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Whatever (Oasis song)

"Whatever" is a song by the English rock band Oasis. Written by the band's lead guitarist, Noel Gallagher, it was released on 18 December 1994 by Creation as the band's first non-album single. A subsequent lawsuit awarded a co-writing credit to Neil Innes.

History
At six minutes and twenty-one seconds, "Whatever" was the longest single the band had released up to that point (it was later surpassed by "Champagne Supernova"). The song follows an AB structure, which differs from Verse-Chorus, as the main hook occurs at the beginning of the song. The song suddenly changes key during the bridge, before returning to the main chord progression of the song, which repeats for a two-and-a-half-minute outro in which, one by one, each instrument cuts out until only the strings are playing. Finally, the song ends with an extended, recorded applause track.

The Christmas single was released in 1994 as a stand-alone single, bridging the gap between Oasis' debut album, Definitely Maybe, and their second album, (What's the Story) Morning Glory?. "Whatever" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 3. The single was later included on the compilation album Time Flies... 1994–2009. The strings were played by the London Session Orchestra which featured former Electric Light Orchestra violinist Wilfred Gibson. The orchestration was arranged by Nick Ingman and Noel Gallagher.

"Whatever" has sold 540,000 copies to date. The song re-entered the UK Singles Chart on 20 June 2010 at number 64, due to the release of Time Flies, and was the first time that it had been available to purchase as a music download.

The song has been used by Coca-Cola in its 2012 campaign celebrating its 125th anniversary and also in Italian Vodafone commercials. It was also used by Asahi Breweries for their Asahi Off beer commercials in Japan.

Critical reception
Both Melody Maker and NME named "Whatever" Single of the Week. Melody Maker editor Everett True said the song "is absolutely f***ing stunning — from the strummed acoustic and Soup Dragon-esque sentiments (I'm free to be whatever I...whatever I choose), the f***-off strings and inch-perfect handclaps, right through to the final applause." NME editor Tommy Udo wrote, "'Whatever' is only the best single of 1994, only the best Oasis single of 1994, because I feel reasonably confident that they'll do one better every time. Basically it pisses over everything else. A song to die for, with a descending scale and a f—ing string section: from 'Love Me Do' to 'All You Need Is Love' in under a year. The fact that it sounds like any number of other songs is a mark of the confidence that Oasis have in their songwriting: amateurs borrow, pros steal and look you straight in the eye, unashamed."

Authorship dispute
English musician Neil Innes sued the band claiming the song borrowed portions of his song "How Sweet to Be an Idiot". Innes and Oasis settled a plagiarism lawsuit and Innes received songwriting credit. The portion of the melodic line in question are the eight notes that accompany the lyrics "How Sweet to be an Idiot"/"I'm free to be whatever I" of the Oasis version, appearing 40 seconds after the start of the Innes version.

Live performances
"Whatever" had been performed live by Oasis many times, sometimes with the string arrangement which accompanies the single version, sometimes without. They often ended live versions of the song with lyrics adapted from The Beatles song "Octopus's Garden". They had also been known to add the lines "All the young blues [sic]....carry the news...," in reference to the Mott the Hoople (originally written by David Bowie) song "All the Young Dudes", with the changing of "dudes" to "Blues" being in reference to the then nickname of Man City. At their famous performances at Knebworth in August 1996, the song was accompanied throughout by harmonica player Mark Feltham.

Noel Gallagher later revisited "Whatever," adding the song to his setlist during his first tour with his band High Flying Birds. Both he and Liam still perform the song semi-regularly on tour.

B-sides
One of the single's B-sides, "Slide Away", was already featured on their debut album, Definitely Maybe. The other two — "(It's Good) to Be Free" and "Half the World Away" — were later featured on the B-side compilation The Masterplan. "Slide Away" and "Half the World Away" would also be featured on Oasis' 2006 compilation album Stop the Clocks, but "Whatever" itself was not included. "Half the World Away" was chosen as the theme tune to The Royle Family. "(It's Good) to Be Free" has been mentioned by Liam under the name "Live by the Sea", before its official release.

Track listings
All tracks are written by Noel Gallagher.

 * UK and European single (CD)
 * 1) "Whatever" – 6:21
 * 2) "(It's Good) to Be Free" – 4:18
 * 3) "Half the World Away" – 4:25
 * 4) "Slide Away" – 6:31

 * European promo (CD)
 * 1) "Whatever" (radio edit) – 3:58
 * 2) "Whatever" (album version) – 6:20

 * UK single (12")
 * 1) "Whatever" – 6:21
 * 2) "(It's Good) to Be Free" – 4:18
 * 3) "Slide Away" – 6:31

 * UK single (cassette, 7")
 * French single (CD, 7")
 * 1) "Whatever" – 6:20
 * 2) "(It's Good) to Be Free" – 4:19

 * Australian promo (CD) and single (cassette)
 * 1) "Whatever" – 6:21
 * 2) "(It's Good) to Be Free" – 4:18
 * 3) "Half the World Away" – 4:25

 * Japanese EP (CD)
 * 1) "Whatever" – 6:20
 * 2) "(It's Good) to Be Free" – 4:21
 * 3) "Fade Away" – 4:14
 * 4) "Listen Up" – 6:40
 * 5) "Half the World Away" – 4:23
 * 6) "I Am the Walrus" (live at Glasgow Cathouse, June '94) – 8:16

title: Whatever (Oasis song)


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File:Wonderwall cover.jpg

Image Source

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USS Tarantula

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Tarantula, a name applied to Italy's wolf spider, to some Asiatic spiders, and to various species of large, dark, hairy spiders found in the warmer climes of the Americas.

 * The first USS Tarantula (SS-12) was a B-class submarine renamed B-3.
 * The second USS Tarantula (SP-124) was a motor yacht acquired by the Navy for service during World War I.

title: USS Tarantula


text:
Yakov Perelman

Yakov Isidorovich Perelman (Яков Исидорович Перельман; 4 December 1882 – 16 March 1942) was a Russian and Soviet science writer and author of many popular science books, including Physics Can Be Fun and Mathematics Can Be Fun (both translated from Russian into English).

Life and work
Perelman was born in 1882 in the town of Białystok, Russian Empire. He obtained the Diploma in Forestry from the Imperial Forestry Institute (Now Saint-Petersburg State Forestry University) in Saint Petersburg, in 1909. He was influenced by Ernst Mach and probably the Russian Machist Alexander Bogdanov in his pedagogical approach to popularising science. After the success of "Physics for Entertainment", Perelman set out to produce other books, in which he showed himself to be an imaginative populariser of science. Especially popular were ''"Arithmetic for entertainment", "Mechanics for entertainment", "Geometry for Entertainment", "Astronomy for entertainment", "Lively Mathematics", " Physics Everywhere", and "Tricks and Amusements".

His famous books on physics and astronomy were translated into various languages by the erstwhile Soviet Union.

The scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky thought highly of Perelman's talents and creative genius, writing of him in the preface of Interplanetary Journeys: "The author has long been known by his popular, witty and quite scientific works on physics, astronomy and mathematics, which are, moreover written in a marvelous language and are very readable."

Perelman has also authored a number of textbooks and articles in Soviet popular science magazines.

In addition to his educational and scientific writings, he also worked as an editor of science magazines, including Nature and People and In the Workshop of Nature.

Perelman died from starvation in 1942, during the German Siege of Leningrad. The siege started on 9 September 1941 and lasted 872 days, until 27 January 1944. The Siege of Leningrad was one of the longest, most destructive sieges of a major city in modern history and one of the costliest in terms of casualties (1,117,000).

His older brother Yosif was a writer who published under the pseudonym Osip Dymov. He is not related to the Russian mathematician Grigori Perelman, who was born in 1966 to a different Yakov Perelman. However, Grigori Perelman told The New Yorker that his father gave him Physics for Entertainment, and it inspired his interest in mathematics.

Books

 * Mathematics can be Fun
 * Astronomia Recreativa
 * Physics for Entertainment (1913)
 * Figures for Fun
 * Algebra can be Fun
 * Fun with Maths & Physics
 * Arithmetic for entertainment
 * Mechanics for entertainment
 * Geometry for Entertainment
 * Astronomy for entertainment
 * Lively Mathematics
 * Physics Everywhere
 * Tricks and Amusements
 * Physics Can Be Fun

He has also written several books on interplanetary travel (Interplanetary Journeys, On a Rocket to Stars, and World Expanses)

Physics for Entertainment
In 1913, Russian bookshops began carrying Physics for Entertainment. The educationalist's new book attracted young readers seeking answers to scientific questions.

Physics for Entertainment had a unique layout as well as an instructive style. In the preface (11th ed.) Perelman wrote: "The main objective of Physics for Entertainment is to arouse the activity of scientific imagination, to teach the reader to think in the spirit of the science of physics and to create in his mind a wide variety of associations of physical knowledge with the widely differing facts of life, with all that he normally comes into contact with."

In the foreword, Perelman describes the contents as “conundrums, brain-teasers, entertaining anecdotes, and unexpected comparisons,” adding, “I have quoted extensively from Jules Verne, H. G. Wells, Mark Twain and other writers, because, besides providing entertainment, the fantastic experiments these writers describe may well serve as instructive illustrations at physics classes.” The 13th edition (1936) would be the last published during the author's lifetime. Among the book's notable topics was the idea of a perpetual machine: a hypothetical machine which could run incessantly performing useful work. The author discusses perpetual motion, highlighting many attempts to build such a machine, and explains why they failed. Other topics included how to jump from a moving car, and why, “according to the law of buoyancy, we would never drown in the Dead Sea.”

Randall Munroe, the creator of the web comic xkcd and author of his own popular science books, wrote: The book is a series of a few hundred examples, no more than one or two pages each, asking a question that illustrates some idea in basic physics.

It’s neat to see what has and hasn’t changed in the last century or so. Many of the examples he uses seem to be straight out of a modern high school physics textbook, while others were totally new to me. And some of the answers to the questions he poses seem obvious, but others made me stop and think. [This] diagram ... shows a design for a fountain with no pump — it took me a while to get why it works.... Later in the book, he explains the physics of that drinking bird toy. It’s written in a fun, engaging, conversational style, as if he’s in the room chatting with you about these neat ideas.

title: Yakov Perelman


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Ada Air

Ada Air Sh.p.k was a regional airline based in Tirana, Albania, which operated from 1991 to 2007. It operated scheduled services from Albania to Bari, Italy, and overnight freight services for DHL. Its main base was Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza.

History
The airline was established in 1991 and started operations on February 3, 1992. It started scheduled flights to Bari on February 5, 1992, and was accepted by the IATA on May 25, 1992. It has operated flights to Greece, Italy, Kosovo and the Republic of Macedonia and charter services throughout the Balkans and Europe. The airline was owned by Julien Roche (50%), vice-president and founder, and Marsel Skendo (50%), president and founder of Ada Air.

Destinations
Ada Air operated the following international scheduled service (at March 2007):
 * 🇦🇱 Albania
 * Tirana (Tirana International Airport)
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Bari (Bari International Airport)

Fleet
As of March 2009 the ADA Air fleet included:
 * 1 Embraer EMB 110P2 Bandeirante

Previously operated:
 * 1 Fokker 100 (leased from Montenegro Airlines, with Montenegrin crews)
 * 1 Yakovlev Yak-40

title: Ada Air


text:
Eleni Konsolaki

Eleni Konsolaki, also Eleni Konsolaki-Giannopoulou or Eleni Konsolaki-Yannopoulou (Greek: Ελένη Κονσολάκη-Γιαννοπούλου) is a Greek archaeologist who has excavated in Troezen, Poros and  Methana on the south-western coast of the Saronic Gulf.

In 1990 Konsolaki discovered a Mycenaean building in Methena, from which she described over 150 'cult images', including small clay figures of animals, and of horses with riders.

Konsolaki has investigated the Mycenaean Magoula Acropolis near Galatas, adjacent to the islands of Poros. Here she discovered several Mycenaean buildings, and showed that the Troezen area was of great importance in ancient times and had connections with the Minoan civilization.

Konsolaki has worked for the Archaeological Museum of Poros.

Publications

 * Conference report on to the history of the Saronic Gulf, Poros 1998, (Published in Athens in 2003))

title: Eleni Konsolaki


text:
Ardwick

Ardwick is a district of Manchester, England, one mile south-east of the city centre. The population at the 2011 census was 19,250.

Historically in Lancashire, by the mid-nineteenth century Ardwick had grown from being a village into a pleasant and wealthy suburb of Manchester, but by the end of that century became heavily industrialised. When its industries fell into decline so did Ardwick, becoming one of the city's most deprived areas. Substantial development has since taken place, including the construction of facilities for the 2002 Commonwealth Games at the nearby City of Manchester Stadium.

In the late nineteenth century, Ardwick had many places of entertainment, but the only remnant of that today is the Art Deco-style Manchester Apollo, a venue for pop and rock music concerts.

History
Before the Industrial Revolution, Ardwick was a small village just outside Manchester in open countryside. The principal residents were the Birch family, one of whom was a major general when Oliver Cromwell (briefly) instituted direct military rule.

One Samuel Birch was instrumental in providing a small chapel of ease, dedicated to St. Thomas, and consecrated in 1741. This soon expanded into a Georgian church, to which a brick campanile tower was added in 1836. It contained a very rare Samuel Green organ, installed in 1787 or 1788, the first in which the sharp keys were distinguished in black. When the building ceased to be used as a church in 1978, the organ was rescued by an organ builder called George Sixsmith, and installed in St Paul's Church, Pendleton. There was also a memorial chapel to the dead of the First World War, chiefly men of the local territorial unit. These have been removed, and the building has been used as offices for voluntary organisations. The structure is now Grade II Listed.

Grand terraces of regency houses (some of which still survive) were built either side of the church, and these were fronted by Ardwick Green, a private park for the residents, containing a pond. Similar housing developments to those around the Green took place along Higher Ardwick and the area known as the Polygon.

Early inhabitants included members of Sir Robert Peel’s family. Charles Dickens drew many of his characters from life, and was a frequent visitor to Manchester. It is said that Dickens based the character of the crippled Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol on the invalid son of a friend who owned a cotton mill in Ardwick.

Ardwick Cemetery was established in 1838 as a prestigious place for fashionable burials. By the time the cemetery closed in 1950, around 80,000 people had been buried there. John Dalton, the chemist and physicist best known for his advocacy of atomic theory, was amongst them. It was reported that some 100 coaches followed the funeral cortege to the cemetery on the day of his burial in 1844. Other notable interments, recorded on a plaque when the grounds were turned into a sports field in 1966, included Sir Thomas Potter, the first mayor of Manchester, who died in 1845, the Chartist Ernest Charles Jones, who died in 1869, and Buglar Robert Hawthorne, of the 52nd Light Infantry, who was awarded the Victoria Cross in 1857. Following the closure, the granite top of Dalton's tomb was relocated to the John Dalton building of Manchester Metropolitan University, where it lies beside a statue of the man.

The Grade II*listed Church of St Benedict on Bennet Street was erected in 1880 by the noted Gothic Revival architect J. S. Crowther. Although no longer in use as a place of worship, it still stands today and its tall red brick tower is visible for miles around.

Ardwick once had its own football team, Ardwick AFC, but following a meeting at the Hyde Road Hotel in 1894, it became Manchester City F.C. The Hyde Road ground, close to the maze of railway tracks extending outwards from Manchester Piccadilly station, was extended in a piecemeal fashion until it could hold crowds of 40,000, but the main stand was destroyed by a fire in 1923, and the club moved to a new stadium on Maine Road, Moss Side.

Industrial Revolution
During the nineteenth century, Ardwick became heavily industrialised and it was characterised by factories, railways and rows of back-to-back terraced houses being juxtaposed. Large numbers of Irish immigrants settled here, as they did throughout Manchester. Ardwick railway station is at a junction where the Manchester and Birmingham Railway, later the London and North Western Railway diverged from the line to Sheffield that became the Great Central Railway. Nicholls Hospital, a neo-gothic building that was later a school, was constructed on Hyde Road in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. More recently it has become the Nicholls Campus of the Manchester College.

The railway bridge across Hyde Road was known by older residents as the "Fenian Arch". On 18 September 1867 it was the scene of an attack upon a prison van carrying two Fenian prisoners to the former Belle Vue gaol (jail). One police officer was shot dead. Three Irishmen involved in the affray were caught, tried and executed. The men are referred to by their supporters as the "Manchester Martyrs".

Close to the bridge, which has been replaced by a modern concrete structure, is a family-run business called Hyde Road Wheels and Tyres. In 2005 they abandoned their premises in the railway arches, which had become run down, and completed the construction of a new glass-fronted building in November 2005. The project was an unexpected recipient of a "Built in Quality" award in February 2006. Twelve awards are given annually, and the garage was awarded the recognition, despite there being over 2,600 other construction projects in Manchester which were considered.

20th Century
In 1904, a new variety theatre, the Ardwick Empire, opened on the corner of Hyde Road and Higher Ardwick overlooking Ardwick Green. It was an opulent building designed by the noted theatre architect Frank Matcham for Oswald Stoll. It became established as a centre of variety entertainment and billed performers such as Fred Karno, Dan Leno, Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton and Harry Lauder. Occasional Bioscope shows proved popular, and in 1930 it became a cinema, but continued to present variety acts on its stage. Stoll also owned another theatre in Manchester, the Manchester Hippodrome on Oxford Street. When this was demolished in 1935 to make way for a new Gaumont cinema, Stoll refurbished the Ardwick Empire and renamed it the New Manchester Hippodrome Theatre. Variety stars continued to appear on the stage, including Larry Adler, Max Wall and Joe Loss, and musical theatre shows such as The White Horse Inn and The Student Prince were staged. After 57 of popular entertainment, the New Hippodrome closed in 1961. There was a plan to concert it into a bowling allay, but the building was destroyed by fire in 1964 and subsequently demolished. Today, the site of the former Ardwick Empire remains empty and is used as a car park.

Governance
Ardwick ward is represented by three councillors, Amna Abdullatif (Ind), Abdigafar Muse (Lab), and Tina Hewitson (Lab). Former councillor Mavis Smitheman (2008–09) served as Lord Mayor of Manchester.

indicates seat up for re-election. indicates seat won in by-election. indicates councillor changed party.

Civic history
The village of Ardwick can be traced back to 1282, when it was known as Atherdwic and the road between Manchester and Stockport runs through it. From mediaeval times Ardwick was an independent township in the ancient parish of Manchester within the Salford hundred of Lancashire. It became part of the Borough of Manchester on the borough's creation in 1838. The historic boundary between Ardwick and Manchester was the River Medlock.

Railway
Ardwick railway station is on the Hope Valley line and is served by only one service every weekday from Manchester Piccadilly to Rose Hill Marple.

The station opened in 1842 and was operated by a number of railway companies over the years. There were plans to close it in the 1980s and its future looked bleak for a long period after that, but closure plans were finally scrapped in 2006. The current service is operated by Northern. The station consists of a waiting shelter on a single island platform between the tracks, access to which requires the use of steps. The station is the site of a memorial to Paul McLaughlin, who died there on 13 December 1997.

Ardwick railway depot is a passenger multiple unit traction maintenance depot, located on the Hope Valley line. It was opened in 2006 for the servicing of Siemens-built Class 185 DMUs, which are used on the TransPennine Express franchise. It was electrified in 2012–13 to allow the servicing of Siemens Class 350/4 EMUs.

Buses
Bus services in the area are provided by Stagecoach Manchester. The following routes serve Ardwick:

 * 192: Manchester – Longsight – Levenshulme – Stockport – Stepping Hill Hospital – Hazel Grove
 * 201: Manchester – Gorton – Denton – Hyde – Hattersley
 * 202: Manchester – Gorton – Denton – Haughton Green – Hyde – Gee Cross
 * 203: Manchester – Reddish – Belle Vue – Stockport
 * 205: Manchester – Ardwick – West Gorton – Gorton – Dane Bank
 * 219: Manchester – Openshaw – Guide Bridge – Ashton-under-Lyne – Stalybridge
 * 220: Manchester – Openshaw – Audenshaw – Dukinfield – Stalybridge
 * 221: Manchester – Openshaw – Audenshaw – Dukinfield

Present day
Ardwick Green Park has recently been refurbished, and though the pond is no more, it still contains an interesting glacial erratic in the form of a boulder. There is also a cenotaph commemorating the Eighth Ardwicks, once a Territorial Army unit of the Manchester Regiment. Ardwick Green Barracks is a fine Victorian castellated structure bearing the old volunteer motto "Defence Not Defiance". It is still in military use today.

The Manchester Apollo, a 1930s Art Deco theatre, is one of Ardwick's most famous landmarks: it was in use as a cinema from 1943 and was renamed the ABC Ardwick in 1962. An independent operator took over in 1977 and staged pop concerts interspersed with the occasional film, until dropping films entirely. The venue now plays host to national and international performing artists.

Extensive demolition of dilapidated Victorian terraces took place around Ardwick during the 1960s. Some residents remained in the area in new council-owned houses and flats, while others were moved to overspill estates such as Hattersley.

Demographics
(According to 2011 census )

 * White British – 35.5%
 * White Irish – 2.4%
 * White Other – 5.4%
 * Black or Black British – 17.7%
 * Asian or Asian British – 27.4%
 * Other – 5.5%
 * Mixed Race – 6.0%

Notable people

 * Nellie Beer Lord Mayor of Manchester
 * Samuel Birch (1735–1811), military officer, was owner of the Ardwick estate (1780–1795)
 * Stephen Bradbury. Artist and illustrator. Born and brought up as a boy in Ardwick. Heywood House, Bennet Street.
 * Edward Brotherton, 1st Baron Brotherton, businessman and philanthropist
 * Joe Brown (1930–2020), climber, was born in Ardwick
 * Edward Evans, the last of the five Moors Murders victims, was from Ardwick. He was 17 years old when murdered. in October 1965. by Ian Brady in Hattersley.
 * Edmund Peck, the illegitimate son of Sir Edmund Buckley. Peck later took the surname Buckley and became Sir Edmund Buckley, 1st Baronet
 * Tom Chantrell, designer of many film posters including The Sound of Music and Star Wars
 * Elizabeth Gaskell, lived in Gaskell House
 * J. Milton Hayes, actor and poet, best known for his 1911 dramatic monologue "The Green Eye of the Little Yellow God"
 * Samuel Hibbert-Ware geologist
 * Leslie Lever, Baron Lever, lawyer and politician, MP for Ardwick
 * Johnny Marr, guitarist, most notably of the Smiths
 * Arthur Moreland, political cartoonist and artist
 * John Howard Nodal, journalist and philologist
 * John Rylands, businessman and philanthropist
 * Bill Tarmey (né William Piddington), actor and singer best known for his portrayal as Jack Duckworth in Coronation Street
 * Ellen Wilkinson, MP, the Ellen Wilkinson High School, was named after her.
 * Harry H. Corbett Actor - moved to Ardwick after mother's death in Burma.

title: Ardwick


text:
Talk:Yakov Perelman

little information
I was searching for name of a wonderful physics book written by Yakov I. Perelman. It literally translate into physics wonders. It was been translated into almost all Indian languages as well as many others including English. I could not find it in any English site, created this stub article hoping somebody will improve it. Its very sad that how much little information is there in Wikipedia (as well as web) about non-western world. -Bijee 00:09, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Excellent book physis for entertainment
I have found one of the excellent book called physics for entertainment.Its a must read book on natural physical phenomenons.

mayuresh. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.18.21.115 (talk) 11:00, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

birth
please check if the date is old style or new style. pietro.151.29.25.24 (talk) 20:34, 21 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yakov Perelman


text:
Talk:François Joseph Paul de Grasse

Birthplace of de Grasse
I changed something which is refered to in the Wikiworld as vadalism. The place of birth for the comte de Grasse in the English Wikipedia was listed as "Bare-ofe-shitt". I read the French Wikipedia article on de Grasse, and changed his birthplace to Bar-sur-loup as given in that article.JGC1010 (talk) 02:59, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Taller than George Washington?
In Dewey Lambdin’s semi-historical novel The King’s Commission it is said that De Grasse lifted George Washington off his feet and hugged him, calling him “Mon petit general”. if there is a safer source from this, it would be an interesting addition to the article. Tjobrien.seoul (talk) 02:02, 20 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:François Joseph Paul de Grasse


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Golden Valley line

The Golden Valley line is the popular name given to the railway line between Swindon, Gloucester and Cheltenham Spa in England.

The line was originally built as the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway in the 1840s. It was opened between Swindon and Kemble, along with a branch line to Cirencester, in 1841. It was a further four years before the remainder of the line, including the tunnel at Sapperton, was completed.

The line diverges from the Great Western Main Line at Swindon. After passing through the Sapperton tunnel and down the Golden Valley to Stroud, it joins the Bristol Temple Meads to Birmingham New Street main line at Standish Junction, just north of Stonehouse.

Origin of name
The "Golden Valley" is the name given to part of the valley of the River Frome between Chalford and Stroud, which the railway line follows for part of its route. It is said that the name was coined by Queen Alexandra, wife of King Edward VII, while travelling on a train along the route in June 1909. The name has since become associated with the entire line from Swindon to Gloucester and Cheltenham, as these are the extents of the shortest train services along the line.

Places served
The towns served by the route are:
 * Swindon
 * Kemble
 * Stroud
 * Stonehouse
 * Gloucester (through trains must reverse, or omit calling here)
 * Cheltenham

The other intermediate stations and halts were closed to passengers on 2 November 1964. Kemble station was a junction for two branch lines, serving Cirencester and Tetbury; both branches closed to passengers on 6 April 1964.

Train services
Passenger services between Paddington and Cheltenham are operated by Great Western Railway. Services are approximately hourly. There are limited services between Swindon and Cheltenham Spa as well as on Mondays to Saturdays. The maximum speed on the line is 100 mph (160 km/h).

Electrification proposal
In 1977, the Parliamentary Select Committee on Nationalised Industries recommended considering electrification of more of Britain's rail network and, by 1979, BR presented a range of options to do so by 2000. Options included electrifying numerous former Great Western routes, including the Golden Valley line. Under the 1979–90 Conservative governments that succeeded the 1976–79 Labour government, the proposal was not implemented. , there are no plans to electrify the line.

Reinstatement of second track
The line had originally been built as double track, but as a cost saving measure it was reduced to single track between Swindon and Kemble in 1968. It was intended that the whole of the line between Swindon and Standish Junction would be single track, with passing places at Kemble and Sapperton, but protests caused British Rail to abandon the project after reaching Kemble.

Network Rail proposed to reinstate the second track in September 2008, then September 2009, but the plans were referred to the Office of Rail Regulation. Despite protests by local MPs, the ORR made a preliminary decision that the project would not be included in the 2009–2014 High Level Output Specification plan for new rail infrastructure. In the 2011 Budget the Government announced that funding for the redoubling was to be provided, with works reported to be completed by Spring 2014 and then delayed until August 2014.

Initial work involved slewing the single track, as it had been moved to the centre of the trackbed during the singling works. This was followed by excavation and clearance work, then finally installation of the new track. Level crossing works were also undertaken. The line was officially reopened by Anne, Princess Royal in October 2014.

The redoubling was an important step in the 21st Century upgrade of the Great Western Main Line, as it provides a diversionary route for trains between London and Cardiff to use while the Severn Tunnel is closed or during electrification works between Swindon and Severn Tunnel Junction.

title: Golden Valley line


text:
Counterpunch

Counterpunch can refer to:
 * Counterpunch (boxing), a punch in boxing
 * CounterPunch, a political magazine
 * Counterpunch (typography), a type of punch used in traditional typography
 * Punch/Counterpunch, a fictional character in The Transformers
 * Counterpuncher, a tennis strategy
 * Wade Hixton's Counter Punch, a boxing game for the Game Boy Advance
 * Operation Counterpunch, a military offensive during the Laotian Civil War
 * CounterPunch (film), a Netflix Original documentary directed by Jay Bulger

title: Counterpunch


text:
Template talk:Hiero/default/bordercolour

What is this template?
 * This template is part of a range of templates used to render Egyptian hieroglyphs in Wikipedia.
 * Specifically, this template encodes the border colour of templates when called by the parameter.
 * This is designed to be used as the default colour.
 * Gareth Hughes 00:14, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Blackley

Blackley is an area of Manchester, England. Historically in Lancashire, it is approximately 5 mi north of Manchester city centre, on the River Irk.

History
The hamlet of Blackley was mentioned in the Domesday Book. The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon Blæclēah, which means "dark wood" or "dark clearing". In the 13th and 14th centuries, Blackley was referred to as Blakeley or Blakelegh. By the Middle Ages, Blackley had become a park belonging to the lords of Manchester.

Its value in 1282 was recorded as £6 13s 4d, a sum approximately equivalent in buying power to £333,500 today. The lords of Manchester leased the land from time to time. In 1473, John Byron held the leases on Blackley village, Blackley field and Pillingworth fields at an annual rent of £33 6s 8d.

The Byron family continued to hold the land until the beginning of the 17th century, when Blackley was sold in parcels to a number of landowners. By the middle of the 17th century, Blackley was a rural village of just 107 inhabitants.

There was gradual residential development in the 1930s to 1960s, where most farmland was built upon.

Today, only pockets of the suburb are undeveloped green space, with farmland remaining close to the M60 motorway.

Blackley has an important history in the chemical industry, starting with the Borelle Dyeworks founded by Angel Raphael Louis Delaunay in 1785 and run by ICI, who expanded it as a research centre for chemicals and pharmaceuticals. There were several other dye and chemical works. Connolly's Ltd made telecommunication cabling, later becoming part of BICC.

Governance
Blackley, since 2010, has been part of the parliamentary constituency of Blackley and Broughton. The current Member of Parliament is Graham Stringer of the Labour Party, who was first elected in 1997 for the predecessor constituency Manchester Blackley. The candidate of the Conservative Party came second in the general election of 2019, with 24.6% of the vote compared to Stringer's 61.9%.

The suburb is split between the local government wards of Higher Blackley and Charlestown on Manchester City Council. The three councillors for both wards are members of the Labour Party.

Economy
During the 1930s, residential development started to take place in the formerly rural village to provide more homes for Manchester's growing population. It became an area with a mixture of housing: mainly privately owned homes for owner occupation and private renting. In 2014, Blackley appeared on a list of Top 10 Places to Live In Greater Manchester.

The suburb is popular for commuters into Manchester city centre. The few opportunities to work in the suburb itself include the Hexagon Tower Development, close to North Manchester Hospital, which is a centre for scientific research into plastics and related innovation.

Church of St Peter
The Church of St Peter on Old Market Street is a Gothic Revival church, which was built in 1844 by E. H. Shellard. It was erected at a cost of £3,162. It was designated a Grade II* listed building on 20 June 1988. The interior is aisled and particularly impressive for its complete 170 year old interior, with the extremely unusual survival of all the fine boxes and pews.

The churchyard contains the war graves of ten service personnel of World War I, and seven of World War II.

Green spaces
Blackley has several green spaces:

Boggart Hole Clough
Boggart Hole Clough is a large woodland and urban country park. The park has a bowling green, tennis and basketball courts, a boating lake and a children's play area. It has its own permanent orienteering course and an athletics track. There is an old stone bridge across the brook running through the clough.

The clough was designated a local nature reserve in 2008.

Blackley Forest
Blackley Forest is a Site of Biological Importance and an example of one of the country's first Community Woodlands. It was planted to commemorate the Queen's coronation and also local people killed in the Second World War. The area has had woodland on it since the Norman Conquest in 1066, when there were wild boar, deer and eagles.

The forest is a mix of woodland, grassland and wetlands, with a network of paths and steps. The stretch of the River Irk in the forest is fringed by birch trees with some colonies of autumn crocus.

Heaton Park
Heaton Park, at around 650 acre, is the biggest park in Greater Manchester, and one of the largest municipal parks in Western Europe, providing some 25% of Manchester's total green space. It is the grounds of Heaton Hall, a Grade I listed, neoclassical 18th-century country mansion. The hall was remodelled to a design by James Wyatt in 1772, and is open to the public as a museum and events venue.

Although the park is officially part of the City of Manchester, two of a number of entrances are accessed from the suburb of Blackley, on Middleton Road.

Transport
Blackley is well served by buses primarily along the main arterial routes of Rochdale Road (A664), and Cheetham Hill Road/Bury Old Road (A665) directly to and from Manchester city centre. Initially these would have been provided by the precursors to, and Manchester Carriage and Tramways Company, and currently by First Greater Manchester.

Other journeys are provided by Stagecoach Manchester, which took over JPT in April 2014. There are frequent Metrolink trams from Bowker Vale to and from Manchester city centre and as far south as Altrincham and as far north as Bury. The M60 orbital motorway is the northern boundary of Blackley.

Primary schools
Blackley has a number of primary schools, which include:
 * Charlestown Community Primary School
 * Crab Lane Primary School
 * Crosslee Community Primary School
 * Holy Trinity CE Primary School
 * Mount Carmel RC Primary School
 * Pike Fold Primary School
 * St Clare's RC Primary School
 * St John Bosco RC Primary School
 * Victoria Avenue Primary School

Secondary schools

 * The Co-operative Academy of Manchester
 * The Co-operative Academy North Manchester
 * Our Lady's RC High School.

There are nearest secondary schools, including Manchester Communication Academy.

Special and alternative schools

 * Camberwell Park School
 * Manchester Hospital Schools
 * North Ridge High School

Sports
Blackley Golf Club

The award-winning Blackley Golf Club has occupied its present site close to the M60 motorway since 1937. The club celebrated its centenary in 2007, and a new clubhouse opened in 2009. The clubhouse offers use for wedding receptions and private hire. There is a golf shop, open to club members and the public.

The course's green is separated by fields from the motorway. A public footpath runs along the perimeter.

Blackley Cricket Club

Blackley Cricket Club currently plays in the Greater Manchester Cricket League. The club is located on Crab Lane. It won the cricket league title for Greater Manchester in 2009.

Notable people
(either born in Blackley, or resident of Blackley)

 * Hasney Aljofree (b. 1978), Swindon Town footballer
 * John Bradford (1510–1555), Protestant martyr
 * Roger Byrne (1929–1958), captain of Manchester United, and one of eight players who died in the Munich air disaster.
 * Stephen Bywater (b. 1981), professional footballer
 * Howard Davies (b. 1951), economist and author: current Chairman of the Royal Bank of Scotland and former director of the London School of Economics.
 * David Heyes (b. 1946), Labour politician: former Labour MP for Ashton-under-Lyne
 * Bernard Hill (1944–2024), actor of film, stage and television
 * Jon Macken (b. 1977), former Manchester United and Manchester City footballer
 * Bernard Manning (1930–2007), comedian
 * Wilf McGuinness (b. 1937), former Manchester United player and manager
 * Joe McIntyre (b. 1971), former professional footballer
 * John Monks (b. 1945), Baron Monks of Blackley: Member of the House of Lords. Former General Secretary, TUC
 * Northside singer, Warren "Dermo" Dermody
 * Malcolm Roberts (1944–2003), musician, entertainer and Eurovision contestant.
 * Vini Reilly (b. 1953), musician: The Durutti Column
 * Peter Townley (b. 1955), Church of England Archdeacon – current Archdeacon of Pontefract

title: Blackley


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/A Little About Everything

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 13:18, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

A Little About Everything
Non-notable blog. Alexa rank is 2,873,985; google for "A Little About Everything" (with quotes) doesn't find this until the third page. Orphaned article. — Gwalla | Talk 00:14, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 01:03, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable blog. --Deathphoenix 05:13, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. non-notable RJFJR 20:22, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Arabian Knights

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. This has been done. Tra la la, la la la la..... Joyous 02:06, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

The Arabian Knights
One of a number of animated segments from the 1968 Hanna-Barbera show The Banana Splits Adventure Hour. The segment is not notable enough for its own article, and contains no information that isn't present in the Banana Splits article (the Arabian Knight blurb appears in the Arabian Knight article). --b. Touch 00:15, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Arabian Knight Banana Splits, nothing here worth merging. Megan1967 01:05, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't it redirect to Banana Splits? --b. Touch 01:28, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed vote changed, as above. Megan1967 05:54, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with b. Touch, Redirect to Banana Splits seems to be the ticket. --Deathphoenix 05:18, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Banana Splits. Talk about getting my memory jogged...! - Lucky 6.9 21:22, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Banana Splits. --Matteh (talk) 04:25, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Moston, Manchester

Moston is a suburb of Manchester, in North West England, approximately 3 mi north-east of the city centre. Historically in Lancashire, Moston is a predominantly residential area, with a population of 14,518 at the 2011 census and an area of approximately 1300 acre.

History
The name Moston may derive from the Old English words moss and ton, where moss usually referred to a place that was mossy, marshy or peat bog, and ton signified a town or settlement. The area of White Moss still retains these characteristics.

Historical records of Moston date back as far as 1301. The earliest historical archives are of a charter from the Lord of the Manor of Manchester, Thomas Grelle.

Although in 1320 Moston was called a hamlet of Manchester, in some deeds it is spoken of as lying within the township and parish of Ashton-under-Lyne. That the lords of Ashton had in early times rights in Moston also is shown by a fine of 1195, from which it appears that on a division Robert son of Bernard had Moston.

By the 14th century, Moston consisted of untamed countryside and agricultural settlements. In the 16th century the area saw the introduction of the linen treatment industry, with the washing and bleaching of the fabric boosting the economy throughout the area. Moston went on to become an integral part of the northern sector of 'Cottonopolis' during the 18th and 19th centuries.

The Moston Mill Print Works, which was on the junction of Williams Road and St Mary's Road, closed in 1848. Spring Valley Dye Works was sited in the area to the west to what is currently known as Lancaster Club. Extracting sand and clay from the local pits was another important industry alongside the brick works in Newton Heath. The area around Belgrave Road is known to local residents as the "White Stuff" or the "White Hills", in reference to the brickworks' waste that formed steep and unstable hills alongside the brook. These hills were reprofiled during landscaping works carried out in the early 1980s.

Increased population levels in the area resulted in the need for an increased number of residential developments.

Governance
Moston was incorporated into the city of Manchester in 1890, along with neighbouring Blackley and ceased to be a township in 1896, when it became part of the new township of North Manchester.

The town is incorporated into the parliamentary constituency of Manchester Central. This seat is currently held by Lucy Powell MP of the Labour Party and is considered a politically safe seat, having been continuously held by the party since it was created in 1974.

Following boundary changes in 2018 part of the Moston electoral ward is within the Blackley and Broughton parliamentary constituency, represented by Graham Stringer MP of the Labour Party.

Councillors

Moston is represented on Manchester City Council by three Labour councillors; Yasmine Dar (Lab), Paula Appleby (Lab), and Julie Connolly (Lab).

indicates seat up for re-election. indicates councillor resigned party whip or suspended. indicates seat won in by-election.

Geography
Moston is located above the midpoint of the Greater Manchester Urban Area, 3.2 mi north-east of Manchester city centre. Moston is bordered by Harpurhey, to the east by Failsworth and by Newton Heath and Monsall to the south.

The town is built on a mixture of Bunter sandstone and Manchester marl (clay) that is Permo-Triassic in origin. The area is underlain with middle coal measures (mainly Carboniferous Westphalian B).

During the search for mineral deposits, geologists discovered a geological fault (known as the Moston Fault) running between Clayton Bridge and Alkrington.

Moston Brook flows through the district, forming the border with Failsworth and Newton Heath.

Landmarks
Broadhurst Park was opened in 1920 and provides a range of activity opportunities and community events, including football. The park provides green space within the Irk Valley corridor. Broadhurst Park and Field stage summer funfairs and summer sports activities for children. The majority of the site is open grassland, and includes a landscaped area. The north of the park is home to recreation and community events, while the south contains woodland.

Recent drainage improvements to the football fields have greatly increased the biodiversity significance of the neighbouring Broadhurst Clough area, where the open water is home to a wide range of wildlife.

Nuthurst Park is a community park on Nuthurst Road, containing a children's playground, 5-a-side pitch, tennis court and basketball courts.

Hough Hall, on Hough Hall Road, is the oldest building in the Moston area. The Hall was listed as a Grade II listed building on 3 October 1974 and was erected in approximately the 16th–17th centuries.

Transport

Moston railway station is located off Hollinwood Avenue, in New Moston, and is unstaffed. Since the closure of the Oldham Loop Line in 2009, all trains calling at the station are on the Caldervale route managed by Northern. The area is also served by Newton Heath and Moston Metrolink station, part of the Manchester Metrolink light rail service.

Moston is served by several bus services, primarily along Moston Lane directly to and from Manchester city centre. Bus routes that go to Manchester city centre include 51, 81, 88, 112, 118, 77, 24, 182, 114, 81A 149 and 188. Bus routes from Moston also go to Middleton, Pendleton, Failsworth, Oldham, Cheetham Hill and Chadderton. The bus routes are managed by Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM) and the Bluebird Bus and Coach company.

The road links in the area allow for easy transit to all of the surrounding districts and cities; the main thoroughfares are Broadway, which is technically part of New Moston, Lightbowne Road and Victoria Avenue. The M60 is an orbital motorway surrounding the majority of Greater Manchester; access can be gained onto it via junction 21 on Broadway.

Education
The Manchester College (previously known as MANCAT (Manchester College of Arts and Technology) has a campus in Moston, which used to be known as Moston Technical College, and at One Central Park. These campuses offer further education facility for school leavers and adults. The One Central Park Campus offers courses run by Manchester NTI (New Technology Institute) in partnership with Manchester College, specialising in IT and Management and Enterprise skills.

Religious sites
The oldest church still in use is Streetfold Methodist Church, which was founded in 1825. In 1907 the United Methodist Free Church merged with the Methodist New Connexion and the Bible Christians to form the United Methodist Church. In 1932, there was a further union in Britain (the 1932 Methodist Union), in which Primitive Methodists, Wesleyan Methodists and United Methodists came together as the Methodist Church.

Roman Catholic churches in Moston fall under the control of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford whilst the Anglican churches, the Anglican Diocese of Manchester. Statistics state that Moston is not as religiously diverse as some other areas of Manchester.

St Joseph's Cemetery (commonly known as Moston Cemetery) which opened in 1875, stretches out over a wide sloping site and is one of Manchester's principal Roman Catholic cemeteries. It contains the war graves of 214 Commonwealth service personnel from World War I and 144 from World War II; those whose graves have no headstones are listed on a Screen Wall memorial which also list 11 Belgian soldiers who were later exhumed and reburied in Belgium.

The Alexian Brothers Care Centre is a dual registered care home providing long-term care for older people requiring residential support and nursing care. The current building was completed in 1992 to replace the original hospital of the Alexian Brothers. The home is set within mature gardens in a secure, gated development.

The Alexian Brothers is a religious institute, originating in Belgium in the 14th century and has been closely involved with care of the elderly in the local community since first settling in Manchester in 1875. This work has continued on the same site in Moston since 1884. The Hospital Management Trust assumed responsibility for the operational management of the Care Centre in January 2006 in response to the Brothers need to step back from front line management.

Sport

Broadhurst Park football stadium, built in 2015, is the home of F.C. United of Manchester; it is the area's non-League football club, which plays in the Northern Premier League Premier Division.

Broadway Leisure Centre has a 25m swimming pool, a fitness suite, workout studio, sun beds and sauna and steam rooms.

North Manchester Rugby Union Club are based at Tudor Lodge, Victoria Avenue East; the first team participate in the North Lancashire Division 1 league.

Moston Brook AFC is an amateur football club, which was formed in 1969 as an 'Old Boys' team to be made up of former pupils from Moston Brook High School, although the school was closed August 2000.

Moston Valley FC was established in 2002 and became an FA Charter Standard Club in 2005. The teams range from under 8s up to under 16s; all play in a variety of leagues around Manchester.

Broadhurst Bowling Club is located in Broadhurst Park and stages a summer charity competition annually of four or five bowling handicaps; this is in aid of Francis House Children's Cancer Charity and the Catholic Rescue Society.

The Fitness First chain have a gym located on Victoria Avenue East with a cardio theatre, spinning room and other exercise facilities.

Public services
Policing in Moston is provided by Greater Manchester Police. A part-time station is located in Harpurhey on Moston Lane, under the command of North Manchester (A) Division.

New Moston Library is located on Nuthurst Road in New Moston, and aside from stocking books there are a vast number of other services and activities organised there. A tai chi club, the Moston Midwifery Group children's groups, Parent and Carer Information point, Health Information point and tai chi club use the site as a base.

Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the North Manchester Household Waste and Recycling Centre.

Notable people
Local Moston celebrities include television historian Michael Wood, social reformer and political reformer Samuel Bamford, actress Marsha Thomason who has found fame in such US shows as Las Vegas and Lost, the noted educationist Francis Smyth and Pete Mitchell from XFM, Kavana who is a singer and actor, rapper Aitch, Nottingham Forest and former England Under 21 footballer, Ishmael Miller, is another notable Moston citizen. The former Manchester City attacking midfielder was known on the terraces as The Moston Menace due to his formidable physique. Another footballer, Charles Broadhurst, was also born in Moston.

Major Henry Kelly VC, MC & Bar was a Moston born officer in the Duke of Wellington's (West Riding) Regiment who saw action in the First World War. Kelly received his Victoria Cross for his action on the 4 October 1916 at Le Sars, France. He was awarded his Military Cross & Bar for subsequent acts of heroism in the war. After the war, Kelly moved to Ireland and went on to become the chief of staff for overseas operations in the Free State Army.

William Chaderton was born in the district around 1540 and was an English academic and Anglican bishop. He was the Bishop of Chester from 1579 to 1595 and then Bishop of Lincoln from 1595 to 1608 from where he went on to become Warden of Manchester College.

Liam McNally, opera singer known for his appearance on Britain's Got Talent in 2010.

Fr Brian Seale of St John Vianney's Church wrote a history of the suburb entitled The Moston Story.

Alternative/indie rock band Northside is from Moston.

title: Moston, Manchester


text:
Stonehouse, Gloucestershire

Stonehouse is a town in the Stroud District of Gloucestershire in southwestern England.

The town centre is 2.5 miles east of the M5 motorway, junction 13. Stonehouse railway station has a regular train service to London.

The town is situated approximately 9 miles south of Gloucester city centre and 3.5 miles west of central Stroud, though following recent development it is partially contiguous with the Ebley district of Stroud. It includes the sub-villages of Bridgend (to the south) and Ryeford (to the east).

Stonehouse Manor
Stonehouse appears in William the Conqueror's Domesday Book of 1086 under its Old English name “Stanhus” – so called, it is believed, because the manor house was built of stone rather than the usual wattle and daub. William de Ow, a cousin of William the Conqueror, owned the manor lands which included a vineyard, and two mills. The name may have evolved from Stanhus to Stonehouse : stān > stone + hūs > house, as an effect of the Great Vowel Shift at the end of the Middle Ages.

The original manor house was completely rebuilt in 1601. In 1906, Stonehouse Court was bought by Arthur Winterbotham who completely refurbished it to a design by architect Edwin Lutyens. and despite a fire in 1908, that destroyed the new interior of the house leaving only the outer shell and a few original features. Winterbotham had the house restored in a similar fashion. Mr Winterbotham died in 1936, leaving his widow Caroline living there until her death in 1974, when the house was sold and, after a period as business offices, eventually became an hotel in 1983 as Stonehouse Court Hotel. It is located next to St Cyr's Church near the Stroudwater Canal. Stonehouse Court is a listed grade 2 building.

Some of the town's oldest trees are in the grounds of Stonehouse Court.

Oldend Hall
Oldend Hall was occupied by the Beard family from 1661 to the late 18th century. The house was two-storied and largely stone-faced, its entrance front facing north. The half-H plan consists of a central block and two flanking wings extending southwards. The. west wing is structurally timber-framed and dates from the earlier 17th century. The only exposed framing was along the upper story of the west wall; elsewhere the wing has been stone-faced at various periods. The central block has been more drastically altered, but also formed part of the original timber-framed house; the presence of several re-used smoke-blackened timbers in the roof suggests that it may have contained a medieval open hall before it was remodelled. The house was much altered and enlarged c. 1700. The central block was extended eastwards to include a large chimney which stood against its former gable-end. The east wing, entirely of stone with two gables on the east was added and the north front of the older building was faced with stone ashlar to match it. Features of that period include several mullioned and transomed windows, a central dormer, and the central doorway with its semi-circular hood on shaped brackets. The only internal fitting to survive from the earlier house is a 16th-century door with linen-fold panels. Oldend Hall was demolished in 1977.

Notable Dates
In 1327, one of the manor's masters, John Maltravers, was implicated in the murder of Edward II in Berkeley Castle, and fled abroad. He later found favour with Edward III and the Stonehouse manor was restored to him “by tenure de Marchacia (of the royal Marshalcy) by a rose per annum”. The rose was a symbol of loyalty to the Crown. This may have been the origin of the modern day emblem of Stonehouse – the Tudor rose.

1375–1558 The manor was owned by the Earls of Arundel. The Lord of the Manor did not necessarily live at the house; it would have often have been occupied by a steward or tenant. During this period the manor house was a working court, holding jurisdiction over the whole manor. This is when it became known as Stonehouse Court.

1558 The Court was sold to local clothiers William Fowler and William Sandford. The cloth industry was now becoming the major source of employment in the area.

1601 William Fowler's son Daniel rebuilt the manor house. The date stone over the door is thought to commemorate the new building.

1685 The Court was let to farmers with the owners living in grander places.

1730 The earliest surviving map of the manor lands. A copy of this can be seen in the hotel.

1779 The Stroudwater Canal opened, running through the manor lands.

1810 Court Farm was built.

1847 The Court was owned by the Marling family.

Industry
The woollen industry was important to Stonehouse people, first as producers of wool and later as experts in textiles. The small mills of the 17th and 18th century supported work at home for the growing population of the village, later changing to a factory system. As the textile industry declined, Stonehouse remained a thriving place as smaller businesses of every type took over.

Due to the availability of raw materials in Stonehouse, brickmaking began there in 1856 with evidence of possible prior brickmaking as early as 1839 or 1840 and of as many as thirteen brickmaking sites altogether. The largest and last to close of the brickmakers, Stonehouse Brick and Tile Company Ltd., was located where the Rosedale housing estate now stands. It was founded in 1891, and by 1895 employed a large number of people in making pottery, terra-cotta, and bricks. The company closed in 1968 and the 202-foot high chimney was demolished. Bricks and other materials made by the company were not only used locally (notably in the Stonehouse Post Office, now the Town Hall) and in other areas of Britain, but were also used as far away as Cape Town, Gibraltar, and Buenos Aires, with those used in Gibraltar transported there on the RMS Lusitania during her sea trials. Among the many buildings abroad built from Brick and Tile bricks is the English Clock Tower in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which celebrated its centenary in 2016. Stonehouse History Group sent a commemorative plaque which is now displayed in the Tower.

Stonehouse has a number of business and industrial parks, with the largest of these in Oldends Lane, located off the A419 in the west of the town and is home to the Severnside Dairy for Müller and other large companies including Schlumberger, Renishaw, Delphi Automotive, Lister Shearing and Dairy Partners.

In 2015 a new business park was built at the side of the A419 opposite the town's main industrial estate in Oldends Lane. In 2016 a new eco-business park and wood-based football stadium for Forest Green Rovers was mooted by local businessman Dale Vince, CEO of Ecotricity, to be constructed west of the town, close to the M5 junction. The formal planning application for the stadium was initially refused by Stroud Council in June 2019 but ultimately approved in December 2019.

Canal
From the town, there are a number of footpaths and lanes leading to the nearby canal, Stroudwater Navigation, which passes through the west of the town. On the canal at the rear of Stonehouse Court is Ocean Bridge. This was an iron swing bridge where canal boats would turn. There used to be a repair yard there. The Cotswold Canals Trust are actively restoring the canal. Work is currently underway and plans to also relink it all the way to Saul Junction where it will meet the Gloucester & Sharpness Canal. To achieve this, a new railway bridge was constructed at the 'Ocean' during 2021, a new canal cutting to be constructed under the M5 and remodelling of the A38 roundabout near Fromebridge Mill also completed in 2021 so that boats will, effectively, pass under the roundabout. When all this work is finished, boats may be able to navigate from Saul Junction all the way to the centre of Stroud. Further work is needed to link this from Stroud to the Thames.

The Ocean is an ideal wildlife nesting location and a variety of ducks, swans, herons, kingfishers and moorhens can be seen.

Cotswold Way
The national trail, Cotswold Way, passes close to Stonehouse.

Sport
The football club, Stonehouse Town F.C., located at the north of the town, has four teams, with the top one currently playing in the Northern Senior League.

Recreation grounds
The town has three public recreation grounds, these are Laburnham Playing Field, just west of the High Street, Meadow Road Park, east of the High Street and at Oldends Lane, in the north of the town next to Stonehouse Football Club.

Green spaces and nature reserve
On the town side of the A419 next to Court View, near the now derelict Stonehouse and Nailsworth Railway is a small nature reserve, fenced off from public access, that contained a colony of great crested newts. Over the years since the estate at Court View has been occupied, the five valleys project were responsible for the reserve and took an annual census of the number of newts. In recent years, the census has stopped and the area remains fenced off without any further count. A plaque at the reserve shows details of wildlife that can be seen there.

Pubs
In 1838 the whole parish (including Cainscross and Ebley and Westrip) had a total of 33 public houses and beerhouses and in 1891 there were 21 public houses. In the village of Stonehouse in 1901 there were about 14. In 2018 there are two – The Woolpack and The Globe which both date from the early 19th century. The Woolpack Inn is one of the oldest buildings in Stonehouse, developed from 16th-century cottages and barns. It catered for the wool traders and farmers whereas the Crown and Anchor in the middle of the town (now a doctors' surgery) was the main coaching inn where the Bath coach stopped. The Spa Inn on Oldends Lane was one of Stonehouse's oldest public houses, developing from 16th-century cottages. During the 19th century it was selling mineral water from its well and a pump room was added. Gradually the Spa business faded and it became a beerhouse. It was a successful pub during the 20th century, but was closed early in 2013 after a succession of landlords and then sold by the brewery Wadworths in 2014.

Television
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West and BBC West Midlands on BBC One & ITV West Country and ITV Central on ITV1. Television signals are received from either the Mendip or Ridge Hill TV transmitters.

Radio
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Gloucestershire, Heart West and Greatest Hits Radio South West.

Newspapers
The town is served by the local newspaper, Stroud News & Journal.

Primary schools
In the town there are two primary schools. Park Infant hosts pupils from reception through to year 2 (age 5 to 7) and has approximately 160 pupils. Park Junior school for pupils between years 3 and 6 (ages 7 to 10) and has approximately 200 pupils. Each school has two classes per year.

Secondary schools
Maidenhill School, located in the north east of Stonehouse, is the town's comprehensive, 11–16 mixed secondary school. The school has a capacity for 785 pupils.

Independent schools
Wycliffe College is in the south of the town and spread over two campuses, its Preparatory School campus on Ebley Road, which includes a Nursery school, and large Senior campus close by. One of the school's boarding houses, Haywardsend, is one of the town's oldest buildings, an old Tudor farmhouse. Haywardsfield, an imposing three-story red brick building at the head of the school drive, is the school's oldest boarding house. In addition to trees on the grounds of Stonehouse Court, some of the town's oldest trees are within the college grounds however some of these have been removed in recent years due to disease or weakness considered a factor to pupil safety. Their loss has been off-set by the planting of many new trees throughout the campus.

Religious centres
The Parish church is St Cyr's Church, named after St Cyriac or St Cyril. The Church sits alongside the canal in the west of the town. St Cyr's Church is one of the oldest buildings in Stonehouse, the tower dating from the 14th century. George Whitefield, the Gloucester-born evangelist, preached here. In addition to its historic burial ground, it also has an active burial ground alongside the canal. Other churches include Stonehouse Methodist Church, St Joseph's Catholic, Stonehouse Baptist Church (meeting at Maidenhill School) and the Bethel Church. Stonehouse Live is a network of Christians bringing all the Churches together in Stonehouse. A Wesleyan chapel was built in 1911 in the grounds of Wycliffe College; although built with money subscribed by those connected with the school and mainly used by the school, it was also the chapel of the local Methodist community. A tower and spire were added in 1921. The chapel was gutted by fire in 1939 and rebuilt in the late 1950s, with much of the stone came from the church at Frocester. Its tower is Grade II listed. The chapel holds popular annual Christmas Carol Services for the school and local community.

Governance
An electoral ward with the same name exists. The area and population are identical to that of the parish.

Police station
The nearest Police Station is in Stroud after the Stonehouse police station was closed in late 2011.

Road
Good road communication is provided, with the M5 situated within 2 miles of Stonehouse town centre, with the major industrial area located to the west of the town off the A419. The A419, in the west of the town, is the main artery route connecting both Stonehouse and the Stroud area to the nearby A38 and M5.

The B4008, High Street, is the main road through the town and also serves as a busy commuter route between Stroud and Gloucester, via Quedgeley. In 2011, Stonehouse High Street was made into a Community Shared Space, reopening in September 2011. There are many shops on the High Street, including a medium-sized supermarket. The town's Post Office closed in 2017 and is now incorporated in the supermarket, with the old Post Office now the library. The town now has a free car park just off the High Street and where public toilets are sited.

Bus
Bus services to Gloucester and Stroud are provided by Stagecoach, with other services to Cam, Dursley and the Stanleys. There are several bus stops throughout the town.

Rail
The town is served by Stonehouse railway station on the Golden Valley Line, with a service to London. The station has an east and west platform with a shelter on each platform, a pedestrian overhead bridge (still with the GWR logo) and a small pay-and-display car park. The station is unstaffed with tickets purchased via a ticket machine. There is an ongoing campaign to reopen the old Midland Railway Station near Court View, or build a new station further up the line in the north of the town which would then link Stonehouse directly to the Midlands and to the South West.

Growth
Stonehouse development was partly due to good communications for transport, In 1779, the Stroudwater Navigation, (now part of the Thames and Severn Canal) was cut and relics of the canal can still be seen. Business increased further when the land was prepared for the opening of the Midland Railway Station in 1844, and the Great Western Railway Station a year later. The Stonehouse and Nailsworth Railway opened a branch to Nailsworth in 1867 and Stroud in 1885.

World War 2
When the threat of war became clear in the late 1930s, the Cotswolds were seen as a suitable location for the dispersement of aerospace shadow factories, being a safe place away from German bombers range. Smiths were co-located to Bishops Cleeve and Stonehouse was chosen as a good place to build factories for the manufacturers Sperry's Gyroscope Company, who moved to Bond's Mill and Hoffmann's Bearings located to Oldends Lane. These two factories employed many people during the war and for a long time afterwards ensuring employment in the town for many years. The Gatehouse at Bonds Mill was originally constructed during World War II as a defensive pillbox. It is a rare example of a two-storey pillbox with a rooftop gun emplacement and is a Grade II listed building. It is now used as a visitor centre run by the Cotswold Canals Trust. Original air-raid shelters still exist nearby, being used as stores. There are the remains of a more conventional pillbox located on the railway at the canal crossing (2021) which may not survive the new bridge scheduled for Christmas 2021.

On 12 September 1940, a lone Dornier flew along the Stroud Valley and photographed the area. Detailed mapping of the Sperry factory was noted by German Intelligence, in preparation for a raid in February 1943, although this never occurred.

Post War
Rationalisation of the railways happened quickly after the Second World War, with passenger services being suspended on the Stroud and Nailsworth branch in 1947, and to freight in 1966, though special excursion trains for mill workers were provided for day outings (up to 1965). The Midland Railway station was closed in 1965. Burdett Road station, the last of two stations that Stonehouse possessed, was threatened with closure in 1972, but remains open. (The Midland line had a separate platform from the Bristol main line that users referred to as a third station.)

Stonehouse was connected to the national motorway network in 1971, when the M5 opened. In the late 20th century, Stonehouse saw substantial growth within industry; large multinationals such as ABB, International Intelligence and Intelligent Armour moving into the area.

Housing development in Stonehouse continued during the post-war period, with the Park Estate being built in the 1950s, Little Australia, Boakes Drive and continuing into the 21st century, with the small developments at Arrowsmith Drive and Court View, which is located opposite Stonehouse Court and built partially on the old Stroud and Nailsworth branch line in 2002. A small development adjacent to Arrowsmith Drive is being constructed in 2017, technically this is in the parish of Standish. In 2018, a small hamlet of 8 houses was built on the site of Stonehouse Youth Centre in Elm Road.

In 1986 an outbreak of meningitis in Stonehouse led to the founding of The Meningitis Trust. Now known as Meningitis Now and based in nearby Stroud, the charity has funded over £12 million of preventative research.

title: Stonehouse, Gloucestershire


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Hillerich & Bradsby

Hillerich & Bradsby Company (H&B) is an American manufacturing company located in Louisville, Kentucky that produces baseball bats for Wilson Sporting Goods, which commercializes them under the "Louisville Slugger" brand.

The company also operates the Louisville Slugger Museum & Factory in downtown Louisville, and produces gloves for sports such as golf, cycling, fitness, and gardening under the "Bionic Gloves" brand.

Until 2015, H&B owned the "Louisville Slugger" brand. In that year they sold it to Wilson, although their factory still makes the baseball bats bearing that name.

History
J. F. Hillerich opened his woodworking shop in Louisville in 1855. During the 1880s, Hillerich hired his seventeen-year-old son, John "Bud" Hillerich.

Company legend has it that Bud, who played baseball himself, slipped away from work one afternoon in 1884 to watch Louisville's major league team, the Louisville Eclipse. The team's star, Pete "Louisville Slugger" Browning, mired in a hitting slump, broke his bat. Bud invited Browning to his father's shop to hand-craft a new bat to his specifications. Browning accepted the offer, and got three hits to break out of his slump with the new bat the first day he used it. Browning told his teammates, which began a surge of professional ball players to the Hillerich woodworking shop. This story has been challenged by alternate versions of when the first bat was made, involving either Arlie Latham or Gus Weyhing.

J. F. Hillerich was uninterested in making bats. He saw the company future in stair railings, porch columns and swinging butter churns. For a brief time in the 1880s, he turned away ball players. Bud saw the potential in producing baseball bats, and the elder Hillerich eventually relented to his son.

The bats were sold under the name "Falls City Slugger" until Bud Hillerich took over his father's company in 1894, and the name "Louisville Slugger" was registered with the US Patent Office. In 1905, Honus Wagner signed a deal with the company, becoming likely the first American athlete to endorse an item of sports equipment.

Frank Bradsby, a salesman, became a partner in 1916, and the company's name changed to "The Hillerich and Bradsby Co." By 1923, H&B was selling more bats than any other bat maker in the country, and legends like Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth (R-43), and Lou Gehrig were all using them. R-43 is the company model number for the bats used by Babe Ruth.

In 1916, Hillerich and Bradsby began manufacturing golf clubs, eventually creating the PowerBilt brand for the clubs. Several major golf championships were won by players using PowerBilt clubs, including the Masters Tournament in 1967, 1971, 1979, and 1987.

During World War II, the company produced wooden rifle stocks and billy clubs for the U.S. Army. In 1954, the company purchased Larimer and Norton, Inc., a Pennsylvania lumber company to ensure a supply of hardwood for their products.

In 1976, the company moved across the Ohio River, to Jeffersonville, Indiana, to take advantage of the railroad line there. In 1996, the company returned to Louisville.

21st century
In 2005, Hillerich & Bradsby sold its majority interest in its Louisville TPS hockey equipment business. TPS Hockey was acquired three years later by Sher-Wood.

In 2015, Hillerich and Bradsby sold its Louisville Slugger division to Wilson Sporting Goods, an arm of Amer Sports which itself is an arm of the Chinese company Anta Sports. Hillerich and Bradsby continues (as of 2021) to manufacture Louisville Slugger bats in its Louisville factory, but under the aegis of Wilson Sporting Goods.

Hillerich and Bradsby CEO John A. Hillerich IV said that he had wanted to keep the bat business in the family, but that the sale was made because the company no longer can compete with larger, multinational companies that have more resources. Since 2001 Louisville slugger's market share of MLB players using their bats has been on a steady decline.

In 2016, Hillerich & Bradsby sold its PowerBilt golf club division to Hilco Streambank, an arm of Hilco Global.

This left the company with its Bionic Gloves division and its ownership and operation of the Louisville Slugger Museum & Factory. The factory continues (as of 2021) to manufacture bats, but only as the exclusive manufacturer for Wilson Sporting Goods, which sells them under the Louisville Slugger brand; the museum is open to the public and has various permanent and rotating exhibits, and provides factory tours.

Threat to wood sources
Over 90% of bats ever produced by Hillerich & Bradsby have been made from Northern white ash grown in proprietary forests on the New York–Pennsylvania border. Ash trees in the US are now under attack from the emerald ash borer, an invasive insect species native to Asia and first detected in Michigan in 2002. Very few ash trees remain in H&B's forests. The company is beginning to heavily utilize other woods such as maple and birch as a substantial part of North America's ash forests have been totally destroyed.

Sponsorship
Besides its products, H&B attaches the Louisville Slugger name to other entities as a sponsor. The Cincinnati Reds' Triple A affiliate, the Louisville Bats, play at Louisville Slugger Field in downtown Louisville. The Louisville Slugger name is also attached to awards for top power-hitters at both the high school and college levels, and the Silver Slugger Award given annually to the Major League Baseball player with the best offensive output in each position. The Louisville Slugger Batting Champion award is given to the American Legion "player with the highest batting average during national competition."

title: Hillerich & Bradsby


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Dream ballet

A dream ballet, in musical theater, is an all-dance, no-singing production number that reflects the themes of the production. The plot, themes, and characters are typically the same—although the people playing the characters may be different, as the roles of the dream ballet are usually filled by well-trained dancers rather than actual actors.

Dream ballet sequences exist mainly for clarification, foreshadowing, and symbolism, and occur outside the continuity of the production. They also advance the plot of the story through dance. Dream ballets also provide the opportunity to impress the audience with advanced dancing techniques and elaborate staging that would otherwise be impossible or dramatically inappropriate.

The dream ballet is thought to have originated in Rodgers and Hammerstein's 1943 musical Oklahoma!, which includes an 18-minute first-act dream ballet finale choreographed by Agnes de Mille, but dream ballets were devices of music-theatrical productions well before 1943. The technique has since become a routine (although by no means universal) theatrical practice.

Elements of a dream ballet
A dream ballet is a moment in a musical, where the dialogue stops and the plot may (though does not always) continue through movement. In Oklahoma!, the first time we see Laurey and Curly have a romantic moment is in the dream ballet. Likewise, what happens in the dream ballet, affects Laurey after she reawakens. This plot device makes the dream ballet unique in the world of musical theater. Dream ballets are not to be confused with dance breaks, though they share some properties. A dream ballet is a dedicated instrumental dance number, whereas dance breaks usually occur in the middle of songs. For example, the dance break in the middle of "Too Darn Hot" from Kiss Me, Kate! would not be considered a dream ballet because it is in the middle of a song with words. Also, it is there with the express purpose of dancing, not to move the plot forward (though some do). Dream ballets, do however, provide opportunities for choreographers to write flashy and extravagant dance numbers that would otherwise be difficult because of how hard it is for actors to sing and dance simultaneously.

It is difficult to say how or why dream ballets, as agents of plot development or as devices of theatrical artifice, became so widespread in the twentieth century, but its appeal had a lot to do with opportunities it provided writers to forgo the laws of reality and creative imaginative and dream-like plot arcs that would otherwise be unrealistic or impossible. They sometimes create a time warp, where large periods of time are expressed or summarized in a montage-like sequence (Rodgers and Hammerstein's Carousel is one such example.). They also provide insight into a character's emotional or psychological state (like "Laurie's Dream" in Oklahoma!).

Dream ballets in film
After Oklahoma! debuted onstage, some movie musicals began to incorporate dream ballets into their creations. One notable example is An American in Paris (1951). Directed by Vincente Minnelli and choreographed by both Minnelli and Gene Kelly, the last twenty minutes of the movie is a dream ballet where Kelly's character Jerry Mulligan examines his relationship with Lise Bouvier, played by Leslie Caron. The dream ballet is supposed to stylistically move from painter to painter as Jerry thinks about his relationship in terms of different painters from Paris.

Another Vincente Minnelli film to feature a dream ballet is The Band Wagon (1953) starring classic film dancers Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse. Based on the musical of the same name, the dream ballet number "Dancing in the Dark" featured choreography by Michael Kidd. In 1954, Stanley Donen directed Seven Brides for Seven Brothers which featured a "Barn Dance" where the seven sisters are fought over by the seven brothers and their rivals. As he was popular at this time, the choreography was by Michael Kidd.

Oklahoma! debuted as a film in 1955, keeping Agnes DeMille's choreography for the dream ballet intact. Many additional musicals made the transformation from stage to the big screen including Brigadoon (1954), Guys and Dolls (1955), Carousel (1956), West Side Story (1961), and The Wiz (1978). These film versions tended to have big names as stars such as Gene Kelly, Marlon Brando, Frank Sinatra, Rita Moreno, and Diana Ross.

Since then other films have used the conceit of a dream ballet including the Coen Brothers' The Hudsucker Proxy (1994) which has an unexpected dream ballet number choreographed by Wesley Fata and performed by Tim Robbins and Pamela Everett, The Big Lebowski (1998) featuring Jeff Bridges, and I'm Thinking of Ending Things (2020). An episode of television series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend (2015) also features a dream ballet entitled "Triceratops Ballet." In an episode of the musical television show Schmigadoon!, when a character senses a dream ballet is about to begin, she immediately halts it, as she believes "nobody likes them and they slow everything down." Pearl is a rare example of a horror film with a dream ballet sequence. In Barbie, "I'm Just Ken" is regarded as "part battle sequence and part dream ballet."

Agnes de Mille
Agnes de Mille had roots in the theater community with her father, William de Mille a Broadway playwright and a Hollywood screenwriter. Her uncle was Cecil B. DeMille, famous for his success as a Hollywood film director. Her family pressured her to pursue a playwriting career for herself, but she wanted to become a ballet dancer. This didn't pan out as she would have liked, in spite of great efforts. She ended up attending UCLA for English and graduated with honors. However, she returned to the stage after moving to New York. She used solo dance recitals as a way to perform, refine her choreographic style, and garnered the interest of fellow theater makers. Agnes de Mille continued on this venture in London for an additional 5 years. In 1940 she helped found American Ballet Theatre back in the United States and choreographed some of their early work. Her big breakthrough, however, came when she choreographed and danced the lead role for "Rodeo" for Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in 1942. She soon became an in-demand Broadway choreographer after that, working on musicals for stage and film for the next thirty years.

Michael Kidd
Michael Kidd grew up in New York City in the early 1900s. He started dancing in high school and while he started to pursue a college career in chemical engineering, he soon decided to become a ballet dancer instead. He joined American Ballet Theatre in 1937 and choreographed his first piece, On Stage!, in 1945. After getting a taste for choreography, he soon moved to Broadway and after gaining accolades in the form of Tonys for his choreography in Finian's Rainbow and Guys and Dolls, he became a popular Hollywood choreographer as well. Eventually Kidd added "Broadway director" to his list of accomplishments. His achievements include five Tonys for choreography and an Honorary Academy Award, which he received in 1997.

title: Dream ballet


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What is this template?
 * This template is part of a range of templates used to render Egyptian hieroglyphs in Wikipedia.
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daniel Poon

Daniel Poon
Non-notable. DJ Clayworth 00:23, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:Moravian Church

Does this sentence make sense to you? Some proofreading, then editing is required.
"Until that stalwarts exanteos in New York that September 1740 they led him through the unbroken wilderness to Shekomeko where a Moravian mission was established and the two Indians chiefs were converted to the Moravian faith."

US Centric
Good article, but much too US-Centric. There are 50,000 Moravians in the US, but 700,000 world wide, due to successful missions over the last 270 years. Check out their site, and follow the links to some of the international churches.

External links modified
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Early 'protestants'
Quite apart from in the Eastern Churches (such as the Coptic Church), the earliest opposition in Europe to the power of Rome (and its abuse) can be located in England, with the 14th cent. John Wycliffe, acknowledged by Hus, at least implicitly, when he translated Wycliffe's Trialogus (Pamour (talk) 21:28, 15 January 2020 (UTC)).

title: Talk:Moravian Church