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Teletype Model 33

The Teletype Model 33 is an electromechanical teleprinter designed for light-duty office use. It is less rugged and cost less than earlier Teletype models. The Teletype Corporation introduced the Model 33 as a commercial product in 1963, after it had originally been designed for the United States Navy. The Model 33 was produced in three versions:
 * Model 33 ASR (Automatic Send and Receive), which has a built-in eight-hole punched tape reader and tape punch;
 * Model 33 KSR (Keyboard Send and Receive), which lacks the paper tape reader and punch;
 * Model 33 RO (Receive Only) which has neither a keyboard nor a reader/punch.

The Model 33 was one of the first products to employ the newly standardized ASCII character encoding method, which was first published in 1963. A companion Teletype Model 32 used the older, established five-bit Baudot code. Because of its low price and ASCII compatibility, the Model 33 was widely used with early minicomputers, and the large quantity of the teleprinter sold strongly influenced several de facto standards that developed during the 1960s and 1970s.

History
Teletype Corporation's Model 33 terminal, introduced in 1963, was one of the most popular terminals in the data communications industry until the late 1970s. Over a half-million Model 32s and 33s were made by 1975, and the 500,000th was plated with gold and placed on special exhibit. Another 100,000 were made in the next 18 months, and Serial Number 600,000, manufactured in the United States Bicentennial year 1976, was painted red-white-and-blue, and shown around the country.

The Model 33 originally cost about $1000 (equivalent to $ today), much less than other teleprinters and computer terminals in the mid-1960s, such as the Friden Flexowriter and the IBM 1050. In 1976, a new Model 33 RO printer cost about $600 (equivalent to $ today).

As Teletype Corporation realized the growing popularity of the Model 33, it began improving its most failure-prone components, gradually upgrading the original design from "light duty" to "standard duty", as promoted in its later advertising (see nearby advertisement). The machines had good durability and faced little competition in their price class, until the appearance of Digital Equipment Corporation's DECwriter series of teleprinters.

Naming conventions
While the manufacturer called the Model 33 teleprinter with a tape punch and tape reader a "Model 33 ASR", many computer users used the shorter term "ASR-33". The earliest known source for this equipment naming discrepancy comes from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) documentation, where the September 1963 PDP-4 brochure calls the Teletype Model 28 KSR a "KSR-28" in the paragraph titled "Printer-Keyboard and Control Type 65". This naming convention was extended from the Teletype Model 28 to other Teletype equipment in later DEC documentation, consistent with DEC's practice of designating equipment using letters followed by numerals. For example, the DEC PDP-15 price list from April 1970 lists a number of Teletype Corporation teletypewriters using this alternative naming convention. This practice was widely adopted as other computer manufacturers published their documentation. For example, Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems marketed the Teletype Model 33 ASR as "Teletype ASR-33".

The trigram "tty" became widely used as an informal abbreviation for "Teletype", often used to designate the main text input and output device on many early computer systems. The abbreviation remains in use by radio amateurs ("ham radio") and in the hearing-impaired community, to refer to text input and output assistive devices.

Obsolescence
Early video terminals, such as the Tektronix 4010, did not become available until 1970, and initially cost around $10,000 (equivalent to $ today). However, the introduction of integrated circuits and semiconductor memory later that decade allowed the price of cathode-ray-tube-based terminals to rapidly fall below the price of a Teletype teleprinter.

"Dumb terminals", such as the low-cost ADM-3 (1975) began to undercut the market for Teletype terminals. Such basic video terminals, which could only sequentially display lines of text and scroll them, were often called glass teletypes ("glass TTYs") analogous to the Teletype printers. More-advanced video terminals, such as the Digital Equipment Corporation VT52 (1975), the ADM-3A (1976), and the VT100 (1978), could communicate much faster than electromechanical printers, and could support use of a full-screen text editor program without generating large amounts of paper printouts. Teletype machines were gradually replaced in new installations by much faster dot-matrix printers and video terminals in the middle-to-late 1970s.

Because of falling sales, Teletype Corporation shut down Model 33 production in 1981.

Technical information
The design objective for the Model 33 was a machine that would fit into a small office space, match with other office equipment of the time and operate up to two hours per day on average. Since this machine was designed for light duty use, adjustments that Teletype made in previous teleprinters by turning screws were made by bending metal bars and levers. Many Model 33 parts were not heat treated and hardened. The base is die-cast metal, but self-tapping screws were used, along with parts that snapped together without bolting.

Everything is mechanically powered by a single electric motor, located at the rear of the mechanism. The motor runs continuously as long as power is on, generating a familiar humming and slight rattle from its vibration. The noise level increases considerably whenever the printing or paper tape mechanisms are operating. Similar noises became iconic for the sounds of an active newswire or computer terminal. There is a mechanical bell, activated by code 07 (Control-G, also known as BEL), to draw special attention when needed.

The Teletype Model 33, including the stand, stands 34 inch high, 22 inch wide and 18.5 inch deep, not including the paper holder. The machine weighs 75 lb on the stand, including paper. It requires less than 4 amperes at 115 VAC 60 Hz. The recommended operating environment is a temperature of 40 to 110 °F, a relative humidity of between 2 and 95 percent, and an altitude of 0 to 10,000 feet. The printing paper is an 8.44 by 4.5 inch diameter roll, and the paper tape is a 1000 foot roll of 1 inch wide tape. Nylon fabric ink ribbons are 0.5 inch wide by 60 yard long, with plastic spools and eyelets to trigger automatic reversal of the ribbon feed direction.

The entire Model 33 ASR mechanism requires periodic application of grease and oil in approximately 500 locations.

Paper tape options
As a cost-saving measure, the optional paper tape mechanisms were dependent on the keyboard and page printer mechanisms. The interface between the paper tape reader and the rest of the terminal is completely mechanical, with power, clock, and eight data bits (which Teletype called "intelligence") all transmitted in parallel through metal levers. Configuration of user-selectable options (such as parity) is done with mechanical clips that depress or release various levers. Sensing of punched holes by the paper tape reader is done by using metal pins which mechanically probe for their presence or absence. The paper tape reader and punch can handle eight-bit data, allowing the devices to be efficiently used to download or upload binary data for computers.

Earlier Teletype machine designs, such as the Model 28 ASR, had allowed the user to operate the keyboard to punch tape while independently transmitting a previously punched tape, or to punch a tape while printing something else. Independent use of the paper tape punch and reader is not possible with the Model 33 ASR.

The tape punch required oiled paper tape to keep its mechanism lubricated. There is a transparent, removable chad receptacle beneath the tape punch, which required periodic emptying.

Printing
The printing mechanism is usually geared to run at a maximum ten characters per second speed, or 100 words per minute (wpm), but other slower speeds were available: 60 wpm, 66 wpm, 68.2 wpm, and 75 wpm. There are also many typefont options. The Teletype Parts Bulletin listed 69 available Model 33 type element factory-installed options (frequent type element changes in the field were impractical). The type element, called a "typewheel" in Teletype's technical manuals, is cylindrical, with characters arranged in four tiers, 16 characters per tier, and thus is capable of printing 64 characters. The character to be printed is selected by rotating the typewheel clockwise or anticlockwise and raising or lowering it, then striking the typewheel with a padded hammer, which impacts the element against the ink ribbon and paper.

The Model 33 prints on 8.5 inch wide paper, supplied on continuous 5 inch diameter rolls approximately 100 ft long, and fed via friction instead of a tractor feed. It prints at a fixed pitch of 10 characters per inch, and supported 74-character lines, although 72 characters is often commonly stated.

Keyboard
The Model 33 keyboard generates the seven-bit ASCII code, also known as CCITT International Telegraphic Alphabet No. 5, with one (even) parity bit and two stop bits, with a symbol rate of 110 baud, but it only supports an upper-case subset of that code; it does not support lower-case letters or the `, {{mono|{}},, {{mono| } }}, and ~ characters.

The Model 33 can operate either in half-duplex mode, in which signals from the keyboard are sent to the print mechanism, so that characters are printed as they are typed (local echo), or in full-duplex mode, in which keyboard signals are sent only to the transmission line, and the receiver has to transmit the character back to the Model 33 in order for it to be printed (remote echo). The factory setting is half-duplex, but it can be changed to full-duplex by the user.

Answer-back and unattended operation
The Teletype Model 33 contains an answer-back mechanism that is generally used in dial-up networks such as the Teletypewriter Exchange Service (TWX). At the beginning of the message, the sending machine can transmit an enquiry character or WRU ("Who aRe yoU") code, and the recipient machine automatically initiates a response, which is encoded in a rotating drum that had been preprogrammed by breaking off tabs. The answer-back drum in the recipient machine rotates and sends a unique identifying code to the sender, so that the sender can verify connection to the correct recipient. The WRU code can also be sent at the end of the message. A correct response confirms that the connection had remained unbroken during the message transmission. To conclude the transmission, the sending machine operator presses the disconnect button.

The receiving machine can also be set up to not require operator intervention. Since messages were often sent across multiple time zones to their destination, it was common to send a message to a location where the receiving machine was operating in an office that was closed and unstaffed overnight. This also took advantage of lower telecommunication charges for non-urgent messages which were sent at off-peak times.

The sole electric motor in the machine has to be left running continuously whenever unattended operation is expected, and is designed to withstand many hours of idling. The motor displays a "HOT" warning label, clearly visible once the cover is removed.

Communications interface
The communications module in the Model 33 is known as a Call Control Unit (CCU), and occupies the space to the right of the keyboard and printer. Various CCU types were available; most of them operated on the telephone network and included the relevant user controls. Variants included rotary dial, DTMF ("Touch-Tone"), or a mechanical card dialer. An acoustic coupler for a de facto standard sized and shaped telephone handset is also available.

Another CCU type is called "Computer Control Private Line", which operated on a local 20 mA current loop, the de facto standard serial protocol for computer terminals before the rise of RS-232 signaling. "Private Line" CCUs had a blank panel with no user controls or displays, since the terminal can be semi-permanently hard-wired to the computer or other device at the far end of the communications line.

Related machines

The Model 32 line used the same mechanism and looked identical, except for having a three-row keyboard and, on the ASR version, a five-hole paper tape reader and punch, both appropriate for Baudot code.

Teletype also introduced a more-expensive ASCII Model 35 (ASR-35) for heavy-duty use, whose printer mechanism is based on the older, rugged Model 28. The basic Model 35 is mounted in a light gray console that matched the width of the Model 33, while the Model 35 ASR, with eight-hole mechanical tape punch and reader, is installed in a console about twice as wide.

The tape reader is mounted separately from the printer-punch mechanism on the left side of the console, and behind it is a tray for storing a manual, sheets of paper, or other miscellanea. To the right of the keyboard is a panel that can optionally house a rotary dial or Touch-Tone pushbuttons for dialing a connection to a network via telephone lines.

The printer cover in later units also feature sound-deadening materials, making the Model 35 somewhat quieter than the Model 33 while printing and punching paper tapes. All versions of the Model 35 have a copy holder on the printer cover, making it more convenient for the operator when transcribing written material.

Teletype Model 35 is mentioned as being used in "Experiment One", in the first RFC,. The Model 35 was widely used as terminals for the minicomputers and IMPs to send and receive text messages over the very early ARPANET, which later evolved into the Internet.

The Model 38 (ASR-38) was constructed similar to and has all the typing capabilities of a Model 33 ASR, plus additional features. A two-color inked ribbon and additional ASCII control codes allowe automatic switching between red and black output while printing. An extended keyboard and type element support upper- and lower-case printing with some additional special characters. A wider pin-feed platen and typing mechanism allowed printing 132 columns on fan-fold paper, making its output similar to the 132-column page size of the then industry-standard IBM 1403 model printers.

More-expensive Teletype systems have paper tape readers that used light sensors to detect the presence or absence of punched holes in the tape. These can work at much higher speeds (hundreds of characters per second). More sophisticated punches were also available that could run at somewhat higher speeds; Teletype's DRPE punch can operate at speeds up to 240 characters per second.

Historical impact

 * ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone and Telegraph's Teletypewriter Exchange Service (TWX) using Teletype Model 33 teleprinters.
 * The Teletype Model 33 series was influential in the development and interpretation of ASCII code characters. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, also known as XON) and 19 (Control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF) became de facto standards.
 * The programming language BASIC was designed to be written and edited on a low-speed Teletype Model 33. The slow speed of the Teletype Model 33 influenced the user interface of minicomputer operating systems, including UNIX.
 * A Teletype Model 33 provided Bill Gates' first computing experience.
 * In 1965, Stanford University psychology professors Patrick Suppes and Richard C. Atkinson, in the pilot program for computer assisted instruction, experimented with using computers to provide arithmetic and spelling drills via Teletypes and acoustic couplers to elementary school students in the Palo Alto Unified School District in California and elsewhere.
 * In 1971, Ray Tomlinson chose the "@" symbol on his Teletype Model 33 ASR keyboard for use in network email addresses.
 * The serial ports in Unix-like systems are named /dev/tty..., which is short for "Teletype".

title: Teletype Model 33


text:
Darcy (unit)

The darcy (or darcy unit) and millidarcy (md or mD) are units of permeability, named after Henry Darcy. They are not SI units, but they are widely used in petroleum engineering and geology. The unit has also been used in biophysics and biomechanics, where the flow of fluids such as blood through capillary beds and cerebrospinal fluid through the brain interstitial space is being examined. A darcy has dimensional units of length2.

Definition
Permeability measures the ability of fluids to flow through rock (or other porous media). The darcy is defined using Darcy's law, which can be written as:

 * $$Q = \frac{A k\,\Delta P}{\mu\,\Delta x}$$

where:

 * $$Q\,$$ || is the volumetric fluid flow rate through the medium
 * $$A\,$$ || is the area of the medium
 * $$k\,$$ || is the permeability of the medium
 * $$\mu\,$$ || is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid
 * $$\Delta P\,$$ || is the applied pressure difference
 * $$\Delta x\,$$ || is the thickness of the medium
 * }
 * $$\Delta P\,$$ || is the applied pressure difference
 * $$\Delta x\,$$ || is the thickness of the medium
 * }
 * $$\Delta x\,$$ || is the thickness of the medium
 * }

The darcy is referenced to a mixture of unit systems. A medium with a permeability of 1 darcy permits a flow of 1 cm3/s of a fluid with viscosity 1 cP (1 mPa·s) under a pressure gradient of 1 atm/cm acting across an area of 1 cm2.

Typical values of permeability range as high as 100,000 darcys for gravel, to less than 0.01 microdarcy for granite. Sand has a permeability of approximately 1 darcy.

Tissue permeability, whose measurement in vivo is still in its infancy, is somewhere in the range of 0.01 to 100 darcy.

Origin
The darcy is named after Henry Darcy. Rock permeability is usually expressed in millidarcys (md) because rocks hosting hydrocarbon or water accumulations typically exhibit permeability ranging from 5 to 500 md.

The odd combination of units comes from Darcy's original studies of water flow through columns of sand. Water has a viscosity of 1.0019 cP at about room temperature.

The unit abbreviation "d" is not capitalized (contrary to industry use). The American Association of Petroleum Geologists uses the following unit abbreviations and grammar in their publications:

 * darcy (plural darcys, not darcies): d
 * millidarcy (plural millidarcys, not millidarcies): md

Conversions
Converted to SI units, 1 darcy is equivalent to $9.869 m2$ or 0.9869233 μm2. This conversion is usually approximated as 1 μm2. This is the reciprocal of 1.013250—the conversion factor from atmospheres to bars.

Specifically in the hydrology domain, permeability of soil or rock may also be defined as the flux of water under hydrostatic pressure (~ 0.1 bar/m) at a temperature of 20 °C. In this specific setup, 1 darcy is equivalent to 0.831 m/day.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Darcy (unit)


text: Talk:144 (number)

title: Talk:144 (number)


text:
Category:Music competitions

Some people likely to take part in music competitions can be found in the categories violinists, cellists, pianists, accordionists, and vocalists. See also the category:music festivals.

title: Category:Music competitions


text:
Catriona Rowntree

Catriona Rowntree (born 19 July 1971) is an Australian television presenter.

Rowntree is a long standing presenter on the Nine Network's Getaway program.

Career
Rowntree studied journalism at Macleay College in Sydney, after working as a researcher with Business Review Weekly, 2GB and Prime Television. In 1991, she moved to FM radio as a newsreader and music and lifestyle program host, first in community radio and then with the ABC youth station Triple J, for which she presented until 1996.

In 1992, Rowntree was hired as a researcher for the Nine Network children's series Wonder World!, graduating to the position of reporter the following year, and host in 1994. In that same year, whilst still working at Triple J, she also became the host of a Nine Network children's show called What's Up Doc?. Rowntree went on to become the show's writer/producer.

In 1996, Rowntree became a reporter on Getaway, a popular Nine Network travel series. While retaining this position, she has also made appearances on other Nine programs. She also appeared on Nine's Sydney New Year's Eve telecast alongside Richard Wilkins. In 2006 she wrote a travel book, Catriona's Australia: My Favourite Aussie Locations, published by HarperCollins. In 2009 and 2010, Catriona Rowntree was appointed as MC at the Pas de Deux in Paradise production by The Australian Ballet at Qualia on Hamilton Island.

Personal life
In 2007, Rowntree became engaged to farmer James Pettit, and the couple married on Saturday 5 April 2008 in the chapel of the latter's old school, Geelong Grammar School.

After announcing she was pregnant on 24 February 2009, Catriona gave birth to her first child, son Andrew John Rowntree Pettit, on 5 August 2009.

In September 2010, Rowntree announced that she was again pregnant. Her second son, Charles Stephen Rowntree Pettit, was born on 11 March 2011.

title: Catriona Rowntree


text: Portal talk:Canada

title: Portal talk:Canada


text:
Pier 39

Pier 39 is a shopping center and popular tourist attraction built on a pier in San Francisco, California. At Pier 39, there are shops, restaurants, a video arcade, street performances, the Aquarium of the Bay, virtual 3D rides, and views of California sea lions hauled out on docks on Pier 39's marina. A two-story carousel is one of the pier's more dominant features, although it is not directly visible from the street and sits towards the end of the pier. The family-oriented entertainment and presence of marine mammals make this a popular tourist location for families with kids.

The pier is located at the edge of the Fisherman's Wharf district and is close to North Beach, Chinatown, and the Embarcadero. The area is easily accessible with the historic F Market streetcars.

From the pier one can see Angel Island, Alcatraz Island, the Golden Gate Bridge, and the Bay Bridge. Blue & Gold Fleet's bay cruises leave from Pier 39.

History
Pier 39 was first developed by entrepreneur Warren Simmons and opened October 4, 1978.

On December 22, 2017, the Federal Bureau of Investigation arrested Everitt Aaron Jameson, a 25-year-old former Marine, on suspicion of planning a terrorist attack in the Pier 39 area over Christmas.

Sea lions
They started to haul out on docks of Pier 39 in September 1989. Before that they mostly used Seal Rock for that purpose. Ever since September 1989 the number of sea lions on Seal Rock has been steadily decreasing, while their number on Pier 39 has generally increased. Some people speculate that sea lions moved to docks because of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, but the earthquake happened after the first sea lions arrived at Pier 39. It is likely that the sea lions feel safer inside the Bay.

The Bay Ecotarium/Bay.org (501c-3) non-profit watershed conservation group in the Bay Area, operates the Sea Lion Center as an extended education arm of the Aquarium of the Bay on Pier #39. Naturalists and education staff interact with visitors and school groups with programs and demonstration activities. According to President & CEO George Jacob, plans are afoot to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the arrival of sea lions in 2020.

Although the reason for their migration to the pier is unclear, the refurbishing of the docks in September 1989 required the removal of all boats from that area, leaving large open spaces for the sea lions to move into. Once the project was completed, boat owners returned, but did their best to navigate around the sea lions; no efforts were made to encourage the new guests to leave. By the end of that year, fewer than a dozen sea lions frequented the docks at Pier 39. By January 1990, their numbers had increased to 150 animals. Owners of the 11 boats docked there began to complain about having to avoid the animals who can weigh up to half a ton, and odor and noise complaints began to pour in. News coverage caught national attention, and the sea lions began to attract tourists. Advice from The Marine Mammal Center was to abandon the docks to the animals, and to relocate the boats elsewhere.

Although fluctuations in the number of sea lions at Pier 39 are dramatic, as many as 1,700 have been officially reported at one time (Thanksgiving week in 2009), many of whom are recognizable to researchers and others, and some of whom have been unofficially named. Volunteers and staff at The Marine Mammal Store and Interpretive Center monitor the sea lion population each day, and educational information is provided to tourists who visit from around the world. Scientists continue to collect information there, adding to knowledge about sea lion health, dietary habits, and behavior. In November 2009, the more than 1,700 sea lions that had lived at the pier began to leave, and by late December 2009 nearly all were gone; a similar flux in population occurs annually, with the animals returning in the spring. Although the reason for their seasonal appearance and departure is not known for certain, according to Jeff Boehm, executive director of the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito, "Most likely, they left chasing a food source," anchovies and sardines. A handful of sea lions did return in February, and by late May several hundred could once again be seen on Pier 39. It remains unknown exactly where they went and why. However, in December 2009, nearly 4,000 sea lions that were identified as members of the California sub-species were seen outside Oregon's Sea Lion Caves, suggesting that they were likely the sea lions from Pier 39.

In early 2017, the estimated number of seals ranged from 150 to 600 around the pier. In June and July however, most were expected to leave temporarily for their breeding grounds near the Channel Islands.

title: Pier 39


text:
User talk:Akelkar

1031 property transfer
Please don't copy and paste material from other websites. Copyright problems are unacceptable. RickK 05:28, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

Second warning. Don't paste copyright violations or you will be blocked from editing. RickK 05:41, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
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title: User talk:Akelkar


text: User talk:219.114.103.192

title: User talk:219.114.103.192


text:
User talk:Revolver Ocelot

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
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KOS-MOS
Hi Ocelot, do you plan on making a KOS-MOS article. If so, I'd like to contribute. Coincidentally, my favorite games are the Xenosaga series, while MGS ranks around the top five, so I knew you were a fan before I even saw your profile. Anyway, I plan on adding some more content to the Xenosaga articles about the Japanese games, along with some screenshots. --Zeerus 11:50, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * A KOS-MOS article already exists, and any contribution you could make to the Xenosaga section would be great! =) - Revolver Ocelot 21:22, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Xenosaga
I'd just like to say thanks for all the Xenosaga stuff you added to Wikipedia. By the way, where are you at in the game? I'm currently inside the huge enemy fortress before landing on Old Miltia. → Jarlaxle Artemis   18:26, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, thank you, good work on the U-DO article and other things in the Xenosaga section yourself. I am right after the Ormus Stronghold, on Old Miltia. - Revolver Ocelot 22:20, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wilhelm
Things have been moved around and are in their right places now. Or so it appears, anyway. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:56, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:UMN Control Center.jpg)
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:UMN Control Center.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:UMN Control Center.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Aksibot 21:18, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

GFG listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect GFG. Since you had some involvement with the GFG redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 03:02, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

Xenosaga (Wilhelm) listed at Redirects for discussion
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Chaos (Xenosaga Character) listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Chaos (Xenosaga Character). Since you had some involvement with the Chaos (Xenosaga Character) redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 13:23, 14 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Revolver Ocelot


text: File:Nirvana-Incesticide.jpg

title: File:Nirvana-Incesticide.jpg


text:
HMS Britannia (1762)

HMS Britannia, also known as Old Ironsides, was a 100-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy.

Construction
She was ordered on 25 April 1751 from Portsmouth Dockyard to the draught specified in the 1745 Establishment. She was built by Thomas Bucknall. Her keel was laid down on 1 July 1751 and she was launched on 19 October 1762. The cost of building and fitting totalled £45,844/2s/8d. Her main gundeck armament of twenty-eight 42-pounder guns was later replaced by 32-pounders. In the 1790s ten of her quarterdeck guns and two of her forecastle guns were replaced by the same number of 32-pounder carronades. She was third of seven ships to bear the name Britannia.

Service
Britannia was first commissioned in August 1778, under the command of Captain Charles Morice Pole, for the American Revolutionary War. The ship was the flagship of Vice-Admiral George Darby between April 1779 and June, at which point Rear-Admiral Sir John Lockhart-Ross replaced Darby. Britannia was coppered at Portsmouth Dockyard in January 1780, and in September Captain James Bradby assumed command. He was in turn replaced by Captain Benjamin Hall in April 1782, with Britannia being paid off in February the following year. The ship underwent a repair at Portsmouth between May 1788 and September 1790 at the cost of £35,573.

Britannia was recommissioned for the French Revolutionary War in January 1793, under the command of Captain John Holloway. She was appointed flagship to Vice-Admiral William Hotham, and sailed for the Mediterranean Sea on 11 May. There she fought in the Battle of Genoa on 14 March 1795, and at the Battle of the Hyères Islands on 13 July. In January the following year Holloway was replaced in command by Captain Shuldham Peard as the ship became flagship to Vice-Admiral Hyde Parker, and Peard handed over to Captain Thomas Foley in May. Vice-Admiral Charles Thompson took Britannia as his flagship early in 1797, and as such the ship fought at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent on 14 February, in which she had one man wounded.

In March Captain Sir Charles Knowles replaced Foley, and Captain Edward March in turn replaced him in around June. The ship was then paid off in December. In 1800 Britannia was adapted to become a convalescence ship, and she then underwent a repair between June 1801 and January 1802 at the cost of £21,739. With the Napoleonic Wars having begun, the ship was then recommissioned by Captain Lord Northesk in April 1803 to serve on the Brest blockade. In April 1804 Northesk was promoted to rear-admiral, and Britannia became his flagship with Captain Charles Bullen assuming command in June. On 21 October 1805 Britannia fought in the windward column of the British fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar, in which she had ten men killed and a further forty-two wounded. Then in 1806 the ship was laid up in the Hamoaze.

On 6 January 1810 Britannia was renamed Princess Royal, and then again to Saint George on 18 January 1812. By 1813 Saint George was in ordinary in Plymouth Dockyard, and there between October and December she was converted into a prison ship. In the following year she was recommissioned in that role, under the command of Lieutenant John Cawkit. The ship then underwent another refit between March and June 1815 to enable her to serve as a receiving ship and flagship. In March she was recommissioned under the command of Captain James Nash, becoming the flagship of Admiral Sir John Duckworth, Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth. Saint George was paid off in December and renamed to Barfleur on 2 June 1819. Ordered to be broken up after this, the process was completed on 25 February 1825.

title: HMS Britannia (1762)


text:
Henri François Delaborde

Henri-François Delaborde (21 December 1764 – 3 February 1833) was a French general in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars.

Early career
He was the son of a baker of Dijon. In 1783, Delaborde joined the Regiment of Condé Dragoons as a private. At the outbreak of the French Revolution he joined the 1st Battalion of Volunteers of the Côte-d'Or, and passing rapidly through all the junior grades, was made général de brigade after the combat of Rheinzabern (1793). As chief of the staff, he was present at the siege of Toulon in the same year and promoted général de division. He was, for a time, governor of Corsica.

In 1794 Delaborde served in the War of the Pyrenees against Spain, distinguishing himself at the Baztan Valley on 25 July and at Orbaizeta on 16 October.

His next command was on the Rhine. At the head of a division he took part in the celebrated campaigns of 1795-1797, and in 1796 covered général de division Jean Victor Marie Moreau's right when that general invaded Bavaria at the battles of Neresheim and Emmendingen. In late 1799, Delaborde led a division in actions at Philippsburg and at the French defeat at the battle of Wiesloch as part of général de division Claude Lecourbe's corps. In the 1800 campaign in southern Germany, Delaborde led a small division in Sainte-Suzanne's corps, which was part of Moreau's army.

Delaborde was in constant military employment during the Consulate and the early Empire and was made commander of the Legion of Honour in 1804.

Peninsula
In 1807 he led a division in the Invasion of Portugal with General of Division Jean-Andoche Junot's army. Delaborde received the dignity of count in 1808. Against Sir Arthur Wellesley's English army he fought a skillful and brilliant rear-guard action at the Battle of Roliça. At the Battle of Vimeiro on 21 August 1808, he was wounded while leading his troops in an unsuccessful frontal attack. He commanded a division under Marshal Nicolas Soult at the Battle of Corunna, the Battle of Braga in the First Battle of Porto campaign and the Second Battle of Porto.

Later career
In 1812 Delaborde was one of Marshal Édouard Mortier's divisional commanders in the Russian campaign, leading the Young Guard. In early December when Napoleon abandoned his crippled Grand Army, Delaborde was still at Mortier's side. In 1813, he led the 3rd Division of the Young Guard until wounded in action at Pirna. In the following year he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor and was governor of the Castle of Compiègne. He joined Napoleon in the Hundred Days and became Chamberlain and a peer. Marked for punishment by the returning Bourbons, he was sent before a court-martial and only escaped condemnation through a technical flaw in the wording of the charge. The rest of his life was spent in retirement.

He was the father of the painter Henri Delaborde.

title: Henri François Delaborde


text:
Delaborde

Delaborde may refer to:
 * Élie-Miriam Delaborde, concert pianist, (1839-1913), illegitimate son of Charles-Valentin Alkan
 * Henri François Delaborde, Napoleonic general (1764-1833)
 * Henri Delaborde (fencer), competitor in 1896 Olympics
 * Henri Delaborde (painter)
 * Jean-Baptiste Thillaie Delaborde, (9 June 1730 – late January 1777), a French physical scientist, mathematician and Jesuit priest.

title: Delaborde


text:
Epaphras

Epaphras (Ἐπαφράς) was an observer of the Apostle Paul mentioned twice in the New Testament epistle of Colossians and once in the New Testament letter to Philemon.

Biblical accounts
Epaphras is mentioned three times in the New Testament, twice in Colossians and once in Philemon. He was a believer in Christ who served with the apostle Paul, who referred to him as a “fellow servant,” “faithful minister,” and “servant of Christ Jesus” (Colossians 1:7; 4:12).

His name and Paul’s comment in Colossians 4:11 indicates that Epaphras was a Gentile. We also surmise that he was from Colossae in Asia Minor, since his name appears in the letter to the church there and Paul says that he “is one of you” (Colossians 4:12). According to Paul, writing during his first Roman imprisonment, Epaphras was the one who shared the gospel with the Colossians and possibly started the church there: Paul speaks of “the day you heard [the gospel]” and reminds them that “you learned it from Epaphras” (Colossians 1:6–7). Epaphras traveled to Rome to visit Paul, informing Paul about the Colossians’ “love in the Spirit” (Colossians 1:8).

In his letter, Paul told the Colossians about how Epaphras cared deeply for their spiritual growth and maturity. Epaphras had committed to praying for the Colossians, “always wrestling in prayer for [them]” (Colossians 4:12). Epaphras desired for the Colossian Christians to stand firm in their faith and become mature. Paul gave testimony that Epaphras was working hard for the church in Colossae, just as he was for the believers in Laodicea and Hierapolis (Colossians 4:13).

Aside from the letter to the Colossians, Epaphras’s name shows up in Paul’s personal letter to Philemon. Like Colossians, Paul wrote Philemon during his first imprisonment in Rome. Epaphras had apparently been imprisoned while in Rome visiting Paul: “Epaphras, my fellow prisoner in Christ Jesus, sends you greetings” (Philemon 1:23). Tradition teaches that Epaphras eventually returned to Colossae where he remained a faithful servant of Christ and was later martyred. But those details are not found in the Bible.

The descriptions of Epaphras are significant: “our dear fellow servant,” “a faithful minister of Christ,” “a servant of Christ Jesus,” “always wrestling in prayer,” and “working hard.” The brief sketch Paul provides shows that the apostle thought highly of this follower of Christ and fellow laborer. Epaphras demonstrated a strong faith, a rich prayer life, a boldness in sharing the gospel even at the risk of suffering, and deep care for those in whom he had invested spiritually. Epaphras is probably not the first name that comes to mind when we think of Bible characters, but he faithfully served Jesus, and his reward is sure (see Hebrews 6:10).

Analysis
Douglas Moo, in his commentary about Colossians, writes this about Epaphras: "Little is known about him, though we can infer that he was a native of Colossae and that he was perhaps converted by Paul himself during the apostle's ministry in Ephesus. The mention of a co-worker at this point in a Pauline epistle is unusual, and the strength of Paul's endorsement of him is also striking (note also 4:12-13)."

title: Epaphras


text:
Solar term

A solar term (or jieqi, ) is any of twenty-four periods in traditional Chinese lunisolar calendars that matches a particular astronomical event or signifies some natural phenomenon. The points are spaced 15° apart along the ecliptic and are used by lunisolar calendars to stay synchronized with the seasons, which is crucial for agrarian societies. The solar terms are also used to calculate intercalary months; which month is repeated depends on the position of the sun at the time.

According to the Book of Documents, the first determined term was Dongzhi (Winter Solstice) by Dan, the Duke of Zhou, while he was trying to locate the geological center of the Western Zhou dynasty, by measuring the length of the sun's shadow on an ancient type of sundial called tugui (土圭). Then four terms of seasons were set, which were soon evolved as eight terms; until 104 BC in the book Taichu Calendar, the entire twenty-four solar terms were officially included in the Chinese calendar.

Because the Sun's speed along the ecliptic varies depending on the Earth-Sun distance, the number of days that it takes the Sun to travel between each pair of solar terms varies slightly throughout the year, but it is always between 15 and 16 days. Each solar term is divided into three Pentad (calendar), so there are 72 pentads in a year. Each pentad consists of five, rarely six, days, and are mostly named after phenological (biological or botanical) phenomena corresponding to the pentad.

Solar terms originated in China, then spread to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan, countries in the East Asian cultural sphere. Although each term was named based on the seasonal changes of climate in the North China Plain, peoples living in the different climates still use it without changes. This is exhibited by the fact that traditional Chinese characters for most of the solar terms are identical.

On December 1, 2016, the solar terms were listed by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Numbering
The even solar terms (marked with "Z", for ) are considered the major terms, while the odd solar terms (marked with "J", for ) are deemed minor. The year starts with Lichun (J1) and ends with Dahan (Z12).

Chinese mnemonic song
The "Song of Solar Terms" is used to ease the memorization of jieqi:

春雨驚春清穀天
 * Traditional Chinese:

夏滿芒夏暑相連

秋處露秋寒霜降

冬雪雪冬小大寒

每月兩節不變更

最多相差一兩天

上半年來六、廿一

下半年是八、廿三

春雨惊春清谷天
 * Simplified Chinese:

夏满芒夏暑相连

秋处露秋寒霜降

冬雪雪冬小大寒

每月两节不变更

最多相差一两天

上半年来六、廿一

下半年是八、廿三

chūn yǔ jīng chūn qīng gǔ tiān,
 * Pinyin

xià mǎn máng xià shǔ xiāng lián,

qiū chù lù qiū hán shuāng jiàng,

dōng xuě xuě dōng xiǎo dà hán.

měi yuè liǎng jié bù biàn gēng,

zùi duō xiāng chā yī liǎng tiān

shàng bàn nián lái liù, niàn yī

xià bàn nián shì bā, niàn sān

The first four lines provides a concise version of the names of the 24 jieqi. The last four lines provide some rules of thumb about the Gregorian dates of jieqi, namely:
 * Two jieqi per month;
 * Gregorian dates are off by one or two days at most;
 * In the first half of the year, jieqi happens around the 6th and 21st day of each (Gregorian) month;
 * In the second half of the year, jieqi happens around the 8th and 23rd day of each (Gregorian) month.

Determination
The modern definition using ecliptic longitudes, introduced by the Shixian calendar, is known as 定气法 (dìng qì fǎ, steady term method). Under this method, the determination of solar terms is similar to the astronomical determination of the special cases of equinox and solstice dates, with different ecliptic longitudes to solve for. One can start with an approximation and then perform a correction using the anomalies and mean motion of the sun. The JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System may be used to query for exact times of solar terms.

The older method is known as 平气法 (píng qì fǎ, equal term method) and simply divides the tropical year into 24 equal parts.

Regional note
In Japan, the term Setsubun (節分) originally referred to the eves of Risshun (立春, 315°, the beginning of Spring), Rikka (立夏, 45°, the beginning of Summer), Risshū (立秋, 135°, the beginning of Autumn), and Rittō (立冬, 225°, the beginning of Winter), but currently mostly refers to the day before Risshun. The name of each solar term also refers to the period of time between that day and the next solar term, or 1/24th of a year.

title: Solar term


text:
User talk:A3r0

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --MarkSweep 05:41, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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Toronto flag!
Hello, and welcome! You must have been reading my mind ... thanks! That flag looks good.

That being said, though, I'm somewhat disatisfied with some of the current provincial/territorial SVGs that are replacing PNGs – upon inspection, some of the former are more properly knock-offs that do not render shapes or features as precisely as the latter (compare flag versions for Alberta, for instance). Over the next little while, I shall be replacing some of these. Anyhow, thanks again! E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 04:52, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks! It's the first "serious" SVG image I've ever made :D Aero 04:57, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Process states
Hey, thanks for the image at process states. :) GeorgeBills 02:00, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Aero 02:05, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Heightmap
I'd like to know a bit more about how you used anim8or to model and render the terragen heightmap -- I've a program outputting data that I want to look at by eye, and I think what you did on the heightmap page would fit the bill nicely. Please contact me on my talk page or at nitsua60_at_yahoo_dot_com. Thanks,

Nitsua60 (talk) 02:43, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

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CfD nomination of Category:HTTP clients
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Why?
Just why? -- A3RO (mailbox)  19:50, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of Libnds

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title: User talk:A3r0


text:
Mark and recapture

Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size where it is impractical to count every individual. A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion will be captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted. Since the number of marked individuals within the second sample should be proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population, an estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample. The method assumes, rightly or wrongly, that the probability of capture is the same for all individuals. Other names for this method, or closely related methods, include capture-recapture, capture-mark-recapture, mark-recapture, sight-resight, mark-release-recapture, multiple systems estimation, band recovery, the Petersen method, and the Lincoln method.

Another major application for these methods is in epidemiology, where they are used to estimate the completeness of ascertainment of disease registers. Typical applications include estimating the number of people needing particular services (e.g. services for children with learning disabilities, services for medically frail elderly living in the community), or with particular conditions (e.g. illegal drug addicts, people infected with HIV, etc.).

Field work related to mark-recapture
Typically a researcher visits a study area and uses traps to capture a group of individuals alive. Each of these individuals is marked with a unique identifier (e.g., a numbered tag or band), and then is released unharmed back into the environment. A mark-recapture method was first used for ecological study in 1896 by C.G. Johannes Petersen to estimate plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, populations.

Sufficient time should be allowed to pass for the marked individuals to redistribute themselves among the unmarked population.

Next, the researcher returns and captures another sample of individuals. Some individuals in this second sample will have been marked during the initial visit and are now known as recaptures. Other organisms captured during the second visit, will not have been captured during the first visit to the study area. These unmarked animals are usually given a tag or band during the second visit and then are released.

Population size can be estimated from as few as two visits to the study area. Commonly, more than two visits are made, particularly if estimates of survival or movement are desired. Regardless of the total number of visits, the researcher simply records the date of each capture of each individual. The "capture histories" generated are analyzed mathematically to estimate population size, survival, or movement.

When capturing and marking organisms, ecologists need to consider the welfare of the organisms. If the chosen identifier harms the organism, then its behavior might become irregular.

Notation
Let
 * N = Number of animals in the population
 * n = Number of animals marked on the first visit
 * K = Number of animals captured on the second visit
 * k = Number of recaptured animals that were marked

A biologist wants to estimate the size of a population of turtles in a lake. She captures 10 turtles on her first visit to the lake, and marks their backs with paint. A week later she returns to the lake and captures 15 turtles. Five of these 15 turtles have paint on their backs, indicating that they are recaptured animals. This example is (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5). The problem is to estimate N.

Lincoln–Petersen estimator
The Lincoln–Petersen method (also known as the Petersen–Lincoln index or Lincoln index) can be used to estimate population size if only two visits are made to the study area. This method assumes that the study population is "closed". In other words, the two visits to the study area are close enough in time so that no individuals die, are born, or move into or out of the study area between visits. The model also assumes that no marks fall off animals between visits to the field site by the researcher, and that the researcher correctly records all marks.

Given those conditions, estimated population size is:

 * $$\hat{N} = \frac{nK}{k},$$

Derivation
It is assumed that all individuals have the same probability of being captured in the second sample, regardless of whether they were previously captured in the first sample (with only two samples, this assumption cannot be tested directly).

This implies that, in the second sample, the proportion of marked individuals that are caught ($$k/K$$) should equal the proportion of the total population that is marked ($$n/N$$). For example, if half of the marked individuals were recaptured, it would be assumed that half of the total population was included in the second sample.

In symbols,
 * $$\frac{k}{K} = \frac{n}{N}.$$

A rearrangement of this gives
 * $$\hat{N}=\frac{nK}{k}, $$

the formula used for the Lincoln–Petersen method.

Sample calculation
In the example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) the Lincoln–Petersen method estimates that there are 30 turtles in the lake.
 * $$\hat{N} = \frac{nK}{k} = \frac{10\times 15}{5} = 30$$

Chapman estimator
The Lincoln–Petersen estimator is asymptotically unbiased as sample size approaches infinity, but is biased at small sample sizes. An alternative less biased estimator of population size is given by the Chapman estimator:

 * $$\hat{N}_C = \frac{(n+1)(K+1)}{k+1} - 1$$

Sample calculation
The example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives
 * $$\hat{N}_C = \frac{(n+1)(K+1)}{k+1} -1= \frac{11\times 16}{6}-1 = 28.3$$

Note that the answer provided by this equation must be truncated not rounded. Thus, the Chapman method estimates 28 turtles in the lake.

Surprisingly, Chapman's estimate was one conjecture from a range of possible estimators: "In practice, the whole number immediately less than (K+1)(n+1)/(k+1) or even Kn/(k+1) will be the estimate. The above form is more convenient for mathematical purposes." (see footnote, page 144). Chapman also found the estimator could have considerable negative bias for small Kn/N (page 146), but was unconcerned because the estimated standard deviations were large for these cases.

Confidence interval
An approximate $$100(1-\alpha)\%$$ confidence interval for the population size N can be obtained as:

$$K + n - k - 0.5 + \frac{(K-k+0.5)(n-k+0.5)}{(k+0.5)} \exp(\pm z_{\alpha/2}\hat{\sigma}_{0.5}) ,$$

where $z_{\alpha/2}$ corresponds to the $$1-\alpha/2$$ quantile of a standard normal random variable, and

$$\hat{\sigma}_{0.5} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{k+0.5}+\frac{1}{K-k+0.5}+\frac{1}{n-k+0.5} + \frac{k+0.5}{(n-k+0.5)(K-k+0.5)}}.$$

The example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives the estimate N ≈ 30 with a 95% confidence interval of 22 to 65.

It has been shown that this confidence interval has actual coverage probabilities that are close to the nominal $$100(1-\alpha)\%$$ level even for small populations and extreme capture probabilities (near to 0 or 1), in which cases other confidence intervals fail to achieve the nominal coverage levels.

Bayesian estimate
The mean value ± standard deviation is
 * $$N\approx \mu\pm\sqrt{\mu \epsilon}$$

where
 * $$\mu=\frac{(n-1)(K-1)}{k-2}$$ for $$k>2$$
 * $$\epsilon=\frac{(n-k+1)(K-k+1)}{(k-2)(k-3)} $$ for $$k>3$$

A derivation is found here: Talk:Mark and recapture.

The example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives the estimate N ≈ 42 ± 21.5

Capture probability

The capture probability refers to the probability of a detecting an individual animal or person of interest, and has been used in both ecology and epidemiology for detecting animal or human diseases, respectively.

The capture probability is often defined as a two-variable model, in which f is defined as the fraction of a finite resource devoted to detecting the animal or person of interest from a high risk sector of an animal or human population, and q is the frequency of time that the problem (e.g., an animal disease) occurs in the high-risk versus the low-risk sector. For example, an application of the model in the 1920s was to detect typhoid carriers in London, who were either arriving from zones with high rates of tuberculosis (probability q that a passenger with the disease came from such an area, where q>0.5), or low rates (probability 1−q). It was posited that only 5 out of 100 of the travelers could be detected, and 10 out of 100 were from the high risk area. Then the capture probability P was defined as:

 * $$P = \frac{5}{10}fq+\frac{5}{90}(1-f)(1-q), $$

where the first term refers to the probability of detection (capture probability) in a high risk zone, and the latter term refers to the probability of detection in a low risk zone. Importantly, the formula can be re-written as a linear equation in terms of f:

 * $$P = \left(\frac{5}{10}q-\frac{5}{90}(1-q)\right)f + \frac{5}{90}(1-q).$$

Because this is a linear function, it follows that for certain versions of q for which the slope of this line (the first term multiplied by f) is positive, all of the detection resource should be devoted to the high-risk population (f should be set to 1 to maximize the capture probability), whereas for other value of q, for which the slope of the line is negative, all of the detection should be devoted to the low-risk population (f should be set to 0. We can solve the above equation for the values of q for which the slope will be positive to determine the values for which f should be set to 1 to maximize the capture probability:

 * $$\left( \frac{5}{10} q - \frac{5}{90}(1-q) \right) > 0, $$

which simplifies to:
 * $$q > \frac{1}{10}. $$

This is an example of linear optimization. In more complex cases, where more than one resource f is devoted to more than two areas, multivariate optimization is often used, through the simplex algorithm or its derivatives.

More than two visits
The literature on the analysis of capture-recapture studies has blossomed since the early 1990s. There are very elaborate statistical models available for the analysis of these experiments. A simple model which easily accommodates the three source, or the three visit study, is to fit a Poisson regression model. Sophisticated mark-recapture models can be fit with several packages for the Open Source R programming language. These include "Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (secr)", "Loglinear Models for Capture-Recapture Experiments (Rcapture)", and "Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling (mrds)". Such models can also be fit with specialized programs such as MARK or E-SURGE.

Other related methods which are often used include the Jolly–Seber model (used in open populations and for multiple census estimates) and Schnabel estimators (an expansion to the Lincoln–Petersen method for closed populations). These are described in detail by Sutherland.

Integrated approaches
Modelling mark-recapture data is trending towards a more integrative approach, which combines mark-recapture data with population dynamics models and other types of data. The integrated approach is more computationally demanding, but extracts more information from the data improving parameter and uncertainty estimates.

title: Mark and recapture


text:
User talk:Alonzo8888

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title: User talk:Alonzo8888