basis are pretty low-key. The syntactical concept base is either obfuscatory or merely embryonic. The starting point for his ideas (hence the name) is that syntax, being how sentences are put together, i.e. make meaning, is an analogy for well-configured spaces. He would that we saw a potential science of optimal spatial configuration as a 'syntax of spaces'. This is pretty good as an idea, why not: lots of people use language as a premise for arranging components towards some human end.

However, what he concretely puts into this investigatory, um, space is the idea that, cognitively, the straight or axial line is primary to optimal spatial organisation in the urban format, and that, thus, if you have to 'turn' from a straight line to get to somewhere, this adds some kind of cognitive burden or disconnection or suboptimality. At this point, this is neither science nor practice. It seems to be kind of just made up, scientifically, and very very difficult to prove, or even use, operationally. When you elaborate it all out, you get the idea (because, practically, cities are on a grid plan, and to turn means to use another road), that the roads that link to other roads with the fewest turns are 'good' - i.e. you have 'discovered' the High Street (UK) / Main Street (US) and the you know where the suburbs are. That's not much value out of all this speculation.

The other ideas being proposed, from others, e.g. isovist, and convex space, are even worse defined and worse applied, and just super speculative. Here, you get to the point of, as I see it, people cherry picking ideas from maths and computation, and sort of trying to find a spatial analogue for them; which is even less disciplined and application-ready than what Hillier has been trying.

Ultimately, this is not science because the foundational analysis is derived by analogy (or just idea grabbing) from other disciplines: syntax, convex space, etc; and it is not practice, because the human elements don't come from any obvious evidence base: why the fuck is the axial line so primary, who says, far more likely that /some/ turns and /some/ distance is actually optimal not /no/ turns and /any/ distance, but you'd have to /prove/ that yada yada.

Because space syntax is hiding halfway between real analysis and some practical ideas, you can't really argue with SS people: they keep changing the goalposts, and keep hiding the premises on which they are building. Ratti's critical paper is not even very complex: he just points out that a very long straight road would be optimal in SS, but suboptimal in, you know, real city life.

Having said that, SS is /trying/ to bring computability to urban design: it is creating conceptual frameworks that can be decomposed into computable elements, and to this extent, it is a huge advance on the made-up nonsense that counts as most of actual planning theory. So, that's the real summation: at least they are trying.

Also, SS is important because it is /trying/ to bring a level of human relevance to urban planning that is, ironically, historically absent. Planning is starts historically as an extension of government planning (indeed military planning), of the allocation of people and resources, at various scales towards a grand optimum; this is the essence of top-down, birds-eye, control-oriented spatial arrangement - this is the origin of the plan-view! More recently it can be seen as a spatial branch of engineering, or systems engineering at least, where you try gradually try compute a system according to nodes, edges, processes, inputs, outputs, forces, and so forth. Which, again, is essentially conceptually-top down: you can't design or manage a system, unless you know what all the components are, how they (are supposed to) fit together, and how to control this assemblage of parts. Hillier is somewhat passionate and certainly interesting when he says this is not how cities are, and is certainly not how they form: people building houses and facilities next to each others, and then moving among them, is how it actually comes about and then continues, and planning is almost always something overlayed partially on that. Hillier wants urban design to start at least as much with the personal experience of this urban 'organism' as with the planning / engineering of the spatial system: he is advocating for a worms-eye, or individual personal experience, as a primary reference point in the design concept, as much as the whole model and system, for the city. This is what led him to fixate on the axial line: it is his proposal for something that is central to the /experiential/ aspect of the city's performance, not just its /metrical/ qualities. Again, a very good idea, and alongside making urban space computable, this attempts to make it not just humane but human i.e. something relevant to real people.

But, sadly, the concepts are far too weak, speculative and untested for it to be more than a noble and promising contribution. Anyone who understands this much could think of 20 ideas additional to axial line, isovist, convex space - derived from other disciplines - that blend spatial context and configuration with psychological optimality, and would be just as relevant. Such as:

- number of friends and family within a certain distance of your home

- number of native speakers of your language in your daily movement pathways

- size of voting district

- etc

If you want examples of this kind of work, check out Ratti and his visualistions at MIT SCL.

Practically, if you really want to critique the limits of space syntax with regarding to designing urban space, it is depressingly easy: you just observe that it is fixated on some kind of abstract psychological optimum for some kind of abstract personal displacement, largely on foot, which in practice accounts for a vanishingly small fraction of actual urban life, and just can't be used for most design problems. Some examples:

- if you want to know where to place metro or bus stations, SS can't help you (assuming that you are trying to optimise for the /transport/ system when people are /on/ it, not just people' experience of getting /to/ the stops; ask, what is the axial / isovist / convex relevance or data for a subway journey?)

- if you want to know where to put schools, to achieve best catchment socially or for safety or for noise tolerances or other non-spatial-access benefits, SS can't help you

- if you want to know where to put district heating systems, or waste collection depots, or logistics terminals for new service-based lifestyles, or parking spaces, SS can't help you<br /

... try it yourself: think of a real-world urban design challenge, and see if SS tools and concepts help you at all.

The SS salesfolks and researchers will claim they can do all these things, but they can't. So, really, it's not much use, other than a somewhat speculative guide for where to put the main pedestrians streets.

And I have been on design projects, large scales ones, where there is a SS consultant. And I tell you, not just analytically, but professionally, it's not much use.

Bring on real computation for urban optimisation. This is not it.

jmanooch 14:22, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

Complete article rewrite proposal
(I have no affiliation with space syntax. I'm an archaeologist, presently working on a PhD in which I use space syntax methods to analyse an ancient settlement plan - which is just a small part of my research)

In my view the present article does no justice to what space syntax is, neither do the various comments on this talk page. I understand that most people are familiar with the theory through urban planning, and regard space syntax as an applied method for urban design. The first two sentences of the article are telling:

"The term space syntax encompasses a set of theories and techniques for the analysis of spatial configurations. It was conceived by Bill Hillier, Julienne Hanson and colleagues at The Bartlett, University College London in the late 1970s to early 1980s as a tool to help urban planners simulate the likely social effects of their designs."

First, 'a set of theories and techniques for the analysis of spatial configuration' is too narrow and inaccurate as a definition. Second, helping urban planners was not at all the reason for developing space syntax.

As I see it, space syntax is first and foremost a theory about the relation between space and society. This can be read in the introductory chapter of Hillier & Hanson's the social logic of space (1984). Here (and on a multitude of other places) they argue that the current paradigm found in sociology, social geography, and anthropology to name a few, does not succeed in describing nor explaining the relation between people and their built environment accurately. As Hillier in his writings engages with many influential theories in the social sciences (including 'biggies' from Durkheim to Levi-Strauss and Giddens) his aims are clearly much larger than just providing urban planners with some useful tools.

As a matter of fact, the theory being of some relevance to urban planning is just an accident, a by-product of the subsequent testing of several propositions of the theory on real world situations. At some point they discovered that the integration values of the axial map corresponded well with observed aggregated movement flows of pedestrians and certain land uses (first main insights of these investigations published by Hillier et al in 1993 ). Many more cases of such studies followed, testing other variables as well, but generally with the same results. So they concluded that axial lines could more or less predict human presence and movement within urban grids. Initially, they were as puzzled about this as user jmanooch on this talk page: "Why should the axial organization of space be so fundamental?" Hillier et al wonder in their 1993 article (p. 62). In subsequent years, the hypothesis was put forward that this could relate to the way people cognize space and elementary spatial relations, which, against common assumption, is not primarily determined by metric factors. Recent cognitive research in way finding behaviour is starting to confirm this picture.

Also the assertion of user jmanooch that "SS salesfolks and researchers will claim they can do all these things [solving real urban design problems], but they can't" is not really a fair assessment of space syntax in my view. I may of course be wrong here because I have no insight in the workfloor dynamics of the urban planning profession. But this quote of the last sentence of their 1993 article might represent better their view of how space syntax can contribute urban design: "It does not tell designers what to do. It helps them to understand what they are doing" (p. 66).

Anyway, long story short (too late for that..): this article needs a thorough rewrite.

 * 1) It needs to position space syntax theory in relation to other social theories about the relation between space and society
 * 2) It needs to represent the history and original aims of space syntax research more faithfully
 * 3) It needs to discuss its subsequent reception or uses in various (academic and applied) fields, not only urban design/planning (although clearly, here it has had the most impact)
 * 4) And of course the criticism that space syntax theory and method received should be systematically dealt with, including replies by Hillier & others. Now it only contains a very imprecise review of Ratti's 2004 article. There have been many others, and from various angles
 * 5) Last but not least, the method needs to be discussed concisely, without going into too many technical details. Presently the methodological/theoretical part below the vague heading 'thesis' just discusses some random concepts of relevance. Very uninsightful, very pointless.

I hope I can contribute at some point. But I would like to see some feedback first.

--TijmLanjouw (talk) 18:26, 17 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Space syntax


text:
Terminal aerodrome forecast

In meteorology and aviation, terminal aerodrome forecast (TAF) is a format for reporting weather forecast information, particularly as it relates to aviation. TAFs are issued at least four times a day, every six hours, for major civil airfields: 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 UTC, and generally apply to a 24- or 30-hour period, and an area within approximately 5 smi (or 5 NM in Canada) from the center of an airport runway complex. TAFs are issued every three hours for military airfields and some civil airfields and cover a period ranging from 3 hours to 30 hours.

TAFs complement and use similar encoding to METAR reports. They are produced by a human forecaster based on the ground. For this reason, there are considerably fewer TAF locations than there are airports for which METARs are available. TAFs can be more accurate than numerical weather forecasts, since they take into account local, small-scale, geographic effects.

Today, according to the advancement of technology in civil aviation, the TAF is sent as IWXXM model.

In the United States, the weather forecasters responsible for the TAFs in their respective areas are located within one of the 122 Weather Forecast Offices operated by the United States' National Weather Service. In contrast, a trend type forecast (TTF), which is similar to a TAF, is always produced by a person on-site where the TTF applies. In the United Kingdom, most TAFs for military airfields are produced locally, however TAFs for civil airfields are produced at the Met Office headquarters in Exeter.

The United States Air Force employs active duty enlisted personnel as TAF writers. Air Force weather personnel are responsible for providing weather support for all Air Force and Army operations.

Different countries use different change criteria for their weather groups. In the United Kingdom, TAFs for military airfields use colour states as one of the change criteria. Civil airfields in the UK use slightly different criteria.

Code
This TAF example of a 30-hour TAF was released on November 5, 2008, at 1730 UTC:

TAF KXYZ 051730Z 0518/0624 31008KT 3SM -SHRA BKN020 FM052300 30006KT 5SM -SHRA OVC030 PROB30 0604/0606 VRB20G35KT 1SM TSRA BKN015CB FM060600 25010KT 4SM -SHRA OVC050 TEMPO 0608/0611 2SM -SHRA OVC030 RMK NXT FCST BY 00Z=

The first line contains identification and validity times. The remainder of the first line contain the initial forecast conditions. Variations of the codes used for various weather conditions are many.
 * TAF indicates that the following is a terminal aerodrome forecast.
 * KXYZ indicates the airport to which the forecast applies (ICAO airport code).
 * 051730Z indicates that the report was issued on the 5th of the month at 1730 UTC (also known as Zulu, hence the Z).
 * 0518/0624 indicates that the report is valid from the 5th at 1800 UTC until the 6th at 2400 UTC.
 * 31008KT indicates that the wind will be from 310° true at 8 kn.
 * 3SM -SHRA BKN020 indicates that visibility will be 3 smi in light (-) showers (SH) of rain (RA), with a broken ceiling (between $5/8$ and $7/8$ of the sky covered) at 2000 ft above ground level (AGL).

Each line beginning with FM indicates a rapid change in the weather over a period of less than an hour.
 * FM052300 indicates the next period lasts from (FM) the 5th at 2300 UTC to the 6th at 0600 UTC (the effective time on the next FM line). The remainder of the line has similar formatting to the other forecast lines: 30006KT wind from 300° at 6 kn, 5SM visibility 5 smi, -SHRA light rain showers, OVC030 overcast at 3000 ft.
 * PROB30 indicates a 30% probability of the following temporary conditions on the 6th between 0400 UTC and 0600 UTC: VRB20G35KT wind of variable direction at 20 kn with gusts up to 35 kn, 1SM visibility 1 smi, TSRA thunderstorms and rain, BKN015CB broken cumulonimbus clouds at 1500 ft.
 * FM060600 indicates that the next period lasts from the 6th at 0600 UTC until 2400 UTC (the end of the forecast period, as there is no following FM): 25010KT wind from 250° at 10 kn, 4SM visibility 4 smi, -SHRA light rain showers, OVC050 overcast at 5000 ft.
 * TEMPO means that these conditions are temporarily replaced, for periods up to 50% of the time, between 0800 UTC and 1100 UTC with: 2SM visibility 2 smi, -SHRA light rain showers, OVC030 overcast at 3000 ft. (The wind speed remains the same, as it is not mentioned.)

The final line is for errata, comments, and remarks.
 * RMK NXT FCST BY 00Z indicates a remark that the next forecast will be issued by 0000 UTC.

title: Terminal aerodrome forecast