text:
Grosse Pointe Blank

Grosse Pointe Blank is a 1997 American black comedy film directed by George Armitage from a screenplay by Tom Jankiewicz, D. V. DeVincentis, Steve Pink and John Cusack. It stars Cusack, Minnie Driver, Alan Arkin and Dan Aykroyd and follows the story of assassin Martin Q. Blank (Cusack), who returns to his hometown of Grosse Pointe, Michigan to attend a high school reunion. The film's score was composed by Joe Strummer, former member of the punk rock band the Clash; the film's soundtrack contains a number of popular and alternative punk rock, ska and new wave songs.

Grosse Pointe Blank was released by Buena Vista Pictures, receiving generally positive reviews from critics and grossing $31 million.

Plot
As Los Angeles-based professional assassin Martin Blank prepares for a job, his assistant, Marcella, informs him that he has received an invitation to his ten-year high school reunion. A rival assassin, Grocer, approaches him about joining his fledgling union, which Martin refuses, preferring to work alone. Martin's job in Miami, in which he was told to make the target appear to have died of natural causes, goes awry and he is forced to shoot the target. His client firm demands that he make amends by killing a Federal witness in Detroit, Michigan, close to his hometown of Grosse Pointe, where the reunion is taking place.

In Grosse Pointe, Martin discovers his childhood home has been replaced by a convenience store, while his estranged mother (to whom he had been sending money) is living in a nursing home, suffering from dementia. Martin reconnects with his childhood friend Paul and high-school sweetheart, Debi Newberry, now a radio DJ, whom Martin had abandoned on prom night to enlist in the Army.

Martin is stalked by Felix LaPoubelle, another hitman, who attempts to kill Martin. He is also followed by two National Security Agency agents who were tipped off to Martin's contract by Grocer. Martin remains distracted by his desire to reconcile with Debi and procrastinates in opening the dossier on his target. Grocer reveals that LaPoubelle was hired by a wealthy dog owner whose prize retriever was killed on one of Martin's previous assignments. Martin reveals that he knows Grocer put the agents on his trail and again refuses to join the union.

Debi is conflicted about her feelings for Martin, but he manages to persuade her to attend the reunion with him. At the reunion Martin and Debi rekindle their relationship as they dance together intimately, and sneak off to have sex. Martin runs into LaPoubelle, whom he kills in self-defense. Debi stumbles upon the scene and flees the reunion in shock.

Debi confronts Martin in his hotel room. He reveals that when he joined the Army his psychological profile indicated a "moral flexibility" that prompted the Central Intelligence Agency to recruit him as an assassin, after which he decided to freelance. Martin assures Debi that he accepts only contracts on corrupt individuals. His efforts to rationalize his work anger Debi and she rejects his attempts at reconciliation.

Martin decides to retire from being a contract killer. He fires his psychiatrist, Oatman, over the phone, provides Marcella with a generous severance and finally opens the dossier detailing the contract that brought him to Grosse Pointe. He discovers the target is Debi's father, Bart, who is scheduled to testify against Martin's client.

Grocer decides to kill Bart himself to impress Martin's client and eliminate Martin as a competitor. Martin abandons the contract, saves Bart and takes him home. Grocer, his cohorts, and the NSA agents descend upon the house. During the siege Martin tells Debi that he left her on prom night to protect her from his homicidal urges; however, having fallen in love with Debi again, he has developed a newfound respect for life. Martin kills Grocer's henchmen and they both shoot the NSA agents when they burst onto the scene. Out of ammunition, Martin takes out Grocer with a TV set. Martin proposes marriage to Debi, who is too stunned by the killing spree to respond, though Debi's father quips, "You have my blessing."

Debi and Martin leave Grosse Pointe together, with Martin visibly cheerful, and Debi confessing on her prerecorded radio show that she's decided to give love another chance.

Cast

 * John Cusack as Martin Q. Blank
 * Minnie Driver as Debi Newberry
 * Alan Arkin as Dr. Oatman
 * Dan Aykroyd as Grocer
 * Joan Cusack as Marcella
 * Jeremy Piven as Paul Spericki
 * Hank Azaria as NSA Agent Steven Lardner
 * Barbara Harris as Mary Blank
 * Mitchell Ryan as Mr. Bart Newberry
 * K. Todd Freeman as NSA Agent Kenneth McCullers
 * Michael Cudlitz as Bob Destepello
 * Benny Urquidez as Felix La Poubelle
 * Carlos Jacott as Ken
 * Jenna Elfman as Tanya
 * Steve Pink as Terry Rostand
 * Brent Armitage as Cosmo
 * Ann Cusack as Amy
 * Belita Moreno as Mrs. Kinetta
 * K.K. Dodds as Tracy
 * Bill Cusack as Waiter

Production
Screenwriter Tom Jankiewicz wrote the initial script for Grosse Pointe Blank in 1991 after receiving an invitation to his 10th high school reunion. He picked the title while substitute teaching for an English class at Upland High School, writing the title on the classroom's whiteboard to see how it would look on a movie-theater marquee. Jankiewicz decided to use Grosse Pointe, an upscale suburb of Detroit, Michigan, rather than his working-class hometown of Sterling Heights, Michigan, due to the contrast between the two towns. There is also the wordplay ("point blank"), which is a ballistics term of reference to the distance a bullet travels before dropping from the firearm's bore axis.

Jankiewicz simultaneously worked as a substitute teacher and a cashier at a Big Lots in Upland, California, to make ends meet before his script was picked up for production.

Jankiewicz, who was raised in Sterling Heights, based several of the film's characters on his real-life friends from Bishop Foley Catholic High School in Madison Heights, Michigan. For example, Jeremy Piven's character, Paul Spericki, was originally named after Jankiewicz's best friend during high school, although the name was changed during filming. The film's script was based on an urban legend about a student who became a professional hitman. Joan Cusack's character, Marcella, was named for Jankiewicz's manager at Big Lots.

George Armitage later said, "I did as much as anyone did in terms of writing", but did not seek credit. "The script, when I met with John [Cusack] and the writers, was 132 pages. I said: 'Look, I'm not doing anything over 100 pages.' They said, 'Okay,' and they did a rewrite, and it came back 150 pages. So I said 'Okay, you guys are fired,' and I spent most of preproduction rewriting the screenplay, getting it down to 102 pages. Then we would improvise, and I noticed that some of the stuff I'd cut out was in the improvs, they were bringing back stuff that I'd cut out, but we had a good time with it."

Only the aerial footage of Lakeshore Drive was actually shot in Grosse Pointe. The city of Grosse Pointe Farms did not allow the filmmakers to use any shots of Grosse Pointe South High School for the movie due to the presence of alcohol in the reunion scenes. The majority of the film was shot in Monrovia, California. In a 1997 interview, actor John Cusack, who shares the film's screenwriting credit along with Jankiewicz, Steve Pink, and D. V. DeVincentis, said he would have liked to film on location in Grosse Pointe, but they were unable to move production to Michigan due to budget constraints.

The scene where Martin is attacked by LaPoubelle while exploring the halls of his old high school was filmed at Reseda High School in the San Fernando Valley.

Armitage later recalled: "With Grosse Pointe Blank I shot three movies simultaneously. We shot the script as written, we shot a mildly understated version, and we shot a completely over-the-top version, which usually was what was used. We cast that movie—and I've cast most movies—by having the actors come in and read, then throwing the script out and saying: 'Okay, let's improvise.' That's what I was comfortable with. I say to the actors: 'You are creating the character. This is written, these are the parameters, this is the outline. Now you take this, make it your own, and bring me, bring me, bring me.'... I'm very fond of Grosse Pointe Blank because of that, the insanity of it was trying to keep things working with three different registers to choose from." Armitage says he shot several endings: "I'm usually rather rough on studio heads in terms of creative help, but after seeing the audience so angry at Alec Baldwin dying in Miami Blues, I decided that on Grosse Pointe Blank, this time, dealing with another psychopath, another sociopath, John's character—I just wanted him to survive, and we shot so many different endings. They were so generous at Disney, we had Michael Ovitz and Joe Roth running the place, they were really great with us. We shot two or three different endings, the two of them getting together, talking about things, and everything didn't work. And Joe Roth said at one of the screenings: 'When the father says 'You've got my blessing' in the bathtub at the end, after the shoot-out, just cut to the two of them leaving.' I thought, 'Let's give it a shot,' and it worked beautifully."

Box office
The film earned an estimated $6,870,397 in its opening weekend, ranking number four at the box office. It went on to earn $28,084,357 in the United States, and a total of $31,070,412 worldwide. In the United States, it was released the same month as Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, another 1980s-themed high school reunion film that Disney was involved with.

Critical response
Grosse Pointe Blank received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 81%, based on 72 reviews, with an average rating of 7.10/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A high-concept high school reunion movie with an adroitly cast John Cusack and armed with a script of incisive wit." Metacritic gave the film a score of 76 out of 100, based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine wrote a positive review. Travers praised the writing as "smart, not smartass", praised director George Armitage for smashing action scenes that reveal character, praised Aykroyd and the talented cast in smaller supporting roles, and ultimately said the film "flies on Cusack’s seductive malevolence," and called him a marvel. Roger Ebert gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4. He praised the chemistry between the lead actors and enjoyed the dialogue, but considered it a "near-miss", wishing for a wittier, more articulate ending rather than an action sequence.

Soundtrack
The score for Grosse Pointe Blank was composed by Joe Strummer, formerly of the Clash, and the soundtrack includes two songs by the Clash: "Rudie Can't Fail" and their cover version of Willi Williams' "Armagideon Time".

In addition to the Clash, the tracks featured in the film are largely a mix of popular and alternative 1980s punk rock, ska, and new wave from such bands as Violent Femmes, Echo & the Bunnymen, the Specials, the Jam, Siouxsie and the Banshees and A-ha. While most songs played throughout the film (especially at the reunion) had been recorded by the time of the students' graduation in 1986, several songs were recorded later. Joe Strummer's scoring captured music that aired before their graduation in 1986 as well as newer songs that were thematically in line with the '80s music, but which were released in time for the 10-year reunion in 1996. The post-graduation/pre-reunion songs include:

 * The Guns N' Roses version of Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", heard in the scene where Martin first visits the Ultimart, was released in 1991.
 * Los Fabulosos Cadillacs' "Matador", heard during the dance scene at the reunion, was released in 1993.
 * The Specials' version of "Pressure Drop", played by Debi at the radio station during her "'80s weekend", was released in 1996.
 * Eels' "Your Lucky Day in Hell", heard when Martin and Debi visit the Hippo Club for drinks, was also released in 1996.

The soundtrack album reached number 31 on the Billboard 200 chart, prompting the release of a second volume of songs from the film.

Grosse Pointe Blank – Music From the Film

 * 1) "Blister in the Sun" - Violent Femmes (2:08)
 * 2) "Rudie Can't Fail" - The Clash (3:31)
 * 3) "Mirror in the Bathroom" - English Beat (3:09)
 * 4) "Under Pressure" - David Bowie and Queen (4:03)
 * 5) "I Can See Clearly Now" - Johnny Nash (2:46)
 * 6) "Live and Let Die" - Guns N' Roses (3:02)
 * 7) "We Care a Lot" - Faith No More (4:03)
 * 8) "Pressure Drop" - The Specials (4:18)
 * 9) "Absolute Beginners" - The Jam (2:50)
 * 10) "Armagideon Time" - The Clash (3:53)
 * 11) "Matador" - Los Fabulosos Cadillacs (4:34)
 * 12) "Let My Love Open the Door (E. Cola Mix)" - Pete Townshend (4:58)
 * 13) "Blister 2000" - Violent Femmes (2:58)

 * This version of "Blister in the Sun" is a new recording that mirrors the original 1983 arrangement. It does not appear in the film.
 * "Blister 2000" is a newly recorded, drastically rearranged version of "Blister in the Sun", which also does not appear in the film.

Grosse Pointe Blank – More Music From the Film

 * 1) "A Message to You, Rudy" - The Specials (2:53)
 * 2) "Cities in Dust" - Siouxsie and the Banshees (3:49)
 * 3) "The Killing Moon" - Echo & the Bunnymen (5:44)
 * 4) "Monkey Gone to Heaven" - Pixies (2:56)
 * 5) "Lorca's Novena" - The Pogues (4:35)
 * 6) "Go!" - Tones on Tail (2:32)
 * 7) "Let It Whip" - Dazz Band (4:24)
 * 8) "The Dominatrix Sleeps Tonight" - Dominatrix (3:40)
 * 9) "War Cry" - Joe Strummer (5:58)
 * 10) "White Lines (Don't Don't Do It)" - Melle Mel (7:24)
 * 11) "Take On Me" - A-ha (3:46)
 * 12) "You're Wondering Now" - The Specials (2:37)

 * "Go!" is the short version, originally issued as the B-side of "Lions".
 * "Let It Whip" is the LP version from Keep It Live.

Soundtrack omissions
Many songs from the film do not appear on the soundtracks.

Songs that appear in the film (in order of film appearance):
 * 1) "Blister in the Sun" (LP Version) - Violent Femmes
 * 2) Johannes Brahms' "Fugue in A-Minor" - Jacques van Oortmerseen
 * 3) "Live and Let Die" (Muzak Version) - Adam Fields
 * 4) "Ace of Spades" - Motörhead
 * 5) "In Between Days" - The Cure
 * 6) "Your Lucky Day in Hell" - Eels
 * 7) "Sharks Can't Sleep" - Tracy Bonham
 * 8) "Little Luxuries" - The Burros
 * 9) "Big Boss Man" - Jimmy Reed
 * 10) "Detroit City" - Bobby Bare
 * 11) "Walk Like an Egyptian" - The Bangles
 * 12) "99 Luftballons" - Nena
 * 13) "Doors of Your Heart" - The English Beat

Songs in the trailer but not in the film:
 * 1) "I Got You Babe" - UB40 and Chrissie Hynde
 * 2) "Friend or Foe" - Adam Ant
 * 3) "Modern Love" - David Bowie

Home media
The film was released on VHS and DVD in 1998 in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Australia and New Zealand.

Unofficial sequel
According to Joan Cusack, the 2008 film War, Inc. is an informal sequel. Both films are similar in style and theme, and both star John as an assassin and his sister Joan as his assistant, with Dan Aykroyd in a supporting role.

title: Grosse Pointe Blank


text: Template:Peru-geo-stub

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Peru-geo-stub


text:
Loch Etive

Loch Etive (Scottish Gaelic, Loch Eite) is a 30 km sea loch in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It reaches the sea at Connel, 5 km north of Oban. It measures 31.6 km (19$3⁄4$ miles) long and from 1.2 km ($3/4$ mile) to 1.6 km wide. Its depth varies greatly, up to a maximum of 150 m.

The name Etive is believed to mean "little fierce one" from the Gaelic goddess associated with the loch. It heads east for half its length alongside the main road and rail link to Oban, before heading northeast into mountainous terrain. A road along Glen Etive makes the head of the loch accessible from Glen Coe. The narrow mouth of the loch results in its most unusual feature, the Falls of Lora. Part of the north bank has been designated a Special Area of Conservation in particular due to old sessile oak woods. A small colony of around 20 common seals is resident in the loch.

Just seaward of the mouth of the loch is Dunstaffnage Castle. This was a stronghold of the kingdom of Dál Riata until the 9th century, and possibly its centre at one time. It is believed to have held the Stone of Scone before its transfer to Scone Palace. The current ruins date from 1275. Cruises up Loch Etive followed by carriage trip to Glen Coe were started in 1881 as Oban developed as a fashionable resort.

Connel Bridge, a cantilever bridge over the loch at the Falls of Lora, was built in 1903 for the Connel to Ballachulish railway. A rail-bus ferried foot passengers across from 1909 until 1914 when the bridge was converted to allow for rail, road, and passenger traffic (on the same track). Since the railway line closed in 1966, the bridge has been solely for road traffic.

In the parish of Ardchattan, on the north shore, stands the ruin of St Modan's Priory, founded in the 13th century for Cistercian monks of the Valliscaulian Order. It is said that Robert Bruce held within its walls the last parliament in which the Gaelic language was used.

Other usage
Loch Etive was the name of an Iron Clipper Ship that Joseph Conrad served aboard.

In geology, Etive is also the name of a geological Formation of the North Sea stratigraphy, named after the Loch.

Gallery

 * Category:Loch Etive (ship, 1877) on Wikimedia Commons.

title: Loch Etive


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dave Sifry

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus to delete. Rhobite 06:50, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

Dave Sifry
Is this an instance of vanity, or are blogosphere icons truly encyclopedic persons? Is the Google test a fair and accurate barometer for inclusion in this case? Is it ever? GRider\talk 21:28, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. According to Google he has done other things besides blog - 20,000+ hits. Megan1967 22:57, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Peru geography stubs

title: Category:Peru geography stubs


text:
Cage effect

In chemistry, the cage effect (also known as geminate recombination ) describes how the properties of a molecule are affected by its surroundings. First introduced by James Franck and Eugene Rabinowitch in 1934, the cage effect suggests that instead of acting as an individual particle, molecules in solvent are more accurately described as an encapsulated particle. The encapsulated molecules or radicals are called cage pairs or geminate pairs. In order to interact with other molecules, the caged particle must diffuse from its solvent cage. The typical lifetime of a solvent cage is 10$-11$ seconds. Many manifestations of the cage effect exist.

In free radical polymerization, radicals formed from the decomposition of an initiator molecule are surrounded by a cage consisting of solvent and/or monomer molecules. Within the cage, the free radicals undergo many collisions leading to their recombination or mutual deactivation. This can be described by the following reaction:

R\!-\!R \;\;\underset{k_c}{\overset{k_1}{\rightleftharpoons}}\;\; \underset{\text{cage pair}}{(R^{\,\bullet},^{\bullet}\!R)} \;\;\underset{k_D}{\overset{k_d}{\rightleftharpoons}}\;\; \underset{\text{free radicals}}{2R^{\,\bullet}} \;\rightarrow\; \text{Products} $$

After recombination, free radicals can either react with monomer molecules within the cage walls or diffuse out of the cage. In polymers, the probability of a free radical pair to escape recombination in the cage is 0.1 – 0.01 and 0.3-0.8 in liquids. In unimolecular chemistry, geminate recombination has first been studied in the solution phase using iodine molecules and heme proteins. In the solid state, geminate recombination has been demonstrated with small molecules trapped in noble gas solid matrices and in triiodide crystalline compounds.

Cage recombination efficiency
The cage effect can be quantitatively described as the cage recombination efficiency Fc where:

 * $$F_c = k_c/(k_c + k_d)  $$

Here Fc is defined as the ratio of the rate constant for cage recombination (kc) to the sum of the rate constants for all cage processes. According to mathematical models, Fc is dependent on changes on several parameters including radical size, shape, and solvent viscosity. It is reported that the cage effect will increase with an increase in radical size and a decrease in radical mass.

Initiator efficiency
In free radical polymerization, the rate of initiation is dependent on how effective the initiator is. Low initiator efficiency, ƒ, is largely attributed to the cage effect. The rate of initiation is described as:

 * $$R_i = 2fk_d[I]  $$

where Ri is the rate of initiation, kd is the rate constant for initiator dissociation, [I] is the initial concentration of initiator. Initiator efficiency represents the fraction of primary radicals R·, that actually contribute to chain initiation. Due to the cage effect, free radicals can undergo mutual deactivation which produces stable products instead of initiating propagation – reducing the value of ƒ.

title: Cage effect


text:
Planar Systems

Planar Systems, Inc. is an American digital display manufacturing corporation with a facility in Hillsboro, Oregon. Founded in 1983 as a spin-off from Tektronix, it was the first U.S. manufacturer of electroluminescent (EL) digital displays. Planar currently makes a variety of other specialty displays, and has been an independent subsidiary of Leyard Optoelectronic Co. since 2015. The headquarters, leadership team and employees still remain in Hillsboro, Oregon.

1980s
Planar was founded on May 23, 1983 by Jim Hurd, Chris King, John Laney and others as a spin-off from the Solid State Research and Development Group of the Beaverton, Oregon, based Tektronix. In 1986, a division spun off from Planar to work on projection technology and formed InFocus.

1990s
In 1991, Planar purchased FinLux, a competitor in Espoo, Finland. This location now serves as the company's European headquarters. Planar's executives took the company public in 1993, listing the stock on the NASDAQ boards Planar acquired Tektronix's avionics display business, creating the short-lived Planar Advance in 1994. Standish Industries, a manufacturer of flat panel LCDs in Lake Mills, Wisconsin, was sold to Planar in 1997. This plant was closed in 2002 as worldwide LCD manufacturing shifted to East Asian countries.

2000s
On April 23, 2002, DOME Imaging Systems was purchased by Planar and became the company's medical business unit. Planar acquired Clarity Visual Systems (founded by former InFocus employees) on September 12, 2006, now referred to as the Control Room and Signage business unit. On June 19, 2006, Planar acquired Runco International, a leading brand in the high-end, custom home theater market. On August 6, 2008, Planar sold its medical business unit to NDS Surgical Imaging.

2010s
In November 2012, Planar announced the sale of its electroluminescent business to Beneq Oy, a supplier of production and research equipment for thin film coatings. Under the terms of the transaction, consideration consists of a $6.5 million base purchase price, of which $3.9 million was paid in cash at closing and $2.6 million was paid in the form of a promissory note. Planar was purchased by Leyard Optoelectronic Co. of China in 2015 for $157 million. It became a subsidiary after formerly trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol PLNR.

In November 2016, Planar announced that it was to enter a merger agreement with NaturalPoint Inc., which sells infrared point tracking systems for use on CGI movie sets (Optitrack), and home use both for assisted computing (Smartnav) and computer gaming (TrackIR). The merger was finalized in January 2017. NaturalPoint will remain a separate business with its own executive team, customers, and market initiatives.

2020s
In 2020, a nearly 32-foot-long, 5-foot-high Planar TVF Series LED video wall was added to Lea County Communication Authority (LCCA)’s Lea County 911 Call Center.

Planar completed the latest of three installations at the University of Oregon. The addition of Planar® CarbonLight™ CLI Flex™ pliable LED video wall displays, custom designed into two curved LED installations, at Matthew Knight Arena follows the companies deployments at the university’s Hatfield-Dowlin Complex in 2013 and Student Recreation Center in 2015.

The company also expanded its presence at Clemson University in Clemson, South Carolina by adding an impressive collection of 126 Planar LCD displays and two Planar LED video walls in the Wilbur O. and Ann Powers College of Business. 200 Planar displays also appear in the university’s four-story Watt Family Innovation Center following an installation in 2016.

On November 10, 2020, Planar expanded their US government division to enhance the company’s product security program to further adapt products and processes to best meet the product security needs of customers.

Operations
Planar currently assembles and services videowalls, projectors, and other displays in Hillsboro. Planar's EL manufacturing operations were consolidated into Planar's Espoo, Finland facility in 2002. Additional large-format displays are assembled and integrated in Albi, France.

Leyard Merger
On November 27, 2015, Planar closed its sale to become a subsidiary of Leyard Optoelectronic Co., a Chinese LED display product corporation. Headquarters operations for Planar remain in Beaverton, OR following the sale.

Locations
In addition to its Oregon, U.S. headquarters, Planar has worldwide reach. Its sales offices are located in Europe, North America, and Asia. It has manufacturing facilities in France, North America, and Finland.

title: Planar Systems


text:
Yom Tov of Seville

Yom Tov ben Abraham of Seville (c. 1260 – 1320; also Asevilli, Assevilli, Ashbili) commonly known by the Hebrew acronym Ritva, (ריטב"א) was a medieval rabbi and rosh yeshiva of the Yeshiva of Seville, known for his commentaries on the Talmud.

{{legend|lightgreen|Teachers}} {{legend|lightblue|Students}}

Biography
Asevilli was born in the city of Seville, Spain around 1260. His name, Asevilli is itself a topographic surname that identifies him as being from Seville.

He was the student of Solomon ibn Adret and Aaron ha-Levy. His works suggest that he spent some time studying in France. He spent most of his life in Zaragoza. He died between 1314 and 1328.

He was the rabbi and head of the Yeshiva of Seville in Spain.

Writings
His commentary on the Talmud was collected and published as a novellae entitled Chiddushei Ha-Ritva. It is one of the most frequently referred-to Talmudic commentators today. Assevilli wrote two versions of his commentary, first an extended one and then a concise one. In general only the concise version survives.

Controversially attributed works include:

 * Berakhot: Some thought it to be the work of Assevilli's father or Bezalel Ashkenazi, however it is now assumed to be the genuine work of Assevilli himself.
 * Shabbat: Nissim of Gerona's commentary was misattributed to Assevilli by the Saloniki printers, but the genuine commentary is widely available.
 * Nedarim: Very controversial. See the introduction to the MhRK edition.
 * Gittin: The traditionally printed commentary is now known to be the work of Crescas Vidal, with few detractors. A second commentary in manuscript has been printed by MhRK; they conclude it is genuine but some scholars disagree.
 * Kiddushin: Two separate commentaries have been attributed to Assevilli, but they are both suspicious and (at minimum) include large amounts of foreign material.
 * Bava Metzia: Two separate commentaries have been attributed to Assevilli. Both are extremely controversial, but both may be genuine.
 * Shevu'ot: Two separate commentaries have been attributed to Assevilli, one of which is traditionally printed. Apparently only the printed one is authentic, but the original Livorno printers heavily corrupted the text to correspond to Talmudic printings.
 * Niddah: Authentic through the seventh pereq, after which the printed text is the commentary of Asher ben Jehiel.

He also wrote commentaries on the writings of Isaac Alfasi and certain works of Nahmanides.

title: Yom Tov of Seville


text:
Talk:My Dad The Rock Star

"The show deals with how Willy the papparazis and how he deals with everyday life."

I honestly have no idea what this sentence is trying to convey.

Mihoshi 21:34, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:My Dad The Rock Star


text:
Ritva

Ritva may refer to:

 * Yom Tov Asevilli, a medieval rabbi and rosh yeshiva of the Yeshiva of Seville (c. 1260 – 1320)
 * Ritva, a Finnish and Faroese female given name
 * Finnish „ritva“ = a slender, hanging branch of a birch or a willow
 * May 27, name day

title: Ritva


text:
Chalking the door

Chalking the door is a Christian Epiphanytide tradition used to bless one's home, which originated in medieval Europe.

Epiphany
Either on Twelfth Night (5 January), the twelfth day of Christmastide and eve of the feast of the Epiphany, or on Epiphany Day (6 January) itself, many Christians (including Anglicans, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Methodists, Presbyterians and Roman Catholics, among others) write on their doors or lintels with chalk in a pattern such as "20 ✝ C ✝ M ✝ B ✝ ". The numbers in this example refer to the calendar year and the crosses to Christ. The letters C, M, and B stand for the traditional names of the biblical Magi (Caspar, Melchior and Balthazar), or alternatively for the Latin blessing Christus mansionem benedicat ('May Christ bless this house'), or IIIK referring to the three kings.

Chalking the door is done most commonly on Epiphany Day itself. However, it can be done on any day of the Epiphany season. In some localities, the chalk used to write the Epiphanytide pattern is blessed by a Christian priest or minister on Epiphany Day, then taken home to write the pattern.

The Christian custom of chalking the door has a biblical precedent as the Israelites in the Old Testament marked their doors in order to be saved from death; likewise, the Epiphanytide practice serves to protect Christian homes from evil spirits until the next Epiphany Day, at which time the custom is repeated. Families also perform this act to represent the hospitality of the Holy Family to the Magi (and all Gentiles); it thus serves as a house blessing to invite the presence of God in one's home.

In 20th century Poland, the practice of chalking the door continued among believers as a way of asserting their Christian identity, despite the Eastern Bloc's state atheism and anti-religious campaigns.

title: Chalking the door


text:
Kambojas

The Kambojas were a southeastern Iranian people who inhabited the northeastern most part of the territory populated by Iranian tribes, which bordered the Indian lands. They only appear in Indo-Aryan inscriptions and literature, being first attested during the later part of the Vedic period.

They spoke a language similar to Younger Avestan, whose words are considered to have been incorporated in the Aramao-Iranian version of the Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription erected by the Maurya emperor Ashoka ((r. 268 – 232)). They were adherents of Zoroastrianism, as demonstrated by their beliefs that insects, snakes, worms, frogs, and other small animals had to be killed, a practice mentioned in the Avestan Vendidad.

Etymology
Kamboja- (later form Kāmboja-) was the name of their territory and identical to the Old Iranian name of *Kambauǰa-, whose meaning is uncertain. A long-standing theory is the one proposed by J. Charpentier in 1923, in which he suggests that the name is connected to the name of Cambyses I and Cambyses II (Kambū̌jiya or Kambauj in Old Persian), both kings from the Achaemenid dynasty. The theory has been discussed several times, but the issues that it posed were never persuadingly resolved. In the same year, Sylvain Lévi proposed that the name is of Austroasiatic origin, though this is typically rejected.

History
The Kambojas only appear in Indo-Aryan inscriptions and literature, being first attested during the later part of the Vedic period. The Naighaṇṭukas, a glossary and oldest surviving writing about Indian lexicography, is the first source to mention them. In his book about etymology—the Nirukta—the ancient Indian author Yaska comments on that part of the Naighaṇṭukas, in which he mentions that "the word śavati as a verb of motion is used only by the Kambojas", a statement that is more or less repeated in the exact same way by later authors, such as the grammarian Patanjali (2nd-century BCE) in his Mahabhashya. The word śavati is equivalent to š́iiauua- in Younger Avestan, which demonstrates that the Kambojas spoke an Iranian tongue with close ties to it. Modern historian M. Witzel surmised that grammarians and lexicographers must have first become acquainted with the word around 500 BCE or perhaps earlier, due to Yaska and Patanjali both using the same example known amongst grammarians and lexicographers.

According to Arthashastra of Kautilya, Kambojas were known as vartta-sastropajivinah, meaning they were a class of Kshatriya guilds which lived upon both trade and war.

The Major Rock Edicts of the Maurya emperor Ashoka ((r. 268 – 232)) contain the first attestations of the Kambojas that can be precisely dated. The thirteenth edict says "among Greeks and Kambojas" and the fifth edict says "of Greeks, Kambojas and Gandharians". It is uncertain if Ashoka was only referring to just the Kambojas or all the Iranian tribes in his empire. Regardless, the mentioned groups of people were part of the Maurya Empire, being influenced by its politics, culture and religious traditions, and also adhered to ideology of "righteousness" set by Ashoka.

The major Indian epic Mahabharata also mentions the Kambojas, alongside the Greeks, Gandharas, Bactrians and Indo-Scythians. Geographical texts in Sanskrit and the Aṅguttara Nikāya include the Kambojas as one of the sixteen kingdoms of the Indian subcontinent during the lifetime of the Buddha. Various characteristics of the Kambojas are also described in different types of Sanskrit and Pali literature; they shaved themselves bald; they had a king; Rāja-pura- (meaning "King's town") was the name of their capital, but its site remains unknown. As was typical of Iranians, the Kambojas were renowned for their skill in horse breeding, and it is believed that the horses they produced were the most suitable for use in battle. These horses were brought into India in large quantities and also given as tribute. Indologist Etienne Lamotte further suggests that reputation of Kambojas as homeland of horses possibly earned the horse-breeders known as Aspasioi (from Old Persian aspa) and Assakenoi (from Sanskrit aśva "horse") their epithet.

Following the death of Ashoka, the Maurya Empire fell into decline. During the start of the 2nd-century BCE, they lost their Indian-Iranian frontier lands (including Gandhara and Arachosia) to the forces of Demetrius I ((r. 200 – 180)), the king of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. As a result, the Greek population of those areas were once again under the dominion of their Greek countrymen, while the Kambojas met other Iranians, as the Bactrians were likely a major component of the conquering army along with the Greeks.

Some historians consider the Kambojas to have established the Kamboja Pala dynasty in Bengal, but this remains uncertain. Some historians consider it to have founded by Kambojas who had settled in Bengal, a theory which may be supported by the attestation of a Kambojadeśa in the Lushai Hills by the Tibetan book Pag Sam Jon Zang. Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri proposed that the Kambojas may have travelled to Bengal from the northwestern frontier in the wake of Gurjara-Pratihara conquests during the lifetime of Narayanapala. He adds that those Kambojas perhaps acquired positions and, at a suitable time, seized power.

Richard Strand considers the Nuristani Kom people (aka Kamôzî or Kamôǰî) to be the descendants of the Kamboja people.

Language and location
The Kambojas inhabited the northeastern most part of the territory populated by Iranian tribes, which bordered the Indian lands. In 1918, Lévi suggested it to be Kafiristan, but later retracted it in 1923; B. Liebich suggested they lived in the Kabul Valley; J. Bloch suggested that they lived to the north-east of Kabul; Lamotte considered them to live them from Kafiristan to the southwestern part of Kashmir.

In 1958, a new suggestion was put forward by the French linguist Émile Benveniste. He drew a comparison between the Kambojas and Greeks described in Ashoka's edicts in Kandahar and the two languages it was written in; Greek and "Aramao-Iranian", which refers to the Iranian language hidden in the text of the Aramaic alphabet. Ashoka wanted to use these two languages to convey his religious message to the inhabitants of what is now present-day eastern Afghanistan, around the Gandhara area, approximately between Kabul and Kandahar. Because of this, Benveniste considered the Iranian language used in Ashoka's inscriptions to be spoken by the Kambojas. The Iranologists Mary Boyce and Frantz Grenet also support this view, saying that "The fact that Aramaic versions were made indicates that the Kambojas enjoyed a measure of autonomy, and that they not only preserved their Iranian identity, but were governed in some measure by members of their own community, on whom was laid the responsibility of transmitting to them the king's words, and having these engraved on stone."

Gérard Fussman suggested that the unidentified Iranian language of the two rock-inscriptions (IDN 3 and 5) in Dasht-e Nawar was spoken by the Kambojas, perhaps an early stage of the Ormuri language. According to Rüdiger Schmitt; "If this hypothesis should prove to be true, we would be able to locate the Kambojas more precisely in the mountains around Ghazni and on the Upper Arghandab."

Religious beliefs
The Indo-Aryans considered the Kambojas to be "non-Aryan" (anariya-) strangers with their own peculiar traditions, as demonstrated in a portion of the Buddhist Jataka tales. Insects, snakes, worms, frogs, and other small animals had to be killed according to the Kambojas' religious beliefs. This practice has been linked by academics to the Avestan Vendidad for a long time, leading them to the conclusion that the Kambojas were adherents of Zoroastrianism. These beliefs are based on Zoroastrian dualism, which attributes the Evil Spirit to creatures like these and others that are poisonous or repulsive to humans. Hence, Zoroastrians were commanded to destroy them, and careful pursuit of this goal has been observed by outside spectators since the 5th-century BCE to the present.

title: Kambojas


text:
Slavín

Slavín is a memorial monument and military cemetery in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. It is the burial ground of thousands of Soviet Army soldiers who fell during World War II while taking over the city in April 1945 from the occupying German Wehrmacht units and the remaining Slovak troops who supported the clero-fascist Tiso government. It is situated on a hill amidst a rich villa quarter of the capital and embassy residences close to the centre of Bratislava.

It was constructed between 1957 and 1960 on the site of a field cemetery, and opened on April 3, 1960 on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the city's liberation. The monument was constructed similar in kind to the Palace of Culture and Science in Stalinist architectural style. In 1961 it was declared a National Cultural Monument. Its designer was Ján Svetlík.

History
The monument was inaugurated in 1960 on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the liberation of the city by the Soviet army. Cities with dates of their liberation are listed on its walls. 6,845 soldiers are buried in the cemetery.

Description
This monument and cemetery of the soldiers of the Soviet Army killed while liberating Bratislava near the end of the Second World War was designated a National Cultural Monument in 1961. On top of the 42 metre tall obelisk is a from Slovak sculptor Alexander Trizuljak. The soldier is holding up a flag in his right hand and crushing the swastika with his left boot. The bronze caisson door of the memorial auditorium is decorated with reliefs by R. Pribiš.

The site consists of:

 * A solemn staircase
 * A cemetery with graves (6 mass graves, 278 individual graves) of 6,845 Soviet soldiers who fell while liberating Bratislava
 * The central solemn hall with various statues, inscriptions, and a symbolic sarcophagus made of white marble. It also features a 42 m high obelisk topped with a statue of a Soviet soldier, and on the outside walls are inscriptions of the dates of liberation of various places in Slovakia during 1944–45.

Other facts about Slavín:

 * The monument is situated on top of the Slavín hill, one of Bratislava Old Town's topographic highs (part of the Male Karpaty mts.). The location offers excellent views of much of Bratislava, which makes it a popular destination for walks for local residents.
 * In the area of Slavín there are also more statues of Slovak famous artists, such as Jan Kulich, Tibor Bártfay and Jozef Kostka.
 * In 2005, Vladimir Putin, the Russian president, visited it during his meeting with G. W. Bush in Bratislava.
 * The day of Bratislava's liberation is 4 April, when people and president show their honor to fallen Soviet soldiers.
 * In 2015, Sergey Lavrov, the Russian foreign minister, visited Slavín on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of Bratislava's liberation.

title: Slavín


text:
User:Niteowlneils/2500 Augustine wheelchair ramp

The 2500 Augustine wheelchair ramp was built in 2001 to provide more convenient handicapped access to the building at 2500 Augustine Blvd. in Santa Clara, California, USA. The ramp provides an alternative to the pictured stairs for the mobility-challenged.


text:
DPN

DPN may refer to:

Science and medicine

 * Dermatosis papulosa nigra, a skin condition
 * Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, a diabetic neuropathy often associated with sensations of burning, shooting, and tingling
 * Diarylpropionitrile, a synthetic, nonsteroidal compound
 * Diphosphopyridine nucleotide, an old name for Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme found in all living cells
 * Diffuse proliferative nephritis, a medical condition

Other uses

 * Deaf President Now, a 1988 student protest at Gallaudet University to force the university to hire a deaf president
 * Democratic Party of Namibia
 * Democratic Party of Nauru, a political party in the Pacific nation of Nauru
 * Designated Portsmouth Number, a measure in the Portsmouth Yardstick system of handicapping for dissimilar boats in a race
 * Dip-pen nanolithography, a scanning probe lithography technique
 * Diseased Pariah News (1990–1999), a U.S. magazine about living with HIV and AIDS
 * Double pointed needles, a type of knitting needle

title: DPN


text:
WHLE-LP

WHLE-LP was a low-power FM radio station, licensed in 2003 to the Fellowship of Holy Hip Hop. While having Atlanta as its city of license, it served only Tyrone, Georgia (and the northern tip of Peachtree City), two of metro Atlanta's suburbs to the south-southwest.

title: WHLE-LP


text:
User:PirateMink

I am from the UK. I've loved video games since I can remember, and thanks to a friend, I can't stop watching anime. I love picking at spelling and grammar, though I'm not the best in the world at the latter. I hate Windows Vista. I love reading, especially fantasy and classics. I'm addicted to Neighbours. I am a chocoholic. I am unemployed and loving it, though my bank balance is not. My soul is gradually being stolen by Wikipedia.

Current works in progress

 * Ultima I - I've loved the Ultima series ever since I played an old borrowed copy of Ultima IV on my Sega Master System in the summer of 1995. Since then I've managed to get my hands on the Ultima Collection much to my extreme delight. I would love to see the collection of Ultima articles on Wikipedia reach FA status. This is the first time I've attempted to write anything major and in the past most of my contributions have been corrections of spelling and grammar.

Copy-edited articles

 * Working on the copy edit backlog. There's a lot of them. Fun!
 * August 10, 2007
 * Comte de Lautréamont
 * August 11, 2007
 * Lucien Durosoir
 * August 17, 2007
 * Effects of the Kurdistan Workers Party
 * Eishockeyclub München
 * August 22, 2007
 * Esthetic Education
 * August 24, 2007
 * Ethnic conflicts in western Poland
 * Federation Regiment
 * Fortaleza
 * September 7, 2007
 * General Command of Mapping (Turkey)
 * September 12, 2007
 * Goramansingh

title: User:PirateMink


text:
New York State Route 895

New York State Route 895 (NY 895), known locally as Sheridan Boulevard, is a four-lane boulevard in the New York City borough of The Bronx. Its south end is at a merge with the Bruckner Expressway (I-278) in the Hunts Point neighborhood, and its north end is at the Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95), where the road connects with local streets in the West Farms neighborhood.

The route opened to traffic in 1963 as a freeway known as the Arthur V. Sheridan Expressway, and it was designated as Interstate 895 (I-895) in 1970. The expressway, colloquially called "The Sheridan", was co-named for the Bronx Borough Commissioner of Public Works Arthur V. Sheridan, who died in a car crash in 1952. I-895 was supposed to connect back to I-95, its parent route, further north in Eastchester. However, due to community opposition, this extension was never built. As a result, I-895 saw relatively little use, since it ran parallel to the longer Bronx River Parkway.

In the 1990s, community groups began advocating for I-895 to be demoted to a boulevard. These groups cited the Sheridan Expressway's negative impact on the community. In the 2000s and 2010s, the city and state investigated ways to integrate the highway with the neighboring community. I-895 was downgraded to a state route in September 2017, in preparation for its conversion into Sheridan Boulevard. The conversion of NY 895 into a boulevard began in September 2018, and it was completed on December 11, 2019.

This is one of two "state route 895"s that have also been designated as "Interstate 895", although Virginia's version was never signed as an Interstate due to a number of factors that prevented such from occurring.

Route description
NY 895 begins at exit 49 on I-278, also known as the Bruckner Expressway, in the Hunts Point neighborhood of the Bronx. The 6-lane highway heads northward, paralleling the Bronx River and the Amtrak-owned Northeast Corridor railroad tracks. There is one grade-separated interchange, which is for Westchester Avenue, about 0.6 mi north of the split from the Bruckner Expressway.

The road then curves slightly to the northeast, and a frontage road begins to parallel the highway on the east side until it terminates at a cul-de-sac in East Tremont. North of Jennings Street, the bidirectional West Farms Road also parallels the highway on its west side. The Sheridan crosses under East 174th Street and officially ends at an interchange with the Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95) in East Tremont. The roadway continues beyond the Cross Bronx as a short connector to local West Farms streets.

For its entire route, NY 895 parallels the Bronx River, which is located to the highway's east. Amtrak's Northeast Corridor also runs parallel to both the Bronx River and NY 895, crossing the Bronx River north of Westchester Avenue. The New York City Subway's Whitlock Avenue station, served by the, is located above and adjacent to the boulevard south of Westchester Avenue. As a former Interstate Highway, NY 895 is part of the National Highway System.

Planning and construction
In 1941, the New York City Planning Department and city planner Robert Moses proposed a short expressway route to connect the Bronx Crosstown Highway (now the Cross Bronx Expressway) and the Southern Boulevard Express Highway (now the Bruckner Expressway). The new highway would be an alternative to the Bronx River Parkway that could be used by commercial vehicles, since these vehicles were banned from parkways in New York. The route was originally named the Bronx River Expressway. This was part of a larger network of highways in New York City, which was to cost $800 million (equivalent to $ in ). In February 1945, the city agreed to pay $60 million (equivalent to $ in ) of that cost. That November, the city, state, and federal governments agreed to fund several new highways in New York City. Among these was the Bronx River Expressway, which was to cost $7.18 million.

In August 1952, following the death of Arthur V. Sheridan, Bronx borough president James J. Lyons proposed renaming the planned highway after Sheridan; according to Lyons, the expressway had been one of Sheridan's "pet projects". The law enacting the name change was signed by mayor Vincent R. Impellitteri on February 18, 1953. Two years later, officials announced plans for the first portion Bruckner Expressway, consisting of a 2 mi elevated expressway above of Bruckner Boulevard from the Triborough Bridge to Longfellow Avenue. North of Longfellow Avenue, the highway would continue at ground level as the Sheridan Expressway, running northward for another 1.5 mi to the Cross Bronx Expressway.

Construction began in 1958. The highway was built parallel to the Bronx River on the former site of Starlight Park, an amusement park that was condemned to provide the right-of-way for both the Sheridan and Cross Bronx Expressways. As part of the project, a city park, also called Starlight Park, was created in its place. An additional park, Daniel Boone Playground, was also created on land condemned for the expressway. Thousands of residents were displaced by the expressway's construction. A 1 acre plot at the southeast corner of the Bronx Zoo was also acquired for the highway's proposed expansion past the Cross Bronx Expressway, even though the Sheridan Expressway was ultimately not built that far.

Opening and canceled extension

The $9.5 million expressway was opened to traffic on February 6, 1963. Over the years, the expressway has received a number of Interstate designations. It was originally designated as I-695 in late 1958. In early 1959, the highway designation was changed to I-895, but I-278 was rerouted to use the Sheridan Expressway later that year. The highway was thus known as I-278 when it opened in 1963. On January 1, 1970, I-278 was realigned to follow the Bruckner Expressway east to the Bruckner Interchange while the Sheridan Expressway was redesignated as I-895.

The Sheridan Expressway was originally planned to extend northeast to the New England Thruway (I-95) in Eastchester just north of Co-op City, creating a shortcut toward New England and a direct route to New England from the Triborough Bridge. The extension would have been built along Boston Road (U.S. Route 1) through Bronx Park and Northeast Bronx. Shortly after the opening of the first segment of the expressway, it was projected that construction of the first extension to the Bronx River Parkway would begin 1965, and the final segment to the New England Thruway in 1967. However, the project, like other Robert Moses highways, faced increasing community opposition. It was cancelled by Governor Nelson Rockefeller in 1971, one year before its originally projected completion, though construction on the extension never started.

Because of the cancellation of the extension, the Sheridan was locally seen as a stub highway with very little utility, serving the same movements as the Major Deegan Expressway (I-87) and Bronx River Parkway. In 2011, the New York City Department of Transportation and the New York City Economic Development Corporation conducted a study of trucks entering and leaving the Hunts Point Cooperative Market, a large food market located near the Sheridan Expressway's south end. The study found that only 19% of drivers headed to or from Hunts Point Market used the Sheridan, while an average of 51% of drivers used the Bruckner Expressway and another 30% used local streets.

Refurbishment and decommissioning plan

The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) started studying ways to reduce congestion and improve safety at the Sheridan Expressway's southern interchange with the Bruckner Expressway. The NYSDOT proposed expanding the highway in the late 1990s. The plan faced opposition rooted in claims of environmental justice from community groups, most notably the Southern Bronx River Watershed Alliance, which proposed an alternative that called for the expressway to be replaced with affordable housing, schools, and a park. At the time, the nearby, parallel Bronx River Parkway saw twice as many daily vehicles as did the Sheridan Expressway: in 2001, I-895 carried 37,000 daily vehicles, while the Bronx River Parkway carried 60,000 to 100,000 daily vehicles. Residents also opposed a proposal to connect the expressway with Hunts Point Market to the south, saying that the NYSDOT had not consulted them about plans for the connection. Some community groups created an alliance called the Southern Bronx River Watershed Alliance (SBRWA), which began devising plans for removing the highway.

In 2001, the NYSDOT again started looking at ways to improve I-895, especially at the Bruckner Expressway junction, a source of congestion due to a merge in the southbound/westbound directions. Local groups advocated for the Sheridan Expressway's removal because it isolated Hunts Point from the rest of the Bronx, and proposed that new ramps from the Bruckner Expressway be built for trucks going to Hunts Point Market. However, the NYSDOT stated that removing the highway would force expressway traffic to use local streets instead. An environmental impact statement was started in 2003. In a final scoping document for the proposal in 2003, the NYSDOT conducted studies of the neighborhood and found that the best option was to make the intersection with Bruckner Expressway a full interchange, with the Sheridan Expressway able to access both directions of the expressway and vice versa. The Sheridan Expressway itself would be decommissioned, and several alternatives all proposed easier access to Hunts Point Market.

In 2008, the NYSDOT announced that it was holding talks with community officials for an alternative community plan. The state studied the feasibility of removing I-895, releasing its results in July 2010. The state's study showed that local traffic would be worsened if the highway was removed. At this point, I-895 carried 50,000 daily vehicles. Later the same year, local community groups received a $1.5 million federal grant to study the potential removal of the highway. The administration of New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg was also opposed to the removal. The dispute between the local community and the city and state governments led to a stalemate, what the Daily News called a "crossroads" and "a road to nowhere". The plan was dropped after the Hunts Point Terminal Produce Cooperative threatened to move to New Jersey if I-895 were demolished.

In 2013, the city conducted a study of the Sheridan Expressway. The study recommended downgrading the northern part of the expressway to an at-grade boulevard, connecting the three parks along the waterfront, and creating or improving vehicular ramps between the new boulevard, I-278, and the Hunts Point neighborhood. The decommissioning proposal consisted of two options: retaining the separate West Farms Road parallel to the expressway or combining the two arteries. Both proposals involved demolishing the frontage road east of the expressway. City officials presented the plans to the SBRWA in May 2013. The next month, the city government officially endorsed the plan, which was expected to cost $117 million.

Conversion to boulevard
In March 2017, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that the expressway would be replaced with a boulevard. The 2017 New York State budget included $97 million for decommissioning the Interstate designation and the Sheridan Expressway, as recommended by the New York City Council and New York City Department of Transportation. Another $600 million was later added to the state budget for decommissioning the highway, bringing the total budget to nearly $700 million. The decommissioning would comprise the first phase of a project that would cost a total of $1.8 billion. On September 24, 2017, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials decommissioned I-895, and the road was redesignated as New York State Route 895 (NY 895). The signs for I-895 were not immediately replaced with NY 895 shields. Despite no longer being an Interstate Highway, NY 895 remained part of the National Network.

The plans called for the expressway to be demolished and converted into a lower-speed boulevard called "Sheridan Boulevard" by 2019. The new boulevard would include traffic lights at Jennings, 172nd, and 173rd Streets, with crosswalks that connect the residential area on the current expressway's west side with Starlight Park on its east. The boulevard would run parallel to West Farms Road, in a manner similar to the first of the city's two proposals for downgrading the highway. , the park was only accessible via the East 174th Street bridge that crosses both the expressway and the Bronx River. The project was expected to improve pedestrian safety and access to both Starlight Park and the Bronx River shoreline. The Federal Highway Administration (FHA)'s acting head wrote a letter to NYSDOT officials in June 2018, stating that the NYSDOT "provide[d] adequate justification" to downgrade the former I-895 into a boulevard. The federal government approved the conversion of NY 895 into a boulevard on September 19, 2018. The NYSDOT immediately announced that work would begin on decommissioning the highway within a week, and that the project would be complete by late 2019. The conversion was completed on December 11, 2019.

Another part of the project entailed constructing exit ramps to Edgewater Road from southbound NY 895, as well as from both directions of I-278, providing direct access to Hunts Point Market. In addition, an entrance ramp to northbound NY 895 would be built from Edgewater Road. Most of the project's cost would come from building these ramps. At the time of the proposal, up to 13,000 trucks per day simply detoured through local streets to get to the market, which elicited complaints from residents. The state also announced in mid-2019 that it would start construction on the exit ramp to Edgewater Road from southbound NY 895. Construction on the first phase of the Edgewater Road access project began that year; the work included replacing existing overpasses and building the new ramps. The first phase was completed on October 31, 2022, consisting of the three ramps to and from NY 895. Two other phases included rebuilding portions of the Bruckner Expressway in the vicinity of the NY 895 interchange, to be completed by 2025. The first two ramps that were built as part of the second phase opened in late 2022.

title: New York State Route 895


text:
Johan Niclas Byström

Johan Niclas Byström (December 18, 1783 – 1848) was a Swedish sculptor.

Byström was born at Filipstad and went to Stockholm at the age of twenty, studying there for three years under Johan Tobias Sergel. In 1809 he gained the prize of the Royal Academy of Arts, and in the following year visited Rome. He sent home a beautiful work, "The Reclining Bacchante," in half life size, which raised him at once to the first rank among Swedish sculptors.

On his return to Stockholm in 1816, he presented the crown prince (the later king Charles XIV) with a colossal statue of himself, and was entrusted with several important works. Although he was appointed professor of sculpture at the academy, he soon returned to Italy, and with the exception of the years from 1838 to 1844 continued to reside there. He died in Rome in 1848.

Among Byström's numerous productions the best were his representations of the female form, such as Hebe, Pandora, Juno suckling Hercules (infra), and Girl Entering the Bath. His colossal statues of the Swedish kings were also much admired.

title: Johan Niclas Byström


text:
Fedora, South Dakota

Fedora is an unincorporated community in Miner County, South Dakota, United States, founded in 1881. Fedora has been assigned the ZIP code of 57337.

History
The town of Fedora was originally platted in 1881. Fedora was originally called Miner Center, until the name was changed in 1896 due to the fact that there were several towns called Miner or Miner Center in South Dakota. According to tradition, Fedora was so named on account of the fedora hats sold by a pioneer merchant.

On June 13, 1943, two B-17 bombers from the 393rd Bomb Group of the Sioux City Army Air Base collided while on a training exercise over Fedora. One of the planes crashed immediately, and the other made a controlled landing in a creek bed several miles away. Eleven airmen were killed.

Demographics
The Census Bureau began tracking Fedora as part of a CDP which bears its name, in 2010. The population of the CDP was 26 at the 2020 census.

title: Fedora, South Dakota


text:
The Mortal Storm

The Mortal Storm is a 1940 American drama film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was directed by Frank Borzage and stars Margaret Sullavan and James Stewart. The film shows the impact on Germans after Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany and gains unlimited power. The supporting cast features Robert Young, Robert Stack, Frank Morgan, Dan Dailey, Ward Bond and Maria Ouspenskaya.

A year after the film's release, Stewart began serving in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II.

Plot
In the mountains of Germany near the Austrian border on January 30, 1933, Professor Viktor Roth, a distinguished "non-Aryan" professor who is adored by his students, celebrates his 60th birthday. His family consists of his wife Amelie, his daughter Freya, his young son Rudi and his adult stepsons Erich and Otto von Rohn. His class greets him with applause and a trophy presented by Martin Breitner and Fritz Marberg. The professor is proud of his family's "tolerance and sense of humor."

Suddenly, everything changes. The maid brings wonderful news: Adolf Hitler has become chancellor of Germany. Listening to the radio. Amelie worries about what will happen to free thinkers and non-Aryans. The ecstatic young men leave for a meeting, but Martin demurs.

Martin, Fritz, and Freya meet at an inn, where Professor Werner is bullied by a gang for not singing along with the "Horst Wessel Song." Martin interferes and the bullies allow Werner to leave. Fritz delivers Martin an ultimatum: join the party or be wiped out with other "pacifist vermin," but Martin refuses. Outside, the gang is beating Werner. On the train ride home, Fritz criticizes Freya for behavior unbecoming the daughter of a "non-Aryan."

Professor Roth refuses to teach the doctrine of racial purity, and his classes are boycotted. Students, who are now all in uniform, rally to burn banned books.

When Martin brings Freya home, the waiting gang assaults him. Mrs. Roth intervenes, admonishing her sons, who move out of their home. Weeks later, Freya comes to Martin's mountain farm. She wants him to meet their friends at the inn. He confesses his love to her. Professor Werner appears, begging for help because he is soon to be arrested. That night, Martin takes him on skis through a secret pass to Austria while the women successfully resist police attempts to intimidate them.

Professor Roth is arrested and Freya begs Fritz to learn where the professor has been taken. Fritz reluctantly arranges a brief meeting between Viktor and his wife at the concentration camp where he is imprisoned. Viktor urges her to leave the country with Freya and Rudi.

Otto comes home with news that the professor has died, supposedly from a heart attack, but Freya believes that he was killed.

At the border, Freya is detained for carrying her father's unpublished manuscript. Martin's mother writes to tell Freya that Martin is waiting at the farm to take her to Austria. Martin and Freya drink from the bride cup, with Hilda's blessing. Elsewhere, the Nazis beat Elsa until she reveals the pass. A Gestapo officer testing Fritz's loyalty makes him leader of the ski patrol. Fritz orders them to fire at Martin and Freya as they attempt to ski to safety. Freya dies in Martin's arms in Austria.

In the Roths' home, Fritz tells Erich and Otto of Freya's death and flees, crying, "It was my duty!" Erich is furious that Martin is free and storms out of the house. Before Otto leaves, he recalls in his mind some conversations that had taken place there -- some, words by his father. Over celestial music, a man speaks: "I said to a man who stood at a gate, Give me a light that I may tread safely into the unknown. And he replied, Go out into the darkness and put your hand into the hand of God. That shall be to you better than a light, and safer than a known way."

Cast

 * Margaret Sullavan as Freya Roth
 * James Stewart as Martin Breitner
 * Robert Young as Fritz Marberg
 * Frank Morgan as Prof. Viktor Roth
 * Robert Stack as Otto von Rohn
 * Bonita Granville as Elsa
 * Irene Rich as Amelie Roth
 * William T. Orr as Erich von Rohn
 * Maria Ouspenskaya as Hilda Breitner
 * Gene Reynolds as Rudi Roth
 * Ward Bond as Franz
 * Russell Hicks as Rector of University
 * William Edmunds as Lehman, University Doorman
 * Esther Dale as Marta, the Roths' Maid
 * Dan Dailey as Hal or Holl, Youth Party Leader (billed as Dan Dailey, Jr.)
 * Granville Bates as Prof. Berg

Production
The film is based on the 1937 novel The Mortal Storm by the British writer Phyllis Bottome, who had moved to Austria in 1924 when her husband Alban Ernan Forbes Dennis was posted there. Dennis was a British diplomat and a MI6 station head with responsibility for Austria, Hungary and Yugoslavia. In 1930, she moved to Munich. She witnessed the rise of fascism, the rise to power of the Nazi party and the transformation of Nazi Germany.

The film's script diverged considerably from the story told in the book, but Bottome felt that the film retained the book's essence. However, Bottome wrote: "What it is to be a Nazi has been shown with unequivocal sincerity and life-likeness, but in the scene between the Jewish professor and his son, Rudi, there was a watering down of courage. Those familiar with the father’s definition of a good Jew will miss its full significance in the film because the central idea has been overlaid by insignificant words."

The Mortal Storm was one of the few directly anti-Nazi Hollywood films released before the American entry into World War II in December 1941. The Freya Roth character is the daughter of a Junker mother and a "non-Aryan" father. It is implied that Freya, her father and Rudi are Jews, but the word "Jew" is never actually used, and they are identified as "non-Aryans." However, in the scene where professor Roth is visited by his wife in the concentration camp, the sleeves of his shirt bear the large letter J (possibly to represent the yellow Star of David that Jews were forced by the Nazis to wear on their clothing). Erich and Otto von Rohn are not "non-Aryan," but they must fear guilt by association. The film infuriated the Nazi government; as a result, all MGM films were subsequently banned in Germany.

Mountain snow scenes were filmed in Salt Lake City, Utah and Sun Valley, Idaho.

The score by award-winning composer Bronislau Kaper and by Eugene Zador was credited to the pseudonym of Edward Kane. MGM paid $250 for the rights to the "Horst Wessel Song" for use in the 1938 film Three Comrades. However, with the World War II underway in 1940, the German publisher demanded script approval in return for usage of the song. MGM ignored the request, and had Zador simply arrange the "Horst Wessel Lied" with English lyrics by Earl Brent. The English version of the song was titled "Close Up The Ranks".

The film concludes with an excerpt from the poem "The Gate of the Year," which King George VI made famous when he quoted it during his Christmas 1939 radio broadcast.

The Mortal Storm was the last film in which Margaret Sullavan and James Stewart appeared together.

Reception
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called The Mortal Storm "magnificently directed and acted ... a passionate drama, struck out of the deepest tragedy, which is comforting at this time only in its exposition of heroic stoicism." Howard Barnes' review in the New York Herald Tribune lamented that Europe was at war by the time of the film's release: "Less than a year ago, it would have had far more dramatic and emotional impact than it has at this time. ... It is not MGM's fault, but the timing on the making of The Mortal Storm has been extremely bad."

A review in Variety stated: "It is not the first of the anti-Nazi pictures, but it is the most effective film exposé to date of the totalitarian idea, a slugging indictment of the political and social theories advanced by Hitler. ... Performances are excellent." Harrison's Reports wrote: "This is the most powerful anti-Nazi picture yet produced. It excels in every department - that of acting, direction, production and photography." Film Daily wrote: "Because of its virulent exposition of Nazi methods, this film must be seen by every American ... Magnificently directed by Frank Borzage, pulsating with dramatic power, and played up to the hilt by a transcendingly skillful cast, it will electrify audiences wherever it is shown." John Mosher of The New Yorker praised the film's story for being presented "without any theatrical nonsense" and added, "What is outstanding about Frank Borzage's direction is its restraint. The cruel story is told without any of the highlights of horror. We feel that what lies behind is worse than what we are shown."

The Mortal Storm ranked tenth on Film Daily's year-end nationwide poll of 546 critics naming the best films of 1940.

The film holds a 100% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 11 reviews.

title: The Mortal Storm


text:
Talk:Mike Warnke

The truth
I have included comments about my changes to Mike Warnke. The real evidence is out there although it is hard to see in one place I suppose. 64.251.168.209 (talk) 13:12, 17 May 2015 (UTC)
 * The truth is that Warnke's timeline as reported in his books does not work. The truth is that people who knew him during the period when he claimed to be a Satanist high priest say he wasn't. The truth is that he is a great story teller and he crossed the boundary. Walter Görlitz (talk) 14:42, 17 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Isn’t the point, of being in a SECRET satanist cult, to keep it a secret? Being a satanist in the time period he claims, was not a popular or well accepted “religion” operating as “science” like it is in 2023. I imagine secrecy was a top priority until such a time that society was more accepting. 192.24.31.160 (talk) 13:20, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Aside from Warnke being unable to provide any evidence the "secret Satanist cult" he describes actually existed, he's made claims that can be shown to be untrue. Probably the most famous example from the Cornerstone exposé are Warnke describing himself as having had six-inch painted-black fingernails and a head of hair extending to his belt, whereas the exposé showed a photograph of a very normal-looking Warnke during the period in question, with friends interviewed confirming his physical appearance wasn't what he subsequently claimed it was. That's just one example. --Ismail (talk) 11:11, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Mike Warnke. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070314025935/http://ccmdiscography.150m.com:80/W-WebSite.html to http://ccmdiscography.150m.com/W-WebSite.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:32, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Mike Warnke. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110930192642/http://www.sweet-music.com/WW.html to http://www.sweet-music.com/WW.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060504182948/http://www.mikewarnke.org/packet22.html to http://www.mikewarnke.org/packet22.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:29, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

But Mike wasn't an expert on Satanism
The sites I've checked out are pretty upfront that Mike was a fake and a fraud, just no other way to put it. This includes Christian sites, with some members angry at Mike, understandably so, since he lied to them. Now, a couple have said, Christians are the only army who kill their wounded, which is not really strictly true on either count. Plenty of groups have in-fighting. And, Christians are pretty good at forgiving, although they have very high standards.

Plus. ..

It is not our job to just reflect widespread views. Instead, it is our job to use a variety of good references to present what is actually the case. And Mike is not an expert. And yet, we currently say, one of evangelical Christianity's best-known experts. . .  discredited in 1991 by the Christian magazine, Cornerstone. Why do we go through the first part only to take it away? And the article in Cornerstone was '92, although perhaps there were murmurings the year before.

If ever there was a case for scare quotes around expert, this would be it. Although I tend to think we can phrase it better. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 17:13, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

Did Mike Warnke actually serve in Vietnam?
If he did, how much of what he says he did and what happened to him in the military is true or false? Bizzybody (talk) 11:03, 17 January 2021 (UTC)
 * The authors of the book Selling Satan note (pp. 119-120) that Warnke served "as a hospital corpsman with a moving combat unit" and that naval records show he was awarded seven medals, notably a Purple Heart and a Combat Action Ribbon. But they also write, "Mike was in Vietnam only six months, an awfully short amount of time to have been involved in the long and gory list of events he later claimed." The book notes Warnke's dubious statements and gives evidence contradicting some of them. --Ismail (talk) 01:47, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

Mike moved to California with his (half) sister not aunt
Been seeing this error for a long time, but did nothing about it. Per "Selling Satan" Mike lived with his aunts before finally moving out to California to live with his half-sister Shirley Schrader who was much older than Mike.

Quoting from the book,  After Al Warnke divorced her mother, Shirley's mom remarried and the family moved to California. It then talks about how Shirley met her father (Al) again after she had turned 30 and her, her husband and son moved back east to work at the truck stop. (pp.26-29 Internet archive). It seems in some people's quest to go on the Warnke which hunt, some facts have been ignored... 50.88.229.139 (talk) 20:58, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

Take another look
I read this book back in the 80s, it was outstanding! If he wasn’t in the satanic church he certainly had a lot of facts about it! One of the specific points I remember the most is (paraphrasing) how the satanic cult planned to infiltrate every social aspect of society; government, health/medical, education, main stream churches, entertainment, etc. so I say again, take another look, because that is EXACTLY what has happened! He’s either the most honest “fraud” or he just made up a bunch of crap that just coincidentally is exactly on point! 192.24.31.160 (talk) 13:11, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mike Warnke


text: Category:Norwegian comedians

title: Category:Norwegian comedians


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ragtime (Tribal Celebration)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Rhobite 06:55, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

Ragtime (Tribal Celebration)
Hoax. When deleting, note that Ragtime (disambiguation) links there already. Rl 21:46, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original essay, possible hoax. Megan1967 22:48, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I cannot find reference of this Curzi tribe. JoaoRicardo 00:32, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I cannot find reference of JoaoRicardo.
 * The above remark by 68.6.77.7, all of whose edits are related to this article.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ferney, South Dakota

Ferney is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Brown County, South Dakota, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 42.

History
Ferney was laid out and platted in 1886 by W. H. Ferney, and named for him. According to another tradition, the name is a transfer from Ferney, France. A post office was established at Ferney in 1887, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1984.

title: Ferney, South Dakota


text:
Talk:Processor

Front-end processor
What is a front-end processor? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.150.183.44 (talk • contribs) 21:47, 21 February 2005
 * processor is main part of computer —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.95.199.95 (talk) 06:04, 19 June 2008 (UTC)
 * See Front end processor, we have an article on that. - Wbm1058 (talk) 16:39, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

Q.
Why does it say "TIP Marines may refer to:"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.201.242.130 (talk) 17:59, 16 November 2010 (UTC)
 * A. Because User:Tipmarines vandalized the article. – Wbm1058 (talk) 16:50, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

Broad concept
This may be a candidate for a WP:DABCONCEPT, discuss: Widefox ; talk 14:33, 1 May 2013 (UTC)
 * And what would it cover exactly? A processor is simply too ambiguous to be beneficial in itself. What most people consider a processor is actually a Microprocessor which is already a pretty good article. -- C yb er XR ef talk 04:05, 10 January 2014 (UTC)
 * +1 for what User:CyberXRef says. Look at all the different flavors of "processors" listed; what does a central processing unit have in common with a word processor (much less a food processor), other than that a word processor, back when word processors were dedicated computer systems rather than applications, probably had one or more CPUs in it. Guy Harris (talk) 07:48, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Central processing unit is the primary topic for Computer processor. This is the "broad concept" article related to computers/computing. "Central processing unit" is a legacy term from when the "brains" of computers were the size of small rooms, and were separate from the "memory and storage unit" and the "input/output unit", which were also large boxes filled with hardware. The "units" were connected to each other with communication cables. In the early 1970s, the term microprocessor was coined to distinguish Intel's new semiconductor-based CPUs from IBM's mainframe-sized CPUs. Now, in the era of smartphones all the "units" fit in the palm of your hand. If you want to make Computer processor the primary topic for processor and move this to processor (disambiguation), I suggest submitting a WP:Requested move. Thanks, Wbm1058 (talk) 17:14, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

 * So now, nearly four years after this discussion was started, as this disambiguation has not stabilized over time, I have come around to the idea that a broad-concept article is indeed needed. Such an article was actually started on 11 June 2016 at Processor (computing). We can debate whether that parenthetical disambiguation is best, or a natural disambiguation such as computer processor or processing unit is better, but that is the article where THIS belongs, since the dab-purists won't let it stay on this disambiguation page. – wbm1058 (talk) 15:34, 22 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Processor


text:
User talk:Lollo~enwiki

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing. -- Rhobite 21:48, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lollo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lollo~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:24, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:34, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lollo~enwiki


text:
Gann Valley, South Dakota

Gann Valley is a census-designated place in and the county seat of Buffalo County, South Dakota, United States. The town had a population of 10 as of the 2020 census. It is the smallest unincorporated county seat in the United States.

History
The community was founded in 1885 by Herst Gann in a valley on Crow Creek just east of the Crow Creek Reservation. Gann donated the courthouse in the community and A.L. Spencer donated 30 acres, resulting in the community becoming the county seat. In 1886 the county seat was moved to Buffalo Center but was moved back to Gann in 1888.

The center of population of South Dakota is located in Gann Valley. Gann Valley holds the record for the highest temperature in South Dakota, at 120 F.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Gann Valley has a humid continental climate.

title: Gann Valley, South Dakota


text:
Glencross, South Dakota

Glencross ("Railroad Village" ) is an unincorporated community in Dewey County in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located within the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation.

History
Glencross was founded in 1919 by Conrad Mattern, who, along with his brother Frederick Louis Mattern, owned and operated the first store in the town. The town's name reportedly comes from its location where two valleys, or glens, intersect.

Notable person

 * Elmer Diedtrich, South Dakota politician

title: Glencross, South Dakota


text:
José Canga Argüelles

José Canga Argüelles (17 July 1770 – 2 December 1843) was a Spanish statesman.

Biography
He took an active part in the Spanish resistance to Napoleon in a civil capacity and was an energetic member of the cortes of 1812. On the return of the Bourbon line in 1814, Canga-Argüelles was sent into exile in the province of Valencia.

On the restoration in 1820 of the constitution of 1812, he was appointed minister of finance. He continued at this post till the spring of 1821, distinguishing himself by the zeal and ability with which he sought to reform the finances of Spain. It was high time; for the annual deficit was greater than the entire revenue itself, and landed and other property was, to an unheard-of extent, monopolized by the priests.

The measures he proposed had been only partially enforced, when the action of the king with regard to the ministry, of which he was a member, obliged him to resign. Thereafter, as a member of the Moderate Liberal party, Canga-Argüelles advocated constitutional government and financial reform, till the overthrow of the constitution in 1823, when he fled to England. He did not return to Spain till 1829, and did not again appear in public life, being appointed keeper of the archives at Simancas.

Works
Canga-Argüelles is the author of three works:
 * Elementos de la Ciencia de Hacienda (Elements of the Science of Finance), London, 1825
 * Diccionario de Hacienda (Dictionary of Finance), London, 1827
 * Observaciones sobre la guerra de la Peninsula (Observations on the Peninsular War), in which he endeavoured to show that his countrymen had taken a far more effective part in the national struggle against the French than English historians were willing to admit.

title: José Canga Argüelles


text:
Hayes, South Dakota

Hayes is an unincorporated village in Stanley County, South Dakota, United States. It is also a part of the Pierre, South Dakota Micropolitan Statistical Area.

The community's name honors John and William Hayes, early settlers.

title: Hayes, South Dakota