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Belting (beating)

Belting is the use of belts made of strong materials (usually leather) as a whip-like instrument for corporal punishment (see that article for generalities). Although also used in educational institutions as a disciplinary measure, it has most often been applied domestically by parents. This practice has now been abolished by most schools, at least in the Western world, as it is seen by many as an abusive and excessive punishment.

The instigator might use their own belt (always at hand) or the one worn by the person to be punished. In other cases, especially in an institutional context, a separate belt is kept (e.g. in the head's office) solely for disciplinary use, and possibly displayed, again as a warning.

The difference with a strapping, although in practice both terms are also used unprecisely as synonyms, is that a strap is harder, made from heavier and/or thicker leather, and may be specially made for discipline and have a handle (notably a prison strap), unlike a 'real' belt. They can be used for beating children.

The beating is usually administered to the bare buttocks or back or both of the recipient who bends over furniture or the punisher's lap. A belt might be used to lash in three ways:
 * doubled by holding both ends in one hand, this halves its length (necessary in case of bending over knee or lap) but increases its effective thickness, both making it behave more like a strap.
 * single, while holding the buckle or wrapping that around the fist; its weight is reduced which results in uneven impact, the severity increasing towards the tip of the belt.
 * least common but most severe, holding the buckle-less end, so that the buckle can 'bite' the flesh particularly hard.

In domestic discipline it was mainly used by fathers (or males who represent a father figure), while mothers rather used a slipper, wooden spoon or spatula.

The term is also used figuratively for any beating in general, regardless of the implement (e.g. in Scotland, the tawse, a forked type of strap, was frequently called the belt) or even absence thereof, also in the figurative sense, such as a defeat or other unpleasant, painful and/or humiliating (e.g. verbal) treatment, or even an impersonal misfortune that feels strongly painful, such as a financial loss.

In Russia and other countries of the former USSR, belting has been a standard form of domestic corporal punishment of children. The punished child has usually laid flat on a sofa or bed while naked, or the children's neck or torso has been clutched between the punisher's legs. The belt has been implemented almost exclusively on bare buttocks, and sometimes on bare thighs. Some nervous parent could hit his or her child in the other parts of body, such as the bare genitals, but it has not been regarded as proper punishment and has been condemned by public opinion. Such persons could be prosecuted by law, while the law usually has not "noticed" "proper" domestic punishment, which has been also officially regarded as a form of child abuse. Today, the usage of corporal punishment of children in Russia, while still not effectively prohibited, is gradually declining just as it has in the Western world.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Belting (beating)


text: User talk:64.106.60.238

title: User talk:64.106.60.238


text:
Abu Hamad

Abu Hamad (أبو حمد, ), also spelt 'Abu Hamed', is a town of Sudan on the right bank of the Nile, 345 miles by rail north of Khartoum. It stands at the centre of the great S-shaped bend of the Nile, and from it the railway to Wadi Halfa strikes straight across the Nubian Desert, a little west of the old caravan route to Korosko. The population of Abu Hamad is 69,056.A branch railway, 138 mi long, from Abu Hamad goes down the right bank of the Nile to Karima in the Dongola mudiria.

The town is named after a celebrated sheikh buried here, by whose tomb travellers crossing the desert used formerly to deposit all superfluous goods, the sanctity of the saint's tomb ensuring their safety.

The Battle of Abu Hamed, a part of the Anglo-Egyptian reconquest of the Sudan, took place near the town on 7 August 1897.

Transport
In 2023 a new road 450 km long from Abu Hamad to the site of a proposed sea port at abu Amama about 200 km north of Port Sudan.

Climate
Abu Hamad has an extremely hot and arid desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). Summers are long and extremely hot, and winters are warm. Throughout the year, humidity levels are low, and sunshine levels are high.

title: Abu Hamad


text:
Talk:Random permutation

Untitled
How much needs to be in this article before the stub notice is removed? We could go on and on about random permutations, but I don't think the article should be too long... --Adking80 20:17, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

the Knuth shuffle, is to start with the identity permutation, and then go through the positions 1 through n ... I would say to n-1 (there is no shuffle for a single member permutaion). Cepek 12:45, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

The article is inconsistent where it says (a) "It requires a function uniform(m) which returns a random integer between 0 and m inclusive." and (b) "unsigned uniform(unsigned m); /* Returns a random integer 0 <= uniform(m) < m */" The first statement says that both 0 and m are within range, but the the second statement says that m is excluded.

Knuth shuffle code is wrong. The swap position j should be from i to (n-1). Btw. it is often convention that uniform(m) picks among m numbers, i.e. 0...(m-1) or 1...m. Also, I will link to the existing wikipedia article on Knuth / Fisher–Yates shuffle. There the possible biases are discussed in detail. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.89.116.54 (talk) 10:00, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The Knuth shuffle example was intended to show the "inside-out" variant where initialization of the array is combined with the shuffle, rather than a pure shuffle of an existing array (which got broken by the 2014/11/30 edit). Either the text should be changed to remove discussion of the improved algorithm ("The initialization to the identity permutation and the shuffling may be combined, as in the following example."), or the example code should reflect the text. I like the latter option better. Regarding the definition of uniform(m), I think defining uniform(m) to generate 0 to m inclusive is easier to understand than defining it to generate 0 to m-1 and then using uniform(i+1) in the code. Henry stuffedcow (talk) 19:40, 26 July 2015 (UTC)

 * As seems to no one is going to repair this (a year after someone spotted the error and two years after the wrong code was introduced to the article... I can't imagine how much javascript code is now out there with this wrong algorithm:) I have done the minimal necessary corrections. The original algorithm, that perform a permutation to any given set, is much more important than inside-out version, so I used this version. In the form "0 to n-2", see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle#Modern_method . To avoid confusion I modified the text to 'index form 0' convention - the same as used in the pseudocode. If someone want to introduce the correct inside-out version, I think it should be done by adding the second code, not by overwriting this one. Bartekltg (talk) 23:40, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 May 2020 and 3 July 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Yifeng Li.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:48, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

What is this scrambling algorithm?
https://scratch.mit.edu/projects/191308642/

Instructions: Generate a nearly sorted list, then use bogo sort. Identify the scrambling algorithm used. 83.31.148.107 (talk) 09:19, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Oh, and while you're at it, identify the scramble in Sound Of Sorting, a downloaded program: http://panthema.net/2013/sound-of-sorting/

The instructions are similar, except with reversed list instead of the non-available nearly sorted. 83.31.148.107 (talk) 09:23, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

Why there is no link to Fisher-Yates shuffle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle seems to describe the same algorithm. Why there is no link? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.129.140.119 (talk) 16:25, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

 * This article includes the link Knuth shuffle, which is a redirect to that article. --JBL (talk) 16:41, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Random permutation


text: User talk:141.150.221.216

title: User talk:141.150.221.216


text: User talk:67.117.145.71

title: User talk:67.117.145.71


text: Category:Swedish models

title: Category:Swedish models


text:
Plenty International

Plenty International is an environmental, humanitarian aid and human rights organization based in Summertown, Tennessee, United States.

Background
In 1974, Stephen Gaskin and The Farm, an intentional community, started an outreach program called Plenty. In response to the devastating 1976 Guatemala earthquake, Plenty sent carpenters who built schools, houses and clinics in remote Mayan villages and a clinic for Mother Teresa. In its first ten years, Plenty established a clinic and orphanage in Bangladesh, an appropriate technology training center and reforestation program in Lesotho, and a wind-powered electric lighting system in a Carib Indian school in Dominica. It provided disaster relief in the "Developing" World and free ambulance service to the South Bronx which helped to train emergency personnel what then became New York City's EMS. It went to sea with Greenpeace and gave the Rainbow Warrior its ham radio, slo-scan TV, and radiation monitoring equipment. Plenty put Native American FM stations on the air, and pioneered amateur-band television and radio to keep its remote outposts of volunteers connected.

Plenty continues to work with Native American primary health care, midwifery, microeconomics, food and ecotourism cooperatives and alternative building programs, including the hemp house on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation with the assistance of The Farm School.

Following the catastrophic landfall of Hurricane Katrina near New Orleans in August 2005, Plenty volunteers worked on a neighborhood-by-neighborhood basis to deliver essential supplies and re-establish civil order. Plenty worked with Veterans for Peace, Camp Casey, and others to place volunteers where they were most needed. Plenty stayed on scene for the following year and organized clean-up and repair of the damage along the coastlines of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, including the cities of Mobile (Alabama), Biloxi and Gulfport (Mississippi), and Slidell (Louisiana). Plenty also brought displaced and disadvantaged children from the Gulf Coast back to The Farm to participate in its Kids To The Country summer nature school in 2006.

Plenty was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 1980 for "caring, sharing and acting with and on behalf of those in need at home and abroad."

title: Plenty International


text: User talk:70.112.84.18

title: User talk:70.112.84.18


text:
User:AncientHaemovore

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

See User:AncientHaemovore/Copyrights

title: User:AncientHaemovore


text: User talk:203.126.245.198

title: User talk:203.126.245.198


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bakla

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:33, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bakla
Actually, "Bakla" is the Tagalog translation for homosexual. And Wikipedia is not a Tagalog-English dictionary. TheCoffee 05:01, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * delete. Mikkalai 06:00, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a separate concept from homosexuality; bakla refers to people who see themselves more as women trapped in men's bodies, rather than actual men. Whether the two concepts are distinct enough for two separate articles might need a specialist. If somebody actually writes a good article about this, keep it; otherwise, redirect to homosexuality. Meelar (talk) 06:57, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nah, I'm Filipino and the word "Bakla" is no more than a translation for "gay". Nothing more, nothing less. Doesn't even need a redirect, as that would lead to endless redirecting of foreign language words to English articles. TheCoffee 08:13, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Spinboy 08:07, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The concept as outlined by Meelar appears to be well-covered in Homosexuality and transgender.  If you want to delve even deeper, there is always List of transgender-related topics.  Bakla is simply a non-English word to describe a transgender person (perhaps amongst other things), and should therefore be deleted with no redirect.  HowardB 09:05, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no redirect. Foreign dic def. Already covered elsewhere. Mgm|(talk) 09:06, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete,no RD, foreign dicdef is all. Wyss 21:11, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dictionary definition. Megan1967 02:27, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for reasons stated above. Kukuman 03:43, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bakla


text:
Eat the Document

Eat the Document is a documentary of Bob Dylan's 1966 tour of parts of Europe with the Hawks. It was shot under Dylan's direction by D. A. Pennebaker, whose groundbreaking documentary Dont Look Back chronicled Dylan's 1965 British tour. The film was originally commissioned for the ABC television series ABC Stage 67.

Though shooting had completed for the film, Dylan's July 1966 motorcycle accident delayed the editing process. Once well enough to work again, Dylan edited the film himself. ABC rejected the film as incomprehensible for a mainstream audience.

It has never been released on home video and prints are rarely screened in theaters. Some footage filmed for Eat the Document was used in Martin Scorsese's 2005 documentary on Bob Dylan, No Direction Home, and 3 song excerpts are special features on the DVD.

Content
Venues shown in Eat the Document include Dublin, Belfast, Cardiff, Liverpool, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Newcastle and Paris. Dylan's band during these shows were The Hawks (later to become The Band). Songs from various shows throughout the tour featured in the film include "Tell Me, Momma", "I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met)", "Ballad of a Thin Man", and "One Too Many Mornings".

Other scenes include Dylan and Robbie Robertson in a Glasgow hotel room writing and working through new songs, most of which remain unreleased and unpublished. Among these songs are "I Can't Leave Her Behind", which was later covered by Stephen Malkmus for the I'm Not There soundtrack. The film also includes a piano duet, backstage in Cardiff, with Johnny Cash performing Cash's "I Still Miss Someone".

Background and post-production
According to Howard Sounes's biography, Down the Highway: The Life of Bob Dylan, after his motorbike accident in July 1966, Dylan viewed a cut of the material edited by Pennebaker and Bob Neuwirth and thought it was too similar to Dont Look Back.

Despite having no filmmaking training, Dylan decided to re-edit the film himself, assisted by longtime associate Howard Alk and with (uncredited) assistant editor Gordon Quinn, co-founder of Kartemquin Films. Pennebaker stated: "It's not something you learn parking cars in a garage. You gotta know some of the rules and he didn't know any of the rules." Dylan and Alk's cut was eventually shown to ABC television, who promptly rejected it as incomprehensible to a mainstream audience.

Commenting on the film when it was screened at the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, in December 1972, New York Times critic Vincent Canby quotes from the program notes written by Howard Alk, describing the reaction of ABC Television as "What city are we in? What's happening?" According to Canby, Alk explains: "'Instead of trying to re-create the 'real' event with a vérité documentary approach, the editors looked for what each shot itself wanted to be. Conversations unheld, events untranspired. Some real music, some not. Murder, villainy, slavery and lust. We hope a real movie. Perhaps even a comedy.'"

Bootleg releases
Eat the Document was never given a theatrical release or made commercially available on VHS or DVD, but unauthorized bootleg copies circulate among Dylan collectors. The bootleg DVD cover photo was taken on the train line between Dublin and Belfast, near Balbriggan.

John Lennon scene
Some bootleg versions of Eat the Document include a longer scene featuring Dylan in a limousine with John Lennon in the early hours of 27 May 1966. As Dylan shows signs of fatigue, and may be impaired by alcohol or drugs, Lennon urges him to get a grip on himself: "Do you suffer from sore eyes, groovy forehead, or curly hair? Take Zimdon!...Come, come, boy, it's only a film. Pull yourself together."

Lennon would later recall in an interview with Rolling Stone that he and Dylan were "both in shades, and both on fucking junk, and all these freaks around us... I was nervous as shit. I was on his territory, that's why I was so nervous."

Legacy
Some of the concert footage shot for Eat the Document - including the "Judas" incident in Manchester's Free Trade Hall - was used in Martin Scorsese's Dylan documentary, No Direction Home, along with footage of Johnny Cash and Dylan singing Hank Williams' "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry".

Todd Haynes' film 2008 I'm Not There features a reference to the car ride with Lennon, featuring Cate Blanchett as Bob Dylan.

title: Eat the Document


text: User talk:68.173.176.238

title: User talk:68.173.176.238


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Benjamin mercer

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:30, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Benjamin mercer
Vanity page. -- Hoary 05:03, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

 * Yo Hoary's got a stick up his ass-- chill out on Ben Mercer. -- this unsigned personal attack by 128.148.5.192

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. No encyclopedic notability. -- Antaeus Feldspar 05:13, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 06:01, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I hate myself and Josh Bauchner for making this. -Ben Mercer ...added at 05:18, 2005 Feb 14 by User:138.16.5.153
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 06:07, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Gotta delete but don't feel too bad Ben. Come back when you become famous as the "man who invented the meal game". Kappa 06:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If it explored more personal territory (say, his loves and heartbreaks), maybe; but as is, no way. ...added at 08:30, 2005 Feb 14 by User:138.16.20.67
 * Delete - Come back in a few years Ben - you're still a Nonabee at the moment! Brookie 19:33, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete #2, user test, let him off the hook already. Wyss 21:10, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:AncientHaemovore/Copyrights

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:AncientHaemovore/Copyrights


text:
Accession (property law)

Accession has different definitions depending upon its application.

Accession in property law is a mode of acquiring property that involves the addition of value to the property through labour or the addition of new materials. For example, a person who owns a property on a river delta also takes ownership of any additional land that builds up along the riverbank due to natural deposits or man-made deposits.

In commercial law, accession includes goods that are physically united with other goods in such a manner that the identity of the original goods is not lost. In English common law, the added value belongs to the original property's owner. For example, if the buyer of a car has parts added or replaced and the buyer then fails to make scheduled payments and the car is repossessed, the buyer has no right to the new parts because they have become a part of the whole car.

In modern common law, if the property owner allows the accession through bad faith, the adder of value is entitled to damages or title to the property. If the individual who adds value to the owner's chattel (personal property) is a trespasser or does so in bad faith, the owner retains title and the trespasser cannot recover labor or materials. The owner of the chattel may seek conversion damages for the value of the original materials plus any consequential damages. Alternatively, the owner may seek replevin (return of the chattel). However, the owner may be limited to damages if the property has changed its nature by accession. For example, if a finder discovers a gemstone and in good faith believes it to be abandoned and then cuts it and integrates it into a work of art, the true owner may be limited to recovery of damages for the value of the gemstone but not of the final art piece by way of replevin. The remedies and application of the law vary by legal jurisdiction.

Roman accession
Accession might also be (from Latin accedere, to go to, approach), in law, a method of acquiring property adopted from Roman law (see: accessio), by which, in things that have a close connection with or dependence on one another, the property of the principal draws after it the property of the accessory, according to the principle, accessio cedet principali.

Accession may take place either in a natural way, such as the growth of fruit or the pregnancy of animals, or in an artificial way. The various methods may be classified as:
 * Land to land by accretion or alluvion
 * Movables to land or fixtures
 * Movables to movables
 * Movables added to by the art or industry of man

Accession in relation to land
The general principle was that everything acceded to the land since the land was the principal.

Buildings (inaedificatio)
Ownership of the house was considered distinct from ownership of the materials used to make the house. Owners of the materials were permitted to vindicate the materials upon demolition of the house, but the demolition of the house was forbidden by the Twelve Tables.

Where X built on X's land using Y's materials, X owned the house since it acceded to X's land. Y would be capable of laying one of two actions if X was in good faith (bona fides) in using Y's materials, but two actions if X was in bad faith (mala fides). These actions were (i) the rei vindicatio for the materials and (ii) the actio de tigno, which would recoup twice the value of the materials. Additionally, Y would also have an action against a third party if that third party stole the materials.

In A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian, W. W. Buckland discusses a third situation where X builds on Y's land using Z's materials. In such a situation, Buckland suggests that in relation to Y, X should be treated as though an XYX situation has occurred, and in relation to Z, as though an XXZ situation has occurred.

Plants and seeds
X's plants (implantatio) and seeds (satio) acceded irreversibly to Y's soil once they have taken root, but Y must pay expenses if X is in legal possession, since X will have the exceptio dolus malus against Y's rei vindicatio.

Rivers and new islands

 * Alluvion
 * Avulsion

Accession in relation to movables
The accessory accedes to the principal. The debate is generally over which is the principal and which is the accessory. The principal owner owns regardless of good faith, bad faith, or consent. Possible tests that could be adopted in deciding this question include:
 * Economic value
 * Size
 * Physical identity
 * Relative non-economic value in terms of aesthetic value or labor

In Roman law, there was no consistency. Everything was decided on a casuistic basis. The Physical Identity test was the dominant test, i.e., the principal is that which gives its name to the final product and the accessory is that which has its identity merged and lost in the identity of the other. However, there are a number of special cases with special, and rather idiosyncratic rules, which are as follows:

 * Writing (scriptura) and painting (pictura)
 * Threads and garments (textura)
 * Confusion of goods (confusio) and commixture (commixtio)

title: Accession (property law)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scheiße

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was ambiguous.

I count 11 clear "delete" votes, 13 "keep" votes (though 6 were discounted - 4 anon, one very new user and one troll), 5 "transwiki" votes and one unclear. Many of the delete votes came before the rewrite. Most of the transwiki votes came after the rewrite.

While there is a plurality of votes for deletion, there is not the overwhelming majority necessary for straight deletion. At the same time, the sum of the delete and transwiki votes indicate a reasonably clear concensus that this is not an encyclopedia article. Noting that transwiki does not destroy history and therefore does not require the overwhelming concensus that deletion does, I am going to be bold and add this to the Transwiki queue. Rossami (talk) 04:02, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Scheiße
Goofy attempt at a dicdef. Do not transwiki. Do not collect $100. Just get lost. -- Hoary 05:10, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

 * Delete, dicdef. Move to wiktionary has already been requested for de:Scheiße. --MarkSweep 06:36, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. foreign dic def. Mgm|(talk) 09:10, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep could develop into something --219.77.78.170 11:49, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) #
 * User: (talk • contribs) just gave us Hamburger of Truth and Votes for deletion/Hamburger of Truth. Uncle G 12:41, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Keep needs work and can be something very good. --Lang 11:59, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) (219.77.78.170 11:50, 2005 Feb 14 according to history Uncle G 12:41, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC))
 * Keep I dont think it is nice to tell people to get lost --Hoary--User:Rlandmann 12:09, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) (219.77.78.170 11:55, 2005 Feb 14 according to history Uncle G 12:41, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC))
 * Well, 219.77.78.170, "get lost" was addressed to the article, not to the author, Cooter08865 (contributor to Kyle Busch and Mohonk mountain). -- Hoary 12:57, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

 * Bad dictionary definition. Delete. Uncle G 12:41, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Keep I am just trying to make a helpful contribution.-- Hoary-your negative comments are certainly not constructive, and actually very immature. If you'd like to offer constructive criticism, by all means be my guest.Cooter088652005 Feb 14 (UTC) (12.20.200.207 14:29, 2005 Feb 14 according to history Uncle G 16:29, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC))
 * I'm not sure what's going on in this vote, but this article is a foreign dicdef and should be deleted imho. Radiant! 18:09, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete not usable by wikipedia. But hopefully avoid terms like "get lost" in VfD nominations. Kappa 19:14, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - a weird discussion but not worth keeping - there's nothing there of note! Brookie 19:37, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as foreign dicdef. Avoid use of 'get lost' in future VfD nominations. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 20:30, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, foreign dicef, get lost (NOT directed at you, TenOfAllTrades :) Wyss 21:07, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Pity. I mostly write biochemistry articles, and I never seem to get any good flames. :) TenOfAllTrades | Talk 02:42, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Isn't English (and all living languages) constantly evolving? The article is pretty sloppy, but maybe this fellow has a point. Clean it up! What's this about getting lost?Persuader 5:32, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. However, VfD helps us find a consensus on whether or not an article is encyclopedic (rather than, say, a dictionary definition). Wyss 02:04, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK you guys can delete this if it makes you feel better. I admit, it was a good idea after 5 beers and a whiskey, but maybe not now. Just don't come crying to me when all your English speaking friends start using the word Scheiße. It's starting to catch on, weather you like it or not is irrelevant! And please never tell Cooter to get lost because he starts frothing at the mouth while his face turns beet red. Ha!Cooter08865
 * Hey Cooter08865, I was wondering, why are you leaving personal attacks on my talk page? Wyss 23:19, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey Wyss, that is indeed a pretty serious allegation! Are you 100% positive it was me? I harbor no ill will towards you. What would I have to gain?
 * Cooter08865, you signed it and I subsequently had a look at your (limited) contribution history. Meanwhile the page history of my talk page clearly shows that after reading the above, you went back and deleted your personal attack. Now you deny having made it. Readers are invited to visit my talk page and see your trail for themselves, drawing their own conclusions. I'll assume this was all due to the inexperience of a new WP user who may have misunderstood both the role and function of VfD and the Speedy Delete process, misinterpreted my posts and over-reacted emotionally. Wyss 01:01, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In my opinion you really needs to lighten up. And for your information Mr. Overly Seriousness, I intend to contribute in the future with plenty of new exciting informative articles. So this time I’ll overlook your condescending/ holier than though “(limited) contribution history” snap. Cooter08865
 * Are you saying you plan on "contributing" more drunken vandalism? Based on the evidence I've seen so far, although you appeared to get off to an ok start with two contributions relating to geography and car racing, right now you're here to blow off personal steam and generally cause trouble. By the way, personal attacks and the use of sockpuppets are both violations of WP policy. (Holier than thou and Mr Overly Seriousness may seem like innocently flippant remarks, but onscreen they look like, and amount to, personal attacks never mind the plainly rude attack you put on my talk page and your contribution history is limited) Wyss 09:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ha..."drunken vandalism" is a compliment, so I must say thank you Good Sir! Who wouldn't like to sack and plunder Rome with all it's pomp and riches? But no.....it wasn't vandalism. Just a silly idea that popped in my head. Would you really like to see what Vandalism is?Cooter08865
 * Actually some of my friends use that word sometimes, and so do I. But I'd look it up in a dictionary if I had too, not an encyclopedia. Kappa 22:57, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Then why are other maledictions and slang words in wikipedia? I would think Scheiße has some sort of  new linguistic and cultural importance to the American English language. Cooter08865
 * Many are dicdefs that simply haven't been VfD'd (yet). In principle, an article should be an article, with encyclopedic content. For me, discussion of the word shit is a rather straightforward process of definition and etymology, which isn't the role of an encyclopedia. Creating an article space for its German equivalent is even less so, which is why I voted to delete it. The get lost commentary is only an echo of exasperation over the apparent glee some users (often new ones) seem to derive from typing colourful and provocative content for its own sake into WP, and shouldn't be taken too seriously. Wyss 01:24, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well if that's how you feel why don't you begin VfDing shit, fuck, crap, poop, piss? Stick with your convictions my friend and go on your clean up crusade immediately! Cooter08865
 * By the way, why did you lie about having left that personal attack on my talk page? Wyss 03:47, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Now you are calling me a liar? Pretty soon you'll be calling me Satan himself! If I wanted this kind of verbal abuse I'd move into my girlfriends mothers house! Oh the horror Cooter08865
 * It's all shown here, Cooter08865. -- Hoary 05:11, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC) (Note that the link only shows the latest history, and I've since reverted Cooter08865's vandalism myself) Wyss 08:50, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Hoary, thanks for reverting my wretched vandalism. Thanks much! Cooter08865
 * Hmm. It seems that comment, while attributed to User:Cooter08865, was actually added by User:Persuader. Either they're the same person, or Persuader is trying to start trouble.   — Gwalla | Talk 07:39, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like the same person to me, User:Persuader's only edits are to this article and talk page. Wyss 08:27, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wyss I think it's a moot point by now if it was me or not. Stop saber rattling and whining please. And for God sakes lighten up. My little drunken post on scheisse started out as a joke, but with the diligent contributions by Megan1967 and Capitalistroadster it clearly blossomed into something beautiful.
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic, non-English dictdef.   — Gwalla | Talk 01:45, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, borderline acceptability for me. Needs cleanup and expansion. Megan1967 02:20, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a German-English dictionary. JoaoRicardo 03:04, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) Transwiki to Wiktionary. JoaoRicardo 10:36, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unencyclopedic. CDC   (talk)  03:13, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Do we have a Don't post while drunk? --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 06:13, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, I've expanded it since VfD nomination. Megan1967 06:29, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - Is this drunken prank truly worth rescuing? (rhetorical question...) Wyss 08:27, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, Oktoberfest already? Certainly the word exists. It's been a challenge to rescue articles that look like hopelessly lost causes, even if the end results are less than successful. Megan1967 09:09, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh heh. Rescuing a VfD can be interesting and rewarding, for sure. I'm only saying this word has little potential to go beyond a foreign dicdef (and the story about the Austrian policeman and his trial shows you've really tried, but the incident was trivial and not encyclopedic IMO). Wyss 09:29, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Even a joke says that it is the dictionaries schoolkids go to look for potential swearwords, not the encyclopedias :-) - Skysmith 09:19, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Then why did I just have to put a on spew ? Uncle G 11:40, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC)
 * Keep. I have further cleaned up the article. The word shyster is derived from the word and was developed on the Australian goldfields. It then spread around the world losing its obscene meaning - for example Groucho and Chico Marx had a NBC radio program called Beagle, Shyster & Beagle which became Flywheel, Shyster & Flywheel. Thanks to Megan1967 for her work on the article too.Capitalistroadster 10:51, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. You surprise me. The OED makes it clear that the word shyster developed independently (i) in the US to mean something like a crooked lawyer (whence the Marx brothers' use) and (ii) in Australia, from Scheisser. If this is so, the German word had no influence on the Marxist use. But even if it had influenced it, so what? Should W'pedia have articles on German words that were adapted into English words? I hadn't thought that it was an English-language dictionary, let alone a German-English dictionary, but maybe I've missed something. -- Hoary 13:11, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'm flippin' and floppin' here and I'm sorry. Looks like Hoary's right, the shyster etymology applies to a different form. The new version had sufficient cultural interest for me to interpret it as encyclopedic, but without that twist, it's back to a foreign dicdef. Delete it, and that's prolly my last word on this topic. Wyss 13:27, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Even with the expansion, it is still an ethimological dictionary entry, not an encyclopedia entry. Sorry, but I will keep my vote. JoaoRicardo 23:49, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Why do you want to delete this dictionary entry and not send it to wiktionary, where it would fill in a red link? Kappa 00:00, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought Wiktionary was not an etymological dictionary. At least I haven't found etymologies for words I have looked up there. Would they accept such a long entry? JoaoRicardo 04:12, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh my goodness yes, Wiktionary is an etymological dictionary. Have a look at Main_Page.  The reason that you haven't found etymologies is that they simply haven't been written, not that they aren't allowed.  Wiktionary is also a vastly incomplete dictionary, not least because lots of people who want to write articles about words seem to aim for the dictionary and miss, and hit the encyclopaedia instead. Uncle G 10:12, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC)
 * Keep, another brilliant save by a worthy try by Capitalistroadster, after an early push by Megan1967. Wyss 11:09, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I'd like to thank Megan1967 andCapitalistroadster for turning my little blurb on Scheiße into a real article. Now it's definitely, without question a strong keep! Cooter08865
 * Transwiki or keep (change of vote). Note that wiktionary takes foreign dicdefs, it takes "all words in all languages" . Kappa 15:20, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You won't hear from me in a while guys. I have work to do, and if they see me on this site long enough I run the risk of getting fired. Which isn't so bad when you think about it, but I also run the risk of receiving a docked bonus. For being naughty and not concentrating solely on work related material. I like to argue and debate especially when being challenged. So I'll be back in full force! -Cooter08865 has left the building-
 * I have added further to the article explaining further the derivation of shyster. I based my statement earlier that the word shyster had originated in Australia from the German word based on prior knowledge as an Australian and the American Heritage derivation (cited as a reference in the article). Further research based on Hoary's concerns led me to work done by professor Gerald Cohen that the word had originated in the New York prison system in the 1840's and was based on "scheiße". The first citation of the word was in 1843 in a publication called The Subterreanean by Mike Walsh based on a conversation with Cornelius Terhune, a lawyer in New York who told Walsh that the word derived from the German for shit. There are alternative derivations for the word shyster including Shylock, a Gaelic word siostair meaning barrator or person who pursues litigation groundlessly and Scheuster who was supposedly a lawyer practising at the time.  The lawyer version was the most common derivation. However, Professor Cohen has been through the law lists of New York and can find no record of such a lawyer practising at that time meaning shyster is now the most likely derivation. I have mentioned the alternative derivations in the article but I consider that this dispute indicates that it is worthwhile keeping the word. No change in vote. Capitalistroadster 17:40, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This American Heritage article contains the best outline of Professor Cohen's research. Just scroll down a bit.
 * I have had a look at the OED citations. The earliest citation there is from 1844 from the "Tombs" which supports the research in the article that the word shyster in its shady lawyer sense came from there. Capitalistroadster 09:39, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — RJH 20:07, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent expansion but it is still a discussion about the meaning, origins and usage of a word. To me, that makes it a really good dictionary entry - but not an encyclopedia article.  Transwiki.   Rossami (talk) 03:55, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur. Transwiki. Radiant! 11:47, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — Dewet 09:39, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. We have an article on shit and other English-language profanities. There is much more material here than in the average dicdef. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, looks great now. - Mustafaa 02:54, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Definition + usage + etymology, however prolific, = transwiktionary. —Korath (Talk) 23:03, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo 03:37, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 'keep'. [maestro] 06:52, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scheiße


text:
Category:LGBT events

LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) event related articles are listed below. For a calendar, see List of LGBT events.

title: Category:LGBT events


text: Category:Interferometers

title: Category:Interferometers


text:
User:Brhaspati/funstuff

I use this page to collect stuff that's similar to what's on WP:BJAODN but doesn't have broad appeal.

From VfD/Vikram Jaswal
You might be Indian if...

 * Delete Vanity, contains more information about his parents than himself. --Etimbo | Talk 12:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

From VfD/Gulabjamun sandwich

 * Delete. I love gulab jamun, but certainly not the gulabjamun sandwich. utcursch 08:39, Jan 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Brhaspati/funstuff


text:
Acciaioli family

The Acciaioli family, also spelled Acciaiuoli, Accioly, Acciajuoli or Acioli was an important Italian noble family from Florence, whose members were the ruling Dukes of Athens.

History
Family name is also written Acciaioli, Acciainoli, or Accioly, Accioli, Acioli and Acyoly in Portugal and Brazil, where there are branches of it. Descent can be traced in an unbroken line from one Gugliarello Acciaioli in the 12th century; family legend says that Gugliarello (a name possibly derived from It. guglia, needle) migrated from Brescia to Florence in 1160 because they were Guelphs and fled Barbarossa's invasion of Northern Italy.

The Acciaioli founded a powerful bank in the 13th century (Compagna di Ser Leone degli Acciaioli e de' suoi consorti) which had branches from Greece to Western Europe until the bank collapsed in 1345.

Bishop Angiolo Acciaioli briefly ruled Florence in the mid-14th century after the deposition of Gauthier de Brienne. Later they associated themselves to the Albizzi and then to the elder Medici in the 15th century. From about 1390 to 1460 they ruled the Duchy of Athens and kept close ties with the younger branch of the Medici through the marriage of Laudomia Acciaioli to Pierfrancesco de' Medici, from which the later Grand Dukes of Tuscany are descended, as well as several royal houses. In Florence, the Lungarno degli Acciaioli borders the Arno from the Ponte Vecchio to the Ponte Santa Trinita.

Simone di Zanobi Acciaioli migrated before 1512 to the island of Madeira where he represented the family's commercial interests. The Portuguese and Brazilian Accioly, Accioli or Acioli family is descended from him and were part of the Portuguese nobility.

Notable members

 * Angelo Acciaioli I (1298–1357), bishop
 * Angelo Acciaioli II (1349–1408), cardinal
 * Angelo Acciaioli di Cassano (died 1467), diplomat
 * Antonio I Acciaioli (died 1435), Duke of Athens
 * Antonio II Acciaioli (died 1445), Duke of Athens
 * Donato Acciaioli (1428–1478), scholar
 * Francesco I Acciaioli (floruit 1451–1453), Duke of Athens
 * Francesco II Acciaioli (died 1460), last Duke of Athens
 * Giovanni Acciaioli (floruit 1422), archbishop of Thebes
 * Nerio I Acciaioli (died 1394), first Acciaioli Duke of Athens
 * Nerio II Acciaioli (1416–1451), twice Duke of Athens
 * Niccolò Acciaioli (1310–1365), soldier and statesman
 * Zanobi Acciaioli (1461–1519), Dominican friar and scholar

title: Acciaioli family


text:
The Secret of the Caves

The Secret of the Caves is Volume 7 in the original Hardy Boys series of mystery books for children and teens published by Grosset & Dunlap.

This book was written by Leslie McFarlane in 1929 for the Stratemeyer Syndicate, which published it under the pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon. Between 1959 and 1973 the first 38 volumes of this series were systematically revised as part of a project directed by Edward Stratemeyer's daughter Harriet Adams. In 1965, the original version of this book was rewritten by Andrew E. Svenson, resulting in two different stories with the same title.

Plot summary (revised edition)
The book begins with Chet Morton showing off his new metal detector to the Hardy boys and Biff Hooper while inviting them to camp at Honeycomb Caves. Meanwhile, their father, Fenton Hardy, is working to protect a Coastal Radar Station from sabotage during its construction. They are interrupted by Mary Todd who tells them that her brother, Morgan Todd, is missing and asks Fenton to find him. The Hardy boys and their father decide to team up to both find Morgan Todd and protect the Coastal Radar Station.

The Hardy boys travel to Kenworthy College and meet Todd's colleague, Cadmus Quill. A clue leads them to Rockaway, but when it is mentioned they notice strange behavior from Cadmus Quill. While driving to Rockaway they hear a radio report that the radar station has been damaged, so they instead return to Bayport. Their help is not needed so they leave for Rockaway, stopping at Palis Paris to purchase a spinning wheel for their Aunt Gertrude. When they stop in at Tuttle's General Store Mr. Tuttle warns them to keep away from Honeycomb Caves because people have seen strange lights and heard shooting coming from the caves. Instead of leaving, the boys decide to camp at Honeycomb Caves with their friends Chet and Biff.

At the caves they meet a strange hermit who invites them for breakfast, then chases them off and even shoots at Frank. Their adventure continues with Callie Shaw, Iola Morton and Mary Todd trying to get jobs at the Palis Paris, Biff getting knocked out while waiting in the parking lot, Chet's metal detector suddenly exploding and the Hardy boys' boathouse catching on fire.

The story concludes with the Hardy boys finding a submarine delivering supplies to the hermit in the caves. They explore the cave and learn that the caves have an underground passage to Palis Paris where a device was being built to interfere with the new Coastal Radar Station. The Hardy boys trap the criminals, including Cadmus Quill, in the cave while the State Police enter from the other end and arrest them all. The Navy is alerted and intercepts the submarine to find Morgan Todd being held hostage.

Additional formats
The revised edition was used for an episode of the Hardy Boys animated series and a View Master version also exists.

title: The Secret of the Caves


text: Category:New Zealand models

title: Category:New Zealand models


text:
User talk:LiT

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Hi LiT, I saw your contribution to List of Islamic terms in Arabic. I actually didn't know the difference between Illah and Allah. You are certainly free to edit any article you wish. My one suggestion is to make the tone "encyclopedic". If you know something is wrong in an article, go ahead and change it, rather than commenting on it. One of the guiding principles of Wikipedia is Be bold!. Feel free to drop me a note on my user page if you have any questions I might help you with. Cheers, BanyanTree 05:18, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Allah & God
LiT, if you take a look at this website,, you'll find a verse by verse translation of the Qur'an as done by three different translators. By comparing their versions, you can get some idea of the choices that they made in turning Arabic into English. One thing you should notice is that when one translator writes god or GOD, another translator writes Allah. It's the SAME WORD. Making an artificial distinction between the deity and his/her "proper name" is adding something that is not necessarily there in the text.

I hope I'm not going to discourage you when I remove your addition. A list of terms is not the best place to discuss abstruse theological or exegetical points. Also, a number of the citations you give would seem to be inaccurate; they're off by one verse. You may have used a version of the Qur'an with a different numbering system. Zora 06:21, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:LiT


text:
Roman Scandals

Roman Scandals is a 1933 American black-and-white pre-Code musical film starring Eddie Cantor, Ruth Etting, Gloria Stuart, Edward Arnold and David Manners. It was directed by Frank Tuttle. The film features a number of intricate production numbers choreographed by Busby Berkeley. The song "Keep Young and Beautiful" is from this film. In addition to the starring actors in the picture, the elaborate dance numbers are performed by the "Goldwyn Girls" (who in this film include future stars such as Lucille Ball, Paulette Goddard and Barbara Pepper). The title of the film is a pun on Roman sandals.

Plot
In the middle-America community of West Rome, Oklahoma, Eddie is employed as a delivery boy.

A self-styled authority of Ancient Roman history, Eddie bemoans the fact that the local shanty community is about to be wiped out by scheming politicians, certain that such an outrage could never have happened during Rome's Golden Days. After a blow to the head, Eddie wakes up in Imperial Rome, where he is sold on the slave auction block to good-natured tribune Josephus. Eddie soon discovers that the evil emperor Valerius is every bit a crook and grafter as the politicians in West Rome, and he intends to do something about it.

He gets a job as food taster for Valerius—a none-too-secure position, inasmuch as the emperor's wife, Agrippa, is constantly trying to poison him—and does his best to smooth the path of romance for Josephus and the recently captured Princess Sylvia. Eddie's well-intentioned interference earns him a session in the torture chamber, but he escapes and commandeers a chariot. On the verge of capture, Eddie wakes to find himself in West Rome, OK again, where he quickly foils the modern-day despots and brings about a happy ending for all his friends.

Cast

 * Eddie Cantor as Eddie/Oedipus
 * The Goldwyn Girls as Slave Girls
 * Ruth Etting as Olga
 * Gloria Stuart as Princess Sylvia
 * Edward Arnold as Emperor Valerius
 * David Manners as Josephus
 * Verree Teasdale as Empress Agrippa
 * Alan Mowbray as Majordomo
 * Jack Rutherford as Manius
 * Willard Robertson as Warren Finley Cooper
 * Lee Kohlmar as Storekeeper
 * Harry Cording as Soldier (uncredited)
 * Francis Ford as Citizen (uncredited)
 * Murdock MacQuarrie as Senator (uncredited)

Soundtrack

 * "Build a Little Home"
 * Music by Harry Warren
 * Lyrics by Al Dubin
 * Performed by Eddie Cantor and chorus
 * Reprised by Eddie Cantor and chorus

 * "No More Love"
 * Music by Harry Warren
 * Lyrics by Al Dubin
 * Sung by Ruth Etting
 * Danced by chorus

 * "Keep Young and Beautiful"
 * Music by Harry Warren
 * Lyrics by Al Dubin
 * Performed by Eddie Cantor with chorus
 * Danced by chorus

 * "Put a Tax on Love"
 * Music by Harry Warren
 * Lyrics by Al Dubin
 * Sung by Eddie Cantor

 * "All of Me"
 * Music by Gerald Marks
 * Lyrics by Seymour Simons
 * Sung by Eddie Cantor

 * "Dinah"
 * Music by Harry Akst
 * Lyrics by Sam Lewis and Joe Young
 * Sung by Eddie Cantor

 * "Kickin' the Gong Around"
 * Music by Harold Arlen
 * Lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * Sung by Eddie Cantor

 * "Turkey in the Straw"
 * Traditional
 * Played in the opening scene

Critical response
A written media review is located in Monthly Film Bulletin (UK), Vol. 1, Iss. 8, September 1934, (MG)

Reception
The film was one of United Artists' most popular films of the year.

title: Roman Scandals


text:
Donato Acciaioli

Donato Acciaioli (15 March 1428 – 28 August 1478) was an Italian scholar and statesman. He was known for his learning, especially in Greek and mathematics, and for his services to his native state, the Republic of Florence.

Biography
He was born in Florence, Italy. He was educated under the patronage or guidance of Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati (1422–1479), who subsequently was named cardinal. He also putatively gained his knowledge of the classics from Lionardo and Carlo Marsuppini (1399–1453) and from the refugee scholar from Byzantium, Giovanni Argiropolo.

Having previously been entrusted with several important embassies, in 1473 he became Gonfalonier of Florence, one of the nine citizens selected by drawing lots every two months, who formed the government. He died at Milan in 1478, when on his way to Paris to ask the aid of Louis XI on behalf of the Florentines against Pope Sixtus IV. His body was taken back to Florence and buried in the church of the Carthusian order at the public expense, and his daughters were endowed by his fellow-citizens, since he had little in terms of wealth.

He wrote Latin translations of some of Plutarch's Lives (Florence, 1478); Commentaries on Aristotle's Ethics, Politics, Physics, and De anima; the lives of Hannibal, Scipio and Charlemagne as well as the biography of the grand seneschal of the Kingdom of Naples, Niccolò Acciaioli by Matteo Palmieri. In the work on Aristotle he had the cooperation of his master John Argyropulus.

title: Donato Acciaioli


text: Category:Shinto shrines

title: Category:Shinto shrines


text:
Stretch marks

Stretch marks, also known as striae or striae distensae, are a form of scarring on the skin with an off-color hue. Over time, they may diminish, but will not disappear completely. Striae are caused by tearing of the dermis during periods of rapid growth of the body, such as during puberty or pregnancy, in which they usually form during the last trimester. Usually on the belly, these striae also commonly occur on the breasts, thighs, hips, lower back, and buttocks. Pregnancy-related striae are known as striae gravidarum. Striae may also be influenced by the hormonal changes associated with puberty, pregnancy, bodybuilding, or hormone replacement therapy.There is no evidence that creams used during pregnancy prevent stretch marks. Once they have formed, there is no clearly effective treatment, though various methods have been attempted and studied.

Signs and symptoms
Striae, or "stretch marks", begin as reddish or purple lesions which can appear anywhere on the body, but are most likely to appear in places where larger amounts of fat are stored. The most common places are the abdomen (especially near the navel), breasts, upper arms, underarms, back, thighs (both inner and outer), hips, and buttocks. Over time, they tend to atrophy and lose pigmentation. The affected areas appear empty, and are soft to the touch.

Stretch marks occur in the dermis, the resilient middle tissue layer that helps the skin retain its shape. No stretch marks will form as long as there is support within the dermis; stretching plays a role in where the marks occur and in what direction they run.

They can (but do not always) cause a burning and itching sensation, as well as emotional distress. They pose no inherent health risk on their own, and do not compromise the body's ability to function normally and repair itself. However, some people dislike the way stretch marks look. Young women are generally affected the most and often seek treatment for them from a dermatologist and following pregnancy.

Causes
Stretch marks appear to be caused by stretching of the skin. This is especially true when there is an increase in cortisone –  an increase in cortisone levels can increase the probability or severity of stretch marks by reducing the skin's pliability. More specifically, it affects the dermis by preventing the fibroblasts from forming collagen and elastin fibers necessary to keep rapidly growing skin taut; this can create a lack of supportive material as the skin is stretched, and lead to dermal and epidermal tearing, which in turn can produce scarring in the form of stretch marks. This is particularly the case when there is new tissue growth, which can interfere with the underlying physical support of the dermis or epidermis by displacing the supportive tissue.

Examples of cases where stretch marks are common include weight gain (in the form of fat and/or muscle), pregnancy, and adolescent growth spurts, though it is also noted that some medications, as well as other medical conditions and diseases, may increase the likelihood of stretch marks appearing. Common medications that can contribute to stretch marks include "corticosteroid creams, lotions and pills and chronic use of oral or systemic steroids". Medical conditions that can contribute to stretch marks include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and adrenal gland diseases.

Pregnancy

Pregnancy stretch marks, also known as striae gravidarum, are a specific form of scarring of the skin of the abdominal area due to rapid expansion of the uterus as well as sudden weight gain during pregnancy. About 90% of pregnant women are affected.

A number of additional factors appear to promote the appearance of stretch marks: one study of 324 women, done just after they had given birth, demonstrated that low maternal age, high body mass index, weight gain over 15 kg (33 pounds) and higher neonatal birth weight were independently correlated with the occurrence of striae. Teenagers were found to be at the highest risk of developing severe striae.

These skin marks are symptoms of pregnancy caused by the tearing of the dermis, resulting in atrophy and loss of rete ridges. These scars often appear as reddish or bluish streaks on the abdomen, and can also appear on the breasts and thighs. Some of these striae disappear with time, while others remain as permanent discolorations of the body.

Mechanical distension and rapidly developing areas of the body during pregnancy (such as the abdomen, breasts, and thighs) are most commonly associated with striae formation. Some have suggested that relaxin and estrogen combined with higher levels of cortisol during pregnancy can cause an accumulation of mucopolysaccharides, which increases water absorption of connective tissue, making it prime for tearing under mechanical stress. There also seems to be an association between higher body mass indices and in women with bigger babies and the incidence and severity of striae. Also, younger women seem to be at higher risk of developing striae during pregnancy.

The prevalence and severity of striae gravidarum varies among populations. The current literature suggest that in the general population of the United States, there is a 50% to 90% prevalence of striae associated with pregnancy, partly as a result of the normal hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and partly due to stretching of skin fibers. Many women experience striae gravidarum during their first pregnancy. Nearly 45% percent of women develop striae gravidarum before 24 weeks of gestation. Many women who develop lesions during the first pregnancy do not develop them during later pregnancies. Genetic factors such as genealogy and race also seem to be predictive in the appearance of striae.

Prevention
Collagen and elastin are proteins in the skin that contribute to the skin's strength, resilience, flexibility, and help skin that has been stretched to recover its original state. Boosting the production of collagen and elastin helps prevent stretch marks from occurring. Stretch marks can also derive from nutritional deficiencies. Consuming foods that contribute to the skin's health, such as zinc-rich foods, protein-rich foods, and foods high in vitamin A, C, and D, can help suppress stretch marks. A systematic review has not found evidence that creams and oils are useful for preventing or reducing stretch marks in pregnancy. The safety in pregnancy of one ingredient, Centella asiatica, has been questioned. Evidence on treatments for reducing the appearance of the scars after pregnancy is limited.

Treatment
There are no clearly useful treatments for stretch marks, although there are many different suggestions on how to remove them or lessen their appearance.

Various efforts that have been tried including laser treatments, glycolic acid, and microdermabrasion. Tretinoin (0.1% w/w), which is a retinoid, has found to be effective on early stretch marks in several studies. Hyaluronic acid also improves the appearance of stretch marks. Topical tretinoin is categorized by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a known teratogen (causing malformations in fetuses) in animals, without adequate human studies on safety in pregnancy.

Carboxytherapy is a known procedure; however, there is a lack of evidence to support how effective it is.

Research into a new skin grafting technique called "microcolumn grafting / micrografting", which uses needles to take autologous full-thickness skin biopsies, is also being investigated as a potential treatment for stretch marks.

History
Since ancient times, people have sought remedies to prevent stretch marks during pregnancy. Both ancient Greeks and Romans used olive oil, while Ethiopians and Somalis used frankincense.

Striae were first recognized by Roederer in 1773, and were later histologically described by Troisier and Ménétrier in 1889. In 1936, Nardelli made the first morphologically correct descriptions.

Terminology
Medical terminology for these kinds of markings includes: striae atrophicae, vergetures, stria distensae, striae cutis distensae, lineae atrophicae, linea albicante, or simply striae.

title: Stretch marks


text: Category:Brazilian models

title: Category:Brazilian models


text:
Herménégilde Chiasson

Herménégilde Chiasson (born 7 April 1946) is a Canadian poet, playwright and visual artist of Acadian origin. Born in Saint-Simon, New Brunswick, he was the 29th Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick between 2003 and 2009. He is also currently a professor at Université de Moncton.

Education
He was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Merit (France) as per the Canada Gazette of 26 November 2011.
 * Bachelor of Arts, Université de Moncton (1967)
 * Bachelor of Fine Arts, Mount Allison University (1972)
 * Masters in Esthetics, University of Paris (Sorbonne), (1975)
 * Master of Fine Arts, State University of New York, Visual Studies Workshop in Rochester, New York (1981)
 * Doctorate, University of Paris (Sorbonne), (1983)

Career and private life
He is married to Marcia (Babineau) with one daughter, Sara-Jane. He served in many positions (director, playwright, journalist, researcher) with Radio-Canada from 1968 until 1985. During this time, he also made many contributions to the cultural framework of New Brunswick: directing the Galerie d'art de l'Université de Moncton in 1974, serving as President of the Galerie sans nom in 1980, helping found the Editions Perce Neige in 1984 and the Aberdeen Co-op in 1985. He worked on several such projects after leaving Radio-Canada before becoming a professor of the history of Art and Cinema at the Université de Moncton in 1988. He is a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts In 2017 Chiasson received the biennial Strathbutler Award for visual art in New Brunswick.

Poetry
Source:

 * Mourir à Scoudouc (1974)
 * Rapport sur l’état de mes illusions (1976)
 * Climat (1996) (English translation: Climate.)
 * Conversations (1999) (Winner of the 1999 Governor General's Literary Award for poetry.)

Theatre
Source:

 * Cap Enragé (1992)
 * L'exil d'Alexa (1993)
 * Aliénor (1998)
 * Le Christ est apparu au Gun Club (2005)

Documentary

 * 2016 - Herménégilde Chiasson, de ruptures en contraintes (realisation Ginette Pellerin)

title: Herménégilde Chiasson


text:
Talk:Four-square cipher

Untitled
Mad props for putting in "Help me, Obi-Wan Kenobi!" — Brim 05:23, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well it's a known fact that R2-D2 stores everything in four-square just to be safe. :) Mouser 05:31, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Four-square cipher


text:
Jun'ya Koizumi

Junya Koizumi (小泉 純也) (January 24, 1904 – August 10, 1969) was a Japanese politician who served as Director General of the Japan Defense Agency during the 1960s.

Life and career
Koizumi was born Junya Samejima (鮫島 純也) in Higashi-Kaseda, Kagoshima Prefecture (now part of Minami-Satsuma); his family were fishermen. He attended high school at night while working in a department store, and then attended law classes at Nihon University while working as a secretary to a Diet member. He graduated in 1930 and joined the Rikken Minseitō political party. He was elected to the Diet in 1937.

He married Yoshie Koizumi, the daughter of Rikken Minseitō director and postal minister Matajirō Koizumi, taking her family name. Junya and Yoshie Koizumi had six children, including Jun'ichirō Koizumi, who later became the Prime Minister of Japan.

Koizumi was purged from politics by the Allied occupation government in the late 1940s, but returned to the Diet in 1952. He was a close ally of Nobusuke Kishi in the postwar years, served as Vice-Minister of Justice under Ichirō Hatoyama and became Director General of the Japan Defense Agency under Hayato Ikeda and Eisaku Satō.

title: Jun'ya Koizumi


text:
Talk:The Mystery at Lilac Inn

Untitled
This is a book review, not an article. The use of the word "notorious" is inappropriate. RickK 05:26, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Origndtmali.jpg
Image:Origndtmali.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:45, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

My additions to the article for this book
I must protest about the messages that I received as to my additions to this article. First of all, the first sentence is grammatically incorrect the way it is written, and second of all, anyone who has read the revision knows that my addition "after putting her in jail" is correct. Therefore, I am putting them back in.Malcolmlucascollins (talk) 12:44, 7 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Mystery at Lilac Inn


text:
Risk management plan

A risk management plan is a document that a project manager prepares to foresee risks, estimate impacts, and define responses to risks. It also contains a risk assessment matrix. According to the Project Management Institute, a risk management plan is a "component of the project, program, or portfolio management plan that describes how risk management activities will be structured and performed".

Moreover, according to the Project Management Institute, a risk is "an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on a project's objectives". Risk is inherent with any project, and project managers should assess risks continually and develop plans to address them. The risk management plan contains an analysis of likely risks with both high and low impact, as well as mitigation strategies to help the project avoid being derailed should common problems arise. Risk management plans should be periodically reviewed by the project team to avoid having the analysis become stale and not reflective of actual potential project risks.

Risk response
Broadly, there are four potential responses to risk with numerous variations on the specific terms used to name these response options:
 * Avoid – Change plans to circumvent the problem;
 * Control / mitigate / modify / reduce – Reduce threat impact or likelihood (or both) through intermediate steps;
 * Accept / retain – Assume the chance of the negative impact (or auto-insurance), eventually budget the cost (e.g. via a contingency budget line); or
 * Transfer / share – Outsource risk (or a portion of the risk) to a third party or parties that can manage the outcome. This is done financially through insurance contracts or hedging transactions, or operationally through outsourcing an activity.

(Mnemonic: SARA, for Share Avoid Reduce Accept, or A-CAT, for "Avoid, Control, Accept, or Transfer")

Risk management plans often include matrices.

Examples
The United States Department of Defense, as part of acquisition, uses risk management planning that may have a Risk Management Plan document for the specific project. The general intent of the RMP in this context is to define the scope of risks to be tracked and means of documenting reports. It is also desired that there would be an integrated relationship to other processes. An example of this would be explaining which developmental tests verify risks of the design type were minimized are stated as part of the test and evaluation master plan. A further example would be instructions from 5000.2D that for programs that are part of a system of systems the risk management strategy shall specifically address integration and interoperability as a risk area. The RMP specific process and templates shift over time (e.g. the disappearance of 2002 documents Defense Finance and Accounting Service / System Risk Management Plan, and the SPAWAR Risk Management Process).

title: Risk management plan


text:
Under the Bridge

"Under the Bridge" is a song by American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers and the eleventh track on their fifth studio album, Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991). Vocalist Anthony Kiedis wrote the lyrics while reflecting on loneliness and the struggles of being clean from drugs, and almost did not share it with the band. Released in March 1992 by Warner Bros. Records, "Under the Bridge" was praised by critics and fans for its emotional weight. The song was a commercial success and the band's highest-charting single, peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100, number one on the Cash Box Top 100 and certified platinum. It was also a success in other countries, mostly charting within the top 10. Gus Van Sant directed the song's music video, which was filmed in Los Angeles.

"Under the Bridge" helped the Red Hot Chili Peppers enter the mainstream. David Fricke of Rolling Stone said that the song "unexpectedly drop-kicked the band into the Top 10". The song has become an inspiration to other artists, and remains a seminal component of the alternative rock movement of the early-to-mid 1990s. In April 1998, English girl group All Saints released a cover version that topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in May 1998.

Writing
During the production of the Red Hot Chili Peppers's 1991 album Blood Sugar Sex Magik, producer Rick Rubin regularly visited singer Anthony Kiedis to review his new material. He found a poem titled "Under the Bridge" in Kiedis's notebook and took an interest in the poignant lyrics. Rubin suggested that Kiedis show it to the rest of the band: "I thought it was beautiful. I said, 'We've got to do this.'"

Kiedis was reluctant, as he felt the poem was too emotional and did not fit the Chili Peppers's style. After singing the poem to guitarist John Frusciante and drummer Chad Smith, they "got up and walked over to their instruments and started finding the beat and guitar chords to match it". Frusciante chose the chords to balance the dark lyrics, saying "I thought if the lyrics are really sad like that I should write some chords that are happier".

Frusciante and Kiedis worked on the song for several days. It was one of the few tracks completed prior to the band moving into the Mansion, where they recorded the album. After the song was recorded, Rubin felt the grand ending would benefit from a large group of singers. Frusciante invited his mother, Gail, and her friend, both of whom sang in a choir, to perform.

Lyrics
Kiedis wrote many of the lyrics during a period of depression. After struggling with heroin and cocaine addiction, he had been sober for roughly three years. He felt that this had distanced him from his bandmates, who continued to use cannabis together; Kiedis felt that Frusciante was "no longer in [his] world". Driving home after rehearsal in April 1991, Kiedis thought of his addiction during his relationship with his former girlfriend Ione Skye. He wrote in his 2004 memoir Scar Tissue: "The loneliness that I was feeling triggered memories of my time with Ione and how I'd had this beautiful angel of a girl who was willing to give me all of her love, and instead of embracing that, I was downtown with fucking gangsters shooting speedballs under a bridge."

Kiedis's alienation led him to feel that the city of Los Angeles was his only companion, and that "there was a nonhuman entity, maybe the spirit of the hills and the city, who had me in her sights and was looking after me".

One verse discusses the harsh effects of drugs, their role in destroying Kiedis's relationships, and their impact on his happiness. The verse recounts his experience entering gang territory under a bridge to purchase drugs; to gain access, Kiedis pretended that a sister of one of the gang members was his fiancée. Kiedis wrote that this was one of his lowest moments, as it demonstrated the level to which he was willing to sink for his addiction.

Kiedis has refused to reveal the location of the bridge, saying only that it is in downtown Los Angeles. Using details provided by Kiedis in his autobiography, writer Mark Haskell Smith concluded that the bridge was in MacArthur Park; however, this contradicts Kiedis's assertion that the bridge was under a freeway. Other possible locations include the Belmont Tunnel about half a mile from MacArthur Park, and the overpass where Interstate Highway 10 (the Santa Monica Freeway) crosses Hoover Street close to downtown L.A.

Music
"Under the Bridge" is performed in 4/4 time in the key of E major. The intro changes between D and F♯ major chords before the first verse moves into E. The bridge and ending modulate to A minor. The song marked a shift in style for Kiedis, who had spent most of his career singing rapidly due to his limited range. The song begins with Frusciante playing a slow introduction he said drew from the 1967 Jimi Hendrix song "Little Wing".

As Kiedis begins to sing, the guitar playing becomes more rapid until it reaches an E major seventh chord that halts the song; the silence is broken by drummer Chad Smith's closed hi-hat and cross stick struck at a fast tempo. Frusciante borrowed the E major seventh chord technique from British guitarist Marc Bolan of the glam rock band T. Rex, who used it in the song "Rip Off" from the 1971 album Electric Warrior.

"Under the Bridge" continues with another verse and chorus, when the bass enters. After the next verse an E major seven chord again marks a break before the start of the chorus. The second chorus transitions into a different verse, where Smith begins to play the drums, and Kiedis sings "Take me all the way/Yeah/Yeah-e-yeah/Oh no, no." After Kiedis cues "One time," a choir sings "Under the bridge downtown" and Kiedis sings "Is where I drew some blood/I could not get enough/Forgot about my love/I gave my life away" in between. As the choir, Kiedis and drums stop, Frusciante and Flea play the ending.

Sales
The first single from Blood Sugar Sex Magik was "Give It Away", which reached number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart on October 26, 1991. The band did not expect "Under the Bridge" to be as successful, but understood its commercial potential. Warner Bros. Records sent representatives to a Chili Peppers concert to determine which song should be the next single. When Frusciante began playing "Under the Bridge", Kiedis missed his cue and the audience began singing the song instead. Kiedis was initially "mortified that I had fucked up in front of Warner's people [...] I apologized for fucking up but they said 'Fucking up? Are you kidding me? When every single kid at the show sings a song, that's our next single'."

"Under the Bridge" was released on March 2, 1992. Journalist Jeff Apter noted that it "was the bona fide, across-all-formats radio hit that the band had been working towards for seven years". It spent 26 cumulative weeks on the United States Billboard Hot 100 chart. The single has been certified 6× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Critical reception
Parry Gettelman from Orlando Sentinel described the song as "an interesting Hendrix-Prince-Zep hybrid that has a lovely bass line (and none of Flea's increasingly predictable popping)." Nick Griffiths of Select dismissed it as "all mellow strumming and thoughtfully shallow vocals, though it's almost exonerated by a shrill unexpectedly choral middle eight". Reviewing the album, Ben DiPietro of the Richmond Times-Dispatch was impressed by the Chili Peppers' incorporation of slower tracks, especially "Under the Bridge". David Fricke of Rolling Stone said that it was a "stark and uncommonly pensive ballad" that "drop-kicked the band into the Top 10". Another Rolling Stone editor, Tom Moon, felt that the song "revealed new dimensions. The rhythm section displays a growing curiosity about studio texture and nuance."

Mark Frith from Smash Hits gave it five out of five, writing, "A classic. Far from being their usual in-yer-face energetic rap, "Under the Bridge" is a tender, thoughtful and quite sad tale of loneliness, the sort of thing that Pearl Jam would do if they forgot to ask their ten friends to play their guitars really loudly. Moody and brilliant." Philip Booth of The Tampa Tribune said it was "undulating [and] omnipresent" not only in alternative rock but pop music generally. According to Amy Hanson of AllMusic, it became "an integral part of the 1990s alterna-landscape, and remains one of the purest diamonds that sparkle amongst the rough-hewn and rich funk chasms that dominate the Peppers' own oeuvre". She praised "Under the Bridge" as a "poignant sentiment that is self evident among the simple guitar which cradles the introductory verse, and the sense of fragility that is only doubled by the still down-tempo choral crescendo".

"Under the Bridge" has been included in many publications' "Best of ..." lists. In 2002, Kerrang! placed the song at number six on their list of the "100 Greatest Singles of All Time". Q ranked the song number 180 on their compilation of the "1001 Best Songs, Ever". Life included "Under the Bridge" in the compilation "40 Years of Rock & Roll, 5 Songs Per Year 1952–1991", with the year being 1991. Pause and Play included the song in their unordered list of the "10 Songs of the 90's"; and the song ranked fifteenth in VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the 90s". Rolling Stone and MTV compiled a list of the "100 Greatest Pop Songs Since The Beatles" in 2000, with "Under the Bridge" coming in fifty-fourth. "Under the Bridge" was also ranked #98 in the list of Rolling Stone "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time" and ranked #328 on their "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". In 2021, Kerrang ranked the song number two on their list of the 20 greatest Red Hot Chili Peppers songs, and in 2022, Rolling Stone ranked the song number seven on their list of the 40 greatest Red Hot Chili Peppers songs.

"Under the Bridge" helped the Red Hot Chili Peppers enter the mainstream. David Fricke of Rolling Stone said that the song "unexpectedly drop-kicked the band into the Top 10", while Philip Booth of The Tampa Tribune commented that it was a "pretty, undulating, [and] by-now omnipresent single."

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Under the Bridge" was directed by Gus Van Sant, who photographed the band during their stay at the Mansion and provided the art direction for Blood Sugar Sex Magik. Van Sant knew Flea due to his role in Van Sant's 1991 film My Own Private Idaho. The band members respected Van Sant, and were elated when he agreed to direct the video for "Under the Bridge". Flea credited the video as "the thing that really made us break through the mainstream of American and worldwide pop culture".

The video was shot on the streets of Los Angeles and in a studio soundstage. It begins with Frusciante standing alone on a pedestal wearing a red-and-white-striped collared shirt, brown khaki pants, black and white wingtip shoes, and a purple, green and multicolored chullo, with white stitched wolves. He plays a 1966 Fender Jaguar behind the backdrop of a desert and an inverted cloudy sky. His shadow is projected either side of him. Frusciante's then-girlfriend, Toni Oswald, selected his clothes that day. Frusciante remembered Van Sant's surprise: "When I got [to the studio] Gus Van Sant was just looking at me and going 'God, I'm so glad you wore that hat. I'm so glad you wore that shirt. Oh! Those pants are so great, I'm so glad you wore those.'" The video marked a shift in Frusciante's on-camera behavior; he no longer wished to jump around fervently as in the band's prior videos.

As Kiedis begins to sing, he appears on camera bathed in purple light with blue fluorescent stars as a backdrop, surrounded by clouds. As the camera pans closer, an image of the skyline of Van Sant's home city, Portland, is superimposed from his chin downwards. Flea and Chad Smith are placed into the image while playing. Van Sant made superimposing the theme of the video; the idea came from a project he worked on with novelist William S. Burroughs.

The scenes in the studio are coupled with scenes of Kiedis walking the streets of L.A., wearing a white T-shirt with the words "To Hell And Back"; as he walks, the camera focuses on various people. At various points, Kiedis stands before the Belmont Tunnel before its closure, which he felt was vital; he felt that the studio portion alone would not convey enough emotion: "The first time we shot [the video] it was all in a studio and that didn't seem to capture everything we needed to capture. It needed more; it needed to be combined with an outdoor, streets-of-Los-Angeles thing." Towards the end, Kiedis runs down the Los Angeles River channel shirtless and in slow motion. In the background is a pillar in a cloudy sky before crossfading into a nuclear explosion (the "Baker" shot of Operation Crossroads). The video ends with various superimposed images of the band, followed by Frusciante playing alone on a pedestal—this time with an inverted shot of the ocean as the sky.

MTV placed the "Under the Bridge" video on heavy rotation. At the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards, the Red Hot Chili Peppers led the nominations, which included the categories of "Best Video", "Best Group", and "Best Direction". "Under the Bridge" won the group "Breakthrough Video" and "Viewers Choice Best Video"; the band's video for "Give It Away" won "Best Art Direction". Chicago Tribune readers voted it the 8th best video of the year.

Live performances
"Under the Bridge" has been performed over 640 times since 1991, making it the Chili Peppers' second-most performed song behind "Give it Away". Unlike several of the Chili Peppers' other songs, "Under the Bridge" is not interpreted in a different manner than what is on the record—aside from being played acoustically, the track is performed the same as it appears on Blood Sugar Sex Magik. Kiedis is, however, notorious for being incapable of achieving several high notes in live performances; he has noted that he sometimes forgets or rearranges song lyrics in the verses. After its release, the song would be included in virtually all concerts; Frusciante, however, began to resent the song's popularity and would play convoluted intros, purposefully throwing Kiedis off. An example of this was during a televised performance on the highly rated program Saturday Night Live on February 22, 1992. Kiedis said that it "felt like I was getting stabbed in the back and hung out to dry in front of all of America while [Frusciante] was off in a corner in the shadow, playing some dissonant out-of-tune experiment." Frusciante used a distortion pedal for the ending verse and screamed incomprehensibly into the microphone when providing backup vocals, neither of which were originally planned or typical of live performances. Nevertheless, sales of Blood Sugar Sex Magik skyrocketed following the show.

At times Kiedis has also resented singing the song, especially during instances when he felt distanced from the song's lyrics. Recently, however, Kiedis has experienced a revival in interest: "Although there have been times when I was over ["Under the Bridge"], I've rediscovered it and now I feel close to it and it still has power, and life, and purpose as a song." Frusciante believed that the flexibility of "Under the Bridge" has contributed to its success: "A lot of the time that is one of the ingredients of a hit; you can hear it over and over and it will still always mean new things, but you do go through cycles." Flea believes that the reason "Under the Bridge" had a recent revival in relevancy was due to Frusciante's first return to the band from 1998 to 2009 after quitting in 1992. Flea believed that it was vital to have the four members who wrote the track together.

"Under the Bridge" was played at the 1999 Woodstock Festival, which the Red Hot Chili Peppers headlined; they were the final act to perform. Attempts at distributing candles that were to be lit during the song backfired when the crowd, which was already disorderly, instead created a bonfire. Lighthearted foul-play escalated into violence when several women who had been crowd surfing and moshing were raped and nearby property was looted and destroyed. Other notable performances were at Slane Castle in August 2003 to 80,000 attendees; and in 2004 at London's Hyde Park, in which, over the course of three days, an estimated 250,000 people were in attendance. Released as the band's first live album, the event became the highest-grossing concert at a single venue in history, with a total revenue of $17.1 million. "Under the Bridge" is also performed on the Chili Peppers' concert video Off the Map released in 2001, and on an exclusive performance for iTunes in 2006. During the band's 2006 Stadium Arcadium World Tour, the band for the first time decided to drop the song from some of the setlists in favor of "I Could Have Lied" or "Soul to Squeeze". This continued on the band's 2016–17 The Getaway World Tour and 2022-2023's Global Stadium Tour. On May 18, 2017, before playing "Under the Bridge" at a show in Indianapolis, Indiana, Flea said, "Love to Chris Cornell"; Cornell had died after Soundgarden's concert the night before.

Track listings

 * US cassette single (1992)
 * 1) "Under the Bridge" (album version) – 4:24
 * 2) "The Righteous & the Wicked" (album version) – 4:05

 * UK 7-inch single (1992)
 * A. "Under the Bridge" (LP version) – 4:34
 * B. "Give It Away" (single mix) – 4:46

 * UK 12-inch single (1992)
 * A1. "Under the Bridge" (LP version) – 4:34
 * A2. "Search and Destroy" – 3:39
 * B1. "Soul to Squeeze" – 4:50
 * B2. "Sikamikanico" – 3:25

 * German CD single (1992)
 * 1) "Under the Bridge" (LP version) – 4:34
 * 2) "Sikamikanico" – 3:25
 * 3) "Give It Away" (12-inch mix) – 6:02
 * 4) "Give It Away" (Rasta Mix) – 6:47

 * European 7-inch single (1992)
 * A. "Under the Bridge" – 4:34
 * B. "Sikamikanico" – 3:25

 * UK limited-edition CD single (1994)
 * 1) "Under the Bridge" – 4:34
 * 2) "Sikamikanico" – 3:25
 * 3) "Suck My Kiss" (live) – 3:45
 * 4) "Search and Destroy" – 3:39

 * UK maxi-single (1994)
 * 1) "Under the Bridge" – 4:24
 * 2) "Fela's Cock" – 5:10
 * 3) "I Could Have Lied" (live) – 4:33
 * 4) "Give It Away" (in progress) – 4:37

 * UK limited-edition 7-inch blue vinyl (1994)
 * A. "Under the Bridge" – 4:34
 * B. "Suck My Kiss" (live) – 3:45

Personnel
Red Hot Chili Peppers
 * Anthony Kiedis – vocals
 * John Frusciante – guitar, backing vocals in live performances
 * Flea – bass
 * Chad Smith – drums

Additional musicians
 * Gail Frusciante and her friends – choir vocals
 * Brendan O'Brien – Hammond B-3 Organ

All Saints version
"Under the Bridge" served as the third single released from English girl group All Saints' debut album, All Saints (1997). In the UK and Australia, it was issued as a double A-side with a cover of Labelle's "Lady Marmalade". It became All Saints' second number-one single on the UK Singles Chart.

Background
"Under the Bridge" was slightly altered because it contained personal lyrics by Anthony Kiedis, and the All Saints covered it because they liked the overall sound and feeling of the recording. The All Saints version contains samples of the original recording, the most important one being the distinctive guitar playing in the beginning. The Red Hot Chili Peppers were, however, displeased with this version; Kiedis felt the cover was poorly recreated and, because the final verse, which contains the line "Under the bridge downtown / is where I drew some blood", was omitted, it lost all personal significance. He said of All Saints' version: "It was kind of funny, they looked so pretty and clean, it looked like they didn't know what they were singing about". The guitar on "Under the Bridge" was played by Richard Hawley.

Critical reception
British magazine Music Week gave the cover version a positive review, writing, "The soulful foursome weave their R&B spell around this classic Red Hot Chili Peppers song. Samples of the original [...] are included and this rendition loses none of the emotion. All Saints' inspired choice of cover, as well as the momentum of their two top five singles, should ensure this will be another hit. The single is A-listed on Radio One and is on the MTV Playlist."

Music video
Both videos were shot as a set and cost £500,000 to make. The videos took four months of production before release. The girls chose to perform their own stunts in the video, and at one point Natalie Appleton was knocked over by an explosion, although she remained unhurt.

Other cover versions
"Under the Bridge" has been covered several times since its release in 1992. The song was first transcribed in 1994 by the a cappella group The Flying Pickets from their album The Original Flying Pickets: Volume 1. Notable jazz musician Frank Bennett covered the song by fusing elements of big bands and bebop in his 1996 album Five O'Clock Shadow. Hip hop artist Mos Def included the beginning verse of "Under the Bridge" in the song "Brooklyn," from his 1999 record Black on Both Sides. He, however, changed the line "the city I live in, the City of Angels", which refers to Los Angeles, to "the city I live in is beautiful Brooklyn," to match his song's premise. Tony Hadley covered the song on his 1995 album Obsession. Britain's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra has modified "Under the Bridge" at several concerts—they perform various rock pieces combined into a single orchestral ensemble, often including the Chili Peppers' hit.

Mike Patton's band Mr. Bungle performed a mock version of the song in 1999, as part of a Halloween concert parodying Red Hot Chili Peppers. Patton had earlier covered snippets of it while in Faith No More during 1992 and 1993.

Alternative hip hop band Gym Class Heroes performed "Under the Bridge" on the 2006 assemblage Punk Goes '90s, an album that compiled popular rock songs from the 1990s being covered by contemporary artists. Gym Class Heroes continued to play "Under the Bridge" during their tour; lead singer Travis McCoy has said that it is "a timeless song. It's one of those songs you hear and are like 'Damn did this shit just come out?'" The All Saints version of "Under the Bridge", released in 1998, was the most successful cover version, reaching number one in the United Kingdom. The cover removed the final verse of the song that discusses drug use.

The 1993 "Weird Al" Yankovic song "Bedrock Anthem", set in the world of The Flintstones, begins with a brief parody of "Under the Bridge", followed by a more extensive parody of "Give It Away".

In 2008, Taylor Dayne released a cover version in her album Satisfied.

In 2009, the Stanley Clarke Trio covered the song on the album Jazz in the Garden. John Craigie covers the song on his album Leave the Fire Behind.

title: Under the Bridge


text:
Mandy-Rae Cruickshank

Mandy-Rae Cruickshank (born May 10, 1974, in Canada) is a world champion free-diver and record-holder from Vancouver, British Columbia.

Cruickshank holds several Canadian and world records. She set the women's world record for constant ballast by diving to a depth of 88 metres (289 ft) on one breath, in April 2007 in the Cayman Islands. On April 8, 2005, Cruickshank set the new world record in the Constant Weight without fins discipline, free-diving to 50m. On April 11, 2005, she set the new world record in the Free Immersion discipline, diving to 74m by pulling herself down and up a line.

As captain of the Canadian free-diving team at the 2004 AIDA World Freediving [sic] Championships, the women's team (consisting of Cruickshank and teammates Jade Leutenegger and Jessica Apedaile) took first place.

In May 2006 she was the subject of media attention as one of stage magician David Blaine's Drowned Alive show safety divers (as a member of the Performance Freediving [sic] Team). Along with Martin Štěpánek she dove into Blaine's water-filled sphere to rescue him from drowning during his failed 9-minute breath-holding stunt.

She was also cast in the 2009 documentary film The Cove.

Cruickshank was inducted into the Women Divers Hall of Fame in 2009.

Personal best performances

 * Static: 6 minutes, 25 seconds
 * Dynamic: 131.0 m
 * Dynamic without Fins: 100 m
 * Constant Ballast: 88.0 m
 * Constant Ballast without Fins: 52.0 m
 * Free Immersion 74.0 m
 * No Limits: 136.0 m

Canadian records held

 * 10 records

World records held

 * 6 records

title: Mandy-Rae Cruickshank


text:
Talk:France national rugby league team

Untitled
C'MON AUSSIE C'MON C'MON AUSSIES C'MON GO THE AUSSIES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
 * Very eloquent ;-) Grinner 10:44, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

2004 Fra vs Aus retrospectively awarded test status
http://foxsports.news.com.au/story/0,8659,17207271-23214,00.html

It was reported in the Australian media that the 2004 test was retrospectively awarded test status, which changes the premises for the back end of the article a fair bit. --60.229.111.181 07:58, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:France national rugby league team