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Ole Christensen

Ole Christensen (born 7 May 1955) is a Danish politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 until 2019. He is a member of the Social Democrats, part of the Party of European Socialists.

During his time in parliament, Christensen served on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. He was also a substitute member of the European Parliament Committee on Fisheries and a member of the delegation to the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

Career
Christensen worked as an ironmonger from 1971 to 1976, before joining the Queen's Lifeguard Regiment as a Junior NCO (1976–90). During his service, he was a senior shop steward and member of the National Executive of the Army Privates' and Corporals' Association, a trade union for non-commissioned army personnel.

He was Vice-Chairman of the Danish TUC in Brovst (1984–1988), and Chairman of Brovst constituency organisation (1984–1989). He then served as a member of Brovst town council (1989–2004), including terms of office as Mayor (1998–2002) and Deputy Mayor (2002–2004).

Having matriculated at the Aalborg School of Commerce in 1979, and graduated Bachelor of Commerce in 1984, he qualified and worked as an instructor at Aalborg Training School in 1990 before becoming a business consultant with Aalborg Trade Council (1992–98). He has been involved in various other trade union and local government organisations in North Jutland.

title: Ole Christensen


text:
List of United States Marine Corps brigades

This is a list of United States Marine Corps brigades.

Marine Expeditionary Brigades

 * 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade
 * 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade
 * 3rd Marine Expeditionary Brigade
 * 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (Anti-Terrorism)
 * 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade
 * 6th Marine Expeditionary Brigade
 * 7th Marine Expeditionary Brigade
 * 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade

Marine Provisional Brigade

 * US 1st Marine Brigade (Provisional)
 * US 2nd Marine Brigade (Provisional)
 * US 3rd Marine Brigade (Provisional)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Roberto María Ortiz

Untitled
The 1905 revolution has to be the Radical one. It means that Ortiz active participation within the Radical party starts, at least, that year.

Ejrrjs | What? 23:33, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Who?
"He was pro-Ally but because of opposition in the army, he didn't break relations with the Axis."

Who was pro-Ally and who did not break relations with the Axis? Ortiz or Castillo???--93.142.151.72 (talk) 19:35, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roberto María Ortiz


text: User talk:69.138.220.142

title: User talk:69.138.220.142


text:
Dan Jørgensen

Dan Jannik Jørgensen (born 12 June 1975) is a Danish politician of the Social Democrats who has been serving as Ministry for Development Cooperation and Global Climate Policy in the government of Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen since 2022.

Jørgensen previously served as Minister of Climate and Energy and Public Utilities (2019–2022) under Frederiksen and as Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (2013–2015) under Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt. From 2004 to 2013 he was a Member of the European Parliament for the Social Democrats, as a part of the Party of European Socialists.

Early life and education
Jørgensen grew up in Morud on the Danish island of Funen, attended high school at Nordfyns Gymnasium, and university at the University of Aarhus, from which he holds a master's degree in political science. He also studied political science at the University of Washington.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2013
Jørgensen became a Member of the European Parliament for Denmark in the 2004 European elections with 10,350 personal votes and re-elected in 2009 with 233,266 personal votes.

In parliament, Jørgensen was the head of the Danish delegation of Social Democrats, the country's largest group at the time. He served as vice-chair of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety from 2004, and was a substitute on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he was also a member of the parliament's delegation for relations with Iran and a substitute on the delegation for relations with the United States.

Career in Danish politics
In February 2014, as Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Jørgensen signed a regulation which banned ritual slaughter of animals without prior stunning.

In the 2015 Danish general election, Jørgensen became a member of the Folketing.

Minister of Climate and Energy and Public Utilities, 2019–2022
Jørgensen became Minister of Climate and Energy and Public Utilities in the Mette Frederiksen cabinet, following the June 2019 election.

Jørgensen and his government have made international news with the agreement to reduce Denmark's territorial emissions by 70% in 2030 compared to 1990, the decision to stop oil and gas exploration after 2050 (also driven by the fact that only one company applied for a lease in the latest auction ), and the energy islands in the North Sea. Also in 2020, Denmark agreed with Germany on closer cooperation in their offshore wind power development via clusters in the North and Baltic Seas to spur renewable energy and hydrogen production.

However, green NGOs have largely viewed Jørgensen's tenure negatively in 2020.

More than a year after having set an ambitious reduction target for the decade, there are in February 2021 no concrete plans for dealing with the remaining two thirds of the needed reductions to achieve the Danish 2030 emission target.

The government has described their climate action strategy as a "hockey stick"-model. This means they plan to await new technologies and falling costs and thus only achieve most reductions at the end of the decade – this strategy has been described by other political parties as a "Bjørn Lomborg" dream.

Despite pleas from the UNFCCC, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Danish Economic Councils and the Danish Council on Climate Change, Jørgensen has postponed the implementation of a higher carbon pricing mechanism, even though Denmark was a pioneer with its adoption in 1992. The opposition to higher carbon taxes was positively received by associations representing the major emitting sectors such as the Confederation of Danish Industry and Danish Agriculture and Food Council.

As of January 2021, Denmark stands to have a much lower price on carbon than its neighbours in 2030, with consequences such as trucks from Germany waiting to refuel until they are in Denmark to benefit from the low diesel prices in Denmark. Denmark is also one of the four EU countries without carbon taxes on passenger flights. In fact, Jørgensen's government had plans to guarantee domestic flights during the COVID-19 crisis by subsidising domestic flights, a decision decried by green NGOs and the supporting parties Red-Green Alliance and the Socialist People's Party. The decision was not implemented as the European Commission would not approve it due to regulations on state aid.

Dan Jørgensen and the Danish government's initial proposal for a law on electric vehicles would add 500.000 electric vehicles (incl. plugin-hybrid vehicles) by 2030. Had the proposal been agreed upon, it would have meant more cars with only internal combustion engines than in 2020 in Denmark. Because of pressure from other political parties, it was agreed that there would be 775.000 electric vehicles by 2030.

During his tenure, Jørgensen entered a formal agreement with the cement manufacturer Aalborg Portland (Denmark's largest carbon emitter standing for 4% of the national emissions) concluding that they did not have to reduce their annual emissions below their 1990 level of 1.54 million tons.

Similarly, Jørgensen has been criticised for allowing state-owned companies to continue the build-out of fossil fuel infrastructure like a natural gas pipeline of 115 km, with an associated socio-economic cost of $113 million for Denmark. In a formal answer to the Parliament, Dan Jørgensen confirmed that the gas pipeline would not reduce the carbon emissions in the short term nor add any jobs in Denmark.

Dan Jørgensen received a "nose" in June 2020, a formal criticism by a majority in the Parliament for delaying negotiations with other political parties on biofuels.

As stipulated in the Climate Act, the Danish Council on Climate Change has to make annual recommendations for and provide a status update on the Danish government's climate efforts. In February 2021, the Danish Council on Climate Council does not find it likely that Dan Jørgensen's government will achieve the target of a 70% reduction of greenhouse gases by 2030.

Following the release of the 6th IPCC report, Dan Jørgensen said that alarm bells should ring for anyone having influence on climate politics in Denmark or abroad. While Denmark is one of the countries with the largest carbon footprint per capita, Dan Jørgensen added that Denmark should not increase their ambitions, but help other countries copy Denmark's efforts. He also commented that large emitters should not be treated equally: large companies growing their production should not be compared to the ones not transforming their production, disregarding the fact that what matters with regards to global warming is the total amount of carbon emissions, not the intensity of the production.

Despite these controversies, Jørgensen is a strong climate change communicator. Some examples include a podcast in English called Planet A and a campaign with videos on Facebook advising Danes to put more vegetables in their meatballs. The campaign with Mogens Jensen cost Danish taxpayers 1.2 million kroner.

Jørgensen, along with Barbara Creecy, led the working group at the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference that facilitated consultations on mitigation.

Other activities

 * European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member of the Council

title: Dan Jørgensen


text:
Henrik Dam Kristensen

Henrik Dam Kristensen (born 31 January 1957 in Vorbasse) is a Danish politician and a former speaker of the Danish parliament. He has been a member of the Danish parliament for the Social Democrats from 1990 to 2004 and again from 2007, during which he served as Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries (1994–1996), Minister for Food (1996–2000), Minister for Social Affairs (2000–2001), Minister for Transport (2011–2013) and Minister for Employment (2014–2015). He served as President of the Nordic Council in 2011 and 2016.

Background
Kristensen was born in Vorbasse to Ove Dam Kristensen and Gudrun Dam Kristensen. From 1978 to 1986 he worked as a postman in Vorbasse, and also worked with the Danish Refugee Council from 1986 to 1988. From 1988 to 1990 he worked as a principal at a school. He is married to Bente Dam Kristensen.

Political career
Kristensen was first elected to the Folketing in 1990, and reelected in 1994, 1998, and 2001. From 1996 to 2000 he was Minister of Food, until 2000, where he became Minister of Social Affairs. Kristensen ran in the 2004 European Parliament election and was elected as a member of the European Parliament. To perform in his new position, Kristensen resigned his seat in the Folketing. Margot Torp took over his seat. In the European Parliament, Kristensen sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Fisheries, the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection and the Delegation for Relations with the Countries of South-East Europe.

In 2006 Kristensen resigned his seat from the European Parliament, and the seat was taken over by Christel Schaldemose. He became the party secretary of the Social Democrats. He ran for the Folketing again in the 2007 Danish general election, where he was elected. He was reelected in 2011. On 3 October 2011 Kristensen was appointed to the post of Minister for Transport in the Cabinet of Helle Thorning-Schmidt, and left office on 9 August 2013. On 10 October 2014 he again entered the cabinet, when he was appointed the position of Minister for Employment.

Kristensen was reelected into the Folketing in the 2015 and 2019 elections. On 21 June 2019 Kristensen was appointed speaker of the Danish parliament, replacing Pia Kjærsgaard. Kristensen served as speaker between 2019 and November 2022, when Søren Gade became speaker.

In 2011 Denmark was to appoint a president of the Nordic Council and Kristensen was chosen. He was president again in 2016.

title: Henrik Dam Kristensen


text: User talk:24.166.45.43

title: User talk:24.166.45.43


text: User talk:66.27.145.158

title: User talk:66.27.145.158


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zenichi Shimbashi

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 04:12, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Zenichi Shimbashi
This article was initiated by an anonymous user with a history of vandalism. KF requested verification on 14 Dec but has received no response. A google search returns only ambiguous evidence that this person even existed (all hits appearing to be derivative of the Wikipedia article on Japanese Canadians). Delete unless the contents of this article can be verified. Rossami (talk) 23:36, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Weak Keep Seems to have existed and been slightly notable as a "well-known Japanese Canadian" TigerShark 00:05, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete only Google mentions seem to be from Wikipedia mirrors or Wkipedia-sourced articles. Based on Rossami's assertions, assume likely hoax.  Even if not hoax, seems well beyond any reasonable notability criteria.  Joining the army and growing fruit doesn't equal notability. (this was me, for some reason wasn't logged in) Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  00:55, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability not established. LizardWizard 00:53, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible hoax. Megan1967 07:25, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nothing about this content is encyclopedic and the writing tone indicates a possible hoax or rant. Wyss 20:39, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Spinboy 22:44, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verifiable outside evidence of his existence, and notability in the Japanese Canadian community, is found. Samaritan 13:33, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Esther (novel)

Esther is a novel by Henry Adams first published in 1884 under the pen name "Frances Snow Compton".

The book was republished in 1938, with an introduction by Robert E. Spiller.

Plot introduction
The comic story deals with a young, freethinking socialite who falls desperately in love with an Episcopal minister. The result is a clash of intellects, a confrontation between faith and reason and a battle of the sexes.

title: Esther (novel)


text:
Britta Thomsen

Britta Thomsen (born 23 January 1954 in Aalborg) is a Danish politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2014. She is a member of the Social Democrats, which is part of the Party of European Socialists.

In parliament, Thomsen served as vice-chair of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. She was also a member of the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality, a substitute for the Committee on Development, and vice-chair of the delegation for relations with South Africa. She supported the Manifesto of the Spinelli Group.

Career

 * Scholarship, Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala (1979)
 * Studies in Portuguese language and culture, University of Lisbon (1979–1980)
 * Studies in Portuguese and Spanish, Aarhus University (1980–1983)
 * MA (History), Aarhus University
 * Teacher and organiser of adult education (1983–1989)
 * Consultant (various contracts)
 * Consultant, HK (Union of Commercial and Clerical Employees in Denmark), responsible for international projects and surveys in the tourism and service industries (1994–2000)
 * Director and owner of Facilitate (consultancy), working with labour market issues at European level (2001–2004)
 * With the Danish Social Democrats
 * Member of the party programme committee (2000)
 * Publications: articles about Portugal in various Danish magazines

title: Britta Thomsen


text: User talk:193.179.148.53

title: User talk:193.179.148.53


text:
List of United States Marine Corps logistics groups

This is a list of United States Marine Corps logistics groups:


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mr.Claire Gillete Lane

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 04:10, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Mr.Claire Gillete Lane
Mis-spelled and mis-named, this is a reference to Claire Gillette Lane who was a distant relative by marriage to Laura Ingalls Wilder. He is not notable in himself. Dbiv 23:39, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The husband of the daughter of a notable person, who appears to have no notability in his own right. I've reverted the (somewhat incomprehensible) addition to Laura Ingalls Wilder that pointed here. Delete. Uncle G 00:29, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 07:26, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, content belongs in the main article, obviously. Wyss 20:34, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Template:Category TOC

title: Template:Category TOC


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Arfurt

Arfurt is a village on the river Lahn. It is part of the town of Runkel in the Limburg-Weilburg district in Hesse, Germany. It lies roughly 60 km from Frankfurt am Main and was founded around 1150. The village has 950 inhabitants as of 2008.

title: Arfurt


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Liverpool James Street railway station

Liverpool James Street (or simply James Street ) is a railway station located in the centre of Liverpool, England; it is situated on the Wirral Line of the Merseyrail network. James Street is an underground station, with access to the platforms via lifts from the booking hall. At certain times, the platforms are accessed via a pedestrian tunnel from the India Buildings on Water Street. As of 2013/14, James Street was the fifth-busiest station on the Merseyrail network.

History

The station opened as the original Liverpool terminus of the Mersey Railway Tunnel in 1886. James Street Station and Hamilton Square underground station in Birkenhead are the oldest deep-level underground stations in the world. The only other underground railway in 1886, London Underground, had stations just below the street surface, built using the cut-and-cover method. The stations are so deep they required lifts to access, and were the world's first lift-accessed stations. The lifts were initially hydraulically operated. There were originally two platforms, either side of a twin-track tunnel.

The Mersey railway tunnel was extended under dry land to Liverpool Central station in 1892, changing James Street's status to a through station. By this time, there were trains from Liverpool branching from Hamilton Square station terminating at Birkenhead Park and Rock Ferry stations in Birkenhead. The line was electrified in 1903. Through trains to West Kirby and New Brighton commenced in 1938, when the former Wirral Railway routes were electrified.

In 1941, during the Liverpool Blitz, the Luftwaffe bombed the surface building of the station, damaging the then famous James Street hydraulic accumulator tower so badly it required demolition. A new surface building was built in the 1960s.

The station was rebuilt in the 1970s, opening in 1977, as a creation of the Merseyrail network. A new single-track tunnel known as the Loop was constructed being a part of the Wirral Line under Liverpool's city centre. The Loop ran west from the Mersey Railway tunnel via a newly constructed third platform at James Street, then onto Moorfields, Liverpool Lime Street and Liverpool Central, and back to James Street rejoining the Mersey railway tunnel just to the east of the station.

The eastern section of the original tunnel between Liverpool Central and James Street is used by the Northern Line. The remaining western section of the tunnel, which is not used by either the Wirral Line or Northern Line, was retained to provide a connection between the two for moving empty electric trains between depots at Birkenhead North and Kirkdale. Of the original two platforms at James Street, only the westbound remains in regular use. Platform 2, the original eastbound platform, is kept in near-original condition, being used only when trains are prevented from using the loop itself.

The station and surrounding area were subject to a £2million package of improvements during 2007–8. Further refurbishment of platforms, concourses and the booking hall were undertaken in 2012–13, as part of a £40 million investment from Network Rail which saw all Merseyrail underground stations (excluding Conway Park) refurbished. Work to improve the little-used Platform 2 and the Water Street entrance were completed during 2015.

A 16-year-old girl died in an incident at the station in 2011 when a train guard signalled for a train to depart while the girl was leaning against the train. She died after the movement caused her to fall between the platform edge and the moving train. The following year, the guard was convicted of manslaughter by gross negligence and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. A subsequent appeal of the sentence was rejected by the Court of Appeal.

Station layout
James Street station has three platforms, although only two see regular use. Platforms 2 and 3 are situated on either side of the original Mersey Railway tunnel, and platform 1 in the newer tunnel on the loop line. Only platforms 1 and 3 are in regular use for the loop line, Platform 3 by trains westbound to the Wirral and Platform 1 by trains eastbound towards Liverpool. Platform 2, which is situated on the empty stock line opposite platform 3, has not normally been used by passenger services since the opening of the loop line. This platform has a frieze artwork, on the wall.

The junction at the western end of the station (where the loop leaves the original line in order to pass through platform 1) is known as Mann Island Junction.

Occasionally, the loop line may close to allow for maintenance to occur. On these occasions, platform 2 is brought back into use to allow trains arriving from the Wirral to terminate and reverse there back onto the westbound line (either directly or via platform 3).

There are two entrances to the station. The main entrance on James Street itself has four lifts to reach the platforms from street level. It also has a small newsagents inside. The Water Street entrance uses a combination of staircases and a ramp over 150 yards long which goes from ground level to just above the platforms. The Water Street entrance is only in use during certain times of the day and is closed at weekends. It is open between 7am and 10am, then again from 3pm to 6pm.

Facilities
The station is staffed, during all opening hours, and has platform CCTV. There are toilets, a payphone, an ATM, booking office and live departure and arrival screens, for passenger information. The station does not have a car park, though there is a cycle rack for eight bicycles. Step-free access to the platforms, for wheelchairs and prams, is possible, via the lifts.

Services
Trains operate every five minutes (Monday-Saturday daytime) around the Liverpool city centre loop to Moorfields, Liverpool Lime Street and Liverpool Central. In the other direction, trains operate every five minutes to Birkenhead Hamilton Square, from where they continue every 15 minutes to each of New Brighton and West Kirby with six trains an hour to Hooton. From Hooton, trains continue every 15 minutes to Chester and every 30 minutes to Ellesmere Port. At other times, trains operate every 30 minutes to each of the four destinations, giving a service every 5–10 minutes to Birkenhead Hamilton Square. These services are provided by Merseyrail's fleet of Class 507 and Class 777 EMUs.

title: Liverpool James Street railway station


text: User talk:64.218.73.53

title: User talk:64.218.73.53


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John Wieners

John Joseph Wieners (January 6, 1934 – March 1, 2002) was an American poet.

Early life
Born in Milton, Massachusetts, Wieners attended St. Gregory Elementary School in Dorchester, Massachusetts, and Boston College High School. From 1950 to 1954, he studied at Boston College, where he earned his A.B. On September 11, 1954, he heard Charles Olson read at the Charles Street Meeting House on Beacon Hill during Hurricane Edna. He decided to enroll at Black Mountain College where he studied under Olson and Robert Duncan from 1955 to 1956. In 1957 he took a job sweeping floors at a popular Beat hangout in North Beach, where he joined the artistic community in the city. There he became close to painter Robert LaVigne and the collage artist Wallace Berman who was involved in the Beat Movement. He then worked as an actor and stage manager at the Poet's Theater in Cambridge, and began to edit Measure, releasing three issues over the next several years.

From 1958 to 1960, Wieners lived in San Francisco and actively participated in the San Francisco Poetry Renaissance. The Hotel Wentley Poems was published in 1958, when Wieners was twenty-four. Subsequently, he was a contributor to Donald Allen's seminal New American Poetry anthology.

Wieners returned to Boston in 1960 and was committed to a psychiatric hospital. In 1961, he moved to New York City and worked as an assistant bookkeeper at Eighth Street Books from 1962 to 1963, living on the Lower East Side with Herbert Huncke. He went back to Boston in 1963, employed as a subscriptions editor for Jordan Marsh department stores until 1965. Wieners' second book, Ace of Pentacles, was published in 1964.

In 1965, after traveling with Olson to the Spoleto Festival and the Berkeley Poetry Conference, he enrolled in the Graduate Program at SUNY Buffalo. He worked as a teaching fellow under Olson, then as an endowed Chair of Poetics, staying until 1967, with Pressed Wafer coming out the same year. In 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War. In the spring of 1969, Wieners was again institutionalized, and wrote Asylum Poems.

Nerves was released in 1970, containing work from 1966 to 1970. In the early 1970s, Wieners became active in education and publishing cooperatives, political action committees, and the gay liberation movement. He also moved into an apartment at 44 Joy Street on Beacon Hill, where he lived for the next thirty years.

In 1975, Behind the State Capitol or Cincinnati Pike was published, a magnum opus of "Cinema decoupages; verses, abbreviated prose insights." For the next ten years, he published rarely and remained largely out of the public eye. In 1985, he was a Guggenheim Fellow.

Later life
Black Sparrow Press released two collections edited by Raymond Foye: Selected Poems: 1958-1984 and Cultural Affairs in Boston, in 1986 and 1988 respectively. A previously unpublished journal by Wieners came out in 1996, entitled The Journal of John Wieners was to be called 707 Scott Street for Billie Holliday 1959, documenting his life in San Francisco around the time of The Hotel Wentley Poems.

At the Guggenheim Museum in 1999, Wieners gave one of his last public readings, celebrating an exhibit by the painter Francesco Clemente. A collaboration between the two, Broken Women, was also published.

Wieners died on March 1, 2002, at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, having collapsed a few days previously after an evening attending a party with his friend and publisher Charley Shively.

Works
Wieners was a Beat poet, and his poems combined accounts of sexual and drug-related experimentations. Like most Beat writers, Wieners included improvised influences of jazz in the lyrical structure of his works.

As a Beat writer, he used his writings to express his opinions on certain issues, including poverty and the working class. His poem, Children of the Working Class expresses the horror of children working intense jobs in order to help out their families and how these jobs affect them. Wieners' poem can be compared to William Blake's poem The Chimney Sweeper, in which they both call out the horrors of child labor.

Though a Beat writer, he isn't well known. In regards to Wieners, Allen Ginsberg said, "Wieners, in a way, is one of the greatest poets around, or, certainly, the most Romantic, and doomed, poet around, compared to everyone else, and he's not well known."

Legacy
Kidnap Notes Next, a collection of poems and journal entries edited by Jim Dunn, was published posthumously in 2002.

A Book of Prophecies was published in 2007 from Bootstrap Press. The manuscript was discovered in the Kent State University archive's collection by poet Michael Carr. It was a journal written by Wieners in 1971, and opens with a poem titled 2007.

His papers are held at the University of Delaware.

In September 2015, City Lights Bookstore & Publishers released Stars Seen in Person: Selected Journals of John Wieners, which offers selections from four of Wieners' previously unpublished journals written between 1955 and 1969. These journals capture a post-war bohemian world that no longer exists, seen through the prism of Wieners' sense of glamour.

In October 2015, Wave Books published Supplication which was touted, at the time of its publication, as the first comprehensive selection of Wieners' poetry to have been published in 15 years.

Books

 * Wieners, John. Stars Seen in Person. City Lights. San Francisco. 2015. ISBN 9780872866683
 * Wieners, John. A Book of Prophecies. Bootstrap Press. Lowell, Mass. 2007. ISBN 978-0-9779975-4-1
 * Charters, Ann (ed.). The Portable Beat Reader. Penguin Books. New York. 1992. ISBN 0-670-83885-3 (hc); ISBN 0-14-015102-8 (pbk)
 * Reed, Jeremy. It Had to Be You: The Poetry of John Wieners (Elysium Press, 2004)
 * "John Wieners." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation
 * "Allen Ginsberg on John Wieners." Allen Ginsberg Project. Allen Ginsberg Project

Archives

 * Records of John Wieners are held by Simon Fraser University's Special Collections and Rare Books
 * John Wieners Papers, held at the University of Delaware
 * John Wieners holograph poetry notebook, held at the University of Delaware
 * John Wieners publisher's files for The Hotel Wentley, held at the University of Delaware
 * Materials about John Wieners at the Robert A. Wilson John Wieners collection, held at the University of Delaware

Poetry

 * "John Wieners", Penn Sound
 * "John Wieners", Electronic Poetry Center
 * Two poems by John Wieners
 * A poem for record players, by John Wieners

Other

 * IN MEMORIAM JOHN WIENERS January 6th. 1934 — March 1st 2002, John Wieners resource page by Tom Raworth

title: John Wieners


text:
Category:National Football League playoffs

This category organizes all articles on the NFL playoffs.


text:
File talk:IIH.png

Smaller image
How about making a less BOLD version of this, since some instances are going to be around for a long time, and some people are put off by its appearance? The height of the image is rarely necessary to getting the formatting of a page to look nice, so we could get by with something smaller. The stencil typeface is appropriate, but shrink it so if fits on one line; something like this:

___________________________ |                          | |    INSERT  IMAGE  HERE    | |___________________________| —wwoods 23:44, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Better? ➥the Epopt 05:41, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, by the way, thanks. I think the smaller version does look better. More of a "Pardon our dust" than a direct order.—wwoods 01:43, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Fourth Wall
Doesn't this somehow violate our fourth wall rules of not putting to-do lists in the middle of articles? Falcon 18:49, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Regardless, it looks bad. Really bad. That is, very unprofessional look. Wikipedia already has things like "Articles needing to fix X", why not make one of those for these images? Ash Lux 8 July 2005 01:45 (UTC)
 * Is anyone actually doing anything about this? IIH.png violates the Fourth Wall and should be removed (or preferably replaced by the required picture). Dr Santa 18:44, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi! This is an interesting question, though it seems that an interactive, user-written encyclopedia with a big "Edit this page" tab on every page makes any "fourth wall" kinda tenuous.  Where is "fourth wall" and other such policies written?
 * I have a minor concern about the new wording. "No Photo Available" could be interpreted by a reader as "none in existance" which is not the intention.  How about "No Image in Archive", or similar?  It's more precise, the image might not be a photo, and there is still the hint that the future reader/editor could submit one.  --Saintrain 15:05, 23 February 2007 (UTC) & 00:34, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Insert title here
Insert text here Andjam 23:56, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Violates policy
By explicitly referring to the idea that the article can be edited, this image seems to be in clear violation of Avoid self-reference. I would contend that these articles should simply have no image at all. I realise this is an established tradition, but it really wouldn't make any sense in print, or on a fork's website. Deco 22:27, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Accidental reversion
Sorry but I just reverted to a previous verson of this image by hitting Rev. I'll try to fix it. Nonenmac 14:09, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

transparent image needed ASAP
I just accidently ran into this when looking up CSS Charleston. In my opinion, I think this makes the infobox look unprofessional. My first thought was that the infobox was using an image from a 3rd-party image server somewhere on the internet, and the image no longer existed. I think instead this image should be a 100% pure transparent image of either the same size or 1x1 pixel to hide the existence from the users. Remember that Wikipedia is for the readers, not for the editors. In this case, having a glaring INSERT IMAGE HERE at the top of the article turns the article into a memo for future editors. --Stephane Charette 05:01, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Looking through some of the related articles that use this image, I note that some have infoboxes with text such as insert caption here and (insert link to larger image here). This is similar to the image problem described above, and makes it difficult for the reader to interpret the article/infobox as authorative, since it makes it look more like we're viewing the article in the middle of an edit session.  Two quick examples of this would be USS Takanis Bay (CVE-89) and USS Munda (CVE-104). --Stephane Charette 05:19, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

No Photo Available
Perhaps I should have discussed this first, but I kind of agree with the 4th wall issues raised earlier. www.imdb.com uses a stylized no photo available image for actors without images. I think an image should be used as it helps people like me find articles that need photos via the what links here function. Maybe someone can do better, but replacing the wording and shrinking it seems like a good alternative to the demanding insert image here. --Dual Freq 00:48, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Infobox usage
Some infoboxes have "Edit" links within the box, which are also a self-reference within an article. I think "No photo available" is more reasonable in such obvious "fill-in-the-form" styles than if it were to appear in the middle of a long text dissertation. At least the "No photo available" phrasing is more of a statement of fact than is the previous command "Insert image here". (SEWilco 18:17, 8 April 2007 (UTC))

Encouraging uploads
thumb|right|150pxHi all. Recently, we've had a lot of biographical pages modified to include this image (on right), which through a cunning hack allows us to "guide" people uploading images. (Fromowner documentation has an explanation)

Would it be worth working out a similar concept to replace the use of this image? It's a little harder for casual replacement, but you never know what's out there... Shimgray | talk | 13:52, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

title: File talk:IIH.png


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject R&B and Soul Music/Example Page

frame|right|There should be at least one [[Wikipedia:Images|photograph, preferably from an album cover, for each article, about 300 pixels in width for a group, 200 pixels or so for a solo act, where you can clearly see what the person(s) look like. They should be identified by name, and, in the case of group members, there should be links to their articles if they have them. If there is more than one version of the person/group, illustrate the most well-known version here and use thumbnailed images through out the rest of the article. See also Picture tutorial]] ''This is an example/templete page for the WikiProject R&B and Soul Music. Please reference it for consistency betwee nall the articles that will be cleaned up and/or created.''

The Header should concisely set up the article to follow. For articles about a singular person or a duo, it should follow the same basic Wiki biographic format. Be sure to mention their ethnicity, exact repertoire, record label, and significance. For groups, the header should contain the band name, any important abbreviations or aliases, nationality, genre repertoire, year and place of creation, year of disbanding, record label, significance, and all members of the group. If there were more than ten members, list all founding members and any important successor.

History (Biography for a singular person or a duo)
Use dividing subheadings if the article is more than about 30 lines long. Something like these:

Epilogue
For a singular person or a duo, the body of the article should focus on the performer’s career, including only significant personal information (marriages, offspring etc) and avoiding trivia (favorite food/color). If the person was in a major group, discussion of their participation in the group should be brief and focus on the person’s major contributions to the group.

For a group or band, * the body of the article should focus on the group; how the members met, how they started the group, and the inner workings of the act itself. Personal details about individual members should be mentioned only if it affects the group or its members (e.g. Woody leaving Dru Hill because of his Christian beliefs).

REMEMBER! Always reference the WikiProject Music guidelines as you edit.

Personnel (for groups/bands only)
List all group members, in the order they joined the group, and dates (in years) of group participation. If a member is significant enough for their own page, make sure this listing has their name linked to their article and that at least a stub (not a substub) exists at their page. If the group has an overly complicated set of lineup changes (e.g.The Temptations), list all members and dates, but include a breakout page entitled “ (Group name) chronology”, where the various lineups, with month and year identification, are noted.

Example:

For a detailed listing of the various lineups for the Supremes, see: Supremes chronology.

 * Florence Ballard (1959 - 1967)
 * Mary Wilson (1959 - 1977)
 * Diana Ross (1959 - 1970)
 * Betty McGlown (1959 - 1960)
 * Barbara Martin (1960 - 1961)
 * Cindy Birdsong (1967 - 1972, 1973 - 1976)
 * Jean Terrell (1970 - 1973)
 * Lynda Laurence (1972 - 1973)
 * Scherrie Payne (1973 - 1977)
 * Susaye Greene (1976 - 1977)

Discography
Note: Older, singles based artists like those on Motown should have the list of singles come before the list of albums.

Albums
List all ''albums, studio, live, special/Christmas, nad (if fuly completed) known shelved albums. Non studio albums and special albums should have a short identifier in parentheses. List only the year, album name, and highest chart position on the US or UK album charts. Selling status (i.e. “1 million records sold”) should be incorporated into the body of the article. Only link albums that need articles of their own.''

Example:

 * 2000: Aijuswanasang
 * 2002: Juslisen
 * 2003: Soulstar

Singles
List all ''(or as many as you can find) singles for the act. This includes songs on which the artist/act is a featured performer. List the year, the official name/spelling of the single, and the US or UK chart position. (question--many of the acts within this project will not have significant showings on the main pop charts, but will have substantial ones on the R&B (aka "black" or "urban") charts. Is there a way we can cleanly integrate those listings onto each page? Let's discuss it at the project general discussion page).''

''If the song has featured artists, list--and link--them. In the case of remixes, list them separately only if they are listed separately at [www.allmusic.com allmusic.com]. In other cases, make one listing for the song, and mention the remix, which will usually have a special guest artist that is exclusive to it.''

Example:

 * 2000: "Just Friends (Sunny)" (US #31)
 * 2000: "Love" (US #24)
 * 2001: "Girl Next Door" (US #85)
 * 2002: "halfcrazy" (US #16)
 * 2002: "dontchange" (US #17)
 * 2003: "forthenight" (US #52)
 * 2004: "whoknows" (US #65)

 Note: if the albums/singles list gets too long (and it will for longtime artists like Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and Aretha Franklin), create an (Act name) discography breakout page, and list only Top Ten singles from the UP Pop, US R&B, and UK charts in the main article.

Samples
Samples. Provide samples for at least one song for each artist. They should be in .OGG format, at least 192 kbit/s in quality, and be 30 seconds in length.

Example:

 * [[Media:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|Download sample]] "Ready or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide From Love)"

External link

 * Most important of all is the official artist website, if it exists. Also included should be a fan site or two, if possible.

Categories
Very important, so that people can find the article. Make sure to include one for each major genre of music the group performs, ethnicity categories for ethnic persons, and any other pre-existing special categories (i.e. “People from Washington D.C.”)


text:
Scott Ross (harpsichordist)

Scott Ross (March 1, 1951 – June 13, 1989) was a United States-born harpsichordist who lived in France and Canada for many years. His recordings include the first complete recording by a single performer of the 555 harpsichord sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti.

Biography
Scott Stonebreaker Ross was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was nearly crippled by a severe scoliosis that kept him in a corset for much of his early life.

He studied piano and organ in Pittsburgh. Following the death of his father, a newspaper editor, he moved to France with his mother in 1964. His mother and brother soon returned to the US, but he remained in the country, living independently from the age of 13. He studied harpsichord at the Conservatoire de Nice, and during this period he was invited by Simone Demangel, the owner of the chateau in the village of Assas, near Montpellier, to give harpsichord lessons as a live-in tutor. His mother committed suicide on Ross's 19th birthday. After completing his studies at Nice, he enrolled at the Conservatoire de Paris.

In 1971 he was awarded the prestigious first prize of the "Concours de Bruges". Ross also took classes at the Royal Conservatoire of Antwerp from Kenneth Gilbert.

He then began a teaching career at the School of Music, Université Laval, Quebec. While there, he made award-winning recordings of the complete Pièces de Clavecin by Rameau and also recorded the complete keyboard works of François Couperin. Ross dressed in similar fashion to his students (even in performance), and his 'granny' spectacles appeared to align him more with the popular music icon John Lennon than the authentic performance scholar Gustav Leonhardt. For one concert at Université Laval that was attended by the university chancellor and the French Consul General he wore jeans and a red lumberjack shirt. Self-effacing to a fault, he explained, "I started the Goldbergs 'cause I quit smoking and, to keep one's fingers busy, it's better than knitting".

A passionate collector of orchids, his other hobbies included volcanology, mineralogy, and mycology. His keyboard interests were similarly wide-ranging, extending beyond the harpsichord to the music of Frédéric Chopin, Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel that he performed on the piano, and he also accompanied Schubert lieder. He loved the music of Brian Eno and Philip Glass, and was a fan of the punk performance artist Nina Hagen. Comparisons which might be drawn between Ross and the Canadian pianist Glenn Gould (e.g., due to their common love of Baroque music and their unconventional approaches) are put into a fuller context by these comments from Ross in a documentary film made toward the end of his life:

"When I hear nutcases like Glenn Gould who do: [plays staccato version of J.S. Bach's Partita no. 1, BWV 825, Allemande], I say he understood nothing of Bach's music! I've listened carefully to his records: he didn't understand. He was very brilliant; I respect him up to a certain point. For me, the fact that an artist doesn't appear in public poses a problem. But at least he was a guy with the courage not to do things like other people. All the same, he was wide off the mark, so wide off the mark that you'd need a 747 to bring him back. I'm hard on Glenn Gould. Well, he's dead now, so I won't attack a colleague."

In 1983 Ross took an indefinite sabbatical from Laval, embarking on several recordings for the French label Erato, including the Eight Great Suites of George Frideric Handel, Bach's 6 Partitas, and keyboard works by Jean-Henri d'Anglebert. (He also made two albums for EMI, including his last consisting of Girolamo Frescobaldi works.)

He returned to France, renting a small house in Assas and another in Paris. In 1984 he signed a five-year recording contract with Erato, but also experienced his first premonition of the illness that would later kill him.

The main fruit of his new contract was the daunting task of recording the complete keyboard sonatas (555 in total) of Domenico Scarlatti, a project started by Radio France, which decided to broadcast the sonatas in celebration of the 300th anniversary of the composer's birth, in 1985. Scott Ross began recording the sonatas on June 16, 1984, and during the eighteen months of recording he knew he had a fatal illness. Ninety-eight sessions were required, and the last take was completed on September 10, 1985. In all, there had been eight thousand takes. The recording was released on the Erato label as Domenico Scarlatti, Complete Keyboard Works in a set of 34 CDs.

Ross died of pneumonia related to AIDS on June 13, 1989, in his house in Assas, France, aged 38.

title: Scott Ross (harpsichordist)


text:
Tripotamia

Tripotamia (Greek: Τριποταμιά meaning "three rivers", before 1927: Μπέλεσι - Belesi ) is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Tropaia in the westernmost part of Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece. It is situated on a hill above the left bank of the river Erymanthos, 3 km north of its confluence with the Alfeios. The Ladon, another tributary of the Alfeios, flows 2 km east of Tripotamia. The rivers Erymanthos and Alfeios form the border with Elis here. The community consists of the villages Tripotamia, Kapellitsa and Chania. The Greek National Road 74 (Pyrgos - Olympia - Tripoli) passes north of the village. Tripotamia is 2 km east of Aspra Spitia, 6 km southwest of Liodora and 15 km east of Olympia.

title: Tripotamia


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 February 8


text:
Waxhaws

The Waxhaws is a geographical region extending beyond both sides of the border between what now is North Carolina and South Carolina, United States. It encompasses the areas currently known as Lancaster, Union and Mecklenburg counties. The name is derived from that of the Indigenous people who first inhabited the landbase, the Waxhaw people. Much of the area is now the territory of the Catawba Indian Nation.

Geography
The region known as the "Waxhaws" is located in the Piedmont region of North Carolina and South Carolina. It lies southwest of the Uwharrie Mountains. The region encompasses an area just south of Charlotte, North Carolina, to Lancaster, South Carolina; and from Monroe, North Carolina, in the east to the Catawba River in the west. The region is generally forested and hilly, but not mountainous. One town in the region has adopted the Waxhaw name. Waxhaw, North Carolina, incorporated its government in 1889. The town is only one site in the entire region, however, and is differentiated from the "Waxhaws" region mentioned in many historical records.

History

Originally known to Europeans as the Waxhaw Settlement, the region was named for its first inhabitants, the Waxhaw people. The Waxhaw tribe had been almost annihilated by Eurasian infectious diseases following their first contact with European settlers. Those who remained were killed or dispersed during the Yamasee War of 1715. Around the year 1740, Irish, Scots-Irish, and German colonists began to move into The Waxhaws region and to establish farms. What is now the Old Waxhaw Presbyterian Church was built in 1752.

During the American Revolutionary War, under the command of Colonel William Davie, Patriot militiamen were active in The Waxhaws. In 1781, the British forces of General Charles Cornwallis briefly occupied the town of Charlotte, North Carolina, already the largest town in the region, but his garrison was soon driven out by the local militia. Cornwallis later wrote that Charlotte was "a hornet's nest of rebellion", and Charlotte still is nicknamed, "The Hornet's Nest". The region's most important battle during the American Revolution did not involve locals.

During the Battle of Waxhaws, a Loyalist cavalry force led by Banastre Tarleton easily defeated a force of approximately 350 Virginian Continentals under Abraham Buford, many of whom were killed as they were trying to surrender. The site of the battle is now the town of Buford, South Carolina, however. The seventh president of the United States, Andrew Jackson, was born and raised in The Waxhaws region. At the time of his birth, a border between the Carolinas did not exist. The exact site of his birth is uncertain.

Later in life, perhaps for political reasons, Jackson claimed he was born on the South Carolina side of the new border. However, a midwife reportedly birthed Jackson in a cabin north of the border. The eleventh president of the United States, James K. Polk, who took office on March 4, 1845, also was born in The Waxhaws region. His birthplace is now Pineville, North Carolina. During the American Civil War, in 1864, Major General William Tecumseh Sherman's army came through parts of the region.

title: Waxhaws


text:
Barry Richards

Barry Anderson Richards (born 21 July 1945) is a former South African first-class cricketer. A right-handed "talent of such enormous stature", Richards is considered one of South Africa's most successful batsmen. He was able to play only four Test matches – all against Australia – before South Africa's exclusion from the international scene in 1970. In that brief career, against a competitive Australian attack, Richards scored 508 runs at the high average of 72.57. Richards' contribution in that series was instrumental in the 4–0 win that South Africa inflicted on the side, captained by Bill Lawry. His first century, 140, was scored in conjunction with Graeme Pollock's 274 in a famous 103-run partnership. Mike Procter, whose South African and English career roughly paralleled that of Richards, was prominent in that series as a bowler.

When the apartheid South African Government allowed for non-whites to play cricket with whites in 1974, Richards suggested that only one member of the side should be black, and the rest white. A sarcastic comment implying that the then selectors would just include one token black player to comply with the new regulations.

With such limited international exposure, Richards plied his trade in first-class cricket between 1964 and 1983, becoming a prolific batsman with 28,358 runs. He scored 80 centuries, including a best of 356, at an overall average of 54.74. He also scored 8,506 one day runs, with 16 further centuries. Wisden Cricketer of the Year for 1969, Richards scored runs for Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Natal, South Australia, Transvaal and in World Series Cricket, and has been described as "one of the finest talents of the 20th century", and it is jokingly said that "the merest suggestion that he does not belong among the definitive all-time greats will spark violence in most bars in South Africa."

In 2009, Richards was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.

Early life
Richards was born in Durban, Natal Province, Union of South Africa and attended Clifton School (Durban) and the Durban High School and for many years played club cricket for DHS Old Boys' Club. He played in the Natal Nuffield week side from 1961 to 1964, and for South African schools from 1962 to 1964, scoring a century against the Western Province first-class team. The national selectors had their eyes on him early, and he played for a South African Colts XI against the touring MCC side in 1964–65, scoring 63, and later in the tour for an Invitation XI. When the Australians toured in 1966–67, he scored 107 in 160 minutes for a strong South African XI against them before the First Test, but despite several failures by the top-order batsmen in the Test series, he was unable to break into the national side.

County Cricket
Richards was a prolific scorer in county cricket for many years for Hampshire. He scored 2395 runs in his first season, 1968, more than anybody else in the country. From 1970, Richards established one of the most successful opening partnerships for that county, along with West Indian batsman Gordon Greenidge.

Sheffield Shield
In 1970–71, as an overseas player for South Australia, Richards scored 325 runs in a single day against Western Australia off an attack that included Dennis Lillee, Graham McKenzie, Tony Lock and Tony Mann. In that season he hit 1538 runs in 10 matches at an average of 109.8.

Currie Cup/SuperSport Series
Returning home to play for Natal in the next 4 seasons, he scored heavily in the Currie Cup, 1089 runs in (1971–72), 1064 runs in (1972–73), 898 runs in (1973–74) and 868 runs in (1975–76). Richards is the only player to have scored 1,000 runs in a Currie Cup season, each season consisting of only 8 matches.

Among his other achievements was scoring 155 not out in a score of 215–3 off 40 overs in the John Player League v Yorkshire County Cricket Club at Hull on 7 June 1970. This achievement was put into further perspective when Yorkshire replied with 74–9 off their 40 overs.

Other International ventures
He did have the opportunity for international cricket in World Series Cricket in the summers of 1977–78 and 1978–79 in Australia playing 5 Supertests for the World XI scoring 554 runs in 5 matches. This included two centuries including 207 scored v WSC Australia on 27 January 1978 at Gloucester Park, Perth.

In South Africa, Richards was Player of the Year in 1968. He also played for South Africa in 6 unofficial "Tests", captaining the team twice. In 1984 he came out of retirement to play against the rebel West Indian touring team in South Africa. Trevor Bisseker wrote this: "Playing at Newlands, he held the stadium enthralled for an hour, as he simply carved up everything that was delivered at him. He played with all the time in the world and the decisive quality of a master craftsman at work. Alas the spell was broken. His concentration seem to snap and the inevitable end came. That innings put Richards into his right perspective. He was the closest thing to an insurance policy against defeat that anybody could take out. Certainly, if somebody had to bat for one's life, one would choose Richards ahead of the other world greats of the 1970s, and that includes his illustrious West Indian namesake and Graeme Pollock."

Later life and career
For a number of seasons he commentated for the South African Broadcasting Corporation as well as South Africa's MNet SuperSport, before parting ways after a dispute. He has also commentated in the UK for Test Match Special, Channel 4 and Five.

Richards was chosen by Dickie Bird in his autobiography as a member of his Dream team, from all players he ever saw. Richards was also chosen by Sir Don Bradman as a member of his 20th century team as an opening batsman.

title: Barry Richards


text:
Category:Footballers

 * No articles should be placed in this category. Please use specific sport subcategories, such as:
 * Category:English footballers
 * Category:American soccer players
 * Category:Players of Australian rules football
 * Category:National Football League players, etc.

title: Category:Footballers


text: User talk:68.44.80.135

title: User talk:68.44.80.135


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Advisor Media

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. The article has been tagged as "pending deletion" because of a block-compression error. Joyous 04:07, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Advisor Media
This company appears to be a mom-and-pop operation run by two unknown people and thus not encyclopedic enough to warrant inclusion in Wikipedia. Katefan0 23:50, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad. Wyss 20:30, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Sigmlahn~enwiki

Sigmund Lahn, born 1985, living in Oslo, Norway.

title: User:Sigmlahn~enwiki


text:
Talk:Charged particle beam

Merger proposal
Hello, i would like to merge the article Proton beam into the article Charged particle beam, since the first lacks fundamental content and it makes sense to read what a charged particle beam is before reading about a proton beam. Please object in the next two weeks. BR84 (talk) 20:03, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

 * While I agree that it needs to be merged, I am wondering if it would be better to merge it with ion beam instead of charged particle beam? 184.78.162.36 (talk) 01:51, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charged particle beam


text:
Aero Ejecutivos

AeroEjecutivos C.A. was a Venezuelan scheduled and charter regional airline headquartered in Maiquetia and based at Óscar Machado Zuloaga International Airport.

Destinations
As of September 2006, the airline operated scheduled services to:
 * Canaima (Canaima Airport)
 * Caracas (Óscar Machado Zuloaga International Airport) Hub
 * El Yavi (El Yavi Airport)
 * Los Roques (Los Roques Airport)
 * Los Roques (Los Roques Airport)

Fleet
AeroEjecutivos is one of the few airlines in South America and the only one in Venezuela to fly classic aircraft in their normal scheduled flights.

 * 1 Beechcraft Model 18
 * 1 Convair CV-440
 * 4 Douglas C-47 Skytrain
 * 2 Douglas C-118A
 * 4 Douglas DC-3A
 * 1 Learjet 25C

Accidents and incidents

 * On December 25, 1985, a Douglas C-47D (registered YV-425C) ditched off following a double engine failure in flight, the crew was forced to ditch the aircraft that came to rest off Cumana. There were no casualties while the aircraft sank and was lost.

 * On September 18, 1992, a Douglas C-118A (registered YV-502C) crashed into the Atlantic Ocean while flying from Willemstad to Miami. Weather along the route was poor with a heavy build up of thunderstorms. All 3 occupants on board were killed.

title: Aero Ejecutivos


text:
Talk:Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company

Categories
Do we necessarily want this in Category:New York City Subway? It hasn't been around since 1923, which is why it's in Category:New York City Subway history; that seems like enough. --SPUI (talk) 23:51, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I see your point. What I'm looking for is a way to categorize things directly related to the system that bear on the system but may not be current. The problem is that "New York City Subway" has become a generic term independent of the companies and the physical rights-of-way, just as "elevated" was a generic term in the past. All the former elevated lines also tend to be in the category.

 * A better overall category might be "New York City rapid transit" but I suppose people would look first under "...subway" which kinds of bugs me, because "subway" doesn't adequately describe the system as a generic category.

 * This same dichotomy of genericness or not of the term "subway" played out in the recent celebrations: "New York City 1904-2004 Subway Centennial" as it says on the MTA website, but they really mean "IRT Subway Centennial" since there are a number of "subway" lines still running that predate the IRT by decades. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 02:11, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think we've established that we're calling the current system the New York City Subway. Thus, anything relating to its history would be New York City Subway history, including early elevated lines, and maybe streetcar lines. --SPUI (talk) 05:40, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

List of companies owned and leased in 1914
According to : It also says that it acquired 88% of the Coney Island and Brooklyn Railroad through the CI&G after December 26, 1913. --NE2 18:04, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Brooklyn Heights Railroad (wholly owned) "Owned jointly by Brooklyn Heights RR Co. and Brooklyn City & Newtown RR Co."
 * Brooklyn City Railroad leased
 * Brooklyn, Queens County and Suburban Railroad (wholly owned)
 * Nassau Electric Railroad (98% owned)
 * Coney Island and Gravesend Railway (wholly owned) "Owned jointly by Coney Island & Gravesend Ry Co. and Coney Island & Brooklyn RR Co."
 * South Brooklyn Railway (wholly owned)
 * Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad leased
 * New York Consolidated Railroad (96% owned)
 * Transit Development Company (wholly owned)
 * American Railway Traffic Company (98% owned)

List of companies owned in 1922
According to The Fitch Bond Book, Describing the Most Important Bond Issues of the United States and Canada, 1922, pages 171 to 172: --NE2 22:12, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Brooklyn Heights Railroad
 * Brooklyn, Queens County and Suburban Railroad
 * Nassau Electric Railroad
 * Coney Island and Gravesend Railway
 * South Brooklyn Railway
 * Transit Development Company
 * Bridge Operating Company
 * New York and Coney Island Railroad
 * Prospect Park and South Brooklyn Railroad
 * Coney Island and Brooklyn Railroad
 * Brooklyn and North River Railroad
 * DeKalb Avenue and North Brooklyn Railroad (sic?)
 * Coney Island and Brooklyn Terminal Company
 * Broadway Subway and Home Borough Car Advertising Company
 * Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad
 * New York Consolidated Railroad

Merge from Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
I have merged in a section of pre-history from Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation that relates to this period with [this edit and have removed it from the other article with this one. I can't vouch for the content as it has no references and I have no knowledge of the line. Please can someone who knows the subject check it. Thanks. [[User:PeterEastern|PeterEastern]] (talk) 17:24, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company


text:
Countdown (disambiguation)

A countdown is the backward counting to indicate the remaining time before an event occurs.

Countdown may also refer to:

Comics

 * Countdown (Polystyle Publications), a British comic book series
 * Countdown (comic strip), the title strip in the series
 * Countdown to Final Crisis, an American comic book series published by DC comics
 * Countdown to Infinite Crisis, an American one-shot comic book published by DC Comics
 * Star Trek: Countdown, a comic book prequel to the 2009 film Star Trek

Films

 * Countdown (1967 film), directed by Robert Altman
 * Countdown (2004 film), a Russian action film directed by Yevgeny Lavrentyev
 * Countdown (2011 film), a South Korean film directed by Huh Jong-Ho
 * Countdown (2012 film), a Thai film
 * Countdown (2016 film), an American action film
 * Countdown (2019 film), an American horror film

Games and toys

 * Countdown (G.I. Joe), a fictional astronaut
 * Countdown (video game), a 1990 point-and-click adventure game
 * Countdown, a Holiday Beanie Babies teddy bear

Literature

 * Countdown (novel), a 2014 book by Natalie Standiford in The 39 Clues franchise
 * Countdown (novel series), a 1999 young adult series by Daniel Parker
 * Countdown, a non-fiction book by Amitav Ghosh

Music

 * Countdown, another name for The Countdown Singers

Albums

 * Countdown (Jimmy McGriff album), a 1983 album by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff
 * Countdown (Steve Kuhn album), a 1998 album by jazz pianist Steve Kuhn
 * Countdown (Super Junior-D&E album), a 2021 album by Super Junior-D&E
 * Countdown 1992–1983, a compilation album by the band Pulp
 * The Countdown, a 1988 album by jazz pianist Mulgrew Miller
 * Countdown, an album by Joey Alexander
 * Countdown, an album by Marie Wegener released in 2019

Songs

 * "Countdown" (Beyoncé song)
 * "Countdown" (Lindsey Buckingham song)
 * "Countdown" (Hardwell and MAKJ song)
 * "Countdown" (Hyde song)
 * "Countdown" (Pulp song)
 * "Countdown" (Rush song)
 * "Countdown" (John Coltrane song), 1960
 * "Count Down", a song on Rock 'n' Roll Circus by Ayumi Hamasaki
 * "Countdown", a song on The Big Come Up by The Black Keys
 * "Countdown", a song on I Wanna Thank Me by Snoop Dogg
 * "Countdown, a song on Victorious 2.0: More Music from the Hit TV Show by Leon Thomas III and Victoria Justice

Programs

 * Countdown (Armenian TV series), a 2017 Armenian thriller television series aired on Armenia Premium
 * Countdown (Australian TV program), a 1974–1987 Australian music television program broadcast by ABC
 * Countdown (Canadian TV program), a 1996–2017 Canadian music television program broadcast by MuchMusic
 * Countdown (Dutch TV program), a 1978–1994 Dutch music television program broadcast by Veronica
 * Countdown (game show), a British television game show broadcast on Channel 4 since 1982
 * Countdown, a television program on Bloomberg TV Philippines
 * Countdown – Die Jagd beginnt (Countdown – The hunt begins), a German television series
 * Countdown with Keith Olbermann, an American television news program
 * Countdown with Mike Duffy, a television news program hosted by Mike Duffy (born 1946)
 * Count Down TV, a Japanese late-night music television program

Episodes

 * Countdown (FlashForward), an episode of the ABC series FlashForward
 * "Countdown" (Haven), an episode of the American television series Haven
 * "Countdown" (Star Trek: Enterprise), a 2004 television episode
 * "Countdown", an episode of the French animated television series Code Lyoko: Evolution
 * "Countdown", an episode of the American television series MacGyver
 * "The Countdown" (The Amazing World of Gumball), an episode of the British-American television series The Amazing World of Gumball
 * "The Countdown" (The O.C.), an episode of the American television series The O.C.

Other uses

 * Countdown (supermarket), in New Zealand
 * NASCAR Countdown, a pre-race television show
 * NBA Countdown, a pre-game television show
 * Countdown, the physical film leader on which a countdown is printed
 * Countdown, a sans serif typeface with "space age" connotations
 * Countdown, a Tech character in Skylanders: Swap Force
 * Passenger information systems, at railway stations

title: Countdown (disambiguation)


text:
User:Eras-mus

Welcome (en) - Willkommen (de) - Välkommen (sv) - Bienvenue (fr) - Hoş geldiniz (tr) - Welkom (nl) -  مَرْحَّبة (ar)

 * My name is Pierre
 * I am born on January 14, 1948 in Courtrai (Kortrijk, Belgium)
 * Childhood in Ostend (Oostende), Kenitra (Port-Lyautey) in Morocco, Léopoldville (Kinshasa), Le Mont-Dore (fr:Mont-Dore) in Auvergne (French department of Puy-de-Dôme)
 * I live in Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, a suburb of Brussels, Belgium
 * First steps on Wikipedia January 2005

Languages

 * « Birth-bilingual »: French language and Dutch language (I am present in the French Wiki as fr:Utilisateur:Erasmus and in the Dutch Wiki as nl:Gebruiker:Erasmus)
 * Third language: English language
 * Some knowledge of: Spanish language, German language (I am present in the German Wiki as de:Benutzer:Eras-mus)
 * Some interest for: Arabic language, Turkish language

Occupation

 * Grade of pharmacist (1973)
 * Specialization in Medical biology (1975)
 * utilisation of radio-isotopes in vitro for diagnostic applications (1977)

 * At the present time, no occupation <BIG><BIG>L</BIG></BIG></BIG></BIG>.

ar:مستخدم:مُواطِن عالَمِيّ

de:Benutzer:Eras-mus fr:Utilisateur:Erasmus nl:Gebruiker:Erasmus pt:Usuário:Erasmus simple:User:Erasmus sv:Användare:Erasmus

tr:Kullanıcı:Dünya vatandaşı vls:User:Erasmus

title: User:Eras-mus


text:
User talk:Yakov shalamov

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions.

You might find these pages useful:

 * How to edit a page

 * How to write a great article

 * Article naming conventions

 * Wikipedia's Manual of Style

You can always experiment in the sandbox.

If you like, you can introduce yourself at the new user log, or write something about yourself on your user page.

One more thing: if you leave a note on any kind of discussion page it's always helpful to sign your post with four tildes ( ~ ), which is automatically converted to your username and the date and time. Don't do this in articles themselves though as they are not 'owned' by any particular contributor.

If you have any questions, see help, leave a question at the help desk, or feel free to drop me a line on my talk page.

Thanks again and happy editing!

— Trilobite (Talk) 23:52, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yakov shalamov


text:
William Stoughton (judge)

William Stoughton (1631 – July 7, 1701) was a New England Puritan magistrate and administrator in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. He was in charge of what have come to be known as the Salem Witch Trials, first as the Chief Justice of the Special Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692, and then as the Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature in 1693. In these trials he controversially accepted spectral evidence (based on supposed demonic visions). Unlike some of the other magistrates, he never admitted to the possibility that his acceptance of such evidence was in error.

After graduating from Harvard College in 1650, he continued religious studies in England, where he also preached. Returning to Massachusetts in 1662, he chose to enter politics instead of the ministry. An adept politician, he served in virtually every government through the period of turmoil in Massachusetts that encompassed the revocation of its first charter in 1684 and the introduction of its second charter in 1692, including the unpopular rule of Sir Edmund Andros in the late 1680s. He served as lieutenant governor of the province from 1692 until his death in 1701, acting as governor (in the absence of an appointed governor) for about six years. He was one of the province's major landowners, partnering with Joseph Dudley and other powerful figures in land purchases, and it was for him that the town of Stoughton, Massachusetts was named.

Early life
William Stoughton was born in 1631 to Israel Stoughton and Elizabeth Knight Stoughton. The exact location of his birth is uncertain, because there is no known birth or baptismal record for him, and the date when his parents migrated from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony is not known with precision. What is known is that by 1632 the Stoughtons were in the colony, where they were early settlers of Dorchester, Massachusetts.

Stoughton graduated from Harvard College in 1650 with a degree in theology. He intended to become a Puritan minister and traveled to England, where he continued his studies in New College, Oxford. He graduated with an M.A. in theology in 1653. Stoughton was a pious preacher who believed in the "Lord's promise and expectations of great things." England was at the time under Puritan Commonwealth Rule, although 1653 was the year Oliver Cromwell dissolved Parliament, beginning The Protectorate. Stoughton preached in Sussex, and after Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660, Stoughton lost his position in the crackdown on religious dissenters that followed.

Politics and land development
With little prospect for another position in England, Stoughton returned to Massachusetts in 1662. He preached on several occasions at Dorchester and Cambridge, but refused offers of permanent ministerial posts. He instead became involved in politics and land development. He served on the colony's council of assistants (a precursor to the idea of a governor's council) almost every year from 1671 to 1686, and represented the colony in the New England Confederation from 1673 to 1677 and 1680 to 1686. In the 1684 election, Joseph Dudley, who had been labelled as an enemy of the colony (along with Stoughton, Bulkley, and others) for his moderate position on colonial charter issues, failed to win reelection to the council. Stoughton, who was reelected by a small majority and was a friend and business partner of Dudley, refused to serve in protest.

In 1676 he was chosen, along with Peter Bulkeley, to be an agent representing colonial interests in England. Their instructions were narrowly tailored. They were authorized to acquire land claims from the heirs of Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason that conflicted with some Massachusetts land claims in present-day Maine. These they acquired for £1,200, incurring the anger of Charles II, who had intended to acquire those claims for the Duke of York. They were unsuccessful in maintaining broader claims made by Massachusetts against other territories of Maine and the Province of New Hampshire. Their limited authority upset the Lords of Trade, who sought to have the colonial laws modified to conform to their policies. The mission of Stoughton and Bulkley did little more than antagonize colonial officials in London because of their hardline stance.

For many years Stoughton and Joseph Dudley were friends, as well as political and business partners. The two worked closely together politically, and engaged in land development together. In the 1680s Stoughton acquired significant amounts of land from the Nipmuc tribe in what is now Worcester County in partnership with Dudley. The partnership included a venture that established Oxford as a place to settle refugee Huguenots.

Dudley and Stoughton used their political positions to ensure that the titles to lands they were interested in were judicially cleared, a practice that also benefited their friends, relatives, and other business partners. Concerning this practice, Crown agent Edward Randolph wrote that it was "impossible to bring titles of land to trial before them where his Majesties's rights are concerned, the Judges also being parties." This was particularly obvious when Stoughton and Dudley were part of a venture to acquire 1 e6acre of land in the Merrimack River valley. Dudley's council, on which Stoughton and other investors sat, formally cleared that land's title in May 1686.

When Dudley was commissioned in 1686 to temporarily head the Dominion of New England, Stoughton was appointed to his council, and he was then elected by the council as the deputy president. During the administration of Sir Edmund Andros he served as a magistrate and on the council. As a magistrate he was particularly harsh on the town leaders of Ipswich, who had organized tax protests against the dominion government, based on the claim that dominion rule without representation violated the Rights of Englishmen. When Andros was arrested in April 1689 in a bloodless uprising inspired by the 1688 Glorious Revolution in England, Stoughton was one of the signatories to the declaration of the revolt's ringleaders. Despite this statement of support for the popular cause, he was sufficiently unpopular due to his association with Andros that he was denied elective offices. He appealed to the politically powerful Mather family, with whom he still had positive relations. In 1692, when Increase Mather and Sir William Phips arrived from England carrying the charter for the new Province of Massachusetts Bay and a royal commission for Phips as governor, they also brought one for Stoughton as lieutenant governor.

Witch trials
When Phips arrived, rumors of witchcraft were running rampant, especially in Salem. Phips immediately appointed Stoughton to head a special tribunal to deal with accusations of witchcraft, and in June appointed him chief justice of the colonial courts, a post he would hold for the rest of his life.

In the now-notorious Salem Witch Trials, Stoughton acted as both chief judge and prosecutor. He was particularly harsh on some of the defendants, sending the jury deliberating in the case of Rebecca Nurse back to reconsider its not guilty verdict; after doing so, she was convicted. Many convictions were made because Stoughton permitted the use of spectral evidence, the idea that a demonic vision could only take on the shape or appearance of someone who had made some sort of devilish pact or engaged in witchcraft. Although Cotton Mather argued that this type of evidence was acceptable when making accusations, some judges expressed reservations about its use in judicial proceedings. Stoughton, however, was convinced of its acceptability, and may have influenced other judges to this view. The special court stopped sitting in September 1692.

In November and December 1692 Governor Phips oversaw a reorganization of the colony's courts to bring them into conformance with English practice. The new courts, with Stoughton still sitting as chief justice, began to handle the witchcraft cases in 1693, but were under specific instructions from Phips to disregard spectral evidence. As a result, a significant number of cases were dismissed due to a lack of evidence, and Phips vacated the few convictions that were made. On 3 January 1693 Stoughton ordered the execution of all suspected witches who had been exempted by their pregnancy. Phips denied enforcement of the order. This turn of events angered Stoughton, and he briefly left the bench in protest.

Historian Cedric Cowing suggests that Stoughton's acceptance of spectral evidence was based partly in a need he saw to reassert Puritan authority in the province. Unlike his colleague Samuel Sewall, who later expressed regret for his actions on the bench in the trials, Stoughton never admitted that his actions and beliefs with respect to spectral evidence and the trials were in error.

Acting governor
Stoughton was also involved in overseeing the colonial response to King William's War, which had broken out in 1689. Massachusetts Bay (which included the area now known as Maine) was in the forefront of the war with New France, and its northern frontier communities suffered significantly from French and Indian raids. Governor Phips was frequently in Maine overseeing the construction of defenses there, leaving Stoughton to oversee affairs in Boston. During one such absence, for example, Stoughton was responsible for raising a small force of militia intended to help protect neighboring New Hampshire, which was similarly being devastated by raids. In early 1694 Phips was recalled to London, to answer charges of misconduct. He delayed his departure until November, at which time Stoughton took over as acting governor. Phips died in London in early 1695, before the charges against him were heard.

Stoughton viewed himself as a caretaker, holding the government until the crown appointed a new governor. As a consequence, he gave the provincial assembly a significant degree of autonomy, which, once established, complicated the relationship the assembly had with later governors. He also took relatively few active steps to implement colonial policies, and only did the minimum needed to follow instructions from London. A commentator in the colonial office observed that he was a "good scholar", but that he was "not suited to enforce the Navigation Act".

In 1695 Stoughton protested the actions of French privateers operating from Acadia, who were wreaking havoc in the New England fishing and merchant fleets. In an attempt to counter this activity, he authorized Benjamin Church to organize a raid against Acadia. While Church was recruiting men for the expedition, New France's governor, the comte de Frontenac, organized an expedition to target the English fort at Pemaquid, Maine. Church had still not departed in August 1696 when he learned that the fort had been taken and destroyed. The instructions Stoughton issued to Church were somewhat vague, and he did little more than raid Beaubassin at the top of the Bay of Fundy before returning to Boston. Before Church's return Stoughton organized a second, smaller expedition that unsuccessfully besieged Fort Nashwaak on the Saint John River. The failure of these expeditions highlighted the inadequacies of the provincial forces, and the Massachusetts assembly appealed to London for aid.

Peace between France and England was achieved with the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, but it did not resolve any issues concerning the Abenakis to the north. As a result, there continued to be tension on the frontier, and disputes over fishing grounds and the use of Acadian territory by New Englanders for drying fish continued. Stoughton and Acadian Governor Joseph Robineau de Villebon exchanged complaints and threats in 1698 over the issue, with Villebon issuing largely empty threats (he lacked the needed resources to execute them) to seize Massachusetts ships and property left in Acadian territory. Stoughton appealed to London for diplomatic assistance, which had some success in reducing tensions.

Stoughton served as acting governor until 1699, while still also serving as chief justice. He remained lieutenant governor during the brief tenure of the Earl of Bellomont as governor, and again became acting governor on the latter's departure in 1700. He was by then in poor health, and accomplished little of note in his final year.

Harvard and the Brattle Street Church
The corporate existence of Harvard College had been thrown into turmoil by the recission of the colonial charter in 1684, upon which the Harvard charter depended. In 1692 the provincial assembly passed a law enacting a new charter for the college, but the Board of Trade vetoed this law in 1696, again throwing the college's existence into jeopardy. Stoughton, then acting governor, made temporary arrangements for the college's governance while the assembly worked to craft a new charter. Ultimately, Harvard's charter problems would not be solved until 1707, when its 1650 charter was revived.

Religious and political differences between factions of directors at Harvard boiled into the open during the late 1690s. Increase Mather, then the president of Harvard, was theologically conservative, while a number of the directors had adopted moderate views, and in these years they began a struggle for control of the college. This split eventually led to the founding in 1698 of Boston's Brattle Street Church, which issued a manifesto explicitly distancing itself from some of the more extreme Puritan practices advocated by Mather and his son, Cotton. Stoughton and a number of other high-profile religious and political figures in the colony stepped in to resolve the dispute. The peace was so successfully brokered that the elder Mather took part in the new church's dedicatory services.

Family and legacy
Stoughton was given the then-prestigious Green Dragon Tavern for his social status, one of Boston's most significant architectural and historical landmarks c. 1676.

He died at home in Dorchester in 1701, while serving as acting governor, and was buried in the cemetery now known as the Dorchester North Burying Ground. He was a bachelor, and willed his mansion and a portion of his estate to William Tailer, the son of his sister Rebeccah. Tailer, who was twice lieutenant governor and briefly served as acting governor, was buried alongside his uncle Stoughton.

The only sermon of Stoughton's to be published was entitled New-Englands True Interest. The sermon was originally delivered at the election of 1668, and was published in 1670. In it he harkened back to the founding of the colony, saying "God sifted a whole Nation that he might send choice Grain over into this Wilderness", but also lamented what he saw as a decline in Massachusetts society, and urged the lay members of society to defer judgment to their clerical elders.

The town of Stoughton, Massachusetts is named in his honor, as is one of the Harvard College dormitories in Harvard Yard. Construction of the first Stoughton Hall, in 1698, was made possible by his £1,000 gift.

title: William Stoughton (judge)


text:
Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duc de Bouillon

Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon (22 October 1605 – 9 August 1652) was ruler of the independent principality of Sedan, and a general in the French royal army.

Life
Born in Sedan, Ardennes, he was the son of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon, Prince of Sedan, and Elisabeth of Orange-Nassau. His brother was the renowned Turenne, Marshal of France. Raised as a Protestant, he received a military education in Holland under his uncles, Maurice of Nassau-Orange, and Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange.

He became Duke of Bouillon, and Prince of Sedan, Jametz, and Raucourt (now in Ardennes, France) at the death of his father in 1623. He was appointed governor of Maastricht in the United Provinces in 1629. In 1634 he married Countess Eleonora van Berg's-Heerenberg (French: Éléonore de Bergh), under whose influence he converted to Catholicism.

In 1635 the Duke of Bouillon came into the service of King Louis XIII of France, and was appointed maréchal de camp (brigadier general). He was deprived of his offices in the United Provinces after engaging in negotiations with Spain (the arch-enemy of the United Provinces) in 1637.

Along with the Louis de Bourbon, comte de Soissons, he conspired against Cardinal Richelieu, and with the support of Spanish troops he and the comte de Soissons defeated the French royal troops sent after them at the Battle of La Marfée, outside of Sedan, in 1641.

Later he submitted to King Louis XIII and Richelieu, and he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in command of the French army of Italy (1642). Having again conspired against Richelieu with Cinq-Mars, he was arrested in Casale Italy, and was released only when his wife threatened to open Sedan to the Spaniards (1642). During this misfortune, he promised to cede the strategic border principalities of Sedan and Raucourt to France.

In 1650 he joined the Fronde, and was one of its leaders with his brother Turenne. Cardinal Mazarin won him over (1650) by promising him high office and compensations for the cessions of Sedan and Raucourt, exchanged in 1651 for the duchies of Albret and Château-Thierry, the counties of Auvergne and Évreux, and several other lands.

He died at Pontoise, near Paris, in 1652 and was buried in Évreux. His and his wife's bodies were moved to Cluny where they arrived in 1692.

Tomb monument
Between 1697 and 1707, the duke's son, Émmanuel-Théodose de la Tour d'Auvergne, cardinal de Bouillon, commissioned the sculptor Pierre Le Gros the Younger to create a family monument to be erected in Cluny Abbey, of which the cardinal was abbot. All the sculptures were finished by 1707 and shipped to Cluny, where they arrived in 1709 but were not even being unpacked for nearly a century because Bouillon had grossly disobeyed Louis XIV and was declared an enemy of the state. The sculptures are today displayed in the Hôtel-Dieu in Cluny.

Children
Frédéric Maurice and his wife Éléonor de Bergh had five sons and four daughters:
 * Élisabeth (1635-1680), married Charles III, Duke of Elbeuf, and had issue.
 * Godefroy Maurice, 3rd duc de Bouillon (1636–1721)
 * Louise-Charlotte (1638-1683) "known as Mademoiselle de Bouillon";
 * Amelie (1640-), who became a nun
 * Frédéric Maurice, comte d'Auvergne (1642–1707) married Princess Henriette Françoise von Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Marquise de Bergen-op-Zoom and had 13 children; grandfather of Maria Henriette de La Tour d'Auvergne, mother of Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria.
 * Émmanuel-Théodose, duc d'Albret, later cardinal de Bouillon (1643–1715)
 * Hippolyte (1645-), who entered the priesthood
 * Constantin Ignace, duc de Château-Thierry (1646–1670) at the age of 16 joined the order of St. John of Jerusalem
 * Henri Ignace, le comte d'Évreux (1650–1675)nicknamed "Chevalier de Bouillon"
 * Mauricienne Fébronie de La Tour d’Auvergne (1652-1706) (aka Princesse d'Evreux), married 1668 Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria-Leuchtenberg (1638-1705), without issue