text:
Knowle West

Knowle West is a neighbourhood in the south of Bristol, England, 2 miles (3 km) from the city centre, and mostly in the Filwood ward of Bristol City Council, although a small part of the estate lies within Knowle ward to the east. To the west are Bishopsworth and Hartcliffe, to the north Bedminster and Windmill Hill and to the south Whitchurch Park and Hengrove. In 2008, the population was 11,787.

There is evidence of late Iron Age and Roman settlements in the area. At the time of the Domesday Book, Knowle was a rural area assessed at a taxable value of two geld units. Knowle West remained rural in character until the 1930s, when a council estate was developed to provide homes for people displaced by slum clearance in the centre of the city.

Former residents include the musician Tricky, the England rugby player Ellis Genge, the boxer Dixie Brown and late 1950s rock and roll band The Eagles. The closure of the Imperial Tobacco factory at nearby Hartcliffe in 1990 caused a large number of job losses. Just under a third of the residents are classed as economically inactive and the area is the most economically deprived in Bristol.

History
There is evidence of late Iron Age and Roman settlement at Inns Court and Filwood Park, which lie within Knowle West. In 1086, the area that is now Knowle West was assessed by the Domesday survey as part of Knowle in the hundred of Hartcliffe. The survey shows Knowle as being under the lordship of Eadnoth the Constable who had 30 holdings in Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Wiltshire before the Norman conquest. After the conquest, Knowle became part of the holdings of Osbern Giffard, who was lord, or tenant in chief, of holdings throughout Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Wiltshire and Somerset. The Domesday Book shows Knowle as having eleven households, three ploughlands, one cob (small horse), eight cattle, twenty five pigs, a meadow of 16 acre, pasture of 20 acre and a woodland area of 2.5 furlong by 1.5 furlong. For taxation purposes, the whole was assessed at two geld units. Filwood Park, in the southern part of the area was part of the parish of Whitchurch until incorporated into Bristol in 1930. In Anglo-Saxon times Filwood Chase was part of the royal hunting estate known as Kingswood Forest, which encompassed a large area around Bristol. Inns Court and Filwood farms have medieval origins. The surviving parts of Inns Court, originally Inyn's Court, are now part of the former Holy Cross Inns Court Vicarage and the staircase turret is now a Grade II* listed building. The building is in the process of repair and is on the "at risk" register. An isolation hospital was built at Nover's Hill in 1892, eventually superseded by a new hospital at Ham Green, near Pill, which opened in 1927. The site is now occupied by the Knowle DGE (DGE standing for Discovery, Guidance and Enjoyment) Special School. In the 1920s, the area was still rural in nature, mostly agricultural and allotment land, including Filwood Farm, Inns Court Farm and Hengrove House. The old field boundaries influenced the subsequent development.

Knowle West was built in the 1930s as a council housing estate. It was constructed on garden city principles, with large gardens and "an abundance of fresh air and daylight." The aim of the development was to provide new homes for those who needed to be relocated as a result of clearance of inner-city slums in Bristol and "to provide healthier living conditions for large families on low incomes. A new wave of development commenced in the 1960s at Inns Court, occasioned by the need for more homes following the further clearance of inner city areas which had been devastated by the Bristol Blitz. Prefabricated homes, which had been erected since World War II at Filwood Park were demolished in the 1960s. Subsequently, new homes were built on the Radburn principles. "Common features were grouped houses arranged around a cul-de sac street layout thus the street layout broke away from the conventional street grid pattern", but this style of development is now considered to be a failure, due to the lack of "a safe and well-overlooked environment." The layout of housing built around short cul-de-sacs "has resulted in a physical environment that contributes to isolation rather than facilitating community interaction", according to a 2009 city council report on the area. By 2008, around 45 per cent of the 4,475 homes were owner occupied. Plans were announced in 2010 for demolition of 1,000 homes in Inns Court. Local residents were opposed to this, and following their campaign, the council withdrew the plans and met with residents to discuss plans for redeveloping Filwood Broadway with new shops and a supermarket.

Location
Modern Knowle West has an area of approximately 1.26 sqmi, located on a plateau about 215 ft above sea level, south of the centre of Bristol, between the districts of Knowle on the east, Whitchurch Park and Hengrove to the south, Hartcliffe and Bishopsworth to the west and Bedminster and Windmill Hill to the north. There is steeply sloping land to the north and west, which together with Pigeonhouse Brook, a tributary of the River Malago, creates a natural barrier to adjacent areas. The underlying bedrock is of the Lias Group, a mixture of mudstones, marine limestones, sandstones and clays. The Bedminster Great coal seam lies some 2952 ft below the area, but it is considered unlikely that coal was mined underneath Knowle West.

The local council Filwood ward is roughly coterminous with Knowle West, but two small areas of the estate lie in the neighbouring Knowle ward. Definitions of the area of Knowle West vary, with some residents in the eastern fringes preferring to identify with Knowle.

Notable residents
The boxer Dixie Brown lived in Knowle West from the 1930s until the 1950s and was a regular at the Venture Inn, a public house in Melvin Square. He was frequently visited by black American troops during World War II.

The Eagles were a rock and roll band who formed in the late 1950s at the Eagle House youth club and featured in the 1962 film Some People.

The musician Tricky was a member of the Wild Bunch sound system and a contributor to Massive Attack's first two albums. Born in 1968, Tricky grew up in Knowle West in the 1970s and 1980s and was educated at Merrywood School. He named his 2008 album Knowle West Boy, in tribute to the area's influence on him and his music.

The England International rugby player Ellis Genge grew up on the estate.

Education
There are three primary schools in Knowle West; Greenfield Primary School, Oasis Academy Connaught, and the School of Christ the King. In addition there is Knowle DGE Special School (formerly the Florence Brown Community Special School), which serves pupils of all ages who have learning difficulties or social and emotional behaviour difficulties. There is also a nursery, Knowle West Children's Centre. · Secondary school students are educated in adjacent areas, following the closure of Merrywood School in 2000, after a critical report by Ofsted in 1997. The nearest secondary schools are Oasis Academy John Williams in Hengrove, St Bernadette Catholic Secondary School in Whitchurch, Bridge Learning Campus in Hartcliffe and Bedminster Down Secondary School. Ongoing adult education is provided at the Park Centre and nearby Bedminster and Marksbury Road libraries.

Health
There is a National Health Service walk-in centre for treating minor injuries on the Knowle West Health Park site. Doctors may be consulted at the adjacent GP walk-in centre and there are general practitioner (GP) led health centres nearby in Knowle, Bedminster and Hartcliffe. Dentistry is provided at practices in Bishopsworth, Knowle and Bedminster. The nearest hospital is Bristol Royal Infirmary in Bristol city centre. South Bristol Community Hospital in nearby Hengrove opened in March 2012.

Community activities
There are a number of community activities, including a community website, knowlewest.co.uk, showing the latest events and news in the area. A community newsletter called The Knowledge is produced by Community in Partnership (CIP), facilitated by the Knowle West Media Centre. The Knowle West Future planning forum was established in 2013 to work on a regeneration plan, based on the positive attributes of the estate.

The Knowle West Media Centre won a Queen's Award for Services in the Community in 2006 and the Knowle West Health Association won a Queen's Award for Voluntary Service in 2010.

Community enterprises include Re:work, who run construction, gardening, and furniture renovation projects, including their store on Filwood Broadway. They work with volunteers and support young people in skills development. Knowle West Health Park includes a GP service, a healthy living centre (which includes a studio with activities such as keep fit and dance activities), children's park, outdoor sports facilities, and a one-mile walk. Nearby nature walks include the Northern Slopes, including Novers Common, Glyn Vale/Kingswear and Wedmore Vale.

Local amenities include The Park Opportunity Centre, which offers a number of courses and programmes. The area has local shopping facilities, cafés and community centres and youth clubs such as Filwood Community Centre, Eagle House, Broadplain House, Novers Park,The Mede and KWMC (Knowle West Media Centre).

Churches
Churches include Christ the King (Roman Catholic), built in 1952; Destiny Knowles Pentecostal Church (Pentecostal); St Barnabas (Church of England), built in 1938; Holy Cross (Church of God of Prophecy); and the Salvation Army.

Transport
Knowle West is served by four council supported bus services, which connect the area to Totterdown, Broadmead, Hotwells, Bedminster and Brislington. In addition First West of England run two services, which connect with Withywood, the city centre and Hengrove. The nearest railway station is at Parson Street in Bedminster.

Journey times from Knowle West to the city centre have been identified as hampering employment opportunities for residents and proposals for a Greater Bristol Bus Network and a rapid transit scheme have noted the need to provide better connectivity for the area. A journey from Filwood Park to the city centre takes around 50 minutes and from Inns Court to Broadmead takes over 30 minutes. Proposed extensions to the A4174 ring road, which would pass along the southern part of Knowle West, have been claimed to reduce delays across the Greater Bristol area by 6%, and lead to a 9% increase in public transport use. The plans were approved by the Department for Transport in December 2011.

Demographics
The population estimate for Filwood ward, as of 2008, was 11,787. There were 3,007 under 15 years old and 1,651 were of pensionable age. 7,316 were Christian, 2,925 had no religion and there were small numbers of Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh residents. 96.2 per cent were described as white and 3.8 per cent as being of black minority ethnicity.

Even in 2011, the Filwood ward was still an area with a relatively small amount of ethnic minorities, with 85.8 per cent of the 12,267 residents being White British.

Employment
There are a number of small community enterprises in the area, but most of those in work need to drive to other parts of Bristol. The Bristol City Council Baseline Briefing notes that employment opportunities for those without a car are limited There is a retail park on the former Imperial Tobacco factory site in Hartcliffe, which has plans for further development. In addition, South Bristol Business Park was built on the former Filwood playing fields in the early 21st century. It was reported that 2,300 residents had local employment in 2008 and 3,264 were classed as economically inactive; that is to say they were not employed and not actively seeking employment. 71 per cent of jobs were in service industries. 213 residents were claiming unemployment benefits.

Deprivation
Six out of eight areas in Knowle West are ranked as being economically deprived. The closure of the Imperial Tobacco factory at nearby Hartcliffe in 1990 meant the loss of 5,000 jobs and an estimated further 20,000 jobs in service and supporting industries throughout South Bristol. A House of Commons report noted that this had a seriously negative effect on the area as many people in Knowle West and neighbouring areas lost the opportunity for "manual and semi-skilled employment". The Independent in 1995 noted high drug use and associated crime and reported on the establishment of Knowle West Against Drugs, led by local parents concerned about these problems. In 2006, BBC News said "Knowle West has more than its share of social problems. The highest number of kids in care of any council ward in Bristol.  The lowest number of young people with any qualifications (under half).  A major petty crime problem, drug addiction, and add to that people are fed up with bad housing." Shawnie, a 2006 novel by social worker Ed Trewavas, written from the point of view of a 13-year-old girl living in Knowle West, documents some of the deprivation he encountered in his work. One of the novel's characters "describes Knowle West ... as a 'shit hole' populated by 'yokels, cider-heads, junkies, dole-scammers, slappers and failed wide boys, all interbreeding and nicking their cruddy possessions off of each other in some giant, dismal rota.'"

The Guardian in 2007 reported "Fed up with the media's view of their community as a hub for drug use, crime and antisocial behaviour, the residents of one of Britain's most notorious housing estates decided to fight back." The article noted that projects such as Knowle West Media were having a positive impact, "Those kids coming out of the media centre aren't the criminals and layabouts everyone expects from Knowle West; they're film-makers, photographers and designers." According to police statistics the levels of crime and anti-social behaviour (ASB) in Knowle West are above average for England and Wales, with 241 crimes and ASB incidents reported in June 2011. A 2007 report for the Community Foundation Network, looking at the work of voluntary sector groups, found that three-quarters of the super output areas in Filwood ward are amongst the 10% most deprived in England. The report also found a strong sense of community within the area with "a history of community activity".

Politics
Since 2015, the two Bristol City councillors for Filwood ward have been Labour Party members. The MP for the Bristol South constituency, since 2015, is Karin Smyth, of the Labour Party. Prior to that, the constituency was represented from 1987 by Dawn Primarolo, now the Right Honourable the Baroness Primarolo. Prior to Brexit in 2020, Filwood was represented in the European Parliament by the six MEPs of the South West England constituency.

Environment
Open spaces include Glyn Vale Open Space, part of the Northern Slopes; Filwood Playing Fields and Filwood Park; Airport Road Open Space; Inns Court Open Space, which all are proposed Sites of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI), with areas of grassland, scrub and broad-leaved woodland. There are also three children's playgrounds and a few small open spaces, mostly grassed areas between buildings or at road junctions. There are 42 acre of natural open space and 69 acre of what is described by the city council as "informal open space", such as wide road verges, roundabouts and playing fields, in Knowle West. The average number of bird species per garden is two and 41 per cent of residents reported frogs in gardens or allotments. Proposals for development of open spaces were made in 2009 by Bristol City Council and opposed by residents. On the Northern Slopes, tree species recorded include hazel, blackthorn, alder, and hawthorn; bird life includes robins, blackbirds, chiffchaffs, house sparrows, starlings, and thrushes; wildflowers include cowslips, primroses, agrinomy, and knapweed; and mammals include rabbits and foxes as well as pipistrelle and noctule bats.

title: Knowle West


text:
Talk:River Colne, Hertfordshire

Use of "Sink"
Source to sink (in an earlier state of this article). Sink is used in this sense for the flow of electricity! To geographers it means different: A stream from Malham Tarn disappears into the ground through sink holes in the limestone, and reappears at Airehead Springs. -- RHaworth 05:10, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC)

Tributaries
See also Talk:Rivers of Great Britain which lists four streams still not included in this article. Recent edits have thrown away the info that some of these streams are distributaries, eg. the Colne Brook. What we really need for this complicated river is a map. -- RHaworth 05:10, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC)
 * I have added a map. I am not sure about the branch between A4 Colnbrook Bypass and A3113 Airport Way. It appears to disappear under Heathrow Airport. Does anyone know if it is culverted? Bob1960evens (talk) 10:39, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on River Colne, Hertfordshire. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111001100210/http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/landscape_history.cfm to http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/landscape_history.cfm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:21, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

Berkshire
Based on Ordnance Survey maps, it does not appear River Colne reaches (or crosses) the boundary of Berkshire, even though it flows close to it. The boundary appears to be to the west of River Wraysbury, which itself is to the west of the Colne (see interactive OS boundary map or the OS Landranger/Explorer maps). Delta 51 (talk) 10:40, 22 December 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:River Colne, Hertfordshire


text:
Indian Institute of Management Bangalore

Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIM Bangalore or IIMB) is a public business school and Institute of National Importance located in Bangalore, India. Founded in 1973, it was the third IIM to be established, after IIM Calcutta and IIM Ahmedabad.

The institute offers Post Graduate, Doctoral, Executive Education and Certificate Programmes. The MBA programme is the flagship programme of the BSchool and is offered in three modes - one year full-time, two year full-time and two year executive (weekend).

The Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGP), is the traditional flagship two-year full-time residential MBA programme, for candidates with 0–4 years experience and admitted through the Common Admission Test (CAT). IIM Bangalore offers a flagship one-year full-time residential MBA programme - the Executive Post Graduate Programme in Management (EPGP), modeled on global MBA pedagogy, for candidates with higher experience and admitted through Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT),

IIMB also offers two-year part-time executive MBA programme for working executives, a one-year full-time programme - Master of Management Studies in Public Policy and a two-year full-time MBA programme in Business Analytics, apart from the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). The Certificate Programmes include the N. S. Ramaswamy Pre-doctoral Fellowship (NSR Pre-doc), which is a one-year full-time apprenticeship programme and the Mahatma Gandhi National Fellowship (MGNF), a two-year academic programme. IIMB has also launched an undergraduate programme on ‘Digital Business and Entrepreneurship’. The programme will be delivered in online mode from September 2024.

History
In 1972, a committee headed by Ravi J. Matthai, founding director of IIM Ahmedabad and IRMA, noting the rising demand for graduates of the first two prestigious IIMs namely IIM Calcutta and IIM Ahmedabad, recommended the need to have two more IIMs. The Institute at Bangalore was set up to cater exclusively to the needs of public sector enterprises. For the proposed institute, the Government of Karnataka offered 100 acre of land free of cost and a contribution of inr 3000000. T. A. Pai and N. S. Ramaswamy were appointed as chairman and Director respectively. The institute was inaugurated by Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, on 28 October 1973. The institute was started in St. Joseph's College of Commerce, and some other buildings, which were rented on the Langford Road. The new institute came up at the Bannerghatta Road campus in South Bangalore in 1983.

The two-year Post Graduate Programme commenced in July 1974 and the first convocation of the institute was held on 10 July 1976 with a total of 48 graduating students. On August 27, 1998, the Post Graduate Programme in Software Enterprise Management was launched with an intake 58 students. The institute's start-up incubation centre, N S Raghavan Centre for Entrepreneurial Learning (NSRCEL) came into existence in March 2002.

Motto
The motto derived from Sanskrit तेजस्वि नावधीतमस्तु (pronounced as tejasvi nāvadhītamastu) is an extract from the Shanti Mantra recited in Taittiriya Upanishad, Katha Upanishad, Mandukya Upanishad and Shvetashvatara Upanishad. The motto translates to ' Let our study be enlightening'.

The current IIMB logo depicting the sun, was designed by the National Institute of Design and has been in use since 1994.

Corporate placement and campus drive
IIM Bangalore provides a wide network of corporate placement opportunities for its students. In December 2021, it collaborated internationally for exploring students' dynamics for an international experience. Companies which participated in IIM Bangalore placements 2022 include Accenture Strategy, The Boston Consulting Group, Bain & Company, AWS Consulting, Goldman Sachs, Microsoft, McKinsey & Company, Kearney, Amazon Future Builders' Program, Tata Consultancy Services, Navi Technologies, Kotak Mahindra Bank, PwC India and Alvarez & Marsal.

Campus
The IIMB campus, occupying an area of over 100 acres, is located on Bannerghatta Road in the southern part of Bangalore. It is accessible by public transport from anywhere in the city. The Namma Metro's Pink Line, currently under construction as of June 2022, will have a halt at IIMB. IIMB is in the process of setting up its second campus near Jigani, in the city's periphery, in Anekal Taluka.

Architecture
IIM Bangalore was designed by Pritzker prize winning architect B. V. Doshi. Mr Doshi, also a Padma Bhushan awardee, had previously assisted Louis Kahn on the design of IIM Ahmedabad and then designed the renowned school of architecture at Ahmadabad (later renamed as CEPT). He was hence commissioned to design IIM Bangalore. The architecture of IIM Bangalore is inspired by the historic city of Fatehpur Sikri near Agra, and the Madurai temples in Tamil Nadu. The 54,000 sq mt IIMB complex, is built in granite stone, giving the campus a unique character. The conceptualisation of the campus began in 1973 and it was completed in 1983. Over the years, the once barren campus has become a green oasis with rich and diverse flora and fauna. The campus has been awarded for its sustainability practices.

Academic Blocks
The academic blocks were designed by Stein, Doshi & Bhalla architects led by B. V. Doshi and were completed by 1983. A few blocks were added later owing to the increase in the number of students being enrolled. The classes, faculty offices and other administrative entities are spread over the various blocks.

Library
The library extends membership-based services to individuals, organizations, corporations and academic institutions. Alumni are encouraged to use the library facilities at a very nominal subscription charge.

Student Housing and Sports Centre
IIMB provides accommodation facilities to all the full-time long duration programmes. IIMB campus housing consists of 16 hostel blocks apart from one executive block and the executive accommodation at the Management Development Centre. The hostel consists of 16 blocks named from A to P. IIMB has separate facilities for soccer, cricket, tennis, basketball, volleyball, badminton, table tennis and pool. IIMB has a sports centre with courts for badminton and tennis, a gym and a swimming pool.

Computer Centre
The institute has 24-hour internet connectivity with 600+ PCs and workstations. The campus is also fully WiFi enabled.

Startup Hub Incubation Centre for entrepreneurs - NSRCEL
The 'Nadathur Sarangapani Raghavan Centre for Entrepreneurial Learning', renamed NSRCEL, was set up in 2002 to aid the entrepreneurial activities at IIMB. The centre acts as an incubator for new business ideas where anyone can apply for incubation. As of April 2020, NSRCEL has incubated more than 240 start-ups with a combined value of $1.5 billion and created more than 5400 jobs. Students studying at IIMB are encouraged to leverage.

Academic programmes
IIMB has degree granting and certificate programmes. Prior to 2018, IIM Bangalore awarded diplomas instead of degrees because the IIMs were not set up as universities through an Act of Parliament but as societies under the Societies Act. The Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017 enacted by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in December 2017 declared IIMs as Institutes of National Importance, thereby allowing IIMs to award degrees to their students instead of diplomas. Consequently, in 2018, IIM Bangalore became the first IIM to award MBA degree to the graduates of the Post Graduate Programme and later to the executive post graduate programme – the full-time MBA programmes of the BSchool.

IIM Bangalore offers six degree-granting programmes: a full-time doctoral programme (FPM), three full-time MBA programmes (EPGP, PGP, PGPBA), an executive MBA programme (PGPEM), and a full-time programme in Public Policy (PGPPM).

In 2019, the Institute signed an MoU with the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship to train fellows in Public Policy and Management to work with District Administration under the Mahatma Gandhi National Fellowship program as part of the World Bank funded SANKALP Scheme. In 2021, this program was scaled up to the entire country involving 8 other IIMs with IIMB as the anchor institute.

In 2024, IIM Bangalore forayed into undergraduate courses with online BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration) programme in Digital Business and Entrepreneurship (BBA DBE).

Journal : IIMB Management Review (IMR)
IIMB Management Review (IMR) is a quarterly journal brought out by Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. IIM Bangalore received EQUIS Accreditation for five years. EQUIS accreditation is the most comprehensive institutional accreditation system for business and management schools.

Rankings
Worldwide, the Financial Times has ranked IIM Bangalore 53 in the Top Global MBA Ranking 2022. They ranked the PGPM program 31 in the world in the Top 100 Masters in Management 2022 ranking. The QS Global MBA Rankings 2023 ranked IIM Bangalore's full time MBA programme 50 in the world and 10 in Asia. The executive MBA program was ranked 53 in the world in the QS Global Executive MBA Rankings 2022 and 12 in Asia.

In India, IIM Bangalore was ranked 2nd with a score of 82.62 among management schools by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) 2022. IIM Bangalore was ranked 2nd among management schools with a score of 80.89 by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2023. It was ranked third by Business Today "India's Top Five B-Schools Yearly Ranking In 2022".

Mentorship
IIM Bangalore successfully mentored IIM Trichy when it was established in 2011. It also mentored IIM Visakhapatnam when it was setup in 2015.

Student life
There are several student-run clubs and societies at IIM Bangalore. The student bodies are divided into clubs, mini clubs, chapters and societies which are managed by the students themselves and are governed by the Students Affairs Council. The following are the list of clubs and societies.

Students Affairs Council
It is the apex body which controls all the aspects of student life including other clubs and societies.

Academic Council
The Academic Council is an elected body that facilitates the management of the academic system at IIM Bangalore. The council acts as an interface between students and faculty and is also responsible for the elective bidding process for courses by assessing the academic needs of the student community.

Placement Committee
More than 100 companies across the globe visit the campus every year for summer and final placements. The placement processes are governed by the Career Development Services and facilitated by the Placement Committee.

Events
IIMB celebrates the Foundation Day on 28 October. The 46th Foundation Day lecture was delivered by renowned architect B.V. Doshi, who had designed the IIMB campus more than three decades ago.

Eximius
Eximius is the annual entrepreneurship summit organized by IIM Bangalore. The event has hosted several eminent speakers including Shashi Tharoor, Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Piyush Pandey, Mallika Sarabhai, Kris Gopalakrishnan, Kiran Bedi, Rashmi Bansal, Shaheen Mistri, Harish Hande, D R Mehta among others.

Unmaad
Unmaad is the flagship annual cultural festival of IIM Bangalore. The three-day event draws participants from across India. Unmaad features drama and music performances, dances, quizzes, debates, street plays, professional concerts and a fashion show. The event has hosted performances by prominent artistes including Farhan Akhtar, Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, KK, Kailash Kher, Lucky Ali, Strings, Jethro Tull, Indian Ocean, etc.

Vista
Vista is an annual, international business summit hosted by IIM Bangalore. The three-day summit brings together leaders from the fields of marketing, finance, operations, human resources, consulting and social work. The platform lets students learn from business professionals through events, competitions and case studies. The event also incorporates guest speaker sessions. Previous speakers include Devi Shetty, Mukesh Ambani, Prahlad Kakkar, Kumar Mangalam Birla, Kamal Haasan, Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, Gurucharan Das, Justice Santosh Hegde, Arun Shourie, Gul Panag, M J Akbar, Nandita Das, Narain Karthikeyan and Shobhaa De.

Yamini
Yamini is a full-night music festival in Bangalore, organized by the Society for the Promotion of Indian Classical Music And Culture Amongst Youth (SPICMACAY) and hosted at IIMB.

IIMBue - IIMB Leadership Conclave
IIMB Leadership Conclave is an annual event.

Women Leadership Summit
Women Leadership Summit is organized every year in January by IIM Bangalore. It seeks to build gender-inclusive mind-sets among students, entrepreneurs, and corporates. The one-day event strives to create awareness through talks and workshops with prominent and inspiring personalities. The event has hosted eminent speakers including Vinita Bali, Malavika Harita, Sneha Priya, Lakshmi Ishwar, Wilma Rodrigues, Nirmala Sankaran, Neeta Revankar, Dr. Gita Sen, Gauri Jayaram, Sanjaya Sharma, etc.

Research
IIMB research centres include: the Centre for Capital Markets and Risk Management (CCMRM), Centre for Corporate Governance and Citizenship (CCGC), Centre for Management Communication (CenComm), Centre for Public Policy (CPP), Centre for Software and Information Technology Management (CSITM), Centre for Teaching and Learning (CTL), India-Japan Study Centre (IJSC), Israel Centre, the innovation and entrepreneurship hub NSRCEL, and the Supply Chain Management Centre (SCMC). Moreover, there are four special initiatives, namely, the Behavioral Sciences Lab, Consumer Insights, Data Centre and Analytics Lab (DCAL) and the Real Estate Research Initiative (RERI).

Digital Education IIMBx
IIMB started offering Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in 2014 through its digital learning initiative, IIMBx, in partnership with edX – a not-for-profit online initiative of Harvard and MIT. Apart from edX, the programme offers courses on its own platform, IIMBx, and Government of India's SWAYAM.

In popular culture
The campus featured in the popular Bollywood film 3 Idiots directed by Rajkumar Hirani and starring Aamir Khan, Kareena Kapoor, Omi Vaidya, Boman Irani, R. Madhavan and Sharman Joshi. The film is loosely based on the novel Five Point Someone by writer Chetan Bhagat.


text:
St. Erkenwald (poem)

St Erkenwald is a fourteenth-century alliterative poem in Middle English, perhaps composed in the late 1380s or early 1390s. It has sometimes been attributed, owing to the Cheshire/Shropshire /Staffordshire Dialect in which it is written, to the Pearl poet who probably wrote the poems Pearl, Patience, Cleanness, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.

St Erkenwald imagines an encounter in the seventh century between the historical Erkenwald, Bishop of London 675 to 693, and a corpse from an even earlier period, the period before the Roman conquest of Britain. The poem's themes revolve around the complex history of Britain and England, and the possibility in fourteenth-century Christian thought of the salvation of virtuous pagans.

Manuscript
St Erkenwald survives in only one manuscript, British Library MS Harley 2250. The document was discovered in 1757 by Thomas Percy; the manuscript had been in the possession of Sir Humphrey Pitt of Balcony House, Shifnal, and Priorslee, Shropshire. Other important ancient literary materials narrowly avoided being burnt as kindling by household staff in the circumstances in which Percy was discovering this important cultural survival.

This is a composite manuscript, created by binding together two pre-existing manuscripts which were originally unrelated. One of the other texts in the part which contains St Erkenwald, copied by the same scribe, ends with a scribal colophon noting the year, 1477; since this note is by the same scribe, the copy of St Erkenwald therefore dates from in or around 1477, roughly a century after the poem's probable composition.

The first line of the surviving copy of the poem begins with a rubricated large initial "A", and line 177 begins with a similar letter "T". Since this copy of the poem as a whole has 352 lines, the line 177 marks the beginning of its second half, and the marking of this point in the poem is probably intentional. Modern editions have therefore tended to reproduce the division.

The rest of the related part of the manuscript contains many other works of a pious and devotional sort, including at least ten other stories about saints in Middle English verse (albeit rhyming verse rather than alliterative verse): although St Erkenwald has usually been edited or anthologised in isolation, the surviving copy appears to have been transmitted as part of a collection of saintly writings.

The title of the poem in its manuscript copy is the Latin "De Erkenwaldo" ("About Erkenwald"); the poem's present-day title, St Erkenwald, is a modern imposition.

Poetics
The poem is written in alliterative verse.

A typical line divides into two half-lines, each containing two primary beats; the beats are usually the lexical stresses of open-class words. The first three beats—that is, both beats of the first half-line and the first beat of the second half-line—normally alliterate together, while the fourth beat normally does not alliterate with the others. Sometimes the fourth beat may alliterate with the first three beats of the following line, possibly as a point of deliberate construction.

Beat syllables which have no initial consonant and begin with any vowel (syllables with zero onset) alliterate with beat syllables beginning with any other vowel so that, for example, in the line "In Esex was Ser Erkenwolde || an abbay to visite" the "e-" and "a-" sounds alliterate together.

All of these features of the poem's form are conventional for later fourteenth-century alliterative verse.

Summary
The most important collection of early materials concerning Erkenwald is the Miracula Sanct Erkenwaldi, preserved as a 12th century manuscript in the Matthew Parker collection (Parker 161) at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. The miracle in the poem is not in these materials, suggesting the story post-dates this manuscript.

It is possible the plot of the poem is a development of an (in its time) well-known story relating to the discovery of the head of a dead judge and John de Beromyarde, a famous Dominican of the later 1300s; a source being Summa Praedicantum.

St Erkenwald's story appears to come in two distinct sections, matching the division made by large initials in the surviving manuscript, noted above. The first provides a brief, historical context for the poem. The first section also depicts the discovery of an awe-inspiring sarcophagus and the concern and confusion of those that found it. The second focuses on St Erkenwald's dialogue with the re-animated corpse.

The poem begins with a brief historical description of England's shift from pagan belief to Christendom. The poem says that when, after the passing of the Roman Empire, the pagan Saxons invaded Britain, they drove the British into Wales and established pagan beliefs in the newly created England. St Augustine of Canterbury was sent to convert the English and to purify the pagan temples, replacing them with churches. The poem says that London was then called "New Troy".

The poem proceeds to an incident in the life of St Erkenwald. During the construction of St Paul's Cathedral in London on the site of a former pagan temple, a mysterious tomb is uncovered. Adorned with gargoyles and made of grey marble, the tomb is inscribed with a series of golden characters, but no scholar is able to decipher them.

Once granted permission by the sextons, the mayor takes control of the sanctuary and tomb for further investigation. As they open the lid of the tomb, they find a perfectly preserved body and the garments of a king. Since those present are mystified, St Erkenwald is summoned to the tomb.

After Erkenwald prays, hoping to learn the identity of the body, and performs a mass, a "goste-lyfe" animates the corpse, and it begins to reply to his questions. The corpse reveals that he is a pre-Christian Briton, a just judge who lived under the rule of the mythological King Belinus. He was given royal attire in his burial to honour his impartial rulings throughout his time as a judge, and after his death God preserved his clothing and his body on account of his righteousness.

This prompts Erkenwald to ask the judge about the state of his soul. The corpse says that his soul languishes in Limbo. All present weep to hear this, and one of Erkenwald's tears falls on the corpse. Erkenwald promises to prepare water to baptise the corpse, but because he has just invoked the Trinity, his tear accidentally already constitutes baptismal water, and the corpse immediately dissolves into dust, as the soul of the man finally enters heaven.

Themes
By presenting an exemplum, this poem addresses, in an accessible and vivid way, the question of whether salvation was possible to persons who lived morally admirable lives without having the opportunity to receive baptism. This was a question which interested and troubled Christians in the period. The story of St Erkenwald suggests that a physical body is necessary for baptism and salvation. It is implied that the judge's body miraculously remained intact only to enable its salvation, since the body dissolved immediately following its baptism. Critics have compared it to the Beowulf poem for reasons allied to this.

The poem is also engaged with fourteenth-century England's sense of its own complicated religious history, as a land which was thought to have been pagan (before the coming of the Romans and for much of the Roman period), Christian (in the late Roman period), pagan (under the earliest English) and then Christian again (after evangelisation by Augustine of Canterbury).

Language and dialect
Past scholarship agrees that the language of the circa 1477 manuscript copy of St Erkenwald can be placed somewhere in the north-west Midlands. The evidence at least strongly suggests that it can be more precisely placed in Cheshire.

However, the language of one late surviving copy—created roughly a century after the poem's composition—cannot be taken as a wholly accurate representation of the poem's original language.

The two obsolete characters within the St Erkenwald excerpt below are the letters yogh (ȝ) and thorn (þ).

Example passage
Opening Lines of St. Erkenwald

Contemporary engagement with the material
The poetry has been engaged with in current culture and scholarship in the several ways, including:

 * a 1997 play staged by the Royal Shakespeare Company;
 * An episode of the podcast "Pop Medieval"
 * 3 May 2023: A sung eucharist at St Paul's Cathedral conducted by the Bishop of London

Manuscript

 * A full digital facsimile of the manuscript is available.

Editions

 * J.A. Burrow and Thorlac Turville-Petre. A Book of Middle English, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996) ISBN 0-631-19353-7
 * Clifford Peterson (ed.) and Casey Finch (trans.). In The Complete Works of the Pearl Poet (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1995) ISBN 0-520-07871-3 (with facing page Modern English translation).
 * Ruth Morse. St. Erkenwald (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer Ltd, 1975) ISBN 0-87471-686-1.
 * Henry L. Savage. St. Erkenwald (Hampden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1972) ISBN 0-208-01136-6
 * Clifford Peterson. St. Erkenwald (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977) ISBN 0-8122-7723-6

Commentary and criticism

 * Larry D. Benson, 1965 “The Authorship of St. Erkenwald.” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 64: 393–405.
 * Christine Chism, Alliterative Revivals (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2002) ISBN 0-8122-3655-6.
 * Seeta Chaganti, The Medieval Poetics of the Reliquary: Enshrinement, Inscription, Performance (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 47 - 71.
 * J. R. Hulbert, 1918 - 1919 “The Sources of St. Erkenwald and the Trental of Gregory,” Modern Philology 16: 485 - 93.
 * T. McAlindon, 1970 “Hagiography into Art: A Study of St. Erkenwald.” Studies in Philology 67: 472 -94.
 * Ruth Nissé, "'A Coroun Ful Riche': The Rule of History in St. Erkenwald." ELH 65.2 (1998): 277–95.
 * Monika Otter, "'New Werke': St. Erkenwald, St. Alban's, and the Medieval Sense of the Past," Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 24.3 (1994): 387–414.
 * William A. Quinn, 1984 “The Psychology of St. Erkenwald.” Medium Aevum 3, No. 2: 180 - 93.
 * G. Whatley, “Heathens and Saints: St. Erkenwald and its Legendary Context.” Speculum 61.2 (1986): 330–63.
 * Helen Young, 2007 "Refusing the Medieval Other: A Case Study of Pre-Modern Nationalism and Postcoloniality in the Middle English "St Erkenwald"." 'The Politics and Aesthetics of Refusal.' Eds Caroline Hamilton, Michelle Kelly, Elaine Minor, Will Noonan. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 140 - 65.

title: St. Erkenwald (poem)


text:
HTC (disambiguation)

The HTC Corporation is a Taiwanese manufacturer of smartphones and handheld devices.

HTC may also refer to:

Companies

 * Harrisonville Telephone Company, a telephone company in Waterloo, Illinois, US
 * High Tech Campus Eindhoven, Netherlands

Colleges

 * Hangzhou Teachers College, in Hangzhou, China
 * Harrogate Tutorial College, in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England
 * Hebrew Theological College, in Skokie, Illinois, US
 * Hennepin Technical College, Minnesota, US
 * Highland Theological College, in Dingwall, Highland, Scotland
 * Holy Trinity College, Hong Kong
 * Holy Trinity College, Philippines, in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines
 * Horndean Technology College, Hampshire, England

Science and technology

 * Halley-type comet, a group of short-period comets
 * Heat transfer coefficient, in thermodynamics
 * High-temperature superconductor
 * Hydrothermal carbonization, a process reducing biomass to carbon

Computing

 * High-throughput computing, many computing resources over long periods of time to accomplish tasks
 * HTML Components, a mechanism to implement components in script as Dynamic HTML

Transportation

 * Harrisburg Transportation Center, a railway station in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, US

Other uses

 * Hanseatic Trade Center, an office complex in Hamburg, Germany

title: HTC (disambiguation)


text:
Microphthalmia

Microphthalmia (Greek: μικρός, ὀφθαλμός), also referred as microphthalmos, is a developmental disorder of the eye in which one (unilateral microphthalmia) or both (bilateral microphthalmia) eyes are abnormally small and have anatomic malformations. Microphthalmia is a distinct condition from anophthalmia and nanophthalmia. Although sometimes referred to as 'simple microphthalmia', nanophthalmia is a condition in which the size of the eye is small but no anatomical alterations are present.

Presentation
Microphthalmia is a congenital disorder in which the globe of the eye is unusually small and structurally disorganized. While the axis of an adult human eye has an average length of about 23.8 mm, a diagnosis of microphthalmia generally corresponds to an axial length below 21 mm in adults. Additionally, the diameter of the cornea is about 9–10.5 mm in affected newborns and 10.5–12 mm in adults with the condition. The presence of a small eye within the orbit can be a normal incidental finding but in many cases it is atypical and results in visual impairment. The prevalence of this condition is around 1 in 10,000 births, and it affects roughly 3–11% of blind children.

Causes
It has been postulated that microphthalmia arises as a result of interference with postnatal eye growth, in contrast to anophthalmia which originates much earlier during fetal development. Genetic causes of microphthalmia include chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Patau syndrome, mosaic trisomy 9, 13q deletion syndrome, Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome) or monogenetic Mendelian disorders (e.g. CHARGE syndrome, Fraser syndrome, oculofaciocardiodental syndrome, Lenz microphthalmia syndrome). Microphthalmia in newborns is sometimes associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder or infections during pregnancy, particularly herpes simplex virus, rubella and cytomegalovirus (CMV), but the evidence is inconclusive.

The following genes, many of which are transcription and regulatory factors, have been implicated in microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma:

• ABCB6

• ACTB

• ACTG1

• ALDH1A3

• ATOH7

• BCOR

• BMP4

• BMP7

• C12orf57

• CC2D2A

• CHD7

• CLDN19

• COX7B

• CRIM1

• CRYAA

• CRYBA4

• CRYBB2

• DHX38

• DPYD

• ERCC1

• ERCC5

• FADD

• FAM111A

• FNBP4

• FOXL2

• FRAS1

• FREM1

• FREM2

• FZD5

• GDF3

• GDF6

• GJA1

• GRIP1

• HCCS

• HMGB3

• HMX1

• IGBP1

• KAT6B

• KMT2D

• LRP2

• MAB21L2

• MAF

• MFRP

• NAA10

• NDUFB11

• NHS

• OTX2

• PAX2

• PAX6

• PDE6D

• PIGL

• POLR1C

• POLR1D

• PORCN

• PQBP1

• PRSS56

• PTCH1

• RAB3GAP1

• RAB3GAP2

• RARB

• RAX

• RBP4

• RPGRIP1L

• SALL1

• SALL2

• SALL4

• SCLT1

• SEMA3E

• SHH

• SIX3

• SIX6

• SMOC1

• SNX3

• SOX2

• SRD5A3

• STRA6

• TBC1D20

• TBC1D32

• TBX22

• TCOF1

• TENM3

• TFAP2A

• TMEM98

• TMEM67

• TMX3

• VAX1

• VSX2

• YAP1

• ZEB2

• ZIC2

SOX2 has been implicated in a substantial number (10–15%) of cases and in many other cases failure to develop the ocular lens often results in microphthalmia.

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), located on chromosome 14q32, is associated with one form of isolated microphthalmia (MCOP1). In mammals, the failure of expression of MITF in the retinal pigment epithelium prevents this structure from fully differentiating, causing a malformation of the choroid fissure of the eye and drainage of vitreous body fluid. Without this fluid, the eye fails to enlarge, resulting in microphthalmia. Waardenburg syndrome type 2 in humans may also be caused by mutations in MITF The human MITF gene is homologous to the mouse microphthalmia gene (gene symbol mi); mouse with mutations in this gene are hypopigmented in their fur. The identification of the genetics of WS type 2 owes a lot to observations of phenotypes of MITF-mutant mice.

Diagnosis
Microphthalmia is often diagnosed soon after birth. An initial diagnosis usually occurs after the eyes are inspected through the lids. In addition to visual examinations, measurements of the cornea are used in the diagnosis of this condition. An ultrasound may also be conducted to confirm whether the axial length of the eye is clinically below average (i.e. at least 2 standard deviations below the age-adjusted mean).

When a case of microphthalmia is detected, the patient should visit an eye specialist as soon as possible. It is important for an ophthalmologist to conduct a thorough examination within 2 weeks after birth. The ophthalmologist will confirm the preliminary diagnosis and look for signs of other anomalies in both eyes. These abnormalities may include coloboma, optic nerve hypoplasia, retinal dystrophy, and cataract. Ultrasound may also be used to determine the presence of any internal eye issues, which may not otherwise be visible. It is possible for individuals with microphthalmia to have some vision in the affected eye(s). For this reason, the vision of infants with microphthalmia should be evaluated early on, even in severe cases. Pediatric vision tests along with electrodiagnostics are typically used to assess visual acuity.

If no related symptoms are present, microphthalmia is defined as non-syndromic or isolated microphthalmia (MCOP). When occurring in conjunction with other developmental defects, it may be diagnosed as syndromic microphthalmia (MCOPS). Approximately 60 to 80% of microphthalmia cases are syndromic. Several types of MCOPS have been recognized based on their genetic causes:

Treatment
Microphthalmia cannot be cured. However, there are treatments options to manage the condition and its associated symptoms. When the affected eye(s) display some visual function, a patient's eyesight can be improved (sometimes up to good state) by plus lenses, as a small eye is usually far-sighted. When one of the eyes is unaffected, caution should be taken to guard this 'good' eye and preserve its vision. In these unilateral cases, eye glasses may be worn to offer a measure of physical protection.

A key aspect of managing this condition is accounting for the small volume of the eye. The small orbit size characteristic of microphthalmia can impact the growth and structural development of the face after birth. As a result, microphthalmia can cause hemifacial asymmetry. This possibility is a particular concern for individuals with unilateral cases of microphthalmia. With one eye of average size, the asymmetry often becomes much more severe as the child ages. An axial length of less than 16 mm indicates that a microphthalmic eye's growth will not be sufficient, and intervention will be necessary to reduce the degree of facial asymmetry.

Minimizing facial asymmetry is important for cosmetic and structural reasons. In order to address the size discrepancy of the affected eye(s), it is important to begin eye socket expansion early in life. The face reaches 70% of its adult size by roughly 2 years of age, and 90% of its adult size by about 5.5 years of age. Additionally, the symmetry fostered by early socket expansion allows for a better prosthetic fit later in life. Typically, an infant begins wearing a conformer, or an unpainted ocular prosthesis, in the first weeks of life. The conformer is repeatedly replaced with a prothesis of a slightly larger size. This process, which takes place during the first 5 years of life, gradually enlarges the eye socket. Socket expansion through the use of implants of increasing size is another effective strategy.

After socket expansion is complete, a painted prosthetic eye can be worn for cosmetic reasons. If the microphthalmic eye has functional vision, an affected individual may opt against wearing a painted prothesis. Lenses are also sometimes used for cosmetic purposes, such as a plus lens to enlarge the microphthalmic eye.

Epidemiology
Microphthalmia and anophthalmia combined are estimated to occur in about 1 in 10,000 births, though estimates have varied from 2 and 23 in 100,000 births. Approximately 3–11% of all blind children born globally have microphthalmia.

title: Microphthalmia


text: Template:Rail start

title: Template:Rail start


text:
Canon PowerShot G

The Canon PowerShot G is a series of digital cameras introduced by Canon in its PowerShot line in 2000. The G series cameras are Canon's flagship compact models aimed at photography enthusiasts desiring more flexibility than a typical point-and-shoot without the bulk of a digital single-lens reflex camera.

The G series has a lithium-ion battery, full manual exposure control, an articulated LCD screen (G7, G9, G10, G15, and G16 have a fixed screen), Raw image format capture (all models except the G7), a lens with a wider maximum aperture than standard PowerShot models, remote capture (except the G11), and faster image processing. The range also includes a hot shoe (except the G7 X and G9 X) for an external flash, including Canon's EX range. New models in the series (all containing "X" in their name) have larger sensors than most other point-and-shoot cameras.

In recent years, smartphones and interchangeable-lens cameras have squeezed the compact point-and-shoot market, and as of February 2024 the vlogger-friendly G7 X Mark II and G7 X Mark III remain the only models in the series still in production and available new.

G1 to G6
Common features across the early G series were:
 * A fast lens (minimum F number of 2.0)
 * A flip out and twist LCD, along with a smaller status LCD on the top of the camera
 * Raw image format capture
 * 1/1.8-inch CCD sensor
 * Manual selection of aperture and shutter priority
 * Custom white balance
 * Built in flash
 * Hot-shoe for external flash
 * USB connectivity
 * A Compact Flash card slot
 * Availability of optional wide and teleconverter lenses
 * Canon's proprietary EOS shooting modes, allowing the photographer to select different exposure settings for different environments
 * Included infrared remote control
 * In-built neutral density filter from the G3 onwards
 * Lithium-ion battery

G7 to G12
The G7 marked a major change in the G series. Previous G series models had a fast lens, raw image format capture, and a tilt-and-swivel LCD. These were all considered hallmarks of the G series, but were removed or altered for the G7. Some of the major changes included:
 * Introduction of a lens with a minimum F number of 2.8, compared to 2.0 in other G series cameras. Although slower, this lens introduced improvements such as optical image stabilisation, a higher zoom range (6×), and a macro mode that would focus as close as 1 cm. The lens would also retract completely into the camera.
 * Change to a fixed LCD rather than a tilt-and-swivel model. The fixed LCD was larger (2.5″ versus 2.0″ on the G6) and increased the number of pixels by 75%. The tilt-and swivel LCD was restored with the G11, but removed again with the G15.
 * Removal of RAW image format on G7, but returned for the G9–G16.
 * No infrared remote control.
 * Change from CompactFlash to SDHC card storage.
 * Black, mostly metal, body.
 * Canon G12 records videos up to 720p HD quality, G15 1080p HD and G1 X 1080p. G15 and G1 X do allow to use zoom and autofocus during video recording.

Many of the changes made allowed the G7 to be significantly slimmer than previous G series cameras (e.g., the thickness of the G7 is 4.25 cm while the G6 is 7.3 cm), making it more portable.

Canon's removal of RAW shooting support was heavily criticized. DPReview expressed their disappointment with the loss of RAW format, while Luminous Landscape stated that the removal of RAW required too many technical decisions had to be made while shooting instead of during post-processing. RAW support can be enabled on the G7 using a free firmware add-on.

The G9 was released in 2007. RAW support was restored, and it has a larger LCD screen, and a 1/1.7″ sensor rather than the 1/1.8″ sensor on previous models.

The G11, released in 2009, reintroduced the flip out and twist LCD (2.8″). It also has a lower resolution sensor than that of its predecessor, the G10, because the new CCD favoured low light performance over resolution.

G15 and G16
The G15 was the successor to the G12 as the cheaper G series model. It marked a return to a lens faster than those of early G cameras. It also has:
 * Minimum F-numbers of 1.8 at the wide end and 2.8 at the tele end of the zoom range; the G12 had a minimum F-number of 2.8 at the wide end
 * Pop-up flash button from the top of the camera

The G16 offered only minor improvements over the G15, for example:
 * faster image processing
 * automatic star/star trail photography
 * 60 fps HD movies
 * Wi-Fi

G1 X
The G1 X was introduced in February 2012 and is the first large-sensor entry in the series as designated by the "X" after the model number. It is also the first model in the series with a CMOS sensor. The G1 X's sensor measures 18.7 mm × 14.0 mm (1.5 in), which makes it 16 percent larger than Micro Four Thirds (MFT) sensors and 20 percent smaller than Canon's APS-C sensors. G1 X was significant that it did not replace the older G12 but created a parallel model in the first time in G-series. Later that trend would continue with five parallel models from 2015 on. The camera is also bigger and heavier than the other G-series cameras, and the zoom range in equivalent 35 mm is only 28-112 mm (4x). With its maximum aperture over its zoom range being F2.8-5.8, and with its sensor smaller than Canon APS-C sensor, the G1 X camera-lens system can be compared to the APS-C DSLRs using the Canon EF-S 18-55 mm f/3.5-5.6 IS II SLR Kit Lens: the G1 X is a little faster (wider aperture) at the wide angle and comparable thereafter, but with a longer zoom.

Released at early 2014, the G1 X Mark II has a 13.1-megapixel (in 4:3 aspect ratio), but still 1.5-inch CMOS sensor as the predecessor, a 24–120 mm (5x) f/2-3.9 relatively a fast zoom lens, for better shallow depth of field throughout the maximum-aperture range, and sharp shots even in low light, a DIGIC 6 processor with capability to take 1080/60p MP4 video shoots. The camera lacks a built-in viewfinder but supports an external electronic one. It has no microphone input or headphone jack.

In October 2017, Canon introduced the third model of the G1 X-series: Canon PowerShot G1 X Mark III. It replaced the 1.5-inch sensor with a 24-megapixel APS-C sensor used in many Canon EOS DSLR and mirrorless cameras. The camera also was much reduced in size and weight, weighting only 399 grams. To achieve the reduced size the zoom range was reduced to 15–45 mm (24–72 mm in 35 mm equivalence) and the size of the aperture was reduced from f/2.0-3.9 to f/2.8-5.6. The Mark III also has a built-in viewfinder and a DSLR-like form factor much similar to the G5 X. It also is the first PowerShot (with the exception of waterproof D-series) to have weather sealing.

G3 X
G3 X is the only superzoom model in the G-series. It offers a 25x zoom (24–600 mm equivalent) with aperture f/2.8-5.6. It offers an alternative to the Canon Powershot SX-series cameras with much better image quality. Because of the lens, the camera is much larger than other G-series cameras - weighing 739 grams. The camera also supports an optional electronic viewfinder: either the EVF-DC1 or the EVF-DC2.

The G3 X matches the Sony RX10 III and IV for the longest zoom range available on a large-sensor bridge camera but in a much smaller package than its Sony counterparts.

G5 X
In Q3 2015, Canon introduced the PowerShot G5 X as the successor to the Canon PowerShot G16. The G5 X uses a 1-inch sensor, significantly larger than the G16's 1/1.7" sensor. The G5 X is essentially a G7 X with a built-in electronic viewfinder, whereas the G16 had an optical viewfinder. The G5 X also has a DSLR-like form factor with the viewfinder in the center instead of the rangefinder-like offset viewfinder on the G16.

In 2019, the G5 X line was updated with a new model — the G5 X Mark II — that replaced the micro USB port with a USB-C port and offered 4K video recording. The G5 X Mark II also included a new lens and a pop-up electronic viewfinder that required manual operation like on older Sony RX100 models. This update returned the line to a rangefinder-like body shape and emphasized its photography focus, compared to the more vlogging-oriented G7 X line.

G7 X
With the G7 X, Canon added its own model to the large-sensor compact camera market. The G7X is Canon's first 1-inch sensor model and boasts 20 megapixels and the DIGIC 6 image processor. Despite this, the camera is still small enough to be pocketable like its primary competitor, the Sony RX100. It has a 4.2x zoom (24–100 mm in 35 mm format), a maximum aperture of f/1.8-f/2.8, ISO 12800, Full HD video shooting, 31 AF points, and Wi-Fi/NFC support. It inherits many characteristics of the previous G-series cameras, including the comparable G1 X Mark II. The G7 X is the first G-series camera without a hot shoe.

In 2016 Canon announced the Canon PowerShot G7 X Mark II which follows the original G7 X. It retains the same sensor and lens as its predecessor. The main improvement is the new DIGIC 7 Processor. In fact the G7 X Mark II is the first Canon camera to use this new chip. This new chip leads to better AF performance, object tracking, reduced ISO noise and higher speed burst shooting. Some other improvements are that the screen can now flip both up and down, a new grip, tiltable flash, auto functionality for the ND filter, battery charging over USB, and a new timelapse mode.

In 2019, the G7 X line was updated with a new model — the G7 X Mark III — that replaced the micro USB port with a USB-C port and offered 4K video recording. The G7 X Mark III had mixed reviews due to inconsistent autofocus especially at close range, but it continued to be popular thanks to its portability, ease of use, and pleasant straight-out-of-camera color rendition.

G9 X
In Q3 2015, Canon introduced the PowerShot G9 X as the successor to the Canon PowerShot S120. Even with the 1-inch sensor, G9 X is similar in size to the S120. The larger sensor necessitated that the zoom range be reduced from 5x to 3x, that is from 24-120 mm to 28-84 mm. With the introduction of the G9 X, the S-series was discontinued. It also meant the end of the use of 1/1.7" (9.5 mm diagonal) sensors in Canon cameras. Higher-end models henceforth used 1-inch (16 mm diagonal) sensors or larger, and whereas other models using 1/2.3" (7.7 mm diagonal) sensors.

In 2017 Canon updated the G9 X line with the G9 X Mark II offering the new Digic 7 processor, faster operation and built-in RAW processing. No external changes were made.

Model details
Note that the weight up to G12 is for the camera without the battery and from G1 X on the camera including the battery and the memory card.

Accessories
The Powershot G series can employ several photographic accessories: Starting from the G7, there is a bayonet mount on the front of the camera around the lens to directly attach lenses and accessories.
 * Filters and other threaded lens accessories can be used with an adapter tube available from Canon or third party suppliers.
 * Close-up lenses
 * Wide angle or telephoto converter lenses

Powershot G series cameras have a standard threaded socket for mounting to a monopod or tripod. This can also be used for attaching the camera to various brackets or adapters.

With the hot-shoe for external flash, the Powershot G series can accept not only compatible flash units but also various connecting cords and wireless triggers. However, the Powershot G series is sensitive to the voltage produced by certain flash units, particularly older designs. Canon recommends that the maximum trigger voltage be less than 6 volts for any flash or accessory attached to the hot-shoe.

Flash compatibility is somewhat of an issue with the Powershot G series. Canon EX flashes are compatible but all EX features may not necessarily be usable. In particular, when the Powershot G is in manual exposure mode, the external flash is also in manual mode; that is, ETTL flash control is not operable.

Use by a journalist
John D McHugh used a G12 when covering the Bahraini uprising.

New models

 * Canon PowerShot G7 – Canon USA website
 * Canon PowerShot G9 – Canon USA website
 * Canon PowerShot G10 – Canon USA website
 * Canon PowerShot G11 – Canon USA website
 * Canon PowerShot G12 - Canon USA website
 * Canon G11 vs G12
 * dpReview of G1 X

Old models

 * Canon G1 Info
 * Canon G3 Info
 * Canon G5 info
 * Canon G6 info

title: Canon PowerShot G


text: User talk:68.41.143.185

title: User talk:68.41.143.185


text:
Template:Rail line

|-

 * style="background:#; color:inherit; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:; border-bottom:;" |

 * style="background:#; color:inherit; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:; border-bottom:;" |

title: Template:Rail line


text:
Kam Air

Kam Air is the largest private Afghan airline. Founded in 2003, Kam Air has twelve aircraft and a workforce of over 1,200 people, operating scheduled domestic passenger services throughout Afghanistan and international services to destinations in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East. Its hub is at Kabul International Airport in the capital Kabul.

History
Kam Air was the first private commercial airline established in Afghanistan by the owner and founder of Kamgar Group, Zamarai Kamgar, an Afghan businessman. Kam Air's Operator Certificate (AOC Nr. 001) was issued in August 2003 by the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation (MoTCA) of Afghanistan. Kam Air was registered with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) three letter airline code, KMF, International Air Transport Association (IATA) two letter code, RQ and financial code 384.

The first flight of Kam Air was operated from Kabul to Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif in November 2003 with a Boeing 727-200, while the first international flight was inaugurated in May 2004 between Kabul and Dubai.

On 25 January 2013, the United States blacklisted Kam Air citing a United States Army investigation that the airline smuggled opium on civilian flights to Tajikistan, an allegation denied by the airline and the Afghan government. The ban was suspended a month later.

On 24 February 2021, Kam Air operated Afghanistan's first ever all-female crew flight. The airline's first and so far its only commercial female Afghan pilot, then 22-year-old Mohadese Mirzaee, joined now former Captain Veronica Borysova from Ukraine in piloting the Boeing 737-500 from Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul to Herat. The event made global headlines and was first covered by Josh Cahill and later featured on BBC News, Deutsche Welle and the Business Insider. The flight took 90 minutes.

Due to the collapse of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, all civilian services in the country were temporarily suspended on 15 August 2021. Kam Air flew some of its planes to Iran to prevent damage during the turmoil. However, domestic flights restarted on 5 September 2021. International flights were also later resumed.

Frequent Flyer Program
Kam Air's frequent flyer program includes a loyalty membership called the Orange Miles.

Destinations
As of June 2024, Kam Air serves the following destinations:

Codeshare agreements
Kam Air has codeshares with the following airlines:
 * Air Arabia

Interline partners

 * Air India
 * Flynas
 * Malaysia Airlines
 * Saudia
 * Turkish Airlines
 * Vistara

Current fleet
As of June 2024, Kam Air has the following aircraft in its fleet:

In August 2021, Kam Air sent an unspecified number of its aircraft to Iran for temporary storage amidst safety concerns following the fall of Kabul and the resulting chaos that surrounded the city's airport.

Former fleet
The airline previously operated the following aircraft:
 * 2 ATR 42
 * 2 Airbus A320-200
 * 6 Boeing 737-200
 * 1 Boeing 737-400
 * 2 Boeing 737-500
 * 3 Boeing 737-800 leased from AirExplore and Pegasus Airlines
 * 2 Boeing 767-200
 * 1 Boeing 767-300 leased from Ukrainian Wings
 * 4 Fokker 100 leased from Bek Air
 * 2 McDonnell Douglas MD-82
 * 5 McDonnell Douglas MD-83 (three leased from Bravo Airways)
 * 2 Saab 340 leased from Air Urga

Accidents and incidents

 * On 3 February 2005, Kam Air Flight 904, a Boeing 737-200 operated by Phoenix Aviation, flying from Herat International Airport in western Afghanistan, vanished from radar screens on approach to Kabul International Airport in poor weather. The disappearance sparked a massive Afghan army search operation for the 96 passengers and eight crew. The wreckage of the plane was found on 5 February 2005 in the mountains east of Kabul. All 104 people aboard were killed.
 * On 11 August 2010, Douglas DC-8-63F YA-VIC suffered a tailstrike on take-off from Manston Airport, United Kingdom, destroying an approach light. The aircraft was operating an international cargo flight to Buenos Aires, Argentina, via the Cape Verde Islands. The incident was caused by the aircraft being 25700 lb overweight due to excess fuel load and misestimating of cargo mass. After being informed of the mishap, the crew continued to Cape Verde. An inspection there confirmed the tailstrike, though analysis of the strike indicator showed the plane was still safe. The incident was investigated by the Air Accidents Investigation Branch, which made various safety recommendations. Kam Air was subsequently banned from operating within the European Union. The three crew involved were also dismissed, and Kam Air announced that it would withdraw its two DC-8s from service.
 * In January 2018, Kam Air reported that nine staff members were killed in a Taliban attack on a hotel in Kabul – seven Ukrainian employees and two Kam air employees from Venezuela. Kam Air had rented 50 rooms for their foreign staff at the hotel, described as one of Kabul's "most heavily guarded." Five were pilots, and four were crew members. Afterwards, over 50 of the airline's foreign workers left the country, and by 26 January, five of its nine aircraft sat idle due to lack of staffing. A large number of daily flights were also being canceled for that reason.

title: Kam Air


text:
Talk:St. Erkenwald (poem)

Spelling conventions
I've had a go at improving this article. One minor, pedantic point: I think there's a reasonable case to push this one into British spelling conventions, since it's a Middle English poem about English history, which sounds like a pretty clear-cut case of MOS:TIES to me. I've done this in my edits.

I suppose in the fullness of time that might mean the article becomes "St Erkenwald (poem)" rather than "St. Erkenwald (poem)". Uryence (talk) 10:01, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

[Untitled]
A better title might be Erkenwald, bishop of London with the brief facts known of his life (see Barking Abbey), and a fuller treatment of this poem. Context always gives depth. Just a thought. --Wetman 14:42, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Word List?
Unclear why this article needs lists of words with yogh or thorn—this is not an article on Middle English; we might as well have lists of color terms. It is not germane to the text, so I propose deleting it.--Akhenaten0 (talk) 20:34, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

I agree with this now years-old comment. Thorn and yogh have articles of their own, and there is nothing special about their use in St Erkenwald which would require detailed explanation here rather than links to those articles. I'm going to wait a little while and then, if no one objects, remove that bit. We can always revert it if others then differ. Uryence (talk) 11:21, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Erkenwald (poem)


text:
Category:French plays

This is a category for works by playwrights of France.

For plays in the French language, created by either citizens of France or francophone playwrights in other countries, please use Category:French-language plays.

title: Category:French plays


text:
Lugos

Lugos (Lugòs) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

title: Lugos


text: User talk:80.78.136.250

title: User talk:80.78.136.250


text:
Talk:SOM (architectural firm)

Added a Women at SOM section
Hello fellow Wikipedians, today I started a new section under People about Women at SOM that takes advantage of the great new site Pioneering Women in Architecture and added links and cites wherever possible. The page still has a header that some of the content on this page comes off as promotional. Fothergilla (talk) 17:25, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:SOM (architectural firm)


text:
User talk:Match

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 14:52, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Match


text:
J. J. Newberry

J. J. Newberry's was an American five and dime store chain in the 20th century. It was founded in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, United States, in 1911 by John Josiah Newberry (1877–1954). J. J. Newberry learned the variety store business by working in stores for 17 years between 1894 and 1911. There were seven stores in the chain by 1918.

John Josiah Newberry
John Josiah Newberry (September 26, 1877 – March 6, 1954) was born in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, Newberry first worked in the railroad business before joining retail store Fowler, Dick and Walker in 1894. In 1899 he joined S. H. Kress & Co. where he stayed until 1911.

He founded the J. J. Newberry chain of five and dime stores in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1911. The first store was a success, and he opened a branch in Freeland, Pennsylvania in 1912. After 1919 he managed the company with his brothers Edgar A. Newberry and C.T. Newberry. At the time of Newberry's death (1954), the J.J. Newberry chain had 475 stores.

J. J. Newberry Company
The company was a family business. J. J. Newberry was joined in management by his brothers C.T. Newberry and Edgar A. Newberry in 1919, at which time there were 17 stores with yearly sales of $500,000.

Over the years, the Newberry chain acquired other stores including Hested in Wyoming, Missouri, Ohio, North Dakota, Colorado, and Nebraska, and Lee Stores in South Dakota, Minnesota, Maine, and Iowa. At the time of founder J.J. Newberry's death (1954), the chain had 475 stores. By 1961, the company operated 565 stores with total yearly sales of $291 million. The chain also operated a larger department store called Britt's Department Store.

McCrory Stores purchased the 439 unit J. J. Newberry Co. in 1972. McCrory Stores continued to operate it under the Newberry banner as a separate division. McCrory opened additional stores under the Newberry banner especially in the Northeast and California where the name had a strong presence. The company thrived throughout the 1980s but fell on hard times in the early 1990s. The demise of the company became evident following a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in 1992. In 1997, McCrory closed 300 stores including many in the Newberry's division, however several others remained. In the year 2000, most remaining Newberry's and other McCrory-branded five and dime stores had been converted to the Dollar Zone brand, as McCrory's attempted to radically change its business model. The remaining Newberry stores closed along with the whole McCrory's chain in February 2002.

Early J. J. Newberry stores featured a recognizable logo composed of gold or white sans serif letters on a red background that usually occupied the entire width of the store facade. This was similar to the early signage of competitors Woolworth's, Neisner Brothers and the S. S. Kresge. Later stores featured a cursive 1960s modern logo style, dropping the "J. J." altogether.

Poet Donald Hall wrote a poem, Beans and Franks, about the closing of a J.J. Newberry store in Franklin, New Hampshire.

Britt's
Britt's was a division of J. J. Newberry. Founded in the Pacific Northwest in the early 1900s, the J. J. Newberry chain acquired it in December 1928 and all Britts stores were rebranded as J.J. Newberry locations. Newberry revived the Britts name in the early 1960s as a discount store division. During the Birmingham civil rights campaign, activists organized sit-ins at the segregated lunch counters in Britt's Department Stores, which led to the arrest of 20 protesters.

title: J. J. Newberry


text:
Category:Brandies

io:Kategorio:Brandii

title: Category:Brandies


text:
Talk:Canon PowerShot G

Merger
This page is a combination of several pages created and edited by several people. Their contributions remain listed on those pages, and I've listed here the creators of those articles:

 * PowerShot G1 - User:Dustball
 * Canon PowerShot G3 - User:Redjar
 * Canon PowerShot G5 - User:Feldmang
 * Canon PowerShot G6 - User:Hielant

I have merged these pages to bring it in line with Canon Digital IXUS, which is much more compact. This page still needs work: I think we should have a list of common characterists at the top, with developments in each section. The 'no G4' section obviously needs writing. The JPS 14:56, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

manual focus?
The article argues that one of the distinguishing features of G family as opposed to A family is manual focus... I'd like to point out that Powershot A series also have manual focus capability... Is the capability significantly "better" in G series than in A series to justify listing it as a distinguishing feature? - regards, Blueshade 10:30, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * oh... i was too fast on that one... of course, the same applies to manual exposure compensation. this is also present in Powershot A series...
 * Yes, that section of the article does need tidying. Please feel free to update as appropriate. The JPS 23:42, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * i shall try... as soon as i get my hands on an a80 and g5 side by side (i have access to both of these but have no time to make the comparison now)... best regards, Blueshade 18:36, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I removed the bit about the differences between A series and G series because it was misleading. The A series has always been an entry-level camera in the Canon lineup compared to the G series which is always been towards the high-end-consumer range, and to imply that the differences are merely the batteries and the flash hotshoe isn't really correct. The G series has always led in megapixel count and offered much more in the way of "advanced amateur" functionality. --Kenliu 14:54, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The article did not imply that these were "merely" the only differences. The wording implies that these are some of the more noticeable differences. I have reworded it slightly to make it clearer;  it is not asserting that these are the only differences.  The JPS 16:57, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Good edit. I added even more information to distinguish the A from the G series after doing some research on dpreview.com.  --Kenliu 22:46, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Design Flaws
It appears to me that the paragraph about design flaws is not valid regarding to WP:NOT (no discussion forum or appendix thereof) and WP:NOR (somebody just came up with this on a forum), but I'm not sure about that. Please discuss. -- 790 (talk) 11:02, 3 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I had the same reaction when I saw that... in fact, I already removed the link to the flickr group from the external links section. It should be removed from the design flaws section as well, since it's clearly not a reliable source. This leaves the entire section without references. I think we could safely delete it. --Angelastic (talk) 14:05, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

G8
The G4 model name was left out, as explained in the text. The G8 model name was also left out, and I have yet to see a good reason for this. The theories I have seen are (a) Canon did not want to overlap with the Group of Eight (b) "G8" sounds rude in Chinese and (c) Canon planned to ditch the G series in favour of the PowerShot Pro1, and the G8 name became lost in the confusion. Is there an official reason? -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 13:46, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

G7 RAW support
I added a link to a link to a firmware add-on for the G7 (and other Canon's) which enables the camera to shoot in RAW. I hope this was done correctly. This is only my second contribution. Pepegee (talk) 04:39, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

G7 X Mark II
The table of models shows a column whose header is "Memory card" and column details are dimensions. The column with header "Size WxHxD" shows weight in grams. The problem continues for columns to the right.

Looking left, there is a column "Wiev finder", I assume should be "View finder". The column contents appear to show the memory card information.

It is not immediately obvious to me what is the problem or how to fix it.

35mm equivalents
The chart shows "35mm equivalents" for focal length and (one assumes) aperture.

This is half incorrect.

The apertures shown have NOT been converted to 35mm equivalent for bokeh (ability to defocus foreground and background of the subject). Instead they're left in the original units. Unconverted, they do convey an idea of the expected exposure times, so aren't useless. But they are extremely misleading. Cameras are shown with f/2.0 zoom capability. a 35mm lens with actual f/2.0 that can zoom is like US$4000, and the chart claims the PowerShot's zoom is equivalent? Give me a break!

To convert apertures for the purpose of conveying bokeh, as well as size and price, to 35mm, simply convert by the same multiplier you use for focal length. For instance a camera with an 18mm-wide sensor and a 25mm f/2 lens "is equivalent to" a 50mm f/2 lens for purposes of exposure time, but otherwise "is equivalent to" a 50mm f/4 lens in terms of size, price, volume, and bokeh. (35mm film is 36mm wide, as are nominally 35mm sensors. Given the example 18mm wide sensor, 36/18=2.0 multiplication factor.)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Swiss Frank (talk • contribs) 13:45, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Se 2A00:23C7:0:4D01:21AD:2DA1:331C:8BDA (talk) 14:55, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canon PowerShot G


text: User talk:84.194.123.129

title: User talk:84.194.123.129


text: User talk:80.60.88.203

title: User talk:80.60.88.203