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Talk:Carnation Revolution

Cleanup
This article should be marked for cleanup and improvement. I don't have the time and knowlage for this, but I still have the impression it is too much cliche and pov -prone, does not go indepth enough in many areas. Th unpassioned descitprion of prior and post events, and some section to present diffrent points of view still prevailing would be much needed. --BBird 12:59 29 December 2005 (UTC)

The first couple of paragraphs are barely readable. This article desperately needs rewriting for clarity and citation of sources. -anon

I've cleaned up some of the English grammar but it is mostly readable by someone with English as a native language. I have made adjustments to political terminology but it's not that bad. As for sources, better to let someone with more than a passing interest in the subject have a look. My area of expertise is Eastern Europe not Iberia so I don't have anything on Portugal particularly. Lstanley1979 (talk) 16:36, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi all, in 2021, in response to this being linked to the Temporary Gentleman article on the mainpage, I've been tidying this up. It's a great article, and worthy of more polishing. Kudos to the people who plunked in the raw material. I'll try and edit out the glaring POV, but history is all a pastiche of POV. The old regime was a dicatorship, for instance. cheers Billyshiverstick (talk) 02:56, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Reality Check
I was in Lisbon for this revolution. I was in the Naval Officers Club the afternoon of the 25th of April 1974 having drinks with a Portuguese Naval Lieutenant -- whom I believe was a member of their naval intelligence unit. [This is actually a funny story -- he mistook me, for reasons to be left unsaid here, for a CIA operative and wanted to pass word, via me, to the CIA that the revolution was being run by the good guys.] One thing I witnessed with my own eyes that afternoon, while it was underway, was the destruction of the central Lisbon offices of PIDA/DGS (the secret police headquarters) mostly accomplished by small arms fire. I was told by my Portuguese friend that the secret police staff had not been allowed out of the building. Can anyone else confirm this? KipHansen (talk) 19:23, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Hello KipHansen! It seem we were both in Lisbon at the time... And although I'm not old enough to remember the details, as far as I know the agents barricadet inside the PIDE/DGS headquarters at Rua António Maria Cardoso opened fired at the population demonstrating outside and killed 4 bystanders. The reply, mainly done with with the aid of Heckler & Koch G3's, lead to the surrender of the surounded agents, who were all arrested. There was some small destruction and vandalism inside, but most of the archives were saved and are today kept at the Portuguese National Archives - Torre do Tombo. Hope I helped you! Cheers. The Ogre (talk) 23:58, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Dear Ogre,

 * Thanks for replying. I was aware that some or most of the files had been salvaged, though I heard that they had been in the basement.  As of four or five in the afternoon, when I was driven to the PIDE/DGS building, there certainly were no civilians on the streets, protesting or otherwise.

 * At this time, there were still tanks patrolling, sounds of gunfire in the distance, and unmarked roadblocks. Civilians seemed content to stay indoors and keep their heads down.  I should have. We were caught in one of the roadblocks and my 'guide'--an officer in the revolution--was uncertain which side occupied the roadblock.  He slid his pistol into his lap under his coat, pointed at the window as we drove up.  The checkpoint guard laid his automatic rifle across the driver's side window sill and spoke in rapid Portuguese. The perfect Mexican standoff.  Apparently, the guard used a code word that brought smiles to my guides face, he whipped out his official "I'm a revolutionary" pass, and we were through.  I thought I was going to die.

 * Back to the PIDE/DGS building, there were a lot of military men simply standing, from all the branches-army, navy, etc-many behind sparse cover of automobiles or street trees, firing away at the building, with whatever weapon they had to hand. There was no returning fire by this time.  The building was showing serious signs of beginning to crumble.  That no one had been allowed out was the story being passed around laced with a sense of deep pride.

 * Anyone else around that part of Lisbon that afternoon?

 * The building certainlu could not have been starting to crumble, as it was still fully standing 20 years after those events, unrepaired. It was eventually demolished and converted in some kind of condomunium.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.169.37.204 (talk) 01:20, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

 * KipHansen (talk) 01:44, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Hello again KipHansen! I just checked:
 * At 16:15 agents of the PIDE/DGS barricated at the Lisbon headquarters open fire on the crowd outside killing 1 bystander and injuring several more.
 * As a consequence, cavalry and infantry troops close the entrance to the street (Rua António Maria Cardoso) and suround the headquarters.
 * By 18:45 the Movimento das Forças Armadas publishes the Law-Decree 171/74 of April 25th extinguishing the PIDE/DGS (and the Portuguese Legion and Mocidade Portuguesa).
 * At 21:00 the surounded PIDE/DGS agents open fire killing 4 civilians and wounding 45 (people apparentely did not respect the barricades). Navy troops join the siege and the PIDE/DGS members surrender.
 * If you can read Portuguese you can see a detailed timeline at this site. Cheers! The Ogre (talk) 19:14, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

You can also check this site and this one (here's a not so detailed timeline in English). The PIDE/DGS would only officially surrender in the 26th of April. The Ogre (talk) 19:20, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Ogre, So my memory serves me right.  The Secret Police would have all still been in there the afternoon of the 25th, the first day of the revolution, when I was there, between 2 and 6 in the afternoon.  There were a lot of angry people surrounding the building that afternoon, but to me they all appeared to be military and armed.

 * You say the official record says someone inside the Secret Police building fired at someone outside at 4:15 in the afternoon, killing one and injuring several. So, they had not been allowed out, they had not surrendered.  It is only later in the evening, after dark (21:00 hrs in April would be dark) that the Secret Police seriously open fire on the "bystanders".

 * This building was thoroughly surrounded by the time I arrived in the early afternoon. It had the appearance of having been surrounded continuously since shortly after midnight when the revolution began.  I was told "We have the PIDE/DGS surrounded in their headquarters and we have allowed no one out".

 * Can you ask around and find someone who was actually there, himself, in person, for a significant period that day, and took part in the battle?  A friend or relative?   I'm really just curious, partly about what actually took place, and partly in how actuality gets modified to become official history.

 * Thanks for your continued help and patient fact checking.

 * KipHansen (talk) 22:29, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Hello once again KipHansen! Sorry, I do not know anyone who personally participated in the surrender of the PIDE/DGS headquarters! The Ogre (talk) 17:57, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Wow, so cool. I wish there was a way to get your eyewitness accounts into the article. You were there, we were not! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Billyshiverstick (talk • contribs) 03:03, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Frivolous flags on infoboxes
Is it really appropriate that made up flags are used for both the incumbent Portuguese regime and the MFA. I know that the symbols used in these info box flags are real, but they were never flown by these organizations. Perhaps no info box flags or PT flag on both? A Tree In A Box (talk) 01:37, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

Nomenclature
The intro currently reads "also known as the 25 April (Portuguese: 25 de Abril)". I presume this English date format was chosen per WP:NUMBERS convention, but WP:NUMBERS also states: Phrases such as Fourth of July (or July Fourth, but not July 4th), Cinco de Mayo, Seventh of March Speech, and Sete de Setembro are proper names, to which rules for dates do not apply (A typical Fourth of July celebration includes fireworks).

which should be the prevailing guideline here. I don't speak Portuguese, but I think the most direct translation of 25 de Abril would be [the] 25th of April -- perhaps this is different for non-American readers, but to me 25 April does not read the same, and the 25 April just seems grammatically wrong in any context. AS a supporting example, 25 de Abril Bridge currently includes the English translation "25th of April Bridge," though no source is provided. Could any native Portuguese speakers chime in? Perhaps there is already an official English translation? Walkersam (talk) 22:28, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

Unions before 1974
The article says labour unions were prohibited, but that's false. They existed (I even know the leader of one of those unions), but of course with some restrictions. Check more documentation here. https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/3359.pdf 2003:EE:A73E:6700:E8F2:D099:1026:E54 (talk) 18:18, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

 * OK. Will change it. Thanks. - My, oh my! (Mushy Yank)  19:20, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carnation Revolution


text: User talk:85.224.69.194

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:85.224.69.194


text: User talk:67.164.13.171

title: User talk:67.164.13.171


text:
Nan'ao, Yilan

Nan'ao Township is a mountain indigenous township in the southern part of Yilan County, Taiwan. It is the largest township in the county.

History
The township was formerly the "Aboriginal Area" of Suō District, Taihoku Prefecture, during Japanese rule. It was the site of the Sayun incident made famous through the movie Sayon's Bell.

Geography
The population consists mainly of the indigenous Atayal people. Many residents of Aohua Village still speak the Japanese language in daily life.

Nan'ao Township contains part of the mountainous terrain of the Central Mountain Range.
 * Area: 740.65 km2
 * Population: 6,110 people in 2,092 households (September 2023)

Administrative divisions
Nanao is divided into seven villages (from north to south):
 * Dongyue
 * Nan'ao
 * Biho
 * Jinyue
 * Wuta
 * Jinyang
 * Aohua

Tourist attractions

 * Cueifong Lake

Transportation
Nan'ao is served by the North-Link Line of Taiwan Railway Administration at three stations: Dong'ao Station, Hanben Station, and Wuta Station.

Taiwan Highway 9 passes through Nan'ao. Between Su'ao and Hualien City, to the south, this road is known as the Suhua Highway (蘇花公路), and it features some of the most dramatic oceanside scenery in Taiwan.

Notable natives

 * Laha Mebow, writer, producer and director

title: Nan'ao, Yilan


text:
Talk:Theta function

Application
Is there some canonical use for this that I simply can't see? Perhaps in physics or some `simple' math. 19:28, 12 Feb 2005 User:Ub3rm4th

 * OK, I added a section on the heat equation and also the Heisenberg group. Does that work for you? Its also studied in quantum field theory specifically D-branes and string theory.linas 04:21, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Not sure if one should add this, but an application in 'simple' math is that various expressions in the values of \theta(z,\tau), for fixed \tau and for z varying, parametrize an elliptic curve if it is viewed as the solution set of a cubic equation. So if someone gives you a cubic polynomial equation in 2 variables and says parametrize the solution set, you can say it is parametrized by the complex number z modulo integers and integer multiples of \tau, and particular expressions are the parametrization. A difficulty is that people who read the article are likely already to know this. It might be better to find a reference to an elliptic curve article somehow.Createangelos (talk) 00:40, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree that Wikipages on mathematical functions should give some discussion on applications. Why were these functions invented or identified in the first place? Also useful to know. With respect to theta functions, for me, I've encountered theta functions when inverse Laplace transforming coth[sqrt[s]]/sqrt[s]. Spanier and Oldham (An Atlas of Functions, 1987, 27:13) note that theta functions often arise in the context of Laplace transforms. So, this might translate into a more general application for problems of impulse response. Sincerely, DoctorTerrella (talk) 17:06, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

theta function gives green's function for heat equation ? i dont get the proof.
In Mumford's paper they say theta function gives fundamental solution to the heat equation. To show that i miss the differential operator of the heat equation applied to the theta-function (distribution) for t=0. You say (and Mumford shows) that lim{t->0} theta(x, it) = delta(x). but what does that help for showing its a fundamental solution?? (unsigned anonymous post 1 jan 2006)

 * I don't understand the question being asked. Can you rephrase? linas 23:53, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

i think it must be shown: Heat(theta(x, it)){t->0} = delta(x)delta(t) in order to show that theta(x, it) is a fundamental solution, where Heat shell be the differential operator of the heat equation. (unsigned anonymous post 5 jan 2006)

 * I still don't understand what you are saying or asking. It is relatively straightforward to to demonstrate that the theta is a solution to the heat equation, and that it satisfies the periodic delta function boundary condition. Are you saying that you are unable to derive this proof on your own? Wikipedia is not the place for long, detailed proofs, which is why this article doesn't have one. If you need help with an equation, you might try asking a question at Reference desk/Mathematics. linas 23:33, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

PlanetMath incursions
Someone has made a hash of this article by dumping unedited stuff from PlanetMath in here. Since the notations differ, this was not a good idea. I think I might reedit it to conform, and remove the PlanetMath tags. Gene Ward Smith 22:07, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

I've got the notation consistent now. Gene Ward Smith 05:49, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Other notations
The variety of notations for theta functions must be one of the nightmares of applied maths as others have noted! The existence of this section and a separate Jacobi_theta_functions_(notational_variations) wikipedia page is confusing. Neither seems to have been edited for some time, which makes me think people are using a non-Wikipedia source for disambiguation. From my limited use I think the transformations of the nome should be emphasised as early as possible. The identities of the infinite sums, Sum_{k=- infinity}^{infinity} q^((k+a)^2), where a is 0, 1/2 or general and with (-1)^k, were the way I found my way into the theta functions and I would think they were fairly important. I would call these "nome in both arguments" as opposed to "nome" in one argument, but have no idea if that is standard. I would include mention of Neville's notation, as per A&S also. Nick Mulgan (talk) 01:09, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

How about some mention of, or better yet, a separate article on, the lack of standardization in notation? Abramowitz and Stegun has theta sub four; Whittaker and Watson include a table which shows four other notations not shown here, and some of these define the functions with period pi instead of 1.Cstaffa 02:33, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I've thought about this a little bit, Cstaffa, but have not yet reached a conclusion about the best course of action. This article does mention Jacobi's original notation already, although it doesn't say anything about the transformation of variables that leads to period/quasi-period of either (1, τ), or (π, πτ).

 * Oh – it's not just period π. Two of the functions [the ones involving fractional powers of q, or cos(2n+1)z / sin(2n+1)z] have period 2π, just like the trigonometric functions. But a lot of authors, including Whittaker and Watson, gloss over this point.

 * I think that A&S implicitly adopted the notation of Tannery & Molk (they refer to W&W, who acknowledge the French guys T&M for the version in Modern Analysis). Anyway, I'm curious … what purpose do you think it would serve to discuss all the different notations for the Theta functions on Wikipedia? Perhaps if we identify a reason why, we can help each other understand the best way to go about it. DavidCBryant 03:09, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It would help mopes like me who don't usually deal with such functions who are trying to use formulae pulled from references. I decided to compute g2 for the Weierstrass function with periods 1/2 and 1/2i, so as to get the argument for the parameterization of Costa's minimal surface. I was using A&S and then checked Wikipedia. Not having seen W&W yet, I was confused by the difference in notations. This unsigned comment is from Cstaffa 16:26, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Here, don't be too hard on yourself. I had to go look up "Costa's minimal surface" because topology isn't my bag. :-) And I think the various systems of notation are confusing, also. (I don't particularly like the double-subscript notation this article uses, but I didn't write the article – I just stumbled across it and decided it needed some cleanup.)

 * I can't promise how soon I'll get it done, but I'll put W&W's little table in an article somewhere, and link to that article from this one. Where do you think the link ought to go, Cstaffa? I'm thinking a short italicized sentence at the very beginning to the effect of "See x article for different systems of notation used with Theta functions" would probably work best for someone coming at it from your angle. DavidCBryant 18:29, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that sounds ideal. I'll have a go at starting it if you don't get to it first.Cstaffa 18:43, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

I am undertaking to fix the following problems:

The first Jacobi theta function presented is given as θ(z;τ). It should be θsub00. The notations are confusing enough without introducing a novel one. The function shown does not correspond to Jacobi's θ, as is shown on page 487 of Whittaker and Watson.

Further down, θsub01 is identified with Jacobi's θsub0. According to the above reference, Jacobi did not have a θsub0, but rather a bare θ.

Under Theta functions in terms of the nome, the notation θ(z;q) is used, which conflicts with the usage established previously of θ(z;τ) and θ(z,q). Further along this is given as θ(z|q). Cstaffa 19:58, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Someone please check Mumford to see if this follows his notation. I don't have easy access to Mumford. Cstaffa 20:53, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

suspicious edit
I don't know anything about theta functions, but this edit might be suspicious. The identity before the identity is on Mathworld anyways. Akriasas 06:18, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Good catch, Akriasas. Thank you. DavidCBryant 12:30, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Transformation under $$\tau \mapsto \tau + 1$$
In the section on Jacobi identities, it says: Jacobi's identities describe how theta functions transform under the modular group, which is generated by τ ↦ τ+1 and τ ↦ -1/τ. We already have equations for the first transformation; However, while it has certainly been mentioned that the theta function is periodic of period $$1$$ in $$z$$ for $$\tau$$ fixed, I can't find any mention of the transformation $$\tau \mapsto \tau + 1$$. Am I missing it? JadeNB (talk) 02:50, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Hi,

I noticed this too, the equations for τ ↦ τ+1 aren't given anywhere in the article. This worried me a little, but they are easy to work out since adding 1 to $$\tau$$ in $$e^{i\pi n^2\tau+2i\pi n z}$$ has the same effect as adding 1/2 to z -- becuase $$n$$ is congruent to $$n^2$$ modulo 2. I added this comment just now, though it is a little irrelevant to the section title.Createangelos (talk) 11:34, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

Incorrect explicit values
Some of the explicit values shown are incorrect. theta(2) is roughly 1+2exp(-2pi)=1.00 and theta(1) is roughly 1 + 2exp(-pi)=1.08. So the ratio is 0.92. But the ratio of the explicit values expressions is (2+sqrt(2))^0.25/2 = 0.68. I'm guessing theta(2) is wrong. theta(3)/theta(1) and theta(4)/theta(1) both yield a value around 0.92 which suggests they are correct. theta(5)/theta(1) is too small by a factor of 25. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.67.107.10 (talk • contribs) 21:27, 30 July 2009

graphed on a polar coordinate system
I removed the sentence A theta function is graphed on a polar coordinate system from the introduction. It seems wrong: at least, any function can be graphed in any coordinate system you like. It is not amplified in the text. Deltahedron (talk) 16:51, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

The name of the article
Wouldn't it be better if the article had the name "Jacobi theta functions"? The article is mentions generalizations in a section, but everything else is about Jacobi theta functions. K9re11 (talk) 22:44, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

Line bundle
It would be nice to elaborate on (or at least include a reference for) that last sentence about line bundles and descent; it is mentioned once and then never again in the article. Michael Lee Baker (talk) 19:25, 6 June 2015 (UTC)

Graphs of theta functions
I may be interpreting something wrong here, but the 3D graphs of the four theta functions in this article don't specify whether it's the modulus, the real part or the imaginary part of the theta function that is the z-coordinate in the surface plot.

Isojarv1 (talk) 18:09, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

Character differences in notation
Some of the expressions in this article use the cursive theta (ϑ or $$\vartheta$$) and others use the regular lowercase theta (θ or $$\theta$$). Is the distinction meaningful, like the distinction between ℒ and L and L? If they are different, it would be nice to explain the different meanings, but if they are the same, it would be nice to make the typography consistent to avoid confusing readers just starting to learn the concept. -- Beland (talk) 21:17, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

 * See the section Theta function. --JBL (talk) 17:46, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I read through that section, looked at the rest of the article carefully, and I'm still left with questions. I think the pattern is that ϑ(z;τ) and theta with double-number-subscripts are written with the cursive theta, and theta with a single-number-subscript is written with a regular theta? But is that a somewhat random choice made by this article or is it a standard convention? Is the distinction meaningful, or merely stylistic? For example, if I'm hand-writing these equations, do I need to carefully distinguish between cursive and regular theta, or can I just write them all the same? I see that Jacobi theta functions (notational variations) uses cursive theta with single-number-subscript. Is that an error, an arbitrary choice, or a different system of notation? -- Beland (talk) 17:57, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

Incomprehensible?
Regarding:

 * Die mentioned up directed Delta triangle...

It seems incomprehensible. E.g., is "Die" the German word for "The" ("the")?

--Mortense (talk) 19:44, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theta function


text:
GNAVI

GNAVI is an open-source visual software development environment that is composed of three major portions: GWindows GUI framework, GNATCOM ActiveX/COM framework, and GWenerator code generator. The inspiration for GNAVI is Delphi and Visual Basic, where the Pascal-family Ada programming language is utilized as a syntactically similar substitute for Delphi's Object Pascal.

GNAVI is licensed under the GNAT Modified General Public License, allowing to release binaries without the source code.

One of the goals of the GNAVI community to promote the use of Ada among wider programming audiences by demonstrating that ISO standard Ada (i.e., ISO/IEC 8652) has many of the ease-of-programming qualities that have been attributed to proprietary Object Pascal. GNAVI for Microsoft Windows offers features comparable to Delphi and Visual Basic including the use of Active X controls and the ability to interface with Microsoft's .NET Framework and Sun's Java. As of 2009, GNAVI was also being ported to Mac OS X, Linux and other Unix-like operating systems.

The GNAVI website had seen no activity or releases for four and a half years, from December 2004 until early 2009, but on 14 March 2009, the community announced that it has resumed development and multiple versions have been released since then.

title: GNAVI


text:
BLU-82

The BLU-82B/C-130 weapon system, known under program "Commando Vault" and nicknamed "Daisy Cutter" in Vietnam for its ability to flatten a section of forest into a helicopter landing zone, was an American 15000 lb conventional bomb, delivered from either a C-130 or MC-130 transport aircraft or a CH-54 heavy-lift "Skycrane" helicopter from the 1st Air Cavalry. A total of 225 were constructed. It was successfully used during military operations in Vietnam, the Gulf War and Afghanistan. The BLU-82 was retired in 2008 and replaced with the more powerful GBU-43/B MOAB.

Overview
The designation "BLU" stands for Bomb Live Unit, as opposed to "BDU" (Bomb Dummy Units) used for practice. Originally designed to create an instant clearing in the jungles of Vietnam, the BLU-82B/C-130 was test-dropped there from a CH-54 Tarhe "Flying crane" helicopter. Later it was used in Afghanistan as an anti-personnel weapon and as an intimidation weapon because of its very large blast radius (variously reported as 300 to 900 feet/100 to 300 meters) combined with a visible flash and audible sound at long distances. It is one of the largest conventional weapons ever used, outweighed only by a few earthquake bombs, thermobaric bombs, and demolition (bunker buster) bombs. Some of these include the Grand Slam and T12 earthquake bombs of late World War II, and more currently, the Russian Air Force FOAB and USAF GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, and the Massive Ordnance Penetrator.

Specifications
The BLU-82 uses ammonium nitrate and aluminum (cf. ammonal). The warhead contains 12600 lb of low-cost GSX slurry (ammonium nitrate, aluminum powder and polystyrene).

The Daisy Cutter has sometimes been incorrectly reported as a fuel-air explosive device (FAE). FAE devices consist of a flammable liquid, gas, or powder and a dispersing mechanism, and take their oxidizers from the oxygen in the air. FAEs generally run between 500 and 2,000 pounds (225 and 900 kg). Making an FAE the size of a Daisy Cutter would be difficult because the correct uniform mixture of the flammable agent with the ambient air would be difficult to maintain if the agent were so widely dispersed. A conventional explosive is much more reliable in that regard, particularly if there is significant wind or thermal gradient.

The BLU-82 produces an overpressure of 1000 psi near ground zero, tapering off as distance increases. It is detonated just above ground by a 38 in fuze extender. This results in a maximum destruction at ground level without digging a crater.

Guidance
This system depends upon the accurate positioning of the aircraft by either a fixed ground radar or on-board navigation equipment. The ground radar controller, or aircrew navigator if applicable, is responsible for positioning the aircraft prior to final countdown and release. Primary aircrew considerations include accurate ballistic and wind computations provided by the navigator, and precision instrument flying with strict adherence to controller instructions. Due to its extremely powerful blast effects, the minimum safe altitude for releasing this weapon is 6000 ft above ground level (AGL).

Operations
The BLU-82 was originally designed to clear helicopter landing zones and artillery emplacements in Vietnam. The first use of a BLU-82 occurred on 22 March 1970, when one was dropped north of Long Tieng, Laos during Campaign 139.

During Operation Lam Son 719 in 1971 25 BLU-82 bombs were dropped on NVA and Pathet Lao forces in Laos. They were dropped by U.S. C-130 aircraft not only to clear landing zones, but also to strike against specific targets such as warehouses, vehicle parks, and enemy troop concentrations.

South Vietnamese VNAF aircraft dropped BLU-82 bombs on NVA positions in desperation to support ARVN troops in the Battle of Xuân Lộc in the last days of the Vietnam War. During the Mayaguez incident, a Lockheed MC-130 dropped one BLU-82 to assist U.S. Marine forces attempting to extract themselves from Koh Tang island.

Eleven BLU-82Bs were palletized and dropped in five night missions during the 1991 Gulf War, all from Special Operations MC-130 Combat Talons. The initial drop tested the ability of the bomb to clear or breach mine fields; however, no reliable assessments of mine clearing effectiveness are publicly available. Later, bombs were dropped as much for their psychological effect as for their anti-personnel effects. Due to the size of the conventional blast, a British SAS unit that witnessed the explosion mistakenly assumed the U.S. had used a nuclear weapon and radioed back to their headquarters exclaiming, "Sir, the blokes have just nuked Kuwait!".

The U.S. Air Force dropped several BLU-82s during the campaign to destroy Taliban and al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan to attack and demoralize personnel and to destroy cave complexes. American forces began using the bomb in November 2001 and again a month later during the Battle of Tora Bora. On 15 July 2008, airmen from the Duke Field 711th Special Operations Squadron, 919th Special Operations Wing dropped the last operational BLU-82 at the Utah Test and Training Range.

title: BLU-82


text:
John C. Hull (economist)

John C. Hull is a professor of Derivatives and Risk Management at the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto.

He is a respected researcher in the academic field of quantitative finance (see for example the Hull-White model) and is the author of two books on financial derivatives that are widely used texts for market practitioners: "Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives" and "Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets". He has also written "Risk Management and Financial Institutions" and "Machine Learning in Business: An Introduction to the World of Data Science"

He studied mathematics at Cambridge University (B.A. & M.A.), and holds an M.A. in Operational Research from Lancaster University and a Ph.D. in Finance from Cranfield University. In 1999, he was awarded the Financial Engineer of the Year Award, by the International Association of Financial Engineers. He has also won many teaching awards, such as the University of Toronto's prestigious Northrop Frye award.

He has twin sons named Peter and David, and a wife named Michelle.

Selected publications

 * A Neural Network Approach to Understanding Implied Volatility Movements" Quantitative Finance, 2020, forthcoming (with Jay Cao and Jacky Chen)
 * Funding Long Shots" Journal of Investment Management, 17, 4, 2019 : 1-33 (with Andrew Lo and Roger Stein)
 * Interest Rate Trees: Extensions and Applications, Quantitative Finance, 18, 7 (2018): 1199-1209 (with Alan White)
 * Optimal Delta Hedging for Options, Journal of Banking and Finance, 82 (Sept 2017): 180-190 (with Alan White)
 * A Generalized Procedure for Building Trees for the Short Rate and its Application to Determining Market Implied Volatility Functions, Quantitative Finance, 15,3 (2015): 443-454 (with Alan White)
 * Collateral and Credit Issues in Derivatives Pricing, Journal of Credit Risk, 10, 3 (2014): 3-28
 * The Risk of Tranches Created from Residential Mortgages; with Alan White; Financial Analysts Journal; Issue: 66, 5; 2010; Pages: 54-67
 * The Valuation of Correlation-Dependent Credit Derivatives Using a Structural Model; with Mirela Predescu, and Alan White; Journal of Credit Risk; Issue: 6, 3; 2010
 * OTC Derivatives and Central Clearing: Can All Transactions Be Handled; John Hull; Financial Stability Review; Issue: July; 2010; Pages: 71-80
 * An Improved Implied Copula Model and its Application to the Valuation of Bespoke CDO Tranches; with Alan White; Journal of Investment Management; Issue: 8, 3; 2010; Pages: 11-31
 * the Valuation of Correlation-Dependent Credit Derivatives; John Hull, mirela Predescu, and Alan White; Journal of Credit Risk; Issue: 6 (3); 2010; Pages: 99-132
 * The Credit Crunch of 2007: What Went Wrong? Why? What Lessons Can Be Learned?; John Hull; Journal of Credit Risk; Issue: 5, 2; 2009; Pages: 3-18
 * Dynamic Models of Portfolio Credit Risk; with Alan White; Journal of Derivatives; Issue: 15, 4; 2008; Pages: 9-28

title: John C. Hull (economist)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Cryan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 21:24, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

John Cryan
Non-notable. Not every local politician can be on Wikipedia. --Woohookitty 01:38, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not quite encyclopedic. Wyss 11:33, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - sorry he's dead - but let him RIP - I don't need to know more --Brookie 12:28, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Tatsuo Yoshida

Tatsuo Yoshida (吉田 竜夫) was a Japanese manga artist, illustrator, as well as anime pioneer who founded the animation studio Tatsunoko Production as a businessman and the original author of many anime works.

As the first president of Tatsunoko Production, Yoshida supported the dawn of Japanese animation by producing numerous hits such as Science Ninja Team Gatchaman, Hakushon Daimaō, and The Adventures of Hutch the Honeybee. He took on challenges that other animation studios did not, such as insisting on producing his own original animation that was not based on manga or novels, or creating American-style animation. Character designs were also drawn in Yoshida's style, with a solid skeleton and intricate lines that were drawn with precision, influenced by American comic books, rather than the simplified, less-linear style that was mainstream in Japanese animation at the time, and this became the origin of Tatsunoko's designs.

Biography
Born in Kyoto in 1932 as the eldest son of the Yoshida family, Tatsuo grew up in the hardship of war-torn Japan. His parents died shortly after the war, and he became a self-taught artist at an early age, supporting his family by drawing illustrations for newspapers and magazines and sketches for Kamishibai (paper plays). After working for a local newspaper in Kyoto, he moved to Tokyo and began his career as a novel illustrator and E-monogatari artist. He made his debut in 1954, and after teaming up with Ikki Kajiwara in 1955, he continued to work mainly with him.

Around 1960, Yoshida changed his career to manga artist. His Champion Futoshi with Kajiwara and Shōnen Ninja-butai Gekkō, which he drew alone, were hits, and both were adapted into TV dramas. In particular, Ninja-butai Gekkō was broadcast for two years and a movie was produced, playing a role in Japan's ninja boom.

In October 1962, Yoshida founded Tatsunoko Production with his two younger brothers, Kenji Yoshida, who managed his manga, and Toyoharu Yoshida (a.k.a. Ippei Kuri), who was working as a manga artist, and became its first president. Initially, Tatsunoko was established as a production company specializing in manga, managing manga copyrights and assistants, but as Yoshida became interested in anime, the company began producing anime.

In 1965, Tatsunoko Productions' first anime Space Ace was aired. The second anime, Mach GoGoGo, an animated racing series, was aired in Japan and then shortly after in the U.S. under the title Speed Racer, where it achieved resounding success.

He continued to produce anime works that have left their mark on Japanese animation history, including Gatchaman (also known as Battle of the Planets and G-Force: Guardians of Space), Casshan (also known as Neo-Human Casshern), Hurricane Polymar and Tekkaman: The Space Knight.

In 1972, he won the 17th Shogakukan Manga Award for his manga The Adventures of Hutch the Honeybee.

On September 5, 1977, he died of liver cancer. After his death, the presidency was taken over by his younger brother Kenji (from 1977 to 1987; chairman since 1995), followed by Ippei Kuri (since 1987), but they both left the company in 2005 when Tatsunoko became a subsidiary of major toy manufacturer Takara.

At the Tokyo Anime Awards held at the Tokyo International Anime Fair in 2005, he was awarded the Special Achievement Award as one of the 20 people who created Japanese animation.

Anime

 * Space Ace (1965-1966) - Original story, episode director
 * Mach GoGoGo (1967-1968, also known as Speed Racer) - Original story, producer, production, lyrics
 * Oraa Guzura Dado (1967) - Producer
 * Dokachin the Primitive Boy (1968) - Original story, planning, producer, production
 * Judo Boy (1969) - Original story, production
 * Hakushon Daimaō (1969-1970, also known as Bob in the Bottle or The Genie Family) - Original story, production
 * The Adventures of Hutch the Honeybee (1970-1971) - Original story, production
 * New Honeybee Hutch (1974) - Original Story
 * The Adventures of Hutch the Honeybee (1989-1990, remake) - Original Story
 * Inakappe Taishō (1970-1972) - Production
 * Hyppo and Thomas (1971-1972) - Production
 * Animmentary Ketsudan (1971) - Character design, animation director, production
 * Pinocchio: The Series (1972) - Planning, production, character design
 * Science Ninja Team Gatchaman (1972-1974, dubbed and re-edited as Battle of the Planets and G-Force: Guardians of Space in North America ) - Original story, character design, production
 * Gatchaman II (1978-1979) - Original story, production
 * Gatchaman Fighter (1979-1980) - Original story
 * Gatchaman (1994) - original story
 * Tamagon the Counselor (1972-1973) - Production
 * Demetan Croaker, The Boy Frog (1973) – Planning, character design, production
 * Casshan (1973) - Original story, character design, production
 * Hurricane Polymar (1974-1975) - Original story, character design
 * The Song of Tentomushi (1974-1976) - Production
 * Tekkaman: The Space Knight (1975) - Production
 * Time Bokan (1975-1976) - Production
 * Paul's Miraculous Adventure (1976-1977) - Production
 * Yatterman (1977-1979) - Production
 * Ippatsu Kanta-kun (1977-1978) - Production
 * Temple the Balloonist (1977-1978) - Production

title: Tatsuo Yoshida


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T-12 Cloudmaker

The T-12 (also known as Cloudmaker) earthquake bomb was developed by the United States from 1944 to 1948 and deployed until the withdrawal of the Convair B-36 Peacemaker bomber aircraft in 1958. It was one of a small class of bombs designed to attack targets invulnerable to conventional "soft" bombs, such as bunkers and viaducts. It achieved this by having an extremely thick, hardened nose section designed to penetrate deeply into hardened concrete structures and then detonate inside the target after a short time delay.

Development
The T-12 was a further development of the concept initiated with the United Kingdom's Tallboy and Grand Slam weapons developed by British aeronautical engineer Barnes Wallis during the Second World War: a hardened, highly aerodynamic bomb of the greatest possible weight designed to be dropped from the highest possible altitude. Penetrating deeply in the earth before exploding, the resulting shock wave was transmitted through the earth into targets. The resulting underground cavity and ground motion could also undermine structures. The bomb could also be used against hardened targets. These types of bombs can reach supersonic speeds and have tail fins designed to spin the bomb for greater accuracy.

Originally designed to meet a 42000 lb target weight (one half of the maximum payload for the Convair B-36 "Peacemaker" bomber), with its hardened case was slightly less than 43000 lb. The final T-12 weighed 43600 lb. This was twice the size of the United States' previous largest bomb, the 22000 lb M110 (T-14), the American-built version of the British Grand Slam. The T-12 was not a simple scale up of the M110, but incorporated modifications based on testing and calculations. The B-36 was redesigned so it could carry the T-12, although a converted B-29 Superfortress was used for testing.

title: T-12 Cloudmaker


text:
File:Longbeach 1923.jpg

Summary
Long Beach, NY, circa 1923

title: File:Longbeach 1923.jpg


text:
Cheggers Plays Pop

Cheggers Plays Pop is a British children's game show broadcast on BBC1 from 10 April 1978 to 7 November 1986 hosted by Keith Chegwin, who was commonly known to the British public as "Cheggers". The show's format consisted of a series of physical and mental challenges undertaken by two teams of children representing their respective schools, together with studio performances by contemporary pop music acts.

There were two teams. Reds and Yellows, Generally from schools in the North West area of the UK as the show was filmed at the BBC Manchester studios. Team captains were popular celebrities of the time.

Games involving balls and inflatables were played by the teams and a pop quiz too. Each episode also had a current chart single being performed in it.

At the end of the show, Cheggers would always blow his whistle and jump onto the inflatable that the final game had been played on; he led the children who all jumped on it in mayhem style to end the show.

Availability of episodes
Copies of almost all episodes are present in the BBC archives, with 75 out of 81 episodes surviving, The six missing episodes being:
 * Series 6: Episodes 3, 6 and 7
 * Series 7: Episodes 2, 3 and 5

title: Cheggers Plays Pop


text:
The Voyage of Bran

The Voyage of Bran (Immram Brain [maic Febail], meaning "The Voyage of Bran [son of Febail]") is a medieval seventh- or eighth-century Irish language narrative.

Source
The date of composition has been assigned to the late 7th or early 8th century, and the text is known to have been included in the lost 8th century codex Cín Dromma Snechtai.

Although the conventional title Immram Brain identifies the tale-type as an immram (‘voyage’ tale), some scholars argue the work does not count among the genuine immrama, but should rather be considered an echtra (‘adventure’ tale) and the title Echtrae Brain should be adopted, for indeed Echtra Bran maic Febail is the title (and categorisation) that occurs in the 11th century tale-list. The constructed title Echtrae Brain ocus Tomaidm Locha Febuil has also been suggested.

The tale may derive from the "otherworldly journey" material from Irish mythology, possibly of pan-Celtic origin However there is a dissenting camp of scholars who hold that "these tales [echtrai] are literary compositions written within the Christian period".

The concept of "voyage" has been widely used across the world in that time. While this specific set comes from Ireland, it can be compared with Classical sources such as the Odyssey and the Aeneid, some Scandinavian tales as well as other Brittonic tales told on what is now the United Kingdom, particularly those preserved from Wales (Y Mabinogion) and Brittany including Tristan and Yseult. The most recent translation is by Séamus Mac Mathúna (1985).

Synopsis
Structurally, The Voyage of Bran is a combination of poetry and prose, with many short stanzas punctuated by longer, prose narration. These prose narrations are known as Narrative Envelopes.

The tale can be summarised as follows:

Bran mac Febail (modern spelling: Bran mac Feabhail) embarks upon a quest to the Otherworld. One day while Bran is walking, he hears beautiful music, so beautiful, in fact, that it lulls him to sleep. Upon awakening, he sees a beautiful silver branch in white bloom in front of him. He returns to his royal house, and among his retinue he spots a strangely dressed Otherworld woman, who identifies the branch to be from an apple tree (or tree of some fruit) growing in land of Emain (or Emne), and proceeds to sing a poem describing this Otherworld.

Emain is a place of "lasting weather" (perpetually like spring or summer), without want of food or water, free from sickness or despair; it is otherwise called (or has a place called) Aircthech (‘Bountiful Land’) where dragonstones and crystals fall. She instructs Bran to embark on a sea voyage to Emain, which she reveals to be a Land of Women, and disappears with the branch. Bran gathers three companies of nine men apiece for the voyage, and his foster brothers were put in charge of each company.

After traveling by boat for two days and nights, the group encounters the ocean deity Manannán mac Lir riding a chariot over the sea towards them. Manannán explains that while this may seem like a body of water to Bran and his crew rowing the coracle, it appears as an otherworldly flowery plain to the god. Manannán also foretells the birth of his son as Mongán mac Fiachnai in Ireland. Manannán then informs Bran that he will reach his goal by sundown.

After parting ways with Manannán mac Lir, Bran's voyagers make a stop at the Isle of Joy, where the inhabitants just laugh and stare, and will not answer to calls. When Bran sends a scout ashore, he starts to laugh and gape just like the others. Bran abandons this crewman and sails on.

He now approaches the Land of Women but is hesitant to go ashore. The leader of the land casts a magical clew (ball of yarn) at him, which sticks to his hand. She then tugs the boat ashore, and each man pairs off with a woman, Bran with the leader. There are three times nine "couches" available for all of them.

During what seems to be one year's span, many more years have elapsed, while the men feast happily in the Land of Women, until Nechtán mac Collbrain feels homesickness stir within him. The leader of the women is reluctant to let them go, and cautions them not to step upon the shores of Ireland, and counsel them to retrieve the man left abandoned on the Island of Joy. The group nears the shores of Ireland, and Bran shouts his own name to the people gathered on shore, but they do not recognize the name except as ancient legend. Nechtán cannot restrain himself and jumps off the boat, but the moment he sets foot ashore he turns into ashes.

Bran and his company relate the rest of their story to the gathered people, and also hands over a written record of their voyage inscribed in ogam letters, and then sail across the sea, never to be seen again.

Parallels
The poem shares similar themes and elements with other Irish immrama, such as The Voyage of Brendan and The Voyage of Máel Dúin, both written in early to mid-900.

For example, both Bran's and Máel Dúin's voyagers reach an island of laughter or laughing people, and in each case a crew member is left abandoned. And the material may possibly have been borrowed by the Navigatio sancti Brendani abbatis, the Latin work on St. Brendan's voyage. Heinrich Zimmer contended that it led to the episode of the third latecomer being abducted by the demons (Navigatio 24), though did not see this as an obvious parallel. A different episode open to comparison is Brendan's abandonment of one of the monks to the psalm-singing choirs (Navigatio 17), although the situation in Brendan's case is a happy one and contrastive to Bran.

Elsewhere, Bran is told of a tree with holy birds that all sing at the same time, similar to what Brendan encounters in his voyage, and Mael Duin encounters trees full of birds as well.

However, some scholars emphasise that commonality of the voyage is only a superficial similarity, since the true immrama are "exclusively ecclesiastical in inspiration" in contrast to the echtrae (including Bran's Voyage) whose central theme is the voyage to the Celtic Otherworld. However, there are also specific points of close similarity, because the immrama do "draw to a limited extent on the motifs of the native secular literate" (including the echtrae).

Saint Brendan
The Voyage of Bran may have influenced the later story of Saint Brendan's voyage, owing perhaps to the similarity of the names of the leading figures. The Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis stands out among other immrama since it mentions the terra repromissionis, which translates into Irish as Tír Tairngire ("Land of Promise"), which is the term for the Otherworld in the secular tales.

The stories are also similar in that at one point, one of the travellers is exorcised or left behind on an island, either by free will or as punishment for a sin.

Voyage of Máel Dúin
The Voyage of Bran has many parallels to The Voyage of Máel Dúin.

 * The island of laughter is a common theme. Bran and company visit the "Island of Joy." After being sent by Bran to investigate the island, one of Bran's men will not speak to the crew, only gaping at them, just like the inhabitants of the island. The man is then abandoned and left on the island. Similarly in The Voyage of Máel Dúin, one of Máel Dúin's men is sent to investigate, cannot stop laughing, loses the ability to recognize his crew and is eventually left behind.

 * The motif of the magical pulling yarn is another motif found in both works. Bran and company reach the "Island of Women", where they are welcomed by many women, fed well, and one of the women uses a ball of yarn in order to magically ensnare Bran. In The Voyage of Máel Dúin, the crew reaches an island that is home to seventeen women, who are hospitable to them. When they try to leave, one of the women throws a ball of yarn that magically clings to Diurán's hand. But this motif occurs additionally in other works, e.g. the Irish account of the Argonauts prefixed to Togail Troí.

 * At the end of the tale, one of Bran's men jumps from the coracle after having been magically at sea for hundreds of years. Upon touching dry soil, he is turned into ash. In The Voyage of Máel Dúin, one of the foster brothers tries to steal a necklet and is burnt to ash by a magical cat.

Mabinogion
The Voyage of Bran may also be compared to the Welsh text Branwen Daughter of Llŷr from the Mabinogi. The parallels are not along the lines of plot, as with The Voyage of Brendan and The Voyage of Máel Dúin, but rather in similarity in the names of characters (Brân son of Febal vs. Bran son of Llŷr).

But the parallel between the two figures is another point on which Celticists are of divided opinion. It is pointed out that if Manawydan fab Llŷr has an exact counterpart in Manannan mac Lir, then Brân has an Irish counterpart named Brón, though the latter is quite obscure.

Classical sources
It has been pointed out that certain episodes in the Irish immrama bear striking resemblance to passages in classical works, such as the Odyssey or the Aeneid. Zimmer argued that The Voyage of Máel Dúin derived from the Aeneid, but this hypothesis was dismantled by William Flint Thrall.

The mention of the sea god Manannán producing a human scion (Mongan) is analogous to Poseidon having ten sons begotten on human mothers residing on Atlantis as described by Plato, according to Thomas Johnson Westropp. There is also a close resemblance between Atlantis being surrounded by concentric ringed walls made of metal (including orichalcum) and brazen ramparts around islands described in the immrama (Máel Dúin; Uí Corra), and some resemblance to the findruine or white bronze "feet" or pillars underpinning the land of Emain, which the mysterious woman sings of in the Voyage of Bran.

Alfred Nutt expressed scepticism over the notion that the Celtic Otherworld was founded on the Classical Greek Elysium, and contrasts the free-love milieu of the Land of Women in Bran's Voyage with Virgil's Elysium of chastity.

Manuscript sources

 * Dublin, RIA, Lebor na hUidre, pp. 121a-24 (originally, f. 78). Diplomatic edition: 10088-10112.
 * Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson B 512, f. 119al-120b2 (originally, f. 71–72).
 * Dublin, RIA MS 23 N 10, pp. 56–61.
 * London, British Library, Egerton MS 88, f. 11b (col. 2) – 12a and f. 13a (cols. 1–2).
 * London, British Library, Harley MS 5280, f. 43a-44b.
 * Stockholm, Royal Library, MS Vitterhet Engelsk II, f. 1b-4.
 * London, British Library, Add MS 35090.
 * Dublin, TCD, MS H 4.22, f. 48b17-50a6 and f. 40–53. Incomplete.
 * Dublin, TCD, Yellow Book of Lecan (=H 2.16, MS 1318). Cols. 395–398.

Editions and translations

 * Irish Text @CELT.

 * Murphy, Gerard, ed. (1956). "Manannán, God of the Sea, Describes his Kingdom to Bran and Predicts the Birth of Mongán." In Early Irish lyrics, eighth to twelfth century, ed. Gerard Murphy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 92–100.
 * The poem "Caíni amra laisin m-Bran" as preserved in MS 23 N 10. Irish Text @CELT.

 * ; Nutt (1897), vol. 2.

title: The Voyage of Bran


text: User talk:67.137.237.114

title: User talk:67.137.237.114


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Talk:North Stradbroke Island

Major update
Page has been augmented to reflect the remarkable progress made on native title and land conservation issues during the last 30 years. --Leeshipley 01:37, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Kath Walker
The link to Kath Walker is a redirection and has been changed to her preferred native name, Oodgeroo Noonuccal, which is now the title of her page on Wikipedia. --Leeshipley 01:37, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Population
The 2011 Australian Census recorded a population of just 117. It is well known that some Aboriginals do not participate in census taking for historical reasons. 117 seems significantly lower that the real figure. How should we proceed? - Shiftchange (talk) 10:34, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:North Stradbroke Island


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Ramsey problem

The Ramsey problem, or Ramsey pricing, or Ramsey–Boiteux pricing, is a second-best policy problem concerning what prices a public monopoly should charge for the various products it sells in order to maximize social welfare (the sum of producer and consumer surplus) while earning enough revenue to cover its fixed costs.

Under Ramsey pricing, the price markup over marginal cost is inverse to the price elasticity of demand and the Price elasticity of supply: the more elastic the product's demand or supply, the smaller the markup. Frank P. Ramsey found this 1927 in the context of Optimal taxation: the more elastic the demand or supply, the smaller the optimal tax. The rule was later applied by Marcel Boiteux (1956) to natural monopolies (industries with decreasing average cost). A natural monopoly earns negative profits if it sets price equals to marginal cost, so it must set prices for some or all of the products it sells to above marginal cost if it is to be viable without government subsidies. Ramsey pricing says to mark up most the goods with the least elastic (that is, least price-sensitive) demand or supply.

Description
In a first-best world, without the need to earn enough revenue to cover fixed costs, the optimal solution would be to set the price for each product equal to its marginal cost. If the average cost curve is declining where the demand curve crosses it however, as happens when the fixed cost is large, this would result in a price less than average cost, and the firm could not survive without subsidy. The Ramsey problem is to decide exactly how much to raise each product's price above its marginal cost so the firm's revenue equals its total cost. If there is just one product, the problem is simple: raise the price to where it equals average cost. If there are two products, there is leeway to raise one product's price more and the other's less, so long as the firm can break even overall.

The principle is applicable to pricing of goods that the government is the sole supplier of (public utilities) or regulation of natural monopolies, such as telecommunications firms, where it is efficient for only one firm to operate but the government regulates its prices so it does not earn above-market profits.

In practice, government regulators are concerned with more than maximizing the sum of producer and consumer surplus. They may wish to put more weight on the surplus of politically powerful consumers, or they may wish to help the poor by putting more weight on their surplus. Moreover, many people will see Ramsey pricing as unfair, especially if they do not understand why it maximizes total surplus. In some contexts, Ramsey pricing is a form of price discrimination because the two products with different elasticities of demand are one physically identical product sold to two different groups of customers, e.g., electricity to residential customers and to commercial customers. Ramsey pricing says to charge whichever group has less elastic demand a higher price in order to maximize overall social welfare. Customers sometimes object to it on that basis, since they care about their own individual welfare, not social welfare. Customers who are charged more may consider unfair, especially they, with less elastic demand, would say they "need" the good more. In such situations regulators may further limit an operator’s ability to adopt Ramsey prices.

Formal presentation and solution
Consider the problem of a regulator seeking to set prices $$\left(p_1,\ldots,p_N\right) $$ for a multiproduct monopolist with costs $$C(q_1,q_2,\ldots,q_N) =C( \mathbf{q}), $$ where $$q_{i}$$ is the output of good i and $$p_{i}$$ is the price. Suppose that the products are sold in separate markets so demands are independent, and demand for good i is $$q_{i}\left( p_{i}\right), $$ with inverse demand function $$p_i(q).$$ Total revenue is $$R\left( \mathbf{p,q}\right) =\sum_i p_i q_i (p_i).$$

Total welfare is given by

 * $$W\left( \mathbf{p,q}\right) =\sum_i \left( \int\limits_0^{q_i(p_i) }p_i( q) dq\right) -C\left( \mathbf{q}\right). $$

The problem is to maximize $$W\left( \mathbf{p,q}\right) $$ by choice of the subject to the requirement that profit $$\Pi = R-C $$ equal some fixed value $$\Pi^* $$. Typically, the fixed value is zero, which is to say that the regulator wants to maximize welfare subject to the constraint that the firm not lose money. The constraint can be stated generally as:

 * $$R( \mathbf{p,q}) -C( \mathbf{q}) \geq \Pi^*$$

This problem may be solved using the Lagrange multiplier technique to yield the optimal output values, and backing out the optimal prices. The first order conditions on $$\mathbf{q} $$ are

 * $$\begin{align}

p_i - C_i \left(\mathbf{q}\right) &= -\lambda \left( \frac{\partial R}{\partial q_{i}} - C_{i}\left( \mathbf{q}\right) \right) \\ &= -\lambda \left( p_i \left( 1 - \frac{1}{Elasticity_i}\right) - C_i \left(\mathbf{q}\right) \right) \end{align}$$

where $$\lambda $$ is a Lagrange multiplier, Ci(q) is the partial derivative of C(q) with respect to qi, evaluated at q, and $$Elasticity_i= -\frac{\partial q_i}{\partial p_i}\frac{p_i}{q_i} $$ is the elasticity of demand for good $$i. $$

Dividing by $$p_i $$ and rearranging yields

 * $$\frac{p_i - C_i\left( \mathbf{q}\right) }{p_i}=\frac{k}{Elasticity_i}$$

where $$k=\frac{\lambda }{1+\lambda}< 1. $$. That is, the price margin compared to marginal cost for good $$i$$ is again inversely proportional to the elasticity of demand. Note that the Ramsey mark-up is smaller than the ordinary monopoly markup of the Lerner Rule which has $$k=1 $$, since $$\lambda=1 $$ (the fixed-profit requirement, $$\Pi^* = R-C $$ is non-binding). The Ramsey-price setting monopoly is in a second-best equilibrium, between ordinary monopoly and perfect competition.

Ramsey condition
An easier way to solve this problem in a two-output context is the Ramsey condition. According to Ramsey, as to minimize deadweight losses, one must increase prices to rigid and elastic demands/supplies in the same proportion, in relation to the prices that would be charged at the first-best solution (price equal to marginal cost).

title: Ramsey problem


text:
User talk:RexatronX

Blanking
Please stop removing other people's comments from Votes for deletion/T3h Quarry. It is considered vandalism, and continuing to do so will result in your being blocked from editing. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:39, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:RexatronX


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Rentaghost

Rentaghost is a British children's television comedy show, originally broadcast by the BBC between 6 January 1976 and 6 November 1984. The show's plot centred on the antics of a number of ghosts who worked for a firm called Rentaghost, which hired out the spirits for various tasks.

Background
The firm, located in South Ealing, is originally run by Fred Mumford, a recently deceased loser who feels he can find work for ghosts whose lives were as unsuccessful as his. His first (and only) recruits are Timothy Claypole, a mischievous medieval jester with a comical lack of knowledge about modern technology, and Hubert Davenport, a delicate Victorian-era gentleman who is morally shocked by the modern world. The ghosts work from an office, which they rent from Harold Meaker, who discovers the truth about them in the third episode.

Over the course of several series, other characters were added: Hazel McWitch, a Scottish witch; Nadia Popov, a Dutch ghost who suffers from hay fever and teleports away when she sneezes; and the pantomime horse Dobbin, who first appears in a one-off Christmas special called Rentasanta and is brought to life by Claypole, who is unable to cancel the spell afterwards, thus allowing Dobbin to remain in the show for the rest of the run.

Another key figure is a ghost from the Wild West called Catastrophe Kate (cf. Calamity Jane), played by Jana Shelden, who is collected from outside a magic carpet shop in the Spirit World by Fred Mumford. The two ghosts are transported back to Earth on a flying broomstick, Catastrophe Kate having turned down the alternative of a flying vacuum cleaner. Catastrophe Kate later introduces Hazel the McWitch to the regulars.

Adam Painting, a local entrepreneur played by Christopher Biggins, frequently appears in episodes, and tries, with limited success, to involve the ghosts in his latest business enterprise.

When actor Michael Darbyshire (who played the role of Davenport) died in 1979, Anthony Jackson (Mumford) declined to appear in the next series, leaving Michael Staniforth's Claypole the sole original ghost. Davenport and Mumford's absences were explained at the start of the series by the pair having gone on an extended tour of safari parks (which provided set-up for a joke about "big game haunting"). After Mumford's departure, the business was taken over by Harold Meaker and his wife Ethel, who suffered from the various problems the ghosts brought to their lives.

The long-suffering neighbours of Rentaghost are the Perkins, who appear from series four onwards and think the Meakers are mad.

Releases
Only the first series of Rentaghost was released on VHS and DVD, with rights issues holding up further release. However, the first two series were made available digitally via the BBC Store.

Some master copies of Rentaghost episodes and other children's shows were wiped by the BBC in 1993 on the assumption that they were no use and that examples of some other episodes were sufficient. The wiped tapes were then sold overseas to countries that still used obsolete, in the UK at least, tape formats. However, BBC Enterprises had requested copies of the first three series a couple of years earlier and they were showing at the time on UK Gold; these were later recovered by the BBC Archives.

Since November 2023, all 9 series (minus the Christmas special) were made available through the UK BritBox service as part of their "Back To School" section. Britbox is a subscription online TV service run by ITV.

Regular cast

 * Anthony Jackson - Fred Mumford (1976–1978)
 * Michael Darbyshire - Hubert Davenport (1976–1978)
 * Michael Staniforth - Timothy Claypole (1976–1984)
 * Betty Alberge - Mrs Sheila Mumford (1976–1978)
 * John Dawson - Mr Phil Mumford (1976–1978)
 * Edward Brayshaw - Harold Meaker (1976–1984)
 * Ann Emery - Ethel Meaker (1976–1984)
 * Christopher Biggins - Adam Painting (1977–1984)
 * Molly Weir - Hazel the McWitch (1978–1984)
 * Hal Dyer - Rose Perkins (1978–1984)
 * Jeffrey Segal - Arthur Perkins (1978–1984)
 * William Perrie and John Asquith - Dobbin the Pantomime Horse (1978–1984)
 * Lynda Marchal - Tamara Novek (1980)
 * Sue Nicholls - Nadia Popov (1981–1984)
 * Kenneth Connor - Whatsisname Smith (1983–1984)
 * Aimi MacDonald - Susie Starlight (1984)
 * (Vincent White) - Bernie St. John (1984)

Remakes
A pilot for an Australian version of the series was filmed in 1989, five years after the end of the original series, and in keeping with other BBC series such as Are You Being Served which had been adapted for Australian versions. The producers had originally wanted Michael Staniforth to reprise his role as Mister Claypole, the unofficial 'lead' of the original series, but Staniforth had died two years prior.

The pilot, which followed a similar plot to the first two episodes of the original Rentaghost but with some of the more pantomime-like humour of later years, was set in a derelict old office in Victoria due for destruction, where the Rentaghost team had set up their business, beginning a planned story arc for the first series in which the Rentaghost team must scare off building developers to save their office/home. A young Lisa McCune played Julia, a character who visits the agency mistakenly believing them to be living people who can exorcise her haunted apartment, and ends up working as their secretary after they help her chase her poltergeist away anyway. However the pilot did not sell, with some concerns over appropriateness of the dark tone of the series aimed at young children, and plans for the series were cancelled.

A stage musical version (written by Joe Pasquale), toured the UK in 2006.

In September 2008, it was reported that the show could be returning to television after the rights to the programme were obtained by the UK production company RDF. However, no new show was forthcoming.

Deadline reported in December 2010 that "Warner Bros had acquired the rights to RentaGhost and was going to develop it into a Beetlejuice-style afterlife feature comedy vehicle for Russell Brand as Fred Mumford." However, in October 2011, it was reported that Ben Stiller had been signed for the project. Night at the Museum writers Tom Lennon and Robert Ben Garant had been hired to write the script, reuniting the two writers with Stiller.

title: Rentaghost


text:
Martin Kratt

Martin William Kratt (born December 23, 1965) is an American zoologist, educational nature show host and YouTuber. A grandson of musical-instrument manufacturer William Jacob Kratt, Sr., he and his younger brother Chris grew up in Warren Township, New Jersey, and together created the children's television series Kratts' Creatures and Zoboomafoo, as well as Be the Creature, which runs on the National Geographic Channel and Knowledge Network. They are the main characters on the animated TV series Wild Kratts, which airs on PBS Kids. The other show he created is called Wild Alaska Live. Martin holds a Bachelor of Science in Zoology from Duke University. They also appear as themselves in the Odd Squad episode "Night Shift".

Biography
Martin was born on December 23, 1965, in New Jersey to William (born 1928) and Linda (born 1939). He attended Duke University where he majored in zoology. He became a research assistant for a howler monkey project under Dr. Kenneth Glander in Costa Rica. Shortly after graduating from Duke, he worked with Dr. Patricia Wright in Madagascar as well as Dr. John Terbogh in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest.

Martin is married to Laura Wilkinson and has two sons, Ronan (born 2003), a soccer player and Gavin, both of whom have had roles on Wild Kratts. Martin and his brother Chris currently live in Ottawa, Ontario, as of 2008, where their series Wild Kratts is produced.

Martin and his brother Chris attended Watchung Hills Regional High School. Both brothers were inducted into the school's hall of fame in 2013.

title: Martin Kratt


text:
Talk:Low back pain

Exercise therapy
Suggest to add the following after the sentence re: exercise therapy being beneficial for CLBP: >A recent network-meta analysis identified that exercise therapy including Pilates, stabilisation/motor control and resistance exercises were most effective at reducing pain intensity. Additionally, those including resistance or stablisation/motor control exercises were best for reducing disability, whereas the prescription of resistance or aerobic exercises were most effective for improving mental health. //REF: Owen PJ, Miller CT, Mundell NL, et al. Which specific modes of exercise training are most effective for treating low back pain? Network meta-analysisBritish Journal of Sports Medicine Published Online First: 30 October 2019. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100886 >It may even be beneficial to add the following reference [Tagliaferri SD, Miller CT, Owen PJ, Mitchell UH, Brisby H, Fitzgibbon B, Masse-Alarie H, Van Oosterwijck J & Belavy DL. Domains of chronic low back pain and assessing treatment effectiveness: A clinical perspective. Pain Practice. Accepted: 9 Oct 2019. DOI: 10.1111/papr.12846] given the nice overview it provides regarding the measurement of outcomes beyond just 'pain intensity', which is not always the only concern in this clinical condition that often suffers from multiple comorbid conditions - e.g. CLBP is the leading cause of disability worldwide [REF: Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, et al. Years lived with disability (ylds) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. The Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2163-96] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.110.91.107 (talk) 00:29, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Spinal manipulation
Ref says "For patients with chronic low back pain, clinicians and patients should initially select nonpharmacologic treatment with exercise, multidisciplinary rehabilitation, acupuncture, mindfulness-based stress reduction (moderate-quality evidence), tai chi, yoga, motor control exercise, progressive relaxation, electromyography biofeedback, low-level laser therapy, operant therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, or spinal manipulation (low-quality evidence). (Grade: strong recommendation)"

The evidence is low quality. The strong recommendation is for non pharmacological tx rather than spinal manipulation itself. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 18:57, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

RECOMMENDATION 1: Given that most patients with acute or subacute low back pain improve over time regardless of treatment, clinicians and patients should select nonpharmacologic treatment with superficial heat (moderate-quality evidence), massage, acupuncture, or spinal manipulation (low-quality evidence). If pharmacologic treatment is desired, clinicians and patients should select nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or skeletal muscle relaxants (moderate-quality evidence). (Grade: strong recommendation). . Taps2386 (talk) 21:03, 15 May 2017 (UTC)'

Nonpharmacological treatment = strong recommendation to include superficial heat (moderate-quality evidence), massage, acupuncture, or spinal manipulation (low-quality evidence). maybe the sentence should read thus. Taps2386 (talk) 21:07, 15 May 2017 (UTC)
 * The strong recommendation is for non pharmacological treatment and not spinal manipulation directly.
 * Thus IMO the wording "A 2017 review recommended spinal manipulation based on low quality evidence." is best Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 21:15, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

You are correct. Great insight.Taps2386 (talk) 21:33, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

ACP guideline
10.7326/M16-2367 JFW | T@lk  14:54, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

Update to reference #3
There has been an update to reference #3; however, I cannot access full text to see if any of the recommendations have changed. Reference #3 is used a few times in the article, so it may be valuable to assess if anything has changed. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29971708 2001:56A:75CE:1700:E09A:1211:964E:4AFF (talk) 05:06, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes an update of this https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20602122 Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 12:35, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

Suggestion to submit to the WikiJournal of Medicine
T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 11:59, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

Should be lower back not low back
Grammar is wrong Hwfr (talk) 19:09, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 April 2021
Change “completely better” to recovered in first paragraph Jademala (talk) 04:33, 2 April 2021 (UTC)
 * All set, thanks. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 11:25, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 April 2021
most (around 75%) do not have a specific cause identified, but are thought to be due to muscle strain or injury to ligaments. 'Non-specific lower back pain' is the term given for this condition. (<-ADD THIS LAST SENTENCE AFTER THE PREVIOUS STATEMENT THAT IS ALREADY INCLUDED IN THE WIKI PAGE. Article does not mention the term 'Non-Specific lower back pain', even though it is used heavily in the literature) Luhrsjk (talk) 04:36, 9 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Do you have the links? I'll leave it to someone more knowledgable about medicine to add your info, but they'll need the sources when that happens otherwise the request will be closed. Uses x (talk • contribs) 00:44, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5769319/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Luhrsjk (talk • contribs) 02:51, 12 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 13:27, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

Hi team, Mentioned a few weeks ago about acknowledging the term 'Non-specific low back pain'. Was asked to provide reliable resources. I linked below a journal article from The Lancet, a peer reviewed journal. As well as a link to Physiopedia for ease of access. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673616309709?casa_token=JUNku8t-QG4AAAAA:If2yJckNRYI_vqZ7n5tQaki_YYHF0Qms0bEKfSX9oY0bzG97bQsDdl1C42njKng6Ht1TZYpRT18 https://www.physio-pedia.com/Non_Specific_Low_Back_Pain Thanks

Semi-protected edit request on 11 April 2021
The hyperlink for list of possible causes is incorrect. Clicking on the link takes you to a differential diagnosis definition wikipedia page and not possible causes for low back pain. Consider removing the hyperlink all together. "A full list of possible causes includes many less common conditions.[5] " Pennyloumac (talk) 22:42, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: It wikilinks to how medical professionals try and diagnose a disease or issue when the symptoms are shared between many different possible issues. I think the link is pertinent. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 13:30, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

Low back pain (intro)

 * Suggested article improvement # 1 from a 2010 Cochrane Systematic Review:

Existing text: The evidence for chiropractic care [18] and spinal manipulation is mixed.[17][19][20][21]

Suggested text: The evidence for spinal manipulation is mixed, [17][19][20][21] while the evidence for chiropractic care, which usually combines spinal manipulation with other interventions, such as exercise programs, orthotics and and advice lifestyle modifications, suggests that the pain relief experienced from low back pain is not different than achieved by other treatments such as myofascial therapy, massage, and ultrasound. Youhanna1111 (talk) 17:48, 4 January 2022 (UTC)youhanna1111

 * Hi, I think it would be useful to get more people to review before this change moves forward. The review found that (quote from conclusion) "there is currently no evidence that supports or refutes that these interventions provide a clinically meaningful difference for pain or disability in people with LBP when compared to other interventions". I think that if we include this evidence we should share this and include mention that there is no evidence to determine if this treatment approach is clinically meaningful. In addition, given that this review is already 11 years old, are there other more recent high-quality sources that may be more appropriate as per WP:MEDDATE? I will flag on WP:MED talk to see if we can get others to weigh in.JenOttawa (talk) 03:00, 14 January 2022 (UTC)
 * would agree with JenOttawa--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 14:23, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi just flagging you here in case you did not see these replies. Have a great day! JenOttawa (talk) 15:17, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you and . I thought it was important to include this review as it compared combined chiropractic care with other interventions that are commonly recommended for low back pain, such as ultrasound and hot and cold therapy, as might be administered by physical therapists, myofascial therapy and massage as might be administered by massage therapists, and NSAIDs as might be prescribed by a doctor (in the studies reviewed for chronic low back pain). So the conclusion that there is no clinically meaningful difference between these therapies, is important. But I think to state “that there is no evidence to determine if this treatment approach is clinically meaningful” is incorrect. Unfortunately, there is no more current review for combined chiropractic care. There are however more current reviews for spinal manipulation in both acute and chronic low back pain which are already referenced on the page. But these are a more specific intervention.--Youhanna1111 (talk) 16:53, 26 January 2022 (UTC)Youhanna1111
 * Thanks for the reply! I understand what you are saying and see that the review is comparing 'clinically meaningful differences" to the other interventions, not to no treatment, so this is not the same as saying it is not "clinically meaningful". Rather than compare it to other interventions, an idea to consider could be to first add a sentence sharing the long and short-term effectiveness of these two treatment options for those experiencing low back pain (clinically meanginful changes in a persons pain), along with a high-quality recent secondary source to support the evidence. I am not at all familiar with the literature so these are just ideas! Hopefully others can give some ideas as well. JenOttawa (talk) 18:29, 26 January 2022 (UTC)
 * @JenOttawa asked editors at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Medicine to have a look at this; I'm responding to that request.
 * My first reaction is that this 57-word-long sentence is too long and too difficult to read.  It would be simpler to split it into separate sentences, or even to re-write it completely.  It appears from this that there are several treatments:
 * Spinal manipulation
 * Chiropractic care, which usually combines spinal manipulation with other interventions, such as exercise programs, orthotics and and advice about lifestyle modifications,
 * myofascial therapy,
 * massage, and
 * ultrasound
 * and probably other things, like exercise (both of the "don't take back pain lying down" variety and also structured exercise programs), physical therapy, surgery, and several types of drugs.
 * I think it makes more sense to list the treatment options, and then to summarize very generally the efficacy, possibly in fairly vague terms. I believe the general overview for chronic low back pain is that nothing is highly effective, and the better options are all approximately equal in efficacy.  I think it's more important to communicate basic facts like "treatment makes things better, even if it doesn't completely eliminate all pain" or "chronic pain requires long-term treatment" (because exercising for one hour doesn't prevent low back pain for the rest of your life) than to talk about what does or doesn't have evidence. WhatamIdoing (talk) 02:18, 10 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you @WhatamIdoing & @JenOttawa. I see your suggestions have been implemented very effectively in the Management section in the body of the article, and I’ll try to get the Intro to match that structure in a more concise manner. As for the basic facts that you suggest - I’d be very uncomfortable making such statements as I couldn’t reference them, and it could come across as my opinion. Youhanna1111 (talk) 18:18, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree that we should not include this type of information without citing suitable sources. WhatamIdoing (talk) 02:49, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

Low back pain (intro 2)

 * Suggested article improvement # 2:

Existing text: Initial management with non-medication based treatments is recommended[2]. NSAIDs are recommended if these are not sufficiently effective. Normal activity should be continued as much as the pain allows. A number of other options are available for those who do not improve with usual treatment. Opioids may be useful if simple pain medications are not enough, but they are not generally recommended due to side effects.

Suggested text: Initial management with non-medication based treatments is recommended[2]. Non-medication based treatments include acupuncture, spinal manipulation, superficial heat and massage for short-term pain (less than 6 weeks), or acupuncture, spinal manipulation, exercise, tai chi, yoga, CBT or mindfulness-basedstress-reduction for long-term pain (more than 12 weeks)[2]. NSAIDs are recommended if these are not sufficiently effective, as are muscle relaxants for short-term pain[2]. Normal activity should be continued as much as the pain allows. Opioids may be useful if other non-medication and medication-based treatments have failed[2], but they are not generally recommended due to side effects.Youhanna1111 (talk) 19:08, 12 January 2022 (UTC)Youhanna1111

 * Thanks for sharing these. Do you mind sharing the source for ref #2 in your second improvement? [[User:JenOttawa|JenOttawa]

(talk) 02:42, 14 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi The sentence and source for ref #2 in the second improvement is exactly the same as the existing text above it. I've fixed it. Sorry for the confusion!Youhanna1111 (talk) 17:12, 26 January 2022 (UTC)Youhanna1111
 * Is this what the main body of the article says? It is easy to focus on the intro, but it's better to write the main part of the article first, and then summarize the outcome.
 * I do appreciate the mention of muscle relaxants and maintaining normal activity.
 * I'm a little concerned about naming very specific things. Like:  tai chi helps, but aikido and water aerobics don't?  Yoga helps, but pilates and barre don't?  Why isn't walking or swimming mentioned?
 * I'm also not sure that acupuncture is a non-medication treatment, since acupuncturists prescribe herbs and nutritional supplements. WhatamIdoing (talk) 02:39, 10 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi @WhatamIdoing & @JenOttawa - as I mentioned above, I agree the body of the article reviews the management options in a very clear manner, so I’ll try to get the intro to reflect these more clearly and concisely. As for the concerns about what specifically works and doesn’t work - I believe I’m limited to systematic reviews for evidence; these reviews do not mention swimming or walking specifically, but do reference exercise more generally and things like Tai Chi and yoga more specifically. Lastly, acupuncture is referenced by medical guidelines and the NIH as a non-pharmacological treatment. If acupuncture is combined with nutritional or herbal medicines, I think it should be cited as combined acupuncture care in the same way that combined chiropractic care has been referenced in the article. The Cochrane reviews and medical guidelines look at acupuncture as a stand alone treatment. Youhanna1111 (talk) 18:32, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
 * In addition to review articles (both "systematic" and "narrative" reviews are acceptable), you might also see if you can find a recent medical textbook. If (like 99% of us) you don't own any of them yourself, then sometimes you can find a relevant chapter in Google Books or through a library. WhatamIdoing (talk) 02:52, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Narrative reviews are not something I’m familiar with - thanks for the lead @WhatamIdoing! Much appreciated! Youhanna1111 (talk) 03:33, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

Content on Mattresses in "Prevention" seems Contradictory
"Prevention" section states "Medium-firm mattresses are more beneficial for chronic pain than firm mattresses." (with source). Then goes on to state a few sentences later: "There is no quality data that supports medium firm mattresses over firm mattresses." This seems contradictory. Not qualified to fix it myself. Nsbrown93 (talk) 08:00, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

Lumbago
Could we add a section on how the character "uncle" in the video game "red dead redemption 2" uses lumbago as an excuse to not do labour? It is a meme in the RDR2 community and is somewhat significant enough i think Cheers JcwDenno (talk) 20:21, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

weather?
I heard that there are contradictory evidence about whether weather does or does not impact lumbago (and Arthralgia), and how this worked if it did. In any case, true or not, this is a common conception, so pro and cons should be listed, shouldn't they? https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27492467/ https://rdcu.be/drCjL

2A01:E0A:3A2:F360:BC74:B936:417B:1DF (talk) 06:21, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Low back pain


text:
Yuanshan

Yuanshan may refer to these locations:

Taiwan

 * Yuanshan, Yilan (員山鄉), a township of Yilan County
 * Yuanshan metro station (圓山站), a metro station of the Taipei Metro

Towns

 * Yuanshan, Guangdong (元善), in Lianping County, Guangdong
 * Yuanshan, Jiange County (元山), in Jiange County, Sichuan
 * Yuanshan, Pingchang County (元山), in Pingchang County, Sichuan

title: Yuanshan


text:
Harry Jerome

"Harry" Winston Jerome (September 30, 1940 – December 7, 1982) was a Canadian track and field sprinter and physical education teacher. He won a bronze medal at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo and set a total of seven world records over the course of his career.

Early life
Harry Jerome was born in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, the son of Harry Vincent Jerome and Elsie Ellen Howard, and moved to North Vancouver, British Columbia, at age 12. His grandfather was John Howard, an American-born railway porter who represented Canada in the 1912 Summer Olympics. Harry's sister, Valerie Jerome, was also an Olympian who competed for Canada at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

Athletic career
Jerome competed at the university level for Bill Bowerman at the University of Oregon. He was a member of the Canadian track and field team at the 1960, 1964, and 1968 Summer Olympics, winning 100 metre bronze in 1964. Jerome wore his University of Oregon sweats, rather than the contemporary practice of an official national outfit for all Olympic appearances, to warm up for the Olympic 100 metres in Tokyo. He won the gold at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games held in Kingston, Jamaica.

During his career, Jerome set a total of seven world records, including tying the 100 metre record at 10.0 seconds in 1960, equalling the mark established a month earlier by Germany's Armin Hary. Later he tied the world record for the 100 yard dash at 9.3 seconds (1961), making Jerome one of the few athletes to own both the 100 yard and 100 metre world record simultaneously. Jerome was a member of the University of Oregon 4 × 100 m relay team that tied the world record of 40.0 seconds in 1962; during the 1962 season, Harry ran 9.2s at the 100 yard dash 2 times. In 1966 he again tied a world record with a 9.1 time in the 100 yard. From 1963 to 1966 he held or equalled four world records concurrently.

He remains the only man to have held the 100 yard world record with 3 different times and is the oldest 100y world record holder, at 25 years old. The youngest is Houston McTear at 18 years old. Jerome never owned the 100y or 100m WR solely but matched his contemporaries.

Jerome continued to sprint successfully until the late 1960s, despite suffering an injury so severe at the Perth Commonwealth Games in 1962 that doctors initially believed he would be crippled for life.

Teaching and post-athletic career
Jerome received a bachelor's degree in physical education from the University of Oregon in 1964 and taught with the Richmond School Board (1964–65) and then with the Vancouver School Board (1965–68). In 1968, he received a master's in physical education from Oregon.

After retiring from athletics in 1969, Jerome was invited by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to help create Canada's new Ministry of Sport. Jerome held a number of senior positions in the ministry but resigned over the government's cancellation of a large public-private partnership he had negotiated with Kellogg's to promote youth participation in athletics. During the 1980s, Jerome headed the Premier's Sport Award program in British Columbia.

Jerome died of a brain aneurysm on December 7, 1982, at the age of 42, in North Vancouver.

Honours and tributes

In 1970, Jerome was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. The following year he was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Jerome was posthumously inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2001 and was named a Person of National Historical Significance in 2010.

In 1984, the Labatts International Track Classic Pre-Olympic meet was renamed the Harry Jerome International Track Classic. The meet is held annually at Swangard Stadium in Burnaby, British Columbia. The Harry Jerome Sports Complex in North Vancouver, one block from North Vancouver High School where he first went out for track in 1958, and the Harry Jerome Sports Centre, home to the Burnaby Velodrome, are named after Jerome, as are the weight room at the University of Oregon and the track and field stadium in Prince Albert. The Stanley Park sea wall in Vancouver is graced with a 9 ft bronze statue of Jerome.

The annual Harry Jerome Awards, the national awards dinner for Canada's black community organized by the Black Business and Professionals Association (BBPA), is named after him.

Another meet, called the Harry Jerome Indoor Games was created in 2011. It is held at the Richmond Olympic Oval, once used for Speed Skating events at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, but now a multi-purpose sports facility. The meet is mainly attended by high school students representing lower mainland clubs, as well as some university student-athletes, and younger athletes.

On September 30, 2019, Google celebrated Harry Jerome's 79th birthday with a Google Doodle.

Works about Jerome
Production began in April 2009 on a feature-length biographical documentary entitled Mighty Jerome. Directed by Charles Officer and produced by the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) in Vancouver, the film was inspired by Fil Fraser’s book on Jerome, entitled Running Uphill.

NFB producer Selwyn Jacob had approached Officer — along with four other directors — in 2007 with idea of making a documentary about Jerome. Officer's proposal was selected by Jacob and the NFB, despite the fact that he had never directed a documentary before. The black and white film uses archival footage, interviews and dramatizations to explore Jerome's life and career. Officer recreated museum installations in Toronto, Edmonton and Vancouver to interview Jerome's contemporaries and family members. Jerome's sister Valerie refused to participate in the film due to objections over his portrayal in Fraser's book. The film premiered at the Vancouver International Film Festival on October 8, 2010.

Jerome's 100 metre bronze medal performance at the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics is captured in the documentary film Tokyo Olympiad (1965) directed by Kon Ichikawa. Slow-motion close-up footage of Jerome (along with other athletes) preparing for the race begins at the 26 minute mark and then the race is shown in its entirety at full speed.

Achievements

 * 1960 world record 100 m: 10.0 (tied record of Armin Hary)
 * 1960 Summer Olympics 100 m Canadian team member
 * 1961 world record 100 yds: 9.3
 * 1962 world record 100 yds: 9.2
 * 1962 world record 440 yds: 40.0 University of Oregon team member
 * 1963 world record 60 yds indoor: 6.0
 * 1964 Summer Olympics 100 m: 3rd 10.2 / 200 m: 4th 20.7
 * 1966 world record 100 yds: 9.1
 * 1966 Canadian record 220 yds: 20.4
 * 1966 Commonwealth Games 100 yds: 1st 9.4
 * 1967 Pan American Games 100m: 1st 10.2
 * 1968 Summer Olympics 100 m: 7th 10.2

title: Harry Jerome


text:
Wujie

Wujie may refer to:

 * Wujie, Nantong (五接镇), town in Tongzhou District, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
 * Wujie, Yilan (五結鄉), township in eastern Yilan County, Taiwan, Republic of China
 * Wujie (software), an anti-censorship software used in mainland China

title: Wujie


text:
Sansing

Sansing is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * David Sansing (1933–2019), American historian and author
 * Mike Sansing, American collegiate baseball coach

title: Sansing


text:
Vladimir Petrov

Vladimir Petrov may refer to:
 * Vladimir Petrov (director) (1896–1966), Soviet film director
 * Vladimir Petrov (diplomat) (1907–1991), Soviet diplomat who defected to Australia
 * Vladimir Nikolayevich Petrov (1915–1999), writer, teacher, and former prisoner of the Soviet Gulag
 * Vladimir Petrov (footballer) (born 1940), Soviet international footballer
 * Vladimir Petrov (rowing) (born 1930), Soviet coxswain at the 1956 Summer Olympics
 * Vladimir Petrov (ice hockey) (1947–2017), Soviet ice hockey player
 * Vladimirs Petrovs (1907–1943), Latvian chess player, also known as Vladimir Petrov
 * Vladimir Petrov (wrestler) (born 1961), ring name of American wrestler Al Blake

title: Vladimir Petrov


text:
Dongshan

Dongshan (Wade–Giles: Tung-shan; generally ) may refer to:

Places

 * Dongshan County, Fujian
 * Dongshan District, Hegang, Heilongjiang
 * Tung Shan (mountain), Hong Kong
 * Dongshan District, Tainan, Taiwan
 * Dongshan, Changsha, a subdistrict of Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan
 * Dongshan, Huarong, a town in Huarong County, Hunan
 * Dongshan, Suining, a Dong ethnic township in Suining County, Hunan
 * Dongshan, Yilan (冬山鄉), township of Yilan County, Taiwan

Former districts

 * Dongshan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong
 * Dongshan District, Ürümqi, Xinjiang

People

 * Dongshan Liangjie (洞山良价), a 9th-century Chinese Chan teacher
 * Dongshan Shouchu (洞山守初), a 10th-century Chinese Chan teacher

title: Dongshan


text:
Thomas Binford

Thomas Oriel Binford has been a researcher in image analysis and computer vision since 1967. He developed a model-based approach to computer vision in which complex objects are represented as collections of generalized cylinders. His results are reflected in work in other areas of research, including the interpretation of complex scenes using invariants and quasi-invariants, inference rules and evidential reasoning in extended Bayes networks of symbolic geometric constraints, the SUCCESSOR system, a portable, intelligent vision system, stereo and visual robot navigation, segmentation and feature estimation in complex images, color image analysis, surface material analysis, and image compression. He has led the development of numerous computer vision systems, including systems successfully employed in brain surgery on humans, high-precision automated machining, and helicopter navigation.

Binford received a Ph.D. in particle physics in 1965 from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, under the supervision of Myron L. Good; his thesis was entitled "Angular Distribution and Polarization of Neutral Hyperons Produced in Association with Neutral Kaons". He was a Fulbright Scholar at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai, India from 1965 to 1966, and a research scientist at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory from 1966 to 1970.

From 1970 to 2000 he was a professor of computer science at Stanford University; in 2000 he retired to become an emeritus professor. While at Stanford, Professor Binford supervised more than 40 PhD theses while leading research in computer vision, artificial intelligence, medical image processing, radar image understanding, robotics, industrial inspection, and manufacturing; notable students of Binford's include Rodney Brooks and Jitendra Malik.

Since retiring from active research at Stanford, Binford has founded and is chairman and chief technology officer of Read-Ink Technologies Pvt. Ltd., a company in Bangalore, India specializing in online handwriting recognition software. In 1994 Thomas Binford was elected a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence "for his role as a founding father in the field of computer vision and model-based perception in robotics; and for his many contributions to the fields".

title: Thomas Binford