text:
Photography in Taiwan

Taiwanese photography is deeply rooted in the country's unique and rapidly changing history. Its early photography is often divided into two periods: Pre-Japanese from approximately 1858 to 1895, and an Era of Japanese Influence, from 1895 to 1945, the year the Japanese rule of Taiwan ended. Many photographs from the period during which Taiwan was under Japanese rule have been preserved as postcards. Much of the pre-Japanese era photography was conducted by foreign missionaries (such as Scottish Presbyterian minister John Thomson) and merchants.

Chang Tsai (張才), Deng Nan-guang (鄧南光) and Lee Ming-diao (李鳴鵰), collectively known as the "three swordsmen", are among the best known of the Taiwanese photographers who were active in the 1930s to 1950s. Chinese influence supplanted Japanese influence when the Nationalist government's formally took over Taiwan in 1945 and imposed its authoritarian rule. The lifting of martial law opened Taiwan's art scene, including its photography. Photographer Chang Tsang-tsang has said "the lifting of martial law and the repealing of bans on the establishment of newspapers and political parties in the late 1980s stimulated the domestic art scene and supported the diversification of photography in Taiwan." Photographers International is considered one of Taiwan's leading photography magazines in 1990s(discontinued in 2014). The magazine profiled key Taiwanese photographers such as Chang Yung-Chieh (張詠捷), Wu Chung-Wei (吳忠維), Hsieh Chun-Teh, (謝春德), Ho Ching-Tai (何經泰), Chuang Ling (莊靈), Liu Chen-Shan (劉振祥) and editor Juan I-Jong (阮義忠) in an issue called "Taiwan Vision".

Another well-known Taiwanese photographer is Taiwan-born Chien-Chi Chang (張乾琦), a member of the Magnum Photos agency.

Another important influence comes from photographer Chang Chao-Tang (張照堂), who is considered by many to be the most important photographer in Taiwan after World War II.

Bridal photography
Taiwanese bridal photography is a type of pre-wedding photography that is centered primarily in Taiwan but is also practiced in some of the surrounding nations. The photography includes many staged, heavily edited photographs that are meant to represent the bride at her most beautiful stage. The groom is also included in many of the photographs, but he is not the central focus, and his appearance is nowhere near as important as the bride's. It is an integral part of Taiwanese culture and almost every soon to be bride gets them done. One aspect of Taiwanese bridal photography that sets it apart from many other types of photography is the degree of glamorization that goes into creating the photographs. The bride will have her make-up applied by a professional artist to the point where she looks almost like a completely different individual. Some people claim that their friends are unrecognizable in their bridal photos. While brides are made-up and retouched, grooms are presented as looking the same as they would naturally look, either to avoid drawing attention away from the bride or to act as a foil to the bride's glamorous look. The outfits that the brides wear are much more diverse and plentiful than the classic white wedding dress. Brides will sometimes wear multiple styles of a white wedding dress over the course of a shoot, in addition to other more colorful dresses. Bridal photos are not something that only the very rich or the very elite participate in, but they are a cultural institution that the majority of people actually participate in. This is not to say that bridal photography cannot indicate financial wealth or elite status. Most of the elite bridal salons are located in Taipei, and these elite bridal salons set the trends for some of the less recognized bridal salons in the cities. Urban bridal salons are usually considered to be more “stylish” and popular than the rural ones, which are usually less expensive. Rural bridal salons tend to be extravagant to the point of tackiness, while the urban salons set trends that mix the right amounts of both simplistic and extravagant ideas.

Process
The first step that the couple takes to get their bridal photographs is to visit a salon or a bridal fair where many salons have booths. They look at sample albums that day and then must choose their salon. The bride later returns to the chosen salon to hand-pick the dresses she will wear for the photo shoots and the dresses that she will rent for the banquets. The dresses that were selected for the banquets will be altered, and the dresses for the photo shoot will be pinned back just for the photographs. A few days before the photo shoot, the couple will meet with the photographer to discuss their preferences for the photographs. The photo shoot is a daylong event. The brides make up and hair is done and retouched or changed between each dress change. Taking the photos will take longer if the couple has requested to travel somewhere to get a scenic view. After the pictures are taken the couple later returns to the salon to select which photos they would like printed and in what size. The salon then retouches the images so they are perfect and then sends them off to be printed where they are again retouched to be perfect. After the photos are sent back to the salon where they are organized and framed. The couple then picks up their photographs and the process is completed.

Purpose
In Taiwanese culture the Bridal Photographs have multiple roles. Bridal photographs are a status symbol in Taiwanese culture. Things such as the backgrounds, the makeup and the quantity of bridal photos are a status symbol. The more bridal photographs that are displayed and the more albums a couple purchases is a sign of the couples and their family's wealth. The couple will display their bridal photographs multiple times. Displaying bridal photographs is a large deal in Taiwanese culture, regardless of wealth. The couple will display their large photographs at their wedding banquet and also will carry the albums of photos around so that all of their friends may look through them. After the festivities are over, the larger photographs will be hung up in the couple's living space. Many couples hang them over the beds. Taiwanese Bridal photographs also showcase the wife's youth. Taiwanese bridal photos are focused around the wife. They are a symbol of her youth and freedom that will soon disappear once she becomes a wife and starts living a married life style.

title: Photography in Taiwan


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User talk:Cyberman

= Leave a Message (2017) =

= Leave a Message (2016) =

= Leave a Message (2013) =

= Leave a Message (2011)= Is this Linux Man? You know who this is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.144.186.52 (talk) 00:54, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

I'm a Linux user and forum member on linuxquestions (Cyberman), but otherwise, I don't know who you are. --Cyberman (talk) 12:51, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

Action potential
Why did you blank the entire article? Looie496 (talk) 18:12, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Accident? --Cyberman (talk) 17:37, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

Past messages (before 2010)
You asked about Sun Tzu's battles. NO, there was none. Because he did not exist. Please see my post on "talk" page under "History created Myth, Myth became History".

Past messages (2007)
Hi, I've proposed the article social engineering (psychology) for deletion since it doesn't even come close to Wikipedia's quality standards -- it's a poorly structured, unreferenced mess. If you object to the deletion, please note so on the discussion page, and I will propose a full AFD discussion.--Eloquence* 05:38, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

I have removed your comment, "This guy is funny/witty," at Talk:Seung-Hui Cho as it does not have anything to do with improving the article and is your own analysis and speculation. Phony Saint 00:18, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Are you saying it didn't have any justification or premises for improvement? Do you even understand the etymology of improvement, my dear friend? Shut up and go away. --Cyberman 00:27, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * According to the top of the talk page, "This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Seung-Hui Cho article. This is not a forum for general discussion about the article's subject." There was no such improvement, it was an analysis by your own admission. Phony Saint 00:29, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * That's your analysis, not a moderators. --Cyberman 00:30, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * You're free to bring it up with someone else if you must, but I would suggest being a bit more polite with them. Phony Saint 00:38, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Someone replied to your comment on Raffi (poet) :) --VartanM 03:11, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

File source and copyright licensing problem with File:Apv antagonized NMDAR.PNG
Thanks for uploading File:Apv antagonized NMDAR.PNG. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, we also need to know the terms of the license that the copyright holder has published the file under, usually done by adding a licensing tag. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged files may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the file will be deleted 48 hours after 00:09, 2 November 2010 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 00:09, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

 * You're a fucking idiot. Taking down my image means taking down the other images that use an alteration of the presented molecule in that article. And there are altered images around Wikipedia of which you did not take down. Bitch, I wish I met you in person so I could smack some sense into you. --Cyberman (talk) 05:16, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Talkback
Lova Falk    talk   08:44, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Cyberman


text:
Thomas Mann (German politician)

Thomas Mann (born 28 January 1946) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1994 until 2019. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party. He was the President of the Tibet Intergroup of the European Parliament from 1999.

Other activities

 * Hessischer Rundfunk, Member of the Broadcasting Council

Recognition
Mann's greatest achievements include being awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2002 for his dedication to human rights issues.

title: Thomas Mann (German politician)


text:
User talk:Pasta Salad

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 09:04, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Pasta Salad


text:
Talk:Peer group

Gender roles?
How is this an "advantage" of peer groups? (I am not an expert but it seems like someone should either address it or explain it in the article.) I have not researched it but I am sure this must be at least disputed if not discredited. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BreytumHeiminum (talk • contribs) 00:28, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

do u know about advantages and disadvantages of peer group?
hi friends, i wanna ask the advantages and disadvantages of peer group, if u want to give me opinion please email me at xxx, thanks

Jury
This has nothing on the term "peer" as it appears in law, such as "jury of one's peers". 75.118.170.35 (talk) 17:24, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Editing
I will be editing this article for Psych 2410a at King's University 2012. Kmacd55 (talk) 19:42, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

I have decided to edit this article for Psych 2410A at King's 2012 Rach23 (talk) 04:24, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Welcome to the both of you!  Lova Falk     talk   17:38, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

Editing Plans
Some steps I plan to take in my editing process include: 1. Introduce and describe the following empirical study: Adolescents Peer Groups and Social Identity by Mark Tarrant in 2002, 2. Reorganize sections and sub-sections, 3. Add citations to previously written information, 4. Increase word count. Kmacd55 (talk) 21:18, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Steps For Editing
When editing this article for Psych 2410A, I will be focusing specifically on three tasks for improvement. These are as follows:

1. I will work on copyediting this article, with a focus on spelling, grammar, and punctuation. This is especially needed throughout the section titled "Bonding and functions of peer groups".

2. I will be adding to the section titled "Developmental Psychology", in which I will summarize any relevant research and findings performed by the psychologists mentioned in the section. These include: Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Harry Stack Sullivan.

3. I will be writing a new section in the article based on the empirical study, Ages Differences in Adolescents' Perceptions of Their Peer Groups (Gavin & Furman, 1989). This study compares the perceptions of adolescents between the fifth and twelfth grades. Participants were divided into age groups, with pairs of consecutive grades used to represent different developmental stages. These include: preadolescence (grades 5 and 6), early adolescence (grades 7 and 8), middle adolescence (grades 9 and 10), and late adolescence (grades 11 and 12). 312 participants completed questionnaires of self-report measures to provide information about their perceptions of various group dynamics, such as: conformity, permeability of group boundaries, behaviour towards in-groups and out-groups (including aggression), and importance of being in a popular group. I will be outlining the results in this article while comparing the different perceptions of each age group. Similarities and differences among males and females will also be discussed. Rach23 (talk) 05:03, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

Positive/Negative?
Since no strict guideline is supplied neither here or in the sources of why certain attributes are Negative or Positive (some are ambiguous/cultural/subjective), I suggest a merger of the sections into 'Attributes'. 145.100.125.133 (talk) 06:59, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

Referencing
The referencing on this article is appalling. "Brown, 1990" is not sufficient in any format and takes away credibility for the information on this page. Please review the citations on this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.202.0.101 (talk) 15:52, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

Picture not representing parallel play?
If you look more closely at the picture, it seems that the children are really preparing for a game of marbles, which is a competitive game. Perhaps either a better example of parallel play could be found or the text could be updated to reflect the current picture. Myoglobin (talk) 00:49, 16 May 2016 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at King's University College supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:55, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Policy Advocacy and Disability
— Assignment last updated by PratikshaDangle (talk) 01:42, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peer group


text:
Thomas Mann (disambiguation)

Thomas Mann (1875–1955) was a German author, essayist, and Nobel Prize laureate.

Thomas Mann may also refer to:

 * Thomas Mann (actor) (born 1991), American actor, Project X
 * Thomas Mann (artist) (born 1947), American jewelry artist
 * Thomas Mann (German politician) (born 1946), German politician (CDU) and Member of the European Parliament
 * Thomas Mann (Iowa politician) (born 1949), American politician in the state of Iowa
 * Thomas C. Mann (1912–1999), United States diplomat in Latin America
 * Thomas E. Mann (born 1944), United States political scientist and author
 * Thomas P. Mann (born 1965), Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia
 * Tom Mann (1856–1941), British trade unionist and socialist

title: Thomas Mann (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Demotic (Egyptian)

Untitled
I have moved this arcticle back to Demotic (after it was moved to Demotic language). My justification is that Demotic refers to both a language (or phase of the Egyptian language) but also to a writing system. The article discusses to both. Additionally only one page pointed to Demotic language. The other articles pointed to Demotic and referenced both the writing system and/or the language phase (depending on the article). —Nefertum17 09:07, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have again moved this article from Demotic language back to Demotic. As stated above, the article, as it is now written, refers to both a language and a writing system. When/if there are individual articles for both aspects, I could understand the move, but as there are not, and other articles linking here refer typically to the writing system (though not always), this seems to be the best solution at the present time. —Nefertum17 14:14, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move, of course. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 21:48, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Move request

 * Demotic Egyptian → Demotic (Egyptian) – As the page itself explains, the correct term is Demotic, and "Demotic Egyptian" is something invented for Wikipedia. "Egyptian" was only added to distinguish it from Demotic Greek. Demotic is a disambiguation page, which is fair, but this page should then be properly disambiguated, not given an artificial name. We can then remove the silly disclaimer on this being a Wikipedia-only term. 82.92.119.11 18:19, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Decipherment
I've copied this from the main article where it was placed by User:77.29.241.152 "Please make a citation how it is deshipered? Could you show us some example of Demotic and Coptic (in English transcription) and English below that? I don't believe that it was properly dechipered, as one symbol in one line sounds one way, and in other line, completly different." Doug Weller (talk) 09:33, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Evolution
Observation: The article currently doesn't really address the evolution of the writing system at all from the hieroglyphs. This would seem to be a very interesting aspect of the topic. --Mcorazao (talk) 14:04, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Number of characters?
I didn't see anywhere in the article how may characters there are in the Demotic alphabet. That seems like a basic fact that should be in the article. Did I overlook it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.82.215.201 (talk) 14:53, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Also, what direction does it read? There's no mention of that either. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.82.215.201 (talk) 14:55, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Yeah, no idea why any of that information isn't included. Every deciphered alphabet entry on Wikipedia has a complete list of characters but for some reason I can't find one for Demotic anywhere on the Internet. Does that mean only a couple of letters were deciphered? I find it hard to believe that the Rosetta Stone inscription was made exclusively out of those few... Jaro7788 (talk) 03:07, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Removed font section
Hello. I removed your Hieratic and Demotic (Egyptian) additions because adding an entire section describing an external link isn't acceptable Wikipedia practice. Per External links: "Wikipedia articles may include links to web pages outside Wikipedia (external links), but they should not normally be placed in the body of an article." I don't know if you're associated with the fonts but the sections come off as WP:PROMOTION. If these aren't your fonts (per WP:ADV), and you feel they fall under the guidelines of what can normally be linked, I suggest you add the links to the external links section as a single line, like "Free, non-Unicode Demotic Font". DRMcCreedy (talk) 03:12, 5 June 2020 (UTC)

Hello, yes these are my fonts as I described creating them, for free use and distribution. I will add them in the external links.

In the future, please use best practice, by explaining removal of additions, so as to properly follow your guidelines.

Regards Sammaks6 (talk) 15:52, 5 June 2020 (UTC) It's not that you added an external link to a free font, it's that you added a link to your free font. That's why I referenced item 4 under WP:PROMOTION. That's why it's self promotion. The other external links (presumably) weren't added by the authors/owners of those sites. (If they were, they would be subject to removal as well.) I understand this is frustrating for you but these rules are in place to keep Wikipedia articles encyclopedic in nature and not massive lists of links to everyone's sites/files. I suggest you contact a site like Omniglot if you want to gain exposure/users for your fonts. DRMcCreedy (talk) 22:48, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Adding your own fonts clearly breaks item 4 under WP:PROMOTION. DRMcCreedy (talk) 17:53, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
 * In the edit summary, says "I have added a link to a free-to-use and downloadable Hieratic Font (TTF), DMCCREEDY, you keep referring to self promotion, not sure what you mean, since other links are technically self-promoting their webpages?? Elaborate please, specifically, what you are referring too so I can make the appropriate edit?""

These are meant to be free, and available to academics and public use, what am I promoting but free information, so I have to give my links to someone else to publish for me...so it’s not self-self-promoting? Sammaks6 (talk) 23:52, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I do not recommend that. It would be considered sock puppetry. DRMcCreedy (talk) 01:55, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

So if I told you it wasn’t me who created fonts to move knowledge forward, you would be ok with it, but because I added it myself, you reject my submission on the basis of an inflexible legal-jargon regulation, that states that primary party cannot submit personal free-educational content?
 * Wikipedia has policies. One of them prohibits self promotion. DRMcCreedy (talk) 01:55, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

So it sounds like I have to give my fonts to someone else to publish for me...so you don’t remove them? Is this what your saying? Sammaks6 (talk) 23:56, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I did not remove your fonts. I removed the links promoting them. Then patiently, and repeatedly, explained why.  DRMcCreedy (talk) 01:55, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

Just weighing in here... if there are no other hieratic or demotic fonts available then I think these fonts probably should be added. But as for the fonts themselves, I do have some criticism: 1.) they're ASCII instead of Unicode, and 2.) it looks like these fonts only include the uniliterals, not all the characters. This makes the fonts more or less useless for transcription work, since actual texts are not 100% uniliteral. (They do make for cool dingbat fonts though, I guess. You can at least type up your name and stuff. But you need to spell everything backwards, to compensate for the fact that the scripts read right-to-left) 2601:49:C301:D810:41E1:19F3:64E3:C764 (talk) 01:51, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Splitting Demotic?
Hello all! To whomever is listening, I would like to propose splitting this page into two, one for the script and one for the language. This is how it is done on the German Wikipedia. This is better, I would argue, conceptually, and would allow for easier expansion, such as, on the one hand, the relationship between the demotic script and the hieroglyphic (on the script side) and, on the other, linguistic (such as the relationship to Coptic) and sociolinguistic and cultural considerations (such as the domain of Demotic texts which coexisted with hieroglyphic and hieratic texts, on the language side). I don't think there is necessarily enough on the page now to warrant this split happening just yet, but I am interested in drafting out the two new articles in my userspace... -- Joey Cross (talk) 16:46, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Last usage of Demotic
For the 17:55, 11 August 2020 edit I added the most recent and authoritative reference for info on the last Demotic inscription (the Philae graffito), corrected the date (the new reading is the 12th of December) and thus removed the "dubious" tag on the last Demotic inscription. Apologies for forgetting to note that in the Edit summary. -Joey Cross (talk) 18:01, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Demotic (Egyptian)


text:
Talk:Nanoprobe (Star Trek)

Untitled
I think there are some errors in this paragraph in the "Resistance to Nanoprobes" section: "However, with the assistance of the federation starship Voyager, the Borg reprogrammed the probes to attack and denature the 8472 species cells, killing them. It is unknown whether this one modification to nanoprobe technology will allow the Borg to soon asimilate species 8472 into their collective."

Firstly, the Doctor is the one who modifies the nanoprobes in the "Scorpion" episode. Also, since Seven of Nine joined Voyager by the end of the episode, they never give that knowledge to the Borg.

Whether the Borg stole that knowledge from Seven of Nine when they captured her in later episodes is unknown. However, in the "In the Flesh" episode, Captain Janeway gave that knowledge to species 8472 so it's likely they have a defence for the Borg.

title: Talk:Nanoprobe (Star Trek)


text:
Hans-Peter Mayer

Hans-Peter Mayer (born 5 May 1944, in Riedlingen) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament for Lower Saxony from 1999 until 2014. He is a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.

During his time in parliament, Mayer sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs and was a member of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly. He was also a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Education

 * 1975: Second state law examination
 * Dr.jur
 * 1975: utr
 * 1990: PhD

Career

 * since 1975: lawyer
 * 1980-1990: professor of law and administration
 * 1990-1991: rector of the Catholic Vocational College of North Germany
 * 1991-1994: under-secretary in the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Technology, Saxony-Anhalt
 * 1975-1980: municipal councillor in Bad Waldsee
 * 1984-1991: chairman of Vechta district of Europa Union
 * 1995-1999: land chairman of the economic council of the CDU of Saxony-Anhalt and the Federal Commission on European policy
 * since 1995: chairman of the land specialist committee of the CDU of Oldenburg on development of the Weser-Ems region.
 * 1999-2014: Member of the European Parliament

title: Hans-Peter Mayer


text:
Hartmut Nassauer

Hartmut Nassauer (born 17 October 1942, in Marburg) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament for Hesse from 1994 until 2009. He is a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.

title: Hartmut Nassauer


text:
Doris Pack

Doris Pack (born 18 March 1942, Schiffweiler) is a German politician, president of EPP Women, president of the Robert Schuman Institute and former Member of the European Parliament 1989–2014. She served as a member of the Bundestag 1974–1983 and 1985–1989. She is a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party. Pack is the chair of the EU Committee on Culture and Education (since 2009).

She is chair of the Franco-German Foundation for Cultural Cooperation, president of the European Children's Book Fair Association, member of the ZDF Television Council, president of the Saar Adult Education Association, vice-president of the European Movement on the Saar. She also is president of Women in the EPP and executive member of the European People's Party. She was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and of the Assembly of the Western European Union (1981–1983 and 1985–1989). She is chairwoman of the advisory board of A Soul for Europe.

She graduated from teaching college in 1965 and worked as a teacher in primary schools until 1974. From 1983 to 1985, she was employed by the Saarland Ministry of Education. In 2007 she got honoris causa doctorate at University of Zadar (Croatia).

title: Doris Pack


text:
Markus Pieper

Markus Pieper (born 15 May 1963) is a German politician and member of the European Parliament for Germany. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–present
Pieper serves on the Committee on Transport and Tourism and on the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy.

In 2014, Pieper drafted a resolution of the European Parliament calling for more stringent impact assessments before EU legislation is proposed. The resolution, passed with a large majority, backed an idea set out in the Stoiber ‘red tape report’ – drawn up by a high-level group chaired by Edmund Stoiber, former Minister-President of Bavaria – calling for the creation of a high-level advisory body on better regulation. Since 2021, he has been leading the parliament’s work on the revision of the Renewable Energy Directive.

In addition to his committee assignments, Pieper has been a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Biodiversity, Countryside, Hunting and Recreational Fisheries since 2014.

In 2024, Pieper was appointed by the European Commission as EU small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) Envoy, reporting directly to President Ursula von der Leyen and to the European Commissioner for Internal Market Thierry Breton. His appointment over two qualified women caused "the most serious internal rebellion von der Leyen has faced since she first became head of the EU's executive branch back in 2019", according to Politico.eu.

Other activities

 * Energy and Climate Policy and Innovation Council (EPICO), Member of the Advisory Board (since 2021)
 * Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Member of the Board of Trustees

title: Markus Pieper


text: Template:Pakistan-geo-stub

title: Template:Pakistan-geo-stub


text:
Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl

Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1989 until 2019. She is a member of the Christian Democratic Union in Lower Saxony, which is a part of the European People's Party. She most recently served as the European People's Party's coordinator of the International Trade Committee (INTA), chairwoman of the UK Monitoring Group of INTA, vice-coordinator of the Committee on Human Rights (DROI) and vice-chairwoman of the Delegation for relations with Canada.

Education and career
Quisthoudt-Rowohl studied Chemistry at University of Leuven. After graduating, she did a PhD at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen from 1972 to 1973.

From 1974 to 1978 Quisthoudt-Rowohl continued researching at the Hannover Medical School. From 1979 to 1989 she served as Akademische Rätin of the University of Hildesheim. There she also worked as an academic employee at the institute for applied glottology and later became an academic council at the institute for applied glottology. From 2002, she was teaching at its Institute of Social Sciences,. On 6 March 2009, she became a professor at the department of education and social sciences. She gave guest lectures at the University of Kaliningrad, at the European Business School and at Harvard University.

Career in national politics
In 1990 Quisthoudt-Rowohl was a CDU board member in Lower Saxony. From 1994 to 2012 she was national board member for the CDU. She is counted as one of the principal supporters of Angela Merkel's bid for Chancellorship in 2004.

From 1990 to 1996 Quisthoudt-Rowohl was a national board member of the Frauen Union for the CDU. She was assistant member of the European committee of the German Bundestag. From 2005 to 2009 she was the leader of the city association CDU in Hildesheim. From 1990 to 1996 she served on the national board of the Frauen Union,

Member of the European Parliament, 1989–2019
From 1989 Quisthoudt-Rowohl was a member of the European Parliament where she was one of the senior deputies for the CDU in the European Parliament with Elmar Brok and Karl-Heinz Florenz. She was a member of the executive board (Quaestor) from 1997 to 2007 and was a member of the board of the EPP.

As member of the Committee on International Trade, she advocated European car manufacturers against dumping prices of aluminium rims by Chinese manufacturers. At her request, the committee decided to criticize Turkey urgently because Turkey still does not allow Cyprus to export goods to Turkey. Further, Turkey should ratify the Ankara Protocol as soon as possible. Finally she urged Turkey to enforce copyrights effectively and so to stop brand piracy. Quisthoudt-Rowohl holds the European ban on incandescent lamps for patronizing and undemocratic, because the parliament and the public were not involved. Ms Quisthoudt-Rowohl was also involved in the ceilings for the mobile phone fees in the EU.

She wants to strengthen small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by increasing participation in international trade and by an intensification of relations to the USA. She was involved in a new energy agreement between Russia and the EU.

Quisthoudt-Rowohl was formally a member of the Committee on Development. There, she brought European student exchanges and projects to promote democracy in China and India on the way (since 2010). In 1999 she ensured that the Commission gave higher priority to children's rights. Quisthoudt-Rowohl works on the implementation of the Gender-Mainstreaming, in particular she speaks up for boys and young men to end their current discrimination. In 2003 she suggested a review of the use of EU funds for the Palestinian Authority, to ensure that the money is not wasted for corruption or funding of terrorist groups.

From 1994 to 1999, Quisthoudt-Rowohl was Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Energy, Research and Technology. 2005 she initiated the first talks between European institutes for oceanography and the European Parliament to discuss the rapidly advancing climate change, global sea level rise, marine resources, the increasing threat and damage from tsunamis, earthquakes and extreme weather events and the continuing destruction of the marine environment in order to discuss sustainable use and work on a consensus on priorities for future research.

In June 2018, Quisthoudt-Rowohl announced that she would not stand in the 2019 European elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.

Committee assignments and Delegations
Committees

1989-1991        Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (Member)

1991-1999        Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (Vice-chairwoman and coordinator)

1989-1999        Committee for Commerce and Currency (Deputy member)

2004-2007        Committee on Development (Deputy member)

2004-today       Committee on International Trade (Member)

2007-2009        Committee on International Trade (Vice-chairwoman)

2009-2014        Committee on Foreign Affairs (Member)

2009-2014        Subcommittee on Human Rights (Deputy member)

Today

Committee on International Trade (Member and coordinator)

Committee on Foreign Affairs (Deputy member)

Subcommittee on Human Rights (Member and vice-coordinator)

Delegations

2009-2014

Delegation for relations with the United States (Deputy member)

Delegation for the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly (Member)

Delegation for relations with the countries of Andean community (Member)

Delegation for relations with the NATO Parliamentary Assembly (Member)

2012-2014

Surveillance group for trade relations between Australia and New Zealand (Chairwoman)

Today

Delegation for relations with Canada (First vice-chairwoman)

Delegation for relations with India (Deputy member)

Political positions
In 2011 Quisthoudt-Rowohl proposed changes to the Parliament's international trade committees (INTA) guidelines for the rights of foreign investors under future EU trade deals that were said to be in line with industry demands.

Recognition
Transparency International awarded Quisthoudt-Rowohl in line of the Integrity Watch Program with best mark of 0 at the External Activity Indicator. Being present at 85% of the plenary sittings she is one of the front-runners in the EPP group.

Personal life
Quisthoudt-Rowohl is married and has four adult children. She lives in Hildesheim in Lower-Saxony. Quisthoudt-Rowohl is chairman of the advisory board of the Hildesheim Episcopal Foundation "Gemeinsam für das Leben"(German: Together for life). She is decorated with the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. Quisthoudt-Rowohl is a native Dutch and French Speaker as well as completely fluent in German, she can also speak English and Italian.

Academic literature

 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl; Benjamin Fairbrother: Europäische Handelspolitik: von Rom bis Lissabon. Berlin : Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2010, ISBN 978-3-941904-28-6
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl: Bericht über die Wirtschafts- und Handelsbeziehungen zwischen der EU und Russland  In: Berichte des Europäischen Parlaments. Europäisches Parlament, 2007 (Deutsch und Englisch)
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl: Politik für ein innovatives Europa. In: Günter Rinsche, Ingo Friedrich: Weichenstellung für das 21. Jahrhundert: Erfordernisse und Perspektiven der europäischen Integration. Böhlau, 1998, ISBN 3-412-14297-2, ISBN 978-3-412-14297-1
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl: Europäische Forschungspolitik. In: Günter Rinsche, Ingo Friedrich: Europa als Auftrag: die Politik deutscher Christdemokraten im Europäischen Parlament 1957-1997 : von den Römischen Verträgen zur politischen Union. Böhlau, 1997, ISBN 3-412-00897-4, ISBN 978-3-412-00897-0, p. 171 ff.
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl; Ingo Beckedarf: Europäische Forschungspolitik. In: Europa zwischen Alltag und Vision: neun Beiträge von Abgeordneten des Europäischen Parlaments und ein Szenario aus dem dritten Jahrtausend. Bloch, 1996, ISBN 3-929686-04-X, ISBN 978-3-929686-04-3, p. 169-184
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl: Bericht zur Mitteilung der Kommission über die Perspektiven für die wissenschaftlich-technische Zusammenarbeit mit den Neuen Unabhängigen Staaten.  Europäisches Parlament, 1995
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl: Spezifisches Programm für Forschung, technologische Entwicklung und Demonstration im Bereich fortgeschrittener Kommunikationstechnologien und -dienste .'' Europäisches Parlament, 1994
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl: Spezifisches Programm für Forschung, technologische Entwicklung und Demonstration im Bereich fortgeschrittener Kommunikationstechnologien und -dienste . Europäisches Parlament, 1994
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl: Bericht: über den Vorschlag der Kommission für einen Beschluß des Rates über die Bereitstellung zusätzlicher Mittel für das Dritte Gemeinschaftliche Rahmenprogramm im Bereich der Forschung und technologischen Entwicklung . Europäisches Parlament, 1992
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl: Der Umgang mit Briten und anderen exoten. Erfahrungen aus dem Europa-Parlament. In: Jürgen Beneke: Kultur, Mentalität, Nationale Identität. Bonn, Dümmler 1992, ISBN 3-427-63111-7, p. 7–13
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl: Empfehlung des Ausschusses für Energie, Forschung und Technologie betreffend den Gemeinsamen Standpunkt des Rates im Hinblick auf die Annahme einer Entscheidung über die Verbreitung und Nutzung der Kenntnisse aus den spezifischen Programmen der Gemeinschaft für Forschung und technologische Entwicklung . Europäisches Parlament, 1992
 * Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl: Bericht des Ausschusses für Energie, Forschung und Technologie über den Vorschlag der Kommission für eine Entscheidung des Rates über die Verbreitung und Nutzung der Kenntnisse aus spezifischen Programmen der Gemeinschaft für Forschung und technologische Entwicklung . Europäisches Parlament, 1991

title: Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl


text: Template:Ukraine-geo-stub

title: Template:Ukraine-geo-stub


text:
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP; or alternatively, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP); also isoprenyl pyrophosphate) is an isoprenoid precursor. It is a product of both the mevalonate pathway and the MEP pathway of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. It is an isomer of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and exists in virtually all life forms. The enzyme isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase catalyzes isomerization between DMAPP and IPP.

In the mevalonate pathway DMAPP is synthesised from mevalonic acid. In contrast, DMAPP is synthesised from HMBPP in the MEP pathway.

At present, it is believed that there is crossover between the two pathways in organisms that use both pathways to create terpenes and terpenoids, such as in plants, and that DMAPP is the crossover product.

title: Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate


text:
Herbert Reul

Herbert Reul (born 31 August 1952) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who has been serving as State Minister for Internal Affairs in the government of successive Ministers-President Armin Laschet (2017–2021) and Hendrik Wüst (since 2021). He previously served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP).

Early career
Reul was born in Langenfeld, Rhineland. The son of a mayor, Reul joined the youth wing of the CDU, the Junge Union, at the age of 18. In 1975, while still a student at University of Cologne, he became a town councillor in his hometown of Leichlingen, near Cologne, and served for 17 years. From 1981 until 1985, he worked as a secondary school teacher.

Career in state politics, 1985–2003
In the 1985 state elections, Reul gained a seat in the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia and occupied it for 19 years. In parliament, he was his political group's spokesperson on education policy from 1985 to 1991. Between 1991 and 2003, he served as Secretary General of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia, under the leadership of successive chairmen Norbert Blüm (1993–99) and Jürgen Rüttgers (1999-2003).

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–2017
Reul first became a Member of the European Parliament in the 2004 European elections. During his time in parliament, he was a member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. Between 2006 and 2009, he also served as the energy spokesman for the German Christian Democrats’ delegation in the European People's Party in the Parliament.

From 2012, Reul was a member of the European Parliament's delegation for relations with the Korean Peninsula. He had previously been a member of the delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China between 2004 and 2012.

In addition to his committee assignments, Reul was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Long Term Investment and Reindustrialisation, the Sky and Space Intergroup (SSI) and the European Parliament Intergroup on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development.

Reul was widely regarded as one of the driving forces behind blocking Martin Schulz’ reelection as President of the European Parliament in early 2017.

State Minister for Internal Affairs, 2017–present
From the North Rhine-Westphalia state elections in 2017, Reul served as State Minister for Internal Affairs in the government of Minister-President Armin Laschet. He succeeded Ralf Jäger. As one of his state's representatives at the Bundesrat, he is a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs and of the Defence Committee.

During his time in office, Reul oversaw investigations into the 2018 Münster attack and the Bottrop and Essen car attack in 2018/2019. In 2020, he ordered an investigation into police officers’ use of force following a public outcry over a video of a police officer detaining a minor by kneeling on his neck.

Since 2021, Reul has been serving as deputy chair of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia, under the leadership of chair Hendrik Wüst. That same year, he announced his intention to run for a seat in the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia in the 2022 state elections.

Role in national politics
Reul was a CDU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2017 and 2022. Since 2012, he has been serving on the Presidium of the CDU, under the leadership of successive chairs Angela Merkel (2012–2018), Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (2018–2021) and Armin Laschet (2021). In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU) together with the Bavarian CSU) and the Social Democrats (SPD) following the 2013 German elections, he led the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on banking regulation and the Eurozone; his co-chair from the SPD was Martin Schulz.

Together with Frank Henkel, Peter Hintze, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Christine Lieberknecht, David McAllister and Annette Widmann-Mauz, Reul co-chaired the CDU’s 2014 national convention in Berlin.

Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018, Reul publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party's chair.

Corporate boards

 * RheinEnergie AG, Member of the Supervisory Board (2012–2014), Member of the Advisory Board (since 2014)

Non-profits

 * German Forum for Crime Prevention (DFK), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2017)
 * Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2016)
 * Institute for European Politics (IEP), Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2015)
 * Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Member
 * Karl Arnold Foundation, Member of the Board
 * Karl Reul Foundation, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2015)
 * Institute for Mining and Energy Law at the Ruhr University Bochum, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2013)
 * Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR), Member of the Broadcasting Council (2003–2009), Substitute Member of the Broadcasting Council (since 2009)

Controversy
Shortly after the CDU donations scandal and amid the campaign for the state elections in 2000, Reul became the target of public criticism when he – in his capacity as Secretary General of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – had his party pay for a private trip to the Bayreuth Festival.

title: Herbert Reul


text: Category:Ukraine geography stubs

title: Category:Ukraine geography stubs


text: Category:Pakistan geography stubs

title: Category:Pakistan geography stubs


text:
Ingo Schmitt

Ingo Schmitt is a German politician who was Member of the European Parliament for Berlin from 1999 to 2005. On 18 September 2005 he was elected to the Bundestag and consequently resigned from the European Parliament. He is a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union.

title: Ingo Schmitt


text:
User:Imars

About Me
Real name: Michael Shea

Areas of interest or expertise:

 * Germany/German
 * /Bavaria/Oberbayern
 * /Baden-Württemberg/Rhein-Neckar
 * Japan/Japanese/Hokkaido
 * California
 * Technical Writing
 * Telecommunication/DSL
 * SAP/Security/Identity Management
 * History
 * Gaming/RPGs/Miniatures/Card/Boardgames

I sometimes use a German account to link between the English and German Wikipedias, though I usually use this one. To see the German account information, Click Deutsch in the navigation frame under in other languages.

More later.

My to do list
OK, well I do have a to do list, but I seem to jump around a bit. Things I tend to work on are mountains and islands in Japan, particularly in Hokkaido. I also do towns in Hokkaido. I experimented with doing some of the governors. At the moment I am working on former duchies in Bavaria; Teilherzogtumer. Soon I want to work on the Kurpfalz. I hit related personages when I can, too.

 * Kamikawa, Hokkaidō
 * Add all the mountains in the Hidaka Mountains of Hokkaido
 * Clean up Ezzo
 * Add Hermann II, archbishop of Cologne
 * Create article for Jacob Harlan.
 * work on Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
 * work on duke of Bavaria adding topics for early dukes
 * work on Ruodhaid and her kin
 * Make sure all the towns in Rhein-Neckar-Kreis have an entry

de:benutzer:imars

title: User:Imars


text:
Horst Schnellhardt

Horst Schnellhardt (born 12 May 1946) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 2009, representing Saxony-Anhalt. He is a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.

He is the author and the namesake of the "Schnellhardt compromise" aimed at the defusing of the "vodka war".

title: Horst Schnellhardt


text:
Jürgen Schröder (politician)

Jürgen Schröder (born 15 September 1940, Magdeburg) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 2009, representing Saxony. He is a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.

title: Jürgen Schröder (politician)


text:
Andreas Schwab

Andreas Schwab (born 9 April 1973) is a German politician and member of the European Parliament for Germany. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party. Since 2009, he has been Of Counsel with CMS Hasche Sigle.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004–present
Schwab serves on the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO), where he deals with network and information security. He is the European People's Party Group’s coordinator on the committee.

From 2010 to 2011, Schwab drafted the European Parliament's report on the EU Consumer Rights Directive. As shadow rapporteur, he has issued opinions on the negotiations for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (2015) and on the Annual Report on EU Competition Policy (2015). In 2014, he co-sponsored (with Ramon Tremosa) a non-binding bill before the European Parliament calling on the European Commission to consider separating Google’s search-engine business from its other commercial activities to ensure fair competition on the internet. He also led the European Parliament's negotiating team on internet platform regulation in Europe. He later served as rapporteur on the ECN+ Directive that entered in law early 2019, handing national competition authorities more enforcement powers to ensure the functioning of the EU's single market. In 2021, he became the parliament's rapporteur on the Digital Markets Act.

In addition, Schwab serves as a member of the European Parliament's Sky and Space Intergroup (SSI) and the European Parliament Intergroup on Biodiversity, Countryside, Hunting and Recreational Fisheries.

Other activities

 * University of Freiburg, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Franco-German Institute (DFI), Member of the Board
 * Nachsorgeklinik Tannheim, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member
 * Kangaroo Group, Member
 * Transatlantic Policy Network (TPN), Member
 * European Internet Foundation, Member
 * European Logistics Platform, Member of the Advisory Board

Awards
In 1998, Schwab was elected for the "Young European of the Year" due to his commitment to Franco-German relations and received a scholarship from the Heinz Schwarzkopf Foundation.

In addition, in 2018 he received the Federal Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.

title: Andreas Schwab


text:
Renate Sommer

Renate Sommer (born 10 September 1958) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1999 until 2019. She is a member of the Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.

Member of the European Parliament
Between 1999 and 2009, Sommer served on the Committee on Transport and Tourism. From 2009 to 2014, she was a member of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs. Since 2014, she has been a member of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety.

Since 2014, Sommer has been the president of the European Parliament Beer Club. In 2010 she was the rapporteur of the directive on food labelling and she opposes any EU-wide approach to alcohol regulation, citing cultural differences across countries.

In 2019, during the debate of the new General Food Law Regulation which followed the controversial reauthorisation of glyphosate, she opposed an increased transparency for the European Food Safety Authority, but the plenary of the European Parliament in December 2018 rejected her proposals and she resigned from her position as rapporteur. The regulation was eventually passed in April 2019 without her proposals.

Other activities

 * European Parliament Beer Club, President
 * Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Member of the Board of Trustees

title: Renate Sommer


text:
Talk:Henry IV of England

Untitled
''When France stole the Papacy in about 1307, Rome vowed revenge. England was Rome's "Sword of Vengeance" against France -- hence, the 100 Years' War (1337-1455) which was designed to wipe France off the map. Richard II was hated for being "too soft on France", as it were... and therefore we infer that the Lords' Appellent faction which opposed Richard II was backed by Rome. This explains why the Lords' Appellent faction wanted war with France, for they were being paid by Rome for that purpose. By the 1380s, France had already been weakened enough viz-a-vis Rome that the latter again declared their own Popes (in opposition to those in France). Therefore, we might guess that Richard II's suspiciously pro-French advisors were Franco-Catholics, whereas the Lords' Appellent were Romano-Catholics. Indeed, the Welsh Rebellion of Owain (1400-1416) was backed by France against Henry IV and Henry V. And, during the same period, the Lollard's (of Wycliffe) also rebelled against Henry V.  Thus, the Lords Appellent faction who backed Henry IV and V and aggressive war against France were indeed, unsurprisingly, opposed by France. Owain even offered to recognize the Avignon Pope over Rome -- which must have angered Rome. Therefore, a clear picture emerges: Lords Appellent / Henry V = Team Rome, Richard II / Owain = Team Avignon. English politics in 1400 CE was, just like all of Europe, torn between the two power centers of Rome and France. May it be noted that this is an unshocking claim, that England was just like the rest of Europe.''

How could he have become the king after being Duke of Lancaster if his predecessor Richard II prevented him from inheriting the Dukedom of Lancaster? This isn't explained on the Duke of Lancaster page either, which doesn't say anything (at this time) about how Richard II prevented Henry Bolingbroke from inheriting the Dukedom of Lancaster.

 * My understanding is that Richard seized the lands pertaining to Lancaster on John of Gaunt's death. No action was taken to prevent Henry from receiving the title.  But I'm not sure on that.  Peerage references always list him as being Duke of Lancaster after his father's death. john k 15:52, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Richard prevented him from returning to England, even to his father's funeral, as he was on a crusade in Baltic at that time, and also sort of exiled. The reason was that he had quarreled and apparently dueled with another lord, who was Richard's favourite and/or close relative. Richard seized the lands of deceased duke and refused to confirm the title and anything to Henry.

As he was enraged due to these, he almost immediately began the preparations of invasion. It succeeded and he captured Richard, who was forced to abdicate.

There apparently was no occasion to Henry to officially receive the Lancaster. It more or less only7 happened: when he won, no one tried to inhibit him from taking his father's inheritance, duriong the short time between his victory and Richard's abdication, which was followed by Henry's accession.

Already before his father's death, Henry was Duke of Derby. I believe that he was stripped of it when Richard forced him to abroad, to crusade.

He was not Duke of Derby, but Duke of Hereford before his exile, he was Earl of Derby. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.99.73.108 (talk) 03:23, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

As a style matter, I think it is rather ridiculous to word his accession as elevation of Duke to King. It is not relevant. He was what he was, and he ascended the throne. This is the neutral statement regarding his kingship. We do not need any royally-romantic list of titles, nor any artificial idea of elevation. 62.78.126.145 17:11, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Which Mortimer?
Was it Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March or Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March who was heir presumptive to Richard II when Bolingbroke seized the crown? The different articles on the people in question seem to imply both... Fire Star 20:33, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It was definately Edmund because Roger died in 1398.

-

"and by-passing Richard’s heir-apparent Roger Mortimer" - I believe Mortimer was Heir Presumptive, not Heir Apparent; it's right in the related articles; changing it here. (preceding unsigned comment by 22:27, 2005 October 8 (UTC))

James I
James was taken by English pirates, not soldiers. Rcpaterson 02:26, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

-- The level of royal authorisation is disputed in these kinds of raids. I would not talk about "pirates" in late medieval England as the only people rich enough to command such voyages etc were either Knights or Magnates, and so called "pirate" activities closely resembled royal policy ( for example border raids/chevauchés etc)

Katherine Swinford Relationship
I trimmed the fillowing lines from the introduction: ''His relationship with the Beauforts and their mother was equivocal. He expressed resentment that his former governess had taken his mother’s place, as well as the favor shown to them by their father. Upon his ascension, he revoked his half-brother’s marquessate, and passed further legal measures barring them from the throne. However, Thomas Swynford, a son from Katherine’s first marriage was a trusted and able companion.'' Not only is the intro a bit long, but also the claim that Henry and Katherine de Swinford didn't get along is contrary to the information provided in Anthony Goodman's book which indicated that, quite opposite to the claim above, Henry and Katherine got along swimmingly -- he even kept inviting her over for holidays after she and John of Gaunt (temporarily) broke up.--68.35.94.119 02:34, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Jeez! If you're going to undo the change at least state your argument for doing so! Till then I've just flagged the line, but so far I have a citation for the opposite being true.--68.35.94.119 14:01, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Equivocal
This page seems poorly written to me. The first section uses the word "equivocal" *five times* in a completely incomprehensible way (how is a relationship "equivocal"?). Does the author know the meaning of the word? Then we are told that Henry "probably" ordered Richard to be starved to death, but that there is no evidence for this supposition. How, then, is it probable? 90.194.154.197 06:44, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The five occurrences of "equivocal" are mischief and have been reverted... Cheers, Ian Rose 08:28, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

born
When was Henry IV born? Some sources state like article 1367. But others give date in 1366. What date is correct?

Those pesky French
I'm sure that Henry claimed to be King of France, as the Kings of England tended to, but it hardly seems accurate to say he was King of France, especially with Charles VI enthroned in Paris. And St. Crispin's Day is coming soon, too. -- OtherDave 22:43, 30 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Every King (or Queen) of England from 1338 up to the reign of George III claimed to also be the ruler of France, except between 1360 and 1369 when they dropped it. The only one who was able to enforce that claim, and then only for a few years, was Henry VI. Henry VI is credited on Wikipedia as an actual King of France (albeit in dispute with the French claimant), but the others are credited only as claiming it as a title of pretence. See English claims to the French throne for more information. Jsc1973 (talk) 16:14, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

New infobox image
This image from Commons is a detail from the portrait in the NPG; the existing infobox image is a 19th century "artist's impression". What is the view of editors on using the original portrait instead? --Old Moonraker (talk) 07:09, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The picture I had in mind now added. Thanks True as Blue. --Old Moonraker (talk) 06:08, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

Re Henry IV / Richard II succession
Questions re Henry IV's succession of Richard II: Help! Can anyone provide sources for the facts mentioned in this section...?; that is: two different entails to the crown --one by Edward III, the other by Richard II; plus, a supposed 'settlement' of the crown by Richard on his uncle York; and the reference to a precendent (established in 1199) re no succession by a female to the crown. All these 'facts' were posted on 28 November 2007 by anonymous IP 82.152.177.182 --who has not posted again. Specifically, does anyone have access to the work or works by Ian Mortimer, which the poster made broad reference to, and which may shed light on these 'facts'? --Jbeans (talk) 07:42, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Here are Dr Mortimer's works. --Old Moonraker (talk) 08:30, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I think the section has major problems. Its confusing, unnecessary and reads a bit like a rationalization for the Lancastrian Succession.  It was mentioned before that the Mortimers were the rightful heirs, but that the Mortimer heir himself was only seven years old so when Bolingbroke decided that Richard II had to go (see Richard II article for details on the long feud between the King and John of Gaunt/Bolingbroke), Bolingbroke couldn't rally behind a small boy... so he took the throne for himself... and with the army he had, who could complain?  Then, there's the mention of the Yorkists, but its not until 1415 that the Mortimer line merges with the York line (again with a small boy), its not until 1425 that the last of the Mortimers dies out and its not until 1432 that the Duke of York with Mortimer descent reaches maturity.  I'd be in father of removing the entire section.DavidRF (talk) 06:09, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

This, which was in the introduction, doesn't help: "His father, John of Gaunt, was the third son of Edward III, and enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of his cousin Richard II whom he eventually deposed." John of Gaunt did not depose Richard II. I have fixed it. 24.27.31.170 (talk) 14:08, 30 September 2011 (UTC) Eric

Rebellions
It says here that Henry put down the rebellions he faced, but that is not true. He failed to put down Owain Glyndwr's rebellion- it was Henry V who put down the Welsh rebellion and that was when Henry IV wasn't the King.--81.151.118.229 (talk) 15:47, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Relationship to Richard II
I changed it from first cousins to second cousins. They had a common grandfather, Edward III Plantagenet. Themagicmanfromtrent (talk) 08:10, 8 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Oops --check your wikipedia! Please note, having a common grand -parent is what first cousin means. (Second cousins have a common great-grand -parent.)--Jbeans (talk) 11:07, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Illness
From what I have read in other places, it seems that quite a few people at the time believed Henry's illness was divine retribution for the controversial execution of Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York, who was beheaded in 1405 without trial. Would it be worth mentioning this in the article? 86.29.27.99 (talk) 13:08, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

It can't be syphilis. It came to Europe earliest in 1492, a result of Columbus' expedition to "India". Castorius (talk) 14:43, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Questionable statement
In 1392/93 Henry undertook a journey to Jerusalem where he gained a reputation of a seasoned warrior and courtier.

I would like to see a source for that one. If he went to Jerusalem in 1392, I don't see how he could have done any fighting to get a reputation as a "seasoned warrior." The Crusades had been over for 100 years, and I doubt Henry IV went there and enlisted in the service of the Mamluks. Jsc1973 (talk) 16:19, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Reworded, with acknowledgement to User:Jsc1973. --Old Moonraker (talk) 17:19, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

Details of marriage
The page on Mary de Bohun gives 27 July 1380 at Arundel Castle (agrees with ref 2.) not 1381 at Rochford Hall, Essex given here. Are there any authoritative sources to help clear this up, or do the sources differ? Recent Runes (talk) 09:45, 13 February 2010 (UTC)
 * ODNB has Rochford, Essex, "probably on 5 February 1381". Other sources are less certain, dating the event only as after 30 July 1380, the date of the receipted marriage "licence" (rather expensive, at £2000, but she was an heiress) from the king. Froissart asserts that John of Gaunt, Henry's grandfather, arranged for Mary to be taken from Essex (where she in the care of nuns and intended for the life of the cloister) to Arundel for the ceremony; Gaunt had employed Mary's aunt to entice her away from the nuns, and the aunt was the sister of Richard, Duke of Arundel. In short, I don't think this can be cleared up readily and the articles should reflect this.--Old Moonraker (talk) 11:00, 13 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Some of this added. --Old Moonraker (talk) 08:35, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

The page on Mary de Bohun also lists their first child as: Edward of Lancaster, April 1382; buried Monmouth Castle, Monmouth (who died that same month) But this page does gives only six children and states they had six children together (her page gives seven) this is clear inconsistent 2001:470:1F09:11ED:4E72:B9FF:FE55:C6CD (talk) 19:31, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

Contradiction on descendants
The article states that, of Bolingbroke's children, only Humphrey and Henry V had children to survive to adulthood. However, the article for John, Duke of Bedford states that he had an illegitimate daughter, Mary, who married Pierre de Montferrand and had issue, while the article for Thomas, Duke of Clarence states that he had a bastard son who fought with him in France.

The WP page on his daughter, Blanche, states that "Blanche's son Rupert (nicknamed the English) died aged nineteen in 1426, unmarried and without issue." I suspect that to be accurate but it further contradicts that assertion - and Rupert was alone with Henry VI in being a legitimate adult grandchild, even if he is a cul-de-sac genealogically. Smlark (talk) 22:30, 7 February 2017 (UTC)

Per the book "Magna Carta Ancestry", John of Clarence was still living in 1431, though no descendants are noted. Per the same source, Bedford had two illegitimate children: Richard (still living in 1439, no descendants noted) and Mary, who had four children (Thomas, seigneur of Aiguille; Bertrand, seigner of Montbadon; Francois, baron of Uzeste and Portets, soudan of La Trau; and Mathilde) and who is claimed to have modern descendants.

A second contradiction concerns Bolingbroke's son Edward Laborde. This article places Edward as a son of his second wife Joanna (in contradiction to Joanna's own page, which claims they had no children). The "Magna Carta Ancestry" reference has Edward as an illegitimate child of Bolingbroke by an unknown mistress and states that he took holy orders and lived as a scholar in London. —Preceding unsigned comment added by PohranicniStraze (talk • contribs) 16:43, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

English, Please
The sentence below, from the lead paragraph of the article, does not parse.

Henry IV is, therefore, the first King of England from the Lancaster branch of the Plantagenets, one of the two family branches (the other one being the York branch, initiated by his uncle Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York) protagonists of the War of the Roses (see section "Seniority in line from Edward III" below).

Perhaps replace 'protagonists of' with that contended for the throne in.

Or rewrite the sentence for clarity and style. Neonorange 21:34, 30 September 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Neonorange (talk • contribs)

Baron of Halton
No mention Henry was the final Baron of Halton before being king??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.8.192.142 (talk) 13:41, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

Descent of Elizabeth II from Henry IV
Could anyone show exactly how the Queen is descended from Henry IV? Emerson 07 (talk) 18:18, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
 * As i recall, she's not. She is, however, descended from Henry's half brother John Beaufort ~ she's his 16th great grand-daughter ~ making her, i suppose, Henry's half 17th great-niece.  Hope that helps.  Cheers, LindsayHello 05:53, 28 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The Beaufort descent was well known, starting with Henry VII. What I'm more interested in would be the descent of the late Queen Mother from Henry IV's son Humphrey. Emerson 07 (talk) 13:59, 28 December 2011 (UTC)
 * There's Descent of Elizabeth II from William I for more info. Hot Stop UTC 15:47, 28 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I was hoping that someone could fill up the unknown in-betweens between the Queen and Henry IV precisely for that article. Emerson 07 (talk) 17:02, 28 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Ahh fair enough. Hot Stop UTC  04:56, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Someone has put this statement back in -- apparently she descends through the Dukes of Devonshire and for that matter so does Diana, Princess of Wales and several millions. Even Sophie of Wessex descends from Henry. -- Lady Meg (talk) 06:44, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

Bolingbroke /balan brug?
Is it possible that the otherwise unremarkable Bolingbroke placename from his birth at the castle was chosen to represent him because of its resemblance to the Breton 'balan-brug' meaning 'heath[er]' - i.e. an outlaw? 124.189.8.46 (talk) 09:57, 13 April 2012 (UTC) Ian Ison

Question of Succession
In the section titled "Seniority in line from Edward III" (as of April 24, 2012), the article states "The problem lay in the fact that Henry was only the most prominent male heir, the most senior in terms of agnatic descent from Edward III." However, this does not seem to be accurate based upon the definition of "agnatic seniority" currently (April 24, 2012) in Wikipedia. At the time of Richard II's death, which is when the statement in question was referring to, the Duke of York (son of Edward III) was more senior than Henry IV. If as stated on the agnatic seniority page, "A monarch's children (the next generation) succeed only after the males of the elder generation have all been exhausted" then the Duke of York would be ahead of Henry IV in line. Both he and Lancaster, under this principle, would also have been ahead of Richard II when Richard II became king. So, I think using the phrase "agnatic descent" in this article on Henry IV's right to succeed may not be accurate.

Rabs222 (talk) 22:32, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

 * At this point the statement reads "The problem lay in the fact that Henry was only the most prominent male heir, not the most senior in terms of agnatic descent from Edward III". What I see as the problem here is a failure to understand succession jargon. "Agnatic seniority" is not the exclusive consideration in speaking of agnatic descent. "Agnatic seniority" is a particular type of agnatic succession in which the oldest male dynast (member of a dynasty eligible for the throne) is the one who inherits the throne. But it is not the only form of agnatic succession. There is also, most importantly, "agnatic primogeniture" in which the earliest born male of the earliest born male of the earliest born male (etc.) is the one who inherits the throne. This was actually the predominant system of succession for Western and Central Europe, not agnatic seniority. So, because we are talking about the English succession, which has always been primogeniture, it seems reasonable to me to assume that the first post was referring to agnatic primogeniture rather than agnatic seniority. Now, another important thing to take into account is that when speaking of primogeniture, "senior" is often used not to refer to the individually oldest dynast, but rather the dnyast with the most senior line of descent. In context of this language, Henry would have indeed been the senior agnatic dynast by primogeniture because his father was born before his father's brother, the Duke of York. Perhaps you could argue that the original language was not sufficiently clear, but in the context of this way of speaking, it was technically correct. Perhaps it could be rephrased in a way that makes it clear that Henry was the senior heir according to agnatic primogeniture. Deusveritasest (talk) 00:49, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Birth contradiction
The lede now contradicts the "lineage" section on Henry's birth year. Either the article should be consistent or else it should be explained that the year of birth is in doubt. This site gives both 1366 and 1367 as possible dates.  Spinning Spark  20:14, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Apparently a record exists of a payment to the messenger who brought the news from Bolingbroke Castle to Edward III (in France?). It is dated 1 June 1367. The birth day was Maundy Thursday 1367 and Henry celebrated his anniversary on that day each year, notwithstanding it was a moveable feast, as a reminder that he was born under God's favour. He sometimes calculated his annual payments of Maundy money by reference to the years of his life. Citing ODNB; Ian Mortimer (2008) The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England's Self-Made King, page 364; and . These are  top-quality references. I can't assess the original weblink as it's now 404. --Old Moonraker (talk) 21:24, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I have made it consistent on 1367 for now. If there is genuinely any doubt amongst the best sources, this can be noted in the article later.  Spinning  Spark  16:08, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I've removed the reference we had for "either" date because it didn't seem particularly strong and, in any case, was only copying from another web page, now defunct. There may be other sources of strong reliability with more, so this need not be the last word. --Old Moonraker (talk) 17:48, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

Was his body dumped overboard and another substituted?
There's an oft-repeated legend that the sailors who were conducting his body to Canterbury Cathedral for burial became frightened when a storm arose, and threw his body overboard - another corpse was substituted and buried as Henry's. This and this make reference to the story. Any reason we don't, if only to debunk it? --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  22:33, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

10th Monarch of the House of Plantagenet or the 9th?
Please correct me if I'm wrong and I certainly could be, but the first monarch of the House of Plantagenet was Henry II, son of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, who wore the yellow flower in his hat, hence "plantagenet." Following Henry II, the line follows: 1. Henry II 2.  Richard I ("The Lionheart") 3. John 4. Henry III 5. Edward I 6.  Edward II 7.  Edward III 8. Richard II 9.  Henry IV

Who did I miss and where? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.36.169.80 (talk) 12:00, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Henry the Young King, who was officially co-king with his father but predeceased him, is sometimes included in the list. Favonian (talk) 12:24, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

birth year discrepancy
Henry's year of birth was listed as 1367 in the lede, but 1366 everywhere else. I changed it to 1367 to be consistent. As I wrote in the edit summary, Dr. Ian Mortimer's research on the subject seems extremely thorough into the exact year, and I don't know of anyone who has refuted his research. I put a comment in the page to say not to change it without discussing it here first — if any historians are still insisting he was born in 1366 please let us know on here. —Мандичка YO 😜 02:09, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

Henry 1V
Should this be Henry V1 As depicted, by my Wall clock and my Japanese Rolex Watch.??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.229.42.108 (talk) 13:21, 17 August 2017 (UTC)

Make intro longer
Intro way too short and brief. More detail about life, i.e. seizing control, Glyndwr Revolt, etc — Preceding unsigned comment added by Toluwan (talk • contribs) 15:25, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

Mother Tongue
It states in the lead that he was the first king since the Norman Conquest to use English rather than French as his mother tongue. Can it truly be said that English as a language existed in 1066?Catherinejarvis (talk) 15:16, 25 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, Old English existed at the Norman conquest of England. In fact, one of the major sources of English history, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was written in Old English. Old English was also the language of the administration of England, since most writs were in English, not Latin. English continued to be the language of the great majority of the inhabitants of England even after the Conquest, and although it ceased to be used in the written records of the royal administration, it returned as a literary language in the later 1200s and into the 1300s. Ealdgyth - Talk 15:31, 25 September 2018 (UTC)

Origin of House of Beaufort
" These illegitimate children were given the surname Beaufort from their birthplace at the Château de Beaufort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France.[5] ". There are a couple of possible origins for the Beaufort family name. Either Montmorency-Beaufort in Champagne once held by John of Gaunt or as Professor Goodman suggested ; after Roger de Beaufort, a chivalrous Knight held by John of Gaunt at Kenilworth since 1370. Alison Weir reasons in her book Mistress of the Monarchy that John Beaufort was born in Lincoln 1373 followed by Henry in Kenilworth 1375 with Thomas and Joan to follow in due course but none at Chateau de Beaufort as proposed by Armitage-Smith 216.213.128.46 (talk) 22:29, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry IV of England


text:
Boussens

Boussens may refer to:

 * Boussens, Vaud, Switzerland
 * Boussens, Haute-Garonne, France

title: Boussens


text:
Megaloptera

Megaloptera is an order of insects. It contains the alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies, and there are about 300 known species.

The order's name comes from Ancient Greek, from mega- (μέγα-) "large" + pteryx (πτέρυξ) "wing", in reference to the large, clumsy wings of these insects. Megaloptera are relatively unknown insects across much of their range, due to the adults' short lives, the aquatic larvae's often-high tolerance of pollution (so they are not often encountered by swimmers etc.), and the generally crepuscular or nocturnal habits. However, in the Americas the dobsonflies are rather well known, as their males have tusk-like mandibles. These, while formidable in appearance, are relatively harmless to humans and other animals; much like a peacock's feathers, they serve mainly to impress females. However, the mandibles are also used to hold females during mating, and some male dobsonflies spar with each other in courtship displays, trying to flip each other over with their long mandibles. Dobsonfly larvae, commonly called hellgrammites, are often used for angling bait in North America.

The Megaloptera were formerly considered part of a group then called Neuroptera, together with lacewings and snakeflies, but these are now generally considered to be separate orders, with Neuroptera referring to the lacewings and relatives (which were formerly called Planipennia). The former Neuroptera, particularly the lacewing group, are nonetheless very closely related to each other, and the new name for this group is Neuropterida. This is either placed at superorder rank, with the Holometabola—of which they are part—becoming an unranked clade above it, or the Holometabola are maintained as a superorder, with an unranked Neuropterida being a part of them. Within the holometabolans, the closest living relatives of the neuropteridan clade are the beetles.

The Asian dobsonfly Acanthacorydalis fruhstorferi can have a wingspan of up to 21.6 cm, making it the largest aquatic insect in the world by this measurement.

Anatomy and life cycle
Adult megalopterans closely resemble the lacewings, except for the presence of a pleated region on their hindwings, helping them to fold over the abdomen. They have strong mandibles and mouthparts apparently adapted for chewing, although many species do not eat as adults. They have large compound eyes, and, in some species, also have ocelli. The wings are large and subequal.

The female may lay up to 3,000 eggs in a single mass, placing them on vegetation overhanging water. Megaloptera undergo the most rudimentary form of complete metamorphosis among the insects. There are fewer differences between the larval and adult forms of Megaloptera than in any other order of holometabolous insects, and their aquatic larvae dwell in fresh water, around which the adults also live. The larvae are carnivorous, and are known to feed on small invertebrates, such as crustaceans, clams, worms and other insects. They possess strong jaws that they use to capture their prey. They have large heads and elongated bodies. The abdomen bears a number of fine tactile filaments, which, in some species, may include gills. The final segment of the abdomen bears either a pair of prolegs, or a single, tail-like appendage.

The larvae grow slowly, taking anywhere from 1 to 5 years to reach the last larval stage. When they reach maturity, the larvae crawl out onto land to pupate in damp soil or under logs. Unusually, the pupa is fully motile, with large mandibles that it can use to defend itself against predators. The short-lived adults emerge from the pupa to mate - many species never feed as adults, living only a few days or hours, up to a few weeks at most.

Evolution
Apart from the two living families, there are a few prehistoric taxa sometimes placed Megaloptera, only known from fossils.
 * Family Corydasialidae (Other authors place as members of Neuroptera )
 * Family Parasialidae (placement within the Neuropterida uncertain )
 * Family Euchauliodidae (other authors have suggested that this likely represents a "grylloblattid" instead )
 * Family Nanosialidae (other authors consider this family more closely related to snakeflies )

The Megaloptera are monophyletic and are a sister clade of the Neuroptera. Within the Megaloptera, Corydalinae and Chauliodinae are sister clades. The oldest fossils confidently identifiable as megalopterans date to the Early Jurassic.

title: Megaloptera


text:
Karl von Wogau

Karl von Wogau (born 18 July 1941 in Freiburg) is a German politician. He studied law and economics in Freiburg, Munich and Bonn and holds a Doctorate on the constitutional history of Further Austria (German: Vorderösterreich).

Von Wogau is a member of the German conservative party Christian Democratic Union and the European People's Party. From 1979 to 2008, he served as an elected Member of the European Parliament for the Land (federal state) Baden-Württemberg and was the chairman of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs from 1994 to 1999. From 2004 to 2009, he was chairman of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence of the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

In 2009, von Wogau was defeated in his bid for a seventh term in the European Parliament. He is now Secretary General of the European Security Foundation.

title: Karl von Wogau


text:
Talk:Selenographic coordinate system

I disagree that this article needs help. It is complex, but necessarily so. RPellessier | (Talk) 09:24, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that it is a complex subject and by listing it as needing help I don't mean to imply that it is of poor quality. However I feel there must be some way making it more accessible to people who are not experts in this area. I am accustomed to reading technical articles and yet I still struggled to understand this one. I have read the article several times and still don't properly understand the information it is trying to convey, and neither did anyone else I showed it to (all of whom have science degrees of some variety). Perhaps some diagrams would help make this article easier to understand.Sonelle 10:26, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank-you to RJHall for taking on this task - good work! Sonelle 23:49, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I had a go at this to make it a little more comprehensible, but I'm not a deft hand at diagrams, so leave that to someone with more skill. ZorkFox 07:38, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

From PNA/Astronomy
- Highly technical, reuqires translation for laymen by someone familiar with the subject. (I wouldn't know where to start) Sonelle 14:10, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay I tried to further clarify it. Many of the details are actually covered in other pages on coordinate systems, so now it's a bit redundant. But I hope this helped. — RJH 23:22, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I had a stab at clarifying this article, as some of the sentences were quite ambiguous. I also moved the article a more general name: Selenographic coordinates.  Have at it.  ZorkFox 07:09, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. — RJH 22:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

For the co-ordinates of 'Mösting A' doesn't there need to be a implication of what compass direction the co-ordinates are? For example, 3°N, 45°W? I would put them in, but I don't know which directions those co-ordinates are for, and perhaps I am wrong to think that it works the same way as on Earth...? Rronalds (talk) 20:41, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

No mention of Libration
The apparent prime meridian and selenogrpahic colongitudes would both be subject to variations relative to the physical surface of the Moon due to libration. The article would do well to say something about this.Pomona17 (talk) 13:56, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

The article seems self-conflicting
The opening section makes it sound like the Mösting-A crater reference is universally accepted, whereas the "Longitude" section makes that unclear, and it is not at all clear how this relates to the "Mean Earth/polar axis system" that is supposedly recommended by IAU -- which is about as official as anything gets in this context. Hpa (talk) 17:10, 9 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Selenographic coordinate system


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Gymnopaedia/archive1

Gymnopaedia
See: Featured article candidates/Gymnopaedia/archive1 (Peer Review suggested instead of FAC - that page contains comments regarding the original article, only "referencing" has been elaborated since the first remarks there).

Additionally,
 * It appears unclear when Ancient Greeks used the term gumnopaidia, whether they referred to a festival or to a dance. Depending on source, one get one definition or the other. As far as I could determine in the oldest times it was the festival that was meant; later Greek writers (from the Roman era) referred to it as a dance only. Would that be correct?
 * (No peer review issue, but nonetheless): I think the article would greatly benefit from an image from an antique Greek vase (or so) picturing some war-dancing ancient Greeks (or anything else related to a "gymnopaedia"-like dance setup). All my searches have not been able to come up with such image in public domain or copylefted compatible with Wikipedia. Anybody having a clue?
 * I wrote an e-mail (in Dutch) to Mr. Naerebout, drawing attention to the article (one never knows he'd be interested in becoming a wikipedian...). I'll leave a note on this page if I get any reaction to that outside the wiki medium.

--Francis Schonken 09:24, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Rainer Wieland

Rainer Wieland (born 19 February 1957 in Stuttgart) is a German politician who has been serving as a member of the European Parliament for Germany since 1997. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party. He has been a member of the European Parliament since 1997 and one of its vice-presidents since 2009. His area of responsibility as a member of the European Parliament includes the Stuttgart administrative district. Since 2011, Wieland has been president of the non-partisan Europa-Union Deutschland (Union of European Federalists Germany).

Education and profession
Wieland studied law in Tübingen and Heidelberg and completed his legal clerkship in Stuttgart.

Wieland is a lawyer. He is founding partner of the law firm "Theumer, Wieland & Weisenburger" in Stuttgart, which was established in 1992. There he is responsible for European law and family law.

Family
Wieland is married and has two children.

Party
Wieland is a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.

In the Young Christian Democrats Gerlingen, Wieland was local chairman from 1975 to 1980 and chairman of the Young Christian Democrats Ludwigsburg from 1981 to 1983. From 1985 to 1988 he was deputy district chairman of the Young Christian Democrats Nord-Württemberg and from 1990 to 1992 deputy state chairman of the Young Christian Democrats Baden-Württemberg.

Wieland was a member of the CDU federal party committee from 1983 to 1991, and has been a member of the executive committee of the CDU Nord-Württemberg since 1991. He has been chairman of the CDU Ludwigsburg since 1993. Furthermore, he is member of the presidium of CDU Baden-Württemberg.

In terms of local politics, Rainer Wieland was a member of the municipal council of the city of Gerlingen from 1984 to 1998 and the district council of Ludwigsburg County from 1994 to 1998. He has been a member of the regional assembly of the Verband Region Stuttgart since 1994.

In the non-partisan regional section of UEF Baden-Württemberg, he was chairman from 2001 to 2013 and was a member of the ZDF Television Council as a representative of the UEF from 2006 to 2016. Since 2011, Wieland is President of Europa-Union Deutschland (UEF Germany). Complementary to his parliamentary work, Wieland is also a member of the non-partisan UEF Parliamentary Group European Parliament. From 2008 to 2011, Wieland was vice president of the European Movement International.

Member of the European Parliament
Wieland belongs since 1997 as a Member of the European Parliament of the CDU to the Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats), which represents the largest group in the European Parliament. Most recently, Rainer Wieland was again elected to the European Parliament in May 2019 from position 1 on the CDU state list of Baden-Württemberg.

As a member of parliament, Wieland has been responsible for the Stuttgart administrative district, including the state capital Stuttgart and the surrounding counties of Böblingen, Esslingen, Göppingen, Heidenheim, Heilbronn, Ludwigsburg, Schwäbisch Hall, Hohenlohekreis, Main-Tauber-Kreis, Ostalbkreis and Rems-Murr-Kreis.

He is a member of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs and the Committee on Budgets. Wieland is a full member of the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly (ACP-EU). He is a deputy in the Committee on Petitions and in the delegation for relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. He is a member of the Kangaroo Group.

He is also chairman of the regional group of CDU deputies from Baden-Württemberg in the European Parliament and a member of the EPP Group's executive committee.

In January 2022, Wieland came under criticism when it became known that he had his workplace converted for almost 630,000 euros, according to an overview of the parliamentary administration. The modernization is said to have taken place as part of an "ideas laboratory" to test new office technology.

Vice President of the European Parliament
Since 2009 Wieland has been one of the 14 Vice Presidents of the European Parliament, with special responsibility for buildings, budget, transport, environment-conscious Parliament, European Political Parties as well as relations with the French, Belgian and Luxembourg authorities on the seat and places of work of the Parliament. In this capacity, Wieland is a member of the Parliament´s Bureau of the European Parliament and replacing the President for Africa and the ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) group.

Honorary offices and memberships
Wieland is a member of several local associations in his home country. In the Theaterhaus Stuttgart, he is Member of the Board of Trustees. Furthermore, he has been committed to the Balkan region for years, be it through visits on site or support for student exchanges with schools from Baden-Württemberg.

Awards and honors

 * 2009: Federal Cross of Merit with ribbon
 * 2018: Honorary citizen of the Kosovar city of Drenas
 * 2021: Order of Merit of the State of Baden-Württemberg

title: Rainer Wieland


text: Talk:Strider Knives

title: Talk:Strider Knives