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KMET (FM)

KMET was a Los Angeles FM radio station owned by Metromedia (hence the "MET" in its call sign) that broadcast at 94.7 MHz beginning on May 2, 1966. It signed off permanently on February 14, 1987 after a 21-year run on air. The station, nicknamed "The Mighty Met" (among other nicknames), was a pioneering station of the "underground" progressive rock format.

History
As with many FM stations at the time, KMET featured an automated format (with female voices and middle-of-the-road music). The origin of KMET's freeform rock music format came about due to events at a rival radio station. In 1967, popular Top 40 disc jockey Tom Donahue (Rock Radio Hall of Fame inductee 2015) and his wife Raechel took the FM underground rock sound to KMPX in San Francisco, and soon, along with L.A. Top 40 personality B. Mitchel Reed, to KPPC-FM in Pasadena. Both stations quickly became popular with their innovative formats, and brought the owners more success than they encountered before. But it was to be short-lived. After conflicts with the stations’ owners, the Donahues, Reed and the rest of the KPPC and KMPX staff left both stations and went on strike. As prospects for resolving the strike looked hopeless (the owners had hired scabs to continue the rock programming), Tom Donahue looked elsewhere, and eventually convinced Metromedia to install KPPC's format at KMET in June 1968. They did likewise at KMET's sister station, KSAN-FM in San Francisco. Many of the personalities at both stations transferred to Metromedia.

The KPPC format was only mildly successful. After leaving KROQ AM/FM, Shadoe Stevens was hired by General Manager L. David Moorhead in 1974 to create something new for the struggling format KMET had put in place. With a staff that included B. Mitchell Reed, Stevens, Jimmy Rabbitt, Brother John, and Mary ("The Burner") Turner, Stevens introduced a new rock format that retained some of Donahue's progressive freedom but gave it energy and consistency that featured programming and high production values similar to those that had been integrated at KROQ. Stevens also designed a futuristic billboard campaign called "Hollywood as seen from Mulholland Drive in the year 2525."

Artist Neon Park did ads for KMET as well as the famous billboards. With this new programming design and branded marketing, in 1975 KMET became the number one radio station in Los Angeles.http://www.shadoe.com/kroq-kmet-fm.html

KMET's station identification jingle, "A Little Bit of Heaven, Ninety-Four Point Seven - KMET - Tweedle-Dee" was originally written by Shadoe Stevens and the song was sung by the Pointer Sisters during an interview on his show. This ID "jingle" came to be emblematic for KMET.

Stevens left in 1975 to begin a production company and the station's programing was taken over by Sam Bellamy. Ms. Bellamy, who had been hired from Billboard Magazine, had been Stevens' assistant for most of the time he programmed the station.

At the time, the studios of KMET and its local AM counterpart, country-western KLAC, were located across the street from the La Brea Tar Pits on Wilshire Blvd. In Summer 1976, both stations moved to the then-Metromedia complex where KTTV Channel 11 was located.

KMET stood in direct contrast to other music stations of the era. KMET and other progressive-rock stations played more eclectic artists with much longer songs and more socially-conscious lyrics than the Top 40 AM stations. The disc jockeys talked far less, and in a more personal, relaxed manner. They voiced their opinions on controversial topics, such as the killing of whales, the spraying of marijuana with the toxic chemical Paraquat, the Vietnam War and civil rights, and most importantly they chose the music that they played on the air. Emblematic of this approach was longtime KMET late-night host Jim Ladd (fired October 25, 2011 by one-time rival KLOS-FM, later hosting his own show on SiriusXM, now deceased), whose laid-back philosophical ruminations usually led into a song, from artists such as Bob Dylan, John Lennon, Pink Floyd, The Doors or Led Zeppelin—that underscored his point.

KMET often mixed counterculture comedy skits by the Firesign Theatre and the Credibility Gap with the music. The Credibility Gap broadcast satirical skits during Pasadena's Tournament of Roses Parade in the 1970s. Another KMET staple at the time was Dr. Demento, whose variety show began on KPPC-FM. The Dr. Demento Show moved to KMET-FM in 1972 and soon became the most listened-to Sunday evening radio program in Los Angeles. Following Dr. Demento on Sunday nights, Mike Harrison hosted a phone-in talk show called Harrison's Mike.

KMET aired live concerts that went on to become seminal recordings. David Bowie's show at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium on 20 October 1972 during the Ziggy Stardust Tour was aired by KMET. Bootlegs of the broadcast were widely distributed, even in chain record stores, before it gained a semi-official release in 1994 and then an official release in 2008. According to author David Buckley, possessing a copy of the bootleg was the test of a "proper Bowie fan".

On July 7, 1978, KMET aired Bruce Springsteen's concert live from the Roxy. Many songs from that broadcast were included on Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band's album Live/1975–85.

KMET was a member of a group of progressive-rock stations that emerged across the country in the late 1960s and early 1970s, along with KSAN, WNEW-FM in New York City, WMMR in Philadelphia, WBCN in Boston, WMMS in Cleveland, and KQRS-FM in Minneapolis.

The 1978 movie FM, written by former employee Ezra Sacks, was reportedly loosely based on KMET. The lead character was based around Mike Herrington, the program director for much of the era preceding the film. Much of the history of KMET is documented in Jim Ladd's book Radio Waves, where the station is referred to as Radio KAOS and many of the DJs are given pseudonyms. Arguably, 1978 was the pinnacle year at the station. The line-up was impressive. Jeff Gonzer, Bob Coburn, Cynthia Fox, Jack Snyder, Mary Turner, and Jim Ladd. Ace Young and Patrick 'Paraquat' Kelley provided the breaking news and views of the day.

The progressive format thrived on KMET throughout the 1970s and into the early 1980s, at one time becoming one of the most successful FM stations in the country. But changing trends in music, culture and society, and the advent of strict formatting in radio eventually turned KMET into a relic. The station experienced staff turnover, radio consultants, tight playlists and an increasingly-impersonal approach typical of the more mainstream album oriented rock format.

KMET is also notable for broadcasting the program The Mighty METal Hour, which was hosted by Jim Ladd on Friday nights from 10PM to midnight, and showcased the music of many then-up-and-coming hard rock and heavy metal bands, including Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, Anthrax, Iron Maiden, Queensrÿche, Mötley Crüe, Motörhead, Y&T, Metal Church, Great White, Armored Saint, Dio, W.A.S.P., Ratt, Quiet Riot, Twisted Sister, Saxon, Riot, Loudness, Warrior and Agent Steel.

Metromedia fired the entire KMET on-air staff on February 9, 1987, signing off its album rock format at Noon on February 14, 1987, with The Beatles' "Golden Slumbers Medley" (Golden Slumbers / Carry That Weight / The End). KMET was replaced by the new-age KTWV "The Wave". Today, "The Wave" has evolved into a Smooth Jazz format, though now plays Urban Adult Contemporary and is owned by Entercom, which merged with CBS Radio in 2017. The KMET call letters have been since reassigned to an AM Talk radio station, KMET in Banning, California.

Tributes
On June 21, 2009, Los Angeles radio station KSWD ("The Sound 100.3") announced that on July 10, 2009, it would do a one-day revival of KMET complete with the original airchecks and many of the on-air staff from the station's heyday. The Sound had another KMET reunion from November 1 to 3, 2013.

KMET was inducted into the Rock Radio Hall of Fame in the "Legends of Rock Radio-Stations" category in 2014.

On-air staff

 * Billy Jugs
 * Richard Beebe
 * Sam Bellamy
 * Barbara Birdfeather (1969–1971)
 * Bobby Blue
 * Damion Bragdon, aka "Damion"
 * Lynda Clayton
 * Bob Coburn (Rockline)
 * Al "Jazzbo" Collins (1966)
 * Sky Daniels
 * Dr. Demento
 * Raechel Donahue
 * Tom Donahue
 * Cynthia Fox
 * Tom "Uncle T" Gamache
 * Jeff Gonzer
 * Bob Griffith
 * Mike Harrison
 * Patrick 'Paraquat' Kelley
 * Richard Kimball
 * Frank DeSantis
 * E.J. Knight
 * Jim Ladd
 * John Langan
 * Pat Martin (broadcaster)
 * Brad Messer
 * L. David Moorhead. General mgr.
 * Deirdre O'Donoghue (Breakfast with the Beatles) (1983-?)
 * Thom O'Hare
 * Martin Perlich
 * David Perry
 * Jim Pewter (1970–1973)
 * Jimmy Rabbitt
 * B. Mitchel Reed
 * Billy Pearl
 * William (Rosko) Mercer
 * Rick Scarry
 * Brent Seltzer
 * Shana
 * Lee 'Baby' Simms
 * China Smith
 * Frazer Smith
 * Freddy Zermeno
 * Jack Snyder
 * Shadoe Stevens
 * Bill Todd
 * Ron Middag
 * Mary Turner
 * Gabriel Wisdom
 * Ace Young (1971–1983 and 1985–1987)
 * Rick Lewis of The Lewis and floorwax show
 * Steven Clean (1973–1975)

title: KMET (FM)


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Adams motor/archive1

Adams motor
People knowledgeable in physics and engineering—particularly those familiar with the design of electric motors and the terminology used to describe them—please have a look at this article. This is a description of a claimed perpetual motion or "overunity" or "free energy" device. There is a slow-simmering discussion between two contributors on how it is described, and, in particular, whether it is appropriate to describe it as a form of "switched reluctance motor". One of the contributors is likely (I haven't actually asked him) the person whose 2001 design for a version of this motor has been disseminated on the Net. Dpbsmith (talk) 13:56, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd like to see a little more skepticism expressed about the existence of the Aether, a centuries old hypothesis that was essentially disproved with the Michelson-Morley experiment. Otherwise the article seems to express sufficient doubt about the entire principle to be reasonably neutral. It should definitely have a link to Ohm's law in the appropriate location in the text, as heat from resistance is what should cause the motor to grind to a halt IMO. RJH 18:36, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * If this is ever going to be a featured article, references will be needed. WegianWarrior 10:34, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:WordPad

WordPad Pros and Cons
Wordpad pros:
 * fast
 * gratis
 * somewhat easy to learn
 * only somewhat easy to learn. It must be one of the simplest word Processors in existence, anything that you can do in it is very easy and requires only a few clicks.

 * somewhat compatible file format
 * While it doesn't support many more advanced Word Processor files, the rtf file format it uses by default is compatible with virtually everything. It also correctly supports Unix, Mac, and DOS line endings, and can be set to write files in any of the formats.

Wordpad cons:
 * non-free
 * no semantic markup
 * This is a fault of the .rtf format. The RTF files generated by Word are far more messey than those produced by WordPad because they try to make the file look like a word document, and so have huge amounts of extra markup, just llike word HTML does.

so as the symbol activator pick symbol it will copy and you wont hav eto type EX:$\langle₳฿₵₡₡₢$₫₯₠€₣ƒ₴₭₤ℳ₥₦\rangle$
 * no structure

random reading
my windows vista randomly started reading my wordpad document out loud in a monotone voice. it actually pronounced everything right and paused at the end of sentences. however, i have no idea how i instigated this. could someone please tell me what i did? - kate —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.104.26.250 (talk) 18:38, 24 December 2006 (UTC).
 * Well I'd like to remind you that there's a lot of forums and Yahoo! Answers for you to ask these types of questions.
 * One tip: Google "Accessibility options in VIsta and SPeech options."
 * Hope I've helped out.
 * Tangmeisterjr (talk) 01:13, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Tables
Word pad can display tables if they are present in the rtf file, it simply has no means of editing them.

Carcinogens —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.211.33.106 (talk) 04:50, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

WordPad in Windows 7 and Beyond
I have added an entry called 'Future versions' where I mention the redesign of WordPad shown in Windows 7 M3. I also added an image already uploaded to Wikipedia from the Windows 7 wiki. Dom (talk) 10:54, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Handy hint: I've found that it's possible to copy over the old XP-era wordpad.exe to a Windows 7 computer and use it there in preference to the new version. I like to use WordPad for quick-'n-dirty editing, and The Ribbon is counterproductive here. WHPratt (talk) 17:58, 4 October 2012 (UTC) Update: I copied a 2008 executable of WordPad, Version 22H2, to my Windows 10 desktop, and it works as advertised, with menus but no ribbon. The new version is still available to me as an alternative. WHPratt (talk) 16:28, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

WordPad in Windows 7 seems capable of handling huge .txt files, ones that are too large for MS Office Word, Notepad or Notepad++ (v. 6.6.9) to accept. I have had to search a 585MB text file and only WordPad would accept it. martinev (talk) 16:06, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

 * WordPad prior to Windows 7 could open Word .doc files, but the newer version can only open .docx and NOT .doc. MS is admitting the complexity in their .doc format! Family Guy Guy (talk) 15:59, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

An image on this page may be deleted
This is an automated message regarding an image used on this page. The image File:Wordpad icon (Windows 7).png, found on WordPad, has been nominated for deletion because it does not meet Wikipedia image policy. Please see the image description page for more details. If this message was sent in error (that is, the image is not up for deletion, or was left on the wrong talk page), please contact this bot's operator. STBotI (talk) 15:20, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Repeated image?
Should one of the images of wordpad on Windows 7 be removed or changed? There is no need for the same image twice. Twistor96 (talk) 23:27, 12 August 2009 (UTC)
 * new america today is —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.41.69.40 (talk) 16:40, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Huh? Anyway, yeah, I think it's repeated. It would be nice to have a pre-windows 7 image. 190.53.202.228 (talk) 05:13, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Encyclopedic?
Is it encyclopedic to have pro's and con's, even at the discussion page? Note that's not even a discussion, it just sits there almighty-ly. We are not PCMag, or some software review webpage. A section like that could be included, if we get the proper sources to back it up. And still, we would need to use "some people, including XXXXX and YYYY", etc... 190.53.202.228 (talk) 05:16, 12 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by TangLab (talk • contribs) 01:14, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

BEE GEE AUTOMOBILE--124.253.25.148 (talk) 09:45, 15 July 2016 (UTC)Italic text

Is WordPad a newer version of Windows Write?
It's executable is write.exe, so perhaps it is the newer version of Write.exe, but with a newer name and icon. The source code is available in the Windows 1.0 leaked source as well as the Windows 2000 and NT leaked source, as proof. Duplicate discussion is here on the Write article:  Family Guy Guy (talk) 15:57, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

I need to have the word pad icon. It just went away, can you please put it back I need it. michelle hanington — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.171.167.155 (talk) 18:12, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:23, 29 March 2023 (UTC)
 * MSWordpadLogo.png

WordPad Unicode support
Unicode support for WordPad was available since Windows 2000 (which actually implemented it in almost all of its applications), not XP as stated in the article (however, it is widely known that XP was built on top of 2000). Its succeeding Windows Millennium indeed didn`t have Unicode support in WordPad since it was based on the legacy Windows architecture instead of NT. --Sds34343 (talk) 12:07, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

Deprecation of the feature maybe include in the History section?
Proposed addition of recent information about Microsoft's announcement on WordPad's deprecation in Windows, supported by a relevant external source ([Https://geeksramp.com/microsoft-is-removing-wordpad-from-windows/ https://geeksramp.com/microsoft-is-removing-wordpad-from-windows/]), to be included in the History section instead in the beginning of the WordPad Wikipedia article "On 1 September 2023, Microsoft announced that WordPad is now deprecated and will be removed in a future Windows update." 103.217.133.79 (talk) 12:21, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * It's now in both places. How is that a problem? Peter Brown (talk) 19:07, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:WordPad


text:
Talk:Hua Shang Daily

from Vfd
On 17 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Hua Shang Daily for a record of the discussion.

title: Talk:Hua Shang Daily


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Talk:Thermal de Broglie wavelength

Interparticle spacing
The average interparticle spacing is roughly (V/N)1/3. Suppose we had a cube that was length L on each side, and the inside was divided into cubes of length s on each side, each little cube containing a particle, so we know that the average interparticle spacing is roughly s. The volume of the cube is V=L3, the number of particles in the cube is N=(L/s)3 so the average interparticle spacing is s=(V/N)1/3.

YAng's paper
Hey can anyone send me Yang's paper? please, I need more info about this topic and i would really appreciate having that paper from the guy who wrote about it or someone who has access to that journal, would you please send it to linking_link at hotmail ??? thnx

hbar or h
First, I would suggest that hbar, not h, be used for all wikipedia physics articles. This is the standard in the physics community, and it tripped me up for a bit when I tried to use a formula from this page. However, I don't know what convention (if any) has been agreed upon as a wikipedia standard. Does anyone know where I should look for this?

Second, it appears that the de broglie wavelength quoted in this article for photon is incorrect, but that it would be correct if h were replaced by hbar. Can someone confirm this? Njerseyguy (talk) 16:46, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I think we should be flexible on h or hbar, using h when dealing with cyclic frequency, hbar when using angular frequency. One of the most common expressions is $$E=h\nu$$, for example. As for the photon thermal wavelength, I believe it is correct as it stands. (i.e. according to Yan and others). Please recheck your source, and if there's still a disagreement, give some explanation. PAR (talk) 00:50, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

From what I see, especially comparing the Yan (Yan 2000) paper, the Thermal de Broglie wavelength for the photon (massless particle) is correct, with only h, not hbar, but the article's Thermal de Broglie wavelength for the massive particle is off by a factor of $$2\pi$$. So the article's Thermal de Broglie wavelength for the massive particle would be correct for h being replaced by hbar, in order to match the Yan (Yan 2000) paper.

So, the bottom line is that either: 1) The article's Thermal de Broglie wavelength for the photon (massless particle) is incorrect, and so is the Yan (Yan 2000) paper, as well as the article's expression for the general definition of the thermal wavelength; or 2) the article's Thermal de Broglie wavelength for the massive particle is incorrect. DWHalliday (talk) 22:38, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing that out. It was erroneously edited yesterday, and I have fixed it. Please check it, ok? PAR (talk) 03:23, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

 * It looks completely correct, now. Thanks. DWHalliday (talk) 15:40, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thermal de Broglie wavelength


text:
Soloviev D-25

The Soloviev D-25V is a Soviet gas-turbine turboshaft engine for use in large helicopters. Designed and originally manufactured by the Soloviev Design Bureau the engine has been in production since May 1960. The power unit consists of two engines coupled to a gearbox weighing 3,200 kg (7,050 lb).

The V in the designation means vertoletny (В ертолетный), for helicopters.

Variants

 * D-25V:Standard helicopter use production engines
 * D-25VF:Additional compressor zero-stage, power output 6,500 hp
 * D-25VK:A combined propeller and shaft output engine for the Kamov Ka-22 developing 5,500 hp

Applications

 * Mi-6 helicopter
 * Mi-10 helicopter
 * Mi-10K "flying crane" helicopter
 * Mi-12 helicopter
 * Kamov Ka-22 compound helicopter
 * Yakovlev Yak-60 heavy lift helicopter (concept cancelled during design stage)

title: Soloviev D-25


text:
Llangoedmor

Llangoedmor is a village 2 miles east of Cardigan, Ceredigion, Wales.

It is also the name of a community Council which encompasses Llechryd, Pant-gwyn, and Neuadd Wilym. Llangoedmor (the church the great wood), is derived from the groves of Welsh Oak and other trees which existed there. The remnants of the woodland still exist and are now a site of Special Scientific Interest, this wood is known locally as Cwm Du.

In the Dark Ages it was the home of St Cynllo, whose knee imprints are said to exist in a rock, near the farm named Felin Gynllo. His feast day is 17 July. A sparsely populated area, it is mainly made up of farmsteads, the occasional mansion, such as Coedmore and Plas Llangoedmor, and detached houses. The Croes-y-Llan area has seen the most recent building activity in the last two decades, and has seen an increase in the population of this village, especially by those from cities who have moved from urban conurbations.

Llangoedmor was the site of a 12th-century battle. Samuel Lewis's A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (1833) states:
 * "Soon after the death of Henry I, a memorable battle was fought near Crûg Mawr, a conical hill in this parish, between the Welsh, commanded by Gruffudd ap Rhys and the English, in which the latter sustained a signal defeat."

These days, Llangoedmor is a popular spot for tourists, partly because of its proximity to the Preseli Hills and Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. The parish church of St Cynllo is a grade II* listed building.

title: Llangoedmor


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Propositional variable

In mathematical logic, a propositional variable (also called a sentence letter,  sentential variable, or sentential letter) is an input variable (that can either be true or false) of a truth function. Propositional variables are the basic building-blocks of propositional formulas, used in propositional logic and higher-order logics.

Uses
Formulas in logic are typically built up recursively from some propositional variables, some number of logical connectives, and some logical quantifiers. Propositional variables are the atomic formulas of propositional logic, and are often denoted using capital roman letters such as $$P$$, $$Q$$ and $$R$$.

In a given propositional logic, a formula can be defined as follows:
 * Example

 * Every propositional variable is a formula.
 * Given a formula X, the negation ¬X is a formula.
 * Given two formulas X and Y, and a binary connective b (such as the logical conjunction ∧), the expression (X b Y) is a formula. (Note the parentheses.)

Through this construction, all of the formulas of propositional logic can be built up from propositional variables as a basic unit. Propositional variables should not be confused with the metavariables, which appear in the typical axioms of propositional calculus; the latter effectively range over well-formed formulae, and are often denoted using lower-case greek letters such as $$\alpha$$, $$\beta$$ and $$\gamma$$.

Predicate logic
Propositional variables with no object variables such as x and y attached to predicate letters such as Px and xRy, having instead individual constants a, b, ..attached to predicate letters are propositional constants Pa, aRb. These propositional constants are atomic propositions, not containing propositional operators.

The internal structure of propositional variables contains predicate letters such as P and Q, in association with bound individual variables (e.g., x, y), individual constants such as a and b (singular terms from a domain of discourse D), ultimately taking a form such as Pa, aRb.(or with parenthesis, $$P(11)$$ and $$R(1, 3)$$).

Propositional logic is sometimes called zeroth-order logic due to not considering the internal structure in contrast with first-order logic which analyzes the internal structure of the atomic sentences.

title: Propositional variable


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Rónald Gómez

Rónald Gómez Gómez (born 24 January 1975) is a retired Costa Rican football forward and manager. He is the current manager for Liga Nacional club Achuapa.

An important player on the Costa Rica national football team during the 1990s and 2000s, Gómez is regarded as one of Costa Rica's best forwards, known for his rocket shots and top dribbling.

Gómez is, along with Paulo Wanchope, the top scorer for Costa Rica in the FIFA World Cup with three goals.

Early years
Born in Puntarenas as the 12th child of Francisca Gómez, he was raised in the village Pilas de Canjel in Guanacaste Province.

Nicknamed La Bala (The Bullit), Gómez started his career at Carmelita and scored his first league goal on 20 September 1992 against Saprissa. He then scored 45 goals for Alajuelense before moving abroad.

Years abroad
He has played in 6 different countries: in Spain with Sporting Gijón and Hercules of Alicante, in Guatemala with Municipal, in Greece with OFI Crete, in Kuwait with Al Qadsia, in Mexico with Irapuato and in Cyprus with APOEL where he won the Cypriot First Division.

Saprissa
With Saprissa, he has won 4 national championship; and 1 CONCACAF Champions Cup, and was part of the team that played the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship Toyota Cup where Saprissa finished third behind São Paulo and Liverpool. He scored the winning goal in the final minutes of the game that Saprissa won in order to achieve the third place of the tournament against Al-Ittihad. His goal was considered among the best of the cup.

Return from retirement
In June 2009, Gómez came out of playing retirement for a final season at Santos after he was relegated to the second division as manager of Carmelita. After the season, he became manager of Santos.

International career
Gómez made his debut for Costa Rica in a February 1993 UNCAF Nations Cup qualification match against Nicaragua and earned a total of 93 caps, scoring 26 goals. He represented his country in 27 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and figured at the 2002 and 2006 World Cups. He also played at the 1993 and 2001 UNCAF Nations Cups as well as at the 1993, 2000 and 2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup and the 1997, 2001, and 2004 Copa América.

His final international was a March 2008 friendly match against Peru.

International goals

 * Scores and results list. Costa Rica's goal tally first.

Managerial career
He made his debut as manager of Carmelita in January 2009. In October 2010 he was dismissed by Santos de Guápiles and he later managed second division sides Deportivo Cartagena and Juventud Escazuceña. In September 2013, he took charge of Guatemalan side Halcones and in May 2014 he returned to Costa Rica to take charge at Limón.

Personal life
He is married to Gina Soto and they have two sons, Esteban and Daniel.

Honours

 * Primera División de Costa Rica (3):
 * 1995-96, 2005–06, 2007–08
 * Copa Interclubes UNCAF (1):
 * 1996
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup (1):
 * 2005
 * Cypriot First Division (1):
 * 2006–07

title: Rónald Gómez


text:
Conservation genetics

Conservation genetics is an interdisciplinary subfield of population genetics that aims to understand the dynamics of genes in a population for the purpose of natural resource management, conservation of genetic diversity, and the prevention of species extinction. Scientists involved in conservation genetics come from a variety of fields including population genetics, research in natural resource management, molecular ecology, molecular biology, evolutionary biology, and systematics. The genetic diversity within species is one of the three fundamental components of biodiversity (along with species diversity and ecosystem diversity), so it is an important consideration in the wider field of conservation biology.

Genetic diversity
Genetic diversity is the total amount of genetic variability within a species. It can be measured in several ways, including: observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, the mean number of alleles per locus, the percentage of loci that are polymorphic, and estimated effective population size. Genetic diversity on the population level is a crucial focus for conservation genetics as it influences both the health of individuals and the long-term survival of populations: decreased genetic diversity has been associated with reduced average fitness of individuals, such as high juvenile mortality, reduced immunity, diminished population growth, and ultimately, higher extinction risk.

Heterozygosity, a fundamental measurement of genetic diversity in population genetics, plays an important role in determining the chance of a population surviving environmental change, novel pathogens not previously encountered, as well as the average fitness within a population over successive generations. Heterozygosity is also deeply connected, in population genetics theory, to population size (which itself clearly has a fundamental importance to conservation). All things being equal, small populations will be less heterozygous– across their whole genomes– than comparable, but larger, populations. This lower heterozygosity (i.e. low genetic diversity) renders small populations more susceptible to the challenges mentioned above.

In a small population, over successive generations and without gene flow, the probability of mating with close relatives becomes very high, leading to inbreeding depression– a reduction in average fitness of individuals within a population. The reduced fitness of the offspring of closely related individuals is fundamentally tied to the concept of heterozygosity, as the offspring of these kinds of pairings are, by necessity, less heterozygous (more homozygous) across their whole genomes than outbred individuals. A diploid individual with the same maternal and paternal grandfather, for example, will have a much higher chance of being homozygous at any loci inherited from the paternal copies of each of their parents' genomes than would an individual with unrelated maternal and paternal grandfathers (each diploid individual inherits one copy of their genome from their mother and one from their father).

High homozygosity (low heterozygosity) reduces fitness because it exposes the phenotypic effects of recessive alleles at homozygous sites. Selection can favour the maintenance of alleles which reduce the fitness of homozygotes, the textbook example being the sickle-cell beta-globin allele, which is maintained at high frequencies in populations where malaria is endemic due to the highly adaptive heterozygous phenotype (resistance to the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum).

Low genetic diversity also reduces the opportunities for chromosomal crossover during meiosis to create new combinations of alleles on chromosomes, effectively increasing the average length of unrecombined tracts of chromosomes inherited from parents. This in turn reduces the efficacy of selection, across successive generations, to remove fitness-reducing alleles and promote fitness-enhancing alleles from a population. A simple hypothetical example would be two adjacent genes– A and B– on the same chromosome in an individual. If the allele at A promotes fitness "one point", while the allele at B reduces fitness "one point", but the two genes are inherited together, then selection cannot favour the allele at A while penalising the allele at B– the fitness balance is "zero points". Recombination can swap out alternative alleles at A and B, allowing selection to promote the optimal alleles to the optimal frequencies in the population– but only if there are alternative alleles to choose between.

The fundamental connection between genetic diversity and population size in population genetics theory can be clearly seen in the classic population genetics measure of genetic diversity, the Watterson estimator, in which genetic diversity is measured as a function of effective population size and mutation rate. Given the relationship between population size, mutation rate, and genetic diversity, it is clearly important to recognise populations at risk of losing genetic diversity before problems arise as a result of the loss of that genetic diversity. Once lost, genetic diversity can only be restored by mutation and gene flow. If a species is already on the brink of extinction there will likely be no populations to use to restore diversity by gene flow, and any given population will be small and therefore diversity will accumulate in that population by mutation much more slowly than it would in a comparable, but bigger, population (since there are fewer individuals whose genomes are mutating in a smaller population than a bigger population).

Contributors to extinction

 * 1) Inbreeding and inbreeding depression
 * 2) The accumulation of deleterious mutations
 * 3) A decrease in frequency of heterozygotes in a population, or heterozygosity, which decreases a species' ability to evolve to deal with change in the environment
 * 4) Outbreeding depression
 * 5) Fragmented populations
 * 6) Taxonomic uncertainties, which can lead to a reprioritization of conservation efforts
 * 7) Genetic drift as the main evolutionary process, instead of natural selection
 * 8) Management units within species
 * 9) Hybridization with allochthonous species, with the progressive substitution of the initial endemic species

Techniques
Specific genetic techniques are used to assess the genomes of a species regarding specific conservation issues as well as general population structure. This analysis can be done in two ways, with current DNA of individuals or historic DNA.

Techniques for analysing the differences between individuals and populations include

 * 1) Alloenzymes
 * 2) Random fragment length polymorphisms
 * 3) Amplified fragment length polymorphisms
 * 4) Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
 * 5) Single strand conformation polymorphism
 * 6) Minisatellites
 * 7) Microsatellites
 * 8) Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
 * 9) DNA sequencing

These different techniques focus on different variable areas of the genomes within animals and plants. The specific information that is required determines which techniques are used and which parts of the genome are analysed. For example, mitochondrial DNA in animals has a high substitution rate, which makes it useful for identifying differences between individuals. However, it is only inherited in the female line, and the mitochondrial genome is relatively small. In plants, the mitochondrial DNA has very high rates of structural mutations, so is rarely used for genetic markers, as the chloroplast genome can be used instead. Other sites in the genome that are subject to high mutation rates such as the major histocompatibility complex, and the microsatellites and minisatellites are also frequently used.

These techniques can provide information on long-term conservation of genetic diversity and expound demographic and ecological matters such as taxonomy.

Another technique is using historic DNA for genetic analysis. Historic DNA is important because it allows geneticists to understand how species reacted to changes to conditions in the past. This is a key to understanding the reactions of similar species in the future.

Techniques using historic DNA include looking at preserved remains found in museums and caves. Museums are used because there is a wide range of species that are available to scientists all over the world. The problem with museums is that, historical perspectives are important because understanding how species reacted to changes in conditions in the past is a key to understanding reactions of similar species in the future. Evidence found in caves provides a longer perspective and does not disturb the animals.

Another technique that relies on specific genetics of an individual is noninvasive monitoring, which uses extracted DNA from organic material that an individual leaves behind, such as a feather. Environmental DNA (eDNA) can be extracted from soil, water, and air. Organisms deposit tissue cells into the environment and the degradation of these cells results in DNA being released into the environment. This too avoids disrupting the animals and can provide information about the sex, movement, kinship and diet of an individual.

Other more general techniques can be used to correct genetic factors that lead to extinction and risk of extinction. For example, when minimizing inbreeding and increasing genetic variation multiple steps can be taken. Increasing heterozygosity through immigration, increasing the generational interval through cryopreservation or breeding from older animals, and increasing the effective population size through equalization of family size all helps minimize inbreeding and its effects. Deleterious alleles arise through mutation, however certain recessive ones can become more prevalent due to inbreeding. Deleterious mutations that arise from inbreeding can be removed by purging, or natural selection. Populations raised in captivity with the intent of being reintroduced in the wild suffer from adaptations to captivity.

Inbreeding depression, loss of genetic diversity, and genetic adaptation to captivity are disadvantageous in the wild, and many of these issues can be dealt with through the aforementioned techniques aimed at increasing heterozygosity. In addition creating a captive environment that closely resembles the wild and fragmenting the populations so there is less response to selection also help reduce adaptation to captivity.

Solutions to minimize the factors that lead to extinction and risk of extinction often overlap because the factors themselves overlap. For example, deleterious mutations are added to populations through mutation, however the deleterious mutations conservation biologists are concerned with are ones that are brought about by inbreeding, because those are the ones that can be taken care of by reducing inbreeding. Here the techniques to reduce inbreeding also help decrease the accumulation of deleterious mutations.

Applications
These techniques have wide-ranging applications. One example is in defining species and subspecies of salmonids. Hybridization is an especially important issue in salmonids and this has wide-ranging conservation, political, social and economic implications.

More specific example, the Cutthroat Trout. In analysis of its mtDNA and alloenzymes, hybridization between native and non-native species has been shown to be one of the major factors contributing to the decline in its populations. This has led to efforts to remove some hybridized populations so native populations could breed more readily. Cases like these impact everything from the economy of local fishermen to larger companies, such as timber.

Defining species and subspecies has conservation implication in mammals, too. For example, the northern white rhino and southern white rhino were previously mistakenly identified as the same species given their morphological similarities, but recent mtDNA analyses showed that the species are genetically distinct. As a result, the northern white rhino population has dwindled to near-extinction due to poaching crisis, and the prior assumption that it could freely breed with the southern population is revealed to be a misguided approach in conservation efforts.

More recent applications include using forensic genetic identification to identify species in cases of poaching. Wildlife DNA registers are used to regulate trade of protected species, species laundering, and poaching. Conservation genetics techniques can be used alongside a variety of scientific disciplines. For example, landscape genetics has been used in conjunction with conservation genetics to identify corridors and population dispersal barriers to give insight into conservation management.

Implications
New technology in conservation genetics has many implications for the future of conservation biology. At the molecular level, new technologies are advancing. Some of these techniques include the analysis of minisatellites and MHC. These molecular techniques have wider effects from clarifying taxonomic relationships, as in the previous example, to determining the best individuals to reintroduce to a population for recovery by determining kinship. These effects then have consequences that reach even further. Conservation of species has implications for humans in the economic, social, and political realms. In the biological realm increased genotypic diversity has been shown to help ecosystem recovery, as seen in a community of grasses which was able to resist disturbance to grazing geese through greater genotypic diversity. Because species diversity increases ecosystem function, increasing biodiversity through new conservation genetic techniques has wider reaching effects than before.

A short list of studies a conservation geneticist may research include:

 * 1) Phylogenetic classification of species, subspecies, geographic races, and populations, and measures of phylogenetic diversity and uniqueness.
 * 2) Identifying hybrid species, hybridization in natural populations, and assessing the history and extent of introgression between species.
 * 3) Population genetic structure of natural and managed populations, including identification of Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) and management units for conservation.
 * 4) Assessing genetic variation within a species or population, including small or endangered populations, and estimates such as effective population size (Ne).
 * 5) Measuring the impact of inbreeding and outbreeding depression, and the relationship between heterozygosity and measures of fitness (see Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection).
 * 6) Evidence of disrupted mate choice and reproductive strategy in disturbed populations.
 * 7) Forensic applications, especially for the control of trade in endangered species.
 * 8) Practical methods for monitoring and maximizing genetic diversity during captive breeding programs and re-introduction schemes, including mathematical models and case studies.
 * 9) Conservation issues related to the introduction of genetically modified organisms.
 * 10) The interaction between environmental contaminants and the biology and health of an organism, including changes in mutation rates and adaptation to local changes in the environment (e.g. industrial melanism).
 * 11) New techniques for noninvasive genotyping, see noninvasive genotyping for conservation.
 * 12) Monitor genetic variability in populations and assess genes of fitness amongst organism populations.

title: Conservation genetics


text:
Talk:Giant

Suggested addition to the list of giants
The section, Names and origins of giants, should include Big_Joe_Mufferaw (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Joe_Mufferaw). Although I would note that the legend is (5.8-metre) taller than the historical person (6' 4").

Giants and their Origin
As to the origin and the Belief in Giants, Megalithic structures and ancient burial mounds have probably played their part in inspiring the myths and legends. Ancient Fossil animals such as Cave Bear and Mastodon bones may have been misinterperated by Native Americans and ancient Greeks as those of great heroes and Vilains. But the most likely scenario is that there were actual tribes and racial stocks of ancient man who stood between 2-3 metres of height. This can be testified even today with racial groups who live in East Africa and South America who commonly attain statures of 6-7 ft. Skeletons of this range and taller have been found all over the world-Many in the United States. Just take a look at the many different news headlines from The New York Times and Washington Post which gained national attention during the 19th and 20th centuries:

WASHINGTON POST HEADLINES:

·	AN INDIAN GIANT’S TOMB [Nov 18, 1883]

·	A RACE OF GIANTS [Mar 16, 1884]

·	THE BONES OF A GIANT [Dec 9, 1887]

·	INDIANS SEVEN FEET TALL [Feb 10. 1890]

·	WARRIOR SKELETONS UNEARTHED [Dec 21, 1896]

·	Dug Up a Skeleton Eight Feet Long [Dec 4, 1898]

·	GIANTS IN THOSE DAYS; Monster Skeleton Discovered in the Miami Valley [Dec 25, 1898]

·	GIANTS' SKELETONS IN A CAVE [Jun 17, 1899]

·	SKELETONS OF DWARFS; Curious Specimens Brought from the Philippines [Dec 31, 1899]

·	EARLY AMERICAN GIANTS. ; Reasons for Believing that a Race of 20-footers Lived in Arizona. [Mar 11, 1900]

·	WILD SERI CANNIBALS [Jul 18, 1900]

·	ISLAND OF MYSTERY [Oct 13, 1901]

·	BONES OF GIANT ANCIENTS [Jul 3, 1903]

·	Giants’ Graves [Sep 20, 1903]

·	Find Horns on Human Skull [Dec 24, 1905]

·	OLD TIME GIANTS [Oct 25, 1906]

·	GIANT IN ANCIENT MOUND [Jun 23, 1908]

·	SOME HISTORIC GIANTS [Aug 17, 1908]

·	FIND PREHISTORIC GIANT [Feb 3. 1909]

·	SKULL GIVEN MUSEUM [Jan 16, 1910]

·	BONES OF STRANGE MEN [May 4, 1912]

·	Why Scientists Believe Mythical Monsters Existed [Nov 7, 1915]

·	FIND TWO SKELETONS OF PRIMITIVE MEN [Oct 25, 1923] ·	Giant Human Skeletons, 12 feet Long, are Found [Jun 22, 1925]

·	TRACES OF EARLIEST HUMAN RACE FOUND [Aug 20, 1925]

·	PREHISTORIC BONES REVEAL TRAGEDY OF GIANTS' LOST RACE [Nov 20, 1927]

·	Town Very Proud Of Skeleton Found [Dec 16, 1928]

·	Evidence of Giants Bared by Mounds [Jun 15, 1930]

·	3 Huge Skeletons Of Humans Found [Apr 24, 1932]

·	WEIRD GIANTS of a DEAD PAST [May 29, 1932]

·	Oklahoma Indian Relics Unearthed; Thigh Bone of 9-Foot Man Found in Mound [Aug 26, 1934]

·	Largest Skull Ever Recorded is Discovered By Archeologist in Stafford County, Virginia [Jun 24, 1937]

·	Major Finds Grave of Giant Aleutian [Sep 16, 1944]

·	Giant's Skeleton Found by Soviets [Oct 30, 1945]

·	Mammoth Jaws Hint Existence of Prehistoric Giants [Jul 15, 1946]

·	Jaw and Skull of Oldest Man Safe in N.Y. [Sep 21, 1946]

·	Prehistoric Find Points to Giant Ape Man [Dec 1, 1948]

·	Strange Bones Dug Up [Apr 7, 1949]

·	Giant Skeleton [Feb 9, 1972]

THE NEW YORK TIMES HEADLINES:

·	SKELETON OF GIANT FOUND [Nov 21, 1856]

·	Reported Discovery of a Huge Skeleton [Dec 25, 1868]

·	THE EARLY AMERICAN GIANT [Feb 8, 1876]

·	THE BEST ITEMS BY MAIL; UTAH MOUNDS REPORTED DISCOVERIES MADE BY RECENT EXCAVATIONS TWO SKELETONS FOUND AND ANCIENT RELICS NEAR THEM [Apr 15 1877]

·	BONES OF ALLEGED BROOKLYN GIANTS [Feb 6, 1880]

·	TWO VERY TALL SKELETONS [Aug 10, 1880]

·	THE BONES OF A GIANT FOUND [May 25, 1882]

·	THE GRAVEYARD OF THE GIANTS [Jul 10, 1883]

·	THE CARSON FOOTPRINTS [Aug 15, 1883]

·	SKELETONS SEVEN FEET LONG [Mar 5, 1885]

·	MONSTER SKULLS AND BONES [Apr 5, 1888]

·	SKELETONS OF A FORMER RACE [Jun 30, 1888]

·	SKELETON OF A BIG INDIAN [Aug 17, 1889]

·	A RACE OF INDIAN GIANTS [Feb 9, 1890]

·	MOUND BUILDERS' SKELETONS FOUND [Apr 19, 1891]

·	MR. JEFFERSON'S CYCLOPS. ; A GIANT SKELETON UNEARTHED AT BUZZARD'S BAY [Jul 5, 1891]

·	THE WISCONSIN MOUNDS [Aug 10, 1891]

·	IN THE WISCONSIN MOUNDS [Sep 27, 1891]

·	A Race of Giants in Old Gaul [Oct 3, 1892]

·	GIANTS OF OTHER DAYS [Mar 3, 1894]

·	RELICS OF THE ABORIGINES [Aug 12, 1894]

·	A TALL SKELETON FOUND NEAR PHOENIX [Mar 22, 1896]

·	WISCONSIN MOUND OPENED [Dec 20, 1897]

·	GIANT SKELETONS FOUND [Feb 11, 1902]

·	UNEARTHING REVOLUTIONARY BONES AT 181st STREET [Jun 22, 1902]

·	FIND GIANT INDIANS' BONES [Sep 7, 1904]

·	GIANT RACE IN GREENLAND [Dec 19, 1904]

·	A NEW RACE OF GIANTS [Dec 25, 1904]

·	GIANTS' SKELETONS FOUND [May 4, 1908]

·	STRANGE SKELETONS FOUND [May 4, 1912]

·	FOUND GIANTS IN CHINA [Jan 27, 1914]

·	GIANTS' BONES IN MOUND [Jul 14, 1916]

·	Not Human Skulls with Horns [Jul 16, 1916]

·	Unearths Skeleton of Indian Giant [Jun 14, 1923]

·	OLDEST SKULLS YET FOUND [Oct 28, 1923]

·	FIND SKELETON OF GIANT [Mar 17, 1924]

·	MUMMIES FOUND IN CAVES [Feb 7, 1925]

·	FIND FLORIDA GIANTS' BONES [Feb 15, 1925]

·	PUT MAN’S AGE BACK TEN MILLION YEARS [Apr 20, 1925]

·	GIANTS' BONES IN MEXICO [Jun 21, 1925]

·	GIANTS SURVIVE THE AGE OF FABLE [Jul 12, 1925]

·	HEADLESS GIANT BODIES FOUND IN PARIS GRAVES [Aug 7, 1925]

·	OLD ROYAL TOMB UNEARTHED IN OHIO [Sep 12, 1925]

·	UNEARTH THE BONES OF TEN-FOOT GIANTS [May 14, 1926]

·	FIND BONES IN MOUNDS [Feb 21, 1927]

·	THE GOBI GIVES US A MONSTER [Sep 2, 1928]

·	TAKING THOUGHT ABOUT STATURE [Apr 20, 1929]

·	‘Oldest Human Footprint’ Points to Primitive Giants in Africa [Oct 2, 1929]

·	Skeleton of Giant Early Man Reported Unearthed in Mexico [Jun 9, 1930]

·	REPORTS FIND OF BONES OF MEN 8 FEET TALL [Dec 2, 1930]

·	FIND ANCIENT BONES NEAR PITTSBURGH [Sep 14, 1932]

·	EIGHT MT. CARMEL SKELETONS REACH LONDON [Jan 11, 1933]

·	INDIAN BURIAL MOUND YIELDS MANY RELICS [Aug 26, 1934]

·	Bones of Huge Man Reported [Feb 14, 1936]

·	CHILEAN FOSSIL MAN SEEN [Nov 16, 1941]

·	HINTS ‘GIANT’ ANCESTORS [Jul 15, 1946]

·	GIANT BONES IN RUSSIA [Jan 29, 1947]

·	‘Largest’ Ape Man Found in Africa; Indicated to Top 9-Foot Java Man [Dec 1, 1948]

·	IN SEARCH OF EARLY AMERICANS [Mar 26, 1995]

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.99.204.54 (talk) 23:34, 12 March 2005 (UTC)

Familial gigantism
Seeing as most of the information on this is testimonial, perhaps some realistic speculation would be appropriate, given that pretense exists for it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:602:100:DC9C:9C1B:C77D:DEA8:309A (talk) 23:08, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Anywhere else, eg Wikiversity, this would be a good idea. But here sources need to discuss the subject, see WP:NOR and WP:VERIFY. Thanks though. Interesting link. Doug Weller  talk 15:46, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

It's kinda cool how all those genetic disorders are known to be hereditary, even gigantism. Also hereditary genetic diseases never just appear but come about due to a combination of DNA and environment. Last with diseases like gigantism we see multiple genetic families carrying it, now if we could track down a location those families shared we may be closer to the nature aspect of the mutation. Or it could just be our species breeding into another species, possibly giants, then the disease would be hiding till envirmental factors bring it out again. Still one of the great mysteries of science. https://www.genome.gov/19016930/faq-about-genetic-disorders/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:5C5:4302:402A:3CCC:41E0:B7A4:BCDA (talk) 06:42, 19 January 2019 (UTC)

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"Mythology"
This entire page refers to all giants as being "mythological creatures", which is dishonest. There is far too much archaeological evidence as well as recorded eyewitness accounts to call it a "myth" on an objective source like Wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by Samechillguy (talk • contribs) 2018-08-05 19:03:18 (UTC)

 * then you won't have any problems finding academic sources for the archaeological evidence. Can we please see some? (agh, where are my tildes?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Doug Weller (talk • contribs) 2018-08-05 20:03 (UTC)
 * If you mean gigantism, we have an article on that (to which this one also links). — Paleo  Neonate  – 19:40, 5 August 2018 (UTC)
 * My assumption is that he's referring to "real giants" as supposedly discovered in the headlines listed above under "Giants and their origin" in this talk page. Probably not anything that we need to acknowledge beyond the current "alleged fossil evidence" already in the article.--Ermenrich (talk) 21:04, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

Abrahamic Inaccuracy
In the Abrahamic subsection of Religion and Mythology, the sentence "However, the Book of Joshua, describing the actual conquest of Canaan in a later generation, makes no reference to such people living there," is incorrect. The Anakim, identified in the article as "Anakites" are mentioned several times in the Book of Joshua. Joshua 14:12 mentions the Anakim having lived in the Hill country, and Joshua 15:14 mentions that Caleb drove out several descendants of Anak. The Wikipedia article on the Anakim also gives reference to their mention in Joshua 11:22. 173.202.22.94 (talk) 20:05, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Giant


text:
Dakota Wesleyan University

Dakota Wesleyan University (DWU) is a private Methodist university in Mitchell, South Dakota. It was founded in 1885 and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The student body averages slightly fewer than 800 students. The campus of the university is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
In 1883, a small band of Methodist settlers meeting in the Dakota Territory secured a charter to found the college as Dakota University. These pioneers were driven to "build a college of stone while living in houses of sod," and had deep religious convictions about the education and future of their children. They envisioned an institution that epitomized the highest in Christian thought and deed, and so adopted the motto, "Sacrifice or Service". This is symbolized in the collegiate seal of the altar, the ox, and the plow.

On October 14, 1904, the institution assumed its present name of Dakota Wesleyan University.

By 1920, Dakota Wesleyan University was the largest independent college in the state, with an enrollment of more than 300. The Great Depression, which hit the prairie harder than any region in the nation, evoked a regionally sensitive response from Dakota Wesleyan. The university accepted many students who had few or no resources, with farm produce being accepted for tuition, and personnel took severe cuts in pay to educate those with no other options. The university, which was sustained by the Methodist church as in earlier days, gave teachers housing in Graham Hall and coupons to purchase merchandise in town.

Since the 1930s, the university has continued its attempts to remedy region-specific needs. Strong programs in teacher education have provided new teachers for school districts, and nursing and allied health programs address the continuing need for health care professionals in rural South Dakota. In recognition of the diverse cultures in its changing prairie environment, Wesleyan has begun special programs focusing on Native American culture. Additionally, university programs assist students whose previous educational experiences have inadequately prepared them for their future.

About half of the campus, including its central U-shaped quadrangle, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

George and Eleanor McGovern Library and Center
Dakota Wesleyan University dedicated the new George and Eleanor McGovern Library and Center for Leadership and Public Service on October 7, 2006, to a crowd of nearly five thousand people, with former President Bill Clinton honoring former Senator George McGovern and his wife Eleanor McGovern for their public service. Other dignitaries who spoke including former Senator Tom Daschle, Senator Tim Johnson, Senator John Thune, Representative Stephanie Herseth Sandlin, Governor Mike Rounds, and USA Today founder Al Neuharth.

The McGovern Center seeks to prepare Dakota Wesleyan's top students for future leadership and careers in public service through classes, seminars, research, and internships. It also includes the annual McGovern Center Conference, the McGovern Library, and the McGovern Legacy Museum, which gives visitors a look at the lives of the couple. It is also associated with the DWU Tiger Poll which does public opinion polling.

Athletics
The Dakota Wesleyan athletic teams are called the Tigers. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) since the 2000–01 academic year. The Tigers previously competed in the defunct South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference (SDIC) from 1948–49 to 1999–2000.

Dakota Wesleyan competes in 18 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track & field, volleyball and wrestling; and co-ed sports include cheerleading and dance.

Men's basketball
In 2015, the men's basketball team won runner-up in the 2015 NAIA Division II men's basketball tournament.

Also in 2015, Jesse Taylor, a basketball player at Dakota Wesleyan, came out as gay, making him South Dakota's first openly gay college athlete.

Women's basketball
On March 13, 2018, the women's basketball team won the first team National Championship in school history, defeating the Concordia Lady Bulldogs 82–59 in regulation play in the championship round of the 2018 NAIA Division II women's basketball tournament.

Notable alumni

 * Clinton Presba Anderson, former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, former U.S. Senator and U.S. Congressman from New Mexico
 * Jonathan Bane, American football player
 * Gordon Binkerd, American composer
 * Kay Brown, Minnesota state legislator
 * Harlan J. Bushfield, 16th Governor of South Dakota and United States senator
 * Francis Case, former U.S. Congressman from South Dakota
 * Freda DeKnight, food editor for Ebony Magazine and cookbook author
 * Stanley Hallett, American urban planner and neighborhood advocate
 * Oscar Howe, Yanktoni Dakota artist
 * Ben Jukich, professional baseball pitcher
 * Lois Kingsbery Mayes, newspaper publisher and Florida clubwoman
 * George McGovern, former U.S. Congressman, U.S. Senator, and Democratic Party presidential candidate
 * Ed Meierkort, former head coach of the South Dakota Coyotes football team
 * George Theodore Mickelson, former Governor of South Dakota
 * Ralph Siewert, former NBA player

title: Dakota Wesleyan University


text:
Fiji Infantry Regiment

The Fiji Infantry Regiment is the main combat element of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces. It is a light infantry regiment consisting of six battalions, of which three are regular army and three are Territorial Force. The regiment was formed with the foundation of the Fijian armed forces in 1920. The regiment, as it is today, goes back to 1978 following Fiji's independence. The Royal Australian Infantry Corps and Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment conduct yearly training seminars and exercises with the Fiji Infantry Regiment

Regular Force

 * 1st Battalion, Fiji Infantry Regiment: The 1st Battalion was originally raised in response to the request by the US Forces deployed in the Pacific theatre during the Second World War for operations in the Solomon Islands. The Battalion left Fiji in 1943 and saw action in Guadalcanal, Kolombangara, Bougainville and other parts of the Solomons. The Battalion spent 17 months overseas before returning to Fiji in 1944. They were then redeployed overseas during the Malayan Emergency, and conducted operations in the theatre from January 1952 to July 1953 under the command of New Zealander, Lieutenant Colonel Ronald Tinker. The battalion was reformed in 1978, since which it has been permanently deployed on United Nations peacekeeping missions overseas. Until 2002, this was with the UNIFIL mission in Lebanon, following which it returned to Fiji. In December 2004, 1FIR took over as the guard unit to the UNAMI mission in Iraq. The battalion provides a company group of approximately 220 for this task. In addition, it provides troops for the Fijian contingent attached to the UNMIS mission in Sudan.
 * 2nd Battalion, Fiji Infantry Regiment: The 2nd Battalion was formed in 1982 when it converted from a TF unit. It has been deployed with the Multinational Force and Observers mission on the Sinai Peninsula ever since.
 * 3rd Battalion, Fiji Infantry Regiment: The 3rd Battalion was formed in 1982 as a TF unit to replace the 2nd Battalion following its deployment to Sinai. It became part of the regular force following the 1987 coups. It is the largest of the three regular battalions, and has two main responsibilities:
 * Providing fresh troops for deployment with the 1st and 2nd battalions.
 * Maintaining the territorial defence of Fiji, specifically for the main island of Viti Levu.

Territorial Force
Each of the three battalions in the territorial force exists as a single regular infantry company, all of which come under the operational command of the 3rd Battalion. However, all of these can be augmented to full strength with the addition of TF volunteer companies as needed. All of these units were formed following the 1987 coups and the conversion of the 3rd Battalion to regulars:
 * 4th Battalion, Fiji Infantry Regiment: The 4th Battalion has responsibility for the defence of Nadi airport and the surrounding area.
 * 5th Battalion, Fiji Infantry Regiment: The 5th Battalion has responsibility for the defence of the area around Lautoka, Ba, Tavua, Vatukaula and Ra.
 * 7th/8th Battalion, Fiji Infantry Regiment: The 7th/8th Battalion was formed by the amalgamation of the 7th and 8th Battalions, and is responsible for the defence of the Vanua Levu region.

History
The Fiji Infantry Regiment in its current form traces its history back to the Second World War. Prior to this, Fijian infantry was formed as a Territorial battalion, with additional rifle companies, as part of the Fiji Defence Force. In May 1940, a regular rifle company was formed. The first three intakes of recruits were then formed into the 1st Battalion, Fiji Defence Force in October 1940. The 2nd Battalion, formed after the outbreak of war, became the territorial unit. The unit served in World War II initially under the command of Col. J.E Workman of the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF). The main purpose of this unit at the time was to protect vulnerable points such as fuel dumps and important government buildings in the Suva area. With the US entrance to the war, the US sought a forward training area and resupply base to serve as a potential line of defense against the Japanese sweep through the Pacific. Fiji geographically and logistically was the best location. In June 1942, the 37th Division in its entirety had established a base of operations throughout Fiji. With the arrival of US forces, it was decided to relieve the NZDF and place the Fiji Defense Force under US control. The shift of power was completed on June 30. The Fiji Defense Force saw extensive use throughout the war, and after the Solomon Islands Campaign the demobilization of Fiji Forces was announced on September 1, 1945. During the war, one member of the regiment, Sefanaia Sukanaivalu, received the Victoria Cross, the highest military decoration of the Commonwealth for his actions during the fighting on Bougainville. With the Fijian independence in later years, the 1st Battalion was reactivated, this time under the control of the independent government of Fiji. In 1978, with the UN resolution to establish the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), the 1st Battalion was deployed at the inception of UNIFIL. In 1981, following the decision by the UN not to send a peacekeeping force to the Sinai Peninsula, the Multinational Force and Observers organisation was established to serve as an independent multinational peacekeeping force in the region. Fiji volunteered an infantry battalion to serve as part of this force, and so the 2nd Battalion was converted from a territorial unit to regulars. The 2nd Battalion has served in Sinai with the MFO ever since. The 3rd Battalion was established as a regular unit following the 1987 coups, to serve as Fiji's main territorial defence formation. The 3rd Battalion also serves as the operational command unit for the territorial battalions, and provides fresh troops for both the 1st and 2nd Battalions. On 27 August 2014, 45 UNDOF peacekeepers were captured by the Al-Nusra Front and were released on 11 September 2014. In March 2017, UNDOF peacekeepers deployed for the first time with Bushmaster protective mobility vehicles.

title: Fiji Infantry Regiment


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Soloviev D-30

The Soloviev D-30 (now the Aviadvigatel PS-30) is a Soviet two-shaft low-bypass turbofan engine, officially referred to as a "bypass turbojet". It is one of the most powerful turbofan engines developed in the Soviet Union. Development of the turbofan spurred numerous growth versions with increased fan diameter and modified component arrangements. Developed in a short period of time (about three years), the D-30 turned out to be one of the most reliable engines in the history of Soviet engine development, and it was recognized with the USSR State Prize.

Design and development
The original version of the Soloviev D-30 was developed specifically to power the Tupolev Tu-134 short-to-medium range jet airliner; however, it also served as a base for the development of a family of advanced engines. Engine development was started in the early 60s. By 1966, the engine was put into serial production.

The D-30 engine has a two-stage compression spool, a cannular combustion chamber and a 4-stage turbine, and was the first Soviet-built engine to use cooled turbine blades. The turbine was manufactured using the newest heat-resistant material of the time, along with an exhaust nozzle with a lobe mixer. The technical and efficiency parameters of the D-30 were competitive and similar to those of the Western engines of that period.

In 1969, an upgraded version, the D-30 engine series II, was created - the main difference being the addition of a thrust reverser and an improved control system. The engine was produced in 1970 through 1987 and was used on the Tu-134FA, Tu-134B, and Tu-134AK aircraft.

In 1980, the D-30 engine series III, a further improvement, was created with the maximum thrust of 6930 kgf (with preserving it at up to до = +C). The number of the engine compressor stages was increased to 5, the gas dynamic stability margin was improved, the system was introduced that protected against engine over-speed and gas temperature overheating. The D-30 engine of the third series was produced between 1983-1993. These engines were installed on the Tu-134-A-3, Tu-134B-3, and Tu-134UB-L passenger airliners. The core of the third-series D-30 was also taken as a base point for developing gas turbine plants for the Russian fuel and energy complex.

The Soloviev D-30 was produced in various modifications at the Perm Engine Plant (now JSC UEC-PM). In total, there were about 3000 units of D-30 engines (series I to III) manufactured in this engine plant.

Variants
The D-30KU engine is capable of generating 11,000 kgf at takeoff and was developed in 1971 to replace the Kuznetsov NK-8-4 engine on the Il-62 long-haul airliner, which had some difficulties covering intercontinental routes because of its inadequate range. Ilyushin Design Bureau, the aircraft designer, made the decision to power the aircraft with newer engines which have lower specific fuel consumption. In contrast with the base D-30, the D-30KU has increased bypass ratio and higher turbine inlet temperature: its development was comparable to Pratt & Whitney's development of the JT8D-200 series, but with an even greater increase in thrust. The first compressor spool has 3 stages, the second one has 11 stages, the design of the combustion chamber is however similar to that of D-30. The turbine hot section has a total of 6 stages, the nozzle is common for both flows and has a lobe mixer and a mixing chamber. The D-30KU engine was the first aviation engine in the USSR to include a bucket-type thrust reverser. The Il-62M aircraft equipped with D-30KU had a range extended by 1500 km, compared with the basic model equipped with NK-8-4 engines. A total of 1584 D-30KU engines were manufactured by Rybinsk Engine Plant (now PAO NPO UEC-Saturn) under the authorized supervision of the Perm Design Bureau.
 * D-30KU:
 * D-30KP:

Similar to the D-30KU, a new engine variant called D-30KP which delivered 12,000 kgf of thrust was developed for military transport aircraft Il-76. The development was completed by the end of the 60s. In 1971, Il-76MD with the propulsion unit on the basis of four D-30KP was demonstrated to the country’s leaders. In 1972, engine passed certification tests and then was presented to the public at the next international air show in Le Bourget (France). By 1974 the engine was put into service to power not only military Il-76 itself, but also numerous modifications: tanker plane Il-78, “aircraft-hospital” Il-76MD Scalpel, early warning and control aircraft A-50, weightlessness simulator Il-76K, airborne test rig Il-76LL for in-flight tests of the aircraft engines and others. D-30KP was identical to its predecessor D-30KU - both are low bypass turbofan engines. The engine differs only by having a higher gas temperature at the turbine inlet and an increased compressor pressure ratio and bypass ratio. Powered by four D-30KP engines, Il-76 is capable of lifting a payload of 40 tons (88,000 lb) over a range of 5,000 km (2,700 nmi; 3,100 mi) at cruise speed up to 900 km/ hr. D-30KP engines were manufactured in the city of Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region) at Rybinsk Engine Production Plant (now NPO UEC-Saturn). The D-30KP engines production continues till present for military supplies. More than 4700 D-30KP engines have been manufactured in total.

The Chinese Xi'an Y-20 prototype was also powered by four D-30KP-2 engines.
 * D-30KU-154:

The successful replacement of the engines on long-haul Il-62 stimulated the leaders of the Ministry of Aviation Industry in the Soviets to re-engine another popular aircraft – the medium-haul passenger airliner Tu-154. Ultimately, Tu-154M powered by D-30KU-154 was the backbone of the civil aviation industry in the Soviets till the end of the 20th century. The D-30KU-154 engine was developed with a maximum thrust of 10,500 kgf specifically to power the Tu-154. Development started in 1979. Pavel Solovyov used the D-30KU core as a starting point. In the course of designing the D-30KU-154 engine, some of the systems were improved, new components were added, and in 1984 the new engine entered serial production. The replacement of Kuznetsov NK-8 engine with the D-30KU-154 engine on Tu-154 allowed the reduction the fuel consumption by 28%! This ultimately defined the profitability of the air transportations industry in the Soviets for another 15 years. During the years of active operation of D-30KU-154, the manufacturer, Perm design bureau, continued working on improving the engine. A vivid example of that is the development of the noise suppression system with noise-absorbing structures from polymer composite materials. There were in total more than 1500 D-30KU-154 engines manufactured by Rybinsk Engine Plant (now NPO UEC-Saturn).

 * D-30F-6:

In the mid-1970s, the Soviet Union began the search for a high-speed interceptor to supplement and replace its MiG-25. The MiG-25 had two enormously powerful Tumansky R-15 turbojets, allowing Mach 3 speed at high altitudes, but the problem was their weak performance at low altitudes, not even sufficient to cross Mach 1 boundary. More acute problems stemmed from the tendency of the Foxbat's engines to break down at maximum throttle in high-speed situations. A new engine, this time a low-bypass turbofan, was needed to power the new interceptor. The Mikoyan-Gurevich (MiG) design bureau contracted OKB-19 design bureau (now part of Aviadvigatel) to build such an engine, for the aircraft that would become known as the MiG-31.

The Soloviev design bureau came up with the D-30F6 turbofan. Capable of generating 9,500 kgf (20,900 lbf or 93 kN) dry thrust and 15,500 kgf (34,200 lbf or 152 kN) afterburning thrust, the engine gave MiG's new interceptor a top speed exceeding 3000 km/h, and a maximum takeoff weight of 45800 kg. These powerful engines also allowed the large and complex interceptor to attain supersonic speeds at low altitudes under 1500 m. Data from: Aircraft engines of the World 1970, Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1993–94

 * Other Variants:

 * D-30V12:High-altitude version for the Myasishchev M-55 de-rated to 49 kN
 * D-30F11:Engine for experimental twin-engine S-37 (Su-47) prototype
 * D-21A1:Another variant of the two-spool engine with supersonic nozzle intended to power high-altitude supersonic business-jet S-21 from Sukhoi design bureau. Construction scheme is almost the same as for D-30F6 except for the absence of afterburner chamber.
 * WS-18:Chinese reverse engineered copy of imported D-30KP-2.

Applications

 * Ilyushin Il-62 jet airliner
 * Myasishchev M-55 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-31 jet interceptor
 * Sukhoi Su-47 Berkut (formerly S-37) demonstrator jet fighter
 * Tupolev Tu-134 jet airliner
 * Tupolev Tu-154 jet airliner
 * Ilyushin Il-76 strategic airlifter
 * Xian H-6 jet bomber (WS-18)
 * Xian Y-20 strategic airlifter

title: Soloviev D-30